Court Opinion

ID: 4287670
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-25 08:20:16.32951+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:04.529271
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                       OF TEXAS
                                      NO. AP-77,042

                            FIDENCIO VALDEZ, Appellant

                                             v.

                                THE STATE OF TEXAS

              ON DIRECT APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 20120D00749
                 IN THE 384TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
                            EL PASO COUNTY

R ICHARDSON, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K ELLER, P.J., and
K EASLER, H ERVEY, Y EARY, N EWELL, K EEL, and W ALKER, JJ. joined. A LCALA, J.
concurred in the result.

                                       OPINION

       On May 30, 2014, a jury convicted appellant of capital murder for intentionally

causing the death of Julio Barrios in the course of committing or attempting to commit

robbery. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE § 19.03(a)(2). Pursuant to the jury’s answers to the special

issues set forth in Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 37.071 § 2(b) and (e), the trial
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court sentenced appellant to death.1 Direct appeal to this Court is automatic.2 Appellant

raises thirteen points of error. After reviewing appellant’s points of error, we find them to

be without merit. Consequently, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and sentence of death.

                                       STATEMENT OF FACTS

        In early December 2010, at a bus stop in El Paso, Gilbert Ramirez met a young man

named Julio Barrios. Ramirez saw Barrios pull out a bag of marijuana and asked Barrios if

he knew anybody who sold marijuana. Barrios responded that he sold marijuana and also

other drugs, including ecstasy. The two men exchanged phone numbers. At the time,

Ramirez was living with his sister-in-law, Ruby Jurado. Both Ramirez and Jurado were

acquainted with appellant.

        Appellant had recently moved into his girlfriend Veronica Cera’s apartment. He did

not have a job and he routinely drove Cera’s car, a white Saturn SUV. On December 10,

2010, appellant drove Cera’s SUV to Jurado’s house.                   Cera was riding in the front

passenger’s seat. Appellant, who was wearing gray sweatpants, a gray sweatshirt, and

glasses, asked Jurado for Xanax pills and money for gas. She gave him the pills, but told him

that she did not have any money. Appellant asked Ramirez if he knew where to get some

“ecstasies.” Ramirez answered that he knew this “little boy” (meaning Barrios) who sold

        1
         See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . art. 37.071 § 2(g). Unless otherwise indicated, all future
references to Articles refer to the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
        2
            TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . art. 37.071 § 2(h).
                                                                                   Valdez - 3

ecstasy. Ramirez called Barrios on appellant’s behalf and asked Barrios if appellant could

buy forty ecstasy pills from him. Ramirez then passed the phone to appellant so that

appellant and Barrios could work out the details concerning their transaction. Ramirez and

Jurado overheard appellant discuss a price of $300 for thirty or forty ecstasy pills.

       Cera and appellant then returned to Cera’s apartment so she could prepare for her

birthday party that evening. Cera testified that appellant spoke on the phone with “this kid”

in order to “score some pills.” The “kid” gave appellant directions to a location in northeast

El Paso to make the exchange. Cera had $40 and she believed that she and appellant were

going to “score” four pills for her birthday party with her money because appellant did not

have any money. They left her apartment and stopped by appellant’s friend Liz’s house,

where appellant had previously hidden a brown tote bag containing guns. Appellant went

inside for five or ten minutes, and then they headed to the specified location.

       Barrios and his girlfriend, Brenda Rosales, were shopping that day when he began

receiving many phone calls. Barrios’s uncle, Samuel Herrera, picked up Rosales and Barrios

in Herrera’s white Chrysler Sebring. At Barrios’s request, Herrera drove the couple to the

northeast part of town. Barrios continued to receive a lot of phone calls during the drive.

Phone records admitted at trial revealed that Barrios received multiple calls from appellant’s

number during this time period. These calls ceased at 6:29 p.m. During the drive, Barrios

kept insinuating to Herrera that he “was going to do something, like he was either going to

score some weed or buy something.” Barrios handed Herrera several empty sandwich bags
                                                                                   Valdez - 4

which led Herrera to surmise that Barrios intended to purchase some marijuana and divide

it or do something else “drug related.” Herrera followed Barrios’s driving directions to a

location on Waldorf Street.

       Eventually, Herrera stopped his car near a white SUV parked on the opposite side of

the street. Barrios got out of the Chrysler and approached the SUV. Cera heard appellant

tell Barrios to get into the truck and saw Barrios climb into the back seat of her SUV (behind

the driver’s seat). Appellant then drove away and Herrera followed the SUV in his Chrysler.

Appellant stopped in a darker area on Tropicana Street and Herrera parked about fifteen feet

behind him. Appellant told Barrios to give him the pills. Barrios handed appellant a

sandwich bag filled with pills. Appellant handed the bag to Cera and told her to count them.

Cera started to count the pills—there were about thirty or forty of them—and then Barrios

asked appellant for the money. Appellant told Barrios that “he ain’t going to pay him shit.”

He asked Barrios if he was wearing a wire. Barrios got mad and told appellant to “give him

his fucking pills back.” Appellant responded that he was “not going to give [Barrios] shit.”

Cera then heard two shots and looked up to see that appellant had shot Barrios in the head.

       Appellant got out of the SUV and pulled Barrios out of the vehicle. Cera panicked,

threw the pills up in the air, got out of the SUV, and went around to the back of the vehicle.

Appellant ordered Cera to “get back in the fucking truck” and she complied. From inside the

SUV, Cera saw appellant shoot Barrios again while Barrios was on the ground. Appellant

then turned and shot twice at the car (the Chrysler) parked behind them. Cera also testified
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that she saw a man and a girl get out of the car and they were yelling.

       From their vantage point in the Chrysler, Herrera and Rosales heard a bang from

within the SUV. Herrera thought he saw a flash from the passenger’s side of the SUV, but

his attention was focused on the driver’s side. The driver of the SUV, whom Herrera

described as tall and thin, and wearing glasses and a gray hooded sweatshirt, exited the SUV

and opened the rear driver’s side door. Herrera saw the driver pull Barrios out of the SUV

and shoot him while he was on the ground. Meanwhile, Herrera got out of his Chrysler and

started to run toward the SUV. The driver turned and pointed the gun at Herrera. He began

shooting in Herrera’s direction and shot the windshield of the Chrysler. Herrera ducked

behind his car door. He heard a total of about five shots, and then the driver drove away in

the SUV. Herrera grabbed a crowbar from his vehicle and ran after the SUV, but it was

already gone. He picked Barrios up and saw the gunshot wounds to his head. Barrios’s eye

was protruding from its socket and he was bleeding from his mouth and nose. Rosales ran

to Barrios and grabbed his hand. Some people approached them and Herrera asked them to

call 911.

       Forest Zozaya, who was visiting a friend on Tropicana Street on December 10, 2010,

witnessed these events. He told the police that he had seen an SUV and a car drive up and

park on Tropicana Street. He said that he heard the muffled sound of gunshots coming from

inside the SUV. Zozaya saw the driver of the SUV exit the vehicle, open the driver’s side

back door, and “pull out a guy and drop him on the floor.” Zozaya heard three more shots
                                                                                     Valdez - 6

and he assumed that the driver had shot the guy on the ground. Zozaya heard a girl

repeatedly screaming “Julio” and “No” and heard someone yell, “call 911.”               Zozaya

described the SUV’s driver as tall and thin and wearing a gray “hoodie” sweatshirt and

glasses.

       At approximately 6:30 p.m., appellant called Ramirez and made a statement in

Spanish that equated to, “everything got ruined” or “everything had gone down wrong.” At

this point, appellant’s cell phone was transmitting its signal via a cell tower that was located

only about three-tenths of a mile from where Barrios was shot. Ramirez asked appellant

what he meant and what had happened, but appellant would not tell him anything. Appellant

instructed Ramirez not to say anything to Jurado, and he hung up the phone. However,

Ramirez told Jurado what appellant said. Ramirez and Jurado then began trying to call

appellant, but he did not answer his phone. Eventually Jurado reached appellant and asked

him, “[W]hat happened to the little boy?” Appellant told her, “No, nothing. Don’t worry

about it.” He acted “all pissed off” and hung up on her. After that conversation, Jurado

never spoke with appellant again. Ramirez and Jurado viewed phone records in court and

identified various calls between appellant and Barrios.

       Cera testified that, as appellant drove away after shooting Barrios, he yelled at her for

getting out of the SUV. He stopped at a stop sign and asked her if she was “down to go with

him” or if she was “going to stay.” Cera interpreted this question as a threat, and she told

him that she would stay. They drove back to his friend Liz’s house and then went to Cera’s
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sister’s house. Later, appellant took Cera’s SUV for a few days and then abandoned it on a

road. He called Cera’s home and left a message telling her where to find the SUV. When

Cera picked up the SUV, she discovered blood spatter, appellant’s black shirt and glove, and

Barrios’s shoe in the vehicle. She cleaned up the blood with Clorox, burned the shoe and the

clothing, and hid the SUV near her sister’s house.

       Hours after the shooting, appellant arrived at his ex-wife’s house in the middle of the

night with his car radio blaring. He told her that something bad had happened. He was very

“hyper” and he asked her for cocaine and twenty dollars. She testified that he was a drug

addict who asked her for money and stole to support his habit. About six days after the

shooting, El Paso police officers asked Herrera to look at a photo line up. Herrera identified

appellant in the third photo in the second group as the driver of the white SUV. Herrera said

he recognized appellant’s eyes, glasses, and the slim shape of his face. He said the photo

lineup identification process took, at most, about five minutes. Herrera also identified

appellant in the courtroom as the driver of the white SUV and the man who shot his nephew.

       Detective Ray Sanchez was assigned to investigate this case. He testified that he used

phone records and other information to find Cera. Cera eventually led Sanchez to the place

where her white SUV was hidden and she made a statement about what had happened on

December 10th. Subsequent forensic testing revealed blood inside Cera’s SUV and in its tire

well that yielded DNA profiles consistent with Barrios’s DNA. Cera testified that appellant

returned to her apartment after Sanchez had come. In Cera’s presence, appellant instructed
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his friend, Santiago De Leon, to “get rid of the gun.”

        Detective Sanchez also obtained video footage taken on December 6, 2010, by a

camera located at the Bayou Bar and Grill. The video showed appellant making a cell phone

call in the bar. Cell phone records demonstrated that he was then using the same phone

number that called Barrios repeatedly on December 10th.

        The medical examiner testified that Barrios died as a result of two gun shot wounds

to his head. Both wounds exhibited stippling, which indicated that the assailant fired the gun

in close proximity to the victim.

                                  USE OF FALSE EVIDENCE

        In his first point of error, appellant argues that the prosecutors deprived him of due

process of law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

by knowingly using Cera’s false out-of-court statements and allegedly false trial testimony

as substantive evidence. Appellant further contends in his second point of error that the

prosecutors deprived him of due process of law by allowing Cera’s false statements to “go

uncorrected.” 3

        The State’s “constitutional duty to correct known false evidence is well established

both in law and in the professional regulations which govern prosecutorial conduct. . . . It

does not matter whether the prosecutor actually knows that the evidence is false; it is enough

        3
           See Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269–71 (1959) (holding that a prosecutor violated the
defendant’s due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment when he failed to correct a witness’s
false statement that the witness had been promised no consideration in return for his testimony).
                                                                                            Valdez - 9

that he or she should have recognized the misleading nature of the evidence.” 4 Further, it

matters not whether the falsity concerns the accused’s guilt or the witness’s credibility: “A

lie is a lie, no matter what its subject, and, if it is in any way relevant to the case, the district

attorney has the responsibility and duty to correct what he knows to be false and elicit the

truth.”5 The State violates a defendant’s right to due process when it actively or passively

uses perjured testimony to obtain a conviction.6

       Further, testimony need not amount to perjury to constitute a due process violation–the

proper question “is whether the particular testimony, taken as a whole, ‘gives the jury a false

impression.’”7 “If the prosecution presents a false picture of the facts by failing to correct

its own testimony when it becomes apparent that the testimony was false, then the conviction

must be reversed.”8 However, the defendant bears the burden of showing that the testimony

used by the State was false.9 Discrepancies in testimony alone do not establish falsity.10

       The knowing use of false testimony violates due process only when a “reasonable

likelihood” exists that the false testimony affected the outcome, i.e., the false testimony was

       4
           Duggan v. State, 778 S.W.2d 465, 468–69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).
       5
           Napue, 360 U.S. at 269–70 (internal citations omitted).
       6
           Ex parte Castellano, 863 S.W.2d 476, 481, 485–86 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
       7
           Ex parte Weinstein, 421 S.W.3d 656, 665–66 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
       8
           Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305, 311 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (citing Napue, 360 U.S. 264).
       9
           Id.
       10
            Id. at 312.
                                                                                          Valdez - 10

material.11       This “‘reasonable likelihood’ standard is equivalent to the standard for

constitutional error, which ‘requir[es] the beneficiary of a constitutional error to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict

obtained.’” 12

                                    Cera’s 2010 and 2012 Statements

         Appellant specifically complains about the State’s use of Cera’s December 17, 2010

videotaped statement to Detective David Samaniego and her August 19, 2012 written

supplemental statement to other officers. Appellant argues that prosecutors knew these

exhibits contained falsehoods, but they “failed to correct any of the false statements and lies

at any point in the trial.” Appellant enumerates the following alleged falsehoods in Cera’s

2010 and 2012 statements:

          • Appellant claims that, in Cera’s 2010 and 2012 statements, she asserted that
          appellant did not shoot Barrios until after he got out of the SUV and opened the back
          door of the vehicle. Yet at trial Cera testified that appellant shot Barrios first from
          the driver’s seat.

          • Appellant contends that, in Cera’s 2010 statement, when asked whether she ever
          saw the gun “afterwards,” she answered that she did not see the gun and then shook
          her head in response when the detective asked her, “Never?” In her trial testimony,
          Cera stated that she first saw the gun when appellant shot “the little kid.”

          • Appellant asserts that, in Cera’s 2010 statement, she said that she heard appellant
          fire two shots and then she “blacked out.” She said she could not remember what

         11
              Weinstein, 421 S.W.3d at 665; Ex parte Ghahremani, 332 S.W.3d 470, 478 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011).
         12
              Ghahremani, 332 S.W.3d at 478 (internal citations omitted).
                                                                                              Valdez - 11

         happened after that. In her 2012 statement, she said that she saw Barrios leaning
         against the back seat and saw appellant pull him out of the SUV, and she did not
         mention blacking out. In her trial testimony, she stated that she “blacked out,” but
         she recounted hearing a total of five gunshots, including two shots that she saw
         appellant fire at Barrios from inside the car.

         • Appellant complains that Cera testified at trial that she only took about four steps
         towards the back of the SUV before she re-entered the vehicle. But in 2012, Cera
         stated that she went around the back of the vehicle from the passenger side before
         re-entering the SUV.

         • Appellant claims that, in Cera’s 2012 statement, she reported that appellant told her
         to get out of the car, but in her trial testimony, she did not mention that appellant told
         her to get out of the car.

        Appellant contends that, as Cera was the “only witness who could testify regarding

what brought about the shooting incident[,]” Cera’s testimony was material to the outcome

of the case. He asserts that the prosecutors “were knowingly complicit in presenting false

evidence[,]” which so “tainted and corrupted the ‘truth seeking function’ of the trial that the

only remedy . . . would be to grant [appellant] a new trial.”

        The State argues that appellant failed to preserve his due process claims for review

because he did not object in the trial court on this basis, nor did he raise these claims in a

motion for new trial.13 Appellant responds in his reply brief that no objection was necessary

because the State’s presentation of Cera’s false statements and failure to correct them

        13
           See TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a) (“As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review,
the record must show that: (1) the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or
motion . . . .”); Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 807-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“A complaint is timely if
it is made ‘as soon as the ground of objection becomes apparent.’ Regarding its specificity, the objection
must simply be clear enough to provide the judge and the opposing party an opportunity to address and, if
necessary, correct the purported error.” (internal citations omitted)).
                                                                                              Valdez - 12

deprived him of due process, and thus represented a violation of an “absolute systemic

requirement” and fundamental error.14

        To preserve error for appellate review, an appellant is ordinarily required to make a

timely request, objection, or motion to the trial court stating the grounds for the ruling sought

with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of his complaint.15 Additionally, an

appellant’s point of error on appeal must comport with the objection made at trial.16 In Marin

v. State,17 we held that the requirement that a party raise a timely and specific objection does

not apply to two types of errors: violations of “rights which are waivable only” and denials

of “absolute systemic requirements.”18 Rights that are waivable-only include the right to the

assistance of counsel and the right to trial by jury. Absolute systemic requirements include

fundamental errors such as jurisdiction over the person, jurisdiction over the subject matter,

        14
           See TEX . R. EVID . 103(d) (2014) (“In a criminal case, nothing in these rules precludes taking
notice of fundamental errors affecting substantial rights although they were not brought to the attention
of the court.”); United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103 (1976) (stating that, “the Court has consistently
held that a conviction obtained by the knowing use of perjured testimony is fundamentally unfair and
must be set aside if there is any reasonable likelihood that false testimony could have affected” the jury’s
judgment).
        15
             See TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a)(1).

        16
             Yazdchi v. State, 428 S.W.3d 831, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
        17
             Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
        18
         Saldano v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Marin v. State, 851
S.W.2d 275, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)).
                                                                                  Valdez - 13

and compliance with the Separation of Powers Section of the Texas Constitution.19

       We have generally held that the failure to object in a timely and specific manner to the

admission of evidence during the trial forfeits complaints about the admissibility of that

evidence, even when its admission violates a constitutional right.20 For example, despite the

State’s confession of error in Saldano, we held that Saldano’s claim–that the State’s

testimony improperly appealed to jurors’ racial prejudices in violation of the Equal Protection

Clause–implicated neither an “absolute, systemic requirement nor a right that is waivable

only.”21 We concluded that Saldano’s failure to object to the testimony precluded his raising

the claim on appeal.22

       Subsequently, this Court considered the applicability of our holding in Saldano to the

question of whether a defendant waived error by failing to raise a timely objection when the

State presented incorrect testimony about the prison classification system at the punishment

phase of his trial.23 The Court observed that Estrada “could not reasonably be expected to

have known that [the witness’s] testimony was false at the time that it was made.” 24 We

       19
            Id. at 887–88.

       20
            Id. at 889.
       21
            Id.
       22
            Id.
       23
            Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 286–88 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

       24
            Id. at 288.
                                                                                    Valdez - 14

noted that the State, which had stipulated to the error, has a “duty to correct ‘false’ testimony

whenever it comes to the State’s attention.”25 We concluded under these circumstances that

Estrada had “no duty” to object at trial to the false testimony.26

       The instant case differs from Estrada in significant respects. Unlike Estrada’s

counsel, appellant’s trial counsel was aware of the contradictory facts contained in Cera’s

2010 and 2012 statements to police before the State offered these exhibits into evidence. In

fact, defense counsel cross-examined Cera at length about the discrepancies between her

earlier statements and her trial testimony. Counsel elicited Cera’s testimony showing that,

in 2010, she told Detective Samaniego facts that were different from the facts she related in

her trial testimony. For example, counsel elicited Cera’s testimony that she told Detective

Samaniego that, after Barrios handed over the ecstasy pills, appellant and Barrios argued

about whether Barrios was wearing a wire, which she had not mentioned in her direct

examination testimony. Also, counsel elicited Cera’s admission that she told police that she

heard only two shots and then she “blacked out.”

       Further, Cera testified on cross-examination that, in her 2010 and 2012 interviews, she

omitted facts and made statements that were not true. For example, Cera admitted that she

did not tell Detective Samaniego anything about counting the pills and she did not mention

throwing the pills into the air. Cera also admitted giving police incorrect information about

       25
            Id.
       26
            Id.
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whether the gun shots came from inside the car, what she did after returning home on the

night of the shooting, and when she last spoke to appellant.

       After defense counsel exposed the inconsistent statements contained in Cera’s 2010

and 2012 statements, the State proffered the complained-of statements on redirect

examination. When the State sought to admit the statements, the trial judge specifically

asked defense counsel if they had any objection to the exhibits. To the trial judge’s apparent

surprise, counsel only requested that the statements be redacted, rather than excluded from

evidence:

       THE COURT: Do you have an objection?
       [Defense Counsel]: Yes, we do.
       THE COURT: What’s the objection? . . .
       [Defense Counsel]: With regards to the interview, I would like to ask if we
       could redact anything that has reference to any other crimes, which I think she
       does talk about --

       [Prosecutor]: I’ll double-check.
       THE COURT: You guys have no objections to this coming in other than that?

       [Defense Counsel]: Other than that.
       THE COURT: You like what’s in there?
       [Defense Counsel]: Yes, sir. Other than --
       THE COURT: It’s all hearsay. That’s all hearsay, but you’re going to let it
       in?

       [Defense Counsel]: Yeah.
       THE COURT: Man, very interesting to me. Okay. They’re admitted with that
       caveat.

Thus, other than requesting the redaction of references to other crimes, defense counsel

expressed no objection to the admission of Cera’s 2010 and 2012 statements and indicated
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that the defense “like[d] what’s in there.” 27

        In sum, the record shows that appellant’s counsel fully understood that the

complained-of exhibits contained Cera’s inconsistent statements, had already revealed many

of those statements to the jury, and affirmatively indicated to the trial court that the defense

did not object to the State’s submission of the exhibits on these grounds. On these facts, we

hold that the admission of Cera’s 2010 and 2012 statements did not abrogate an absolute

systemic requirement or a waivable-only right. Appellant had a duty to raise a timely and

specific objection to these exhibits and he did not do so. Therefore, he did not preserve his

claim of a due process violation in the State’s submission of–or failure to correct false and

inconsistent statements within–these exhibits.28

        Even if appellant had preserved this issue, his claim still fails. After introducing

Cera’s 2010 and 2012 statements, the prosecutor referred to defense counsel’s cross-

examination and elicited Cera’s testimony that she had made inconsistent statements, omitted

facts, and did not give the “full truth” to police in 2010. In response to the prosecutor’s

questions, Cera testified that at the time of the offense she was using drugs, her friends were

not good people, and she was not a “big fan” of law enforcement. Cera testified that,

        27
          Appellant does not argue that the State failed to redact references to other crimes, and the
record shows that the prosecutor agreed to “double-check” for any such references.
        28
           Cf. Saldano, 70 S.W.3d at 888–90; see also Darcy v. State, 488 S.W.3d 325, 330 n.19 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2016) (noting that a defendant’s due process claim concerning the admissibility of a note
written by a witness was the type of claim that is forfeited by inaction); Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d
912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (concluding that the failure to object at trial waived a federal
constitutional due-process claim).
                                                                                               Valdez - 17

because she was scared, did not want to be seen as a snitch, and was trying to trying to

protect her sister, she omitted facts when she spoke to Detective Samaniego. For example,

she did not tell Samaniego that she burned appellant’s clothing and that she overheard

appellant’s conversation about getting rid of the gun. The State elicited Cera’s testimony

that, after these events, her husband was killed and her life changed. She stated that she no

longer uses drugs and now cooperates with law enforcement.

        Through its redirect examination of Cera, the State complied with its “constitutional

duty to correct known false evidence” in Cera’s 2010 statement.29 In addition, though the

record shows that Cera’s earlier, contradictory statements to police contained false

information, Cera was consistent from 2010 through her trial testimony about certain key

facts: appellant was driving her SUV; Ramirez put appellant in contact with a young man

who had ecstasy pills; she and appellant met the young man on the northeast side; the young

man got into the SUV behind the driver’s seat and handed over a bag of pills; appellant

refused to pay him for the pills and told him to get out of the car; the two men argued; and

then appellant shot the young man. The inconsistencies between Cera’s 2010 and 2012

statements and her testimony at trial–though relevant to the jury in its assessment of her

        29
           Duggan, 778 S.W.2d at 468–69 (“The prosecutor’s constitutional duty to correct known false
evidence is well established . . . .”); see also Vasquez v. State, 67 S.W.3d 229, 239 (Tex. Crim. App.
2002) (noting that, even if the witness’s testimony “was a lie, the State corrected the false testimony in its
closing argument”); see, e.g., Marchbanks v. State, 341 S.W.3d 559, 563 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011,
no pet.) (holding that, even assuming a witness’s testimony that he did not punch the defendant was
perjured, the State corrected the witness’s misstatement by informing defense counsel about a recorded
admission and recalling the witness to address the misstatement).
                                                                                              Valdez - 18

credibility–do not demonstrate that her trial testimony was false.30

                                        Cera’s Trial Testimony

        Appellant additionally argues that Cera’s trial testimony contained internal

inconsistencies which gave the jury a false impression and which the State did not correct.

He asserts that, “Cera’s testimony that [appellant] had difficulty removing Julio Barrios from

the back seat of the SUV because Barrios continued to hold onto the headrest of the driver’s

seat with his hand after Valdez had already shot him in the head at point blank range with a

firearm is an obvious falsehood.”31 And he complains that Cera’s trial testimony was

internally contradictory because Cera testified that, when appellant shot Barrios on the

ground, she was outside the car. However, elsewhere she indicated that she was back inside

the car when appellant shot Barrios on the ground. Appellant also contends that Cera did not

provide consistent testimony about precisely when she first saw appellant with the gun.

Moreover, she testified that she “blacked out” for a short time after she heard the shots, and

yet she testified to the events that happened after appellant shot Barrios with no apparent

breaks in chronology.

        Appellant further asserts that “[i]f Herrera’s [the driver of the Chrysler who followed

        30
            See Losada, 721 S.W.2d at 312 (finding there was nothing in the record showing that a
witness’s trial testimony was false where the witness had given an earlier contradictory statement to
authorities but at trial “admitted that when he turned himself in he was scared and wanted to tell the story
in the best light in order to protect himself”).
        31
           Appellant does not provide a record citation or other authority to support his assertion that
Cera’s impression that Barrios’s arm was gripping the car seat after he was shot was an “obvious
falsehood.”
                                                                                            Valdez - 19

Appellant] trial testimony is believed, his description of the person who first shot Julio

Barrios from inside of her SUV is evidence that Veronica Cera was the shooter.”32 Appellant

posits that “[c]ommon sense dictates that a woman with a loaded gun is as equally capable

of killing another person as is a man with a loaded gun.” Appellant complains that the State

did not reveal in its questioning of Cera that she could have been charged with “capital

murder, robbery, tampering with evidence, and other crimes” for her conduct and thus had

a strong motive to assist the State. He argues that, by portraying Cera as a victim and a

reformed, more law-abiding person, “the State created a false impression of Cera as a

credible person before the jury.”       U ltim ately, appellant’s argum ents that C era’s trial

testimony was false, contradictory, and created a false impression are based entirely on

evidence presented at trial. Appellant’s counsel cross-examined Cera regarding matters

affecting her credibility and objected to her testimony on unrelated grounds, and yet at no

point did he object to her testimony on the due process grounds he now raises on appeal. To

the extent that Cera made inconsistent, implausible, or conflicting statements in her

testimony, appellant could “reasonably be expected to have known” that her testimony “was

        32
           Herrera testified that he had previously given a statement declaring that it appeared that the
passenger had gotten out of the SUV and shot at him [Herrera] twice. At trial, Herrera testified that he
heard a total of about five shots. First, Herrera heard a “loud bang” and saw a “flash” from inside the
SUV. He got out of his car and he “was running towards [his] nephew when the driver pulls out
[Barrios] and shoots him again.” Herrera also testified that he saw a “shadow” and a “flash” that
appeared to come “from the passenger side” but his attention was focused on the driver’s side. He heard
a fourth shot from the driver’s side and he also heard a fifth bang, which could have been an echo.
                                                                                              Valdez - 20

false at the time that it was made.”33 Thus, we again conclude that appellant had a duty to

raise a timely and specific objection on due process grounds and he did not do so. Therefore,

he did not preserve this claim.34

        Even if appellant had preserved this claim, it lacks merit. We have previously held

that minor inconsistencies in a witness’s trial testimony do not, without more, show that the

witness’s testimony is false.35           Contradictory witness testimony during trial “merely

establishes a credibility question for the jury” to decide and it “does not suffice to

demonstrate” that the evidence gave the jury a false impression.36 The jury is the sole judge

of a witness’s credibility and the weight of his testimony, especially where the record

contains conflicting testimony.37

        33
          Cf. Estrada, 313 S.W.3d at 288; see also Saldano, 70 S.W.3d at 889. Herrera testified the day
before Cera testified.
        34
          TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a); TEX . R. EVID . 103(a)(1); see also Hill v. State, 633 S.W.2d 520,
524–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) (“The State has a valid interest in requiring an objection and precluding
the defendant from later complaining if no contemporaneous objection was lodged.”); Wainright v. Sykes,
433 U.S. 72, 88–89 (1977) (detailing the many reasons justifying the contemporaneous objection rule).
        35
           See Ex parte De La Cruz, 466 S.W.3d 855, 871 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (finding that
inconsistencies in a eyewitness’s trial testimony compared with an expert witness’s opinion, with respect
to the number of times the victim was shot and the location of the shooting, did not, without more,
support a finding that the witness’s testimony was false) (citing United States v. Croft, 124 F.3d 1109,
1119 (9th Cir. 1997) (stating that the fact that a witness may have given an earlier inconsistent statement,
or that other witnesses may have a conflicting recollection of events, does not establish that the witness’s
testimony was false)).
        36
             Id. (quoting Koch v. Puckett, 907 F.2d 524, 531 (5th Cir. 1990)).
        37
           Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (holding in a case involving
contradictory testimonial evidence that it was “for the jury to determine” whether two witnesses were
“lying or telling the truth”); see also TEX CODE CRIM . PROC art. 38.04 (“The jury, in all cases, is the
exclusive judge of the facts proved and of the weight to be given to the testimony, . . . .”).
                                                                                         Valdez - 21

       Appellant points to no evidence showing that any witness ever stated that he saw Cera

shoot Barrios. However, the jurors did hear testimony that Herrera saw a “shadow” and a

“flash” that appeared to come “from the passenger side” of the vehicle and that Herrera had

given an earlier statement asserting that the SUV passenger had shot at him twice. The jury

also heard testimony that Cera hid her SUV behind a sister’s house, cleaned Barrios’s blood

from her SUV, burned appellant’s clothing and Barrios’s shoe, and lied to Detective

Samaniego. The jurors had the opportunity to observe Cera’s demeanor and were capable

of weighing the credibility of her testimony against the contrary evidence. We will not

second-guess their assessment of her credibility.

                                            Materiality

       Even if we assume that Cera’s statements and trial testimony collectively gave the jury

a false impression, appellant is not entitled to relief. The false impression, if any, conveyed

by Cera was not “material” because defense counsel effectively cross-examined her about

the inconsistencies in her statements, and because the State corrected the false impression by

eliciting testimony through redirect examination showing that Cera had made false and

inconsistent statements.38      Further, apart from Cera’s testimony, the record contained

overwhelming evidence showing appellant’s identity as the perpetrator and his intent to

commit capital murder. This evidence included: (1) testimony from Jurado and Ramirez that

       38
           See Vasquez, 67 S.W.3d at 239; see also Ramirez v. State, 802 S.W.2d 674 676 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990) (“When a witness leaves a false impression concerning a matter relating to his or her
credibility, the opposing party is allowed to correct that false impression.”).
                                                                                           Valdez - 22

appellant negotiated the drug transaction with Barrios; (2) Herrera’s positive identification

of appellant from a pretrial lineup as the driver of the SUV and the shooter of Barrios; (3)

other witness testimony identifying appellant as the driver of the white SUV in which

Barrios’s blood was found; (4) the fact that appellant fled the scene of the crime and failed

to call 911; (5) appellant’s phone records, cell site location information, and messages which

linked him to Barrios’s murder; and (6) appellant’s incriminating statements and behavior

after the shooting.

        In sum, the record does not demonstrate a reasonable likelihood that any false content

in Cera’s 2010 and 2012 statements or discrepancies in her trial testimony affected the

outcome of the trial.39 Accordingly, we overrule points of error one and two.

                             FAILURE TO DISCLOSE EVIDENCE

        In appellant’s third point of error, he argues that the State violated Brady v.

Maryland40 by failing to disclose to the defense Cera’s prior inconsistent statements made

to prosecutors during pretrial meetings. He complains that prosecutors did not provide him

with “a written summary of how Cera’s story had changed” or “a new statement from Cera

showing how her trial testimony would be substantially different from statements she had

made” to police. Specifically, appellant complains that the State never informed him “before

trial” that “Cera would be testifying that she first observed [appellant] pull a gun and point

        39
         See Ghahremani, 332 S.W.3d at 478 (“The knowing use of false testimony violates due
process when there is a ‘reasonable likelihood’ that the false testimony affected the outcome.”).
        40
             Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
                                                                                  Valdez - 23

it at Barrios while inside the Saturn Vue and that she observed [appellant] shoot Barrios in

the head while still inside the SUV, even though [Cera] had never told this story before.”

Appellant argues that the State’s questioning of Cera on redirect “belied a conscious decision

on the part of the prosecutors to abandon Cera’s two prior accounts of the shooting” in favor

of “a new, revised version of events.” He asserts that defense counsel “were caught entirely

by surprise” by the change in Cera’s story, and cites defense counsel’s cross-examination of

Cera as proof of this surprise.

       Appellant argues that, by introducing Cera’s 2010 and 2012 statements as substantive

evidence, the State “assumed the obligation to identify all inconsistent oral statements Cera

had previously made” because Cera’s oral pretrial statements thereby became impeachment

evidence.41 He argues that this impeachment evidence was material because Cera was the

only alleged eyewitness to the gun shots that occurred inside the SUV and to the events

leading up to them.

       In Brady, the Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence

favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material

either to guilt or to punishment,” regardless of the good or bad faith of the prosecutor.42

Impeachment evidence, as well as exculpatory evidence, falls within the Brady rule. 43 In

       41
            See TEX . R. EVID . 613.
       42
            Brady, 373 U.S. at 87.
       43
            United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676 (1985).
                                                                                              Valdez - 24

order for a defendant to succeed with a Brady claim against the State, he must satisfy three

requirements: “(1) the State suppressed evidence, (2) the suppressed evidence is favorable

to him, and (3) the suppressed evidence is material.”44 Brady and its progeny do not require

prosecutors to disclose exculpatory information that the State does not have in its possession

and that is not known to exist.45

          When evidence allegedly withheld in violation of Brady is disclosed during trial, we

inquire whether the defendant was prejudiced by the tardy disclosure.46 To demonstrate

prejudice, a defendant must show a reasonable probability that, if the evidence had been

disclosed to the defense earlier, the result of the proceeding would have been different.47 “If

the defendant received the material in time to use it effectively at trial, his conviction should

not be reversed just because it was not disclosed as early as it might have and should have

been.”48 A defendant’s failure to request a continuance when Brady evidence is disclosed

at trial arguably waives his complaint that the State has violated Brady and suggests that the

          44
          Harm v. State, 183 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“Incorporated into the third
prong, materiality, is a requirement that defendant must be prejudiced by the state’s failure to disclose the
favorable evidence.” (citing Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 691 (2004)).
          45
               Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 810 (citing Hafdahl v. State, 805 S.W.2d 396, 399 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App.
1990)).
          46
           Little v. State, 991 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see also United States v.
Williams, 132 F.3d 1055, 1060 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Because the government produced the allegedly
inconsistent statement during the trial, the evidence was not suppressed. . . . Under these circumstances,
the court looks to whether [the defendant] was prejudiced by the tardy disclosure.”).
          47
Wilson v. State, 7 S.W.3d 136, 146 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
          48
               Little, 991 S.W.2d at 866.
                                                                                           Valdez - 25

tardy disclosure of the evidence was not prejudicial to him.49

        The State argues that appellant failed to preserve his Brady complaint for review

because he failed to make a specific objection and obtain an adverse ruling on that

objection.50 To be timely, where Brady evidence is discovered or disclosed at trial, the

defendant must raise an objection as soon as the grounds for the complaint become

apparent.51 The record reflects that appellant’s counsel did not object on the basis of Brady

or request a continuance at any point during Cera’s testimony. And the record is silent

regarding what was or was not disclosed to counsel prior to trial. On this record, appellant

has not preserved his claim of Brady error.

        Further, even if we were to assume that appellant preserved error and that the State

failed to notify him of Cera’s changed story in a timely manner, his claim would fail.

Appellant undermines his own argument that his counsel were “caught entirely by surprise” 52

when he states that, in their cross-examination of Cera, “Defense Counsel, point by point,

demonstrated to the jury just how radically Cera’s story of how the shooting [sic] had

changed, and how she had also altered numerous important details relating to events both

        49
          See State v. Fury, 186 S.W.3d 67, 73–74 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d); see
also Lindley v. State, 635 S.W.2d 541, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (“The failure to request a
postponement or seek a continuance waives any error urged in an appeal on the basis of surprise.”).
        50
          See TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a); see also Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 806–07; Wilson, 7 S.W.3d at 146
(applying the Rule 33.1 error preservation requirements to a Brady claim).
        51
             See Wilson, 7 S.W.3d at 146.
        52
             Trial Tr. at 137–67.
                                                                                              Valdez - 26

preceding and following the shooting.” In fact, defense counsel responded to Cera’s

testimony by thoroughly cross-examining her and exposing various inconsistencies between

her trial testimony and her earlier statements.53

        Appellant counters that counsel “would have been able to prove up many more of

Cera’s lies before the jury if he had been afforded timely disclosure” of her “new story.” In

support, he merely refers us to his list of inconsistencies between Cera’s earlier, out-of-court

statements to police and her trial testimony in his first and second points of error,

summarized supra. But appellant has not shown that, given more time, he could have

exposed any significant inconsistent statements of a different ilk than the ones counsel had

already exposed. Nor has he demonstrated that he could have proven that Cera actually lied

in her trial testimony, as opposed to her out-of-court statements, which she openly admitted

contained inconsistencies. Also, had counsel believed that they needed more time to prepare

to cross-examine Cera, they could have objected and requested a continuance. Instead, after

the State completed its redirect examination, defense counsel declined to ask any more

questions of Cera. Defense counsel later returned to the subject of Cera’s credibility in

closing arguments, emphasizing that Cera had given three different stories and asserting that

even the prosecutor had conceded that she was a liar.

        In sum, appellant has not demonstrated that he was prejudiced by the allegedly tardy

        53
           See, e.g., Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 636 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (holding that, where
the State allegedly failed to disclose the statement of an inmate that appellant did not really assault him,
but the defense called the inmate to testify to that effect, any Brady violation was harmless).
                                                                                    Valdez - 27

disclosure of Cera’s changed story. We overrule his third point of error.

                            SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       In point of error four, appellant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to

support his conviction for capital murder and only supports a conviction for murder. When

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.54 This standard “gives full play

to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh

the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” 55

       Appellant was charged in Count I of the indictment with intentionally causing the

death of Julio Barrios by shooting Barrios with a firearm while in the course of committing

the robbery of Barrios.56 Appellant concedes in his appellate brief that “[t]he undisputed

evidence adduced during [his] trial reveals that [he] shot and killed Barrios in the course of

taking between 30 and 40 ecstasy pills from Barrios without paying for these pills.”

However, appellant maintains that the record does not contain evidence proving that he

committed “robbery” by using or threatening to use force or violence in order to obtain

“property.”

       The robbery statute provides:

       54
            Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19 (1979).
       55
            Id. at 319.
       56
            See TEX . PENAL CODE § 19.03(a)(2).
                                                                                   Valdez - 28

       A person commits an offense if, in the course of committing theft as defined
       in Chapter 31 and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he:
       (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or
       (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent
       bodily injury or death.57

Appellant maintains that there “is no definition of ‘property’ in Chapter 31 of the Texas

Penal Code” or elsewhere in the Penal Code, and therefore, “the ‘plain language’ definition

of the term ‘property’ must be ascertained.” He refers us to Black’s Law Dictionary, which

defines “property” as: the “right to possess, use, and enjoy a determinate thing (either a tract

of land or a chattel)” or “[a]ny external thing over which the rights of possession, use, and

enjoyment are exercised.”

       Appellant argues that ecstasy pills are not “property” that a person has a right to

possess, use, or enjoy because their possession is a felony offense under Texas law.58 Thus,

appellant posits, even if he appropriated the ecstasy pills without Barrios’s consent, he could

not have committed the robbery of Barrios because Barrios could not be the lawful “owner”

of the pills. He insists that, “[t]o hold otherwise would be to conclude that the term

‘property,’ as used in the Texas Penal Code[,] is a superfluous word which includes every

‘thing’ in the universe, irrespective of whether that ‘thing’ is capable of being legally owned

or possessed.”

       Contrary to appellant’s assertions, both Chapter 31 and Chapter 29 of the Texas Penal

       57
            TEX . PENAL CODE § 29.02(a) (emphasis added).
       58
            See TEX . HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §§ 481.103(a)(1), 481.116(a).
                                                                                             Valdez - 29

Code define the term “property.” The Penal Code defines “property” in part as “tangible or

intangible personal property including anything severed from land[.]” 59                   Black’s Law

Dictionary defines “tangible personal property” as: “[c]orporeal personal property of any

kind; personal property that can be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched, or is in any

way perceptible to the senses . . . .”60 “In a broad and general sense, ‘personal property’

includes everything that is the subject of ownership not coming under the denomination of

real estate.”61 Further, the Penal Code defines an “owner” as “a person who: (A) has title

to the property, possession of the property, whether lawful or not, or a greater right to

possession of the property than the actor[.]” 62

        The ecstasy pills that appellant took from Barrios were personal property that could

be seen, weighed, measured, felt, and touched. As the person in possession of the pills who

was negotiating their sale, Barrios had a greater right to possess them than appellant.63 Thus,

the ecstasy pills constituted “property” for the purposes of the robbery statute. And, viewed

in the light most favorable to the verdict, the record supports the jury’s finding that appellant

        59
             TEX . PENAL CODE §§ 29.01(2), 31.01(5).
        60
             Property—tangible personal property, BLACK ’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
        61
             Erwin v. Steele, 228 S.W.2d 882, 885 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1950, writ ref’d n.r.e.).
        62
             TEX . PENAL CODE § 1.07(35) (emphasis added).
        63
          Cf. Robertson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 701, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (holding question of
whether the victim had a “greater right of possession” of the illegal contraband than appellant was a
factual question for the jury); see also Brown v. State, 56 S.W.3d 915, 919 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (“The literal text of section 1.07(a)(35) could not be more clear; a person may own
property even if possession of that property is unlawful.”).
                                                                                            Valdez - 30

murdered Barrios while in the course of robbing him of this property.64

        In sum, a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that

appellant was guilty of the capital murder of Barrios. Thus, the evidence is legally sufficient

to support the jury’s guilty verdict. We overrule appellant’s fourth point of error.

                                 MITIGATION INSTRUCTION

       In appellant’s fifth point of error, he argues that the trial court erred and caused him

egregious harm when it failed to submit to the jury “a correct version of special issue two [the

mitigation special issue] in the punishment charge.” Appellant urges that the trial court’s

wording of the mitigation special issue did not track the language mandated by Article 37.071

§ 2(e)(1). That provision states that the trial court shall instruct the jurors that, if they return

an affirmative finding to each issue submitted under subsection (b), then they must answer the

following question:

        Whether, taking into consideration all of the evidence, including the
        circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s character and background, and the
        personal moral culpability of the defendant, there is a sufficient mitigating
        circumstance or circumstances to warrant that a sentence of life imprisonment
        without parole rather than a death sentence be imposed.

The trial court’s mitigation special issue verdict form read as follows:

        Taking into consideration all of the evidence, including the circumstances of
        the offense, the Defendant’s character and background, and the personal moral
        culpability of the Defendant, do you find that there is a sufficient mitigating
        circumstance or circumstances to warrant that a sentence of life imprisonment

        64
          See Nguyen v. State, 982 S.W.2d 945, 948 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d)
(holding that “the legislature intends that there may be a theft or robbery of property that is illegally
possessed”).
                                                                                                 Valdez - 31

        rather than a death sentence be imposed?

Thus, the trial court’s instruction omitted the words “without parole” from the statutory

instruction. Appellant alleges that this error implied to the jurors that he would become

eligible for parole if sentenced to life in prison. He complains that many of the jurors may not

have wanted to answer “yes” to this question because they erroneously believed that doing so

would entitle appellant to a life sentence with the possibility of parole. He argues that the

proper remedy for this charge error is to reform his death sentence to a life sentence.

       Appellant concedes that he did not object to the instruction given by the trial court, and

therefore his claim must be evaluated for egregious harm under Almanza v. State.65 In

Almanza, this Court prescribed a process for reviewing a complaint of charge error.66 A

reviewing court must first decide whether a jury instruction is erroneous.67 If so, the

reviewing court must determine whether the instruction harmed the defendant by applying

either a “some harm” standard, if the complaint was preserved, or an “egregious harm”

standard, if the complaint was not preserved.68 Errors which result in egregious harm are

those that “affect the very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a valuable right, or

        65
             Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
        66
             Id. at 160–74.
        67
             Id. at 174.

        68
             Id. at 171; see also Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
                                                                                          Valdez - 32

vitally affect a defensive theory.”69 In analyzing whether egregious harm has occurred, we

consider the whole record, including: (1) the entire jury charge; (2) the state of the evidence,

including contested issues and the weight of the probative evidence; (3) counsel’s arguments;

and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the trial record.70

       Although the verdict form omitted the words “without parole,” the trial court’s charge

advised the jury regarding its consideration of the mitigation special issue that a life sentence

in prison would be without parole:

        You are instructed that if you answer that a circumstance or circumstances
        warrant that a sentence of life imprisonment without parole rather than a death
        sentence be imposed, the court will sentence the defendant to imprisonment in
        the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life without parole.

        You are further instructed that a defendant sentenced to confinement for life
        without parole is ineligible for release from the Department of Criminal
        Justice on parole.

(Emphasis added). The jurors were also told during jury selection that death and life without

parole were the only punishment options following a conviction for capital murder. Similarly,

the juror questionnaires informed the jurors:

        Under Texas law, if an individual is found guilty of capital murder, he shall be
        sentenced to either confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas
        Department of Criminal Justice (the state prison) for life without parole or to
        the death penalty. In other words, a sentence of life imprisonment without
        parole or death is mandatory upon a conviction for capital murder.

        69
             Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 172.
        70
         Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also State v. Ambrose, 487 S.W.3d 587, 598 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2016).
                                                                                    Valdez - 33

The record does not suggest that the jury was confused or asked any questions about this

matter. Further, the prosecutor argued to the jurors before their punishment deliberations that

the mitigation special issue was “the question that will determine whether or not he receives

life without parole or death.”

       Moreover, the State’s punishment phase evidence was strong. In addition to the capital

murder of Barrios, the record showed that appellant was a member of a violent prison gang.

He had a criminal history involving violent, assaultive conduct. While incarcerated and under

lock-down following the instant offense, appellant escaped his cell using a homemade rope

in order to assault and injure an older, mentally-ill inmate. He terrorized employees at the

Bayou Bar and Grill with a rifle because the establishment did not provide him and his

companions with limes for their beers. He violently assaulted a woman at a bowling alley in

the presence of a uniformed police officer. And he committed another capital murder in the

course of a robbery on Thanksgiving Day, a few weeks before he committed the instant

offense.

       In sum, our review of the record leads us to conclude that appellant was not

egregiously harmed by the erroneous admission of the words “without parole” from the

mitigation special issue. We overrule his fifth point of error.

           FAILURE TO DISCLOSE TACIT AGREEMENT WITH WITNESS

       Appellant claims, in his sixth point of error, that the prosecutors in his case failed “to

inform the jury that they had entered into a tacit agreement or implied understanding with
                                                                                       Valdez - 34

Cera to not prosecute her for robbery, tampering with evidence, or any other crime if she

testified for the State.” In support of this claim, appellant argues that Cera was a party to the

robbery and murder of Barrios and tampered with evidence because she:

        • knew that appellant had no money to buy the ecstasy pills;

        • knew that he first sought a male friend to accompany him to buy the pills;

        • accompanied appellant to his friend’s house where she knew he had hidden guns;

        • did not offer to pay Barrios for the pills or return the pills to him, even after
        appellant told Barrios he was not “going to pay him shit”;

        • counted the thirty to forty pills, as appellant instructed her, without objecting that
        they were only buying four pills;

        • hid her SUV, burned or discarded appellant’s clothing, burned Barrios’s shoe, and
        cleaned Barrios’s blood from her SUV; and

        • in light of Herrera’s testimony, may have discharged a firearm.

Appellant contends that, because Cera cooperated with law enforcement and the State did not

prosecute her for robbery, murder, tampering with evidence, or any other crime, there must

have been “a tacit or implied agreement” not to prosecute her in exchange for her testimony.

He complains that the State created a false impression “that [Cera] was merely an innocent

person [who] accompanied Valdez to make a $40 ecstasy purchase [and] who had engaged

in no criminal wrongdoing for which she could be prosecuted.” Citing Giglio v. United

States,71 he asserts that the State violated his due process rights by failing to disclose the tacit

leniency agreement he assumes existed.

        71
             Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972).
                                                                                     Valdez - 35

       The State argues that appellant failed to preserve error because he did not raise this

issue during Cera’s testimony, in a motion for a new trial, or in a motion for a continuance.72

The evidence of Cera’s alleged complicity now described by appellant was before the jury,

and yet appellant never objected that the State failed to disclose a leniency agreement or

requested a continuance on that basis.

       Appellant counters that the State’s suppression of a tacit immunity agreement with a

material witness represents the type of fundamental due process violation that excuses him

from error preservation requirements. He cites Saldano v. State in support of this assertion,

but Saldano does not help him. In Saldano, we held that the failure to object to evidence in

a timely and specific manner during trial forfeits complaints about its admissibility, “even

though the error may concern a constitutional right of the defendant.” 73

       Appellant additionally argues that he was not obligated to object at trial to preserve this

claim because Brady imposes a duty on the State to disclose evidence favorable to the defense

and does not impose a duty on the defense to “ferret out the secret and tacit agreements.”

However, if, as appellant contends, the trial record contains “overwhelming evidence that a

tacit or implied immunity agreement was reached between the State and Veronica Cera which

was never disclosed[,]” then appellant was obliged to object to this failure to disclose as soon

        72
             See TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a).
        73
             Saldano, 70 S.W.3d at 889; see also Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 807.
                                                                                             Valdez - 36

as the “ground of objection” became apparent, and to obtain a ruling on that objection.74

       Even if we were to find that appellant was not obliged to adhere to the rules of error

preservation in this instance, the authorities he invokes involve dissimilar fact patterns and

do not persuade us that he is entitled to relief on the merits.75

       The instant case is distinguishable from those cases on its facts.                    Unlike the

circumstances presented in the above cases, the record in the appellant’s case shows that Cera

never made any representations about whether or not she had entered into an agreement

        74
          See Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 807; see also Wilson, 7 S.W.3d at 146 (“That subsequent events may
cause a ground for complaint to become more apparent does not render timely an otherwise untimely
complaint.”).
        75
           See, e.g., Giglio, 405 U.S. at 151–53 (finding a violation of due process rights requiring a new
trial where a key government witness testified that nobody promised him that he would not be
prosecuted, but a prosecutor later stated that he had promised the witness that he would not be
prosecuted); Harris v. State, 642 S.W.2d 471, 472–74 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (holding that the trial
court unconstitutionally restricted a defense attorney’s attempted cross-examination of a material witness
about whether she had been charged with murder in connection with the offense at bar);Tassin v. Cain,
517 F.3d 770, 773–74, 781 (5th Cir. 2008) (finding a Fourteenth Amendment violation where the State
did not disclose that the defendant’s wife–a charged codefendant–was told that she would most likely
receive a ten-year sentence in exchange for her testimony, and the wife had testified that “no promises
relating to her testimony had been made”); United States v. Shaffer, 789 F.2d 682, 685–89 (9th Cir. 1986)
(finding that the failure to disclose evidence undermined confidence in the outcome of the defendant’s
trial where the Government provided defense counsel with a copy of a co-conspirator witness’s grand
jury testimony and immunity agreement and represented that this was the “complete agreement” and “no
separate secret or other agreement was made,” but new evidence presented at a motion for new trial
hearing showed that the witness had retained additional assets and benefits in exchange for his
cooperation).
         Appellant quotes a passage, ostensibly from Harris, but apparently extracted from Duggan v.
State. Such inaccurate citation does not comply with our briefing rules. See TEX . R. APP . P. 38.1(i)
(“The brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate
citations to authorities and to the record.”). In Duggan, two accomplices testified that no leniency
agreement existed, but the prosecutor later admitted telling the accomplices that he would consider
leniency in exchange for their testimony. 778 S.W.2d at 468.
         We are not required to follow federal intermediate court interpretations of a federal
constitutional right, though we may find the reasoning in those cases persuasive. See Guzman v. State,
85 S.W.3d 242, 249 n.24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
                                                                                           Valdez - 37

(either express or tacit) with the State or whether she had been assured that she would receive

leniency in exchange for her testimony. Cera did not make misleading statements about such

an agreement or understanding because she did not testify about the subject at all. Further,

appellant has not cited to any other evidence in the record affirmatively demonstrating that

any such agreement or understanding ever existed or showing whether Cera was ever charged

with a crime in connection with these events.76 Appellant suggests that Cera could have been

charged with an offense such as tampering with evidence; but this does not in itself prove that

Cera had an express or implied arrangement with the State for leniency in exchange for her

testimony.77 In addition, in her 2010 interview with Detective Samaniego, Cera indicated that

the detective had not promised her anything or threatened her.

       Thus, the record in this case does not demonstrate that the State failed to disclose an

immunity or leniency agreement, express or tacit, or failed to correct misleading testimony.

We overrule appellant’s sixth point of error.

        76
          Appellant is essentially asserting that unicorns must exist, and then, pointing to the
rhinoceros—a four-legged animal with horns on its nose—as “almost conclusive proof” that the asserted
animals can exist and has merely not been discovered yet. See Appellant’s Br. at *120 (alleging the lack
of prosecution of Cera necessitates the existence of a tacit or implied quid pro quo agreement between
Cera and the State). Claiming he has met the burden of proof, Appellant then demands the State prove its
negative. Although “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence,” to require the State to conclusively
prove the negative would be absurd in this case because it is impossible.
        77
          See, e.g., Todd v. Schomig, 283 F.3d 842, 849 (7th Cir. 2002) (“Without an agreement, no
evidence was suppressed, and the [S]tate’s conduct, not disclosing something it did not have, cannot be
considered a Brady violation”); Shabazz v. Artuz, 336 F.3d 154, 165 (2nd Cir. 2003) (“[T]he fact that a
prosecutor afforded favorable treatment to a government witness, standing alone, does not establish the
existence of an underlying promise of leniency in exchange for testimony.”).
                                                                                   Valdez - 38

                         ACCOMPLICE-WITNESS INSTRUCTIONS

       In points of error 7A and B, appellant alleges that defense counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by failing to request accomplice-witness instructions in the guilt-innocence phase

jury charge regarding the roles of Cera, Ramirez, Herrera, and Rosales in the capital murder

or a lesser-included offense. Appellant argues in point of error 7C that the trial court erred

by failing to sua sponte give an accomplice-witness instruction regarding Cera’s role in the

capital murder or a lesser-included offense. We will discuss these points of error together

because they are interconnected and share common legal authorities.

                                    The Accomplice-Witness Rule

       Under Texas Code of Criminal Procedure 38.14, “[a] conviction cannot be had upon

the testimony of an accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the

defendant with the offense committed; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely

shows the commission of the offense.” The testimony of one accomplice witness may not be

used to corroborate that of another accomplice witness.78 “Even apparently insignificant

incriminating circumstances may sometimes afford satisfactory evidence of corroboration.” 79

Because of the requirement that a conviction “cannot be had” on the accomplice-witness

testimony alone, if the issue is raised by the evidence, then the jury must be instructed

accordingly, inasmuch as the accomplice-witness rule becomes the “law applicable to the

        78
             Moron v. State, 779 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
        79
             Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
                                                                                                 Valdez - 39

         80
case.”         Thus, when an accomplice witness’s testimony implicates the defendant in the

charged offense, the accomplice-witness instruction is law applicable to the case, and the trial

court must instruct the jury even without a request.81

         “A proper accomplice-witness instruction informs the jury either that a witness is an

accomplice as a matter of law or that he is an accomplice as a matter of fact.” 82 An

accomplice is a person who, “under the evidence, could have been charged with the same or

lesser-included offense as that with which the defendant was charged.” 83 If the accomplice

is one “as a matter of law,” then that witness either has been charged with the same offense

as the defendant or a lesser-included offense, or “the evidence clearly shows that the witness

could have been so charged,” and the court’s charge tells the jury that the witness is an

accomplice and that his or her testimony must be corroborated.84 But if the evidence is

conflicting or inconclusive, then the accomplice is one “as a matter of fact,” and the jury

instruction asks the jury to decide (1) whether the witness is an accomplice as a matter of fact,

          80
           TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . art. 36.14; Zamora v. State, 411 S.W.3d 504, 513 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013) (“An examination of the plain language in the accomplice-witness statute reveals that it is, in all its
variations, the law applicable to the case rather than a defense issue”); State v. Ambrose, 487 S.W.3d
587, 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Zamora, 411 S.W.3d at 513).
          81
               Zamora, 411 S.W.3d at 513.
          82
               Id. at 510 (citing Cocke v. State, 201 S.W.3d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)).
          83
           Id. at 510 (citing Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 641 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (noting that
defendant is “entitled to an accomplice-witness instruction if and only if ‘there is sufficient evidence in
the record to support a charge against the witness alleged to be an accomplice’”).
          84
          Zamora, 411 S.W.3d at 510 (citing Cocke, 201 S.W.3d at 747-48; Druery, 225 S.W.3d at 499)
(emphasis added).
                                                                                            Valdez - 40

and only if so, (2) whether the testimony of the witness is corroborated by other evidence

tending to connect the defendant with the offense committed.85

         We recently explained that a witness is an accomplice as a matter of law in the

following situations:

         •       If the witness has been charged with the same offense as the defendant
         or a lesser-included offense;

         •       If the State charges a witness with the same offense as the defendant or
         a lesser-included of that offense, but dismisses the charges in exchange for the
         witness’s testimony against the defendant; and

         •      When the evidence is uncontradicted or so one-sided that no reasonable
         juror could conclude that the witness was not an accomplice.86

If a prosecution witness is an accomplice as a matter of law, the trial court is under a duty to

instruct the jury accordingly and the failure to do so is error.87 Where the witness is not

charged with the same offense as the defendant or a lesser-included offense, and the evidence

is “not uncontradicted or so one-sided that a rational jury” would have had to believe that the

witness was an accomplice, the defendant is not entitled to an accomplice-as-a-matter-of-law

instruction.88

         If the record contains evidence that a witness may have been an accomplice or the

         85
              Id.
         86
              Ash v. State, No. PD-0244-16, 2017 WL 2791727, slip. op. at *5–6 (Tex. Crim. App. June 28,
2017).
         87
              Herron v. State, 86 S.W.3d 621, 631 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
         88
              Ash, 2017 WL 2791727, slip op. at *16.
                                                                                            Valdez - 41

evidence is conflicting, then the issue should be submitted to the jury to decide whether the

witness was an accomplice as a matter of fact.89 If the evidence demonstrates that a witness

is not an accomplice, then the trial judge is not obliged to instruct the jury on the accomplice-

witness rule—as a matter of law or fact.90

                                     Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

        In Strickland v. Washington,91 the Supreme Court established a two-prong test for

evaluating ineffective-assistance claims.92 To obtain a reversal of a conviction under the

Strickland test, a defendant must show that: (1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness; and (2) counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense,

resulting in an unreliable or fundamentally unfair outcome of the proceeding.93                     This

prejudice means that a “defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.

A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” 94

        89
             Id., slip op. at *12, *16.
        90
             Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 440.
        91
             Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
        92
             Id. at 687.
        93
             Id.
        94
             Ex parte Zepeda, 819 S.W.2d 874, 876 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694).
                                                                                      Valdez - 42

       Appellant asserts that counsel performed deficiently in failing to request an

accomplice-witness instruction regarding Cera because “the evidence adduced at trial

definitely links Cera to being at least a party to the ‘robbery’ of Barrios, even if it was not her

intent to shoot or kill Barrios.” He focuses on Cera’s statements that she counted the thirty

to forty ecstasy pills, that she knew that appellant tried to recruit a male friend to come with

him, that they stopped at appellant’s friend’s house where she knew he had stored some guns,

and that she concealed and destroyed incriminating evidence in her SUV, such as Barrios’s

shoe and his blood. Appellant contends that, had Cera’s intent been merely to purchase the

pills, she would not have continued counting the pills after he declared that he was not going

to pay Barrios.

       Appellant points to Cera’s August 29, 2012 police statement in which she said that she

told appellant after he shot Barrios that he should have just “hit” him. He argues that her

intent that appellant hit Barrios at least made her an accomplice-witness to a robbery. He also

highlights Herrera’s testimony that he saw a “flash” coming from the passenger side of the

SUV, arguing that this testimony showed that Cera shot a gun during the robbery. Appellant

further contends that counsel’s error harmed him because the omission of an accomplice-

witness instruction concerning Cera “prevented the jury from acquitting him, finding him

guilty of a lesser[-]included offense, or assessing a lesser punishment based on what

constituted almost totally accomplice-witness testimony.”

       In this case, appellant claimed that his attorney was ineffective for failing to request
                                                                                    Valdez - 43

an accomplice-witness instruction, and he claimed that the trial court erred in failing to sua

sponte include an accomplice-witness instruction. He did not expressly include a claim that

his attorney was ineffective for failing to object to the omission of such an instruction.

Nevertheless, we will read appellant’s failure-to-request point of error liberally to encompass

the failure-to-object claim since the asserted harm is the same. With regard to Cera, even

given this liberal interpretation, appellant cannot meet the second prong of Strickland because

he cannot demonstrate prejudice.95              Appellant maintains that counsel’s omission was

prejudicial because the non-accomplice testimony was “sparse.” However, the trial record

reflects that the State presented a substantial amount of non-accomplice corroborating

evidence connecting appellant to the offense. This evidence included the testimony of

Herrera, Ramirez, Jurado, Rosales, various law enforcement witnesses, and appellant’s ex-

wife, along with appellant’s cell phone records and cell site location data. Collectively, that

non-accomplice evidence established that:

        •         Appellant was addicted to drugs and stole to support his habit;

        •      On the day of the offense, appellant was driving Cera’s white SUV, wearing
        gray sweatpants, a gray sweatshirt, and glasses, and was seeking Xanax and ecstasy
        pills;

        •      Ramirez called Barrios on the day of the offense and handed the phone to
        appellant so that appellant could arrange the purchase of ecstasy pills from Barrios;

        •     Appellant and Barrios were overheard negotiating a deal in which appellant
        would purchase thirty to forty ecstasy pills from Barrios in exchange for $300, even

        95
             See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
                                                                                          Valdez - 44

       though appellant had just asked Jurado to lend him money for gas;

       •       Appellant and Barrios exchanged numerous phone calls on the day of the
       offense; they were speaking with each other on the phone as Herrera drove Barrios
       to the location of the prearranged ecstasy deal; and the calls between appellant and
       Barrios ceased right before Barrios was murdered;

       •      Cell site location records revealed that appellant’s phone was located in close
       range of the shooting within minutes of the shooting;

       •      Herrera testified that Barrios got into the SUV, Herrera heard gunshots coming
       from the SUV, and the Herrera saw the driver of the SUV–who was tall and thin and
       wore glasses and a gray hooded sweatshirt–pull Barrios out of the vehicle, shoot
       Barrios on the ground, then turn and shoot at Herrera;

       •      An eyewitness to the shooting (Zozaya) described the driver of the SUV as tall
       and thin and wearing a gray “hoodie” sweatshirt and glasses;

       •      Six days after the offense, Herrera identified appellant in a photo line up as the
       driver of the white SUV, noting the appellant’s eyes, glasses, and slim face, and he
       also identified appellant in the courtroom;

       •       After Cera later led police to where she had hidden the white SUV, forensic
       testing revealed that blood spatter found inside the vehicle and on its tire well yielded
       DNA profiles consistent with Barrios’s DNA;

       •       After the offense, appellant told witnesses that something bad had happened
       and “everything had gone down wrong.” Jurado asked appellant, “[W]hat happened
       to the little boy?” Appellant told her not to worry about it, acted “all pissed off[,]”
       and hung up on her.

Appellant suggests that the jury should have doubted or disregarded the above evidence that

was based on the testimony of Herrera, Ramirez, and Rosales because these witnesses were

themselves accomplices.96 However, appellant has not demonstrated that Herrera, Ramirez,

       96
            Accomplice witnesses cannot corroborate each other. Moron v. State, 779 S.W.2d at 401.
                                                                                            Valdez - 45

and Rosales acted as his accomplices. Point of error 7A is overruled.

       In support of point of error 7B—that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to

request an accomplice-witness instruction regarding Ramirez and Herrera 97 —appellant

contends that Ramirez assisted him in arranging the sale of the ecstasy pills by facilitating his

communications with Barrios. He also states that Herrera transported Barrios to the location

of the planned drug deal and Barrios handed Herrera about ten sandwich bags. Therefore,

appellant argues, Herrera and Ramirez engaged in illicit drug dealing which “is certainly

dangerous conduct which can result in a person’s death” and they are guilty of felony

murder.98 He maintains that the fact that Herrera and Ramirez may not have intended to

murder Barrios is irrelevant because the doctrine of transferred intent applies to felony

murder. Appellant’s arguments have no merit.

       The record shows that Herrera drove Barrios to the specified location on Waldorf

Street and held the sandwich bags because Herrera believed that Barrios intended to purchase

marijuana from someone for recreational use. Herrera did not know appellant and we see no

evidence that Herrera knew of appellant’s intent to harm or rob Barrios. The record also

        97
            Appellant also complains that counsel failed to request an accomplice-witness instruction
regarding Rosales (Barrios’s girlfriend). However, he offers no facts or legal argument to support his
claim that Rosales was an accomplice witness and we see no evidence in the record to support this
contention. His claim regarding Rosales is inadequately briefed and we will not consider it. See TEX . R.
APP . P. 38.1(i).
        98
           See TEX . PENAL CODE § 19.02(b)(3) (“A person commits an offense if he: . . . commits or
attempts to commit a felony, other than manslaughter, and in the course of and in furtherance of the
commission or attempt, or in immediate flight from the commission or attempt, he commits or attempts to
commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual.”).
                                                                                            Valdez - 46

suggests that Herrera was distraught that Barrios had been shot, and he chased after the SUV

wielding a crowbar as appellant fled the scene.

       The record indicates that Ramirez called Barrios on appellant’s behalf because

appellant wanted to buy ecstasy pills. There is no evidence in the record that Ramirez knew

that appellant intended to hurt or rob Barrios. Appellant argues that Ramirez knew that he did

not have any money to purchase the pills, but the record merely shows that Ramirez did not

see appellant with money. The record also shows that, when appellant told Ramirez after the

shooting that “everything got ruined” and asked Ramirez not to tell Jurado, Ramirez did tell

Jurado and they both began calling appellant to find out what had happened.

       Thus, although Herrera and Ramirez may have had some limited involvement in

planning the unlawful purchase of a controlled substance, they were never charged with, nor

was there evidence to support the assertion that they could they have been charged with, the

capital murder of Barrios or any lesser-included offense of that capital murder. The record

does not indicate that these witnesses performed an affirmative act promoting the commission

of the murder, possessed the required culpable mental state, or had reason to anticipate that

a life would be taken.99 Because there is nothing to support a claim that the trial court

        99
          See id.; see also TEX . PENAL CODE § 19.03(a)(2) (providing that a person commits capital
murder when he commits murder as defined under § 19.02(b)(1) and . . . “intentionally commits the
murder in the course of committing or attempting to commit . . . robbery”); § 19.02(b)(1) (providing that
a person commits murder if he “intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual”) (emphasis
added); see also Druery, 225 S.W.3d at 498; Kutzner v. State, 994 S.W.2d 180, 188 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999) (stating that complicity with an accused in the commission of another offense does not make a
witness an accomplice in the offense for which the accused is on trial).
                                                                                           (continued...)
                                                                                             Valdez - 47

erroneously failed to include an accomplice-witness instruction related to Herrera and

Ramirez, appellant’s counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the omission of such

an instruction. Appellant has failed to meet his burden to demonstrate both deficient

performance and prejudice as required by Strickland. Point of error 7B is overruled.

       Regarding point of error 7C, appellant concedes that this Court must review under

Almanza’s100 egregious harm standard any error the trial court committed in failing to sua

sponte give an accomplice-witness instruction because his counsel did not request such an

instruction or object to its omission.101 Emphasizing many of the same facts as he did in point

of error 7A, supra, appellant asserts that Cera conspired with him to rob Barrios of the ecstasy

pills, concealed and destroyed evidence by cleaning and hiding her SUV and burning clothing,

and initially lied to the police. Thus, he contends, the trial court should have sua sponte

instructed the jury that Cera was an accomplice-witness, and egregious error resulted from the

       99
            (...continued)
         Appellant correctly asserts that felony murder can be a lesser-included offense of capital murder.
See Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). However, the elements of felony
murder include the requirement that the individual in question “commits or attempts to commit an act
clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual.” TEX . PENAL CODE § 19.02(b)(3).
Even if Ramirez and Herrera could have been charged with a felony controlled-substance offense as a
result of their limited involvement in this case, there is no evidence that either of them committed an act
clearly dangerous to human life that caused Barrios’s death. Indeed, appellant’s argument would have a
nonsensical result, e.g., a person who merely agreed to give a family member a ride, knowing the family
member might purchase some marijuana, would thereby become an accomplice to the capital murder of
his own family member.
        100
686 S.W.2d at 160–74.
        101
            See Zamora, 411 S.W.3d at 512–13 (“Our review of the underlying principles of Almanza
compels us to conclude that all complaints about the trial court’s failure to include an accomplice-witness
instruction must be analyzed under its procedural framework.”).
                                                                                             Valdez - 48

trial court’s failure to do so.102

       Given the evidence of Cera’s involvement in the events at issue and her destruction of

evidence after the crime, an instruction as to whether she was an accomplice as a matter of

fact may have been appropriate in the instant case.103 As explained above, however, even if

we assume, without deciding, that the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte give such an

accomplice-witness instruction, we nevertheless conclude that appellant has not demonstrated

that he was egregiously harmed by the omission. “Article 38.14, by its very terms, requires

only that there ‘be some non-accomplice evidence tending to connect the defendant to the

crime, not to every element of the crime.’” 104 In evaluating the non-accomplice evidence, we

assess its reliability or believability and the strength of its tendency to connect the defendant

to the crime.105 “Under the egregious harm standard, the omission of an accomplice[-]witness

instruction is generally harmless unless the corroborating (non-accomplice) evidence is ‘so

unconvincing in fact as to render the State’s overall case for conviction clearly and

significantly less persuasive.’” 106

       In closing arguments, defense counsel emphasized Cera’s false statements and other

          102
                See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 172.
          103
                See Ash, slip op. at *12, *16.
          104
                Ambrose, 487 S.W.3d at 598 (quoting Vasquez v. State, 56 S.W.3d 46, 48 (Tex. Crim. App.
2001)).
          105
                Id.
          106
                Id. (quoting Herron v. State, 86 S.W.3d 621, 632 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).
                                                                                                 Valdez - 49

evidence suggesting her complicity in the offense and her lack of credibility. The State in turn

pointed the jury to evidence from other sources, such as phone records and the testimony of

other witnesses, corroborating Cera’s testimony.                We previously summarized the non-

accomplice corroborating evidence in our discussion of point of error 7A. We find appellant

has not demonstrated that the non-accomplice evidence was “so unconvincing in fact as to

render the State’s overall case for conviction clearly and significantly less persuasive.” 107

Therefore, he has not shown that the failure to include an accomplice-witness instruction

egregiously harmed him. We overrule point of error 7C.

                                    PHOTOGRAPHIC LINEUP

       Appellant contends in point of error eight that the trial court erred in allowing the State

to introduce the photographic lineup shown to Herrera, in which Herrera identified him as the

person who shot and killed Barrios. The complained-of photo array (State’s Exhibit 13)

consisted of six photographs of similar-looking men with mustaches. Herrera had circled

appellant’s photo in the upper-right-hand corner of the array, signed the array next to this

image, and wrote the date, December 16, 2010. Appellant alleges that the lineup exhibit

constituted inadmissible hearsay offered for the truth of the matter asserted by Herrera, i.e.,

that appellant was the shooter.108

       When the State offered the lineup exhibit at trial, defense counsel made the following

        107
              See id.
        108
            See TEX . R. EVID . 801(d) (“‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant
while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”).
                                                                                     Valdez - 50

objection:

        Your Honor, I’m going to object. I’m going to object on the grounds of being
        -- this is improper bolstering of the identification. I mean, if he can identify
        him in court, that’s one thing. And if he can’t identify him in court, then that
        would be relevant and admissible, but for her to do it both ways . . . It’s not so
        much the identification. I’m not objecting to him saying that he identified him
        six days after the incident. What I’m objecting to is the admission . . . of this
        photo lineup, because then she’s bolstering his identification then . . . and now.

       Thus, appellant’s counsel objected to the photo lineup on the basis of improper

bolstering. Appellant now argues that “‘bolstering’ has ties to Texas Rule of Evidence 613(c),

which involves prior consistent statements and reiterates principles of hearsay.” He therefore

contends that his “bolstering” objection preserved a hearsay claim regarding the photo array.

He asserts that the harm to him was substantial, since Herrera was the only witness other than

Cera who identified him.

       Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1(a) provides, in relevant part, that for a

complaint to be presented on appeal, a timely request, objection, or motion must have been

made to the trial court. The request, objection, or motion must have stated the grounds for the

ruling that the complaining party sought with sufficient specificity to make the trial court

aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context.109

Additionally, it is well settled that the legal basis of a complaint raised on appeal must

        109
              TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a)(1)(A).
                                                                                           Valdez - 51

comport with the objection raised at trial.110 In determining whether a complaint on appeal

comports with an objection at trial, we look to the objection’s context and the parties’ shared

understanding at the time.111

       “Bolstering” occurs when a party improperly uses “an item of evidence” to “add

credence or weight to some earlier unimpeached piece of evidence already offered by the

same party.”112 Historically, a witness’s testimony bolstering a eyewitness’s identification of

the accused was not allowed because the testimony was considered to be hearsay.113

       However, in the instant case, appellant specifically objected to the admission of the

photo array itself and not a witness’s testimony concerning the out-of-court identification.

Texas Rule of Evidence 801(e)(1)(C) provides that, “A statement is not hearsay if: The

declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the

statement, and the statement is: . . . one of identification of a person made after perceiving the

person.”114 Thus, the rule defines a statement, such as the one Herrera made when he signed

the photo array, as non-hearsay if: the declarant testifies, he is subject to cross-examination

concerning the statement, and the statement is one identifying a person made after perceiving

        110
              Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
        111
              Id.
        112
              Guerra v. State, 771 S.W.2d 453, 474 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
        113
            See Thomas v. State, 811 S.W.2d 201, 208 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, pet. ref’d)
(citing Frison v. State, 473 S.W.2d 479, 481 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971) (holding that testimony from a
detective that the complainant identified the defendant as one of several robbers was “rank hearsay”)).
        114
              TEX . R. EVID . 801(e)(1)(C) (2014).
                                                                                          Valdez - 52

him.115

          Assuming, arguendo, that appellant preserved his hearsay claim by objecting to the

array on the basis of improper bolstering, he nonetheless cannot prevail on the merits due to

Rule 801(e)(1)(C). Herrera testified at trial and was subject to cross-examination. The

complained-of exhibit conveys Herrera’s out-of-court identification of appellant as the shooter

after he perceived appellant during the shooting. In sum, State’s Exhibit 13 was not hearsay.

Appellant’s eighth point of error is overruled.

   CONSTITUTIONALITY OF FUTURE DANGEROUSNESS SPECIAL ISSUE

          In his ninth point of error, appellant avers that the statutory future dangerousness

special issue violated his due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.116 Appellant

alleges that this special issue is unconstitutional on its face because it does not define the term

“probability” and it is “unduly vague.” He argues that the statutory special issue, as it is

currently worded, warrants a “yes” finding whenever there is any possibility of future acts of

criminal violence, no matter how remote the possibility, which makes virtually every person

convicted of capital murder a “future danger.”

          115
           See Thomas, 811 S.W.2d at 208; see also Sanders v. State, No. 09-16-00004-CR, slip op. at 5
(Tex. App.— Beaumont June 21, 2017, no pet. h.) (“[B]y adopting Rule 801(e)(1)(C) . . . the Court of
Criminal Appeals adopted a rule that expressly allowed a party to elicit testimony from a witness
regarding the witness’s prior out-of-court identification of the defendant.”).
          116
                See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . art. 37.071 § 2(b)(1).
                                                                                             Valdez - 53

       We have addressed and rejected substantially similar constitutional challenges.117

Appellant has not persuaded us to reverse our longstanding precedent. We overrule his ninth

point of error.

    COUNSEL’S CONCESSION THAT APPELLANT COMMITTED MURDER

       In point of error ten, appellant argues that his counsel rendered constitutionally

ineffective assistance by conceding to the jury that appellant had committed “murder, plain

and simple.”118 He contends that counsel’s strategy of admitting appellant’s involvement in

the murder conflicted with counsel’s strategy in requesting a charge on the lesser-included

offense of manslaughter and urging the jury to find appellant guilty only of manslaughter.

Appellant also argues that the concession conflicted with counsel’s interpretation of the

evidence that “Cera was the actual killer.” Appellant maintains that counsel should only have

conceded that appellant was guilty of robbery, not murder.

       In closing arguments at the guilt or innocence phase of trial, defense counsel made the

following statements:

        When you hear something from two people and one is being selective and one

        117
            See, e.g., Russeau v. State, 291 S.W.3d 426, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding that the trial
court did not violate the defendant’s due process rights in failing to define “probability,” where the
defendant argued that, in common usage, the term “probability” can mean “any possibility” and “a juror
would have been compelled to answer the first special issue ‘yes’ if [he was] convinced that there was
even the remotest probability of future violence by appellant”); Gardner v. State, 306 S.W.3d 274,
302-03 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding that the terms “probability,” “criminal acts of violence,”
“militates,” and “continuing threat to society” are not statutorily defined, and therefore the jury should
give them their “commonly accepted meanings”).
        118
              Appellant Br. at 144; 52 Rep. R. 39–40.
                                                                                   Valdez - 54

        is not -- when one side only gives you the good and the other side is presenting
        everything else, that should tell you something about what they think in their
        case and how they prepared for it and how their police investigated it, if they
        investigated anything at all. Now, I’m going to save you some time, and
        hopefully I’ll save the [S]tate some time, and we can end this closing argument
        relatively quickly. . . .

               Fidencio Valdez is involved in this murder. Plain and simple. You’ve
        heard it from me. There is no -- I think if I stood up here and told you, “It
        wasn’t him.” You know, “They didn’t prove it” -- let me ask you this . . .
        How many times did I ask one of those witnesses, “Now, you can’t prove he’s
        the person using that phone, can you?” . . . How many times did you hear me
        ask that? That’s the defense of “I’m not there. It wasn’t me.” . . . You didn’t
        hear me ask that one time. Not once. And the very first 15 minutes of my
        argument I’m telling you he’s there. We know he’s there, because Forest
        Zozaya tells you, “I saw a guy with glasses.” . . .

               So what am I doing? Our defense has always been, from the very
        beginning -- and it is today, it was yesterday, it is now -- this is a drug deal
        gone bad. That’s all it is. This is two people in a suspicious situation where
        there’s not a lot of trust, where it’s dangerous, and it went south. That’s all.

               Again, don’t waste your time. Yes, he’s there. He’s in the car. It’s his
        phone. He’s at the murder scene. He’s seen shooting someone else, Julio
        Barrios. So let’s move past that.

Counsel discussed weaknesses in the State’s case, including the problems with Cera’s

credibility and the evidence showing that Barrios was a drug dealer, not a “little boy,” despite

the State’s witnesses’ contrary testimony. Counsel cautioned the jurors that the State was not

giving them the whole story, and he suggested that the defense was being completely honest

with them. He discussed the fact that appellant had accused Barrios of wearing a wire and

emphasized the fear and distrust inherent in drug deals. Counsel then argued,
                                                                                               Valdez - 55

        So something bad happened between these two guys, and Barrios got shot.
        That’s it. That’s this case. That’s all there is. It’s a drug deal gone bad.

               Now, whether you want to believe it’s reckless, or whether you want to
        believe it’s intentional, that’s your -- I’m not going to go there. You decide
        which one you want to believe. . . .

        I think this -- this is -- there’s one verdict in this case with regards to the count
        of the shooting of Barrios, and that’s murder. If you feel it’s manslaughter,
        you can go there, but this -- there’s one verdict.

                There’s no robbery. In order to get to robbery you have to disregard all
        of the inconsistencies of everybody else telling you what happened. . . . You
        have to disregard the selectiveness. You have to disregard the incomplete
        investigation, the lack of ballistics, the lack of blood testing in the car, the lack
        of luminol, the lack of people being shown everything, good and bad, and
        you’ve got to just accept the fact that they were sloppy and, “Well, you know,
        we’ll cut them a break because they’re the [S]tate.”

       Our review of trial counsel’s representation is highly deferential and presumes that

counsel’s actions fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.119 “If

counsel’s reasons for his conduct do not appear in the record and there is at least the

possibility that the conduct could have been grounded in legitimate trial strategy,120 we will

        119
              Garza v. State, 213 S.W.3d 338, 348 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
        120
            In McCoy v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court held that “a defendant has the right to insist that
counsel refrain from admitting guilt, even when counsel’s experienced-based view is that confessing guilt
offers the defendant the best chance to avoid the death penalty. McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct. 1500,
__(2018) (emphasis added). However, in McCoy, the defendant, while on the record, affirmatively
denied any guilt and protested to the court his objections to his trial attorney’s chosen defense strategy of
admitting guilt in favor of the hope of a lesser-included charge. Id. at __. Here, the record contains no
challenge to show that counsel’s strategy was not in line with the defendant’s objective. See id. at __
(“[W]hen counsel confers with the defendant and the defendant remains silent, neither approving nor
protesting counsel’s proposed concession strategy, ‘no blanket rule demands the defendant’s explicit
consent’ to implementation of that strategy.” (citing Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 181 (2004)). For our
purposes here, Appellant presents no evidence in the record to overcome the presumption of competent
                                                                                              (continued...)
                                                                                             Valdez - 56

defer to counsel’s decisions and deny relief on an ineffective assistance claim on direct

appeal.”121 In the majority of cases, the record on direct appeal is simply undeveloped and

insufficient to permit a reviewing court to fairly evaluate the merits of an ineffective

assistance of counsel claim.122

       In particular, judicial review of counsel’s closing arguments is highly deferential:

“deference to counsel’s tactical decisions in his closing presentation is particularly important

because of the broad range of legitimate defense strategy at that stage.”123 Further, when a

defense attorney was faced with overwhelming evidence of his client’s involvement in the

offense, we have found that conceding the defendant’s guilt of a lesser-included offense in

an apparent attempt to persuade the jury to find him guilty of the lesser offense, rather than

the charged offense, was a reasonable trial tactic.124

       In the instant case, counsel’s reasons for his actions do not appear in the record, and

his conduct could have been part of a reasonable trial strategy. Without more, we must defer

       120
             (...continued)
representation.
        121
              Garza,213 S.W.3d at 348.
        122
              Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
        123
              Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 6 (2003).
        124
           Hathorn v. State, 848 S.W.2d 101, 118 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see also Jordan v. State, 859
S.W.2d 418, 422 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no pet.) (“It is logical to conclude that trial
counsel, faced with overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt, chose to placate the jurors rather than to
possibly antagonize them with an impassioned, though weakly supported, plea for a verdict of not
guilty.”).
                                                                                     Valdez - 57

to counsel’s decisions and deny relief. We overrule appellant’s tenth point of error.

                                PUNISHMENT CHARGE ERROR

       In his eleventh point of error, appellant contends that the trial court egregiously erred

in submitting an allegedly incomprehensible jury instruction regarding the jury’s consideration

of the future dangerousness special issue. He asserts that the instruction failed to comply with

the wording required by Article 37.071 § 2(d)(1). The statute provides that the trial court shall

charge the jury that:

        (1) in deliberating on the issues submitted under Subsection (b) of this article,
        it shall consider all evidence admitted at the guilt or innocence stage and the
        punishment stage, including evidence of the defendant’s background or
        character or the circumstances of the offense that militates for or mitigates
        against the imposition of the death penalty[.]125

The instruction that the trial court in appellant’s case actually submitted to the jury read:

        In deliberating on Special Issue Number One you shall consider all the
        evidence at the guilt or innocence stage and the punishment stage, including
        evidence of the Defendant’s background or character or the circumstances of
        the offense that mitigates for or mitigates against the imposition of the death
        penalty.

(Emphasis added). Thus, the instruction actually submitted to the jury in this case did not

comply with Article 37.071 § 2(d)(1) because it used the words “mitigates for” where the

statute indicates that the instruction should have used the words “militates for.”

       Appellant argues that this deviation rendered the instruction incomprehensible because

the word “mitigate” means to “make less severe, serious, or painful.” He contends that a

        125
              TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . art. 37.071 § 2(d)(1) (emphasis added).
                                                                                          Valdez - 58

“person can never consider evidence which ‘mitigates for’ the death penalty; he or she can

only consider evidence which mitigates ‘against the death penalty.’” Appellant concedes that,

because his trial counsel did not object to the erroneous jury instruction, he must show

egregious harm to prevail on appeal.126

       We agree that appellant must show egregious harm. Therefore, we must determine

whether the charging error affected the very basis of the case, deprived appellant of a valuable

right, or vitally affected his defensive theory.127 In doing so, we consider the entire jury

charge, the state of the evidence, the argument of counsel, and any other relevant

information.128 Where faced with a claim that a jury instruction is ambiguous, the reviewing

court should use common sense to determine whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the

jury was misled by the ambiguity.129

       Appellant complains that no other part of the jury charge informed the jury of the

correct language required by Article 37.071 § 2(d)(1). The State responds that the court’s

charge correctly instructed the jury to consider all the evidence presented at the guilt-

innocence and punishment phases of trial, including evidence that mitigates against the death

penalty, in answering the special issue. The erroneous part of the instruction was the portion

        126
              See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
        127
              Id.
        128
              Id.
        129
           See Mireles v. State, 901 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (citing Boyde v.
California, 494 U.S. 370 (1990)).
                                                                                     Valdez - 59

that should have called the jury’s attention to evidence that militated for the imposition of the

death penalty. Thus, the State asserts, the party that suffered a disadvantage due to the

charging error, if any, was the State, not appellant. We agree. We overrule his eleventh point

of error.

                                PETIT JURY SELECTION

       Appellant complains in his twelfth point of error that the trial judge, over defense

counsel’s objection, declined to follow the statutory procedure set out in Article 35.13 for

selecting a petit jury in a death penalty case. Appellant contends that Article 35.13 mandates

that a jury in a capital case in which the State is seeking the death penalty “shall be passed for

acceptance or challenge first to the [S]tate and then to the defendant.” Appellant maintains

that, though defense counsel requested that the statutory procedure be followed, the trial judge

nevertheless used his “own unique procedure.” Appellant maintains that the trial judge

allowed both sides to make challenges for cause and then, after a sufficient number of

qualified venire persons were selected to seat a jury, the judge instructed the State and the

defense to make their peremptory strikes.

       The State responds that appellant invited the alleged error he now complains of by

filing a written pretrial motion requesting that the trial court not strictly comply with Article

35.13. Thus, the State avers, appellant should be estopped from complaining about the trial

court’s failure to comply with Article 35.13. The State further contends that the jury selection

method used by the trial court was within the court’s discretion under the statute because the
                                                                                               Valdez - 60

State was required to bring its peremptory challenges to each venire member before the

defense was required to make its peremptory strike decision.

       Appellant does not direct us to the parts of the record revealing the trial court’s

decision to deviate from the statutory procedure, nor to the point at which appellant’s counsel

objected to the trial court’s actions. Thus, he has not adequately briefed this claim.130

However, in the interest of justice, we will review his claim.

       In February 2012, appellant filed his “Amended Motion to Qualify the Panel Prior to

Requiring the Defendant to Exercise his Peremptory Strikes.” In this motion, appellant argued

that Article 35.13 did not require the State and the defense to make their challenges for cause

and peremptory strikes immediately upon passing each juror. He maintained that “[r]equiring

the defendant to exercise his peremptory strikes immediately after the juror is passed on

individual voir dire denies the defendant the opportunity to intelligently exercise his

peremptory challenges.” He asked the trial court to qualify and question the entire panel

before the State–and then the defense–exercised their peremptory strikes.

       At a pretrial hearing held in March 2012, the State agreed to the plan appellant

proposed and the trial judge announced that he intended to allow the parties to make

challenges for cause at the time the jurors were questioned and to qualify approximately forty-

six jurors. The judge told the parties that, following that qualification process, “[o]nce we get

there then you can make your peremptory strikes. Is that all right?” The defense attorney and

        130
              See TEX . R. APP . P. 38.1(i); Buntion v. State, 482 S.W.3d 58, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).
                                                                                            Valdez - 61

the prosecutor both agreed.

      After the voir dire of the second venire member131 in February 2014, the following

colloquy occurred between the trial judge and counsel:

       THE COURT: We need to decide how we’re going to go -- obviously, the
       strikes for cause are going to be made immediately, you first and then them.
       The issue now -- I just want your feelings on it -- and both sides give me their
       feelings regarding the exercising of peremptory challenges.

               Now, I know that some courts, what they have done is basically waited
       until they have the proper number of jurors qualified then bring them in the
       courtroom and then give you the opportunity to make your peremptory strikes.
       I know under the statute I can make you exercise your peremptory strikes now
       if that be the case. So I want to know -- you know, I certainly want to do this
       in a way that both sides feel comfortable -- whether, you know -- with however
       we proceed, but I think that it might move this process a little bit more
       smoothly, more quickly is [sic], if I force you guys to make your decision on
       your peremptories now.

                  And I would welcome your comments on that.

       [THE PROSECUTOR]: We had talked about it earlier, Judge -- and I can’t
       remember, so you’ll have to correct me if I’m wrong. I thought we had both
       agreed that we would prefer to qualify the number and do the peremptories at
       the end.

                  Was that not your preference?

       [DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: No.

       [THE PROSECUTOR]: No? You want to do them now?

       [DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: Yes.

       [THE PROSECUTOR]: Our preference is to qualify the number of jurors we

       131
             The first venire member was struck for cause based on the State’s challenge.
                                                                             Valdez - 62

need and say -- and do the peremptories at the very end. . . .

THE COURT: Okay. So let me think. So each side gets 15 strikes each on
the peremptories, we go for -- and then if we’re going to get alternates -- and
we’re probably going to get two alternates, I’d probably grant -- I probably
would qualify six extra jurors for the alternate pool and then give
you two strikes each on the alternate pool. So we’re looking at 53 -- about 53
-- about 53, 55 people we’d have to qualify.

[THE PROSECUTOR]: Right. And, really, my argument -- it absolutely
benefits the defense as well. They’re going to be making these same type of
strategic decisions when they’re making their peremptory strikes as well. I
would assume that they would want to know -- to look at the whole pool and
rate them also.

THE COURT: What’s your position?

[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]: Your Honor, we’re asking for strict adherence to
[Article] 35.13. 35.13 is what the legislature -- the legislators have decided
what -- or they have set down what -- the way the order should be.

        And that is that it be -- that “A juror in a capital case in which the
[S]tate has made it known to seek the death penalty, held to be qualified, shall
be passed for acceptance or challenge first to the state and then to the
defendant. Challenges to jurors are either peremptory or for cause.”

         And so we’ve read that in addition to reading Bigsby [sic][ 132 ] and
Hughes[133 ] -- Bigsby [sic] v. State, Hughes v. State -- to mean that at once the
juror has been voir dired, [sic] the [S]tate moves for -- if they so desire --
challenges, strikes, or accepts. And at that point the juror then passes to us, in
which then we exercise cause -- or acceptance, cause, or strike.
The reason why this system is -- and it’s explained in Hughes beautifully, and
that is, the [S]tate gains a strategic advantage when they see us challenging for
cause before they have decided whether to strike or not.
For example, if the [S]tate does not challenge and then we challenge for cause

132
      Bigby v. State, 892 S.W.2d 864, 879–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).
133
Hughes v. State, 24 S.W.3d 833, 841 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
                                                                                     Valdez - 63

        and that’s denied, now the [S]tate knows that we’ve got to exercise a strike on
        that person. And if they also -- if they move for cause and it’s denied and then
        we move for cause again, we’re in a situation now where they know that we
        don’t want the person and therefore they can save a strike knowing that we
        will strike the -- or at least having an idea of what our hand is going to be that
        we have to exercise that strike. And it gives the [S]tate an unfair advantage
        either way because if we wait until the end -- if we challenge for cause and it’s
        denied, they know then they don’t have to worry about that juror. More than
        likely the defense will strike that person. And if that person is objectionable
        to the [S]tate, then they save a strike, whereas we don’t gain that advantage.
        We don’t have that ability.

       Defense counsel subsequently conceded that “a trial court has the discretion to decide

whether the [S]tate must voice both a challenge for cause or a peremptory challenge before

the defendant, or that both sides issue any challenges for cause before the [S]tate lodges its

first peremptory.” The judge responded that his intention was to have the State make its

desired challenges for cause to each juror, the defense make its challenges for cause, the State

exercise its peremptory strikes, and then the defense exercise its peremptory strikes. Defense

counsel continued to argue that this method could give the State an unfair advantage in a

situation where both sides unsuccessfully challenged a juror for cause, because the State could

withhold its peremptory strike, knowing that the defense would be likely to exercise one of

its peremptory strikes on such a juror. The State continued to ask the trial judge to reserve

both sides’ peremptory strikes until the parties had assembled a qualified pool of venire

members. Defense counsel continued to lobby for the trial judge to proceed juror by juror.

       After taking time to read the cases cited by defense counsel, the trial judge ruled that

the parties would raise their challenges for cause after each juror was questioned and “then
                                                                                      Valdez - 64

we will reserve peremptories [for] when we have the 48 jurors.” Defense counsel again

objected and requested “strict adherence to 35.13.” The trial judge responded, “And the way

I read the law, this Court has discretion to do it either way, and that’s the way I’m going to

do it.”

          Following questioning of each venire member, the trial judge allowed the State to make

its challenges for cause and then allowed the defense to make its challenges for cause. After

qualifying the requisite number of venire members in April 2014, the trial judge allowed the

parties to make their peremptory strikes against each venire member in the qualified juror

pool. For each person in the pool, the State exercised its peremptory strike first and then, if

the State did not strike the person, the defense could exercise a peremptory strike.

          First, we address the State’s contention that appellant invited error by filing a written

pretrial motion in 2012 asking the trial court to deviate from the procedure set out in Article

35.13. The law of invited error provides that a party cannot complain of an error that it

invited or caused.134 In other words, “[i]f a party affirmatively seeks action by the trial court,

that party cannot later contend that the action was error.” 135 “To hold otherwise would be to

permit him to take advantage of his own wrong.”136 Appellant specifically requested in his

pretrial motion that the trial court follow a procedure other than the one dictated by Article

          134
                Woodall v. State, 336 S.W.3d 634, 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
          135
                Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

          136
                Woodall, 336 S.W.3d at 644 (internal citations omitted).
                                                                                               Valdez - 65

35.13. Thus, argues the State, to the extent that appellant complains about the trial court’s

ruling on his pretrial motion, he is estopped from seeking appellate relief.

       However, this is not a case in which an appellant lay behind the log, induced the trial

court to take an action, and then later claimed on appeal that said action was erroneous. 137

Rather, appellant communicated to the trial court shortly after voir dire commenced that he

no longer wanted the court to follow the procedure upon which the parties had previously

agreed. He argued that the trial court should adhere to the process set out by statute. Because

appellant made his change of position clear before any for cause or peremptory challenges

were made, he made his complaint “by a timely request, objection, or motion that stated the

grounds for the ruling” he sought, and he left adequate time for the State to respond and the

trial court to take corrective action, if necessary.138 Further, appellant obtained an adverse

ruling when the judge stated that he had “discretion to do it either way, and that’s the way [he

was] going to do it.”139 Therefore, notwithstanding his pretrial motion, appellant preserved

his complaint about the trial court’s jury selection procedure and he is not estopped from

complaining now of the court’s ruling on his 2014 request to follow Article 35.13.

        137
              Cf. Prystash, 3 S.W.3d at 531.
        138
             See TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a)(1); see also Gillenwaters v. State, 205 S.W.3d 534, 537–38 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2006) (holding that the appellant’s complaint was timely raised when his motion gave the
trial court the opportunity to take corrective action “without burdening the parties and the judicial system
with a costly appeal and retrial”; “gave the State a fair opportunity to respond”; and his delay in raising
the claim “did not impair the orderly and effective presentation of the case to the jury”) (internal citations
omitted).
        139
              See TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1(a)(2).
                                                                                    Valdez - 66

       Nevertheless, appellant cannot prevail on the merits of his claim. Appellant avers that,

only after the State exercises its challenges for cause and peremptory challenges to the venire

member, should the defendant exercise his causal and peremptory challenges. He contends

that, by requiring that the defense make its challenges for cause before the State exercised its

peremptory challenges, the trial court unfairly provided advance notice to the State of how the

defense would likely later exercise its peremptory strikes, thereby prejudicing his defense.

       Appellant cites Bigby v. State140 in support of his argument that the trial court erred in

conducting jury selection in the above-described manner. This Court noted in Bigby that

Article 35.20 regulates the manner of selecting a jury in a capital case in Texas.141 Article

35.20 provides in relevant part:

        In selecting the jury from the persons summoned, the names of such persons
        shall be called in the order in which they appear upon the list furnished the
        defendant. Each juror shall be tried and passed upon separately.

Additionally, Article 35.13 provides:

        A juror in a capital case in which the [S]tate has made it known it will seek the
        death penalty, held to be qualified, shall be passed for acceptance or challenge
        first to the state and then to the defendant. Challenges to jurors are either
        peremptory or for cause.

In Bigby, this Court held that these two statutes read together provide that, in capital cases,

        140
              Bigby v. State, 892 S.W.2d 864, 879–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).

        141
              Id. at 880.
                                                                                              Valdez - 67

jurors must be called individually.142 The Court also held:

        It seems apparent, [that] the legislature intended that defendant’s challenges
        for cause could be made after the State has made its decision to accept a
        veniremember. In this instance the statutory language evokes no other logical
        interpretation. . . . Upon completion of voir dire by both parties of that
        potential juror, the State must choose to accept the veniremember or challenge
        him for cause or peremptorily, and then the defendant or his counsel may
        exercise its peremptory or causal challenge.143

In Bigby, over a defense objection, the trial court ruled that the State would have the

opportunity to make its challenge for cause to each venire member, followed by the

defendant’s challenge for cause, followed by the State’s peremptory challenge, and then the

defendant’s peremptory challenge.144 Relying on Articles 35.13 and 35.20, this Court found

that the trial court “fell into error” by proceeding with voir dire in this manner.145 However,

the Court concluded that the error was harmless under former T EX. R. A PP. P. 81(b)(2).146

       Six years later, the Court re-examined its decision in Bigby, noting that five members

of this Court in a concurring opinion expressed their belief that the fairest and most objective

        142
              Id.
        143
              Id. at 879–80.
        144
              Id. at 879.
        145
              Id. at 880.
        146
             Former Rule 81(b)(2) applied the same harmless-error standard–that the appellate court must
reverse the judgment unless the court determined beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not
contribute to the conviction or punishment–regardless of whether the error was of constitutional
magnitude. See Snowden v. State, 353 S.W.3d 815, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Under the current
reversible error rule promulgated in 1997, that standard only applies to constitutional errors. See TEX . R.
APP . P. 44.2(a).
                                                                                   Valdez - 68

interpretation of Article 35.13 provides trial judges the discretion during voir dire “to permit

the exercise of challenges for cause by both sides before moving on to any use of peremptory

challenges.” In other words, a trial court has the discretion to decide (1) whether the State

must voice both a challenge for cause or a peremptory challenge before the defendant, or (2)

that both sides issue any challenges for cause before the State first lodges a peremptory

challenge. . . . Either method, however, is acceptable under Article 35.13, and no error can

result if either is followed.

       Similarly, in Wood v. State,147 this Court held that a trial court did not abuse its

discretion by overruling an appellant’s motion to require the State to exercise all of its

strikes–both for cause and peremptory– before appellant’s strikes, and did not abuse its

discretion in “requiring that both sides issue challenges for cause prior to the State’s use of

a peremptory challenge.” 148

       We conclude that the trial court’s jury selection procedure in this case did not exceed

the court’s discretion. We overrule appellant’s twelfth point of error.

                        CONSTITUTIONALITY OF DEATH PENALTY

       In his final point of error, appellant asserts that “evolving standards of decency have

reached the point where the [C]ourt can declare that the death penalty is no longer consistent

        147
              Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
        148
              Id. at 649.
                                                                                            Valdez - 69

with the values embodied in the Eighth Amendment.” Appellant cites Gregg v. Georgia,149

in which the United States Supreme Court stated that the Eighth Amendment “must draw its

meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing

society.” 150

        Appellant provides no citation to authority or factual argument supporting his

contention that “evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of America’s maturing

society” now render the death penalty per se unconstitutional. Further, Gregg does not

support appellant’s premise. The Supreme Court observed in Gregg, “[f]or nearly two

centuries, this Court, repeatedly and often expressly, has recognized that capital punishment

is not invalid per se.”151      The Court concluded that Georgia’s statutory procedure did not

violate the Eighth Amendment.152 In addition, appellant’s proposed holding conflicts with this

Court’s precedent.153 Without more, we decline to overrule existing precedent. Appellant’s

thirteenth point of error is overruled. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

DELIVERED:                        June 20, 2018

DO NOT PUBLISH

         149
               Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976).
         150
               Id. at 173.
         151
               Id. at 177–78.
         152
               Id. at 207.
         153
            See, e.g., Castillo v. State, 221 S.W.3d 689, 694 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (“The death penalty
 does not violate the Eighth Amendment.”); Threadgill v. State, 146 S.W.3d 654, 672–73 (Tex. Crim.
 App. 2004) (same).