Court Opinion

ID: 4353363
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-21 16:06:56.810261+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:39.453400
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                      FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                             Dec 21 2018, 9:37 am
court except for the purpose of establishing                               CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                          Court of Appeals
                                                                            and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE                                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Vinson H. Tate                                           Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Michigan City, Indiana                                   Attorney General of Indiana

                                                         Caryn N. Szyper
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Vinson H. Tate,                                          December 21, 2018
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         02A03-1705-MI-1204
        v.                                               Appeal from the Allen Circuit
                                                         Court
State of Indiana, et al.,                                The Honorable Stanley A. Levine,
Appellee-Plaintiff                                       Special Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         02C01-1207-MI-1207

May, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018       Page 1 of 20
[1]   Vinson H. Tate appeals the denial of the motion to correct error he filed after

      the court granted the State’s complaint for civil forfeiture of the $3,047.00 found

      when Tate was arrested for Class A felony dealing in cocaine. We affirm.

                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   In the opinion disposing of Tate’s direct appeal, we provided the facts leading

      to Tate’s convictions and sentences:

              On June 21, 2012, Fort Wayne Police Department Narcotics
              Detectives were dispatched to an apartment complex following a
              call regarding the sale of drugs. Detective Kirschner arrived at
              the scene and observed a parked, running, and occupied black
              Suburban in the parking lot. She also saw several individuals
              approach the vehicle, enter it, exit it, and leave immediately,
              which is consistent with the sale of drugs. When the driver of the
              Suburban left the parking lot, Detective Kirschner followed him
              in an unmarked car. Shortly thereafter, Detective Kirschner told
              Detective Marc Deshaies, who was driving a car with police
              emergency lights, that she saw the Suburban’s driver cross the
              center line several times. Detective Deshaies caught up with the
              Suburban and stopped it.

              When Detective Deshaies approached the Suburban, the driver,
              Tate, was very nervous. The detective looked inside the
              Suburban with a flashlight and noticed marijuana residue on the
              top of the console. He asked Tate to exit and step to the rear. As
              the detective performed a pat-down search of Tate, Tate’s legs
              and buttocks muscles tightened. A search of Tate’s Suburban
              revealed additional marijuana residue. The detective also found
              three large bundles of cash totaling $3000 in the Suburban’s
              console.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 2 of 20
              Detective Deshaies transported Tate to the Allen County Jail,
              where officers conducted a strip search of Tate and found a
              folded wad of toilet paper between Tate’s buttocks. When the
              officers unfolded the toilet paper, they discovered a plastic baggie
              that held fifteen small knotted baggies of cocaine. Six of those
              baggies contained crack cocaine and nine of the baggies
              contained powder cocaine. The total weight of the cocaine was
              5.74 grams, and it had a street value of $850.

              The State charged Tate with dealing in cocaine as a Class A
              felony and possession of marijuana as a Class A misdemeanor.

      Tate v. State, No. 02A05-1308-CR-447 (mem. dec.), 31 N.E.3d 34, at *1 (Ind.

      Ct. App. March 17, 2015).

[3]   Between his initial hearing and trial, Tate repeatedly vacillated between

      representing himself, being appointed a public defender, and hiring private

      counsel. Id. at *1-*2. In December 2012, Tate filed a motion to suppress the

      cocaine found on his person, and the trial court denied his motion after a

      hearing. Id. at *2. Tate represented himself at trial on April 10, 2013. Id. The

      jury found him guilty as charged, and on July 19, 2013, the court imposed a

      forty-five-year sentence, with ten of those years suspended. Id. at *4. Tate

      appealed his convictions and sentence, and we affirmed. See id. at *10.

[4]   Shortly after the State filed criminal charges against Tate, it also filed a civil

      complaint against Tate for forfeiture of property, requesting the court order

      forfeited the 2002 Suburban Tate had been driving when arrested and the

      $3,047 found that night on his person and in the Suburban. Then, in January

      2013, the State moved to dismiss the 2002 Suburban from the forfeiture action
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 3 of 20
      because “there is a lien on the vehicle that does not justify the forfeiture.”

      (App. Vol. 3 at 2.) At a hearing on May 31, 2013, at which Tate did not

      appear, the State informed the court it could not locate Tate to provide him

      with notice of the proceedings. At that hearing, the forfeiture court granted the

      State’s motion to dismiss the Suburban from the action.

[5]   Trial on the merits of the forfeiture of the $3,047 was set for September 13,

      2013. Tate did not appear. The court ordered Tate’s $3047 forfeited to the

      State. In January 2014, Tate contacted the forfeiture court for a copy of the

      chronological case summary. In response, on February 3, 2014, the court

      entered an order that explained to Tate the proceedings that had been held and

      the order that forfeited his money.

[6]   In September 2014, Tate asked the court for clarification of the judgment that

      had been entered in the forfeiture proceeding. The court construed Tate’s letter

      as a motion to reconsider the September 13, 2013, judgment forfeiting the

      $3,047. The trial court held a hearing at which Tate appeared via telephone.

      The court allowed Tate to argue about procedural errors but did not allow Tate

      to argue about the merits of the forfeiture. The court denied Tate’s motion to

      reconsider. Tate filed a motion to correct error, which the court denied, and

      Tate filed a notice of appeal. The State first moved to dismiss the appeal on

      procedural grounds and then, when we denied that motion, the State requested

      remand for the forfeiture judgment to be vacated so that Tate could be afforded

      the opportunity to appear in court and challenge the forfeiture, which is “a right

      secured by the Due Process Clause.” (App. Vol. 3 at 26 (quoting Degen v.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 4 of 20
      United States, 517 U.S. 820, 822 (1996).) We granted the State’s motion to

      remand and dismissed Tate’s appeal without prejudice, explicitly ordering: “if

      any part of the trial court’s forthcoming ruling is adverse to [Tate], [Tate] may,

      after filing a new notice of appeal, raise the issues he would have raised in this

      appeal along with any new issues created by the Trial Court’s ruling on

      remand.” (App. Vol. 3 at 31.)

[7]   Back in the forfeiture court, Tate moved for a change of judge, which was

      granted. Tate then requested clarification of the issues before the court, as Tate

      believed he should be defending the forfeiture of his Suburban and the $3,047.

      Following further pleadings by the parties, the forfeiture court ordered:

              3. Many of the pleadings filed by [Tate] in this case question the
              propriety of previous rulings by Magistrate Ross, Magistrate
              Kitch and Judge Felts. This Court would like to state with clarity
              that it does not and will not in any fashion review and/or reverse
              any previous rulings in this case made prior to accepting
              jurisdiction in this case. The only way those rulings can be
              challenged is in a subsequent appeal that the aforesaid Order of
              the Court of Appeals mentioned.

              4. Thus, among other such previous ruling[sic], this case has
              been dismissed as to the 2002 Black GMC Suburban, and neither
              that dismissal nor the disposition of that vehicle to a previous
              lienholder will be subject of any subsequent trial of this case.

      (Id. at 64.) Tate attempted to appeal that order, but his appeal was dismissed

      with prejudice.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 5 of 20
[8]   Tate then filed a motion requesting an evidentiary hearing on the admissibility

      of evidence collected after his Suburban was stopped in 2012 and a motion

      requesting he be allowed to subpoena Detective Kirschner. The State

      responded to his motion by asserting res judicata. The forfeiture court denied

      Tate’s requests for a hearing and for a subpoena, and it scheduled the forfeiture

      trial for November 18, 2016. Tate requested a continuance because he had not

      been notified of the new trial date; he asked the court to reconsider its order

      denying the evidentiary hearing and subpoena; and he asked the court to certify

      its denial of the evidentiary hearing and subpoena for interlocutory appeal. The

      court granted his motion to continue and denied his other motions. Tate also

      requested the court grant him the ability to send a subpoena duces tecum to

      Check Smart, and the forfeiture court granted that request and reset trial for

      March 3, 2017.

[9]   On February 23, 2017, when Check Smart had not responded to Tate’s

      subpoena, Tate requested another continuance. The forfeiture court denied that

      continuance because Check Smart filed the materials and would appear at trial.

      After the hearing, at which Tate appeared pro se, the forfeiture court entered the

      following findings and judgment:

              1. The property in question, Three Thousand Forty-seven dollars
              ($3047.00) United States Currency is property subject to
              forfeiture under the provisions of IC 34-23-1-1.

              2. Defendant was convicted of a Class A Felony, Dealing in
              Cocaine, or Narcotic Drug, and Possession of Marijuana, Hash
              Oil, Hashish, Salvia or a Synthetic Cannabinoid, a Class A

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 6 of 20
        Misdemeanor for an incident and arrest that took place on June
        21, 2012.

        3. The facts of Tate’s arrest, his conduct when stopped for a
        traffic violation, the contents of his motor vehicle, the results of
        his strip search, and the cocaine found secreted in a body cavity
        of Tate, and the manner that it was wrapped was all detailed by
        the testimony of Detective Marc Deshaies a Detective in Vice
        and Narcotics of the Fort Wayne Police Department.

        4. In Tate’s vehicle were three large bundles of cash totaling
        $3000.00, and $47 in cash was in his pants pocket.

        5. Tate offered in evidence proof of reservation of a place for
        marriage and his marriage certificate dated 11th day of July,
        2012.

        6. He testified that his mother had loaned him $4000.00 for his
        marriage, and that sum was to be repaid to her out of an
        insurance settlement check he was expecting, and that the cash
        seized was the balance he had on hand from the loan.

        7. The State of Indiana also put in evidence the sum of $9948.00
        in law enforcement costs.

        8. I.C.34-24-1-1(d) provides that money found on or near a
        person who is committing one of the enumerated offenses is
        presumed forfeitable. Or put another way can be presumed to be
        or have been used to violate a criminal statute.

        9. The Court finds that Tate has not proven by credible evidence
        that the presumption has been rebutted

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 7 of 20
               10. The Court finds the State of Indiana has proven by the
               greater weight of the evidence that the property sought in
               forfeiture in this case was used for the purpose of committing
               dealing in cocaine, an enumerated offence under IC 34-24-1-1.

               Therefore the Court enters judgment in favor of the State of
               Indiana. The $3047.00 in United States Currency is Ordered
               forfeited. . . .

       (Appellant’s Br. at 46-47 (errors in original).) Tate filed a motion to correct

       error, which the forfeiture court denied.

                                  Discussion and Decision                            1

[10]   Prior to addressing Tate’s arguments on appeal, we note he is proceeding pro se.

       Pro se litigants “are held to the same standard as trained counsel and are

       required to follow procedural rules.” Meisberger v. Bishop, 15 N.E.3d 653, 656

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). We will neither indulge benevolent presumptions in his

       favor nor ignore rules controlling the “orderly and proper conduct of appeal[s].”

       Id. (quoting Ankeny v. Governor of State of Indiana, 916 N.E.2d 678, 689 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2009), reh’g denied, trans. denied).

[11]   Tate appeals from the forfeiture court’s denial of his motion to correct error.

       We review the denial of a motion to correct error for an abuse of discretion.

       1
         On August 14, 2018, Tate filed a motion asking us to issue an order “explaining the status of the above
       referenced cause and/or when is a determination likely to be issued.” (Motion for Status/Determination of
       Case at 1.) As the issuance of this opinion renders Tate’s motion moot, we do not address it.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018      Page 8 of 20
       Spaulding v. Cook, 89 N.E.3d 413, 420 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017), trans. denied. An

       abuse of discretion occurs if the court’s decision was contrary to law or was

       against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances that were before the

       court. Id. “However, to the extent the issues raised on appeal are purely

       questions of law, our review is de novo.” McGee v. Kennedy, 62 N.E.3d 467, 470

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (reviewing subject matter jurisdiction de novo on appeal

       from denial of motion to correct error).

[12]   Tate has provided us a copy of neither his motion to correct error nor the

       forfeiture court’s order denying his motion. 2 Without these documents, which

       would demonstrate not only the errors Tate alleged but also, possibly, the trial

       court’s reasoning for denying his motion, it is impossible for us to discern

       whether the forfeiture court abused its discretion in denying his motion. See,

       e.g., Meisberger, 15 N.E.3d at 659 (where appellant failed to provide transcript of

       evidence to demonstrate error alleged in denial of motion to correct error, error

       waived for appeal). “An error alleged but not disclosed by the record is not a

       proper subject for our review.” In re Marriage of Snemis, 575 N.E.2d 650, 655

       (Ind. Ct. App. 1991) (holding court could not review issues surrounding wife’s

       motion to correct error when she had not filed supplemental record containing

       2
         Tate has provided us with a copy of the electronic notice that he received of the court’s denial of his motion
       to correct error. (Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 64.) That notice provides an internet address to which recipients
       were directed to obtain a copy of the order denying his motion. However, courts of appeal do not assemble
       the record necessary to review the issues raised by appellants; production of the portions of the Appellate
       Record necessary to address the issues raised on appeal is a task our Supreme Court has assigned to parties.
       See Ind. Appellate Rule 49 (explaining when parties may file an appendix).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018           Page 9 of 20
       necessary portions of record). Waiver notwithstanding, we review Tate’s

       arguments for fundamental error, which is “blatant error that denies the

       defendant due process.” Woods v. State, 98 N.E.3d 656, 665 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2018), trans. denied.

                               Issues surrounding the original traffic stop

[13]   Tate asserts a number of issues arising from the initial stop of his vehicle by

       Detective Deshaies. He argues the forfeiture court erred when it denied his

       request for a pre-trial hearing on his motion to suppress the evidence collected

       when Tate was stopped, based on Detective Deshaies not having probable

       cause for the traffic stop. Tate argues the forfeiture court abused its discretion

       when it denied his request to subpoena Detective Kerschner, who ordered

       Detective Deshaies to conduct the traffic stop of Tate because Detective

       Kerschner had seen Tate commit traffic violations. Finally, Tate challenges the

       validity of the State’s assertion of res judicata as to the validity of the traffic stop.

[14]   Res judicata is a doctrine that prevents “repetitious litigation of disputes that are

       essentially the same.” Earl v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 91 N.E.3d 1066,

       1074 n.5 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied. The doctrine includes both claim

       preclusion and issue preclusion. Id. Claim preclusion prohibits parties from

       litigating an action when a final judgment on the merits has been rendered on

       the same claim between the same parties. Id. Issue preclusion prohibits

       litigation of a fact or issue if that fact or issue was necessarily adjudicated in a

       prior lawsuit between the parties. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 10 of 20
[15]   The opinion deciding Tate’s direct appeal states:

               Tate first argues that the trial court erred in admitting into
               evidence the cocaine found in his possession. Specifically, Tate
               contends that Detective Deshaies did not have a lawful basis for
               initiating the stop of Tate’s Suburban, the detective should have
               issued Tate a ticket and allowed him to go, and the detective was
               not credible. Tate has waived appellate review of this issue for
               two reasons.

               First, although Tate originally challenged the admission of this
               evidence through a motion to suppress, he appeals following a
               completed trial and thus challenges the admission of the evidence
               at trial. Failure to make a contemporaneous objection to the
               admission of evidence at trial results in waiver of the issue on
               appeal. Because Tate failed to object to the admission of this
               evidence when it was introduced at trial, he has waived appellate
               review of this issue. Second, in the argument section of his
               appellate brief, Tate has failed to cite to relevant legal authority.
               Therefore, pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a), Tate
               has waived this issue on appeal.

               Waiver notwithstanding, we find no error. The Fourth
               Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the
               right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure. The
               police may stop an individual for investigatory purposes if, based
               on specific, articulable facts, the officer has a reasonable
               suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. It is well settled that a
               police officer may stop a car when he observes a minor traffic
               violation.

               Indiana Code section 9-21-8-2(a) requires cars traveling on a two-
               lane road to remain on the right half of the road. There are listed
               exceptions; however, none of them apply here. Detective
               Kirschner, who was driving an unmarked police car, told

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 11 of 20
        Detective Deshaies that she saw Tate cross the center line several
        times. Detective Deshaies, who was driving a car with police
        emergency lights, stopped Tate’s vehicle. Tate appears to believe
        that Detective Deshaies did not have a reasonable basis to stop
        him because Detective Deshaies did not see Tate cross the center
        line.

        However,

                [u]nder the collective or imputed knowledge doctrine, an
                arrest or search is permissible where the actual arresting or
                searching officer lacks the specific information to form the
                basis for probable cause or reasonable suspicion but
                sufficient information to justify the arrest or search was
                known by other law enforcement officials initiating or
                involved with the investigation. . . . A primary focus in
                the imputed knowledge cases is whether the law
                enforcement officers initiating the search or arrest, on
                whose instructions or information the actual searching or
                arresting officers relied, had information that would
                provide reasonable suspicion or probable cause to search
                or arrest the suspect.

        In addition, in order to rely on the collective-knowledge doctrine,
        the knowledge sufficient for reasonable suspicion must be
        conveyed to the investigating officer before the stop is made.

        Here, Detective Kirschner, who was involved with the
        investigation, saw Tate cross the center line of traffic. This traffic
        violation provided the detective with reasonable suspicion to stop
        Tate’s car. Because she was in an unmarked police car,
        Detective Kirschner conveyed her observation of the violation to
        Detective Deshaies, who was driving a car with police emergency
        lights. Under the collective-knowledge doctrine, Detective
        Kirschner provided this information to Detective Deshaies before

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 12 of 20
               the stop was made, which justified his stop of Tate’s Suburban.
               Accordingly, Detective Deshaies had reasonable suspicion to
               stop Tate’s Suburban. We find no Fourth Amendment violation,
               and the trial court did not err in admitting the cocaine into
               evidence.

       Tate, 31 N.E.3d 34, at *5-*7 (internal citations omitted). The Court then held

       the admission of the cocaine also did not violate Article 1, Section 11 of the

       Indiana Constitution because the stop was proper. See id. at *7. Finally, in a

       footnote, the Court stated: “To the extent Tate argues that the detective should

       have issued Tate a ticket and allowed him to go, and that the detective was not

       credible, we note that these are arguments for the fact finder and not viable

       contentions on appeal.” Id. at *7 n.2.

[16]   Because our Court held in Tate’s direct appeal that “Detective Deshaies had

       reasonable suspicion to stop Tate’s Suburban[,]” id. at *7, the parties to that

       action may not re-litigate the propriety of the stop of Tate’s Suburban. See

       Higgason v. Stogsdill, 818 N.E.2d 486, 492 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (holding any

       claim based on an issue already decided against Higgason in federal court was

       prohibited by res judicata), trans. denied. Because Tate could not re-litigate the

       admissibility of evidence collected when he was stopped, the forfeiture court did

       not err when it denied Tate’s motion to set a hearing on his motion to suppress;

       nor did it err when it denied Tate’s motion to subpoena Detective Kirschner to

       testify to that issue. See, e.g., Terex-Telelect, Inc. v. Wade, 59 N.E.3d 298, 304

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to admit

       evidence on issue barred by the law of the case doctrine), trans. denied.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 13 of 20
                                       Denial of motion to continue

[17]   Tate’s issue statement indicates the “court abused its discretion by not granting

       Tate’s Motion for Continuance Due to Absence of Evidence.” (Appellant’s Br.

       at 28.) Tate did not, however, provide citation to any authority, in either of his

       briefs, to support his argument or explain our standard of review. As such, Tate

       has waived this argument for appellate review. See K.S. v. D.S., 64 N.E.3d

       1209, 1212 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (“A party waives any issue for which it fails to

       develop a cogent argument or support with adequate citation to authority.”)

       (quoting Zoller v. Zoller, 858 N.E.2d 124, 127 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006)).

[18]   Waiver notwithstanding, Tate has not demonstrated the forfeiture court

       committed error. The grant or denial of a motion to continue is within the trial

       court’s broad discretion. Tharpe v. State, 955 N.E.2d 836, 843 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2011), trans. denied. “An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is against

       the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court or where the

       record demonstrates prejudice from denial of the continuance.” Id.

[19]   Tate requested the motion to continue because he had not received the

       subpoenaed documents from Check Smart; however, those documents were

       produced at trial and a witness from Check Smart testified, such that the

       original impetus for his motion no longer existed when the hearing began. In

       addition, when the forfeiture trial began, Tate neither reasserted his motion for

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 14 of 20
       continuance nor indicated to the court that he was unprepared to proceed. 3 (See

       Tr. 03-03-17 at 3.) Under these facts, Tate has not demonstrated the forfeiture

       court erred when it did not grant his motion for continuance. See, e.g., Zanussi

       v. State, 2 N.E.3d 731, 734 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (court did not abuse discretion

       in denying continuance filed day before trial when continuance did not assert

       ground asserted on appeal and when counsel told court he could be ready for

       trial).

                                            Exclusion of Tate’s mother

[20]   Tate next argues the forfeiture court abused its discretion by prohibiting Tate’s

       mother from participating in the forfeiture trial “by telecommunications.”

       (Appellant’s Br. at 31.) In support of his argument, Tate cites Indiana Code

       section 31-21-4-6, which states:

                 An Indiana court may permit a person residing in another state
                 to be deposed or to testify by:

                 (1) telephone;

                 (2) audiovisual means; or

       3
         Tate complains that his mother was not at trial, but he also admits that, before the court had granted or
       denied his motion to continue, he told his mother not to travel to Indiana for the trial. Moreover, as Tate did
       not assert the absence of his mother as a reason to delay the trial when it began, he has waived this argument
       for appeal. See, e.g., Zanussi v. State, 2 N.E.3d 731, 734 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (court did not abuse discretion in
       denying continuance filed day before trial when continuance did not assert ground asserted on appeal and
       when counsel told court he could be ready for trial).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018            Page 15 of 20
               (3) other electronic means;

               before a designated court or another location in that state. An
               Indiana court shall cooperate with courts in other states in
               designating an appropriate location for the deposition or
               testimony.

       Tate notes that statute does not require the court to allow his mother to testify

       by telephone, but “[s]trictly in the spirit of equity, Tate should have been

       afforded some leeway to present his defense.” (Appellant’s Br. at 33.) Tate also

       takes issue with the court’s statement that it did not have the “capacity” to

       permit Tate’s mother to participate telephonically, (Tr. 3-03-17 at 58), when

       there were at least three telephones in the courtroom during trial.

[21]   Tate seems to be ignoring the final portion of that statute, which indicates the

       testimony given by a person in another state should occur while that person is

       “before a designated court or another location [that is] an appropriate location

       for the deposition or testimony.” I.C. § 31-21-4-6. Out-of-state telephonic

       testimony requires more control than simply calling someone on the telephone

       and allowing that person to speak. The court needs to be able to confirm the

       identity of the person speaking and place that person under oath. Furthermore,

       Tate’s request for telephonic testimony from his mother did not occur until mid-

       trial, when an affidavit from Tate’s mother was excluded based on the State’s

       hearsay objection. We cannot say the trial court abused its discretion when it

       denied Tate’s abrupt mid-trial motion to call his mother on the telephone. See,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 16 of 20
       e.g., Tamasy v. Kovacs, 929 N.E.2d 820, 830-31 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (no abuse of

       discretion in denial of telephonic testimony).

                               Sufficiency of evidence for forfeiture of cash4

[22]   When we review the sufficiency of evidence to support a civil judgment, “we

       consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment and any reasonable

       inferences that may be drawn therefrom. Gonzalez v. State, 74 N.E.3d 1228,

       1230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). We cannot reweigh the evidence or assess the

       credibility of the witnesses. Id. If there is substantial evidence of probative

       value to support the judgment, we will affirm. Id. “We will reverse only when

       we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.”

       Id.

[23]   The court may order forfeiture of money:

               (A) furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in
               exchange for an act that is in violation of a criminal statute;

               (B) used to facilitate any violation of a criminal statute; or

               (C) traceable as proceeds of the violation of a criminal statute.

       4
         Tate also challenges the forfeiture of his Suburban, but his Suburban was not forfeited. Instead, it was
       dismissed from the forfeiture action. As Tate does not argue it was improperly dismissed from this action,
       there is no issue for us to review. If Tate believes the Fort Wayne Police Department mishandled his
       property, that is a matter to be raised in a different cause of action.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018        Page 17 of 20
       Ind. Code § 34-24-1-1(a)(2). For the State to obtain forfeiture, it must

       demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the property meets the

       statutory requirement for forfeiture. See Lipscomb v. State, 857 N.E.2d 424, 427

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Ind. Code § 34-24-1-4(a)). However, when money

       is seized from a person committing specified crimes, our legislature created a

       “rebuttable presumption” that money was used to facilitate the crime:

               Money . . . found near or on a person who is committing,
               attempting to commit, or conspiring to commit any of the
               following offenses shall be admitted into evidence in an action
               under this chapter as prima facie evidence that the money . . . is
               property that has been used or was to have been used to facilitate
               the violation of a criminal statute or is the proceeds of the
               violation of a criminal statute:

               (1) IC 35-48-4-1 (dealing in or manufacturing cocaine or a
               narcotic drug . . . .

       Ind. Code § 34-24-1-1(d).

[24]   Tate was convicted of dealing in cocaine because police found, between his

       buttocks, toilet paper wrapped around a plastic bag that contained “nine (9)

       baggies with powder cocaine in them and six (6) baggies that contained crack

       cocaine.” (Tr. 03-03-17 at 26.) As such, the $3,000 found in the console of his

       vehicle, from which he was arrested, and the $47 found in his pants pockets

       when arrested are presumed to have been used to facilitate his dealing in

       cocaine. Detective Deshaies testified at the forfeiture trial that the $3,000 “was

       bundled in three (3) separate bundles with rubber bands.” (Id. at 24.) Detective

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 18 of 20
       Deshaies also testified that bundling is “very consistent with monies that are

       used for drug transactions.” (Id.) When Tate was booked into the Allen

       County Jail, he admitted he had “no job.” (Id. at 31.) Detective Deshaies was

       asked why he thought the money was linked to drug dealing, and he responded:

               The proximity of the drugs to the money is one (1) of them, the
               method of packaging within the money is very consistent with
               drug dealing, the quantity of drugs involved in this case, the
               secreting of them, the packaging of the drugs and the multiple
               types of drugs in this case are all consistent with drug dealing.

       (Id. at 45.)

[25]   Tate testified that the $3,000 was money that he borrowed from his mother to

       pay for his upcoming wedding and that he was to pay his mother back when he

       cashed the insurance settlement check he was expecting, which was to be in

       excess of $11,000. 5 However, Tate is asking us to reweigh the evidence, which

       we are not permitted to do. Gonzalez, 74 N.E.3d at 1230. In light of the

       proximity of the cash to the fifteen baggies of cocaine Tate had secreted in his

       buttocks, we cannot say the forfeiture court committed clear error when it

       determined Tate had not rebutted the statutory presumption that the money

       found near and on Tate when he was arrested for dealing in cocaine was money

       5
        Tate’s witness from Check Smart confirmed that an $11,450.26 check written to Tate was cashed on June
       21, 2012, at 12:20 p.m. (Tr. 3-3-17 at 53; See also Ex. Vol. at 45 (printout of Tate’s “check history” with
       Check Smart).) Detective Deshaies testified Tate was arrested at 1:20 a.m. on June 21, 2012. Tate did not
       assert at trial, and he has not asserted on appeal, that the $3,000 found in his Suburban was the partial
       proceeds of that substantial check, presumably because the records indicate the check was cashed after Tate
       was arrested.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018       Page 19 of 20
       that had been used or would have been used to facilitate dealing in cocaine.

       See, e.g., Cantrell v. Putnam Cty. Sheriff’s Dept., 894 N.E.2d 1081, 1086 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2008) (State demonstrated nexus between vehicle and possession of

       cocaine where defendant used vehicle to take seven grams of cocaine to Kansas

       and bring six grams of cocaine back to Indiana).

                                               Conclusion
[26]   As none of Tate’s underlying assertions have merit, we cannot hold the trial

       court abused its discretion in denying Tate’s motion to correct error.

       Accordingly, we affirm the forfeiture of Tate’s $3,047.

[27]   Affirmed.

       Riley, J., and Mathias, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1705-MI-1204 | December 21, 2018   Page 20 of 20