Court Opinion

ID: 3178697
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-18 23:17:01.710023+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:36:28.536174
License: Public Domain

2016 IL App (1st) 133814
                                                No. 1-13-3814
                                                                      Fourth Division
                                                                    February 18, 2016
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                    IN THE
                                    APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                              FIRST DISTRICT
     ______________________________________________________________________________

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                         )               Appeal from the
     ILLINOIS,                                          )               Circuit Court of
                                                        )               Cook County.
                  Plaintiff-Appellee,                   )
                                                        )               No. 12 CR 16867-02
     v.                                                 )
                                                        )               Honorable
     DONNIE MOORE,                                      )               Kenneth J. Wadas,
                                                        )               Judge Presiding.
                   Defendant-Appellant.                 )

     ______________________________________________________________________________

             JUSTICE COBBS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
             Presiding Justice McBride and Justice Howse concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                  OPINION

¶1           Following a jury trial, defendant Donnie Moore was convicted of first degree murder

          (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2012)) and attempted first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/8-4(a),

          9-1(a)(1) (West 2012)). The trial court sentenced defendant to 50 years for the first degree

          murder conviction, with an additional 25 years for the discharge of a firearm, and then 30

          years for the attempted murder conviction, with an additional 20 years for the firearm

          enhancement, for a total of 125 years in prison. Defendant appeals the judgment and sentence

          of the trial court and contends that: (1) the trial court's denial of his motion to dismiss after

          the State failed to preserve identification evidence was a mistake as a matter of law; (2) the
     No. 1-13-3814

            trial court's refusal to bar testimony based on evidence that the State failed to preserve was an

            abuse of discretion; (3) the trial court's admission of evidence from codefendant Eddie

            Fenton's confession was an abuse of discretion; (4) the trial court's refusal to allow testimony

            of a witness's coercion was an abuse of discretion; and (5) no reasonable trier of fact could

            find that the evidence presented at trial could prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶2                                                    I. BACKGROUND

¶3              A grand jury indicted defendant and codefendant Eddie Fenton 1 with one count of second

            degree murder, five counts of first degree murder and five counts of attempted first degree

            murder for the death of Jonathan Bowman and for the gunshot wound suffered by Patrick

            Collier, also known as Patrick Bullock. Defendant's and codefendant's cases were tried

            separately.

¶4              Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion for sanctions alleging that the State committed

            discovery violations when it failed to preserve certain photo arrays. Specifically, defendant

            alleged that the photo array shown to Rhonda Scott in 2006, from which she identified

            defendant, and the photo array shown to Charles Richardson in 2007, from which he did not

            identify defendant, were lost or destroyed and therefore testimony involving these arrays

            should be barred. Defendant further argued that because the photo arrays were missing, he

            was denied the opportunity to confront the witnesses against him and due process was

            violated. The court denied the motion. In so ruling, the court stated that the missing evidence

            "does not warrant a dismissal of the indictment. By the same token, it does not warrant a jury

            instruction that allows the State to infer that [defendant's] photo was in the array. *** But the

            Defense is entitled to the standard instruction relating to lost evidence in the care and custody

     1
         Codefendant is not a party to this appeal.
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     No. 1-13-3814

        of the police department allowing a negative inference to be drawn from the missing

        evidence and the opportunity for the Defense to argue that any reasonable inference that can

        be drawn from the missing evidence. So I'm not really imposing a sanction."

¶5          The following facts were adduced at trial. On January 8, 2006, defendant and some of

        his friends threw a party at a house owned by codefendant's sister, Kewana, located at 7325

        South Morgan Street in Chicago, Illinois. Kewana had recently moved to the neighborhood

        and the party's hosts were primarily from a different, but nearby, neighborhood. Defendant,

        codefendant, Anthony Butler, and Nathaniel Whiteside purchased liquor and hired a DJ for

        the party. Guests were searched for guns and charged a fee to enter, however, only local

        people were actually searched. The party was crowded, with people shoulder to shoulder,

        making it difficult to move. There were people standing in front of the house and down the

        block, some of whom were outside because they did not want to be searched or pay to get in.

¶6         Butler identified defendant in court. He testified that at some point, a fight broke out in

        front of the house. He saw his friend on the ground and Butler assumed that his friend had

        been hit by an individual, who was later identified as Bowman, walking away. Butler ran out

        of the house and punched Bowman in the face, knocking him to the ground. Then three to

        four people began jumping on Bowman, who was curled into a ball. Codefendant ran out of

        the house, parted the crowd, and fired six or seven shots into Bowman. Butler then ran to the

        corner of Morgan Street and 74th Street to check on the women he came to the party with.

        He heard more gun shots as he ran away. About 5 to 10 minutes later, Butler saw defendant

        in the alley at the corner waving a golf club at local people who were trying to "make a

        move" on defendant. Soon after, the police arrived and broke up the fight.

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     No. 1-13-3814

¶7         Collier testified that he was in the area on the night of the shooting because he lived

        nearby. Bowman, Collier, and Collier's cousin had a drink in Collier's car about half a block

        down from the party. They saw that there was a party going on and decided to go to it. When

        they arrived, Collier and his cousin were searched and initially charged $5 to get in but the

        price was eventually lowered to $2. Bowman did not come into the house with them. Collier

        and his cousin made it halfway through the first level, but about 10 minutes later they

        decided to leave because it was too crowded. When they made it out the front door, Collier

        saw five or six guys kicking and beating a guy on the ground in front of the house next door.

        At that point, Collier was unable to see the person on the ground. Collier began to walk

        around the beating and into the street to get to his car. Then he saw two people start shooting

        into the guy on the ground. He was only able to see the shooter facing him, whom he

        identified as codefendant. At some point, Collier recognized Bowman as the man on the

        ground. Codefendant turned around and said something to Collier and then codefendant shot

        Collier. Codefendant aimed for Collier's face, but Collier put his arm up as a shield and was

        shot in the forearm. Collier ran to his car about four houses away. Collier's cousin made it to

        the car and his cousin drove him to St. Bernard Hospital. Subsequently, Collier was

        transferred to Mt. Sinai Hospital, where he had surgery on his arm for the gunshot wound.

¶8         Richardson identified defendant in court as one of the shooters who shot Bowman. He

        testified that he lived two houses down from Kewana's house at 7321 South Morgan Street.

        On the night of January 8, 2006, Richardson was sitting in a car in front of Bowman's house,

        which was also on the 7300 block of South Morgan Street, socializing with Bowman and

        Parnell Williams. They observed a party down the street. Richardson left the car and went

        into his house to take a shower and Bowman remained outside. After he got into the shower,

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     No. 1-13-3814

        he heard gunshots. He jumped out of the shower, ran down the stairs, and looked out the

        window. He saw Bowman trying to get into his car. Richardson also saw people running

        from the party and two people shooting at Bowman. Richardson yelled at Bowman, telling

        him to get out of the street. Then, the shooters started shooting at Richardson's house.

        Richardson ducked down and went back inside. He told his fiancée to take the kids upstairs

        and put them on the floor. A bullet hit the fence in front of his house. Richardson went back

        on to the porch and heard defendant say that Bowman was "going to die tonight." Richardson

        saw Bowman lying halfway in the street and halfway out of the street. A car then pulled up

        and Collier jumped out and tried to pull Bowman in but Collier was shot in the arm.

        Richardson testified that a shooter told Collier to let Bowman go because he was "dying

        tonight." Then, the car drove off. A third shooter came down the street shooting. One of the

        shooters' guns jammed, the shooter popped the clip out, put another one in, and shot two

        shots into Bowman. The shooters ran away and Richardson went down and dragged Bowman

        out of the street. The police arrived and then the paramedics arrived and transported Bowman

        to Christ Hospital. He died from his injuries on January 12, 2006.

¶9         Whiteside identified defendant in court. He testified that he planned the party with

        codefendant and defendant. At some point in the night, a fight broke out in front of the house.

        Codefendant's two sisters were fighting with someone who lived on the 7300 block of South

        Morgan Street. Whiteside further testified that codefendant "was shooting when he came out

        of the gate and then he ran over there and shot." Bowman then fell to the ground in the street

        between the cars and then defendant ran past and shot at him three or four times. After

        hearing the first gunshots, people were scattering from the party. Whiteside shot twice into

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       No. 1-13-3814

          the air to defend himself and ran to his car. Then, codefendant and defendant ran inside the

          house. Eventually, the police arrived but Whiteside did not stay to talk to them.

¶ 10         Rhonda Scott identified defendant in court. She testified that she was 12 years old on

          January 8, 2006. She went to the party with her sister and some friends. She had been at the

          party for a couple of hours when a fight broke out outside. She heard gunshots and dropped

          to the ground. When the first gunshots stopped, she left through the front door of the house.

          She ran towards the gangway to try to find her sister. As she was running, she saw

          codefendant running out of the gangway and shooting at a person. Eventually, she met up

          with her sister and a male friend in the street in front of the house. They ran to the car they

          arrived in and kneeled down beside the car. Scott saw a few people with guns, including

          Whiteside, whom she knew, reloading his gun. As she knelt beside the car, she heard more

          gun shots. Then, defendant approached them with a gun and asked her male friend "who he

          was with." The guy responded that "I'm not with them. I'm with you all" and got up and ran.

          Defendant shot at him approximately five times. Then Scott and her sister ran to a house and

          tried to get in, but no one answered, so they stayed on the porch until the police arrived.

¶ 11         At trial, Scott was wearing Department of Corrections clothing. She testified that she was

          arrested for failing to come to court to testify in this case. She had no other pending cases

          against her. On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Scott if she had asked for a lawyer

          when she was arrested and the assistant State's Attorney objected. The court sustained the

          objection. Defense counsel then asked Scott if she was told that her children could be taken

          away if she did not testify. The State objected arguing that there was no good faith basis for

          the defense's questions. The State also argued that the defense would not be able to prove up

          these assertions if it intended on impeaching Scott. The court agreed that without a witness to

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       No. 1-13-3814

          impeach Scott by testifying that she was coerced, there was no way for defense counsel to

          prove up this line of questioning. Despite this ruling, defense counsel asked Scott if anyone

          threatened her and she responded that she was not threatened.

¶ 12          Detective Anthony Powell testified that an initial investigation commenced soon after

          Bowman's death. Detective Powell further testified that he interviewed Scott in February

          2006. She was shown a photo array with codefendant and defendant. She identified

          codefendant as the person she saw shoot Bowman. She also identified defendant as the

          person who approached her group with a gun. This photo array was not preserved and, thus,

          was not available at trial. Detectives attempted to interview Scott again several times and

          bring her in for a physical lineup identification of codefendant; however, Scott was a minor

          and her mother would not allow her to speak to the detectives. Detective Powell also

          interviewed Collier in 2006. Collier was shown a photo array, which included defendant but

          did not include codefendant, and was not able to make an identification. This photo array was

          also not available at trial.

¶ 13          In early 2007 the case "went cold," which Detective Powell explained occurs when there

          are no leads or investigative facts after one year. The detectives decided to reopen the case in

          May 2007. On May 12, 2007, Collier was shown another photo array and he identified

          codefendant as a shooter from that array. He did not identify defendant. This photo array is

          missing and was not available at trial. After Collier identified codefendant, codefendant was

          arrested for the homicide and Collier identified him in a physical lineup. Richardson was

          shown a photo array on May 18, 2007, but he was unable to make an identification. This

          array was missing and was not available at trial. On May 19, 2007, Collier stopped

                                                     -7-
       No. 1-13-3814

          cooperating with the detectives and the case again "went cold" and was transferred to the

          cold case squad.

¶ 14         Detective Powell testified that the investigation was reopened by the cold case squad in

          2011. On August 3, 2011, Collier identified codefendant as the person who shot Bowman

          and who shot him in the forearm. Detective Oscar Arteaga testified that he spoke to

          Richardson on March 16, 2012. At that time, Richardson identified both codefendant and

          defendant as the individuals who shot Bowman. In April 2012, Detective Arteaga received

          information from an informant to speak to Butler and Detective Arteaga spoke to him on

          May 8, 2012. On June 19, 2012, codefendant was arrested for the murder. Thereafter, on

          August 27, 2012, defendant was arrested for the murder. Three days later, Whiteside was also

          arrested, however, he was subsequently cleared of the murder.

¶ 15         During cross-examination, defense counsel suggested that Detective Arteaga did not have

          more evidence regarding defendant's involvement with the murder in 2012 than he had in

          2006. The State objected. In a sidebar, the State argued that defense counsel's questioning

          opened the door for Detective Arteaga to testify about codefendant's confession, which

          provided more information to the detectives about defendant's role in the murder. The State

          argued:

                    "MR. DAVEY [Assistant State's Attorney]: Judge, Detective Arteaga also talked to

             Eddie Fenton —

                    THE COURT: Right.

                    MR. MORELY: Who confessed to this case.

                                                  ***

                    MR. MORELY: *** He is saying there is no more evidence, there is more evidence.

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       No. 1-13-3814

                 THE COURT: Absolutely. Completely opened by the Defense.

                                                  ***

                 THE COURT: Right now the jury thinks there's no other physical piece of evidence.

                                                  ***

                 THE COURT: Absolutely. Conducting a balancing test, the probative value, the jury

             is left right now with the idea that there's nothing else for this detective to charge Donnie

             Moore than what he knew back in 2006. And there's a big thing that came up later on

             down the line, Eddie Fenton's confession."

¶ 16         The court then directed the State not to present the substance of codefendant's confession,

          but allowed Detective Arteaga to testify, over defendant's objection, to the fact that

          codefendant made a statement to the police about the incident that led to the detectives'

          decision to arrest defendant. The State rested and defendant motioned to dismiss the

          indictment and, in the alternative, for a directed verdict. Defendant again argued that the case

          should be dismissed because his due process rights were violated by the missing photo

          arrays. He also argued that there should be a directed verdict because the State did not meet

          its burden of proving him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The court denied both motions.

          After admitting stipulated evidence into the record, the defense rested.

¶ 17         Prior to deliberations, the jury was admonished with Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions,

          Civil, No. 5.01 (2000), which provides:

                 "If a party to this case has failed [to offer evidence] *** within his power to produce,

             you may infer that the [evidence] *** would be adverse to that party if you believe each

             of the following elements:

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       No. 1-13-3814

                       1. The [evidence] *** was under the control of the party and could have been

                 produced by the exercise of reasonable diligence.

                       2. The [evidence] *** was not equally available to an adverse party.

                       3. A reasonably prudent person under the same or similar circumstances would

                 have [offered the evidence] *** if he believed [it to be] *** favorable to him.

                       4. No reasonable excuse for the failure has been shown."

¶ 18         The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder and attempted first degree murder

          and further found that a firearm was discharged in the commission of both offenses.

          Subsequently, defendant was sentenced to 50 years in prison for first degree murder with a

          25 year enhancement for using a firearm and 30 years for the attempted murder conviction

          with a 20 year enhancement for using a firearm, for a total of 125 years. Defendant filed a

          motion for a new trial contending that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a

          reasonable doubt, the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence, and that he

          was denied due process of law. The court denied the motion.

¶ 19                                            II. ANALYSIS

¶ 20                                         A. Motion to Dismiss

¶ 21                              1. Dismissal for Alleged Due Process Violation

¶ 22         Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss after the

          State failed to preserve identification evidence. Specifically, defendant argues that the lost

          photo arrays were essential and determinative of the case, and therefore the case must be

          dismissed. The State responds that the court did not err in denying the motion.

¶ 23          Initially, we note that a discovery violation can be analyzed under either the due process

          clauses of United States (U.S. Const., amends. V, XIV) and State Constitutions (Ill. Const.

                                                     - 10 -
       No. 1-13-3814

          1970, art. 1, § 2) or under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 415(g)(i) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971). People v.

          Stolberg, 2014 IL App (2d) 130963, ¶ 25. Here, defendant argues both that his right to due

          process was violated and that dismissal was the appropriate sanction. We first address the

          alleged due process violation. A decision to deny a motion to dismiss for an alleged due

          process violation resulting from a failure to preserve evidence is reviewed de novo. People v.

          Blaylock, 311 Ill. App. 3d 399, 404 (2000). Defendant relies on People v. Newberry, 166 Ill.
2d 310 (1995), to argue that the State's failure to preserve the photo arrays violated his due

          process rights. We find it helpful to review Newberry within its context in the development

          of case law regarding the State's obligation to preserve potentially exculpatory evidence.

¶ 24         The United States Supreme Court addressed this issue in California v. Trombetta, 467
U.S. 479 (1984). In that case, the defendants were suspected of driving under the influence of

          alcohol and breath samples were collected. Id. at 482. Subsequent to obtaining a blood

          alcohol level reading, the breath samples were destroyed. Id. at 482-83. The defendants were

          charged with driving under the influence and they moved to suppress the breath-analysis test

          results based on the State's failure to preserve the samples. Id. at 482. The United States

          Supreme Court ruled that due process was not violated because the police officers acted in

          good faith and in compliance with normal procedures. Id. at 488-89. The Court noted that the

          testing device had a high degree of accuracy and it was unlikely that further testing of the

          samples would have aided the defense. Id. at 489. The Court further explained that the

          defendants had alternative means of demonstrating their innocence. Id. at 490.

¶ 25        The United States Supreme Court provided further guidance in Arizona v. Youngblood,

          488 U.S. 51 (1988). In Youngblood, the defendant was convicted of child molestation, sexual

          assault, and kidnapping. Id. at 52. The defendant argued that, pursuant to Brady v. Maryland,

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       No. 1-13-3814

          373 U.S. 83 (1963), the State was required to preserve semen samples on clothing and make

          them available to the defendant. Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 55. The State had failed to preserve

          the samples, and the Arizona Court of Appeals reversed the conviction because of the

          missing evidence. Id. The United States Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals. Id. at

          57-59. In doing so, it reasoned that when the missing evidence is not inherently exculpatory

          but merely "could have been subjected to tests, the results of which might have exonerated

          the defendant," or is only "potentially useful," the defendant is required to show that the State

          acted in bad faith. Id. at 57-58. The Court further explained that it was unwilling to find that

          the due process clause imposes a duty on the police to preserve all evidence that "might be of

          conceivable evidentiary significance." Id. at 58.

¶ 26         In People v. Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d 310 (1995), our supreme court examined whether the

          failure to preserve cocaine was a due process violation. Id. at 314. In that case, the defendant

          was arrested and the police seized a substance from him that they thought was cocaine. Id. at

          311-12. The initial test came back negative, and consequently he was indicted for unlawfully

          possessing a look-alike substance with intent to distribute. Id. at 312. A later laboratory test

          returned positive results for cocaine. Id. Thereafter, the defendant was indicted with charges

          related to the possession of cocaine and the initial charges were nol-prossed. Id.          The

          defendant's attorney filed a discovery motion requesting, inter alia, to examine all tangible

          objects that were seized from the defendant. Id. However, due to a mistake at the police

          department, and with no bad faith, the substance had been destroyed. Id. at 313. The

          defendant alleged that the missing evidence was a due process violation and the supreme

          court agreed. Id. at 317. In ruling, the court distinguished both Trombetta and Youngblood.

          Id. at 314-17. The court noted that in contrast to Trombetta, the test results were not

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       No. 1-13-3814

          especially reliable. Id. at 316. Additionally, the court concluded that, unlike in Youngblood,

          the destroyed evidence was "essential to and determinative of the outcome." Id. at 315. The

          court found it significant that without being able to test the substance, the defendant lacked

          other means of demonstrating that he was not guilty. Id. at 316. The court also reasoned that

          because the defendant made a discovery request, the State was on notice that the evidence

          needed to be preserved. Id. at 317. Therefore, the defendant was not required to show that the

          State acted in bad faith in destroying the evidence. Id. The court held that his due process

          rights had been violated and that the charges must be dismissed. Id.

¶ 27         The United States Supreme Court revisited the issue in Illinois v. Fisher, 540 U.S. 544

          (2004), and clarified the due process analysis under the fourteenth amendment to the United

          States Constitution. In Fisher, the Illinois Appellate Court, following Newberry, dismissed

          the defendant's criminal charges because the police, acting in good faith, destroyed evidence

          that the defendant had requested 10 years earlier. Id. at 545. The United States Supreme

          Court expressly disagreed with the reasoning in Newberry. Id. at 546. The court emphasized

          that, "[w]e have never held or suggested that the existence of a pending discovery request

          eliminates the necessity of showing bad faith on the part of police." Id. at 548. The court

          further stressed that, "[w]e also disagree that Youngblood does not apply whenever the

          contested evidence provides a defendant's 'only hope for exoneration' and is 'essential to and

          determinative of the outcome of the case.' " Id. (quoting Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d at 315). The

          United States Supreme Court explained:

                  "the applicability of the bad-faith requirement in Youngblood depended not on the

             centrality of the contested evidence to the prosecution's case or the defendant's defense,

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       No. 1-13-3814

             but on the distinction between 'material exculpatory' evidence and 'potentially useful'

             evidence. [Citation.]" Id. at 549.

          The Court concluded that the evidence in that case was only potentially useful and not

          material and exculpatory. Id. The Court also found that the defendant had not made a

          showing of bad faith. Id. Because the defendant had not done so, the case was reversed and

          remanded. Id.

¶ 28        Our supreme court has not addressed whether Fisher's holding affects this court's due

          process analysis under the Illinois Constitution. Consequently, it is unclear whether Fisher or

          Newberry governs. See People v. Sutherland, 223 Ill. 2d 187, 240 (2006) (contemplating

          "whether the outcome-determinative analysis adopted in Newberry still has vitality in light of

          the Fisher opinion"). Although we do not have further guidance from our supreme court,

          subsequent to Fisher, the appellate court has rejected Newberry and followed Fisher. See

          People v. Kizer, 365 Ill. App. 3d 949, 960-61 (2006), People v. Voltaire, 406 Ill. App. 3d
179, 183 (2010), and People v. Stolberg, 2014 IL App (2d) 130963.

¶ 29         In Kizer, the court examined in depth the interplay of the federal access-to-evidence cases

          – Trombetta, Youngblood, and Fisher – with the Illinois case, Newberry. Kizer, 365 Ill. App.
3d at 956-961. The court concluded that Fisher superseded Newberry for four reasons: (1) In

          Newberry, the court made no distinction between the federal due process clause and the state

          due process clause; (2) In People v. Pecoraro, 175 Ill. 2d 294, 318 (1997), our supreme court

          declined to interpret the Illinois due process clause more broadly than the federal due process

          clause; (3) Fisher's purported purpose was to clarify Youngblood, a case which our court has

          repeatedly followed in assessing due process; and (4) People v. Caballes, 221 Ill. 2d 282, 313

          (2006), "reaffirmed [our supreme court's] commitment to the 'limited lockstep analysis.' "

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       No. 1-13-3814

          Kizer, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 961 (quoting Caballes, 221 Ill. 2d at 313)). Under that analysis, the

          court follows the United States Supreme Court’s interpretation of federal provisions when

          interpreting similar state provisions unless the defendant can point to "language in the

          constitution, or in the debates and the committee reports of the constitutional convention"

          [Citations.] (Internal quotation marks omitted.) or there are factors unique to Illinois such as

          a state standard or tradition that calls for a different meaning as demonstrated by long-

          standing case precedent. Id. The court noted that the defendant in that case did not point to

          any support for a departure from the United States Supreme Court’s reasoning. Id.

¶ 30         Subsequently, the reasoning in Kizer was followed by this court in Voltaire, 406 Ill. App.
3d at 183. The court stated, "[w]e agree with Kizer that, if confronted with the issue, [our]

          supreme court would follow Fisher. Newberry appears to be nothing more than an

          application of Trombetta and Youngblood, and the Supreme Court has now clarified that the

          application of those cases to this situation contradicts the holding in Newberry." Id. In

          Stolberg this court again noted that our supreme court has not clarified whether Fisher

          supersedes Newberry. People v. Stolberg, 2014 IL App (2d) 130963, ¶ 28. Ultimately,

          however, the court followed Kizer and Voltaire and applied the Fisher analysis. Id. ¶¶ 28-29.

¶ 31         We also find the reasoning in Kizer and Voltaire persuasive. Accordingly, we will analyze

          the facts of this case under the analysis set forth in Fisher. Here, the lost or destroyed

          evidence at issue are photo arrays from 2006 and 2007 shown to Scott, Collier, and

          Richardson. Although defendant could not have been convicted without identification

          evidence, in this case, defendant was identified by several witnesses and the conviction was

          not solely dependent on the identifications, or lack of identifications, made from these photo

          arrays. In addition to the 2006 photo array, Scott identified defendant in 2011 and in court at

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       No. 1-13-3814

              trial. Further, although Richardson did not make an identification from the 2007 photo array, 2

              he identified defendant in 2012 and again at trial. Further, Whiteside, who knew defendant

              well, identified defendant in 2012 as one of the shooters who shot Bowman, and the photo

              array he viewed was available at trial.

¶ 32              Defendant points out that the identifications made by Scott, Richardson and Whiteside in

              2011 and 2012 occurred approximately six years after the murder, and therefore he argues

              that they are unreliable. However, the determination of their reliability and the weight that

              they should be given are questions for the jury, and not for this court. Sutherland, 223 Ill. 2d

              at 217. In light of the other identifications, the photo arrays' availability, without more, would

              not exonerate defendant. We agree with defendant that if the 2006 array shown to Scott was

              available he may have been able to challenge the array based on who it included. However it

              is just as probable, if not more probable, that the array would corroborate Scott's

              identification and actually inculpate, not exculpate defendant. We also agree that if the 2007

              array shown to Richardson included defendant it could have been useful to challenge his

              testimony. However, if the array did not include him, it would have had little value. We note

              that Collier never identified defendant from the arrays he was shown in 2006 and 2007 or at

              trial. He testified, however, that he only saw one of the shooters' faces and it was

              codefendant's. Therefore, the photo arrays are only potentially useful and not material and

              exculpatory. Consequently, defendant was required to show that the State acted in bad faith

              in failing to preserve the photo arrays. There is no evidence to suggest that the State acted in

              bad faith and defendant concedes this issue. Accordingly, we do not find a due process

              violation in this case.

       2
           Because this array was lost or destroyed, it is unknown if defendant was included in that array.
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       No. 1-13-3814

¶ 33         We note that defendant's argument would fail even if Newberry controlled. As discussed

          above, if the photo arrays were available, they would not be sufficient to determine the

          outcome of this case. The photo arrays were not essential to the State's prosecution or

          defendant's defense. Notably, defendant had other means to defend himself, including cross-

          examining the witnesses, arguing that the jury should draw a negative inference from the fact

          that the photo arrays were missing, and highlighting the length of time between the murder

          and the other identifications.

¶ 34                               2. Dismissal for Alleged Discovery Violation

¶ 35         Defendant makes the additional argument that the indictment should have been dismissed

          as a discovery violation pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 415(g)(i) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971).

          A defendant does not need to make a showing of bad faith for the court to dismiss the

          indictment as a sanction. People v. Kladis, 403 Ill. App. 3d 99, 105 (2010). Rather, a

          defendant is only required to show that " 'a party has failed to comply with an applicable

          discovery rule or an order issued pursuant thereto.' " Id. (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 415(g)(i) (eff.

          Oct. 1, 1971)). We review the decision not to impose sanctions for an abuse of discretion.

          People v. Kladis, 2011 IL 110920, ¶ 23. A court abuses its discretion when its decision is "

          'fanciful, arbitrary, or unreasonable to the degree that no reasonable person would agree with

          it.' " Id. (quoting People v. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d 354, 359 (2004)).

¶ 36        Here, defendant argued in his motion for sanctions, that the charges should be dismissed

          because he was unable to defend himself without being able to challenge the accuracy of the

          missing photo arrays. The court concluded that the arrays were missing due to no fault of the

          State and that it was not necessary to impose a sanction. The court stated that the loss of the

          photos:

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       No. 1-13-3814

                   "does not warrant a dismissal of the indictment. By the same token, it does not

             warrant a jury instruction that allows the State to infer that [defendant's] photo was in the

             array. *** But the Defense is entitled to the standard instruction relating to lost evidence

             in the care and custody of the police department allowing a negative inference to be

             drawn from the missing evidence and the opportunity for the Defense to argue that any

             reasonable inference that can be drawn from the missing evidence. So I'm not really

             imposing a sanction."

¶ 37       Our review of the record reveals that the court considered defendant’s argument and

          determined that a sanction was not appropriate in this case. We note that each of the

          witnesses who were shown the subsequently missing arrays testified at trial and were subject

          to cross-examination. Further, the court allowed "the Defense wide latitude to argue any

          reasonable inference to be drawn from [the] fact" that the photos were not available.

          Defendant pursued that argument and emphasized to the jury that the photo arrays were

          missing and that subsequent identifications occurred approximately six years after the

          murder. In addition, prior to deliberations, the court admonished the jury that it may infer that

          missing evidence that was within a party's power to produce would have been adverse to that

          party.

¶ 38         As discussed above, the arrays were only potentially useful and there is no evidence that

          the photos were missing due to bad faith. The case went cold twice because witnesses refused

          to cooperate and, therefore, the detectives were working from a file that was approximately

          six years old. Under these circumstances, we find the court's decision not to impose a

          sanction but to instead admonish the jury that it was permitted to make a negative inference

          was reasonable and not an abuse of discretion.

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       No. 1-13-3814

¶ 39                                         a. Photo Array Testimony

¶ 40         Defendant similarly contends that the court erred in refusing to bar testimony of the

          missing photo arrays. The State argues that the court did not abuse its discretion in allowing

          this testimony because it was within the court's discretion to not issue a sanction. The State

          further argues that "the sanction of excluding certain testimony or evidence is disfavored

          because it does not contribute to the goal of truth-seeking [citation] and is appropriate in only

          the most extreme situations [citations]." People v. Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d 565, 572-73

          (2003). Furthermore, the State maintains that the court’s admonishment to the jury was an

          appropriate measure to ensure that there was no prejudice to defendant.

¶ 41         Defendant relies on Kladis to support his proposition that testimony of the missing photo

          arrays should have been barred. 2011 IL 110920. In Kladis, the trial court sanctioned the

          State for missing video evidence of a traffic stop by prohibiting the State from presenting any

          testimony of the events that would have been depicted in the video. Id. ¶ 9. On appeal, the

          supreme court initially determined that the video evidence was discoverable in misdemeanor

          DUI cases. Id. ¶ 29. It then applied the abuse of discretion standard to the lower court's

          sanction and concluded that barring testimony of what was depicted in the video was not an

          abuse of discretion in that case. Id. ¶ 39. Thus, Kladis does not stand for the proposition that

          testimony must be barred whenever there is a discovery violation that results in missing

          evidence. Instead, it is clear that the trial court has discretion over the appropriate sanction to

          impose. Here, the court explicitly chose not to impose a sanction. Given the facts of this case,

          as discussed above, we do not find that the decision not to impose a sanction was an abuse of

          discretion.

¶ 42                       b. Admission of Evidence from Codefendant's Confession

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       No. 1-13-3814

¶ 43         Defendant next contends that the court erred in allowing Detective Arteaga to testify to

          the statements codefendant gave to police. Specifically, defendant asserts that this testimony

          was inadmissible hearsay and violated his sixth amendment right to confrontation (U.S.

          Const., amend. VI) under Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968). Initially, the State

          responds that defendant forfeited this argument because he did not raise it with the required

          specificity in his amended motion for a new trial.

¶ 44         Generally, an alleged error must be raised at trial and in a written posttrial motion to be

          preserved for appellate review. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). However, our

          supreme court recently held that there are three exceptions to forfeiture: "(1) constitutional

          issues that were properly raised at trial and may be raised later in a postconviction petition;

          (2) challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence; and (3) plain errors." People v. Cregan,

          2014 IL 113600, ¶ 16 (citing Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 190). The supreme court reasoned that

          constitutional issues are exempt from forfeiture when they have been raised at trial but

          omitted from a posttrial motion because if these issues are not addressed on direct appeal,

          they can be raised in a postconviction petition. Id. ¶ 18. Thus, allowing review of these

          arguments on appeal when they would otherwise be forfeited promotes judicial economy. Id.

          Here, although defendant objected at trial that testimony regarding codefendant’s confession

          violated his sixth amendment right to confrontation, this alleged error was not raised in his

          amended motion for a new trial. However, because this issue raises constitutional concerns, it

          could be raised in a postconviction petition. Thus, the constitutional issue exception applies

          and review of the issue is not forfeited.

¶ 45         Nonetheless, it is apparent from our review of the record that the court did not err in

          allowing testimony of codefendant’s confession. Evidentiary rulings are within the trial

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       No. 1-13-3814

          court’s sound discretion and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. People v.

          Maldonado, 402 Ill. App. 3d 411, 416 (2010). Normally, when a codefendant is not available

          for cross-examination at trial, the codefendant’s confession that inculpates the defendant

          cannot be introduced as substantive evidence. Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 125

          (1968). The police are permitted, however, to testify to their investigatory process, and can

          refer to statements made by a codefendant so long as the officer does not testify to the

          content of the statement. People v. Jones, 153 Ill. 2d 155, 159-61 (1992); People v. Sample,

          326 Ill. App. 3d 914, 920-21 (2001). Such evidence is not offered for the truth of the matter

          asserted against the defendant, but rather, it is offered to show the steps taken that led to

          defendant’s arrest. Sample, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 920-21; People v. Henderson, 142 Ill. 2d 258,

          304 (1990). Otherwise the jury may be left "with the impression that this investigation fell

          out of thin air." People v. Trice, 217 Ill. App. 3d 967, 977 (1991). The testimony is

          admissible even if a logical inference could be drawn that the substance of the codefendant’s

          statement motivated the officer to arrest the defendant. People v. Gacho, 122 Ill. 2d 221, 248-

          49 (1988).

¶ 46         Here, the State and the court took significant precautions to not introduce substantive

          evidence from codefendant's confession. Notably, there was no reference to codefendant's

          confession until defense counsel opened the door on cross-examination of Detective Arteaga.

          Defense counsel's questioning suggested that the detectives had no more reason to arrest

          defendant in 2012 than in 2006, when in fact, codefendant's confession provided them with

          more information regarding defendant's involvement in the murder. The State objected to the

          implication created by this questioning and, in a sidebar, the court agreed. It allowed the

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       No. 1-13-3814

          State to question Detective Arteaga about the statement the detectives received from

          codefendant, which led their investigation to the arrest of defendant.

¶ 47         Furthermore, we find the case cited by defendant, People v. Cruz, 121 Ill. 2d 321 (1988),

          readily distinguishable from this case. In Cruz, the defendant and the codefendants were tried

          jointly. Id. at 331. The codefendants' statements were introduced at trial with portions

          redacted. Id. Thus, although the statements did not expressly name the defendant, the content

          of the statements was admitted. Id. The court held that "the nature of these redactions in the

          context of the joint trial and the testimony linking [the defendant] with [the codefendant]

          rendered it impossible for the jury to conclude that the persons to whom Hernandez referred

          were anyone other than the two men seated next to him in the courtroom." Id. In addition, the

          prosecutor exacerbated this error by encouraging the jury in closing argument to consider the

          codefendants' admissions against the other defendants. Id. at 332-33. Thus, the court found

          that the admission of the statements was error. Id. at 333. By contrast, here, defendant and

          codefendant were not tried jointly and none of the substance of codefendant's statement was

          admitted. Rather, Detective Arteaga merely referenced that codefendant had made a

          statement and that subsequently the detectives arrested defendant. In fact, the record indicates

          that the prosecutor and the court took steps to ensure that the substance of codefendant's

          statement was not introduced. Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion in allowing

          this testimony.

¶ 48                               c. Testimony of Witness's Alleged Coercion

¶ 49         Defendant additionally contends that his sixth amendment right to confrontation was

          violated when the court did not allow defense counsel to question Scott about whether she

          was coerced by the State to testify. The State again asserts that this argument is forfeited

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       No. 1-13-3814

          because it was not included in the amended motion for a new trial. As noted above, a claim

          alleging that a defendant's sixth amendment right to confrontation was violated is a

          constitutional issue and is not forfeited on review. People v. Cregan, 2014 IL 113600, ¶ 18.

          The State further argues that the court properly limited questioning of Scott on the alleged

          coercion because defendant had no evidence to prove up a good faith basis that Scott had in

          fact been coerced by the State.

¶ 50         A defendant has a sixth amendment right to confront adverse witnesses through cross-

          examination. People v. Collins, 366 Ill. App. 3d 885, 892 (2006). This right includes

          questioning a witness regarding potential biases, prejudices, motives, or interests. Id.

          However, the trial court has discretion to reasonably limit cross-examination. People v. Tabb,

          374 Ill. App. 3d 680, 689 (2007). "[U]nless the defendant can show his or her inquiry is not

          based on a remote or uncertain theory, a court's ruling limiting the scope of examination will

          be affirmed." Id. (citing People v. Phillips, 186 Ill. App. 3d 668, 678 (1989)). When a line of

          questioning is objected to, the defendant must make an offer of proof to convince the trial

          court to allow the testimony or establish that the proposed evidence goes to bias or motive to

          testify falsely. Id. Evidence based on speculation or conjecture is not sufficient. Id.

¶ 51         Here, defense counsel conceded at trial that if Scott answered that she was coerced, he

          did not have a witness or other evidence to present that would impeach her. There was no

          corroborating evidence to suggest that defense counsel's inquiries had any validity.

          Moreover, we note that defendant was not prejudiced by the court limiting Scott's cross-

          examination. Despite the fact that the court sustained the State's objections on this matter,

          defense counsel was able to successfully ask questions regarding whether Scott was

          threatened and she answered that she was not. Additionally, defense counsel was permitted to

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       No. 1-13-3814

          ask Scott about the fact that she was not testifying voluntarily and draw the jury's attention to

          the fact that she was wearing a Department of Corrections outfit because she had been

          arrested for contempt. Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting

          defendant from asking Scott about alleged coercion.

¶ 52                                    d. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 53         Finally, defendant contends that the evidence presented at trial was not sufficient to prove

          him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Initially, the State points out that defendant's argument

          is short on analysis and authority and argues that it is insufficient to sustain a claim on

          appeal. We agree that the support for this argument is lacking, however, as sufficiency of the

          evidence is an exception to the forfeiture rule, we will reach the issue. See People v. Cregan,

          2014 IL 113600, ¶ 18. The State further maintains that there was sufficient evidence,

          especially when viewed in the light most favorable to the People, to establish defendant's

          guilt. The State urges that it is the jury's role, not the court's, to determine the credibility of

          witnesses and the weight of evidence.

¶ 54         In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, it is not the function of the

          appellate court to retry the defendant. People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985). Rather,

          the relevant inquiry is "whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

          prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

          beyond a reasonable doubt." (Emphasis in original.) People v. Jordan, 218 Ill. 2d 255, 269-

          70 (2006) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). It is the responsibility of

          the trier of fact to determine the credibility of witnesses and the weight to give their

          testimony, resolve any conflicts and inconsistencies in the evidence, and draw reasonable

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       No. 1-13-3814

          inferences from the record. Sutherland, 223 Ill. 2d at 217. We will not substitute our

          judgment for that of the trier of fact. Id.

¶ 55          Defendant contends that the evidence to convict him was insufficient because only two

          eyewitnesses actually testified that they saw him shoot Bowman. However, a single credible

          eyewitness is sufficient for a conviction. People v. Herron, 2012 IL App (1st) 090663, ¶ 23.

          Here, the jury must have found at least one of the State's witnesses credible because it found

          defendant guilty, and we will not reweigh the jury's credibility determination. Further,

          Whiteside and Richardson's testimony was corroborated by Scott, Butler, and Collier. Scott

          testified that she saw defendant with a gun and Butler and Collier testified generally to the

          events that occurred that night, which established that there were two shooters and placed

          defendant at the scene with a gun. Defendant points to inconsistencies in the witnesses'

          testimony to assert that he could not be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. However,

          this court has held that "[m]inor inconsistencies in testimony do not, by themselves, create a

          reasonable doubt." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Wesley, 382 Ill. App. 3d
588, 592 (2008).

¶ 56          Defendant makes the additional argument that the evidence against him was insufficient

          because the State did not present any physical evidence linking him to the crime. However,

          because a single credible witness is sufficient for conviction, it follows that that the State was

          not required to present corroborating physical evidence under these circumstances. People v.

          Herron, 2012 IL App (1st) 090663, ¶ 23. Accordingly, we cannot say that no rational trier of

          fact could have found defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 57                                          III. CONCLUSION

¶ 58          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

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       No. 1-13-3814

¶ 59         Affirmed.

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