Court Opinion

ID: 8210267
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-29 15:10:08.168007+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:49.012167
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Jacobson v. Gross, 2022-Ohio-3427.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

WENDY JACOBSON, ET AL.,                          :

                Plaintiffs-Appellees,            :
                                                          No. 110987
                v.                               :

DOLORES H. GROSS, ET AL.,                        :

                Defendants-Appellants.           :

                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 29, 2022

            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Probate Division
                              Case No. 2015 ADV 207281

                                           Appearances:

                Mansour Gavin, LPA, Charles T. Brown, and Michael P.
                Quinlan, for appellees.

                Jonathan Gross, pro se.

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J.:

        {¶ 1} Third-party defendant-appellant, Jonathan Gross (“Jonathan”),

appeals the probate court’s decision to enforce a 2015 settlement agreement. For

the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
                         Procedural and Factual History

      {¶ 2} The instant appeal has a protracted procedural history flowing from

a prolonged interfamily feud, resulting in years of litigation, on several different

fronts, aspects of which are still ongoing. We will limit our factual and procedural

review to matters pertinent to this appeal.

      {¶ 3} In 1999, Marvin J. Gross (“Marvin”), as settlor and trustee, executed

an instrument of trust creating the Marvin J. Gross Declaration of Trust. Marvin

died in April 2007, and the instrument created a Family Trust (“Trust”) and his

wife, Dolores Gross (“Dolores”), became the successor trustee.         Marvin and

Dolores had five children namely: Wendy Jacobson (“Wendy”), Deborah Gross

(“Deborah”), Linda Gross (“Linda”), David Gross (“David”), and Jonathan Gross.

      {¶ 4} The Trust’s major asset was Gross Management Inc. (“GMI”), an Ohio

corporation that owned Beachcliff Place Apartments (the “Apartments”).           An

additional asset of the Trust was a promissory note from David in the amount of

$1,000,000, evidencing a loan relative to David’s ownership of Sahbra Farms, Inc.,

a horse farm (“Sahbra”).1

      {¶ 5} Distributions of income and/or principal from the Trust was for the

primary benefit of Dolores and Marvin’s lineal descendants as Dolores, serving as

the trustee, determined in accordance with certain discretionary standard. Under

the Trust, upon Dolores’ death, Wendy, Deborah, Linda, and David would receive

      1   The Trust did not own any shares of Sahbra.
an equal share of the Trust’s assets.            Under the Trust, Jonathan and his

descendants were intentionally excluded as beneficiaries.

      {¶ 6} On May 20, 2015, Wendy, Deborah, and Linda (hereinafter

collectively “the Appellees”) filed a complaint in the Cuyahoga County Probate

Court against Dolores individually, and as trustee of the Trust, as well as against

David.2 The complaint stemmed from the discovery, following an independent

forensic examination of the management of GMI, that David had allegedly

embezzled approximately $500,000 from GMI. The report indicated that David,

whom Dolores had hired in 2007 to be GMI’s property manager, had been using

GMI’s assets to pay Sahbra’s expenses.           Shortly after the revelation, Dolores

dismissed David as the property manager.

      {¶ 7} The complaint alleged that Dolores had breached her fiduciary duty,

by negligently enabling the embezzlement, and that she was physically,

emotionally, and mentally unable to carry out her duties as the trustee. The

complaint sought an accounting for the Trust from April 2007, through the date of

the filing of the complaint, and compensatory damages from David3 because of his

embezzlement. The complaint also requested that Dolores be removed from the

role of trustee and be replaced by Wendy.

      2   David is not a party to this appeal.

      3 David would later name Jonathan as a party to the case via a third-party
complaint.
      {¶ 8} In July 2015, Dolores discovered that the Trust only owned 80

percent of the Apartments, under GMI, while she owned the remaining 20 percent

in her individual capacity. Dolores announced her intentions to bequeath that 20

percent to Jonathan, the only offspring disinherited under the Trust.

      {¶ 9} In October 2015, the Appellees entered into a settlement agreement

(“Settlement Agreement”) with Dolores and Jonathan. Under the Settlement

Agreement, in exchange for Dolores’ individual 20 percent interest in the

Apartments, the Appellees agreed that Dolores would remain trustee of the Trust.

The Appellees also agreed that a transfer on death instrument of Dolores’ home to

Jonathan to go unchallenged, that her most recent will to go unchallenged after

her death, and agreed to release their claims against Dolores and Jonathan.

      {¶ 10} In accordance with the terms of the Settlement Agreement, Dolores

executed a stock power and transfer on death beneficiaries for membership

interests conveying her 20 percent individual interest in the Apartments to the

Appellees upon her death. Under the Settlement Agreement, Dolores expressly

agreed that the retitling of her shares in the Apartments was “irrevocable.” Also,

Jonathan agreed that he would refuse to accept any interest in the Apartments

from Dolores after the date of the Settlement Agreement.

      {¶ 11} On October 21, 2015, the Appellees dismissed all claims against

Dolores, individually, and explicitly stated that the claims against the other

defendants remained pending. The following month, Dolores executed a

supplement to the Settlement Agreement (“Supplement Agreement”), wherein she
promised not to sell nor attempt to market the Apartments without consent from

the Appellees.

      {¶ 12} In January 2016, Appellees filed a notice of breach of the Settlement

Agreement. Therein, the Appellees alleged that Dolores breached the Settlement

Agreement by refusing to cooperate with Bellwether Enterprises’ requests for an

accurate reporting of all income and expenses associated with the Apartments and

the laundry facility, in accordance with paragraph six of the Settlement Agreement.

The Appellees further alleged that Dolores’ termination of the Apartments’

manager, Branislav Ugrinov (“Branislav”), was a breach of the Settlement

Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, the Appellees

gave Dolores 14 days to respond to the notice and warned that if she failed to

respond or if there was no resolution, the parties would proceed to mediation.

      {¶ 13} The following month, pursuant to the Settlement Agreement’s

mediation clause, the Appellees filed a motion for an order of mediation, which the

probate court granted on February 11, 2016. On February 15, 2016, the Appellees’

counsel sent a letter to Dolores attempting to begin mediation proceedings.

However, these attempts to schedule mediation were halted because Dolores’

attorney, citing conflicts of interest, rejected the three mediators chosen by the

court. Eventually, the Appellees’ counsel asked Dolores’ attorney to choose the

mediator. Ultimately, Dolores did not choose a mediator.
       {¶ 14} In the interim and unbeknownst to the Appellees,4 at the end of

February 2016, Dolores allegedly gave Jonathan power of attorney.                       On

March 11, 2016, Dolores also executed a “Stock Power” and a “Designation of

Transfer on Death Beneficiary for Membership Interests,” which would serve to

transfer the 20 percent individual interest in the Apartments to Jonathan upon

her death. In addition, on April 16, 2016, Dolores executed “Gift Documents” that

transferred the same 20 percent to Jonathan as an inter vivos gift.

       {¶ 15} On April 25, 2016, Dolores passed away and her death ended the

mediation discussions. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Appellees were

slated to become the owners of Dolores’ 20 percent interest in the Apartments and

Jonathan would become the owner of Dolores’ condominium, which he later sold

for $375,000.

       {¶ 16} On October 3, 2017, Jonathan filed a complaint in the Cuyahoga

County Court of Common Pleas, General Division, seeking a declaratory judgment

that the Settlement Agreement was fraudulently induced.5 Jonathan also sought

       4   The Appellees did not become aware of these actions until October 2017.

       5 The action in the General Division was stayed pending a decision by the Probate
Court regarding jurisdiction over the Settlement Agreement. On April 25, 2018, the
Probate Court issued a judgment entry finding that, pursuant to R.C. 2101.24(B)(1)(b), it
had concurrent jurisdiction with the General Division to hear and determine any action
that involved an inter vivos trust. Further, that pursuant to R.C. 2101.24(C) it had plenary
power at law and in equity to dispose fully of any matter that was properly before the court
unless the power was expressly otherwise limited or denied by a section of the Revised
Code.
a declaration that the transfer on death and inter vivos documents transferring

Dolores’ 20 percent individual interest in the Apartments to him were valid.

      {¶ 17} On October 19, 2017, after discovering that Dolores had allegedly

executed the above documents in favor of Jonathan, the Appellees filed an

Emergency Motion to Enforce the Settlement Agreement in the Probate Court.

Therein, the Appellees indicated that on October 6, 2017, “[Jonathan] filed an

Affidavit of Facts Related to Title with Cuyahoga County Recorder’s Office,

claiming he is a 20 percent owner of certain property owned by [the Trust], Wendy,

Linda, and Deborah.”     The Appellees indicated that Jonathan’s filing of the

affidavit had created a cloud on the title to the Apartments and had caused damage

to the Trust and to the Appellees.

      {¶ 18} In addition, the Appellees noted that all of Jonathan’s claims, in his

filing in the General Division, which related to his alleged ownership of the 20

percent interest in GMI was the subject of the Settlement Agreement.           The

Appellees further noted that all the parties to Jonathan’s action in the General

Division were the same parties in the matter pending in the Probate Court.

      {¶ 19} On October 26, 2017, Jonathan filed a motion in opposition, arguing

that the Probate Court did not have jurisdiction. Jonathan also argued that the

Appellees needed to first adhere to the mediation clause of the Settlement

Agreement before seeking court intervention. In addition, Jonathan argued that

the Appellees’ motion was an improper attempt to deny him the right to pursue his

claim in his chosen forum. Further, Jonathan argued that his fraud claim could
not be resolved in a perfunctory hearing and that the motion was an attempted

end-run around the rule of law and his right to properly litigate these issues.

      {¶ 20} On January 9, 2018, the probate court directed the parties to brief

the jurisdictional issue.    On January 23, 2018, the Appellees filed their

memorandum in support of the probate court’s jurisdiction to enforce the

Settlement Agreement. Days later, Jonathan filed his brief in opposition. On

April 25, 2018, the probate court journalized an entry stating that pursuant to

R.C. 2101.24(B) and (C), it had jurisdiction, to enforce the Settlement Agreement.

The probate court then scheduled a hearing on the motion to enforce the

Settlement Agreement.

      {¶ 21} On October 16, 2018, Jonathan filed a motion in limine requesting an

order to exclude evidence related to fraud at the hearing on the alleged breach of

the Settlement Agreement. Jonathan also filed a combined motion for (1) a status

conference, (2) clarification, (3) mediation, and (4) cancellation of the

November 8, 2018 hearing. On October 22, 2018, the probate court denied the

combined motion and Jonathan’s request to exclude any evidence of fraud at the

hearing on the motion to enforce the Settlement Agreement.

      {¶ 22} On November 8, 2018, the probate court held a hearing on the

motion to enforce the Settlement Agreement. Following the hearing, the probate

court found that
      [a] Settlement Agreement was reached in this case on October
16, 2015, and as a result of the agreement, the claims against Defendant
Dolores H. Gross were dismissed.

      As a further result of the Settlement Agreement, the Plaintiffs
allowed a revised will signed by Defendant Dolores Gross as well as a
transfer of real property to Jonathan Gross to stand without challenge.

      ***

       [T]hat [when] Jonathan Gross, Dolores Gross, and the Plaintiffs
executed the Settlement Agreement, Dolores Gross irrevocably agreed
to transfer to the Plaintiffs, through a transfer-on-death designation,
her 20% interest in Gross Management Company Limited and Gross
Management, Inc.

      Jonathan Gross agreed “by signing this agreement that he
refuses to accept from Dolores at any time subsequent to the signing of
this Agreement any interest in Gross Management, Inc. and/or Gross
Management Company LLC and will refuse to accept any future
transfer of any interest in said entities to him from Dolores.”

       [T]hat in exchange for the agreement to transfer the 20% shares
to the Plaintiffs, they in turn, among other concessions, forfeited their
right to challenge the transfer of Dolores’ real property to Jonathan.

       [T]hat while Jonathan was not a party to the case at the time this
agreement was signed, he was subsequently named as a defendant in a
cross claim filed by another Defendant in this action. [T]hat Jonathan’s
signature on the Settlement Agreement was important due to his
involvement with and influence on Dolores through this case up until
the time of her death.

       [T]hat on March 11, 2016, Dolores allegedly executed both a
“Stock Power” and a “Designation of Transfer on Death Beneficiary for
Membership Interests” transferring her 20% interest in Gross
Management to Jonathan in violation of the Agreement signed by
Dolores and Jonathan. Additionally, on April 16, 2016, Dolores
allegedly signed documents gifting her 20% ownership to Jonathan.
Jonathan does not deny that he was aware of these documents and in
fact asserted that he is the rightful owner of the 20% interest despite
the fact that Dolores had irrevocably transferred her interest to the
Plaintiffs in the October 16, 2015, Settlement Agreement.
              ***

            [T]hat it is undisputed that Jonathan Gross signed the
      Settlement Agreement dated October 16, 2015. [F]urther, that it is
      undisputed that Jonathan Gross violated the terms of the Settlement
      Agreement by accepting and asserting an interest in the alleged transfer
      of Dolores Gross’s 20% interest in Gross Management Co. LLC and
      Gross Management Inc.

              ***

             Specifically, that the October 16, 2015 Settlement Agreement ***
      is a valid and enforceable Agreement which was reached in partial
      settlement of the issues in this case. That the March 11, 2016 “Stock
      Power” and Designation of Transfer on Death Beneficiary for
      Membership Interests” for the benefit of Defendant Jonathan Gross are
      null and void and that the April 16, 2016 “Gift Documents” benefitting
      Jonathan Gross are null and void. That the “Affidavit of Facts Related
      to Title” filed with the Cuyahoga County Fiscal Office on October 6,
      2017, is null and void.

      {¶ 23} On November 27, 2018, the probate court granted the Appellees’

motion to enforce the Settlement Agreement. The probate court also awarded the

Appellees attorney fees and costs in the amount of $12,523.

      {¶ 24} On December 26, 2018, Jonathan filed a notice of appeal, which we

dismissed for lack of a final appealable order. Subsequently, on November 5, 2021,

Jonathan refiled his notice of appeal. Jonathan assigns the following four errors

for review:

                          Assignment of Error No. 1

      The Probate Court erred as a matter of law when it determined that it
      had jurisdiction to hear the Emergency Motion to Enforce Settlement
      Agreement.
                           Assignment of Error No. 2

      The Probate Court violated Appellant’s Due Process Rights by Not
      Providing Appellant with Sufficient Notice of the Hearing on the
      Emergency Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement.

                           Assignment of Error No. 3

      The Probate Court erred by not ordering the parties to mediation, as
      required under the terms of the Settlement Agreement.

                           Assignment of Error No. 4

      The Probate Court abused its discretion in awarding Appellees
      Attorney’s Fees and Costs as there was no Finding of Bad Faith.

                                Law and Analysis

      {¶ 25} In the first assignment of error, Jonathan argues that the probate

court erred when it determined that it had jurisdiction to hear the emergency

motion to enforce the settlement agreement.

      Standard of Review

      {¶ 26} The standard of review for a motion to enforce a settlement

agreement turns on the question presented. ‘“If the question is an evidentiary one,

this court will not overturn the trial court’s finding if there was sufficient evidence

to support such finding.”’ Kingsbury v. Cornerstone Family Office L.L.C., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 109886, 2022-Ohio-18, ¶ 18, citing Turoczy Bonding Co. v. Mitchell,

2018-Ohio-3173, 118 N.E.3d 439, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.), quoting Chirchiglia v. Adm.,

Bur. of Workers’ Comp., 138 Ohio App.3d 676, 679, 742 N.E.2d 180 (7th

Dist.2000).
      {¶ 27} Where the issue is a question law, we must determine whether the

trial court’s order is based on an erroneous standard or a misconstruction of the

law. Id., citing Continental W. Condominium Unit Owners Assn. v. Howard E.

Ferguson, Inc., 74 Ohio St.3d 501, 502, 660 N.E.2d 431 (1996). Jonathan presents

a jurisdictional issue, which is a question of law.

Scope of Jurisdiction

      {¶ 28} Within the first assignment of error, Jonathan posits that the

probate court’s power does not extend to jurisdiction over the Settlement

Agreement.

      {¶ 29} Preliminarily, probate courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and

probate proceedings are limited to such actions as are permitted by statute and the

Ohio Constitution. Galloway v. Galloway, 2017-Ohio-87, 80 N.E.3d 1225, ¶ 6

(8th Dist.), citing Corron v. Corron, 40 Ohio St.3d 75, 531 N.E.2d 708 (1988),

paragraph one of the syllabus. R.C. 2101.24(A)(1), which governs the probate

court’s jurisdiction, states in pertinent part that the probate court has exclusive

jurisdiction:

            (e) To appoint and remove guardians, conservators, and
      testamentary trustees, direct and control their conduct, and settle their
      accounts;

                ***

             (m) To direct and control the conduct of fiduciaries and settle
      their accounts;

                ***
      {¶ 30} Despite its limited jurisdiction, the probate courts also have plenary

power “at law and in equity to dispose fully of any matter that is properly before

the court, unless the power is expressly otherwise limited or denied by a section of

the Revised Code.” R.C. 2101.24(C). See Campbell v. Donald A. Campbell 2001

Trust, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109585, 2021-Ohio-1731, ¶ 18, citing Ivancic v.

Enos, 2012-Ohio-3639, 978 N.E.2d 297, ¶ 35 (11th Dist.).

      {¶ 31} In this matter, the Appellees filed this case in the probate court. As

stated previously when the Appellees filed their complaint, they specifically alleged

that Dolores had breached her fiduciary duty, regarding an inter vivos trust, by

negligently enabling David’s embezzlement.       The complaint also alleged that

Dolores was physically, emotionally, and mentally unable to carry out her duties

as the trustee. The Appellees sought Dolores’ removal and the appointment of

Wendy as the successor trustee.

      {¶ 32} Here, because the Appellees brought a complaint for breach of

fiduciary duty and sought removal of the trustee of a trust, it was a matter that was

properly before the probate court. Claims for breach of fiduciary duty that, as here,

inexorably implicate control over the conduct of fiduciaries, are within the subject-

matter jurisdiction by virtue of R.C. 2101.24(A)(1)(c). State ex rel Lewis v. Moser,

72 Ohio St.3d 25, 29, 647 N.E.2d 155 (1995).

      {¶ 33} Importantly, the Settlement Agreement at issue flowed directly from

the complaint and, as the probate court aptly noted, “was entered into to settle and

resolve the breach, accounting and removal actions concerning the Trust.”
Therefore, because the complaint was properly before the court and the Settlement

Agreement flowed from the complaint, the probate court had plenary power to

enforce the Settlement Agreement. As such, Jonathan’s contention is not well

taken.

Probate Court Never Lost Jurisdiction

         {¶ 34} Jonathan next posits that the probate court lost jurisdiction once the

Settlement Agreement was executed and Dolores was dismissed from the case.

This assertion lacks merit. To be discussed below, the dismissal of Dolores, in her

individual capacity, did not dismiss all claims, or end the litigation.

         {¶ 35} Relevant here, Civ.R. 54(B) states in pertinent part that

                any order or other form of decision, however designated, which
         adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer
         than all the parties, shall not terminate the action as to any of the claims
         or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject to revision
         at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and
         the rights and liabilities of all the parties.

         {¶ 36} As previously noted, the Appellees filed their complaint against

Dolores individually, and also in her capacity as Trustee. Further, Dolores was

dismissed in her individual capacity and, in fact, the judgment entry dismissing

Dolores specifically stated that it was a “partial dismissal.”          Thus, the claims

against Dolores in her capacity as the Trustee and the claims against the other

defendants remained pending.

         {¶ 37} Consolidation Coal Co. v. United States DOI, 43 F.Supp.2d 857

(S.D.Ohio 1999), fittingly cited by the Appellees, held that under Fed.R.Civ.P.
54(b), “a settlement agreement which dismisses fewer than all claims or fewer than

all parties to a lawsuit ‘is subject to revision at any time before the entry of

judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the

parties.’” Id. at 863. In so concluding, the court explained that a dismissal of “all

claims against a particular party, so long as claims against other parties remain for

adjudication,” is interlocutory and subject to revision until the adjudication of the

remaining claims or parties. Id. The court continued “where an order of dismissal

is merely interlocutory, no reservation of jurisdiction over the parties’ dispute is

needed because jurisdiction has never been lost.” Id.

      {¶ 38} Here, because Dolores was dismissed from the case in her individual

capacity, but the Appellees claims against Dolores, as Trustee, as well as their

claims against the other defendants remained pending, Dolores’ dismissal was an

interlocutory order. Because the dismissal was an interlocutory order, the probate

court was not required to retain jurisdiction to enforce the Settlement Agreement,

since it never lost jurisdiction. This is true even when the dismissal entry does not

expressly reserve jurisdiction to the court. Continental, 74 Ohio St.3d 501, 660

N.E.2d 431 at id.

      {¶ 39} Nonetheless, Jonathan cites several cases to support his belief that

the probate court lost jurisdiction once Dolores was dismissed from the case.

However, all the cases Jonathan relies on involve situations where the court

dismissed all claims against all parties, and thus are distinguishable from the

present situation. As previously discussed, this matter involved the dismissal of
one party in her individual capacity, leaving the remaining parties and claims

intact.

      No Allegation of Fraud

      {¶ 40} Jonathan next posits that the probate court had no jurisdiction over

claims alleging fraud. Immediately, we point out the Appellees never brought any

claims of fraud. Further, although he could have, Jonathan never raised fraud as

a defense to the enforcement of the Settlement Agreement in the probate court.

Instead, as previously noted, Jonathan filed a separate action, in a different venue,

alleging that the Settlement Agreement was fraudulently induced. As such, this

assertion is not well taken.

      Jurisdictional Priority Rule

      {¶ 41} Jonathan next posits that the jurisdictional priority rule vests the

General Division with jurisdiction over the Settlement Agreement.

      {¶ 42} The principles of the jurisdictional-priority rule are well established.

This rule provides that ‘“[a]s between [state] courts of concurrent jurisdiction, the

tribunal whose power is first invoked by the institution of proper proceedings

acquires jurisdiction, to the exclusion of all tribunals, to adjudicate upon the whole

issue and to settle the rights of the parties.”’ State ex rel. Tri Eagle Fuels L.L.C. v.

Dawson, 2018-Ohio-3054, 118 N.E.3d 304, ¶ 6 (8th Dist.), citing State ex rel.

Dannaher v. Crawford, 78 Ohio St.3d 391, 393, 678 N.E.2d 549 (1997), quoting

State ex rel. Racing Guild of Ohio v. Morgan, 17 Ohio St.3d 54, 56, 476 N.E.2d
1060 (1985), and State ex rel. Phillips v. Polcar, 50 Ohio St.2d 279, 364 N.E.2d 33

(1977), syllabus.

         {¶ 43} Hence, “where a suit is commenced in one jurisdiction which

involves the ‘whole issue’ between the parties, a second court may not interfere

with the resolution of the issue filed in the first court.” Davis v. Cowan Sys., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83155, 2004-Ohio-515, ¶ 13; citing CWP Ltd. Partnership v.

Vitrano, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 71314, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 2116, 5-6 (May 15,

1997).

         {¶ 44} Further, ‘“[t]he determination of whether two cases concern the

same “whole issue” is a two-step analysis. First, there must be cases pending in two

different courts of concurrent jurisdiction involving substantially the same parties;

and second, the ruling of the court subsequently acquiring jurisdiction may affect

or interfere with the resolution of the issues before the court where suit was

originally commenced.”’ Id. at ¶ 14, quoting Vitrano at 6. If the test is satisfied,

the jurisdictional-priority rule applies and the court in which the last action was

filed should dismiss the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

         {¶ 45} In this matter, Jonathan argues that the General Division had

priority over the probate court because he filed his action there before the

Appellees filed their motion to enforce the Settlement Agreement in the probate

court. Jonathan is mistaken in this belief.

         {¶ 46} As previously stated, the Appellees filed their complaint on

May 20, 2015, in the probate court, more than two years before Jonathan filed his
complaint in the general division. The triggering event was the 2015 probate court

filing. Further, as discussed above, although Dolores was dismissed from the case

in her individual capacity, the case was far from concluded, but continued against

Dolores, as the Trustee, and against the other defendants. Simply put, the probate

court’s jurisdiction was first invoked. As a result, under the jurisdiction-priority

rule, the probate court had subject-matter jurisdiction over the dispute.

      {¶ 47} Accordingly, we overrule the first assignment of error.

No Due Process Violation

      {¶ 48} In the second assignment of error, Jonathan argues the probate

court violated his due process rights by not providing sufficient notice of the

hearing on the Appellees’ emergency motion to enforce the Settlement Agreement.

      {¶ 49} Preliminarily, the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the

United States Constitution, as applicable to the states through the Fourteenth

Amendment, provides: “No person shall * * * be deprived of life, liberty, or

property, without due process of law.” Due process requires notice and an

opportunity to be heard. Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 550, 85 S.Ct. 1187,

14 L.Ed.2d 62 (1965). Importantly, “‘[d]ue process requires that persons whose

property interests are jeopardized by the filing of legal proceedings be given notice

reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise those persons of the

pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their

objections.’” Huntington Natl. Bank v. Motel 4 BAPS, Inc., 2010-Ohio-5792, 944

N.E.2d 1210, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.), quoting Galt Alloys, Inc. v. Key Bank Natl. Assoc.,
85 Ohio St.3d 353, 708 N.E.2d 701 (1999), paragraph one of the syllabus. The

notice must convey the required information and afford time for those interested

in making an appearance to protect rights. Palazzi v. Estate of Gardner, 32 Ohio

St.3d 169, 172, 512 N.E.2d 971 (1987). We employ a de novo standard of review in

matters alleging a violation of due process. In re A.R., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos.

104869, 104870, 104871, 104872, 104873, 104875, and 104876, 2017-Ohio-8058,

¶ 15, citing In re D.C., 2017-Ohio-114, 75 N.E. 3d 1040, ¶ 14 (10th Dist.).

      {¶ 50} In this matter, despite Jonathan’s contentions, the record reveals

that he had notice of both the hearing on the Appellees’ emergency motion to

enforce the Settlement Agreement and of the subject-matter of the hearing. To

begin, upon Appellees filing the emergency motion to enforce the Settlement

Agreement, Jonathan opposed the motion and subsequently filed motions that,

when viewed, refute his present claims.

      {¶ 51} Specifically, after the probate court issued its September 6, 2018

notice of hearing, Jonathan filed two motions on October 16, 2018. The first,

requested an order scheduling a status conference, requested clarification of the

notice of hearing, requested that the dispute be referred to mediation, and

requested cancellation of the scheduled hearing. Second, Jonathan filed a motion

in limine to exclude evidence of fraud at the hearing.

      {¶ 52} On October 22, 2018, the probate court journalized an entry stating

in relevant part that
            the Court finds that the issues raised in Jonathan Gross’s Motion
      have been addressed by the Court with the long line of attorneys
      representing Jonathan and in its prior orders.

            The Court finds and Orders that a status conference is not
      necessary and therefore denies the Motion for Immediate Status
      Conference.

             The Court finds and Orders that the hearing scheduled for
      November 8, 2018, is a Hearing on Plaintiffs’ Motion to Enforce
      Settlement Agreement and further Orders that the Hearing shall be
      heard as scheduled.

      {¶ 53} Here, in addition to the notice of hearing issued September 6, 2018,

the above journal entry expressly gave Jonathan notice that was reasonably

calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise him of the pendency of the

action and afforded him an opportunity to present any objections.        The above

excerpt clearly indicated that Jonathan was apprised of the subject matter of the

hearing. Because Jonathan had notice of the hearing, as well as notice of the

hearing’s purpose, plus was present at the hearing, and participated fully, there

was no due process violation.

      {¶ 54} Nonetheless, Jonathan argues that after seeking clarification, of the

purpose of the hearing, he proceeded with the belief that the issue of fraud would

not be addressed at the hearing. The probate court’s journal entry spoke in

relevant part to Jonathan’s notion as follows:

             The Court finds that the counsel for Jonathan Gross, who filed
      their appearance in this case on October 16, 2018, filed a Motion in
      Limine asking this Court to exclude evidence related to fraud. In
      support of his Motion in Limine Defendant Jonathan Gross submitted
      the affidavits of two attorneys who had previously represented Gross.
      The Affidavit of Matthew C. Miller alleges that Miller attended a
      pretrial conference before this court on January 9, 2018, and that it is
his “recollection” that the Court told counsel that it would not
“entertain the fraud in the inducement issue” that Jonathan has alleged
in his Complaint filed in the General Division.

       The second Affidavit, signed by Attorney Stewart D. Roll, alleges
that Roll spoke to the Judge’s Assistant to seek clarification of how the
Court would proceed and what would be considered at the scheduled
hearing. Roll further asserts that he was told by the Judge’s Assistant
that “the Judge had not changed her mind about her January 9, 2018,
status conference determination and advice that the fraud in the
inducement issue…would not be considered.”

       Defendant Jonathan Gross argued that in reliance on the
supposed comments made off the record at a pre-trial hearing in
January of this year, he had not conducted discovery on his allegation
of fraud and therefore moved that the determination of fraud be left to
the General Division. Counsel for Defendant Jonathan Gross further
asserted that he would be willing to concede that his client had not
complied with the Settlement Agreement if this Court would make a
determination that the General Division had jurisdiction to hear the
fraud in the inducement claim.

      ***

       The Court finds that Defendant Jonathan Gross insists that he
should be permitted to pursue his claim of fraud in the inducement
claim in the General Division Case. This Court further finds that it is
not for this Court to decide what claims may proceed in another
division of the Court. This Court has asserted its jurisdiction to enforce
the Settlement Agreement. The Motion to Enforce was scheduled for
hearing, Jonathan Gross was notified of the hearing and the hearing
went forward as scheduled. If Jonathan Gross had a defense to the
Motion it was incumbent on him to present it at the scheduled hearing.

      The Court finds that the posture taken by Defendant Jonathan
Gross—that the Court would proceed with a hearing on the Motion to
Enforce without giving Gross an opportunity to present his defense
(fraud in the inducement) is an insult to the integrity of this Court. The
Court further finds that the submission of affidavits by two of Gross’s
former attorneys, one asserting what he recalled the undersigned
saying at an off the record pretrial conference and the other relying on
relayed messages through the Court’s Judicial Assistant is equally an
unacceptable portrayal of accepted practices of the Court.
      {¶ 55} At the hearing on the motion to enforce the Settlement Agreement,

the following exchange took place between the probate court and Jonathan’s new

counsel:

            [ATTORNEY]: I just want to say, your Honor, I am not
      suggesting that any of this is accurate other than the fact that his
      impression is relevant to this.

             [JUDGE]: You are questioning the Court’s integrity, and I have
      read through my notes from the January hearing. I have a phone
      message, because I can tell you exactly what my message was from
      Attorney [X]. I have it. * * * The question posed to me was, “Does the
      Judge stand by her * * * entry?” And I said, * * * “Yeah, I stand by my
      entry.”

             Then, Mr. [X] talked to [Court Staff], and all he wanted to know
      was, what was the purpose of the hearing? And he was told the hearing
      was on a Motion to Enforce Settlement. So I really — I’m sorry, I’m
      trying not to be real sensitive here, but I’m not hearing the fraud case
      from across the street.

             I am hearing the Motion to Enforce Settlement. I don’t know
      how else to make that clear. * * * And if I said to all of these attorneys,
      all I’m hearing is Motion to Enforce Settlement * * * [,] [t]hat doesn’t
      mean everything relevant to this motion shouldn’t be heard today. I
      don’t know what people are going to bring as evidence.

      {¶ 56} Here, as reflected above and elsewhere in the record, the probate

court was clear that the hearing was on the motion to enforce the Settlement

Agreement. Critically, Jonathan was not precluded from raising any issue he

thought relevant.    In the end, Jonathan elected not to present fraud in the

inducement as a defense. Again, because we find Jonathan was notified of the

hearing and its subject matter and was given a full opportunity to present evidence

on any issue he deemed important, including fraud in the inducement, we find that

Jonathan’s due process rights were not violated.
      {¶ 57} Accordingly, we overrule the second assignment of error.

Lack of Mediation — No Abuse of Discretion

      {¶ 58} In the third assignment of error, Jonathan argues that the trial court

abused its discretion by not ordering mediation.

      {¶ 59} At the outset, we note, “a settlement agreement is a contract

designed to terminate a claim by preventing or ending litigation.” Estate of

Millstein, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110546, 2021-Ohio-4610, ¶ 50, citing

Continental W. Condominium Unit Owners Assn., 74 Ohio St.3d at 501, 502, 660

N.E.2d 431. Further, interpretation of a written contract is a question of law

reviewed de novo. Id., citing In re All Kelley & Ferraro Asbestos Cases, 104 Ohio

St.3d 605, 2004-Ohio-7104, 821 N.E.2d 159, ¶ 28.

      {¶ 60} In this matter, paragraph 16 of the Settlement Agreement provided

that in the event of an alleged breach, the parties agree to the following procedure:

       a. The non-breaching party will notify the perceived breaching party
          of the alleged breach with fourteen (14) days of discovering such
          breach. Such notification shall be in writing;

       b. The perceived breaching party will then have fourteen (14) days to
          respond to the non-breaching party. Such response shall be in
          writing, and;

       c. In the event the alleged breach cannot be mutually resolved, the
          parties agree to mediate the issues surrounding the alleged breach,
          and will not seek Court intervention until mediation has failed.

      {¶ 61} Jonathan contends that the Appellees made no attempt to mediate

as required by Subsection “c,” of the Settlement Agreement, before they sought

court intervention. However, despite this assertion, Jonathan acknowledged in his
brief to this court that it was he who sought court intervention without first

attempting to mediate. Despite this acknowledgment, Jonathan claims that he did

not breach the mediation clause because the Settlement Agreement was

fraudulently induced.   We find Jonathan’s argument perplexing and somewhat

disingenuous.

      {¶ 62} Under the unambiguous meaning of Subsection “c,” Jonathan was

required to mediate any dispute, including his claim of fraud in the inducement,

before seeking court intervention. Illustratively, and as previously noted, when

there were indications that Dolores had breached the Settlement Agreement, the

Appellees followed the steps outlined in Paragraph 16 of Settlement Agreement

and attempted to mediate, before Dolores succumbed to her illness. Unlike the

Appellees, it is undisputed that Jonathan made no attempt to mediate before filing

his complaint in the general division. In doing so, Jonathan invited the error of

which he now complains.

      {¶ 63} Under the invited-error doctrine, “‘“a party is not entitled to take

advantage of an error that he himself invited or induced”’” Klik v. Moyer, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 100576, 2014-Ohio-3236, ¶ 13, quoting Manning v. Jusak, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 99459, 2013-Ohio-4194, ¶ 9, quoting State ex rel. Kline v. Carroll,

96 Ohio St.3d 404, 2002-Ohio-4849, 775 N.E.2d 517; State v. Smith, 148 Ohio

App.3d 274, 2002-Ohio-3114, 772 N.E.2d 1225, ¶ 30 (8th Dist.). Here, having

invited or induced the error, by failing to first seek mediation, Jonathan is not

entitled to complain that the probate court did not order mediation.
      {¶ 64} Accordingly, we overrule the third assignment of error.

Awarding Attorney Fees Proper — Exception to the American Rule

      {¶ 65} In the fourth assignment of error, Jonathan argues the probate

court abused its discretion in awarding attorney fees.

      {¶ 66} We review a probate court’s judgment awarding attorney fees for an

abuse of discretion. In re Estate of Brate, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2007-08-103,

2008-Ohio-3517, ¶ 6, citing Demo v. Demo, 101 Ohio App.3d 383, 388-89, 655

N.E.2d 791 (12th Dist.1995). An abuse of discretion is more than an error of law or

judgment; it implies that the trial court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140

(1983).

      {¶ 67} Within this assignment of error, Jonathan argues there was no

justification for the award of attorney fees and costs. Specifically, Jonathan asserts

that the American Rule applied, but the probate court did not make any findings

of bad faith.

      {¶ 68} It is true that Ohio adheres to the rule that “a prevailing party in a

civil action may not recover attorney fees as a part of the costs of litigation.”

Wilborn v. Bank One Corp., 121 Ohio St.3d 546, 2009-Ohio-306, 906 N.E.2d 396,

¶ 7, citing Nottingdale Homeowners’ Assn., Inc. v. Darby, 33 Ohio St.3d 32, 33-

34, 514 N.E.2d 702 (1987), and State ex rel. Beebe v. Cowley, 116 Ohio St. 377, 722,

156 N.E. 214 (1927). There are, however, exceptions to this rule. Attorney fees may

be awarded if (1) a statute creates a duty to pay fees, (2) the losing party has acted
in bad faith, or (3) the parties contract to shift fees. Attorney fees may be awarded

when a statute or an enforceable contract specifically provides for the losing party

to pay the prevailing party’s attorney fees, or when the prevailing party

demonstrates bad faith on the part of the unsuccessful litigant. Id.

      {¶ 69} In Rayco Mfg. v. Murphy, Rogers, Sloss & Gambel, 2019-Ohio-

3756, 142 N.E.3d 1267 (8th Dist.), this court, sitting en banc, endorsed another

exception when it determined that “attorney fees can be awarded as compensatory

damages to the prevailing party on a motion to enforce a settlement agreement

when the fees are incurred as a direct result of a breach of the settlement

agreement.” Id. at ¶ 20.

      {¶ 70} In this matter, the probate court found that Jonathan violated the

terms of the Settlement Agreement and that the Appellees incurred fees in their

efforts to enforce the Settlement Agreement. The probate court awarded attorney

fees in the amount of $12,532.

      {¶ 71} Here, because the trial court found that Jonathan breached the

Settlement Agreement and the Appellees incurred attorney fees as a result of that

breach, the award fits squarely into the fourth exception to the American Rule

pronounced in Rayco. As such, the probate court did not have to make a finding

of bad faith as Jonathan suggests. Based on this court’s en banc decision in Rayco,

the probate court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney fees to the

Appellees.

      {¶ 72} Accordingly, we overruled the fourth assignment of error.
      {¶ 73} Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Probate Division, to carry this judgment

into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule

27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

_________________________
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, JUDGE

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., CONCURS (WITH LEAD OPINION AND WITH
SEPARATE CONCURRING OPINION);
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURS (WITH SEPARATE CONCURRING
OPINION)

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURRING:

               I concur with the majority opinion but write separately to draw

attention to our abuse-of-discretion standard, which is evolving into a more

discerning test for reversal.

               For decades, appellate courts have cited Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5

Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983), and held that the term “abuse of

discretion” involves more than an error of law or judgment and that it implies the

court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. See, e.g., State v.

Bertram, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 21CA3950, 2022-Ohio-2488, ¶ 46; Bank of Am., N.A.
v. Darkadakis, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 14 MA 0076, 2016-Ohio-7694, ¶ 76; Stakich

v. Russo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99488, 2014-Ohio-2526, ¶ 23, citing Tourlakis v.

Beverage Distribs., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81222, 2002-Ohio-7252, ¶ 31.

               However, the standard set forth in Blakemore, which was decided in

1983, is inconsistent with the standard more recently articulated in Johnson v.

Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 39. In Johnson,

the court explicitly held that “courts lack the discretion to make errors of law,

particularly when the trial court’s decision goes against the plain language of a

statute or rule.” In Johnson, the court made a distinction between errors of law and

other matters over which a court has discretionary authority. The court held that

“‘[n]o court—not a trial court, not an appellate court, nor even a supreme court—has

the authority, within its discretion, to commit an error of law.’” Id. at ¶ 38, quoting

State v. Boles, 187 Ohio App.3d 345, 2010-Ohio-278, 932 N.E.2d 345, ¶ 26

(2d Dist.). The court further explained:

             “The concept of ‘abuse of discretion’ as the basis for determining
      ‘error’ of the trial court connotes the right to exercise a sound
      discretion. Conversely, where a specific action, ruling or order of the
      court is required as a matter of law, involving no discretion, the test of
      ‘abuse of discretion’ should have no application.”

Id. at ¶ 37, quoting Rohde v. Farmer, 23 Ohio St.2d 82, 89, 262 N.E.2d 685 (1970).

               Since errors of law are outside the scope of a court’s discretion, they

are not subject to the abuse-of-discretion standard of review. Id. Rather, Johnson

holds that errors of law are reviewed de novo. Id. ¶ 38. Thus, Johnson implicitly
overruled Blakemore’s definition of an “abuse discretion” to the extent that it

defined an “abuse of discretion” as more than an error of law.

               With respect to matters within the court’s discretion, Johnson

instructs that “[a]n abuse of discretion occurs when ‘a court exercis[es] its judgment,

in an unwarranted way[.]’” Johnson at ¶ 35. Johnson does not elaborate on what

constitutes an “unwarranted” exercise of discretion, but other recent cases have held

that an abuse of discretion “‘implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable,

arbitrary or unconscionable.’” State v. Montgomery, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-

2211, ¶ 135, quoting Blakemore at 219. See also Davis v. McGuffey, 167 Ohio St.3d

1442, 2022-Ohio-2163, 189 N.E.3d 806, ¶ 12 (Kennedy and Fischer, JJ., dissenting).

Thus, that aspect of Blakemore’s “abuse of discretion” standard defining an “abuse

of discretion” as unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable is still valid and

applicable to those decisions that are within the court’s discretion and may be used

to determine whether a court’s judgment was “unwarranted.”

               The majority’s decision on attorney fees presents a mixed question of

law and discretion. Whether the trial court had legal authority to award attorney

fees in the first instance is a question of law. As noted by the majority, in Rayco

Mfg. v. Murphy, Rogers, Sloss & Gambel, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106714, 2019-

Ohio-3756, we held that, as an exception to the general rule that prevailing parties

may not recover attorney fees, “attorney fees can be awarded as compensatory

damages to the prevailing party on a motion to enforce a settlement agreement when
the fees are incurred as a direct result of a breach of the settlement agreement.” Id.

at ¶ 20.

              Having determined that attorney fees were legally permissible under

the circumstances, we next had to determine whether the attorney-fee award itself

was warranted. And because the attorney-fee award was reasonable, there was no

abuse of discretion. I, therefore, concur with the majority opinion, but write

separately with the hope that other courts will reexamine the abuse-of-discretion

standard and apply the more nuanced standard articulated in Johnson.