Court Opinion

ID: 8644224
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-24 20:18:11.167707+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:56:13.713000
License: Public Domain

DECISION
KASTL, Judge:
We hold that retail merchandise of the Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) is not “military property” within the meaning of Article 108, Uniform Code of Military Justice. We also set aside, as fatally defective, a separate charge and specification which attempts to allege concealment of stolen property.
Consistent with her pleas, the accused was convicted by special court-martial of absence without leave, wrongful disposition of military property, and concealing stolen property, violations of Articles 86, 108, and 134, Code, supra. The approved sentence extends to a bad conduct discharge, confinement at hard labor for two months, forfeiture of $250.00 per month for two months, and reduction to airman basic.
I
Charges of wrongful disposition of military property and concealment of stolen property arose from the same factual setting. A Marine friend of the accused and three other males asked her to store two bulky laundry bags in her barracks room locker. She states that she did not know what the two laundry bags contained, but agreed to the proposal. The visitors then put the bags in her locker and locked them up. The next day, her Marine friend and the others returned and opened the bags in her presence. One bag contained cameras and camera lenses; the other contained wrist watches, a portable radio, and a portable cassette player.
After the accused observed price tags on several items and watched her visitors wipe their fingerprints off the items, she realized that they must be stolen. When the men left, the remaining items were put back in the laundry bags and returned to the accused’s locker. Her friend promised the men would return, but they never did. After a day or two, the accused gave the laundry bags to another airman. The items in both bags were property of the AAFES, a nonappropriated fund instrumentality of the United States Government. From the description of the property in the record, we find it was retail merchandise regularly offered for sale by the Exchange to members of the armed forces.
II
The defense argues that nonappropriated fund property is not military property within the meaning of Article 108.1 *577Thus, the defense contends, the accused’s plea of guilty to this offense was improvident.
We agree. United States v. Underwood, 41 C.M.R. 410 (A.C.M.R.1969); United States v. Geisler, 37 C.M.R. 530 (A.B.R.1966); United States v. Deevers, 26 C.M.R. 670, 672 (A.B.R.1958). See also United States v. Rivers, 3 C.M.R. 564, 565-566 (A.F.B.R.1962) and United States v. Rockey, 22 C.M.R. 372 (A.F.B.R.1956). The Navy position is contra. United States v. Harvey, 6 M.J. 545 (N.C.M.R.1978), pet. denied, 6 M.J. 193 (C.M.A.1979) and United States v. Mullins, 34 C.M.R. 695 (N.B.R.1964).
“Military property” is a term which must be construed in the broad sense. As the Air Force Board of Review eloquently stated in United States v. Foust, 20 C.M.R. 907, 909 (A.F.B.R.1955) the term covers:
.. . basically all property owned or held by the United States Air Force . .. The sole function of the Department of the Air Force is a military one. All property held or used by it from the meanest paper clip to the mightiest bomber has a mediate or immediate military use.
Giving full weight to this position, our research nevertheless reveals no historical evolution under Article 108 or its predecessors in which the property of an Exchange, sutler, post trader, canteen, or the like was considered to be United States military property. Accordingly, we agree with the Army Board of Review’s analysis that “historically property of nonappropriated funds was not considered to be military property of the United States.” United States v. Geisler, supra, at 532 (emphasis added). We believe that a clearcut exposition of this historical position appeared in the Manual for Courts-Martial, U.S. Air Forces, 1949, which cautioned that the relevant predecessor Article of War “does not include post exchange, company or officer’s club funds or property on money appropriated for other than the military service.”
In 1951, the above language was deleted in the new Code and the topic generally was reworked. We do not reason that the new language was intended, sub silentio, to overrule contrary historical precedent; had the drafters intended the gamut of Exchange retail items — watches, cameras, Waterford crystal, children’s toys or gardening tools — to now be considered “military property” under Article 108, clearly they would have said so.2 Yet nothing in the legislative history suggests so sweeping a change. See Legal and Legislative Basis, Manual for Courts-Martial, U.S., 1951, at 264-265. Our position is strengthened by the fact that those who addressed Article 108 offenses under the present Code in 1956,1962, and 1966 discerned no turnabout from the traditional position. See, for example, United States v. Rivers, United States v. Geisler, and United States v. Rockey, all supra. See also United States v. Waddell, 23 C.M.R. 903, 906 (A.F.B.R.1957).
Finally, we note that the Manual for Courts-Martial, 1969 (Rev.), paragraph 187c provides guidance as to inferences which may be permissibly drawn in a given case when the question is whether the prosecution has provided sufficient proof the item was indeed military. The proper' employment of the section appears in such cases as United States v. Waddell, supra. We find the paragraph of little value in resolving the threshold issue of whether Exchange property is military property vel non.
*578To summarize: At the time of the offense, the watches, cameras and the like were not military property of the United States. Nor were these items furnished to or intended for use by the United States military services, as opposed to its members. Analysis of legal history and precedent persuades us that AAFES nonappropriated fund ownership, as presently operating, is an insufficient basis upon which to sustain this conviction for wrongful disposition of military property under Article 108.3 See also United States v. Ranguette, 79 B.R. 235, 262-263 (1948) and United States v. Mascarella, 62 B.R. 55, 58 (1946).
We are not holding here that the camera, watches, and the like did not belong to a Government instrumentality — the Exchange. That they so belonged is obvious. However, Article 108 does not cover all government-owned property. It deals only with military property of the United States. United States v. Geisler, supra, at 532.4
Ill
Appellate defense counsel also assert that the specification attempting to allege unlawful concealment of stolen property is defective.5 We agree. There is no allegation that the property was stolen and that the accused knew it was stolen.6 Both are essential elements of the offense of receiving or concealing stolen property. Manual for Courts-Martial, 1969 (Rev.), paragraphs 28a, 213f(14).
Accordingly, we hold this specification fatally defective because it does not contain the elements of the offense intended to be charged, either directly or by fair implication. See United States v. Brice, 17 U.S.C.M.A. 336, 38 C.M.R. 134 (1967) and United States v. Petree, 8 U.S.C.M.A. 9, 23 C.M.R. 233 (1957). This defect is not waived by a guilty plea and may be raised at any time. United States v. Koepke, 18 U.S.C.M.A. 100, 39 C.M.R. 100 (1969); United States v. Fout, 3 U.S.C.M.A. 565, 13 C.M.R. 121 (1953). The finding of guilty of Charge II is set aside and that charge is dismissed.
Reassessing the sentence on the basis of the remaining findings of guilty, we find appropriate only so much of the sentence as provides for confinement at hard labor for two months.
As modified, the findings of guilty and the sentence are
AFFIRMED.
MILLER, Judge, concurs.

. The pertinent portion of Article 108, Uniform Code of Military Justice, reads:
Art. 108. Military property of United States — Loss, damage, destruction or wrongful disposition.
Any person subject to this chapter who, without proper authority—
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(3) willfully or through neglect suffers to be lost, damaged, destroyed, sold or wrongfully disposed of; any military property of the United States, shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.
The proof required by Paragraph 187, Manual for Courts-Martial, 1969 (Rev.) provides, inter alia, that: “the property was military prop*577erty of the United States.” The discussion provides that:
Although there may be no direct evidence that the property in question was military property of the United States, circumstantial evidence that the property was of a kind and type issued for use in, or furnished and intended for, the military service of the United States might, together with other proved circumstances, warrant the court in inferring that it was such military property of the United States.

. We discern no attempt to repudiate the former understanding of what constituted military property. To the contrary, we believe the newer language cut down excess verbiage and was simply designed to encompass all the services. That the framers of the 1951 Manual intended there to be a category of nonmilitary Government property is shown by the legislative history of Article 109. See United States v. Suthers, 22 C.M.R. 787, 789 (A.F.B.R. 1956).

. The Exchange is prohibited from selling or furnishing property to any United States military service. See AFR 127-14, Army and Air Force Exchange Service Operating Policies, paragraph 27a (15 November 1968). Although organized as a joint command of the Army and Air Force and authorized to use military facilities, the Exchange Service is a separate Government instrumentality, one in which no portion of funds appropriated for the United States armed forces can be commingled with nonappropriated funds.

. In the face of Army Court of Military Review precedents, a contrary decision would lead to this anomaly: If a soldier and an airman both are charged with Army and Air Force Exchange Facility violations under Article 108, the soldier would go free and the airman would be punished.

. The specification read, in pertinent part, as follows:
In that [the accused] did, at Kadena Air Base, Japan . . . unlawfully conceal . . . the property of the Army and Air Force Exchange Service-Pacific.

. The model specification reads the same as the drafted specification in this case except at the end it includes the allegation “which property, as he, the said_, then well knew, had been stolen.” Manual for Courts-Martial, 1969 (Rev.), App. 6c, form 179.