Court Opinion

ID: 6614
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:19:19+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:55:38.435778
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEAL
                             FIFTH CIRCUIT

                               _______________

                                 No. 93-1406
                               _______________

         UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                      Plaintiff-Appellee,

                versus

         JAMIE REAY MACKAY,
         a/k/a/ Kevin Neil Carpenter,

                                      Defendant-Appellant.

         __________________________________________________

            Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Texas
         __________________________________________________
                        (September 20, 1994)

Before WIENER, EMILIO M. GARZA, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.

EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

       Defendant Jamie R. Mackay ("Mackay") appeals his conviction

for    (1)   conspiracy   to   transport    stolen    goods   interstate,   in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (1988); and (2) knowing transportation

of stolen goods interstate, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314

(1988). We reverse Mackay's conviction on the conspiracy count for

lack    of   sufficient   evidence    and    affirm    his    conviction    for

interstate transportation of stolen goods.
                                  I

       In early June of 1991, Mackay transported a 580 Super E

backhoe from Missouri to Dallas, where he hoped to sell it for

$16,500.    Before arriving in Dallas, he called a former college

roommate who lived in East Dallas named Daniel Lyon and asked if he

knew anyone who might be interested in buying the backhoe.   He then

called again a few days later to ask if he could use the Lyons'

phone number for a classified advertisement he planned to run in a

Dallas newspaper.    When Lyons told Mackay that he did not think it

would be a good idea to use their number (because his wife was in

the midst of a difficult pregnancy), Mackay revealed that he had in

fact already placed the advertisement in the Dallas Morning News

earlier that day.

       Mackay arrived in Dallas in a pickup truck with the backhoe on

a trailer and called Lyons, who met him at a fast-food restaurant.

Mackay was accompanied by a man whom he introduced as "Kevin."

Lyons asked Mackay if he owned the backhoe, and Mackay told him he

did.   Lyons then led Mackay and "Kevin" from the restaurant to the

Lyons' home.    Mackay and his companion later left to find a motel

and a storage area for the backhoe.

       Two days later, Mackay called the Shurgard Storage Center in

Irving, Texas to inquire about renting space for his backhoe and

trailer.    Mackay and an unidentified man arrived at the storage

facility about an hour later with the backhoe.          The two men

unhitched the trailer and parked the backhoe and trailer in two

                                 -2-
separate spaces.       They then went to the office to complete the

necessary paperwork, and Mackay leased the spaces under the name

"Kevin   Carpenter,"     presenting     a   Florida     driver's   license   as

identification.

      Mackay also asked the rental facility manager to let people in

to see the backhoe.      The manager agreed, provided they came during

business hours and Mackay called to notify him first.              Pursuant to

their agreement, Mackay called a couple of times, and the manager

allowed people to see the backhoe.

      Tony Foreman, a used construction equipment dealer, was among

the   prospective    buyers    who   came    to   see    the   backhoe.      The

circumstances of the backhoe's sale and his inspection of the

backhoe's identification number plates led Foreman to believe the

backhoe was stolen, so he called Bruce Tabor, a lieutenant with the

Texas Department of Public Safety Motor Vehicle Theft Service.

Tabor traced the backhoe's identification numbers to Bill Cole in

Missouri.1     Tabor called Cole, who told him he still owned the

     1
            The evidence at trial showed that in March of that year, Jamie Mackay
and Michael Duncan had visited a man named Bill Cole at a jobsite in Springfield,
Missouri. Duncan inquired about buying some construction equipment, but Cole did
not have any for sale. Cole did, however, have a truck for sale at his home in
Fleistatt, and he took the two men to see it. While there, Mackay and Duncan
expressed an interest in Cole's skiploader and 580 Super E backhoe. At one
point, Cole left Mackay and Duncan alone with the equipment while he took a phone
call. When he returned, Duncan negotiated with Cole to buy the truck.
            Almost a year after this meeting, Cole met Mackay and Duncan on a
highway in Missouri. Duncan told Cole he could not buy Cole's truck because he
was in some trouble with the law and mentioned that they were on their way to
Dallas for court. Duncan and Mackay also said, "If the authorities call you,
don't tell them anything." Cole responded, "I don't know anything to tell them."

                                      -3-
backhoe, but that it should have been on a jobsite in Tennessee.2

          Based on his conversation with Cole, Tabor impounded the

backhoe.         He also called the number listed in Mackay's classified

ad.        The woman who answered gave him a telephone number and

extension for "Jamie," which a dispatcher then traced to Mackay's

motel.       When Tabor went to the motel room, he discovered that the

occupants of the room had already checked out.                  In the room's trash

can, he found a room receipt for "Kevin Carpenter, 328 North Cedar

in Nevada, Missouri."

          About this time, Mackay called Lyons to inquire whether anyone

had called about the backhoe.                 During this conversation, Mackay

told Lyons the backhoe was missing, saying:                     "It's gone and just

don't      say    any    more   about    [it]."      Mackay     also    said,   "Yeah,

somebody's playing games with us down here."

          Several days later, Cole called Tabor and told him that he had

located his backhoe and that the identification plates were intact.

The police then investigated the impounded backhoe more closely and

discovered the original identification numbers, which they traced

to Lester Marlatt.          Marlatt's 580 Super E backhoe had been stolen

from Raytown, Missouri two months earlier.

          Mackay was indicted for conspiracy to transport stolen goods

interstate,         in   violation      of    18   U.S.C.   §    371,   and     knowing

transportation of stolen goods interstate, in violation of 18

      2
            At trial, Cole denied telling anyone the backhoe was in Tennessee and
testified that in fact the backhoe was in Cassville, Missouri.

                                             -4-
U.S.C. § 2314.      Following a jury trial, Mackay was convicted on

both counts.      The district court sentenced him to a term of

imprisonment of 21 months and two concurrent 3-year terms of

supervised release.

      Mackay   appeals    his   conviction,      contending   that   (1)   the

evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for conspiracy

to   transport   stolen    goods;   (2)    the   prosecutor   impermissibly

commented in his closing argument on Mackay's failure to testify;

and (3) the district court erred in assessing a two-level increase

in Mackay's sentence for being "a person in the business of

receiving and selling stolen property."3

                                      II

                                      A

      Mackay challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain

his conviction for conspiracy to transport the stolen backhoe.              He

claims that the evidence at trial was insufficient to prove an

agreement by two or more individuals to knowingly transport stolen

goods interstate. We view the evidence in the light most favorable

to the jury verdict and will affirm if a rational trier of fact

could find that the Government proved all essential elements of the

     3
            Mackay also argued in his original brief that his convictions should
be reversed because the district court erroneously instructed the jury on the
definition of reasonable doubt. As Mackay acknowledges in his reply brief to
this Court, we have recently affirmed in all relevant respects the same
definition of reasonable doubt on which the district court instructed the jury
in this case.   See United States v. Williams, 20 F.3d 125 (5th Cir. 1994).
Consequently, Mackay has preserved this issue for further appeal, but we see no
need to address it further here.

                                     -5-
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.           See United States v. Castro, 15
F.3d 417, 419 (5th Cir. 1994).              If, on the other hand, "the

evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution

gives equal or nearly equal circumstantial support to a theory of

guilt    and   a   theory   of   innocence,    the   conviction   should   be

reversed." United States v. Pennington, 20 F.3d 593, 597 (5th Cir.

1994).

     "A conviction for conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371 requires

that the government prove beyond a reasonable doubt 1) an agreement

between two or more persons, 2) to commit a crime against the

United States, and 3) an overt act committed by one of the

conspirators in furtherance of the agreement."            United States v.

Schmick, 904 F.2d 936, 941 (5th Cir. 1990) (citations omitted),

cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1067, 111 S. Ct. 782, 112 L. Ed. 2d 845

(1991).   "The government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

the defendant knew of the conspiracy and that he voluntarily became

a part of it."        United States v. Yamin, 868 F.2d 130, 133 (5th

Cir.), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 924, 109 S. Ct. 3258, 50 L. Ed. 2d
292 (1989).        While the government may prove the existence of a

conspiracy through circumstantial evidence, and the agreement need

not be formal or spoken, United States v. Williams-Hendricks, 805
F.2d 496, 502 (5th Cir. 1986), it "must do more than `pile

inference upon inference upon which to base a conspiracy charge.'"

Id. (quoting United States v. Sheikh, 654 F.2d 1057, 1063 (5th Cir.

                                     -6-
1981), overruled on other grounds, United States v. Zuniga-Salinas,

952 F.2d 876 (5th Cir. 1992)).

     The    record    must    contain   sufficient       evidence    that   Mackay

conspired with someone to transport stolen goods in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 2314.       A violation of § 2314 requires the prosecution to

show that (1) the defendant transported stolen goods in interstate

commerce; (2) the defendant knew the goods were stolen; and (3) the

goods were worth more than $5,000.             See United States v. Parziale,

947 F.2d 123, 127 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112
S. Ct. 1499, 117 L. Ed. 2d. 638 (1992).

     The evidence at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to

the verdict, fails to support the reasonable inference of even a

tacit   agreement     between    Mackay   and     anyone   else     to   knowingly

transport    the     stolen   backhoe     to    Texas.       Although     Mackay's

conspiracy conviction does not depend on the identification of his

co-conspirators for its validity, see, e.g., United States v. Winn,

948 F.2d 145, 157 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112
S. Ct. 1599, 118 L. Ed. 2d 313 (1992), to convict Mackay of

conspiring with unknown persons, the evidence must support "the

proposition that such a co-conspirator did exist and that the

defendant did conspire with him." United States v. Moree, 897 F.2d
1329, 1332 (5th Cir. 1990) (quoting United States v. Pruett, 551
F.2d 1365, 1369 (5th Cir. 1977)).

     The    evidence     suggests       three     possible     co-conspirators:

Mackay's unidentified companion, Michael Duncan, and Bill Cole.

                                        -7-
The most likely of the three is Mackay's unidentified companion.

The evidence shows that this individual:4 (1) travelled to Texas

with Mackay, (2) was present when Mackay introduced him to the

Lyons as "Kevin," (3) helped unload the backhoe at the storage

facility, and (4) was present in the room when Mackay used a false

driver's license to rent storage space under the alias "Kevin

Carpenter."     These facts establish an association between Mackay

and his companion during their trip to Texas, but to sustain a

conspiracy conviction, they must also prove an agreement to commit

a crime.    See United States v. Grassi, 616 F.2d 1295, 1301 (5th

Cir.) ("[O]ne does not become a coconspirator simply by virtue of

knowledge of a conspiracy and association with conspirators.               The

essence of a conspiracy is the agreement to engage in concerted

unlawful activity." (citations omitted)), cert. denied, 449 U.S.
956, 101 S. Ct. 363, 66 L. Ed. 2d 220 (1980).

      The government argues that the evidence surrounding Mackay's

companion    established    that    he   "actually   participated     in   the

transport of the backhoe."         However, evidence that the companion

helped transport the backhoe does not prove that he agreed with

Mackay to transport a stolen backhoe.             A conspiracy conviction

requires proof of an agreement to commit a crime.           See Schmick, 904
F.2d at 941.      There is no evidence in the record to support a

     4
            There is no evidence that each of the unidentified men whom witnesses
observed with Mackay are one and the same person. We assume arguendo, however,
that the jury inferred that Mackay's companion was one person, making the
possibility of an agreement between the two men to commit a crime more likely.

                                     -8-
finding that Mackay's companion knew the backhoe was stolen, let

alone that he agreed to transport a stolen backhoe.

     The government further argues that Mackay's use of a false

driver's license in the name of "Kevin Carpenter" in the presence

of his companion was sufficient evidence upon which the jury could

reasonably infer knowledge of criminal activity.              We disagree.

This argument requires several prior inferences.           First, the jury

must have inferred from the companion's presence in the office that

he knew Mackay used a driver's license bearing the name "Kevin

Carpenter." Second, the jury must have inferred that the companion

knew this name to be false.       The jury must then have inferred that

the companion deduced from Mackay's use of an alias that he was

transporting   a   stolen   backhoe.      Finally,   the   jury   must    have

inferred that the companion joined Mackay to effectuate the crime.

Although the government may prove the existence of a conspiracy

through circumstantial evidence, it "must do more than `pile

inference upon inference upon which to base a conspiracy charge.'"

Williams-Hendricks, 805 F.2d at 502; see also United States v.

Sheikh, 654 F.2d 1057, 1062-63 (5th Cir. Unit A Sept. 1981)

(reversing   conviction     for   conspiracy   to    import   heroin     where

evidence showed that defendant knew an individual in Iran whose

telephone number appeared on a package from Iran containing heroin,

visited the man in Iran shortly before the heroin arrived in the

United States, and called the man after learning the heroin had

                                    -9-
arrived in the United States), overruled on other grounds, United

States v. Zuniga-Salinas, 952 F.2d 876 (5th Cir. 1992).

     We similarly find insufficient evidence to prove that Michael

Duncan conspired with Mackay.        Cole testified that he left Duncan

and Mackay alone in the vicinity of his construction equipment two

months before Mackay's trip to Dallas.          Among the equipment that

Duncan and Mackay inspected was Cole's 580 Super E backhoe, the

same model as the stolen backhoe Mackay transported to Texas.             The

identification number on Cole's backhoe also coincided with the

number on the stolen backhoe that Mackay transported to Texas.

This evidence is probative that Mackay knowingly transported stolen

goods, but it does not raise an inference that Duncan agreed with

Mackay to transport the stolen backhoe.          Even if Mackay did copy

the backhoe's identification numbers on Cole's property that day,

this does not prove Duncan assisted in this enterprise, let alone

that Duncan later agreed to transport another, stolen backhoe

interstate. Furthermore, there is no evidence to support a finding

that Duncan accompanied Mackay to Dallas.

     The government emphasizes that when Cole encountered Mackay

and Duncan driving to Dallas they told him (1) not to speak to the

authorities, and (2) that Duncan could not buy Cole's truck because

he was in some trouble with the law.       Duncan's trouble with the law

may or may not have been related to this case.5            Again, Duncan's

     5
            The government notes in its brief that Duncan was not indicted for
conspiracy to transport the backhoe because of a lack of evidence against him.

                                    -10-
mere association with Mackay, without an agreement to commit a

crime against the United States, does not suffice. See Grassi, 616
F.2d at 1301.

       Finally, the Government argues that Bill Cole could have

conspired with Mackay.          Defense counsel did suggest in her opening

statement at trial that she would show Mackay had an agreement with

Cole    to   sell    the   backhoe.     The   only   evidence    even   remotely

supporting this theory, however, is the testimony of Mackay's

father that his son told him he purchased the backhoe from Cole.

When Cole testified, he made no mention of an agreement with Mackay

and explicitly denied selling Mackay a backhoe.                  Based on this

evidence, a rational trier of fact could not find, beyond a

reasonable doubt, that Cole and Mackay agreed to transport a stolen

backhoe interstate.         See Castro, 15 F.3d at 419.

                                         B

       Mackay next contends that the prosecutor violated Mackay's

Fifth    Amendment     rights    by   commenting     on   Mackay's   failure   to

testify.       The    Fifth     Amendment     prohibits    a   prosecutor   from

commenting directly or indirectly on a defendant's failure to

testify.     See Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615, 85 S. Ct.
1229, 1233, 14 L. Ed. 2d 106 (1965); United States v. Dula, 989
F.2d 772, 776 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S. Ct.
172, 126 L. Ed. 2d 131 (1993).         This protection extends to "oblique

comments on a defendant's failure to testify, if sufficiently

                                       -11-
suggestive."       United States v. Driscoll, 454 F.2d 792, 800 (5th

Cir. 1972).

      "The test for determining whether a prosecutor's remarks

constitute    a    comment    on     a    defendant's        silence   is   a   twofold

alternative one: `(1) whether the prosecutor's manifest intent was

to comment on the defendant's silence or (2) whether the character

of   the   remark     was    such    that       the   jury    would    naturally     and

necessarily construe it as a comment on the defendant's silence.'"

United States v. Collins, 972 F.2d 1385, 1406 (5th Cir. 1992)

(quoting United States v. Jones, 648 F.2d 215, 218 (5th Cir.

1981)), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S. Ct. 1812, 123 L. Ed. 2d
444 (1993).       "Both the intent of the prosecutor and the character

of the remarks are to be determined by reviewing the context in

which they occurred."         Jones, 648 F.2d at 218.

      "As to the first possibility, the prosecutor's intent must be

`manifest'; in other words, the test is not met `if some other

explanation for his remark is equally plausible.'"                      Collins, 972
F.2d at 1406 (quoting United States v. Rochan, 563 F.2d 1246, 1249

(5th Cir. 1977)).      "As to the second, `the question is not whether

the jury possibly or even probably would view the challenged remark

in this manner, but whether the jury necessarily would have done

so.'"      Collins, 972 F.2d       at    1406   (quoting   United     States    v.

Carrodeguas, 747 F.2d 1390, 1395 (11th Cir. 1984), cert. denied,

474 U.S. 816, 106 S. Ct. 60, 88 L. Ed. 2d. 49 (1985).

                                              -12-
     During his closing, the prosecutor argued as follows:

     Well, you know that Mr. Mackay skipped out of town pretty
     quick. But he called. He made a telephone call, didn't
     he, with this lawyer, curiously enough, from Missouri,
     not Dallas. You know he didn't go over to Larry Sandri
     or the other FBI people and say, hey, wait a minute, you
     guys just took my backhoe. Here's the piece of paper
     I've got that I purchased this from. Here's the person.
     Call this person.    He says I got it from him.       You
     haven't even heard that today, have you? You haven't
     heard that testimony today. Nobody has come here and
     said this is where Jamie Mackay got this from. Here's
     the piece of paper, folks.

Record on Appeal, vol. 4, at 62 (emphasis added).   After the court

overruled defense counsel's objection, the prosecutor continued:

"Here's the piece of paper that shows he purchased it.     No.   He

calls with his lawyer from Missouri to Billy Davis."         Mackay

contends that these remarks "were manifestly intended to comment

upon Mackay's failure to testify and could only be interpreted by

the jury as a comment on Mackay's failure to testify."           We

disagree.

     Placed in context, the prosecutor's comments do not manifest

an intent to comment on Mackay's failure to testify, and a jury

would not necessarily have construed the remarks to refer to

Mackay's failure to testify.   The sentences immediately preceding

the highlighted comments clarify the antecedent of "that" and "that

testimony."   Mackay interprets "that" to mean testimony by the

defendant, but as the context of the remarks makes clear, "that"

refers to testimony by "this person."     "This person," in turn,

refers to the person who sold Mackay the backhoe.

                               -13-
      Read in context, the prosecutor's remarks simply argue to the

jury that the defense failed to produce evidence, such as a sales

receipt or testimony of the seller, to establish the origin of the

backhoe. "It is not error to comment on the defendant's failure to

produce evidence on a phase of the defense upon which he seeks to

rely."    United States v. Dula, 989 F.2d 772, 777 (5th Cir. 1992),

cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S. Ct. 172, 126 L. Ed. 2d 131

(1993).    Here, the defense theory was that Mackay purchased the

backhoe from Cole,6 and it was not improper for the prosecutor to

point out that the defense offered no direct evidence to prove that

theory.      In   this    respect,    this   case   resembles   Dula.      The

defendant's theory in Dula was that the questionable activity was

instigated and directed by a rival corporation, and the prosecutor

argued in closing, "There's been nobody on this witness stand that

really    knows   about    what   happened   between    PRC   and   Accrabond

Corporation."     Id. at 776.        We explained that "the government's

argument to the jury that `no one has given you any reasonable

explanation' in response to the defendant's contentions is not

error."    Id. at 777.      Similarly here, the government's argument

that Mackay failed to produce evidence of the legitimate sale to

      6
            In her opening statement at trial, defense counsel explained that
"Jamie Mackay entered into an agreement with an individual to sell a backhoe. .
. . Jamie got the backhoe from Bill Cole. The evidence will show that Jamie
carefully checked into the status of the backhoe. He wanted to be sure that it
wasn't hot. He had some problems before. We're going to talk all about that
during trial." Record on Appeal, vol. 3, at 43.

                                      -14-
which defense counsel referred in her opening statement did not

impermissibly comment on Mackay's failure to take the stand.7

                                       C

      Finally, Mackay challenges the district court's assessment of

a four-level enhancement under former U.S.S.G. § 2B1.2(b)(4)(A)

(Nov. 1992).8     He contends that the evidence is insufficient to

support a finding that Mackay was "in the business of receiving and

selling stolen property" as required by the guideline.              We review

challenges to factual findings under the guidelines for clear

error.    See United States v. Carreon, 11 F.3d 1225, 1230 (5th Cir.

1994).    The district court may base the findings underlying its

sentence on facts in the record that have been proven by a

preponderance of the evidence.         See United States v. Castro, 889
F.2d 562, 570 (5th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1092, 110 S.

Ct. 1164, 107 L. Ed. 2d 1067 (1990).

      Mackay argues, and the government agrees, that the enhancement

provision applies only to "fences," i.e. those in the business of

     7
            Our holding in this case does not mean that if the defense offers a
theory that is unsupported by the evidence, the prosecutor can argue to the jury
that because the defendant failed to testify in support of that theory he must
be guilty. The crucial distinction here is between comments on the failure by
the defense to offer evidence (including testimony of third persons) and the
failure of the defendant to testify. See United States v. Wade, 931 F.2d 300,
305 (5th Cir. 1991) ("It is well settled that, while the `fifth amendment
prohibits a prosecutor from commenting directly or indirectly on a defendant's
failure to testify,' a `prosecutor may comment . . . on the failure of the
defense, as opposed to the defendant, to counter or explain the evidence.'")
(quoting United States v. Borchardt, 809 F.2d 1115, 1119 (5th Cir. 1987)).
      8
            Section 2B1.2(b)(4)(A) was deleted by consolidation with § 2B1.1
effective November 1, 1993. See Amendment 481, U.S.S.G. App. C at 304-05. The
new provision provides: "If the offense involved receiving stolen property, and
the defendant was a person in the business of receiving and selling stolen
property, increase by 4 levels." U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(5)(B) (Nov. 1993).

                                     -15-
receiving and selling property stolen by others. See United States

v. Esquivel, 919 F.2d 957, 960 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, ___

U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 217, 116 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1991) ("It is because

someone else stole the shoes sold by Esquivel that . . . the

fencing    operation     falls   within   the   intended    purview   of   the

background    to   and    text   of   former    section    2B1.2(b)(3)(A).")

(emphasis in the original).9          We have also held that an offense

level enhancement under former § 2B1.2(b)(4)(A) does not require a

finding    that    the    defendant    previously     engaged    in   fencing

activities.    See Esquivel, 919 F.2d at 961 ("We hold that a finding

that a defendant has previously engaged in fencing activities is

not a prerequisite for offense level enhancement under former

sentencing guideline section 2B1.2(b)(3)(A).").             In Esquivel, we

emphasized the sophistication of Esquivel's sales in concluding

that evidence of prior fencing activities was not required. Id. at

960.10    In this case Mackay transported the backhoe to Dallas to

sell it, advertised the sale, and arranged for the goods to be

shown to interested buyers.           These activities are sufficient to

      9
            Former § 2B1.2(b)(3)(A), interpreted in Esquivel, was renumbered as
§ 2B1.2(b)(4)(A), but not substantively changed, effective November 1, 1990. See
Amendment 312, U.S.S.G. App. C at c.167 (Nov. 1990).
      10
            We also noted that Esquivel's sales were to multiple customers.
Esquivel, 919 F.2d at 960. Esquivel took possession of a shipment of 350 boxes
of sneakers and sold the sneakers by the pair.     Selling one lot of stolen
sneakers in small bunches to many customers does not differ in any relevant
respect from selling a large piece of stolen construction machinery to one
customer. Mackay is no less in the business of fencing stolen property than he
would be had he disassembled the backhoe and sold it to various customers as
spare parts to multiple customers.

                                      -16-
support a finding that Mackay was "in the business of" fencing

stolen property.11

      Mackay argues that the record does not support a finding that

he sold the backhoe without stealing it himself: "The implication

of the government's case against Mackay was that Mackay himself

stole, or was involved in the theft of, the equipment at issue."

This implication is not sufficient, however, to constitute proof

that Mackay stole the backhoe himself.              Although the issue was

contested, there was sufficient evidence on which the district

court could find that Mackay bought the backhoe from Bill Cole,

knowing it to be stolen, before transporting it to Texas.12

      The uncertain origin of the backhoe distinguishes this case in

one respect from the two cases on which Mackay primarily relies.

In United States v. Braslawsky, 913 F.2d 466, 468 (7th Cir. 1990),

     11
            The government cites statements in Mackay's Presentence Report that
describe Mackay's career as a dealer in stolen construction equipment. Although
we have held that a presentence report generally bears sufficient indicia of
reliability to be considered as evidence by the trial judge in making factual
determinations required by the sentencing guidelines, see United States v.
Alfaro, 919 F.2d 962, 966 (5th Cir. 1990), Mackay attacks the reliability of
those statements on a variety of grounds. We do not reach these contentions,
however, because we find sufficient evidence in the trial record alone to support
the judge's findings.
      12
            Mackay's father testified that Mackay told him he purchased the
backhoe from Bill Cole. Our holding that sufficient evidence supported a finding
that Mackay bought the backhoe from Bill Cole may seem inconsistent with our
holding, supra, that Mackay did not conspire with Cole. The holdings are not
contradictory, however, for two reasons. First, at sentencing, the Government
must prove facts only by a preponderance of the evidence. See United States v.
Casto, 889 F.2d 562, 570 (5th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1092, 110 S. Ct.
1164, 107 L. Ed. 2d 1067 (1990). In contrast, under our standard for sufficiency
of the evidence supporting a conviction, we require that a rational trier of fact
could find that the Government proved all essential elements of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Castro, 15 F.3d 417, 419 (5th Cir.
1994). Second, the testimony of Mackay's father that Mackay told him he bought
the backhoe from Cole directly supports the finding that Mackay bought the
backhoe, but it does not support even an inference that Cole and Mackay agreed
to transport the stolen backhoe interstate.

                                     -17-
the record was clear that the defendants themselves stole the goods

they sold, and the court held that the guideline does not apply to

thieves who sell their own stolen goods.         In Esquivel, we followed

Braslawsky and upheld a sentence enhancement in a case in which the

record showed that the defendant bought the stolen goods from

another person. 919 F.2d at 959-60.      In this case, where evidence

both supported and contradicted the conclusion that the defendant

acquired the stolen backhoe from a third person, the district court

did not commit clear error in finding that Mackay was "in the

business of receiving and selling stolen property" under former

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.2(b)(4)(A).

                                     III

      For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE Mackay's conviction for

conspiracy to transport stolen goods and AFFIRM his conviction for

knowing transportation of stolen goods.13

     13
            We do not remand for resentencing because Mackay's two counts merged
under the guidelines. See Record on Appeal, Presentence Report, at 4; U.S.S.G.
§ 3D1.2(d) (Nov. 1992).

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