Court Opinion

ID: 2775239
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-30 21:00:26.333579+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:45.929717
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ____________

                                       No. 12-3984
                                      ____________

                                  MICHAEL L. JONES
                                 a/k/a Laquan Robinson,
                                           Appellant

                                             v.

    PERRY PHELPS; ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
                           ____________

                       On Appeal from United States District Court
                               for the District of Delaware
                              (D. DE. No. 1-09-cv-00457)
                         District Judge: Hon. Gregory M. Sleet
                                      ____________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   January 23, 2015

           Before: FISHER, JORDAN and GREENAWAY, Jr., Circuit Judges.

                            (Opinion Filed: January 30, 2015)
                                     ____________

                                        OPINION*
                                      ____________

       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
FISHER, Circuit Judge.

       Michael Jones was convicted of three counts of first-degree murder and other

related charges and was sentenced to life in prison. After exhausting his state-court

remedies, he filed an application under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District

Court for the District of Delaware. In relevant part, he claims that violations of his rights

to a speedy trial and an impartial trial judge justify the issuance of a writ of habeas

corpus. The District Court denied his application, and we will affirm.

                                              I.

       We write principally for the parties, who are familiar with the factual context and

legal history of this case. Therefore, we will set forth only those facts that are necessary

to our analysis.

       In January 2001, a Delaware grand jury indicted Jones on three counts of first-

degree murder and other related charges. Jones was arrested in September 2001 in North

Carolina and extradited to Delaware. Although his trial was initially scheduled to start in

November 2002, a number of events resulted in a delay of the trial. Because prosecutors

indicated they would seek the death penalty, Jones’s case and all other death penalty

cases were stayed while the state courts determined Delaware’s compliance with Ring v.

Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002). After the stay was lifted in January 2003, Jones’s trial was

rescheduled for November 2003 to accommodate a prosecutor’s maternity leave. Then,

because Jones successfully moved for new counsel immediately before his trial was to

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begin, his trial was postponed to August 2004. And finally, because new counsel moved

to preclude prosecutors from seeking the death penalty on the grounds that Jones was

under eighteen at the time of the alleged crimes, the trial court postponed Jones’s trial to

consider the motion. After denying the motion, the court set Jones’s trial date for January

2005.

        A jury found Jones guilty on each charge and, after additional penalty

proceedings, recommended the death penalty. Jones then moved to disqualify the trial

judge and for a new trial on the grounds that the judge had been overheard at a public

restaurant criticizing Jones’s counsel and stating that she would give Jones the death

penalty. The trial judge admitted speaking about Jones's counsel at the restaurant but said

she only expressed her concern that his performance would result in the jury voting to

impose the death sentence; therefore, the trial court denied the motion. Because the

United States Supreme Court held in Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), that

executing defendants who were juveniles when they committed their offenses was

unconstitutional, the trial court sentenced Jones to life in prison.

        Jones appealed his conviction to the Delaware Supreme Court. In relevant part,

Jones argued that the trial court’s denial of his motion to disqualify and for a new trial

violated his right to due process of law. The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed his

conviction and sentence. Jones filed a motion for postconviction relief in the Delaware

Superior Court. In relevant part, Jones argued that his appellate counsel had been

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ineffective for failing to argue that Jones was denied his right to a speedy trial. The

Superior Court denied his motion, and the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed.

       Jones then filed an application under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 for a writ of habeas corpus.

He raised nine grounds for relief, including his speedy trial and judicial recusal claims.

The District Court denied his application without a hearing. Jones filed a timely appeal,

and we granted Jones a certificate of appealability on his speedy trial and judicial recusal

claims.

                                             II.

       The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. Because the District Court decided Jones’s

application on the state-court record and without an evidentiary hearing, we review the

District Court’s decision de novo, using the same legal standard the District Court used.

Eley v. Erickson, 712 F.3d 837, 845 (3d Cir. 2013).

       For any claim that the state courts adjudicated on the merits, a federal court may

not grant relief unless the state-court decision was contrary to or an unreasonable

application of clearly-established federal law as determined by the United States Supreme

Court or unless the decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d).

                                              4
                                              III.

                                              A.

       The District Court held that Jones’s speedy trial claim was procedurally defaulted;

the parties present many arguments about whether it was indeed defaulted and, if so,

whether we should excuse the default. However, the Delaware Superior Court

adjudicated this claim on the merits and found that Jones was not entitled to relief. See

State v. Jones, No. 9911016309, 2008 WL 4173816, at *8 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 3, 2008)

(explaining that although Jones did not raise the speedy trial claim in his direct appeal,

“since Jones has demonstrated cause for why this claim was not raised, the Court will

address this argument on the merits”); id. at *13 (“The Court concludes that Jones’ [sic]

right to a speedy trial was not violated in this case. . . . Accordingly, the speedy trial

violation claim does not provide a basis for postconviction relief.”). Because this claim

was adjudicated on the merits in the state courts, regardless of any default issues, that

decision will ultimately be entitled to deference under § 2254(d).

       In adjudicating the claim, the Superior Court correctly identified the governing

United States Supreme Court precedent, Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), and its

four-factor approach. State v. Jones, 2008 WL 4173816 at *10. Accordingly, the decision

is not contrary to clearly-established federal law.

       We also conclude that the Superior Court reasonably applied Barker to the facts of

this case. The court properly determined that the four-year delay between the indictment

                                               5
and Jones’s trial, the first factor, required consideration of the remaining three factors.

The court reasonably determined that the second factor, the reasons for the delay,

weighed “only slightly in Jones’ [sic] favor.” Id. at *11. Although much of the delay was

attributable to the State due to the court’s scheduling of the trial, the initial post-

indictment delay—when Jones was not in Delaware—and the delay between November

2003 and August 2004 were reasonably attributable to Jones. Although Jones complains

that the delay between November 2003 and August 2004 should not be attributable to

him, he requested new counsel who could not be expected to come up to speed on a

capital case in such a short time and who then filed a complex motion that required an

evidentiary hearing. And the Superior Court could reasonably conclude the

administrative stay on all death penalty cases was “a valid reason” that “should serve to

justify appropriate delay,” because the State was attempting to comply with Supreme

Court precedent. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531.

       The court also reasonably determined that the third factor, the defendant’s

assertion of his speedy trial right, weighed against Jones. Although Jones filed multiple

motions for a speedy trial, he also repeatedly requested new counsel, which would have

delayed the proceedings. Finally, the court also reasonably determined that the last factor,

prejudice to the defendant, was neutral. The court understood the prejudice that comes

from pretrial incarceration, but found that prejudice linked to the reasons for the delay.

                                                6
       For these reasons, the Superior Court’s adjudication of this claim was not contrary

to or an unreasonable application of clearly-established federal law.

                                             B.

       Jones’s judicial recusal claim was adjudicated on the merits by the Delaware

Supreme Court in his direct appeal, and that adjudication is entitled to deference under

§ 2254(d). The Due Process Clause only requires recusal when actual bias or “a serious

risk of actual bias” exists. E.g., Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868, 884

(2009). Delaware law on recusal is more generous: recusal is appropriate when actual

bias exists or an appearance of bias sufficient to cause doubt as to the trial judge’s

impartiality exists. Los v. Los, 595 A.2d 381, 384-85 (Del. 1991). Because the state

courts applied a more generous standard to Jones’s judicial recusal claim, the state-court

decision was not contrary to clearly-established federal law.

       The Delaware Supreme Court also did not unreasonably apply clearly-established

federal law to Jones’s claim. The court reasonably determined that the trial judge’s

description of her comments at the restaurant was correct: she expressed that she was

disappointed with Jones’s counsel’s performance, that she believed the jury would vote to

impose the death penalty, and that she would probably have to impose the death penalty

as a result. Jones v. State, 940 A.2d 1, 19 (Del. 2007). Based on this understanding of the

trial judge’s comments, the court reasonably determined that no actual bias existed and

that there was insufficient appearance of bias to doubt the judge’s impartiality, let alone a

                                              7
serious risk of actual bias. Id. Accordingly, Jones is not entitled to relief on his judicial

recusal claim.

                                              IV.

       For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the order of the District Court

denying Jones’s application under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

                                               8