Court Opinion

ID: 6506443
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 18:18:34.6665+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:54:44.836882
License: Public Domain

WALKER, J.—
The great question of this case is, whether the government of the United States had the powmr to sell the half-sections of land reserved to the heads of families of the Creek tribe of Indians, after the expiration of five years from the ratification of the treaty *724of 24th. March, 1832, with that tribe. The decision of this question must be governed by the character of the estate which the heads of families took under the treaty in the lands selected by them.
The first article of the treaty is in the following words: “The Creek tribe of Indians cede to the United States all their lands east of the Mississippi river.” The words of this article are clear, precise, have an evident meaning, lead to no absurd conclusion, and therefore have no need of interpretation, and it is not allowable to interpret them.—Yattel’s Law of Nations, 244. They invest the United States with the title to all the lands east of the Mississippi. There are no subsequent clauses, which make exceptions from the comprehensive grant of the first article, or which qualify or restrict that grant. The subsequent clauses make provisions for the benefit of individuals, but they are benefits to be conferred by the United States, in consideration of the grant made to the United States by the tribe.
The engagements on the part of the United States, in the second article, to allow selections of sections by the ninety principal chiefs, and of half-sections by heads of families, and that twenty sections should be selected for orphan children, are not exceptions or reservations from the cession made by the first article of any pre-existing individual right in the chiefs, heads of families, or orphan children. This will be apparent from the historic fact, stated by the counsel, that the lands were the property of flie tribe, and were not cut up into individual estates. The same thing is also clearly manifest from the language of the treaty, declaring that the lands were to be afterwards selected, and attempting no further specification than that the selections should conform to the lines of survey, and should include, when practicable, the improvements of the Indian selecting. The beneficiaries under the second article are not the grantors who make the conveyance effected by the first article. The treaty recognizes the title as passiug from the tribe in its national capacity, and vesting in the United States; and the stipulations for the benefit of individuals are made by the *725United States, upon a consideration passing from the . tribe. Individuals take the benefits provided for them from the United States.
The second and sixth clauses are declaratory of some of the trusts accompanying the transfer of the lands, which are by the treaty imposed upon the United States. The government, by virtue of the first article, takes the title to the lands, and then contracts to do certain things for the benefit of persons designated in the treaty.
As the individual Indians had no pre-existing title, which was reserved by the treaty, or excepted from it, and as the title by the first article vested in the United States, we must look to the stipulations and engagements made by the United States in the articles following the cession, to ascertain the individual rights growing out of the treaty. Whatever rights these Indians may have, result from those stipulations and engagements, and by them must be measured.
We proceed to inquire as to the legal effect of the stipulations in favor of heads of families, whose rights alone are to be considered in this case. The second article of the treaty, so far as it pertains to the point of inquiry, is in the following words: “The United States engage to survey the said land as soon as the same can conveniently be done after the ratification of this treaty; to allow ninety principal chiefs of the Creek tribe to select one section each, and every other head, of a Greek family to select one half-section each ; and which tracts shcdl be reserved from sale, for their use, for the term of five years, unless sooner disposed of by them. A census of these persons shall be taken under the direction of the president, and the selections shall be made so as to include the improvements of each person within his selection, if the same can be so made; and if not, then all the persons belonging to the same town entitled to selections, and who cannot make the same so as to include their improvements, shall take them iu one body in proper form.” The third article authorizes a conveyance of the tracts with the approval of the president, and directs that the president shall make title on the completion of payment. The fifth article *726provides, that all intruders should be removed, until the country should bo surveyed and the selections made; that after the selections should bo made, the article should not operate upon that part of the country not included in the selections; and that intruders should be removed from the selections for the term of five years from the ratification of the treaty, or until the same should be conveyed to white persons.
After the Creek territory was surveyed, and the census of those entitled to make selections was taken, and the heads of families made the selections, they had some sort of title to the lands selected, upon which an action of ejectment might be sustained or resisted. The treaty does not, however, allow the estate vested by virtue of the treaty a longer duration than five years after its ratification. The estate results from the engagement to allow selections to be made, and that the tracts selected shall be reserved from sale for the use of the reserveesfor the term of five years. From such an origin a title to endure longer than five years cannot be derived. The government is simply to reserve from sale, for the use of the described persons, for five years from the ratification of the treaty. The restriction of the obligation to reserve from sale to the period of five years, suggests the conclusion, that a resumption of the authority to sell after the expiration of that period was contemplated. If that clause of the treaty stood alone, the United States, at the end of the proscribed period, might have sold the land, and, if charged with a broach of faith by the Indian, might have successfully replied, that it stipulated for nothing more than a reservation from sale for his use for five years, and had fulfilled that stipulation to the letter.
That the estate resulting from the selection by the head of a family was intended to be limited to five years, is also indicated in the limitation to five years of the obligation of the United States to protect the selected tract from intrusion. The need of protection to the Indians’ possession was perceived, and it was provided for as long a time as it was anticipated that a need of it would exist.
The power of sale conferred by the third article was *727not an unlimited power of disposition, but a power to sell for a fair consideration, with the approval of the president. The existence of such a power is not inconsistent with a limited duration of the estate expressly prescribed, and does not of itself amplify the estate into afee.
The conclusion which we have expressed is fortified by the fact, that no patent was to be issued until the end of five years, and then only to those desirous of remaining. If the fee was vested by the selection, no conceivable reason or propriety can be found, for the withholding of the usual evidence of title for five years from all the Indians, and perpetually from those not desirous of remaining. If, at the expiration of five years, the Indian who had voluntarily emigrated, and the Indian who desired to remain, alike had a title to the land, why discriminate between them, and give a patent to the latter and not to the former? It would seem, that those who had emigrated would most need a paper title to protect their rights, not accompanied with possession, and would be more likely to be the object of favorable discrimination, as the policy of the government evidenced by the treaty was to encourage emigration. This argument acquires increased force from the fact, that in the case of Benjamin Marshall, who, under the 6th article, clearly had a right to a complete title, a grant by patent is provided for, and not postponed for five years.
It being concluded that the selection by the head of a family gave a right which terminated at the end of five years, the inquiry now arises, what is the character of the right bestowed by the fourth article of the treaty. That article is as follows: “At the end of five years, all the Creeks entitled to these selections, and desirous of remaining, shall receive patents therefor in fee-simple from the United States.” If the article had read, “At the end of five years, all the Creeks entitled to these selections, and desirous of remaining, shall be invested with a fee-simple title,” it certainly would not have been less favorable to the Indian. The interpretation of that language would be: “ When the five years have expired, an Indian entitled to the selection, if he desires to remain, shall take in *728fee.” Such words would certainly prescribe a condition precedent to the vesting of the estate.—Vaughan v. Vaughan, 30 Ala. 329; 1 Jarman on Wills, 671. Drawing our argument from a view of the treaty alone, we are led to the conclusion, that the right resulting from the selection terminated at the end of five years, and that then upon the occurrence of a prescribed' condition precedent a right to a fee would spring up.
There are decisions of this court touching the question under examination, and we must consider their bearing upon it. The case of Chinnubbee v. Nicks, 3 Port. 362, presented the question of the right of dower, on the part of the widow of an Indian who had made his selection under the treaty, and died before the expiration of five years from its ratification. The right of dower, a®d the existence of afee within five years in the reservee, were denied, and the Indian is said to have an election to acquire a fee. This stands irreconcilable with later decisions, which characterize the estate of the Indian as a fee defeasible upon condition subsequent. The opinion in Jones & Parsons v. Inge & Mardis, 5 Porter, 127, contains a careful approval of the ruling in Chinnubbee v. Nicks.
Prom the decision in Wells v. Thompson, 13 Ala. 793, we quote the following paragraph: “The title acquired by the head of a Creek family, under the treaty, was to continue for five years, unless it was sooner conveyed with the approval of the president; but, ifithere was no such conveyance, it reverted to the United States, unless the reservee or his heirs were desirous of remaining in the country after the expiration of that period. True, this is not explicitly declared; yet it follows from the terms employed in the fourth article, in which the United States stipulate to issue patents to all the reservees, who are desirous of remaining at the end of five years. All the title of the Indian tribe passed from it, and the federal government became the proprietor of the fee in the territory they had previously occupied. The government engaged, among other things, to allot half-sections of land to each head of a family, to be enjoyed for five years absolutely, and in fee upon certain conditions. Here was the grant of a fee-*729simple estate, defeasible on the happening, or rather not happening, of the event specified. If the condition was not performed as provided, the title of the reservee determined, and the land revested in the United States, without any entry or other act on the part of its agents.” In the case from which this quotation is made, it was not necessary to consider the question, whether the fee which might vest in the reservee after five years was a new estate, springing up on the performance of a condition, or the continuance of a pre-existing estate, not defeated at the end of five years, because the condition of its defeasance had not occurred. Hence some incongruity of expression has crept into it. The title which the Indian took by his selection, is spoken of as one “'to continue for five years,” and yet as reverting at the end of five years to the United States; as one to be enjoyed for five years absolutely, and in fee upon certain conditions, and yet as being a fee defeasible upon a condition subsequent. The conclusion that the estate which the reservee took was a fee, defeasible upon his not desiring to remain, is a non sequitur from that which precedes it. It is clearly a doctrine of the opinion from which we quote, that the title taken in the first place continued for only five years. If the estate was a fee defeasible at the end of five years, upon the not happening of a specified event, then the estate of the reservee who remained upon the land, and received a patent for the same, was the same in character after five years expired as before. If the Indian took a fee, merely continued on in existence if at the end of five years he desired to remain, then the estate after five years is a mere. continuation of the same estate which existed before, and the two are but parts of the same fee; yet we know such is not the case. The estate before the expiration of five years is altogether different in its quality from that which existed after five years, if there was a desire to remain. Many of the incidents of a fee were carefully and expressly excluded from the title of the reservee before the end of five years. He could alien only by sale, and by sale only upon payment made, and in the manner directed by the president, and with the president’s approval. Upon the *730occurrence of the specified condition after five years, the Indian was to receive a patent, the evidence of a complete and unqualified fee, by virtue of which he would hold the land without any of the qualifications or incidents which attached to' his previous title.
While the argument in Wells v. Thompson seems to sustain the position taken by us, its conclusion treats the two distinct and distinguishable estates existing before the expiration of five years and afterwards, if there was a desire to remain, as parts of the same fee.
The language used in Corprew v. Arthur, 15 Ala. 525, a case like the above, requiring no consideration of the precise point now in hand, is almost identical with that above quoted, and we decline to follow either of them in the conclusion announced.
In Rowland & Heifner v. Ladiga, 21 Ala. 9, it is treated as an established fact in the case, that Ladiga remained on the land, and was forcibly carried away from it after the five years; and the question was, what was a sufficient manifestation of her desire to remain on the land, and what would be the rights of her heirs, if the condition was complied with. The question of this case really did not arise before the appellate court in that case. It was immaterial in that case, as in Wells v. Thompson, and Corprew v. Arthur, whether the Indian was regarded as taking by the selection a fee defeasible upon condition subsequent, or as taking after the expiration of five years upon a condition precedent. In either view of the law, the rights of the parties were the same. And no argument is adduced upon the question. A departure from the conclusion expressed in those cases, as to a defeasible fee, involves a disturbance of no rights, and is, in our opiniou, demanded by a just construction of the treaty, by a respect for our older decisions, and by the interests alike of the government, of the purchasers of the lands, and of the Indians, who receive the purchase-money under the act of congress, a thing of much more value to them than the land.
Whatever claim the Indian reservee may have had upon the generosity or justice of the government, he had no *731claim to the land after the expiration of five years from the ratification of the treaty, unless he desired to remain. That he desired to remain, cannot be assumed. A party desiring to set up an outstanding title in the Indian reservee must show affirmatively the condition precedent upon which that title depended. The court below erred, therefore, in assuming that the reservee had a paramount title to the land, and that therefore the patent was void.
Whether the defendants are in a condition to set up the title of the reservee, and whether the patent can be controverted by any other than the reservee, and whether the decision of the government as to the performance of the condition precedent is not conclusive, are questions which we deem it unnecessary to consider in the case as now presented.—Jones & Parsons v. Inge & Mardis, supra.
The j udgment of the court below is reversed, and the cause remanded.