Court Opinion

ID: 1085757
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-17 22:04:09.855356+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:30:22.785536
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court

             People v. $174,980 United States Currency, 2013 IL App (1st) 122480

Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                    $174,980 UNITED STATES CURRENCY, Defendant (Ermir Spahiu,
                           Claimant-Appellant).

District & No.             First District, First Division
                           Docket No. 1-12-2480

Rule 23 Order filed        July 22, 2013
Rule 23 Order
withdrawn                  August 21, 2013
Opinion filed              August 26, 2013

Held                       Summary judgment was properly entered for the State in forfeiture
(Note: This syllabus       proceedings based on the trial court’s finding that there was probable
constitutes no part of     cause that a nexus existed between the currency seized from claimant and
the opinion of the court   illegal drug activity, since the observed activities of claimant and three
but has been prepared      other men were consistent with narcotics trafficking, claimant exchanged
by the Reporter of         bags with men known to be involved in drug trafficking, one bag
Decisions for the          contained currency packaged in a manner consistent with drug trafficking,
convenience of the         a canine alert indicated that the currency had a residual odor of narcotics,
reader.)
                           a similar amount of currency previously had been seized from claimant
                           as drug proceeds, and claimant refused to respond to the State’s discovery
                           requests.

Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-COFO-586; the
Review                     Hon. James A. Zafiratos, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                 Pfeifer & Pfeifer, of Evanston (George S. Pfeifer and Jeremy T. Pfeifer,
Appeal                     of counsel), for appellant.

                           Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, Joan
                           F. Frazier, and Ramune Rita Kelecius, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                           counsel), for the People.

Panel                      JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court, with
                           opinion.
                           Presiding Justice Hoffman and Justice Delort concurred in the judgment
                           and opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1          The State initiated civil forfeiture proceedings against $174,980 in United States currency
        (the currency), after the money was discovered in a vehicle driven by claimant-appellant, Mr.
        Ermir Spahiu. Claimant filed an answer to the complaint in which he claimed ownership of
        the currency. However, claimant was thereafter barred from testifying or presenting evidence
        at trial as a discovery sanction, after he invoked his constitutional right against self-
        incrimination and refused to substantively respond to the State’s discovery requests. The
        circuit court ultimately granted the State’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the
        State had established probable cause that a nexus existed between the currency and illegal
        drug activity. Claimant has appealed, and we affirm.

¶2                                        I. BACKGROUND
¶3         On September 13, 2011, the State filed a civil complaint for the forfeiture of the currency,
        pursuant to the relevant forfeiture provisions of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act (720
        ILCS 570/505(a)(5) (West 2010)), the Cannabis Control Act (720 ILCS 550/12(a)(5) (West
        2010)), and/or the Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act (720 ILCS
        646/85(a)(5) (West 2010)) (collectively, the Drug Control Acts), as well as the judicial in
        rem forfeiture procedures contained in the Drug Asset Forfeiture Procedure Act (Forfeiture
        Act) (725 ILCS 150/9 (West 2010)). The State’s complaint asserted that the currency was
        subject to forfeiture because there was probable cause to believe that there was a nexus
        between the currency and a violation of one or more of the Drug Control Acts.
¶4         In support of this assertion, the State’s complaint alleged that on June 11, 2011, Rolling
        Meadows police officers were conducting surveillance in Schaumburg, Illinois. In the

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     parking lot of a restaurant, the officers observed a meeting among: (1) claimant, driving a
     blue Dodge Intrepid; (2) Mr. Krenar Vasha, driving a black Chevrolet Tahoe; (3) Mr. Ajaz
     Sulejani, driving a silver Mercedez-Benz; and (4) a fourth, unidentified male who arrived
     with Mr. Vasha. The unidentified male entered the Intrepid and retrieved a white plastic
     shopping bag and placed it into the rear seat of the Tahoe. Claimant was then observed
     retrieving a “weighted bulky [canvas] bag” from the Mercedes-Benz and placing it into the
     rear of the Intrepid. When claimant began to drive away, he was stopped by Mr. Vasha, who
     then opened the rear door of the Intrepid and appeared to examine the canvas bag. Shortly
     thereafter, claimant left the parking lot in the Intrepid, followed by Mr. Sulejani in the
     Mercedes-Benz.
¶5        Based upon the officers’ training and experience, they believed that a narcotics
     transaction had just taken place. The officers, therefore, stopped the Intrepid in Elgin,
     Illinois. As the officers were making the traffic stop of the Intrepid, Mr. Sulejani sped away
     in the Mercedes-Benz. After identifying claimant as the driver of the Intrepid, the officers
     found that the canvas bag contained a large amount of United States currency that had been
     heat-sealed in three separate clear, plastic bags. Based again upon the officers’ training and
     experience, the currency was packaged in a manner typically used by narcotics traffickers to
     transfer cash. The currency was subsequently counted, and totaled $174,980.
¶6        After returning to the police station, the currency was hidden, and a canine trained in the
     detection of cannabis and other controlled substances began a systematic search. The canine
     gave a positive alert when it came upon the currency, which was an indication that the
     currency had a positive residual odor of narcotics. Further investigation revealed that
     claimant had been previously stopped by law enforcement officials in Colorado, at which
     time $189,000 in United States currency was seized as drug proceeds. Additional
     investigation revealed that Mr. Vasha and Mr. Sulejani were high-ranking members of
     cannabis trafficking organizations in, respectively, Detroit and Chicago.
¶7        The State’s complaint concluded by asserting that “[b]ased upon the training and
     experience of the Rolling Meadows police officers, the positive dog sniff, the unusual
     packaging of the currency, and the above stated facts,” there was probable cause to believe
     that: (1) there was a nexus between the currency and a violation of one or more of the Drug
     Control Acts; (2) the currency was furnished or intended to be furnished in exchange for a
     controlled substance, in violation of one or more of the Drug Control Acts; and/or (3) the
     currency represented proceeds from transactions in violation of one or more of the Drug
     Control Acts. The complaint, therefore, asked that the currency be declared forfeited pursuant
     to the Forfeiture Act, the rights of anyone claiming an interest in the currency be terminated,
     and the currency be released to the Illinois State Police for proper distribution.
¶8        On November 28, 2011, counsel for claimant filed an appearance and an answer to the
     State’s complaint in the form of a signed, verified claim in which claimant sought to “claim
     his interest” in the currency. Therein, claimant asserted that he was the owner of the currency
     and sought its return. However, invoking the fifth amendment to the United States
     Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. V), claimant asserted a right to refuse to provide any
     information with respect to the date upon which he acquired the currency, the circumstances

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       under which the currency was acquired, or the identity of the transferor of the currency.1
       Rather, claimant’s verified claim asserted that the currency was not subject to forfeiture
       because there was no probable cause for the seizure and there was “[n]o nexus to
       contraband/no possession of contraband.”
¶9         The record reflects that the State thereafter served claimant with interrogatories and a
       request to produce documents. Claimant repeatedly refused to substantively respond to the
       State’s discovery requests, even in the face of an order granting the State’s motion to compel.
       Rather, the claimant repeatedly asserted a “right to refuse to answer based upon the 5th
       Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.” In light of claimant’s refusals to respond, the circuit
       court granted the State’s motion for discovery sanctions. The circuit court specifically
       ordered that claimant would be barred from testifying or presenting any evidence at trial,
       although his answer would not be stricken and he would be permitted to cross-examine the
       State’s witnesses.
¶ 10       On March 28, 2012, the State filed a motion for summary judgment, which was
       supported by the following attachments: (1) an affidavit from Officer Mike A. Schoop of the
       Rolling Meadows police department; (2) photos of the seized currency; (3) claimant’s
       verified answer and his responses to the State’s discovery requests; and (4) a copy of the
       circuit court’s order granting the motion for discovery sanctions.
¶ 11       Officer Schoop generally averred in his affidavit that, if called as a witness, he would
       testify to facts consistent with the allegations contained in the State’s complaint. In addition,
       Officer Schoop would also testify that: (1) he had been a police officer since 2001, had
       received specific training in narcotics investigations, and had conducted hundreds of
       narcotics-related investigations; (2) his training and experience had taught him that drug
       traffickers often travel in separate vehicles and in tandem to provide security and hinder
       surveillance; and (3) drug traffickers heat-seal packages of narcotics or currency to prevent
       their discovery by drug-sniffing canines. Finally, Officer Schoop averred that, in light of all
       of his observations and training, “the packaging and delivery of the currency is consistent
       with evidence of narcotics trafficking.”
¶ 12       In the summary judgment motion itself, the State asserted that the totality of the facts
       presented, along with the adverse inference that could be drawn from claimant’s invocation
       of his fifth amendment rights, established that there was probable cause to believe a nexus
       existed between the currency and violations of one or more of the Drug Control Acts. The
       State further contended that no genuine issue of material fact existed with respect to this or
       any other issue. In his response, claimant acknowledged that “[t]he basic facts are not in
       dispute.” Nevertheless, claimant asserted that summary judgment in favor of the State was
       not warranted because, other than the positive dog sniff–which claimant asserted was
       insufficient on its own–“there was no other evidence present to support a nexus between the
       cash seized and drug activity.” Claimant’s response did not include any argument that the
       State did not have probable cause to initially seize the currency.

               1
                The Forfeiture Act requires such information to be included in any verified answer to a
       forfeiture complaint. 725 ILCS 150/9(D)(iv) (West 2010).

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¶ 13        The circuit court ultimately issued an eight-page written order. Therein, the circuit court
       first noted that the facts presented by the State were not in dispute and that claimant was
       barred from presenting any further evidence. The circuit court then noted that the relevant
       standard under which to evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence of probable cause was the
       “totality of the circumstances.” The circuit court, therefore, disagreed with claimant that the
       only important and relevant piece of evidence in this matter was the dog sniff. Rather, the
       circuit court concluded that “[t]aken together, the positive drug sniff, the amount of money
       seized, the packaging of the money in a manner used to avoid detection, the adverse
       inference from Claimant’s silence, the observations of the officers at the scene, the activities
       of Claimant prior to the traffic stop, the exchanging of bags with known drug traffickers, are
       sufficient to support a reasonable belief that there exists a nexus between the currency and
       illegal drug activity.” The State’s motion for summary judgment was, therefore, granted.
       Thereafter, claimant’s motion to reconsider was denied and a judgment of forfeiture was
       entered. Claimant has now appealed.

¶ 14                                      II. ANALYSIS
¶ 15       On appeal, claimant does not raise any challenge to the circuit court’s imposition of
       discovery sanctions, nor does he contend that the State lacked probable cause to initially
       seize the currency. Rather, claimant contends that the circuit court improperly entered
       summary judgment after finding that the State had met its burden to establish probable cause
       that a nexus existed between the currency and illegal drug activity. For the following reasons,
       we reject the arguments raised by claimant on appeal and affirm the circuit court’s entry of
       summary judgment for the State.

¶ 16                                  A. Standard of Review
¶ 17       Summary judgment is appropriate only where the pleadings, depositions, admissions and
       affidavits show that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the moving party is
       entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2010). Although a
       drastic means of disposing of litigation, summary judgment is nevertheless an appropriate
       measure to expeditiously dispose of a suit when the moving party’s right to the judgment is
       clear and free from doubt. Gaston v. City of Danville, 393 Ill. App. 3d 591, 601 (2009).
¶ 18       The court ruling on a motion for summary judgment must examine the evidentiary matter
       in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party (Pavlik v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 323 Ill.
       App. 3d 1060, 1063 (2001)), and construe the evidence strictly against the movant and
       liberally in favor of the nonmovant (Espinoza v. Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co., 165 Ill. 2d
107, 113 (1995)). Nevertheless, facts “ ‘contained in an affidavit in support of a motion for
       summary judgment which are not contradicted by counteraffidavit are admitted and must be
       taken as true for purposes of the motion.’ ” Village of Arlington Heights v. Anderson, 2011
       IL App (1st) 110748, ¶ 14 (quoting Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 241 (1986)). When
       reviewing an order granting summary judgment, “we conduct a de novo review of the
       evidence in the record.” Espinoza, 165 Ill. 2d at 113.

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¶ 19                                      B. The Forfeiture Act
¶ 20       “The Illinois General Assembly passed the Forfeiture Act to establish uniform procedures
       for the seizure and forfeiture of drug-related assets.” People v. $280,020 United States
       Currency, 372 Ill. App. 3d 785, 791 (2007). As such, its provisions are “applicable to all
       property forfeitable under the Illinois Controlled Substances Act, the Cannabis Control Act,
       the Illinois Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or the Methamphetamine Control and Community
       Protection Act.” 725 ILCS 150/3 (West 2010). The three Drug Control Acts relied upon by
       the State each provide that the following are subject to forfeiture: (1) everything of value
       furnished, or intended to be furnished, in exchange for a substance in violation of those Drug
       Control Acts; (2) all proceeds traceable to such an exchange; and (3) all moneys, negotiable
       instruments, and securities used, or intended to be used, to commit or in any manner to
       facilitate any violation of those Drug Control Acts. 720 ILCS 570/505(a)(5) (West 2010);
       720 ILCS 550/12(a)(5) (West 2010); 720 ILCS 646/85(a)(5) (West 2010). The Forfeiture Act
       itself is based upon the federal narcotics forfeiture statute, and specifically incorporates
       relevant federal case law. 725 ILCS 150/2 (West 2010).
¶ 21       Where the State has seized real property or, as is the case here, non-real property that
       exceeds $20,000 in value, the Forfeiture Act mandates that a civil, in rem judicial proceeding
       be initiated. 725 ILCS 150/9 (West 2010). “The State brings the action against seized
       property pursuant to the legal fiction that the property itself is guilty of facilitating a crime.”
       People v. Parcel of Property Commonly Known as 1945 North 31st Street, Decatur, Macon
       County, Illinois, 217 Ill. 2d 481, 497 (2005). With respect to such in rem proceedings, the
       Forfeiture Act provides:
           “The State’s Attorney initiates the action by filing a verified complaint for forfeiture.
           [Citation.] Only an owner or interest holder may file an answer asserting a claim against
           the property. [Citation.] The answer must contain certain information, including the
           circumstances surrounding the claimant’s acquisition of the property.” Id. at 497-98.
¶ 22       Furthermore, civil hearings under the Forfeiture Act follow a two-step process. 725 ILCS
       150/9 (West 2010). In the first step, “the State has the initial burden of showing the existence
       of probable cause for forfeiture of the property.” 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 498;
       725 ILCS 150/9(B), (G) (West 2010). To satisfy this probable cause requirement, the State
       must allege and prove “facts providing reasonable grounds for the belief that there exists a
       nexus between the property and illegal drug activity, supported by less than prima facie proof
       but more than mere suspicion. [Citation.] Probable cause in this context requires only a
       probability or substantial chance of the nexus and not an actual showing.” 1945 North 31st
       Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 505. In addition, the State’s evidence “need not exclude other plausible
       hypotheses” as to the source of seized property. Id.
¶ 23       Ultimately, “ ‘it is the totality of the circumstances, not a minute parsing of each item of
       information, that leads to a finding of probable cause.’ ” Id. (quoting United States v. One
       1987 Mercedes 560 SEL, 919 F.2d 327, 331 (5th Cir. 1990)). At this first stage of the in rem
       proceedings, “the court must receive and consider, among other things, all relevant hearsay
       evidence and information.” 725 ILCS 150/9(B) (West 2010). Summary judgment in favor
       of the State is appropriate at the first stage where the uncontradicted affidavits supporting

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       such a motion establish probable cause and a claimant has been barred from presenting any
       additional evidence. See People v. 1515 Coolidge Avenue, 308 Ill. App. 3d 805, 812-13
       (1999).
¶ 24       If the State shows probable cause, the matter proceeds to the second step, where the
       burden shifts to the claimant to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the claimant’s
       interest in the property is not subject to forfeiture. 725 ILCS 150/9(G) (West 2010). “A
       claimant may satisfy this burden by establishing one of the innocent-owner defenses provided
       in section 8 of the Forfeiture Act.” 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 498; 725 ILCS 150/8
       (West 2010). However, “[i]f the State does show existence of probable cause and the
       claimant does not establish by a preponderance of evidence that the claimant has an interest
       that is exempt under Section 8 of this Act, the court shall order all property forfeited to the
       State.” 725 ILCS 150/9(H) (West 2010). At this stage of the proceedings, “[t]he laws of
       evidence relating to civil actions shall apply.” 725 ILCS 150/9(B) (West 2010).

¶ 25                                     C. Discussion
¶ 26      Before we turn to the ultimate propriety of the circuit court’s order granting summary
       judgment in favor of the State, we first address and reject a number of specific, individual
       arguments and assertions made by claimant on appeal.

¶ 27                           1. Specific Arguments and Assertions
¶ 28       We initially note that claimant’s appellate briefs contain incorrect assertions as to the
       nature of both the State’s burden regarding probable cause and the circuit court’s ruling on
       the State’s motion for summary judgment.
¶ 29       For example, claimant asserts that summary judgment was improper because there were
       issues of material fact as to “whether the State had demonstrated a nexus between the seized
       property and drug activity” and that the State failed to “meet its burden of showing a nexus.”
       As discussed above, however, to establish probable cause the State only had the burden of
       providing reasonable grounds for the belief that a nexus between the property and illegal drug
       activity existed, and this burden can be met without showing that such a nexus actually
       existed. 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 505.
¶ 30       Similarly, claimant contends that the circuit court improperly viewed the evidence in the
       light most favorable to the State because the fact that the bag exchanged for the currency
       contained narcotics was only one possible inference, and the bag may actually have contained
       “stolen merchandise, jewels, trade secrets, or other non-narcotics.” We reject this contention
       because, while the evidence must be construed in the light most favorable to claimant at the
       summary judgment stage, it must be reiterated that the State was not required to actually
       prove–nor was the circuit court required to find–that the bag exchanged for the currency
       actually contained narcotics. Id.
¶ 31       Indeed, the underlying probable cause standard provides that the State’s evidence “need
       not exclude other plausible hypotheses” and, thus, the State only had to demonstrate a
       “probability or substantial chance” that the bag exchanged for the currency contained

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       narcotics. Id. Resolving this matter via summary judgment does not alter this underlying
       standard, and the actual content of the bag exchanged for the currency was, therefore, not a
       “material fact” for purposes of establishing probable cause in this matter. See 735 ILCS 5/2-
       1005(c) (West 2010). Thus, summary judgment in favor of the State may be entered without
       making any assumption or inference that the bag exchanged for the currency actually
       contained narcotics.
¶ 32        Additionally, claimant contends that it is improper to rely upon the adverse inference that
       arises due to his invocation of his fifth amendment privilege and his refusal to answer the
       State’s discovery requests. To be clear, claimant does not take issue with the fact that such
       an adverse inference can typically be drawn. See People v. $1,124,905 U.S. Currency & One
       1988 Chevrolet Astro Van, 177 Ill. 2d 314, 332 (1997) (“It is ‘the prevailing rule that the
       Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties in civil actions when
       they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence offered against them.’ ” (quoting
       Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 (1976))). Instead, claimant contends that such a
       adverse inference should not be considered at the summary judgment stage when considering
       whether the State had met its burden to establish probable cause for the forfeiture of the
       currency. We disagree.
¶ 33        We first find that claimant’s argument on this point improperly relies upon the decision
       in People v. $52,204.00 United States Currency, 252 Ill. App. 3d 778 (1993). In that case,
       the appellate court reasoned as follows in the course of reviewing the circuit court’s civil
       forfeiture of currency following a hearing at which claimant testified:
                “Here, the trial court found the claimant’s testimony was not credible. This
            conclusion is supported by the record and will not be disturbed on review. Therefore, as
            the trial court did not believe his testimony, the claimant could not have met his burden
            of showing that the property was not subject to forfeiture. [Citation.] Thus, the only real
            issue here is whether the State met its initial burden of showing the existence of probable
            cause for the forfeiture of the currency and the safe. We note that, as the burden is on the
            State, the claimant’s evasive and inconsistent testimony cannot be used against him to
            establish probable cause.” Id. at 783.
¶ 34        The appellate court in that case simply found that the testimony a claimant presented with
       respect to the second stage of a forfeiture proceeding should not be considered on appeal to
       determine if the State had actually met its initial burden to establish probable cause. We fail
       to see how this reasonable conclusion relates to the separate question of whether the adverse
       inference arising from claimant’s prehearing decision to invoke the fifth amendment can be
       considered at the summary judgment stage, when addressing whether the State has met its
       initial burden to establish probable cause for the forfeiture of the currency.
¶ 35        Second, we note that this court has generally recognized that such an adverse inference
       can be drawn and considered at the summary judgment stage of a civil proceeding, provided
       that–as is the case here–additional evidentiary support for the motion for summary judgment
       is also presented. Independent Trust Corp. v. Hurwick, 351 Ill. App. 3d 941, 954 (2004). We
       are not aware of any authority that would preclude this general rule from applying in the
       context of a civil forfeiture proceeding. Nor has claimant cited any authority to support his

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       contention that any such inference should not be considered until after the State has
       established probable cause via other evidence. We, therefore, find that it is proper to consider
       this adverse inference in the context of addressing whether the State met its burden to
       establish probable cause for the forfeiture of the currency.
¶ 36        Claimant next argues that it would be improper to rely upon the evidence that Mr. Vasha
       and Mr. Sulejani were high-ranking members of cannabis trafficking organizations. He
       contends that because it was hearsay, this evidence should be given either no weight or little
       weight. As noted above, however, the Forfeiture Act itself provides that in considering the
       question of probable cause at the first stage of a forfeiture proceeding, “the court must
       receive and consider, among other things, all relevant hearsay evidence and information.”
       (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 150/9(B) (West 2010). Moreover, this evidence was contained
       in Officer Schoop’s uncontradicted affidavit and, as such, must be taken as true for purposes
       of the State’s summary judgment motion. Anderson, 2011 IL App (1st) 110748, ¶ 14.
       Therefore, claimant’s argument on this point is unfounded.
¶ 37        The final individual argument we will address, before considering the totality of the
       circumstances, is claimant’s contention that it would be improper to consider the evidence
       that $189,000 had been previously seized from him as drug proceeds. Claimant contends that
       there was no additional averment that this money was actually forfeited, it is possible that
       the money was returned to him after it was found not to be drug-related and, thus, “[a]
       seizure of money is not evidence.” We cannot agree with this argument. No facts have been
       presented to support claimant’s musings about what ultimately became of the previously
       seized money, and “[m]ere speculation is not enough to create a genuine issue of material
       fact sufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment.” Jordan v. Knafel, 378 Ill. App.
3d 219, 228 (2007). It, therefore, remains uncontradicted that a large amount of money was
       previously seized from claimant on a suspicion that it represented drug proceeds,
       representing just one of the facts presented by that State that may be properly considered as
       support for the belief that a nexus existed between the instant currency and illegal drug
       activity. 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 505.
¶ 38        To the extent that claimant also contends that it would be improper to rely upon this
       evidence at the summary judgment stage because it would require an improper inference in
       favor of the State, we again disagree. “ ‘In making a determination of probable cause[,] the
       relevant inquiry is not whether particular conduct is “innocent” or “guilty,” but the degree
       of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts.’ ” People v. Schmitt, 346
Ill. App. 3d 1148, 1153 (2004) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 n.13 (1983)).
       Thus, no assumptions or inferences need be made as to whether the money previously seized
       from claimant was actually drug-related or was actually forfeited.

¶ 39                 2. Propriety of Summary Judgment in Favor of the State
¶ 40       We now turn to a consideration of whether the State was entitled to summary judgment
       because the circumstances it presented, taken as a whole, demonstrated that no genuine issue
       of material fact existed with respect to whether there was probable cause to support the
       forfeiture of the currency. This is the relevant question in this case because, as we noted

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       above, summary judgment in favor of the State is appropriate at the first stage of a forfeiture
       proceeding where the uncontradicted affidavits supporting such a motion establish probable
       cause and a claimant has been barred from presenting any additional evidence. 1515
       Coolidge Avenue, 308 Ill. App. 3d at 812-13.
¶ 41        Here, the State asserts that the following circumstances support its argument that
       probable cause existed: (1) the observed activities of claimant and the other three men, which
       Officer Schoop’s extensive training and experience indicated were consistent with narcotics
       trafficking; (2) claimant’s exchange of bags with two men known to be involved in narcotics
       trafficking; (3) the recovery of a large amount of money inside one of those bags, packaged
       in a manner consistent with narcotics trafficking; (4) a positive alert upon the currency by a
       trained canine, indicating that the currency had a positive residual odor of narcotics; (5) the
       fact that $189,000 had been previously seized from claimant as drug proceeds; and (6) the
       adverse inference arising from claimant’s refusal to respond to the State’s discovery requests.
       We have already concluded that many of these circumstances may be properly considered
       as probative evidence of the existence of probable cause.
¶ 42        In addition, the other facts presented by the State may also be properly considered as
       probative evidence on this issue. Specifically, the observations and reasonable beliefs of a
       police officer trained and experienced in narcotics trafficking may be considered in the
       context of determining probable cause, both generally and in the specific context of forfeiture
       proceedings. United States v. Burnside, 588 F.3d 511, 518 (7th Cir. 2009); United States v.
       One 1982 Buick Regal VIN No. 1G4AM47A2CR149469, 670 F. Supp. 808, 810-11 (N.D. Ill.
       1987). The large amount and distinctive packaging of the seized currency may also be
       considered as evidence of possible narcotics trafficking. United States v. $242,484.00, 389
F.3d 1149, 1160-62 (11th Cir. 2004). The positive alert to the currency by a trained canine
       is also proper, probative evidence. United States v. Funds in Amount of Thirty Thousand Six
       Hundred Seventy Dollars, 403 F.3d 448, 460-61 (7th Cir. 2005); $280,020 United States
       Currency, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 795.
¶ 43        In sum, the State has presented a host of facts and circumstances, all of which are
       uncontradicted and all of which may be considered as probative evidence that reasonable
       grounds existed for the belief that the currency at issue here was exchanged for narcotics in
       violation of one or more of the Drug Control Acts. See 720 ILCS 570/505(a)(5) (West 2010);
       720 ILCS 550/12(a)(5) (West 2010); 720 ILCS 646/85(a)(5) (West 2010). Against this
       evidence stands: (1) claimant’s aforementioned arguments that some of these facts and
       circumstances should not be considered; and (2) his generalized arguments that summary
       judgment was improper because there was “considerable doubt” about the contents of the bag
       exchanged for the currency and because “[t]he individual circumstances, many of which were
       completely innocuous, should have been viewed strictly against the movant and in favor of
       the claimant.”
¶ 44        However, we have already rejected many of claimant’s specific arguments with respect
       to the individual circumstances presented by the State and concluded that the remaining
       circumstances are proper, probative evidence of the existence of probable cause. Morever,
       we have also already explained that claimant’s focus on any possible doubt with respect to
       the actual contents of the bag exchanged for the currency is immaterial here, where the

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       State’s evidence “need not exclude other plausible hypotheses” and, thus, only had to
       demonstrate a “probability or substantial chance” that the bag contained narcotics. 1945
       North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 505. Finally, we find improper claimant’s attempt to show
       that each individual fact or circumstance presented here is “innocuous,” as “this sort of
       divide-and-conquer analysis” is precluded under a totality of the circumstances standard.
       United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274 (2002).
¶ 45       We reiterate that, in forfeiture proceedings “ ‘it is the totality of the circumstances, not
       a minute parsing of each item of information, that leads to a finding of probable cause.’ ”
       1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 505 (quoting One 1987 Mercedes 560 SEL, 919 F.2d
       at 331). After reviewing all the uncontradicted evidence and other circumstances presented
       by the State, we are confident that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the State
       established “facts providing reasonable grounds for the belief that there exists a nexus
       between [the currency] and illegal drug activity.” Id. Indeed, as “only a probability or
       substantial chance of the nexus” is all that is required (id.), summary judgment in favor of
       the State is appropriate because the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
       claimant, conclusively established probable cause for the forfeiture of the currency (see
       Balma v. Henry, 404 Ill. App. 3d 233, 242 (2010) (summary judgment proper where “ ‘all
       the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, permits no inferences
       from which different conclusions may be drawn and with which no reasonable person could
       disagree’ ” (quoting Caponi v. Larry’s 66, 236 Ill. App. 3d 660, 670 (1992)))).

¶ 46                                  III. CONCLUSION
¶ 47      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 48      Affirmed.

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