Court Opinion

ID: 4112628
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-02 08:09:59.564042+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:24.454629
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

VICTORIA LUND,                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     December 29, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 330212
                                                                     Kent Circuit Court
TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY OF                                       LC No. 14-005626-NF
AMERICA and RANDY KURTZ,

               Defendant,
and

CON-WAY FREIGHT, INC.,

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SAWYER and MARKEY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this action to recover first-party personal injury protection (PIP) benefits no-fault act,
MCL 500.3101 et seq., plaintiff appeals by right the trial court’s November 2, 2015 order
granting the motion for summary disposition of defendant Con-way Freight Inc.1 We affirm.

        On October 19, 2012, plaintiff was struck by a Con-way truck driven by Randy Kurtz
while walking across Fulton Street at Division Avenue in the city of Grand Rapids. Plaintiff was
transported to St. Mary’s Hospital where she was treated for a concussion and a head laceration
that required closing with nine staples; plaintiff was discharged from the hospital on October 22,
2012. Defendant apparently paid all plaintiff’s medical expenses incurred through the date of

1
  Con-way Freight is the sole remaining defendant in this action. Plaintiff originally included
third-party claims against Con-way and its driver, Randy Kurtz, and a PIP claim against
Travelers Indemnity Company of America. On September 26, 2014, plaintiff dismissed her
third-party claims, and filed an amended complaint seeking PIP benefits only against Con-way
and Travelers. Because Conway is self-insured, see MCL 500.3101(4), a stipulated order
dismissing Travelers was entered on December 16, 2014. Consequently, as used in this opinion,
defendant refers only to Con-way Freight, Inc.

                                                -1-
her hospital discharge. Defendant, however, contested that various complaints plaintiff began
treating for in 2013 were related to injuries from the auto accident.

        Plaintiff is a self-sufficient, middle-aged woman with schizophrenia living on Social
Security Supplemental Security Income (SSI), food stamps; her health care expenses are
provided by Medicaid. Both before and after the accident, plaintiff controlled her schizophrenia
by taking monthly injections of Haloperidol (Haldol). Both before and after the accident, a
charitable organization, the Servants Center, acted as plaintiff’s SSI payee and assisted her with
housing placements. Plaintiff was not working before the accident and remained unemployed
after the accident; she presented no wage-loss claim. Except for a neighbor who volunteered to
walk with her across busy streets for a few months following the accident and moving to a better
apartment, her life remained the same as before the accident.

        Twice in 2013 and several times during 2014, plaintiff sought treatment for various
complaints, including dizziness, balance, pain, and numbness. Plaintiff’s counsel submitted to
defendant medical billing statements, including secondary statements from a health care
payments subrogation company, First Recovery Group. Defendant disputed that these expenses
were related to the accident, leading to this lawsuit. During discovery, plaintiff failed to appear
for her scheduled deposition several times and also failed to appear for three scheduled
independent medical exams. Based on plaintiff’s failure to cooperate, plaintiff’s counsel moved
to withdraw from the case on August 3, 2015. Contemporaneously, on July 27, 2015, the
Servants Center moved the appropriate courts to modify its limited guardianship and special
conservatorship to intervene on plaintiff’s behalf in this litigation. The petitioner alleged that
plaintiff had “suffered a traumatic brain injury after being hit by a semi-truck” but that she was
not following through with her appointments with her attorney, and, in fact, had “repeatedly told
her attorney that she wants the action dismissed[.]” Orders entered on August 6, 2015,
authorizing the limited guardian to exercise “legal authority to assist [plaintiff] with the personal
injury settlement[.]” Thereafter, plaintiff’s counsel moved to stay proceedings, which the trial
court denied; the trial court also denied defendant’s motion to dismiss based on plaintiff’s failure
to permit discovery. Plaintiff was finally deposed on August 19, 2015.

        Based on plaintiff’s deposition testimony and her answers to interrogatories that were
similar, defendant moved for summary disposition on the basis that plaintiff had not presented
evidence that plaintiff’s claims were related to the motor vehicle accident. In response, plaintiff
summarized the dates plaintiff sought treatment for various complaints and attached billing
statements from providers and recapitulations of billing statements by the subrogation firm First
Recovery Group. Plaintiff did not present any affidavits or depositions of medical experts to
support her claim. The trial court held a hearing on the motion for summary disposition on
October 30, 2015. In its opinion and order, the court summarized plaintiff’s testimony:

               Plaintiff testified that she has experienced spells of vision and balance
       problems since the accident. She experienced dizziness the first two or three days
       of her initial hospital stay and then symptoms improved. The episodes resurfaced
       several months later and would occur every couple of months. As of the date of
       her deposition, she had not experienced a bout of imbalance [or] of dizziness in
       four months. Plaintiff also testified that she has been taking a Haldol injection
       once a month for the past four years. Plaintiff stated that her doctor indicated that

                                                -2-
       Haldol can affect vision and balance. She was not sure if her dizziness and
       imbalance was connected to the accident injuries or the Haldol.

       The trial court first noted that there was no dispute that plaintiff had not suffered any
wage loss as a result of the accident to support a no-fault work-loss claim, MCL 500.3107(1)(b).
Similarly, the evidence did not support a clam for attendant care or replacement services,
because the help plaintiff received from her neighbor without expectation of compensation was
not an allowable expense, citing Douglas v Allstate Ins Co, 492 Mich. 241, 267-268; 821 NW2d
472 (2012). The court also ruled that the fact that plaintiff’s limited guardianship was modified
did not relieve plaintiff of her burden to produce evidence in opposition to defendant’s motion
for summary disposition. With respect to plaintiff’s primary claim of medical allowable
expenses, MCL 500.3107(1)(a), the trial court ruled as follows:

               While she has some outstanding medical bills, no evidence was presented
       connecting those bills to Plaintiff’s accident related injuries. Furthermore,
       Plaintiff testified that neither she nor her doctors could determine whether her
       alleged dizziness and balance issues were a side effect of her long standing
       prescription use of Haldol or caused by the motor vehicle accident.

       Consequently, the trial court granted defendant summary disposition.          Plaintiff now
appeals by right.

              I. PLAINTIFF’S CLAIM FOR NO-FAULT MEDICAL BENEFITS

                                      A. PRESERVATION

       Although the trial court did not reach the issue whether the expenses at issues were
“reasonable and necessary,” MCL 500.3107(1)(a), it did decide that plaintiff had not presented
evidence the expenses were causally related to the accident, MCL 500.3105(1). See Griffith v
State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 472 Mich. 521, 531; 697 NW2d 895 (2005). Therefore, plaintiff
has preserved the issue of causation for appellate review by presenting it to the trial court, which
addressed and decided it. Walters v Nadell, 481 Mich. 377, 387-388; 751 NW2d 431 (2008).

                                  B. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s grant or denial of a motion for summary
disposition. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). A motion for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of a claim and must
be supported by affidavits, depositions, admissions, or documentary evidence. Bronson
Methodist Hosp v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 295 Mich. App. 431, 440; 814 NW2d 670 (2012); see also
MCR 2.116(G)(3)(b); MCR 2.116(G)(4). When considering the motion, a court must view the
submitted evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Corley v
Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich. 274, 278; 681 NW2d 342 (2004). If the moving party carries its
initial burden, the party opposing the motion must then demonstrate that there is a disputed
material fact question by submitting evidence, “the content or substance would be admissible as
evidence to establish or deny the grounds stated in the motion.” MCR 2.116(G)(6); See Maiden,
461 Mich. at 120-121. “The motion should be granted if the affidavits or other documentary
evidence demonstrate that there is no genuine issue with respect to any material fact, and the
                                                -3-
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Miller v Purcell, 246 Mich. App. 244,
246; 631 NW2d 760 (2001). “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the
benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable
minds might differ.” West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich. 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003).

       Inadmissible hearsay is not enough to defeat a motion for summary disposition. See
Maiden, 461 Mich. at 123 n 5; see also SSC Assoc Ltd Partnership v Gen Retirement Sys of
Detroit, 192 Mich. App. 360, 364; 480 NW2d 275 (1991).

                                        C. DISCUSSION

        The trial court properly granted defendant summary disposition because plaintiff failed to
produce admissible evidence creating a genuine question of material fact whether the post-
accident medical treatments at issue were for symptoms causally related to the motor vehicle
accident. MCL 500.3105(1); Griffith, 472 Mich. at 531. The only evidence plaintiff submitted to
the trial court were billing statements and plaintiff’s own deposition, which on the critical issue
of causation contained only equivocal hearsay. This was insufficient to survive summary
disposition. Maiden, 461 Mich. at 123 n 5 (“By presenting inadmissible hearsay evidence, a
nonmoving party is actually promising to create an issue for trial where the promise is incapable
of being fulfilled.”); see also SSC Assoc Ltd Partnership, 192 Mich. App. at 364 (opinions,
conclusory denials, unsworn averments, and inadmissible hearsay do not satisfy the court rule
regarding establishing disputed fact with admissible evidence).

        Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by granting defendant summary disposition
regarding plaintiff’s claim for no-fault benefits for medical expenses under MCL 500.3107(1).
Except for limited exceptions, not pertinent here, “personal protection insurance benefits are
payable for . . . [a]llowable expenses consisting of all reasonable charges incurred for reasonably
necessary products, services and accommodations for an injured person’s care, recovery, or
rehabilitation.” MCL 500.3107(1)(a). The burden rests with plaintiff to prove her right to no-
fault benefits. Anton v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 238 Mich. App. 673, 684; 607 NW2d 123
(1999). Plaintiff correctly argues that to recover no-fault benefits for medical expenses, she is
required to show that (1) any charge was reasonable; (2) the expense was reasonably necessary,
and (3) the expense was incurred. Nasser v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 435 Mich. 33, 50; 457 NW2d
637 (1990). But plaintiff must also prove that the allowable medical expenses are causally
related to injuries from the auto accident. MCL 500.3105(1); Griffith, 472 Mich. at 531 (section
3105(1) “imposes two causation requirements for no-fault benefits”, one of which is “that the
claimed benefits are causally connected to the accidental bodily injury arising out of an
automobile accident.”). Therefore, this case is governed by MCL 500.3105(1), which provides
that “[u]nder personal protection insurance an insurer is liable to pay benefits for accidental
bodily injury arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a
motor vehicle, subject to the provisions of this chapter.”

       In Griffith, our Supreme Court considered whether a no-fault insurer was required to
reimburse a plaintiff for the food expenses of the plaintiff’s husband who was incapacitated by a
motor vehicle accident. Griffith, 472 Mich. at 524. The Court noted that the plain language of
§ 3105(1) restricts no-fault benefits to those “for accidental bodily injury” and that § 3107(1)(a)
imposes additional restrictions on benefits payable “for accidental bodily injury,” i.e., for the

                                                -4-
“injured person’s care, recovery, or rehabilitation.” Griffith, 472 Mich. at 526-527. Thus, these
sections impose “two separate and distinct requirements.” Id. at 530. As for § 3105(1), the
Court held that it actually imposes two causation requirements for no-fault benefits. Griffith, 472
Mich. at 531. First, “a no-fault insurer is liable to pay benefits only to the extent that the claimed
benefits are causally connected to the accidental bodily injury arising out of an automobile
accident.” Id. “Second, an insurer is liable to pay benefits for accidental bodily injury only if
those injuries ‘arise out of’ or are caused by ‘the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a
motor vehicle . . . .’ ” Id., quoting MCL 500.3105(1). In the case before it, the Court held that
Griffith’s food claim did not satisfy the first causation requirement because his need for food was
no different after the accident than before the accident; therefore, it was not related to his
accidental injuries. Id. at 531-532, n 7. The Court went on to explain that Griffith’s food
expenses were “unrelated to his ‘care, recovery, or rehabilitation’ and are not ‘allowable
expenses’ under MCL 500.3107(1)(a).” Griffith, 472 Mich. at 536.

        The Court followed and reaffirmed the holding of Griffith regarding the causation
requirements of § 3105(1) and § 3107(1)(a) in the cases of Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich. 169; 821
NW2d 520 (2012), and Douglas, 492 Mich. 241. In Johnson, which concerned “replacement” or
“ordinary and necessary services” under MCL 500.3107(1)(c), the Court reiterated that no-fault
benefits for “care, recovery, or rehabilitation” “ ‘must be related to the insured person’s
injuries.’ ” Johnson, 492 Mich. at 179, quoting Griffith, 472 Mich. at 534. “Accordingly,
allowable expenses do not include expenses for products or services that are required after the
injury in a manner indistinguishable from those required before the injury.” Id. at 180.

        In the present case, while defendant accepted and paid plaintiff’s medical expenses for
her initial treatment for injuries received in the auto accident, defendant contested that plaintiff’s
subsequent treatment for various complaints including dizziness, balance, pain, numbness, and
vertigo were related to injuries plaintiff received in the auto accident. In general, to prove a
claim for no-fault benefits, a plaintiff must present competent expert testimony to establish a
causal connection between medical treatment and injuries from an accident. See, e.g., Anton,
238 Mich. App. at 675-676, 679-681 (the plaintiff presented expert testimony linking the onset of
Graves’ disease to the automobile accident); and Dengler v State Farm Mut Ins Co, 135 Mich
App 645, 647; 354 NW2d 294 (1984) (the plaintiff presented expert testimony attempting to link
his recurring headaches and subsequent subarachnoid hemorrhage to an automobile accident the
prior year). In Dengler, the plaintiff presented two experts, but one expressed no opinion linking
the subarachnoid hemorrhage to the accident, and the other opined that such a link would be
“pure speculation.” Dengler, 135 Mich. App. at 648. The “[p]laintiff’s failure to establish this
vital causal relationship was fatal to her prima facie case.” Id. at 649. The burden rests with
plaintiff to prove her right to no-fault benefits. Anton, 238 Mich. App. at 684.

       When challenged by defendant’s motion for summary disposition to produce evidence of
a causal link between her various post-accident symptoms and treatments and the accident, the
only evidence plaintiff submitted to the trial court were billing statements of certain providers
and plaintiff’s own deposition. The billing statements themselves only contain single word or
short phrase statements, apparently of plaintiff’s chief complaint at the time of service. These
hearsay statements provide no evidence causally linking plaintiff’s complaints to injuries from
the auto accident. Plaintiff attempts to supplement the billing statements submitted to the trial
court with narrative reports from various providers that were not submitted to the trial court for

                                                 -5-
its consideration at the time the motion for summary disposition was decided. On appeal of a
trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition, “review is limited to review of the
evidence properly presented to the trial court.” Barnard Mfg Co, Inc v Gates Performance Eng,
Inc, 285 Mich. App. 362, 380; 775 NW2d 618 (2009). A party may not enlarge the record on
appeal by presenting documentary evidence not submitted to the trial court. Id. at 381; Kent Co
Aeronautics Bd v Dep’t of State Police, 239 Mich. App. 563, 580; 609 NW2d 593 (2000). Even if
considered, the narrative reports do not provide specific evidence of a causal link between the
auto accident and plaintiff’s subsequent complaints of dizziness, balance, pain, numbness, and
vertigo; rather, they merely document plaintiff’s complaints and the response of the providers.

        Plaintiff also relies on her own deposition. Her testimony, at best, provides only
inadmissible hearsay concerning whether her post-accident symptoms are linked to accident-
caused injuries. Plaintiff testified that although others believed she had a traumatic brain injury,
she did not. In fact, she obtained a record of an apparently normal CAT scan to prove that she
did not have a brain injury. On the other hand, people told her she had a concussion or a bruised
or blue brain. The record shows that plaintiff, both before and after the accident, controlled her
mental illness (schizoaffective disorder) with monthly injections of Haldol. With respect to the
post-accident symptoms plaintiff experienced regarding balance and dizziness, plaintiff testified
she had experienced similar problems before the accident that she was told might be related to
her taking Haldol. She also testified that she had experienced bouts of vertigo before the
accident. Plaintiff did not believe her post-accident balance, dizziness, and vertigo problems
were related to the accident. Specifically, she testified that her balance problems after the
accident resolved after the first couple of weeks but then came back after about a year. She did
not know whether these later problems were caused by the accident or by her use of Haldol.

        The hearsay testimony of plaintiff is insufficient to create a material question of fact on a
motion for summary disposition. “Affidavits, depositions, admissions, and documentary
evidence offered in support of or in opposition to a motion based on subrule (C)(1)-(7) or (10)
shall only be considered to the extent that the content or substance would be admissible as
evidence . . . .” MCR 2.116(G)(6). Further, our Supreme Court has observed: “By presenting
inadmissible hearsay evidence, a nonmoving party is actually promising to create an issue for
trial where the promise is incapable of being fulfilled.” Maiden, 461 Mich. at 123 n 5. In
Liparoto Constr Inc v Gen Shale Brick, Inc, 284 Mich. App. 25, 33; 772 NW2d 801 (2009), this
Court also stated, “unsworn statements . . . are not sufficient to create a genuine issue of material
fact to oppose summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10).” Similarly, “[o]pinions,
conclusionary denials, unsworn averments, and inadmissible hearsay do not satisfy the court
rule; disputed fact (or the lack of it) must be established by admissible evidence.” SSC Assoc Ltd
Partnership, 192 Mich. App. at 364.

         In addition, the hearsay statement of opinion and belief by a Servants Center
representative, in petitions to modify its limited guardianship and special conservatorship, cannot
create a material question of fact that plaintiff’s post-accident symptoms were related to
accident-caused injuries. First, it does not appear that the petitions were ever submitted to the
trial court for its consideration. Consequently, the petitions may not be considered on appeal of
the trial court’s decision. Barnard Mfg Co, 285 Mich. App. at 380-381; Kent Co Aeronautics Bd,
239 Mich. App. at 580. Second, there is no showing of the declarant’s qualifications as an expert
or the factual basis to render his opinion admissible, see MRE 702 (expert testimony), and MRE

                                                -6-
703 (bases of opinion testimony), that plaintiff suffered from a traumatic brain injury, much less
that it was related to the automobile accident. So, the Servants Center petitions, even if
considered, are not enough to defeat a properly supported motion for summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(10). “[A]n adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his
or her pleading, but must, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, set forth specific
facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” MCR 2.116(G)(4). In sum, the petitions if
considered, do not contain admissible evidence and are no more than conclusory statements
insufficient to defeat summary disposition. SSC Assoc Ltd Partnership, 192 Mich. App. at 364.

        Plaintiff also misconstrues the record by arguing that a full guardianship was required for
plaintiff “due to her mental issues that stemmed from her injuries from the subject accident.”
First, plaintiff’s limited guardianship existed before the accident and was because of plaintiff’s
long-standing mental illness. Plaintiff’s limited guardianship and special conservatorship were
only temporarily modified to add to the limited guardian’s SSI payee and housing powers, the
“legal authority to assist [plaintiff] with [a] personal injury settlement[.]” The record reflects
that this modification was necessitated to require plaintiff’s cooperation in this litigation because
she wanted the lawsuit dismissed and she was not cooperating by refusing to appear for her
deposition and refusing to present for an independent medical examination. There is absolutely
no evidence in the record that plaintiff’s long-term schizophrenia “stemmed” from the accident.
As already noted, the fact that a representative of the Servants Center believed that plaintiff
suffered from a traumatic brain injury is not evidence that she, in fact, did, or that her mental
condition resulted from injuries received in the auto accident. Thus, the temporary modification
of plaintiff’s limited guardianship and special conservatorship is simply not admissible evidence
that plaintiff’s post-accident treatments were causally related to accident-caused injuries.

        Plaintiff also misconstrues the record to argue that plaintiff’s symptoms “did not appear
until after the accident,” and, therefore, are causally related to the accident. Plaintiff presents a
temporal “but for” argument that because her symptoms appeared after the accident they must be
causally related to it. Plaintiff relies on Lockridge v State Farm Mutual Auto Ins Co, 240 Mich
App 507; 618 NW2d 49 (2000), but this case applied a “but for” test to a work-loss claim under
500.3107(1)(b). Work loss is not at issue in this case; rather the issue is whether plaintiff’s
medical expenses are “allowable expenses” because plaintiff’s symptoms are causally related to
injuries from the auto accident. MCL 500.3105(1); Griffith, 472 Mich. at 531. Moreover,
plaintiff’s argument rests on the faulty logic of a temporal relationship between the accident and
plaintiff’s post-accident treatments. This is a “common logical fallacy known, in the realm of
causation theory, as ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc’ (‘after this, therefore because of this’).” Dep’t
of Trans v Haggerty Corridor Partners Ltd Partnership, 473 Mich. 124, 142 n 36; 700 NW2d
380 (2005); see also West, 469 Mich. at 186 n 12. Showing only a temporal relationship is
generally insufficient to create a fact issue on a necessary causal link between a plaintiff’s
accidental injury and subsequent complaints and treatments. See, e.g., Craig v Oakwood Hosp,
471 Mich. 67, 93; 684 NW2d 296 (2004) (“It is axiomatic in logic and in science that correlation
is not causation.”); West, 469 Mich. 186 (“a temporal relationship, standing alone, does not
demonstrate a causal connection”).

       Because plaintiff failed to produce admissible evidence to create a material question of
fact whether the post-accident medical treatments at issue were for symptoms causally related to

                                                -7-
the motor vehicle accident, MCL 500.3105(1); Griffith, 472 Mich. at 531, the trial court properly
granted defendant summary disposition.

                                II. GUARDIANSHIP EXPENSES

                                       A. PRESERVATION

       The issue whether the expenses of modifying a temporary limited guardianship are
subject to reimbursement as a no-fault attendant care or replacement services benefit was
presented to and decided by the trial court, so it is preserved. Walters, 481 Mich. at 387-388.

                                  B. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s grant or denial of a motion for summary
disposition. Maiden, 461 Mich. at 118. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) “should be granted if
the affidavits or other documentary evidence demonstrate that there is no genuine issue with
respect to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Miller, 246 Mich. App. at 246.

                                         C. DISCUSSION

       Plaintiff argues that the Servants Center is entitled to its costs in modifying its limited
guardianship, apparently as an allowable expense, citing In re Carroll (On Remand), 300 Mich
App 152; 832 NW2d 276 (2013). We disagree.

        Plaintiff presents no admissible evidence that she had traumatic brain injury in August
2015 when the limited guardianship was modified, much less that it was causally related to the
October 19, 2012 automobile accident. Moreover, there is no evidence that plaintiff’s mental
condition was at all related to injuries she sustained in the auto accident. Finally, to the extent it
is considered, the petition to temporarily modify plaintiff’s limited guardianship, as well the
record reflecting that plaintiff repeatedly failed to appear for a deposition and for an independent
medical examination, shows that the modification was not necessary for plaintiff’s “care,
recovery, or rehabilitation,” MCL 500.3107(1)(a), or necessary to replace “ordinary and
necessary services,” MCL 500.3107(1)(c). Instead, the modified limited guardianship was only
necessary to obtain plaintiff’s cooperation in this lawsuit.

        The trial court correctly ruled that the existence of the special limited guardianship did
not relieve plaintiff of her burden to causally connect any claim for no-fault benefits to injuries
from the auto accident. MCL 500.3105(1); Griffith, 472 Mich. at 531. Consequently, the trial
court did not err by granting defendant summary disposition.

       We affirm. Defendant, as the prevailing party, may tax its costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.

                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                              /s/ Jane E. Markey

                                                 -8-