Court Opinion

ID: 906381
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-21 22:52:21.22214+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:00:34.693885
License: Public Domain

Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                   ZWIENER v. BECTON DICKINSON-EAST	735
	                           Cite as 285 Neb. 735

contacts with the State of Nebraska. Although the Web site
used to post the advertisement is interactive, the contacts
created by the Web site are unrelated to Abdouch’s cause of
action. Furthermore, under the Calder effects test, the plead-
ings fail to establish that Lopez and KLB expressly aimed their
tortious conduct at the State of Nebraska. For these reasons,
Lopez and KLB could not have anticipated being haled into a
Nebraska court for their online advertisement.
                                                    Affirmed.
   Miller-Lerman, J., not participating.

             Pat Zwiener, appellee and cross-appellant,
                v. Becton Dickinson-East, appellant
                        and cross-appellee.
                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                        Filed April 19, 2013.   No. S-12-563.

 1.	 Workers’ Compensation. Whether a plaintiff in a Nebraska workers’ compensa-
      tion case is totally disabled is a question of fact.
 2.	 Workers’ Compensation: Evidence: Appeal and Error. In testing the suffi-
      ciency of the evidence to support the findings of fact in a workers’ compensation
      case, every controverted fact must be resolved in favor of the successful party
      and the successful party will have the benefit of every inference that is reason-
      ably deducible from the evidence.
 3.	 Workers’ Compensation: Words and Phrases. Temporary disability is the
      period during which the employee is submitting to treatment, is convalescing, is
      suffering from the injury, and is unable to work because of the accident.
 4.	 Workers’ Compensation. Total disability exists when an injured employee is
      unable to earn wages in either the same or a similar kind of work he or she was
      trained or accustomed to perform or in any other kind of work which a person of
      the employee’s mentality and attainments could perform.
 5.	 ____. The level of a worker’s disability depends on the extent of diminished
      employability or impairment of earning capacity, and does not directly correlate
      to current wages.
  6.	 ____. An employee’s return to work at wages equal to those received before the
      injury may be considered, but it does not preclude a finding that the employee is
      either partially or totally disabled.
  7.	 ____. Earning capacity determinations should not be distorted by factors such as
      business booms, sympathy of a particular employer or friends, temporary good
      luck, or the superhuman efforts of the claimant to rise above his or her crip-
      pling handicaps.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
736	285 NEBRASKA REPORTS

  8.	 ____. If payment of wages upon an employee’s return to work was intended to be
      in lieu of indemnity benefits for which the employer accepted responsibility, then
      credit for those wages is allowed.
 9.	 Workers’ Compensation: Rules of Evidence. As a general rule, the Nebraska
      Workers’ Compensation Court is not bound by the usual common-law or statutory
      rules of evidence.
10.	 Workers’ Compensation: Evidence: Due Process: Appeal and Error. Subject
      to the limits of constitutional due process, the admission of evidence is within the
      discretion of the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Court, whose determination in
      this regard will not be reversed upon appeal absent an abuse of discretion.

  Appeal from the Workers’ Compensation Court: Thomas
E. Stine, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part reversed and
remanded with directions.
   Abigail A. Wenninghoff, of Larson, Kuper & Wenninghoff,
P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
   Ryan C. Holsten, of Atwood, Holsten, Brown & Deaver Law
Firm, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
  Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Stephan, McCormack,
and Cassel, JJ.
   McCormack, J.
                    NATURE OF CASE
   The employer appeals from an award of the Nebraska
Workers’ Compensation Court, and the employee cross-appeals.
We hold that an employee who leaves a job with an employer
responsible for an injury in order to pursue more desirable
employment does not waive temporary total disability benefits
simply because the employer responsible for the injury would
have accommodated light-duty restrictions during postsurgical
recovery periods necessitated by the injury.
                       BACKGROUND
   Pat Zwiener filed a petition against Becton Dickinson-East
(Becton) in the compensation court, seeking temporary total
disability benefits, compensation for certain unpaid medical
bills, mileage expenses, and attorney fees under Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 48-125 (Reissue 2010). Zwiener had not yet reached
maximum medical improvement and did not seek a permanent
impairment rating.
                  Nebraska Advance Sheets
	              ZWIENER v. BECTON DICKINSON-EAST	737
	                      Cite as 285 Neb. 735

   Zwiener suffered a shoulder injury arising out of and in
the course of his employment with Becton on August 20,
2009. The injury was originally diagnosed as a strain. Zwiener
was treated conservatively with corticosteroid injections, anti-
inflammatories, and physical therapy. Zwiener was advised that
he could continue working without restrictions.
   On March 12, 2010, Zwiener resigned his employment with
Becton and began working for Sapp Brothers, Inc., as a driver.
The choice of new employment was unrelated to the injury.
Zwiener explained that he liked being outdoors and that the
pay was better. According to Becton, Zwiener knew surgery for
the injury might be a possibility. But Zwiener’s diagnosis and
prognosis were, at the time he left Becton, uncertain.
   Zwiener’s shoulder injury continued to bother him, and he
obtained a second opinion. The injury was eventually deter-
mined to consist of a tear to the right rotator cuff and nearby
tendons. After further diagnostic tests, surgery was recom-
mended. The recovery period from the surgery would require
that Zwiener not use his right arm. Sapp Brothers was unable
to accommodate that restriction.
   Concerned that he would be without a wage during the
recovery period, Zwiener tried to postpone the surgery until
August 2010. Despite a medical opinion that waiting a few
months would not adversely affect the outcome of the surgery,
Becton insisted that Zwiener have the surgery right away if he
wanted to ensure it was compensable. The surgery took place
on May 10, 2010.
   On May 12, 2010, Zwiener was released to work with the
restriction of not using his right arm. Because Sapp Brothers
could not accommodate this restriction, Zwiener did not work
during the period of the restriction. Zwiener was not released
to return to work at Sapp Brothers until July 8.
   Becton agreed to pay for the surgery and related medical
expenses, but it denied payment of any temporary total disabil-
ity benefits during the recovery period for the surgery. Becton
reasoned that if Zwiener had stayed employed there, Becton
would have accommodated Zwiener’s recovery restrictions and
he would have been able to continue to receive a wage during
that period. Becton has an aggressive return-to-work policy
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
738	285 NEBRASKA REPORTS

designed to put its injured employees back to work rather than
have them remain off work collecting workers’ compensa-
tion benefits.
   Unfortunately, Zwiener’s symptoms were not completely
alleviated by the first surgery. Eventually, a second surgery
was recommended and scheduled for January 9, 2012. Zwiener
testified that Becton had denied compensation for the recom-
mended magnetic resonance imaging to determine whether
the first surgery had been successful and whether another
surgery was necessary. Zwiener understood that Becton would
not approve the second surgery, so he submitted the sec-
ond surgery for payment through his personal health care
insurer instead.
   Anticipating Becton’s denial of temporary total disability
benefits, on December 22, 2011, Zwiener’s counsel wrote
to Becton’s counsel stating that Zwiener would be able to
work for Becton, with restrictions, during the recovery period
of his surgery. Zwiener’s counsel asked that Becton inform
Zwiener whether it would allow this and how to proceed.
Becton did not respond. At the workers’ compensation hear-
ing, Becton objected to the letter as hearsay. The objection
was overruled.
   The second surgery was performed on January 9, 2012.
Zwiener’s physician recommended no work until January 30.
Zwiener was released to work with restrictions on January
31. But Sapp Brothers was again unable to accommodate the
restrictions, which included Zwiener’s not being able to use his
right arm.
   Zwiener’s counsel again wrote to Becton’s counsel, asking
that Becton state whether it would allow Zwiener to work light
duty at Becton during the postsurgery recovery period. Becton
did not respond. At the hearing, Becton’s hearsay objection to
this letter was overruled.
   Becton denied temporary total disability benefits for the
recovery period of the second surgery. Zwiener was not able to
return to work at Sapp Brothers until April 25, 2012.
   At the hearing before the compensation court, the parties
agreed that Becton had voluntarily paid Zwiener $8,275.37,
pursuant to a permanent partial impairment rating after the first
                  Nebraska Advance Sheets
	              ZWIENER v. BECTON DICKINSON-EAST	739
	                      Cite as 285 Neb. 735

surgery. The parties agreed that this amount should be credited
against any award and that, accordingly, no waiting-time penal-
ties should be incurred.
   The compensation court awarded Zwiener temporary total
disability benefits for the periods he was unable to work due
to his postsurgery restrictions. The court found no merit to
Becton’s position that if an employee is no longer working at
Becton and cannot take advantage of Becton’s return-to-work
policy, then that employee is not entitled to temporary total
disability benefits. The court explained that an employee is
not “eternally bound” to remain employed with the employer
responsible for the injury in order to receive the workers’
compensation benefits to which the employee is entitled by
statute. Furthermore, the court explained that “[i]t is not
logical to mandate an internal return-to-work policy upon
someone who is no longer an employee of the entity issuing
the policy.”
   The court found that Becton had failed to pay outstand-
ing medical expenses of a community hospital in the amount
of $2,173 and of an orthopaedic hospital in the amount of
$1,222.18. In addition, Becton was ordered to reimburse
Zwiener’s insurer for $5,565.86 in payments it made for medi-
cal expenses related to the second surgery. The court deter-
mined that Becton owed Zwiener $26.34 in mileage.
   The court awarded attorney fees to Zwiener in the amount of
$5,155. This was the total amount of attorney fees Zwiener’s
attorney demonstrated were incurred in bringing Zwiener’s
workers’ compensation claim against Becton. The court noted
that there was no reasonable controversy as to the compensa-
bility of the temporary total disability benefits and, also, that
certain medical bills and mileage expenses were paid late.
The court did not calculate the attorney fee award specifi-
cally in relation to the amount of untimely paid medical bills,
because it also considered attorney fees due for the denial
of temporary total disability benefits. The court awarded 50
percent waiting-time penalties on all amounts of temporary
total disability due and owing. No credit was given for the
$8,275.37 Becton already paid. Becton appeals and Zwiener
cross-appeals from the award.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
740	285 NEBRASKA REPORTS

                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Becton assigns that the compensation court erred in (1)
finding that Zwiener was entitled to temporary total disability
benefits, (2) finding that Zwiener is entitled to waiting-time
penalty benefits and for failing to give Becton credit for ben-
efits paid to date, (3) awarding attorney fees of $5,155, and (4)
allowing the hearsay evidence contained in the letters written
by Zwiener’s attorney, an exhibit pertaining to late medical
bills, and the exhibit outlining attorney fees incurred in bring-
ing Zwiener’s claim.
   On cross-appeal, Zwiener asserts that the court erred in fail-
ing to find that medical bills paid to OrthoWest in the total
amount of $9,308 were also untimely paid.
                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1,2] Whether a plaintiff in a Nebraska workers’ compensa-
tion case is totally disabled is a question of fact.1 In testing
the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings of fact
in a workers’ compensation case, every controverted fact must
be resolved in favor of the successful party and the successful
party will have the benefit of every inference that is reasonably
deducible from the evidence.2
                           ANALYSIS
                  Entitlement to Temporary
                        Total Disability
   [3,4] Temporary disability is the period during which the
employee is submitting to treatment, is convalescing, is suf-
fering from the injury, and is unable to work because of the
accident.3 Total disability exists when an injured employee is
unable to earn wages in either the same or a similar kind of
work he or she was trained or accustomed to perform or in any
other kind of work which a person of the employee’s mentality
and attainments could perform.4

 1	
      Manchester v. Drivers Mgmt., 278 Neb. 776, 775 N.W.2d 179 (2009).
 2	
      See id.
 3	
      Frauendorfer v. Lindsay Mfg. Co., 263 Neb. 237, 639 N.W.2d 125 (2002).
 4	
      Id.
                       Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                   ZWIENER v. BECTON DICKINSON-EAST	741
	                           Cite as 285 Neb. 735

   [5-7] We have explained that the level of a worker’s dis-
ability depends on the extent of diminished employability or
impairment of earning capacity, and does not directly cor-
relate to current wages.5 A return to work at wages equal to
those received before the injury may be considered, but it does
not preclude a finding that the employee is either partially or
totally disabled.6 Earning capacity determinations should not
be distorted by factors such as “‘business booms, sympathy
of a particular employer or friends, temporary good luck, or
the superhuman efforts of the claimant to rise above his crip-
pling handicaps.’”7
   [8] But, if payment of wages upon a return to work was
intended to be in lieu of indemnity benefits for which the
employer accepted responsibility, then credit for those wages
is allowed.8 Becton did not pay wages to Zwiener during the
periods he was convalescing from the two surgeries necessi-
tated by his injury because, had Zwiener not left his employ-
ment there, Becton would have paid wages for light-duty work
in lieu of temporary total disability benefits. Becton believes
an employee waives temporary total disability benefits when
the employee moves on from a job that could have accommo-
dated medical restrictions. We disagree.
   We have never held that an employee who ceases to work
for the employer responsible for the injury somehow forfeits
temporary disability benefits because the employer would have
accommodated light-duty work in lieu of benefits. In fact, in
Guico v. Excel Corp.9 and Manchester v. Drivers Mgmt.,10 we

 5	
      See Heiliger v. Walters & Heiliger Electric, Inc., 236 Neb. 459, 461
N.W.2d 565 (1990).
 6	
      See id.
 7	
      Id. at 471, 461 N.W.2d at 574 (quoting 2 A. Larson, The Law of
      Workmen’s Compensation § 57.51(a) (1989)).
 8	
      See, Anderson v. Cowger, 158 Neb. 772, 65 N.W.2d 51 (1954); Godsey v.
      Casey’s General Stores, 15 Neb. Ct. App. 854, 738 N.W.2d 863 (2007). See,
      also, 4 Arthur Larson & Lex K. Larson, Larson’s Workers’ Compensation
      Law § 82.01 (2011).
 9	
      Guico v. Excel Corp., 260 Neb. 712, 619 N.W.2d 470 (2000).
10	
      Manchester v. Drivers Mgmt., supra note 1.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
742	285 NEBRASKA REPORTS

 held that employees who were fired for cause did not forfeit
 their temporary total disability benefits simply because their
 employers would have provided light-duty work.
    In Guico, the employee lost his light-duty work because
 he was fired for safety violations associated with the injury.
 The employee in Manchester similarly was fired and lost her
 light-duty work because of negligence in the accident lead-
 ing to her injury. Becton apparently relies on our observation
 in Guico that some jurisdictions hold that employees lose
 their temporary disability benefits if their employer provided
 them with light-duty work and if they were fired and lost
 that accommodation because of misconduct unrelated to the
­injury.11 But we did not opine on whether we would adopt
 such a rule if such facts were presented, and such facts are
 not presented here.
    In Guico, we noted that, generally, when determining the
 extent of disability, “‘the fact of termination or the reason
 for it is irrelevant.’”12 Our court has consistently given the
 Nebraska Workers’ Compensation Act13 a liberal construction
 to carry out justly its beneficent purpose to provide an injured
 worker with prompt relief from the adverse economic effects
 caused by a work-related injury or occupational disease.14
 Furthermore, we recognize that employer-employee relation-
 ships are generally at-will and that the employee is free to
 leave an employment relationship without recourse by the
 employer—just as the employer is free to terminate the rela-
 tionship, so long as it does not act unlawfully or in breach
 of contract.15
    Adopting Becton’s waiver argument would not only under-
 mine the beneficent purposes of the Nebraska Workers’
 Compensation Act, it would effectively bind workers to

11	
      See Guico v. Excel Corp., supra note 9.
12	
      Id. at 723, 619 N.W.2d at 479 (quoting Aldrich v. ASARCO, Inc., 221 Neb.
126, 375 N.W.2d 150 (1985)).
13	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 48-101 to 48-1,117 (Reissue 2010).
14	
      See, Bacon v. DBI/SALA, 284 Neb. 579, 822 N.W.2d 14 (2012); Visoso v.
      Cargill Meat Solutions, 18 Neb. Ct. App. 202, 778 N.W.2d 504 (2009).
15	
      See Trosper v. Bag ’N Save, 273 Neb. 855, 734 N.W.2d 704 (2007).
                  Nebraska Advance Sheets
	              ZWIENER v. BECTON DICKINSON-EAST	743
	                      Cite as 285 Neb. 735

employers responsible for the injury until full recovery,
thereby limiting at-will employees’ mobility and freedom to
choose other work opportunities. Nothing in the language of
the act or public policy supports the waiver rule proposed
by Becton.
   The compensation court was not clearly wrong in determin-
ing that Zwiener had a total loss of earning capacity during
the time he was convalescing from the surgeries necessitated
by his work-related injury. We affirm the compensation court’s
award of temporary total disability benefits in the amount
of $11,308.05.

                  Credit, Attorney Fees, and
                     Waiting-Time P enalties
   But the court failed to give Becton credit against this award
for $8,275.37 already paid to Zwiener. The parties had stipu-
lated this amount should be credited against the award, and
they agree on appeal that the compensation court erred in fail-
ing to give such credit. The parties agree that because the com-
pensation court failed to give Becton credit for $8,275.37 paid,
it erred in awarding waiting-time penalties. Zwiener never
sought waiting-time penalties. We reverse with directions for
the compensation court to give Becton credit for the $8,275.37
paid and to vacate the waiting-time penalties.
   The parties further agree that because of the failure to
give Becton credit for the $8,275.37 payment, the compen-
sation court improperly calculated the attorney fee award.
At oral argument, Zwiener’s counsel explained that due to
the $8,275.37 payment, he had not sought attorney fees as a
penalty for Becton’s failure to pay temporary total disability
benefits. Zwiener’s counsel conceded at oral argument that the
only basis for an attorney fee award here is the late payment of
medical bills and that the case must be remanded for a determi-
nation as to what portion of the attorney fees is properly attrib-
utable to the pursuit of the late medical bills. Because Zwiener
has waived any claim to an attorney fee award unrelated to
the late medical bills, we reverse, and remand the cause for a
redetermination of the attorney fee award based only on the
untimely payment of medical bills.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
744	285 NEBRASKA REPORTS

   The parties agree that the compensation court should rede-
termine attorney fees based on the standards set forth in
Harmon v. Irby Constr. Co.16 In Harmon, an employer had
conceded all points of compensability of the employee’s injury
except for a $30 per diem payment that the employee wished
to add to his weekly wage calculation. The employee also
alleged that the employer had failed to pay one $165 medical
bill within 30 days after notice of the obligation for payment.
We rejected the employee’s argument concerning the $30 per
diem payment, but found the medical bill issue meritorious.
We noted, however, that this was the only delinquent bill and
that the employer had made timely medical payments in excess
of $50,000. Of the 36.2 hours of work documented by the
employee’s attorney, only a fraction could be directly attributed
to collection of that one delinquent bill. Under such circum-
stances, we held that a court calculating attorney fees pursuant
to § 48-125 must pay particular attention to the amount of the
legal work performed in relation to the amount of the unpaid
medical bill and the amount of the unpaid medical bill in rela-
tion to the workers’ compensation award received.17 “Allowing
a claimant to recover all of his or her attorney fees based on
the failure of a defendant to pay such a bill would provide the
claimant with a windfall.”18
   The only dispute between Zwiener and Becton concerning
attorney fees is the amount of unpaid medical bills that the
court should consider in making its redetermination. Zwiener
argues on cross-appeal that the compensation court erred in
failing to find an additional $9,308 in late medical bills to
Orthowest. Becton did not file a reply brief to Zwiener’s cross-
appeal, but apparently believes that the attorney fees should
be calculated only on the compensation court’s finding of
$1,890.13 in untimely medical bills and expenses.

16	
      Harmon v. Irby Constr. Co., 258 Neb. 420, 604 N.W.2d 813 (1999).
17	
      Id.
18	
      Id. at 430, 604 N.W.2d at 821.
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                    ZWIENER v. BECTON DICKINSON-EAST	745
	                            Cite as 285 Neb. 735

  Although Zwiener presented evidence that $9,308 in
OrthoWest medical bills were paid 79 days after treatment, the
compensation court did not make any finding as to whether the
OrthoWest bills were untimely paid after notice, thus falling
under the mandatory attorney fee provision found in § 48-125.
We direct the court to make such a determination on remand,
before recalculating the attorney fee award.

                     Evidentiary Objections
   We find no merit to Becton’s remaining assignment of error
relating to evidentiary objections. Becton objected to exhibit 1
as hearsay, exhibit 3 on foundation and hearsay, and exhibit 5
on relevance, foundation, and hearsay grounds.
   Exhibit 1 was a letter from Zwiener’s attorney stating that
Zwiener was willing to work light duty while convalescing.
Becton’s objection to that exhibit is moot. The letter is irrele-
vant to our holding that Zwiener did not waive temporary total
disability by leaving his employment with Becton, and it was
not the basis for the compensation court’s award of temporary
total disability benefits.
   Exhibit 3 set forth the fees Zwiener’s attorney incurred in
bringing the suit. Becton does not explain how the attorney’s
own affidavit as to his fees lacked foundation. And although
exhibit 3 may include “all aspects of preparing the case,”19
it is not thereby inadmissible. The compensation court on
remand will consider the exhibit in light of Harmon,20 as set
forth above.
   Finally, the court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
approximately 200 pages of “repetitive”21 documents pertain-
ing to medical bills in exhibit 5. Becton’s principal objection
was that the demand letters in exhibit 5 contained hearsay. It
can be presumed22 that the compensation court considered the

19	
      Brief for appellant at 22.
20	
      Harmon v. Irby Constr. Co., supra note 16.
21	
      Brief for appellant at 22.
22	
      See, e.g., State v. Orduna, 250 Neb. 602, 550 N.W.2d 356 (1996).
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
746	285 NEBRASKA REPORTS

letters as evidence of notice, rather than for the truth of the
matters asserted.23
   [9,10] As a general rule, the compensation court is not
bound by the usual common-law or statutory rules of evi-
dence.24 Subject to the limits of constitutional due process, the
admission of evidence is within the discretion of the compen-
sation court, whose determination in this regard will not be
reversed upon appeal absent an abuse of discretion.25 We find
no reversible error in the admission of the exhibits complained
of by Becton in this appeal.

                        CONCLUSION
   We affirm the award of temporary total disability benefits.
We reverse the failure to credit disability payments made
by Becton, the award of waiting-time penalties, and the
amount of the attorney fee award. Pursuant to the agreement
of the parties, we remand the cause for a redetermination
of the attorney fees that should be awarded in connection
with untimely paid medical bills only. On remand, we also
direct the court to determine whether the OrthoWest bills fall
under § 48-125.
	Affirmed in part, and in part reversed
	                      and remanded with directions.
   Miller-Lerman, J., participating on briefs.

23	
      See, Werner v. County of Platte, 284 Neb. 899, 824 N.W.2d 38 (2012);
      State v. McCave, 282 Neb. 500, 805 N.W.2d 290 (2011); Alliance Nat.
      Bank v. State Surety Co., 223 Neb. 403, 390 N.W.2d 487 (1986).
24	
      See Tapia-Reyes v. Excel Corp., 281 Neb. 15, 793 N.W.2d 319 (2011).
25	
      Veatch v. American Tool, 267 Neb. 711, 676 N.W.2d 730 (2004).