Court Opinion

ID: 4181922
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-29 04:06:27.925546+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:49.624926
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            DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                               No. 15-CV-0210

                       JEANETTE M. BRUCE, APPELLANT,

                                      v.

               POTOMAC ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY, APPELLEE.

                        Appeal from the Superior Court
                          of the District of Columbia
                                (CAB9586-12)

                     (Hon. Michael L. Rankin, Trial Judge)

(Argued October 26, 2016                                 Decided June 29, 2017)

       John R. Ates, with whom Patricia A. Smith and Allison C. Pienta were on
the brief, for appellant.

      Martin H. Freeman, with whom Mark A. Freeman was on the brief, for
appellee.

      Before BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge,* GLICKMAN, Associate Judge,
and PRYOR, Senior Judge.

      BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge: In this appeal, appellant Jeanette M.

Bruce challenges the trial court‘s enforcement of a subpoena against her and

      *
       Chief Judge Blackburne-Rigsby was an Associate Judge at the time the
case was argued. Her status changed to Chief Judge on March 18, 2017.
                                         2

challenges the trial court‘s award of attorney‘s fees to appellee Potomac Electric

Power Company (―Pepco‖).         She also challenges the trial court‘s decision

declining to impose sanctions on Pepco. Because Mrs. Bruce ultimately complied

with the subpoena, we conclude that her appeal of the trial court‘s order enforcing

the subpoena is moot and should be dismissed. Settlemire v. District of Columbia

Office of Emp. Appeals, 898 A.2d 902, 904-05 (D.C. 2006) (―[W]hen the issues

presented are no longer ‗live‘ or the parties lack ‗a legally cognizable interest in

the outcome,‘ a case is moot.‖). Regarding her remaining claims, we hold that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to sanction Pepco because

Pepco‘s subpoena was not improper, oppressive, or issued in bad faith. However,

we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding Pepco attorney‘s

fees, absent a finding from the trial court that Mrs. Bruce acted in bad faith.

Accordingly, we vacate the trial court‘s order awarding attorney‘s fees and costs to

Pepco, and affirm its decision declining to impose sanctions on Pepco.
                                         3

                   I.    Factual and Procedural Background

      On June 29, 2012, during a ―derecho‖ thunderstorm,1 a tree fell onto a

Pepco-operated power line in front of the residence of Shiva and Mohammed

Ghafoorian, setting fire to Mr. Ghafoorian‘s car. While attempting to extinguish

the fire, Mr. Ghafoorian sustained serious injuries and later died. Mrs. Ghafoorian

— who also sustained serious injuries, but survived the incident — filed suit

against Pepco, claiming the downed power line electrocuted Mr. Ghafoorian, and

that Pepco was negligent in failing to install interrupters to shut off the flow of

electricity to the downed power line.        In defense, Pepco argued that Mr.

Ghafoorian could not have been killed by the downed power line because it was

de-energized at the time of the incident. Pepco‘s theory of the case was that Mr.

Ghafoorian died from burns sustained while fighting the fire.

      Mrs. Bruce, one of the Ghafoorians‘ neighbors, took a photograph of the fire

with her cell phone at 11:05 p.m. on the night of the storm. She voluntarily e-

mailed a copy of the photograph to Pepco‘s counsel during discovery on

      1
         A derecho thunderstorm is ―is a widespread, long-lived wind storm. . . .
associated with bands of rapidly moving showers or thunderstorms . . . .‖ Stephen
F. Corfidi, Jeffry S. Evans & Robert H. Johns, About Derechos, noaa.gov,
http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/derechofacts.htm (last updated April
21, 2017).
                                           4

November 5, 2013. Shortly thereafter, Pepco deposed Mrs. Bruce and learned that

she observed Mr. Ghafoorian using a fire extinguisher at the time she took the

photograph.     Although the photograph that was sent to Pepco was dark and

unclear, it possibly contained a figure to the left of Mr. Ghafoorian‘s car. Because

Pepco had independent evidence that the power line was deactivated by 10:55 p.m.

on the night of the storm, the photograph and Mrs. Bruce‘s testimony that Mr.

Ghafoorian was alive and fighting the fire at 11:05 p.m. appeared to corroborate

Pepco‘s defense that Mr. Ghafoorian was not electrocuted.

      One month later, Mrs. Bruce amended her deposition answers pertaining to

when she saw Mr. Ghafoorian and when she took the photograph.2 Concerned that

the amended answers might affect their theory of the case, Pepco served Mrs.

      2
          Specifically, Mrs. Bruce clarified:

              ―Yes, I saw Mr. Ghafoorian, but not when I took the
              picture.‖

              ―I went outside at least twice. I only saw Mr. Ghafoorian
              the first time.‖

              ―Yes, I went outside at least twice. I saw Mr. Ghafoorian
              using the fire extinguisher the first time. I saw the fire
              both times and took a picture of the scene with my cell
              phone the second time.‖
                                            5

Bruce with a subpoena duces tecum requesting that she appear for a second

deposition and produce her cell phone. It stated:

              Mrs. Bruce is to produce her cell phone along with her
              sim card, the actual (unaltered) jpeg file containing the
              photograph of the car fire as described in your deposition
              taken on November 15, 2013 (attached hereto as Exhibit
              ―A‖), and the cell phone number, account number,
              account name and service provider of the phone used to
              take the photograph as described in your deposition taken
              on November 15, 2013 of the car fire described in your
              deposition taken on November 15, 2013.

      In response to the subpoena, Mrs. Bruce filed a motion to quash or modify

the subpoena, and requested Pepco be sanctioned for ―failing to take reasonable

steps to avoid imposing an undue burden or expense on her‖ pursuant to Super. Ct.

Civ. R. 45 (c)(1).3 She argued that Pepco‘s subpoena was unduly burdensome

because it violated her right to privacy, as her cell phone contained confidential

information, and because ―she ha[d] already produced the one photograph she took

      3
          Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45 (c)(1) states:

              A party or attorney responsible for issuing and serving a
              subpoena must take reasonable steps to avoid imposing
              undue burden or expense on a person subject to the
              subpoena. The court must enforce this duty and impose
              an appropriate sanction—which may include lost
              earnings and reasonable attorney's fees—on a party or
              attorney who fails to comply.
                                         6

at the scene and [had] provided her deposition testimony . . . .‖ Pepco, in turn,

filed a motion to compel production of her cell phone.

      On April 24, 2014, the trial court denied Mrs. Bruce‘s motion and granted

Pepco‘s motion to compel, permitting Pepco to inspect and copy the relevant

photograph and ―identifying information.‖ However, the trial court also ordered

that Pepco conduct the inspection pursuant to an existing protective order for

confidential information in the case. The protective order provided general rules

and limitations for designating, handling, and destroying confidential materials.

The court further ordered Pepco‘s expert to follow the procedure that Pepco

claimed was necessary for obtaining the original photograph: ―copy all of the

photographs on Mrs. Bruce‘s phone and then . . . delete all but the single

photograph Pepco sought.‖

      Instead of handing over her phone, Mrs. Bruce retained her own expert in

computer forensics to inspect the contents of her phone.4 After Pepco served a

      4
         Mrs. Bruce also appealed the April 24, 2014, order compelling production
of her cell phone. We dismissed her appeal because a non-party witness must
await a sanction for contempt before obtaining appellate review. United States v.
Harrod, 428 A.2d 30, 31 (D.C. 1981) (en banc) (―[A] a witness may obtain review
of a subpoena or a discovery order only after he persists in his refusal to comply
and is sentenced for contempt of court.‖).
                                         7

second subpoena on Mrs. Bruce, she submitted a declaration to Pepco from her

expert attesting that the photograph she produced via email was an ―exact

duplicate‖ of the one on her phone, and submitted another copy of the photograph

to Pepco using a flash drive. In addition, Mrs. Bruce filed a second motion to

quash and a motion for reconsideration of the court‘s April 24, 2014, order for her

to turn over her phone in light of the Supreme Court‘s decision in Riley v.

California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014).

      The trial court denied both motions, finding that ―the photograph and its

identifying information could be dispositive‖ to Pepco‘s case. Pepco moved for

Mrs. Bruce to be held in contempt, and in response, Mrs. Bruce argued that she

was in substantial compliance with the court‘s order by furnishing her own expert

to supply the photograph for inspection.      The trial court did not rule on the

contempt motion, but ordered Mrs. Bruce to make her expert available for Pepco to

depose, to provide Pepco with the expert‘s methodology, and to bear the costs

associated with the deposition because in seeking her own expert Mrs. Bruce had

―acted unilaterally and without prior court approval.‖

      Pepco deposed Mrs. Bruce‘s expert, but maintained at a subsequent hearing

on November 20, 2014, that it still needed its own expert to examine Mrs. Bruce‘s
                                        8

cell phone, in part because Mrs. Bruce had not provided all the documents related

to her expert‘s methodology. The trial court agreed, and again ordered Mrs. Bruce

to produce her cell phone to Pepco. However, the trial court also allowed Mrs.

Bruce to propose additional safeguards for the inspection process. The trial court

adopted many of Mrs. Bruce‘s suggested safeguards in an addendum to the

stipulated protective order, including provisions that (1) allowed Mrs. Bruce‘s

expert to monitor the inspection process; (2) limited access of the contents of the

phone to the two experts; (3) constrained the temporal scope of information to be

exported; and (4) required Pepco to immediately delete all other exported files,

among other additional safeguards.

      On December 4, 2014, Mrs. Bruce produced her cell phone for Pepco.

Pepco‘s expert determined that the only photograph of the fire on Mrs. Bruce‘s cell

phone was the same photograph that Mrs. Bruce‘s expert had already produced,

and was the same photograph ―that Ms. Bruce herself voluntarily shared with

Pepco‘s counsel by email on November 5, 2013.‖ Subsequently, the trial court

dismissed Pepco‘s motion to hold Mrs. Bruce in contempt because ―she complied

with the court‘s order to turn over her cell phone to Pepco for inspection and

copying.‖   Nonetheless, on January 23, 2015, the trial court issued an order

granting Pepco‘s request for Mrs. Bruce to pay Pepco $4,742.00 in attorney‘s fees
                                         9

and costs incurred in deposing Mrs. Bruce‘s expert. The court concluded that by

failing to provide Pepco with all the information concerning the methodology of

her expert before the deposition, she was not in ―substantial compliance‖ with the

court‘s April 24, 2014, order. In addition, the court denied Mrs. Bruce‘s request to

recover attorney‘s fees and costs from Pepco for her involvement in the litigation,

explaining that her costs were incurred solely as a result of her non-compliance

with the trial court‘s order to compel, and that her privacy argument based on Riley

was ―wholly inapplicable to the instant matter.‖ This appeal followed.

                                 II.   Discussion

      A. Enforcement of the Subpoena

      Mrs. Bruce argues that the trial court erred in enforcing the subpoena which

compelled production of her cell phone by failing to properly weigh her privacy

interests under the Fourth Amendment and Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45. Pepco counters

that this issue is moot because Mrs. Bruce complied with the subpoena, and thus

this court cannot provide any relief for her privacy concerns. To the extent Mrs.

Bruce is seeking a declaration that the trial court committed a legal error when it
                                         10

ordered her to produce her cell phone, we agree with Pepco and hold that this issue

is now moot.

      Generally, a case is moot where parties lack a ―legally cognizable interest in

the outcome,‖ or the issues are no longer ―live.‖ Fraternal Order of Police, Metro.

Labor Comm. v. District of Columbia, 113 A.3d 195, 198 (D.C. 2015) (quoting

Settlemire v. District of Columbia Office of Emp. Appeals, 898 A.2d 902, 904–05

(D.C. 2006)).    ―Unless there is a possibility that further penalties or legal

disabilities can be imposed as a result of the judgment, this court may not render in

the abstract an advisory opinion.‖ McClain v. United States, 601 A.2d 80, 81-82

(D.C. 1992) (quoting Holley v. United States, 442 A.2d 106, 107 (D.C.1981))

(finding an appeal from an allegedly unlawful pretrial detention order was moot

where a criminal defendant pled guilty shortly after filing an appeal, thus ensuring

―no collateral legal consequences as a result of the pretrial detention‖).

Accordingly, this court will find a case to be moot where a party merely seeks a

declaratory judgment, Fraternal Order of Police, supra, 113 A.3d at 199, or

simply has a ―desire for vindication.‖ Settlemire, supra, 898 A.2d at 907. In the

discovery context, compliance with a subpoena will typically render an appeal

from an enforcement order moot. Office of Supervision Dep’t of Treasury v.

Dobbs, 931 F.2d 956, 957 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (compiling case law from U.S. Courts
                                         11

of Appeal). Mootness is avoided, however, if a court can still fashion at least a

partial remedy for the complying party. Church of Scientology v. United States,

506 U.S. 9, 13 (1992); see, e.g., Guam v. Sea-Land Serv., Inc., 958 F.2d 1150,

1153 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (―A party may challenge a subpoena following compliance

with an enforcement order when the party seeks the return of the documents it had

supplied pursuant to the subpoena duces tecum.‖).5

      In this case, Mrs. Bruce no longer has a privacy interest to protect since she

has produced her phone and Pepco completed its inspection. Additionally, there

are no lingering post-inspection privacy concerns from which we could afford Mrs.

Bruce relief. In accordance with the protective order and addendum, Pepco did not

retain any of Mrs. Bruce‘s cell phone data after the inspection, with the exception

of the original copy of the photograph that Mrs. Bruce had already sent to Pepco

voluntarily via email. Cf. Church of Scientology, supra, 506 U.S. at 13 (finding

that, where privacy interests were at stake, requiring the government to return or

      5
          There is also an established exception for cases that are ―capable of
repetition, yet evading review.‖ United States v. Edwards, 430 A.2d 1321, 1324
n.2 (D.C. 1981) (en banc), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1022 (1982). To fall under this
exception, ―(1) the challenged action must be of too short a duration to be litigated
fully prior to its cessation or expiration, and (2) there must be a reasonable
expectation that the same complaining party will be subjected to the same action
again.‖ McClain, supra, 601 A.2d at 82. Neither element of this exception is
present here.
                                         12

destroy any and all copies of tapes that had been obtained by the IRS was a remedy

sufficient to overcome mootness).       Nor will there be any further discovery

requested from Mrs. Bruce because the underlying suit between Pepco and the

Ghafoorians settled.    See Guam, supra, 958 F.2d at 1153 (finding partial

compliance did not render an appeal from a discovery order moot where ―one

deposition remain[ed] to be taken and a number of documents ha[d] yet to be

produced‖). Therefore, we have no remedy to offer Mrs. Bruce. See Fraternal

Order of Police, supra, 113 A.3d at 199.

      Mrs. Bruce argues that the only reason she complied with the subpoena is

because the trial court threatened to find her in contempt and impose sanctions.

However, the fact that the risk of contempt is uncomfortable for a litigant ―does not

provide a basis for [appellate] courts to act when [a case is otherwise moot].‖ Fed.

Ins. Co. v. Maine Yankee Atomic Power Co., 311 F.3d 79, 82 (1st Cir. 2002). ―A

pretrial order granting or denying discovery from a non-party witness is not

ordinarily final for purposes of appeal unless, in the case of an order granting

discovery, the subject of the order refuses to comply and is adjudicated in

contempt.‖ Crane v. Crane, 657 A.2d 312, 315 (D.C. 1995). As such, ―a witness

may obtain review of a subpoena or a discovery order only after he persists in his

refusal to comply and is sentenced for contempt of court.‖         United States v.
                                           13

Harrod, 428 A.2d 30, 31 (D.C. 1981) (en banc) (emphasis added). Because Mrs.

Bruce complied with the subpoena and was not found in contempt by the trial

court, the court‘s order to compel production of her cell phone is not subject to

review. Accordingly, we dismiss this portion of her appeal.

      B. Sanctions under Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45 (c)(1)

      Mrs. Bruce further requests that we order the trial court to ―award fees and

expenses for the undue burden‖ imposed on her by Pepco under Super Ct. Civ. R.

45 (c)(1). Specifically, she asserts that Pepco‘s subpoena violated her right to

privacy and that its subsequent motion to compel enforcement of that subpoena

caused her unnecessary litigation expenses. Because the trial court did not abuse

its considerable discretion under Rule 45, we affirm the court‘s denial of sanctions

to Mrs. Bruce. Featherson v. Educ. Diagnostic Inst., Inc., 933 A.2d 335, 338

(D.C. 2007) (―It is a rare circumstance where we find an abuse of discretion in the

context of discovery disputes because we are appropriately reluctant to substitute

our judgment for that of the trial court.‖) (internal citation omitted).

      Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45 (c)(1) requires a party or attorney issuing a subpoena

take reasonable steps to avoid imposing an ―undue burden or expense on a person
                                         14

subject to the subpoena.‖ See Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45 (c)(1). ―The court must enforce

this duty and impose an appropriate sanction — which may include lost earnings

and reasonable attorney‘s fees — on a party or attorney who fails to comply.‖ Id.

Our rule is substantially identical to its federal counterpart,6 and we may look ―to

decisions of the federal courts interpreting the counterpart federal rules as

persuasive authority in interpreting our local civil rules.‖ Nave v. Newman, 140
A.3d 450, 454 n.3 (D.C. 2016).

       The trial court‘s decision to impose sanctions is discretionary. Featherson,

supra, 933 A.2d at 338; Legal Voice v. Stormans Inc., 738 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th

Cir. 2013).7 When assessing whether a civil subpoena imposes an undue burden

and ought to be quashed, the trial court should balance ―the relevance of the

      6
         The federal rule is identical to Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45 (c)(1) in all relevant
respects. In full, Fed. R. Civ. P. 45 (d)(1) reads:

             A party or attorney responsible for issuing and serving a
             subpoena must take reasonable steps to avoid imposing
             undue burden or expense on a person subject to the
             subpoena. The court for the district where compliance is
             required must enforce this duty and impose an
             appropriate sanction—which may include lost earnings
             and reasonable attorney‘s fees—on a party or attorney
             who fails to comply.
      7
        The 2013 amendment to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure renumbered
Rule 45 (c)(1) as Rule 45 (d)(1) without any substantive changes. Legal Voice,
supra, 738 F.3d at 1180 n.1.
                                         15

discovery sought, the requesting party‘s need, and the potential hardship to the

party subject to the subpoena.‖ In re Herndon, 596 A.2d 592, 596 (D.C. 1991)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). This inquiry includes the privacy

concerns of non-parties. Id. at 597; see also Watts v. S.E.C., 482 F.3d 501, 509

(D.C. Cir. 2007) (―The Rule 45 ‗undue burden‘ standard requires district courts

supervising discovery to be generally sensitive to the costs imposed on third

parties.‖).

       Even if a court decides to quash a subpoena, however, Rule 45 does not

require the court to automatically impose sanctions on the issuing party or attorney.

Goldberg v. Amgen, Inc., 123 F. Supp. 3d 9, 22 (D.D.C. 2015). ―Rather, courts . . .

have looked to whether the subpoena was issued in bad faith or for some improper

purpose.‖ Id.; see also Legal Voice, supra, 738 at 1185 (―A court may [] impose

sanctions when a party issues a subpoena in bad faith, for an improper purpose, or

in a manner inconsistent with existing law.‖); Mount Hope Church v. Bash Back!,

705 F.3d 418, 429 (9th Cir. 2012) (finding that ―absent undue burden imposed by

an oppressive subpoena, a facially defective subpoena, or bad faith on the part of

the requesting party, Rule 45 (c)(1) sanctions are inappropriate‖); Alberts v. HCA

Inc., 405 B.R. 498, 503 (D.D.C. 2009) (―[B]latent abuse of the subpoena power is
                                         16

a common thread running through decisions in which sanctions have been awarded

under [Federal] Rule 45 (c)(1).‖).

      Here, Mrs. Bruce has failed to explain how the trial court abused its

discretion in failing to sanction Pepco under Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45 (c)(1). As an

initial matter, she does not explain how Pepco‘s subpoena was issued in bad faith

or for an improper purpose. Pepco‘s subpoena was narrowly tailored. Pepco

sought to obtain the original data from a single photograph. Compare to Legal

Voice, supra, 738 F.3d at 1185 (even where district court denied a motion to

compel as to eight of the requested fourteen categories of information, subpoena

against a non-party was not facially overbroad). And it sought this photograph

only after Mrs. Bruce‘s alterations to her original deposition undermined Pepco‘s

theory of the case that Mr. Ghafoorian was alive at the time Mrs. Bruce took the

photograph — a fact the trial court found ―could be dispositive‖ to Pepco‘s case.

Therefore, the subpoena was not facially overbroad and was targeted to obtaining

information relevant to the underlying suit. Cf. In re Herndon, supra, 596 A.2d at

597 (affirming the decision to deny a ―sweeping‖ discovery request to a non-party

where the need for documents did not ―sufficiently outweigh the burden and

invasion of corporate privacy‖) (internal quotes omitted).
                                        17

      Mrs. Bruce has also failed to explain how Pepco‘s enforcement of its

subpoena was oppressive or an abuse of the discovery process. Mrs. Bruce relies

on her general right to privacy to argue an undue burden existed. But subpoenaing

private or sensitive information of a non-party does not automatically trigger an

undue burden. See Mount Hope, supra, 705 F.3d at 427, 429 (reversing an award

of sanctions where, after a district court granted a motion to quash a subpoena

requesting the identities of seven anonymous e-mail account holders on First

Amendment grounds, there was no bad faith in requesting the protected

information). Rather, it requires the trial court to balance the competing interests

of the litigants and hardships associated with compliance. In re Herndon, supra,

596 A.2d at 596. The trial court did so here, and found against Mrs. Bruce. While

Mrs. Bruce is understandably frustrated that, in hindsight, the photo she was

compelled to produce was, in fact, the same one she had already given to Pepco,

this fact alone is not sufficient to award sanctions where Pepco‘s request was

otherwise appropriate. See Alexander v. F.B.I., 186 F.R.D. 188, 197 (D.D.C. 1999)

(finding a subpoena for documents that ―were ultimately held to be irrelevant‖ did

not trigger an undue burden justifying sanctions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 45 (c)(1)

because the request was not ―overbroad or improper‖). Moreover, no facts here

demonstrate that Pepco acted improperly in enforcing the subpoena. In fact, early

in the discovery process, Mrs. Bruce rejected Pepco‘s offer to negotiate and limit
                                         18

the ―breadth and scope of the records subpoena,‖ including by arranging ―to have

[Pepco‘s] forensic expert copy only that material relevant to this case without

removing any personal information.‖ Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by refusing to sanction Pepco under Super. Ct. Civ. R.

45 (c)(1).

      C. Attorney’s Fees

      Lastly, we address whether the trial court abused its discretion in ordering

Mrs. Bruce to pay Pepco $4,742.00 in attorneys‘ fees for the deposition of Mrs.

Bruce‘s expert. Synanon Found., Inc. v. Bernstein, 517 A.2d 28, 38 (D.C. 1986).

There are two avenues by which the trial court could award attorney‘s fees against

a non-party as a sanction for noncompliance with a subpoena: (1) through a

finding of contempt via Super. Ct. Civ. R. 45 (e), see Chambers v. NASCO, Inc.,

501 U.S. 32, 43 n.8 (1991) (explaining that sanctions under the federal rules ―are

limited to those incurred as a result of the Rule violation‖); or (2) through the

court‘s inherent authority to impose sanctions for bad faith litigation. Upson v.

Wallace, 3 A.3d 1148, 1165 (D.C. 2010). The trial court did not articulate the

statute or rule that it relied on for its award, and did not expressly hold Mrs. Bruce

in contempt for failing to comply with the subpoena under Rule 45 (e). See
                                          19

Delacruz v. Harris, 780 A.2d 262, 264 (D.C. 2001) (―In the absence of statutory or

rule authority, attorney‘s fees generally are not allowed as an element of damages,

costs, or otherwise.‖) (quoting Roos v. LaPrade, 444 A.2d 950, 951 (D.C.1982)).

This leaves only the court‘s inherent authority to sanction a bad faith litigant as the

basis for the court‘s order.

       ―Generally, under the ‗American Rule‘ each party is responsible for paying

its respective fees for legal services.‖ Assidon v. Abboushi, 16 A.3d 939, 942

(D.C. 2011). One well-known exception to this rule is a court‘s authority to

impose sanctions ―when it finds that the attorney or party has engaged in bad faith

litigation.‖ Jemison v. Nat’l Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., 720 A.2d 275, 287

(D.C. 1998) (holding that the court has inherent authority to impose sanctions

against a non-party for bad faith litigation). In order to award attorney‘s fees for

bad faith litigation, the party‘s conduct ―must be so egregious that fee

shifting becomes warranted as a matter of equity.‖ In re Jumper, 984 A.2d 1232,

1247-48 (D.C. 2009) (citation omitted); see also Synanon, supra, 517 A.2d at 37

(―[T]he court must scrupulously avoid penalizing a party for legitimate exercise of

the right of access to the courts.‖). ―To ascertain whether a litigant has initiated an

action in bad faith the court examines whether the claim is entirely without

color and has been asserted wantonly, for purposes of harassment or delay, or for
                                         20

other improper reasons . . . .‖ Id. (citation omitted). Additionally, ―[a] party‘s bad

faith . . . may manifest itself through procedural maneuvers,‖ such as those that

lack justification or are initiated for an improper purpose, ―such as harassment or

delay.‖ Id. (citing Jung v. Jung, 844 A.2d 1099, 1108 (D.C. 2004)). We require

the trial court to make a finding of bad faith when exercising its inherent authority

to impose sanctions for bad faith litigation. Delacruz, supra, 780 A.2d at 265;

Charles v. Charles, 505 A.2d 462, 467 (D.C. 1986).

      The trial court found that Mrs. Bruce‘s ―non-compliance with the court‘s

specific directive to provide Pepco with information concerning the methodology

[her expert] used‖ led the court to conclude she was not in ―sufficient compliance.‖

However, this finding does not rise to the level of a finding of bad faith. In the

discovery context, this court has found bad faith where a litigant ―cynically

attempt[s] to foil the discovery process,‖ Synanon Found., supra, 517 A.2d at 38

(finding abundant evidence of bad faith where a party systematically destroyed

discoverable evidence and made false representations to the trial court to obtain

favorable discovery rulings), or undertakes filings simply to frustrate the trial

court‘s orders. See Am. Fed. State, County & Mun. Emps. v. Ball, 439 A.2d 514,

516 (D.C. 1981) (affirming award of attorney‘s fees against a party for

noncompliance with a subpoena where the trial court ―gained the distinct
                                         21

impression that the [party] [was] attempting to thwart the orders of the [c]ourt‖ by

seeking three protective orders in two jurisdictions, ―each time proffering the same

rationale‖). Here, there is no evidence in the record, nor did the trial court find,

that Mrs. Bruce made frivolous claims or undertook procedural maneuvers to

harass or delay in bad faith. In re Jumper, supra, 984 A.2d at 1248. In fact, the

trial court ordered the deposition of Mrs. Bruce‘s expert because, in the trial

court‘s view, allowing Mrs. Bruce to use her expert would potentially aid in

bringing her into compliance with the subpoena. We therefore vacate the January

23, 2015, order granting Pepco‘s request of fees and costs because the trial court

abused its discretion in awarding attorneys‘ fees to Pepco without finding that Mrs.

Bruce acted in bad faith.

                                 III.   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court‘s decision declining to impose sanctions on Pepco,

but we reverse and vacate the award of attorney‘s fees that the trial court levied on

Mrs. Bruce. We dismiss Mrs. Bruce‘s appeal of the trial court‘s April 24, 2014,

order enforcing the subpoena.

                                                          So ordered.