Court Opinion

ID: 9391640
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-02 20:02:50.511097+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:42.381644
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                         OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

**********************
NEIL SILVER,             *
                         *
             Petitioner, *                         No. 20-141V
                         *
v.                       *                         Special Master Christian J. Moran
                         *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH      *                         Filed: March 3, 2023
AND HUMAN SERVICES,      *
                         *                         Redaction
             Respondent. *
                         *
**********************

Ira M. Newman, Sanocki, Newman & Turret, LLP, New York, NY, for petitioner,
Nina Ren, United States, Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.

               ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR REDACTION 1
      Neil Silver alleges that an influenza vaccination caused him to develop
Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pet., filed Feb. 10, 2020. A ruling, issued on December
16, 2022, determined when Mr. Silver began to experience neurologic problems.
Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–12(d)(4) and Vaccine Rule 18(b), he filed a short
motion requesting redaction of the name of his witnesses and medical providers
contained in the ruling. For the reasons explained below, the motion is DENIED.

       1 The E-Government Act, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012) (Federal Management and
Promotion of Electronic Government Services), requires that the Court post this order on its
website. Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 18(b), the parties have 14 days to file a motion proposing
redaction of medical information or other information described in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4).
Any redactions ordered by the special master will appear in the document posted on the website.
       Public Access to Information about Petitioners in the Vaccine Program
       The history of public access to information contained in court decisions and
the history of the creation of the Vaccine Program2 provide a context for Mr.
Silver’s motion to redact. Both histories suggest that redaction is available in
relatively limited circumstances.

      In American jurisprudence, the public can generally access court documents.
Nixon v. Warner Comm. Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 597 (1978). As part of this country’s
inherited traditions, Congress may be presumed to know this principle.
       In the mid-1980s, Congress investigated vaccines because of concerns about
their safety and to stabilize the market for manufacturers. Bruesewitz v. Wyeth,
LLC., 562 U.S. 223, 226 (2011). In the 99th Congress, competing proposals were
introduced. See Figueroa v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 715 F.3d 1314,
1323 (Fed. Cir. 2013), Vijil v. Secʼy of Health & Human Servs., No. 91-1132V,
1993 WL 177007, at *4-5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 7, 1993).
       One of these proposals, which was introduced on April 2, 1985, was Senate
Bill 827. S. 827 would have created a compensation program located in the
District Court for the District of Columbia in which special masters would preside.
S. 827, 99th Cong., § 2104(b), § 2104(d)(1) (1st Sess. 1985). In addition to a
compensation program, S. 827 contained provisions to improve the safety of
vaccines. However, the first session of the 99th Congress adjourned without acting
on any of the proposed legislation.
       In the second session of the 99th Congress, the House and Senate considered
different bills. The version of S. 827 from September 24, 1986 proposed to
improve the safety of vaccines. S. 827, 99th Cong. (2d Sess. 1986). It appears that
S. 827 did not include a compensation program.
      However, the legislation that Congress eventually enacted did contain a
compensation program. Congress placed adjudication of vaccine compensation
program claims in the district courts. Pub. L. 99-660 § 2112(a). In this legislation,
provisions related to discovery and disclosure of information were combined in
one section. Id. at § 2112(c), codified at 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–12(c)(2) (1988).

       2For information about the legislation that created the Vaccine Program, this order draws
upon a summary provided in Lainie Rutkow et al., Balancing Consumer and Industry Interests in
Public Health: The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program and Its Influence During the
Last Two Decades, 111 Penn St. L. Rev. 681 (2007).

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Congress’s selection of district courts with their tradition of openness to the public
suggests that Congress intended for the normal rules about access to judicial
decisions to apply. Castagna v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-411V,
2011 WL 4348135, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 25, 2011).
       In 1987, Congress simultaneously funded the Vaccine Program and
amended the Vaccine Act. The 1987 amendments did not vary the disclosure
provisions. However, in 1987, amendments changed the venue for filing claims
from the district courts to the Claims Court. Pub. L. 100-203 § 4307(1); see also
Milik v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 822 F.3d 1367, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2016);
Stotts v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 23 Cl. Ct. 352, 358 n.7 (1991).
      The Vaccine Program became effective on October 1, 1988. Pub. L. 100-
203 § 4302. As initially conceived, special masters were issuing reports, subject to
de novo review by judges of the Claims Court. See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–12(d)
(1988). In this context, reports from special masters and decisions from Claims
Court judges started to become available to the public. E.g., Bell v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 18 Cl. Ct. 751 (1989) (reproducing special master’s
report); Philpott v. Secʼy of Health & Human Servs., No. 88-20V, 1989 WL
250073 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 4, 1989).
      Congress found that the parties were too litigious in the early years of the
Program. H.R. Rep. No. 101-386, at 512 (1989) (Conf. Rep.), reprinted in 1989
U.S.C.C.A.N. 3018, 3115. Congress amended the Vaccine Program in 1989,
giving special masters the authority to issue decisions, which could be subject to a
motion for review. Pub. L. 101-239 § 6601(h), codified at 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–
12(d) and (e).
      Congress also added a provision allowing limited redaction of decisions of
special masters. Pub. L. 101-239 § 6601(g)(2). The reason Congress added this
provision is not clear. See Anderson v. Secʼy of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-
396V, 2014 WL 3294656, at *2 n.7 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 4, 2014).
      Although Congress authorized redaction of decisions, few litigants requested
redaction for many years. Special masters tended to allow redaction without much
analysis. After a surge in requests for redaction, the then-Chief Special Master
issued an order generally narrowing redaction. Langland v. Secʼy of Health &
Human Servs., No. 07-36V, 2011 WL 802695 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 3, 2011).
On a motion for review, the Court of Federal Claims endorsed the special master’s
analysis regarding redaction in a brief footnote. 109 Fed. Cl. 421, 424 n.1 (2013).

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       The Court of Federal Claims analyzed the special masters’ position
regarding redaction more extensively in W.C. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
100 Fed. Cl. 440, 456-61 (2011), aff’d on nonrelevant grounds, 704 F.3d 1352
(Fed. Cir. 2013). W.C. disagreed with the approach taken and asserted that the
Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) was a basis for evaluating redaction
requests.
      Shortly after W.C., the then-Chief Special Master issued another order
regarding redaction. Castagna explored the topic in more depth and, again, found
redaction was limited to narrow circumstances. 2011 WL 4348135.
       After those orders were issued, the Court of Federal Claims has found
special masters were not arbitrary and capricious in either denying redaction, or
permitting redaction. Spahn v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 133 Fed. Cl. 588,
604 (2017) (stating that the decision to redact is a question of law and holding that
redaction of “the names of petitioner . . . and petitioner’s treating physicians . . .
are not the kind of medical, or confidential, or privileged, financial information
that the Vaccine Act requires to be withheld from public view”); Lamare v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 123 Fed. Cl. 497 (2015); R. K. v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 125 Fed. Cl. 276 (2016); see also Tarsell v. United States, 133 Fed.
Cl. 805 (2017) (denying petitioner’s request to redact the names of all medical
providers from the Court’s Opinion and Order). 3
       Against this background, Mr. Silver filed his motion to redact.
               Procedural History Leading to the Motion to Redact
      Mr. Silver alleged that an influenza vaccination caused him to suffer
Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pet., filed Feb. 10, 2020. The Secretary disputed when
Mr. Silver began having neurologic problems. This dispute led to a hearing during
which Mr. Silver and other witnesses testified. A Ruling resolved those disputes.
     The Ruling has not been made available to the public. The public’s access
depends upon the outcome of Mr. Silver’s December 27, 2022 motion to redact.
      Mr. Silver’s motion to redact, which was accompanied by a proposed
redacted version of the Findings of Fact, requested that the name of witnesses and

       3Although the caption to the order in Tarsell identifies the “United States” as the
respondent, the “Secretary of Health and Human Services” is the respondent in Vaccine Program
cases. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–12(b)(1).

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his medical providers be reduced to initials. Pet’r’s Mot., filed Dec. 27, 2022. Mr.
Silver did not request redaction of his own name. The motion to redaction was two
paragraphs and was not accompanied by any evidence such as an affidavit.
      The Secretary filed a response. After reviewing the legal basis for any
motion for redaction, including Langland and W.C., the government refrained from
taking any position. Resp’t’s Resp., filed Jan. 3, 2023. With that submission, Mr.
Silver’s motion for redaction is ready for adjudication.
                           Standards for Adjudication
      For all issues, including evaluating a motion for redaction, the special
master’s duty “is to apply the law.” Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
418 F.3d 1274, 1280 (Fed Cir. 2005). With respect to issues of public access to
judicial decisions, the preferences of the parties are not binding. Reidell v. United
States, 47 Fed. Cl. 209 (2000) (declining to vacate underlying decision as parties
requested in settling the case).

      For redaction, the starting point is the Vaccine Act. Congress provided:
             a decision of a special master or the court in a proceeding
             shall be disclosed, except that if the decision is to include
             information –
             (i) which is trade secret or commercial or financial
             information which is privileged and confidential, or
             (ii) which are medical files and similar files the
             disclosure of which would constitute a clearly
             unwarranted invasion of privacy,
             and if the person who submitted such information objects
             to the inclusion of such information in the decision, the
             decision shall be disclosed without such information.
42 U.S.C. § 300aa–12(d)(4)(B). As previously mentioned, Congress added this
provision to the Vaccine Act as part of the 1989 amendments. Pub. L. 101-239
§ 6601(g)(2). In the ensuing 30 years, the Federal Circuit has not had an occasion
to interpret this statutory provision. Furthermore, the associated Vaccine Rule,
Vaccine Rule 18(b), simply mirrors the statute. Thus, there is an absence of
binding authority about the meaning of the Vaccine Act’s disclosure provision.

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                                      Analysis
     Mr. Silver has presented no argument as to why redaction is appropriate.
Without any justification, granting the motion for redaction would be difficult.
       Assuming for the sake of argument that the identity of Mr. Silver’s witnesses
and his medical providers could somehow be construed as falling into the category
of “medical files and similar files,” Mr. Silver would still be required to
demonstrate that the disclosure would “constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
privacy.” Here, Mr. Silver has not submitted any reasons why disclosing the
people whom he called to testify would be an invasion of privacy, let alone a
“clearly unwarranted” one. “Witnesses have no rights under the statute and also no
legal justification for redaction of their names.” Windhorst v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., No. 13-647V, 2017 WL 728045, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Jan. 10, 2017).
       Similarly, Mr. Silver has not justified why disclosing the names of doctors
who treated him should be redacted. Tarsell, 133 Fed. Cl. at 807 (“Names of
treating physicians and facilities are routinely disclosed in this Court’s decisions
reviewing Special Master’s decisions.”) (citations omitted); Anderson, 2014 WL
3294656, at *4 (“the vast majority of special masters’ decisions reflect the names
of treating physicians, and that no evidence of negative effects on doctor-patient
relationships has been proffered”).
                                    Conclusion
      Mr. Silver’s December 27, 2022 motion for redaction of the December 16,
2022 Ruling is DENIED. Furthermore, this order, too, will become available to
the public after the time for the parties to propose redactions has passed.
      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                             s/Christian J. Moran
                                             Christian J. Moran
                                             Special Master

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