Court Opinion

ID: 4211759
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-13 22:07:17.807083+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:47.615266
License: Public Domain

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                                    Appellate Court                            Date: 2017.10.10
                                                                               14:40:39 -05'00'

           Vanguard Energy Services, L.L.C. v. Shihadeh, 2017 IL App (2d) 160909

Appellate Court         VANGUARD ENERGY SERVICES, L.L.C., Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption                 IBRAHIM M. SHIHADEH, d/b/a Creative Designs Kitchen and
                        Baths, Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.          Second District
                        Docket No. 2-16-0909

Filed                   August 16, 2017

Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Du Page County, No. 15-L-940; the
Review                  Hon. Robert G. Kleeman, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                Affirmed.

Counsel on              Bryan M. Sims, of Sims Law Firm, Ltd., of Naperville, for appellant.
Appeal
                        Lawrence M. Benjamin, of Neal, Gerber & Eisenberg, of Chicago, for
                        appellee.

Panel                   JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                        Justices Jorgensen and Schostok concurred in the judgment and
                        opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1       Plaintiff, Vanguard Energy Services, L.L.C., is a supplier of natural gas. Defendant,
     Ibrahim M. Shihadeh, d/b/a Creative Designs Kitchen and Baths, purchased natural gas from
     plaintiff for his business. Plaintiff alleged that, in February 2014, it entered into an agreement
     with defendant to supply natural gas for the 2014-15 and 2015-16 winters and that, in June
     2014, the parties agreed that plaintiff would provide additional gas for the same time periods.
     When defendant cancelled the gas order with plaintiff, plaintiff filed an amended, five-count
     complaint. Count I alleged breach of the first agreement, and count II alleged breach of the
     second agreement, and they are the only counts at issue on appeal. Defendant filed a motion to
     dismiss pursuant to section 2-619(a)(7) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS
     5/2-619(a)(7) (West 2014)), arguing that the breach-of-contract claims were barred by the
     statute of frauds contained in section 2-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (810
     ILCS 5/2-201 (West 2014)). The trial court agreed and dismissed the counts. Plaintiff concedes
     that natural gas is “goods,” that the price was more than $500, and that therefore, on its face,
     the statute of frauds applies. See id. Plaintiff contends, however, that two exceptions to the
     statute of frauds apply. We affirm.

¶2                                         I. BACKGROUND
¶3       Our recitation of the facts is based on the pleadings. Defendant first became a customer of
     plaintiff in 2009 and purchased natural gas to heat his building.
¶4       Natural gas can be purchased from plaintiff either on the spot market or at a fixed price. On
     the spot market is where the customer purchases gas at the current market rate. When
     purchasing gas at a fixed price, the customer agrees to purchase a certain volume of gas, for a
     certain time period, at a fixed price in order to protect himself from the fluctuating prices found
     on the spot market. Defendant purchased gas from plaintiff both on the spot market and at a
     fixed price from 2009 through 2013.
¶5       In February 2014, defendant agreed to purchase 25% of his anticipated natural gas needs at
     a fixed price for the 2014-15 and 2015-16 winters. On June 18 and 20, 2014, the February 2014
     agreement was confirmed by e-mail without protest (February agreement). On June 27, 2014,
     the parties agreed that plaintiff would provide defendant an additional 50% of his anticipated
     natural gas needs at a fixed price for the same time periods (June agreement).
¶6       On February 2, 2015, plaintiff received a letter from defendant terminating plaintiff’s
     services, effective April 30, 2015. Plaintiff warned defendant that, if he insisted on terminating
     services, plaintiff would be forced to “unwind” defendant’s fixed price positions. Defendant,
     however, insisted on terminating, and plaintiff alleged that it incurred damages as a
     consequence. Following defendant’s refusal to pay those damages, plaintiff filed suit. Count I
     alleged breach of the February agreement, and count II alleged breach of the June agreement.
     Plaintiff did not allege the existence of any written confirmation of the June agreement.
¶7       Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the breach-of-contract claims set forth in counts I and
     II pursuant to section 2-619(a)(7) of the Code. Defendant argued that the oral agreements
     alleged in both counts were barred by the statute of frauds contained in section 2-201(1) of the
     UCC. The trial court agreed and dismissed both counts.

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¶8        Plaintiff timely appeals, contending that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s section
       2-619(a)(7) motion to dismiss.

¶9                                              II. ANALYSIS
¶ 10                      A. Standard of Review and the UCC Statute of Frauds
¶ 11       “ ‘[A] motion to dismiss, pursuant to section 2-619 *** admits the legal sufficiency of the
       *** complaint, but asserts an affirmative defense or *** matter that avoids or defeats the ***
       claim.’ ” Eighteen Investments, Inc. v. NationsCredit Financial Services Corp., 376 Ill. App.
3d 527, 532 (2007) (quoting DeLuna v. Burciaga, 223 Ill. 2d 49, 59 (2006)). In considering a
       motion to dismiss under section 2-619, a court must interpret all pleadings and supporting
       materials in favor of the nonmoving party. In re Chicago Flood Litigation, 176 Ill. 2d 179, 189
       (1997).
¶ 12       A statute-of-frauds defense is properly raised under section 2-619(a)(7). 735 ILCS
       5/2-619(a)(7) (West 2014). We review de novo a ruling on a section 2-619 motion. Robinson v.
       Toyota Motor Credit Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 403, 418-19 (2002).
¶ 13       The UCC’s statute of frauds provides in pertinent part:
               “(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Section a contract for the sale of goods for the
               price of $500 or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there is
               some writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the
               parties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his
               authorized agent or broker.” 810 ILCS 5/2-201(1) (West 2014).
¶ 14       Plaintiff does not dispute that its product, natural gas, is considered “goods” and that, on its
       face, section 2-201(1) is applicable because counts I and II relate to oral agreements. Plaintiff
       argues, however, that the lack of a writing is not fatal to its claims based on the oral agreements
       because of the “merchant exception” (810 ILCS 5/2-201(2) (West 2014)) and the “specially
       manufactured goods exception” (810 ILCS 5/2-201(3)(a) (West 2014)) under the UCC.

¶ 15                                       B. Merchant Exception
¶ 16       The statute of frauds exempts contracts between merchants under the following limited
       circumstances:
               “[I]f within a reasonable time a writing in confirmation of the contract and sufficient
               against the sender is received and the party receiving it has reason to know its contents,
               it satisfies the requirements of subsection (1) [requiring a contract for a sale of goods
               for $500 or more to be in writing] against such party unless written notice of objection
               to its contents is given within 10 days after it is received.” 810 ILCS 5/2-201(2) (West
               2014).
¶ 17       Plaintiff contends that plaintiff and defendant are merchants and that, because the e-mail
       confirmation it sent with respect to the February 2014 agreement set forth in count I was not
       objected to within 10 days, it was exempt from memorializing the agreement in writing.
¶ 18       The question we must determine first is whether defendant is a merchant. The term
       “merchant” is defined in the UCC as “a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by
       his occupation holds himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods
       involved in the transaction.” 810 ILCS 5/2-104(1) (West 2014). The trial court followed the
       interpretation of this definition set forth in Forms World of Illinois, Inc. v. Magna Bank, N.A.,

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       334 Ill. App. 3d 1107 (2002), in which the appellate court held that a mere consumer of goods
       who does not resell the goods cannot be considered a merchant. Id. at 1112-13.
¶ 19        Citing comment 2 of the UCC comments to section 2-104 (810 ILCS Ann. 5/2-104,
       Uniform Commercial Code Comment 2, at 106 (Smith-Hurd 2009)) and Traxys North America
       LLC v. Evraz Claymont Steel, Inc., No. 09-684, 2011 WL 1322780 (D. Del. Apr. 4, 2011), an
       unreported federal decision, plaintiff does not argue that defendant has knowledge or skill in
       the goods sold as part of the transaction. Rather, plaintiff asserts that defendant is a merchant
       because defendant, “as a person engaged in business, has the knowledge or skill to engage in
       business communications.” In its reply brief, plaintiff notes that comment 2 “involves the
       non-specialized practice of answering mail, something everyone in the business world is
       expected to be able to do.” Plaintiff highlights the e-mail confirmation sent to defendant’s
       agent, which plaintiff believes “demonstrates Defendant’s ability to engage in business
       communications.” In other words, plaintiff appears to argue that, because defendant is engaged
       in business activities, he has the knowledge or skill peculiar to the “practices” involved in the
       transaction (810 ILCS 5/2-104(1) (West 2014)).
¶ 20        The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation, to which all other rules are subordinate, is to
       ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. People v. Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d 336,
       348 (2001). In determining the legislative intent, a court should first consider the statutory
       language. This is the best means of determining the legislative intent. Id. The language of the
       statute must be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning. People v. Diggins, 235 Ill. 2d 48, 54
       (2009). It is never proper for a court to depart from plain language by reading into the statute
       exceptions, limitations, or conditions that conflict with the clearly expressed legislative intent.
       People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 443 (2005). If the plain language reveals the legislative intent,
       we will give that intent effect without resorting to other interpretive aids, such as committee
       comments. Solon v. Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d 433, 440 (2010); People v.
       Hari, 218 Ill. 2d 275, 295 (2006).
¶ 21        Plaintiff ignores the plain language of the statute, which clearly and unambiguously
       expresses the legislature’s intent. In defining the term merchant, the legislature intended that
       the knowledge or skill of the purchaser is specifically related to the “knowledge or skill
       peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction.” (Emphasis added.) 810 ILCS
       5/2-104(1) (West 2014). Here, the transaction involved the purchase of natural gas to heat
       defendant’s building. Plaintiff makes no allegation that defendant has any knowledge or skill
       specifically related to the natural gas industry. Had the legislature intended to include all
       business persons in this exception, as the UCC comment intimates, it certainly could have said
       as much.
¶ 22        In Forms World, the plaintiff, a seller of business forms, sued the defendant, Magna Bank,
       alleging breach of contract after Magna Bank allegedly agreed to purchase forms pursuant to
       the plaintiff’s written proposal letter. The plaintiff argued that a written contract was not
       required because both parties were “merchants” under section 2-201(2) of the UCC. Citing the
       definition of “merchant” in section 2-104(1) of the UCC, the Fifth District Appellate Court
       found it clear that, because the plaintiff’s business was selling forms and providing printing
       needs, Magna Bank could not be deemed a merchant in that arena. It found that “Magna Bank,
       in its banking functions, is a mere consumer of forms and printing. Magna Bank does not resell
       these forms or hold itself out as a copy service to the general public.” Forms World, 334 Ill.
       App. 3d at 1112-13.

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¶ 23       Even if we were to reject the broad language in Forms World, i.e., that to be considered a
       merchant the purchaser must resell the product that was purchased, the definition of merchant
       should not be expanded to include a purchaser who is simply the end user or ultimate consumer
       of the goods. In Forms World, the court did not consider Magna Bank a merchant when it
       purchased forms it used in conducting its business. The court stated that “[t]he purchase of
       office supplies for ultimate use by Magna Bank is not sufficient to treat Magna Bank as a
       merchant in the sales of forms and copies.” Id. at 1113. Similarly, here, defendant was an
       ultimate consumer, and we do not conclude that he was a merchant when he purchased natural
       gas to heat his building.
¶ 24       Plaintiff argues that the conclusion in Forms World is at odds with comment 2 of the UCC
       comments and that “this conclusion has, unsurprisingly, been criticized by the Traxys court.”
       First, as comment 2 is at odds with the plain language of the statute, we reject this argument.
       Second, Traxys,1 and the cases cited therein, can be reconciled with the plain language of the
       merchant definition. In Traxys, the buyer purchased raw material used in making steel. Traxys,
       2011 WL 1322780, at *1. In Jame Fine Chemicals Co. v. Hi-Tech Pharmacal Co., 44 Fed.
       App’x 602, 603-04 (3d Cir. 2002), the buyer purchased a raw ingredient it used in making
       cough syrup. In American Plastic Equipment, Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 886 F.2d 521, 523 (2d Cir.
       1989), the buyer purchased “inactive” molds for use in producing plastic products. Finally, in
       Leonard Pevar Co. v. Evans Products Co., 524 F. Supp. 546, 547 (D. Del. 1981), the buyer
       purchased plywood it used in constructing buildings. In all of those cases, the buyers could be
       seen as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the transactions when they purchased goods
       directly related to the production of goods they were engaged in manufacturing. Those buyers
       were not the end users or ultimate consumers of the goods purchased.
¶ 25       Accordingly, because we determine that defendant is not a merchant, the exception is
       inapplicable.

¶ 26                             B. Specially Manufactured Goods Exception
¶ 27       A contract that does not satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds in section 2-201(1),
       but that is valid in other respects, is enforceable under the UCC:
                    “(a) if the goods are to be specially manufactured for the buyer and are not suitable
               for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller’s business and the seller, before
               notice of repudiation is received and under circumstances which reasonably indicate
               that the goods are for the buyer, has made either a substantial beginning of their
               manufacture or commitments for their procurement[.]” 810 ILCS 5/2-201(3)(a) (West
               2014).
       Plaintiff argues that the gas, which was the subject of both counts I and II, was specially
       manufactured for defendant, and therefore, under section 2-201(3)(a), no written contract was
       required.
¶ 28       In order to determine whether a product was specially manufactured, we look to four
       distinct criteria: “(1) the goods must be specially made for the buyer; (2) the goods must be
       unsuitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller’s business; (3) the seller must
       have substantially begun to have manufactured the goods or to have made a commitment for
           1
            Federal district court decisions are neither binding nor precedential. This is especially true when a
       decision is unreported. County of Du Page v. Lake Street Spa, Inc., 395 Ill. App. 3d 110, 122 (2009).

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       their procurement; and (4) the manufacture or commitment must have been commenced under
       circumstances reasonably indicating that the goods are for the buyer and prior to the seller’s
       receipt of notification of contractual repudiation.” Colorado Carpet Installation, Inc. v.
       Palermo, 668 P.2d 1384, 1389 (Colo. 1983). “In determining whether goods are specially
       manufactured, courts have traditionally looked to the goods themselves. The term ‘specially
       manufactured,’ therefore, refers to the nature of the particular goods in question and not to
       whether the goods were made in an unusual, as opposed to the regular, business operation or
       manufacturing process of the seller.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Webcor Packaging
       Corp. v. Autozone, Inc., 158 F.3d 354, 357 (6th Cir. 1998). Therefore, “the proponent must
       convince the court that the goods themselves have some feature that makes the product
       marketable only to the buyer.” Id.
¶ 29       Plaintiff claims that the natural gas was specifically set aside for defendant for a particular
       time period, in a particular volume, and at a particular price. In order to sell the fixed-price gas
       to another customer, plaintiff asserts, it would have to find someone who needed the same
       volume of gas for the same time period and who was willing to pay more than market rate, as
       gas prices had declined. At oral argument, plaintiff outlined how the gas was sold when
       defendant did not purchase it at the purportedly agreed fixed price. Plaintiff explained that it
       was able to salvage the sale on the open market but took a loss due to the higher rate defendant
       allegedly agreed to.
¶ 30       Plaintiff’s explanation demonstrates that there was no feature of the gas itself that made it
       unmarketable for others. “ ‘[T]he unsalable quality of the goods presumably must be found in
       their characteristics of special manufacture and not in such tests as lost markets, passed
       seasons, or the objective inability of the particular seller to dispose of the goods for reasons
       unrelated to their nature as prescribed by the buyer.’ ” Colorado Carpet, 668 P.2d at 1390
       (quoting 2 Richard W. Duesenberg & Lawrence P. King, Bender’s Uniform Commercial Code
       Service § 2.02[4], at 2-32 (1982)). Plaintiff’s complaints about time, volume, and price fit
       directly into the language quoted in Colorado Carpet. As such, we find that the gas was not
       specially manufactured for defendant and that neither of the purported agreements falls within
       that exception to the statute of frauds.

¶ 31                                     III. CONCLUSION
¶ 32      Based on the preceding, the judgment of the trial court granting defendant’s section
       2-619(a)(7) motion to dismiss counts I and II of plaintiff’s amended complaint is affirmed.

¶ 33      Affirmed.

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