Court Opinion

ID: 9403378
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 22:03:30.121431+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:06.556919
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/16/23 P. v. Andaluz CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F083421
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                             (Super. Ct. No. TCF063801-00)
                    v.

 ANTONIO LOPEZ ANDALUZ,                                                                   OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Tulare County. Nathan G.
Leedy, Judge.
         C. Athena Roussos, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Julie A. Hokans, Jeffrey A.
White and Dina Petrushenko, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                         ooOoo-
                                      INTRODUCTION
       Appellant and defendant Antonio Lopez Andaluz was arrested on July 30, 2000,
for driving under the influence (DUI). He did not have a driver’s license. He identified
himself as “Antonio Lopez” and gave a birthdate. He was charged with two
misdemeanor DUI counts and released from custody. Appellant failed to appear at the
first hearing and a bench warrant was issued. Thereafter, a person named “Antonio
Lopez” was brought before the court. After a few hearings, the court and parties
determined that “Antonio Lopez” was not the same person arrested for the DUI offenses
on July 30, 2000.
       Appellant subsequently appeared in court, and an amended complaint was filed
that again charged him with two misdemeanor DUI counts, and added a new charge—a
felony violation of Penal Code section 530.5, subdivision (a), 1 identity theft, alleged to
have been committed on the day of his arrest. The identity theft charge was apparently
based on the allegation that appellant gave a false name and birthdate when he was
arrested for DUI on July 30, 2000, which erroneously led to “Antonio Lopez” being
brought into court.
       In 2003, appellant pleaded no contest to the felony charge of violating
section 530.5, subdivision (a) and one misdemeanor DUI count (Veh. Code, § 23152,
subd. (a)), and he was placed on probation. The court read the section 1016.5
immigration advisement at the plea hearing, and appellant stated he understood.
       In March 2020, appellant filed a motion to vacate his no contest plea pursuant to
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), based on his alleged prejudicial error about the
immigration consequences of his plea to felony identity theft. His motion also asserted
there was no factual basis to support his conviction for violating section 530.5,
subdivision (a), because he did not give a false name, and the conviction should be

1      All further statutory citations are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.

                                                2.
dismissed pursuant to section 1385. The superior court denied both motions, and found
appellant was ineligible for relief because he was still on probation in the identity theft
case and, thus, in custody within the meaning of section 1473.7, subdivision (a). In doing
so, the court found appellant may not have given a false name when he was arrested in
July 2000, but he committed identity theft by giving a false birthdate. 2
       In December 2020, after he was discharged from probation, appellant filed a
second motion to vacate pursuant to section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), and argued that
while the court read the section 1016.5 immigration advisement at the plea hearing in
2003, he did not meaningfully understand the immigration consequences of his plea to
identity theft. Appellant further argued his error was prejudicial because he was a legal
resident of the United States, and a conviction for violating section 530.5, subdivision (a),
was defined as a crime involving moral turpitude (CIMT) under federal immigration law,
it would prevent him from becoming a citizen, and it would result in his deportation. He
again separately argued there was no factual basis for his plea.
       The superior court denied appellant’s second motion and found it was not timely
under section 1473.7, subdivision (b), because he had not been served with a notice of
deportation, and also because section 530.5, subdivision (a), was not defined as an
offense subjecting him to adverse immigration consequences as required by
section 1473.7, subdivision (e)(1). The court’s ruling was based on Linares-Gonzalez v.
Lynch (2016) 823 F.3d 508 (Linares-Gonzalez), where the Ninth Circuit held a violation
of section 530.5, subdivision (a), was not a CIMT under federal immigration law and
would not trigger harsh immigration consequences. The court declined to address the
factual basis for his plea.

2       As will be discussed below, in July 2000, when appellant was alleged to have committed
the identity theft, the applicable version of section 530.5 did not include a person’s birthdate
within the definition of “‘[p]ersonal identifying information’” that could be used by a perpetrator
to violate the statute.

                                                3.
       On appeal, appellant argues his second motion to vacate was timely filed, his
supporting declaration established his prejudicial error about the immigration
consequences of his plea to violating section 530.5, subdivision (a), and his conviction
should be vacated.
       This court requested supplemental briefing from the parties. In response,
appellant asserts remand would be appropriate to (1) further develop his motion to vacate
based on the California Supreme Court’s opinions in People v. Vivar (2021) 11 Cal.5th
510 (Vivar) and People v. Espinoza (2023) 14 Cal.5th 311 (Espinoza), both of which
were decided after he filed his motions to vacate; and (2) as a separate matter, to consider
whether to file a motion to vacate based on section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2), that there
was newly discovered evidence that he was factually innocent of violating section 530.5,
subdivision (a), based on his claims about the alleged lack of a factual basis for his plea.
The People disagree and argue the superior court’s order denying relief should be
affirmed.
       We find appellant may have met his burden to establish his own subjective error
about the immigration consequences of his plea, but his supporting declaration was
insufficient as to the prejudicial impact of that error as required by Vivar and Espinoza.
In addition, appellant’s motion was timely under section 1473.7, subdivision (b), because
he was no longer in custody when he filed his second motion, but he failed to make the
showing required by section 1473.7, subdivision (e)(1), that his conviction “is currently
causing or has the potential to cause removal or the denial of an application for an
immigration benefit, lawful status, or naturalization” (ibid.), based upon the holding in
Linares-Gonzalez, that a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), is not a CIMT and it
did not have the potential to cause harsh immigration consequences. We further find
appellant’s motion to vacate should have been denied without prejudice to refiling his
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), motion if federal immigration law changes on the
interpretation of a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a).

                                              4.
       As a separate matter, we agree with appellant the instant matter should be
remanded for further proceedings for appellant to consider whether to file a motion to
vacate based on his claim about the alleged absence of a factual basis for his plea,
pursuant to section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2), that requires the moving party to establish
there is “[n]ewly discovered evidence” of his actual innocence of violating section 530.5,
subdivision (a), as the statute read at the time he was alleged to have committed the
offense in 2000.
                      APPELLANT’S PLEA IN CASE NO. 0063801
       We begin with the circumstances that resulted in appellant’s pleas and convictions
in Tulare Superior Court case No. 0063801 (case No. 0063801), where he was charged
with DUI offenses, a person other than appellant initially appeared before the court, and
how that led to appellant’s conviction for committing identity theft in violation of
section 530.5, subdivision (a).
Deputy Garcia’s Crime Report
       The following account of appellant’s arrest is from a crime report filed by Tulare
County Sheriff’s Deputy Garcia, dated July 31, 2000. 3

3       On appeal, appellant requested this court take judicial notice of Deputy Garcia’s crime
report about his DUI arrest on July 30, 2000. Appellant argued the report was relevant because
the court and parties stipulated to the police report as stating the factual basis for his plea. The
People opposed this request and argued the report was not subject to judicial notice because it
stated disputed facts, it was not before the superior court when it denied appellant’s motion to
vacate, and it is not relevant to the instant appeal.
        Appellant submitted a reply to the People’s opposition, which we received and now order
filed. In reply, appellant noted the People acknowledged the factual basis for his plea was based
on the police reports, and the factual statement in the People’s appellate brief was taken from the
probation report, which in turn quoted the police reports.
        We grant appellant’s request and take judicial notice of Deputy Garcia’s crime report
dated July 31, 2000. We do so only for purposes of showing the background for his arrest, since
the court and parties stipulated to the police report as stating the factual basis for his plea in
2003. We are not taking judicial notice of the contents of the report for the truth of the matter
stated therein, or to resolve any disputed factual issues in this appeal.

                                                 5.
       At 3:40 a.m. on July 30, 2000, Deputy Garcia performed a traffic stop on a blue
Dodge van on Road 144 in Earlimart because the van was weaving around, crossing the
centerline, and driving on the dirt shoulder. When Garcia approached the driver’s
window, he smelled the strong odor of alcohol from the driver. The driver had red,
watery eyes, spoke with slurred speech, and got out of the vehicle with an unsteady gait.
       It is undisputed that appellant Antonio Lopez Andaluz was the person driving the
van that night.
       The crime report stated the driver was identified as “Antonio Lopez,” born on
January 15, 1965, with an address at an apartment on South Albany Street in Delano. He
did not have a driver’s license or identification. The vehicle was registered to “Joyce
Andaluz” at the same South Albany address in Delano.
       Deputy Garcia detained appellant for suspicion of DUI. Appellant was transported
to the Pixley substation, where he was further evaluated and arrested for DUI.
Misdemenor Complaint
       On September 14, 2000, a misdemeanor complaint was filed in case No. 0063801,
charging appellant, identified as “ANTONIO LOPEZ,” with committing the following
misdemeanor offenses on July 30, 2000: count 1, driving under the influence (Veh.
Code, § 23152, subd. (a)), and count 2, driving with a blood-alcohol level of 0.08 percent
or greater (id., subd. (b)). The complaint did not state Lopez’s birthdate.
       On September 25, 2000, a minute order was filed that stated Antonio Lopez failed
to appear for the scheduled arraignment, and the court issued a bench warrant for his
arrest. The printed minute order did not state a birthdate for “Lopez,” but there was a
handwritten note in the caption next to the line “DOB” that stated “1/15/65,” which was
the birthdate stated in Deputy Garcia’s report.

                                             6.
Court Appearances By the Wrong Person
       On June 20, 2001, a minute order stated the court held a “WALK-IN” arraignment
in case No. 0063801, and Antonio Lopez was present in court. The minute order did not
state a birthdate for Lopez. The court recalled the bench warrant and appointed the
public defender to represent him. “Lopez” pleaded not guilty to the two misdemeanor
DUI counts, and he was released on his own recognizance (OR).
       On July 2, 2001, the minute order stated Antonio Lopez was present in court for
the pretrial conference with his counsel, and the matter was continued. The minute order
did not state a birthdate for Lopez, who remained on OR release.
Hearings on Identity Issue
       At some point, the court and the parties realized the Antonio Lopez who appeared
in court was not the person arrested for DUI on July 30, 2000.
       On July 16, 2001, the minute order for the scheduled pretrial conference stated
Antonio Lopez was present with his counsel. The hearing was continued with the
following note: “[G]et Booking Photo.” The minute order did not state a birthdate for
Lopez, who remained on OR release.
       On July 30, 2001, the court convened a hearing on the identity of the person
charged in case No. 0063801. Antonio Lopez was present with his attorney. The
prosecutor had a booking photograph of the person who was arrested and charged in the
case. Mr. Lopez looked at the photograph and stated: “That ain’t me. I know that
person. I worked with that person before in Delano,” and that person “works at the same
factory where I used to work at, the orange factory.”
       The court asked Mr. Lopez if someone was using his name. Mr. Lopez replied:
“Yes. Because I don’t drive the vehicle that was described in the police report. I don’t
drive that. And that is certainly not me, my picture. I know that person. I worked with
that person before.”

                                            7.
       The court ordered the prosecutor to determine the actual party’s true name and to
amend the complaint to identify that party.
       On August 6, 2001, the court found Mr. Lopez was not the person charged with
the DUI counts in case No. 0063801, and removed the matter from the calendar. The
court ordered the prosecutor to return the matter to the calendar after the complaint was
amended with the actual party’s true name.
       The minute order for this hearing stated: “This is not the [c]orrect def[endant].”
The minute order did not state birthdates for either Mr. Lopez or the person who was
previously arrested on the DUI charges.
Amended Misdemeanor and Felony Complaints
       From this point forward, there is no dispute that appellant Antonio Lopez Andaluz
was the person charged in the amended complaints and who appeared in all subsequent
court hearings.
       On August 8, 2001, an amended complaint was filed in case No. 0063801 against
appellant, identified as “Antonio Lopez Andaluz [¶] AKA: Also uses DOB 10/16/67 [¶]
AKA: Antonio Lopez” (full capitalization omitted). At the top of the caption, there was
a handwritten notation that stated the birthdate of “1/16/1967.” These birthdates were
different from the one listed in Deputy Garcia’s crime report.
       The complaint alleged appellant committed three misdemeanor offenses on
July 30, 2000, when Deputy Garcia conducted the traffic stop of his vehicle: a new
count 1, misdemeanor identity theft in violation of section 530.5, that he “willfully and
unlawfully obtain[ed] personal identifying information on ANTONIO LOPEZ without
HIS authorization and used that information to obtain, and attempt to obtain, credit,
goods and services in the name of ANTONIO LOPEZ without consent,” and counts 2
and 3, the two misdemeanor DUI charges.
       On the same day, a declaration was filed in support of obtaining an arrest warrant
for “ANTONIO LOPEZ ANDALUZ,” stating he was born on January 16, 1967, and

                                              8.
there was probable cause to believe he committed the three misdemeanor offenses alleged
in the amended complaint. The declaration stated it was based on “official law
enforcement reports prepared regarding the matter,” these reports contained a
“description of the accused,” and that these reports were attached to the declaration.4
       On August 13, 2001, an amended felony complaint was filed against appellant,
identified with the same “AKA[s]” and birthdate allegations as in the amended
misdemeanor complaint. Appellant was again alleged to have committed the same three
offenses, but count 1 now alleged a felony violation of section 530.5, identity theft, with
the same two misdemeanor DUI charges in counts 2 and 3 (Veh. Code, § 23152,
subds. (a), (b)).5
                               PLEA AND SENTENCING
       On April 15, 2003, appellant appeared for a plea hearing with his attorney, J.W.
Harrott, and an interpreter. The minute order stated appellant’s birthdate was January 16,
1967. Neither the court nor the parties addressed the identification issue or asked
appellant to confirm his birthdate. Defense counsel advised the court that appellant
would enter pleas in four pending cases.

4      The instant record does not contain the law enforcement reports that were allegedly
attached to the declaration.
5       The amended complaint that added the identity theft charge alleged appellant
violated section “530.5” without specifying which subdivision of that statute he violated.
The operative version of section 530.5 on July 30, 2000, when appellant allegedly
committed the offense, defined a substantive offense only in subdivision (a): “Every
person who willfully obtains personal identifying information, as defined in
subdivision (b), of another person without the authorization of that person, and uses that
information for any unlawful purpose, including to obtain, or attempt to obtain, credit,
goods, services, or medical information in the name of the other person without the
consent of that person is guilty of a public offense” punishable as a felony or a
misdemeanor.” (Stats. 1998, ch. 488, § 1, p. 3531, italics added (Sen. Bill No. 1374
(1997–1998 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 1374 or Sen. Bill 1374)).) Subdivision (b) of
section 530.5 defined “‘[p]ersonal identifying information’” to include a person’s name,
address, and other information, but did not include a person’s birthdate within that
definition.

                                               9.
       The court asked appellant if he discussed the charges and possible defenses with
his attorney, gave his attorney all the information about the charges, and he was satisfied
with his attorney; appellant said yes. The court advised appellant of his constitutional
rights, and appellant stated he understood and waived those rights. The court advised
appellant about the consequences of his plea, including the advisement required by
section 1016.5:
       “If you are not a citizen of the United States, your plea of guilty or no contest
could result in your being deported from the United States, denied readmission,
naturalization and permanent residency.” (Italics added.)
       In response to the court’s questions, both parties agreed the police reports stated
the factual basis for appellant’s pleas. The court asked defense counsel if he had
sufficient time to discuss the pending cases with appellant and advised him of his
constitutional rights, the nature of the charges, and the consequences of his pleas.
Counsel said yes, and that appellant understood his rights and the consequences.
       In case No. 0063801, appellant pleaded no contest to count 1, felony identity theft
in violation of section 530.5, that he “willfully and unlawfully obtained personal
identifying information on Antonio Lopez without his authorization and used that
information to obtain or attempt to obtain credit, goods and services in his name without
his consent,” and count 2, misdemeanor DUI; the court dismissed the remaining DUI
count in the interests of justice.6
       The court stated there would be a sentencing lid of 180 days for the four cases, and
referred the matter to the probation department.

6      In three unrelated cases, appellant entered pleas for the misdemeanor offenses of DUI,
driving on a suspended license, and being drunk in public.

                                              10.
The Probation Report7
       On November 4, 2003, the probation report was filed in anticipation of appellant’s
sentencing hearing. Appellant was identified as “Antonio Lopez Andaluz,” with
birthdates of January 16, 1967, and January 15, 1965, and an address on 10th Avenue in
Delano. Appellant stated he had lived at that address, off and on, for the past four years.
He was born in Mexico and a permanent resident of the United States.
       The probation report stated the following factual summary for appellant’s pleas.
“Reports of the Tulare County Sheriff’s Department indicate on July 30, 2000 at
3:40 a.m., they initiated a traffic stop on [appellant’s] vehicle due to him weaving across
the center line. [¶] Contact was made with the driver of the vehicle who identified
himself as Antonio Lopez and stated he did not have any identification on his person.
Officers detected an odor of alcoholic beverage coming from inside the van and observed
[appellant] to display symptoms of being under the influence of alcohol. [Appellant]
submitted a breath test which returned positive for 17% blood alcohol level. [Appellant]
was booked into Tulare County Jail. [¶] Through investigation, it was discovered
[appellant] had given the name and address of another person upon his arrest.” (Italics
added.)
       The probation report further stated: “[Appellant] stated he did not have any
identification on his person and gave the name and address of Antonio Lopez. Through
investigation, it was determined this was a different Antonio Lopez and [appellant’s] real
name was Antonio Lopez Andaluz with a different address and date of birth than he had
given officers.” (Italics added.)

7       When the superior court denied appellant’s motion to vacate, it stated it had reviewed the
probation report and the police reports from appellant’s arrest. In this appeal, both parties have
cited and quoted from the probation report in their briefs.
       We summarize the probation report only for purpose of showing the background leading
to appellant’s plea and sentence, and the court’s reliance on the information to address
appellant’s motion to vacate, and not for the truth of the matter of any statements therein.

                                               11.
       Appellant said he was born in Mexico, and lived in the United States for the past
19 years. Appellant’s brother lived in Earlimart, and his parents and other siblings lived
in Mexico. For the past four years, appellant worked seasonally for Trident Seafoods
Corporation of Seattle, and earned $7.35 an hour.
       The “Personal History” section of the probation report stated appellant married
Joyce Nunez in 1993, and they had been separated since 1998. Appellant had a 16-year-
old daughter with another woman, and paid child support. 8
       The probation report stated appellant’s prior convictions were misdemeanor DUI
in 1991; misdemeanor being a person under 21 years old in a bar in 1995 (Bus. & Prof.
Code, § 25665); felony possession of a controlled substance in 1996 (Health & Saf.
Code, § 11350, subd. (a)); and misdemeanor driving with a blood alcohol level of
0.08 percent or above in 1996 (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (b)). He was placed on
probation in those cases. In November 1996, appellant was charged with committed
offenses in two separate cases that resulted in probation violations in his prior cases. In
1999, he failed to appear and a bench warrant was issued. In January 2001, the bench
warrants were recalled. In September 2001, he again failed to appear. On April 1, 2003,
the bench warrants were again recalled.
Sentencing
       On December 15, 2003, the court held the sentencing hearing for appellant’s
convictions in case No. 0063801 and the three unrelated cases. Appellant appeared with
counsel and an interpreter. According to the minute order, appellant’s birthdate was
January 16, 1967, but the court did not ask appellant or his attorney to confirm his
birthdate.

8     The probation report’s factual summary is different from Deputy Garcia’s crime report.
According to Deputy Garcia’s crime report, appellant was driving a van registered to Joyce
Andaluz on South Albany Street in Delano, and gave the same address for himself.

                                             12.
       The court placed appellant on probation for three years for the four cases, subject
to certain terms and conditions, including service of 180 days in jail and payment of fines
and fees. Appellant was remanded into custody.
Probation Violations
       After his release from custody in 2003, appellant failed to report to the probation
officer, attend AA/NA classes, and pay fines as ordered . In 2005, an arrest warrant was
issued, and a petition was filed alleging that he violated probation in case No. 0063801.
       In 2019, appellant finally appeared in court for the probation violations. The 2019
minute orders identified appellant’s birthdate as January 16, 1967. Appellant was
released on bail and the matter was repeatedly continued.
                    APPELLANT’S FIRST MOTION TO VACATE
       On March 20, 2020, while the probation violations were pending, appellant filed a
motion pursuant to section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), to vacate his plea and felony
conviction for violating section 530.5, identity theft, in case No. 0063801.9 Appellant
was represented by John Dulcich, a different attorney than the person who represented
him at the 2003 plea hearing. Mr. Dulcich represented appellant for the rest of the
proceedings before the superior court.
       Appellant’s motion stated his plea for felony identity theft must be vacated
because his trial attorney was prejudicially ineffective for failing to investigate and advise
him about the immigration consequences from his plea to violating section 530.5, and
failing to negotiate for an alternative and less harmful disposition, and the court’s
section 1016.5 immigration advisements at the plea hearing were insufficient.

9       Section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), states a party who is not in custody may bring a
motion to vacate because “The conviction or sentence is legally invalid due to prejudicial error
damaging the moving party’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly
accept the actual or potential adverse immigration consequences of a conviction or sentence. A
finding of legal invalidity may, but need not, include a finding of ineffective assistance of
counsel.”

                                               13.
       Appellant’s motion also asserted his trial counsel was prejudicially ineffective for
failing to defend against “the misidentification of the person previously appearing in the
matter, as [appellant]” that resulted in his plea to violating section 530.5. Appellant
argued he was charged with felony identity theft as “the result of the misidentification of
the person previously appearing in the matter, as [appellant]. However, this does not
amount to the required elements of the charge [of violating] § 530.5.”
       The motion further stated that “a person other than [appellant] was before the
Court on August 06, 2001, instead of [appellant] in this matter. It is unclear how the
other person appeared before the Court, but nonetheless, that person was released from
further court proceedings based on photo identification.” (Italics added.) Appellant
asserted there was no factual basis to support his plea to violating section 530.5, because
the crime report stated he did not present any identification at the time of his arrest.
Appellant’s Supporting Declaration
       In a sworn declaration filed in support of his motion, appellant stated he was a
permanent resident alien, he had legally been in the United States for 30 years, and he
intended to apply for citizenship. His felony conviction for violating section 530.5 would
prevent his naturalization and subject him to deportation. Appellant further declared his
attorney did not inform him that the plea would result in his deportation, he would not
have entered the plea if he had been so advised, he would have tried to negotiate a plea to
another offense or gone to trial, and he did not understand the superior court’s
immigration advisement at the plea hearing.
       Appellant’s declaration did not address his birthdate, probationary status, any
details about his current immigration status, or facts about his life before or after entering
his plea in 2003. His motion did not cite any legal authorities for why his conviction
would result in immigration consequences, and did not file any additional supporting
exhibits.

                                             14.
The People’s Opposition
       On March 18, 2020, the People filed opposition to appellant’s motion, and argued
appellant was fully advised of the immigration consequences when the court read the
section 1016.5 admonishments at the plea hearing, and the plea transcript showed that
both appellant and his attorney said they had sufficient time to discuss the charges, the
plea, and the consequences.
Appellant’s Section 1385 Motion
       On May 26, 2020, appellant filed an informal request for the court to dismiss his
section 530.5 conviction in the interests of justice pursuant to section 1385, because he
was factually innocent and there was no factual basis for the identity theft charge.
The Court’s Hearing on Appellant’s Motions
       On August 4, 2020, the superior court held a hearing on appellant’s motions.
Appellant was present with Mr. Dulcich and an interpreter. Neither party called any
witnesses. The court read the pleadings and invited arguments. The People submitted on
its opposition.
       Appellant’s counsel acknowledged the motion to vacate might be premature
because appellant was still on probation in case No. 0063801 and in “custody.”
Nevertheless, counsel argued there was no factual basis for appellant’s plea to violating
section 530.5, because appellant identified himself as “Antonio Lopez” when he was
arrested for the DUI. Counsel asserted the People’s argument that he failed to give his
correct surname was culturally insensitive because the police report showed appellant
identified himself as Hispanic.

              “[Appellant] did give a surname. Lopez is the paternal name
       according to his culture. Andaluz would be his mother’s name.… [¶] I
       cannot see how by using the name Antonio Lopez he can be guilty of using
       someone else’s identity…. I’m dumbfounded of why in the world he
       would have entered a plea in this case other than misadvice by his counsel
       or simply to get out of jail soon type of deal.”

                                            15.
       Appellant’s counsel argued a felony conviction would have a great impact on
appellant’s ability to adjust his immigration status, but did not offer any legal authorities
to support this argument.
       The court’s denial of the motions
       The court asked appellant’s counsel if it could review the police reports to address
his motions, and counsel said yes. The court also reviewed the probation report prepared
at the time of appellant’s plea in 2003, and the parties did not object.
       The court denied appellant’s motion to vacate without prejudice, because he was
still on probation and not out of custody as required by section 1473.7, subdivision (a).
The court also denied appellant’s section 1385 motion to dismiss his section 530.5
conviction and made several findings.

       “I will note first off that there is an inherent difficulty in determining
       exactly what happened here given the age of this case. This is from an
       arrest some 20 years ago. Court proceedings took a couple of years. It
       looks like at some point the wrong defendant was hailed into court based on
       the arrest warrant, but what I can gather is that [appellant] was arrested, at
       which point he provided a date of birth of January 16th of 1965 to the
       officer who pulled him over and the name Antonio Lopez. He didn't appear
       in court pursuant to the initial citation.

               “Then somebody else apparently was arrested based on the warrant
       that was issued for the failure to appear. There was some proceedings for
       this other individual before it was determined that he was not, in fact, the
       person that was subject of the arrest in the complaint. Thereafter, a new
       warrant and a new amended complaint was filed which included the name
       Antonio Lopez Andaluz.

               “The warrant and the complaint now specified that the defendant
       also used the date of birth 10/16 of 1967. In the probation report, it
       indicates that [appellant’s] date of birth is either January 16th of 1967 or
       January 15th of 1965. So by my count, I have three or four different dates
       of birth involved here.

              “[Appellant] was represented by counsel at the time of the change of
       plea. It appears based on the judge’s notes that he resolved a number of

                                             16.
       cases all at the same time, including the matter that’s before the court, case
       ending in 801.

               “There was another case for driving on a suspended license, another
       public intoxication case and then another DUI case where two priors were
       alleged. The global resolution was the 180 days that was imposed
       apparently in this matter, including the felony what I’ll refer to as an ID
       theft charge.

              “So it appears to me that there is more going on here than just the
       use of a name that is not complete.

               “I agree with [appellant’s counsel], it’s been my experience that it's
       common for there to be confusion about what someone’s last name is. In
       the Hispanic community, it’s common to have individuals state essentially
       two last names, one that comes from their mother, one that comes from
       their father. I’ve seen that result in mix-ups in the past. If that was all
       there was here, that would certainly be problematic, but it appears to me
       there was also the issue of different dates of birth to be provided. [¶] … [¶]

               “There were other cases where [appellant] had prior convictions for
       DUIs that did not make it into the complaint in this case. [¶] So based
       upon the limited information that I have here, the fact he was represented
       by counsel at the time of his change of plea, I’m not willing to go back and
       make an adjudication on these limited facts, that there was a miscarriage of
       justice, that there was no factual basis for the change of plea.” (Italics
       added.)
       Appellant’s counsel replied there was no factual basis to support a violation of
section 530.5 because the statute requires some sort of financial gain, and he should have
been charged under other misdemeanor criminal statutes that prohibited giving a false
name or false identification.
       The court stated appellant’s arguments were not persuasive because “if you use
somebody else’s personal identifying information, including their date of birth, that—for
an unlawful purpose, i.e., to avoid arrest or to avoid the discovery of prior convictions for
a DUI, that that can result in liability for identity theft under … Section 530.5[,
subdivision ](a).” (Italics added.) The court found there was “the use of a[n] inaccurate

                                             17.
date of birth that apparently belongs to somebody else that resulted in somebody else
getting arrested on a warrant, brought into court.” (Italics added.)
       Appellant’s counsel asserted there was no police report, investigation, or evidence
in the record to factually establish the birthdate: “We don’t know whether or not
[appellant] knows his birthdate…. There’s nothing in these records that show an
establishment of those prima facie facts. One, it’s factually established it is his name. [¶]
Now, if we’re hanging our hat on a birthdate, and that birthdate now springs to a felony
and there’s nothing to establish that that’s not his birthdate or that he knows what his
birthdate is … I think it’s an injustice here. [¶] This does not make sense to me either
legally, morally or ethically that someone can get convicted of a felony based on nothing
of establishing those facts as being true.”
       Appellant’s counsel stated that appellant’s full name was “Antonio Lopez
Andaluz,” he identified himself as “Antonio Lopez” when he was arrested , and “[t]here’s
no facts establishing someone else’s birthdate, none. That’s the problem in this case, and
taking it to the level of unlawful purpose to a felony level, I think it’s a miscarriage of
justice.”
       The court rejected the arguments of appellant’s counsel.

       “[Appellant has] been convicted of a felony based upon his own plea, and
       we’re not here for a trial today. We’re here because there’s a violation of
       probation proceeding because after your client entered a plea with the
       assistance of counsel, and he didn’t comply with probation and has only
       raised this now, some 20 years later when he’s facing violation of probation
       proceedings.

              “So at this point, we’re not at a stage where the People are obligated
       to prove all of these elements beyond a reasonable doubt to my satisfaction.
       It’s your invitation for me to overturn a judgment in the interests of justice,
       and I don’t see that that would be in the interests of justice here because as I
       read this file, there’s a plausible interpretation that leads me to think there
       was a factual basis for him to enter that plea, specifically, that he didn’t
       provide his complete name and provided a false date of birth which led to

                                              18.
       prior DUI convictions being overlooked in the filing of the complaint and a
       different individual being arrested on a warrant instead of [appellant].

               “Now, there could be a situation in which more facts were elicited in
       court, witnesses testified, and I could be convicted otherwise, but that’s not
       what I see here today, and that’s not the procedural posture we are in.”
       (Italics added.)10
       The court addressed appellant’s pending probation violation in case No. 0063801,
and stated if appellant admitted the allegations, he would be reinstated on probation, and
the court would “let it naturally expire on its own given the age of the case, unless there
is some information relevant to what he’s been up to in the last 15 years that would weigh
in favor of a different outcome.”
       Appellant admitted he violated probation in case No. 0063801, the court reinstated
him on probation subject to the original terms, and then discharged him from probation.
                  APPELLANT’S SECOND MOTION TO VACATE
       The instant appeal is from the denial of appellant’s second motion to vacate his
plea to violating section 530.5, subdivision (a). On December 10, 2020, appellant filed
his second motion pursuant to section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), and again alleged that
he did not meaningfully understand the immigration consequences of his plea and the
error was prejudicial.
       Appellant’s arguments in his second motion were virtually identical to the
contentions raised in his first motion—that section 530.5 was a deportable offense
because it was a CIMT under federal immigration law; his felony conviction made him
subject to deportation; and his second motion to vacate was timely filed because he was

10      In denying appellant’s first motion to vacate, the court effectively found that appellant
violated section 530.5 by giving a false birthdate. The relevance of this finding will be discussed
in part VII. of the Discussion, because the version of section 530.5 that was operative when
appellant allegedly committed the offense on July 30, 2000, did not define a birthdate as
“‘[p]ersonal identifying information’” to support a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a).

                                               19.
no longer imprisoned, restrained, or in custody, since he was discharged from probation
and he had not “yet received a final order of removal.”
       Appellant again raised the separate issue that there was no factual basis for his
plea to identity theft, and plea counsel was prejudicially ineffective for failing to defend
against the “misidentification of the person previously appearing in the matter as
[appellant.]”
Appellant’s Supporting Declaration
       Appellant’s supporting declaration was also virtually identical to the declaration
filed with his first petition—that he was a permanent resident alien, he had legally been in
the United States for 30 years, he intended to apply for citizenship and his probation had
been terminated; but his felony conviction would prevent his naturalization and subject
him to deportation proceedings. Appellant again declared his attorney did not inform him
of the immigration consequences of his plea, he would not have entered the plea if he had
known of these consequences, he would have tried to negotiate a plea to a nondeportable
offense or go to trial, he was not given the opportunity to consult with an immigration
attorney, he did not understand the court’s immigration advisements at the plea hearing,
and he was never advised of the elements necessary to prove a violation of section 530.5.
       Appellant’s declaration did not address his birthdate or the nature of his life before
or after he entered his plea in 2003. Appellant did not submit any additional declarations
or documentary evidence in support of his motion, and his motion did not cite any legal
authorities to support his arguments about the immigration consequences of his plea.
The People’s Opposition
       On April 1, 2021, the People filed opposition, and summarized the court’s findings
when it denied appellant’s first motion to vacate and dismiss. The People argued
appellant’s second motion and declaration again failed to satisfy his burden of proof
under section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), and there was no contemporaneous evidence to
support his assertions that he did not meaningfully understand the immigration

                                             20.
consequences of his plea since the court gave the section 1016.5 advisements at the plea
hearing. The People also argued there was no evidence to undermine the factual basis for
his plea, and suggested his arguments should have been made in a motion to vacate
brought pursuant to section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2).11
Appellant’s Supplemental Authorities
       On or about July 16, 2021, appellant filed supplemental authorities and argued his
motion was timely, even though he had not received a deportation notice, because his
felony violation of section 530.5 was a CIMT and a deportable offense under federal
immigration law.
       Appellant’s new supporting declaration stated he was a permanent resident of the
United States, he was seeking citizenship, he was erroneously convicted in section 530.5
“of a moral turpitude crime, which I did not commit,” and he had not yet received a
notice of any deportation or removal proceedings.
The People’s Supplemental Opposition
       On July 31, 2021, the People’s supplemental opposition addressed the
circumstances of the traffic stop that led to appellant’s arrest for driving under the
influence.
       The People argued appellant violated section 530.5 at the time of the traffic stop
because when officers asked for his driver’s license, appellant said he did not have one,
he gave the name “ANTONIO LOPEZ,” and he “willfully provided law enforcement
with a false and misleading name by failing to advise of the surname ‘ANDALUZ.’”

11      Section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2) states that a person “no longer in criminal custody may
file a motion to vacate a conviction or sentence” when there is “[n]ewly discovered evidence of
actual innocence .…”
       Despite the People’s suggestion, appellant never filed a motion under
section 1473.7,subdivision (a)(2). As will be discussed in part VII. of the Discussion, appellant’s
supplemental briefing on appeal argues the matter should be remanded so he can raise his
challenges about the alleged lack of a factual basis for his plea in a motion based upon
subdivision (a)(2).

                                               21.
       The People further argued that a violation of section 530.5 did not require use of
personal identifying information for appellant to “personate another individual” or use
the identification for an unlawful purpose, and “the fact that [appellant] used another
individual[’]s name is sufficient.”
       The People asserted appellant “continued to use this name throughout the DUI
investigation. At no point during his contact with law enforcement did [he] advise
officers that his surname was ‘ANDALUZ,’” and when he was released from custody,
“he allowed another individual by the name ‘ANTONIO LOPEZ’ to appear for several
months into the case before he realized this was the wrong Defendant,” and there was no
evidence Antonio Lopez consented to the use of his name. (Italics added.
       The People’s arguments cited to police reports about the case, but did not file
these reports or any declarations as supporting exhibits to the opposition.12
The Court’s Hearing on Appellant’s Second Motion
       On August 13, 2021, Judge Leedy, who denied appellant’s first motion, held a
hearing on appellant’s second section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), motion to vacate his
section 530.5 conviction. Appellant and his attorney, Mr. Dulcich, appeared via
teleconference. The parties did not call any witnesses or introduce evidence at the
hearing, and the court heard arguments from both sides.
       The court asked whether appellant’s section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), motion
was premature since appellant had not received a deportation notice. Appellant’s counsel

12       As explained above, we have granted appellant’s request to take judicial notice of Deputy
Garcia’s crime report, and have also cited the factual summary from the probation report that
states it was taken from police reports. These summaries have not been ju dicially noticed for the
truth of the matter stated therein, but constitute the sole information in this record about
appellant’s arrest and the identity theft charge.
        The record is silent about how or why Antonio Lopez was brought to court, appellant’s
true birthdate, or whether appellant was involved in or knew about the appearances of Antonio
Lopez at the initial hearings in his case.

                                               22.
argued that section 1473.7 did not require the moving party to wait until he received a
final deportation notice to file the motion.
       The court asked whether appellant’s conviction for violating section 530.5 was a
CIMT that subjected him to removal under federal immigration law. Defense counsel
argued identity theft, “by its very nature,” was a crime of moral turpitude. The district
attorney stated identity theft was a CIMT under state law, but he was not sure about
federal immigration law.13
       The court stated:

       “[Appellant’s] claiming he would be subject to deportation, but he’s not
       subject to any proceedings. [¶] This happened 17 or 18 years ago and
       nothing has apparently happened. It’s just not clear to me that this
       conviction has any negative impact on his immigration status. [¶] What I
       will do is take it under submission. I’m gonna [sic] look it up for myself
       and try to determine whether this is actually a crime of moral turpitude that
       would have a negative immigration impact, and I’ll just give you all a
       ruling in writing.”
       Appellant’s counsel asked the court to address his argument that there was no
factual basis to support his section 530.5 conviction, and plea counsel was prejudicially
ineffective for allowing appellant to enter his plea. Counsel continued:

              “I’ve asked various judicial officers to invoke [sections] 1384, 1385,
       simply dismiss this in the interests of justice, but I see nothing that would
       indicate that [appellant] used an identity of another person to obtain goods,
       services or other things using someone else’s name. [¶] I think what

13     While theft-related crimes are offenses of moral turpitude that are admissible to impeach
a witness’s credibility (People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 856, 932), the California Supreme
Court has clarified that a felony violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), is not a “theft”
offense even though the crime has been described as “‘identity theft.’” (People v. Jimenez
(2020) 9 Cal.5th 53, 58–59 (Jimenez).)
        As will be discussed below, the definition of a state criminal offense as one involving
moral turpitude for purposes of impeachment is not always the same as the definition under
federal immigration law. In addition, a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), has been held
not to define a CIMT under federal immigration law. (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d at
pp. 518–519.)

                                               23.
       happened, quite frankly, was that there was a misidentification of someone
       in the courtroom. It may have upset that particular judicial officer, and I
       believe [appellant] suffered the rap with that, but there’s nothing that shows
       he intentionally used somebody else’s name to gain anything. [¶] And this
       is a case that really should not have happened, and [appellant] now has a
       residency card. He doesn’t have citizenship, and it isn’t so much as a
       deportation issue but application for citizenship, and I think this is
       preventing him from obtaining that.”14
       The court replied the question under section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), was
whether appellant faced adverse immigration consequences from his plea to violating
section 530.5. The court stated it would research the immigration consequences, but it
did not have authority to “go back and make a determination that there was no basis for
his plea” since appellant was represented by counsel when he entered the plea.
Appellant’s counsel disagreed and stated the court had discretion to dismiss the
conviction because it was not supported by any facts.
       The court took the matter under submission.

14      In making this argument, defense counsel may have sought to renew his previou s motion
to dismiss appellant’s felony identity theft conviction in the interests of justice based on
section 1385, but the superior court lacked statutory authority to do so under that statute. “In
cases involving a request for dismissal of accusations or an information against a defendant after
the period of probation has ended, the Legislature has provided clear legislative direction that
the courts do not have authority under section 1385 to grant the requested relief. Section 1203.4
is the exclusive method by which a court can dismiss the conviction of a defendant who has
successfully completed probation.” (People v. Chavez (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 110, 122, italics
added.)
        There is no evidence that appellant filed a section 1203.4 petition for expungement and
dismissal of his identity theft conviction after he was discharged from probation in 2019. Even if
he did so, an expungement for rehabilitation purposes under section 1203.4 has no effect on the
federal immigration consequences of a conviction that subjects a person to mandatory removal,
with an exception that is not applicable here. (Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 522; People v.
Martinez (2013) 57 Cal.4th 555, 560; Lopez v. Sessions (9th Cir. 2018) 901 F.3d 1071, 1075.) In
contrast, a conviction vacated because of procedural or substantive infirmities does not remain
valid for immigration purposes. (People v. Camacho (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 998, 1005.)

                                               24.
The Court’s Denial of Appellant’s Motion
       On August 19, 2021, the court filed an order that denied appellant’s second motion
to vacate his identity theft conviction because there was “no indication that immigration
authorities have taken any action against [appellant] based on his conviction.”

               “[Appellant] has not established that the [section] 530.5 conviction
       is currently causing or has the potential to cause one of the adverse
       immigration consequences specified in [section] 1473.7[,
       subdivision ](e)(1). He has asserted, without authority, that a
       [section] 530.5 conviction qualifies as a crime of moral turpitude under
       federal law. He further cites 8 U.S.C. section 1182 as the code that
       classifies a person convicted of a crime of moral turpitude as an
       inadmissible alien. In Linares-Gonzalez v. Lynch (2016) 823 F.3d 508, the
       United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that identity theft
       convictions under [section] 530.5 are not crimes of moral turpitude for the
       purposes of federal immigration law.

              “There is no indication that [appellant] has suffered any adverse
       immigration consequences as a result of his conviction. To the contrary, he
       has apparently maintained his legal status for over 17 years since suffering
       the conviction. Contrary to his assertion, his conviction is not a crime of
       moral turpitude and therefore does not render him an inadmissible alien.
       He has not established that the conviction has the potential to cause any
       other negative immigration consequence, as required by section 1473.7,
       [subdivision ](e)(1).” (Italics added.)
       On October 8, 2021, appellant filed a notice of appeal.
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Appellant’s Motion to Vacate
       At appellant’s 2003 plea hearing, the court read to appellant the immigration
advisement required by section 1016.5—that “[i]f you are not a citizen of the United
States, your plea of guilty or no contest could result in your being deported from the
United States, denied readmission, naturalization and permanent residency.” Appellant
stated he understood the consequences of his plea. (Italics added.) The court fully
complied with section 1016.5, and his conviction cannot be vacated based on that statute.

                                            25.
       The California Supreme Court has held that section 1016.5’s generic advisements,
that deportation “may” occur, may be insufficient to mitigate a party’s prejudicial error to
meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept immigration consequences
from a plea that resulted in mandatory immigration consequences. (Vivar, supra, 11
Cal.5th at p. 533.)
       Appellant’s motion to vacate was filed pursuant to section 1473.7,
subdivision (a)(1), and he argued that even though the court advised him of the
immigration consequences of his plea as required by section 1016.5, he did not
meaningfully understand what the immigration advisement meant, and his error was
prejudicial because a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), was a CIMT within the
meaning of federal immigration law, he would not have entered his plea if he had known
his conviction prevent him from obtaining citizen or could result in his deportation, and
he would have negotiated for an immigration-neutral plea or gone to trial.
       We thus turn to the provisions of section 1473.7, subdivision (a), that states a
person who is “no longer in criminal custody may file a motion to vacate a conviction or
sentence” for the following reason.

              “The conviction or sentence is legally invalid due to prejudicial error
       damaging the moving party’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend
       against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse immigration
       consequences of a conviction or sentence. A finding of legal invalidity
       may, but need not, include a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.”
       (§ 1473.7, subd. (a)(1).)15
       Under this subdivision, “the trial court may set aside a conviction based on
counsel’s immigration advisement errors without a ‘“finding of ineffective assistance of

15       Section 1473.7 states two additional grounds where a person no longer in custody may
file a statutory motion to vacate – because there is “[n]ewly discovered evidence of actual
innocence,” or that a conviction or sentence was “sought, obtained, or imposed on the basis of
race, ethnicity, or national origin .…” (Id., subd. (a)(2), (a)(3).)
       In part VII. of the Discussion, post, we will address the possible application of
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2) to this case.

                                               26.
counsel.”’” (People v. Ruiz (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 1061, 1067.) “The court shall grant
the motion to vacate the conviction or sentence if the moving party establishes, by a
preponderance of the evidence, the existence of any of the grounds for relief specified in
subdivision (a). For a motion made pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a), the
moving party shall also establish that the conviction or sentence being challenged is
currently causing or has the potential to cause removal or the denial of an application
for an immigration benefit, lawful status, or naturalization.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (e)(1),
italics added.)16
       “To prevail under section 1473.7, a defendant must demonstrate that his
conviction is ‘legally invalid due to prejudicial error damaging [his or her] ability to
meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential
adverse immigration consequences of a conviction or sentence.’ [Citation.] The
defendant must first show that he did not meaningfully understand the immigration
consequences of his plea. Next, the defendant must show that his misunderstanding
constituted prejudicial error. ‘[P]rejudical error … means demonstrating a reasonable
probability that the defendant would have rejected the plea if the defendant had correctly
understood its actual or potential immigration consequences.’” (Espinoza, supra, 14
Cal.5th at p. 319; accord, Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 529.)
       In reviewing a section 1473.7 motion, “‘[a] “reasonable probability” “does not
mean more likely than not, but merely a reasonable chance, more than an abstract
possibility.” [Citation.]’” (People v. Soto (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 602, 610, cited with
approval in Espinoza, supra, 14 Cal.5th at pp. 321–322.)
       “Prejudicial error may result from ‘the moving party’s own mistake of law or
inability to understand the potential adverse immigration consequences of the plea.’

16     In parts IV. and VI., post, we will address the language of section 1473.7,
subdivision (e)(1), as it relates to the court’s findings about appellant’s motion.

                                               27.
[Citations.] At the heart of the prejudicial error analysis ‘is the mindset of the defendant
and what he or she understood—or didn’t understand—at the time the plea was taken.’”
(People v. Lopez (2022) 83 Cal.App.5th 698, 713–714, cited with approval in Espinoza,
supra, 14 Cal.5th at pp. 321–322.)
       “To determine whether there is a reasonable probability a defendant would have
rejected a plea offer if he had understood its immigration consequences, courts must
‘consider the totality of the circumstances.’ [Citation.] ‘Factors particularly relevant to
this inquiry include the defendant’s ties to the United States, the importance the
defendant placed on avoiding deportation, the defendant’s priorities in seeking a plea
bargain, and whether the defendant had reason to believe an immigration-neutral
negotiated disposition was possible.’ [Citations.] Also relevant are the defendant’s
probability of obtaining a more favorable outcome if he had rejected the plea, as well as
the difference between the bargained-for term and the likely term if he were convicted at
trial. [Citation.] These factors are not exhaustive, and no single type of evidence is a
prerequisite to relief.” (Espinoza, supra, 14 Cal.5th at pp. 320–321; accord, Vivar,
supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 529–530.)
       “Ties to the United States are an important factor in evaluating prejudicial error
under section 1473.7 because they shed light on a defendant’s immigration priorities.
[Citation.] ‘[W]hen long-standing noncitizen residents of this country are accused of
committing a crime, the most devastating consequence may not be a prison sentence, but
their removal and exclusion from the United States.’ [Citation.] Depending on the
strength of a defendant’s community ties, ‘the prospect of deportation’ may be ‘“an
integral part”’ or ‘“the most important part”’ of the defendant’s ‘calculus in responding to
certain criminal charges.’ [Citation.] Community ties may be established by length of
residence; immigration status; lack of connection to the country of origin; connections to
family, friends, or the community; work history or financial ties; or other forms of
attachment.” (Espinoza, supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 321, italics added.)

                                             28.
       “Another consideration is whether alternative, immigration-safe dispositions were
available at the time of the defendant’s plea. Factors relevant to this inquiry include the
defendant’s criminal record, the strength of the prosecution’s case, the seriousness of the
charges or whether the crimes involved sophistication, the district attorney’s charging
policies with respect to immigration consequences, and the existence of comparable
offenses without immigration consequences. [Citations.] These matters can be placed in
the record by either party.” (Espinoza, supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 323.)
       “[W]hile the probability of obtaining a more favorable result at trial may be one
factor a court considers in determining prejudice, it is not controlling or necessarily even
the most important factor courts consider. [Citations.] Indeed, the United States
Supreme Court has declared that where avoiding deportation was the deciding factor for a
defendant, there is a reasonable probability that such a defendant ‘would have rejected
any plea leading to deportation—even if it shaved off prison time—in favor of throwing a
“Hail Mary” at trial.’” (People v. Lopez, supra, 83 Cal.App.5th at pp. 714–715, quoting
Lee v. United States (2017) 582 U.S. 357, 367–368 [137 S.Ct. 1958, 1967].)
       “A defendant must provide ‘“‘objective evidence’”’ to corroborate factual
assertions. [Citation.] Objective evidence includes facts provided by declarations,
contemporaneous documentation of the defendant’s immigration concerns or interactions
with counsel, and evidence of the charges the defendant faced.” (Espinoza, supra, 14
Cal.5th at p. 321; accord, Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 530–531.) “Objective evidence
of a defendant’s community ties includes facts provided by a defendant’s declaration or
declarations from family members, friends, colleagues, community members, or other
acquaintances.” (Espinoza, supra, at p. 321.)
       “We apply independent review to evaluate whether a defendant has demonstrated
a reasonable probability that he would have rejected the plea offer had he understood its
immigration consequences. [Citation.] ‘“[U]nder independent review, an appellate court
exercises its independent judgment to determine whether the facts satisfy the rule of

                                             29.
law.”’ [Citation.] When courts engage in independent review, they must give deference
to the trial court’s factual determinations if they are based on ‘“‘the credibility of
witnesses the [superior court] heard and observed.’”’ [Citation.] But when the trial
court’s findings ‘derive entirely from written declarations and other documents,’ the trial
court and the reviewing court ‘“are in the same position,”’ and no deference is owed.”
(Espinoza, supra, 14 Cal.5th at pp. 319–320; accord, Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 527–
528.)
II.     Timeliness of Appellant’s Section 1473.7 Motion
        As a preliminary matter, we address the superior court’s finding that appellant’s
second motion to vacate was not timely filed because appellant had not received a
deportation notice and there was “no indication that [he] has suffered any adverse
immigration consequences as a result of his conviction.” In December 2020, appellant
filed his second motion to vacate, and declared he was no longer on probation or in
custody, he was a permanent resident of the United States, and he had not yet received a
notice of any deportation or removal proceedings.
        Contrary to the superior court’s findings, appellant’s second motion was timely
under section 1473.7, subdivision (b)(1) because he was “ ‘no longer in criminal custody’
and the triggering events specified in subdivision (b)(2)(A) and (B) of section 1473.7
have not yet occurred .…” (People v. Perez (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 1008, 1016.) For
purposes of section 1473.7, subdivision (b), appellant was not required to wait for a
notice of removal or an adverse immigration order to file his motion to vacate under
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1). The court erroneously denied appellant’s second
motion based on section 1473.7, subdivision (b)’s definition of timeliness.
III.    Analysis of Appellant’s Motion to Vacate
        It is a close question whether appellant met his burden to establish he did not
meaningfully understand the immigration consequences of his plea as required by

                                              30.
section 1473.7, and whether that error was prejudicial, particularly since appellant filed
both motions prior to the decisions in Vivar and Espinoza.
       A.     Appellant’s Subjective Error
       The first question is whether appellant met his burden to establish “he did not
meaningfully understand the immigration consequences of his plea.” (Espinoza, supra,
14 Cal.5th at p. 319; accord, Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 529.) “The key to the statute
is the mindset of the defendant and what he or she understood —or didn’t understand—at
the time the plea was taken .…” (People v. Mejia (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 859, 866.)
“[T]he focus of an inquiry in a section 1473.7 motion is on the ‘defendant’s own error in
… not knowing that his plea would subject him to mandatory deportation and permanent
exclusion from the United States.’” (Id. at p. 871; accord, People v. Alatorre (2021) 70
Cal.App.5th 747, 769.)
       “A defendant must provide ‘“‘objective evidence’”’ to corroborate factual
assertions. [Citation.] Objective evidence includes facts provided by declarations,
contemporaneous documentation of the defendant’s immigration concerns or interactions
with counsel, and evidence of the charges the defendant faced.” (Espinoza, supra, 14
Cal.5th at p. 321; accord, Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 529–531.)
       Appellant’s declarations filed in support of his two motions to vacate were similar
and consistent—he stated that his attorney did not inform him that the plea would result
in his deportation, he would not have entered the plea if he had been so advised, he would
have tried to negotiate a plea to another offense or gone to trial, he did not understand the
superior court’s immigration advisement at the plea hearing; he was not given the
opportunity to consult with an immigration attorney, he did not understand the court’s
immigration advisements at the plea hearing, and he was never advised of the elements
necessary to prove a violation of section 530.5.
       While the court’s immigration advisement at the plea hearing satisfied
section 1016.5, appellant met his burden to show his own subjective error: that he did not

                                             31.
meaningfully understand his plea would subject him to harsh immigration consequences.
(People v. Alatorre, supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 769; People v. Camacho, supra, 32
Cal.App.5th at p. 1009; People v. Mejia, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 870.) Indeed, as
will be further discussed in part V. of the Discussion, at the time of appellant’s plea in
2003, there were no legal authorities addressing whether or not a conviction for violating
section 530.5, subdivision (a) would result in deportation or other harsh immigration
consequences. Even if counsel advised appellant that his conviction would not subject
him to any immigration consequences, such an advisement would have lacked any basis
in fact or law in 2003.
       B.     Prejudice
       The next question is whether appellant met his burden to show “that his
misunderstanding constituted prejudicial error. ‘[P]rejudical error … means
demonstrating a reasonable probability that the defendant would have rejected the plea if
the defendant had correctly understood its actual or potential immigration
consequences.’” (Espinoza, supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 319; accord, Vivar, supra, 11 Cal.5th
at p. 529.)
       Appellant’s declarations filed in support of both of his motions to vacate
consistently stated he was a permanent resident alien, he had legally been in the United
States for 30 years, he intended to apply for citizenship, and his felony conviction for
violating section 530.5 would prevent his naturalization and subject him to deportation.
       Appellant’s supporting evidence solely consisted of his declarations that addressed
some, but not all, of the factors subsequently discussed by the Supreme Court in Espinoza
and Vivar to consider whether he sufficiently corroborated his claim that immigration
consequences were his paramount concern at the time of his plea in 2003, so that his error
was prejudicial.

                                             32.
       The probation report, filed in 2003 before his sentencing, stated some additional
matters about appellant’s life in the United States—he was born in Mexico, he lived in
the United States for the previous 19 years, his brother lived in Earlimart, and his parents
and other siblings lived in Mexico. Appellant stated he had worked seasonally for
Trident Seafoods Corporation of Seattle for four years. The statements in the probation
report constitute hearsay and were not included in either of appellant’s supporting
declarations.
       The probation report also addressed appellant’s lengthy history of misdemeanor
convictions prior to entering his plea in 2003. The record before this court establishes his
convictions for four offenses that he pleaded to in 2003, that he violated probation when
he was released from custody in 2003, and he did not appear in court on the probation
violations until 2019.
       The record is otherwise silent as to details about appellant’s life and the other
relevant factors discussed in Espinoza and Vivar. “‘[W]hen long-standing noncitizen
residents of this country are accused of committing a crime, the most devastating
consequence may not be a prison sentence, but their removal and exclusion from the
United States.’ [Citation.] Depending on the strength of a defendant’s community ties,
‘the prospect of deportation’ may be ‘“an integral part”’ or ‘“the most important part”’ of
the defendant’s ‘calculus in responding to certain criminal charges.’ [Citation.]
Community ties may be established by length of residence; immigration status; lack of
connection to the country of origin; connections to family, friends, or the community;
work history or financial ties; or other forms of attachment.” (Espinoza, supra, 14
Cal.5th at p. 321.) “Another consideration is whether alternative, immigration-safe
dispositions were available at the time of the defendant’s plea. Factors relevant to this
inquiry include the defendant’s criminal record, the strength of the prosecution’s case, the
seriousness of the charges or whether the crimes involved sophistication, the district
attorney’s charging policies with respect to immigration consequences, and the existence

                                             33.
of comparable offenses without immigration consequences. [Citations.] These matters
can be placed in the record by either party.” (Id. at p. 323.)
       Appellant’s motion to vacate failed to fully develop these issues, which is not
surprising since he filed both motions before Vivar and Espinoza were decided. As
explained in Espinoza, “a remand for reconsideration and the development of the record
may be advisable” in certain cases. (Espinoza, supra, 14 Cal.5th at pp. 325–326.)
       While appellant met his burden to show he did not meaningfully understand the
immigration consequences of his plea, remand may be appropriate for further
development of the record to address whether his error was prejudicial, and for the
superior court to consider the merits of a renewed motion with appropriate supporting
evidence, based on the Supreme Court’s decisions in Vivar and Espinoza.
       As will be next explained, however, appellant must clear another statutory hurdle
to obtain relief under section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1).
IV.    Section 1473.7, Subdivision (e)
       Section 1473.7, subdivision (e), states that when ruling on the motion to vacate:

               “(1) The court shall grant the motion to vacate the conviction or
       sentence if the moving party establishes, by a preponderance of the
       evidence, the existence of any of the grounds for relief specified in
       subdivision (a). For a motion made pursuant to paragraph (1) of
       subdivision (a), the moving party shall also establish that the conviction or
       sentence being challenged is currently causing or has the potential to cause
       removal or the denial of an application for an immigration benefit, lawful
       status, or naturalization.

              “(2) There is a presumption of legal invalidity for the purposes of
       paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) if the moving party pleaded guilty or nolo
       contendere pursuant to a statute that provided that, upon completion of
       specific requirements, the arrest and conviction shall be deemed never to
       have occurred, where the moving party complied with these requirements,
       and where the disposition under the statute has been, or potentially could
       be, used as a basis for adverse immigration consequences.

                                             34.
              “(3) If the court grants the motion to vacate a conviction or
      sentence obtained through a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the court
      shall allow the moving party to withdraw the plea.

              “(4) When ruling on a motion under paragraph (1) of
      subdivision (a), the only finding that the court is required to make is
      whether the conviction is legally invalid due to prejudicial error damaging
      the moving party’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend against, or
      knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse immigration consequences
      of a conviction or sentence. When ruling on a motion under paragraph (2)
      of subdivision (a), the court shall specify the basis for its conclusion.”
      (Italics added.)
      The provisions of section 1473.7, subdivision (e), have been interpreted as
follows:

      “[W]hen the moving party brings a motion pursuant to section 1473.7,
      subdivision (a)(1), as stated in subdivision (e)(1) and (4) of that section, the
      only substantive finding required by the court is ‘whether the conviction is
      legally invalid due to prejudicial error damaging the moving party’s ability
      to meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual
      or potential adverse immigration consequences of a conviction or sentence’
      (§ 1473.7, subd. (e)(4)), and the court is required to grant the motion where
      the party has established, by a preponderance of the evidence, the existence
      of the ground for relief specified in subdivision (a)(1). Separately, the
      moving party must establish ‘that the conviction or sentence being
      challenged is currently causing or has the potential to cause removal or the
      denial of an application for an immigration benefit, lawful status, or
      naturalization’ (id., subd. (e)(1)), and the court must deem the motion
      timely filed except where specified by subdivision (b)(2).” (People v.
      Gregor (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 147, 157–158.)
      In this case, when the superior court denied appellant’s second motion to vacate, it
found the motion was not timely filed under both subdivision (b) and subdivision (e)(1)
of section 1473.7. We have already found that the court’s conclusions about
subdivision (b) of section 1473.7 were incorrect. We must also address the court’s
separate finding under section 1473.7, subdivision (e)(1)—that his motion lacked merit
because his conviction for violating section 530.5, subdivision (a) was not a CIMT under
federal immigration law, and he will not face any current or potential immigration

                                            35.
consequences as a result of his plea and conviction, based on the Ninth Circuit’s decision
in Linares-Gonzalez.
       Before we can review the court’s finding under section 1473.7, subdivision (e)(1),
we must address the immigration consequences of a violation of section 530.5,
subdivision (a), which, in turn, requires a preliminary determination of which version of
the statute was applicable when appellant allegedly committed the offense in 2000
because it has been amended several times.
V.     The Federal Immigration and Naturalization Act and Section 530.5
       Under the federal Immigration and Naturalization Act (8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq.)
(INA), a noncitizen, including a lawful permanent resident, who is convicted of certain
enumerated state offenses defined as an “‘aggravated felony’” or a CIMT, is subject to
adverse immigration consequences including mandatory removal, ineligibility for
discretionary relief from deportation, and inadmissibility to the United States. (Barton v.
Barr (2020) __ U.S. __ [140 S.Ct. 1442, 1448, 1451–1452]; Moncrieffe v. Holder (2013)
569 U.S. 184, 187–188; Sessions v. Dimaya (2018) __ U.S. __ [138 S.Ct. 1204, 1210–
1211]; Jauregui-Cardenas v. Barr (9th Cir. 2020) 946 F.3d 1116, 1119.)
       “[I]n determining whether a conviction constitutes a disqualifying offense, such as
an aggravated felony or a CIMT, courts apply the multi-step categorical approach .…”
(Jauregui-Cardenas v. Barr, supra, 946 F.3d at p. 1119.)17 “A state offense categorically
qualifies as an aggravated felony or a CIMT when its elements, without any
consideration of the facts underlying the individual case, are fully encompassed by the
generic federal offense.” (Jauregui-Cardenas v. Barr, supra, at p. 1119, italics added.)
       The first step of the categorial approach “is identifying the elements of the statute
of conviction. [¶] The second step involves comparing the elements of the statute of

17     The INA provides for adverse immigration consequences for state criminal offenses
under other definitions not applicable to this case, such as offenses involving narcotics.

                                              36.
conviction to the generic federal definition to determine whether the statute of conviction
is broader than the federal definition. [Citation.] A state statute is overbroad if ‘there is a
“realistic probability” of its application to conduct that falls beyond the scope of the
generic federal offense.’” (Jauregui-Cardenas v. Barr, supra, 946 F.3d at p. 1119.)
       “If the statute is overbroad, the third step requires determining whether the statute
is divisible, thus warranting application of the modified categorical approach. [Citation.]
… [A] divisible statute is one that ‘sets out one or more elements of the offense in the
alternative—for example, stating that burglary involves entry into a building or an
automobile.’ [Citation.] When a statute is indivisible, the inquiry ends and the overbroad
statute cannot be used as a predicate offense.” (Jauregui-Cardenas v. Barr, supra, 946
F.3d at p. 1119.)
       A.     Section 530.5
       Section 530.5 was enacted in 1997 and “made it a misdemeanor to obtain personal
identifying information of another person and use that information to obtain or attempt to
obtain credit, goods or services in the name of the other person without their consent.
[Citation.] The statute was later amended to make the offense punishable as a felony or a
misdemeanor and to provide some relief to the victim of identity theft.” (People v.
Valenzuela (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 800, 806–807; accord, Jimenez, supra, 9 Cal.5th at
pp. 62–63.)
       Section 530.5 has been amended numerous times. In July 2000, when appellant
was alleged to have violated the statute, section 530.5 stated in its entirety:

              “(a) Every person who willfully obtains personal identifying
       information, as defined in subdivision (b), of another person without the
       authorization of that person, and uses that information for any unlawful
       purpose, including to obtain, or attempt to obtain, credit, goods, services, or
       medical information in the name of the other person without the consent of
       that person, is guilty of a public offense, and upon conviction therefor,
       shall be punished either by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one
       year, a fine not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000), or both that

                                              37.
       imprisonment and fine, or by imprisonment in the state prison, a fine not to
       exceed ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or both that imprisonment and fine.

               “(b) ‘Personal identifying information,’ as used in this section,
       means the name, address, telephone number, driver’s license number,
       social security number, place of employment, employee identification
       number, mother’s maiden name, demand deposit account number, savings
       account number, or credit card number of an individual person.

               “(c) In any case in which a person willfully obtains personal
       identifying information of another person without the authorization of that
       person, and uses that information to commit a crime in addition to a
       violation of subdivision (a), and is convicted of that crime, the court records
       shall reflect that the person whose identity was falsely used to commit the
       crime did not commit the crime.” (Italics added; see Sen. Bill 1374, § 1.)18
       In 2002, the statute was amended to add subdivisions that defined new and
separate identity theft offenses arising when the perpetrator, “with the intent to defraud,
acquires, transfers, or retains possession of the personal identifying information, as
defined in subdivision (b), of another person is guilty of a public offense .…” (Stats.
2002, ch. 254, § 1, italics added.)
       “[T]he Legislature has amended section 530.5 nearly a dozen times since its
enactment. That section currently provides that court records ‘shall reflect that [a] person
whose identity was falsely used to commit [a] crime did not commit the crime’ (§ 530.5,
subd. (b)); creates separate offenses for acquisition or retention (id., subd. (c)), and sale
or transfer of personal identifying information ‘with the intent to defraud’ (id.,
subd. (d)(1)); prohibits mail theft as defined in the United States Code (§ 530.5,
subd. (e)); and immunizes Internet service providers from liability for the defined
offenses (id., subd. (f)).” (Jimenez, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 64, italics added.)

18      Section 530.5 was amended in 2000, but the amendment only added a comma to the
opening phrase in subdivision (a) and did not change the definition of the substantive offense.
(Stats. 2000, ch. 956, § 1.)

                                               38.
       B.      The Applicable Version of Section 530.5
       In this case, the amended felony complaint alleged appellant committed a felony
violation of section 530.5 on July 30, 2000, but did not state which subdivision he
violated. At the time he allegedly committed the offense, however, only subdivision (a)
defined a substantive criminal offense, while subdivision (b) defined “‘[p]ersonal
identifying information,’” and subdivision (c) addressed the victim’s potential remedies.
(Sen. Bill 1374, § 1.) Thus, appellant was charged with and pleaded no contest to
violating section 530.5, subdivision (a).
       The applicable version of section 530.5, subdivision (b)’s definition of
“‘[p]ersonal identifying information’” included a person’s name, address, telephone
number, driver’s license number, mother’s maiden name and other information; the
subdivision did not include a person’s birthdate within the definition. In 2002, section
530.5 was amended to add a person’s birthdate to subdivision (b)’s definition of personal
identifying information. (Stats. 2002, ch. 254, § 1; People v. Valenzuela, supra, 205
Cal.App.4th at pp. 806–807.)19
       Section 530.5, subdivisions (c) and (d), currently state two distinct identity theft
offenses that require proof of the perpetrator’s intent to defraud, but these provisions
were not part of the statute when appellant was alleged to have committed the offense.
       C.      Linares-Gonzalez
       Appellant’s motions repeatedly declared, without supporting legal authority, that a
violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), was a CIMT under federal immigration law,
and that his conviction will result in the mandatory immigration consequences of

19     Section 530.5, subdivision (b)’s definition of “‘[p]ersonal identifying information’” is not
relevant to whether a conviction for violating section 530.5, subdivision (a), results in mandatory
immigration consequences. In part VII. of the Discussion, however, we will return to this issue
to address appellant’s claims that his conviction lacked a factual basis, and whether remand
should occur for appellant to consider filing a motion to vacate brought pursuant to
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2), based on newly discovered evidence of innocence.

                                               39.
prohibiting his citizenship and resulting in his deportation. Prior to 2016, there were no
legal opinions as to whether section 530.5, subdivision (a), triggered immigration
consequences under the INA. In 2016, however, the Ninth Circuit decided Linares-
Gonzalez, and held a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a) was not a CIMT that
would trigger mandatory immigration consequences under the INA.
       Linares-Gonzalez interpreted the following version of section 530.5,
subdivision (a), that was similar to the version that appellant pleaded to: “Every person
who willfully obtains personal identifying information … of another person, and uses that
information for any unlawful purpose, including to obtain, or attempt to obtain, credit,
goods, services, real property, or medical information without the consent of that person,
is guilty of a public offense .…” (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d at p. 514.)
       In Linares-Gonzalez, removal proceedings began against appellant in 2009, and
she filed an application for cancellation of removal. The Immigration Judge (IJ) denied
the application and found her conviction for violating section 530.5, subdivision (a), was
“a categorical crime involving moral turpitude” that barred relief. In reaching that
conclusion, the IJ “noted that in her plea agreement and conviction, [the appellant]
admitted that she willfully obtained personal identifying information of the victim
without authorization and used or attempted to use the information to obtain credit, goods
and services, or medical information in the name of the victim without consent.”
(Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d at p. 512.)
       The Bureau of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denied the appellant’s appeal of the
IJ’s ruling. The BIA acknowledged a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), did not
require proof of an intent to defraud, but held her conviction was “still a categorical
CIMT because there was no realistic possibility that the applicable statute would be
applied to non-turpitudinous conduct. The BIA reasoned that there were no cases where
[section] 530.5[, subdivision ](a) had been applied to non-turpitudinous conduct, and

                                             40.
identity theft was described by the statute as an ‘indisputable evil.’” (Linares-Gonzalez,
supra, 823 F.3d at p. 513.)
       Linares-Gonzalez rejected the statutory interpretations made by the IJ and the BIA
of section 530.5, subdivision (a), and held the offense was not a CIMT under the INA.

               “‘[T]he federal generic definition of a CIMT is a crime involving
       fraud or conduct that 1) is vile, base, or depraved and 2) violates accepted
       moral standards.’ [Citations.] ‘[F]raud crimes are categorically crimes
       involving moral turpitude, simply by virtue of their fraudulent nature.’
       [Citation.] ‘Non-fraudulent CIMTs “almost always involve an intent to
       harm someone,”’ [citations], or ‘intent to injure, actual injury, or a
       protected class of victim,’ [citation].” (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d
       at p. 514.)
       Linares-Gonzalez held section 530.5, subdivision (a), did not define or prohibit
fraudulent acts that could be classified as CIMT’s. (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d at
p. 515.) “The government’s contention that violations of [section] 530.5[,
subdivision ](a) are inherently fraudulent is not persuasive. California appellate courts
have specifically stated that [section] 530.5[, subdivision ](a) does not require intent to
defraud.” (Ibid.) In doing so, Linares-Gonzalez contrasted the elements of section 530.5,
subdivision (a), with the offenses described in subdivisions (c) and (d)(1) of section 530.5
that defined separate identity fraud offenses requiring proof of the perpetrator’s intent to
defraud, an element not required by subdivision (a). (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, at p. 515,
fn. 9.)20

20      As explained ante, section 530.5 was amended in 2002 to add separate identity theft
offenses in subdivisions (c) and (d) that require proof of the perpetrator’s intent to defraud.
(Stats. 2002, ch. 254, § 1.) These subdivisions were not contained in section 530.5 when
appellant was alleged to have violated the statute on July 30, 2000.
        After Linares-Gonzalez, the Ninth Circuit has filed nonpublished opinions that
distinguished the offense defined in section 530.5, subdivision (a), from the “intent to defraud”
offenses defined in subdivisions (c) and (d), and held the latter offenses were CIMT’s under the
INA because they required proof of the perpetrator’s intent to defraud. (Olmos-Alcaraz v.
Garland (9th Cir. 2021) 851 Fed.Appx. 72; Pizano v. Lynch (9th Cir. 2016) 656 Fed.Appx. 349,
350; Espino–Castillo v. Holder (9th Cir. 2014) 770 F.3d 861, 863–864.)

                                                41.
       Linares-Gonzalez further held that violations of section 530.5, subdivision (a), did
not fall within the definition of a CIMT because they did not involve conduct that was
vile, base, or depraved, or contrary to the accepted rules of morality and the duties owed
between persons or to society in general. (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d at p. 516.)
“[T]he identity theft statute criminalizes the ‘willful use of another’s personal identifying
information, regardless of whether the user intends to defraud and regardless of whether
any actual harm or loss is caused.’ The statute only requires that the perpetrator use the
information for an unlawful purpose.” (Id. at pp. 517–518.)
       Linares-Gonzalez concluded that it “may be the case that most cases of identity
theft under [section] 530.5 involve the use of identifying information to obtain credit,
goods, or services, which are implicitly fraudulent uses and therefore morally
turpitudinous. Nevertheless, the lack of any requirement that the defendant intend to
harm the victim or that actual loss occur, and the fact that the statute does not protect a
special class of victims, shows a realistic probability that [section 530.5, subdivision (a)]
could be applied to non-turpitudinous conduct.” (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d at
p. 518, italics added, fn. omitted.)21
       Linares-Gonzalez’s conclusion—that violations of section 530.5, subdivision (a),
are not CIMTs—has been reaffirmed by the Ninth Circuit, and followed by district courts
within the circuit. (See Ramirez-Contreras v. Sessions (9th Cir. 2017) 858 F.3d 1298,
1306; Ortega-Lopez v. Lynch (9th Cir. 2016) 834 F.3d 1015, 1018; Elhassani v. United

21     In 2008, after appellant entered his plea, the Ninth Circuit held that a violation of
section 148.9, misdemeanor false presentation of identity to a peace officer, was not a CIMT
because an intent to defraud was not a statutory element or part of the crime’s essential nature.
(Blanco v. Mukasey (9th Cir. 2008) 518 F.3d 714, 720; see Rivera v. Lynch (9th Cir. 2016) 816
F.3d 1064, 1075.)

                                               42.
States Citizenship and Immigration Services (S.D.Cal., Jan. 14, 2022 [2022 U.S. Dist.
Lexis 8626, *7 & fn. 6].)22
       Aggravated Felonies
       The Ninth Circuit has not addressed whether section 530.5, subdivision (a),
defines an “aggravating felony” that triggers mandatory immigration consequences under
the INA. The Ninth Circuit held Oregon’s identity theft statute was not an “aggravated
felony” within the INA because the offense “encompasses conduct not comprehended
within the scope of a generic theft offense.” (Mandujano-Real v. Mukasey (9th Cir.
2008) 526 F.3d 585, 590, 591.) The California Supreme Court has clarified that a felony
violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), does not define a “theft” offense, even though
subdivision (a) has been described as “‘identity theft.’” (Jimenez, supra, 9 Cal.5th at
pp. 58–59.)23

22       Linares-Gonzalez was rejected in a nonpublished opinion by a district court in the
Eleventh Circuit in United States v. Almonte (S.D.Fla., Apr. 23, 2020) (2020 U.S. Dist. Lexis
268759), that held a conviction of aggravated identity theft under federal law was a CIMT based
on the categorical approach. (Id. at *16–17.) Almonte rejected the defendant’s reliance on
Linares-Gonzalez for the contrary holding that identity theft was not a CIMT under the INA:
“The analysis of a California state statute in Linares-Gonzalez does not alter the Court’s
conclusion and its reasoning is not binding. The Eleventh Circuit has made clear that fraudulent
intent is not a prerequisite for a crime involving moral turpitude, and that ‘a crime involving
dishonesty is considered to be one involving moral turpitude.’ [Citations.] As previously
explained, because even the least culpable conduct to sustain a conviction under [the federal
identity theft statute] involves dishonest behavior, aggravated identity theft constitutes a crime
involving moral turpitude.” (Ibid., italics added.)
        In Zarate v. United States Atty. Gen. (11th Cir. 2022) 26 F.4th 1196, however, the
Eleventh Circuit favorably cited decisions from the Fourth and Tenth Circuits that held
“violations of state and local identity theft laws were not CIMT’s when they lacked any
ingredient of fraud or interference with a government function.” (Id. at p. 1206.)
23     The Eighth Circuit interpreted an Iowa conviction for identity theft as an “aggravated
felony” because the state statute “describes the type of theft offense” stated within the INA.
(United States v. Mejia-Barba (8th Cir. 2003) 327 F.3d 678, 681–682.)

                                               43.
VI.    Analysis of Appellant’s Motion Under Section 1473.7, Subdivision (e)(1)
       While appellant may have satisfied his burden to show his subjective error about
the immigration consequences when he entered his plea, and Espinoza suggests remand
may be appropriate to address the prejudicial aspect of his motion, section 1473.7,
subdivision (e)(1), states the moving party must “establish that the conviction or sentence
being challenged is currently causing or has the potential to cause removal or the denial
of an application for an immigration benefit, lawful status, or naturalization.”
       When appellant entered his plea in 2003, there were no legal authorities that
addressed the application of the INA’s definition of a CIMT to any aspect of
section 530.5, subdivision (a). Indeed, both lower court rulings leading to the Ninth
Circuit’s decision in Linares-Gonzalez held section 530.5, subdivision (a), was
categorically a CIMT. It would thus appear that when appellant entered his plea in 2003,
the potential adverse immigration consequences from a conviction for violating section
530.5, subdivision (a), were unknown.
       When the superior court denied appellant’s second motion to vacate in 2021, it
found the motion lacked merit because Linares-Gonzalez held in 2016 that a conviction
under section 530.5, subdivision (a), was not a CIMT under the INA, appellant was not
going to face any adverse immigration consequences, and he failed to make the showing
required by section 1473.7, subdivision (e)(1).
       There is thus no evidence that appellant’s conviction for violating section 530.5,
subdivision (a), has the potential to cause his removal or denial of his application for
citizenship based upon the holding in Linares-Gonzales.
       A.     Appellant’s Contrary Arguments
       In his pleadings and arguments in support of both motions to vacate, appellant
repeatedly declared his violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), would prevent him
from obtaining citizenship and result in his deportation. He made these arguments

                                             44.
without citation to any federal statutes or legal authorities, and did not bring Linares-
Gonzalez to the superior court’s attention.
       On appeal, in response to the superior court’s reliance on Linares-Gonzalez and
section 1473.7, subdivision (e)(1), appellant argues that when he pleaded no contest in
2003, he admitted to committing fraudulent conduct that was different from the basic
statutory allegations that Linares-Gonzalez held did not involve a CIMT.
       Appellant’s argument is based on the following grounds. First, appellant
acknowledges that at the time he allegedly committed the offense in July 2000,
section 530.5, subdivision (a), prohibited the act of unlawfully obtaining and using
personal identifying information “for any unlawful purpose, including to obtain, or
attempt to obtain, credit, goods, services, or medical information in the name of the other
person without the consent of that person .…” (Sen. Bill 1374, § 1, italics added.)
       Second, appellant points to the language of the amended felony complaint, that
alleged he violated section 530.5, subdivision (a), by “willfully and unlawfully
obtain[ing] personal identifying information on ANTONIO LOPEZ without HIS
authorization, and used that information to obtain, and attempt to obtain, credit, goods
and services in the name of ANTONIO LOPEZ without consent.” (Italics added.)
Appellant also points to the transcript of the plea hearing, that at the plea hearing, the
court read the allegation that he “willfully and unlawfully obtained personal identifying
information on Antonio Lopez without his authorization and used that information to
obtain or attempt to obtain credit, goods and services in his name without his consent”
(italics added), and he pleaded no contest to that allegation.
       Appellant argues he pleaded no contest to specific allegations, stated in the
amended complaint and read at his plea hearing, that defined a violation of section 530.5,
subdivision (a), that amounted to fraudulent conduct and was far broader than the
statutory language that was narrowly interpreted in Linares-Gonzalez. Based on this
distinction, appellant concludes the holding in Linares-Gonzalez would not prevent an

                                              45.
immigration court from finding he committed fraudulent conduct that constituted a CIMT
under the INA, because he admitted that he knowingly made false representations in
order to gain something of value, so that his conviction would be classified as a CIMT
that would carry harsh immigration consequences, and he made the showing required by
section 1473.7, subdivision (e)(1).
       Appellant’s argument lacks merit because Linares-Gonzalez rejected this identical
argument. In Linares-Gonzalez, the appellant pleaded to allegations that were different
from the language in section 530, subdivision (a)—that she “‘did willfully and unlawfully
obtain personal identifying information on [the victim] without authorization, and used
that information for an unlawful purpose and to obtain, and attempt to obtain, credit,
goods and services and medical information in the name of [the victim] without
consent.’” (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, 823 F.3d at pp. 512–513, fn. 7, italics added.)
Linares-Gonzalez held that most cases of identity theft charged under section 530,
subdivision (a), involve the use of identifying information to obtain credit, goods, or
services, “which are implicitly fraudulent uses and therefore morally turpitudinous.
Nevertheless, the lack of any requirement that the defendant intend to harm the victim or
that actual loss occur, and the fact that the statute does not protect a special class of
victims, shows a realistic probability that [subdivision] (a) … could be applied to non-
turpitudinous conduct,” and section 530, subdivision (a) did not define a categorical
CIMT. (Linares-Gonzalez, supra, at pp. 518–519, italics added, fn. omitted.)
       B.     Conclusion
       Appellant has not cited any federal authorities that have disagreed with Linares-
Gonzalez, or defined a violation of section 530.5, subdivision (a), as an aggravated felony
or falling within another definition in the INA to trigger mandatory immigration
consequences. We thus conclude that while appellant’s motion was “timely” under
section 1473.7, subdivision (b), the court correctly denied appellant’s section 1473.7,
subdivision (a)(1), motion to vacate because appellant failed to make his “separate”

                                             46.
showing “‘that the conviction or sentence being challenged is currently causing or has the
potential to cause removal or the denial of an application for an immigration benefit,
lawful status, or naturalization’ [citation] .…” (People v. Gregor, supra, 82 Cal.App.5th
at p. 158.)
       In doing so, however, we further find the court’s denial of appellant’s motion
should have been made without prejudice. Appellant is not foreclosed from filing
another motion to vacate under subdivision (a)(1) of section 1473.7 in the event that
Linares-Gonzalez is overruled and/or appellant is subjected to immigration consequences
as a result of his conviction.

VII.   Remand For Consideration of a Motion to Vacate Pursuant to Section 1473.7,
       Subdivision (a)(2)
       Both of appellant’s motions to vacate were filed pursuant to section 1473.7,
subdivision (a)(1), based on his alleged prejudicial error about the immigration
consequences of his plea. In both motions, appellant separately asserted there was no
valid factual basis for his plea to violating section 530.5, subdivision (a). At one point,
the district attorney suggested that appellant’s arguments about the factual basis should
have been made in a motion filed under subdivision (a)(2) of section 1473.7, but
appellant did not do so.
       In denying both of appellant’s motions to vacate, the court stated it would not
address the factual basis for his plea. Nevertheless, the court acknowledged that
appellant may not have violated section 530.5, subdivision (a), by identifying himself as
“Antonio Lopez” when he was arrested, but he violated the statute when he gave a false
birthdate that led to the wrong man being brought before the court on the DUI charges.
       This court requested supplemental briefing from the parties as to whether remand
would be appropriate for appellant to consider whether to file a motion to vacate under
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2). The parties disagree on this point.

                                             47.
       A.     Section 1473.7, Subdivision (a)(2)
       Section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2), states that a person who is no longer in
criminal custody may file a motion to vacate a conviction or sentence for a reason
separate and independent from prejudicial error about immigration consequences—
because “[n]ewly discovered evidence of actual innocence exists that requires vacation of
the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or in the interests of justice.”
       When a defendant relies on section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2), he or she must
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that newly discovered evidence of actual
innocence requires vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or in the
interests of justice. (Id., subds. (a)(2) & (e)(1); People v. Perez (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th
994, 997 (Perez).)
       “[A]lthough section 1473.7 does not define the phrase ‘newly discovered
evidence,’ the phrase has been defined elsewhere in the Penal Code. [Citations.] Those
definitions consistently describe newly discovered evidence as testimony, writings and
similar things described in Evidence Code section 140 (which defines ‘evidence’),
discovered after trial or judgment, and that with reasonable diligence could not have
been discovered earlier.” (Perez, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 999.)
       A motion based on section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2), must be filed “without
undue delay from the date the moving party discovered, or could have discovered with
the exercise of due diligence, the evidence that provides a basis for relief under this
section .…” (Id., subd. (c).) It is the defendant’s burden to establish grounds for relief by
a preponderance of the evidence. (Id., subd. (e)(1).)
       B.     Appellant’s Alleged Commission of the Offense
       Appellant pleaded no contest to the allegation that on July 30, 2000, he committed
a felony violation of section 530.5. As explained above, the applicable version of
section 530.5, subdivision (a), defined the substantive offense of identity theft as willfully
obtaining and using the “personal identifying information” of another person without

                                             48.
consent for any unlawful purpose. Subdivision (b) of section 530.5 defined “‘[p]ersonal
identifying information’” as follows:

                “(b) ‘Personal identifying information,’ as used in this section,
        means the name, address, telephone number, driver’s license number,
        social security number, place of employment, employee identification
        number, mother’s maiden name, demand deposit account number, savings
        account number, or credit card number of an individual person.” (§ 530.5,
        former subd. (b), italics added.)
        A person’s birthdate was not within section 530.5, subdivision (b)’s definition of
personal identifying information at the time appellant committed the offense. It was
added to the statute in the 2002 amendments.
        We have taken judicial notice of Deputy Garcia’s crime report that was filed on
July 31, 2000, and quoted from the factual summary in the probation report filed in 2003,
for the purpose of addressing appellant’s claims about the absence of a factual basis for
his plea, and not for the truth of the matters stated therein.
        According to Deputy Garcia’s report, when appellant was taken into custody for
DUI, he did not have a driver’s license or any identification, he was identified as
“Antonio Lopez,” he gave his birthdate as January 15, 1965, gave an address on South
Albany in Delano, and he was driving a vehicle that was apparently registered to his wife
at that same address in Delano.
        Appellant failed to make his first appearance and a bench warrant was issued for
his arrest. It is not clear from the limited record on appeal exactly how and why the
wrong man was erroneously brought into court on the bench warrant. After a few
hearings, the court and the parties used appellant’s booking photograph to determine that
the “Antonio Lopez” who appeared in court was not the same man arrested on July 30,
2000.
        Appellant subsequently appeared in court, and the amended complaints were filed
that added the identify theft charge; these complaints alleged appellant had three different

                                              49.
birthdates—in January 1965, January 1967, and October 1967. When appellant appeared
in court and entered his plea, however, he was not asked to state his actual birthdate.
       C.     The Court’s Findings at the Motions to Vacate
       As part of his first motion to vacate, appellant argued the superior court should
dismiss his conviction in the interests of justice because there was no factual basis for his
plea to violating section 530.5, subdivision (a), since appellant did not give a false name
when he identified himself as “Antonio Lopez,” and there was no evidence of his actual
birthdate; counsel did not point out that the applicable statute did not define a birthdate as
personal identifying information.
       When the court denied appellant’s motions, it declined to address the factual basis
for his plea but agreed with appellant’s counsel, “it’s been my experience that it’s
common for there to be confusion about what someone’s last name is. In the Hispanic
community, it’s common to have individuals state essentially two last names, one that
comes from their mother, one that comes from their father. I’ve seen that result in mix-
ups in the past. If that was all there was here, that would certainly be problematic, but it
appears to me there was also the issue of different dates of birth to be provided.” (Italics
added.) The court stated there were three different birthdates in the warrant, complaint,
and probation report, “[s]o it appears to me that there is more going on here than just the
use of a name that is not complete.”
       The court found appellant’s arguments about the factual basis were not persuasive
because “if you use somebody else’s personal identifying information, including their
date of birth, that—for an unlawful purpose, i.e., to avoid arrest or to avoid the discovery
of prior convictions for a DUI, that that can result in liability for identity theft under …
Section 530.5[, subdivision ](a).” (Italics added.) The court found there was “the use of
an inaccurate date of birth that apparently belongs to somebody else that resulted in
somebody else getting arrested on a warrant, brought into court.” (Italics added.)

                                             50.
       The court rejected the arguments of appellant’s counsel about the alleged absence
of a factual basis because “there’s a plausible interpretation that leads me to think there
was a factual basis for him to enter that plea, specifically, that he didn’t provide his
complete name and provided a false date of birth which led to prior DUI convictions
being overlooked in the filing of the complaint and a different individual being arrested
on a warrant instead of [appellant].” (Italics added.)
       In his second motion to vacate, appellant again argued there was no factual basis
for his plea to violating section 530.5, subdivision (a), but the court did not make any
findings on that issue.
       D.     Analysis
       Based on the record before this court, remand is appropriate for appellant to
consider whether to file a motion to vacate based upon section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2),
that there is potentially newly discovered evidence that he was factually innocent of
violating section 530.5, subdivision (a), as the statute existed at the time he allegedly
committed the offense.
       At the time appellant allegedly violated section 530.5, former subdivision (b)
limited the definition of “‘[p]ersonal identifying information’” to “the name, address,
telephone number, driver’s license number, social security number, place of employment,
employee identification number, mother’s maiden name, demand deposit account
number, savings account number, or credit card number of an individual person.” (Ibid.,
italics added.) When the superior court denied appellant’s first motion to vacate, it found
that while appellant’s identification of himself as “Antonio Lopez” may not have been
false, his alleged use of a false birthdate amounted to identity theft. The court’s finding
on this point was erroneous because the version of section 530.5 that was applicable in
July 2000 did not define a person’s birthdate as “‘[p]ersonal identifying information’” in
subdivision (b).

                                             51.
       It is not clear from the limited record before this court whether any of the other
identifying information that appellant gave on the night of his arrest was false and thus
within section 530.5, former subdivision (b)’s definition of “‘[p]ersonal identifying
information.’”
       Appellant has a steep burden to meet in a motion to vacate a conviction under
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2)—he must show his motion was timely under
section 1473.7, subdivision (c), and that the motion is based on “‘[n]ewly discovered
evidence’” as defined in Perez, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at page 997. Appellant’s attorney
at the plea hearing likely was aware of appellant’s aliases and different birthdates stated
in the amended complaints, and the parties stipulated to the police reports as the factual
basis for appellant’s plea. Counsel may have had access to these reports and concluded
appellant gave false information within the meaning of the then-applicable version of
section 530.55, subdivision (b). It is well settled that an attorney is not ineffective for
failing to make meritless objections or motions. (People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th
876, 931.)
       It is not clear what documents were before defense counsel at the time of
appellant’s plea, whether counsel was aware of the applicable version of section 530.5,
and counsel never sought to clarify appellant’s actual birthdate when he entered his plea.
       We thus remand the matter for appellant to have the opportunity to file a motion to
vacate under section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2). In doing so, we express no opinion on
the outcome of such a motion.

                                              52.
                                      DISPOSITION
       Appellant’s reply to the People’s opposition to judicial notice is ordered filed.
Appellant’s request for judicial notice is granted.
       The court’s denial of appellant’s motion to vacate brought pursuant to
section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), is affirmed, with the clarification that it was denied
without prejudice.
       The matter is remanded for further appropriate proceedings for appellant to
consider whether to file a motion to vacate pursuant to section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(2).

                                                                                MEEHAN, J.
WE CONCUR:

DETJEN, Acting P. J.

DeSANTOS, J.

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