Court Opinion

ID: 7527511
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-29 05:05:25.288897+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:23:39.327310
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                         Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus
                                                             Chief Justice:              Justices:
                                                              Bridget M. McCormack       Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                         David F. Viviano
                                                                                         Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                         Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                                         Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                                         Elizabeth M. Welch

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been               Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.                 Kathryn L. Loomis

                                             PEOPLE v BOYKIN
                                              PEOPLE v TATE

            Docket Nos. 157738 and 158695. Argued on application for leave to appeal January 12,
      2022. Decided July 28, 2022.

              In Docket No. 157738, Demariol D. Boykin was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder,
      MCL 750.316(1)(c), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-
      firearm), MCL 750.227b. He was initially sentenced to a mandatory term of life without the
      possibility of parole for first-degree murder, to be served consecutively to a two-year term for
      felony-firearm. His convictions and sentences were affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion
      of the Court of Appeals, issued July 14, 2005 (Docket No. 253224) (Boykin I). Subsequently, the
      United States Supreme Court decided Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460 (2012), which held that
      sentencing an individual to mandatory life without the possibility of parole for a crime they
      committed before the age of 18 (a juvenile offender) violated the Eighth Amendment’s ban on
      cruel and unusual punishments and that trial courts are required to consider the attributes of youth
      when sentencing a juvenile offender to life without parole. In Montgomery v Louisiana, 577 US
      190 (2016), the Supreme Court held that Miller was a substantive constitutional rule that was
      retroactive on state collateral review. The Michigan Legislature accounted for these changes by
      enacting MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, which eliminated sentences of mandatory life
      imprisonment without the possibility of parole for all individuals who were convicted of specific
      crimes, including first-degree murder, for acts committed while they were juveniles. As a juvenile
      offender who was sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment without the possibility of
      parole, Boykin was entitled to resentencing under MCL 769.25a. At resentencing, the prosecution
      did not move to seek a sentence of life without parole but instead sought a sentence of 40 to 60
      years’ imprisonment, which the trial court imposed. Boykin appealed this sentence by right. The
      Court of Appeals, MARKEY, P.J., and GADOLA, JJ. (SHAPIRO, J., dissenting), affirmed in an
      unpublished per curiam opinion issued March 20, 2018 (Docket No. 335862), holding that because
      the prosecutor had not sought a sentence of life without parole, the trial court was not required to
      consider defendant’s youth when imposing sentence. Boykin sought leave to appeal in the
      Supreme Court, which directed and heard oral argument on the application for leave to appeal.
      507 Mich 960 (2021).

            In Docket No. 158695, Tyler M. Tate was convicted by a jury of first-degree premeditated
      murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a); making a false report of a felony to police, MCL 750.411a(1)(b); and
lying to a police officer in a criminal investigation, MCL 750.479c(2)(d)(i). He was sentenced on
April 24, 2017, under MCL 769.25, which had become law in 2014. As with Boykin, the
prosecution did not move to seek a sentence of life without the possibility of parole but instead
sought the imposition of a 40- to 60-year sentence, which the trial court imposed. Tate appealed
his sentence by right, and the Court of Appeals, M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MARKEY and FORT HOOD,
JJ., affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion issued September 20, 2018 (Docket No.
338360). Tate sought leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, which directed oral argument on the
application for leave to appeal. 507 Mich 961 (2021).

       In an opinion by Justice BERNSTEIN, joined by Chief Justice MCCORMACK and Justices
CLEMENT (except as to Part IV(B)), CAVANAGH, and WELCH, the Supreme Court, in lieu of
granting leave to appeal, held:

        Sentencing courts must consider a juvenile offender’s youth as a mitigating factor at
sentencing hearings conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a when the juvenile offender is
sentenced to a term of years. However, this consideration need not be articulated on the record.
Therefore, the Court of Appeals was correct when it held that there is no constitutional mandate to
make specific findings on the record as to the Miller factors when a juvenile offender is sentenced
to a term of years but that sentencing courts should be guided by the factors set forth in People v
Snow, 386 Mich 586 (1972). Consideration of the Snow factors necessarily includes the
consideration of youth as a mitigating factor. Because it is unclear whether the trial courts properly
considered youth to be mitigating in either of these consolidated cases, yet the Court of Appeals
affirmed the trial courts’ sentencing decisions, the portions of both Court of Appeals opinions
discussing defendants’ sentencing challenges were vacated and the cases were remanded to the
Court of Appeals for further consideration.

        1. Where the Legislature has assigned a range of sentencing outcomes for any given
conviction, the trial court has authority to sentence a defendant within that range. Within that
range, the sentence should be tailored to the particular circumstances of the case and offender. It
is the trial court’s duty to exercise discretion in a way that ensures the individualized sentence
conforms with the principle of proportionality set forth in People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 651
(1990). Under Snow, an appropriate sentence should give consideration to the reformation of the
offender, the protection of society, the discipline of the offender, and the deterrence of others from
committing the same offense. Within each of the two statutes at issue in these cases, MCL 769.25
and MCL 769.25a, there is a range of sentencing outcomes. Unless the prosecution moves to
sentence a defendant to life in prison without the possibility of parole, juvenile defendants who are
convicted of certain enumerated acts may receive a minimum sentence of 25 to 40 years and a
maximum sentence of 60 years.

        2. The Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments requires courts to think
differently about how juvenile offenders are sentenced. Since Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551
(2005), which held that the death penalty is an unconstitutional punishment for a juvenile offender
, the Supreme Court has been clear that juvenile status matters at sentencing and that special
consideration must be paid to youthful offenders before the harshest sentences may be imposed.
The Roper Court explained that juvenile offenders have diminished culpability because they lack
maturity and a developed sense of responsibility, are more vulnerable to negative influences and
outside pressures, and do not yet have a well-formed character. Applying this same logic, the
Supreme Court held in Graham v Florida, 560 US 48 (2010), that sentences of life without the
possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders who did not commit homicide,
noting that juvenile offenders are at a significant disadvantage in criminal proceedings because of
the characteristics discussed in Roper. In Miller, the Supreme Court applied the logic and rationale
from Roper and Graham that children are different from adults for purposes of sentencing in the
context of mandatory life-without-parole sentences for homicide offenses, explaining that the
characteristics of youth and the way they weaken rationales for punishments may render a sentence
of life without the possibility of parole disproportionate even for a homicide offense. Therefore,
when sentencing juvenile offenders to sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of
parole, trial courts are required to take into account how children are different and how those
differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.

        3. Consideration of youth and its attendant circumstances is required by Michigan’s
sentencing jurisprudence. Michigan’s sentencing caselaw focuses on Milbourn’s principle of
proportionality, which requires sentences imposed to be proportionate to the seriousness of the
circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender. Because the United States Supreme Court
has held that youth—a circumstance of the offender—matters at sentencing, Michigan caselaw
requires that this relevant offender characteristic must be considered at sentencing. In Snow, the
Michigan Supreme Court expressed the importance of four basic sentencing considerations:
reformation of the offender, the protection of society, disciplining of the wrongdoer, and deterring
others from committing similar offenses. Without considering the mitigating factors of youth, a
sentence cannot adequately address any of these factors. Therefore, in all sentencing hearings
conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a, trial courts are to consider the defendant’s youth
and must treat it as a mitigating factor. However, there is no constitutional, statutory, or common-
law requirement that this consideration be stated on the record. Therefore, trial courts need not
articulate their bases for considering an offender’s youth during sentencing hearings conducted
under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a in which the offender is sentenced to a term of years.

         4. In Boykin II, the Court of Appeals held that consideration of Boykin’s youth was
unnecessary because Miller only pertained to defendants who are sentenced to serve life without
the possibility of parole, and the majority never addressed whether the trial court properly
considered youth to be a mitigating factor when Boykin was sentenced. Accordingly, that opinion
was vacated and the case was remanded to the Court of Appeals to consider that question. In Tate,
rather than rejecting Tate’s arguments, the Court of Appeals applied People v Wines, 323 Mich
App 343 (2018), rev’d in nonrelevant part 506 Mich 954 (2020), which held that trial courts must
consider the distinctive attributes of youth when sentencing a minor to a term of years pursuant to
MCL 769.25a. The panel identified ways in which it believed the trial court gave consideration to
Tate’s attributes of youth; however, the examples appeared to only represent a small portion of the
record established by the sentencing court, and it was not clear that defendant’s youth was
considered a mitigating factor rather than an aggravating factor. Although trial courts are not
required to make a record that they considered each mitigating factor listed in Miller, whether the
totality of the record established by the trial court complied with the requirement that a trial court
consider youth to be a mitigating factor was a close question deserving of additional appellate
review. Accordingly, Part V of the Court of Appeals opinion, which discussed Tate’s sentence,
was vacated and the case was remanded to the Court of Appeals for reconsideration.
        Court of Appeals judgments vacated in part; cases remanded to the Court of Appeals for
further consideration.

        Chief Justice MCCORMACK, concurring, fully agreed with the majority opinion but wrote
separately to comment on the majority’s conclusion that the Michigan Constitution does not
require a trial court to articulate on the record how it considered the mitigating characteristics of
youth when it sentences a juvenile defendant to a sentence other than life without the possibility
of parole. She noted that the Michigan Constitution was not mentioned in these cases until Tate
argued in a supplemental brief that his 40-year minimum sentence was disproportionate under
Const 1963, art 1, § 16 and that this provision requires an on-the-record explanation of how the
mitigating characteristics of youth affected the trial court’s sentencing decision. While neither the
statutory scheme nor the federal Constitution categorically requires an on-the-record articulation
of how the characteristics of youth affect a sentencing court’s decision, the majority correctly held
that sentencing courts must consider those characteristics and treat them as mitigating. A trial
court’s failure to do so explicitly on the record, notwithstanding the absence of a categorical rule
requiring an on-the-record articulation, stands a high chance of rendering its sentence a violation
of Const 1963, art 1, § 16, and therefore an abuse of its discretion. The principles animating Miller,
Graham, and Roper, together with Michigan precedent requiring individualized sentencing, may
render a sentence where the effect of youth is unexplained at such high risk of violating those
principles as to be constitutionally impermissible.

        Justice CLEMENT, concurring in part and dissenting in part, agreed with the majority that
trial courts are required to consider the mitigating effects of youth when sentencing a juvenile to a
term-of-years sentence because youth affects the traditional penological goals that guide a
sentencer’s discretion. However, she dissented as to the majority’s application of that rule to Tate
because the trial court’s record of its decision-making sufficiently justified the sentence imposed
in order to facilitate appellate review, which is the sole articulation requirement mandated by
Michigan’s sentencing jurisprudence. The majority’s decision to remand this case to the Court of
Appeals for reconsideration muddied, if not contradicted, the majority’s holding that no statutory
or constitutional authority compels the trial court to make an on-the-record explanation of its
consideration of youth. To the extent that the majority believed that Tate was deserving of a shorter
minimum sentence because of the mitigating effects of youth, that was a proportionality issue that
should have been addressed at this stage and not remanded to the Court of Appeals, which already
considered and rejected Tate’s proportionality argument.

        Justice ZAHRA, joined by Justice VIVIANO, dissenting, stated that Miller’s holding does not
cover a lengthy term of imprisonment that falls short of life without parole, and given the absence
of a constitutional, statutory, or precedential basis to do so, he would not have extended Miller’s
reasoning to term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. He noted that the
holding in Miller was limited to correcting the constitutional infirmity of sentencing schemes
mandating life without parole for juvenile homicide offenders by requiring that sentencers be given
the opportunity to consider the mitigating qualities of youth and the discretion to impose a lesser
sentence, but that neither Miller nor its progeny required sentencers to consider the distinctive
attributes of a juvenile homicide offender’s youth when imposing a sentence less than life without
parole. Further, MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a do not require sentencing courts to consider
mitigating qualities of youth when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a term of years, and
the Legislature’s omission of this requirement was presumed to be an intentional policy choice
that the judiciary may not second-guess or override. By enacting MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a,
the Legislature put in place a scheme that necessarily accounts for a juvenile homicide offender’s
youth, even when the sentence imposed is a term of years. Moreover, while courts fashioning a
proportionate sentence must take into account an offender’s background, there was no basis in
Milbourn to require that a trial judge tailor every defendant’s sentence in relationship to the
defendant’s age. Given that sentencing courts are not required to articulate an on-the-record
explanation of how youth or the Miller factors affect a term-of-years sentence imposed under MCL
769.25 or MCL 769.25a, there was no legal basis for affirming the Court of Appeals decision in
Wines. Justice ZAHRA would have held that traditional sentencing considerations should apply
when the sentence to be imposed on a juvenile homicide offender is less than life without parole,
and he would have affirmed defendants’ 40- to 60-year sentences.
                                                                         Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                               Lansing, Michigan

OPINION
                                                Chief Justice:                 Justices:
                                                 Bridget M. McCormack          Brian K. Zahra
                                                                               David F. Viviano
                                                                               Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                               Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                               Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                               Elizabeth M. Welch

                                                                  FILED July 28, 2022

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                       SUPREME COURT

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                               No. 157738

 DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

                 Defendant-Appellant.

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                               No. 158695

 TYLER MAURICE TATE,

                 Defendant-Appellant.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 BERNSTEIN, J.
       These consolidated cases concern the sentencing of two individuals who were

convicted of first-degree murder for crimes they committed before they turned 18, and who

both received term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a. In particular,

we must decide whether trial courts have an obligation to expressly set forth how a

defendant’s age at the time a crime was committed might affect the judge’s sentencing

decision and whether trial courts must consider the distinctive attributes of youth, such as

those discussed in Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012),

when sentencing a juvenile defendant to a term-of-years sentence. We hold that trial courts

must consider a juvenile defendant’s youth to be a mitigating factor when sentencing them

to term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a; however, we find no basis

for requiring trial courts to articulate on the record how a defendant’s youth affected the

decision. Accordingly, we vacate the judgments of the Court of Appeals to the extent they

addressed sentencing issues and remand both cases to the Court of Appeals to determine

whether the sentencing courts properly considered defendants’ youth as a mitigating factor.

                      I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                                A. PEOPLE v BOYKIN

       In 2003, when he was 17, defendant Demariol Dontaye Boykin was involved in a

fatal shooting. The victim was engaged in a fistfight with one of Boykin’s brothers, while

Boykin, Boykin’s father, and another one of his brothers watched. At one point, believing

that the victim had removed an object from a pocket and struck his brother with it, Boykin

pulled out a gun. The victim turned and ran but Boykin chased him, firing his gun a few

times. The victim was hit by two bullets and fell down. Boykin ran up to the victim and

continued to kick and punch him while he was on the ground; his two brothers also joined

                                             2
in the beating. Boykin then tried to shoot the victim again at close range, but the gun

misfired, so Boykin hit the victim in the face with the gun before fleeing the scene with his

brothers in his father’s car. The victim later died in the emergency room.

       Boykin was charged with and convicted by a jury of first-degree murder, MCL

750.316(1)(c), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-

firearm), MCL 750.227b. 1 He was initially sentenced to a mandatory term of life without

the possibility of parole for first-degree murder, to be served consecutively to a two-year

term for felony-firearm. Boykin’s convictions and sentences were affirmed on appeal.

People v Boykin, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued July 14,

2005 (Docket No. 253224) (Boykin I). Before this action, Boykin also filed a number of

unsuccessful postconviction measures to overturn his conviction and sentences.

       After Boykin was sentenced in 2003, there were several notable changes in the law

that substantively affected sentencing for juvenile defendants. In 2012, the United States

Supreme Court decided Miller, which held that sentencing individuals to mandatory life

without the possibility of parole for crimes they committed before the age of 18 violated

the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments. Miller, 567 US at 489.

Four years later, the Supreme Court announced that Miller was a substantive constitutional

rule that was retroactive on state collateral review. Montgomery v Louisiana, 577 US 190;

136 S Ct 718; 193 L Ed 2d 599 (2016). The Michigan Legislature accounted for these

changes by enacting a sentencing scheme that eliminated mandatory life without the

1
  Boykin and both brothers were charged and convicted with respect to their roles in this
altercation. Neither of Boykin’s brothers is a party to this appeal.

                                             3
possibility of parole for all individuals who were convicted of specific crimes, including

first-degree murder, for acts committed while they were juveniles. MCL 769.25; MCL

769.25a. 2

       As a juvenile offender who was sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment

without the possibility of parole, Boykin was entitled to resentencing under MCL 769.25a.

His resentencing took place on October 28, 2016. The prosecution did not move the court

to seek a sentence of life without the possibility of parole. Instead, the prosecution sought

the imposition of a 40- to 60-year sentence, whereas Boykin argued for a 25- to 60-year

sentence. After hearing from Boykin and the victim’s brother, the trial court agreed with

the prosecution and sentenced Boykin to serve 40 to 60 years in prison. Boykin appealed

his sentence by right. The Court of Appeals affirmed in a split, unpublished decision.

People v Boykin, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March 20,

2018 (Docket No. 335862) (Boykin II).

       Boykin sought leave to appeal in this Court. We directed the Clerk to schedule oral

argument at the same session as People v Tate and directed the parties to address:

2
 This sentencing scheme did not eradicate sentences of life without the possibility of parole
for this class of defendant. Rather, it enabled the prosecution to move the trial court to
seek a life-without-parole sentence for a particular defendant sentenced under MCL 769.25
or MCL 769.25a. MCL 769.25(3); MCL 769.25a(4). If, as here, the prosecution did not
seek a life-without-parole sentence, a defendant must be sentenced to a term of years with
a minimum sentencing range of 25 to 40 years and a maximum sentence of 60 years. MCL
769.25(9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c). The chief difference between MCL 769.25 and MCL
769.25a is that MCL 769.25 eliminated mandatory sentences of life without the possibility
of parole for juveniles who were sentenced after Miller and MCL 769.25a enacted a
resentencing scheme for these juvenile offenders already sentenced in the event Miller was
given retroactive application. Therefore, since Montgomery held that Miller was to be
given retroactive application, MCL 769.25a is the applicable statute for defendant Boykin’s
resentencing.

                                             4
      (1) whether the Court of Appeals correctly held in People v Wines, 323 Mich
      App 343 (2018), rev’d in nonrelevant part 506 Mich 954 (2020), that trial
      courts must consider the distinctive attributes of youth, such as those
      discussed in Miller . . . , when sentencing a minor to a term of years pursuant
      to MCL 769.25a; (2) if Wines was correctly decided, whether sentencing
      judges have an obligation to explicitly set forth their analysis of how the
      defendant’s age impacted their sentencing discretion when proceeding under
      MCL 769.25a or MCL 769.25; and (3) if Wines applies to this case, whether
      the trial court complied with its requirements, and if it did not, what more the
      court was required to do. [People v Boykin, 507 Mich 960, 960-961 (2021)].

                                  B. PEOPLE v TATE

      Defendant Tyler Maurice Tate was involved in a gang-related shooting when he was

16 years old. Tate, Tyshon Taylor, Brendon Stanton-Lipscomb, and Demetrius Armour

were all affiliated with a gang known as the Eastside Ghetto Boys or Rob Gang. 3 Tate and

Taylor were at the Eastland Mall in Harper Woods on December 26, 2015, when they

overheard the victim make a disparaging remark about the Rob Gang. After Stanton-

Lipscomb was called and informed of what had happened, Stanton-Lipscomb asked for the

victim to be escorted outside, where Stanton-Lipscomb planned to shoot him. Tate then

led the victim and another person to the outside of the mall, where Stanton-Lipscomb was

hiding. Stanton-Lipscomb shot the victim several times, causing fatal wounds. The other

individual escaped without injury.

      Tate was convicted by a jury of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL

750.316(1)(a), making a false report of a felony to police, MCL 750.411a(1)(b), and lying

to a police officer in a criminal investigation, MCL 750.479c(2)(d)(i). He was sentenced

on April 24, 2017, under MCL 769.25, which had become law in 2014. As with Boykin,

3
  Each of these three individuals was also charged and prosecuted separately for his
involvement in the incidents leading to Tate’s convictions. They are not parties to this
appeal.

                                             5
the prosecution did not move to seek a sentence of life without the possibility of parole,

and instead sought the imposition of a 40- to 60-year sentence, whereas Tate argued for a

25- to 60-year sentence. After hearing from Tate and the victim’s mother, the trial court

agreed with the prosecution and sentenced Tate to serve 40 to 60 years in prison for his

murder conviction, concurrent to one to four years each for his remaining convictions.

      Tate appealed his sentence by right. The Court of Appeals affirmed. People v Tate,

unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued September 20, 2018

(Docket No. 338360).

      Tate sought leave to appeal in this Court. We directed the Clerk of this Court to

schedule oral argument, directing the parties to address the same issues as in Boykin.

People v Tate, 507 Mich 961 (2021).

                            II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      Sentencing decisions are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Steanhouse,

500 Mich 453, 471; 902 NW2d 327 (2017). An abuse-of-discretion standard recognizes

that there may be more than one principled outcome and the trial court may not deviate

from that principled range of outcomes. People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d

231 (2003).

      This case also concerns matters of constitutional and statutory interpretation, which

are reviewed de novo. People v McKinley, 496 Mich 410, 414-415; 852 NW2d 770 (2014).

                                            6
                                     III. ANALYSIS

                            A. SENTENCING AUTHORITY

       The Michigan Constitution vests sentencing authority in the Legislature. Const

1963, art 4, § 45; see also People v Hegwood, 465 Mich 432, 436; 636 NW2d 127 (2001)

(citations omitted). “The authority to impose sentences and to administer the sentencing

statutes enacted by the Legislature lies with the judiciary.” Hegwood, 465 Mich at 436-

437.

       Where the Legislature has assigned a range of sentencing outcomes for any given

conviction, the trial court has authority to sentence a defendant within that range. Within

that range, the sentence should be tailored to the particular circumstances of the case and

offender. People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 NW2d 504 (1973). It is the trial

court’s duty to exercise discretion in a way that ensures the individualized sentence

conforms with the principle of proportionality. People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 651;

461 NW2d 1 (1990). An appropriate sentence should give consideration to the reformation

of the offender, the protection of society, the discipline of the offender, and the deterrence

of others from committing the same offense. People v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592; 194

NW2d 314 (1972), citing Williams v New York, 337 US 241; 69 S Ct 1079; 93 L Ed 1337

(1949). However, these are not the only relevant sentencing criteria and trial courts are not

required to consider each of these factors when imposing a sentence. People v Broden,

428 Mich 343, 350; 408 NW2d 789 (1987).

       Within each of the two statutes at issue here, MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, there

is a range of sentencing outcomes. Unless the prosecution moves to sentence a defendant

to life in prison without the possibility of parole, juvenile defendants who are convicted of

                                              7
certain enumerated acts may receive a minimum sentence of 25 to 40 years and a maximum

sentence of 60 years. 4 MCL 769.25(4), (9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c).

B. YOUTH IS A MITIGATING FACTOR THAT TRIAL COURTS MUST CONSIDER
    WHEN SENTENCING JUVENILE OFFENDERS UNDER MCL 769.25 AND
                            MCL 769.25a

       Sentencing juvenile defendants who were convicted of first-degree murder is an

exceptionally daunting task for trial courts. On one hand, first-degree murder is an

extremely serious offense, as it recognizes that at least one person is deceased. On the

other hand, defendants who are sentenced under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a were

juveniles when they committed their crimes. Even as we keep in mind the solemnity of

the acts that bring us to our consideration of the legal issues at hand, the Supreme Court

has clearly signaled that the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments

requires us to think differently about how we sentence juvenile offenders.

       Since 2005, the Supreme Court’s message has been clear: one’s juvenile status

matters, and special consideration must be paid to youthful offenders before the harshest

sentences may be imposed. In the first of many cases dealing with juvenile offenders and

sentencing, the Supreme Court held that the death penalty is an unconstitutional

punishment for offenders who were under the age of 18 when their offenses were

4
  In Boykin II, the majority asserted that the trial court “sentenced defendant to a term of
years, choosing not to impose a sentence of life without parole.” Boykin II, unpub op at 3.
This assertion is clearly erroneous. The trial court possesses no authority to sentence a
juvenile defendant to life without parole unless the prosecution first moves for that sentence
and the proper hearing is conducted. See MCL 769.25(4) and (9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c).
Because the prosecution never moved to sentence Boykin to a sentence of life without the
possibility of parole, the trial court could only impose a sentence within the applicable
range of terms of years.

                                              8
committed. Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551; 125 S Ct 1183; 161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005). In

Roper, the Supreme Court relied on three general differences between juvenile and adult

offenders that “demonstrate that juvenile offenders cannot with reliability be classified

among the worst offenders.” Id. at 569. Those differences are: (1) juveniles have a “ ‘lack

of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of responsibility,’ ” which “often result[s] in

impetuous and ill-considered actions and decisions”; (2) juveniles are “more vulnerable or

susceptible to negative influences and outside pressures, including peer pressure,” and (3)

“the character of a juvenile is not as well formed as that of an adult.” Id. at 569-570

(citation omitted). These reasons mean that juvenile offenders have “a greater claim than

adults to be forgiven for failing to escape negative influences in their whole environment”

and make it “less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a

juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character.” Id. at 570. “Once the diminished

culpability of juveniles is recognized, it is evident that the penological justifications for the

death penalty apply to them with lesser force than to adults.” Id. at 571.

       Five years later, applying this same logic, the Supreme Court held that sentences of

life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders who did not

commit homicide. Graham v Florida, 560 US 48, 76; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825

(2010) (holding that “[a]n offender’s age is relevant to the Eighth Amendment, and

criminal procedure laws that fail to take defendants’ youthfulness into account at all would

be flawed”). In the process, Graham added another reason why youth matters—that “the

features that distinguish juveniles from adults also put them at a significant disadvantage

in criminal proceedings.” Id. at 78.

                                               9
       In Miller, the Supreme Court applied the logic and rationale from Roper and

Graham that “children are constitutionally different from adults for purposes of

sentencing” in the context of mandatory life-without-parole sentences for homicide

offenses. Miller, 567 US at 471. Although Graham’s holding only concerned non-

homicide offenses, the Supreme Court held that its underlying rationale was broader—the

characteristics of youth and the way they weaken rationales for punishments may render a

sentence of life without the possibility of parole disproportionate even for a homicide

offense. Id. at 473. The Supreme Court noted that the problem with mandatory life-

without-parole sentences is that they make youth and the factors of youth, as articulated by

Roper and Graham, irrelevant and “pose[] too great a risk of disproportionate punishment.”

Id. at 479. Therefore, when sentencing juvenile offenders to sentences of life imprisonment

without the possibility of parole, trial courts are required to “take into account how children

are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a

lifetime in prison.” Id. at 480. 5 Not having the ability to take these differences into account

“disregards the possibility of rehabilitation even when the circumstances most suggest it.”

Id. at 478.

       Following Roper, Graham, and Miller, the Supreme Court has continued to

articulate that “children are constitutionally different from adults in their level of

culpability,” when holding that Miller created a substantive rule of constitutional law that

was to be given retroactive effect. Montgomery, 577 US at 213. Most recently, the

Supreme Court again made clear that youth is a mitigating factor in sentencing juveniles.

5
  Because Miller incorporated the factors articulated in Roper and Graham, these factors
together are colloquially known as the Miller factors.

                                              10
Jones v Mississippi, 593 US ___; 141 S Ct 1307, 1319; 209 L Ed 2d 390 (2021) (explaining

that, “[f]aced with a convicted murderer who was under 18 at the time of the offense and

with defense arguments focused on the defendant’s youth, it would be all but impossible

for a sentencer to avoid considering that mitigating factor”) (emphasis added).

      In these cases, the Supreme Court has identified and analyzed the unique attributes

of youth and emphasized the importance of considering these attributes during sentencing. 6

Thus far, however, the Supreme Court has recognized a constitutional requirement to

consider these attributes only in the context of sentencing juveniles to life without the

possibility of parole. Now we must decide whether consideration of these attributes is

required when imposing a term-of-years sentence on a juvenile defendant. Keeping in

mind the Supreme Court’s consistent statement across Eighth Amendment cases that

“youth matters in sentencing,” Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1314, we hold that

consideration of youth and its attendant circumstances is also required by this state’s

sentencing jurisprudence.

6
  There is little practical difference between this majority opinion and the outcome
preferred by the dissent. In order to come to a disagreement, the dissent narrowly reads
Roper, Miller, Montgomery, and Jones at the same time that it broadly reads this opinion.
The Supreme Court has been clear that youth matters in sentencing decisions. Most
recently, the Supreme Court stated verbatim that, “if the sentencer has discretion to
consider the defendant’s youth, the sentencer necessarily will consider the defendant’s
youth.” Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319. This opinion simply echoes that
sentiment. Whereas the dissent is correct that Miller and Montgomery were decided in the
context of mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole, Jones was decided
squarely within the discretionary sentencing regime that was mandated by Miller and
Montgomery. Thus, we respectfully disagree that the Supreme Court’s holdings should be
limited to the context of mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole.

                                            11
       Our sentencing caselaw focuses on the principle of proportionality, which requires

sentences imposed “to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding

the offense and the offender.” Milbourn, 435 Mich at 636 (emphasis added). Accordingly,

because the Supreme Court has held that youth—a circumstance of the offender—matters

at sentencing, our own caselaw requires that such a relevant offender characteristic must

be considered at sentencing. In Snow, this Court decided the legality of a sentence that was

made harsher because the defendant decided to face trial rather than plead guilty. In

holding that the defendant was entitled to resentencing because the record was silent about

why the defendant’s sentence departed from the ordinary minimum sentence, this Court

expressed the importance of four basic sentencing considerations. Snow, 386 Mich at 592,

594. Those four considerations are: (1) “reformation of the offender”; (2) “protection of

society”; (3) “disciplining of the wrongdoer”; and (4) “deterrence of others from

committing like offenses.” Id. at 592.

       Youth affects these considerations. For example, since “a greater possibility exists

that a minor’s character deficiencies will be reformed,” the mitigating qualities of youth

necessarily transform the analysis of the first Snow criterion. Roper, 543 US at 570.

Without considering the mitigating factors of youth, then, a sentence cannot adequately

address the reformation of the offender. Next, because youth have a “heightened capacity

for change” relative to adults, the needs for protecting society should be given

individualized consideration, which necessarily considers the way youth affects the

defendant’s ability to change. Miller, 567 US at 479; see also Jones, 593 US at ___ n 7;

141 S Ct at 1337 n 7 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (explaining that “[t]he Eighth Amendment

requires that sentencers (and reviewing courts) not presume that most juveniles will forever

                                            12
remain the ‘murderers’ they once were”) (citation and comma omitted). In addition,

because it is “less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a

juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character,” Snow’s focus on discipline of the

wrongdoer must be viewed differently under the lens of youth. See Roper, 543 US at 570.

“Nor can deterrence do the work in this context, because ‘ “the same characteristics that

render juveniles less culpable than adults” ’ . . . make them less likely to consider potential

punishment.” Miller, 567 US at 472, quoting Graham, 560 US at 72, quoting Roper, 543

US at 71. Given that youth is a mitigating factor, it will inevitably factor into Snow’s four

considerations.

       We thus hold, consistent with the Supreme Court’s repeated recognition of youth’s

effect on sentencing and our own sentencing jurisprudence, that in all sentencing hearings

conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a, trial courts are to consider the defendant’s

youth and must treat it as a mitigating factor.

C. TRIAL COURTS NEED NOT ARTICULATE THEIR BASES FOR CONSIDERING
  THE OFFENDERS’ YOUTH WHEN SENTENCING YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS TO
                         TERMS OF YEARS

       The requirement to consider youth at sentencing is not necessarily the same as a

requirement to articulate the Miller factors on the record during a sentencing hearing.

There are a few possible sources of law that would require courts to articulate these factors

on the record, such as a statute, the United States Constitution, the Michigan Constitution,

or our caselaw. None of those sources of law expresses such a requirement. 7 Therefore,

7
 Because we are not persuaded by the briefs that the Michigan Constitution considers this
specific issue in a meaningfully different way than these other sources of law, we decline

                                              13
we hold that trial courts need not articulate their bases for considering an offender’s youth

during sentencing hearings conducted under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a in which the

offender is sentenced to a term of years.

       MCL 769.25 is the relevant statute outlining sentencing procedure for juvenile

defendants convicted of these enumerated offenses, including first-degree murder. 8 In

enacting this statute, the Legislature differentiated between two plausible outcomes for

offenders who were convicted of certain enumerated acts committed before they turned 18.

A defendant could either receive a term of years with a minimum sentence of 25 to 40 years

and a maximum of 60 years or, if the prosecution timely moved to have the court consider

it, life without the possibility of parole. Compare MCL 769.25(3) to MCL 769.25(4). If

the prosecution seeks life without the possibility of parole, the trial court must conduct a

hearing in which it considers the Miller factors. MCL 769.25(6). At that hearing, the trial

court “shall specify on the record the aggravating and mitigating circumstances considered

by the court and the court’s reasons supporting the sentence imposed.” MCL 769.25(7).

But if the prosecution does not move for life without the possibility of parole or if the trial

court decides such a sentence is disproportionate, there is no analogous statutory provision

requiring that the trial court specify on the record any specific factors or other sentencing

criteria. MCL 769.25(9). This is a meaningful distinction. Thus, we find that there is no

to hold that there is an independent basis for an on-the-record articulation requirement
under the Michigan Constitution.
8
  MCL 769.25a is also relevant for many members of this class of offender, including
Boykin, who were sentenced before Montgomery held that Miller was retroactive.
However, MCL 769.25a mirrors the pertinent requirements of MCL 769.25 and expressly
incorporates the hearing procedures of MCL 769.25 without meaningful difference. See,
e.g., MCL 769.25a(4)(b). Our holding thus pertains to both statutes.

                                              14
statutory support for requiring trial courts to articulate the mitigating factors of defendant’s

youth on the record in MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a hearings unless life without the

possibility of parole is sought.

       Nor does the United States Constitution impose such a requirement. Jones held that

an on-the-record sentencing explanation of the Miller factors is not necessary in cases

where a life-without-parole sentence is imposed. Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1320-

1321 (“Because the Constitution does not require an on-the-record explanation of

mitigating circumstances by the sentence in death penalty cases, it would be incongruous

to require an on-the-record explanation of the mitigating circumstance of youth by the

sentence in life-without-parole cases”). By extension, then, the Constitution also does not

require an on-the-record explanation of the mitigating circumstances of youth in term-of-

years cases.

       We also find no requirement for an on-the-record articulation of how youth or the

Miller factors affected a sentence in our caselaw. Youth matters in sentencing decisions

involving juvenile offenders, and the trial court is responsible for tailoring a sentence to an

individual defendant and for giving reasons for imposing each sentence in order to facilitate

appellate review. McFarlin, 389 Mich 557; People v Coles, 417 Mich 523, 549; 339 NW2d

440 (1983), overruled on other grounds by Milbourn, 435 Mich at 635. However, like

Jones’s observation about the Supreme Court’s precedent, none of this Court’s sentencing

jurisprudence requires trial courts to fulfill these responsibilities by articulating specific

factors on the record. Instead, our sentences must follow the principle of proportionality,

which “requires ‘sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness

of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.’ ” Steanhouse, 500 Mich

                                              15
at 474, quoting Milbourn, 435 Mich at 636. “[S]entencing courts must justify the sentence

imposed in order to facilitate appellate review.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392;

870 NW2d 502 (2015) (citation omitted). But never before have we imposed a requirement

that a sentencing court give a detailed on-the-record explanation of one or more specific

factors, and we do not impose such a requirement here.

       The Court of Appeals previously considered the question before us and held that

there is no constitutional mandate to make specific, on-the-record findings about the Miller

factors, but that sentencing courts should be guided by the Snow factors, which necessarily

includes the consideration of youth as a mitigating factor. People v Wines, 323 Mich App

343, 352; 916 NW2d 855 (2018), rev’d in part on other grounds 506 Mich 954 (2020). We

affirm the Court of Appeals holding in Wines, which “requires only that when the trial

court exercises its discretion in sentencing a defendant that it consider the defendant’s age”

and is thus “consistent with the traditional penological goals expressed by this Court in

[Snow].” Wines, 506 Mich 954, 958 (CLEMENT, J., concurring).

       However, merely considering the mitigating qualities of youth within Snow’s

sentencing criteria stops short of requiring trial courts to articulate a basis on the record to

explain how youth affected the sentence imposed. We again look to Jones as a helpful

guide to explain the holding in Wines. Jones explains:

       [A]n on-the-record sentencing explanation is not necessary to ensure that a
       sentencer considers a defendant’s youth. Jones’s argument to the contrary
       rests on the assumption that meaningful daylight exists between (i) a
       sentencer’s discretion to consider youth, and (ii) the sentencer’s actual
       consideration of youth. But if the sentencer has discretion to consider the
       defendant’s youth, the sentencer necessarily will consider the defendant’s
       youth, especially if defense counsel advances an argument based on the
       defendant’s youth. Faced with a convicted murderer who was under 18 at

                                              16
       the time of the offense and with defense arguments focused on the
       defendant’s youth, it would be all but impossible for a sentencer to avoid
       considering that mitigating factor. [Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319].

    The Court of Appeals’ decision in Wines is aligned with the sentiment expressed in

Jones—which was another case in a long line of Supreme Court cases explaining that youth

matters—as well as with Michigan sentencing caselaw and our present holding. Trial

courts must consider youth as a mitigating factor in hearings conducted under MCL 769.25

or MCL 769.25a even when the defendant is sentenced to a term of years; however, this

consideration need not be articulated on the record.         See Wines, 506 Mich at 958

(CLEMENT, J., concurring). 9 In other words, there is no authority that imposes a higher

standard of articulation regarding youth beyond our general requirement that a trial court

must adequately explain its sentence on the record in order to facilitate appellate review.

Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392.

                                   IV. APPLICATION

                                A. DOCKET NO. 157738

       In Boykin II, the Court of Appeals held that consideration of Boykin’s youth was

unnecessary because Miller only pertained to defendants who are sentenced to serve life

without the possibility of parole. Boykin II, unpub op at 3-4. Accordingly, the majority

never addressed whether the trial court properly considered youth to be a mitigating factor

9
  That said, nothing in this opinion deprives trial courts of the discretion to articulate how
an offender’s youth or the Miller factors apply to that particular offender’s sentence.
Rather, articulating how the court considered the defendant’s youth when fashioning an
appropriate sentence enhances an appellate court’s ability to review the proportionality of
that sentence.

                                             17
when defendant was sentenced. In light of our holding, we vacate that opinion and remand

to the Court of Appeals to consider that question.

                                   B. DOCKET NO. 158695

         In Tate, rather than rejecting Tate’s arguments, the Court of Appeals applied Wines.

Tate, unpub op at 6. The panel went on to identify ways in which it believed the trial court

gave consideration to defendant’s attributes of youth.         For example, the trial court

commented that “ ‘perhaps your age, and your maturity, were working against you,’ but it

found that Tate ‘knew exactly what [he] was doing.’ ” Id. at 7. And the panel added that

the trial court “observed that Tate ‘volunteered to participate in the assassination of [the

victim] . . . .’ ” Id. Assuming that these statements comply with our requirement that youth

must be a mitigating factor, they appear to only represent a small portion of the record

established by the sentencing court. 10 It bears repeating that youth is a mitigating factor at

10
     The trial court stated:

                 You participated in this murder, then you ran and hid.

                You boasted, subsequence [sic] to the murder, that the Police couldn’t
         find you, the Police couldn’t get you.

                This Court, now having had the opportunity to, to see this
         circumstance three times, cannot comprehend why you would volunteer to
         participate in this execution.

               Was it a thrill seeking? Was it an opportunity to be the man, and
         enhance your reputation, in your community?

                 I have no idea.

                But the fact is, that perhaps your age, and your maturity, were working
         against you.

                                               18
sentencing, not an aggravating factor. 11 Although trial courts are not required to make a

record that they considered each mitigating factor listed in Miller when sentencing these

defendants, whether these statements and the totality of the record established by the trial

court comply with our requirement that a trial court consider youth to be a mitigating factor

is a close question deserving of additional appellate review. Thus, we vacate Part V of the

Court of Appeals opinion, which discusses Tate’s sentence, and remand to the Court of

Appeals for reconsideration in light of this opinion.

                                   V. CONCLUSION

       Sentencing courts must consider youth as a mitigating factor at sentencing hearings

conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a when the defendant is sentenced to a term

of years. However, the court’s consideration of youth need not be articulated on the record.

Therefore, the Court of Appeals was correct when it held that there is no constitutional

mandate to make specific findings on the record as to the Miller factors but that sentencing

courts should be guided by the Snow factors, which necessarily include consideration of

youth as a mitigating factor. Wines, 323 Mich App at 352. Because it is unclear whether

the trial courts properly considered youth to be mitigating in either of these consolidated

             But in our civilized society, you’re [sic] actions, despite your age, do
       not make your actions forgivable.

              Once again, you knew exactly what you were doing.
11
  The Supreme Court left open the door to the possibility that a defendant could raise a
successful Eighth Amendment challenge if a trial court “expressly refuses as a matter of
law to consider relevant mitigating circumstances.” Jones, 593 US at ___ n 7; 141 S Ct at
1320 n 7. A defendant may also raise a successful sentencing challenge if the sentencing
court refuses to consider relevant mitigating factors or circumstances as mitigating.

                                             19
cases, yet the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial courts’ sentencing decisions, we vacate

the portions of both Court of Appeals opinions discussing defendants’ sentencing

challenges, and we remand both cases to the Court of Appeals for further consideration not

inconsistent with this opinion.

                                                       Richard H. Bernstein
                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                       Elizabeth T. Clement (except as to
                                                                        Part IV(B))
                                                       Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                       Elizabeth M. Welch

                                           20
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                              No. 157738

 DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

               Defendant-Appellant.

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                              No. 158695

 TYLER MAURICE TATE,

               Defendant-Appellant.

MCCORMACK, C.J. (concurring).
       I concur fully in the majority opinion. I write separately to say more about the

majority’s conclusion that the Michigan Constitution does not contain a requirement that a

trial court articulate on the record how it considered the mitigating characteristics of youth

when it sentences a juvenile defendant to a sentence other than life without the possibility

of parole. The United States Supreme Court has made clear that “children are different”

for sentencing purposes and that sometimes, a sentencing court may not constitutionally

sentence a juvenile without considering the mitigating characteristics of youth. Miller v

Alabama, 567 US 460, 480; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012); see also Graham v
Florida, 560 US 48, 76; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825 (2010); Roper v Simmons, 543

US 551; 125 S Ct 1183; 161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005). Exactly how that principle applies in

interpreting the Michigan Constitution has not been explored in these cases and is therefore

left for another day.

       The Michigan Constitution played a backseat role throughout these cases’

progression through the trial and appellate courts; it was not until defendant Tyler M. Tate’s

supplemental brief in this Court that it made its first appearance. And then, Tate argued

that his 40-year minimum sentence was disproportionate under Article 1, § 16 of the

Michigan Constitution and our decision in People v Bullock, 440 Mich 15; 485 NW2d 866

(1992). But Bullock’s four-factor test for evaluating the proportionality of a particular

sentence does not address Tate’s argument that Article 1, § 16 requires an on-the-record

explanation of how the mitigating characteristics of youth affected a trial court’s sentencing

decision for the sentence imposed to be constitutional. See, e.g., State v Null, 836 NW2d

41, 74 (Iowa, 2013) (“We think the direction from the Supreme Court that trial courts

consider everything said about youth in Roper, Graham, and Miller means more than a

generalized notion of taking age into consideration as a factor in sentencing. . . . [W]e

conclude article I, section 17 [of the Iowa Constitution] requires that a district court

recognize and apply the core teachings of Roper, Graham, and Miller in making sentencing

decisions for long prison terms involving juveniles.”). Tate’s argument is therefore a poor

fit with the authority he cites.

       But we know youth matters in sentencing under the state Constitution as well as the

federal Constitution. See People v Stovall, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket

No. 162425). While neither the statutory scheme nor the federal Constitution categorically

                                              2
requires an on-the-record articulation of how the characteristics of youth affect a

sentencing court’s decision, the Court correctly rules that sentencing courts must consider

those characteristics and treat them as mitigating. A trial court’s failure to do so explicitly

on the record, notwithstanding no categorical rule requiring it, stands a high chance of

rendering its sentence a violation of Article 1, § 16, and therefore necessarily an abuse of

its discretion. People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 723; 835 NW2d 399 (2013) (“A trial court

necessarily abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.”).

       And whether a categorical rule may be constitutionally required under Article 1,

§ 16 is a question left for another day. The principles animating Miller, Graham, and Roper

apply no less forcefully in this context. Those principles, together with our precedent

requiring individualized sentencing, see People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208

NW2d 504 (1973), may render a sentence where the effect of youth is unexplained at such

high risk of violating those principles as to be constitutionally impermissible.           See

generally Null, 836 NW2d at 74.

                                                          Bridget M. McCormack

                                              3
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                             No. 157738

 DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

               Defendant-Appellant.

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                             No. 158695

 TYLER MAURICE TATE,

               Defendant-Appellant.

CLEMENT, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
       Consistently with my concurring statement in People v Wines, 506 Mich 954, 958

(2020) (CLEMENT, J., concurring), I agree with the majority that trial courts are required to

consider the mitigating effects of youth when sentencing a juvenile to a term-of-years

sentence because youth affects the traditional penological goals that guide a sentencer’s

discretion. See People v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592; 194 NW2d 314 (1972). Within this

context, the United States Supreme Court’s discussion of the mitigating effects of youth in

Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012), is relevant in

understanding how youth relates to those traditional penological goals. Neither this
decision nor Wines holds that the Eighth Amendment requires specific consideration of

each attribute of youth identified in Miller, nor does either decision require that the trial

court make explicit findings as to each of those attributes on the record. Although this

Court has chosen elsewhere to extend Miller, see, e.g., People v Stovall, ___ Mich ___;

___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162425); People v Parks, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d

___ (2022) (Docket No. 162086), the majority opinion in this case does not do so, and

accordingly, I concur with its holding that the mitigating effects of youth must be

considered during term-of-years juvenile sentencing.

       While I agree with the majority’s iteration of this general rule, I respectfully dissent

as to the majority’s application of that rule to defendant Tate. At Tate’s sentencing, the

trial court listened to defense counsel’s youth-based leniency arguments and noted that it

had also reviewed Tate’s presentence investigation report, which contained additional

material about Tate’s age, family environment, and criminal history. The trial court

acknowledged that “perhaps [Tate’s] age, and [his] maturity, were working against [him],”

but also highlighted Tate’s volunteered and intentional role in the murder, his flight from

and lengthy evasion of law enforcement, his lack of remorse, and his “violent, deplorable”

nature. On the basis of this full consideration of Tate’s background and the nature of the

offense, the trial court sentenced him to a 40- to 60-year term of imprisonment. The trial

court’s record of its decision-making sufficiently justified the sentence imposed in order to

facilitate appellate review, the sole articulation requirement mandated by our sentencing

jurisprudence. People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502 (2015).

       Despite this, the majority now chooses to remand this case to the Court of Appeals

for reconsideration, explaining that the trial court’s comments “appear to only represent a

                                              2
small portion of the record established by the sentencing court” and that “whether these

statements and the totality of the record established by the trial court comply with our

requirement that a trial court consider youth to be a mitigating factor is a close question

deserving of additional appellate review.” In my opinion, this disposition on the basis of

the brevity of the trial judge’s statements deeply muddies—if not outright contradicts—the

majority’s holding that no statutory or constitutional authority compels the trial court to

make an on-the-record explanation of its consideration of youth. To the extent that the

majority may believe that Tate is deserving of a shorter minimum sentence because of the

mitigating effects of youth (i.e., that the trial court weighed the mitigating effects of youth

incorrectly), that is a proportionality issue that should be addressed by this Court and not

remanded to the Court of Appeals, which has already considered and rejected Tate’s

proportionality argument.

                                                          Elizabeth T. Clement

                                              3
                               STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                        SUPREME COURT

    PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v                                                       No. 157738

    DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

                  Defendant-Appellant.

    PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v                                                       No. 158695

    TYLER MAURICE TATE,

                  Defendant-Appellant.

ZAHRA, J. (dissenting).
         I dissent from the majority’s decision.   The majority opinion concludes that

“[s]entencing courts must consider youth as a mitigating factor at sentencing hearings

conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a when the defendant is sentenced to a term

of years,” but that “the court’s consideration of youth need not be articulated on the

record.” 1 To the extent the majority opinion holds that a juvenile homicide offender’s

youth operates as a mitigating factor for purposes of sentencing, I take no exception, as

1
    Ante at 19.
“Miller [v Alabama] repeatedly described youth as a sentencing factor akin to a mitigating

circumstance.” 2 But the majority opinion’s holding is not so narrow. Instead, the majority

opinion concludes more broadly that when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a

term of years under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, sentencing courts are required to

consider the mitigating qualities of youth within the penological objectives outlined in

People v Snow 3 and that a failure to adequately consider those mitigating qualities will

result in reversal. I do not agree with this broader holding, as it lacks precedential support

and runs counter to the guidance provided by the Supreme Court of the United States that

“an on-the-record sentencing explanation is not necessary to ensure that a sentencer

considers a defendant’s youth” because a sentencer that has the discretion to consider a

defendant’s youth “necessarily will consider the defendant’s youth . . . .” 4 I would not

upset our Legislature’s policy choice of declining to extend Miller—which until now has

only applied to this state’s juvenile homicide offenders facing life without parole—to term-

of-years sentences imposed under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. Instead, I would hold

that traditional sentencing considerations apply to these sentencing hearings; that is, when

deciding what constitutes an appropriate term-of-years sentence for a juvenile homicide

offender, a sentencing court should ultimately be guided by the principle of proportionality,

2
  Jones v Mississippi, 593 US ___, ___; 141 S Ct 1307, 1315; 209 L Ed 2d 390 (2021),
citing Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012).
3
  People v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592; 194 NW2d 314 (1972) (providing the following
penological objectives of sentencing: (1) “reformation of the offender,” (2) “protection of
society,” (3) punishment of the offender, and (4) “deterrence of others from committing
like offenses”).
4
    Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.

                                              2
which aims to tailor the sentence to the particular offense and offender before it and which

may require the court to consider how the offender’s age correlates with the sentence

imposed. Applying that standard, I would affirm each defendant’s sentence, as both

sentencing courts adequately explained the sentences imposed in relation to each defendant

and their offenses and, therefore, did not abuse their discretion in sentencing defendants to

40 to 60 years’ imprisonment.

                                    I. APPLICABLE LAW

                 A. UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT PRECEDENT

         In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Miller that “mandatory life

without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth

Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’ ” 5 The Supreme Court

explained that “children are constitutionally different from adults for purposes of

sentencing,” citing the following three grounds:

         First, children have a lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of
         responsibility, leading to recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless risk-taking.
         Second, children are more vulnerable to negative influences and outside
         pressures, including from their family and peers; they have limited control
         over their own environment and lack the ability to extricate themselves from
         horrific, crime-producing settings. And third, a child’s character is not as
         well formed as an adult’s; his traits are less fixed and his actions less likely
         to be evidence of irretrievable depravity.[6]

         Given these asserted differences, the Miller Court concluded that subjecting

juveniles to the same mandatory life-without-parole sentence applicable to adults

5
    Miller, 567 US at 465.
6
    Id. at 471 (citations, quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted).

                                                3
contravened the “foundational principle” from the Court’s prior decisions in Roper v

Simmons 7 and Graham v Florida 8: “that imposition of a State’s most severe penalties on

juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not children.” 9 Unlike Graham and

Roper, however, the Court in Miller did “not categorically bar a penalty for a class of

offenders or type of crime[.]” 10 Instead, Miller “allowed life-without-parole sentences for

defendants who committed homicide when they were under 18, but only so long as the

sentence is not mandatory—that is, only so long as the sentencer has discretion to ‘consider

the mitigating qualities of youth’ and impose a lesser punishment.” 11 Accordingly, before

imposing life without parole on a juvenile homicide offender, a sentencing court must have

the opportunity to consider: “[a defendant’s] chronological age and its hallmark features—

among them, immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences”;

“the family and home environment that surrounds him—and from which he cannot usually

extricate himself—no matter how brutal or dysfunctional”; “the circumstances of the

homicide offense, including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way

familial and peer pressures may have affected him”; whether “he might have been charged

7
  Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551, 578; 125 S Ct 1183; 161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005) (holding that
the Eighth Amendment bars the imposition of the death penalty on offenders under the age
of 18).
8
 Graham v Florida, 560 US 48, 74; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825 (2010) (holding “that
for a juvenile offender who did not commit homicide the Eighth Amendment forbids the
sentence of life without parole”).
9
    Miller, 567 US at 474.
10
     Id. at 483.
11
  Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1314 (emphasis omitted), quoting Miller, 567 US at
476.

                                             4
[with] and convicted of a lesser offense if not for incompetencies associated with youth—

for example, his inability to deal with police officers or prosecutors (including on a plea

agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own attorneys”; and “the possibility of

rehabilitation . . . .” 12 These are commonly referred to as the Miller factors.

         Four years later, in Montgomery v Louisiana, the Supreme Court held that Miller

applies retroactively to juvenile homicide offenders whose convictions and sentences were

final when Miller was decided. 13 Yet Montgomery did nothing to change the limited scope

of Miller’s holding. As the Supreme Court recently stated in Jones v Mississippi, “Miller

cited Roper and Graham for a simple proposition: Youth matters in sentencing. And

because youth matters, Miller held that a sentencer must have discretion to consider youth

before imposing a life-without-parole sentence . . . .” 14     The Court in Jones further

explained that “an on-the-record sentencing explanation . . . is not necessary to ensure that

a sentencer considers a defendant’s youth . . . .” 15       At bottom, “Miller required a

discretionary sentencing procedure” only for those juvenile homicide offenders subject to

life without parole, and “the Court did not suggest that those discretionary sentencing

regimes required some kind of sentencing explanation.” 16

12
     Miller, 567 US at 477-478.
13
     Montgomery v Louisiana, 577 US 190; 136 S Ct 718; 193 L Ed 2d 599 (2016).
14
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316.
15
     Id. at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.
16
     Id. at ___, ___; 141 S Ct at 1317, 1320.

                                                5
                                  B. MICHIGAN LAW

         In response to Miller, our Legislature enacted MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. 17

Under these statutes, if the prosecuting attorney files a motion seeking imposition of a life-

without-parole sentence on a juvenile homicide offender convicted of certain enumerated

offenses, including first-degree murder, the sentencing court must conduct a hearing on

that motion as part of the sentencing process. 18 At that hearing, the sentencing court is

statutorily required to “consider the factors listed in [Miller]” and to “specify on the record

the aggravating and mitigating circumstances considered by the court and the court’s

reasons supporting the sentence imposed.” 19 If the prosecutor does not seek life without

parole, however, the sentencing court is not required to conduct such a hearing. Instead,

the statutes require the court to sentence the offender to a term of years in which the

minimum sentence is no less than 25 years and no more than 40 years and the maximum

sentence is no less than 60 years. 20 That is, absent a motion from the prosecutor seeking

life without parole, there is no statutory obligation for the sentencing court to consider the

17
  MCL 769.25a was enacted in anticipation that the United States Supreme Court would
hold that Miller applies retroactively. It provides essentially the same substantive relief as
MCL 769.25.
18
     MCL 769.25(2), (3), (6); MCL 769.25a(4)(b).
19
   MCL 769.25(6); MCL 769.25(7). The trial court is permitted to “consider any other
criteria relevant to its decision, including the individual’s record while incarcerated,” MCL
769.25(6), as well as “evidence presented at trial,” MCL 769.25(7).
20
  MCL 769.25(4), (9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c). A juvenile homicide offender benefiting from
Montgomery’s holding that Miller applies retroactively and who is not subject to a life-
without-parole sentence, like Boykin, would actually receive a maximum sentence of
exactly 60 years, MCL 769.25a(4)(c), whereas a juvenile whose convictions and sentences
were final after Miller, like Tate, would receive a maximum sentence of “not less than 60
years,” MCL 769.25(9). Both Tate and Boykin received 40- to 60-year sentences.

                                              6
Miller factors, nor is the court required to state on the record the aggravating and mitigating

circumstances the court considered in sentencing the juvenile homicide offender to a term

of years.

         The lack of statutory guidance for sentencing courts imposing term-of-years

sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a does not mean that those courts may

simply rubber-stamp the maximum allowable sentence under those statutes. Rather, this

Court in People v Milbourn stated that “with regard to the judicial selection of an individual

sentence within the statutory minimum and maximum for a given offense,” judicial

sentencing discretion is to be exercised according to the “principle of proportionality,”

which “requires sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness

of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.” 21 In order “to assure that

the sentences imposed across the discretionary range are proportionate to the seriousness

of the matters that come before the court for sentencing . . . , the judge, of course, must

take into account the nature of the offense and the background of the offender.” 22 Further,

in order to facilitate appellate review of a sentence, a sentencing court must justify the

sentence imposed by articulating the criteria on which it relied to fashion a sentence that is

proportionate to the offense and the offender. 23 Whether the sentence imposed violates the

21
   People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 635-636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990). See also People v
Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 459-460, 474-475; 902 NW2d 327 (2017).
22
     Milbourn, 435 Mich at 651.
23
  People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502 (2015) (“[S]entencing courts
must justify the sentence imposed in order to facilitate appellate review.”), citing People v
Coles, 417 Mich 523, 550; 339 NW2d 440 (1983) (requiring “that the trial court state on
the record which criteria were considered and what reasons support the court’s decision

                                              7
principle of proportionality is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, which occurs when the

outcome falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. 24

                                      II. ANALYSIS

         The majority opinion holds that sentencing courts are required to consider the

mitigating qualities, circumstances, and factors of youth within the penological objectives

outlined in Snow (reformation, protection, punishment, and deterrence) when sentencing a

juvenile homicide offender to a term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL

769.25a. It stresses, however, that an on-the-record explanation of those mitigating

qualities is not necessary and claims that its holding falls short of requiring courts to

articulate how the Miller factors—which the Supreme Court has also characterized as

“mitigating qualities,” “mitigating circumstances,” “mitigating factors,” and “distinctive

attributes” of youth 25—affected the term-of-years sentence. This holding, convoluted as it

is, lacks legal support of any kind: it is not required by the United States or Michigan

Constitution; it is not required by statute; and it is not required by precedent.

         The majority opinion derives its holding from Miller, but the Supreme Court’s

holding in Miller was limited: it corrected the constitutional infirmity of sentencing

schemes mandating life without parole for juvenile homicide offenders by requiring that

sentencers be given the opportunity to consider the mitigating qualities of youth and the

regarding the length and nature of punishment imposed”), overruled in part on other
grounds by Milbourn, 435 Mich 630.

 People v Skinner, 502 Mich 89, 131-132; 917 NW2d 292 (2018); People v Babcock, 469
24

Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).
25
     Miller, 567 US at 472, 476, 489 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                              8
discretion to impose a lesser sentence. 26 Nowhere in Miller—or Roper, Graham, or

Jones—did the Court state that sentencers must consider the distinctive attributes of a

juvenile homicide offender’s youth when imposing a sentence less than life without parole.

Although the Court in Jones suggested that the broader rationale of Roper, Graham, and

Miller is that “youth matters in sentencing,” 27 their holdings are limited to the specific

sentences before the Court. In any event, the proposition that youth matters in sentencing

is hardly a novel statement of blackletter law that can be first attributed to the Roper-

Graham-Miller trilogy. Miller itself stated that the differences between juvenile and adult

offenders are commonsensical and confirm what “ ‘any parent knows,’ ” 28 and society has

long recognized that an offender’s age may warrant a less severe punishment. 29 I would

26
   Id. at 479 (holding that “the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that
mandates life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders,” and that “[b]y
making youth (and all that accompanies it) irrelevant to imposition of that harshest prison
sentence, such a scheme poses too great a risk of disproportionate punishment”). See also
Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316 (“[T]he Miller Court stated that a judge or jury
must have the opportunity to consider the defendant’s youth and must have discretion to
impose a different punishment than life without parole.”) (quotation marks and citation
omitted); Skinner, 502 Mich at 120 (“Miller simply held that mandatory life-without-parole
sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment and that before such a sentence can
be imposed on a juvenile, the sentencer must consider the mitigating qualities of youth.”).
27
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316.
28
     Miller, 567 US at 471, quoting Roper, 543 US at 569.
29
  See People v Fields, 448 Mich 58, 77; 528 NW2d 176 (1995) (stating that a defendant’s
age is a relevant factor to determining whether a departure from the guidelines minimum
sentence range is warranted and that “courts often cite the young age of a defendant as a
reason to deviate from a minimum sentence”). See also Goodwin v Iowa District Court for
Davis Co, 936 NW2d 634, 652 (Iowa, 2019) (McDonald, J., concurring) (explaining that
the neuroscience evidence supporting the claim that juvenile offenders are less culpable
than adult offenders “does not tell us something new for which the law did not already
account”); see also id., quoting Sanders, ed, Juvenile Offenders for a Thousand Years:
Selected Readings from Anglo-Saxon Times to 1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North

                                               9
not use the “simple proposition” 30 that youth matters in sentencing as a basis to extend

Roper, Graham, and Miller beyond their own terms as the majority opinion does here.

         The majority’s holding also has no basis in this state’s jurisprudence. MCL 769.25

and MCL 769.25a do not require sentencing courts to consider mitigating qualities of youth

when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a term of years. In fact, the Legislature

requires courts to consider Miller’s mitigating factors only when the sentence sought is life

without parole. The Legislature’s omission of this requirement when the sentence sought

is a term of years is presumed to be intentional, 31 and it represents a policy choice made by

the Legislature that the judiciary may not second-guess or override. 32 Further, by enacting

MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, the Legislature put in place a scheme that necessarily

accounts for a juvenile homicide offender’s youth, even when the sentence imposed is a

term of years. That is, the prosecution’s decision not to file a motion seeking life without

parole means that the defendant is benefiting from Miller by receiving a term-of-years

Carolina Press, 1970), p xviii (“ ‘[A]s far back as written records go children who have
broken the law have been treated on the whole more leniently than have adult
offenders.’ ”).
30
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316.
31
     People v Lewis, 503 Mich 162, 167; 926 NW2d 796 (2018).
32
  See People v McIntire, 461 Mich 147, 152; 599 NW2d 102 (1999) (“[O]ur judicial role
precludes imposing different policy choices than those selected by the Legislature . . . .”);
People v Morris, 450 Mich 316, 336; 537 NW2d 842 (1995) (“[J]udicial misgivings
regarding the wisdom of the policy do not provide a legal foundation for overriding
legislative intent. . . . The wisdom of the policy is a political question to be resolved in the
political forum. To reach a contrary result would be simply to repudiate the legislative
choice.”).

                                               10
sentence and not being subject to the law’s harshest term of imprisonment. 33 Thus, not

only are MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a “constitutionally necessary and constitutionally

sufficient,” 34 the manner by which these statutes operate ensures that a juvenile homicide

offender’s youth is being taken into account at sentencing.

         Moreover, while courts fashioning a proportionate sentence must take into account

an offender’s background, which would include the offender’s age, there is “no basis in

Milbourn for a requirement that the trial judge tailor every defendant’s sentence in

relationship to the defendant’s age.” 35 “A judge may . . . consider a defendant’s age at

sentencing in deciding whether the sentence about to be imposed is proper, just as the judge

considers the recommended range under the guidelines and any other factors not expressly

prohibited by law.” 36 Simply put, “Miller mandated ‘only that a sentencer follow a certain

process—considering an offender’s youth and attendant characteristics—before imposing’

a life-without-parole sentence.” 37 Accordingly, Miller does not alter this state’s sentencing

jurisprudence for juvenile homicide offenders facing a lesser sentence.

33
   See, e.g., James v United States, 59 A3d 1233, 1238 (DC, 2013) (explaining that the
sentencing statute necessarily takes into account juvenile homicide offenders’ youth and
its attendant characteristics “by limiting the minimum sentence to thirty years for offenders
under the age of eighteen at the time of their offense, as compared to life imprisonment
without opportunity for release which is available against adults”).
34
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1313.
35
     People v Lemons, 454 Mich 234, 258; 562 NW2d 447 (1997).
36
     Id. at 259 (emphasis added).
37
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1314, quoting Miller, 567 US at 483.

                                               11
          Given that sentencing courts are not required to articulate an on-the-record

explanation of how youth or the Miller factors affect a term-of-years sentence imposed

under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a, there is no legal basis for affirming the Court of

Appeals decision in People v Wines. 38 Despite recognizing that “there is no constitutional

mandate requiring the trial court to specifically make findings as to the Miller factors

except in the context of a decision whether to impose a sentence of life without parole,”

the Court of Appeals in Wines nonetheless concluded that “when the sentence of life

imprisonment without parole is not at issue, the [sentencing] court should be guided by a

balancing of the Snow objectives and in that context is required to take into account the

attributes of youth, such as those described in Miller.” 39 According to Wines, “[t]he

process of properly balancing [the Snow] objectives in the case of a minor defendant

necessitates consideration of the distinctive attributes of youth,” and “a failure to consider

the distinctive attributes of youth, such as those discussed in Miller,” when imposing a

term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a amounts to an abuse of

discretion warranting reversal. 40

          There are a number of issues with the Court of Appeals’ holding in Wines that the

majority opinion fails to address. For example, Wines was incorrect to suggest that Miller’s

holding requires courts to make specific findings regarding the Miller factors when

deciding whether to impose life without parole—a requirement the Supreme Court of

38
  People v Wines, 323 Mich App 343; 916 NW2d 855 (2018), rev’d in part on other
grounds 506 Mich 954 (2020).
39
     Id. at 352.
40
     Id. at 351-352.

                                             12
United States and this Court have rejected. 41 Further, Miller’s only holding was that

mandatory life without parole for juveniles violates the Eighth Amendment. Thus, there is

no basis to apply it outside that constitutional context. 42 Wines also failed to recognize that

Snow’s penological objectives “are not the only relevant criteria” for determining an

appropriate sentence and that they do not instruct trial courts “on every factor they must

consider when imposing [a] sentence.” 43 And nowhere in Wines did the panel discuss the

principle of proportionality. Finally, the Court of Appeals’ holding in Wines is unclear as

to what exactly courts are required to consider when life without parole is not at issue.

Particularly, it failed to explain whether “ ‘taking into account the attributes of youth’ [is]

distinguishable in some way from considering the Miller factors and, if so, what is that

distinction?” 44 The majority opinion adds to the confusion left by Wines’s holding by

requiring sentencing courts to consider “the mitigating qualities of youth within Snow’s

sentencing criteria” 45—which do not represent an exhaustive list of criteria to be

considered in fashioning an appropriate sentence—but failing to explain how a court’s

41
  See Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct 1307 (rejecting the argument that Miller imposed a
formal fact-finding requirement); Skinner, 502 Mich 89 (same).
42
  Indeed, nothing in the majority’s opinion suggests a 40- to 60-year sentence for a juvenile
homicide offender is unconstitutional.
43
  People v Broden, 428 Mich 343, 350; 408 NW2d 789 (1987), citing Coles, 417 Mich
550.
44
   People v Wines, 506 Mich 954, 957 (2020) (MARKMAN, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part) (brackets omitted).
45
     Ante at 16.

                                              13
consideration of mitigating qualities within Snow’s framework differs from consideration

of the mitigating factors articulated in Miller. 46

         The majority opinion contends that Jones provides helpful guidance to explain the

holding of Wines. I agree we should heed the words of Jones, particularly its discussion

of what Miller requires (a discretionary sentencing procedure for juvenile homicide

offenders subject to life without parole) and does not require (an on-the-record

consideration of the offender’s youth and its attendant characteristics). Yet the majority

opinion fails to do just that by affirming Wines and requiring sentencing courts to consider

a juvenile homicide offender’s youth as a mitigating factor when imposing a term-of-years

sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. As the Court stated in Jones, “[I]f the

sentencer has discretion to consider the defendant’s youth, the sentencer necessarily will

consider the defendant’s youth,” as “it would be all but impossible for a sentencer to avoid

considering that mitigating factor” when tasked with sentencing a juvenile homicide

offender. 47 In other words, there is no need to require sentencing courts to consider a

juvenile homicide offender’s youth in whatever manner the majority opinion now

demands; youth is necessarily taken into account by giving courts the discretion to do so.

46
   Even the majority opinion’s modified-Snow framework leaves many questions
unanswered. Are sentencing courts required to consider each of the modified Snow factors
when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a term of years under MCL 769.25 and
MCL 769.25a? Is a discussion of those factors alone sufficient for sentencing courts to
provide an adequate consideration of youth? What if, instead, the sentencing court
addresses some or all of the Miller factors and fails to address some or all of the Snow
factors? Under what circumstance is a sentencing court’s consideration of a juvenile
homicide offender’s youth enough to satisfy appellate review of the term-of-years
sentence?
47
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.

                                               14
Also, nothing prevents defense counsel from arguing that mitigating factors of youth favor

a lenient sentence. The majority opinion simply pays lip service to Jones and, instead,

reads as though youth is the only factor sentencing courts are to consider when sentencing

juvenile homicide offenders. This Court has rejected that notion, explaining—in the

context of whether to impose a life-without-parole sentence—that while “an offender’s age

is likely to be given significant weight in the court’s deliberations and may well constitute

the single best factor for ascertaining whether a Miller-benefited offender would actually

gain relief,” it is not “the exclusive factor that the trial court should consider in imposing a

sentence on a juvenile homicide offender.” 48 Accordingly, not only does a juvenile

homicide offender necessarily benefit from Miller by receiving a term-of-years sentence

instead of life without parole, but contrary to the majority opinion’s suggestion, the

“mitigating qualities” and “distinctive attributes” of youth discussed in Miller do not

represent an exclusive or exhaustive list of the criteria sentencers are to consider for all

juvenile homicide offenders.

       In sum, there exists no constitutional, statutory, or judicial directive requiring

sentencing courts to consider the mitigating qualities of youth when imposing term-of-

years sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. Absent such a directive, I would

not extend Miller’s limited constitutional holding in whatever manner the majority opinion

now extends it by affirming the Court of Appeals’ decision in Wines. Instead, I would hold

that traditional sentencing considerations apply to these sentencing hearings. That is, when

deciding what constitutes an appropriate term-of-years sentence for a juvenile homicide

48
  People v Carp, 496 Mich 440, 520; 852 NW2d 801 (2014), cert gtd and opinion vacated
on other grounds sub nom Carp v Michigan, 577 US 1186 (2016).

                                              15
offender, a sentencing court should ultimately be guided by the principle of proportionality,

which aims to tailor the sentence to the particular offense and offender before it and which

may require the court to consider how the offender’s age correlates with the sentence

imposed. By extending Miller to a whole new class of sentences, the majority opinion

undermines the policy choices made by the Michigan Legislature in enacting MCL 769.25

and MCL 769.25a, which do not require sentencing courts to consider the Miller factors,

the “distinctive attributes of youth,” or “the mitigating qualities of youth” when imposing

a term-of-years sentence.

                                   III. APPLICATION

       Tellingly, the majority opinion does not even attempt to apply its holding to the facts

of these two cases—at least not with any meaningful guidance. In Boykin, the majority

opinion concludes that the Court of Appeals failed to address whether the sentencing court

properly considered youth as a mitigating factor and that the panel instead held that

consideration of Boykin’s youth was unnecessary because Miller only applies to

defendants sentenced to life without parole. Contrary to the majority opinion’s assertion,

the Court of Appeals did not hold that consideration of Boykin’s youth was unnecessary;

it rejected Boykin’s sweeping argument that Miller requires juveniles to be considered

differently for purposes of sentencing and that the sentencing court was required to

consider the Miller factors. Given that Miller only applies to juvenile homicide offenders

facing life without parole, and because MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a already treat

juvenile homicide offenders differently than adult offenders, the panel correctly rejected

                                             16
Boykin’s argument.      Further, the panel did actually address the sentencing court’s

consideration of Boykin’s youth as a mitigating factor in the context of Miller, stating:

              Though not mandated by Miller, the trial court actually did consider
       the Miller factors when resentencing defendant. The trial court stated that it
       was considering all the Miller factors and specifically mentioned its
       consideration of defendant’s psychological evaluations, defendant’s
       childhood, and his misconducts while in prison involving intoxicating
       substances and weapons. Evaluating these factors, the trial court determined
       that defendant’s youth and immaturity were not an excuse for his conduct,
       and that “there was nothing to suggest here anything other than this was a
       cold, calculated, premeditated killing of an innocent human being who
       represented no threat to defendant.”[49]

       The sentencing court also incorporated the penological objectives into its

sentencing, stating in its conclusion that “[b]ased on everything presented . . . ,

confinement is necessary for punishment, for the protection of this community, and the

hope of Mr. Boykin’s rehabilitation in a more controlled environment.” In light of the

sentencing court’s express incorporation of the Miller factors, its extensive discussion of

how those factors affected the sentence imposed, and its consideration of Snow’s

penological objectives, it is difficult to see what more the sentencing court could have done

to warrant an affirmance of Boykin’s sentence.

       Boykin argues that the sentencing court did not consider his youth as a mitigating

factor. Boykin’s argument is largely based on the court’s comments that he was a mere 80

days shy of turning 18 when he committed the murder and that he “certainly was of a

mature age and cannot blame youth or immaturity as an excuse for this conduct.” Boykin’s

argument lacks merit for several reasons. First, when imposing its sentence, the court

49
  People v Boykin, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March
20, 2018 (Docket No. 335862), p 4 n 2 (brackets omitted).

                                             17
expressly incorporated and considered the Miller factors, which are mitigating by nature. 50

Second, Roper recognized that some juveniles “have already attained a level of maturity

some adults will never reach,” 51 and Miller contemplated sentencers considering a juvenile

homicide offender’s age as compared to other juveniles. 52 Accordingly, the sentencing

court’s reference to Boykin’s age in proximity to turning 18 and its statement that he

“certainly was of a mature age” is consistent with the Supreme Court’s recognition that not

all juveniles are necessarily immature. Third, the court’s statement that Boykin “cannot

blame youth or immaturity as an excuse for this conduct” is not the equivalent of refusing,

as a matter of law, to consider his youth as a mitigating factor; rather, the court was simply

weighing Boykin’s youth and one of its hallmark characteristics against defendant’s

intentional homicidal acts. 53 Although youth is undisputedly a mitigating factor, it does

not serve as a justification for committing society’s most heinous crime. And, as detailed

by the sentencing court, Boykin’s offense was indeed heinous. Boykin was the shooter

50
  See Skinner, 502 Mich at 115 (“It is undisputed that all of [the Miller] factors are
mitigating factors.”).
51
     Roper, 543 US at 574.
52
   Miller, 567 US at 477, 480 n 8 (explaining that sentencing schemes mandating life
without parole demanded that “every juvenile . . . receive the same sentence as every
other—the 17-year-old and the 14-year-old, the shooter and the accomplice, the child from
a stable household and the child from a chaotic and abusive one”—and therefore requiring
that sentencers “take into account the differences among defendants and crimes” to remedy
the constitutional problem with those schemes).
53
   See Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1320 n 7 (contrasting a potentially viable Eighth
Amendment claim when the sentencer “refuses as a matter of law to consider the
defendant’s youth” with a sentencer “deeming the defendant’s youth to be outweighed by
other factors or deeming the defendant’s youth to be an insufficient reason to support a
lesser sentence under the facts of the case,” which is permissible).

                                             18
and the aggressor; he brought a gun to a fistfight that he was not involved in; he shot the

victim in the back three or four times as the victim tried to run away; and he admitted trying

to fire the gun as it was pressed against the victim’s cheek. When the gun jammed, Boykin

instead kicked the victim repeatedly as he lay dying on the sidewalk before fleeing the

scene. In short, the sentencing court considered Boykin’s background and his youth as

mitigating factors but concluded that the aggravating nature of the homicide supported a

sentence of 40 to 60 years’ imprisonment. This was not an abuse of discretion.

       In Tate, the majority opinion recognizes that the sentencing court expressly

considered Tate’s youth but states that the court’s comments represent only a small portion

of the record and suggests that more is required to comply with the majority opinion’s

requirement that sentencing courts consider youth as a mitigating factor. This result is

puzzling for a number of reasons. First, it contradicts the majority opinion’s own holding

that sentencing courts need not even articulate their bases for considering an offender’s

youth when imposing a term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a.

Second, it turns a juvenile homicide offender’s age into the preeminent consideration for

courts imposing a term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, thereby

downplaying the severity of the offender’s crimes and the impact on the victims and their

families. Third, it flies in the face of this state’s own practice of affirming sentences when

the sentencer has adequately explained the reasons for imposing its sentence. 54 Here, the

54
  See Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392, citing Coles, 417 Mich at 550. See also Jones, 593 US
at ___; 141 S Ct at 1321 (“[W]hen a state judge imposes a sentence of imprisonment,
particularly a lengthy sentence, the judge often will explain both the sentence and the
judge’s evaluation of any mitigating circumstances. . . . Even when state law requires a
sentencer to supply reasons, many States do not impose a formulaic checklist of topics or
a magic-words requirement with respect to particular mitigating circumstances. And

                                             19
record establishes that the sentencing court adequately explained the reasons for imposing

its sentence and considered how Tate’s youth affected that sentence. Tate’s counsel

advocated for a 25-year minimum sentence, focusing on Tate’s young age and arguing that

such a sentence would serve the traditional penological objectives.             “Faced with a

convicted murderer who was under 18 at the time of the offense and with defense

arguments focused on the defendant’s youth, it [was] all but impossible for [the sentencing

court] to avoid considering that mitigating factor.” 55 Moreover, as recounted by the Court

of Appeals, the sentencing court explicitly considered Tate’s youth and its attendant

characteristics as a mitigating circumstance in fashioning its sentence:

         [T]he trial court considered Tate’s youth and maturity level, commenting that
         “perhaps your age, and your maturity, were working against you,” but it
         found that Tate “knew exactly what he was doing.” Tate argues that the trial
         court failed to consider his lesser degree of culpability in comparison to
         [codefendant Brendon] Stanton-Lipscomb. Tate emphasizes that his role
         was “vastly different” than Stanton-Lipscomb, who was determined to shoot
         [Tyrell] Lane regardless of Tate’s involvement. Contrary to what Tate
         argues, the trial court did discuss Tate’s role in the offense in comparison to
         Stanton-Lipscomb’s role. The court acknowledged that Tate “did not start
         the process of this execution,” but it found that he was a willing participant
         in the plan to kill a young man, and that Tate played a “very active role in
         the cold and calculated assassination of a very young man, Mr. Lane.” The
         court also observed that Tate “volunteered to participate in the assassination
         of Mr. Lane” after Taylor had refused to do so.

                Further, Tate’s efforts to distinguish his culpability from Stanton-
         Lipscomb’s culpability are unavailing considering that they did not receive
         similar sentences. Stanton-Lipscomb received a mandatory sentence of life
         without parole. Although the prosecution could have requested a life-
         without-parole sentence for Tate, it did not. The differences in the culpability

appellate courts do not necessarily reverse merely because the sentencer could have said
more about mitigating circumstances.”).
55
     Id. at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.

                                               20
       are, therefore, reflected in the decision not to pursue a sentence that would
       have subjected Tate to imprisonment for life without parole.[56]

              Tate also asserts that he was “cooperative, articulate, and well-spoken
       during the presentence interview,” and “expressed remorse for the victim’s
       family.” However, the trial court commented that it was struck by Tate’s
       statement in the presentence report that “I have nothing to do with it.” The
       court also found that Tate’s post-offense messages on Facebook showed that
       he had no remorse and showed that he was “a violent, deplorable young man
       who will continue to be violent, if allowed to do so.” Evidence at trial
       indicated that, after the offense, Tate eluded and lied to the police, and
       boasted about how he would not be captured for his role in the shooting.[57]

       Like Boykin, Tate argues that the sentencing court’s comments demonstrate that it

failed to consider his youth as a mitigating factor. Although the sentencing court did not

expressly incorporate the Miller factors into its sentencing decision like the sentencing

court in Boykin, the court’s comments demonstrate that it explicitly considered Tate’s

youth and its attendant characteristics as mitigating evidence but that it nonetheless found

that the aggravating circumstances of the crime, the active role Tate played in committing

that crime, and Tate’s postoffense conduct warranted a 40- to 60-year sentence. As in

Boykin, this was not an abuse of discretion.

56
   Although the sentencing court briefly stated that Tate was “no different than” two of his
other codefendants—including Stanton-Lipscomb, who was 18 years old at the time of the
shooting—that statement was not clearly erroneous. Taken in context, the court’s
statement is a reflection of its conclusion that Tate, despite being a juvenile, should be held
equally accountable for his intentional acts. Indeed, Tate was convicted of first-degree
premediated murder under an aiding-and-abetting theory, and our Legislature has chosen
to treat offenders who aid and abet the commission of an offense in exactly the same
manner as those who directly commit the offense. See MCL 767.39.
57
  People v Tate, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
September 20, 2018 (Docket No. 338360), pp 7-8 (brackets omitted).

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         Ultimately, just as the Court in Jones rejected the defendant’s argument “rest[ing]

on the assumption that meaningful daylight exists between (i) a sentencer’s discretion to

consider youth, and (ii) the sentencer’s actual consideration of youth,” 58 the majority

opinion’s holding suffers the same flaw: requiring sentencing courts to actually (and to a

certain level of satisfaction) consider youth as a mitigating factor even when the sentencing

scheme provides courts with the discretion to do just that. How youth militates for or

against a certain sentence represents a moral judgment left to the discretion of the

sentencing court. 59 Although “one sentencer may weigh the defendant’s youth differently

than another sentencer or an appellate court would, . . . the key point remains that, in a case

involving a murderer under [the age of] 18, a sentencer cannot avoid considering the

defendant’s youth if the sentencer has discretion to consider that mitigating factor.” 60 MCL

769.25 and MCL 769.25a, as well as traditional sentencing principles, provide that

discretion. And the record in each of these cases demonstrates that the sentencing judges—

who presided over defendants’ trials and thus were quite aware of their ages—

appropriately exercised that discretion and considered defendants’ youth in fashioning

sentences proportionate to defendants and their offenses. Because neither court abused its

58
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.
59
   See Skinner, 502 Mich at 115 n 11, citing Kansas v Carr, 577 US 108, 119; 136 S Ct
633; 193 L Ed 2d 535 (2016) (“Whether mitigation exists . . . is largely a judgment call (or
perhaps a value call) . . . . And of course the ultimate question whether mitigating
circumstances outweigh aggravating circumstances is mostly a question of mercy—the
quality of which, as we know, is not strained.”).
60
     Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319-1320.

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discretion in sentencing defendants to 40 to 60 years’ imprisonment, I would affirm those

sentences.

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

           “Whether read broadly or narrowly, Miller creates a legal rule about life-without-

parole sentences.       And, whether one looks at [defendants’] sentence[s] formally or

functionally, [they] did not receive a life-without-parole sentence.” 61 “Miller’s holding

simply does not cover a lengthy term of imprisonment that falls short of life without

parole,” 62 and absent a constitutional, statutory, or judicial directive, I would not extend

Miller’s reasoning to term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a.

Although the majority opinion purports to limit its holding to juvenile homicide offenders

sentenced under those statutes, the implication of today’s decision is far greater. Indeed,

the majority opinion repeatedly suggests its ruling applies to all young offenders—

regardless of the severity of their crimes, the sentence imposed, or their juvenile status. 63

I disagree with this Court’s continued extension of Miller beyond the life-without-parole

context for juvenile homicide offenders. 64 For the reasons stated, I would not extend Miller

61
     Atkins v Crowell, 945 F3d 476, 478 (CA 6, 2019).
62
     Id.
63
   See ante at 12 (“Without considering the mitigating factors of youth, then, a sentence
cannot adequately address the reformation of the offender.”); ante at 13 (“Given that youth
is a mitigating factor, it will inevitably factor into Snow’s four considerations.”).
64
   See People v Stovall, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162425)
(ZAHRA, J., dissenting, joined by VIVIANO and CLEMENT, JJ.) (disagreeing with the
extension of Miller’s reasoning to parolable life sentences for juvenile homicide offenders);
People v Parks, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162086) (CLEMENT,
J., dissenting, joined by ZAHRA and VIVIANO, JJ.) (disagreeing with the extension of

                                               23
to this whole new class of sentences. Instead, traditional sentencing considerations should

apply when the sentence to be imposed on the juvenile homicide offender is less than life

without parole. I would also affirm the 40- to 60-year sentences of these two youths.

Because the majority concludes otherwise, I dissent.

                                                        Brian K. Zahra
                                                        David F. Viviano

Miller’s reasoning to mandatory life-without-parole sentences for 18-year-old homicide
offenders).

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