Court Opinion

ID: 4425896
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-15 15:50:03.024271+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:43.439427
License: Public Domain

J-S32005-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    DWAYNE ANTHONY LATTY                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 3433 EDA 2018

     Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 27, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County Criminal Division at
                      No(s): CP-39-CR-0005896-2017

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., NICHOLS, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                              FILED AUGUST 15, 2019

       Dwayne Anthony Latty (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered after the Lehigh County Court of Common Pleas, sitting as

the factfinder in Appellant’s nonjury trial, found him guilty of Possession with

Intent to Deliver (“PWID”) a Controlled Substance (cocaine), Possession of a

Controlled Substance (cocaine), Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, and

Speeding.1 We affirm.

       In its opinion to this Court, the trial court explained the procedural

history of this case as follows:

             [Appellant] was charged in the above-captioned matter with
       [PWID] (cocaine), Possession of a Controlled Substance (cocaine),
       Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, and Speeding. An Omnibus
       Pretrial Motion in the nature of a Motion to Suppress Physical
____________________________________________

1   35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(30), (16), (32), and 75 Pa.C.S. § 3362(a),
respectively.
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      Evidence was filed by [Appellant]. An evidentiary hearing relative
      to [Appellant’s] motion was conducted before this [c]ourt on June
      4, 2018.      At the evidentiary hearing, the Commonwealth
      presented the testimony of Trooper Brian Konopka of the
      Pennsylvania State Police, Fogelsville Barracks. [Appellant] did
      not testify on his own behalf. In addition, this [c]ourt reviewed
      the dash cam video from the subject stop. After hearing, by Order
      and Opinion [dated] June 18, 2018, this [c]ourt denied
      [Appellant’s] Omnibus Pretrial Motion.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/7/18, at 1–2 (original footnotes omitted). In disposing

of Appellant’s omnibus motion, the suppression court entered the following

findings of fact:

      1. On October 4, 2017, at approximately 4:40 P.M., Trooper Brian
         Konopka of the Pennsylvania State Police, Fogelsville Barracks,
         was patrolling in the area of Interstate 78 west in Allentown,
         Upper Saucon Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania.
         Trooper Konopka was patrolling in a marked vehicle and in full
         uniform.

      2. Trooper Konopka observed a silver Chevrolet Cruze traveling
         the center lane of travel at a very slow rate of speedy, thereby
         impeding the flow of traffic.5 Trooper Konopka then proceeded
         to follow the subject vehicle. During this interval, the vehicles
         [sic] speed increased substantially. In fact, Trooper Konopka
         clocked the vehicle . . . traveling at 68 mph in a posted 55 mph
         zone. Therefore, Trooper Konopka initiated a traffic stop on I-
         78 westbound.

            5  [Appellant] was traveling at approximately 40 mph
            in a posted 55 mph zone.

      3. There were two (2) occupants in the subject vehicle. Trooper
         Konopka approached the passenger side of the vehicle and
         immediately detected a strong smell of raw marijuana
         emanating from the vehicle. In addition, there were numerous
         black tree-shaped air fresheners throughout the vehicle.6
         Trooper Konopka also observed in the vehicle an iPhone that
         was being used as a GPS device. The iPhone displayed a
         destination that was over eight (8) hours away.

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           6  Trooper Konopka testified that there were
           approximately five (5) to ten (10) air fresheners
           spread out between the front of the vehicle and the
           rear passenger compartment.        Based on Trooper
           Konopka’s training and experience, he opined that air
           fresheners are used to mask odors of contraband in
           case canines are called on scene, as well as from plain
           smell.

     4. Trooper Konopka requested that the driver and the passenger
        provide him with the appropriate documents, including their
        identification.    This request was complied with, and
        consequently the driver was identified as [Appellant] of
        Brooklyn, New York. The front passenger was identified as
        [Appellant’s] friend, Fabian Jackson, of Houston, Texas. In
        addition, the vehicle was registered to a third party who resided
        in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and who was not present in the
        vehicle at the time of the stop.

     5. Trooper Konopka requested that [Appellant] exit his vehicle so
        that [the trooper] could speak with him. Upon complying,
        [Appellant] appeared to be nervous. He told Trooper Konopka
        that he was traveling to Maryland from New York, but was
        unable to provide any specific details. Interesting, Trooper
        Konopka noted that this information contradicted the
        destination on the iPhone GPS. Also, [Appellant] advised
        Trooper Konopka that he had been driving the vehicle for
        approximately one and a half (1 ½) years and that he received
        it from his Jamaican friend, Richard Hines, in exchange for a
        truck.7   [Appellant’s] behavior appeared unusual, as he
        repeatedly stuttered and would not make eye contact with
        Trooper Konopka during their conversation. Trooper Konopka
        requested consent to search the vehicle based on the totality
        of the circumstances surrounding the traffic stop and
        [Appellant] denied consent.

           7  [Appellant] later related to Trooper Konopka that
           the vehicle was given to him by a friend.

     6. After speaking with [Appellant], Trooper Konopka spoke
        separately with the passenger while he was still in the vehicle.
        Mr. Jackson told Trooper Konopka that they were traveling to
        Charlotte from New York,8 but did not know what state
        Charlotte was located [in]. Then, Trooper Konopka inquired if

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         there was any marijuana in the vehicle. At this time, Mr.
         Jackson produced a clear plastic container from his right pants
         pocket containing a small amount of suspected marijuana. At
         this time, Trooper Konopka took possession of the marijuana
         and requested that the passenger exit the vehicle.

            8 Trooper Konopka testified that New York is a known
            source city for narcotics, meaning that narcotics are
            frequently transported out of New York to other United
            State[s] destinations.

      7. Based on his training and experience, as well as his
         observations and the circumstances surrounding the vehicle
         stop, Trooper Konopka conducted a search of the vehicle. As
         a result of this search, Trooper Konopka located a black plastic
         grocery-style bag behind the spare tire in the trunk of the
         vehicle. Upon opening the bag, Trooper Konopka located a
         clear air-tight plastic bag containing a yellow in color cylindrical
         package with the word “Navi” in black marker on it. Trooper
         Konopka peeled back the packaging and observed a white
         powdery substance that he suspected to be cocaine. There
         appeared to be approximately 530 grams of suspected
         cocaine.9

            9    The suspected cocaine field-tested positive for cocaine.

      8. Consequently, [Appellant] and Mr. Jackson were placed into
         custody and transported to the Fogelsville Barracks of the
         Pennsylvania State Police.10

            10  Consistent with drug trafficking, [Appellant] had two (2)
            cellular phones on his person, including a BLU smart phone
            and an LG [s]mart phone. Similarly, Mr. Jackson possessed
            two cellular phones, including an LG phone and an Apple
            iPhone.

      9. This Court finds Trooper Konopka’s testimony to be credible.

Suppression Court Opinion, 6/19/18, at 2–5. Based on its findings of fact, the

suppression court reached the following legal conclusions:

      1. The stop and detention of [Appellant] was lawful in that
         Trooper Konopka pointed to specific and articulable facts

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            causing him to have a reasonable suspicion and probable cause
            that criminal activity may be afoot.

      2. Trooper Konopka        possessed   probable   cause    to   arrest
         [Appellant].

      3. The search of [Appellant’s] vehicle was lawful and supported
         by probable cause.

      4. The physical evidence obtained by the police was not obtained
         in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States
         Constitution and Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
         Constitution, and need not be suppressed.

Id. at 5.

      Thereafter:

      [o]n August 27, 2018, a non-jury trial was conducted. After trial,
      this [c]ourt found [Appellant] guilty of [the above-referenced
      charges]. Then, on September 27, 2018, this [c]ourt sentenced
      [Appellant] to a term of imprisonment in a state correctional
      facility of not less than three (3) years nor more than six (6) years
      on the charge of [PWID] a Controlled Substance (cocaine). No
      sentence was imposed on the charge of Possession of a Controlled
      Substance, (cocaine), as it merged for sentencing purposes. In
      addition, this [c]ourt imposed a sentence of not less than one (1)
      month nor more than twelve (12) months on the charge of
      Possession of Drug Paraphernalia. This sentence was ordered to
      run concurrently to the sentence imposed on the charge of [PWID]
      a Controlled Substance (cocaine). Finally, this [c]ourt imposed a
      fine of $51.00 on the charge of Speeding.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/7/18, at 2.

      Appellant filed post-sentence motions on October 2, 2018, which the

trial court denied on November 7, 2018. This appeal followed. Appellant and

the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      On appeal, Appellant presents three questions for our consideration:

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      A. Did the suppression court commit an error of law by denying
         Appellant’s motion to suppress because the State Trooper
         lacked sufficient grounds to extend the traffic stop beyond that
         which was necessary for the initial stop?

      B. Did the suppression court commit an error of law by denying
         Appellant’s motion to suppress because the State Trooper
         lacked probable cause to conduct a search of the trunk of the
         vehicle in which [Appellant] was traveling?

      C. Whether the trial court committed an error of law in convicting
         the Appellant of possession with the intent to distribute
         fentanyl recovered from the trunk of a vehicle in which
         [Appellant] was traveling?

Appellant’s Brief at 3 (full capitalization omitted).

      We first address Appellant’s third issue because a successful sufficiency-

of-the-evidence claim requires discharge. Commonwealth v. Mikitiuk, ___

A.3d ___, ___, 2019 PA Super 195, *7 (Pa. Super. filed June 20, 2019). As

a preliminary matter, we must consider whether Appellant has preserved this

issue for appellate review.

      This Court has stated, “In order to preserve a challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, an appellant’s [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925(b)

statement must state with specificity the element or elements upon which the

appellant alleges that the evidence was insufficient.”       Commonwealth v.

Stiles, 143 A.3d 968, 982 (Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Garland, 63 A.3d 339, 344 (Pa. Super. 2013)) (internal quotation marks

omitted; emphasis added); see also Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii) (“[T]he

Statement shall concisely identify each ruling or error that the appellant

intends to challenge with sufficient detail to identify all pertinent issues for the

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judge.”). “Such specificity is of particular importance in cases where, as here,

[A]ppellant was convicted of multiple crimes each of which contains numerous

elements that the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Garland, 63 A.3d at 344.       Failure to identify what specific elements the

Commonwealth did not prove at trial in a Rule 1925(b) statement renders an

appellant’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim waived for appellate review. See

Commonwealth v. Tyack, 128 A.3d 254, 261 (Pa. Super. 2015) (finding

appellant’s issues waived where “1925(b) statement simply declared, in

boilerplate fashion, that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction”).

      Here, Appellant generically states the following in his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)

statement:

      Whether the trial court committed an error of law in convicting the
      Appellant of possession with the intent to distribute Fentanyl
      recovered from the trunk of a vehicle in which he was traveling.

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement, 12/17/18, at ¶ C (full capitalization omitted).

Appellant does not identify any element of the PWID or other convictions that

was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt.              Additionally, Appellant’s

“Statement of Questions Involved” fails to specify what element(s) of PWID

he is challenging on appeal. Appellant’s Brief at 3. Finally, Appellant identifies

the recovered contraband as Fentanyl, but he was charged with and convicted

of possessing cocaine.     Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statement, 12/17/18, at ¶ C;

Appellant’s Brief at 3. Consequently, Appellant’s nonspecific and inaccurate

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claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, which fails to state any

elements of any crimes allegedly not proven by the Commonwealth, is waived.

Tyack, 128 A.3d at 261.

      We note that, in the argument section of his appellate brief, Appellant

complains that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the PWID and

possession convictions. Appellant’s Brief at 41. According to Appellant, the

Commonwealth “failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he

constructively possessed . . . the drugs hidden in the vehicle” or that he

“actually knew of the existence of the contraband [and] if he did, he had the

intent to possess it[.]” Id. at 42. To the extent that Appellant attempts to

challenge the sufficiency of the possession and mens rea evidence supporting

his possession convictions, we would conclude that, even if not waived, his

claim would not merit relief.

      In reaching this conclusion, we would rely on—and adopt as our own—

the well-reasoned analysis of the trial court in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/7/18, at 3–8.      After stating the applicable law and

reiterating the facts of record, the trial court disposed of Appellant’s sufficiency

challenge as follows:

            Viewing all the evidence and all reasonable inferences
      arising therefrom in the light most favorable to the
      Commonwealth, it is clear that the evidence was sufficient to
      enable a finder of fact to conclude that all the elements of the
      offenses were established beyond a reasonable doubt. Indeed, at
      the conclusion of the bench trial, this [c]ourt had no doubt that
      [Appellant] constructively possessed the [cocaine], and that he
      possessed it with the intent to deliver it.

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Id. at 8.     In sum, were we to reach this issue, we would conclude the

Commonwealth proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant possessed

the cocaine found in the trunk of the vehicle he was driving with the intent to

deliver it.

      Appellant’s remaining issues challenge the trial court’s denial of his

motion to suppress physical evidence of cocaine recovered from the vehicle

he was driving. Appellant’s Brief at 14, 36. With respect to an appeal from

the denial of a motion to suppress, our Supreme Court has stated the

following:

      Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial court’s
      denial of a suppression motion is whether the factual findings are
      supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn
      from those facts are correct. When reviewing the ruling of a
      suppression court, we must consider only the evidence of the
      prosecution and so much of the evidence of the defense as
      remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record ....
      Where the record supports the findings of the suppression court,
      we are bound by those facts and may reverse only if the legal
      conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.

Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1134 (Pa. 2007) (citations

omitted). “It is within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to

pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their

testimony.” Commonwealth v. Gallagher, 896 A.2d 583, 585 (Pa. Super.

2006). Moreover, we note that our scope of review from a suppression ruling

is limited to the evidentiary record that was created at the suppression

hearing. In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1087 (Pa. 2013). In addition, questions

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of the admission and exclusion of evidence are within the sound discretion of

the trial court and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.

Commonwealth v. Freidl, 834 A.2d 638, 641 (Pa. Super. 2003).

       On appeal, Appellant first argues that Trooper Konopka “did not have a

‘particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting that [A]ppellant had or was

engaging in criminal activity after he returned to [A]ppellant upon finding

nothing unusual or suspicious in [A]ppellant’s and the vehicle’s paperwork.”

Appellant’s Brief at 22. According to Appellant, “[m]ere nervousness and the

other observations[2] by the [trooper] before he checked the documents and

ran the licenses certainly did not provide grounds to continue an ended traffic

stop.” Id. at 27.3

       Appellant supports his argument that the extended detention was

unlawful with citations to older decisions. He fails to address the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court’s recent decision in In Interest of A.A., 195 A.3d 896 (Pa.

2018). Therein, our Supreme Court confirmed that:

       “all relevant facts” and the “whole picture” necessarily includes
       any information learned by a police officer during an initial lawful
       traffic stop, irrespective of whether or not the officer suggests at

____________________________________________

2  Appellant identifies the “other observations” as “inconsistent responses, air
fresheners, a smell of marijuana, and a trip calculator that looked suspicious.”
Appellant’s Brief at 33 (footnote omitted).

3 In response, the Commonwealth relies on the suppression court’s analysis.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 9. The suppression court’s analysis consists of citing
relevant legal authority and repeating its findings of fact. Suppression Court
Opinion, 6/19/18, at 5–7, 7–9.

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       some point during that stop that the subject of the stop is free to
       leave or tells him or her to “have a good night.”

Id. at 910 (internal quotation marks omitted).            Thus, Appellant’s legal

authority is inapposite.

       As for the merit of Appellant’s first suppression argument, we conclude

that he is not entitled to relief.       Trooper Konopka stopped Appellant for a

violation of the Motor Vehicle Code. N.T., 6/4/18, at 4–5.4 Upon processing

Appellant’s documentation, Trooper Konopka learned that Appellant’s license

was valid and he had no active warrants. Id. at 12. Trooper Konopka re-

approached Appellant to ask him “some clarifying questions about his vehicle

and his travel arrangement due to the major conflictions [sic] that [the

trooper] obtained on [his] initial traffic stop.” Id. When Trooper Konopka

extended the traffic stop by questioning Appellant about his possession of the

vehicle, he knew the following relevant facts:

          Trooper Konopka had five years of experience as a Pennsylvania
           State Police Trooper, approximately 150 to 200 drug arrests during
           that period, and over 300 hours of criminal intra-diction training.
           N.T., 6/4/18, at 4, 10.

          Appellant produced a New York driver’s license, the vehicle was
           registered to a third-person who was not present in the vehicle, and
           the registration card was not signed. Id. at 7, 13.

          Appellant gave inconsistent statements related to his possession of
           the vehicle. Id. at 8, 12–13.

____________________________________________

4 Appellant does not challenge the validity of the traffic stop by Trooper
Konopka. N.T., 6/4/18, at 34.

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         Appellant appeared nervous; he was unable to provide specific details
          as to his travel plans; his statement that he was traveling from New
          York to Maryland contradicted the iPhone GPS display. Id. at 8–9.

         Appellant stuttered and would not make eye contact with the trooper.
          Id. at 9.

         Trooper Konopka detected a strong smell of raw marijuana
          emanating from the vehicle, saw “a significant number” of tree-
          shaped air fresheners throughout the passenger compartment of the
          vehicle, and knew that air fresheners are used to “mask any type of
          odor.” Id. at 9–10, 14–15.

         The passenger, Fabian Jackson, stated he was traveling from New
          York to “Charlotte,” but he did not know where Charlotte was. Id.
          at 10.

         Trooper Konopka knew that New York is a source city for narcotics,
          which are then transported throughout the United States. Id. at 10–
          11.

      Based on the foregoing facts of record, we conclude that Trooper

Konopka had reasonable suspicion to extend the initial detention in order to

investigate Appellant’s inconsistent statements about his possession of the

vehicle and his travel plans.       In Interest of A.A., 195 A.3d at 910.

Appellant’s contrary claim fails.

      In his second suppression issue, Appellant argues that Trooper Konopka

lacked probable cause to search the trunk of the vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at

36.   According to Appellant, “after [Mr.] Jackson exited the car with his

personal supply of marijuana,” Trooper Konopka did not observe any other

odor, drugs, or paraphernalia in the vehicle; therefore, the trooper lacked

“probable cause to believe that there was additional drugs or contraband in

the car.” Id. at 40. In support of his position, Appellant directs our attention

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to this Court’s recent decision in Commonwealth v. Scott, ___ A.3d ___,

2019 PA Super 154 (Pa. Super. filed May 10, 2019), wherein we reviewed the

warrantless search of a vehicle trunk. Appellant’s Reply Brief at 1.

      The Scott Court reiterated the legal principles relevant to a warrantless

search of a vehicle:

            The prerequisite for a warrantless search of a motor
            vehicle is probable cause to search; no exigency
            beyond the inherent mobility of a motor vehicle is
            required. The consistent and firm requirement for
            probable cause is a strong and sufficient safeguard
            against illegal searches of motor vehicles, whose
            inherent    mobility    and   the    endless     factual
            circumstances      that  such    mobility   engenders
            constitute a per se exigency allowing police officers to
            make the determination of probable cause in the first
            instance in the field.

            The level of probable cause necessary for warrantless
      searches of automobiles is the same as that required to obtain a
      search warrant. Probable cause does not demand the certainty
      we associate with formal trials. Rather, a determination of
      probable cause requires only that the totality of the circumstances
      demonstrates a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a
      crime will be found in a particular place. The evidence required to
      establish probable cause for a warrantless search must be more
      than a mere suspicion or a good faith belief on the part of the
      police officer.

            The Supreme Court of the United States has held that an
      odor may be sufficient to establish probable cause.... [W]e
      analogized a ‘plain smell’ concept with that of plain view and held
      that where an officer is justified in being where he is, his detection
      of the odor of marijuana is sufficient to establish probable cause.

            Regarding the search of an automobile, the scope of a
      warrantless search of an automobile ... is not defined by the
      nature of the container in which the contraband is secreted.
      Rather, it is defined by the object of the search and the places in
      which there is probable cause to believe that it may be found. It

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      follows from the foregoing that if a police officer possesses
      probable cause to search a motor vehicle, he may then conduct a
      search of the trunk compartment without seeking to obtain
      probable cause relative to the particularized area.

Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *3–4 (internal quotation marks,

citations, and original brackets omitted).

      In Scott, a police officer stopped the defendant for a motor vehicle

violation. When the officer approached the vehicle, “he could smell the strong

odor of burnt marijuana . . . and saw that smoke was still emanating from the

vehicle. He also saw [the defendant] attempt to place a blunt in the center

counsel.” Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *1 (citing Trial Court

Opinion, 1/30/18, at 2–3). After detaining the defendant and without asking

consent, police officers searched the passenger compartment of the vehicle,

where they found a blunt, a jar of alleged marijuana, and a black ski mask;

they could smell only the odor of burnt marijuana. Id. The police officers

then searched the trunk of the vehicle, where they “found a loaded .38 caliber

revolver wrapped in clothes.” Id. (citing Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/18, at 3).

      The defendant litigated a motion to suppress the firearm recovered from

the trunk, arguing “that the officers conducted an illegal, warrantless search

of the trunk.” Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *2 (citing N.T.,

10/30/17, at 28, 30).    The trial court granted the defendant’s suppression

motion, concluding that the officers lacked probable cause to search the trunk

because the smell and contraband were limited to the passenger compartment

of the vehicle.

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      On appeal of the suppression ruling, the Commonwealth argued that the

federal automobile exception adopted by a plurality of the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Gary, 91 A.3d 102 (Pa. 2014)

(plurality), authorized the search. According to the Commonwealth, the Gary

Court opined that, “[i]f probable cause justifies the search of a lawfully

stopped vehicle, it justifies the search of every part of the vehicle and its

contents that may conceal the object of the search.” Gary, 91 A.3d at 11

(quoting United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798 (1982)). “Based upon the

existence of probable cause, as well as the officers’ recovery of the blunt and

an additional jar of marijuana from the passenger compartment, the

Commonwealth insist[ed] that ‘the officers were entitled to search anywhere

in the car, including the trunk, for additional’ drugs.” Scott, ___ A.3d at ___,

2019 PA Super 154 at *2.

      The Scott Court affirmed the trial court, agreeing that the police officer

did not establish sufficient probable cause to continue to search the trunk” of

the defendant’s vehicle. Scott, ___ A.3d at ___, 2019 PA Super 154 at *4.

According to the Scott panel:

      the lingering odor of burnt marijuana was consistent with the
      contraband that the officer observed in plain view. . . .
      Furthermore, the record does not provide any other facts that
      could have supported a belief that additional contraband was
      located in the trunk.     The officer did not testify that [the
      defendant] fidgeted or displayed nervous behavior. . . .

                                    * * *

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             Likewise, the officer did not indicate that he had received
       any sort of special training to support his belief that additional
       contraband was located in the trunk.

             Under these circumstances, the odor of burnt marijuana and
       small amount of contraband recovered from the passenger
       compartment of the vehicle did not create a fair probability that
       the officer could recover additional contraband in the trunk.

Id. at *4–5 (internal citations omitted).

       Upon review, we consider Scott factually distinguishable and conclude

that the trial court did not err in denying suppression. In contrast to the lack

of evidence providing probable cause to search the trunk in Scott, the totality

of the circumstances known to Trooper Konopka during the extended

detention provided probable cause to search the trunk of Appellant’s vehicle.

Trooper Konopka’s training and experience as a drug enforcement officer, the

significant quantity of air fresheners, Appellant’s nervous demeanor, his

inconsistent statements regarding possession of the vehicle, and the

contradictory evidence about his travel plans, along with the following facts of

record support Trooper Konopka’s search of the trunk:

      When Trooper Konopka asked Appellant “if there’s any heroin, cocaine,
       marijuana, large quantities of untaxed cigarettes, if there’s large
       quantities of US currency in the vehicle[,]” Appellant looked “at the
       vehicle multiple times but he had related ‘no’ to all of them.” N.T.,
       6/4/18, at 13.

      When Trooper Konopka asked Appellant for consent to search the
       vehicle, Appellant asked why; when the trooper explained he was
       looking for any of the items he had just mentioned, Appellant denied
       consent. Id.

      When Trooper Konopka asked Appellant why the vehicle smelled like
       marijuana, Appellant became very defensive, denied any knowledge

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       about marijuana in the vehicle or “why it might smell like that.” Id. at
       13–14.

      When asked about marijuana in the vehicle, Mr. Jackson first responded
       negatively. Id. at 26–27. He later produced a small amount of
       marijuana and informed Trooper Konopka that the vehicle smelled like
       marijuana because the passenger “had it in his hand and had to put it
       back into a small container that he had and put it back into his pocket.”
       Id. at 14.

      In Trooper Konopka’s training and experience, “numerous criminals
       have produced a small amount of marijuana as a way to get the police
       to stop searching vehicles and thus, say, ‘Oops, you got me. Here’s a
       small amount of marijuana,’ when in fact there’s a large quantity of it,
       either an additional substance or that same substance in the vehicle.”
       Id. at 29.

      Appellant and the passenger each possessed two cell phones, which,
       according to Trooper Konopka’s training and experience, is common
       among “people who are often trafficking narcotics or contraband or
       anything illegal[.]” Id. at 16–17.

       We reiterate: “If probable cause justifies the search of a lawfully stopped

vehicle, it justifies the search of every part of the vehicle and its contents that

may conceal the object of the search.” Gary, 91 A.3d at 11. Here, Appellant’s

vehicle was lawfully stopped, and the totality of the circumstances provided

probable cause to search the passenger compartment and trunk of the vehicle

for contraband. Appellant’s contrary claim lacks merit.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                      - 17 -
J-S32005-19

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/15/19

                          - 18 -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Circulated 07/26/2019 10:42 AM

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                                                                                                                                                       trie.t·of·fact;•while
       ··:····:· .. .:::· > ::. ::: . :: ::: :.·: .. ::-: :-::-:.::.:: :::·.::: :::: .:··:>:::: _::.: :::·.::.:::::: ::.::· ::· :::::·::: ::::::::-:::::·:: ··: :· :· :.:: :. ::. : : :: : .. :: ::- .::: :-:::::·:::::::.::::·:::

   •: the• crectibility                        • of .witnesses • and·· the. Weigijt• of ••the ••e.;dence. prodticea,••: .:: is.free
         ··;:: ::· ·::· .. ::: ::: ::> :-:: ·:: :;: :: :: .. ;·;: :: .::.:::: ;:: .. :: :::;; .. ::; .. ::.:: :::·· :: .. :: .:.: .... :: ... :. : ... :· ... ; .. ;:;;.:·· : :· :::: ::: .·: .:::: ::·:· -; :; :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .tt• ·
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       -:: .:: ;:; .. :;: .. ::: ::;· ;
• • believe a1I, part or r1011.e of the eviden.e<�;. Id .• lf the find�r· of fact r�asonab.ly •
  . : . couid h��C&eteim�:J:� rr�tri: .tlie• eJi4�119ei• �aauce�! t:1i�fa1t or· thb                         heiessajj, .••.
 ··.:. elenients   of tl,;e)ffiirj� wet�)esi�biisflec( t��µ; th/ 1evid.etjce                       will ,t,e .. deem�d

                                      c.aul"triote� that th¥ o�r�hc1aht. wairou11c1•guitty or
                                                               ±�,� •
                    .··. lrtitit#l:v;&i$
   .: J>ossessie>n of:c1. Coritrpllecl S\lb�t�c.� /      'ci1111.e • 1S ci�fn.1eci·,s. "lk)np'Viri$lf • qr:··•· ·
         interitionanY:P:?S�¢�s�g�Conttolled b{b6ut1terleit �u.b:�tarice by:S. persp6.'not .•.
         regi$teted,ti.rtd¢t :this·:a1ci; ()r J1,f�c�tj9.11�r:::11d,t t�gi�te��ij ()t_•tfo�nsed 1:>ytlie.
  ·::· apprdprlate. St�t� bbtij-d, • q�l¢s� the JJbstlfu¢�•w�s· &btaiiied.jijrec�ly .fre>t11,; Qr·'·
         pursuant to; � v�ici pre�¢riptie>ll ordef<>r e>rd�r of a �r�ctitfoner/pr excie,pt as ., .
     . • e>therwis� �\lth6�d :• 'by·· tlli$•. •act.;,•••••• 3=5 •• ls.:: • §7�0-ll:3•te.)(16) •. . ': The�eforej·•    tli�··.•.: . ; .

· . ·. the··· I)e(eIIdahi s:•'!•p6i�()D;··· ·��· · ·66111�()riWea1th·· ·:ijJ#··:· u• • .• J)rdt�· · ·con1str\lCJV,e•r• ····:•
                           1

    possessibn. • Cor11#i�nweaitb "· Kit:ktand, • s31                    A�.�ci -�97·, 610 (Pa� $u.p#f. • 2qpa)} • .
   . C9JlWlOilVJe�th V· Avilc:s; �1.9 Pa'. Sttp:er. �45,915. J\:.2d                             �-Q��    4()1   ,(199:�);

         co1rifrtoti\\i�9lih. :yL Mµctri#k, S� :
         "C<>nstriidtive.••• �6si�:�$�i:oh:••r�ciun-e�• • htodr. •of• t�e•• a�ititi• :fQ·•• ei�rcis¢i : •. c:6J�bi��s . • • · • · ·
  . . •• doft��. '.:,pitpµin��ail¢e.s: �d.• . �a.Y.:; ·1,le J>r9;8�:: �{ . : · · ·
.•. ' t:irtUn1$tan:1� e'li�eride;' .Ca1'riirio#��ru#r'tJ·:a��(322 F�. ��pbr/ �7:, 469 A.2�(:·· · •..••.
                                                                                                                               .                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .                                       :                                  .    :   ...

                                                                                                                               .: .. ·• .••••• •••·••• •...•.. > .•.
                                                                                                                                    . •.• <•• ....•.••... ) .f • • • . . ·
       •. 692 A2d• 563'(1997').•• ••·rn. a.dditie>ri,· a.pet$�#.i$.gttilty �f
            .                       . .. .. .                     ...        . ..       . . . .. .. .        .. . ..       ..           .         .
                                                                                                                                                        Possesslbn.v.ritfl•           ..        . ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                     . 1htbr,f · ··
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ..        .     .         .         . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .           .. .                 .. .         .    .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .               .. . .                        ..            ..           .....

       •·to··oeliver .• J •.Controlled••sµbstance •• \mdet·35 .• P.$ ..• §.7�0-1t$(a)(30)··�·he •• d�livers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   1••··

          :·· : .: -: :;:. .::: ·:· :: ::":: .. : .. ::: .. : ... .: :::·:: ::::: :-: ": ·.:: .·:·: .. ·;:· :> :. ::-:::::: ::: .. ::::::.: ... : :. ::"::: .. :: ·::::. -:: .. ::.::: ..' .. :<:· ·:: .:.:: .:::::::

         Jr••poss�sses •• with •• the.•irlterit •• to •• deliver,•.•a••cohtfolled·.·s�9stfA!lce, •. aild. he •• i�··n()t •••.
            ·..                       -:   : ... :.: ... :.:                              .:. ::        .. : :         :: -:        ::·::            -:        -:": ... : ... ::··:::         :: ·::· .. ::. ··:··                         .: ::·.    -: .. · ::           :·         .. :·         :: :· .. ::·::· .. ·::.::                    :.        : ..           -:              ·.                 ::·::.                  .::

         registered • hncier• this •• act•• o.r·•licen�ed •• by • tlie •.• appropri,Je• •• St�te•••ijoai-µ,•• or •• he····
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             a .•
                      .         ..                  .            . .. . .                                   .. .                            .            .                        .    ..     ..                                ..          . ..                                                    .             .       . .                                                                  ..            .                 .            .

         ktlowillgly. •6reates,• •delivers.• br • possesses \Vith. the •• i#t�nt. to . de¥ver I cbunterfeit •••• •
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 I:);:.:.::::: .... :: :: .:. :-:: . :: ·>: ·::·:::: :::::.::: .. ..'
   . controlled $ulJstarice.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    :·i:::

                                                                                                                                   35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30). 'l'l,le QOIJl!Il.O#wealtll                                                                                                                                                                                            s�stailie�
   ••its.burden.··
                                                                                        : .. :.·:: ... : :: :. :: ." :::                                 ::·    .::· :::· ·::         :>::             ::·· ..'             ::: .: ::              ·.:    ·::::.       :: .:.::::.: :::.::· ...                           i.. :::"- ::: ·::·                      ·:::·.;::.:                       ::·: -: ..                         ·:-:·::

                                                                             ]11                tb.e fristart(case, the eviq.e11ce estplJlislled that orl ()cte>ber 4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1 •
   .                            .                       :· ::                           :: ::-:: ·:·-:::::::.::.::;;::. :;": :'.:·:::·.:;·· ::: .;·::::::: :: .: :.::::::.::::: :::: ::::::: !\::··:::- .: :··:: .. ·;                                                                                                          .t.: .. ::·.:::: :::::.                  ::                    ::··::·                ::.:::::·: __

   •· 2017,. at• appr�,dfuatety• 4:4o·• P.N1., .• Troopef :$�art••,brtopka•of the.•Pennsylvan.ia.
   ...                ·:·: ,:: ::·::::::::.:::.·:·:·:··:::: ... :::::-: .. ::.:: :: .... :·· :·:::·.:: :·: ::·:. :: :::. -: ·:::-::·.::::: ::. ·::: ::.:::.:: .. .                                                                                                                                  . .: :. :· <:: : -:                                                 ... :·.· .: : .. :.::···: :

 · State Police, Fogel&\rille BcU'l"a.bk�· Was J)a.tre>llipg ill the �areJ ot lnierste.te 7tJ west·
                                                        .          .         .                         ..                                                                    ..                                                                                       ..                                                                                                                                                   .
                               :.:: :.     .:": ;.::::. ·::: ·: ·.::.:: .. :.: .. :                                      .:. :· ::                   :          :            ::               : .. :                       ::          :      : .. ::. :::         ·:::                ::: ··: ::.: :                           : .. :.·::.·::                                .

   •:· 1n•  .Alle11to�, •.HPper .• §aucor1 • 'I'o�ship, •• Lehig�:•c�;u1ty • Pennsylvflllia. •. • Troop;r
       :. :· :·:. :;:: :· :.·::: ·:::: ·:· ;. :::":: :::.:::::::.:.:::·.::·.·::·::::. ::·· ::::·:::· :::::::: ::· :::: :::.:::::=:: .·::;-::.:: :.::: .. ::.::.: .. : :·.:::.::: .::.::: .·::-- .: :·.· ::: ·: ··::: : ... :.::: ...
        Konopka. wa� J>afrollirLg in a 111�ked yellicle· a.ncl iri Iµll #lliforin; • ••·'l'roope,(•••
                                                                                                                             ttijv�ling Uie center J8l1.e Jf travel. at
                                                                                                                                .

    .. Kon.opka Ob$ertted a • �ilver Chevroletcruz¢
                  .............................. ,                                                                                  ,                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,.,                                                                   •'    .

   . .                                                      ..          ..                         .·····        ..                                                                                                             ,.    .. .. ..                                                   .. ..                           ..    .     . ..      .            .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             :·:··:·): ::···
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I •. .       .

                  :
                .. ..        :::. ::· .:.·: :::                         .. : ·::·.·               ::. :.::::::             ::       ::.:._. ·::                     ·.:.·::::· ::: ::·::·::                  ::.:: :       .. ::     ::::: .. ·::::          :    .. :·:.: :·: :·::·                    :: ·::··::              ··: ··::.::                                         .

   . a ...vefy
          ::  ·
                •• sl<>W
                     :.:.::·:
                             •. rate••    •.e>f .speed,•:•·:::::::::::::
                                   ·::.::.·: :·:-:. ::· :: ::
                                                              iherebi         .traffic.s···· .Troqp�r.·········
                                                                                    • illlpeciiri�·· thf • flov.r·· of
                                                                         ::::::::.::::: ::···:::·::::: :::.::: ::: :: ·:::::· ;.; :.:. -:: ::.: :: ::: ·::::::::.::>:::::·::·::,                                                                                                                                                                                                               ::::::··                        ::: :              ·::

   • Konopka.fe11. proc:efded. to• follow. tl1e. subJect ·v�hi71e .••.• DBririg • thisiinterv�,· �e·· · •.
   • vehi�les••speed.Jnfre�s�d •• sub·st�tially.·· · I#·f�Qt,•·�ooper • Konopka..•clocke�•·tije·· •
   ...          ··:·: ::·            .. :::·: :. ::.· .:. :::::: .. :: .. : .. ::.: .. :.::.::.:: .::· .. :: ·.: .... :: .. :::. :::::··::.:: ·::.·:: ::.:: ·:;··· :···;:::::::·:·;:··                                                                                                ·:·· ::.:::: :::                      :: :: .... :.:.::          ·::: ·:::                   .. :         .: .. ::::::::· ... :.:::::·:

                                           at 68 rtlph 111 a po�ted 55 ti11>,h zd11e.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ·

       vehicle at tra.veling                                                                                                                                                              Trbdp#l" ••                                                                                                                           'Fhet¢fore, i
         .. :.::: ::· : :::·.::.:: .:::·::: ::"<} :: )·.]:}:::·:::· ::: <::-:::- ·::-.·"' ··::-:/.::-:::::::::.::::::-:::::::::::::::>.\:::\:::·::--.:: }·::: ::   :>>· :::::::::-:::::::::: : : ·:::::::::::
   •:K..onopka      • initillt¢d      •. a.tr#�c • stop • b11··I·78··�estlloun.�1··t_!ea.r.t11ile··�arl(er • !5'7.7 •. (¢···
         . · .. · . ... ..  ·::::.::: ::::::< :: :: ::: .:: .:::- ::: ::: .::.·::: .. :: .:::::::::.:: :::::: :: :··: ·:"::··-<:::·:::::::::::.:.: ::·.::.'. ::--:: ::: ::::·· ::.:: .. ·:::":":::··::::·:::··::
 . ·E�. 2)... There •• v.rere t\vo.•(2} •• inal¢ ••
 .... . :.::.                        .::.:: ·:·::· ...                       .. .     .     ·········                                      .
                                                                                                                                                                                            d¢dtip'il1t�· in·· tl)e •• supject .itehitle ••• •·. Troop_er·.
                                                   :: :.:: :::::_::·:.:·:-:: :::::::: ::. ·::-:::::·.::.::.:·.::.· ·::::·::<:::·:::::. ··.: .. ··.· :: : .:· .. : ..... : :: :: .. · ... :: .. :·. : .. :. ·:·· .... ::· :·:: .. :: :·· .:
                                                                                                                                                                                                            '•

 • •Konc>pka•• •approa.cbed·· · the ••.• pa.ssenget• • sicle••· of • • thr ·•vehlcle··· alld·· .·irn�ediat�y·. .
                                            .   .                                   .     ...      ::·':. :·                   ..           :·:·:·           ·::· ·::· :;: :::·: :::::·:: :::··::.·:·.:::::: ..                                :   .:: ··:· :-:·::·: ·:···::::.::.::::                            ::.:::         ::. :::-: ..         ::. ::::":::::: :·::·. ·::
.... d •.       ·t··· ..t.
 ··•· . e ec. e ... ••a•···•·tr • ••••>> sme
                            s ong    ·d·.·•· ··••••·1·1· ·· •·••f
                                                              o ··•· ·ravv
                                                                       • ••· ·••· Inar1Juana
                                                                                   • · ·· ·· .;•. ·· · ·•· ••·•·                                                                                                                              ··· e
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ·.•. ·· an
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .... •. ····
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ..m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ·.·· ·
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ·.· .tiri
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             · •.·.··• ·
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       g
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ····
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             f··r.·.o.··.. ·•m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ·• ·
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ·•····t·h ·· ·  ·e··.· ·· • v
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ··e·h
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ··..· ·1··e.. •·..•••·•.• •••.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ·
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1·.c
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ·· ·                                ••1•n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   · ·•. ··
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ..
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ··.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .. •.. ·. . ·.···.•. · ·
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                .
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .,                 ••.·. · ••
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ·•.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              •..        .. •. .. •. •. • •• •                               •.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ..
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                . .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ..
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           .

       additiori,.there.\\'ere • 11\ltrlCl'OtlS •• §ltiC*•tte#-sRa.p¢d • air'freshetters.throUgh<>.Ut•u.ic•···
         ·;:::.           ::.·:.::: .. : .::: .... ::::.::::.·:::::::::::·::.::::: ... : .. : .: .. ·.: ... : ... : ...                                                     ::: .... :: .. :::.: .... : ... ::.:::: .. :: ::.:: ... ::.:: :::::::· .. ::::: ;:·::: ·:::·:· .:: ::·:·····::·:::·                                                                         ·:.:: ::::. ::.:::.:::::::·:· .. : .. : · ..

         ..... ::: ·< ::::·:::::::<::·:::<·::<:>: :-<:>:::>::>:<:::::-:::·::::::::::::::: ::- :::�::::::::::::: .: .. :;:·.::.::-:::::::::::::::·::: ::.:::: ::.:::: :: ::-::: /: )::·::;:::: ::;:: ::::: :::::::
       ..
   •... o(;)p. er Kon
   Tr.·           . o.pa
                                     The oaeridant \\18.S traveling approximately 40 rripffin � posted SS rilph zone; ..
                      · ·.k· •·fi..a· ·d• coc
                                           ·1· .. k.ed··t
                                                     .. h· ..e.   •o·  ·"'£   •t'sspee
                                                                   .. el,nL4an.   \ • •· •· •d · ·w1,      •·•• v,e h'1ce,.as
                                                                                                  . •'th••his
                                                                                                           .                           ••�•1•1ov/d
                                                                                                                        T • . ••h.e•• .,o       e • ·••,ye•
                                                                                                                                                       tk ·••·••·•
                                                                                                                                                                                  at        ··:.i: ••

  . vehicle • •for.•• .3 . •miles••• 'llSit1g • •. llfo • • • spe�donteter. • on••• hi� •,police·•• vehicle .. •••••• Qf . note. • the •·• • ·
    speedonieter on the poli¢e crti.iset ha.d been. tested for accuracy and certified !,}'                                                     .
    Rabold 's • s�rvices,.
   Ehilletin § 2589)ori :Jµl.Yl3, 2017/
                                                                                                an
                                   approved• riiairiteriari.ce .a.rid• ca.libra.tion f0:cility pursuant to• 44, Pp..••••.•·•· ·                                                       · · · · · ···· · ·· · ·· · · · ·· ···· ·· ·· ······ · · ·· ·· ·· · ·· ··· ···· ··· ·· ··· ·· ···· ··· ·· ··
                                                :   .                ::..      .        .:.: ::: ;::·      :::::·;;·:::      ..        ::::        .   :·:.             :·:·(:     .       :

                .Trooper ••Kortoplcket. containin�· a •                                      ri�t·
  ·Srnall••afuounf •. of •. susiected.'I11arijuana .•••••• At••tt11s••tuTlJt •. Trooper • Konopia···to•ok .
  .
      possessio�
                                                and•requestea:�at.the.passepger.exit.the.ve�icle .• • .•.
                                        of the·��Juana ••

          . . .. · · ·· · ·····aa�ed. oh his• tr;Jirlg•;� bJ�erience,:�s·;b11. �s·h1s• ob•s•ervtttio�s ••.
 · ·ana•· the •.• circuin�tarices•·• ·•surrounding•.• tJ�•• •VehicJb•:• •stbp,•·!·•Trsoper·· l,otlo�a···
   •coriducted a search ·of llle· vellicle .•• •As. aife�illt. of ·t�is. �e�ch;··Trooper•Konop�,·.
                        ••

  located •• a •• black. pIJstic •• gr()cery-style •• bag .�ext •• to. •the. spare •• tire.In .• tlle···ttunk,of._•.
  •the• vehfcle.·•Upon! ••openlng.the • bag ••• Trooper.Konopka···located •• a •• c1ear • air-dg�t••••.•
       Vacuurn-p�cl >••• artd• ··• ·all•.
                                                                                                    . . •. evidence            • ·• • •• reas�naple
                                                                                                                                         · > ·•••· ·••·. ·. i�ferences
                                                                                                                                                                  •
         therefrom.in.the.light mosf.favorable •• to.the.Co.rnrn�>ntve�th,.•it.is.clear•that•the.

         evidence   was sufficient to e�able {f111cter oL fact to cortclude that alL�e
                                                               • �eyond.
         elements · of .tlle •. offe11�es . \Vere. established           a. re,.sonable ; doubt. • • Indeed,                                                                                                                                                                                      1

         at the. conclusion.of the.bencJ·trial,                                                                                      .thi�· c�Jrt.•had. no· doubt.that• the.1Jefe11clant. •
         constrttctively.pQssesJed.the
              ...            ..
                                      .•   ..          .
                                                                                                           Jentanyl, • and• that.he·posse.ssed.It.with.the.• intent.
     :                    ···::          ·.· .. :

         to   deliver it.
                                              ..           : ..... :: . : : . . : . : . . : .           ::: . <: : : . : : : : .: . : : .. : : : . . ... : : . . ::: : ; : ; : : : :

                                 Challenging                                    •the Weight .of .the·. Evicie11ce •••• · • •. • • • • .. ·
                                           •••.••·····The
                                                                        ••
                                                                             Defendant·hl�o·alleges.that.�he·v��dict.was •. against•thb·w�ight.
     er the .evidence, •••• as ••• the •• qommonwealth ••• did··· not • • pr�ove·· ·thEtt·· the ••• Defendant i
   . constructively···possessed···the·••reritanyl··· that•• was • locate�··in·· the··· trunk·· of • the·�· .
  ••• vehicle.••••• T�is •• Court.notes • that •. a[.II1otiQn •• for •. a.ne�•ir11,1••on.,grounds···tha.t • the·····
 • •. • .vercli¢t. ls• contrarj>" •to• the. weight• of the. e�560 Pa. 308, 319, 744 A.2d 745, 751
                                              ..      :·· -: ·:::· :· ·:··:··                                          .                           :             : -: :            :        :   ::.:.        ::       .: ::       :···    :··       :· ::   :           :: :   :· -: -. :�·,:

         (2Qoon .• • CgIIIIrlOn�ea1th . • v .• • eeu1lett1··· 827 .•• A.2d •. 469, • • 1�1·· · (Pa ••••.• super'. • • 200�)··
                                                                                     ·:· ·:·· :::: :·         :·
                                                                                                                                                       .:
                          .···                                                                                     .
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ,.

       . Furthermore, •. a.challeJge·.•
                                           that•�e.verdict.is.agai11�t••th�·Weigbt.of
                                                                                                           . the···eviden9ei
.••••.•• requires.this.• Co11;t.to .soncl\lde . in. it�••aiscretiori.th�t· "th�··verdict·iS •• so. contrapt····
  .·•to •• the•. eviclence··�s.'. to•• �riQCk •• 011e J··�erise • of •Jtistice.' ��ns                                                                                                                                                    83�··· A.2d •. �t· 2$8 .• •••••
                                                                                                                           1                                                                        1• •••                       1 ••

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    • Indeed,
        :           : :
                           . for• a-: new: trial• to lie::: on• a:::.challenge.
                                    ·.     ·: ·· ..               ·: ....                         .::::::
                                                                             ·:·.::: ·: :: :::::::·:
                                                                                                                  that        the verdict is•
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                                                                                                                               :::       .·. ::·
                                                                                                                                                               against
                                                                                                                                                         :: ::::.
                                                                                                                                                            ::            _
                                                                                                                                                                              ..
                                                                                                                                                                                   the weight,
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         of.the.evidence,.t1ie•e\ficlen¢�•rnµst•be•s.d•teri11olls;•Y�gt1e.anci•uncerta1nthat•the

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .. ....
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .                                            ..
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     verdict shotks the c¢rtscience of the .coiirt.li Cornrnon\ll/ealth v. Shaffe,r, 722
                           . : :                            :·            ":                                                                            .           ;:                             .: : ; . :: .::: .. ·:::: .. .                             ..:: .: ·:: -i.:                   : : .: .. ::: ::· :::: ::: ::: ..                                  :

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    §tjlliv¥1••8�Q·A,�d·�·.

     '795, 806 (Pa. Super. 2p03).                                                                                                                                                                      . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . .
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    .::··::::·::

                                                                               . FrQrn the . evidence
                                                                                          recou11ted a.hove, it i� rea.sort�blf to
                                                                            · ·. · .        . .: :.: :·: :: :: :::· .. :.:: .:. :                                                       .         ··<: :::·:··::                         :: .. :: : .:::::                           ::··:::::<

    . conc1uctect • that· the• Oer�nda11t •wa� • ��••1ndhtic1ua1· •W;bo • · c:dµstructively • Possessed
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                                                                           . • . Initially wi riote •• t.hflt ElI1 investigative Aetert.tion • subj�ct$ •• a person�
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   • to a stop ••
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                                                                                                                              .n�•li#v�sti�ative•                  ·• •sto�,··••W-�•••·•
      • investiga#ng c,ff.iqer mu st betv�. a. tc:�$e>�a.t)1� • belie{ �at. tlie: pers pn • c1�t�t1ect. has·.·•.
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1

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                                                                                           A.2d $.(477; �rt.i,e J.V., 762 A.2ct
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                                                             827                                                                                                                                                                                                                     3765 . 3'79-3�0JPa..                                                                                      Super.

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                                               .: .. : :.: ..... : .. : .... ::: : :<:-:: .. :::- :: .' : :: .'. ::::::: ... .'". :::: ::
       support •• a.war.raritle$s·· arr�st••1s·.• §as�d·•on•.• Ein• . evJb.1e.tj,o:n •• of•the • t()fality .• 6f•t1Jc
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    •. circuntstaiices Qbse?'Vijd. l>y. the offic�r ,Wll¢11 .1111;ld11g. the tlprest ClEtrk, .13 5. A.2{l •
                             ..           .           . :            .      :· :·         .: ....         ::.:::. :··.: .... : .. ·:. ·:                                       .: ... : : ...        '.   .. : .·: .:.·:: ::···;·.:·. ·:.:: ·:.·: ... ·.:·                              ..... : .:·:·.·:·              :    : :: :::::::.: : ... :: .:·                     ···:···. ::. :::· ::.::: .. :.

       a� .12s2t •.m§lfflr1()���···¥t f3aijijj, .••• S4()····#a.•..• 4?3,···· 6�8···· A.2ci·· .752·· · (J99S) •

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                                                                                 4
       preseilt. where • th� · facts • Efiid. • • bh-cumsta11ces • withirt • th¢ •• ofii:�er'$ • k:howled,ge. iarc .: ':
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            (1983)•.•                                     .•see'w�o.¢0Itirtl()rt\lleallli.v.•• Oibsori,[•sao·P�.··1�p,,.63.8 •• .A.2d·.•2oa,•.20.6•
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            established •• tha.t.011!(:)ct<>ber4, •• 20l7,··�t·c1pproxim,t�1y·4:4Q.}:) .•                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         �•.,•'l'ro0per.Bria11•• •
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                                                                                                                   • Trooper • l{ortopi(a . opserved. ' silv�r • C�evr()let Cruze •• traveli�g •...
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         . of traffic.
                              .                                        . .. ::                 :·         :: ::             ::: :. ...         ..                        : . ·:· ·:            .::·· :::

                                                                                    Trooper Kb11opka then. pr()ceecl�d to fo�ov( tlle subJ�ct\l�hi<:I�.
                ; :.                                                              -: :                           ::.:: >·: .\ :: .. :·::.:;: .;(::!: .. :: ..                                        :::: :::::;;;::·;::.::::·::·:::::·                     -:<::.:: :: ;::::: .. :::'.:: ·:::: .·· :::.::: :: :::::: ::::
               During thi$
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                                                                                           Jnterv�l              the
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                                                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                                                              •                           vehicles. sp�rici •• • incre��ed • substantfall)'.
                                                                                                                                                                    ::::·:::               :::: ·. :::::::.::::::::::::· ::::·::'.::·::-::::::· ::: :: .:::::: :::::: :::::                                          .: .. ;·          :: :: ·:::· ::: :::                       .;::::        ;::-::":
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ss• mph.
                   ..                           ....                                 ..

               Trooper Konopka.clqdl(edthe.Vehiole•it#aveling a(68.llip�·irl a.posted
                                                 .                       .. :         : : : : .. ::.::.·:: :: : ·:.:: ::::: :::                                                            :: :                   ::·:······:: .. >:·:;-:: ::::::· ":... .. ·:-::: :-:::: ::.:.::. ::.::. ::: .:                                                :::           :::-                        .:       :        :

               zone .. •·Th,erefore, •• Tr9oper .:l{onopkti •• ir1iti�t�d··a·tratpc •• stop •• on •• l·78 •. We�tpoun.d .•
                                                             ::                           :·    .:             ::·::   :.         ;::        :·:. :: : .;: :                               ::: . ·::. ::·                ':                    ::-:.   ::::: .::::: .;:.::-::.:·:.:::·                     :::              .                   .                                          .

                                                                                           two
                                                                    :        :.                                                                                                                                   .:

               There wete•                                                                                              (2l                                             $\lbject te11icle. Trooper •KoriopJ(fl.
                                                                                                                                             <>CCttp8.11ts in :the:::.::.::::.:··
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         a
               .         .                                  :····::::····"' :-:-· ::. -: .:.::                                            :.:::···· ·:.:·· :>: ·:··::: .. ::::: : ·:.::::-::·:::::: .: ::· :: ': .:> ::· :· -::::: .: ::: :·:: ": :
         . approached. the. passenger. side. ofthe vehicl� • anct lqirnediately. detectbd. stro�g :. .
               . :.    ·:: .:::· ::: "": :::· :: ·:'. :·.::.::.:: ... ::: ::·: -::: .: ·::: .. : .:::: .. ·:·::··. "":::. :: .: .:: ... ::· :: : :. :.:: .. :::::: <":.:.: ...
         . sn1ell of raVl niaxijllflll� eJllana.ti#grroill the vehic,l� .• 111 addition, there VJel"e
         • •numerous•.••black••• tree-s�aped •.air • fres�eners •• throi;ghout .• tbe •• v<;hicle•.•••.. TroQper· ..
         . Konopka. also • ()b�brved. in. th�. \fellicle • an • iPhorie tl�Jt was • be111g use4 ·. #s. ·�. !o�s
                                                     :.·.               : .::· .. :.:'.:·: ... .:" .... :<:: ·: :: .·:.::.:::: .::                                                       ...   ·>··· ·::·::::::: ::··:·:::":: ;: '":::::::· .::::· :::::·:::::--:::::·: ::::: : .. :: :::                                                      :: :;:::                  :: .:. ·::· <·:.:: .. :

                                                                                  : >:.:·:::: ::·::::::: ::-::::::--:::·::.::::::::::: .. :::::.:::::::::: .::::::::::< ::::.:: ::_.·; ::::· ··::.:: .· : > .::·:; :::::·::: .. :: ;::::: :: .:· .. :::·.::· :::::·::.:::::

                        . :.                                            ..
                                                                                          •Troopef
                                                                                             .:: :: :: .:::
                                                                                                            • Kol'lo�. ka···reqUe$tecl           .•.• that·· tlie•·.driver •• and•·•the···pa.$sertg�r·· ··
                                                                                                                        ::: ::::: :::>·::: > ··:·: :: ::::·:· -:: ·::::.: ··:::: ::: :· ;;:::.::··:: :::·::::::· ·::::.::.:·.:; . .:: .. :;;;:.:;;·.;
         . provide • him •.• w.ith •. the. appropriate •.• clocttrnehts, .•. inC.htdin.g •• their .• idbntificatiofr.••
           :                  .:::· ..                                             <<· :::::::::::: ::: ::::-::t::T/1"::: ::::
                                                                        .: ..... ::::·                                      :::_::: .::<·:: ::-: : :·�::·::.:::;:: ::: ::::::·;;.:::::::::::\·::::::::::::::- ::.::.:::::::::::::: .. :
         • This· request was .• ct>ttiplied. \Vith,.and. ce>hsequell#Y• tlie• clriverWas • kle#tified. Sf;,
         :: . ::: .. :· ::: I: ::·::.·:: :::,:.:: .. :;:                                                        :;.;;:.;:<::<:::.::.:::·:: ::: :.::·.:::::;::::: .::::;:::::::::.:: ::::::;::.::::::::<::::.·.:
         t)efendaht. · [)Wayne · La.tty•• of.• Br6ok1yri, : N'ew .• Ybrk. • • • • rrie ! ·. • fr<>nf • • paf>een.ger • wa.s.
 :        :·'.::  :::.:;: ·:· .:\·:::: ::· ::·::: ::.::::::·.:::·:: :::·.:::: :::·.::::. ::::·::::::::::::: :·::::::::·:::::::·. :::::::::::::·:::. :: ::··:::.::;::::.::::::::::. ::::_:::· ::
                                  .. · .. :: ..                                                                              ..                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ...           ::··.,:

         identified •.• as ••• P�fehdfll'l.t's •. friend, Fa.biat1 ••• Jackso�, •••• of Hqu.stori' .•• Texas.
 .                       : .. ; .· ··::·· ::::::> :>::-:::::>. :.· :: :::·:::: ;: :\"'". ::· .,                                                                                                                                   ··.::; :: :: : > .:.::: ... : ::-:: : ·:.·:: ::: (::::··::·:::·:: ::.:·::.:::::::: .:--:::::: :::::-: :·: . . :
 . addition, • the                          �ehid� • \va.s •• tegistered • to.• a.. third pa.rtr. who •• I"C$ided • ltl Alleritowtt .•••
                         :     ·: ·         .      ::: :: :::: :: :·.:"-:::_:·
                                                     ·: .               : : ·::·.::·:     :.:· ;;:::: .:: .::: ::.:::::·.::-:: ::. :: :::::: ·::. ::::::::: ::.:::. :: ·:
                                                                                                          ·:                                                                             ;:: ::: ::         .::: ::·:·:·:                                                 ...                                                             .:            ..       ::::      ..   :::

                                              and •whb... wcrs               .. not• . 1:)resent.it1                                                                                        of the••stop•.
                                                                                                                                        ..

                                                                                                                                                                •. e.t.tb.e· •time.
                                                                                                                                                                                 .

    .
      PeI1nsylvania,••   . .     .. ..                       ..                                                ..           ..
                                                                                                                               •the•vebide
                                                                                                                                     ..           .         .                     . .. .           .. .. . . .                .                                          ·{·       .   .                         .     .                                 ..
    : ...... :. : .. :: ::: :::.: .. ::::>·:: :: ::.::. :::·::·::::·:: ::::.:·.:: ..... :· ·:::·         :::·.::-:: ::·::: ::·::: .::.: .. :::·· ··:: :. ·:: :.:::. :: ·: .:: ·:' . : :":.       :: : .         . ....
                                                                                                                                                                                           .           .                                                                                                                                            .

. . TroopefKon.opk:a requested that the Defendant e�it ltis vehicle so that he coµlcl .
          . .. .. .          .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .                               . .    ..      .. ..      .    . ..      .    . ..   . . .. . .. .   .   .. ..   .                     .. .   .   .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .       ..        .   .   ..   .. .     .. .. .. . .       . . . . .. .                         .     .     .               :�.: .\'
                   :.·. :: :: :::: -::·.:: ::<.:::.:.:::: ::::::.::.:::":::· :>:>:::::.::::: .. ·:· .. : ... · .. ::::.:::.·::::::.:.:::::::":: ::: ·:· :::::::":.::. ·:.::.:·.:::::::;::: ::-:: : :"::.:                                                                                                                                                    _:: ::-: :·...           :·>::·:: :::
          speak. with.·l1ilri.• trpbri. cotriplyihg,. the••t>efenda?it. �ppe�i;�::::·.::::::::::::::::<:::::::::::: ::.:::.::::::::::·::·::>:·:::::.:::::::"-:::.:· :··. :. :.: ..

         •told•· 'l'r<>op¢r.Konopka··
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ·
                                                                                                                              ·

     . : ··.:                         ·::·:·· :::.:. :<: ·:: :::: :::::_:::: :: ::::·.: ::: ::::::::::· ::··:::· ::··::< .:: :: : .... : .... :·.::::: : .. : ::::.:: :·::::: :.· :·.:::·::·:··:·:: ::··:: ::: :: :::.:.:                                                                                                                                                       ::: ::: .. ::

          was unable. t6 • prt>tiae . #Y • �peciflc                                                                                                                                                    details.•••• Iriter�sting, • Trooper. Konopka• noted�
                                      . ,. ,.,                           . : : : .. : .                                :: :··.               ;". : ..... :.:. ::·.:::- :.: ... :: ·::.-: :: ·:: :: :: :>::::                                                   .: · .. -::             :::: .. :::: ::· :::·          :_";:               : ::· .. :: .. :· ... :.::: ::, .. :.:                       .:
         ·that• this. inform�tion • contradictetf the. destination on• the. iPhone •OPS .•• • Also{fu,e. · •.
     :       -":::· :::.:::.:: :: :: ::: :-:::. ::.::: :: :::::<·T-::"IT> :;: (: ::::.:::::::· ::·:::::::.:!::!:: ::::: :: > ;:.:::: '.: ::: :::.·: :::: .. ::: .::·.:: :: :: \) :>:::: .. :::·:;::: ::: .. ::::·::·: :::
          D.efendan.t a.dvised•.frooper•I{qnopkathkt he• had\,een • drivirig. t.he . vehicle.J9r •• :
         .                                  .                                                                                                                                                                             ·:           .: .. :.     : ::: ..      .      .                       ::   :·: .. ·                                     ·:     ·:    :···

        Jamaica.rt Jrienci;. Richarff Hi11es. :in ex¢hartgc{for a )ruck;                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The Defendant!s .
                 ;·      :::: :: .: ·: .. :::::·.·                 ..       :::. :::···::: '\                :.       :::::            :-:            :
                                                                                                                                                              .. .        :):      ;: :::::.::: ::::;;· ::·:··. :: :::- ::.:::-::::;; ::· :::-:: .. ;:·                                          : ...   :    .           ..         ::;::··      ::·:::
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       (
        behavior. appeared unusual,. i$• he rep�atedly. stutteted .and wo.uld. hot rria,ke. eye
                                                                                                                                ...              ..

             :: ·:.::· ;::.:. ::·:·::::::; ::::.:;::.: .. :::: :: ::::: ::.::::·:::::                                                             .           :   .           ::::::·;::: :(::::.::: :::::
                                                                                                                                                                                          ..                        ..   ·:::.{    ;;;:.;:::::;:::::::·::: :: :                       :       .. ..          _;":::'::         :::       ·:   ·::::.·   ·::::::
  ·.··contact with 'I'roopet Ko11opka durinij their)Conve.ts�tion( 1'toopefK9nopka
             :        ::. .. ..                     .. ::·::·:            :::: ·:                   ,: .. :: ;:; ::·.:::·:::·                             :: ::.::::::· ::: :::··:::::;_ .. : .. :;: ·::: :::: .... ::·:··::·· :::.::: ::::· .. :.                                                                :: .· <"" .:::::. :::::. : : : ..
        reqUested.· CQilSertt to SC�C}l··the
                  :               . :
                                               •vel1i�l� based .Otl� the .• • totality
                                                .
                                                                                                   ,of the
                                                                    '. ·.: .;:· ;; ;; ·: :: ::·-:::·::.::::·:: :< :··::··I ..: ;: :·:::··::.:::·::.::.·:::: ::.-:::::.:: ·:·: :::::· ::: ::.: ::::: ·:>:· ..
                                                                                        :: :::·. :::::- ··::--· ···.: ....
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ..

        cir�umstances. surrounding.the. traffic. �hop. 8llti. the ·l)efe11cia11t,ti�nie.d.colise�t .•.
                                                               . : .. .:     ·:·            :   :     :: ::·           :: :::                         : .. : .:.·:                   .: :·:·    :     .:    .. .. ··::. ::
                                                                                                                                                                                                              _                    :::·.::        :· :· .:     :···          -: ::·       .. :                    -: .::.::·              :::·:   ·::::        :::::.:.

                                                                     �e�dallt, 'trooper • ••K9rtopk#i·· •si,o�e.•
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1 .••
                     After ·•·•speaki11g ·•··Vlith ••• ithe •••• I)e
                                        :                      .  .:        ··:· ·::::·:::": · .. .:                  ·.:.::     .. · :.:: .:                         :         :::·:·:   :;: ··:·         ··:·      :     ::: .. ::··.:.            :.·:::: -: ::.·:.                    :                  :.        .: ::·.           ::·:.    :·:          :· :::: ..

· .... separatelr \Vitll• the. pa�senget while.he.fas·:�til1lir1�1e.veh1cle .•• Mr.•• Jacl(so�•·to!d·
       TJ'OQp�r kottQpka. t:ha.t th�Y wi� tr�v�l,_s to <=l'lariotte fro111 Nei.v york, but did,
                                                                                   ..   .                .        .                          .            .           .                    ..        . .    .. ..    .         .   .                 ..   . ..        .. ..                      ..           .    .                 .                                 .

        not kriow.wha.t.a.tate •• ¢llarfotte.'Wa.$.loca.tecis··•Th�n.:rrooper••Koriopka•ih.qµired. if;
        there was• any·lllarijuanr1.iI1.tlle•vehlcle .••••At.this •. tiipe,·.• iMr• Ja.ckson.pfoduce(l,_a.:·•
       . clear· plEtstic. coritai11er .fr<>rn ·.his. ftgijt. pants .pocl,••• Trooper•• I{oridpka .• cortci�#te4 •.a. .. • search ••of•• �e. • • •
         • veh1bl¢ .•••••.. As.•�· result •..C>f .this.· sefltch, • Ttoqpet .• K()n�p�Et·· located •• �··blaqlc •• pla.sf.ic·••• • • • .
           grocery-style:bagbe(nind.tll�·SI)are.tire.111.theitrullk:.6(.tl1e,vehicle'.· ·tJp¢n.bpeni�g··· · · · ·•
   .•.the•• bag, •• Trooper·· ·Koitqpija···located··· a. • clear .•• Jr-tigpt • ·�la�tic ••• bag • cqntai!lln�··· a ••
  ••••Yenow •• iii. color. cyMndric:J•Packige •                                                                                                                                Wi�·the •word. Ciravi" • in. •bt�ck.Jnatker·. it. • •                                                                                                                011
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ••

        •Trooper •• Konopka .•• Pee1ed•·.back • tlte···packagillg·· ·and•.observed•·.a•. white•·.poV1dery••
   . • substElilce ..that..lle. suspected.to •.be •.coCairie .• There. appeated.to.be • appro"\inate1y1 ..
    .    : ... :: .. : ..... :.·:: :·:.:·::: ·::<::· :: ::::·::::::.::··::·::::-·.:: ::··:::. ::-:::: .. : ..
        sso gtanis bf �usp¢cteci docairte. •· doriseqµently/ the, petendKo.t and Mr..
                                                          .• placed.�to·custody.and.transported.to.the·Fogelsville.Bax.racks •
    ·Jackson.Jere                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   pf• .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        •

                  .. .       ..                            :        .:   .::: :::: :: ::·-:::.: ·::·.-::::.::                    .::     :       :: :·:                   .

        the Pe11µ�ylvania St�te)olice. • · .
  investigative.
                         detendon.0£.the •. Defet1dant .•.•• Becaµse �e·. 1-)efendallt's •• stop.and ·

 detention �ere made.\'7ith l"eciSe>rtal>le suspiciofra#d pro1',b1e      cause thati· · .
 crime. was.being .coffixnitted,. this. Court. foun�. that. fhe. stop· and. •4etention • were
                Trooper.Konopka.po�ted.to.specific.and •• ar9c\llaQle•facts.that.provided:
••1a�ul. ••.•                                                                                                                                           •...

····ajustinaplb.basis[fdr•a•lega.l•stbp,.detet?.tion.�ct sups¢que#f·litrest of :the··················
 Defendar1t. I11deed •. tlli� • pdurt conolµcled. that• ��secf o� the 1:otfllit;y of the
                                                                                                                               1•

                                                                                                                                    • •• •. .. • •. •

                .
                 the. \Vatrantless. Jrest. of. t�e· [)efe�darit. aJd .the• seatc�· of the
 drc\lmstruices.:•  ..      .   ..   ..   ..   ..   .   .   .   ..   .   ..   . .   .   .   J      ..   .                  .

 vehicle
         were.justifie4•
                         aJld based.on probable.• caµse .•••• C9nseque11tly,. the. s�arcfr . • •.
. ·ofthe.Pefendant;a•vehiJ1e·.\V�S·proper.a.nd.legal.·· Accordirigly�· the•pliysica1·· · · ·
·.evidence.waslavdullYobtairied.a11d.clidI1otheed ••to:pe.suI?pressed
                                                                                                            .••••..• •••
                         In•ught·ot.the.foregoing,.the.Defendant's.Poot.•
                                                                                                Sentence Moclons.