Court Opinion

ID: 9410507
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-21 16:10:26.197237+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:58.224500
License: Public Domain

J-A15006-23

    NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    KRISTEN MICHELLE PREVITE                   :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1383 WDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 15, 2022
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Indiana County
                  Criminal Division at CP-32-CR-0000146-2021

BEFORE:      MURRAY, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                                FILED: July 21, 2023

        Kristen Michelle Previte (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of

sentence imposed after a jury convicted her of aggravated assault by vehicle

while driving under the influence (AA-DUI)1 and related offenses, and the trial

court convicted her of related summary offenses. We affirm.

        The trial court summarized the facts and procedural history as follows:

              On February 18, 2020, [Appellant] was involved in a motor
        vehicle accident in Indiana County, Pennsylvania. [Appellant] was
        operating a motor vehicle that sustained severe front-end
        damage. The second and third vehicles involved in the accident
        also sustained damage; these vehicles were operated by Melissa
        Henico and Kneisha Anthony, respectively. Due to the nature of
        the crash, Kneisha Anthony, hereinafter “Anthony,” was
        entrapped inside of her vehicle and sustained injuries. Anthony’s

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3735.1.
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      injuries included a “comminuted displaced fracture of the right
      patella on the inferior aspect.” Trial Tr., p. 102.

            As a result of the crash, [Appellant] was charged with one
      count of [AA-DUI]; DUI: Controlled Substance Impaired, 2nd
      Offense; DUI: General Impairment of Driving Safely, 2nd Offense;
      DUI: Controlled Substance-Combination of Alcohol/Drugs, 2nd
      Offense; Driving at Safe Speed; Exceed Max Speed Limit by 28
      MPH; Reckless Driving; and, Fail to Keep Right.

Trial Court Opinion and Order, 10/27/22, at 1-2.

      On April 30, 2021, Appellant filed a pre-trial motion requesting dismissal

of the AA-DUI charge on the basis that Anthony’s injuries did “not rise to the

level of serious bodily injury under the laws of the Commonwealth.” Omnibus

Pretrial Motion, 4/30/21, at 3.        Appellant averred the Commonwealth

“presented insufficient evidence … for the charge of [AA-DUI].” Id.

      On October 1, 2021, the trial court entered a 7-page order denying the

pre-trial motion.   The trial court cited statutory and case law, as well as

Anthony’s testimony at Appellant’s preliminary hearing. Order, 10/1/21, at

3-6. The trial court concluded that “if [] Anthony’s testimony was presented

at trial and accepted as true, this [c]ourt would be warranted in allowing the

charge of [AA-DUI] to go to the jury.” Id. at 6.

      Appellant’s jury trial commenced April 26, 2022. At the conclusion of

the Commonwealth’s case, Appellant’s counsel made an oral motion for

judgment of acquittal. N.T., 4/26/22, at 122-23. The trial court denied the

motion, explaining it had considered

      a similar issue … on [Appellant’s pre-trial motion]. The [c]ourt
      has spent a lot of time with this issue, has done a lot of research
      with regard to this issue, and … given the testimony presented,

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       the [c]ourt is going to deny the motion and let the matter proceed
       to the jury.

Id. at 123-24.

       The jury convicted Appellant of AA-DUI the following day. On August

15, 2022, the trial court sentenced Appellant to serve 5 to 10 years of

incarceration for AA-DUI.2

       Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion challenging the sufficiency

of the evidence.      The trial court held a hearing on October 11, 2022. On

October 27, 2022, the court entered an opinion and order denying the motion.

Appellant timely appealed. At the direction of the trial court, Appellant filed a

concise statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925. The trial court subsequently

adopted its October 27, 2022, opinion and order “as its Opinion per Rule

1925(a) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.” Order, 12/19/22.

       Appellant presents the following issues for review:

    1. Should the guilty verdict for [AA-DUI] be vacated because the
       evidence presented at trial was insufficient to prove beyond a
       reasonable doubt the element of serious bodily injury had been
       sustained by the victim?

    2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by upholding the jury’s
       guilty verdict of [AA-DUI] as against the weight of the evidence in
       respect to the element of a serious bodily injury having been
       sustained by the victim?

Appellant’s Brief at 3.

____________________________________________

2 The trial court amended the sentence to “order reentry supervision of 12
months consecutive to and in addition to any other lawful sentence issued by
the [c]ourt.” Order, 8/17/22.

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     1. SUFFICIENCY

     In her first issue, Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to prove

Anthony suffered serious bodily injury as required by 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3735.1.

This Court has explained:

     We are mandated to frame our sufficiency review of Appellant’s
     AA–DUI convictions by viewing all the evidence admitted at trial
     in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, to determine
     whether there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to
     find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. We
     may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the
     fact-finder who[,] while passing upon the credibility of witnesses
     and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all,
     part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Spotti, 94 A.3d 367, 374 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc)

(citations and quotation marks omitted).

     Pertinently, the Vehicle Code provides:

     Any person who negligently causes serious bodily injury to
     another person as the result of a violation of section 3802
     (relating to driving under influence of alcohol or controlled
     substance) and who is convicted of violating section 3802 commits
     a felony of the second degree when the violation is the cause of
     the injury.

75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3735.1(a) (emphasis added).

     “Serious bodily injury.” Any bodily injury which creates a
     substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent
     disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of
     any bodily member or organ.

75 Pa.C.S.A. § 102. See also 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301 (same).

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      Appellant concedes Anthony “was injured as a result of the accident.”

Appellant’s Brief at 13. However, Appellant argues Anthony did not suffer

serious bodily injury because her injuries 1) were not life threatening; 2) did

not result in permanent disfigurement; and 3) did not result in protracted loss

of bodily function. See id. at 27.

      Appellant emphasizes the “injuries [never] created, at any time or in

any way, a risk of death.” Id. at 13. Appellant states:

      During the time emergency personnel were on the scene of the
      accident, Anthony was fully conscious and based upon the
      attending emergency personnel’s knowledge and expertise, did
      not triage her as needing life-saving care, but rather routinely
      transported her to the hospital for evaluation.

Id.

      Appellant also observes Anthony suffered “no serious, permanent

disfigurement.” Id. at 16. Appellant maintains:

      Here, Anthony’s injuries did not disfigure her. She had an injury
      to her knee which potentially may have left a small superficial scar
      on her knee, but nothing which would result in, or arguably be
      considered as, tarnishing her appearance, defacing her, mutilating
      a part of her body, damaging her body in a noticeable way to
      indicate that she had been maimed, wounded, broken, and/or
      flawed. Again, no evidence was presented at trial that Anthony
      had suffered a serious, permanent disfigurement as those terms
      are commonly and reasonably defined and understood.

Id. at 15.

      Finally, Appellant claims the “only other possible way in which the

Commonwealth could prove a serious bodily injury is through the protracted

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loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” Id. at 16.

Appellant states:

      Although Anthony had some physical impairment and substantial
      pain as a result of her injury (the legal definition of “bodily injury”
      in Pennsylvania), she at no point lost the function of a bodily
      member or organ, and even if arguably there was such a loss, the
      same was certainly not protracted nor excessive as those terms
      are commonly defined and as are required to be present for a
      finding of serious bodily injury.

Id. at 20.

      We are unpersuaded by Appellant’s argument.                This Court has

explained:

      Serious bodily injury encompasses varying degrees of injury. See
      [] Spotti, 94 A.3d [at 381] (finding evidence sufficient to support
      determination that victim suffered “serious bodily injury” when
      victim suffered bone infection in arm injured in car crash, spent
      almost a week in the hospital following surgery to combat
      infection, and continues to have limited use of arm);
      Commonwealth v. Caterino, 451 Pa. Super. 42, 678 A.2d 389
      (1996) (holding serious bodily injury existed where the victim
      underwent surgery to repair severed artery).

Commonwealth v. Grays, 167 A.3d 793, 808 (Pa. Super. 2017).

      In Spotti, we concluded there was sufficient evidence to support a

finding of serious bodily injury where the victim testified to experiencing neck

strain, wrist issues, and needing physical therapy. Spotti, 94 A.3d at 381.

The victim also had elbow pain and was hospitalized for a bone infection; the

victim testified that he had long-term effects on his abilities with his right arm.

Id.

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      Likewise, in Commonwealth v. Best, 120 A.3d 329 (Pa. Super. 2015),

we deemed the evidence sufficient for the jury to find protracted impairment

— and thus serious bodily injury — as to two victims. One victim required leg

surgery, was hospitalized, and “described the ongoing ill effects that the

accident has had on his life.”      Id. at 334.    The other victim was also

hospitalized, had hip surgery, and “described the ill effects that the accident

has had on her life.” Id.

      Here, Indiana Borough Police Detective Andrew Perry testified to

responding to the accident, which occurred more than two years prior to trial.

Detective Perry stated that he “ran over” to the driver’s side door of Anthony’s

vehicle, but “was unable to force the door open.”        N.T., 4/26/22, at 60.

Detective Perry was able to communicate with Anthony, who was “hysterical

and crying” and “concerned for her children.” Id. Anthony also indicated she

was unable to move. Id.

      Anthony was 35 years old at the time of trial. Id. at 48. She testified

that she was driving her 10-year-old daughter to cheer practice when the

accident occurred.   Id. at 27.   Anthony thought she initially “passed out”

because of the accident’s impact. Id. at 28. However, she subsequently “tried

to open [the] car door to get to [her] kids,” but could not open the door, and

“pain set into [her] leg and [she] realized [she] couldn’t move [her right] leg.”

Id. She stated she “was afraid to look [at her leg, and felt] a very sharp pain,

like a throbbing pain, and [she] couldn’t move [her] leg.” Id. at 29.

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      First responders extracted Anthony from the car, placed her on a

stretcher, and an ambulance transported her to the hospital. Id. Anthony

relayed that medical personnel examined her for leg and wrist pain, and

discharged her with crutches and a leg brace because she “couldn’t bear

weight on [her] leg.” Id.

      Anthony had surgery on her leg two days after the accident. Id. at 32.

She then participated in physical therapy, which lasted for approximately eight

months. Id. at 34-35. Anthony testified that she continues to do her physical

therapy exercises at home “just to keep the knee moving.” Id. at 35.

      According to Anthony, she can ride her bike and work as an elementary

school paraprofessional, although both activities are impacted by the injury.

Id. at 36, 40, 45. She favors her left leg due to the injury to her right leg,

and she is limited in performing activities which require “a lot of weight-

bearing” or carrying.   Id. at 37, 46.      Anthony cannot physically perform

household chores (such as carrying laundry upstairs), carry her youngest

child, or run and camp like she had prior to the accident. Id. at 36-38. She

still takes over-the-counter medication as needed for leg pain. Id. at 39, 42,

47-48.

      Anthony described her impairment:

      I don’t kneel at all. If I kneel, I need help to get back up, and the
      sensation in my leg … I just can’t tolerate it, the feeling. I don’t
      kneel at all. If I squat, I use support to get back up, whereas
      before I would jump, run, go.

Id. at 48.

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       Physician Assistant Kara Wess Anderson treated Anthony when she

arrived at the hospital emergency department. Id. at 101. Ms. Anderson

testified that x-rays indicated Anthony suffered a “comminuted displaced

fracture of the right patella on the inferior aspect.” Id. at 102. Ms. Anderson

stated that Anthony’s knee “was basically broken apart into multiple pieces or

out of place, and it was on the lower portion of the kneecap.”                       Id.

Consequently, Ms. Anderson referred Anthony to an orthopedic surgeon “for

surgery to reattach the patella, which is the kneecap.” Id. at 104.

       Anthony’s     orthopedic     surgeon,     Dr.   David   Wilson,   testified   that

“radiographs showed [Anthony] had a fractured kneecap which was displaced,

and on exam, consistent with [her] large swollen knee.”3 Id. at 112. Dr.

Wilson explained the “kneecap, what we call the patella, connects the upper

leg with the lower leg via tendons.              So it’s what we call the extensor

mechanism that allows you to walk.” Id. at 113. He continued:

       There’s a tendon connecting it to your shinbone that allows you to
       move the knee. In [Anthony’s] case, she had a fracture of the
       bone right at the bottom of the kneecap, and it actually separated
       [from] the tendon. We call this structure … the retinaculum, and
       that actually was torn. So her extensor mechanism was disrupted,
       and that ha[d] to be repaired. The surgery is to reconstruct the
       extensor mechanism.

Id. at 113-14.

       Appellant’s counsel questioned Dr. Wilson on cross-examination:

____________________________________________

3 The trial court accepted Dr. Wilson “as an expert in his field of orthopedic
surgery.” Id. at 112.

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            Q.    With a repair of this type, is it expected, you said
       about a year for a full recovery?

              A.     Yes.

             Q.   So when we talk about a full recovery, we’re talking
       about being able to walk and being able to handle daily activities
       and those kind of things?

              A.   Well, no. I think the[ patient] should be back to some
       of those activities before the year. The year is more what we
       call maximum medical improvement to where we’re trying
       to get them back to where they were pre-injury state, but
       along the way patients are walking and back to that type of
       activity.

Id. at 117-18 (emphasis added).

       On re-direct, Dr. Wilson described “maximum medical improvement” as

a “gauge to measure how well people are going to do. [I]t’s sort of a time

frame that we have when somebody is probably the best they’re going

to be.” Id. at 119 (emphasis added).

       Upon “complete review and evaluation of testimony,” the trial court

concluded Anthony’s injury was “consistent with the legal definition of ‘serious

bodily injury.’”4 Trial Court Opinion and Order, 10/27/22, at 8. We agree.

The evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that Anthony suffered

____________________________________________

4 The trial court observed: “When Dr. Wilson cleared Anthony at the one-year
mark, he believed that she had reached maximum medical improvement.”
Trial Court Opinion and Order, 10/27/22, at 7 (citation omitted). The court
referenced Dr. Wilson’s testimony about “maximum medical improvement”
being the time to heal to “maximum capacity and further improvement is not
possible.” Id. at n.3. The court stated, “the term does not mean that the
injured subject is completely healed; rather, as stated, no further
improvement is possible.” Id.

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protracted impairment of the function of her knee which constituted serious

bodily injury.

      2. WEIGHT

      In her second issue, Appellant assails the weight of the evidence.

Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by “allowing the guilty

verdict to remain.”    Appellant’s Brief at 24.    Appellant claims “the only

evidence presented at trial was scant and limited evidence that Anthony

suffered a bodily injury, let alone a serious bodily injury.”   Id.   Appellant

contends:   “Injuries classified as serious bodily injury should be saved for

extreme injuries when a person has lost a function of their body.” Id. Neither

the record nor the law support this argument.

      Our standard of review when presented with a weight of the evidence

claim is distinct from the standard of review applied by the trial court. Best,

120 A.3d at 345.

      Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of
      discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict
      is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial judge has
      had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an
      appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the findings
      and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial
      court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of the
      evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting or
      denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict
      was or was not against the weight of the evidence ….

Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted).

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      The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact, who is

free to believe all, none, or some of the evidence, and determine the credibility

of witnesses. Commonwealth v. Talbert, 129 A.3d 536, 545 (Pa. Super.

2015) (citation omitted). “Resolving contradictory testimony and questions

of credibility are matters for the [jury, as] factfinder.” Commonwealth v.

Hopkins, 747 A.2d 910, 917 (Pa. Super. 2000). “In order for a defendant to

prevail on a challenge to the weight of the evidence, the evidence must be so

tenuous, vague[,] and uncertain that the verdict shocks the conscience of the

court.”    Talbert, supra at 546 (citation omitted).       This Court may not

substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact. Id. at 545.

      Pertinently, a weight claim “shall be raised with the trial judge in a

motion for a new trial: (1) orally, on the record, at any time before sentencing;

(2) by written motion at any time before sentencing; or (3) in a post-sentence

motion.”    Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A).   Failure to properly preserve the claim will

result in waiver, even if the trial court addresses the issue in its opinion.

Commonwealth v. Sherwood, 982 A.2d 483, 494 (Pa. 2009). Appellant

has waived her weight claim.        In her post-sentence motion, Appellant

challenged sufficiency, but not weight, and she did not otherwise raise her

weight claim as required in Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A).

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/21/2023

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