Court Opinion

ID: 2804588
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-30 00:03:22.807404+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:42.314212
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                 MAY 29 2015
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                             SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                               U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                             OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.    EC-14-1067-KuPaJu
                                   )
 6   GLENN GREGO,                  )      Bk. No.    14-20064
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     GLENN GREGO,                  )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      MEMORANDUM*
11                                 )
     UNITED STATES TRUSTEE,        )
12                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
13   ______________________________)
14                    Argued and Submitted on May 14, 2015
                            at Sacramento, California
15
                              Filed – May 29, 2015
16
              Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
17                for the Eastern District of California
18       Honorable Robert S. Bardwil, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
     Appearances:     Wiley Peteet Ramey, Jr. argued for appellant Glenn
20                    Grego; Robert Joseph Schneider, Jr. argued for
                      appellee United States Trustee.
21
22   Before: KURTZ, PAPPAS and JURY, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
25
26        *
           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1                                  INTRODUCTION
 2          Glenn Grego appeals from the bankruptcy court’s order sua
 3   sponte converting Grego’s chapter 111 case to chapter 7.         While
 4   we do not perceive any reversible error in the bankruptcy court’s
 5   determination that Grego filed his petition in bad faith, the
 6   bankruptcy court should have considered dismissal of the
 7   chapter 11 case as an alternative to conversion.
 8          Accordingly, we will VACATE the bankruptcy court’s
 9   conversion order and will REMAND for consideration of dismissal
10   as an alternative to conversion.
11                                      FACTS
12          Anxious about an impending foreclosure sale, Grego commenced
13   a personal chapter 11 bankruptcy case on January 3, 2014.         At the
14   time of that bankruptcy filing, another related bankruptcy case
15   already was pending in the Eastern District of California, a case
16   filed by Grego as trustee for a trust formed by his father, who
17   is deceased.       The trust apparently owned 50% of the subject
18   parcels of real property and Grego personally owned the other
19   50%.       As Grego puts it, he needed to personally file bankruptcy
20   because the trust’s case was subject to dismissal based on an
21   eligibility issue.       Rather than contest the United States
22   Trustee’s motion to dismiss in the trust case, Grego decided that
23   the better course of action was for him to commence a personal
24   chapter 11 case.
25
26          1
           Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     all "Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
28   Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

                                          2
 1        This was not Grego’s first personal bankruptcy case.    In
 2   January 2011, he filed a personal chapter 11 case in the Central
 3   District of California.    In April 2011, a chapter 11 trustee was
 4   appointed, and in February 2012 that case was converted to
 5   chapter 7.    He ultimately received a chapter 7 discharge in the
 6   Central District case in September 2013.   According to Grego, his
 7   interest in the real property never was administered in the
 8   Central District case.
 9        Grego states that he felt pressured to commence his new
10   chapter 11 case as soon as possible because the foreclosure sale
11   was scheduled for one hour after the January 8, 2014 hearing on
12   the United States Trustee’s motion to dismiss the trust case.
13   The trust case was dismissed by court order entered January 13,
14   2014, but Grego’s new personal bankruptcy case already was
15   pending.
16        Within days of Grego’s new bankruptcy filing, the bankruptcy
17   court issued what appears to be a routine order scheduling a
18   chapter 11 status conference for roughly one month into the new
19   bankruptcy case.   A few days before the status conference, the
20   bankruptcy court issued a three-page tentative ruling that was
21   anything but routine.    The court announced that it had a number
22   of concerns about Grego’s latest bankruptcy filing.   The
23   tentative ruling pointed out that there were a number of
24   significant omissions and obvious inaccuracies in Grego’s
25   schedules.    For instance, in Grego’s Schedule A, he listed five
26   parcels of real property and identified himself as “co-owner” but
27   did not identify who else held an ownership interest in these
28   properties.   In a related problem, even though he identified each

                                       3
 1   of the properties as encumbered by deeds of trust, he did not
 2   identify the co-owner as a co-debtor on his Schedule H.
 3   Meanwhile, for every single category of personal property listed
 4   on his Schedule B, Grego checked the box stating “none,” thereby
 5   indicating that he had no personal property at all.   As for the
 6   declaration certifying the accuracy of all of Grego’s “foregoing”
 7   bankruptcy schedules, the declaration was attached before rather
 8   than after the schedules, and the number of pages of schedules
 9   included was left blank, so Grego failed to properly certify the
10   accuracy of any of his schedules.
11        Grego also filed Schedules I and J listing total monthly
12   expenses of more than $17,000 and total monthly income of less
13   than $4,000 – all derived from his four rental properties.    The
14   bankruptcy court noted that, assuming the accuracy of the income
15   and expense schedules and the accuracy of Grego’s representation
16   that he did not expect either his income or his expenses to
17   change in the next year, Grego did not have anywhere close to
18   enough cash flow to cover the $8,300 in monthly living expenses
19   incurred by him and his dependent daughter, let alone enough to
20   fund a chapter 11 plan.
21        Grego also filed a statement of financial affairs, but the
22   bankruptcy court once again was concerned about obvious
23   inaccuracies and omissions.   With the exception of rental income
24   from Grego’s four rental properties, which he listed in his
25   answer to question one on his statement, Grego answered “none” to
26   every other question in the statement.   In addition, there were
27   mathematical errors in Grego’s current monthly income statement,
28   and his credit counseling statement alleged that he had completed

                                      4
 1   the required credit counseling course but failed to attach the
 2   required credit counseling certificate.
 3        The bankruptcy court also expressed concern about Grego’s
 4   status conference report, in which he stated that he hoped to
 5   survive on his rental income while he litigated with his secured
 6   lender in state court over the lender’s alleged predatory lending
 7   practices – a lawsuit he indicated that he recently had
 8   commenced.   Among other things, the court noted that Grego’s
 9   status conference report referenced his intent to use his
10   lender’s cash collateral and to seek compensation for managing
11   his rental properties but that Grego had not yet filed any motion
12   seeking court approval for either activity.
13        Based on these and other concerns, the tentative ruling
14   stated that the court was inclined to continue the chapter 11
15   status conference but that the court was “not likely to permit
16   [Grego] to delay the prosecution of this chapter 11 case for any
17   significant length of time.”   Tent. Ruling. (February 2014) at
18   pp. 1-3.
19        After issuance of the tentative ruling but before the status
20   conference, Grego filed amended schedules and an amended
21   statement of financial affairs.   In his amended Schedule B, Grego
22   now listed at least some personal property, including
23   miscellaneous jewelry of $1,500 and a 2014 Ford Focus with a
24   value of $27,000.   Whereas his initial Schedule F listed no
25   unsecured creditors, his amended Schedule F listed roughly fifty
26   unsecured creditors holding in aggregate over $3 million in
27
28

                                       5
 1   claims.2   In addition, whereas his initial Schedule G listed no
 2   executory contracts or unexpired leases, his amended Schedule G
 3   disclosed his car lease (for the Ford Focus) as well as the four
 4   tenants who were leasing his rental properties.    In his amended
 5   Schedule H, Grego disclosed for the first time the trust as co-
 6   debtor.    As for his amended statement of financial affairs, Grego
 7   still answered “none” for most of the questions.   He did disclose
 8   four lawsuits in which he was involved in answer to question 4,
 9   but his lawsuit against his lender for predatory lending
10   practices was not listed among them.
11        At the February 5, 2014 status conference, the bankruptcy
12   court reiterated many of the same concerns stated in its
13   tentative ruling and indicated that the filing of the amended
14   schedules only increased rather than decreased those concerns.
15   The court further pointed out that Grego did not disclose with
16   his initial schedules his Central District bankruptcy case or the
17   trust’s bankruptcy case.3   The court also noted that there was no
18   change to Grego’s income and expense schedules showing negative
19   net income of over $13,700 per month.
20        Based on all of the concerns expressed in the tentative
21   ruling and at the hearing, the court stated numerous times that
22
          2
23         At the chapter 11 status conference, Grego indicated that,
     out of an abundance of caution, he had listed in his amended
24   Schedule F all of the unsecured creditors from the Central
     District case, even though their claims presumably were
25   discharged in that case.
26        3
           While Grego did not disclose the Central District case or
27   the trust case when he filed his initial schedules on January 3,
     2014, he did disclose both cases when he filed his statement of
28   related cases on January 14, 2014.

                                       6
 1   Grego’s chapter 11 petition either was filed in bad faith or as
 2   the result of gross incompetence.    In his defense, Grego argued
 3   that it was inadvertent that he did not list any personal
 4   property and that he did not see the tentative ruling before
 5   filing the amended schedules.   In response, the bankruptcy court
 6   clarified that the lynchpin for its bad faith or gross
 7   incompetence finding was the discrepancy between the schedules
 8   and Grego’s egregious and complete disregard of the requirement
 9   to file accurate and complete schedules under oath.   The
10   following statement by the court sums up the court’s comments at
11   the status conference:
12        All right. I listened to what you said. Nothing
          dissuades me. The fact that there was the threat of a
13        foreclosure, it's done on a very, very routine basis
          where a petition is filed and schedules are not filed
14        for two weeks, or even [longer] if an application to
          extend time is given.
15
          But the discrepancy between the initial petition and
16        the amended schedules, which were filed after the court
          issued its tentative ruling identifying all of the
17        faults and problems is, in the court's eye, one of two
          things. It's either a complete disregard for the
18        requirements to file documents under oath and bad
          faith, or alternatively, the result of gross
19        incompetence.
20        Either way, . . . with those considerations, coupled
          with the prior bankruptcy that was not listed on this
21        petition, and the prior Chapter 11 that was dismissed
          very recently, that you say is almost the same as the
22        debtor here, leads me to conclude that there is
          absolutely sufficient cause to either appoint a
23        Chapter 7, excuse me, a Chapter 11 trustee or convert
          the case to Chapter 7.
24
25   Hr’g Tr. (Feb 5, 2014) at 7:10-8:4.
26        In addition to announcing that its tentative ruling would
27   become its final ruling, the bankruptcy court asked counsel for
28   the United States Trustee whether the best interest of creditors

                                      7
 1   would be better served by the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee
 2   or the conversion of the case to chapter 7.     Counsel for the
 3   United States Trustee responded that, given his familiarity with
 4   the trust case, and given that there appeared to be nothing to
 5   reorganize, conversion to chapter 7 likely was the better choice.
 6   According to counsel, all of Grego’s parcels of real property
 7   were “under water.”   It is unclear exactly what the United States
 8   Trustee’s counsel was basing this assessment on.     Indeed, Grego’s
 9   schedules were consistent on one point if nothing else: the value
10   of his real property and the amount of debt secured thereby.      At
11   all times, the schedules indicated that there was at least some
12   equity in at least some of the parcels of real property.     Even
13   more strangely, the bankruptcy court apparently did not consider
14   the option of dismissing the case even though there did not
15   appear to be much in the way of unencumbered nonexempt assets to
16   administer under either set of schedules.
17        On February 6, 2014, the bankruptcy court entered its order
18   converting the case to chapter 7.      Grego timely filed his notice
19   of appeal on February 7, 2014.
20                               JURISDICTION
21        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
22   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
23   § 158.
24                                    ISSUE
25        Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it
26   converted Grego’s chapter 11 bankruptcy case to chapter 7?
27                           STANDARDS OF REVIEW
28        We review the bankruptcy court’s order converting Grego’s

                                        8
 1   chapter 11 case to chapter 7 for an abuse of discretion.
 2   Pioneer Liquidating Corp. v. U.S. Trustee (In re Consol. Pioneer
 3   Mortg. Entities), 264 F.3d 803, 806 (9th Cir. 2001).
 4        The bankruptcy court abuses its discretion when it applies
 5   an incorrect legal standard or when its findings are illogical,
 6   implausible or without support in the record.    See United States
 7   v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
 8                                DISCUSSION
 9        Under § 1112(b)(1), when the court finds “cause” to dismiss
10   or convert a chapter 11 case, the court must decide which of
11   several court actions will best serve the estate’s creditors.    It
12   must:
13        (1) decide whether dismissal, conversion, or the
          appointment of a trustee or examiner is in the best
14        interests of creditors and the estate; and (2) identify
          whether there are unusual circumstances that establish
15        that dismissal or conversion is not in the best
          interests of creditors and the estate.
16
17   Sullivan v. Harnisch (In re Sullivan), 522 B.R. 604, 612 (9th
18   Cir. BAP 2014).
19        Here, the bankruptcy court found that there was cause to
20   convert on two alternate grounds: (1) gross incompetence, or
21   (2) Grego’s petition was filed in bad faith.    Section 1112(b)(4)
22   enumerates sixteen non-exclusive grounds that constitute cause
23   for dismissal.    Gross incompetence is not among them, but gross
24   mismanagement of the estate is.    See § 1112(b)(4)(B).   On appeal,
25   the United States Trustee contends that, by stating that Grego
26   (or his counsel) had been grossly incompetent, the court meant to
27   find that cause existed under § 1112(b)(4)(F): “[an] unexcused
28   failure to satisfy timely any filing or reporting requirement

                                       9
 1   established by this title or by any rule applicable to a case
 2   under this chapter.”    We are not persuaded by the United States
 3   Trustee’s contention.   The bankruptcy case was not much more than
 4   one month old, and the bankruptcy court did not identify any
 5   filing or reporting requirement Grego had failed to timely comply
 6   with.   To the contrary, the court suggested that, instead of
 7   filing inaccurate and incomplete schedules, Grego should have
 8   held off on filing any schedules until he could have provided
 9   correct and substantially complete information.    Thus, we
10   conclude that the bankruptcy court’s finding of cause was not
11   meant to invoke § 1112(b)(4)(F).
12        While the bankruptcy court used the term gross incompetence
13   instead of gross mismanagement, we believe that the court meant
14   to invoke § 1112(b)(4)(B).   None of the other enumerated types of
15   cause comes closer to fitting the court’s comments, and if the
16   court had meant to identify its own unique category of cause for
17   dismissal or conversion, we presume the court would have
18   elaborated on the new category it was articulating.    The court
19   did not attempt to offer any such elaboration.
20        The bankruptcy court’s finding of cause under
21   § 1112(b)(4)(B) is problematic.    The § 1112(b)(4)(B) inquiry
22   typically focuses on how the debtor or the debtor’s agents have
23   managed the estate’s assets or business during the pendency of
24   the chapter 11 proceeding and how they have reported and handled,
25   postpetition, income and expenses derived from the
26   assets/business.   See, e.g., In re McTiernan, 519 B.R. 860,
27   866-67 (Bankr. D. Wyo. 2014); In re Fall, 405 B.R. 863, 868
28   (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2009) aff'd sub nom. Fall v. Farmers &

                                       10
 1   Merchants State Bank, 2009 WL 974538 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 9, 2009);
 2   see also In re Prods. Int'l Co., 395 B.R. 101, 111 (Bankr. D.
 3 Ariz. 2008) (listing additional cases).
 4        Here, there is no evidence in the record regarding Grego’s
 5   postpetition management of his bankruptcy estate’s real property
 6   assets, nor did the court identify postpetition management or
 7   postpetition reporting of income and expenses as one of its
 8   concerns.    In fact, given that the bankruptcy case was roughly
 9   one month old, and given the complete absence of any evidence in
10   the record, the bankruptcy court was in a poor position to make
11   any material findings regarding postpetition management and
12   reporting.
13        We do not mean to imply that the term “gross mismanagement
14   of estate assets” as used in § 1112(b)(4)(B) should be given a
15   narrow or limited meaning.    As the cases cited above indicate,
16   the term covers a broad range of postpetition activity affecting
17   the estate’s assets, income, expenses and reporting.
18   Nonetheless, no matter how broad the term is construed, we think
19   it requires more than a finding that the debtor initially filed
20   inaccurate and incomplete schedules and an inaccurate and
21   incomplete statement of financial affairs.
22        Because the bankruptcy court’s findings of cause did not
23   correctly invoke § 1112(b)(4)(B), we turn to the bankruptcy
24   court’s alternate grounds for finding cause – its determination
25   that Grego filed his petition in bad faith.
26        While not enumerated in § 1112(b)(4), the bad faith filing
27   of a bankruptcy petition is recognized as cause for dismissal or
28   conversion.    Marsch v. Marsch (In re Marsch), 36 F.3d 825, 828

                                      11
 1   (9th Cir. 1994); In re Sullivan, 522 B.R. at 614.      In seeking to
 2   determine whether the petition was filed in good faith, “the
 3   debtor’s subjective intent is not determinative.”      In re Marsch,
 4 36 F.3d at 828.   Rather, the good faith inquiry focuses on the
 5   manifest purpose of the petition filing and whether the debtor is
 6   seeking to achieve thereby “objectives outside the legitimate
 7   scope of the bankruptcy laws.”    Id.
 8        Put another way, a bankruptcy court making a finding
 9   regarding whether a chapter 11 petition was filed in good faith
10   must ascertain “whether [the] debtor is attempting to
11   unreasonably deter and harass creditors or attempting to effect a
12   speedy, efficient reorganization on a feasible basis.”      Id.
13   (citing Idaho Dep't of Lands v. Arnold (In re Arnold), 806 F.2d
14   937, 939 (9th Cir. 1986)).
15        In making the good faith determination, the bankruptcy court
16   typically must consider an amalgam of factors, instead of relying
17   on a single dispositive fact.    Id.    At the same time, the
18   determination is to be made on a case by case basis, and there is
19   no talismanic list of factors that must be present in each case
20   in order to find bad faith; the weight given to any particular
21   factor depends on all of the circumstances of the individual
22   case.   Laguna Assocs. Ltd. P'ship v. Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co.
23   (In re Laguna Assocs. Ltd. P'ship), 30 F.3d 734, 738 (6th Cir.
24   1994); see also de la Salle v. U.S. Bank, N.A. (In re de la
25   Salle), 461 B.R. 593, 605 (9th Cir. BAP 2011) (holding that, in
26   chapter 13 cases, bankruptcy courts must consider the “totality
27   of the circumstances” before making a bad faith determination).
28        That being said, bankruptcy courts typically look for and

                                      12
 1   find more than one of the following factors before making a
 2   finding of bad faith in a chapter 11 case:
 3        (1) the debtor has one asset;
          (2) the pre-petition conduct of the debtor has been
 4        improper;
          (3) there are only a few unsecured creditors;
 5        (4) the debtor's property has been posted for
          foreclosure, and the debtor has been unsuccessful in
 6        defending against the foreclosure in state court;
          (5) the debtor and one creditor have proceeded to a
 7        standstill in state court litigation, and the debtor
          has lost or has been required to post a bond which it
 8        cannot afford;
          (6) the filing of the petition effectively allows the
 9        debtor to evade court orders;
          (7) the debtor has no ongoing business or employees;
10        and
          (8) the lack of possibility of reorganization.
11
12   In re Laguna Assocs. Ltd. P'ship, 30 F.3d at 738 (citing Little
13   Creek Dev. Co. v. Commonwealth Mortg. Corp. (In re Little Creek
14   Dev. Co.), 779 F.2d 1068, 1072 (5th Cir. 1986)).   Accord,
15   Can–Alta Props., Ltd. v. State Sav. Mortg. Co. (In re Can–Alta
16   Props., Ltd.), 87 B.R. 89, 91 (9th Cir. BAP 1988).
17        In addition, the factors typically found in bad faith
18   chapter 13 bankruptcy filings can be instructive in assessing
19   good faith in personal chapter 11 bankruptcy cases.4   In
20   chapter 13 cases, the bankruptcy courts typically look for the
21   following:
22        (1) whether the debtor misrepresented facts in his
          petition or plan, unfairly manipulated the Code, or
23        otherwise filed his petition or plan in an inequitable
          manner; (2) the debtor's history of filings and
24        dismissals; (3) whether the debtor intended to defeat
25
          4
26         We have observed that, because the provisions governing
     dismissal or conversion of chapter 13 and chapter 11 cases are
27   similar, cases under one chapter often are helpful in resolving
     cases under the other chapter. See Nelson v. Meyer
28   (In re Nelson), 343 B.R. 671, 674-75 (9th Cir. BAP 2006).

                                    13
 1        state court litigation; and (4) whether egregious
          behavior is present.
 2
 3   Ellsworth v. Lifescape Med. Assocs. (In re Ellsworth), 455 B.R.
4   904, 917–18 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).
 5        Here, in spite of the thin evidentiary record, Grego’s prior
 6   and current filings patently demonstrate the existence of a
 7   number of the typical bad faith factors.    Grego had virtually no
 8   personal property and only five parcels of real property, all of
 9   which were heavily encumbered.   Prior to Grego’s latest filing,
10   in 2011, he had filed a personal chapter 11 case in which a
11   chapter 11 trustee was appointed, and that case ultimately was
12   converted to chapter 7.   Meanwhile, he also filed a case on
13   behalf of a trust established by his deceased father, which case
14   was dismissed based on the trust’s lack of eligibility to be a
15   debtor.   Grego listed in his amended schedules roughly fifty
16   unsecured creditors holding millions of dollars in claims, but
17   admitted at the chapter 11 status conference that most or all of
18   these claims were discharged in his prior chapter 7 case, thereby
19   leaving him with little or no unsecured debt.   Grego also
20   admitted at the status conference (and in his appeal brief) that
21   he felt pressured to file his new bankruptcy case because of an
22   imminent foreclosure sale.   Other than his rental property, Grego
23   has no ongoing business and no employees.
24        While the above factors, by themselves, might indicate a bad
25   faith filing, there were three other factors evident that are of
26   even greater concern.   The prospects for reorganization appeared
27   extremely slim at best given Grego’s admission of over $13,000 in
28   negative monthly cash flow and in light of the history of Grego’s

                                      14
 1   unsuccessful chapter 11 bankruptcy filings (both for himself and
 2   on behalf of the trust).   Most importantly, the court found that
 3   Grego’s initial schedules and statement of financial affairs
 4   contained many inaccuracies and omissions and that the filing of
 5   those documents under oath was egregious.
 6        We cannot disagree with any of these findings.   Grego argues
 7   that the omissions and inaccuracies in his initial filings can
 8   largely be explained (and perhaps excused) by the pressure he
 9   felt given the impending foreclosure proceedings and by the fact
10   that he filed amended schedules and an amended statement of
11   financial affairs within days of his filing the original
12   documents.   However, we agree with the bankruptcy court that
13   there was no excuse for filing these documents under oath knowing
14   that they were inaccurate and incomplete or with complete
15   disregard for their accuracy and completeness.   Grego knew by no
16   later than December 23, 2013, when he filed a non-opposition to
17   the United States Trustee’s motion to dismiss his trust case,
18   that he would be filing a new personal chapter 11 case.    Grego
19   never has offered any legitimate explanation why he could not
20   have filed accurate and complete documents in support of his
21   January 2014 chapter 11 bankruptcy filing either at the time of
22   that filing or shortly thereafter.
23        Our bankruptcy system is dependent upon accurate, timely and
24   complete self-reporting by debtors in their schedules, in their
25   statements of financial affairs, and in their other filings.    See
26   Cusano v. Klein, 264 F.3d 936, 945–946 (9th Cir. 2001); Cheng v.
27   K & S Diversified Invs., Inc. (In re Cheng), 308 B.R. 448, 458
28   (9th Cir. BAP 2004).   Consequently, Grego’s filing of his initial

                                     15
 1   documents knowing them to be inaccurate and incomplete or without
 2   regard to their accuracy and completeness is of grave concern to
 3   us.   In short, we perceive no reversible error in the bankruptcy
 4   court’s bad faith findings.
 5         Grego has asserted, on appeal, that this Panel should
 6   reverse the bankruptcy court’s ruling in its entirety because the
 7   bankruptcy court disregarded his due process rights by converting
 8   the case sua sponte at the status conference.     We disagree.   The
 9   bankruptcy court had the authority under § 105(a) to sua sponte
10   consider dismissal or conversion.     See Rosson v. Fitzgerald
11   (In re Rosson), 545 F.3d 764, 774-75 (9th Cir. 2008); Tennant v.
12   Rojas (In re Tennant), 318 B.R. 860, 869-70 (9th Cir. BAP 2004).
13   Furthermore, if Grego truly believed that he needed a better
14   opportunity to respond to the bankruptcy court’s concerns, he
15   should have raised the issue in the bankruptcy court, but he did
16   not do so.   See Rains v. Flinn (In re Rains), 428 F.3d 893, 902
17   (9th Cir. 2005).   Moreover, in this instance, any due process
18   error was harmless.   There is nothing in Grego’s bankruptcy court
19   papers or in his appeal papers indicating that, if given further
20   opportunity, the factors pertinent to the bad faith determination
21   could or would materially change.     See In re Rosson, 545 F.3d at
22   774-75.
23         The only other issue we must address is whether the court
24   committed reversible error by not considering dismissal as an
25   alternative to conversion.    Recall that we noted at the outset of
26   this discussion that a bankruptcy court finding “cause” within
27   the meaning of § 1112(b) needs to consider whether to dismiss,
28   convert, or appoint a trustee or examiner, or whether unusual

                                      16
 1   circumstances exist militating against any of the above-
 2   referenced court actions (from the perspective of the estate’s
 3   creditors).   In re Sullivan, 522 B.R. at 612.   Here, the
 4   bankruptcy court did not consider dismissal.     While we recently
 5   stated in an unpublished decision that the debtor may forfeit
 6   this issue by not raising it either in the bankruptcy court or on
 7   appeal, Kenny G Enters., LLC v. Casey (In re Kenny G Enters.,
 8   LLC), 2014 WL 4100429, at *12 (9th Cir. BAP Aug. 20, 2014), we
 9   also have stated recently, in a published opinion:
10        [R]egardless of the parties' arguments, the bankruptcy
          court [has] an independent obligation under § 1112 to
11        consider what would happen to all creditors on
          dismissal and, in light of its analysis, whether
12        dismissal or conversion would be in the best interest
          of all creditors . . . .
13
14   In re Sullivan, 522 B.R. at 612-13.
15        That the bankruptcy court here did not consider whether
16   dismissal was in the best interests of creditors troubles us for
17   three reasons.   First, Grego’s secured creditor(s) received no
18   advance warning that the court actually would consider
19   conversion and/or dismissal at the status conference.    As a
20   result, the secured creditor(s) likely were deprived of any
21   meaningful opportunity to appear and be heard on the issue.5
22
23
          5
           The United States Trustee pointed out during oral argument
24   that the status conference order, which was served on at least
     some of Grego’s creditors on January 17, 2014, stated that the
25   court might dismiss or convert the case if Grego did not comply
26   with the status conference order. However, the bankruptcy docket
     reflects that Grego substantially complied with the status
27   conference order, so the creditor(s) had no reason to suspect
     that the court had actual grounds to consider either dismissal or
28   conversion at the status conference.

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 1   Second, the record suggests that Grego had almost no unsecured
 2   creditors and almost no unencumbered nonexempt assets, thus
 3   indicating that there would be little or no chapter 7 estate to
 4   administer and no unsecured creditor body to administer the
 5   estate on behalf of.    And third, Grego did have one or more
 6   secured creditors, who might have preferred dismissal over
 7   conversion, so that they could proceed immediately with their
 8   state court remedies.
 9        Under these circumstances, and in light of our holding in
10   In re Sullivan, we must VACATE the bankruptcy court’s conversion
11   order and REMAND for consideration of whether conversion or
12   dismissal is in the best interests of the estate’s creditors, and
13   whether there exist any unusual circumstances militating against
14   both conversion and dismissal (from the perspective of the
15   estate’s creditors).    We express no opinion regarding how, on
16   remand, the bankruptcy court should address these issues, but we
17   do note that the bankruptcy court, if it deems it appropriate,
18   may require that notice be given to interested parties, and may
19   decide either to reopen the record or to make additional findings
20   based on the existing record.
21                                CONCLUSION
22        For the reasons set forth above, we VACATE the court’s
23   conversion order, and we REMAND for further proceedings
24   consistent with this Panel’s decision.
25
26
27
28

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