Court Opinion

ID: 4593799
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:11:35.646447+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:51:07.981945
License: Public Domain

ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Aluminum Co. of America v. CommissionerDocket No. 103316, 106514.United States Board of Tax Appeals47 B.T.A. 543; 1942 BTA LEXIS 680; August 13, 1942, Promulgated *680  1.  A materialman is not comprehended in the term "subcontractor" within the meaning of section 3 of the Vinson Act.  2.  Under section 3 of the Vinson Act the "cost of performing the contract furnished by it as contractor and not by their market value at the time of appropriation.  Paul G. Rodewald, Esq., and David B. Buerger, Esq., for the petitioner.  William A. Schmitt, Esq., for the respondent.  VAN FOSSAN *543  The Commissioner determined deficiencies of $92,147.95, $83,014.32, and $106,891.70 in the excess profits liability of the petitioner for the years 1936, 1937, and 1938, respectively, asserted under section 3 of the Act of March 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 505), as amended by the Act of June 25, 1936 (49 Stat. 1926).  The first and major issue is whether the petitioner was subject to the provisions of the so-called Vinson Act by reason of its having been a materialman although not a subcontractor.  This issue relates to certain contracts and orders for materials given to the petitioner by prime contractors or by fabricators from whom prime contractors ultimately receive such materials.  The second issue presents the question whether*681  the cost of materials included in the at their fair market value at the time of appropriation to the contract or at their original cost.  This issue relates to both prime contracts between the petitioner and the Secretary of the Navy and to those contracts and orders which may come within the scope of the first issue.  The third issue is whether powder cans, cartridge tanks, and ammunitions boxes manufactured by others from metal sold to them by the petitioner, constituted a portion of a completed naval vessel.  The fourth issue raises the question whether the time of the of the contract Vinson Act was the date of the completion of the prime contract or the date of the completion of the contract of the petitioner with the prime contractor.  The third and fourth issues are dependent on the decision of the question involved in the first issue.  Five other issues were settled by stipulation or waiver.  *544  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Certain facts were stipulated or admitted in the pleadings and as so stipulated or admitted we adopt them as findings of fact.  They may be summarized as follows: The petitioner is a corporation, with its principal office in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. *682  It filed its income tax returns for the years involved with the collector of internal revenue for the twenty-third district of Pennsylvania.  At all times material the petitioner was engaged in the business of producing, purchasing and selling aluminum and its alloys, either as ingot or in partly or wholly fabricated forms.  Subsequent to March 27, 1934, it sold and delivered the aluminum products hereinafter more fully described under contracts or orders with respect to which the respondent has determined the disputed excess profit liability of the petitioner under the Act of March 27, 1934, as amended, hereinafter called the Vinson Act.  The petitioner's taxable year has at all times been the calendar year.  At various times and in the ordinary course of its business, the petitioner produced or acquired and held in stock for its general corporate purposes metal consisting of pig aluminum, aluminum scrap, secondary aluminum ingot, and other metals used for alloying, and appropriated certain of such metal for use in the performance of its obligations under the said contracts and orders.  The term cost appropriation to the respective contracts or orders, and the term or producing*683  the metal appropriated to the respective contracts or orders.  The amounts of excess profit and of deficiency of profit are computed upon the two disputed theories of the petitioner and the respondent: (a) by including in the cost of performance the "original cost" of the metal, which the respondent contends is correct, and (b) by including in the cost of performance the metal, which the petitioner contends is correct if and to the extent to which the Vinson Act is applicable.  During the years 1936, 1937, and 1938 the petitioner completed certain prime contracts.  The term made directly with the Government of the United States and by its terms subject to the provisions of the Vinson Act.  If the metal used by the petitioner in the performance of such prime contracts should be included in the cost thereof at its *545  or deficiency of profit realized by the petitioner with respect to such contracts is as follows: YearExcess profitDeficiency of profit1936$11,2501937$4,135.91193822,643.54If the metal used by the petitioner in the performance of such prime contracts should be included in the cost thereof at its the petitioner realized deficiency*684  of profit with respect to such contracts as follows: YearDeficiency of profit1936$30,842.90193721,399.21193890,908.52The term cost of performance plus 10 percent of the contract price over the contract price, and computations were made accordingly.  During the years 1937 and 1938 the petitioner, pursuant to several job contracts, delivered aluminum materials to prime contractors engaged in the construction of complete naval vessels.  Under the typical job contract the petitioner agreed to furnish and the prime contractor :described as the or more, not to exceed 400,000 pounds, of described aluminum material for use in the construction of a named naval vessel or vessels.  Such aluminum material was to be sold at prices stated in the contract for particular classes of material, reference being made for prices to pages of the petitioner's regular published price list incorporated in the contract, but the purchaser was not required to buy any quantity of any particular class of material.  A detailed tabulation of the petitioner's job contracts with prime contractors is attached to the stipulation.  A further tabulation shows, by years of completion, *685  as to each prime contract to which such job contracts related, the Navy contract number of the prime contract, the name of the petitioner's customer, who was also the prime contractor, a general description of the goods sold and delivered under the job contract, and the excess profit or deficiency of profit realized by the petitioner with respect thereto, stated alternatively with metal included in cost of performance at and at relating to prime contracts.  All such tabulations are incorporated herein by reference.  *546  The prime contracts, job contracts, and orders that are the subject matter of the stipulation are those with respect to which the respondent has determined excess profit liability in the several notices of deficiency.  The petitioner used in the performance of the contracts or orders the number of pounds of aluminum determined by the respondent, and the number of pounds became a part of, or was used by the Navy on, Vinson Act naval vessels or aircraft.  The record discloses the following additional facts: One of the said job contracts, entered into with the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, petitioner's contract No. J-5499, called for the furnishing*686  and purchase of standard aluminum products for use in the construction of eleven described naval vessels.  Two of these vessels were completed by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation in 1937 and two in 1938.  Of the remaining seven vessels, some were and some were not subject to the provisions of the Vinson Act; of those subject to the Vinson Act, some were not completed by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation until various dates in 1939 and 1940 and the petitioner continued to furnish materials under the job contract for such vessels in 1939 and 1940.  Pursuant to the remaining job contracts the petitioner furnished materials to six shipbuilding companies for use in the construction of twelve naval vessels.  Seven of these vessels were completed by the shipbuilding companies in 1937 and five in 1938; in each case the job contract was completed in the same year as the prime contract for construction of the vessel.  All of the aluminum materials furnished by the petitioner under the said seven job contracts were, with the exception of certain special quilting bolt nuts, regular commercial products.  Such commercial products were regularly fabricated and sold by the petitioner*687  with physical and chemical properties, specifications, and composition identical with those fabricated and sold to many customers for different purposes.  At least 98 percent of the commercial products of the petitioner were used by other purchasers for purposes unrelated to the Vinson Act.  The products sold to the prime contractors were not designed or manufactured specially for their use or for use in naval vessels, but were generally commercially available.  The prices charged the prime contractors by the petitioner were identical with the prices charged other purchasers for like materials.  The procedure in the handling of the order, the processes of manufacture, the method of shipping and the accounting procedure were identical, whether the materials were supplied under orders received pursuant to the said job contracts or under other commercial orders.  All of the aluminum products furnished by the petitioner under the said job contracts were, with the exception of screw machine products hereinafter mentioned, in the form of raw or semifinished *547  material requiring a great deal of further and extensive fabrication by the prime contractors before they could be used*688  in naval vessels.  Aluminum sheet had to be cut to size, formed, punched, riveted, welded, and painted.  Aluminum plate had to be cut to size, shaped, formed, drilled, perforated, riveted, and painted.  Structural and extruded shapes had to be cut to size and shape, drilled or punched for riveting, welded, and assembled.  Tubing had to be formed, threaded, drilled, welded, riveted, and installed.  Rivets had their shank ends expanded in diameter and a new head formed on what was originally the shank end.  Rod and bar were subjected to extensive machining operations; boring, drilling, threading, forming, cutting to size, and assembling.  Sand castings were ground, drilled, and threaded.  Such fabrication resulted in redical distortion in size and shape of the material furnished by the petitioner and its conversion by the prime contractors into new and different forms.  The screw machine products referred to above consisted of screws, bolts, and nuts which were furnished by the petitioner in their finished form and required no further fabrication.  Of these screw machine products the special quilting bolt nuts referred to heretofore were the only ones made specially for use in naval*689  vessels; all the other screw machine products were regular commercial products.  The gross amount received by the petitioner for all of the special quilting bolt nuts for all of the sixteen naval vessels involved in the said job contracts for the years involved was less than $2,000.  The gross amount received by the petitioner for all of the screw machine products, including the special quilting bolt nuts, sold under any of the prime contracts or any of the job contracts was less than $10,000.  The petitioner sold and delivered commercial aluminum and materials on orders received from customers.  The petitioner received an order for listed materials, acknowledged such receipts on its printed form, and proceeded to fabricate and ship the materials so ordered.  Those materials were commercial products, regularly fabricated and sold by the petitioner, with physical and chemical properties, specifications, and composition identical with those fabricated and sold to many customers for different purposes.  At least 98 percent of the commercial products of the petitioner were used by other purchasers for purposes unrelated to the Vinson Act.  The prices charged any customer by the petitioner*690  were identical with the prices charged other purchasers for like materials.  The procedure in the handling of the order, the processes of manufacture, the method of shipping, and the accounting procedure were identical, whether the order was for materials here involved or any other commercial order.  Pursuant to orders received as above described from the Pollak Manufacturing Co. and the Buhl Stamping Co., the petitioner sold *548  and delivered aluminum materials consisting of flat and strip sheet circles, permanent mold castings, flattened strip sheet, and tubing.  The materials so sold to the Pollak Manufacturing Co. and the Buhl Stamping Co. were used by those customers in the manufacture of powder cans, cartridge tanks, and ammunition boxes.  Such containers were not furnished to the Navy by the prime contractor charged with the construction of a complete naval vessel, but were purchased by the Navy from other suppliers.  The powder cans, cartridge tanks, and ammunition boxes were never physically attached to any naval vessel, but were placed on board some vessel by the Navy after it had been commissioned and accepted, and while loaded were kept on board some vessel as*691  loose supplies.  All of the materials sold by the petitioner to the Pollak Manufacturing Co. and the Buhl Stamping Co. were in semifinished form, requiring a great deal of further and extensive fabrication by the Pollak and Buhl companies.  Permanent mold castings had to be cut to size, machined, and welded.  Sheet had to be rolled into cylinders, welded, spun, turned back, and beaded.  Tubing had to be welded, turned back, and beaded, and, for ammunition boxes, had to be swaged down to a smaller diameter at one end, spot-welded to braces.  The fabrication resulted in substantial modification in size and shape of the material furnished by the petitioner and its conversion by the Pollak and Buhl companies into new and different forms.  Pursuant to orders received as above described from the Foster Wheeler Corporation the petitioner sold and delivered to it aluminum materials consisting of die castings and tubing.  The die castings sold by the petitioner to the Foster Wheeler Corporation were gill rings, which are used in large numbers in so-called heat economizers to increase the surface area of steel pipes for absorption of heat from waste flue gases, so as to preheat water for*692  introduction into high pressure steam boilers.  The petitioner has regularly supplied such gill rings to the Foster Wheeler Corporation and that company has used them in the construction of equipment for ultimate installation by it or others in vessels, some of which were and some of which were not constructed under contracts subject to the Vinson Act.  All of the materials sold by the petitioner to the Foster Wheeler Corporation required further and extensive fabrication by Foster Wheeler before they could be used as parts of heat economizers for vessels.  Such fabrication was accomplished by means of a horizontal hydraulic press, forcing the gill rings and the aluminum tubing :cut into short lengths) on a steel tube, the receiving end of which had been tapered, and thereby expanding the diameter of the gill rings, and then forcing a wedge-shaped steel ring into a recess in the casting.  This compresses the inner skirt or shroud into a close bond with *549  the tube, thus preventing any air space between the gill ring and the tube, and making possible the efficient transfer of heat between the casting and the tube.  The bonding thus accomplished is so tight as to prevent separation*693  except by an acetylene torch.  The form of the ring is changed by the process.  Pursuant to orders received from manufacturers of aircraft or subassemblies thereof, the petitioner sold and delivered commercial aluminum materials to 13 such customers.  Some of such materials were particularly adaptable for aircraft purposes, but none of them was adapted specially for naval aircraft or Government aircraft as distinguished from civilian aircraft, and all of them were generally commercially available.  Of the total quantity of aluminum material particularly adapted for aircraft purposes fabricated and sold by the petitioner during the period involved, about 25 percent was used for naval aircraft, and of that amount a substantial portion was for naval aircraft not subject to the Vinson Act.  All of the aluminum materials furnished by the petitioner to the said customers were, with the exception of screw machine products hereinafter referred to, in the form of raw or semifinished material requiring a great deal of further and extensive fabrication by the customers before they could be used in naval aircraft.  The screw machine products consisted of screws, bolts, and nuts furnished by*694  the petitioner in their finished form and required no further fabrication.  The gross amount received by the petitioner for all of the screw machine products supplied for use in any of the prime contracts for navy aircraft was less than $10,000.  Of the other aluminum materials, molding and extruded shapes had to be cut, machined to contour, drilled, and coated with protective finishes.  Rivets had to be inserted, bucked up with a bucking bar, and driven with a hand gun or squeeze riveter.  Tubing had to be cut to length, bent by a complicated operation, assembled, flared, machined, drilled, and painted.  Rod, wire, and bar were used by the customers for the manufacture by them of screw machine products.  Aluminum sheet had to be blanked to odd shapes, formed, drilled, coated by anodic oxidation, primed, finished and often heat-treated.  Sand castings and forgings had to be machined to contour, ground and drilled, and had to receive anodic oxidation and other protective finishes.  Aluminum foil had to be cut into shapes from long rolls and smoothly laid as a protective covering.  Permanent mold castings had to be machined, drilled, and coated.  Such fabrication resulted in radical*695  distortion in size and shape of the material furnished by the petitioner and its conversion by the customers into new and different forms.  *550  OPINION.  VAN FOSSAN: The main issue presented in these proceedings is whether section 3:e) of the Vinson Act of March 27, 1934 1 :amended June 25, 1936, 49 Stat. 1926, with no effect on the issue) requires the petitioner as a subcontractor to pay into the Treasury all its profits in excess of 10 percent of the contract price of the materials furnished to prime contractors or to fabricators from whom prime contractors eventually obtained them.  The petitioner argues that by all recognized standards of definition, custom, and law it is a materialman and can not be considered a subcontractor subject to the Vinson Act.  *696  The respondent's position is that the primary purpose of the Vinson Act was to limit profits on materials going into Government vessels and that, for that reason, the word act took on a different and broader meaning, comprehensive enough to include a materialman therein.  The respondent confesses that, for the purposes of the Vinson Act, he makes no attempt to define a materialman as distinguished from a subcontractor.  He contends that both are comprehended in the term *551  "subcontractor." He likewise does not try to disprove the petitioner's contention that there is a well defined and universally accepted distinction in the meaning of the two words and that they can not be used interchangeably.  The respondent argues that article 2 of regulations promulgated January 6, 1937 :T.D. 4723, C.B. 1937-1, p. 519), 2 propounds a correct interpretation of the Vinson Act.  His argument is largely in support of the validity of the broadened definition of a subcontractor as set forth therein.  We note that previous regulations :T.D. 4434, XIII-1 C.B. 540) contain no such language.  *697  In so far as we can ascertain, the present issue presents a new aspect of the Vinson Act, its scope and effect.  We are asked to adopt either the view urged by petitioner that the provisions of the act must be interpreted according to the usual meaning of their component words, or the theory urged by respondent that the act itself sets up new criteria which must be substituted in order to conform to what the respondent terms the prevention of profiteering in constructing combat vessels and We believe the first view to be the correct one.  Much might be said for the desirability of restricting profit on naval vessels and aircraft to a maximum of 10 percent on every individual article and all labor and raw material directly or indirectly required to construct and service the completed craft.  However, much also can be said against the practicability of such a limitation.  Many common articles, materials, and supplies ordinarily purchased on the open market might, because of the attendant uncertainty of ultimate profit, become practically unobtainable in the market because of the fear of a later forced return of profits over 10 percent.  Thus, the Navy might be hampered, not helped, *698  by the respondent's construction of the law.  In the respondent's under consideration vessel or aircraft constructed under the Vinson Act.  He thus includes all articles and materials furnished by the petitioner as they are governed by the first issue.  Assuming that such articles and materials were destined to become a part of a naval vessel or aircraft, we still *552  are unable to conclude that the terms of the Vinson Act control the amounts of the producer's profit thereon.  The act specifically states that the contractor must agree to make no subcontract unless the subcontractor agrees to the conditions specified in the act.  Thus, unless the petitioner is a subcontractor or can be construed to be one, he is not subject to the act.  We deem it unnecessary to enter into a lengthy discussion of the differentiating characteristics and attributes of materialmen and subcontractors.  Many state and other decisions make the distinction plain.  The act does not define the word defines the noun to, a previous contract or for the performance of a part or all of another contract. same dictionary defines a labor and material in the construction of buildings, ships, etc. is obvious*699  from the record that the petitioner was strictly a materialman except as to those contracts in which it was a prime contractor.  The petitioner did not undertake to perform all or any part of the Navy contracts in question.  It merely furnished materials suitable for use by the prime contractor.  The respondent stresses the fact that in the various orders and memoranda describing the sales made to the prime contractor the Vinson Act and its provisions were specifically mentioned.  These notations obviously were either printed or stamped as a matter of routine and were so indicated in order to assure the purchaser that the material would meet the tests established by the Navy Department.  The record further shows that such orders were possibly subject to the Vinson Act.  The excess percentage was to be paid over only if that act required it - the precise issue which we must decide.  Performance according to a contract market articles which meet the required tests.  Inspection at the plant may be a convenient method of accelerating the completion of the contract.  The inspection of articles in the stock pile of a prospective furnisher of raw material or parts serves the same*700  purpose.  but does not make such seller to the contractor his subcontractor.  In the case at bar, meeting the Navy specifications does not impute a Navy contract.  Articles may be made of prescribed size, strength, and consistency under an agreement between a Navy contractor and a materialman.  Such articles may be used on a Navy contract, at the contractor's option, as appears here.  Their quality may or may not make them satisfactory for use on other jobs.  *553  The petitioner's stock, including both raw materials, sheet and plate aluminum, and articles catalogued for commercial use, thus must meet at least the requirements of Navy specifications.  It is possible that aluminum articles or parts may be made for certain types of private consumption under specifications which require greater precision of manufacture and fineness of quality than those demanded by the Navy.  The publication of Navy specifications, the inspection of stock material by Navy inspectors, and the notation of such requirements on orders do not serve to transform a materialman into a subcontractor.  Nor does a regulation declaring a subcontractor and materialman to be in the same category make*701  them so.  The "enlargement of the ordinary routine definition" by T.D. 4723, as the respondent denominates the effect of that Treasury decision, is not warranted.  In view of what we have said concerning the distinguishing features of the concepts of that Congress intended to confine the effect of the Vinson Act restrictions to subcontractors in the commonly accepted legal meaning of the word and thus to exclude materialmen, such as the petitioner.  Old Colony Railroad Co. v. Commissioner,284 U.S. 552">284 U.S. 552. See Matzinger v. Harvard Lumber Co.,115 Ohio St. 555">115 Ohio St. 555; 155 N.E. 131">155 N.E. 131 (and cases cited); Baker v. Yakima Valley Canal Co.,77 Wash. 70">77 Wash. 70; 137 Pac. 342; Marsh v. Rothey,117 W. Va. 94">117 W.Va. 94; 183 S.E. 914">183 S.E. 914. In other instances of Federal legislation both subcontractors and materialmen have been specifically mentioned.  In the District of Columbia Mechanic's Lien Act of March 3, 1901, 31 Stat. 1384, and in the National Industrial Recovery Act of June 16, 1933, 48 Stat. 195, both are mentioned.  In the Buy American Act on March 3, 1933, 47 Stat. 1520, the following*702  language is used: Every contract for the construction, alteration, or repair of any public building or work in the United States * * * shall contain a provision that in the performance of the work the contractor, subcontractors, material men, or suppliers shall use only such unmanufactured articles, materials, and supplies as have been mined or produced in the United States * * *.  The legislation most nearly parallel to the Vinson Act is the Merchant Marine Act of June 29, 1936, 49 Stat. 1998.  That act has features resembling both the Vinson Act and the Buy American Act.  Its section 505:b) reads: No contract shall be made for the construction of any vessel under this act unless the shipbuilder shall agree * * * :5) to make no subcontract unless the subcontractor agrees to the foregoing conditions.  Section 505:a) provides: * * * In all such construction the shipbuilder, subcontractors, material men, or suppliers shall use, so far as practicable, only articles, materials, and supplies of the growth, production, or manufacture of the United States * * *.  *554  Likewise, various rulings of the Navy and War Departments recognize a sharp difference between materialmen*703  and subcontractors.  Among those in point is the ruling of the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department dated September 11, 1940, which states in part: * * * it is desired that the distinction between subcontracts and material purchases be kept in mind in order that the making of subcontracts will be confined to cases which involve the employment on the site of supervision and labor in excess of what is ordinarily required to fix or install the material in place.  While it is impracticable to lay down a general rule, the procedure can be indicated by examples * * *.  Of the same effect is the War Department construction contract form, approved June 19, 1941, and the construction of the terms by the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, transmitted to contractors by the Engineer Corps of the War Department, May 23, 1934, stating: The term person or firm who furnishes or proposes to furnish labor and material, or labor only, on the site of the work for a specified purpose as part of a construction contract, or persons or firms who furnish or propose to furnish for a particular project, equipment, appliances or materials required to be constructed, processed, *704  manufactured or fabricated especially for that particular project.  Persons or firms who furnish or propose to furnish standard materials or equipment but no labor at the site are not to be considered as subcontractors but are to be considered as material men, sellers or vendors.  The record amply shows that, with the exception of special quilting bolt nuts and screw machine products, all of the aluminum materials sold by the petitioner under its orders and contracts with prime contractors or fabricators were either regular commercial products or required additional fabrication, treatment, alteration, or reformation.  The two exceptions each aggregate less than $10,000 in price and therefore are automatically excluded from the operation of the Vinson Act.  :Sec. 3:c).) The second issue raises the question whether the cost of materials used in performing the contract should be computed at their market value or at their original cost.  For this issue also we find no precedent in adjudicated Vinson Act cases.  The point turns upon a proper interpretation of the words cost of performing the contract The method of ascertaining the amount of excess profit to be paid to the Treasury*705  is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury in agreement with the Secretary of the Navy.  Pursuant to that authority, T.D. 4434 :C.B. XIII-1, p. 540), was issued jointly by the Acting Secretary of the Treasury and the Acting Secretary of the Navy.  *555 T.D. 4434 states in part: The method of ascertaining the amount of excess profit to be paid to the United States in respect of contracts entered into under the Vinson Act shall be as follows: The excess profit shall be determined on each contract separately upon the completion or other termination of the contract.  The amount of such excess profit shall be the amount of the profit on the contract in excess of 10 per cent of the total contract price.  The amount of the profit on the contract shall be the difference between the total contract price and the cost of performing the contract.  The cost of performing the contract shall be the direct costs, such as material and labor, incurred by the contractor in performing the contract, plus a reasonable proportion of any indirect costs :including overhead or general expenses) appertaining to the contract which are not usually directly allocated to*706  the cost of performing the contract.  No general rule may be stated for ascertaining the reasonable proportion of the indirect costs to be allocated to the cost of performing a contract which would be applicable to all cases.  * * * We believe that the language of the statute means precisely what it says.  The actually cost the petitioner, not what it would have cost it assuming it had purchased its materials at market price.  The petitioner's theory, carried to its logical conclusion, would require that all computation of cost should be made on a fair market value of all materials - and even labor - irrespective of the actual cost thereof to it.  Under petitioner's contention, if, through quantity purchases by or forced sales to the contractor, materials were acquired under terms of great advantage to the contractor, he would not be compelled to pay any part of such excess profit to the Treasury.  Furthermore, a corporate contractor might of manufacture or fabrication through its subsidiaries or allied corporations.  By this means a profit would attach to all of the principal constituent parts of the finished products.  The fundamental purpose of the Vinson Act would thereby be*707  defeated.  Funk & Wagnalls' New Standard Dictionary defines cost as which has been given for a thing in order to procure it; especially the price paid; outlay of any kind; expense." In 20 Corpus Juris Secundum, p. 241, we find this definition, expended in performing a particular act or operation or for production or construction as of a building. 3d ed., p. 446; Buck v. Buck,18 N.Y. 337">18 N.Y. 337; Kempf v. Ranger,132 Minn. 65">132 Minn. 65; 155 N.w. 1059; Hoggson Bros. v. Spiekerman,161 N.Y.Supp. 930; 175 App.Div. 144. The second quoted definition closely follows the language of the Vinson Act.  That act does not undertake to define the word "cost" nor the expression "the cost of performing the contract." As in the first issue, we must construe the word and the phrase in their commonly accepted legal meaning.  Therefore, we are led to the *556  conclusion that the profit which the petitioner derived from its prime contracts with the Navy Department must be measured by the original cost of the material to it, as contended by the respondent.  The petitioner cites several cases which it claims are persuasive*708  of the correctness of its theory.  However, none of those cases relates to the exact question before us and, therefore, the citations have only a referential bearing on the issue.  The petitioner also quotes the standard form of contract prescribed by the Navy Department covering stock computed at the market price.  The cost-plus contracts were authorized by the National Defense Act of June 28, 1940.  54 Stat. 676.  That legislation contains an entirely different fundamental purpose from that of the Vinson Act and is in no way comparable thereto or controlling.  The contractor on a cost-plus basis acts merely as a supervisor, superintendent, or manager of the project and his fee for such service is termed a by the provisions of the Vinson Act furnishes the finished product, which he manufactures in any way he sees fit, subject, of course, to the requirements of given specifications and to inspection by Navy authorities.  His position, therefore, is quite dissimilar to that of a In view of our disposition of the first issue, it becomes unnecessary for us to decide the third and fourth issues.  But see *709 Pressed Steel Tank Co.,46 B.T.A. 52">46 B.T.A. 52; and Douglas Aircraft Co.,46 B.T.A. 1025">46 B.T.A. 1025. The computation of the deficiencies, if any, may be made under Rule 50 pursuant to the stipulated figures.  Reviewed by the Board.  Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.SMITH dissents.  BLACK BLACK, dissenting: In all three of the taxable years, 1936, 1937, and 1938, the petitioner completed certain prime contracts, that is to say contracts made by the petitioner directly with the Government of the United States which by their terms were subject to the provisions of the Vinson Act.  As to these no issue is raised as to petitioner being liable for whatever excess profits tax is due.  The only issue as to these is whether, in the computation of the profit made on a contract, petitioner is entitled to use contends, or must use Commissioner.  The majority opinion holds that be used, and with this holding I agree.  In addition to these prime contracts which petitioner had with the United States Government, which petitioner concedes come under the provisions of the Vinson Act, petitioner delivered aluminum materials *557  under certain "jobn*710  contracts" to prime contractors engaged in the construction of complete naval vessels.  Also in addition to these petitioner sold and delivered aluminum materials pursuant to orders received from customers who were engaged in the performance of prime contracts with the Navy.  As to these sales and deliveries under job contracts and under orders received from customers not under job contracts, petitioner contends that it is not subject to the provisions of the Vinson Act.  The majority opinion sustains this contention and with this holding, in so far as job contracts are concerned, I do not agree.  The kinds of transactions to which I am now referring are described in the Board's findings of fact as follows: During the years 1937 and 1938 the petitioner, pursuant to several job contracts, delivered aluminum materials to prime contractors engaged in the construction of complete naval vessels.  Under the typical job contract the petitioner agreed to furnish and the prime contractor :described as the agreed to buy 200,000 pounds or more, not to exceed 400,000 pounds, of described aluminum material for use in the construction of a named naval vessel or vessels.  Such aluminum material*711  was to be sold at prices stated in the contract for particular classes of material, reference being made for prices to pages of the petitioner's regular published price list incorporated in the contract, but the purchaser was not required to buy any quantity of any particular class of material.  I think the are subcontracts within the meaning of section 3 of the Vinson Act, quoted in the majority opinion.  It may well be that, as to the transactions described in the Board's findings of fact as follows: The petitioner sold and delivered commercial aluminum and materials on orders received from customers.  The petitioner received an order for listed materials, acknowledged such receipts on its printed form, and proceeded to fabricate and ship the materials so ordered.  the petitioner was not a subcontractor and was only a materialman and was not subject to the provisions of the Vinson Act.  The opinion so holds, and I agree.  True, under article 2 of Treasury Regulations promulgated January 6, 1937 (T.D. 4723, C.B. 1937-1, p. 519) mere materialmen are included within the provisions of the Vinson Act but I agree with the majority opinion that the regulation in that respect goes*712  beyond the law and is to that extent invalid.  But when petitioner entered into these contractor as described in the Board's findings of fact, I think it becomes more than a mere materialman and becomes a subcontractor within the meaning of the act.  For example, the Board's findings are that: One of the said job contracts, entered into with the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, petitioner's contract No. J-5499, called for the furnishing and *558  purchase of standard aluminum products for use in the construction of eleven described naval vessels.  Two of these vessels were completed by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation in 1937 and two in 1938.  * * * Of course, it goes without saying that the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, as the prime contractor, was subject to the provisions of the Vinson Act.  As the job contractor obligated to furnish to Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation the aluminum material which was to go into the vessels, I think petitioner was a as that term is used in the act, and, therefore, liable to the excess profits provision of the act.  The majority opinion holds to the contrary and to that holding I respectfully dissent.  ARNOLD agrees*713  with this dissent.  Footnotes1. SEC. 3.  The Secretary of the Navy is hereby directed to submit annually to the Bureau of the Budget estimates for the construction of the foregoing vessels and aircraft; and there is hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this Act: Provided, That no contract shall be made by the Secretary of the Navy for the construction and/or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or aircraft, or any portion thereof, herein, heretofore, or hereafter authorized unless the contractor agrees - :a) To make a report, as hereinafter described, under oath, to the Secretary of the Navy upon the completion of the contract.  :b) To pay into the Treasury profit, as hereinafter provided shall be determined by the Treasury Department, in excess of 10 per centum of the total contract prices, of such contracts within the scope of this section as are completed by the particular contracting party within the income taxable year, such amount to become the property of the United States, but the surety under such contracts shall not be liable for the payment of such excess profit; * * *.  :c) To make no subdivisions of any contract or subcontract for the same article of articles for the purpose of evading the provisions of this Act, but any subdivision of any contract or subcontract involving an amount in excess of $10,000 shall be subject to the conditions herein prescribed.  * * * :e) To make no subcontract unless the subcontractor agrees to the foregoing conditions.  The report shall be in form prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy and shall state the total contract price, the cost of performing the contract, the net income, and the percentum such net income bears to the contract price.  A copy of such report shall be transmitted to the Secretary of the Treasury for consideration in connection with the Federal income tax returns of the contractor for the taxable year or years concerned.  The method of ascertaining the amount of excess profit to be paid into the Treasury shall be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury in agreement with the Secretary of the Navy and made available to the public.  The method initially fixed upon shall be so determined on or before June 30, 1934: Provided, That in any case where an excess profit may be found to be owing to the United States in consequence hereof, the Secretary of the Treasury shall allow credit for any Federal income taxes paid or remaining to be paid upon the amount of such excess porfit.  The contract or subcontracts referred to herein are limited to those where the award exceeds $10,000. ↩2. ART. 2.  Contracts and subcontracts under which excess profit liability may be incurred.↩ - Except as otherwise provided with respect to contracts or subcontracts for certain scientific equipment (see article 3 of these regulations), every contract awarded for an amount exceeding $10,000 and entered into after the enactment of the Act of March 27, 1934, for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or aircraft, or any portion thereof, is subject to the provisions of the Act relating to excess profit liability.  Any subcontract made with respect to such a contract and involving an amount in excess of $10,000 is also within the scope of the Act.  If a contracting party places orders with another party, aggregating an amount in excess of $10,000, for articles or materials which constitute a part of the cost of performing the contract or subcontract, the placing of such orders shall constitute a subcontract within the scope of the Act, unless it is clearly shown that each of the orders involving $10,000 or less is a bona fide separate and distinct subcontract and not a subdivision made for the purpose of evading the provisions of the Act.