Court Opinion

ID: 4447063
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-10-16 14:09:34.528049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:56.008523
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Huu Cao,                             :
                  Petitioner         :
                                     :
     v.                              : No. 512 M.D. 2015
                                     : ARGUED: September 9, 2019
The Pennsylvania State Police of The :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,        :
                  Respondent         :

BEFORE:       HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
              HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
              HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE CEISLER                                           FILED: October 16, 2019

       The Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) has filed Preliminary Objections to Huu
Cao’s Amended Petition for Writ of Mandamus and Petition for Review (Petition
for Review), which was filed in this Court’s original jurisdiction. In his Petition for
Review, Mr. Cao seeks to compel the PSP to relieve him of his obligation to register
as a sex offender for life under the Act of February 21, 2018, P.L. 27, No. 10, 42 Pa.
C.S. §§ 9799.10-9799.75 (commonly known as Act 10).1 The PSP asserts that Mr.

       1
          The Sexual Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 42 Pa. C.S. §§
9799.10-9799.41, became effective on December 20, 2012. In February 2018, the General
Assembly enacted Act 10, amending certain provisions of SORNA and adding new sections, 42
Pa. C.S. §§ 9799.42 and 9799.51-9799.75, which became effective immediately.

       Specifically, in Subchapter H, the General Assembly modified the registration
requirements for individuals who committed offenses on or after SORNA’s effective date of
December 20, 2012. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.11. Also, in Subchapter I, the General Assembly
created new registration requirements for individuals who committed offenses between April 22,
1996 and December 20, 2012, as well as for sex offenders who were required to register under a
Cao’s Petition for Review fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted
under Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 1028(a)(4).2 For the reasons that
follow, we sustain in part and overrule in part the PSP’s Preliminary Objections and
direct the PSP to file an Answer to the Petition for Review within 30 days.
                                          Background
       On September 22, 2000, Mr. Cao pled guilty to the following offenses:
indecent assault of a person less than 13 years of age, 18 Pa. C.S. § 3126(a)(7);
aggravated indecent assault without consent, 18 Pa. C.S. § 3125(a)(1); indecent
assault of a mentally disabled person, 18 Pa. C.S. § 3126(a)(6); aggravated indecent
assault, 18 Pa. C.S. § 3125; and corruption of minors, 18 Pa. C.S. § 6301(a). Pet.
for Review, ¶ 3. On that same date, the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
(Trial Court) sentenced Mr. Cao to two and one-half to five years’ incarceration
followed by 10 years’ probation. Id., ¶ 4; see PSP’s Prelim. Obj., Ex. 3.
       At the time of his convictions, Mr. Cao was required to register with the PSP
as a sex offender for life pursuant to Megan’s Law II, Act of May 10, 2000, P.L. 74,
42 Pa. C.S. §§ 9791-9799.7 (expired), due to his conviction for aggravated indecent
assault. See former 42 Pa. C.S. § 9795.1(b)(2) (expired); Mr. Cao’s Br. in Opp. to
Prelim. Obj. at 6.3 Notably, Megan’s Law II required lifetime registration based on

pre-SORNA statute between April 22, 1996 and December 20, 2012 and whose registration
periods had not yet expired. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.52.

       2
         Rule 1028(a)(4) permits a party to file a preliminary objection to any pleading challenging
the “legal insufficiency of a pleading (demurrer).” Pa. R.C.P. No. 1028(a)(4).

       3
           In 2004, the General Assembly enacted Megan’s Law III, Act of November 24, 2004,
P.L. 1243, 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 9791-9799.9 (expired). Megan’s Law III did not alter the lifetime
registration requirement for an offender convicted of aggravated indecent assault. See former 42
Pa. C.S. § 9795.1(b) (expired).

                                                 2
Mr. Cao’s conviction for aggravated indecent assault, regardless of the date of the
underlying offense. Mr. Cao contends, however, that he entered his plea agreement
with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth) with the understanding
that he would be required to register as a sex offender for only 10 years. Pet. for
Review, ¶¶ 5-6. Upon his release from prison in September 2003, Mr. Cao began
his registration commitment. Id., ¶ 7.
       On October 26, 2015, Mr. Cao filed a Petition for Writ of Mandamus in this
Court’s original jurisdiction, seeking to compel the PSP to remove him from the sex
offender registry. On December 30, 2015, the PSP filed Preliminary Objections to
the Petition for Writ of Mandamus.
       On January 27, 2016, Mr. Cao filed an Amended Petition for Review, again
seeking his removal from the sex offender registry. On October 21, 2016, the PSP
filed an Answer and New Matter to the Amended Petition for Review. Mr. Cao
filed an Answer to the PSP’s New Matter on November 11, 2016.
       On February 15, 2018, the PSP notified Mr. Cao that, in response to the
Supreme Court’s decision in Muniz, the PSP had removed him from the sex offender
website. The letter stated:

       The Megan’s Law Section [of the PSP] has determined that your
       registration is affected by [Muniz]. Your information has been removed
       from the public website effective the date of this correspondence.
       Please be advised, the [PSP] may be compelled to review your file in
       the future to determine whether you are required to register as a

        In 2011, the General Assembly replaced Megan’s Law III with SORNA. Subsequently, in
Commonwealth v. Muniz, 164 A.3d 1189, 1223 (Pa. 2017), cert. denied sub nom. Pennsylvania v.
Muniz, 138 S. Ct. 925 (2018), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that SORNA violated the ex
post facto provisions of both the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions when applied
retroactively to sexual offenders who were convicted of certain crimes before SORNA’s effective
date and were subjected to increased registration obligations under SORNA.

                                              3
        [s]exual [o]ffender pursuant to any new legislation in response to
        Muniz.

Mr. Cao’s Br. in Opp. to Prelim. Obj., Ex. B (emphasis added); see Pet. for Review,
¶ 17.
        On February 20, 2018, the PSP filed an Application to Dismiss the Amended
Petition for Review as Moot (Application to Dismiss), asserting that the PSP had
removed Mr. Cao’s name from the sex offender website.
        On April 20, 2018, following Act 10’s enactment, the PSP notified Mr. Cao
as follows:

        Your sexual offender registration information has been reviewed. In
        accordance with [Subchapter I of Act 10], you are required to register
        as a sexual offender for your lifetime. . . . If you have not yet appeared
        at an approved registration site, you must do so by May 22, 2018.

Mr. Cao’s Br. in Opp. to Prelim. Obj., Ex. C; see Pet. for Review, ¶ 18.
        On May 21, 2018, this Court denied the PSP’s Application to Dismiss, stating
that “it appears that [Mr. Cao’s name] remains on the ‘Megan’s Law website’ despite
[the PSP’s] averment that [Mr. Cao’s] name was removed ‘[o]n or about February
13, 2018.’” Cmwlth. Ct. Order, 5/21/18.
        On August 10, 2018, Mr. Cao requested leave of court to further amend his
Amended Petition for Review to address the applicability of Act 10, which this Court
granted.4
        On September 12, 2018, Mr. Cao filed the instant Petition for Review with
this Court, challenging his lifetime registration obligation under Act 10 as
unconstitutional. Specifically, Mr. Cao asks this Court to: change his registration
requirement to 10 years; declare that he has completed his registration obligation;

        On August 20, 2018, this Court also dismissed as moot Mr. Cao’s pending Application
        4

for Summary Relief, which he had filed in February 2018.

                                            4
and exempt him from registering under Act 10. In the alternative, Mr. Cao asks this
Court to declare that Act 10’s internet notification requirements, as applied to him,
violate the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the United States and Pennsylvania
Constitutions. On November 13, 2018, the PSP filed its Preliminary Objections to
the Petition for Review. Both parties have filed briefs in support of their respective
positions and have presented oral argument before this Court.
                                      Analysis
      “[A] demurrer contests the legal sufficiency of a [petition for review].” Barge
v. Pa. Bd. of Probation & Parole, 39 A.3d 530, 538 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012), aff’d, 96
A.3d 360 (Pa. 2014). In ruling on preliminary objections, this Court must accept as
true all well-pled material allegations in the petition for review and any reasonable
inferences therefrom. Garrison v. Dep’t of Corr., 16 A.3d 560, 563 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2011).   However, we are not bound by unwarranted factual inferences, legal
conclusions, argumentative allegations, or expressions of opinion. Id. We may
sustain a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer only where the petitioner
has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Id.
      With these principles in mind, we address each of the PSP’s Preliminary
Objections.
                            1. Applicability of Act 10
      The PSP argues that Mr. Cao has failed to state a claim for relief because Act
10 applies to Mr. Cao and mandates his continued registration as a sex offender.
      Preliminarily, we note that Mr. Cao’s Petition for Review challenges his
registration obligation under Act 10. However, shortly after he filed his Petition for
Review, the General Assembly reenacted and amended some provisions of Act 10
in the Act of June 12, 2018, P.L. 140, No. 29, 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 9799.10-9799.75

                                          5
(commonly known as Act 29), which became effective immediately. Because Act
29 has replaced Act 10, Act 29 is now the only statute under which Mr. Cao can be
compelled to register as a sex offender. Thus, we will refer to Act 10 and Act 29
together herein as “SORNA II” and will address Mr. Cao’s obligation to register
under SORNA II.
      Subchapter I of SORNA II, titled “Continued Registration of Sex Offenders,”
states in Section 9799.52(2) that its provisions shall apply to individuals “required
to register with the [PSP] under a former sexual offender registration law of this
Commonwealth on or after April 22, 1996, but before December 20, 2012, whose
period of registration has not expired.” 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.52(2) (emphasis added).
      Here, it is undisputed that Mr. Cao’s obligation to register began in September
2003 when he was released from prison. At that time – notwithstanding any alleged
plea agreement to the contrary (which we address more fully in Section 2 of this
Analysis, infra) – Megan’s Law II required Mr. Cao to register with the PSP for life
based on his conviction for aggravated indecent assault. See former 42 Pa. C.S. §
9795.1(b)(2) (expired); Mr. Cao’s Br. in Opp. to Prelim. Obj. at 6. Therefore, the
plain language of Section 9799.52(2) of SORNA II mandates Mr. Cao’s continued
registration, because he was “required to register with the [PSP] under a former
sexual offender registration law of this Commonwealth [i.e., Megan’s Law II] on or
after April 22, 1996, but before December 20, 2012” and his “period of [lifetime]
registration has not expired.” 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.52(2).
      In his Petition for Review, Mr. Cao contends that SORNA II does not require
him to register because his offenses occurred in May 1995. Pet. for Review, ¶ 2; see
Mr. Cao’s Br. in Opp. to Prelim. Obj., Ex. A. Mr. Cao points out that Section
9799.55(b)(2)(i)(A) of SORNA II requires lifetime registration for an individual

                                         6
convicted of aggravated indecent assault if the offense was “committed on or after
April 22, 1996, but before December 20, 2012.” 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.55(b)(2)(i)(A)
(emphasis added). However, subsection (b)(2)(i)(B) of that same provision also
mandates lifetime registration for an individual convicted of aggravated indecent
assault “who [was] required to register with the [PSP] under a former sexual offender
registration law of this Commonwealth on or after April 22, 1996, but before
December 20, 2012, whose period of registration has not expired.” 42 Pa. C.S. §
9799.55(b)(2)(i)(B) (emphasis added); see 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.52(2). Thus, Mr. Cao
is obligated to register under SORNA II because his prior lifetime registration
commitment, which began in September 2003, has not expired.
      We sustain the PSP’s Preliminary Objection on the ground that SORNA II
applies to Mr. Cao and requires his continued registration for life.
                             2. Contract Clause Violations
      Mr. Cao alleges that he is entitled to specific enforcement of his plea
agreement and that the application of SORNA II impairs the Commonwealth’s
obligations under the plea agreement in violation of the Contract Clauses of the
United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions. See U.S. Const. art. I, § 10; Pa. Const.
art. I, § 17. Specifically, Mr. Cao alleges that he entered his plea agreement with the
understanding that he would be required to register as a sex offender for only 10
years, even though the statute in effect at the time of his plea – Megan’s Law II –
required lifetime registration. Pet. for Review, ¶¶ 5-6; Mr. Cao’s Br. in Opp. to
Prelim. Obj. at 6.5 The PSP objects, arguing that it cannot be liable for any breach
of contract because it was not a party to Mr. Cao’s plea agreement.

      5
          Mr. Cao asserts:

                                          7
       An en banc panel of our Court addressed this same argument in Dougherty v.
Pennsylvania State Police, 138 A.3d 152, 168 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016) (en banc),6
wherein we sustained the PSP’s preliminary objection to a petition for review on the
ground that the PSP could not be liable for breach of the petitioner’s plea agreement
with the Commonwealth. In doing so, we stated:

       [T]he PSP has no duty to inquire into the content or intent of any
       underlying plea agreement. The PSP is not a party to the plea
       agreement and disputes over the alleged breach of a plea agreement,
       and the impact of the plea agreement on a [sex offender’s] duty to
       register with the PSP, are properly resolved through the criminal justice
       system in the appropriate sentencing court.

Id. (emphasis in original). We further explained that, in determining the appropriate
period of registration, the PSP must comply with the registration terms outlined in
the trial court’s sentencing order. Id. at 159-60. Consequently, “if[] the sentencing
order is silent on the term of registration imposed upon the offender, the PSP must
apply the appropriate registration period based on the offense of conviction” under
the applicable sex offender statute. Id. at 160 (emphasis added).
       Here, Mr. Cao’s Petition for Review contains no factual averments relating to
either the terms of the Trial Court’s Sentencing Order or the PSP’s application

       It is acknowledged that at the time of sentencing, Megan’s Law II carried a lifetime
       registration for a conviction [of] Aggravated Indecent Assault, 18 Pa. C.S. [§] 3125;
       however, it is contended that [Mr. Cao] negotiated a plea to a ten[-]year registration
       period based on the timing of the charges which predated Megan’s Law II and his
       understanding at the time of his plea.

Mr. Cao’s Br. in Opp. to Prelim. Obj. at 6.

       6
         Although Dougherty involved a constitutional challenge to SORNA, not SORNA II, our
Court’s rationale in Dougherty with regard to the petitioner’s Contract Clause claim is applicable
here.

                                                 8
thereof. His Petition for Review merely includes averments regarding his alleged
plea negotiations with the Commonwealth prior to sentencing. Significantly, the
Sentencing Order included in the record before this Court is silent as to the terms of
Mr. Cao’s sex offender registration obligation, stating only that “Megan[’s] Law
applies.” PSP’s Prelim. Obj., Ex. 3, at 1-2.
      Because the PSP was not a party to Mr. Cao’s plea agreement with the
Commonwealth, it cannot be liable for breach of such agreement. See Dougherty,
138 A.3d at 160 (noting that “it is the Commonwealth, acting through the appropriate
prosecutor, not the PSP, who is a party to the plea agreement”). Further, absent any
record evidence demonstrating that the Trial Court imposed a shorter period of
registration than that mandated by Megan’s Law II, the PSP properly imposed
lifetime registration on Mr. Cao.
      Therefore, we sustain the PSP’s Preliminary Objection on this basis.
                               3. Mandamus Relief
      The PSP asserts that Mr. Cao’s Petition for Review sounding in mandamus is
not the proper means to obtain the relief he seeks. The PSP contends that mandamus
is applicable only when the petitioner has a clear legal right to the performance of a
mandatory, ministerial duty. According to the PSP, it is merely following applicable
law in enforcing SORNA II’s registration requirements.
      In Taylor v. Pennsylvania State Police, 132 A.3d 590, 599-600 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2016) (en banc), we addressed a similar claim and overruled the PSP’s objection to
a petition for review titled “Petition for Review in the Nature of a Writ of
Mandamus,” where the petitioner’s claims sounded in declaratory and injunctive
relief. We explained that our Rules of Appellate Procedure should be construed
liberally and, thus, “‘[a]ctions brought in the wrong form should not be dismissed,

                                          9
but should be regarded as having been filed in the proper form.’” Id. at 600 (quoting
Commonwealth v. Borough of East Washington, 378 A.2d 301, 304 (Pa. 1977)).
       Here, as in Taylor, although Mr. Cao’s Petition for Review is titled “Amended
Petition for Writ of Mandamus and Petition for Review,” it is evident from the body
of the Petition for Review that he actually seeks declaratory and injunctive relief.
See Pet. for Review at 10 (unpaginated). Therefore, we consider Mr. Cao’s Petition
for Review as properly styled to seek such relief.
       We overrule the PSP’s Preliminary Objection on this basis.
                               4. Ex Post Facto Violations
       The PSP asserts that the application of SORNA II to Mr. Cao does not violate
the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions. In
response, Mr. Cao contends that it does, for two reasons: (1) because SORNA II
retroactively increased his registration period from 10 years to life; and (2) because
SORNA II imposes on him internet notification requirements that did not exist at the
time of his convictions. We will address each argument in turn.
                            a. Increased Registration Period
       This Court has recently concluded that a sex offender statute is not an
unconstitutional ex post facto law as applied if it merely continues the same
registration requirement already in place under pre-SORNA law. See Groulx v. Pa.
State Police (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 121 M.D. 2018, filed Jan. 24, 2019), slip op. at 12-
14.7 “Without the infliction of a greater punishment, the ex post facto clause is not
violated.” Id., slip op. at 14 (citing Commonwealth v. Rose, 127 A.3d 794 (Pa. 2015),
and Commonwealth v. Allshouse, 36 A.3d 163 (Pa. 2012)).

       7
         We cite Groulx for its persuasive value in accordance with Section 414(a) of this Court’s
Internal Operating Procedures, 210 Pa. Code § 69.414(a).

                                               10
       Here, as explained above, Mr. Cao is subject to the same registration
obligation – lifetime registration – that has applied to him since his release from
prison in 2003 under Megan’s Law II. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.55(b)(2); former 42
Pa. C.S. § 9795.1(b)(1) (expired). SORNA II did not increase Mr. Cao’s period of
registration. Therefore, we reject this claim.
                           b. Internet Notification Provisions
        Next, Mr. Cao argues that the internet notification requirements imposed on
him by SORNA II are punitive in nature. Mr. Cao was convicted in 2000 and began
his registration obligation in 2003 when Megan’s Law II was in effect. Megan’s
Law II did not contain any internet notification requirements. Rather, Megan’s Law
II only required “public” notification for sex offenders classified as sexually violent
predators, see former 42 Pa. C.S. § 9798(d) (expired), and such notification was not
implemented on a publicly available website, see id.
       Internet notification was not mandated until the enactment of Megan’s Law
III in 2004. See former 42 Pa. C.S. § 9798.1 (expired).8 The record shows that
information about Mr. Cao was included on the publicly accessible Megan’s Law
Website as recently as May 2018. See Cmwlth. Ct. Order, 5/21/18.

       8
        Section 9798.1(c) of Megan’s Law III provided that the public website maintained by the
PSP (Megan’s Law Website) shall contain the following information regarding registered sex
offenders:

       (i) Name and any aliases; (ii) year of birth; (iii) the street address, city, county and
       zip code of all residences; (iv) the street address, city, county and zip code of any
       institution or location at which the person is enrolled as [a] student; (v) the city,
       county and zip code of any employment location; (vi) a photograph of the offender,
       which shall be updated not less than annually; (vii) a description of the offense or
       offenses which trigger the application of [the registration requirement]; and (viii)
       the date of the offense and conviction, if available.

Former 42 Pa. C.S. § 9798.1(c) (expired).

                                                 11
       As Mr. Cao points out, the internet notification requirements of SORNA II
are far more expansive than the internet notification requirements of Megan’s Law
III. SORNA II requires the PSP to publish on the Megan’s Law Website the
following information:

       (i) name and all known aliases; (ii) year of birth; (iii) . . . the street
       address, municipality, county and zip code of all residences, including,
       where applicable, the name of the prison or other place of confinement;
       (iv) the street address, municipality, county, zip code and name of an
       institution or location at which the person is enrolled as a student; (v)
       the municipality, county and zip code of an employment location; (vi)
       a photograph of the individual, which shall be updated not less than
       annually; (vii) a physical description of the offender, including sex,
       height, weight, eye color, hair color and race; (viii) identifying marks,
       including scars, birthmarks and tattoos; (ix) the license plate number
       and description of a vehicle owned or registered to the offender; (x)
       whether the offender is currently compliant with registration
       requirements; (xi) whether the victim is a minor; (xii) a description of
       the offense or offenses which triggered the application of this
       subchapter; [and] (xiii) the date of the offense and conviction, if
       available . . . .

42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.63(c)(1).9 These notifications are required for all lifetime
registrants, not just those deemed to be sexually violent predators. See 42 Pa. C.S.
§ 9799.63(c)(2). SORNA II also gives the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and
Parole the authority to “impose [on parolees or probationers] supervision conditions

       9
           In enacting SORNA II, it was the General Assembly’s intent, in relevant part, to

       [r]equire the exchange of relevant information about . . . offenders among public
       agencies and officials and to authorize the release of necessary and relevant
       information about . . . offenders to members of the general public, including
       information available through the publicly accessible [Megan’s Law Website] of
       the [PSP], as a means of assuring public protection and shall not be construed as
       punitive.

42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.61(b)(2) (emphasis added).

                                                 12
that include offender tracking through global positioning system technology.” 42
Pa. C.S. § 9799.65.
         In his Brief in Opposition to the PSP’s Preliminary Objections, Mr. Cao
contends that SORNA II is an impermissible ex post facto law under the Supreme
Court’s decision in Muniz.          In Muniz, our Supreme Court addressed the
constitutionality of SORNA under the federal and state Ex Post Facto Clauses. In
analyzing the numerous factors for determining whether SORNA was punitive, the
Supreme Court relied extensively on SORNA’s internet notification provisions. The
Court began by noting that it “consider[ed] SORNA’s publication provisions – when
viewed in the context of our current internet-based world – to be comparable to
shaming punishments.” Muniz, 164 A.3d at 1213. The Supreme Court went on to
state:

         [T]he information SORNA allows to be released over the internet goes
         beyond otherwise publicly accessible conviction data and includes:
         name, year of birth, residence address, school address, work address,
         photograph, physical description, vehicle license plate number and
         description of vehicles. Moreover, although [our] Court [previously]
         determined [that] the dissemination of registration information
         provided by sexually violent predators under Megan’s Law II was
         necessary to protect the public, the Court expressly stated the public
         notification and electronic dissemination provisions of that statute
         “need not be read to authorize public display of the information, as on
         the Internet.” SORNA has increased the length of registration, contains
         mandatory in-person reporting requirements, and allows for more
         private information to be displayed online. Under the circumstances,
         we conclude [that] SORNA is much more retributive than Megan’s Law
         II and the Alaska statute at issue in Smith [v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84 (2003)],
         and this increase in retributive effect, along with the fact SORNA’s
         provisions act as deterrents for a number of predicate offenses, all
         weigh in favor of finding SORNA punitive.

Id. at 1215-16 (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).

                                            13
      The Muniz Court ultimately concluded that application of SORNA to the
defendant, who was convicted before SORNA’s effective date, was improper. The
Supreme Court held that: (1) SORNA’s registration and notification provisions
constituted punishment; and (2) retroactive application of SORNA’s registration and
notification provisions to sexual offenders who were convicted of certain crimes
before SORNA’s effective date violated the federal and state Ex Post Facto Clauses.
Id. at 1223.
      Although Muniz involved SORNA, not SORNA II, the Supreme Court’s
discussion in dicta of the punitive nature of SORNA’s internet notification
provisions suggests that application of SORNA II’s internet notification provisions
to Mr. Cao does not pass constitutional muster. However, we are also mindful that
the General Assembly enacted SORNA II directly in response to Muniz, see 42 Pa.
C.S. § 9799.51(b)(3), and, in doing so, declared that the “information available
through the publicly accessible [Megan’s Law Website] . . . shall not be construed
as punitive,” 42 Pa. C.S. § 9799.51(b)(2).
      At this early stage of the proceedings, we cannot conclude with certainty that
SORNA II’s internet notification provisions are not punitive as applied to Mr. Cao,
who was convicted long before the Megan’s Law Website existed. See Dougherty,
138 A.3d at 158 (overruling the PSP’s preliminary objection where it was unclear
whether “the [internet notification] provisions added since [the p]etitioner was
convicted in 2011 are not punitive and violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of the
Pennsylvania Constitution”); Taylor, 132 A.3d at 604 (overruling the PSP’s
preliminary objection challenging the legal sufficiency of the petitioner’s state ex
post facto claim based on SORNA’s internet notification provisions). Therefore, we
conclude that Mr. Cao’s Petition for Review states a claim that SORNA II’s internet

                                        14
notification provisions, as applied to him, violate the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the
United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions.
      We overrule the PSP’s Preliminary Objection on this basis.
                            5. Due Process Violations
      The PSP objects to Mr. Cao’s due process claims because Mr. Cao fails to
allege an interest protected by either the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution or Article I, Section 9 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution. In his Petition for Review, Mr. Cao contends that
SORNA II’s internet notification provisions infringe on his protected right to
reputation without due process. He also contends that SORNA II’s irrebuttable
presumption that all sex offenders pose a high risk of reoffending, see 42 Pa. C.S. §
9799.11(a)(4), violates his procedural due process rights.
      Although a person’s reputation is not protected by the federal Due Process
Clause, our Supreme Court has acknowledged that a person’s reputation is protected
by the Pennsylvania Constitution. See Muniz, 164 A.3d at 1221; see also In re J.B.,
107 A.3d 1, 16 (Pa. 2014) (“This Court has recognized that the right to reputation,
although absent from the federal [C]onstitution, is a fundamental right under the
Pennsylvania Constitution.”). As such, our Court has recognized that “reputation is
among the fundamental rights that cannot be abridged without compliance with state
constitutional standards of due process.” Taylor, 132 A.3d at 605.
      In Taylor, we overruled the PSP’s preliminary objection to the petitioner’s
substantive due process claim based on an alleged deprivation of his reputational
interest, as follows:

      [The p]etitioner alleges that his constitutionally protected reputational
      interest under the Pennsylvania Constitution is infringed upon by
      SORNA.       Assuming this allegation is true, [the p]etitioner’s

                                         15
       fundamental right to reputation may only be abridged if SORNA is
       narrowly tailored to advance a compelling state interest.

       An extensive review of the law has shown that courts of this
       Commonwealth have not specifically addressed whether SORNA’s
       registration and notification provisions are narrowly tailored to meet
       the government’s compelling interest in protecting the public. Nor have
       courts assessed whether the public distribution of a sexual offender’s
       personal information on a government website violates substantive due
       process. Further, the United States Supreme Court has not addressed
       this issue. Because it is not clear at this time that [the p]etitioner is not
       entitled to relief, his substantive due process claim must be answered
       by the PSP.

Id. at 609-10 (footnote and internal citations omitted).10 We further concluded that
the petitioner adequately stated a claim that SORNA’s irrebuttable presumption that
all sex offenders pose a high risk of reoffending violated procedural due process
under the Pennsylvania Constitution. Id. at 607.
       Applying Taylor’s reasoning to this case, we conclude that Mr. Cao has stated
claims that SORNA II’s internet notification requirements infringe on his protected
right to reputation without due process and that SORNA II’s irrebuttable
presumption violates procedural due process. Therefore, we overrule the PSP’s
Preliminary Objection on these bases.11

       10
          Although Muniz touched on reputational interest in evaluating the defendant’s ex post
facto claims, see 164 A.3d at 1222-23, the Supreme Court did not address the issue of whether
SORNA’s registration and notification provisions violated due process rights under the
Pennsylvania Constitution. See id. at 1223 (finding persuasive the petitioner’s “claim [that] the
Pennsylvania Constitution’s special treatment of the right to reputation justifies greater protections
under the Pennsylvania ex post facto clause”).

       11
           We note that, in 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court granted review, in its original
jurisdiction, to consider the constitutionality of SORNA II in Commonwealth v. Lacombe, 35 MAP
2018 (Pa. 2018).

                                                 16
                                   Conclusion
      Accordingly, we overrule the PSP’s Preliminary Objections to the styling of
the Petition for Review as a writ of mandamus and to Mr. Cao’s ex post facto and
due process claims, and we sustain the remainder of the PSP’s Preliminary
Objections. We further direct the PSP to file an Answer to the Petition for Review
within 30 days.

                                     __________________________________
                                     ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

                                       17
           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Huu Cao,                             :
                  Petitioner         :
                                     :
     v.                              : No. 512 M.D. 2015
                                     :
The Pennsylvania State Police of The :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,        :
                  Respondent

                                    ORDER

      AND NOW, this 16th day of October, 2019, the Preliminary Objections filed by
the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) to Huu Cao’s Amended Petition for Writ of
Mandamus and Petition for Review (Petition for Review) are hereby SUSTAINED IN
PART AND OVERRULED IN PART in accordance with the foregoing Opinion. We
further direct the PSP to file an Answer to the Petition for Review within 30 days of
the date of this Order.

                                      __________________________________
                                      ELLEN CEISLER, Judge