Court Opinion

ID: 4646019
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-23 16:01:08.772198+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:55.676031
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 KOCH MINERALS SÀRL, et al.,

        Plaintiffs,
                v.                                         Civil Action No. 17-cv-2559-ZMF
 BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF
 VENEZUELA,

        Defendant.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiffs, Koch Minerals Sàrl (“Koch Minerals”) and Koch Nitrogen International Sàrl

(“Koch Nitrogen”), filed this suit against Defendant, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

(“Venezuela”), seeking recognition of and judgment on an arbitral award issued by the

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (“ICSID”). See ECF No. 7 (Am.

Compl.), ¶¶ 1, 8. The clerk entered default after Venezuela did not appear more than a year after

they received service. See ECF No. 21-1 (Pls.’ Aff. for Default), ¶ 11; ECF No. 24 (Clerk’s Entry

of Default). Plaintiffs promptly moved for default judgment. See ECF No. 25. A few months

later, Venezuela made its first appearance, filing a Motion to Set Aside the Entry of Default and

to Dismiss. See ECF No. 30. The Court now grants Venezuela’s Motion to Set Aside Default but

denies its Motion to Dismiss. Having set aside default, the Court also denies Plaintiffs’ Motion

for Default Judgment as moot.

                                                   1
I.     BACKGROUND

       A.      Factual Background

                       Arbitration Dispute and Award

       The parties’ dispute arose on October 10, 2010, when then-President of Venezuela, Hugo

Chavez, took control of FertiNitro—a company in which both Plaintiffs, Koch Minerals and Koch

Nitrogen, had financial interests. See Am. Compl, ¶13; id., Exh. 1 (Int’l Ctr. for Settlement of

Investment Disputes Award), ¶¶ 5.1, 5.4 (“ICSID Award”). Plaintiffs claimed that, by taking

control of FertiNitro, the Venezuelan government expropriated Koch Mineral’s 25% equity

interest in the company and interfered with an existing contract between the company and Koch

Nitrogen. See id., ¶¶ 5.1, 5.4, 5.60. Plaintiffs further claimed that they never received any

compensation for the expropriation of FertiNitro’s assets. See id., ¶¶ 5.4, 7.4, 7.5.

       Attempting to resolve these disputes, Plaintiffs filed a request for arbitration under the

Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other

States (the “ICSID Convention”). See id., ¶ 5.73. That Convention created the ICSID to “provide

facilities for conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes between Contracting States and

nationals of other Contracting States.” ICSID Convention, art. 1, Oct. 14, 1966, 17 U.S.T. 1270,

575 U.N.T.S. 159. After completing arbitration, the ICSID found that Venezuela was liable and

awarded Koch Minerals $140.25 million and Koch Nitrogen $184.8 million. See ICSID Award,

¶¶ 10.3,12.3, 12.4.1

1
  The arbitrators later modified Koch Nitrogen’s award, reducing it from $184.8 million to $166.7
million, see Am. Compl., Exh. 2 (ICSID Rectification Award), ¶ 74, prompting Plaintiffs to amend
their complaint, see Am. Compl., ¶ 26. The awards also included pre- and post-award interest and
legal costs. See ICSID Award, ¶¶ 12.3–12.8.

                                                     2
       After the ICSID issued its decision, Plaintiffs filed this suit seeking to enforce the award

under 22 U.S.C. § 1650a(a), which provides that,

       An award of an arbitral tribunal rendered pursuant to chapter IV of the [ICSID
       C]onvention shall create a right arising under a treaty of the United States. The
       pecuniary obligations imposed by such an award shall be enforced and shall be
       given the same full faith and credit as if the award were a final judgment of a court
       of general jurisdiction of one of the several States.

       If awarded a judgment by this Court, Plaintiffs plan to seek attachment to the only

significant assets Venezuela has left in the United States. See ECF No. 39 (Pls.’ Mot. for Status

Conference), ¶¶ 2–7. Those assets consist of shares held by Petróleos de Venezuela (“PdVSA”)—

a Venezuelan-owned oil company—in a Delaware holding company—PDV Holding, Inc.

(“PDVH”). See id. Those assets are currently the subject of ongoing litigation in the U.S. District

Court for the District of Delaware. See Crystallex Int’l Corp. v. PDV Holding Inc., No. 15-cv-

1082, 2019 WL 6785504, at *1, 3 (D. Del. Dec. 12, 2019) (the “Delaware Litigation”). Several

Venezuelan creditors are seeking to satisfy Venezuela’s debts by auctioning off PdVSA’s shares

in PDVH. See id.

       These assets, however, are subject to economic sanctions as part of the broader Venezuela

Sanctions Regulations. See Exec. Order No. 13,850 § 1(a), 83 Fed. Reg. 55243 (Nov. 1, 2018)

(blocking certain Venezuelan assets located in the United States); Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of

Treasury, Treasury Sanctions Venezuela’s State-Owned Oil Company Petroleos de Venezuela,

S.A., (Jan. 28, 2019), available at https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm594. Under

these sanctions, any creditor wishing to satisfy a debt owed to them by Venezuela must first obtain

a license from the United States Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Asset Control

(“OFAC”). See 31 C.F.R. § 591.407; Crystallex Int’l Corp., 2019 WL 6785504, at *3.

       After Plaintiffs filed this action but before making an appearance, Venezuela petitioned the

ICSID to annul the Arbitration Award. See ECF No. 25 (Pls.’ Mot. for Default J.), Exh. 3 (ICSID
                                                    3
Annulment Procedural Order No. 1), ¶ 1. By applying to annul the award, Venezuela triggered an

automatic, provisional stay that prevented the parties from enforcing the award until the annulment

dispute was settled. See id., ¶ 3; ECF No. 43 (Joint Status Report, Nov. 6, 2020), Exh. 1 (ICSID

Case Details) at 9; Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 8. That stay, however, was lifted on

April 1, 2019, after Venezuela failed to post the required security. See ICSID Annulment

Procedural Order No. 1, ¶¶ 6, 8, 29, 32, 34. Shortly after the stay was lifted, Plaintiffs moved for

an entry of default and filed their motion for default judgment. See Pls.’ Aff. for Default; Pls.’

Mot. Default. J.

       The details surrounding the annulment petition are hazy. To clear the air, the Court ordered

the parties to file a joint report regarding the current status of the proceedings. See Minute Order

(Nov. 3, 2020). Although the ICSID has issued several new procedural orders since lifting the

stay in April 2019, neither party attached these orders to their joint report. See Joint Status Report

(Nov. 6, 2020); ICSID Case Details at 10. In fact, Venezuela maintains that it has “no knowledge

of the annulment proceedings” and claims that the illegitimate government—run by Nicolás

Maduro—continues to represent Venezuela before the ICSID. Joint Status Report (Nov. 6, 2020)

at 2. It appears that Venezuela posted the required security on October 14, 2019, see ICSID Case

Details at 9; however, the parties have not explicitly stated whether the stay was reimplemented.

See Joint Status Report (Nov. 6, 2020). The annulment petition is now being briefed before a

three-member ICSID panel. See id. at 1. A hearing is set for July 17–18, 2021. See id.

                       Political Restructuring in Venezuela

       As this litigation was unfolding, Venezuela was undergoing significant political

restructuring. On January 10, 2019, President Maduro’s term ended, but he attempted to remain

in power by claiming victory in a widely discredited 2018 election. See U.S. Dep’t of State, 2019

                                                      4
Country     Reports     on   Human     Rights   Practices:   Venezuela,     at   1,   available   at

https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/VENEZUELA-2019-HUMAN-RIGHTS-

REPORT.pdf. Venezuela’s National Assembly rejected the Maduro regime’s attempt to stay in

power. See id. On January 23, 2019, the Assembly named Juan Guaidó the interim president of

Venezuela. See id. The United States has since recognized Interim President Guaidó. See Press

Release, The White House, Statement from President Donald J. Trump Recognizing Venezuelan

National Assembly President Juan Guaido as the Interim President of Venezuela (Jan. 23, 2019),

available    at     https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-

trump-recognizing-venezuelan-national-assembly-president-juan-guaido-interim-president-

venezuela/ (“Press Release Recognizing Guaidó”). Several months later the National Assembly

passed a resolution appointing a new Attorney General and giving him the power to represent

Venezuela in all pending lawsuits against it. See ECF No. 30 (Def.’s Mot. to Set Aside Default

and Mot. to Dismiss), Exh. 2 (Venezuela National Assembly Resolution, Mar. 19, 2019) at 3. This

Circuit has since ruled that officials of Maduro’s regime cannot represent Venezuela in U.S. courts.

See Order, Rusoro Mining Ltd. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, No. 18-7044, Doc. No.

1785518 (D.C. Cir. May 1, 2019). In this suit, counsel for Venezuela represents the Guaidó

government. See ECF No. 33 (Def.’s Reply) at 9.

       B.         Procedural Background

       Plaintiffs filed their Complaint on November 28, 2017, see ECF No. 1, and their Amended

Complaint on May 23, 2018, see Am. Compl. Well over a year after Plaintiffs delivered the initial

Complaint, Venezuela had yet to appear. See Pls.’ Aff. for Default, ¶¶ 5, 12. Plaintiffs thus

requested an entry of default, see id., which the clerk entered on May 14, 2019, see Clerk’s Entry

of Default. Plaintiffs moved for default judgment shortly thereafter. See Pls.’ Mot. for Default J.

                                                     5
Venezuela’s hibernation ended just four days before the Court was to have a hearing on the motion.

See Minute Order (Aug. 5, 2019). In its first appearance, Venezuela contested the entry of default

and moved to dismiss the suit. See id.; Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD. In subsequent

pleadings, it objected to magistrate judge jurisdiction. See ECF No. 34 (Joint Status Report, Aug.

27, 2019) at 2.

                      Service of Process

       After filing their complaint, Plaintiffs delivered signed USM–94 Forms2—including all of

the required pages and two copies of the complaint and summons in both English and Spanish—

via FedEx courier to Venezuela’s Ministry of People’s Power of Foreign Affairs Office of

Consular Affairs (“Ministry of Foreign Affairs”).3 See Pls.’ Mot. Default J. at 12. The Forms

requested service upon the Ministry of Foreign Affairs itself. See id. at 13; ECF No. 18 (Pls.’

Status Report, Nov. 13, 2018), Exh. 1 (Pls.’ USM–94 Forms, Jan. 11, 2018) at 2, 6. FedEx

delivered the documents on January 25, 2018, to the “Power for Foreign Affairs Ministry,” and K.

Ordones signed for the delivery. Pls.’ Status Report (Nov. 13, 2018), Exh. 2 (FedEx Proof-of-

Delivery, Jan. 25, 2018).

2
 When serving a foreign defendant, plaintiffs must follow specific procedures, including using the
United States Department of Justice’s USM–94 Form, which:

       is a three-page document that conforms to the Hague [Service] Convention’s
       standards for submitting service requests to a country’s central authority. The first
       page lists the names and addresses of the applicant, defendant, and foreign
       receiving authority as well as the documents to be served attached to the USM–94
       Form. The second page of the USM–94 Form is entitled “Certificate,” and is
       submitted blank to the foreign agency. The third page of the USM–94 Form
       contains a summary of the documents to be served.

Burda Media, Inc. v. Viertel, 417 F.3d 292, 296 (2d Cir. 2005).
3
 Formally, the Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores Oficina de Relaciones
Consulares.

                                                    6
        Plaintiffs then filed their Amended Complaint on May 23, 2018. See Am. Compl. They

again mailed USM–94 Forms, along with the pleadings and requisite translations, to the

Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See Pls.’ Status Report (Nov. 13, 2018), Exh. 4 (Pls.’

USM–94 Forms, June 1, 2018); Pls.’ Mot. Default J., at 13 n.6. Plaintiffs similarly delivered the

Amended Complaint package by FedEx courier to the “Receptionist/Front Desk” at the “Ministry

of Popular Power Consular Relations Office” where J. Ose Vera signed for it. Pls.’ Status Report

(Nov. 13, 2018), Exh. 5 (FedEx Proof-of-Delivery, June 13, 2018). Although Plaintiffs included

the required blank certificate form, they have not yet received a return certificate from Venezuela’s

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See Pls.’ Mot. Default J. at 13; Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD

at 2.

                       Referral to a Magistrate Judge

        After filing their Motion for Default Judgment, Plaintiffs consented to referring the case to

a magistrate judge for “all proceedings,” including entry of final judgment, in accordance with 28

U.S.C. § 636(c) and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 73. See ECF No. 27 (Pls.’ Notice of Consent).

The case was thus directly reassigned to Magistrate Judge Robinson on May 31, 2019. See ECF

No. 28 (Order, May 31, 2019).

        Two months later, and just four days before the scheduled evidentiary hearing on the

motion for default judgment, Venezuela made its first appearance in the case. See Def.’s Mot. Set

Aside Default & MTD. Venezuela’s motion never mentioned any objection to magistrate judge

jurisdiction. See id. Magistrate Judge Robinson then postponed the evidentiary hearing and

ordered additional briefing. See Minute Order (Aug. 5, 2019). Her order noted that, although the

case was originally before her for a report and recommendation, Plaintiffs had since “filed a notice

and consent to proceed before this court for all purposes.” Id. Plaintiffs promptly responded to

                                                     7
Venezuela’s motion. See ECF No. 32 (Pls.’ Response). On August 23, 2019, Venezuela filed its

reply, which, like its original motion, did not contest magistrate judge jurisdiction. See Def.’s

Reply.

         On August 27, 2019, the parties filed a joint status report stating that “[i]t is the position of

Venezuela that [its] motions should be decided by the district court judge and the case dismissed”

but that Plaintiffs disagreed. Joint Status Report, Aug. 27, 2019 at 2. In a supplemental brief,

Venezuela reiterated that “it do[es] not consent to referral of the case to the Magistrate Judge and

that the pending motions should be decided by the District Judge.” ECF No. 35 (Def.’s First Supp.

Brief) at 1 n.2.

         This case was reassigned to the undersigned upon Magistrate Judge Robinson’s retirement.

See Reassignment (entered Sept. 11, 2020). After reassignment, Plaintiffs requested a status

conference. See Pls.’ Mot. for Status Conference at 1. At the October 13, 2020, status conference,

the parties made arguments regarding magistrate judge jurisdiction, and the Court ordered further

briefing. See Minute Order (Oct. 13, 2020); ECF No. 41 (Pls.’ Second Supp. Brief); ECF No. 42

(Def.’s Second Supp. Brief).

II.      LEGAL STANDARDS

         A.        Motion to Dismiss

         Venezuela moves to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(5) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure for lack of personal jurisdiction and insufficient service of process. See Def.’s

Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 1. “When a defendant moves to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(5),

the plaintiff has the burden of establishing the validity of service of process . . . ” E.g., Hardy v.

Joseph I. Sussman, P.C., 953 F. Supp. 2d 102, 107 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Freedom Watch, Inc.

v. Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 288 F.R.D. 230, 231 (D.D.C. 2013)). Similarly, when

                                                        8
moving to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2), the “plaintiff bears the burden of establishing a prima facie

case of personal jurisdiction by coming forward with specific and pertinent facts.” EIG Energy

Fund XIV, L.P. v. Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., 246 F. Supp. 3d 52, 67 (D.D.C. 2017). As Venezuela’s

only ground for contesting personal jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2) is insufficient service of

process, see Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 9, the Rule 12 analysis merges.

       B.      Service of Process

       The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”) provides the “sole basis for obtaining

jurisdiction over a foreign state in our courts.” Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping

Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 434 (1989). Under the FSIA, courts have personal jurisdiction over a foreign

state when the court has subject matter jurisdiction and “proper service has been effected.”

Schubarth v. Federal Republic of Germany, 891 F.3d 392, 397 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (citing 28

U.S.C. § 1330(b) and I.T. Consultants, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 351 F.3d 1184, 1191

(D.C. Cir. 2003)). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 governs service of process. See Hardy, 953

F. Supp. 2d at 107 (citing Freedom Watch, Inc., 288 F.R.D. at 231). Rule 4(j)(1) prescribes that

service on a foreign state shall be completed in accordance with the FSIA. See Republic of Sudan

v. Harrison, 139 S. Ct. 1048, 1054 (2019) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a); Fed. Rule Civ. P. 4(j)(1)).

“When serving a foreign sovereign, ‘strict adherence to the terms of 1608(a) is required.’” Barot

v. Embassy of the Republic of Zambia, 785 F.3d 26, 27 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Transaero, Inc.

v. La Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, 30 F.3d 148, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).             Neither “substantial

compliance, nor actual notice” suffices. Id. (quoting Transaero, Inc., 30 F.3d at 154).

       Section 1608(a) “prescribes four methods of service—‘in descending order of

preference’—and a plaintiff ‘must attempt service by the first method (or determine that it is

unavailable) before proceeding to the second method, and so on.’” Angellino v. Royal Family Al-

                                                     9
Saud, 688 F.3d 771, 773 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Ben-Rafael v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 540 F.

Supp. 2d 39, 52 (D.D.C. 2008)). First, the plaintiff should attempt service “in accordance with

any special arrangement . . . between the plaintiff and the foreign state.” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(1).

If no such arrangement exists, the plaintiff must deliver the summons and complaint “in

accordance with an applicable international convention on service of judicial documents.”

§ 1608(a)(2). If both of those methods fail, the plaintiff may have the clerk of court dispatch

service “to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state.” § 1608(a)(3). Finally,

if all other attempts prove unfruitful, then the plaintiff may ask the clerk of court to send notice of

suit to the Secretary of State, who will then serve the papers through diplomatic channels with the

foreign state. See Jouanny v. Embassy of France, 220 F. Supp. 3d 34, 38–39 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing

§ 1608(a)(4)) (describing all methods). When the defendant is the foreign state itself—rather than

a specific department or ministry—§ 1608(a) indicated that the plaintiff must serve the “head of

the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state concerned.” §1608(a)(3). The ministry of

foreign affairs is “the department most likely to understand American procedure.” Transaero, Inc,

30 F.3d at 154.

       C.      Motion to Set Aside Default

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(c) allows courts to “set aside an entry of default for

good cause.” The burden is on the moving party to demonstrate there is good cause, but the burden

is lower than it would be if the party were challenging a default judgment under Rule 60(b). See

Azamar v. Stern, 275 F.R.D. 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2011). Courts look to “whether (1) the default was

willful, (2) a set-aside would prejudice plaintiff, and (3) the alleged defense was meritorious.”

Mohamad v. Rajoub, 634 F.3d 604, 606 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Keegel v. Key West & Caribbean

Trading Co., 627 F.2d 372, 373 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). “No single factor is dispositive.” Mohammad

                                                      10
Hilmi Nassif & Partners v. Republic of Iraq, No. 17-cv-2193, 2020 WL 1444918, at *20 (D.D.C.

Mar. 25, 2020) (citing Africa Growth Corp. v. Republic of Angola, No. 17-cv-2469, 2018 WL

6329453, at *6 (D.D.C. Dec. 3, 2018)). “When balancing these factors, ‘all doubts are resolved in

favor of the party seeking relief.’” Acree v. Republic of Iraq, 658 F. Supp. 2d 124, 127 (D.D.C.

2009) (quoting Jackson v. Beech, 636 F.2d 831, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). “[W]hile a court has

discretion to decide whether to set aside an entry of default, ‘there is a strong policy favoring the

adjudication of a case on its merits[.]’” Acree, 658 F. Supp. 2d at 127 (quoting Strong–Fisher v.

LaHood, 611 F. Supp. 2d 49, 51 (D.D.C. 2009)). “These policies are heightened in cases involving

foreign states, such that there is a ‘strong presumption against the entry of default judgment against

a foreign state that has appeared in the case and expressed a desire to contest the claims.’”

Mohammad Hilmi Nassif, 2020 WL 1444918, at *20 (quoting Owens v. Republic of Sudan, 374 F.

Supp. 2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2005)).

III.   ANALYSIS

       A.      Jurisdiction

                       Service of Process

       The parties agree that only the second method of service provided for in § 1608(a)(2)—

service by methods prescribed in a treaty—is at issue here. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default &

MTD at 5; Pls.’ Response at 4. The Hague Service Convention,4 to which both the United States

and Venezuela are parties, governs this dispute. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 5;

see also Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, 705 (1988) (“[C]ompliance

with the [Hague Service] Convention is mandatory in all cases to which it applies . . . .”).

4
 Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extra-Judicial Documents in Civil or
Commercial Matters, Feb. 10, 1969, 20 U.S.T. 361, T.I.A.S. No. 6638 (“Hague Service
Convention”).
                                                     11
       The Hague Service Convention requires signatories to “designate a Central Authority” to

receive and process service requests. Hague Service Convention, art. 2. Parties seeking to serve

process within a signatory state are to send requests for service—including USM–94 Forms and

translated copies of the complaint and summons—to the receiving state’s Central Authority. See

generally Burda Media, Inc., 417 F.3d at 296 (describing proper procedure for requesting service

abroad under Hague Service Convention). The Central Authority must then “serve the document

or . . . arrange to have it served” on the party identified in the request for service. Hague Service

Convention, art. 5. Venezuela has designated the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as its Central

Authority. See Hague Conference on Private International Law, Venezuela – Central Authority &

practical information (Nov. 4, 2020), available at https://www.hcch.net/en/states/authorities/

details3/?aid=280 (“Venezuela – Central Authority & practical information”).

       The Central Authority must respond to a request for service by completing a certificate that

“state[s] that the document has been served and . . . include[s] the method, the place and the date

of service and the person to whom the document was delivered.” Hague Service Convention, art

6. “If the document has not been served, the certificate shall set out the reasons which have

prevented service.” Id. Service is deemed effective under § 1608(a)(2) “as of the date of receipt

indicated in the certification, signed and returned postal receipt, or other proof of service applicable

to the method of service employed.” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(c)(2) (emphasis added). A signed postal

receipt is effective as of “the date shown on a document signed by the person who received it from

the carrier . . . [because] the individuals who signed for the service packet could be trusted to

ensure that [it] is handled properly and expeditiously.” Harrison, 139 S. Ct. at 1059.

       Venezuela does not contend that Plaintiffs’ service packet lacked the proper forms and

documents. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 8. Rather, Venezuela argues that service

                                                      12
was improper because: (a) the Central Authority never provided the required certificate under

Article 6, see id. at 9–10, 12, (b) Plaintiffs’ use of a FedEx courier constitutes improper service-

by-mail under Article 10(a) of the Hague Service Convention, see id. at 12, and (c) Plaintiffs failed

to serve the Guaidó government after the United States recognized it as the government of

Venezuela in January 2019, see Def.’s Reply at 2–3. Venezuela, however, fails on each point.

                       a.      Certificate Requirement

        Plaintiffs never received a service certificate from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as

required by Article 6 of the Hague Service Convention. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD

at 12. However, Article 15 provides two exceptions to the certificate requirement—one general

exception and one specific to cases involving a defaulting party.

                                 i.    General Exception

        Plaintiffs meet the requirements for the general exception, which provides that service

without a return certificate may be proper if “the document was actually delivered to the

defendant . . . in sufficient time to enable the defendant to defend.” Hague Service Convention,

art. 15, ¶ 1(b). The FSIA sheds light on what it means to “actually deliver[]” a document, stating

that service is deemed effective “as of the date of receipt indicated in the . . . signed and returned

postal receipt.” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(c)(2) (emphasis added); see also Harrison, 139 S. Ct. at 1059

(service occurred on the “date shown on a document signed by the person who received it from

the carrier”).

        These provisions demonstrate that the certificate requirement should not be weaponized

into a formalistic defense allowing states to thwart proper service on themselves.5 See Mezerhane

5
  A Central Authority does not have to effectuate service just because a party properly requests it
to do so. Indeed, a Central Authority may “refuse to comply therewith[, but] only if it deems that
compliance would infringe its sovereignty or security.” Hague Service Convention, art. 13
                                                     13
v. República Bolivariana De Venezuela, No. 11-cv-23983, 2013 WL 12091160, at *3 (S.D. Fla.

Mar. 19, 2013) (suggesting that states should not be permitted to “deliberately frustrat[e] the

service of process”);6 see also Burda Media, Inc., 417 F.3d at 301 (“It was certainly not [plaintiff’s]

fault that the [foreign] authorities did not return a formal Certificate [as required under Article

6].”). “‘[S]ervice of process [is] properly perfected under the Hague [Service] Convention,

notwithstanding the failure of the Central Authority to return a Certificate’ when the plaintiff

attempts in good faith to comply with the Hague [Service] Convention and the defendant had

sufficient notice ‘that no injustice would result.’” See Box v. Dallas Mexican Consulate Gen., 487

F. App’x 880, 886 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting Burda Media, Inc., 417 F.3d at 301)).

       Venezuela has a documented history of playing a shell game: circumventing service by

refusing to issue a certificate when the party to be served is the same entity that it has designated

as its Central Authority.7 See Crystallex Int’l Corp., 2019 WL 6785504, at * 11. The Crystallex

(emphasis added). Even so, “[t]he Central Authority shall, in case of refusal, promptly inform the
applicant and state the reasons for the refusal.” Id. art. 13 (emphasis added). The Ministry of
Foreign Affairs has not communicated that it was invoking its right to refuse service under Article
13. See Pls.’ Aff. for Default at 4; Pls.’ Mot. Default J. at 1; see also Zhang v. Baidu.com Inc.,
932 F. Supp. 2d 561, 565 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (finding no direct service on China after its Central
Authority provided return certificate under Article 6, but “expressly invoked Article 13 and refused
to effect service pursuant to the Convention on the ground that doing so would ‘infringe’ its
‘sovereignty or security’”).
6
  Mezerhane involved an opposite response from the Venezuelan Central Authority, who attempted
to comply with Article 6’s requirements. See 2013 WL 12091160, at *3. The Venezuelan Central
Authority there was not deliberately frustrating service of process given that it “respon[ded] to [the
p]laintiff’s inquiries regarding the status of service, and [it] actual[ly] execu[ted service]” upon a
different defendant. Id. Moreover, the Venezuelan Central Authority there requested additional
time to serve the remaining defendants, indicating that “the proper certification [was] likely
forthcoming.” Id. Contrast this with this case, where Plaintiffs received the silent treatment from
the Venezuelan Central Authority. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 12.
7
  Other provisions of the FSIA contemplate that when the defendant is the foreign sovereign,
service should be on the “head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state concerned,” as
compared to a specific department or ministry. § 1608(a)(3); see also Transaero, Inc, 30 F.3d at
154 (“[S]ection 1608(a) mandates service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the department most
                                                      14
plaintiff “couriered service papers” to Venezuela’s Central Authority and, thus, effectively “served

the Republic, notwithstanding the Republic’s failure to provide [the plaintiff with] a certificate.”

Id. The court concluded that such service satisfied the general exception of “actual[] deliver[y]

to the defendant.” Id. To find otherwise would “permit a foreign sovereign to feign non-service

by its own failure to complete and return the required certificate.” Id.; see also Box, 487 F. App’x

at 886 (noting that a certificate confirming service is less important when the defendant is “the

foreign government itself”).

       The same conclusion is called for here.8 Plaintiffs sent the completed USM–94 Forms to

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the Central Authority and the party to be served. See Pls.’ USM–

likely to understand American procedure.”). Venezuela elected to house its Central Authority
within its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See Venezuela – Central Authority & practical information.
8
  Venezuela’s efforts to invoke the United States’ policy statements regarding how to effectuate
service on the United States via its Central Authority are inapposite here. The United States has
created an office within the Department of Justice—the Office of International Judicial Assistance
(the “OIJA”)—to serve as its Central Authority. See U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Service of Judicial
Documents on the United States Government Pursuant to the Hague Service Convention at 1 (Jan.
12, 2018), available at https://www.justice.gov/civil/page/file/1036571/download. The United
States’ guidance on international service states:

       The U.S. Central Authority receives and executes requests for service on the U.S.
       Government, but the Central Authority is not the legal representative or agent of
       the U.S. Government. Therefore, pursuant to Article 5 of the Hague Service
       Convention, receipt of a request for service from a foreign court by the U.S. Central
       Authority is not effective service. Service is only complete upon receipt of the
       documents by the appropriate U.S. Government office or agency.

Id. at 2 (emphasis added). Such guidance might have been relevant if Plaintiffs were, say,
attempting service on Venezuela’s Ministry of Defense. In that case, transmission of the
documents to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs would not suffice, just as a request to serve the U.S.
Department of Treasury would not be effected by mailing litigation documents to the OIJA, as it
is not an agent of the Department to be served. But here, Plaintiffs were requesting service upon
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs itself. See Pls.’ USM–94 Forms (Jan. 11, 2018) at 1 (listing exact
same address for receiving authority—i.e. Central Authority—and party to be served). In the
United States, such a situation would only arise if a litigant was attempting service on the OIJA
itself. The United States’ guidance thus addresses a different set of circumstances entirely.

                                                    15
94 Forms (Jan. 11, 2018) at 1. When K. Ordones and J. Ose Vera signed for the service documents,

they accepted the documents both as representatives of the Central Authority and as employees of

the Defendant entity itself, as service was on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as representative of

Venezuela. See FedEx Proof-of-Delivery (Jan. 28, 2018); FedEx Proof-of-Delivery (June 13,

2018); see also Devengoechea v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, No. 12-cv-23743, 2014 WL

12489848, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 25, 2014) (“Service was effectuated on Venezuela, through its

Central Authority under the Hague Convention, . . . when it received the Summons, Complaint

and transmittal documents.”).

                                ii.   Specific Defaulting Exception

       Plaintiffs also meet the requirements for the specific exception which provides that a court

may enter judgment against a defaulting party “even if no certificate of service or delivery has

been received.” Hague Service Convention, art. 15, ¶ 2. This exception has three conditions:

(i) the documents were “transmitted” via a method provided for in the Hague Service Convention,

(ii) a period of time—not less than six months—considered “adequate” by the judge has passed

since document transmission, and (iii) “no certificate of any kind has been received, even though

every reasonable effort has been made to obtain it through the competent authorities of the State

addressed.” Id.

       Here, Plaintiffs “transmitted” their service documents via FedEx courier to the Venezuelan

Central Authority. See FedEx Proof-of-Delivery (Jan. 25, 2018). The Hague Service Convention

provides for this method of service. See Marschhauser v. Travelers Indemity Co., 145 F.R.D. 605,

607, 609 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (finding the use of FedEx to send documents to a foreign state’s Central

Authority proper). A more than “adequate” period of over fifteen months passed between the time

Plaintiffs first delivered the documents and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Default Judgment. See FedEx

                                                    16
Proof-of-Delivery (Jan. 28, 2018); Pls.’ Mot. Default J; see also Marschhauser, 145 F.R.D. at 609

(finding “nearly nine months” an adequate amount of time). “Finally, the Court [is] certain that

no certificate of any kind has been received by the applicant,” Marschhauser, 145 F.R.D. at 609,

as Venezuela has admitted that “Koch has not yet obtained [a] certificate of service,” Def.’s Mot.

Set Aside Default & MTD at 12. Transmitting a second certificate with the amended complaint,

which was unnecessary to send, see Baker v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahirya, 810 F.

Supp. 2d 90, 94, 96 n.4 (D.D.C. 2011), sufficiently demonstrates that Plaintiffs made every

reasonable follow-up effort. See Pls.’ Mot. Default J. at 13 n.6. Because all three requirements

are met here, Plaintiffs do not need a certificate to proceed with this litigation.

                       b.      Service by Mail

       Venezuela next contends that Plaintiffs’ use of a FedEx courier was improper. See Def.’s

Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 12. Although Articles 2 through 6 of the Hague Convention

establish Central Authorities as the primary method of service on a foreign party, Article 10 also

allows for service by alternative means, such as service “by postal channels, directly to persons

abroad” “[p]rovided the State of destination does not object.” Hague Service Convention, art.

10(a) (emphasis added). Venezuela, however, objects to direct service upon parties by mail. See

Venezuela – Central Authority & practical information.

       But service-by-mail under Article 10(a) is merely an alternative method of service, should

the plaintiff elect not to—or improperly—serve a party through the Central Authority. See Water

Splash, Inc. v. Menon, 137 S. Ct. 1504, 1508 (2017) (listing Article 10 service-by-mail as one of

several “additional methods” of service approved by the Hague Service Convention other than the

most common method—service through a Central Authority); Marschhauser, 145 F.R.D. at 609

(“Article 10 only provides for alternative means of service and for the sending of documents, and

                                                      17
it has no bearing on Articles 3–6, which prescribe the normal method of service under the

Convention.”). Plaintiffs thus correctly conclude that “Article 10(a)’s service-by-mail provision

does not apply to service on a State, through its Central Authority; it applies only to instances

where a plaintiff serves a third-party directly, cutting out the Central Authority.” Pls.’ Response

at 11.

         The authorities Venezuela cites illustrate this point, as they involve instances where the

parties turned to Article 10(a)’s service-by-mail provision after service through the Central

Authority failed, see Zhang, 932 F. Supp. 2d at 565, 567 (finding FedEx service to Central

Authority insufficient to overcome China’s refusal to serve documents under Article 13 when

China also objected to direct service-by-mail under Article 10(a)), or where there was no indication

that the party attempted service through the Central Authority at all, see Willamette Green

Innovation Ctr., LLC v. Quartis Capital Partners, No. 13-cv-848, 2014 WL 5281039, at *3 (N.D.

Cal. Jan. 21, 2014) (finding FedEx service shipped directly to defendant in Netherlands was proper

as the Netherlands did not object to Article 10(a)’s service-by-mail provision, but never

mentioning any attempt to serve defendant through Central Authority); United States ex rel.

Walterspiel v. Bayer AG, 639 F. App’x 164, 167 (4th Cir. 2016) (concluding service improper

when plaintiff mailed documents directly to defendant because “Germany has objected to Article

10(a), and has [rather] established Central Authorities to execute requests for international

service”).

         Undercutting its own position, Venezuela also relies on a case where FedEx courier service

on a Central Authority was deemed a sufficient method of transmission under Article 15 when a

certificate was lacking. See Marschhauser, 145 F.R.D. at 607, 609 (finding plaintiffs properly

“transmit[ted]” service under Hague Service Convention by using FedEx to send documents to

                                                    18
Venezuelan Central Authority); see also Crystallex Int’l Corp., 2019 WL 6785504, at *11 (finding

proper service on Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Article 15 when service papers

“couriered” to Central Authority).      Because Plaintiffs’ service documents were “actually

delivered” to the Central Authority under Articles 2, 5, and 15, that service was not alternative

mail service running afoul of Article 10(a).

                      c.      Service on New Regime

       Finally, Venezuela argues that Plaintiffs’ “steps to complete service through Venezuela’s

central authority at the Maduro-controlled Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Caracas are meaningless

as a matter of U.S. foreign relations law.” Def.’s Reply at 9. While true that the United States

recognizes Juan Guaidó as the interim President of Venezuela, Guaidó’s government only came

to power in January 2019. See Press Release Recognizing Guaidó.But Plaintiffs delivered their

service documents in January and June 2018, which were months before the regime change and

over a year before Venezuela appeared to contest service. See FedEx Proof-of-Delivery (Jan. 28,

2018); FedEx Proof-of-Delivery (June 1, 2018). Venezuela’s argument ignores the linear nature

of time.

       In arguing that Plaintiffs should have re-served the documents on the Guaidó government,

or should have initially served them on that then non-existent government, Venezuela relies on a

D.C. Circuit order which held that the Maduro government does not have standing to represent

Venezuela in United States courts. See Def.’s Reply at 9–10; Order, Rusoro Mining Ltd.,No. 18-

7044. However, Rusoro simply clarifies that the Maduro regime lost the authority to defend that

lawsuit in January 2019, when that responsibility shifted to the Guaidó government. See Order,

Rusoro Mining Ltd., No. 18-7044 at 1; see also Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law

§ 208 cmt. a (Am. Law Inst. 1987) (“Under international law, the capacities, rights, and duties [of

                                                    19
a state] appertain to the state, [and t]hey are not affected by a mere change in the regime or in the

form of government or its ideology.”). Venezuela is represented here by the Guaidó government,

thus satisfying Rusoro. See Order, Rusoro Mining Ltd., No. 18-7044 at 1 (“[T]he rights of a

sovereign state are vested in the state rather than in any particular government which may purport

to represent it . . . .”) (quoting Guaranty Trust Co. v. United States, 304 U.S. 126, 137 (1938)). To

find otherwise would create the absurd result that every lawsuit against a foreign sovereign would

have to restart with regime change. That would be a waste of judicial resources and ignores that

when a party serves a foreign sovereign, it serves the state, not the momentary steward at its helm.

See id.

                        Magistrate Judge All Purpose Jurisdiction

                        a.      Source of Magistrate Judge Jurisdiction

          Under the Federal Magistrate Act of 1979 (“the Act”), magistrate judges may “conduct any

or all proceedings in a jury or nonjury civil matter and order the entry of judgment in the case,

when specifically designated to exercise such jurisdiction by the district court . . . he serves.” 28

U.S.C. § 636(c)(1). In such cases, magistrate judges maintain “full authority over dispositive

motions, conduct of trial, and entry of final judgment.” Roell v. Withrow, 538 U.S. 580, 585

(2003). The Act was meant to “relieve the district courts’ ‘mounting queue of civil cases’ and

thereby ‘improve access to the courts for all groups.’” Id. at 588 (quoting S. Rep. No. 96-74, at 4

(1979)). “However, to preserve the litigant’s right to be heard by an Article III judge, the Act

requires that magistrate judges only exercise such powers when acting ‘upon the consent of the

parties.’” Baker, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 98 (quoting Roell, 538 U.S. at 585). Consent may be explicit

or implied. See Roell, 538 U.S. at 590.

                                                     20
       The Act and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure dictate the procedural requirements of a

§ 636(c)(1) referral (or “all purposes” referral). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(2) (outlining how the

option of consent must be communicated); Fed. R. Civ. P. 73(b) (requiring parties to file signed

consent forms with clerk’s office before referring to magistrate judge). Implied consent satisfies

§ 636(c) when (a) the party was “made aware of the need for consent and the right to refuse it,”

and (b) the party “still voluntarily appeared to try the case before the Magistrate Judge.” Roell,

538 U.S. at 590. Implied consent extends to default proceedings, so long as the defaulting party

was “on notice regarding the proceedings” and was properly served with process. Baker, 810 F.

Supp. 2d at 98; see also Patino v. Brady Parking, Inc., No. 11-cv-3080, 2017 WL 5198192, at *6

n.12 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 31, 2017) (citing Baker for proposition that “parties in default, who are on

notice regarding the proceedings, impliedly consent to a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction”);

Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of Am. v. Gold, Scollar, Moshan, PLLC, No. 14-cv-10106, 2018

WL 1508573, at *1 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 14, 2018) (same).

                       b.      Implied Consent

                                 i.   Notice to Defaulting Party

       Baker is instructive here. See 810 F. Supp. 2d at 95–96. There, the district judge entered

default against Syria because it failed to appear after being properly served. See id. at 94. Upon

consent of the appearing parties, the district judge referred the case to a magistrate judge for all

purposes. See id. The magistrate judge proceeded with an evidentiary hearing and entered default

judgment. See id. Syria subsequently appeared and contested the default judgment on several

grounds, including improper service of process and lack of magistrate judge all-purpose

jurisdiction. See id. at 95. The magistrate judge first concluded that the plaintiffs properly served

Syria. See id. at 96 n.4, 98. Because service was proper, Syria necessarily had notice of the suit

                                                     21
and thus, of its need to consent to magistrate judge jurisdiction. See id. at 98. Yet, Syria still failed

to appear in a timely fashion, and thus had impliedly consented to magistrate judge jurisdiction.

See id. at 99.

        Likewise, Plaintiffs properly served Venezuela. See supra Pt. III.A.1. Not only did

Venezuela receive direct notice of this suit twice over, see id., but it also had constructive notice

from the media attention the instant action garnered. See generally Luis Alonso Lugo, Koch

brothers sue Venezuela to collect $409 million, AP News, Dec. 1, 2017, available at

https://apnews.com/article/be062587402945be9b59138b27f08d16.                Proper service and the

resulting media attention necessarily put Venezuela on notice of the need to consent and right to

refuse magistrate judge jurisdiction. See Baker, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 98; Patino, 2017 WL 5198192,

at *6 n.12.

        The consent analysis could stop here, however, Venezuela’s initial actions in the litigation

further buttress a finding of implied consent. After entry of default, Venezuela “voluntarily

appeared” before Magistrate Judge Robinson by filing its motion to set aside default. See generally

Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD. In over 25 pages of briefing, Venezuela failed to even hint

at its opposition to magistrate judge jurisdiction. See id. In a subsequent minute order, Magistrate

Judge Robinson expressly noted that Plaintiffs had “filed a notice and consent to proceed before

this court for all purposes.” Minute Order (Aug. 5, 2019). Even after this explicit jurisdictional

declaration, Venezuela still failed to contest magistrate judge jurisdiction in its reply brief. See

generally Def.’s Reply.

        “[Venezuela’s] general appearances before the Magistrate Judge . . . supply the consent

necessary for the Magistrate Judge’s ‘civil jurisdiction’ under § 636(c)(1).” Roell, 538 U.S. at

591; see also Heft v. Moore, 351 F.3d 278, 281 (7th Cir. 2003) (finding parties “voluntarily

                                                       22
consented to proceed before a magistrate judge” when they “entered general appearances before

the magistrate and participated in hearings before the magistrate”). Venezuela’s objection to

magistrate judge jurisdiction in a subsequent Joint Status Report cannot undo its unexplained

failure to contest such jurisdiction from jump street, let alone after Magistrate Judge Robinson

flagged the issue. See Joint Status Report (Aug. 27, 2019). Once implied consent was triggered

(as early as effective service, but no later than Venezuela’s reply brief), the only vehicle for

returning to a district judge is under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(4). That Section provides that magistrate

judge jurisdiction may only be vacated on a showing of “extraordinary circumstances” by

Venezuela or “good cause” by the court. § 636(c)(4). The party seeking to vacate magistrate judge

jurisdiction bears a heavy burden, and “[c]ourts have not been receptive to the argument that

extraordinary circumstances justif[y] withdrawal of [a] case.” Manion v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 251

F. Supp. 2d 171, 173 (D.D.C. 2003) (quoting 12 Charles A. Wright et al., Federal Practice &

Procedure: Civil § 3071.3).9 Venezuela never suggested that such circumstances existed here.

       Venezuela’s reliance on Henry v. Tri-Services, Inc., 33 F.3d 931 (8th Cir. 1994), is

misplaced for three reasons. There, the court held that a defaulting party does not “waive its right

to have judgment entered . . . by an Article III judge.” Id. at 933. First, that case pre-dates both

Roell and this court’s decision in Baker. Second, the Henry court’s decision was based on the

plaintiff’s failure to properly serve the defendant, who thus had no notice of the action. See id. at

932, 932 n.1 (noting that plaintiffs merely “attempted” to serve the defendant and that the

9
  In Manion, the court emphasized the narrow circumstances that might justify a finding of
“extraordinary circumstances” stating that “[t]he legislative history of § 636(c)(4) suggests that
the District Court’s power to vacate a referral to a Magistrate Judge should be exercised only
‘where it is appropriate to have the trial before an article III judicial officer because of the
extraordinary questions of law at issue and judicial decision making is likely to have wide
precedential importance.’” 251 F. Supp. 2d at 173 (quoting Wright et al., supra, § 3071.3).
                                                     23
defendant did not receive actual notice). As noted in Baker, Henry is easily distinguished where,

as here, there is proper service because that is the underpinning of the Roell Court’s finding of

implied consent. See 810 F. Supp. 2d at 98. Finally, Henry contradicts the common practices of

this jurisdiction. See Radmanesh v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 17-cv-1708, 2019 WL 1787615,

at *1 n.1 (D.D.C. Apr. 24, 2019) (applying Roell and Baker to conclude that “a party’s default

effect[s] consent to a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction to decide a motion for default judgment”).

                                ii.   Equitable Considerations

       Implied consent is framed by equitable considerations. See Roell, 538 U.S. at 588–89.

Implied consent “checks the risk of gamesmanship by depriving parties of the luxury of waiting

for the outcome before denying the magistrate judge’s authority.” Id. at 590. Such gamesmanship

is particularly disfavored when a defendant has “chosen default as [a] litigation strategy,” Baker,

810 F. Supp. 2d at 95, especially if that defendant has opted for a similar strategy in other cases,

see id. at 95, 99 (“[D]efault judgment further serves as a deterrent to parties ‘who choose delay as

part of their litigative strategy.’” (quoting H.F. Livermore Corp. v. Aktiengesellschaft Gebruder

Loepfe, 432 F.2d 689, 691 (D.C. Cir. 1970))). In Baker, Syria elected to “sit back and wait” until

after the court held an evidentiary hearing and issued an unfavorable default judgment order. Id.

at 98. The court reprimanded this approach indicating it was “the gamesmanship that the Supreme

Court condemned in Roell.” Id.

       Venezuela is running a play right out of Syria’s playbook. Venezuela failed to appear in

several contemporaneous cases pending in U.S. courts, resulting in entries of default. See, e.g.,

Tidewater Investment SRL v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, No. 17-cv-1457, 2018 WL

6605633, at *1 (D.D.C. Dec. 17, 2018) (entering default judgment against Venezuela and

enforcing ICSID Convention arbitral award); Wendell v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, No.

                                                    24
16-cv-11649, 2017 WL 5198375, at *1 (D. Mass. May 8, 2017) (noting default entered against

Venezuela on January 17, 2017); Devengoechea v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, No. 12-cv-

23743, 2016 WL 4370067, at *1 (S.D. Fla. July 5, 2016) (appearing only after default judgment

entered). Even though Venezuela is not a “totally unresponsive party”10 in this case, it has still

exhibited a pattern of willful default, thus invoking the same concerns that led the court in Baker

to conclude that implying consent was equitable. See Baker, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 98; see also Africa

Growth Corp., 2018 WL 6329453, at *5 (noting that mere passage of time is enough to indicate

that default was willful or strategic).

        B.      Good Cause to Set Aside Default

        Turning to the factors for setting aside an entry of default, the Court will apply the Keegel

factors in seriatim.11

                         Willfulness

        The willfulness of a party’s default is measured on a spectrum; on one end are “case[s]

involving a negligent filing error, which is normally considered an excusable failure to respond,”

and on the other end is “a deliberate decision to default, which is generally not excusable.” Farmer

v. Am. Fed. of Gov’t Emps., No. 19-cv-1631, 2020 WL 2800680, at * 3 (D.D.C. May 29, 2020)

(quoting Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Union & Indus. Pension Fund v. H.W. Ellis Painting Co.,

288 F. Supp. 2d 22, 26 (D.D.C. 2003)). Mere passage of time is enough to indicate that a default

10
   Syria did not appear in Baker until after the entry of default judgment, rendering it a “totally
unresponsive party” that “default judgments were designed to handle.” Id. at 95 (quoting Jackson,
636 F.2d at 836). Here, Venezuela appeared slightly earlier, to wit, four days before the court set
a hearing on Plaintiffs’ Motion for Default Judgment. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD.
11
   Venezuela argues that the Court need not reach these factors as an “entry of default is void ab
initio for ineffective service of process and lack of personal jurisdiction.” Def.’s Mot. Set Aside
Default & MTD at 16. But, as discussed above, Venezuela was properly served, and the Court has
personal jurisdiction under the FSIA. See supra Pt. III.A.1. The Court must therefore go on to
consider whether the Keegel factors otherwise support setting aside default.
                                                     25
was willful. See Africa Growth, 2018 WL 6329453, at *5 (finding defendant’s default was willful

given “the simple fact [that] eight months lapsed” between date defendant was served and their

appearance).

       As Venezuela was properly served, and over eighteen months passed before it appeared,

its default was presumptively willful. Venezuela’s only response is a replay of its already

dispatched service argument. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 17; Def.’s Reply at

10–11. But, “[e]ven when a default is willful, a district court does not necessarily abuse its

discretion by vacating a default when the asserted defense is meritorious and the district court took

steps to mitigate any prejudice to the non-defaulting party.” Gilmore v. Palestinian Interim Self-

Government Auth., 843 F.3d 958, 966 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (citing Whelan v. Abell, 48 F.3d 1247,

1258–59 (D.C. Cir. 1995)).

                       Prejudice

       Plaintiffs’ prejudice arguments rest almost entirely on harm caused by delay, yet “[d]elay

in and of itself does not constitute prejudice.” Acree, 658 F. Supp. 2d at 128 (quoting Capital

Yacht Club v. Vessel AVIVA, 228 F.R.D. 389, 393–94 (D.D.C. 2005)). Rather, the question is

whether that delay presents any “accompanying dangers” such as “loss of evidence, increased

difficulties of discovery, or an enhanced opportunity for fraud or collusion.” Id. at 129 (quoting

KPS & Assocs., Inc. v. Designs by FMC, Inc., 318 F.3d 1, 15 (1st Cir. 2003)). However, there is

a limiting principle that, “unnecessarily drawing out proceedings ‘unfairly prejudices [a] plaintiff

to some degree.’” Konoike Constr. Co. v. Ministry of Works, Tanzania, No. 17-cv-1986, 2019 WL

1082337, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 7, 2019) (quoting Int’l Painters, 288 F. Supp. 2d at 31).

       Delays must be considered against the backdrop that “[l]itigation on actions to enforce

[ICSID arbitral] awards need not be protracted.” Mobil Cerro Negro, Ltd. v. Bolivarian Republic

                                                     26
of Venezuela, 863 F.3d 96, 117 (2d Cir. 2017). Such proceedings “are ‘summary . . . in nature’

and ‘not intended to involve complex factual determinations.’” Konoike Constr. Co., 2019 WL

1082337, at *3 (quoting Zeiler v. Deitsch, 500 F.3d 157, 169 (2d Cir. 2007)) (enforcing similar

arbitral award issued under an international treaty against a foreign sovereign). “The ICSID

award-debtor would be a party to the action and would be able to challenge the United States

court’s jurisdiction to enforce the award—for instance, on venue grounds—but would not be

permitted to make substantive challenges to the award.” Mobile Cerro Negro, Ltd., 863 F.3d at

118; see also Tidewater Investment SRL, 2018 WL 6605633 at *6 (same).

                                  i.   Service Delays

       Venezuela is stuck on repeat and contends that any litigation delays occurred because of

improper service. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 17. This argument again fails.

See supra Pt. III.A.1. The Court turns next to Plaintiffs’ arguments.

                                 ii.   Intentional Delay

       The timing of Venezuela’s initial appearance reveals its intention to delay this litigation.

After more than a year of dormancy, Venezuela appeared on the eve of the default judgment

hearing, which thwarted an otherwise orderly conclusion to the matter. See Minute Order (Aug.

5, 2019). Yet, that prejudice is diminished because the Court had not yet entered default judgment,

nor had Plaintiffs “expended any significant efforts to satisfy their burden of proof for default

judgment” at a hearing. Acree, 658 F. Supp. 2d at 129; see also Owens, 374 F. Supp. 2d at 9

(noting that plaintiffs were “not prejudiced in any significant way” because “defendants appeared

well before any . . . final judgment”). This factor weighs in favor of setting aside default.

                                                     27
                                 iii.   Impact on Collection

        Plaintiffs next argue that any delay prejudices their collection efforts against Venezuela’s

primary remaining asset in the United States, PdVSA’s shares in PDVH. See Pls.’ Mot. for Status

Conference, ¶¶ 2, 3, 7; ECF No. 38 (Dec. 20, 2019, Oral Arg. Tr.) at 27:21–28:11. Other creditors

are already litigating how to dissect PdVSA’s shares in PDVH. See Crystallex Int’l Corp., 2019

WL 6785504, at *1–2 (the “Delaware Litigation”).

        To understand Plaintiffs’ sense of urgency, some background on the Delaware Litigation

is necessary. In August 2018, the Delaware district court ruled that PdVSA was the “alter-ego” of

the Venezuelan government—and therefore PdVSA’s shares in PDVH could be used to satisfy

judgments against Venezuela. See Crystallex Int’l Corp. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 333

F. Supp. 3d 380, 406 (D. Del. 2018), aff’d, 932 F.3d 126 (3d Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct.

2762 (2020). On September 17, 2020, the court held a hearing to determine the procedures for a

possible sale of PDVSA’s assets. See Oral Order, Crystallex Int’l Corp. v. Bolivarian Republic of

Venezuela, No. 17-mc-151 (Aug. 4, 2020); id., Tr. from Oral Arg. (Sept. 17, 2020). Plaintiffs

cannot intervene in the Delaware Litigation until they obtain a final judgment from this Court. See

Dec. 20, 2019 Oral Arg. Tr. at 27:21–28:11; Pls.’ First Supp Brief at 3–4.

        “[T]he standard [for prejudice] is whether [the plaintiff’s] ability to pursue his claim will

be hindered.” Farmer, 2020 WL 2800680, at *3 (quoting TCI Grp. Life Ins. Plan v. Knoebber, 244

F.3d 691, 701 (9th Cir. 2001)). The Delaware Litigation is not yet in the ninth inning. Several

plaintiffs there are having to “re-establish the alter ego determination . . . in light of [Venezuela’s]

change in government.” ECF No. 44 (Oct. 13, 2020, Oral Arg. Tr.) at 9:9–15; see also Crystallex

Int’l Corp., 2019 WL 6785504, at *7 (“The question of whether PDVSA can, under the present

circumstances, be deemed an alter ego of [Venezuela] is not identical to the issue decided in the

                                                      28
[August 2018 opinion] . . . .” (emphasis added)). Moreover, recovery there may be delayed as the

parties sort out whether they need an OFAC license prior to obtaining a judgment. See 31 C.F.R.

§ 591.407; Crystallex Int’l Corp., 2019 WL 6785504, at *3. In order to preclude Venezuela from

running out the clock here and thereby preventing Plaintiffs from making it to Delaware in time,12

this Court will order expedited briefing of the remaining issues. See ECF No. 45 (Accompanying

Order, Dec. 23, 2020).

       The slow pace of federal litigation is an endemic problem. Moreover, “the impact of

[delays caused by] the global pandemic on civil litigation over the past six months cannot be

understated.” Faulkner v. Aero Fulfillment Servs., No. 19-cv-268, 2020 WL 6261698, at *1 (S.D.

Ohio Oct. 23, 2020). Plaintiffs fail to demonstrate how delay here will uniquely cause loss of

evidence, unnecessary or challenging discovery, or an enhanced risk of fraud. See Acree, 658 F.

Supp. 2d at 129 (quoting KPS & Assocs., Inc., 318 F.3d at 15). Without such a showing, this factor

weighs in favor of setting aside default.

                       Meritorious Defense

       This factor is a “modest requirement,” Gilmore, 843 F.3d at 966, that “is not a high bar,”

Marino v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 685 F.3d 1076, 1080 (D.C. Cir. 2012). A defense is

“meritorious if [it] contain[s] even a hint of a suggestion which, proven at trial, would constitute a

complete defense.” Gilmore, 843 F.3d at 966 (quoting Keegel, 627 F.2d at 375). “[T]he movant

is not required to prove a defense, but only to assert a defense that it may prove at trial.” Whelan,

48 F.3d at 1259. “Likelihood of success is not the measure.” Keegel, 627 F.2d at 374. Regardless

12
   Although one can only assume the nature of Venezuela’s underlying litigation strategy, the Court
is not ignorant to the fact that counsel for Venezuela in this matter also represents PdVSA in the
Delaware Litigation. See Crystallex Int’l Corp., 2019 WL 6785504.
                                                     29
of the other two factors, the court may set aside the entry of default if there is a meritorious defense.

See id. (citing Whelan, 48 F.3d at 1258–59)).

        Unsurprisingly, Venezuela recycles improper service of process and a related lack of

personal jurisdiction as its primary defense. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 16–17.

Having two strikes against it on this point, Venezuela has now struck out on its third attempt.

However, Venezuela raises two other arguments, the latter of which is a walk-off home run.

                         a.       Venezuela Sanctions Regulations

        First, Venezuela argues that recent amendments to the Venezuela Sanctions Regulations,

31 C.F.R. § 591, bar this court from issuing any judgment in favor of Plaintiffs. See Def.’s First

Supp. Brief at 5.13

        The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”) allows the President to

“regulate, . . . nullify, void, prevent or prohibit, any acquisition, . . . use, transfer, . . . or dealing in,

or exercising any right, power, or privilege with respect to, or transactions involving, any property

in which any foreign country . . . has any interest.” 50 U.S.C. § 1702(a)(1)(B). The President may

take such action to “deal with any unusual and extraordinary [foreign] threat . . . to the national

security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States.” § 1701(a). In 2015, President Obama

declared a national emergency under § 1701(a) as the political situation in Venezuela escalated.

See Exec. Order No. 13,692, 80 Fed. Reg. 12747 (Mar. 8, 2015). President Trump has since issued

additional executive orders addressing the situation in Venezuela. See generally U.S. Dep’t

13
   The Venezuelan Sanctions Regulations are made up of a web of legal authorities including
executive orders, statutes, and OFAC regulations. See Exec. Order No. 13,884 (Aug. 5, 2019), 84
Fed. Reg. 38843; Exec. Order No. 13,857 (Jan. 25, 2019), 84 Fed. Reg. 509; Exec. Order No.
13,850 (Nov. 1, 2018), 83 Fed. Reg. 55243; 31 C.F.R. § 591; see also generally U.S. Dep’t
Treasury, Venezuela-Related Sanctions, available at https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/
financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/venezuela-related-sanctions
(last visited Nov. 11, 2020).
                                                          30
Treasury,    Venezuela-Related      Sanctions,    available     at   https://home.treasury.gov/policy-

issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/venezuela-related-

sanctions. In response, the Department of Treasury issued the Venezuela Sanctions Regulations,

see 31 C.F.R. § 591, which it amended in 2019 to incorporate subsequent executive orders. See

84 Fed. Reg. 64415-02, codified at 30 C.F.R. § 591.

       The amendments govern “[s]ettlement agreements and enforcement of certain orders

through judicial process.” 31 C.F.R. § 591.407. “[T]he entry into a settlement agreement or the

enforcement of any lien, judgment, arbitral award, decree, or other order through execution,

garnishment, or other judicial process purporting to transfer or otherwise alter or affect property

or interests in property . . . is prohibited unless authorized pursuant to a specific license issued by

OFAC . . . .” Id. Assets held by PdVSA are blocked under these sanctions. See Press Release,

U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, Treasury Sanctions Venezuela’s State-Owned Oil Company Petroleos de

Venezuela,    S.A.,   (Jan.   28,   2019),   available     at   https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-

releases/sm594.

       OFAC has since issued guidance concerning the amended sanctions regulations. See U.S.

Dep’t of Treasury, OFAC Frequently Asked Questions – Venezuela Sanctions, available at https://

home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/faqs/topic/1581 (“FAQ”). A FAQ issued on

December 9, 2019, addressed the following question:

       [Q]: Do I need a specific license from OFAC to file a suit in U.S. court against a
       person designated or blocked pursuant to Venezuela-related sanctions? Does a U.S.
       court, or its personnel, need a specific license from OFAC to hear such a case?

       [A]: No. A specific license from OFAC is not ordinarily required to initiate or
       continue U.S. legal proceedings against a person designated or blocked pursuant to
       OFAC’s Venezuela sanctions program, or for a U.S. court, or its personnel, to hear
       such a case. However, a specific license from OFAC is required for the entry into
       a settlement agreement or the enforcement of any lien, judgment, or other order
       through execution, garnishment, or other judicial process purporting to transfer or
       otherwise alter or affect property or interests in property blocked pursuant to the
                                                      31
       Venezuela Sanctions Regulations . . . . This includes the purported creation or
       perfection of any legal or equitable interests (including contingent or inchoate
       interests) in blocked property. While terminology may vary in different
       jurisdictions and proceedings, a specific license from OFAC would be required for
       measures such as:

               •   Taking Possession (Actual or Constructive)
               •   Seizing
               •   Levying Upon
               •   Attaching
               •   Encumbering
               •   Pledging
               •   Conveying
               •   Selling (Final or Contingent)
               •   Freezing
               •   Assuming or Maintaining Custody [or]
               •   Sequestering

Id. (FAQ No. 808).

       Venezuela argues that sanctions bar this Court from enforcing the arbitration award until

Plaintiffs obtain an OFAC license. See Def.’s First Supp. Brief at 5. Plaintiffs acknowledge that

they have not applied for, or obtained, an OFAC license. See Pls.’ First Supp. Brief at 4. But,

Plaintiffs are “only seek[ing] an order converting their ICSID Award into a judgment of this Court

[under 22 U.S.C. § 1650a].” Id. at 2. Because Plaintiffs are not entering into a “settlement

agreement” or “enforce[ing]” a judgement, no OFAC license is needed to resolve this matter. See

FAQ No. 808. Codifying the ICSID award does not reach into PdVSA’s pockets.14

                       b.     Annulment Proceedings

       Second, Venezuela claims that the ICSID award is not final because Venezuela has

initiated annulment proceedings. See Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 17. Lacking a

final judgment would be fatal to Plaintiffs’ claim. See Micula v. Gov’t of Romania, No. 15-mc-

14
  Plaintiffs hope to enforce a judgment from this Court in the Delaware Litigation. See Pls.’ Mot.
for a Status Conference, ¶¶ 2, 7. Plaintiffs may have to obtain an OFAC license at that future date;
however, that is not a consideration for this Court today.
                                                    32
107, 2015 WL 4643180, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2015) (citing ICSID Convention, art. 53), rev’d

on other grounds, 714 F. App’x 18 (2d Cir. 2017).

       “While ICSID awards cannot be appealed, a party may submit an application before an

ICSID committee to annul the award on limited grounds.” 9REN Holding S.A.R.L. v. Kingdom of

Spain, No. 19-cv-1871, 2020 WL 5816012, at *1 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2020). An annulment petition

“challenges the tribunal’s substantive decision.” TECO Guatemala Holdings, LLC v. Republic of

Guatemala, No. 17-cv-102, 2018 WL 4705794, at *1 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2018). “When a party

seeks annulment, ICSID convenes an ad hoc committee of three members, which is authorized ‘to

annul the award or any part thereof.’” Id. (quoting ICSID Convention, art. 52). “If the award is

annulled the dispute shall . . . be submitted to a new [ICSID] Tribunal . . . .” ICSID Convention,

art. 52(6). American courts cannot give an annulled ICSID award full faith and credit. See

generally ICSID Convention arts. 52 – 54; 22 U.S.C. § 1650a(a).

       While the annulment proceedings are pending, the ICSID may implement a provisional

stay preventing enforcement of an award until the committee renders a decision. See TECO

Guatemala Holdings, LLC, 2018 WL 4705794, at *1 (citing ICSID Convention, art. 53). “But,

‘[e]xcept to the extent that enforcement’ has been stayed, the tribunal’s award remains ‘binding

on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy’ other than those set

forth in the ICSID Convention.” Id. (quoting ICSID Convention, art. 53).

       “[C]ourts in this district have issued stays in cases arising under the ICSID [Convention],

even when the ICSID lifted its stay on enforcing an award before issuing a decision in annulment

proceedings.” 9REN Holding, 2020 WL 5816012 at *3 (citing Minute Order, Infrastructure Servs.

Lux. S.A.R.L. v. Kingdom of Spain, No. 18-cv-1753 (D.D.C. July 15, 2020) and Unión Fenosa Gas,

S.A. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, No. 18-cv-2395, 2020 WL 2996085, at *3–4 (D.D.C. June 4,

                                                    33
2020)); see also NextEra Energy Global Holdings B.V. v. Kingdom of Spain, No. 19-cv-1618, 2020

WL 5816238, at * 3 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2020) (same). In Unión Fenosa, the court set aside default—

which the plaintiffs did not oppose—and stayed enforcement of an ICSID award after “the ICSID

lifted its own stay of enforcement following [the defendant’s] failure to post the required security.”

2020 WL 2996085, at *2, 5. The court concluded that,

       [t]his decision does not suggest that a stay is always or even often warranted
       whenever a losing party petitions to annul an ICSID award. Rather, this case
       involves several unique circumstances that, taken in conjunction, counsel in favor
       of a stay—namely, the size of the award, the nature of the divided [ICSID] panel
       opinion, the duplicative arguments in play both here and before the ICSID, and
       uncertainties regarding an unprecedented global pandemic.

Id. at *5 (emphasis added).

       Although Venezuela is not currently petitioning for a stay, see Def.’s Mot Set Aside

Default & MTD at 17, Unión Fenosa is instructive as the stay was based on the strength of the

defendant’s annulment defense. Both cases involve “a parallel proceeding that is ongoing[,]”

presenting the “possibility that the award will be set aside.” Unión Fenosa, 2020 WL 2996085, at

*4 (quoting Higgins v. SPX Corp., No. 5-cv-846, 2006 WL 1008677, at *4 (W.D. Mich. Apr. 18,

2006)). Although the three “unique circumstances” of Unión Fenosa, id., are not identical to this

case, there is a fraternal similarity which provides a “hint of a suggestion” that Venezuela could

provide a complete defense on the merits by nullifying the ICSID judgment. Gilmore, 843 F.3d

at 966 (quoting Keegel, 627 F.2d at 375).

       As to the first circumstance, the ICSID awarded Unión Fenosa Gas over $2 billion in

damages against the defendant, Egypt. See Unión Fenosa, 2020 WL 2996085, at *2. The court

was “loath to plunge so deeply into a sovereign’s treasury during a period of immense uncertainty

if there [was] a chance that the award might be set aside or mitigated to some extent.” Id. at *4.

Particularly because such enforcement could cripple the Egyptian economy. See id. Here,

                                                     34
Plaintiffs were awarded $166.7 million and $140.25 million respectively. See ICSID Award,

¶¶ 12.3–12.8; ICSID Rectification Award, ¶ 74. Though not as large, this award is nonetheless a

significant sum and would arguably shatter the already fragile Venezuelan economy. See Stacey

Vanek Smith & Cardiff Garcia, Coronavirus Comes to Venezuela, NPR, Aug. 11, 2020, available

at https:// www.npr.org/2020/08/11/901501100/coronavirus-comes-to-venezuela. Such concerns

are supercharged by the “unprecedented global pandemic”֫—which insulated Egypt from the court

enforcing a judgment and offers a similar reprieve for Venezuela. See id.; Unión Fenosa, 2020

WL 2996085, at *5.

       Second, both Unión Fenosa’s and the Plaintiffs’ ICSID opinions contained a dissenting

opinion. Hopes for an annulment are “not merely wishful thinking” when there is a dissent, as that

is “a relatively rare outcome in [ICSID] cases.” Unión Fenosa, 2020 WL 2996085, at *4 (citing

Anton Strezhnev, You Only Dissent Once: Re-Appointment and Legal Practice in Investment

Arbitration 2 (Nov. 8, 2015), http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/astrezhnev/files/dissent_draft_1.pdf

(describing “dissent aversion” in international investment arbitration)). In Unión Fenosa, the

dissenting opinion disagreed with the majority’s award on all fronts including the “jurisdictional

holding, merits conclusion, and calculation of damages.” See id. However, the dissent was much

more limited in Venezuela’s case. It was only a partial dissent as to Venezuela’s liability to Koch

Nitrogen and the corresponding damages—with no disagreement over jurisdiction or the award as

to Koch Minerals. See ICSID Award at 290, ¶¶ 1–2. Yet, a dissent still exists and cannot be

ignored.

       Third, the court in Unión Fenosa concretely identified overlapping arguments between the

annulment and U.S. court proceedings, see 2020 WL 2996085 at *4, which justified deference to

the ICSID proceedings. However, while this Court comes to a similar conclusion, it does so with

                                                    35
lesser confidence. Both parties have provided scant information about what arguments are before

the annulment committee, even after a request from this Court. See Joint Status Report (Nov. 6,

2020). Given that similar prior-proceeding have had overlap, a fair inference is that there is again

a likelihood here. See id. This is reason enough to allow the annulment proceedings to conclude,

particularly with a hearing upcoming in July 2021. See id. at 1.

       Thus, Venezuela has provided at least a “hint of a suggestion” that the pending annulment

proceeds could provide a fruitful defense on the merits. See Gilmore, 843 F.3d at 966 (quoting

Keegel, 627 F.2d at 375). Because Venezuela has “assert[ed] a defense that it may prove at trial,”

this Court should set aside the entry of default. Whelan, 48 F.3d at 1259. This holding is further

justified given that the prejudice Plaintiffs face from such delay is manageable.

       C.      Local Rule 7(g)

       Finally, the Court takes up Venezuela’s request for a waiver of Local Rule 7(g), which

requires the filing of a verified answer concurrent to a motion to set aside an entry of default. See

Def.’s Mot. Set Aside Default & MTD at 17–18. Here, Venezuela did not file a verified answer.

See id. But, “[d]espite the local rule’s text, ‘[c]ourts routinely allow defendants to file a motion to

dismiss in place of an answer despite a prior entry of default.’” Africa Growth Corp., 2018 WL

6329453, at *8 (quoting Owens, 374 F. Supp. 2d at 9). Given that Venezuela’s Motion to Set

Aside the Entry of Default was accompanied by a motion to dismiss, the motion did not run afoul

of Local Rule 7(g) in practice. See id.

                                                      36
IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants Defendant’s Motion to Set Aside the Entry of

Default, denies Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, and denies Plaintiffs’ Motion for Default

Judgment as moot. A separate order so stating will issue this day.

                                                                        2020.12.23
                                                                        10:07:51 -05'00'
                                                    ___________________________________
                                                    ZIA M. FARUQUI
                                                    UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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