Court Opinion

ID: 9297605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-30 21:01:34.101503+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:28.147461
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    DAVID PICKUP, et al.

                           Plaintiffs,

                           v.                           Case No. 1:22-cv-00859 (TNM)

    JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR.,
    in his official capacity as President of the
    United States, et al.

                           Defendants.

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

          This case involves a pro se challenge to two pending pieces of federal legislation.

Plaintiffs—a psychotherapist, four pastors, a lobbyist, and a lawyer—sued President Biden and

several members of Congress alleging sweeping constitutional violations. At bottom, they ask

this Court to declare unconstitutional, and enjoin the passage of, two pending bills. The

Government has moved to dismiss. Because the Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction, it will grant

the Government’s motion.

                                                   I.

          Plaintiffs are pro-life lobbyists, pastors, a lawyer, and “ex-gays” who run organizations

providing “therapeutic services” for people who wish to become heterosexual and convert to

Christianity. See First Am. Compl. (Compl.) ¶¶ 75–77. They sue President Joseph Biden,

Senators Jeff Merkley and Richard Blumenthal, and Representative David Cicilline 1

1
  Plaintiffs also initially sued House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Senate Majority Leader Charles
Schumer, and Senator Richard Durbin. See Compl. ¶ 1. Later, they decided that these
defendants were not “necessary parties” and voluntarily withdrew their claims against them,
citing Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41. Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (Pls.’
Opp’n) at 36 n.65, ECF 59. “Although [Plaintiffs] failed to file a separate motion to dismiss the
claim[s], the Court construes the statement in [their] Opposition as a motion under Federal Rule
(collectively, the Government) arguing that two pending pieces of federal legislation—the

Women’s Health Protection Act and the Equality Act—are unconstitutional. See id. ¶¶ 1, 78–84.

The Women’s Health Protection Act would guarantee healthcare providers “a statutory

right . . . to provide abortion services.” S. 4132, 117th Cong. § 3(a) (2022). The Equality Act

would add protections for sexual orientation and gender identity to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

See H.R. 5, 117th Cong. (2021); S. 393 117th Cong (2021).

       Neither bill has become law. 2 Even so, Plaintiffs ask this Court to declare both facially

unconstitutional (primarily under the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause) and enjoin their

passage. See Compl. ¶ 181. Plaintiffs request other relief too. In their view, the Supreme

Court’s decisions in Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey undermine the

Establishment Clause by promoting the religion of “secular humanism.” Id. ¶¶ 9–10, 20.

According to Plaintiffs, secular humanism includes a “pro-abortion” denomination and an

“LGBTQ” denomination. See id. ¶¶ 33–35, 181. Plaintiffs thus argue that the Government

violates the Establishment Clause if it promotes abortion or LGBTQ ideology. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 1,

181. They also ask this Court—among other things—to (1) declare anything they describe as

government support for secular humanism unconstitutional; (2) proclaim secular humanism a

“disfavored religion”; (3) rule that the Supreme Court wrongly decided Obergefell v. Hodges,

United States v. Windsor, and Bostock v. Clayton County; (4) hold that various state bills they

of Civil Procedure 41(a) and will dismiss” their claims against Speaker Pelosi, Leader Schumer,
and Senator Durbin. Accord Spector v. District of Columbia, 17-cv-01884, 2020 WL 977983, at
*5 (D.D.C. Feb. 28, 2020).
2
  The Equality Act has passed the House. See 167 Cong. Rec. H660 (daily ed. Feb. 25, 2021)
(vote on H.R. 5).

                                                2
have proposed are constitutional; and (5) proclaim “that America is unofficially a Christian

Nation.” Id. ¶¶ 1, 136, 181.

        Before the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. See Mot. to Dismiss (Defs.’ MTD),

ECF 54. Defendants ask the Court to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims under Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of standing and want of subject matter jurisdiction and 12(b)(6) for

failure to state a claim. See id. at 1. Because the Court finds it lacks jurisdiction, it will grant the

Government’s motion. 3

                                                   II.

        Under Rule 12(b)(1), this Court presumes it lacks subject matter jurisdiction. See

Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Federal courts have limited

jurisdiction; “[t]hey possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute.” Id.

Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. See

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). When considering whether it has

jurisdiction, a court “treat[s] the complaint’s factual allegations as true . . . [and] grant[s] [the]

plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Sparrow v.

United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (cleaned up).

        Because Plaintiffs represent themselves, the Court “liberally construe[s]” their filings.

Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). The Court therefore considers all of their filings,

including their voluminous declarations, see, e.g., ECF Nos. 44–50, and their motions to take

judicial notice, see, e.g., ECF Nos. 37, 38, 54, 56. But the special solicitude afforded to pro se

litigants does not permit Plaintiffs “to ignore the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Oviedo v.

3
  Because the Court will dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint under Rule 12(b)(1), it need not reach
Defendants’ 12(b)(6) arguments. See Lawyers’ Comm. for 9/11 Inquiry, Inc. v. Wray, 424 F.
Supp. 3d 26, 30 (D.D.C. 2020), aff’d, 848 F. App’x 428 (D.C. Cir. 2021).

                                                    3
WMATA, 948 F.3d 386, 397 (D.C. Cir. 2020); see also Raven v. Sajet, 334 F. Supp. 3d 22, 28

(D.D.C. 2018) (noting that for pro se plaintiffs, “the ultimate standard remains the same”), aff’d,

2019 WL 2562945 (D.C. Cir. May 17, 2019) (per curiam).

                                                III.

       Opposing a Virginia bill that would establish a tax to support religious teachers, James

Madison wrote: “We maintain therefore that in matters of Religion, no mans right is abridged by

the institution of Civil Society[.]” James Madison, Memorial and Remonstrance Against

Religious Assessments ¶ 1. And when designing the Constitution three years later, Madison

wrote: “the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the

governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.” The Federalist No. 51, at 319 (James

Madison) (Clinton Rossiter ed., 1961). His solution protected freedom, including freedom from

established religion, by requiring the “separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of

government.” Id. at 318.

       But these two Madisonian principles are in tension in this case. On one hand, Plaintiffs

claim that Congress is poised to establish the “secular humanist” religion. See generally Compl.

They say this puts their freedom to live according to their consciences at risk. See id. On the

other hand, the Government responds that our constitutional structure, which divides power into

three branches and circumscribes the federal judiciary’s power, prevents the Court from hearing

this case. See generally Defs.’ MTD.

       The Court agrees with the Government. The Speech or Debate Clause bars Plaintiffs’

claims against the congressional Defendants, and bedrock separation of powers principles bar

their claims against the President. Nor do Plaintiffs show that they have standing.

                                                 4
                                                 A.

       The Speech or Debate Clause bars Plaintiffs’ claims against the congressional

Defendants. The Clause emerged from the decades-long English struggle for parliamentary

supremacy over the King. See generally Schilling v. Speaker of U.S. House of Reps., No. 22-cv-

162, 2022 WL 4745988, at *2–7 (D.D.C. Oct. 3, 2022) (reviewing the Speech or Debate

Clause’s history). It provides: “[F]or any Speech or Debate in either House, [Representatives

and Senators] shall not be questioned in any other Place.” U.S. Const. art. I § 6.

       The Clause “applies not just to speech and debate in the literal sense, but to all legislative

acts.” McCarthy v. Pelosi, 5 F.4th 34, 39 (D.C. Cir. 2021). Speech or Debate Immunity extends

“to other matters which the Constitution places within the jurisdiction of either House.” Gravel

v. United States, 408 U.S. 606, 625 (1972). It applies “even though [the] conduct, if performed

in other than legislative contexts, would in itself be unconstitutional or otherwise contrary to

criminal or civil statutes.” Doe v. McMillan, 412 U.S. 306, 312–13 (1973). And courts are to

apply the clause “broadly to achieve its purposes”— one being the protection of “legislative

acts” from judicial intervention. Rangel v. Boehner, 785 F.3d 19, 23 (D.C. Cir. 2015)

       Plaintiffs ask this Court to force “Defendants to table the Equality Act, the Women’s

Health Protection Act, and all similar policies in perpetuity.” Compl. ¶ 181. But the Court is

hard-pressed to imagine a more “legislative act” than considering a bill. Indeed, the

consideration of legislation is “an integral part of [Congress’s] deliberative and communicative

process.” Gravel, 408 U.S. at 625. So the Court finds that the Speech or Debate Clause bars all

Plaintiffs’ claims against the congressional Defendants.

       Plaintiffs levy a few counterarguments, all unpersuasive. Plaintiffs argue that various

acts—including a letter sent to President Biden and the President’s public statements—vitiate the

                                                 5
congressional Defendants’ Speech or Debate immunity. See Pls.’ Resp. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot.

to Dismiss (Pls.’ Opp’n) at 36–40, ECF 59. But Plaintiffs cite no authority—nor is the Court

aware of any—that public statements by Defendants defeat the Constitution’s sweeping grant of

immunity for legislative acts. Indeed, contrary authority exists. Cf. Ass’n of Am. Physicians &

Surgeons v. Schiff, 518 F. Supp. 3d 505, 519 (D.D.C. 2021) (holding that the Clause protects

letters sent by a congressman that have a connection to a legislative act). Plaintiffs also try to

posit that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Speech or Debate Clause and that the

Tenth Amendment “trumps” the Speech or Debate Clause. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 50. But Plaintiffs

cite no relevant, persuasive authority in support of those claims. The Court therefore must

dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims against the congressional Defendants for lack of jurisdiction. 4

                                                 B.

       Next up are Plaintiffs’ claims against President Biden for injunctive and declaratory

relief. Bedrock separation of powers principles bar these claims, so the Court will dismiss them.

       Over one hundred years ago, the Supreme Court held that it had “no jurisdiction . . . to

enjoin the President in the performance of his official duties.” Mississippi v. Johnson, 71 U.S.

4
  Plaintiffs also ask the Court to declare that “LGBTQ ideology is a religion,” Plaintiffs’ various
proposed bills are constitutional, Roe, Casey, Obergefell, Windsor, and Bostock were wrongly
decided and violate the Establishment Clause, and more. Compl. ¶ 181. But the Declaratory
Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, only permits courts to issue declaratory judgments when
“parties hav[e] adverse legal interests[] of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the
issuance of a declaratory judgment.” MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 127
(2007). The only relevant adverse legal interest Plaintiffs have identified is Defendants’
consideration of the challenged bills. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 130. If Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment
claims are tied to their dispute about the bills, the Speech or Debate Clause bars them. And if
those claims are unrelated to the bills, Plaintiffs have simply failed to state a claim for
declaratory relief. Finally, Plaintiffs’ claims about Roe and Casey are moot because the Supreme
Court recently overruled those decisions in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 142
S. Ct. 2228 (2022).

                                                  6
475, 498 (1866). And the Court reiterated that rule more recently in Franklin v. Massachusetts,

505 U.S. 788, 803 (1992) (plurality opinion). In Franklin, the Court explained that injunctive

relief against the President is such an “extraordinary” remedy that it should “raise[] judicial

eyebrows.” Id. at 802–03 (cleaned up); see also id. at 826 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and

concurring in the judgment) (“I think it clear that no court has authority to direct the President to

take an official act.”).

        The D.C. Circuit agrees: “A court—whether via injunctive or declaratory relief—does

not sit in judgment of a President’s executive decisions.” Newdow v. Roberts, 603 F.3d 1002,

1012 (D.C. Cir. 2010). Granting such relief would “create[] an unseemly appearance of

constitutional tension and at worst risk[] a violation of the constitutional separation of powers.”

Swan v. Clinton, 100 F.3d 973, 978 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Indeed, Plaintiffs seek to enjoin, and

declare unlawful, the routine signing of two pending pieces of legislation. It does violence to the

separation of powers to suggest that citizens could preemptively sue to enjoin, or declare

unlawful, the President’s signing of a bill.

        Plaintiffs protest that they merely “challenging policies,” not seeking to direct the

President’s actions. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 29 n.51. But Plaintiffs seek only equitable relief, and

such suits are in personam. Smith v. Bd. of Comm’rs of D.C., 259 F. Supp. 423, 424 (D.D.C.

1966), aff’d, 380 F.2d 632 (D.C. Cir. 1967). In other words, the relief sought must pertain to the

Defendants whom Plaintiffs sued. See id. (“[E]quity does not enjoin unnamed individuals[.]”).

And in any event, Plaintiffs may not use the federal courts to challenge government

policymaking absent an actual legal dispute. See, e.g., Fed. Election Comm’n v. Akins, 524 U.S.

11, 20 (1998) (explaining that courts cannot address “abstract, intellectual problems” but only

                                                  7
“concrete, living contests between adversaries”). The proper way for Plaintiffs to effect policy

change is through the legislative process itself, not by suing in this Court.

        For these reasons, basic separation of powers principles bar Plaintiffs’ claims for

declaratory and injunctive relief against President Biden.

                                                  C.

        Even if the Speech or Debate Clause and the separation of powers did not bar Plaintiffs’

claims, the Court also finds that Plaintiffs lack standing to sue. This is a second justification for

dismissal.

        Article III limits the federal judiciary to deciding cases and controversies. See U.S.

Const. art. III, § 2. The requirement that plaintiffs have standing is bound up in this core limit on

judicial power. See, e.g., Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rts., Org., 426 U.S. 26, 37 (1976). To show

standing, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that they have (1) “suffered an injury in fact . . . which is

(a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical,” (2)

that the injury is “fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant,” and (3) that it is

“likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable

decision.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61 (cleaned up). Federal courts have an independent duty to

satisfy themselves that Plaintiffs have standing. See Cierco v. Mnuchin, 857 F.3d 407, 415–16

(D.C. Cir. 2017).

                                                   1.

        Plaintiffs fail to show that they have Article III standing. First up is the requirement that

they plead a concrete and particularized injury. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61. Plaintiffs allege

many injuries. They say the bills injure them by preventing them from offering conversion

therapy and discouraging women from having abortions, which causes their businesses economic

                                                   8
harm. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 55–56, 60 n.72, 65; Pls.’ Opp’n at 19–21. And they say that the bills

require them to perform abortions, hire gay or transgender people, inhibit advocacy of legislation

they support, and limit the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA)’s protections. See, e.g.,

Compl. ¶¶ 50, 52.

       Several of these injuries are not concrete or particularized. For starters, Plaintiffs do not

plead facts to show how exempting the bills from RFRA injures them. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 50, 52;

Pls.’ Opp’n at 20. And in any event, generalized grievances affecting many citizens cannot

establish standing. See, e.g., Lance v. Coffman, 549 U.S. 437, 439 (2007). The RFRA-

exemption argument is one such generalized grievance. As to their argument that the bills

require them to perform abortions, no Plaintiff alleges he is a doctor who could perform

abortions if ordered. See Compl. ¶¶ 72–77. And Plaintiffs’ claims that the bills force them to

hire gay or transgender individuals are also unsupported by the record. True, the Equality Act

would amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., to explicitly forbid

employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. See H.R. 5, 117th

Cong. § 3(a)(1) (2021); S. 393 117th Cong. § 3(a)(1) (2021). But the Supreme Court has held

that the current Civil Rights Act already prohibits that discrimination. Bostock v. Clayton

County, 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1743 (2020). The Equality Act, if passed, would likely not change

Plaintiffs’ employment obligations.

       Plaintiffs also contend that Defendants’ actions chill their speech. See, e.g., Compl.

¶¶ 125, 127, 137, 142; Pls.’ Opp’n at 44–45. But they do not explain how that is so. A bare

allegation of chilled speech is not enough for standing for a pre-enforcement—indeed, pre-

enactment—challenge. See Woodhull Freedom Found. v. United States, 948 F.3d 363, 371

(D.C. Cir. 2020); see also Sevier v. Lowenthal, 302 F. Supp. 3d 312, 317 (D.D.C. 2018)

                                                 9
(explaining that conclusory statements are insufficient for standing in action brought by one of

the same plaintiffs as here).

       Puzzlingly, Plaintiffs’ main counterargument to the Government’s motion to dismiss for

lack of standing is that they need not plead a concrete and particularized injury in an

Establishment Clause case. See, e.g., Pls.’ Opp’n at 14–18. Not so. Plaintiffs appear to have

confused the idea that a First Amendment violation is per se irreparable injury under the

preliminary injunction test with the injury requirement for Article III standing. See id. But the

injunction inquiry presupposes “that a party has standing to allege such a violation.” In re Navy

Chaplaincy, 534 F.3d 756, 763 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (Kavanaugh, J.) (cleaned up). And Plaintiffs

cite no case, nor does the Court know of any, holding that the bare allegation of an Establishment

Clause violation is per se a concrete and particularized injury.

       Out of options, Plaintiffs declare that their fear that the bills would injure them is good

enough, invoking Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services. See Pls.’ Opp’n

at 43–45. But in Friends of the Earth, plaintiffs argued that they were not benefiting from the

“aesthetic and recreational values” of the North Tyger River because they were concerned about

Laidlaw’s discharges. 528 U.S. 167, 182–83 (2000). Those plaintiffs offered specific testimony

that they would use the river were it not for Laidlaw’s unlawful conduct. Id. at 184. But

Plaintiffs here do not allege that some threat of harm is causing them to give up a good they

would otherwise avail themselves of, beyond the conclusory allegation that Congress’s

consideration of these bills chills their speech. See generally Pls.’ Opp’n. Even if Laidlaw

extends beyond environmental harms, Plaintiffs have not alleged a cognizable fear-based injury. 5

5
  Plaintiffs also claim similar injuries from Executive Order 14,075 in their Opposition. See
Pls.’ Opp’n. at 34. But all Plaintiffs allege about the Order is that “[t]he policies chill the
Plaintiffs’ speech in a manner that causes them to lose income and is harmful to the health and

                                                 10
       Now for the actual or imminent requirement. Plaintiffs have also not shown that any

relevant injury is actual or imminent. If an injury has not yet occurred, it must be “certainly

impending or immediate” to satisfy Article III’s requirements. Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Nat’l

Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 489 F.3d 1279, 1295 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Plaintiffs have not shown

that either bill’s passage is “certainly impending.” Id. Indeed, neither bill has even passed the

Senate, and proposed bills die all the time.

       But Plaintiffs do discuss one injury that seems both concrete and particularized and actual

and imminent: violence against pro-life organizations and activists that followed the leak of the

Supreme Court opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. See Compl. ¶¶ 62,

103–06. But Plaintiffs do not claim that they have been the victims of violence or threats in

reaction to Dobbs. See generally Compl. Plaintiffs normally must assert “their own legal rights

and interests” rather than “the legal rights or interests of third parties.” Bronner v. Duggan, 364

F. Supp. 3d 9, 18 (D.D.C. 2019), aff’d sub nom. Bronner ex rel. Am. Studs. Ass’n v. Duggan, 962

F.3d 596 (D.C. Cir. 2020).

       In any event, Plaintiffs have not pled a fairly traceable or redressable injury. Defendants

contend that the harms Plaintiffs allege are neither fairly traceable to Defendants’ actions nor

redressable by this Court. See Defs.’ MTD at 13. Plaintiffs do not respond to this argument

other than by stating in conclusory fashion that their alleged injuries are traceable to Defendants’

conduct. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 18. So the Court treats the third element of standing as conceded.

See CD Int’l Enterprises, Inc. v. Rockwell Cap. Partners, Inc., 251 F. Supp. 3d 39, 46 (D.D.C.

welfare of their clients who seek their help.” Id. While the Order does condemn conversion
therapy, its only legal effect is to instruct the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the
Federal Trade Commission to consider working to discourage the practice. See Exec. Order No.
14,075, 87 Fed. Reg. 37,190 (June 21, 2022). Plaintiffs fail to plead facts showing how the
Order harms them.

                                                 11
2017). Even if Plaintiffs had responded, the Court finds that attempting to redress their alleged

injuries would raise substantial separation of powers concerns. Effectively, Plaintiffs ask this

Court to interfere with the ongoing democratic process. But interrupting a co-equal branch of

government during the legislative process would be an act “utterly foreign to our system of

divided powers[.]” Hastings v. U.S. Senate, 716 F. Supp. 38, 41 (D.D.C. 1989), aff’d, 1989 WL

122685, at *1-2 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 18, 1989) (“[W]e have not found any case in which the judiciary

has issued injunctive or declaratory relief intercepting ongoing proceedings of the legislative

branch.”).

       Plaintiffs fail to show they have standing under the traditional test.

                                                 2.

       Plaintiffs also argue they have taxpayer standing. Normally, a person cannot challenge a

government action purely on that basis. See Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, 480 (1923).

The Supreme Court has crafted a narrow exception to that rule for Establishment Clause claims.

See Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 102 (1968). But that exception has “extremely limited

contours.” In re Navy Chaplaincy, 534 F.3d at 762.

       To use the exception, Plaintiffs must satisfy two conditions. First, they “must challenge

only the unconstitutionality of ‘exercises of congressional power under the taxing and spending

clause of Art. I, § 8.’” Penkoski v. Bowser, 486 F. Supp. 3d 219, 229–30 (D.D.C. 2020) (quoting

Flast, 392 U.S. at 102). Second, Plaintiffs must “establish a nexus between that [taxpayer] status

and the precise nature of the constitutional infringement alleged.” Id. at 230. The second part

requires that the legislature “expressly authorize[] or appropriate[] funds for” a purpose that

allegedly violates the Establishment Clause. In re Navy Chaplaincy, 534 F.3d at 762.

                                                 12
       Plaintiffs satisfy neither prong. Their main argument is that they “are all taxpayers who

pay every form of tax imaginable,” and the only appropriation they identify is for Defendants’

salaries. Compl. ¶ 60 & n.72. While the Court does not question that Plaintiffs faithfully pay

their taxes, they must allege that a particular tax or appropriation has a logical nexus with the

challenged conduct. Flast, 392 U.S. at 102. They do not allege that either bill levies any tax or

appropriates any money. See generally Compl. Their failure to do so is puzzling because this

Court previously dismissed another case brought by some of the same Plaintiffs in part for not

showing the requisite nexus for taxpayer standing. See Penkoski, 486 F. Supp. 3d at 230. As in

Penkoski, Plaintiffs here “skip over Flast’s threshold requirement: that they challenge a specific

congressional appropriation or expenditure made under Congress’s Article I, § 8 powers.” Id.

       Though Plaintiffs suggest that their payment of Defendants’ salaries satisfies taxpayer

standing, see Compl. ¶ 60, that argument proves too much. Such a broad reading of the taxpayer

standing doctrine effectively obliterates the standing requirement in Establishment Clause cases

and flouts the exception’s narrowness. See Hein v. Freedom from Religion Found., Inc., 551

U.S. 587, 593 (2007) (plurality) (noting the exception’s narrowness); id. at 616 (Kennedy, J.,

concurring) (same). The remaining cases Plaintiffs cite assume jurisdiction, see Pl.’s Opp’n at

24–25, and thus are not precedential regarding taxpayer standing. See In re Navy Chaplaincy,

534 F.3d at 764.

       In short, Plaintiffs do not satisfy the more stringent requirements of taxpayer standing.

                                             *   *    *

       Also before the Court are a “Motion to Show Cause for Non-Enforcement of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1507,” ECF No. 32, and a Motion for a Preliminary and Permanent Injunction, ECF No. 27.

Because the Court finds that Plaintiffs lack standing to sue, it will deny these two motions. See,

                                                 13
e.g., Cal. Ass’n of Priv. Postsecondary Schs. v. DeVos, 344 F. Supp. 3d 158, 167 (D.D.C. 2018)

(“[A] party who fails to show a ‘substantial likelihood’ of standing is not entitled to a

preliminary injunction.”).

                                                 IV.

       For these reasons, the Court will grant the Government’s motion to dismiss. Because the

Court cannot possibly grant the relief Plaintiffs request—short-circuiting the legislative process,

reversing Supreme Court decisions, and enjoining the President’s exercise of routine duties—the

dismissal is with prejudice. See Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir.

1996) (explaining that dismissal with prejudice is appropriate when the allegation of other facts

consistent with the challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency). A separate

Order will issue today.

                                                                                 2022.11.30
                                                                                 15:44:22 -05'00'
Dated: November 30, 2022                               TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.

                                                 14