Court Opinion

ID: 9723132
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 10:03:21.078434+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:24:45.045188
License: Public Domain

LEVINE, Justice.
Tom Peterson appeals from a summary judgment which dismissed his action for tortious interference with contract and misrepresentation against Kurt Zerr and awarded Zerr attorney fees and costs. Peterson also appeals from the trial court’s denial of his motion to amend his complaint to include a breach of contract claim against Interstate Investments [Interstate], the remaining defendant in Peterson’s tor-tious interference and misrepresentation action. We hold that the Rule 54(b), N.D. R.Civ.P., order certifying the appeal of the summary judgment was improvidently granted and that the appeal from denial of the motion to amend and award of attorney fees is interlocutory. We therefore dismiss the appeal.
In 1978 Peterson and Ed Stone incorporated Golden West Travel, Inc. [Golden West]. At that time Golden West leased 1,800 square feet of property from Interstate for a 10 year term, with an option for an additional 5 years. Golden West occupied 900 square feet of the property and subleased the remaining 900 square feet to the law offices of Sperry & Erickson. In May 1981, Golden West, with the approval of Interstate, assigned the 1978 primary lease to Peterson and Stone. Peterson and Stone, in turn, sold their interests in Golden West to Kurt Zerr and Richard Grenz and subleased the property back to Golden West. In 1982 Gerald Wilier purchased Grenz’s interest, and in December 1984, Zerr and Wilier sold Golden West to Robert Valeu, Joe Hauer, and Ron Henrickson.
In February 1985, Interstate cancelled the 1978 primary lease with Peterson and Stone, and Golden West informed Sperry & Erickson that its sublease would be terminated so the travel agency could be expanded to the entire 1,800 square feet. Golden West ultimately terminated its sublease with Peterson and vacated the premises.
Peterson brought a lawsuit against Golden West, Zerr, Valeu, Hauer, and Interstate alleging breach of contract, tortious interference with contract, and misrepresentation. The court severed the case into two separate actions. The first action consisted of Peterson’s contract claim against Golden West for breach of the May 1981 sublease. The second action consisted of Peterson’s claims against Zerr, Valeu, Hauer, and Interstate for tortious interference with contract and misrepresentation. Peterson and Golden West settled the breach of contract claim prior to the trial in that action. As part of that settlement, Peterson also settled all claims against Hauer and Valeu in connection with the second action for tortious interference with contract and misrepresentation.
In his complaint in the second action, Peterson asserted, among other things, that the defendants had intentionally interfered with his 1978 primary lease with Interstate, his May 1981 sublease with Golden West, and the sublease with Sperry & Erickson. Peterson also asserted that Interstate and Zerr, “jointly and severally, intentionally misrepresented the existence of lease rights and interests, and did not disclose the written sub-lease that each of them had signed, and thereby intentionally and knowingly misinformed, proximately causing substantial loss....”
*295Zerr moved for summary judgment dismissing all claims against him in the second action and for costs and attorney fees. The trial court granted summary judgment against Peterson and awarded Zerr costs and attorney fees in the amount of $3,456.32 under §§ 28-26-01 and 28-26-31, N.D.C.C. Peterson then moved to defer the determination of attorney fees until after his trial with Interstate. The trial court determined this request was frivolous and awarded Zerr an additional $200 in attorney fees. Peterson also moved to amend his complaint to allege a breach of contract action against Interstate for breach of the 1978 primary lease. The trial court denied the motion.
Peterson and Zerr stipulated that there was no just reason for delay of the entry of a final judgment of dismissal. See Rule 54(b), N.D.R.Civ.P. The trial court granted the Rule 54(b) certification, and later supplemented the judgment with an “Order Clarifying Rule 54(b) Judgment,” in which the court stated its reasons for granting the certification:
“1. The summary judgment in favor of defendant Zerr, dismisses a joint tort-feasor under allegations of the complaint setting forth alleged actions of Interstate Investments and Zerr, arising out of the same facts and events, involving the sale of shares and status of lease of Golden West, Inc. A trial against one of the joint tort-feasors, Interstate Investment, would not be complete and could result in further proceedings, in the event that the dismissal of defendant Zerr were reversed upon appeal. Final judgment avoids the possibility of two trials in the District Court.
“2. A review on appeal of the judgment of dismissal in favor of defendant Zerr and against the plaintiff is not likely to be avoided, should the plaintiff determine the need for an appeal, as a result of the Interstate Investment trial. That is, resolution of the case against Interstate Investment does not appear at this time to mitigate, persuade, or otherwise lend itself to encouraging the plaintiff to not appeal the judgment already entered. Accordingly, an appeal appears just as likely after the trial, as it does before the trial, leaving no reason to anticipate that a trial against Interstate Investment might avoid the need for an appeal.
“3. The issues on appeal in the judgment entered in favor of defendant Zerr do not appear to be similar, providing any efficiency on review, to any prospective issues after trial involving Interstate Investment. As such, trial against Interstate Investment, giving rise to whatever issues on appeal may be involved in that matter, would not seem to be efficiently resolved against both parties in one appeal. The two issues identified by the plaintiff on the appeal of the judgment entered, including the summary judgment dismissing the claim, and the award of attorney fees in favor of the defendant, are not prospective issues at this time after trial against Interstate Investment.
* * * * * *
“In reviewing the certification under Rule 54(b), the court has considered recent case law, and the above determination specifically includes a review of Union State Bank vs. Woell, 357 N.W.2d 234[(1984)]. Entry of a final judgment, appealable by the plaintiff at this time, or alternatively a waiver of appeal if not commenced within sixty days, does appear to the court at this time to be the most economical and efficient procedure, and is also the most likely among any alternative to avoid the possibility of two trials in the District Court. Entry of final judgment most assures that a trial in District Court, which includes a jury, will resolve the case against the remaining defendant, Interstate Investment, or if necessary against co-defendant, Kurt Zerr, without a possibility of remand, and two trials.
“This order clarifying the Rule 54(b) certification further recognizes the stipulation between the parties, ...”
Peterson appealed, challenging the summary judgment dismissing his claims against Zerr, the award of costs and attorney fees, and the trial court’s refusal to *296allow him to amend his complaint to allege a breach of contract action against Interstate.
Although Peterson and Zerr have not addressed the appealability of the district court’s decisions,1 we may consider appeal-ability issues sua sponte. E.g., Harmon Motors v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust, 436 N.W.2d 240, 241 (N.D.1989). We have recently summarized the interrelationship between § 28-27-02, N.D.C.C., and Rule 54(b) with regard to appealability:
“In Gillan v. Saffell, 395 N.W.2d 148 (N.D.1986), and Gast Construction Co. v. Brighton Partnership, 422 N.W.2d 389 (N.D.1988), we established the framework for analyzing this court’s jurisdiction in cases where there is an appeal and there are unadjudicated claims remaining to be resolved by the trial court. See also Regstad v. Steffes, 433 N.W.2d 202 (N.D.1988); Matter of Estate of Stuckle, 427 N.W.2d 96, 101 (N.D.1988) (Meschke, J., concurring). In Gast Construction Co. v. Brighton Partnership, supra, 422 N.W.2d at 390, we said:
“ ‘First, the order appealed from must meet one of the statutory criteria of appealability set forth in NDCC § 28-27-02. If it does not, our inquiry need go no further and the appeal must be dismissed. Gillan v. Saffell, supra. If it does, then Rule 54(b), NDRCivP, must be complied with. E.g., Production Credit Ass’n of Grafton v. Porter, 390 N.W.2d 50 (N.D.1986). If it is not, we are without jurisdiction. Ibid.’” Sargent County Bank v. Wentworth, 434 N.W.2d 562, 563 (N.D.1989).
MOTION TO AMEND COMPLAINT AGAINST INTERSTATE
We have previously held that an order granting or denying a motion to amend a pleading is appealable if it involves the merits of the case, and proceeded to consider the appeal without discussing the applicability of Rule 54(b). See Geo-Mobile, Inc. v. Dean Bender Chevrolet, 386 N.W.2d 918 (N.D.1986). However, Geo-Mobile, Inc. predates the “shift in our appellate procedure regarding the applicability of Rule 54(b) certification to orders that are appealable pursuant to Section 28-27-02, N.D.C.C.” Harmon Motors v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust, supra, 436 N.W.2d at 241. To the extent that Geo-Mobile, Inc. appears to sanction an appeal from a denial of a motion to amend a complaint without the additional requirement of a Rule 54(b) certification, it is overruled. The record in this case contains no Rule 54(b) certification pertaining to the trial court’s ruling on Peterson’s motion to amend his complaint against Interstate, and Peterson’s claims against Interstate remain pending below. Accordingly, we are without jurisdiction to consider this issue on appeal.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
An order granting summary judgment dismissing all of the plaintiff’s claims against a defendant is an appealable order under § 28-27-02, N.D.C.C. See generally Sheets v. Letnes, Marshall & Fiedler, Ltd., 311 N.W.2d 175, 179 (N.D.1981). Rule 54(b) is clearly applicable in this multiple party case because the summary judgment does not adjudicate all of the claims against all of the parties.2 Although the trial court *297determined that there was no just reason for delay in directing entry of judgment and set forth the reasons for its decision, that does not end our inquiry. We are not bound by the trial court’s determination, but will sua sponte review the certification to determine if the trial court has abused its discretion. Union State Bank v. Woell, 357 N.W.2d 234, 236 (N.D.1984).
In Union State Bank v. Woell, supra, this court discussed the reasons for Rule 54(b) and said that the Rule should be construed to preserve our long-standing policy against piecemeal appeals. We recognized that the purpose of the Rule is to balance the competing policies of permitting accelerated review of certain judgments with the desire to avoid the waste in appellate resources which can accompany piecemeal review, and that therefore certification should not be entered routinely or as a courtesy or accommodation to counsel. Thus, the trial court is to weigh the policy against piecemeal appeals with whatever exigencies the case may present, and the burden is on the proponent to establish prejudice and hardship which would result if certification were denied. We further noted that although the United States Supreme Court, in Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. General Electric Co., 446 U.S. 1, 9-10, 100 S.Ct. 1460, 1466, 64 L.Ed.2d 1, 12 (1980), did not believe the phrase “infrequent harsh case” to be a reliable benchmark for appellate review, that language accurately reflects the intent of our Rule 54(b). We also outlined the following list of suggested factors for trial courts to consider in assessing a request for Rule 54(b) certification:
“ Tn reviewing 54(b) certifications, other courts have considered the following factors, inter alia: (1) the relationship between the adjudicated and unadjudicat-ed claims; (2) the possibility that the need for review might or might not be mooted by future developments in the district court; (3) the possibility that the reviewing court might be obliged to consider the same issue a second time; (4) the presence or absence of a claim or counterclaim which could result in setoff against the judgment sought to be made final; (5) miscellaneous factors such as delay, economic and solvency considerations, shortening the time of trial, frivolity of competing claims, expense, and the like. Depending upon the facts of the particular case, all or some of the above factors may bear upon the propriety of the trial court’s discretion in certifying a judgment as final under Rule 54(b).’ ” Union State Bank v. Woell, supra, 357 N.W.2d at 238 [quoting Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 521 F.2d 360, 364 (3d Cir.1975)].
With these considerations in mind, we examine the trial court’s reasoning to determine whether it abused its discretion3 in granting the Rule 54(b) certification.
*298The trial court acknowledged in paragraph 1 that the summary judgment in favor of Zerr dismisses one of two joint tort-feasors under allegations of the complaint “arising out of the same facts and events, ...” In a multiple party situation “where the complaint is dismissed as to one defendant but not others, the court should not, as a general matter, direct the entry of a final judgment pursuant to Rule 54(b) if the same or closely related issues remain to be litigated against the undismissed defendants.” Cullen v. Margiotta, 811 F.2d 698, 710 (2d Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Nassau County Republican Committee v. Cullen, 483 U.S. 1021, 107 S.Ct. 3266, 97 L.Ed.2d 764 (1987). Under these circumstances, possibilities abound that the remaining defendants, by virtue of their lack of opportunity to participate, will be prejudiced by the decision on the certified appeal, and that the facts ultimately adduced at trial of the remaining defendants could undermine the soundness of the decision on the certified appeal. See Cullen v. Margiotta, supra, 811 F.2d at 711; Arlinghaus v. Ritenour, 543 F.2d 461, 463-464 (2d Cir.1976). Although in paragraph 3 the trial court states that the issues on appeal from the summary judgment “do not appear to be similar ... to any prospective issues after trial involving Interstate ...,” it is clear that the claims against both Zerr and Interstate arise from the same series of underlying transactions and occurrences and are related both factually and legally. This weighs heavily against Rule 54(b) certification. See Union State Bank v. Woell, supra.
In paragraph 2 the trial court states that appellate review of Zerr’s dismissal from the action “is not likely to be avoided, should the plaintiff determine the need for an appeal, as a result of the Interstate ... trial.” This reasoning appears to be an application of factor 2 in Union State Bank v. Woell, supra, i.e., the possibility that the need for review might or might not be mooted by future developments in the trial court. The most common situation in which this possibility arises involves the dismissal of impleader claims requesting, among other things, indemnification, subro-gation, and contribution. See 10 Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d, § 2659, at p. 106 (1983). Rule 54(b) certification in these situations is generally frowned upon because if the defendant is not found liable in the main action there never will be any need to litigate the impleader claim. See 10 Wright, Miller & Kane, supra; see also Buurman v. Central Valley School Dist., 371 N.W.2d 146, 149 (N.D.1985). While the possibility that a need for review might be mooted by future developments in the trial court “is a distinct argument of substantial weight supporting the normal postponement of review until the entire case shall be decided” [Panichella v. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 252 F.2d 452, 455 (3d Cir.1958), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 932, 80 S.Ct. 370, 4 L.Ed.2d 353 (1960)], we do not believe that the converse is true. Should Peterson prevail on his claims against Interstate, he may choose not to appeal the dismissal of Zerr. If Peterson loses against Interstate, he could then appeal from that judgment and raise the issue of Zerr’s dismissal. In any event, even an absence of the possibility that the need for review may be obviated by future developments in the trial court is not, standing alone, reason to certify under Rule 54(b).
The rationale of paragraph 3, i.e., that the “issues on appeal in the judgment entered in favor of defendant Zerr do not appear to be similar ... to any prospective issues after trial involving Interstate,” and therefore, the issues “would not seem to be efficiently resolved against both parties in one appeal,” is somewhat baffling. The allegations against Zerr and Interstate arise out of the same facts and circumstances surrounding the sale of Golden West shares and the status of the various leases. “It is uneconomical for an appellate court to review facts on an appeal following a Rule 54(b) certification that it is likely to be forced to consider again when another appeal is brought after the district court renders its decision on the remaining claims or as to the remaining parties.” 10 Wright, Miller & Kane, supra, § 2659, at pp. 103-104 [Footnote omitted.] The fact *299that it is likely an appeal will be taken after an unadjudicated claim is decided which involves the same factual situation as that involved in the Rule 54(b) certified appeal clearly militates against granting certification. See Union State Bank v. Woell, supra, 357 N.W.2d at 239.
It is obvious that the impetus for granting certification in this case is the belief or hope that immediate appellate review might avoid the possibility of two trials in the district court should we ultimately determine that the summary judgment was erroneously granted. We have expressed our skepticism of this rationale in the past [see Herzog v. Yuill, 399 N.W.2d 287, 288 n. 1 (N.D.1987) ], and conclude that, absent unusual and compelling circumstances not present here, this consideration does not alone afford sufficient warrant for granting a Rule 54(b) certification.
In Spiegel v. Trustees of Tufts College, 843 F.2d 38, 45-46 (1st Cir.1988), the First Circuit Court of Appeals rejected a similar assertion that, because immediate review would obviate the possibility of a retrial, a Rule 54(b) certification was properly granted:
“Nothing in the papers before us suggests a pressing, exceptional need for immediate appellate intervention, or grave injustice of the sort remediable only by allowing an appeal to be taken forthwith, or dire hardship of a unique kind. The hypothetical portrait of additional trials painted by plaintiff looks to us to be not only speculative, but sophistic. Virtually any interlocutory appeal from a dispositive ruling said to be erroneous contains the potential for requiring a retrial. Moreover, interpretations of Rule 54(b) must take into account systemic effects as well as individualized ones. To entertain an early appeal just because reversal of a ruling made by the district court might transpire and might expedite a particular appellant’s case would defoliate Rule 54(b)’s protective copse. This would leave the way clear for the four horsemen of too easily available piecemeal appellate review: congestion, duplication, delay, and added expenses. The path, we think, should not be so unobstructed.” [Emphasis in original.]
Because “[i]t is always true ... that a second trial may be required if a district court is ultimately reversed on issues which were decided before trial on summary judgment,” several courts have specifically rejected the argument that a Rule 54(b) certification should be granted because “an immediate appeal is necessary to avoid a piecemeal trial of the case.” Vasquez v. Ferre, 410 F.Supp. 1385, 1386 (D.N.J.1976). See also Brunswick Corp. v. Sheridan, 582 F.2d 175, 185 (2d Cir.1978) [“The policy against piecemeal appeals of intertwined claims should not be subverted by the specters of additional trials summoned up by the able district judge.”]; Dahlberg v. Becker, 581 F.Supp. 855, 867 (N.D.N.Y.) aff'd, 748 F.2d 85 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084, 105 S.Ct. 1845, 85 L.Ed.2d 144 (1985) [rejecting argument that “the threat of piecemeal appeals is more than offset by the prospect of piecemeal trials should the decision of this Court on the instant motions ultimately be reversed.”].
In short, as now Justice Kennedy has said, speaking for the court in Morrison-Knudsen Co., Inc. v. Archer, 655 F.2d 962, 965 (9th Cir.1981), judgments under Rule 54(b) must be reserved “for the unusual case in which the costs and risks of multiplying the number of proceedings and of overcrowding the appellate docket are outbalanced by pressing needs of the litigants for an early and separate judgment as to some claims or parties.” Missing in this case is a showing of any out-of-the-ordinary circumstances or cognizable, unusual hardships to the litigants that will arise if resolution of the issues on this appeal is deferred.
For example, among the more prominent hardships that may result from delay is an extraordinarily harsh economic effect. This is vividly demonstrated by the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. General Electric Co., 446 U.S. 1, 100 S.Ct. 1460, 64 L.Ed.2d 1 (1980). In that case the trial court granted *300the plaintiff summary judgment on a $19 million contract claim, leaving other claims and counterclaims pending. The Supreme Court upheld the Rule 54(b) certification. The district court had determined that, because of the- complex nature of the remaining claims, it would be many months or years before the entire controversy was decided and that the difference between the current interest rates and the statutory prejudgment rate would cause the plaintiff to suffer a severe daily financial loss unless certification was granted.
Of course, a harsh economic effect is not the only adverse effect that is cognizable for Rule 54(b) purposes. However, one commentator has pointed out that where, as here, one defendant in a multiple defendant case is dismissed from the lawsuit, the range of appropriate considerations is narrowed:
“As a condition to the direction of final judgment, the Rule states that the court must make an ‘express determination that there is no just reason for delay.’ In cases in which the judgment is for the claimant, delay in the entry of judgment entails delay in receiving relief that has been awarded, and possibly in the res judicata effect of the decision and interest. ...
“In cases in which the court has dismissed a claim, leaving others to be determined, or has dismissed the action against one or more but fewer than all the parties, the range of considerations narrows. There is no judgment to be executed, and the losing party pays out no money. The judgment imposes no liens. Under some circumstances a judgment might be sought for its res judicata effect. In most instances, however, the interest of the claimant in the entry of a final judgment is limited to his interest in an immediate appeal, and often this interest is essentially the same as his interest would be in an interlocutory appeal. This means that ‘there must be some danger of hardship or injustice through delay which would be alleviated by immediate appeal.’ ” 6 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶ 54.41[3], at pp. 54-264 — 54-266 (1988) [Footnotes omitted.]
Nothing in the record before us remotely suggests that this is the “infrequent harsh case” warranting use of the Rule 54(b) procedure. The interests of the litigants in having the summary judgment certified as final appear limited to Peterson’s not uncommon desire to have us pass upon his legal and factual arguments in advance of his trial with Interstate and Zerr’s not uncommon desire to have himself finally extricated from this litigation. However, the rationale employed by the trial court to justify the Rule 54(b) certification, if accepted, would sanction our review of virtually every appeal from an otherwise interlocutory judgment. Such an interpretation and application of Rule 54(b) would emasculate its purpose. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in granting the Rule 54(b) certification.
ATTORNEY FEES
Costs and attorney fees were awarded to Zerr in connection with the granting of the summary judgment motion. We have concluded that the Rule 54(b) certification of the summary judgment was improvidently granted and that the summary judgment is therefore not final or appealable. We have no jurisdiction to review what might otherwise be an appealable order that is ancillary to and dependent upon resolution of the issues raised in a nonappealable order. Cf. Gast Construction Co. v. Brighton Partnership, 422 N.W.2d 389, 391 (N.D.1988); Herzog v. Yuill, 399 N.W.2d 287, 292-293 (N.D.1987); see also Ford v. Holden, 2 Haw.App. 549, 634 P.2d 1051, 1052 (1981).
For the reasons stated in this opinion, we dismiss the appeal. Interstate’s costs on appeal are assessed against Peterson. Peterson and Zerr are responsible for their own costs on appeal.
ERICKSTAD, C.J., and VANDE WALLE and GIERKE, JJ., concur.

. Interstate, however, challenges the appealability of the trial court’s denial of Peterson's motion to amend the complaint.

. Rule 54(b), N.D.R.Civ.P., provides:
“(b) Judgment Upon Multiple Claims or Involving Multiple Parties. If more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, whether as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, or if multiple parties are involved, the court may direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In the absence of that determination and direction, any order or other form of decision, however designated, which adjudicates fewer than all of the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties does not terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject to revision at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties."

. We note with interest what one court has said about the abuse of discretion standard when applied to a review of a certification under a state counterpart to Rule 54(b):
"As we proceed to review this particular exercise of discretion, a preliminary word is in order on the subject of the exercise of discretion generally. Whenever that term of art is used, it connotes, by definition, some range within which discretion may be legitimately exercised one way or the other without constituting an abuse. The notion of a range of discretion, however, is not an immutable and invariable criterion in all of its myriad applications. The range of discretion frequently changes with the subject matter calling for the exercise of discretion. In handling the progress of a trial, for instance, as where the judge rules on a leading question, permits a continuance, or assesses the need for a mistrial, the range of discretion is very broad and the exercise of discretion will rarely be reversed. On the issue now before us, by way of contrast, the discretionary range is far more narrow. It is circumscribed by strong policy considerations and well-articulated guidelines."
Canterbury Riding Condo. v. Chesapeake Inv., 66 Md.App. 635, 505 A.2d 858, 864 (1986) [Footnote omitted]. But compare Old Broadway Corp. v. Hjelle, 411 N.W.2d 81 (N.D.1987). See also Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. General Electric Co., 446 U.S. 1, 10, 100 S.Ct. 1460, 1466, 64 L.Ed.2d 1 (1980) [applying two-pronged approach for federal appellate review of Rule 54(b) order accompanied by trial court findings setting forth the reasons for certification: (1) reviewing, court must "scrutinize” trial court’s evaluation of juridical concerns such as the interrelationship of claims; (2) if juridical concerns have been met, reviewing court should give "substantial deference" to trial court’s assessment of the equities].