Court Opinion

ID: 4334708
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 01:49:04.543907+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:01.700228
License: Public Domain

LAWRENCE ROBERT GAMER, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentGAMER v. COMMISSIONERNo. 19013-02SUnited States Tax CourtT.C. Summary Opinion 2003-166; 2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169; December 15, 2003, Filed 2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*169  PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE SECTION 7463(b), THIS OPINION MAY NOT BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY OTHER CASE.  Lawrence Robert Gamer, pro se.Laura A. McKenna, for respondent.  Armen, Robert N., Jr.  Armen, Robert N., Jr.  ARMEN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect at the time that the petition was filed. 1 The decision to be entered is not reviewable by any other court, and this opinion should not be cited as authority.Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner's Federal income tax for 2000 in the amount of $ 5,267.The sole issue for decision is whether a payment of $ 37,000 made by petitioner to his former wife in 2000 is deductible as alimony under section2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*170  215. We hold that it is not.An adjustment to the amount of petitioner's itemized deductions is a purely mechanical matter, the resolution of which is dependent on our disposition of the disputed issue.BackgroundSome of the facts have been stipulated, and they are so found. Petitioner resided in Loxahatchee, Florida, at the time that his petition was filed with the Court.At or about the time they were married in July 1997, petitioner and his then wife, Deborah Gamer (Ms. Gamer), jointly purchased a residence in which they lived during their marriage. The residence was titled in the couple's joint names as tenants by the entireties.Petitioner and Ms. Gamer were divorced in March 2000. On or about February 22, 2000, petitioner and Ms. Gamer entered into a Marital Settlement Agreement (settlement agreement). The settlement agreement provided, in part, as follows:     10. Alimony. Each party does hereby waive alimony   and does hereby totally, irrevocably and completely relieve the   other party of all matters and charges whatsoever excepting as   set forth in this instrument, each releasing the other of and   from all claims and demands2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*171  for anything whatsoever in the   future, including, but not limited to, alimony and separate   maintenance, regardless of the future income of the husband and   wife.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     14. Parties Bound. This Settlement Agreement shall   be binding upon the heirs, legatees, devisees, administrators,   and personal representatives of the parties hereto and, in the   event of the death of either of the parties of this Settlement   Agreement while said Settlement Agreement is in force and   effect, the estate of said deceased party shall be obligated and   responsible for the performance of the obligations and   conditions of this Settlement Agreement.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     18. Marital Residence. The parties jointly own as   tenants by the entireties a certain single family residence * *   *. Within ten days of the execution of this Agreement, the   husband shall pay to the wife in current cash funds the sum of  $ 37,000 representing the wife's interest in this residence. 2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*172     Contemporaneous with the transfer of these funds, the wife shall   execute a quit-claim deed conveying to the husband all of her   right, title and interest in this property. [8] The provisions of the settlement agreement were incorporated into a Final Judgment of Dissolution of Marriage.On March 7, 2000, petitioner issued a check payable to Ms. Gamer in the amount of $ 37,000. Petitioner wrote "Settlement" on the memo section of the check.Petitioner filed Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for the taxable year 2000. On his 2000 return, petitioner claimed a deduction in the amount of $ 37,000 for "alimony paid" to Ms. Gamer.On September 3, 2002, respondent issued a notice of deficiency to petitioner determining a $ 5,267 deficiency in his income tax for the 2000 taxable year. In the notice, respondent disallowed the $ 37,000 deduction for alimony claimed by petitioner on the ground that "Lump-sum cash paid as a property settlement is not deductible as alimony."Discussion 22003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*173 Generally, a property settlement incident to a divorce is not a taxable event and does not give rise to a deduction. Sec. 1041; Estate of Goldman v. Commissioner, 112 T.C. 317">112 T.C. 317, 112 T.C. 317">322 (1999), affd. without published opinion sub nom. Schutter v. Commissioner, 242 F.3d 390">242 F.3d 390 (10th Cir. 2000). However, section 215(a) allows a deduction for the payment of alimony during a taxable year.Section 215(b) defines alimony as payment which is includable in the gross income of the recipient under section 71. Section 71(b) provides a four-step inquiry for determining whether a cash payment is alimony. Section 71(b) provides:     SEC. 71(b). Alimony or Separate Maintenance Payments   Defined. -- For purposes of this section --     (1) In general. -- The term "alimony or separate   maintenance payment" means any payment in cash if --        (A) such payment is received by (or on behalf of) a     spouse under a divorce or separation instrument,        (B) the divorce or separation instrument does not     designate such payment as a payment which is not includible 2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*174      in gross income under this section and not allowable as a     deduction under section 215,        (C) in the case of an individual legally separated     from his spouse under a decree of divorce or of separate     maintenance, the payee spouse and the payor spouse are not     members of the same household at the time such payment is     made, and        (D) there is no liability to make any such payment for     any period after the death of the payee spouse and there is     no liability to make any payment (in cash or property) as a     substitute for such payments after the death of the payee     spouse. Accordingly, if the payment made by petitioner fails to meet any one of the four enumerated criteria, that payment is not alimony and is not deductible by petitioner.The parties agree that petitioner's $ 37,000 payment to Ms. Gamer satisfies the requirements set forth in section 71(b)(1)(A), (B), and (C). On the other hand, the parties dispute whether the requirements of section 71(b)(1)(D) have been satisfied.The history2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*175  of section 71(b)(1)(D) establishes that it was enacted to distinguish alimony, deductible by the payor and includable in the payee's gross income, from payments in the nature of property settlements, which are nondeductible by the payor and excludable from the payee's gross income.In 1984, Congress revised section 71 in an attempt to minimize the differences in Federal tax consequences created by differences in State laws and to establish an objective and uniform Federal standard as to what constitutes alimony. See sec. 422(a) of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (DRA 1984), Pub. L. 98-369, 98 Stat. 795; see also H. Rept. 98-432, Part 2, 1495, 1496 (1984), wherein the House Ways and Means Committee articulated the purpose of the 1984 amendment as follows:   The Committee bill attempts to define alimony in a way that   would conform to general notions of what type of payments   constitute alimony as distinguished from property settlements   and to prevent the deduction of large, one-time lump-sum   property settlements. [Emphasis added.]           *   *   *   *   *   *   *   In order to prevent the deduction2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*176  of amounts which are in effect   transfers of property unrelated to the support needs of the   recipient, the bill provides that a payment qualifies as alimony   only if the payor * * * has no liability to make any such   payment for any period following the death of the payee spouse.   * * * [17] For payments to constitute alimony, section 71(b)(1)(D), as originally enacted by DRA 1984, required the divorce or separation instrument to state that there was no liability on the payor spouse to make the payments after the death of the payee spouse. 3 However, under the statutory law of most States, alimony terminates at the death of the payee spouse unless the separation agreement or the divorce decree provides to the contrary. Therefore, in 1986, Congress struck from section 71(b)(1)(D) the parenthetical providing for alimony treatment only if the divorce or separation instrument stated that there was no liability on behalf of the payor spouse to make the payments after the death of the payee spouse. See sec. 1843(b) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, 100 Stat. 2853. But even after the 1986 amendment, whether an obligation to make payments2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*177  survives the death of the payee spouse "may be determined by the terms of the applicable instrument, or if the instrument is silent on the matter, by looking to State law." Kean v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-163.The issue before us is whether the $ 37,000 payment petitioner made to Ms. Gamer pursuant to the settlement agreement was for her support, thus constituting alimony, or in the nature of a property settlement and therefore not deductible from his gross income. Specifically, we must decide whether2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*178  under the terms of the settlement agreement, petitioner would have been liable for the $ 37,000 payment in the event of Ms. Gamer's prior death.Respondent contends that petitioner was obligated under the terms of the settlement agreement to make the $ 37,000 payment to Ms. Gamer in the event of her prior death. Petitioner primarily argues that, because the $ 37,000 payment was required to be made almost simultaneously with the execution of the settlement agreement (i.e., within 10 days of the date of the settlement agreement), there arose no liability that would not have terminated at Ms. Gamer's death.We hold that the $ 37,000 payment petitioner made to Ms. Gamer in 2000 was a property settlement and not deductible alimony.In reaching our conclusion, we apply the language of the settlement agreement itself. Paragraph 10 of the settlement agreement provides that both petitioner and Ms. Gamer waive alimony. Paragraph 18 of the settlement agreement, however, provides that "[petitioner] shall pay [Ms. Gamer] the sum of $ 37,000" in exchange for Ms. Gamer's interest in the marital residence. The terms of the settlement agreement do not state that petitioner's liability to make2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*179  the $ 37,000 payment would cease upon the prior death of Ms. Gamer. Additionally, paragraph 14 of the settlement agreement provides that petitioner and Ms. Gamer remain bound to all obligations of the settlement agreement in the event of the death of either individual. Petitioner also admitted at trial that he understood that under the terms of the settlement agreement, in the event of Ms. Gamer's prior death, he would still be obligated to make the $ 37,000 payment to Ms. Gamer's estate and Ms. Gamer's estate would still be obligated to transfer her interest in the marital residence to him.The fact that petitioner was required to make the $ 37,000 payment within 10 days of the execution of the settlement agreement is irrelevant. In Webb v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-540, the separation agreement provided, in part, that "The Husband shall pay, simultaneously with the execution of this Agreement, to the Wife, the sum of [$ 15,000]". We held that the fact that the separation agreement provided that the husband "shall pay" was sufficient to create a liability that would have been enforceable by the ex-wife's estate had she died after the execution of the separation2003 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 169">*180  agreement but before payment by the husband. In Webb, it was of no consequence that the husband's payment was made simultaneously with the execution of the separation agreement.We find that the terms of the settlement agreement provide that petitioner would still be required to make the $ 37,000 payment in the event of Ms. Gamer's prior death. Accordingly, the $ 37,000 payment from petitioner to Ms. Gamer fails to satisfy the requirements of section 71(b)(1)(D) and, therefore, does not qualify as deductible alimony. In view of the foregoing, we sustain respondent's determination.We have considered all of the other arguments made by petitioner, and, to the extent that we have not specifically addressed them, we find them to be without merit.Reviewed and adopted as the report of the Small Tax Case Division.To reflect the foregoing,Decision will be entered for respondent.  Footnotes1. Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for 2000, the taxable year in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩2. We decide the issue in this case without regard to the burden of proof. See sec. 7491; Rule 142(a); Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438">116 T.C. 438↩ (2001).3. As amended by the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-369, 98 Stat. 795, sec. 71(b)(1)(D) provided as follows:     (D) there is no liability to make any such payment for any   period after the death of the payee spouse and there is no   liability to make any payment (in cash or property) as a   substitute for such payments after the death of the payee spouse   (and the divorce or separation instrument states that there is   no such liability).↩