Court Opinion

ID: 4879264
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-26 21:01:24.926553+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:12:39.211821
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 21a0405n.06

                                          No. 20-1552

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 EPAZZ, INC.,                                           )
                                                        )                        FILED
        Plaintiff,                                      )                  Aug 26, 2021
                                                        )              DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 JADIAN, INC.,                                          )
                                                        )
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                            )
                                                        )
 v.                                                     )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                        )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 NATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE USA, INC.,                  )       COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                        )       DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
        Defendant-Appellee,                             )
                                                        )
 WILLIAM A. ALLISON; JOSEPH J. NAGEL,                   )
                                                        )
        Defendants.                                     )
                                                        )

       Before: BOGGS, MOORE, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

       LARSEN, Circuit Judge. This is a messy business dispute between National Quality

Assurance USA, Inc. (NQA) and Jadian, Inc. (Jadian). Jadian’s predecessor, Jadian Enterprises

(Enterprises), owned a software package called Enterprise Quality Manager (EQM). For years,

Enterprises licensed this program to NQA. The software was uniquely prone to bugs, crashes, and

technical failures. But Enterprises was able to provide intensive and persistent technical support

to keep things afloat. And so Enterprises and NQA developed a solid, working relationship.

       Then Jadian entered the picture. It bought out Enterprises’ assets and quickly displayed its

incapacity to provide meaningful support for EQM. Dissatisfied with the new regime, NQA
No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

withheld payment until Jadian showed that it could meet its contractual support obligations. In

response, Jadian refused to provide any support until NQA paid up in full. The parties found

themselves in a standoff, and the relationship quickly crumbled.

       Three years later, Jadian brought this action against NQA, alleging breach of contract and

trade-secret misappropriation, among other claims. NQA denied liability and counterclaimed, also

alleging breach of contract. The district court granted summary judgment for NQA on Jadian’s

trade-secret claims. And, following a bench trial, the court found in NQA’s favor on all of the

contract claims. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

                                                 I.

                                                 A.

       NQA provides, among other services, quality and environment-management-system

registration and certification services for its clients. As a key part of this operation, it has long

used EQM, a software package formerly owned by Enterprises. “The EQM software enables NQA

to manage compliance electronically; conduct audits and inspections; fulfill work orders and

deliver invoices; monitor licensing, certifications and permits; and check compliance

enforcement.” NQA’s auditor manager, Peter Theobald, explained that EQM was a “critical

application” for his company. But despite its importance, EQM “was not a stable platform” and

“needed constant maintenance and support.”

       Even though NQA and Enterprises had to communicate almost daily to work out the

inevitable and incessant issues with EQM, their “relationship was very solid and very trusting.”

Two of Enterprises’ software developers—Joseph Nagel and Bill Allison—were primarily

responsible for providing the critical support to NQA. Enterprises’ Chief Technology Officer,

Guy Metz, would also provide some “high-level” support “[o]n occasion.”

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

       Nevertheless, Enterprises was a “relatively small company compared to NQA” and had

only a handful of employees. So, due to the “mission-critical” nature of the EQM software, NQA

needed some assurance in the event Enterprises “couldn’t perform” or “keep up” with the service

levels NQA demanded. It needed the ability to keep the train rolling so to speak—“to maintain

the software program and make modifications or changes to that program as needed.” Jadian, Inc.

v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc., No. 1:17-cv-907, 2020 WL 3071756, at *2 (W.D. Mich.

June 10, 2020).

       To that end, the parties executed an Escrow Agreement in late 2008 with Iron Mountain

Intellectual Property Management, Inc. (Iron Mountain). The idea was simple enough. Enterprises

would periodically deliver its EQM source code to Iron Mountain. And, in turn, NQA would pay

Iron Mountain to retain the source code, keep it safe, and release it to NQA if

Enterprises: (1) “breach[ed] . . . the license agreement or other agreement” between it and NQA

“regulating the use of [EQM],” (2) failed “to function as a going concern or to operate in the

ordinary course,” or (3) went bankrupt. Following any of these triggering conditions, NQA had

the right to submit a “Work Request” to Iron Mountain. If Enterprises did not respond within ten

days after Iron Mountain mailed the Work Request to the address on file, Iron Mountain would

release the code, and NQA would receive “the right . . . to use the Deposit Material for the sole

purpose of continuing the benefits afforded to [it] by the License Agreement.”

       For the next few years, things proceeded well enough. And in January 2012, Enterprises

and NQA entered into a Master Subscription Agreement (MSA). That agreement required NQA

to pay Enterprises quarterly subscription fees. And based on the formula in the MSA, those fees

ranged from $45,000 per year in 2012 to $50,000 per year in 2014. It is undisputed that NQA paid

all of its subscription fees through June 30, 2014.

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       In exchange for these fees, Enterprises had to do more than just allow NQA to use the EQM

software. As relevant here, the MSA required Enterprises to: (1) provide “basic support” for

EQM, (2) “use commercially reasonable efforts to make [EQM] available 24 hours a day, 7 days

a week,” and (3) “use all reasonable commercial endeavors to correct any critical non-

conformance promptly, or provide [NQA] with an alternative means of accomplishing the desired

performance.”

       Alongside the MSA arrangement, Enterprises also agreed to develop three special software

projects for NQA. NQA fully paid for each of the projects (for a total of $58,350) in advance. But

Enterprises had not delivered on any of them by May 2014.

                                               B.

       May 2014 was when things started to go south—and quickly. That’s when Enterprises

sold all of its assets and customer contracts to Jadian, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Epazz, Inc.

At the time, NQA was Enterprises’ largest and “single most important customer,” accounting for

approximately forty percent of its annual revenues. Id. at *5. But in the words of Enterprises’

President Jerry Norris, Jadian did not have a “solid” transition plan to “somehow replicate the

magic that was happening between [Enterprises] and [its] customers.” The district court put it

more bluntly: Jadian “totally fumbled the handoff.”

       Prior to the closing on May 9, Jadian was aware that NQA was Enterprises’ largest client

and revenue source. Yet Jadian did not contact NQA prior to the close. Nor did it request that

Enterprises introduce Jadian to NQA after the sale. For its part, Enterprises informed Jadian that

Allison and Nagel provided EQM support for NQA. But Jadian did not hire either developer “even

though they were critical to the day-to-day operation of the software and management of the

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

relationship.” Id. Jadian waited until the day before closing to even speak with Nagel and Allison,

neither of whom provided any training to Jadian’s employees concerning the EQM software.

        Without Allison or Nagel onboard, Jadian “had no workable transition plan to shift support

operations from Enterprises to Jadian.” Id. Instead, Jadian hired Guy Metz for six months and

paid Jerry Norris as a contractor for a short time. Neither could “do the work of Allison or Nagel,

but they were supposed to train Jadian’s own developers, located overseas, on managing and

developing the EQM software.” Id. Norris testified that Jadian’s support team in Afghanistan was

not “effective,” and its members “would change quickly and often.” Even Epazz’s President,

Shaun Passley, tacitly admitted that the support team was “unfamiliar[]” with the EQM software

and “didn’t know how to fix it” at the time of the transition; the team would need additional time

to figure it out.

        That was a major problem for NQA. Theobald testified that he and his team had serious

concerns as to whether they would still “be able to maintain this mission-critical application” and

whether they would “have that level of interaction” and ongoing support that was necessary to

sustain EQM. On May 12, Theobald communicated NQA’s “level of uncertainty” and “serious

concern” to Jadian and asked that it “provide as a matter of urgency some documentation detailing

what the transition process is for ongoing support of the EQM system.” He also asked for a “go

forward plan” on the projects. Clearly frazzled, Theobald sent a follow-up email later that day

pleading for answers. Karen Griggs—who “assisted in the management of” Enterprises but was

not a software developer—was brought on as a consultant for Jadian and responded that Jadian

was “looking into issues you raised and creating a plan to discuss with you / your team.” Theobald

wasn’t comforted in the slightest; in his view, “there should have been a plan already.”

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

       “The inadequacy of Jadian’s transition plan was made clear two days later . . . .” Id. at *6.

One of the functions of the EQM software was to send invoices to NQA’s clients. But on May 14,

NQA reported to Jadian that approximately 1,000 of its invoices were not emailed to clients. This

was a “significant problem” for NQA, because it affected “a million and a half or a million plus

dollars’ worth” of cash flow, “a huge amount of money to a small company.” Accordingly,

Theobald called Karen Griggs, and NQA’s accounting manager emailed Griggs saying that NQA

“need[ed] this issue resolved IMMEDIATELY.” Griggs forwarded the message to Metz and the

support team, explaining that it was an “emergency situation” that was “a VERY high priority for

our customer NQA.” Late that afternoon, Griggs responded to NQA that “the support team is

working on your issue currently with the goal of having it resolved today.”

       But Jadian “was unable to provide a fix by the end of the day, or indeed the next day.” Id.

On May 16, Theobald sent Jadian another email stressing the importance of resolving the issue.

He also brought Nagel—then unemployed—into the conversation to see if he could help explain

things to Metz and the support team. As Theobald testified, the issue “was way below [Metz]’s

understanding. So he really had never looked at any of this. . . . He’s a blank canvas. He doesn’t

even know where to start.” The day came and went. Still no fix.

       At this point, “panic” set in for NQA. Theobald approached Metz and insisted: “We need

Bill [Allison]. . . . [H]e’s the only guy that’s going to be able to fix this.” But Jadian did not bring

Allison on to fix the problem. “Ultimately it was NQA—three days after it made its first report to

Jadian—that brought on Bill Allison at its own expense to look at the invoicing issue.” Id. Allison

was able to provide a temporary fix that evening and a permanent fix a few days later. NQA paid

Allison $1,800 for his work and submitted the bill to Jadian, but Jadian refused to pay.

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

       Unfortunately, the invoicing issue was only the start. On May 17, Theobald emailed

Jadian’s support team telling them that “[t]he production site is down[.] [O]ften this [i]s just a

matter of resetting the server, please fix ASAP, this is EXTREMELY URGENT!!!!! If you can’t

fix this within the hour or don’t know what to do please ask Bill [Allison] for help.” An hour later

and with no response from Jadian, another NQA employee, Chris Coomey, figured out how to fix

the issue. But along the way, he discovered that the domain used by 95% of NQA’s users was no

longer being serviced and users were being directed to a splash page that said the website would

be back up by January 6, 2014. Theobald was outraged and fired off an email to Jadian’s support

team: “What is this? Before we couldn’t access the site, now we just look like idiots, what exactly

are you doing? And at some point is anyone going to respond to me, this is APPALLING customer

service.” Metz fixed the issue later that afternoon.

       Apparently due to an oversight in the domain fix, the NQA client portal became

inaccessible to NQA’s clients. Theobald told Jadian’s support team that this was an “extremely

serious” issue because several “very large client[s]” depended on the portal. While Jadian

eventually fixed the problem, NQA’s concerns only intensified.

       On May 27, Passley finally held a meeting with NQA. But the notes from that meeting

“reflect that Jadian still was not ready to provide basic EQM software support.” Id. at *7.

Although Passley stated that his developers were “reviewing the code” and would be able to

“provide development resource[s] in the next few weeks,” Theobald expressed his concern as to

Jadian’s ability “to assist NQA in the short term, especially in light of the recent [problems].”

Theobald also noted that NQA had approximately thirty unfulfilled support tasks.

       For the next couple of months, the parties held weekly meetings “to discuss Jadian’s

progress, if any, responding to NQA’s request[s] for software support and development.” The

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

district court found that those meetings “ma[d]e clear that Jadian’s faulty transition plan meant

that there was no real prospect Jadian would ever be able to provide the support that NQA needed

for EQM.” Id. The record bears this out, as Jadian’s failures to fulfill its support obligations piled

up into July.

       To make matters worse, “all sides understood that Jadian—for good or ill—undertook the

obligation to deliver the [three special] projects and knew that the projects were due under accepted

and prepaid purchase orders.” Id. at *9. The projects were often discussed at the weekly meetings,

but the district court found that “Jadian never delivered them.” Id.

       In light of Jadian’s service failures, NQA refused to pay the subscription fee for the quarter

beginning on July 1, 2014. And the next day, it sent a formal “Cure Notice” to Passley. NQA

referenced the license agreements superseded by the MSA and explained that:

       Jadian has historically been a very supportive partner in [NQA]’s business and has
       usually been very prompt with their deliveries over the past nine years. Jadian’s
       service performance has declined well below acceptable limits over the past four
       months. Notification of this unacceptable performance was made to Jadian’s owner
       and staff on May 27, 2014, which will serve as the date of notice of
       default . . . . Despite this notification, and numerous subsequent discussions, there
       has been no improvement in performance.

The letter concluded by informing Jadian that “NQA will resume normal payments for Product

Support Services” once Jadian remedied its delinquencies, including its failed support obligations.

       Passley responded that the “Master Subscription Agreement, Project Service Agreement[,]

and Escrow Agreement” were the “current agreements that are in effect.” He also demanded

payment from NQA for subscription fees.

       So NQA followed up with a second letter. This time, it referenced the MSA as well. The

letter pointed out some of Jadian’s failures and emphasized that:

       [T]here has been no perceptible activity on the part of Jadian to complete the
       outstanding efforts for which we have fully paid, or to comply with the terms of our

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

       contracts. We do not believe that any negotiation is required or desired. Our
       demands are simple, lawful[,] and proper. We demand timely performance from
       Jadian in exact accordance with the contracts. Any failure of Jadian to do so is a
       repudiation of the contracts and places them in further DEFAULT. [NQA] is fully
       prepared to immediately meet its contractual financial obligations under the various
       contracts when Jadian meets its contractual performance obligations. It is just that
       simple.

Then the bad blood boiled over. After NQA reported another “extremely critical” issue with the

EQM software, Jadian responded on July 28 “that the development team will not be working on

support issues until payment is received. The developer will be focusing on the three projects that

need to be completed.” Jadian continued to send invoices to NQA through 2017. NQA did not

pay the subscription fees. And Jadian did not provide NQA with any services.

       A month after the falling out, NQA followed the process set forth in the Escrow Agreement

and sent Iron Mountain a request for the EQM source code. Though Kim Griggs was still working

for Jadian as a consultant, at no time did she or Passley notify Iron Mountain of the assignment of

the Escrow Agreement to Jadian or provide Iron Mountain with an updated address. Neither

Enterprises nor Jadian responded to Iron Mountain’s notice. And, pursuant to the terms of the

Escrow Agreement, Iron Mountain released the source code to NQA.

       A few months later, NQA engaged CABEM Technologies, Inc. (CABEM), “to provide

EQM software development and support similar to the basic support that Jadian was supposed to

provide under the MSA.” Id. at *10. The NQA/CABEM contract included a provision prohibiting

CABEM from disclosing “details regarding the [EQM] software” to “any third party.”

       By this point, all meaningful communications between Jadian and NQA had ceased.

                                                C.

       Almost three years later, Epazz and Jadian brought the present action against NQA. In its

answer, NQA asserted its own contract and quasi-contract counterclaims. The district court

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

dismissed Jadian’s tortious-interference claim, granted summary judgment to NQA on Jadian’s

trade-secret-misappropriation claim, and dismissed most of the parties’ remaining claims.

       That left the parties’ respective breach-of-contract claims for trial. In Jadian’s view, NQA

materially breached the MSA when it refused to pay the invoices after June 30, 2014, and when it

obtained and used the source code from Iron Mountain without continuing to pay subscription

fees. NQA, by contrast, argued that it was Jadian who failed to live up to its end of the bargain

when it failed to provide the requisite level of support in May and June of 2014. Thus, NQA

believed that it was fully justified in withholding payment and in invoking the Escrow Agreement

in order to obtain the EQM source code.

       The case proceeded to a three-day bench trial on the contract claims. The district court

concluded that “[t]he preponderance of the evidence points overwhelmingly to the conclusion that

Jadian committed the first substantial breach of the MSA.” Id. at *13. It furthermore found that

“NQA was within its rights under the Escrow Agreement to request the EQM source code from

Iron Mountain. And once NQA received the source code, it was able to use the source code to

continue the benefits of the ‘mission critical’ EQM software.” Id. at *16. The court entered

judgment in NQA’s favor on all remaining claims and awarded NQA $58,350 in damages for

Jadian’s failure to complete the three projects.

       One last point to note. After the close of discovery and the court’s summary-judgment

ruling, NQA moved in limine to exclude evidence at trial concerning most of the damages Jadian

alleged in its initial Rule 26 disclosure. NQA claimed that Jadian had “failed to provide any

documentary support explaining [its] calculation of the purported damages” during discovery.1 In

1
 Rule 26 requires a party, “without awaiting a discovery request,” to provide the opposing party
with “a computation of each category of damages claimed” as well as “the documents or other
evidentiary material . . . on which each computation is based.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii).
                                                   -10-
No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

response, Jadian filed a “Supplemental Damages Disclosure.” The district court initially withheld

judgment on NQA’s motion. But in its posttrial ruling, the court sustained NQA’s objection,

finding that Jadian’s supplemental disclosure represented “a complete shift in the claimed basis

for recovery.” Id. at *18. The court then concluded that “even if the Jadian theory of damages

that was presented [in the supplemental disclosure] is considered,” none of those damages had

“been established by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at *19.

        Jadian timely appealed.

                                                  II.

        We review a district court’s legal conclusions following a bench trial de novo. Andrews v.

Columbia Gas Transmission Corp., 544 F.3d 618, 624 (6th Cir. 2008). However, the district

court’s “[f]indings of fact, whether based on oral or other evidence, must not be set aside unless

clearly erroneous.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(6). A factual finding is clearly erroneous only if “the

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake

has been committed.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985) (quoting

United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948)). “This is so even when the district

court’s findings do not rest on credibility determinations . . . .” Id. at 574.

        The parties agree that the breach-of-contract claims in this case are governed by Michigan

law. In Michigan, “[a] party asserting a breach of contract must establish by a preponderance of

the evidence that (1) there was a contract (2) which the other party breached (3) thereby resulting

in damages to the party claiming breach.” Miller-Davis Co. v. Ahrens Constr., Inc., 848 N.W.2d

95, 104 (Mich. 2014).

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

                                                   A.

        We start with Jadian’s contract claims. “As the appellant, [Jadian] must confront the

district court’s reasons for dismissing [its] claims and explain why the court was wrong.”

Castellon-Vogel v. Int’l Paper Co., 829 F. App’x 100, 102 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Scott v. First S.

Nat’l Bank, 936 F.3d 509, 522 (6th Cir. 2019)). Here, though, Jadian has entirely failed to appeal

one of the district court’s dispositive bases for ruling against it.

        Specifically, the district court found that “[e]ven if Jadian could succeed on any contractual

theory of liability,” it had “failed to establish damages necessary to make out its breach of contract

claim.” Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at *17. Jadian has provided nothing in its brief to refute that

assessment. In fact, even after NQA pointed out Jadian’s failure to appeal this dispositive finding,

Jadian offered no response in its reply. That silence dooms Jadian’s appeal. See Stewart v. IHT

Ins. Agency Grp., 990 F.3d 455, 456 (6th Cir.) (“When a district court provides two alternative

grounds for its decision, the losing party must challenge each ground on appeal to change the

outcome.”), petition for cert. filed, No. 21-208 (U.S. Aug. 2, 2021).

        To be sure, Jadian argued that the district court abused its discretion in ruling that Jadian

could not use a supplemental damages theory that it had first revealed after the close of discovery.

But even if the district court erred in that respect, Jadian “cannot prevail.” Id. at 457. The district

court first held that there was a “total failure of proofs on the [initially] disclosed damages theory.”

Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at *17. Jadian does not contest this finding. Turning to the theory in

the supplemental disclosure—which Jadian was permitted to pursue at trial—the district court

agreed with NQA that Jadian shouldn’t be able to advance this tardy and “entirely separate theory

of damages.” Id. at *18; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). But it nevertheless held that “even if the

Jadian theory of damages that was presented at trial is considered,” Jadian had not “established

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[those damages] by a preponderance of the evidence.” Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at *19. Thus,

the district court considered and rejected Jadian’s supplemental damages theory too. And once

again, Jadian does not contest this ruling on appeal. That “render[s] irrelevant the merit of the

issue[s] the plaintiff[] did raise” as to its contract claims. Rees v. W.M. Barr & Co., 736 F. App’x

119, 125 (6th Cir. 2018); see Stewart, 990 F.3d at 457; Scott, 936 F.3d at 522–23. Those issues

simply do not matter if Jadian cannot prove damages, see Miller-Davis Co., 848 N.W.2d at 104,

as the district court found for both of Jadian’s damages theories. So we must affirm with respect

to Jadian’s contract claims.

                                                 B.

       Turning to NQA’s counterclaims, Jadian fares no better. The district court held that Jadian

was liable to NQA for $58,350—the amount NQA prepaid for the undelivered projects—because

“all parties treated these three development projects as part of the contractual commitment to

NQA.” Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at *19, *21.

       “Generally, when one corporation sells its assets to another, the purchaser is not responsible

for the debts and liabilities of the selling corporation.” Antiphon, Inc. v. LEP Transp., Inc., 454

N.W.2d 222, 224 (Mich. Ct. App. 1990). But the Michigan courts have recognized a number of

exceptions to this rule. See id. at 224–25. One exception is “where there is an express or implied

assumption of liability” by the purchasing corporation. Foster v. Cone-Blanchard Mach. Co., 597

N.W.2d 506, 509 (Mich. 1999) (quotation marks omitted); see Antiphon, 454 N.W.2d at 225.

       Here, the district court found that “the conduct or representations relied upon by [NQA]

indicate an intention on the part of” Jadian to deliver the projects. Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at

*19 (quoting Antiphon, 454 N.W.2d at 225). That finding was not clearly erroneous. Immediately

after the sale, Theobald reached out to Jadian, asking for a “go forward plan” on all three projects.

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And everyone understood from Jadian’s subsequent conduct that it had agreed to take those

projects on. As the district court observed, the weekly meeting notes from both sides “consistently

document Jadian’s efforts to continue work on the projects; give updates to NQA; and to provide

assurances that the projects would be eventually delivered.” Id. Thus, “the facts demonstrate that

there existed an implied agreement to assume liability” for the completion of the projects.

Antiphon, 454 N.W.2d at 225; see also Traverse City Auto Mall v. Wolverine Auto Supply, Inc.,

Nos. 226824, 227554, 2002 WL 1797252, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2002) (per curiam).2

       In response, Jadian points to a July 7 email where Passley said the “projects will remain on

[Jadian’s] test server until [it] receive[s] payment.” But this lone email does not show that the

district court clearly erred in finding that Jadian “undertook the obligation to deliver the projects

and knew that the projects were due under accepted and prepaid purchase orders.” Jadian, 2020

WL 3071756, at *9. Passley acknowledged in the very same paragraph that Jadian “will finish the

projects that have been paid for.” And the email was sent more than a month after Jadian had

repeatedly assured NQA that it would finish the projects—by which point Enterprises’ employees

had all left and the corporation had dissolved.

       Jadian next raises four affirmative defenses. Yet the first three—statute of limitations,

statute of frauds, and the voluntary-payment doctrine—were not raised until after trial. That’s a

problem for Jadian. “As a general rule, failure to plead an affirmative defense results in a waiver

2
  In its reply brief, Jadian says that NQA “cannot show any detrimental reliance,” which it claims
“is an element under the implied assumption theory.” But Jadian did not raise this argument either
in its trial briefs or in its opening brief on appeal. “Time, time, and time again, we have reminded
litigants that we will treat an argument as forfeited when it [is] not raised in the opening brief.”
Island Creek Coal Co. v. Wilkerson, 910 F.3d 254, 256 (6th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted).
We follow suit here. NQA was “not able to respond to the merits” of Jadian’s belated argument
or attempt to show how it may have detrimentally relied on Jadian’s assurances, and so “we decline
to resolve this issue that was not fully briefed.” Lyons v. Mich. Dep’t of Corr., 812 F. App’x 305,
309 (6th Cir. 2020).
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of that defense.” Old Line Life Ins. Co. of Am. v. Garcia, 418 F.3d 546, 550 (6th Cir. 2005). And

Jadian offers no reason why it could not have raised these defenses earlier. Indeed, all three of

them were conspicuously absent from the pretrial order, which listed other defenses among the

twenty-one remaining issues for the district court’s resolution. See Rockwell Int’l Corp. v. United

States, 549 U.S. 457, 474 (2007) (“[C]laims, issues, defenses, or theories of damages not included

in the pretrial order are waived . . . .” (first alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted)); Ordos

City Hawtai Autobody Co. v. Dimond Rigging Co., 695 F. App’x 864, 875 (6th Cir. 2017)

(“[P]arties generally forfeit claims or defenses not raised in the final pretrial order.”). As such, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to consider these belatedly raised defenses.

See Ghandi v. Police Dep’t of Detroit, 823 F.2d 959, 962 (6th Cir. 1987) (“[A]n attempt to pursue

any issue not listed in the order may be rejected by the trial court.” (quotation marks omitted)).

        Jadian appears to raise a laches defense as well. Unlike the other three affirmative

defenses, Jadian did raise laches in its answer to NQA’s counterclaims. Nonetheless, the laches

defense wasn’t included in the pretrial order, so Jadian has forfeited its laches defense too. See

Ordos City, 695 F. App’x at 875. In any event, the laches defense fails on the merits. “For laches

to apply, inexcusable delay in bringing suit must have resulted in prejudice.” Tenneco Inc. v.

Amerisure Mut. Ins. Co., 761 N.W.2d 846, 864 (Mich. Ct. App. 2008). Jadian doesn’t even attempt

to show such prejudice.

                                                   C.

        Finally, we confront Jadian’s trade-secret claims. In its summary-judgment ruling, the

district court found that NQA properly followed the Escrow Agreement’s procedures for obtaining

the source code from Iron Mountain. And, because Iron Mountain’s release of the source code

gave NQA a contractual right to use the code, Jadian could not show misappropriation “within the

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

meaning of the [trade-secret] statute,” even if NQA “subsequently used the source code in a way

that [ran] counter to the MSA.” This, the district court said, was “a contractual issue, not a trade

secret theory.” And so too was the question whether Jadian had breached the MSA, such that

NQA had a right to request the code in the first place. The court acknowledged that factual issues

remained as to these contract-related questions, but it granted summary judgment in NQA’s favor,

reasoning that allowing the trade-secret claims to proceed “would improperly blur the line between

contract and tort.”

       Jadian contends that “the breach of a contractual use or disclosure restriction constitutes

misappropriation” and that the district court erred in concluding otherwise. But, even assuming

Jadian is correct, any error in the district court’s grant of summary judgment was rendered harmless

by its posttrial ruling. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 61. That’s because the court’s subsequent factual

findings show that it “would, as a matter of logical necessity, have rejected” Jadian’s trade-secret

claims after trial. Gross v. Weingarten, 217 F.3d 208, 220 (4th Cir. 2000); see also Abbasid, Inc.

v. First Nat’l Bank of Santa Fe, 666 F.3d 691, 696 (10th Cir. 2012); Brandt v. Wand Partners, 242

F.3d 6, 16 (1st Cir. 2001); Thompson v. Boggs, 33 F.3d 847, 859 (7th Cir. 1994); Sell v. City of

Columbus, 127 F. App’x 754, 764 (6th Cir. 2005).

       Start with whether NQA could obtain the source code. The Escrow Agreement permitted

NQA to submit a Work Request if Jadian “breach[ed] . . . the license agreement” between it and

NQA “regulating the use of [EQM].” And the district court found that, “[b]ased on Jadian’s breach

of the MSA, NQA was within its rights under the Escrow Agreement to request the EQM source

code.” Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at *16. We see no clear error in that finding. The record

plainly reveals “a pattern of events” manifesting Jadian’s “basic incapacity to provide any

meaningful support for EQM.” Id. at *14. And it shows that for nearly every support issue that

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

arose, NQA had to step in and provide its own fix when Jadian failed to perform. Because Jadian

breached its contractual support obligations, and because NQA complied with the process set forth

in the Escrow Agreement, NQA did not acquire the EQM source code from Iron Mountain by

“improper means.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 445.1902(b); accord 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5). The plain

terms of the Escrow Agreement authorized the release. The district court’s posttrial findings

therefore foreclose Jadian’s first misappropriation theory.

       Now consider NQA’s subsequent use of the source code. Jadian argues that even after a

valid release, the Escrow Agreement forbade NQA from using EQM without paying subscription

fees. The district court disagreed. It noted that under the heading, “Right to Use Following

Release,” the Escrow Agreement gave NQA “the right . . . to use the Deposit Material for the sole

purpose of continuing the benefits afforded to [it] by the License Agreement.” Relying on this

provision, the court found that the “plain language” of the Escrow Agreement, as reinforced by

“the course of events in this case” and the agreement’s “purpose,” showed that “NQA was entitled

to use the source code” without paying fees “if there was a failure to perform.” Jadian, 2020 WL

3071756, at *17. We see no reason to disturb the district court’s reading on appeal.

       Massachusetts law governs the Escrow Agreement here. Under the law of that state,

“[w]hen the words of a contract are clear they alone determine the meaning of the contract but,

when a contract term is ambiguous, its import is ascertained from the parties’ intent as manifested

by the [contract]’s terms and the circumstances surrounding its creation.” Merrimack Valley Nat’l

Bank v. Baird, 363 N.E.2d 688, 690 (Mass. 1977). “Determining the existence of a contract

ambiguity presents a question of law . . . .” Bank v. Thermo Elemental Inc., 888 N.E.2d 897, 907

(Mass. 2008). But if the contract “has terms that are ambiguous, uncertain, or equivocal in

meaning, the intent of the parties is a question of fact to be determined at trial.” Seaco Ins. Co. v.

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

Barbosa, 761 N.E.2d 946, 951 (Mass. 2002); McManus v. McManus, 35 N.E.3d 745, 750 (Mass.

App. Ct. 2015).

       Massachusetts considers contract language “ambiguous where the phraseology can support

a reasonable difference of opinion as to the meaning of the words employed and the obligations

undertaken.” Bank, 888 N.E.2d at 907 (quotation marks omitted). And here, there are at least two

reasonable constructions of the “Right to Use” provision. On one hand, it could mean—as Jadian

claims—that NQA could “continu[e]” using EQM only while undertaking all of an active licensing

agreement’s burdens, with the advantage that NQA would also have direct access to the source

code. On the other hand, the provision might confer on NQA a “right . . . to use” the code “for the

sole purpose of continuing the benefits afforded” by the licensing agreement, without any

concomitant financial burdens. Those “benefits” being the use of the software in order to meet

NQA’s internal business needs. See Michael L. Rustad, 2 Computer Contracts § 8.09[2][c][v]

(2021) (“Source code escrow agreements generally provide that the released software may be used

by the licensee for the sole purpose of providing maintenance, support, and modifications to the

licensed software as required by the licensee for its own internal operations.”).

       Because the “Right to Use” provision in the Escrow Agreement is ambiguous, we review

the district court’s assessment of the parties’ intent for clear error. See Balles v. Babcock Power

Inc., 70 N.E.3d 905, 912 n.14 (Mass. 2017); Browning-Ferris Indus. v. Casella Waste Mgmt. of

Mass., 945 N.E.2d 964, 971 (Mass. App. Ct. 2011). The district court found NQA’s reading—that

following a release, it need not pay fees to use the EQM software—more tenable. We are not left

with a definite and firm conviction that this finding was mistaken. See Adrian & Blissfield R.R.

Co. v. Village of Blissfield, 550 F.3d 533, 537–38 (6th Cir. 2008). The Escrow Agreement contains

no explicit language requiring NQA to pay licensing fees following a release of the source code

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

from Iron Mountain. And other language implies that the parties did not intend such a result. One

of the release conditions set forth in the Escrow Agreement was the failure of Enterprises (or

Jadian) “to function as a going concern.” And it would be absurd to think the parties intended that

NQA would be obligated to pay fees to a business no longer in existence. The Escrow Agreement

contains no language suggesting that NQA’s use rights or obligations would vary based on the

particular release condition triggering the Work Request. So we do not see why NQA would need

to pay fees based on the triggering event here—Jadian persistently failing at, and then entirely

abandoning, its contractual support obligations.

       Indeed, the trial testimony reveals that the parties entered into the Escrow Agreement

precisely because NQA was worried that Enterprises might not be able to meet its crucial support

obligations. Kevin Beard, the President of NQA, explained that the Escrow Agreement was

“directly there to protect [NQA’s] interests” and was intended to be a “backstop” in case

Enterprises (or Jadian) “fail[ed] to be able to service [NQA].” What’s more, the record shows that

the provision of competent and persistent support was a critical piece of the MSA. Yet, once the

source code was released to NQA, Jadian was no longer providing that essential and demanding

service; NQA was. And because of this fundamental shift, it is logical that NQA would no longer

need to pay the fees set forth in the MSA following a release. Cf. Nat’l Tax Inst., Inc. v. Topnotch

at Stowe Resort & Spa, 388 F.3d 15, 19 (1st Cir. 2004) (“If one reading [of a contract] produces a

plausible result for which parties might be expected to bargain, that reading has a strong

presumption in its favor as against another reading producing an unlikely result (e.g., windfall

gains, conditions that cannot be satisfied, dubious incentives).”). As the district court summarized:

       Jadian’s position, distilled down to its basic understanding, is that it could let NQA
       do the work of providing support to the EQM software, hiring the staff and spending
       the time and resources in order to make things work, sit back for three years, and
       then recover subscription fees for the intervening period. This reasoning recalls to

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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

       mind the story of The Little Red Hen and enjoys no support either in the language
       of the MSA, the Escrow Agreement, or the law.

Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at *17. We do not think the district court’s rejection of Jadian’s

position was clearly erroneous. Thus, the district court’s posttrial findings necessarily refute

Jadian’s alternative misappropriation theory as well.3

       In short, the district court found that the Escrow Agreement permitted NQA to “use the

EQM source code” for itself, “so long as [that use] was within the scope of its business.” Jadian,

2020 WL 3071756, at *17. That finding was not erroneous. And Jadian points to no evidence

suggesting that NQA ever used the code beyond that contractually authorized scope. See Mich.

Comp. Laws § 445.1902(b)(ii) (providing that “[d]isclosure or use of a trade secret” does not

constitute “misappropriation” if done with “express or implied consent”); 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5)(B)

(same); see also Babcock & Wilcox Co. v. Areva NP, Inc, 788 S.E.2d 237, 260 (Va. 2016) (“There

can be no misappropriation where acquisition, disclosure, and use of a trade secret have been

expressly authorized by contract.”).

3
  Although Jadian’s briefing is unclear, to the extent it argues that engaging CABEM to provide
support services was a breach of the MSA amounting to misappropriation, the district court’s
posttrial findings refute this theory as well. See Jadian, 2020 WL 3071756, at *17 n.9. And we
see no error in that regard. The MSA itself permitted NQA to provide access to “Confidential
Information” to its “contractors and agents who need such access for purposes consistent with [the
MSA] and who have signed confidentiality agreements with [NQA].” Obtaining support services
was consistent with NQA’s ability to “continu[e] the benefits” afforded to it under the MSA.
CABEM signed a confidentiality agreement. And there is no evidence that CABEM worked with
the software in any way unrelated to NQA’s business operations. In addition, the MSA specifically
excluded any information “received from a third party without breach of any obligation owed to
[Jadian]” from the definition of “Confidential Information.” As explained above, NQA lawfully
obtained the EQM source code from Iron Mountain pursuant to the terms of the Escrow
Agreement—i.e., without any breach of an obligation owed to Jadian.
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No. 20-1552, Epazz, Inc., et al. v. Nat’l Quality Assurance USA, Inc.

       Accordingly, any potential error in the district court’s grant of summary judgment to NQA

on Jadian’s trade-secret claims was harmless. See U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n v. Verizon Commc’ns.,

Inc., 761 F.3d 409, 443 (5th Cir. 2014); Sell, 127 F. App’x at 764.

                                              ***

       We AFFIRM.

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