Court Opinion

ID: 4319268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-09 20:01:50.547656+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:48.370868
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 16-995L
                                      Filed October 9, 2018

                                              )
 DUANE OMAR BURNETT, et al.,                  )
                                              )
                       Plaintiffs,            )       Rails-to-Trails; Fifth Amendment
                                              )       Takings; National Trails System Act;
 v.                                           )       Missouri Property Law; Fee Simple;
                                              )       Easement; Notice of Interim Trail Use
 THE UNITED STATES,                           )       (NITU); Summary Judgment; RCFC 56.
                                              )
                       Defendant.             )
                                              )

       J. Robert Sears, Attorney of Record, Jacqueline D. Gebhardt, Baker Sterchi Cowden &
Rice, L.L.C., St. Louis, MO, for plaintiffs.

       Lila Jones, Attorney of Record, Edward C. Thomas, Laura Duncan, Jeffrey H. Wood,
Acting Assistant Attorney General, Environment & Natural Resources Division, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, DC; Theodore L. Hunt, Of Counsel, Associate General
Counsel, Surface Transportation Board, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I.     INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiffs are landowners of property located adjacent to a railroad line owned by the
Missouri Central Railroad Company (“MCRR”) and they have brought this rails-to-trails action
against the United States pursuant to the National Trails Systems Act, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1241-51.
See generally 4th Am. Compl. In the fourth amended complaint, plaintiffs allege a Fifth
Amendment takings of their reversionary interest in certain property underlying the railroad line,
that they allege has been conveyed to MCRR as an easement for railroad purposes, as a result of
the Surface Transportation Board’s issuance of a Notice of Interim Trail Use on February 25,
2015. Id. at ¶¶ 3-5.

       Plaintiffs have filed a motion for partial summary judgment on liability and the
government has filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on standing and title issues, pursuant
to Rule 56 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). For the reasons
set forth below, the Court DENIES plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment and
GRANTS the government’s cross-motion for summary judgment.

II.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

       A.      Factual Background

       This “rails-to-trails” case is one of several cases pending before the Court involving an
alleged takings of real property situated along a 144.3 mile rail corridor located in Cass, Pettis,
Benton, Morgan, Miller, Cole, Osage, Maries, Gasconade, and Franklin Counties in the State of
Missouri. Pl. Mem. at 1; Def. Ex. 2; Pl. Ex. C.

               1.      The National Trails System Act

       As background, the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, and the
Transportation Act of 1920, ch. 91, 41 Stat. 477-78, grant the Interstate Commerce Commission,
now the Surface Transportation Board (“STB”), exclusive authority over the construction,
operation and abandonment of the Nation’s rail lines. See Chicago & N.W. Transp. Co. v. Kalo
Brick & Tile Co., 450 U.S. 311, 321 (1981). In order for a railroad company to terminate rail
service, the railroad company must obtain the consent of the STB. See Barclay v. United States,
443 F.3d 1368, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1209 (2007). To obtain consent,
the railroad company may apply for permission to discontinue service, seek permission to
terminate through abandonment proceedings, or file a request for an exemption from
abandonment proceedings. See 49 U.S.C. § 10903(d)(1)-(2); Barclay, 443 F.3d at 1371. Once
the STB consents, the rail line is removed from the national transportation system and the STB’s
jurisdiction comes to an end. Barclay, 443 F.3d at 1371.

       In 1983, Congress amended the National Trails System Act to include an alternative
process for railroad companies to abandon rail lines. 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d); Preseault v. Interstate
Commerce Comm’n, 494 U.S. 1, 5-6 (1990) (“Preseault I”); Caldwell v. United States, 391 F.3d
1
  The facts recounted in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from plaintiffs’ fourth amended
complaint (“4th Am. Compl.”); plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment (“Pl. Mot.”); plaintiffs’
memorandum in support of their motion for partial summary judgment (“Pl. Mem.”); plaintiffs’ proposed
findings of uncontroverted facts (“Pl. Facts”) and the exhibits attached thereto (“Pl. Ex.”); the
government’s motion for summary judgment (“Def. Mot.”); plaintiffs’ opposition thereto (“Pl. Resp.”);
and the government’s reply (“Def. Reply”). Except where otherwise noted, the facts recited here are
undisputed.
                                                                                                      2
1226, 1229 (2004) (“Caldwell II”). This process, known as “railbanking,” preserves corridors or
rights-of-way not in use for train service for possible future use as recreational trails. Caldwell
II, 391 F.3d at 1229.

          In order for a rail line to be “railbanked,” the railroad company must first file an
abandonment application under 49 U.S.C. § 10903, or a notice of exemption from that process
under 49 U.S.C. § 10502. Once an abandonment application, or request for an exemption, is
filed, a party interested in railbanking may request the issuance of a Certificate of Interim Trail
Use (“CITU”) (in abandonment application proceedings) or a Notice of Interim Trail Use
(“NITU”) (in abandonment exemption proceedings). 49 C.F.R. § 1152.29(c)-(d). If the railroad
company indicates that it is willing to negotiate a railbanking and interim trail use agreement, the
STB issues the CITU or NITU. Id. The issuance of the CITU or NITU preserves the STB’s
jurisdiction over the rail line and allows the railroad company to discontinue operations and
remove track and equipment while the parties negotiate a railbanking and interim trail use
agreement. Id.; Macy Elevator, Inc. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 708, 711-12 (2011).

          The NITU or CITU affords the railroad company 180 days in which to negotiate a
railbanking and interim trail use agreement with the third party. 49 C.F.R. § 1152.29(c)(1),
(d)(1); Caldwell II, 391 F.3d at 1229-30, 1233. If an agreement is reached, the NITU (or CITU)
automatically authorizes the interim trail use. If the STB takes no further action, the trail sponsor
then may assume management of the right-of-way, subject only to the right of a railroad to
reassert control of the property for restoration of rail service. Caldwell v. United States, 57 Fed.
Cl. 193, 195 (2003), aff’d, 391 F.3d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Caldwell I”) (internal citations
omitted); see also 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d); 49 C.F.R. § 1152.29(d)(2). If no agreement is reached,
the railroad company may proceed with the abandonment process. 49 C.F.R. § 1152.29(d)(1),
(e)(2).

                 2.      The Rock Island Line

          The railroad line at issue in this case is a 144.3 mile long rail corridor commonly known
as the Rock Island Line (the “Rock Island Line”). Def. Ex. 2 at 22; Pl. Ex. C at 22. This rail
corridor extends across the center of the State of Missouri, from Pettis County to Franklin
County. Def. Ex. 2 at 22; Pl. Ex. C at 22.

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1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“[T]he Tucker Act provides the Court of Federal Claims exclusive
jurisdiction over takings claims for amounts greater than $10,000.”).

        B.      Summary Judgment

        A grant of summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, affidavits, and
evidentiary materials filed in a case reveal that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” RCFC 56(a); see Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986); Biery v.
United States, 753 F.3d 1279, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2014). A dispute is “genuine” when “the evidence
is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505. A fact is “material” if it could “affect the outcome of the suit under
the governing law . . . .” Id.

        In resolving motions for summary judgment, the Court will not make credibility
determinations and will draw all inferences “in the light most favorable to the party opposing the
motion.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88, 106 S.
Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986) (quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82
S. Ct. 993, 8 L. Ed. 2d 176 (1962)). In doing so, the Court does not weigh the evidence
presented, but instead must “determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 249, 106 S. Ct. 2505; Agosto v. INS, 436 U.S. 748, 756, 98 S. Ct. 2081, 56 L. Ed. 2d 677
(1978) (“[A trial] court generally cannot grant summary judgment based on its assessment of the
credibility of the evidence presented . . . .”); see also Am. Ins. Co. v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl.
151, 154 (2004). And so, the Court may only grant summary judgment when “the record taken
as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party . . . .”
Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348.

        The above standard applies when the Court considers cross-motions for summary
judgment. See Principal Life Ins. Co. & Subsidiaries v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 82, 89
(2014); see also Estate of Hevia v. Portrio Corp., 602 F.3d 34, 40 (1st Cir. 2010). And so, when
both parties move for summary judgment, “the court must evaluate each party’s motion on its
own merits, taking care in each instance to draw all reasonable inferences against the party
whose motion is under consideration.” Abbey v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 430, 436 (2011)
(quoting Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1391 (Fed. Cir. 1987)).

                                                                                                       6
        C.      Fifth Amendment Takings And “Rails-to-Trails” Cases

        A Fifth Amendment takings occurs in rails-to-trails cases when the government, through
the issuance of a CITU or NITU, destroys an individual’s state law reversionary interest in
property underlying a railroad right-of-way. Ladd v. United States, 630 F.3d 1015, 1023-24
(Fed. Cir. 2010); Barclay, 443 F.3d at 1373 (“The issuance of the NITU is the only event that
must occur to ‘entitle the plaintiff to institute an action.’ Accrual is not delayed until a trail use
agreement is executed or the trail operator takes physical possession of the right-of-way.”)
(internal citations omitted); Caldwell I, 391 F.3d at 1233-34. “[O]nly persons with a valid
property interest at the time of the taking are entitled to compensation.” Wyatt v. United States,
271 F.3d 1090, 1096 (Fed. Cir. 2001).

        To determine whether a Fifth Amendment takings has occurred in a rails-to-trails case,
the Court follows a three-part analysis established by the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit. See Ellamae Phillips Co. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
(citing Preseault v. United States, 100 F.3d 1525, 1533 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (“Preseault II”)). First,
the Court must determine who owned the land at issue at the time of the takings, and specifically,
whether the railroad company owned the land in fee simple or held only an easement. Id.
Second, if the railroad company owned only an easement, the Court must determine whether the
terms of the easement are limited to use for railroad purposes, or whether the terms include use
as a public recreational trail. Id. Third, if the railroad company’s easement is broad enough to
encompass recreational trail use, the Court must determine whether the easement terminated
prior to the alleged takings, so that the property owner held a fee simple estate unencumbered by
easement at the time of the takings. Id.

        D.      Missouri Property Law

        To determine whether the railroad company held an easement, or held the property in fee
simple at the time of the takings, the Court looks to the law of the state in which the property is
located. Preseault II, 100 F.3d at 1540. Because the Rock Island Line is located in the State of
Missouri, Missouri law applies in this case. Preseault I, 494 U.S. at 20-21 (O’Connor, J.,
concurring).

        Under Missouri law, the “cardinal rule” for deed interpretation is “to ascertain the
intention of the parties and to give that intention effect.” Hinshaw v. M-C-M Props., LLC, 450

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S.W.3d 823, 827 (Mo. Ct. App. 2014) (quoting Dean Machinery Co. v. Union Bank, 106 S.W.3d
510, 520 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003)). In interpreting a deed, it is necessary to determine the intention
of the grantor and to give effect to that intention unless it contradicts existing case law. See St.
Louis Union Trust Co. v. Clarke, 178 S.W.2d 359, 363 (Mo. 1944). And so, the Court must
“take the deed as a whole” and not “give any clause in the deed undue preference.” Id.

        In this regard, a single deed can contain multiple forms of conveyances depending upon
the language applied to each tract. See Clevenger v. Chi., Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co., 210
S.W. 867, 868 (Mo. 1919). Missouri courts have consistently applied three factors to determine
whether a tract of land is passed to a railroad in fee simple, as an easement, or if it is subject to
later reversion to the grantor or her heirs: “(1) whether the deed includes language conveying a
‘right of way,’ (2) the amount of consideration, and (3) language in the deed limiting the use of
the land for railroad purposes.” Moore v. Mo. Friends of the Wabash Trace Nature Trail, Inc.,
991 S.W.2d 681, 685-86 (Mo. Ct. App. 1999).

        In addition, it is well-settled under Missouri law that when a railroad acquires a right-of-
way, it acquires merely an easement over the land and not an interest in fee simple. Schuermann
Enters., Inc. v. St. Louis County, 436 S.W.2d 666, 669 (Mo. 1969) (“[W]here the interest
conveyed is limited to right of way or for right of way the estate conveyed is an easement
only.”); see also Brown v. Weare, 152 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Mo. 1941) (“The law is settled in this
state that where a railroad acquires a right of way whether by condemnation, by voluntary grant
or by a conveyance in fee upon a valuable consideration the railroad takes but a mere easement
over the land and not the fee.”). And so, Missouri courts have held that the conveyance of a
right-of-way indicates an “intention to part with less than the fee.” Powell v. St. Louis County,
446 S.W.2d 819, 822 (Mo. 1969).

        The Missouri Revised Statute also provides that railroad corporations have the ability to
“take and hold” voluntary grants of real estate. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 388.210. Specifically, the
statute provides that:

        Every corporation formed under this chapter shall, in addition to the powers herein
        conferred, have power: . . . (2) [t]o take and hold such voluntary grants of real estate
        and other property as shall be made to it to aid in the construction, maintenance and
        accommodation of its railroads; but the real estate received by voluntary grant shall
        be held and used for the purpose of such grant only. . . .

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Id. The term “voluntary grant” has been used by the Missouri state legislature to mean a
“conveyance without valuable consideration.” See Brown, 152 S.W.2d at 653.

       In this regard, Missouri courts have held that a lack of valuable consideration indicates
the conveyance of an easement rather than a conveyance in fee simple absolute. See id. But,
Missouri courts have recognized that any “sum of money in excess of one cent, one dime, or one
dollar . . . is a valuable consideration within the meaning of the law of conveyancing.” See id.;
see also Allaben v. Shelbourne, 212 S.W.2d 719, 723 (Mo. 1948); City of Columbia v.
Baurichter, 729 S.W.2d 475, 480 (Mo. Ct. App. 1987) (“The stated consideration therein was
nominal, $1, not a sum that would suggest purchase of a fee simple interest . . . .”). Valuable
consideration can also be non-monetary in nature, and may encompass benefits such as the
construction of a building. See Bayless v. Gonz, 684 S.W.2d 512, 513 (Mo. Ct. App. 1984)
(“The deed also states the grant was made for valuable consideration, namely: five dollars and
the location of a depot. Either of these constitutes valuable consideration.”).

       Missouri courts have also recognized that the use of the words “[g]rant, [b]argain and
[s]ell” in a deed is indicative of a fee simple title. Nixon v. Franklin, 289 S.W.2d 82, 88 (Mo.
1956); see also Mo. Rev. Stat. § 442.420. And so, Missouri courts have recognized that a deed
of conveyance containing the words “grant, bargain and sell” have been held to import the
vesting of a fee simple title. Nixon, 289 S.W.2d at 88; see also University City v. Chicago, R.I.
& P. Ry. Co., 149 S.W.2d 321, 325 (Mo. 1941) (observing that the words “grant, bargain and
sell” were made by statute to “import a conveyance in fee simple with warranties unless
expressly restrained by other language in the instrument”).

       With regards to the scope of an easement, Missouri courts have also recognized that any
language limiting the scope of an easement must be expressly mentioned within the deed. See
Powell, 446 S.W.2d at 822. If a limitation on the scope of an easement is to be imposed, then “it
must ‘be necessarily implied in the terms of the grant,’ an express limitation not being involved.”
Id. (holding that, in the absence of limiting language, the deed imposed “no limitation upon the
grantees’ use of the property”). Given this,
       [I]f the grant or conveyance contains words of restriction and limitation to the clear
       effect that the right of way granted thereby shall be used only for certain specific
       railroad purposes, it can lawfully be used only for those purposes which fall within

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       the scope of the provision, and for none other.

Rombauer v. St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co., 34 S.W.2d 155, 157 (Mo. Ct. App. 1931).

IV.    LEGAL ANALYSIS

       The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment on liability and title issues on
four key issues: (1) whether MCRR owns the property at issue in this dispute in fee simple, or
holds only an easement; (2) whether certain plaintiffs own in fee simple parcels that are adjacent
to the Rock Island Line; (3) if MCRR owns only an easement, whether the easement is limited to
use for railroad purposes, or is broad enough to encompass public recreational trail use; and (4)
whether the Court can determine at this time if there has been a temporary or permanent takings
of plaintiffs’ property. Pl. Mem. at 10-30; Def. Mot. at 9-41.

       In their motion for partial summary judgment, plaintiffs argue that the undisputed
material facts in this matter establish that they own a fee simple interest in the property in
dispute. Pl. Mem. at 10-15. Plaintiffs further argue that the scope of the easements acquired by
MCRR with respect to this property is limited to use for railroad purposes and that public
recreational trail use falls beyond the scope of these easements. Id. at 15-30. In addition,
plaintiffs contend that the Court can resolve the issue of whether a temporary or permanent
takings of their property has occurred and that the issuance of the NITU constitutes a permanent
takings of their property. Pl. Resp. at 13-15. And so, plaintiffs request that the Court find the
government liable for a takings of their property. Id. at 16.

       In its cross-motion, the government argues that there can be no takings of plaintiffs’
property because the undisputed material facts in this matter show that MCRR owns the rail
corridor located adjacent to certain plaintiffs’ property. Def. Mot. at 12-16. The government
further argues that plaintiffs Wayne and Gloria Misner have not shown that they own property
located adjacent to the rail corridor. Id. at 20-22. In addition, the government contends that, to
the extent that MCRR does not own the relevant property in fee simple, the source deeds for the
remaining claims in dispute convey easements to MCRR that are broad enough to encompass
public recreational trail use and railbanking. Id. at 22-40. Lastly, the government contends that
the Court cannot yet determine whether a temporary or permanent takings has occurred in this
case, because, among other things, there is no trail use agreement in place and the MCRR has not
consummated abandonment. Id. at 40; Def. Reply at 14-15. And so, the government requests

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that the Court enter summary judgment in its favor with respect to standing and title issues. Def.
Mot. at 41.

       For the reasons discussed below, the undisputed material facts in this matter show that
MCRR owns in fee simple the property associated with claims 1 (Atkins); 10 (Kinkead); 13a and
b (Morton); 19 (Martin Five Ltd. Partnership); 22a and b (Value Investments LLC, Estate of
John H. and Temple Lee Vance); and 23 (JHV Holdings, LLC). The undisputed material facts
also show that plaintiffs Wayne and Gloria Misner (claim 12) did not own property located
adjacent to the rail corridor at the time of the issuance of the NITU.

       In addition, the undisputed material facts show that the relevant source deeds for the
remaining nine claims—claims 2 (Belle Community Fair); 3 (Burnett); 5 (Durbin); 6 (Griggs); 7
(Holaway); 11 (Lemons); 17a (Seymour); 20 (Turner); and 21 (Zumwalt)—convey easements to
MCRR that are broad enough to encompass public recreational trail use. And so, the Court
DENIES plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment on liability and GRANTS the
government’s cross-motion for summary judgment on standing and title issues.

       A.          MCRR Owns A Fee Simple Interest In The Parcels
                   Associated With Claims 1, 10, 13a, 13b, 19, 22a, 22b, And 23

       As an initial matter, the undisputed material facts in this matter show that MCRR owns in
fee simple the property at issue with respect to plaintiffs’ claims 1 (Atkins); 10 (Kinkead); 13a
and b (Morton); 19 (Martin Five Ltd. Partnership); 22a and b (Value Investments LLC, Estate of
John H. and Temple Lee Vance); and 23 (JHV Holdings, LLC). And so, the Court DENIES
plaintiffs’ partial motion for summary judgment and GRANTS the government’s cross-motion
for summary judgment with respect to these claims.

              1.      MCRR Owns The Rail Corridor Adjacent
                      To The Parcels For Claims 10, 13a, and 13b

       A careful reading of the source deed relevant to the parcels associated with plaintiffs’
claims 10 (Kinkead) and 13a and b (Morton) makes clear that MCRR owns these parcels in fee
simple. The parties agree that the applicable source deed for these claims is Peppard 30/508 and
that Missouri property law applies in this case.4 Def. Mot. at 12-13; Pl. Mem. at 19. And so, the

4
 The government identifies the Peppard 30/508 and Fitzgerald 30/501 Deeds as the applicable source
deeds. See Def. Ex. 1 at 1-2.
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Court begins its analysis by construing the conveyance language contained in this deed under
Missouri property law to determine who owned the land at issue at the time of the alleged
takings. See Ellamae Phillips Co. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing
Preseault II, 100 F.3d at 1533).

        The Peppard 30/508 Deed contains the following conveyance language:
        Witnesseth, that the said party of the First Part, in consideration of one dollar and
        the building, maintaining and operating of a Railroad by the said party of the
        Second Part, its successors and assigns do by these presents grant bargain and sell,
        convey and confirm unto the said party of the Second Part, its successors and
        assigns . . . a strip of land one hundred feet in width . . . having an equal and uniform
        width of fifty feet on each side of the centre [sic] line of said Railroad as it shall be
        located.
Def. Ex. 7 at 4 (emphasis added). The Court reads this language to convey a fee simple interest
to MCRR for several reasons.

        First, the language in the aforementioned granting clause states that the owners do “grant
bargain and sell” to the railroad. Id. This language conveys a fee simple interest to the railroad
under Missouri law.

        The Supreme Court of Missouri has long recognized that the words “grant, bargain and
sell” evidence the conveyance of a fee simple interest, unless such a conveyance is expressly
restricted by other language in the deed. See University City v. Chicago, R.I. & P. Ry. Co., 149
S.W.2d 321, 325 (Mo. 1941) (holding that the words “grant, bargain and sell” by statute were
made to import a conveyance in fee simple with warranties, unless expressly restrained by other
language in the instrument); Nixon v. Franklin, 289 S.W.2d 82, 88 (Mo. 1956) (holding that the
words “Grant, Bargain and Sell” by force of statute have been held to import the vesting of a fee
simple title). The Court does not find—and plaintiffs do not identify—any language in the
Peppard 30/508 Deed that would expressly restrict the conveyance of a fee simple interest to the
railroad in this case.5 See generally Pl. Mem. at 27-28; Pl. Resp. at 2. In fact, the granting
clause for the Peppard 30/508 Deed also states that “it being expressly understood and agreed . . .

5
  The government also notes in its cross-motion that Missouri courts have held that the phrase “strip of
land,” which also appears in the granting clause for the Peppard 30/508 Deed, describes the conveyance
of a fee simple interest. Def. Mot. at 13; see City of Columbia v. Baurichter, 729 S.W.2d 475, 479 (Mo.
Ct. App. 1987) (finding that “[t]he language ‘strip . . . of land’ appears to describe a conveyance of a fee
simple absolute” but that other language in the granting clause limited the conveyance).
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that the title in fee simple acquired by [the railroad] shall be confined to the strip of land first
mentioned above.” Def. Ex. 7 at 4 (emphasis supplied). And so, the Court reads the granting
clause of the Peppard 30/508 Deed to indicate that the parties intended to convey a fee simple
interest to the railroad.

        The Court is also unpersuaded by plaintiffs’ argument that the Peppard 30/508 Deed
conveys only an easement to MCRR, because the conveyance lacks valuable consideration and
is, thus, a voluntary grant under Missouri law. Pl. Mem. 19-21. The Peppard 30/508 Deed
describes the consideration given as “one dollar and the building, maintaining and operating of a
Railroad.” Pl. Mem. at 19-21; Def. Exs. 7-8, 10. This language clearly provides valuable
consideration under Missouri law. See Bayless, 684 S.W.2d at 513; Brown, 152 S.W.2d at 653.
In fact, Missouri courts have recognized that any consideration “in excess of one cent, one dime,
or one dollar . . . is valuable consideration within the meaning of the law of conveyancing.” See
Brown, 152 S.W.2d at 653. Missouri courts have similarly recognized that consideration may be
non-monetary in nature and may include the construction of a building or depot under Missouri
law, which is the case here. See Bayless, 684 S.W.2d at 513. And so, here, the combination of
one dollar and “the building, maintaining and operating of a Railroad” as the consideration given
in the Peppard 30/508 Deed is valuable consideration that is sufficient to convey a fee simple
interest to the railroad under Missouri law.

        The Court’s reading of the Peppard 30/508 Deed to convey a fee simple interest to
MCRR is further reinforced by the habendum clause in this deed. This clause states that:

        To Have and to Hold the premises aforesaid, with all and singular the rights,
        privileges, appurtenances and immunities thereto belonging or in any wise
        appertaining unto the said party of the Second Part and unto its successors and
        assigns forever.

Def. Ex. 7. In Bayless v. Gonz, the Missouri Court of Appeals held that very similar language
reflects “the language of the fee simple warranty deed.” Bayless, 684 S.W.2d at 513 (holding
that language stating “to have and to hold the same together with all singular rights, immunities,
privileges and appurtenances to the same” conveys a fee simple interest). And so, in light of the
plain language contained in the Peppard 30/508 Deed’s granting and habendum clauses, the
Court reads the Peppard 30/508 Deed to convey a fee simple interest in the parcels associated
with claims 10 and 13a and b.

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                  2.     MCRR Owns The Corridor Adjacent To
                         The Parcels For Claims 1, 19, 22a, 22b, And 23
        The undisputed material facts in this matter also show that MCRR owns a fee simple
interest in the parcels associated with plaintiffs’ claims 1 (Atkins); 19 (Martin Five Ltd.
Partnership); 22a and b (Value Investments, LLC, Estate of John H. and Temple Lee Vance); and
23 (JHV Holdings, LLC). The parties disagree about which deeds are the applicable source
deeds for these parcels. Def. Mot. at 15-17; Pl. Mem. at 16-19. And so, the Court begins the
analysis of these claims by first determining the applicable source deeds for each of these
parcels.

           In this regard, the government argues that the source deeds for all of these claims are the
Fitzgerald 30/501 and Fitzgerald 30/500 Deeds. Def. Mot. at 15. Plaintiffs counter that, in
addition to these two deeds, four other deeds are also relevant to their claims: the Armstrong
53/345; Fitzgerald 53/333; Fitzgerald 53/335; and Fitzgerald 53/497 Deeds. Pl. Mem. at 19.6
The Court agrees with the government that the applicable source deeds for these claims are the
Fitzgerald 30/501 and 30/500 Deeds.

        A careful review of the Fizgerald 30/501 and 30/500 Deeds makes clear that these deeds
pre-date the four deeds relied upon by plaintiffs by more than a decade. The Fitzgerald 30/501
and 30/500 Deeds were executed in 1886. Def. Exs. 8, 10 (providing deeds dated August 11,
1886). But, the deeds relied upon by the plaintiffs were executed in 1900. Def. Exs. 11-14
(providing deeds dated in September and November 1900). A review of the Armstrong 53/345;
Fitzgerald 53/333; Fitzgerald 53/335; and Fitzgerald 53/497 Deeds also shows that these later
deeds convey property that is located within the same geographical area first conveyed to the
railroad in 1886 under the Fitzgerald 30/501 and 30/500 Deeds. Compare Def. Ex. 8 (providing
the Fitzgerald 30/501 Deed, granting a “strip of land” in “Sections Eleven (11), Twelve (12), and
one (1) Township no. forty two Range no. four W. County of Franklin and State of Missouri” to
the Railroad), and Def. Ex. 10 (providing the Fitzgerald 30/500 Deed, conveying a “strip of

6
  For claims 1 and 23, plaintiffs argue that the controlling deeds are the Armstrong 53/345 and Fitzgerald
53/333 Deeds. Pl. Mem. at 16, 19. For claims 19 and 22a and b, the parties agree that the Fitzgerald
30/501 and Fitzgerald 30/500 Deeds are the source deeds, but plaintiffs argue that the Fitzgerald 53/335
and Fitzgerald 53/497 Deeds are also source deeds for claim 19. Id. at 18-19. In addition, plaintiffs argue
that the Fitzgerald 53/335; Armstrong 53/345; and Fitzgerald 53/333 Deeds are also source deeds for
claims 22a and b. Id.
                                                                                                        14
land” to the Railroad “lying and being in the Section no. Eleven Township no. forty two Range
no. four W, County of Franklin and State of Missouri”), with Def. Exs. 11-14 (providing the
Armstrong 53/345; Fitzgerald 53/333; Fitzgerald 53/335; and Fitzgerald 53/497 Deeds
conveying only portions of those lands and transferring easements in both “Section Eleven (11)
Township forty two (42) and Range four (4) West” and in “section twelve (12) . . . of Township
forty two (42) and Range four (4) West”). In addition, a careful review of the Armstrong 53/345,
Fitzgerald 53/333, Fitzgerald 53/335, and Fitzgerald 53/497 Deeds shows that these source deeds
do not contain any language that would limit or rescind the primary conveyances to the railroad
contained in the earlier Fitzgerald 30/501 or Fitzgerald 30/500 Deeds. Compare Def. Exs. 11-14,
with Def. Exs. 8, 10. Because the undisputed material facts in this case show that the Fitzgerald
30/501 and Fitzgerald 30/500 Deeds were the first filed, that these deeds convey property that is
located within the same geographic area as the subsequent deeds relied upon by plaintiffs, and
that there is no language in these subsequent deeds to rescind the prior grants to the railroad, the
Court concludes that these are the source deeds for the parcels associated with claims 1, 19, 22a
and b, and 23.

       Having determined that the Fitzgerald 30/500 and Fitzgerald 30/501 Deeds are the
applicable source deeds for these claims, the Court must next determine whether these deeds
convey a fee simple interest to the railroad. In this regard, it is notable that the Fitzgerald 30/500
and Fitzgerald 30/501 Deeds contain the exact same granting clause language contained in the
Peppard 30/508 Deed discussed above. Def. Exs. 8, 10. These two deeds also contain the same
habendum clause discussed above with regards to the Peppard 30/508 Deed. Id. Given this, the
plain language of these deeds shows that the deeds convey a fee simple interest in the parcels
associated with plaintiffs’ claims 1, 10, 13a and b, 19, 22a and b, and 23 to the railroad. And so,
the Court DENIES plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment and GRANTS the
government’s cross-motion for summary judgment with respect to these claims.

       B.        Plaintiffs Wayne And Gloria Misner Have Not
                 Shown That Their Parcel Is Adjacent To The Rail Corridor
       The undisputed material facts in this matter also show that plaintiffs Wayne and Gloria
Misner (claim 12) did not own property located adjacent to the rail corridor at issue on the date
of the issuance of the NITU. And so, the Court must deny these plaintiffs’ takings claim.

                                                                                                    15
        It is well-established that plaintiffs must prove that they have an ownership interest in the
portions of the rail corridor at issue in this case to pursue their takings claim. Ellamae Phillips
Co., 564 F.3d at 1373. And so, if plaintiffs fail to establish that they own property adjacent to
the rail corridor covered by the NITU, they cannot prevail upon their takings claim in this
litigation.

        The undisputed material facts show that Wayne and Gloria Misner did not own property
located adjacent to the portion of the rail corridor that is covered by the NITU, because MCRR
was not the owner of the portion of the rail corridor located adjacent to their property at the time
of the issuance of the NITU. In this regard, plaintiffs do not dispute that the Misners’ parcel is
located next to a parcel of land known as the ICC Valuation Parcel 13—property located to the
northwest of the rail corridor. Pl. Resp. at 4; see also Def. Mot. at 20-22. There is also no
dispute that MCRR’s predecessor-in-interest—Union Pacific Railroad Company—quitclaimed
the ICC Valuation Parcel 13 to another company—GRC Holdings—in 1999. Def. Mot. at 21;
see Pl. Resp. at Ex. Q; Def. Ex. 24 at 9.

        It is similarly without dispute that GRC Holdings did not convey the ICC Valuation
Parcel 13 to MCRR when MCRR acquired the rail corridor in 1999.7 Def. Mot. at 21; Pl. Resp.
at 4; see also Def. Ex. 25 at 2, 27. And so, there is no genuine dispute in this case that MCRR
did not acquire an ownership interest in the ICC Valuation Parcel 13 when the railroad acquired
the rail corridor in 1999. Because MCRR did not own the ICC Valuation Parcel 13 on the date
of the issuance of NITU, this parcel is not covered by the NITU. See generally Def. Ex. 5. And
so, the undisputed material facts here show that Wayne and Gloria Misner do not own property
located adjacent to the rail corridor that is at issue in this case.

        The Court is also unpersuaded by plaintiffs’ argument that the Misners’ parcel is located
adjacent to the rail corridor at issue in this case because MCRR is a corporate subsidiary of the
actual owner of the ICC Valuation Parcel 13—GRC Holdings. Pl. Resp. at 4. Even if a
corporate relationship between MCRR and GRC Holdings exists, plaintiffs fail to explain why
the Court should consider MCRR and GRC Holdings to be the same entity for the purpose of
determining who owns the portion of the rail corridor located adjacent to the Misners’ parcel.

7
 The government explains in its reply brief that GRC Holdings conveyed an easement in this particular
portion of the rail corridor to MCRR. Def. Reply at 8.
                                                                                                        16
See Blanks v. Fluor Corp., 450 S.W.3d 308, 375 (Mo. Ct. App. 2014) (explaining that “two
separate corporations are regarded as wholly distinct legal entities, even if one partly or wholly
owns the other”). Given this, the undisputed material facts here show that the Misners did not
own property located adjacent to the portion of the rail corridor owned by MCRR on the date of
the issuance of the NITU. And so, the Court DENIES plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary
judgment and GRANTS the government’s cross-motion for summary judgment with respect to
claim 12.

       C.      The Remaining Claims (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 17a, 20, and 21) Involve
               Easements Broad Enough To Encompass Public Recreational Trail Use

       Lastly, the undisputed material facts in this case show that MCRR holds easements that
are broad enough to encompass public recreational trail use with respect to the remaining nine
claims in dispute.

       With respect to the remaining nine claims, the parties agree that the Backues 14/199,
Dreysse 14/146, Francis 27/251, Luster 16/606, C.C. Linke 16/607, Ridenhour 14/215, Stock
27/3, and Strehlmann 53/421Deeds are the applicable source deeds for these claims. Pl. Mem. at
16-18; Def. Mot. at 26-27. The parties also agree that these deeds convey easements to MCRR
under Missouri law, because the amount of consideration given is only one dollar. Pl. Mem. at
16-18; Def. Mot. at 25-27; see Moore, 991 S.W.2d at 687 (holding that a lack of valuable
consideration indicates the conveyance of an easement rather than a conveyance in fee simple
absolute); see also Def. Exs. 29, 31, 33-38 (stating that the conveyances are “in consideration of
One Dollar[]”); Pl. Resp. at 8-13. And so, the remaining issue for the Court to resolve with
respect to these claims is whether the scope of the easements conveyed to MCRR includes use as
a public recreational trail. See Ellamae Phillips Co., 564 F.3d at 1373 (stating that if the railroad
company owned only an easement, the Court must determine whether the terms of the easements
are limited to use for railroad purposes, or whether the terms include use as a public recreational
trail). For the reasons discussed below, the Court finds that it does.

                                                                                                   17
                1.      There Is No Presumption Under Missouri Law That
                        MCRR’s Easements Are Limited To Railroad Purposes
        First, Missouri law does not require that the property conveyed to MCRR through a
voluntary grant be used only for railroad purposes.8 In their motion for partial summary
judgment, plaintiffs argue that all of the easements conveyed to MCRR must be limited to use
for railroad purposes, because Missouri courts have never found a deed to a railroad to be any
broader than a railroad purpose deed. Pl. Mem. at 25-26. To support this argument, plaintiffs
point to the Missouri Constitution, which states, in relevant part, that ‘“[t]he fee of land taken for
railroad purposes without consent of the owner thereof shall remain in such owner subject to the
use for which it is taken.’” Id. at 25 (quoting Mo. Const. art. I, § 26). And so, plaintiffs contend
that MCRR could not have obtained an easement for any use other than use for railroad purposes
and the Court need only look “to see if the deed specifically allows some purpose other than a
railroad purpose” to determine the scope of the easements conveyed to MCRR. Pl. Resp. at 10;
see Pl. Mem. at 24-26.

        Plaintiffs’ argument is misguided. While the Missouri Constitution does provide that a
railroad obtains an easement that may only be used for railroad purposes when it obtains real
estate through condemnation, this constitutional provision does not address other circumstances
where a railroad obtains an easement. Mo. Const. art. I, § 26; Def. Mot. at 34-35. Neither party
claims that the railroad obtained easements through condemnation for any of the claims at issue.
See Pl. Mem. at 25-26; Def. Mot. 34-35; see also Pl. Mem. at 21 (addressing claims which are
not in dispute). And so, this constitutional provision is inapplicable to plaintiffs’ claims.

        Plaintiffs correctly observe that the Missouri statute that governs voluntary grants of real
estate “to aid in the construction, maintenance and accommodation of its railroads” provides
that “the real estate received by voluntary grant shall be held and used for the purpose of such

8
  It is well-established that, if MCRR owns only an easement with respect to the remaining parcels in
dispute, the Court must determine whether the scope of the easement is limited to use for railroad
purposes, or whether the terms of the easement include use as a public recreational trail. See Ellamae
Phillips Co. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing Preseault v. United States, 100
F.3d 1525, 1533 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). If the railroad company’s easement is broad enough to encompass
recreational trail use, the Court must also determine whether the easement terminated prior to the alleged
takings, so that the property owner held a fee simple estate unencumbered by an easement at the time of
the takings. Id. And so, the Court begins its analysis by reviewing the applicable source deeds to
determine the scope of the easements conveyed to MCRR in this case.

                                                                                                        18
grant only.” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 388.210. But, this statute does not expressly limit such voluntary
grants to use for railroad purposes. Id.9 Given this, the Court simply does not agree with
plaintiffs that Missouri law limits the easements conveyed to MCRR to use for railroad purposes.

                  2.      The Source Deeds Convey Easements That Are
                          Broad Enough To Encompass Trail Use And Railbanking

          A review of the source deeds applicable to the remaining nine claims also makes clear
that the primary conveyances to the railroad in these deeds are broad enough to encompass
public recreational trail use. In fact, each of the source deeds contains essentially identical
granting and habendum clauses that demonstrate that the easements conveyed to MCRR were
not limited to use for railroad purposes.10

          In this regard, the granting clauses in these deeds state that: “the parties of the first part
. . . do by these presents, grant, bargain and sell, convey and confirm unto said party of the
second part . . .” the property conveyed. Def. Exs. 29, 31, 33-38 (emphasis supplied.). As
discussed above, the inclusion of the phrase “grant, bargain and sell” in a conveyance deed has
long been interpreted under Missouri law to convey a fee simple interest. Nixon, 289 S.W.2d at
88. While there is no dispute that a fee simple interest was not conveyed to the railroad here—
given that the consideration provided in these deeds is only one dollar—the inclusion of the
phrase “grant, bargain and sell,” nonetheless, indicates that the parties intended to convey a
broad easement to the railroad. This view is reinforced by the fact that the granting clauses for

9
    Section 388.210 of the Missouri Revised Statutes provides that:
          Every corporation formed under this chapter shall, in addition to the powers herein
          conferred, have power: . . . (2) [t]o take and hold such voluntary grants of real estate and
          other property as shall be made to it to aid in the construction, maintenance and
          accommodation of its railroads; but the real estate received by voluntary grant shall be held
          and used for the purpose of such grant only. . . .
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 388.210. Missouri courts have also recognized that the term “voluntary grant” has been
used by the Missouri state legislature to mean a “conveyance without valuable consideration.” See Brown
v. Weare, 152 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Mo. 1941).
10
  The Court does not find the language in the Backues 14/199, Dreysse 14/146, Francis 27/251, Luster
16/606, C.C. Linke 16/607, Ridenhour 14/215, Stock 27/3, or Strehlmann 53/421 Deeds to be ambiguous.
See Def. Exs. 29, 31, 33-38. And so, the Court does not consider extrinsic evidence or the parties’
arguments on extrinsic evidence. See Behrens v. United States 135 Fed. Cl. 66, 69 (2017); see generally
Pl. Mem. at 29-30; Def. Mot. at 38-39; Pl. Resp. at 12-13; Def. Reply at 12-14.
                                                                                                          19
these source deeds do not contain any language to limit the scope of the easements conveyed.
See Def. Exs. 29, 31, 33-38.

        In addition, the habendum clauses for the applicable source deeds similarly indicates that
the parties intended to convey a broad easement to MCRR. These clauses state, in relevant part,
that property is conveyed to the railroad: “To have and to hold the same, together with all rights,
immunities, privileges and appurtenances to the same belonging to the [railroad] and to its
successors and assigns forever.” Def. Exs. 29, 31, 33-38. As discussed above, Missouri courts
have interpreted such language to convey a fee simple interest. Bayless, 684 S.W.2d at 513.
And so, again, the Court construes the applicable source deeds for the remaining claims in this
case to convey a broad easement to the railroad. See Def. Exs. 29, 31, 33-38.11

        Indeed, while plaintiffs correctly argue that the source deeds do not contain any language
that specifically mentions trail use or railbanking, plaintiffs fail to explain why it is necessary for
the deeds to contain such language in order to convey an easement to the railroad that is broad
enough to encompass public recreational trail use. Pl. Mem. at 25-28; Pl. Resp. at 9-10.
Because the plain language in the source deeds makes clear that the parties intended to convey a
broad easement to the railroad—and not to limit this easement to use for railroad purposes—the
Court concludes that the source deeds relevant to plaintiffs’ remaining claims convey easements
that can encompass public recreational trail use.

                3.       The Secondary Conveyances Do Not Limit The Easements

        The Court also concludes that the secondary conveyances contained in several of the
applicable source deeds do not limit the scope of the broad easements conveyed to MCRR.
Plaintiffs correctly observe that the Backues 141/99 and Dreysse 14/146 Deeds contain language
making a secondary conveyance to the railroad for the purpose of cuttings and embankments. Pl.
Mem. at 26. But, a reading of the Backues 141/99 and Dreysse 14/146 Deeds (which apply to
claims 2, 5, 6, 17a, and 20) makes clear that these secondary conveyances “for the purpose of

11
  The property descriptions in these source deeds also suggests that the parties intended to convey a
broad easement to the railroad. Notably, the property descriptions state that the property conveyed to the
railroad is “[a] Strip of land one hundred (100) feet wide, having a uniform width of fifty (50) feet on
each side of the center line of the Railroad . . . .” Def. Exs. 29, 31, 34-38; see also Def. Ex. 33 (conveying
200 feet with 100 feet on each side). There is no limiting language in this description to indicate that the
parties intended to limit the scope of the easement conveyed to the railroad.
                                                                                                           20
cuttings and embankments necessary for the proper construction and security of said railroad
across the tracts of land described aforesaid” involve different tracts of land that are also being
conveyed to the railroad for this specific purpose. Def. Ex. 29 at 5-6; Def. Ex. 31 at 4. Given
this, the Court does not read these secondary conveyances to limit the scope of the primary
conveyances to the railroad. Clevenger, 210 S.W. at 868; see Def. Mot. at 31-32.

         The secondary conveyances for the purpose of construction contained in the Linke
16/607 (claim 21); Ridenhaur 14/215 (claim 6); and Dreysee 14/146 (claim 17a) Deeds similarly
fails to limit the primary conveyances to the railroad. These secondary conveyances grant the
railroad temporary access to certain property for the purpose of construction, by conveying a
“right of entry across adjacent land of the undersigned for purposes of construction of said
railroad with free and undisturbed ingress and egress to said railroad.” Def. Exs. 31, 35-36. Like
the Backues 141/99 and Dreysse 14/146 Deeds discussed above, the Linke 16/607 (claim 21);
Ridenhaur 14/215 (claim 6); and Dreysee 14/146 (claim 17a) Deeds make clear that the
secondary conveyances for construction involve different tracts of land than the property
conveyed to the railroad in the primary conveyances. Compare id. (stating that the property
conveyed for the purpose of constructing the railroad applies to the “adjacent land”), with Def.
Exs. 29, 31 (conveying additional property to the railroad “for the purpose of cuttings and
embankments”). And so, again, these secondary conveyances do not limit the scope of the
primary conveyances to MCRR.

         Lastly, the secondary conveyances for sidetracking—which can be found in the Stock
27/3 and Strehlmann 53/421 Deeds (claims 3 and 7)—also do not limit the primary conveyances
to the railroad in those deeds. These conveyances convey a “strip and parcelle of land for extra
right of way, side tracts, station grounds, commercial purposes, and for [a] highway,” and an
“extra right of way . . . twenty five (25) feet wide on each side of and adjacent to the above
described right of way,” respectively. Def. Ex. 38 at 4; Def. Ex. 37 at 4. Similar to the
secondary conveyances discussed above, the secondary conveyances for sidetracking involve
different tracts of land than the property conveyed to the railroad in the primary conveyances.
Def. Exs. 37-38. And so, again, the secondary conveyances for the purpose of sidetracking do
not limit the scope of the primary conveyances to the railroad. Clevenger, 210 S.W. at 868
(holding that primary conveyances were not limited by the secondary conveyances in the same
deed).
                                                                                                      21
        Because the plain language in the applicable source deeds for the remaining nine claims
in this action show that these deeds convey easements to MCRR that are not limited to use for
railroad purposes—and that are also broad enough to encompass public recreational trail use—
the Court DENIES plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment with respect to claims 2, 3,
5, 6, 7, 11, 17a, 20, and 21 and GRANTS the government’s cross-motion for summary judgment
with respect to these claims.12

V.      CONCLUSION

        In sum, the undisputed material facts in this matter make clear that MCRR owns the
property associated with claims 1, 10, 13a, 13b, 19, 22a, 22b, and 23 in fee simple and that
plaintiffs Wayne and Gloria Misner (claim 12) did not own property located adjacent to the rail
corridor at the time of the issuance of the NITU. In addition, the undisputed material facts show
that the relevant source deeds for claims 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 17a, 20, and 21 convey easements to
MCRR that are broad enough to encompass public recreational trail use. And so, for the
foregoing reasons, the Court:

        1. DENIES plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment on liability; and
        2. GRANTS the government’s cross-motion for summary judgment on standing and
            title issues.

        The parties shall FILE a joint status report on or before November 9, 2018, stating their
respective views on how this matter should proceed in light of the Court’s ruling on their cross-

12
  Because the Court concludes that the undisputed material facts in this matter show that: (1) MCRR
owns in fee simple the property associated with claims 1, 10, 13a and b, 19, 22a and b, and 23; (2)
plaintiffs Wayne and Gloria Misner (claim 12) did not own any property located adjacent to the rail
corridor at the time of the issuance of the NITU; and (3) MCRR owned easements for the property
associated with the remaining claims that were broad enough to encompass public recreational trail use,
the Court does not reach the issue of whether a permanent or temporary takings has occurred with respect
to plaintiffs’ claims. The Court also observes that the parties do not directly address the issue of whether
the easements acquired by MCRR have been terminated prior to the issuance of the NITU. Pl. Mem. at
23-25 (arguing that railbanking forestalls abandonment); Def. Mot. at 4, 9 (stating that the railroad “still
holds all of its property rights in the subject corridor”); see Ellamae Phillips Co. v. United States, 564
F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing Preseault v. United States, 100 F.3d 1525, 1533 (Fed. Cir.
1996)). And so, the Court also does not reach this issue.

                                                                                                          22
motions for summary judgment.

      Each party to bear their own costs.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                            s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby
                                            LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY
                                            Judge

                                                                    23