Court Opinion

ID: 9954807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-26 23:01:36.467332+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:15:03.316346
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 GAGIK MELKUMYAN,

                        Plaintiff,

        v.
                                                       Case No. 21-cv-02700
 SAMANTHA POWER,
 Administrator, U.S. Agency for
 International Development,

                        Defendant.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       This case is an employment discrimination matter involving the United States Agency for

International Development (“USAID”). Defendant Samantha Power is the Administrator of

USAID. Am. Compl., ECF No. 7 at 1. Plaintiff Gagik Melkumyan has been an employee of

USAID since 2010 and was, at all times relevant to the Amended Complaint, a Foreign Service

Officer working out of the USAID Regional Office in Georgia as the Deputy Regional Controller

and then Regional Controller for the USAID missions in Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan (col-

lectively, the “Caucasus region”). Id. Plaintiff alleges that in late 2017, shortly after arriving at

his assignment in the Caucasus region, his job duties with respect to the Azerbaijan Mission were

substantially reduced expressly because he is Armenian American and his surname is associated

with a territory that is disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Mem. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ.

J., ECF No. 22-1 at 10–11; Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 3; Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF

No. 22-4 at 18–19. Plaintiff further alleges that this reduction in his duties weakened his promotion

package, causing him to be passed over for promotion in the 2020 promotion cycle. Melkumyan’s

Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 4–5.
         Plaintiff filed his Complaint on October 14, 2021, ECF No. 1, and an Amended Complaint

on January 17, 2022, ECF No. 7. The operative complaint contains a single count, which alleges

USAID subjected Plaintiff to illegal discrimination on the basis of his national origin when Plain-

tiff’s supervisors restricted his job duties related to Azerbaijan, an action which he alleges affected

the terms or conditions of his employment and ultimately resulted in the denial of a promotion.

ECF No. 7 at 5–6. In January 2022, Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 8. On July

22, 2022, Judge Contreras granted that motion in part and denied it in part. ECF No. 11. In his

Memorandum Opinion, Judge Contreras found that, while any claim of national origin discrimi-

nation based on the alleged 2017 reduction of Plaintiff’s job responsibilities related to the Azer-

baijan Mission was untimely, Plaintiff had stated a claim as to discriminatory non-promotion in

2020 that was viable under the “cat’s paw” theory of discrimination articulated by the Supreme

Court in Staub v. Proctor Hospital, 562 U.S. 411 (2011). ECF No. 12 at 5, 13–14. Thereafter,

Plaintiff’s non-promotion claim proceeded through discovery, during which time this case was

referred to the undersigned for all purposes, with the consent of the parties. See ECF No. 16. On

April 13, 2023, Defendant filed the instant Motion for Summary Judgment, and that motion has

now been fully briefed. See ECF Nos. 22 through 24.

         Upon review of the parties’ briefing, and the entire record of the case,1 the Court concludes

that there remain genuine issues of disputed material fact and that Defendant is not entitled to

1
  The following filings are relevant to this Memorandum Opinion and were considered by the Court: (1) the Amended
Complaint, ECF No. 7; (2) Judge Contreras’ Memorandum Opinion on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No 12;
(3) Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 22, and attachments; (4) Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defend-
ant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 23, and attachments; and (5) Defendant’s Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposi-
tion to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 24, and attachment. Citations herein to filings on the
docket of this case reference the page numbers assigned to the document by the Court’s electronic filing system rather
than the original page numbers of the document, to the extent that those numbers are different.

                                                          2
judgment as a matter of law. Therefore, the Court will deny Defendant’s Motion for Summary

Judgment.

                              I.        FACTUAL BACKGROUND

         A.      The Alleged 2017 Reduction of Plaintiff’s Duties as Regional Controller2

         Plaintiff arrived at USAID’s regional office in Tbilisi, Georgia, in September 2017 to begin

a new assignment as a Deputy Regional Controller3 in USAID’s Office of Financial Management

for the Caucasus region. Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 22-2, ¶ 3. In that role,

Plaintiff “provided accounting and financial analysis, oversight, and reporting services for the re-

gion’s three countries (or missions): Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.” Id., ¶ 4.

         On November 9, 2017, Plaintiff met with Mikaela Meredith to discuss USAID’s Azerbai-

jan Mission. Id., ¶ 7. At that point, Meredith was the Mission Director for the Azerbaijan Mission

and had worked at USAID for 25 years. Id.; Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 2. Also present

at the meeting was Robert Arellano, Regional Controller for the Caucasus region and Plaintiff’s

first-line supervisor. Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 22-2, ¶ 7. What happened

during that meeting is in dispute. USAID does not address that dispute in its motion for summary

judgment, apparently because it believes that its resolution is relevant “only [to] the first prong of

the cat’s paw analysis set forth in Staub” and not “the second and third prong of the analysis” that

is the subject of its motion. Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 24 at 4. Because the Court finds that who the

jury chooses to believe concerning what happened during the November 2017 meeting may well

2
  Unless otherwise indicated, the facts in this section are undisputed and drawn from Defendant’s Statement of Mate-
rial Facts As to Which There Is No Genuine Issue, ECF No. 22-2, Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Statement of
Material Facts, ECF No. 23-1, and Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Additional Statements of Fact, ECF No. 24-1.
3
 Plaintiff’s job title is referred to in the record as either Deputy Regional Controller or Regional Deputy Controller.
The Court will use the former title.

                                                          3
be relevant to the jury’s determination of the second prong of the Staub analysis, see infra section

III.B, the factual dispute will be detailed here.

         For his part, Plaintiff asserts that his supervisor, Arellano, introduced him to Meredith dur-

ing the meeting and “noted [Plaintiff] was of Armenian origin.” Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-

5 at 3. According to Plaintiff, Meredith then “stated that given the long-standing historical conflict

between Armenia and Azerbaijan, [his Armenian] national origin would cause ‘mental difficulties’

for her staff and she would prefer that [he] not support her [Azerbaijan] Mission.” Id.; see also

Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 17 (stating that Meredith asserted that “[b]ased on some

discussions she’s ha[d] with her staff, [Plaintiff’s] coverage of the [Azerbaijan] mission will cause

mental difficulties” and “she preferred that Robert [Arellano] cover[] her mission and not [Plain-

tiff]”). In response, Arellano, who is not of Armenian national origin, “agreed to cover the Azer-

baijan Mission.” Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 3. Meredith then “proceeded to high five

Mr. Arellano in joy.” Id.; Arellano’s Aff., ECF No. 22-7 at 3. Thereafter, Plaintiff says he “was

hindered in trying to perform [his] job duties as to Azerbaijan, which was one third of [his] as-

signed three missions.” Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 5. In Plaintiff’s telling, the Agency’s

reason for the diminution of duties was not pretextual, but was driven by Meredith’s “explicit

discrimination” against him based on his Armenian national origin. Id. at 4–5, 10.

         Arellano largely supports Plaintiff’s version of events.4 Although he does not identify a

particular date on which the meeting occurred, he does remember a conversation with Meredith

4
  Plaintiff has also produced an email—cited by USAID in support of its motion for summary judgment—that he sent
to Arellano and another supervisor a month after the November 7 meeting wherein his recollection of what occurred
during the meeting is consistent with his testimony. See ECF No. 22-12 at 2 (stating that, during the meeting, Meredith
“noted that there can be ‘emotional difficulties’ with [Plaintiff] supporting [the Azerbaijan Mission]” because of his
“race/national origin” and that she “responded in a very joyful manner . . . by proceed[ing] to get up to high five
[Arellano] as an affirmation of the decision to limit [Plaintiff’s] interaction with [the Azerbaijan Mission]”).

                                                          4
which tracks with Plaintiff’s recollection. See Arellano’s Aff., ECF No. 22-7 at 4–5. Arellano

states in his affidavit that:

        Soon after [Plaintiff] arrived on post, I had a conversation with [Meredith] and she
        advised me that she had talked to her staff in Azerbaijan, and they told her that they
        would be uncomfortable working with [Plaintiff] because he was Armenian. She
        suggested that I handle the Azerbaijan Mission personally, and that [Plaintiff] be
        kept in the background and concentrate on the other two Missions in the Region. I
        agreed to that at the time because I thought this would just be a temporary situation
        until we could get the matter straightened out. It persisted like that for the rest of
        my time in that position.5

Id. at 4–5. And like Plaintiff, Arellano believes there was “no pretext” for the diminution in Plain-

tiff’s duties; rather, he says, “Meredith’s stated reason for requesting that [Plaintiff] not be seen to

be working on Azerbaijan issues was his national origin.” Id. at 6.

        Meredith’s account contrasts sharply with both Plaintiff’s and Arellano’s. While she ad-

mits that she knew Plaintiff was of “Armenian heritage,” she asserts that she “never told anyone

that [Plaintiff’s] nationality would cause mental difficulties for [her] staff,” and that “to say [Plain-

tiff] was sidelined from participation as regards the Azerbaijan portfolio is not true.” Meredith’s

Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 3, 5. Specifically with respect to her conversation with Arellano concern-

ing Plaintiff, she states:

        [S]oon after [Plaintiff] arrived in Georgia, Robert Arellano, then Regional Control-
        ler and [Plaintiff’s] supervisor, told me that [Plaintiff] was Armenian, and asked
        me, considering the conflict between the two countries, if it would be a problem for
        [Plaintiff] to support the Azerbaijan portfolio. I said I would talk to the staff, and I
        sent an email to the staff asking if anybody had any concerns about this, advising
        the staff that they could talk to me privately about it if they wanted to, but no one
        expressed any concerns either in response to my email or when it was discussed at
        a staff meeting, so I reported to Mr. Arellano that it would be fine for [Plaintiff] to
        support the Mission. As far as I am concerned, [Plaintiff’s] nationality never be-
        came an issue, and I never witnessed any discrimination against [Plaintiff] by the
        staff, so I am very surprised about this complaint.

5
 Arellano was the Regional Controller for the USAID Caucasus region for four years, “2015 through 2019.” ECF
No. 22-7 at 2.

                                                     5
Id. at 3. Meredith also denies that Plaintiff “was . . . taken off the Azerbaijan portfolio,”6 or that

any “requests were made to limit [his] involvement with the Azerbaijan portfolio in any way,” and

she is “completely stunned that [Plaintiff] says otherwise.” Id. at 5, 6.

         It is undisputed that the Government of Azerbaijan repeatedly denied Plaintiff’s travel visa

applications in 2018, which prohibited him from traveling to Azerbaijan during the period in ques-

tion. Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 22-2, ¶¶ 12–13. The extent to which the denial

of Plaintiff’s visa may have impacted his ability to do his job with respect to the Azerbaijan Mis-

sion is contested, however. So, too, is whether Meredith, or other USAID representatives, did

anything to rectify the visa situation or, indeed, effectively ratified Azerbaijan’s visa denial. For

his part, Plaintiff submits some evidence that his travel visa was denied by Azerbaijan because of

his national origin,7 that the denial “severely limited [his] ability to complete [his] Controller re-

sponsibilities to [the Azerbaijan] Mission,” and that “neither USAID nor the U.S. Embassy in Baku

took any action that [he] could see to rectify the situation.” Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at

8. As to the latter, Plaintiff is especially critical of USAID’s seeming refusal to bring pressure on

Azerbaijan to grant his visa through Section 666 of the Foreign Assistance Act, which bars the

U.S. from giving foreign assistance funds to a country that “objects to the presence of any officer

or employee of the United States who is present in such country for the purpose of carrying out

any program of economic development assistance authorized by the provisions of this chapter, on

6
  Meredith states that she has emails demonstrating that Plaintiff was “heavily involved in many important issues”
related to the Azerbaijan Mission. Id. at 5.
7
  Plaintiff asserts that the U.S. Embassy courier told him that, when the courier was waiting to pick up Plaintiff’s
paperwork concerning his rejected travel visa in April 2018, he overheard Azerbaijani consulate officials referring to
Plaintiff as “‘dushman,’ which means enemy.” Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 8. Plaintiff further says that this
discriminatory intent was “verified by the [then] current USAID Azerbaijan Mission Director, Jaidev Singh, on De-
cember 9, 2019, when he noted to [Plaintiff] . . . that the reason [he had] not been able to receive [his] visa is due to
the Armenian origins of [his] last name.” Id.

                                                           6
the basis of . . . national origin . . . of such officer or employee.” 22 U.S.C. § 2426(b). According

to Plaintiff, despite Azerbaijan’s repeated denial of his visa applications, the USAID Azerbaijan

Mission “falsely attested” on the 2018 “statutorily required Section 666 checklist for Azerbaijan

. . . that the Government of Azerbaijan ha[d] not discriminated by objecting to the presence of any

officer or employee of the United States government on the basis of . . . national origin . . ., despite

the way [he] was treated” which, according to Plaintiff, was “well known to the Mission in Azer-

baijan.” Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 8–9. Plaintiff asserts that “this false [Section 666]

determination removed all [U.S. Government] leverage [over Azerbaijan’s denials of his visa] and

ratified Azerbaijan’s discrimination against [him].” Id. at 9.

       Plaintiff’s version of events is again supported by Arellano. He states that “[o]ne large

obstacle preventing [Plaintiff] from doing his job as to the Azerbaijan Mission was that the Azer-

baijan government would not grant him a travel visa to travel to Azerbaijan” because “a significant

part of the duties of the Controller’s office involve[d] personally reviewing financial records and

talking to people in person about them, and Plaintiff could not do that as he could not travel to

Azerbaijan.” Arellano’s Aff., ECF No. 22-7 at 5. Arellano further asserts that USAID could have

put pressure on Azerbaijan to issue Plaintiff’s visa and “so far as [Arellano knew], it was not done.”

Id. at 6. That is, he “did not see that Ms. Meredith was doing very much to help [Plaintiff] obtain

that visa.” Id. at 5. With respect to the Section 666 certification, Arellano confirms that USAID

“does submit a statutorily required checklist to certify to the State Department whether any gov-

ernment is discriminating against U.S. employees working on economic assistance,” and that if

USAID said in the certification that “Azerbaijan was no[t] discriminating against [Plaintiff] based

on his national origin, [Arellano did] not believe that would have been true.” Id. at 6.

                                                   7
       Meredith’s version of events again stands in tension with that offered by Plaintiff and Arel-

lano. She could “not say why the Azerbaijan government did what it did” with respect to Plaintiff’s

visa denials, and further asserts that her “office worked with the embassy staff and tried to get

[Plaintiff] to Azerbaijan,” that her “Acting Mission Director brought the issue up with the Embassy

Front Office . . . and [that they] were working to get an official explanation from the Azerbaijan

government as to what the issue was.” ECF No. 22-10 at 7; see also Singh’s Aff., ECF No. 22-6

at 5 (stating that “[t]o the extent [Plaintiff] believes [Meredith] had something to do with his ina-

bility to obtain a visa from the Azerbaijan government, I do not believe this is true. Many people

at USAID . . . worked on trying to get him a visa . . . [but] the Azerbaijan security services con-

sidered him a security risk”). She denies being part of the Section 666 certification process but

“did not see any discrimination.” Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 7. In any event, she states

that she “did not see that [Plaintiff’s] inability to travel [to Azerbaijan] prevented him from carry-

ing out his duties, and from what [she] saw, he did a very good job.” Id. at 7. She adds that she

“feel[s] sorry for [Plaintiff] . . . [but] did not see any discrimination holding him back in terms of

his professional development when [she] was in Azerbaijan.” Id. at 8.

       B.      Plaintiff’s Non-promotion During the 2020 Promotion Cycle

       As noted, Judge Contreras dismissed as untimely Plaintiff’s claim of national origin dis-

crimination based on the November 2017 reduction of his job duties. Mem. Op., ECF No. 12 at

5, 13–14. However, he allowed the claim as to Plaintiff’s non-promotion during the 2020 promo-

tion cycle to go forward on the theory that the allegedly discriminatory reduction of his duties in

2017 was the cause of his later non-promotion. Id. at 16; see also Def.’s Statement of Material

Facts, ECF No. 22-2, ¶¶ 19–21; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 23-1,

¶¶ 19–21; Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 4–5. According to Plaintiff, the reduction in his

job duties “hindered” him from “perform[ing] [his] job duties as to Azerbaijan, which was one

                                                  8
third of [his] assigned three missions,” which weakened his 2020 promotion package sufficiently

to cause his non-promotion. Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 4–5. Notably, Plaintiff says the

discriminatory reduction of his duties endured past 2017 and stretched over the approximately

two-and-a-half years prior to him applying for a promotion in 2020. See Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr.,

ECF No. 23-2 at 20, 40 (stating that the discriminatory reduction in job duties continued “during

the whole time [Arellano] was” Regional Controller for the Caucasus region through 2019; Arel-

lano “clearly followed [Meredith’s] orders to limit my responsibilities based on national origins”),

7, 39, 44–45 (stating that “[n]othing changed” with respect to Plaintiff’s diminished job duties

when Meredith left as Azerbaijani Mission Director in July 2018; rather, Jaidev Singh “continu[ed]

. . . [Meredith’s] posture . . . [H]e basically just went along with the discrimination . . . .”; Singh

served as Mission Director for the rest of the time Plaintiff was assigned to the Caucasus region

through 2021); Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 9 (stating that “there really was no change”

when Meredith left the position of Mission Director and was “replaced by Mr. Singh”). There is

a factual dispute on that point as well—Meredith claims that she never caused any reduction in

Plaintiff’s duties, see Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 3, 5–7, and Singh, who followed her,

states there were “no issues with [Plaintiff’s] ability to perform his duties related to Azerbaijan”

once he became Mission Director in July 2018, see Singh’s Aff., ECF No. 22-6 at 2, 6. Nor does

Defendant concede in its motion that any reduction in Plaintiff’s duties that may have resulted had

a substantial impact on his non-promotion in 2020. ECF No. 22-1 at 24–25. To understand those

factual disputes in context, an understanding of the 2020 promotion process and of the contents of

Plaintiff’s promotion package is necessary.

                                                  9
        C.       2020 USAID Promotion Selection Process8

        During the 2020 promotion cycle, employees eligible for promotion based on “time in

grade and overseas time” were evaluated by the Foreign Service Promotion Board (“Promotion

Board”) based on six “promotion decision factors”: (1) Leadership; (2) Results and Impact Fo-

cused; (3) Professionalism; (4) Talent Management; (5) Understanding of and Ability to Advance

the Agency’s Mission; and (6) Difficulty, Complexity, and Challenge of the Work Performed.

Lappin’s Aff., ECF No. 22-11 at 3. Three components made up the promotion package submitted

by each candidate to the Promotion Board: (1) the Promotion Input Form (PIF), in which the can-

didate described how they exemplify the first four of the decision factors and provided examples

of how they “advanced the Agency’s mission”; (2) the candidate’s current and previous four years

of Annual Accomplishment Records (AARs), in which the candidate described five contributions

or accomplishments for each year; and (3) the Multisource Ratings (MSRs), in which the candi-

date’s supervisor, peers, and subordinates numerically rated the candidate’s proficiency in the first

four decision factors. Id. at 3–4.

        Each member of the Promotion Board—there were four in the 2020 promotion cycle—

received each candidate’s package and individually assigned the candidate a score for each of the

six decision factors. Id. at 4. If any board member’s score for a candidate differed from that of

any other member by more than one point, the members were required to discuss the scores and

bring the scores to within one point of each other. Id. The scores were then used to rank the

8
  The mechanics of the promotion process are described in the record in an affidavit from Martha Lappin, a USAID
employee who led the design of the process that was used in 2020. ECF No. 22-11 at 2. Defendant submitted the
affidavit in support of its motion for summary judgment. ECF No. 22-3 at 1. Neither party has disputed the statements
in the affidavit describing the mechanics of the promotion process.

                                                        10
candidates for promotion from highest to lowest.9 Id.; see Promotion Bd. 2020 Rankings, ECF

No. 22-15. The Promotion Board also assigned each candidate a rating of A, B, or C, with only

those rated “A” being eligible for promotion.10 Lappin’s Aff., ECF No. 22-11 at 4. Not all em-

ployees who were found eligible for promotion by the Promotion Board were promoted, however.

Id. The actual number of individuals who were promoted was determined by the USAID Admin-

istrator based on the agency’s budget and workforce plan for the year, and Promotion Board mem-

bers were unaware of this number when they assigned ratings and scores. Id. In the 2020 promo-

tion cycle, only the top 18-ranked, promotion eligible candidates were promoted. Id. at 5. Plain-

tiff—although he was graded promotion eligible—was ranked 22 out of 79 candidates, so he was

not promoted. Id.

           D.       Plaintiff’s Promotion Package

           The facts in this section are drawn from Plaintiff’s promotion package which Defendant

submitted as an exhibit to its motion for summary judgment.11 Melkumyan’s 2020 Promotion

Package, ECF No. 22-14. The promotion package includes information, achievements, and

9
 The record contains no information as to how the scores given by each member on each of the six decision factors
were combined to create the overall ranking of the candidates.
10
     The record contains no information as to how the Promotion Board determined the grade ratings.
11
   This set of documents includes some, but not all, of the documents described by Martha Lappin as comprising a
promotion package (for example, the exhibit includes only two years of Annual Accomplishment Records instead of
five), and also incudes some documents that Lappin did not describe as being part of the promotion package, including
“Quarterly Conversation Record Details,” an “Annual Performance Evaluation,” an “Annual Evaluation Form,” rec-
ords related to awards for which Plaintiff was nominated and won, “Notification of Personnel Action” records, an
“Operating Unit Context Statement,” and a training transcript. See Melkumyan’s 2020 Promotion Package, ECF No.
22-14. This discrepancy may be related to a transition to a new promotion process during the relevant time period.
See Lappin’s Aff., ECF No. 22-11 at 3 (describing the “old promotions process,” which “relied heavily on the Annual
Evaluation Forms,” and then the “new process,” the latter of which was the focus of Lappin’s response). In any event,
Defendant submitted these documents in support of its motion for summary judgment, and denoted them, without
objection, as Plaintiff’s “promotion package.” See Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 22-1 at 24; Def.’s Index of
Exs., ECF No. 22-3; Melkumyan’s 2020 Promotion Package, ECF No. 22-14.

                                                          11
evaluations dating from the entire period relevant to this case, i.e., from 2017 through 2020. Id. at

9–10, 17–24, 31–34, 35–40, 41–45.

                1.     Promotion Input Form (PIF)

       On the PIF, for the “Leadership” factor, Plaintiff described his work in USAID’s Georgia

Mission, focusing on how he “developed an innovative local partner base diversification approach”

and “built consensus on the execution of this new approach.” Melkumyan’s 2020 Promotion Pack-

age, ECF No. 22-14 at 8. Plaintiff did not mention any work in Armenia or Azerbaijan in this

response. Id.

       For the “Results and Impact Focused” factor, Plaintiff described his assessment of internal

controls in “all three client Missions” (i.e., Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan) and development

of new memoranda of understanding with those missions, “new Mission Orders, regional training,

and a new on-line based tracking and reporting system.” Id. at 9. The bottom of the section

provides space for the candidate to list two “example” locations. See id. Plaintiff listed Georgia

and Armenia, not Azerbaijan. Id.

       For the “Professionalism” factor, Plaintiff described how he “identified Supreme Audit

Institutions (SAIs) as local accountability institutions that were critical to good governance across

all development sectors,” explicitly highlighting the work of his teams in Armenia and Georgia.

Id. As in the previous section, Plaintiff listed Armenia and Georgia in the two “example” slots.

Id. This response does not mention Azerbaijan. See id.

       For the “Talent Management” factor, Plaintiff described how he developed and imple-

mented an online audit firm screening tool both in Afghanistan (his assignment prior to his Cau-

casus region assignment) and in the Caucasus region (i.e., Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan). Id.

at 10. Plaintiff listed only Afghanistan and Caucasus in the two “example” slots. Id.

                                                 12
        The PIF also has a section where the candidate describes their “Understanding of and Abil-

ity to Advance the Agency Mission.” Id. at 10. In that section, Plaintiff described how he nego-

tiated a memorandum of understanding with the SAI in Armenia and collaborated with the U.S.

Embassy in Armenia to develop a new proposal that was ultimately selected for funding and which

will “strengthen the fragile democracy of the Armenian government.” Id. at 10. In the single

location example slot, Plaintiff indicated Armenia. Id. This response did not mention Georgia or

Azerbaijan. See id.

        Finally, the PIF contains a section for supervisor comments. Deputy Mission Director

David Hoffman completed this section, highlighting Plaintiff’s “efforts to strengthen the office’s

internal management” by “conduct[ing] a functional assessment and . . . draft[ing] an action plan”

that resulted in “increased productivity, customer satisfaction, and the effectiveness of the Con-

troller as the CFO for all three Missions.” Id. at 11. Hoffman also highlighted Plaintiff’s “launch

of a full-spectrum initiative to partner with [Supreme Audit Institutions] in Armenia and Georgia,”

which included “forg[ing] a partnership with these host country government bodies” and “de-

sign[ing] a new program to build their capacity.” Id. Unlike for Armenia and Georgia, Hoffman

did not highlight any specific accomplishments by Plaintiff related to Azerbaijan. See id. Hoffman

concluded that Plaintiff “is clearly prepared to perform at the next grade level.” Id.

                 2.       Annual Accomplishment Records (AARs)12

        In his 2018–2019 AAR, Plaintiff noted that he “provide[d] financial management services

to Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan,” a portfolio that comprised 129 U.S. and local staff “who

administer an overall portfolio of 90 activities valued at $296 million,” and that he “serve[d] as

12
  While Lappin stated in her affidavit that an employee seeking promotion must “submit the current and previous
four year’s [AARs]”, ECF No. 22-11 at 3, Plaintiff’s promotion package appears to only include AARs from two one-
year periods, 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. See ECF No. 22-14.

                                                       13
Deputy Office Chief of Regional Office of Financial Management managing regional staff of 15[,]

. . . oversee[ing] the internal controls, risks, audits, payments, accounting, reporting and financial

analysis for all three missions.” Id. at 25. In the section for “Context and Challenges Impacting

Employee’s Work,” Plaintiff noted the rejection of his visa by the Government of Azerbaijan,

which prevented him from visiting the Mission there, increasing his challenges in establishing

proper controller oversight over the mission. Id. In the section titled “Significant Contributions

and Accomplishments,” Plaintiff included the maximum of five entries: (1) his development and

implementation of “an online based audit firm screening, audit management systems, Mission Or-

der and Standard Operating Procedures,” tools which “were later adopted by multiple Missions

and institutionalized agency wide”; (2) his design of “capacity building activities” for Supreme

Audit Institutions, which “play [a] critical role [in] ensuring accountability of [U.S. Government]

funds and sustainability of . . . [government-to-government] activities with partner Governments

of Armenia and Georgia”; (3) his development of a “new methodology to assess the capacity of

. . . local sub-recipients to diversify [the Georgia] Mission’s local partner[] base”; (4) his direct

work with the Government of Georgia, leading the country’s “first Public Financial Management

Risk Assessment Framework Stage 2 Risk Assessment . . . with internal resources, saving the

Mission over $100,000,” for which he received a Meritorious Honor Award; and (5) his design

and execution of “the first Controller’s assessment” of the Regional Controller’s “alignment with

client Mission Objectives and strategy for new initiatives,” a project which “significantly improved

. . . operations and increased [the] Mission’s capacity to manage new activities.” Id. at 26. Plaintiff

did not highlight any specific Azerbaijan Mission accomplishments. See id.

       In his 2019–2020 AAR, Plaintiff explained his role as “Regional Controller and Office of

Financial Management (ROFM) Director,” managing “all financial systems, practices, and

                                                  14
procedures” for the USAID Missions in Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. Id. at 98. In the

“Context and Challenges” section, Plaintiff stated that to overcome the challenge of Azerbaijan’s

denial of his travel visa he “developed the systems and standard operating procedures . . . to pro-

vide ROFM services remotely, which later received [an] over 90% satisfaction rate from

USAID/Azerbaijan staff and laid the foundation for unprecedented 100% telework due to COVID-

19.” Id. For his five “significant contributions and accomplishments,” Plaintiff described how he

(1) “strengthened the Missions’ internal controls over operations” by “negotiat[ing] with client

Missions’ management” to redesign the “regional reporting structure, organizational chart, and . . .

decades old ROFM Mission Orders, improving Mission critical oversight and guidance”; (2) “ob-

tained, trained, and implemented remote access systems for [his] accounting and payments staff,”

allowing the regional office to “transition[] to unprecedented 100% telework in two days without

interruption to . . . accounting and/or payments”; (3) “negotiated with [the Government Account-

ability Office] and [Supreme Audit Institutions] to develop scopes of work for an inter-agency

agreement with [the Government Accountability Office] to support Georgian and Armenian [Su-

preme Audit Institutions]; (4) “developed and delivered a flagship . . . training with 33 different

Mission participa[nts],” a training which was “officially adopted . . . Agency-wide”; and 5) “de-

veloped a new methodology” to “assess the capacity of current and potential local partners” and

used it to “assess[] 19 partners’ capabilities.” Id. at 99. Again, Plaintiff did not highlight any

specific Azerbaijan Mission accomplishments. See id.

       E.      Plaintiff’s Promotion Board Ranking for the 2020 Promotion Cycle

       As noted, in the 2020 promotion cycle, only the top 18-ranked candidates were promoted.

Lappin’s Aff., ECF No. 22-11 at 5. The Promotion Board gave Plaintiff a grade of “A” (meaning

he was eligible for promotion) and a score of 3.69, which placed him at rank 22 of 79

                                                15
candidates13—although, because he received the same score as candidates 20 and 21, only one

candidate who scored higher than him (candidate 19) was not promoted. See Promotion Bd. 2020

Rankings, ECF No. 22-15. Candidate 18, the lowest-scoring candidate to be promoted, received

a score of 3.73, effectively making this score the “cutoff point” for promotion. Id. Plaintiff’s score

of 3.69 placed him below the cutoff point, then, by 0.04—or about 1.1% of his score.

                              II.       LEGAL STANDARDS

        A.      Summary Judgment

        Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party demonstrates that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A fact is material if it ‘might affect the outcome of the suit under

the governing law,’ and a dispute about a material fact is genuine ‘if the evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” Steele v. Schafer, 535 F.3d 689,

692 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). Ini-

tially, the moving party has the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine dispute as to any

material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).

        Once the moving party has met this burden, the non-moving party must designate “specific

facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 324. In order to establish that a fact is

or is not genuinely disputed, a party must (a) cite specific parts of the record—including deposition

testimony, documentary evidence, affidavits or declarations, or other competent evidence—in sup-

port of its position, or (b) demonstrate that the materials relied upon by the opposing party do not

actually establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). While

13
  The top-ranked candidate received a score of 4.23, and the bottom-ranked candidate—candidate number 79—re-
ceived a score of 1.92. Id.

                                                    16
the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all

reasonable inferences in the non-movant’s favor, Grosdidier v. Broad. Bd. of Governors, 709 F.3d

19, 23–24 (D.C. Cir. 2013), the non-moving party must show more than “[t]he mere existence of

a scintilla of evidence in support of” his or her position; instead, “there must be evidence on which

the jury could reasonably find” for the non-moving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. Moreover,

the non-moving party “‘may not rest upon mere allegation or denials of his pleading’ but must

present ‘affirmative evidence’ showing a genuine issue for trial.” Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813

F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256–57); Ass’n of Flight Attend-

ants–CWA, AFL–CIO v. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465–66 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (conclusory

assertions without support from record evidence cannot create a genuine dispute). Indeed, a mov-

ing party may succeed on summary judgment simply by pointing to the absence of evidence prof-

fered by the non-moving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249–50 (“If the [non-movant’s] evidence

is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” (internal

citations omitted)).

        It is well-established that “[c]redibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and

the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge at sum-

mary judgment.” Barnett v. PA Consulting Grp., Inc., 715 F.3d 354, 358 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting

Kronemann v. Donovan, 601 F.3d 599, 604 (D.C. Cir. 2010)). Indeed, a court’s role in deciding a

summary judgment motion is not to “determine the truth of the matter, but instead [to] decide only

whether there is a genuine dispute for trial.” Id. Moreover, district courts approach summary

judgment motions in employment discrimination or retaliatory action cases with “special caution”

due to the “potential difficulty for a plaintiff . . . to uncover clear proof of discrimination or retal-

iatory intent.” Nurriddin v. Bolden, 40 F. Supp. 3d 104, 115 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Aka v. Wash.

                                                   17
Hosp. Ctr., 116 F.3d 876, 879–80 (D.C. Cir. 1997), vacated on other grounds, 156 F.3d 1284

(D.C. Cir. 1998) (en banc)). Nonetheless, a plaintiff is still obligated to support his or her allega-

tions by competent evidence. Id. Accordingly, a plaintiff may not avoid summary judgment

through “conclusory allegations and speculation.” Id.

       B.      “Cat’s Paw” Discrimination Under Title VII

       Following Judge Contreras’ order on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, the only remaining

viable theory in this case is one of “cat’s paw” discrimination, which the Supreme Court recog-

nized in Staub, 562 U.S. 411. That case arose in the context of a claim under the Uniformed

Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994, but the D.C. Circuit has acknowl-

edged its applicability in the Title VII context. See Burley v. Nat’l Passenger Rail Corp., 801 F.3d

290, 297 & n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2015). “Under a cat's-paw theory of discrimination, an employer may

be held liable for discriminatory acts by a direct supervisor—even where that supervisor is not the

final decisionmaker—if ‘[1] [the] supervisor performs an act motivated by [discriminatory] ani-

mus [2] that is intended by the supervisor to cause an adverse employment action, and . . . [3] that

act is a proximate cause of the ultimate employment action.’” Morris v. McCarthy, 825 F.3d 658,

668 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (alterations in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Staub, 562 U.S. at 422).

                                 III.      DISCUSSION

       In his Memorandum Opinion granting in part and denying in part Defendant’s Motion to

Dismiss, Judge Contreras ruled that Plaintiff’s discriminatory non-promotion claim was the only

theory to survive the Motion to Dismiss, and that it was viable only under the “cat’s paw” theory

of discrimination. See ECF No. 12 at 5, 12, 16. At summary judgment, the question for the court

analyzing a “cat’s paw” theory of liability under Title VII is whether “a reasonable jury could find

that the plaintiff has met the three prongs of cat’s-[p]aw liability that the Supreme Court articulated

in Staub v. Proctor Hospital.” Brandli v. Micrus Endovascular Corp., 209 F. Supp. 3d 356, 362

                                                  18
n.4 (D.D.C. 2016), aff’d, 709 F. App’x 7 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (per curiam); see Mem. Supp. Def.’s

Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 22-1 at 18–19. As discussed below, the Court concludes that a reasonable

jury could find that Plaintiff has met the three prongs of the Staub test.

        A.      Did Meredith Perform an Act Motivated by Discriminatory Animus?

        The first prong of the Staub test asks whether a supervisor has performed an act that is

motivated by discriminatory animus. Morris, 825 F.3d at 668. Here, Plaintiff alleges that the first

element of the Staub test is met because Meredith caused his job duties to be reduced in November

2017 expressly because of his Armenian national origin. Am. Compl., ECF No. 7, ¶ 8; Pl.’s Opp’n,

ECF No. 23 at 5. To be precise, Plaintiff claims that Arellano—Plaintiff’s supervisor—“fol-

low[ed] [Meredith’s] orders” to restrict his duties with respect to the Azerbaijan Mission because

of his national origin. Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 57. Defendant does not contest

the point in its motion for summary judgment, focusing instead on the second and third Staub

factors. See Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 24 at 4 (stating that the “first prong of the cat’s paw analysis

set forth in Staub . . . is not at issue in Defendant’s motion because Plaintiff has undisputedly failed

the second and third prongs of the analysis”).

        The Court concludes that there is sufficient evidence in the record for a reasonable jury to

find in Plaintiff’s favor on this issue, thereby satisfying the first Staub prong. Plaintiff’s allegations

are supported not only by his own statements, but also those of Arellano, who claims personal

knowledge of what Meredith did and why she did it. See Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2

at 17 (stating that Meredith asserted that “[b]ased on some discussions she’s ha[d] with her staff,

[Plaintiff’s] coverage of the [Azerbaijan] mission will cause mental difficulties” and “she preferred

that Robert [Arellano] covers her mission and not [Plaintiff]”); Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5

at 7–8 (making the same allegation); Arellano’s Aff., ECF No. 22-7 at 4–5 (stating that Meredith

suggested “that [Plaintiff] be kept in the background [on Azerbaijan] and concentrate on the other

                                                   19
two Missions in the region”), 6 (stating that “there was no pretext” for the reduction in Plaintiff’s

duties because “Meredith’s stated reason for requesting that [Plaintiff] not be seen to be working

on Azerbaijan issues was his national origin”). There is, of course, a sharp factual dispute between

what Plaintiff and Arellano say occurred, and Meredith’s version of events, wherein she denies

that she ever discriminated against him on the basis of his national origin, or that she did anything

to limit Plaintiff’s duties with respect to the Azerbaijan Mission. See Meredith’s Aff., ECF No.

22-10 at 3 (stating that Plaintiff’s “nationality never became an issue, and I never witnessed any

discrimination against [Plaintiff] by the staff, so I am very surprised about this complaint”), 5

(stating she was “completely surprised” at the claim that she asked that Plaintiff not support the

Azerbaijan Mission, that she “never told anyone that [Plaintiff’s] nationality would cause mental

difficulties for my staff,” and that Plaintiff was neither “taken off the Azerbaijan portfolio” nor

“sidelined from participation”). As Defendant’s motion implicitly recognizes, determining which

version of events is to be credited falls within the province of the jury and is inappropriate for

summary judgment. See Barnett, 715 F.3d at 358 (“Credibility determinations . . . are jury func-

tions, not those of a judge at summary judgment.”).

       B.      Did Meredith Intend to Cause Plaintiff to Suffer an Adverse Employment Ac-
               tion?

       The second prong of the Staub test asks whether the discriminatory act performed by the

supervisor was intended to cause an adverse employment action. Morris, 825 F.3d at 668. As the

Staub Court made clear, a plaintiff does not establish liability merely by asserting that the super-

visor was reckless or negligent in causing the subsequent adverse employment action. See Staub,

562 U.S. at 417 (“Intentional torts such as this, ‘as distinguished from negligent or reckless torts[,]

. . . generally require that the actor intend “the consequences of an act,” not simply “the act it-

self.”’” (alterations in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57,

                                                  20
61–62 (2011))). “Under traditional tort law” principles, “intent” in this context “denotes[s] that

the actor desires to cause the consequences of his act, or that he believes the consequences are

substantially certain to result from it.” Staub, 562 U.S. at 422 & n.3 (quoting Restatement (Second)

of Torts, § 8A (1965)).

         To satisfy that prong, Plaintiff argues that when Meredith directed that his Azerbaijan Mis-

sion duties be reduced because of his Armenian origin, she “intended to hamper Plaintiff’s promo-

tion prospects in the future,” or “knew . . . that the plausible outcome of her decision . . . could

result in him not being promoted at a later date.”14 See Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 23 at 7–8. When

denying Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, Judge Contreras found, consistent with the legal standard

above, that “Meredith’s actions had the alleged effect of depriving Melkumyan the ‘building

blocks’ needed for a later promotion, and a factfinder could reasonably infer [from the facts alleged

in the Amended Complaint] that she and the other supervisors understood that to be the practical

impact of her decision at the time,” thereby satisfying the second Staub prong. Mem. Op., ECF

No. 12 at 15.

         Although the Court believes this Staub prong remains “a closer call” than the first, id. at

15, it finds that there is sufficient evidence in the record for a reasonable jury to conclude that

Meredith intended to cause Plaintiff’s non-promotion when she allegedly caused the reduction in

his job duties, or that she believed his future non-promotion was “substantially certain to result

14
  Plaintiff seems to suggest an alternative argument in his opposition—that he could satisfy the second Staub prong
merely by establishing Meredith’s intent to cause the intermediate adverse employment action (i.e., here, the reduction
of his job duties) without any showing that she intended the ultimate employment action at issue (i.e., his future non-
promotion). See Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 23 at 7 (“The cat’s paw theory does not specify that Plaintiff prove that Mer-
edith’s actions cause the specific adverse employment action . . . , merely that it was intended to cause ‘an adverse
employment action.’” (emphasis added)). Plaintiff mentions that theory only in passing and cites no authority to
support it. See id. “In this circuit, ‘[i]t is not enough merely to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way,
leaving the court to do counsel's work, create the ossature for the argument, and put flesh on its bones.’” Davis v.
Pension Ben. Guar. Corp., 734 F.3d 1161, 1166–67 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Consol. Edison
Co. of N.Y. v. FERC, 510 F.3d 333, 340 (D.C. Cir. 2007)). Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiff has forfeited the
argument.

                                                          21
from it.” Staub, 562 U.S. at 422 & n.3 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 8A (1965)).

There is enough evidence for Plaintiff to prove at trial each of the material factual allegations he

made in the Amended Complaint, which Judge Contreras found sufficient to state a claim: that at

a meeting with Meredith and Arellano in November 2017, Plaintiff was prohibited from carrying

out certain Regional Controller duties with respect to the Azerbaijan Mission expressly because

he was of Armenian origin, Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 7-8, 10; that the resulting reduc-

tion in his job duties encompassed one third of his job and involved critical responsibilities with

respect to financial management and fiduciary oversight of taxpayer-funded programs in Azerbai-

jan, id. at 8; see also Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 26–27; that the reduction in duties

stretched across multiple supervisors and lasted from November 2017 through the 2020 promotion

selection cycle, Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 9; Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at

7, 20, 39–40, 44-45; that upper-level USAID management did not assist him with obtaining a visa

to travel to Azerbaijan to perform his essential job functions, after Azerbaijan denied him a travel

visa, Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 8–9; and that Plaintiff was denied a promotion during

the 2020 promotion cycle, id. at 3–4.

       To be clear, most of those facts are disputed, see supra Sections I.A & I.B, and a reasonable

jury could assess the record and the relative strength of the parties’ evidence, resolve those disputes

in Defendant’s favor, and find against Plaintiff. But a reasonable jury could also credit Plaintiff’s

evidence over Defendant’s and find it sufficient to prove the second Staub factor. That is, a rea-

sonable jury could find that Meredith knowingly deprived Plaintiff of the essential functions of

one third of his job in November 2017, and reasonably infer that she understood, having herself

risen through the ranks in her 25 years at USAID, that doing so would deny him the “building

blocks” he needed for promotion, to use Judge Contreras’s words. See Mem. Op., ECF No. 12 at

                                                  22
15; Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 2; Bryson v. Chicago State Univ., 96 F.3d 912, 917 (7th

Cir. 1996) (“Depriving someone of the building blocks for such a promotion . . . is just as serious

as depriving her of the job itself.”). Stated another way, a reasonable jury could infer from those

facts that Meredith believed that Plaintiff’s future non-promotion was substantially certain to result

from her causing him to lose a third of his job duties in November 2017.

       Seeking to avoid that result, Defendant highlights Plaintiff’s deposition testimony stating

his view that Meredith did not possess such an intent. Mem. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF

No. 22-1 at 20. Specifically, when Plaintiff was asked whether he “believe[d] that . . . Meredith

intended to hurt [his] future chances of promotion” when she allegedly told Arellano in November

2017 that she did not want Plaintiff working on “Azerbaijani issues,” Plaintiff stated, “I don’t think

she took that into consideration, no.” Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 19. According to

Defendant, “Plaintiff’s concession[] end[s] the inquiry” as to the second Staub prong. Mem. Supp.

Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 22-1 at 23. The Court disagrees. The critical inquiry is not what

Plaintiff believes Meredith thought, but what Meredith actually understood and intended at the

time. On that issue, Plaintiff is not the best witness; as he also testified, he “can’t speak to her

state of mind.” Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 19. Just as a Title VII plaintiff’s bare

bones subjective belief that a supervisor bore a discriminatory intent is “wholly insufficient to

establish an inference of discrimination,” so too is Plaintiff’s unadorned belief concerning Mere-

dith’s intent. Glass v. Lahood, 786 F. Supp. 2d 189, 218 (D.D.C. 2011). If confronted by his

deposition “concession” at trial, a reasonable jury could be expected to understand that and not

accord Plaintiff the status of mind reader. Indeed, in assessing Plaintiff’s credibility, a reasonable

jury may find him more trustworthy precisely because such statements show him to be a measured

witness, even to a fault.

                                                 23
        Also misplaced is Defendant’s reliance on the alleged intent of supervisors other than Mer-

edith who Defendant asserts “wholeheartedly supported Plaintiff’s application for promotion.”

Mem. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 22-1 at 21–23. What matters for Plaintiff’s theory

under the second Staub factor is what Meredith thought—what her intent was with respect to his

future promotion potential when she allegedly caused the reduction in his job duties on the basis

of his national origin.15 See Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 23 at 7–8 (arguing as to the second Staub factor

that “Meredith intended to hamper [his] promotion prospects in the future,” or “Meredith knew

she was acting in a discriminatory manner and that the plausible outcome of her decision to restrict

[his] job duties solely on the basis of his national origin could result in him not being promoted at

a later date.” (emphasis added)). On that score, Meredith may turn out to be the best witness—or

the worst—depending on one’s perspective. There is a sharp disagreement in the record between

what she says occurred in November 2017 and what Plaintiff and Arellano say happened. While

Meredith admits that she knew Plaintiff was of “Armenian heritage,” she denies his other material

allegations. That is, she denies (1) that her Azerbaijan Mission staff had any “concerns” with him

because of his national origin or that she ever “told anyone that [his] nationality would cause men-

tal difficulties for [her] staff,” Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 3, 5; (2) that she “sidelined [him]

from participation [in] the Azerbaijan portfolio” or that any “requests were made to limit [his]

involvement with the Azerbaijan portfolio in anyway,” id. at 3, 5; and (3) that his “inability to

travel [to Azerbaijan because of the denial of his visa] prevented him from carrying out his duties,”

id. at 7.16 Rather, Meredith states that she “reported to Mr. Arellano that it would be fine for

15
   Notably, while it is true that some of Plaintiff’s supervisors supported his promotion, there is no evidence that
Meredith did so. See Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 3 (stating that she “had no involvement” in Plaintiff’s 2020
promotion process and had “no interaction with [him] after June 2018”).
16
   There also appears to be a factual dispute as to whether Meredith could have done more to encourage Azerbaijan to
issue Plaintiff a travel visa, in part by using Section 666 of the Foreign Assistance Act, which bars the U.S. from
giving foreign assistance funds to a country that “objects to the presence of any officer or employee of the United

                                                        24
[Plaintiff] to support the [Azerbaijan] Mission,” and “[a]s far as [she was] concerned, [his] nation-

ality never became an issue, [she] never witnessed any discrimination against [him] by the staff,”

and she is “completely stunned that [he] would say otherwise.” Id. at 5, 6.

         If the jury finds Meredith’s testimony credible, no doubt Plaintiff will lose at trial. On the

other hand, a rational jury could credit Plaintiff’s version of events and conclude that Meredith is

being untruthful. As a result, if she denies at trial that she had no intent to harm his future promo-

tion potential (or would not understand that his non-promotion was substantially certain to result

from reducing his job duties by a third)—as she likely will, given her statements to date17—the

jury may choose to disbelieve her denial of that critical issue as well, thereby substantially assisting

Plaintiff in meeting his burden with respect to the second Staub factor. See Aka v. Wash. Hosp.

Ctr., 156 F.3d at 1293 (“[A] a lie is evidence of consciousness of guilt. The jury can conclude that

an employer who fabricates a false explanation has something to hide; that ‘something’ may well

be discriminatory intent.”).

         When viewed through that lens—that is, the lens of a jury skeptical of Meredith’s testi-

mony—Plaintiff’s assertion that she “high-fived” Arellano during the November 2017 meeting

States who is present in such country for the purpose of carrying out any program of economic development assistance
authorized by the provisions of this chapter, on the basis of . . . national origin . . . of such officer or employee.” 22
U.S.C. § 2426(b); compare Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 8 (stating that “neither USAID nor the U.S. Embassy
in Baku took any action that I could see to rectify the situation” of the visa denial) and Arellano’s Aff., ECF No. 22-
7 at 6 (stating that USAID could have put pressure on Azerbaijan to issue a visa to the Plaintiff and “so far as I know,
it was not done”) with Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 7 (stating that her “office worked with the embassy staff
and tried to get [Plaintiff] to Azerbaijan,” and that her “Acting Mission Director brought the issue up with the Embassy
Front Office . . . and [they] were working to get an official explanation from the Azerbaijan government as to what
the issue was”) and Singh’s Aff., ECF No. 22-6 at 5 (stating that “[t]o the extent [Plaintiff] believes [Meredith] had
something to do with his inability to obtain a visa from the Azerbaijan government, I do not believe this is true. Many
people at USAID . . . worked on trying to get him a visa . . . [but] the Azerbaijan security services considered him a
security risk”). If Plaintiff’s version of events is credited, that could be further evidence of Meredith’s discriminatory
intent.
17
   See Meredith’s Aff., ECF No. 22-10 at 8 (stating that she “did not see any discrimination holding [Plaintiff] back
in term of his professional development when [she] was in Azerbaijan”).

                                                           25
immediately after causing Plaintiff’s job duties to be substantially reduced takes on more force. A

rational jury that believes Plaintiff’s version of events could determine that such a “celebration of

taking away a substantial portion of [his] job duties” because of his Armenian heritage—to use

Plaintiff’s words—reflects poorly on Meredith and on her intent when she caused that reduction.

Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 23 at 3; see also Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 17 (stating that

Meredith “jumped up with joy” after Arellano agreed to cover Plaintiff’s Azerbaijan duties and

high-fived Arellano “right in front of [him]”).

       In sum, considering the record “taken as a whole,” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986), and drawing “all justifiable inferences” in Plaintiff’s favor

as it must at this stage, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, the Court concludes that there is sufficient

evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude that Meredith intended Plaintiff’s future non-promo-

tion—that is, that she either desired it or was substantially certain that the reduction in his job

duties would cause that result.

       C.      Was the Reduction of Plaintiff’s Duties a Proximate Cause of his Non-Promo-
               tion?

       The final prong of the Staub analysis asks whether the allegedly discriminatory act “is a

proximate cause of the ultimate employment action.” Morris, 825 F.3d at 668 (quoting Staub, 562

U.S. at 422). Under the traditional tort doctrine of proximate cause, an actor is liable for a harm

only where the “actor’s conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another,” even if

“the actor neither foresaw nor should have foreseen the extent of the harm or the manner in which

it occurred,” as long as it was not “highly extraordinary that [the conduct] should have brought

about the [ultimate] harm.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 435; see Staub, 562 U.S. at 419 n.2

(citing Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 435, 435B and cmt. a). That said, “[p]roximate cause

requires only ‘some direct relation between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged,’

                                                  26
and excludes only those ‘link[s] that [are] too remote, purely contingent, or indirect.’” Staub, 562

U.S. at 419 (second and third alteration in original) (quoting Hemi Group, LLC v. City of New

York, 559 U.S. 1, 9 (2010)). “[G]enerally, the existence of proximate cause is ‘a factual issue for

the jury.’” Cobb v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., No. 20-cv-3522, 2023 WL 3231443, at *5

(D.D.C. May 3, 2023). Indeed, “only in ‘exceptional cases,’” where “‘the evidence . . . will not

support a rational finding of proximate cause’ by any reasonable jury,” may a court decide the

question of proximate cause on a summary judgment motion. Id. (alteration in original) (first

quoting Democracy Partners v. Project Veritas Action Fund, 453 F. Supp. 3d 261, 275 (D.D.C.

2020), then quoting District of Columbia v. Freeman, 477 A.2d 713, 716 (D.C. 1984)).

       Applying those principles, the Court finds that this is not the exceptional case where no

reasonable jury could find in the plaintiff’s favor on the issue of proximate cause. Plaintiff here

has produced sufficient evidence to prove that the allegedly discriminatory reduction of his duties

in November 2017 was a “substantial factor” in, or bore “some direct relation” to, his non-promo-

tion in 2020 promotion cycle. Defendant objects to this conclusion, arguing that it is speculative

as to whether the reduction of Plaintiff’s duties in 2017 caused his non-promotion some two-and-

a-half years later. Mem. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 22-1 at 24. Defendant points to

Plaintiff’s own description of his non-promotion claim in his opposition brief—that, but for the

discriminatory diminution of his duties in 2017, his “evaluations could have been stronger, which

in turn could have resulted in [him] getting a higher ranking, which in turn could have led to a

promotion” in 2020—as demonstrating that imagining such an “alternative universe” is “too re-

mote . . . to establish proximate cause.” Id. at 24, 26.

       While a jury may reach that conclusion in this case and find for Defendant, the Court finds

that a rational jury could also reach the opposite result and find for Plaintiff on the issue of

                                                 27
proximate cause. As an initial matter, Defendant’s suggestion that Plaintiff’s non-promotion claim

is too attenuated because “two-and-a-half years elapsed between the reduction of [his] duties and

the Promotion Board’s consideration of Plaintiff’s application,” rests on a disputed premise. Id.

at 25. According to Plaintiff’s version of events, the discriminatory reduction of his duties did not

stop soon after it started in November 2017, leaving a long temporal gap prior to him seeking a

promotion two-and-a-half years later. Rather, Plaintiff says the reduction in duties endured and

stretched over that entire period of time. See Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 7, 20, 39,

44–45; Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 9. While there is a factual dispute on that point—

Meredith claims that she never caused any reduction in Plaintiff’s duties, see Meredith’s Aff., ECF

No. 22-10 at 3, 5–7, and Singh states there were “no issues with [Plaintiff’s] ability to perform his

duties related to Azerbaijan” once Singh became Mission Director in July 2018, see Singh’s Aff.,

ECF No. 22-6 at 2, 6—a reasonable jury could choose to believe Plaintiff’s testimony about his

own job and find that there was no temporal gap between the allegedly discriminatory reduction

in his duties and the 2020 promotion cycle.

       Further, the Court finds unpersuasive the suggestion that the ongoing diminution in Plain-

tiff’s duties as Deputy Regional Controller, if believed, would be too insubstantial to support a

reasonable jury’s finding that it was “a proximate cause” of his non-promotion in 2020. Morris,

825 F.3d at 668 (quoting Staub, 562 U.S. at 422). As a general matter, the impediment to advance-

ment that Plaintiff claims the discrimination created was not insignificant. Plaintiff asserts that

following the November 9, 2017 meeting, he was “left out of the information loop by the rest of

the Azerbaijan Mission on critical Controller and Senior Management related issues, or dismissed

and simply told to stand down when [he] made inquiries.” Melkumyan’s Aff., ECF No. 22-5 at 8.

He testified at his deposition that “since [he] was not allowed to work directly with” USAID’s

                                                 28
partners in Azerbaijan, he “could not have any accomplishments that were worthy of a promotion

that related to Azerbaijan.” Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 27.18 Plaintiff says that, for

Controllers like himself, “promotion-worthy accomplishments” consist of working directly with

foreign counterparts (i.e., foreign auditors and accountants) to strengthen their financial manage-

ment capacity and to provide financial oversight over U.S. taxpayer funds provided by USAID.

Id. at 26–27. According to Plaintiff, such “promotion-worthy accomplishments” could not be ac-

complished remotely, but “required [Controllers] to go there”—to go to the foreign country and to

interact directly with USAID’s foreign oversight partners. Id. at 61. Plaintiff asserts that because

of the discrimination he allegedly faced, he could not do so with respect to the Azerbaijan Mission,

which effectively denied him promotion opportunities for “one third of [his] portfolio.” Id. at 27.

        Again, many of those facts are disputed. But assuming that the jury finds Plaintiff credible,

and taking all reasonable inferences in his favor as is required at this stage, the Court finds that a

reasonable jury could determine that hobbling Plaintiff for two-and-a-half years from doing any-

thing promotion worthy for one third of his job would be a “substantial factor” in, or at least bear

“some direct relation” to, the non-promotion decision that evaluated his accomplishments during

the period when he was so encumbered. See Bryson, 96 F.3d at 917 (“Depriving someone of the

building blocks for such a promotion, if that is what a trier of fact thinks [the defendant] did, is

just as serious as depriving her of the job itself.”).

        That conclusion, if reached by the jury, would find support in Plaintiff’s 2020 promotion

package. In it, both Plaintiff and his evaluators make repeated reference to his accomplishments

18
   The Court would note that whether the Government of Azerbaijan’s denial of Plaintiff’s travel visa may be an
independent cause of his inability to achieve “promotion worthy” accomplishments with respect to the Azerbaijan
Mission—separate and apart from Meredith’s alleged discriminatory acts—or whether the Defendant should be held
responsible for Azerbaijan’s decision because Meredith or other USAID representatives effectively ratified it through
their action or inaction, are all disputed issues of fact. See supra Section I.A. Because neither of those issues was
raised by either party during summary judgment briefing, the Court will not address them further here.

                                                        29
with respect to the Missions in Georgia and Armenia. The promotion materials are almost entirely

silent about any accomplishments he achieved specifically with respect to the Azerbaijan Mission.

See generally Melkumyan’s 2020 Promotion Package, ECF No. 22-14. For example, in the “Lead-

ership” section of his Promotion Input Form, Plaintiff highlighted his work in Georgia; Azerbaijan

is not mentioned. Id. at 8. In the “Understanding of and Ability to Advance the Agency Mission”

section, Plaintiff described his work in Armenia; again, Azerbaijan is not mentioned. Id. at 10. In

the “Professionalism” section, Plaintiff described his work in both Georgia and Armenia but not

in Azerbaijan. Id. at 9. In the “Results and Impact Focused” section, while Plaintiff described his

strengthening of internal controls in “all three client Missions,” the bottom of the section provided

space for him to list two “example” locations. See id. Plaintiff listed Georgia and Armenia, not

Azerbaijan. Id. Similarly, in the “Rating Official Input” section, Plaintiff’s supervisor highlighted

contributions that Plaintiff made to improve the Regional Office’s financial operations and other

notable achievements in Armenia and Georgia. Id. at 11. Azerbaijan is not mentioned. Id. Fi-

nally, in the “Significant Contributions and Accomplishments” section of Plaintiff’s 2018–2019

and 2019–2020 AARs, Plaintiff explicitly highlighted his achievements with the governments of

Armenia and Georgia. Id. at 26, 99. Again, Azerbaijan is not specifically mentioned. Id.19

19
   The only specific reference to the Azerbaijan Mission involved—as Plaintiff testified in his deposition—his attempt
to turn the “challenge of being unable to travel to Azerbaijan into a strength.” Mem. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J.,
ECF No. 22-1 at 25 (quoting Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 59). To “overcome this challenge,” Plaintiff
stated in the 2019-2020 AAR that he:

         developed the systems and standard operating procedures . . . to provide [the Regional Office of
         Financial Management] services [to the Azerbaijan Mission] remotely, which later received over
         90% satisfaction rate from USAID/Azerbaijan staff and laid the foundation for unprecedented 100%
         telework due to COVID-19.

ECF No. 22-14 at 29 (emphasis added). The government—unwisely, in the Court’s estimation—argues that because
Plaintiff “testified that he transformed his difficulties with Azerbaijan into a strength” he cannot demonstrate that the
restriction on his duties proximately caused his non-promotion, since those restrictions “helped his promotion pack-
age.” Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 24 at 13. A reasonable jury may find distasteful the government trying to insulate itself

                                                          30
         Thus, there were multiple opportunities in the promotion package for Plaintiff to showcase

his accomplishments related to the Azerbaijan Mission—as he did repeatedly with respect to his

work with the Missions in Georgia and Armenia—but he did not do so. Plaintiff says the reason

for the omission is simple: the alleged discrimination denied him any “promotion worthy” oppor-

tunities with respect to Azerbaijan. Melkumyan’s Dep. Tr., ECF No. 23-2 at 26–27, 62–63. De-

fendant’s questioning of Plaintiff during his deposition suggests its view of the omission is equally

straightforward: Plaintiff’s job duties were unencumbered by discrimination, and he simply did

not do anything particularly “promotion worthy” with respect to Azerbaijan. See id. at 48–63.

Assuming the jury believes Plaintiff’s version of events and credits his undisputed success as a

Regional Controller in Georgia and Armenia,20 it could reasonably infer that he would have had

similar success in the Azerbaijan Mission absent the discrimination, thus adding to his package’s

“promotion worthy” accomplishments.

         Whether the addition of those achievements would have been enough to earn Plaintiff a

promotion to FS-02 in the 2020 cycle is somewhat harder to discern. Perhaps in another case,

where the gap between the promoted and the non-promoted is larger, the case would not make it

to the jury. Here, however, where it is undisputed that Plaintiff was deemed “promotion eligible”

by the Promotion Board and there is evidence that only a fractional difference separated him from

from liability by taking advantage of Plaintiff’s attempt to make the best of the untenable position he says its alleged
discriminatory conduct caused.
20
   Similarly, it does not necessary follow—as Defendant suggests—from the fact that Plaintiff received awards and
“glowing performance appraisals and recommendations” from his other supervisors that any alleged discriminatory
restriction on his duties could not have proximately caused his non-promotion. Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 24 at 13; Mem.
Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 22-1 at 21–22, 25. Because Plaintiff did very well in his other assignments—
which the government does not contest—it would be reasonable for a jury to infer that more of the same would have
resulted had he not been allegedly denied the opportunity to do his job in Azerbaijan, thereby adding to his “promotion
worthy” accomplishments.

                                                          31
those who were promoted, the Court believes that a reasonable jury could find that the absence of

“promotion worthy” achievements in Azerbaijan was a “substantial factor” in, or at least bore

“some direct relation” to, his non-promotion in 2020. Again, the Promotion Board gave Plaintiff

an overall score of 3.69, which was only 0.04 below the 2020 promotion cutoff point of 3.73 for

the 18 candidates who were promoted—a difference of just over 1%. See Promotion Bd. 2020

Rankings, ECF No. 22-15. Based on that record, the Court cannot say as a matter of law that it

“‘will not support a rational finding of proximate cause’ by any reasonable jury.” Cobb, 2023 WL

3231443, at *5 (quoting Freeman, 477 A.2d at 716).

       For all these reasons, the Court concludes that a reasonable jury could find that Meredith’s

alleged discriminatory act—causing the reduction of Plaintiff’s duties with respect to the Azerbai-

jan Mission—was a proximate cause of Plaintiff’s non-promotion in 2020, satisfying the third

Staub prong.

                               IV.      CONCLUSION

       Because the Court has found there are triable issues of fact as to each of the three Staub

prongs, the Court concludes that there remain genuine issues of material fact in this case and that

Defendant is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Therefore, it is hereby

       ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 22, is DENIED.

       SO ORDERED.

Date: March 26, 2024

                                                 G. MICHAEL HARVEY
                                                 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

                                                32