Court Opinion

ID: 2688920
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-01 14:53:50.102065+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:17:57.340199
License: Public Domain

FILED BY CLERK
                                                                      JUN 30 2006
                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS                    COURT OF APPEALS
                               STATE OF ARIZONA                         DIVISION TWO
                                 DIVISION TWO

JANE ANDRESANO and RALPH                    )          2 CA-CV 2005-0151
ANDRESANO, wife and husband,                )          DEPARTMENT A
                                            )
                   Plaintiffs/Appellants,   )          OPINION
                                            )
                  v.                        )
                                            )
THE COUNTY OF PIMA, a body politic,         )
and PIMA COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF               )
PUBLIC WORKS, a public entity,              )
                                            )
                  Defendants/Appellees.     )
                                            )

           APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY

                                Cause No. C-20035291

                         Honorable Deborah Bernini, Judge

                                     AFFIRMED

Harold Hyams & Associates, P.C.
 By Michael J. Kuborn                                                        Tucson
                                                  Attorneys for Plaintiffs/Appellants

Barbara LaWall, Pima County Attorney
 By James M. Wilkes                                                         Tucson
                                                 Attorneys for Defendants/Appellees

P E L A N D E R, Chief Judge.
¶1            In this personal injury-premises liability action, we are again required to

interpret Arizona’s recreational use immunity statute, A.R.S. § 33-1551. See, e.g., Armenta

v. City of Casa Grande, 205 Ariz. 367, 71 P.3d 359 (App. 2003); Herman v. City of

Tucson, 197 Ariz. 430, 4 P.3d 973 (App. 1999); Prince v. City of Apache Junction, 185
Ariz. 43, 912 P.2d 47 (App. 1996). Plaintiff/appellant Jane Andresano and her husband

appeal from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendant/appellee Pima

County. Contrary to Andresano’s argument, we hold that the trial court properly applied

§ 33-1551 to the facts presented and correctly found the county not liable as a matter of law

under that statute. Therefore, we affirm the judgment.

                                    BACKGROUND

¶2            Although the pertinent facts are essentially undisputed, on appeal from a

summary judgment, we view all facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most

favorable to the party against whom judgment was entered. See Prince, 185 Ariz. at 45, 912

P.2d at 49. During the annual AIDS Walk held by the Southern Arizona AIDS Foundation

(SAAF) at Rillito Park in October 2002, Jane Andresano slipped and fell in a drainage

culvert in the infield of the Rillito Downs Race Track, breaking her ankle. She was serving

as chaperone for students from her daughter’s high school but was also going to participate

in the walk herself.

¶3            Pima County owns Rillito Park and the racetrack that lies within it. The

county allows many organizations to use the racetrack area through a cooperative use

                                             2
agreement executed by the user and the county. SAAF entered into one such agreement for

its annual AIDS Walk in 2002. Pursuant to the agreement, the county granted a license to

SAAF “for the special use” on October 20, 2002, of certain premises. The premises

included the racetrack’s infield, grandstands, and parking lot as well as the Rillito River Park

system from Rillito Park to Flowing Wells Road.

¶4            In exchange, the agreement required SAAF to pay the county a $950 fee to use

the premises. That fee included $350 for use of the racetrack infield and $300 each for use

of the parking lot and grandstands. The county also required a $950 security deposit.

According to the uncontroverted affidavit of the county’s contract specialist, the county

assessed the $950 fee “to help defray the costs of maintaining the facility,” and that same,

“scheduled” fee was charged to all users who entered into a cooperative use agreement. The

county collected $30,993.50 in user fees for the Rillito Park facility during the 2002-2003

fiscal year and spent $146,824 that year in maintenance and upkeep costs for the facility.

¶5            Andresano did not personally pay a fee to use the county premises or to

participate in the AIDS Walk. After her injury, Andresano filed this action, alleging that the

county had negligently failed to maintain the property or warn her of “dangerous conditions

[at the park],” specifically, “the presence of an unprotected culvert . . . on the premises.”

The county moved for summary judgment, arguing § 33-1551 applied and immunized it from

liability. The trial court granted the motion, noting that Andresano’s lack of payment of a

fee entitled the county to judgment. It further concluded that “access to the park was not

                                               3
limited or restricted to any special group, the user fee was minimal and not a revenue

generating fee, and . . . the park operations on October 20, 2002 were governmental, and not

proprietary, in nature.” The court also ruled that “[t]he use to which Rillito Park was put

on October 20, 2002, appears in all respects to be the type of use that the legislature

envisioned when it passed the [recreational use] statute.” This appeal followed.

                                       DISCUSSION

¶6            Andresano contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in

favor of the county, arguing her “right of action was incorrectly abrogated by the trial court’s

narrow interpretation of the recreational use statute.” In reviewing a grant of summary

judgment, “[w]e determine de novo whether any genuine issues of material fact exist and

whether the trial court erred in applying the law.” Armenta, 205 Ariz. 367, ¶ 5, 71 P.3d at

361. “We also review de novo whether the recreational use immunity statute applies to this

case . . . .” Id.; see also Herman, 197 Ariz. 430, ¶ 5, 4 P.3d at 975 (we review de novo

statutory interpretation issues). And, “[b]ecause the statute appears to limit common-law

liability, ‘we must construe it strictly to avoid any overbroad statutory interpretation that

would give unintended immunity and take away a right of action.’” Armenta, 205 Ariz. 367,

¶ 5, 71 P.3d at 361, quoting Smith v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 195 Ariz. 214, ¶ 9, 986 P.2d
247, 249 (App. 1999); see also Herman, 197 Ariz. 430, ¶ 12, 4 P.3d at 976.

¶7            Section 33-1551(A) provides:

                    A public or private owner, easement holder, lessee or
              occupant of premises is not liable to a recreational or

                                               4
              educational user except upon a showing that the owner,
              easement holder, lessee or occupant was guilty of wilful,
              malicious or grossly negligent conduct which was a direct cause
              of the injury to the recreational or educational user.

Andresano does not assert that the county acted wilfully, maliciously, or in a grossly

negligent manner. Therefore, if the statute applies, the county is immune from liability in

an action for simple negligence. See Armenta, 205 Ariz. 367, ¶ 24, 71 P.3d at 365.

¶8            Andresano first maintains “[t]he trial court erred when it determined that the

County’s operation and maintenance of the Rillito Downs Facility was governmental rather

than proprietary in nature.” The county responds that “the discussion of governmental

versus proprietary function is immaterial” under the recreational use statute and that the

statute “contains its own internal set of requirements . . . without the need for further

analysis.” We agree with the county on this point.

¶9            As Andresano correctly notes, our supreme court applied the governmental-

versus-proprietary test in Dickey v. City of Flagstaff, 205 Ariz. 1, 66 P.3d 44 (2003). But

it did so in the context of a constitutional challenge not raised here.1 Although the common

law might have differentiated between governmental and proprietary functions, the

       1
         The court in Dickey held that, “because [the plaintiffs] would have had no action
when the anti-abrogation provision [in article XVIII, § 6 of the Arizona Constitution] was
adopted, the limited immunity afforded to the City of Flagstaff by the recreational use statute
did not wrongfully abrogate [the plaintiffs’] right to sue the City for negligence.” 205 Ariz.
1, ¶ 23, 66 P.3d at 49. No such constitutional issue is raised here. And the dispositive issue
in this case—the scope and effect of a payment made by an entity other than the recreational
user/plaintiff—was neither presented nor addressed in Dickey.

                                              5
recreational use statute draws no such distinction, nor do we in interpreting and applying

that law. Therefore, we do not address the propriety of the trial court’s ruling that “the park

operations on October 20, 2002 were governmental, and not proprietary, in nature.”

¶10           We now turn to the issue we view as dispositive: whether Andresano was a

“recreational user” as defined in § 33-1551(C)(4) at the time of her accident.2 As amended

in 1998, see 1998 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 22, § 1, that subsection provides:

                     “Recreational user” means a person to whom permission
              has been granted or implied without the payment of an
              admission fee or any other consideration to travel across or to
              enter upon premises to hunt, fish, trap, camp, hike, ride,
              exercise, swim or engage in similar pursuits. The purchase of a
              state hunting, trapping or fishing license is not the payment of
              an admission fee or any other consideration as provided in this
              section. A nominal fee that is charged by a public entity or a
              nonprofit corporation to offset the cost of providing the
              educational or recreational premises and associated services
              does not constitute an admission fee or any other consideration
              as prescribed by this section.

§ 33-1551(C)(4). The 1998 amendment added the last sentence to that subsection. 1998

Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 22, § 1.

       2
        Andresano does not contend that the Rillito Park facility falls outside the definition
of “premises” in § 33-1551(C)(3). See Armenta v. City of Casa Grande, 205 Ariz. 367,
¶¶ 7-9, 71 P.3d 359, 362 (App. 2003); see also Prince v. City of Apache Junction, 185
Ariz. 43, 46, 912 P.2d 47, 50 (App. 1996). Nor does she deny having entered the premises
to “exercise” or “engage in similar pursuits” at the time of her injury, within the meaning of
§ 33-1551(C)(4). See Herman v. City of Tucson, 197 Ariz. 430, ¶ 19, 4 P.3d 973, 978
(App. 1999); see also Prince, 185 Ariz. at 46, 912 P.2d at 50.

                                              6
¶11           As Andresano points out, “[t]he ‘admission fee or any other consideration’

clause contained in A.R.S. § 33-1551(C)(4) provides an exception to the recreational use

statute.” And, as she also correctly notes, “the payment of an admission fee or any other

consideration by a user of the public premises negates the public entity’s immunity [as to

that user] unless the fee is considered nominal and, if nominal, is charged to offset the cost

of providing the premises and associated services.”

¶12           The parties devote much of their argument to the thorny issue of whether the

$950 user fee SAAF paid to the county was “[a] nominal fee that [was] charged by [the

county] to offset the cost of providing the . . . recreational premises and associated services.”

§ 33-1551(C)(4). But we focus first on the question of whether Andresano was “a person

to whom permission [was] granted or implied without the payment of an admission fee or

any other consideration to . . . enter upon [the Rillito Park] premises.” Id. And, more

particularly, we examine whether the user fee SAAF paid qualifies as the type of “admission

fee” or “other consideration” to which subsection (C)(4) refers, thereby potentially removing

Andresano from “recreational user” status. See Herman, 197 Ariz. 430, ¶ 8, 4 P.3d at 976

(“The statute applies only if [the plaintiff] was a recreational user.”).

¶13           Andresano contends, without “belabor[ing] the issue,” that “the trial court

determined that the $950.00 user fee paid by SAAF would apply to [her] as an agent of

SAAF at the time of her injury.” But that contention misconstrues the trial court’s ruling.

What the court actually stated was: “[T]o the extent that the Court adopts Plaintiff’s claim

                                               7
that she was an ‘agent’ of SAAF, a brief look at the nature of the user fee is appropriate.”

Immediately before that, however, the trial court stated: “[Andresano] does not dispute that

she did not pay any sort of admission fee to enter the park or an entry fee to participate in

the [AIDS Walk] event. These facts alone seem to warrant judgment in Defendant’s favor.”

We agree and, for the reasons set forth below, affirm summary judgment on that ground. See

Rowland v. Great States Ins. Co., 199 Ariz. 577, ¶ 6, 20 P.3d 1158, 1162 (App. 2001) (we

will affirm trial court’s summary judgment ruling if it is correct on any ground).

¶14           Andresano relies on Prince for the proposition that the user fee SAAF paid

applies to her “individually even though [s]he did not personally pay the fee.” We are not

persuaded. In Prince, the plaintiff was a member of a trucking company softball team. “The

participation of plaintiff’s team and its members, including plaintiff, on the accident date

depended on the team’s required payment of a $250 entry fee to the city.” 185 Ariz. at 46,
912 P.2d at 50. The trucking company that sponsored the plaintiff’s team had “made that

payment with the ‘understanding that this entry fee was a requirement of entering a team into

the league and to use the league facilities.’” Id. Payment of the entry fee in Prince not only

“entitled plaintiff’s team to reserved, ‘priority use’ of the softball field at the time of

plaintiff’s accident” but also helped cover the costs of field preparation, maintenance, and

lighting. Id. On those facts, we concluded “the permission granted to plaintiff ‘to enter

upon’ the softball field to ‘exercise . . . or engage in similar pursuits’ was not ‘without the

payment of an admission fee or other consideration,’ § 33-1551(B)(3), and the trial court’s

                                              8
implicit ‘conclusion of “no charge” was in error.’” 185 Ariz. at 46, 912 P.2d at 50

(emphasis and alteration in Prince).

¶15           We noted in Prince that “‘the “charge” (“admission price or fee”) exception

[in current § 33-1551(C)(4)] “must be given the broadest reading that is within the fair

intendment of the language used.”’” 185 Ariz. at 45, 912 P.2d at 49, quoting Johnson v.

Rapid City Softball Ass’n, 514 N.W.2d 693, 696 (S.D. 1994). We further stated: “[I]f an

admission fee or other consideration was paid, at least in part, to enter upon premises to

engage in any of the defined recreational activities, that is sufficient to exclude one from

recreational user status.” Id. And, we also noted, § 33-1551 “does not specifically require

that the ‘admission fee or other consideration’ be paid by the individual claimant rather than

by a team to engage in a sporting event at a particular site in the park.” 185 Ariz. at 46 n.5,
912 P.2d at 50 n.5. Rather, we observed, “‘[a] fee does not necessarily have to be paid by

the injured party [her]self to take a case outside the recreational user statute so long as

someone in the plaintiff’s party has paid a fee to utilize the overall benefits.’” Id., quoting

Reed v. City of Miamisburg, 644 N.E.2d 1094, 1095 (Ohio Ct. App. 1993).

¶16           We find Prince distinguishable and unsupportive of Andresano’s contention

that SAAF’s payment of the $950 user fee constituted “an admission fee or any other

consideration” paid on her behalf.3 § 33-1551(C)(4). Andresano testified in her deposition

       3
        Our holding in Prince that the plaintiff there had not been a “recreational user” at
the time of his accident was based on “the particular facts of [that] case.” 185 Ariz. at 46,
912 P.2d at 50.

                                              9
that she had not “paid an entry fee in order to participate in the walk.” And the record does

not suggest, let alone establish, that she was an agent or employee of SAAF or otherwise

held even a semiofficial position in that organization at any time.4 Unlike the plaintiff in

Prince, Andresano was not a member of any team for which payment of a fee was required

to “‘enter[] a team into [a] league and to use the league facilities.’” 185 Ariz. at 46, 912
P.2d at 50. Rather, she was merely one of many community members whom SAAF invited

to participate in its widely publicized, fund-raising event, and the fee SAAF paid was not

made for the primary purpose of permitting her to participate in the walk or to utilize the

county facilities.

¶17            In contrast, the trucking company sponsor in Prince paid the entry fee solely

on behalf of the plaintiff’s team so it could participate in the league and use the softball field

for games. Thus, there was a direct correlation between the payor (the trucking company

sponsor), the plaintiff (as a member of the sponsored softball team), and the purpose for

which payment was made (to entitle plaintiff and his team to participate in the softball

league and to “reserved, ‘priority use’ of the softball field at the time of plaintiff’s

accident”). Id. at 46, 912 P.2d at 50. In other words, the entry fee was paid on behalf of

       4
         “‘[A]n agent is “one who acts on behalf of another.”’” Barlage v. Valentine, 210
Ariz. 270, ¶ 16, 110 P.3d 371, 376 (App. 2005), quoting Se. Ariz. Med. Ctr. v. Ariz. Health
Care Cost Containment Sys., 188 Ariz. 276, 282, 935 P.2d 854, 860 (App. 1996)
(alteration in Se. Ariz. Med. Ctr.). Andresano asserted below that “payment of the ‘user’s
fee’ by SAAF must be extended to [her]” because she served as a “volunteer fund raiser and
was present within the Rillito Downs facility at the invitation of and on behalf of SAAF.”
But no facts of record support those assertions.

                                               10
the team to directly and exclusively benefit a specific, small group to which the plaintiff

belonged.

¶18           The same cannot be said in this case. The user fee SAAF paid was for its

benefit, that is, to obtain a license for special use of the Rillito Park premises for its own

fund-raising purposes on the date specified. It then became the “occupant” of the premises.

§ 33-1551(A). Unlike in Prince, no direct relationship existed between SAAF, as payor,

and Andresano. And the user fee the county charged SAAF was not paid on behalf of, or

to directly benefit, her. See, e.g., Casas v. United States, 19 F. Supp. 2d 1104, 1108 (C.D.

Cal. 1998) (rejecting plaintiff’s “broad reading of the recreational use statute” that “because

some people” had paid a registration fee, she and others “were brought within the [statute’s]

consideration exception”); Whooley v. Commonwealth, 783 N.E.2d 461, 462-63 (Mass.

App. Ct. 2003) (whether other recreational users paid fee for their own use of hockey rink

not determinative, but rather, issue was “whether the plaintiff paid a fee to the owner of the

facility in exchange for her use of the premises”); Garreans v. City of Omaha, 345 N.W.2d
309, 314 (Neb. 1984) (plaintiffs deemed “nonpaying, recreational users” when user fees

were not paid by them or specifically on their behalf); cf. Saari v. Winter Sports, Inc., 64
P.3d 1038, 1042 (Mont. 2003) (although “it is not necessary for the ultimate user . . . to be

the one who furnishes the valuable consideration to the property owner for the use of the

property, it is necessary that the consideration be given ‘to create access to the premises for

                                              11
the ultimate user.’”), quoting Simchuk v. Angel Island Community Ass’n, 833 P.2d 158,

162 (Mont. 1992) (emphasis added in Saari).

¶19           Moreover, the user fee the county charged SAAF was not paid as “an

admission fee” or “other consideration” for purposes of granting permission to Andresano

to enter or use the premises.5 Rather, the uncontroverted facts established that the

“scheduled fees” only applied to “persons or entities who enter into Cooperative Use

Agreements with Pima County,” i.e., SAAF.

¶20           Viewing the statutory exception for “an admission fee or any other

consideration” broadly, as we must, we have no reason to believe the legislature intended

that exception to apply when the connection between the payment and the plaintiff is as

attenuated as it is here. Under these circumstances, we conclude Andresano was a

“recreational user” because her permitted use of the Rillito Park facilities was “without the

payment of an admission fee or any other consideration” by her or on her behalf. § 33-

1551(C)(4). And, because the trial court’s entry of summary judgment on that ground was

proper, we do not address the question of whether the $950 user fee SAAF paid was

“nominal” within the meaning of the 1998 amendment to § 33-1551(C)(4).

       5
        We note that, to the extent Andresano required permission to enter the Rillito Park
premises on the accident date, such permission was requested from and granted by SAAF,
not the county. Andresano avowed that she was required to register with SAAF before
participating in the walk. And, as she repeatedly asserts, the cooperative use agreement
between SAAF and the county implied that “SAAF would have exclusive use of the facilities
on that day” and that “access and use of the park was only held open to SAAF and those
members of the general public to whom SAAF granted entry.”

                                             12
¶21          In sum, we agree with the trial court that Andresano “was a recreational user

of the Pima County property where she was injured and . . . is precluded from seeking

damages for simple negligence from Pima County pursuant to . . . § 33-1551.” Accordingly,

the court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the county.

                                    DISPOSITION

¶22          The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                             ____________________________________
                                             JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge

CONCURRING:

____________________________________
JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Presiding Judge

____________________________________
GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Judge

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