Court Opinion

ID: 5205419
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-06 16:00:55.079715+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:27:16.525165
License: Public Domain

Scott, J.:
Plaintiff had a verdict by direction, with exceptions ordered to be heard in the first instance at the Appellate Division.'
The complaint alleged that on or.about July 21, 1894, the plaintiff and defendants entered into an agreement in writing and under seal, whereby the defendants jointly and severally promised and agreed to purchase from plaintiff on May 1,1900, or on such eai'lier *455day as defendants might elect, 250 shares of the preferred capital stock of the Waterbury and Marshall Company, a corporation, and to pay therefor the sum of $25,000, with interest at six per cent per. annum from April 2, 1S94, to the date of the purchase. By way of defense the defendants set up that they had filed a joint and several petition in bankruptcy on March 6, 1899, and that they had been discharged in bankruptcy on May 7 and 8, 1900.
When the written contract came to' be offered in evidence it was objected to by defendants on the ground that it was not the contract set forth in the complaint, and the exception to its admission raises the first point upon which a reversal is sought.
The contract provides in its 1st clause, as alleged in the complaint, that the defendants “ Agree to purchase from the party of the second part (plaintiff) on the first day of May, 1900, or on any earlier date at their (defendants’) option two hundred and fifty (250) shares of .the preferred capital stock of the Waterbury & Mar-, shall Company, * * * and to pay therefor * * * the sum of Twenty-five thousand ($25,000) dollars and interest on said sum at the rate of six per centum per annum from the second day of April, 1894, to the said first day of May, 1900, or to such earlier date as the parties of the first part (defendants) may elect to purchase said stock.”
The 2d paragraph of the contract contains a reciprocal agreement on the part of the plaintiff to sell and deliver to defendants 250 shares of stock at the price agreed upon on the 1st day of May, 1900, or such earlier day as. the defendants shall elect to purchase the same. Other clauses of the contract provided that the amount to be paid for the stock by the defendants should be reduced by any sum that, pending the consummation of the sale, should be received by plaintiff as dividend upon the stock, or as cash for retirement or redemption of the stock, or as dividends upon any stock or scrip dividends that might be declared and delivered to plaintiff, such' stock or scrip received as dividend to be included in the purchase and sale without further compensation. The objection made to the reception of this contract was that it is materially variant from that set forth in the complaint, and that the pleader should have set up the contract in its entirety stating the provisions under which the amount to be paid might have been reduced below $25,000 and then stating that none of these things had happened. In our opinion *456the objection was not - well taken. The, contract is in the first instance absolute for the payment of $25,000 and interest. The insertion of the- clause under which the amount to be paid, might be reduced did not create a condition, but was rather in the nature of a proviso.
If the circumstances had arisen- it was for the defendants to so plead by way of defense, and it was not necessary for plaintiff to anticipate and negative- this defense. - The more important and -serious question is as to whether or not defendants’ obligation was discharged in bankruptcy. It was admitted that plaintiff- had due-notice of the bankruptcy proceeding and made no effort to prove a claim against defendants-. The question is whether or not the plaintiff’s claim was provable in bankruptcy as a" debt. If it was, it was discharged. If it was not provable it was. not' discharged. Section 63a of the Bankruptcy Act.(30 U. S. Stat. at Large, 562) defining tile debts which may be proved and allowed against a bankrupt’s estate includes “ a fixed liability, as evidenced by a judgment or an instrument in Writing, absolutely owing at the time of the filing of the petition against him, whether then payable, or not.”
The. claim, against these defendants was evidenced by a written instrument and .the amount which would become payable was fixed ' and. determinable because the corporation of Waterbury aivd Mar* shall Company had never paid- a dividend and had been dissolved by- operation of the New Jersey Tax Law and the- proclamation-of the Governor of that State, so that it could never declare a dividend or redeem its stock. The question is whether the sum was “Absolutely owing at the time of the filing of the petition.” An examination of the contract shows that it is essentially an agreement for a sale and purchase in the.future, and as we construe it cannot be regarded'as in any sense a present- sale'with a postponement of pay- • ment. The language is that the defendants “ agree to purchase * * * on the first day of May, 1900.” Until that time the whple title remained in-plaintiff. Before'May 1, 190Ó, the plaintiff could not call upon defendants to take the stock, and consequently cóuld' not put defendants under a present obligation to. pay the purchase price. In other words,-the plaintiff could not prior to that date put the defendants in the position of debtors -to it. The fact that the amount to be paid when the agreement to purchase
*457should he consummated was t-o he the sum of $25,000 with interest from a stated date, does not characterize the transaction as one creating a debt presently owing, but payable in the future. That " method of fixing the amount to be paid resulted from the option given by the contract to defendants, not to plaintiff, to complete the purchase on an earlier date than May 1, 1900,'and was only another way of saying that the purchase price should be a sum equivalent to $25,000, with interest from April 2, 1894, to the date of purchase. We are unable to find in the contract any words indicating that the transaction amounted to a present sale of the stock,-with the date of payment deferred. If, for instance, the plaintiff had sold the stock to a third person, before the time came for the completion of the purchase, it is difficult to see how plaintiff could have been sued in conversion, or, if on the date of the filing of the petition in bankruptcy, the defendants had been seeking to reduce the assessment of their personal property for the purposes of taxation, they would not have been permitted to deduct the agreed purchase price of the stock as a debt which they then owed. The provability of a debt under the present Bankruptcy Act is specifically referred to the date of filing the petition. If it is owing, then it may be proved. If it becomes due after the filing of the petition, even if before the adjudication, it may not be proved and will not be discharged. Herein the present Bankruptcy Act differs, from its predecessors.. Both the act of 1841 and that of 1867, besides providing for the proving of debts presently owing, but not presently payable, expressly provided that contingent debts and liabilities might be proven, and payment thereon made out of the bankrupt’s assets. (Bankr. Act of 1867, § 19; Bankr. Act of 1841, § 5.*) Both the act of 1867 and that of 1841 carefully observed and preserved the distinction between contingent liabilities that were not due and might never become due, and debts which were owing but not pay-' able until a future day. The present act has provided that the latter may be proved, but has made no provision for the former. In regard to other omissions in the present act of provisions contained in the former acts, the rule has obtained that the omissions must be deemed to have been deliberate and intentional, and should not be *458supplied by construction (Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, 178 U. S. 524; Pirie v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., 182 id. 438), and in at least one case this omission lias been held to forbid the proof of contingent liabilities. (Matter of Marks, 6 Am. Bank. Rep. 641.) And even if we were permitted to make the attempt to read into the act by construction that which the Congress had omitted, we should find ourselves confronted with the positive declaration that in order to be provable a debt must be “ absolutely owing.” Clearly that which is only contingent cannot be said to be “ absolutely ” owing. The defendants’ liability is not of that class of claims referred to in subdivision- 4 of rule 21 of the United States Supreme Court General Orders in Bankruptcy which is limited to persons who may be contingently liable for some debt or default of the bankrupt. That the defendants’ liability under their contract was contingent cannot, we think, be disputed. Such liability was not .to become absolute until May 1, 1900,. long after the petition in bankruptcy was filed, Up to that time the defendants owed plaintiff nothing, and there was nothing which plaintiff had a right to demand of defendants.- Before that time many things might happen in consequence of which no debt would become owing from defendants to plaintiff. In our view, therefore, whatever obligation the contract imposed upon defendants was merely contingent when the petition in bankruptcy was filed, was not provable in that proceeding, and was not discharged as a result of that proceeding.' It is perhaps a little singular that in the mass of litigation which has arisen under the Bankruptcy Act no case exactly resembling the present is to be found in the books. Decisions are, however, to be found in somewhat analogous cases. Although the Supreme Court of the United States has not yet passed upon the question, the weight of authority appears' to be in favor of the proposition that the liability of an indorser upon ,a note not yet due is contingent and not provable in bankruptcy, and it is well established that a claim for future rent under a lease may not be proved and is not released by the discharge. (Witthaus v. Zimmermann, 91 App. Div. 202.) The subject was somewhat discussed in Re Pettingill & Co. (137 Fed. Rep. 143), to-which both parties refer upon their briefs. In that case Pettingill had given to various creditors preferred stock of a patent medicine company. To some he guaranteed the payment of dividends, *459and to some he guaranteed the redemption of. the stock at a fixed time subsequent to the bankruptcy, or agreed to purchase at a time also subsequent to the bankruptcy. Unlike the'present plaintiff, Pettingill’s creditors attempted to prove claims against his estate, thus asserting their provability. The circuit judge (Lowell) discusses at length the provisions of the Bankruptcy Act, and cites a large number of decisions as to what claims can and what cannot be. proven, and finally deduces from them all the following rule: “If the bankrupt at the time of bankruptcy, by disenabling' himself from performing the contract in question and by repudiating its obligations, could give the proving creditor the right to maintain at once a suit in which damages could be assessed at law or in equity, then the creditor can prove in bankruptcy, on the ground that bankruptcy is the equivalent of disenablement and repudiation.”. He disallowed the claim for guaranteed future dividends. As to the agreements to redeem the stock at a future time he wrote as-follows: “ The contract to redeem the stock three years after the date of issue may fairly be construed as a contract to purchase the stock at par at the time specified. As to the provability of the claim arising from the last-mentioned- contract, the question presented is this.: Can a claim for breach of the bankrupt’s contract to buy goods at a fixed date after bankruptcy be proved in the bankruptcy proceedings % If the creditor so elects, and if the trustee does not elect to keep the contract alive, I am of opinion that proof is possible, by the analogy of In re Swift (112 Fed. Rep. 315; 50 C. C. A. 264); Hochster v. De la Tour* and Roehm v. Horst.”† It will be observed that both in the general rule and in its application to the particular case, Judge Lowell treats as necessary to provability the repudiation of the contract by the bankrupt and the election by the creditor to accept the repudiation as an anticipatory breach and sue, or (claim in bankruptcy for damages for such breach. Each of the cases cited in support of the foregoing ruling was one where the creditor had elected to accept repudiation as a breach and to sue for damages before the time fixed for the fulfillment of the con- • tract. In the present case there was no repudiation of the contract by defendants unless bankruptcy itself is to be treated as equivalent to repudiation, and there certainly was no election on the part of *460plaintiff to treat the contract as broken in anticipation of the date of fulfillment, for it made no effort to-prove a claim for damages in the bankruptcy proceeding. If the contract is to be treated as broken by anticipation and legally repudiated by reason of defendants’ bankruptcy, two courses were open to plaintiff as to which it had an untrammele.d election: It might either accept the repudiation as an anticipatory breach and at once assert, and prove its claim, not for the purchase price as such, but for damages for the breach,-or it might ignore the repudiation, wait for the date fixed, for the fulfillment of the contract and then tender the stock and sue for. the purchase price. It is only where it adopts the. first course that the ruling in Matter of Pettingil & Co. has any application, for.that ruling expressly rests upon the election of the creditor to treat the contract as.broken, and to seek to prove his damages in the bankruptcy , proceeding. It seems to be indisputable that a contract to purchase personal property at -a. future time does .not of Itself create a- present indebtedness for .the agreed purchase price, and that the only cases in which a claim may be proved in bankruptcy by the vendor are. those in which the parties have indicated by their acts án Intention 'to treat the contract as broken/by anticipation. In that case, however, the claim would not be for the purchase price as such, but for damages for the anticipatory breach. • The mere fact that the prospective purchaser has become a bankrupt by no means- necessarily implies, that he may not be able to' comply with the contract and complete the purchase when the appointed time arrives., Many men by good fortune or unusual ability have rapidly risen to afflu- ’ ence after having been freed of their debts in bankruptcy, and it might also easily happen that the value of. the stock to- be sold’ would so increase in value between the date of the adjudication in-bankruptcy and the date for the completion of the purchase that the purchaser would have no difficulty in procuring money wherewith to comply with the contract. The mere fact, of bankruptcy did not constitute a breach of tlie contract, and the vendor, plaintiff herein, did not elect to treat it as broken and filed no claim.
The question as to.when a debt is.-cheated under a contract of sale to be fulfilled in the future came before the Supreme Court of the ílnited States in Ames v. Moir (138 U. S. 306), It arose" upon what is sometimes called a “put and call” contract. The parties *461entered into a written agreement on June 9, 1870, wherein Ames agreed as follows: “ I have this day bought of Robert Moir & Co. One hundred (100) barrels high wines ‘ ironbound ’ at One dollar seven cents ($1.07) per proof gallon. The conditions of sale are as follows: The buyer can call from 1st July to 20th of .same month, by giving three days’ notice, and if not called for by the 20th July the seller has the privilege of delivering up to the end of July by giving three days’ notice; to be delivered in fifty barrel lots. To insure the fulfillment of this contract a margin of Three hundred dollars will be put up by both parties.” It is observable that this contract speaks of the purchase in the present tense, using the words, “ I have this day bought,”- while in the contract involved in the present action the future tense is used, the defendants agreeing to purchase * * * on the first day of May, 1900.” Ames, by a fraudulent device, having called for the high wines, obtained possession of them and immediately shipped them, attaching drafts to the bills of lading, upon which he collected the value of the spirits. Moir & Co. were unable to replevy the high wines because the banks upon whom the drafts were drawn and who had paid them were held to be pledgees in good faith. Consequently Moir & Co. were driven to their action against Ames. He pleaded a discharge in bankruptcy obtained on September 13,1872, and the question thus presented was considered by the Supreme Court of the "United States. If the debt for which Moir & Co. were suing was one which rvas provable in bankruptcy it was discharged ; if not provable it was not discharged. Whether or not it was provable depended upon whether or not it was created by the purchase and sale agreement of June 9,1870, or by the fraud, the argument in behalf of Ames being that the debt was created when that contract was executed ; that that contract was free from fraud, and consequently that the debt was not created by any fraud on the part of the bankrupt, and was provable in bankruptcy and discharged by the decree in that proceeding. It thus became essential to determine whether or n.ot the contract of June 9,1870, providing for a purchase in the future created a present debt. Upon the subject the court said : “ The writing referred to did not in itself create a debt within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act. It could not become effective as an instrum.ent creating a debt in favor of plaintiffs until, pursuant to a call by defendant prior to July 20, they *462delivered, or. offered to deliver,, to him the high wines he' agreed to.take at the price stipulated, or -r- the defendant failing to make a call for them within the time limited for his doing so — until the high wines were delivered or tendered to him by the plaintiffs after the 20th and before the end of the month of July. When.the plaintiffs delivered) or offered to deliver, the high wines at the defendant’s place of business' on the 18tli of July, in fulfillment of the agreement of June 9, and defendant failed to pay for them, then, and not before, was a debt created- within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act.” This language and the reasoning leading up to it appear to fit the present case exactly. Not until May 1, 1900, could the plaintiff tender the stock to- defendants and demand payment of the purchase price. Until, under the terms-of the contract for a- purchase, there arose and was exercised a right on the part of plaintiff to deliver the, stock, or a right -upon the part of defendants to demand it, no indebtedness, in our opinion, arose from the ' defendants to plaintiff. No such demand was made by either party ■prior to the filing of the petition in bankruptcy, and in consequence there was nó debt from defendants to plaintiff provable in bankruptcy and discharged by the discharge to defendants.
•The exceptions should -be overruled and judgment directed for the. plaintiff) with costs.
■ Patterson, P. J., Houghton and Lambert, JJ., -.cóncurred; McLaughlin, J., dissented.

See 14 U. S. Stat. at Large, 525, § 19; U. S. R. S. §§ 5067, 5068; 5 U. S. Stat. at Large, 444, § 5.— [Rep.

2 E. & B. 678.—[Rep.

 18 U. S. 1—[Rep.