Court Opinion

ID: 6338508
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-06 18:12:15.869294+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:16:01.634863
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Pelmear, 2022-Ohio-1534.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     FULTON COUNTY

State of Ohio/Archbold Village                    Court of Appeals No. F-21-003
                                                                       F-21-006
        Appellee
                                                  Trial Court No. TRD2000479A
                                                                  CRB2000052
v.

Douglas Pelmear                                   DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                 Decided: May 6, 2022

                                              *****

        Robert W. Bohmer, Archbold Village Prosecutor, for appellee.

        John F. Potts, for appellant.

                                              *****

        PIETRYKOWSKI, J.

        {¶ 1} This is a consolidated appeal from the judgments of the Fulton County

Court, Western District, following a jury trial wherein appellant, Douglas Pelmear, was

found guilty of one count of falsification, one count of obstructing official business, and

one count of fictitious license plates. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
                          I. Facts and Procedural Background

        {¶ 2} Appellant was charged by criminal complaint with one count of falsification

in violation of R.C. 2921.13(A)(3), a misdemeanor of the first degree; one count of

obstruction of official business in violation of R.C. 2921.31(A), a misdemeanor of the

second degree; and one count of fictitious license plates in violation of R.C.

4549.08(A)(1), a misdemeanor of the fourth degree.1 The matter ultimately proceeded to

a jury trial.

        {¶ 3} At the trial, Archbold Police Patrolman Isaac Brenneman testified for the

state. Brenneman testified that on February 23, 2020, he executed a traffic stop on

appellant’s adult son, Noah Pelmear. Brenneman cited Noah for driving without a valid

driver’s license. During the traffic stop, Noah expressed that he did not want the car to

be towed because the car belonged to his sister. Brenneman, as a favor to Noah, agreed

to let Noah contact a licensed driver to come retrieve the car. Brenneman waited at the

scene for the licensed driver to appear.

        {¶ 4} Sometime thereafter, appellant arrived in a maroon Cadillac with a female

companion, identified as “Jennifer.” Jennifer recorded the incident, and the video was

played at the trial. In the video, appellant can be seen approaching Brenneman and

asking for everyone to stay and to be identified as witnesses. Brenneman informed

appellant that the other officer who was present, Archbold Police Patrolman Sanchez, had

1
 Appellant was also charged with not having an operator’s license in violation of R.C.
4510.12(A)(1), but that charge was dismissed at the trial.

2.
a call of a dog fight that he had to respond to. Jennifer then approached Sanchez and

repeatedly asked for his business card. Sanchez provided the card, and then left the

scene.

         {¶ 5} Meanwhile, appellant can be heard in the background informing Brenneman

that he is a “Minister of State of the Cherokee Nation of Indians,” and that he is involved

in a federal lawsuit against Archbold. Appellant claimed that the encounter was

“harassment,” and demanded that Brenneman describe the probable cause that allowed

Brenneman to conduct the traffic stop on Noah. Brenneman responded that he was not

going to discuss the matter with appellant because Noah was an adult and it was an open

investigation. Brenneman then encouraged appellant to bring any of his documentation

to Noah’s court date, to which appellant replied, “You understand I’m minister of state.”

Appellant further repeated that there is a federal lawsuit in the United States Supreme

Court. In addition to further protestation from Jennifer that it was a United States

Supreme Court Case, and her recitation of the court docket number, appellant also

remarked to Brenneman that Brenneman has an obligation to comply with U.S. law, and

that failure to comply could result in up to three months in prison for Brenneman.

         {¶ 6} Appellant then attempted to provide documentation to Brenneman showing

that he was “minister of state” and claiming that it also applied to Noah. Brenneman

refused to take the documentation because the traffic stop did not involve appellant.

After further back and forth between Brenneman, appellant, and Jennifer—in which

3.
Brenneman again encouraged appellant to bring any documentation with him to court

because Brenneman was “not a judge”—Brenneman attempted to end the encounter by

asking if one of them would take Noah’s car, commenting that he just needed a licensed

driver. Appellant then responded that there are no licenses “because we’re Cherokee,”

and encouraged Brenneman to run the license plate on the Cadillac. When Brenneman

directly asked appellant whether he had a driver’s license on him, appellant pointed

Brenneman to the documentation and a badge that said that he is “Cherokee Nation of

Indians Minister of State.” Appellant then claimed that he does not need a driver’s

license.

       {¶ 7} At this point, Brenneman clarified that neither appellant nor Jennifer had an

Ohio driver’s license. Brenneman then instructed Noah to pull his car into a nearby

parking lot. After Noah began walking to his vehicle, Brenneman informed appellant and

Jennifer that they were welcome to leave the traffic stop because it did not involve them.

Appellant and Jennifer retorted that the stop did involve them because Noah is under

diplomatic immunity. In response, Brenneman wished appellant and Jennifer a good

night, and walked away.

       {¶ 8} After a few seconds, Brenneman returned to appellant and Jennifer and

offered to write down his name, badge number, and any other information that they

wanted, including the names of the police chief and village administrator. During this

time, appellant again attempted to press his argument, but Brenneman cut him off, saying

4.
“Sir, at this point I don’t care, okay. The traffic stop is over. My job here is done. I’m

just trying to give you information.” The video then continued for approximately two

more minutes while Brenneman was writing down information, with limited interaction

between appellant and Brenneman.

       {¶ 9} During his testimony, Brenneman testified that appellant’s actions impaired

his timing in ending the traffic stop and responding to the call of a dog fight. Brenneman

admitted that he had completed all of the paperwork for the traffic stop by the time that

appellant arrived, but he testified that he was unable to end the stop because appellant and

Jennifer did not allow him to determine whether a licensed, valid driver was going to take

Noah’s vehicle. Brenneman testified that he was only able to end the stop after

instructing Noah to move the vehicle into a nearby parking lot so that it would no longer

be obstructing the roadway. Brenneman testified that he then attempted to leave to

respond to the dog fight call, but voluntarily came back to make sure that appellant had

all of the information that he wanted.

       {¶ 10} Additionally, Brenneman identified the license plate on the maroon

Cadillac that appellant was driving. The license plate had a symbol on the left side, and

at the top it read “Cherokee nation of Indians.” The bottom of the license plate said

“Cherrokees in America” above the word “Permanent.” Brenneman noted that

“Cherrokees” on the bottom of the plate was spelled with two “Rs”. Brennamen testified

that after the encounter he ran the license plate number through LEADS and it came back

5.
with no results, which Brennamen explained typically meant that it was not an accurate

plate or it had no registration with it.

       {¶ 11} Brenneman also testified that he reached out to the Cherokee Nation Tribe

out of Oklahoma to see if they could identify appellant. Over the objection of appellant,

Brenneman testified that he did not receive any information that would lead him to

believe that appellant was a recognized diplomat or official of that tribe.

       {¶ 12} The state next called Archbold Police Officer Jerry Brown. Brown testified

that he was tasked with investigating appellant’s claims of diplomatic immunity. As part

of his investigation, Brown contacted the Cherokee Nation Marshal Service to verify that

the license plates were valid. Over appellant’s objection, Brown testified that he “spoke

with them and the plates were not verified by -- were (not) able to be verified.”

       {¶ 13} Brown next testified that he spoke with the three Cherokee tribes that are

federally recognized. He further stated that after receiving information back from those

tribes, there was no verification that appellant was a minister of the Cherokee Nation or

that appellant’s license plates were valid. Brown further testified that if he had learned

through his investigation that the plates were indeed valid, that he would have reported

such a fact, and charges would not have been brought against appellant.

       {¶ 14} On cross-examination, Brown affirmed that his investigation consisted of

communications with other individuals, and that the foundation for his testimony was the

information that he received from those other individuals. Brown acknowledged that he

6.
was not the keeper of the records for the Cherokee Nation of Indians, and he conceded

that those individuals were not present in the court to provide sworn testimony. Brown

admitted that he was “just relaying information from someone else who claimed to be

what they say they are,” but did emphasize that the person he received the information

from was a “verified source.”

       {¶ 15} Following Brown’s testimony, the state rested its case. Due to Covid-19

restrictions, the proceedings continued in the jury room, outside of the presence of the

jurors, for the admission of exhibits. The audio recording of what occurred in the jury

room was not able to be fully transcribed, and the transcript resumed with appellant’s

presentation of evidence.

       {¶ 16} Appellant testified on his own behalf. Appellant testified that he

approached Brenneman at the scene of Noah’s traffic stop because he wanted to inform

Brenneman of the existing federal lawsuit and wanted to see if Brenneman was tampering

with a witness to that lawsuit. Appellant believed that his son was targeted by

Brenneman because of the ongoing lawsuit.

       {¶ 17} As to his claim of being Minister of State of the Cherokee Nation of

Indians, appellant testified that Officer Brown did not speak to anyone in appellant’s

tribe. Appellant further reiterated that he did not provide any false information to

Brenneman.

7.
       {¶ 18} Finally, appellant explained that the word “Cherrokee” on his license plate

was intentionally spelled that way because the original spelling of Cherokee in some of

the treaties has a double “r”.

       {¶ 19} On cross-examination, appellant identified a copy of his license plate that

was submitted as evidence. In addition, despite issues with the quality of the copied

exhibit, appellant identified his photographic identification which purports to be from the

“Cherokee nation of Indians” and identifies him as an “Aniyvwiya Tribal Country

Member.”

       {¶ 20} Appellant also was led through an explanation of his federal court case.

Appellant originally filed a claim against approximately 80 defendants in federal court in

the Northern District of Ohio. That case was dismissed by the trial court. Appellant

appealed the decision to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, which affirmed the dismissal.

Appellant then filed a petition for certiorari in the United States Supreme Court, which

was still pending at the time of Noah’s traffic stop. Not long after the stop, the United

States Supreme Court denied appellant’s petition.

       {¶ 21} Following appellant’s testimony, the defense rested. The parties then gave

their closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury, and the jury retired to

deliberate. Thirty-five minutes after they began their deliberations, the jury returned with

a verdict of guilty on all of the counts.

8.
       {¶ 22} The court proceeded immediately to sentencing. The court sentenced

appellant to serve a total term of 180 days in jail with 170 days suspended. The court

also ordered appellant to serve one year of probation, and to pay a total fine of $1,250,

plus court costs. Appellant’s sentence was stayed pending this appeal.

                                 II. Assignments of Error

       {¶ 23} Appellant has timely appealed his judgments of conviction, and now asserts

seven assignments of error for our review:

              1. It constituted error to admit hearsay testimony regarding

       defendant’s tribal membership and status.

              2. Defendant’s conviction for falsification is against the manifest

       weight of the evidence.

              3. Defendant’s conviction for obstructing official business is against

       the manifest weight of the evidence.

              4. Defendant’s conviction for fictitious plates is against the manifest

       weight of the evidence.

              5. It is (sic) constituted error not to merge the offenses of

       falsification and obstructing official business.

              6. It is (sic) constituted plain error not to instruct the jury on the

       culpable mental states which constituted elements of the offenses for which

9.
       defendant was on trial and to omit definitions of the applicable culpable

       mental states in the jury charge.

              7. Defendant did not receive effective assistance of counsel at trial.

                                        III. Analysis

                                 A. Admission of Evidence

       {¶ 24} We will begin our analysis with appellant’s first assignment of error. In his

first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred when it allowed

Brenneman and Brown to testify regarding the results of their investigation into

appellant’s status as a member of the Cherokee tribe. Appellant argues both that the

officers lacked personal knowledge as required under Evid.R. 602, and that their

testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay under Evid.R. 802.

       {¶ 25} The state, on the other hand, argues that there was no inadmissible hearsay

in this case. Instead, the state asserts that at no point were the officers allowed to testify

as to what any person other than the officer said. The state further argues that the

officers’ testimony concerning the investigative process was not hearsay, relying on the

principle that statements offered to explain a police officer’s conduct while investigating

a crime are not hearsay because they are not offered for the truth of the matter asserted.

Finally, the state argues that even if the testimony was inadmissible, its admission was

harmless because the evidence against appellant was overwhelming.

10.
       {¶ 26} “Generally, ‘[t]he trial court has broad discretion in the admission of

evidence, and unless it has clearly abused its discretion and the defendant has been

materially prejudiced thereby, an appellate court should not disturb the decision of the

trial court.’” State v. Kelley, 2017-Ohio-4475, 83 N.E.3d 990, ¶ 37 (6th Dist.), quoting

State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001). However, the trial court’s

discretion must be “exercised in accordance with the rules of procedure and evidence.”

State v. Moore, 2021-Ohio-765, 168 N.E.3d 921, ¶ 26 (6th Dist.), citing Rigby v. Lake

Cty., 58 Ohio St.3d 269, 271, 569 N.E.2d 1056 (1991).

       {¶ 27} Upon review, we find that Brenneman and Brown’s testimony technically

satisfied the fundamental requirement of personal knowledge. “A witness may not testify

to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness

has personal knowledge of the matter.” Evid.R. 602. “‘Personal knowledge’ is

‘[k]nowledge gained through firsthand observation or experience, as distinguished from a

belief based on what someone else has said.’” Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry.

Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 314, 2002-Ohio-2220, 767 N.E.2d 707, ¶ 26, quoting Black’s Law

Dictionary (7th Ed.Rev.1999) 875.

       {¶ 28} In this case, when read closely, Brenneman and Brown’s testimony was

limited to their personal knowledge that their investigation did not lead to any

verification of appellant’s status as a minister or member of the Cherokee Nation.

Specifically, Brenneman testified:

11.
             Q       Okay. Now, you mentioned before that you wanted to verify

      if any of the claims that the defendant had made related to the validity of an

      ID or plates or his status, did I, did I say that correctly?

             A       Correct, correct.

             Q       Okay. So when you went out and called were you try (sic) to

      verify something he said?

             A       Right. We were trying to first verify that, that he was a

      member of the tribe and then we were trying to verify additionally to that

      that he was an official representative of the tribe.

             Q       From the information that you received, did you receive any

      information of any kind that would lead you to believe that he was a

      recognized diplomat or a recognized official of the tribe that you called?

             A       No. (Following an interruption for a hearsay objection that

      was overruled). So, no, no, they -- there was no indication that he had

      official membership in the tribe that I contacted.

Similarly, Brown testified:

             Q       What did you do next?

             A       Um, from there I contacted the Cherokee Nation Marshal

      Service, they do investigations on behalf of the Cherokee Nation, ah --

             Q       What was the purpose of contacting them?

12.
             A      To verify the, the plates were valid.

             Q      Okay. And in your interaction with Cherokee Nation of

      Indians did you acquire any information that would have led you to believe

      they were valid?

             A      (Following an interruption for a hearsay objection that was

      overruled). So I spoke with them and the plates were not verified by --

      were able (sic) to be verified.

             ***

             Q      Proceeding forward, did you check with any other sources of

      information to try to determine whether the claims of Mr. Pelmear and

      valid license or diplomatic status were true or not?

             A      Yes. Ah, later on I reached back out to the Marshal Service,

      spoke with a Brian Catcher of the Cherokee Marshal Service, and I got a

      correspondence back trying to verify membership into the Cherokee Nation

      in the form of a letter from that, from the tribe. (The remainder of Brown’s

      response was withdrawn following a sustained hearsay objection).

             ***

             Q      Um, Officer Brown, in your investigation did you ascertain

      the number of Cherokee Tribes that have treaties with the United States?

             A      There are three federally-recognized tribes.

13.
              Q     Okay. And in your investigative process to determine

      whether any of the claims by Mr. Pelmear were true, did you correspond or

      speak with these three entities?

              A     I did.

              Q     And after receiving all the information back from those three

      entities did you have any basis to say that anything that he had said, that he

      was a minister of the Cherokee Nation, that the plates were valid, were

      true?

              A     Correct, I did not get any verification. (Objection based on

      foundation and hearsay overruled).

              ***

              Q     In your investigative process did you confirm with standard

      law enforcement sources, in terms of online sources available in law

      enforcement, to check whether he had a valid driving status with the plate

      on his car?

              A     Um, the plates on his car, we checked through the State of

      Oklahoma, um, the BMV for that because the Cherokee Nation, they run

      their plates through the State of Oklahoma, and it did not come back to

      them. Um, I checked with, tried to verify if there’s other tribes that may

      have valid plates, I was not able to verify anything as well.

14.
              ***

              Q      Now, in the course of your investigation had you determined

       that, that through one of your contacts that you made with the Cherokee

       Nations of Indians that the plates were valid or that he had status, would

       you have reported that?

              A      I would have.

              Q      Okay. And you believe that you would have brought charges

       for it at that point had you proven that?

              A      No, we would not. If we were able to verify that his

       membership was valid or the license plates were valid or anything of the

       sort charges would not have been brought forward.

Thus, because Brenneman and Brown clearly were aware of the results of their

investigative efforts, we hold that Brenneman and Brown’s testimony was technically

based on their personal knowledge.

       {¶ 29} Likewise, we find that the testimony of Brenneman and Brown technically

did not constitute inadmissible hearsay. “‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made

by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the

truth of the matter asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). In this case, Brenneman and Brown

carefully crafted their testimony to avoid repeating statements made by their sources

during the investigation into appellant’s tribal status. Instead, Brenneman and Brown

15.
obliquely testified that they did not receive any information or verification that could lead

them to conclude that appellant was a minster or member of the Cherokee Nation.

       {¶ 30} Therefore, because Brenneman and Brown did not lack personal

knowledge of the specific matters to which they testified, and because they did not testify

regarding out of court statements made by another person, we hold that the trial court did

not err in denying appellant’s objections on the basis of lack of foundation and hearsay.2

       {¶ 31} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-taken.

                           B. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight

       {¶ 32} In his second, third, and fourth assignments of error, appellant challenges

his convictions as being against the manifest weight of the evidence. When reviewing

the claim that a verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence, “we sit as a

‘thirteenth juror’ and scrutinize ‘the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.’”

State v. Robinson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1369, 2012-Ohio-6068, ¶ 15, quoting State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “The court, reviewing the

entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility

of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of

fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v.

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Reversal on manifest

2
 Notably, appellant did not object to the testimony on the grounds of relevance under
Evid.R. 402, or unfair prejudice under Evid.R. 403(A).

16.
weight grounds is reserved for “the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction.” Id.

       {¶ 33} Although appellant labels his assignments of error as being that the

convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence, appellant essentially argues

within his brief that there is no evidence to support his convictions, thus raising a claim

that his convictions are based on insufficient evidence. See State v. Frum, 9th Dist.

Wayne No. 12CA0039, 2013-Ohio-1096, ¶ 4 (“[A] review of the weight of the evidence

necessarily involves an evaluation of the sufficiency of the evidence in that, in order for

this Court to weigh the evidence, there must be evidence to weigh.”). When reviewing

the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 34} For ease of discussion, we will address appellant’s assignments of error out

of order.

                                       1. Falsification

       {¶ 35} Appellant’s second assignment of error focuses on his conviction for

falsification under R.C. 2921.13(A)(3), which provides, “No person shall knowingly

make a false statement, or knowingly swear or affirm the truth of a false statement

previously made, when any of the following applies: * * * (3) The statement is made

17.
with purpose to mislead a public official in performing the public official’s official

function.”

       {¶ 36} The issue in this appeal is whether appellant made a false statement. In

support of his assignment of error, appellant identifies that the only evidence admitted to

show that his claims of being a member and minister of state for the Cherokee Nation

were false, was the testimony of Brenneman and Brown. Importantly, however,

Brenneman and Brown did not testify that appellant was not a member or Minister of

State for the Cherokee Nation. Indeed, Brenneman and Brown could not testify as such

because they lacked personal knowledge regarding whether appellant was part of the

Cherokee Nation, and because they could not repeat the hearsay statements of their

sources. Instead, Brenneman and Brown simply testified that they were unable to verify

that appellant’s claims were true. Upon review, we hold that Brenneman’s and Brown’s

testimony is insufficient to support a conviction for falsification.

       {¶ 37} It should go without saying that a foundational aspect of our criminal

justice system is that “Every person accused of an offense is presumed innocent until

proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and the burden of proof for all elements of the

offense is upon the prosecution.” R.C. 2901.05(A). Applied to the present charge for

falsification, this means that the state bore the burden of proving that appellant’s

statements were false—even statements as facially absurd as appellant’s claim that he is

Minister of State for the Cherokee Nation. Here, however, instead of providing evidence

18.
that appellant was not Minister of State for the Cherokee Nation from someone who had

personal knowledge of the Cherokee Nation’s officers and members, the state provided

the inverse testimony that appellant’s claims could not be verified as true. Thus, in

essence, the state provided no evidence at all. To hold that Brenneman’s and Brown’s

testimony is sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for falsification would turn the

presumption of innocence on its head; rather than appellant being innocent until proven

guilty, appellant would be guilty because the officers could not verify that he was

innocent. Therefore, because the state failed to present any evidence demonstrating that

appellant made a false statement, we hold that his conviction for falsification is based

upon insufficient evidence.

       {¶ 38} Accordingly, appellant’s second assignment of error is well-taken.

                                    2. Fictitious Plates

       {¶ 39} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant challenges his conviction for

fictitious plates under R.C. 4549.08(A)(1), which provides,

              (A) No person shall operate or drive a motor vehicle upon the public

       roads and highways in this state if it displays a license plate or a distinctive

       number or identification mark that meets any of the following criteria:

              (1) Is fictitious.

19.
      {¶ 40} As with its prosecution of the falsification charge, the state relied upon

testimony from Brenneman and Brown to establish that appellant’s license plates were

fictitious. In addition to the testimony recounted above, Brenneman testified,

             Q      The -- first of all in your investigation did you do any

      checking on whether the plates on Mr. Pelmear’s car were valid, official

      government, police --

             A      Correct.

             Q      And how did you do that?

             A      So we ran the plate number through LEADS the same as we

      would every plate that we came across and it comes back to no plate found,

      um, which typically means that it’s not an accurate plate, it’s not registered

      or it has no registration with it. Um, I then went through our old reports,

      um, through the Village of Archbold to find additional information, driver’s

      license number or social security number for Mr. Pelmear. He was in our

      system, ran his information and he came back to not having a valid license.

             ***

             Q      Okay. * * * You looked at the official police investigative

      techniques to determine whether his plates were valid or not?

             A      Correct.

             Q      And they came back as?

20.
              A      No plate found, not valid.

       {¶ 41} Notably, Brenneman’s testimony regarding the license plates differs from

his testimony regarding appellant’s status as a member of the Cherokee Nation. As

discussed above, as it relates to appellant’s status as a member of the Cherokee Nation,

Brenneman simply testified that he was unable to verify appellant’s claims—Brenneman

did not testify that appellant was not a member. In contrast, as to whether appellant had

fictitious plates, Brenneman testified affirmatively that he consulted LEADS, and that

LEADS reported “no plate found,” which Brenneman explained “means that it’s not an

accurate plate, it’s not registered or it has no registration with it.” Thus, based upon

Brenneman’s testimony regarding the results of the LEADS inquiry, we find that

appellant’s conviction for fictitious plates is supported by sufficient evidence.3

       {¶ 42} Nevertheless, we hold that appellant’s conviction for fictitious plates must

be reversed because the trial court committed plain error when it permitted Brenneman to

testify to the contents of the LEADS report where the LEADS report was not offered into

evidence.

       {¶ 43} At the outset, we note that appellant did not object to Brenneman’s

testimony regarding the LEADS report. “Absent plain error, failure to object to the

admission of hearsay evidence waives any claim of error.” State v. Rios, 6th Dist.

3
  We note that Brown’s testimony regarding his inquiry into the validity of appellant’s
license plates does not support appellant’s conviction because, as with his testimony on
appellant’s status as a member of the Cherokee Nation, Brown simply testified that he
was unable to verify appellant’s license plates.

21.
Williams No. WM-13-004, 2014-Ohio-341, ¶ 32, citing State v. Santiago, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 02AP-1094, 2003-Ohio-2877, ¶ 11. “Plain error is error that affects an

appellant’s substantial rights.” State v. Magee, 2019-Ohio-1921, 136 N.E.3d 800, ¶ 25

(6th Dist.), citing Crim.R. 52(B). “An appellate court ‘may recognize plain error, sua

sponte, to prevent a miscarriage of justice.’” Id., quoting State v. Vinson, 2016-Ohio-

7604, 73 N.E.3d 1025, ¶ 66 (8th Dist.). “Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to

be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a

manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 97, 372 N.E.2d 804

(1978).

       {¶ 44} Here, Brenneman’s testimony as to the results of the LEADS inquiry

constitutes a textbook example of hearsay in that he repeated an out-of-court statement

made by LEADS, and offered it for the truth of the matter asserted, namely that

appellant’s license plate was not registered. In fact, the LEADS report itself is hearsay,

although we and others have held that it is admissible under the public records exception

to the hearsay rule found in Evid.R. 803(8)(a). State v. Price, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-19-

003, 2020-Ohio-220, ¶ 13, citing Cleveland v. Craig, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99619,

2013-Ohio-5742, ¶ 37. Thus, generally, an officer’s testimony regarding the results of

the LEADS inquiry would be harmless where the LEADS report itself was entered into

evidence.4 In this case, however, the state never introduced the LEADS report.

4
  “As a public record, a LEADS report requires authentication prior to being admitted
into evidence, pursuant to Evid.R. 901(B)(7). While extrinsic evidence of authenticity is

22.
Therefore, because the only evidence supporting appellant’s conviction for fictitious

plates is Brenneman’s testimony, and because Brenneman’s testimony on this matter

constitutes inadmissible hearsay, we hold that the trial court committed plain error when

it permitted Brenneman to testify regarding the results of the LEADS inquiry.5

       {¶ 45} Accordingly, appellant’s fourth assignment of error is well-taken, in part.

                                3. Obstruction of Justice

       {¶ 46} Finally, in his third assignment of error, appellant challenges his conviction

for obstruction of justice under R.C. 2921.31(A), which states,

              No person, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent,

       obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official of any authorized act

       within the public official’s official capacity, shall do any act that hampers

       or impedes a public official in the performance of the public official’s

       lawful duties.

       {¶ 47} In order to prove the charge of obstructing official business under R.C.

2921.31(A), the state must prove the following five essential elements: “‘(1) an act by

not required for certified copies of public records, as they are self-authenticating pursuant
to Evid.R. 902(1), (2) and (4), a seal must accompany the certification before the certified
copy is considered self-authenticating.” Price at ¶ 13, citing State v. Peterson, 11th Dist.
Trumbull No. 96-T-5456, 1996 WL 761231, *6 (Nov. 29, 1996).
5
  “When evidence admitted at trial is sufficient to support a conviction, but on appeal,
some of that evidence is determined to have been improperly admitted, the Double
Jeopardy Clauses of the United States and Ohio Constitutions will not bar retrial.” State
v. Brewer, 121 Ohio St.3d 202, 2009-Ohio-593, 903 N.E.2d 284, syllabus.

23.
the defendant, (2) done with the purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay a public official,

(3) that actually hampers or impedes a public official, (4) while the official is acting in

the performance of a lawful duty, and (5) the defendant so acts without privilege.’”

Brooklyn v. Kaczor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98816, 2013-Ohio-2901, ¶ 7, quoting State

v. Kates, 169 Ohio App.3d 766, 2006-Ohio-6779, 865 N.E.2d 66, ¶ 21 (10th Dist.).

       {¶ 48} In support of his assignment of error, appellant argues, inter alia, that the

state failed to produce evidence that he hampered or impeded a public official. Ohio

courts have recognized that “there must be some substantial stoppage of the officer’s

progress before one can say he was hampered or impeded.” State v. Wellman, 173 Ohio

App.3d 494, 2007-Ohio-2953, 879 N.E.2d 215, ¶ 17 (1st Dist.), quoting State v. Stephens,

57 Ohio App.2d 229, 230, 387 N.E.2d 252 (1st Dist.1978). “The statute does not

criminalize every ‘minor delay, annoyance, irritation or inconvenience.’” State v.

Whiting, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-17-1133, L-17-1247, 2019-Ohio-56, ¶ 44, quoting State

v. Vitantonio, 2013-Ohio-4100, 995 N.E.2d 1291, ¶ 14 (11th Dist.). “Rather, a

conviction requires ‘evidence that a defendant actually interfered with the performance of

an official duty and made it more difficult,’ but does not require evidence that the

defendant successfully prevented the performance of an official duty.” Id., quoting State

v. Standifer, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2011-07-071, 2012-Ohio-3132, ¶ 28.

       {¶ 49} Here, appellant could not have hampered or impeded Brenneman’s ability

to issue a traffic ticket to Noah because, by the time appellant arrived on the scene, the

24.
ticket had already been completed. Instead, the state argues that appellant’s protestations

prevented Brenneman from ending the traffic stop. However, we note that Brenneman

had already elected to prolong the stop by allowing Noah to contact someone to come

and pick up his vehicle. Thus, while Brenneman’s decision to not have the car towed was

gracious—and his overall demeanor and professionalism was commendable throughout

the entire incident—we cannot say that he was substantially hampered or impeded from

ending the stop by the momentary encounter with appellant. We find this to be

particularly true here because it was appellant’s lack of an Ohio driver’s license, and not

his act of arguing, that prevented Brenneman from sending the car with appellant.

Therefore, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the state, the evidence does

not demonstrate that Brenneman was hampered or impeded in the performance of his

official duties. Accordingly, we hold that appellant’s conviction for obstruction of justice

is based upon insufficient evidence.

       {¶ 50} Appellant’s third assignment of error is well-taken.

                       C. Other Assignments of Error are Moot

       {¶ 51} In light of our resolution of appellant’s second, third, and fourth

assignments of error, appellant’s fifth assignment of error (pertaining to the merger of the

offenses of falsification and obstruction), sixth assignment of error (pertaining to the jury

instructions on the offenses of falsification and obstruction), and seventh assignment of

25.
error (pertaining to the ineffective assistance of trial counsel) are rendered moot, and are

not well-taken.

                                       IV. Conclusion

       {¶ 52} For the foregoing reasons, we find that substantial justice has not been done

the party complaining, and the judgments of the Fulton County Court, Western Division

are reversed and vacated. In particular, the convictions for falsification and obstruction

of justice, having been found to have been based upon insufficient evidence are hereby

reversed and vacated, and those charges are ordered to be dismissed. The conviction for

fictitious plates is also reversed, and the matter is remanded to the trial court for further

proceedings on that charge consistent with this decision. The parties are ordered to share

the costs of this appeal evenly pursuant to our discretion under App.R. 24(A).

       {¶ 53} The clerk is instructed to serve appellant, Douglas Pelmear, with a copy of

this decision at his last known address.

                                                                           Judgment reversed.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

26.
                                                          State of Ohio/Archbold Village
                                                                      v. Douglas Pelmear
                                                                    F-21-003 & F-21-006

Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                      ____________________________
                                                      JUDGE
Gene A. Zmuda, J.
                                              ____________________________
Myron C. Duhart, P.J.                                 JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                              ____________________________
                                                      JUDGE

       This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
  Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
       version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.

27.