Court Opinion

ID: 1061245
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:04:06.304234+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:52.047164
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Frank, Humphreys and Kelsey
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              MONDRELL LAQUINT SMITH, SR.
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
              v.     Record No. 0114-12-2                                   JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                                                 JANUARY 29, 2013
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
                                           Frederick G. Rockwell, III, Judge

                               Brent A. Jackson (Brent A. Jackson & Associates, P.C., on brief), for
                               appellant.

                               Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                               Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Mondrell Laquint Smith, Sr., (“Smith”) appeals his conviction by a jury in the trial court

              for felony cruelty to an animal resulting in death, in violation of Code § 3.2-6570(F). Smith’s

              only argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in denying his proffered self-defense jury

              instructions. For the following reasons, we reverse the judgment of the trial court.

                                                       I. BACKGROUND

                     “When reviewing a trial court’s refusal to give a proffered jury instruction, we view the

              evidence in the light most favorable to the proponent of the instruction.” Commonwealth v.

              Vaughn, 263 Va. 31, 33, 557 S.E.2d 220, 221 (2002). In that light, the facts of this case are as

              follows.

                      On the morning of February 2, 2011, Smith’s wife, Ashley Nicole Smith (“Mrs. Smith”),

              stepped outside onto the upper back deck of their home with her two-year-old son to feed her

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
dog. When she started scraping food into her dog’s bowl she heard growling. She turned to find

a sixty-pound chocolate lab growling on the steps to the deck, about six feet away from her.

Mrs. Smith was terrified for herself and her son. She could not move and “was in shock.” To

get back into her house, she would have had to walk in the direction of the growling dog. The

dog was baring his teeth, growling through his teeth, drooling, and lunging at her. Mrs. Smith’s

“shooing” and waving her arm made the dog madder, and it seemed like he was not going to

stop. All she could do was scream for her husband.

       Mrs. Smith’s scream scared Smith; he had not heard her scream like that before. He

heard a dog growling. He jumped out of bed, grabbed his shotgun and some birdshot, and

proceeded to the back door. He got to the door about ten seconds after Mrs. Smith screamed and

called his name. Smith’s appearance did not cause the dog to retreat. When he got to the door,

Mrs. Smith and the son were three to four feet to his left, and the brown lab was to his right.

Smith described his wife’s appearance: “She was clutching my son and her face, she was all

fear. She was scared.” He “just wanted to take control, [and] do what [he] had to do to get them

safe.” The dog was on the stairs leading up to the deck, about four feet away from Smith. There

was a gate with a broken latch and railing at the top of the stairs but neither Smith nor

Mrs. Smith recalled if it was open or closed. 1 The dog was barking, baring his teeth, looked like

he was “ready to bite,” and “[l]ooked like he was ready to attack.” Smith had previously

acquired knowledge from his wife as to this dog’s aggressive behavior. However, Smith also

testified that he was not paying attention to what dog it was when he shot the dog.

       Mrs. Smith testified that when Smith came to the door, she felt comfortable enough to

run past him. Mrs. Smith grabbed her son up, ran inside and set her son down, and returned to

       1
        The broken gate was on a wheel and could easily be pushed open, kind of like “a little
doggy door.” It did not give Smith a sense of security from the dog.

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the door to check on her husband. When she came to the door she heard one shot. Smith could

not say whether he knew his wife and son were already in the house when he shot the gun. “I

can’t say that exactly. I was facing the dog. I mean, like I said, it was a split second. I mean, I

analyzed the situation and shot.” Smith believed that if he had not shot the dog, the dog probably

“would have [come] on up.”

       After Smith shot the dog, the dog cringed and took off. A veterinarian testified that the

dog bled to death and that the pellets only hit the dog in the head and front part of the chest.

       Officer Richard Tisdale testified that Smith “stated that he saw the dog back down to the

bottom of the stairs and was backing away and he leveled his shotgun and fired one time.” The

Commonwealth also emphasized Smith’s response to its question: “It was a shoot first, ask

questions later kind of situation?” Smith responded: “Yes ma’am.”

       The trial court found that Smith’s wife and child were in the house when he shot the dog

and concluded that Smith should have retreated into his home and therefore refused to give

Smith’s proffered self-defense and defense of others instructions to the jury.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       Smith’s single assignment of error is that the trial court “erred in denying the appellant’s

[self-defense] instruction.” The Court’s “‘sole responsibility in reviewing jury instructions is to

see that the law has been clearly stated and that the instructions cover all issues which the

evidence fairly raises.’” Molina v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 666, 671, 636 S.E.2d 470, 473

(2006) (quoting Swisher v. Swisher, 223 Va. 499, 503, 290 S.E.2d 856, 858 (1982)). A jury

instruction is proper if supported by the evidence, and “more than a scintilla of evidence is

necessary” to support an instruction requested by the defendant. Commonwealth v. Donkor, 256
Va. 443, 445, 507 S.E.2d 75, 76 (1998).

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       The jury convicted Smith of violating Code § 3.2-6570(F):

               Any person who: (i) tortures, willfully inflicts inhumane injury or
               pain not connected with bona fide scientific or medical
               experimentation or cruelly and unnecessarily beats, maims or
               mutilates any dog or cat that is a companion animal whether
               belonging to him or another; and (ii) as a direct result causes the
               death of such dog or cat that is a companion animal . . . is guilty of
               a Class 6 felony.

       The two jury instructions rejected by the trial court in this case are as follows:

               1) The Defendant may avail himself of the defense of self-defense
               only where he reasonably believes, based on the attendant
               circumstances, that the person defended, was in danger of bodily
               harm or of being killed, is without fault in provoking the
               fray/event/incident, then you shall find the Defendant not guilty by
               reason of self-defense.

               2) The Defendant may avail himself of the defense of self-defense
               only where he reasonably believes, based on the attendant
               circumstances, that the person defended is without fault in
               provoking the fray/event/incident.

       The rejected instructions properly state the law of self-defense and defense of others.

“‘Justifiable homicide in self-defense occurs where a person, without any fault on his part in

provoking or bringing on the difficulty, kills another under reasonable apprehension of death or

great bodily harm to himself.’” Yarborough v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 975, 234 S.E.2d
286, 290 (1977) (quoting Bailey v. Commonwealth, 200 Va. 92, 96, 104 S.E.2d 28, 31 (1958)). 2

       2
          While in this case Smith killed a dog, and not another human, the law of self-defense
still applies.

                       From time immemorial people have been attached to their
               dogs and their dogs to them. Tobit’s dog went with him. The
               anthology of every land is filled with eloquent tributes of affection,
               but their record is not spotless. Atavistic marauded strains
               inherited from a savage ancestry sometimes develop; they revert to
               type and kill from a love of slaughter. It is then that they become a
               public nuisance and a public menace, and to them the ordinary
               rules of self-defense apply, for men may protect their property as
               they may protect their person.

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Stated another way, to “justify the use of deadly force, the defendant must have reasonably

feared death or serious bodily injury from his victim, and there must have been an overt threat.”

Peeples v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 626, 634, 519 S.E.2d 382, 386 (1999). Further, “one

may be justified in using deadly force to defend another person where he or she reasonably

believes that the person defended faces an imminent threat of serious bodily harm or death and

that such person was not at fault in bringing about the necessity to use the deadly force.” Lynn

v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 336, 353, 499 S.E.2d 1, 9 (1998).

       It is the accused’s burden to prove that he acted in defense of himself or another, and

whether he did so or not is generally a question of fact that should be left to the jury to determine

if any credible evidence would support such a finding. “Self-defense and defense of others are

affirmative defenses for which the accused has the burden of persuading the fact finder that he or

she acted in defense of self or another to the degree necessary to raise a reasonable doubt about

his or her guilt.” Id. at 352, 499 S.E.2d at 9. “Although undisputed facts may establish

self-defense as a matter of law, whether the accused establishes that he or she acted in either

respect is generally a question of fact.” Id. (internal citation omitted). “[U]nder a claim of

self-defense, [ ] the necessity of the accused’s conduct is to be judged by the facts as they

reasonably appeared to him . . . .” Rasnake v. Commonwealth, 135 Va. 677, 697, 115 S.E. 543,

544 (1923). The jury has the

               “right to reject that part of the evidence believed by them to be
               untrue and to accept that found by them to be true. In so doing,
               they have broad discretion in applying the law to the facts and in
               fixing the degree of guilt if any, of a person charged with a crime.”

Willeroy v. Commonwealth, 181 Va. 779, 781, 27 S.E.2d 211, 211-12 (1943) (Willeroy shot two
dogs that attacked and killed five of his chickens).
                                                -5-
Lynn, 27 Va. App. at 354, 499 S.E.2d at 10 (quoting Painter v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 360,

367, 171 S.E.2d 166, 171 (1969)). “It is immaterial that the jury could have reached contrary

conclusions. If a proffered instruction finds any support in credible evidence, its refusal is

reversible error.” McClung v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 654, 657, 212 S.E.2d 290, 293 (1975).

       In the present case, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to Smith, more than a

scintilla of evidence supports the giving of the proffered self-defense instructions. Smith

testified that when he heard his wife scream it scared him as it was unlike any scream he had

heard from her. He also heard a dog growling. When he got to the door, the dog did not retreat.

The dog was only about four feet from him on his right, and his wife and two-year-old son were

three or four feet to his left. He observed his wife overcome with fear, clutching their son. The

dog was barking, baring his teeth, and appeared ready to bite and attack. Smith believed that the

dog would have come on up to the deck if he had not shot the dog. Whether the gate was open

or closed, the latch was broken, it could easily be opened, and it did not give Smith a sense of

security from the dog. Smith could not say that he knew his wife and son were inside the house

when he shot; he made a split-second decision and shot the dog.

       The reasons the trial court gave for rejecting Smith’s self-defense and defense of others

instructions clearly indicate that the trial court made factual findings that were properly within

the exclusive province of the jury. From the evidence adduced at trial, a reasonable fact finder

could have concluded that Smith did not know his wife and son were inside the house, that he

reasonably feared that the vicious sixty-pound dog who was growling and baring his teeth in

close proximity to Smith was about to do serious bodily harm to him and/or his wife and small

child, and that the circumstances necessitated the use of force to protect himself and his family

from the unpredictable behavior of the dog. Determining whether this evidence was credible and

actually supported a conclusion that Smith acted in self-defense or defense of others was the

                                                -6-
responsibility of the jury, not that of the trial court. Therefore, we hold that the trial court erred

in refusing to instruct the jury on the law of self-defense and defense of others.

        Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for a new trial if the

Commonwealth is so advised.

                                                                              Reversed and remanded.

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