Court Opinion

ID: 4506505
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-11 18:09:48.834634+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:20:52.189128
License: Public Domain

J-S31026-19

                              2020 Pa. Super. 32

ROBERT J. PASS AND DOROTHY J. PASS               IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
                                                    OF PENNSYLVANIA
                          Appellants

                     v.

PALMIERO AUTOMOTIVE OF BUTLER,
INC., JON D. PALMIERO, AND
KATHERINE R. WILLIAMS

                          Appellees                 No. 1769 WDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered November 16, 2018
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                      Civil Division at No: AR-18-002567

BEFORE: OLSON, STABILE, and McLAUGHLIN, JJ.

OPINION BY STABILE, J.:                         FILED FEBRUARY 11, 2020

     Appellants, Robert J. Pass and Dorothy J. Pass, appeal from an order

granting the motion for summary judgment of Appellees, Palmiero Automotive

of Butler, Inc., Jon D. Palmiero, and Katherine R. Williams, and dismissing

Appellants’ action with prejudice. Appellants allege that Appellees committed

fraud by selling them a used Honda 2015 CR-V (“the vehicle”) with a defective

roof and then refusing to compensate them when rain seeped in through the

roof and damaged the vehicle. We affirm.

     Appellants alleged in their complaint that they visited Palmiero

Automotive of Butler, Inc., on June 4, 2018, and a salesperson, Williams,

showed them the vehicle. Williams represented that the vehicle was of good

quality and had no issues. Appellees marketed the vehicle as a certified pre-

owned vehicle, i.e., a vehicle that is less than six years old, has fewer than
J-S31026-19

80,000 miles, and passed a 182-point Inspection CheckList (“CheckList”). The

Checklist included a certification that the roof satisfied “paint finish and

quality” standards. Appellants placed a down payment of $2,500 to purchase

the vehicle.

      On June 11, 2018, Appellants paid the balance of the total purchase

price of $22,124.00. Appellants signed a Retail Purchase Agreement and a

Buyer’s Guide (sometimes collectively “the purchase documents”) to complete

the transaction.

      The Retail Purchase Agreement contained several pertinent provisions.

First, it stated:

      Any warranties by a manufacturer or supplier other than our
      Dealership are theirs, not ours, and only such manufacturer or
      supplier shall be liable for performance under such warranties. We
      neither assume nor authorize any other person to assume for us
      any liability in connection with the sale of the Vehicle and the
      related goods and services. If we enter into a service contract
      with you at the time of, or within 90 days of, the date of this
      transaction, we may not limit or modify the implied warranties.
      CONTRACTUAL DISCLOSURE STATEMENT (USED VEHICLES
      ONLY). The information you see on the window form for
      this Vehicle [the Buyer’s Guide] IS PART OF THIS
      CONTRACT. Information on the window form overrides any
      contrary provisions in the contract of sale (emphasis added).

Second, the Agreement included the following “as-is” clause:

      [] AS-IS: THIS MOTOR VEHICLE IS SOLD AS-IS WITHOUT ANY
      WARRANTY EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. THE PURCHASER WILL
      BEAR THE ENTIRE EXPENSE OF REPAIRING OR CORRECTING ANY
      DEFECTS THAT PRESENTLY EXIST OR THAT MAY OCCUR IN THE
      VEHICLE. We expressly disclaim all express or implied warranties,
      including any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for
      a particular purpose.

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This clause was not checked. Third, the Agreement included the following

integration clause:

      This Agreement and any documents which are part of this
      transaction or incorporated herein comprise the entire
      agreement affecting this Retail Purchase Agreement and no
      other agreement or understanding of any nature concerning the
      same has been made or entered into or will be recognized. I have
      read all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement, and
      agree to them as if they were printed above my signature .
      ..

[Emphasis added].

      The Buyer’s Guide includes the following important text:

      [x] AS IS—NO DEALER WARRANTY
      THE DEALER DOES NOT PROVIDE A WARRANTY FOR ANY REPAIRS
      AFTER SALE.

      []   DEALER WARRANTY
      [ ] FULL WARRANTY.

      [ ] LIMITED WARRANTY. The dealer will pay __% of the labor and
      __% of the parts for the covered systems that fail during the
      warranty period. Ask the dealer for a copy of the warranty, and
      for any documents that explain warranty coverage, exclusions,
      and the dealer’s repair obligations. Implied warranties under your
      state’s laws may give you additional rights.

The box for “As Is—No Dealer Warranty” was checked.

      On top of the next page of the Buyer’s Guide, two boxes for two non-

dealer warranties were checked: a manufacturer’s used vehicle warranty and

a service contract.

      In addition, one of Appellees’ representatives signed the Checklist to

certify that all applicable items on the Checklist were inspected, all required

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reconditioning was performed, and the vehicle was eligible to be a certified

pre-owned vehicle.

      On June 11, 2018, Appellants took the vehicle home. There were rain

showers overnight while the vehicle remained parked outside Appellants’

home. The following morning, Appellants discovered that the vehicle’s interior

was flooded due to a leak in the roof.       Appellants called Appellees and

demanded to return the vehicle either for complete reimbursement or for a

new vehicle. Appellees rejected both proposals.

      On July 17, 2018, Appellants filed a two-count complaint against

Appellees alleging breach of the Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer

Protection Law (“UTPCPL”), 73 P.S. §§ 201-1-201-9.3, and common law fraud.

Appellants alleged that Appellees misrepresented the quality of the vehicle

and concealed the fact that its roof was defective. Appellees filed an answer

to the complaint with new matter and then moved for summary judgment.

      On November 13, 2018, the trial court granted summary judgment to

Appellees. Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal, and the trial court filed

a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion without ordering Appellants to file a concise

statement of issues raised on appeal.

      Appellants raise three issues in this appeal:

      1. Did the Trial Court abuse its discretion and commit an error of
      law by granting summary judgment when there were genuine
      issues of material fact to be resolved by a fact finder?

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      2. Did the Trial Court abuse its discretion and commit an error of
      law when it failed to consider whether Appellants’ claims could be
      construed as fraud in the execution?

      3. Did the Trial Court abuse its discretion and commit an error of
      law by denying Appellants leave to amend when amendment
      would not be futile?

Appellants’ Brief at 4.

      When we review a challenge to the entry of summary judgment,

      [we] may disturb the order of the trial court only where it is
      established that the court committed an error of law or abused its
      discretion. As with all questions of law, our review is plenary.

      In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter summary
      judgment, we focus on the legal standard articulated in the
      summary judgment rule. See Pa.R.C.P. No. 1035.2. The rule
      [provides] that where there is no genuine issue of material fact
      and the moving party is entitled to relief as a matter of law,
      summary judgment may be entered. Where the nonmoving party
      bears the burden of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on
      his pleadings or answers in order to survive summary judgment.
      Failure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an
      issue essential to his case and on which he bears the burden of
      proof establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment
      as a matter of law. Lastly, we will review the record in the light
      most favorable to the nonmoving party, and all doubts as to the
      existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved
      against the moving party.

E.R. Linde Const. Corp. v. Goodwin, 68 A.3d 346, 349 (Pa. Super. 2013).

      Appellants argue that the Retail Purchase Agreement and the Buyer’s

Guide are ambiguous because their “as-is” clauses are “susceptible to multiple

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interpretations.”1 Appellants’ Brief at 15. Based on this perceived ambiguity,

Appellants claim that the trial court erred in entering summary judgment and

should have admitted parol evidence to construe the parties’ agreement. We

conclude the trial court’s decision was correct.

       The cardinal rule in interpreting a contract is to ascertain the parties’

intent. Lesko v. Frankford Hosp.-Bucks Cty., 15 A.3d 337, 342 (Pa. 2011).

The court must construe the entire contract to arrive at its intent.

Ramalingam v. Keller Williams Realty Group, Inc., 121 A.3d 1034, 1046

(Pa. Super. 2015). If contractual terms are clear and unambiguous, they are

deemed the best reflection of the parties’ intent. Kripp v. Kripp, 849 A.2d
1159, 1162 (Pa. 2004). If they are ambiguous, it is permissible to ascertain

their meaning through parol (i.e., extrinsic) evidence. Murphy v. Duquesne

Univ. of the Holy Ghost, 777 A.2d 418, 429 (Pa. 2001). Contractual terms

are ambiguous “if they are subject to more than one reasonable interpretation

when applied to a particular set of facts.”      Id. at 430.   A contract is not

ambiguous, however, merely because the parties do not agree on its

construction. Nicholas v. Hoffman, 158 A.3d 675, 693 (Pa. Super. 2017).

Nor does ambiguity exist if it appears that “only a lawyer’s ingenuity has made

____________________________________________

1Appellants do not mention the Checklist in this argument. See Appellants’
Brief at 14-20. Thus, we do not examine whether the Checklist is a source of
ambiguity. Appellants refer to the Checklist only in their second argument on
appeal, which we discuss infra.

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the language uncertain.” Consolidated Rail Corporation v. ACE Property

& Casualty Insurance Co., 182 A.3d 1011, 1026 (Pa. Super. 2018).

      In this case, the Retail Purchase Agreement provides that (1) the

Buyer’s Guide was “part of” the parties’ agreement; (2) the information in the

Buyer’s Guide “overrides any contrary provisions” in the Retail Purchase

Agreement; and (3) any documents that are “part of this transaction or

incorporated herein” comprise the entire agreement.          Thus, the parties

intended the Retail Purchase Agreement and Buyer’s Guide to be construed

together, with the Buyer’s Guide overriding any contrary provisions in the

Retail Purchase Agreement.       The “as-is” clause in the Retail Purchase

Agreement was not checked. At the bottom of the same page, both Appellants

signed the Retail Purchase Agreement. Their signatures were directly beneath

the provision that the parties’ agreement included any documents that were

“part of this transaction,” i.e., the Buyer’s Guide. These facts make clear that

Appellants reviewed the Buyer’s Guide before signing the Retail Purchas

Agreement. Further, in the Buyer’s Guide, the box was checked next to “AS

IS—NO DEALER WARRANTY. THE DEALER DOES NOT PROVIDE A WARRANTY

FOR ANY REPAIRS AFTER SALE.” Directly beneath this text are boxes for a

full dealer warranty and limited dealer warranty. Neither of these boxes were

checked. At the top of the next page, two boxes were checked in the “Non-

Dealer Warranties” section: a box stating “MANUFACTURER’S USED VEHICLE

WARRANTY APPLIES” and a box providing a “service contract.” On the final

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page of the Buyer’s Guide, Appellants signed the signature line acknowledging

receipt of this document. Viewed collectively, these facts demonstrate that

Appellants reviewed both the Retail Agreement and Buyer’s Guide, examined

all of their options, elected not to obtain any dealer warranty, and instead

selected two non-dealer warranties. Because there was no ambiguity, the

trial court properly declined to admit parol evidence.

      Appellants insist that the purchase documents are ambiguous due to

textual differences between the “as-is” clauses in the Retail Purchase

Agreement and Buyer’s Guide. According to Appellants, the Retail Purchase

Agreement’s “as-is” clause absolves Appellees from repairing defects that

arise before or after sale, but the Buyer’s Guide’s “as-is” clause has narrower

language that only excuses Appellees from repairing defects arising after sale.

Appellants further claim that the Retail Purchase Agreement’s “as-is” clause

precludes express or implied warranties, whereas the Buyer’s Guide’s “as-is”

clause precludes only implied warranties.       Based on these differences,

Appellants argue that parol evidence is necessary to define the scope of the

Buyer’s Guide’s “as-is” clause, and such evidence will demonstrate that

Appellees remain responsible under this clause for pre-sale defects, including

the leak in the vehicle’s roof.

      Appellants read too much into linguistic variations between the two “as-

is” clauses. The Buyer’s Guide’s “as-is” clause conveys the same concept as

the Retail Purchase Agreement: after the vehicle is sold, Appellees are not

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responsible for “any” repairs, regardless of whether the defect necessitating

the repair occurred before or after the sale.       It is also telling that (1) the

dealer’s full and limited warranty boxes in the Buyer’s Guide, directly beneath

the checked “as-is” clause, are unchecked, (2) the non-dealer’s warranties on

the next page is checked, (3) Appellants signed the signature line on the final

page of the Buyer’s Guide acknowledging receipt of this document, and (4)

Appellants signed the Retail Purchase Agreement directly beneath the

provision     that   the   parties’   agreement   included   the   Buyer’s   Guide.

Ramalingam, 121 A.3d at 1046 (court must construe entire contract to

decipher its intent). Had Appellants intended for Appellees to repair pre- or

post-sale defects, they would have selected the full or the limited dealer

warranty options instead of allowing these boxes in the Buyer’s Guide to

remain unchecked.          Appellants eschewed these options, since the “as-is”

option and non-dealer warranties were checked instead.

         In their second argument, Appellants assert that summary judgment

was improper because the court should have permitted parol evidence to

demonstrate Appellees’ fraud in the execution of the contract.          Appellants

state:

         Throughout the entire transaction, Appellees represented that the
         CR-V was a “certified pre-owned” vehicle and did not contain any
         material defects. Based upon these representations, [Appellants]
         understood the purchase agreement to not be “as-is” and that the
         guarantee of the vehicle’s “certified” quality was included in the
         contract’s terms. This guarantee was represented through the
         Honda Certified Pre-owned, 182 Point Inspection Checklist.

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      Appellants understood this to be a document which was a part of
      the transaction and, as a result, the contract.

Appellants’ Brief at 21. We hold that the fraud-in-the-execution doctrine does

not apply to this case.

      When the parties intend for a writing to be their entire contract, parol

evidence is inadmissible to demonstrate fraud in the inducement of the

contract, i.e., “an opposing party made false representations that induced the

complaining party to agree to the contract.” Toy v. Metropolitan Life Ins.

Co., 928 A.2d 186, 205 (Pa. 2007). To determine whether or not a writing is

the parties’ entire contract,

      the writing must be looked at and if it appears to be a contract
      complete within itself, couched in such terms as import a complete
      legal obligation without any uncertainty as to the object or extent
      of the [parties’] engagement, it is conclusively presumed that [the
      writing represents] the whole engagement of the parties. An
      integration clause which states that a writing is meant to
      represent the parties’ entire agreement is also a clear sign that
      the writing is meant to be just that and thereby expresses all of
      the parties’ negotiations, conversations, and agreements made
      prior to its execution.

Yocca v. Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc., 854 A.2d 425, 436 (Pa. 2004)

(citation and internal quotations and punctuation omitted). Conversely, parol

evidence is admissible to demonstrate fraud in the execution of a contract,

i.e., to show that a party “was mistaken as to the terms and the actual

contents of the agreement he executed due to the other’s fraud.” Toy, 928
A.2d at 205.

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        Here, Appellants argue that Appellees “represented” through the

Checklist that the vehicle was of sufficient quality, Appellants’ Brief at 21, a

claim     that   Appellants   entered   the   contract   due     to   fraudulent

misrepresentations in the Checklist. This was merely a claim of fraud in the

inducement, not an actionable claim of fraud in the execution.

        Finally, Appellants argue that the trial court should have granted them

leave to amend their complaint to allege breach of contract or negligent

misrepresentation. We disagree. The decision whether to allow plaintiffs to

amend their complaint lies within the sound discretion of the trial court, and

we will not disturb that decision on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.

Romah v. Hygienic Sanitation Co., 705 A.2d 841, 857 (Pa. Super. 1997).

The court need not grant leave to amend, however, where it reasonably

appears that the amendment will be futile. Stempler v. Frankford Trust

Co., 529 A.2d 521, 524 (Pa. Super. 1987). Due to the integration clause in

the Retail Purchase Agreement, parol evidence of negligent misrepresentation

or breach of contract in the inducement of the contract is inadmissible. HCB

Contractors v. Liberty Place Hotel Assoc., 652 A.2d 1278, 1279 (Pa.

1995). Further, claims of negligent misrepresentation and breach of contract

flounder because the Retail Purchase Agreement and Buyer’s Guide

demonstrate that Appellants opted to obtain non-dealer warranties but not a

dealer warranty.

        Order affirmed.

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     Judge Olson joins opinion.

     Judge McLaughlin concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/11/2020

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