Court Opinion

ID: 2686541
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-07-30 23:01:02.464114+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:35:23.404076
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/30/14
                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                              FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION TWO

BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY,
        Petitioner,
v.                                                  A140035
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN
FRANCISCO COUNTY,                                   (San Francisco County
                                                     Super. Ct. J.C.C.P. No. 4748)
        Respondent,
BRACY ANDERSON, et al.,
        Real Parties in Interest.

        This case calls upon us to decide whether California has personal jurisdiction over
a non-resident corporate defendant on unique facts. Defendant Bristol-Myers Squibb
Company (BMS) has been sued by dozens of California residents in a coordinated
proceeding before the San Francisco Superior Court. They allege defects in Plavix, a
drug BMS manufactures and sells throughout the country. Jurisdiction over BMS as to
these plaintiffs is conceded. The question presented is whether California also has
jurisdiction over BMS regarding identical Plavix defects claims brought by hundreds of
non-resident co-plaintiffs, the real parties in interest here (RPI), in the same coordinated
proceeding, consistent with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
        BMS moved below to quash service of the summons regarding the RPI’s
complaints for lack of personal jurisdiction. The RPI argued that California has
jurisdiction over BMS, whether it be general, that is, jurisdiction over claims unrelated to
the forum state, or specific, that is, jurisdiction based upon the relationship of the RPI
claims, BMS, and California. The trial court denied BMS’s motion based on its

                                              1
conclusion that California has general jurisdiction over BMS, and did not address the
issue of specific jurisdiction.
       BMS filed a petition for writ of mandate in this court to reverse the trial court’s
ruling. We summarily denied this petition. However, on the same day that we did so, the
United States Supreme Court issued Daimler AG v. Bauman (2014) ___ U.S. ___ [134
S.Ct. 746] (Daimler), which limited the application of general jurisdiction under the
Fourteenth Amendment. Our own Supreme Court then granted BMS’s petition for
review and transferred the matter back to us for further consideration. Upon our review
of the parties’ further briefing and Daimler, we conclude California does not have general
jurisdiction over BMS based upon the facts of this case.
       This does not end our inquiry, however. Although the trial court did not address
the issue of specific jurisdiction, we do so now because the underlying facts we rely upon
are undisputed. In order to resolve this issue, we apply the time-honored test for the
application of specific jurisdiction adopted by the United States Supreme Court in
International Shoe Co. v. Washington (1945) 326 U.S. 310, 316 (International Shoe)
and reaffirmed by it and the California Supreme Court over the past 65 years in order to
determine whether such jurisdiction is consistent with the traditional conception of “ ‘fair
play and substantial justice.’ ” (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 754.) Having done so,
we conclude that BMS has engaged in substantial, continuous economic activity in
California, including the sale of more than a billion dollars of Plavix to Californians.
That activity is substantially connected to the RPI’s claims, which are based on the same
alleged wrongs as those alleged by the California resident plaintiffs. Further, BMS does
not establish it would be unreasonable to assert jurisdiction over it. Therefore, we
conclude that it is consistent with due process to require BMS to defend the RPI’s claims
before the trial court in coordination with the claims of the California resident plaintiffs.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the motion to quash based upon
the doctrine of specific jurisdiction.

                                              2
                                    BACKGROUND
                                 Trial Court Proceedings
       On March 12, 2012, eight separate complaints, each including California residents
and non-residents as plaintiffs, were filed in the San Francisco Superior Court by or on
behalf of 659 individuals, consisting of 84 California residents and 575 non-residents (the
RPI), who allegedly were prescribed and ingested Plavix. They (or their spouses) claim
that they suffered adverse consequences as a result. Each complaint contains the same 12
causes of action.1 The two named defendants in each of these cases are McKesson
Corporation (McKesson), which is alleged to be a pharmaceutical distribution and
marketing company organized under Delaware law and headquartered in San Francisco,
and BMS, which is alleged to be a pharmaceutical manufacturing and marketing
company that makes and markets Plavix throughout the United States, organized under
Delaware law and headquartered in New York.
       Each of the complaints alleges in identical terms that defendants introduced Plavix
in 1997 and heavily marketed it directly to consumers by falsely representing it “as
providing greater cardiovascular benefits, while being safer and easier on a person’s
stomach than aspirin.” According to the complaints, defendants knew that those claims
were untrue and that ingesting Plavix involved “the risk of suffering a heart attack,
stroke, internal bleeding, blood disorder or death [which] far outweighs any potential
benefit.”
       On April 11, 2012, prior to being served with seven of these eight cases, BMS
removed them to federal court. They were all remanded on August 10, 2012.

       1
         Strict Products Liability; Strict Liability—Manufacturing Defect; Negligence;
Breach of Implied Warranty; Breach of Express Warranty; Deceit by Concealment—
Civil Code sections 1709, 1710; Negligent Misrepresentation; Fraud by Concealment;
Violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200; Violation of Business and
Professions Code section 17500; Violation of Civil Code section 1750; Loss of
Consortium.

                                             3
       On September 27, 2012, BMS filed motions to quash service of the summons
regarding the complaints, but not with respect to the California resident plaintiffs.2 The
plaintiffs began discovery regarding these motions.3 Meanwhile, pursuant to Code of
Civil Procedure section 404.3 and rule 3.540 of the California Rules of Court,4 Chief
Justice Cantil-Sakauye, as Chair of the Judicial Council, authorized the presiding judge of
the superior court to assign the eight San Francisco cases, with another, to a coordination
trial judge, which the presiding judge did on April 25, 2013.
       BMS was permitted to refile a consolidated motion to quash with respect to the
RPI, which it did on July 9, 2013. In this motion, BMS noted in passing that “[the RPI]
cannot invoke specific jurisdiction here because it is limited to cases where the
‘controversy is related to or arises out of [the] defendant’s contacts with the forum,’ ”
citing DVI, Inc. v. Superior Court (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 1080, 1089. Its principal
argument, however, was that, under the recent decision of the United States Supreme
Court in Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown (2011) ___ U.S. ___ [131
S.Ct. 2846] (Goodyear), the trial court could not assert general jurisdiction over BMS
unless BMS were “at home” in California. According to BMS, its California contacts did
not rise to that level since it was neither headquartered nor incorporated here. BMS also
argued, relying on factors that apply in a specific jurisdiction inquiry, that it would

       2
          BMS’s petition acknowledges that the facts developed in the trial court with
respect to BMS’s California contacts “may be sufficient to vest specific personal
jurisdiction over BMS” as to the 84 resident plaintiffs’ claims. In subsequent briefing
and oral argument, BMS has conceded that California has jurisdiction over it with respect
to their claims.
       3
          The petition tells us that “[a]nother 40 actions involving 2,363 plaintiffs have
been filed in San Francisco Superior Court.” At oral argument, counsel for BMS advised
us that if the multi-district litigation (MDL) cases are remanded to the San Francisco
Superior Court, there will be 251 California resident plaintiffs and 3,519 non-California
resident plaintiffs. Counsel for the RPI did not take issue with those numbers. Those
MDL cases and plaintiffs are not presently before us.
       4
        Unless otherwise noted, further statutory references are to the Code of Civil
Procedure.

                                              4
violate principles of fair play and substantial justice to require that it defend against the
RPI’s claims here.
        The RPI responded that BMS’s extensive contacts with California supported the
assertion of general jurisdiction under leading cases such as Buckeye Boiler Co. v.
Superior Court (1969) 71 Cal.2d 893, 898-899. They pointed out the factual differences
between the present case and Goodyear and argued that Goodyear did not disturb
precedent that warranted an exercise of personal jurisdiction here. They also argued that
specific jurisdiction is appropriate when a defendant has purposefully directed its
activities at residents of the forum and the litigation results from alleged injuries that
“arise out of or relate to” those activities, citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz (1985)
471 U.S. 462, 472 (Burger King) and Helicopteros Nacionales de Columbia, S.A. v. Hall
(1984) 466 U.S. 408, 414 (Helicopteros), and that the multi-factor “reasonableness” test
set out in Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court (1987) 480 U.S. 102 (Asahi)5
weighed in favor of finding specific jurisdiction over BMS as to the claims of the RPI
here.
        BMS reargued the importance of Goodyear in its reply. It also cited Spirits, Inc. v.
Superior Court (1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 918, 926 for the proposition that specific
jurisdiction cannot be asserted “where neither the injury nor the conduct that led to it
have a substantial relationship to California.”
        On September 23, 2013, the trial court heard argument on BMS’s motion to quash,
the matter was submitted, and the court denied the motion. In a subsequent written order,
the court, relying heavily on International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. 310, and Hesse v. Best
Western International, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 404, concluded that a defendant’s
wide-ranging, systematic, and continuous contacts with a forum state justify the exercise
of general jurisdiction over it. The court held that California had general jurisdiction
over BMS because it had sold in the state nearly $1 billion worth of Plavix between 2006
and 2012 and 196 million Plavix pills between 1998 and 2006, had been registered with

        5
            We discuss this test in more detail in section II.D., post.

                                                 5
the California Secretary of State to conduct business since 1936, maintained an agent for
service of process in Los Angeles, operated five offices in California that employed
approximately 164 people, employed approximately 250 in-state sales representatives,
owned a facility in Milpitas employing 85 people that was used primarily for research,
operated other facilities that were used primarily for research and laboratory activities
in Aliso Viejo, San Diego and Sunnyvale, and had a small office in Sacramento that
was used by the company’s Government Affairs group.
      The court did not directly address the question of whether, as the RPI argued in the
alternative, BMS is amenable to suit in California under the doctrine of specific
jurisdiction. However, as we will see, the court’s references to BMS’s extensive
activities in California, its enjoyment of the benefits and protections of its laws, and the
exercise of jurisdiction comporting with “ ‘ “traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice” ’ ” (International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at p. 316) are entirely
consistent with a finding that specific jurisdiction is appropriate.
                               The Present Writ Proceedings
       BMS filed the pending writ petition on October 22, 2013. After review of the
RPI’s verified preliminary opposition and BMS’s reply, we summarily denied the petition
on January 14, 2014—the same day that the United States Supreme Court announced its
decision in Daimler. BMS promptly sought review in the California Supreme Court,
relying principally upon Daimler and Goodyear.
       On February 26, 2014, the court granted that petition and transferred the matter
back to us with directions to vacate our prior order and issue an order to show cause why
the relief sought should not be granted. We did so on March 13, 2014. The RPI filed
their verified opposition, but not a formal return, on March 28, 2014. BMS filed its
traverse on April 14, 2014, in which it points out that no formal return including a
verified answer was filed. It argues that the opposition was not effective to deny the
factual allegations of the petition, citing, among others, Eisenberg et al., California
Practice Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs (The Rutter Group 2014) paragraph 15:223 at
page 15-96.14. However, BMS’s legal conclusions have not been admitted. And, to the

                                              6
extent that the facts were effectively denied in the RPI’s verified preliminary opposition
and opposition, we exercise our discretion to treat those facts as denied.6
       We granted leave for the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America
to file an amicus curiae brief in support of BMS’s petition. The RPI did not respond, but
the Consumer Attorneys of California and the American Association for Justice
subsequently filed unopposed applications for leave to file amicus briefs in support of the
RPI, which we also granted. BMS filed a response to those amicus briefs on June 9,
2014. Prior to oral argument, we asked the parties to focus their presentations on certain
questions related to whether or not the lower court could exercise specific jurisdiction
over BMS under the unique circumstances of this case. The parties did so at oral
argument, which took place on June 17, 2014, and the matter was submitted.
                                      DISCUSSION
                                  I. General Jurisdiction
       BMS argues that Daimler makes clear the trial court erred in concluding it had
general jurisdiction over BMS. We agree.
A. The Origins of the Modern Jurisprudence Regarding Personal Jurisdiction
       We begin our analysis of personal jurisdiction with a review of the two seminal
cases for our modern jurisprudence on the subject, Pennoyer v. Neff (1878) 95 U.S. 714
(Pennoyer) and International Shoe.7

       6
          An example of a mixed question of law and fact appears at paragraph 19 of the
petition, where BMS alleges that “Petitioner will suffer irreparable injury and be denied
due process if it is forced to defend in California courts hundreds of claims brought by
out-of-state plaintiffs who have no connection to this State and whose injuries did not
occur here.” RPI’s informal verified response includes the statement that “BMS cannot
demonstrate that it will suffer irreparable harm and be denied due process if its Petition
were denied and it were ‘forced’ to defend the nonresident Plaintiffs’ cases in
California.” We will treat BMS’s entire allegation as being denied.
       7
          Pursuant to section 410.10, California’s “long-arm” statute (Integral
Development Corp. v. Weissenbach (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 576, 583), “ ‘[a] court of this
state may exercise jurisdiction on any basis not inconsistent with the Constitution of this
state or of the United States.’ ”

                                             7
       In Pennoyer, supra, 95 U.S. 714, the Supreme Court articulated a strictly
territorial rule for what personal jurisdiction a state court could assert over a non-resident
consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment. Neff, a California resident, owned a tract of
land in Oregon. Mitchell, an Oregon resident, sued Neff in an Oregon state court for
money owed for legal services rendered. After service of the suit by publication and
mailing to Neff was made as required by Oregon law, judgment by default was entered
against Neff. Pursuant to an execution issued upon this judgment, Pennoyer acquired the
tract under a sheriff’s deed. Neff then sued Pennoyer in federal court to recover the tract.
(Pennoyer, supra, 95 U.S. at pp. 719-720.)
       The Pennoyer court determined the judgment against Neff was void because a
state could not, consistent with constitutional due process, acquire jurisdiction by the
service methods used against a non-resident who is absent from the state. The court
stated, “The authority of every tribunal is necessarily restricted by the territorial limits of
the State in which it is established. Any attempt to exercise authority beyond those limits
would be deemed in every other forum, as has been said by this court, an illegitimate
assumption of power, and be resisted as mere abuse.” (Pennoyer, supra, 95 U.S. at p.
720.) In other words, “no State can exercise direct jurisdiction and authority over persons
or property without its territory.” (Id. at p. 722.)
       Sixty-seven years later, the Supreme Court replaced this strict territorial rule with
a more flexible one in International Shoe. International Shoe Company was a Delaware
corporation headquartered in Missouri (International Shoe). It challenged the right of the
State of Washington to collect from it contributions to Washington’s state unemployment
compensation fund based on International Shoe’s commissions to 11 to 13 salesmen
living and working in Washington. International Shoe had no office in Washington
(although its salesmen rented temporary and permanent sample rooms and were
reimbursed by the company) and did not maintain any stock of merchandise there; its
deliveries of merchandise sold by its salesmen were all made in interstate commerce.
(International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at pp. 313-314.)

                                               8
       The Supreme Court reviewed the principles of personal jurisdiction at some length
and rejected International Shoe’s argument that personal jurisdiction over it in
Washington would violate due process. Its opinion predated the court’s later distinctions
between “general jurisdiction” and “specific jurisdiction,” 8 and it contains analysis that is
relevant to both. In what has become the foundation of personal jurisdiction, the court
stated, “While it has been held in cases on which appellant relies that continuous activity
of some sorts within a state is not enough to support the demand that the corporation be
amenable to suits unrelated to that activity, [citations], there have been instances in which
the continuous corporate operations within a state were thought so substantial and of such
a nature as to justify suit against it on causes of action arising from dealings entirely
distinct from those activities.” (International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at p. 318.) The court
continued, “although the commission of some single or occasional acts of the corporate
agent in a state sufficient to impose an obligation or liability on the corporation has not
been thought to confer upon the state authority to enforce it, [citation], other such acts,
because of their nature and quality and the circumstances of their commission, may be
deemed sufficient to render the corporation liable to suit.” (Ibid.)
       The court concluded, “It is evident that the criteria by which we mark the
boundary line between those activities which justify the subjection of a corporation to
suit, and those which do not, cannot be simply mechanical or quantitative. The test is not
merely, as has sometimes been suggested, whether the activity, which the corporation has
seen fit to procure through its agents in another state, is a little more or a little less.
[Citations.] Whether due process is satisfied must depend rather upon the quality and
nature of the activity in relation to the fair and orderly administration of the laws which it

       8
         That distinction was suggested by Professors von Mehren and Trautman in
1966. (See von Mehren & Trautman, Jurisdiction to Adjudicate: A Suggested Analysis
(1966) 79 Harv. L.Rev. 1121, 1136.) The terminology, and the differentiation between
“general or all purpose” jurisdiction and “specific or case linked” jurisdiction, were first
discussed by the Supreme Court in Helicopteros, supra, 466 U.S. at pages 414, footnote 8
and 415, footnote 9.

                                                9
was the purpose of the due process clause to insure.” (International Shoe, supra, 326
U.S. at p. 319.)
       As Justice Ginsburg recently noted in Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at page 754, the
International Shoe court ultimately found that Washington had personal jurisdiction over
International Shoe based on what would later become known as “specific jurisdiction”:
“But to the extent that a corporation exercises the privilege of conducting activities
within a state, it enjoys the benefits and protection of the laws of that state. The exercise
of that privilege may give rise to obligations; and, so far as those obligations arise out of
or are connected with the activities within the state, a procedure which requires the
corporation to respond to a suit brought to enforce them can, in most instances, hardly be
said to be undue.” (International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at p. 319, italics added.)
       The court found that International Shoe’s activities were “systematic and
continuous throughout the years in question. They resulted in a large volume of interstate
business, in the course of which appellant received the benefits and protection of the laws
of the state, including the right to resort to the courts for the enforcement of its rights.
The obligation which is here sued upon arose out of those very activities. It is evident
that these operations establish sufficient contacts or ties with the state of the forum to
make it reasonable and just according to our traditional conception of fair play and
substantial justice to permit the state to enforce the obligations which appellant has
incurred there.” (International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at p. 320.)
       Since International Shoe and before Daimler, courts determining whether general
jurisdiction existed often focused on the quality and quantity of contacts a company had
with a particular state, without much additional analysis or inquiry. This appears to be
the approach taken by the RPI and court below. However, as we now discuss, Goodyear
and Daimler together make clear that general jurisdiction should be asserted only when
the evidence indicates the company is “ ‘ “essentially at home” ’ ” in the state. (Daimler,
supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 751.)

                                               10
B. Goodyear
         The Supreme Court first referred to this “at home” standard in Goodyear. Two
young soccer players from North Carolina were killed in a bus accident outside Paris,
France. Their parents filed wrongful-death suits in the state courts of North Carolina
against three foreign Goodyear entities, which were located in Luxembourg, Turkey, and
France respectively (together petitioners). They all were indirect subsidiaries of
Goodyear USA, an Ohio corporation also named as a defendant. The facts showed that
the petitioners “[had] no place of business, employees, or bank accounts in North
Carolina. They [did] not design, manufacture, or advertise their products in North
Carolina. And they [did] not solicit business in North Carolina or themselves sell or ship
tires to North Carolina customers. Even so, a small percentage of petitioners’ tires (tens
of thousands out of tens of millions manufactured between 2004 and 2007) were
distributed within North Carolina by other Goodyear USA affiliates. These tires were
typically customer ordered to equip specialized vehicles . . . and . . . the type of tire
involved in the accident, a Goodyear Regional RHS tire manufactured by Goodyear
Turkey, was never distributed in North Carolina.” (Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct. at p.
2852.)
         The petitioners (but not Goodyear USA) moved to dismiss the claims against them
for lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court denied their motion and the North
Carolina Court of Appeals affirmed. The Supreme Court reversed in a unanimous
decision written by Justice Ginsburg. It rejected the view of the North Carolina courts
that North Carolina had general jurisdiction over the petitioners consistent with the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because some of their tires, although
manufactured abroad, had reached North Carolina through the “ ‘the stream of
commerce.’ ” “A connection so limited between the forum and the foreign
corporation . . . is an inadequate basis for the exercise of general jurisdiction. Such a
connection does not establish the ‘continuous and systematic’ affiliation necessary to
empower North Carolina courts to entertain claims unrelated to the foreign corporation’s
contacts with the State.” (Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct. at p. 2851.)

                                              11
       The Goodyear court could have ended its analysis there, but it did not. Quoting
International Shoe, it described “general” jurisdiction as “ ‘instances in which continuous
corporate operations within a state [are] so substantial and of such a nature as to justify
suit against it on causes of action arising from dealings entirely distinct from those
activities.’ ” (Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct. at p. 2853, quoting International Shoe, supra,
326 U.S. at p. 318.) It continued, “For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise
of general jurisdiction is the individual’s domicile; for a corporation, it is an equivalent
place, one in which the corporation is fairly regarded as at home.” (Goodyear at pp.
2853-2854.) The court favorably cited a 23-year old Texas Law Review article by
Professor Lea Brilmayer as “identifying domicile, place of incorporation, and principal
place of business as ‘paradig[m]’ bases for the exercise of general jurisdiction.”
(Goodyear at p. 2854, citing Brilmayer, A General Look At General Jurisdiction (1988)
66 Texas L.Rev. 721, 728.)
       BMS relies here, as it did in the trial court, upon the Goodyear court’s use of the
phrase “at home” as setting the minimum standard under which general jurisdiction can
be asserted against an out of state corporate defendant. But that phrase was not explained
in the court’s Goodyear decision beyond the reference to Professor Brilmayer’s law
review article. To the contrary, the Goodyear court, after discussing the only two general
jurisdiction cases decided by the court after International Shoe, Perkins v. Benquet
Consolidated Mining Co. (1952) 342 U.S. 437 (Perkins) and Helicopteros, supra, 466
U.S. 408, concluded, “petitioners are in no sense at home in North Carolina.[9] Their

       9
          Justice Ginsburg also used the phrase “at home” in her dissenting opinion in J.
McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro (2011) ___ U.S. ___ [131 S.Ct. 2780] (J.
McIntyre), which was announced on the same day as Goodyear. J. McIntyre involved
injury to a New Jersey resident in New Jersey from use of a machine made by a British
company with no direct connections to that state, but which marketed machines
extensively in the United States through a distributor. Justice Ginsburg parted ways from
the four justices in the plurality opinion to express her view that marketing with the
expectation of sales throughout the United States could be sufficient to support specific
jurisdiction over an injury claim arising in New Jersey. She agreed, however, citing
Goodyear, that the company was not subject to general jurisdiction in New Jersey courts

                                              12
attenuated connections to the State . . . fall far short of . . . ‘the continuous and systematic
general business contacts’ necessary to empower North Carolina to entertain suit against
them on claims unrelated to anything that connects them to the State.” (Goodyear, supra,
131 S.Ct. at p. 2857, quoting Helicopteros, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 416.)
       Thus, while the court’s decision in Daimler has proven BMS to be correct about
the significance of these passing references to “at home” in Goodyear, a further
contouring of the law of general jurisdiction was by no means obvious from the
Goodyear decision. This was especially true in light of the Goodyear court’s observation
that “[t]he canonical opinion in this area remains” International Shoe (Goodyear, supra,
131 S.Ct. at p. 2853) and its own quoting of the traditional standard for general
jurisdiction: “ ‘the continuous and systematic general business contacts necessary to
empower [the forum state] to entertain suit against them on claims unrelated to anything
that connects them to the State.’ ” (Id. at p. 2857, quoting Helicopteros, supra, 466 U.S.
at p. 416.)10
C. Daimler
       The Supreme Court further explained its “at home” standard in Daimler.
Argentinean residents with no connection to California sued Daimler AG, alleging that its
wholly-owned Argentinean subsidiary collaborated with state security forces to kidnap,
detain, torture, and kill plaintiffs or their relatives in Argentina during Argentina’s
“ ‘Dirty War’ ” between 1976 and 1983. They filed suit in the Northern District of
California based upon a theory of general jurisdiction. Daimler AG had no contact with
California, but another of its wholly owned subsidiaries, Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC

because it was “hardly ‘at home’ in New Jersey,” but once more provided no further
explanation for what it meant to be “at home” for jurisdictional purposes. (Id. at p. 2797
[dis. opn. of Ginsburg, J.].)
       10
           Because of our conclusion that Daimler forecloses the RPI’s general
jurisdiction argument, we need not discuss the very different facts before the Supreme
Court in Perkins, in which general jurisdiction was upheld, and Helicopteros, in which it
was not. Neither case applied the doctrine of specific jurisdiction, which we take up,
post.

                                              13
(MBUSA), did extensive business in California, although it was incorporated in
Delaware and had its principal place of business in New Jersey. The district court
granted Daimler’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, but the Ninth
Circuit reversed. (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at pp. 751-753.)
       The Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed. It noted that the plaintiffs’
theory of general jurisdiction included that, “if a Daimler-manufactured vehicle
overturned in Poland, injuring a Polish driver and passenger, the injured parties could
maintain a design defect suit in California.” (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 751.) It
held that “[e]xercises of personal jurisdiction so exorbitant . . . are barred by due process
constraints on the assertion of adjudicatory authority.” (Ibid.) It repeated its holding in
Goodyear that a court may assert general jurisdiction “over a foreign corporation ‘to hear
any and all claims against [it]’ only when the corporation’s affiliations with the State in
which suit is brought are so constant and pervasive ‘as to render [it] essentially at home
in the forum State.’ ” (Daimler at p. 751, italics added.) “Instructed by Goodyear,” the
court concluded that “Daimler [was] not ‘at home’ in California, and cannot be sued there
for injuries plaintiffs attribute to MB Argentina’s conduct in Argentina.” (Ibid.)
       Importantly for our case, the Daimler court also held that Daimler’s connections to
California through MBUSA were insufficient to support general jurisdiction. MBUSA,
an indirect subsidiary of Daimler, served as Daimler’s exclusive importer and distributor
in the United States, “purchasing Mercedes-Benz automobiles from Daimler in Germany,
then importing those vehicles, and ultimately distributing them to independent
dealerships located throughout the Nation. Although MBUSA’s principal place of
business is in New Jersey, MBUSA ha[d] multiple California-based facilities, including a
regional office in Costa Mesa, a Vehicle Preparation Center in Carson, and a Classic
Center in Irvine. . . . MBUSA [was] the largest supplier of luxury vehicles to the
California market. In particular, over 10% of all sales of new vehicles in the United
States [took] place in California, and MBUSA’s California sales account[ed] for 2.4% of
Daimler’s worldwide sales.” (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 752.) Nonetheless, the
court concluded, “[e]ven if we were to assume that MBUSA is at home in California, and

                                             14
further to assume MBUSA’s contacts are imputable to Daimler, there would still be no
basis to subject Daimler to general jurisdiction in California, for Daimler’s slim contacts
with the State hardly render it at home there.” (Id. at p. 760.)
       The Daimler court further explained, “Goodyear made clear that only a limited set
of affiliations with a forum will render a defendant amenable to all-purpose jurisdiction
there. ‘For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction is
the individual’s domicile; for a corporation, it is an equivalent place, one in which the
corporation is fairly regarded as at home.’ [Citations.] With respect to a corporation, the
place of incorporation and principal place of business are ‘paradig[m] . . . bases for
general jurisdiction.’ [Citation.] Those affiliations have the virtue of being unique—that
is, each ordinarily indicates only one place—as well as easily ascertainable. [Citation.]
These bases afford plaintiffs recourse to at least one clear and certain forum in which a
corporate defendant may be sued on any and all claims.” (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p.
760.) The court “[did] not foreclose the possibility that . . . a corporation’s operations in
a forum other than its formal place of incorporation or principal place of business may be
so substantial and of such a nature as to render the corporation at home in that State[,]”
but stated this was “an exceptional case.” (Id. at p. 761, fn. 19.)
       “Goodyear did not hold that a corporation may be subject to general jurisdiction
only in a forum where it is incorporated or has its principal place of business; it simply
typed those places paradigm all-purpose forums. Plaintiffs would have us look beyond
the exemplar bases Goodyear identified, and approve the exercise of general jurisdiction
in every State in which a corporation ‘engages in a substantial, continuous, and
systematic course of business.’ [Citation.] That formulation, we hold, is unacceptably
grasping.
       “. . . [T]he words ‘continuous and systematic’ were used in International Shoe to
describe instances in which the exercise of specific jurisdiction would be appropriate.
[Citation.] Turning to all-purpose jurisdiction, in contrast, International Shoe speaks of
‘instances in which the continuous corporate operations within a state [are] so substantial
and of such a nature as to justify suit . . . on causes of action arising from dealings

                                              15
entirely distinct from those activities.’ [Citations.] Accordingly, the inquiry under
Goodyear is not whether a foreign corporation’s in-forum contacts can be said to be in
some sense ‘continuous and systematic,’ it is whether that corporation’s ‘affiliations with
the State are so “continuous and systematic” as to render [it] essentially at home in the
forum State.’ ” (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. at pp.760-761.) The court further
distinguished between general and specific jurisdiction by noting that they “have
followed markedly different trajectories post-International Shoe. Specific jurisdiction
has been cut loose from Pennoyer’s sway, but we have declined to stretch general
jurisdiction beyond limits traditionally recognized. As this Court has increasingly trained
on the ‘relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation,’ [citation], i.e.,
specific jurisdiction, general jurisdiction has come to occupy a less dominant place in the
contemporary scheme.” (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at pp. 757-758.)
       The court further clarified that “general jurisdiction inquiry does not ‘focu[s]
solely on the magnitude of the defendant’s in-state contacts.’ [Citation.] General
jurisdiction instead calls for an appraisal of a corporation’s activities in their entirety,
nationwide and worldwide. A corporation that operates in many places can scarcely be
deemed at home in all of them. Otherwise, ‘at home’ would be synonymous with ‘doing
business’ tests framed before specific jurisdiction evolved in the United States.”
(Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 762, fn. 20.)
D. Application of Goodyear and Daimler to This Case
       We recognize that the trial court’s determination that it has general jurisdiction
was based on a record created and an analysis engaged in prior to Daimler. As a result,
the RPI, who have the burden of proving jurisdiction here (Snowney v. Harrah’s
Entertainment, Inc. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1054, 1062 (Snowney); Vons Companies, Inc. v.
Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 434, 449 (Vons)), may not have pursued certain
discovery and did not present certain facts and arguments that are relevant post-Daimler
to determining whether general jurisdiction exists.
       Specifically, the RPI focused on BMS’s significant contacts with California. They
did not establish that BMS is incorporated, has its principal place of business, or has its

                                              16
headquarters here. Further, the RPI did not present much, if any, evidence regarding
BMS’s activities in their entirety and, therefore, did not establish that BMS’s contacts
with California were somehow so exceptional as to render BMS “essentially at home”
here. Based on the record before us, we cannot effectively distinguish BMS’s extensive
sales and research activities in California from the extensive sales activities of MBUSA
in California as discussed in Daimler, which the Supreme Court ruled were insufficient to
establish the State had general jurisdiction over Daimler. Therefore, the trial court’s
ruling that it had general jurisdiction over BMS cannot be allowed to stand.
                                    II. Specific Jurisdiction
       As Division Four of this court has noted, “we do not review the reasons why the
trial court ruled as it did, but consider the validity of its ruling. If a trial court’s ruling is
correct, we will affirm, even if its reasoning was flawed.” (In re Automobile Antitrust
Cases I and II (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 100, 117.) Although the parties debated specific
jurisdiction below, the trial court, without the benefit of Daimler, did not find it necessary
to address that issue. The parties again debate the issue in this appeal. We decide the
issue now because there is no dispute as to the jurisdictional facts.11 In such a
circumstance, “ ‘ “the question of jurisdiction is purely one of law and the reviewing
court engages in an independent review of the record.” ’ ” (Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th at
p. 1062, quoting Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 449.) Upon conducting such an
independent review, we conclude the trial court has specific jurisdiction over BMS.

       11
           At oral argument, the RPI’s counsel suggested that if we were inclined to rule
against the RPI on the issue of specific jurisdiction, we should remand so that a more
complete record of McKesson’s role with respect to the RPI could be developed. BMS’s
counsel opposed that suggestion, stating that the RPI had a full and fair opportunity to
take discovery in opposition to the motion to quash. We note that the record provided to
us does not show that the RPI sought to continue the hearing on the consolidated motion
to quash because of any claim of inadequate opportunity for discovery. Be that as it may,
for the reasons discussed, post, we find the undisputed facts before us sufficient to
support specific jurisdiction over BMS.

                                                17
       The Supreme Court’s discussion in Daimler indicates that specific jurisdiction
continues to “flourish” as it has for many years.12 Whether or not a court has specific
jurisdiction over a defendant involves an analysis of whether, first, the defendant has
“ ‘purposefully directed’ ” its activities at the forum state (Keeton v. Hustler Magazine,
Inc. (1984) 465 U.S. 770, 774 (Keeton); second, the plaintiff’s claims are related to or
arise out of these forum-directed activities (Helicopteros, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 414); and,
third, the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable. (Asahi, supra, 480 U.S. at p. 113.) That
said, as our own Supreme Court has noted, “the United States Supreme Court has rejected
the use of ‘talismanic jurisdictional formulas’ (Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 485),
stating that ‘ “the facts of each case must [always] be weighed” in determining whether
personal jurisdiction would comport with “fair play and substantial justice.” ’ ” (Vons,
supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 460.) We now discuss each of these matters.
A. The Traditional Conception of “Fair Play and Substantial Justice”
       In Daimler, the Supreme Court noted: “International Shoe’s conception of ‘fair
play and substantial justice’ presaged the development of two categories of personal
jurisdiction. The first category is represented by International Shoe itself, a case in
which the in-state activities of the corporate defendant ‘ha[d] not only been continuous
and systematic, but also g[a]ve rise to the liabilities sued on.’ . . . . Adjudicatory authority
of this order, in which the suit ‘aris[es] out of or relate[s] to the defendant’s contacts with
the forum,’ [citation] is today called ‘specific jurisdiction.’ ” (Daimler, supra, 134 S.Ct.
at p. 754, citing Goodyear, supra, 131 S.Ct. 2853.)

       12
           Justice Ginsburg, responding on behalf of the Daimler majority to Justice
Sotomayor’s concern, stated in a concurring opinion, that narrowing the doctrine of
general jurisdiction would result in injustices, wrote: “Remarkably, Justice Sotomayor
treats specific jurisdiction as though it were barely there. Given the many decades in
which specific jurisdiction has flourished, it would be hard to conjure up an example of
the ‘deep injustice’ Justice Sotomayor predicts as a consequence of our holding that
California is not an all-purpose forum for suits against Daimler.” (Daimler, supra, 134
S.Ct. at p. 758, fn. 10.)

                                              18
       As suggested by Justice Sotomayor ‘s concurrence in Daimler and the majority’s
response, this concept, referred to by Justice Sotomayor as “reciprocal fairness,” is a
“ ‘touchstone principle of due process’ ” regarding specific jurisdiction. (Daimler, supra,
134 S.Ct. at p. 758, fn. 10; Id. at p. 768 [conc. opn. of Sotomayor, J.].) It dates back to
International Shoe, in which the Supreme Court held, “to the extent that a corporation
exercises the privilege of conducting activities within a state, it enjoys the benefits and
protection of the laws of that state. The exercise of that privilege may give rise to
obligations; and, so far as those obligations arise out of or are connected with the
activities within the state, a procedure which requires the corporation to respond to a suit
brought to enforce them can, in most instances, hardly be said to be undue.”
(International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at p. 319.) In other words, in analyzing the exercise
of specific jurisdiction, “[o]nce it has been decided that a defendant purposely established
minimum contacts with the forum State, these contacts may be considered in light of
other factors to determine whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport
with ‘fair play and substantial justice.’ ” (Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 476.)
B. “Minimum Contacts” and “Relatedness”
       Several more recent Supreme Court cases have reaffirmed this fundamental tenet
of personal jurisdiction in discussing the minimum contacts between a defendant and a
forum state, and the relatedness of these contacts to a plaintiff’s claims, that are necessary
to establish specific jurisdiction. For example, in World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.
Woodson (1980) 444 U.S. 286 (World-Wide Volkswagen), defendant, a New York
automobile wholesaler and retailer with no contact with Oklahoma, was sued in
Oklahoma by New York residents who were passing through that state when they had a
car accident. The Supreme Court held that the accident’s location was not a sufficient
basis for an Oklahoma court’s assertion of personal jurisdiction over the defendant. In so
holding, the court reiterated the rule of International Shoe: “As has long been settled,
and as we reaffirm today, a state court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a
nonresident defendant only so long as there exist ‘minimum contacts’ between the
defendant and the forum State. [International Shoe, supra, at p. 316]. The concept of

                                             19
minimum contacts, in turn, can be seen to perform two related, but distinguishable,
functions. It protects the defendant against the burdens of litigating in a distant or
inconvenient forum. And it acts to ensure that the States through their courts, do not
reach out beyond the limits imposed on them by their status as coequal sovereigns in a
federal system. [¶] The protection against inconvenient litigation is typically described in
terms of ‘reasonableness’ or ‘fairness.’ We have said that the defendant’s contacts with
the forum State must be such that maintenance of the suit ‘does not offend “traditional
notions of fair play and substantial justice.” ’ [International Shoe, supra, at p. 316.]”
(World-Wide Volkswagen, supra, 444 U.S. at pp. 291-292.)
       That said, the World-Wide Volkswagen court also noted that “[t]he limits imposed
on state jurisdiction by the Due Process Clause, in its role as a guarantor against
inconvenient litigation, have been substantially relaxed over the years” because of “a
fundamental transformation in the American economy.” (World-Wide Volkswagen,
supra, 444 U.S. at pp. 292-293.) It quoted its view some years before in McGee v.
International Life Ins. Co. (1957) 355 U.S. 220 (McGee) that there was an increasing
nationalization of commerce and amount of business conducted by mail across state lines,
and that “ ‘at the same time modern transportation and communication have made it
much less burdensome for a party sued to defend himself in a State where he engages in
economic activity.’ ” (World-Wide Volkswagen, at p. 293, quoting McGee, at pp. 222-
223.) These historical developments, the court further noted, “have only accelerated in
the generation since” McGee was decided. (World-Wide Volkswagen, at p. 293.)
       In a case decided a few years after World-Wide Volkswagen, Keeton, supra, 465
U.S. 770, the Supreme Court, again guided by the traditional conception of fair play and
substantial justice, found specific jurisdiction existed, even though neither the plaintiff
nor the defendant resided in the forum State and most of the plaintiff’s injuries occurred
elsewhere. In Keeton, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit had upheld
a district court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s libel suit against Hustler Magazine for lack of
personal jurisdiction because New Hampshire’s “interest in redressing the tort of libel to
petitioner [was] too attenuated for an assertion of personal jurisdiction over respondent.”

                                              20
(Keeton, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 773.) The First Circuit also had held that it would have
been unfair to apply New Hampshire’s uniquely long six-year statute of limitations for
libel damages accruing throughout the United States under the “ ‘single publication
rule.’ ” (Ibid.)
       The Supreme Court reversed. It held that Hustler Magazine, having “continuously
and deliberately exploited the New Hampshire market, . . . must reasonably anticipate
being haled into court there in a libel action based on the contents of its magazine,” even
if New Hampshire applied the single publication rule to allow recovery of damages from
publications throughout the United States that otherwise would have been time-barred.
(Keeton, supra, 465 U.S. at pp. 781, 774-775.) The court repeated its previous
instruction that, “[i]n judging minimum contacts, a court properly focuses on ‘the
relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.’ [Citations.] Thus, it is
certainly relevant to the jurisdictional inquiry that petitioner is seeking to recover
damages suffered in all States in this one suit. The contacts between respondent and the
forum must be judged in the light of that claim, rather than a claim only for damages
sustained in New Hampshire. That is, the contacts between respondent and New
Hampshire must be such that it is ‘fair’ to compel respondent to defend a multistate
lawsuit in New Hampshire seeking nationwide damages for all copies of the five issues in
question, even though only a small portion of those copies were distributed in New
Hampshire.” (Id., at p. 775.)
       Keeton further instructs that the doctrine of specific jurisdiction can apply to the
claims of a non-resident against a non-resident. Initially, we acknowledge, as does
Keeton, that the clearest case for specific jurisdiction exists when the non-resident
defendant’s conduct has caused injury to plaintiff in his or her state of residence, and
plaintiff sues there. That has been understood since International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S.
at page 317 (“ ‘[p]resence’ in the state . . . has never been doubted when the activities of
the corporation there have not only been continuous and systematic, but also give rise to
the liabilities sued on, even though no consent to be sued or authorization to an agent to
accept service of process has been given”). However, even though most cases in which

                                              21
specific jurisdiction has been upheld involved a resident plaintiff, the Supreme Court has
not held that due process requires that to be so.
       To the contrary, in addition to reiterating the longstanding rule that “in judging
minimum contacts, a court properly focuses on ‘the relationship among the defendant, the
forum, and the litigation’ ” (Keeton, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 775), Keeton makes clear that
“[p]laintiff’s residence may be the focus of the activities of the defendant out of which
the suit arises. [Citations.] But plaintiff’s residence in the forum State is not a separate
requirement, and lack of residence will not defeat jurisdiction established on the basis of
defendant’s contacts.” (Id. at p. 780; accord, Walden v. Fiore (2014) ___ U.S. ___ [134
S.Ct. 1115, 1122-1123] (Walden)). As the Supreme Court stated in its latest reiteration of
the minimum contacts necessary to establish specific jurisdiction, “[d]ue process requires
that a defendant be haled into court in a forum State based on his own affiliation with the
State, not based on the ‘random, fortuitous, or attenuated’ contacts he makes by
interacting with other persons affiliated with the State.” (Walden at pp. 1122-1123,
quoting Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 475.)
       Although the doctrine of specific jurisdiction continues to flourish, its application
has proved to be problematic for the Supreme Court. For example, on the same day that
it decided Goodyear, the court issued J. McIntyre, supra, 131 S.Ct. 2780. As we have
discussed, the court held that New Jersey did not have specific jurisdiction over the
British manufacturer of a machine that caused an injury to plaintiff in New Jersey. The
manufacturer marketed machines in the United States, but not New Jersey, through a
domestic distributor. Justice Kennedy wrote for the plurality, consisting also of Chief
Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia and Thomas, with whom Justices Breyer and Alito
concurred and Justices Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan dissented. Justice Kennedy,
acknowledging that the doctrine of specific jurisdiction remains fully viable, wrote that
“submission through contact with and activity directed at a sovereign may justify specific
jurisdiction ‘in a suit arising out of or related to the defendant’s contacts with the
forum.’ ” (Id. at pp. 2787-2788.) However, he also acknowledged that “[t]he rules and
standards for determining when a State does or does not have jurisdiction over an absent

                                              22
party have been unclear because of decades-old questions left open in [Asahi, supra, 480
U.S. 102].” (Id. at p. 2785.)13
        Furthermore, the Supreme Court has not yet further defined the second step of
specific jurisdiction analysis, that being what it means for a suit to “arise out of” or
“relate” to a defendant’s contacts with the State. (See Helicopteros, supra, 466 U.S. at p.
416, fn. 10.) However, California’s Supreme Court has provided further guidance on the
“relatedness” part of the specific jurisdiction analysis. We turn now to the key cases in
which it has done so.
        In Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th 434, our Supreme Court upheld California’s specific
jurisdiction over two Jack-in-the-Box franchisees located in the State of Washington.
Extensive litigation was pending in the San Diego County Superior Court arising from E.
coli exposures to Jack-in-the-Box customers around the country. Vons supplied
hamburger from a California plant to Foodmaker, Inc., a Delaware corporation with its
principal place of business in San Diego, of which Jack-in-the-Box was a division.
Foodmaker supplied many items, including hamburger, to its Jack-in-the Box franchisees
throughout the United States. Eighty-five franchisees from California and other states,
whose customers had not been injured, sued Vons and Foodmaker in San Diego for loss
of business caused by news of the E. coli outbreak. (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 440-
441.)
        When Foodmaker cross-claimed against Vons in San Diego, Vons filed a cross
complaint against, among others, two Washington corporations who were Jack-in-the-
Box franchisees, Seabest Foods, Inc. and Washington Restaurant Management, Inc. The

        13
           Justices Breyer and Alito concurred in the judgment only because the case did
not involve recent changes in commerce and communication and they saw no need to
decide the question as the plurality had. The dissenting justices indicated that, given the
defendant’s extensive contacts with other parts of the United States, they would have
upheld the application of specific jurisdiction by the New Jersey Supreme Court on the
basis that it was “fair and reasonable, given the mode of trading of which this case is an
example, to require the international seller to defend at the place its products cause
injury.” (J. McIntyre, supra, 131 S.Ct. at p. 2800 [dis. opn. of Ginsburg, J.].)

                                              23
two owned restaurants at which customers were allegedly served contaminated burgers
that caused injuries to customers. Vons alleged that the outbreak would not have
occurred but for their negligence in handling the meat. It alleged causes of action for
negligence, negligent and intentional interference with economic advantage, and
indemnity against them. (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 441-442.)
       The appeal focused on the motions by the two Washington franchisees to quash
service of the summons regarding Vons’s cross complaint for lack of personal
jurisdiction, which were granted and affirmed on appeal. Our Supreme Court reversed, in
significant part because both franchisees had consented to jurisdiction over them in
disputes with Foodmaker (but not Vons) in California. In addition, both had other
contacts in California. In doing so, the court extensively reviewed pertinent California
and federal cases and summarized the test for specific jurisdiction as follows: “ ‘The
crucial inquiry concerns the character of defendant’s activity in the forum, whether the
cause of action arises out of or has a substantial connection with that activity, and the
balancing of the convenience of the parties and the interests of the state in assuming
jurisdiction.’ ” (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 452-453, quoting Cornelison v. Chaney
(1976) 16 Cal.3d 143, 148 (Cornelison).)
       The court adopted this “substantial connection” test after a careful analysis,
including of International Shoe. (E.g., Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 474 [quoting
International Shoe’s statement that an undue burden would not be imposed if a defendant
were required to respond to suits regarding obligations that “arise out of or are connected
with the activities within the state” (International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at p. 319, italics
added]). It noted that the United States Supreme Court had not articulated a precise test
for evaluating the “relatedness” requirement.
   After analyzing the language in which the high court described the doctrine, the Vons
court considered and rejected several tests proffered by the parties. (Vons, supra, 14
Cal.4th at pp. 453-455.) It held that the so-called proximate cause test, is too narrow, the
“ ‘but for’ ” test is too broad and amorphous, and the “substantive relevance test” has an
“overly restrictive view of the interest of the state in providing a judicial forum and

                                              24
redress to its residents.” (Id. at p. 475.)14 Instead, the Vons court adopted the “substantial
connection” test, under which the relatedness requirement is satisfied if “there is a
substantial nexus or connection between the defendant’s forum activities and the
plaintiff’s claim.” (Id. at p. 456.)15
       Three aspects of Vons are of particular note to the present case. First, the Vons
court concluded that a defendant’s contacts with the state and their connection to the
claim at-issue were “inversely related.” It stated, “as the high court suggested in
International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. 310, for the purpose of establishing jurisdiction the
intensity of forum contacts and the connection of the claim to those contacts are inversely
related. (See International Shoe, supra, 326 U.S. at p. 317 [‘ “Presence” in the state . . .
has never been doubted when the activities of the corporation there have not only been
continuous and systematic, but also give rise to the liabilities sued on . . . . Conversely it
has been generally recognized that the casual presence of the corporate agent or even his
conduct of single or isolated items of activities . . . are not enough to subject it to suit on
causes of action unconnected with the activities there.’].)” (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p.
452.) Quoting Cornelison, the Vons court stated, “ ‘[A]s the relationship of the defendant
with the state seeking to exercise jurisdiction over him grows more tenuous, the scope of
jurisdiction also retracts, and fairness is assured by limiting the circumstances under
which the plaintiff can compel him to appear and defend.’ ” (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at
p. 448, quoting Cornelison, supra, 16 Cal.3d at pp. 147-148, fn. omitted.)
       Second, the Vons court criticized the appellate court for treating the lack of
relationships between Vons and the franchisees as “critical in determining whether the
claim was sufficiently related to the forum contacts to permit the exercise of specific

       14
          We will return to the state’s interest in providing a forum in our discussion of
the “reasonableness” factors, post.
       15
          Among the precedents the Vons court relied upon for the “substantial
connection” test of relatedness was its earlier decision in Cornelison, supra 16 Cal.3d at
page 148, McGee, supra, 355 U.S. at page 223, and Hanson v. Denckla (1958) 357 U.S.
235, 250-253, all of which discuss the significance of such a connection. (Vons, supra,
14 Cal.4th at pp. 448, 452.)

                                               25
jurisdiction in California. Contrary to the Court of Appeal’s thesis, . . . the defendant’s
forum activities need not be directed at the plaintiff in order to give rise to specific
jurisdiction.” (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 457, citing Keeton, supra, 465 U.S. 770, 775;
Cornelison supra, 16 Cal.3d 143 [“jurisdiction found although the defendant’s business
activities in California were not directed at the accident victim”]; Akro Corp. v. Luker
(Fed. Cir. 1995) 45 F.3d 1541. 1547 [“ ‘plaintiff need not be the forum resident toward
whom any, much less all, of the defendant’s relevant activities were purposefully
directed’ ”]; In re Oil Spill by Amoco Cadiz off the Coast of France on March 16, 1978
(1983) 699 F.2d 909, 917 [“French victims of oil spill may bring a tort action against a
Spanish shipbuilder in an Illinois court; their claim ‘could readily be said to arise from
the negotiating and signing, in Illinois, of the [shipbuilding] contract’ even though the
negotiations obviously were not directed at the plaintiffs.”].) “The United States
Supreme Court has stated more than once that the nexus required to establish specific
jurisdiction is between the defendant, the forum, and the litigation (Helicopteros, supra,
466 U.S. at p. 411; [citation]). . . . For the purpose of deciding whether a defendant has
minimum contacts or purposefully has availed itself of forum benefits, the relevant
contacts are said to be with the forum, because it is the defendant’s choice to take
advantage of opportunities that exist in the forum that subjects it to jurisdiction. ([Asahi,
supra, 480 U.S. at p. 112; Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at pp. 475, 479; Helicopteros,
supra, 466 U.S. at p. 414; Shaffer v. Heitner (1977) 433 U.S. 186, 204.])” (Vons, supra,
14 Cal.4th at p. 458, italics added.)
       Third, the Vons court emphasized that the ultimate goal of the due process clause
is fairness. Therefore, a court determining specific jurisdiction should focus on the
relationship between a nonresident’s contacts with the State and the claim involved to
ensure a nonresident defendant is not unfairly brought into court on the basis of random
contacts. This does not require that the claim arise directly out of a defendant’s contacts
with California. To the contrary, the court determined, “When, as here, the defendants
sought out and maintained a continuing commercial connection with a California
business [Foodmaker], it is not necessary that the claim arise directly from the

                                              26
defendant’s contacts in the state.” (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 453, italics added.)
“Rather, as long as the claim bears a substantial connection to the nonresident’s forum
contacts, the exercise of specific jurisdiction is appropriate. The due process clause is
concerned with protecting nonresident defendants from being brought unfairly into court
in the forum, on the basis of random contacts. That constitutional provision, however,
does not provide defendants with a shield against jurisdiction when the defendant
purposefully has availed himself or herself of benefits in the forum. The goal of fairness
is well served by the standard . . . that . . . there must be a substantial connection between
the forum contacts and the plaintiff’s claim to warrant the exercise of specific
jurisdiction.” (Id. at p. 452.)
       Although Vons arose in the context of a franchise relationship not unlike that in
Burger King, our Supreme Court has not restricted its view of the relatedness requirement
to that type of business or to non-resident franchisees that have agreed to litigate disputes
with their franchisor in California. To the contrary, we have found in our own
independent research that in Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th 1054, the court confirmed and
extended its view of what is needed to satisfy the relatedness requirement. There, a
group of Nevada hotels were sued by a class of hotel patrons who alleged that they had
not been provided with notice of an energy surcharge imposed on all hotel guests.
Although the hotel defendants conducted no business and had no bank accounts or
employees in California, they advertised heavily in California and obtained a significant
percentage of their business from California residents. They also maintained an Internet
web site and a toll-free phone number for customers to obtain room quotes and make
reservations.
       The trial court granted the hotels’ motion to quash, but the Second District Court
of Appeal reversed. Our Supreme Court took the case and published a superseding
opinion agreeing with the appellate court that specific jurisdiction was appropriate over
defendants.
       As in Vons, the Snowney court reviewed the requirement of the Fourteenth
Amendment that plaintiffs establish defendant’s minimum contacts with California. It

                                             27
reiterated, as the Supreme Court had stated in International Shoe and other cases, that
“[t]he test ‘is not susceptible of mechanical application; rather, the facts of each case
must be weighed to determine whether the requisite “affiliating circumstances” are
present.’ ” (Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1061.) After determining that defendants’
extensive advertising and internet solicitations within California met the minimum
contacts requirement, the court turned to the relatedness requirement, and found that the
controversy was related to or arose out of defendants’ contacts with California. (Id., at p.
1067.) In again applying its “substantial connection” test, the court reiterated its analysis
in Vons that “ ‘for the purpose of establishing jurisdiction the intensity of forum contacts
and the connection of the claim to those contacts are inversely related.’ [Citation.]
‘[T]he more wide ranging the defendant’s forum contacts, the more readily is shown a
connection between the forum contacts and the claim.’ [Citation.] Thus, ‘[a] claim need
not arise directly from the defendant’s forum contacts in order to be sufficiently related to
the contact to warrant the exercise of specific jurisdiction.’ [Citation.] Moreover, the
‘forum contacts need not be directed at the plaintiff in order to warrant the exercise of
specific jurisdiction.’ [Citing Von’s, supra.] Indeed, ‘ “ ‘[o]nly when the operative facts
of the controversy are not related to the defendant’s contact with the state can it be said
that the cause of action does not arise from that [contact].’ ” ’ ” (Snowney at p. 1068,
quoting Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 452, 455.)16
       Indeed, our Supreme Court has determined this “substantial connection” need not
have any relevance to establishing the plaintiff’s claim. As we discussed, Cornelison,
supra, 16 Cal.3d 143 was relied on by the Vons court in its articulation of this
“substantial connection” standard. (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 445-446, 448.) In
Cornelison, the defendant, a Nebraska resident and a commercial trucker, was sued by a
plaintiff, a resident of California, in a California court for his negligence in causing an

       16
         The court rejected the invitation of amicus curiae Chamber of Commerce of the
United States to reconsider Vons and adopt the substantive relevance test of relatedness.
(Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1068.)

                                              28
accident in Nevada that killed plaintiff’s husband. The defendant was on his way to
California when he was involved in the accident.
       Our Supreme Court determined that “California, consistent with the due process
clause of the United States Constitution, may assert jurisdiction over a nonresident
individual whose essentially interstate business has a relationship to this state, but whose
allegedly tortious acts occurred outside the state.” (Cornelison, supra, 16 Cal.3d at p.
146.) Regarding whether there was a substantial connection between the defendant’s
contacts with California and the plaintiff’s claim, the court relied in part on the fact that
the defendant had significant contacts with California, coming into the state twice a
month for seven years as a trucker under a California license, and that the accident
occurred not far from the California border, while defendant was bound for the state. (Id.
at p. 149.) However, what appears to have tipped the balance for the court was the
“interstate character of defendant’s business.” (Id. at p. 151.) The court stated,
“Defendant’s operation, by its very nature, involves a high degree of interstate mobility
and requires extensive multi-state activity. A necessary incident of that business was the
foreseeable circumstance of causing injury to persons in distant forums. While the
existence of an interstate business is not an independent basis of jurisdiction which,
without more, allows a state to assert its jurisdiction, this element is relevant to
considerations of fairness and reasonableness. The very nature of defendant’s business
balances in favor of requiring him to defend here.” (Ibid.)17
C. The “Minimum Contacts” and “Relatedness” Requirements are Met Here
       Although BMS’s contacts with California that were described by the trial court no
longer suffice under Goodyear and Daimler for assertion of general jurisdiction, they
remain pertinent and persuasive for the first step of a specific jurisdiction analysis.

       17
           Although not related to the substantial connection question, the court also
referred to the fact that the plaintiff, also a witness to the accident, was a California
resident, and that California had an interest in providing her with a forum for her claim.
(Cornelison, supra, 16 Cal.3d at p. 151.) However, it also noted that some of the
witnesses resided in Nevada. (Ibid.)

                                              29
BMS’s extensive, longstanding business activities in California, including in particular its
sale of 196 million Plavix pills between 1998 and 2006 and nearly $1 billion worth of
Plavix in California between 2006 and 2012, five offices and facilities, hundreds of
California-based employees and sales representatives, and long-time maintaining of an
in-State agent for service of process bear no resemblance to the “random, fortuitous, and
attenuated” interests held to be insufficient in World-Wide Volkswagen and Walden.
They provide evidence of far more than the minimum contacts necessary under
International Shoe to support the exercise of specific jurisdiction. Indeed, comparing the
economic benefits BMS has derived from its California sales of Plavix and the extent and
duration of its California contacts with those of the Washington franchisees in Vons and
the Nevada hotels in Snowney, it is clear that BMS has far more contacts with California,
including an extensive physical presence here. At oral argument, counsel for BMS
conceded that BMS’s contacts with California satisfy the minimum contacts requirement
for specific jurisdiction.18
       The RPI have also satisfied the “relatedness” test because of the “substantial
connection” between BMS’s substantial, purposeful activities in California and the RPI
claims. It is undisputed on the record before us that, as stated by a BMS representative
below via declaration, “BMS’ work on the development, manufacture, labeling, and
marketing of, and securing regulatory approvals for Plavix was performed or directed
from BMS’s New York headquarters and/or its New Jersey operating facilities. [¶] . . .
None of the work to develop Plavix took place in California. Nor has BMS ever
manufactured Plavix in California.”
       Nonetheless, it is also undisputed that BMS has had substantial, continuous
contact with California for many years, including regarding the sale of Plavix. The

       18
          The nature and extent of BMS’s contractual relationship with McKesson, and
McKesson’s relationship with the RPI, is not clear from the record. However, the fact
that McKesson is headquartered in San Francisco is not disputed. Further, it is clear from
the record that BMS has engaged McKesson as one of many distributors of Plavix over
many years.

                                            30
evidence indicates that BMS has “deliberately exploited” the relevant market in the State
(Keeton, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 781) for many years, having sold over 196 million Plavix
pills in California between 1998 and 2006 and nearly $1 billion worth of Plavix between
2006 and 2012.
       Further, plaintiffs allege BMS’s Plavix sales in California have led to injuries to
California residents that are the same as those suffered by the RPI. At least 84, and
perhaps as many as 251, California residents have sued BMS and McKesson in San
Francisco because of perceived deficiencies in those pills which have caused such
injuries in this state. If BMS is liable to any of the California plaintiffs because of proof
which will be common for all plaintiffs, then those elements of each of the RPI’s claims
may also be established.
       Moreover, the interstate character of BMS’s business, and in particular its sales of
Plavix, is also significant. In magnitudes far greater than was true regarding the
relatively modest enterprise of the defendant trucker in Cornelison, a “necessary
incident” of BMS’s business is “the foreseeable circumstance of causing injury to persons
in distant forums.” (Cornelison, supra, 16 Cal.3d at p. 151.) While “not an independent
basis of jurisdiction,” it is relevant to a specific jurisdiction analysis. (Ibid.)19
       Also, although the RPI injuries did not occur in the course of BMS’s direct
delivery of Plavix to the California market, plaintiffs allege, and the record suggests, that
BMS sold product to both resident plaintiffs and the RPI as part of the distribution of
Plavix in many states. In other words, the injuries are alleged to have occurred in the
course of a common effort, another fact that weighs in favor of finding a “substantial
connection” between BMS’s contacts with California and the RPI’s claims.

       19
          As we have noted in footnote 9, ante, the J. McIntyre plurality disagreed with
Justice Ginsburg’s dissenting view that the marketing of a product with the expectation of
nationwide sales was sufficient to support specific jurisdiction in that case. We do not
mean to say it is sufficient by itself. However, nothing in J. McIntyre indicates it cannot
be one of a number of factors considered in analyzing whether or not specific jurisdiction
exists.

                                               31
       No California or federal case has been cited to us, and we have found none, in
which this type of relationship between a non-resident corporate defendant, its very
extensive California contacts, and the plaintiffs’ claims has been examined. BMS does
not discuss Vons, in its briefing, although the RPI do, and neither side discusses Snowney.
Instead, BMS briefly discusses three earlier cases, an appellate court decision, Spirits,
Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d 918, 926, and two federal court decisions,
Glater v. Eli Lilly & Co. (1st Cir. 1984) 744 F.2d 213, 216 and Jones v. N. Am.
Aerodynamics, Inc. (D.Me. 1984) 594 F.Supp. 657, 660-662. At oral argument, counsel
for BMS highlighted Boaz v. Boyle & Co. (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 700, also briefly
discussed in BMS’s response to the amici for the RPI. Boaz is inapposite in light of the
fact that it was conceded that the alleged injuries of the only California resident plaintiff
had nothing to do with the California-related activities of the defendant who challenged
jurisdiction, none of the plaintiffs’ claims had anything to do with that defendant’s
contacts with California, and because of the modest nature of defendant’s contacts, which
were limited to “targeted mailers to physicians and advertising, principally if not entirely
in national medical or medically related publications.” (Id. at p. 717.) We do not find
any of these cases persuasive regarding the present circumstances and need not discuss
them further in light of our Supreme Court’s later analyses and holdings in Vons and
Snowney.
       The reasoning of the United States and California Supreme Court cases we have
discussed herein persuades us that BMS’s activities are substantially connected to the RPI
claims. In particular, the Supreme Court’s analysis in Keeton, in which non-resident
Hustler Magazine was required to appear in a New Hampshire court and answer charges
that it had libeled non-resident plaintiff in numerous states via its sales of its magazine,
even though only a small minority were sold in New Hampshire, indicates that a state
court can assert jurisdiction against a nonresident accused by a nonresident of causing
injuries, most of which occurred outside of the forum state. That both resident and non-
resident plaintiffs are involved in the present suits (as opposed to the single plaintiff in
Keeton) does not affect our conclusion.

                                              32
       Further, Vons teaches us that a defendant’s contacts with California and their
relatedness to the claims at hand are inversely related. (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p.
453.) In other words, “ ‘[t]he more wide ranging the defendant’s forum contacts, the
more readily is shown a connection between the forum contacts and the claim.’ ”
(Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1068, quoting Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 455.) Thus,
given BMS’s substantial, continual contacts with California, including its extensive sales
of Plavix here, the presence of dozens (not one or two) of resident plaintiffs who allege
precisely the same wrongdoing by BMS and McKesson (also a California resident) as is
alleged by the RPI, as well as the interstate nature of BMS’s business and its nationwide
sales of Plavix are even more significant in determining whether the RPI’s claims are
sufficiently connected to BMS’s California activity so that assertion of specific
jurisdiction satisfies the traditional conception of fair play and substantial justice.
       At oral argument, counsel for BMS suggested that finding specific jurisdiction
appropriate in this case based on the similarity between the resident plaintiff’s and the
RPI’s claims would permit “joinder to trump due process.” This is not so. The identical
nature of these claims is only one of a number of factors we have considered here.
Further, it would be inappropriate to ignore so prominent an aspect of the matter before
us as BMS asks us to do. As we have discussed, our own Supreme Court has noted that
“the United States Supreme Court has rejected the use of ‘talismanic jurisdictional
formulas’ (Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 485)” and instructed that “ ‘ “the facts of
each case must [always] be weighed” in determining whether personal jurisdiction would
comport with “fair play and substantial justice.” ’ ” (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 460.)
Therefore, we decline to ignore the existence of the resident plaintiffs’ claims in our
relatedness analysis.
       In short, we hold that the RPI have sustained their burden of showing sufficient
contacts with California and the relatedness of these contacts to the claims at issue so as
to satisfy the traditional test for specific jurisdiction under the United States and
California Supreme Court cases discussed at length in this opinion.

                                              33
D. BMS Has Not Met Its Burden of Showing “Unreasonableness”
       Having determined that the RPI have met their initial burden of demonstrating
facts justifying the exercise of specific jurisdiction (Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p.
1062), we now turn to BMS’s burden, which is to demonstrate “ ‘ “that the exercise of
jurisdiction would be unreasonable.” ’ ” (Ibid.; see also Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at
p. 477 [“where a defendant who purposefully has directed his activities at forum residents
seeks to defeat jurisdiction, he must present a compelling case that the presence of some
other considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable”].)
       In determining whether BMS has met its burden, we review the factors identified
by the United States Supreme Court and our Supreme Court that are to be considered in
determining whether requiring BMS to defend here comports with the traditional
conception of fair play and substantial justice. An appellate court “ ‘ “must consider the
burden on the defendant, the interests of the forum State, and the plaintiff’s interest in
obtaining relief. It must also weigh in its determination ‘the interstate judicial system’s
interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies; and the shared interest
of the several States in furthering fundamental substantive social policies.’ ” ’ ”
(Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1070, quoting Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 476 and
Asahi, supra, 480 U.S. at p. 113.)
       Although BMS did not concede that it cannot satisfy this burden, neither has it
made any effort to show why it should not be required to defend here, other than to argue
that the RPI’s claims are not sufficiently related to BMS’s contacts with California.
Nonetheless, we examine each of the factors and conclude BMS has not met its burden.
       1. BMS Has Not Shown Undue Burden In Defending Here
       BMS has provided no evidence that it would be unduly burdened if required to
defend the RPI claims here. Nor could it. BMS may incur a substantial burden in
defending the claims of the dozens, if not hundreds of California residents here. But
whatever that burden proves to be, it will be incurred whether or not the RPI are allowed
to bring their claims here as well.

                                             34
       While some additional burden may be attributed to defending the RPI’s claims in
addition to those of the California residents, BMS has made no effort to show what that
burden would be, much less that it would be undue.
       Further, whatever the incremental burden may be of combining the RPI’s claims
with those of the resident California plaintiffs, logic dictates that in order to determine
whether it would be undue, BMS must show that it would be substantially greater than
BMS would incur in defending each of the RPI’s claims in his or her state of residence.
Certainly if the RPI were forced to give up the benefits of combining their cases here,
they would have the option of suing BMS in each of those states and not just in New
York or Delaware.20 Yet BMS has made no effort to address any difference in burden to
it over defending in San Francisco versus the many other possible locations where the
RPI could sue it.
       To be sure, substantial pretrial preparation and discovery will be required in all of
these cases. But the depositions of plaintiffs’ prescribing and treating physicians, and of
plaintiffs, will likely be taken in their states of residence regardless of where the RPI’s
claims are pursued. The discovery of BMS’s key witnesses and documents will likely
take place in New York and New Jersey, where those witnesses and key documents are
likely located, regardless of where the RPI’s claims are filed. BMS has not shown that
any of these expenses will be greater if the cases proceed here.

       20
          The RPI suggest that BMS seeks dismissal of their claims in order to force the
RPI to refile in other states, allowing BMS to try again to remove the cases to federal
courts and then have them transferred to the MDL court in the District of New Jersey,
where its defenses might be more favorably received than in state courts. At oral
argument, counsel for BMS did not dispute BMS’s practice of removing cases against it
to federal court and seeking to have them combined in the MDL proceeding in New
Jersey. He candidly acknowledged that if each of the RPI is required to refile in his or
her home state, New York, or New Jersey, fewer cases will be filed against BMS. BMS’s
due process rights do not include discouraging plaintiffs who may or may not have
meritorious claims from pursuing them in an appropriate forum. Nor does due process
entitle BMS to avoid the differences in procedures that exist between state and federal
courts, such as regarding the standards for summary judgment, the admissibility of expert
testimony, and the unanimity of jury verdicts.

                                              35
       Nor has BMS shown that the burden of having its counsel appear in San Francisco
for case management conferences and hearings on motions will be any greater than
would be the burden of appearing throughout the country. While it may be less costly for
counsel to travel to some parts of the country than to fly to San Francisco, because of the
California residents’ claims counsel will be coming here anyway and can coordinate any
RPI-specific motion with other California activity.
       Should plaintiffs’ claims survive BMS’s likely motions for summary judgment
and should it prove necessary for one or more of these cases to be tried in order for the
parties to agree upon a range of values upon which the rest likely will be settled,21 once
again, BMS has provided no evidence that trial in San Francisco would be more costly
for it than trial in, for example, Portland, Chicago, Cleveland, or Dallas.
       BMS has summarily argued that it would be prejudiced by not being able to bring
witnesses to San Francisco for trial, such as plaintiffs’ treating physicians and other
experts. That argument ignores the teachings of McGee and Burger King that the inquiry
into fairness must take into account modern developments in commerce, transportation,
and indeed, the manner in which litigation is conducted. Excellent quality video
depositions of trial witnesses, including parties and experts, are now the norm, not the
exception, in high stakes litigation such as this. Indeed, our Discovery Act has specific
provisions for the taking of depositions outside California and for their use at trial.
       In short, BMS has not demonstrated meaningful, much less undue, burden.
       2. California Has an Interest in Providing a Forum for the RPI’s Claims
       As we discussed above, the paradigm case for the application of specific
jurisdiction is when the out of state defendant causes injury to plaintiff in his or her home
state and the suit is brought there. That is because the state has a “ ‘manifest interest’ in

       21
          Professor Marc Galanter has reported that trials nationwide accounted for only
1.8 percent of dispositions in civil cases in 2002, down from 11.5 percent in 1962. (See
Galanter, The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal
and State Courts (2004) 1 J. Empirical Legal Studies 459, 462-463.) BMS has presented
no data suggesting that the likelihood of trials in “big pharma” cases in California like
this one approaches the national average as it existed in 2002 or today.

                                              36
providing its residents with a convenient forum for redressing injuries inflicted by out-of-
state actors” (Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 473), as well as a special interest in
deterring wrongful conduct within its boundaries. (See, e.g., Keeton, supra, 465 U.S. at
p. 776.) Because the RPI are not California residents and were not injured here, those
state interests are diminished with respect to them.
       But those state interests apply with full force to the dozens, if not hundreds, of
California plaintiffs who are part of this suit. BMS would have us analyze its motion to
quash as if those California plaintiffs play no role in the reasonableness analysis. They
would also have us ignore the presence in this suit of co-defendant McKesson, which is
based in San Francisco and which distributes Plavix for BMS. This is wrong.
       It is true that, for purposes of determining minimum contacts, it is the contact of
the defendant with the forum, and not that of the plaintiffs or co-defendants, which is
paramount. (Walden, supra, 134 S.Ct. at p. 1122-1123; Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp.
457-458.) But when examining the question of reasonableness, it is entirely appropriate
to consider the convenience to other actors in this drama, meaning California resident
plaintiffs and California-based co-defendant McKesson, of litigating claims with the RPI
together in one action here when evaluating California’s interest in providing a forum for
this dispute. (See Burger King, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 473.) And because the claims of
the California plaintiffs are the same as the claims of the RPI, and because BMS has sold
many tens of millions of Plavix pills to California residents, California has an interest, if
not as strong an interest, in deterring dangerous conduct with respect to the RPI. BMS
has not shown otherwise.
       3. Plaintiffs Have Demonstrated Interest In San Francisco as a Convenient and
          Effective Forum
       Plaintiffs’ counsel in this matter hale from New York, California and Washington
D.C. They have decided to bring these actions in California, they say, because a plurality
of the plaintiffs in the original group of 659 are California residents. Further, they argue,
but without providing competent evidence, California provides a forum in which they can
sue both BMS and McKesson in the same case or cases. Be that as it may, plainly

                                              37
plaintiffs’ position is that the San Francisco Superior Court provides a convenient and
effective forum. Given this assertion, we see no reason why they should not be allowed
to proceed here, absent a jurisdictional or other compelling reason to the contrary. BMS
has not provided one.
       4. Judicial Economy
       BMS has made no attempt to demonstrate that judicial economy would not be
served by allowing these cases to go forward here. Nor could it. While there will
undoubtedly be an incremental burden on the superior court in managing the RPI cases
along with those of the California resident plaintiffs, that burden pales in comparison
with requiring judges in 33 states all to become involved in the discovery, motion, and
trial practice that may be necessary to resolve these cases. Indeed, it pales in comparison
with the incremental burden of asking the trial court just to coordinate its cases with those
in multiple other jurisdictions so that, for example, the same discovery issues are not
litigated and relitigated time and again, such as because of protective orders regarding
confidentiality adopted at BMS’s request.
       Further, allowing these cases to go forward here will benefit not only all plaintiffs
and the courts, but defendant. It is difficult to see how it would be more efficient for
BMS to litigate the same issues in multiple fora throughout the country. To the extent
that the RPI would be discouraged from suing BMS in many states where no “critical
mass” exists to support a common effort against BMS, that possibility does not weigh in
favor of granting BMS’s motion.22 Be that as it may, BMS has not shown how judicial
economy would be served by granting its motion to quash.
                             III. Pendent Personal Jurisdiction
       The RPI mention, but make no effort to develop, an argument pertaining to
“pendent personal jurisdiction.” Amici for the RPI, Consumer Attorneys of California
and American Association for Justice, develop that theory through discussion of such
cases as Action Embroidery Corp. v. Atlantic Embroidery, Inc. (9th Cir. 2004) 368 F.3d

       22
            See footnote 20, ante.

                                             38
1174 (Action Embroidery). A review of those cases makes clear that “pendent personal
jurisdiction” is a federal common law doctrine developed to permit jurisdiction over non-
resident defendants with respect to state law claims brought under the federal courts’
discretionary supplemental jurisdiction. It was developed because some federal law
claims, such as violations of the federal antitrust laws, may be brought in any federal
district court (subject to venue considerations). However, related state law claims
“aris[ing] out of the same nucleus of operative facts” require a showing of appropriate
personal jurisdiction under the laws of the state where such state law claims were
brought. To avoid piecemeal litigation of claims brought by the same plaintiff against the
same defendant, this doctrine was developed.
       Contrary to the arguments of amici, “pendent personal jurisdiction” has no bearing
on the analysis of whether claims by non-resident plaintiffs, that is, different plaintiffs,
may proceed with those of resident plaintiffs. However, the policy reason at the heart of
pendent personal jurisdiction is equally applicable here: As Judge William Fletcher
wrote in Action Embroidery: “When a defendant must appear in a forum to defend
against one claim, it is often reasonable to compel that defendant to answer other claims
in the same suit arising out of a common nucleus of operative facts. We believe that
judicial economy, avoidance of piecemeal litigation, and overall convenience of the
parties is best served by adopting this doctrine.” (Action Embroidery, supra, 368 F.3d at
p. 1181.) While pendent personal jurisdiction has no application to the issues before us,
the policy behind it of encouraging judicial economy, avoiding piecemeal litigation, and
encouraging convenience of the parties applies here with equal force.

                                              39
                                   DISPOSITION
      For the foregoing reasons, the trial court properly denied BMS’s motion to quash
service of the summons regarding the RPI complaints. The order to show cause is
DISCHARGED. The petition is denied.

                                               _________________________
                                               Brick, J.*

We concur:

_________________________
Kline, P.J.

_________________________
Richman, J.

      * Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                          40
Trial Court: Superior Court of San Francisco County

Trial Judge: Hon. John E. Munter

Attorneys for Petitioner                              Arnold & Porter
                                                      Sean M. SeLegue
                                                      Sharon D. Mayo
                                                      Jeremy McLaughlin
                                                      Steven G. Reade
                                                      Maurice A. Letter

Attorney for Amicus Curiae Chamber                    Donald M. Falk
of Commerce of the United States of America
in support of Petitioner

Attorneys for Real Parties in Interest
Bracy Anderson, et al.                                Napoli Bern Ripka Shkolnik, LLP
                                                      Hunter J. Shkolnik
                                                      Jessica Y. Lee
                                                      Shayna E. Sacks

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae American                  J. Burton LeBlanc
Association for Justice in support of Real
Parties in Interest                                   Andrus Anderson LLP
                                                      Lori E. Andrus
                                                      Jenny Lee Anderson

                                                      Law Offices of Collyn A. Peddie
                                                      Collyn A. Peddie

Attorney for Amicus Curiae Consumer                   Robbins Geller Rudman &
Attorneys of California in support of                       Dowd LLP
Real Parties in Interest                              Kevin K. Green

                                             41