Court Opinion

ID: 9900451
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-18 22:13:07.969045+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:05.402499
License: Public Domain

No. 273               May 24, 2023              149

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE
                  STATE OF OREGON

                In the Matter of J. E. D. V.,
                         a Child.
          DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
                     Petitioner below,
                            and
                         S. L. D.,
                       Respondent,
                             v.
                        J. E. D. V.,
                        Appellant.
             Clackamas County Circuit Court
              20JU01194; A178519 (Control)
               In the Matter of E. L. D. V.,
                         a Child.
          DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
                     Petitioner below,
                            and
                         S. L. D.,
                       Respondent,
                             v.
                       E. L. D. V.,
                        Appellant.
             Clackamas County Circuit Court
                  20JU01221; A178520
               In the Matter of M. J. D. V.,
                         a Child.
          DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
                     Petitioner below,
                            and
                         S. L. D.,
                       Respondent,
                             v.
150                Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

                    M. J. D. V.,
                     Appellant.
           Clackamas County Circuit Court
                20JU01191; A178620
             In the Matter of J. E. D. V.,
                        a Child.
       DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
                 Petitioner-Appellant,
                           v.
                        S. L. D.,
                      Respondent.
          Clackamas County Circuit Court
                20JU01194; A178619
            In the Matter of E. L. D. V.,
                       a Child.
       DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
                Petitioner-Appellant,
                          v.
                       S. L. D.,
                     Respondent.
          Clackamas County Circuit Court
               20JU01221; A178621
            In the Matter of M. J. D. V.,
                       a Child.
       DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
                Petitioner-Appellant,
                          v.
                       S. L. D.,
                     Respondent.
          Clackamas County Circuit Court
                20JU01191; A178622

  Ulanda L. Watkins, Judge.
  Argued and submitted November 30, 2022.
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                           151

   Christa Obold Eshleman argued the cause for appellants
children. Also on the briefs was Youth, Rights & Justice.
   Inge D. Wells, Assistant Attorney General, argued the
cause for appellant Department of Human Services. Also on
the reply brief were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General,
and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General. On the opening
brief were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Benjamin
Gutman, Solicitor General, and Stacy M. Chaffin, Assistant
Attorney General.
   Sarah Peterson, Deputy Public Defender, argued the
cause for respondent. Also on the brief was Shannon Storey,
Chief Defender, Juvenile Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
  Before Ortega, Presiding Judge, and Mooney, Judge, and
Hellman, Judge.
  ORTEGA, P. J.
  Affirmed.
152                   Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

        ORTEGA, P. J.

         The Department of Human Services (DHS) and
mother’s three children involved in these proceedings (M, J,
and E) appeal judgments dismissing with prejudice petitions
to terminate mother’s parental rights to the children. The
juvenile court ruled that DHS failed to prove mother was
unfit and dismissed the petitions at the close of DHS’s evi-
dence. On appeal, DHS and the children assign error to the
denial of the children’s motions for mistrial, the dismissal of
the petitions with prejudice, and the denial of DHS’s motion
to allow remote testimony of Dr. Miller.

         On de novo review, ORS 19.415(3)(a), we find that
DHS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that
mother is unfit, as would be required to terminate her
parental rights. We also conclude that the juvenile court did
not abuse its discretion in denying the children’s motions
for mistrial, in dismissing the petitions with prejudice at
the close of DHS’s evidence, or in denying DHS’s motion for
remote testimony. Accordingly, we affirm.

        A complete description of the extensive evidentiary
record would not benefit the parties, the bench, or the bar.
Accordingly, aside from the procedural history, we recount
only those facts necessary to explain our rulings and do so
in our analysis of each assignment of error.

               I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         As of March 2018, mother had four children: M (born
in 2010), J (born in 2013), and E (born in 2016), all from a
prior relationship, and their infant half-sibling L (born in
2017). DHS had, over a period of four years, received several
reports of concern regarding the family (at first, mother, M,
J, E, and their father, and later, mother, the children, L,
and L’s father), including, most recently, that they had been
evicted and were living in various hotels. DHS took the chil-
dren into protective custody after hotel staff twice reported
to authorities that the children were wandering around
hotel grounds without supervision and were left unattended
in the family’s room.
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                                                153

         In May 2018, the juvenile court ruled that M, J, and
E were within its dependency jurisdiction1 based on moth-
er’s admissions that she lacked stable housing, that she has
a “mental disability that requires evaluation and appropri-
ate treatment in order to effectively parent,” and that the
children all tested positive for methamphetamine exposure
shortly after removal, despite being placed in separate, non-
relative foster homes.2 The juvenile court placed the children
with their father, who had not been involved with them since
before E’s birth. The following month, father returned the
children to DHS custody after deciding that he was unable
to parent them, and they were again placed in separate,
nonrelative foster homes.

         The parties agree that mother has exhibited open
hostility and opposition toward DHS throughout the under-
lying dependency cases. From the outset, DHS imposed
visit guidelines, such as not talking about the case in the
children’s presence, not contacting the children’s foster care
providers, and not using inappropriate language or making
demeaning statements to the children or to DHS staff, and
mother regularly violated those guidelines.

          As a consequence, the juvenile court granted DHS’s
requests in April 2018, at the very beginning of the proceed-
ings, to reduce mother’s visits with all three children and, in
October 2018, to suspend visits with J and E, to reduce vis-
its with M to once weekly, and to confer authority to DHS to
end those visits at its discretion. Mother’s visits with J and
E resumed in March 2019, but DHS again suspended visits
with J in July 2019 at the recommendation of J’s therapist.
DHS also briefly paused visits with M and E in July 2019
and again in August 2021, and mother sporadically missed
visits and refused to visit due to her dissatisfaction with
DHS guidelines. Mother was limited to video visits for about
three months (March to May 2020) due to the pandemic. E

    1
      The juvenile court also determined it had jurisdiction over L and, later, L’s
newborn sibling H (born in 2019), but those dependency cases were ultimately
dismissed when their father was granted sole custody of L and H after a domestic
relations trial.
    2
      Mother never tested positive for methamphetamine, and drug use was
never a jurisdictional basis.
154                    Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

and M stopped attending visits in April 2021 and December
2021, respectively.
         In January 2020, the juvenile court changed the
permanency plan from reunification to adoption for all
three children, and the following month DHS filed petitions
to terminate mother’s parental rights. The petitions alleged
(1) lack of effort or failure to obtain or maintain a suitable
or stable living situation for the children so that return to
mother’s care is possible; (2) failure to present a viable plan
for the return of the children to mother’s care and custody;
(3) failure to learn or assume parenting skills sufficient
to provide a safe and stable home for raising the children;
(4) a mental health condition of such nature and duration as
to render mother incapable of providing proper care for the
children for extended periods of time; (5) physical and emo-
tional neglect of the children; and (6) failure to effect a last-
ing adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social
agencies for such extended duration of time that it appears
reasonable that no lasting adjustment can be effected.
         Trial was scheduled for November 2020 and was
continued twice to allow DHS additional time to locate
adoptive placements for the children. The court continued
trial twice more in July and November 2021 after the court
appointed new counsel to represent mother.
         The termination trial was held over four days in
March 2022. DHS presented evidence that focused on its
assertions that mother’s mental health significantly impairs
her ability to safely parent and renders her unwilling to
accept feedback on how to meet her children’s needs. At the
close of DHS’s evidence, the juvenile court found that DHS
had failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that
mother is unfit, and it dismissed the termination petitions
with prejudice. DHS and the children now appeal the result-
ing judgments.
                       II. MISTRIAL
        We begin by addressing the children’s first through
third and DHS’s ninth through eleventh assignments of
error, which challenge the juvenile court’s denial of the chil-
dren’s motions for mistrial that were filed three weeks after
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                                               155

trial had concluded. The juvenile court did not abuse its dis-
cretion in denying those motions.
         Three days into the four-day trial, counsel for J
and E asked one of the doctors who had evaluated mother,
Dr. Duncan, a hypothetical question about an incident involv-
ing mother experiencing difficulty going through court-
house security. Mother’s counsel objected to the question as
assuming facts not in evidence, and the juvenile court sus-
tained the objection. The children’s attorney inquired about
the court’s reasoning, and the court explained that it was
not a “fair” hypothetical because “those facts you just gave
to him are not accurate.” Counsel made no objection at that
time and did not otherwise pursue any issue regarding the
court’s ruling or statement during the remainder of trial.
         On April 8, 2022—21 days after trial had concluded—
the children’s counsel filed motions for mistrial that also
asked Judge Watkins to recuse herself.3 The motions were
supported by a declaration and an affidavit. The declaration,
submitted by DHS permanency supervisor and trial witness
Jennifer Delvin, averred that on the first day of trial, Delvin
saw mother and Judge Watkins speaking to each other in
the courthouse hallway during a break in the proceedings
and overheard mother complain to Judge Watkins that she
wanted “that fat woman,” whom Delvin assumed referred
to DHS’s attorney, to stop “glaring” and “smirking” at her.
Delvin further averred that Judge Watkins spoke to mother,
but that Delvin did not hear what she said. The affidavit,
submitted by E’s foster mother, averred that either that day
or the following day, Judge Watkins’s clerk told those in the
courtroom that mother was “having difficulty going through
security” and that the judge “had gone down to security to
see if there was anything she could do to be of assistance”
to her. E’s foster mother further averred that the children’s
counsel posed the hypothetical question about mother’s

     3
       E and J each filed a written motion captioned “Motion for Finding of
Mistrial.” M filed a written motion captioned “Child’s Motion for Mistrial.” All
three motions recited that DHS “joins in this motion.” DHS did not file its own
separate motion. Each motion contained a request that Judge Watkins recuse
herself, although no party filed a motion to disqualify for cause under ORS 14.210
or for perceived bias under ORS 14.250. No motion to disqualify the judge was
filed in this case.
156                   Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

difficulty with courthouse security to Duncan when court
had resumed that day.
         The children’s counsel argued in the motions that
Judge Watkins was required to declare a mistrial and recuse
herself because the averred facts and Judge Watkins’s state-
ment about the hypothetical posed to Duncan demonstrated
that Judge Watkins had engaged in improper ex parte com-
munication with mother and had become a trial witness,
both of which violated the children’s due process rights to
an impartial tribunal. As noted, the motions were filed more
than three weeks after the events underlying the allega-
tions said to require a mistrial and a full three weeks after
Judge Watkins, ruling from the bench at the conclusion of
the trial, made findings and dismissed the petitions. The
motions for mistrial were filed on or about the same day that
DHS filed a motion for reconsideration of the court’s dis-
missal of the petitions—again, three weeks after the court
so ruled. The presiding judge declined the children’s request
that the motions for mistrial be reassigned to another judge,
and Judge Watkins denied the motions in due course.
         A motion for mistrial must be timely made to pre-
serve the issue for appeal. State v. Walton, 311 Or 223, 248,
809 P2d 81 (1991) (citing State v. Montez, 309 Or 564, 691,
789 P2d 1352 (1990)). Although mother agrees that the
claims of error directed to the motions for mistrial were pre-
served, “we have an independent obligation to assess pres-
ervation, regardless of what position the parties take.” State
v. Taylor, 323 Or App 422, 427 n 3, 523 P3d 696 (2022).
         A motion made at the time of the events that give
rise to the motion for mistrial is timely because “[t]he pur-
pose behind requiring an immediate mistrial motion is to
allow the court to take prompt curative action if the court
believes it is warranted.” State v. Veatch, 223 Or App 444,
453, 196 P3d 45 (2008). A motion for mistrial may also be
deemed timely “even if not instantaneously made, when
made under such circumstances that ‘the underlying pur-
pose of that preservation requirement is fulfilled’ ” in the
particular case. State v. Cox, 272 Or App 390, 405, 359 P3d
257 (2015) (quoting Veatch, 223 Or App at 453-54). We take
a “nuanced approach” to assessing the timeliness of mistrial
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                             157

motions that considers a number of factors with a view to
ensuring that the foundational principles of the preserva-
tion requirement were met. State v. Sprow, 298 Or App 44,
49, 445 P3d 351 (2019). Those factors include how much
time elapsed between the allegedly objectionable basis for
the motion and the objection itself; whether additional testi-
mony was heard, evidence was received, or issues were dis-
cussed; whether the trial court and nonmoving party were
aware of the moving party’s objection; whether the moving
party may have made a strategic choice in delaying the mis-
trial request; whether the trial court had an opportunity
to take prompt curative action; and whether the nonmov-
ing party objected to the mistrial motion as untimely. Id. at
49-50.
         Applying those factors to this case, we readily
conclude that the underlying purposes of the timeliness
requirement were not met. The motions seeking a mistrial
were filed 21 days after the trial concluded. Although the
children’s attorneys asserted that the motions were timely
“because some of the information contained in the declara-
tion and affidavit was not realized or discovered until after
the conclusion of the trial,” the facts alleged in support of
the motions occurred on the first three days of trial and
were witnessed by individuals available to and cooperative
with the children’s counsel and by the children’s counsel
themselves. Further, the motions did not explain precisely
which information was not realized or discovered until after
trial or precisely when those facts became understood by
or known to counsel, aside from the vague assertions that
“some” of the information was not discovered until “after”
the trial concluded three weeks earlier.
         Even assuming that the only facts known to coun-
sel during trial were those relating to the court’s statement
regarding the hypothetical posed to Duncan, counsel did not
object at that time or otherwise make the objection known
to the court during the remainder of the trial in which tes-
timony from eight additional witnesses was heard, nearly a
dozen exhibits were received, several legal issues were dis-
cussed, and judgment was rendered. Counsel no doubt made
strategic choices as the trial unfolded but, given the sequence
158                    Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

of events and the amount of time that passed between the
statement that allegedly made the judge a witness in the
proceeding and the court’s dismissal of the TPR petitions,
the timing of the ultimate motions for mistrial fatally com-
promised the court’s ability to take prompt curative action.
         Our conclusion that the motions were untimely
would normally preclude our review of the claimed errors
absent a request for plain error review. See ORAP 5.45(1).
However, the focus of the motions for mistrial was whether
the proceeding was fundamentally fair given that the judge
was allegedly not neutral, as required by due process. We
have held that, “to ensure due process, a judge’s actual or
apparent bias must by necessity result in disqualification,
even when the statutory requirements for recusal have not
been, or * * * could not have been followed.” State v. Garza,
125 Or App 385, 388-89, 865 P2d 463 (1993), rev den, 319 Or
81 (1994) (emphasis in original); see also Lamonts Apparel,
Inc. v. SI-Lloyd Associates, 153 Or App 227, 235, 956 P2d
1024 (1998) (explaining that the statutes governing proce-
dures to disqualify a judge “are irrelevant to whether later
events require recusal as a matter of law”). Of course, Garza
and Lamonts Apparel, Inc. were cases in which motions to
disqualify the judge were actually made during trial, and
they are distinguishable for that reason. We nevertheless
proceed to review the court’s denial of the motions for mis-
trial here because judgment had not yet been entered when
the motions were filed and because the motions raised con-
stitutional questions about the fairness of the trial that
would, if meritorious, require the declaration of a mistrial
and remand to the juvenile court for further proceedings.
          We review the denial of a motion for mistrial for
abuse of discretion, a “daunting standard of review that
gives the trial court’s decision great deference.” State v.
Woodall, 259 Or App 67, 74, 313 P3d 298 (2013), rev den,
354 Or 735 (2014). Abuse of discretion occurs only when the
effect of the alleged error denies the party a fair trial. State
v. Bowen, 340 Or 487, 508, 135 P3d 272 (2006).
         Here, the first basis of the motions for mistrial was
the children’s allegation that the juvenile judge engaged in
certain “ex parte communications,” rendering her partial or
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                              159

biased and that a fair trial was no longer possible. Relying
on Lamonts Apparel, Inc., the children argue that moth-
er’s “request that Judge Watkins intervene in the actions
of another case participant is a communication concerning
a pending proceeding” that required the judge to recuse
herself.
          The children’s reliance on Lamonts Apparel, Inc. is
misplaced. In that case, after a hearing regarding the time-
liness of a dispositive motion in which the clerk of court tes-
tified as a witness, the trial judge initiated multiple ex parte
contacts with that witness to discuss facts directly relevant
to the timeliness of that pending motion. 153 Or App at 230.
The “essential issue” on appeal was whether the alleged
ex parte contacts, “which the judge initiated, affected his
decision on the motion” before the court. Id. at 234. We
explained that the judge’s statement at the hearing on the
plaintiff’s recusal motion that the contacts did not affect his
decision was not and could not be evidence, given that OEC
605 “absolutely forbids” the judge from testifying, subject to
cross-examination, as to the factors that went into his deci-
sion. Id. Because the plaintiff and the judge were “in impos-
sible positions, the judge because he cannot do more than
simply state that his contacts did not affect his decision,
[the] plaintiff because it cannot effectively challenge those
statements,” we held that “[t]he only appropriate response
to the situation was for [the judge] to recuse himself and
to allow a different judge, who had no outside contacts on
the subject of the motion * * * to decide the motion.” Id. at
234-35. We thus presumed the ex parte contacts were prej-
udicial because they concerned information relevant to a
question of law or fact before the court. Id.; accord Trice
v. Baldwin, 140 Or App 300, 306, 915 P2d 456 (1996) (“We
conclude that an undisclosed and improper ex parte contact
with a judge in a bench trial is presumptively prejudicial
when that contact involves information relevant to a ques-
tion of law or fact before the court.”).
        By contrast, here the alleged conversation between
mother and Judge Watkins did not involve information
relevant to a question of law or fact before the court and
therefore did not constitute ex parte communications. The
160                   Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

children argue that mother’s “assertion of misbehavior by a
participant in the proceeding * * * would be relevant to the
judge’s role as factfinder and could influence the judge’s fac-
tual conclusions.” But that is not the standard. The parties
do not explain—and the alleged facts do not demonstrate—
how mother’s alleged complaint about the attorney repre-
senting DHS was information relevant to the allegations in
the termination petitions pending before the court. Even
assuming that the facts alleged in support of the motions for
mistrial are true for purposes of deciding whether the juve-
nile court abused its discretion in denying those motions,
those facts do not support that Judge Watkins engaged in
ex parte communications with mother. Thus, to the extent
that ex parte communications were the basis of the motions
for mistrial, it was not an abuse of discretion to deny the
motions.
         The children further contend that, “[b]y stating
that the hypothetical courthouse security incident facts that
[the children’s counsel] posed to an expert witness ‘are not
accurate,’ Judge Watkins became a witness in the proceed-
ing” because she “had personal knowledge of disputed facts
about what happened with mother at courthouse security.”
Again relying on Lamonts Apparel, Inc., the children argue
that “a judge who had personal knowledge of relevant facts
might be acting as a witness, and thus might violate [OEC
605], even if the judge did not formally take the witness
stand.” 153 Or App at 234. The children argue that they
were prejudiced because the children’s counsel “would want
to offer evidence of the judge’s perceptions of the security
incident but [wa]s precluded from doing so” due to the bar on
the judge testifying as a witness and because the children
were denied “the ability to question another witness about
the implications of the incident,” which “denied children an
opportunity to be heard regarding evidence relevant to the
issue of mother’s conduct.” While a closer question, we are
not persuaded. The children and DHS still do not explain
how the alleged courthouse security incident involved facts
actually in dispute in the proceeding. To the extent the
children and DHS are suggesting that mother’s difficulty
navigating courthouse security was relevant to the allega-
tions regarding her mental health, we disagree. The test for
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                             161

parental unfitness focuses on “the detrimental effect of the
parent’s conduct or condition on the child, not just the seri-
ousness of the parent’s conduct or condition in the abstract.”
State ex rel SOSCF v. Stillman, 333 Or 135, 146, 36 P3d 490
(2001). Further, court staff disclosed to those present in the
courtroom that the judge had facilitated mother’s transition
through courthouse security, and, given that counsel posed
the hypothetical about the incident to Duncan when court
resumed, it is reasonable to infer that counsel was present
during that disclosure. Given that counsel had that infor-
mation and that it was not relevant to any issue in the case,
it is unclear why the security hypothetical was used unless
perhaps to create a basis for mistrial. It was therefore not
an abuse of discretion to deny the mistrial motions on that
basis. Accordingly, we reject children’s first through third
and DHS’s ninth through eleventh assignments of error.
   III.   DISMISSAL OF TERMINATION PETITIONS
         DHS’s first three assignments of error and the chil-
dren’s fourth through sixth assignments of error challenge
the juvenile court’s dismissal of the petitions to terminate
mother’s parental rights as to M, J, and E at the close of
DHS’s evidence. As we will explain, the evidence in the
record does not clearly and convincingly persuade us that
mother’s mental health conditions are of such nature and
degree as to render her incapable of providing proper care
for her children. DHS has likewise failed to meet its burden
to establish that mother’s conduct or conditions are seriously
detrimental, rendering her unfit so that termination is war-
ranted. Finally, DHS has not established that mother’s lack
of stable housing is an independent ground for termination,
and it has not advanced or developed arguments that any
of the remaining allegations serve as an independent basis
on which to terminate mother’s parental rights at this time.
Accordingly, the juvenile court did not err in dismissing the
termination petitions.
        We begin with the relevant legal standard. To ter-
minate a parent’s rights on the basis of unfitness, a court
must find that (1) the parent has engaged in conduct or is
characterized by a condition that is seriously detrimental to
the child; (2) integration of the child into the parent’s care
162                    Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

is improbable within a reasonable time due to conduct or
conditions not likely to change; and (3) termination is in the
best interests of the child. ORS 419B.500; ORS 419B.504;
Stillman, 333 Or at 145-46.
         The state must establish the statutory grounds
for termination by clear and convincing evidence. ORS
419B.521(1). Evidence is clear and convincing when it
“makes the existence of a fact highly probable or if it is of
extraordinary persuasiveness.” Dept. of Human Services v.
N. H., 322 Or App 507, 514, 520 P3d 424, rev den, 370 Or
694 (2022). When we review de novo, “we are not perform-
ing our more typical appellate-court function of assessing
whether the evidence before a trial court was legally suf-
ficient to support its ruling.” Dept. of Human Services v.
L. M. B., 321 Or App 50, 52, 515 P3d 927 (2022). Instead,
“we are deciding for ourselves whether the case made by the
party with the burden of persuasion persuades us that that
party has proven its case.” Id.
         In considering whether a parent’s conduct or con-
dition is “seriously detrimental,” the court “focuses on the
detrimental effect of the parent’s conduct or condition on the
child, not just the seriousness of the parent’s conduct or con-
dition in the abstract.” Dept. of Human Services v. B. J. J., 282
Or App 488, 502, 387 P3d 450 (2016) (emphasis in original,
internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, a
condition or conduct can be “seriously detrimental” based on
the potential for such harm. Id. In each case, the “serious
detriment” inquiry is “child-specific” and calls for testimony
regarding the needs of the particular child. State ex rel Dept.
of Human Services v. Huston, 203 Or App 640, 657, 126 P3d
710 (2006). Finally, in determining whether DHS has proved
unfitness, we examine the parent’s conduct and conditions
at the time of the termination hearing and in combination
rather than in isolation. B. J. J., 282 Or App at 503.
         DHS argues that it proved by clear and convincing
evidence that mother’s conduct and conditions are seriously
detrimental to the children. In DHS’s view, the evidence
clearly and convincingly shows that the children were trau-
matized by mother’s chronic neglect, lack of supervision,
untreated mental health issues, and damaging treatment
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                              163

while in mother’s care; that mother’s mental health condi-
tions and resulting symptoms are harmful to the children,
mother lacks insight into that harm, and she has not made
strong attempts to correct her behavior; and that the chil-
dren have significant special needs due in part to the trauma
they experienced in mother’s care, which mother fails to
acknowledge and for which she fails to take responsibility.
DHS also argues that mother’s housing situation remains
unstable despite DHS providing her with years of services,
including housing support and referrals. At oral argument,
DHS maintained that this is “not a close case” and that the
juvenile court’s ruling is “inexplicable.”
         We have reviewed the entire record de novo and find
that DHS failed to meet its burden to prove mother’s unfit-
ness. We begin with the evidence regarding mother’s mental
health conditions because, at trial, DHS’s theory was that
“mother’s mental health has created all these other condi-
tions” alleged in the termination petitions.
          Mother submitted to two neuropsychological eval-
uations in relation to the underlying dependency proceed-
ings, which DHS submitted as exhibits in the termination
trial. In September 2018, Dr. Backstrand diagnosed mother
with bipolar disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) and noted that mother displayed charac-
teristics of a personality disorder. Her testing indicated aver-
age levels of intellectual functioning and grasp of parenting
skills, such as expectations of children, empathy, and family
roles, and also indicated that she practices nurturing par-
enting skills and concepts regularly. Backstrand explained
that mother was able to adequately describe her children’s
needs and has a basic understanding of the knowledge and
skills of nurturing parenting but that her ability to recog-
nize and meet the children’s needs in practice “appears to
be variable.” Backstrand observed a visit with the children
in which mother exhibited moderate warmth and affection,
was generally responsive and engaged in interacting with
M, J, and E, offered some encouragement and teaching, and
was aware of and redirected some of the children’s problem
behaviors. However, Backstrand opined that mother’s abil-
ity to manage stress was poor, evidenced by her emotional
164                          Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

reactivity, aggressive outbursts, and DHS’s observations of
her difficulty managing the “chaos” in visits with all four
children together and her lack of coping skills.4 Backstrand
ultimately opined that mother’s mental health “may impede
her parenting” without proper treatment, and recommended
psychotherapy, particularly Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
(DBT), to address mother’s emotional regulation, stress tol-
erance, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness.
          In February 2020, Duncan again diagnosed mother
with bipolar disorder and ADHD and also noted that she
exhibited traits of a personality disorder. Duncan opined
that mother continues to experience co-occurring mental
health symptoms and maladaptive personality traits and
requires mental health treatment to “optimize” her daily
functioning and parental capacities. Duncan opined that
mother remains prone to becoming dysregulated and reac-
tive “towards DHS personnel, and possibly towards others,”
despite her ongoing engagement in individual counseling,
and that such behavior has negatively interfered with her
visits with her children and with their ability to feel safe
and supported by her. Duncan opined that mother has had
difficulties parenting her children and attending to their
needs “when she has been under more considerable stress,”
she continues to have difficulties regulating her emotions
and behavior and receiving and benefitting from feedback
from providers, she does not appear to appreciate how her
“immature, oppositional, and reactive behavior can neg-
atively impact her young children,” and she has not made
strong attempts to correct such behavior. Duncan ultimately
opined that mother “continues to be at risk for acting in an
     4
       Backstrand also noted that mother had indicated that “part of her reactiv-
ity with the DHS staff members is due to feeling anxious and cornered” and that
“repetition and separating instructions into smaller pieces is helpful for her, as
well as presenting information in multiple formats.” Backstrand explained that
“[i]t may be helpful to develop a system in which [DHS] staff members can alert
[mother] that there is a concern in her visit and then provide her time to address
the situation before intervening or confronting her.” That system was not put into
place until August 2021 when, after four meetings between DHS, mother, and
mother’s attorney, DHS agreed to be “as non-intrusive as possible” and to text
and email any “non-safety related redirection” after the visit; and to verbally or
physically intervene only if (1) mother makes a critical, negative, or hurtful com-
ment to a child, (2) a child is not adequately supervised while engaging in unsafe
behavior, or (3) mother talks negatively about a child’s other family member or
caregiver.
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                             165

immature, oppositional, and reactive manner in front of her
children,” and he recommended that she continue individual
therapy and consider “more intensive DBT.”
         At trial, Backstrand testified that mother’s diag-
noses “definitely could” impact her ability to safely parent,
depending on their severity and management, and that
there was a “longstanding history” of “multiple reports from
multiple sources” of mother’s continued emotional reactiv-
ity, oppositional attitude, adversarial nature, impulsivity,
and inappropriate behavior in front of the children. Duncan
testified that mother’s mental health impacts her ability to
parent “mostly [by] really becoming upset and reactive and
d[y]sregulated in front of her kids.” Duncan explained that
when he evaluated mother in 2020, her diagnosis and symp-
toms made it difficult for her to be mindful and attuned to
her children’s needs or to appreciate the extent to which she
was impacting them. He described her condition as “chronic”
and her prognosis as “poor” because “these are longstanding
problems” that require “intensive treatment.”
          Backstrand testified to a “possibility” that mother
suffers from a personality disorder and explained that some-
one with a personality disorder can safely parent unless they
are unaware of or unwilling to meet their children’s needs or
to put their children’s needs above their own, or are endan-
gering them due to being reckless, irresponsible, or inatten-
tive. She opined that it is “good” that mother is engaged in
treatment and observed that mother was using skills in the
courtroom she most likely learned in DBT classes to control
her outbursts, such as channeling her energy and attention
into coloring, and that her ability to maintain composure for
a considerable amount of time was “encouraging” and “pos-
itive.” She testified, however, that she would also like to see
mother “compliant with DHS requirements,” that visits are
going well, and that mother’s behaviors are “more appropri-
ate, especially around the children.”
        Duncan testified similarly that, “just because
[mother] has those conditions,” including trauma symp-
toms, mood symptoms, and personality features, “doesn’t
mean she can’t parent.” Rather, “[i]t means that she has
to have adequate treatment and those conditions need to
166                           Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

be well-managed to optimize her parental capacities” and
“having those conditions in better remission just optimizes
her abilities to parent.”
         It is obvious that DHS is not satisfied that mother
can optimally meet her children’s needs. To be sure, DHS
records confirm that mother’s ability to use nurturing par-
enting skills with her children has been variable. However,
our review of the entire record does not persuade us by clear
and convincing evidence that mother cannot provide legally
adequate care for her children for extended periods of time.
See State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Johnson, 165 Or App 147, 157,
997 P2d 231 (2000) (“[W]e look beyond the caseworkers’ con-
clusions to the empirical information that supports their
opinions.”). As Duncan noted, mother’s ability to be more
attuned to her children’s needs may well need to improve in
order to optimize her parenting skills, but her skills are cur-
rently at the required minimally adequate level. Moreover,
despite evidence of mother’s open hostility toward DHS and
the added stress that comes with that, the evidence overall,
including evidence of mother’s engagement with services,
her conduct during visitation, and the psychological evalua-
tions and testimony, persuades us that mother is both aware
of and willing to meet her children’s needs.
          We also find that, while mother’s longstanding con-
duct of emotional dysregulation in front of—and at times
toward—her children is harmful, under these circum-
stances—and on this record—it does not present a risk of
the type of seriously detrimental harm to the children that
justifies or requires termination of mother’s parental rights.
See State v. McMaster, 259 Or 291, 303-04, 486 P2d 567
(1971) (“The best interests of the child are paramount; how-
ever, the courts cannot sever * * * parental rights when many
thousands of children are being raised under basically the
same circumstances * * *. The legislature had in mind con-
duct substantially departing from the norm.”).5 Backstrand
testified that the risk of harm to the children related to
mother’s mental health conditions may manifest in distress,
    5
      The legislature amended ORS 419B.504 after McMaster, but “we and the
Supreme Court have continued to rely on the McMaster formulation of whether
the relevant conduct or condition is ‘seriously detrimental.’ ” B. J. J., 282 Or App
at 505 n 9.
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                              167

decreased self-esteem, and increased anxiety. DHS case-
workers testified that the children reacted negatively to
mother’s dysregulated behavior and showed an increase in
emotional dysregulation, aggressive behavior, and signs of
stress around visits with mother. However, as the juvenile
court observed, it is likely that “many thousands of children
are being raised under basically the same circumstances.”
See id. at 304; see also State ex rel Dept. of Human Services
v. Smith, 338 Or 58, 87, 106 P3d 627 (2005) (“Given mother’s
limitations, perfection in parenting is not attainable (if it is
for anyone), but neither is it required.”).
         There is certainly evidence in the record that the
children have experienced significant trauma and that they
have significant trauma-related needs. The evidence, how-
ever, does not establish the required link between the chil-
dren’s trauma and related needs and mother’s parenting.
In other words, the fact that the children have significant,
trauma-related special needs does not, without more, prove
that mother is an unfit parent, and we are not persuaded on
this record that mother is incapable of adequately meeting
the children’s current needs, particularly with supportive
services.
         Prior to the incident that led to the children’s
removal in March 2018, DHS had investigated various alle-
gations involving this family dating back to 2014 and repeat-
edly judged the family’s living conditions to be adequate and
concluded that the allegations relating to M, J, and E were
unfounded. Medical and school records from before the chil-
dren were removed from mother’s care show that the family
was receiving numerous services, the children were ade-
quately fed and cared for, and, although both M and J were
involved in special education programs, none of the children
exhibited significant troubling behavior. The children’s
circumstances changed and worsened after DHS removed
them from their mother’s care in March of 2018. They were
placed in separate, non-relative foster homes where they
exhibited difficult and disruptive behavior which, in turn,
led to DHS repeatedly moving the children at the request
of foster providers. M had eight placements in the first year
of care; J had 16 placements in the first 18 months of care,
including therapeutic group homes where staff regularly
168                   Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

placed him in security holds; and E had eight placements
in the first six months of care, including one home where
an older foster sibling disclosed that he sexually abused E
multiple times over the course of a few months. Finally, as
noted, because mother repeatedly disregarded visit guide-
lines, her contact with the children was reduced and then
suspended altogether.
         The record does not convince us that mother’s men-
tal health conditions and attendant conduct—even if not
optimal for these children—render her parenting skills “so
inadequate as to constitute a serious detriment” to the chil-
dren, rather than rendering her merely unable “to maxi-
mize the child[ren]’s potential.” State ex rel Dept. of Human
Services v. Squiers, 203 Or App 774, 793, 126 P3d 758 (2006).
The trauma M, J, and E experienced while in the foster
care placements arranged by DHS cannot be attributed to
mother on this record. See Dept. of Human Services v. C. R. P.,
244 Or App 221, 238, 260 P3d 654, rev den, 351 Or 254
(2011) (“DHS is responsible for making decisions regarding
the welfare of children in its custody, but the consequences
of those decisions should not necessarily be attributed to the
parent in every instance.”).
         We next address DHS’s contention that mother’s
lack of contact with the children at the time of the termina-
tion trial establishes that her mental health conditions and
attendant conduct have been seriously detrimental to the
children. There is no dispute that mother and the children
were estranged by the time of the termination trial, nearly
four years after the children were removed from mother’s
care. Mother’s relationship with DHS was clearly strained,
and she was responsible for part of that dynamic. However,
the record shows that mother has consistently attended
visits and other meetings throughout the pendency of the
cases, has objected to visit restrictions, and has advocated
for increased visits with her children and for parent-child
interactive therapy, all in an effort to work toward reunit-
ing her family. DHS, for its part, has relied on therapeutic
recommendations in making placement, treatment, and vis-
itation decisions. But the fact that these cases are medically
and emotionally complex, with particularly difficult person-
ality conflicts that have worked against the agency’s efforts,
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                                                169

does not make mother’s lack of contact with her children a
basis for terminating her parental rights.
         Finally, we address the allegation that mother lacks
stable housing. DHS argues that mother “refused to engage
with numerous housing options and services [that] DHS
offered.” The record is not entirely clear on where mother
has lived throughout the underlying dependency cases. Her
DHS caseworker from 2018 to 2020 testified that she had
visited mother’s home and had no concerns, so it appears
that mother was able to secure housing on her own for at
least some period of time. Mother reported to her therapist
that she had been evicted in November 2021 and that she
had reengaged with a county-run clinic to assist her with
case management and specifically housing assistance, and
she testified that she was living in a hotel at the time of
trial. Given her ongoing efforts to secure stable housing
to accommodate herself and the children, we are not per-
suaded that mother’s lack of long-term housing is a suffi-
cient independent basis to terminate her parental rights.
Cf. Dept. of Human Services v. M. H., 256 Or App 306, 331,
300 P3d 1262, rev den, 354 Or 61 (2013) (concluding that
“homelessness and unemployment are not, alone, sufficient
bases” for dependency jurisdiction).6
         To summarize, the psychological evidence in the
record does not persuade us that mother’s mental health con-
ditions are of such nature and degree as to render her inca-
pable of providing proper care for the children for extended
periods of time. Further, under the circumstances of this
case, neither the ongoing and at times increasing special
needs of the children nor mother’s lack of contact with them
at the time of the termination trial clearly and convincingly
establish that mother’s emotional dysregulation and reactiv-
ity has resulted in or poses a risk of the sort of serious det-
riment to the children that justifies termination of mother’s
     6
       DHS has not advanced or developed arguments that any of the remain-
ing allegations serve as an independent basis on which to terminate mother’s
parental rights at this time, and we therefore decline to address them. See Beall
Transport Equipment Co. v. Southern Pacific, 186 Or App 696, 700 n 2, 64 P3d
1193, adh’d to as clarified on recons., 187 Or App 472, 68 P3d 259 (2003) (“[I]t is
not this court’s function to speculate as to what a party’s argument might be. Nor
is it our proper function to make or develop a party’s argument when that party
has not endeavored to do so itself.”).
170                     Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

parental rights. If anything, the evidence establishes that
mother’s mental health conditions impact her ability to cope
with the stress of DHS intervention in her family which,
in turn, impacts her ability to convince DHS that she can
safely parent her children. However, mother does not bear
the burden to prove that she is fit; DHS bears the burden of
proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that she is unfit.
Cf. State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. L. S., 211 Or App
221, 241, 154 P3d 148 (2007) (recognizing DHS’s “difficult
position” as to “its ability to contact and work with mother”
but noting that “we cannot ignore the requirements of ORS
419B.504”). It has failed to do so.
        We acknowledge the difficult position all parties to
these cases are in, particularly the children. Mother cannot
reasonably expect the children to be returned to her care if
she continues to alienate DHS staff and providers. At the
same time, DHS has not met its burden to prove that moth-
er’s mental health conditions and resulting conduct render
her unfit to parent her children. The juvenile court did not
err when it dismissed the petitions as to M, J, and E.
           IV. DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE
        We proceed to address DHS’s and the children’s
fourth through sixth assignments of error, which challenge
the juvenile court’s dismissal of the termination petitions
with prejudice. We conclude that the juvenile court did
not abuse its discretion in dismissing the petitions with
prejudice.
         ORS 419B.890 authorizes a juvenile court, upon
motion of a party, to adjudicate a petition at the close of the
petitioner’s evidence:
       “(1) After the proponent of the petition has completed
   the presentation of evidence, any other party, without
   waiving the right to offer evidence in the event the motion
   is not granted, may move for dismissal of any or all of the
   allegations of the petition on the ground that upon the facts
   and the law the proponent of the petition has failed to prove
   the allegations or, if proven, the allegations do not consti-
   tute a legal basis for the relief sought by the petition. The
   court may order dismissal of the petition or one or more of
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                                 171

   the allegations of the petition, or the court may decline to
   render any order until the close of all the evidence.
      “(2) Unless the court in its judgment of dismissal
   otherwise specifies, a dismissal under this section operates
   as an adjudication without prejudice.”
Consistent with the permissive language of the statute’s
text, we review the determination to dismiss the termi-
nation petitions with prejudice for abuse of discretion. See
State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. S. P. B., 218 Or App
97, 103, 178 P3d 307 (2008) (applying that standard to other
petitions filed under the juvenile code).
          DHS first contends that the juvenile court’s “brief
explanation of why it dismissed the petitions with preju-
dice was not sufficient to support the exercise of discretion”
because the court “failed to make a record reflecting its
exercise of discretion and did not specifically address why
it dismissed the petitions with prejudice.” DHS points out
that when a trial court renders a judgment of dismissal with
prejudice under ORCP 54 B(2), the court is required to make
findings under ORCP 62 so as “to provide a reviewing court a
basis for determining how and why the trial court concluded
that a terminal judgment on the merits was appropriate at
the close of the plaintiff’s case.” Joseph v. Cohen, 61 Or App
559, 563, 658 P2d 544 (1983). Although DHS acknowledges
that ORS 419B.890 does not require the court to make find-
ings, it argues that the “general purpose still applies.”
         We first observe that ORCP 54 does not apply to juve-
nile court proceedings. ORS 419B.800(1) (“ORS 419B.800 to
419B.929 govern procedure and practice in all juvenile court
proceedings under this chapter. The Oregon Rules of Civil
Procedure do not apply in these proceedings.”). Further,
nothing in the text of ORS 419B.890 requires the court to
make findings at all, much less findings specific to its deci-
sion to dismiss with prejudice, and we are not aware of any
other provision in the juvenile code requiring the court to
make findings under these circumstances. Finally, having
considered the juvenile court’s ruling in light of the argu-
ments made by the parties on the merits of whether DHS
met its burden to prove the allegations in the petitions, we
conclude that the court made a sufficient record reflecting
172                    Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

its exercise of discretion. See State v. Anderson, 363 Or 392,
404, 423 P3d 43 (2018) (holding that a trial court makes a
sufficient record to support a discretionary ruling when the
ruling, considered in light of the parties’ arguments, demon-
strates that the court evaluated the appropriate consider-
ations). Indeed, in its oral ruling, the juvenile court set forth
the applicable legal standards, announced findings of fact,
and explained how the evidence—or lack thereof—factored
into its legal conclusions.

          DHS next contends that the juvenile court abused
its discretion to the extent that it “intended the dismissal
with prejudice to be a sanction for what it viewed as [ ]DHS’s
failure to make past reasonable efforts to reunify the fam-
ily.” In DHS’s view, because it was not required to prove past
reasonable efforts in a termination proceeding under ORS
419B.504, the court’s reliance on that failure fell outside the
range of legally permissible outcomes and constituted an
abuse of discretion.

           The juvenile court apparently did base its decision
to dismiss the petitions with prejudice, at least in part, on its
view that “we have failed this mother” and “these children”
given that, in its view, DHS had not “done all that it could do
* * * to reunify this mom with her children and these siblings
with each other.” However, exercising discretion on such a
premise is not legally erroneous. Cf. Nationstar Mortgage,
LLC v. Hinkle, 321 Or App 300, 311-12, 516 P3d 718 (2022)
(“When a trial court’s exercise of discretion proceeds from
a mistaken legal premise, its decision does not fall within
the range of legally correct choices and does not produce a
permissible, legally correct outcome.”). Although the juve-
nile court was not required to evaluate DHS’s reunification
efforts at the termination trial, “DHS’s failure to make rea-
sonable efforts may be relevant to the determination regard-
ing integration.” Dept. of Human Services v. D. M. T., 239
Or App 127, 140, 243 P3d 836 (2010), rev den, 349 Or 654
(2011) (citing State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. Keeton,
205 Or App 570, 583, 135 P3d 378 (2006)). In other words,
DHS is required to prove in a termination proceeding that
integration of the child into the parent’s care is improbable
within a reasonable time, and its failure to make reasonable
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                                               173

efforts may be relevant to that determination.7 Thus, the
juvenile court did not legally err in assessing whether DHS
made past reasonable efforts in deciding whether to dismiss
the petitions with prejudice and therefore did not abuse its
discretion on that basis.
         DHS also contends that the juvenile court abused
its discretion because “dismissal with prejudice is not in the
best interest of the children,” given that “it creates uncer-
tainty about the children’s future legal status and whether
[ ]DHS would be limited in its ability to refile petitions to
terminate mother’s parental rights.” DHS posits that if it is
barred from refiling a termination petition—a legal ques-
tion on which there is no direct controlling authority—the
children could potentially remain wards of the court until
their majority.
         DHS does not anchor its argument to the specific
facts of this case or the particular circumstances of these
children. Rather, DHS appears to argue that uncertainty for
the child inherent in any dismissal of a petition with prej-
udice renders such a dismissal an abuse of discretion. DHS
correctly observes that, “in cases arising under the Juvenile
Code, the interests of the children will always be a relevant,
even primary, consideration.” State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. G. A. K.,
225 Or App 477, 487, 201 P3d 930, rev den, 346 Or 157
(2009). However, if we accepted DHS’s argument, we would
effectively create a categorical rule that alters the plain text
of the statute, which expressly allows for dismissal with
prejudice. See ORS 174.010 (in construing a statute we may
not “omit what has been inserted”). This case does not call
for us to determine whether or to what extent DHS may be
precluded from filing any particular termination petition—
aside from refiling the operative petitions currently before
us—or from repleading similar allegations or relitigating
facts that were presented in this proceeding. Those legal
issues may be properly raised in the event DHS files future

    7
      In the underlying dependency proceeding, a juvenile court must determine
whether DHS has made “reasonable efforts * * * to make it possible for the ward to
safely return home” at dispositional and permanency hearings. ORS 419B.340(1);
ORS 419B.476(2)(a). The predicate facts to support a court’s reasonable efforts
determination must be established by a preponderance of the evidence in the
record at the time of the hearing. ORS 419B.310(3)(a)(A).
174                   Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

petitions to terminate mother’s parental rights under the
specific facts and circumstances that then exist. However,
we have recognized that, “[w]hen the best interests or wel-
fare of a child are implicated, the interests protected by
claim and issue preclusion may be relegated to a secondary
position.” Dept. of Human Services v. T. G. H., 305 Or App
783, 797, 473 P3d 591 (2020). Moreover, as mother points
out, the dismissal of the termination petitions with preju-
dice does not disturb the underlying dependency proceed-
ings, which require periodic permanency hearings at which
the juvenile court must continually revisit and reevaluate
the appropriate permanency plan for each child based on
current circumstances. Nor do we understand the dismissal
of these petitions with prejudice to override other provisions
in the juvenile code that allow or require DHS to file a ter-
mination petition under certain circumstances.
         Finally, to the extent that DHS separately argues
that the juvenile court abused its discretion in dismissing
the petitions at the close of DHS’s case, we disagree. We
have cautioned, in the context of ORCP 54 B(2), that the
power of dismissal “should be employed sparingly” in order
“to avoid unnecessary remands for new trials” given that
the “dynamics of de novo review present the very substantial
risk that a half-tried case will be remanded for a new trial”
or “at least, the completion of the trial by way of submission
for defense and rebuttal evidence.” Venture Properties, Inc.
v. Parker, 223 Or App 321, 341-42, 356, 195 P3d 470 (2008).
However, on this record, the juvenile court did not err in
finding that DHS had not met its burden to prove the allega-
tions in the petitions and therefore did not err in exercising
its authority to dismiss the petitions at the close of DHS’s
evidence, as expressly authorized by ORS 419B.890(1).
         V. REMOTE LOCATION TESTIMONY
         Finally, both DHS and the children claim in their
seventh assignments of error that the juvenile court erred by
“reversing—during trial—an order which granted [ ]DHS’s
motion to permit Dr. Henry Miller to testify remotely under
ORS 45.400.” However, as mother points out, the juvenile
court did not reverse an order granting Miller’s remote testi-
mony during trial. Rather, the presiding judge of Clackamas
Cite as 326 Or App 149 (2023)                               175

County issued an order three days before the start of trial mod-
ifying court operations in response to changing COVID-19
pandemic conditions and providing that all TPR proceedings
were to be held in person, that a party could file a motion for
remote testimony to be determined by the assigned judge,
and that the order superseded all prior inconsistent orders.
Two days later—the day the case was assigned to Judge
Watkins and the day before trial commenced—the juvenile
court informed the parties that the Presiding Judge Order
(PJO) had superseded an order from the prior month grant-
ing DHS’s motion for Miller to testify remotely. DHS does
not assign error to the PJO or to the juvenile court’s ruling
that the PJO superseded that prior order allowing Miller’s
remote testimony.
         To the extent that DHS means to challenge the juve-
nile court’s denial of DHS’s renewed motion to allow Miller
to testify remotely, asserted on the first day of trial, we need
not decide whether the juvenile court abused its discretion
in denying that motion, see State v. M. P., 312 Or App 411,
419, 493 P3d 1051 (2021) (explaining that the 2017 amend-
ment to ORS 45.400 “expressly makes the decision whether
to allow telephonic testimony in nonjury proceedings a
matter of trial court discretion except in specified circum-
stances”), because DHS has not identified how the alleged
error was prejudicial. On appeal, DHS acknowledges that
it did not have an active subpoena for Miller’s testimony at
the time of trial but asserts that “it did not have a mecha-
nism to timely compel [his] attendance at trial,” given the
timing of the juvenile court’s ruling. Again, we reject DHS’s
contention that the juvenile court rescinded the prior order
during trial, and DHS does not explain why it would not
have been able to timely serve Miller with a subpoena in
the three remaining days of trial “so as to allow the witness
a reasonable time for preparation and travel to the place of
attendance.” ORS 419B.902(1). DHS asserted to the juvenile
court that it “no longer ha[d] subpoena power to bring him
in” to testify, but also represented that it knew where to
serve Miller (Newberg), that it had previously subpoenaed
him and later notified him that he was relieved of the duty
to appear on the subpoena when the prior order allowed him
to appear remotely, but that it had concerns about enforcing
176                   Dept. of Human Services v. J. E. D. V.

a subpoena should he refuse to appear. Accordingly, given
that DHS has not established that it could not otherwise
secure Miller’s testimony at trial, we reject DHS’s and the
children’s seventh assignment of error.
         In their eighth assignments of error, DHS and the
children contend that the juvenile court erred when it did not
allow them “to make an offer of proof regarding Dr. Miller’s
testimony.” We conclude that the juvenile court did not err.
The juvenile court did not exclude Miller’s testimony, but
rather prescribed the “mode” or form in which that testimony
could be taken. See ORS 45.010(3) and (4) (providing that
oral examination and remote location examination under
ORS 45.400 are two of six modes in which the testimony of a
witness is taken). Accordingly, DHS has not established that
it was necessary to make an offer of proof as to the substance
of Miller’s testimony to preserve its claim that the juvenile
court abused its discretion in denying the motion to allow
Miller to testify remotely. See State v. Haugen, 349 Or 174,
191, 243 P3d 31 (2010) (“Making an offer of proof is ordi-
narily part of preserving an argument that the trial court
erred in excluding evidence.” (Emphasis added.)); see also
Dept. of Human Services v. M. T. J., 304 Or App 148, 158-59,
466 P3d 702 (2020) (noting that the purpose of the rule
requiring an offer of proof “is to assure that appellate courts
are able to determine whether it was error to exclude the
evidence and whether any error was likely to have affected
the result of the case” (emphasis added; internal quotation
marks and citation omitted)). We therefore reject DHS’s and
the children’s eighth assignments of error.
        Affirmed.