Court Opinion

ID: 2650341
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-22 01:01:59.293042+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:56:09.280941
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/21/14 P. v. Miami Nation Enterprises CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                                           B236547
CALIFORNIA,
                                                                     (Los Angeles County
         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    Super. Ct. No. BC373536)

         v.

Miami Nation Enterprises et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from an order the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Yvette
Palazuelos, Judge. Affirmed.
         Uche L. Enenwali, Senior Corporations Counsel, Alan S. Weinger and Mary Ann
Smith, Deputy Commissioners, California Corporations Counsel, for Plaintiff and
Appellant.
         Fredericks Peebles & Morgan and John Nyhan for, MNE and SFS, Inc.,
Defendants and Respondents.
                                              __________________
       The Commissioner of the California Department of Corporations
                 1
(Commissioner), on behalf of the People of the State of California, sued Ameriloan,
United Cash Loans, US Fast Cash, Preferred Cash and One Click Cash for injunctive
relief, restitution and civil penalties, alleging they were providing short-term, payday
loans over the Internet to California residents in violation of several provisions of the
California Deferred Deposit Transaction Law (DDTL) (Fin. Code, § 2300 et seq.).
Miami Nation Enterprises (MNE), the economic development authority of the Miami
Tribe of Oklahoma, a federally recognized Indian tribe, and SFS, Inc., a corporation
wholly owned by the Santee Sioux Nation, also a federally recognized Indian tribe,
specially appeared and moved to quash service of summons and to dismiss the complaint
on the ground the lending businesses named as defendants were simply trade names used
by the two tribal entities and, as wholly owned and controlled entities of their respective
tribes operating on behalf of the tribes, they were protected from this state enforcement
action under the doctrine of tribal sovereign immunity.
       During the course of this litigation on the issue of subject matter jurisdiction, the
trial court imposed $34,437.50 in discovery sanctions against the Commissioner after the
court denied in substantial part her motion to compel further responses to a second set of
requests for production of documents from MNE and SFS. We affirm.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In People v. MNE (Jan. 21, 2014, B242644) ___ Cal.App.4th ___ (MNE), filed
concurrently with this decision, we affirm the trial court’s order dismissing the action
against MNE and SFS under the doctrine of tribal sovereign immunity. Because a
relatively complete factual and procedural background of the lawsuit, including a
comprehensive discussion of our earlier decision in Ameriloan v. Superior Court (2008)

1
      Effective July 1, 2013 the Department of Corporations and Department of
Financial Institutions combined and became the Department of Business Oversight within
the Business, Consumer Services and Housing Agency pursuant to the Governor’s
Reorganization Plan (G.R.P.) No. 2 of 2012. (See Gov. Code, §§ 12080.2, 12080.5.)
The Corporations Commissioner is now the Commissioner of Business Oversight.
                                              2
169 Cal. App. 4th 81 (Ameriloan), is provided in that opinion, we limit the discussion here
to the parties’ discovery disputes and the resulting sanctions order.
       In Ameriloan, supra, 169 Cal. App. 4th 81, we held, to decide whether the tribal
entities operating through the named payday loan companies are entitled to the benefits
of tribal sovereign immunity, the trial court “must first determine whether those entities,
in fact, are acting on behalf of federally recognized Indian tribes.” (Id. at p. 97.) In light
of the trial court’s failure to make findings pertinent to the required “arm-of-the-tribe”
analysis, we directed it to conduct a new evidentiary hearing and to consider whether the
two tribal entities are sufficiently related to their respective tribes to be entitled to the
protection of tribal sovereign immunity. “To this end, the court should consider the
criteria expressed by the Courts of Appeal in Trudgeon [v. Fantasy Springs Casino
(1999)] 71 Cal.App.4th [632,] 638 [citation] and [Redding] Rancheria [v. Superior Court
(2001)] 88 Cal.App.4th [384,] 389, including whether the tribe and the entities are closely
linked in governing structure and characteristics and whether federal policies intended to
promote Indian tribal autonomy are furthered by extension of immunity to the business
entity.” (Ameriloan, at p. 98.) In response to the Commissioner’s request to be permitted
discovery into the assertion that profits from the payday loan operations benefit the two
tribes that created MNE and SFS, we observed, “we see no reason why limited discovery,
directed solely to matters affecting the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction, should
impact the payday loan companies’ special appearance . . . .” (Id. at p. 98.) Nonetheless,
because no issue relating to discovery was raised in the petition for writ of mandate, we
made no express ruling on the permissible scope of any discovery when the matter
returned to the trial court. (Id. at pp. 98-99.)
       1. The Commissioner’s First Set of Discovery Requests and Business Records
          Subpoenas
       On January 26, 2009, shortly after we filed our decision in Ameriloan, the
Commissioner served discovery demands on MNE and SFS containing 91 requests for
production of documents, 31 requests for admissions and form interrogatories. MNE and

                                                3
SFS served responses and objections. The Commissioner thereafter moved to compel
further responses.
       The court on September 15, 2009 granted in part and denied in part the motion to
compel production of documents. After reviewing our observations about limited
discovery directed to the necessary arm-of-the-tribe analysis, the court found the
categories described in a large majority of the document requests were overbroad and
thus necessarily sought a great deal of irrelevant information; several requests sought
wholesale production of sensitive financial documents without sufficiently establishing
good cause or demonstrating the information could not be obtained in a less intrusive
manner; and a number of the others concerned the allegedly unlawful conduct at issue in
the complaint but were irrelevant to the jurisdictional analysis. For example, the
Commissioner sought documents “evidencing disposition of all revenues generated by
Defendants and tribes” and “documents for all loans made to California consumers, as
well as collection efforts.” However, because persuasive arguments had been presented
by both sides in connection with the motions to compel, the court determined sanctions
                                                                                          2
were not warranted under Code of Civil Procedure section 2031.310, subdivision (h).
       The court also granted in part and denied in part the motions to compel further
responses to the Commissioner’s form interrogatories and requests for admissions. With
respect to the interrogatories, the court ordered MNE and SFS to provide substantive
information regarding their insurance policies, crediting the Commissioner’s argument it
may be probative of ownership and control of the cash-advance businesses. The court
also ordered substantive responses to requests for admission concerning how the
specially appearing defendants are managed and what happens to the profits from their
business operations. The court ruled, “[T]he facts are probative of how Defendants are
run, which goes to the question of how connected Defendants are with the tribal entities.
Although no single Request for Admission seeks admission that would be dispositive of
the jurisdictional issue, taken together, they may yield evidence that is probative of
2
       Statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise indicated.
                                             4
whether Defendants are entitled to claim protections of tribal sovereign immunity.” As
with the motion to compel production of documents, the court found the parties had acted
with substantial justification and declined to award sanctions to either side.
       Several months earlier, on April 6, 2009, the court had granted MNE and SFS’s
motion to quash a business records subpoena to U.S. Bank that sought “nearly all of
Ameriloan’s bank records” on the ground it was overbroad and sought information
beyond the permissible scope of limited, jurisdictional discovery. The court specifically
stated “a narrowly tailored subpoena, however, may pass muster.” The Commissioner
served a second subpoena on U.S. Bank. A second motion to quash was denied as to
                                3
three specifically defined items but granted as to the remaining three broad categories
seeking all monthly account statements, all deposit slips and items credited to the account
and all withdrawal items including cancelled checks for a three-year period. In its July 2,
2009 order the court explained the Commissioner “should be permitted to adduce
evidence in opposition to the motion [to quash service and dismiss the complaint] that
shows that Defendants are independent from the tribal entity, and fail to serve tribal
interests,” and ruled “[t]he instant subpoena is far more narrowly tailored to meet this
objective than the subpoena previously served. However, it is still overbroad to the
extent that it seeks all account statements, deposits, and withdrawals.”
       2. Appointment of a Discovery Referee
       In light of the ongoing discovery disputes and pursuant to the parties’ stipulation
under section 639, on February 10, 2010 the trial court appointed retired superior court
judge Dzintra Janavs as a discovery referee. The appointment order directed the referee
to resolve “any and all issues and disputes arising from discovery in this litigation,”
including issues concerning the protective order permitting designation of documents and

3
       The court permitted enforcement of the subpoena to the extent it sought the
signature card reflecting the individuals authorized to sign the account; any credit or loan
applications pertaining to the account for calendar years 2006, 2007 and 2008; and
documents reflecting corporate board resolutions or filings with any state or federal
regulatory agency pertaining to the account for those three years.
                                              5
information as “confidential,” which the court had entered in the action on January 5,
2010 at the request of MNE and SFS. The appointment order directed the tribal entities
to pay all referee’s fees.
       3. The Commissioner’s Second Set of Discovery Requests
       On April 1, 2010 the Commissioner served a second set of discovery demands,
which consisted of a request for production of 49 categories of documents, 26 additional
requests for admission and 64 special interrogatories. MNE and SFS served responses.
The parties met and conferred through an exchange of letters in August 2010, and the
Commissioner thereafter filed motions to compel as to each type of discovery with the
        4
referee.
       The motion to compel further responses to the second set of requests for the
production of documents was directed to 36 of the 49 categories in the set; the
Commissioner contended those requests were all within the permissible scope of
jurisdictional discovery as set forth in Ameriloan and were not overly broad, duplicative
or burdensome. In a 28-page report dated February 23, 2011, the discovery referee
recommended denying all but three of the additional document requests.
       Discussing the nature of the document demands in general, the referee noted at
least one request was identical to a request in the initial document demand and there were
numerous other requests that were, “for all practical purposes, identical.” The referee
explained the Commissioner “is not entitled to make identical or substantially identical
Requests for Production to those previously denied, unless [the Commissioner] makes a
showing that the reason or basis on which the Requests were denied no longer exists.”
With respect to the appropriate scope of discovery relating to tribal sovereign immunity,
the referee concluded that “business minutiae, details regarding the business operations,
and the day to day operation and management of ‘the arms’ are irrelevant and beyond the
scope of the jurisdiction issue here.”

4
      The trial court accepted the referee’s recommendation to deny MNE and SFS’s
motion for a protective order regarding the excessive number of requests for admission.
                                             6
       The referee recommended in her report that MNE and SFS provide responses to
portions of three of the outstanding document demands: all powers of attorney executed
by the Tribes (that is, by the Miami Nation of Oklahoma, the Santee Sioux Nation, MNE
                                                    5
or SFS) appointing nontribal member Scott Tucker as attorney-in-fact with respect to the
payday loan businesses at issue in the enforcement action; all contracts relating to the
assignment or transfer by the prior nontribal owner (a Tucker-related entity) of the
                                                                          6
payday loan businesses of any interest in those businesses to the Tribes; and all contracts
between the Tribes and NMS, another Tucker-related entity, with respect to management
of the payday loan businesses.
       In all other respects the motion to compel further responses was denied.
Specifically, the referee found that six requests for all documents evidencing or reflecting
any communications between the Tribes/tribal entities and various third parties
concerning “the Transactions”—a defined term encompassing all loans offered and
advanced to California consumers from 2002 through the date of service of the discovery
demands—although more narrowly drawn than the set one requests, which had sought all
communications without any subject matter at all, “are still too broad, go to the merits of
the case, necessarily encompass information not relevant to jurisdiction and are beyond
the scope of Ameriloan and federal law.” Multiple requests seeking all documents
describing or relating to various third parties’ relationships to the Tribes were found to be
substantially duplicative of previously denied requests from set one and were overbroad.
The request for all documents identifying the defendants’ principal place of business,
including title evidence, lease agreements and utility and telephone bills, the referee

5
       The Commissioner alleged Tucker actually operates the payday loan businesses
and their affiliation with tribal entities is a sham constructed by Tucker to protect his
business activities from regulatory oversight.
6
        The referee explained, “Documents relating to acquisition of ownership of the
payday loan business by the Tribes, including transfer or assignment of any interest in the
entities, is directly relevant to ownership and control of the businesses and to whether
they are arms of the Tribe.”
                                              7
reasoned, sought information that could more efficiently be obtained by interrogatories.
Similarly, the request for all documents identifying each bank in which defendants had
deposited monies collected from California borrowers was overbroad and burdensome.
The referee noted she had previously granted a request to compel that information in a
response to interrogatories.
       Eight requests sought all documents regarding past and present contracts,
agreements, relationships, affiliations or other arrangements between the Tribes and tribal
entities and various third parties. The referee found these categories were identical to
those sought in eight requests in set one, all of which had been denied by the court:
“Only the redundant ‘constituting,’ ‘referring,’ ‘concerning,’ etc. have been omitted.”
Similarly, 10 requests seeking documents reflecting payments, fees or other
compensation between the Tribes and certain third parties were identical to requests in
the first set save for elimination of “the redundant verbiage.” Two requests regarding the
tribal entities use of the Internet were essentially identical to requests in the first set and
“are still overbroad. While Defendants use of Internet advertising, marketing, Internet
billings and loan statistics may be relevant to the merits of the case, [the Commissioner]
has not demonstrated sufficiently its relevance to the jurisdictional issues.” Four requests
seeking “a plethora of financial records concerning Transactions” substantially duplicated
requests in the first set that had been denied. The referee observed, “No new or
additional basis has been shown for such extensive and burdensome discovery on the
jurisdictional inquiry. Furthermore, these requests are overbroad.” Several other
requests were denied on substantially the same basis.
       After ruling on the specific document requests, the referee addressed sanctions,
noting her concern for the extent of duplication, the Commissioner’s “seeming disregard
for the trial judge’s rulings on earlier discovery,” and the amount of additional time and
effort the duplication had required of the referee and the tribal entities. The referee
ordered additional briefing on MNE and SFS’s motion for sanctions.

                                                8
       The trial court adopted the discovery referee’s recommendation and report in its
entirety. An order to that effect was entered March 14, 2011.
       4. The Sanctions Motion and the Commissioner’s Motion To Set Aside or Modify
          the Referee’s Report
       The referee was provided further briefing on MNE and SFS’s motion for monetary
sanctions. The tribal entities requested an award of more than $80,000 in attorney fees
and costs. In her report and recommendation dated May 31, 2011 the referee
recommended granting the motion in part, awarding $59,410.77 in sanctions.
       The referee first noted that two separate provisions authorized the award of
sanctions: section 2031.310, subdivision (h), making sanctions mandatory against a party
who has unsuccessfully made or opposed a motion to compel further responses unless the
court finds the unsuccessful party “acted with substantial justification or other
circumstances make sanctions unjust,” and section 2023.030, subdivision (a), which
authorizes the imposition of monetary sanctions for misuses of the discovery process,
including persisting over objection and without substantial justification in an attempt to
obtain information or materials that are outside the scope of permissible discovery and
employing a discovery method in a manner that causes undue burden and expense. After
summarizing her February 23, 2011 report recommending the denial in substantial part of
the Commissioner’s motion to compel further responses to the second set of document
demands, the referee concluded the “persistent duplication over objections and pursuit of
evidence going to the merits of the case, caused unwarranted annoyance and undue
burden and expense to Defendants. The record before the Referee discloses no
substantial justification for such persistent duplication, nor is the award of sanctions
otherwise unjust.”
       The referee found substantial undue expenses were incurred as a result of the 31
(of 49) duplicative requests in the Commissioner’s second set of document demands and
awarded a total of slightly more than $43,000 in attorney fees and costs (rather than
approximately $65,000, as requested by MNE and SFS), including fees for the sanctions
motion itself. She also recommended that MNE and SFS recover $15,700 as
                                          9
reimbursement for fees paid to the referee in connection with the duplicative discovery
and the sanctions motion.
       The Commissioner promptly objected to the referee’s sanctions report and moved
to set aside or modify the report. The Commissioner argued the document requests at
issue were appropriate in light of both the trial court’s September 15, 2009 discovery
order and our decision in Ameriloan, the referee had disregarded case law disfavoring
sanctions in cases raising complex or novel issues, and the award of sanctions was
against public policy and unjust because the motion had been partially successful in
compelling additional responses and because newly discovered evidence demonstrated
the relevance of the documents sought. The Commissioner also asserted the amount of
sanctions recommended by the referee was unreasonable and not supported by the record.
       After further briefing and a hearing, the court sustained in part and overruled in
part the Commissioner’s objections to the referee’s report and recommendation, ruling an
award of sanctions was appropriate but reducing the amount to $34,437 (including
$15,700 for fees for the referee). The court ruled, “The second set of requests for
production was highly duplicative of the original discovery requests which this Court
determined were overly broad on September 15, 2009. Although this case may concern
issues that are important and complex, propounding excessively duplicative document
requests is not a complex issue. . . . [The Commissioner] did not act with substantial
justification in propounding the duplicative discovery, as determined by the referee.”
       The Commissioner immediately appealed the sanctions order pursuant to
section 904.1, subdivision (a)(12), authorizing an interlocutory appeal from an order
directing payment of monetary sanctions exceeding $5,000. Following the
Commissioner’s appeal from the trial court’s order dismissing the enforcement action
under the doctrine of tribal sovereign immunity (B242644), we advised the parties the
two matters may be considered concurrently for purposes of oral argument and decision.

                                             10
                                    CONTENTIONS
       The Commissioner contends she was substantially justified in seeking to compel
production of the documents at issue based on this court’s opinion in Ameriloan, the
complexity of the case and the undefined scope of permissible jurisdictional discovery
and the fact the requests were propounded as a follow-up to other, identical requests
permitted by the court. She also contends the award of sanctions was against public
policy and unjust because she was partially successful in moving to compel and because
additional evidence developed after the referee’s report substantiated the relevance of the
documents sought. Finally, she contends the amount of sanctions awarded was
excessive.
                                      DISCUSSION
       1. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
       If, as here, a motion to compel further responses to a request for inspection or
demand for production of documents is denied, monetary sanctions “shall” be imposed
unless the court finds the moving party acted “with substantial justification” or other
circumstances make imposition of sanctions unjust. (§ 2031.310, subd. (h) (formerly
                                         7
subd. (d) [document production statute]; § 2023.030, subd. (a) [general sanctions
        8
statute]; see generally Fairmont Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (2000) 22 Cal. 4th 245, 254,
fn. 3; Doe v. United States Swimming, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal. App. 4th 1424, 1434.)

7
       Section 2031.310, subdivision (h), provides, “. . . the court shall impose a
monetary sanction under Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 2023.010) against any
party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or opposes a motion to compel
further response to a demand, unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted
with substantial justification or that other circumstances make the imposition of the
sanction unjust.”
8
        Section 2023.030, subdivision (a), provides, “The court may impose a monetary
sanction ordering that one engaging in the misuse of the discovery process, or any
attorney advising that conduct, or both pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s
fees, incurred by anyone as a result of that conduct. . . . If a monetary sanction is
authorized by any provision of this title, the court shall impose that sanction unless it
                                              11
       The Commissioner appears to misapprehend the applicable statutory scheme,
arguing the referee recommended imposition of sanctions “under her discretionary
authority pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 2023.030(a)” and insisting
“[n]othing in the record suggests that the Referee imposed sanctions under the court’s
mandatory authority prescribed in section 2031.310(h) based on a party’s unsuccessfully
moving to compel further responses.” To be sure, the first sentence in section 2023.030,
subdivision (a), which the referee quoted and which the Commissioner emphasizes,
provides the court “may” impose monetary sanctions for misuses of the discovery
process. But the final sentence of that subdivision expressly states, “If a monetary
sanction is authorized by any provision of this title, the court shall impose that sanction
unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or
that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.” (Italics added.)
Section 2031.310, subdivision (h), also quoted by the referee in her report, is such a
provision mandating imposition of monetary sanctions. Accordingly, the trial court’s
award of sanctions was mandatory unless the Commissioner had substantial justification
for filing a second, largely duplicative request for production of documents after
receiving adverse rulings on earlier attempts to subpoena financial records from U.S.
Bank and on the motion to compel further responses to the first set of document demands.
       In reviewing an order imposing a monetary discovery sanction, the Court of
Appeal in Doe v. United States Swimming, Inc., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at pages 1434-
1435 explained, “In a variety of similar contexts, the phrase ‘substantial justification’ has
been understood to mean that a justification is clearly reasonable because it is well
grounded in both law and fact. [Citations.] We have no reason to believe that the
Legislature intended a different meaning here.” (Accord, Diepenbrock v. Brown (2012)
208 Cal. App. 4th 743, 747.) The court in Doe also held the burden is on the party who
lost the discovery motion to establish it had acted with “substantial justification,” citing,

finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other
circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.”
                                              12
among other authority, Evidence Code section 500: “‘Except as otherwise provided by
law, a party has the burden of proof as to each fact the existence or nonexistence of which
is essential to the claim for relief or defense that he is asserting.’” (Doe, at p. 1435.)
       We review the trial court’s sanctions order under the deferential abuse of
discretion standard. (Ellis v. Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc. (2013)
218 Cal. App. 4th 853, 878; Diepenbrock v. Brown, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 747.)
We resolve any evidentiary conflicts most favorably to the trial court’s ruling. (Ellis, at
p. 878.)
       2. The Trial Court Acted Within Its Discretion in Awarding Sanctions
       Apart from her erroneous assertion that the award of monetary sanctions was not
mandatory under section 2031.310, subdivision (h), absent a finding of substantial
justification, the Commissioner attempts to defend her overbroad and duplicative second
set of document demands primarily by arguing the referee and the trial court
misconstrued the nature of the arm-of-the-tribe jurisdictional inquiry we directed in
Ameriloan and improperly limited the scope of permissible discovery into the
relationship between the tribal entities and Tucker and other third parties. The
Commissioner’s arguments fail for several related reasons.
       First, in Ameriloan, notwithstanding the Commissioner’s request that we authorize
discovery into MNE and SFS’s assertion that profits from the cash advance businesses
benefited the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma and the Santee Sioux Nation, we expressly
declined to rule on the permissible scope of any discovery when the matter returned to
the trial court. (Ameriloan, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at pp. 98-99.) However, to provide
some guidance to the trial court and the parties, we suggested limited discovery from the
tribal entities on the jurisdictional issue may be appropriate. The crucial word there was
“limited”: Nothing in our opinion regarding future discovery supports the
Commissioner’s attempt to compel responses to her sweeping document demands
essentially covering every detail of the operations of MNE and SFS’s payday loan
businesses.

                                              13
       Second, as we discuss in MNE, supra, ___ Cal.App.4th ___, our mandate in
Ameriloan to the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the arm-of-the-tribe
question and to consider the Trudgeon criteria to determine whether the tribal entities
were sufficiently related to their respective tribes to be protected by tribal immunity did
not require—or authorize—comprehensive discovery into the day-to-day details of the
lending businesses or the finer points of the tribal entities’ contractual relationships with
the third-party managers hired to operate those businesses. Carefully targeted discovery
designed to develop evidence concerning actual decisionmaking authority and the nature
(or absence) of tribal oversight may well have been permissible (as the trial court in fact
ruled); wide-ranging demands for the production of massive quantities of financial
information were not.
       Third, and most importantly, even if there was some uncertainty in Ameriloan and
other appellate decisions regarding the factors to be considered and the nature of the
information relevant to resolving the arm-of-the-tribe issue, and therefore as to the proper
scope of jurisdictional discovery, in ruling on the initial disputes regarding enforcement
of the subpoena for financial records to U.S. Bank and the first set of document demands,
the trial court was unambiguous in rejecting as overly broad the Commissioner’s
expansive discovery requests. Nonetheless, as the referee repeatedly noted in her report
recommending denial of the motion to compel in substantial part, the Commissioner’s
second set of document demands substantially duplicated demands from the first set that
                                      9
had previously been ruled improper. Without any new or additional grounds for
repeating the previously rejected discovery, the Commissioner persisted in seeking
“essentially wholesale discovery of all of Defendants’ business records, including all

9
        As the referee found, the omission of redundant verbiage—using only the term
“regarding,” for example, instead of “regarding, constituting, referring to or
concerning”—and adding to previously unlimited demands basic time and subject matter
limitations that completely encompassed all events possibly relevant to the lawsuit did
not constitute meaningful narrowing of the scope of the discovery demands.
                                              14
financial records, and more.” Such conduct plainly constitutes misuse of the discovery
process within the meaning of section 2023.010, subdivision (a).
       That the Commissioner successfully obtained an order to compel further response
to three of the disputed document requests, while failing to do so as to 31 requests, does
not provide substantial justification for the motion or make the award of sanctions unjust.
When a discovery motion has been granted in part and denied in part, the court properly
exercises its discretion to apportion sanctions or to award monetary sanctions in an
amount that is “reasonable under the circumstances.” (Mattco Forge, Inc. v. Arthur
Young & Co. (1990) 223 Cal. App. 3d 1429, 1437; see also Weil & Brown, Cal. Practice
Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2013) ¶ 8:1189, p. 8F-76
(rev. #1, 2009).)
       Similarly unpersuasive is the Commissioner’s argument that her discovery
requests and motion to compel were substantially justified because the trial court
ultimately admitted into evidence the disputed financial records (obtained outside of the
discovery process in this case) at the hearing on the motion to quash. Although allowing
introduction of the evidence, however, the trial court dismissed the significance of most
of that information as business minutiae, irrelevant to the arm-of-the-tribe analysis.
Moreover, the court’s permissive approach to the breadth of evidence presented by the
Commissioner does not address the propriety of compelled disclosures from tribal entities
who asserted they were not properly subject to court process in the first place. As to that
question, the court had already ruled the Commissioner’s discovery demands were
overbroad and unduly burdensome. The decision to disregard the court’s rulings on
earlier discovery warranted imposition of monetary sanctions.
       Finally, the Commissioner argues sanctions in this case would not serve to correct
a “disobedient party” because she was merely seeking information she believed was
relevant and within the scope of permissible discovery as articulated in Ameriloan. But
intent is not an issue in evaluating the propriety of monetary sanctions for discovery
misuse. (Ellis v. Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc., supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at

                                             15
p. 878; Clement v. Alegre (2009) 177 Cal. App. 4th 1277, 1286.) “‘There is no
requirement that misuse of the discovery process must be willful for a monetary sanction
to be imposed.’” (Clement, at p. 878.) “‘“Whenever one party’s improper actions—even
if not ‘willful’—in seeking or resisting discovery necessitate the court’s intervention in a
dispute, the losing party presumptively should pay a sanction to the prevailing
party . . . .”’” (Ellis, at p. 878.)
       3. The Award of Sanctions Was Not Excessive
       Even if sanctions were properly awarded, the Commissioner contends the amount
determined by the trial court was excessive, challenging the quality and level of detail in
the evidence presented by MNE and SFS to support their request for attorney fees and
related expenses incurred as a result of the discovery misconduct. As discussed,
however, we resolve all evidentiary conflicts in favor of the trial court’s ruling. Detailed
time sheets and billing records, although useful, are not required: “‘Although a fee
request ordinarily should be documented in great detail, it cannot be said . . . that the
absence of time records and billing statements deprive[s] [a] trial court of substantial
evidence to support an award . . . .’ [Citation.] ‘[T]he verified time statements of [an]
attorney[], as [an] officer[] of the court, are entitled to credence in the absence of a clear
indication the records are erroneous.’” (City of Colton v. Singletary (2012)
206 Cal. App. 4th 751, 784-785.) “The law is clear . . . that an award of attorney fees may
be based on counsel’s declarations, without production of detailed time records.”
(Raining Data Corp. v. Barrenechea (2009) 175 Cal. App. 4th 1363, 1375; see
Mardirossian & Associates, Inc. v. Ersoff (2007) 153 Cal. App. 4th 257, 269 [“there is no
legal requirement that an attorney supply billing statements to support a claim for
attorney fees”]; Steiny & Co. v. California Electric Supply Co. (2000) 79 Cal. App. 4th
285, 293 [“there is no legal requirement that [billing] statements be offered in evidence,”
and an “attorney’s testimony as to the number of hours worked is sufficient evidence to
support an award of attorney fees, even in the absence of detailed time records”].)

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       Here, the referee in her recommendation and report to the court reduced the
amount of fees sought by MNE and SFS, and the trial court reduced the figure (save only
for the fees paid to the discovery referee herself) once again. No abuse of discretion
occurred in setting the final monetary sanctions award. (See Ellis v. Toshiba America
Information Systems, Inc., supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 889 [“‘trial court is in the best
position to determine the reasonable value of professional services rendered in a case
before it and has broad discretion to determine the reasonable amount of an attorney fee
award’”]; Nemecek & Cole v. Horn (2012) 208 Cal. App. 4th 641, 651 [“amount to be
awarded as attorney fees is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, which is in the
best position to evaluate the services rendered by an attorney in his [or her] courtroom”].)
                                      DISPOSITION
       The August 12, 2011 order imposing $34,437.50 in sanctions is affirmed. MNE
and SFS are to recover their costs on appeal.

                                                   PERLUSS, P. J.

       We concur:

              WOODS, J.

              ZELON, J.

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