Court Opinion

ID: 2655678
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-03-05 21:27:22.133817+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:59:34.231454
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/5/14 Nash v. Vincent CA1/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO

JAMES NASH et al.,
          Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                                     A133271
v.
MARLEU VINCENT et al.,                                               (San Francisco County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. CGC10500027)
          Defendants and Respondents.

                                                INTRODUCTION
          Plaintiffs James Nash and Diane Lambert-Nash appeal from an order of the San
Francisco Superior Court granting a motion to quash service of summons for lack of
personal jurisdiction on defendants Marleu Vincent and Pauline Arbot,1 residents of
Montreal, Canada. Defendants appeared specially to contest jurisdiction over them in
plaintiffs’ action for injuries suffered when plaintiff James Nash fell two stories after a
balcony railing on defendants’ home collapsed while plaintiffs were visiting. We shall
affirm.
                                                 BACKGROUND
          Plaintiffs and defendants have been friends for many years. Defendants are
Canadian citizens, who live in Montreal, Province of Quebec, Canada. They have friends
who live in California, with whom they correspond by e-mail. Otherwise, they have no

          1
              Pauline Arbot is also known as Pauline Arbour.

                                                             1
regular contact in this state. Plaintiffs moved to California in 1977 and have lived in San
Francisco for nearly 35 years. Lambert-Nash and Arbot maintained telephone and e-mail
communications on a regular basis (at least monthly for about the past 10 years). At
defendants’ invitation, plaintiffs visited them numerous times at defendants’ Canadian
property.
       In September 2008, on one of the Nashes’ visits to defendants’ Quebec home,
plaintiff James Nash was severely injured when he fell to the ground from a balcony.
Plaintiffs alleged on information and belief that the fall was caused by rotted wood.
When he leaned against the railing, it gave way, causing him to fall to the ground below.
       On May 20, 2010, plaintiffs filed a complaint for damages against defendants in
San Francisco Superior Court, alleging defendants’ Canadian home was negligently built
and maintained.2 Plaintiff Lambert-Nash also alleged a cause of action for loss of
consortium arising from her husband’s injuries and for emotional distress she suffered as
a result of witnessing her husband’s fall. The complaint sought both compensatory and
punitive damages.
       Jurisdiction is alleged in the complaint based upon allegations that defendants
“consented to jurisdiction in the California Superior Court . . .” and that they “have
regular and systematic contacts with the State of California.” The complaint does not
allege what those contacts might be.
       On June 13, 2011, defendants were served with the Summons and Complaint, as
well as other documents.
       On July 12, 2011, defendants specially appeared and filed their motion to quash
service of summons and complaint. They asserted that service was improper under the
Hague Service Convention; that defendants did not consent to the California court’s
jurisdiction; and that defendants did not have sufficient minimum contacts with
California to establish general jurisdiction.

       2
         Plaintiffs also included as a defendant, ACS Recovery Systems (ACS), which
they maintain was a collection service retained by plaintiffs’ health insurer. ACS was not
a party to the motion to quash below and is not a party to this appeal.

                                                2
       Plaintiffs opposed the motion to quash. They asserted that “in an abundance of
caution” they were “having the Summons and Complaint re-served by an expert in Hague
Convention Service” and expected proper service would be completed before hearing on
the motion to quash, which they argued would moot any original defects in service. (On
July 26, 2011, two weeks before the motion to quash hearing, plaintiffs apparently served
defendants with the documents required by the Hague Service Convention.) Plaintiffs
did not reassert their allegation that defendants had consented to jurisdiction. Rather,
they principally relied upon “specific” jurisdiction, asserting that when minimum
contacts are analyzed under that concept, out-of-state defendants’ contacts with the forum
need not be “continuous and systematic” where defendants purposefully established
contacts in California and where plaintiffs’ cause of action arose out of or was related to
the defendants’ contacts with California. Plaintiffs maintained such was the case here,
based upon the defendants’ “extensive and expansive communications with [p]laintiffs in
California, including a standing invitation” to visit defendants’ property in Canada, as
plaintiffs had done many times before, and which was the place where James Nash was
injured. Plaintiffs also asserted the relative burdens on defendants of litigating in San
Francisco would be minimal, but the burdens on plaintiffs of litigating in Canada would
be extreme.
       Vincent and Lambert-Nash filed declarations more specifically addressing the
question of personal jurisdiction and defendants’ motion to quash. There is nothing in
the declarations indicating that defendants ever consented, either verbally or in writing, to
the jurisdiction of the California courts and their declaration flatly denies defendants
consented to jurisdiction It is undisputed that aside from telephone and e-mail
correspondence to keep in touch with friends who reside in California, defendants have
no regular contact with the state.
       In her declaration, plaintiff Lambert-Nash states she and defendant Arbot
maintained telephone and e-mail communications on a regular bases (at least monthly)
over the last 10 years; that plaintiffs were at defendants’ property at defendants’
invitation and have a standing invitation to visit; that they have not visited defendants

                                              3
since the accident, due to plaintiffs’ serious health issues; that plaintiffs and defendants
have ongoing communications; and that plaintiffs seek only compensation from
defendants’ insurer, not from defendants personally. Lambert-Nash also states that, not
long after the injury, James Nash was flown back to San Francisco, “where he has
undergone extraordinary medical treatment, much of which continues.” His “ability to
ambulate is still severely compromised.” She describes the treatment Nash has received
and will continue to receive and states that such treatment “has involved as many as
twenty, separate healthcare providers with different functions.” She further states that
Nash is in need of “continuous medical treatment and follow-up appointments for the
foreseeable future and that it would create substantial hardship for us to have to travel to
Canada for extended litigation while [he] is undergoing this necessary treatment which
needs to be ongoing and integrated.” She also states plaintiffs cannot afford the financial
expense of travel to Canada to litigate the case and that they would be severely burdened
by their health limitations, including her own health issues. Finally, she also states that as
Nash’s pre-injury employment was in the Bay Area, all evidence relating to his sizeable
earnings loss is in the Bay Area.
       Following a hearing, the court granted defendants’ motion to quash on the ground
that “[p]laintiffs failed to meet their burden of proving sufficient minimum contacts with
the State of California to subject [defendants’] to the Court’s jurisdiction. Additionally,
[p]laintiffs presented no evidence of [defendants’] alleged contractual consent to the
Court’s jurisdiction. Finally, when serving [defendants], (Canadian citizens residing in
Montreal, Quebec), [p]laintiffs failed to comply with the provisions of the [Hague
Service Convention].”
       Notice of entry of the court’s order was filed on September 1, 2011, and this
timely appeal followed.

                                              4
                                       DISCUSSION
       Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred in granting defendants’ motion to quash
service of summons.
A. Standard of Review
       “When a defendant moves to quash service of summons for lack of specific
jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of demonstrating, by a preponderance of
the evidence, facts justifying the exercise of jurisdiction. Once the plaintiff meets this
initial burden, the burden shifts to the defendant to show that the exercise of jurisdiction
would be unreasonable. When the evidence is not in conflict, whether jurisdiction exists
is a question of law which this court reviews de novo. (Snowney v. Harrah’s
Entertainment, Inc. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1054, 1062 (Snowney).)” (Roman v. Liberty
University, Inc. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 670, 677-680 (Roman).)
B. The law—“minimum contacts”
       California courts may exercise jurisdiction on any basis not inconsistent with the
Constitutions of the United States and California. (Code Civ. Proc., § 410.10.) “Because
California’s long-arm jurisdictional statute is coextensive with federal due process
requirements, the jurisdictional analyses under state law and federal due process are the
same. [Citations.]” (Dole Food Company, Inc. v. Watts (2002) 303 F.3d 1104, 1110
(Dole).) “Federal constitutional due process requirements dictate that a foreign defendant
must have ‘minimum contacts’ with the forum state such that maintenance of suit against
the foreign defendant in the forum state would not offend ‘ “traditional notions of fair
play and substantial justice.” [Citations.]’ (Internat. Shoe Co. v. Washington (1945)
326 U.S. 310, 316 [(International Shoe)].) If a defendant has sufficient contacts with the
forum state, it may be subject to suit there on all claims, wherever they arose (general
jurisdiction). If the defendant’s contacts with the forum state are not sufficient to support
general jurisdiction, the defendant may nonetheless be subject to special jurisdiction,
which depends on an assessment of the ‘ “relationship among the defendant, the forum,
and the litigation.” ’ (Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia v. Hall (1984) 466 U.S. 408,

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414-415; see also Vons Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 434,
445-448 (Vons).)” (Roman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at pp. 677-678.)
       “ ‘When determining whether specific jurisdiction exists, courts consider the
“ ‘relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.’ ” [Citation.] A court
may exercise specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only if: (1) “the
defendant has purposefully availed himself or herself of forum benefits” (Vons, supra,
14 Cal.4th at p. 446); (2) “the ‘controversy is related to or “arises out of” [the]
defendant’s contacts with the forum’ ” [citations]; and (3) “ ‘the assertion of personal
jurisdiction would comport with “fair play and substantial justice” ’ ” (Vons, supra,
14 Cal.4th at p. 447, quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz (1985) 471 U.S. 462, 472-
473 [(Burger King)].)’ [Citation.]” (Snowney, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 1062; accord,
Roman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at p. 678.)
       “Once it has been decided that a defendant purposefully established minimum
contacts with a forum, ‘he must present a compelling case that the presence of some other
considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable’ in order to defeat personal
jurisdiction [Citation.]” (Dole, supra, 303 F.3d at p. 1114, citing Burger King, supra,
471 U.S. at p. 477.)3
       Although plaintiffs argue that defendants maintained regular, extensive contacts
with them for decades, they do not appear to assert the court erred in finding against them
on either the “consent” or “general jurisdiction” grounds. Rather, they argue they made a
prima facie case of defendants’ minimum contacts with California sufficient to satisfy the
requirements for asserting “specific jurisdiction” over defendants. Plaintiffs also assert

       3
          In determining “reasonableness” courts must consider factors including, the
extent of defendant’s purposeful interjection into the forum; the burden on defendant in
defending in the forum; the extent of conflict with the sovereignty of the defendant’s
state; the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute; the most efficient judicial
resolution of the controversy; the importance of the forum to plaintiff’s interest in
convenient and effective relief; and the existence of an alternative forum. (See CE
Distribution, LLC. v. New Sensor Corp. (9th Cir. 2004) 380 F.3d 1107, 1112; Schwarzer
et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2013)
¶ 3:142.)

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more broadly that the exercise by California of personal jurisdiction over defendants in
this case “comports with ‘fair play and substantial justice.’ ” We therefore focus on the
“specific jurisdiction” formulation of the minimum contacts analysis.
C. “Specific jurisdiction”
       In asserting that they made a prima facie case for specific jurisdiction, plaintiffs
rely on their history of e-mail and other contacts with defendants, the open invitation
extended by defendants to visit defendants’ Ontario property, and that plaintiffs’ injuries
occurred as a result of such a visit.
       In addition, plaintiffs point to numerous factors that they urge demonstrate
California’s assertion of jurisdiction in this case is “reasonable” and comports with due
process standards of “fair play and substantial justice.” (International Shoe, supra,
326 U.S. at p. 316.) Among the “fairness” and “reasonableness” factors plaintiffs proffer,
are their assertion that the case is “essentially only about damages” and thus, virtually all
of the evidence (including health care providers, evidence of James Nash’s economic
damages and the plaintiffs, themselves) is located in California; the economic and
physical burden on plaintiffs to travel to Canada to litigate, especially given their health
issues; and the numerous differences plaintiffs assert exist between Canadian and
California law with respect to the right to jury trial, the collateral source rule, insurer
“bad faith” jurisprudence, and the length of time in taking the case to trial, among other
things, that plaintiffs maintain result in “massive legal disadvantages” to plaintiffs in a
case where economic damages to date may approach policy limits.
       However, these additional factors relating to the “reasonableness requirement”—
the requirement of “fair play and substantial justice”—are not part of the initial
“minimum contacts” analysis. Rather, they are part of the considerations at play only
after plaintiffs have carried their burden of showing at least “minimum contacts,” should
defendants maintain that despite such “minimum contacts,” the presence of other
considerations would render jurisdiction “unreasonable.” (Dole, supra, 303 F.3d at
p. 1114; see Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 475-476 [“Having determined that defendants
did establish minimum contacts with California, we finally must consider whether the

                                               7
assertion of specific jurisdiction is fair. [Citation.] In this connection, a court ‘must
consider the burden on the defendant, the interests of the forum State, and the plaintiff’s
interest in obtaining relief. It must also weigh in its determination “the interstate judicial
system’s interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies; and the
shared interest of the several States in furthering fundamental substantive social
policies.” ’ [Citations.]”]; see Schwarzer et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Federal Civil
Procedure Before Trial, supra, ¶¶ 3:116.5, 3:141 [if plaintiff establishes both that the
out-of-state defendant purposefully directed its activities toward residents of the forum
and that plaintiff’s cause of action “arises out of” or “results from” the defendant’s
forum-related contacts, defendant must come forward with a “compelling case” that the
exercise of jurisdiction would be “unreasonable” to defeat jurisdiction, such that the
assertion of jurisdiction in the forum state in the particular case would not “comport with
fair play and substantial justice”].)
       Defendants’ only contacts with California at evidence in this case are the regular
telephone and e-mail communications between defendants and plaintiffs (“at least
monthly”) over many years and, arguably, that plaintiffs have a “standing invitation to
visit defendants in Canada” and were at the property at defendants’ invitation. We are
not persuaded that by such casual phone and e-mail contacts defendants “purposefully
availed” themselves of forum benefits. (Vons, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 447.) Nor are we
persuaded that any of the plaintiffs’ causes of action is “related to” or “arises out of”
these contacts with California. (Ibid.)
       In order to establish minimum contacts under the “specific jurisdiction”
formulation, “the nonresident defendant must have purposefully directed its activities at
forum residents, or purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities
within the forum state, thus invoking the benefits and protections of local law.
[Citations.]” (Schwarzer et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Federal Civil Procedure Before
Trial, supra, ¶ 3:117, citing Hanson v. Denckla (1958) 357 U.S. 253-254; Kulko v.
Superior Court (1978) 436 U.S. 84, 94.) This requirement “assures that a nonresident
will be aware that it is subject to suit in the forum state. It can then protect against the

                                               8
costs of litigating there by purchasing insurance; or, if the costs and risks are too great, by
severing its connections with the forum state. [Citation.]” (Id. at ¶ 3:118, citing World-
Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson (1980) 444 U.S. 286, 297.) Unlike business
contacts or commercial relationships where purposeful availment results in concrete
benefits or invocation of the protections of the forum law such that the nonresident will
be aware that it may be subject to suit in the forum state, the type of personal
communications at evidence in the instant case would not put defendants on notice that
they might be haled into court in California for injuries suffered by the visiting friends in
their Canadian home.
       Nor can we conclude here that the plaintiffs’ causes of action are sufficiently
“related to” or “arise out of” defendants’ contacts with the forum. (Vons, supra,
14 Cal.4th at p. 447.) Although the tests are related, the Supreme Court has not yet
decided what constitutes sufficient “relatedness” for specific jurisdiction. (Schwarzer et
al., Cal Practice Guide: Federal Civil Procedure Before Trial, supra, ¶ 3:136.) However,
California has rejected the “but for” test, which would substantially expand the scope of
limited jurisdiction, in favor of a “substantial connection” test, holding “that the
relatedness requirement is satisfied if ‘there is a substantial nexus or connection between
the defendant’s forum activities and the plaintiff’s claim.’ [Citation.]” (Snowney, supra,
35 Cal.4th at p. 1068; accord, Roman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at p. 680.)
       In Roman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th 670, the Court of Appeal agreed with the trial
court that a university’s contacts with California were insufficient to establish personal
jurisdiction. In that case, a student who had been recruited to play football at Liberty
University in Virginia was allegedly assaulted by his roommate before falling and
suffering brain injuries. Plaintiff contended the university had purposely availed itself of
the privilege of conducting business in California. The appellate court rejected that
contention, stating: “[T]he only conduct plaintiff has established was that Liberty’s
recruiting coordinator visited plaintiff in California to recruit him to play football for
Liberty, and thereafter, Liberty mailed plaintiff a scholarship agreement and amended

                                               9
scholarship agreement that plaintiff executed in California. That conduct does not
establish ‘purposeful availment.’” (Id. at p. 680.)
       In examining the second prong of the test for specific jurisdiction—the relatedness
requirement—the Roman court observed that the California Supreme Court in Snowney,
supra, 35 Cal.4th at page 1062, had rejected a “but for test” and other tests and “had
adopted ‘ “a substantial connection” test and held that the relatedness requirement is
satisfied if “there is a substantial nexus or connection between the defendant’s forum
activities and the plaintiff’s claim.” [Citation.]’ ” (Roman, supra, 162 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 679-680.) The Court of Appeal found the controversy was “unrelated to and does not
arise from Liberty’s contacts with California. Plaintiff’s claims are for personal injuries
based on alleged activities that took place entirely within Virginia.” (Id. at p. 680.)
       That is even more true in this case, where there was no evidence defendants ever
traveled to California, no contract between the parties was involved, and the relationship
between the casual and personal e-mail and phone contacts here were even more
attenuated than that between the University that recruited the student to play football in
Virginia and defendants here, who extended an “open invitation” to plaintiffs to visit.
       Any doubt on this score would be put to rest by Walter v. Superior Court (1986)
178 Cal.App.3d 677. In that case, the appellate court overturned the trial court’s refusal
to grant a motion to quash service of summons in a breach of contract action brought by a
California woman against a New Jersey resident. The lawsuit maintained that the New
Jersey resident, in a series of telephone calls, had induced the plaintiff to leave her job
and apartment in California to become his companion and confidante by promising that
he would support her for the rest of her life, provide her with medical insurance, pay her
a large sum of money and buy her a car. (Id. at p. 679.) The trial court found the
plaintiff had established the defendant’s “minimum contacts” with California in that the
defendant’s conduct had caused or resulted in substantial economic effect in California,
little or none in New Jersey, that the “[d]efendant contacted plaintiff not infrequently or
even occasionally, but innumerable times over a period of months, making telephone
calls from New Jersey to plaintiff in California,” and that the defendant sent money from

                                              10
New Jersey to plaintiff in California. Consequently, the trial court found the defendant
had “ ‘purposefully directed’ his activities at a resident of the forum, and hence ha[d]
‘fair warning’ that California would seek to assert jurisdiction over such a claim.
[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 680.) The Court of Appeal reversed on the grounds that the New
Jersey resident did no business in California and never traveled here, that the contract
alleged was not to be performed in California, and that if breached, the contract breach
occurred in New Jersey, not California.4 Although the plaintiff invoked jurisdiction on
the basis that defendant’s act had “caused an effect” in this state, the appellate court
observed that, “an act ‘having an effect’ in the forum state is not necessarily synonymous
with an act which ‘affects’ a California resident. [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 680-681.) In a
statement directly relevant to this case, the appellate court concluded: “[The defendant]
had no connection with California whatsoever, other than his telephone calls to plaintiff,
and he certainly could not have anticipated being ‘haled into Court’ here should the
agreed-to arrangement prove unsatisfactory.” (Id. at p. 681.) “The fact that [the
defendant] called [the plaintiff] in California ‘innumerable times over a period of months’
is likewise insufficient to establish our court’s jurisdiction over a nonresident.
[Citations.] The fact that real party gave up her job and apartment ‘in California’ is
irrelevant; it is [the defendant’s] activity, and not that of [the plaintiff], which is the key
element in the determination of jurisdiction. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 682.) Finally, the
Court of Appeal acknowledged it was “not unmindful of the fact that plaintiff asserts she
cannot afford to maintain a lawsuit in New Jersey while [defendant], she claims, is

       4
         The appellate court also distinguished other cases in which the “effects” test was
found to provide sufficient basis for jurisdiction, such as Calder v. Jones (1984) 465 U.S.
783—a libel action involving the publication of a story containing libelous statements
concerning the California activities of a California resident, read by thousands of
individuals in this state, where the focal point of the story and the harm suffered were in
California. “Such is not the case here. . . . This is a private dispute between two
individuals which neither the general population of California nor the California courts
have any particular interest (aside from providing a forum for plaintiff, a California
resident.)” (Walter v. Superior Court, supra, 178 Cal.App.3d at p. 681.)

                                               11
wealthy and can afford to defend the present action in California. We sympathize with
plaintiff but cannot resolve a constitutional issue based upon sympathy for a litigant.”
(Id. at p. 682.)
       Similarly, in Inselberg v. Inselberg (1976) 56 Cal.App.3d 484, telephone calls
between Michigan defendants and the plaintiff’s daughter in California, that could have
played some role in inducing the daughter to leave her father and return to the defendants
in Michigan, were held insufficient to support jurisdiction over defendants in California,
even where the defendants were alleged to have furnished the cost of transportation to the
daughter to help her to leave. (Id. at pp. 489-490.)
       Defendants argue that minimum contacts may be created by the non-resident’s use
of e-mail or telephone, citing Hall v. LaRonde (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1342 (Hall).
There, LaRonde, a New York resident, was alleged to have breached a contract for sale of
licenses for the use of a computer software application. All business between Hall (the
California plaintiff) and LaRonde was conducted via electronic mail and telephone. In
finding sufficient minimum contacts to allow the assertion of personal jurisdiction in
California, the appellate court observed: “LaRonde’s contacts with California consisted
of more than simply purchasing a software module from Hall. LaRonde worked with
Hall to integrate the module into LaRonde’s software package. Even after the initial
adaptation was finished, LaRonde continued to work with Hall to modify the module for
new and existing software. In addition, the contract contemplated that LaRonde would
make continuing royalty payments to Hall. Thus, LaRonde created a ‘ “continuing
obligation[]” ’ between himself and a resident of California. (Burger King Corp. v.
Rudzewicz, supra, 471 U.S. at pp. 475-476.) [¶] LaRonde’s contacts with California were
more than ‘ “random,” “fortuitous,” or “attenuated.” ’ [Citation.] . . . LaRonde
purposefully derived a benefit from the interstate activities. [Citation.] It is fair to
require that he account in California for the consequences that arise from such activities.”
[Citation.]” (Hall, supra, at p. 1347.)
       Hall is clearly distinguishable as involving business activities in which electronic
communications played a key role in the parties’

                                              12
        conduct of business and in carrying out their respective obligations under the
contract between them, such that the court could conclude that the defendant “purposely
derived a benefit from interstate activities.” (Hall, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 1347.)
       Jamshid-Negad v. Kessler (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 1704, relied upon by plaintiffs,
is also clearly distinguishable. There, the plaintiffs alleged that the nonresident
defendants’ son, who was attending a campus of the University of California, attempted
to break into their apartment, while intoxicated. (Id. at p. 1707.) The appellate court held
that “in light of the Legislature’s intent to protect California citizens from the willful
misconduct of minors by specifically regulating parental supervision, that nonresident
parents who send their minor child to obtain an education at a public institution cause a
sufficient effect in California to enable its courts to exercise specific personal jurisdiction
over them.” (Id. at pp. 1706-1707.) The court invoked the “effects” test described as
follows: “ ‘[W]e conclude it is reasonable to exercise jurisdiction on the basis of the
defendant intentionally causing “effects in the state by an omission or act done
elsewhere” whenever (a) the effects are of a nature “that the State treats as exceptional
and subjects to special regulation,” or (b) the defendant has, in connection with his
causing such effects in the forum state, invoked “the benefits and protections of its
laws.” ’ (Quattrone v. Superior Court (1975) 44 Cal.App.3d 296, 306.)” (Jamshid-
Negad v. Kessler, at p. 1708.) Neither condition applies to the facts of the instant case.
       On the evidence presented here, we must conclude that plaintiffs have failed to
meet their burden of showing facts justifying the exercise of personal jurisdiction over
defendants. Because plaintiffs have not shown defendants had the “minimum contacts”
with California required to support the exercise of personal jurisdiction, we do not
examine whether defendants nevertheless could show that jurisdiction was
“unreasonable.”5 Nor do we address the question of proper service of process under the
Hague Convention.

       5
        We hereby deny plaintiffs’ pending request for judicial notice filed June 19,
2013, relating the current status of plaintiffs’ action against defendants in Montreal and
counsel’s estimate of the earliest possible trial date.

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                                  DISPOSITION
      The order quashing service of summons is affirmed. Defendants are awarded their
costs on appeal.

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                                 _________________________
                                 Kline, P.J.

We concur:

_________________________
Haerle, J.

_________________________
Richman, J.

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