Court Opinion

ID: 4514584
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-11 00:01:45.265815+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:44:13.278548
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                             JUL 12 2019
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                         SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                                           OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

             UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                       OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:                                               BAP No. CC-18-1101-STaL

KEVAN HARRY GILMAN,                                  Bk. No. 1:11-bk-11603-VK

                    Debtor.                          Adv. No. 1:11-ap-01389-VK

TAMMY R. PHILLIPS; TAMMY R.
PHILLIPS, a Professional Law
Corporation,

                    Appellants,

v.                                                   MEMORANDUM*

KEVAN HARRY GILMAN,

                    Appellee.

                 Argued and Submitted on November 29, 2018
                          at Pasadena, California

                                 Filed – July 12, 2019

               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

         *
        This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for
whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential
value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
                       for the Central District of California

          Honorable Victoria S. Kaufman, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Appearances:        Charles Quentin Jakob argued for appellants; Mark E.
                    Ellis of Ellis Law Group, LLP argued for appellee.

Before: SPRAKER, TAYLOR, and LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judges.

                                 INTRODUCTION

      Tammy R. Phillips, and her former law firm known as Tammy R.

Phillips, a Professional Law Corporation, are judgment creditors of chapter

71 debtor Kevan Harry Gilman.2 Creditors commenced an adversary

proceeding against Gilman seeking to except from discharge their

judgment claim. The adversary proceeding also included claims for relief

objecting to Gilman’s discharge under § 727. The court ultimately entered a

final judgment under Civil Rule 54(b) granting Creditors the relief they

      1
        Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure. All Local Rule references are to the Local Rules for the United States
Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California.
      2
         For most purposes in this appeal, there is no functional difference between
Phillips and her professional law corporation. Unless otherwise indicated, we
hereinafter refer to Phillips and her corporation jointly as “Creditors.”

                                            2
requested under § 727(a)(2)(b).

      Even though Creditors prevailed on the merits of their § 727(a)(2)(b)

claim, they appeal from several orders entered in the adversary

proceeding. The orders appealed include: (a) an order denying Creditors’

special motion to strike Gilman’s answer under California’s anti-SLAPP

statute; (b) an order denying one of Creditors’ two Civil Rule 12(f) motions

to strike; (c) an order compelling Phillips’ law firm’s corporate designee to

appear for an additional deposition date; (d) an order denying Creditors’

motion to compel Gilman to submit further responses to their

interrogatories and their document production requests; (e) an order on

Creditors’ motion for adversary fees and costs pursuant to California Code

of Civil Procedure (“CCP”) § 685.040; and (f) an order denying Creditors’

Civil Rule 59 motion seeking reconsideration of the adversary fee order.

      None of the adversary proceeding orders appealed implicate the

merits of the underlying adversary proceeding. Creditors have appealed

these orders principally to seek a larger award of attorneys’ fees. In this

sense, the adversary appeal is a microcosm of the underlying dispute

between the parties. That dispute began over 15 years ago and resulted in a

damages award against Gilman of merely $8,250. The rest of Creditors’

claim consists of millions of dollars in litigation and collection costs –

mostly attorneys’ fees.

      The adversary fee order allowed only $162,613.60 of the $1,395,535.00

                                        3
in adversary fees requested.3 The bankruptcy court disallowed $942,154.00

in adversary fees as untimely under CCP § 685.080(a) because Creditors

did not file a motion seeking recovery of these fees within two years of

their incurrence. In a separate published opinion, we affirm the bankruptcy

court’s disallowance of the $942,154.00 in adversary fees as untimely. In

this memorandum, with two relatively minor exceptions, we conclude that

the bankruptcy court did not commit reversible error when it disallowed

on other grounds an additional $290,767.40 in adversary fees. Accordingly,

the adversary fee order is AFFIRMED IN PART, and VACATED AND

REMANDED IN PART for further findings, as detailed below.

      As for the other adversary orders appealed, Creditors have not

persuaded us that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion or otherwise

committed reversible error. We therefore AFFIRM all of the other orders

appealed.

                             BACKGROUND FACTS

      In its many different facets, this is a story of litigation gone horribly

wrong.

      Creditors’ claims against Gilman arose from a state court civil action

Gilman commenced against Creditors and others. In 2003, Gilman through

      3
        The bankruptcy court entered separate orders on Creditors’ motions for fees
incurred in Gilman’s bankruptcy case. Creditors’ appeals from the case fee orders are
the subject of a separate unpublished memorandum decision issued by this Panel.

                                           4
his wholly owned company known as Lien Medical filed a complaint

against Creditors and their client Mike Sweeney in the Los Angeles County

Superior Court. The lawsuit sought recovery on a lien for medical services

that Sweeney and his health care provider allegedly granted to Gilman

under a signed form lien agreement. Creditors and Sweeney later

succeeded in transferring venue over this lawsuit to the Placer County

Superior Court. Creditors then cross-complained against Gilman based on

his incorrect choice of venue. Among other things, Creditors claimed that

Gilman violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692, et

seq., and California’s Rosenthal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Cal. Civ.

Code § 1788, et seq. In 2007, the Placer County Superior Court granted

Creditors judgment on their cross-complaint, consisting of $7,500 in actual

damages and $750 in statutory damages. In 2008, the state court awarded

Creditors over $100,000 in attorneys’ fees and costs based on work their

attorney performed on the lien claim, on the cross-claim, and on appeal.

      While these fees might seem disproportionately large in relation to

the substantive damages, this was only the beginning. The attorneys’ fees

and costs Gilman owed to Creditors continued to grow. For all of their

judgment enforcement efforts, Creditors claimed entitlement under CCP

§ 685.040 to recover their reasonable and necessary costs in enforcing their

state court judgment.

      Gilman commenced his chapter 7 bankruptcy case in February 2011.

                                      5
In his schedules, Gilman listed Creditors and Sweeney as disputed

creditors in the amount of $150,000. However, in their discharge complaint

filed in May 2011, Creditors claimed that, predominantly as a result of their

judgment enforcement efforts, they were entitled to a judgment against

Gilman of no less than $1 million. They included in their discharge

complaint claims for relief under §§ 523(a)(2)(A), (4), and (6), and under

§§ 727(a)(2), a(4)(A), and (a)(4)(D). They further included a claim for

attorneys’ fees, based on the additional fees they expected to incur in the

adversary proceeding.

       After several years of protracted and exceedingly hostile disputes

over pleading, discovery, motion practice, and pretrial practice, the

bankruptcy court trifurcated the action in April 2016 and set the matter for

trial in June 2016. The sole claim tried was Creditors’ § 727(a)(2)(B) claim,

and the sole issue tried was Gilman’s intent. After two and a half days of

trial, the bankruptcy court entered judgment in favor of Creditors on this

claim in November 2016.4

       4
         The details of the discharge litigation are too voluminous and too tangential to
the merits of this appeal to justify our setting them forth at length here. Suffice it to say
that the litigation was highly contentious and marked by vitriolic exchanges between
the parties’ counsel. In its June 2017 adversary fee ruling, the bankruptcy court’s
comments give some idea of the tone of this action:

       Plaintiffs have filed unnecessary sanctions motions throughout the
       pendency of this adversary proceeding and the related bankruptcy case.
                                                                          (continued...)

                                              6
      Within fourteen days of entry of judgment, Creditors filed their

motion seeking compensation for 3,533 hours of legal services provided by

their counsel. Ultimately, the bankruptcy court allowed compensation for

just over 400 hours of legal services, at the requested hourly rate of $395

per hour. Creditors filed a Civil Rule 59(e) motion seeking reconsideration

of the fee order. The bankruptcy court entered an order denying the Civil

Rule 59(e) motion without a hearing.

      On April 13, 2018, Creditors filed a notice of appeal from the fee

order, from the denial of relief under Civil Rule 59(e), and from the other

orders discussed below.

                                   JURISDICTION

      The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(2)(I) and (J). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

                                         ISSUES

1.    Did the bankruptcy court commit reversible error when it denied

      Creditors’ special motion to strike Gilman’s answer under

      4
       (...continued)
      Not including Plaintiffs’ repeated requests for sanctions embedded in
      nearly every filing by Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs have filed a total of 33 motions
      requesting sanctions in this adversary proceeding and the related
      bankruptcy case. Of these 33 motions, only 5 were granted by the Court.

Final Ruling On Fee Motion (June 9, 2017) at p. 8. While we do not have specific
sanctions motion numbers for defendant Gilman, it is safe to say that he also was very
active in requesting sanctions against Creditors and their counsel.

                                             7
      California’s anti-SLAPP statute?

2.    Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it denied one of

      Creditors’ two Civil Rule 12(f) motions to strike?

3.    Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it entered an

      order compelling Phillips and her law firm’s corporate designee to

      appear for an additional deposition date?

4.    Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it denied

      Creditors’ motion to compel Gilman to submit further responses to

      their interrogatories and their document production requests?

5.    Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it disallowed

      most of the fees Creditors timely requested in their motion for fees

      and costs?

                         STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      The appeal from Creditors’ special motion to strike presents an issue

of statutory construction. We review de novo such issues. Mahakian v.

William Maxwell Invs., LLC (In re Mahakian), 529 B.R. 268, 274 (9th Cir. BAP

2015).

      We review orders on Civil Rule 12(f) motions to strike for an abuse of

discretion. Whittlestone, Inc. v. Handi-Craft Co., 618 F.3d 970, 973 (9th Cir.

2010). We review orders on motions to compel discovery under the same

standard. Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002). A bankruptcy

court abuses its discretion if it applies the wrong legal standard or its

                                        8
findings of fact are illogical, implausible or without support in the record.

TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).

      We review “de novo questions of law concerning entitlement to

attorneys’ fees.” PSM Holding Corp. v. Nat'l Farm Fin. Corp., 884 F.3d 812,

828 (9th Cir. 2018). “De novo review requires that we consider a matter

anew, as if no decision had been made previously.” Francis v. Wallace (In re

Francis), 505 B.R. 914, 917 (9th Cir. BAP 2014) (citation omitted). However,

we review the amount of attorneys’ fees awarded under state law for an

abuse of discretion. Id.

      “It is well established in this Circuit that a reviewing court “will not

disturb a bankruptcy court’s award of attorneys’ fees unless the

bankruptcy court abused its discretion or erroneously applied the law.”

Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. v. Hoopai (In re Hoopai), 581 F.3d 1090, 1095

(9th Cir. 2009) (quoting In re Kord Enters. II, 139 F.3d 684, 686 (9th Cir.

1998)); Amick v. Bradford (In re Bradford), 112 B.R. 347, 353 (9th Cir. BAP

1990). We afford broad deference to the bankruptcy court’s determinations

on fee awards because of its “superior understanding of the litigation and

the desirability of avoiding frequent appellate review of what essentially

are factual matters.” Rodriguez v. Disner, 688 F.3d 645, 653 (9th Cir. 2012)

(quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983)).

      This deference is especially appropriate in the context of fee awards

because the bankruptcy court has the benefit of two distinct but equally

                                         9
valid perspectives concerning the reasonableness of the fees requested:

first, the bankruptcy court observes, in an immediate, particularized, and

firsthand basis, the delivery of services in connection with particular

matters or hearings, and can thus assess the difficulty of the tasks

presented and other factors that should dictate the likely time and skill

necessary to produce the services, as well as the quality of the services;

second, the bankruptcy court has the added perspective of presiding over

the matter in a cumulative sense, and is therefore also uniquely able to

assess the overall reasonableness of fees measured by the entirety of the

aggregate task. Both perspectives are valid, and the bankruptcy court may

employ either, or both, in any given instance.

      Accordingly, our deference also extends to the depth of the

bankruptcy court’s factual findings. It is uniquely the province of the

bankruptcy court to determine the level of review and the basis for critique

in fee review, and a reviewing court should defer as thoroughly to that

decision by the bankruptcy court as it would to any other decision

concerning reasonableness of fees, so long as the bankruptcy court’s

findings are “explicit enough on the ultimate issues to give the appellate

court a clear understanding of the basis of the decision.” In re Bradford, 112

B.R. at 353 (9th Cir. BAP 1990) (citing Louie v. United States, 776 F.2d 819,

822–23 (9th Cir. 1985)). In other words, consistent with our review of

factual matters, we will only reverse or vacate and remand a finding

                                       10
concerning reasonableness of fees where such finding is illogical,

implausible, or without support in the record, see TrafficSchool.com, Inc., 653

F.3d at 832, or where the bankruptcy court, having undertaken a more

particularized review of a fee charge, has left us uncertain as to the basis

for its determination.

      We may affirm on any basis in the record. Bill v. Brewer, 799 F.3d

1295, 1299 (9th Cir. 2015).

                                DISCUSSION

      As mentioned at the outset, Creditors have raised a number of issues

on appeal that have no continuing relevance to the merits of the underlying

discharge litigation. Nor will they have any impact on the outcome of that

litigation. The discharge litigation already has been fully, finally, and

conclusively decided in Creditors’ favor. The issues have only one other

characteristic in common: if Creditors were to prevail, they might be

entitled to recover or recoup more of the attorneys’ fees they incurred or

were ordered to pay to Gilman. We will consider each of Creditors’

disparate issues in turn.

A.    Appeal From Denial Of Special Motion To Strike.

      This is not the first time Creditors have appealed the denial of their

special motion to strike. Before we discuss these prior appeals, some

background is required. In July 2011, Gilman filed his initial answer to the

complaint. Among the three affirmative defenses stated in his answer,

                                       11
Gilman included an affirmative defense for “Malicious Prosecution –

Offset.” The entirety of the affirmative defense states: “Answering

Defendant alleges that if any monies are owed to Plaintiff(s) that such sum

is offset by monies owed to Defendant because of the other specious

allegations contained in Plaintiffs [sic] Complaint.” Specifically in response

to this affirmative defense, Creditors filed on July 30, 2011, a special motion

to strike under Cal. Civil Procedure Code (“CCP”) § 425.16, which is part of

California’s “anti-SLAPP” statute.5

       By way of their special motion to strike, Creditors sought not only to

have the allegedly impermissible affirmative defense stricken, but also to

obtain attorneys’ fees under CCP § 425.16(c), which provides mandatory

fees to a prevailing movant. The majority of Creditors’ legal memorandum

in support of their special motion sought to explain why Gilman’s

affirmative defense for offset should be treated as a “cause of action”

within the meaning of CCP § 425.16.

       The bankruptcy court was not persuaded by Creditors’ legal

       5
         Generally speaking, California’s anti-SLAPP statute protects litigants from
spurious lawsuits filed for the purpose of infringing on their First Amendment Rights.
See Simpson Strong-Tie Co. v. Gore, 49 Cal. 4th 12, 21 (2010) (“A SLAPP is a civil lawsuit
that is aimed at preventing citizens from exercising their political rights or punishing
those who have done so. ‘While SLAPP suits masquerade as ordinary lawsuits such as
defamation and interference with prospective economic advantage, they are generally
meritless suits brought primarily to chill the exercise of free speech or petition rights by
the threat of severe economic sanctions against the defendant, and not to vindicate a
legally cognizable right.’”). (Emphasis added and citation omitted.)

                                             12
argument. According to the court, the offset affirmative defense was

neither a cause of action or a counterclaim within the meaning of the anti-

Slapp statute. On October 20, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an order

denying the special motion to strike.

      The anti-SLAPP statute contains a subsection providing for a right of

immediate appeal. CCP § 425.16(I). Creditors immediately appealed the

denial of their special motion to strike to the district court. The district

court essentially agreed with the bankruptcy court but was much more

emphatic: “[b]efore the Court is a frivolous appeal to a frivolous motion

that sought to strike a frivolous affirmative defense, as well as frivolous

motions for sanctions.” Phillips v. Gilman (In re Gilman), Case No. CV

11-9327 DOC, Doc. No. 30 (Minute Order) (C.D. Cal. April 4, 2012).

      The district court explained at length that the California legislature

enacted the anti-SLAPP statute to give defendants immunity from lawsuits

that seek to infringe on the defendants’ First Amendment rights. Id. (citing

Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018, 1025 (9th Cir. 2003)). The district court further

explained that the anti-SLAPP statute specifically applied to “causes of

action,” “complaints,” “cross-complaints,” and “petitions.” Id. (citing CCP

§ 425.16(h)); see also CCP § 425.16(b)(1). Based on the plain meaning and

underlying purposes of the statute, the district court held that the anti-

SLAPP statute did not apply to Gilman’s affirmative defense.

      Given that the statute was inapplicable, the district court concluded

                                        13
that Creditors were not entitled to an immediate appeal either under CCP

§ 425.16(I) or under the federal collateral order doctrine. In re Gilman, Case

No. CV 11-9327 DOC, Doc. No 30, at pp. 4-5. The district court further

ruled that the denial of the special motion to strike was an interlocutory

order and that Creditors had failed to establish grounds for leave to pursue

an interlocutory appeal. The district court therefore dismissed the appeal

for lack of jurisdiction, and denied all of the parties’ sanctions motions.

       Creditors then appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. But

the Court of Appeals similarly dismissed that appeal for lack of

jurisdiction. Unlike the district court, the court of appeals did not discuss at

all the applicability of the federal collateral order doctrine or the right

under California law to immediately appeal the denial of a special motion

to strike under CCP § 425.16(I). The court of appeals merely stated that it

had no jurisdiction to hear this appeal from an interlocutory bankruptcy

court order.6

       6
        If the court of appeals really had thought it was dealing with the denial of a
bona fide anti-SLAPP motion, presumably it would have followed its case law allowing
immediate appeal from such motions under the collateral order doctrine. See, e.g., DC
Comics v. Pac. Pictures Corp., 706 F.3d 1009, 1013–14 (9th Cir. 2013); Batzel, 333 F.3d at
1025, partially abrogated by statute as recognized in, Breazeale v. Victim Servs., Inc., 878 F.3d
759, 766–67 (9th Cir. 2017)). Thus, the court of appeals’ decision disposing of Creditors’
interlocutory appeal on jurisdictional grounds seems to suggest that the court of
appeals did not consider Creditors’ special motion to strike to be a bona fide anti-
SLAPP motion. In any event, we do not need to rely on the court of appeals’ decision to
analyze or resolve the issue on appeal before us.

                                               14
      In their appeal brief filed with this Panel, Creditors reiterate the same

arguments they made in the bankruptcy court why, in their view, Gilman’s

offset affirmative defense qualified as a “cause of action” under the anti-

SLAPP statute. They claim that the district court ruling should have no

effect on our analysis or resolution of this issue because: (1) the district

court’s jurisdictional ruling did not reach the merits of their anti-SLAPP

motion; and (2) the court of appeals’ jurisdictional dismissal of the appeal

from the district court’s decision effectively stripped the district court

ruling of any meaning or effect.

      We disagree with both of Creditors’ contentions. The district court’s

determination is law of the case. As we previously have stated:

      Under the law of the case doctrine, a court is barred from
      reconsidering an issue that already has been decided in the
      same court or in a higher court in the same case. For the law of
      the case doctrine to apply, the issue must have been decided,
      either expressly or by necessary implication. However, even if
      the law of the case doctrine applies, a court may decide, in its
      discretion, to revisit the issue if: “(1) the first decision was
      clearly erroneous and would result in manifest injustice; (2) an
      intervening change in the law has occurred; or (3) the evidence
      on remand [is] substantially different.” Id.

FDIC v. Kipperman (In re Commercial Money Ctr., Inc.), 392 B.R. 814, 832–33

(9th Cir. BAP 2008) (citing Milgard Tempering, Inc. v. Selas Corp. of Am., 902

F.2d 703, 715 (9th Cir. 1990)). The doctrine is discretionary, but we

routinely follow it unless one of the above-referenced exceptions applies.

                                       15
Am. Express Travel Related Servs. Co. v. Fraschilla (In re Fraschilla), 235 B.R.

449, 454 (9th Cir. BAP 1999), aff'd, 242 F.3d 381 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing United

States v. Garcia, 77 F.3d 274, 276 (9th Cir. 1996)).7

       Here, Creditors have not shown that the district court’s decision

regarding the inapplicability of the anti-SLAPP statute was clearly

erroneous or manifestly unjust. To the contrary, based on our review of the

relevant facts and law, we conclude that the district court decision was

manifestly correct and just. Nor have Creditors shown any relevant

intervening change in the law or any change in the evidence on this issue

after the district court dismissed the appeal. The district court ruled that

the anti-SLAPP statute did not apply to Gilman’s offset affirmative defense.

This ruling is law of the case, and we will follow it.

       On this basis, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s order denying

Creditors’ special motion to strike.

B.     Appeal From Denial Of Civil Rule 12(f) Motion To Strike.

       Creditors also filed two motions to strike all or parts of Gilman’s

answer based on Civil Rule 12(f). Only the second of these motions is at

       7
         For purposes of bankruptcy appeals and application of law of the case, the
district court serves the same appellate role as this Panel, inasmuch as both courts hear
appeals from bankruptcy court orders and judgments. See generally 28 U.S.C. 158.
Considering the policies and purposes underlying the law of the case doctrine, it would
make no sense for us not to give the district court’s decision the same law of the case
effect as we would one of our own decisions. See generally In re Fraschilla, 235 B.R. at 454
(explaining underlying policies and purposes of the doctrine).

                                             16
issue in this appeal, but some knowledge of the first is necessary to

understand Creditors’ arguments regarding the second. Civil Rule 12(f)

provides:

       (f) Motion to Strike. The court may strike from a pleading an
       insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent,
       or scandalous matter. The court may act:
             (1) on its own; or
             (2) on motion made by a party either before responding to
             the pleading or, if a response is not allowed, within 21
             days after being served with the pleading.

       Creditors’ first Civil Rule 12(f) motion to strike, filed on July 30, 2011

(and amended on August 9, 2011), sought to strike the entirety of Gilman’s

original answer based on alleged untimeliness. The bankruptcy court

entered an order on September 12, 2011, granting in part and denying in

part this motion. The record indicates that Creditors drafted this order for

the court. The relevant part of the order provided as follows:

        The motion is DENIED to the extent it requests the answer as a
       whole be stricken as untimely. The motion is DENIED to the
       extent it seeks to strike a singular allegation Plaintiffs deemed
       scandalous and irrelevant. The motion is GRANTED, with
       leave to amend, to the extent it is directed to Defendant’s
       second affirmative defense for equitable estoppel. Defendant
       shall have 21 days from the date of entry of this order to file
       and serve an amended answer.

Order granting in part and denying in part motion to strike (Sept. 12, 2011)

at p. 2.

                                        17
      The order was specific as to which parts of the motion to strike it

denied and which part it granted. The language regarding leave to amend

was not as specific or precise. At the hearing on the first motion to strike,

the court made a statement arguably suggesting that it meant for its grant

of leave to amend to be broad in scope:

      Now, we'll grant with leave to amend. So you can file if you
      want an amended answer within -- I don't know 21 days of
      entering the order properly pleading equitable estoppel if that's
      what you think you have. Or if you have some other, I guess -- I
      don't know. I guess equitable estoppel. I don't know what to
      say about anything other than equitable estoppel.

Hrg. Tr. (Aug. 24, 2011) at 25.

      Gilman timely filed an amended answer on October 3, 2011. The

amended answer not only amended Gilman’s equitable estoppel defense

but also added several new affirmative defenses, for failure to mitigate,

lack of standing, issue and claim preclusion, and advice of counsel. The

amended answer also contained a significantly modified offset defense.

That defense no longer was based on alleged malicious prosecution.

Instead, it was based on Creditors’ alleged failure to provide demands and

invoices for what they claimed they were owed, thereby impeding

Gilman’s ability to liquidate his assets for the purpose of satisfying his

debts.

      In response to the amended answer, Creditors filed their second Civil

Rule 12(f) motion to strike. In relevant part, Creditors claimed that the

                                       18
parts of the answer Gilman amended beyond his equitable estoppel

affirmative defense should be stricken. Creditors maintained that the

bankruptcy court’s order granting leave to amend was narrow in scope and

only permitted Gilman to amend the stricken equitable estoppel defense.

Unlike their first motion to strike, this second motion to strike sought

monetary sanctions. Creditors claimed that the overbroad amendments to

Gilmans’ answer were filed in bad faith and violated the Civil Rules and

Local Rules. Therefore, Creditors reasoned they were entitled to $4,200,

apparently covering the cost of the second motion to strike.

      The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the second motion to strike.

Afterwards, it entered an order granting in part the motion to strike but

only with respect to the amended equitable estoppel defense. Thus, this

order effectively rejected Creditors’ argument that all amendments to the

answer other than Gilman’s equitable estoppel defense should be stricken

as beyond the scope of the bankruptcy court’s grant of leave to amend. The

order also denied sanctions.

      On appeal, Creditors have challenged the order on their second

motion to strike to the extent it rejected their argument regarding the scope

of the leave to amend. Importantly, they have not challenged the order on

their first motion to strike, in which the court granted Gilman leave to

amend.

      Creditors’ arguments on appeal (and the cases that they cite) all

                                      19
assume that the bankruptcy court’s order on the first motion to strike

granted only limited leave to amend. They argue that, when a court has

granted leave to amend limited in scope, amended pleadings should be

stricken to the extent they exceed this scope. But Creditors’ assumption is

factually and legally unfounded. Nothing included in their opening appeal

brief factually or legally establishes that the bankruptcy court limited the

scope of the leave to amend it granted.

      This problem with Creditors’ appellate argument is exacerbated, and

rendered fatal, by their failure to provide the transcript from the

January 11, 2012 hearing on the second motion to strike. As a result of this

failure, we are left to speculate as to any findings or reasoning the

bankruptcy court gave at this hearing on the issue of the scope of the leave

to amend. Without these findings or reasoning, it is difficult or impossible

for us to meaningfully review the bankruptcy court’s ruling on this issue.

See McCarthy v. Prince (In re McCarthy), 230 B.R. 414, 417 (9th Cir. BAP

1999). Under these circumstances, “we look for any plausible basis upon

which the bankruptcy court might have exercised its discretion to do what

it did. If we find any such basis, then we must affirm.” Id.

      Here, the bankruptcy court may well have interpreted its order on

the first motion to strike as granting broad leave to amend the answer. We

give significant deference to the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of its

own orders. Rosales v. Wallace (In re Wallace), 490 B.R. 898, 906 (9th Cir. BAP

                                       20
2013) (citing Marciano v. Fahs (In re Marciano), 459 B.R. 27, 35 (9th Cir. BAP

2011)). Creditors have not offered any reason why we cannot or should not

accept this interpretation. Nor did Creditors appeal the leave to amend

granted in the order on the first motion to strike.

        Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order on Creditors’ second Civil Rule

12(f) motion to strike.

C.      Appeal From Order Granting Gilman’s Motion To Compel.

        Creditors next argue that the bankruptcy court committed reversible

error when it imposed fee sanctions against them and their counsel as part

of its order granting Gilman’s motion to compel filed on December 21,

2011. The order compelled both Phillips and her law firm’s corporate

designee under Civil Rule 30(b)(6)8 to appear for an additional deposition

date.

        Gilman noticed two depositions: the deposition of Phillips as an

        8
            Civil Rule 30(b)(6) provides in relevant part:

        (6) Notice or Subpoena Directed to an Organization. In its notice or
        subpoena, a party may name as the deponent a public or private
        corporation . . . and must describe with reasonable particularity the
        matters for examination. The named organization must then designate one
        or more officers, directors, or managing agents, or designate other persons
        who consent to testify on its behalf; and it may set out the matters on
        which each person designated will testify. . . . The persons designated
        must testify about information known or reasonably available to the
        organization. . . .

Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6).

                                                21
individual and that of her corporation’s Civil Rule 30(b)(6) designee.

Initially, Gilman noticed the two depositions for two different dates. But

Creditors filed a motion for protective order, claiming among other things

that holding the two depositions on two different dates was burdensome

and wasteful. In response to the motion, Gilman re-noticed the two

depositions for the same date: October 26, 2011. Ultimately, the bankruptcy

court denied Creditors’ motion for protective order.

      On October 26, 2011, Phillips appeared for both depositions. She was

represented at the depositions by Creditors’ counsel of record Charles

Quentin Jakob. Phillips identified herself as her corporation’s Civil Rule

30(b)(6) designee. At the outset of the corporation’s deposition, when asked

to confirm whether there was some other individual the corporation could

designate in addition to her regarding the facts underlying Creditors

complaint, Phillips responded “I’m it.” After a few hours of deposition

testimony, and after the parties returned from their lunch recess, Gilman

asked a series of questions seeking information about the facts underlying

Creditors’ complaint. To some of these questions, Phillips responded with

“I don’t know” or I don’t recall” or with similar types of responses. At this

point, Jakob stepped in and stated on the record that he was volunteering

himself as an additional Civil Rule 30(b)(6) designee. He said he was

offering this, in part, because he feared Gilman otherwise would argue that

the Creditors lacked knowledge and facts to support their complaint.

                                      22
      Initially, Gilman resisted the corporation’s attempt to identify an

additional designee. Gilman claimed that it was unfair and improper for

Phillips to present herself as the sole corporate designee, and to provide a

number of hours of deposition testimony in that capacity, only to add an

additional designee when, during the deposition testimony, she was

unable to answer a number of questions. Jakob contacted the bankruptcy

court by telephone while the deposition was in progress to see if the court

immediately could resolve the dispute. However, the court was

unavailable, so the parties resumed Phillips’ corporate designee deposition.

Shortly thereafter, they took a recess. Immediately after the recess, Gilman

concluded his examination of Phillips as the corporate designee and turned

the witness over to Jakob for examination.

      Later on in the afternoon, while Jakob still was conducting his

examination of Phillips, the court returned Jakob’s telephone call and

proceeded to address the dispute. After hearing argument, the court

opined that there was nothing per se preventing the corporation from

designating an additional witness to speak on its behalf. The court also said

that Gilman could reserve for another day any objections it had to the

manner and timing of the corporation’s designations and any request for

sanctions it later cared to file. With the court still on the telephone line, the

parties then discussed moving forward with the three depositions: (1)

Phillips’ ongoing corporate designee deposition; (2) Jakob’s anticipated

                                        23
corporate designee deposition; and (3) Phillips’ deposition as an individual.

The court, in effect, stated that after Jakob finished his examination of

Phillips as a corporate designee, the parties then should try to proceed with

Phillips deposition as an individual, in an attempt to prevent the need for

her to make a repeat appearance on a different date. The court further

indicated that it would be appropriate to schedule Jakob’s corporate

designee deposition for another day. In response, Jakob conceded that

Gilman was entitled to additional time to take the deposition.

      After the court ended the telephone call with the parties, Jakob

expressed his preference to finish all three depositions that evening. But

Gilman’s counsel said he could not because of other preexisting work

obligations. According to Creditors, during the remaining course of the

October 26, 2011 deposition, Jakob offered four other dates within the next

several days he was able to appear for his deposition. Gilman’s counsel

promised to inform his colleagues of the offered dates as soon as the

deposition ended for the day. Meanwhile, Jakob apparently finished his

examination of Phillips as corporate designee at some time between 4:00

pm and 5:00 pm. Gilman’s follow-up questions of Phillips as corporate

designee took until 5:13 pm. At that point, the deposition ended without

any specific agreement regarding when (or whether) Jakob and Phillips (in

her individual capacity) would reappear for deposition.

      When Gilman’s counsel later contacted Jakob to discuss prospective

                                      24
dates for the two remaining depositions, Phillips and Jakob took the

position that Gilman had forfeited any entitlement to take the two

additional depositions because he did not complete them on the date the

two depositions originally were scheduled and because Gilman did not

agree to one of the four dates Jakob had proposed during the October 26,

2011 deposition. Jakob further indicated that he would agree to discuss

additional deposition dates only if: (1) Gilman agreed to limit his

examination questions to those Gilman asked Phillips on October 26; or (2)

Gilman paid him for his deposition appearance and testimony.

      After the parties met and conferred in accordance with governing

rules, Gilman filed his motion to compel on December 21, 2011. The

bankruptcy court held its hearing on the motion to compel on February 1,

2012. During the hearing, the court ruled that it would grant the motion to

compel and impose sanctions of $6,120. The court explained that the

deposition time on October 26, 2011, had all been used up by a combination

of factors, including Phillips’ corporate designee deposition, Jakob’s “cross-

examination” of Phillips as corporate designee and the dispute and

telephone discussion with the court regarding the belated identification of

Jakob as an additional corporate designee.

      The court specifically held that Phillips and Jakob had acted

unreasonably and that their refusal to offer additional dates for their

depositions was not substantially justified. Having reviewed the deposition

                                      25
transcript excerpts provided by Gilman with his motion, the bankruptcy

court pointed out there was no opportunity to question Phillips in her

individual capacity that day. The court also pointed out that, given the

timing of Jakob’s volunteering to serve as another corporate designee and

the issues arising from that timing, Gilman was entitled to another

deposition date for Jakob. The court further noted that, when Phillips

initially designated herself as her corporation’s sole designee for the

deposition, she had an obligation under Civil Rule 30(b)(6) to prepare

herself and to be knowledgeable on the relevant subject matter of the

deposition. When it became apparent that Phillips was not adequately

prepared to answer all questions, the court noted that the corporation

could designate a new witness, but the corporation then had to make that

new witness reasonably available. Nor could Phillips dictate the timing and

terms under which the additional Civil Rule 30(b)(6) witness would

appear.

      On appeal, Creditors concede that the bankruptcy court duly

exercised its authority under Civil Rule 30(d)(1)9 to enter an order

      9
          Civil Rule 30(d)(1) provides:

      (1) Duration. Unless otherwise stipulated or ordered by the court, a
      deposition is limited to one day of 7 hours. The court must allow
      additional time consistent with Rule 26(b)(1) and (2) if needed to fairly
      examine the deponent or if the deponent, another person, or any other
      circumstance impedes or delays the examination.
                                                                             (continued...)

                                           26
requiring Phillips and Jakob each to appear for an additional day of

deposition. Creditors also have not effectively challenged the narrative of

events the bankruptcy court relied upon (described above) in awarding

Gilman $6,120 in attorneys’ fees as sanctions against Phillips and Jakob for

Gilman having to prepare and prosecute the motion to compel. Creditors

nonetheless assert the court abused its discretion in awarding sanctions

under Civil Rule 37(a)(5)(A).10

       9
        (...continued)
Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(d)(1).
       10
            Civil Rule 37(a)(5)(A) provides in relevant part:

       ( 5) Payment of Expenses; Protective Orders.

       (A) If the Motion Is Granted (or Disclosure or Discovery Is Provided After
       Filing). If the motion is granted – or if the disclosure or requested
       discovery is provided after the motion was filed – the court must, after
       giving an opportunity to be heard, require the party or deponent whose
       conduct necessitated the motion, the party or attorney advising that
       conduct, or both to pay the movant’s reasonable expenses incurred in
       making the motion, including attorneys’ fees. But the court must not order
       this payment if:

       (I) the movant filed the motion before attempting in good faith to obtain
       the disclosure or discovery without court action;

       (ii) the opposing party's nondisclosure, response, or objection was
       substantially justified; or

       (iii) other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.

                                                                             (continued...)

                                               27
       Creditors claim that Phillips’ and Jakob’s refusal to offer any

additional deposition dates was “substantially justified” even if they did

not ultimately prevail on the issue. They claim that Phillips only was

obliged under Civil Rule 30(d)(1) to appear on a single day – October 26,

2011 – as Gilman had noticed the depositions. Once that day was complete,

Creditors claim, both Phillips and her corporation satisfied their Civil Rule

30 obligation to appear for the deposition as noticed. Creditors insist that,

absent a stipulation or further court order, neither Phillips nor the

corporation was obliged to offer to appear for further deposition of either

herself or her corporation.

       Under Civil Rule 37(a)(5)(A), when the court grants a motion

compelling discovery, the court must award the prevailing party its fees

and costs incurred in prosecuting the motion unless the losing party’s

position was “substantially justified.” See Hylton v. Anytime Towing, Case

No. 11CV1039 JLS (WMc), 2012 WL 3562398, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 17,

2012).11 A litigant’s opposition to discovery is substantially justified if he or

she has a “reasonable basis both in law and fact” for his or her position. See

Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988).

       10
        (...continued)
Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(A).
       11
        Civil Rule 37(a)(5)(A) identifies two other exceptions to the mandatory
imposition of sanctions, but Creditors have not argued that either of them applied here.

                                           28
      Here, the bankruptcy court found that Phillips and Jakob had acted

unreasonably and without substantial justification. Creditors’ argument

challenging this finding is devoid of merit. The noticed depositions were

not completed on October 26, 2011 largely because of Phillips’ and Jakob’s

conduct. Furthermore, Phillips and Jakob knew Gilman was entitled to

more time to conduct the depositions. Phillips and Jakob effectively

admitted this during the October 26, 2011 telephone conference with the

court. Nothing in Civil Rule 30(d)(1) entitled Phillips or Jakob unilaterally

to dictate the terms or timing of any future deposition appearances or to

withhold their cooperation in rescheduling the depositions.

      In sum, Gilman’s entitlement to take the depositions was obvious,

and Phillips’ withholding of cooperation unless and until Gilman obtained

a court order was not a reasonable or justified litigation position. To hold

otherwise would undermine the policies and purposes underlying Civil

Rule 37(a)(5)(A). Those policies and purposes are aimed at motivating the

parties to cooperate in the discovery process, to act reasonably, and to

minimize court intervention. See 8B C. Wright & A. Miller, Fed. Prac. &

Proc. Civ. § 2288 (3d ed. 2017) (describing underlying policies and

purposes of rule).

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s order granting

Gilman’s motion to compel and imposing sanctions.

                                      29
D.    Appeal From Order Denying Creditors’ Motion To Compel.

      In 2013, the bankruptcy court granted Creditors leave to file a

supplemental complaint objecting to Gilman’s discharge. One of the

parties’ many discovery disputes arose in late 2014 over Gilmans’

responses to Creditors’ interrogatories and document production requests

pertaining to the supplemental complaint. Generally speaking, Creditors

claimed that Gilman intentionally and in bad faith served insufficient

responses in order to increase litigation costs and cause delay. Creditors

also complained that Gilman’s objections to many of the discovery requests

on the ground of relevance were based on an unreasonably narrow concept

of relevance. Creditors further maintained that many of the objections in

Gilman’s discovery responses were insufficiently specific and qualified as

impermissible boilerplate responses, which constituted a waiver of the

objections. In addition, Creditors assailed Gilman’s assertion of various

privileges and rights to privacy under state law. According to Creditors,

the privileges and privacy rights asserted either were inapplicable to

Creditors’ objection to discharge claims or, alternately, had been waived.

      On appeal, Creditors claim that the bankruptcy court’s findings

supporting its denial of the motion to compel were clearly erroneous. They

also claim that the Local Rules the bankruptcy court relied on in denying

the motion to compel are at odds with the Civil Rules governing discovery

and discovery sanctions. They further claim that the denial of their motion

                                      30
was an inappropriate sanction for their violation of a Local Rule because

the bankruptcy court did not adhere to the legal standards for Local Rule-

based sanctions articulated in Zambrano v. City of Tustin, 885 F.2d 1473 (9th

Cir. 1989).

      We do not need to address any of Creditors’ arguments on appeal in

order to affirm the denial of their motion to compel. A denial of a motion to

compel discovery will not be disturbed on appeal absent “the clearest

showing that denial of discovery results in actual and substantial prejudice

to the complaining litigant.” Hallett, 296 F.3d at 751 (citing Goehring v.

Brophy, 94 F.3d 1294, 1305 (9th Cir. 1996)). Without a showing of prejudice,

the court of appeals will not consider overturning the denial of a motion to

compel even when that motion is accompanied by a request for sanctions.

Campidoglio LLC v. Wells Fargo & Co., 870 F.3d 963, 975–76 (9th Cir. 2017);

Bollow v. Fed. Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 650 F.2d 1093, 1102 (9th Cir.

1981). The denial of Creditors’ motion to compel obviously did not

prejudice the outcome of this litigation against Creditors. They prevailed.

They successfully obtained a judgment denying Gilman his discharge.

Under Hallett, Campidoglio and Bollow, we AFFIRM the denial of Creditors’

motion to compel.

E.    Appeal From Order On Creditors’ Motion For Fees And Costs.

      In their complaint, Creditors included a claim for relief for attorneys’

fees. In February 2015, Creditors filed a motion for a partial judgment on

                                       31
the pleadings. This motion sought partial judgment on the attorneys’ fees

claim for relief. The motion did not request an immediate award of fees. It

only sought a general determination that Creditors were entitled to recover

their fees and costs incurred in the discharge litigation. The court granted

the motion by order entered April 29, 2015.

      Prior to the June 2016 trial in Creditors’ discharge action, the

bankruptcy court in April 2016 trifurcated the action and set for trial only

Creditors’ § 727(a)(2)(B) claim. The sole issue tried was Gilman’s intent. On

November 23, 2016, after a two and a half day trial, the bankruptcy court

entered its judgment sustaining Creditors’ objection to discharge based on

§ 727(a)(2)(B). The court later entered an order pursuant to Civil Rule 54(b)

providing for entry of a final judgment denying Gilman his discharge

under § 727(a)(2)(B).

      Creditors filed their motion for an award of attorneys’ fees on

December 7, 2016. Creditors requested fees, in aggregate, of $1,395,535,

consisting of 3,533 hours of legal services at a rate of $395 per hour.

According to Creditors, various (undescribed) “billing judgment”

adjustments they made to their lodestar fee request reduced the fees they

were requesting from 4,064.5 hours to 3,926.17 hours. They then further

reduced their request by an across-the-board 10% billing judgment

deduction.

      Gilman filed an opposition to the fee motion on February 10, 2017.

                                       32
Gilman’s seven-page opposition asserted that Creditors’ fee motion was

premature. Gilman claimed that Creditors should wait until all of their

pending appeals related to the adversary proceeding had run their course

before seeking fees in the adversary proceeding. He further posited that

any award of fees based on CCP § 685.040 should be determined in state

court rather than in federal court. Gilman also generally attacked Creditors’

litigiousness and the reasonableness of the fees they incurred, but the

specifics of his reasonableness argument pertained to Creditors’

companion fee motion in the main bankruptcy case and not to the fee

motion filed in the adversary proceeding. In short, the opposition to the fee

motion set forth no specific objections to any of the adversary fees

Creditors requested.

      The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the fee motion on June 7,

2017. Afterwards, the court entered on June 13, 2017, its order awarding

Creditors $162,613.60 in fees and $3,839.98 in costs. The court explained

why it disallowed the remainder of the fees and costs requested in a

separate ruling entered on June 9, 2017.12

      As the court noted, Creditors based their request for fees and costs on

CCP § 685.040, which generally provides for recovery of attorneys’ fees

incurred in enforcing a judgment when the underlying judgment includes

      12
         The final fee ruling effectively adopted the contents of the bankruptcy court’s
tentative adversary fee ruling issued shortly before the June 7, 2017 hearing.

                                           33
a fee award.13 In turn, CCP § 685.080 specifies how and when a judgment

creditor can seek recovery of fees and costs by motion.14

      The bankruptcy court disallowed 2,385.20 hours in fees ($942,154) as

being untimely requested. The court relied on the deadlines set forth in

CCP § 685.080(a), which provides that, “[t]he [costs] motion shall be made

before the judgment is satisfied in full, but not later than two years after the

costs have been incurred.” Based on this statute, the bankruptcy court

disallowed all fees Creditors incurred before December 7, 2014 (two years

before the December 7, 2016 filing of Creditors’ fee motion).

      13
           CCP § 685.040 provides in relevant part:

       Attorney's fees incurred in enforcing a judgment are included as costs
      collectible under this title if the underlying judgment includes an award of
      attorney's fees to the judgment creditor pursuant to subparagraph (A) of
      paragraph (10) of subdivision (a) of Section 1033.5.
      14
           CCP § 685.080 provides in relevant part:

      a) The judgment creditor may claim costs authorized by Section 685.040
      by noticed motion. The motion shall be made before the judgment is
      satisfied in full, but not later than two years after the costs have been
      incurred. . . .

      (b) The notice of motion shall describe the costs claimed, shall state their
      amount, and shall be supported by an affidavit of a person who has
      knowledge of the facts stating that to the person's best knowledge and
      belief the costs are correct, are reasonable and necessary, and have not
      been satisfied. . . .

      (c) The court shall make an order allowing or disallowing the costs to the
      extent justified under the circumstances of the case.

                                             34
      Aside from those amounts disallowed as untimely, the bankruptcy

court also disallowed roughly 62% of the remaining fees Creditors

requested. Virtually all of the additional disallowed fees were disallowed

as excessive, unreasonable, or not reasonably related to Creditors’

judgment enforcement efforts.

      Creditors prepared and attached to their opening brief a chart

showing the “timely” fees the court disallowed, categorized by activity in

the same manner the bankruptcy court categorized them in its June 9, 2017

fee ruling. Gilman has not challenged the accuracy of Creditors’ chart, and

it appears accurate, so we have relied on it to facilitate our review of the

bankruptcy court’s fee ruling. We address below Creditors’ arguments on

appeal challenging the award of fees and costs.15

      1.     Challenge Based On Gilman’s Alleged Forfeiture Of Issue.

      Creditors point out that Gilman’s opposition to their fee motion only

posed a barebones general objection to the reasonableness of their

adversary fees. Creditors also note that the few specifics discussed in

      15
         After the court entered its adversary fee order, Creditors filed a motion seeking
reconsideration of that order under Civil Rule 59(e). The bankruptcy court denied that
motion without a hearing by order entered March 30, 2018. Creditors’ notice of appeal
indicated that they wanted to challenge on appeal the denial of that motion. But
Creditors made no arguments in their opening appeal brief specifically and distinctly
challenging the denial of the Civil Rule 59(e) motion, so we will not address it. See
Christian Legal Soc'y v. Wu, 626 F.3d 483, 487–88 (9th Cir. 2010) (declining to address
matters not specifically and distinctly discussed in the appellant's opening brief);
Brownfield v. City of Yakima, 612 F.3d 1140, 1149 n.4 (9th Cir. 2010) (same).

                                           35
Gilman’s opposition pertained to the fees Creditors incurred in the main

case and not in the adversary proceeding. Creditors further note that

Gilman did not submit any evidence to support his objection. Creditors

claim that, under these circumstances, the bankruptcy court should not

have “sua sponte” disallowed any adversary fees on the basis of

reasonableness, excessiveness, or their relationship to enforcement of

Creditors’ judgment. Alternately stated, Creditors claim that the

bankruptcy court impermissibly acted as Gilman’s advocate when it

reviewed their requested adversary fees and found cause to disallow them.

      Contrary to Creditors’ suggestion, the bankruptcy court was not

obliged to rubber-stamp Creditors’ fee request. Creditors rely on Moreno v.

City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2008), and Gwaduri v. Internal

Revenue Service, 362 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2004). Citing these two cases,

Creditors contend that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by

advocating on behalf of Gilman. As Creditors put it, “[i]f opposing counsel

cannot come up with specific reasons for reducing a fee request, the courts

should not intervene.” Opening Br. at 29-30.

      Neither Moreno nor Gwaduri actually support Creditors’ position. In

Gwaduri, the Ninth Circuit stated:

      Given the overwhelming volume of work which today
      confronts our courts . . ., we do not generally favor requiring
      judges in fee application proceedings to search out and research
      arguments that the other side does not make or sua sponte to

                                      36
      initiate an opposition to a fee request where none is offered by
      the party affected, at least in the absence of a showing of
      injustice or hardship.

362 F.3d at 1146. Gwaduri concluded that the review of the appropriate

amount of fees to award was a matter of discretion. Id.

      Meanwhile, Moreno held:

      We are well aware that awarding attorneys’ fees to prevailing
      parties in civil rights cases is a tedious business. And it may be
      difficult for the district court to identify the precise spot where
      a fee request is excessive. But the burden of producing a
      sufficiently cogent explanation can mostly be placed on the
      shoulders of the losing parties, who not only have the incentive,
      but also the knowledge of the case to point out such things as
      excessive or duplicative billing practices. If opposing counsel
      cannot come up with specific reasons for reducing the fee
      request that the district court finds persuasive, it should
      normally grant the award in full, or with no more than a
      haircut.

534 F.3d at 1116. However, like Gwaduri, Moreno ultimately held that the

question of the appropriate amount of fees to award was a matter of

discretion: “The district court has discretion to determine the appropriate

fee award, because its familiarity with the case allows it to distinguish

reasonable from excessive fee requests.” Id.

      More importantly, unlike Moreno, the denial of discharge action was

not a civil rights case, nor was it a “normal” case in the sense Moreno

meant. Creditors’ fee request had nothing to do with recovery of fees by a

                                      37
prevailing civil rights plaintiff under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Indeed, there is no

right to recover attorneys’ fees in an action under § 727. Instead, the fee

request was governed by CCP § 685.040. That statute only permits the

allowance of fees as costs to the extent they are both reasonable and

necessary to enforce the judgment. As for normality, Moreno explained:

      It must also be kept in mind that lawyers are not likely to spend
      unnecessary time on contingency fee cases in the hope of
      inflating their fees. The payoff is too uncertain, as to both the
      result and the amount of the fee. It would therefore be the
      highly atypical civil rights case where plaintiff's lawyer engages
      in churning.

Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1112.

      Here, Creditors and their counsel have not acted in an economically

rational manner. They have “spent”millions of dollars in attorneys’ fees

attempting to preserve their rights in a judgment claim in the original

amount of roughly $150,000. That judgment claim, itself, mostly consisted

of litigation and collection costs made up of attorneys’ fees. Only $8,250 of

that judgment claim consisted of actual and statutory damages. The rest

was litigation and collection costs. The mind boggles at the inflation of this

$8,250 damages award into a multimillion dollar claim based

predominantly on Creditors’ appetite for litigation and incurring fees. The

totality of the facts surrounding this case, including the aggregate amount

of fees sought, wholly warranted the court’s exercise of its discretion to

examine the reasonableness of the fees requested.

                                       38
      At bottom, the bankruptcy court had a duty to determine what

amount of fees “could reasonably have been billed to a private client.”

Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1111 (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434

(1983)). Creditors repeatedly admit that this is the correct standard in their

opening brief. However, no reasonable client willingly would have

accepted responsibility for the fees Creditors have incurred pursuing

Gilman in the adversary proceeding. Quite obviously, Creditors

willingness to incur these fees arose from their counsel’s belief that they

could be recovered from Gilman rather than Creditors, via an award under

CCP § 685.040.

      In short, neither of the Ninth Circuit decisions on which Creditors

rely support their claim that the bankruptcy court here lacked the power to

review the reasonableness of the requested fees. The bankruptcy court’s

exercise of its discretion to disallow the fees was not error. Indeed, the

California statute on which Creditors’ adversary fee request was based –

CCP § 685.040 – contemplates the exercise of such discretion and the

disallowance of any fees that are unreasonable or unrelated to judgment

enforcement. Similarly, CCP § 685.080(c) directs the court to allow or

disallow fees “to the extent justified under the circumstances of the case.”

      Creditors next claim that CCP § 685.070 prohibited the bankruptcy

                                       39
court from sua sponte disallowing any portion of their adversary fees.16

Creditors primarily rely on Subdivision (d) of this statute, which provides:

“[i]f no motion to tax costs is made within the time provided in subdivision

(c), the costs claimed in the memorandum are allowed.” Cal. Civ. Proc.

Code § 685.070(d). But Creditors’ fee motion did not invoke the

memorandum of costs procedure governed by CCP § 685.070. Instead,

Creditors’ fee motion invoked CCP § 685.080, which governs motions for

costs. As set forth above, that statute affords the court with discretion to

consider the appropriate amount of fees to award regardless of whether the

adverse party opposes the motion. CCP § 685.080 simply does not contain

any subdivision similar to CCP § 685.070(d).

       Therefore, we reject Creditors’ contention that the bankruptcy court

was powerless to review their fee application to determine the appropriate

amount of fees to award.

       16
         CCP § 685.070 sets forth a procedure for filing memoranda of costs. The
memoranda of costs procedure permits a judgment creditor to claim certain costs as a
matter of right, including attorneys’ fees if permitted under CCP § 685.040. The
memoranda of costs procedure under CCP § 685.070 is distinct from the motion for
costs procedure set forth in CCP § 685.080. The latter is discretionary, whereas the
former is mandatory unless the judgment debtor timely and successfully objects.
Compare CCP § 685.070 with CCP § 685.080; see also Lucky United Props. Inv., Inc. v. Lee,
213 Cal. App. 4th 635, 643 (2013) (noting distinction between mandatory and
discretionary cost recovery under the statutes).

                                            40
      2.    Challenge Based On Hourly Rate Multiplier “Poison Pill.”

      Creditors also contend that, when the state court awarded fees in the

state court litigation, it ruled that their counsel was entitled to a fee

enhancement of his hourly billable rate The following statement is

representative of their claims:

             In the interest of billing judgment and to avoid undue
      burden on the Court, Plaintiffs are conditionally waiving claims
      to fee enhancement multipliers for complexity and delay and
      risk of nonpayment. Plaintiffs believe the propriety of the latter
      type of multiplier under state law is collateral estoppel. It was
      vigorously argued and determined in the state court. Should
      Defendant attempt to challenge the lodestar and burden this
      Court and Plaintiffs with nitpicking, Plaintiff's request the
      Court respond by awarding a multiplier of 1.5 to any resulting
      lodestar award.

Declaration of Charles Jakob (Dec. 7, 2016) at ¶ 95.

      Creditors maintain that the bankruptcy court, by considering the

reasonableness of the fees incurred, triggered this “poison pill” thereby

entitling their counsel to 1.5 times what would be his ordinary fee award.

Creditors additionally insist that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion

by not awarding their counsel the amount of this fee enhancement.

      Creditors’ poison pill argument is devoid of merit. Creditors failed to

present to the bankruptcy court, or this Panel, the alleged state court

rulings on which their so-called fee enhancement entitlement was based. In

short, we don't know what these rulings were or what they said. Under

                                        41
these circumstances, there is no evidence in the record to support

Creditors’ contention that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by

denying their claimed fee enhancement. See Oyama v. Sheehan (In re

Sheehan), 253 F.3d 507, 512 & n.5 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding that absence of

evidence in record to support appellant’s argument on appeal mandated

affirmance); see also Kirschner v. Uniden Corp. of Am., 842 F.2d 1074, 1077

(9th Cir. 1988) (“We are here concerned only with the record before the trial

judge when his decision was made.”).

      3.    Specificity Challenge – In General.

      Creditors next challenge the specificity of the bankruptcy court’s

ruling regarding the fees disallowed. According to Creditors, the court’s

findings were insufficient to support the large deductions in fees it

imposed. In large part, Creditors rely on Moreno to support their contention

regarding the insufficiency of the court’s findings. Moreno very generally

stands for the proposition that, the larger the deduction in fees, the more

detailed the explanation of the deductions must be. As Moreno explained:

             When the district court makes its award, it must explain
      how it came up with the amount. The explanation need not be
      elaborate, but it must be comprehensible. As Hensley described
      it, the explanation must be “concise but clear.” 461 U.S. at 437,
      103 S. Ct. 1933 . . . . Where the difference between the lawyer’s
      request and the court’s award is relatively small, a somewhat
      cursory explanation will suffice. But where the disparity is
      larger, a more specific articulation of the court’s reasoning is
      expected.

                                       42
Id. at 1111 (emphasis in original). Thus, the critical question we need to

answer is whether the court’s fee ruling generally contained a “concise but

clear” explanation for the deductions. For the explanation to be considered

clear, it must be detailed enough under the circumstances of the case to

permit us to conduct a meaningful appellate review. Id. at 1114.

      At the same time, so long as meaningful review is possible, that

review must be conducted keeping in mind that the bankruptcy court’s

superior knowledge of the underlying case and the litigants entitles it to a

great deal of deference. See Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1398 (9th Cir.

1992) (holding that the bankruptcy court enjoys considerable discretion in

determining the reasonableness of the time spent given its familiarity with

the case); see also Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1116 (“The district court has discretion

to determine the appropriate fee award, because its familiarity with the

case allows it to distinguish reasonable from excessive fee requests”);

Thornberry v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 676 F.2d 1240, 1242 (9th Cir. 1982), vacated

on other grounds, 461 U.S. 952 (1983) (same).

      Creditors similarly assert that the court per se abused its discretion

by disallowing more than 10% of their requested fees overall without

providing a more detailed explanation for the disallowance of those fees.

As Creditors put it, any disallowance of more than 10% “triggers the

requirement for a heightened explanation for any reductions in claimed

fees,” and this heightened explanation always must do more than state, in

                                        43
conclusory terms, that the fees were unreasonable or excessive. Opening

Br. at 35-36.

      As a threshold matter, Creditors’ description of the entirety of the

bankruptcy court’s fee ruling as conclusory is inaccurate. As a whole, the

court’s fee ruling is over eight pages long, with seven of those pages

devoted to review of the individual fee categories set forth in Creditors’ fee

application. As to each billing category, the bankruptcy court clearly

reviewed the fees and gave a sufficiently detailed explanation of its

reasoning for disallowing the fees.

      Moreover, Creditors’ reliance on Moreno is misplaced. Unlike Moreno,

the overall nature and contentiousness of this case, on a matter generating

a vast amount of fees on a relatively small substantive claim, gives us vital

insight into, and an understanding of, the basis for the bankruptcy court’s

disallowance of fees. As we stated above, no reasonable client willingly

would have accepted responsibility for the fees Creditors have incurred

pursuing Gilman in the adversary proceeding. To the contrary, Creditors’

litigiousness obviously arose from their counsel’s belief that the fees would

be recovered from Gilman rather than Creditors, via a fee award under

CCP § 685.040.

      Therefore, considered in their entirety, the bankruptcy court’s

unreasonableness and excessiveness findings are adequately explained.

They generally are sufficient to permit us to conduct a meaningful review,

                                      44
which is the acid test for the sufficiency of findings not only in this context,

Moreno, 534 F.3d at 1112, but also in the review of findings in other

contexts. See, e.g., Amantea-Cabrera v. Potter, 279 F.3d 746, 750 (9th Cir. 2002)

(“If the district court's findings are sufficient to indicate the factual basis for

its ultimate conclusion, in light of the record viewed in its entirety, then it

is not clearly erroneous.”); Simeonoff v. Hiner, 249 F.3d 883, 891 (9th Cir.

2001) (“Conclusory and unhelpful findings of fact do not necessarily

require reversal if the record supports the district court's ultimate

conclusion.”); Optyl Eyewear Fashion Int'l Corp. v. Style Cos., Ltd., 760 F.2d

1045, 1051 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A district court's failure to make express

findings does not require a remand if "a complete understanding of the

issues may be had [from the record] without the aid of separate findings.”).

      4.    Challenges To Court’s Category-By-Category Fee Rulings.

      The bankruptcy court rendered specific rulings as to each of

Creditors’ fee categories. Creditors do not challenge all of them, inasmuch

as the court ruled in Creditors’ favor as to some them. We address below

only those that Creditors specifically have challenged.

            a.     Category B – Creditors’ Cross-Motion To Disqualify

                   Opposing Counsel.

      The fees Creditors incurred in this billing category arose from a

motion to disqualify Gilman’s counsel. Creditors asserted that Gilman’s

counsel needed to be disqualified from representing Gilman because his

                                        45
counsel also was representing a creditor of Gilman’s: Wells Fargo Bank.

According to Creditors, Gilman’s counsel had a direct and impermissible

conflict of interest because Wells Fargo Bank would benefit if Gilman were

to lose in the objection to discharge action – the action in which his counsel

was supposed to defend him. Creditors filed their motion to disqualify on

the heels of a disqualification motion filed by Gilman seeking to disqualify

Creditors’s counsel under the witness-advocate rule. Creditors directly

linked the two “cross-motions” for disqualification by asserting that, if the

court were to grant Gilman’s disqualification motion, the court also should

grant Creditors’ disqualification motion, in order to “level the playing

field.” Memorandum In Support of Conditional Motion to Disqualify (Dec.

4, 2014) at 13:8-9.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized 39 hours as timely

requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed all 39 hours as “not

necessary for the enforcement of Plaintiffs’ judgment and, as such, the fees

requested related to this motion are unreasonable.” Fee Motion Ruling

(June 9, 2017) at 2. On its face, the court’s joint determination regarding

necessity and reasonableness appears to be a question of fact, and Creditors

refer to it as such in their opening appeal brief.

      The court’s findings in this category were specific enough to permit

us to meaningfully review the court’s ruling. We well understand the

court’s concerns about the fees incurred in this category, as explained

                                       46
immediately above. Creditors assert that the bankruptcy court was not

permitted to “second-guess” the prevailing party’s judgment regarding

which litigation tasks to undertake. We already have explained above that

the bankruptcy court was not obliged to rubber stamp Creditors’ requested

fees.

        Creditors argue that the motion was meritorious and was necessary

to “neutralize” the threat posed by Gilman’s motion to disqualify

Creditors’ counsel. The bankruptcy court viewed the cross-motion

differently, as nothing more than a tit-for-tat response to Gilman’s

disqualification motion. Given the litigiousness and vitriolic posturing

undertaken by both sides in the adversary proceeding and the

economically irrational manner in which Creditors incurred fees in the

action, it was not illogical, implausible or factually unsupported for the

bankruptcy court to view Creditors’ disqualification motion as it did and to

disallow the fees in this category on that basis.

        Relying on the same argument and legal authority set forth in his

appeal from the fee orders in the main bankruptcy case (CC-18-1066),

Creditors claim that the bankruptcy court should have held that any and all

fees incurred in an action brought to “enforce” the judgment should be

considered necessary to enforce the judgment. But the case on which

Creditors rely in the main case fee appeal, Globalist Internet Techs., Inc. v.

Reda, 167 Cal. App. 4th 1267 (2008), does not support their claim. To the

                                        47
contrary, it supports the bankruptcy court’s discretion under California law

to determine both the reasonableness and necessity of the fees incurred

based on the surrounding circumstances. See id. at 1276. As set forth above,

the surrounding circumstances here supported the bankruptcy court’s fee

ruling in this category.

      In sum, none of the arguments Creditors have raised persuade us

that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in disallowing all of the fees

in this billing category.

            b.     Category C – Creditors’ Discovery Motions Re

                   Supplemental Pleadings.

      The fees incurred in this category relate to Creditors’ motion to

compel Gilman to submit additional responses to Creditors’ interrogatories

and document production requests. The bankruptcy court’s denial of this

motion is the subject of Section D, above. In this category, the bankruptcy

court recognized all 171.8 hours as timely requested but disallowed all

171.8 hours. In disallowing these fees in their entirety, the bankruptcy court

noted that the motion to compel was denied without prejudice on

procedural grounds and that Creditors made no attempt to refile the

motion thereafter. The bankruptcy court thus concluded that “the motion

was unnecessary to resolution of the proceeding/enforcement of Plaintiffs’

judgment, and these fees were not reasonably incurred.”

      Creditors first argue that the denial of the motion was an insufficient

                                      48
basis for disallowing these fees. But the bankruptcy court did not disallow

the fees merely because the motion was denied. Instead, the court

disallowed them because, in part, Creditors made no effort to correct the

procedural defect and refile the motion. Creditors complain that it was

“palpably absurd” for the bankruptcy court to have relied upon their

failure to refile the motion when they had filed the motion on the last day

for filing discovery motions. However, Creditors have never adequately

explained why they waited until the deadline for filing discovery motions

to file this motion to compel. In fact, the record reflects that it could have

been filed well in advance of the deadline. The litigants engaged in months

of back and forth over Gilman’s disputed discovery responses, and their

counsels’ efforts to meet and confer effectively ended in December 2014.

Yet, Creditors did not file their motion to compel until May 11, 2015 – the

discovery motion deadline. Creditors offered no explanation why it took

them nearly five months to file their motion to compel or why they waited

until the discovery motion cutoff date.

      Moreover, Creditors also have never explained why, if the motion to

compel was necessary to obtain important and relevant information for the

litigation, they did not seek a continuance of the court’s discovery motion

deadline in order to further pursue the discovery dispute. Instead, they

abandoned the discovery motion after spending 171.8 hours on the dispute.

This abandonment exemplifies the economically irrational manner in

                                       49
which Creditors prosecuted the entire lawsuit. The bankruptcy court found

that this entire billing category was not reasonably necessary to enforce the

judgment, where Creditors spent 171.8 hours to file a deficient discovery

motion, in a matter in which they prevailed without the materials sought.

On this record, we cannot say that this finding was clearly erroneous.

      Creditors next argue that the court disallowed the fees related to their

motion to compel as a sanction for their filing the motion without

complying with the court’s Local Rules. According to Creditors, such

sanctions only could be imposed if they violated the Local Rules in bad

faith. But this argument mischaracterizes the basis of for the court’s

disallowance, which we already have described above. The bankruptcy

court did not sanction Creditors. It found that their fees in this category

were not reasonably necessary to enforce Creditors’ judgment.

      Finally, the court’s findings in this category were specific enough to

permit us to meaningfully review the court’s ruling. Considered in context

and in light of the entirety of the record, we understand the court’s basis

for disallowing the fees incurred in this category. Thus, the bankruptcy

court did not need to provide any further explanation for this disallowance.

            c.    Category E – Creditors’ Motion To Amend

                  Supplemental Complaint.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized 22.12 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 7.12 hours as

                                      50
unreasonable.

      The court’s findings in this category were specific enough to permit

us to meaningfully review the court’s ruling. The fees disallowed are

relatively small in size. They pertain to a limited number of discrete tasks

concerning Creditors’ motion to amend their supplemental complaint. The

bankruptcy court simply found that their counsel spent too much time on

the motion to amend and on the supporting reply.

      This finding was not clearly erroneous. On this record, Creditors’

mere belief to the contrary does not establish that the court’s

unreasonableness finding was illogical, implausible or factually

unsupported.

             d.   Category F – Judgment On Pleadings - Attorney Fees As

                  Enforcement Costs.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized 18.45 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 6.45 hours as

excessive.

      The court's findings in this category were specific enough to permit

us to meaningfully review the court's ruling. The fees disallowed are

relatively small in size. They pertain to a limited number of discrete tasks

concerning Creditors’ motion for a partial judgment on the pleadings

relating to their claim for relief for attorneys’ fees. This motion is discussed

at the beginning of section E, above. The bankruptcy court simply found

                                       51
that Jakob spent too much time on the motion and on the supporting reply.

      Creditors have challenged the court’s excessiveness finding as clearly

erroneous. Creditors insist that the time their counsel spent in this category

was reasonable in light of the issues raised, in part, by Gilman’s opposition

to the motion. Creditors state a plausible argument why the bankruptcy

court could have found that the amount of time expended in this category

was reasonable. But Creditors’ statement of a plausible argument does not

establish that the court’s excessiveness finding was illogical, implausible or

factually unsupported. Put another way, “[w]here there are two

permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them

cannot be clearly erroneous.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564,

573–74 (1985).

             e.   Category G – Motion To Amend Scheduling Order.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 18.27 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 10.27 hours as

excessive.

      The court’s findings in this category were specific enough to permit

us to meaningfully review the court’s ruling. The fees disallowed are

relatively small in size. They pertain to a limited number of discrete tasks

concerning Creditors’ motion to amend a scheduling order. The

bankruptcy court found that their counsel spent too much time on the

motion and on the supporting reply. In making this finding, the court

                                      52
noted that Creditors filed moving papers consisting of a 14-page motion

and a 5-page declaration, that the motion was not complex, and that it was

granted in part and denied in part.

       Creditors have not challenged the amount disallowed in this category

on any basis other than the specificity of the court’s findings. Creditors do

make one statement critical of the bankruptcy court’s reference to the size

of the motion. They state that the reference to size “seems to reflect an

implicit decision—inconsistent with state law—to allow .5 hours for each

page of work product.” Opening Br. At 44-45.17

       But we do not read the court’s excessiveness finding as being based

solely on the number of pages filed. Rather, we construe the court’s

excessiveness finding as being based on a variety of factors, as reflected by

the court’s other comments in this category and in general. Based on these

       17
          In their challenge to the court’s fee award in this category, Creditors do not
cite any legal authority to support their position. But in the next category – category H –
Creditors cite Children’s Hosp. & Med. Ctr. v. Bonta, 97 Cal. App. 4th 740, 783 (2002) for
the proposition that “[t]he length of a document is no gauge of the time needed to
prepare it.” While Bonta is, indeed, critical, of assessing the reasonableness of fees based
on the size of the paper submitted to the court, we do not read Bonta as per se
prohibiting a court from considering the complexity and size of papers among other
factors in determining the reasonableness of fees. In fact, Bonta is distinguishable on its
facts. Bonta explained that the appellant’s attempt on appeal to challenge the court’s fee
award based solely on the page numbers of various pleadings and memoranda was not
persuasive in light of the complexity of the matters addressed, and the precision and
conciseness of the papers, which reflected “the exceptional attention counsel devoted to
their preparation.” Id. This decidedly was not the case here, where Creditors’ litigation
tactics more closely resembled shotgun blasts than shots from a sniper rifle.

                                            53
comments, we construe the excessiveness finding as being based on,

among other things, the lack of complexity of the matter, the results

obtained, and on Creditors’ overall litigiousness and prolixity in

prosecuting the objection to discharge action. Creditors have not disputed

the propriety of considering these other factors, and the law supports their

consideration. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 429-30.

             f.   Category H – Order To Show Cause Re Claim Filing.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 19.13 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 9.4 hours as

excessive.

      The court’s findings in this category were specific enough to permit

us to meaningfully review the court’s ruling. The fees disallowed are

relatively small in size. They pertain to a limited number of discrete tasks

concerning Creditors’ response to the court’s order to show cause, in which

the court directed Creditors to show cause why they should not be ordered

to file a proof of claim assessing the amount of their claim as of the petition

date. The bankruptcy court found that their counsel spent too much time

on Creditors’ response to the order to show cause. The court specifically

disallowed a four-hour charge incurred organizing and sorting through

loose papers. Creditors have offered no specific argument why this

disallowance, of what appears to be a non-compensable administrative

task, constituted reversible error. In fact, Creditors seem to concede on

                                      54
appeal that they insufficiently explained this charge. The court deducted

the remaining 5.4 hours disallowed in this category from their counsel’s

charges for drafting and revising their response.

      On appeal, Creditors point out that the court referenced the size of

the response as 11 pages long. Creditors claim that the court’s

excessiveness finding was based solely on the size of their response. They

cite Bonta, supra, for the proposition that the page length of filings is not a

reliable criteria for basing a determination on the reasonableness of fees.

We already have addressed Bonta and the limitations of its holding.

      More importantly, we do not read the court’s excessiveness finding in

this category as being based solely on the number of pages filed. Rather, we

construe the court’s excessiveness finding as being based on a variety of

factors, including the lack of complexity of the matter and the results

obtained, as suggested by the court’s other comments in its fee ruling and

at the hearing on Creditors’ fee request. We read the court’s excessiveness

finding in this category as implicitly considering these other factors, even

though the court’s ruling did not specifically reference them in this

particular category. As we have stated:

      As an appellate court, we must construe the bankruptcy court’s
      findings of fact favorably, such that any doubt as to what the
      bankruptcy court meant is resolved in favor of upholding
      rather than invalidating the bankruptcy court's judgment. As a
      result, “whenever, from facts found, other facts may be inferred
      which will support the judgment, such inferences will be

                                       55
      deemed to have been drawn.”

Kelly v. Merrill (In re Merrill), BAP No. CC-13-1370-KuPaTa, 2014 WL

1244791, at *6 (9th Cir. BAP Mar. 26, 2014) (quoting Brock v. Big Bear Market

No. 3, 825 F.2d 1381, 1384 (9th Cir. 1987)).

      The only other argument Creditors make on appeal challenging the

fee award in this category concerns the court’s authority to disallow fees in

the absence of a specific objection, presented with evidence, by the

opposing party. We already have rejected this argument. The bankruptcy

court was not obliged to rubber stamp Creditors’ requested fees.

             g.   Category I – Miscellaneous Trial Preparation.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 12.85 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 2.85 hours as

excessive.

      In this category, Creditors included fees for preparing and serving

subpoenas for trial, for researching Gilman’s conduct in other state court

lawsuits, and for corresponding with Gilman regarding a discovery

dispute. The bankruptcy court apparently disallowed an aggregate amount

of 1 hour related to subpoena service and state court lawsuit research. In

neither the hearing on the fee motion nor in their Rule 9023 motion for

rehearing did Creditors challenge the disallowance of these fees. We

decline to address their challenge to these particular fees for the first time

on appeal. See Smith, 741 F.3d at 1020 n.2; Padgett, 587 F.3d at 985 n.2.

                                       56
      According to the court, the remainder of its disallowance in this

category of 1.85 hours pertained to a 2 hour charge for drafting and

revising correspondence to Gilman regarding a discovery dispute. As

Creditors point out, the record does not appear to contain a copy of the

correspondence. When Jakob pointed this out to the court at the fee motion

hearing, the court stated that the 10 hours allowed was “pretty generous”

for the entire category.

      On this record, given Creditors’ litigiousness in this action and the

economically irrational manner in which they prosecuted it, we are not

persuaded that the court abused its discretion. Its disallowance of 1.85

hours of the above-referenced two-hour charge is adequately supported by

the entirety of the record.

            h.    Category M – Summary Adjudication of § 727(a)(2)

                  Fraudulent Transfers

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized 52.75 hours as

timely requested and disallowed 32.75 hours as excessive.

      The court gave multiple reasons for disallowing this amount. The

court indicated that this was an unreasonable amount of time to spend on

this summary adjudication motion, particularly given that the time counsel

spent drafting replies to Gilman’s summary judgment oppositions was

charged in another category. The court further found that part of Creditors’

argument in support of the motion was frivolous and revealed a

                                      57
“fundamental misunderstanding of what fraudulent transfers are.” Hr’g

Tr. (June 7, 2017) at 40:12-13. The court also noted that, aside from a “hefty

evidence volume” the moving papers were relatively short – only fourteen

pages – along with a seven page statement of undisputed facts and a three-

page declaration.

      On appeal, Creditors primarily focus on the court’s determination

that a portion of his summary judgment argument was frivolous. In

relevant part, Creditors argued that Gilman insisted on paying his former

bankruptcy counsel, Shirlee Bliss, $2,500 as a prepetition retainer for filing

his bankruptcy petition and schedules and representing him at the § 341(a)

meeting of creditors, even though Bliss only asked for $1,500, her standard

fee. According to Creditors, the voluntary payment of the extra $1,000

constituted a fraudulent transfer. It was this argument the bankruptcy

court found to be frivolous.

      Creditors strenuously argue that their reliance on the $2,500 payment

to Bliss as a fraudulent transfer was not frivolous. They claim that their

belief that a transfer of this type could qualify as a fraudulent transfer was

supported by one sentence of dictum in a footnote from an Eastern District

of California bankruptcy decision. This sentence indicated that a

prepetition payment to an attorney can qualify, under appropriate

circumstances, as a fraudulent transfer. In re C & P Auto Transprt., Inc., 93

B.R. 682, 688 n.7 (E.D. Cal. 1988).

                                       58
      We find Creditors’ argument on appeal unpersuasive. First, as a

preliminary matter, Creditors do not explain how the fraudulent nature of

this transaction could have been established as a matter of law and

undisputed fact on the record presented at the summary judgment hearing.

The economics, motivations and intent behind this transaction seem wholly

dependent on inferences the court would need to draw from circumstantial

evidence. In other words, Creditors’ insistence that they were entitled to

summary judgment with respect to this transaction seems to fly in the face

of the axiomatic rule that, on summary judgment, all reasonable inferences

must be drawn in favor of the non-moving party. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S.

372, 378 (2007).

      More importantly, Creditors’ focus on the court’s reference to this

transaction as frivolous misses the point. The label the court placed on this

argument is not controlling. What really counted was the bankruptcy

court’s assessment that it was unreasonable for Creditors to spend time

including this argument on summary judgment. The degree of

unreasonableness, and whether this was frivolous, is irrelevant. Nothing

that Creditors assert on appeal persuades us that the bankruptcy court

erred in making this assessment.

      The other arguments Creditors present on appeal regarding this

category were not presented to the bankruptcy court, and we decline to

consider them for the first time on appeal. See Smith, 741 F.3d at 1020 n.2;

                                      59
Padgett, 587 F.3d at 985 n.2.

            i.    Category N – Respond To Oppositions To Summary

                  Judgment Motions.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 142.55 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 107.55 hours as

unreasonable or not reasonably necessary.

      The court’s findings in this category were specific enough to permit

us to meaningfully review the court’s ruling. While the fees disallowed are

relatively large, they pertain to a limited number of discrete tasks

concerning Creditors’ responses to three of Gilman’s summary judgment

oppositions. The bankruptcy court simply found that Creditors’ counsel

spent too much time responding to the three oppositions.

      Before disallowing these fees, the bankruptcy court obviously

reviewed the papers that were the work product resulting from these fees.

The bankruptcy court listed the docket numbers of the relevant court

papers in its fee ruling. Creditors do not dispute that the court identified

the correct papers. While we do not know exactly what the bankruptcy

court was thinking as a result of its review of these papers, we do know the

general types of factors the court considered from the comments the court

made while discussing other categories during the fee hearing: “the court

takes account of the legal issue, the analysis, the written work product, you

know, the success. I mean, these are all issues we’re supposed to take into

                                      60
account in assessing reasonableness.” Hr’g Tr. (June 7, 2017) at 36:14-17.

Having considered these same factors with respect to Creditors’ responses

to Gilman’s three summary judgment oppositions, the bankruptcy court

held that no more than 35 hours was reasonably necessary for these tasks.

      Other than complaining about the sufficiency of the bankruptcy

court’s explanation, Creditors offer nothing to persuade us that the court’s

assessment of the 142.55 hours Jakob spent responding to three summary

judgment oppositions was clearly erroneous. Given the overly litigious and

vitriolic manner in which the entire adversary proceeding was prosecuted,

and given the economically irrational manner in which Creditors incurred

fees in this action, the bankruptcy court’s assessment of the fees charged for

these services was not illogical, implausible or without support in the

record.

            j.    Category O – Opposition To Motion For Continuance.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 83.2 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 81.2 hours as

unreasonable and excessive.

      The work in this category arose from an opposition by Gilman to one

of Creditors’ summary judgment motions, and Gilman’s filing of a motion

for continuance of the summary judgment hearing, effectively asking the

court to excuse his late filing. Creditors admit that their counsel

mistakenly included in this category 54.3 hours of services that did not

                                       61
belong in this category. Without citing any authority, Creditors contend

that the bankruptcy court should have realized that their counsel made a

categorization error and should have allowed the 54.3 miscategorized

hours even though Creditors never amended their fee request to correct

this error and never identified for the bankruptcy court which category the

54.3 hours properly should have been categorized in. Creditors’ mis-

categorization of these fees rendered it impossible for the bankruptcy court

to meaningfully assess the reasonableness of these fees.

      Creditors had the initial burden to present accurate documentation in

support of their fee request. “Where the documentation of hours is

inadequate, the district court may reduce the award accordingly.” Hensley,

461 U.S. at 433. Given Creditors’ failure to properly categorize the 54.3

hours, the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that Creditors did

not meet their burden as to that time.

      As for the other 26.9 hours disallowed, Creditors essentially concede

that the papers they filed in opposition to the motion for continuance were

the only papers the court could review and that the filed opposition papers

did not demonstrate an entitlement to the disallowed 26.9 hours. Instead,

Creditors maintain that their counsel spent the disallowed 26.9 hours

researching issues related to Gilman’s motion for continuance and drafting

papers that they never filed because the court granted the motion before

Creditors had a chance to file all of their opposition papers.

                                      62
      Regardless of the reason why their counsel’s complete work product

was not available to the court, and regardless of whatever additional

research and drafting he did, the bankruptcy court concluded at the fee

hearing that opposing the motion for continuance was not worth the extra

time counsel spent:“It’s not worth that much time. It’s not reasonable. It’s

excessive.” Hr’g Tr. (June 7, 2017) at 42:17-18. In response, Creditors did

not advise the court that the majority of the time charged in this category

had been miscategorized. Instead, they argued that, if they had managed to

successfully prevent the court from accepting Gilman’s summary judgment

opposition, Creditors likely would have easily prevailed on their summary

judgment motion, and hence all of the time they had spent opposing

Gilman’s motion for continuance would have been well worth it. The

bankruptcy court then pointed out to Creditors that summary judgment

does not automatically follow from a default by the nonmoving party. See

Civil Rule 56(e) and Advisory Committee Notes accompanying 2010

amendments.

      At bottom, the bankruptcy court implicitly recognized that Creditors

failed to exercise reasonable restraint in deciding which litigation tasks to

pursue and how much time reasonably should be spent on them. They

assumed that their massively mounting fees were wholly Gilman’s

problem. They acted as if they had carte blanche to spend as much as they

wanted – that all of the fees could be shifted to Gilman under CCP

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§ 685.040 without consideration of their reasonableness or their necessity.

As explained above, this is not how CCP § 685.040 was meant to work.

      In this billing category, the bankruptcy court determined that, under

the circumstances of this adversary proceeding, opposing Gilman’s efforts

seeking relief from his late-filed summary judgment opposition was not

worth more than two hours of attorney time. We cannot say that, under the

circumstances presented, this determination was illogical, implausible or

without support in the record.

            k.    Category P – Pretrial Stipulation On All § 727 Grounds.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 330.28 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed 180.28 hours as

excessive and unreasonable.

      The caption for this category is under-inclusive as it appears to

encompass most of the work performed immediately prior to trial. Unlike

many of the other categories discussed above, therefore, this category

pertained to the heart of the litigation: preparing a pretrial stipulation with

opposing counsel, as well as working on pocket briefs, trial briefs and

motions in limine. Even given the incredible amount of time billed overall

in the adversary proceeding, the 330.28 hours billed in this category is

almost double the amount billed in any other category of fees. Although

the court disallowed 180.28 hours, the remaining 150 hours allowed is still

the most fees allowed by far of any category.

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      In its ruling, the court acknowledged that at least some of these tasks

helped streamline and expedite the matter going forward. For instance, as a

result of the parties’ efforts, they were able to stipulate to over 130 facts for

use at trial. In turn, the bankruptcy court further acknowledged that, in

light of the stipulated facts, the sole issue needing to be tried on Creditors’

§ 727(a)(2)(B) claim was the issue of intent. Thus, the time the parties spent

negotiating over and working on the pretrial stipulation would seem to

have been time well spent.

      The bankruptcy court gave a detailed description of the work

included in this category. It noted that Creditors filed a pretrial statement

along with two supplements, a trial brief and reply, a declaration in lieu of

testimony, and responses to objections to that declaration. These appear to

be valid pretrial activities, but we cannot tell whether the court deducted

fees from the time billed on these activities. Additional time was billed to

prepare for trial. In contrast to many other billing categories, there is no

evident time wasted on seeking sanctions (with the exception of one

sanctions motion, which according to the court Creditors mischaracterized

as a motion in limine).

      Nor did the bankruptcy court point to any specific wasted,

unnecessary, or excessive effort in this category, except for 8.4 hours spent

on what the court considered to be unfiled motions. Creditors have

described these efforts as “pocket briefs” written to address several discrete

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legal issues they anticipated might arise during trial. The court disallowed

the entire 8.4 hours because they never were filed with the court. But in the

specific context of trial preparation, we don’t understand why the time

spent on these unfiled motions was per se unreasonably wasteful. The

reasonableness of the time spent must be assessed based on what was

reasonable at the time the fees were incurred. See Ibrahim v. U.S. Dep't of

Homeland Sec., 912 F.3d 1147, 1176-77 (9th Cir. 2019) (en banc). The

bankruptcy court did not specify whether there was something about the

subject matter of these unfiled motions that placed them so far afield as to

make them, without the benefit of hindsight, unreasonably wasteful.

      Similarly, the court points out that, after trifurcation, the only claim

tried was Creditors ’ § 727(a)(2)(B) claim. According to the court this claim

did not present complex issues. And yet, we cannot tell from the amount

disallowed whether the court deducted for work on other claims

undertaken before trifurcation. The court did not trifurcate the case until

April 2016, but the billing statements in this category go back to June 2015

and include considerable time from the first quarter of 2016.

      This category captures the tension involved in appellate review of fee

awards. Creditors complain, in relevant part, that there is no explanation as

to how the court decided that 180.28 hours was the appropriate amount of

hours to deduct from this category. In this isolated instance, we cannot tell

how the court arrived at that figure. Yet, the court gave voice to certain

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concerns that led it to conclude that much of the time billed was wasteful –

particularly as the sole claim that went to trial was not a complex one in its

view. In this regard we are mindful that the fees incurred in this category

were part of a whole: a whole that included demonstrable wasted effort in

the process of obtaining a victory that for the most part enables Creditors to

continue to seek from Gilman recovery of fees incurred to collect other

fees.18

          Ultimately, in this limited instance we do not have a clear

understanding of the basis for the fees the court disallowed in this

category. This frustrates meaningful appellate review of its decision. The

tasks performed concerned trial preparation and the parties’ efforts to

streamline the matter for trial. Given the amount of fees allowed,

considerable work in this category was necessary, and provided a benefit.

However, unlike other categories, we are unable to understand the

contours of the court’s reduction of these fees in light of the substantive

nature of work performed in this category. As a result, we cannot evaluate

          18
         The fees in this category raise a recurring concern about waste as they include
suspiciously large daily billings. For example, on February 15, 2016, Jakob billed 11
hours in this category, only to bill 23 additional hours on the very next day. Creditors’
rationale for the extraordinary amount of attorney time they have spent is that neither
they, nor their counsel, are “slackers.” By stating this, they seem to believe that any
amount of fees they incur to pursue Gilman should be recoverable under CCP § 685.040.
As explained above, this is not how this statute works. If a reasonable client who
actually was expected to pay the fees would not have incurred them, then they are not
reasonable or recoverable.

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its stated concerns about the pocket briefs, the narrowed focus of the trial

after trifurcation, and the resulting waste of time in light of what appear to

be valid activities. For these reasons, we must VACATE and REMAND the

ruling on this fee category for more explanation from the bankruptcy court

regarding the particular tasks or types of tasks that it concluded were

unreasonable or excessive in light of the pretrial services provided. See In re

Bradford, 112 B.R. at 353.

            l.    Category R – Conclusion Of § 727(a)(2)(B) Trial.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 41.9 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court allowed 16 hours spent on

August 11 and 12, 2016, traveling to, preparing for and appearing at closing

argument. Of the remaining 25.9 hours, the court disallowed as excessive

11.9 hours spent preparing for closing argument on August 8 and 10, 2016.

      The court’s findings in this category were specific enough to permit

us to meaningfully review the court’s ruling. The fees disallowed are

relatively small in size, and they all pertain to the discrete task of

preparation for closing argument. The bankruptcy court simply found that

Creditors’ counsel spent too much time on this task.

      Creditors admit in their appeal brief that, instead of ordering and

paying for a trial transcript to expedite preparation for closing argument,

their counsel listened to hours of trial testimony from audio recordings.

This doubtlessly increased by a number of hours the amount of time

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counsel needed to spend reviewing trial testimony in preparation for

closing argument. Creditors concede this point in their appeal brief. But

they suggest that they could not afford, or chose not to pay, the cost of a

trial transcript.

      Far from supporting their challenge to this fee ruling, Creditors’

argument underscores the point we have repeated throughout this decision

about what a reasonable client would have been willing to pay. Creditors

balked at paying even a small amount out of pocket to facilitate their

counsel’s preparation for closing argument. Instead, they permitted

counsel to review trial testimony through the relatively inefficient means of

listening to audio recordings of trial. Counsel apparently acquiesced to this

inefficiency, expecting to fully recover his fees under CCP § 685.040. The

bankruptcy court was not obliged to award Creditors all of the fees their

counsel incurred reviewing trial testimony via audio recording.

Additionally, in light of the admittedly inefficient manner of review

employed, we cannot say that the bankruptcy court’s disallowance as

excessive of 11.9 hours spent preparing for closing argument was illogical,

implausible or not supported by the record.

             m.     Category S (part 1) – Responding To Reeves Sanctions

                    Motions.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 39.95 hours as

timely requested. The time in this billing category was supposed to relate

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to Creditors’ opposition to motions for sanctions filed by Gilman’s counsel

(Reeves). The court was troubled that the services in this billing category

also included work on Creditors’ own Rule 9011 sanctions motion. As for

the fees related to the oppositions, the court recognized that “[t]he fees

incurred opposing Defendant’s motions are reasonable.” However, the

court was unable to tell which fees were related to the oppositions and

which were related to Creditors’ sanctions motion. As an example, the

court pointed to a single 4 hour time entry for “drafting/revising

‘opposition to sanctions motion Dkt 397 and Rule 11 motion.’” The court

found that “[i]t is unclear if this entry relates to Plaintiffs’ own FRBP 9011

motion, and if it does, which portion of the 4 hours was spent opposing

Defendant’s motions and which portion was spent on Plaintiff’s motion.”

Concluding that counsel had improperly lumped the two activities,

preventing it from assessing the reasonableness of the time spent, the court

disallowed the 4 hours. The court further noted that this disallowance was

also appropriate “in light of the fact that 23.55 hours is excessive for

opposing sanctions motions . . . [t]his leaves a total of 19.55 hours for this

category.” (Emphasis Added.)

      Addressing the balance of the fees, the court declined to approve any

fees related to sanctions motions it had denied. The court observed that,

between the adversary and underlying bankruptcy case, Creditors had

filed a total of 33 sanctions motion, not counting what the court described

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as the “repeated requests for sanctions embedded in nearly every filing by

Plaintiffs.” Of the filed sanctions motions, only five were granted. Clearly,

the court believed that the time spent on Creditors’ own motion for

sanctions, which was denied, was excessive and unreasonable. Given the

sheer volume of sanctions motions and incessant sanctions requests, the

court’s ruling in this regard was not implausible, illogical, or unsupported

by the record.

      The problem in this category relates to the inability to discern what, if

any, fees the court found related to Creditors’ opposition to Gilman’s

(Reeves’) sanctions motions. Other than the specific 4 hour time entry that

lumped fees from the oppositions and Creditors’ own motion, the court did

not take issue with the time spent on the oppositions. Having reviewed all

of the time entries for this billing category, there appears to be time that

relates solely to the oppositions, including attendance at the hearing on

Gilman’s motion for sanctions and preparation of the order after the

hearing.

      The court’s calculation that disallowance of the 4 hours for lumping

from 23.55 hours left only 19.55 hours for this category also is problematic.

The billing statements show that 39.95 hours were billed in this category. It

appears that the court erroneously used 23.55 hours as the total time billed

in this category, instead of the 39.95 hours set out in the billing records.

While it is possible to “disallow” a combination of the entries in this

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category to arrive at 23.55, we have no confidence that the entries necessary

to back into the court’s 23.55 hours used in its decision were those that the

court intended to disallow. Because we cannot ascertain what hours were

disallowed as relating to Creditors’ sanctions motion, or the hours allowed

relating to the opposition to the Gilman sanctions motions, we will

VACATE and REMAND the ruling on this category for further findings.

            n.    Category S (part 2) – Creditors’ Bad Faith Declaration

                  Sanctions Motion.

      In this category, the bankruptcy court recognized all 36 hours as

timely requested. Of this amount, the court disallowed all 36 hours. As the

basis for this disallowance, the court in large part relied on Creditors’ gross

excess in pursuing sanctions throughout the course of the adversary

proceeding. In light of this history, the court stated that it would not allow

any fees incurred filing sanctions motions that were denied – which

included Creditors’ bad faith declaration sanctions motion.

      On appeal, Creditors contend that the bankruptcy court abused its

discretion by applying a categorical rule disallowing all time spent on

sanctions motions that were denied. But Creditors misconstrue the court’s

ruling. Taken as a whole, and in light of our reading of the entire record,

we perceive the court’s comments as not reflecting so much a categorical

rule regarding the time spent on sanctions motions that were denied, but

rather an observation regarding the massive amount of time Creditors

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wasted constantly pursuing sanctions as a recurring litigation tactic.

Indeed, the overwhelming number of sanctions motions is an apt reflection

of the overly-litigious and vitriolic manner in which this adversary

proceeding was prosecuted. The court’s ruling was based on its view that

the sanctions motions it denied served no legitimate purpose. The only

purpose these motions served was to gross up Creditors’ fee requests.

      Viewed in the light of this misuse of the bankruptcy litigation

process, we hold that the bankruptcy court’s disallowance of the 36 hours

in fees in this category was not an abuse of discretion.

            o.    Expense Reimbursement Ruling.

      According to Creditors, their timely expense reimbursement requests

totaled $4,661.39. The court allowed $3,839.98 of this amount and

disallowed $821.41. The bankruptcy court’s expense reimbursement ruling

indicated that it had trouble following Creditors’ expense documentation

and categorization scheme. The court’s comments in its ruling and at the

fee hearing further indicate that the bankruptcy court twice attempted to

go through the materials provided and, having done so, found that

$3,839.98 of the expenses incurred were both reasonable and timely

submitted to the court for reimbursement. It follows that the court

implicitly found as untimely, unreasonable, or both, the remaining $821.41

in expenses that Creditors assert were timely requested.

      On appeal, Creditors argue that the bankruptcy abused its discretion

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by not allowing all of the items listed in their expense reimbursement

request because Gilman did not specifically oppose this request. We

already have stated several times in this decision that the bankruptcy court

was not obliged to rubber stamp the fees and expenses Creditors requested

merely because Gilman did not specifically oppose them.

      The only other argument Creditors offer on appeal regarding their

expenses concerns the sufficiency of the evidence they submitted. Creditors

posit that, if the court had carefully studied the receipts and other papers

they submitted, it should have had enough evidence to reasonably find

that an additional $821.41 of requested expenses were both timely and

reasonable. This argument misses the point. To prevail on appeal, it is not

enough for Creditors to demonstrate that the court reasonably could have

found in their favor on the disallowed expenses of $821.41. They must

demonstrate that the bankruptcy court’s findings to the contrary were

clearly erroneous. Nothing Creditors have said or pointed to on appeal

persuades us that the court’s findings regarding the expenses disallowed

were illogical, implausible or without support in the record.

                               CONCLUSION

      With the exception of the two fee rulings identified above as

VACATED AND REMANDED, all of the other orders on appeal are

AFFIRMED.

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