Court Opinion

ID: 9949053
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-08 18:00:52.97627+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:26:35.132014
License: Public Domain

PRECEDENTIAL

       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                _______________

                    No. 22-2839
                  _______________

                ROBERT WHARTON

                          v.

      SUPERINTENDENT GRATERFORD SCI

 PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE;
    PAUL M. GEORGE; NANCY WINKELMAN,
                                  Appellants
              _______________

    On Appeal from the United States District Court
        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
               (D.C. No. 2:01-cv-06049)
    District Judge: Honorable Mitchell S. Goldberg
                   _______________

              Argued: October 11, 2023

Before: HARDIMAN, BIBAS, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges

                (Filed: March 8, 2024)
                  _______________
David Rudovsky             [ARGUED]
KAIRYS, RUDOVSKY, MESSING, FEINBERG & LIN
718 Arch Street, Suite 501 South
Philadelphia, PA 19106

Andrew M. Erdlen
Matthew A. Hamermesh
John S. Summers
HANGLEY ARONCHICK SEGAL PUDLIN & SCHILLER
One Logan Square
18th & Cherry Streets, 27th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103
   Counsel for Appellants

J. Gordon Cooney, Jr.
MORGAN LEWIS & BOCKIUS
2222 Market Street, 12th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103
    Counsel for Amici James M. Becker, Doris Brogan, Stephen
    D. Brown, Stephen B. Burbank, Patrick J. Egan, H. Robert
    Fiebach, Lawrence J. Fox, John J. Grogan, Robert C.
    Heim, David Hoffman, Seth F. Kreimer, Howard Langer,
    Timothy K. Lewis, James C. Martin, Arthur E. Newbold,
    Abraham C. Reich, David Richman, Andrew R. Rogoff,
    Louis S. Rulli, Stephen Schulhofer, David A. Sonenshein,
    Marc J. Sonnenfeld, Dennis R. Suplee, Adam Thurschwell,
    and Ralph G. Wellington

Christina R. Gay         [ARGUED]
Roman Martinez
Gregory B. in den Berken
LATHAM & WATKINS

                             2
555 11th Street NW, Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20004
   Counsel for Court-Appointed Amicus Curiae

Cari L. Mahler
PENNSYLVANIA OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
1000 Madison Avenue, 3rd Floor
Norristown, PA 19403
   Counsel for Amicus Pennsylvania Office
   of the Attorney General

Stephen J. Hammer
Allyson N. Ho             [ARGUED]
Bradley G. Hubbard
GIBSON DUNN & CRUTCHER
2001 Ross Avenue, Suite 2100
Dallas, TX 75201
   Counsel for Amici Patrice Carr, David Hart,
   and Lisa Newman

Stuart B. Lev              [ARGUED]
FEDERAL COMMUNITY DEFENDER OFFICE
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
601 Walnut Street
The Curtis Center, Suite 540 West
Philadelphia, PA 19106
   Counsel for Appellee Robert Wharton

                             3
                      _______________

                 OPINION OF THE COURT
                     _______________

BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
    Courts rely on lawyers’ honesty; lawyers may not mislead
them. But the Philadelphia District Attorney’s Office did just
that. It conceded that a court should vacate Robert Wharton’s
death sentence. Yet in doing so, it did not comply with this
Court’s instruction to investigate evidence cutting against
Wharton’s habeas claim. Nor did it disclose key facts about
that claim. So the District Court found misconduct, directed the
Office to be more forthcoming in the future, and ordered Dis-
trict Attorney Larry Krasner to apologize. Because those mild
sanctions were well within the court’s sound discretion, we
will affirm.
        I. THE OFFICE CONCEDED HABEAS RELIEF
            WITHOUT ENOUGH INVESTIGATION
   A. The murder convictions and death sentences
   Angry over a disputed debt, Robert Wharton terrorized the
Hart family for months. He broke into their house repeatedly,
ransacked it, and left a threatening note and a doll with a noose
around its neck. Commonwealth v. Wharton, 607 A.2d 710,
713 (Pa. 1992). His campaign of terror peaked in early 1984:
Wharton and a friend forced their way into the Harts’ home at
knifepoint. Id. at 714. They then bound, robbed, strangled, and
drowned Bradley and Ferne Hart and turned off the heat, leav-
ing the couple’s seven-month-old, Lisa, to freeze. Id. Against

                               4
all odds, she survived. Id. A jury convicted Wharton of those
crimes and sentenced him to death. Id. at 715.
    At first, Wharton adjusted to prison poorly. While leaving
the courtroom in an unrelated robbery case, he tried to escape.
To stop him, an officer had to shoot him twice. The Office
prosecuted him for that attempted escape, and he pleaded
guilty.
    Over the next six years, Wharton had a mixed prison rec-
ord. Some of his behavior was good: he got education and job
training, went to religious services, and voiced grievances ap-
propriately. But he also racked up six prison misconducts, in-
cluding two serious ones for having makeshift handcuff keys.
    In 1992, after Wharton’s first sentence was reversed for a
jury-instruction error, a jury sentenced him to death again.
State courts rejected his direct appeal and state habeas (techni-
cally, PCRA) petition. Then Wharton filed this federal habeas
petition, which the District Court denied.
   B. On federal habeas, the Office tried to concede
    On appeal, this Court vacated on a single issue. See Whar-
ton v. Vaughn, 722 F. App’x 268, 270 (3d Cir. 2018) (per
curiam). Wharton claimed that his lawyer had not investigated
prison records or put on evidence to show that he had adjusted
well to prison. We ordered the District Court to hold an evi-
dentiary hearing on whether counsel was ineffective for not do-
ing that. Id. at 284. That evidence might have shown that Whar-
ton “would not pose a danger if spared (but incarcerated),” sug-
gesting that he could stay in prison safely. Skipper v. South
Carolina, 476 U.S. 1, 5 (1986); see Wharton, 722 F. App’x at

                               5
282. We specified that the hearing needed to cover not only
“the mitigation evidence that went unmentioned,” but also “the
anti-mitigation evidence that the Commonwealth would have
presented [in] rebut[tal].” Wharton, 722 F. App’x at 282–83
(internal quotation marks omitted). If Wharton had put on pos-
itive evidence, we noted, “the Commonwealth might have
countered with other evidence.” Id. at 283.
    But less than a month later, before the District Court could
hold that hearing, the Office filed a notice of concession. In
that notice, the Office asserted that it had decided to concede
relief “[f]ollowing review of this case by the Capital Case
Review Committee…, communication with the victims’ fam-
ily, and notice to [Wharton’s] counsel.” JA 95 ¶ 9 (emphasis
added). Yet it did not explain its about-face.
    The District Court did not accept the concession. Instead, it
asked the parties to brief whether it could grant relief without
holding the evidentiary hearing that this Court had ordered. In
response, the Office filed a brief asserting that it had “carefully
reviewed the facts and law and determined that Wharton’s in-
effectiveness claim fulfills the criteria articulated in Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).” JA 115 (emphasis
added).
    Yet the Office did not reveal Wharton’s escape attempt or
prison misconducts. As Judge Goldberg observed, its brief said
nothing about seeking facts beyond the record or investigating
Wharton’s prison adjustment. Rather, it seemed to have taken
Wharton’s evidence at face value.
  Dissatisfied with the Office’s explanation, the District
Court appointed the Pennsylvania Attorney General as amicus

                                6
curiae to investigate Wharton’s adjustment to prison. The
Attorney General disclosed to the court what the Office had
not—Wharton’s escape attempt and the details of his prison
misconducts. The Attorney General also provided evidence
that the Office’s communication with the victims’ family had
been minimal. Upon learning these previously undisclosed
facts, the court scheduled an evidentiary hearing.
    The hearing revealed that the Office’s statements about its
investigation into Wharton’s prison adjustment were mislead-
ing. Paul George, who with Nancy Winkelman litigated this
habeas case and supervised the Office’s Law Division, admit-
ted that the Office was aware of the escape attempt. Plus, the
Office could have found the escape attempt simply by looking
up Wharton’s criminal record.
    The hearing also revealed that the Office’s statements about
contacting the victims’ family were misleading. Those state-
ments implied “that the victims’ family had agreed” with the
Office’s about-face. JA 38. Yet the Office had notified only
Bradley’s brother, but not the sole surviving victim (Lisa) or
any other family members. And though it did contact Bradley’s
brother, it did not tell him clearly that it planned to concede the
death penalty. Later, when the Attorney General explained the
situation to the family members, most of them “were vehe-
mently opposed to” the Office’s concession. JA 40–41.
    So the District Court “preliminarily conclude[d] that on
[these] two critical issues in this case, it appears that the Dis-
trict Attorney was less than candid.” JA 33. And it ordered the
Office to explain its behavior at a show-cause hearing. There,
George and Winkelman testified that neither they nor anyone

                                7
else on the Office’s Capital Case Review Committee knew of
the escape attempt when they decided to concede relief. When
asked to reconcile this denial with his earlier admission that the
Office was aware of the escape attempt, George said he had
meant only that the Office “as an entity” had been aware of it
three decades earlier. JA 49.
    After the hearing, the District Court reprimanded the Office
and supervisors George and Winkelman. It found that they had
violated Rule 11(b)(3) because the Office had made “represen-
tations to th[e] Court that lacked evidentiary support and were
not in any way formed after ‘an inquiry reasonable under the
circumstances.’ ” JA 45 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)). For
one, the Office would have discovered Wharton’s escape attempt
simply by reviewing his criminal record. So, if the Office had
truly been unaware of the prior escape attempt, it had no rea-
sonable basis to say it had reviewed the facts carefully. For
another, the Office had not contacted most members of the vic-
tims’ family. And, in its minimal contact with one family mem-
ber, the Office had not explained the situation clearly. So its
statement about communicating with the victims’ family was
false and not made after a reasonable inquiry. Both misstate-
ments, the District Court held, violated the lawyers’ duty of
candor to the court.
    The District Court imposed two mild sanctions. First, it or-
dered District Attorney Larry Krasner to apologize in writing
to four of the victims’ family members for misrepresenting the
Office’s communication with them. Second, it ordered the Of-
fice, when it seeks to concede federal habeas cases before
Judge Goldberg in the future, to give “a full, balanced expla-
nation” of the facts. JA 69. The court also referred the matter

                                8
to the district’s chief judge for potential disciplinary proceed-
ings under Local Rule 83.6(V)(A).
    The lawyer who had signed the concession itself was not
sanctioned. Unlike the others, he had apologized, candidly and
contritely acknowledging that his statement could have been
misleading. Plus, he had acted only at the direction of his su-
pervisors: After Judge Goldberg ordered the lawyer to appear
at the show-cause hearing, George and Winkelman argued that
he “was not part of the decision-making process that led to the
[c]oncession.” Mot. to Excuse & to Continue Hr’g 1, Wharton v.
Vaughn, No. 01-cv-06049 (E.D. Pa. May 24, 2022), ECF No. 287.
Instead, they said they were “[t]he persons who have relevant
knowledge and information” about the “concerns raised in the
Court’s … [o]pinion.” Id.
    The Office, George, and Winkelman now appeal, insisting
that they did not lie. On the contrary, they claim that they did
carefully review the facts in the record and did communicate
with the victims’ family. Because no party defends the sanc-
tions, we appointed Gregory in den Berken and Christina Gay
of Latham & Watkins as amici. Both Appellants’ and Amici’s
briefing and oral advocacy have been excellent, and we thank
Amici for their service to the Court.
      II. THE DISTRICT COURT PROPERLY IMPOSED
                    MILD SANCTIONS
    Appellants no longer seek to overturn either of the District
Court’s sanctions. Still, they have standing to appeal its sanc-
tions order. Even without a formal reprimand, a court’s finding
of sanctionable conduct injures a lawyer’s reputation enough
to support standing. See Adams v. Ford Motor Co., 653 F.3d

                               9
299, 305–06 (3d Cir. 2011). Appellants ask us to reverse the
court’s finding of misconduct and to thereby repair the injury
to one of their “most important professional assets”—their repu-
tation. Id. at 305 (internal quotation marks omitted). That is all
they need for standing.
   Appellants attack the District Court’s sanctions order both
procedurally and substantively. Both attacks fail.
   A. The District Court gave Appellants due process
    Appellants claim that the District Court violated due pro-
cess by breaking its own local rule. We review this due-process
claim de novo. Adams, 653 F.3d at 304. When a district judge
learns of actual or alleged misconduct that “would warrant dis-
cipline or other action against an attorney…, the judge shall
refer the matter to the Chief Judge who shall issue an order to
show cause.” E.D. Pa. Loc. R. 83.6(V)(A). Under Adams,
Appellants argue, the District Court had to transfer the case
upon finding that they had violated their duty of candor. Rather
than doing so, here the court imposed its own mild sanctions
before referring the case to the chief judge for further proceed-
ings.
    But Appellants overread Adams. There, a magistrate judge
had found misconduct and a violation of ethics rules without
giving the lawyer notice of potential sanctions or a chance to
respond. 653 F.3d at 303, 309. Here, though, the District Court
gave Appellants the process that Adams’s lawyer did not get:
after “preliminar[il]y conclu[ding]” that the Office may have
misled the court, it issued an order to show cause, giving the
Office a chance to contest specific charges of misconduct.
JA 42. Appellants had a month and a half to prepare for the

                               10
show-cause hearing. Only after that hearing did the court find
Rule 11 violations.
   Appellants thus had due process. They got fair notice and
had a full and fair hearing. Counsel rightly conceded those
points at argument. Judge Goldberg was admirably patient,
giving them plenty of time and warnings. Plus, they suffered
no prejudice. As their lawyer also conceded, there was no evi-
dence that they would have introduced to defend themselves
but could not.
   B. Rule 11 sanctions require only objectively unreason-
      able conduct, not bad faith
    1. Because we trust district courts, we review for abuse of
discretion. We review Rule 11 sanctions for abuse of discre-
tion. Scott v. Vantage Corp., 64 F.4th 462, 471 (3d Cir. 2023).
That standard of review is rightly deferential. “Deference to a
district court” is crucial under Rule 11 because “the inquiry is
… heavily fact-dependent and requires familiarity with the issues
and litigants.” Id. So “a district court will always be ‘better sit-
uated than the court of appeals’ to apply the rule.” Id. at 471–
72 (quoting Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384,
402 (1990)).
    We trust district judges’ sound discretion. Because of this
trust, we will not substitute our judgment for theirs. So we will
not reverse Rule 11 sanctions unless they do not follow proper
procedures, err on the law, clearly err in finding facts, or act
“ contrary to reason.” Scott, 64 F.4th at 472 (quoting Simmer-
man v. Corino, 27 F.3d 58, 62 (3d Cir. 1994), and citing
Cooter, 496 U.S. at 405).

                                11
    2. Rule 11 requires only negligence, not bad faith. Rule 11
is an important tool to deter litigation misconduct. See Cooter,
496 U.S. at 393. Under an earlier version of the rule, courts had
to find bad faith. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, advisory comm. n.
1983 amend.; 5A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice
and Procedure § 1331 (2018). But that was hard to prove. So
judges were reluctant to impose sanctions, making Rule 11 in-
effective as a deterrent. To fix that problem, the threshold for
sanctions was lowered to require lawyers to make reasonable
inquiries. Id. (both sources).
    Now a court may impose sanctions “on any attorney, law
firm, or party that violate[s] [Rule 11(b)] or is responsible for
the violation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(1). And Rule 11(b) pro-
vides that when a lawyer “present[s] to the court a pleading,
written motion, or other paper,” she is “certif[ying] that to the
best of [her] knowledge, information, and belief, formed after
an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances: … (3) the fac-
tual contentions have evidentiary support.” Id. r. 11(b) (empha-
sis added).
    The lodestar of Rule 11 is thus reasonableness, not bad
faith. Unlike sanctions under a court’s inherent power, Rule 11
“imposes an objective standard of reasonable inquiry which
does not mandate a finding of bad faith.” Chambers v. NASCO,
Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 47 (1991). Not even sua sponte Rule 11 sanc-
tions (those on the court’s own initiative) require subjective
bad faith. Martin v. Brown, 63 F.3d 1252, 1264 (3d Cir. 1995);
Jenkins v. Methodist Hosps. of Dall., Inc., 478 F.3d 255, 264
(5th Cir. 2007). So lawyers can be sanctioned for objectively
unreasonable conduct—in a word, negligence. Id. (both
sources).

                               12
    This objective test has teeth. There is no “empty-head pure-
heart justification.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, advisory comm. n. 1993
amend. (internal quotation marks omitted). Lawyers cannot
avoid sanctions by unreasonably failing to investigate whether
their factual contentions have support. Scott, 64 F.4th at 474.
(That is doubly true if they are aware of facts that could under-
mine their contentions. Id.) Nor can lawyers avoid sanctions by
directing a subordinate to file a pleading that will violate Rule
11(b), especially if they work for a “governmental agenc[y] …
that frequently impose[s] substantial restrictions on the discre-
tion of individual attorneys.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, advisory
comm. n. 1993 amend. In other words, courts can sanction law-
yers for what they should have known, not just what they knew.
    Though intent is not required, it still matters. “Whether the
improper conduct was willful[ ] or negligent” may bear on
whether to impose sanctions and what those sanctions should
be. Id. Similarly, sua sponte sanctions call for more caution.
Judges should “use extra care in imposing sanctions” when a
lawyer has not had twenty-one days to withdraw a challenged
document. Hunter v. Earthgrains Co. Bakery, 281 F.3d 144,
151 (4th Cir. 2002); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2)–(3) (providing
21-day safe harbor, but not for sua sponte sanctions).
   But timing was not an issue here. A month and a half passed
between the show-cause order and hearing. That was long
enough for Appellants to retract or qualify their statements. Yet
they chose not to.

                               13
   C. The District Court did not abuse its discretion
      in imposing sanctions
    1. As officers of the court, lawyers must be candid and
forthright. Lawyers are officers of the court. They must be
completely truthful. Pennsylvania’s ethics rules forbid “dis-
honesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation.” Pa. R. Pro. Con-
duct 8.4(c). So do the ethics rules for prosecutors. “The prose-
cutor should not make a statement of fact or law, or offer evi-
dence, that the prosecutor does not reasonably believe to be
true, to a court….” Am. Bar Ass’n, Criminal Justice Standards
for the Prosecution Function § 3-1.4(b) (4th ed. 2017) (empha-
sis added).
    “Rule 11 also imposes an implied ‘duty of candor,’ which
attorneys violate whenever they misrepresent the evidence sup-
porting their claims. Thus, a court may sanction attorneys un-
der Rule 11(b)(3) for factual assertions they know—or after
reasonable investigation should have known—are false or
wholly unsupported.” King v. Whitmer, 71 F.4th 511, 521 (6th
Cir. 2023) (Kethledge, J.) (citation omitted, emphasis added).
    Candor means more than just not lying. It also means not
saying things “that are literally true but actually misleading.”
In re Taylor, 655 F.3d 274, 283 (3d Cir. 2011). And it means
steering clear of “half-truths, inconsistencies, mischaracteriza-
tions, exaggerations, omissions, evasions, and failures to cor-
rect known misimpressions created by [the lawyers’] own con-
duct.” Six v. Generations Fed. Credit Union, 891 F.3d 508, 511
(4th Cir. 2018).
   Candor is especially critical when proceedings are non-
adversarial. At ex parte hearings, for instance, “the customary

                               14
checks and balances do not pertain—and the court is entitled
to expect an even greater degree of thoroughness and candor.”
Me. Audubon Soc’y v. Purslow, 907 F.2d 265, 268 (1st Cir.
1990). The same is true of proceedings that risk being collu-
sive, like class-action settlements or guilty-plea colloquies.
Courts must rely on the lawyers because their submissions are
one-sided. But that leaves courts “vulnerable to being misled,
whether by affirmative misrepresentation or by half-truths that
deceive[ ] through their incompleteness.” Ark. Tchr. Ret. Sys.
v. State St. Corp., 25 F.4th 55, 65 (1st Cir. 2022). So lawyers
must be particularly candid in cases like this one, where both
sides agree.
    The question, then, is whether Appellants reasonably inves-
tigated the facts and had a reasonable basis for their assertions.
As Judge Goldberg found, they did not.
    2. The District Court properly sanctioned Appellants for
falsely claiming that they had “carefully reviewed the facts and
law.” The first challenged statement is the Office’s justification
for conceding ineffective assistance of counsel: “Here, the Dis-
trict Attorney’s Office carefully reviewed the facts and the
law….” JA 115. The Office made that claim in its brief, which
George and Winkelman put their names on. They and their
amici argue vigorously that “carefully” is not falsifiable, but at
worst an “unsound piece of lawyer advocacy.” Appellants’
Br. 36 (internal quotation marks omitted).
   Not so. “Carefully” means “[h]eedfully, attentively, cir-
cumspectly, cautiously.” Carefully, Oxford English Dictionary
(2d ed. 1989). So claiming that one carefully did something can
be false, particularly when one is held to a professional

                               15
standard of care. When an auditor certifies that he has carefully
reviewed a filing, that is not puffery. If his review was sloppy,
he can be sued for breach of contract. And when a lawyer signs
a debt-collection complaint after glancing at it for four sec-
onds, “he [does] not carefully read and review it in any mean-
ingful sense.” Bock v. Pressler & Pressler, LLP, 30 F. Supp.
3d 283, 304 (D.N.J. 2014) (sanctioning a lawyer under the Fair
Debt Collection Practices Act for implying that he had care-
fully reviewed the complaint). Equally, prosecutors either
review the facts carefully or they do not.
    Appellants also say they “carefully reviewed the facts”
already in the record, and that was enough. Often, on habeas,
reviewing the existing record will suffice. But not here. Our
order remanding this case directed the parties to look beyond
the record. To gauge whether defense counsel’s performance
affected the outcome, we instructed: “[W]e must reconstruct
the record and assess it anew. In so doing, we cannot merely
consider the mitigation evidence that went unmentioned in the
first instance; we must also take account of the anti-mitigation
evidence that the Commonwealth would have presented to rebut
the petitioner’s mitigation testimony.” Wharton, 722 F. App’x
at 282–83 (emphasis added) (quoting Williams v. Beard, 637
F.3d 195, 227 (3d Cir. 2011)).
    What is more, Appellants should have known where to
look. Two paragraphs later, we flagged that Wharton’s prison
records list some “very serious misconducts.” Id. at 283 n.21
(internal quotation marks omitted). Though Wharton put for-
ward favorable prison records, the Office itself had previously
noted that his selected records were “not comprehensive” and
omitted at least one disciplinary infraction. Appellee’s Br. 16

                               16
n.4, Commonwealth v. Wharton, No. 170 CAP (Pa. 2002),
2002 WL 32181316. Appellants admit that they reviewed
“briefs from prior stages of the case.” Appellants’ Br. 39. That
review should have alerted them to the undisclosed infractions
flagged in the Office’s 2002 brief. And a basic criminal-record
check would have pulled up the escape attempt. Although we
told Appellants to look beyond the record and suggested where
to do so, they never did.
    The court also gave George and Winkelman a chance to ex-
plain how their factual review was careful. But they declined.
Because Appellants failed to investigate reasonably to ensure
“that the claim was well-grounded in law and fact,” the District
Court properly imposed sanctions. Ford Motor Co. v. Summit
Motor Prods., Inc., 930 F.2d 277, 289 (3d Cir. 1991) (discuss-
ing when sanctions are “prescribed,” that is, mandated, as
opposed to discretionary).
    Appellants complain that the District Court sanctioned
them for conceding relief. It did not. In our adversarial system,
within the bounds of good faith, parties may choose what
positions to advocate. See United States v. Cruz, No. 23-1192
(3d Cir. Mar. 8, 2024). But in advocating them, they must not
distort or misrepresent the facts. See id. Courts need those facts
to do their job. And as officers of the court, lawyers must be
candid. So while the Office may oppose the death penalty, it
may not further that position by slanting the facts or the law.
    As Judge Goldberg reasonably inferred, the Office crossed
that line. It had conceded many death-penalty cases without
giving substantive reasons. But the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court had limited that practice, holding “that a district

                               17
attorney’s concession of error is not a substitute for independ-
ent judicial review.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 196 A.3d 130,
146 (Pa. 2018). Just four months after that rebuke, the Office
tried “[t]he same tactic” here. JA 65. Spotting the pattern, the
District Court inferred that the Office was conceding for an
“improper purpose[:] … to circumvent Brown in a forum that
may be unfamiliar with its strictures.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted); see also JA 59. As the court held, the Office
should have investigated fully and given the court all the facts,
or at least admitted its earlier oversights. JA 64–66. Instead, it
doubled down. And later on, it denied that its lawyers had
known about the escape attempt, which the court found “in-
credible.” JA 66. Spotting that pattern and sanctioning the Of-
fice for evading Brown was not an abuse of discretion.
    3. The District Court properly sanctioned Appellants for
misleadingly claiming that the Office had “communicat[ed]
with the victims’ family.” The other challenged statement is
that the Office was conceding relief only after “communication
with the victims’ family.” JA 95. Though literally true, that
statement was misleading. Our opinion remanding this case
identified Lisa Hart by name as the sole survivor of Wharton’s
crimes. Wharton, 722 F. App’x at 271. Any reasonable reader
would expect, as Judge Goldberg did, that this phrasing meant
Lisa had been contacted. Yet she was not. And any reasonable
reader would expect, as Judge Goldberg did, that the Office
had solicited the views of other family members. Yet the Office
had not contacted anyone besides Bradley’s brother. Plus,
when it reached him, it never told him clearly that it was plan-
ning to concede the death penalty. As Winkelman admitted at

                               18
the hearing, the Office’s failure to reach out to Lisa was a “mis-
take.” JA 50.
    The District Court found that the Office made the statement
without first inquiring reasonably and confirming that someone
had contacted the victims’ family, especially Lisa. Because
“the reasonably foreseeable effect of [their] representations to
the [District] [C]ourt was to mislead the court,” their negligent
misstatement violated Rule 11. In re Taylor, 655 F.3d at 283.
    4. The minor sanctions imposed here were justified. Finally,
the sanctions imposed were mild and fitting. The District Court
did not disbar, suspend, jail, or even fine Appellants. Rather, it
tailored its sanctions to Rule 11’s “central goal”—deterrence.
Cooter, 496 U.S. at 393. It did that to prevent future mislead-
ing statements and to ensure due respect for the victims’ fam-
ily. First, it ordered the Office to accompany future conces-
sions with a “full, balanced explanation of [the] facts.” JA 69.
That remedy just underscores what the Office is already obli-
gated to do. Second, it ordered District Attorney Larry Krasner
to apologize in writing to four members of the victims’ family.
When the family members learned about the Office’s conces-
sion, they were “outrage[d]” and “taken [a]back.” JA 40. The
apology may help soothe their outrage.
    George and Winkelman, both dedicated public servants,
understandably worry about their professional reputations. The
District Court did not find that they misled the court intention-
ally, nor do we. But they put their names on the brief. They
later vouched that they were the ones with knowledge about
the concession process and related issues raised by the court.
Indeed, as counsel admitted at argument, they directed the

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lawyer to sign and file the concession. And they never dis-
avowed it. As supervisors, they are responsible for the notice
of concession that they approved. Pa. R. Pro. Conduct 5.1.
They made mistakes; they should have investigated more
before approving the misstatements. So the District Court
properly found George and Winkelman responsible.
                             *****
    As officers of the court, lawyers must not mislead courts.
So before they state facts, they must investigate reasonably. In
this case, the Philadelphia District Attorney’s Office and two
of its supervisors did not live up to that duty. So the District
Court properly ordered District Attorney Larry Krasner to
apologize to the murder victims’ family and be more forthcom-
ing in the future. Because those mild sanctions were justified
and reasonable, we will affirm.

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