Court Opinion

ID: 8688268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 02:45:51.190566+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:57:40.461068
License: Public Domain

OPINION & ORDER

SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.
These cases arise from a disaster that occurred on November 11, 2000, in which a ski train in Kaprun, Austria caught fire, killing 155 people. American and foreign survivors and/or relatives of those who died in the fire brought a number of lawsuits in federal court against numerous defendants alleging, inter alia, negligence and strict liability. The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation assigned these actions to this Court for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings. The actions within this multidistrict litigation (“MDL”) fall easily into two groups — those filed on behalf of American plaintiffs,1 and those filed on behalf of foreign plaintiffs. There are five actions falling in the latter category, and defendants now jointly move to dismiss three of them (“Blaimauer,” “Geier” and “Mitsumoto v. Robert Bosch”) on several grounds, including forum non *440conveniens.2 For the reasons stated below, defendants’ motion is granted, and all five of the foreign plaintiffs’ actions are dismissed.3
1. BACKGROUND4
Both Blaimauer and Geier were filed originally on November 10, 2003, and since have been amended numerous times. According to the most recently amended complaints, the Blaimauer plaintiffs all hail from Germany, Austria, Japan and Slovenia;5 the Geier plaintiffs are all “citizens and/or residents of Germany.”6 The defendants in both actions are identical and include the following parties: Cyalume Technologies Inc., Omniglow Limited Partners of New York (“Omniglow”), Siemens Transportation Systems Inc. (“STS”), Bosch Rexroth Corporation (“Bosch”), Hy-dac Technology Corporation (“Hydac”) and Wika Instrument Corporation (“Wika”).
Because all defendants named in Blai-mauer and Geier are American corporations, this Court presumably has federal diversity jurisdiction pursuant to section 1332 of title 28 of the United States Code.7 Although several defendants’ individually-filed motions to dismiss raise colorable jurisdictional questions, I do not reach them here, as this Court “has discretion to respond at once to a defendant’s forum non conveniens plea, and need not take up first any other threshold objection.”8
II. APPLICABLE LAW
A. Collateral Estoppel
“Under the doctrine of offensive collateral estoppel, a plaintiff may preclude a defendant from relitigating an issue the *441defendant has previously litigated and lost to another plaintiff.”9 In order to bar a defendant from raising a legal issue on collateral estoppel grounds, a plaintiff must show that (1) the issues in both proceedings are identical; (2) the issue in the prior proceeding was actually litigated and decided; (3) the defendant had a “ ‘full and fair opportunity’ ” to litigate the issue in the prior proceeding; and (4) “ ‘the issue previously litigated ... [was] necessary to support a valid and final judgment on the merits.’ ”10
B. Forum Non Conveniens
“Forum non conveniens is a discretionary device permitting a court in rare instances to dismiss a claim even if the court is a permissible venue with proper jurisdiction over the claim.”11 The doctrine authorizes courts to dismiss cases where “an alternative forum has jurisdiction to hear the case, and when trial in the chosen forum would establish ... oppressiveness and vexation to a defendant ... out of all proportion to plaintiffs convenience.” 12 Courts may decline to exercise jurisdiction under this doctrine when it is determined that, weighing “relative advantages and obstacles to fair trial” in the alternative fora, and the practical considerations of which forum will “make trial of a case [more] easy, expeditious and inexpensive,” “the balance is strongly in favor” of the defendant’s request for dismissal in favor of a more convenient forum.13
In deciding whether to dismiss for forum non conveniens, courts in this Circuit undertake a three-step analysis. First, courts determine the degree of deference due the plaintiffs choice of forum.14 Second, courts examine whether there is an adequate alternative forum for the dispute.15 Third, courts engage in a balanced assessment of the competing private interests of the parties in the choice of forum, and the public interests of the alternative fora under consideration.16 Throughout this analysis, the defendant bears the burden of showing that each step “tilt[s] strongly in favor of trial in the foreign forum.”17 “The action should be dismissed only if the chosen forum is shown to be genuinely inconvenient and the selected forum significantly preferable.”18
1. The Degree of Deference Accorded a Plaintiffs Choice of Forum
“Any review of a forum non conveniens motion starts with ‘a strong presumption in favor of the plaintiffs choice of forum.’ ”19 However, the strength of this *442presumption, and the degree of deference due the plaintiffs selection, “varies with the circumstances.”20 The degree of deference to be accorded the plaintiffs choice of forum is not determinative of the final outcome; rather, it merely re-calibrates the scales for the remaining two steps of the analysis.21 “[T]he greater the degree of deference to which the plaintiffs choice of forum is entitled, the stronger a showing of inconvenience the defendant must make to prevail in securing forum non conveniens dismissal.”22 Conversely, where less deference is due, “the easier it becomes for the defendant to succeed on a forum non conveniens motion by showing that convenience would be better served by litigating in another country’s courts.”23
A “plaintiffs choice of forum is generally entitled to great deference when the plaintiff has sued in the plaintiffs home forum.” 24 “The reason great deference is generally afforded a plaintiffs choice of its home forum ‘is because it is presumed to be convenient.’ ”25 By contrast, the choice of a United States forum by a foreign plaintiff is entitled to less deference, for the presumption that the choice is convenient “is much less reasonable.”26
Courts must also consider whether the plaintiffs choice of forum appears to be “motivated by desire to impose tactical disadvantage on the defendant.”27 Additionally, where indicia of forum shopping are present, the presumption in favor of the plaintiffs choice of forum “may not apply, either at all or with full force.”28 Indicia of forum shopping may include: “attempts to win a tactical advantage resulting from local laws that favor the plaintiffs case ... [and] the inconvenience and expense to the defendant resulting from litigation in that forum.”29
2. Adequacy of the Alternate Forum
After determining the appropriate degree of deference to accord plaintiffs choice, “the court must consider whether an adequate alternative forum exists.”30 The movant bears the burden to demonstrate the adequacy of the alternate forum.31 “Ordinarily, this requirement will be satisfied when the defendant is amenable to process in the other jurisdiction. In rare circumstances, however, where the remedy offered by the other forum is clearly unsatisfactory, the other forum may not be an adequate alternative, and the initial requirement may not be satisfied.” 32 The mere fact that the substantive law in the alternative forum is less favorable to the plaintiffs is not sufficient to show that the alternative forum is inadequate.33 However, proposed alternative *443fora have been ruled inadequate “where the alternative forum does not permit litigation of the subject matter of the dispute,” 34 and where “a statute of limitations bars the bringing of a case in a foreign forum that would be timely in the United States.”35
However, it is the plaintiff that carries the burden of proof when contesting the adequacy of the alternate forum on the basis that the court system is corrupt or inefficient, because “considerations of comity preclude a court from adversely judging the quality of a foreign justice system absent a showing of inadequate procedural safeguards.”36 Courts are reluctant “ ‘to assume the responsibility for supervising the integrity of the judicial system of another sovereign nation.’ ”37 Consequently, “[t]he ‘alternative forum is too corrupt to be adequate’ argument does not enjoy a particularly impressive track record.”38 Along those lines, in Tuazon v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., the Ninth Circuit held that the trial court erred in concluding that the Philippines was an inadequate forum, where that conclusion relied on plaintiffs “general allegations” of corruption and delay in the Philippine court system.39 In other words, in order for a plaintiff to establish successfully the inadequacy of an alternative forum, she must “plainly demonstrate that [she is] highly unlikely to obtain basic justice [in the foreign jurisdiction].”40
3. Balancing Public and Private Factors
With respect to the third stage of a forum non conveniens analysis, the first set of factors courts must consider are the relative conveniences to the parties of litigating in plaintiffs chosen forum or in the alternative forum proposed by defendant.41 These factors encompass: “ ‘the relative ease of access to sources of proof; availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling [witnesses], and the cost of obtaining attendance of willing[] witnesses ... and all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and inexpensive.’ ”42 In undertaking this analysis, courts should examine the specifics of the claims: “[r]ather than simply characterizing the case as one in negligence, contract, or some other area of law, the court should focus on the precise issues that are likely to be actually tried.”43 However, courts need not undertake to identify all “the rights, remedies, and procedures available under the law that would be applied in each forum.”44
The second set of factors courts must balance are those of public convenience. “Public interest factors include: court con-*444gestión; the interest of forums in having local disputes decided at home; and, the interest in having issues of law decided by courts of the nation whose law is involved.” 45
III. DISCUSSION
A. Collateral Estoppel
As a threshold consideration, plaintiffs argue that the doctrine of collateral estoppel precludes defendants moving for forum non conveniens dismissal.46 Plaintiffs present this as their strongest defense against defendants’ joint motion, but it may be disposed of swiftly. The prior proceeding underpinning plaintiffs’ collateral estoppel claim is a previous decision by this Court denying a motion to dismiss the American plaintiffs’ Habblett cases for forum non conveniens.47 Foreign plaintiffs contend that collateral estoppel applies because “nothing has changed” since that ruling, in which the Court addressed issues “virtually identical” to those raised by defendants’ present motion.48 This analogy is just as disingenuous as it is unavailing, for it glosses over a stark and critical distinction that has been reiterated time and again, which is that the Habblett plaintiffs are all American citizens. By any reading of Ski Train III, the fact that the Habblett plaintiffs are American citizens (two of whom then resided in the Southern District of New York) was a decisive factor in the Court’s forum non conveniens analysis.49 Because the issues currently before the Court are not identical to those previously litigated, plaintiffs’ invocation of the collateral estoppel doctrine must fail.
B. Forum Non Conveniens
1. Deference to Plaintiffs’ Choice of Forum
From the outset, because none of these plaintiffs is an American citizen, plaintiffs’ choice of the United States as a forum commands “considerably less” deference than it would if this country were their home.50 Additionally, defendants urge this Court to accord plaintiffs’ forum choice zero deference on the grounds that it was based on impermissible forum shopping.51 As the Second Circuit has recognized, where a foreign plaintiff has chosen a United States forum, “a plausible likelihood exists that the selection was made for forum shopping reasons, -such as the perception that United States courts award higher damages than are common in other countries.”52 This likelihood rises dramatically in situations where neither the plaintiffs nor the event giving rise to the lawsuit have any “bona fide connection[s]” to the United States.53 While defendants proffer no hard evidence that plaintiffs’ decision was aimed at obtaining an impermissible tactical advantage, procedural considerations such as fee awards raise a *445strong inference that forum shopping motivated foreign plaintiffs’ decision to sue in the United States.54
To start, defendants observe that nowhere in plaintiffs’ opposition do they articulate a single legitimate, substantiated justification for electing to pursue their claims in the United States.55 Defendants further suggest that the following factors are suggestive of forum shopping: plaintiffs are more likely to get higher damages awards and contingency fees for attorneys in the United States; plaintiffs are not suing to enforce federal laws;56 these are diversity actions arising in Austria and governed by Austrian law;57 all plaintiffs hail from Europe and Asia, thus rendering the United States a comparatively inconvenient forum; and in at least one instance, plaintiffs brought suit against the American affiliate of a real party in interest merely “in a transparent attempt to secure diversity jurisdiction in federal court.”58 Taken together, these considerations — particularly the last one, which plaintiffs neglect to oppose and which is more fully discussed below — are probative of forum shopping.59
As foreigners, plaintiffs properly can invoke this Court’s diversity jurisdiction by bringing suit against American business entities, ie., STS, a Delaware corporation; Hydac, a Pennsylvania corporation; and Wika, a New York corporation. Plaintiffs, however, cannot bring suit in this Court where another foreign entity is named as the primary defendant, for such party would destroy diversity.60 For example, it is no mystery that plaintiffs do not name Siemens Austria as a defendant even though it is the only Siemens entity that built systems for the Kaprun train.61 Nor do plaintiffs name Siemens AG as a defendant, a German corporation with its principal place of business in Munich, although Siemens AG supplied Siemens Austria with parts that may have been incorporated on the train systems (and thus Siemens *446AG has long since been a defendant in the Habblett cases).62 Facts borne out in the early stages of these suits indicate that plaintiffs were aware at the time they filed their initial complaints that the allegations contained therein implicate Siemens Austria and Siemens AG more than any other Siemens entity.63 Tellingly, plaintiffs target the allegations in their amended complaints at the foreign affiliates of STS, to wit the “SIEMENS-Transportation ... entities located in Germany or Austria.”64 In order to overcome the jurisdictional hurdles of pursuing their claims in this forum, plaintiffs were forced to sue STS, whose only alleged connection to the Ka-prun disaster is the wrongdoing of its foreign affiliates.65 That there are powerful indicators that plaintiffs are suing STS solely to preserve diversity — in effect using STS as a conduit for asserting claims against real parties in interest who are foreign — leads this Court to accord very little deference to plaintiffs’ choice of forum.66
C. Austria as an Adequate Forum
Defendants have met their burden of demonstrating the adequacy of an alternative forum. Defendants offer unrebut-ted evidence that Austria has an effective and efficient judicial system,67 bolstering this Court’s own previous finding that Aus*447tria provides an adequate alternative forum for litigating disputes arising out of the Kaprun disaster.68 Additionally, the fact that all foreign plaintiffs presently are pursuing actions in Austrian courts arising out of the ski train fire dramatically undercuts any argument that Austria is an inadequate forum.69 Specifically, it belies plaintiffs’ conelusory and wholly unsubstantiated claim that Austrian courts have “already pre-judged the victim [sic] claims.”70 Nor do plaintiffs offer any bases for their assertion that Austria is an inadequate alternative forum because the “majority of the defendants” are “not subject to the jurisdiction of [Austrian] courts.”71 The second requirement for forum non conveniens dismissal is satisfied.
D. Balancing of Public and Private Interests
1. Private Convenience Factors
Defendants show that private interest factors weigh in favor of dismissal. No relevant events occurred in the United States, no relevant evidence is located in this county, and most key defendants and key witnesses (including most plaintiffs) are found in Austria or elsewhere in Europe. Plaintiffs argue that “everything that has occurred in this case in the last five years strengths [sic] the Courts [sic] keeping the plaintiffs [sic] claims in the United States,” but the record in these cases demonstrates precisely the opposite.72 Plaintiffs cannot refute defendants’ observation that only “desultory progress” has been made in these cases since they were filed in 2003, and what little progress has been made relates largely to the jurisdictional hurdles plaintiffs face in prosecuting their actions in this forum.73 For example, since December 2006, much of the parties’ time and efforts have been spent addressing plaintiffs’ attempts to marshal evidence in support of their motion for this Court to reconsider, pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 60(b), its previous ruling dismissing defendant Gletscherbahnen Ka-prun Aktiengesellsehaft (“GBK”) from this MDL for lack of personal jurisdiction.74 *448And nearly all of the discovery that plaintiffs list as having been accomplished in these actions relate solely to preliminary considerations such as jurisdiction and standing, which remain unresolved.75 With respect to these plaintiffs’ actions that name sovereign entities as defendants, no progress has been made at all, for several of these entities are contesting service and/or moving to quash plaintiffs’ subpoenas and deposition notices on the grounds that this Court already ruled — in previous actions filed by the same counsel who represent foreign plaintiffs here — that personal and/or subject matter jurisdiction was lacking.76 Defendants also point out that to date, there has been no discovery of the individual foreign plaintiffs in the Blaimauer case — not a single plaintiff has been deposed.77 For the purposes of defendants’ present motion, the key point is that vast amounts of time and energy have been expended simply in attempts to overcome severe jurisdictional obstacles, without any significant progress being made toward a resolution of these cases.
Nor do plaintiffs refute defendants’ contentions that the difficulties the American plaintiffs’ have had in pursuing their Ka-prun-related litigation here in the United States reinforces the conclusion that Austria would be a far more convenient forum.78 Effectively all documentary evidence in the American plaintiffs’ actions has come from Europe, and the same will be true of these actions.79 Moreover, the *449logistical difficulties of obtaining all relevant evidence and having it translated into a useable form for this Court are particularly burdensome in light of the record that exists from the criminal trial relating to the ski train fire that took place in Salzburg, Austria, in 2002.80 Sixteen people were tried, including two state officials; the trial involved sixty days of hearings, testimony from ninety-five witnesses,81 numerous expert reports and testimony from court-appointed experts.82 On February 19, 2004, the trial court rendered its verdict acquitting the individual defendants, and also issued a 372-page opinion examining, in detail, the fire, its causes, and the responsibilities of various entities and individuals.83 It would indeed be “incomprehensibly cumbersome, incredibly costly and time-consuming” to attempt to obtain and translate all of this testimony and tangible evidence.84
Most of the witnesses necessary to prosecute the foreign plaintiffs’ cases also hail from Europe (even apart from the plaintiffs themselves). Plaintiffs claim, without basis, that “[wjhistleblower witnesses have come forward with critical evidence that can only be presented in the United States and others [sic],”85 but this is patently false, as the Court is aware that both “whistleblowers,” Georg Schwarz and Maria Steiner, testified at the Austrian criminal trial, and that neither conveyed information during their recent depositions that could be construed as critical.86 And plaintiffs’ further assurance that “all witnesses who plaintiffs intend to call as witnesses will voluntarily appear” hardly tips the scales at all, for defendants have implied that the third-party witnesses who defendants would require to defend these suits currently reside in Europe and may not be amenable to appearing in a United States courtroom.87 This Court cannot compel the testimony of non-party witnesses living in Austria.
Plaintiffs bootstrap their argument that private convenience factors tip against dismissal on this Court’s previous decision in Ski Train III. As noted above, plaintiffs’ reliance on that opinion is misplaced, for it addressed forum non conveniens issues with respect to the Habblett cases. As a threshold comparison, because the plaintiffs in those actions are American, the *450Court properly accorded their forum choice much greater deference than it accords here.88 Moreover, in Ski Train III, the Court expressly stated that the convenience of the named plaintiffs was a “most important” factor to its forum non convenience analysis.89 Had the named plaintiffs not been American, the Court’s balancing of private conveniences would have been very different. Here, the fact that all plaintiffs are non-U.S. residents “severely limits any interest they may have in pursuing their claims in this forum.” 90
Another private interest that weighs heavily in favor of dismissal here — which was not present in the Habblett cases — is the fact that defendants will be unable to implead certain foreign parties as third-party defendants because doing so would defeat diversity.91 For instance, in light of the Austrian trial court’s findings suggesting that GBK, “if anyone,” shoulders a large portion of responsibility for the Ka-prun accident, the fact that defendants are foreclosed from impleading third-parties such as GBK strongly militates in favor of forum non conveniens dismissal.92
Lastly, plaintiffs fail to address the fact that Austria does not recognize foreign judgments, and thus no decision rendered in this litigation would be accorded res judicata effect in Austria.93 The Court’s concern that defendants could not achieve complete finality if they are ultimately absolved of liability in this forum is heightened by the fact that many plaintiffs have commenced their own suits in Austria. As defendants note, a “defense judgment in these actions would have no effect on whether a company such as GBK who is a defendant in the Austrian suits could seek contribution or indemnity from STS or the *451other co-defendants.”94 The inability to enforce whatever judgment results in this forum supports forum non conveniens dismissal.95
2. Public Convenience Factors
The balance of public interests also weighs heavily in favor of dismissal. First, there is no dispute that the Kaprun tragedy was the most deadly national tragedy in Austria since World War II. Accordingly, Austria undoubtedly has a significant “ ‘local interest in having [this] localized controvers[y] decided at home.’ ”96 As this Court has noted previously, Austria’s interest in all Kaprun-re-lated litigation is “far greater” than New York’s interest, given that “many if not most of the 155 victims were Austrian, the safety of Austria’s transportation system is implicated”, and “much of the alleged wrongful conduct [was committed] within Austria’s borders.”97 Second, for many of the same reasons, it is a virtual certainty that Austrian law will govern most issues in these cases.98 Although this Court previously found that the necessity of broaching questions of Austrian law did not warrant the dismissal of Ka-prun-related litigation, defendants now argue, convincingly, that recent proceedings in Austria “highlight the massive commitment of resources that Austria has made, over which plaintiffs in the[se] cases explicitly ask this Court to pass judgment.”99 The Austrian trial court which oversaw the 2002 criminal proceeding reserved the right of victims, survivors and their families to pursue civil lawsuits under Austrian tort law. Many such lawsuits were subsequently filed. The Austrian government formed a mediation committee for the purpose of actively promoting the settlement of Kaprun-related litigation.100 Although the existence of these related civil proceedings is not decisive, plaintiffs’ total failure to address this issue is troubling, especially because many of the foreign plaintiffs here are pursuing potentially overlapping individual lawsuits in Austria.
Plaintiffs also neglect defendants’ assertions that because Austrian tort law is undergoing reexamination and revision in the wake of the Kaprun disaster, the task of ascertaining and applying Austrian law will be unusually difficult.101 To the extent that this Court is willing to apply even the most complicated or convoluted principles of foreign law, it is of some concern that plaintiffs implicitly are urging this Court to “simply ignore what is transpiring in Austria ....”102 As the Supreme Court has instructed, the avoidance of such “unnecessary problems in conflict of laws” supports forum non conveniens dismissal.103
*452Plaintiffs make the outlandish statement that because the “Kaprun Criminal Process” is over “there is no longer any public or private interest in Austria for the claims to be adjudicated there.” 104 Such sweeping conclusions cannot rescue these foreign plaintiffs from the obvious: their U.S. cases have “dragged on for years, without resolution of the threshold jurisdictional issues, let alone development [or complete discovery] of the merits” of their claims, due to the inconvenience of litigating them in this forum — an inconvenience that is “out of all proportion” to plaintiffs’ purported convenience.105
III. CONCLUSION
In accordance with this Court’s findings that plaintiffs’ choice of forum is entitled to greatly diminished deference, that Austria is an adequate alternative forum, and that the scales of convenience tip overwhelmingly in favor of dismissal, all five actions within this MDL brought solely on behalf of foreign plaintiffs are dismissed on the ground of forum non conveniens.106 The Clerk of Court is directed to close these cases [Nos. 03 Civ. 8960; 03 Civ. 8961; 06 Civ. 2811; 07 Civ. 935; 07 Civ. 3881].107
SO ORDERED.

. See, e.g., Habblett v. Omni-Glow Corp., Nos. 01 MDL 1428, 02 Civ. 2492 (filed April 1, 2002) Civ. 2492 (filed April 1, 2002); Habblett v. Siemens AG, Nos. 01 MDL 1428, 01 Civ. 6554 (filed July 19, 2001). Hereafter, I refer to the cases brought on behalf of American plaintiffs as the “Habblett cases.”

. The parties have engaged in extensive motion practice. To avoid repetitive briefing, only one defendant, Siemens Transportations Systems, Inc., briefed the motion to dismiss Blaimauer and Geier on the ground of forum non conveniens, which the remaining Blaimauer and Geier defendants incorporated by reference into their individually-filed motions to dismiss. Similarly, the defendants in Mitsumoto v. Robert Bosch jointly move for dismissal on the ground of forum non conveniens, as briefed by Exxon Mobil. See Memorandum of Law in Support of Exxon Mobil Corporation's Motion to Dismiss ("Exxon Mem.”) at 13-22. Motions to dismiss have not yet been filed in Mitsumoto v. The Republic of Austria (all briefing of dis-positive motions was stayed pending service of plaintiffs’ amended complaint on sovereign defendants), or in Stadman v. Austrian Nat’l Tourist Office Inc. (filed May 17, 2007).

. Because I dismiss these actions based on forum non conveniens, I do not reach defendants' alternative arguments for dismissal, such as those predicated on statutes of limitations.

. For a more thorough discussion of the procedural history of this MDL, see In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11, 2000, Nos. 01 MDL 1428, 01 Civ. 6554, 01 Civ. 7242, 04 Civ. 1402, 2005 WL 1523508, at *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 2005) ("Ski Train I”); In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11, 2000, 230 F.Supp.2d 403, 404 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (“Ski Train II"). There have been many more rulings in this MDL than I cite herein; it is only for ease of reference that throughout this Opinion, I assign these decisions consecutive roman numerals in the order in which I refer to them.

. See Blaimauer Fourth Amended Complaint (“Blaimauer 4th Amend. Compl.”) ¶ 3.

. Geier Fourth Amended Complaint {“Geier 4th Amend. Compl.”) ¶ 3.

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

. Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp., - U.S. -, -, 127 S.Ct. 1184, 1188, 167 L.Ed.2d 15 (2007) (holding that "a court need not resolve whether it has authority to adjudicate the cause (subject-matter jurisdiction) or personal jurisdiction over the defendant if it determines that, in any event,” the case may be properly dismissed under the doctrine of forum non con-veniens).

. Faulkner v. National Geographic Enters. Inc., 409 F.3d 26, 37 (2d Cir.2005) (citing Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 329, 99 S.Ct. 645, 58 L.Ed.2d 552 (1979)).

. Id. (quoting Gelb v. Royal Globe Ins. Co., 798 F.2d 38, 44 (2d Cir.1986)).

. Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 226 F.3d 88, 100 (2d Cir.2000) (quotations and citation omitted).

. Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 241, 102 S.Ct. 252, 70 L.Ed.2d 419 (1981) (quotations and citation omitted).

. Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508, 67 S.Ct. 839, 91 L.Ed. 1055 (1947).

. See Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 73 (2d Cir.2001) (en banc).

. See id.

. See id. at 73-74.

. Wiwa, 226 F.3d at 108. Accord P.T. United Can Co. v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 138 F.3d 65, 74 (2d Cir.1998).

. Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 74-75.

. Norex Petroleum Ltd. v. Access Indus., Inc., 416 F.3d 146, 154 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 255, 102 S.Ct. 252).

. Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 71.

. See id. at 73-74.

. Id. at 74.

. Id. at 72.

. Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 255, 102 S.Ct. 252.

. Norex Petroleum, 416 F.3d at 154 (quoting Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 71).

. Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 256, 102 S.Ct. 252.

.Iragorri, 21A F.3d at 73.

. Norex Petroleum, 416 F.3d at 154.

. Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 72. Accord Norex Petroleum, 416 F.3d at 155.

. Iragorri, 21A F.3d at 73.

. See Norex Petroleum, 416 F.3d at 157.

. Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 255 n. 22, 102 S.Ct. 252.

. See id. at 247, 102 S.Ct. 252.

. Id.

. Norex Petroleum, 416 F.3d at 159. With respect to the cases at bar, plaintiffs do not allege that their claims must be brought in the United States because they would be time-barred in Austria.

. P.T. United Can, 138 F.3d at 73.

. Id. (quoting Blanco v. Banco Indus. de Venezuela, S.A., 997 F.2d 974, 982 (2d Cir.1993)).

. Eastman Kodak Co. v. Kavlin, 978 F.Supp. 1078, 1084 (S.D.Fla.1997) (collecting cases).

. 433 F.3d 1163, 1178-80 (9th Cir.2006) (affirming dismissal on other grounds).

. Leon v. Million Air, Inc., 251 F.3d 1305, 1312 (11th Cir.2001).

. See Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 73.

. Id. at 73-74 (quoting Gulf Oil, 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. 839).

. Id. at 74.

. Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 252, 102 S.Ct. 252.

. Carey v. Bayerische Hypo-Und Vereinsbank, A.G., 370 F.3d 234, 237 (2d Cir.2004).

. See Plaintiffs' Response to [Second] Motion to Dismiss Based on Alleged Forum Non Conveniens and Statute of Limitations Grounds ("PI.Mem.'') at 6-8.

. See In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11, 2000, 230 F.Supp.2d 376 (S.D.N.Y.2002) ("Ski Train III").

. Pl. Mem. at 9.

. See Ski Train III, 230 F.Supp.2d at 388.

. Gilstrap v. Radianz, Ltd., 443 F.Supp.2d 474, 479 (S.D.N.Y.2006).

. See Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Siemens Transportation Systems, Inc.'s Motion to Dismiss ("STS Reply Mem.”) at 7.

. Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 72.

. Id.

. See Pollux Holding Ltd. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 329 F.3d 64, 73 (2d Cir.2003) (in assessing the degree of deference to accord a plaintiff's choice of forum, courts should look to the plaintiff's "likely motivations in light of all the relevant indications”).

. See STS Reply Mem at 9. The only legitimate reason for choosing a U.S. forum suggested in plaintiffs’ brief is that "[w]histle-blower witnesses have come forward with critical evidence that can only be presented in the United States and others [sic].” PL Mem. at 4. But these "whistleblower witnesses” did not come forward until sometime in 2006, years after plaintiffs first filed these actions in federal court.

. Cf. DiRienzo v. Philip Servs. Corp., 294 F.3d 21, 28 (2d Cir.2002) (reasonable to presume that foreign plaintiffs invoking United States securities laws would choose United States forum for convenience).

. Cf. Gilstrap, 443 F.Supp.2d at 479.

. STS Reply Mem. at 8.

. See Strategic Value Master Fund, Ltd. v. Cargill Fin. Servs. Corp., 421 F.Supp.2d 741, 762 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (according less deference to foreign plaintiffs' choice of forum where plaintiffs decided not to sue the real party in interest (an English company with its principal place of business in England), but rather its affiliate (a Delaware corporation), in order to preserve diversity jurisdiction).

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(2).

. See Memorandum of Law in Support of Siemens Transportation Systems, Inc.'s Motion to Dismiss ("STS Mem.”) at 7-8. Prior to foreign plaintiffs' filing of these actions, the American plaintiffs had identified Siemens AG, Siemens Corporation and Siemens Austria as parties in interest and named them as defendants in the Habblett cases. In 2002, this Court granted Siemens Austria's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and denied Siemens AG’s motion to dismiss on the same grounds. See Ski Train III, 230 F.Supp.2d at 376.

. See STS Mem. at 8.

. See id.

. Blaimauer 4th Amend. Compl. ¶ 73; Geier 4th Amend. Compl. ¶ 73.

. Compared to its foreign affiliates, STS is only remotely connected to the wrongdoing alleged in plaintiffs' complaints. See STS Mem. at 2 (noting that STS has never been named as a defendant in the Habblett cases). Prior to amending their complaints for a fourth time, plaintiffs had named Siemens AG and Siemens Austria as defendants "doing business as” Siemens Corporation, STS, and a host of other U.S.-based Siemens companies. In their Fourth Amended Complaints, plaintiffs ultimately dropped all Siemens entities save for STS as defendants. See Blaimauer 4th Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 68; 73; Geier 4th Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 67, 72. Additionally, because foreign plaintiffs' claims against Siemens Corporation were recently dismissed with prejudice from a parallel New York state action, their federal court claims against Siemens Corporation would likely be barred as a result of res judicata. See Order, Mitsumoto v. Bosch Rexroth AG, No. 06/105008 (Sup.Ct.N.Y.Co. Dec. 8, 2006).

. See Capital Currency Exch., N.V. v. Nat'l Westminster Bank PLC, 155 F.3d 603, 612 (2d Cir.1998) ("Because the real parties in interest are foreign corporations, there is not a strong presumption in favor of the plaintiffs' choice of forum.”). See also Pollux Holding Ltd., 329 F.3d at 74 ("[A] plaintiff's choice to initiate suit in the defendant’s home forum ... only merits heightened deference to the extent that the plaintiff and the case possess bona fide connections to, and convenience factors favor, that forum.”). That plaintiffs are using American corporations as a pretext for asserting claims against their foreign affiliates who are the real parties in interest is most obvious as to STS, although Wika argues a similar point in its separately filed motion to dismiss. To wit, Wika argues— unopposed — that even accepting plaintiffs' allegations as true, by the complaints' plain language, the real parties in interest are clearly Wika's foreign affiliates, rather than Wika itself. See Wika Amended Memorandum of Law in Further Support of Wika Instrument Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss at 2-5 (citing, inter alia, Blaimauer 4th Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 114-116, stating that "Wika is the subsidiary, alter ego, actual and/or de facto agent for their German foreign parents Defendant WIKA” and that "Defendant WIKA works together with and provides technology, materials, equipment and services, to other Defendants ... which were involved with The Train, Tunnel, Alpine Center & Valley Station”).

.See Expert Report of Austrian Superior Court Judge Georg E. Kodek ("Kodek Report”), Exhibit ("Ex.”) B to Declaration of Ryan M. Morettini, counsel for STS ("Moretti-niDecl.”) ¶¶ 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.

. See Ski Train III, 230 F.Supp.2d at 387-88 (noting that although plaintiffs raised “serious questions going to the integrity of the criminal investigation in Austria,” it is the integrity of Austria’s judicial system — “not that of the executive branch” — that is important to the forum non conveniens inquiry).

. Indeed, plaintiffs’ counsel has informed the Court that each foreign plaintiff (either individually or as a family) currently has an action pending in an Austrian court against at least one defendant, arising out of the Kaprun disaster. See 6/18/07 Email from Edward D. Fagan, counsel for foreign plaintiffs, to the Court. See also STS Mem. Appendix 2 (listing the thirty-four Blaimauer plaintiffs and seven Geier plaintiffs with actions pending in Austria, as well as the corresponding Austrian case numbers and the names of plaintiffs’ local counsel).

. PL Mem. at 4.

. Id. Plaintiffs do not dispute defendants’ observation that STS, along with other defendant corporations, have foreign affiliates that are much more closely linked to the allegedly tortious conduct spelled out in plaintiffs’ complaints, and that these foreign affiliates would be subject to the jurisdiction of an Austrian court. See STS Reply Mem. at 7-9; Blai-mauer 4th Amend. Compl. ¶ 73 (alleging wrongdoing on the part of “SIEMENS-Transportation” entities "located in Germany and Austria”); Geier 4th Amend. Compl. ¶ 72 (same).

. PI. Mem. at 9.

. STS Mem. at 11.

. See In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11, 2000, No. 01 MDL 1428, 2003 WL 22909153, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Dec.9, 2003) ("Ski Train IV”); Foreign Plaintiffs' Motion for Rule 60 and Other Relief as Against GBK, relating to 03 Civ. 8960, 03 Civ. 8961, 06 Civ. 2811 (dated “January 11 & 16, 2007”). GBK is a privately held corporation that has its principal place of business in Kaprun, Aus*448tria; GBK owns and operates a ski resort located on Kitzsteinhorn Mountain, including the ski train and tunnel involved in the accident. See Ski Train IV, 2003 WL 22909153, at *1. In April of this year, days of depositions took place in Austria of the purported "whis-tleblowers” that plaintiffs claimed would support their motion to have GBK brought back in as a party to this MDL. These depositions were attended by nearly all counsel involved in foreign plaintiffs' actions, in light of plaintiffs’ representations that one of the whistle-blowers would testify as to first-hand technical knowledge of the train operations and the dangerous products that were allowed to be put on the train. See 12/18/06 Conference Transcript (12/18/06 "Conf. Tr.”) at 41-42. Ultimately, this proved untrue. See A/12/01 Translated Deposition Transcript of Georg Schwarz ("Schwarz Tr.”) at 44-45, Ex. 2 to Declaration of Paul P. Rooney, counsel for Bosch Rexroth Corporation, in Support of Defendant Bosch Rexroth Corporation's Motion to Sanction Plaintiffs’ Counsel Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and to Disqualify Plaintiffs’ Counsel (filed 5/17/07) ("Rooney Decl.”).

. See Pl. Mem. at 3-5. Defendants note that plaintiffs’ opposition sets forth numerous factual allegations in "a series of unelaborated and unsupported bulletpoints” that lack any citation to the record. . STS Reply Mem. at 11.

. See Memorandum of Law of Oesterreich-ische Electrizitaetswirtschafts AG and Ver-bund-Austrian Hydro Power AG in Further Support of their Motion to Quash the Subpoena Duces Tecum and Deposition Notice (filed 2/7/07 in Mitsumoto v. Republic of Austria, 06 Civ. 2811) ("OE-AG Mem.”) at 2-4; Kern v. Oesteireichische Elektrizitaetswirtschaft Ag ("OE-AG”), 178 F.Supp.2d 367 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (dismissing complaint against OE-AG for lack of subject matter jurisdiction); In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11, 2000, Nos. 01 MDL 1428, 01 Civ. 7342, 2003 WL 1807148, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Apr.4, 2003) (dismissing complaint against Verbund-Austrian Hydro Power AG for lack of personal jurisdiction); 12/18/06 Conf. Tr. at 11-14 (plaintiffs' counsel acknowledging that Austrian sovereign entities had yet to be properly served).

. See STS Reply Mem. at 11.

. See STS Mem. at 25.

. Because Austria is not a party to the Hague Convention, plaintiffs’ efforts to obtain evidence from Austria through letters rogato-ry in these cases has proven time consuming and largely unproductive. See 5/7/06 Letter from B. Ha, former counsel for plaintiffs, to the Court (requesting seventeen letters rogato-ry seeking testimony from Austrian wit*449nesses), Ex. G to Morettini Dec!.; OE-AG Mem. at 1-2 (stating that as of February 7, 2007, plaintiffs had yet to process the Letters Rogatory authorized by this Court on June 26, 2006); 12/18/06 Conf. Tr. at 10-13 (plaintiffs' counsel explaining difficulties encountered in serving letters rogatory).

. See Exxon Mem. at 17 (citing Expert Report and Declaration of Dr. Georg E. Kodek ("Kodek 2007 Deck"), Ex. A to the Declaration of John F. Tully, counsel for ExxonMobil, in Support of ExxonMobil Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss, at §§ 1.5, 4).

. According to defendants, many of these witnesses were questioned by the Austrian attorneys who represent plaintiffs in their respective individual actions currently pending in Austria. See STS Mem. at 14.

. See Kodek 2007 Dec. §§ 1.5, 4.

. The prosecutor appealed this verdict, but the Court of Appeals in Linz, Austria, affirmed the trial court’s judgment on September 27, 2005. See STS Mem. at 14 (citing Kodek 2007 Deck § 1.5). See also Kodek 2007 Deck § 4 (opining that Austrian courts took "unprecedented efforts ... to find out the true cause of this catastrophe” and that the trial court’s judgment offers a "meticulous” and carefully reasoned analysis of the evidence adduced at the criminal trial, which included fifty thousand pages of documents).

. Exxon Mem. at 16.

. Pl. Mem. at 4.

. See Schwarz Tr.; 4/12/07 Translated Deposition Transcript of Maria Steiner, Ex. 7 to Rooney Deck

. STS Reply Mem. at 12.

. See Ski Train III, 230 F.Supp.2d at 387-88.

. Id. at 388 n. 6.

. Matli v. Strategic Minerals Corp., No. 04 Civ. 5555, 2004 WL 2297373, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2004).

. This private convenience factor weighs particularly heavily in favor of dismissal where the action is brought by foreign plaintiffs. See Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 259, 102 S.Ct. 252 ("The District Court correctly concluded that the problems posed by the inability to implead potential third-party defendants clearly supported holding the trial in Scotland.”); Gulf Oil Corp., 330 U.S. at 511, 67 S.Ct. 839 ("Certainly to fix the place of trial at a point where litigants cannot compel personal attendance and may be forced to try their cases on deposition, is to create a condition not satisfactory to the court, jury or most litigants.”); Fitzgerald v. Texaco, Inc., 521 F.2d 448, 453 (2d Cir.1975) ("The inability to implead other parties directly involved in the controversy is a factor which weighs against the retention of jurisdiction in the Southern District of New York.”). See also Strategic Value Master Fund, 421 F.Supp.2d at 770 (defendant's inability to implead foreign third parties favored dismissal); Kilvert v. Tambrands Inc., 906 F.Supp. 790, 796 (S.D.N.Y.1995) ("A defendant's inability to implead other direct tortfeasors has been held to constitute 'clear prejudice’ and thus to point strongly in favor of dismissal .... [W]hen an action involves foreign plaintiffs ... the argument for dismissal is even stronger.” (citation omitted)).

. Plaintiffs' efforts to add GBK as a party to Blaimauer and Geier persist notwithstanding the fact that if they are successful, they will have destroyed the very diversity on which this Court's jurisdiction relies. See In re Ski Train Fire in Kaprun, Austria on Nov. 11, 2000, 198 F.Supp.2d 420, 426-27 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (holding that GBK is not an "agent or instrumentality” of Austria and thus does not qualify as a sovereign entity for purposes of ascertaining jurisdiction), aff'd, 67 Fed.Appx. 24 (2d Cir.2003) (unpublished decision).

. See Kern v. Siemens Corp., 393 F.3d 120, 129 n. 8 (2d Cir.2004) ("questions as to the enforceability of a judgment if one is obtained” weigh in favor of dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds).

. STS Reply Mem. at 14.

. See Gulf Oil, 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. 839 (recognizing the enforceability of a final judgment, if obtained, as a proper forum non conveniens inquiry).

. Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 241 n. 6, 102 S.Ct. 252 (quoting Gulf Oil, 330 U.S. at 509, 67 S.Ct. 839).

. Ski Train III, 230 F.Supp.2d at 390.

. See id. (holding that because Austria was “the locus of the tort” and has a greater interest in the litigation than New York, this Court will “likely be required to apply” Austrian law to plaintiffs’ claims).

. STS Mem. at 15.

. See id.

. See id. (citing Kodek 2007 Decl. § 4).

. Id.

. Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 241 n. 6, 102 S.Ct. 252 (citation omitted).

. PL Mem. at 4.

. Sinochem, 127 S.Ct. at 1190.

. Aside from the fact that Mitsumoto v. The Republic of Austria, No. 06 Civ. 2811, and Stadman v. Austrian Nat’l Tourist Office, No. 07 Civ. 3881, name sovereign entities (amongst others) as defendants, they are so substantially similar to Blaimauer, Geier and Mitsumoto v. Robert Bosch — i.e., all five actions were filed solely on behalf of foreign plaintiffs and arise out of the November 11, 2000 ski train fire in Kaprun, Austria — that a nearly identical forum non conveniens analysis applies, and dictates the same result.

. Because these cases are dismissed on the ground of forum non conveniens, the following motions are now moot: (1) Bartlett, Mc-Donough, Bastone & Monaghan LLP’s Motion to Quash Subpoena Served on Behalf of Foreign Plaintiffs (Docket No. 138; 03 Civ. 8960); (2) Omniglow's Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56 for Lack of Standing (Docket No. 121; 03 Civ. 8960); (3) Foreign Plaintiffs’ Motion to Disqualify and Sanction E. Gordon Haesloop, Esq. and Bartlett, McDonough, Bastone & Monaghan LLP (Docket Nos. 25, 29, 30; 07 Civ. 935); (4) St. Paul Travelers’ Motion to Quash Subpoena Served on Behalf of Foreign Plaintiffs (Docket Nos. 45, 46; 06 Civ. 2811); and (5) Foreign Plaintiffs’ Motion for Rule 60 and Other Relief as Against GBK (Docket No. 48; 06 Civ. 2811). Additionally, several defendants have joined in Bosch Rexroth’s Motion for Sanctions Under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and to Disqualify Edward D. Fagan, Esq. as Plaintiffs’ Counsel (Docket No. 159; 03 Civ. 8960). Although the disqualification portion of this motion is now moot, the Court will address defendants’ request for sanctions in a separate Order.