Court Opinion

ID: 4656648
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-02 18:04:34.077611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:59.028188
License: Public Domain

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                                  Appellate Court                         Date: 2021.02.02
                                                                          09:11:36 -06'00'

                        In re J.C., 2020 IL App (2d) 200063

Appellate Court       In re J.C. and A.K., Minors (The People of the State of Illinois,
Caption               Petitioner-Appellee v. Shannon S., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No.        Second District
                      No. 2-20-0063

Rule 23 order filed   June 18, 2020
Motion to
publish allowed       July 6, 2020
Opinion filed         July 6, 2020

Decision Under        Appeal from the Circuit Court of Winnebago County, Nos. 17-JA-367,
Review                18-JA-185; the Hon. Mary Linn Green, Judge, presiding.

Judgment              Affirmed.

Counsel on            Azhar J. Minhas, of Belvidere, for appellant.
Appeal
                      Marilyn Hite Ross, State’s Attorney, of Rockford (Patrick Delfino,
                      Edward R. Psenicka, and Stephanie Hoit Lee, of State’s Attorneys
                      Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
     Panel                     JUSTICE BRENNAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                               opinion.
                               Justices Hutchinson and Hudson concurred in the judgment and
                               opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1        Respondent, Shannon S., appeals from the trial court’s order finding her to be an unfit
      parent and subsequently terminating her parental rights to her two children, J.C. and A.K.
      Specifically, she claims that the trial court erred when, at the unfitness hearing, it allowed into
      evidence (1) two guardian ad litem (GAL) exhibits that were irrelevant for the purpose of the
      unfitness hearing and (2) two GAL exhibits that did not qualify as indicated reports under
      section 2-18(4)(b) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Juvenile Court Act) (705 ILCS 405/2-
      18(4)(b)(West 2018)) and therefore contained inadmissible hearsay. For the following reasons,
      we affirm.

¶2                                           I. BACKGROUND
¶3        On November 23, 2017, the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) received
      a hotline call reporting that respondent had given birth to J.C. and he had tested positive for
      cocaine, benzolecgonine, opiates, codeine, and morphine. Respondent had admitted to active
      use of cocaine and opiates when she came into the hospital. Respondent had also told the
      reporter that she had another child at home. It was learned that respondent had given the
      hospital a false name and address after she discharged herself against medical advice while
      J.C. was still in the neonatal intensive care unit, suffering from symptoms of drug withdrawal.
¶4        On December 12, 2017, the State filed a neglect petition in case No. 2017-JA-367 (J.C.’s
      case). That petition contained four counts alleging that J.C. was a neglected minor pursuant to
      section 2-3 of the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/2-3 (West 2016)). Counts I and II
      respectively alleged that J.C. was neglected because he was born with cocaine and opiates in
      his system. Id. § 2-3(1)(c). Count III alleged that J.C.’s environment was injurious to his
      welfare in that respondent had a substance abuse problem that prevented her from properly
      parenting, putting J.C. at risk. Id. § 2-3(1)(b). Count IV alleged that J.C. was neglected because
      he was not receiving the necessary care for his well-being, including food, clothing, and
      shelter, or he had been abandoned at birth. Id. § 2-3(1)(a).
¶5        On February 8, 2018, an adjudicatory hearing was held. The court accepted the parties’
      agreement that, in exchange for respondent stipulating to count II in the neglect petition, the
      State would dismiss the other three counts. At a dispositional hearing on March 8, 2018, the
      court found that respondent was unfit or unable to care for, protect, or discipline J.C. DCFS
      had temporary custody of J.C. and was then given the discretion to place him with a responsible
      relative or in foster care.
¶6        On June 12, 2018, DCFS received a hotline report that respondent had called police
      dispatch and reported shots being fired at her home. Respondent told the police that the
      shooting was due to a “drug deal gone bad” and that her child, three-year-old A.K., was present.
      A DCFS investigator spoke to respondent the next day. Respondent admitted to the investigator
      that she used heroin and crack, and she showed the investigator the “tracks” on her arms.

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¶7         Based upon these events, the State filed a petition alleging that A.K. was a neglected minor,
       in case No. 18-JA-185 (A.K.’s case). That petition had four counts. Counts I and IV were
       directed at respondent, and counts II and III were directed at A.K.’s biological father. Count I
       alleged that A.K.’s environment was injurious to her welfare, based upon respondent’s drug
       use. 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2018). Count IV alleged that A.K.’s environment was
       injurious to her because her sibling, J.C., had already been adjudicated neglected and
       respondent had failed to correct the conditions that led to J.C. being brought into care, placing
       A.K. at risk of harm. Id.
¶8         On June 15, 2018, the parties appeared in court for a shelter-care hearing in A.K.’s case.
       At the hearing, both parents stipulated to a finding of probable cause and of an immediate and
       urgent necessity for the removal of A.K. On August 6, 2018, the parties appeared in court for
       a pretrial conference in A.K.’s case and a permanency review in J.C.’s case. Lutheran Social
       Services (LSS) filed a report indicating that respondent was actively using heroin and thus had
       not been referred for any services. She was also not allowed visits with A.K. and J.C. due to
       her drug use. The trial court found that respondent had not made reasonable efforts or progress,
       and it maintained the goal for the children to return home within 12 months.
¶9         On October 24, 2018, an adjudicatory hearing in A.K.’s case took place. Michael
       Landgraff, a Rockford police officer, testified that he was on duty on June 12, 2018, around
       10:30 p.m. when he was sent to 400 South First Street in Rockford for a “shots fired” call.
       Upon arrival, he spoke to respondent, who told him that her daughter and brother were in the
       house. She explained that she and her brother had been outside her house engaged in a drug
       deal that she had arranged when something went wrong. Respondent heard five or six gunshots
       and ran back into the house. Through the window she saw her brother running down the street
       with her daughter. Landgraff said that the police were unable to find respondent’s daughter.
       According to respondent, her brother was a drug addict. The police recovered three shell
       casings and a bag containing a white, rock substance, which tested positive for cocaine.
       Respondent told Landgraff that her daughter’s birthday was February 26, 2015.
¶ 10       Amanda Dickens testified that she was an LSS caseworker on J.C.’s case and that J.C. was
       A.K.’s younger brother. Dickens said that respondent did not maintain regular contact with
       Dickens and was not currently working on any service goals.
¶ 11       The State moved to admit group exhibit 1, which included certified copies of J.C.’s neglect
       petition, orders of adjudication and disposition, and an August 6, 2018, permanency-review
       order. It also moved to admit group exhibit 2, which contained the certified DCFS records in
       A.K.’s case, and group exhibit 3, which contained the certified DCFS records in J.C.’s case.
       The exhibits were admitted without objection.
¶ 12       In its final comments, the State noted that the man whom respondent had represented was
       her brother was actually the biological father of J.C. and A.K. The State argued that respondent
       had a substance abuse problem and had not completed any services. The case was continued
       for a decision on adjudication and disposition.
¶ 13       On November 14, 2018, the case was in court for an adjudication and possible disposition
       in A.K.’s case and a permanency review in J.C.’s case. Respondent did not appear in court,
       and her counsel told the court that he had had no communication with her. The court found
       that the State had met its burden of proof as to all counts in the State’s petition in A.K.’s case
       and therefore found her to be a neglected minor. Regarding J.C., the trial court ruled that
       respondent had not made reasonable efforts or progress. It maintained the goal for him to be

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       returned home within 12 months, noting, however, that it did not know how long that goal
       could continue.
¶ 14       In a permanency report that DCFS filed in J.C.’s case on March 7, 2019, it noted that
       respondent was unemployed and still using heroin. She had not been referred to parenting and
       individual counseling because of her substance abuse. Respondent was incarcerated on January
       11, 2019, on charges of theft and possession of a controlled substance. She was allowed
       visitation with her children on Sundays, but she had been very inconsistent with her visits,
       cancelling some visits and walking out of others.
¶ 15       In an April 4, 2019, permanency-review report, also in J.C.’s case, DCFS noted that
       respondent was released from jail in February but that she had been arrested again in March
       and was currently still in custody. At a permanency-review hearing on both cases on May 13,
       2019, respondent was no longer in custody but did not appear for the hearing. The State asked
       the court to take judicial notice of the report filed, the service plans, and J.C.’s and A.K.’s
       orders of adjudication. No further evidence was presented. The State asked the court to find
       that respondent had not made reasonable efforts or progress. It reported that it would be filing
       a petition to terminate respondent’s rights as to J.C. Also, although A.K.’s case was still within
       the nine-month period, the State planned to move toward an expedited termination of parental
       rights because it did not see that respondent had any possibility of parental rehabilitation. The
       court found that respondent had again failed to make reasonable efforts or progress, and it
       changed the goal to substitute care pending a determination of termination of parental rights
       for both children.
¶ 16       On May 30, 2019, the State filed a motion for termination of respondent’s parental rights
       in both J.C.’s and A.K.’s cases. The motion filed in J.C.’s case contained three counts. Count
       I alleged that respondent had failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, or
       responsibility as to J.C.’s welfare, citing section 1(D)(b) of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS
       50/1(D)(b) (West 2018)). Count II alleged that respondent had failed to make reasonable
       efforts to correct the conditions that caused J.C. to be removed during any nine-month period
       after he was adjudicated an abused or neglected minor (id. § 1(D)(m)(i)), and count III alleged
       that respondent had failed to make reasonable progress toward J.C.’s return within any nine-
       month period after J.C. was adjudicated an abused or neglected minor (id. § 1(D)(m)(ii)). For
       purposes of counts II and III, the State referred to the nine-month periods from February 8 to
       November 9, 2018, and August 9, 2018, to May 15, 2019. The motion filed in A.K.’s case
       contained only one count and alleged that respondent had failed to maintain a reasonable
       degree of interest, concern, or responsibility as to A.K.’s welfare. See id. § 1(D)(b).
¶ 17       An unfitness hearing was held on August 15, 2019. Hope Phillips testified that she was an
       LSS supervisor. Phillips identified the People’s exhibits 1 through 4. She identified the exhibits
       as six-month service plans for respondent and identified their respective dates. The court
       admitted the exhibits without objection.
¶ 18       The State noted that it had no further witnesses to present, and it asked the court to take
       judicial notice of the neglect petitions filed in both cases as well as the adjudicatory orders and
       the orders following the permanency reviews. The court took judicial notice of these
       documents, and the State rested its case.
¶ 19       The GAL asked the court to admit into evidence her exhibits 1 and 2, certified “indicated
       packets” containing the DCFS investigations in both A.K.’s and J.C.’s cases, which were
       labeled “SCR2320040A” and “SCR2320040B.” The exhibits were admitted into evidence

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       without objection. The cause was then continued to October 11, 2019. On that date, no further
       testimony was presented, and the parties made their closing arguments.
¶ 20       In its closing argument, the State argued that it had proven by clear and convincing
       evidence that respondent had failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, or
       responsibility as alleged in A.K.’s case and in count I of J.C.’s case. It also contended that the
       evidence showed that respondent had failed to make reasonable efforts or progress as alleged
       in J.C.’s case. In support, the State referred to the permanency-review orders where the court
       had made findings as to respondent’s lack of reasonable efforts or progress. It also referred to
       the service plans as evidence that respondent was continuing to use heroin as of December
       2018, had not met with her caseworker, had not signed consents, and never completed a
       substance abuse program as required in her service plans. The service plans also showed that
       respondent missed several visitations with A.K. and J.C.
¶ 21       In the GAL’s summation, she referred to her exhibit 1, the indicated packet on A.K. She
       discussed the investigation surrounding respondent’s call to the police of shots fired outside
       her home and the fact that, at that time, respondent was inside the house using heroin, and A.K.
       was present at the scene. The GAL recommended that the court find that the State had met its
       burden of proof.
¶ 22       After hearing all the evidence, the court found that the State had proven by clear and
       convincing evidence all of the counts in both motions to terminate parental rights, and it found
       respondent to be an unfit parent on all those grounds.
¶ 23       The court subsequently held a best-interests hearing. At the hearing, the court allowed into
       evidence two more GAL exhibits. Exhibit 1 contained several pictures of A.K. and her foster
       parents as well as a letter from her foster parents indicating that they wished to adopt A.K.
       Exhibit 2 was a letter from Safe From the Start, a program within the Children’s Advocacy
       Center, recommending that A.K. remain in the care of her foster parents. At the conclusion of
       the hearing, the court found that it was in A.K.’s and J.C.’s best interests that respondent’s
       parental rights be terminated, and it entered an order terminating respondent’s parental rights.
¶ 24       Respondent timely appeals the trial court’s unfitness findings, on the grounds that it
       admitted and relied upon inadmissible hearsay and irrelevant documents. 1

¶ 25                                          II. ANALYSIS
¶ 26       On appeal, respondent claims that the trial court erred in admitting two GAL exhibits, the
       pictures and the letter from A.K.’s foster parents and the letter from Safe From the Start, at the
       unfitness hearing. Respondent argues that those exhibits should not have been admitted into
       evidence, because they were irrelevant as to the issue of unfitness. Respondent also argues that
       the trial court erred in admitting the GAL’s exhibits 1 and 2, the “indicated packets” on A.K.
       and J.C., at the unfitness hearing, because they contained inadmissible hearsay and did not
       qualify as indicated reports under section 2-18(4)(b) of the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS
       405/2-18(4)(b) (West 2018)), as the State claimed. In support of this contention, she cites In re
       G.V., 2018 IL App (3d) 180272, and In re J.C., 2012 IL App (4th) 110861. Finally, though
       respondent acknowledges that she has waived these alleged errors due to her failure to object
       before the trial court to the admission of these exhibits, she asks this court to review this issue
          1
            We note, however, that respondent is not otherwise challenging the sufficiency of the evidence
       finding her to be an unfit parent.

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       as plain error. Since the termination of parental rights affects a fundamental liberty interest, we
       will consider the issue for plain error. In re L.B., 2015 IL App (3d) 150023, ¶ 11.
¶ 27        Termination-of-parental-rights proceedings are governed by the Juvenile Court Act (705
       ILCS 405/1-1 et seq. (West 2018)) and the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/0.01 et seq. (West
       2018)). In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d 476, 494 (2002). A petition to terminate parental rights is filed
       under section 2-29 of the Juvenile Court Act, which delineates a two-step process in seeking
       to terminate parental rights involuntarily. See 705 ILCS 405/2-29(2) (West 2018). The State
       must first establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent is an unfit person under
       one or more of the grounds of unfitness enumerated in section 1(D) of the Adoption Act (750
       ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2018)). 705 ILCS 405/2-29(2), (4) (West 2018). If the court finds that the
       parent is unfit, the matter proceeds to a second hearing, at which the State must prove, by a
       preponderance of the evidence, that termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the
       child. Id. § 2-29(2). On appeal, the trial court’s findings of parental unfitness and that
       termination of parental rights was in the child’s best interests will not be disturbed unless they
       are contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. In re R.L., 352 Ill. App. 3d 985, 998 (2004).
       A determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion
       is clearly apparent or the determination is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence.
       In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d at 498.
¶ 28        A trial court’s decision to admit evidence during a termination-of-parental-rights hearing
       is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. In re Aniylah B., 2016 IL App (1st) 153662, ¶ 22. The
       trial court abuses its discretion when no reasonable person would adopt the trial court’s view.
       Id.
¶ 29        Section 2-18(4)(a) of the Juvenile Court Act provides:
                “Any writing, record, photograph or x-ray of any hospital or public or private agency,
                whether in the form of an entry in a book or otherwise, made as a memorandum or
                record of any condition, act, transaction, occurrence or event relating to a minor in an
                abuse, neglect or dependency proceeding, shall be admissible in evidence as proof of
                that condition, act, transaction, occurrence or event, if the court finds that the document
                was made in the regular course of the business of the hospital or agency and that it was
                in the regular course of such business to make it, at the time of the act, transaction,
                occurrence or event, or within a reasonable time thereafter. A certification by the head
                or responsible employee of the hospital or agency that the writing, record, photograph
                or x-ray is the full and complete record of the condition, act, transaction, occurrence or
                event and that it satisfies the conditions of this paragraph shall be prima facie evidence
                of the facts contained in such certification. A certification by someone other than the
                head of the hospital or agency shall be accompanied by a photocopy of a delegation of
                authority signed by both the head of the hospital or agency and by such other employee.
                All other circumstances of the making of the memorandum, record, photograph or x-
                ray, including lack of personal knowledge of the maker, may be proved to affect the
                weight to be accorded such evidence, but shall not affect its admissibility.” (Emphasis
                added.) 705 ILCS 405/2-18(4)(a) (West 2018).
¶ 30        An indicated report is “any report of child abuse or neglect made to [DCFS] for which it is
       determined, after an investigation, that credible evidence of the alleged abuse or neglect
       exists.” 89 Ill. Adm. Code 300.20 (2018); see also 325 ILCS 5/3 (West 2018) (“ ‘An indicated
       report’ means a report made under [the Abused and Neglected Child Reporting] Act if an

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       investigation determines that credible evidence of the alleged abuse or neglect exists.”). An
       indicated report filed pursuant to the Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act shall be
       admissible in evidence. 705 ILCS 405/2-18(4)(b) (West 2018). Sections 2-18(4)(a) and (4)(b)
       provide exceptions to the hearsay bar. See In re J.C., 2012 IL App (4th) 110861, ¶ 23; In re
       A.B., 308 Ill. App. 3d 227, 235 (1999).
¶ 31       We first address respondent’s claim that the trial court erred in admitting two GAL
       exhibits: the pictures and the letter from A.K.’s foster parents and the letter from Safe From
       the Start recommending that A.K. remain in the custody of her foster parents. Respondent
       argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting these exhibits into evidence at the
       unfitness hearing, because they were irrelevant to the issue of her alleged unfitness. She
       contends that we can infer that the trial court relied upon those exhibits at the unfitness hearing
       when it remarked in its ruling that the GAL’s exhibits were “quite sad.”
¶ 32       Respondent’s contentions regarding these two exhibits, however, are belied by the record.
       As the State points out, these exhibits were admitted at the best interest-interests hearing, about
       which respondent raises no claims of error, and not at the unfitness hearing. What the trial
       court said was that “[t]he indicated packets were really quite sad,” and the packets did not
       include the letters from the foster parents or Safe From the Start. Therefore, these evidentiary
       claims have no merit.
¶ 33       We also find no error in the trial court admitting the GAL’s exhibits 1 and 2 into evidence
       at the unfitness hearing. A review of those exhibits demonstrates that each report contains the
       proper certification and notes, with specific dates and times for the events described in the
       reports. Many of the events reported came from either a DCFS investigator who was present
       for the event or admissions from respondent herself. In SCR 2329940A, it was reported that a
       DCFS investigator visited J.C. in the hospital after his birth. J.C. had tested positive for cocaine
       and opiates and was suffering from withdrawal symptoms. The DCFS investigator explained
       the steps she took to locate respondent after respondent signed herself out of the hospital
       against medical advice. When J.C. was ready to be released from the hospital, the investigator
       could not find respondent. She had given the hospital a false name and birth date for herself,
       and the investigator verified that fact with the hospital. Respondent admitted to the investigator
       that she had given the hospital false information regarding her identity. She also admitted to
       the investigator and hospital personnel that she had used heroin and other drugs while pregnant
       with J.C.
¶ 34       Respondent takes issue with this report because, she claims, the DCFS investigator did not
       note how she learned that J.C. was born with drugs in his system or the specific drugs for which
       he tested positive. Our review of the report indicates that the investigator spoke to a Michelle
       Strand-Dorsey on November 27, 2017, who told the investigator that J.C. had heroin and
       cocaine in his system at birth. The investigator also reported that on December 8, 2017, she
       spoke with Dr. Frank Hernandez, who specifically noted each drug that was found in J.C.’s
       system at birth. With regard to any portion of the report that does not specifically delineate
       how certain information was gleaned, we remind respondent that a lack of knowledge on the
       part of the reporter goes to the report’s weight and not its admissibility. 705 ILCS 405/2-
       18(4)(a) (West 2018).
¶ 35       In SCR 2329940B, Landgraff, a police officer, made the initial DCFS report that A.K. was
       at respondent’s house when respondent and another person (initially misidentified by
       respondent as her brother but later revealed to be both children’s father) had gone outside of

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       the home to participate in a drug deal for heroin. The drug deal “went bad,” and shots were
       fired. Respondent told Landgraff that her “brother” had fled with A.K. after the incident and
       that she could not find her. The report also indicated that respondent admitted to the DCFS
       investigator that she used heroin and crack cocaine. The investigator and Landgraff both
       observed the condition of the house and reported it to be filthy and not fit for a child to reside
       in. When the investigator was finally able to locate A.K., she was dirty, had no underwear on,
       and had a blister on her foot and scratches on her back and leg.
¶ 36        We are not persuaded by the cases respondent relies on to support her argument that the
       trial court erred in admitting the GAL’s exhibits at the unfitness hearing. In In re G.V., 2018
       IL App (3rd) 180272, ¶ 34, the Third District held that the admission into evidence of an
       investigatory report as an indicated report did not comply with the Juvenile Court Act and
       deprived the parents of due process. In that case, other than the first four pages, the
       investigatory report was of an investigation from another state, without any verification that
       the information contained in that report was brought to the attention of DCFS or that the
       information was even based upon anyone’s personal knowledge. Id. ¶¶ 30-32. Here, we have
       quite the opposite. All the information in both GAL exhibits was properly certified. The
       overwhelming majority of the information reported came from either a person who had
       firsthand knowledge of the information in the report or admissions by respondent herself.
       Regarding the few pages in the report where the DCFS investigator did not note how she
       learned what specific drugs were in J.C.’s system, that information was contained elsewhere
       in the report, and as we have noted, lack of firsthand knowledge goes to the weight of the report
       and not its admissibility. 705 ILCS 405/2-18(4)(a) (West 2018). Moreover, as we noted in In re
       Z.J., 2020 IL App (2d) 190824, ¶ 68, In re G.V. is of questionable value on this evidentiary
       question in that it never mentioned or discussed section 2-18(4)(a) of the Juvenile Court Act
       (705 ILCS 405/2-18(4)(a) (West 2018)).
¶ 37        Nor is In re J.C., 2012 IL App (4th) 110861, of avail to respondent. In that case, DCFS’s
       “indicated reports” contained printouts of the entire DCFS case file, which included records
       from agencies other than DCFS. Id. ¶¶ 10-14. The appellate court said that it found no basis
       for including an entire DCFS investigatory file within the definition of an “indicated report”
       and that therefore the trial court erred by admitting the State’s exhibits in their entirety on that
       basis. Id. ¶¶ 23-24.
¶ 38        Here, the reports in the GAL’s exhibits 1 and 2 did not include the entire DCFS case file.
       On the contrary, the overwhelming majority of the documents in those reports reflected exactly
       how, when, and from whom the information contained in the reports was brought to DCFS’s
       attention. In addition, each of those exhibits contained a certification that established the
       foundation for the admission of the reports pursuant to section 2-18(4)(a) of the Juvenile Court
       Act. 705 ILCS 405/2-18(4)(a) (West 2018). The reports were also properly considered
       indicated reports because they contained credible evidence of J.C.’s and A.K.’s neglect. For
       all these reasons, we find that these exhibits were properly admitted into evidence under both
       sections 2-18(4)(a) and 2-18(4)(b). Id. § 2-18(4)(a), (b).

¶ 39                                       III. CONCLUSION
¶ 40       In sum, we did not need to address the admissibility of two of the GAL’s exhibits, since
       the record made it clear that they were not admitted into evidence at the unfitness hearing, as
       respondent claimed. Also, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the GAL’s

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       exhibits 1 and 2 to be admitted into evidence at the unfitness hearing, since they were certified
       records that contained credible evidence of J.C.’s and A.K.’s neglect. For these reasons, the
       trial court’s order terminating the respondent’s parental rights to J.C. and A.K. is affirmed.
¶ 41        The judgment of the circuit court of Winnebago County is affirmed.

¶ 42      Affirmed.

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