Court Opinion

ID: 9949714
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-12 14:16:29.409963+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:47.179991
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Malveaux, Raphael and Senior Judge Petty
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              DANNY LEE HUFFMAN
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 0765-22-2                                   JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                 MARCH 12, 2024
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
                                                   Ricardo Rigual, Judge

                               Scott Seguin (Laura Razzuri; Calderon Seguin, on brief), for
                               appellant.

                               Elizabeth Kiernan Fitzgerald, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S.
                               Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                      A jury convicted Danny Lee Huffman of two counts of first-degree murder and two counts

              of using a firearm in the commission of a felony. The trial court sentenced Huffman to a total of

              206 years’ incarceration with all but 48 years suspended. On appeal, Huffman argues that the trial

              court erred in excluding evidence of the victims’ criminal history, admitting certain expert

              testimony, and refusing to instruct the jury on imperfect self-defense. For the following reasons, we

              affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                        BACKGROUND1

                      On the evening of July 4, 2020, Danny Huffman and his son Austin were returning from the

              home of Huffman’s girlfriend, Karen Moncayo. Huffman, a heavy drinker who regularly drank 40

                      *
                          This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
                      1
                        “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in
              the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Carter v.
              Commonwealth, 300 Va. 371, 374 (2021).
beers daily, had been drinking since the early morning hours while he worked on a construction

project. He consumed 6 beers on the site between approximately 6:00 a.m. and noon, and

purchased a 24-pack of beer on his way to Moncayo’s home. While he was at Moncayo’s, the pair

got into a heated argument. Huffman had tried to use a knife to remove a tattoo of her name,

causing an injury that continued to bleed as he drove back to his house.

        As Huffman and Austin approached home, they encountered a black Camaro occupied by

Joe and Fred Swick. The Camaro was driving aggressively, “cutting them off in the middle of the

road, [and] brake checking them.” When Huffman attempted to pass the Camaro, it blocked the

other lane to stop him, prompting an enraged Huffman to trade profanities with the Swick brothers.

Later, the Camaro stopped in the middle of the roadway, forcing Huffman to stop behind it. He

exited his vehicle and approached the Camaro, drew his firearm, and fired a warning shot into the

woods. Huffman then returned to his vehicle, drove home, and stopped at his mailbox.

        The Camaro followed Huffman as he drove, and parked near his stopped car. Huffman

approached and, following an exchange of words, again drew his Smith & Wesson firearm. He

fired 12 rounds into the Camaro, killing the unarmed Swick brothers.

        Afterward, Huffman returned to his vehicle, secured his weapon, and finished his drive

home. He instructed his son to call an attorney while he tossed the Smith & Wesson into a pond on

his property. Huffman then called 911, dropped his knife in a bathroom floor vent, and waited for

officers to arrive.

        Detective Perkins with the Spotsylvania County Sheriff’s Office processed the crime scene

and recovered 12 cartridge casings “directly beside the passenger window” of the Camaro. He also

photographed the victims as they were found; Fred Swick in the passenger’s seat, and Joe in the

driver’s seat. The Camaro’s rear seat was full of various items, including a cooler of beer. Notably,

no weapons were found in the vehicle.

                                                -2-
       Detective Perkins executed a search warrant on Huffman’s property, where he recovered

ammunition, knives, a bloody towel, and a Derringer pistol. Detective Jacques found a box of

cartridges in Huffman’s home consistent with those found by the Camaro, and located “some loose

cartridges and some boxes of ammunition,” in Huffman’s vehicle. Detective Handy recovered a

pocketknife with a “reddish brown substance on the end . . . consistent with dry blood.” He took

pictures of a wound on Huffman’s tattooed arm, which was “more consistent with a slicing” than a

stabbing. At the officers’ request, Huffman led them to the pond to recover his Smith & Wesson.

       Dr. Jennifer Bowers performed the autopsies, and found that Fred and Joe received a

combined total of 19 gunshot wounds. Fred suffered nine wounds: one to his face, six to his torso,

and two to his extremities. Joe sustained ten wounds: one to the chest, four to the abdomen, one to

the lower-left abdominal quadrant, and four to his extremities. Most of the gunshot wounds came

from a downward trajectory.

       Two separate Spotsylvania County grand juries indicted Huffman for the two murder

charges and for the two charges for use of a firearm in the commission of a felony. In a pre-trial

motion, the Commonwealth moved the trial court to exclude evidence of the Swick brothers’

criminal convictions. These convictions included Joe’s 22-year-old conviction for forcible sodomy

and Fred’s post-2000 convictions of assault, theft, fraud, failure to appear, various drug-related

charges, and traffic matters—including hit and run and eluding the police. With the exception of

Fred’s hit and run, the trial court excluded all of the Swick brothers’ convictions, finding they were

not “relevant in any way” to Huffman’s case. In doing so, the trial court determined that Huffman

had not shown that Joe’s decades-old conviction could “characterize” his conduct toward Huffman

on the evening of the killing. Applying the same logic to Fred, the trial court determined that it had

“heard nothing” to believe that most of Fred’s prior convictions were relevant to his conduct

                                                 -3-
towards Huffman just before his death. The trial court withheld a determination with respect to

Fred’s hit and run conviction, pending additional evidence of its “violent” circumstances.2

       At trial, Huffman claimed that he initially pulled over to offer assistance to the driver of the

Camaro. In response, Joe got out of the Camaro and approached Huffman, gesticulating and

yelling. This behavior prompted Huffman to exit his car and fire a warning shot into the ditch to

“let him know I wasn’t joking.” Huffman claimed that he could see “three more hands” in the

vehicle and believed there was a third occupant. He returned to his car and drove home, stopping at

his mailbox, where the Camaro pulled up beside him and blinded him with its high beams.

Huffman stated he heard someone say, “I’ve got fireworks for you and your son,” which “scared the

shit out of” him. He also felt his arm burning and claimed that he had been stabbed. He said that he

pulled his firearm and fired straight down. He testified that he saw a revolver in the passenger’s

hand and “would not have shot” but for the presence of the gun.

       After the shooting, Huffman and Austin returned home. Huffman testified that he gave his

wallet to Austin and directed him to call an attorney service. He handed his knife and Derringer to

Austin to put on the coffee table in the living room, because the attorney told Huffman to “get all

weapons off” of him. He drank another beer to calm his nerves and went to a pond on his property.

Claiming that he felt “disgusted” by the presence of the Smith & Wesson, Huffman dropped it into

the water.

       Before submitting the evidence to the jury, Huffman sought a jury instruction on “imperfect

self-defense.” The text of the proposed instruction read:

               If fear was adequately and in fact provoked, but is insufficient for
               self defense, the resultant killing is voluntary manslaughter. Thus,
               the fearful killer is a manslaughterer when his fear is produced by

       2
         Though the trial court did not mention every one of Fred’s prior convictions, its written
order excluded “all” prior convictions “addressed at the hearing.”
                                               -4-
                 facts insufficient to make him a self-defender, e.g., the deadly
                 response was unnecessary or the fear was unreasonable.

The trial court rejected this instruction, ruling that the issue was adequately addressed by other

instructions and that it would serve only to confuse the jury.3 During deliberations, the jury asked

“what if we believe there was heat of passion that was provoked by words, can it still be

malicious?” The trial court instructed the jury on the distinction between murder and manslaughter,

the definitions of malice and heat of passion, and that words alone cannot serve as justification for a

heat of passion.

        The jury returned guilty verdicts on all four charges. During sentencing, Huffman again

attempted to introduce evidence of Joe’s prior bad acts.4 The court excluded the evidence, holding

that it “in no way mitigates any culpability on behalf of the defendant” and that there was “no

evidence” “that [Huffman] knew anything about anyone, any one of these people on the night that it

happened.” One of the Commonwealth’s sentencing witnesses, Sandra Kreger, testified that “Joe

respected everybody else,” would “give you his last dime,” “always contributed,” and “never” had

to be asked “to do the right thing.” In response to her testimony and that of Peggy Yonce, Huffman

attempted once more to introduce the prior bad acts evidence to rebut what he contended was

evidence of Joe’s character. The unpersuaded trial court excluded the evidence. The trial court

sentenced Huffman to 206 years’ incarceration with all but 48 years suspended. Huffman appeals.

        3
          The jury was instructed on first-degree murder, second-degree murder, voluntary
manslaughter, malice, heat of passion, voluntary intoxication, self-defense, and the law of necessity,
as well as the right to arm oneself.
        4
            Huffman did not exercise his right to sentencing by a jury. See Code § 19.2-295.
                                                  -5-
                                              ANALYSIS

                               I. Admissibility of Character Evidence

        “It is well-settled that ‘[d]ecisions regarding the admissibility of evidence “lie within the

trial court’s sound discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of

discretion.”’” Nottingham v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 221, 231 (2021) (quoting Blankenship

v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 692, 697 (2019)). “In evaluating whether a trial court abused its

discretion, . . . we do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Rather, we consider only

whether the record fairly supports the trial court’s action.” Kenner v. Commonwealth, 299 Va. 414,

423 (2021) (quoting Carter v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 537, 543 (2017)).

        Generally, “[e]vidence of a person’s character or character trait is not admissible for the

purposes of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion.” Va. R. Evid.

2:404(a). But “where an accused adduces evidence that he acted in self-defense, evidence of

specific acts is admissible to show the character of the decedent for turbulence and violence, even if

the accused is unaware of such character.”5 Carter, 293 Va. at 546 (quoting Barnes v.

Commonwealth, 214 Va. 24, 25 (1973)). “[T]he ultimate issue becomes whether such evidence of

prior conduct was sufficiently connected in time and circumstances . . . as to be likely to

characterize the victim’s conduct toward the defendant.” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting

Barnes, 214 Va. at 25). Stated differently, the test is whether the evidence of prior character is “so

distant in time as to be void of real probative value in showing present character.” Id. (quoting

Barnes, 214 Va. at 25).

        5
         In excluding evidence of Joe’s conviction, the trial court commented on the fact that
Huffman was unaware of Joe’s conviction at the time of the offense. See Carter, 293 Va. at 546
(quoting Barnes v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 24, 25 (1973)).
                                              -6-
        A. At Trial

        Although Huffman proffered the nature and circumstances of Joe’s sodomy conviction, the

trial court was unconvinced that this 22-year-old sex offense “likely characterized” Joe’s conduct

toward Huffman. 6 The trial court found that its relevance for either “time” or “circumstances” was

“nonexistent,” and ruled that the conduct from “such a long time ago, under those circumstances”

was irrelevant. See Carter, 293 Va. at 547 (holding that the trial court properly excluded acts of

violence that occurred between three and ten years before the incident, under substantially different

circumstances). Seeing nothing in the record creating a nexus between this decades-old conviction

and Joe’s conduct towards Huffman on the night of the killing, we cannot say that the record lacks

support for this ruling.

        Turning to the trial court’s ruling regarding Fred’s convictions, we likewise find that the

record supports the court’s relevance ruling. Although not as old as Joe’s prior conviction, Fred’s

were not accompanied with an evidentiary proffer or any other “independent evidence.”

Consequently, the trial court determined that it had “heard nothing” that would lead it to believe that

Fred’s convictions were relevant to the “time” or “circumstances surrounding” the brothers’ deaths,

and excluded them. The sole exception was his hit and run conviction, which the trial court took

under advisement “if it becomes relevant.” Considering the lack of evidence or proffer with

respect to Fred’s other offenses, we cannot say the court was plainly wrong in excluding them.

        B. At Sentencing

        Code § 19.2-295.1 provides that at sentencing, “the defendant may introduce relevant,

admissible evidence related to punishment.” A defendant may present mitigating evidence, which

tends to explain, but not excuse, the crime. Kearney v. Commonwealth, 36 Va. App. 106, 108

        6
          According to Huffman’s proffer, Joe—at the time a juvenile—abducted his victim off
the street before beating and sexually assaulting him. Joe was tried as an adult and served a
15-year sentence.
                                                -7-
(2001). “[D]iscretion is vested in the trial court to determine, subject to the rules of evidence

governing admissibility, the evidence which may be adduced in mitigation of the offense.” Coppola

v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 243, 253 (1979).7 But he may not argue or present evidence of

“residual doubt” at the sentencing phase of the trial. Atkins v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 375, 381

(2000).

          Huffman further assigns error to the trial court’s refusal to admit evidence of Joe’s sodomy

conviction at sentencing. The trial court excluded a letter from Joe’s victim,8 which detailed the

nature of the offense and stated the victim’s belief that Joe deserved his fate. The trial court ruled

the letter was “in no way” relevant, and did not “mitigate” Huffman’s crimes. Given the letter’s

clear message, excusing Joe’s death as deserved, we cannot say that it was improper for the trial

court to rule that it was not proper mitigation evidence.

          Huffman also argues that the letter was admissible to rebut character evidence the

Commonwealth presented at sentencing. In her testimony, Sandra Kreger described Joe as “so

innocent and brand new.”9 She went on to say that “Joe respected everybody else,” would “give

you his last dime,” “always contributed,” and “never” had to be asked “to do the right thing.”

She told the trial court that Joe “was about the truth, and that’s all he ever wanted you to give

him, and that’s all he ever gave anybody else.”

          7
         See Commonwealth v. Shifflett, 257 Va. 34, 43 (1999) (determining that the factors in
mitigation that may be considered in capital murder cases should be available in the determination
of a noncapital sentence under Code § 19.2-295.1).

         The letter was included as an exhibit with Huffman’s sentencing memorandum filed
          8

April 17, 2022.

         Kreger clarified on cross-examination that by “brand new,” she meant “brand new to
          9

her.” In response to her comment that Joe was “innocent,” the trial court permitted Huffman,
over the Commonwealth’s objection, to ask Kreger whether she knew about Joe’s conviction and
whether that affected how she saw him. He did not use the letter or its contents.
                                              -8-
       Peggy Yonce, the victims’ mother, testified that her sons would “give you the shirt off of

their back” before recounting an anecdote where her sons “spent three hours on a hot road

helping someone they didn’t know” repair a broken vehicle. Huffman argued to the trial court

that this was character evidence that he should be allowed to rebut. The Commonwealth

responded that it was impact testimony “describing the type of person” Joe was and “how it was

important to them.” Though the trial court found that “some” of the witnesses testified about the

victims’ character, it nevertheless excluded the letter. On appeal, Huffman argues that the

witnesses’ testimony triggered the admissibility of the evidence of Joe’s conviction in rebuttal

and that it was error for the trial court to exclude it. Assuming without deciding that Huffman is

correct, any error was harmless.

       “[Assuming] that the trial court erred, however, does not end our analysis.” Lienau v.

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 254, 269 (2018). “Code § 8.01-678 makes ‘harmless-error review

required in all cases.’” Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411, 420 (2017) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 200 (2015)). “Non-constitutional error is harmless if

other evidence of guilt is so ‘overwhelming’ and the error so insignificant by comparison that we

can conclude the error ‘failed to have any “substantial influence” on the verdict.’” Lienau, 69

Va. App. at 270 (quoting Bell v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 126, 140 n.4 (2005)).

       We find the trial court’s exclusion of the rebuttal evidence harmless under the

circumstances of this case. The trial court found that the letter “in no way mitigates any

culpability on behalf of the defendant.” Because the court was so clear regarding its position on the

evidence, and because no jury was deprived of the opportunity to consider this evidence during

sentencing, the trial court’s record clearly indicates that admitting the proposed evidence would not

have affected Huffman’s sentence. See Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005 (1991)

(en banc). Cf. Deville v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 754 (2006) (holding there was no prejudice

                                                -9-
where the trial court found that earlier disclosure of exculpatory material would not have changed

the outcome of the trial).

                                  II. Admission of expert testimony

        Huffman argues that the trial court erred in permitting the Commonwealth’s witnesses to

testify about factual issues “outside the scope” of their expertise or personal knowledge. Huffman

challenges the admission of testimony pertaining to trajectory analysis conducted by Detective

Perkins, testimony by Detectives Perkins and Jacques about the safe use and storage of firearms and

ammunition, Detective Handy’s characterization of Huffman’s injury as likely a slashing wound

rather than a stabbing wound, and Dr. Bowers’s testimony that Fred’s injuries would have caused

paralysis and difficulty speaking. Huffman concedes that no appropriate or timely objection was

raised in the trial court but asks this Court to review his assignment of error under the ends of justice

exception to Rule 5A:18.

        “‘The ends of justice exception is narrow and is to be used sparingly,’ and applies only in

the extraordinary situation where a miscarriage of justice has occurred.” Holt v. Commonwealth, 66

Va. App. 199, 209 (2016) (en banc) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220-21

(1997)). Whether to apply the ends of justice exception involves two questions: “(1) whether there

is error as contended by the appellant; and (2) whether the failure to apply the ends of justice

provision would result in a grave injustice.” Commonwealth v. Bass, 292 Va. 19, 27 (2016)

(quoting Gheorghiu v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 678, 689 (2010)).

        These two requirements must remain distinct: “if every trial court error also constitutes a

grave or manifest injustice,” then the ends of justice exception will swallow “the rule requiring a

contemporaneous objection.” Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 513 (2009).

Accordingly, “[t]he burden of establishing a manifest injustice is a heavy one, and it rests with the

appellant.” Holt, 66 Va. App. at 210 (quoting Brittle, 54 Va. App. at 514). Thus, the “ends of

                                                 - 10 -
justice” exception to Rule 5A:18 “requires proof of an error that was ‘clear, substantial[,] and

material.’” West v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 327, 338 (2004) (quoting Brown v.

Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 126, 132 (1989)). The appellant “must affirmatively show that a

miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a miscarriage might have occurred.” Id. (quoting

Redman, 25 Va. App. at 221).

         In the instant case, Huffman does not attempt to show that a miscarriage of justice has

occurred. Instead, he merely states that he “may pursue this on appeal because the ends of justice

require it.” The entirety of Huffman’s argument is that “[i]t is highly likely that the jury relied on

this testimony when resolving factual discrepancies, and the testimony likely carried significant

weight due to the [witness’s] experience.” See Redman, 25 Va. App. at 222 (“[An] appellant must

demonstrate that he or she was convicted for conduct that was not a criminal offense or the record

must affirmatively prove that an element of the offense did not occur.”). Given this failure to

properly invoke the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18, we will not address this assignment of

error.

                                    III. Huffman’s jury instruction

         “A reviewing court’s responsibility in reviewing jury instructions is to see that the law has

been clearly stated and that the instructions cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.”

Fahringer v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 208, 211 (2019) (quoting Darnell v. Commonwealth, 6

Va. App. 485, 488 (1988)). We review a trial court’s decisions in giving and denying requested jury

instructions for abuse of discretion. Id. “[W]hen reviewing a trial court’s refusal to give a proffered

jury instruction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the proponent of the

instruction.” Dandridge v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 669, 676 (2021) (quoting Lienau, 69

Va. App. at 260). “[J]ury instructions are proper only if supported by the evidence, and more than a

scintilla of evidence is required.” Watson v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 197, 207 (2019) (quoting

                                                 - 11 -
Payne v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 855, 869 (2016)); see Williams v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App.

240, 246 (2015) (“Although a defendant ‘is entitled to an instruction upon his theory of the case,’

this rule can be invoked ‘[o]nly when such instruction is supported by some appreciable evidence.’”

(quoting Harris v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 688, 695 (1922))). “[A] court may exercise its

discretion and properly exclude an instruction that both correctly states the law and is supported by

the evidence when other granted instructions fully and fairly cover the relevant principle of law.”

Payne, 292 Va. at 869 (quoting Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 229 (2013)).

        While the jury was instructed on all applicable law, including manslaughter, Huffman

argues that it is “highly doubtful the jurors understood” their ability to find him guilty of

manslaughter even had they believed his conduct did not constitute self-defense. Huffman argues

that the jury question—regarding malice and a heat of passion provoked by words—clearly

indicates that his instruction would have ameliorated the other instructions’ ambiguity. To that end,

he contends that the trial court should have permitted his “imperfect self-defense” instruction. We

disagree.

        First, we reject Huffman’s assertion that the jury’s verdict could be inferred from questions

it asked during its deliberations. “A jury speaks only through its unanimous verdict. ‘The verdict,

as finally agreed upon and pronounced in court by the jurors, must be taken as the sole embodiment

of the jury’s act.’” Kennemore v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 703, 708-09 (2007) (citation

omitted). “In Virginia, as elsewhere, the deliberations of jurors ‘during retirement, their

expressions, arguments, motives, and beliefs, represent that state of mind which must precede every

legal act and is in itself of no jural consequence.’” Id. at 709 (quoting 8 Wigmore, Evidence § 2348,

at 680 (McNaughton rev. 1961)). “A question posed to the court during deliberations, after all,

could suggest as little as the tentative views of a single juror.” Id. Thus, the question the jurors

posed carries no probative value.

                                                 - 12 -
        Second, Huffman’s assertion that the jury was insufficiently instructed on the law is not

supported by the record. The jury was instructed on the different grades of homicide, as well as

self-defense, heat of passion, and malice.10 Huffman argues that these instructions failed to account

for circumstances where one acted “unreasonably” in response to an “unreasonable fear.” We have

previously held, however, that imperfect self-defense is akin to “the law of voluntary manslaughter

as it currently stands in the Commonwealth.” Connell v. Commonwealth, 34 Va. App. 429, 438-39

(2001). Accordingly, the given instructions fully equipped the jury to render a verdict according to

Huffman’s version of events, provided that it credited his version.11 See Turner v. Commonwealth,

23 Va. App. 270, 277 (1996) (holding that by rejecting the lesser-included offense of second-degree

murder, the jury necessarily rejected the factual basis upon which it might have rendered a

voluntary manslaughter verdict); see also Connell, 34 Va. App. at 439 (holding that the trial court

did not err in denying the appellant’s proffered jury instruction on imperfect self-defense, and

emphasizing that the trial court instructed the jury on voluntary manslaughter, heat of passion, and

the distinction between murder and manslaughter). Huffman’s complaints that a well-instructed

jury could be better instructed do not demonstrate reversible error.

        Huffman’s proposed instruction would have served only to include more terminology.

Rather than clarify matters for the jury, it is likely that Huffman’s proposed instruction would itself

create confusion, by providing the jury with seemingly disparate standards such as considering an

“adequate,” rather than a “reasonable” fear. A trial court does not abuse its discretion when it

        10
          The jury was given a “waterfall” instruction that set forth the specific elements of each
grade of homicide in descending order. See Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450 (2018).
        11
           At trial, Huffman relied on Dandridge v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 669 (2021), for
the proposition that the instruction was a proper statement of law and admissible. The distinction
between this case and Dandridge is clear, as the trial court in Dandridge refused to give a
voluntary manslaughter instruction altogether, whereas Huffman simply complains of the court’s
refusal to give a cumulative instruction.
                                               - 13 -
excludes an instruction that “would have created confusion and would have been misleading.”

Hubbard v. Commonwealth, 243 Va. 1, 15 (1992). Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not

err in refusing Huffman’s requested instruction.

                                          CONCLUSION

       The trial court did not err in excluding evidence of the victims’ criminal histories at trial

and any error in excluding such evidence at sentencing was harmless. Huffman failed to

preserve his assignment of error relating to the admission of certain factual testimony, so we do

not address that claim on appeal. Finally, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in rejecting Huffman’s proposed jury instruction. Accordingly, we affirm Huffman’s

convictions.

                                                                                             Affirmed.

                                               - 14 -