Court Opinion

ID: 9778493
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 21:09:31.283169+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:19:21.183320
License: Public Domain

William Samuel Blake v. State of Maryland, Misc. No. 2, September Term, 2022, Opinion
by Booth, J.

CRIMINAL LAW — INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL — STATE’S
OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE IMPEACHMENT EVIDENCE

        Pursuant to Maryland Rule 8-304, the Supreme Court of Maryland issued a writ of
certiorari accepting two certified questions from the Appellate Court of Maryland, which
it slightly rephrased as follows:

   1. Did the post-conviction court err by ruling that trial counsel had not rendered
      ineffective assistance by failing to move to compel production of the Internal
      Affairs Division files and other potential impeachment evidence regarding a
      State’s witness prior to a pre-trial suppression hearing?

   2. In the alternative, did the post-conviction court err by ruling that the State
      had not violated its Brady obligations by failing to disclose impeachment
      evidence regarding a State’s witness?

        The Court answered no to questions 1 and 2. In answering question 1, the Court
held that Mr. Blake failed to prove that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to move to compel production of Officer Fabien Laronde’s Internal Affairs Division
(“IAD”) files. Undertaking the analysis required under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668 (1984), the Court concluded that Mr. Blake failed to satisfy his burden of
demonstrating that his trial counsel’s failure to move to compel production of Officer
Laronde’s IAD files fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that his
performance was therefore deficient. Moreover, even if Mr. Blake had established that his
trial counsel’s performance was deficient, he failed to demonstrate that the failure to move
to compel the disclosure of these files prejudiced him. In other words, assuming trial
counsel erred in failing to move to compel the disclosure of the IAD files, Mr. Blake failed
to show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s professional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.

        Concerning question 2, given that the same legal standard applies to a Strickland
prejudice analysis and the materiality standard to establish a Brady violation, the Court
assumed, without deciding, that the State was required to disclose impeachment evidence
prior to the suppression hearing. On that basis, the Court determined that Mr. Blake failed
to satisfy the Brady materiality standard for the same reasons that he failed to establish
prejudice under Strickland.

       The Court affirmed the judgment of the circuit court.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No.: 112222006
Argued: December 6, 2022
                                                                         IN THE SUPREME COURT

                                                                              OF MARYLAND*

                                                                                   Misc. No. 2

                                                                            September Term, 2022

                                                                        WILLIAM SAMUEL BLAKE

                                                                                       v.

                                                                          STATE OF MARYLAND

                                                                             Fader, C.J.,
                                                                             Watts,
                                                                             Hotten,
                                                                             Booth,
                                                                             Biran,
                                                                             Gould,
                                                                             Eaves,

                                                                             JJ.

                                                                             Opinion by Booth, J.

                                                                             Filed: August 29, 2023

                                                                * At the November 8, 2022 general election, the
                                                                voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional
Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials
Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this
                                                                amendment changing the name of the Court of
document is authentic.                                          Appeals of Maryland to the Supreme Court of
                 2023-08-29 16:23-04:00                         Maryland. The name change took effect on
                                                                December 14, 2022.

Gregory Hilton, Clerk
                                             I

                                       Introduction

       William S. Blake1 was arrested by Baltimore City Police Officer Fabien Laronde2

on July 12, 2012, for distribution of heroin. Mr. Blake was searched incident to his arrest,

and a bag containing 3.5 grams of heroin was found in his underwear. Shortly thereafter,

Mr. Blake was indicted for distribution of heroin and related lesser charges by a Baltimore

City grand jury.

       Mr. Blake, by counsel, filed a motion to suppress the heroin found on his person.

He contended that the recovery of the drugs was the result of an illegal strip search. A

hearing was held at which Officer Laronde was the only witness. The court denied Mr.

Blake’s motion to suppress.

       On October 17, 2013, Mr. Blake entered a plea of not guilty upon an agreed

statement of facts, to one count of distribution of heroin, with the understanding that he

would be found guilty by the court. The circuit court sentenced Mr. Blake to eight years’

incarceration. Mr. Blake noted a timely appeal, and the Appellate Court of Maryland3

affirmed the circuit court’s judgment in an unreported opinion. Blake v. State, No. 1804,

       1
           William Samuel Blake is also known as James Blake.
       2
         Fabien Laronde was fired by the Baltimore City Police Department in 2016.
Because he was a police officer at the time of Mr. Blake’s search, we refer to him as
“Officer Laronde.”
       3
         At the November 8, 2022, general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a
constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland
to the Appellate Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.
Sept. Term 2014 (unreported) (Md. Ct. Spec. App., Sept. 4, 2014), cert. denied 441 Md.

62 (2014).

       Mr. Blake filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief in July 2015. Thereafter,

he filed supplemental petitions through counsel. A post-conviction hearing was held in

September 2020. The post-conviction court issued an opinion and order in October 2020

granting Mr. Blake the right to file a belated motion for modification of sentence and

denying all other relief.

       On November 30, 2020, Mr. Blake filed an application for leave to appeal the order

denying his petition for post-conviction relief. Thereafter, the Appellate Court of Maryland

issued an order granting the application. After the parties submitted their briefs, the

Appellate Court of Maryland certified the following questions of law to this Court pursuant

to Maryland Rule 8-304, which we have slightly rephrased as follows:4

   1. Did the post-conviction court err by ruling that trial counsel had not rendered
      ineffective assistance by failing to move to compel production of the Internal
      Affairs Division files and other potential impeachment evidence regarding a
      State’s witness prior to a pre-trial suppression hearing?

   2. In the alternative, did the post-conviction court err by ruling that the State
      had not violated its Brady obligations by failing to disclose impeachment
      evidence regarding a State’s witness?

       We accepted the certification pursuant to Maryland Rule 8-304(c)(3) and issued a

writ of certiorari that included the entire action.

       4
           Question 1 in the Certification reads as follows:

       Did the post-conviction court err by holding that trial counsel had not
       rendered ineffective assistance by failing to move to compel discoverable
       impeachment evidence regarding a State’s witness [Officer Laronde]?
                                               2
       For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we answer no to questions 1 and 2. We

hold that Mr. Blake failed to prove that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by

failing to move to compel production of the Internal Affairs Division (“IAD”) files. Based

upon our independent appraisal of the record and undertaking the analysis required under

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984),5 we conclude that Mr. Blake failed to meet

his burden of demonstrating that his trial counsel’s failure to move to compel production

of Officer Laronde’s IAD files fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that

his performance was therefore deficient. Additionally, even if Mr. Blake had established

that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient, he failed to demonstrate that the failure

to move to compel the disclosure of these files prejudiced him. In other words, assuming

trial counsel erred in failing to move to compel the disclosure of the IAD files, Mr. Blake

failed to show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s professional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.

       Concerning our holding on question 2, given that the same legal standard applies to

the prejudice prong when analyzing an ineffective assistance claim under Strickland and

the materiality standard necessary to establish a Brady violation,6 we assume, without

       5
         As we discuss more fully herein, under Strickland, a criminal defendant may
receive a new trial based on an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel. See
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In a typical case involving such a
challenge, the defendant is required to demonstrate both that counsel’s performance was
deficient and that such performance prejudiced the defense. Id. at 687.
       6
       In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), the Supreme Court held that as part of
the Constitution’s “fair trial” guarantee, a defendant has the right to receive exculpatory
impeachment material from prosecutors. A Brady violation is a constitutional claim based
on the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments referring to the
                                             3
deciding, that the State was required to disclose impeachment evidence prior to the

suppression hearing and determine that Mr. Blake failed to establish the Brady materiality

standard for the same reasons that he failed to establish prejudice under Strickland. We

affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                                              II

                              Facts and Procedural Background

       After entering a plea of not guilty upon an agreed statement of facts, Mr. Blake,

through counsel, filed a motion to suppress the heroin found on his person. He contended

that the recovery of the drugs was the result of an illegal strip search. Mr. Blake’s attorney

conceded that Officer Laronde had probable cause to arrest Mr. Blake.              Therefore,

according to defense counsel, the sole issue to be resolved was whether the search was

reasonable under the Fourth Amendment in light of the place and manner of the search.

Specifically, defense counsel argued that the search was unreasonable because it was

conducted in public even though there were no exigent circumstances justifying an

immediate search. The suppression hearing occurred on October 16, 2013. Officer

Laronde was the sole witness at the suppression hearing. The relevant facts elicited at the

hearing are not in dispute.

State’s failure to disclose evidence in a criminal trial where: (1) the evidence at issue is
favorable to the accused; (2) the evidence at issue was suppressed by the State, either
willfully or inadvertently; and (3) prejudice ensued as a result of the suppression. Yearby
v. State, 414 Md. 708, 717–19 (2010).
                                              4
       A.     The Suppression Hearing

       Officer Laronde, at that time a twelve-year veteran of the Baltimore City Police

Department, testified that he had extensive training and experience as a narcotics officer.

Without objection, the motions judge allowed the officer to testify as an expert in the

“identification, packaging, and distribution” of controlled dangerous substances.

       Officer Laronde testified that around noon on July 25, 2012, he was on foot and in

uniform in a covert location. He observed a vehicle driven by Tavon Wilson pull in front

of 5107 Williston Avenue in Baltimore City. Mr. Blake was a front seat passenger in the

vehicle. Officer Laronde was familiar with both Mr. Blake and Mr. Wilson as individuals

who previously sold narcotics in that area.

       Officer Laronde observed Mr. Blake enter an apartment building and exit after

approximately two minutes with a plastic bag of suspected narcotics. Mr. Blake reentered

Mr. Wilson’s vehicle, and, about five minutes later, a blue Saturn pulled up behind Mr.

Wilson’s vehicle. The Saturn was occupied by a man and a woman. Mr. Blake got out of

Mr. Wilson’s vehicle and went to the passenger side of the Saturn where he spoke to the

female passenger. Officer Laronde observed Mr. Blake hand the woman “small objects”

in exchange for currency before returning to Mr. Wilson’s vehicle.

       At that point, Officer Laronde, based on his training and experience, believed that

he had just witnessed a narcotics transaction. Officer Laronde radioed his “arrest team”

and provided descriptions of both vehicles. He instructed the officers to pull their car in

front of Mr. Wilson’s vehicle. When they did so, Officer Laronde left his covert location

                                              5
and approached Mr. Wilson’s vehicle on foot. He asked Mr. Wilson for his keys, and Mr.

Wilson complied.

       Meanwhile, Officer Smith,7 another member of the arrest team, left to pursue the

Saturn, which had driven away. Officer Smith stopped the Saturn and recovered from the

waistband of the female passenger four gel caps of suspected heroin and a Ziploc bag of

suspected cocaine. Officer Smith promptly radioed Officer Laronde and told him that he

had found the gel caps of suspected heroin on the female passenger. Officer Laronde

directed Officer Smith to seize the drugs.

       Once the drugs had been seized from the female, Mr. Blake and Mr. Wilson were

handcuffed and arrested. Officer Laronde put Mr. Blake in handcuffs while Officer

Benjamin Critzer did the same to Mr. Wilson. Officer Laronde conducted a pat down

search of Mr. Blake. While Officer Laronde stood by, Officer Critzer searched Mr.

Wilson’s vehicle. No drugs were recovered as a result of the search. At that point, Officer

Laronde decided to search Mr. Blake’s person more carefully. Officer Laronde testified

that he made the decision to conduct a more thorough search because no drugs were found

in Mr. Wilson’s vehicle, and no drugs were recovered during the pat down. From his

training and experience, Officer Laronde knew that “people selling narcotics on the street

. . . will attempt to hide drugs on them in all kinds of different places[,]” including under

their testicles. With that in mind, Officer Laronde positioned himself next to the opened

driver’s door of Mr. Wilson’s vehicle. The windows of Mr. Wilson’s vehicle were

       7
           The record does not reveal Officer Smith’s first name.
                                              6
“illegally tinted” a dark color. He placed Mr. Blake between the driver’s door and himself,

creating a “triangle” for safety and privacy purposes. He testified that no one was out on

the street when he began the search. With Mr. Blake facing him, Officer Laronde pulled

Mr. Blake’s waistband toward him and looked down the front of his pants but did not see

anything. Seeing nothing, Officer Laronde asked Mr. Blake to turn around, and when he

did, he noticed Mr. Blake move unnaturally, as if he had something “between his butt

cheeks” or legs. Officer Laronde pulled the back of Mr. Blake’s pants out to see if he could

see anything in Mr. Blake’s pants, and when he could not see anything, Officer Laronde

asked Mr. Blake to squat down. When Mr. Blake squatted, “a large plastic bag fell into his

underwear.” Officer Laronde recovered the bag and placed it in a separate evidence bag.

The bag that dropped into Mr. Blake’s underpants was later tested and found to contain

forty-one gel caps and 3.5 grams of raw heroin.

       Officer Laronde testified that when he recovered the bag, he “made every attempt

not to touch [Mr. Blake].” He denied: (1) putting his hand down Mr. Blake’s pants before

the bag fell into his underwear; (2) that at any point he had touched Mr. Blake’s “anus, or

his butt cheeks, or anything like that[;]” or (3) that he “manipulate[d] [Mr. Blake’s]

genitals.” Officer Laronde said that at no point did he pull Mr. Blake’s “pants down below

[Mr. Blake’s] waist,” explaining that when he asked Mr. Blake to turn around, Officer

Laronde “still held [Mr. Blake’s] pants so they wouldn’t fall.” He insisted that Mr. Blake’s

genitals and buttocks were never exposed.

       During his testimony, Officer Laronde explained why he positioned Mr. Blake in

the above-described manner during the search: first, to prevent Mr. Blake from running;

                                             7
and second, to shield Mr. Blake from public view during the search. At the point when

Mr. Blake was searched, according to Officer Laronde, no one else was around except for

himself, Mr. Wilson, and Officer Critzer, who was “six [or] seven feet” in front of Officer

Laronde.

       There were, however, apartment buildings on both sides of the street where Mr.

Wilson’s car was parked. Officer Laronde said that “[b]etween me blocking him and the

concealment of the door in the vehicle, I knew that no one could see what I was doing . . .

in [the center of the triangle].” He also testified that the windows of Mr. Wilson’s car were

illegally tinted and therefore, very dark.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Blake’s trial counsel attempted to create doubt

concerning the reasonableness of the search in light of the place and manner of the search.

To that end, trial counsel pointed out that Officer Laronde never mentioned tinted windows

in the statement of probable cause, which he had authored. Trial counsel attempted to raise

doubt as to whether Officer Laronde actually observed Mr. Blake sell narcotics to the

female passenger of the Saturn based upon the fact that the woman was never arrested or

charged with possession of narcotics. Defense counsel also attempted to suggest that the

“triangle” shape formed by the car, the door, and Officer Laronde did not block the search

from view as well as Officer Laronde suggested, noting that the search took place on the

street “in broad daylight.”

       After Officer Laronde testified, Mr. Blake was advised of his right to testify and that

his testimony would not be used against him in any subsequent related trial unless he

                                              8
perjured himself. Mr. Blake affirmed he understood but ultimately declined his right to

testify.

           The State and Mr. Blake’s trial counsel presented competing legal arguments to the

motions judge concerning the reasonableness of the search. Mr. Blake’s trial counsel

argued that it was an impermissible visual body cavity search, a strip search similar to the

search that this Court found to be unconstitutional in Paulino v. State, 399 Md. 341 (2007).8

According to the defense, under Paulino, the search of Mr. Blake was unreasonable

because it was conducted in public even though there were no exigent circumstances

justifying an immediate search. The State argued that the search was a permissible “reach-

         “The United States Supreme Court has not addressed the reasonableness of a strip
           8

search incident to an arrest.” Allen v. State, 197 Md. App. 308, 320 (2011) (citations
omitted). The Supreme Court has, however, addressed the reasonableness of a strip search
in connection with pre-trial detention. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 559 (1979). In
Bell, the Court set forth the following factors to determine whether a strip search in
connection with pre-trial detention is reasonable: (1) the scope of the intrusion; (2) the
manner in which the search was conducted; (3) the justification for initiating the search;
and (4) the place in which the search was conducted. Id. at 559. The Bell factors balance
“the need for a particular search against the invasion of personal rights that the search
entails.” Id.

        In Paulino v. State, 399 Md. 341 (2007), this Court held that a visual body cavity
search was unreasonable when conducted in a well-lit public car wash. During the search
at issue, Mr. Paulino was placed on the ground, his pants “were pretty much . . . below his
butt,” id. at 346, and one of the detectives put on gloves “and manipulated his buttocks to
allow for a better view of his anal cavity.” Id. at 353. The Court held that the search was
both a strip search and a visual body cavity search, and there was no evidence that Mr.
Paulino’s privacy was protected in any way. Id. at 359–60. The Court held that exigent
circumstances are required before such an invasive search in a public place is reasonable.
Id. at 359–61.
                                               9
in” search and was conducted in a manner similar to the search that was upheld in Allen v.

State, 197 Md. App. 308 (2011).9

       The motions judge ruled in favor of the State, concluding that Mr. Blake’s right to

privacy was not abridged because the search was performed in a manner that avoided any

unnecessary embarrassment to Mr. Blake. The motions judge determined that, under the

particular facts and circumstances of the case, the search was reasonable.

       B.     The State’s Motion in Limine

       After the court ruled on the motion to suppress, the State made a motion in limine

to exclude trial counsel from “asking Officer Laronde any questions regarding” a civil

judgment against Officer Laronde for false imprisonment, which the State had disclosed in

       9
          In Allen v. State, 197 Md. App. 308 (2011), the Appellate Court determined that
the search incident to an arrest was not a strip search or a visual body cavity search like the
one described in Paulino, but was, instead, a “reach-in search[,]” which is defined as a
search that “involves a manipulation of the arrestee’s clothes such that the police are able
to reach in and retrieve the contraband without exposing the arrestee’s private areas.”
Allen, 197 Md. App. at 321 (quoting Paulino, 399 Md. at 360 n.6). In Allen, the Appellate
Court held that, although a “reach-in” search is less invasive, it still “permits the officer to
view a suspect’s private areas, [and] is not the type of search that automatically is allowed
as a search incident to an arrest.” Id. at 323. The Appellate Court held that the Supreme
Court’s Bell factors apply. Id. Applying those factors, the Appellate Court determined
that the reach-in search was reasonable under the circumstances. Id. The court noted that
“the police officers merely pulled the [defendants’] pants and underwear away from their
waist, at which point the police observed a plastic bag protruding from the [defendants’]
buttocks.” Id. at 324. The Appellate Court observed that the defendants’ “clothing was
not removed, and the private areas of their bodies were not publicly exposed. The officers
took steps to protect the [defendants’] privacy.” Id. The court further noted that the
“officer stood directly behind the [defendant], and he was the only one who could see the
[defendants’] buttocks during the search.” Id. at 324–25. Moreover, even though the
search occurred in a public area, “there were ‘no civilians in the area.’” Id. at 325. The
Appellate Court determined that “[a]fter balancing the four factors set forth in Bell, [] the
searches in this case were reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 327.
                                              10
discovery. Defense counsel objected, arguing that the false imprisonment judgment was

“an issue of credibility,” but the court granted the State’s motion.

       C.     Mr. Blake’s Plea of Not Guilty Upon an Agreed Statement of Facts

       The following morning, the parties informed the court that they had agreed to

proceed by way of a not guilty plea upon an agreed statement of facts for the purpose of

preserving the appealability of the court’s ruling on the suppression motion.10 The State

recommended a sentence of eight years for the count of distribution of heroin. Mr. Blake

indicated that he understood that he would be found guilty. The following agreed statement

of facts was read into the record:

       On July 25th, 2012, at approximately [11:45] hours in the area of Coventry
       and Williston (phonetic spelling) officers observed the Defendant James
       Blake, who is presently seated at defense table with defense counsel, and an
       individual by the name of Tavon Wilson pull into the block in front of 5107
       Williston. Once parked, passenger Blake exited and entered into the
       apartment building. Once he emerged he was holding a plastic bag of
       suspected [controlled dangerous substances] and entered Wilson’s car.

       10
         In Bishop v. State, 417 Md. 1, 20 (2010), this Court discussed the difference
between a not guilty agreed statement of facts and a stipulation to facts:

       Amidst the spectrum between not guilty pleas and guilty pleas, there exists
       the hybrid plea, one in which an individual retains the right to appellate
       review of evidence subject to a suppression motion but avoids going through
       the time and expense of a full trial. By pleading not guilty and agreeing to
       the proffer of stipulated evidence or an agreed statement of facts, an
       individual, like with a guilty plea, waives a jury trial and the right to confront
       witnesses but retains appellate review of the suppression decision.

        In the instant case, the parties submitted an agreed statement of facts. The transcript
reflects that, at the time the plea was entered and the statement of facts was submitted, there
was no dispute over the ultimate facts of the case, and Mr. Blake understood that he would
be found guilty. The parties do not dispute this characterization.
                                              11
      Both Wilson and Blake waited in the car for several minutes until a Saturn
      parked behind them. Once parked, Blake exited the car and approached the
      passenger of the Saturn. Blake handed, engaged in a conversation with the
      buyer Lonna White (phonetic spelling), and handed her suspected [controlled
      dangerous substances] in exchange for U.S. currency. The Saturn pulled off
      and was later stopped by police officers. Officers approached White and
      asked her if she had any drugs on her person, she advised that she did and
      removed four gel caps of suspected heroin and a ziplock of suspected
      cocaine. Blake and Wilson were placed under arrest.

      The car was searched, no drugs were found. Blake was never seen tossing
      any items by the police officers. A search incident to arrest was then
      conducted on Blake. Officers shielded Blake between the car and the door
      to the car forming a triangle of sorts. There were no other individuals on the
      street. Officers pulled the waistband area of Blake’s pants away from the
      front of him and peered into his pants checking for contraband. Officers then
      asked Blake to turn around so that the same could be done to his rear side.
      When turning around Blake moved unnaturally, leading officers to believe
      that he was concealing the contraband somewhere in his rear. Officers asked
      Blake to squat and when he did so a plastic bag fell into his underwear.

      The bag contained 41 gel caps of heroin identical to what was recovered from
      White, the buyer. The bag also contained approximately 3.5 grams of
      suspected raw heroin. Prior to the bag falling into Blake’s underwear,
      officers did not reach into Blake’s underwear. At no time did officers touch
      Blake’s genitals or anus. Also recovered was $28 from Blake.

      The State moved to admit as evidence a copy of the report showing that the

controlled dangerous substance recovered was heroin. Trial counsel submitted on the

agreement, and the court found Mr. Blake guilty of distribution of heroin and sentenced

him to eight years’ imprisonment.

      D.     Mr. Blake’s Direct Appeal

      On October 22, 2013, Mr. Blake filed a notice of appeal, and the Appellate Court of

Maryland affirmed his conviction in an unreported opinion. The Appellate Court applied

the reasonableness factors the United States Supreme Court articulated in Bell v. Wolfish,

                                           12
441 U.S. 520, 559 (1979), addressing the reasonableness of a strip search in connection

with pre-trial detention, and concluding that the particular facts and circumstances of the

search were “closely analogous” to the search in Allen v. State and were distinguishable

from the search in Paulino v. State. Accordingly, the court determined that the search of

Mr. Blake incident to his arrest was reasonable.

       E.     Mr. Blake’s Petition for Post-Conviction Relief

       On July 20, 2015, Mr. Blake filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief in the

Circuit Court for Baltimore City. On October 9, 2019, and September 23, 2020, he filed

supplemental petitions through counsel. On September 25, 2020, a post-conviction hearing

was held, at which Mr. Blake raised several allegations of error. Relevant to the questions

before us, Mr. Blake alleged that: (1) his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of

counsel for failing to demand the pre-trial disclosure of Officer Laronde’s IAD files; and

(2) he was denied due process of law because the State withheld favorable material

impeachment information related to Officer Laronde in violation of Brady v. Maryland,

373 U.S. 83 (1963).

              1. The Post-Conviction Hearing

       At the post-conviction hearing, Mr. Blake entered into evidence, under seal, IAD

files and other documents containing ten allegations of misconduct involving Officer

Laronde spanning from 2001 until October 16, 2013—the day he was called as a witness

at Mr. Blake’s suppression hearing. Mr. Blake was granted access to the documents as a

result of a judicial ruling in February 2019. Mr. Blake argued that the allegations in the

files were relevant to Officer Laronde’s credibility and his alleged propensity for

                                            13
conducting strip searches and planting narcotics to justify arrests. Nine of the allegations

were in the form of complaints made to the IAD of the Baltimore Police Department.11

The general nature of the complaints and the disposition of each complaint in chronological

order, are described below:

       1. September 2006: Complaint alleging neglect of duty based upon a failure to
          adequately supervise another officer.
          Disposition: Sustained.

       2. May 2008: Complaint alleging assault and planting of evidence.
          Disposition: The file was administratively closed after no complainant contact.12

       3. August 2008: Complaint alleging planting of evidence.
          Disposition: The file was administratively closed after no complainant contact.

       4. September 2009: Complaint alleging planting of evidence.
          Disposition: The file was closed as unfounded.

       5. August 2010: Complaint alleging theft.
          Disposition: The file was administratively closed after no complainant contact.

       6. March 2011: Complaint alleging: (1) planting of evidence and theft; and (2)
          neglect of duty for failure to follow proper procedure for submission of evidence.
          Disposition: (1) The planting evidence and theft charges were found “not
          sustained.” (2) The neglect of duty charge based upon failure to follow
          procedure for submission of evidence was sustained.

       7. July 2011: Complaint alleging planting of evidence and theft.
          Disposition: The file was administratively closed after no complainant contact.

       11
          For ease of discussion, we collectively refer to all of the misconduct allegations
as the “IAD files.”
       12
          The complainant later sued Officer Laronde and other officers in the United States
District Court for the District of Maryland alleging battery, false imprisonment, malicious
prosecution, and related claims. The suit was settled in 2012 for $155,000. In discovery,
the State disclosed the civil judgment that had been entered against Officer Laronde for
false imprisonment, which was the subject of the State’s motion in limine described in part
II.B. of this opinion. The motions judge granted the State’s motion. As part of his direct
appeal, Mr. Blake did not appeal that ruling.
                                            14
       8. October 2011: Complaint alleging planting of evidence and assault.
          Disposition: The file was administratively closed after no complainant contact.

       9. December 2011: Complaint alleging theft.
          Disposition: Not sustained.

       In addition to the conduct documented in the IAD files, Mr. Blake introduced into

evidence a Final Report of the Baltimore City Police Department regarding a nonfatal

police-involved shooting that occurred in January 2013 (the “Final Report”). The Final

Report includes a description of the agency’s interview with Officer Laronde, who was a

witness to the shooting. The victim of that shooting filed a lawsuit against the Baltimore

City Police Department. Mr. Blake also included an article from The Guardian newspaper

dated January 16, 2016, which reported that the victim’s defense attorney had obtained

video surveillance of the shooting that contradicted Officer Laronde’s statement about the

incident. A year later, in 2017, the lawsuit was settled for $400,000.

       In addition to the misconduct allegations entered into evidence, Mr. Blake’s trial

counsel testified. Trial counsel stated that the State had not disclosed any exculpatory

evidence or impeachment evidence related to Officer Laronde before Mr. Blake’s trial date,

except for a summary of the City’s settlement of the false imprisonment lawsuit against

Officer Laronde. Counsel acknowledged that, at the time of Mr. Blake’s trial, he had

“heard allegations about Officer Laronde’s inappropriate strip searching of civilians on the

street[,]” but testified that he was not aware of any lawsuits or settlements in which

plaintiffs had made such a claim. He testified that if he had had information about a lawsuit

against Officer Laronde pertaining to an illegal strip search, he would have “attempted to

                                             15
use that information at the [suppression hearing] and buttress [the] argument that [he] was

making, and also, [he] may have decided to go to trial with that information.”

       Trial counsel also testified that he did not have any information about a lawsuit

against Officer Laronde pertaining to planting narcotics on people and that, if he had, he

would have used that information at the motions hearing and possibly at trial. Counsel also

testified that he did not consider moving to compel the disclosure of Officer Laronde’s

IAD records because he “assumed that if there was additional exculpatory information,

they would have sent it along with what they believed to be exculpatory at the time.”

       On cross-examination, the State questioned trial counsel about the prevailing

process at the time of Mr. Blake’s suppression hearing for transferring disclosures and

personnel records. The State specifically asked if trial counsel was aware that “at the point

of the trial that the [Supreme Court of Maryland] had just issued a very detailed opinion

relating [to] the disclosure of confidential Internal Affairs records” in Fields & Colkley v.

State, 432 Md. 650 (2013),13 in which this Court outlined the procedure for obtaining

       13
          In Fields & Colkley v. State, this Court clarified the process for defendants seeking
access to confidential records, like the IAD files at issue here. 432 Md. 650 (2013). The
Court held that “a defendant in a criminal case who, for purposes of confronting an adverse
witness, seeks discovery of otherwise confidential information about that witness has the
initial burden to demonstrate a ‘need to inspect,’ that is, demonstrate ‘a reasonable
possibility that review of the records would result in discovery of usable evidence.’” Id. at
667 (quoting Zaal v. State, 326 Md. 54, 81 (1992)). This Court went on to explain that
“[t]he sufficiency of the need to inspect depends upon factors such as ‘[t]he nature of the
charges brought against the defendant,’ ‘[t]he issue before the court,’ and the ‘relationship
. . . between the charges, the information sought, and the likelihood that relevant
information will be obtained as a result of reviewing the records.’” Id. (quoting Zaal, 326
Md. at 81–82).

                                              16
confidential personnel records. Trial counsel stated that he may not have been aware of

the Fields decision at the time of the motions hearing.14 The State attempted to show that,

because trial counsel had personal knowledge of misconduct by Officer Laronde at the time

of the trial and the State had disclosed the civil judgment against Officer Laronde, trial

counsel had enough information to show a need to inspect Officer Laronde’s personnel

files pursuant to Fields.

       Mr. Blake’s post-conviction counsel argued that Mr. Blake’s defense was

prejudiced because if the State had disclosed the IAD files, then Mr. Blake would not have

agreed to enter a plea of not guilty upon the agreed statement of facts. Mr. Blake testified

at the post-conviction hearing but said only that he asked trial counsel to file a motion to

modify on his behalf. Notably, Mr. Blake did not say that he would have rejected the

State’s plea offer and gone to trial had he known about Officer Laronde’s IAD files. Nor

did he claim that Officer Laronde’s testimony at the suppression hearing was false.

Additionally, Mr. Blake did not claim that the facts proffered by the State in support of the

not-guilty statement of facts were inaccurate.

       Once a defendant has established a need to inspect, the court may elect to review
the material alone, conduct review in the presence of counsel, or permit review by counsel
alone. Id. In Fields, this Court held that the motions court erred by reviewing only the
summary of the files at issue instead of the files in their entirety, and by failing to consider
giving counsel in camera access to the files. Id. at 669. Although it is within a court’s
discretion to deny a defendant access to confidential material, the court should only deny
access “if nothing in it, ‘in anyone’s imagination, [could] properly be used in defense or
lead to the discovery of usable evidence.’” Id. at 670 (quoting Zaal, 326 Md. at 88).
       14
         The Fields decision was filed on July 9, 2013. Mr. Blake’s suppression hearing
occurred on October 16, 2013.
                                              17
              2. The Post-Conviction Court’s Ruling

       The post-conviction court issued a written order and accompanying opinion on

October 27, 2020, granting Mr. Blake a belated motion for modification of sentence and

denying all other relief. The court ruled that Mr. Blake’s trial counsel had not rendered

ineffective assistance by failing to move to compel production of Officer Laronde’s IAD

files. Concerning Mr. Blake’s claims that “trial counsel failed to fully investigate, or

demand the disclosure of, information potentially relevant to the impeachment of

Laronde[,]” the post-conviction court found that the allegations were deficient because they

did not overcome the presumption that trial counsel’s actions or omissions were the product

of a reasonable trial strategy. Moreover, the post-conviction court found that Mr. Blake

“failed to show that, even if trial counsel was deficient in preparation, that this deficiency

had an adverse effect on the defense.”

       With respect to the claim that the State violated Mr. Blake’s due process rights by

failing to disclose information allegedly relevant to Officer Laronde’s credibility, the post-

conviction court relied upon United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622 (2002), in which the

Supreme Court held that a defendant’s entitlement to disclosure of exculpatory and

impeachment information under Brady v. Maryland and its progeny is a “trial-related

right[].” The post-conviction court determined that Mr. Blake’s not guilty plea upon an

agreed statement of facts was the functional equivalent of a guilty plea and, therefore, Mr.

Blake “waiv[ed] any potential trial-related right to the information.” The post-conviction

court ruled that, under Ruiz, Mr. Blake had no right to impeachment information prior to

his entry of his plea.

                                             18
          Thereafter, Mr. Blake noted a timely appeal. After the parties submitted briefs, the

Appellate Court filed a certification pursuant to Maryland Rule 8-304, requesting that this

Court answer the certified questions as set forth above. This Court issued a writ of

certiorari to the Appellate Court, and pursuant to Rule 8-304(c)(3), accepted the entire

action.

                                               III

                                          Discussion

          A. Standard of Review

          This Court reviews a post-conviction court’s findings regarding ineffective

assistance of counsel as a mixed question of law and fact. McGhee v. State, 482 Md. 48,

66 (2022); State v. Syed, 463 Md. 60, 73 (2019), reconsideration denied (Apr. 19, 2019),

cert. denied, Syed v. Maryland, 140 S. Ct. 562 (2019); see also Harris v. State, 303 Md.

685, 698 (1985). The factual findings of the post-conviction court are reviewed for clear

error, and the legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Podieh v. State, 470 Md. 272, 289

(2020).      The reviewing court exercises its “own independent analysis” as to the

reasonableness, and prejudice therein, of counsel’s conduct. Oken v. State, 343 Md. 256,

284–85 (1996).

          Suppression of exculpatory evidence by the prosecution is a constitutional claim,

and, therefore, this Court reviews claims of Brady violations de novo. Canales-Yanez v.

State, 472 Md. 132, 156–57 (2021) (citing Ware v. State, 348 Md. 19, 48 (1997)).

                                               19
       B.       The Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim

       Criminal defendants are guaranteed the right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment

to the United States Constitution15 and Article 21 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights.16

The right to counsel means “the right to the effective assistance of counsel.” McMann v.

Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970). In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668

(1984), the Supreme Court set forth a two-part test to determine when counsel’s actions

violate a defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. As this Court

has noted, “a heavy burden of proof rests upon the defendant to prove both deficient

performance and prejudice[.]” State v. Tichnell, 306 Md. 428, 442 (1986) (citing Harris,

303 Md. at 697). “[A]n appellate court reviewing an ineffectiveness of counsel claim must

make an independent constitutional appraisal from the entire record.” Tichnell, 306 Md.

at 442 (citing Harris, 303 Md. at 697). To succeed on a Strickland ineffective assistance

of counsel claim, the defendant must show: (1) trial counsel’s performance fell below

prevailing professional norms; and (2) trial counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the

       15
          The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides that “[i]n
all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of
Counsel for his defence.” That right is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth
Amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 343–44 (1963).
       16
            Article 21 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights declares:

       That in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a right to be informed of
       the accusation against him; to have a copy of the Indictment, or charge, in
       due time (if required) to prepare for his defence; to be allowed counsel; to be
       confronted with the witnesses against him; to have process for his witnesses;
       to examine the witnesses for and against him on oath; and to a speedy trial
       by an impartial jury, without whose unanimous consent he ought not to be
       found guilty.
                                              20
defense. Harris, 303 Md. at 695–96. A counsel’s errors must be “‘so serious as to deprive

the defendant of a fair trial[.]’” Id. at 699 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).

              1. The Performance Prong

       “[T]he defendant bears the burden of showing ‘that counsel’s performance was

deficient.’” Podieh, 470 Md. at 290 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). “To prevail on

the ‘performance’ prong, the defendant must demonstrate ‘that counsel made errors so

serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the

Sixth Amendment.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). Counsel’s performance is

deficient “when ‘the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s

conduct,’ reveal that counsel’s acts or omissions fell ‘outside the wide range of

professionally competent assistance.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690).

       Strickland makes clear that “the object of an ineffectiveness claim is not to grade

counsel’s performance[][.]” Harris, 303 Md. at 701 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697).

In scrutinizing counsel’s performance, a reviewing court “must reconstruct the

circumstances of [counsel’s] alleged conduct and evaluate that conduct from [counsel’s]

perspective at that time, eliminating all of the distorting effects of hindsight.” Tichnell,

306 Md. at 444. As the Supreme Court cautioned in Strickland, “[i]t is all too tempting for

a defendant to second-guess counsel’s assistance after conviction or adverse sentence, and

it is all too easy for a court, examining counsel’s defense after it has proved unsuccessful,

to conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable.” 466 U.S. at

689. In assessing the reasonableness of counsel’s performance, this Court determines

whether trial counsel’s decision was “within the wide range of reasonable professional

                                             21
assistance[.]” Id. at 689. In other words, a court must engage in an “inquiry into the

objective reasonableness of counsel’s performance, not counsel’s subjective state of mind.”

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 110 (2011) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). “The

question is whether an attorney’s representation amounted to incompetence under

prevailing professional norms, not whether it deviated from best practices or most common

custom.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105 (cleaned up).

       “[C]ounsel is strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all

significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Harris, 303

Md. at 699 (footnote omitted). “This Court has required that a defendant, when alleging

that counsel’s performance was deficient, ‘must also show that counsel’s actions were not

the result of trial strategy.’” Syed, 463 Md. at 75 (quoting Coleman v. State, 434 Md. 320,

338 (2013)). “A strategic trial decision is one that ‘is founded upon adequate investigation

and preparation.’” Id. (quoting State v. Borchardt, 396 Md. 586, 604 (2007)).

              2. The Prejudice Prong

       Even if a defendant satisfies the performance prong of Strickland’s two-prong test,

the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. The “prejudice” component is satisfied upon a showing “that

there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. “We have interpreted

reasonable probability to mean ‘there was a substantial or significant possibility that the

verdict of the trier of fact would have been affected.’” Syed, 463 Md. at 86–87 (quoting

                                             22
Bowers v. State, 320 Md. 416, 426 (1990)). Stated another way, “[t]he likelihood of a

different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 112.

       When undertaking a prejudice analysis, a reviewing court “must consider the totality

of the evidence before the judge or jury.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. “[E]ven if a court

has found that an attorney’s performance was deficient, the court does not presume the

defendant suffered prejudice as a result of the deficient performance.” Syed, 463 Md. at

87 (citing Weaver v. Massachusetts, 582 U.S. 286, 299–300 (2017) (“The prejudice

showing is in most cases a necessary part of a Strickland claim. The reason is that a

defendant has a right to effective representation, not a right to an attorney who performs

his duties ‘mistake-free.’”)).

       C.     Mr. Blake Failed to Prove Either Prong of Strickland

       Based upon our independent review of the record, we conclude that Mr. Blake has

failed to meet his heavy burden of demonstrating either the deficient performance prong or

the prejudice prong necessary to establish an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, and

therefore is not entitled to post-conviction relief on this claim.

              1. Mr. Blake’s Counsel’s Performance was Not Deficient

       Mr. Blake claims that a reasonable attorney would have moved to compel the

production of Officer Laronde’s IAD files prior to the motion to suppress in order to use

the contents of the files to attack Officer Laronde’s credibility. Mr. Blake asserts that trial

counsel knew that Officer Laronde had a “propensity for misconduct,” and counsel was

therefore on notice that the IAD files might contain exculpatory information. Mr. Blake

argues that his trial counsel did not make a strategic decision not to seek Officer Laronde’s

                                              23
files because he did not even consider moving to compel production of the information.

Trial counsel testified that he assumed the State would have informed him of additional

exculpatory information. Mr. Blake argues that the Strickland presumption that counsel

acts reasonably was rebutted by counsel’s testimony at the post-conviction hearing, and

that the post-conviction court erred in finding counsel’s performance was not deficient.

       The State argues that Mr. Blake failed to show his counsel’s performance was

deficient because it did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. The State

contends that trial counsel had heard allegations of Officer Laronde conducting

inappropriate strip searches and, nevertheless, made the strategic decision to challenge the

legality of the search as the basis for trial counsel’s motion to suppress. The State asserts

that it was reasonable for defense counsel to assume that the State would have called

Officer Critzer—the officer standing approximately six feet away—to confirm Officer

Laronde’s description of the search in the event trial counsel attempted to discredit Officer

Laronde’s testimony with impeachment evidence. The State also points out that Mr. Blake

never alleged that Officer Laronde’s statement of the facts was untruthful—only that the

search as described was illegal under the application of the Supreme Court’s Bell factors,

and this Court’s decision in Paulino v. State. Because this was a legitimate trial strategy,

the State argues that trial counsel’s performance was not deficient when he decided not to

move to compel production of Officer Laronde’s IAD files, or when he advised Mr. Blake

to proceed by way of a not guilty plea upon an agreed statement of facts after the motion

to suppress was denied.

                                             24
       Based upon our independent review of the record, we agree with the State and the

post-conviction court that Mr. Blake failed to overcome the presumption that his trial

attorney’s decision not to move to compel production of Officer Laronde’s IAD files was

reasonable trial strategy. The record in this case is clear that trial counsel’s trial strategy

was not to cast doubt on Officer Laronde’s description of the search, but to argue that the

events as described constituted an unreasonable search in violation of the Fourth

Amendment, and that the search of Mr. Blake’s person, as described by Officer Laronde,

was similar to the strip search that this Court found to be unreasonable in Paulino v. State.

       At the suppression hearing, Officer Laronde testified that he suspected that Mr.

Blake was hiding drugs under his testicles. When Officer Laronde conducted a search

incident to Mr. Blake’s arrest, Officer Laronde pulled Mr. Blake’s pants away from his

body and “look[ed] to see if [he] could see a bag protruding from beneath [Mr. Blake’s]

testicles.” When Officer Laronde could not see anything, he asked Mr. Blake to squat, at

which time a “large plastic bag fell into his underwear.”

       On cross-examination, defense counsel did not challenge Officer Laronde’s

description of the search, and Mr. Blake did not testify to an alternative version of events,

even after being advised that he could testify at the hearing and that it would not be used

against him at trial. Trial counsel made a strategic choice to challenge the legality of the

search as described rather than challenge Officer Laronde’s account of the search.17

       17
          We disagree with Mr. Blake’s characterization of his trial counsel’s testimony as
his having knowledge of Officer Laronde’s “propensity for misconduct.” Trial counsel
stated at the post-conviction hearing that, at the time of Mr. Blake’s case, he had “heard
allegations of Officer Laronde’s inappropriate strip searching of civilians on the street[.]”
                                              25
       Moreover, even if trial counsel had been successful in discrediting Officer Laronde,

the record reflects that there were two officers involved in Mr. Blake’s detention and arrest.

Officer Laronde testified that Officer Critzer was standing approximately six feet away

when he searched Mr. Blake. In other words, even if defense counsel was successful in

discrediting Officer Laronde, it was reasonable for defense counsel to consider that the

State would have called Officer Critzer to corroborate Officer Laronde’s conduct, and that

this consideration would have informed defense counsel’s strategic decision.

       We similarly determine that it was not deficient performance to advise Mr. Blake to

proceed by way of a not guilty plea on an agreed statement of facts after the motion to

suppress was denied. Trial counsel testified at the post-conviction hearing that he advised

Mr. Blake to proceed in that manner in order to preserve his right to appeal the denial of

the motion to suppress. He did not advise Mr. Blake to go to trial because he “didn’t

believe that [Mr. Blake] had a chance to win, given the ruling on the motion to suppress.”

We conclude that trial counsel’s advice and strategy under the circumstances was

reasonable.

       Based upon our independent appraisal of the record, we hold that Mr. Blake has

failed to prove that trial counsel’s failure to move to compel production of Officer

Laronde’s IAD files fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that his

performance was, therefore, deficient. It is clear from this record that trial counsel’s

strategy was to argue that what Officer Laronde described was an illegal strip search under

Consistent with what trial counsel had heard, the legality of the search was the basis for
trial counsel’s motion to suppress.
                                             26
this Court’s decision in Paulino. There is nothing in the record to suggest that Officer

Laronde’s version of events was untruthful. Mr. Blake did not testify at the suppression

hearing, and at the post-conviction hearing, he testified only that he asked counsel to file a

motion to modify his sentence. Mr. Blake has never alleged that the statement of facts

proffered by the State was not accurate. Given the State’s evidence in this case, trial

counsel’s strategic decision to focus on the legality of the search and, after losing on the

motion to suppress, to advise Mr. Blake to plead not guilty with an agreed statement of

facts offered by the State was not deficient performance.

                2. Mr. Blake Failed to Satisfy the Prejudice Prong

       Even though we have determined that Mr. Blake failed to satisfy the deficient

performance prong of Strickland, we address the prejudice prong. Mr. Blake contends that

he was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s failure to move to compel production of Officer

Laronde’s IAD files. Mr. Blake contends that the information contained in the IAD files

was admissible as impeachment evidence under Maryland Rule 5-608(b).18 Mr. Blake

contends that if his trial counsel had confronted Officer Laronde with the contents of the

IAD files, it would have been sufficient to create a reasonable probability that the factfinder

       18
            Maryland Rule 5-608(b) provides:

       The court may permit any witness to be examined regarding the witness’s
       own prior conduct that did not result in a conviction but that the court finds
       probative of a character trait of untruthfulness. Upon objection, however,
       the court may permit the inquiry only if the questioner, outside the hearing
       of the jury, establishes a reasonable factual basis for asserting that the
       conduct of the witness occurred. The conduct may not be proved by extrinsic
       evidence.
                                               27
would not accept Officer Laronde’s testimony as credible. Mr. Blake argues that the

records of these complaints would have destroyed Officer Laronde’s credibility and shown

a pattern of conducting illegal strip searches. According to Mr. Blake, attacking the

credibility of Officer Laronde as the sole witness at the suppression hearing would have

changed the outcome of the proceeding, and, therefore, Mr. Blake was prejudiced by his

counsel’s ineffective assistance.

       The State argues that, even if Mr. Blake can show that trial counsel’s performance

was deficient, Mr. Blake failed to show prejudice from counsel’s failure to move to compel

production of the IAD files. The State asserts that many of the complaints would not have

been permissible impeachment evidence under Maryland Rule 5-608(b) because they were

either unfounded, not sustained, or administratively closed due to a lack of complainant

contact. The State also points out that, at the time of Mr. Blake’s suppression hearing,

Section 3-110(b) of the Public Safety Article of the Maryland Code (“PS”) (2010)

precluded the admission of a complaint that was determined to be unfounded or

unsustained. Furthermore, according to the State, the two neglect of duty findings would

not have been permissible for use as impeachment evidence because these findings do not

speak to Officer Laronde’s truthfulness. The State points out that the civil judgment against

Officer Laronde for false imprisonment—involving the same allegations that were the

substance of one of the complaints in an IAD file—was disclosed to Mr. Blake and was

the subject of the State’s successful motion in limine that was not challenged by Mr. Blake

on appeal. Concerning the Final Report issued in connection with the January 2013 non-

fatal shooting in which Officer Laronde was a witness, the State notes that there is no

                                             28
evidence in the record that, in October 2013, the State was aware that it had in its possession

video surveillance footage that contradicted Officer Laronde’s witness statement contained

in the report.

       The State also asserts that, assuming the files contained any impeachment evidence,

it is not clear what facts trial counsel would have challenged. The State argues that Mr.

Blake’s trial counsel only disputed the legality of the search, not the facts of Officer

Laronde’s testimony. The State notes that Mr. Blake never testified at the suppression

hearing or at the post-conviction hearing that the strip search or the recovery of drugs

occurred contrary to the agreed statement of facts gleaned from Officer Laronde’s

testimony. The State contends that it is reasonable to conclude that, had Mr. Blake’s

counsel cross-examined Officer Laronde using impeachment evidence from the IAD files,

the State would have called Officer Critzer to provide testimony that supported Officer

Laronde’s testimony.      In light of these circumstances, the State argues that the

impeachment evidence would not have changed the outcome of the proceedings, and,

therefore, Mr. Blake failed to prove that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s decision not

to move to compel disclosure of the IAD files.

       For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that Mr. Blake has failed to establish

that, if his counsel had successfully moved to compel the disclosure of Officer Laronde’s

IAD files, there is a reasonable probability that the result would have been different.

       As described above, Mr. Blake cites nine IAD files and the Final Report containing

Officer Laronde’s witness statement pertaining to the 2013 shooting. Our analysis of these

complaints are as follows. First, we observe that two of the nine complaints resulted in

                                              29
findings of “not sustained” or “unfounded.” At the time of Mr. Blake’s suppression

hearing, PS § 3-110 precluded the admission of evidence of a complaint that was

determined to be unfounded or unsustained. PS § 3-110 (2010).19 Accordingly, the two

findings resulting in not sustained or unfounded would not have been admissible as

impeachment evidence.      Second, assuming that PS § 3-110 had not precluded the

admissibility of such complaints, we determine that neither the “not sustained” nor

unfounded complaints would have been admissible under Maryland Rule 5-608 because

the defense would not have been able to establish a reasonable factual basis for asserting

that the conduct alleged in the complaints occurred.

       Third, we observe that five of the nine complaints resulted in the files being

administratively closed because there was no follow-up contact by the complainants.

Although Mr. Blake is correct that the rule permits evidence of bad acts that do not result

in a criminal conviction to be used for impeachment, the proponent must offer a

“reasonable factual basis” for asserting that the conduct occurred. Md. Rule 5-608.

‘“[M]ere accusations of crime or misconduct may not be used to impeach[.]’” Fields, 432

Md. at 673 (quoting State v. Cox, 298 Md. 173, 179 (1983)). This is because “‘[a] hearsay

accusation of guilt has little logical relevance to the witness’ credibility.’” Id. at 674

(quoting Cox, 298 Md. at 181). The administratively closed IAD files, by definition,

contain no more than the complainant’s hearsay accusations. They do not contain a

       19
        The provision preventing the admission of unfounded or unsustained complaints
was repealed in 2021. See Ch. 59, 2021 Md. Laws.
                                            30
reasonable factual basis to believe that the alleged conduct occurred and, therefore, they

would not have been available for use in cross-examination.

       Fourth, with respect to the two neglect of duty findings that were sustained, these

findings do not speak to Officer Laronde’s truthfulness, and, therefore, would not likely

have been admissible as impeachment evidence. See Maryland Rule 5-608(b) (stating that

a court may allow examination of prior conduct that the court finds “probative of a

character trait of untruthfulness”); see, e.g., Pantazes v. State, 376 Md. 661, 687–88 (2003)

(evidence of a witness’s alleged participation in a robbery was properly excluded since it

would not have been probative of the witness’s character trait for untruthfulness).

       We turn next to the May 2008 complaint alleging assault and planting of evidence.

The IAD file was closed after no complainant contact. Although the IAD file was closed,

the complainant filed a lawsuit against Officer Laronde and others in the United States

District Court for the District of Maryland in February 2011. As the record reflects, the

State disclosed in discovery the civil judgment against Officer Laronde for false

imprisonment. Mr. Blake’s trial counsel had notice of the civil judgment at the time of the

suppression hearing, which arose from the same conduct described in Officer Laronde’s

IAD file on this complaint. At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the motions court

considered the State’s motion in limine to preclude trial counsel from “asking Officer

Laronde any questions” about the civil judgment entered against him for false

imprisonment. Defense counsel objected, arguing that the false imprisonment judgment

was “an issue of credibility.” The court granted the State’s motion over trial counsel’s

objection, and this issue was not raised by Mr. Blake on appeal.               Under these

                                             31
circumstances, we determine that, even assuming that Mr. Blake’s counsel was deficient

in failing to move to compel production of the IAD file for this incident, it would not have

changed the result.

       This brings us to the Department’s Final Report of the January 2013 non-fatal police

shooting, which includes a description of the agency’s interview with Officer Laronde,

who was a witness to the incident. As discussed above, in addition to the Final Report, Mr.

Blake introduced a 2016 newspaper article, which reported that the victim’s defense

attorney had obtained video surveillance of the shooting that contradicted Officer

Laronde’s statement about the incident and records reflecting that a lawsuit concerning the

shooting had settled in 2017 for $400,000. There is no evidence in the record that the State

had the surveillance video in its possession at the time of Mr. Blake’s suppression hearing

in October 2013 or that it was in possession of any other evidence in 2013 that would cause

the State to question the accuracy of Officer Laronde’s witness statement as contained in

the Final Report.

       We further determine that, if we assume that trial counsel moved to compel the

disclosure of the above-described IAD files, and we further assume that the motions court

had permitted defense counsel’s attempt to impeach Officer Laronde’s testimony using any

of the above-described complaints, Mr. Blake cannot establish, based upon this

impeachment evidence alone, that there is a reasonable probability that the result would

have been different. As previously discussed, defense counsel’s trial strategy was to

challenge the legality of the search, not to dispute Officer Laronde’s description of the

search. Mr. Blake has failed to show how impeaching Officer Laronde would have

                                            32
presented a different version of events. Even if trial counsel had successfully moved to

compel the disclosure of these records and was permitted to use them to cross-examine

Officer Laronde, there is no reason to believe that Officer Critzer would not have

corroborated Officer Laronde’s version of the events. Mr. Blake never testified at the post-

conviction hearing that the strip search or the recovery of drugs from his person happened

contrary to the agreed statement of facts or Officer Laronde’s testimony. Based upon our

independent appraisal of the record, Mr. Blake has failed to prove that he was prejudiced

by his counsel’s decision not to seek production of Officer Laronde’s IAD files.

       D.     The Brady Claim

       Finally, we briefly address whether the post-conviction court erred by ruling that

the State had not violated its Brady obligations by failing to disclose impeachment evidence

regarding Officer Laronde. “Brady v. Maryland and its progeny guarantee to a criminal

defendant who stands trial the right to receive material exculpatory and impeachment

evidence in the possession of the State.” Byrd v. State, 471 Md. 359, 372 (2020) (citing

Brady, 373 U.S. at 83; Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 (1972)). In United States

v. Ruiz, the Supreme Court held that the right to impeachment evidence under Brady is a

trial right and is accordingly waived along with the other constitutional guarantees that a

defendant forgoes when waiving the right to trial. 536 U.S. 622 (2002). In Byrd v. State,

471 Md. 359, 384–85 (2020), this Court held that the right to impeachment information

under Brady was relinquished by the defendant when he entered a guilty plea and waived

his right to trial. In this case, Mr. Blake asserts that he had a constitutional right to Brady

impeachment evidence because he did not plead guilty.            Mr. Blake argues that the

                                              33
procedural circumstances in which he pled not guilty upon an agreed statement of facts sets

this case apart from Ruiz and Byrd and argues that Brady material is required to be disclosed

prior to a suppression hearing.20

       The State argues that the disclosure of impeachment evidence is a trial right that

does not apply to other proceedings such as suppression hearings and therefore, Mr.

Blake’s Brady claim must fail.21

       To establish a Brady violation, the petitioner must establish that the undisclosed

evidence: (1) would have been favorable to the defense at trial; (2) was suppressed or

withheld; and (3) was material. Yearby v. State, 414 Md. 708, 717 (2010). With respect

       20
          To support his contention, Mr. Blake cites to cases from other jurisdictions in
which courts have held that Brady and its progeny apply to pre-trial suppression hearings.
See, e.g., Biles v. United States, 101 A.3d 1012, 1019 (D.C. 2014) (holding that Brady
applies to pre-trial suppression motions); United States v. Gamez-Orduño, 235 F.3d 453,
461 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that Brady applies to pre-trial motions to suppress where there
is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different had
the evidence been disclosed); Smith v. Black, 904 F.2d 950, 965–66 (5th Cir. 1990)
(assessing whether nondisclosure affected the outcome of the suppression hearing);
Nuckols v. Gibson, 233 F.3d 1261, 1266–67 (10th Cir. 2000) (finding that Brady
obligations apply to pre-trial hearings).
       21
           The State argues that Ruiz and Byrd clearly establish that impeachment evidence
is a trial right. Because Mr. Blake did not have a trial, the State argues that he was not
entitled to disclosure of the IAD records. The State asserts that, aside from Biles, the cases
relied upon by Mr. Blake that are described in note 20 were decided prior to the Supreme
Court’s decision in Ruiz. Additionally, the State argues that Biles is not analogous or
persuasive because that case involved evidence related to the defendant’s search and arrest,
unlike the impeachment evidence at issue here. The State also points out that other
jurisdictions have expressed doubt over the applicability of Brady to pre-trial suppression
hearings post-Ruiz. See United States v. Harmon, 871 F. Supp. 2d 1125, 1151 (D. N.M.
2012); Martin v. United States, No. 2:18-CR-00124-JDL, 2021 WL 4846877, at *4 n.3 (D.
Me. Oct 18, 2021); Carrero v. Metzger, No. CV 15-600-LPS, 2018 WL 4567124, at *9 (D.
Del. Sept. 24, 2018).
                                             34
to the materiality component necessary to establish a Brady violation, the defendant must

establish that there was “a reasonable probability” that disclosure of the suppressed

evidence would have led to a different result. Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995).

As we noted in Yearby, the Supreme Court has explained that the “reasonable probability”

standard for proving prejudice under Strickland and materiality under Brady are the same.

414 Md. at 718 & n.6 (comparing the materiality standard described in Kyles, 514 U.S. at

434, with the prejudice standard described in Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

       We affirm the post-conviction court’s ruling denying Mr. Blake’s post-conviction

relief pertaining to his Brady violation claim, but for different reasons. It is “this Court’s

well-established policy to decide constitutional issues only when necessary[.]” Robinson

v. State, 404 Md. 208, 217 (2008) (citing Burch v. United Cable Television of Balt. Ltd.

P’ship, 391 Md. 687, 695 (2006); McCarter v. State, 363 Md. 705, 712 (2001)). “Even if

a constitutional issue is properly raised and decided at the trial level, this Court will not

reach the constitutional issue if it is unnecessary to do so.” Id. (citing Burch, 391 Md. at

695). In keeping with this practice, we determine that it is unnecessary to decide in this

case whether the State’s duty to disclose Brady impeachment evidence applies to pre-trial

proceedings like the suppression hearing here.

       For purposes of the instant case, and given that we apply the same analysis for

evaluating the prejudice prong under Strickland and the materiality standard under Brady,

we assume, without deciding, that the State’s duty to provide impeachment evidence

applies at a suppression hearing. We determine that Mr. Blake failed to satisfy the

materiality standard to establish a Brady violation for the same reason that he failed to

                                             35
satisfy the prejudice prong under Strickland as described in part III.B.2. of this opinion.

We conclude there was no reasonable possibility that the results of the proceeding would

have been different had trial counsel had access to the IAD files. The admissibility of

suppressed evidence bears on materiality, and given the totality of the circumstances, the

evidence of misconduct allegations against Officer Laronde did not create a reasonable

probability that the suppression motion would have been granted.

                                            IV

                                       Conclusion

       We hold that Mr. Blake failed to prove that his trial counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by failing to move to compel the disclosure of Officer Laronde’s IAD files. We

determine that Mr. Blake failed to meet his burden of demonstrating that his trial counsel’s

failure to move to compel production of Officer Laronde’s IAD files fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness and that his performance was therefore deficient. Even if Mr.

Blake had established that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient, he failed to

demonstrate that the failure to move to compel the disclosure of the files prejudiced him.

In other words, assuming trial counsel erred in failing to move to compel the disclosure of

the IAD files, Mr. Blake failed to show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s professional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.

       Given that the same legal standard applies to the prejudice prong when analyzing

an ineffective assistance claim under Strickland and the materiality standard necessary to

establish a Brady violation, we assume, without deciding, that the State was required to

disclose impeachment evidence prior to the suppression hearing, and we determine that

                                            36
Mr. Blake failed to establish the Brady materiality standard for the same reasons that he

failed to establish prejudice under Strickland. We affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                                          CERTIFIED QUESTIONS ANSWERED;
                                          JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                          FOR BALTIMORE CITY IS AFFIRMED.
                                          COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

                                            37