Court Opinion

ID: 9910147
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-14 20:10:03.472876+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:02.201733
License: Public Domain

J-S39039-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  JASON ELIJAH BETHUNE                         :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 399 MDA 2023

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 8, 2022
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County Criminal Division at
                      No(s): CP-21-CR-0001161-2021

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:                        FILED DECEMBER 14, 2023

       Jason Elijah Bethune (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Cumberland County Court of Common Pleas following his jury

convictions for possession with intent to deliver (PWID), possession of a small

amount of marijuana, and several driving under the influence (DUI) crimes.1

Appellant argues (1) that the trial court improperly permitted the trial to

proceed in his absence; (2) that the evidence was insufficient to establish that

he possessed drugs and did so with the intent to deliver; and (3) that the

weight of the evidence does not support the PWID verdict. We affirm.

       The trial court summarized the facts in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925 opinion as

follows:

____________________________________________

1 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), (31); 75 Pa.C.S § 3802(d)(1)(i),(iii); 75 Pa.C.S.

§ 3802(d)(3).
J-S39039-23

           On April 8, 2021, Troopers Christina Fow and Anthony
     Panosetti were working in their capacity as Pennsylvania State
     Troopers assigned to monitor road construction on Interstate 81.
     The Troopers were operating a marked Ford Explorer equipped
     with a motor vehicle recording (“MVR”) device, one camera facing
     out toward the street, and one facing in toward the backseat of
     the vehicle. The recording device features microphones which the
     Troopers were wearing. Both Troopers were in uniform.

            Around 1:00 a.m., Trooper Fow was travelling southbound
     on Interstate 81 around mile marker 31 in South Newton
     Township. While she was driving in the left lane, she noticed a
     vehicle slightly ahead of her in the right lane that was weaving
     “significantly.” As she tried to catch up to the vehicle, it began to
     weave in and out of the traffic lanes, at one point almost striking
     a tractor-trailer in the right lane before jerking back to the left
     lane. At that time, Trooper Fow began her MVR and initiated a
     traffic stop on the vehicle. She employed the use of lights and
     sirens, and the vehicle slowly came to a stop on the shoulder of
     Interstate 81.

           Trooper Fow approached the vehicle on its driver’s side, and
     Trooper Panosetti approached the vehicle on the passenger side.
     Trooper Fow noted the odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle
     as she approached. Trooper Fow asked the driver for his license,
     registration, and insurance information, at which time the driver
     became confused as to the location of those documents and
     needed to call his wife. She eventually identified the driver by his
     Maryland driver’s license as [Appellant].       Upon speaking to
     [Appellant], Trooper Fow noticed that his eyes were watery and
     his pupils were constricted. At that point, she believed that
     [Appellant] was driving under the influence of either alcohol or a
     controlled substance.

            While waiting for [Appellant] to locate his registration and
     insurance information, Trooper Fow noticed a burnt marijuana
     cigarette and two sealed bags of marijuana in the center console.
     She questioned [Appellant] as to those items, at which time he
     picked them up and handed them to Trooper Fow. She asked him
     if there were any other items in the vehicle, and he handed her a
     large amount of cash in response, which amounted to $1,800.

           Trooper Fow directed [Appellant] to exit the vehicle to
     perform field sobriety tests. [Appellant] then responded that he
     had an injury to his ankle and was utilizing crutches. Because of

                                     -2-
J-S39039-23

      [Appellant]’s ankle injury, Trooper Fow was unable to perform the
      typical cadre of standard field sobriety tests. . . . Based on the
      indicators that she observed, Trooper Fow asked [Appellant] if he
      was driving under the influence of alcohol or controlled
      substances, to which [Appellant] admitted that he “had a sip” and
      that he “smoked” earlier in the day. [Appellant] then gave
      Trooper Fow consent to search his vehicle, during which she
      retrieved the marijuana cigarette.

             While the search was being completed, [Appellant] stood
      outside the patrol vehicle with Trooper Panosetti.        Trooper
      Panosetti engaged in a pat-down search of [Appellant] while
      Trooper Fow was searching the car with no results.           After
      searching the car, Trooper Fow returned to the front of her patrol
      car where Trooper Panosetti and [Appellant] were standing. She
      noticed a clear plastic bag containing a white powdery substance
      positioned on the grill area of the patrol vehicle under the push
      bumper. Trooper Fow reviewed the MVR to determine where the
      bag had come from. She did not observe the bag prior to
      [Appellant] being positioned at the front of her car.

            Trooper Fow placed [Appellant] under arrest, and
      transported him to the hospital, where [Appellant] consented to a
      blood draw. [Appellant]’s blood tested positive for Delta-9 THC in
      the amount of 12 ng/ml and for Delta-9-Carboxy-THC in the
      amount of 149 ng/ml. [Appellant]’s blood alcohol content was
      .021.

            Trooper Fow then submitted the suspected controlled
      substances for testing.     The white powdery substance was
      confirmed to be cocaine in the amount of 74.94 grams.

Trial Ct. Op., 6/6/23, at 1-4 (footnotes omitted).

      The Commonwealth filed a criminal information on July 20, 2021, and

Appellant filed a motion for a writ of habeas corpus, which the trial court

denied following a hearing on November 30, 2021. At the conclusion of that

hearing, the Commonwealth asked to “put this on for the January term. That’s

when [Appellant’s] other DUI is on for.” N.T., 11/30/21, at 18.

                                     -3-
J-S39039-23

      The cases were postponed to the March trial term, and Appellant again

requested a postponement. The Commonwealth opposed, stating they had

“been prepared for trial for the last two terms” and “both cases have

previously been continued multiple times, with [the other case] being a

defense continuance on [four] prior occasions.” N.T., 3/10/22, at 2. The trial

court granted Appellant two weeks to obtain documentation regarding

upcoming medical appointments and directed the parties to appear on March

25, 2022, to discuss.    It is unclear if that proceeding was transcribed.

However, Appellant’s other case resulted in a guilty plea on May 13, 2022,

with sentencing scheduled for July 12, 2022. Trial at this docket was listed

for July 18, 2022.

      Appellant failed to appear for sentencing at the other docket, and a

bench warrant was issued. Meanwhile, on July 15, 2022, Appellant’s counsel

and the Commonwealth appeared to discuss this trial. The Commonwealth

informed the court that it was “asking to proceed in absentia on [July 18th].”

N.T., 7/15/22, at 2. The Commonwealth cited Appellant’s failure to appear

for sentencing and noted that Appellant was aware of the trial date as “this

was most recently continued from the March term to this term . . . we

specifically went over that in the courtroom in [Appellant]’s presence, that I

would be looking to try this case in July, and I am asking to try him in

absentia.” Id.

      The parties appeared for trial as scheduled. The prosecutor informed

the court that it had checked databases to see if Appellant had been

                                    -4-
J-S39039-23

apprehended on the warrants. “[Appellant] is not incarcerated anywhere in

the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. I searched Maryland which is his known

last residence. He’s not incarcerated in Maryland. And I do know that he

works in West Virginia. . . . [H]e is not incarcerated in West Virginia either.”

N.T., 7/18-19/22, at 11.     Appellant’s counsel asked for a postponement,

arguing that the Commonwealth would not be burdened by rescheduling the

case as the case did not involve civilian witnesses. The trial court allowed

counsel until the following morning to contact Appellant or provide further

information.   The next morning, the court asked, “Do we have any new

information that you can disclose?” Id. at 17. Counsel replied, “I don’t have

anything to say other than argument at this time.”         Id.   The jury trial

proceeded in Appellant’s absence and he was convicted as previously stated.

      Appellant was apprehended approximately three months later.            At

sentencing, Appellant asked to set aside the verdict. Appellant alleged that

he “was dealing with family issues” concerning his mother “and was traveling

up to New York.”     N.T., 11/8/22, at 4.     The court responded, “that’s a

presentence motion, and that’s denied because [counsel does not] present

any new information except for traveling and dealing with [Appellant’s]

mother.” Id. The court expressed skepticism that this “would excuse the

absence or constitute good cause at this point,” but afforded Appellant an

opportunity to “renew it in post-sentence motion with more specific pleadings

so that the Commonwealth has an opportunity to respond to that.” Id.

                                     -5-
J-S39039-23

      On November 16, 2022, Appellant filed a post-sentence motion,

renewing his request for a new trial and requesting a hearing to present

evidence regarding his absence. That proceeding is not transcribed, but the

trial court’s opinion states that no evidence was presented.       “At a hearing

before this [t]rial [c]ourt, [Appellant] did not present any testimony or

documentation as to his absence. He did not offer any explanation as to his

absence.” Trial Ct. Op. at 8.

      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and complied with the trial

court’s order to file a concise statement of matters complained of on appeal.

The trial court filed its opinion in response and we now address Appellant’s

three appellate issues.

      I. Whether [Appellant]’s trial, held in absentia, violated
      [Appellant]’s constitutional rights under the fifth, sixth, and
      fourteenth amendments to the United States constitution and
      Article I, Section 9, of the Pennsylvania constitution?

      II. Whether the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a
      reasonable doubt that [Appellant] was guilty of possession with
      intent to deliver a controlled substance?

      III. Whether the verdict was against the weight of the evidence so
      as to shock one’s sense of justice?

Appellant’s Brief at 7 (some capitalization omitted).

      Appellant’s first issue contends that the trial court erred in trying him in

absentia.   See Appellant’s Brief at 21.      Appellant discusses other cases

upholding such trials, suggesting that those precedents signal that a trial in

absentia is proper only “where a defendant’s repeated failure to appear, even

after numerous efforts were made to secure their presence, threatened the

                                      -6-
J-S39039-23

administration of justice.” Id. at 23 (emphases in original). Appellant argues

that he “took no affirmative actions, such as cutting off an ankle monitor, to

suggest that his absence was willful. Nor did [Appellant] repeatedly fail to

appear” as he had been present at all prior listings. Id. at 26. Appellant also

argues that the Commonwealth made “very few efforts . . . to inquire as to

why [Appellant] was not present.” Id. at 26.

      Appellant also argues that, in addition to a repeated failure to appear,

our Supreme Court “has considered the difficulty of rescheduling a trial and

the burden doing so would place upon the government[.]” Appellant’s Brief

at 25. Appellant agrees that “these considerations have not been explicitly

adopted by our Supreme Court, [but] it has acknowledged them as reasonable

and logical issues for a trial court to weigh in deciding whether to proceed in

absentia.” Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Wilson, 712 A.2d 735, 737 (Pa.

1998)).   Appellant contends that those factors weigh in his favor, as the

witnesses were all “Commonwealth employees” and rescheduling would be

relatively simple and not burdensome. Appellant’s Brief at 25.

      It is well-established Appellant had a constitutional right to be present

for trial: “One of the most basic of the rights guaranteed by the Confrontation

Clause is the accused’s right to be present in the courtroom at every stage of

his trial.” Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 338 (1970). Federal law bars trial

in absentia if the defendant is not present for the beginning of trial.   “The

language, history, and logic of [Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 43] support

a straightforward interpretation that prohibits the trial in absentia of a

                                     -7-
J-S39039-23

defendant who is not present at the beginning of trial.” Crosby v. United

States, 506 U.S. 255, 262 (1993).             In contrast, Pennsylvania law

straightforwardly permits trial if the defendant’s absence is without cause.

“The defendant’s absence without cause at the time scheduled for the start of

trial or during trial shall not preclude proceeding with the trial, including the

return of the verdict and the imposition of sentence.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 602.

      In Commonwealth v. Sullens, 619 A.2d 1349 (Pa. 1992), our

Supreme Court interpreted this language and held that the trial court did not

err in holding a bench trial in the defendant’s absence. Sullens argued that

“the record failed to establish that he had been notified of the trial date.” Id.

at 1352. The Court disagreed.

      Although [Sullens] characterizes the colloquy as reflecting
      “considerable” doubt that he had received notice of trial, the
      record establishes that there was very little doubt indeed. The
      judge’s recollection and defense counsel’s statements provided an
      adequate basis for the court to make a factual finding that
      [Sullens] had notice of his trial date. The only uncertainty was
      due to the fact that defense counsel could not find a copy of his
      letter to [Sullens] conveying the information.

      In any event, we need not review the sufficiency of the evidence
      at the time the court found [Sullens] to be absent without cause
      and decided to proceed with a trial in absentia. The record
      establishes beyond any doubt that [Sullens] had notice of his trial,
      due to his admission at sentencing that he knew of his February
      27, 1989 trial date and that he willfully decided to absent himself
      without cause or justification. Accordingly, the trial court did not
      err in conducting a bench trial in [Sullens]’s absence.

Id. at 1352-53.

      We note that Sullens was decided by a six-Justice Court, and Justice

Flaherty’s opinion was joined by Justices Larsen and Nix. Justices Zappala

                                      -8-
J-S39039-23

and Cappy each filed dissents, joining each other.         Justice Papadakos’

concurring opinion stated in full:

      I join with the majority, but write separately to emphasize that no
      harm is done to a defendant whose case is heard in his absence
      because good cause has not been shown to the trial judge for the
      absence when, in fact, good cause exists for the absence. At
      sentencing, when the defendant appears, if he can establish that
      he had good cause for his absence at trial, he would be entitled to
      a new trial.

Id. at 1353 (Papadakos, J., concurring).

      With the foregoing in mind, we initially deem waived any part of

Appellant’s claim arguing that his constitutional rights were violated.     The

United States Supreme Court’s decision in Crosby explicitly refrained from

deciding whether a trial may proceed in the accused’s absence: “Because we

find Rule 43 dispositive, we do not reach Crosby’s claim that his trial in

absentia was also prohibited by the Constitution.” Id. at 262. Additionally,

in Commonwealth v. Johnson, 734 A.2d 864, 867 (Pa. Super. 1999), a

panel of this Court stated: “[A] review of Sullens indicates that, contrary to

[Johnson]’s claim, the Supreme Court did in fact consider ‘constitutional

limitations.’”   Appellant has not developed an argument showing that

subsequent caselaw has cast doubt on these holdings, and we are bound by

them. Nor has he offered an argument that it is unconstitutional to proceed

in absentia when the accused fails to appear at the start of trial. Accordingly,

we conclude that the only preserved argument concerns whether the trial

court’s decision satisfied the rule-based standard.

                                     -9-
J-S39039-23

      Sullens did not dictate what standard of review applies to a trial court’s

determination that the failure to appear was without cause. In Wilson, 712

A.2d at 737, our Supreme Court stated: “Courts in this Commonwealth have

consistently held that a trial court may, in its discretion, conduct a trial in

absentia when the defendant absconds without cause after the trial

commences.” As developed in Crosby, there is arguably a constitutionally

significant distinction between permitting a trial to begin in the accused’s

absence versus continuing the trial when the defendant absconds during those

proceedings.      “As a general matter, the costs of suspending a proceeding

already under way will be greater than the cost of postponing a trial not yet

begun.” Crosby, supra at 261. In the absence of a developed argument

supporting a constitutional limitation on Rule 602 and its authority to conduct

a trial in absentia, we conclude that an abuse of discretion standard applies.

      Turning to that issue, we find no abuse of discretion. It is not disputed

that Appellant had personal notice of the trial date.       The Sullens case

indicates that this is itself sufficient, as in that case there was “an adequate

basis for the court to make a factual finding that [Sullens] had notice of his

trial date.” Sullens, 619 A.2d at 1352. Appellant is correct that the Wilson

Court approvingly stated that trial courts should consider other factors, such

as difficulty of rescheduling. Wilson, 712 A.2d at 739. But this was not a

mandate to do so. Thus, the mere failure to appear alone justifies the trial

court’s ruling.

                                     - 10 -
J-S39039-23

      Moreover, Appellant assumes that the Commonwealth bore the burden

of establishing that his absence was without cause and claims that it failed to

do so. This argument suggests that the trial court abuses its discretion if it

holds a trial in absentia regardless of whether the defendant knew of his trial

date. The lead opinion in Sullens rejected this argument, as the Court stated

that the sufficiency of the evidence at the time the court decided to proceed

was irrelevant since it was clear Sullens had notice. See Sullens, 619 A.2d

at 1352.

      As this issue implicates Justice Papadakos’ concurrence in Sullens, we

will address this point.    In Commonwealth v. Bond, 693 A.2d 220 (Pa.

Super. 1997), a case where the trial court proceeded in the defendant’s

absence when he left after the trial started, we stated that the burden is on

the defendant. “It is [Bond]’s burden to establish that his absence was ‘with

cause.’” Id. at 224 (quoting Commonwealth v. Doleno, 594 A.2d 341 (Pa.

Super. 1991)). Accord Commonwealth v. Johnson, 764 A.2d 1094, 1097

(Pa. Super. 2000) (trial proceeded in absentia after defendant stopped

attending trial; “Initially, we observe that it is [Johnson]’s burden to establish

that his absence was with cause; it is not the Commonwealth’s burden to

establish that [Johnson] did not have a good reason for failing to appear.”)

(emphases in original).     While those cases involve a defendant who was

present at some point, the Sullens Court suggests that the burden flips to the

defendant once the Commonwealth establishes that the defendant had notice

of the actual trial date.   Justice Papadakos’ concurring opinion placed the

                                     - 11 -
J-S39039-23

burden on the defendant to show why his absence was justifiable. But see

Commonwealth v. Hill, 737 A.2d 255, 259 (Pa. Super. 1999) (stating, where

trial proceeded after accused failed to appear for trial at all, that the

Commonwealth must demonstrate “by a preponderance of the evidence that

the defendant is absent ‘without cause’ and that he knowingly and intelligently

waived his right to be present” before conducting a trial in absentia);

Commonwealth v. DeCosta, 197 A.3d 813, 817 (Pa. Super. 2018) (applying

Hill and granting new trial in case where defendant had been present for trial

but failed to appear for deliberations due to hospitalization).

       To the extent that our caselaw is in conflict on this point, we find that

the Commonwealth met its burden. Appellant had notice of the July trial date

and the record establishes that he accepted a guilty plea in May. Appellant

then failed to show for sentencing at the other criminal docket, which was less

than week before this trial was to commence. Unlike DeCosta, supra, where

the defendant’s hospitalization supplied an explanation for his absence,2

Appellant’s failure to appear could logically be deemed to represent a

continued flight from the authorities.             It is unclear what more the

Commonwealth could do at that point to establish that Appellant’s failure to

appear was not justifiable.         Notably, the trial court afforded Appellant’s

counsel an additional day to locate Appellant once he failed to appear for trial.
____________________________________________

2  The trial court in DeCosta accepted that the defendant had been
hospitalized, however, the court relied “on hearsay speculation by the family
that they suspected [DeCosta]’s hospitalization resulted from a suicide
attempt.” DeCosta, 197 A.3d at 818 (emphasis in original).

                                          - 12 -
J-S39039-23

In today’s day and age, where virtually everyone has access to a smartphone

and email, it strains credulity to believe that Appellant could not have apprised

the court or his counsel of any emergency preventing his appearance.

      Alternatively, we conclude that Appellant has failed to show that the

ruling should be reversed. Even if we accept that the foregoing evidence was

insufficient to establish a good reason for Appellant’s absence, we agree with

Justice Papadakos’ concurring opinion in Sullens that a defendant can

establish good cause after the trial has occurred.      The trial court granted

Appellant’s post-sentence request for an evidentiary hearing to present

evidence concerning his failure to appear. Appellant declined to present

evidence at that hearing, and thus cannot now complain that there was not

good cause.

      Appellant’s second issue challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

convict him of PWID. See Appellant’s Brief at 29. Our standard of review is

well-settled.

      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
      is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
      to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
      a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh
      the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In
      addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by
      the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
      innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be
      resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and
      inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be
      drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial

                                     - 13 -
J-S39039-23

      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the finder of fact while passing upon the
      credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
      is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth. v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 756 (Pa. Super. 2014).

      In his second issue, Appellant challenges two aspects of his PWID

conviction: whether he possessed the drugs and, if so, whether that

possession was with the intent to deliver.       Beginning with possession,

Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to show that he constructively

possessed the cocaine. “Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic

construct to deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement. Constructive

possession is an inference arising from a set of facts that possession of the

contraband was more likely than not.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 A.3d

426, 430 (Pa. Super. 2012).     The doctrine “usually comes into play when

police find contraband somewhere other than on the defendant’s person.”

Commonwealth v. Hall, 199 A.3d 954, 961 (Pa. Super. 2018). To establish

constructive possession, the Commonwealth must show “the ability to

exercise conscious control or dominion over the illegal substance and the

intent to exercise that control.” Commonwealth v. Kirkland, 831 A.2d 607,

610 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted). “[M]ere presence at a place where

contraband is found or secreted is insufficient, standing alone, to prove that

he exercised dominion and control over those items.” Commonwealth v.

Parrish, 191 A.3d 31, 37 (Pa. Super. 2018).

                                    - 14 -
J-S39039-23

      Because the evidence was not found on his person, the Commonwealth

was required to prove constructive possession.         On that point, Appellant

argues that “no evidence of record suggested that he was aware of the

substance’s presence and therefore, could not have intended to control it.”

Appellant’s Brief at 30. He maintains that the Commonwealth only established

mere presence. Id.

      Appellant’s argument is limited to the cocaine where it was found.

However, this is not a situation where the contraband had no obvious known

possessor before its discovery.    A rational fact-finder could credit Trooper

Fow’s testimony that the contraband was not on her vehicle prior to

Appellant’s presence, and that any drugs left from an earlier interaction would

have fallen off while driving.    Thus, the cocaine had to have come from

Appellant or one of the troopers.        Granting all inferences in favor of the

Commonwealth as verdict winner, a rational fact-finder could conclude that

Appellant placed the drugs there, presumably in an attempt to hide them from

the investigators. Having previously been in physical possession of the item,

the requisite dominion and control is satisfied by proof of prior possession.

See Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 806 (Pa Super. 2008)

(concluding that evidence was sufficient to establish constructive possession

where officer saw Hutchinson “walk to a pavilion and place his hand in the

rafters where Officer Wise later recovered the crack cocaine”).

      Turning to whether Appellant possessed the drugs with an intent to

deliver, the following precepts apply.

                                    - 15 -
J-S39039-23

      It is well settled that all the facts and circumstances surrounding
      possession are relevant in making a determination of whether
      contraband was possessed with intent to deliver.

            In Pennsylvania, the intent to deliver may be inferred from
      possession of a large quantity of controlled substance. It follows
      that possession of a small amount of a controlled substance
      supports the conclusion that there is an absence of intent to
      deliver.

            Notably, “if, when considering only the quantity of a
      controlled substance, it is not clear whether the substance is being
      used for personal consumption or distribution, it then becomes
      necessary to analyze other factors.”

Commonwealth v. Lee, 956 A.2d 1024, 1028 (Pa. Super. 2008) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Brown, 904 A.2d 925, 931-32 (Pa. Super. 2006)).

Additionally, expert testimony is relevant evidence.      Commonwealth v.

Robinson, 582 A.2d 14, 17 (Pa. Super. 1990) (“The jury was free to accept

or reject the opinion testimony of the expert witness. If accepted by the jury,

as it clearly was, it provided an adequate basis upon which to conclude that

the Commonwealth proved the intent to deliver element of the crime

charged.”).

      Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to show that the drugs

were not for personal use, relying largely on Commonwealth v. Smagala,

557 A.2d 347, 348 (Pa. Super. 1989).          There, we determined that the

Commonwealth failed to show that the drugs were not for personal use and

discharged the PWID conviction.

             Instantly, the following evidence was seized from the garage
      and [Smagala]’s person: 0.8 gram of cocaine, a razor blade, a
      rolled up twenty dollar bill, a small amount of bicarbonate of soda,
      test tubes, a glass pipe, wire mesh screens, hundreds of burnt

                                     - 16 -
J-S39039-23

     matches, hundreds of used “Klennex,” four index cards with
     names and numerical amounts written on them (“tally sheets”),
     two bundles of used, reusable glassine baggies and $834.00 in
     cash. Also, a loaded handgun was found under the seat in the
     appellant’s locked vehicle.

             A common sense review of the facts reveals unequivocally
     that [Smagala] possessed the cocaine for personal use, not
     distribution. [Smagala] possessed only 0.8 of a gram of cocaine,
     a small amount consistent with personal use. Expert testimony at
     trial indicated that test tubes and bicarbonate of soda are used to
     convert cocaine in the powder form into cocaine in the rock form,
     “crack.” The cocaine rock is then smoked in a glass pipe inside of
     which is a wire mesh screen. Instantly, the garage work bench
     was covered with hundreds of burnt matches and [Smagala]
     possessed all the necessary tools to create and smoke “crack.”
     Those facts are consistent with personal use of cocaine. Also, a
     rolled up twenty dollar bill and a razor blade were found on
     [Smagala]’s person. The Commonwealth’s expert testified that
     the razor blade was used to divide the cocaine into “lines” and
     then the rolled currency was used to inhale those lines of cocaine
     through the user’s nostrils. Also, numerous used “Klennex” were
     found on top of the work bench where the glass pipe was located.
     Again, those facts are consistent with personal use. The totality
     of the evidence leads us to the unavoidable conclusion that
     [Smagala] intended either to smoke the cocaine or inhale it.

Id. at 352.

     Appellant submits that the Smagala case involved a “profuse amount

of direct evidence indicative of an intent to deliver — including expert

testimony that the evidence was consistent with distribution,” yet the panel

nonetheless discharged the conviction.      Appellant’s Brief at 36.   Appellant

reasons that “if such copious amounts of direct evidence towards intent to

deliver can be discredited, solely because of the small quantity . . . the

alternative should equally apply where the only evidence the Commonwealth

can present . . . is the sheer quantity of the drugs found.” Id. at 36-37. We

                                   - 17 -
J-S39039-23

disagree.   First, as quoted supra, the Smagala Court concluded that the

various items were used to convert powder cocaine into crack cocaine. Thus,

the Court did not deem the evidence insufficient solely due to the small

amount. “[I]n Smagala, the small amount seized was taken along with all

the necessary tools a drug user ordinarily would need to consume the cocaine

either by inhaling it or converting it into crack for smoking.” Commonwealth

v. Harper, 611 A.2d 1211, 1217 (Pa. Super. 1992). Second, a small volume

of drugs paired with items indicative of drug dealing lends itself to a conclusion

that the drugs are for personal use far more readily than it does in a scenario

where a large quantity is paired with an absence of items indicative of drug

dealing. A small quantity is consistent with personal use in a way that a large

quantity is not.

      In this case, the Commonwealth’s expert, Corporal James Sohns,

testified that, for personal cocaine use, “a gram would be a lot, more like

probably half a gram.” N.T., 7/18-19/22, at 226. Anything above 50 grams

of cocaine “is considered a high level drug dealer or trafficker[.]” Id. at 228.

The corporal also cited the lack of “use” paraphernalia, which is a relevant

factor. Commonwealth v. Torres, 617 A.2d 812, 814 (Pa. Super. 1992)

(“In . . . Smagala and [Commonwealth v.] Gill, [415 A.2d 2 (Pa. 1980)],

unlike the instant case, the appellants possessed use paraphernalia, which

indicated an intent to consume rather than distribute the controlled

substances involved.”). Corporal Sohns added that the $1,800 in cash was

“another factor . . . that could indicate that this was possession with intent to

                                     - 18 -
J-S39039-23

deliver” the cocaine. Id. at 230. We conclude that this expert testimony and

the weight of the drugs was sufficient to establish the drugs were possessed

with an intent to deliver.

      Appellant’s third and final claim challenges the weight of the evidence.

Our standard of review is well-settled.

      Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of
      discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict
      is against the weight of the evidence. [Commonwealth v.]
      Brown, [648 A.2d 1177,] 1189 [Pa. 1994]. Because the trial
      judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence
      presented, an appellate court will give the gravest consideration
      to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when
      reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict is against
      the weight of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Farquharson, .
      . . 354 A.2d 545 (Pa. 1976). One of the least assailable reasons
      for granting or denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction
      that the verdict was or was not against the weight of the evidence
      and that a new trial should be granted in the interest of justice.

Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 753 (Pa. 2000)). A new trial

should be granted if “certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to

ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.”

Id. at 752.

      Appellant argues that the piece of evidence entitled to greater weight is

the MVR footage, which captured Trooper Panosetti’s pat-down of Appellant

and Appellant retrieving his crutches and hoodie from the trunk during the

stop. Appellant argues that the MVR footage shows that it was unlikely that

he was able to retrieve the cocaine without the troopers noticing.          We

                                     - 19 -
J-S39039-23

disagree. As the Commonwealth explains in its discussion of the sufficiency

of the evidence, the MVR did not capture everything.

       Because . . . Appellant and Trooper Panosetti were standing near
       the grill of the patrol car, the MVR was prevented from capturing
       the Appellant’s activity from the waist down. However, the jury
       observed MVR footage of Appellant bending over to put a pair of
       sweatpants on, returning to a seated position on Trooper Fow’s
       vehicle, and then standing and adjusting the sweatpants again
       moments later.

Commonwealth’s Brief at 25.

       The trial court, which observed the MVR footage, determined that the

jury’s verdict did not shock its conscience. Additionally, Appellant’s argument

does not account for where the cocaine came from if not him. We discern no

abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of his weight claim. Therefore,

his final claim is unavailing.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.3

       Judge Dubow joins the Memorandum.

       Judge McLaughlin Concurs in the Result.

____________________________________________

3 On November 15, 2023, Appellant filed a pro se application for bond.   On
December 4, 2023, this Court forwarded the request to counsel. See
Commonwealth v. Jette, 23 A.3d 1032, 1044 (Pa. 2011) (“[W]e reiterate
that the proper response to any pro se pleading is to refer the pleading to
counsel, and to take no further action on the pro se pleading unless counsel
forwards a motion.”).

                                          - 20 -
J-S39039-23

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/14/2023

                           - 21 -