Court Opinion

ID: 3142002
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:55:20.972229+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:35:51.037133
License: Public Domain

NO. 4-04-0460               Filed: 12/4/06

                        IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                              OF ILLINOIS

                            FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,   )    Appeal from
          Plaintiff-Appellee,          )    Circuit Court of
          v.                           )    McLean County
BOBBY L. JOHNSON                       )    No. 02CF1373
          Defendant-Appellant.         )
                                       )    Honorable
                                       )    Elizabeth A. Robb,
                                       )    Judge Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the opinion of the court:

           In March 2004, a jury convicted defendant, Bobby L.

Johnson, of (1) two counts of attempt (first degree murder), in

that defendant committed attempted murder of Lyle and Janice Knapp

(720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2002)) and (2) home invasion (720

ILCS 5/12-11(a)(5) (West 2002)).        In April 2004, the trial court

sentenced defendant to two concurrent 60-year terms in prison for

attempt (first degree murder) and 85 years in prison for home

invasion, which included a 25-year sentence enhancement imposed

under section 12-11(c) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/12-

11(c) (West 2002)).    The court also ordered that defendant's 85-

year prison sentence be served consecutively to the concurrent 60-

year prison terms, as mandated by statute.

           Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) the trial court erred

by admitting other-crimes evidence; (2) the State failed to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed the offense of attempt

(first   degree   murder)   involving   Janice;   (3)   he   cannot   stand

convicted of both home invasion and attempt (first degree murder)
of Lyle because to do so violates the one-act, one-crime rule; (4)

his    85-year   prison     sentence    for    home   invasion     violates   the

proportionate-penalties clause; (5) his 145-year aggregate prison

sentence is void; and (6) the court erred by ordering that his 85-

year    prison   sentence     be    served    consecutively   to    his   60-year

concurrent prison terms.           We disagree and affirm.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

            In November 2002, the State charged defendant with (1)

two counts of attempt (first degree murder) involving Janice (720

ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2002)), (2) two counts of attempt

(first degree murder) involving Lyle (720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1)

(West 2002)), and (3) two counts of home invasion (720 ILCS 5/12-

11(a)(5) (West 2002)).

            In November 2003, the State filed amended motions in

limine seeking to introduce evidence of (1) other shootings that

occurred on the same day the Knapps were shot and were allegedly

additional acts that defendant committed in retaliation for the

death of Antonio Perry (who is referred to in the record as both

defendant's cousin and his friend) and (2) the gang affiliation of

defendant, Antonio, and others.          Defendant later filed a motion in

limine requesting that the trial court bar evidence of his gang

affiliation and prior bad acts.          Following a January 2004 hearing,

the court granted the State's motions and denied defendant's, upon

determining      that   the   other-crimes      evidence   was     "inextricably

connected to the issues" of the case.

       A. Evidence Regarding the Incident Involving the Knapps

                                       - 2 -
           At defendant's March 2004 trial, Janice testified that in

November 2002, she and her husband, Lyle, lived in an apartment

located at 339 Riley Drive in Bloomington.      Around 8:30 p.m. on

November 11, 2002, she was standing in the kitchen, while Lyle was

in the bathroom.     She heard her door loudly bang open, and a few

seconds later, a black man with a gun appeared from around the

corner and stood staring at her in surprise.   He pointed the gun at

Janice, and she curled into a fetal position against the kitchen

wall.    She was unsure whether the man had fired any shots toward

her at this point.    Lyle came out of the bathroom, the man pointed

the gun at him, and Janice covered her eyes.   Janice then heard two

shots being fired.     After a short pause, she heard two or three

more shots and then heard the apartment door close.    Janice stood

up and tried to put pressure on her left ankle, but "it wouldn't

work."    She identified the State's exhibit No. 6 as being a

photograph of her ankle wounds. Janice described the wounds as one

"large open wound" on the outside of her ankle and a smaller cut on

her ankle bone.

           Janice also testified that immediately following the

incident, she told the police that the assailant looked like Ty

Johnson, who lived in the apartment located directly above the

Knapps' apartment.    She told the police that the assailant looked

like Ty Johnson because both Ty Johnson and the assailant were

black males who had cornrow braids in their hair.   However, Janice

denied that Ty Johnson was the man who fired the shots in their

apartment.   Janice acknowledged that she initially believed that

                                - 3 -
the assailant was about the same height as Lyle (5 feet 10 inches

tall).   (Defendant was approximately 5 feet 3 inches tall.)

            Lyle testified that around 8:30 p.m. on November 11,

2002, he was in the bathroom of their apartment when he heard a

loud crash.     He came out of the bathroom and saw a black man

crouched over Janice, with a silver pistol pointed toward her.

Lyle was not certain whether a shot had yet been fired.     The man

then turned to face Lyle and pointed the gun at him.       Lyle ran

toward the man and tried to hit him.    Before Lyle could reach him,

the man shot Lyle in the forearm and Lyle fell to the floor.   As he

was lying on the floor, the man shot him three more times (in his

chest, abdomen, and armpit).   The man then left the apartment, and

Lyle told Janice to call 9-1-1.

            Both Janice and Lyle testified that two days later, on

November 13, 2002, Bloomington police detective Matt Dick came to

the hospital and separately showed each of them a photographic

array of possible suspects. They both identified the photograph of

defendant as the man who broke into their apartment and fired

shots.   Janice and Lyle also identified defendant in court as that

same man.    Lyle testified that he had "no doubt whatsoever" that

defendant was the man who burst into their apartment and fired

shots.

            Corey Cottrell testified that in November 2002, he lived

in the same apartment building as the Knapps and on the same floor.

Around 8:30 p.m. on November 11, 2002, he heard loud banging, and

shortly thereafter, someone knocked on his apartment door. When he

                                - 4 -
opened the door, a man approached him and asked where the build-

ing's exit was located.           Cottrell gave the man directions, and as

the man walked away, Cottrell noticed that he was holding a chrome

pistol.    On November 16, 2002, police showed Cottrell a photo-

graphic array of possible suspects, and he identified defendant as

the man he saw on the night of the incident.                          Cottrell also

identified defendant in court as that same man.

           Dick,    who     was    the   lead    detective        investigating    the

incident, testified that Janice, Lyle, and Cottrell all identified

defendant from a photographic array as the man involved. On cross-

examination,    Dick   testified         that    it   was   his    theory   that   the

shootings of Janice and Lyle involved gang retaliation and the

intended target was Ty Johnson, the Knapps' upstairs neighbor.

According to Dick, Ty Johnson was targeted because he allegedly was

involved in Antonio's murder.

           Bloomington police detective Tommy Walters testified and

identified the State's exhibit Nos. 35 and 36 as photographs

depicting two handguns recovered during a November 14, 2002, search

of the apartment of Kaywanda Childs, defendant's then-girlfriend.

Exhibit No. 36 was a photograph depicting a .357 Magnum revolver,

which was found in a paper bag that was stuffed between the

cushions   of   a   couch    in    Kaywanda's         apartment.      Walters      also

identified the State's exhibit No. 13 as the .357 magnum revolver.

He further identified the State's exhibit No. 11 as a bullet that

he found underneath the carpet in the Knapps' apartment and exhibit

No. 12 as a bullet fragment recovered from Lyle during surgery.

                                         - 5 -
(The parties stipulated that an Illinois State Police forensic

scientist had determined that the .357 magnum fired both the bullet

fragment recovered from Lyle and the bullet recovered from the

Knapps' apartment.)

            Defendant presented a defense based on an alibi--namely,

that on the night of November 11, 2002, he was at the North Lee

Street residence of Denise Perry, Antonio's mother--and mistaken

identity.

                 B. Evidence Regarding Other Crimes

            Steven Roberts testified that on October 31, 2002, he,

along with a male friend and two women, drove to a grocery store in

Bloomington.     After they parked, Roberts heard gunshots.       He

eventually got out of the car and saw Phil Harris, who was injured.

Roberts tried to help Phil, who was his friend.   While an ambulance

took Phil to the hospital, Roberts stood outside the grocery store

with Jackie Caldwell, Makwonda Johnson, and a man Roberts knew only

as Ivan.    Roberts learned that Antonio had been killed inside the

grocery store.   Roberts also saw defendant standing in the parking

lot.   Around 9 p.m. on November 11, 2002, someone fired gunshots

into Roberts' residence.   Roberts acknowledged that he did not see

the person who fired the shots.

            Aaron Harris, who lived on West Mulberry in Bloomington

with his mother and brothers, Phil and Edward Harris, testified

that Ty Johnson was his cousin.    Around 5:45 p.m. on November 11,

2002, he heard gunshots in his mother's room.     When he ran to her

room, he saw shattered glass and bullet holes in the bathroom door.

                                - 6 -
(Walters processed the crime scene and found two partial bullets

and one complete bullet inside the Harris residence.    The parties

stipulated that an Illinois State Police forensic scientist had

determined that the .357 Magnum recovered from Kaywanda's apartment

fired the bullet recovered from the Harris' residence.)

           Amy Orris testified that she lived on Partner Place in

Bloomington and Caldwell lived next door.      Around 6:30 p.m. on

November 11, 2002, Orris heard a "couple of pops."   She looked out

the front window and saw a black man standing in Caldwell's

driveway shooting a gun.

           Bloomington police detective Timothy McCoy testified that

around 6:40 p.m. on November 11, 2002, he responded to a reported

shooting. When he arrived at the scene, he found Khamandi Johnson,

who informed McCoy that he had been shot in the stomach while

sitting in his car on Partner Place.       McCoy acknowledged that

Khamandi did not know who shot him.

           Bloomington police officer David Hoover testified that

shortly after he heard the dispatch for the shooting on Partner

Place, he drove his squad car to Denise's residence. While driving

southbound on Lee Street, he saw five black males, including

defendant (who matched the description of the suspect in the

Partner Place shooting), walk to the front of Denise's residence.

Hoover stopped the five individuals and ordered them to show their

hands.   After he determined that they did not have any weapons, he

and other responding officers let them go.

           As Hoover and the other officers prepared to leave, Phil

                               - 7 -
and Aaron drove by Denise's residence very slowly.               Defendant

pointed at Phil and said, "There is that motherfucker right there."

Defendant then began running after Phil and Aaron's car.            Hoover

pulled his squad car in front of defendant, but defendant jumped

across the hood of the car and continued chasing Phil.          Aaron then

pulled over, and Phil got out of the car and put his hands up in

the air.   When defendant kept running toward Phil, Hoover tackled

defendant and put him in handcuffs.      Hoover told Phil and Aaron to

leave the area, which they did.       Hoover then released defendant,

upon determining that he was partially provoked by Phil and Aaron's

actions.

           Kevin Wilson testified that on November 14, 2002, he was

at Kaywanda's apartment with defendant and Deion Hoskins.          Wilson

saw defendant put a brown paper bag containing a gun between the

couch cushions where defendant was sitting.        Wilson heard Hoskins

and defendant "talking about some Phil nigger, how he [was] going

to get his."

           Dick   testified   that   when   he   interviewed    Wilson   on

November 14, 2002, Wilson told him that earlier that day while at

Kaywanda's apartment, defendant told him not to sit on the couch,

which had a brown paper bag stuffed in the cushions.           Wilson also

said that defendant talked about Phil, indicating defendant's

"intentions on how he, you know[,] on how he gonna [sic] get

killed."

           Dick also testified that during a November 14, 2002,

interview with Kaywanda, she stated that defendant always kept his

                                 - 8 -
gun (which was gray with a brown handle) with him.     Dick further

testified on cross-examination that around 11:15 p.m. on November

11, 2002, Gabriel Van was shot.      Dick acknowledged that no one

identified defendant as the individual who shot Van.

          The parties stipulated that Hoskins was arrested on

November 14, 2002, and the next day, he spoke by telephone with

Kaywanda and Leticia Childs.   During part of the conversation that

was recorded, Hoskins said that on November 14, 2002, defendant had

the .357 Magnum on the couch in Kaywanda's apartment.

          Based on the evidence, the jury convicted defendant of

(1) attempt (first degree murder) of Lyle (720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-

1(a)(1) (West 2002)), (2) attempt (first degree murder) of Janice

(720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2002)), and (3) home invasion (720

ILCS 5/12-11(a)(5) (West 2002)).     In April 2004, the trial court

sentenced him as earlier stated.

          This appeal followed.

                           II. ANALYSIS

                     A. Other-Crimes Evidence

            1. Admissibility of Other-Crimes Evidence
                    and the Standard of Review

          In People v. Spyres, 359 Ill. App. 3d 1108, 1112, 835
N.E.2d 974, 977 (2005), this court discussed the admissibility of

other-crimes evidence, as follows:

               "The term 'other-crimes evidence' encom-

          passes misconduct or criminal acts that oc-

          curred either before or after the allegedly

          criminal conduct for which the defendant is

                               - 9 -
standing trial.        See People v. Illgen, 145
Ill. 2d 353, 365, 583 N.E.2d 515, 520 (1991);

People v. Colin, 344 Ill. App. 3d 119, 126

n.2, 799 N.E.2d 451, 458 n.2 (2003); People v.

Bobo, 278 Ill. App. 3d 130, 132, 662 N.E.2d
623,   625   (1996).      Generally,   other-crimes

evidence is inadmissible if it is relevant

only to demonstrate a defendant's propensity

to engage in criminal activity.           People v.

Richee, 355 Ill. App. 3d 43, 50-51, 823 N.E.2d
142, 149 (2005).       Such evidence may be admis-

sible, however, when it is relevant to show

motive, intent, identity, absence of mistake

or accident, modus operandi, or the existence

of a common plan or design.       People v. Wilson,

214 Ill. 2d 127, 135-36, 824 N.E.2d 191, 196

(2005), People v. Hansen, 313 Ill. App. 3d
491, 500, 729 N.E.2d 934, 942 (2000).        Indeed,

other-crimes evidence is admissible to prove

any material fact other than propensity that

is relevant to the case.          People v. Donoho,

204 Ill. 2d 159, 170, 788 N.E.2d 707, 714

(2003).      However, even when relevant for a

permissible    purpose,     the   trial   court   may

exclude other-crimes evidence 'if its prejudi-

cial effect substantially outweighs its proba-

                        - 10 -
          tive value.'     Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d at 365, 583

          N.E.2d at 519."

Thus, other-crimes evidence is not generally admissible. After the

trial court   determines    that    evidence   constitutes   other-crimes

evidence, the court must then determine whether it comes within one

of the exceptions to the general rule against such evidence.

          This analysis is essentially the same as that which trial

courts use--and are very familiar with--when addressing hearsay

objections.   The rule is that hearsay is not generally admissible.

So, when an objection is made to some evidence on the ground that

it is hearsay, a court will first determine whether it is hearsay

and, if so, whether it falls within one of the several hearsay

exceptions.

          The admissibility of other-crimes evidence lies in the

trial court's sound discretion, and we will not disturb that

court's decision absent a clear abuse of discretion.          Spyres, 359
Ill. App. 3d at 1113, 835 N.E.2d at 978.        "'An abuse of discretion

will be found only where the trial court's ruling is arbitrary,

fanciful, unreasonable, or where no reasonable person would take

the view adopted by the trial court.'"         People v. Sutherland, No.

99047, slip op. at 67 (September 21, 2006), ___ Ill. 2d ___, ___,

___ N.E.2d ___, ___, quoting People v. Hall, 195 Ill. 2d 1, 20, 743
N.E.2d 126, 138 (2000).

      2. Forfeited Claim as to Some Other-Crimes Evidence

          Initially, we note that defendant has forfeited his claim

that the trial court erred by admitting evidence of the November

                                   - 11 -
11, 2002, shooting of Van.            As the State points out, it was

defendant who elicited this evidence at trial, not the State.            A

party cannot complain of error that he himself injected into the

trial.    See In re Detention of Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 217, 821
N.E.2d 283, 287 (2004) ("Simply stated, a party cannot complain of

error which that party induced the court to make or to which that

party consented").

  3. The Trial Court's Admission of the Other-Crimes Evidence

            Defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting

the following other-crimes evidence:         (1) defendant's November 11,

2002, altercation with Phil; (2) the November 11, 2002, drive-by

shooting of the Harris residence; (3) the November 11, 2002, drive-

by shooting of Roberts' residence; and (4) the November 11, 2002,

drive-by shooting of Khamandi.         We disagree.    For the following

reasons, we conclude that the other-crimes evidence was admissible

under    multiple   exceptions   to    the   rule   against   other-crimes

evidence, including (1) continuing narrative, (2) common scheme or

design, (3) motive, (4) intent, and (5) identification.          Further,

each of these exceptions (as we discuss below) constitutes a

separate and independent basis for the admission of the other-

crimes evidence.

                a. The Continuing-Narrative Exception
              to the Rule Against Other-Crimes Evidence

            This court has recognized that other-crimes evidence is

admissible if it is part of a continuing narrative of the event

that gave rise to the offense.        People v. Thompson, 359 Ill. App.

                                 - 12 -
3d 947, 951, 835 N.E.2d 933, 936 (2005).          As we have explained,

"'[w]hen facts concerning uncharged criminal conduct are all part

of   a   continuing   narrative   which    concerns   the   circumstances

attending the entire transaction, they do not concern separate,

distinct, and unconnected crimes.'"        Thompson, 359 Ill. App. 3d at

951, 835 N.E.2d at 936, quoting People v. Collette, 217 Ill. App.
3d 465, 472, 577 N.E.2d 550, 555 (1991); see also People v. Carter,

362 Ill. App. 3d 1180, 1190, 841 N.E.2d 1052, 1060 (2005) (other-

crimes evidence is admissible to explain an aspect of the crime

charged that otherwise "would be implausible or perhaps even

inexplicable").

            Judged in accordance with the applicable case law, we

conclude that the continuing-narrative exception applies here to

the admission of the other-crimes evidence because, without that

evidence, defendant's bursting into the apartment of the Knapps

(who were total strangers) and shooting them for no apparent reason

was inexplicable.     We note that defendant argued that the Knapps

were mistaken in their identification of him, and he also asserted

an alibi defense.     His inexplicable shooting of the Knapps (absent

the other-crimes evidence) would bolster his theory of misidentifi-

cation.    Without the other-crimes evidence, the State would have

been unable to provide any theory as to why defendant attacked the

Knapps.

            The altercation with Phil (who had shot and killed

Antonio 11 days earlier) and the drive-by shootings, all of which

occurred within hours of the Knapps' being shot--along with the

                                  - 13 -
evidence that Ty Johnson, who lived directly above the Knapps, was

defendant's intended target--furnished a back story that made the

evidence of the charged crimes understandable.

                 b. The Common Scheme or Design Exception
                to the Rule Against Other-Crimes Evidence

              "Evidence of a common design proves the existence of a

larger criminal scheme of which the crime charged is only one

element."      Spyres, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 1112, 835 N.E.2d at 977,

citing People v. Jones, 156 Ill. 2d 225, 239, 620 N.E.2d 325, 330

(1993).      As we discussed in Spyres, (1) "'the existence of factual

similarities between multiple crimes does not, in itself, establish

that the crimes were committed as part of a common design, scheme,

or plan'" (Spyres, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 1113, 835 N.E.2d at 978,

quoting Hansen 313 Ill. App. 3d at 503, 729 N.E.2d at 944); and (2)

"'[i]n determining whether multiple crimes have been committed as

part of a common design, scheme, or plan, [it is] far more sensible

to focus on the defendant's state of mind or purpose in committing

the offenses than on the factual similarities of the offenses'"

(Spyres, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 1113, 835 N.E.2d at 978, quoting

Hansen, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 505, 729 N.E.2d at 945).

              In this case, the evidence showed that when defendant

committed the other crimes (that is, the altercation with Phil, who

murdered Antonio, and the drive-by shootings involving individuals

who   were    somehow    connected   to    Antonio's   murder),   defendant's

purpose and state of mind centered around his plan to avenge

Antonio's      murder.     Thus,     the   other-crimes   evidence   clearly

supported the State's theory that (1) defendant was involved in a

                                     - 14 -
larger, overall scheme or design to be a vigilante and avenge

Antonio's murder and (2) the shooting of the Knapps was a part of

defendant's larger scheme or design.

                    c. The Motive Exception to the
                  Rule Against Other-Crimes Evidence

           Although the State is not required to prove motive, "it

is certainly entitled to do so when evidence of motive exists."

People v. Hale, 326 Ill. App. 3d 455, 466, 762 N.E.2d 59, 68

(2001).   As earlier stated, proof of other crimes is admissible to

establish motive.     People v. Coleman, 158 Ill. 2d 319, 333, 633
N.E.2d 654, 662 (1994); Hale, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 465, 762 N.E.2d

at 68.

           In this case, the other-crimes evidence was relevant to

show defendant's motive--that is, to engage in a vigilante mission

and   avenge   Antonio's   murder--when   he   burst   into   the   Knapps'

apartment and began shooting. Explaining to the jury why defendant

attacked the Knapps was an important part of the State's case.         The

other-crimes evidence enabled the jury to understand the full story

of what motivated defendant to break into the Knapps' apartment and

shoot them.

                    d. The Intent Exception to the
                  Rule Against Other-Crimes Evidence

           Evidence showing that an event was not caused by accident

tends to show that it was caused intentionally.         In addition, the

requisite mental state may be inferred from the defendant's conduct

and the circumstances surrounding his commission of the crime.

People v. Blaney, 324 Ill. App. 3d 221, 224, 754 N.E.2d 405, 409

                                 - 15 -
(2001).

          In this case, specific intent to kill was an issue.          See

720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2002); People v. Valentin, 347 Ill.

App. 3d 946, 951, 808 N.E.2d 1056, 1061 (2004) (to achieve a

successful prosecution for attempt (first degree murder), the State

must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, with the

specific intent    to   kill,   commits   any   act   that   constitutes   a

substantial step toward the commission of murder).              The other-

crimes evidence was relevant to show defendant's intent when he

burst into the Knapps' apartment and began shooting.              The jury

could have inferred defendant's intent to kill the Knapps based on

the drive-by shootings, in which defendant shot with the intent to

kill as part of his vigilante mission.

               e. The Identification Exception to the
                  Rule Against Other-Crimes Evidence

          Other-crimes evidence is admissible when it is relevant

to show identity or bolster a victim's identification of the

perpetrator.   Spyres, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 1112, 835 N.E.2d at 977;

see People v. Jones, 328 Ill. App. 3d 233, 239, 764 N.E.2d 1232,

1237 (2002) (noting that other-crimes evidence is admissible to

bolster the defendant's identification if identity is at issue);

People v. Andrade, 279 Ill. App. 3d 292, 303, 664 N.E.2d 256, 264

(1996) (other-crimes evidence "may be admitted when it is relevant

for some other purpose, such as identification").

          As earlier stated, defendant contended that the Knapps

had mistakenly identified him.      In light of that contention, the

other-crimes evidence was highly probative of, and admissible to

                                 - 16 -
show, defendant's identity as the man who burst into the Knapps'

apartment and shot them.     That evidence also was admissible to

bolster the Knapps' identification of defendant as their assailant.

          f. The Trial Court's Exercise of Its Discretion
              in Admitting the Other-Crimes Evidence

           As earlier stated, the admissibility of other-crimes

evidence lies in the trial court's sound discretion, and we will

not disturb that court's decision absent a clear abuse of discre-

tion.   Spyres, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 1113, 835 N.E.2d at 978.

           The trial court here was in the best position to (1)

determine whether the other-crimes evidence came within any of the

exceptions to the general rule against other-crimes evidence and

(2) weigh the prejudicial impact of the other-crimes evidence in

the context of the entire case.     Reviewing the court's decision

under the appropriate standard, we conclude that the court--

exercising its discretion--could have admitted the other-crimes

evidence under any (or all) of the exceptions discussed above.

           Because we have concluded that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by admitting the other-crimes evidence, we

need not address defendant's claim that the prosecutor exacerbated

the erroneous admission of that evidence by commenting "exten-

sively" on it.      Regardless, when viewed in its entirety, the

prosecutor's closing argument did not unduly emphasize the other-

crimes evidence.

                 g. Rebuttal to Defendant's Evidence

           We stress that even if the trial court had decided to not

                               - 17 -
admit the other-crimes evidence during the State's case in chief,

that evidence would have been separately admissible in the State's

rebuttal case to rebut defendant's alibi defense.                   Under those

circumstances, the State clearly would have been entitled to rebut

defendant's evidence with evidence that defendant was committing

other crimes and the crimes against the Knapps as part of his

vigilante mission.

          4. Defendant's Claim That the Evidence That He
         Committed the Drive-By Shootings Was Speculative

             Defendant next argues that the evidence that he committed

the November 11, 2002, drive-by shootings was inadmissible because

it "consisted only of mere speculation."             We disagree.

             The State need not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

the defendant committed an uncharged crime.             However, the State's

proof "must be more than a mere suspicion."             People v. Thingvold,

145 Ill. 2d 441, 456, 584 N.E.2d 89, 95 (1991).

             In this case, the evidence showed that all of the drive-

by shootings occurred within hours of the shooting at the Knapps'

apartment, which occurred around 8:30 p.m. on November 11, 2002.

Shots were fired into the Harris residence around 5:45 p.m.;

Khamandi was shot around 6:30 p.m.; and shots were fired into

Roberts' residence around 9 p.m.            In addition, (1) the same gun

that   was   used   in   the    Knapps'   shooting   (which   was    linked   to

defendant)    was   used   in    the    drive-by   shooting   of    the   Harris

residence, (2) defendant matched the description of the suspect in

Khamandi's shooting, and (3) some of the drive-by shooting victims

were connected to the October 31, 2002, murder of Antonio, which,

                                       - 18 -
under the State's theory, was the reason for defendant's vigilante

actions.    In particular, Phil Harris was the person who actually

shot and    killed    Antonio,    while     Roberts    arrived    at    the   scene

immediately following the shooting and tried to help Phil, who had

been injured.    Roberts acknowledged that defendant also was at the

scene   immediately     following     the    October    31,    2002,    shooting.

Further, the drive-by shootings were but a part of defendant's

overall    vigilante    mission,      which    also    included        defendant's

altercation with Phil.           Taken together, this far exceeds the

standard of     being   more   than   a     mere   suspicion     that   defendant

committed or was involved in the commission of the November 11,

2002, drive-by shootings.

    5. The Irrelevance of the Fact That Defendant Was Never
         Arrested or Charged with the Drive-By Shootings

           Defendant next argues that the fact that he was not

arrested or charged with the drive-by shootings somehow diminishes

their value as other-crimes evidence.              We disagree.

           Whether defendant was ever arrested or charged for his

conduct that constitutes other-crimes evidence is totally irrele-

vant to a determination of whether that evidence is admissible.

See People v. Ash, 346 Ill. App. 3d 809, 816, 805 N.E.2d 649, 654

(2004) ("To hold that evidence of other crimes is more prejudicial

than probative simply because the crimes are uncharged would be

tantamount to barring all evidence of other crimes").

        6. The Trial Court's Failure To Sua Sponte Instruct
           the Jury Regarding the Other-Crimes Evidence

           Defendant next argues that even if the other-crimes

                                    - 19 -
evidence was admissible, the trial court erred by failing to sua

sponte instruct the jury regarding its proper use.              We disagree.

          Initially, we note that at the hearing on the parties'

motions in limine, (1) defendant, through his counsel, informed the

trial court that he would not request a limiting instruction at

trial and (2) the court did not provide the jury with the pattern

jury instruction on other-crimes evidence.              See Illinois Pattern

Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.14 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter

IPI Criminal 4th).      Given defendant's acquiescence to the court's

handling of the other-crimes evidence, his argument on appeal is

forfeited and not reviewable except under the plain-error doctrine.

          In People v. Denny, 241 Ill. App. 3d 345, 360-61, 608
N.E.2d 1313, 1324 (1993), this court stressed the importance of a

contemporaneous jury instruction on the purpose of other-crimes

evidence when it wrote, in pertinent part, as follows:

                "Because of the significant prejudice to

          a   defendant's      case   that   the   admission     of

          other[-]crimes evidence usually risks, we hold

          that trial courts should not only instruct the

          jury in accordance with IPI Criminal 2d No.

          3.14 at the close of the case, but also orally

          from the bench (unless [the] defendant ob-

          jects)   at    the   time   the    evidence    is   first

          presented to the jury."

Nonetheless, we concluded in Denny that the trial court's failure

to sua sponte give the pattern jury instruction did not constitute

                                  - 20 -
plain error.   Denny, 241 Ill. App. 3d at 360, 608 N.E.2d at 1323;

see also People v. Hensley, 354 Ill. App. 3d 224, 233-34, 819
N.E.2d 1274, 1283 (2004) (reaffirming Denny and concluding that the

plain-error doctrine did not require reversal); People v. Tolbert,

323 Ill. App. 3d 793, 800, 753 N.E.2d 1193, 1200 (2001) ("it is not

always plain error for a court to fail to instruct the jury

regarding the limited purpose for other-crimes evidence").   "[T]he

plain-error doctrine bypasses normal forfeiture principles and

allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved error when either

(1) the evidence is close, regardless of the seriousness of the

error, or (2) the error is serious, regardless of the closeness of

the evidence."    People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87, 830
N.E.2d 467, 479 (2005).

            Review of the record shows that the evidence was not

closely balanced nor was defendant deprived of a fair trial by the

trial court's failure to sua sponte instruct the jury on the proper

use of the other-crimes evidence.    We thus conclude that the court

did not commit plain error by failing to sua sponte give IPI

Criminal 4th No. 3.14 to the jury.

            Although we have so concluded, we nonetheless reaffirm

Denny and Hensley and urge trial courts to not only instruct the

jury in accordance with IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.14 at the close of

the case, but also orally from the bench when the other-crimes

evidence is first presented to the jury (unless the defendant

objects).

            7. Defendant's Claim That His Trial Counsel
                  Provided Ineffective Assistance

                               - 21 -
          Defendant next argues that his trial counsel provided

ineffective assistance of counsel when he failed to request a

limiting instruction for the other-crimes evidence.      We disagree.

          Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel     claims   are   reviewed

under the standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984).      People v. Evans,

186 Ill. 2d 83, 93, 708 N.E.2d 1158, 1163 (1999).          "To obtain

reversal under Strickland, a defendant must prove (1) his counsel's

performance failed to meet an objective standard of competence and

(2) counsel's deficient performance resulted in prejudice to the

defendant."   Thompson, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 952, 835 N.E.2d at 937.

To satisfy the deficient-performance prong, the defendant must show

that counsel made errors so serious that he was not functioning as

the "counsel" guaranteed by the sixth amendment (U.S. Const.,

amend. VI).   To satisfy the prejudice prong, the defendant must

show that but for counsel's errors, a reasonable probability exists

that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.

Thompson, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 952, 835 N.E.2d at 937.     The failure

to satisfy either Strickland prong will preclude a finding of

ineffective assistance of counsel.     People v. Young, 347 Ill. App.
3d 909, 927, 807 N.E.2d 1125, 1140 (2004).

          In this case, defendant has not shown that his trial

counsel was not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed by the

sixth amendment when counsel failed to request a limiting instruc-

tion for the other-crimes evidence.        Counsel may have made a

tactical decision not to request such an instruction to avoid

                              - 22 -
unduly emphasizing the other-crimes evidence. Moreover, this court

has held that a defendant cannot establish prejudice as to his

counsel's failure to request a limiting instruction when--as here--

"'the other-crimes evidence is an integral part of the context of

the crime for which defendant has been tried.'" Thompson, 359 Ill.

App. 3d at 953, 835 N.E.2d at 937, quoting People v. Figueroa, 341
Ill. App. 3d 665, 672, 793 N.E.2d 712, 718 (2003).

             B. Sufficiency of the Evidence Regarding
              Attempt (First Degree Murder) of Janice

           Defendant next argues that the State failed to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed the offense of attempt

(first degree murder) of Janice. Specifically, he contends that no

evidence showed that he intended to kill Janice.   We disagree.

           As earlier stated, to achieve a successful prosecution

for attempt (first degree murder), the State must prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that the defendant, with the specific intent to

kill, commits any act that constitutes a substantial step toward

the commission of murder.    720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2002);

Valentin, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 951, 808 N.E.2d at 1061.    A defen-

dant's intent is an issue of fact to be determined by the trier of

fact.   Intent can be inferred from the surrounding circumstances,

including the character of the attack, use of a deadly weapon, and

severity of the injury.     Valentin, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 951, 808
N.E.2d at 1061.

           In People v. Ward, 215 Ill. 2d 317, 322, 830 N.E.2d 556,

558-59 (2005), the Supreme Court of Illinois addressed a defen-

dant's argument that the State's evidence was not sufficient to

                               - 23 -
sustain his conviction and wrote the following:

                "When reviewing the sufficiency of the

          evidence of a criminal conviction, it is not

          the function of [a reviewing] court to retry

          the   defendant.     [Citation.]   The   relevant

          inquiry is whether, viewing the evidence in

          the light most favorable to the prosecution,

          any rational trier of fact could have found

          the essential elements of the crime beyond a

          reasonable doubt."

The supreme court has also stated that "[u]nder this standard, a

reviewing court must allow all reasonable inferences from the

record in favor of the prosecution."     People v. Bush, 214 Ill. 2d
318, 326, 827 N.E.2d 455, 460 (2005). In addition, "[p]roof beyond

a reasonable doubt does not require the exclusion of every possible

doubt."   People v. Standley, 359 Ill. App. 3d 1096, 1101, 835
N.E.2d 945, 950 (2005).

          In this case, the evidence showed that (1) defendant

burst into the Knapps' apartment and pointed a gun at Janice; (2)

Janice curled against the kitchen wall in a fetal position; (3)

when Lyle came out of the bathroom, he saw defendant crouched over

Janice, pointing a gun in her direction; (4) Janice and Lyle were

unsure whether defendant fired any shots prior to Lyle's coming out

of the bathroom; (5) Janice, who then had her eyes covered, heard

two shots, a pause, and two or three more shots; (6) Janice

suffered a "large open wound" on the outside of her ankle and a

                                - 24 -
smaller cut on her ankle bone; (7) Janice identified defendant in

court as the man who broke into the apartment, pointed a gun at

her, and fired several shots inside the apartment; and (8) the

attack on Janice and Lyle was part of defendant's overall scheme to

shoot to kill during his vigilante mission.

          Having carefully reviewed the evidence in the light most

favorable to the State, we conclude that the evidence supports the

guilty verdict.    Based on the sum of the State's evidence, the jury

reasonably could have (1) inferred defendant's intent to kill

Janice from defendant's use of a deadly weapon, the character of

the attack (including defendant's bursting into the apartment and

pointing a gun at Janice as she was curled in a fetal position),

and the circumstances surrounding the attack and (2) thus found

that defendant committed the offense of attempt (first degree

murder) of Janice.

                      C. One-Act, One-Crime Rule

          Defendant next argues that he cannot stand convicted of

both home invasion and attempt (first degree murder) of Lyle

because to do so violates the one-act, one-crime rule set forth in

People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551, 566, 363 N.E.2d 838, 844-45 (1977).

We disagree.

          The     one-act,    one-crime    doctrine   prohibits   multiple

convictions when (1) the convictions are carved from precisely the

same physical act or (2) one of the offenses is a lesser-included

offense of the other.        People v. Lindsey, 324 Ill. App. 3d 193,

200, 753 N.E.2d 1270, 1277 (2001).          Thus, the first step is to

                                  - 25 -
determine whether the defendant's conduct consisted of a single

physical act or separate acts.        People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368,

389, 813 N.E.2d 181,   194   (2004).     "Multiple    convictions   are

improper if they are based on precisely the same physical act."

People v. Rodriguez, 169 Ill. 2d 183, 186, 661 N.E.2d 305, 306

(1996).    Our supreme court has defined an "act" as "'any overt or

outward manifestation which will support a different offense.'"

Rodriguez, 169 Ill. 2d at 188, 661 N.E.2d at 307, quoting King, 66
Ill. 2d at 566, 363 N.E.2d at 845.           If the court determines that

the defendant's convictions are based on multiple acts, the court

will determine whether any of the offenses are lesser-included

offenses. If they are, multiple convictions are improper. If none

of   the   offenses   are    lesser-included    offenses,    then   multiple

convictions may stand.       Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d at 389-90, 813 N.E.2d

at 194-95.    We consider this issue de novo.      People v. Peacock, 359
Ill. App. 3d 326, 331, 833 N.E.2d 396, 400 (2005).

              1. Defendant's Claim That His Convictions
                  Were Based on the Same Physical Act

             Defendant first contends that his conviction for attempt

(first degree murder) was based on the same physical act (shooting

Lyle) that formed the basis for his home-invasion conviction.             We

disagree.

             In People v. Tate, 106 Ill. App. 3d 774, 778, 436 N.E.2d
272, 275 (1982), the defendant argued on appeal that his convic-

tions for home invasion and aggravated battery had been "'carved'

from the same act." This court disagreed, upon concluding that the

knifing of the victim was the entire basis of the aggravated-

                                    - 26 -
battery conviction but only part of the basis of the home-invasion

conviction.    We reasoned that "the entry by the assailant in[to]

the *** home was a separate act which was an important and required

part only of the home[-]invasion offense."     Tate, 106 Ill. App. 3d

at 778, 436 N.E.2d at 275.

          In People v. Priest, 297 Ill. App. 3d 797, 802, 698
N.E.2d 223, 227 (1998), we concluded that convictions of home

invasion and domestic battery were based upon interrelated acts

rather than a single physical act.      We explained that "[t]he fact

that [the] defendant unlawfully entered [the] home [was] an overt

or outward manifestation supporting the home[-]invasion conviction,

a separate act from causing [the victim] bodily harm, [which]

support[ed] the domestic[-]battery conviction."      Priest, 297 Ill.

App. 3d at 802, 698 N.E.2d at 227.

          In Peacock, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 331-32, 833 N.E.2d at

400-02, this court reaffirmed both Tate and Priest and held that an

offense, such as home invasion, can consist of more than one act.

We concluded that as charged in that case, home invasion contained

two elements--namely, (1) the unauthorized entry of a dwelling and

(2) the intentional injury of a person therein.     In so concluding,

we reasoned that "[o]ne element is just as much a physical act as

the other."   Peacock, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 333, 833 N.E.2d at 402.

We thus further concluded that the defendant's home-invasion and

aggravated-battery convictions "were based on interrelated acts

rather than 'precisely the same physical act.'"         (Emphases in

original.)    Peacock, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 333, 833 N.E.2d at 402.

                               - 27 -
            We adhere to the holdings and principles set forth in

Peacock, Tate, and Priest.           In this case, defendant was charged

with attempt (first degree murder), which was based solely on the

physical act of shooting Lyle.            Defendant also was charged with

home invasion, in that he knowingly, being a person who is not a

peace officer acting in the line of duty, without authority entered

the dwelling place of the Knapps, when he knew or had reason to

know that one or more persons were present therein and personally

discharged a firearm that proximately caused great bodily harm to

Lyle, a person within the dwelling.             720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(5) (West

2002).    Thus, as charged in this case, home invasion was based on

two physical acts--namely, (1) the unauthorized entry of a dwelling

place and (2) the shooting of Lyle, resulting in great bodily

injury.    Defendant's unauthorized entry into the Knapps' dwelling

was a separate physical act that was a required part only of the

home-invasion offense.        Accordingly, defendant's convictions for

attempt (first degree murder) and home invasion were based on

interrelated acts, not exactly the same physical act.

    2. Defendant's Claim That Attempt (First Degree Murder)
         Was a Lesser-Included Offense of Home Invasion

            Defendant also contends that even if his attempt (first

degree murder) conviction was not based on the same physical act

that formed the basis for his home-invasion conviction, attempt

(first    degree    murder)   is   a    lesser-included    offense   of   home

invasion.    We disagree.

            In general, courts have taken two different approaches to

identifying        lesser-included       offenses--the     abstract-elements

                                       - 28 -
approach and the charging-instrument approach.       People v. Bowens,

307 Ill. App. 3d 484, 492, 718 N.E.2d 602, 609 (1999).     Our supreme

court has expressed its preference for the charging-instrument

approach.    See People v. Kolton, 219 Ill. 2d 353, 360-61, 848
N.E.2d 950, 954-55 (2006) (discussing People v. Novak, 163 Ill. 2d
93, 643 N.E.2d 762 (1994) (in which the supreme court adopted the

charging-instrument approach)). "The charging[-]instrument approach

looks to the allegations in the charging instrument to see whether

the description of the greater offense contains a 'broad founda-

tion' or 'main outline' of the lesser offense."       Kolton, 219 Ill.
2d at 361, 848 N.E.2d at 954-55.         Under the charging-instrument

approach, the decision whether an offense is lesser included

involves a case-by-case determination "using the factual descrip-

tion of the charged offense in the indictment."       Kolton, 219 Ill.
2d at 367, 848 N.E.2d at 958.   "A lesser offense will be 'included'

in the charged offense if the factual description of the charged

offense describes, in a broad way, the conduct necessary for the

commission of the lesser offense and any elements not explicitly

set forth in the indictment can reasonably be inferred."       Kolton,

219 Ill. 2d at 367, 848 N.E.2d at 958.

            With these principles in mind, we review the statutory

definition of attempt (first degree murder) and determine whether

the facts alleged in the home-invasion charging instrument contain

a broad foundation or main outline of the offense of attempt (first

degree murder). As earlier stated, a person commits the offense of

attempt (first degree murder) when he, with the specific intent to

                                - 29 -
kill, commits any act that constitutes a substantial step toward

the commission of murder.        720 ILCS 5/8-4, 9-1(a)(1) (West 2002).

As stated above, the charging instrument alleged that defendant

committed the offense of home invasion in that he knowingly, being

a person who is not a peace officer acting in the line of duty,

without authority entered the dwelling place of the Knapps, when he

knew or had reason to know that one or more persons were present

therein and personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused

great bodily harm to Lyle, a person within the dwelling.          720 ILCS

5/12-11(a)(5) (West 2002).

            We conclude that the home-invasion charging instrument

did not set forth a broad foundation or main outline of attempt

(first degree murder). In particular, it did not explicitly allege

that defendant had the specific intent to kill, which is an element

of attempt (first degree murder).           Nor can the specific-intent

element be inferred from the allegation that defendant "personally

discharged a firearm that proximately caused great bodily harm."

That allegation could imply acts that do not involve the specific

intent to kill.    We thus conclude that the connection between the

charging instrument's allegations and the elements of attempt

(first degree murder) is simply too tenuous to identify attempt

(first   degree   murder)   as    a   lesser-included   offense   of   home

invasion.   See generally People v. Baldwin, 199 Ill. 2d 1, 15-16,

764 N.E.2d 1126, 1134 (2002) (concluding that the connection

between the home-invasion charging instrument and the elements of

aggravated unlawful restraint were too remote to identify aggra-

                                   - 30 -
vated unlawful restraint as a lesser-included offense of home

invasion).

                      D. Proportionate-Penalties Clause

           Defendant next argues that the offense of home invasion

(involving great bodily harm caused by the discharge of a firearm)

(720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(5) (West 2002)) violates the proportionate-

penalties clause when compared to the offense of armed violence

predicated on trespass to a residence and involving great bodily

harm caused by the discharge of a firearm (720 ILCS 5/33A-2(c),

33A-3(b-10),     19-4(a)(2),     (b)    (West   2002)).   Specifically,      he

contends that the two offenses are identical but have different

sentences.      We disagree.

           In evaluating statutory challenges brought under the

proportionate-penalties clause, our supreme court had--until its

decision in People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 517-18, 839 N.E.2d
492, 514-15 (2005)--employed three distinct tests: (1) whether the

penalty is cruel, degrading, or so wholly disproportionate to the

offense committed as to shock the moral sense of the community; (2)

whether the described offense, when compared to a similar offense,

carries a more severe penalty although the proscribed conduct

creates a less serious threat to the public health or safety

(cross-comparison test); or (3) whether the described offense, when

compared   to    an    offense   having    identical   elements,   carries   a

different sentence.        People v. Huddleston, 212 Ill. 2d 107, 130,

816 N.E.2d 322, 335-36 (2004).          However, in Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at

517, 839 N.E.2d at 514, the supreme court held that a defendant may

                                       - 31 -
no longer challenge a penalty under the cross-comparison test--that

is, a defendant may no longer challenge a penalty under the

proportionate-penalties clause by comparing it with the penalty for

an offense with different elements.        The Sharpe court retained the

other two types of proportionate-penalties challenges, including

the identical-elements test defendant raises here.          Sharpe, 216
Ill. 2d at 517, 839 N.E.2d at 514; see also People v. McCarty, Nos.

100469, 100813, slip op. at 19 (October 19, 2006), ___ Ill. 2d ___,

___, ___ N.E.2d ___, ___ (discussing Sharpe).

           The home-invasion statute provides, in pertinent part, as

follows:

                "(a) A person who is not a peace officer

           acting in the line of duty commits home inva-

           sion when without authority he or she know-

           ingly enters the dwelling place of another

           when he or she knows or has reason to know

           that one or more persons is present or he or

           she knowingly enters the dwelling place of

           another and remains in such dwelling place

           until he or she knows or has reason to know

           that one or more persons is present and

                                  * * *

                     (5)   Personally      discharges   a

                firearm    that    proximately    causes

                great bodily harm, permanent dis-

                ability, permanent disfigurement, or

                                  - 32 -
               death to another person within such

               dwelling place."      720 ILCS

               5/12-11(a)(5) (West 2002).

The offense of home invasion involving great bodily harm caused by

the discharge of a firearm is a Class X felony (see 730 ILCS 5/5-8-

1(a)(3) (West 2002) (except as otherwise provided for in the

statute defining the offense, a Class X felony carries a penalty of

6 to 30 years in prison)), for which 25 years or up to a term of

natural life in prison shall be added to the term of imprisonment

imposed by the trial court (720 ILCS 5/12-11(c) (West 2002)).

Thus, the offense carries an enhanced penalty of 31 years to

natural life in prison.

          The armed-violence statute provides as follows:

               "(c) A person commits armed violence when

          he or she personally discharges a firearm that

          is a Category I or Category II weapon that

          proximately causes great bodily harm, perma-

          nent disability, or permanent disfigurement or

          death to another person while committing any

          felony defined by Illinois law, except first

          degree murder, attempted first degree murder,

          intentional     homicide   of   an    unborn   child,

          predatory criminal sexual assault of a child,

          aggravated criminal sexual assault, aggravated

          kidnaping, aggravated battery of a child, home

          invasion, armed robbery, or aggravated vehicu-

                                - 33 -
           lar hijacking."    720 ILCS 5/33A-2(c) (West

           2002).

Criminal trespass to a residence is defined, in pertinent part, as

follows:

                "A person commits the offense of criminal

           trespass to a residence when, without author-

           ity, he or she knowingly enters the residence

           of another and knows or has reason to know

           that one or more persons is present or he or

           she knowingly enters the residence of another

           and remains in the residence after he or she

           knows or has reason to know that one or more

           persons is present."    720 ILCS 5/19-4(a)(2)

           (West 2002).

The offense of armed violence predicated on trespass to a residence

and involving great bodily harm caused by the discharge of a

firearm (720 ILCS 5/33A-2(c), 33A-3(b-10), 19-4(a)(2), (b) (West

2002)) is a Class X felony that carries a penalty of 25 to 40

years.   720 ILCS 5/33A-3(b-10) (West 2002).

           Two clear differences exist between the two offenses--the

offense of armed violence predicated on trespass to a residence and

involving great bodily harm caused by the discharge of a firearm

does not contain any requirement that (1) the offender be an

individual "who is not a peace officer acting in the line of duty"

or (2) the victim who suffered great bodily harm was within the

"dwelling place" that the offender entered.      Thus, because the

                               - 34 -
offenses of home invasion (involving great bodily harm caused by

the discharge of a firearm) and armed violence predicated on

trespass to a residence and involving great bodily harm caused by

the discharge of a firearm--as defined by our legislature--are not

identical, we conclude that the identical-elements test was not

violated.     We thus further conclude that defendant's 85-year

sentence is not unconstitutional under the proportionate-penalties

clause.

              E. Defendant's Aggregate Prison Sentence

            Defendant next argues that his 145-year aggregate prison

sentence is void.       We disagree.

            Section 5-8-4(c)(2) of the Unified Code of Corrections

(Unified Code) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

                    "[T]he aggregate of consecutive sentences

            for offenses that were committed as part of a

            single course of conduct during which there

            was no substantial change in the nature of the

            criminal objective shall not exceed the sum of

            the maximum terms authorized under [s]ection

            5-8-2    for   the   [two]   most   serious   felonies

            involved ***."       730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(c)(2) (West

            2002).

In this case, defendant was convicted of three Class X felonies.

Section 5-8-2 of the Unified Code provides that a Class X felony is

punishable by a prison term ranging from 30 to 60 years.             730 ILCS

5/5-8-2(a)(2) (West 2002).          Defendant thus contends that under

                                    - 35 -
section 5-8-4(c)(2) of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(c)(2)

(West 2002)), the maximum aggregate prison sentence was 120 years.

             However, as the State points out, in 2000, the legisla-

ture enacted Public Act 91-404 (Pub. Act 91-404, §10, eff. January

1,   2000    (1999   Ill.    Laws   5126,     5130-31)),   which    amended   the

sentencing     provisions     of    several    different   felony    offenses--

including home invasion--to provide for an additional mandatory

prison term when a firearm is involved in the commission of the

crime.      The degree of the sentencing enhancement depends upon the

degree to which the firearm was involved in the commission of the

felony.     Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 485, 839 N.E.2d at 496.

             Thus, the home-invasion statute, as amended by Public Act

91-404, provides that the following penalties "shall be added" to

whatever sentence the trial court imposes:             (1) a 15-year sentence

enhancement for committing the offense while armed with a firearm,

(2) a 20-year sentence enhancement for personally discharging a

firearm during the commission of the offense, and (3) a sentence of

25 years to natural life for personally discharging a firearm that

proximately      causes     great   bodily     harm,   permanent    disability,

permanent disfigurement, or death to another person during the

commission of the offense.          720 ILCS 5/12-11(c) (West 2002).

             When construing a statute, we must give effect to the

legislature's intent.         Calibraro v. Board of Trustees of Buffalo

Grove Firefighters' Pension Fund, 367 Ill. App. 3d 259, 262, 854
N.E.2d 787, 790 (2006).             "[I]n determining the legislature's

intent, the court may properly consider not only the language of

                                      - 36 -
the statute, but also the reason and necessity for the law, the

evils sought to be remedied, and the purpose to be achieved."

People v. Culbreath, 343 Ill. App. 3d 998, 1010, 798 N.E.2d 1268,

1277 (2003).   In addition, when two statutes conflict, the more

recent enactment takes precedence over the earlier enactment.

Calibraro, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 262, 854 N.E.2d at 790.

          In People v. Dixon, 359 Ill. App. 3d 938, 943, 835 N.E.2d
925, 929-30 (2005), this court discussed Public Act 91-404 and

wrote as follows:

               "Our supreme court has determined the

          purpose of Public Act 91-404 (Pub. Act 91-404,

          eff. January 1, 2000 (1999 Ill. Laws 5126)) is

          '"to deter the use of firearms in the commis-

          sion of felonies."'    [People v. Moss, 206 Ill.
2d 503, 525, 795 N.E.2d 208, 222 (2003)],

          quoting People v. Walden, 199 Ill. 2d 392,

          396, 769 N.E.2d 928, 931 (2002).    It has also

          recognized that gun violence presents a perva-

          sive and enhanced danger."

Our supreme court also has held that Public Act 91-404's "amend-

ments add a mandatory additional term of years to whatever sentence

would otherwise be imposed."    (Emphases added.)   Sharpe, 216 Ill.
2d at 484-85, 839 N.E.2d at 496.

          In addition, as earlier noted, Public Act 91-404, which

amended the home-invasion statute to include the firearm enhance-

ment (720 ILCS 5/12-11(c) (West 2002)), was enacted in 2000.

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Section 5-8-4(c)(2) of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(c)(2)

(West 2002)), on the other hand, was originally enacted in 1973

(Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 38, par. 1005-8-4(c); Pub. Act 77-2097,

eff. January 1, 1973 (1972 Ill. Laws 758, 830)) and was most

recently amended in 1997 (Pub. Act 90-128, §5, eff. July 22, 1997

(1997 Ill. Laws 2424, 2424)).

            Given (1) that the legislature clearly intended that the

mandatory    firearm   enhancement       penalty    be   added       to   "whatever

sentence would otherwise be imposed" (Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 485,

839 N.E.2d at 496), (2) that the home-invasion statute's firearm

enhancement provision was the more recent statute, and (3) the evil

sought to be remedied and the purpose to be achieved by the

firearm-enhancement, we conclude that the home-invasion statute's

firearm-enhancement provision takes precedence over section 5-8-

4(c)(2) of the Unified Code.

                       F. Consecutive Sentencing

            Last, defendant argues that the trial court erred by

ordering his 85-year prison sentence for home invasion be served

consecutively to his 60-year concurrent terms for attempt (first

degree murder). Specifically, he contends that the court failed to

articulate    the   basis    for   its    determination       that    consecutive

sentences were statutorily mandated.             We disagree.

            Although   the    trial      court    indicated     only      that   the

consecutive sentences were statutorily mandated, the court ordered

that the sentences run consecutively under section 5-8-4(a)(i) of

the Unified Code. That section provides that the trial court shall

                                    - 38 -
impose consecutive sentences when "one of the offenses for which

defendant was convicted was *** a Class X or Class 1 felony and the

defendant inflicted severe bodily injury."    730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(a)(i)

(West 2002).    "'[A]ny Class X or Class 1 felony that results in

severe bodily injury being inflicted on the victim of that felony

triggers consecutive sentences.'"   (Emphasis in original.)   People

v. Phelps, 211 Ill. 2d 1, 16, 809 N.E.2d 1214, 1222 (2004), quoting

People v. Whitney, 188 Ill. 2d 91, 99, 720 N.E.2d 225, 229 (1999).

Nothing in section 5-8-4(a)(i) of the Unified Code requires that

the trial court set forth in the record its finding that the

defendant inflicted severe bodily injury on the victim.

          In this case, defendant was convicted of home invasion,

which is a Class X felony.   Lyle testified that after bursting into

the Knapps' apartment, defendant shot him four times--in the

forearm, armpit, abdomen, and chest.    In addition, the presentence

investigation report indicated that Lyle was hospitalized for 16

days as a result of the gunshot wounds.   During his long hospital-

ization, Lyle underwent several medical procedures and surgeries,

including repair of his left radial artery, repair of gastric

perforations, the open reduction and internal fixation of radial

and ulnar fractures, and skin grafting.    The record clearly shows

that Lyle's injuries constituted "severe bodily injury" for the

purpose of consecutive sentencing under section 5-8-4(a)(i) of the

Unified Code.

          In so concluding, we commend the trial court for imposing

a prison sentence that, in the trial court's own words, "will

                               - 39 -
insure that [defendant] will not ever be a free person to engage in

acts of violence against any other persons."    Defendant's crimes

were heinous--bursting into an unsuspecting couple's home, shooting

its residents, and leaving one of them severely injured.   We agree

with the court that anyone who commits such a terrible crime

forfeits his right ever again to walk among free citizens in a free

society.    Only by putting defendant behind bars for a lengthy

period of time could the court ensure that no other couple would

suffer the modern urban nightmare that the Knapps endured.

                           III. CONCLUSION

            For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's

judgment.    As part of our judgment, we grant the State's request

that defendant be assessed $50 as costs for this appeal.

            Affirmed.

            APPLETON and MYERSCOUGH, JJ., concur.

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