Court Opinion

ID: 4416744
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-15 16:04:19.914815+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:24:00.107891
License: Public Domain

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                                    Appellate Court                          Date: 2019.07.15
                                                                             09:16:37 -05'00'

        Chicago Police Sergeants’ Ass’n v. Pallohusky, 2019 IL App (1st) 181194

Appellate Court        CHICAGO       POLICE       SERGEANTS’         ASSOCIATION,
Caption                POLICEMEN’S BENEVOLENT & PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION,
                       UNIT 156A, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN PALLOHUSKY,
                       Defendant (The John Pallohusky Trust, Third-Party Respondent-
                       Appellant).

District & No.         First District, First Division
                       Docket No. 1-18-1194

Filed                  March 29, 2019

Decision Under         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 15-L-7546; the
Review                 Hon. Alexander P. White, Judge, presiding.

Judgment               Affirmed.

Counsel on             James E. Thompson, of Gottreich Grace & Thompson, of Chicago, for
Appeal                 appellant.

                       John F. Stimson, of Law Offices of John F. Stimson, Ltd., of Skokie,
                       for appellee.
     Panel                     PRESIDING JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court,
                               with opinion.
                               Justices Pierce and Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1         This case concerns the legal status of residential property purportedly conveyed to the John
       Pallohusky Trust (Trust) through the will of Mr. Pallohusky’s late wife, Mary O’Toole, for her
       husband’s benefit. Mr. Pallohusky is the former president of the Chicago Police Sergeants’
       Association Policemen’s Benevolent & Protective Association, Unit 156A (Association).
       After Mr. Pallohusky pled guilty to embezzling funds from the Association, the Association
       obtained a judgment against him and initiated collection proceedings by filing a citation to
       discover assets against the Trust, among other things. The circuit court ultimately granted the
       Association’s motion for a turnover order, finding that the Trust was invalid under the merger
       doctrine because Mr. Pallohusky was both its sole trustee and its sole beneficiary. We agree
       and affirm the decision of the circuit court.

¶2                                           I. BACKGROUND
¶3         We detailed much of the factual background of this ongoing effort by the Association to
       collect on its $690,215.17 judgment against Mr. Pallohusky in our prior decision, Chicago
       Police Sergeants’ Ass’n v. Pallohusky, 2017 IL App (1st) 162822, ¶¶ 1-4. That case was an
       appeal from a turnover order for a survivor annuity paid to Mr. Pallohusky from his late wife’s
       pension, in which we reversed the circuit court because we found that the annuity was exempt
       from collection proceedings. We repeat the facts here only to the extent they are necessary to
       the understanding of this appeal.
¶4         The Association sued Mr. Pallohusky on June 7, 2010. Mary O’Toole executed her last will
       and testament on July 6, 2010, the day before she died. Section one of the will devised personal
       property to various family members, including Mr. Pallohusky. Section two of the will gave
       “the residue of [her] estate *** to the trustee of the Trust for the benefit of [her] Husband, John
       Pallohusky (John Pallohusky Trust).” The residue of Ms. O’Toole’s estate consisted of a
       single-family home located at 5123 North Mobile Avenue, Chicago, Illinois (Mobile
       Property), which she alone purchased and owned in its entirety before her death. Section four
       named Mr. Pallohusky as executor of Ms. O’Toole’s estate.
¶5         Sections 7 through 11 of Ms. O’Toole’s will set forth the Trust provisions. In section
       seven, Ms. O’Toole named Mr. Pallohusky as trustee of the Trust, and if he “refuse[d] or
       otherwise cease[d] to act as trustee,” she named first Eleanor Kobit and then Chase Bank as
       successor trustees. Section eight, subpart (C) stated “[a]ny trustee named herein may resign by
       giving thirty (30) days written notice to the successor trustee enumerated” in section seven.
¶6         Section nine of the will directed how the trust property was to be used:
                   “(1) The trustee shall pay net income of the Trust as the trustee, in his judgment,
               may from time to time deem necessary, advisable or expedient for the expenses of the
               beneficiary, for his health (including rehabilitation for any disorder mental or
               physical), maintenance, education and reasonable comfort and best interests. The

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               balance of the said net income, if any, shall be accumulated by the trustee and from
               time to time added to the principal of the Trust. If in the judgment of the trustee such
               income shall be insufficient for expenses of the beneficiary for his health (including
               rehabilitation for any disorder mental or physical), maintenance, education and
               reasonable comfort and best interests, the trustee may pay to or apply for the benefit of
               the beneficiary such amounts from the principal of the Trust.
                   (2) The assets of the Trust, including the residential property are for the benefit of
               the beneficiary (John Pallohusky) for his lifetime. If at any time the Trustee determines
               that the assets of the Trust should be sold, for his health (including rehabilitation for
               any disorder mental or physical), maintenance, education and reasonable comfort and
               best interests the proceeds from the sale shall be included in the Trust.”
¶7         Section 10 stated that “[u]pon the death of the beneficiary (John Pallohusky) the Trust is
       terminated and the assets of the trust (after paying all Trust indebtedness) shall be distributed
       per capita to my heirs who survive the beneficiary.”
¶8         Section eleven vested the named trustee with certain “powers and discretions,” including
       the power “[t]o sell at public or private sale, contract to sell, grant options to buy, convey,
       exchange, [or] transfer any real or personal property of the trust.” Section 11 also allowed the
       trustee “[t]o cause any securities or other property, real or personal belonging to be held or
       registered in the name of the Trustee.”
¶9         On April 17, 2012, Mr. Pallohusky pled guilty to embezzling over $1 million from the
       Association. On July 30, 2013, the Association obtained a judgment in its favor against Mr.
       Pallohusky in the amount of $690,215.17, based on his embezzlement of funds from the
       Association. On September 18, 2014, Ms. O’Toole’s sister, Eleanor Kobit, replaced Mr.
       Pallohusky as executor of Ms. O’Toole’s estate. On February 23, 2015, Mr. Pallohusky
       resigned as trustee of the Trust and was replaced by Ms. Kobit. In her capacity as executor, Ms.
       Kobit executed a deed on May 7, 2015, purporting to transfer the Mobile Property to the Trust.
       That deed was recorded on June 11, 2015.
¶ 10       As part of its ongoing effort to collect on its judgment against Mr. Pallohusky, the
       Association served a third-party citation to discover assets on the Trust on September 8, 2015.
       On November 24, 2015, the circuit court entered an order dismissing the citation, but set a
       briefing schedule on the “oral motion of [the Association] for the turnover of title” to the
       Mobile Property, and set the matter for a hearing.
¶ 11       During the evidentiary hearing on March 29, 2017, the circuit court heard the testimony of
       Michael Goldberg—the attorney and certified public accountant who drafted Ms. O’Toole’s
       will—along with the testimony of two of her sisters, Ms. Kobit and Kathlyn O’Toole. This
       testimony largely addressed Ms. O’Toole’s intent in modifying a prior will and her wishes with
       respect to the Mobile Property. The Association objected to various parts of this testimony on
       relevance, hearsay, and foundational grounds—objections the circuit court took under
       advisement with the motion for turnover. The Association also argued that all of this extrinsic
       evidence was unnecessary because Ms. O’Toole’s intent to create a sham trust was clear and
       unambiguous from the document itself.
¶ 12       On May 9, 2018, the circuit court entered its memorandum decision and judgment. The
       court found that the Trust was invalid and ordered that the Mobile Property could be sold to
       satisfy the Association’s judgment against Mr. Pallohusky. The circuit court noted that “[i]t
       does seem as if [Ms. O’Toole] wanted to protect the Mobile Property from outside creditor[s],

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       and so created the trust that Goldberg drafted in [her will].” The court found that “not all
       parties to the trust had the intention of creating a valid trust” because Mr. Pallohusky “waited
       from July 7, 2010 until February 23, 2015 to resign his interest as trustee.” During that time, he
       “had been vested with title of trustee and the sole beneficiary,” and therefore “the trust was
       terminated by merger.” The court found that Mr. Pallohusky “waited unreasonably too long to
       resign his interest as sole beneficiary or trustee *** to avoid the merger doctrine.” This appeal
       followed.

¶ 13                                      II. JURISDICTION
¶ 14      The Trust timely filed its notice of appeal on June 6, 2018, challenging the circuit court’s
       memorandum decision and judgment of May 9, 2018. We have jurisdiction under Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) and Rule 303 (eff. July 1, 2017), governing
       appeals from final judgments entered by the circuit court in civil cases.

¶ 15                                            III. ANALYSIS
¶ 16       Section 2-1402 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1402 (West 2016))
       allows a judgment creditor, like the Association, to initiate a proceeding to discover assets
       owned by a judgment debtor and to “compel[ ] the application of non-exempt assets or income
       discovered toward the payment of the amount due under the judgment.” A circuit court
       furthermore has “broad powers to compel parties to satisfy a judgment with discovered assets.”
       Wells Fargo Bank Minnesota, NA v. Envirobusiness, Inc., 2014 IL App (1st) 133575, ¶ 13.
¶ 17       The Trust’s claim that the Mobile Property is protected from a turnover under this statute
       rests on section 2-1403 of the Code, which bars a court from ordering “the satisfaction of a
       judgment out of any property held in trust for the judgment debtor if such trust has, in good
       faith, been created by, or the fund so held in trust has proceeded from, a person other than the
       judgment debtor.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1403 (West 2016). The Trust claims this protection because
       “Mary *** established the trust effective upon her death” for the benefit of her husband—who
       did not own the Mobile Property—and “[n]o evidence was adduced that [she] acted in bad faith
       in executing her will and establishing the Trust.”
¶ 18       The Trust asks us to reverse the circuit court’s order turning over title of the Mobile
       Property to the Association on two alternative grounds: (1) the legal and equitable interests in
       the property did not merge because Mr. Pallohusky was not the sole beneficiary of the Trust
       and (2) even if Mr. Pallohusky was the sole beneficiary, his “resignation as trustee of the trust
       before the Mobile Property was conveyed to the trust avoided any merger.” The Trust also
       suggests in an additional argument that the circuit court’s turnover order was a remedy
       “unsupported by law,” claiming that Mr. Pallohusky had only a “lifetime interest” in the
       property and a sale to satisfy his creditors “would be at the expense of the remainder
       beneficiaries whom [Ms. O’Toole] clearly intended to have her house.” We address each
       argument in turn.
¶ 19       Our “first concern in the construction of a trust is to ascertain the intent of its creators and
       give effect to the intent, if it does not conflict with the law or public policy of the State.” 2416
       Corp. v. First National Bank of Chicago, 64 Ill. 2d 364, 371 (1976). We determine the settlor’s
       intent “solely by reference to the plain language of the trust itself, and extrinsic evidence may
       be admitted to aid interpretation only if the document is ambiguous and the settlor’s intent
       cannot be ascertained.” Stein v. Scott, 252 Ill. App. 3d 611, 615 (1993). We interpret the

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       relevant statutes and review the circuit court’s construction of the trust instrument de novo.
       Du Page County Airport Authority v. Department of Revenue, 358 Ill. App. 3d 476, 483
       (2005); Altenheim German Home v. Bank of America, N.A., 376 Ill. App. 3d 26, 32 (2007).
¶ 20        A trust “is a fiduciary relationship with respect to property, arising from a manifestation of
       intention to create that relationship and subjecting the person who holds title to the property to
       duties to deal with it for the benefit of *** one or more persons, at least one of whom is not the
       sole trustee.” Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 2 (2003). It is well established that “[e]very trust
       must have a settlor, a corpus, a trustee, and a beneficiary.” National City Bank of
       Michigan/Illinois v. Northern Illinois University, 353 Ill. App. 3d 282, 289 (2004). A
       beneficiary “need not be named in the terms of the trust, [but she] may be designated by class
       terminology or by description,” such as an “heir.” Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 44 cmt. b
       (2003).
¶ 21        In addition to the basic trust elements, the trust must specify “the nature and quality of each
       beneficiary’s interest.” Albrecht v. Brais, 324 Ill. App. 3d 188, 191 (2001). As with the rest of
       the trust instrument, “the extent of the interest of a trust beneficiary depends upon the intention
       manifested by the settlor.” Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 49 (2003). “[T]he trustee holds the
       legal title to the property [whereas] the beneficiary holds the equitable title.” Campbell v.
       Campbell, 2017 IL App (3d) 160619, ¶ 17 (citing Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 2 cmt. d
       (2003)).
¶ 22        Section 69 of the Restatement (Third) of Trusts (Restatement) explains what happens when
       this division of interests is not present: the trust fails. Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 69
       (2003). As the Restatement puts it: “If by *** will [or other means] *** the entire beneficial
       interest in trust property passes to the trustee, the trust terminates and the trustee holds the
       property free of trust.” Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 69 cmt. a (2003). Another authority on
       trusts puts it this way:
                    “It is essential to the creation and existence of a valid express trust that there be ***
                a separation in different persons of the legal and equitable interests in the same
                property [citation], and, if there is no separation of legal and equitable interests of a
                trust—that is, if the entire legal and equitable estates come together in the same
                person—the doctrine of merger may apply and the trust is terminated.” 76 Am. Jur. 2d
                Trusts § 91 (1992).
¶ 23        The Association convinced the circuit court, relying primarily on Wilson v. Harrold, 288
       Ill. 388 (1919), that no trust was created that would protect the Mobile Property from turnover
       under section 2-1403 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1403 (West 2016)). The Trust argues that
       Wilson and the merger doctrine do not apply here because Ms. O’Toole designated her
       husband as trustee of the trust, but “also specifically directed that the trust property be
       distributed to other beneficiaries, her then[-]surviving[ ]heirs, upon John’s death.” Therefore,
       the Trust maintains, “John has never been the sole beneficiary of the Trust.”
¶ 24        In section two of her will, Ms. O’Toole gave “the residue of [her] estate *** to the trustee
       of the Trust for the benefit of [her] Husband, John Pallohusky (John Pallohusky Trust)” and
       named no other beneficiaries. Moreover, the phrase “the beneficiary” appears no less than five
       times and, in case there was any ambiguity, two of those references to a single beneficiary are
       framed as “the beneficiary (John Pallohusky).” The Trust is correct that there is a reference to
       other beneficiaries, but it is only that “[u]pon the death of the beneficiary (John Pallohusky) the

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       Trust is terminated and the assets of the trust (after paying all Trust indebtedness) shall be
       distributed per capita to my heirs who survive the beneficiary.”
¶ 25       Although Ms. O’Toole’s heirs need not be named to have an ascertainable beneficial
       interest in the Mobile Property (Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 44 cmt. b (2003)), the scope of
       the interest left to her husband and the extent of his powers as trustee negated any genuine
       contingent beneficial interest for Ms. O’Toole’s heirs. Section nine provided that “assets of the
       Trust *** are for the benefit of the beneficiary (John Pallohusky) for his lifetime,” but that if
       “at any time the Trustee determines that the assets of the Trust should be sold, for his health
       ***, maintenance, education and reasonable comfort and best interests the proceeds from the
       sale shall be included in the Trust.” It is clear from these terms that Mr. Pallohusky had the
       right to sell the Mobile Property and to use all of these proceeds for anything that would
       support his “health ***, maintenance, education and reasonable comfort and best interests.”
       There was nothing that the unnamed heirs could do to prevent Mr. Pallohusky from dealing
       with the property as he wished. See 76 Am. Jur. 2d Trusts § 91 (1992). Mr. Pallohusky’s power
       over the property as trustee and rights to the property as lifetime beneficiary were simply too
       great to construe the unnamed heirs as additional beneficiaries in order to avoid merger. As the
       United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois recognized in denying
       bankruptcy protection for a similar arrangement that the debtor claimed was a trust, “[b]y
       vesting control of the trust in its primary lifetime beneficiary and granting him complete
       discretion [over the trust corpus], the Trust reveals that the settlor’s primary dispositive
       intention was the preservation of her residuary estate for [the] benefit of her husband, rather
       than *** other beneficiaries.” In re McCoy, 274 B.R. 751, 765 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2002).
¶ 26       The cases that the Trust cites, in support of its contention that Mr. Pallohusky was not the
       sole beneficiary of the John Pallohusky Trust, only illustrate the point that the only real
       beneficiary of this Trust was Mr. Pallohusky. The Trust cites Summers v. Higley, 191 Ill. 193,
       196 (1901), in which our supreme court noted that “[t]he fact that [the surviving spouse] is
       beneficiary as well as trustee does not defeat the trust.” However, in Summers, the testator’s
       will devised property to his surviving wife for, in the court’s words, “certain specified uses,”
       including “for her own support and for the maintenance and education of their children named
       in the will.” Id. Unlike here, Summers involved a trust document in which the trustee took
       charge of property for the benefit of several named individuals, and not just for her own
       benefit, and there were rights of other beneficiaries that could be enforced and that limited the
       wife’s control over the trust property.
¶ 27       Burbach v. Burbach, 217 Ill. 547 (1905), is similar. There, three surviving sons were
       devised property “in trust” and were directed to pay the net income from that property equally
       to five beneficiaries, three of whom were the named trustees. Id. at 549. The plaintiff argued
       that three-fifths of the trust was extinguished by merger because the three brothers could not
       serve as trustees for themselves. Id. Relying on Summers, our supreme court disagreed,
       holding that “where one is a trustee for himself and others that fact does not defeat the trust.”
       (Emphasis added.) Id. at 550. Unlike Summers and Burbach, Mr. Pallohusky was the Trust’s
       sole real beneficiary. And as sole trustee, his only obligation was to act purely for his own
       benefit, not for the benefit of any purported co-beneficiaries who were unnamed, not yet
       determined, and had no right to protection from Mr. Pallohusky using the Trust property and
       proceeds solely for his own benefit.

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¶ 28       The Trust correctly notes that we are guided by the settlor’s intent in creating the trust and
       places particular emphasis on the circuit court’s statement that “[i]t does seem as if [Ms.
       O’Toole] wanted to protect the Mobile Property from outside creditor[s].” However, the intent
       that is significant here is Ms. O’Toole’s clear desire to give Mr. Pallohusky complete control
       over the Trust property. The Trust language unambiguously evinces her intent to give her
       husband the sole benefit of the Mobile Property, while simultaneously granting him legal
       authority to do what he wished with that property.
¶ 29       Although the parties debate the significance of the extrinsic evidence gathered to ascertain
       Ms. O’Toole’s intent, we need not consider it, since we find the language of the Trust is clear
       and unambiguous. Stein, 252 Ill. App. 3d at 614.
¶ 30       We next consider the effect, if any, of Mr. Pallohusky’s 2015 resignation as trustee. The
       Trust argues that, even if the trust document named Mr. Pallohusky as both the sole trustee and
       the sole beneficiary, his resignation in February 2015 avoided any merger. It relies on
       comment d of section 69 of the Restatement, which provides in relevant part that “[a] sole
       beneficiary *** may avoid becoming sole trustee by refusing to accept appointment as trustee
       or by promptly declining to serve as sole trustee following the death or resignation of a
       co-trustee.” Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 69 cmt. d (2003).
¶ 31       As noted above, Ms. O’Toole executed her will on July 6, 2010, and passed away the
       following day. Ms. Kobit replaced Mr. Pallohusky as executor of the estate in 2014, and Mr.
       Pallohusky resigned as trustee of the Trust on February 23, 2015. Ms. Kobit, as executor,
       prepared a deed purporting to transfer the Mobile Property out of the estate and into the Trust
       on May 7, 2015. The Trust construes this sequence of events as establishing that neither Mr.
       Pallohusky nor the Trust “ever held title to any property while [he] was a trustee.” It argues that
       no merger occurred because “at no time could [he] have held both legal and equitable title” to
       the property.
¶ 32       We disagree. Mr. Pallohusky did not “promptly” resign as trustee, but instead waited
       nearly five years to do so. The fact that the Mobile Property was not formally transferred into
       the trust until May 7, 2015, is simply irrelevant. Whereas a failure to formally transfer trust
       property in an inter vivos trust renders the trust ineffective (Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 16
       (2003)), in a testamentary trust, like the one that Mary O’Toole created, “the transfer occurs
       automatically upon the death of a settlor who leaves a valid, unrevoked will” (Restatement
       (Third) of Trusts § 17 cmt. e (2003)). In its opening brief on appeal, the Trust correctly
       acknowledged that “Mary *** established the trust effective upon her death.” (Emphasis
       added.) Contrary to the Trust’s gloss of events, Ms. Kobit’s executor’s deed in 2015 is not the
       starting point for determining whether Mr. Pallohusky’s resignation was “prompt.” Rather, the
       will itself transferred the property to the Trust and commenced the nearly five years of legal
       control Mr. Pallohusky enjoyed before he resigned as trustee. This cannot be considered a
       prompt resignation under section 69 of the Restatement.
¶ 33       Finally, the Trust argues, without citation to authority, that the circuit court’s turnover
       order was a remedy “unsupported by law.” It insists that the house should not be sold to benefit
       Mr. Pallohusky’s creditor because such a sale would be at the expense of the remainder
       beneficiaries, whom Ms. O’Toole “clearly intended to have her house.”
¶ 34       As stated above, the provisions of the Trust did not show that Ms. O’Toole intended to
       create a valid trust that would render the Mobile Property exempt from turnover to the
       Association. Rather, the Trust provisions vested equitable interest in the only named

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       beneficiary—Mr. Pallohusky—and also gave him full legal interest as named trustee, which he
       failed to decline or promptly renounce. It was lawful for the circuit court to find that Mr.
       Pallohusky owned the Mobile Property free of trust and order the title turned over to the
       Association to satisfy its judgment against him. We affirm the circuit court’s judgment doing
       so.
¶ 35                                         IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 36        The circuit court correctly determined this was a “sham” trust, in which equitable and legal
       interest merged in Mr. Pallohusky, and the Association was entitled to an order turning over
       title to the Mobile Property to satisfy its judgment against him. For these reasons, we affirm the
       circuit court’s order to turn over the Mobile Property title to the Association.

¶ 37      Affirmed.

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