Court Opinion

ID: 4157932
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-04-04 19:14:55.260104+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:26:19.309893
License: Public Domain

J.   A18011/16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION                       - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P.            65.37
STACEY CARLITZ, EXECUTRIX OF THE                    :      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
ESTATE OF JACQUELINE D. CARLITZ,                    :            PENNSYLVANIA
DECEASED AND ALAN S. CARLITZ

                         v.

DELTA MEDIX, P.C. AND
JEFFREY W. GUSE                                                  No. 1370 MDA 2015

APPEAL OF: JEFFREY W. GUSE

                      Appeal from the Order Entered July 15, 2015,
                in the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County
                          Civil Division at No. 11 -CV -1458

BEFORE:      FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., BENDER, P.J.E., AND STEVENS,* P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.:                               FILED APRIL 04, 2017

        In   this     medical      negligence    action,   the    verdict winners      below,

Delta Medix, P.C. ("Delta Medix") and Jeffrey W. Guse ("Guse") (collectively,

"defendants"), appeal from the trial court's order granting                  a   new trial to

plaintiffs, Stacey Carlitz, Executrix of the Estate of Jacqueline D. Carlitz

("Mrs. Carlitz"), deceased, and Alan Carlitz ("Mr. Carlitz") (collectively,

"plaintiffs,"       "appellees,"     and/or      "the   Carlitzes"),   who       had   sought

compensation for injuries sustained by Mrs. Carlitz while she was being

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J.   A18011/16

treated by Delta Medix and Guse.1 The trial court granted plaintiffs' motion

for   a   new trial based upon defendants' exposing the               jury to   a   new theory of

causation in violation of        a    pre-trial order precluding that theory. On appeal,

Guse maintains that there were no violations of that order and, therefore,

that      a    new trial is not warranted. Furthermore, because the             jury found that
the standard of care had not been violated by Guse, and consequently did

not address the matter of causation, Guse contends that any violation of the

pre-trial order that did occur was harmless error.                After careful review, we

affirm the order granting         a   new trial.

              The trial court briefly summarized the pertinent facts as follows:

                           Plaintiffs brought the underlying medical
                    negligence action against Defendants          .   seeking
                                                                       .   .

                    redress     for alleged     injuries   resulting     from
                    [Mrs.] Carlitz's fall during a urology appointment.
                    On March 3, 2009, [Mrs.] Carlitz visited the offices of
                    Defendant Delta Medix for the purposes of a urology
                    diagnosis and treatment.         After arriving at the
                    ultrasound      room,   Defendant Guse         instructed
                    [Mrs.] Carlitz to transfer from her wheelchair to the
                    examination table. During the course of the transfer
                    from the wheelchair to the examination table, under
                    the supervision of Defendant Guse, [Mrs.] Carlitz
                    stepped onto a small step stool at the end of the
                    table to attempt to mount the table. At that time,
                    she fell to the ground and allegedly sustained serious
                    orthopedic injuries.

                         Plaintiffs commenced this litigation by filing the
                    Complaint on March 2, 2011. On August 19, 2014,
                    Defendant Guse's expert witness, Dr. Jack Henzes,

1 For the reasons discussed             infra,     Guse is the only remaining appellant in
this case.

                                                   -2
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             submitted an      expert       report which   provides   in
             pertinent part:

                   The mechanism of the patient's injury
                   would be due to the osteoporotic state of
                   her bones    .   The records reflect that
                                    .   .

                   Mr. Guse was assisting her at the time
                   she lost her balance and fell.

            (Henzes Expert Report, at 2). The clear theory of
            causation [wa]s that Plaintiff lost her balance and fell
            with fractures resulting due to osteoporosis, hence it
            is the mechanism of injury.        On April 21, 2015,
            counsel for Defendant Guse attempted to submit an
            untimely supplemental expert report six days before
            trial in violation of the Scheduling Order.        This
            report, also by Dr. Henzes, dated April 20, 2015,
            states:

                   To be clear, and not to mislead anyone,
                   it   ismy opinion that the cause of
                   [Mrs.] Carlitz's fall was the osteoporotic
                   condition of her bone. This condition[,]
                   with the normal stress of pivoting, led to
                   a spontaneous fracture of her ankle
                   which caused her to fall at Delta Medix.

            (Henzes Supplemental Expert Report, at 1). The
            new theory of causation [wa]s that Plaintiff had a
            spontaneous fracture of an osteoporotic ankle which
            caused her to then fall. This new theory was, in our
            view, in opposition to Dr. Henzes' original theory of
            causation. On the same day, Plaintiffs filed a Motion
            in Limine to exclude Dr. Henzes' supplemental expert
            report and testimony regarding the same, claiming
            that the supplemental report lists a different
            causation theory than the original expert report and
            indicating that due to its untimeliness Plaintiffs
            cannot formulate an expert's opinion in response.
            (emphasis added). On April 27, 2015, this Court
            issued an [o]rder [(hereinafter, "Court Order")] on
            the record granting Plaintiffs' Motion in Limine to
            exclude the supplemental expert report and any
            reference thereto.

                                            -3
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Trial court opinion, 7/15/15 at 1-3.

        A   jury trial was held from April 27 to May                1, 2015.         On the final day of

trial, the jury returned            a    verdict in favor of defendants, Guse and Delta

Medix.       Plaintiffs moved for             a   new trial based on,               inter alia,2       Guse's

counsel's repeated violations of the Court Order.                           By order accompanying

the court's July 15, 2015 opinion, the court granted plaintiffs' motion for                                     a

new trial due to defendants' "reckless insertion of an excluded and new

causation theory" at trial that "was highly prejudicial to" plaintiffs.3                                   (Trial

court opinion, 7/15/15 at 9.)

         On August 12, 2015, Guse and Delta Medix each filed a                             timely notice

of    appeal        from      the   trial     court's   order       granting          a   new   trial           to

plaintiffs/appellees, at No. 1369 MDA 2015 (Delta Medix) and No. 1370 MDA

2015 (Guse).                However, by stipulation, the parties agreed to dismiss

Delta Medix,            rendering       the   appeal    at    No.    1369           MDA    2015            moot.

2  Plaintiffs also sought a new trial based                  on the theory that the             jury was
tainted by the trial court's failure to                      strike certain jurors for cause;
specifically, those jurors who had some                      direct or indirect relationship to
Delta Medix. The trial court rejected this                   claim, see id. at 10-20, but that
ruling is not at issue in this appeal.

3 The trial court indicated that it initially denied plaintiffs' request for mistrial
during trial in "an effort to prevent a waste of resources." (Trial court
opinion, 7/15/15 at 9.) The court explained: "The third violation of the
Court Order occurred roughly half way through the trial, and rather than
declaring a mistrial, the [c]ourt believed the correct approach would be to
move forward with the trial since [if] the Plaintiffs          prevail[ed],
                                                                        .   .   .the               .   .    .

issue would     . become moot." (Id.)
                    .   .

                                                   -4
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Accordingly, this court dismissed Delta Medix's appeal on December 1, 2015.

Thus, Guse is the only remaining appellant in this matter.

        The trial court did        not enter an order directing Guse to file              a

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, nor did the court file              a   Rule 1925(a) opinion.

The trial court also failed to file        a   statement   in lieu of a Rule        1925(a)

opinion.    Nevertheless, for purposes of our review in this case, the trial

court's July 15, 2015 opinion adequately addresses the issue(s) raised by

Guse on appeal.          Accordingly, we do not deem it necessary to remand for

the filing of   a    Rule 1925(a) opinion or   a   statement   in lieu   thereof.

        Guse now presents the following questions for our review:

                1.      Did  the trial court abuse its discretion in
                        granting a new trial because the conduct of
                        defense counsel mentioned by the trial court is
                        not sufficient to justify the award of a new trial
                        where all questions were not in violation of any
                        order, were waived by Plaintiffs, were
                        adequately cured, and/or were properly related
                        to admissible evidence?

                2.      Did   the trial court abuse its discretion in
                        granting a new trial because any alleged
                        violation of the April 27, 2015 Order was
                        harmless where the jury found [appellant] did
                        not violate the standard of care and did not
                        reach the issue of causation?

Appellant's brief at 4.

                                           -5
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        Guse attacks the court's decision to grant       a   new trial on several

fronts.4   First, Guse alleges that the Court Order was itself an abuse of the

court's discretion.   Second, he claims that even if the Court Order was not

an abuse of the court's discretion, it was not violated on the three occasions

cited by the trial court.     Third, Guse contends that the Carlitzes were

untimely with respect to certain objections to the alleged violations of the

Court Order, resulting in waiver.    Fourth, Guse asserts that the purported

violations of the Court Order were harmless error, as they solely concerned

theories of causation, and the jury found that Guse did not violate the

standard of care, and therefore never reached the issue of causation.        Fifth,

Guse argues that any such violations were rendered harmless by the court's

contemporaneous curative instructions.

        Our general standard of review of    a   trial court's decision to grant   a

new trial is well settled:

             Trial courts have broad discretion to grant or deny a
             new trial. Martin v. Evans, 551 Pa. 496, 711 A.2d
             458, 461 (1998); Morrison v. Commonwealth,
             Dept. of Public Welfare, 538 Pa. 122, 646 A.2d
             565, 570 (1994); Coker v. S.M. Flickinger Co.,
             Inc., 533 Pa. 441, 625 A.2d 1181, 1184 (1993).
             "The grant of a new trial is an effective
             instrumentality for seeking and achieving justice in
             those instances where the original trial, because of
             taint, unfairness or error, produces something other
             than a just and fair result, which, after all, is the
             primary goal of all legal proceedings." Dornon v.
             McCarthy, 412 Pa. 595, 195 A.2d 520, 522 (1963).

4    For ease of disposition, the arguments have been reordered from the
sequence in which they appear in Guse's brief.

                                     - 6 -
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             Although all new trial orders are subject to appellate
             review, it is well -established law that, absent a clear
             abuse of discretion by the trial court, appellate
             courts must not interfere with the trial court's
             authority to grant or deny a new trial. Morrison,
             646 A.2d at 570; Coker, 625 A.2d at 1187; Spang
             & Co. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 519 Pa. 14, 545 A.2d
             861, 865 (1988); Atene v. Lawrence, 456 Pa. 541,
             318 A.2d 695, 697 (1974); Kralik v. Cromwell, 435
             Pa. 613, 258 A.2d 654, 656 (1969).

Harman ex rel. Harman v. Borah, 756 A.2d 1116, 1121-1122                  (Pa. 2000).

        In Harman, our supreme court meticulously laid out the process of

appellate review of   a   motion to grant or deny   a   new trial as follows:

                  Each review of a challenge to a new trial order
             must begin with an analysis of the underlying
             conduct or omission by the trial court that formed
             the basis for the motion.        There is a two-step
             process that a trial court must follow when
             responding to a request for new trial. Morrison,
             646 A.2d at 571; see Riccio v. American Republic
             Insur. Co., 550 Pa. 254, 705 A.2d 422, 426 (1997).
             First, the trial court must decide whether one or
             more mistakes occurred at trial. These mistakes
             might involve factual, legal, or discretionary matters.
             Second, if the trial court concludes that a mistake (or
             mistakes) occurred, it must determine whether the
             mistake was a sufficient basis for granting a new
             trial. See Spang, 545 A.2d at 868. The harmless
             error doctrine underlies every decision to grant or
             deny a new trial. A new trial is not warranted merely
             because some irregularity occurred during the trial or
             another trial judge would have ruled differently; the
             moving party must demonstrate to the trial court
             that he or she has suffered prejudice from the
             mistake. See Stewart v. Motts, 539 Pa. 596, 654
             A.2d 535, 540 (1995); Commonwealth v.
             Faulkner, 528 Pa. 57, 595 A.2d 28, 39 (1991),
             cert. denied, 503 U.S. 989, 112 S.Ct. 1680, 118
             L.Ed.2d 397 (1992); Commonwealth v. Ryder,

                                        -7
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            467 Pa. 484, 359 A.2d 379, 382 (1976); Dornon,
            195 A.2d at 522.

                    To review the two-step process of the trial
            court for granting or denying a new trial, the
            appellate court must also undertake a dual -pronged
            analysis. Morrison, 646 A.2d at 571. A review of a
            denial of a new trial requires the same analysis as a
            review of a grant.           Thompson v. City of
            Philadelphia, 507 Pa. 592, 493 A.2d 669, 673
            (1985). First, the appellate court must examine the
            decision of the trial court that a mistake occurred.

                  At this first stage, the appellate court must
            apply the correct scope of review, based on the
            rationale given by the trial court. There are two
            possible scopes of review to apply when appellate
            courts are determining the propriety of an order
            granting or denying a new trial. Morrison, 646 A.2d
            at 570, Coker, 625 A.2d at 1186. There is a narrow
            scope of review: "[w]here the trial court articulates
            a single mistake (or a finite set of mistakes), the
            appellate court's review is limited in scope to the
            stated reason, and the appellate court must review
            that reason under the appropriate standard."
            Morrison, 646 A.2d at 571.
                    [Conversely,] [i]f the trial court leaves
                    open    the    possibility that reasons
                    additional to those specifically mentioned
                    might warrant a new trial, or orders a
                    new trial 'in the interests of justice,' the
                    appellate court applies a broad scope of
                    review, examining the entire record for
                    any reason sufficient to justify a new
                    trial.

            Id[.] at 570. Even under a narrow scope of review,
            the appellate court might still need to examine the
            entire record to determine if there is support for any
            of the reasons provided by the trial court.
            Commonwealth v. Widmer, 560 Pa. 308, 744 A.2d
            745, 750 (2000); Thompson, 493 A.2d at 673.
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                   The appropriate standard of review also
            controls this initial layer of analysis. If the mistake
            involved a discretionary act, the appellate court will
            review for an abuse of discretion. See Widmer, 744
            A.2d at 753 (decision whether verdict is against
            weight of evidence is discretionary). If the mistake
            concerned an error of law, the court will scrutinize
            for legal error. See Morrison, 646 A.2d at 571 n. 8
            (propriety of jury instructions entails question of
            law).     If there were no mistakes at trial, the
            appellate court must reverse a decision by the trial
            court to grant a new trial because the trial court
            cannot order a new trial where no error of law or
            abuse of discretion occurred. See Von der Heide v.
            Commonwealth, Dept. of Transp., 553 Pa. 120,
            718 A.2d 286, 290 (1998); Atene, 318 A.2d at 697;
            Kralik, 258 A.2d at 656; see also Riccio, 705 A.2d
            at 427 (holding that because judge, who was
            substituted for post -trial motions, erred in finding
            that trial court judge made mistake of law, grant of
            new trial was error).

                   If the appellate court agrees with the
            determination of the trial court that a mistake
            occurred, it proceeds to the second level of analysis.
            The appellate court must then determine whether
            the trial court abused its discretion in ruling on the
            request for a new trial. Morrison, 646 A.2d at 571.
            "Discretion must be exercised on the foundation of
            reason." Coker, 625 A.2d at 1184 (quoting P.L.E.
            New Trial § 2). An abuse of discretion exists when
            the trial court has rendered a judgment that is
            manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious, has
            failed to apply the law, or was motivated by
            partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will. Id. at 1184-85.
            A finding by an appellate court that it would have
            reached a different result than the trial court does
            not constitute a finding of an abuse of discretion.
            Morrison, 646 A.2d at 571. "Where the record
            adequately supports the trial court's reasons and
            factual basis, the court did not abuse its discretion."
            Id. (quoting Coker, 625 A.2d at 1187).
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                      When determining whether the trial court
               abused its discretion, the appellate court must
               confine itself to the scope of review, as set forth in
               our preceding discussion.        If the trial court has
               provided specific reasons for its ruling on a request
               for a new trial, and it is clear that the decision of the
               trial court is based exclusively on those reasons,
               applying a narrow scope of review, the appellate
               court may reverse the trial court's decision only if it
               finds no basis on the record to support any of those
               reasons. Coker, 625 A.2d at 1188. "As a practical
               matter, a trial court's reference to a finite set of
               reasons is generally treated as conclusive proof that
               it would not have ordered a new trial on any other
               basis." Id. at 1184; see Widmer, 744 A.2d at 750-
               51. Alternatively, where the trial court leaves open
               the possibility that there were reasons to grant or
               deny a new trial other than those it expressly
               offered, or the trial court justifies its decision on the
               "interests of justice," an appellate court must apply a
               broad scope of review and affirm if it can glean any
               valid reason from the record. Morrison, 646 A.2d at
               570; Coker, 625 A.2d at 1185.

Harman, 756 A.2d at 1122-1124.

        Under Harman, the first step in our review of the trial court's order

granting   a   new trial is to determine whether    a   "mistake" occurred;   in   this

case, whether the defendants violated the Court Order.              As a threshold

matter, however, Guse first posits that the Court Order was itself an abuse

of the trial court's discretion.5

5 Appellees assert that Guse waived this claim by failing to present it below.

We disagree. Under these circumstances, we agree with Guse that he did
not waive his challenge to the Court Order because there was no prior
opportunity to raise the claim before the trial court beyond his initial
objection to appellees' motion in limine.

                                        - 10 -
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        Dr.   Henzes,           an      orthopedist,   produced   an   expert   report dated

August 19, 2014, in which he opined that Mrs. Carlitz's injuries were caused

by her osteoporotic bones:

              She was asked to stand up from the wheelchair and
              place herself onto the exam table.     The records
              reflect that Mr. Guse assisted her in getting out of
              the wheelchair by helping to support her.        Once
              Mrs. Carlitz was able to get onto the stool, in
              attempting to turn and sit down, the patient fell and
              suffered a grade III A open fracture of her [left]
              ankle     .   .   .   .

Dr. Henzes' report, 8/19/14 ("First Report") at 2.

              The mechanism of the patient's injury would be due
              to the osteoporotic state of her bones. The pivoting
              that she was attempting to do would be very similar
              to what she would do each day, getting in and out of
              bed to get into her wheelchair to participate in
              activities at the nursing home. The only difference
              would be the stool that she would step up onto to sit
              on the exam table. The records reflect that Mr. Guse
              was assisting her at the time she lost her balance
              and fell. It does not appear that at anytime [sic] she
              tried to navigate onto the stool herself.

              It   is     medical opinion that Mr. Guse and
                            my
              Delta Medix are not at fault for Mrs. Carlitz's ankle

       Guse was the verdict winner in this case. Therefore, he was not
obligated to challenge the Court Order through post -verdict motions in order
to preserve a claim that was, at that time, at least, effectively (if
temporarily) moot. Appellees sought a new trial by post -verdict motion and
were successful. After Guse appealed that decision, the trial court did not
order him to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. Thus, Guse cannot be
faulted for failing to raise his challenge to the validity of the Court Order at
that time, either. Consequently, the first time Guse could have preserved
his challenge to the Court Order was, in fact, in his brief to this court. Thus,
we conclude that Guse has not waived his challenge to the merits of the
Court Order.
J.   A18011/16

              fracture.  The patient did have a history of
              spontaneous falls in the past. The records do reflect
              that she was doing well in her physical therapy
              program, and required supervision only for her
              transfers.

Id.
        So, in the First Report, Dr. Henzes indicates that Mrs. Carlitz "lost her

balance" and fell off the stool, sustaining an open fracture of her left ankle

due to her osteoporotic condition. There was no indication that osteoporosis

actually caused Mrs. Carlitz to fall. Indeed, Dr. Henzes noted that this pivot

maneuver was something that she did every day.

        Six days before trial, Dr. Henzes issued    a   "supplemental expert report"

("Second Report") dated April 20, 2015. In this Second Report, for the first

time, Dr.     Henzes theorizes that Mrs.         Carlitz suffered    a     "spontaneous

fracture" of her left ankle, causing her to fall:

              To be clear, and not to mislead anyone, it is my
              opinion that the cause of [Mrs.] Carlitz's fall was the
              osteoporotic condition of her bone. This condition
              with the normal stress of pivoting, led to a
              spontaneous fracture of her ankle which caused her
              to fall at Delta Medix.

Second Report, 4/20/15 at 1.

        The   Court   Order   precluded    the      defendants      from     referencing

Dr. Henzes' Second Report.      Appellees/plaintiffs contend that the trial court

initially precluded the Second Report because it presented               a   wholly new

theory of causation (hereinafter, the "spontaneous fracture theory") not

presented in Dr. Henzes' First Report.      This is the position adopted by the

                                       - 12 -
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trial court in its opinion.      (Trial court opinion, 7/15/15 at 2.)            Plaintiffs

requested preclusion of this "new theory" in their motion in               limine    (See

plaintiffs' motion in limine, 4/22/15 at         ¶ 26   (".   .   .Plaintiffs are severely

prejudiced by Dr. Henzes['] eleventh hour supplemental report, as it sets

forth not only   a   completely new theory of causation, but in fact it appears to

contradict [his] original report with regard to his theory of causation.").)

That motion was granted by the trial court, but the court did not appear to

accept or reject that interpretation in formulating restrictions on the use of

the Second Report at trial. When ruling on plaintiffs' motion in limine, the

trial court stated as follows:

            Okay, there is a matter outstanding of the [Second
            Report] by Dr. Henzes dated April 20th, 2015. And
            obviously, that's been objected to by the Foley Law
            Firm on behalf of the plaintiff. And the response has
            been --let me put it this way, chronologically,
            Dr. Henzes' report is dated April 20th, 2015. I get
            objections to that from the Foley[]s by letter dated
            April 21st, 2015. And response to the objections
            from Web[]er Gallagher on behalf of Delta Medix
            referencing that objection.     I'm going to tell you
            what my inclination is before I entertain argument.
            My inclination is, I can't stand it when I have a case
            that is a 2011 case and a week before trial, we're
            getting reports, okay. They have their theory as to
            what Dr. Henzes' initial report means and you have
            yours. And if, in fact, his supplemental report is a
            clarification, then it's not adding anything new, go
            with the original report. So, the motion in limine on
            April 21st is granted. Okay? I don't necessarily
            think it has anything to do with it.           I don't
            necessarily think the jury is going to conclude what
            you guys conclude. But nevertheless, I thought we
            needed to address it because it was outstanding.

                                        - 13 -
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Notes of testimony, 4/27/15 at 33-34.

        Thus, the trial court clearly ruled that the defendants could not

reference the Second Report, but the primary essence of the ruling, as

articulated by the trial court above, was premised on the Second Report's

untimeliness.      The Second Report was submitted six days before trial and

was excludable on that basis.           Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5.       The court did agree with

the plaintiffs that if the Second Report presented          a   new theory of causation,

that new theory would also be precluded under the order granting the

motion in limine.

        Appellees/plaintiffs argue that the trial court's:

              directive was clear in that Plaintiffs' motion in limine
              was   .   .granted[, and that] Defendants were to
                            .

              stick with their original causation theory as outlined
              in   Dr.   Henzes' original expert report, that
              [Mrs.] Carlitz lost her balance and fell, and that her
              osteoporotic condition might have contributed to the
              severity of her injuries.

Appellees' brief at 11.            We agree with appellees that the motion was

granted, and that the defendants, Guse and Delta Medix, were precluded

from presenting     a       new theory to the   jury not expressed   in Dr. Henzes' First

Report. The difficulty is that the court failed to explicitly decide whether the

spontaneous fracture theory was present in some form in Dr. Henzes'

original report.    The trial court's statement accompanying the Court Order

suggests that it had not yet decided whether spontaneous fracture was                  a

new theory or an elaboration on the theory presented in the First Report.

                                            - 14 -
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Given the lack of clarity as to the practical meaning of the Court Order with

regard to the admissibility of the spontaneous fracture theory, and because

Guse's argument that the Court Order was an abuse of discretion is tailored

to the premise that it precluded the spontaneous fracture theory, we cannot

rule that the Court Order was an abuse of discretion on those grounds.

        As such, we now turn to the question of whether the Court Order was

violated. The trial court held that violations of the Court Order occurred on

three distinct occasions:     First, during opening statements when Guse's

counsel told the jury that "Dr. Henzes, Dr. Zurad will say the osteoporosis

was the cause of the    fall[,]" (notes of testimony, 4/28/15 at 41); second,
during the direct examination of Dr. Henzes, when he testified that "[e]ither

she lost her balance and fell and broke her ankle.         Or as she was pivoting,

the pivot maneuver would have broken her ankle and then she would have

collapsed and fallen onto the     floor[,]" (notes of testimony, 4/29/15 at 60);
and third, during the redirect examination of Dr. Henzes, when he agreed

that "a patient [can] have   a    break and then   a   fall[.]" (Id. at 114.) (See
trial court opinion, 7/15/15 at    7   ("Notwithstanding the explicit Court Order,

the record indicates that counsel for Defendant Guse and Dr. Henzes made

at least three separate remarks or references to the supplemental expert

report.").) The trial court found that these repeated violations of the Court

Order occurred despite warnings by the court during sidebars that followed

plaintiffs' objections thereto.    (Id. at 8.)    The court did provide curative

                                         - 15 -
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instructions, but ultimately agreed with plaintiffs that the prejudice caused

by the violations was incurable.   (Id. at 8-9.)
        We will examine each of these remarks and the accompanying sidebar

discussions in turn.     During opening statements, Matthew Keris, Esq.,

counsel for Guse, characterized Mrs. Carlitz's osteoporosis as    a   cause of the

fall:

             Mr. Foley [(Tom Foley, Jr., Esq., counsel for the
             plaintiffs)] mentioned to you a whole host of the
             comorbidities she had. She was obese. She is 63.
             One of the things that he didn't mention, and both
             defense experts, both Dr. Henzes and Dr. Zurad, and
             I'll get into it a little bit more detail in [a] moment,
             they talk about another underlying condition she had
             which contributed to this fall, osteoporosis.

Notes of testimony, 4/28/15 at 31.

             One of the nurses will come and testify and say there
             was a statement by [Mrs.] Carlitz that she had heard
             a snap, then she fell.   She heard a snap and then
             she fell. Folks, osteoporosis that's what it means.
             Dr. Henzes, Dr. Zurad will say the osteoporosis was
             the cause of the fall. Her brittle bones, a twisting
             motion, a turning motion with a host of factors, that
             we as normal healthy adults or even not so
             happy [sic], but most of us can handle but because
             she had osteoporosis she simply couldn't handle that
             and that process of getting up to Jeff Guse have her
             twist around it's the same thing she would have to
             do at the nursing home. She was getting into her
             bed, she is doing the same motion. Step up to get
             to her bed, stepping and twisting to get in her bed
             it's the same motion. It can't be predicted.        It
             happens, brittle bones, and that's why she slumped.
             That is what Dr. Zurad will say and that's what
             Dr. Henzes will say.       Dr. Henzes, he is an
             orthopaedic surgeon, he is a bone doctor. This is his

                                      - 16 -
J.   A18011/16

             forte. He will testify, he will come in here and tell
             that to you.

Id. at 41-42.
        Following opening statements and preliminary instructions to the jury,

the plaintiffs requested   a   sidebar and made   a    motion for   a   mistrial:

             MR. FOLEY:    Plaintiff is moving for a mistrial because
             Mr. Keris violated a Court's ruling excluding the new
             report of Dr. [] Henzes where he gave his opinion
             that the cause of [Mrs.] Carlitz's fall was the
             osteoporotic condition of her bones. Mr. Keris in his
             opening stated that it will show that the osteoporotic
             condition of her bone or the osteoporosis was the
             cause of her fall, and referring to Dr. Henzes and
             Dr. Zurad.

             MR. KERIS:        Your Honor, it's opening argument.           In
             his [F]irst [R]eport he mentions osteoporosis -- he
             mentions osteoporosis in his [F]irst [R]eport which
             has been in Mr. Foley's possession for awhile [sic].

             THE COURT:         Wait, let me get it.    I want to look at
             the first one.

             MR.   FOLEY:        have the first one here.
                                 I                              It's
             mentioned that she had mentioned that she had
             osteoporosis, but it doesn't say that the osteoporosis

             MR. KERIS:     May I -- it says, "The patient's injury
             isn't [sic] due to the osteoporotic state of her
             bones", which I also believe in your ruling on
             motions in limine as to getting into the second fall of
             that resulted in the ankle fracture. You said that we
             could get into the osteoporosis being a mechanism of
             the fall on your older one, so all of the second order
             is just he said if there is confusion is citing back to
             what he said in this [F]irst [R]eport.

             THE COURT:        Well, I'm going to deny the motion for
             two reasons.      I have already told the jury what the

                                         - 17 -
J.   A18011/16

             lawyers say cannot be equated as evidence, so your
             argument isn't evidence, and if I told the jury that
             they can't decide the case based upon anything I say
             or what the lawyers say, but they are to decide it
             based upon the evidence. I would make certain that
             you handle that very carefully, however, when you
             bring in Dr. Henzes.

             MR. KERIS:   Before we -- I intend to ask -- before
             Dr. Henzes comes in I would like to have a sidebar
             before that so we are perfectly clear so we don't
             have a situation in our last trial, the Moore case, on
             that as well. I want to be perfectly clear on that.
             Thank you for giving that instruction.

             THE COURT:     Okay. Motion is denied.

Notes of testimony, 4/28/15 at 58-60.

        Before the defendants called Dr. Henzes to the stand, they sought

clarification from the trial court as to the permissible scope of his testimony

on causation:

             MR. KERIS: Your Honor?

             THE COURT:     What's on your mind?

             MR. KERIS: Your Honor, before we go, Dr. Henzes is
             going to be presented late today and there had been
             a   motion about the [Second] [R]eport being
             precluded, and I'm not quibbling about that, I'm just
             looking for direction from the Court as to what he
             can say because it's very --

             THE   COURT:     He can       say what's in   his   [F]irst
             [R]eport.

             MR. KERIS:   Well, can I --

             THE COURT:   What's in the fair scope of his [F]irst
             [R]eport. Why is that a problem?

                                      - 18 -
J.   A18011/16

             MR. KERIS:     I don't think it's a problem, I think it's
             clear what he said, but I think Mr. Foley, you know,
             has said that it's something different. I'm not trying
             to quibble, I just don't see anything --

             THE   COURT:      Let me be more specific, the
             phraseology that he used in describing his
             description of how this wound might have occurred
             has to be that phraseology from his [First] [R]eport
             and not his [S]econd [R]eport.

             MR. KERIS:    Okay.

             THE COURT:      Fair enough?

             MR. KERIS:    That sounds fine. Thank you.

Notes of testimony, 4/29/15 at 48-49.

        Dr. Henzes is a board -certified orthopedic surgeon       (Id. at 51-52.)
On direct examination, Dr. Henzes testified      that Mrs. Carlitz's osteoporosis

caused her to break her ankle:

             Q.    And can you please tell the jury what your
                   opinion is as to the causation issues in this
                   matter?

             A.    That her osteoporosis led her to having a low
                   level of trauma causing her to break her ankle.

Id. at 58-59. Later,     Dr. Henzes expounded that Mrs. Carlitz's osteoporosis

could have precipitated the fall, prompting an immediate objection from

plaintiffs' counsel, followed by an extensive sidebar discussion:

             Q.    And   what's your understanding as to the
                   interaction between Mr. Guse and [Mrs.] Carlitz
                   and [Mr.] Carlitz once they arrived at
                   Delta Medix?

                                      - 19 -
J.   A18011/16

            A.       Well, Mr. Guse was the ultrasound tech. She
                     was brought to Delta Medix. And she was
                     brought in a van. She was in a wheelchair.
                     And the wheelchair, Mr. Carlitz, I believe,
                     pushed the wheelchair into the building. And
                     Mr. Guse took over and took her right into the
                     exam room. He asked her if she could get out
                     of the wheelchair to get up on the exam table.
                     The ultrasound is generally done on the exam
                     table. She said she could. She was able to get
                     herself out of the chair.     With the help of
                     Mr. Guse and Mr. Carlitz, she got up on to the
                     step that she needed to get onto to get onto
                     the exam table. And then, as she was pivoting
                     herself around, she either -- one of two things
                     either [sic] happened.     Either she lost her
                     balance and fell and broke her ankle. Or as
                     she was pivoting, the pivot maneuver would
                     have broken her ankle and then she would
                     have collapsed and fallen onto the floor.

             MR.     FOLEY:   Objection, can we approach, your
             Honor?

            THE COURT: Sure. Dr. Henzes, want to stand down
            and just give us a moment?

             (The following discussion was held at sidebar.)

             MR. FOLEY:   Your Honor, there is no reference in the
            report of Dr. Henzes of August 19th of the pivoting
            that resulted in the breaking of the ankle.

            THE COURT:     I want to call your attention to the
             second paragraph, 0488, where she [sic] talks about
            the --

             MR. FOLEY:      Pivoting and attempt to do it, but he
             doesn't list that as the cause. And he's talking about
             causation here. The cause that it states here is that
             she lost her balance and fell.
J.   A18011/16

            THE COURT:        Let me just look at the paragraph.
             Give me    a   second.  Okay, make your objection
             again?

             MR. FOLEY:     This is the theory that they're getting
            into on the [S]econd [R]eport that they've been told
            that they are to stay away from. He's attempting --
            Dr. Henzes was led into that depiction that
            [Mrs. Carlitz] was pivoting at the time and that that
            was the cause of her falling. And the cause of her
            falling in this report is that she lost her balance and
            fell. This is a causation issue and they're trying to
            back door what they've been attempting to do by the
             [S]econd [R]eport.

             MR. FEENEY [(GENE FEENEY, ESQ., COUNSEL FOR
            DEFENDANT DELTA MEDIX)]: Your Honor, I think
            this is well within the scope of the original --

             MR. FOLEY:     It's beyond the scope of the report.

            THE COURT:       I understand that's the argument.     Go
             ahead.

             MR. FEENEY:     Okay, it's well within the scope of the
            report. Dr. Henzes talks about the, "Mechanism of
            the patient's injury would be the osteoporotic state
            of her bones. The pivoting that she was attempting
            would be very similar to what she did each day,
            getting in and out of the bed to get into her
            wheelchair to participate in the activities in the
            nursing home. The only real difference would be the
            stool that she would step on to sit on the table. The
            records reflect that he was assisting her at the time
            and she lost her balance and fell and does not
            appear at any time she tried to navigate onto the
            stoo[I] itself." That's well within what he testified to.

             MR. FOLEY: It's actually contrary as to the causation
             and what he said in his report. She [sic] says in the
             report that she lost her balance and fell.

             MR. FEENEY:     He talks about the pivoting.
J.   A18011/16

             MR. FOLEY:     He talks about the pivoting. But he
            doesn't say that's the causation and that's what
            you're trying to get in, exactly what the court's order
            was protecting in the [S]econd [R]eport.

            THE COURT:       Okay, let me hear from them.       Go
             ahead.

             MR. FEENEY: It's well within the scope of his report.
             He talks about the pivoting.    He talks about the
            nature and the osteoporotic nature of her bones.
            That's well within -- what he testified to is exactly
            within the scope of this report.

             MR.  KERIS:    That's exactly what he has in this
             paragraph. It's within the four corners. It's nothing
             new. It's nothing new.

             MR. FOLEY: It sure is. That's why we filed a   motion
             in the beginning with respect to that.

             MR. FEENEY:    Before --

             MR. FOLEY:    And that's when you came forward with
            the [S]econd [R]eport.

            THE COURT:     Let's go ahead and then I'm going to --

            MR. FEENEY: One final thing, your Honor, is before
            that motion was ever filed about the [S]econd
            [R]eport, your Honor ruled in motions in limine that
            the subsequent fall in 2012 was fair game for this
            case because of defendant's theories about the
            nature of this break coming from the osteoporotic
            bones. So you --

            THE COURT: That's your --

             MR. NEALON [(TERRENCE NEALON, JR., ESQ.,
             CO -COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS)]: Your order spoke
            to the mechanism of the injury, not as to the cause
            of the fall. He's misreading your order, your Honor.
J.   A18011/16

            THE COURT:      Right. The issue here is a somewhat
            refined issue in the sense that the doctor in this case
            said the mechanism of the injury would be due to
            the osteoporotic bone. That means that I might
            have fallen and not broken my ankle.          She had
            osteoporotic bones, therefore the mechanism of the
            injury would be due to the osteoporotic state of the
            bones. Then, he talks about the pivoting, okay?
            But, then, he says that, "The records reflect that
            Mr. Guse was assisting her at the time she lost her
            balance and fell. It does not appear she at any time
            tried to navigate onto the stool herself. Meaning the
            fall through loss of balance took place during the
            transfer." That's your argument. That's the way you

             MR. FOLEY:     Yes, absolutely.

            THE COURT:       Now, let's assume for purposes of
             discussion that I were to favorably entertain that
             argument, the horse is out of the barn, how do I
             correct it?

             MR. FOLEY:     I know, that's where we're debating on
            the mistrial.

            THE COURT: Yeah.

             MR. FOLEY:     Which I don't want to do.

            THE    COURT:       Yeah,   I   know.        We've   had   that
             discussion already today.

             MR. FOLEY:   Judge, I want -- I would suggest that
            you instruct the jury that the testimony that they
            had heard is contrary to the -- to the report --

             (Mr. Foley and Mr. Foley had           a   discussion off the
             record.)

            THE COURT:    Who is going to say it? The last time I
            heard, you were a member of the Bar here. What do
            you have to go through him for? But, go ahead.
J.   A18011/16

             MR. FOLEY:   He's smarter than I am.

            THE COURT:     I don't know about that, but go ahead.

             MR. [MICHAEL] FOLEY:        First, Judge, that this is a
            direct violation of the court's order. On the pretrial
            that they have introduced a separate causation
            theory that was not properly addressed in the initial
            report is actually contrary to what was stated in the
            initial report, inconsistent, contrary. And because of
            that, we didn't go out and [find] experts to rebut
            that. And that's why I believe it was excluded. But
            I'm not going to read into your reasons. But it's
            hard to put the Genie back in the bottle now that
            they've put this in. Especially, when it's a specific
            discussion as I understand it that this was not going
            to be allowed if it wasn't in the initial report. And it's
            clearly not. So, the proper remedy should be the
            mistrial and payment of costs. But alternatively, if
            you're not going to give that, I think you have to tell
            the jury --

            THE COURT:       I'm not sure that's what the chief
             counsel wants in this case either, but go ahead.

             MR. M. FOLEY:    But alternatively, I think that you
            need to give the specific -- strike that testimony
            from the record and tell the jury that there's no
            evidentiary basis for what the doctor just said and
            that this fall was caused by osteoporosis.         The
            testimony was that she lost her balance, whatever.
            And that the fracture, that there's no evidence in this
            record that the fracture was caused by osteoporosis
            and therefore caused the fall.

            THE COURT:       From   causation standpoint, but I
                                    a
             know what you're saying, go ahead.

             MR.   FEENEY:        Your     Honor,  first of all,
            Attorney Mike Foley who is speaking now has first
            appeared in this trial this afternoon. So he was not
            here for any of the witnesses beforehand to state
            what the evidence was in this case. In fact, the
            evidence does not support what he said.          The

                                        - 24 -
J.   A18011/16

            evidence is that no one's sure why she fell. In fact,
            Jeff Guse testified and was called in plaintiff's case
            that she got to the end of the spin and just collapsed
            spontaneously. And there's been no testimony from
            the plaintiffs to rebut that testimony that she
            collapsed spontaneously.          Dr. Henzes talks about
            pivoting and osteoporotic and he said it's either
            because it fractured and snapped. And he reviewed
            the depositions in which there's testimony and there
            will be introduced testimony in the defendant's case
            that one of the witness's [sic] said that Mrs. Carlitz
            reported that she heard a snap and then fell. So
            there will be evidence in this case. In fact, that's
            completely in line with what occurred in this case
            that it either was because of a low level trauma as
            Dr. Henzes explained or because [of] pivoting. And,
            in fact, plaintiffs introduced Dr. Thomas' testimony
            that the nature of the injury in this case when he
            was asked what the level of trauma was, he said the
            nature of the injury in this case was a twisting injury
            which is exactly consistent with what Dr. Henzes is
            talking about. Pivoting, it snaps and the patient falls
            or the patient slips and then it snaps because of the
            osteoporosis. It's exactly what he said in his report
            and it's exactly consistent with Dr. Thomas'
            testimony and what was in the depositions that he
            reviewed and in line with what one [of] the witnesses
            will testify to later in the trial.

             MR. FOLEY:   No.

            THE COURT:     That's all that, how can I put it, that's
             a wonderful reflection that you've given us, but I've
            got to look at the four corners of the report. Again,
            the one having been very, very late and in violation
            of my scheduling order. So when I look at Page 2,
            0488 Bates, it says, "The mechanism of the patient's
            injury would be due to the osteoporotic state of the
            bone." Her injury was a fracture. So I'm thinking
            and reading this to say, the mechanism of her
            fracture would be due to the osteoporotic state of
            the bone. So when I read that, that tells me that if I
            [fell], my bone would not have broken. Then, he
            says, "The pivoting that she's attempting to do would

                                     - 25 -
J.   A18011/16

             be  very similar to what she would do each day
            getting in and getting out of bed and into her
            wheelchair and participating in the activities of the
            nursing home. The only difference would be the
            stool that she would step up onto to sit on the exam
            table.    The records reflect that Mr. Guse was
            assisting her at the time she lost her balance and
            fell. It does not appear that at any time she tried to
            navigate onto the stool herself."

             MR. FEENEY:     Right, but --

            THE COURT:       Go ahead.

             MR.   FEENEY:      The nature of the injury is the
             osteoporotic bone.    She's twisting and it snaps and
             she falls.

             MR. NEALON:     That's not what he said.

            THE COURT: That's not what he says.

             MR. FEENEY:    That's what he says.        She lost her
             balance because it snapped.

             MR. NEALON:      Not what he says.

             MR. FOLEY:    No, she lost her balance.

            THE COURT: I'm going to read what he said in his
            report and I'm going to hold him to that.

             MR. KERIS:    That's fine.

            THE COURT:      That's all, okay? I'm going to read
            what I just read to you guys and do a curative and
            say, there was no alternative theory. This is the
            operative paragraph. Take it under advisement as I
            read it to you. And I'm going to deny the motion for
            mistrial. You're welcome. And I'm going to do a
            curative that basically is the reading of this, okay.

             (Sidebar discussion concluded.)
J.   A18011/16

            THE COURT:      Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, I
            want to talk to you a little about the objection and
            sidebar we just had. In the report that is authored
            by Dr. Henzes dated August 19th, 2014 -- and I'll let
            you know what I'm reading from, doctor, so you can
            read along with me. On Page 2, second paragraph
            where it starts, "The mechanism of," do you see
            where I'm talking about? "The mechanism of the
            patient's injury."

            THE WITNESS: Yes.

            THE COURT:       Okay, now, there's an issue as to
            whether we're talking about causation. In other
            words, the dispute being, did she fall and the leg
            break as the cause so the fall would have been the
            cause of it? And the mechanism was -- I'm going to
            read to you what he says in the report, okay? And
            then, I'm going to talk to you a little bit about how it
            works. Because when you get a verdict slip in this
            case, the first question is going to be[:] "Do you
            find that the defendant was negligent or did you find
            that the defendant violated the standard of care?"
            That's why they're talking about the standard of care
            here.    A violation of the standard of care is
            negligence in Pennsylvania. And then, the next one
            would be, "Did the violation cause the injury?"
            Okay, was the person harmed, is their factual cause
            of harm from that violation of standard of care? And
            I think one of the lawyers made reference to it in the
            opening.    You can run a red light and not hit
            anything and nobody hits you and you were
            negligent but you got away with it because there was
            no damage, no harm, okay? Well, in this particular
            case, the alternative theories that the doctor just
            talked about don't necessarily reflect the wording in
            his report. So I want to read to you the specific
            wording in Dr. Henzes' report and kind of we're
            going to hold him to that, okay? And this was what
            the report says. Actually, if somebody could put it
            up and highlight it? It's Bates 4088?

             MR. FEENEY:   No, 0488.
J.   A18011/16

             THE COURT:    0488, you're right.

             MR. KERIS:   Second paragraph.

             THE COURT:      And then, in the second paragraph.
             Yeah, make it big. And then, where it starts, "The
             mechanism," take it yellow all the way to the end.
             Thank you. Alright, now it's not like Sing Along with
             Mitch, read along with the Judge. But here's what I
             want you to understand.       The report says, "The
             mechanism of the patient's injury would be due to
             the osteoporotic state of her bones." Now, you have
             to determine what that means, okay?          It might
             mean, if you fell, you wouldn't have broken your
             bones because you're not an osteoporotic. But that's
             what he says. Then, it says, "The pivoting that she
             was attempting to do would be very similar to what
             she would do each day getting in and out of bed and
             into her wheelchair to participate in the activities at
             the nursing home. The only difference would be the
             stool that she would step up onto to sit on the exam
             table.    The records reflect that Mr. Guse was
             attempting her--" I'm sorry, ". .was assisting her at
                                              .

             the time she lost her balance and fell. It does not
             appear that at any time she tried to navigate onto
             the stool herself." That's the testimony that the
             doctor, any expert that generates a report is held to
             the fair scope of the four corners of the document.
             So that's what you need to digest as far as the
             testimony of Dr. Henzes is concerned. Okay, now
             he's your witness.

             MR. KERIS:   Thank you, your Honor.

Notes of testimony, 4/29/15 at 60-75.

        Attorney Keris resumed his questioning of Dr. Henzes. The trial court

did overrule an objection by plaintiffs' counsel and allow Dr. Henzes to

answer general questions about osteoporosis and spontaneous fractures.

(Id. at 78-80.) However,     on redirect examination, defense counsel asked

                                     - 28 -
J.   A18011/16

Dr. Henzes, "Now, can    a   patient have   a   break and then   a   fall?" (Id. at 114.)

Dr. Henzes answered, "Yes."         (Id.) Plaintiffs' counsel lodged      an immediate

objection, which the trial court sustained and then instructed the jury to

disregard Dr. Henzes' answer:

            THE COURT:        Sustained.        You're going on the area
            that we already covered and it's in the new report.
            It's not allowed. Disregard that testimony. That was
            a conceptual question about the patient generally
            and not the patient in this case.

             MR. KERIS:     Your Honor, I believe he opened the
             door on it, but I'll respect your decision.

            THE COURT: Thank you.

Id. at 114-115. Another lengthy sidebar discussion followed:
             MR. FOLEY:     Once again, Mr. Keris has violated the
            court's order prior to the case starting.          He's
            disregarding your order at prior sidebar. He keeps
            bringing up a causation issue with this witness. And
            it's at a point where I have to move for a mistrial. I
            mean, this is deliberate. He consciously did it in
            violation of your orders prior previously [sic]. This is
             polluting this jury.

            THE COURT:       Go ahead.

             MR. KERIS:    Your Honor, I believe he opened the
            door when he asked questions on his examination
            about twisting and snapping and having him explain
            that paragraph. He opened the door on that. I've
            been with you enough to know that if more people
            that if they open the door on those things, you can
            go down that route. I got the question out. There
            was an objection. There was no answer and you
            sustained the objection. There's no tainting of this
            jury.

                                         - 29 -
J.   A18011/16

            THE COURT:     Oh no, there was an answer. That's
            why I told them to disregard it. And I said it was a
            conceptual patient, not this patient.

             MR. KERIS:   I'm sorry and the record will reflect
            that.  But when they opened the door, I believe it's
            fair game.

            THE COURT:     But, you know, let's assume for -- wait
             a minute, wait a minute. Let's assume for purposes
            of the discussion that I buy your argument [that the
            door had been opened during cross], the proper
            procedure is to request a sidebar before you open
            the avenue of inquiry. That's the way it should have
            been handled.      The proper way of handling that
            under the circumstances would have been for you to
            say, may I have a sidebar and I'm going to go into
            this? And I would have ruled before it came out.
            Because you knew that was hanging there from the
            prior motion in limine and from the prior sidebar we
            had. You know, let me give them a brake [sic] and
            we'll talk about this a little longer.

             (Sidebar discussion concluded.)

Notes of testimony, 4/29/15 at 116-117.

            THE COURT:     Alright, so let's kind of wrap this up at
            sidebar here. So what I was saying and I guess we
            don't have to worry about the jury hearing right
            now. But what I was saying was, I was going to -- I
            was actually tempted to interrupt you and caution
            you. And I don't like to interrupt counsel, so I didn't
            do it thinking that I was reading your direction
            incorrectly. And when it came out and the objection
            came, I tr[ied] to put that Genie back in the bottle as
            fast as I could by indicating that that was a
            conceptual patient being discussed, not this patient
            and the jury should disregard it. And that's the
            reason why I handled it abruptly and kind of cut you
            off. But it should have been, when you knew you
            were going onto quick sand, you should have talked
            to the court about building a bridge first, do you
            know what I'm saying?

                                     - 30 -
J.   A18011/16

Id. at 118-119.
        After further discussion, the court ultimately concluded that the door

had not been opened to Guse's attorney's question.     (Id. at 121-125.) The
court then stated:

             Well, we're into this long enough where I'm going to
             not give you the mistrial, but I'm going to reinstruct
             them. I'm going to put it back on the board and tell
             them that's what they have to decide. And I'm doing
             that for a particular reason which I'll tell you when
             the case is over. Go ahead, what?

              MR.   M.   FOLEY:   In addition to whatever other
             directions that you thought were appropriate, Judge,
             I believe that it would be appropriate for your Honor
             to direct the jury to disregard any evidence,
             argument or suggestion that [Mrs. Carlitz's] fall was
             caused by a spontaneous fracture and that is not in
             this case and should not be considered by them in
             any respect in this case.

             THE COURT:      I'm not going to take the factual
             determinations away from the jury. I'm going [to]
             show them that paragraph again and tell them they
             have to decide what precipitated the fall. They have
             to decide. Was it by -- I'm not even going to get
             into what the theories are.

              MR.   M.   FOLEY:Well, then, you're going to allow
             them to basically take the spontaneous fracture --

             THE COURT: I'm going to allow them to    interpret the
             report as the fact finder.

              MR. M. FOLEY:   I believe that that would be highly
              inadequate and we would object to that.

              MR. FOLEY:    It goes --

                                         -31-
J.   A18011/16

             THE COURT:   Make whatever record you've got to
             make. Go ahead, make it.

             MR.   FOLEY:   Alright, it's directly contrary to the
             court's ruling previously. He's trying to get in the
             back door what he couldn't do directly. And that's
             what he's done. He's got that in now and he's
             polluted the jury.

             MR.   M.   FOLEY:   Judge, this is Mike Foley.      By
             allowing the jury --by giving that type of instruction
             to the jury and not excluding this spontaneous
             fracture issue that was not properly supported by
             pretrial expert reports served [] in an appropriate
             time in accordance [with] the court's order, we did
             not have appropriate time or ability to file any
             rebuttals. And, you know, we're sitting here naked
             and you're going to allow this jury --

             THE COURT: And therefore, you're prejudiced. And
             I'm letting you put your prejudice on the record. I
             have no problem with you making a record.

             MR. M. FOLEY:   That's all I'm doing.

             THE COURT: Both of you, make whatever record you
             want to make. I'll make my ruling. And let's see
             how the case goes. Let me tell you why. Because if
             you prevail, it's moot, okay. And if you don't, you've
             made your record. So, why not proceed under the
             assumption that this might moot itself by going to a
             successful conclusion, especially since we're halfway
             through it. By the way, in my -- I've only had the
             first mistrial I ever had last week with Gene. But
             I've avoided three of them by doing [sic]. So you
             flip the coin and sometimes it works. So that's my
             reason why, okay?

Id. at 125-128.
        After Dr. Henzes' testimony had concluded, the trial court gave the

jury the following instruction:

                                      - 32 -
J.   A18011/16

            THE COURT:     Okay, I'm going to give the correction
            that I talked to you about at sidebar. And I wanted
            to do it before we dismiss the witness. If you could
            cue up 0488 again, please? And highlight it the way
            it was highlighted last time? Ladies and Gentlemen,
            this is for purposes of the record as well, I have,
            again, placed the end of the second full paragraph on
            Bates stamp Page 0488. And it is highlighted. And
            I'm doing that because I want you to understand
            that this is a key issue that you have to decide. You,
            the jury, have to decide this. It's [sic] says, "The
            mechanism of the patient's injury would be due to
            the osteoporotic states [sic] of her bones." You have
            to determine what that means. Does it mean that if
            I fell it might not break? And if you [fell], it might
            not break? But she broke [her ankle] because she's
            osteoporotic? You have to determine what that
            means.      You also have to determine the next
            sentence. "The pivoting that she was attempting to
            do would be very similar to what she would do each
            day getting in and out of bed to get into her
            wheelchair to participate in activities at the nursing
            home. The only difference would be the stool that
            she would step up onto to sit on the exam table.
            The records reflect that Mr. Guse was assisting her
            at the time she lost her balance and fell. It does not
            appear that at any time she tried to navigate onto
            the stool herself," meaning herself unassisted, I
            believe. But once again, these issues are the issues
            that you have to decide. You are the finders of fact
            as I told you when I gave you your preliminary
            instruction on Monday, you're the sole and exclusive
            judges of the facts in this case. And neither I nor
            anything that the lawyers say can impinge or infringe
            upon that exclusive responsibility that you have. So
            pay attention to that. And then when you deliberate,
            you make a determination as to what you think it
            means and how it should be applied given the facts
            and circumstance[s] as you find the true facts to be
            in this case. And I also want to caution you that the
            other exchange that I said that was dealing with a
            hypothetical patient, you are to disregard.
J.   A18011/16

Id. at 137-139.          Ultimately, as stated above, trial resulted        in a defense

verdict, the jury finding that Guse's conduct did not fall below the applicable

standard of care.

        As a threshold     matter with regard to the first violation, Guse contends

that the appellees/plaintiffs were untimely          in       their objection to Guse's

counsel's remarks during his opening statement, and, therefore, they waived

an objection to those remarks based on the contemporaneous objection rule.

See Commonwealth v. Griffin, 412 A.2d 897, 901 (Pa.Super. 1979)

("Case law in this jurisdiction has consistently held that the cornerstone of

our waiver doctrine is that issues below not raised in             a   timely manner are

foreclosed for purposes of appellate review.        In the vast majority of cases,

the rubric 'in   a   timely manner' requires contemporaneous objection; and our

rules and cases rigorously enforce the contemporaneous objection rule."

(citations omitted)).

        Both Guse's and Delta Medix's attorneys offered opening statements,

and Guse's counsel spoke first.        (See notes of testimony, 4/28/15 at 28-45

(Guse's counsel's opening); id. at 45-56 (Delta Medix's counsel's opening).)

Subsequently, the trial court issued some preliminary instructions to the

jury. (Id. at 56-58.) Then, after the trial court instructed plaintiffs to call

their first witness, plaintiffs' counsel requested        a    sidebar, at which time   a

mistrial was requested due to Guse's counsel's purported violation of the

Court Order.         (Id. at 58-59.) Thus, plaintiffs' counsel did not object when

                                         - 34 -
J.   A18011/16

the statements were made, but instead waited through both Guse's and

Delta Medix's opening statements, and the court's subsequent instructions to

the jury, before objecting to Guse's counsel's remarks regarding the theory

of causation.     On this basis, Guse contends       that appellees' request for    a

mistrial was waived because it was not made in        a   timely manner.

        Appellees counter that it is "customary" to wait until after opening

remarks are concluded         to   object to statements made therein, citing

Commonwealth v. Adkins, 364 A.2d 287                 (Pa. 1976), and       Mirabel v.
Morales, 57 A.3d 144 (Pa.Super. 2012).               Guse cites, for the opposite

conclusion, Mecca v. Lukasik, 530 A.2d 1334 (Pa.Super. 1987), and

Harman v. Borah, 756 A.2d 1116         (Pa. 2000).

        In Adkins,    a   criminal case, the defendant waited until after the

Commonwealth's closing to object to         a   questionable remark made by the

prosecutor regarding the use of         a   prior inconsistent statement.         Our

supreme court held that:

              Under the circumstances and particularly since the
              argument was recorded and its content undisputed,
              the trial court had adequate warning of the nature of
              the objection to the closing argument before its
              charge to the jury and was provided with adequate
              opportunity to correct the effect of the assistant
              district attorney's improper argument.

Adkins, 364 A.2d at 290. Our supreme court noted that "the correctness of
the applicability of the [contemporaneous objection] rule must be assessed

in   light of the attending circumstances[,]" as the:

                                       - 35 -
J.   A18011/16

              rule was forged as a matter of necessity to ensure an
              adequate and correct record on appeal. Where the
              argument is not recorded, there is a need to require
              an objection during the argument so that the
              remarks may be placed in the record at or about the
              time they are made and thereby ensure accuracy.
              Otherwise, the recollection of both counsel and the
              court at the conclusion of the argument may differ
              and thereby result in unnecessary factual disputes.

Id. at 291.
        In Mirabel, this court reiterated the Adkins standard in      a   civil setting.

Notably, the Mirabel court addressed an objection that occurred after "all

parties had closed[,]" suggesting that an objection to the content of an

opening or closing argument is not waived simply because it did not

immediately follow the opening or closing argument at issue.              Mirabel,   57

A.3d at 149 n.5.

        By contrast, in Mecca, this court held   that the "[a]ppellants' objection

[to comments made during the plaintiffs' opening argument] came too late

when they waited until the plaintiffs' attorney completed his opening

argument." Mecca, 530 A.2d at 1345. Yet, there         is no   discussion in Mecca

regarding whether the opening in question was recorded, nor was there any

attempt to distinguish that case from what had occurred                   in   Adkins.
However, the Mecca court cited and relied on        Fretts   v.   Pavetti, 422 A.2d
881, 884 (Pa.Super. 1980).           In that case, the post -opening -statement

objection was to an "unrecorded argument[,]" thus making it untimely under

Adkins    and similar authorities.    Fretts, 422 A.2d at 884.        By relying on

                                       - 36 -
J.   A18011/16

Fretts, it   is   clear that the Mecca court was addressing the timeliness of an

objection made to the content of an unrecorded opening statement.

        Harman        is   decidedly off -point.   In Harman, the court applied the

contemporaneous objection rule, but the delayed objection at issue was to

the trial court's engagement in an off-the-record discussion with an expert

defense witness in front of the jury in the middle of trial.             Clearly, the

Adkins, Mirabel,           and Mecca decisions are more applicable to the instant

matter.

        After reviewing these authorities, we agree with appellees that their

objection was timely. The facts of this case most closely resemble those of

Mirabel,     as the objection          at issue here was lodged soon after both

defendants' attorneys had concluded their opening remarks. Guse does not

argue, nor can we ascertain on our own, why waiting until after the trial

court issued      a   short preliminary instruction to the jury, given immediately

after the opening remarks had concluded, rendered Mirabel inapplicable to

this case. The instruction given to the jury only encompassed two full pages

of the trial transcript (see notes of testimony, 4/28/15 at 56-58),                 a

relatively trivial amount of time.           Thus, we decline to hold that appellees

waived their objection to Guse's counsel's opening remarks.

        Turning to the substance of the issue, it appears that the trial court

was more concerned with the untimeliness of the Second Report at the time

the motion in limine was granted.                  Clearly, however, the spontaneous

                                             - 37 -
J.   A18011/16

fracture theory of causation was absent from the First Report.                             In the

August 19, 2014 First Report, Dr. Henzes stated that "in attempting to turn

and    sit down, [Mrs.          Carlitz]   fell and    suffered    a    grade    III   A    open

fracture.   .   .   ." He referred to the mechanism of Mrs. Carlitz's injury as being

due to the osteoporotic state of her bones.                 Dr. Henzes also indicated that

Mrs. Carlitz was executing a pivoting maneuver,                 "very similar to what she

would do each day," and mentioned that she had                         a   history of falling.

However, in the First Report, Dr. Henzes never opined that Mrs. Carlitz

sustained       a   "spontaneous fracture" of her left ankle which caused her to fall.

In fact, he explicitly stated that while she was being assisted by Guse, "she

lost her balance and fell." This spontaneous fracture theory,                   a   completely

new theory of causation, was not advanced until Dr. Henzes' Second Report,

submitted less than one week before trial and excluded by the Court Order

granting the plaintiffs' motion in limine.

        After opening statements, when addressing the plaintiffs' initial motion

for mistrial, the trial court warned defense counsel to "handle that very

carefully" when presenting Dr. Henzes' testimony.                      (Notes of testimony,

4/28/15 at 60.) Then, at sidebar prior to Dr. Henzes' direct examination,

the trial court elaborated that "He can say what's in his [F]irst [R]eport."

(Notes of testimony, 4/29/15 at 48.)               The trial court told defense counsel

that "the phraseology that he used           in   describing his description of how this

wound       might       have   occurred    has    to   be    that phraseology from            his

                                             - 38 -
J.   A18011/16

[First] [R]eport and not his [S]econd [R]eport." (Id. at 49.) Put in context,

it should have been obvious to the defendants that they were to avoid any

mention of the spontaneous fracture theory from Dr. Henzes' Second Report.

Defense counsel should have instructed Dr. Henzes accordingly.                  Yet, they

elicited testimony on direct examination that Mrs. Carlitz could have broken

her ankle during the pivot maneuver, causing her to collapse and fall onto

the floor. (Id. at 60.) This causation theory was simply not in Dr. Henzes'

First Report and was specifically excluded.

        The trial court instructed the       jury that   Dr. Henzes was to be held to

what was within the fair scope of his First Report, which clearly did not

include   a   spontaneous fracture theory.           (Id. at 73-75.)       The trial court

denied the plaintiffs' second motion for             a   mistrial.     (Id. at 71.)   Yet,

inexplicably, defense counsel persisted, asking Dr. Henzes, "Now, can                    a

patient have     a   break and then   a   fall?" (Id. at 114.) At this point, we agree

with the trial court that counsel's conduct could fairly be characterized as

"reckless." (Trial court opinion, 7/15/15 at 7-8.)

        Furthermore, we disagree that plaintiffs' counsel somehow "opened

the door" to this testimony on cross-examination.                    Attorney Foley asked

Dr. Henzes about competing versions of how Mrs. Carlitz fell; Mrs. Carlitz

testified in her deposition that she fell backwards and struck the wall before

landing on the ground and breaking her left ankle, whereas Mr. Guse

testified that when she got up onto the step, she turned around and then

                                            - 39 -
J.   A18011/16

suddenly fell.     (Notes of testimony, 4/29/15 at 103.)       Dr. Henzes testified

that if Mrs. Carlitz had fallen backwards and hit the wall, he would have

expected her to have additional injuries.     (Id. at 104-105.) At sidebar, the
trial court rejected the defendants' assertion that Attorney Foley had opened

the door to their question on redirect:

            THE COURT:    They weren't discussing mechanisms in
            that examination, they were discussing different
            witnesses['] versions of how the fall took place.

             MR. FEENEY:     Right, which it involved the --

            THE COURT: In other words, they were discussing
            Mrs. Carlitz's version and they were discussing
            Mr. Guse's version.   And that's what they were
            discussing. Not the mechanism as to whether it was
             aspontaneous osteoporotic cause that made her fall.
            They were talking about how the physical
            characteristics of where she was standing, what
            direction she was looking and stuff like that differed
            between Guse and Carlitz. That's my recollection of
             it.

Id. at 121-122.     We agree.   Furthermore, we agree with the trial court that,

by the time Guse's counsel began redirect examination of Dr. Henzes, he

should have sought permission from the court to ask such         a   question, as the

topic had already been the subject of two prior motions for          a   mistrial and   a

lengthy curative instruction. Given the way the case had developed, Guse's

counsel can be faulted for his approach to the topic during his redirect

examination of Dr. Henzes, and he violated the Court Order as it had been

                                       -40-
J.   A18011/16

interpreted by the court through the course of the trial.                Accordingly, we

conclude that    a   violation of the Court Order occurred.6

        Pursuant to our standard of review, we now turn to the question of

whether the trial court abused its discretion     in   granting   a   new trial. The trial

court stated as follows:

                   In addition to the explicit Court Order
             precluding any reference to the supplemental report
             and warnings given prior to Dr. Henzes taking the
             witness stand, there was a sidebar after each and
             every one of the objections to the improper remarks
             and references. Still, this did not prevent counsel
             from defiantly discussing, or attempting to discuss,
             subject matter that was strictly prohibited by the
             [c]ourt. In light of the fact that there was a Court
             Order precluding such references and remarks, and
             the fact that there were warnings and previous
             sidebar discussions regarding the very issue, counsel
             should have proceeded with great caution in
             addressing items even remotely close to the alleged
             new causation theory listed in the supplemental
             report.

Trial court opinion, 7/15/15 at 8.

6  Defense counsel also argued that Dr. Gregory Thomas testified that the
mechanism of Mrs. Carlitz's injury was a twisting injury, consistent with
Dr. Henzes' testimony. (Id. at 69, 120.) Dr. Thomas was the orthopedic
surgeon who fixed and set the fracture. (Id. at 22.) However, Dr. Thomas
did not testify that Mrs. Carlitz's injury was the result of a spontaneous
fracture due to osteoporosis. Similarly, Dr. Edward Zurad testified that Mrs.
Carlitz had osteoporosis with a history of recurrent falls and that she fell
during the pivot maneuver, sustaining an open fracture of the tibia, ankle
dislocation and a fracture of the fibula. (Notes of testimony, 4/30/15 at 33,
47, 52-53, 56.) However, Dr. Zurad could not testify with certainty what
caused Mrs. Carlitz's leg to snap, whether it occurred during the pivoting
process or from hitting the floor. (Id. at 74.) Furthermore, Dr. Zurad is a
family physician and geriatrician, not an orthopedist. (Id. at 4-5.) Dr.
Zurad also testified after Dr. Henzes.

                                         -41-
J.   A18011/16

              The   [c]ourt is of the opinion that counsel for
              Defendant Guse acted recklessly at best when he
              continued to make reference to the excluded
              supplemental expert report. This resulted in the jury
              being exposed to the pervasive testimony and
              references regarding the alleged new theory of
              causation from an excluded report due to its
              untimeliness.     Despite the repeated attempts to
              provide the jury with curative            instructions,
              [p]laintiffs' counsel correctly noted that they were
              prejudiced by the inadequacy of a curative
              instruction[.]

Id.
              Although the [c]ourt initially denied [p]laintiffs'
              Motions for a Mistrial, it expressly stated that the
              denial was an effort to prevent a waste of resources.
              The third violation of the Court Order occurred
              roughly half way through the trial, and rather than
              declaring a mistrial, the [c]ourt believed the correct
              approach would be to move forward with the trial
              since the [p]laintiffs may prevail, and the issue
              would therefore become moot.

Id. at   9.

              As it turned out, the   jury rendered   a verdict in favor
              of the [d]efendants. Plaintiffs ultimately bear the
              burden of demonstrating a mistake occurred at trial,
              and that the mistake warrants granting a new trial.
              We believe the [p]laintiffs have met their burden.
              We believe the reckless insertion of an excluded and
              new causation theory was highly prejudicial to the
              [p]laintiff[s]. In order to remedy the prejudice that
              resulted from mistakes made at trial, which were in
              our estimation far more than mere harmless error,
              the [c]ourt finds it necessary to grant the [p]laintiffs
              a new trial as to all issues to rectify the injustice that
              would result if the present verdict were left to stand.

Id. (internal citations omitted).
J.   A18011/16

        Ideally, the trial court would have made               a   clear and unambiguous

determination prior to trial that the untimely Second Report contained                    a   new

theory of causation, i.e., the spontaneous fracture theory, which could not

be referred to in any way at trial.            However, we believe it    is   clear from the

overall record that the defense was not supposed to pursue the spontaneous

fracture theory contained in Dr. Henzes' Second Report at trial, and did so

anyway.       Given this court's deferential standard of review, we cannot

conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in granting the plaintiffs                  a

new trial. They had no time to prepare             a   rebuttal to this new defense theory

or obtain another expert. The prejudice to the plaintiffs was substantial. We

will not disturb the trial court's judgment in this regard.

        Guse contends that any possible prejudice was adequately cured by

the trial court's immediate instructions to the jury to disregard Dr. Henzes'

testimony.         (Appellant's brief at 24-25.)         As stated above, the trial court

determined that its curative instructions were insufficient. Where, as here,                    a

trial court determines that              a   new trial   is   necessary based upon the

introduction of inadmissible, prejudicial evidence at trial, and that               a   curative

instruction was insufficient to cure the prejudice caused by the introduction

of the evidence, an appellate court "may only reverse in such                  a   case if the

trial judge   is   guilty of   a   gross abuse of discretion." Boscia v. Massaro, 529

A.2d 504, 505 (Pa.Super. 1987),              appeal denied, 538 A.2d 874           (Pa. 1988).

In Boscia, this court stated that "[t]hough an appropriate charge may

                                               -43-
J.   A18011/16

correct harmful error, improperly admitted evidence may be so prejudicial

that   a    new trial is required."   Id. at 507; see also id. (upholding the trial
court's grant of       a   new trial, which was based upon defense counsel's

introduction of inadmissible, prejudicial testimony at trial, and holding that

the trial court did not err in finding that the curative instruction that it gave

to the jury regarding the inadmissible testimony was insufficient to cure its

prejudicial impact on the jury).

           Guse argues that any violations of the Court Order were necessarily

harmless given the nature of the jury's verdict. A new trial is only warranted

when the errors under review (or, in this case, the violations of the Court

Order) "may have affected the verdict." Boyle v. Indep.                Lift Truck, Inc.,
6 A.3d      492, 494 (Pa. 2010). As described above, the jury never reached the

issue of causation. The      jury found that Guse's conduct did not fall below the
applicable standard of care and that he was not negligent. Guse argues that

because the       jury found him not to         be negligent, any violation of the Court

Order regarding causation could not have contributed to the verdict and was

therefore harmless. (Appellant's brief at 34-36.) We disagree.

           We find   Williams   v. McClain, 520 A.2d 1374 (Pa. 1987), to be

instructive. In that case, the plaintiff, Jean Baker Williams, was born with           a

congenitally dislocated hip and underwent multiple surgeries. Id. at 1375.

Eventually she visited the defendant, Dr. Edward McClain, who performed                a

total hip replacement, implanting       a   McKee-Ferrar type prosthesis.     Id. After

                                            -   44 -
J.   A18011/16

the operation, Williams continued to experience pain and                     a   second type of

false hip was implanted, replacing the McKee-Ferrar device.                      Id. After this
operation, an infection developed, as well as bleeding, necessitating several

additional procedures.     Id.
        Williams brought   a   medical malpractice action against McClain on the

basis of negligence and lack of informed consent.                 Id.    Following   a   jury trial,
McClain was found not liable.          Id.   On appeal, Williams argued,             inter alia,
that the trial court erred     in   admitting into evidence        a    social worker's report,

which noted Williams' financial problems and also stated, in relevant part,

"Mrs. Williams revealed instability and frustration when discussing her

environmental circumstances which must contribute to much aggravating

stress for the patient, possibly aggravating the existing physical problem."

Id.   at 1375-1376. The social worker did not testify at trial. This court found

the report was admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule under the

Business Records Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A.           §   6108.    Id.   at 1376.

        Our supreme court reversed, citing case law holding that opinion

evidence contained in hospital records               is   inadmissible.       Id.    The social

worker's report contained opinion evidence that Williams was unstable and

frustrated, and her pain may have had                 a   psychosomatic source.             Id.   at

1377. Furthermore, the social worker was unavailable for cross-examination

and there was no evidence to show that she was qualified to make such                             a

                                             -45-
J.   A18011/16

diagnosis.     Id. Therefore, admission of the report into evidence through the
Business Records Act was error.           Id.
        Next, the court in McClain addressed the trial court's determination

that even if admission of the evidence was error, it was harmless where the

evidence only related to the issue of damages and the jury found McClain

not liable.   Id. at 1378.       The McClain court rejected this position, stating:

               Upon   a proper consideration of the record we hold
               that the social worker's report related to the liability
               issue of causation, as well as damages, and so was
               harmful to Williams. To prove her case Williams had
               to show that McClain's negligence was the proximate
               cause of her present injuries. Based on the social
               worker's opinion, it is possible that the jury found
               that these injuries would have existed with or
               without negligence on the part of McClain.

Id.    The court in McClain also observed that the social worker's report

tended to weaken Williams' credibility, and in deciding the informed consent

issue, the    jury was asked to decide whom it believed. Id.
        Similarly, here, Guse argues that even if the defense violated the

Court Order, it did not prejudice the plaintiffs where the jury never reached

the issue of causation.           However, it seems that under the unique factual

circumstances      of     this    case,   Dr.   Henzes'   opinion       that   Mrs.   Carlitz

spontaneously fractured her ankle before she fell, as               a    result of pivoting

from the stool onto the exam table while being assisted by Mr. Carlitz and

Guse, does go to negligence and not             just causation. It would basically        be

impossible for the jury to find Guse breached the applicable standard of care

                                            -46-
J.   A18011/16

if it believed Mrs. Carlitz suffered           a   spontaneous fracture due to her

osteoporotic bones while performing            a   simple pivoting maneuver that she

did every day. As plaintiffs/appellees contend, the issues were        intertwined.'

         Guse claims that the         jury rejected the plaintiffs' theory that Guse
breached his duty to Mrs. Carlitz by failing to perform the ultrasound tests

while she remained in her wheelchair, which was an option.               (Appellant's

reply brief at 8.)8 According to Guse, if the plaintiffs failed to prove that he

breached the standard of care by not performing the ultrasound in the

wheelchair, then the cause of Mrs. Carlitz's fall is irrelevant.          (Id. at 9.)
However, conceivably the jury could have found that Guse was not negligent

for taking Mrs. Carlitz out of her wheelchair, but for failing to prevent her

from losing her balance and falling off of the stool.

7    The trial court addressed the issue as follows:

               The [c]ourt will address [d]efendants' argument that
               because the jury determined [d]efendant Guse did
               not violate the applicable standard of care, issues of
               causation were moot and should not be considered.
               This argument is disingenuous because the verdict
               was the product of a polluted record of evidence, and
               therefore negates [d]efendant's arguments that the
               tainted verdict should hold persuasive value.

Trial court opinion, 7/15/15 at 5 n.1 (citation to counsels' arguments
omitted). We agree. It is likely that the jury may have conflated or
confused the issues of standard of care and causation in light of Guse's
counsel's repeated violations of the Court Order.
8
     Appellant's reply brief   is   unpaginated; page numbers are by our own count.

                                            -47-
J.   A18011/16

         In addition, as in McClain, the issue goes to credibility because

Mrs. Carlitz testified that she fell backwards into the wall before hitting the

floor.    (Notes of testimony, 4/29/15 at 103.)         This conflicted with Guse's

deposition testimony in which he described Mrs. Carlitz mounting the step,

turning around and then suddenly collapsing, which seems more consistent

with Dr. Henzes' spontaneous fracture theory. (Id.) Guse testified that she

fell and remained on the step in an Indian -style seated position.              (Id. at
104.)     Dr. Henzes testified that if Mrs. Carlitz had fallen backwards as she

claimed, he would expect to see additional injuries, including             a   possible

concussion, fracture of the spine and soft tissue injuries.        (Id. at 113-114.)
This was consistent with Dr.            Zurad's testimony that,     in   his   opinion,

Mrs. Carlitz did not fall backwards, but rather came straight down on the

stool with her legs folded in front of her.      (Notes of testimony, 4/30/15 at

28-29, 52-53, 74.) Therefore, if the jury believed Dr. Henzes' theory that

Mrs. Carlitz sustained a sudden, devastating, and spontaneous open fracture

of her left leg, they would be less likely to believe Mrs. Carlitz's version of

the incident.

         For   these   reasons,    we   affirm the   trial   court's order granting

plaintiffs/appellees   a   new trial.

         Order affirmed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

                                         -48-
J.   A18011/16

        Stevens, P.J.E. joins this Memorandum.

        Bender, P.J.E. files   a   Dissenting Memorandum.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn,
Prothonotary

Date: 4/4/2017