Court Opinion

ID: 9396777
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-23 18:07:35.347059+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:19.501085
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re K.S., 2023-Ohio-1721.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

In the Matter of:                                 :
                                                                   No. 22AP-177
K.S.                                              :           (C.P.C. No. 19JU-12798)

(J.S.,                                            :          (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Appellant).                      :

In the Matter of:                                 :                No. 22AP-201
                                                              (C.P.C. No. 19JU-12798)
K.S.                                              :
                                                             (REGULAR CALENDAR)
(D.S.,                                            :

                 Appellant).                      :

                                           D E C I S I O N

                                        Rendered on May 23, 2023

                 On brief: William T. Cramer, for appellant J.S.

                 On brief: L. Scott Petroff, for appellant D.S.

                 On brief: Robert J. McClaren, for appellee Franklin County
                 Children Services.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
                      Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch

MENTEL, J.
         {¶ 1} Appellant J.S., mother of K.S., and appellant D.S., father of K.S., appeal from
the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic
Relations, Juvenile Branch, granting the motion for permanent custody filed by appellee,
Franklin County Children Services (“FCCS”). For the following reasons, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                    2

       {¶ 2} In early November of 2019, FCCS filed a complaint alleging that K.S. was a
neglected and dependent child. (Nov. 4, 2019 Compl. at 1.) FCCS alleged that her “family
was homeless” and that she “was not enrolled in school” as of September 11, 2019. Id. J.S.
enrolled her daughter in school on September 13, 2019 but FCCS alleged that K.S.
“continued to either miss full days of school, be late, or leave early,” impacting her grades.
Id. FCCS also expressed “concerns regarding substance abuse” based on allegations that
J.S. had tested positive for methamphetamines and received a prescription for suboxone,
but subsequently failed to complete a promised drug screen and “gave conflicting
information regarding [the] dates of her last use and treatment.” Id. In two counts, FCCS
alleged that K.S. was a neglected child under two statutory definitions of the term. First,
because K.S. was allegedly “abandoned” by her parents under R.C. 2151.03(A)(1), and
second, because she lacked “adequate parental care because of the faults or habits of” her
parents under R.C. 2151.03(A)(2). Id. at 1-2. In addition, FCCS alleged that K.S. was a
dependent child under R.C. 2151.04(C) because her “condition or environment” warranted
the state assuming guardianship of K.S. Id. at 2. Eight days after FCCS filed the complaint,
the trial court awarded the agency temporary custody of K.S. (Nov. 12, 2019 Mag.’s Order.)
       {¶ 3} In exchange for dismissing the allegations of neglect, J.S. and D.S. agreed to
not contest the adjudication of K.S. as a dependent child. (Jan. 29, 2020 Jgmt. Entry &
Mag.’s Decision.) At a dispositional hearing on the dependency adjudication, the trial court
ordered temporary court custody to FCCS of K.S. under R.C. 2151.353(A)(2) and approved
and adopted the agency’s case plan for reunification. (Feb. 11, 2020 Jgmt. Entry & Mag.’s
Decision.)
       {¶ 4} On October 7, 2020, FCCS filed a motion to extend temporary court custody.
FCCS stated that although it had first placed K.S. with her older sister, the placement was
“disrupted due to the parents engaging in harassment, which caused concerns for safety.”
(Oct. 7, 2020 FCCS Mot. at 2.) Consequently, FCCS moved K.S. to a foster home and she
“reported that she wants to reunify with her parents.” Id. FCCS acknowledged that J.S.
had “made some case plan progress,” including “attend[ing] the majority” of K.S.’s
appointments. Id. at 2-3. However, out of 15 required drug screens, J.S. had tested positive
in the only completed screen. Id. at 3. According to FCCS, J.S. needed “to complete
parenting education, provide documentation or engage in drug treatment and mental
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                                       3

health treatment, establish stable housing and participate in monthly home visits, and
consistently submit for drug screens.” Id. FCCS reported similar circumstances and
requirements for D.S., who had tested positive in the only drug screen completed out of 17
required screens. Id. The agency requested an extension of temporary custody because
both parents needed “additional time to complete case plan objectives and show that they
can provide the child with a permanent, stable home.” Id. The trial court granted the
motion and extended temporary court custody on November 9, 2020. (Nov. 16, 2020 Jgmt.
Entry & Mag.’s Decision.)
        {¶ 5} On July 9, 2021, FCCS filed a motion for permanent custody under
R.C. 2151.414(D).1 According to the agency, both parents had “failed to complete case plan
services.” (July 9, 2021 FCCS Mot. for Permanent Custody at 5.) They had “not completed
parenting classes” and both were still homeless. Id. “Despite numerous referrals for
services to assist, Mother and Father have failed to secure independent and stable housing.”
Id. at 6. They had “inconsistently provided drug screens,” with recent positive tests for
methamphetamines and amphetamines. Id. at 5. J.S. had been “diagnosed with bipolar
disorder and schizophrenia,” but it was “unknown if she is taking medication to manage”
those disorders. Id. FCCS also stated that J.S. and D.S. had been “extremely uncooperative
with the agency and refuse[d] to engage in case plan services.” Id. at 6. Because they “would
frequently threaten and harass the kinship providers” where K.S. had first been placed, the
agency had to remove her to foster care. Id. at 6-7. In the agency’s estimation, J.S. and D.S.
had “not made significant progress in reaching their case plan goals or alleviating or
mitigating the problems that initially resulted in the child’s removal” and were unlikely to
do so. Id. at 7. Accordingly, the agency asked the trial court to grant its motion for
permanent custody. Id.
        {¶ 6} The trial court held trial on February 1, 2, and 7, 2022. FCCS first called D.H.,
the foster parent of K.S., as a witness. She testified that K.S. had been in her care since
December 5, 2019. (Feb. 1, 2022 Tr. at 38.) Apart from two cats, she and K.S. were “the

1An initial motion for permanent custody was filed on March 25, 2021, but the trial court dismissed it at the
request of FCCS on the first day of trial. (Feb. 1, 2022 Tr. at 30-31; Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 4.)
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                      4

only two” in the household. Id. at 39. D.H. described their relationship as “very good.” Id.
at 40. She elaborated:
                We have a friendly relationship, but we are not friends. She’s -
                - She’s [] very well-behaved. And I’m pretty strict as a foster
                parent/guardian, and she respects that, but we, you know, we
                laugh a lot. We do a lot of just travel and fun things together,
                but it’s very much - - She’s the child and I’m kind of guiding her
                as far as what I believe is best for her.
Id. at 40-41.

       {¶ 7} D.H. testified that “the biggest change” in K.S. since she had come to live with
her was her confidence level. Id. at 41. D.H. “really wanted her to focus on schooling and
we read together because her reading was very much below where it should be.” Id. Over
time, K.S. resisted D.H.’s guidance less, to the extent that she described K.S. as “doing very,
very well in school, which she hadn’t really before, so that was new to her.” Id. at 41-42.
K.S. was also “involved in a lot of different activities [and] meeting different people.” Id. at
42. Before living with D.H., K.S. had been “failing every subject” in school and reading at a
second-grade level. Id. at 42-43. At the time of trial, she was “basically on level with
everything she should be at” and her reading had improved to at least a seventh-grade level.
Id. Activities K.S. participated in included volleyball, cheerleading, and helping with an
afterschool play or musical. Id. at 43.
       {¶ 8} D.H. testified that at the beginning of the placement, her relationship with
K.S.’s parents “started out very, very positive” because all parties desired reunification. Id.
at 44. However, since K.S. had begun to be honest about not wanting to go back to her
parents, things “got very strained” and the parties “haven’t had much of relationship since.”
Id. D.H. testified that she and K.S. had “never missed any” visits with J.S. and D.S., with
the exception of two permitted absences for a vacation that were later made up. Id. at 45.
During the summer of 2021, however, K.S. “started saying that she didn’t want to go” to
parental visits. Id. D.H. testified that if FCCS obtained permanent custody of K.S., she
would be interested in adopting her. Id. at 48. She also stated that adoption “would never
mean cutting off” a relationship with J.S. and D.S. for K.S., if she “wishes, and if it’s a safe
relationship.” Id.
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                    5

       {¶ 9} D.H. also testified that in August of 2021, J.S. had threatened to “beat down
the door” of her house in a text message, causing her to file a police report. Id. at 52. When
asked to elaborate on the contexts of the text message, D.H. recalled it as follows: “You
fucking bitch. We know where you live. You and your nasty five-bedroom home. We’re
going to come. And you think we don’t know where you live. We’re going to come and get
you. * * * And then she sent a screen shot of my address.” Id. at 101.
       {¶ 10} D.S., K.S.’s father, testified that he believed that FCCS had removed her
because of truancy and “a lack of communication.” Id. at 125. He could not remember the
allegations stated in the complaint that led to her removal. Id. at 126. He stated that he
“[s]omewhat” remembered the case plan. Id. at 127. “I looked it over.” Id. He stated that
he had received drug treatment and suboxone drug replacement therapy and counseling
sometime in late 2019. Id. at 132-33. D.S. admitted that he did not do an alcohol
assessment for the FCCS caseworker, but claimed to have done a drug assessment. Id. at
134. He testified that he had begun treatment at another facility after the assessment, but
could not remember dates. Id. at 135-36. He stated that he was receiving ongoing
treatment and receiving weekly disbursements of suboxone, as he was primarily a user of
opioids. Id. at 142, 145. He stated that he had been sober for approximately six months.
Id. at 144.
       {¶ 11} D.S. testified that he did not tell the FCCS caseworker where he was getting
treatment, saying that he “never talked to her.” Id. at 138-39. He disagreed that he had
refused to sign a release so that the caseworker could obtain his drug treatment records.
Id. at 139. D.S. did not participate in the random drug screens required by FCCS and the
case plan and instead went for scheduled weekly drug screens at his treatment provider.
Id. at 149-50. When asked, he could not state the number of tests that had returned
positive. Id. at 150.
       {¶ 12} D.S. stated that he and J.S. had been living with his mother and father for
over a year and had been living there at the time FCCS removed K.S. from their care. Id. at
150-51. However, he later testified that they had actually been living in a hotel most of the
time and only moved back to his parents’ house about two weeks before trial. Id. at 158-59.
Although the house only had two bedrooms, D.S. testified that if K.S. came to live with
them, he and J.S. would give up their room for her and stay in the basement. Id. at 153. He
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                        6

gave his mother “about fifty bucks” a month for utilities and paid about six hundred dollars
a month for groceries. Id. at 154.
       {¶ 13} D.S. testified that he currently worked as an independent contractor for a
roadside assistance company and earned about $3,600 in a “good month.” Id. at 154-56.
Although the case plan required D.S. to submit evidence of his income, he had never
provided the caseworker with 1099s because she “never asked.” Id. at 157. In spite of
having this income, D.S. testified that he was “having a little bit of trouble finding”
independent housing. Id. at 158.
       {¶ 14} D.S. testified that he had completed an online parenting class in 2019 and
informed the caseworker about it. Id. at 163-64. He testified that he had never undergone
a mental health assessment. Id. at 165-66. He described visits with K.S. as “[b]asically, just
sitting there playing games on the phone with [her],” while at times they would “color and
watch her dance.” Id. at 167-68. D.S. believed that K.S. had become “mad” and stopped
wanting to attend visits because he had “said something about her shorts.” Id. at 169. “That
was my opinion, yes. Because after I said something, that’s when they stopped.” Id. D.S.
admitted that he had not attended any of K.S.’s medical or educational appointments
during the case. Id. at 172. He stated that in his “opinion,” he had not completed the case
plan. Id. at 173.
       {¶ 15} K.S.’s mother, J.S., testified that she and D.S. had been married for 15 years.
Id. at 195. She testified that she and D.S. had been living with his parents for the last two
weeks after living in a hotel for a year. Id. at 201. At the time of trial, J.S. was not employed,
although she stated that she owned a cleaning business that had generated income before
the pandemic. Id. at 202-04. J.S. described the home of D.S.’s parents where they currently
lived as “fit for my daughter.” Id. at 206.
       {¶ 16} J.S. stated that she had completed the case plan requirements of alcohol and
drug assessment and mental health assessment and had been in treatment “[f]or a couple
years.” Id. at 207. When asked what the result of the alcohol and drug assessment was, she
replied: “I have no clue.” Id. She reported that she was given no mental health diagnosis.
Id. at 208. J.S. stated that she has a doctor’s visit to receive suboxone once a week, sees a
counselor the same day, and also participates in pre-scheduled drug screen. Id. at 210. She
could not recall the results of any of those screens or of any non-scheduled drug screens she
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                         7

had been asked to take. Id. at 213-24. She stated that she was not currently taking any
drugs and that if any screen returned positive, it would be because of the suboxone she was
taking. Id. at 214-15. When shown several positive test results, J.S. replied that they were
because of the suboxone in her system and stated that she had not taken methamphetamine
since 2018. Id. at 217-19. She also stated that the last time she had taken an opiate was
2017 and that she had never used alcohol. Id. at 220.
       {¶ 17} J.S. testified that the last time she had a visit with K.S. was in the summer of
2021. Id. at 228. Like D.S., she believed that the reason that K.S. did not want to continue
visits with them was because of a comment he made “to her about her shorts because they
were too short, and it made her mad.” Id. at 229. She described the regular visits with K.S.
before they stopped: “We used to talk, we used to go shopping, she would play games on
her phone and watch videos on it.” Id. at 235.
       {¶ 18} J.S. admitted sending the threatening text message to D.H., explaining that
she “was upset.” Id. at 237. J.S. admitted that she had not completed the case plan. (Feb. 2,
2022 Tr. at 22.) However, she believed that the only thing left to complete was obtaining
housing. Id. Five months before trial, J.S. texted the caseworker and told her not to contact
her after the caseworker accused her of “playing games.” Id. at 52.
       {¶ 19} On cross-examination, J.S. admitted that she had agreed to terminate her
parental rights regarding another minor child “due to medical issues” that she said made
her “[un]able to take care of [the child].” Id. at 29.
       {¶ 20} During trial, the trial court informed the parties that K.S. had expressed her
wishes during an in-camera conference with her attorney and the guardian ad litem
present. K.S. felt that she had “given her parents enough time and they can’t get it together.”
(Feb. 1, 2022 Tr. at 190.) K.S. was “wanting to be adopted and move on,” and, according to
the trial court, “didn’t equivocate * * * [or] go back and forth” on the issue. Id. at 190-91.
       {¶ 21} FCCS caseworker Tomika Berry, testified that, as with “all” cases she works
on, family reunification was the goal for the family. (Feb. 2, 2022 Tr. at 70-71.) She was
the third caseworker to work with the family and was assigned in June of 2021. Id. at 72-
73. She noted that the first caseworker did not initially request that K.S. be removed when
filing the complaint, which was prompted by “truancy concerns, alcohol and drug [issues],
and neglect.” Id. at 79. However, noncompliance with the caseworker’s requests “to see
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                       8

the child to ensure that she was safe and that * * * she was going to school” and to meet with
the parents led to “concerns” resulting in removal. Id. at 80-81.
       {¶ 22} Ms. Berry stated that after K.S.’s removal on November 12, 2019, she was
initially placed with her older sister. Id. at 85-87. However, the sister “reported to the
agency that [J.S.] and [D.S.] were stalking and following them and she did not feel safe with
continuing to have [K.S.] in placement with her.” Id. at 87. After leaving the placement
with her sister, K.S. went to stay with D.H. Id. at 90.
       {¶ 23} Ms. Berry reported described her own relationship with J.S. and D.S. as
“[n]ot very productive, very aggressive from day one.” Id. at 96. FCCS records reflected
strained relationships with the previous two caseworkers. Id. at 97. Thus, Ms. Berry stated
that she “explained to them what my role was, that I was not their previous caseworkers
and I was there to give them the resources that they needed to complete their case plan so
that they [could] try to regain custody of [K.S.].” Id. at 96. Nevertheless, J.S. and D.S. called
her a liar, a racist, and threatened to sue her. Id. at 96-97.
       {¶ 24} Ms. Berry testified that she had gone over the case plan requirements with
J.S. and D.S. at least once in person and “several times” over the phone. Id. at 94. Phone
calls and texts are the primary means of communicating with parents who “are homeless
or don’t have an address” because the impossibility of a home visit. Id. at 95. Ms. Berry
stated that she had routinely texted with J.S. and described a caseworker’s obligation to
contact parents monthly. Id. at 95-97. However, contact with J.S. ended in October of 2021
when J.S. told Ms. Berry “to stop calling her phone” and that she was going to block her
number. Id. at 98.
       {¶ 25} According to Ms. Berry, J.S.’s case plan requirements were “mental health
assessment and to follow all recommendations if there were recommendations; an [alcohol
and drug] assessment and to follow all recommendations if there were recommendations;
parenting classes; to link with Family-to-Family, which was for housing; to complete drug
screens; and typical, stable housing, income in order to show that [they could] take care of
the child.” Id. at 103-04. Other obligations included attending K.S.’s “medical and
developmental appointments,” being available for monthly visits, and signing all releases
necessary for FCCS to obtain records. Id. at 105-06. Ms. Berry’s summary of D.S.’s case
plan requirements mirrored those applicable to J.S. Id. at 106.
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                   9

        {¶ 26} Ms. Berry stated that FCCS had “no record of an alcohol and drug
assessment” for J.S. Id. at 107. However, she had eventually signed a release for her records
after initially refusing to do so, and Ms. Berry recounted that she therefore had “updated
records” pertaining to J.S.’s substance abuse treatment. Id. at 108. Nevertheless, the
records indicated that J.S. was “still testing positive for drugs, for methamphetamine’s and
amphetamines” in spite of the treatment. Id. at 109. J.S. had only provided two random
drug screens to FCCS during the pendency of the case and both were positive. Id. at 110-11.
Ms. Berry also testified that all of the scheduled screens from the drug treatment provider
were positive for not only suboxone, but additionally for methamphetamine and
amphetamines. Id. at 111. Ms. Berry clarified that tests indicating suboxone were not
considered positive, but none of J.S.’s drug screens were negative and only contained
suboxone. Id. at 113-14. While acknowledging that J.S. had entered treatment as required
by the case plan, Ms. Berry did not believe that she had made sufficient progress in
treatment to find that she had complied with the substance abuse requirements of the case
plan. Id. at 116. After two years, “still using the same drug * * * does not show progress.”
Id. at 117.
        {¶ 27} Ms. Berry stated that FCCS did not have an alcohol and drug assessment on
file for D.S. but acknowledged that he was receiving treatment at the time the case opened
and “was prescribed suboxone.”       Id. at 117.    J.S. reported to Ms. Berry that D.S.
subsequently was treated at the facility where she received treatment, but Ms. Berry was
unable to obtain any treatment records from the facility because D.S. never signed a release
allowing her to obtain them. Id. at 119-20. She only had one drug screen for D.S., from
2019, and it returned “positive for methamphetamine and suboxone.” Id. at 120-21. Ms.
Berry did not believe that D.S. was compliant with the case plan’s substance abuse
requirements. Id. at 121.
        {¶ 28} With regard to housing, Ms. Berry stated that she had only learned that the
couple were living with D.S.’s parents the day before in court. Id. at 125. Neither parent
had informed her that they had moved. Id. If she had been aware, Ms. Berry “would have
done a walk through to make sure it’s safe” for K.S. Id. at 126. FCCS had first referred them
to housing services 20 months before trial. Id. Activity logs showed that the housing liaison
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                    10

had repeatedly attempted to contact J.S. and D.S., but “they were not responsive” and “they
did not follow through with the leads that she gave them.” Id. at 128-29.
       {¶ 29} Ms. Berry testified that she never received any income verification or pay
stubs from J.S. or D.S., in spite of repeated requests, and that D.S. expressly refused to
provide his. Id. at 132-33. The parents had attended one of K.S.’s medical appointments
“earlier on in the case” and had never again asked about her school or medical
appointments. Id. at 135. Ms. Berry believed that both parents could have benefited from
receiving mental health services. Id. at 145.
       {¶ 30} Ms. Berry agreed that up until the date that visits stopped, J.S. and D.S. had
been “fairly consistent to extremely consistent” in attending visitation with K.S. Id. at 148.
Based on her observations, she described the visits as “passive.” Id. at 149. “Everyone is
on their phones, there’s not that much talking going on.” Id. Often they would order food
and eat as well. Id. After K.S. had expressed her wish to be adopted by D.H. but before she
decided to stop going to visits, their visits became “uncomfortable” and “tense.” Id. at 151.
K.S. reported to Ms. Berry “that she just did not want to do visits anymore, that her parents
were blaming her for the [permanent custody] trial and she did not want to be at the visits
anymore; they were making her feel uncomfortable.” Id. at 155. After the visits stopped in
July of 2021 Ms. Berry encouraged K.S. to “at least start a phone conversation” with them,
“to start talking to them to move forward with visits,” but K.S. would refuse. Id. In Ms.
Berry’s estimation, D.H. had gone “above” the typical as a foster parent in trying to
encourage visits between K.S. and her parents. Id. at 161.
       {¶ 31} Ms. Berry testified that at a July 1, 2021 visit, she had observed a bond
between J.S. and K.S., but couldn’t say that she “personally saw a bond” between K.S. and
D.S. Id. at 162. She described K.S. as neither happy nor sad when the visit ended. Id. at
165. Ms. Berry described the relationship between K.S. and her foster mother, D.H., as “a
very close relationship.” Id. at 166. K.S. appeared “happy” there and “does what is asked
of her in the home.” Id. In addition, Ms. Berry reported that K.S. was doing well in school
and “likes school.” Id. at 167. K.S. was doing “much better” than in the first placement.
Ms. Berry stated that K.S. “is happy, she’s thriving, she is more expressive than even from
the first time I became her caseworker until now. She expresses her feelings. She’s doing
things that she’s never done before. She’s traveling; she’s cheering; she’s playing volleyball;
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                   11

she’s reading more and better; * * * she’s just all around good kid and she’s happy.” Id. at
171.
       {¶ 32} According to Ms. Berry, K.S. had expressed to her at “every visit” that she
wished for legally secure, permanent placement. Id. at 169. Ms. Berry was clear that she
believed that K.S. “loves her parents. I don’t think this has anything to do with love or not,
I just think she wants some stability in her life and she just wants to move on from being
involved with Children Services and this life.” Id. at 170. Ms. Berry recommended that the
trial court grant the motion for permanent custody, as she believed it was in K.S.’s best
interest. Id.
       {¶ 33} Jinx Beachler testified that she was appointed K.S.’s guardian ad litem on
November 12, 2019. (Feb. 7, 2022 Tr. at 7.) Ms. Beachler stated that she was “in regular
communication” with D.H., K.S.’s foster mother. Id. at 13. In her opinion, D.H. “really
wanted to try to reunite the parents with the child,” paid for meals for the parents on
Mother’s Day and Father’s Day early on in the placement, and “wanted what was best for
the child and was not trying to interfere” with their relationship. Id. at 14. She noted that
D.H. was paying to send K.S. to a Catholic school and “trying to show the child values and
goals” during the placement. Id. According to Ms. Beachler, D.H. had been instrumental
in getting K.S. accepted into a Catholic high school for the upcoming school year. Id. D.H.
took K.S. on “educational trips” and was providing a “wonderful basis” for a flourishing
social environment. Id. at 16. In contrast, “the phone was the parent for the child while she
was living with her mother and father because she wasn’t getting any social interaction that
was appropriate,” Ms. Beachler opined. Id. at 16-17.
       {¶ 34} She noted that K.S. “had a very unstable childhood” and “wasn’t going to
school” when living with her parents. Id. at 19. She noted that even before the involvement
of FCCS, K.S. stayed with her paternal grandmother “at times,” but she “kicked out [K.S.]
in the middle of the night for the parents to pick her up.” Id. at 18-19. Ms. Beachler
described K.S. as “struggling now to make up for all those formative years of not going to
school,” but nevertheless described K.S. as “mature beyond her age” with a goal of
becoming a veterinarian. Id. at 19. In Ms. Beachler’s opinion, K.S. was “highly intelligent
and I believe she’s going to make it.” Id.
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                    12

       {¶ 35} Ms. Beachler testified that she had “minimum interaction” with J.S. and D.S.
Id. at 20. She saw them at several court appearances and at two visitations, one of which
Ms. Beachler supervised. Id. She was unable to interview them because “they were a
moving target, moving from hotel to hotel,” and then once represented by counsel, she only
“talked to counsel.” Id. At that point, Ms. Beachler repeatedly emailed counsel to obtain
releases for records but was unsuccessful. Id. She believed that she did her “due diligence”
in such attempts. Id. at 21. On cross-examination, she was pressed to explain why she did
not visit the parents. Ms. Beachler explained that not only did she not “know exactly where
they were at” because of their lack of housing, she “would not be comfortable going out to
any location” because of “their behavior” threatening others, including an initial
caseworker. Id. at 41.
       {¶ 36} Ms. Beachler described the visitations she observed as containing “minimum
interaction between the parents” and K.S. Id. at 23. All three of them “were just looking at
their phones” during the visits. Id. She described the interaction as “very sterile” and even
“bizarre,” stating: “I did not view [that] it was appropriate interaction.” Id. at 24-25.
       {¶ 37} Ms. Beachler stated that K.S. “for a period of time wanted to go home. She
wanted her parents to succeed and make it [but] she came to a point in that she realized
that they were not going to [succeed].” Id. at 32. Ms. Beachler felt “sorry for these parents,”
but stated: “they’re just not capable. They were given opportunities to do what they’re
supposed to do,” but K.S. “realizes that she cannot wait any longer for her parents to try
and do the case plan.”      Id. at 32-33.    Ms. Beachler reported that K.S. “now wants
termination of parent[al] rights; she wants to be adopted out; she wants to get on with her
life. And I’m really sorry for the parents because I know that they love their child, but this
is [the] reality of the situation.” Id. at 33. When asked about K.S.’s competency, Ms.
Beachler replied that K.S. was “totally competent and she knows exactly what’s going on.”
Id. at 34. In Ms. Beachler’s opinion, termination of parental rights was in K.S.’s best
interest. Id.
       {¶ 38} On March 2, 2022, the trial court granted the motion for permanent custody,
terminated J.S. and D.S.’s parental rights, and committed custody of K.S. to FCCS. J.S. and
D.S. have both appealed. J.S. asserts a single assignment of error:
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                   13

               The permanent custody entry is not supported by the weight of
               the evidence.

        {¶ 39} D.S. asserts the following two assignments of error:

               [I.] The court committed reversable error when it terminated
               the parental rights of D.S. because the decision was against the
               manifest weight of the evidence.

               [II.] The trial court plainly erred when it failed to comply with
               R.C. 2151.281(D) and (I) given the noncompliance with the
               duties of the guardian ad litem.

II. Standard of Review

        {¶ 40} “A trial court’s determination in a permanent custody case will not be
reversed on appeal unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” In re K.L., 10th
Dist. No. 13AP-218, 2013-Ohio-3499, ¶ 13, citing In re Andy-Jones, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-
1167, 2004-Ohio-3312. Under the manifest weight of the evidence standard, the court of
appeals “will not overturn a permanent custody order when it is supported by competent,
credible evidence.” In re C.W., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-309, 2020-Ohio-1248, ¶ 51. The
reviewing court “must make every reasonable presumption in favor of the judgment and
the trial court’s findings of facts.” In re K.M., 10th Dist. No. 15AP-64, 2015-Ohio-4682,
¶ 13.
III. Analysis

        {¶ 41} Because appellants raise the same challenge to the trial court’s decision
granting the motion for permanent custody, we will consider their arguments in tandem
while reviewing the decision.
        A. First Assignment of Error

        {¶ 42} R.C. 2151.414 governs the determination of an agency’s motion for
permanent custody of a child. “Before granting permanent custody, a trial court must make
two determinations by clear and convincing evidence.” C.W. at ¶ 54. First, the trial court
must determine whether one of the five factors under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) applies. Id.
        {¶ 43} Here, the trial concluded that “clear and convincing evidence” demonstrated
two of the R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) factors. The evidence showed both that K.S. could not “be
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                    14

placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed
with the child’s parents,” as required by R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), and that she had “been in
the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child
placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period,” as
required by R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d). (Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 6.) Neither
appellant challenges the trial court’s findings on the R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) factors. (Brief of
D.S. at 11; Brief of J.S. at 40.)
       {¶ 44} Rather, appellants challenge the second part of the trial court’s
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) determination. Under the statute, “clear and convincing evidence”
must show “that it is in the best interest of the child to grant permanent custody of the child
to the agency that filed the motion for permanent custody.” R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). The
analysis is guided by any of the “relevant factors” set forth in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1).
Appellants’ arguments center on the trial court’s findings on those factors that led it to
conclude that termination of their parental rights was in the best interest of K.S.
       {¶ 45} The statute first asks the trial court to consider “[t]he interaction and
interrelationship of the child with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers
and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child.”
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a). The trial court devoted nearly four pages of discussion to this factor
alone, recounting in detail how those relationships changed over the timespan of the case.
Foster mother D.H. went from feeling that she was “in way over [her] head” with her first
foster child to taking the child on trips and paying out of her own pocket for K.S.’s school
tuition. (Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 15.) K.S. wanted “very much to return to
her parents” at the beginning of the case and “was not invested in a relationship” with her
foster mother. Id. at 16. However, over the course of 18 months or so, K.S. began to change
her mind about returning. The trial court observed a number of factors that contributed to
this change, including K.S.’s increasing frustration at appellants’ inability to procure
permanent housing, “especially when” she observed J.S. spending large sums of money on
gifts or shopping. Id. The trial court also discussed the deterioration in K.S.’s relationship
with J.S., who “became angry and aggressive” when told of K.S.’s wishes and threatened the
foster mother. Id. at 17.
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                       15

       {¶ 46} D.S. argues that the trial court “made no finding” that the bond between K.S.
and her foster mother “was greater than the bonds to her parents,” and that because bonds
between K.S., J.S., and D.S. “still exist,” it was improper for the trial court to weigh this
factor “against reunification.” (Brief of D.S. at 12.) K.S. does not make a specific assertion
of error in the trial court’s analysis of this factor other than to explain that her parental bond
may have appeared less than what it was because she “was not comfortable with a lot of
hugging in front of strangers” during visitation. (Brief of J.S. at 41.)
       {¶ 47} D.S.’s assertion that the trial court made no finding on the bonds between the
parties does not accurately reflect the language of the decision. The trial court noted that
both the caseworker and guardian ad litem “concluded that [K.S.] is very bonded to her
foster mother and now less bonded to her biological parents, but obviously knows them
well and loves them. The Court finds that [K.S.] is strongly bonded to her foster mother.
The caseworker stated that she was bonded with her parents, but the bond became less over
the length of the case.” (Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 18.) Read in context, it is
apparent that the trial court agreed with the testimony of the caseworker and guardian ad
litem regarding the relative strength of the parties’ bonds, which, by the end of trial, had
strengthened between K.S. and her foster mother. The manifest weight of the evidence,
including the testimony of all parties, supports the trial court’s findings on the
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) factor.
       {¶ 48} Next, the statute asks the trial court to consider “[t]he wishes of the child, as
expressed directly by the child or through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for
the maturity of the child.” R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b). K.S. “was unwavering in her decision to
be adopted,” the trial court found. (Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 18.) “She
believes [appellants] are still using even though they deny it, and that they cannot take care
of her. [K.S.] wants stability and is ‘tired of the drama.’ ” Id. at 18-19. The “drama” that
K.S. described to the trial court included the “threatening messages” to her foster mother
and J.S. telling her that D.S. had a stroke and blaming K.S. for it. Id. at 19. The trial court
further noted that K.S. had “directly expressed to the Court, the caseworker, the foster
mother, and her parents that she wishes to be adopted by her foster mother. She wishes to
have no contact with her parents currently.” Id.
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                    16

          {¶ 49} J.S. admits that K.S.’s “wishes * * * were clearly to move forward with
adoption.” (Brief of J.S. at 42.) She asserts that these wishes were “based on K.S.’s
conclusion that her parents were taking too long” to secure housing. Id. While the trial
court did acknowledge K.S.’s frustration with appellants’ inability to obtain housing in other
parts of its decision, that fact did not form part of its discussion of K.S.’s wishes when
considering R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b). Rather, appellants’ inability to care for her or address
their substance abuse, as well as attempts to sabotage K.S.’s positive relationship with her
foster mother were the specific factors mentioned by the trial court when discussing this
factor.
          {¶ 50} While J.S. at least acknowledges the reality of K.S.’s wishes, D.S. discounts
them entirely. He argues that “[b]ecause K.S. remains bonded with her parents and
because of the potential influence D.H. or the caseworker may have had on this decision, it
was improper to find [that] this factor weighs against re-unification.” (Brief of D.S. at 13.)
D.S. cites no evidence in the record to support the contention that the caseworker or foster
mother tried to “influence” K.S. in any way. In fact, the evidence suggests otherwise. D.H.
testified: “I think it’s very important that she has a relationship with them. That I don’t
want her to hold it against me later on and think that I’ve done anything, so I’m just
constantly saying, you know, this is your family. This does matter.” (Feb. 1, 2022 Tr. at 70.)
D.H. encouraged K.S. “to be honest” with appellants: “Tell them how you’re feeling.” Id. at
73. The following exchange is illustrative:
                 Q. So, did you try to do anything to prevent the child from
                 reuniting with her parents?
                 A. Absolutely not.
                 Q. Even though you are a potential adoptive parent, did you
                 continue to try to reunite that child with her parents?
                 A. Yes.
Id. at 106.

          {¶ 51} Furthermore, Ms. Berry testified that she encouraged K.S. to “at least start a
phone conversation” with J.S. and D.S. after visits had stopped in the hopes that K.S. would
“start talking to them to move forward with visits.” (Feb. 2, 2022 Tr. at 155.) There is no
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                   17

evidence that either the guardian ad litem or caseworker attempted to influence K.S. in a
manner other than to encourage her to have a relationship with her parents.
       {¶ 52} Given K.S.’s age and maturity level, the trial court did not err in its
consideration of R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b) when listening to K.S.’s clearly expressed wishes
and weighing them in its decision to grant the motion for permanent custody.
       {¶ 53} The trial court also considered “[t]he custodial history of the child, including
whether the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services
agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
twenty-two-month period,” as stated under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c). Clear and convincing
evidence demonstrated that this factor was met because K.S. had been in the custody of
FCCS “beginning November 12, 2019 until the present, for twelve months or more of a
twenty-two month period.” (Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 19.) Neither appellant
challenges the trial court’s finding under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c).
       {¶ 54} The fourth factor considered by the trial court was “[t]he child’s need for a
legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved
without a grant of permanent custody to the agency.” R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d). The trial
court began its discussion by referencing R.C. 2151.414(E), which states that “whether a
child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not
be placed with the parents, the court shall consider all relevant evidence.” In addition, the
trial court acknowledged the statutory requirement under R.C. 2151.414(E) that it was
required to “enter a finding that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a
reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent” if it determined, by clear and
convincing evidence, that any of the factors under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) through (16) were
met.
       {¶ 55} The trial court pointed out that “[b]y the time of trial, parents had more than
two years to complete their case plan and use resources offered to address substance abuse,
housing, and mental health issues.” (Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 20.)
Nevertheless, appellants had “failed to complete the case plan.” Id. They had not “obtained
independent stable housing or obtained and maintained verifiable employment or provided
consistent negative drug screens.” Id. Although the trial court believed that D.S. was
employed, he had provided no documentation of his income. The trial court found J.S.’s
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                     18

testimony regarding her employment to be “inconsistent.” Id. Like D.S., she had failed to
offer any documentary evidence to support her assertions regarding income. Id. The trial
court did not find J.S. “credible on many issues,” including her drug use. Id. at 22. For
both parties, there were “ongoing concerns of drug use.” Id. The trial court concluded that
neither party could “safely assume custody” of K.S. and that the “only feasible path to
permanency” was to grant the motion for permanent custody. Id.
       {¶ 56} D.S. counters with references to his own testimony regarding employment
and his own testimonial assertions that he “provided several clean drug screens” and had
“been sober for several months.”        (Brief of D.S. at 15.)      Although the trial court
acknowledged that D.S. and J.S. were receiving suboxone treatment, the only documentary
evidence of drug screens in the record were positive. The trial court did not err by failing
to credit either appellants’ repeated testimonial assertions that their nonrandomized drug
screens, none of which were provided to FCCS, were negative.
       {¶ 57} D.S. also argues that the trial court “improperly found that a child was
previously removed” from his care. (Brief of D.S. at 17.) He states out that “[n]o exhibit
was filed to establish what did in fact happen in that case.” Id. D.S. also points out the trial
court contradicts this finding by stating, at the conclusion of its R.C. 2151.414(D) best
interest analysis, that “no evidence was presented” regarding R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through
(11). Id.
       {¶ 58} One of the R.C. 2151.414(E) factors that requires a finding that the child
cannot be placed with either parent is R.C. 2151.414(E)(11), which applies when “[t]he
parent has had parental rights involuntarily terminated with respect to a sibling of the child
* * * and the parent has failed to provide clear and convincing evidence to prove that,
notwithstanding the prior termination, the parent can provide a legally secure permanent
placement and adequate care for the health, welfare, and safety of the child.” The trial court
discussed this factor in its initial R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) discussion when found clear and
convincing evidence to support a number of the R.C. 2151.414(E) factors. Regarding
R.C. 2151.414(E)(11), the trial court found: “Testimony established that a sibling of [K.S.]
has been placed * * * after being permanently committed to FCCS,” with reference to the
case number of that proceeding. (Mar. 2, 2022 Decision & Jgmt. Entry at 12.) “The Court
finds that this factor does apply and has been proven in regard to both parents.” Id.
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                      19

       {¶ 59} Although D.S. asserts that there was no evidence to support this finding, J.S.
concedes the fact of this removal. Her briefing states that “the court rightly found the
existence of a factor from division (E) of R.C. 2151.414, that the parents previously had
rights terminated as to another child.” (Brief of J.S. at 44.) Given this concession, we
cannot agree with D.S. that there was no basis for the trial court’s finding. Finally, what
D.S. believes is a contradiction in the trial court’s reasoning is more likely non-reliance on
that   finding.   The   final   best   interest   factor   mentioned    by   the   trial   court,
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e), asks “[w]hether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) * * *
apply in relation to the parents and child.” In the context of the best interest analysis, it did
not mention the R.C. 2151.414(E)(11) finding it had earlier made, and instead stated that
there was “no evidence” to support a finding under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e). In other words,
the trial court did not further rely on this factor when determining K.S.’s best interest. D.S.
was not prejudiced by the trial court’s failure to hold a prior termination of parental rights
against him when it had the opportunity to do so but did not.
       {¶ 60} J.S. asserts that she and D.S. “were ready to provide K.S. with a secure
permanent home” and they had “largely completed their case plan.” Id. at 42. However,
the trial court found otherwise, by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court noted that
they had two years to procure housing and to complete the case plan but failed to do so.
       {¶ 61} J.S. also asserts that the trial court incorrectly found that a best interest
determination was mandatory under R.C. 2151.414(D)(2), which the trial court ruled
applied in addition to its discretionary best interest finding under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1).
R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) states that a trial court “shall commit the child to the permanent
custody of a public children services agency” if four listed factors are met. J.S. only
challenges the first factor, which applies when “the child cannot be placed with either
parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent” after
determining that any of the R.C. 2151.414(E) factors are met. Again, her assertion that “K.S.
could be returned with[in] a reasonable time” depends on assertions contradicted by the
trial court’s findings, including that she and D.S. had “largely completed their case plan”
and had “suitable housing arranged.” Id. at 44. The trial court found otherwise, and neither
appellant has demonstrated that these findings did not rely on competent, credible
evidence. Accordingly, we conclude that the manifest weight of the evidence supported the
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                   20

trial court’s decision to grant the motion for permanent custody. D.S.’s first and J.S.’s sole
assignment of error is overruled.
       B. Second Assignment of Error

       {¶ 62} D.S. presents an additional assignment of error. He asserts that the trial
court erred by failing to comply with R.C. 2151.281(D) and (I), which govern the
responsibilities of a guardian ad litem. In addition to these statutes, D.S. argues that the
guardian ad litem failed to comply with Rule 48.03 of the Rules of Superintendence of the
Ohio Supreme Court, which sets forth the general responsibilities of a guardian ad litem.
(Brief of D.S. at 22.) He alleges number of perceived deficiencies in the guardian ad litem’s
performance, such that she “failed to become informed about the facts of the case” by failing
to contact him, failing to communicate her concerns about D.S. to his attorney, relying on
the caseworker for information instead of independently obtaining it or investigating it, and
failing to visit D.S. and J.S. Id. at 24-30.
       {¶ 63} R.C. 2151.281(D) states: “The court shall require the guardian ad litem to
faithfully discharge the guardian ad litem’s duties and, upon the guardian ad litem’s failure
to faithfully discharge the guardian ad litem’s duties, shall discharge the guardian ad litem
and appoint another guardian ad litem.” Furthermore, R.C. 2151.281(I) provides:
               The guardian ad litem for an alleged or adjudicated abused,
               neglected, or dependent child shall perform whatever functions
               are necessary to protect the best interest of the child, including,
               but not limited to, investigation, mediation, monitoring court
               proceedings, and monitoring the services provided the child by
               the public children services agency or private child placing
               agency that has temporary or permanent custody of the child,
               and shall file any motions and other court papers that are in the
               best interest of the child in accordance with rules adopted by
               the supreme court.

       {¶ 64} We note initially that D.S. never objected to the guardian ad litem’s
performance of her duties in the trial court. Accordingly, appellate review of this issue is
limited to plain error, and reversal under that standard “is not favored and may be applied
only in the extremely rare case involving exceptional circumstances where error seriously
affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial process itself.”
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                                   21

Uretsky v. Uretsky, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-1011, 2003-Ohio-1455, ¶ 7, citing Goldfuss v.
Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116 (1997), syllabus.
       {¶ 65} Furthermore, “the Rules of Superintendence do not create individual rights.”
In re D.E., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-83, 2021-Ohio-524, ¶ 77. See also In re S.S., 17AP-681,
2018-Ohio-1249, ¶ 11 (“the Rules of Superintendence are only internal housekeeping rules
that do not create substantive rights in individuals or procedural law, and they do not have
the force of law”). Thus, we have consistently rejected attempts to invoke Sup.R. 48 in
permanent custody appeals as a basis for recognizing reversible error in a guardian ad
litem’s actions in the trial court. See, e.g., In re R.P., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-538, 2021-Ohio-
4065 ¶ 31 (“Because Sup.R. 48 is a general guideline that lacks the force of statutory law,
noncompliance with Sup.R. 48(D) is not grounds for the automatic exclusion of a guardian
ad litem’s report, testimony, or recommendation”); In re B.T., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-485,
2022-Ohio-4093, ¶ 33 (rejecting the “mother’s argument that the trial court should have
excluded the testimony of the GAL for failure to observe both mother and child together”
that was “premised in part on her contention that the GAL failure to comply with Sup.R.
48(D)”). After investigation, the guardian ad litem creates evidence for the trial court to
consider in the form of testimony, reports, and recommendations. “As the trier of fact, the
trial court may take into account any deficiencies in the guardian ad litem’s performance
when assigning weight to the guardian’s testimony and opinions.” R.P. at ¶ 31. See also
D.E. at ¶ 92 (“although in permanent custody proceedings, parents must be afforded every
procedural and substantive protection the law allows, the duty of the GAL is to provide the
court with information and recommendations regarding the children’s best interest”).
Here, all of the alleged deficiencies identified by D.S. were brought to the attention of the
court during the cross-examination of the guardian ad litem by appellants’ attorneys. Thus,
the trial court was aware of D.S. criticisms and exercised its discretion when deciding the
issue of her credibility, her efficacy as an advocate, and the weight of her recommendations.
D.S. has not explained how he was prejudiced by the guardian ad litem’s alleged
shortcomings, many of which the guardian ad litem defended by pointing to appellants’
own behavior. We conclude that the trial court was the proper party to evaluate any such
conflict, and that it did not exercise plain error when doing so. The second assignment of
error is overruled.
Nos. 22AP-177 & 22AP-201                                                           22

IV. Conclusion

      {¶ 66} Having overruled all appellants’ assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations,
Juvenile Branch.
                                                                  Judgment affirmed.

                    BEATTY BLUNT, P.J. and BOGGS, J., concur.
                            _________________