Court Opinion

ID: 8188116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:10:54.19789+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:30.027857
License: Public Domain

Dodge, J.
Congress having expressly consented that the states may, if they choose, tax the shares of stock in national banks, with certain limitations, and may also tax the real estate of the banking association (sec. 5219, R. S. of U. S. [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3502]), 'the present tax finds no obstacle in the federal origin of the appellant corporation, and we have only to consider whether the law of Wisconsin,, as it existed in 1901, authorized it.
See. 1034:, Stats. 1898, under title XIII, “Taxation,” commands that taxes “be levied on all property in this state except such as is exempted therefrom.” Confessedly, see. 1038,. Stats. 1898, prescribing exemptions, does not include suchi property as that now involved. However, in the banking act adopted in 1866 (ch. 102, see. 1), we find the further provision, “No tax shall hereafter be assessed upon the capital of any bank or banking association organized under the authority of this state,” made applicable by sec. 2 to national banks within the state. Here, if anywhere, must be found the exemption claimed by appellant. The question obviously crystallizes into the inquiry whether the capital of a banking as*18sociation, as tbe word is used in this act, includes the specific property purchased with money contributed as capital.
The words “capital” and “capital stock,” often used interchangeably, are found in tax laws to- be applied to one or an-' other of three different mental conceptions: first, to the shares or interest which the stockholders have in a corporation; secondly, to the money or property which the incorporators contribute and transfer to the corporation as capital, and which thus becomes its property; and, thirdly, the word is often used as a mere measure of size of the corporation as a test for graduating taxes, usually by way of license. Beyond doubt the word is used in this law in the second sense, for the first is clearly distinguished in the same section by use of the phrase “shares of stock,” and the third is obviously not contemplated.
The capital of a corporation is defined as “the funds paid in by the stockholders to be used and managed by the association for banking purposes.” State Bank v. Milwaukee, 18 Wis. 281, 284. A distinguishing feature is that it becomes the property of the corporation, as differentiated from the component stockholders. It may originally consist of money or specific property, but with banks, as with most other business corporations, money paid in as capital never remains m specie for any considerable time. It almost at once becomes converted into some form of property — bonds, securities, or real estate. If, therefore, the exemption of the capital so industriously proclaimed by the law of 1866 was intended to apply only to the specific funds received from the original contributors while retained in the original form, it would be of so slight practical value or importance as to be not worth the effort of enactment. A further consideration, persuasive though not conclusive, is that intent to impose taxation which is double even from an economic viewpoint is not to be ascribed to legislation in absence of clear and unambiguous expression. People v. Roberts, 32 App. Div. 113, 52 N. Y. Supp. 859; Toll-Bridge Co. v. Osborn, 35 Conn. 7, 20; Ten*19nessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S. 129, 137, 6 Sup. Ct. 645. While it may be conceded that the property of the stockholder in his shares is so legally distinguishable from that of the corporate entity in its specific assets that the legislature might tax both without defiance of any definite constitutional inhibition (Second Ward S. Bank v. Milwaukee, 94 Wis. 587, 69 N. W. 359; State ex rel. Batz v. Lewis, 118 Wis. 432, 95 N. W. 388), yet, broadly viewed, the value of the stock in the hands of the shareholders includes the net value of all the property which the corporation owns; not only tangible property, but also the franchise and any good will from which results probability of profits. When, as is obviously directed by the bank act, the shares are assessed at their full market value, the government exacts taxes upon eveiything of value which the corporation owns, and we should naturally expect to find such reciprocal concession as would relieve the property of the bank from a duplication of tax burdens in- another form. Especially so when in the case of other corporations careful provision against such result is made by wholly exempting the shares when the corporate assets are taxed. Subd. 9, sec. 1038, Stats. 1898. From these reasons arises much improbability that the word “capital” is used so restrictively as to leave subject to taxation property purchased with that which the incorporators originally contributed.
The probability to the contrary is, however, rendered almost a certainty by examination of the conditions and statutes sought to be modified in 1866. Sec. 20, ch. 71, R. S. 1858, required that every banking association, not the shareholders, should pay one and one half per cent, on the amount at par of its capital stock, and provided that “said capital stock shall be exempt from all other taxes except on that portion of said capital stock which shall consist of and include the real property.” “Capital stock” was there used in the same sense as “capital,” for the shareholders’ interest was discriminated and exempted by another clause. There can, of course, be *20no doubt that the expression was there used with intent to include the specific articles of property acquired with the capital, for it was deemed necessary to specify such of that property as it was desired to except from the exemption accorded to capital. Such intent was declared by this couft in State Bank v. Milwaukee, 18 Wis. 281, where it is said that the exemption was from “local taxation on their property.” In this situation came the amendment of 1866, which exempted all the capital, with no exception of that part <5f it invested in real estate. It is inconceivable that the lawmakers meant the same thing in the latter act as in the former. It is contrary to human experience that in amending an act which exempted “capital except real estate” one should exempt “the capital” with no exception, and mean, to continue exactly the same exemption as formerly existed. Reason for increase of the exemption is not wanting. The new law imposed taxes at current rates (generally much in excess of l-g* per cent.) on the full value of the shares of stock itself; also, doubtless, generally in excess of the par value adopted under the earlier law. That full cash value of stock would, as already stated, include the net value of all property which the corporation had, whether acquired with capital, surplus, or deposits, and, in addition, the value of the franchise and good will; hence there was obvious propriety in foregoing attempt to impose tax again on that property m specie.
So far as this court has spoken, its utterances tend to confirm exemption of the property of banks acquired with their capital. State Bank v. Milwaukee, supra, under the old law, has already been mentioned. In Second Ward Savings Bank v. Milwaukee, 94 Wis. 587, 69 N. W. 359, taxability of tire plaintiff’s real estate was sustained only by holding that it had been acquired with and constituted part of the surplus, apparently conceding that it must be exempt if it represented capital. Again, in Hamacker v. Commercial Bank, 95 Wis. 359, 362, 70 N. W. 295, it was said the bank had no personal *21property subject to taxation; apparently merely because it bad no surplus. In State ex rel. Batz v. Lewis, 118 Wis. 432, 95 N. W. 388, the question was not touched; the bolding being merely that the shares of capital were taxable to the holders at actual value by clear statutory declaration, whether the realty of the association were taxed or not.
In many other jurisdictions has been declared identity between the capital of a corporation and the specific property into which the money capital had been transformed. The supreme court of the United States has settled for the whole country that an act of Congress exempting United States bonds is disobeyed by a law taxing the capital of a corporation when that capital has become invested in such bonds. Bank Tax Cases, 2 Wall. 200; Van Allen v. Assessors, 3 Wall. 573; Nat. Bank v. Comm. 9 Wall. 353; Cleveland T. Co. v. Lander, 184 U. S. 111, 22 Sup. Ct. 394. Other cases of interest are Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S. 129, 6 Sup. Ct. 645; Railroad Cos. v. Gaines, 97 U. S. 697, 707; Lackawanna Co. v. First Nat. Bank, 94 Pa. St. 221; Comm’rs v. Citizens’ Nat. Bank, 23 Minn. 280, 288; Hannibal & St. J. R. Co. v. Shacklett, 30 Mo. 550; State, North Ward Nat. Bank v. Newark, 39 N. J. Law, 380; State v. St. Paul U. D. Co. 42 Minn. 142, 43 N. W. 840.
The foregoing considerations constrain us to the conclu- j sion that the legislation in question must be construed as ex-: empting such of the property of a banking association as can! be clearly proved to have been acquired with, and to constitute part of, its capital. We appreciate the difficulties that' may arise in ascertaining whether given items of personalty or realty have been acquired by investment of the capital as distinguished from the surplus or moneys on deposit; but they are not greater than attend many other questions of fact which are cast upon Various tribunals for solution. Doubtless the burden must rest on the association to prove clearly the exempt character of the property, and to show an appro*22priation of tbe very capital to its purchase, not merely purchase out of its general funds made up of deposits, surplus, and capital commixed. In the present case, however, there is no such difficulty, for the real estate in question is shown without doubt to have been purchased with the original capital at the very inception- of the plaintiff association. We therefore conclude that by express statute it was exempt from taxation for 1901, and that the tax levied was void.
Respondents further urge that, although the tax in question be invalid, plaintiff cannot be heard to complain because, as they assert, the assessors valued the shares of capital stock which were assessed to the owners thereof for the year 1901 at less than their true value, and in estimating their value did not include the real estate in question. It is certainly too late at the present time to try the validity or correctness of an assessment upon other property to other owners; nor is such fact at all relevant to plaintiff’s contention. It is thoroughly established that the stockholders, as individuals, are different entities, for the purposes of taxation, from the corporation in which they hold stock, and that their stock interest therein is a wholly distinct property from either the capital owned by the bank or any other of its property. Second Ward S. Bank v. Milwaukee, 94 Wis. 587, 69 N. W. 359; State ex rel. Batz v. Lewis, 118 Wis. 432, 95 N. W. 388; Van Allen v. Assessors, 3 Wall. 573; Nat. Bank v. Comm. 9 Wall. 353. The plaintiff corporation has a right to insist that its exempt property shall not be taxed, whether other property owned by other people has been sufficiently or insufficiently taxed.
It is still further urged by respondents that, in effect, the bank itself purchased this certificate, and that this action cannot be maintained, because it is established that Mark Paine, who nominally holds it, holds subject to the direction of the bank, and no decree of a court of equity is necessary to- cancel his rights, and because, in purchasing the certificate, the bank, in effect, paid its tax voluntarily and cannot now sustain the' *23right which Mark Paine, if a tona fide owner, would have'to demand repayment' from the county upon the establishment of the invalidity of the tax. We need not discuss the legal questions thus raised, as we do not find any evidence to sustain the view that the bank, either technically or in effect, was the purchaser of this certificate. It may be conceded that Mark Paine has none but a dry legal title thereto, resulting from its issue to him; but there is no evidence that such title is held for the benefit of the bank. The only proof on the subject is that Mr. Luse, one of the attorneys for the bank, and doubtless acting for its welfare — for the purpose, as he stated, of preventing injury to its credit from the ownership of a tax certificate by persons adverse or antagonistic to the bank, — borrowed from the bank, upon his promissory note, a sum sufficient to buy this certificate, directed his partner, Mr. Powell, to request Mr. Paine to take and hold the certificate subject to his directions, and it was so purchased. If Mr. Paine holds in trust for any one, apparently Mr. Luse is the person. Now, there was not a word of evidence that there was any agreement by the bank with Mr. Luse to surrender up his note upon the turning over of the certificate to it, nor any agreement on the part of Mr. Luse to so turn it over. An agreement on his part to purchase the certificate with his own money, and to hold it subject to the future desire of the bank to acquire it in case it should be adjudged valid, contains nothing of illegality. There is no question of fraud involved at all._ If the certificate is void, the county is not entitled to the money upon it, and no injury or fraud could be done to the county by an arrangement of that sort; hence whatever arrangement the parties saw fit to make was beyond assault or question by the county. Not even is the county affected by those considerations which warrant the refusal to allow the recovery back of voluntarily paid taxes; for, when that occurs, the municipality has a right to assume that the money is paid finally, and to proceed to expend the *24same for its municipal purposes; and serious injury and embarrassment might well result from its being afterward required to pay it back. For these reasons we conclude, as above stated, that it is not established that the bank is the owner of this certificate or has a right to acquire it without paying for it.
The property being exempt, the tax laid upon it, as also the tax certificate, is void, and plaintiff has a right to judgment to that effect. Also, as against the county, Mark Paine has right to return of the money paid for the certificate by virtue of his legal title thereto. Whether by reason of some trust he may be accountable to Mr. Fuse for that money, is wholly immaterial.
By the Court.- — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to render judgment in accordance with the prayer of the complaint.