Court Opinion

ID: 3213173
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-15 13:04:52.600249+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:29.248777
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   June 14, 2016
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 326335
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
TEVIN MICHEL CABBIL,                                               LC No. 13-001930-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: TALBOT, C.J., and MURRAY and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals by delayed leave granted,1 challenging his sentence of 80 to 120
months’ imprisonment for his underlying conviction of receiving or concealing a stolen firearm,
MCL 750.535b, which was imposed after defendant pleaded guilty to violating his probation.
We affirm.

                                           I. FACTS

       The police were called to a vacant home in the city of Inkster in response to shots fired.
They encountered defendant near the scene. A neighbor reported that his home had been broken
into and two revolvers, a green ammunition can, a watch, and cash were stolen from his home.
Defendant reported that he left his cell phone in a vacant home and that there was ammunition in
a green can inside. When police retrieved defendant’s phone, they observed spent casings inside
the home. Defendant was charged with receiving or concealing a stolen firearm, and receiving
or concealing stolen property valued at less than $200, MCL 750.535(5). He pleaded guilty to
those offenses and was sentenced to two years’ probation pursuant to the Holmes Youthful
Trainee Act (HYTA).

       Defendant was later arrested for violating his probation. He agreed to plead guilty with
the understanding that he would receive a prison sentence. The probation violation arose from
defendant’s conduct at a gas station. A video recording depicted defendant at the gas station at

1
 People v Cabbil, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered April 22, 2015 (Docket
No. 326335). Chief Judge Talbot voted to deny the delayed application.

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approximately 11:00 a.m. brandishing a firearm. This conduct served as the basis for
defendant’s probation violation. However, the court also viewed a second video recording
showing defendant at the same gas station at approximately 11:00 p.m. that evening. The
recording showed defendant entering the store wearing the same clothing and shoes he was
wearing in the morning video. Defendant engaged in a discussion with a man in a red jacket.
After the man turned his back, defendant shot the man approximately eight times. The man
attempted to crawl away to escape. The prosecutor agreed not to charge defendant with any
offense arising from the shooting, but asked the court to consider defendant’s conduct related to
the shooting to determine an appropriate sentence for the probation violation. The court
considered the circumstances of the shooting, defendant’s characteristics, and the goals of
sentencing, including the protection of the public, before imposing a sentence of 80 to 120
months’ imprisonment.

                                    II. ISSUES ON APPEAL

       Defendant argues that his sentence violates the principle of proportionality and amounts
to unconstitutional cruel and unusual punishment. Although defendant was not required to take
any special steps to preserve a challenge to the proportionality of his sentence, People v Cain,
238 Mich App 95, 129; 605 NW2d 28 (1999), his failure to raise a constitutional challenge to his
sentence leaves the constitutional issue unpreserved. People v Bowling, 299 Mich App 552, 557;
830 NW2d 800 (2013); People v Hogan, 225 Mich App 431, 437-438; 571 NW2d 737 (1997).
Accordingly, review of defendant’s constitutional challenge is limited to plain error affecting
substantial rights. People v McCuller, 479 Mich 672, 695; 739 NW2d 563 (2007).

        The sentencing guidelines apply to a sentence imposed following revocation of probation.
People v Hendrick, 472 Mich 555, 557; 697 NW2d 511 (2005). At the time defendant was
sentenced, MCL 769.34(3) permitted a court to depart from the appropriate guidelines range if it
“has a substantial and compelling reason for that departure and states on the record the reasons
for departure.” Acts forming the basis for the probation violation may constitute substantial and
compelling reasons to depart from the sentencing guidelines. Hendrick, 472 Mich at 557.
However, in People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 364; 870 NW2d 502 (2015), our Supreme Court
held that the legislative sentencing guidelines are unconstitutional to the extent that they require
judicial fact-finding beyond facts admitted by the defendant or found by a jury to score offense
variables that mandatorily increase the floor of the guidelines minimum sentence range. To
remedy this constitutional infirmity, the Court rendered the guidelines advisory only. The Court
further struck down the requirement that a court must articulate substantial and compelling
reasons for a departure from the guidelines. Id. The Court held that “[a] sentence that departs
from the applicable guidelines range will be reviewed by an appellate court for reasonableness.”
Id. at 392.

        In People v Steanhouse, 313 Mich App 1, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2015), this Court held
that the reasonableness of a departure sentence is to be reviewed by applying the principle of
proportionality adopted in People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990), which
requires that a sentence be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the
offense and the offender. This Court further held that when the trial court was unaware of and
not bound by the reasonableness standard rooted in the Milbourn principle of proportionality at
the time it sentenced the defendant, the defendant is entitled to a remand in accordance with

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United States v Crosby, 397 F3d 103 (CA 2, 2005), as adopted in Lockridge, to allow the trial
court to consider the defendant’s sentence under the appropriate standard. Steanhouse, 313 Mich
App at ___; slip op at 25.

        The record in this case discloses that the trial court considered the appropriate
proportionality standard at sentencing, and that its 80 to 120-month sentence does not violate the
principle of proportionality. Accordingly, his sentence was reasonable. Defendant was
originally sentenced to probation after pleading guilty to receiving or concealing stolen property
valued at less than $200, and receiving or concealing a stolen firearm. At the time, he had a
juvenile record for fleeing or eluding. The court was reluctant to place defendant on HYTA
status for a weapons offense when he also had a prior record for fleeing or eluding, but agreed to
do so as a matter of leniency. Defendant failed to comply with the terms of his probation.
Despite his prior conviction for a weapons offense, defendant violated his probation by
admittedly carrying a firearm inside a gas station. Moreover, evidence established that defendant
later returned to the gas station and used the firearm to shoot another person. In light of the
circumstances surrounding the shooting, defendant’s inability to reform his conduct and learn
from the leniency that was previously afforded him, and his failure to abide by the terms of his
probation regarding possession of weapons, the sentence of 80 to 120 months’ imprisonment
does not violate the principle of proportionality.

       Although the Steanhouse Court held that a Crosby remand should occur where a
defendant was sentenced before the Supreme Court decided Lockridge and the trial court was
unaware of the reasonableness standard rooted in the Milbourn principle of proportionality at the
time of sentencing, the record discloses that the trial court applied the appropriate standard.
Specifically, the court considered defendant’s criminal history and the gravity of his conduct
surrounding the probation violation and found that the sentence imposed was proportionate under
the circumstances. In light of the trial court’s application of the appropriate standard at
sentencing, remand is unnecessary.

        Defendant also contends that his sentence is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual. He
notes that his sentence is approximately 14 times more than the original guidelines range of zero
to six months, and that it exceeds what would have been the applicable guidelines range if he had
been convicted of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder in connection with
the gas station shooting.

        Cruel or unusual punishment is prohibited by the Michigan Constitution, Const 1963, art
1, § 16, while the United States Constitution prohibits both cruel and unusual punishment, US
Const, Am VIII. A valid punishment pursuant to the state constitution is necessarily valid under
the federal constitution. People v Benton, 294 Mich App 191, 204; 817 NW2d 599 (2011). “In
deciding if punishment is cruel or unusual, this Court looks to the gravity of the offense and the
harshness of the penalty, comparing the punishment to the penalty imposed for other crimes in
this state, as well as the penalty imposed for the same crime in other states.” People v Brown,
294 Mich App 377, 390; 811 NW2d 531 (2011).

       It is presumed that a proportionate sentence is not cruel or unusual. People v Powell, 278
Mich App 318, 323; 750 NW2d 607 (2008). As previously indicated, defendant’s sentence does
not violate the principle of proportionality. Moreover, defendant’s reliance on the disparity

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between the original guidelines range of zero to six months and the 80 to 120-month sentence
imposed is misplaced because the original guidelines range completely ignores the gravity of
defendant’s conduct of illegally obtaining a firearm while on probation, and then using that
firearm to shoot another person. Indeed, if the other person had not survived, defendant would
have faced a murder charge. Because defendant’s sentence is proportionate to the seriousness of
his conduct and his criminal history, it is not unconstitutionally cruel or unusual.

       Affirmed.

                                                          /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                          /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                          /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

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