Court Opinion

ID: 9471968
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 03:45:21.31513+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:42:40.025705
License: Public Domain

HEANEY, Circuit Judge,
concurring.
I agree that Stone v. Powell bars reexamination of this matter. I must state, however, that I believe the state court erred when it concluded that even if Gregory’s warrantless arrest was invalid, that fact would not require suppression of a resulting lineup identification as fruit of the unlawful arrest. State v. Gregory, 630 S.W.2d 607, 608 (Mo.App.1982). Under Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980), it appears that Gregory’s arrest, after the police officers’ warrantless and nonconsensual entry into his place of residence, violated his Fourth Amendment rights. While Payton was not decided until seven months after Gregory’s arrest, the Payton rule applies retroactively under United States v. Johnson, 457 U.S. 537, 102 S.Ct. 2579, 73 L.Ed.2d 202 (1982). Any pretrial identification of Gregory obtained as a direct result of his unlawful detention should not have been introduced at trial. See United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463, 477, 100 S.Ct. 1244, 1253, 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); United States v. Fisher, 702 F.2d 372, 379 (2d Cir.1983). But see United States v. Young, 512 F.2d 321 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 424 U.S. 956, 96 S.Ct. 1432, 47 L.Ed.2d 362 (1975). It may be that rever*544sal would not have been warranted in any event, since an independent basis probably existed for the victim’s in-court identification of Gregory. I write nevertheless to express my strong concerns about the scope of Stone v. Powell’s bar against federal habeas review of Fourth Amendment claims. See generally Halpern, Federal Habeas Corpus and the Mapp Exclusionary Rule After Stone v. Powell, 82 CO-LUM.L.REV. 1 (1982); Note, Stone v. Powell: Narrowing of Habeas Corpus — Not As We Would Like It, 31 ARK.L.REV. 285 (1977); Comment, Habeas Corpus: Still as Great as When it Was Writ?, 43 BROOKLYN L.REY. 773 (1977). This is one case in which the complete trust which Stone v. Powell places in the opportunity for full and fair litigation of Fourth Amendment issues at the state court level is misplaced.