Court Opinion

ID: 4271206
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-04-30 19:48:23.395613+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:45.640177
License: Public Domain

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                                                      COURT Of APPEALS OIV I
                                                       STATE OF WASHINOTON

                                                        2018 APR 30 Ali 9: 15

  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                      DIVISION ONE

LUCAS PRICE, an individual,               )       No. 75847-1-1
                                          )
                      Appellant,          )
                                          )
              v.                          )
                                          )       UNPUBLISHED OPINION
DANIEL PRICE, an individual,              )
                                          )       FILED: April 30, 2018
                      Respondent.         )
                                          )

       VERELLEN, J.      Lucas Price, a minority shareholder, director, and founder

of Gravity Payments, Inc., appeals a judgment rejecting his claims against the

majority shareholder, Daniel Price.

       Lucas challenges the court's decision to strike his jury demand. Because

the trial court properly applied the factors from Brown v. Safeway Stores, Inc.,1 the

trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined the action was primarily

equitable and struck Lucas's jury demand.

       Following the bench trial, the trial court found Lucas failed to prove his

claims of(1) minority shareholder oppression,(2) breach of fiduciary duty, and

(3) breach of the shareholders agreement. Because the evidence is sufficient to

       1 94 Wn.2d 359, 617 P.2d 704(1980).
No. 75847-1-1/2

support the court's findings and those findings support the court's conclusions, the

trial court did not err.

       Lucas also challenges the award of attorney fees and costs to Daniel, the

postjudgment interest rate, and various trial management decisions. The trial

court did not abuse its discretion in any of these areas.

       Therefore, we affirm.

                                       FACTS

       In 2004, brothers Lucas and Daniel formed Price & Price, LLC, a credit card

processing services company. Shortly after they formed the company, Daniel and

Lucas divided ownership 50/50.

       In 2008, Lucas and Daniel restructured the company into Gravity Payments,

Inc., a closely-held corporation. They executed a series of agreements, including

employment agreements for each brother and a shareholders agreement. As part

of the restructuring, Gravity redeemed 20,000 shares from Lucas, reducing his

ownership interest to 40 percent.

        Lucas filed this lawsuit in 2015 and brought four claims:(1) minority

shareholder oppression,(2) breach of fiduciary duty,(3) breach of Daniel's

employment agreement and the shareholders agreement, and (4) general

equitable relief.

        On January 22, 2016, Lucas filed a jury demand. On February 22, 2016,

the court dismissed Lucas's cause of action for general equitable relief and his

                                          2
No. 75847-1-1/3

claim for breach of the employment agreement. On May 26, 2016, the court struck

Lucas's jury demand.

       At the start of the bench trial, the court denied Lucas's motion to exclude

Daniel's calendar. During trial, the court limited Lucas's cumulative cross-

examination of Daniel's forensic accounting expert.

       The trial court ultimately found Lucas failed to prove any of his remaining

claims and dismissed the action with prejudice. The court also awarded

$1,324,941.61 in fees and costs to Daniel. And the court imposed a postjudgment

interest rate of 12 percent on the fee award.

       Lucas appeals.

                                       ANALYSIS

                                    I. Jury Demand

       Lucas contends the trial court abused its discretion when it struck his jury

demand.

       We review a trial court's decision to strike a jury demand for abuse of

discretion.2 In a civil case, there is a right to a jury trial when the action is purely

legal in nature but not when it is purely equitable.3 "The overall nature of the

action is determined by considering all the issues raised by all of the pleadings."

In making this determination, the trial court should consider:

      2 Dep't of Nat. Res. v. Littleiohn Logging, Inc., 60 Wn. App. 671,673, 806
P.2d 779(1991)(citing Brown, 94 Wn.2d at 368).
       3 Brown, 94 Wn.2d    at 365.
       4   Id.

                                            3
No. 75847-1-1/4

      "(1) who seeks the equitable relief;(2) is the person seeking the
      equitable relief also demanding trial of the issues to the jury;(3) are
      the main issues primarily legal or equitable in their nature;(4) do the
      equitable issues present complexities in the trial which will affect the
      orderly determination of such issues by a jury;(5) are the equitable
      and legal issues easily separable;(6) in the exercise of such
      discretion, great weight should be given to the constitutional right of
      trial by jury and if the nature of the action is doubtful, a jury trial
      should be allowed;(7)the trial court should go beyond the pleadings
      to ascertain the real issues in dispute before making the
      determination as to whether or not a jury trial should be granted on
      all or part of such issues."[6]

       Here, the court identified, "Lucas is the party seeking equitable relief and is

the party demanding a jury."6

       At the time of trial, Lucas had three claims:(1) minority shareholder

oppression,(2) breach of fiduciary duty, and (3) breach of contract under the

shareholders agreement. Lucas sought an accounting, court-ordered buyout, any

other "equitable remedies as the Court deems just and appropriate," damages,

and attorney fees.7

       The trial court concluded,"Lucas primar[ily] seeks an equitable remedy in

this action, though monetary damages are sought as well. Lucas's claim for

minority oppression is equitable in nature. His claim for breach of fiduciary duty

involves many of the same issues as the oppression claim and is primarily

equitable in nature."8

       5Id. at 368 (quoting Scavenius v. Manchester Port Dist., 2 Wn. App. 126,
129-30, 467 P.2d 372(1970)).
      6 Clerk's Papers(CP) at 860(Conclusion of Law 14).

       7 CP at 4.
       8   CP at 860(Conclusion of Law 15).

                                          4
No. 75847-1-1/5

       During oral argument before this court, Lucas focused on Allard v. Pacific

National Bank to argue his claim for breach of fiduciary duty is legal in nature.9 In

Allard, our Supreme Court considered whether the beneficiaries of a trust had a

right to a jury trial in a suit for breach of fiduciary duty against the trustee.1° The

court recognized "[w]here the beneficiaries seek recovery for themselves

personally, the action is considered legal in nature."11 Here, as to Lucas's claim

that Daniel breached his fiduciary duty when he improperly charged personal

expenses to the company, Lucas sought recovery based on his share of

ownership.12

       But the centerpiece of the lawsuit was Lucas's minority oppression claim

and request for a court-ordered buyout. An accounting and a court-ordered

buyout are equitable remedies.13 And a claim of minority shareholder oppression

       9 99 Wn.2d    394,663 P.2d 104 (1983).
       1° Id. at 395.
       11   Id. at 400.
       12 SeeAppellant's Br. at 51 ("Lucas is a 32.5 percent shareholder in
Gravity. Thus, for every dollar Daniel spent of Gravity's money for his own
personal expenses, approximately one-third was direct damage to Lucas.").
       13 See  Jackson v. Gardner, 197 Wash. 276, 283-84, 84 P.2d 992(1938)
("Manifestly the right of the parties could not be determined except by taking an
accounting between them, and, as the transactions appeared by the pleadings to
be extensive and varied, it necessarily involved a long and complicated
accounting. It has long been the rule that these conditions alone justified the
assumption of jurisdiction by a court of equity."); Peabody v. Pioneer Sand &
Gravel Co., 164 Wash. 26, 39, 2 P.2d 714(1931); Garev v. City of Pasco, 89
Wash. 382, 383-84, 154 P. 433(1916)("an action for an accounting, properly
 maintainable as such, is one of equitable cognizance"); Auburn Mech., Inc. v.
Lvdiq Constr., Inc., 89 Wn. App. 893, 902, 951 P.2d 311 (1998)(a coercive order
is within the court's equitable power).

                                            5
No. 75847-1-1/6

under RCW 236.14.300 is an equitable claim.14 "When both law and equity issues

exist in a lawsuit, a trial court has wide discretion in granting or denying a jury

trial."15 Notably, in Whatcom County v. Reynolds,16 this court determined

"[a]ctions involving fiduciary relationships that seek accountings and imposition of

constructive trusts are invariably equitable."17 Here, as recognized by the trial

court, "[Nis claim for breach of fiduciary duty involves many of the same issues as

the oppression claim and is primarily equitable in nature."15

       Although money damages are a legal remedy and breach of contract is a

legal claim,19 the trial court recognized, "[t]he equitable issues present

complexities that would affect the orderly determination of any legal issues by the

jury.29 And the court acknowledged,"[Noth the claims and the relief are so

interrelated that they cannot easily be separated between the court and a jury.3)21

       14 See Scott v. Trans-Sys., 148 Wn.2d 701, 716-17, 64 P.3d 1 (2003)
("Dissolution suits under Washington's dissolution statute are fundamentally
equitable in nature.").
       15 Batten v. Abrams, 28 Wn. App. 737, 743, 626 P.2d 984 (1981).

       16 27 Wn. App. 880,620 P.2d        544 (1980).
       17   Id. at 882.
       18   CP at 860.
       18 S.P.C.S., Inc. v. Lockheed Shipbuildinn and Constr. Co, 29 Wn. App.
930, 934, 631 P.2d 999(1981)("The court has been called upon to construe a
contract, determine if a breach has occurred, and determine what damages, if any,
flow therefrom. It is well settled that these are legal issues."); Auburn Mech., 89
Wn. App. at 901 ("Money damages is exactly the remedy juries traditionally
determine."); but see S.P.C.S., Inc., 29 Wn. App. at 934 ("even if the action is one
for money damages, it may be primarily equitable in nature").
       20 CP at 860(Conclusion of Law 17).
       21   Id. (Conclusion of Law 16).

                                             6
No. 75847-1-1/7

        The record adequately supports the trial court's determination that Lucas

primarily sought equitable remedies not easily separated between the court and a

jury.

        Lucas also claims the trial court's decision to strike the jury demand was

improperly influenced by scheduling concerns. Shortly before trial, Lucas's

counsel e-mailed the court to express concern about the number of days reserved

for the trial. The court responded by attaching the order granting the motion to

strike the jury and stating, "Thus, there is now an additional day for trial."22

Contrary to Lucas's argument, the email exchange does not imply the trial court

struck Lucas's jury demand in order to accommodate scheduling concerns.

        Because the trial court properly applied the Brown factors consistent with

the record and our case law, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its

discretion when it struck Lucas's jury demand.

  II. Shareholder Oppression, Breach of Fiduciary Duty, and Breach of Contract

        Lucas assigns error to the court's findings that he failed to prove his claims

of shareholder oppression, breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duty.

        Review of a trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law is "limited to

determining whether the trial court's findings are supported by substantial

evidence in the record and, if so, whether the conclusions of law are supported by

those findings of fact."23

        22 CP   at 1719.
        23 Scott, 148 Wn.2d   at 708.

                                            7
No. 75847-1-1/8

       The business judgment rule applies to all of Lucas's claims.24 Generally,

"[c]ourts are reluctant to interfere with the internal management of corporations"

and "refuse to substitute their judgment for that of the directors."25 Specifically, the

business judgment rule "immunizes management from liability in a corporate

transaction undertaken within the corporation's power and management's authority

where a reasonable basis exists to indicate that the transaction was made in good

faith."26 Corporate officers do not have immunity when they act "in bad faith and

with a corrupt motive."27

       Washington's corporation dissolution statute, RCW 231114.300(2)M,

permits equitable relief if "[t]tle directors or those in control of the corporation have

acted, are acting, or will act in a manner that is illegal, oppressive, or fraudulent."

       Washington courts have established two tests to define oppressive conduct.

"The first, called the 'reasonable expectations' test, defines oppression as a

violation by the majority of the reasonable expectations of the minority."28 "It is the

minority shareholder's burden to show oppressive conduct before the burden shifts

to the majority shareholders to establish legitimate business justifications for the

       24 See Para-Medical Leasing, Inc. v. Hangen,48 Wn. App. 389, 396, 739
P.2d 717(1987)(the business judgment rule applies when "considering the
actions of a corporate officer").
      26 Nursing Home Bldg. Corp. v. DeHart, 13 Wn. App. 489, 498, 535 P.2d
137(1975).
      26 Interlake Porsche & Audi, Inc. v. Bucholz, 45 Wn. App. 502, 509, 728
P.2d 597(1986).
       27 Id.

       25 Scott   148 Wn.2d at 711.

                                            8
No. 75847-1-1/9

conduct."29 "'Reasonable expectations' are those spoken and unspoken

understandings on which the founders of a venture rely when commencing the

venture."39

      "Application of the reasonable expectations test is most appropriate in

situations where the complaining shareholder was one of the original participants

in the venture—one who would have committed capital and resources."31

      The second oppression test is defined as

      "burdensome, harsh and wrongful conduct; a lack of probity and fair
      dealing in the affairs of the company to the prejudice of some of its
      members; or a visible departure from the standards of fair dealing,
      and a violation of fair play on which every shareholder who entrusts
      his money to a company is entitled to rely."[32]

      This test is applied when application of the reasonable expectations test is

not straightforward. In Scott v. Trans-System, Inc., our Supreme Court determined

the reasonable expectations test should not be applied when "there is no

indication in the record as to what the reasonable expectations of the parties were

or whether [the complaining shareholder] invested any of his own money to

facilitate the incorporation and development of[the company]."33

      29 McCormick v. Dunn & Black, P.S., 140 Wn. App. 873, 889, 167 P.3d 610
(2007)(citing it at 709).
      39 Scott, 148 Wn.2d    at 711.
       31   Id.
      32    Id.(quoting Roblee v. Roblee, 68 Wn. App. 69, 76, 841 P.2d 1289
(1992)).
      33 Id. at 712.

                                          9
No. 75847-1-1/10

       "These two tests are not mutually exclusive and one or both may be used in

the same case, depending on the facts."34 "Under both tests, the complaining

shareholder has the burden of proof, by a preponderance of the evidence, to

establish the requisite jurisdictional facts and the equitable grounds for

dissolution."35

       As a threshold matter, the court properly applied the reasonable

expectations test because Lucas and Daniel co-founded Gravity and there is

evidence in the record as to their reasonable expectations.36

       To support his claim that Daniel breached his fiduciary duty, Lucas must

show "(1) that a shareholder breached his fiduciary duty to the corporation, and

(2)that the breach was a proximate cause of the losses sustained."37 A claim of

minority shareholder oppression is closely related to a claim that the majority

shareholder breached his or her fiduciary duty.38

      "Once the breach of fiduciary duty has been established, the plaintiff must

prove the damage resulting from the breach."39 "Damages must be supported by

competent evidence in the record; however, evidence of damages is sufficient if it

       34   Id. at 711.
       35   Id. at 712.
      38 See CP at 920("Where, as here, the dispute is between corporate
founders, the 'reasonable expectations' test applies.")(Conclusion of Law 8).
       37   McCormick, 140 Wn. App. at 894 (citing Interlake Porsche, 45 Wn. App.
at 509).
       38 Scott, 148 Wn.2d   at 711.
       39   Interlake Porsche,45 Wn. App. at 510.

                                          10
No. 75847-1-1/11

affords a reasonable basis for estimating the loss and does not subject the trier of

fact to mere speculation or conjecture."4°

       To show breach of contract, Lucas must prove duty, breach, causation, and

damages.'" "There is in every contract an implied duty of good faith and fair

dealing."42 Here, section 6.1.1 of the shareholders agreement also imposes an

obligation of good faith and fair dealing to the board's decisions related to Daniel's

salary and bonuses. The court correctly concluded this section was "not intended

to impose a separate duty... because the duty to exercise good faith and fair

dealing is inherent in every contract."43

       We apply the shareholder oppression reasonable expectations test, breach

of fiduciary duty standard, and breach of contract theory to the three central

disputes in this litigation.

A. 2012 Stock Award

       Under section 6.4.1 of the shareholders agreement,"Daniel Price shall

receive an annual stock award" based on the "Year Closing Value."44 The "Year

Closing Value" is determined by "a valuation of the Corporation... by a qualified

appraiser."45 Sufficient evidence supports the finding that "[t]he Shareholders

       40   Id. (citation omitted).
       41 Baldwin v. Silver, 165 Wn. App. 463,473, 269 P.3d 284 (2011).
       42 Badgett v. Sec. State Bank, 116 Wn.2d 563, 569, 807 P.2d 356 (1991).

       43 CP    at 931 (Conclusion of Law 34).
       44   Ex. 11 at 29-30.
       45   Ex. 11 at 30(emphasis added).

                                            11
No. 75847-1-1/12

Agreement provided for an annual stock award to Daniel Price based on the

growth of the company."46

      In late 2012, Daniel asked Clothier and Head, Gravity's accounting firm, to

perform a valuation for 2011 and 2012 to determine the amount of Daniel's stock

grant for those years. Mark Mitchell performed the appraisal.

       Daniel repeatedly told Mitchell that he wanted the appraisal to be

independent. When Mitchell requested "written projections or estimates of future

growth," Daniel refused to provide such documentation because he wanted the

report to be completed "without the inside information, so that the report can stand

on its own more."47 The record supports the finding that Daniel "intended that

Mitchell would do the work independently and without manipulation from

shareholders."48

      At trial, Lucas's primary challenge to the stock award was that Daniel

improperly manipulated the appraisal by "put[ting] his thumb on the scale in order

to make the 2011 appraisal lower and the 2012 appraisal higher so that there

would be as big of a difference as possible between the two so that he could get a

larger stock award."49

      After Lucas expressed his concern, Daniel facilitated a meeting between

Lucas and Mitchell to discuss Mitchell's draft appraisal. At the meeting, Lucas

      46   CP at 909(Finding of Fact 26).
      47   RP (June 8, 2016) at 192.
      48   CP at 909 (Finding of Fact 27).
      49   RP (June 1, 2016) at 365.

                                         12
No. 75847-1-1/13

proposed a different growth rate than the one contained in the draft. Daniel

testified at trial that he did not believe it was appropriate for either himself or Lucas

to present growth rates. Daniel reiterated he was "looking for the appraiser to

reach his own independent judgment about what the applicable growth rate should

be."53 Sufficient evidence supports the court finding that Daniel refused to provide

growth projections and "insist[ed] that the appraisal must be independent."51

       Based on the draft appraisal, the board approved a 2012 stock award to

Daniel in March 2013. Mitchell characterized the draft appraisal as a "valuation."

After the board relied on the appraisal and unanimously approved the stock award,

Mitchell reframed the appraisal as a "calculation." Daniel testified that Mitchell did

not tell him about the language changes and that he did not learn about the

changes until trial.

       During one of two telephone conversations, Daniel did tell Mitchell that his

"goal" for the company was "35 to 40 percent growth in 2013."52 But Daniel did not

discuss his goals for 2011 or 2012, the applicable years for Mitchell's appraisal.

The record supports the findings that Daniel did not provide projected growth rates

for 2011 or 2012 and that "[t]here is no evidence that anything Daniel Price said to

Mitchell.. was incorrect or intended to manipulate the appraisal."53

       5°   RP (June 8, 2016) at 202-03.
       51   CP at 909(Finding of Fact 27).
       52   RP (June 8, 2016) at 194-95.
       53 CP   at 910(Finding of Fact 29).

                                           13
No. 75847-1-1/14

       Further, Mitchell based the appraisal on a discounted cash flow analysis

and a separate market comparable analysis. Lucas's complaint of manipulation

due to Daniel allegedly providing projected growth rates applies only to the

discounted cash flow analysis. Sufficient evidence supports the court's finding that

"Lucas Price's claim that Daniel Price manipulated the valuation reports by

influencing the growth rates used in those reports relates only to the discounted

cash flow analysis. Lucas Price did not contest the market comparable

analysis."54

       The record supports the court's findings, and these findings support the

court's conclusions that the 2012 stock grant did not constitute shareholder

oppression, breach of fiduciary duty, or breach of contract.55

B. Personal Expenses

       A fiduciary is "liable only for those expenditures of corporate funds that

were shown to have been for his personal benefit."56 "[W]here a transaction

       54 CP   at 912(Finding of Fact 38).
       55  Lucas claims that although Daniel "represented to the court that he was
going to call a meeting to review the improper stock award[,]... Daniel has done
nothing." Appellant's Br. at 47. But the announcement by defense counsel of
Daniel's intent to call a board meeting to address what to do about the form
change from a "valuation" to a "calculation" was not the subject of any finding by
the trial court, was not reduced to writing as urged by the court, and does not
meaningfully impact any issue on appeal. This appeal is limited to whether
sufficient evidence supports the court's findings and whether those findings
support the court's conclusions and not whether conduct after the trial is of any
significance.
        56 Interlake Porsche, 45 Wn. App. 512.

                                          14
No. 75847-1-1/15

involves self-dealing or evidence of personal benefit is shown, then the burden

shifts to the fiduciary to show good faith."67

       During trial, the parties disputed the standard for determining an "authorized

business expense." Lucas's forensic accounting expert, William Partin, applied

IRS documentation guidelines and "totaled the charges lacking proper

documentation."68 Partin found a total of $627,965.08 lacking sufficient

documentation.

       The shareholders agreement does not discuss payment of personal

expenses with corporate assets. But Daniel's employment agreement provides,

"Employee shall use any credit card or other authorization to incur costs or

expenses in the name of Gravity solely for authorized business expenses of

Gravity," and the employment agreement is incorporated into the shareholders

agreement by reference.69 The employment agreement does not define

"authorized business expenses."

       Daniel testified, "The rules 1 that follow are from the shareholders

agreement. I'll state it somewhat imperfectly, because I don't have it in front of

me, that the company expenses should be in line with the IRS guidelines."60 But

Daniel also testified he did not intend to "refer. . . to IRS documentation

       57 Id.

       55   CP at 768.
       59   Ex. 10 at 3.
       60 CP at 1734.

                                           15
No. 75847-1-1/16

standards."61 Sufficient evidence supports the finding that "[t]here is no evidence

that the company conditioned reimbursement on presentation of such IRS

documentation•"62

       Daniel testified that well over 90 percent of the expenses were business

related. Daniel also testified some of the company credit card expenses were not

reimbursed. Sufficient evidence supports the finding that "Where was evidence

that Daniel Price used the company credit card for expenses that were not

subsequently reimbursed."63

       Daniel's forensic accounting expert, Lorraine Barrick, compared specific

expenses with Daniel's calendar to determine whether expenses were personal or

business. Barrick testified that the expenses reports showed "the kinds of things

that can be incurred by the CEO of a company."64 The court found "Daniel Price's

expert. . . testified that she reviewed. .. Daniel's calendar and was able to

determine that many of the disputed expenses were related to a proper business

purpose."66

       Daniel and his expert's testimony provide sufficient evidence to support the

court's findings, and these findings support the court's conclusions that Lucas

      61   RP (June 1,2016) at 206.
      62 CP   at 905 (Finding of Fact 12).
      63 Id. (Finding   of Fact 11).
      64   RP (June 14, 2016) at 652.
      65 CP   at 906 (Finding of Fact 12).

                                         16
No. 75847-1-1/17

failed to show Daniel's credit card expenses constituted shareholder oppression or

breach of fiduciary duty.

       The court also determined "the breach of contract claim does not include

the. . . reimbursement issues" because "[t]he agreement does not address

reimbursement, and the duty [of good faith and fair dealing] cannot be used to

create any obligation."66 Even if the contract does apply to the reimbursement

claim, sufficient evidence supports the court's finding that Lucas failed to prove

Daniel improperly used corporate assets to pay personal expenses.

C. Daniel's 2013 and 2014 Bonuses

       According to section 6.4.3 of the shareholders agreement, "[t]he

Corporation (through the Board) is authorized to pay Daniel Price such salary and

bonus as it may determine under 6.1.1."67 Section 6.1.1 grants Daniel the

authority to set his compensation if the Board cannot reach consensus.68

Sufficient evidence supports the court finding that "Daniel Price had the authority

       66 CP   at 930(Conclusion of Law 32).
       67   Ex. 11 at 30.
       68   Id. at 27("The Board, as so constituted, shall decide all management
issues as follows: If the Board achieves consensus, their consensus decision
shall be the decision of the Board. If they are unable to reach consensus, then the
representative of the Founder or his estate, who... hold more Shares than the
other Founder or his estate... shall decide and control the management decision
of the Board."); see also RCW 23B.07.320(1)(f)("An agreement among the
shareholders of a corporation... is effective... even though it is inconsistent with
. .. this title in that it. ..[t]ransfers to one or more shareholders. . . all or part of
the authority to exercise the corporate powers.).

                                           17
No. 75847-1-1/18

under the Shareholders Agreement to set his bonus compensation without board

consensus."69

       In March 2013, Daniel and Lucas agreed on a 2012 cash bonus of

$800,000 for Daniel in addition to his $300,000 salary. Lucas testified he agreed

because Daniel threatened to withhold Lucas's questions for Mitchell about the

Clothier and Head valuation. Daniel testified, "I don't think that's true," and

presented evidence that he forwarded Lucas's questions to Mitchell shortly after

the meeting." And Daniel's lawyer, Jonathan Michaels, who was at the March 20

meeting, testified that the meeting was civil; "[t]here was no table pounding or

name calling or threats or anything of that sort."71 Sufficient evidence supports the

court finding that the March 2013 board meeting was "civil and cordial and there

were no threats."72

       In 2013 and 2014, Daniel and Lucas could no longer agree as to Daniel's

bonus. In late 2012, Lucas proposed setting Daniel's 2013 bonus at $200,000,

despite Gravity's significant year over year growth. Shortly thereafter,

communication between Lucas and Daniel began to break down. Lucas argues

Daniel did not establish a lack of consensus, but there was adequate evidence of

an impasse to support Daniel's invocation of section 6.1.1 of the shareholders

agreement.

       69 CP   at 915 (Finding of Fact 48).
       79   RP (June 9, 2016) at 382.
       71   RP (June 13, 2016) at 493.
       72 CP   at 908-09 (Finding of Fact 25).

                                          18
No. 75847-1-1/19

       In early 2014, Lucas and Daniel agreed to hire an executive compensation

consultant to advise on the bonus dispute. Daniel selected Towers Watson.

       Daniel testified that he did not have "any material role" in gathering

information for Towers Watson.73 He also testified that he instructed Emery

Wager, a Gravity employee, "[t]o communicate everything to Lucas, to not hold

anything back, and to make sure he was fully informed, answer his questions, and

try to fulfill any requests that he could."74 And Daniel testified that he wanted the

report to be "independent and credible" and he tried to avoid influencing their

work.75 The record supports the finding that "Daniel Price intended that Towers

Watson's report would be independent and he had very little involvement in their

work."76

       In the report dated April 17, 2015, Towers Watson determined the

appropriate bonus range for Daniel was between $75,000 and $500,000, with the

appropriate total compensation between $675,000 and $2.8 million. In the report,

the total compensation was comprised of salary, bonus, and long term

compensation.

       Eventually, Daniel unilaterally set his bonuses for 2013 and 2014 at

$800,000. His salary remained $300,000, for a combined total compensation of

$1.1 million each year. Sufficient evidence supports the findings that(1)"Daniel

       73   RP (June 9, 2016) at 255.
       74   Id. at 256.
       75   Id. at 257.
       76   CP at 913(Finding of Fact 42).

                                          19
No. 75847-1-1/20

Price's compensation for 2013 and 2014 is within Towers Watson's range of

reasonable compensation for the CEO of Gravity Payments" and (2)"[t]he Towers

Watson report corroborated the reasonableness of Daniel Price's compensation."77

Even though Lucas provided some evidence questioning the Towers Watson

analysis, other evidence supported it.

       We conclude the record supports the court's findings, and these findings

support the court's conclusions that the 2013 and 2014 bonuses did not constitute

shareholder oppression, breach of fiduciary duty, or breach of contract.

                         III. Limitation of Cross-Examination

       Lucas argues the trial court abused its discretion when it terminated his

cross-examination of Lorraine Barrick, Daniel's forensic accounting expert.

       "The scope of cross-examination is within the discretion of the trial court."78

"Similarly, the admissibility of cumulative evidence lies within the trial court's

discretion."78

       On cross-examination, Lucas attempted to elicit testimony from Barrick

about specific days when Daniel charged "business" expenses to Gravity and his

calendar did not show a corresponding entry. Daniel objected that the testimony

was cumulative, and the court agreed because the expense reports and Daniel's

calendar were "already before the court."8°

       77 CF   at 915-16 (Findings of Fact 48 and 50).
       78 Thornton   v. Annest, 19 Wn. App. 174, 180, 574 P.2d 1199 (1978).
       78   Christensen v. Munsen, 123 Wn.2d 234, 241, 867 P.2d 626(1994).
       88   RP (June 14, 2016) at 728.

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No. 75847-1-1/21

       Lucas argues the limits on his cross-examination excluded evidence

establishing his claim that Daniel misused corporate assets. But the

testimony he was attempting to elicit did not provide the court with any new

information.

       We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it terminated

Lucas's cross-examination of Daniel's expert witness.

                       IV. Denial of Lucas's Motion to Exclude

       Lucas argues the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his motion

to exclude Daniel's calendar.

       In order to exclude evidence for a discovery violation, the court must

consider (1)"'whether a lesser sanction would probably have sufficed,"

(2)"whether... the disobedient party's refusal to obey a discovery order was

willful or deliberate," and (3) whether the violation "substantially prejudiced the

opponent's ability to prepare for trial."81

       On May 19, 2016, Lucas deposed Barrick. She testified to reviewing

Daniel's entire calendar, from 2008 to present, to prepare her report. Barrick

brought the calendar and her other files to the deposition. On May 25, 2016,

Lucas moved to exclude Daniel's calendar because Daniel did not provide his

calendar until Barrick's deposition even though it was responsive to several earlier

       81 Burnet v. Spokane Ambulance, 131 Wn.2d 484, 494, 933 P.2d 1036
(1997)(quoting Snedigar v. Hodderson, 53 Wn. App. 476, 487, 768 P.2d 1(1989),
rev'd in part, 114 Wn.2d 153, 786 P.2d 781 (1990)).

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No. 75847-1-1/22

discovery requests. On May 31, 2016, the court denied Lucas's motion to

exclude.

       Lucas does not establish the late disclosure substantially prejudiced his

ability to prepare for trial. He argues he was prejudiced because his experts were

unable "to develop a comprehensive responsive analysis of the calendar,"82 but

makes no showing that his theory of the case required such an analysis. The

theory underlying Lucas's claim that Daniel misused corporate assets was that

Daniel failed to document his expenses per IRS guidelines.

       We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied

Lucas's motion to exclude Daniel's calendar.

                              V. Attorney Fees and Costs

       Lucas contends the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded

attorney fees and costs to Daniel.

       We review a trial court's determination of reasonableness of attorney fees

for abuse of discretion.83 The party requesting the fee must provide reasonable

documentation of the work performed.84 And the court must conduct an

independent "evaluation of the reasonableness of the fees" and cannot simply rely

on the billing records and pleadings of the prevailing party.85 "Meaningful findings

      82 Appellant's   Br. at 59.
      83   Berryman v. Metcalf, 177 Wn. App. 644, 656-57, 312 P.3d 745, 753
(2013).
      84 224 Westlake, LLC     v. Engstrom Props., LLC, 169 Wn. App. 700, 734,
281 P.3d 693, 712(2012).
      85   Berryman, 177 Wn. App. at 677-78.

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No. 75847-1-1/23

and conclusions must be entered to explain an award of attorney fees."86 "The

findings must show how the court resolved disputed issues of fact and the

conclusions must explain the court's analysis."87

       Lucas generally challenges the trial court fees and costs order because the

court "entered [Daniel's] proposed fee award without any changes."88 Although

the court approved the amount requested by Daniel, this does not mean the court

did not conduct an independent evaluation of the reasonableness of the fees. The

court took care to enter 50 findings of facts to justify its reasonable fee

calculation.86 The court entered sufficiently meaningful findings of fact and -

conclusions of law to explain the award.

       Lucas's other challenges to costs paid by Gravity, duplicative fees for

multiple attorneys, and fees for time unrelated to litigation are not compelling.

       We conclude the court did not abuse its discretion when it awarded attorney

fees and costs to Daniel.

                                VI. Postjudgment Interest

       Lucas also argues the trial court erred when it applied a 12 percent

postjudgment interest rate to Daniel's judgment.

       86   Id.
       87 Id. at 658.

       88 Appellant's   Br. at 62.
       89 See   Chounq Van Pham v. Seattle City Light, 159 Wn.2d 527, 540, 151
P.3d 976(2007)("In this case, the trial judge took care to enter 35 findings of fact
justifying his reasonable fee calculation.").

                                          23
No. 75847-1-1/24

       Postjudgment interest is mandatory under RCW 4.56.110.9° As a result, a

trial court's award of postjudgment interest is a matter of law that we review de

novo.91 Under RCW 4.56.110, the appropriate interest rate amount depends on

the foundation of the particular judgment. "Judgments founded on written

contracts. .. shall bear interest at the rate specified in the contracts."92 If the

contract does not provide a rate, "judgments shall bear interest... at the

maximum rate permitted under RCW 19.52.020."93 The highest permissible

interest rate is 12 percent per annum.94

       Here, the judgment of attorney fees and costs to Daniel is founded on a

contract, specifically, the shareholders agreement.95 And because the

shareholders agreement does not identify a specific interest rate, the court

properly applied the statutory maximum rate.

       We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in setting the

postjudgment interest rate at 12 percent.

           Landco, LCC v. Harley C. Douglass, Inc., 186 Wn. App. 249, 256, 346
       90 TJ
P.3d 777(2015).
       91   Id.
       92   RCW 4.56.110(1).
       93RCW 4.56.110(4); see also TJ Landco, 186 Wn. App. at 260 ("[T]here
was no contractual interest rate that governed the award. The trial court correctly
applied the 'default' 12 percent interest provided by RCW 4.56.110(4) and RCW
19.52.020(1).").
       94   RCW 19.52.020(1)(a).
       95 See Ex. 11 at 36 ("In the event of any litigation concerning or arising from
this Agreement, the substantially prevailing Party shall be entitled to recover from
the losing Party or Parties his reasonable attorneys' and paralegal fees and
expenses of litigation incurred at trial and appellate levels.").

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                                VII. Fees on Appeal

       Lucas seeks fees on appeal under section 7.14 of the shareholders

agreement. Because section 7.14 only provides for an award to the substantially

prevailing party and Lucas is not the substantially prevailing party, we deny his

request for fees.

       Daniel also seeks fees on appeal under section 7.14 of the shareholders

agreement and RAP 18.1. Because Daniel is the substantially prevailing party, we

grant his request upon his timely compliance with the requirements of RAP 18.1.

      Therefore, we affirm.

WE CONCUR:

 ci   er/JAAc.:0:
      :

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