Court Opinion

ID: 9452586
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 17:45:13.792404+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:33:16.572515
License: Public Domain

FAHY, Circuit Judge
(dissenting).
Considering in its entirety the arresting officer’s testimony at the hearing on the motion to suppress the confessions, rather than isolating a particular answer, “Yes,” to a leading question whether he advised defendant “that he did not have to make a statement to you,” I am left in serious doubt that defendant was adequately advised, in the situation in which he found himself, that he could remain silent. In his initial testimony the officer had been quite indefinite about this. Moreover, assuming adequate advice in this one respect, it is conceded by the government that defendant was not advised of his right to counsel. It is also plain that before he was taken to a magistrate to be advised publicly of his rights he had been in the company of the police some four hours, under arrest more than two hours, and under interrogation from time to time during the full four-hour period. Bearing on the significance of this I think counsel’s characterization of appellant as a young male, “obviously immature, unsophisticated, and emotionally disturbed,” is supported by the record.
At the trial defense counsel objected to the admission of the confessions in evidence in the following language:
I respectfully object to the statement on the grounds that it was not given voluntarily in that the Defendant was suffering from a mental disease at the time he gave it and that it was given in violation of his constitutional rights, specifically, the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
In this court the objection is pressed as follows, to mention but one portion of appellant’s brief:
The confessions Were Involuntary and Were Elicited in Violation of Appellant’s Fifth Amendment Rights.
This position is expanded at length in the brief. There has been, therefore, no abandonment of appellant’s position that the confessions were involuntary, that is, were compelled self-incrimination in violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. Appellant urges this basis for their exclusion as strenuously as he urges that Escobedo v. State of Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758, involving the Sixth Amendment, renders the confessions inadmissible.
I would solve the problem presented by the admission of the confessions in this case by applying Miranda v. State of Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602. Under that decision the confessions unquestionably would be held to be involun*311tary as compelled self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment. The case was tried before Miranda and, therefore, is not required to be governed by it. Johnson v. State of New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772. But Johnson permits our court to apply Miranda to a case tried before Miranda was decided. The latitude given to courts by Johnson, as pointed out in my dissenting opinion in La-Shine v. United States, 126 U.S.App.D.C.-, 374 F.2d 285, finds justification in state trials, but not to the same degree in this federal jurisdiction. I find no reason of policy which is persuasive against the application of Miranda to this case which was pending on appeal at the time Miranda was decided.1

. I reserve my position as to the application of Miranda, to be determined in the circumstances of each case, except that I would not apply Miranda to a conviction which had been affirmed on direct appeal and was subsequently challenged in collateral proceedings.