Court Opinion

ID: 2654162
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-22 01:07:18.085064+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:55:34.688312
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs January 29, 2014

               KENNETH J. MEYER v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Bledsoe County
                      No. 552007    Thomas W. Graham, Judge

               No. E2013-01033-CCA-R3-PC - Filed February 21, 2014

The petitioner, Kenneth J. Meyer, appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief
from his 2008 Bledsoe County Circuit Court conviction of voluntary manslaughter, claiming
that he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel. Discerning no error, we affirm.

             Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which N ORMA M CG EE
O GLE and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

Andrew Love, Nashville, Tennessee (on appeal); and Theodore A. Engel, III, Dayton,
Tennessee (at hearing), for the appellant, Kenneth J. Meyer.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Assistant Attorney
General; J. Michael Taylor, District Attorney General; and James W. Pope, III, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

             Originally charged with second degree murder, the petitioner was convicted
of voluntary manslaughter by a Bledsoe County Circuit Court jury, and the trial court
imposed a sentence of 10 years’ incarceration. This court affirmed the judgment on direct
appeal. See State v. Kenneth Meyer, No. E2009-02294-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 1 (Tenn.
Crim. App., Knoxville, Nov. 16, 2010), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 13, 2011).

              In Kenneth Meyer, this court summarized the facts of the case as follows:

                     This case relates to an altercation between the [petitioner]
              and Frank Vestal in which the [petitioner] shot Mr. Vestal, who
died from his wounds. At trial, the victim’s girlfriend, Patricia
Mudica, testified that she and Mr. Vestal shared a home on
Raccoon Ridge Road. She said that the victim drank five beers
and took three pain pills on the day of the shooting. That
evening, she and the victim went to the home of Kim Bailey,
which was located next to the [petitioner’s] home on Raccoon
Ridge Road. Ms. Mudica said she and the victim left the Bailey
home and drove to the [petitioner’s] home to allow the victim to
apologize to the [petitioner] for an incident that occurred two
days earlier.

        Ms. Mudica testified that they arrived at the [petitioner’s]
home between 11:00 p.m. and 11:30 p.m. She said that the
[petitioner] lived in a motor home at the end of a gravel
driveway and that their truck’s headlights were the sole source
of light in the area. She said the victim revved his engine twice
in an attempt to get the [petitioner’s] attention. She said the
[petitioner] ran out of his home, completely nude, carrying a
gun. She said the victim turned off the truck’s headlights to
prevent her from seeing the [petitioner] “running around naked.”
She said that she could not see what occurred afterwards due to
the darkness but that the truck’s windows were rolled down,
enabling her to hear what occurred.

        Ms. Mudica testified that after leaving his home, the
[petitioner] yelled, “Who the f--- is it?” She said the victim
identified himself and was told, “Get the f--- off my property.”
She said the victim agreed to leave the property. The
[petitioner] again told the victim to leave, and the victim
repeated that he would leave the property. Ms. Mudica then
heard a gunshot. She heard the victim say, “Oh, f---,” and heard
a second gunshot a few moments later. She said she turned on
the truck’s headlights but was unable to see the victim or the
[petitioner], who had returned to his home. She turned off the
headlights when the [petitioner] then left his home because she
was afraid the [petitioner] would shoot her. She said the
[petitioner], now clothed, ran to the truck and began screaming
and asking why she was there. She asked the [petitioner] where
the victim was and was told that the victim was lying in the
ditch, dead. Ms. Mudica said the [petitioner] threatened to shoot

                                -2-
              her if she did not leave the property. She said the [petitioner]
              left, saying he was calling the police.

                      Ms. Mudica testified that she turned the truck lights on
              and ran to the victim. She attempted but was unable to move
              him because he was covered in blood. She said she returned to
              the truck, attempted to drive, and accidentally backed the truck
              into a tree. She said that the truck became disabled and that she
              ran away.

                      Ms. Mudica testified that neither she nor the victim
              possessed marijuana or a weapon when they went to the
              [petitioner’s] home. She said she did not hear the victim
              threaten the [petitioner] before being shot.

Kenneth Meyer, slip op. at 1-2.

              On cross-examination, Ms. Mudica admitted that the victim had consumed five
beers and had taken three hydrocodone pills on the day of the shooting and that the victim
did not have a prescription for the pills. Id. at 3. On redirect examination, Ms. Mudica
estimated that, when she located the victim’s body, it was five to six feet from the
petitioner’s motor home but testified that “this was just a guess.” Id.

                The victim’s uncle, David Vestal, testified that he was with the victim at Ms.
Bailey’s residence on the evening of the shooting and that the victim was not in possession
of marijuana that night, although he admitted that the victim had inquired as to whether
anyone had any marijuana because the victim “wanted to ‘smoke a joint.’” Id. Mr. Vestal
testified that “no one at the Bailey home had any marijuana,” and “he did not see the victim
smoke marijuana that night.” Id. Greg Gibson, who was also present at the Bailey home on
the night of the shooting, testified that the victim did not have any marijuana that evening.
Id.

              Teletha Reed testified that she received the petitioner’s 9-1-1 call on the night
of the shooting, and the first six minutes of the petitioner’s call were played for the jury. Id.

              The tape reflects that the [petitioner] told Ms. Reed he was
              awakened by the victim, whom he asked to leave his property.
              The [petitioner] said the victim threatened his life and advanced
              on him, forcing him to shoot the victim. The [petitioner] stated
              that he was unsure if the victim had a weapon. The [petitioner]

                                               -3-
              also stated that he had been having problems with thieves
              breaking into his home. After the tape finished, Ms. Reed read
              from a transcript of later portions of the 9-1-1 call, noting that
              the [petitioner] stated, “Ma’am, I wish he wasn’t dead . . . I hate
              the idea of having to go to prison over some f------ a------ like
              this . . . . Things are not fine. This is a nightmare.”

Id.

                Agent Mark Wilson with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”)
testified that the victim’s truck was discovered 106 feet from the victim’s body and that law
enforcement officers discovered a can of beer in the cup holder of the victim’s truck but
found no weapons or marijuana either in the truck or on the victim’s body. Id. at 3-4. Agent
Wilson noticed “a shotgun, four shell casings, and a bloody beer can near the victim’s body.”
Id. at 3-4. With respect to the victim, Agent Wilson observed that he had sustained gunshot
wounds to his chest, arm, and face and that he was covered in blood. Id. at 4. Agent Wilson
testified that pools of blood were located at both the top and bottom of an embankment “with
a trail of blood moving about halfway down the embankment,” and the victim’s body was
discovered at the bottom of the embankment. Id. On cross-examination, Agent Wilson
stated that a detective had measured the distance between the door of the petitioner’s
residence and the victim’s body and had recorded the distance as “26” but failed to include
the unit of measurement. Id. The detective had also recorded the distance between the pool
of blood at the top of the embankment and the victim’s head as “13.5,” again without
including a unit of measurement. Id.

               TBI Agent Steve Scott testified that he had examined the petitioner’s shotgun
and determined that the shell casings recovered near the victim’s body had been fired from
that gun. Id. Forensic pathologist Doctor Adele Lewis testified that she performed the
victim’s autopsy and discovered that the victim had been “shot in the chest and arm, with
pellets lodging in his chest, back, arms, and chin.” Id. Doctor Lewis “removed shotgun
wadding from the victim’s arm,” explaining that if “‘you see wadding inside a shotgun
wound, the distance from the . . . weapon to the person who has been shot is less than eight
to ten feet.’” Id. Based on her examination of the victim, Doctor Lewis opined that the
victim had been shot in the arm at a distance of eight feet and in the chest from a distance of
two to four feet. Id. Blood tests on the victim’s body revealed the presence of alcohol,
marijuana, and valium but not hydrocodone. Id.

              The petitioner testified that, on the night of the shooting, he was asleep by 8:00
p.m. because he had to wake up by 4:00 a.m. to prepare for work. Id. He was awakened that
night by headlights, and he walked outside with his shotgun “‘to be able to protect’” himself.

                                              -4-
Id.

               The [petitioner] testified that he heard the victim yell,
      “It’s Frank, I have some marijuana I want to sell you.” He
      replied that he did not want to purchase any and instructed the
      victim to leave. He said he attempted to load his shotgun when
      the victim left the truck, which he estimated was about forty feet
      from his home. The [petitioner] again told the victim to leave
      the property and loaded his shotgun. He said the victim
      continued to walk toward him despite being told to leave. He
      said the victim threatened him by stating that “he was going to
      get me when I come off my property, he was going to do me in
      . . . .” The [petitioner] said he was scared for his and his son’s
      lives. Because it was dark, he was unable to tell if the victim
      was armed. He said that the victim took two more steps towards
      him and that he accidentally shot the victim. He said the victim
      charged at him and he again shot the victim. The victim fell to
      the ground, landing near the [petitioner’s] feet. He said that the
      shooting was a reaction, not a conscious decision, and that he
      did not intend to kill the victim. He said he did not threaten Ms.
      Mudica before or after the shooting. The [petitioner] testified
      that he dropped the shotgun and called 9-1-1. He said he spoke
      with the 9-1-1 operator for about thirty minutes.

              On cross-examination, the [petitioner] testified that he
      met the victim for the first time about one month before the
      shooting. He said that two nights before the shooting, the victim
      walked by his home between 11:30 p.m. and 12:00 a.m., causing
      the [petitioner’s] dog to bark. The [petitioner] said he went
      outside, naked and armed with his shotgun, and saw the victim
      and his dog loitering in the [petitioner’s] driveway. The victim
      told the [petitioner] he was out for a walk. The [petitioner] said
      that he told the victim not to come around his home in the
      middle of the night but that he did not threaten the victim. He
      said the victim replied that if his daughter had seen the
      [petitioner] naked, he would have to “do something” to the
      [petitioner]. The [petitioner] said that he did not consider the
      victim’s statement to be a threat and that the victim continued on
      his walk.

                                     -5-
                       The [petitioner] testified that the victim had not
               attempted to sell marijuana to him before the night of the
               shooting. He said he did not see the victim in possession of
               marijuana. He said that he rejected the victim’s offer and that
               the victim threatened to harm the [petitioner] the next time the
               [petitioner] left his property. The [petitioner] agreed that the
               victim did not state that he had a weapon or that he was going to
               cause immediate harm to the [petitioner]. He said that the
               victim came toward him, despite seeing the shotgun in his
               hands, and that he accidentally shot the victim. He said he was
               unsure if the first shot hit the victim because it was dark. He
               said the victim charged him, forcing him to shoot the victim a
               second time in self-defense. The [petitioner] testified that he did
               not move during the encounter. He said he was five or six feet
               in front of his home when he shot the victim.

                     The [petitioner] testified that his home had been broken
               into. He said thieves stole a nine-millimeter pistol from his
               home.

Id. at 5.

              On July 18, 2011, the petitioner filed, pro se, a petition for post-conviction
relief. Following the appointment of counsel and the amendment of the petition, the post-
conviction court held an evidentiary hearing.

                The petitioner testified that trial counsel was appointed to represent him after
the public defender requested to withdraw from the case, and trial counsel first met with the
petitioner a few days after the appointment. The petitioner stated that trial counsel did not
visit him again for nearly six months, finally appearing two weeks prior to the petitioner’s
trial. The petitioner testified that trial counsel told him he was “facing 60 years in prison”
and that, less than 24 hours before trial, trial counsel informed him that the State “offered me
involuntary manslaughter and five years.” The petitioner stated that trial counsel did not
mention parole eligibility or any lesser included offenses and that he simply told the
petitioner that he had “until the morning” to decide.

               Five days prior to the shooting, the petitioner was hit by a car and sustained
injuries to his shoulders and one knee. The petitioner agreed that the injuries left him in a
“very sore and weakened state” and that he was in no condition to defend himself. The
petitioner testified that he informed trial counsel of his injuries but that trial counsel did not

                                               -6-
introduce evidence of his injuries at trial.

               With respect to the petitioner’s knowledge of the victim, the petitioner testified
that the victim had moved “down the street” approximately two to three months prior to the
shooting. A few weeks before the shooting, law enforcement officers stopped the petitioner
at a road block and asked him to open his trunk, informing him that they were searching for
the victim. On another occasion, the victim stopped the petitioner on a road near their homes
and asked the petitioner for a ride, explaining that “he had just run from the police . . ., run
through the woods to get away from them.” The petitioner stated that the victim had once
indicated that if someone attempted to rob him or burglarize his home, the victim “would go
to their house and take care of them.” The petitioner testified that he knew the victim to be
“a very dangerous man” but that trial counsel refused to address the victim’s character,
informing the petitioner that “if we use his character, they can use mine.” The petitioner
believed this statement to be a lie.

              The petitioner testified that, just after the shooting occurred, he and his son
were seated outside their house while the petitioner was on the phone with the 9-1-1 operator,
waiting for law enforcement officers to arrive, when “a car drove by and started shooting at
[them].”

               On cross-examination, the petitioner testified, regarding the shooting of the
victim, that “[w]hen that gun went off the first time, I was in fear for my life. And I was so
scared I did not even realize I was pulling the trigger.” The petitioner stated that “after the
gun went off the first time, [the victim] said, shit, and he charged at me, and gave me no
choice. And didn’t have time to think about it.” The petitioner stated that trial counsel
“didn’t bring out any witnesses on my behalf.” The petitioner requested that trial counsel call
Tommy Bacon as a witness, stating that Mr. Bacon would testify that friends of the victim
had threatened the petitioner’s life. The petitioner also requested that trial counsel have him
evaluated by a psychiatrist who was not affiliated with a “State organization.” When asked
what evidence the petitioner had to prove the victim’s violent tendencies, the petitioner
merely responded that the victim “had warrants for his arrest” and “convictions for assault.”
When confronted with a motion in limine filed by the prosecutor prior to trial requesting that
the trial court prevent the defense from addressing the victim’s character, the petitioner
responded, “That’s illegal,” and the petitioner stated that the prosecutor “cannot file a motion
to prevent me from bringing that in.”

               On redirect examination, the petitioner explained that he was never given the
opportunity at trial to express his opinion that the victim was a very dangerous man because
“every time I’d . . . start to answer a question . . . they’d move on to something else before
I could get the rest of my statements in.”

                                               -7-
              On recross-examination, the petitioner admitted that he had only encountered
the victim “two or three times” during the “month or so” before the shooting.

               Keith Grant testified that he had been licensed to practice law since 2001 and
that trial counsel had associated him to assist him with the petitioner’s trial. Mr. Grant’s
performance in the petitioner’s case is not challenged in the post-conviction petition. Mr.
Grant conducted the petitioner’s direct examination at trial as well as the examinations of a
few other witnesses. Mr. Grant did not recall any conversation in which he or trial counsel
had told the petitioner that he was facing 60 years in prison, and he was unaware of any plea
offer that had been made in the petitioner’s case. Mr. Grant testified that, on at least one
occasion, he and trial counsel attempted to discuss the possibility of entering a plea, and the
petitioner “was pretty adamant that he didn’t want to talk about it.”

               Mr. Grant testified that he and trial counsel intended to proceed under a self-
defense theory at trial and that he met with the petitioner several times in the weeks prior to
trial. With respect to witnesses requested by the petitioner, Mr. Grant stated that their
investigator interviewed the petitioner’s son, and, following a lengthy discussion, he and trial
counsel decided against calling him as a witness although he could not recall the specific
reasoning. Mr. Grant recalled that their investigator had interviewed Mr. Bacon and reported
that Mr. Bacon “was basically afraid of [the petitioner], and his testimony was not gonna be
favorable to us.”

              With respect to the victim’s character, Mr. Grant testified that the victim’s
criminal history showed that “he had been charged with some assault – I think an assault,
and, maybe, a child abuse” but that he was never convicted, and the charges were dismissed.
Mr. Grant recalled that the worst conviction on the victim’s record was resisting arrest, a
Class D misdemeanor, “which didn’t help us out a lot.” Mr. Grant stated that they had “heard
rumors that [the victim] might have a bit of a[n] assaultive past, but we didn’t find anybody
that would testify to that.”

               Mr. Grant testified that he had “a pretty good relationship” with the petitioner
and that, during his preparation of the petitioner for trial, he never saw the need to have the
petitioner’s mental health independently evaluated.

               On cross-examination, Mr. Grant testified that he and trial counsel did not want
the petitioner to mention the robberies at his house because they were concerned that “the
jury would say that he shot [the victim] because he was mad about these property robberies.”
Mr. Grant testified that he and trial counsel “felt like [they] had [a] great self-defense claim.”
When asked if he wished he had done anything differently in the petitioner’s trial, Mr. Grant
admitted that he “would have liked to have found more witnesses, and we tried that, and

                                               -8-
weren’t able to,” but that, given the facts and circumstances, he “felt [they] tried the case
pretty well.”

              The petitioner’s son, Kenneth John Meyer, Jr., testified that, at the time of the
shooting, he resided with his father. On the night of the shooting, he was still awake when
he noticed headlights that appeared to be “coming into our driveway.” Mr. Meyer did not
hear any gunshots and was unaware that anything had transpired until the petitioner entered
the house and announced that he had just shot someone. Mr. Meyer told the petitioner to call
the police.

               With respect to the victim, Mr. Meyer stated only that he had “seen him a
couple of times” and knew “he was wanted in several counties.” Mr. Meyer testified that
both trial counsel and trial counsel’s investigator had spoken with him prior to trial, but they
never called him to testify at trial.

              Trial counsel testified that he was appointed to represent the petitioner several
months prior to trial. Trial counsel testified that no plea negotiations took place and that the
petitioner did not want to plead to anything. Trial counsel stated that he and Mr. Grant
discussed the potential lesser included offenses to second degree murder as well as potential
sentences.

               Trial counsel testified that, after interviewing Mr. Meyer, they decided not to
call him as a witness because his only useful testimony would involve the shots that were
fired at his house while waiting for the police to arrive on the night of the shooting, and the
trial court “had already ruled that he wasn’t gonna let anything like that in.”

               Trial counsel’s investigation into the victim’s background revealed no felonies
and only one or two misdemeanors. Trial counsel testified that the disagreement between the
petitioner and the victim that had occurred a few days prior to the shooting came in at trial
over trial counsel’s objection because their trial strategy was to focus on self-defense rather
than the victim as the first aggressor. When questioned as to why he did not want to address
any first aggressor issues, trial counsel responded as follows:

                      I didn’t think it would be helpful to get into that context.

                     Because there was some things in [the petitioner’s]
              background that could have come out, that would probably have
              hurt us worse than us knowing – there was a point that [the
              victim] was first aggressor.

                                              -9-
                    I think if those things would have come out, it was my
              opinion that [the petitioner] would look worse than he did.

Trial counsel testified that he could not address the petitioner’s claim that the victim had once
run from the police because the trial court had granted the State’s motion in limine to exclude
any such testimony. Trial counsel also stated that he chose not to address character evidence
in his appeal because he did not believe such a claim would have been successful.

              With respect to the testimony of Mr. Bacon, trial counsel decided not to call
him as a witness upon learning from his investigator that Mr. Bacon’s testimony was not
going to be favorable because the petitioner had threatened him. Trial counsel did not seek
to have the petitioner’s mental health independently evaluated because it “had already been
determined,” and he did not “feel there was a need to.”

               Trial counsel was aware that the petitioner had been involved in an automobile
accident a few days before the shooting and that he had been charged with vandalism. Trial
counsel chose not to mention it at trial because he believed it would make the petitioner
appear aggressive. Trial counsel did not clearly recall whether the petitioner had been
injured in the incident but stated that “[i]t didn’t seem like it was one of those things that
would affect anything.”

                When questioned about the 9-1-1 recording, trial counsel admitted that this
court had, in its opinion, stated that the defense should have included a copy of the recording
in the appellate record. Trial counsel explained that the recording had been “in two sections”
because the petitioner’s first telephone call had been disconnected, and he made a subsequent
call. At trial, trial counsel sought to introduce both recordings under the rule of
completeness, primarily so that the jury could hear the gunshots that were fired while the
petitioner was waiting for law enforcement officers to arrive, but the trial court denied trial
counsel’s request to admit that portion of the recording. Trial counsel testified that he
“thought we had proffered enough on that, that the Court of [Criminal] Appeals could
consider that an issue” without including the entire recording in the appellate record.

               With this evidence, the post-conviction court denied relief in an extremely
thorough written order. With respect to the petitioner’s contention that trial counsel failed
to properly assert a theory of self-defense, the post-conviction court made the following
specific findings:

                     [The petitioner’s] assertions that defense counsel was
              deficient regarding the claim of self defense are without merit.
              The Court finds counsel’s decision not to pursue the victim’s

                                              -10-
              “extensive criminal record and violent tendencies” was correct
              since said proof could not have been established and simply
              could not be supported by the evidence. Further, there is no
              basis for ineffective counsel as to the failure to present further
              proof as to any inspections of the crime scene, investigator
              testimony, expert ballistic testimony, or expert toxicology
              testimony since no such significant evidence was available
              which could have been presented. Furthermore, counsel cannot
              be ineffective for failure to raise a defense of lack of mental
              competency since same is without sufficient support in the
              evidence. Finally, the Court finds that the remainder of [the
              petitioner’s defense theory] allegations of trial counsel’s failure
              to introduce evidence are not supported by the proof or were the
              result of legitimate trial strategy. Under any circumstance these
              errors do not raise a reasonable probability of a different
              outcome and therefore cannot support ineffective counsel error.

The post-conviction court also found that the “excluded portions of the [9-1-1] tape even if
introduced would not cause this Court to have a reasonable doubt sufficient to undermine
confidence in the verdict rendered by the jury.”

               On appeal, the petitioner reiterates his claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, claiming that trial counsel failed to properly investigate and present at trial evidence
of the victim’s violent and aggressive tendencies; failed to file a written response to the
State’s motion in limine regarding the victim’s character; failed to introduce evidence of the
petitioner’s injuries from his prior car accident; failed to call witnesses in support of the
petitioner’s self-defense theory; and failed to conduct an offer of proof with respect to the
excluded portions of the 9-1-1 recording.

              We view the petitioner’s claim with a few well-settled principles in mind.
Post-conviction relief is available only “when the conviction or sentence is void or voidable
because of the abridgement of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the
Constitution of the United States.” T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2006). A post-conviction petitioner
bears the burden of proving his or her factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence.
Id. § 40-30-110(f). On appeal, the appellate court accords to the post-conviction court’s
findings of fact the weight of a jury verdict, and these findings are conclusive on appeal
unless the evidence preponderates against them. Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79
(Tenn. 1997); Bates v. State, 973 S.W.2d 615, 631 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). By contrast,
the post-conviction court’s conclusions of law receive no deference or presumption of
correctness on appeal. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 453 (Tenn. 2001).

                                              -11-
                To establish entitlement to relief via a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, the defendant must affirmatively establish first that “the advice given, or the services
rendered by the attorney, are [not] within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in
criminal cases,” see Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975), and second that his
counsel’s deficient performance “actually had an adverse effect on the defense,” Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 693 (1984). In other words, the defendant “must show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. Should the defendant fail to establish
either deficient performance or prejudice, he is not entitled to relief. Id. at 697; Goud v.
State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996). Indeed, “[i]f it is easier to dispose of an
ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, . . . that course should be
followed.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.

              When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we will not grant
the defendant the benefit of hindsight, second-guess a reasonably based trial strategy, or
provide relief on the basis of a sound, but unsuccessful, tactical decision made during the
course of the proceedings. Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 347 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).
Such deference to the tactical decisions of counsel, however, applies only if the choices are
made after adequate preparation for the case. Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1992).

               Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are mixed questions of law and fact.
Lane v. State, 316 S.W.3d 555, 562 (Tenn. 2010); State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 766-67
(Tenn. 2001); State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). When reviewing the
application of law to the trial court’s factual findings, our review is de novo, and the trial
court’s conclusions of law are given no presumption of correctness. Fields, 40 S.W.3d at
457-58; see also State v. England, 19 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Tenn. 2000).

               In our view, the record supports the post-conviction court’s denial of relief.
With respect to the petitioner’s claim that trial counsel failed to properly investigate and
present evidence of the victim’s violent and aggressive tendencies, the petitioner has failed
to present clear and convincing evidence of any such tendencies. Indeed, the petitioner’s
purported knowledge of the victim’s character appears to be based on little more than rumor
and conjecture. The petitioner’s mere assertion that the victim was “a very dangerous man,”
coupled with the victim’s alleged offhand remark that, if he were ever robbed, he would
“take care of” the perpetrators, does nothing to further the petitioner’s argument. Trial
counsel testified that the victim’s criminal history was devoid of any felony convictions and
revealed only one or two misdemeanor convictions, the worst of which, according to Mr.
Grant, was the Class D misdemeanor of resisting arrest. Mr. Grant testified that he and trial
counsel had “heard rumors that [the victim] might have a bit of a[n] assaultive past,” but they

                                              -12-
were unable to locate anyone who was willing to testify to that effect. With respect to the
petitioner’s assertion that trial counsel should have pursued the theory that the victim was the
first aggressor, trial counsel testified, and the post-conviction court accredited his testimony,
that his trial strategy involved focusing on self-defense, primarily because he was concerned
that addressing first aggressor issues would allow “things in [the petitioner’s] background”
to come into evidence, which he believed would have been detrimental to the petitioner’s
case. Such a reasonably-based trial strategy will not afford the petitioner the relief he seeks.
See Adkins, 911 S.W.2d at 347. Moreover, the fact that the petitioner was charged with
second degree murder but convicted of the lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter
indicates that the self-defense theory advanced by trial counsel carried some weight in the
minds of the jurors.

                The petitioner contends that trial counsel’s deficient performance in failing to
file a written response to the State’s motion in limine prejudiced the outcome of his case. We
disagree. Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude any character
evidence of the victim “until such time as the defense of self-defense is fairly raised by the
proof.” Although trial counsel did not file a written response, the trial transcript reveals that
Mr. Grant was given the opportunity to respond during a hearing on the motion that occurred
prior to the start of the trial. At that time, Mr. Grant and trial counsel agreed with the trial
court’s ruling that such evidence was inadmissible until fairly raised by the proof. We simply
cannot see how trial counsel’s failure to file a written response in this issue would have in
any way altered the outcome of the petitioner’s trial, considering that trial counsel provided
an oral response to the motion before trial.

                 Regarding the petitioner’s assertion that trial counsel should have introduced
evidence of the injuries he received in an alleged automobile accident five days prior to the
shooting, trial counsel testified that, although he was aware that the petitioner had been
involved in an automobile accident a few days before the shooting and that he had been
charged with vandalism in connection with the accident, trial counsel chose not to mention
it at trial because he believed it would make the petitioner appear aggressive. Counsel could
not clearly recall whether the petitioner had sustained any injuries in the incident but stated
that “[i]t didn’t seem like it was one of those things that would affect anything.” The
petitioner has failed to demonstrate how evidence of his alleged injuries would have altered
the outcome of the trial.

               The petitioner contends that trial counsel failed “to call any witnesses other
than [the petitioner] who could have testified [o]n the [petitioner’s] behalf in support of a
self-defense theory.” Although the petitioner requested that trial counsel call Mr. Bacon as
a witness, both Mr. Grant and trial counsel testified that Mr. Bacon’s testimony would have
been unfavorable to the petitioner because Mr. Bacon was fearful of the petitioner and

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reported that the petitioner had threatened him. The petitioner also complained that trial
counsel failed to have him evaluated by an independent mental health provider. Both Mr.
Grant and trial counsel testified that an independent evaluation would have been unnecessary,
given that the petitioner’s competency had previously been determined. Again, this court
will not second-guess these reasonable trial strategies and tactical decisions. See Adkins, 911
S.W.2d at 347.

                 With respect to the excluded portion of the 9-1-1 recording, the petitioner
argues that trial counsel failed to make an offer of proof at trial, which prevented this court
from reviewing the issue of the exclusion on appeal. This court, however, cannot reach this
claim because the petitioner did not enter the 9-1-1 recording as an exhibit at the post-
conviction hearing. See Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)
(holding that a post-conviction petitioner generally fails to establish his claim that counsel
did not properly investigate or call a witness if he does not present the witness or evidence
to the post-conviction court because a post-conviction court may not speculate “on the
question of . . . what a witness’s testimony might have been if introduced” at trial). Thus, the
petitioner failed to establish whether or how this recording could contribute to his defense.

               We find no error in the findings of the trial court, and we hold the petitioner
has failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that trial counsel’s representation was
deficient or prejudicial.

              Accordingly, the judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                     JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE

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