Court Opinion

ID: 9928406
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-31 18:01:28.617798+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:48:10.472688
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 23-4055     Document: 010110992832       Date Filed: 01/31/2024   Page: 1
                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        January 31, 2024
                          _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
  LONNIE NORTON,

        Plaintiff - Appellant,

  v.                                                        No. 23-4055
                                                    (D.C. No. 4:20-CV-00038-DN)
  MICHAEL PARSONS; DANNY WHITE;                               (D. Utah)
  F. MCNIELL; FNU ROMERO,

        Defendants - Appellees.
                       _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

 Before HARTZ, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

       Lonnie Norton, a Utah state prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district

 court’s denial of his motion for a preliminary injunction as moot. Exercising

 jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), we affirm.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

       In the action underlying this appeal, Mr. Norton alleged in relevant part that

 between August 2018 and March 2019, while he was incarcerated at the Central Utah

       *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
 unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
 this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
 ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
 precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
 estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
 Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellate Case: 23-4055    Document: 010110992832        Date Filed: 01/31/2024        Page: 2

 Correctional Facility (CUCF), the defendants, instead of providing proper dental

 care, intentionally caused two repairable teeth to break, resulting in the need for

 dental implants that the Utah Department of Corrections (UDOC) refused to provide.

 He alleged this treatment was caused by a policy, custom, or practice to pull teeth

 that could otherwise be saved “‘rather than wasting time and money fixing teeth of

 criminals.’” R., Vol. I at 17, ¶ 31 (allegedly quoting defendant White). He also

 alleged that ten unidentified UDOC employees or contractors (named as John Doe

 defendants) interfered with his attempts to schedule appointments, thereby enabling

 the policy, custom, or practice.

       Mr. Norton asserted a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, contending that his dental

 treatment constituted cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth

 Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due

 Process Clause. He also asserted that the treatment violated parallel provisions of the

 Utah Constitution (Article 1, §§ 7 & 9) and amounted to negligence under Utah law.

       As defendants, Mr. Norton named two dentists at CUCF, Michael Parsons and

 Danny White (together, the Dentists), and ten John Does, all in their individual

 capacities for damages and in their official capacities for prospective injunctive

 relief. Mr. Norton alleged that UDOC employed or contracted with the Dentists and

 the John Does.1 In addition to monetary damages, Mr. Norton asked for “[i]njunctive

       1
         According to the Martinez report filed in this case, the Dentists were UDOC
 employees. See R., Vol. II at 83, ¶ 2 (Parsons declaration); id. at 88, ¶ 2 (White
 declaration).
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 relief to enjoin the [UDOC] to repair [his] damaged teeth or replace his teeth with

 permanent dental implants by a competent professional at [UDOC’s] expense.” R.,

 Vol. I at 25, ¶ D. He did not name the UDOC or its director as a defendant.

       Mr. Norton also filed a motion for a preliminary injunction. He asked the

 district court to order “the defendants, their officers, employees, agents, and any

 persons working with them,” id. at 206, to arrange for a dental implant specialist

 outside the prison system to replace the two broken teeth with dental implants. The

 district court denied the motion as moot because Mr. Norton had been transferred to a

 different prison facility. The court also noted that Dr. White had “left CUCF in April

 2019” and was therefore “unavailable to provide injunctive relief.” Id. at 1137 n.3.

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the denial of a motion for a preliminary injunction for an abuse of

 discretion. See Citizens United v. Gessler, 773 F.3d 200, 209 (10th Cir. 2014).

 “Under this standard of review, we examine the district court’s legal determinations

 de novo, and its underlying factual findings for clear error.” Id. (internal quotation

 marks omitted). Where, as here, the relevant facts are not disputed, mootness is a

 “question[] of law,” Rio Grande Found. v. Oliver, 57 F.4th 1147, 1159 (10th Cir.

 2023), and “a district court abuses its discretion by denying a preliminary injunction

 based on an error of law,” Citizens United, 773 F.3d at 209 (brackets and internal

 quotation marks omitted). Because Mr. Norton is pro se, we construe his filings

 liberally, but we may not act as his advocate. See Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925,

 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008).

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                                    III. DISCUSSION

        “[T]he constitutional mootness doctrine focuses upon whether a definite

 controversy exists throughout the litigation and whether conclusive relief may still be

 conferred by the court despite the lapse of time and any change of circumstances that

 may have occurred since the commencement of the action.” Jordan v. Sosa, 654 F.3d

 1012, 1024 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, if a

 “prisoner’s claims for . . . injunctive relief relate solely to the conditions of

 confinement at the penal institution at which the prisoner is no longer incarcerated,

 courts have concluded that they are unable to provide the prisoner with effective

 relief.” Id. at 1027. “Consequently, courts have routinely dismissed such

 penitentiary-specific conditions-of-confinement claims as moot.” Id. But “where a

 prisoner brings a lawsuit challenging policies that apply in a generally uniform

 fashion throughout a prison system, courts have been disinclined to conclude that the

 prisoner’s . . . injunctive claims are moot, even after he has been transferred to

 another prison in that system.” Id. at 1028.

        Mr. Norton argues that he challenged a UDOC-wide prison policy. And

 because he sought prospective injunctive relief against the Dentists in their official

 capacity, he contends that his claim was in effect against the State of Utah based on

 the notion that “‘official capacity suits are simply another way of pleading an action

 against an entity of which an officer is an agent.’” Aplt. Opening Br. at 16 (quoting

 McDonald v. Wise, 769 F.3d 1202, 1215 (10th Cir. 2014)). From this premise, he

 concludes that his transfer from CUCF to the Utah State Correctional Facility

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 (USCF) did not moot his request for preliminary injunctive relief because a State has

 the power “to provide prospective injunctive relief” when “a prisoner transfers to

 another state prison.” Id. He also invokes the doctrine of Ex parte Young, 209 U.S.

 123 (1908), which provides, as an exception to state sovereign immunity under the

 Eleventh Amendment, that “a plaintiff may bring suit against individual state officers

 acting in their official capacities if the complaint alleges an ongoing violation of

 federal law and the plaintiff seeks prospective relief.” Muscogee (Creek) Nation v.

 Pruitt, 669 F.3d 1159, 1166 (10th Cir. 2012). We are not persuaded.

        “[A] transferred prisoner’s challenge to system-wide policies is moot where

 he seeks equitable relief and only sues prison officials at the transferor institution—

 that is, the institution where he was formerly incarcerated.” Jordan, 654 F.3d

 at 1028–29. Because Mr. Norton did not seek “relief on a system-wide basis against

 the [UDOC] . . . or its director” but only against the Dentists and the ten John Doe

 defendants at CUCF, he “has not sued defendants who are actually situated to

 effectuate any prospective relief that this court might afford him” after his transfer to

 USCF. Id. at 1029–30.2

       2
         In his reply brief, Mr. Norton argues that some of the John Doe defendants
 “may be the directors of prisons and [a] prison dental director,” Aplt. Reply Br. at 2,
 “who were following [the alleged] system-wide prison policy, custom, or practice” he
 challenged, id. at 7, and “are merely placeholders in their official capacities for
 [UDOC] officials who will actually be subject to the injunction,” id. at 8. He further
 argues that the district court should have allowed him to amend his complaint “to
 name Doe defendants responsible for telling or allowing [UDOC] dentists to pull as
 many teeth as possible,” id. at 9 (internal quotation marks omitted), and that on
 remand, we should instruct the district court to grant him leave to amend. In support
 of these arguments, he has attached to his reply brief copies of a currently pending
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        The fact that Mr. Norton sought prospective injunctive relief from the Dentists

 and John Doe defendants in their official capacities does not lead to a different

 conclusion. Generally, “when a suit is brought against state officials in their official

 capacities, the real party in interest in the case is the state, and the state may raise the

 defense of sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment.” Branson Sch. Dist.

 RE-82 v. Romer, 161 F.3d 619, 631 (10th Cir. 1998). But this rule has an important

 exception applicable here: “[A] suit against a state official in his or her official

 capacity seeking prospective injunctive relief is not considered a suit against the state

 for Eleventh Amendment purposes.” Id. (emphasis added). Thus, “official-capacity

 actions for prospective relief are not treated as actions against the State.” Will v.

 Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 n.10 (1989) (internal quotation marks

 omitted) (citing, among other authorities, Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. at 159–60);

 motion for leave to file an amended complaint and a proposed amended complaint
 that he tendered to the district court long after the court denied his motion for a
 preliminary injunction.
        Mr. Norton did not raise these arguments in his opening brief. “We generally
 do not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.” Sierra Club v.
 Okla. Gas & Elec. Co., 816 F.3d 666, 676 n.9 (10th Cir. 2016). We decline to do so
 here. Although Mr. Norton’s proposed amended complaint names the UDOC’s
 Executive Director and Dental Director as defendants, “[w]e generally limit our
 review on appeal to the record that was before the district court when it made its
 decision,” Regan-Touhy v. Walgreen Co., 526 F.3d 641, 648 (10th Cir. 2008). And
 nothing in that record fairly alerted the district court that the UDOC’s Executive
 Director or Dental Director might be among the ten John Doe defendants Mr. Norton
 identified in his complaint, who allegedly impeded his attempts to schedule
 appointments, thereby furthering the alleged policy, custom, or practice he
 challenged.
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 see also Williams v. Utah Dep’t of Corr., 928 F.3d 1209, 1214 (10th Cir. 2019)

 (“[T]he Ex parte Young exception . . . applies only to individual defendants.”).

       Under this framework, Mr. Norton’s claim for prospective injunctive relief

 against the Dentists and John Doe defendants in their official capacities cannot be

 treated as a claim against the State of Utah. Nor could it be treated as a claim against

 the UDOC because the UDOC is an arm of the State of Utah. See Utah Stat. Ann.

 § 64-13-2 (creating the UDOC as “the state authority for corrections”); Wagoner

 Cnty. Rural Water Dist. No. 2 v. Grand River Dam Auth., 577 F.3d 1255, 1258

 (10th Cir. 2009) (“The Eleventh Amendment is a jurisdictional bar that precludes

 unconsented suits in federal court against a state and arms of the state.” (emphasis

 added)). It can only be treated as an official-capacity claim against the Dentists and

 the John Doe defendants. And as we have already explained, they cannot provide

 Mr. Norton the prospective injunctive relief he seeks because he is no longer

 incarcerated at CUCF.

       Taking a different tack, Mr. Norton contends that his request for a preliminary

 injunction is not moot because, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), “any

 dentist at USCF” could be substituted in his or her official capacity for Dr. White,

 who, as the district court noted, has left the CUCF. Aplt. Opening Br. at 20. In

 relevant part, Rule 25(d) provides: “An action does not abate when a public officer

 who is a party in an official capacity dies, resigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office

 while the action is pending. The officer’s successor is automatically substituted as a

 party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d) (emphasis added). Mr. Norton, however, offers no

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 authority that Rule 25(d) applies in the circumstances here. And relevant authority

 appears to be to the contrary. See Steffen v. Bunnell, No. 94-15226, 1995 WL

 317034, at *2 (9th Cir. May 23, 1995) (unpublished) (concluding, in a § 1983 action

 seeking injunctive relief based on a conditions-of-confinement claim, that reliance on

 Rule 25(d) to avoid mootness was “unavailing” because “the named Defendants [had]

 not been succeeded by others: [Plaintiff had] simply transferred to a new prison run

 by different officials.”); Buck v. Young, No. 17-cv-00270, 2022 WL 510407, at *1–2

 (S.D. Ill. Feb. 21, 2022) (unpublished) (declining to substitute warden at transferee

 prison for named defendant-warden at transferor prison on official-capacity claims

 that included request for injunctive relief in the nature of medical care); Gray v.

 Ritter, No. CIV-11-1446, 2014 WL 37745, at *1, *7 (W.D. Okla. Jan. 6, 2014)

 (unpublished) (denying motion to substitute deceased prison employee’s successor in

 part because the employee (apparently a guard) “was not a public officer within the

 meaning of Rule 25(d)” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Spiteri v. Riverside

 Cnty., No. ED CV 11-00822, 2013 WL 1498917, at *2 n.1 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 13, 2013)

 (concluding that Rule 25(d) was inapplicable because sheriff’s deputy “did not hold

 public office”), report and recommendation adopted, No. ED CV 11-00822,

 2013 WL 1498915 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 10, 2013).

       Finally, Mr. Norton argues more generally that the district court abused its

 discretion by not explaining why his transfer mooted his motion for a preliminary

 injunction and not addressing the factors a movant must meet to obtain a preliminary

 injunction. But the court cited case law supporting its mootness determination, with

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 which we agree. And because Mr. Norton’s transfer mooted his motion for a

 preliminary injunction, it would have been improper for the district court to opine on

 the motion’s merits. See Lane v. Simon, 495 F.3d 1182, 1186 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[A]

 federal court has no power to give opinions upon moot questions . . . .”).

                                 IV. CONCLUSION

       We affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Norton’s motion for a preliminary

 injunction. We grant Mr. Norton’s motion to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis.

                                            Entered for the Court

                                            Harris L Hartz
                                            Circuit Judge

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