Court Opinion

ID: 3183197
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-07 21:02:52.096568+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:21:55.484133
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ________________

                                       No. 15-1374

                        MOHAMED RAMEEZ RAFEELDEEN,

                                                        Petitioner

                                             v.

         ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                        Respondent
                                   ________________

                        On Petition for Review of a Final Order
                         of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                    Immigration Judge: Honorable Michael W. Straus
                                  (No. A087-435-770)
                                  ________________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  November 16, 2015

            Before: AMBRO, HARDIMAN, and SLOVITER, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: March 7, 2016)

                                        OPINION*

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
AMBRO, Circuit Judge

       Mohamed Rafeeldeen petitions for review of a final order of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) approving his removal from the United States. We grant

Rafeeldeen’s petition in part and remand the case to the BIA.1

I. Background

       Because the decisions of the Immigration Judge and the BIA are silent on the issue

of credibility, “we accept [Rafeeldeen’s] recitation of the facts as given in his affidavits

and testimony.” Lukwago v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157, 164 (3d Cir. 2003). Rafeeldeen, a

Tamil-speaking Muslim, was repeatedly detained and beaten by Sri Lankan officials

based on his supposed affiliation with a spy for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(“LTTE”). Rafeeldeen’s troubles began in 2002, when he was giving a tour to a group

that included a Tamil man named Jeevakumar (spelled in parts of the record as Jeeva

Kumar). Sri Lankan officials detained the whole group, but they released Rafeeldeen

soon afterward. However, authorities shortly thereafter requested that he report to a

police station, where they interrogated him about his supposed connection to Jeevakumar

(about whom Rafeeldeen said he had no knowledge). Sri Lankan officials apparently

believed that Jeevakumar, no longer in custody, was a spy for the LTTE, against whom

the government was waging a lengthy civil war. They kicked Rafeeldeen, took off his

clothes, taped his mouth, and hit him with belts until he fainted. His father secured his

1
  Because the Immigration Judge and the BIA both provided reasoned decisions, we
review both of them. Hashmi v. Attorney Gen., 531 F.3d 256, 259 (3d Cir. 2008). Our
review is to determine whether substantial evidence supports their outcome. Dia v.
Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 247 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc).

                                              2
release, but Rafeeldeen was told to report for questioning every week until Jeevakumar

was apprehended. Rafeeldeen fled to Dubai, where he remained (with the exception of a

one-month trip to Sri Lanka) until 2007.

       Upon Rafeeldeen’s return to Sri Lanka in 2007, Sri Lankan officials arrested him

and questioned him again about Jeevakumar. They broke his finger while interrogating

him, causing him again to faint, and only released him on the condition that he report

weekly for questioning. Shortly afterward, he left for the United States on a temporary

visa, which he overstayed (giving rise to these proceedings). After he left, Sri Lankan

officials twice came looking for Rafeeldeen and, when they could not find him, beat his

father. They said they would kill Rafeeldeen if they located him.

II. Past Persecution Based on an Imputed Political Opinion

       Rafeeldeen argues that his past treatment by Sri Lankan officials constituted

persecution based on an imputed political opinion. He bears the burden on this claim.

(Kulvier) Singh v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 191, 195 (3d Cir. 2005). However, he need not

prove that the persecution “occurred solely on account” of such an imputation. Id. at 197

(emphasis in original). Rather, under the REAL ID Act, Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B, 119

Stat. 231, 302 (2005), showing that an imputation was “at least one central reason” will

suffice. Ndayshimiye v. Attorney Gen., 557 F.3d 124, 127 (3d Cir. 2009) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Under this test, the imputation cannot be “incidental,

tangential, or superficial” as a motive. Id. at 130 (internal quotation marks omitted). At

the same time, however, a “persecutor may have more than one central motivation for his

                                             3
or her actions; whether one of those central reasons is more or less important than another

is irrelevant.” Id. at 129.

       The Government argues that the motive for Rafeeldeen’s treatment was a

legitimate law enforcement activity (the search for a spy) rather than an imputed political

opinion. But the two are not mutually exclusive, and Rafeeldeen does not need to

establish that the latter predominated over the former. He merely must show that an

imputed political opinion was at least a principal reason for his treatment. And he has

done so. Specifically, he testified that Sri Lankan authorities called him a “Tiger

supporter.” Certified Administrative Record (“CAR”) 103. He also said they labeled him

a “traitor” and “curse[d]” him because he is a Tamil-speaking Muslim who “helped the

LTTE.” Id. at 106, 108. Asked if authorities suspected him of “being part of the LTTE,

even a spy,” he answered “yes.” Id. at 119. Rafeeldeen testified that these beliefs were

inaccurate and that he has never been associated with the LTTE. Id. at 118.

       In (Kulvier) Singh, the police also had a legitimate law enforcement motivation,

which was the search for illegal weapons. But we held that the statements of certain

officers demonstrated that the persecution was “motivated in significant part by the

police’s desire to punish [the applicant] and his father for the father’s political activities

regardless of any legitimate law enforcement purpose the police may have had in

investigating [the applicant’s] father for harboring illegal weapons.” 406 F.3d at 198. On

the record before us, the same motivation appears here.

       In addition to the statements authorities made to Rafeeldeen, his re-detention in

2007 is also relevant. Parts of his 2002 detention can be chalked up to legitimate law

                                               4
enforcement motives. He had just encountered an alleged spy, and the government’s

questioning of him based on that might not, by itself, be a basis for finding an imputation

of a political opinion. But the government re-detained Rafeeldeen in 2007, beat him,

never charged him with a crime, and only released him on the condition that he report

weekly for questioning. And after he left for the United States, authorities continued to

look for him and in their efforts beat his father. This shows that the government did not

accept Rafeeldeen’s explanation in 2002 that he was just a tour guide in the wrong place

at the wrong time. (If there were evidence that Rafeeldeen was actually involved with the

LTTE, this would be a different case.)

       Our conclusion is consistent with how other courts and the BIA have treated

similar facts involving the LTTE. See, e.g., Ratnam v. INS, 154 F.3d 990, 992, 996 (9th

Cir. 1998) (applicant arrested while performing forced mission for the LTTE established

persecution based on an imputed political opinion where Sri Lankan officials beat and

interrogated him under the “mistaken belief that he was a member of the [LTTE]”); In re

S-P-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 486, 495–96 (BIA 1996) (same for applicant found at LTTE base

camp where he had been forced to work).2

       The most analogous case, however, arose outside the LTTE context. In

(Kamalpal) Singh v. Holder, 764 F.3d 1153 (9th Cir. 2014), the authorities believed that

the applicant (Singh) had employed a domestic servant (Khan) who was a Kashmiri

2
  Although (Kulvier) Singh, Ratnam, and In re S-P- came out prior to the current
requirement, stemming from the REAL ID Act, that a protected ground be at “at least one
central reason” for persecution, we have no reason to believe that their outcomes would
be different under the current standard.
                                             5
terrorist. Based solely on Singh’s connection to the servant, authorities arrested him, beat

him, and labeled him a “‘traitor’”—the same descriptor applied to Rafeeldeen—“who

was ‘working against the government.’” Id. at 1157. Like Rafeeldeen, Singh testified that

he was not associated with terrorists and that he did not have any information about the

suspected terrorist. Id. at 1160. As with Rafeeldeen, there were no adverse credibility

findings. Id. at 1161. The Ninth Circuit, applying the REAL ID Act’s centrality test,

concluded that the denial of asylum on the basis of an imputed political opinion was not

supported by substantial evidence. In particular, the Court reasoned that, “[t]aking

Singh’s testimony as true, as we must, Singh was falsely accused of being a terrorist and

holding antigovernment views because of his association with Khan.” Id. at 1160. See

also id. (noting that Congress, in enacting the REAL ID Act, “explicitly reiterated that an

applicant sufficiently shows a nexus to a protected ground when he provides evidence

that law enforcement mistakenly believes him to be a terrorist.”).

       In (Kamalpal) Singh, as in our case, the authorities’ questioning was single-

mindedly focused on eliciting information about a supposed terrorist. The dissent there,

like the dissent here, seized on this and argued that the questioning, while abusive, was

merely “taking [the authorities’ view] to its logical extension—that [the applicant] would

have useful information about that terrorist.” Id. at 1167 (George, J., dissenting in part

and concurring in part). The majority rejected this argument. Id. at 1162 n.7 (“To the

extent that the dissent makes the extraordinary claim that the police could not have

imputed a political opinion to Singh because they interrogated him for information about

Khan, such a claim is flatly at odds with our precedent.”).

                                              6
       We agree with the Ninth Circuit’s analysis in (Kamalpal) Singh. Contrary to our

dissenting colleague’s view, it is not what the Sri Lankan authorities asked Rafeeldeen

about (Jeevakumar), but why they were asking the questions (because they mistakenly

believed Rafeeldeen was an LTTE supporter) that determines our outcome. As evidenced

by statements made to Rafeeldeen during questioning and by the very fact of his re-

detention in 2007, Sri Lankan authorities did not accept as true that which we, as a result

of the lack of adverse credibility findings, must: that Rafeeldeen had no connection to the

LTTE. The authorities’ contrary belief, even if formed in the context of a law

enforcement investigation, is the basis for an imputation. Although our dissenting

colleague is correct that our review is deferential, we conclude—as we did in (Kulvier)

Singh and the Ninth Circuit did in (Kamalpal) Singh—that substantial evidence does not

support the determination that Rafeeldeen failed to establish this imputation.

III. The Government Has Not Carried Its Burden

       Because Rafeeldeen has met his burden to show past persecution based on an

imputed political opinion, he has triggered a “rebuttable presumption” of eligibility for

asylum based on a well-founded fear of future persecution. (Kulvier) Singh, 406 F.3d at

195–96 (internal quotation marks omitted). It is the Government’s burden to rebut the

presumption by a preponderance of the evidence. Toure v. Attorney Gen., 443 F.3d 310,

317 (3d Cir. 2006).

       The Government tried to meet its burden in three ways. First, it relied heavily on

the fact that the civil war in Sri Lanka ended with the defeat of the LTTE in 2009.

However, as a State Department report in the administrative record demonstrates,

                                             7
conditions are still dangerous despite the end of that war. See CAR 132 (noting that

among the “major human rights problems” in Sri Lanka are attacks against persons

viewed as LTTE “sympathizers” and that there is “widespread impunity” for “police

torture”). The end of the civil war might be enough if the burden were on Rafeeldeen. But

it is not enough for the Government to carry its burden.

       Next, the Government notes that Sri Lankan officials have not looked for

Rafeeldeen since 2007 and argues that this is an indication that they are no longer

interested in him. This ignores Rafeeldeen’s allegation that government officials re-

detained him in 2007 when he returned from Dubai. That is five years after officials

initially detained him in 2002. There is no indication that government officials were

persistently looking for him while he was in Dubai, but his return to Sri Lanka, even after

several years, reignited their interest. It is plausible that the same thing could happen

again. Finally, our Government notes that we do not know what happened to Jeevakumar

or whether the authorities are still looking for him. In light of Rafeeldeen’s claim that he

knows nothing about Jeevakumar, it would be incongruous to require Rafeeldeen to

produce that evidence when the burden is on the Government.

                                *      *      *      *       *

       In this context, we grant Rafeeldeen’s petition in part and remand the case to the

BIA for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. See Fei Mei Cheng v. Attorney

Gen., 623 F.3d 175, 197 (3d Cir. 2010) (noting that remand rather than reversal is

                                              8
appropriate because the “ultimate decision concerning . . . eligibility for asylum is the

agency’s, not ours, to make”).3

3
  Rafeeldeen also requests 1) asylum on the theory of persecution for membership in a
social group; 2) withholding of removal; and 3) relief under the Convention Against
Torture (“CAT”). We have reviewed these claims and determined that they are
unpersuasive. First, Rafeeldeen claims that his encounter with Jeevakumar created a
social group consisting of the two of them. This fails under our case law, which typically
requires that a social group be comprised of people who possess “immutable
characteristics” or those who “possess a characteristic that is capable of being changed
but is of such fundamental importance that individuals should not be required to modify
it, e.g., religion.” Escobar v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 363, 367 (3d Cir. 2005). Second,
Rafeeldeen does not qualify for withholding of removal because he has not demonstrated
a “clear probability” that he will face persecution if returned to Sri Lanka. INS v. Stevic,
467 U.S. 407, 430 (1984) (internal quotation marks omitted). Third, Rafeeldeen is
ineligible for CAT relief because he has failed to carry his burden to show that it is “more
likely than not” he would be tortured if returned to Sri Lanka. Kamara v. Attorney Gen.,
420 F.3d 202, 212 (3d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, we reject
Rafeeldeen’s contention that the Immigration Judge was not a neutral arbiter, as the
record does not support the claim. As a result, we deny the petition for review with
respect to all claims other than the one for asylum based on an imputed political opinion.

                                              9
Mohamed Rameez Rafeeldeen v. Attorney General of the United States of America
No. 15-1374

HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       In his petition for review, Rafeeldeen claimed he was beaten by the Sri Lankan

government because of his imputed political support for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil

Eelam (LTTE). The Immigration Judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals held that

Rafeeldeen’s testimony was credible, but nevertheless denied him relief because he failed

to establish that the persecution visited upon him was on account of an imputed political

opinion. My colleagues reverse the agency by noting that Rafeeldeen showed that his

imputed political opinion played more than a “superficial” role in his treatment. Maj.

Typescript at 3. Because that standard of review is insufficiently deferential to the

agency, I respectfully dissent.

                                              I

       The Majority acknowledges, in the first footnote of its opinion, that we review the

decisions of the IJ and the BIA for substantial evidence. Although there are appeals in

which “the name given to the standard of review may be more symbolic than outcome

determinative,” Mars Steel Corp. v. Cont’l Bank N.A., 880 F.2d 928, 940 (7th Cir. 1989)

(en banc) (Easterbrook, J.), this is not one of them. Accordingly, I think a more detailed

explication of our deferential standard of review is required.

       Whether an asylum applicant has demonstrated past persecution based on a

protected ground is a factual determination we review for substantial evidence. Mulanga

v. Ashcroft, 349 F.3d 123, 131 (3d Cir. 2003). And this factual determination is entitled to

                                              1
“broad deference.” Khan v. Att’y Gen., 691 F.3d 488, 496 (3d Cir. 2012). “We will

uphold the findings of the BIA to the extent that they are supported by reasonable,

substantial[,] and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole, and will

reverse those findings only if there is evidence so compelling that no reasonable

factfinder could conclude as the BIA did.” Kayembe v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 231, 234 (3d

Cir. 2003). In other words, “the BIA’s finding must be upheld unless the evidence not

only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477,

484 (3d Cir. 2001) (emphasis added).

       Under this standard, Rafeeldeen must show that he is unwilling or unable to return

to his country due to “persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). It is well established that an imputed political opinion

qualifies as a protected ground. See Lukwago v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157, 181 (3d Cir.

2003). But under the REAL ID Act, Rafeeldeen is required to show that this protected

ground was “at least one central reason” behind his alleged persecution. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (emphasis added). This makes evidence of the Sri Lankan authorities’

motive “critical.” Lie v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 530, 535 (3d Cir. 2005).

                                             A

       In my view, substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that any

political opinion imputed to Rafeeldeen was not a central reason for the abuse he

suffered. Rafeeldeen was beaten in connection with a police investigation into another

man—Jeevakumar—whom the Sri Lankan government believed to be an LTTE spy.

                                              2
Rafeeldeen’s own testimony is replete with statements suggesting that the Sri Lankan

police focused on discovering information Rafeeldeen had on Jeevakumar. For example,

when Rafeeldeen was initially stopped and detained, he was asked “why [he was]

accompanying” the tour group and what his “relationship” was with them. App. 94. This

investigation did not impute any political opinion to Rafeeldeen. Likewise, with respect

to his subsequent re-detention shortly after his initial release, Rafeeldeen explained that

the police told him that they suspected Jeevakumar to be an LTTE supporter who had

come to the region “to give information to the Tigers.” App. 97–98. The police asked

Rafeeldeen “how [he] helped” the Germans and Jeevakumar and ordered him to report to

the police station weekly “until they arrest Jeeva Kumar.” App. 99–100 (emphasis

added). Once again, the sole motivation of the police, in light of Rafeeldeen’s own words,

appears to have been a law enforcement interest in capturing a terrorist suspect about

whom the police believed Rafeeldeen had information.

       Rafeeldeen’s description of his 2007 run-in with the Sri Lankan authorities

likewise displays a single-minded police focus on locating Jeevakumar and his affiliates.

As Rafeeldeen recounted it: “[The officer] showed Jeeva Kumar’s ID card and . . . he

asked me whether the German people brought money to the LTT[E] and how much

money [I] got to help them. They tortured me and asked me the German people’s

address.” App. 104. By all appearances, the authorities pursued Rafeeldeen because they

believed he had information on Jeevakumar, not because they imputed disfavored

political views to him. Indeed, Rafeeldeen told the IJ that his concern after his release

was that “if [the police] don’t arrest Jeeva Kumar, they’re definitely going to take me

                                              3
again.” App. 106. And finally, when the IJ asked Rafeeldeen whether the “only questions

[the authorities] wanted [Rafeeldeen] to answer [were] where Kumar was and how they

could find him,” Rafeeldeen undermined his own case by responding: “I think so.” App.

123.

       Obviously, the police suspected Rafeeldeen of hiding something and used

deplorable tactics in order to prompt him to give up the goods on Jeevakumar. But it is

far from clear that the police actually attributed a political view to Rafeeldeen and a

reasonable factfinder could conclude they did not. Hence, I would hold that substantial

evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that an imputed political opinion was not a

central reason motivating Rafeeldeen’s mistreatment.

       In this respect, the Majority compounds its standard-of-review error with another:

its confusion of the “central reason” component of the analysis. The Majority purports to

require Rafeeldeen to “show that an imputed political opinion was at least a principal

reason for his treatment,” Maj. Typescript at 4, but it actually requires much less. As I

shall explain, there is little evidence that imputation of a political view was a principal

motivation of the Sri Lankan authorities—certainly not enough to render the agency’s

conclusion unreasonable.

       Drawing on our decision in Ndayshimiye v. Attorney General, the Majority seems

to suggest that under the “central reason” test, imputation need only be more than

“‘incidental, tangential, or superficial’ as a motive.” Maj. Typescript at 3 (quoting 557
F.3d 124, 130 (3d Cir. 2009)) (emphasis added). I cannot agree.

                                              4
       In Ndayshimiye we affirmed the BIA’s interpretation that “the protected ground

cannot play a minor role in the alien’s past mistreatment or fears of future mistreatment”

and “cannot be incidental, tangential, [or] superficial.” In Re J-B-N- & S-M, 24 I. & N.

Dec. 208, 214 (BIA 2007). But in agreeing with the BIA that a central reason “cannot be

merely ‘incidental or tangential to the persecutor’s motivation,’” id., we did not equate a

“central” reason with one that barely surpasses the “incidental, tangential, or superficial.”

After all, we explained that “central” means “of primary importance,” “essential,” or

“principal.” Ndayshimiye, 557 F.3d at 130.1 Although we recognized that “Congress, in

including the term ‘central,’ meant to preclude asylum where a protected ground played

only an incidental, tangential, or superficial role in persecution,” we did not hold that

anything beyond the latter descriptors—which we classified as “antonym[s] of

‘central’”—automatically confers centrality. Id. Stated differently, the fact that A and B

are polar opposites does not mean that C must be one or the other. Rather than exploring

the scope of the space between the two poles, we simply stated that “the word ‘central’

would be rendered superfluous if asylum could be granted where a protected ground

played any part, no matter how small, in motivating the persecution of the applicant.” Id.

at 131 (emphasis added). That’s a far cry from defining “central” as anything more than

“incidental, tangential, or superficial,” as the Majority effectively does today. Maj.

Typescript at 3.

       1
         See also Gonzalez-Posadas v. Att’y Gen., 781 F.3d 677, 685 (3d Cir. 2015) (“For
a protected characteristic to qualify as ‘one central reason’, it must be an essential or
principal reason for the persecution.”).
                                              5
                                             B

       In any event, to the extent that the Sri Lankan authorities associated Rafeeldeen

with the LTTE, substantial evidence supports the conclusion that any political attribution

was not a more-than-superficial reason for their harsh treatment of Rafeeldeen. As I

explained previously, the record suggests that the police focus remained on ascertaining

the whereabouts of Jeevakumar. In concluding that Rafeeldeen established imputation,

the Majority notes that Rafeeldeen testified that Sri Lankan authorities had called him a

“Tiger supporter” and a “traitor,” and had “‘curse[d]’ him because he is a Tamil-speaking

Muslim who ‘helped the LTTE.’” Maj. Typescript at 4 (quoting App. 103, 106, 108). The

Majority also relies on Rafeeldeen’s credible testimony that he believed that the

authorities suspected him of “being part of the LTTE, even a spy.” Id. (quoting App.

119). In addition, the Majority finds it significant that Rafeeldeen was re-detained in

2007 and released only on the condition that he report weekly for questioning until

Jeevakumar’s capture.

       The Majority’s analysis of these portions of testimony ignores important context.

Rafeeldeen did testify that a Sri Lankan officer accused him of being a “Tiger supporter”

during his 2007 detention—the strongest piece of testimony in his favor—but the

Majority overlooks the fact that this statement was made in the context of that officer’s

display of Jeevakumar’s ID card and his demands that Rafeeldeen disclose whether the

Germans brought money to the LTTE, how much money Rafeeldeen received from them,

and where the suspects were located. And although Rafeeldeen was scolded as a “traitor”

in the course of his weekly reports to the police station, App. 106, “there is no reason to

                                              6
believe that the ‘traitor’ label applied by police reached beyond the accusations that

[Rafeeldeen] helped [suspected] terrorists, [or] had information regarding their

activities.” (Kamalpal) Singh v. Holder, 764 F.3d 1153, 1167 (9th Cir. 2014) (George, J.,

dissenting in part and concurring in part). The evidence suggests that the police conduct

amounted to “interrogation to gain information” about Jeevakumar—not interrogation

imputing that Rafeeldeen’s political opinions “made him a terrorist suspect.” Id. That

Rafeeldeen credibly testified that he personally believed that the authorities suspected

him of “help[ing] the LTTE” and “being part of the LTTE,” Maj. Typescript at 4 (quoting

App. 108, 119), is of no moment. “[W]e accept [Rafeeldeen’s] recitation of the facts”—

not the subjective, quasi-legal inferences he draws from those facts. Lukwago, 329 F.3d

at 164.

          The Majority also reads too much into Rafeeldeen’s 2007 re-detention. The fact

that the police retained interest in Rafeeldeen and asked him to report to them weekly

until Jeevakumar was arrested does not mean that they imputed to him a political opinion.

Indeed, “[i]t is a case of the police taking [Rafeeldeen’s experience with] a suspected

terrorist to its logical extension—that [he] would have useful information about that

terrorist. That the police crossed all boundaries in pursuing that lead does not change the

factor motivating them.” (Kamalpal) Singh, 764 F.3d at 1167 (George, J., dissenting in

part and concurring in part). In sum, there is little reason to believe that the basis for the

statements and accusations cited by the Majority went beyond the authorities’ interest in

gaining information about Jeevakumar and his companions. And even assuming,

                                               7
arguendo, that this were the better view, the record does not compel the conclusion that a

principal reason for Rafeeldeen’s mistreatment was an imputed political opinion.

       Finally, I am unpersuaded by the authorities cited by the Majority. It is true that in

(Kulvier) Singh v. Gonzales, even though “the police also had a legitimate law

enforcement motivation,” Maj. Typescript at 4, we concluded that their actions were

“motivated in significant part by the police’s desire to punish Singh and his father for the

father’s political activities regardless of any legitimate law enforcement purpose,” 406
F.3d 191, 198 (3d Cir. 2005). But the similarities stop there. Under the pretense of

searching for illegal weapons, the Indian police beat Singh and his father, repeatedly

mentioning his father’s Sikh separatist political activism, chastising Singh and his father

for his father’s continued failure to stop his activism despite prior beatings and warnings,

and threatening that if the father did not cease his political activities, they would kill

Singh. Id. at 194. Here, in contrast, the authorities’ references to the LTTE when

interrogating Rafeeldeen reflect insistence that he provide them information on

Jeevakumar; they do not compel the conclusion that the police actually imputed LTTE

views to Rafeeldeen and were centrally motivated by that imputation in mistreating him. 2

       2
        The other decisions cited by the Majority are inapposite as well. In Ratnam v.
INS the police clearly imputed LTTE political views to Ratnam, given that they
“repeatedly demanded that he admit to being a Tiger.” 154 F.3d 990, 992 (9th Cir. 1998).
This imputation was unsurprising in light of the fact that, following a chase, the Sri
Lankan navy captured Ratnam on an LTTE weapons-transportation boat, accompanied
by two dead Tigers who had ingested cyanide capsules. Id. Likewise, the BIA’s finding
of imputation in In Re S-P- rested upon distinctive facts—the Sri Lankan army had
discovered the asylum applicant in a raid on an LTTE camp (where the applicant had
been forced by the LTTE to work), and in his subsequent imprisonment the applicant was
“repeatedly accused of being a Tiger.” 21 I. & N. Dec. 486, 487–88 (BIA 1996).
                                               8
       My colleagues are correct that the Ninth Circuit case of (Kamalpal) Singh v.

Holder is uncannily similar to this one. But I find Judge George’s dissent in that case

much more persuasive. There, as here, the fact that “the authorities’ questioning was

single-mindedly focused on eliciting information about a suspected terrorist,” Maj.

Typescript at 6, should be dispositive under substantial evidence review guided by a

proper understanding of the centrality standard.3 Singh’s “uncontroverted answers

show[ed] that he was persecuted ‘only’ because he had employed [a suspected terrorist

(Khan)] and because the police wanted to find out information regarding Khan.”

(Kamalpal) Singh, 764 F.3d at 1165 (George, J., dissenting in part and concurring in

part). And there, as here, “[t]he lack of interest by police in Singh’s political opinion

Rafeeldeen was not discovered in such compromising circumstances, and his subsequent
interrogations naturally reflect references to his knowledge of a suspected LTTE
terrorist—but not any imputation of LTTE views to Rafeeldeen himself or mistreatment
centrally motivated by such imputation.
       Though they are distinguishable on their own terms, is also worth noting that
(Kuliver) Singh, Ratnam, and In re S-P- were not “central reason” analysis cases—the
relevant test required the persecution only to have been motivated at least in part by a
protected characteristic. (Kuliver) Singh, 406 F.3d at 197; Ratnam, 154 F.3d 990 at 996;
In re S-P-, 21 I. & N. Dec. at 490–91.
       3
         The (Kamalpal) Singh majority’s characterization of the dissent as making “the
extraordinary claim that the police could not have imputed a political opinion to Singh
because they interrogated him for information about [the suspected terrorist]” is both
wrong and telling. (Kamalpal) Singh, 764 F.3d at 1162 n.7 (Reinhardt, J.) (emphasis
added) (quoted in Maj. Typescript at 6). It’s wrong because it’s a mischaracterization: of
course motives can be mixed in the interrogation context, and an improper motive can
serve as the basis for asylum if it is also a central one. The dissent merely concluded that
the evidence was “devoid of any interest by the police about Singh’s own political
opinions.” Id. at 1168 (George, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part). The
characterization is telling because of its infidelity to the standard of review: our task is
not to determine whether the authorities could or could not have attributed a political
view; it’s whether the agency was compelled to conclude that they did.
                                              9
[wa]s only punctuated by the fact that the police released Singh after each arrest and

interrogation upon the payment of a bribe.” Id. at 1168 (George, J., dissenting in part and

concurring in part). This behavior is, at least on one reasonable view, inconsistent with

persecution based on imputed political opinion.

       In this vein, the Majority suggests I oppose the view that “it is not what the Sri

Lankan authorities asked Rafeeldeen about (Jeevakumar), but why they were asking the

questions (because they mistakenly believed Rafeeldeen was an LTTE supporter) that

determines our outcome.” Maj. Typescript at 7. Not quite. My disagreement lies not in

the Majority’s articulation of this principle, but in its application of it. By using the

phrase “on account of,” the REAL ID Act undoubtedly “makes motive critical.” I.N.S. v.

Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483 (1992). Consequently, our inquiry should focus on

why the authorities pursued Rafeeldeen. Because we cannot discern with clairvoyance the

subjective motivations of the Sri Lankan police, we must examine what the authorities

asked Rafeeldeen in order to arrive at an inference of why they mistreated him. For this

reason, we require asylum applicants to “provide some evidence of [motive], direct or

circumstantial,” id.—a “what” that is lacking in this case.

       As I have explained, I do not find the evidence of imputation and motivation

compelling enough to render unreasonable the agency’s conclusion that an imputed

political belief was not a central reason behind Rafeeldeen’s mistreatment. Indeed,

denying Rafeeldeen’s petition would accord with our precedents in this area. See, e.g.,

Amalfi v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 719, 727 (3d Cir. 2003) (mere “mention of religion in the

fabric of the story [of the alleged persecution] is insufficient to establish a persecution

                                              10
claim”); Shardar v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 318, 324 (3d Cir. 2004) (finding that substantial

evidence supported the denial of asylum even though officers made politically motivated

comments while beating the applicant because the evidence suggested that he “was not

persecuted on account of his political opinion; rather, he was legitimately prosecuted for

participation in a violent political demonstration”). Accordingly, I would hold that the

agency did not err when it determined that Rafeeldeen failed to establish that the Sri

Lankan authorities attributed a political view to him and were centrally motivated by that

attribution in persecuting him.

                                             II

       Because I believe that substantial evidence supported the agency’s conclusion that

Rafeeldeen did not carry his burden to show past persecution on a protected ground, he

was not entitled to a rebuttable presumption that he has a well-founded fear of future

persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1); Toure v. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 310, 317 (3d Cir.

2006). Thus, Rafeeldeen had the burden of demonstrating that he has a genuine

subjective fear and that “a reasonable person in his position would fear persecution”

based on a protected ground were he to return to Sri Lanka. Huang v. Att’y Gen., 620
F.3d 372, 381 (3d Cir. 2010).

       Here again, the burden of proof and our standard of review are critical. Although I

would be inclined to agree with the Majority were the burden on the Government, the

burden should fall on Rafeeldeen, and substantial evidence supports the agency’s

determination that he did not carry it. The record evidence shows that the Tamil Tigers

were defeated in 2009. Although State Department reports indicate that some human

                                            11
rights abuses against LTTE sympathizers linger, there was no evidence that the Sri

Lankan government would target Rafeeldeen individually, and he conceded to the IJ that

the police have not looked for him for several years. See Quao Lin Dong v. Att’y Gen.,

638 F.3d 223, 232 (3d Cir. 2011) (upholding the agency’s rejection of an asylum claim

where, inter alia, the petitioner had “failed to show that [her persecutors] were still

looking for her”). Regardless, even if Rafeeldeen were to establish an objectively

reasonable fear that the Sri Lankan authorities would come after him again were he to

return to Sri Lanka, for the reasons I have stated, substantial evidence supports the

agency’s conclusion that it would not be based on a protected ground.

                                       *      *      *

       If we were reviewing this case de novo, I might have no quarrel with my

colleagues’ assessment of the evidence that Rafeeldeen was persecuted on account of

imputed political opinion and that imputed political opinion was a “central reason” for

the persecution. But because we owe “broad deference” to the record, Khan, 691 F.3d at

496, and ask only whether no reasonable person could conclude that Rafeeldeen’s

treatment—terrible as it was—was not centrally motivated by a political opinion the Sri

Lankan government imputed to him, I respectfully dissent.

                                             12