Court Opinion

ID: 4700626
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-01 22:01:00.10289+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:11.836873
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 THE BRENNAN CENTER FOR JUSTICE
 AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL
 OF LAW et al.,

                Plaintiffs,
                                                      Civil Action No. 18-1860 (RDM)
         v.

 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
 JUSTICE,

                Defendant.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       Plaintiffs brought this Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, action

seeking records to illuminate “how the government is prosecuting cases involving domestic

terrorism.” Dkt. 1-1 at 6. As Plaintiffs explained, the “available data” indicated that the

Department of Justice (“Department”) had brought “4,496 terrorism-related prosecutions” since

2001 and had obtained “3,772 convictions or guilty pleas.” Dkt. 16-1 at 5 (Kurzman Decl. ¶ 13).

But Plaintiffs could not tell, based on that publicly available data, which “activities the

Department of Justice considers terrorism,” particularly “domestic terrorism,” or whether

international terrorism and domestic terrorism cases are treated differently. Dkt. 1-1 at 3–4.

       To better understand how the Department categorizes and treats “terrorism” cases,

Plaintiffs the Brennan Center for Justice and Professor Charles Kurzman sent a FOIA request to

the Department’s Executive Office for United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”), seeking all records

in the Department’s Legal Information Office Network System (“LIONS”) database relating to

terrorism cases, including the docket numbers associated with the court proceedings in each case.
Id. at 4. After the Department withheld the docket numbers for each case pursuant to FOIA

Exemptions 6 and 7(C), Plaintiffs brought this suit, which the Court resolved last year on the

parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. Applying the binary standard that the D.C.

Circuit set forth in two cases raising similar issues—Am. C.L. Union v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 655

F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“ACLU I”), and Am. C.L. Union v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 750 F.3d 927

(D.C. Cir. 2014) (“ACLU II”)—the Court held that the Department permissibly withheld the

docket numbers in cases that resulted in acquittals or that were dismissed but that the Department

impermissibly withheld the docket numbers in cases resulting in convictions. Brennan Ctr. for

Just. at N.Y. Univ. Sch. of Law v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 18-cv-1860, 2020 WL 1189091

(D.D.C. Mar. 12, 2020) (“Brennan I”). In reaching that conclusion, the Court weighed the

“minimal” privacy interest threatened by releasing information relating to a public, criminal

conviction and the more “substantial” privacy interest threatened by releasing information

relating to a case resulting in an acquittal or dismissal of charges—and balanced those privacy

interests against the public interest in disclosure. Id. at *5–11. Consistent with ACLU I and

ACLU II, that balance tipped in favor of disclosure with respect to cases resulting in convictions

and in favor of withholding in cases resulting in acquittals or dismissals. Id.

       Now pending before the Court is the Department’s motion for reconsideration under Rule

59(e). Dkt. 32. In its motion, the Department argues that the privacy interests at stake are far

greater than it had previously indicated and, correspondingly, far greater than the Court’s

decision in Brennan I recognized. In particular, the Department now explains that prosecutors

categorize each case within LIONS at an early stage of an investigation and that those

categorizations are rarely updated as a case develops. Dkt. 32-1 at 5. Consequently, “it is not

uncommon” for those categorizations to no longer be germane by the time the cases reach

                                                 2
fruition. Id. In addition, the Department acknowledges that at least some cases are categorized

as terrorism-related in error or for unknown reasons. See Dkt. 42-1. As such, a case that is

initially categorized (or miscategorized) as terrorism-related within LIONS may later result in

charges and a conviction that bear no obvious connection to terrorism. In that subset of cases,

the Department contends, disclosure of the docket numbers in LIONS could reveal for the first

time that the Department at some point believed the crime might be related to terrorism—or,

worse, disclosure could suggest that the Department considered the case related to terrorism

when in fact the categorization was a mistake. In the Department’s view, even if a criminal

defendant has only a minimal privacy interest in the fact of his public conviction, he holds a

much stronger privacy interest in the undisclosed fact that the Department suspected him of

involvement in terrorism, mislabeled his case as terrorism-related, or ultimately charged him

with a crime that the Department might internally regard as terrorism-related but that the public

would not ordinarily associate with terrorism. Based on the difficulty in ascertaining which

cases are correctly labeled as terrorism-related convictions or guilty pleas, the Department argues

that the Court should now grant summary judgment in its favor and relieve it of the obligation of

releasing any of the docket numbers corresponding to terrorism-related convictions or guilty

pleas.

         As the history of this litigation and the Department’s recent filings demonstrate, the

interests on both sides of the relevant balance are weighty—and far weightier than the Court

previously appreciated. On the one hand, disclosure of docket numbers in “terrorism-related”

cases that resulted in convictions will often reveal information about the investigation or the

Department’s internal characterization of the case that was not previously public. The relevant

privacy interests thus go beyond the risk of reminding the public about events that previously

                                                  3
occurred in the light of day. In some cases, for example, the disclosure might reveal that the

defendant was the subject of a terrorism investigation that never resulted in any terrorism-related

charges. In others, it might suggest that a defendant was connected in some way to terrorism

when the Department’s categorization was simply a mistake. And in still others, it might show

that the Department regarded a conviction as terrorism-related, even though it never publicly

disclosed that characterization. Disclosing that information could cause grave harm to the

subjects of the investigations and prosecutions and would do so in a manner that would provide

little opportunity for the subjects to rebut the Department’s suspicions or internal

characterizations.

       On the other side of the balance, however, Plaintiffs’ interest—and the public interest—in

better understanding how the Department characterizes “terrorism” cases is also more

compelling than the Court previously recognized, given that the Department’s submissions in

support of its motion for reconsideration call into serious question the reliability of its case

categorizations and, by extension, its public reports regarding “terrorism-related” prosecutions.

Understanding what the Department means when it describes its efforts to fight terrorism—what

it means, for example, when it announces that it has obtained “3,772 convictions or guilty pleas”

in terrorism-related cases since 2001, Dkt. 16-1 at 5 (Kurzman Decl. ¶ 13) —is of intense public

interest. Similarly, the public has a considerable interest in assessing the accuracy of the

Department’s reports regarding terrorism prosecutions. In short, this is a case with anvils on

both sides of the scale.

       The Court previously denied the Department’s motion for reconsideration in part, with

respect to any “conviction or plea for an international terrorism offense that has a clear public

connection to terrorism.” See Brennan Ctr. for Just. at N.Y. Univ. Sch. of Law v. U.S. Dep’t of

                                                  4
Just., No. 18-cv-1860, 2020 WL 7685612, at *1 (D.D.C. Aug. 19, 2020) (“Brennan II”). For the

following reasons, the Court will now GRANT in part and DENY in part the remaining portion

of the Department’s motion.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       As the Court explained in its prior opinions, the Department uses the LIONS database “to

categorize and to track information about cases” in which the ninety-four U.S. Attorneys’

Offices are involved. Brennan I, 2020 WL 1189091, at *2. Whenever a federal prosecutor

opens an investigation, she creates a record in the database, which includes such information as

the name of the person under investigation, the investigating agencies, and the nature of the

possible charges. Id. Once the government files charges, the prosecutor adds additional

information, including the docket number associated with the case in court and, later, the

outcome of the case. Id. Among the categories to which a case can be assigned in the LIONS

database are six related to terrorism: “International Terrorism Incidents Which Impact U.S.,”

“Domestic Terrorism,” “Terrorism Related Hoaxes,” “Terrorist Financing,” “Export

Enforcement Terrorism-Related,” and “Critical Infrastructure Protection.” Id. Although the

Department provides public access to its case management system, the public version of the

records redacts personally identifying information, including the docket numbers, which could

be used to access public court records that identify the defendant in each prosecution. Id.

       More than three years ago, on January 17, 2018, Plaintiffs submitted a FOIA request to

the EOUSA, the office within the Department responsible for providing administrative support to

U.S. Attorneys’ Offices. Id. Plaintiffs sought “[a]ll records in the [LIONS] database involving

public charges that are marked with at least one of” the six categories used to track terrorism

cases. Id. (quoting Dkt. 1-1 at 4) (alternations in original). The request specified that Plaintiffs

                                                  5
wanted to obtain the docket numbers associated with each record “to understand and to analyze

how the Department characterizes conduct as ‘terrorism’ and how it prosecutes ‘terrorism’

cases.” Id. The Department denied Plaintiffs’ request for the docket numbers on the ground that

they are shielded from disclosure by FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C), both of which protect privacy

interests. Id.

        Plaintiffs filed this FOIA action to challenge the Department’s withholdings, Dkt. 1, and

the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, Dkt. 13; Dkt. 16. The Department’s

motion argued that Exemptions 6 and 7(C) justify the challenged withholdings. Exemption 6

applies to any “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would

constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6).

Exemption 7(C) covers a narrower set of records—only those that are “compiled for law

enforcement purposes.” Id. § 552(b)(7). But when Exemption 7(C) does apply, it covers a

broader range of privacy interests. See Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S.

157, 165–66 (2004); Dep’t of Just. v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 756

(1989). While Exemption 6 applies to only those disclosures that “would constitute a clearly

unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6) (emphasis added), Exemption

7(C) applies to all disclosures that “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted

invasion of personal privacy,” id. § 552(b)(7)(C) (emphasis added). Within its scope of

coverage, Exemption 7(C) therefore “establishes a lower bar for withholding” than Exemption 6.

ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 6. So long as the records in question are “compiled for law enforcement

purposes,” a Court need consider only whether Exemption 7(C) applies, because any law

enforcement record not protected by Exemption 7(C) would necessarily fall outside the scope of

Exemption 6.

                                                6
       Although the Department bore the burden of demonstrating that Exemption 7(C) applied

to the records at issue, see Mobley v. CIA, 806 F.3d 568, 580 (D.C. Cir. 2015), the original

declaration that the Department submitted in support of its motion for summary judgment failed

to show that these records were compiled for law enforcement purposes. See Minute Entry

(Nov. 25, 2019). But given the potentially significant privacy interests at stake, the Court

offered the Department an opportunity to supplement the record to establish the applicability of

Exemption 7(C) by describing how it uses and compiles information in the database. Id. The

Department’s supplemental declaration, however, was still “largely silent” on how the

“requested document numbers” related to records compiled for law enforcement purposes. See

Minute Order (Jan. 28, 2020). But, because of the “privacy interests at play,” the Court gave the

Department a third chance to justify its withholdings. Id.

       On March 12, 2020, the Court issued an opinion granting in part and denying in part the

parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. Brennan I, 2020 WL 1189091, at *11. As a

threshold matter, the Court held that, although docket numbers are created by courts, they are

compiled in the LIONS database for law enforcement purposes, such that the challenged

withholdings were subject to the more lenient standard of Exemption 7(C). Id. at *3–5. After

determining that the records in question were compiled for law enforcement purposes, the Court

turned to the question whether disclosure of the docket numbers “could reasonably be expected

to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). To answer

that question, the Court “balance[d] the public interest in disclosure against the [privacy]

interest[s] Congress intended the Exemption to protect.” Brennan I, 2020 WL 118909, at *5

(second and third alterations in original) (quoting Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 776).

                                                 7
       The Court began by assessing the asserted privacy interest. Under D.C. Circuit

precedent, the privacy interest at stake in the disclosure of public docket numbers varies

depending on the outcome of the underlying case: “defendants whose prosecutions ended in

acquittal or dismissal have a much stronger privacy interest in controlling information

concerning those prosecutions than defendants who were ultimately convicted.” ACLU II, 750

F.3d at 933. Although “an agency’s disclosure of public docket numbers for cases that resulted

in convictions implicates a cognizable privacy interest,” that interest is “‘at the lower end of the

privacy spectrum.’” Brennan I, 2020 WL 1189091, at *6 (quoting ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 7).

Because the conviction or plea is already public, the privacy interest at issue is limited to

preventing disclosure of records that could draw renewed attention to the defendant’s crime.

Thus, “even though the disclosure of public docket numbers ‘compromise[s] more than a de

minimis privacy interest,’ it does ‘not compromise much more.’” Id. (alteration in original)

(quoting ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 12).

       The Department argued that, even where a case ended in a conviction or plea, the public

docket numbers categorized as terrorism-related in the LIONS database implicate heightened

privacy interests because association with terrorism is “stigmatic.” Id. (quoting Dkt. 13 at 14).

The Court was “persuaded that the stigma of a terrorism conviction is likely substantial and that

disclosure of the docket numbers of cases that the Department has characterized for its internal

purposes as terrorism-related risks inviting unwanted attention on the subjects of those

prosecutions.” Id. at *6. But, as in ACLU I, this asserted privacy interest was “still far weaker

than the core interests protect by Exemption 7(C),” which is “principally concerned with

protecting individuals’ ‘strong interest in not being associated unwarrantedly with alleged

criminal activity.’” Id. at *7 (quoting Stern v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 91–92 (D.C. Cir. 1984))

                                                  8
(emphasis in original). If anything, the privacy interest at stake in the disclosure of a docket

number associated with a terrorism-related conviction might be weaker than in other classes of

cases, because “terrorism-related cases are likely to generate more press coverage and greater

public attention than the average case.” Id. at *6. Significantly for present purposes, the Court

emphasized that “the Department cannot plausibly argue (nor does it attempt to argue) that the

public ‘will hear of’ the terror-related nature of the cases ‘for the first time merely because the

Justice Department releases a list of docket numbers.’” Id. (quoting ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 10).

The disclosure of the contested docket numbers would thus reveal “only information that has

already been the subject of a public proceeding.” ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 8.

       Expanding on this point, the Court observed in a footnote:

       One can imagine an argument that the Department’s characterization of an
       offense as “terrorism-related” is not information that is already public or that
       could be easily found by reviewing the public docket. Someone’s neighbors, for
       example, might know that a subject had pleaded guilty to a financial crime of
       some sort but might not know that, in the Department’s view, that crime was
       connected to domestic or international terrorism. The Department, however, has
       not made this argument, nor can the Court discern from the limited information
       that is before it whether this hypothetical harm is fanciful or real.

Brennan I, 2020 WL 1189091, at *7 n.2 (emphasis added). In the absence of such an argument,

the Court concluded that, as to the cases resulting in convictions or guilty pleas, the privacy

interest implicated by disclosure of the public docket numbers was relatively weak. Id. at *7. In

short, “where someone has been convicted of terrorism-related charges, disclosure of the

information contained in the LIONS database—including the docket number of the case—would

risk little additional public opprobrium.” Id. at *8.

       Turning to the public interest in disclosure, the Court held that it was strong. The Court

explained that the relevant public interest to weigh was “‘the extent to which disclosure advances

the basic purpose of the [FOIA] to open agency action [to] the light of public scrutiny, . . .

                                                  9
thereby furthering the citizens’ right to be informed about what their government is up to.’” Id.

at *7 (first and third alteration in original) (quoting ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 6). Plaintiffs had argued

persuasively “that the public has a significant interest in understanding the Department’s ‘current

strategies and success rates with regard to terrorism-related prosecutions.’” Id. (quoting Dkt. 16

at 24). “Terrorism prosecutions—and which cases the Department characterizes as ‘terrorism’

cases—moreover, touch on an array of issues of public attention, ranging from immigration

policy, national security, and the allocation of prosecutorial resources.” Id. (noting that the

Department spent $5.6 billion on its counterterrorism efforts in fiscal year 2019). Even more to

the point, Plaintiffs had established that “the information they seek would advance the public’s

interest in knowing how the Department categorizes ‘terrorism’ cases, how it allocates its

resources in prosecuting domestic and international terrorism cases, and how the threat of

terrorism has evolved in recent years.” Id. Indeed, “the only way to conduct a comprehensive

study of the prosecutions [that the] Department categorizes in this manner is through the

disclosure of the requested docket numbers.” Id. The Court thus concluded that the public

interest in disclosure outweighed the countervailing privacy interest and granted summary

judgment to Plaintiffs with respect to docket numbers for cases that resulted in convictions or

pleas. Id. at *9, *11.

       The balance was different for the 724 cases that resulted in acquittals or dismissals. Id. at

*9. Following the D.C. Circuit’s reasoning in ACLU II, the Court explained that “‘defendants

whose prosecutions ended in acquittal or dismissal have a much stronger privacy interest in

controlling information concerning those prosecutions than defendants who were ultimately

convicted.’” Id. (quoting ACLU II, 750 F.3d at 932–33). This is because “‘[t]he presumption of

innocence stands as one of the most fundamental principles of our system of criminal justice,’

                                                 10
and, ‘[u]nfortunately, public perceptions’ do not always hold the government to its burden of

proof.” Id. (second alteration in original) (quoting ACLU II, 750 F.3d at 933). Although the

public interest in disclosure remained strong, the Court granted summary judgment in favor of

the Department with respect to docket numbers for cases ending in acquittal or dismissal. Id. at

*10–11.

       Having resolved the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, the Court entered

final judgment on March 12, 2020. Dkt. 31. Twenty-eight days later, the Department moved for

partial reconsideration pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). Dkt. 32; see Fed. R.

Civ. P. 59(e) (providing that a “motion to alter or amend a judgment must be filed no later than

28 days after the entry of the judgment”). In its motion, the Department seizes upon the Court’s

footnote observing that the Department had failed to argue that its “characterization of an offense

as ‘terrorism-related’ is not information that is already public or that could be easily found by

reviewing the public docket.” Brennan I, 2020 WL 1189091, at *7 n.2. Now, the Department

contends that the Court’s “concern is, in fact, quite real and affects a significant number of

cases” at issue. Dkt. 32-1 at 5.

       To explain why, the Department offers the declaration of Kevin Krebs, Assistant Director

of the EOUSA’s FOIA staff. Dkt. 32-2 (Krebs. Decl.). Krebs attests that categorizations in the

LIONS database are “entered at a very early stage of an investigation” and then are “generally

not changed to reflect the ultimate charges.” Id. at 2 (Krebs. Decl. ¶ 6). Even when further

investigation does “not uncover sufficient evidence to charge terrorism offenses” or when

prosecutors “discover that the case does not involve terrorism at all,” the terrorism-related

designation in LIONS might remain in place. Id. at 3 (Krebs Decl. ¶ 7). The categorization is

thus “often not an accurate indicator of what [a] case . . . actually involves,” and “it is not

                                                  11
uncommon for a case that includes a terrorism-related initial program categorization in LIONS

. . . to result only in non-terrorism-related charges or convictions and for the public record in the

case to not reflect any connection to terrorism.” Id. at 2–3 (Krebs. Decl. ¶ 6).

       Based on these representations, the Department argues that, “if the docket numbers of

convictions identified with an internal terrorism program category in LIONS are disclosed, many

people who had previously been associated publicly only with crimes not related to terrorism

will for the first time be publicly, and in some instances mistakenly, associated with terrorism or

terrorist activity.” Dkt. 32-1 at 6. Such disclosure would, in the Department’s view, implicate

greater third-party privacy interests than the Court recognized (or than the Department itself

urged) in Brennan I. Id. at 16. The Department therefore requests that the Court “reconsider its

decision . . . [and] hold that the Department has properly withheld the docket numbers in its

database in order to protect the privacy of individuals who have not been linked publicly to

terrorism.” Id. at 6.

       On July 17, 2020, the Court held a telephonic status conference to address the third-party

privacy interests implicated by the Department’s motion for reconsideration. See Minute Entry

(July 17, 2020); see also Brennan II, 2020 WL 7685612, at *1. At the status conference, the

Court expressed concern about the privacy interests of third parties whose cases are categorized

as terrorism-related in the LIONS database “even though they were convicted of crimes bearing

no self-evident connection to terrorism and even though the Department never made any public

statement tying their cases to terrorism.” Id. Of particular concern was the possibility that the

database included “some matters that were initially opened as terrorism investigations but that

ultimately led to charges and convictions unrelated to terrorism.” Id. Although the public has a

significant interest in learning about the possibility that the database over-reports the number of

                                                 12
terrorism convictions by including cases that resulted in convictions for crimes unrelated to

terrorism, “the Court also recognized that the defendants in those cases may have a substantial

privacy interest in preventing public disclosure of the fact that the Department even suspected

their involvement in terrorism.” Id.

       At the same time, however, the Court observed that the supplemental declaration from

Krebs was “wholly conclusory and of little assistance to the Court.” Id. Although the

Department maintained that it was common for cases to be categorized as terrorism in the

database even when the investigation did not lead to terrorism-related charges or any other public

link to terrorism, the Department “could not offer even a rough guess of how many such cases

might exist.” Id. The Court therefore ordered the parties to file a joint status report “setting forth

their proposed methodologies for identifying the number of cases that raise legitimate third-party

privacy concerns and for segregating those cases from the ones for which the connection to

terrorism is either evident from the nature of the charges or has previously been publicly

disclosed.” Id.

       In the joint status report, the parties were unable to reach consensus on a path forward.

Id. (citing Dkt. 37). In light of their dueling proposals, the Court entered an order on August 19,

2020, requiring the Department to take four steps intended to clarify both how many cases in the

LIONS database are categorized as terrorism-related without ever having been publicly linked to

terrorism and, relatedly, how difficult it would be to segregate those cases from ones whose

connection to terrorism is more apparent. First, to ascertain the universe of records at issue, the

Court ordered the Department to “identify the exact number of cases in the LIONS database

since January 1, 2006, that include one of the six terrorism-related classifications and that

resulted in a conviction or guilty plea.” Id. Second, the Court ordered the Department to

                                                 13
identify the subset of those cases “involving ‘a conviction or plea for an international terrorism

offense that has a clear public connection to terrorism.’” Id. (quoting Dkt. 37 at 4). With respect

to those docket numbers, which implicated minimal privacy interests and which were easily

identifiable (and thus segregable), the Court denied the Department’s motion for reconsideration

and ordered the docket numbers released “without delay.” Id. at *2. Third, turning to the

remaining docket numbers, the Court ordered the Department to review a random sampling of

100 cases to determine whether they had been publicly linked to terrorism in press releases or

public court records. Id. Fourth and finally, the Court ordered the Department to create a

Vaughn index for the 100 cases in the sample detailing whether each case had been publicly

linked to terrorism and, for those that had not, “a brief explanation of why the case appears to be

miscategorized in the database.” Id.

       The Department filed the results of its survey on October 23, 2020, in the form of a

second declaration from Krebs and an accompanying Vaughn index. Dkt. 40-1 (2d Krebs Decl.).

Krebs reported that the LIONS database includes 3,843 cases entered since January 1, 2006, that

are tagged with one of the six terrorism-related classifications and that ended in a conviction or

guilty plea. Dkt. 40-1 at 2 (2d Krebs Decl. ¶ 3). The Department separated out the 427 cases

that ended in a conviction for an international terrorism offense with a clear connection to

terrorism and released the docket numbers for those cases to Plaintiffs, consistent with the

Court’s order in Brennan II. 1 Id. (2d Krebs Decl. ¶ 4). From the remaining 3,416 cases, which

1
  In identifying which cases ended in a conviction for an international terrorism offense, the
Department included, as directed by the Court, any cases “charged under any provision of
Chapter 113B, 113C, or 118 of Title 18 or brought for conspiracy, attempt, or aiding and abetting
a violation of Chapter 113B, 113C, or 118.” Brennan II, 2020 WL 7685612, at *1. Sweeping
more broadly, the Department also included any cases in which the defendant was convicted or
pleaded guilty under any of “18 U.S.C. §§ 32, 42, 112, 878, 1116, 1201(a)(4), 175, 175b, 229,

                                                 14
primarily involve offenses committed domestically, the Department selected a random sample of

100 cases, following the procedure mandated by the Court, and created a Vaughn index

indicating the crime of conviction for each case and whether each case had been publicly

associated with terrorism through a press release or in court records, such as the charging

documents or sentencing memoranda. Id. at 2–3 (2d Krebs Decl. ¶¶ 5–8). In light of the

Department’s prior assertion that it “ha[d] not identified any widespread inaccuracies with the

LIONS data,” Dkt. 35 at 14, the sampling produced surprising results. The Vaughn index shows

that of the 100 sampled cases, only eleven cases had ever been publicly linked to terrorism, at

least as the Department defines a public link. 2 Id. at 3 (2d Krebs Decl. ¶ 9). With substantial

overlap, those eleven cases included five references to terrorism in press releases, nine references

in charging documents, six references in sentencing memoranda, and just one case with a

terrorism-related sentencing enhancement. Id.

       As to the 89 convictions that the Department contends were not publicly linked to

terrorism, the Court had directed the Department to include “a brief explanation of why the case

appears to be miscategorized in the database.” Brennan II, 2020 WL 7685612, at *2. In

response, the Department “maintains that a case is not necessarily ‘miscategorized’ as terrorism-

related merely because the publicly filed documents lack an express link to terrorism.” Dkt. 40-1

831, 2332a, 175c, 832, 956, 1203, 1993, 2332, 2332b, 2332f, 2332g, 2332h, 2339, 2339A,
2339B, 2339C, 2339D; 21 U.S.C. § 1010A; 42 U.S.C. § 2884; 49 U.S.C. § 46502; [or] 50 U.S.C.
§ 1705(b).” Dkt. 40-1 at 2 (Krebs Decl. ¶ 4). The Court is thus satisfied that the Department
made a good-faith effort to release all docket numbers that are associated with international
terrorism offenses as to which the connection to terrorism is clear from the nature of the offense.
2
  Unlike with respect to international terrorism offenses, the Department in considering which
cases had been publicly linked to domestic terrorism did not identify any statutes under which a
conviction would necessarily bear a self-evident connection to domestic terrorism (even where
records in a particular case did not reference “terrorism”).

                                                15
at 4 (2d Krebs Decl. ¶ 11). According to the Department, “many such cases are categorized in

the LIONS database with a terrorism-related categorization because some aspect of the

underlying investigation may have related to terrorism.” Id. And Krebs attests that only five

cases out of the sample of 100 “included a terrorism-related classification that was confirmed to

have been entered in error.” 3 Id. The Vaughn index, however, tells a more complicated story. It

does indicate that in 47 cases, the investigation suggested a possible link to terrorism, although

what that means is not explained. Id. at 6–14. But in an additional 32 cases, the reason for the

terrorism-related categorization is listed as “unknown.” Id. It thus seems at least possible that

the error rate is far higher than five percent.

        On November 10, 2020, the Department filed an updated version of the Vaughn index,

including internal U.S. Attorneys’ Office case ID numbers, as requested by Plaintiffs. Dkt. 42.

On November 23, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a response to the Department’s supplemental filing. Dkt.

43. The portion of the motion for reconsideration not already resolved is now ripe for decision.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

        Rule 1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure admonishes courts and parties to

“construe[], administer[], and employ[]” the rules to secure the “just, speedy, and inexpensive

determination of every action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 1. In most cases, those interests are disserved by

permitting a disappointed party to relitigate a case after the Court has entered final judgment. In

light of the interest of finality, the orderly administration of justice, and conservation of scarce

judicial resources, motions for reconsideration under Rule 59(e) are “disfavored and should only

be granted in extraordinary circumstances.” SEC v. Bilzerian, 729 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C.

3
  In his declaration, Krebs confesses error with respect to six of the 100 cases, but only five
cases in the Vaughn index are tagged with “[e]ntered in error” in the explanation column.

                                                  16
2010). The standard for a court’s consideration of a Rule 59(e) motion is discretionary, and the

motion “need not be granted unless the district court finds that there is an intervening change of

controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent

manifest injustice.” Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d 661, 671 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). “Rule 59(e) permits a court to alter or amend a judgment, but it

‘may not be used to relitigate old matters, or to raise arguments or present evidence that could

have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.’” Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471,

485 n.5 (2008) (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and

Procedure § 2810.1 (2d ed. 1995)). For these reasons, in general, “courts will not address new

arguments or evidence that the moving party could have raised before the decision issued.”

Banister v. Davis, 140 S. Ct. 1698, 1703 (2020).

       “[T]he interests of judicial finality and economy” apply with “special force” in FOIA

cases, moreover, “because the statutory goals—efficient, prompt, and full disclosure of

information—can be frustrated by agency actions that operate to delay the ultimate resolution of

the disclosure request.” Senate of Puerto Rico ex rel. Judiciary Comm. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just.,

823 F.2d 574, 580 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quotations marks and citations omitted). “[F]airness to

parties seeking disclosure ordinarily requires that they be accorded a full and concentrated

opportunity to challenge and test comprehensively the agency’s evidence regarding all claimed

exemptions.” Id. Correspondingly, an agency that has full access to the contested records in the

first instance will generally be hard pressed to explain how a late-asserted rationale for

withholding records is compelling but was nonetheless overlooked by the agency until after the

court entered judgment.

                                                 17
       Here, the Department seeks reconsideration on the ground that its withholding of docket

numbers is justified under Exemption 7(C) “in order to protect the privacy of individuals who

have” been convicted of a crime but have “not been linked publicly to terrorism.” Dkt. 32-1 at 6.

Nothing prevented the Department from raising this argument in its motion for summary

judgment; the Department simply failed to do so. Indeed, before deciding the parties’ cross-

motions for summary judgment, the Court permitted the Department to file two supplemental

declarations in support of its withholdings, yet at no point in any of its submissions did the

Department raise the argument that it currently presses.

       The Department does not argue—nor could it—that Rule 59(e) provides an open door for

litigants to raise new arguments that were previously available but not previously made.

Principles of finality, efficiency, and fairness, as well as the need to promote confidence in the

courts’ judgments, all preclude relitigating fully briefed and adjudicated motions based on

nothing more than disagreement with the Court’s ruling or the hope that an alternative argument

might fare better than the arguments the litigant previously raised. In the Department’s view,

however, those principles do not apply here because the parties’ prior briefs focused only on

“cases with publicly identified connections to terrorism-related offenses.” Id. at 12. But saying

that the parties did not focus on an issue is a far cry from showing that the parties could not have

raised that issue. The Department moved for summary judgment before Plaintiffs, Dkt. 13, and

it was free to raise whatever arguments and to marshal whatever evidence it pleased. It was the

Department that decided how to frame the arguments that were before the Court, and,

accordingly, it is no answer to say that “Plaintiffs and the Court” did not previously consider

whether the Department’s initial categorization of a case as terrorism-related during the

investigation phase might be disconnected from the nature of the later charges and conviction.

                                                 18
Dkt. 32-1 at 12. Unlike the Department, Plaintiffs and the Court had no way of knowing that the

categorizations in the LIONS database are not updated as a case progresses and are not always

accurate; indeed, it appears that the Department relies on the LIONS designations in publicly

reporting the number of “terrorism/national security critical infrastructure” prosecutions brought

each year. See, e.g., United States Attorneys’ Annual Statistical Report for Fiscal Year 2019 at

14, https://www.justice.gov/usao/page/file/1285951/download (reporting 225 “terrorism/national

security critical infrastructure” cases filed against 287 defendants, with 181 convictions, 1

acquittal, and 38 dismissals).

       If the pending motion implicated only the interests of the parties, the Court’s analysis

might end here. But the motion also implicates (and, in fact, most directly implicates) the

interests of third parties, “whose identity and information are [arguably] protected by FOIA,”

Computer Pros. for Social Resp. v. U.S. Secret Serv., 72 F.3d 897, 903 (D.C. Cir. 1996), and who

cannot be blamed for the Department’s delay in identifying any disconnect between the

characterization of the case included in the LIONS database and the actual crime of conviction.

In these circumstances, the Court must assess whether reconsideration is necessary to “prevent

[a] manifest injustice to the[se] innocent third parties.” Changzou Laosan Grp. v. U.S. Customs

and Border Prot. Bureau, 374 F. Supp. 2d 129, 132 (D.D.C. 2005); see also Delta Ltd. v. U.S.

Customs and Border Prot. Bureau, 393 F. Supp. 2d 15, 17 (D.D.C. 2005) (“[I]t seems clear that

injury to innocent third parties would fall beneath the ‘manifest injustice’ umbrella”); see also 11

Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2810.1 n.18 (3d ed.

April 2021 update). Although Plaintiffs present a substantial argument that the Department’s

motion is “[i]mproper” and “[s]hould [n]ot [b]e [e]ntertained,” Dkt. 33 at 15, the Court must

decline Plaintiffs’ invitation to reject the Department’s motion at the threshold.

                                                 19
       But the Department still faces a heavy burden. The Court will consider the motion under

the only available prong of the governing standard, which asks whether relief is necessary “to

correct a clear error or [to] prevent manifest injustice.” Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 671 (quotation

marks and citation omitted). When analyzing the Department’s withholdings under Exemption

7(C), the Court must, as in Brennan I, “‘balance the public interest in disclosure against the

[privacy] interest[s] Congress intended the Exemption to protect.’” Brennan I, 2020 WL

1189091, at *5 (alternations in original) (quoting Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 776). Putting

the Rule 59(e) standard together with the Exemption 7(C) standard, the Court may grant the

motion for reconsideration only if it concludes that its prior balancing of the public interest in

disclosure against the privacy interests protected by Exemption 7(C) constituted a “clear error”

or, if allowed to stand, would result in a “manifest injustice.” Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 671. Upon

consideration of the Department’s motion for reconsideration and its supplemental declaration

and Vaughn index, as well as Plaintiffs’ responses, the Court concludes that release of at least

some of the docket numbers at issue would constitute a manifest injustice. The Court will,

accordingly, grant the motion for reconsideration in part. The Court cannot, however, accept the

most sweeping version of the Department’s motion, which would relieve the Department of the

obligation to segregate and to disclose even those docket numbers associated with cases that the

Department has publicly associated with terrorism.

                                                 A.

       For ease of analysis, the Court begins with the public interest in disclosure. As the Court

explained in Brennan I, even before the Department’s recent revelations, that interest was

substantial. The Court wrote:

       [T]he public interest weighs heavily in favor of disclosure. Understanding how
       and when the Department categorizes cases as terrorism cases and following

                                                 20
       trends relating to these prosecutions would shed light on the workings of
       government and “would inform . . . ongoing public policy discussion[s]” on [a]
       range of issues, ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 13, from immigration, to national security,
       to prosecutorial priorities, see Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 766 n.18; Steinberg
       v. Dep’t of Just., 179 F.R.D. 366, 370 (D.D.C. 1998) (finding a “significant”
       public interest in the disclosure of documents relating to the “criminal
       investigation of alleged counter-terrorist activities”).

2020 WL 1189091, at *8. But, as the Department’s more recent filings show, that analysis just

scratched the surface of the public interest in disclosure. These most recent filings raise

questions not only about how the Department characterizes terrorism-related cases, but also

about whether the Department has long overstated the number of terrorism-related cases that it

prosecutes. As Plaintiffs note, the entire purpose of their FOIA request is to help the public

understand “which cases the Department characterizes as ‘terrorism’ cases,” Dkt. 33 at 26

(emphasis omitted), and a review of the Department’s filings in this case suggests that the

Department itself lacks a grasp on that important question.

       In its supplemental declaration and Vaughn index, as Plaintiffs emphasize, the

Department “suggests that 89 out of the 100 cases it reviewed that are categorized as ‘terrorism-

related’ in its own database have no public link to terrorism.” Dkt. 43 at 2 (emphasis omitted).

The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that “the claimed disconnect between [the Department’s]

internal categorization of cases as ‘terrorism-related’ and [its] charging decisions in, and public

disclosures regarding, those cases only enhances the public interest in lock-step” with the

asserted privacy interests. Id. Plaintiffs argue that the Department’s representation that most

cases classified as terrorism-related in the LIONS database do not ultimately lead to charges that

are publicly linked to terrorism suggests that the Department’s reporting could be both under-

and over-inclusive. Id. To the extent that the database includes mistakes, cases that may have

started as terrorism-related investigations but that did not lead to the filing of terrorism-related

                                                  21
charges, and cases that bear an indeterminate relationship to terrorism, the Department may be

significantly overstating how many terrorism prosecutions it ultimately brings. Id. At the same

time, if the Department has reason to believe that a large number of cases that it never publicly

identified as having ties to terrorism were actually related to terrorism in some way, the public is

not receiving an accurate picture of the true scope of domestic terrorism threats. Id. And to the

extent the designation of a case as terrorism-related is made by individual Assistant United States

Attorneys, without meaningful guidance or oversight, like cases might not receive like

classifications.

        These concerns, at least with respect to the possibility of over-reporting, are far from

academic. When issuing its annual reports, the Department states the total number of terrorism-

related cases as one number, without differentiating between those that led to publicly identified

terrorism-related charges and those where the only connection to terrorism was a lead that might

not have been pursued or might not have panned out in the early stages of the investigation. That

is, in its public reporting and even in its earlier briefing in this case, the Department at least

implies that all of these “terrorism-related” cases led to terrorism-related prosecutions. See

United States Attorneys’ Annual Statistical Report for Fiscal Year 2019 at 14,

https://www.justice.gov/usao/page/file/1285951/download (reporting 225 cases categorized as

“Terrorism/National Security Critical Infrastructure” filed against 287 defendants resulting in

181 guilty verdicts); see also Dkt. 13 at 21 (referring to LIONS as containing “information on

terrorism prosecutions”). The Department’s supplemental filings, however, suggest that only a

small portion of the reported “terrorism-related” cases in fact led to charges that anyone publicly

associates with terrorism. In its public reports, moreover, the government warrants that its data

is accurate because U.S. Attorneys’ Offices “routinely examine current and historical data sets,

                                                  22
as well as look for trends, to confirm that the data [is] accurate and reliable.” U.S. Dep’t of Just.,

Fiscal Year 2019 Annual Performance Report and Fiscal Year 2021 Annual Performance Plan at

38, https://www.justice.gov/doj/page/file/1249306/download. But that review does not seem to

encompass updating the categorization of cases in the LIONS database as those cases develop,

catching all errors, or confirming the basis for each designation, all of which cast doubt upon the

Department’s public statements based on LIONS data.

       This lack of certainty about the data may warp other information that the Department

provides to the public as well. In 2019, for instance, the Department reported that 96 percent of

“counterterrorism” cases were favorably resolved, but it is unclear whether that data is limited to

defendants who were convicted of terrorism-related offenses or also includes all cases

categorized as terrorism-related in the LIONS database. Id. at 30. The Department also uses

data on the number of terrorism cases that it prosecutes in its annual budget submissions to

Congress, for instance seeking more than $43 million in Fiscal Year 2021 for the Criminal

Division’s work “disrupting and defeating terrorist operations.” See U.S. Dep’t of Just.,

Criminal Division, Performance Budget FY 2021 Congressional Submission at 16,

https://www.justice.gov/doj/page/file/1246356/download. The Department’s position in its

motion for reconsideration that many cases that it categorizes as terrorism-related either lead to

charges not related to terrorism or are categorized as terrorism for unknown reasons raises

questions of substantial public importance about these statements. Disclosure of the contested

records would thus “pierce the veil of administrative secrecy” and help the public understand

“what their government is up to.” Brennan I, 2020 WL 1189091, at *7–8.

       The public’s interest in how the Department pursues domestic terrorism threats is

especially acute in the context of the current moment. In October 2020, the Department of

                                                 23
Homeland Security reported that “Domestic Violent Extremists present[] the most persistent and

lethal” terrorist threat in the United States. See U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Security, Homeland

Threat Assessment at 17 (Oct. 2020),

https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2020_10_06_homeland-threat-

assessment.pdf. And the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation recently testified to the

Senate that domestic terrorism is “metastasizing across the country.” See Adam Goldman,

Domestic Terrorism Threat Is ‘Metastasizing’ in U.S., F.B.I. Director Says, N.Y. Times (Mar. 2,

2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/us/politics/wray-domestic-terrorism-capitol.html.

Which types of cases the Department thinks of as contributing to that threat, and how the

Department goes about meeting that threat, are matters of the utmost public interest.

                                                  B.

       Many, although not all, of the privacy interests at stake in this case are also weighty.

These third-party interests fall into several categories and raise distinct considerations:

                                                  1.

       To start, Krebs now attests that the LIONS database includes convictions in cases that

began as terrorism investigations but failed to “uncover sufficient evidence to charge terrorism

offenses” or that found no evidence of “terrorism at all.” Dkt. 32-2 at 2–3 (Krebs Decl. ¶¶ 6–7).

As a result, “it is not uncommon for a case that includes a terrorism-related initial program

categorization in LIONS . . . to result only in non-terrorism-related charges or convictions and

for the public record in the case to not reflect any connection to terrorism.” Id. at 3 (Krebs. Decl.

¶ 6). These representations, which are confirmed by the Vaughn index, are at odds with the

Court’s understanding in Brennan I that releasing the docket numbers categorized as terrorism-

related in the LIONS database would disclose only “‘information that has already been the

                                                 24
subject of a public proceeding.’” Brennan I, 2020 WL 1189091, at *7 (quoting ACLU I, 655

F.3d at 8). As such, the Court understated the privacy interest at stake when it observed that “the

Department cannot plausibly argue (nor does it attempt to argue) that the public ‘will hear of’ the

terror-related nature of the cases ‘for the first time merely because the Justice Department

releases a list of docket numbers.’” Id. at *6 (quoting ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 10).

       The asserted third-party privacy interest is compelling in those cases where the initial

investigation suggested some possible connection to terrorism—and the case was categorized as

terrorism-related on that basis—but the ultimate charges in the case were unrelated to terrorism.

In such a case, the never-before-disclosed terrorism investigation and the publicly known non-

terrorism charges could fairly be viewed as two distinct law enforcement matters. And

disclosing the terrorism-related LIONS categorization in those cases would reveal information

about the initial investigation (as opposed to about the prosecution) that had never been made

public—namely, that the subject was at one time suspected of terrorism. When the records at

issue in this case are analyzed through that lens, the rule from ACLU I that a criminal defendant

possesses only a relatively weak privacy interest in information pertaining to his plea or

conviction would apply to the previously disclosed non-terrorism prosecution but would have

little or no bearing on the separate, undisclosed terrorism investigation.

       The D.C. Circuit’s decisions in SafeCard Services, Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197 (D.C. Cir.

1991), and Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 854 F.3d 675 (D.C. Cir.

2017) (“CREW”), bear on the question whether the privacy interests of those who were subject to

these abandoned terrorism-related investigations outweigh the public interest in disclosure. In

SafeCard, the D.C. Circuit adopted a categorical rule, permitting agencies to withhold “names

and addresses of private individuals appearing in files within the ambit of Exemption 7(C),”

                                                 25
unless disclosure is “necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency

is engaged in illegal activity.” 926 F.2d at 1206. The court refined that categorical rule in

CREW, holding that the “categorical rule of non-disclosure announced in SafeCard does not

apply” to individuals who have already been publicly identified “as having been charged,

convicted[,] or otherwise implicated in connection with” a crime.” 854 F.3d at 682. But such

individuals, even those convicted of a crime, retain a privacy interest in “new information about

[the] person’s conduct, going beyond the facts in the public record related to that person’s

conviction and sentencing.” Id. In any event, as the CREW court further explained, “[t]here is

little [a court] can conclude” about this privacy interest “in the abstract.” Id. at 683. The Court

must, accordingly, engage in “a particularized weighing of the public and privacy interests that

would be implicated by the disclosure.” Id.

       Here, the Court is persuaded that disclosure of information about previously unknown

terrorism investigations, which did not result in terrorism-related charges, raise concerns similar

to those that animated the SafeCard rule and that underlie the D.C. Circuit’s decision in ACLU

II. As the D.C. Circuit explained in ACLU II, “[t]he presumption of innocence stands as one of

the most fundamental principles of our system of criminal justice: defendants are considered

innocent unless and until the prosecution proves their guild beyond a reasonable doubt.” 750

F.3d at 933. But, as the court further explained, “[u]nfortunately, public perceptions can be

quite different,” id., and many may unjustifiably assume that the subjects of terrorism-related

investigations are, in fact, terrorists. This unfairness is particularly acute, moreover, when a

publicly disclosed investigation never resulted in charges or a trial, leaving the subject of the

investigation without a forum in which to clear his name. Indeed, the desire to forestall guilty

verdicts in the court of public opinion while a case is still under investigation is one of the main

                                                 26
reasons that grand jury proceedings are subject to strict rules of secrecy. See Fed. R. Crim. P.

6(e); see also United States v. Sells Eng’g, Inc., 463 U.S. 418, 424 (1983) (“[B]y preserving the

secrecy of the proceedings, we assure that persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand

jury will not be held up to public ridicule.”). Disclosure of LIONS terrorism-related cases,

moreover, would not serve the public interest in understanding which prosecutions the

Department of Justice classifies as terrorism-related and how the Department prosecutes those

cases. To be sure, the public might be interested in how the Department handles terrorism-

related investigations. But specific criminal investigations, as opposed to prosecutions, are not

generally subject to public disclosure—and for good reason.

       Against this background, the Court concludes that the Department has properly invoked

Exemption 7(C) to protect the identities of those individuals who were subject to terrorism-

related investigations but were never charged with or convicted of a terrorism-related charge.

The Court will, accordingly, grant the Department’s motion for reconsideration with respect to

this class of docket numbers.

       As explained below, however, the Court cannot tell whether the Department’s sample

Vaughn index has appropriately limited the “investigation-suggested-possible-terrorism-

connection” label to only cases in which the ultimate charges of conviction were truly unrelated

to terrorism. It appears that the Department may have applied this same tag to cases in which the

ultimate conviction was in fact connected to the terrorism-related investigation, but where that

link to terrorism had not been made public. The Court’s holding in this section of the opinion

does not apply to that class of cases, regardless of how they are labeled in the Vaughn index;

instead, the Court deals separately with those cases below. See infra Section II.B.3.

                                                27
                                                2.

       The Department’s sample Vaughn index also shows that some of the terrorism-related

designations were entered in error, while other terrorism-related designations were entered for

reasons that the Department, after investigation, could not ascertain (meaning, presumably, that

the Department could not rule out that those designations were also entered in error). Dkt. 42-1

at 1–12. With respect to those designations entered in error, the Court is persuaded that the

subjects’ privacy interests outweigh the public interest in disclosure. In many respects, these

cases are, like the cases discussed above, most analogous to the SafeCard line of cases: the

individuals’ names appear in law enforcement records and those records bear no relationship to

any prior public disclosures or to the individuals’ criminal convictions. To be sure, the public

has an interest in knowing that the LIONS database contains inaccuracies and that those

inaccuracies may have resulted in erroneous public reporting from the Department. And the

sting of public disclosure might be mitigated by a contemporaneous explanation that the

terrorism-related designation was wrong. But just as members of the public might assume that

someone who is subject to criminal investigation has done something wrong, they might give

insufficient weight to the Department’s confession of error. Whether accurate or not, for most

people it would be unwelcome news—and an unwelcome public disclosure—that they appear in

the LIONS database under a terrorism-related categorization. The public interest in learning that

the LIONS database is, at times, inaccurate, moreover, can be served through publication of a

Vaughn index, like the sample one that the Department has already produced, which would

explain that particular entries are being withheld because they are inaccurate.

       The docket numbers for cases that are categorized as terrorism-related for “unknown”

reasons present a more difficult question. As to those cases, the Court concludes that the

                                                28
Department needs to work harder to reach the best conclusion it can. If, after careful review, the

Department cannot find any reason to conclude that the matter was, in fact, related to terrorism,

it may make that representation in its final Vaughn index and may treat the designation as

erroneous. But if it cannot reach that conclusion, the Department will need to decide whether the

case should be included in one of the other buckets discussed in this opinion. 4

                                                 3.

       The next category is the easiest to address: those cases that resulted in convictions and

where the Department has already characterized the case as terrorism-related, in a press release,

charging document, or sentencing memorandum. See Dkt. 40-1 at 3 (2d Krebs Decl. ¶ 9). As to

those cases, the Court’s prior reasoning in Brennan I continues to apply, and there is no reason to

revisit the Court’s conclusion requiring disclosure.

       The Department does not disagree with any of that, but it nonetheless argues that the

Court should relieve it of the duty to release this information because the process of sorting

through 3,416 cases to identify those cases publicly linked to terrorism would be unduly

burdensome. Specifically, Krebs explains that “LIONS does not provide . . . the functional

capability to separate cases where the defendants were publicly connected to terrorism from

those where there was no such public connection.” Id. at 4 (2d Krebs Decl. ¶ 13). Instead,

4
  In addition to five cases designated in error and thirty-two cases designated for unknown
reasons, the Vaughn index also lists five cases that were designated as terrorism-related in
LIONS because the cases were “[r]elated to case with possible terrorism.” See Dkt. 42-1. In the
absence of any further explanation, it is unclear to the Court exactly what that means. If the
cases in question were classified as related to each other because they involved the same
defendants or the same transactions, then a public disclosure that one case involved terrorism
may be enough to show that the related case was also publicly identified as being connected to
terrorism. With respect to these cases, as with the cases designated for “unknown” reasons, the
Department must do more legwork to determine whether the cases were related to terrorism in a
manner that the public could ascertain or whether the terrorism connection was purely internal to
the Department.

                                                29
prosecutors must conduct a “manual review of thousands of pages of records for a single case to

determine whether there was any public reference to terrorism.” Id. at 5 (2d Krebs Decl. ¶ 15).

But this issue is before the Court on the Department’s post-judgment motion for reconsideration,

and Krebs suggests only that segregating the docket numbers would be “burdensome,” id., not

impossible. In these circumstances, the Court is unpersuaded that requiring the Department to do

the work required to identify the docket numbers that it can lawfully withhold would itself

constitute a “manifest injustice.”

       As discussed in greater detail below, although the Department has identified various

international terrorism offenses that obviously relate to terrorism on their face, the Department

has not identified any offenses that by their nature typically relate to domestic terrorism. If the

Department can categorically identify certain offenses that are inherently related to domestic

terrorism, that will lighten its burden of reviewing cases one by one. If the Department wants to

withhold some of the docket numbers that the Court previously ordered released, it simply must

do the necessary legwork to demonstrate that each docket number may be properly withheld.

                                                 4.

       The preceding analysis resolves the motion for reconsideration with respect to every class

of docket numbers identified in the sample Vaughn index. As noted above, of the 100 cases in

the sample, the Department submits that eleven cases had been publicly identified as related to

terrorism, forty-seven cases involved terrorism-related investigations but not prosecutions, thirty-

two cases were categorized as terrorism-related for unknown reasons, five were related to other

terrorism-related cases, and five were entered in error. The Court suspects, however, that some

cases labeled as either “unknown” or “investigation suggested possible terrorism connection”

actually fall into an additional category—those prosecutions that the Department believes were

                                                 30
terrorism-related but that it has never previously identified as such in any public filing,

statement, or press release. Such cases, to the extent they exist, would present an especially

difficult question.

        As an initial matter, the Court concludes that, within this category, the Department may

only seek to protect docket numbers associated with charges (and resulting convictions) that are

not, on their face, terrorism-related. To take one example, the Department’s sample Vaughn

index indicates that a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 844(f)(1) had not been publicly linked to

terrorism and was categorized as terrorism-related for “unknown” reasons. That statute

criminalizes “maliciously damag[ing] or destroy[ing]” government buildings, vehicles, or other

property “by means of fire or an explosive.” Id. Even if the Department did not issue a press

release using the word “terrorism” in connection with that prosecution, it seems likely that the

association between an offense committed under that statute and domestic terrorism would be

self-evident—or at least as self-evident as with some of the prosecutions that the Department

concedes bear an obvious nexus to international terrorism. In identifying those cases with “a

clear connection to [international] terrorism,” the Department included “any cases where the

individual was convicted or pleaded guilty under at least one” of thirty statutes. Dkt. 40-1 at 2

(2d Krebs Decl. ¶4). Some of those statutes refer to “terrorism,” see, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 2332b

(acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries), but many others do not, see, e.g., 18 U.S.C.

§ 42 (importation of injurious animals); id. § 112 (protection of foreign officials, official guests,

and internationally protected persons); id. § 956 (conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure

persons or damage property in a foreign country). At least some of those statutes, moreover, are

similar in key respects to statutes identified in the Department’s sample Vaughn index as not

bearing a public connection to domestic terrorism. Compare id. § 112(b)(1) (prohibiting the

                                                 31
intimidation, coercion, or threating of foreign officials), with id. § § 115(a)(1)(B) (prohibiting

threats to assault, kidnap, or murder federal officials). It would thus appear that the Department

could prepare a list of statutes that bear a self-evident connection to domestic terrorism—and

release the docket numbers for cases in the LIONS database that led to convictions under those

statutes—just as the Department did for statutes bearing a self-evident connection to

international terrorism. Thus, as a first step, the Court will require the Department to determine

which, if any, of the statutes associated with domestic terrorism convictions in the LIONS

database establish “a clear public connection to terrorism.” As to those cases, the Department

will need to disclose the associated docket numbers, as required for international terrorism

convictions in the Court’s prior decision.

       The Court recognizes, however, that the LIONS database also includes convictions

categorized as terrorism-related for offenses that may or may not bear a connection to terrorism,

such as making a false statement, 18 U.S.C. § 1001, or unlawful possession or sale of a firearm

by a person convicted of a crime or unlawfully present in the United States, id. § 924(d) & (g).

As noted above, public disclosure of docket numbers in cases that fall in this category—that is,

cases that the Department believes are, in fact, terrorism-related and has included in its various

reports relating to terrorism prosecutions, but that the Department has never publicly identified

as terrorism-related prosecutions, would serve the public interest by shedding light on how the

Department defines “terrorism-related” crimes and how it prosecutes those cases. Those are

topics or immense public importance, but, to the extent the Department draws these lines

internally without ever disclosing publicly even what types of cases it has in mind when it

reports to Congress and the public about its terrorism-related prosecutions, public debate and

                                                 32
scrutiny are both distorted and limited. The Court, accordingly, concludes that the public interest

in disclosure is substantial—and far more substantial than the Court previously recognized.

       But, at the same time, the corresponding privacy interests are also substantial—and,

again, far more substantial than the Court previously recognized. It is one thing for the public to

know that you have made a false statement in violation of federal law or have unlawfully

possessed a firearm. It is another thing entirely for the public to know that, in the Department’s

view, your unlawful conduct bore a relationship to “terrorism,” particularly when the Department

never conveyed that belief to the Court or to the public while the relevant proceedings were

pending, at a time when you could have challenged that characterization.

       Although this issue presents a close question, the Court is persuaded that the public

disclosure of docket numbers corresponding to cases that the Department has only internally

characterized as “terrorism-related” would “constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C), and that sustaining the Court’s prior judgment would

constitute “a manifest injustice,” Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 671. Disclosing this information would

constitute a greater invasion of privacy than the potential disclosure at issue in ACLU II, which

the D.C. Circuit nonetheless found sufficient to overcome a substantial public interest in

disclosure. See ACLU I, 655 F.3d at 13 (finding a “considerable public interest” in disclosure);

ACLU II, 750 F.3d at 935 (assuming “that the public interest in the disclosure . . . equals that in

ACLU I”). Here, the public interest in disclosure is as substantial—if not more substantial—than

the public interest at stake in ACLU I and ACLU II. But the privacy interests are also far more

substantial than those at issue in ACLU I and are greater even than those at issue in ACLU II. In

those cases, the D.C. Circuit’s analysis of the relevant privacy interests centered on the

disclosure of information that was already public, and the court’s concern related to refocusing

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public attention on past cases, whether they ended in conviction or acquittal. Here, in contrast,

disclosure of docket numbers corresponding to cases that the Department has only internally

characterized as “terrorism-related” would risk not only renewed attention on cases closed years

ago, but would cast new and potentially damaging aspersions on those convicted of crimes that

previously bore no public connection to terrorism. If the crime of conviction was one that, on its

face, bore a connection to terrorism, public disclosure is unlikely to cause serious or unjust harm.

But if the crime of conviction bore no obvious connection to terrorism, public disclosure of the

Department’s internal characterization would not merely open an old wound but would risk

inflicting a new one. In the Court’s view, such a disclosure is just a (short) step shy of the

disclosure of an uncharged crime or inchoate investigation, and the rationale applied in SafeCard

and its progeny to protect that information applies here as well. It follows that with respect to

cases that the Department has identified as terrorism-related only internally, the balance tips in

favor of withholding.

                                                 C.

       In summary, the Department’s motion is granted in part, but the Department has more

work to do. The Department must first identify those cases in the database involving a

conviction or plea for an offense that bears a self-evident public connection to domestic terrorism

and disclose those docket numbers. The Department must then sort through the remaining cases

and disclose the docket numbers for any cases that have been publicly identified as relating to

terrorism in a press release, charging document, sentencing memorandum, or the like. The

Department may withhold the remaining docket numbers, to the extent the Department can attest

in a Vaughn index that those cases were designated as terrorism-related by accident, involved

terrorism-related investigations but not terrorism-related prosecutions, or were categorized as

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terrorism-related only for the Department’s internal purposes, with no public reference or nexus

to terrorism.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that the Department’s partial motion

for reconsideration, to the extent it has not already been denied, is GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part. The motion is DENIED with respect to docket numbers associated with

(1) offenses that bear a self-evident connection to domestic terrorism or (2) cases that the

Department has identified in a public statement or filing as connected to terrorism. Those docket

numbers must be disclosed. The motion is GRANTED with respect to docket numbers for cases

categorized as terrorism-related based on (1) an error, (2) a connection to terrorism in the

investigation but not the prosecution, or (3) the Department’s internal designation. It is further

ORDERED that the parties shall meet and confer and file a joint status report on or before July

15, 2021, setting forth their respective positions on (1) the Department’s processing rate for the

remaining docket numbers and (2) whether the Court should again enter final judgment in the

case or wait to enter a final order until after the records are processed.

       SO ORDERED.

                                                       /s/ Randolph D. Moss
                                                       RANDOLPH D. MOSS
                                                       United States District Judge

Date: July 1, 2021

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