Court Opinion

ID: 9390037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-26 19:00:30.641568+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:31.340176
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 23a0197n.06

                                        Case No. 22-3554

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                 FILED
                                                                               Apr 26, 2023
                                                     )
TYRONE REMBERT,                                                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                          )
                                                     )     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                   )     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                     )     THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
SWAGELOK COMPANY,                                    )     OHIO
       Defendant-Appellee.                           )                        OPINION
                                                     )

Before: GIBBONS, THAPAR, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Alleging race discrimination, retaliation, and a hostile work

environment, Tyrone Rembert sued Swagelok Company under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and

Ohio law. The district court granted summary judgment to Swagelok. While we agree that

Swagelok is entitled to summary judgment on the race-discrimination and retaliation claims,

Rembert has presented a genuine issue of material fact on his hostile-work-environment claim.

Thus, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

                                                I.

       Rembert, a black man, started as a temporary employee at Swagelok’s Hardware

Production Facility in January 2017. He worked as a tool crib operator.

       In the nine months that he worked for Swagelok, multiple employees subjected Rembert

to race-based harassment daily. Rembert testified that numerous coworkers used the N-word
Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

routinely while he was around. His two white supervisors also used the N-word in comments

directed towards him 45–50 times, “if not more,” during his time at Swagelok. R. 49-1, Pg. ID

615, 622.

       Rembert recounted other instances of racial harassment as well. On one occasion, a

coworker made a noose out of a hose pipe, held it up to his face, and told Rembert, “This is what

we do around here.” Id. at 614, 616, 622–23. On another occasion, a white supervisor told

Rembert: “I see you have your black face on today.” Id. at 614–15, 618–19.

       Rembert also recounted several instances when colleagues threatened him with violence:

Once, a colleague used a gesture imitating firing a gun at him. Another time, a white supervisor

standing with three or four other white employees said to Rembert “there is enough of us to take

him down.” Id. at 620. And at other times, three employees made comments Rembert perceived

as threatening, such as: “we all got ugly faces and we in it together,” “are you having fun yet?”

and “you better pray.” Id. at 614, 617–19, 620, 622. Rembert testified that the harassment was so

frequent that he could not recall every single incident over those nine months. To avoid his

harassers, Rembert took to eating lunch in his car or at his workstation. Eventually, he was briefly

hospitalized for high blood pressure and received psychotherapy chiefly to deal with the stress of

the harassment.

       Even when not threatened or harassed, Rembert also remembered being treated differently

than white employees. For example, his supervisor excluded him from “shop talks.” While the

supervisor claimed that Rembert could not join these gatherings because he was a temporary

employee, several white temporary employees were included.

       In accordance with Swagelok’s policies, Rembert complained to his supervisor, Brett

Kaiser. Rembert says that he complained to Kaiser 14–17 times but that Kaiser never took any

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

action in response. For his part, Kaiser claims that Rembert never told him about any racial

harassment—if he had, Kaiser would have reported the complaints to Human Resources.

       On August 3, 2017, Rembert was convicted of domestic violence, a fourth-degree

misdemeanor. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2919.25(C), (D)(1)–(2). That same month, and with Kaiser’s

assistance, Rembert applied for a permanent position at Swagelok. Rembert claims that he told

Kaiser about his recent conviction and that Kaiser told him it was “nothing to worry about.” R.

61-1, Pg. ID 2607. Kaiser, by contrast, says that Rembert told him about a different domestic-

violence conviction from twelve years earlier—not the more recent one.

       On August 24, 2017, Swagelok’s hiring manager, Josh Montgomery, interviewed Rembert

for the position. During the interview, Montgomery explained that Rembert would have to pass a

drug test and background check if offered the job. Although Rembert admits that he was “well

aware” of this requirement, he did not tell Montgomery about his recent domestic-violence

conviction. R. 49-1, Pg. ID 625. On September 21, Swagelok extended an offer to Rembert. The

offer letter reiterated that the job was contingent on his passing a drug test and background check.

       A third party, HireRight, performs Swagelok’s background checks. The background

checks look back seven years and flag any criminal convictions. Swagelok has no blanket rule

against hiring applicants with criminal convictions; instead, it reviews flagged background checks

and makes an individualized hiring decision based on the information that the checks reveal.

       Swagelok’s recruiting director, John Kocsis, reviewed Rembert’s background check. After

noticing Rembert’s recent conviction for domestic violence, Kocsis recommended revoking

Rembert’s offer. But the offer was not revoked right away: on October 12, HireRight sent a pre-

adverse-action letter to Rembert on Swagelok’s behalf, advising him that his offer might be

revoked based on the information uncovered in his background check. The letter also notified

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

Rembert of his right to challenge the report’s findings within seven days. If no challenge was

raised within that time, the offer would be revoked in an adverse-action letter. Because Rembert

did not contest his background check, Swagelok both revoked his offer of permanent employment

and ended his temporary employment.

         After filing a charge with the EEOC, Rembert sued Swagelok in federal court, alleging

retaliation, race discrimination, and a hostile work environment under Title VII, Section 1981, and

Ohio law. The district court granted summary judgment to Swagelok on all claims. Rembert

timely appealed.1

                                                         II.

         Rembert has presented sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment on his hostile-

work-environment claim.2 To succeed, Rembert must demonstrate: (1) he belonged to a protected

group, (2) he suffered unwelcome harassment, (3) the harassment was race based, (4) the

harassment was “sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment and create

an abusive working environment,” and (5) Swagelok “knew or should have known” and did

nothing. Williams v. CSX Transp. Co., 643 F.3d 502, 511 (6th Cir. 2011). He has done so here.

         The first element is undisputed. As to the second and third, Rembert testified to multiple

instances of unwelcome, race-based harassment: he testified that his colleagues used the N-word

repeatedly, that a supervisor made a “black face” reference directed at him, and that one coworker

held up a hose pipe tied like a noose and said, “This is what we do here.” R. 49-1, Pg. ID 614–

1
  While the notice of appeal also references the district court’s evidentiary rulings, Rembert does not discuss any of
these rulings in his briefs. Therefore, any challenge to these rulings has been forfeited, and we do not address them.
Island Creek Coal Co. v. Wilkerson, 910 F.3d 254, 256 (6th Cir. 2018).
2
  Whether brought under Title VII, Section 1981, or Ohio law, all of Rembert’s claims are analyzed under the same
framework. See Smith v. City of Toledo, 13 F.4th 508, 514 (6th Cir. 2021) (race-discrimination claims); Barrett v.
Whirlpool Corp., 556 F.3d 502, 512 (6th Cir. 2009) (hostile-work-environment and retaliation claims); see also Ohio
C.R. Comm’n v. David Richard Ingram, D.C. Inc., 630 N.E.2d 669, 674 (Ohio 1994).

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

622. On appeal, Swagelok does not challenge the district court’s conclusions that this harassment

was both unwelcome and race based, so we focus on the last two elements.

       To assess the fourth element—whether this harassment qualifies as severe or pervasive—

we evaluate the totality of the circumstances. Johnson v. Ford Motor Co., 13 F.4th 493, 505 (6th

Cir. 2021). In so doing, we consider “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity;

whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it

unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Williams, 643 F.3d at 512

(quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993)). This inquiry has objective and

subjective components:     “[t]he conduct must be severe or pervasive enough to create an

environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive, and the victim must

subjectively regard that environment as abusive.” Johnson, 13 F.4th at 505 (cleaned up). A

plaintiff can succeed by showing that the harassment was either severe, pervasive, or both. See

Barrett v. Whirlpool Corp., 556 F.3d 502, 514 (6th Cir. 2009) (explaining that these terms are

“properly considered in the disjunctive”).

       Here, Rembert has presented sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could

conclude that the harassment was severe or pervasive enough that a reasonable person would find

the work environment hostile. Rembert testified that his supervisors and coworkers used the N-

word routinely and that one coworker threatened him with a noose. If a jury were to credit the

testimony about the N-word alone, it could reasonably conclude that Rembert was subject to severe

or pervasive harassment. See Johnson, 13 F.4th at 505 (“Comments and harassing acts of a

continual nature are more likely to be deemed pervasive and evidence of an objectively hostile

work environment.” (cleaned up)). Additionally, a jury could conclude that in light of these

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

comments, a coworker holding up a noose and telling Rembert “this is what we do here” was a

physical threat. See Williams, 643 F.3d at 512.

       Moreover, Rembert testified to many other instances of harassment—some were obviously

race based, and others may have been. Under the required totality-of-the-circumstances analysis,

we must be “mindful of the need to review the work environment as a whole,” remembering that

“the issue is not whether each incident of harassment standing alone is sufficient to sustain the

cause of action in a hostile environment case, but whether—taken together—the reported incidents

make out such a case.” Williams v. Gen. Motors Corp., 187 F.3d 553, 562–63 (6th Cir. 1999);

Johnson, 13 F.4th at 505 (“The totality of the circumstances, of necessity, includes all incidents of

alleged harassment.” (cleaned up)). Here, a reasonable jury could conclude that Rembert satisfied

the objective component of the severe-or-pervasive analysis.

       In addition, Rembert has presented sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that he

“subjectively regard[ed] th[e] environment as abusive.” Johnson, 13 F.4th at 505 (citation

omitted).   Rembert testified that he complained about the harassment 14–17 times to his

supervisor, that he had to eat lunch in his car to avoid his colleagues’ harassment, and that he

ultimately had to be treated with psychotherapy to cope with the effects of the harassment. He

also testified that he understood the noose incident to be a “major threat.” R. 49-1, Pg. ID 616.

From this evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that Rembert “subjectively perceive[d] the

environment to be abusive.” Barrett, 556 F.3d at 514 (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 21).

       On the fifth element, Rembert must also put forward sufficient evidence from which a

reasonable jury could conclude that Swagelok “knew or should have known about the harassment

and failed to act.” Williams, 643 F.3d at 511. On this point, Rembert testified that he followed

Swagelok’s policy and reported the harassment to his supervisor, Kaiser, somewhere between 14–

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

17 times, and that Kaiser failed to act in response. Kaiser, by contrast, testified that he didn’t act

because he was not aware of any complaints of racial harassment. This constitutes a genuine issue

of material fact for trial: a jury could credit Rembert’s testimony and conclude Kaiser knew of the

harassment and failed to act.

       Thus, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Swagelok on Rembert’s

hostile-work-environment claim.

                                                 III.

       We next address Rembert’s retaliation and race-discrimination claims, which allege that

Swagelok unlawfully rescinded his offer and terminated his employment. Because Rembert relies

on indirect evidence, we apply the three-step McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework to

both claims. First, Rembert must establish a prima facie case of retaliation and race discrimination.

Second, the burden shifts to Swagelok to articulate a legitimate, nonretaliatory or

nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. Third, the burden shifts back to Rembert to show that

Swagelok’s proffered reason is pretextual. See Goldblum v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 62 F.4th 244, 251

(6th Cir. 2023); Smith v. City of Toledo, 13 F.4th 508, 514–15 (6th Cir. 2021).

       Rembert’s retaliation claim fails at the first step because he cannot carry his burden to

establish a prima facie case of retaliation. And his race-discrimination claim fails at the third step

because he cannot carry his burden to establish that Swagelok’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reasons for revoking his hiring offer were pretextual.

                                                 A.

       To establish a prima facie retaliation claim, Rembert must show that: (1) he engaged in

protected activity under Title VII, (2) Swagelok knew about the protected activity, (3) Swagelok

took a “materially adverse” employment-related action against him, and (4) a causal connection

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

between the protected activity and the adverse action exists. Rogers v. Henry Ford Health Sys.,

897 F.3d 763, 775 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Laster v. City of Kalamazoo, 746 F.3d 714, 730 (6th Cir.

2014)).

          Rembert fails to make this showing. Specifically, he does not satisfy the second element—

knowledge. It is insufficient to show that someone at Swagelok knew Rembert complained of

race-based harassment. Instead, he must show that “the individual[] charged with taking the

adverse employment action knew” about those complaints. Mulhall v. Ashcroft, 287 F.3d 543,

552 (6th Cir. 2002). Here, the recruiting director, John Kocsis, made the final decision to rescind

Rembert’s employment offer. And Rembert does not allege that he made Kocsis aware of the

harassment. Instead, Rembert says he complained to his supervisor, Brett Kaiser. Nothing in the

record shows that Kaiser communicated this information to Kocsis, and Kocsis himself testified

that he did not know Rembert complained of or reported racial harassment.

          In sum, Rembert presented no evidence to refute Kocsis’s testimony on this point. Instead,

he makes three arguments to counter that problem. None succeeds.

          First, Rembert argues that Kocsis was not the relevant decisionmaker. But the record

shows otherwise. Kocsis testified that he made the decision to rescind Rembert’s job offer.

Another HR employee, Jennifer Freyhauf, confirmed the same. To cast doubt on this fact, Rembert

cites testimony from Caryn Kissane, a contractor who briefly worked in Swagelok’s recruiting

department, who said that someone other than Kocsis instructed her to rescind Rembert’s

employment offer. However, Kissane also testified that she did not know who made the final

decision to rescind. So her testimony fails to contradict Kocsis’s and Freyhauf’s—it merely shows

that someone other than Kocsis transmitted the order to Kissane. Thus, Rembert presented no

evidence to support his theory that someone other than Kocsis was the decisionmaker. See Smith,

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

13 F.4th at 514 (“[T]o show a genuine issue of material fact . . . [t]here must be evidence on which

the jury could reasonably find for [Rembert.]”).

       Second, Rembert speculates that Kocsis knew about the complaints because he had

interacted with Kaiser. In support, he relies on one unpublished opinion from our court. See Hicks

v. SSP Am., Inc., 490 F. App’x 781 (6th Cir. 2012). But that case is not on point. In Hicks, the

plaintiff established that the decisionmaker was friends with and had “ongoing interactions” with

the coworker who received the plaintiff’s complaints. Id. at 785. Here, by contrast, Rembert

presented no evidence showing a similar relationship between Kocsis and Kaiser. Instead, he relies

on a single conversation in which Kaiser informed Kocsis that Rembert worked for him and was

applying for the full-time role. But Kocsis couldn’t recall the details of that conversation—he did

not even recall if the interaction occurred in person or by email. And Kaiser did not remember the

interaction at all. Rembert’s speculation thus falls far short of “the specific facts required” to

demonstrate Kocsis’s knowledge based on any interaction with Kaiser. Mulhall, 287 F.3d at 552.

       Third, Rembert argues that his complaints to Kaiser can be imputed generally to Swagelok.

Again, he cites no binding authority supporting that proposition. Indeed, our cases say the

opposite: “general corporate knowledge” is insufficient, and the plaintiff must instead show that

“the decisionmaker” knew of his protected activity. Evans v. Pro. Transp., Inc., 614 F. App’x 297,

300–01 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Frazier v. USF Holland, Inc., 250 F. App’x 142, 148 (6th Cir.

2007), and Mulhall, 287 F.3d at 551). Rembert has not made that showing here.

       In sum, Rembert failed to establish the second element of his prima facie case. Thus, his

retaliation claim falters at the first step of the McDonnell Douglas analysis.

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

                                                 B.

       We turn to Rembert’s race-discrimination claim. The district court held that Rembert

established a prima facie case of race discrimination, but that Swagelok articulated a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for its employment decision—namely, Rembert’s recent domestic-

violence conviction. Neither party challenges these holdings on appeal, so our analysis focuses on

one question: did Rembert produce sufficient evidence from which a jury could find that

Swagelok’s proffered reason was pretextual? The district court said no, and we agree.

       Our “ultimate inquiry” is this: “did [Swagelok act] for the stated reason or not?” Tingle v.

Arbors at Hilliard, 692 F.3d 523, 530 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Chen v. Dow Chem. Co., 580 F.3d

394, 400 n.4 (6th Cir. 2009)). To answer that question and establish pretext, plaintiffs typically

establish one of three things: (1) that the employer’s proffered reason “had no basis in fact,” (2)

that the proffered reason “did not actually motivate the employer’s action,” or (3) that the proffered

reason was “insufficient to motivate the employer’s action.” Chen, 580 F.3d at 400. These

categories offer plaintiffs “a convenient way of marshaling evidence” to demonstrate that “the

employer made up its stated reason.” Tingle, 692 F.3d at 530. Here, however, Rembert has not

produced “sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably reject” Swagelok’s proffered

reason for its actions. Miles v. S. Cent. Hum. Res. Agency, Inc., 946 F.3d 883, 888 (6th Cir. 2020)

(quoting Chen, 580 F.3d at 400).

       First, Rembert fails to show Swagelok’s proffered reason has no basis in fact. Swagelok

justifies its actions by pointing to Rembert’s recent conviction for domestic violence, and Rembert

does not dispute the truth of that conviction. Therefore, no reasonable juror could conclude that

Swagelok’s rationale has no basis in fact.

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Case No. 22-3554, Rembert v. Swagelok Co.

         Second, Rembert has not shown that Swagelok’s proffered reason “did not actually

motivate” its actions. Chen, 580 F.3d at 400. On this point, Rembert claims “the sheer weight of

circumstantial evidence . . . shows Swagelok’s explanation is pretext.” Appellant Br. 41. He raises

numerous arguments, none of which persuades.

         To discredit Swagelok’s policy purporting to protect workers, Rembert asserts a lack of

correlation between criminal convictions and workplace violence. That argument is without

adequate support: Rembert relies on one district-court opinion from another circuit which observes

only that “no research has shown a link between ex-offenders and workplace violence.” United

States v. McKnight, 33 F. Supp. 3d 577, 586 (D. Md. 2014). The lack of research on this subject

does not prove there’s “no correlation.” Appellant Br. 42. But even assuming that unproven

conclusion, Swagelok is entitled to exclude candidates based on criteria it deems relevant, so long

as those criteria are not unlawful. Thus, the company is not required to prove its common-sense

policy is backed by academic research. What’s more, it is hardly suspect for a company to use

convictions for violent crime to filter out potentially violent employees. Indeed, the EEOC itself

recognizes that 92% of employers subject job candidates to criminal background checks and that

employers are not prohibited from rejecting applicants based on prior criminal convictions.

Enforcement Guidance on Consideration of Arrest and Conviction Records in Employment

Decisions Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, §§ III(B), V(B)(3) (April 25, 2012).3

         Next, Rembert argues that Swagelok has inconsistently described its criminal-exclusion

policy and failed to consistently identify Kocsis as the relevant decisionmaker. But even if that is

3
  Rembert also cites the district court’s personal view that Swagelok’s policy might not be a good one. However, the
district court here appropriately separated its personal opinion from the relevant legal question: whether the policy is
lawful.

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true, there is no dispute on this record that the policy was applied on a case-by-case basis and that

Kocsis was the one who made the decision in Rembert’s case.

       Rembert also objects to Swagelok’s case-by-case review of flagged background checks.

Of course, as Rembert concedes, there is nothing inherently suspect about individualized

assessments of criminal records.      Indeed, EEOC guidance explicitly endorses case-by-case

consideration of job applicants’ prior criminal convictions. Id. at § V(B)(9). This allows the

employer to consider the whole person, including rehabilitation efforts and comments of

references. Id.

       Rembert further argues that Swagelok failed to give him the required individualized

assessment here, and if it had, it would not have rescinded the offer. He highlights the three factors

he claims Swagelok should have considered: “(1) the nature and gravity of the offense; (2) the

nature of the job held or sought; and (3) the time passed since the offense, conduct and/or

completion of the sentence.” Appellant Br. 43 (citing Green v. Miss. Pac. R.R., 523 F.2d 1290,

1298 (8th Cir. 1975) and EEOC guidance adopting Green factors). But Kocsis did consider those

factors: the basis for his decision was (1) the nature of the offense (domestic violence), (2) that a

violent conviction presented “a risk that [a new hire] could become violent in the work

environment,” and (3) that the conviction was recent. R. 49-4, Pg. ID 864–65, 883. Rembert

suggests Kocsis should have done more, like talking to Rembert about the conviction—but the

Green factors that Rembert endorses do not require that.

       Finally, Rembert claims that the hostile work environment he experienced at Swagelok is

proof that Swagelok makes its hires on a discriminatory basis. As part of this argument, he

highlights that black applicants fail the criminal background check more often than white

applicants. This argument has two fatal flaws. First, there is no basis in the record to impute the

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actions of Rembert’s coworkers and supervisors to Kocsis, who worked in a different department

and different building. See Rachells v. Cingular Wireless Emp. Servs., LLC, 732 F.3d 652, 665

(6th Cir. 2013) (whether “discriminatory atmosphere evidence is probative of discrimination”

depends on “the actor’s position in the employer’s hierarchy,” among other things (cleaned up)).

Second, without that evidence, there is no basis for inferring that the disparate pass rates of black

and white applicants are the result of racism in the HR office, as opposed to other, neutral factors.

       In short, none of these arguments presents sufficient evidence from which a jury could

conclude Swagelok was motivated by something other than its proffered reason.

       Third, Rembert can’t show Swagelok’s proffered reason was “insufficient to motivate”

Swagelok’s actions. Swagelok aimed to protect its workers from workplace violence, and its

policy was written to serve that purpose. Rembert has argued that the policy itself was likely

ineffective at preventing workplace violence and that Swagelok hired some white applicants who

were convicted of different crimes long before they applied for their positions. Even assuming he

is correct, neither of these arguments shows that Swagelok’s proffered reason (protecting workers)

was insufficient to motivate its actions here (rescinding Rembert’s offer and terminating his

temporary employment upon discovering his recent conviction). Rembert also argues that his good

performance as a temporary employee showed that he was not a danger to his coworkers. But the

conviction for domestic violence came after Rembert’s months of good behavior at work, on the

very eve of his application for permanent employment. That gave Kocsis new reason, under

Swagelok’s policy, to be concerned about Rembert’s “risk to [the company’s] other associates.”

R. 49-4, Pg. ID 865.

       Rembert also argues here that Swagelok’s proffered reason was insufficient because eight

white comparator applicants were hired despite criminal convictions. This argument is better

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suited to the second method of proving pretext—that Swagelok’s proffered reason did not actually

motivate its action—but either way, the argument fails because the comparators are not similarly

situated. To qualify as similarly situated, the comparator must be the same in all “relevant

respects.” Johnson v. Ohio Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 942 F.3d 329, 331 (6th Cir. 2019). In every case,

we make an “independent determination” of what factors are relevant, and that determination

depends on whether certain factors “are meaningful to the particular claim of discrimination

presented.” Bobo v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 665 F.3d 741, 751 (6th Cir. 2012), abrogated on

other grounds by Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338 (2013); see also Wright v.

Murray Guard, Inc., 455 F.3d 702, 710 (6th Cir. 2006) (explaining the necessity of independently

determining factors relevant to this inquiry).

       Here, because Swagelok’s proffered reason is protecting its workers from violent crime,

and because its adverse action against Rembert was based on his very recent domestic-violence

conviction, two factors are relevant for the comparators: (1) the type of criminal conviction on the

proposed comparators’ records (i.e., whether the crime was violent or nonviolent), and (2) the

amount of time between that conviction and the proposed comparators’ application to Swagelok.

Neither one of those factors provides cause for concern: they are reasonably relevant and even

largely track the Green factors Rembert himself endorses.

       Rembert was convicted of a domestic-violence offense three weeks before he interviewed

for the job. All eight proposed comparators differed in at least one relevant respect: four were

convicted of seemingly nonviolent offenses (e.g., disorderly conduct). For the four convicted of

violent offenses, Rembert has not established that any of them were convicted mere weeks before

they applied to Swagelok. Indeed, there is no evidence any of these applicants were even convicted

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in the same year as their applications. So none of these eight comparators are similarly situated in

all relevant respects.

        In short, Rembert has not produced sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that Swagelok

acted for any reason other than its proffered one. Thus, his race-discrimination claim fails at the

third step of the McDonnell Douglas analysis.

                                         *        *      *

        Rembert is entitled to a trial on his hostile-work-environment claim. But we agree with

the district court that Swagelok is entitled to summary judgment on Rembert’s retaliation and race-

discrimination claims. For these reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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