Court Opinion

ID: 6514703
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 18:25:33.12167+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:54:58.954817
License: Public Domain

McCLELLAN, J.
This is an action by tbe German-American Insurance Company against tbe Commercial Eire *471Insurance Company, on a contract by wbicb, it is alleged, tbe defendant re-insured certain risks taken by plaintiff on property in New York City. Tbe property was destroyed by fire, tbe loss paid by plaintiff, and reimbursement to tbe pro-rata extent of re-insurance is now sought to be enforced from defendant. Trial below was bad by agreement without jury, tbe issues of fact were found for defendant, and judgment went accordingly. This appeal presents for review tbe conclusions of the city judge on the evidence, and tbe judgment rendered.
There is no material controversy as to what tbe facts are. Tbe contracts of re-insurance sued on were made in this way: Tbe Commercial Fire Insurance Company, on May 26, 1887, signed, and mailed to tbe German-American Insurance Company what is known as a “ re-insurance compact,” which was duly received and acknowledged by the latter. This compact, with its attached lists and schedules, authorized tbe German-American company to re-insure itself in.tbe Commercial company, within certain limitations as to classes and amounts of risks, by entries thereon or therein, followed by certain ad interim and final reports to tbe re-insuring company, setting forth tbe term, amount and class of risk, rate of premium, and location of property insured. Among other risks wbicb tbe compact, as modified by subsequent correspondence, authorized tbe German-American company to re-insure in, or “ cede” to tbe Commercial company, were “ non-fibre” goods in brick stores or warehouses, in amounts not to exceed five thousand dollars in any one building or risk. Claiming to proceed under this authorization, and within its limitations, tbe German-American company made and reported entries on tbe compact aggregating twelve thousand five hundred dollars, on non-fibre goods stored in “Bossiter’s Stores,” Nos. 1, 2 and 3 severally. Tbe first entry and report was of $2,000 of re-insurance on goods in “Rossiter’s Store No. 2, foot W. 60th St., N. Y. Citytbe next of $3,000, on goods in “Bossiter’s Store No. 1, N. Y. Citythird, of $2,000, on goods in “Bossiter’s Store No. 1, N. Y. City fourth, of $3,000, on goods in “Bossiter’s Store No. 2, N. Y. . City;” and last of $2,500, on goods in “Bossiter’s Store No. 3, N. Y. City.” Previous to these entries and reports, plaintiff, for the purpose of inducing defendant to increase its maximum limit on amount of re-insurance on storage stores, bad sent tbe latter a schedule showing tbe amounts of net risks it carried on a number of such stores in New York City and elsewhere, and among the other items in this *472list is tbe following, “Rossiter’s Stores, ft. 60th St., N. Y. City, $30,000.”
On proof of loss, defendant paid plaintiff about $5,000. and refused to pay tbe balance claimed under tbe re-insurance contracts, amounting to something over $6,000. on tbe ground that, as it insisted, “Bossiter’s Stores” Nos. ÍL, 2 and 3 constituted but one building or risk witbin tbe meaning of tbe said re-insurance compact, and, of consequence, plaintiff was without authority to bind defendant beyond tbe maximum limit of $5,000 on goods stored in said stores, and its entries and reports as to and of all re-insurance in excess of this limitation were abortive and invalid.
It can not be doubted on tbe evidence found in this record, consisting of minute descriptions and diagrams of Bossiter’s stores Nos. 1, 2 and 3, that they, in tbe ordinary sense of tbe term, constituted one building. It appears that tbe building was five stories in height; that tbe outer wall was common to each of tbe stores; that tbe several floors were respectively on tbe same level; that while two partition walls divided tbe building into three rooms, or compartments, on each floor, there were doors about eight feet square in each of these walls between tbe several compartments, in each of tbe five stories; that tbe whole structure was under one management, and devoted to tbe same uses, tbe storage of non-fibrous merchandise ; and that tbe partition doors were used for tbe purposes of tbe passage of persons and tbe removal of goods from one store to another or others on each floor. It was also shown that double iron shutters were provided for closing these apertures in tbe partition walls; that these were generally closed, and that tbe partition walls extended five feet above tbe roof. It is not seriously, and can not be successfully contended, that, upon this showing, tbe three stores in question were distinct buildings, or that they did not constitute one and tbe same building, as that word is commonly understood. — Fair v. Manhattan Ins. Co. et al., 112 Mass. 320; Blake v. Exchange Mutual Ins. Co., 12 Gray, 265; Cortill v. Millers’ & Manufacturers’ Mutual Ins. Co., 33 Minn. 90; Sampson v. Security Ins. Co., 133 Mass. 49; Carr v. Hibernia Ins. Co., 2 Mo. App. 466 ; Hochstadter v. State, 73 Ala. 24.
It is equally manifest, we think, that these stores, or tbe goods stored therein, constituted but one risk in tbe sense of tbe compact under consideration, unless tbe word is to take on a different significance from tbe usage and custom proved in this case, and to be presently considered. It is most clear from tbe record before us that tbe Commercial *473company conceived it to be of tbe utmost importance to it tbat its exposure to loss under tbe re-insurance compact should in no case exceed $5,000. "When tbe German-American company advised and requested it to raise its maximum list from $2,500 to $7,500 or $10,000 on non-fibre storage, it replied, “We think tbat tbe line suggested by you is rather too large for us; we have, however, concluded to authorize an increase on tbe ‘non-fibre’ stores to $5,000, tbat on ‘fibre’to remain $2,500 as heretofore.” And tbe purpose of tbe company evidently was to guard against tbe possibility, or probability in case of any loss, of losing in any one fire more than it could afford to lose, having in view its relatively small capitalization and assets. The means adopted to effectuate this purpose was tbe stipulation of tbe compact against being bound beyond a stated sum on any one building or risk. How this means could accomplish tbe end to which it was addressed, if tbe stipulation be construed so as to admit of re-insurance to three times tbe minimum limit upon tbe mere circumstance tbat there are three rooms, stores or compartments in tbe building proposed to be insured, while tbe probable consequence of a fire in any one of these stores would be tbe destruction of tbe contents of all three of them, and where tbe risks arising from possibility of misconduct on tbe part of tbe insured would, of course, be equally incident to tbe goods in all and each one of tbe stores, it is difficult to perceive. With tbe probability tbat a fire starting in either of tbe stores’ would consume tbe contents of tbe others, and tbe certainty tbat incendiarism by tbe owner for tbe purpose of collecting insurance money — a risk which must be reckoned in all fire insurance — would go to tbe destruction of all tbe property kept by him in tbe building, there is every reason for tbe conclusion tbat tbe Commercial Fire Insurance Company intended tbe limitation to $5,000 to obtain with respect to property stored in different compartments, rooms or stores in tbe same building, as in tbe case at bar. And we accordingly bold, tbat plaintiff was without authority to re-insure itself in tbe defendant corporation, on merchandise stored in “Bositer’s Stores,” in any sum beyond $5,000, if tbe reinsurance compact is to' be interpreted according to tbe ordinary significance of tbe term “building or risk”
It is proved in this case, however, tbat according to an established and universal usage or custom of tbe business of insurance in the city of New York, each one of “BossiterV Stores,” numbered 1, 2 and 3, was a distinct building for all tbe purposes of insurance, and tbat risks taken upon.goods *474in them severally are distinct and separate risks. So that, if this usage is to obtain in respect of the compact of reinsurance involved here, as claimed for plaintiff, the several contracts of re-insurance entered and reported to the defendant, being each within the latter’s maximum list when measured separately as to each store, are within the limitation of $5,000 stipulated for, and therefore valid and binding-on the Commercial company. While it is well settled at this day, that the existence of an usage in respect of the subject-matter of a contract may have the effect of giving to its terms definitions which would not otherwise attach to them, the doctrine rests, except in particular instances, solely upon the theory, that the parties in entering into the compact had such usage in mind, stipulated with reference to it, and, hence, made it a part of their contract; and whether an usage, in a given case, is thus to be taken as a part of the contract, whether the parties had it in view in their negotiations, and intended that their agreement should be read and construed with reference to and in the light of such usage, is always a question of fact. And as, in the nature of things, no man can be said to have contracted with reference to a fact — to have had a fact in mind — of which he was ignorant, usage relied on by one party to give color to the obligations of another, or to impose a liability which does not arise on the ordinary meaning of the terms of their contract, must be shown to have been known to such other party. This is usually done by proof of an established usage, certain, uniform and reasonable in character, and of such general acceptance, and consequent notoriety, as that prima facie presumption of knowledge of it on the part of him who is sought to be affected by it arises, and, unrebutted, affords the predicate for the further presumption, of a conclusive nature, that he considered it in the particular dealing to which it is incident, and made it as much a part of hxs contract as if it had therein been specifically referred to.
In the case at bar, the onus was on plaintiff to prove, not only that the usage relied on had been established and existed at the time of the contract, but also that the defendant had knowledge of it, and therefore is to be holden to have contracted with reference to it. There is no direct evidence of such knowledge. The inference of knowledge is sought to be rested alone on proof of the establishment, existence and prevalence of the usage in the city of New York. Had both contracting parties been domiciled in that city, and entered into a re-insurance compact solely with reference to *475risks located, there, there would be some ground to say that defendant wordd be held prima facie to a knowledge of the usage. But the domicile of defendant was in Alabama, and the re-insurance compact contemplated and provided for the taking of risks not only in the city of New York, but throughout the country. Not only so, but the correspondence between the parties demonstrates that risks were actually incurred under the compact in a number of other towns and cities. It can not be supposed that the Commercial company had knowledge of the local usages incident to the business of insurance in each of these numerous localities, and so contracted with reference to them that, its obligations, expressed in clear and unambiguous terms, imported a liability for one sum on a given state of facts, in New York city, another sum on the same facts in Brooklyn, another in Litchfield, Connecticut, yet another in Chicago, and so on ad infinitum. The law to the contrary is well settled, that proof of such local usages will not raise up a presumption of a knowledge of their existence on the part of one engaged generally in the business to which they pertain in a certain city, at least where the domicile of the party sought to be charged is elsewhere; or, in other words, that in order to create even a prima, facie presumption that a party has knowledge of an usage incident to a particular business about which he is engaged, the usage must be shown to be a general one in that business, in such sort as that it would be unreasonable to suppose he was ignorant of it. This plaintiff has failed to do; no general usage is proved, or attempted to be proved, and the defendant can not be held beyond the terms of its compact dissociated from any effect the alleged usage is claimed to have upon those terms. Cobb v. Limerock Ins. Co., 58 Me. 326; Lawson, Usages & Customs, §§ 17, 25, 26, 27; Hill v. Hibernia Ins. Co., 10 Hun, 26; E. Tenn., V. & G. R. R. Co. v. Johnston, 75 Ala: 596; Smith v. Rice, 56 Ala. 417; Herring v. Skaggs, 73 Ala. 446; Bradley v. Wheeler, 44 N. Y. 495 ; Child v. Sun Mutual Ins. Co., 3 Sandf. 26; Walls v. Bailey, 49 N. Y. 464; Higgins v. Moore, 34 N. Y. 417.
The presumption of knowledge of an established usage, which arises upon proof of its generality in the business or trade to which it is incident, is, as we have indicated, generally speaking only prima facie, and hence rebuttable by direct evidence of a want of such knowledge.— Walls v. Bailey, supra. With reference to contracts of insurance, there is this objection to the doctrine just stated: that insurance companies are under such a duty to inform themselves of *476tbe usages of tbe particular business insured as tbat they will not be beard to deny sucb knowledge. TKis only means, however, tbat where a general usage in business is proved, an usage of tbe character that raises up tbe prima facie presumption of knowledge in ordinary cases, tbe insurer, in view of tbe duty resting on him to acquaint himself with tbe general usages of tbe business, will not be let in to rebut tbe presumption, which, in consequence, becomes a conclusive one as to him. But an insurer is no more bound than any other party by proof of usages obtaining to a greater or less extent, territorially or otherwise, in respect of tbe business insured, which are not general in their nature, but obtain only in certain localities, or not substantially to all instances of tbe particular business. So tbat, if it were conceded here tbat bad tbe proof established tbe New York City usage in question as incident to tbe insurance business throughout tbe territory contemplated in this re-insurance compact, tbe defendant would not be beard to assert its ignorance of it, or to deny tbat it contracted with reference to it; yet tbe predicate for this owsi-estoppel is wholly lacking, in tbat tbe proof adduced is not of sucb general usage, but only of one tbat is local and peculiar to the City of New York — a particular usage or custom tbe existence of which raises no presumption at all that defendant bad knowledge of it. — Lawson’s Usages & Customs, §§ 17, 19, 26.
It is further contended for plaintiff, tbat conceding tbe re-insurance compact did not authorize more than $5,000 of insurance on “Rossiter’s Stores,” yet tbe defendant acquiesced in, and thereby ratified plaintiff’s entries involving a risk of $12,500, and thus validated these entries. Of course, this contention must be rested on tbe assumption tbat defendant was advised of tbe location and character of Rossi-ter’s three stores, and knew or must be held to have known tbat they in fact constituted but one building; since acquiescence, from which ratification may be inferred, can only be predicated of a failure to disaffirm a transaction after tbe party is advised or put on notice in respect of tbe facts which entitled him to repudiate it. We do not find from this record tbat tbe Commercial Eire Insurance Company bad knowledge or notice of tbe fact tbat these several stores constituted one and tbe same building, until after tbe loss bad occurred, and demand bad been made on it for its pro-rata of tbe insurance. Tbe relations existing between tbe - two companies were of a fiduciary character. Tbe German-American company was in a sense tbe agent of tbe Commercial company, for tbe purpose of re-insuring itself in *477the latter. The utmost candor and good faith on the part of the former were of the essence of the relations created by the compact. The Commercial company was justified in the assumption that the German-American company, in fixing liabilities on the former to enure to its own benefit, would not abuse the confidence incident to the relation .existing between them, but would strictly adhere to and be guided by the terms of the compact, and not exceed the limits of liability thereby imposed. It had a right, therefore, to assume that it would not be entered in a sum greater than $5,000 on any one building or risk, and to act upon this assumption until it was advised to the contrary. It was not incumbent on the insurer to seize upon pretexts or slight indications to indulge suspicions leading to inquiries as to the good faith of its quasi-agent; and it does not lie in the mouth of the German-American company to say, Notwithstanding the trust and confidence inherent in our contractual relations, you should have been on the alert, as if anticipating malversation on our part, to institute minute inquiry into the transactions between us, with a view to discovering that we had violated the instructions you had laid down for our guidance. Conceding, therefore, that the Commercial company must be held to notice that “Bossiter’s Stores Nos. 1, 2 and 3” were located at the foot of 60th street, from the casual mention of them as being there situated in the list of July 31, 1888 (which was forwarded to defendant for a purpose entirely distinct from that of giving advice of the location of any one of the numerous buildings mentioned therein), and this notwithstanding there is what seems to be a pregnant omission from the reports of re-insurance of all specification as to the location of two of these stores; yet we do not conceive that, under the circumstances, this notice that these stores were at the foot of a certain street carried either constructive or actual knowledge to defendant that the stores were in and constituted a single building. They might well have been the three stores next the end of the street, and yet have also been distinct buildings; and. the defendant, in view of the stipulations of the compact which it had a right to suppose plaintiff would observe, was justified in assuming that they were in fact separate buildings and risks, although it may have known they were all at the foot of 60th street.
On the same considerations, our further conclusion is, that defendant is not prejudiced in this case by the fact that it at first placed its exemption in part from the asserted liability on another ground. This could not have been a *478waiver of tbe defense now relied on, because tbe Commercial company, at tbe time of advancing tbe other defense, was not advised of tbe facts on which tbis one depended, and its ignorance of them was due, not to its own negligence, but to that of tbe plaintiff..
We find no error in tbe record, and tbe judgment of tbe City Court is affirmed.