Court Opinion

ID: 2734219
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-18 18:02:23.572533+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:40:19.652786
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

GARY VELORIC; MICHAEL GOODMAN;                    )
THE GOODMAN 2007 GRANTOR                          )
RETAINED ANNUITY TRUST ONE; and                   )
THE GOODMAN 2007 GRANTOR                          )
RETAINED ANNUITY TRUST TWO,                       )
individually and derivatively on behalf of J.G.   )
Wentworth, Inc.;                                  )
              Plaintiffs,                         )
                                                  )
              v.                                  )   C.A. No. 9051-CB
J.G. WENTWORTH, INC., now known as                )
FOREST AVE. HOLDCO, INC.; DAVID                   )
MILLER; PAUL S. LEVY; FRANCISCO J.                )
RODRIGUEZ; ALEXANDER R. CASTALDI;                 )
J.G. WENTWORTH, LLC; JGW HOLDCO,                  )
LLC; JLL JGW DISTRIBUTION, LLC; JLL               )
PARTNERS FUND V, L.P.; JLL FUND V                 )
AIF I, LP; JLL FUND V AIF II, LP and              )
JGWPT HOLDINGS, LLC,                              )
                                                  )
              Defendants,                         )
              and                                 )
                                                  )
J.G. WENTWORTH, INC.,                             )
              Nominal Defendant.                  )

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

                             Date Submitted: June 25, 2014
                            Date Decided: September 18, 2014

Russell C. Silberglied, Rudolph Koch and Christopher H. Lyons of Richards, Layton &
Finger, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Robert S. Saunders, Michelle L. Davis and Sarah R. Martin of Skadden, Arps, Slate,
Meagher & Flom LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendants and Nominal
Defendant.

BOUCHARD, C.
I.     INTRODUCTION

       This action involves a dispute between two co-founders and former executives of

the J.G. Wentworth operating companies and several entities in the current J.G.

Wentworth corporate family, which are in the business of buying and selling structured

settlements and annuity payments.

       In 2007, Plaintiffs Gary Veloric, Michael Goodman, The Goodman 2007 Grantor

Retained Annuity Trust One and The Goodman 2007 Grantor Retained Annuity Trust

Two (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”) became parties to a Tax Receivable Agreement (the

“TRA”) entitling them to receive payments derived from certain tax benefits that

defendant J.G. Wentworth, Inc. (“Wentworth”) may realize in the future. Significantly,

Plaintiffs are not entitled to receive any such payments until after the tenth anniversary of

the TRA unless there has been a change of control (as defined in the TRA) in the interim

and, as things turned out, the amount of such payments stands to be substantially greater

for Plaintiffs if a change of control has occurred (approximately $35 million according to

Plaintiffs) than if they must wait until after the tenth anniversary of the TRA (potentially

$0). This is because the payments owed to Plaintiffs under the TRA are calculated based

on certain assumed tax benefits in the event of a change of control as opposed to the

actual tax benefits realized if the TRA runs its course.

       In October 2013, Plaintiffs filed this action asserting that Wentworth and other

defendants breached the TRA because they failed to pay Plaintiffs after a purported

change of control that occurred in 2011 or, alternatively, in 2013. Plaintiffs also advance

a litany of other claims against defendants arising from the same underlying events for

                                             1
anticipatory repudiation, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing,

breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting, and unjust enrichment. For these claims,

Plaintiffs seek approximately $35 million in damages and a declaratory judgment.

       Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint in its entirety for failure to state a

claim upon which relief may be granted under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6). 1 They

primarily contend that no obligation has been triggered under the TRA to pay Plaintiffs

because there has been no change of control as defined in the TRA.

       In this opinion, I conclude that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for breach of

contract because they have not alleged facts establishing a change of control that would

give rise to liability under the plain and unambiguous terms of the TRA. Additionally, I

find that Plaintiffs remaining claims, which largely duplicate and/or are governed by their

contract claims, fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

II.    BACKGROUND 2

       The reader is forewarned that this case involves a maze of corporate entities and

an alphabet soup of corporate names.        Charts depicting the corporate structures at

relevant points in time are set forth below in an effort to simplify the underlying facts as

much as possible.

1
 Defendants also moved to dismiss the derivative breach of fiduciary claim for failure to
comply with Court of Chancery Rule 23.1.
2
  Unless noted otherwise, the facts recited in this opinion are based on the well-pled
allegations of the Verified Amended Complaint for Declaratory Relief, Specific
Performance and Damages (the “Amended Complaint”) and the documents attached to it.

                                             2
         A.     JLL Acquires the J.G. Wentworth Companies in 2005

         In 1992, plaintiffs Gary Veloric (“Veloric”) and Michael Goodman (“Goodman”)

co-founded the operating companies now popularly known as J.G. Wentworth. The J.G.

Wentworth companies were (and remain today) in the business of buying and selling

structured settlements and annuity payments. Their television commercials are well

known to those who may “need cash now.”

         In 2005, non-party JLL Partners, Inc. (“JLL”), a private equity firm, formed

defendant JLL JGW Distribution, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“JLL

Distribution”), to acquire the J.G. Wentworth operating companies from Veloric,

Goodman, and certain non-parties. At all times relevant to this case, JLL Distribution has

been wholly-owned by three limited partnerships affiliated with JLL that the parties

collectively refer to as “Fund V.” 3 Through another series of JLL-affiliated entities, Fund

V is, and at all times relevant to this case has been, managed by defendant Paul S. Levy

(“Levy”), a managing director of JLL. 4

         In connection with JLL Distribution’s acquisition of the J.G. Wentworth operating

companies, Veloric and Goodman purchased minority interests in defendant J.G.

Wentworth, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“JGW LLC”), which owns and

operates the J.G. Wentworth operating companies through various non-party subsidiaries.

Veloric and Goodman remained senior executives of the J.G. Wentworth companies.

3
 These defendants are JLL Partners Fund V, L.P., JLL Fund V AIF I, L.P., and JLL Fund
V AIF II, L.P.
4
    Chart 7 below reflects the chain of control above Fund V.

                                              3
         B.      The J.G. Wentworth Companies Conduct a Private Offering

         In 2007, Fund V and JLL Distribution sought to offer equity in the J.G.

Wentworth companies through a private offering, to be followed soon thereafter by a

public offering. In doing so, they allegedly wanted to maximize their investment by

separating the to-be-offered equity interests from the value of the companies’ favorable

tax treatment.

         They initiated a restructuring that involved several steps.    Fund V and JLL

Distribution first formed defendant JGW Holdco, LLC, a Delaware limited liability

company (“Holdco”), to wholly-own JGW LLC. 5 Fund V and JLL Distribution next

incorporated J.G. Wentworth, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Wentworth”), 6 as a holding

company. Wentworth had two classes of voting stock: Class A shares and Class B

shares. It offered its Class A shares in a private offering in August 2007 pursuant to Rule

144A of the Securities Act of 1933.          Wentworth’s Class B shares, which JLL

Distribution, Veloric, and Goodman obtained, had “extremely limited economic rights:

they are not entitled to dividends, and are entitled only to par value on liquidation or

dissolution, or on redemption.” 7

         At all times relevant to this case, Wentworth has served as the sole managing

member of Holdco, and individual defendants Levy, David Miller (“Miller”), Francisco

5
 Although the precise mechanics are unclear, at some point Veloric and Goodman were
no longer minority members in JGW LLC.
6
    Wentworth is now known as Forest Ave. Holdco, Inc.
7
    Am. Compl. ¶ 41.

                                            4
J. Rodriguez (“Rodriguez”), and Alexander R. Castaldi (“Castaldi”) (collectively, the

“Director Defendants”) have served as the directors of Wentworth.         The Director

Defendants are managing directors of JLL and serve on the Wentworth board allegedly at

the pleasure of Fund V and JLL Distribution.

       After the private offering, JLL Distribution owned 52.4% of Wentworth’s

outstanding common stock, and Verolic and Goodman each owned 9.9%. The balance of

Wentworth’s equity (approximately 27.8%) was issued in the private offering.

       JLL Distribution also owned a majority of Holdco’s membership interests.

Wentworth obtained a 13.9% economic interest in Holdco and became Holdco’s sole

managing member. Finally, Veloric and Goodman each obtained 9.9% membership

interests in Holdco.

       The corporate structure resulting from the transactions described above, as it

existed when the TRA (discussed below) was signed, is depicted in Chart 1 below:

                                           5
          Plaintiffs allege that Wentworth’s “equity interest in and contractual rights with

Holdco are its only material assets.” 8 In the Third Amended and Restated Limited

Liability Company Agreement of Holdco (the “Holdco LLC Agreement”), Wentworth

agreed it would not conduct business other than that related to its position as Holdco’s

sole managing member. 9 The Holdco LLC Agreement also required Holdco to provide

funds for Wentworth to pay its debt, and it specifically references Wentworth’s

8
    Id. ¶ 41.
9
    Id. ¶ 43.

                                              6
obligations under the TRA that is the subject of this action. 10 In the Rule 144A offering

memorandum, Wentworth further “represented that it would cause Holdco to make

distributions to it, to permit [it] to pay its debts and obligations.” 11

          C.     The Key Provisions of the TRA

          Under the federal tax code, an exchange of membership interests in Holdco for

Class A shares in Wentworth would allegedly cause a favorable adjustment to the tax

basis of Holdco’s assets. It also would cause corresponding, favorable tax benefits to

Wentworth.

          On August 9, 2007, in conjunction with the private offering (and the anticipated

public offering), JLL Distribution, Wentworth, and Plaintiffs executed the Tax

Receivable Agreement (as defined above, the “TRA”) to capture some of the tax benefits

that might accrue to Wentworth in a public offering. 12 This public offering ultimately did

not occur.

10
     Id. ¶ 73.
11
     Id. ¶ 43.
12
     In their brief, Plaintiffs describe how tax receivable agreements operate:

          Tax receivable agreements involve creation of a corporate vehicle for a
          public offering, which becomes sole managing member of the existing
          entity. That new company then agrees to pay the pre-existing investors in
          the downstream companies for the value of the companies’ tax attributes, as
          those attributes are used after the offering.

Pls.’ Ans. Br. 3-4 (citing Deborah L. Paul & Michael Sabbah, Understanding Tax
Receivable Agreements, Practical Law The Journal, June 2013, at 74-79).

                                                7
         Under the TRA, Wentworth is obligated to make “Tax Benefit Payments” to the

principals, including JLL Distribution and Plaintiffs, following a “Covered Taxable

Year.” The Tax Benefits Payments represent 85% of actual or assumed savings in taxes

(depending on the context) realized from the tax basis step-ups that result from an

exchange of Holdco membership interests for Wentworth Class A shares.

         The TRA defines a Covered Taxable Year as a “Taxable Year” (a tax year under

applicable tax laws) “ending (i) after the earlier to occur of the closing of the Taxable

Year that includes the 10th anniversary of the Original Sale Date and the date of a

Change of Control, and (ii) on or before an Early Termination Date.” 13 The tenth

anniversary of the original sale date would fall in 2017, which means that Wentworth

would be required to make annual Tax Benefit Payments starting in 2018, unless a

Change of Control occurs before then.

         The TRA defines a “Change of Control” to occur in one of four enumerated

situations. The parties agree that a Change of Control has not occurred with respect to

the first two provisions, which correspond to a change in the voting control or board

composition of Wentworth. The two Change of Control provisions relevant here are the

first part of the third definition (“Paragraph 3(x)”) and the fourth definition (“Paragraph

4”). Paragraph 3(x) provides that a Change of Control occurs if:

         there is consummated a merger or consolidation of [Wentworth] or any
         direct or indirect subsidiary of [Wentworth] (including [Holdco]) with any
         other corporation or other entity, and, immediately after the consummation
         of such merger or consolidation, . . . (x) the board of directors of

13
     The Early Termination Date trigger is not implicated in this action.

                                               8
         [Wentworth] immediately prior to the merger or consolidation does not
         constitute at least a majority of the board of directors of the company
         surviving the merger or, if the surviving company is a subsidiary, the
         ultimate parent thereof[.] 14

Paragraph 4 provides that a Change of Control occurs if:

         there is consummated an agreement or series of related agreements for the
         sale or other disposition, directly, or indirectly, by [Wentworth] of all or
         substantially all of [Wentworth’s] assets, other than such sale or other
         disposition by [Wentworth] of all or substantially all of [Wentworth’s]
         assets to an entity, at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting
         power of the voting securities of which are owned by shareholders of
         [Wentworth] in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of
         [Wentworth] immediately prior to such sale. 15

Plaintiffs allege the TRA was drafted almost exclusively by Fund V, JLL Distribution,

and their counsel and they did not make any changes to the definition of “Change of

Control” in the draft that was presented to them. 16

         If there is no Change of Control, then the Tax Benefit Payments owed to the

principals (starting in 2018) are calculated by comparing Wentworth’s actual tax liability

for a Covered Tax Year with its hypothetical liability had there been no tax basis step-up.

In contrast, if there is a Change of Control, then the Tax Benefit Payments are calculated

pursuant to a formula in the TRA that assumes Wentworth would have sufficient taxable

income to utilize all the deductions created by the tax basis step-ups.

14
     Am. Compl. Ex. A (TRA), art. I.
15
  Id. The definition of “Change of Control” also contains a carve-out that is not
implicated in this action.
16
     Am. Compl. ¶ 48.

                                              9
         Several defendants allegedly told Plaintiffs in 2012 that Wentworth might not

generate enough income to take advantage of the tax basis step-ups created by their

exchange of membership interests—meaning that Plaintiffs’ proportionate share of

Wentworth’s actual savings might be worthless. 17 If this were true, it would be desirable

for Plaintiffs that a Change of Control occur because they would get paid faster (within

months rather than sometime after 2017) and stand to be paid significantly more (a

defined amount Plaintiffs estimate to be approximately $35 million rather than a

percentage of actual tax savings, which could be zero).

         If a Change of Control occurs, Wentworth has forty-five days from filing its

federal tax return for the relevant Covered Tax Year to provide to the principals a “Tax

Benefit Schedule.” 18 A Tax Benefit Payment is then due within five days of delivery of a

Tax Benefit Schedule. The TRA provides for a ninety-day grace period before the failure

to make a Tax Benefit Payment can be deemed a material breach of the TRA, in which

case Wentworth’s obligations are accelerated and it must make an “Early Termination

Payment.” 19

17
     Id. ¶ 137. These statements are discussed below in addressing Plaintiffs’ claim for
anticipatory repudiation.
18
   The TRA provides for a negotiation period and certain reconciliation procedures to
resolve any disputes that may arise with respect to the Tax Benefit Schedule. Id. §§
2.3(a)-(b), 7.2
19
   The TRA defines “Early Termination Payment” as “a payment equal to the present
value, discounted at the Termination Rate, of all Tax Benefit Payments that would be
required to be paid by the Corporation to such Principal beginning from the Early
Termination Date assuming the Valuation Assumptions are applied.” Id. art. I.

                                            10
          D.     Veloric and Goodman Exchange their Holdco Membership Interests
                 for Wentworth Class A Shares

          In approximately April 2009, Veloric and Goodman exchanged their membership

interests in Holdco and their Class B shares in Wentworth for Class A shares in

Wentworth. By this time, they were no longer executives of Wentworth.

          These exchanges triggered Wentworth’s obligation under the TRA to provide an

“Exchange Basis Schedule” that reflected its resulting tax basis step-ups. The Exchange

Basis Schedules, which were provided by Wentworth’s accounting firm in 2011, stated

that the tax basis step-ups created by Veloric’s and Goodman’s exchanges were

$43,464,817 each. 20 Based on the relevant valuation assumptions set forth in the TRA,

and calculated as a net present value as of October 2012, Wentworth would allegedly

owe $35,232,353 to Plaintiffs “in the event of an acceleration of the payments under the

TRA arising from a breach.” 21 This calculation is the basis of Plaintiffs’ request for

approximately $35 million in damages.

          E.     The J.G. Wentworth Corporate Family is Reorganized through a
                 Prepackaged Bankruptcy Plan

          In May 2009, Wentworth, Holdco, and JGW LLC filed petitions for a Chapter 11

bankruptcy. The debtors filed a consensual, prepackaged plan of reorganization.

          The plan did not impair Plaintiffs’ interest in the TRA, and the plan expressly

provided that it “shall not constitute a ‘change of control’ under any provision of any

20
     Id. ¶ 79.
21
     Id. ¶ 80.

                                             11
contract . . . of the Debtors,” 22 which would include the TRA. In addition, the plan

provided that each debtor “shall be deemed to have assumed each executory contract and

unexpired lease to which one or more of the Debtors is a party.” 23 Plaintiffs thus contend

that Holdco and JGW LLC assumed Wentworth’s obligations under the TRA.

          In June 2009, the bankruptcy court approved the debtors’ plan of reorganization.

Pursuant to the plan, JLL Distribution invested $100 million in Holdco to fund JGW

LLC’s obligations to certain creditors and its acquisition of additional structured

settlements and annuity payments; that investment “entitled JLL Distribution to $100

million worth” of Holdco membership interests. 24 Also pursuant to the plan, the capital

structures of certain defendants were restructured. Veloric’s and Goodman’s interests in

Wentworth were diluted to 0.0000037% each, with JLL Distribution owning

99.999985%. 25      Similarly, although Wentworth remained Holdco’s sole managing

member, its 13.9% interest in Holdco was diluted to 0.000015%. JLL Distribution also

owned the remaining 99.999985% of Holdco. Finally, Holdco’s 100% economic and

voting interest in JGW LLC was diluted to 70%. A class of creditors whose interests

were impaired in the reorganization plan became preferred stockholders of JGW LLC,

collectively owning a 30% economic and voting interest in it.

22
     Id. ¶ 92.
23
     Id. ¶ 93.
24
     Id. ¶ 88.
25
  The holders of the remaining interests (0.0000076%) of Wentworth are not relevant
here.

                                             12
        Chart 2 reflects the corporate structure after the bankruptcy reorganization in June

2009:

        F.     The Peach Merger and the JGW Merger

        In 2011, JGW LLC acquired the operating assets of Peachtree Financial Solutions,

which was also in the structured settlement and annuity payment business.              This

acquisition was completed in two steps on July 12, 2011: (i) a subsidiary of the Peachtree

companies, Orchard Acquisition Company, LLC (“Orchard”), merged with and into a

newly formed, wholly-owned subsidiary of JGW LLC called Peach Acquisition LLC

                                             13
(“Peach LLC”), with Orchard as the surviving entity (the “Peach Merger”); 26 and (ii)

JGW LLC merged with and into JGW Holdings Merger Sub LLC, a wholly-owned

subsidiary of defendant JGWPT Holdings LLC (“Peachtree LLC”), with JGW LLC as

the surviving entity (the “JGW Merger”).      Chart 3 reflects the corporate structure

immediately before the Peach Merger and the JGW Merger:

26
   Plaintiffs contend the operative merger agreement for the Peach Merger was first
disclosed to them on October 28, 2013, in a filing by non-party JGWPT Holdings Inc.
with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 10.

                                         14
      After these mergers, the equity interests in JGW LLC were converted into interests

in Peachtree LLC. The economic ownership of Peachtree LLC was as follows: (i) 45.7%

by Holdco; (ii) 5.1% by JLL Distribution; and (iii) the remaining interests by the

Peachtree companies and other non-parties. Peachtree LLC owned 100% of the voting

and economic interests in JGW LLC, which owned 100% of the voting and economic

interests in Orchard. Chart 4 reflects the corporate structure after the Peach Merger and

the JGW Merger:

                                           15
       Plaintiffs contend that each of these two mergers constituted a Change of Control

under the TRA: the Peach Merger under Paragraph 3(x), and the JGW Merger under

Paragraph 4. As I will discuss below, the parties offer different interpretations of who the

“ultimate parent” of Orchard was immediately after the Peach Merger for purposes of

Paragraph 3(x). Plaintiffs contend that the ultimate parent was Fund V or, alternatively,

JGW LLC. 27 Defendants, in addition to arguing that Peach LLC was not a subsidiary of

Wentworth, contend that its ultimate parent would have been Wentworth.

       G.     Communications between Plaintiffs and Certain Defendants about a
              Potential Change of Control in 2012

       At some point during the fall of 2012, Plaintiffs learned through public reports that

Fund V and JLL Distribution had hired two investment banks to sell the assets of

27
   Plaintiffs allege that JGW LLC’s Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability
Company Agreement was the operative LLC agreement after the Peach Merger.
Pursuant to Section 4.1(a) of that LLC agreement, JGW LLC’s business and affairs are to
be managed by a ten-member board of directors designated pursuant to a contractual
formula. Holdco had the right to designate four of ten directors, and its designees were
entitled to two votes each on any matter presented to the board. The other directors of
JGW LLC were entitled to one vote each. Thus, the Director Defendants represented
four of ten directors, but, as Plaintiffs conceded, they “had enough voting power to
control the board of JGW LLC.” Am. Compl. ¶ 101.

   Defendants assert that the operative LLC agreement immediately after the Peach
Merger was JGW LLC’s Sixth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company
Agreement, which is extraneous to the Amended Complaint. Defs.’ Op. Br. 25. That
agreement purportedly established a four-member board of directors, comprised of the
four Director Defendants.

   Because I ultimately conclude that the composition of the board of JGW LLC after the
Peach Merger is immaterial to my disposition of defendants’ motion to dismiss, I need
not resolve whether JGW LLC’s Sixth Amended and Restated Limited Liability
Company Agreement may be considered at the pleadings stage.

                                            16
Peachtree LLC and JGW LLC. In November 2012, Veloric contacted executives and

agents of certain defendants, apparently asserting that any sale of Peachtree LLC would

constitute a Change of Control under the TRA. He received several responses, each of

which Plaintiffs contend was an anticipatory repudiation by defendants of their

obligations under the TRA. These statements are discussed below in analyzing the merits

of Plaintiffs’ claim for anticipatory repudiation. The potential sale of Peachtree LLC that

concerned Plaintiffs in 2012 did not occur.

         H.     The IPO Merger in 2013

         On October 7, 2013, non-party JGWPT Holdings Inc. (“Peachtree Inc.”) filed a

Form S-1 Registration Statement with the SEC to conduct an initial public offering. The

IPO occurred on November 8, 2013. Plaintiffs concede they did not allege the precise

managerial structure of Peachtree LLC at this time. 28 Chart 5 reflects the corporate

structure immediately before what I define as the “IPO Merger.”

28
     Pls.’ Ans. Br. 32-33.

                                              17
      On November 13, 2013, in connection with the IPO, Peachtree LLC merged with

and into a limited liability company of the same name, which was majority owned by

Peachtree Inc. (the “IPO Merger”). After the IPO Merger, Peachtree Inc. owned a 38.6%

economic interest in, and became the sole managing member of, the surviving Peachtree

LLC. In turn, JLL Distribution obtained an approximately 63.4% voting interest in

Peachtree Inc. when its majority interest in Peachtree Inc. and Holdco’s interest in

                                         18
Peachtree Inc. are combined. 29 Chart 6 reflects the corporate structure after the IPO

Merger in 2013.

      Plaintiffs contend that the IPO Merger constituted a Change of Control under

Paragraph 3(x) of the TRA. As I will discuss below, the parties once again offer different

interpretations of who the “ultimate parent” of Peachtree LLC was immediately after the

IPO Merger for purposes of Paragraph 3(x). Plaintiffs submit that the ultimate parent

29
 As reflected in Chart 6, JLL Distribution held over 99% of the interests in Wentworth,
which was the sole managing member of Holdco.

                                           19
was Fund V or, alternatively, Peachtree Inc. 30 Defendants, in addition to arguing that

Peachtree LLC was not a subsidiary of Wentworth, contend that its ultimate parent would

have been Wentworth.

        I.    Procedural Background

        On October 30, 2013, Plaintiffs commenced this action against defendants

asserting certain individual and derivative claims. On November 27, 2013, defendants

moved to dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim and

Court of Chancery Rule 23.1 for failure to make a pre-suit demand upon the Wentworth

board of directors or to plead facts excusing such demand.

        On January 23, 2014, in response to defendants’ opening brief in support of their

motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs filed the Amended Complaint.         On February 6, 2014,

defendants moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 23.1.

        In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs assert seven causes of action:

     • Breach of contract against JLL Distribution, Wentworth, Holdco, and JGW LLC

        for failing to provide Tax Benefit Schedules and to make Tax Benefit Payments

30
   Pursuant to a Director Designation Agreement, Fund V, through JLL Distribution and
Holdco, has the right to designate four of eight members to the board of directors of
Peachtree Inc. Fund V’s designees are entitled to cast two votes on any matter; the other
directors are entitled to one vote each. After the IPO Merger, the Peachtree Inc. board
was comprised of four non-party directors (entitled to one vote each) and the four
Director Defendants (entitled to two votes each as Fund V’s designees). Thus, although
the Director Defendants are four of Peachtree Inc.’s eight directors, Plaintiffs again
concede that Fund V and JLL Distribution “will have effective control over the
[Peachtree Inc.] board.” Am. Compl. ¶ 128. I ultimately conclude that the composition
of the board of Peachtree Inc. is immaterial to my disposition of defendants’ motion to
dismiss.

                                            20
      allegedly due to Plaintiffs under the TRA, as well as for anticipatory repudiation

      of their obligations under the TRA (Count I);

   • Breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing of the TRA and the

      Holdco LLC Agreement against Wentworth, Holdco, and JGW LLC (Count II);

   • Breach of contract against Holdco for failing to loan money to Wentworth to make

      Tax Benefit Payments allegedly due to Plaintiffs under the TRA (Count III);

   • Breach of fiduciary duty asserted derivatively against the Director Defendants,

      Fund V, and JLL Distribution for their conduct related to the Peach Merger and

      the JGW Merger (Count IV);

   • Aiding and abetting against Fund V, JLL Distribution, and Peachtree LLC (Count

      V);

   • Unjust enrichment against Holdco, Peachtree LLC, and JGW LLC for unjustly

      retaining the funds that should be used to make Tax Benefit Payments allegedly

      due under the TRA (Count VI); and

   • Declaratory judgment against Fund V, JLL Distribution, Wentworth, Holdco,

      Peachtree LLC, and JGW LLC as to their joint and several liability for Plaintiffs’

      damages (Count VII).

Under various theories, these claims all revolve around whether a Change of Control

occurred under the TRA, which would entitle Plaintiffs to certain Tax Benefit Schedules,

Tax Benefit Payments, and possibly Early Termination Payments.

                                          21
         I consider the sufficiency of Plaintiffs’ claims in the order in which they were

alleged. In doing so, I conclude that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for relief under

any of Counts I-VII. Accordingly, I dismiss the Amended Complaint in its entirety under

Rule 12(b)(6).

III.     LEGAL ANALYSIS

         A.     The Standard of Review under Rule 12(b)(6)

         A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim must be

denied unless, assuming the well-pled allegations to be true and viewing all reasonable

inferences from those allegations in the plaintiffs’ favor, I do not find there to be a

“reasonably conceivable set of circumstances” in which the plaintiffs could recover. 31 I

do not need to accept as true any “conclusory allegations unsupported by specific facts,”

nor must I draw any “unreasonable inferences in the plaintiffs’ favor.” 32 The failure to

plead an element of a claim warrants dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). 33

         B.     Contract Interpretation under Delaware Law upon a
                Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)

         Delaware law “adheres to the objective theory of contract interpretation.” 34 I thus

interpret a clear and unambiguous term of a contract governed by Delaware law, such as

31
  See Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536
(Del. 2011).
32
     Gantler v. Stephens, 965 A.2d 695, 704 (Del. 2009).
33
     See Crescent/Mach I P’rs, L.P. v. Turner, 846 A.2d 963, 972 (Del. Ch. 2000).
34
     Sassano v. CIBC World Mkts. Corp., 948 A.2d 453, 462 (Del. Ch. 2008)

                                              22
the TRA, 35 according to its plain meaning. 36 A contract term is ambiguous only when it

is “reasonably or fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may have two or more

different meanings.” 37 At the motion to dismiss stage, ambiguous contract provisions

must be interpreted most favorably to the non-moving party. 38              Thus, “[d]ismissal,

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), is proper only if the defendants’ interpretation[s] [are] the only

reasonable construction[s] as a matter of law.” 39

         Several contract interpretation principles guide my inquiry into whether a

particular term is reasonably susceptible of different meanings. For instance, I may

consider how a term operates with respect to the contract as a whole. 40 Similarly, I

should avoid interpreting a term in an unreasonable way that would yield an absurd

result 41 or that would render other contractual language superfluous. 42

35
     TRA § 7.13.
36
     See Allied Capital Corp. v. GC-Sun Hldgs., L.P., 910 A.2d 1020, 1030 (Del. Ch. 2006).
37
  Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del.
1992).
38
     See Kuroda v. SPJS Hldgs., L.L.C., 971 A.2d 872, 881 (Del. Ch. 2009).
39
     VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 615 (Del. 2003).
40
  See Alliance Data Sys. Corp. v. Blackstone Capital P’rs V L.P., 963 A.2d 746, 769
(Del. Ch. 2009), aff’d, 976 A.2d 170 (Del. 2009) (TABLE).
41
     See Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1160 (Del. 2010).
42
  See Hexion Specialty Chems., Inc. v. Huntsman Corp., 965 A.2d 715, 741 (Del. Ch.
2008).

                                             23
         C.    Count I: Breach of Contract

         To state a claim for breach of contract under Delaware law, a plaintiff must allege

“1) a contractual obligation; 2) a breach of that obligation by the defendant; and 3)

resulting damage to the plaintiff.” 43 Plaintiffs allege that each of the Peach Merger, the

JGW Merger, and the IPO Merger constituted a Change of Control under the TRA. They

contend that the failure of JLL Distribution, Wentworth, Holdco, and JGW LLC to

provide the Tax Benefit Schedules and to make Tax Benefit Payments within the

designated ninety-day grace periods after the purported Changes of Control constitute

material breaches of the TRA. Plaintiffs’ request for approximately $35 million in

damages represents their estimate of the net present value of the Early Termination

Payments they claim they are now owed.

               1.     Whether the Peach Merger Constituted a
                      Change of Control under Paragraph 3(x)

         Paragraph 3(x) of the TRA provides that a Change of Control occurs if:

         there is consummated a merger or consolidation of [Wentworth] or any
         direct or indirect subsidiary of [Wentworth] (including [Holdco]) with any
         other corporation or other entity, and, immediately after the consummation
         of such merger or consolidation, . . . (x) the board of directors of
         [Wentworth] immediately prior to the merger or consolidation does not
         constitute at least a majority of the board of directors of the company
         surviving the merger or, if the surviving company is a subsidiary, the
         ultimate parent thereof[.]

The two terms of Paragraph 3(x) whose meanings are in dispute are “subsidiary” and

“ultimate parent.”

43
     H-M Wexford LLC v. Encorp. Inc., 832 A.2d 129, 140 (Del. Ch. 2003).

                                             24
       For purposes of my analysis, Paragraph 3(x) can be reconfigured as follows: a

Change of Control occurs where (i) there is a merger of (ii) “any direct or indirect

subsidiary of [Wentworth] (including [Holdco])” such that (iii) immediately after the

merger, Wentworth’s board of directors (i.e., the Director Defendants) immediately prior

to the merger do not constitute “at least a majority of the board of the company surviving

the merger or, if the surviving company is a subsidiary, the ultimate parent thereof.”

       The Peach Merger, depicted in Chart 3 above, plainly involved a merger.

Orchard, a subsidiary of the Peachtree companies, merged with and into Peach LLC, a

subsidiary of JGW LLC, with Orchard as the surviving entity. The remaining dispute

with respect to this claim is two-fold: whether Peach LLC was a “subsidiary” of

Wentworth, and which entity was the “ultimate parent” of Orchard after the merger.

                     i.      The Peach Merger Involved a Merger of
                             Peach LLC, a Subsidiary of Wentworth

       Defendants contend that Peach LLC was not an indirect subsidiary of Wentworth

based on prominent secondary sources that define a subsidiary as an entity that is

“controlled by another corporation by reason of the latter’s ownership of at least a

majority of the shares of the capital stock” or an entity “in which a parent corporation has

a controlling share.”     Consequently, defendants argue that because Wentworth owned

less than 1% of Holdco, Holdco was not a subsidiary of Wentworth and, by extension,

neither was JGW LLC (through Holdco LLC) nor Peach LLC (through JGW LLC) an

indirect subsidiary of Wentworth.

                                            25
       I do not find defendants’ position to be a reasonable construction of the term

“subsidiary” as it is used in Paragraph 3(x). That provision expressly identifies Holdco

as a subsidiary of Wentworth, even though, when the parties executed the TRA,

Wentworth’s interest in Holdco was only 13.9%, not a majority and not what ordinarily

may be considered a controlling share. 44 I also disagree with defendants’ argument that

the failure to include the phrase “subsidiaries of Holdco” in the parenthetical in

Paragraph 3(x) quoted above (so that it would read “(including Holdco and subsidiaries

of Holdco)”) means that no subsidiary of Holdco can be deemed a subsidiary of

Wentworth for purposes of the TRA.          To accept that interpretation would render

meaningless the phrase “indirect subsidiary” in Paragraph 3(x).

       Because Paragraph 3(x) expressly identified Holdco as a subsidiary despite

Wentworth’s less-than-controlling interest when the TRA was signed, it is not reasonable

in my view to interpret the term “subsidiary” as used in the TRA to require a majority or

controlling interest by one entity in another. Holdco only could have been identified as

Wentworth’s subsidiary because, with Wentworth as its sole managing member, it was

under Wentworth’s control. I thus interpret “subsidiary” as used in Paragraph 3(x) to

44
   See, e.g., In re Cysive, Inc. S’holders Litig., 836 A.2d 531, 552-53 (Del. Ch. 2003)
(concluding after trial that the chairman and chief executive officer of a corporation, who
held approximately 35% of the stock and had influence over an additional 5% of stock
and options held by his family members, was a controlling stockholder because he
“possesses a combination of stock voting power and managerial authority that enables
him to control the corporation, if he so wishes”); see also In re Morton’s Rest. Gp., Inc.
S’holders Litig., 74 A.3d 656, 665 (Del. Ch. 2013) (“In In re Cysive, this court made,
perhaps, its most aggressive finding that a minority blockholder was a controlling
stockholder.”).

                                            26
mean an entity under Wentworth’s control. 45 By extension, the plain meaning of the term

“indirect subsidiary” means a subsidiary of one of Wentworth’s subsidiaries.            This

interpretation is consistent with decisions of Delaware courts that, in the context of 8 Del.
C. § 220, have determined whether an entity is a subsidiary of a corporation by looking to

whether the corporation, in addition to owning at least part of the entity, exercises control

over it. 46

        Here, based on the only reasonable interpretation of “subsidiary,” the chain of

control immediately prior to the Peach Merger was as follows: Wentworth controlled

Holdco (despite its less-than-1% interest) by virtue of its position as Holdco’s sole

managing member and the well-pled allegations of control over Holdco’s business and

affairs; Holdco controlled JGW LLC through its majority interest; and JGW LLC

controlled Peach LLC as a wholly owned subsidiary. I therefore conclude under the plain

meaning of Paragraph 3(x) that Peach LLC was an indirect subsidiary of Wentworth.

45
  For the avoidance of doubt, this interpretation of “subsidiary” is in the limited context
of the TRA. See, e.g., Rag Am. Coal Co. v. AEI Res., Inc., 1999 WL 1261376, at *14
(Del. Ch. Dec. 7, 1999) (“Parties may contractually agree to any definition of “Tax” they
choose, regardless of that term’s use in other contexts.”).
46
   See, e.g., Weinstein Enters., Inc. v. Orloff, 870 A.2d 499, 510 (Del. 2005) (“[A]
parent/subsidiary relationship [for purposes of what is now 8 Del. C. § 220(a)(2)] is
established by applying the fiduciary definition of controlling stockholder.”); see also
Kahn v. Lynch Commc’n Sys., Inc., 638 A.2d 1110, 1114 (Del. 1994) (concluding that
than a less-than-majority stockholder may nonetheless be deemed a controlling
stockholder through evidence of actual control over the corporation’s business and
affairs).

                                             27
                      ii.    Because the Ultimate Parent of Orchard, a Subsidiary,
                             after the Peach Merger was Fund V, and Because Levy
                             was the Sole Managing Member of Fund V, There was No
                             Change of Control under Paragraph 3(x)

         The parties offer competing interpretations of “ultimate parent” in Paragraph 3(x)

of the TRA. Plaintiffs contend that Fund V or, alternatively, JGW LLC was the ultimate

parent of Orchard. In opposition, defendants submit that Wentworth was Orchard’s

ultimate parent. Neither of the parties presented any Delaware case law, case law from

another jurisdiction, or any persuasive secondary source (such as an annotated model

agreement) interpreting the phrase “ultimate parent” in the context of a tax receivable

agreement. 47

         Simply because parties dispute the meaning of “ultimate parent” does not mean

that the term is ambiguous. 48 Rather, the inquiry is whether the term is reasonably

susceptible to two different meanings as it is used in Paragraph 3(x). 49

47
   The lack of guidance on the interpretation of this phrase may be due to the relative
novelty of this type of agreement. See, e.g., Victor Fleischer & Nancy Staudt, The
Supercharged IPO, 67 Vand. L. Rev. 307, 310-12 (2014) (discussing the first use of a tax
receivable agreement when taking a company public over two decades ago and
contending that this practice became more common for private equity firms in the last ten
years). I do, however, find it mystifying that neither party could identify a single
“ultimate parent” without suggesting other entities in the alternative. See, e.g., Tr. of
Oral Arg. on Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss 33 (“I think it’s either got to be Wentworth Inc. or
[JLL] Distribution.”) (defendants’ counsel), 120 (“[W]ith respect to the IPO merger, it’s
either Fund V or it’s [Peachtree LLC].”) (Plaintiffs’ counsel).
48
  See City Investing Co. Liquidating Trust v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 624 A.2d 1191, 1198 (Del.
1993).
49
     See Rhone-Poulenc, 616 A.2d at 1196.

                                             28
         I conclude that “ultimate parent” is not reasonably susceptible to more than one

meaning. In my opinion, where one entity controls another, even without a majority or

controlling interest, they can be said to be in a parent-subsidiary relationship. Thus, for

purposes of the TRA, the parent (if there is one) of an entity is whatever entity that

controls it. 50    This interpretation is the reciprocal of what I found to be the only

reasonable interpretation of the term “subsidiary” as used in the TRA.

         I agree with defendants that the only reasonable interpretation of “ultimate” is that

of “last” or “final.”51 Plaintiffs have not offered a competing, reasonable interpretation.

Indeed, at oral argument, Plaintiffs’ counsel acknowledged that it is difficult “to conceive

of how ultimate parent could mean anything but ultimate, top, top of the chart.” 52 Thus,

in my opinion, the term “ultimate parent” in Paragraph 3(x) yields only one reasonable

construction: the last or final entity at the top of a corporate chain of control. 53 This

50
     Again, this interpretation of “parent” is specific to the TRA.
51
  Defs.’ Op. Br. 24 n.6 (citing Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 1356 (11th ed.
2009)).
52
     Tr. of Oral Arg. on Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss 106.
53
   For this reason, I find Plaintiffs’ assertion that the “ultimate parent” of Orchard after
the Peach Merger in 2011 was its immediate parent, JGW LLC, to be an unreasonable
construction of the term “ultimate parent.” By the same token, Plaintiffs’ contention that
Peachtree LLC’s “ultimate parent” after the IPO Merger in 2013 was Peachtree Inc., its
immediate parent, is also unreasonable.

                                               29
interpretation is in line with the general use of the term “ultimate parent” by Delaware

courts. 54

         For the reasons explained above, Peach LLC was an indirect subsidiary of

Wentworth immediately before the Peach Merger. Orchard was likewise a wholly-owned

subsidiary of JGW LLC after the Peach Merger, which requires that I identify the

“ultimate parent” of Orchard. Applying the only reasonable interpretation of “ultimate

parent,” the chain of control immediately after the Peach Merger, as depicted in Chart 4,

was as follows: JGW LLC was Orchard’s parent; Peachtree LLC was JGW LLC’s parent,

it is reasonable to infer that Holdco was Peachtree LLC’s parent; 55 Wentworth was

Holdco’s parent as its sole managing member; JLL Distribution was Wentworth’s parent

through its greater than 99% interest; and Fund V was JLL Distribution’s parent.

Plaintiffs identify the remaining chain of control above Fund V in the Amended

Complaint as follows:

54
  See, e.g., Judah v. Shanghai Power Co., 494 A.2d 1244, 1245 (Del. 1985) (referring to
Boise Cascade Corporation, where it was “the ultimate owner of most of Shanghai
[Power Company’s (“Shanghai”)] common stock and where Shanghai wholly-owned
Western District Power Company (“Western”), as the “ultimate parent” of Shanghai and
Western); Andaloro v. PFPC Worldwide, Inc., 2005 WL 2045640, at *1 (Del. Ch. Aug.
19, 2005) (referring to PNC Financial Services Group, Inc., which was the immediate
parent of PFPC Holding Corp., which in turn was the immediate parent of PFPC
Worldwide, Inc. (“Worldwide”), as the “ultimate parent” of Worldwide); In re BHC
Commc’ns S’holder Litig., Inc., 789 A.2d 1, 11 (Del. Ch. 2001) (referring to Chris-Craft
Industries, Inc. (“Chris-Craft”) as the “ultimate parent corporation” of United Television,
Inc. (“UTV”), where Chris-Craft owned a majority interest in BHC Communications,
Inc., “which corporation, in turn own[ed] a majority interest” in UTV).
55
     See Section III.C.3.ii below.

                                            30
         Fund V, as a limited partnership (or set of limited partnerships), did not
         have a “board of directors,” but it was managed by its general partner, JLL
         Associates V, L.P., which was managed by its general partner JLL
         Associates G.P. V, L.L.C., which, in turn, was managed by its sole
         managing member, Defendant Paul Levy. 56

Thus, the ultimate parent of Orchard immediately after the Peach Merger was JLL

Associates G.P. V, L.L.C. (“Fund V G.P.”). 57 Chart 7 reflects the chain of control above

Fund V:

         Plaintiffs do not contend that a Change of Control occurred because Fund V G.P.

does not have a board of directors. Rather, Plaintiffs argue that, because all four Director

56
     Am. Compl. ¶ 111.
57
   This interpretation is consistent with defendants’ public statements that Levy, as the
sole managing member of Fund V G.P., “may be deemed the beneficial owner of all of
[JLL Distribution’s and Holdco’s] Class B Shares of [Peachtree Inc.], with shared voting
and dispositive power with regard to such Class B Shares.” Am. Compl. Ex. J at 131-32.

                                             31
Defendants did not manage Fund V G.P., they could not have constituted a majority of

the managers of Orchard’s ultimate parent after the Peach Merger. That is, Plaintiffs

argue that “one person is not ‘at least a majority’ of the four-person Wentworth []

board.” 58 From defendants’ perspective, Plaintiffs “reversed the language of Paragraph

3(x) and applied the test backwards.” 59 Defendants argue instead that the four Director

Defendants did constitute a majority of the managers of Fund V G.P. because Levy, one

of the Director Defendants, was Fund V G.P.’s sole managing member.

         In my opinion, defendants offer the only reasonable construction of this clause of

Paragraph 3(x). Interpreting the clause according to its plain meaning, the Director

Defendants did constitute a majority of the managers of Fund V G.P.—namely, Levy, as

the sole manager of Fund V G.P., constituted a majority of one. That the other directors

of Wentworth were absent from Fund V’s governing body is irrelevant. By analogy, to

say that the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team (consisting of twenty-five players)

constitutes a majority of the starters on the National League All-Star team (consisting of

nine players) is not to say that every Phillie has the privilege of being a starter in the All-

Star Game. Plaintiffs’ interpretation would be reasonable if Paragraph 3(x) included a

qualifier to specify that all members of the board of directors of Wentworth must

constitute a majority of the board of the ultimate parent. But, that or similar language is

absent from Paragraph 3(x) of the TRA.

58
     Pls.’ Ans. Br. 23 n.9.
59
     Defs.’ Reply Br. 9.

                                              32
       Notably, in the second definition of a Change of Control, which refers to the

composition of the Wentworth board, the TRA includes the phrase “majority of the

number of directors of Wentworth.” 60 That is, the parties included a specific reference to

the number of directors in the second part of the Change of Control definition when

referring to the composition of Wentworth’s board, but not in Paragraph 3(x) when

referring to the board of a subsidiary company or ultimate parent thereof.             This

distinction further supports my conclusion that Paragraph 3(x) cannot mean what

Plaintiffs contend it means. 61

       Moreover, in my opinion, Plaintiffs’ interpretation of Paragraph 3(x) would lead to

absurd results given the corporate structure of J.G. Wentworth when the parties executed

the TRA in 2007. At that time, as discussed above, the ultimate parent of any of

Wentworth’s direct or indirect subsidiaries was Fund V G.P. Thus, under Plaintiffs’

interpretation, any merger involving a Wentworth subsidiary would trigger a Change of

Control under Paragraph 3(x)—and an approximately $35 million payment according to

Plaintiffs—irrespective of the fact that the composition of the board of the ultimate parent

never changed. Levy was the sole managing member of Fund V G.P. when the TRA was

signed in 2007 and has been at all times since.

60
   The second definition provides that a Change of Control occurs if certain individuals
“cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the number of directors of [Wentworth]
then serving.” TRA art. I.
61
  See MicroStrategy Inc. v. Acacia Research Corp., 2010 WL 5550455, at *7 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 30, 2010) (“The use of different language in the two sections shows the parties
knew how to cover [an issue more broadly] when that was their intent.”).

                                            33
       Similarly, if the four Director Defendants continued to comprise the Wentworth

board before the occurrence of a subsidiary merger covered by Paragraph 3(x), then,

under Plaintiffs’ position, there would be a Change of Control even if three of the

Director Defendants—and no one else—constituted the board of directors of the ultimate

parent after the merger. These absurd outcomes demonstrate to me that Plaintiffs’

construction of Paragraph 3(x) is plainly not reasonable. 62

       For the foregoing reasons, although Plaintiffs sufficiently alleged that the Peach

Merger was a merger involving an indirect subsidiary of Wentworth, they have not

adequately alleged that the Director Defendants did not constitute a majority of the board

of the ultimate parent of Orchard immediately after the Peach Merger. Accordingly, the

Amended Complaint fails to state a claim for breach of the TRA based on a Change of

Control arising from the Peach Merger.

62
   See Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1160 (“An unreasonable interpretation produces an absurd
result or one that no reasonable person would have accepted when entering the
contract.”).

   Plaintiffs also contend that defendants, because they allegedly stood to benefit most
financially from a Change of Control, wanted this type of hair-trigger provision. Am.
Compl. ¶ 53; Pls.’ Ans. Br. 22 n.8. However, in my view, no reasonable person would
agree to a provision that would preclude, at a cost of over $35 million, even the most
minor corporate restructuring that is wholly internal to Wentworth and its subsidiaries.

                                            34
                 2.       Whether the JGW Merger Constituted a
                          Change of Control under Paragraph 4

         For the JGW Merger, which is depicted in Chart 3 above, Plaintiffs contend there

was a Change of Control under Paragraph 4 of the TRA. Paragraph 4 provides that a

Change of Control occurs if:

         there is consummated an agreement or series of related agreements for the
         sale or other disposition directly, or indirectly, by [Wentworth] of all or
         substantially all of [Wentworth] assets, other than such sale or other
         disposition by [Wentworth] of all or substantially all of [Wentworth’s]
         assets to an entity, at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting
         power of the voting securities of which are owned by shareholders of
         [Wentworth] in substantially the same proportions as their ownership of
         [Wentworth] immediately prior to such sale.

Defendants argue that because Plaintiffs allege that Wentworth’s only asset before and

after the JGW Merger was exactly the same—its 0.000015% interest in Holdco—there

was no disposition of any of Wentworth’s assets, let alone substantially all of them. In

response, Plaintiffs assert that Wentworth’s assets should include “its indirect ownership

of and control over the assets of its subsidiaries (including JGW LLC)” 63 such that the

merger of JGW LLC into a subsidiary of Peachtree LLC constituted a disposition of

substantially all of Wentworth’s assets.

         I do not find Plaintiffs’ interpretation of Paragraph 4 to be reasonable. I find the

term “[Wentworth’s] assets” to be clear and unambiguous, and I interpret it according to

its plain meaning: “Wentworth’s assets” means the assets owned by Wentworth. The

reference to Wentworth’s subsidiaries in Paragraph 3(x) shows that, when the parties to

63
     Pls.’ Ans. Br. 30.

                                              35
the TRA intended to include subsidiaries, they did so expressly. This distinction again

supports my interpretation here. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ allegation that Wentworth’s

sole asset before the JGW Merger—its less-than-1% interest in Holdco—was the same

after the JGW Merger 64 means that there is no well-pled disposition of all or substantially

all of Wentworth’s assets in the JGW Merger.

         Even if Paragraph 4 could reasonably be construed such that the JGW Merger was

a disposition by Wentworth of its assets, it would be far from “all or substantially all” of

its assets. The TRA does not define “substantially all.” Thus, it is appropriate to

consider by analogy how that term is interpreted as it appears in 8 Del. C. § 271. 65

         To recap, through the JGW Merger, Holdco’s 70% interest in JGW LLC was

diluted to an approximately 45.7% interest in Peachtree LLC, which in turn owned 100%

of JGW LLC.        By Plaintiffs’ logic, if Holdco’s assets should count as its parent’s

(Wentworth’s) assets before the JGW Merger, then so too should Peachtree LLC’s assets

count as its parent’s (Holdco’s) assets after the JGW Merger. In my opinion, it is not

reasonably conceivable that a decrease in Holdco’s ownership of JGW LLC from 70% to

45.7%—a decrease of approximately 35%—would satisfy the “quantitative and

64
     Am. Compl. ¶¶ 104, 112.
65
   See, e.g., Liberty Media Corp. v. Bank of New York Mellon Trust Co., 2011 WL
1632333, at *14 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 2011) (“I have difficulty perceiving how
‘substantially all,’ when used generically as an undefined term, could have a different
meaning in an indenture than in a corporate statute.”), aff’d, 29 A.3d 225 (Del. 2011).

                                             36
qualitative test” of substantially all assets under Delaware law, 66 especially where, after

the JGW Merger, Peachtree LLC controlled JGW LLC as a wholly-owned subsidiary,

and Holdco controlled Peachtree LLC as a subsidiary.

         The Amended Complaint thus fails to state a claim for breach of the TRA based

on a Change of Control arising from the JGW Merger.

                 3.    Whether the IPO Merger Constituted a Change of Control
                       under Paragraph 3(x)

                       i.      The IPO Merger Involved a Merger of Peachtree LLC, a
                               Subsidiary of Wentworth

         The IPO Merger is depicted in Chart 5 above.         Defendants again raise the

threshold argument that the entity that merged in the IPO Merger, Peachtree LLC, was

not a subsidiary of Wentworth.        Plaintiffs allege that Holdco owned 45.7% of the

membership interests of Peachtree LLC, that Fund V and JLL Distribution collectively

owned 5.1%, and that various non-parties owned the remainder. Defendants note there is

no well-pled allegation as to which entity was Peachtree LLC’s managing member

immediately before the IPO Merger. Plaintiffs claimed in their brief that “the facts

regarding the precise pre-merger managerial structure of [Peachtree LLC] have not been

disclosed to Plaintiffs.” 67     But, they submit, the Amended Complaint supports a

reasonable inference that Holdco, as the holder of the largest membership interest,

66
  See Hollinger Inc. v. Hollinger Int’l, Inc., 858 A.2d 342, 378 (Del. Ch. 2004) (citing
Gimbel v. Signal Cos., Inc., 316 A.2d 599, 606 (Del. Ch. 1974), aff’d, 316 A.2d 619 (Del.
1974)).
67
     Pls.’ Ans. Br. 32-33.

                                            37
controlled Peachtree LLC as a subsidiary. By extension, they assert that Peachtree LLC

was Wentworth’s indirect subsidiary.

      Viewing Plaintiffs’ well-pled allegations most favorably to them, as I must at the

motion to dismiss stage, I agree that the Amended Complaint supports the reasonable

inference that Holdco controlled Peachtree LLC immediately before the IPO Merger.

Thus, based on the interpretation of “indirect subsidiary” outlined above, Peachtree LLC

was an indirect subsidiary of Wentworth under the plain meaning of this unambiguous

clause of Paragraph 3(x).

                    ii.     Because the Ultimate Parent of Peachtree LLC, a
                            Subsidiary, after the IPO Merger was Fund V, and
                            Because Levy was the Sole Managing Member of Fund V,
                            There was No Change in Control under Paragraph 3(x)

      The parties again offer competing interpretations of “ultimate parent” in Paragraph

3(x) of the TRA in the context of the IPO Merger. Plaintiffs once more contend that

Fund V or, alternatively, Peachtree Inc. was the ultimate parent of Peachtree LLC

immediately after the IPO Merger. Defendants maintain that Wentworth was Peachtree

LLC’s ultimate parent.

      The only reasonable interpretation of Paragraph 3(x) in the context of the IPO

Merger is identical to that in the context of the Peach Merger. The chain of control after

the IPO Merger is reflected in Chart 6 above. Peachtree Inc. held 38.6% in, and was the

sole managing member of, Peachtree LLC. Similar to the interpretation above that

Wentworth was Holdco’s parent, it is reasonable to infer that Peachtree Inc. and

Peachtree LLC were in a parent-subsidiary relationship, which again requires that I

                                           38
identify Peachtree LLC’s “ultimate parent.” Peachtree Inc.’s parent was either JLL

Distribution (through its majority interest) or Holdco, whose parent was Wentworth,

whose parent was JLL Distribution. In either case, the analysis leads to JLL Distribution,

whose parent was Fund V.

       Based on the same chain of control for Fund V depicted in Chart 7, the ultimate

parent of Fund V was Fund V G.P. Thus, Peachtree LLC’s ultimate parent after the IPO

Merger was Fund V G.P., whose sole managing member was Levy. Plaintiffs’ technical

argument here—that the four Director Defendants did not constitute a majority of the

managers of Fund V G.P. after the IPO Merger—fails for the same reasons discussed

above concerning the Peach Merger.

       Thus, in my opinion, the only reasonable interpretation of Paragraph 3(x) is that,

although it is reasonable to infer that the IPO Merger was a merger involving an indirect

subsidiary of Wentworth, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged that the Director

Defendants did not constitute a majority of the board of the ultimate parent of Peachtree

LLC after the IPO Merger. I therefore conclude that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim

for breach of the TRA based on a Change of Control arising from the IPO Merger.

       D.     Count I: Anticipatory Repudiation

       Plaintiffs allege that defendants repudiated their obligations under the TRA,

thereby materially breaching the TRA and requiring Wentworth to make Early

                                            39
Termination Payments to Plaintiffs of approximately $35 million. 68 Plaintiffs base their

repudiation claim on four separate statements made in November 2012, discussed below.

         Chancellor Allen cogently outlined the contours of the doctrine of anticipatory

repudiation under Delaware law in Carteret Bancorp, Inc. v. Home Group, Inc. 69 The

policy reason why Delaware recognizes a cause of action for anticipatory repudiation is

plain: “[i]f it is clear that the promisor intends not to perform his promise, there seems

little reason to force the parties to wait to have their rights and obligations determined

while markets rise and fall and practical adjustments to the new state of affairs could be

made.” 70 Citing to two prominent contract treatises, Chancellor Allen concluded that a

promisor must give an “unequivocal statement” 71 that is “positive and unconditional” 72

about its intent to not perform its contractual obligation before a promisee may assert a

claim for anticipatory repudiation. 73 The Delaware Supreme Court has since used similar

language to define repudiation under Delaware law as “an outright refusal by a party to

68
     Am. Compl. ¶ 176.
69
     1988 WL 3010 (Del. Ch. Jan. 13, 1988), reprinted at 13 Del. J. Corp. L. 1115 (1988).
70
     Id. at 1123-24.
71
     Id. at 1124 (citing Farnsworthon Contracts, § 8.20 (1982)).
72
     Id. at 1125 (citing 11 Williston on Contracts § 1322 (3d ed. 1968)).
73
     See also Darby Emerging Markets Fund, L.P. v. Ryan, 2013 WL 6401131, at *11 (Del.
Ch. Nov. 27, 2013) (concluding that the plaintiff stated a claim for anticipatory
repudiation based on well-pled allegations that the defendants “positively and
unconditionally repudiated their obligations” under the relevant contract).

                                              40
perform a contract or its conditions entitling ‘the other contracting party to treat the

contract as rescinded.’” 74

         Initially, to the extent Plaintiffs assert that defendants repudiated the TRA by

refusing to make Tax Benefit Payments that were due after a Change of Control, the

Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for lack of a valid premise: because the Amended

Complaint fails to establish a breach of the TRA based on a Change of Control for the

reasons explained above, Wentworth was under no obligation to make those payments

yet. Additionally, in my opinion, none of the four statements alleged by Plaintiffs rises to

the level, even under the reasonable conceivability standard, to state a claim for

anticipatory repudiation under Delaware law.

         First, Plaintiffs allege that defendant Miller told Veloric during a telephone call

that he “believed the Bankruptcy extinguished all of the obligations under the TRA.” 75

This was a statement of belief by Miller, a non-lawyer, about whether defendants’

payment obligations still existed under the TRA in light of the 2009 bankruptcy. It is not

reasonably conceivable that Miller’s statement repudiated the TRA because he neither

unequivocally nor unconditionally refused to perform.

         Second, Plaintiffs allege that defendant Rodriguez told Veloric in a November 1,

2012 email (which was not attached to the Amended Complaint) that Wentworth “had no

assets with which it could pay Veloric and Goodman, and that Defendants believed no

74
  CitiSteel USA, Inc. v. Connell Ltd. P’ship, 758 A.2d 928, 931 (Del. 2000) (citation
omitted).
75
     Am. Compl. ¶ 137.

                                             41
other Wentworth entity owed any obligation relating to the TRA.” 76 I also do not find it

reasonably conceivable that this email was an unequivocal or unconditional statement of

repudiation. Rather, Rodriguez’s email was nothing more than a mere “expression of

doubt” about “the ability to perform . . . when the times comes, [which] is not a

repudiation.” 77

           Third, Plaintiffs allege certain defendants claimed that Wentworth “would not owe

any payments under the TRA because it would not earn enough income to pay any taxes

and thus receive tax benefits.” 78 This alleged statement is not a well-pled allegation for

anticipatory repudiation for the same reason that Rodriguez’s email was not. It is little

more than an expression of doubt.

           Fourth, Plaintiffs allege that various defendants asserted that a loan from Holdco

to Wentworth to pay Wentworth’s obligations to Plaintiffs “would be impermissible

because [Wentworth] is insolvent.” 79 This allegation fails for lack of a well-pled factual

predicate. The purpose of such a loan presumably would have been to pay Wentworth’s

potential obligation to Plaintiffs under the TRA but, as discussed above, the Amended

Complaint fails to establish any current obligation of Wentworth to pay Plaintiffs.

76
     Id.
77
  Elliott Assocs., L.P. v. Bio-Response, Inc., 1989 WL 55070, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 23,
1989) (quoting 4 Corbin on Contracts § 974 (1951)).
78
     Am. Compl. ¶ 137.
79
     Id.

                                               42
         Plaintiffs further allege that, on November 20, 2012, in response to letters sent to

JLL Distribution and Wentworth on November 8 and November 16 stating that the

rumored sale of Peachtree LLC would constitute a Change of Control under the TRA, 80

defendants’ counsel responded that “there is not currently an obligation under any of

these agreements to make payments to [Plaintiffs].”81 To the extent Plaintiffs contend

that defendants’ counsel’s letter constituted a repudiation of the TRA, I disagree. That

letter stated in unambiguous language that defendants denied that the TRA “has been

repudiated or otherwise breached.” 82 In sum, this and the other alleged remarks by

defendants discussed above are far from the type of unequivocal and unconditional

statements that, even at the pleadings stage, are necessary to state a claim for anticipatory

repudiation.

         E.       Count II: Breach of the Implied Covenant of
                  Good Faith and Fair Dealing

         Plaintiffs contend that Wentworth, Holdco, and JGW LLC breached the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the TRA and the Holdco LLC Agreement due

to their conduct surrounding the JGW Merger and, to a lesser extent, the Peach Merger.

Specifically, they argue that, by inserting Peachtree LLC in the corporate structure

80
     Id. ¶¶ 140-41.
81
     Id. ¶ 142.
82
   Davis Trans. Aff. Ex. 1. Although this letter is not attached to the Amended
Complaint, I may consider it at the motion to dismiss stage because it is referenced in
Paragraph 142 of the Amended Complaint and therefore is integral to Plaintiffs’ claims.
See In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 69-70 (Del. 1995).

                                              43
between Holdco and JGW LLC, defendants unreasonably left Wentworth without

sufficient “access [to] funds to pay its obligations under the TRA.” 83 Plaintiffs assert that

this conduct constitutes a breach of the implied covenant with respect to the definition of

a Change of Control in the TRA. 84

         The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing “requires a party in a

contractual relationship to refrain from arbitrary or unreasonable conduct which has the

effect of preventing the other party to the contract from receiving the fruits of the

bargain.” 85 The Delaware Supreme Court has explained repeatedly that the implied

covenant may be implicated only in “limited circumstances” 86 to address “what the

parties would have agreed to themselves had they considered the issue in their original

bargaining positions at the time of contracting.” 87 “The implied covenant only applies to

developments that could not be anticipated, not developments that the parties simply

failed to consider[.]” 88

         Defendants argue, among other things, that the Peach Merger and JGW Merger do

not implicate the implied covenant in the TRA because those transactions were
83
     Pls.’ Ans. Br. 45.
84
     Am. Compl. ¶¶ 184, 188.
85
  Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 878 A.2d 434, 442 (Del. 2005) (internal
quotation and citation omitted).
86
     Blaustein v. Lord Baltimore Capital Corp., 84 A.3d 954, 959 (Del. 2014)
87
  Gerber v. Enter. Prods. Hldgs., LLC, 67 A.3d 400, 418 (Del. 2013) (citation omitted),
overruled on other grounds by Winshall v. Viacom Int’l Inc., 76 A.3d 808 (Del. 2013).
88
     Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010).

                                             44
reasonably foreseeable when the parties agreed to the definition of Change of Control. I

agree. It was foreseeable in August 2007 that the J.G. Wentworth companies might

engage in a variety of merger or acquisition transactions that could affect Wentworth’s

tax liability. The parties to the TRA considered this issue, as evidenced by the TRA’s

thorough and detailed Change of Control definition, which covered a wide variety of

transactions involving Wentworth and its subsidiaries.          The fact that the parties

considered this issue generally but declined to include specific transactions like the Peach

Merger or the JGW Merger within the ambit of any Change of Control definition

demonstrates that there is no “gap” in this provision of the TRA for the implied covenant

of good faith and fair dealing to fill.

       Plaintiffs allege that they did not make any changes to the Change of Control

definition from the draft of the TRA that was provided to them. But that is not a well-

pled allegation that they were not sophisticated parties who had no opportunity to

negotiate that provision of the TRA.       It is improper, under considerable Delaware

Supreme Court authority, for Plaintiffs to rely upon the implied covenant to attempt to

rewrite and expand the Change of Control definition to which they explicitly agreed to

cover similar transactions. 89 Plaintiffs’ allegations in Count II thus fail to state a claim

for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

       Notably, moreover, neither the Peach Merger nor the JGW Merger is alleged to

have affected the amounts of the payments that Plaintiffs may one day receive under the

89
  See, e.g., Blaustein, 84 A.3d at 959; Winshall, 76 A.3d at 816; Gerber, 67 A.3d at 421;
Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1126.

                                             45
TRA after its tenth anniversay. In this respect, Plaintiffs’ reliance on American Capital

Acquisition Partners, LLC v. LPL Holdings, Inc. 90 is inapposite. In American Capital,

the Court found allegations that the defendants actively sought to minimize revenue

generated by a company (which had been purchased from the plaintiffs) stated a claim for

breach of the implied covenant with respect to the plaintiffs’ payment and compensation

rights that were contingent on the company’s post-acquisition revenue. 91         Here, by

contrast, it is not alleged that the Peach Merger or the JGW Merger decreased the Tax

Benefit Payments that Plaintiffs may receive at the end of the natural term of the TRA. 92

90
     2014 WL 354496 (Del. Ch. Feb. 3, 2014).
91
     Id. at *5.
92
   To the extent Plaintiffs argue that Wentworth’s ability to pay them in the future has
been improperly frustrated by the JGW Merger, I do not find this claim to be ripe for at
least two reasons. First, Plaintiffs waived this issue by not briefing it in response to
defendants’ ripeness argument in their opening brief. See Comac P’rs, L.P. v. Ghaznavi,
793 A.2d 372, 378 (Del. Ch. 2001) (“[The defendant] did not respond to this aspect of the
plaintiffs’ argument, which I deem to be an admission of the correctness of the plaintiffs’
position.”). Second, even if the ripeness issue was not waived, there is no well-pled
allegation that the JGW Merger has rendered Wentworth’s performance under the TRA
“apparently or actually impossible.” W. Willow-Bay Court, LLC v. Robino-Bay Court
Plaza, LLC, 2009 WL 458779, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb. 23, 2009). Rather, the reality that
Wentworth’s payment liability to Plaintiffs is contingent on future events persuades me
that I should decline to decide whether the JGW Merger frustrated Wentworth’s ability to
pay Plaintiffs pursuant to the TRA until Wentworth’s obligation to pay Plaintiffs actually
arises. See Schick Inc. v. Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union, 533 A.2d
1235, 1239 (Del. Ch. 1987) (“To address a matter before the facts surrounding the
dispute are fully developed necessarily not only increases the risk of an incorrect
judgment in the particular case, but risks, as well, an inappropriate or unnecessary step in
the incremental law building process itself.”).

                                            46
         E.      Count III: Breach of Contract against Holdco for Failing to
                 Advance Funds to Wentworth

         Plaintiffs allege that Holdco breached its contractual obligation, under Section 4.2

of the Holdco LLC Agreement, to loan money to Wentworth to the extent that its

distributions to Wentworth are insufficient to satisfy Wentworth’s obligations under the

TRA. 93 Because Plaintiffs failed to state a claim that Wentworth is in breach of the TRA

for failing to make payments to them (since there is no well-pled Change of Control

alleged in the Amended Complaint), there was no contractual requirement that Holdco

could have breached. Thus, Count III is dismissed for failure to state a claim for breach

of contract.

         F.      Count IV: Breach of Fiduciary Duty

         Plaintiffs assert a derivative breach of fiduciary duty claim against the Director

Defendants as directors of Wentworth and against Fund V and JLL Distribution as the

alleged controlling stockholders of Wentworth for their conduct relating to the

acquisition of the operating assets of Peachtree Financial Solutions in 2011. Plaintiffs

purport to assert this claim as creditors of an allegedly insolvent Wentworth or,

alternatively, as stockholders of Wentworth. 94 Defendants moved to dismiss this claim

under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim and under Rule 23.1 for failure to make a

demand on the Wentworth board or to plead demand futility with the requisite

particularity.

93
     Am. Compl. ¶ 192.
94
     Id. ¶¶ 205-10.

                                              47
         Plaintiffs’ fiduciary duty claim is not what one would expect a fiduciary duty

claim to look like. Plaintiffs do not allege, for example, that the Director Defendants,

Fund V, or JLL Distribution had any financial interest in the Peachtree businesses before

the 2011 transaction or that the price paid to acquire those businesses was unfair. By all

accounts, the 2011 mergers were part of an arms’ length transaction with a third party.

         Instead, Plaintiffs’ theory of fiduciary liability is that these defendants acted

“disloyally” by cutting “off Wentworth[], a corporation to which they are fiduciaries,

from assets and funds, to the benefit of [Fund V and JLL Distribution].” 95

Coincidentally, as explained in their brief, “Plaintiffs have estimated the damages from

the breach of duty as corresponding with the amounts owed to Plaintiffs under the TRA,”

i.e., approximately $35 million. 96

         Plaintiffs spend considerable energy in their brief discussing, without effectively

applying, Delaware case law that describes the type of allegations necessary to support

distinct contract and fiduciary duty claims in similar situations. In my opinion, this case

law does not govern here because Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty claim is

simply a creative re-pleading of their contract claims asserted in Counts I and II.

95
   Pls.’ Ans. Br. 50, 53 (citing Am Gen. Hldgs. LLC v. Renco Gp., Inc., 2013 WL
5863010, at *10 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2013); PT China LLC v. PT Korea LLC, 2010 WL
761145, at *7 (Del. Ch. Feb. 26, 2010); Schuss v. Penfield P’rs, L.P., 2008 WL 2433842,
at *10 (Del. Ch. June 13, 2008)).
96
     Pls. Ans. Br. 53 n. 15 (citing Am. Compl. ¶ 211).

                                              48
         Under the “well-settled principle” articulated by the Delaware Supreme Court in

Nemec v. Shrader, 97 “where a dispute arises from obligations that are expressly addressed

by contract, that dispute will be treated as a breach of contract claim,” and “any fiduciary

claims arising out of the same facts that underlie the contract obligations would be

foreclosed as superfluous.” 98 As explained by the Court in Gale v. Bershad, 99 to permit a

fiduciary duty claim based entirely on a breach of contract to proceed alongside the

primary contract claim “would undermine the primacy of contract law over fiduciary law

in matters involving . . . contractual rights and obligations.” 100

         This Court has applied this principle to dismiss duplicative fiduciary duty claims

in a variety of contexts, such as those premised entirely on a breach of an LLC

agreement 101 or on a breach of a preferred stock certificate of designation. 102 The same

97
     991 A.2d 1120 (Del. 2010).
98
     Id. at 1129.
99
     1998 WL 118022 (Del. Ch. Mar. 4, 1998).
100
  Id. at *5; see also Grayson v. Imagination Station, Inc., 2010 WL 3221951, at *7 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 16, 2010) (quoting Gale, 1998 WL 118022, at *5).
101
    See, e.g., Fisk Ventures, LLC v. Segal, 2008 WL 1961156, at *11 (Del. Ch. May 7,
2008) (“Count III of Segal’s counterclaims/third-party claims merely dresses his breach
of contract claim in fiduciary duties’ clothing. In support of these supposed fiduciary
duty claims, Segal cites the same provisions of the Genitrix LLC Agreement that he cited
in support of his breach of contract claims. These makeweight fiduciary duty claims
fail[.]”), aff’d, 984 A.2d 124 (Del. 2009) (TABLE).
102
   See, e.g., Blue Chip Capital Fund II Ltd. P’ship v. Tubergen, 906 A.2d 827, 834 (Del.
Ch. 2006) (“Blue Chip’s claimed right as a preferred stockholder to a larger distribution
of the proceeds arises from contractual rights and obligations under the certificate of
incorporation—a binding contract between the company and its preferred stockholders. . .

                                               49
analysis, in my view, applies here to the breach of fiduciary duty claim because it is

premised on exactly the same underlying facts and seeks the same remedy ($35 million)

as Plaintiffs’ contract claims. This is not a case in which, for example, Plaintiffs’

fiduciary duty claim is based on “additional facts as well, [is] broader in scope, and

involve[s] different considerations in terms of a potential remedy” than their contract

claims. 103   Viewing the allegations of the Amended Complaint most favorably to

Plaintiffs, it is not reasonably conceivable that the fiduciary duty claim arises

independent of the contract claims. Thus, I dismiss Count IV as duplicative of Plaintiffs’

claims in Counts I and II. 104

         G.     Count V: Aiding and Abetting

         To state a claim for aiding and abetting under Delaware law, a plaintiff must

allege, among other elements, a defendant’s knowing participation in another’s breach of

fiduciary duty. 105 For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged a

. Accordingly, the court concludes that contract, and not fiduciary, principles should
govern the analysis and dismisses the fiduciary duty claims against the directors.”).
103
    See Schuss, 2008 WL 2433842, at *10; see also PT China LLC, 2010 WL 761145
(inferring at the motion to dismiss stage that allegations that the sole manager and
member of a Delaware LLC “usurped business opportunities,” used “confidential and
proprietary information for his personal self-interest,” and “misappropriated . . . resources
for his own benefit” gave rise to a breach of fiduciary duty claim independent of a breach
of contract claim with respect to a limited liability operating agreement and a joint
venture agreement).
104
    Based on this conclusion, I need not address defendants’ motion to dismiss Count IV
for failure to comply with Rule 23.1.
105
      See Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1096 (Del. 2001).

                                             50
breach of fiduciary duty in which any defendant could have knowingly participated.

Accordingly, I dismiss Count V against Fund V, JLL Distribution, and Peachtree LLC for

failure to state a claim.

         H.     Count VI: Unjust Enrichment

         The Delaware Supreme Court has defined unjust enrichment as “the unjust

retention of a benefit to the loss of another, or the retention of money or property of

another against the fundamental principles of justice or equity and good conscience.” 106

To state a claim for unjust enrichment, which sounds in equity, a plaintiff must allege

“the absence of a remedy provided by law,” in addition to several other elements. 107

Thus, as Chancellor Chandler noted in Kuroda v. SPJS Holdings, L.L.C., 108 this Court

routinely dismisses unjust enrichment claims that are premised on an “express,

enforceable contract that controls the parties’ relationship” because damages is an

available remedy at law for breach of contract. 109

         Here, the parties cannot legitimately dispute that the TRA is enforceable and that it

governs Plaintiffs’ requests for relief. To the extent Plaintiffs seek to enforce their rights

to payment under the TRA, the proper theory of liability would be damages for breach of

106
      Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 539 A.2d 1060, 1062 (Del. 1988).
107
      See Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1130.
108
      971 A.2d 872 (Del. Ch. 2009)
109
   See id. at 891; see also Wood v. Coastal States Gas Corp., 401 A.2d 932, 942 (Del.
1979) (“Because the contract is the measure of plaintiffs’ right, there can be no recovery
under an unjust enrichment theory independent of it.”).

                                              51
contract, not unjust enrichment. In other words, it is not reasonably conceivable that the

Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim is “governed by fiduciary principles and not an

enforceable contract.” 110     I reach the same conclusion with respect to the unjust

enrichment claim against JGW LLC and Peachtree LLC, even though neither was a party

to the TRA, because a claim for unjust enrichment “cannot be used ‘to circumvent basic

contract principles [recognizing] that a person not a party to [a] contract cannot be held

liable to it.’” 111 I therefore dismiss Count VI for failure to state a claim for unjust

enrichment upon which relief may be granted.

         I.     Count VII: Declaratory Judgment

         Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment that Fund V, JLL Distribution, Wentworth,

Holdco, Peachtree LLC, and JGW LLC are jointly and severally liability to Plaintiffs for

their damages. 112 This Court is authorized by statute to issue a declaratory judgment as

to a party’s “rights, status and other legal relations” 113 where there is an “actual

controversy” between the parties. 114 However, Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claim is

not a distinct cause of action; it is a request for relief for Counts I-VI. Because I have

concluded for the reasons explained above that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim

110
      Pfeiffer v. Leedle, 2013 WL 5988416, at *10 (Del. Ch. Nov. 8, 2013).
111
  Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 891 (quoting MetCap Sec. LLC v. Pearl Senior Care, Inc., 2007
WL 1498989, at *6 (Del. Ch. May 16, 2007)) (modifications in original).
112
      Am. Compl. ¶ 225.
113
      10 Del. C. § 6501.
114
      See Stroud v. Milliken Enters., Inc., 552 A.2d 476, 479-80 (Del. 1989).

                                              52
under any of Counts I-VI, it necessarily follows that Plaintiffs have failed to plead a

necessary element—any defendant’s liability to them—in support of their claim for a

declaratory judgment. Therefore, Count VII must be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6).

IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint

in its entirety under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) is GRANTED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                          53