Court Opinion

ID: 4036483
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-23 04:19:11.292023+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:18:03.445888
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jessica Markham, Victoria Markham,          :
Jesse Charles, Pennsylvania Homecare        :
Association, United Cerebral Palsy of       :
Pennsylvania,                               :
                         Petitioners        :
                                            :
             v.                             :   No. 176 M.D. 2015
                                            :   Argued: June 8, 2016
Thomas W. Wolf, in his Official             :
Capacity as Governor of the                 :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,               :
Department of Human Services,               :
Office of Long Term Living,                 :
                         Respondents        :

BEFORE:      HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
             HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
             HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
             HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
             HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

OPINION
BY JUDGE SIMPSON                            FILED: September 22, 2016

             In this case in our original jurisdiction, we are asked to determine the
validity of an executive order which purports to create new arrangements for direct
care workers who provide personal services to certain aged and disabled
participants in their homes. We are mindful of the respect and privacy afforded to
a person in his or her home, dating back at least to Elizabethan England, and
expressed in the words of Sir Edward Coke: “For a man’s home is his castle, et
domus cuique tutissimum refugium.”1

      1
        Sir Edward Coke, THIRD INSTITUTE OF THE LAWS OF ENGLAND 162 (1644). The Latin
means: “and his home his safest refuge.” See Semayne’s Case (1603) 77 Eng. Rep. 194 (K.B.)
(Footnote continued on next page…)
              More particularly, before this Court are the parties’ cross-applications
for summary relief.          Jessica Markham, Victoria Markham, Jesse Charles,
Pennsylvania Homecare Association (PHA), and United Cerebral Palsy of
Pennsylvania (UCP) (collectively, Petitioners) filed a petition for declaratory and
injunctive relief seeking to invalidate an executive order issued by Governor
Thomas W. Wolf (Governor Wolf) pertaining to direct care workers (DCW) whose
services to eligible aged or disabled individuals are paid by the Department of
Human Services, Office of Long Term Living (Department). The Department and
Governor Wolf (collectively, Respondents) also filed preliminary objections, which
are before us for disposition.

              Petitioners assert the executive order is an unauthorized exercise of
power, is unconstitutional and is in conflict with existing labor and health laws.
Respondents counter that Petitioners lack standing and their challenge lacks merit.
Upon review, we grant Petitioners’ application for summary relief as to certain
provisions of the Executive Order (Sections 3, 4, and related parts of Sections 1 and
5). Also, we deny Respondents’ application for summary relief (as to Sections 3, 4,
and related parts of Sections 1 and 5), but allow other portions to remain. Further, we
overrule their preliminary objections to the extent they are not mooted by our
decision on the merits.

(continued…)

(“[T]he house of everyone is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against
injury and violence, as for his repose.”) (addressing “knock and announce” rule).

                                              2
                                        I. Background
                                  A. Home Care Programs
               On February 27, 2015, Governor Wolf issued Executive Order No.
2015-05 (Executive Order), entitled “Participant-Directed Home Care Services.”
See 45 Pa. B. 1937 (April 18, 2015). The Executive Order focused on individuals
who receive, and the DCWs who provide, in-home personal (non-medical) care
pursuant to the Attendant Care Services Act, 62 P.S. §§3051-3058 (Act 150),2 and
federal Medicaid waiver programs.

               The Department administers Act 1503 and the Medicaid waiver
programs, including the: Aging Waiver; Attendant Care Waiver; CommCare Waiver;
Independence Waiver; and, OBRA Waiver Program (collectively, Home Care
Programs). The Department oversees home care services and administers the
funding for Home Care Programs. The Department also files the Medicaid waivers
with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, representing that the
elderly or disabled participant in the program employs DCWs eligible for payment.

               It is clear that we are addressing home-based services rendered to
some of our neediest citizens where they live. Individuals receiving home care
services are “participants.” 55 Pa. Code §52.3. Under the Home Care Programs,
DCWs provide personal care and domestic services to enable participants to live at
home rather than in an institution. At times, a DCW is a participant’s relative,
residing at the same address.

      2
          Act of December 10, 1986, P.L. 1477.
      3
          Act 150 affords care to physically disabled persons ages 18-59.

                                                 3
                Home care services are directed either by participants, under the
Participant Model, or by agencies under the Agency Model. Under the Participant
Model, DCWs are recruited, hired, and managed by a participant who employs the
DCW. By contrast, under the Agency Model, a home care agency recruits, hires
and manages the DCW.               As employers, participants have federal employer
identification numbers, are subject to workers’ compensation and unemployment
requirements, and pay relevant employer taxes. Under Act 150, participants have
the “right to make decisions about, direct the provision of and control … [home]
care services.” Section 2(3) of Act 150, 62 P.S. §3052(3). Thus, participants’
control over their care is unfettered other than compliance with home care service
regulations.

                In sum, participants have three roles: they receive personal care and
domestic services; they receive the services where they reside; and, they employ
the persons who render the services in their homes.

                                      B. Executive Order
                The Executive Order governs the relationship between DCWs and the
Department.4 As such, it pertains only to the Participant Model. The Executive

      4
          The Executive Order, in its entirety, provides:
       WHEREAS, the administration is committed to ensuring that Pennsylvania residents
have access to quality home care services; and
      WHEREAS, [DCWs] are individuals who provide vital home care services to
Pennsylvania's seniors and people with disabilities who require assistance; and
       WHEREAS, without assistance from [DCWs] who are paid through various programs
administered by the [Department] through its Office of Long Term Living, these residents
otherwise would require Institutional care, such as that provided in a nursing home; and
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                 4
(continued…)

       WHEREAS, residents who are consumers of in-home personal care services must
maintain the right to select and direct the daily work of [DCWs] who provide services through
the programs administered by the [Department]; and

        WHEREAS, the average cost of providing in-home personal care services is typically
much less than the cost of care provided in nursing homes or similar institutional settings, and
Pennsylvania's home care services programs therefore save the Commonwealth millions of
dollars per year; and

        WHEREAS, the demand for direct home care services is expected to rise in the coming
years in light of Pennsylvania's aging population; and

        WHEREAS, the quality of life for Pennsylvania's seniors and people with disabilities is
significantly improved by the option of received self-directed in-home care services; and

       WHEREAS, [DCWs] typically earn low wages and receive no benefits, paid time off, or
standardized training; and

       WHEREAS, as a result, the pool of [DCWs] available for consumers of in-home care
services in Pennsylvania suffers from high turnover and inconsistent quality; and

        WHEREAS, reform of the Commonwealth's home care programs requires careful
consideration of its economic impact and must ensure Pennsylvania's right to receive the
maximum amount of Federal funds to which it is entitled and, therefore, should be informed by
input from all interested stakeholders; and

      WHEREAS, the administration believes there is a need to improve both the quality of
home care and the working conditions of [DCWs] and that these two goals are related;

       NOW, THEREFORE, I, [Governor Wolf], by virtue of the authority vested in me by the
Constitution and laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, do hereby direct the following:

       1. Definitions. As used in this Executive Order, the following definitions shall apply:

       a. "Department" means the Department of Human Services.

       b. "Deputy Secretary" means the Deputy Secretary of Human Services for Long Term
       Living.

       c. "Direct Care Worker" means a person who provides Participant-Directed Services in a
       Participant's home under a Home Care Service Program.

(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                5
(continued…)

       d. "Direct Care Worker List" means a monthly list compiled at the direction of and
       maintained by the Department of the names and addresses of all [DCWs] who have
       within the previous three (3) months been paid through a Home Care Service Program
       that provides Participant-Directed services. The list shall specify the program through
       which each [DCW] is paid, but nothing that would identify the name of any participant.

       e. "Direct Care Worker Representative" means the designated representative elected
       according to the procedure outlined in Paragraph 3.

       f. "Home Care Service Programs" means the following programs administered by
       OLTL, and any successor program:
       (1) The Aging Waiver Program.
       (2) The Attendant Care Waiver Program.
       (3) The CommCare Waiver Program.
       (4) The Independence Waiver Program.
       (5) The OBRA Waiver Program.
       (6) The Act 150 Program.

       g. "OLTL" means the Department's Office of Long Term Living.

       h. "Participant" means a person who receives services from a [DCW] under a Home Care
       Service Program.

       i. "Participant-Directed Services" means personal assistance services, respite, and
       Participant-Directed community supports or similar types of services provided to a senior
       or a person with a disability who requires assistance and wishes to hire, terminate, direct
       and supervise the provision of such care pursuant to the Home Care Service Programs,
       provided now and in the future, to (i) meet such person's daily living needs, (ii) ensure such
       person may adequately function in such person's home, and (iii) provide such person with
       safe access to the community. Participant-Directed Services does not include any care
       provided by a worker employed by an agency as defined by Section 802.1 of the Health
       Care Facilities Act[.] [Act of July 19, 1979, P.L. 130, as amended,] (35 P.S. §448.802a).

       j. "Secretary" means the Secretary of Human Services.

       2. Advisory Group on Participant-Directed Home Care. There is hereby established
an Advisory Group to ensure the quality of long-term Participant Directed Home Care that shall
be known as the Governor's Advisory Group on Participant-Directed Home Care. The Advisory
Group shall advise the Governor's Office and executive branch agencies and offices of the
Commonwealth (including the Department) on ways to improve the quality of care delivered
through the Home Care Services Programs.
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                 6
(continued…)

       a. The Advisory Group shall be composed of seven (7) members, who shall serve at the
       pleasure of the Governor. The seven members shall include the Secretary, or a designee
       (who shall serve as chairperson of the Advisory Group), and the Deputy Secretary, or a
       designee. The remaining five (5) members of the Advisory Group shall be appointed by
       the Governor, and will include both participants or their surrogates and advocates for
       seniors and people with disabilities.
       b. Commencing no later than June 30, 2015, the Advisory Group shall meet at least
       quarterly to study and discuss the experiences and best practices of other states that
       administer similar programs to provide Participant-Directed Home Care Services. In
       particular, the Advisory Group shall review the following subjects:
              (1) Establishment and maintenance of policies, practices and procedures
       designed to ensure that the Commonwealth continues its efforts to reduce the
       numbers of Pennsylvania residents currently on waiting lists to receive services
       through the Home Care Service Programs.
               (2) Evaluation of the work of OLTL so as to ensure that the program
       standards of the Home Care Service Programs are being met as they apply to the
       provision of Participant-Directed Services. However, the Advisory Group shall
       not be allowed to review the activities of the Department pertaining to pending
       reviews and investigations that involve potential fraud or criminal conduct,
       unless the information is publicly available.
              (3) Establishment and maintenance of policies, practices and procedures
       designed to ensure that the Commonwealth continues its efforts to rebalance
       resources for long term care services from institutional care to home and
       community based services.
               (4) Establishment and maintenance of policies, practices and procedures
       designed to ensure that the Commonwealth continues to adhere to the principles
       of participant-direction, independent living and consumer choice.
              (5) Any other issues that the Governor may deem appropriate.

         3. [DCW] Representative. The Secretary shall recognize a representative for the [DCWs]
for the purpose of discussing issues of mutual concern through a meet and confer process.
       a. Election Process. The Secretary shall designate the American Arbitration Association
       [AAA] to conduct an election and certify the election outcome, pursuant to the following
       process:
               (1) An election shall be conducted to designate a representative when an
       organization seeking to be so designated presents signed authorization cards to the
       Governor, or his designee, demonstrating that at least ten (10%) percent of the
       providers identified on the most recent [DCW] List (as described below) choose
       to be represented by such organization.
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                               7
(continued…)

             (2) All [DCWs] identified on the most recent [DCW] List (at the time the
     election is requested) shall be eligible to vote in an election. If the majority of
     votes cast in the election are for the petitioning organization, the American
     Arbitration Association shall certify the election results, and the Secretary shall
     recognize the organization as the [DCW] Representative. There shall only be one
     [DCW] Representative recognized at any time.

             (3) The recognized [DCW] Representative shall continue to act as such for
     so long as such organization complies with its responsibilities concerning
     representation of [DCWs]. [DCWs] who wish to remove the [DCW]
     Representative shall seek such removal in accordance with the election process
     set forth in this Order. [DCWs] may not seek such removal earlier than one (1)
     year after the organization is recognized as the [DCW] Representative.

     b. Meet and Confer Process. The Secretary, the Deputy Secretary, and the [DCW]
     Representative shall meet and confer to address concerns of [DCWs] and ways to
     improve the quality of care provided under the Home Care Services Programs.

            (1) The Secretary, the Deputy Secretary and the [DCW] Representative
     shall meet at least monthly, on mutually agreeable dates and times.

             (2) The Secretary, the Deputy Secretary and the [DCW] Representative
     shall discuss relevant issues, including the following:

            (a) The quality and availability of Participant-Directed Services in the
            Commonwealth, within the framework of principles of participant direction,
            independent living and consumer choice.
            (b) The improvement of the recruitment and retention of qualified [DCWs].
            (c) The development of a [DCW] registry or worker participant matching
            service to provide routine, emergency and respite referrals of qualified
            participants who are authorized to receive long-term, in-home care
            services under one of the Home Care Service Programs.
            (d) Standards for compensating [DCWs], Including wage ranges, health
            care benefits, retirement benefits and paid time off.
            (e) Commonwealth payment procedures related to the Home Care
            Services Programs.
            (f) Development of an orientation program for [DCWs] working in a
            Home Care Services Program.
            (g) Training and professional development opportunities for [DCWs].
            (h) Voluntary payroll deductions for [DCWs].

(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                             8
(continued…)

            (3) The [DCW] Representative shall have the opportunity to meet with
     the Governor, or his designee, at least once annually to discuss the outcome of
     the meet and confer sessions with the Secretary.

     c. Memorandum of Mutual Understanding.
             (1) Mutual understandings reached during the meet and confer process shall be
     reduced to writing. Where appropriate, and with the approval of the Governor,
     understandings reached through the meet and confer process will be implemented in the
     policy of the Department related to [DCWs] providing Participant-Directed Services. If any
     such mutual understanding requires legislation or rulemaking, the [DCW] Representative
     may make recommendations for legislation or rulemaking to the relevant body.
            (2) Nothing in this Executive Order shall compel the parties to reach mutual
     understandings.
             (3) In the event the parties are unable to reach mutual understandings, the
     Governor or a designee will convene a meeting of the parties to understand their
     respective positions and attempt to resolve the issues of disagreement.

     4. [DCW] List.
     a. The Secretary shall compile a list each month of the names and addresses of all
     [DCWs] ("DCW List") who, within the previous three (3) months, have been paid
     through a Home Care Service Program that provides Participant-Directed Services. The
     DCW List shall specify every program through which each [DCW] was paid. However,
     the DCW List shall not include the name of any participant, any designation that a
     [DCW] is a relative of a participant, or any designation that the [DCW]'s home address is
     the same as a participant's address.
     b. An employee organization that has as one of its primary purposes the representation of
     [DCWs] in their relations with the Commonwealth or other public entities may petition
     the Secretary to represent a particular unit of [DCWs].
     c. Upon a showing made to the Secretary by an employee organization described in
     Subparagraph 4.a. that at least 50 [DCWs] support the organization's petition to provide
     representation, the Secretary within seven (7) days shall provide to the organization the
     most recent DCW List, and, for an additional six (6) months thereafter, upon request shall
     supply subsequent monthly lists.
     d. Any vendor or contractor that provides financial management services for the
     Commonwealth in connection with any Home Care Service Program shall assist and
     cooperate with the Department in compiling and maintaining the DCW List. The
     Secretary shall ensure that all existing and future contracts with vendors or contractors
     providing financial management services for the Commonwealth require the fiscal
     intermediary to cooperate in the creation and maintenance of the DCW List.
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                             9
Order establishes a new policy-making body regarding the provision of home care.

(continued…)
       5. No Change to Existing Rights and Relationships.
       a. Nothing in this Executive Order shall be construed to limit communication between or
       among Commonwealth employees, representatives of employee associations, the heads
       of executive branch agencies, and the Governor. The provisions of this Executive Order
       shall not be construed or interpreted to diminish any rights, responsibilities, powers or
       duties of individual employees in their service to the Commonwealth. Further, the
       provisions of this Executive Order shall not diminish or infringe upon any rights,
       responsibilities, powers or duties conferred upon any officer or agency by the
       Constitution or laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
       b. Nothing in this Executive Order shall be interpreted to grant [DCWs] the status of
       Commonwealth employees. The provisions of this Executive Order shall not be construed
       or interpreted to create collective bargaining rights or a collective bargaining agreement
       under any federal or state law.
       c. Nothing in this Executive Order or in any [MOU] that may be reached hereunder shall
       alter the unique relationship between the individual participants and [DCWs].
       Participants shall retain the rights to select, hire, terminate and supervise a [DCW]. This
       Executive Order is not intended to grant any right, or to imply that [DCWs] have any
       right, to engage in a strike or other collective cessation of the delivery of services.
       d. Nothing in this Executive Order, or in any [MOU] that is reached hereunder, shall alter
       the rights of [DCWs], including the right to become a member of a labor organization or
       to refrain from becoming a member of labor organization.
       e. In accordance with all applicable federal and Commonwealth laws, all existing or
       future vendors or contractors providing financial management services for the
       Commonwealth shall refrain from interfering with a [DCW]'s decision to join or refrain
       from joining a labor organization.
       f. This Executive Order and any [MOU] reached hereunder shall not be interpreted to
       require a [DCW] to support a labor organization in any way.
       g. Nothing in this Executive Order, or in any [MOU] that is reached thereunder, shall
       limit a DCW's ability individually or in concert with others, to petition the
       Commonwealth regarding any issue of concern.
        6. Cooperation by Commonwealth Agencies. Agencies under the Governor's
jurisdiction shall take all steps necessary to implement the provisions of this Executive Order.
        7. Effect and Duration. This Executive Order shall be effective immediately and remain
in effect until amended or rescinded by the Governor.

See Ex. A to Pet’rs’ Pet. for Review.

                                               10
The Executive Order also allows DCWs to elect an employee organization with
which the Department must meet and discuss certain issues. In so doing, the
Executive Order empowers non-Commonwealth employees to negotiate with the
Commonwealth through a newly created position of a DCW representative.

             To aid the election process, on a monthly basis, the Department is
required to compile a list of the names and addresses of all DCW workers (DCW
List), who, within the three previous months, were paid through a Home Care
Program that provides services under the Participant Model.

             Section 2 of the Executive Order establishes an advisory group to
advise the Governor and the Department “on ways to improve the quality of care
delivered” through Home Care Programs (Advisory Group). Executive Order
(E.O.) at 3. The Advisory Group is comprised of the Secretary of the Department
(Secretary) and five members appointed by the Governor, including participants
and advocates for seniors and persons with disabilities. The Advisory Group shall
meet at least quarterly and discuss: (1) reducing the waiting list to receive services
through Home Care Programs; (2) evaluating the Department to ensure program
standards are met; (3) rebalancing Commonwealth resources from institutional care
to home and community based services; (4) ensuring the Commonwealth adheres
to the principles of participant direction, independent living and consumer choice;
and, (5) “[o]ther issues that the Governor may deem appropriate.” Id. at 4.

             Section 3 of the Executive Order creates a process for organizing the
DCWs under an employee organization authorized to represent DCWs in their

                                         11
relations with the Commonwealth. Any employee organization may petition the
Department to represent DCWs once it demonstrates that 50 DCWs support its
representation. The employee organization is then entitled to obtain the DCW List,
which it may use to solicit membership in the organization.

            The Executive Order requires the Secretary to designate the American
Arbitration Association (AAA) to conduct an election for a representative of the
DCWs, and to certify the election outcome pursuant to the process in the Executive
Order. The Executive Order provides AAA shall conduct an election when an
employee organization demonstrates support from at least 10% of the DCWs on
the DCW List. All DCWs are eligible to vote in the election. Provided the
organization meets the 10% threshold, a majority of votes cast determines which
organization serves as the DCW representative (Designated Representative). Only
one Designated Representative may be recognized at any time.

            The Executive Order mandates the Secretary, the Deputy Secretary
and the Designated Representative meet and confer, at least monthly, regarding
concerns of DCWs and ways to improve the quality of care. Specifically, the
Executive Order requires the Secretary and Deputy Secretary to discuss DCWs’
terms and conditions of employment with the Designated Representative.

            In Section 3(c) entitled, “Memorandum of Mutual Understanding”
(MOU), the Executive Order further provides the “[m]utual understandings
reached during the meet and confer process shall be reduced to writing[,] [and]
[w]here appropriate … understandings reached through the meet and confer

                                        12
process will be implemented as the policy of the Department ….” E.O. at 5
(emphasis   added).      Then,     the   Designated   Representative   may   make
recommendations for legislation or rulemaking as needed. Although the Executive
Order does not compel the Department and the Designated Representative to reach a
MOU, in the event they do not, the Governor shall meet with the Department and
Designated Representative “and attempt to resolve the issues of disagreement.” Id.
While the Executive Order allows the DCW Representative to meet with the
Governor, it does not afford participants an opportunity to meet with the Governor.

            Section 4 of the Executive Order addresses the DCW List, to be used
by a prospective employee organization in contacting DCWs.

            Section 5 of the Executive Order is entitled “No Change to Existing
Rights and Relationships.”       Some of the provisions, however, refer to new
relationships that may arise during the operation of the Section 3(a) election
process, the 3(b) meet and confer process, and the 3(c) memorandum of mutual
understanding process. See Sections 5(c) through 5(g). Section 6 of the Executive
Order is entitled “Cooperation with Commonwealth Agencies.” Section 7 of the
Executive Order is entitled “Effect and Duration.”

            During the litigation, Governor Wolf and the Department took steps to
implement the Executive Order.       To date, AAA certified United Home Care
Workers of Pennsylvania, LLC (UHCWP) as the Designated Representative. See
June Stipulation, dated 6/3/15. UHCWP won the election based on 2,663 votes out
of 20,000 DCWs. UHCWP is comprised of two employee organizations, Service

                                         13
Employees International Union (SEIU) and the American Federation of State,
County and Municipal Employees. UHCWP then requested and received a copy of
the DCW List, to which it distributed brochures encouraging membership.5

                                   C. Procedural History
               Petitioners filed a petition for review challenging the validity of the
Executive Order.        They seek declaratory and injunctive relief from its terms,
asserting Governor Wolf exceeded his authority in issuing it. Petitioners also
argue the Executive Order conflicts with both the Pennsylvania Labor Relations
Act6 (PLRA) and the Public Employe Relations Act7 (PERA).

               Petitioners also sought preliminary injunctive relief before an election
of a DCW representative, and to prevent implementation of the Executive Order.

               Petitioners claim the Executive Order interferes with the unique
relationship between DCWs and participants that occur in participants’ homes.
Jesse Charles and Victoria Markham are participants as defined in the Executive
Order. Jessica Markham is a DCW who provides home care services to her
mother, Victoria Markham. PHA and UCP are nonprofit membership corporations
(collectively, Associations) comprised of provider members who employ DCWs
under the Agency Model.

      5
         The title of one such brochure was “20,000 Pennsylvania Home Care Attendants Are
Joining Together.” The mailings referred to the selection of UHCWP as a union election.
      6
          Act of June 1, 1937, P.L. 1168, as amended, 43 P.S. §§211.1-.13.
      7
          Act of July 23, 1970, P.L. 563, as amended, 43 P.S. §§1101.101-.2301.

                                               14
              Respondents filed preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer,
also asserting Petitioners’ claims are not ripe, and the Associations lack standing.

              Petitioners filed an application to expedite their petition in the nature
of preliminary relief, which this Court granted. The parties entered stipulations in
April 2015 (April Stipulation) prior to the preliminary injunction hearing. After
granting their application to expedite, then President Judge Dan Pellegrini heard
Petitioners’ request for preliminary injunction.         He issued an order enjoining
Respondents from entering a MOU pending disposition of the merits. He also
ordered the parties to file applications for summary relief.

              Prior to filing their applications for summary relief, the parties entered
a second stipulation in June 2015 (June Stipulation).

              The Senate Republican Caucus8 filed an application to intervene
aligned with Petitioners’ interests, which this Court denied in a single judge opinion.
Our Supreme Court affirmed the denial of intervention on interlocutory appeal.
Markham v. Wolf, 136 A.3d 134 (Pa. 2016) (addressing applications to intervene
in 176 M.D. 2015 and 177 M.D. 2015). The Senate Republican Caucus and the
Senate Democratic Caucus, as well as a number of other entities and individuals,
filed friend-of-the court briefs.

       8
        On April 20, 2015, Senate President Pro Tempore Joseph Scarnati, III, Senate Majority
Leader Jake Corman, Senate Majority Whip John Gordner, and Senate Majority Appropriations
Chairman Pat Browne, filed the application on behalf of the Senate Republican Caucus.

                                             15
             Petitioners and Respondents both filed applications for summary relief
pursuant to Pa. R.A.P. 1532(b). After briefing and oral argument, the parties’
cross-applications for summary relief are ready for disposition.

                                   II. Discussion
                                A. Legal Standards
             Applications for summary relief are governed by Pa. R.A.P. 1532(b).
It provides: “[a]t any time after the filing of a petition for review in an … original
jurisdiction matter the court may on application enter judgment if the right of the
applicant thereto is clear.” Id. “An application for summary relief may be granted
if a party’s right to judgment is clear and no material issues of fact are in dispute.”
Leach v. Turzai, et al., 118 A.3d 1271, 1277 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (en banc),
aff’d, 141 A.3d 426 (Pa. 2016) (citing Hosp. & Healthsystem Ass’n of Pa. v. Com.,
77 A.3d 587 (Pa. 2013)). “In ruling on application[s] for summary relief, we must
view the evidence of record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and
enter judgment only if there is no genuine issue as to any material facts and the right
to judgment is clear as a matter of law.” Cent. Dauphin Sch. Dist. v. Dep’t of Educ.,
598 A.2d 1364, 1366-67 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991); see Leach.

             As to preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer, we may
sustain preliminary objections only when, based on the facts pled, it is clear and free
from doubt that the complainant will be unable to prove facts legally sufficient to
establish a right to relief. Mazur v. Trinity Area Sch. Dist., 961 A.2d 96 (Pa. 2008).
For the purpose of evaluating the legal sufficiency of the challenged pleading, this

                                          16
Court must accept as true all well-pled, material, and relevant facts alleged in the
complaint and every inference that is fairly deducible from those facts. Leach.

             The purpose of the Declaratory Judgments Act “is to settle and to
afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other
legal relations, and is to be liberally construed and administered.” 42 Pa. C.S.
§7541. Declaratory judgment as to the rights, status or legal relationships is
appropriate only where there exists an actual controversy.                McCord v.
Pennsylvanians for Union Reform, 136 A.3d 1055 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016). “An actual
controversy exists when litigation is both imminent and inevitable and the
declaration sought will practically help to end the controversy between the
parties.” Id. at 1061 (quotation omitted). “Granting or denying a petition for a
declaratory judgment is committed to the sound discretion of a court of original
jurisdiction.” GTECH Corp. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 965 A.2d 1276, 1285 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2009).

             “To prevail on a claim for a permanent injunction, the plaintiff must
establish a clear right to relief, that there is an urgent necessity to avoid an injury
which cannot be compensated for by damages, and that greater injury will result
from refusing rather than granting the relief requested.” Watts v. Manheim Twp.
Sch. Dist., 84 A.3d 378, 390 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). A violation of statute constitutes
irreparable harm. Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n v. Israel, 52 A.2d 317 (Pa. 1947).

                                          17
                                  B. Contentions
             Petitioners allege the Executive Order interferes with the participant-
DCW employment relationship under Act 150, and establishes organizational labor
rights for DCWs. They also contend Governor Wolf exceeded his authority in
issuing the Executive Order because it does not implement or enforce existing law.
Rather, the Executive Order creates rights that are inconsistent with existing law.

             Respondents counter “the Executive Order is merely a tool for the
[Department] and the Governor to efficiently get information from those who
provide important services to some of our most vulnerable Pennsylvanians with the
ultimate goal of providing better services.” Resp’ts’ Br. at 3. Respondents thus
identify information gathering as its primary purpose. Respondents also allege the
Executive Order is a valid exercise of Governor Wolf’s executive power “to
communicate with subordinate officials in the nature of request or suggested
directions for the execution of the duties of the Executive Branch of government.”
Resp’ts’ Answer with New Matter, at ¶2. Yet, Respondents do not cite any statute
or specify any executive power the Executive Order is designed to implement or
enforce.

                                    C. Analysis
               1. Preliminary Objections: Standing and Ripeness
             At the outset, we evaluate Respondents’ challenge to Petitioners’
standing and the ripeness of their claims. Contrary to Respondents’ view, we find
Petitioners are directly impacted by the Executive Order.

                                         18
                 In denying legislative standing to Senators of the Majority Caucus,
our Supreme Court reasoned, “challengers exist who are, from a standing
perspective, sufficiently impacted by the Governor’s issuance of [Executive
Order], as amply demonstrated by the parties in this matter who include patients,
[DCWs] and institutional health care providers.” Markham, 136 A.3d at 146.
We agree with our Supreme Court that participants in the Home Care Programs
and providers of home care services have standing.

                 Here, individual Petitioners have an interest in the litigation that is
substantial, direct and immediate, and not a remote consequence of the challenged
action.9 Pa. Acad. of Chiro. Physicians v. Dep’t of State, Bureau of Prof’l & Occ.
Affairs, 564 A.2d 551 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989). Petitioners allege the Executive Order
interferes in the unique employment relationship between DCWs and participants,
undermining participants’ ability to control their care.                    As participants, Jesse
Charles and Victoria Markham employ DCWs.                          The Commonwealth has no
employer-employee relationship with DCWs. April Stip. ¶7. However, Section 3
of the Executive Order includes the Commonwealth, but excludes the actual
employer participants from the meet and confer process, which is designed to
result in decisions impacting terms and conditions of employment.                               Jessica

       9
           Our Supreme Court explains the criteria for standing as follows:

                 [A] ‘substantial’ interest is an interest in the outcome of the litigation which
                 surpasses the common interest of all citizens in procuring obedience to the
                 law. A ‘direct’ interest requires a showing that the matter complained of
                 caused harm to the party’s interest. An ‘immediate’ interest involves the
                 nature of the causal connection between the action complained of and the
                 injury to the party challenging it ….

S. Whitehall Twp. Police Serv. v. S. Whitehall Twp., 555 A.2d 793, 795 (Pa. 1989).

                                                   19
Markham, as a DCW whose interests are to be served by a Designated
Representative, has a direct interest in protecting herself from an invasion of
privacy in her home through mailings for the purpose of solicitation, and from
selection of a representative based on a bare majority vote. These interests are
greater than that of the general public. Therefore, individual Petitioners, Jessica
and Victoria Markham and Jesse Charles establish standing.

             So long as one of the petitioners has standing, an action may continue.
Pennsylvanians Against Gambling Expansion Fund, Inc. v. Com., 877 A.2d 383
(Pa. 2005). Because the individual Petitioners have standing, it is unnecessary to
address whether the Associations have standing. Id.

             As to Respondents’ objection that Petitioners anticipate a harm that
may never occur, we emphasize this is an action for a declaratory judgment. The
Declaratory Judgments Act is “remedial[;] [i]ts purpose is to settle and to afford
relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status and other legal
relations, and is to be liberally construed and administered.” 42 Pa. C.S. §7541(a).
Thus, lack of a present harm is not fatal to a declaratory judgment claim. Pa. Social
Servs. Union, Local No. 668, SEIU v. Com., 530 A.2d 962 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987).

             Regardless, Petitioners allege non-speculative harm in that the
Executive Order interferes with the relationship between a DCW and a participant
in the participant’s home. Section 3 of the Executive Order excludes participants
from the meet and confer process designed to negotiate terms and conditions of
employment. The Executive Order further disturbs the employment relationship by

                                         20
introducing the Designated Representative to purportedly represent the interests of
DCWs regarding terms and conditions, and discuss these issues with the
Department. The Executive Order also fosters collectivization by creating a process
for electing a representative, and encouraging employee organizations to solicit
DCWs for membership. An election occurred, and UHCWP was selected. Contrary
to Respondents’ characterization, Petitioners’ injury is not confined to entering a
MOU that may never occur.

             These are concrete events that may be addressed through the courts,
and do not call for an advisory opinion. Rendell v. State Ethics Comm’n, 983 A.2d
708 (Pa. 2009).      For these reasons, we overrule Respondents’ preliminary
objections related to standing and ripeness.

             Turning to the merits, we examine the validity of the Executive Order.

                              2. Substantive Claims
                                a. Executive Power
             Article IV, Section 2, of the Pennsylvania Constitution vests “[t]he
supreme executive power” in the Governor, who “shall take care that the laws be
faithfully executed.”   PA. CONST. art. IV, §2.    Separation of powers into the
legislative, executive, and judicial branches is the foundation underlying our
Constitution. Commonwealth v. Mockaitis, 834 A.2d 488 (Pa. 2003). Pursuant to
the separation of powers doctrine, the executive branch is prohibited from
exercising the functions exclusively committed to another branch. Id.

                                         21
               “The Governor’s power is to execute the laws[,] and not to create or
interpret them.” Arneson v. Wolf, 117 A.3d 374, 391 (Pa. Cmwlth.) (en banc),
aff’d, 124 A.3d 1225 (Pa. 2015) (quotation omitted). “The Legislative Branch of
government creates laws, and the Judicial Branch interprets them.” Shapp v. Butera,
348 A.2d 910, 914 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1975) (en banc). The Governor has that power
which is delegated to him by law, or which may be necessarily implied from his
executive duties.     Id.    As such, the Governor may issue executive orders in
accordance with that power. Id. “In no event, however, may any executive order be
contrary to any constitutional or statutory provision, nor may it reverse, countermand,
interfere with, or be contrary to any final decision or order of any court.” Schuylkill
Prods., Inc. v. Dep’t of Transp., 962 A.2d 1249, 1254 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008) (quoting
Cutler v. State Civil Serv. Comm’n, 924 A.2d 706, 711 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007)).

              In Shapp, this Court outlined the confines of a Governor’s authority to
issue executive orders.       We classified executive orders into three types:             (1)
proclamations for a ceremonial purpose;10 (2) directives to subordinate officials for
the execution of the duties of the Executive Branch of government; and, (3)
implementation of a statute or other law. Only the third type of executive orders is
legally enforceable. Id.

              Respondents contend the Executive Order is permitted under the
second category of orders, as a directive to subordinates, like the order in Shapp.
We reject this contention.
       10
          The parties agree the Executive Order does not fall within the first category as a
proclamation. An example of such an order is one directing that all flags be flown at half-mast
to honor a fallen soldier.

                                              22
              In Shapp, the executive order at issue requested certain members of the
Governor’s staff to file financial disclosure statements (Shapp Order). In analyzing
whether the financial disclosure statements qualified as “public records” under the
then Right-to-Know Law,11 we assessed whether the executive order affected legal
rights or duties. This Court determined the executive order did not fix rights or
duties because it was voluntary.        The only penalty for noncompliance was “a
possible removal from office, an official demotion, restrictions on responsibilities, a
reprimand or a loss of favor.” Id. at 913. As a result, we concluded the Shapp Order
constituted a “communication with subordinate officials in the nature of requests or
suggested directions for the execution of the duties of the Executive Branch.” Id. As
such, the Shapp Order fell within the second category of permissible executive orders.

              In this context, a “subordinate” is “subject to the authority or control
of another .…” AM. HERITAGE DICTIONARY 1212 (2nd Coll. ed. 1985); see Appeal
of Hartranft, 85 Pa. 433 (1878). A subordinate of the Governor is considered his
legal agent authorized to act on his behalf.          Id. at 444 (addressing power to
subpoena Governor and his subordinates “who are employed to render these
powers [with which he is clothed] efficient”); Opie v. Glascow Inc., 375 A.2d 396,
398 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1977) (explaining government employees, as distinguished from
officers, “merely exercise subordinate ministerial functions” under supervision).

              Considering applicability of the second category to the Executive
Order here, we consider its terms. Section 2 establishes a new body, the Advisory

       11
          Act of June 21, 1957, P.L. 390, formerly 65 P.S. §§66.1-66.9, repealed by, Section
3102 of the Right-to-Know Law, Act of February 14, 2008, P.L. 6, 65 P.S. §67.3102.

                                            23
Group, comprised of the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of the Department, with
remaining members appointed by the Governor. Its purpose is to ensure the
quality of home care services under the Participant Model. Its function is advisory
only, and consists of policy-making. The Advisory Group is required to review
and assess policies from a best practices perspective. This portion of the Executive
Order arguably involves a directive to subordinates to gather information.

             However, we conclude that Sections 3 and 4 of the Executive Order
are not permissible executive actions under the second category. There are several
reasons for this conclusion. First and foremost, factual differences between the
current Executive Order and the Shapp Order render the Shapp case inapposite. In
both function and phrasing, the executive orders are not comparable.

             The primary difference is that of scope. The Shapp Order consisted of
a communication, in the form of a discrete request, to existing subordinates.
Specifically, the Shapp Order used the word “requesting” when it asked members of
the Executive Branch to disclose their financial interests. By contrast, the Executive
Order mandates actions by the Secretary and Deputy Secretary, as well as by third
parties and the newly created role of Designated Representative. See E.O. Section 3
“The Secretary shall recognize a [Designated Representative] ….;” “[T]he Secretary
shall designate [AAA] ….;” “The [Designated Representative] shall continue to act
as such ….” Accordingly, the Executive Order creates rights and duties. It does not
set forth voluntary activities as in the Shapp Order. Also unlike the Shapp Order,
the Executive Order creates a multi-part process, involving many non-subordinates

                                         24
in critical roles. The Shapp Order did not create new bodies or positions of influence,
or direct action by anyone other than subordinates in the Executive Branch.

             Second, from our careful reading, we conclude Sections 3 and 4 of the
Executive Order do not merely direct subordinates. Rather, Sections 3 and 4 alter
the employment relationship between DCWs and participants that occurs in a
participant’s home. This is accomplished by inserting the Department and DCW
Representative into that relationship, with the goal of negotiating terms and
conditions of employment without input by participants.              DCWs are not
subordinates of the Governor. UHCWP, the Designated Representative, is not a
subordinate of the Governor. AAA is also not a subordinate of the Governor.
Notwithstanding their status as non-subordinates, the Executive Order directs these
providers and entities as part of the election, collectivization and bargaining
process it creates.

             Third, we are also unconvinced that Sections 3 and 4 of the Executive
Order are merely a means of information gathering as Respondents assert. Indeed,
information gathering is not mentioned. No part of Section 3, comprised of the
election process, meet and confer process and MOU, consists of information
gathering. Section 4 involves compilation of the DCW List, to enable an employee
organization’s representation as set forth in Section 3.        Respondents do not
persuasively explain why Sections 3 and 4, which do not involve any participant
input, are primarily information gathering, as opposed to collective bargaining.

                                          25
             Fourth, Respondents do not explain why the Section 2 Advisory
Group is inadequate for information gathering. Stated differently, Respondents do
not identify information that can only be gathered through the “meet and confer”
sessions, which include the Department and the Designated Representative, but
exclude participants.

             For all these reasons, we determine that Sections 3 and 4 of the
Executive Order are not truly a means of providing information to Governor Wolf
to assist Respondents in assessing quality of home care services.

             Having determined that Sections 3 and 4 of the Executive Order do
not fall within the second category of authorized executive orders, we consider
whether the Executive Order is otherwise authorized under Shapp.

                  b. Enforcing or Implementing Existing Law
             Executive orders that qualify under the third category of executive
orders are designed to implement or enforce a statute or other law. Id. Executive
orders falling under this category are either specifically authorized, by statute or
constitutional provision, or are necessarily implied from executive duties. Id.

             Respondents cite no specific authority enabling the Executive Order.
Further, we discern no authority that either specifically authorizes the Executive
Order, or necessitates its issuance so Governor Wolf may perform his duties.

                                         26
             Petitioners argue the Executive Order creates new entities and
processes that are inconsistent with legislative policy. They assert that through the
Executive Order Governor Wolf does not enforce or implement existing law;
rather, he exceeds his authority because the Executive Order makes law, a power
reserved to the legislative branch.

             Pursuant to Shapp, no executive order may “be contrary to any
constitutional or statutory provision.”     Id. at 914.    We examine Petitioners’
contention that the Executive Order conflicts with the PLRA and PERA by granting
collective bargaining rights to DCWs.

                            i. PLRA, NLRA and PERA
             The PLRA is Pennsylvania’s analog to the National Labor Relations
Act (NLRA), 29 U.S.C. §§151-169, setting forth an employee’s rights. The PLRA
allows defined employees to collectively bargain through an exclusive
representative. Specifically, Section 5 of the PLRA permits employees to organize,
including forming or joining a labor organization, to collectively bargain, and to
engage in activities for the purposes of collective bargaining. 43 P.S. §211.5.

             Relevant here, DCWs are expressly excluded from the definition of
employee in Section 3 of the PLRA. 43 P.S. §211.3. It provides:

             [t]he term ‘employe’ shall include any employe, and shall not
             be limited to the employes of a particular employer, unless the
             act explicitly states otherwise, and shall include any individual
             whose work has ceased as a consequence of, or in connection
             with, any current labor dispute, or because of any unfair labor
             practice, and who has not obtained any other regular and

                                          27
             substantially equivalent employment, but shall not include any
             individual employed as an agricultural laborer, or in the
             domestic service of any person in the home of such person, or
             any individual employed by his parent or spouse.

Id. (emphasis added).

             DCWs provide in-home personal care services.         The clear policy
decision by the General Assembly was to preclude the reach of collective
bargaining to domestic service rendered to a person in his or her home. This
policy choice, which is consistent with the long-standing “home as castle” trope in
law and custom, is binding. It cannot be altered by executive order.

             Further, PERA, which grants public employees the right to unionize,
also does not confer collective bargaining rights on DCWs.          DCWs are not
Commonwealth employees; their employers are participants who are private
parties. April Stip. ¶7.

             Despite the definitional exclusion of DCWs from the PLRA and PERA,
the terminology in Section 3 of the Executive Order is similar to the terminology
contained in collective bargaining statutes, as discussed immediately hereafter.

                   ii. Representative Election and Designation
             The Executive Order provides an election and designation process for
selecting the Designated Representative. It provides “[t]here shall only be one
[DCW] Representative recognized at any time.” E.O. at 5. Thus, the Designated

                                         28
Representative is the exclusive representative for all DCWs, and the Secretary
shall only recognize one Designated Representative.

            Under the PLRA, the chosen representative “shall be the exclusive
representative of all the employees … for the purposes of collective bargaining in
respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of employment, or other conditions of
employment.” Section 7 of the PLRA, 43 P.S. §211.7(a) (emphasis added). Under
PERA, the chosen representative “shall be the exclusive representative of all the
employes … to bargain on wages, hours, terms and conditions of employment.”
Section 606 of PERA, 43 P.S. §1101.606.

                              iii. Meet and Confer
            The Executive Order provides the Secretary, the Deputy Secretary and
the Designated Representative “shall meet and confer” regarding terms and
conditions of employment, including recruitment, wages, benefits, payment
procedures and voluntary deductions, and training. E.O. at 5. Although the parties
are not compelled to reach mutual understandings, any “[m]utual understandings
reached during the meet and confer process shall be reduced to writing.” Id.

            PERA obligates the public employer and the employee representative
to “meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours
and other terms and conditions of employment ….” Section 701 of PERA, 43 P.S.
§1101.701 (emphasis added). Once an agreement is reached, it “shall be reduced
to writing and signed by the parties.” Section 901 of PERA, 43 P.S. §1101.901.

                                        29
            The NLRA explains collective bargaining as follows: “[t]o bargain
collectively is the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the
representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good
faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment
….” Section 8(d) of the NLRA, 29 U.S.C. §158(d) (emphasis added).

            Our review of statutes governing organized labor reveals the
incongruence between the statutes and the Executive Order. By excluding DCWs
from the definition of employees in the PLRA, the General Assembly chose to
deny DCWs the ability to collectively bargain. By issuing the Executive Order,
and encouraging DCWs’ to organize collectively, Governor Wolf is essentially
usurping that legislative power. See Nat’l Solid Wastes Mgmt. Ass’n v. Casey,
600 A.2d 260 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991).

                             iv. 2010 Rendell Order
            Significantly, the Executive Order bears striking similarities to an
executive order Governor Edward Rendell issued in 2010 that pertained to DCWs
(Rendell Order). Like the Executive Order here, the Rendell Order: created a
process for organizing DCWs, including election of a union representative;
established an advisory council regarding participant care; created a list of DCWs;
and, authorized negotiations between the Department and the elected union
representative. Also like the Executive Order, the Rendell Order did not mandate
the parties reach an agreement. However, if the mandatory negotiations led to an
agreement, the Rendell Order required any mutual understanding to be put in
writing.

                                        30
              Similar to the present litigation, the participants and DCWs
challenged the Rendell Order as an invalid abuse of executive power and sought to
enjoin its implementation. See Pa. Homecare Assoc., et al. v. Rendell, et al. (Pa.
Cmwlth., No. 776 M.D. 2010, filed October 28, 2010) (single j. op.) (unreported).12
This Court, through Senior Judge Keith B. Quigley, issued a preliminary injunction
precluding implementation or enforcement of the Rendell Order.

              In its opinion granting preliminary injunctive relief, this Court
reasoned the petitioners showed a clear right to relief in that the Rendell Order was
inconsistent with the PLRA by permitting DCWs to organize collectively.
Essentially, election of one exclusive DCW representative under the Rendell Order
to represent DCW-employee interests in negotiations with the Commonwealth
regarding terms and conditions of employment allowed collective bargaining.

              In terms of function, this Court recognized that any agreement
resulting from the mandatory negotiations qualified as a collective bargaining
agreement. Further, the Court noted that while DCWs were not Commonwealth
employees, the agreement purported to create an employment relationship whereby
the Commonwealth became the de facto employer. Id., slip op. at n.10.

              Applying the persuasive Rendell Order reasoning to this case, we
recognize that the current Executive Order’s requirement that an employee
organization and the Department meet and confer is the essence of collective

       12
          Pursuant to Section 414(b) of this Court’s Internal Operating Procedures, a single-
judge opinion shall be cited only for its persuasive value.

                                             31
bargaining. Indeed, the “meet and confer” phrasing in the NLRA and PERA
mirrors that of the Executive Order. We conclude the Executive Order in effect
grants collective bargaining rights to DCWs by empowering a Designated
Representative as their exclusive representative.

              Further, participants, the actual employers, are excluded from the
meet and confer process, and there is no provision for their input. By excluding
participants, yet addressing terms and conditions of employment to which
participants as employers may be subject, the Executive Order impairs
participants’ rights to control personal care rendered to them in their own homes.

                                v. Section 5 Disclaimers
              The self-serving disclaimers in Section 5 of the Executive Order do not
save it from invalidity, for several reasons.13 First, we are guided by the nature of
the relationship, not the terms used to describe it. See, e.g., Schneider Nat’l
Carriers v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Baerdon), 738 A.2d 53 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1999) (independent contractor agreement is not dispositive; court may discern
employment relationship from other factors). The Executive Order grants rights to
DCWs to organize and select an exclusive representative to negotiate terms and
conditions of employment. Meet and confer sessions are collective bargaining, and
any agreement reached between the Department and UHCWP is a collective
bargaining agreement. In this manner, Governor Wolf establishes rights and duties
contrary to existing legislation. Casey.

       13
            “[T]his Executive Order shall not be construed or interpreted to create collective
bargaining rights or a collective bargaining agreement under federal or state law.” E.O. at 6.

                                             32
             Second, the doctrine of separation of powers precludes the executive
from directing or constraining a judicial function.         Interpretation of official
language to determine the legal effects of the language is a judicial function.
While the executive can express his intent, he cannot direct how the judiciary shall
interpret a legal document.     This is especially true where, as here, there are
operative provisions which contradict the claimed intent. Shapp, 348 A.2d at 914
(“the Executive Branch, through executive orders, is not permitted … to usurp the
judicial prerogative to interpret [the law].    If such power was granted, those
interpretations would be subject to change at least every four years, and the law
would be filled with uncertainty.”).

                                  vi. Severability
             Next, we consider whether the Executive Order is capable of
separation under the doctrine of severability. Saulsbury v. Bethlehem Steel Co.,
196 A.2d 664, 666 (Pa. 1964) (“a statute or ordinance may be partially valid and
partially invalid, and … if the provisions are distinct and not so interwoven as to be
inseparable … courts should sustain the valid portions”).

             Unlike Section 3, Section 2 of the Executive Order does not implicate
collective bargaining or impose requirements in conflict with existing rights and
duties. The Section 2 Advisory Group holds an advisory role only, designed to
assist the Executive Branch in implementing the Home Care Programs under Act
150 and Medicaid waiver programs. As such, we are persuaded that Section 2 of the
Executive Order falls within Governor Wolf’s sphere of executive authority.

                                         33
              However, Section 4 (DCW List) is expressly integral to the election
process set forth in Section 3(a), and thus depends on Section 3(a) for its operation.
Therefore, Section 4 is not severable from Section 3. Similarly, those portions of
Sections 1 and 5 derived from Section 3 are so interwoven with the invalid
provisions so as to be non-severable and incapable of operation. Id.; see also
Robinson Twp., Washington Cnty. v. Com., 83 A.3d 901 (Pa. 2013).

              Applying the severability principle, we conclude that Section 2 of the
Executive Order is self-sustaining. Therefore, we grant Respondents’ application
for summary relief as to Section 2, and we uphold its validity.

                                        vii. Summary
              Governor Wolf exceeded his authority in issuing Sections 3 and 4 of
the Executive Order. Most of the Executive Order does not merely implement or
enforce existing law, so as to be authorized under the third category of executive
orders in Shapp.        Instead, the Executive Order is de facto legislation, with
provisions contrary to the existing statutory scheme. Casey. At its core, the
Executive Order invades the relationship between a DCW and the employer
participant who receives personal services in his or her home. For these and the
above reasons, we declare Sections 3 and 4, and related Sections 1(d) and (e), and
5(b) through (g), of the Executive Order invalid.14

       14
           As we declare Section 4 of the Executive Order an invalid exercise of executive
authority, we need not address the alleged privacy interest in precluding solicitation of DCWs on
the DCW List.

                                               34
                                  III. Conclusion
             For the foregoing reasons, we grant Petitioners’ application for
summary relief in part, and we declare Sections 3 and 4 of the Executive Order
invalid and void. Parts of Section 1 (definitions of DCW List and Direct Care
Worker Representative) are also invalid. See E.O. Sections 1(d) and (e). Further,
parts of Section 5 which expressly refer to new relationships that may arise by
operation of Sections 3 and 4, including any references to a MOU, are also invalid.
See E.O. Sections 5(b) through 5(g). Respondents are enjoined from enforcing those
related sections of the Executive Order or taking any actions in accordance with
those sections of the Executive Order. Israel. Conversely, we deny Respondents’
application for summary relief in part as to Sections 1(d) and (e), 3, 4, and Sections
5(b) through 5(g) of the Executive Order.

             As a result of the foregoing, Respondents’ preliminary objections in the
nature of a demurrer are rendered moot. See Leach. We overrule Respondents’
preliminary objections challenging Petitioners’ aggrievement.

                                       ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge

Judge Covey did not participate in the decision in this case.

                                         35
        IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jessica Markham, Victoria Markham,       :
Jesse Charles, Pennsylvania Homecare     :
Association, United Cerebral Palsy of    :
Pennsylvania,                            :
                         Petitioners     :
                                         :
             v.                          :   No. 176 M.D. 2015
                                         :
Thomas W. Wolf, in his Official          :
Capacity as Governor of the              :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,            :
Department of Human Services,            :
Office of Long Term Living,              :
                         Respondents     :

                                    ORDER

             AND NOW, this 22nd day of September, 2016, Petitioners’
Application for Summary Relief pursuant to Pa. R.A.P. 1532(b) is GRANTED in
PART, only as to Sections 1(d) and (e), 3, 4, and Sections 5(b) through 5(g) of
Executive Order 2015-05; and JUDGMENT is entered in their favor as to those
sections and subsections only. Respondents’ Application for Summary Relief is
DENIED in PART as to Sections 1(d) and (e), 3, 4, and Sections 5(b) through 5(g)
of Executive Order 2015-05, and GRANTED as to other provisions.

             Sections 1(d) and (e), 3, 4, and 5(b) through (g) of Executive Order
2015-05 are hereby declared INVALID, and any past actions taken pursuant to
those sections are declared VOID ab INITIO. Respondents are ENJOINED from
prospectively enforcing those sections of Executive Order 2015-05, or taking any
future actions in accordance with those sections.
           AND FURTHER, Respondents’ preliminary objection to the ripeness
of Petitioners’ claims is OVERRULED for the reasons set forth in the foregoing
opinion. Respondents’ preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer are
DISMISSED as MOOT.

                                   ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jessica Markham, Victoria                      :
Markham, Jesse Charles,                        : No. 176 M.D. 2015
Pennsylvania Homecare                          : Argued: June 8, 2016
Association, United Cerebral                   :
Palsy of Pennsylvania,                         :
                                               :
                             Petitioners       :
                                               :
                      v.                       :
                                               :
Thomas W. Wolf, in his Official                :
Capacity as Governor of the                    :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,                  :
Department of Human Services,                  :
Office of Long Term Living,                    :
                                               :
                             Respondents       :

BEFORE:       HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
              HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
              HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
              HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
              HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

DISSENTING OPINION
BY JUDGE WOJCIK                                              FILED: September 22, 2016

              I respectfully dissent. The well-written majority opinion disposing of
the parties’ applications for summary relief1 and Respondents’ preliminary

       1
         This Court may grant summary relief if the applicant’s right to judgment is clear and no
material issues of fact are in dispute. Pa. R.A.P. 1532(b); Jubelirer v. Rendell, 953 A.2d 514,
521 (Pa. 2008).
objections in the nature of demurrer2 is based upon the premise that direct care
workers (DCWs) are employed in “domestic service,” and thus are not
“employees” eligible to collectively bargain under Section 3 of the Pennsylvania
Labor Relations Act (PLRA).3               However, whether DCWs are employed in
“domestic service” is a legal determination that cannot be made at this juncture in
the absence of a developed factual record, which has yet to occur. See Dutrow v.
Workers' Compensation Appeal Board (Heckard’s Catering), 632 A.2d 950, 952
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1993) (legal determination as to whether a claimant was employed in
“domestic service” was based on factual record).
                As the majority sets forth, the PLRA is Pennsylvania’s analog to the
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 29 U.S.C. §§151-169. Both the PLRA and
the NLRA authorize “employees” to self-organize, to form, join or assist labor
organizations, to collectively bargain, and to engage in activities for the purposes
of collective bargaining. Section 5 of the PLRA, 43 P.S. §211.5; 29 U.S.C. §157.
                However, both the PLRA and NLRA exclude individuals employed in
“domestic service” from the term “employee.” Specifically, Section 3(d) of the
PLRA provides:

                The term ‘employe’ shall include any employe, and
                shall not be limited to the employes of a particular
                employer, unless the act explicitly states otherwise, and
                shall include any individual whose work has ceased as a
                consequence of, or in connection with, any current labor
                dispute, or because of any unfair labor practice, and who

       2
         When ruling on preliminary objections in nature of demurrer, this Court is not required
to accept as true any unwarranted factual inferences, conclusions of law, or expressions of
opinion. Guarrasi v. Scott, 25 A.3d 394, 400 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).

       3
           Act of June 1, 1937, P.L. 1168, as amended, 43 P.S. §211.3.

                                            MHW - 2
                has not obtained any other regular and substantially
                equivalent employment, but shall not include any
                individual employed as an agricultural laborer, or in the
                domestic service of any person in the home of such
                person, or any individual employed by his parent or
                spouse.

43 P.S. §211.3 (emphasis added).4
                However, the PLRA does not define “domestic service.” When words
of a statute are undefined, they must be construed in accordance with their
common and approved usage. Section 1903(a) of the Statutory Construction Act
of 1972, 1 Pa.C.S. §1903(a); Adams Outdoor Advertising, L.P. v. Zoning Hearing
Board of Smithfield Township, 909 A.2d 469 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006). “Where a court
needs to define an undefined term, it may consult definitions in statutes,
regulations or the dictionary for guidance, although such definitions are not
controlling.” Adams Outdoor, 909 A.2d at 483; see THW Group, LLC v. Zoning
Board of Adjustment, 86 A.3d 330 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied, 101 A.3d 788
(Pa. 2014).

       4
           Similarly, Section 152(3) of the NLRA provides:
                 The term ‘employee’ shall include any employee, and shall not be
                 limited to the employees of a particular employer, unless this
                 subchapter explicitly states otherwise, and shall include any
                 individual whose work has ceased as a consequence of, or in
                 connection with, any current labor dispute or because of any unfair
                 labor practice, and who has not obtained any other regular and
                 substantially equivalent employment, but shall not include any
                 individual employed as an agricultural laborer, or in the domestic
                 service of any family or person at his home . . . .

29 U.S.C. §152(3) (emphasis added).

                                            MHW - 3
               Pennsylvania courts have examined the term “domestic service” in
other labor and employment contexts. For instance, Section 321 of the Workers'
Compensation Act (Act)5 excludes persons engaged in “domestic service” from
provisions of the Act. This Court interpreted “domestic service” as work that
“serves the needs of a household.” Dutrow, 632 A.2d at 952 (citing Viola v.
Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Welch), 549 A.2d 1367, 1369
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1988)). In Viola, the claimant was hired to care for her employer's
invalid wife. Her job duties entailed administering medication, feeding, bathing
and dressing the employer's wife, and helping her in and out of bed.             We
determined the claimant did not serve, nor was she employed to serve, the needs of
the household. Rather, her role related to the personal care and specialized medical
needs of the employer’s wife, not performing household duties. Because the
claimant’s job duties were more akin to those of a nurse’s aide, and did not involve
the performance of household duties, we concluded the claimant was not engaged
in “domestic service” for workers’ compensation purposes. 549 A.2d at 1369; cf.
Dutrow (baby-sitting constituted “domestic service” because it served the needs of
the household, not just the needs of the child).
               In Jack v. Belin's Estate, 27 A.2d 455, 457 (Pa. Super. 1942), our
Superior Court held the gardener of a household estate was engaged in domestic
service for purposes of the Act.            The Court explained that domestic service
contributes to the personal needs and comfort of the employer, as opposed to an
enterprise for profit. The Court continued:

               Cooks and house maids are domestic servants, not
               because they work indoors, but because they serve the

      5
          Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §676.

                                           MHW - 4
               needs of the household. Similarly, one who drives an
               automobile in bringing supplies from market or in
               disposing of waste materials or who raises vegetables and
               produce for use on the estate is a domestic servant in the
               broader sense contemplated by the [Workers’
               Compensation] Act. Growing flowers for the delight and
               pleasure of the family of the owners is the same kind of
               service.
Jack, 27 A.2d at 457 (emphasis added).
               Similar to the Act, the Pennsylvania Minimum Wage Act of 1968
(MWA)6 also exempts employment for “[d]omestic services in or about the private
home of the employer” from the statute's minimum wage and overtime
requirements.       Section 5(a)(2) of the MWA, 43 P.S. §333.105(a)(2).               The
regulation defining “domestic services” provides:

               Work in or about a private dwelling for an employer in
               his capacity as a householder, as distinguished from work
               in or about a private dwelling for such employer in the
               employer's pursuit of a trade, occupation, profession,
               enterprise or vocation.

34 Pa. Code §231.1(b).
               In Bayada Nurses, Inc. v. Department of Labor and Industries, 8 A.3d
866, 883 (Pa. 2010), the Supreme Court was asked to interpret the “domestic
services” exemption of the MWA's overtime provisions. The Court observed that
the language of the MWA is consistent with the same exemption provided in
Section 213(a)(5) of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C.
§213(a)(15), which does not prohibit an exemption for agency employment. The
healthcare provider argued the two statutes should be interpreted in pari materia,
and that the federal approach should govern, permitting agency employers to

      6
          Act of January 17, 1968, P.L. 11, as amended, 43 P.S. §§ 333.101-333.115.

                                           MHW - 5
benefit from the domestic services exemption. The Court disagreed. Although the
MWA and FSLA contain nearly identical exemption language, the Court explained
the federal exemption relating to “domestic services” was more expansive than the
state regulation. Id. at 871, 877-78. The Court ruled that the state exemption was
only meant to cover individuals directly employed by the householder, not those
who were employed by third party agencies. Id. at 883. The Court held the FLSA
does not supersede state law and Pennsylvania may enact and impose more
generous overtime provisions than those contained under the FLSA. Id. Thus, the
Court rejected the argument that the domestic services exemption in the MWA
should be construed in pari materia with the FLSA. Id.
            Similarly,   in   Blue   Mountain   Mushroom      Company,    Inc.   v.
Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, 735 A.2d 742, 748 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1999),
appeal denied, 785 A.2d 91 (Pa. 2001), this Court rejected the notion that, because
the PLRA was patterned after the NLRA, Pennsylvania courts must adhere to
federal interpretation. There, we examined whether the term “agricultural laborer”
pertained to mushroom workers. “Agricultural laborers,” like domestic service
workers, are excluded from the definition of employee under both the PLRA and
the NLRA. 43 P.S. §211.3; 29 U.S.C. §152(3). Although mushroom workers were
historically considered horticultural workers, in 1947, Congress directed the
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to follow the FLSA’s definition of
“agriculture,” which included the production, cultivation, growing and harvesting
of horticultural commodities. Blue Mountain, 735 A.2d at 747 (citing 29 U.S.C.
§203(f)). Notwithstanding, Pennsylvania was not constrained to follow the NLRB
in redefining the term “employee” to include mushroom workers absent direction
by the General Assembly. In Pennsylvania, mushroom production is considered

                                     MHW - 6
horticultural, not agricultural.         Id.    Consequently, mushroom workers are
“employees,” not “agricultural laborers,” for purposes of the PLRA. Id.
              To date, there has been no statutory or regulatory expansion of the
term “domestic service” under the PLRA to include personal care services, such as
nurses, home health aides or personal care aides. But cf. 29 C.F.R. §552.3 (federal
regulation under the FLSA now includes “nurses,” “home health aides” and
“personal care aides” in the definition of “domestic service employment”).7
Pennsylvania courts have not included personal care services in its interpretation of
the term “domestic service” in other labor contexts. See Dutrow; Viola.
              According to Governor Thomas W. Wolf’s Executive Order, No.
2015-05 (Executive Order), DCWs are individuals who provide “Participant-
Directed Services,” which include:

              personal assistance services, respite . . . or similar types
              of services provided to a senior or a person with a
              disability who requires assistance . . . to meet such
              person’s daily living need, (ii) ensure such person may
              adequately function in such person’s home, and (iii)
              provide such person with safe access to the community.

       7
          The definition of “domestic service employment” contained in Section 552.3 is derived
from the regulations under the Social Security Act (20 C.F.R. §404.1057). 29 C.F.R. §552.101.
Prior to its amendment in January 2015, Section 552.3 closely mirrored the Social Security Act
regulation, which defines “domestic service” as “services of a household nature in or about a
private home include services performed by cooks, waiters, butlers, housekeepers, governesses,
maids, valets, baby sitters, janitors, laundresses, furnace men, caretakers, handymen, gardeners,
footmen, grooms, and chauffeurs of automobiles for family use.” 20 C.F.R. §404.1057. The
Social Security Act does not include nurses, home health aides or personal care aides in its
definition of “domestic service.” Id.

                                          MHW - 7
Section 1(i) of the Executive Order.           DCWs provide “in-home personal care
service” through home care service programs, such as the Attendant Care Services
Act (Act 150).8 Section 1(f) of the Executive Order.
               Act 150’s definition of “Attendant care services” embraces both
personal care and domestic-type services. Specifically, Section 3 of Act 150
provides:
               (1) Those basic and ancillary services which enable an
               eligible individual to live in his home and community
               rather than in an institution and to carry out functions of
               daily living, self-care and mobility.

               (2) Basic services shall include, but not be limited to:
                     (i) Getting in and out of a bed, wheelchair and/or
               motor vehicle.
                     (ii) Assistance with routine bodily functions,
               including, but not limited to:
                            (A) Health maintenance activities.
                            (B) Bathing and personal hygiene.
                            (C) Dressing and grooming.
                            (D) Feeding, including preparation and
               cleanup.

               (3) If a person is assessed as needing one or more of the
               basic services, the following services may be provided
               if they are ancillary to the basic services:
                      (i) Homemaker-type services, including, but not
               limited to, shopping, laundry, cleaning and seasonal
               chores.
                      (ii) Companion-type services, including, but not
               limited to, transportation, letter writing, reading mail and
               escort.
                      (iii) Assistance with cognitive tasks, including, but
               not limited to, managing finances, planning activities and
               making decisions.

      8
          Act of December 10, 1986, P.L. 1477, 62 P.S. §§3051-3058.

                                          MHW - 8
62 P.S. §3053 (emphasis added).           Under Act 150, domestic-type services are
ancillary to personal care. Id.
             Significantly, it is the provision of domestic service that would
exclude DCWs from the collectively bargaining table under the PLRA, not the
provision of personal care. See Section 5 of the PLRA, 43 P.S. §211.5. At this
juncture, it is unclear whether the DCWs provide ancillary services akin to
“domestic services” or just basic personal care services akin to that of a nurse’s
aide. If the DCWs are “serving the needs of the household,” then the majority
properly declared portions of the Executive Order invalid and void as contrary to
statutory law. If, however, the DCWs are more like nurse’s aides, providing
personal care (as opposed to household) services, then the Pennsylvania Labor
Relations Board would presumably have jurisdiction over the subject matter at
issue and we would analyze the Executive Order from that perspective. As more
facts are needed to determine the DCWs’ legal status, I would deny summary relief
and allow the case to proceed to trial.

                                          MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

                                      MHW - 9