Court Opinion

ID: 4179547
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-21 17:05:27.929325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:10.888118
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 17a0355n.06

                                         No. 16-4147

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                              FILED
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                            Jun 21, 2017
                                                                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
RUTHERLAN ENTERPRISES, INC., d/b/a Island              )
Ace Hardware,                                          )
                                                       )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                            )
                                                       )
                                                             ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                     )
                                                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                       )
                                                             COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
ZETTLER HARDWARE, et al.,                              )
                                                             DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                       )
      Defendants-Appellees.                            )
                                                       )
                                                       )
                                                       )

BEFORE: KEITH, BATCHELDER, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

       DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Rutherlan Enterprises, Inc. (“Rutherlan”), appeals

the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Zettler Hardware (“Zettler”), Nicholas Zettler

(“Nicholas”), owner of Zettler, Peter Michailidis (“Michailidis”), Alexander Rouse (“Rouse”),

and Luke Stratton (“Stratton”) (collectively, “Defendants”).    Rutherlan argues that: (1) the

district court abused its discretion when it denied Rutherlan’s First Motion to Extend Discovery

during its 2011 case and (2) the district court erroneously granted summary judgment in favor of

Defendants on Rutherlan’s Fraudulent Misrepresentation, Breach of Contract, Breach of

Warranty, and Unjust Enrichment claims. We AFFIRM.

                                   I.     BACKGROUND

       Sometime between 2002 and 2005, Rouse and Stratton created Substruct Systems, LLC

(“Substruct”) to develop a point-of-sale (“POS”) computer system for Zettler and other retail

                                                
 
No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

hardware stores. Michailidis was a Substruct employee. Nicholas gave the other Defendants

$10,000 to help develop the software. In Fall 2008, Defendants solicited Rutherlan to buy their

POS system. In December 2008, Rutherlan agreed to purchase the system. However, Rutherlan

soon found that the system had several defects that greatly interfered with its business.

Consequently, Rutherlan’s president terminated its contract with Substruct on September 30,

2009.

        On October 12, 2010, Rutherlan filed its first complaint solely against Substruct in

Hawaii state court, but the complaint was dismissed for improper venue. On September 26, 2011,

Rutherlan filed suit in federal district court solely against Substruct. However, it voluntarily

dismissed the action on March 6, 2013. We refer to that action as the “2011 case.”

        On January 7, 2014, Rutherlan re-filed its complaint in the Southern District of Ohio, but

this time the complaint was against Substruct and the individual Defendants, for alleged breach

of contract, unjust enrichment, fraudulent misrepresentation, and breach of express and implied

warranties. On September 2, 2014, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, which the

district court granted only as to the fraudulent misrepresentation claim. On July 1, 2015, the

district court ordered Substruct into default. On September 25, 2015, during his deposition,

Stratton stated that the business was “off and going” as soon as they received their first sale and

that Substruct held corporate meetings. On November 10, 2015, the remaining Defendants filed

a second motion for summary judgment. Rutherlan responded in opposition to the motion and

Defendants filed a reply. On August 26, 2016, the district court granted the motion for summary

judgment, which dismissed Rutherlan’s complaint entirely.

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

                                      II.     DISCUSSION

                    A.      Denial of Motion to Extend Discovery Deadline

       Rutherlan argues that the district court erred by denying its motion to extend the

discovery deadline during its original action against Substruct in the 2011 case. Rutherlan

argues that it was prejudiced in the current action because of that discovery motion denial.

Rutherlan points to the fact that the district court denied its fraudulent misrepresentation claim on

summary judgment on the basis that the Ohio Savings Statute did not preserve its claim, because

Rutherlan added new parties in its re-filed complaint in 2014. Rutherlan argues that if it had an

opportunity for discovery in the 2011 case, it would have been able to add the additional parties

at that time, but instead was forced to voluntarily dismiss the case.

       This argument is unavailing. As this court has held, “when a voluntary dismissal is

without prejudice the plaintiff is placed ‘in a legal position as if he had never brought the first

suit’ and has the right to bring a later suit on the same cause of action without adjudication of the

merits.” Dearth v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 413, 415 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting LeCompte v. Mr. Chip,

Inc., 528 F.2d 601, 603 (5th Cir. 1976)). Thus, the denial of discovery extension is immaterial

because Rutherlan voluntarily dismissed that case. This court may not deal with that issue.

       Rutherlan argues that we must conclude otherwise because in Local Union 369, IBEW v.

ADT Sec. Servs., 393 F. App’x 290, 295 (6th Cir. 2010), we held that when “the desired

discovery would have changed the ruling below,” the district court abused its discretion. Id.

(quoting CenTra, Inc. v. Estrin, 538 F.3d 402, 420 (6th Cir. 2008)). However, Local Union 369

is factually inapposite to this case because there, the district court granted a summary judgment

motion against the appellant before discovery. In Rutherlan’s case, however, the dismissal was

voluntary and of its own accord, not by judgment of the district court. Rutherlan cannot now

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

attempt to appeal that 2011 dismissal because it was voluntary and without prejudice, see,

Dearth, 516 F.3d at 415, and thus, it is not in a position to challenge the district court’s discovery

decision in that case. Consequently, we will not address this argument.

                              B.      Grant of Summary Judgment

i.     Standard of Review

               “We review the district court’s denial of summary judgment de novo, using the

same Rule 56[] standard as the district court.” Moldowan v. City of Warren, 578 F.3d 351, 373

(6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). “Summary judgment is proper if the evidence, taken in the

light most favorable to the nonmoving party, shows that there are no genuine issues of material

fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Coble v. City of

White House, Tenn., 634 F.3d 865, 867–68 (6th Cir. 2011) (citation and quotation marks

omitted). Because this is a diversity case from Ohio, we apply the substantive law of Ohio. See

Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938).

           a. Fraudulent Misrepresentation

       The district court granted Defendants’ summary judgment motion against Rutherlan on

its fraudulent misrepresentation claim because the claim was filed in violation of the statute of

limitations. Pursuant to Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.09(C), a fraud claim must be brought within

four years after the cause has begun to accrue. The parties do not dispute that the complaint at

issue on appeal was filed more than four years after the alleged fraud took place. However,

Rutherlan argues that the Ohio Savings Statute preserved the complaint.

       The Ohio Savings Statute states:

       In any action that is commenced or attempted to be commenced, if in due time a
       judgment for the plaintiff is reversed or if the plaintiff fails otherwise than upon
       the merits, the plaintiff or, if the plaintiff dies and the cause of action survives, the
       plaintiff's representative may commence a new action within one year after the

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

       date of the reversal of the judgment or the plaintiff's failure otherwise than upon
       the merits or within the period of the original applicable statute of limitations,
       whichever occurs later. This division applies to any claim asserted in any pleading
       by a defendant.

Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.19(A).

       The district court concluded that pursuant to Children’s Hospital v. Ohio Dept. of Public

Welfare, the Ohio Savings Statute was inapplicable to the claim because Rutherlan’s newly-filed

action added new parties that were not included in its 2011 case. Generally, under Ohio law,

“[t]he savings statute applies when the original suit and the new action are substantially the

same.” Children’s Hosp. v. Ohio Dept. of Pub. Welfare, 433 N.E.2d 187, 189 (Ohio 1982)

(citation omitted). “The actions are not substantially the same, however, when the parties in the

original action and those in the new action are different.” Id. (citing Nat’l. Fire Ins. Co. v. Joslyn

Mfg. Co., 265 N.E.2d 791, 792 (Ohio Ct. App. 1971)).

       On appeal, Rutherlan argues that the district court’s reliance on Children’s Hospital was

inappropriate. Rutherlan relies upon Cox v. Ohio Parole Com’n, 509 N.E.2d 1276, (Ohio Ct.

App. 1986), which distinguished its facts from that of Children’s Hospital. There, the Ohio

appeals court held that even though the parties in the former action and the current action were

not the same, the Ohio Savings Statute applied because the actions were filed in the same court

and sought the same relief. That was unlike the facts in Children’s Hospital, where the plaintiff

filed once in federal court and again in state court for different types of relief. However, another

Ohio appeals court in Miller v. All Am. Homes of Ohio, L.L.C., 2013 WL 1190834 (Ohio Ct.

App. Mar. 22, 2013), held that Cox was distinguishable because Cox was brought against the

parole commission and thus could not have been brought against anyone else, including

individual members of the commission, in the state’s trial court.

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

       Nonetheless, Rutherlan correctly argues that the ultimate legal consideration is whether a

party to a re-filed action was put on notice of the claims against them in the original action. See

Kinney v. Ohio Dept. of Admin. Servs., 507 N.E.2d 402, 405 (Ohio Ct. App. 1986). However, as

this court concluded in Griffin v. City of Columbus, 10 F. App’x 271, 273 (6th Cir. 2001), when

the re-filed action includes claims against people who were not properly served in the original

action or who were not named in the original action, the Ohio Savings Statute cannot apply. Id.

This is different from the Kinney case, where the parties in the re-filed action had all been parties

to the original action. In Kinney, the court explicitly pointed out that in this respect, it was

different from Children’s Hospital, 433 N.E.2d at 190, in which the new action involved

different parties. Kinney, 507 N.E.2d at 405. In Rutherlan’s case, none of the individual

defendants subject to this summary judgment motion were named in the original action. Thus,

they had no notice that there were any claims against them until Rutherlan’s refiled action in

2014. Consequently, the district court did not err in granting Defendants’ summary judgment

motion on this issue.

           b. Breach of Contract Claim

       “A fundamental rule of corporate law is that, normally, shareholders, officers, and

directors are not liable for the debts of the corporation.” Belvedere Condo. Unit Owners’ Assn.

v. R.E. Roark Cos., Inc., 617 N.E.2d 1075, 1085 (Ohio 1993) (citation omitted). “An exception

to this rule was developed in equity to protect creditors of a corporation from shareholders who

use the corporate entity for criminal or fraudulent purposes.” Id. “Under this exception, the

‘veil’ of the corporation can be ‘pierced’ and individual shareholders held liable for corporate

misdeeds when it would be unjust to allow the shareholders to hide behind the fiction of the

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

corporate entity.” Id. “Courts will permit individual shareholder liability only if the shareholder

is indistinguishable from or the ‘alter ego’ of the corporation itself.” Id. (citation omitted).

                                  i. Alter Ego Theory

             Rutherlan argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to

Defendants on its breach of contract claim. The district court found that Rutherlan “failed to

supply enough evidence to submit to a factfinder that any of the natural persons or Zettler

Hardware [were] liable for Substruct’s conduct.” The district court found that Rutherlan did not

request certain discovery, such as Substruct’s corporate documents, until the discovery deadline.

The district court concluded that it could not analyze the claim under Taylor Steel, Inc. v. Keeton,

417 F.3d 598, 605 (6th Cir. 2005), because of the undeveloped factual record.                       Keeton

establishes that:

             [i]n deciding whether the company is an alter ego of the individual, Ohio courts
             consider such factors as:

             (1) grossly inadequate capitalization, (2) failure to observe corporate formalities,
             (3) insolvency of the debtor corporation at the time the debt is incurred, (4)
             shareholders holding themselves out as personally liable for certain corporate
             obligations, (5) diversion of funds or other property of the company property for
             personal use, (6) absence of corporate records, and (7) the fact that the
             corporation was a mere facade for the operations of the dominant shareholder(s).

Keeton, 417 F.3d at 605.

             However, Rutherlan argues that the record, including deposition testimony and an expert

opinion, establishes at least four of the seven Keeton factors for determining whether the

individual Defendants were alter egos of the corporation.1 Id. We address each of the factors in

Rutherlan’s argument in the order presented.

                                                       
1
     The Keeton factors are not exclusive or exhaustive. Id. 

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

               1. Failure to observe corporate formalities

       Rutherlan argues that Stratton testified that Substruct held regular management meetings,

but no defendant was able to produce documentation of said meetings. Rutherlan asserts that an

inability to produce documentation of management meetings creates a rebuttable presumption of

a failure to observe corporate formalities. Rutherlan argues that Defendants failed to rebut that

presumption, and thus we must conclude that they failed to observe corporate formalities.

It must be noted, however, that Rutherlan failed to make this argument in response to

Defendants’ summary judgment motion. Typically, “an argument not raised before the district

court is waived on appeal to this Court.” Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 552 (6th

Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). Nonetheless, Rutherlan provides inapposite authority for its

argument.

       Rutherlan first points us to United States v. Parenteau, 647 F. App’x 593, 596 (6th Cir.

2016), a distinguishable case that held that a company’s assets were subject to forfeiture because

it produced no evidence that it observed corporate formalities. That is, the company produced no

evidence whatsoever, either direct or circumstantial, that it had complied with corporate

formalities. The individual defendant in that case did not even dispute that he completely

dominated the company. Id. But most importantly, this court did not hold that the company did

not follow corporate formalities because there were no meeting minutes in the record. Rutherlan

also points us to United States v. Walton, 909 F.2d 915, 926 (6th Cir. 1990), yet nowhere in that

tax fraud case did we hold that a lack of meeting minutes creates a rebuttable presumption that

corporate formalities were not observed. We have found no authority for this proposition, and

we decline to make such a holding in this case. Further, Stratton’s testimony provides some

evidence of observing corporate formalities, and Rutherlan has not pointed to any evidence to

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

contradict his testimony. Thus, we do not agree that Rutherlan has proven that Substruct failed

to observe corporate formalities.

                2. Insolvency of the debtor corporation at the time the debt is incurred

         Rutherlan argues that Stratton admitted in his deposition that Substruct “had no money”

and that they were funded by a gift from Nicholas in 2006, which establishes that Rutherlan was

insolvent at the time the debt was incurred. This argument is unconvincing. Stratton testified

that the business was “off and going” as soon as they received their first sale. The first sale and

Nicholas’ gift helped Defendants build Substruct. Rutherlan does not argue that Substruct was

insolvent at the time of the contract in 2008. Nor could it, because each tax return in the record

establishes that Substruct was never insolvent between 2006-2010. Thus, Rutherlan’s argument

fails.

                3. Absence of corporate records

         Rutherlan argues that Defendants were unable to produce any corporate records,

including “meeting minutes, corporate resolutions, director/member meeting agenda, etc.”

However, Rutherlan fails to acknowledge that it did not request these documents on time.

A party is “plainly not entitled to discovery of documents it did not request in pretrial

discovery.” H.K. Porter Co., Inc. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 536 F.2d 1115, 1118 (6th Cir.

1976). The district court was correct in its conclusion that Rutherlan failed to develop the factual

record necessary to analyze the Keeton factors to its own detriment. Like the district court, we

are unable to analyze this factor.

                4. Grossly inadequate capitalization

         Rutherlan argues for a “subjective determination” that there was grossly inadequate

capitalization of the company based on Stratton and Nicholas’ testimonies. Rutherlan argues that

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

the testimony establishes that “Substruct was not playing with its own money.” In Keeton, the

Keeton Corporation operated on cash flow. That is, it “only incurred liabilities when it bought

steel, and it only bought steel when a customer wanted it.” Keeton, 417 F.3d at 606. This court

held that “the company should not necessarily have been unable to pay its debts just because its

capitalization was minimal.” Id. Thus, similar to this case, the fact that Substruct received a gift

in its beginning stages and used the gift to do business, does not lead to the conclusion that

Defendants were the alter ego of the company. We thus conclude that the district court did not

err in its analysis of Rutherlan’s breach of contract claim on summary judgment.

                   ii. Expert Opinion to Prove Breach of Contract

       Rutherlan further asserts that the district court committed reversible error when it

declined to consider its expert witness’s opinion concerning Substruct’s software program.

Rutherlan argues that the expert opinion established that the Defendants were alter egos of

Substruct and were therefore liable for Substruct’s conduct. The district court acknowledged that

it did not consider the opinion in its analysis, but found that the expert witness was not disclosed

until eight months after the deadline for submission of expert reports.

       However, the argument is of no moment, as the expert’s opinion does not speak at all to

the issue of whether Defendants were the alter ego of Substruct. Rather, the expert opinion

concerned the quality of Substruct’s productPresumably, Rutherlan desired to show that

Substruct breached its contract by providing Rutherlan with a poor quality product. However,

regardless of the product’s quality, Rutherlan can only seek damages from the individual

Defendants if it can prove that the individuals acted as the alter ego of the company. Belvedere,
617 N.E.2d at 1085.

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

             That issue is separate and apart from whether the individuals provided a bad product.

Until Rutherlan could pierce the corporate veil, it had no viable claim against the individual

Defendants. Thus, the expert opinion of the product’s quality was irrelevant to the district

court’s consideration on summary judgment.

                    c. Breach of Warranties2 and Unjust Enrichment

             Rutherlan argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of

Defendants on its unjust enrichment claim. Under Ohio law, “[a] claim for unjust enrichment

may be pled . . . when the existence of an express contract is in dispute and may be maintained

despite the existence of an express contract where there is evidence of fraud, bad faith, or

illegality.” Cheers Sports Bar & Grill v. DIRECTV, Inc., 563 F. Supp. 2d 812, 819 (N.D. Ohio

2004) (citing Res. Title Agency, Inc. v. Morreale Real Estate Servs., Inc., 314 F. Supp. 2d 763,

772 (N.D. Ohio 2004)). The district court found that the evidence was insufficient to find that

Defendants were engaged in a fraudulent scheme, despite Rutherlan’s assertion.

             Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Rutherlan, like the district court, we find

no evidence in the record that supports an assertion of fraud, bad faith, or illegality. While it is

true that ordinarily factual disputes should be decided by a jury rather than dismissed on

summary judgment, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986), that

presumes that there is some factual evidence for a jury to consider in the first place. Rutherlan

pointed to no factual evidence to prove fraud, bad faith, or illegality in its opposition to summary

judgment and, likewise, fails to point to any such factual evidence on appeal.

                                                       
2
 In the header of its argument, Rutherlan states that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on its
Breach of Warranty claim, yet does not discuss its Breach of Warranty claim at all. Thus, Rutherlan’s breach of
warranty claim is deemed waived on appeal. See McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995–96 (6th Cir. 1997).

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No. 16-4147, Rutherlan Enters., Inc. v. Zettler Hardware, et al.

                                    III.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s decision on summary judgment is

AFFIRMED.

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