Court Opinion

ID: 9538378
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 07:35:52.89191+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:57:49.924780
License: Public Domain

LOHR, Justice.
We granted' certiorari to review a decision of the court of appeals1 which reversed a judgment of the district court that J. H. Page, Jr. (Page, Jr.), is the owner of a two percent overriding royalty interest in a federal oil and gas lease. We reverse the decision of the court of appeals.
The material facts are not in dispute. In 1951 the United States, as lessor, entered into an oil and gas lease with Marie Maro-ney, as lessee, covering certain real property in Rio Blanco County, Colorado.
In 1955 Phillips Petroleum Company (Phillips) acquired all of the lessee’s interest in the lease. In February and March 1960 Phillips transferred2 to Page, Jr., an undivided one-half interest in the working and operating rights as to certain horizons and substances3 under a portion of the leased lands. In April 1960 Page, Jr., assigned the interest acquired from Phillips to J. H. Page, Sr. (Page, Sr.), reserving a two percent overriding royalty interest. It is this reserved interest which is the subject of this case.
In May 1960 Page, Sr., assigned an undivided one-fourth of his interest to H. K. Beardmore, Jr. (Beardmore), expressly subject to Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest.
In July 1966 Phillips assigned its other undivided one-half interest in the lease to Shawnee Oil Development Co., Inc. (Shawnee). In August 1966 Page, Sr., and Beardmore assigned their undivided one-half interest in the lease to Shawnee, subject to *1191“any and all outstanding overriding royalties or other burdens on production, which shall be assumed by Shawnee”; that assignment does not refer specifically to Page, Jr.’s two percent overriding royalty.
Thereafter, Shawnee assigned the lease to Fees-Krey, Inc. (Fees). Although other transfers were made, they do not enter into the dispute between the parties and are not referred to in this opinion.4
Except for the lease from the United States to Marie Maroney, none of the material documents were recorded in the office of the County Clerk and Recorder of Rio Blanco County, Colorado (county records). However, all of those documents were filed in the office of the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, in Denver, Colorado (BLM records).
In 1972 Page, Jr., learned of production under the lease and demanded payment based upon his two percent overriding royalty. Fees refused to recognize Page, Jr.’s claim, and instead filed a quiet title action against Page, Jr., seeking a decree quieting title in Fees free from Page, Jr.’s two percent overriding royalty. Page, Jr., counterclaimed, seeking to quiet title in himself to the two percent overriding royalty.
The trial court found that neither Shawnee nor Fees had actual or constructive notice of Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty at the time each acquired its respective interest, and that Page, Jr., had not abandoned the overriding royalty but had demanded payment soon after learning of production. The trial court concluded that the Colorado recording act, section 38-35-109, C.R.S. 1973,5 is a “race-notice” statute. The court reasoned that, as Fees had not recorded its assignment in the county records before receiving notice of Page, Jr.’s claim, Fees took its interest subject to Page, Jr.’s two percent overriding royalty interest. Fees appealed.
The court of appeals concluded that the Colorado recording act is a “pure notice” statute and that, therefore, Fees, having purchased without actual notice of Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty, should prevail. The court of appeals also rejected Page, Jr.’s argument that the filing of the material documents in the BLM records gave constructive notice to Fees of the overriding royalty.
Four principal questions are presented for our consideration in reviewing the decision of the court of appeals:
1. Is Fees charged with notice of, and bound by, the reservation of the two percent overriding royalty in an instrument in its chain of title even though that instrument was not recorded in the county records?
2. Did Fees acquire the lease free from the burden of the overriding royalty of Page, Jr., by operation of the Colorado recording act?
3. Is Fees charged with notice of, and bound by, the documents filed in the records of the Bureau of Land Management?
4. Was the two percent overriding royalty interest extinguished by merger when Shawnee acquired all other interests in the lease?
The first three questions are interrelated.
The parties also have vigorously disputed whether the Colorado recording act is a “race-notice” or a “pure notice” statute. Although our resolution of the other issues makes it unnecessary to reach that question, we conclude that the dissenting opinion correctly analyzes and answers it.
I.
The law is well settled that, unless otherwise provided by statute, a purchaser is bound by recitals in conveyances or other instruments of transfer in his chain of title. See 8 C. Thompson, Commentaries on the Law of Real Property § 4310 (1963 Repl. Vol.) [hereinafter cited as Thompson ]; 2 R. Patton & C. Patton, Patton on Land Titles § 604 (1957) [hereinafter cited as Patton ]. This rule applies even when the instrument *1192containing the recitals is not recorded. Carter v. Thompson, 167 Ark. 272, 267 S.W. 790 (1925); Green v. Maddox, 97 Ark. 397, 134 S.W. 931 (1911); Baker v. Mather, 25 Mich. 51, 53 (1872); Stees v. Kranz, 32 Minn. 313, 20 N.W. 241 (1884); Runge v. Gilbrough, Tex.Civ.App., 87 S.W. 832 (1905); see Elk Horn Bank & Trust Co. v. Spraggins, 182 Ark. 27, 30 S.W.2d 858 (1930); Bailey v. Southern Ry. Co., 112 Ky. 424, 60 S.W. 631 (1901); Savings, Building & Loan Association v. McClain, 18 Tenn.App. 292, 76 S.W.2d 650 (1934); Steed v. Crossland, 252 S.W.2d 784 (Tex.Civ.App.1952); 2 J. Pomeroy, A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence §§ 626, 628 (1941); 8 Thompson § 4310; 5 H. Tiffany, The Law of Real Property § 1293 (1939); 77 Am.Jur.2d, Vendor and Purchaser § 667, 92 C.J.S., Vendor and Purchaser § 331; contra, Ebling Brewing Co. v. Gennaro, 189 App.Div. 782, 179 N.Y.S. 384 (1919).
In Green v. Maddox, supra, the rule is stated as follows:
“As is said in the case of Stees v. Kranz, 32 Minn. 313 [, 20 N.W. 241]: ‘No rule is better settled than this, that one is bound by whatever, affecting his title, is contained in any instrument through which he must trace title, even though it be not recorded, and he have no actual notice of its provisions.’ Every purchaser who holds under a conveyance through which he must trace his title is bound by whatever is contained in it. It is his imperative duty to obtain and examine all the instruments which constitute essential links in his chain of title, and he is conclusively presumed to know all the recitals and matters contained therein affecting the title or the estate, whether they are recorded or not. 2 Devlin on Deeds, § 1001; 2 Pomeroy, Eq.Jur., § 626; Blake v. Tucker, 12 Vt. 39; Robbins v. McMillan, 26 Miss. 434.”
97 Ark. at 403, 134 S.W. at 933.
The rule has been narrowed in Colorado by a curative statute. The statute provides that, where a recorded instrument affecting title eto real property contains a recital referring to an unrecorded instrument purportedly affecting that title, that reference does not bind anyone other than the parties to the recorded instrument and does not place any other persons on inquiry. Section 38-35-108, C.R.S.1973.6 See Rocky Mountain Fuel Co. v. Clayton Coal Co., 110 Colo. 334, 134 P.2d 1062 (1943). The general rule, and not the statutory exception, applies in the present case for two reasons. First, the assignment in which the overriding royalty interest was reserved was not recorded, so the curative statute is not applicable by its own terms. Even more importantly, the language in the transfer by Page, Jr., to Page, Sr., Fees’ remote trans-feror, is more than a mere recital referring to some other instrument by which Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest was created; it is the operative language by which the overriding royalty interest was created by reservation. Fees is bound by that reservation. See 8 Thompson § 4310 and other authorities cited above.
II.
This result is not inconsistent with the policies underlying the recording acts. At common law, as between two legal interests such as the working interest of Fees and the overriding royalty interest of Page, Jr., the first in time was first in right. A grantor could transfer no more than he owned. See 8 Thompson § 4290; Aigler, The Operation of the Recording Acts, 22 Mich.L.Rev. 405 (1924). Recording acts *1193have been enacted in response to a need to provide protection for purchasers of real property against the risk of prior secret conveyances by the seller. See 8 Thompson § 4290; Storke & Sears, The Perennial Problem of Security Priority and Recordation, 24 Rocky Mtn.L.Rev. 180, 188 (1952). Very generally, they permit a purchaser to rely on the condition of title as it appears of record. See 8 Thompson § 4291. They also promote creation of an accessible history of title.7
In the present case there was no apparent record chain of title in Shawnee, Fees’ immediate assignor. The only relevant instrument of record in Rio Blanco County was the lease from the United States to Marie Maroney. Not even the assignments to Shawnee, the immediate assignor of Fees, were of record. Fees could not have relied on the condition of record title in acquiring its interest.8 The policy that a purchaser should be able to rely on the condition of title as it appears of record is not violated by holding Fees’ interest to be subject to the overriding royalty interest of Page, Jr.
The policy of encouraging prompt recor-dation was violated by both Page, Jr., and Page, Sr., Fees’ remote assignor, so that factor does not aid Fees in resolution of the present dispute.9
Most of those authorities cited in Part I above which state the principle that a purchaser is bound by recitals in unrecorded conveyances in his chain of title do so in a context which assumes existence of a recording act. See 2 J. Pomeroy, A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence §§ 626, 628 (1941); 8 Thompson § 4310; 5 H. Tiffany, The Law of Real Property, § 1293 (1939).
III.
No different result is required by the language of the Colorado recording act. Section 38-35-109, C.R.S.1973, states:
“All deeds, powers of attorney, agreements, or other instruments in writing conveying, encumbering, or affecting the title to real property, . . . may be recorded in the office of the county clerk and recorder of the county where such real property is situated and no such instrument or document shall be valid as against any class of persons with any *1194kind of rights, except between the parties thereto and such as have notice thereof, until the same is deposited with such county clerk and recorder.... ”
Fees must assert that the instrument reserving the overriding royalty interest to Page, Jr., is valid, for it is an essential link in Fees’ chain of title. An overriding royalty carved out of the working interest in an oil and gas lease is an interest in real property. Hagood v. Heckers, 182 Colo. 337, 513 P.2d 208 (1973); Globe Drilling Co. v. Cramer, 39 Colo.App. 153, 562 P.2d 762 (1977). Thus, the recording act applies to an instrument creating such an interest. The recording act speaks to the validity or invalidity of an “instrument” or “document.” Nothing in the language supports a contention that Fees may rely on the favorable portions of the assignment by Page, Jr., but reject as invalid the unfavorable portions on the basis that the instrument was not recorded. Ordinarily, a grantee cannot claim under an instrument without confirming it. See Cowell v. Springs Co., 100 U.S. 55, 25 L.Ed. 547 (1879); City National Bank v. City of Bridgeport, 109 Conn. 529, 147 A. 181 (1929); Ambarann Corp. v. Old Ben Coal Corp., 395 Ill. 154, 69 N.E.2d 835 (1946); Newcomb v. Chapman, 344 P.2d 1058 (Okl.1959).
Failure to record does not affect the validity of a conveyance as between the parties “and such as have notice thereof.” Section 38-35-109, C.R.S.1973. The longstanding rule that a party is bound by recitals in instruments of transfer in his chain of title 10 suggests that the Colorado recording act be construed to include Fees as a party having notice of the reservation of Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest. We so construe that act. Thus, Fees is excluded from protection against that overriding royalty by the express language of the recording act.
IV.
Another dimension is added to the present case by the fact that interests in a federal oil and gas lease are the subjects of all the transfers. Independent records of transfers of interests in federal oil and gas leases are maintained in the offices of the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. See generally 2 Law of Federal Oil and Gas Leases § 24.2 (Rocky Mtn.Min.L.Foundation 1979); Files, Recording of Instruments Affecting Oil and Gas Interests in Federal Lands, 3 Rocky Mtn.Min.L.Inst. 553 (1957). From the county records Fees had no information to determine whether its assignor, Shawnee, had any interest in the lease. The BLM records provided a ready source of possible information with respect to title history and status of the lease. See id. Under the facts of this case it is only reasonable to hold Fees to a duty of inquiry as to the matters reflected in those records and to hold it to be on notice of all matters which such inquiry would have disclosed. See Jaramillo v. McLoy, 263 F.Supp. 870 (D.Colo.1967); Foster v. Cramer, 19 Colo. 405, 35 P. 747 (1894); see generally Winkler v. Andrus, 614 F.2d 707 (10th Cir. 1980). In this case the complete chain of title, including the reservation of Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest, appeared in the BLM records.11 Thus, Fees was on inquiry notice of Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest when Fees acquired the working interest.12 Un*1195der these circumstances, even if Fees would not otherwise be held to be on notice of instruments of transfer in his chain of title, Fees would be considered to have inquiry notice of Page, Jr.’s interest and would not be protected by the recording act.
V.
Fees contends that, even if its arguments based on the recording act are not accepted, Page, Jr., cannot prevail because the overriding royalty interest was extinguished by merger. Fees argues that the transfer from Phillips to Page, Jr., was a sublease, not an assignment; 13 that Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest was reserved out of the sublease; and that, when the sublessee’s interest and the sublessor’s interest became united in Shawnee by mesne conveyances, the interests merged, thus extinguishing the sublease and, with it, Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest.
Generally, the life of an overriding royalty interest is limited by the duration of the lease or other interest from which it was created. See 2 Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas Law § 418.2 (1977); 6 Oil and Gas Reporter 368 (1956). Extinguishment of an overriding royalty interest on termination of the sublease from which it was created has been recognized upon expiration of the sublease by its own terms, Wier v. Glassell, 216 La. 828, 44 So.2d 882 (1950), and by surrender of a sublease on inability of the sublessee to satisfy the drilling obligation imposed in the sublease. La Laguna Ranch Co. v. Dodge, 18 Cal.2d 132, 114 P.2d 351 (1941).
In this case Shawnee acquired the interests of both the sublessor and the sub-lessee. That portion of the sublessee’s interest previously held by Page, Sr., was acquired by Shawnee by an assignment which was expressly made subject to all outstanding overriding royalties, “which shall be assumed by Shawnee.” Neither Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest nor any other was specifically described. The intent is clear that all outstanding overriding royalties14 were to remain in effect and were to be assumed by Shawnee. Application of the doctrine of merger to defeat an ■ overriding royalty interest contrary to the intent of the holders of the interests of the sublessor and sublessee as expressed in the document by which both such interests came together in one owner would be inequitable; neither policy nor precedent requires such a result.15 The overriding roy*1196alty interest of Page, Jr., was not extinguished by merger.
The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and this case is remanded to the court of appeals for reinstatement of the judgment of the trial court.
HODGES, C. J., and LEE and ROVIRA, JJ., dissent.
*1197APPENDIX A

. Fees-Krey, Inc. v. Page, Colo.App., 591 P.2d 1339 (1978).

. As will be discussed in Part V, there is a question whether this transfer was a sublease or an assignment.

.The transfer covered working and operating rights under the lease insofar as it pertains to all oil, gas, and casinghead gas from the surface of the ground down to the base of the Emery Sands underlying designated leased lands.

. A simplified diagram of the relevant transfers is attached as Appendix A.

. Currently codified as section 38-35-109(1), C.R.S.1973 (1979 Supp.).

. The curative statute provides:
“38-35-108. Reference to some other instrument affects only the parties thereto. When a deed or any other instrument in writing affecting title to real property has been recorded and such deed or other instrument contains a recitation of or reference to some other instrument purporting to affect title to said real property, such recitation or reference shall bind only the parties to the instrument and shall not be notice to any other person whatsoever unless the instrument mentioned or referred to in the recital is of record in the county where the real property is situated. Unless the same is so recorded, no person other than the parties to the instrument shall be required to make any inquiry or investigation concerning such recitation or reference.”

. Patton summarizes the purposes of the recording acts as follows:
“Their [recording acts’] object has been variously stated as being the original one of securing a prompt recordation of all conveyances by according priority of right to the purchaser who is first to record his conveyance, the equitable one of protecting subsequent purchasers against secret and unknown conveyances and agreements by reason of which they would otherwise be prejudiced, and the constructive one of preserving an accessible history of each title, so that anyone needing the information may reliably ascertain in whom the title is vested and the encumbrances against it.”
1 Patton § 6 at p. 15. Recording acts are of three basic types, reflecting different emphasis among the purposes which Patton describes: Race (giving priority to the first transferee to record), notice (giving priority to the transferee who acquires an interest without notice of a prior transfer), and race-notice (giving priority to the transferee who acquires an interest without notice of a prior transfer only if that subsequent transferee is first to record). See 1 Patton § 7.

. Even if the transfer by which Page, Jr., reserved the overriding royalty interest had been recorded in the county records, a traditional title search would not have disclosed it. Real estate records in Colorado are indexed by grantor and grantee, pursuant to statute. Section 30-10-411, C.R.S.1973 (now in 1977 Repl. Vol. 12). Fees would start its search for prior transfers by searching the grantee index under the name of Shawnee in an effort to find the transfer by which Shawnee acquired its interest. That transfer was not recorded, so Fees would have had no means of searching further up the chain for earlier transfers. See Storke & Sears, The Perennial Problem of Security Priority and Recordation, 24 Rocky Mtn.L.Rev. 180 (1952). But see Treat v. McDonough, 148 Colo. 603, 367 P.2d 587 (1961). (If a county clerk and recorder maintains a tract index for his own purposes, it is a public record. Tract indices index documents by the parcel of land affected.) There was no evidence that a tract index was maintained in Rio Blanco County.

.Fees’ remote assignor, Page, Sr., would have obtained possession of the instrument by which the overriding royalty was reserved to Page, Jr. The delinquency in failure to record would seem to be attributable more to Page, Sr., than to Page, Jr.

. As noted earlier, a curative statute, not applicable here, limits the circumstances in which such recitals are effective to give notice. See n. 6, supra.

. The assignment by which Shawnee, Fees’ immediate assignor, acquired title contained a general reference to “outstanding overriding royalties” and stated that Shawnee agreed to assume them. Inquiry of Shawnee should have disclosed the terms of the instrument by which it acquired its interest. Knowledge of those terms would have suggested an inquiry as to the existence of outstanding overriding royalty interests.

. Bolack v. Underwood, 340 F.2d 816 (10th Cir. 1965), and Dame v. Mileski, 80 Wyo. 156, 340 P.2d 205 (1959), are not to the contrary. In Dame v. Mileski the county records disclosed apparent title to an overriding royalty interest in an oil and gas lease to be in McDonald. Conflicting assignments of that overriding royalty interest by McDonald to Dame and by McDonald to Anderson appeared in the BLM records. Mileski took yet another assignment *1195of that overriding royalty interest from McDonald. Mileski was held not to be on constructive notice of the assignments to Dame and Anderson appearing in the BLM records. Thus Mileski validly could rely on the apparent title in McDonald as reflected by the county records. Bolack v. Underwood, supra, is to like effect. In the instant case, inquiry is required because the county records yield no indication that Shawnee had any interest in the lease, i. e., no reasonable reliance could be founded upon the status of title as it appeared in the county records.

.The document by which Page, Jr., acquired his interest reserved substantial rights and controls to Phillips, the transferor. This is indicative of a sublease rather than an assignment. See Gordon Investment Co. v. Jones, 123 Colo. 253, 227 P.2d 336 (1951) (not involving an oil and gas lease); 2 Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas Law § 412 (1977). But see 2 Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas Law § 414 (1977), for a strongly expressed view that the sublease-assignment distinction should not be imported into oil and gas law. The trial court concluded that the transfer document was a sublease. For the purpose of this discussion, the transfer from Phillips to Page, Jr., will be assumed to be a sublease, the only characterization which would support Fees’ argument that Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest was extinguished by merger. It is not necessary to resolve whether the sublease-assignment distinction' should be adopted in Colorado, for, as will be shown, Fees cannot prevail even under the characterization most favorable to it.

. The language of assumption is not limited to identified overriding royalty interests or even to those of which Shawnee was aware. The trial court found that Shawnee did not have actual knowledge of Page, Jr.’s overriding royalty interest when it acquired that portion of the working interests from which such overriding royalty interest had been reserved.

. Shawnee and its successors cannot claim the benefits of the assignment while rejecting its burdens. See Newcomb v. Chapman, supra (stating this principle in dictum); cf. 2 Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas Law § 428 (1977) (use of contractual provisions between owner of work*1196ing interest and owner of overriding royalty interest to protect the overriding royalty interest against extinguishment caused by termination of the lease). With respect to questions concerning termination of overriding royalty interests by merger of the lessor’s interest and the working interest from which the overriding royalty was carved, see generally Warren, Transfer of the Oil and Gas Lessee’s Interest, 34 Tex.L.Rev. 386, 412 (1956), 30 Cal.L.Rev. 200 (1942) (case note on La Laguna Ranch Co. Dodge, supra).