Court Opinion

ID: 2654645
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-26 01:09:16.133871+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:11:46.129757
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                        2014 WY 30

                                                   OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2013

                                                              February 25, 2013

BRIAN J. NOEL,

Appellant
(Defendant),

v.
                                                     S-13-0059
THE STATE OF WYOMING,

Appellee
(Plaintiff).

                    Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County
                     The Honorable Thomas T.C. Campbell, Judge

Representing Appellant:
      Robert T. Moxley, Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Representing Appellee:
      Peter K. Michael, Wyoming Attorney General; David L. Delicath, Deputy
      Attorney General; Christyne Martens, Assistant Attorney General. Argument by
      Ms. Martens.

Before KITE, C.J., and HILL, BURKE, and FOX, JJ., and DONNELL, D.J.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building,
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of typographical or other formal errors so correction may be made
before final publication in the permanent volume.
DONNELL, District Judge.

[¶1] Pursuant to a plea agreement, Brian J. Noel pleaded guilty to two counts of
attempted voluntary manslaughter. His pleas were accepted, and Noel was sentenced to
two consecutive terms of incarceration of seventeen to twenty years. Noel now
challenges on several grounds the plea agreement and the validity of his guilty pleas, as
well as the sentences imposed. Finding no error, we affirm.

                                        ISSUES

[¶2] In his original Brief of Appellant, Noel presented the following sole issue for
review:

      1.     DID THE TRIAL COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION BY
             FAILING TO CONSIDER MITIGATING SENTENCING
             EVIDENCE AND BY APPLYING THAT EVIDENCE TO THE
             WRONG CRIME, THEREBY DEPRIVING BRIAN NOEL OF HIS
             PLEA BARGAIN?

However, Noel replaced his appellate counsel and in a subsequent Supplemental Brief of
Appellant, he expanded his issues to include:

      1. CAN A PLEA AGREEMENT BE VALID UNDER W.R.Cr.P. RULE
         11(e), WHEREBY A CRIMINAL DEFENDANT MUST
         “RECOMMEND”    CONSECUTIVE   PRISON   SENTENCES,
         WITHOUT ANY SENTENCING CONCESSION FROM THE
         STATE?

      2. DID A LEGALLY SUFFICIENT FACTUAL OR LEGAL BASIS
         SUPPORT THE TRIAL COURT’S ACCEPTANCE OF GUILTY
         PLEAS TO “ATTEMPTED VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER,”
         AND WAS THAT CRIME LOGICALLY POSSIBLE IN THIS CASE?

      3. WAS THE SENTENCING ON REDUCED CHARGES RENDERED
         UNFAIR   BY     THE  TRIAL    COURT’S   RESTRICTIVE
         INTERPRETATION OF THE PLEA AGREEMENT, BY THE
         STATE’S POSITION THAT BRIAN NOEL ACTED WITH THE
         INTENT TO KILL, AND BY VICTIM IMPACT EVIDENCE THAT
         PORTRAYED HIM AS GUILTY OF ATTEMPTED MURDER?

                                           1
       4. DID THE SUBSTITUTE SENTENCING COURT ABUSE ITS
          DISCRETION OR ACT CONTRARY TO LAW IN THE PROCESS
          OF SENTENCING MR. NOEL TO NEAR-MAXIMUM,
          CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES?

Finally, in his Reply Brief of Appellant, apparently acting on the theory that “more is
better,” Noel added even more issues, stating them as:

       1.     WAS THE PLEA-TAKING COLLOQUY SUFFICIENT TO
              ASSURE THAT A “WAIVER OF APPEAL” IS ENFORCEABLE?

       2.     ARE THE TERMS OF A PLEA BARGAIN AND THE TRIAL
              COURT’S INTERPRETATION OF THE BARGAIN SUBJECT TO
              DE NOVO REVIEW?

       3.     DOES “PLAIN ERROR” DOCTRINE ALLOW THE COURT TO
              DISREGARD    CONSTITUTIONAL   DEFECTS  IN THE
              ACCEPTANCE BELOW OF NOEL’S PLEA?

       4.     DOES STARE DECISIS FORECLOSE NOEL’S CHALLENGE TO
              HIS CONVICTION BELOW FOR A LOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE
              CRIME?

[¶3]   The State presents the following synopsis of the relevant issues:

       I.     For a guilty plea to waive all non-jurisdictional defenses, it must be
              voluntary, intelligent, and supported by a sufficient factual basis.
              When questioned by the district court, Noel asserted that he
              understood the entirety of the plea-taking proceedings and his plea
              agreement and that he sought to plead guilty voluntarily. Evidence
              that supported each element of the crime was presented to the district
              court. Did the district court properly accept Noel’s guilty pleas so
              that he waived any non-jurisdictional defenses that he may have
              had?

       II.    Before exercising their sentencing discretion district courts may
              consider a wide variety of information about offenders and their
              crimes. The district court received and considered detailed evidence
              about the circumstances of Noel’s crimes, evidence about his good
              character, and victim impact statements. Did the district court err by
              sentencing Noel in accordance with the terms of the plea agreement
              and within the range provided by statute?

                                             2
                                     BACKGROUND FACTS

[¶4] On November 9, 2011, Noel, severely depressed and under the influence of
alcohol, decided to commit suicide. He took a Ruger nine-millimeter handgun from his
parents’ home and checked into a room at the Fairfield Inn-Marriott in Cheyenne,
Wyoming.

[¶5] Laramie County Sheriff’s Deputies Chance Walkma and Mark Yocum
subsequently responded to a call from Noel’s parents that their son was suicidal and
seeking assistance in locating Noel for a welfare check. The deputies learned that two
handguns were missing from the Noel home and that Noel’s parents were concerned that
Noel might harm himself. Deputies Walkma and Yocum successfully tracked Noel to his
hotel room and knocked on Noel’s door.

[¶6] Noel responded to the knock, armed with the fully loaded handgun in his right
hand and using his left hand to open the door, thereby concealing the right side of his
body. Upon making contact with Noel, the deputies informed him of their purpose and
asked Noel to come out into the hallway to speak with them. Noel replied with profanity.
Suspecting that Noel was armed, the deputies commanded Noel to drop his gun but Noel
refused. Deputy Walkma then utilized his Taser on Noel’s left arm, with no apparent
effect. Instead, Noel fired fifteen rounds in the direction of the deputies, emptying the
gun of all of its ammunition and firing while he retreated into the hotel bedroom.1 One of
those bullets, likely the first one, struck Deputy Walkma, entering his abdomen and
exiting near his spine. Noel then surrendered himself, shouting, “I’m done; I’m done.
I’m out; I’m out.”

                                   PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[¶7] On November 9, 2011, Noel was charged with two counts of attempted second-
degree murder pursuant to Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-2-104 and 6-1-301(a) (LexisNexis
2013). On July 3, 2012, a written plea agreement and Amended Information were filed
with the District Court, amending Noel’s charges to two counts of attempted voluntary
manslaughter pursuant to Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-2-105(a)(i) (LexisNexis 2003) and 6-1-
301(a).

I.      The Plea Agreement

1
  Noel later asserted that at least his initial shots were fired involuntarily as he was “falling” from the
impact of the Taser. He conceded, however, that he continued to fire his gun in the direction of the
deputies even after he was retreating from the area of the hotel doorway. Noel continues to assert, in his
appellate briefs, that he fell backwards, shocked by the electrical volts from the Taser, and reflexively
fired the gun fifteen times.

                                                    3
[¶8] Pursuant to the plea agreement between the State and Noel and in exchange for the
amendment of charges, Noel agreed to a joint sentencing recommendation pursuant to
W.R.Cr.P. 11(e)(1)(B). The agreement provided for a sentencing range of five-and-one-
half years to twenty years of incarceration per count, to run consecutively. The plea
agreement further specified that Noel could argue for the minimum of this agreed-upon
sentencing range, while the State was free to argue for the maximum sentence within this
range. The plea agreement recognized that the sentencing recommendations were not
binding upon the District Court, which had the power to sentence Noel to the maximum
penalties provided by law. Noel also expressly waived his right to appeal any charges,
including any defects in the charging documents as well as any terms or conditions
expressly stated as part of the plea agreement.

II.   The Plea Taking

[¶9] On June 28, 2012, Noel appeared before the District Court to enter his change of
plea, at which time he was re-arraigned on the amended charges. Defense counsel and
the prosecutor explained to the court the terms of the written plea agreement, stating:

             Mr. Noel understands this is a recommended plea agreement,
             first of all, which means the Court is not bound by any of the
             terms of the plea agreement.

             Mr. Noel will plead to both counts, attempted manslaughter.
             The agreement goes on to state that the defendant is free to
             argue for any sentence, so long as it’s not less than five and a
             half years and no more than 20 and - - on both counts; and
             that that argument will include a recommendation for
             consecutive terms.

             Both parties are free to argue from any police reports and law
             enforcement reports and the law. I will let the Court know
             now - - seems like a good time to say it - - the parties
             anticipate a sentencing in this matter that may run all day. . . .

             Other than that, Your Honor, that’s pretty much the meat of
             the agreement. He will also give a factual basis, of course,
             that will comply with the two counts in the Amended
             Information.

             ...

             The State is free to argue up to the maximum sentence on
             each count to run consecutively.

                                             4
[¶10] The District Court then confirmed with Noel that he understood the agreement,
verifying that Noel had signed the plea agreement and confirming that Noel entered the
agreement voluntarily. Noel pleaded guilty to both amended charges, and the court asked
Noel to provide a factual basis for his pleas, in response to which Noel testified, in
pertinent part:

             I proceeded to the door to answer it with the 9-millimeter
             handgun in my right hand, which was loaded with a round in
             the chamber, fully loaded.

             ....

             I remember seeing what appeared to be a green laser pointer.
             I remember feeling excruciating pain and shots.

             I - - it happened extremely quick. The only thing I really
             remember from the point of getting - - I actually had been
             Tased - - that’s not what I thought initially though - - was I
             was falling backwards. I was shooting a gun in the direction
             of the two sheriff’s deputies.

             I believe that I had fired around five to seven shots hitting the
             ground. My first conscious thought was, oh, my God. I
             threw the gun away. I yelled out to the deputies that I was
             done, that I was over. It happened so fast that it just didn’t
             seem real. I couldn’t believe what had happened.

             ....

             THE COURT:          All right. Are you telling me that you
             get Tased, and you sort of fall backwards, and then the
             firearm goes off; or was it discharged while you recall still
             standing?

             THE DEFENDANT:               From what I remember is from
             when I got hit, that yes, it discharged and went off, is what I
             remember. I believe evidence would show otherwise.
             Although from my memory, all I remember is excruciating
             pain from the Taser. . . . I remember falling backwards and
             firing the gun. It just happened so quickly, Your Honor. I
             wish I could explain more of the exact details that had

                                            5
happened in that short period of time. You know, 15 [shots]
were fired, and one of the deputies was hit.

....

THE COURT:            I think what you told me, if I’m
following what you’ve said, is you weren’t’ really trying to
kill either Deputy [Walkma] or Deputy Yocum. It is just that
when you got Tased, something happened to cause you to pull
the trigger; and the gun discharged.

THE DEFENDANT:               That’s correct, Your Honor.

....

THE DEFENDANT:               I guess what maybe I ought to
explain is that, you know, initially when I had been Tased,
there was absolutely no intent whatsoever. Although firing
15 rounds when I was falling back, I did fire the gun in the
direction of the deputies, which I believe - - you know, it’s
hard for me to think that I would have done that. But it does
seem to show that I had intent to harm or kill the deputies
when I fired back in their direction.

There’s something that happened in my mind that, you know,
it just - - it happened very quickly. I don’t - - I just don’t like
to think that I could - - you know, if it were one or two
rounds, that would make sense that it were accidental, but 15
I think shows intent to kill.

[PUBLIC DEFENDER]: Your Honor, if I may? The
evidence would show that there were 14 bullet holes on Mr.
Noel’s side of the door. There were 15 rounds fired. It is our
belief that probably the first round is the one that hit Officer
[Walkma], while Officer [Walkma’s] police statement is that
the gun had cleared the door at the time that he saw a flash.
So I think that would corroborate that.

There are four more bullets that are - - as the door was being
pushed open or pulled open, I don’t know which - - but
they’re at a very severe steep angle to the door. But they are
all head high, and they’re contact shots. The muzzle of the
gun was clearly against the door, the door - - the hotel door.

                                6
So it has an automatic closure. So when Officer - - or Deputy
[Walkma] and Yocum went in opposite directions, the door
was closing at that point.

After that, Mr. Noel continued to fire through the door. And I
think the State would be able to prove logically that the main
pattern is in the middle of the door. But there are also bullet
holes going off in the different angles which would indicate -
- I think at trial they could make a pretty good argument that
as the officers were running, he was aiming through the wall
and through the door. That - - at that point, I don’t think
there’s any doubt, even if the person was - - a complete
accident - - that’s one that Mr. Noel really can’t remember
because he was being Tased at the time. I think he was in
surprise.

But after that, then the continuation I think is what the State
and the Defense have agreed would be voluntary - - attempted
voluntary manslaughter. So I don’t think the first bullet really
matters that much, other than I think that’s the one that hit
Deputy [Walkma], unfortunately.

So I think the remainder, even if - - and I think we can count
that one. But even if we don’t, we still have 14 bullets shot.

...

And just one more thing. If the Court is struggling with a
factual basis, I would point out that the jury instruction states
that the heat of passion is when an ordinarily reasonable
person in the same or similar circumstances as those in
question which would cause him to act rashly, without
reflection or deliberation. And I think that’s exactly what the
facts given to the Court show. He acted rashly, without
reflection, without deliberation, and continued through the
process of emptying the clip.

...

[PROSECUTING ATTORNEY]: . . . The State would also
like to add that when the deputies knocked on the door, Mr.
Noel answered. They were commanding him to drop his gun.
They were yelling at him over and over again. And at one

                               7
             point, he said “Fuck you.” They continued to yell at him.
             And finally, they had to Tase him. He was angry with the
             officers - - of with the deputies from the beginning of the
             incident. He wanted them to go away. He would not comply.
             They continued to yell, and then he was Tased. And, Your
             Honor, that - - all of those factors together I think shows the
             heat of passion.

             Additionally, at this point, I think it’s important to note that
             law enforcement did not return fire. And the evidence would
             indicate that Mr. Noel was firing shots in the direction of both
             deputies, which again I think shows intent. And also, the
             evidence would show he was not falling backwards, but he
             was actually retreating into the room to protect himself, to get
             cover in case they did fire back.

       The District Court ultimately concluded that Noel was competent to enter his
guilty pleas, which were knowingly and voluntarily made with a full understanding of the
consequences. The court accepted the pleas “under the Alford and Berry lines of cases,”
determining that the State could have proven the elements of the crimes charged beyond a
reasonable doubt.

III.   The Sentencing

[¶11] On January 22, 2013, Noel appeared before the District Court for sentencing, at
which time both parties presented information that detailed the circumstances of Noel’s
crime. The State presented evidence regarding Noel’s location when firing the fifteen
rounds as well as testimony on the likely effect, or lack thereof, of Noel having been
Tasered prior to commencing fire. The State also presented evidence regarding the
various, inconsistent accounts Noel had given investigators about his conduct
immediately after the shooting. Finally, Deputy Walkma and Deputy Yocum offered
victim impact statements regarding the impact of the events on their lives.

[¶12] Noel presented testimony regarding his alcohol dependence, severe major
depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Noel’s expert witness indicated
that, at the time of the shooting, although Noel understood that his actions were wrong,
he was not able to control his behavior nor form any intent to harm. Noel also presented
several witnesses to testify as to his good character.

[¶13] In rendering its decision, the District Court commented upon the relevant
mitigating factors, also recognizing,

             The victims are not satisfied with the plea agreement. Not

                                            8
                mine today. They survived, and counsel now urges upon me
                those mitigating factors presented here today, mental illness,
                alcohol, and so forth, and ask me to weigh this in the middle
                as opposed to the high end if you want to say it that way, of
                these kind of charged crimes.

[¶14] The court noted that, in its opinion, Noel failed to take responsibility for his
conduct and that Noel remains a danger to society, stating:

                The law says I’m supposed to consider those things when I
                consider what is a just result, but most of the mitigation you
                called for was established by the State’s plea agreement
                where the minimum - - the floor of 20 years would have had
                to have been imposed without any choice had he been
                convicted.

The sentencing court ultimately sentenced Noel to a period of incarceration of seventeen
to twenty years on each of the two counts, to run consecutively. This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

[¶15] Noel’s briefs provide a large number of rather free-flowing concepts concerning
the injustices he believes were visited upon him, while the State’s issues are more
succinctly stated. We therefore primarily consider this case in light of the issues
articulated by the State.

I.      Validity of Plea Agreement

[¶16] Although the State focuses on the notion, albeit correct, that Noel waived all
nonjurisdictional challenges by virtue of his guilty plea, see Kruger v. State, 2012 WY 2,
¶ 45, 268 P.3d 248, 257 (Wyo. 2012), it is the very validity of those guilty pleas that Noel
now challenges, thus necessitating some consideration of whether the guilty pleas and
plea agreement were, in fact and in law, valid.2

        A.      Standard of Review

[¶17] Review of a plea agreement is de novo. See Duke v. State, 2009 WY 74, ¶ 9, 209
P.3d 563, 567 (Wyo. 2009); Ford v. State, 2003 WY 65, ¶ 8, 69 P.3d 407, 410 (Wyo.
2003).
2
  Because this Court necessarily must consider the validity of Noel’s guilty pleas, in conjunction with the
plea agreement, as part and parcel of this appeal, the issue regarding the waiver of Noel’s right to appeal
is moot.

                                                    9
      B.     Consideration of Noel’s Plea Agreement

[¶18] Simply stated, Noel agreed to plead guilty to two counts of attempted voluntary
manslaughter to reduce his risk of exposure to a much longer sentence should he be
convicted of two counts of attempted second-degree murder. Originally charged as two
counts of attempted second-degree murder pursuant to Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-2-104 and 6-
1-301(a), Noel faced mandatory imprisonment of “not less than twenty years” on each
count and the possibility of consecutive life sentences, see Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-104,
whereas, with his ultimate convictions for two counts of attempted voluntary
manslaughter, he was exposed to a period of incarceration of “not more than twenty (20)
years” on each count, see Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-105(b). The District Court recognized
the nature of the agreement, and confirmed as much with Noel, stating:

             THE COURT:          Would it be the case that you’ve decided
             to plead guilty to these crimes in order to avoid the more
             severe punishment that might come if the State tried you for
             attempted second-degree murder?

             THE DEFENDANT:              Yes, I do, Your Honor.

[¶19] Yet, Noel now claims that the law does “not envision that a defendant will give up
his ability to argue for probation, lock himself into a long prison sentence, and advocate
unilaterally for consecutive sentences, in return for nothing more than the modest
reduction of charges.” To the contrary, that is exactly what the law contemplates. And it
bears noting that the potential terms of incarceration which Noel avoided by virtue of this
plea agreement were hardly “modest.”

[¶20] W.R.Cr.P. 11(e)(1) describes the possible terms of plea agreements and provides
that:

             (1)     In General. – The attorney for the state and the
             attorney for the defendant or the defendant when acting pro
             se may engage in discussions with a view toward reaching an
             agreement that, upon the entering of a plea of guilty or nolo
             contendere to a charged offense or to a lesser related offense,
             the attorney for the state will do any of the following:
                     (A) Agree not to prosecute other crimes or move
             for dismissal of other charges;
                     (B) Make a recommendation, or agreement not to
             oppose the defendant’s request, for a particular sentence,
             with the understanding that such recommendation or request
             shall not be binding upon the court; or

                                            10
                       (C) Agree that specific sentence is the appropriate
                disposition of this case.

W.R.Cr.P. 11(e)(1) (emphasis added).

[¶21] The procedures required of Rule 11 are “well-defined.” Gibbs v. State, 2008 WY
79, ¶ 12, 187 P.3d 862, 866 (Wyo. 2008). Noel would have this Court declare that Rule
11 requires all three of the subparagraphs to apply to any given plea agreement when the
plain and unambiguous language of the rule clearly provides for those parameters in the
disjunctive, not conjunctive. 3

[¶22] Here, the State agreed with Noel to reduce his charges from attempted second-
degree murder to attempted voluntary manslaughter, which comports with the
requirements of Rule 11(e)(1)(A). Nothing more was required. Accordingly, this Court
need not further consider Noel’s assertions that the State also was required to enter into a
“true” sentencing recommendation. The State was entitled to advocate for the maximum
agreed-upon punishment of twenty years per count, while Noel was entitled to advocate
for the minimum of five-and-one-half. The plea agreement was valid.

II.     Validity of Guilty Pleas

        A.      Standard of Review

[¶23] Because Noel did not object to the plea-taking procedure below, nor move to
withdraw his guilty pleas, this Court reviews Noel’s assertions of error under a plain error
standard. See Nguyen v. State, 2013 WY 50, ¶ 10, 299 P.3d 683, 686 (Wyo. 2013).

                Plain error exists when: 1) the record is clear about the
                incident alleged as error; 2) there was a transgression of a
                clear and unequivocal rule of law; and 3) the party claiming
                the error was denied a substantial right which materially

3
  The Notes of the Advisory Committee for the 1974 Amendments to the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure, which provide the foundation for Wyoming’s comparable rules, explain:

        Subdivision [11](e)(1) is intended to make clear that there are four possible concessions
        that may be made in a plea agreement. First, the charge may be reduced to a lesser
        charge. Second, the attorney for the government may promise to move for dismissal of
        other charges. Third, the attorney for the government may agree to recommend or not to
        oppose the imposition of a particular sentence. Fourth, the attorneys for the government
        and the defense may agree that a given sentence is an appropriate disposition of the case.

Id. Nothing in the federal rules, or the Wyoming rules, requires that all four of these concessions be in
place for a plea agreement to be recognized as valid.

                                                   11
                prejudiced him.

Id. (quoting Kidwell v. State, 2012 WY 91, ¶ 10, 279 P.3d 540, 543 (Wyo. 2012)). It is
Noel’s burden to demonstrate plain error. See Kidwell, ¶ 10, 279 P.3d at 543.

        B.      Consideration of Noel’s Guilty Pleas

[¶24] Noel challenges the acceptance of his guilty pleas in light of what he contends was
“strong evidence” of his “actual innocence.” Noel does not assert that he was
insufficiently informed of his rights or the waiver thereof by virtue of a guilty plea, nor
does he realistically argue that his guilty pleas were involuntary. See generally Van
Haele v. State, 2004 WY 59, ¶ 27, 90 P.3d 708, 716 (Wyo. 2004); Reyna v. State, 2001
WY 105, ¶ 9, 33 P.3d 1129, 1132 (Wyo. 2001). Thus, this Court need not determine
whether the trial court sufficiently described the nature of the charges, including the
possible penalties; informed the defendant of his right to representation; and/or informed
the defendant of the rights waived by a guilty plea. See Sena v. State, 2010 WY 93, ¶ 9,
233 P.3d 993, 996 (Wyo. 2010). Rather, Noel asserts that there was an insufficient
factual basis, as contemplated by W.R.Cr.P. 11, of his intent to kill.4 He asserts that he
“consistently denied intent” and that the evidence undermined the factual basis provided
for his pleas.5

[¶25]           W.R.Cr.P. 11(f) addresses the factual basis requirement and states:

                (f) Determining Accuracy of Plea. – Notwithstanding the
                acceptance of a plea of guilty, the court should not enter a
                judgment upon such plea without making such inquiry as
                shall satisfy it that there is a factual basis for the plea.

[¶26] This Court has explained:

                The intent of the procedural requirement of a factual basis is
                to prevent the individual charged with a crime from being
                misled into a waiver of substantial rights. Sami v. State, 2004
                WY 23, ¶ 9, 85 P.3d 1014, ¶ 9 (Wyo. 2004). A sufficient

4
 The “intent to kill” required for voluntary manslaughter involves an intentional act committed “upon a
sudden heat of passion.” See State v. Keffer, 860 P.2d 1118, 1138 (Wyo. 1993); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-
105(a)(i). It does not require wicked evil or unlawful purpose, or willful disregard of the rights of others.
See Keffer, 860 P.2d at 1138-39.
5
  It is worth noting that Noel frequently relies upon “evidence” presented at his subsequent sentencing
hearing. This after-the-fact evidence, would be irrelevant and, frankly, was unavailable to the district
judge at the time the plea was taken.

                                                    12
             inquiry to obtain a factual basis includes a determination that
             the defendant understood his conduct, in light of the law, to
             be criminal. Id. However, the factual basis for accepting a
             plea may be inferred from circumstances surrounding the
             crime and need not be established only from the defendant’s
             statements. Id. W.R.Cr.P. 11 does not require proof beyond
             a reasonable doubt that a defendant who pleads guilty is
             actually guilty nor does it require complete descriptions of the
             elements. Id.

Maes v. State, 2005 WY 70, ¶ 21, 114 P.3d 708, 714 (Wyo. 2005). See also Hirsch v.
State, 2006 WY 66, ¶ 9, 135 P.3d 586, 590 (Wyo. 2006); Sami v. State, 2004 WY 23, ¶¶
9-10, 85 P.3d 1014, 1017-18 (Wyo. 2004).

[¶27] The flaw with Noel’s argument is that, here, the court accepted the guilty pleas not
based upon Noel’s presentation of a factual basis for his guilty pleas but under the Alford
and Berry lines of cases, which recognize that

             An Alford plea is a guilty plea. N. Carolina v. Alford, 400
             U.S. 25, 31, 91 S.Ct. 160, 164, 27 L.Ed.2d 162 (1970); 5
             Wayne R. LaFave, et al., Crim. Proc. § 21.4(f) (3d ed. 2007).
             It differs from a conventional guilty plea because the
             defendant denies his guilt and therefore does not supply a
             satisfactory basis for the plea, but instead seeks to obtain the
             benefit of a plea bargain to avoid a potentially harsher
             penalty than he might receive if he goes to trial and is
             convicted. Id. Courts considering the issue have held that
             an Alford plea has the same preclusive effect in subsequent
             civil litigation as an ordinary guilty plea. Zurcher v. Bilton,
             379 S.C. 132, 136, 666 S.E.2d 224, 227 (2008); United
             States v. In, 83 Fed.R.Evid. Serv. 168 (D. Utah 2010).

McEwan v. State, 2013 WY 158, ¶ 15, n.4, 314 P.3d 1160, 1165 (Wyo. 2013). See also
North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970); Berry v.
State, 2004 WY 81, 93 P.3d 222 (Wyo. 2004); Sami, 2004 WY 23, 85 P.3d 1014; Rude v.
State, 851 P.2d 15, 18 (Wyo. 1993).

[¶28] The existence of a bona fide defense does not prevent the entry of an Alford plea.
See Johnston v. State, 829 P.2d 1179, 1182 (Wyo. 1992). But, “[a]cceptance of an Alford
plea . . . require[s] strong evidence of actual guilt to negate the claim of innocence and
provide a means by which the trial court can test whether the plea was intelligently
entered. Maes, ¶ 21, 114 P.3d at 714 (quoting Johnston v. State, 829 P.2d 1179, 1181
(Wyo. 1992)).

                                            13
[¶29] Thus, in order to accept Noel’s Alford pleas, the trial court required sufficient
evidence that substantially negated Noel’s claims of innocence. In determining the
sufficiency of a factual basis, a trial court may draw inferences from the defendant’s
admissions, the circumstances surrounding the crime, and the evidence presented by the
State. See Nguyen, ¶ 11, 299 P.3d at 686; Rude, 851 P.2d at 18. As the State well noted,
a sufficient factual basis from which intent may be easily and clearly inferred has been
recognized in several Wyoming cases. See Maes, 2005 WY 70, 114 P.3d 708; Warren v.
State, 809 P.2d 788 (Wyo. 1991).

[¶30] Here, the totality of facts and circumstances presented by the State, as conceded
by Noel, were more than sufficient to justify the court’s determination that, even if Noel’s
initial shots were caused by a reaction to the Taser, his continued firing and the discharge
of a total of fifteen rounds in the direction of the law enforcement officers was intentional
conduct, directed at the law enforcement officers, in a manner that a jury could well
conclude evidenced an intent to kill. This is even more so given Noel’s conduct in
answering the hotel door armed with a handgun; responding in a verbally aggressive
manner to the deputies’ demands; Noel’s retreat into his hotel bedroom for refuge; and
the placement of the shots fired by Noel. While Noel disclaimed any memory of any
intent to harm the officers, he also conceded that the facts demonstrated otherwise.

[¶31] This Court has no hesitancy in recognizing the “strong evidence of actual guilt to
negate the claim of innocence,” or, more accurately, amnesia. See Maes, ¶ 21, 114 P.3d
at 714 (citing Johnston v. State, 829 P.2d 1179, 1181 (Wyo. 1992)). Contrary to Noel’s
after-the-fact assertion, nothing during the re-arraignment and change of plea procedures
could be interpreted as “equivocal” with regard to the existence of Noel’s requisite intent.
In sum, Noel’s guilty pleas, made in conjunction with a valid plea agreement and
motivated by Noel’s desire to limit his exposure to an even greater period of
incarceration, were knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made by a competent
defendant, with adequate advice of counsel, and there was nothing in the record that
would cause this Court to question the accuracy or reliability of Noel’s admission that he
committed the crimes with which he was charged.

III.   Logical Impossibility of the Conviction

[¶32] Noel next contends that, even if this Court accepts the validity of his plea
agreement and his guilty pleas, the law itself demands that his pleas be set aside as a
logical impossibility.   More specifically, Noel claims that attempted voluntary
manslaughter is an impossible crime and he could not consciously “attempt” to commit a
crime when he merely reacted in confused panic to the intense pain inflicted by the Taser.

       A.     Standard of Review

                                             14
[¶33] The argument lodged by Noel that it is “logically impossible” for a person to
specifically intend to commit a form of murder which does not require specific intent to
kill presents an issue of law that this Court reviews de novo. See Worcester v. State, 2001
WY 82, ¶ 13, 30 P.3d 47, 52 (Wyo. 2001).

        B.      Consideration of Attempted Voluntary Manslaughter as a Logical
                Possibility

[¶34] Wyoming precedent controls this issue, establishing a long history of this State’s
recognition of attempted voluntary manslaughter as a logically and legally possible
crime. See Landeroz v. State¸ 2011 WY 168, ¶¶ 19, 267 P.3d 1075, 1080 (Wyo. 2011);
Meyers v. State, 2007 WY 118, ¶¶ 1-3, 164 P.3d 544, 545 (Wyo. 2007); Hernandez v.
State, 2007 WY 105, ¶¶ 45-47, 162 P.3d 472, 482-83 (Wyo. 2007); Mattern v. State,
2007 WY 24, ¶¶ 32-36, 151 P.3d 1116, 1130-31 (Wyo. 2007); Maes, ¶ 1, 114 P.3d at 709
(Wyo. 2005); Reilly v. State, 2002 WY 156, 55 P.3d 1295 (Wyo. 2002) (rejecting the
notion that the general intent crime of second degree murder is compatible with the
specific intent required for attempt);6 Stout v. State, 2001 WY 114, ¶ 3, 35 P.3d 1198,
1200 (Wyo. 2001); Bilderback v. State, 13 P.3d 249, 251-52 (Wyo. 2000); Knox v. State,
848 P.2d 1354, 1356 (Wyo. 1993); Sanchez v. State, 841 P.2d 85, 89 (Wyo. 1992);
Warren v. State, 809 P.2d 788 (Wyo. 1991) (recognizing the crime of attempted
voluntary manslaughter); Stice v. State, 799 P.2d 1204, 1205 (Wyo. 1990); Best v. State,
736 P.2d 739, 747 (Wyo. 1987); Shepard v. State, 720 P.2d 904, 905 (Wyo. 1986).

[¶35] In addressing a comparable analysis, this Court stated:

                Appellant contends that the elements of an attempt and
                second-degree murder are mutually exclusive and/or logically
                impossible, because an attempt requires that one act with a
                specific intent, while second-degree murder only requires that
                one act with a general intent. . . .

                Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-1-301 states, in pertinent part:

                (a) A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime if:

                (i) With the intent to commit the crime, he does any act
                which is a substantial step towards commission of the crime.
                A “substantial step” is conduct which is strongly

6
 In Reilly, this Court concluded that “Wyoming is not a jurisdiction that finds it ‘logically impossible’ to
attempt a general intent crime.” Id., ¶ 10, p. 1263.

                                                    15
corroborative of the firmness of the person's intention to
complete the commission of the crime[.]

According to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-104, “[w]hoever
purposely and maliciously, but without premeditation, kills
any human being is guilty of murder in the second degree. . .
.”

Appellant’s claimed “logical impossibility” arises from the
“intent” elements of these respective statutes. In the past,
crimes have commonly been categorized by whether they
require a “specific intent” or a “general intent.” For many
years, Wyoming had several pattern jury instructions defining
and explaining the two terms, and yet, the differences
between the concepts were not always readily discernible.

Realizing that the distinction between a specific intent crime
and a general intent crime is apparently troublesome, we can
perhaps clarify it by stating it in a somewhat different way.
When the statute sets out the offense with only a description
of the particular unlawful act, without reference to intent to
do a further act or achieve a future consequence, the trial
judge asks the jury whether the defendant intended to do the
outlawed act. Such intention is general intent. When the
statutory definition of the crime refers to an intent to do some
further act or attain some additional consequence, the offense
is considered to be a specific intent crime and then that
question must be asked of the jury.

Dorador v. State, 573 P.2d 839, 843 (Wyo. 1978). Following
that logic, an “attempt” is a “specific intent” crime in that the
attempt statute requires that one act with the intent to commit
the object crime. On the other hand, we have held that
second-degree murder is a general intent crime, because it
requires proof only that the act was done voluntarily or
deliberately, not that there was a specific intent to kill.
Bouwkamp v. State, 833 P.2d 486, 493 (Wyo. 1992); Ramos
v. State, 806 P.2d 822, 830 (Wyo. 1991).

....

Our precedent reveals that Wyoming is not a jurisdiction
that finds it “logically impossible” to attempt a general

                               16
intent crime. In several opinions, we have affirmed
attempted second-degree murder convictions. See, e.g.,
Bilderback v. State, 13 P.3d 249 (Wyo. 2000); Gabriel v.
State, 925 P.2d 234 (Wyo. 1996); and Dichard v. State, 844
P.2d 484 (Wyo. 1992). We have also previously recognized
the crime of attempted voluntary manslaughter. Warren
v. State, 809 P.2d 788 (Wyo. 1991). Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-2-
105(a) (LexisNexis 2001) provides, in pertinent part:

A person is guilty of manslaughter if he unlawfully kills any
human being without malice, expressed or implied, either:

(i) Voluntarily, upon a sudden heat of passion[.]

In Warren, 809 P.2d at 790, Warren challenged the
sufficiency of the evidence to convict him of attempted
voluntary manslaughter, arguing that there was no evidence
of an attempt to kill. After stating the substantive elements of
attempted voluntary manslaughter, this Court proceeded to
evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence as to those elements,
primarily the evidence supporting Warren’s “attempt” to kill
his victim and the accompanying inference regarding
Warren's intent. Id. We concluded that the reasonable
inference from the evidence presented was that “Warren
attempted to kill [his victim], and a jury could so find beyond
a reasonable doubt.” Id. In the context of appellant’s
claimed “logical impossibility,” particularly the intent
element of an attempt versus that of an underlying
general intent crime, attempted second-degree murder is
indistinguishable         from        attempted       voluntary
manslaughter. Indeed, voluntary manslaughter is a “lesser
included offense of the crime of second degree murder,” and
is “a general intent crime that does not require a deliberate
intent to kill.” State v. Keffer, 860 P.2d 1118, 1138-39 (Wyo.
1993).

....

Nothing about the instant case convinces us that we
should now find it legally or logically impossible for a
person to attempt a general intent crime. As we said in
Compton, 931 P.2d at 940, 941 (quoting People v. Frysig, 628
P.2d 1004, 1007 n. 4, 1008 (Colo. 1981)), the question

                              17
              presented to the jury in an attempt case essentially has two
              levels: (1) whether the person had “ ‘the intent to perform acts
              which, if completed, would constitute the underlying offense’
              ”- in other words, did the person intend the conduct that
              constitutes the substantial step; and (2) whether the person
              had the intent necessary as an element of the underlying
              offense—“ ‘[e]xcept for the intentional conduct constituting
              the substantial step, the requisite culpability is that provided
              for in the definition of the [underlying] offense.’ ” That
              analysis works just as well for attempted crimes that
              traditionally have been categorized as general intent crimes as
              it does for attempted crimes that traditionally have been
              categorized as specific intent crimes.

              Id., ¶¶ 6-12; 55 P.3d at 1261-63 (footnote omitted).

Bloomfield v. State, 2010 WY 97, ¶ 13, 234 P.3d 366, 371-73 (Wyo. 2010) (emphasis
added).

[¶36] Noel seeks to distinguish this precedent, asserting that the issue herein is different,
in that it involves the particular form of “voluntary manslaughter.” What Noel’s
argument really boils down to is his assertion that the district court should have
concluded that Noel lacked intent, thereby invalidating any guilty plea for either Noel’s
original charges or his amended charges. However the court was under no obligation to
draw such a conclusion, particularly in light of the totality of evidence presented to it, nor
has Noel provided this Court with legal or factual support to deviate from its precedent.
The Court declines to accept his invitation to do so.

IV.    Validity of Noel’s Sentence

[¶37] Finally, Noel challenges the sentence imposed upon him by the sentencing court,
asserting that the court failed to consider the mitigating evidence before it.

       A.     Standard of Review

[¶38] Generally speaking, this Court reviews a district court’s sentencing decision for an
abuse of discretion. See Magnus v. State, 2013 WY 13, ¶ 24, 293 P.3d 459, 467-68
(Wyo. 2013). The standard of review for the reasonableness of a sentence has been more
particularly described as:

              When a criminal sentence is within the parameters set by the
              legislature, as it is here, that sentence will not be overturned
              on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. Dodge v. State,

                                             18
             951 P.2d 383, 385 (Wyo. 1997). An abuse of discretion does
             not occur unless a court has acted in a manner which exceeds
             the bounds of reason under the circumstances. Vaughn v.
             State, 962 P.2d 149, 152 (Wyo. 1998). The ultimate issue is
             whether or not the court could have reasonably concluded as
             it did. Id. In evaluating the reasonableness of a criminal
             sentence, we give consideration to the crime and its
             circumstances along with the character of the defendant.
             Dodge, 951 P.2d at 385.

Suval v. State, 6 P.3d 1272, 1274 (Wyo. 2000).

[¶39] Thus, a “sentence will not be disturbed because of sentencing procedures unless
the defendant can show an abuse of discretion, procedural conduct prejudicial to him,
circumstances which manifest inherent unfairness and injustice, or conduct which offends
the public sense of fair play.” Id. (quoting Joreski v. State, 2012 WY 143, ¶ 13, 288 P.3d
413, 416-17 (Wyo. 2012)). Noel carries the burden of demonstrating that he was
prejudiced and his substantial right was affected by any error. Id. See also Bitz v.
State, 2003 WY 140, ¶ 7, 78 P.3d 257, 259 (Wyo. 2003).

[¶40] However, because Noel failed to object during the sentencing hearing, the review
of claimed error is limited to a search for plain error:

             First, the record must be clear as to the incident which is
             alleged as error. Second, the party claiming the error
             amounted to plain error must demonstrate that a clear and
             unequivocal rule of law was violated. Finally, that party must
             prove a substantial right has been denied him and, as a result,
             he has been materially prejudiced.

Meyers, ¶ 16, 124 P.3d at 716 (quoting Wilks v. State, 2002 WY 100, ¶ 7, 49 P.3d 975,
981 (Wyo. 2002)).

      B.     Consideration of Noel’s Sentences

[¶41] Noel complains that his sentence was not illegal but simply unfair. He takes issue
with the villainous manner in which he was portrayed at the sentencing hearing and
argues that the sentencing court failed to consider the mitigating circumstances Noel
presented in favor of a lesser sentence.

[¶42] In devising a sentence for the conviction of a crime, a court must consider a
number of factors. “The judge in exercising his judicial discretion should give
consideration to all circumstances – aggravating as well as mitigating.” Cavanaugh v.

                                           19
State, 505 P.2d 311, 312 (Wyo. 1973). The court must consider the crime, its attendant
circumstances, and the character of the defendant when assessing as reasonable sentence
to be imposed. See Frederick v. State, 2007 WY 27, ¶ 32, 151 P.3d 1136, 1146 (Wyo.
2007). The sentencing court also is at liberty to consider the defendant’s character,
cooperation with authorities, and remorse for his crimes. See Kovach v. State, 2013 WY
46, ¶ 114, 299 P.3d 97, 128 (Wyo. 2013). Finally, a sentencing court may consider
evidence that supports a charge greater than the conviction for which the defendant is
being sentenced as well as evidence of other crimes committed by the defendant. See
Frederick, ¶¶ 23-28, 151 P.3d at 1143-45; Mehring v. State, 860 P.2d 1101, 1117 (Wyo.
1993). That said, appropriate limits are imposed upon the information presented to a
sentencing court in that the court must be presented with, and must make a decision based
upon, accurate information. See Schaeffer v. State, 2012 WY 9, ¶ 51, 268 P.3d 1045,
1061 (Wyo. 2012). Likewise, a prosecutor must abide by the terms of any applicable
plea agreement. See Frederick v. State, 2007 WY 27, ¶ 13, 151 P.3d 1136, 1141 (Wyo.
2007). Even still, a presumption exists that the court will not be misled or confused by
irrelevant or immaterial evidence or arguments. See Manes v. State, 2004 WY 70, ¶ 14,
92 P.3d 289, 293-94 (Wyo. 2004).

[¶43] Here, the District Court imposed a period of incarceration of seventeen to twenty
years for each of Noel’s two convictions for attempted voluntary manslaughter, to run
consecutively. The court imposed these sentences after receiving and considering a
presentence investigation report that indicated that Noel had no criminal history and
recommended substance abuse treatment, twelve citizen letters attesting to Noel’s
character, and a thirteenth letter from a suicide prevention advocate who urged the court
to provide treatment for Noel. The Court imposed these sentences after it read the victim
impact statements7 of Deputies Walkma and Yocum who indicated the devastating
impact of the event on their lives. Finally, the Court imposed these sentences after it
considered the report of the State’s medical examiner, who expressed an opinion that
Noel should continue to receive therapy and counseling but expressed concern about the
lack of appropriate resources “within the community for this type of offense.”

[¶44] Further, at the lengthy sentencing hearing, the court heard and considered expert
testimony that criticized the lack of a Taser policy at the Laramie County Sheriff’s Office
and was critical of the deputies’ treatment of Noel for his failure to obey verbal
commands. The court was presented with expert psychiatric testimony that indicated that
Noel was confused and slow in processing the events of the day, perhaps “disassociating”
with reality. The psychiatrist testified that, at the time of the shooting, Noel did not have
the ability to control his behavior and, given the effects of his intoxication and
depression, was not able to formulate any intent to harm. The court was presented with
7
  Wyoming law allows identifiable victims to a crime to submit a victim impact statement and commands
its consideration among the factors in determining an appropriate sentence. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-21-
103(a),(b).

                                                  20
the testimony of numerous laypersons who testified to Noel’s good character, generous
personality, strong work ethic, and initiative. Finally, Noel presented his own statements,
during which he chronicled his life and struggles with alcoholism and depression, finally
culminating on the night of November 9, 2011, about which he asserted he “had
absolutely no intention of harming anybody . . . except for myself.”

[¶45] However, the sentencing court also heard and considered testimony that countered
much of what Noel presented, including varying accounts of the shooting that Noel told
law enforcement officers during his interview and that Noel had not exhibited signs of
intoxication during the post-shooting interview that occurred less than three hours after
the incident. The court heard the victim impact statements of Deputy Walkma, including
his dismay at the plea agreement and his belief that Noel had been afforded undue
leniency. Deputy Walkma recounted the events of the night of November 9, 2011,
indicating that Noel had been “enraged” at the deputies and unaffected by the Taser.
Deputy Walkma firmly believed that Noel had planned to kill him and Deputy Yocum.
He expressed the long-term impact of the event on his life, including his struggles with
anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Deputy Yocum’s testimony largely
mirrored that of Deputy Walkma’s insofar as his disapproval of the plea agreement and
his disbelief of the defense expert opinions regarding Noel’s inability to form any intent
to kill.8

[¶46] In light of all this evidence, Noel relies upon the mitigating factors presented by
his lack of criminal record; his history of mental illness and intoxication at the time of the
crime; the potential impact of the Tasering on his actions; and multiple character
references, to assert that the sentence imposed by the court was improper. Noel takes
particular issue with the sentencing court’s consideration of the crimes with which he
could have been charged. More specifically, the court commented upon the nature of the
plea agreement, noting that Noel had received the benefit of a reduction in the maximum
sentence by virtue of the amendment of the charges. And, while the court remarked that
“most of the mitigation you called for was established by the State’s plea agreement
where the minimum - - the floor of 20 years would have had to have been imposed
without any choice had he been convicted.” Noel asserts that this single comment, taken
out of the context establishes that the court applied the mitigating factors to Noel’s
original charges. We disagree.

[¶47] It is true that Noel received the benefit of a necessarily reduced maximum

8
  As noted, the deputies were permitted to provide victim impact statements, which elaborated on the
physical, psychological, and emotional harm they suffered, as well as their thoughts on the appropriate
disposition of the case. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-21-105(c). And, to the extent the deputies expressed
their dissatisfaction with the plea agreement and their opinions that Noel should receive a more severe
sentence than that for which he had bargained, the sentencing court expressly noted that it did not
consider such remarks in rendering Noel’s sentence.

                                                  21
sentence by virtue of his plea agreement, but the court’s commentary on such did not
negate the court’s extensive recognition of the various aggravating and mitigating factors
that it heard, and considered, during the lengthy sentencing hearing on January 22, 2013.
The court recognized as much, stating: “It’s about mitigation as against the possible
sentences available to me.” But, ultimately, the court discredited Noel’s lack of
recollection, opining: “[N]obody pulls a trigger, 15 rounds, until it’s empty, recognizes
that it’s empty, and speaks up to protect himself, which is what he did, in my view.” This
conclusion applies equally to Noel’s argument that the sentencing court’s failure to orally
recognize Noel’s lack of prior criminal history equates to a conclusion that the court
“fail[ed] to consider . . . that remarkable factor.”9 The record does not support such a
conclusion.

[¶48] Noel continues to minimize the gravity of his conduct, but this Court cannot: Noel
fired fifteen bullets in the direction of two law enforcement officers in a display of
conduct that cannot belie his intent to kill. While Noel’s lack of prior criminal history,
reports of his good character, alcohol dependence and abuse at the time of the crimes, and
history of mental health issues certainly were valid considerations in determining the
reasonableness and proportionality of an appropriate sentence, so, too, were the
aggravating factors presented by the prosecutor and the seriousness of Noel’s conduct

[¶49] Clearly and simply, a defendant must be sentenced on the basis of “accurate
information.” Manes, ¶ 9, 92 P.3d at 292. Although subject to debate and issues of
credibility, nothing in the information presented to the sentencing court was necessarily
inaccurate. Noel debates the information presented that was prejudicial to his position,
arguing that it “cannot be regarded as reliable,” but he cannot and does not provide
support for such assertions. The sentencing court was equally as able to conclude that
Noel was unaffected by the Taser; developed an intent to kill the deputies; and acted
thereon as it was able to conclude otherwise. This Court finds no error with the
sentencing court’s application of the law or in the ultimate sentences imposed upon Noel.

                                          CONCLUSION

[¶50] For the reasons set forth herein, this Court concludes that the district court did not
err in accepting Noel’s guilty pleas to two counts of attempted voluntary manslaughter in
exchange for the plea agreement nor did the court err in sentencing Noel to two
consecutive counts of seventeen to twenty years of incarceration thereon. Noel’s
convictions and sentences are affirmed in all respects.

9
  To the extent that Noel argues that the prosecutor strayed outside the bounds of the plea agreement or
made improper arguments before the sentencing court, his argument warrants no more than a footnote to
recognize its lack of merit.

                                                  22