Court Opinion

ID: 6698580
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 22:02:14.347535+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:01:20.006396
License: Public Domain

DeviN, J.,
dissenting: I am unable to agree with tbe result reached in tbis ease. I do not think tbe defendant should be permitted to retain tbe plaintiff’s money without consideration indefinitely, when by tbe rationing orders and regulations of tbe Federal Government, made pursuant to authority of tbe Acts of Congress in aid of tbe war effort of our country, tbe plaintiff has been prevented from buying and equally tbe defendant from selling tbe automobile about wbicb tbe original contract was made. It seems to me tbe ends of justice would be met by adhering to tbe rule established in such cases by tbe Federal Regulations, and restoring tbe parties to their original position, without loss to either party.
ScheNck, J., concurs in tbis opinion.
Seawell, J.,
dissenting: I find nothing in tbe stipulations and in tbe written contract between tbe parties to justify tbe Court in assuming that they bad contracted with reference to any “freezing” order by tbe Government prohibiting tbe sale of automobiles. Tbe defendants did not make that argument here, either in brief or in oral argument. They depended solely on tbe theory that tbe effect of tbe presidential orders was to temporarily suspend tbe contract while tbe restriction lasts, to be revived after it has been removed, citing cases relative to that theory. They did challenge tbe power of tbe Government to require, by executive orders, tbe return of tbe advance payment of tbe purchase price.
Tbe authorities are overwhelmingly against tbe position of the defendants on tbe first proposition. Not only does tbe presidential order prohibit tbe transaction, but a violation of tbe regulation is a criminal offense, punishable under Title III of tbe Second War Powers Act by fines up to $10,000 and imprisonment for one year, or both. Yiolations of such regulations are also punishable under section 37 of tbe Criminal *68Code, 18 U. S. C. A. Sec. 88; Act of 1917, Sec. 4, 50 U. S. C. A. Sec. 34, as conspiracies to commit an offense against the Government. Also the restriction is intended to preserve for military use materials of war which are now far more critical than they were when the original order was promulgated, and the restriction must, therefore, be assumed to be for the duration of the war, or at least for an indefinite extent, and the contract thereby discharged. Metropolitan Water Bd. v. Dick, Kerr & Co., Lid. (1917), 2 K. B. 1; (1918) A. C. 119, 115 L. T. N. S., 448; The Clavaresh (1920), 264 Fed., 276; Schmidt v. Wilson & Kanham, 47 Ont. L. Rep., 194; Allanwilde Transportation Corporation v. Vacuum Oil Co., 248 U. S., 377, 63 L. Ed., 312; Standard Chemicals and Metals Corp. v. Waugh Chemical Corp., 185 N. Y. Sup., 207; Jersey Ice Cream Co. v. Banner Cone Co., 204 Ala., 532, 86 So., 382; Atlantic Steel v. R. O. Campbell Coal Co., 262 Fed., 555; Effect of War on Contracts, Webber (1940), p. 378; see Serutton L. J. (1917), 2 K. B., 35, 36.
Since we are not dealing with a commercial transaction upon a suit begun after the restriction has been removed, and where it appears that the basis of the contract has survived and the performance may be still feasible, it is the duty of the Court to determine the matter now upon the facts as they now appear, taking into consideration events that have taken place since the transaction was forbidden and fulfillment became impossible. Comptoir Commercial Anversois v. Power, Son & Co. (1920), 1 K. B. (Eng.), 868, 36 Times L. R., 101; Embricos v. Reid, 3 K B. (Eng.), 45, 111 L. T. N. S., 291.
Under the American rule, where the contract has thus become impossible of fulfillment, the advance consideration must be returned on demand, or an action may be maintained to recover it as an unjust enrichment as in assumpsit. Williston on Contracts, sections 1769, 1792; Restatement, Contracts, section 468 (1); Restatement, Restitution, sec. 66 (3). “One who has paid for goods he never gets is entitled to recover the payment, even though the reason why performance was not made by the seller is excusable impossibility.” Williston, sec. 1794. “The Act of God may properly lift from his shoulders the burden of performance, but it has not yet extended so as to enable him to keep the other man’s property for nothing.” Board of Education v. Townsend, 63 Ohio St., 514, 59 N. E., 223; Restatement, Restitution, S. 25, comment b.
There is no sound reason why we should either ignore or evade the positive requirements of the Government order that the money be returned. This order, the plaintiff contends, entitles him to his money. The defendants deny the power of the Government to abrogate their contract or effectuate such an order. The purport and effect of the two orders taken together is to discharge the contract and require restitution. In my judgment they apply to the terms of this contract. Except for *69this denial of Federal wartime power over civilian contracts relating to tbe nse of vitally necessary materials of war, tbe controversy would be too trivial to justify extended notice.
It is tbe duty of tbe Court, of course, to declare tbe law under all circumstances and with cool detachment. Even if tbe people of tbe United States by some congenital ineptness in tbeir legal institutions, or irreconcilable conflict in tbeir fundamental laws, are deprived of tbe ability to act in national unity in a time of national peril, or as states, to agree upon things necessary to a successful prosecution of war, doubtless it would be our duty to say so. It is also our duty as a State Court to uphold those fundamental rights which tbe people have not surrendered to tbe care of Congress, either under tbe Federal or State Constitution. But it is not our duty to reassert rights which have been constitutionally subordinated to tbe Federal administration of tbe national defense, and in tbe face of powers which have been categorically delegated for that purpose. Tbe incidence of wartime regulation is not upon tbe independence of tbe courts, but upon tbe conduct of persons. These come into tbe forum with civil rights abridged, contracts annulled, and causes of action profoundly affected by tbe emergency of war and tbe acts of tbe Federal Government necessary to its prosecution. In Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell, 290 U. S., 398, 426, Mr. Justice -Hughes said:
“Tbe constitutional question presented in tbe light of an emergency is whether tbe power possessed embraces tbe particular exercise of it in response to particular conditions. Thus, tbe war power of tbe Federal Government is not created by tbe emergency of war, but it is a power given to meet that emergency. It is a power to wage war successfully, and thus it permits tbe harnessing of tbe entire energies of tbe people in a supreme co-operative effort to preserve tbe nation. But even tbe 'war power does not remove constitutional limitations safeguarding essential liberties.” Horowitz, v. U. S., 267 U. S., 458, 69 L. Ed., 736; Norman v. B. & O. R. R. Co., 294 U. S., 240, 307, 308, 79 L. Ed., 885.
Speaking within tbe limits of tbe constitutional grant of power and to a subject which has proper relevancy to tbe conduct of war, tbe voice of Congress is suprema lex. It is only when some fundamental and inalienable right of tbe citizen, protected by our Constitutions, either Federal or State, and not surrendered to tbe care of Congress, becomes threatened that we come face to face with tbe necessity of “safeguarding essential liberties” to tbe full extent of our judicial power. There is no point in denying to tbe National or Federal Government, acting within its wartime powers, authority to take action relevant to tbe national defense when it affects only property rights which we ourselves have a hundred times, even in peace, declared to be, sub modo, relative and subordinate *70to the general welfare; or in reaching that result by adopting a doctrine at variance with what the Government, in the exercise of a legitimate power, desires to do.
When the Constitution was adopted and our dual form of government was created, the difficulty of carrying on war by ordinary democratic processes, especially when these were parceled to the several states, was not unappreciated nor undebated. Implicit in the grant of power which we gave to the Federal Government for the national defense is that the power should be adequate to the purpose; and this implies and justifies its summary and administrational exercise in a manner which may suspend, in order that they may be eventually preserved, some of the rights which the states are commendably jealous in preserving in time of peace.
Whether with regard to strictly military operations or to civilian conduct when properly subject to wartime regulation, the principle is the same. The power given to the Government and the mode of its exercise must be adequate to the immediacy of situations which arise, both here and at more distant fronts, with a minimum of notice and a maximum of urgency. That power, we are convinced, cannot be successfully exercised when confined to mere negations, however heavy the barrage. And in some instances, at least, the power to restore must be a corollary to the power to destroy. The action of the Federal Government in arresting this contract cannot be considered an impersonal force majeure, unpurposively creating a situation which it is powerless to amend. There is a nexus of circumstance, including the reports of committees, debates in Congress, the background and wording of the Acts themselves, the orders which speak for themselves, that shows a full appreciation of the subjects we have been discussing, and the purpose not to leave the rights of parties who suffer infraction of their contracts left as dangling ends of discord and litigation.
Regulations and orders like these, intended to prevent loss through displacements caused by necessary Government action, or to restore economic balances, whether small or great, in the manner sought to be done in this instance, have a reasonable relation to the objectives of the War Powers Acts, and may be regarded as within their authority. Until held otherwise by competent Federal authority, full faith and credit should be given them in this Court.
In my opinion, the judgment of the court below should be affirmed.