Court Opinion

ID: 4909846
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-09 13:05:19.436601+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:21.339125
License: Public Domain

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             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 19-AA-974

                          MOSES C. RILEY, PETITIONER,

                                        V.

 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, RESPONDENT,

                                       and

           D.C. WATER AND SEWER AUTHORITY, ET AL., INTERVENORS.

              On Petition for Review of a Decision and Order of the
            District of Columbia Department of Employment Services
                                  (CRB-79-19)

(Argued June 23, 2021                               Decided September 9, 2021)

      David M. Snyder was on the brief for petitioner.

       Stacy L. Anderson, Senior Assistant Attorney General, with whom Karl A.
Racine, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Loren L. AliKhan, Solicitor
General, Caroline S. Van Zile, Principal Deputy Solicitor General, and Carl J.
Schifferle, Deputy Solicitor General, were on the brief for respondent.

      Douglass A. Datt was on the brief for intervenors.

      Before MCLEESE and DEAHL, Associate Judges, and FERREN, Senior Judge.

      FERREN, Senior Judge: This case presents the unusual question whether this

court should accept for review an interlocutory appeal from the denial of an
                                          2

interlocutory appeal by an administrative agency. The petitioner, Moses C. Riley,

seeks interlocutory review of a Compensation Review Board (CRB) order

dismissing his application for interlocutory review of the denial of his motion to

dismiss his employer’s request for a formal hearing by an administrative law judge

(ALJ) from the Administrative Hearings Division (AHD) of the Department of

Employment Services (DOES). Riley’s workers’ compensation claim allegedly

arose out of a work-related injury he suffered while employed as a maintenance

mechanic for intervenor, D.C. Water and Sewer Authority (WASA). He argues

that his petition meets this court’s criteria for interlocutory review because, without

it, he “will be precluded from asserting” WASA’s liability for statutory attorney’s

fees “when a permanent partial disability award is issued.” We agree with Riley,

reverse, and remand the case for further proceedings.

                             I. Facts and Proceedings

      While working for WASA on September 21, 2017, Riley was tightening

straps to pull a belt on a pallet when he felt discomfort in his left shoulder. He

underwent an arthroscopic evaluation, resulting in a distal clavicle resection to

repair a rotator cuff tear for which WASA voluntarily paid Riley temporary total

disability benefits. On June 19, 2018, Riley returned to work without restriction,
                                           3

after which he underwent a permanency evaluation by his physician, who

concluded that Riley had a thirty-three percent permanent partial impairment to his

left arm.

      On March 8, 2019, Riley emailed WASA requesting permanent partial

disability benefits of “33% to the left arm.” He then applied to the DOES Office of

Workers Compensation (OWC) for an “informal conference” to resolve the matter,

if possible—a conference that, pursuant to statute and regulations, would trigger a

written recommendation from the Mayor. 1 OWC issued a notice the next day,

scheduling the conference for April 10, 2019. On March 26, 2019, however,

WASA sought to bypass the scheduled conference. It filed an application with the

Hearing and Adjudications Section of the AHD, requesting instead a “formal

hearing” before an ALJ to challenge Riley’s claim for compensation, thereby

terminating      the   informal   conference   process   and   its   related   Mayoral

recommendation. WASA alleged “a lack of medical and/or legal causation” of

Riley’s injury and also contested the “nature and extent” of his disability. WASA

further maintained that, because Riley had returned to his previous position

without restriction and was earning more than he had at the time of his injury, he

      1
            See D.C. Code § 32-1530(b) (2019 Repl.).
                                          4

suffered no economic loss, and thus was not entitled to a permanent disability

award.

      In response, on April 15, 2019, Riley filed a motion to dismiss WASA’s

request for a formal hearing, arguing that the AHD had no “subject matter

jurisdiction” over the request because WASA had no standing to bring a worker’s

compensation claim on Riley’s behalf. Riley also asserted that WASA could not

seek a formal hearing in any event without “exhaust[ing]” the informal conference

process, which he characterized as a “mandatory administrative remed[y]” that is a

“statutory prerequisite for a formal hearing.”

      On July 10, 2019, an ALJ from the AHD denied Riley’s motion to dismiss,

stating that neither the District’s Workers’ Compensation Act (WCA) 2 nor the

related regulations “mandate a party first seek an informal conference prior to

filing an application for a formal hearing.” Riley then sought interlocutory review

of the ALJ’s ruling by the CRB, whereupon the AHD held the scheduled formal

hearing in abeyance pending Riley’s CRB petition.

      2
          D.C. Code §§ 32-1501 to -1545 (2019 Repl.).
                                           5

      Riley urged the CRB to employ the “collateral order” doctrine to exercise

interlocutory jurisdiction over the AHD’s order. More specifically, he argued that,

in correctly applying the three required doctrinal criteria: (1) the AHD had

conclusively determined a “disputed question of law” by ruling that the parties

need not have exhausted the informal conference process before WASA sought a

formal hearing; (2) the AHD had resolved an “important issue . . . separate from

the merits” of Riley’s disability claim, namely, that WASA had standing to apply

for a formal hearing in lieu of “informal procedures” to resolve the dispute; and

(3) the AHD’s grant of WASA’s application for a formal hearing—eclipsing

Riley’s request for the informal procedure—unlawfully imposed “unreviewable”

litigation burdens on Riley, including a lost opportunity to seek statutory attorney’s

fees from WASA if his disability claim was successful. In sum, Riley argued that,

because WASA had bypassed the informal conference process by requesting—and

receiving—a scheduled formal hearing on Riley’s claim, WASA had failed to

“exhaust[] its administrative remedies.”

      On September 20, 2019, the CRB rejected Riley’s arguments and issued an

order dismissing his application for interlocutory review. On October 17, 2019,

Riley filed a petition with this court for interlocutory review of the CRB’s

dismissal order. WASA then sought dismissal of Riley’s petition, observing that it
                                         6

had been taken from a non-final order and, in any event, did not meet the criteria

for interlocutory review.

      On January 29, 2020, this court denied without prejudice WASA’s motion to

dismiss, requesting the parties to file briefs addressing whether the CRB’s order

met our requirements for interlocutory review under the collateral order doctrine.

This court’s order specifically referenced the traditional three-part test for

interlocutory review reflected in Riley’s petitions to the CRB and, subsequently, to

this court: “(1) [the order] must conclusively determine a disputed question of law,

(2) it must resolve an important issue that is separate from the merits of the case,

and (3) it must be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.” 3

      3
        Competitive Enter. Inst. v. Mann, 150 A.3d 1213, 1228 (D.C. 2016). This
court has long relied on this formulation. See McNair Builders, Inc. v. Taylor, 3
A.3d 1132, 1135 (D.C. 2010); Finkelstein, Thompson & Loughran, v. Hemispherx
Biopharma, Inc., 774 A.2d 332, 339–40 (D.C. 2001) narrowed by McNair
Builders, Inc., 3 A.3d at 1135; Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of
Apostolic Faith of Washington District of Columbia v. Beards, 680 A.2d 419, 425–
26 (D.C. 1996); Stein v. United States, 532 A.2d 641, 643 (1987) (quoting
Flanagan v. United States, 465 U.S. 259, 265 (1984)).
                                         7

                       II. Statutory and Regulatory Scheme

      The WCA 4 outlines the procedures an employee must follow when filing a

claim of injury, as well as the corresponding obligations of DOES. The applicable

regulations elaborate the claims process, including an informal settlement

procedure. Regulation 7 D.C.M.R. § 211.2 (1986) provides that OWC “may

utilize . . . non-adjudicative fact finding procedures including informal conferences

under § 219 of this chapter to narrow issues, encourage voluntary payment of

claims, and encourage agreement between interested parties.”           Regulation 7

D.C.M.R. § 219.2 (1994) states that participation in an informal conference is

“voluntary.”    If the parties reach a settlement, OWC then prepares a final

compensation order that embodies the agreement.5

       “If at the close of an informal conference, the parties have not reached an

agreement on all of the disputed issues, the Office shall evaluate all the available

information and prepare a Memorandum of Informal Conference containing

      4
          See supra note 2.
      5
          7 D.C.M.R. § 219.16 (1994).
                                         8

recommendations.” 6      The parties then have fourteen days to state in writing

whether they agree with the recommendations. 7 If they agree, OWC issues a final

compensation order in line with the agreement. 8 If the parties do not agree, either

party may seek a formal hearing.9 If neither party requests a formal hearing within

fourteen days of the Memorandum of Informal Conference, it becomes a final

compensation order. 10

      Alternatively, once a party files a claim for compensation, “any interested

party”—claimant or employer—may apply to the AHD for a formal hearing before

an ALJ. 11 “Upon application of any interested party the Mayor shall order a

hearing within 90 days, unless the Mayor grants a special extension of time for the

development of facts.” 12 “An original application for formal hearing shall be in

      6
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.18.
      7
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.20.
      8
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.21.
      9
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.22.
      10
           Id.
      11
           D.C. Code § 32-1520(c).
      12
           Id.
                                         9

writing, signed by the moving party, and filed with [the AHD].” 13 Central to this

proceeding, once a party applies for a formal hearing, “[a]ll informal procedures

shall terminate.”14

      At the heart of Riley’s argument for interlocutory review is the related fee-

shifting statute. D.C. Code § 32-1530 entitles a claimant to attorney’s fees in two,

limited circumstances.    First, a claimant is entitled to attorney’s fees if an

employer refuses to pay after an employee files a claim for compensation, and if

the employee, through counsel, thereafter obtains a compensation award.15

Second, a claimant also may recover attorney’s fees if: (1) the employer tenders

“compensation without an award”; (2) “a controversy develops over the amount of

additional compensation, if any,” the employee should receive; and (3) an

“informal conference” fails to resolve the matter. 16 At that point, D.C. Code

§ 32-1530(b) says “the Mayor shall recommend in writing a disposition of the

      13
           7 D.C.M.R. § 220.1 (1999)
      14
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.23.
      15
           D.C. Code § 32-1530(a).
      16
           D.C. Code § 32-1530(b); 7 D.C.M.R. § 211.2.
                                          10

controversy.” 17   The Mayor’s written recommendation “is not defined in the

[WCA] or the regulations,” but this court has construed it to mean the

“Memorandum of Informal Conference” (described above in regulation 219.18)18

prepared by the OWC after the parties have failed to “reach[] an agreement on all

of the disputed issues.” 19 Attorney’s fees are then awardable to an employee who

“uses an attorney to recover a greater amount via an award of compensation.”20

      “In all other cases any claim for legal services shall not be assessed against

the employer or carrier.”21     Because WASA tendered compensation to Riley

without an award but is now refusing to pay additional compensation, Riley’s

petition, he alleges, falls under the second scenario.

      17
           Id.
      18
           See supra note 6.
      19
          Kelly v. District of Columbia. Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 214 A.3d 996,
1005–06, 1010 n.12 (D.C. 2019) (“Mayor’s ‘written recommendation’ referred to
in the statute is the Memorandum of Informal Conference described in the
regulation”).
      20
         Turner v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 210 A.3d 156, 159
(D.C. 2019) (summarizing D.C. Code § 32-1530(b)).
      21
           D.C. Code § 32-1530(b).
                                        11

                       III. Petition for Interlocutory Review

      This court reviews CRB decisions “to determine whether they are arbitrary,

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 22 We

review the CRB’s legal rulings de novo but defer to the agency’s “reasonable

interpretation of the statute it administers where there is an ambiguity to be

resolved.”23 “Unless the agency’s interpretation is plainly wrong or inconsistent

with the statute, we will sustain it even if there are other constructions which may

be equally reasonable.” 24

      We usually have “jurisdiction to review only agency orders or decisions that

are final.”25 Riley argues, however, that this case satisfies the requirements for

interlocutory review of the CRB’s denial of interlocutory review. Federal courts

commonly have ruled that interlocutory review is available for interlocutory

      22
        Muhammad v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 34 A.3d 488,
491 (D.C. 2012) (internal citations omitted).
      23
           Kelly, 214 A.3d at 1000.
      24
         Nat’l Geographic Soc’y v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs.,
721 A.2d 618, 620 (D.C. 1998).
      25
         Warner v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 587 A.2d 1091,
1093 (D.C. 1991) (specifying narrow exceptions for “remand orders”).
                                              12

agency action. 26 This court has not definitively answered that question, but

substantial authority, with which we agree, 27 supports such review, and we are

satisfied that we can invoke our interlocutory jurisdiction if not otherwise

precluded.

      That said, we have observed that “exhaustion of administrative remedies is a

prerequisite    to   judicial   review   of    agency   action   absent   extraordinary

      26
           See Hale v. Norton, 476 F.3d 694, 697–98 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Even if a
particular agency action does not, on its own, satisfy the principle of finality, the
collateral order doctrine may nevertheless preserve jurisdiction.”); Rhode Island v.
Env’t Prot. Agency, 378 F.3d 19, 25 (1st. Cir. 2004) (“[E]very circuit to have
considered the question to date has determined (often with little or no analysis) that
the collateral order doctrine applies to judicial review of administrative
determinations.”); Meredith v. Fed. Mine Safety & Health Rev. Comm’n, 177 F.3d
1042, 1044 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (liability of Mine, Safety, and Health Administration
officials was reviewable under the collateral order doctrine); Donovan v. Oil,
Chem., & Atomic Workers Int’l Union, 718 F.2d 1341, 1343–46 (5th Cir. 1983)
(motion to vacate ALJ’s order for review prior to review by a commission was
appealable under the collateral order doctrine); Donovan v. Occupational Safety &
Health Rev. Comm’n, 713 F.2d 918, 922–24 (2d Cir. 1983) (Commission’s
interlocutory denial of motion to vacate order granting review of ALJ’s rulings was
appealable under the collateral order doctrine). But see La. State Real Est.
Appraisers Bd. v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 917 F.3d 389, 391–93 (5th Cir. 2019)
(applicable statute and regulations did not permit interlocutory review of agency
action even under collateral order doctrine).
      27
           See id.
                                           13

circumstances.”28 On that occasion we rejected interlocutory review because the

agency had not acted “plainly in excess of its delegated powers.” 29 On other

occasions, however, addressing the exhaustion issue more comprehensively, we

catalogued an array of exceptions to the finality requirement, including “collateral

matters” as well as “irreparable harm [] that would warrant judicial intervention”30

—both of which, we conclude, exempt our analysis from further “exhaustion”

concerns here.

      Appropriately, therefore, the Motions Division’s order asks the parties to

determine “whether the Compensation Review Board’s Order [of September 20,

      28
        Bender v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 562 A.2d 1205,
1207 (D.C. 1989).
      29
           Id. at 1209.
      30
           Warner, 587 A.2d at 1093–94 (citing Dir., Off of Workers’ Comp.
Programs v. Brodka, 643 F.2d 159, 163 n.9 (3d Cir. 1981)); accord Sun
Shipbuilding Dry Dock Co. v. Benefits Rev. Bd., U.S. Dep’t of Lab., 535 F.2d 758,
760 (3d Cir. 1976) (defining “collateral” issue exception by reference to Cohen v.
Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 545–47 (1949) (announcing collateral
order doctrine), and defining “irreparable injury” exception by reference to
Isbrandtsen Co. v. United States, 211 F.2d 51, 55–56 (D.C. Cir. 1954) (stating that
“[t]he ultimate test of reviewability is . . . to be found . . . in the need of the review
to protect from the irreparable injury threatened in the exceptional case by
administrative rulings which attach legal consequences to action taken in advance
of other hearings and adjudications that may follow, the results of which the
regulations purport to control” (internal quotation marks omitted))).
                                          14

2019] meets the three requirements 31 for this court’s interlocutory review under the

collateral order doctrine.” The test for invoking the doctrine is “stringent”; 32 it is

intended to apply only to “a small class of non-final orders” deemed “too important

to be denied review and too independent of the cause itself to require that appellate

consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated.” 33 Aware of this

stringency, the CRB applied the three established criteria and declined

interlocutory review of the ALJ’s (AHD’s) order granting WASA’s application for

a formal hearing. As to each, the CRB erred; its order denying interlocutory

review of the AHD order satisfies all three “collateral order” criteria essential to

this court’s granting interlocutory review.

      In applying the first criterion, the CRB ruled that the AHD’s order did not

“conclusively determine a [disputed] question of law.” 34 It said that the law

answering whether WASA had “standing” to request a “Formal Hearing with

AHD” was “well-established”; the employer “does have” such standing as an

      31
           See text accompanying supra note 3.
      32
         McNair Builders, Inc., 3 A.3d at 1136 (quoting Will v. Hallock, 546 U.S.
345, 349–50 (2006)).
      33
           Mann, 150 A.3d at 1228 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
      34
           Id.
                                         15

“interested party” with the right to “apply for a hearing on a claim.” 35 In other

words, “standing” no longer was “disputed.” We cannot agree. The issue is not

whether this court had previously determined an abstract issue of law; the question

for the CRB, rather, was whether the AHD itself had “conclusively determined”

the disputed questions of law in this case.36 Similarly, the first question for us now

is whether the CRB conclusively determined such an issue, and it clearly did so. It

relied on Kelly37 and related regulations to determine, initially, that WASA was

authorized to request the formal hearing that canceled Riley’s earlier request to

pursue informal statutory procedures. The CRB then “conclusively determine[d]”

that, as a result of the cancellation, Riley had lost any opportunity to claim

statutory attorney’s fees—at least until he received a compensation award after the

formal hearing and filed a fee claim successfully challenging the rule that the CRB

concluded Kelly had established.

      35
         See Kelly, 214 A.3d at 1002 (noting that 7 D.C.M.R. §§ 220-23 outlines
the “process by which AHD conducts formal hearings”)].
      36
        See Mann, 150 A.3d at 1228 (quoting Doe v. Burke, 91 A.3d 1031, 1038
(D.C. 2014)) (“‘conclusivity element’ of the collateral order doctrine is ‘satisfied
when a trial court has determined movant is ineligible for protection under the
[Anti-SLAPP] statute’”).
      37
           See supra note 35.
                                         16

      The CRB also mentioned the second criterion, which limits interlocutory

review to resolving “an [1] important issue that is [2] separate from the merits of

the case.”38    But neither element of this two-part criterion was discussed.

Apparently, it was obvious to the CRB that the employer’s “standing” (authority)

to prevent an informal conference (by asking instead for a formal hearing) was

“separate from the merits of the case” (Riley’s disability claim), thus satisfying the

second element. And we agree. By confirming the employer’s authority to walk

away from Riley’s requested informal conference at the OWC, and to apply instead

for a formal hearing at the AHD, the CRB issued a ruling anterior to the merits.

      That ruling alone, however, did not embrace the first element, requiring a

finding of “importance” sufficient to permit collateral review. 39 The CRB thus

defaulted on its responsibility to address that element. We are satisfied, however,

that WASA’s ability to request a formal hearing (to cancel the scheduled informal

conference), coupled with Riley’s right to contest that move, resolved “an

      38
           Mann, 150 A.3d at 1228.
      39
          The CRB did acknowledge Riley’s contention that the separate, important
issue must be an “issue of public policy,” quoting Finkelstein, Thompson, &
Loughran, 774 A.2d at 340, but the CRB made no further reference to that
assertion. See also Mann, 150 A.3d at 1230–31 (quoting McNair Builders, Inc., 3
A.3d at 1136) (on interlocutory appeal, a trial court’s order “den[ying] a special
motion to dismiss implicates a ‘substantial public interest’”).
                                          17

important issue” of “public policy.” 40     Not only is Riley’s potential right to

statutory fees implicated (absent a predicate, “informal conference”), but also the

same right for future litigants is at stake.41 Indeed, the “humanitarian purpose” of

the WCA 42 is diminished by the statutory interpretation that the CRB attributes to

Kelly, 43 which would limit an award of attorney’s fees in many instances to

successful reliance on informal procedures, including a Mayor’s recommendation,

that an employer can upend by requesting a formal hearing instead. 44 Accordingly,

we have an undeniably “important” issue before us: whether an employer has the

      40
           See supra note 36.
      41
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.2 (2000). Cf. McAteer v. Lauterbach, 908 A.2d 1168,
1170 (D.C. 2006) (“a decision in this case discussing the conditions necessary to
justify a lis pendens may give helpful (i.e., ‘important’) guidance to the trial court
and to parties beyond those involved in this case” because the relevant language of
the District’s lis pendens statute had not yet been interpreted by this court);
Galloway v. Clay, 861 A.2d 30, 33 (D.C. 2004) (the issue of whether a lawyer may
withdraw from representing a party in a continuing proceeding in Superior Court
was important because denial of the attorney’s motion to withdraw “amounts to
requiring specific performance” and “may cause significant hardship” to the
attorney” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
      42
         See, e.g., McCamey v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs, 947
A.2d 1191, 1197 (D.C. 2008) (“This court follows the principle that workers
compensation statutes should be liberally construed to achieve
their humanitarian purpose.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Clark v. District
of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs, 743 A.2d 722, 728 (D.C. 2000) (noting the
“humanitarian purpose of the Workers’ Compensation Act”).
      43
           Kelly, 214 A.3d at 1013.
      44
           See text accompanying supra notes 16–19.
                                          18

right to cancel an “informal conference”—thus preventing any recommendation

from the Mayor—and then to insist on a formal hearing, which eliminates any

opportunity for an employee to obtain statutory attorney’s fees, even if successful

after the hearing.

       Finally, as to the third criterion—i.e., whether the employer’s right to ask for

a formal hearing (and thereby to preclude a recommendation from the Mayor)

would “be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment”45—the CRB

essentially answered “No.” It ruled that Riley would not be precluded “from

raising this issue on appeal [of a final order] in the case if and when an application

is filed seeking a fee award against the Employer.” Put even more directly, the

CRB is saying that, until there is a compensation award, there is nothing to appeal,

collaterally or otherwise; Riley’s argument is premature, with no present impact on

reviewability. 46

       45
            Mann, 150 A.3d at 1228.
       46
         The CRB buttresses its prematurity argument by implicitly confirming
that, absent en banc review, a challenge to Kelly’s interpretation of D.C. Code
§ 32-1530(b) would be precluded before a three-judge division of this court. See
M.A.P. v. Ryan, 285 A.2d 310, 312 (D.C. 1971).
                                         19

      We cannot agree; the third (and final) criterion for interlocutory review is

satisfied. The CRB’s order has already denied interlocutory review of the AHD’s

ruling that WASA, as an “interested party” had “standing” (authority) to apply for

a formal hearing of Riley’s disability claim. Thus, unless we grant interlocutory

review of the CRB’s order, the parties will proceed to the formal hearing (presently

stayed). If Riley were then to prevail on his disability claim (absent an earlier,

“informal conference” followed by a Mayor’s recommendation), he would have no

corresponding claim for statutory attorney’s fees pursuant to D.C. Code

§ 32-1530(b).47 Accordingly, the alleged right to potential fees, presented here on

interlocutory appeal, would have become “effectively unreviewable” as moot.48

      47
          A “claimant may recover attorney’s fees if the employer tenders
compensation initially without an award, but later refuses to pay additional
compensation recommended by the agency after an informal conference, and the
claimant uses an attorney to recover a greater amount via an award of
compensation.” Turner, 210 A.3d at 159 (quoting Fluellyn v. District of Columbia
Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 54 A.3d 1156, 1160 (D.C. 2012)) (emphasis added).
      48
          The government urges that the availability of attorney’s fees should await
a final order (subject, if necessary, to a second appeal to this court). Without our
interlocutory review, however, the CRB would have no reason, given its
understanding of Kelly, to rule differently from its earlier orders. Therefore, our
interlocutory review, satisfying the criteria for jurisdiction, has been essential to
avoiding a waste of time and resources.
                                         20

      In sum, the only route to statutory fees is by way of an “informal

conference” followed by a Mayor’s (meaning the OWC’s) 49 final compensation

order50 or recommendation. 51 But once a formal hearing is convened, a Mayor’s

written order would no longer be available. Accordingly, far from being premature

(as both DOES and WASA contend), a decision of this court resolving Riley’s

interlocutory appeal is necessary, absent an informal conference and Mayoral

recommendation. Otherwise, any “final judgment” in Riley’s favor after a formal

hearing on his disability claim would come too late to include a fee award, thus

making that issue effectively unreviewable on appeal.

                                      IV. Kelly

      Having established our interlocutory jurisdiction, we turn to the merits of

Riley’s appeal. And, because this case presents issues similar to those in Kelly, it

is essential to resolve whether Kelly controls the outcome here.

      49
           Turner, 210 A.3d at 160.
      50
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.16.
      51
           7 D.C.M.R. § 219.18.
                                          21

      In Kelly, this court held that a claimant for workers’ compensation was not

authorized to apply for statutory attorney’s fees in connection with his successful

compensation claim. 52 We explained that, when an employer voluntarily pays or

tenders compensation “without an award” (as WASA did here) and “a controversy

develops” over “additional compensation, if any, to which the employee may be

entitled,” the plain language of the governing statute and regulations limits the

availability of a statutory attorney’s fee to situations in which the employee has

received a proposed disposition, “in writing,” from the Mayor. 53

      After Kelly had filed a claim, his employer, Pepco, had voluntarily begun to

pay compensation. 54 Seeking a higher amount, Kelly applied for an “informal

conference” to resolve the claim. 55 Pepco soon asked, instead, for a “formal

hearing,” which was granted (upon cancellation of the informal conference),

whereupon the ALJ awarded Kelly additional compensation. 56 Kelly then filed for

      52
           Kelly, 214 A.3d at 999–1000.
      53
           Id. at 1006–07 (quoting 7 D.C.M.R. § 219.20).
      54
           Id. at 999.
      55
           Id.
      56
           Id.
                                         22

statutory attorneys’ fees under D.C. Code § 32-1530(b), which the ALJ denied.57

The CRB affirmed that ruling, and, after reviewing Kelly’s appeal, we also

affirmed. 58

       As explained earlier, statutory attorneys’ fees are awardable in this context

only when (1) the Mayor has recommended “in writing a disposition of the

controversy” which the employer or carrier rejects “within 14 days after receipt”;

(2) the employer tenders another amount which the claimant also rejects; and (3)

with the help of a lawyer, the claimant recovers an amount “greater than the

amount paid or tendered by the employer or carrier.” 59 There was, however, no

written recommendation from the Mayor in Kelly. Although informal procedures

had been invoked pursuant to applicable regulations,60 a Mayor’s recommendation

comes only after conclusion of a voluntary, “informal conference,”61 which had

been terminated in compliance with D.C.M.R. §§ 219.2, 219.23—regulations

       57
            Id. at 1000.
       58
            Id. at 1000, 1013.
       59
            D.C. Code § 32-1530(b).
       60
            See 7 D.C.M.R. §§ 211.2 and 219.2.
       61
            See Kelly, 214 A.3d at 1005–06.
                                        23

which we expressly noted Kelly raised no challenge to in that appeal 62—by

Pepco’s request for a formal hearing.63 Once the employer’s request for a formal

hearing had been granted, any regulatory role for a written recommendation by the

Mayor had evaporated under the regulations that were unchallenged in Kelly.64

      Despite Kelly, we cannot overlook the statutory language that, when “a

controversy develops over the amount of additional compensation, . . . the Mayor

shall recommend in writing a disposition of the controversy” (emphasis added).65

      62
            Id. at 1006 n.6 (“This issue is not before us because it was neither
addressed by the CRB nor—crucially—raised by Kelly before this court. Indeed,
Kelly’s counsel explicitly stated at oral argument that he was “not challenging the
statute or the regulation.”).
      63
           See 7 D.C.M.R. §§ 219.2, 219.23. Participation in an informal
conference is voluntary, 7 D.C.M.R. § 219.2, and, if either party applies for a
formal hearing, informal procedures must terminate. 7 D.C.M.R. § 219.23. See
also Travelers Indem. Co. of Ill. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 975
A.2d 823, 829 (D.C. 2009) (“Once an application for a formal hearing is filed . . .
all informal procedures must be terminated.”) (quoting Nat’l Geographic Soc’y,
721 A.2d at 622)). The AHD then assumes exclusive jurisdiction over the
workers’ compensation claim.
      64
         See Kelly, 214 A.3d at 1010 (maintaining that the only way to fulfill the
requirements of § 32-1530(b) and thus recover attorney’s fees is to reject the
mayor’s Memorandum of Informal Conference).
      65
           D.C. Code § 32-1530(b).
                                          24

This express, mandatory language overrides any regulation inconsistent with it.66

Thus, the statutory requirement that the Mayor “shall” weigh in with a “written

recommendation”67 must be implemented either in the usual way, after conclusion

of a prescribed “informal conference,” or—however otherwise arranged—before a

formal hearing is held. Regulations inconsistent with this ruling must be revised.68

       That said, nothing would preclude reliance on the current, informal

procedures as the vehicle for the Mayor’s input. The point here, rather, is that the

      66
          See, e.g., District of Columbia v. Brookstowne Cmty. Dev. Co., 987 A.2d
442, 449 (D.C. 2010) (agency’s regulation is invalid if in conflict with its statute);
Anderson v. William J. Davis, Inc., 553 A.2d 648, 650 n.6 (D.C. 1989) (“To the
extent that the regulation may be inconsistent with [the governing statute], the
statute must prevail over the regulation.”); see also Brown v. District of Columbia,
727 A.2d 865, 868 (D.C. 1999) (stating that “shall” is considered mandatory
statutory language).
      67
           D.C. Code § 32-1530(b).
      68
          In Kelly, this court applied the regulations then existing under the statute.
We recognized, however, that the statutory language of D.C. Code § 32-1530(b)
(“Mayor shall recommend”) “appears to be in tension” with 7 D.C.M.R. §§ 219.2
and 219.23 (“participation by interested parties in [informal] conferences shall be
voluntary,” and “[a]ll informal procedures shall terminate when an application for
formal hearing is filed”). Kelly, 214 A.3d at 1006 n.6. We observed, nonetheless,
that “[t]his issue is not before us because it was neither addressed by the CRB
nor—crucially—raised by Kelly before this court. Indeed, Kelly’s counsel
explicitly stated at oral argument that he was “not challenging the statute or the
regulation.” Id. at 1006.
                                       25

present regulations—never before challenged as inconsistent with the statute69—

cannot stand in the way of a claimant’s right to a Mayor’s recommendation, as

required by § 32-1530(b).

                                 V. Conclusion

      In the end, Kelly does not control. Its previously unchallenged reliance on

D.C.M.R. distinguishes Kelly from the situation confronting us here. For the

reasons explained above, we reverse the CRB’s order of September 20, 2019,

denying interlocutory review and remand the case to the CRB for further

proceedings, consistent with this opinion, implementing the “disposition” to be

“recommended in writing” by the Mayor. 70

                                                 So ordered.

      69
           See 7 D.C.M.R. §§ 219.2 and 219.23.
      70
           D.C. Code § 32-1530(b).