Court Opinion

ID: 4127074
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-17 15:06:16.820336+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:46:24.405391
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 15–1922

                         Filed February 17, 2017

WELLMARK, INC. d/b/a WELLMARK BLUE CROSS AND BLUE
SHIELD OF IOWA, an Iowa Corporation, and WELLMARK HEALTH
PLAN OF IOWA, INC., an Iowa Corporation,

      Plaintiffs,

vs.

IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR POLK COUNTY,

      Defendant.

      Certiorari to the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Arthur E.

Gamble, Chief Judge.

      Defendant     health   insurer   petitioned   for   writ   of   certiorari

challenging district court rulings allowing chiropractors to proceed with

an antitrust rule-of-reason claim after procedendo issued from decision

affirming summary judgment dismissing this civil action with prejudice.

WRIT SUSTAINED.

      Ryan G. Koopmans, Hayward L. Draper, and John T. Clendenin

(until withdrawal) of Nyemaster Goode, P.C., Des Moines, for plaintiffs.

      Glenn L. Norris of Hawkins & Norris, P.C., Des Moines, Steven P.

Wandro of Wandro & Associates, P.C., Des Moines, and Harley C. Erbe of

Erbe Law Firm, Des Moines, for defendant.
                                       2

WATERMAN, Justice.

      When is a case over? We have decided two prior appeals in this

civil action: Mueller v. Wellmark, Inc., 818 N.W.2d 244, 267 (Iowa 2012)

(reversing summary judgment in part) (Mueller I), and Mueller v.

Wellmark, Inc., 861 N.W.2d 563, 575 (Iowa 2015) (affirming summary

judgment dismissing the fourth amended petition) (Mueller II).           After

procedendo issued in Mueller II, the plaintiffs persuaded the district court

to proceed with an antitrust claim they had previously stipulated was not

included in their fourth amended petition. We granted the defendant’s

petition for a writ of certiorari and now clarify what we thought was clear

before—that Mueller II ended this civil action.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      A. Procedural History Through Mueller II.              This civil action

commenced in December 2007 when Steven A. Mueller, a doctor of

chiropractic, filed a breach-of-contract claim against Wellmark over a

$17,376 billing dispute. Mueller I, 818 N.W.2d at 247–48. In May 2008,

Mueller, joined by Bradley J. Brown, D.C.; Mark A. Kruse, D.C.; Kevin D.

Miller, D.C.; and Larry E. Phipps, D.C., filed an amended petition

asserting claims on behalf of a putative “class of Iowa-licensed doctors of

chiropractic” who “have billed for services provided to patients enrolled in

Wellmark health insurance plans.”          Id. at 248.       Plaintiffs alleged

Wellmark    discriminatorily   fixed   prices   for   services   performed   by

chiropractors at rates lower than those paid to medical doctors and

doctors of osteopathic medicine.       Id. at 247.    Their amended petition

alleged violations of Iowa insurance regulatory statutes, the Iowa

Competition Law (Iowa Code chapter 553), and a national class-action

settlement. See id. at 249–50. The district court, without certifying this
                                           3

case as a class action, granted Wellmark’s motions to dismiss and for

summary judgment. Id. at 250, 252.

       Plaintiffs appealed. Id. at 253. We affirmed the dismissal of claims

brought under the insurance statutes, holding they created no private

right to sue. Id. at 258. We also affirmed summary judgment dismissing

claims that Wellmark breached the national settlement in Love v.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Ass’n, No. 03–21296–CIV (S.D. Fla. Apr. 19,

2008).    Id. at 264–65.      But we reversed the district court’s summary

judgment dismissing antitrust claims against Wellmark based on the

state-action exemption in Iowa Code section 553.6(4) (2009). Id. at 263–

64. We remanded the case for further proceedings on plaintiffs’ claims

under the Iowa Competition Act. Id. at 264, 267. Meanwhile, plaintiffs,

joined by other doctors of chiropractic, commenced an administrative

action in the Iowa Insurance Division to litigate the violations of the

insurance regulatory statutes. 1

       District court proceedings resumed in this civil action after our

remand in Mueller I.            See Mueller II, 861 N.W.2d at 566.                   On

December 31, 2012, Wellmark moved to dismiss or stay this civil action

pending       the   insurance     commissioner’s          decision   in   the    related
administrative action. Wellmark argued the commissioner had primary

jurisdiction because the regulator was better suited to analyze the

complex       antitrust   allegations    and    effects    on   insurance       markets.

Wellmark contended the commissioner’s decision may “moot” or “narrow”

the issues. Plaintiffs resisted, arguing there was no need to await the

       1The  insurance commissioner ultimately decided that case in Wellmark’s favor,
and the district court affirmed on the plaintiffs’ petition for judicial review. Abbas v.
Iowa Ins. Div., No. CVCV048885 (Iowa Dist. Ct. for Polk Cty. June 24, 2015). Plaintiffs’
appeal was submitted to our court on January 18, 2017. Abbas v. Iowa Ins. Div.,
No. 15–1248 (Iowa filed Jan. 18, 2017).
                                        4

commissioner’s decision because their amended petition alleged “per se”

violations of the Iowa Competition Act that did not require the regulator’s

expert analysis of the Iowa health insurance market.

      Under    a   per    se   violation,   an   agreement   is   “so   plainly

anticompetitive that no elaborate study of the industry is needed to

establish . . . illegality.” Id. at 568 (quoting Texaco Inc. v. Dagher, 547
U.S. 1, 5, 126 S. Ct. 1276, 1279, 164 L. Ed. 2d 1, 7 (2006)). By contrast,

a rule-of-reason claim “requires plaintiffs to demonstrate that a

particular arrangement ‘is in fact unreasonable and anticompetitive

before it will be found unlawful.’ ” Id. (quoting Dagher, 547 U.S. at 5,
126 S. Ct. at 1279, 164 L. Ed. 2d at 7). In a rule-of-reason analysis,

      the finder of fact must decide whether the questioned
      practice imposes an unreasonable restraint on competition,
      taking into account a variety of factors, including specific
      information about the relevant business, its condition before
      and after the restraint was imposed, and the restraint’s
      history, nature, and effect [on the market.]

State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 10, 118 S. Ct. 275, 279, 139 L. Ed. 2d
199, 206 (1997).         Plaintiffs specifically argued that because their

amended petition alleged per se violations, the commissioner was not

better suited to resolve the dispute.

      Wellmark responded by inviting plaintiffs to stipulate that their

pleadings included no rule-of-reason claim:

      If Plaintiffs will indeed stipulate that their case be strictly
      limited to a claim of per se price fixing, that might indeed
      moot out this motion and we could go right to summary
      judgment. But the allegations contained in Plaintiffs’ Fourth
      Amended and Substituted Petition . . . are not so limited,
      and that’s the pleading now before this Court . . . .

Wellmark sought a stipulation stating,

            a. Plaintiffs hereby dismiss, with prejudice, all claims
      except any price-fixing claims that rise to a per se violation of
      the Iowa Competition Act; and
                                      5
              b. Wellmark, in turn, withdraws its pending motion to
        dismiss or stay.

At the hearing on Wellmark’s motion, the district court expressed an
inclination to stay the proceedings.         Plaintiffs rejected Wellmark’s

proposed stipulation but, to avoid the stay, agreed to limit their petition

to per se violations. They stipulated accordingly,

        Pursuant to discussions with the Court and Defendants’
        counsel during the telephone hearing held on February 22,
        2013, on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss or Stay and
        Defendants’ Supplement to Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiffs
        hereby agree and stipulate that the only violation of Iowa
        Code § 553.4 alleged in the Fourth Amended and
        Substituted Petition for Damages . . . constitute per se
        violations of the Iowa Competition Act. Plaintiffs’ allegations
        exclude a contention that a rule of reason analysis is
        applicable to the violation of Iowa Code § 553.4 alleged in the
        Fourth Amended and Substituted Petition.

(Emphasis added.)      No party asked the court to notify putative class

members of this stipulation. No class had been certified, and no motion

for class certification had been filed.    On March 4, the district court

noted that based on plaintiffs’ stipulation, “Defendants have advised the

Court . . . the motions to dismiss or stay do not need a ruling” and “the

Court considers the motions withdrawn without prejudice.”

        Wellmark moved for summary judgment on plaintiffs’ “remaining
claims.”   Plaintiffs resisted based in part on rule-of-reason arguments.

At the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, the district court

sought clarification whether the rule-of-reason claim was in or out of this

case:

              THE COURT: Mr. Norris, the one thing I wanted to ask
        you about is: In your resistance you’ve got a fairly long
        section that talks about rule of reason. I don’t understand
        that with the stipulation.
              MR. NORRIS: All right. I was talking about the idea
        that this disposes of the entire case. All I was showing is
        that we could establish the elements of a rule of reason.
                                     6
            THE COURT: But you stipulated that this is not a rule
      of reason case.
            MR. NORRIS: Well, but I can certainly ask to amend.
            THE COURT: Well, I don’t think you can after your
      stipulation. That was the whole point of the stipulation and
      why we didn’t rule on the motion to dismiss.
            ....
             MR. NORRIS: By the stipulation I made was that we
      believed that what we were talking about was a per se
      violation of the antitrust laws.
            THE COURT: And that’s the only claim that I have at
      this point.
            MR. NORRIS: Well, yeah.

Plaintiffs did not move to amend the petition, and no other party moved

to intervene.

      On November 5, the district court ruled that Wellmark committed

no per se violation of the antitrust laws.   The order concluded, “[T]he

defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgement is GRANTED.”            The order

further provided,

      While the plaintiffs stipulated they are not asserting the rule
      of reason here, they argue Wellmark’s price-fixing violates
      the Iowa Competition Law under a rule of reason analysis.
      Because the plaintiffs stipulated Wellmark only committed a
      per se antitrust violation, this Court does not consider the
      rule of reason here. This court offers no opinion on any
      potential future claim that Wellmark’s actions violate Iowa
      Competition Law under a rule of reason analysis.

Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal “on behalf of themselves and those like

situated . . . from the final order entered in this case on November 5,

2013 and from all adverse rulings and orders therein.”

      We unanimously affirmed the district court’s ruling granting

summary judgment. Mueller II, 861 N.W.2d at 575. We carefully limited

the breadth of our holding for purposes of stare decisis:

            We are not today foreclosing a rule of reason claim
      against Wellmark if it were shown that the anticompetitive
      consequences of its practices exceeded their procompetitive
                                            7
       benefits. We simply uphold the district court’s ruling that
       Wellmark’s arrangements with self-insured employers and
       out-of-state BCBS licensees are not subject to the per se
       rule. Because the plaintiffs by stipulation limited themselves
       to a per se claim, we affirm the district court’s grant of
       summary judgment.

Id. at 574–75 (footnote omitted). We meant that we were not foreclosing

such a rule-of-reason claim by other plaintiffs in a new lawsuit. 2 We did

not remand this civil action for any purpose.                 Procedendo issued on

April 22, 2015.

       B. Procedural History After Mueller II. On June 19, plaintiffs

asked the district court to set a “pretrial scheduling conference to

establish” whether “additional Iowa chiropractors who are or would be

members of the proposed class . . . can or should be added” and “a

schedule for determining Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File a Fifth

Amended and Substituted Petition for Damages.”                     Wellmark resisted,

asserting the summary judgment affirmed by our court “was the end of

the case.” Wellmark argued, “Just as a plaintiff could not amend their

pleading after a jury found against them and the Iowa Supreme Court

affirmed that judgment, plaintiffs cannot file an amended complaint after

the grant and affirmance of summary judgment.” On November 6, the

district court, with a different judge presiding, granted plaintiffs’ request

for a scheduling conference, ruling that “this case is not over.”                     The

district court stated,

       Both the district court’s summary judgment and the
       Supreme Court’s opinion preserved the plaintiffs’ rule-of-

        2On October 5, 2015, another civil action was filed by these plaintiffs together

with other Iowa chiropractors alleging rule-of-reason antitrust claims against Wellmark.
Chicoine v. Wellmark, Inc., No. CVCV050638 (Iowa Dist. Ct. for Polk Cty. filed Oct. 5,
2015). The district court stayed that case based on overlapping claims in pending
federal multidistrict litigation, and the plaintiffs’ appeal of that stay (No. 16–0364) was
submitted to our court on January 19, 2017.
                                     8
      reason claim. Neither court ordered that plaintiffs’ rule-of-
      reason claim could not be filed as an amendment to their
      petition in this class action lawsuit. Neither court ordered
      that plaintiffs’ rule-of-reason claim had to be filed in a new
      action with a lookback period under the statute of
      limitations. The district court’s summary judgment, which
      was affirmed by the Supreme Court, simply stated the Court
      offers no opinion on any potential future claim under the
      rule-of reason analysis.

The district court opined plaintiffs had not “dismissed” their rule-of-

reason analysis, they had

      deferred filing their rule-of-reason claim due to the pendency
      of a contested case proceeding before the Insurance
      Commissioner. Plaintiffs merely stipulated that their Fourth
      Amended Petition only stated a per se claim so that the case
      could move forward.

The district court found both that plaintiffs’ stipulation was not binding

on the class and that the district court had not followed the class-action

rules governing dismissals. This civil action, however, had never been

certified as a class action.

      On November 16, Wellmark filed a petition for a writ of certiorari.

Meanwhile, the district court issued an order requiring plaintiffs to

“immediately file their Motion for Leave to File a Fifth Amended and

Substituted petition for damages.” On December 9, plaintiffs filed their

motion for leave to file the fifth amended petition.    The same day, we

granted certiorari and stayed further proceedings at the district court.

      II. Standard of Review.

      Under a writ of certiorari, we review a district court’s order for

correction of errors at law. State Pub. Def. v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 886 N.W.2d
595, 598 (Iowa 2016). A writ of certiorari lies when a lower court “has

exceeded its jurisdiction or otherwise has acted illegally.”   Id. (quoting

State Pub. Def. v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 747 N.W.2d 218, 220 (Iowa 2008)).

“Illegality exists when the court’s findings lack substantial evidentiary
                                        9

support, or when the court has not properly applied the law.”                  Id.

(quoting State Pub. Def., 747 N.W.2d at 220).

      III. Analysis.

      We must decide whether the district court’s summary judgment,

and our subsequent decision affirming that judgment, ended this civil

action such that a rule-of-reason claim against Wellmark can only be

pursued in a separate lawsuit.          These chiropractors argue, and the

district court agreed, that a rule-of-reason analysis survived summary

judgment and may now be litigated in this action.                They point to

language in the summary judgment ruling and Mueller II disclaiming

adjudication of a rule-of-reason claim, and rely on restrictions for

dismissing a class action without notice to putative class members. See

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.271. We hold no precertification notice to putative class

members was required for plaintiffs to stipulate that their fourth

amended petition omitted a rule-of-reason claim, and the summary

judgment affirmed on appeal ended this civil action.            Accordingly, the

district court erred by allowing this case to proceed.

      A basic rule of finality is dispositive here: “In the absence of a

remand or procedendo directing further proceedings in the trial court,

the jurisdiction of the district court terminates both as to the parties and

the subject matter when a district court judgment has been affirmed.”

Franzen v. Deere & Co., 409 N.W.2d 672, 674 (Iowa 1987).                 Eligius

Franzen filed a product-liability action against Deere & Company for

personal     injuries   he   suffered   while   using    a    forage   wagon    it

manufactured. Id. at 673. The district court granted Deere’s motion to

dismiss based on the statute of limitations.            Id.   We reversed and

remanded the case to allow the Franzens to litigate the discovery rule

exception.     Id.   Following remand and discovery, the district court
                                    10

granted Deere’s motion for summary judgment, and we affirmed.            Id.

More than a month later, Deere filed an application for attorney fees. Id.

In the third appeal, we concluded the district court was “without

authority to consider the application, because it lost jurisdiction of this

particular case once the final judgment had been affirmed without

remand in Franzen II.” Id. We explained,

      Ordinarily the authority of the district court to decide
      substantive issues in a particular case terminates when a
      final judgment is entered and postjudgment motions have
      been resolved. A final judgment, one that conclusively
      determines the rights of the parties and finally decides the
      controversy, creates a right of appeal and also removes from
      the district court the power or authority to return the parties
      to their original positions.

Id. at 674.

      Although the district court “retains jurisdiction during and after

appeal from its final judgment to enforce the judgment itself,” it “does not

have the authority to revisit and decide differently issues already

concluded by that judgment.” Id.; see also Reis v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 787
N.W.2d 61, 66 (Iowa 2010) (noting the general rule that “a district court’s

jurisdiction ends with dismissal of the pending case” except to enforce

orders remaining in effect); Shedlock v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 534 N.W.2d 656,

658 (Iowa 1995) (“[O]ur rules of appellate procedure provide for

restoration of jurisdiction to the district court in only two circumstances:

upon the . . . dismissal [of the appeal] or upon the appellate court’s order

for limited remand.”); Hearity v. Bd. of Supervisors, 437 N.W.2d 907,

908–09 (1989) (“[O]nce an appellate court had rendered its decision and

docketed its mandate affirming the district court’s judgment the district

court is without jurisdiction to consider motions for sanctions . . . .”);

Dunton v. McCook, 120 Iowa 444, 447 94 N.W. 942, 943 (1903)

(“[Judgment] was affirmed in this court . . . , and petition for rehearing
                                      11

denied . . . . That ended the suit. Thereafter it was pending in neither

court.”). As we have long recognized, this rule of finality avoids endless

litigation:

       The judgment of the lower court had been entered of record,
       and, when affirmed, was in full force and effect, without
       further action thereon. Not a thing remained for the trial
       court to do; nor was he directed to take further action in the
       matter. The original action was, therefore, at an end, so far,
       at least, as the district court was concerned, and the
       defendants had no right to then file a cross petition. If the
       position contended for by appellants were tenable, there
       would be no end to a cause of action. If a cross petition may
       be filed and new parties brought in one week after final
       determination    by   decree,    it   might,   under     some
       circumstances, be permitted one, two, or three years
       thereafter.

Steel v. Long, 84 N.W. 677, 678 (Iowa 1900) (emphasis added).

       In Mueller II, we affirmed the district court’s summary judgment

without any remand. 861 N.W.2d at 575.     That summary judgment

dismissed plaintiffs’ fourth amended petition with prejudice.        See id.

After procedendo issued, the district court lacked the power to consider

plaintiffs’ motion to set a pretrial conference or to allow the fifth amended

petition. Our statement in Mueller II declining to foreclose the possibility

of a rule-of-reason claim merely defined the breadth of our holding for
purposes of stare decisis as to claims filed by different plaintiffs in a

separate lawsuit. See id. at 574–75. Neither the district court nor our

court effectively reserved the rule-of-reason analysis for further litigation

by these plaintiffs within this civil action.

       Our class-action rules do not permit these chiropractors to evade

the finality of the summary judgment in Mueller II. This civil action was

filed as a putative class action but had not been certified. See Iowa R.

Civ. P. 1.262(1) (directing court to “determine whether or not the action

is to be maintained as a class action and by order certify or refuse to
                                            12

certify it as a class action”). It is well-settled that a summary judgment

dismissing the claims of the named plaintiffs terminates the civil action

and renders moot the question whether to certify the case as a class

action. See Barnhill v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 765 N.W.2d 267, 278 n.5 (Iowa

2009) (noting that if the district court had entered summary judgment

“before class certification proceedings,” the defendants “would have been

out of th[e] case before [incurring] the cost of the class certification

proceedings”); Neb. Innkeepers, Inc. v. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Corp., 345
N.W.2d 124, 130–31 (Iowa 1984) (affirming summary judgment on claims

by named plaintiffs without class certification); see also William B.

Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions § 7:10 (5th ed.), Westlaw

(database updated Dec. 2016) (“If the defendant prevails on the summary

judgment motion, in most circumstances, the court will be relieved of the

need to rule on the issue of class certification.”); cf. Hammond v. Fla.

Asset Fin. Corp., 695 N.W.2d 1, 8 (Iowa 2005) (affirming dismissal of

defendant for lack of personal jurisdiction and rejecting named plaintiffs’

argument jurisdiction was supported by claims of putative class

members, noting “there has been no determination that a class exists or

that the action may proceed as a class action”). 3

       3Because    of similarities between the Iowa and federal class-action rules, we may
look to federal decisions for guidance. See Lucas v. Pioneer, Inc., 256 N.W.2d 167, 172
(Iowa 1977). It is well established under federal law that the district court may grant a
dispositive motion against the named plaintiffs without deciding class certification. See,
e.g., J & R Mktg., SEP v. Gen. Motors Corp., 549 F.3d 384, 390 (6th Cir. 2008) (“If it is
found, prior to class certification, that the named plaintiffs’ individual claims are
without merit, then dismissal is proper.”); Greenlee County v. United States, 487 F.3d
871, 880 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“[W]e have repeatedly found on appeal that issues related to
class certification were moot in light of our resolution against the plaintiff of a motion to
dismiss or for summary judgment.”); McNulty v. Fed. Hous. Fin. Agency, 954
F. Supp. 2d 294, 303 (M.D. Pa. 2013) (“The court’s finding that the plaintiff’s complaint
fails to state a claim upon which [relief] can be granted . . . effectively moots the
question of whether to certify the action as a class action.”); Coal. to Defend Affirmative
Action v. Regents of Univ. of Mich., 539 F. Supp. 2d 960, 974 (E.D. Mich. 2008) (stating
                                           13

       Because no class had been certified, Wellmark acknowledges

putative class members in this civil action are not bound by the

summary judgment under principles of res judicata.                            See Neb.

Innkeepers, Inc., 345 N.W.2d at 130–31 (“Our holding, however, only

applies to the named plaintiffs because the record does not show the

court had yet certified this as a class action . . . .”). 4

       Plaintiffs, represented by experienced counsel, stipulated they were

only pursuing a per se action. “Stipulations must be binding.” Standard

Fire Ins. Co. v. Knowles, 568 U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 1345, 1348, 185
L. Ed. 2d 439, 443 (2013). 5 A named plaintiff’s stipulation made before

class certification, however, does not “speak for those he purports to

represent.”     Id. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1349, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 444.                   In
___________________________
summary judgment had effect of mooting class certification), rev’d on other grounds
sub nom. Schuette v. Coal. to Defend Affirmative Action, 572 U.S. ___, 134 S. Ct. 1623,
188 L. Ed. 2d 613 (2014.
       4See  also Schwarzschild v. Tse, 69 F.3d 293, 297 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that
when defendants moved for summary judgment prior to certification, they “waived their
right to have [class] notice given and to obtain a judgment that was binding upon the
class”); Postow v. OBA Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 627 F.2d 1370, 1382 (D.C. Cir. 1980)
(noting when defendants move for summary judgment prior to certification they
“assume the risk that a judgment in their favor will not protect them from subsequent
suits by other potential class members” (quoting Haas v. Pittsburgh Nat’l Bank, 381
F. Supp. 801, 806 (W.D. Pa. 1974), aff’d in part and rev’d in part, 526 F.2d 1083 (3d
Cir. 1975)).
         5Plaintiffs’ stipulation that their pleadings included no rule-of-reason claim had

its intended effect of inducing Wellmark to withdraw its motion to stay, thereby allowing
plaintiffs to avoid a possible stay order. We will not second-guess that strategic
decision by experienced lawyers. But it would be unfair to allow plaintiffs to retract
their stipulation after they got what they wanted from it. And it would prejudice
Wellmark to allow plaintiffs to prolong this case by belatedly adding the rule-of-reason
claim they stipulated out of the case. We have applied the doctrine of judicial estoppel
to prevent a party from taking inconsistent positions in litigation. See Winnebago
Indus., Inc. v. Haverly, 727 N.W.2d 567, 573–75 (Iowa 2006) (concluding employer
estopped from denying liability in workers’ compensation claim when it admitted
liability in a prior proceeding to control the care provided); Wilson v. Liberty Mut. Grp.,
666 N.W.2d 163, 167 (Iowa 2003) (employee who alleged “a bona fide dispute” to obtain
approval of workers’ compensation claim was estopped from pursing bad-faith claim
against insurer).
                                     14

Knowles, the named plaintiff, to keep his claim in state court by avoiding

federal subject matter jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act,

stipulated before class certification that he, and the class he sought to

represent, would not seek aggregate damages exceeding $5 million. Id. at

___, 133 S. Ct. at 1347, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 442. The Court concluded his

stipulation did not bind putative class members because “a plaintiff who

files a proposed class action cannot legally bind members of the proposed

class before the class is certified.” Id. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1349, 185
L. Ed. 2d at 444; see also Smith v. Bayer Corp., 564 U.S. 299, 315, 131
S. Ct. 2368, 2380, 180 L. Ed. 2d 341, 354 (2011) (“Neither a proposed

class action nor a rejected class action may bind nonparties.”).         A

“nonnamed class member is [not] a party to the class-action litigation

before the class is certified.” Smith, 564 U.S. at 313, 131 S. Ct. at 2379,
180 L. Ed. 2d at 353 (emphasis added).         The Knowles Court held,

“Because his precertification stipulation does not bind anyone but

himself, Knowles has not reduced the value of the putative class

members’ claims.”    Knowles, 568 U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1349, 185
L. Ed. 2d at 444 (emphasis added).

      Similarly, the precertification stipulation by the named-plaintiff

chiropractors withdrawing their rule-of-reason claim did not bind anyone

but themselves.     See id.   The district court properly relied on the

stipulation in granting summary judgment dismissing the named

plaintiffs’ civil action. The stipulation was not binding on putative class

members who could and did file a separate lawsuit to pursue a rule-of-

reason claim.

      We conclude the district court could properly enter summary

judgment without notifying putative class members. Our governing rule

provides,
                                           15
              1.271(1) Unless certification has been refused under
       rule 1.262, a class action, without the approval of the court
       after hearing, may not be:
               a. Dismissed voluntarily.
            b. Dismissed involuntarily without an adjudication on
       the merits.
               c. Compromised.
               1.271(2) If the court has certified the action under
       rule 1.262, notice of hearing on the proposed dismissal or
       compromise shall be given to all members of the class in a
       manner the court directs. If the court has not ruled on
       certification, notice of hearing on the proposed dismissal or
       compromise may be ordered by the court which shall specify
       the persons to be notified and the manner in which notice is
       to be given.

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.271(1)–(2) (emphasis added). Rule 1.271(2) makes clear

that precertification notice was not required here—rather, the court

“may” give notice. Id. The word “may” is permissive when juxtaposed

with the directory word “shall” in the immediately preceding sentence.

See State v. Klawonn, 609 N.W.2d 515, 521 (Iowa 2000) (stating “may”

can be interpreted as “shall” only when context evinces that intent).

Under the circumstances of this case, we hold that the district court had

no obligation to notify putative class members of the pending motion for

summary judgment or the named plaintiffs’ stipulation abandoning a

rule-of-reason claim.        Neither due process nor rule 1.271(2) required

notice to other chiropractors who are not bound by the summary

judgment. The district court erred in concluding otherwise. 6

       6Our  conclusion is consistent with federal class-action law. “Federal rule of civil
procedure 23(e) concerning approval of class action settlements is somewhat analogous
to Iowa rule of civil procedure [1.271].” City of Dubuque v. Iowa Trust, 587 N.W.2d 216,
221 (Iowa 1998). We have looked to federal authority for guidance in the dismissal and
settlement of certified class actions. Id. at 220, 222 (approving settlement of certified
class action). Federal rule 23(e) was amended in 2003 to limit mandatory notice of
dismissals to certified class actions:
              (e) Settlement, Voluntary Dismissal, or Compromise. The
       claims, issues, or defenses of a certified class may be settled, voluntarily
                                           16

       This case is over.          Litigation between Iowa chiropractors and

Wellmark continues in other civil actions. We express no opinion on the

merits of the other cases.

       IV. Disposition.

       For the reasons explained above, the district court had no power to

proceed with a rule-of-reason claim after procedendo issued in Mueller II.
___________________________
       dismissed, or compromised only with the court’s approval. The following
       procedures apply to a proposed settlement, voluntary dismissal, or
       compromise:
                        (1) The court must direct notice in a reasonable manner
               to all class members who would be bound by the proposal.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1) (emphasis added). As the drafters explained, the purpose of the
2003 amendment was to remove the requirement of precertification notice to putative
class members:
               Rule 23(e)(1)(A) resolves the ambiguity in former Rule 23(e)’s
       reference to dismissal or compromise of “a class action.” That language
       could be—and at times was—read to require court approval of
       settlements with putative class representatives that resolved only
       individual claims. See Manual for Complex Litigation Third, § 30.41.
       The new rule requires approval only if the claims, issues, or defenses of a
       certified class are resolved by a settlement, voluntary dismissal, or
       compromise.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1) advisory committee’s note to 2003 amendments. Some federal
courts have continued to favor notifying putative class members of proposed dismissals
without class certification under circumstances not presented here.              “Case law
addressing pre-certification notice generally takes a flexible approach framed by two
guiding principles: (1) the lack of collusion or bad faith, and (2) the existence of any
reasonable reliance [of] putative class members.” Griffith v. Javitch, Block & Rathbone,
LLP, 241 F.R.D. 600, 602 (S.D. Ohio 2007); see also In re Conagra Foods, Inc.,
CV 11–05379 MMM (AGRx), 2014 WL 12579572, *6 (C.D. Cal. 2014) (allowing voluntary
dismissal without notice to putative class members and stating, “[a]bsent any indication
that these plaintiffs actually appended class allegations in an attempt to get favorable
individual settlements, there is no reason to require notice . . . as a deterrent to
hypothetical abusive plaintiffs” (emphasis omitted) (quoting Diaz v. Trust Territory of
Pac. Islands, 876 F.2d 1401, 1408 (9th Cir. 1989))). Plaintiffs’ counsel vigorously
litigated this case without any settlement or hint of collusion with Wellmark. And any
concern that putative class members relied on this civil action is ameliorated by the fact
the same plaintiffs’ counsel have already filed Chicoine, another pending putative class
action of Iowa chiropractors asserting rule-of-reason claims against Wellmark. See
Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.277 (“The statute of limitations is tolled for all class members upon the
commencement of an action asserting a class action.”). Any dispute over tolling or res
judicata would be addressed in that case.
                                   17

This civil action between the named parties had ended. Accordingly, we

sustain the writ of certiorari.

      WRIT SUSTAINED.

      All justices concur except Appel, J., who takes no part.