Court Opinion

ID: 9897910
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:27:00.296297+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:47.937037
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                   OCTOBER 5, 2023
                                              In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                             WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION THREE

EARNEST L. RAAB, D.C., d/b/a             )
SUCCESS TO SIGNIFICANCE LLC, a           )     No. 38842-5-III
Washington LLC; MICHAEL ULRICK;          )
LARRY C. WIEBER and ROSE                 )
WIEBER, d/b/a TEST FOR NUTRITION         )
OF WASHINGTON, LLC, a Washington         )
LLC; MAX and DEBRA ROBBINS;              )     PUBLISHED OPINION
TONI RAGSDALE, d/b/a RAGSDALE &          )
COMPANY LLC, an Oklahoma LLC;            )
WAYNE MATECKI, LAC and AMY L.            )
MATECKI, M.D., d/b/a DR. AMY’S           )
INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE, INC., a            )
California corporation,                  )
                                         )
                   Respondents,          )
                                         )
      v.                                 )
                                         )
NU SKIN ENTERPRISES, INC., a             )
Delaware Corporation; PHARMANEX,         )
LLC, a Delaware LLC; WESTON              )
BLATTER, individually and for the        )
marital community; SCOTT BENNETT,        )
individually and for the marital         )
community; TYLER BENNETT,                )
individually and for the marital         )
community, d/b/a LEADERSHIP INC., a      )
Utah Corporation, and d/b/a FOR OUR      )
FUTURE, INC., a Utah Corporation;        )
BUILD BELIEF, LLC, a Nebraska LLC;       )
VLADIMIR KOLBAS, individually and        )
for the marital community, d/b/a BUILD   )
BELIEF, LLC; ESTEE and BLAKE             )
No. 38842-5-III
Raab, et al. v. Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc., et al.

CARTER, wife and husband, individually          )
and for the marital community, d/b/a            )
ORANGE GOOSE LLC, a Utah LLC, and               )
d/b/a ORANGE GOOSE CENTRAL,                     )
LLC, a Utah LLC, and d/b/a ORANGE               )
GOOSE PARTNERS, LLC, a Utah LLC;                )
WILLIAM JONATHAN WHITTAKER                      )
and KATHIE ANNE WHITTAKER,                      )
individually and for the marital                )
community, d/b/a PHARMANEXMD,                   )
LLC, a Florida LLC; LATISHA                     )
DANIELLE TAYLOR, individually and               )
for the marital community, d/b/a                )
HEALTH MEASURED VENTURES,                       )
LLC, a California LLC; and STEPHEN              )
MOORE, D.C., individually and for the           )
marital community, d/b/a LIVE BETTER            )
LONGER MD, LLC, a Florida LLC, and              )
d/b/a MD SOLUTION, and d/b/a GET                )
HEALTHY USA, and JANE and JOHN                  )
DOES, 1-10,                                     )
                                                )
                      Petitioners.              )
       SIDDOWAY, J.P.T. ∗ — Modern cases favor enforcing party agreements to the

jurisdiction in which any future dispute will be resolved, and to a chosen state’s law that

will apply. Nevertheless, common law conflict of law principles will sometimes support

a Washington court’s refusal to enforce a forum selection agreement, and in deciding

       ∗
        Judge Laurel H. Siddoway was a member of the Court of Appeals at the time
argument was held on this matter. She is now serving as a judge pro tempore of the court
pursuant to RCW 2.06.150.

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whether to enforce such an agreement, the Washington court will not necessarily be

required to honor an adhesive agreement to apply another state’s laws.

       Discretionary review was granted in this case when the superior court refused to

dismiss a lawsuit brought in Washington against Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc., and

Pharmanex, LLC (collectively “Nu Skin”), Utah-based companies, despite the plaintiffs’

having earlier agreed to resolve any future “Disputes” by arbitration in Utah, applying

Utah law. The appeal requires us to address the preemptive effect of the Federal

Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16; the scope of the parties’ arbitration agreement;

and the common law conflict of law principles that may support refusals to enforce a

forum selection clause and choice of law provision.

       We reverse the superior court’s determination that the scope of the parties’

arbitration agreement is too narrow to apply to the plaintiffs’ claims. We reject Nu

Skin’s contention that “improper venue” under CR 12(b)(3) was a basis for dismissal.

We reject its FAA-based arguments that arbitrability of the parties’ disputes was not an

issue before the superior court. We remand for the superior court to address anew

whether to enforce the forum selection clause and, in that connection, hold that the

plaintiffs’ contention that the arbitration terms provided by their contract with Nu Skin

are unconscionable is potentially relevant to whether the clause should be enforced.

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                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Headquartered in Provo, Utah, Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. and its affiliates market

beauty and nutritional products in the United States and throughout the world through a

direct multilevel marketing approach. Nu Skin hires independent contractors who serve

as Nu Skin distributors, deriving income by enlisting other distributors and selling Nu

Skin merchandise.

       The nine plaintiffs who brought the action below (“Plaintiffs”) are lower-level

distributors for Nu Skin. According to the Plaintiffs, the only agreement they ever signed

with Nu Skin was a three-page “Distributor Agreement.” Nu Skin agrees and has

produced as signed evidence of the parties’ agreements only copies of the Distributor

Agreements signed by individual Plaintiffs between 2011 and 2018.

       A representative 2017 version of the Distributor Agreement 1 defines “Contract” as

meaning

       the agreement between Nu Skin and me composed of the Distributor
       Agreement (Section B),[2] the International Sponsor Agreement

       1
         The Plaintiffs’ signed Distributor Agreements are in text so small they are
virtually illegible, with the result that Nu Skin produced unsigned copies of the three
Distributor Agreement forms it has used since 2010 (the form was modified in 2012 and
again in 2017, although not in any material respect). It acknowledged that the Plaintiffs’
signed copies “are, in some instances, difficult to read and/or missing pages.” Clerk’s
Paper’s (CP) at 87. We rely throughout our opinion on the unsigned copy of the 2017
Distributor Agreement, which the Plaintiffs do not contend is substantively different from
earlier versions. See CP at 135-37.
       2
           Our references to the “Distributor Agreement” hereafter are to the entire

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       (Section C), the Mandatory and Binding Arbitration Agreement (Section
       D), Miscellaneous Provisions (Section E), the Policies and Procedures, the
       Sales Compensation Plan, and materials pertaining to optional programs.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 136. “Policies and Procedures” is defined to mean

       [T]he policies, in addition to the Distributor Agreement, that govern how I,
       as a Distributor, am to conduct my business and defines the rights and
       relationships of the parties.

Id. An acknowledgment above the agreement’s signature line for the distributor states:

       I have previously reviewed the Contract, or agree, before conducting any
       Distributorship activity, to do so online at www.policiesandprocedures.us.
       If I refuse to follow any provision of the Contract, I agree to notify
       NSEUS[3] in writing, and cancel my Distributorship.

CP at 137.

       As explained by a declaration of Nu Skin’s compliance officer, its 2010 and later

policies and procedures (hereafter “Policies”) reserved Nu Skin’s right to modify the

Contract, providing that it could do so on 30 days’ notice, stating:

       “[Distributors] agree that 30 days after such notice, any modification
       becomes effective and is automatically incorporated into the Contract
       between [Distributor] and the Company as an effective and binding
       provision. By continuing to act as a Distributor, engaging in any Business
       Activity, or accepting any Bonus after the modifications have become
       effective, [Distributor] acknowledge[s] acceptance of the new Contract
       terms.”

document entitled “Distributor Agreement,” not to the section B Distributor Agreement-
within-the-Distributor Agreement.
       3
           Nu Skin Enterprises, U.S.A., Inc.

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CP at 89 (alterations in original) (quoting chapter 8 of the 2010 Policies). Nu Skin

contends that based on this provision, its most recently modified 2018 Policies are

binding on all of the Plaintiffs. Our references to the Policies hereafter are to the 2018

Policies.

       The Spokane County action and motion to dismiss

       The action below was brought in November 2021. In a complaint filed in Spokane

County, the Plaintiffs alleged that Nu Skin and 10 of its higher-level distributors

misrepresented the financial potential of distributorships and the legitimacy of the Nu

Skin business enterprises. They also alleged that the defendants conducted business in

ways that advantaged higher-level distributors to the disadvantage of lower-level

distributors.

       Four Plaintiffs are Washington residents and two are residents of Spokane County.

The remaining Plaintiffs are a married couple from Utah, a married couple from

California, and a resident of Oklahoma. In support of personal jurisdiction and proper

venue, the Plaintiffs allege in the complaint that each of the defendants engaged in

conduct in violation of chapters 19.86 and 19.275 RCW, and that “the events that gave

rise to claims occurred in substantial part in Spokane County and Defendants transact

business in Spokane County.” CP at 31-32.

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       In a section of the complaint preceding its “Causes of Action” section—a

section V, titled “Non-Arbitrability”—the Plaintiffs assert that their Contract with Nu

Skin contains mandatory arbitration terms that were unilaterally imposed in what was a

“classic contract of adhesion.” CP at 53-55 (boldface omitted). They allege that

arbitration in Utah as provided by the Contract was not agreed to by them, that it was

unsupported by consideration, and that the arbitration terms are unenforceable. Their

prayer for relief seeks a court order that Nu Skin’s “Mandatory and Binding Arbitration

Agreement” is unlawful or otherwise not binding on them and that the claims pleaded by

their complaint are not required to be arbitrated. CP at 62.

       The complaint asserts claims for relief for violations of Washington’s Consumer

Protection Act (CPA), chapter 19.86 RCW; for violations of Washington’s Antipyramid

Promotional Scheme Act, chapter 19.275 RCW; for violations of the Racketeer

Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq.; for tortious

interference with business expectancy; and for negligence and negligent

misrepresentation. It seeks injunctive relief, actual damages for lost income, treble

damages under the CPA, expectation damages for promised income, and attorney fees

and costs.

       Nu Skin’s first response to the Plaintiffs’ complaint was to petition the United

States District Court for the District of Utah to compel arbitration. Several weeks later, it

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filed a motion in the action below to dismiss the complaint “for improper venue pursuant

to Washington Superior Court Civil Rule 12(b)(3), or, in the alternative, to dismiss or

stay this action because the [FAA] requires that the United States District Court for the

District of Utah decide [Nu Skin’s] Petition to Compel Arbitration.” CP at 199. Nu Skin

alleged that “Plaintiffs agreed to resolve all disputes with the Nu Skin Defendants and Nu

Skin distributor defendants through arbitration in the State of Utah.” Id. 4

       In opposing Nu Skin’s motion to dismiss, the Plaintiffs’ principal argument was

that the definition of “Disputes” subject to arbitration under the contract is not broad, as

contended by Nu Skin, but is actually extremely narrow, and does not encompass their

claims for relief. They argued that it is clear from the overall structure of the Distributor

Agreement and its internal complaint procedures that arbitration is only intended as the

final step in resolving an internal complaint.

       The Plaintiffs also argued that if the forum selection provisions did apply to their

claims, they would contravene a strong Washington public policy by impairing the

Plaintiffs’ ability to obtain relief under the CPA and Antipyramid Promotional Scheme

Act, given a choice of law provision in the Distributor Agreement under which “‘[the

       4
         A “jurisdiction” clause of the Policies provides that “[t]he exclusive venue for
any and all Disputes, including the validity of provisions regarding arbitration, place of
venue, and jurisdiction will be in Salt Lake County, Utah,” and “You consent to the
jurisdiction of any court within the State of Utah.” CP at 155. Similar language appears
in the Mandatory and Binding Arbitration Agreement contained in the Distributor
Agreement. CP at 137.

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Contract] will be governed by, construed in accordance with, and interpreted pursuant to

the laws of Utah, without giving effect to its rules regarding choice of laws.’” See CP at

234 (alteration in original) (quoting CP at 137). They also argued that a number of

provisions of the contract were procedurally or substantively unconscionable. In this

connection, they argued that there was a “substantial amount of overlap” between the

Washington proceeding and Nu Skin’s federal petition to compel arbitration, which the

Washington Plaintiffs had moved to dismiss. CP at 231. The Plaintiffs provided the

superior court with copies of their federal briefing opposing arbitration, “encourag[ing]”

the superior court to “refer to those documents as they further lay out Plaintiffs’

arguments.” CP at 231, and see CP at 267-75. At oral argument of the motion to

dismiss, Nu Skin’s lawyer also offered copies of its own briefing in the federal action for

the trial court’s review.

       The superior court denied Nu Skin’s motion to dismiss the complaint or stay the

action, entering but modifying an order proposed by the Plaintiffs. The reasons for

denial, as revised by the superior court’s striking out certain language and modifying

punctuation, stated:

              The Court concludes . . . that this Court is the proper venue for this
       case based on Washington’s strong public policy interests in deciding cases
       brought under its own consumer protection laws, including Washington’s
       Antipyramid Promotional Scheme Act. and/or because the Utah forum
       would deprive Plaintiffs of a reasonable remedy in this case. Alternatively,
       t The arbitration agreement is inapplicable to the present matter because

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          this is not a “Dispute” within the meaning of the Contract. Furthermore,
          this case can coexist while the Utah Federal Court decides the Petition to
          Compel Arbitration before it and discovery can proceed.

CP at 345.

          Nu Skin moved for reconsideration, again arguing that “[w]hether Plaintiffs must

arbitrate their claims was . . . not before th[e] Court,” since “Nu Skin had to file its

Petition to Compel Arbitration in Utah under both the parties’ agreement . . . and the

FAA.” CP at 350. Reconsideration was denied.

          Nu Skin moved this court to grant discretionary review under RAP 2.3(b)(2), on

the basis that the superior court had committed probable error and the decision of the

superior court substantially altered the status quo and limited the freedom of a party to

act. Mot. for Discretionary Rev. at 7-8 (Apr. 21, 2022) (on file with court). Once again,

it argued that Nu Skin “was required to file its petition to compel arbitration in Utah”

under the parties’ agreement and the FAA. Id. at 6. While Nu Skin’s motion for

discretionary review was pending, the Utah federal court ruled that oral argument was not

necessary, the Washington superior court’s construction of the arbitration agreement had

preclusive effect, and it denied Nu Skin’s motion to compel arbitration and granted the

Washington Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss. Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. v. Raab, No. 2:21-

cv-00709-RJS-CMR, 2022 WL 2118223, at *1, *11 (D. Utah June 13, 2022) (court

order).

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       A commissioner of our court granted the motion for discretionary review. While

the commissioner observed that Nu Skin failed to demonstrate that the superior court’s

decision had an effect outside the courtroom, it held that the motion presented a

questionable venue decision and Nu Skin’s last opportunity to raise venue prior to trial.

Comm’r’s Ruling at 13-14 (Aug. 4, 2022) (on file with court). The Plaintiffs’ motion to

modify the commissioner’s ruling was denied.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Nu Skin’s motion to dismiss asked the superior court to dismiss the Plaintiffs’

complaint for improper venue under CR 12(b)(3) or because the FAA required the issue

of arbitration to be addressed in Utah. Alternatively, it asked the superior court to stay

proceedings. Following the dismissal and closing of the federal case in Utah, Nu Skin

abandoned its request for a stay, informing this court that its stay request was moot. Mot.

to Suppl. Rec. at 4 (June 22, 2022) (on file with court).

       We first address Nu Skin’s motion to dismiss, then turn to its challenge to the trial

court’s interpretation of the “Disputes” subject to arbitration, and then address why the

alleged unconscionability of the Contract’s dispute resolution provisions is potentially

relevant to whether to enforce the forum selection clause and why we remand for the

superior court to consider that issue anew.

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I.     THE MOTION TO DISMISS FOR “IMPROPER VENUE” OR BASED ON FAA PREEMPTION
       WAS PROPERLY DENIED

       In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion, we may affirm on any basis

supported by the record even if the trial court did not consider the particular argument.

King County v. Seawest Inv. Assocs., LLC, 141 Wn. App. 304, 310, 170 P.3d 53 (2007)

(citing LaMon v. Butler, 112 Wn.2d 193, 200-01, 770 P.2d 1027 (1989)).

       A.     Since venue was proper under RCW 4.12.025, CR 12(b)(3) was not a basis
              for dismissal

       CR 12(b) identifies defenses to a claim for relief that may, at the option of the

pleader, be made by motion. CR 12(b)(3) provides that the defense of “improper venue”

may be made by motion. The Plaintiffs alleged that venue was proper in Spokane County

“in that the events that gave rise to claims occurred in substantial part in Spokane County

and Defendants transact business in Spokane County.” CP at 32. This is a sufficient

basis for venue under RCW 4.12.025.

       In Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court for the

Western District of Texas, 571 U.S. 49, 55, 134 S. Ct. 568, 187 L. Ed. 2d 487 (2013), a

case cited by Nu Skin in the trial court, the United States Supreme Court construed Rule

12(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) as inapplicable to cases in which

a defending party seeks to enforce a forum selection clause. It explained that “[w]hether

venue is ‘wrong’ or ‘improper’ depends exclusively on whether the court in which the

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case was brought satisfies the requirement of federal venue laws, and those provisions

say nothing about a forum-selection clause.” Id. Elsewhere, it stated that “[i]f the federal

venue statutes establish that suit may be brought in a particular district, a contractual bar

cannot render venue in that district ‘wrong.’” Id. at 58.

       The federal district court in Texas in which the Atlantic Marine complaint was

filed would have been a proper venue for a dispute over a construction subcontract that

was being performed in Texas. The defendant’s complaint was that the parties’

agreement contained a forum selection clause that stated disputes would be litigated in

the state or federal courts of Virginia. Id. at 52-53. The court held that FRCP 12(b)(3)

did not apply. It observed that a defendant could move to transfer a federal case to the

contractually-required federal forum by making a transfer motion under § 1404(a), and

where the defendant wished to enforce a forum-selection clause pointing to a state or

foreign forum, it could do so through the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Id. at 59-60.

       Following Atlantic Marine, two state supreme courts have construed their state

rule or statutory equivalents to FRCP 12(b)(3) similarly, holding that they do not provide

a basis to dismiss actions for which venue is proper under state law, but that are allegedly

contractually required to be commenced elsewhere. In Tucker v. Cochran Firm-Criminal

Defense Birmingham LLC, 2014 OK 112, ¶ 17, 341 P.3d 673, 680 (Okla. 2014), the

Oklahoma Supreme Court held that just as its statute 12 O.S. § 2012(B)(3) “does not

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apply to a motion raising the judicial doctrine of forum non conveniens, neither does

§ 2012(B)(3) apply to a motion alleging a contractual agreement for a different venue.”

In Margolis v. Daily Direct LLC, 2023 VT 20, ¶ 6, 297 A.3d 114 (Vt. 2023), in which the

defending party had successfully enforced a forum selection clause under Vermont’s

Rule 12(b)(3), the Vermont Supreme Court engaged in no more analysis than citing

Atlantic Marine to hold that some rule other than Rule 12(b)(3) would have to be the

basis for seeking to dismiss an action based on the existence of a forum selection clause. 5

       The same result is required here. CR 12(b)(3) is substantively identical to FRCP

12(b)(3). Under RCW 4.12.025, venue of Plaintiffs’ action in Spokane County was

proper based on the allegations of the complaint. While this may not have been the

reason relied on by the trial court for denying Nu Skin’s motion, 6 the trial court record

supported denying the CR 12(b)(3) motion on this basis.

       B.     Dismissal was not required by the FAA

       Nu Skin argued for dismissal of the complaint on the alternative basis that “the

[FAA] requires that the United States District Court for the District of Utah decide”

       5
         In Atlantic Marine, the Supreme Court noted that an amicus had advocated for
FRCP 12(b)(6) as a possible basis for dismissal, but the parties had not briefed the
application of that rule and the court declined to consider it. 571 U.S. at 61. The amicus,
Professor Stephen Sachs, later elaborated on his view that a forum selection clause should
be viewed as an affirmative defense that can then be presented for decision by a 12(b)(6)
motion to dismiss or a motion for summary judgment. Stephen E. Sachs, The Forum
Selection Defense, 10 DUKE J. CONST. L. & PUB. POL’Y no. 1, at 1 (2014).
       6
         It was possibly the reason. Nu Skin had cited Atlantic Marine in its briefing.

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whether arbitration should be compelled. CP at 199. It argued in this connection that the

parties’ Contract provided that the Utah arbitrator would determine arbitrability, and that

cases applying 9 U.S.C. § 4 of the FAA require a motion to compel arbitration to be

heard in the federal district where arbitration was contractually agreed to take place.

              1.      The issue of arbitrability was not delegated to the Utah arbitrator

       Nu Skin argued first that its Policies provide that the “‘exclusive venue for any

and all Disputes, including the validity of provisions regarding arbitration, place of

venue, and jurisdiction, will be in Salt Lake County, Utah,’” and that the highlighted

language constituted a delegation of the issue of arbitrability to the Utah arbitrator. CP at

207 (boldface omitted). Citing Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1130 (9th Cir.

2015), and Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 586 U.S.         , 139 S. Ct. 524,

529, 202 L. Ed. 2d 480 (2019), it argued that under the FAA, a delegation of the issue of

arbitrability to the arbitrator must be honored by the courts.

       The arbitration forum selection provisions of the parties’ Contract fall within the

scope of the FAA. Under 9 U.S.C. § 2 of the FAA, “[a] written provision in any . . .

contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a

controversy thereafter arising out of such contract . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and

enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any

contract.” (Emphasis added.) As observed by the Washington Supreme Court in Satomi

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Owners Ass’n v. Satomi, LLC, “the United States Supreme Court has interpreted the term

‘involving commerce’ in section 2 as ‘the functional equivalent of the more familiar term

‘affecting commerce’—words of art that ordinarily signal the broadest permissible

exercise of Congress’ Commerce Clause power.” 167 Wn.2d 781, 798-99, 225 P.3d 213

(2009) (quoting Citizens Bank v. Alafabco, Inc., 539 U.S. 52, 56, 123 S. Ct. 2037, 156 L.

Ed. 2d 46 (2003) (citing Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 273-74,

115 S. Ct. 834, 130 L. Ed. 2d 753 (1995))). The Plaintiffs do not dispute that the

arbitration forum selection provisions of the Contract are subject to the FAA.

       The FAA contains no provision of express preemption nor does it preempt the

field of arbitration. Satomi Owners Ass’n, 167 Wn.2d at 800 n.14 (citing Volt Info. Scis.,

Inc. v. Bd. of Tr., 489 U.S. 468, 477, 109 S. Ct. 1248, 103 L. Ed. 2d 488 (1989)). It

preempts state law, if at all, by conflict preemption, which occurs “where (1) it is

impossible to comply with both state and federal law or (2) state law ‘“stands as an

obstacle to the accomplishment of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.”’” Id. at

800 (quoting McKee v. AT&T Corp., 164 Wn.2d 372, 387, 191 P.3d 845 (2008) (quoting,

in turn, Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 464 U.S. 238, 248, 104 S. Ct. 615, 78 L. Ed. 2d

443 (1984))), abrogated on other grounds by AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563

U.S. 333, 131 S. Ct. 1740, 179 L. Ed. 2d 742 (2011).

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       As the United States Supreme Court explained in First Options of Chicago, Inc. v.

Kaplan, a dispute potentially subject to arbitration presents three types of disagreement—

in this case, the first is whether the defendants did mislead the Plaintiffs, which makes up

the merits of the dispute; second, whether the Plaintiffs agreed to arbitrate the merits,

which addresses the arbitrability of the dispute; and third, who should have the primary

power to decide the second matter—the arbitrator or the court—which involves who

decides arbitrability. 514 U.S. 938, 942, 115 S. Ct. 1920, 131 L. Ed. 2d 985 (1995).

Kaplan held that courts generally decide the third point of disagreement applying

ordinary state-law principles, because it is a matter the parties “reasonably would have

thought a judge, not an arbitrator, would decide.” Id. at 945. It emphasized that courts

“should not assume that the parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability unless there is ‘clea[r]

and unmistakabl[e]’ evidence that they did so.” Id. at 935 (alterations in original) (citing

AT&T Tech., Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649, 106 S. Ct. 1415, 89

L. Ed. 2d 648 (1986)).

       Brennan is the first case on which Nu Skin relied to argue that deciding

arbitrability was delegated by these parties to the Utah arbitrator. In that case, the parties

to an employment dispute had entered into an agreement whose arbitration clause

“expressly incorporated the Rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA).”

796 F.3d at 1128. “[O]ne of [the rules] states that the ‘arbitrator shall have the power to

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rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the . . .

validity of the arbitration agreement.’” Id. (emphasis added). The Ninth Circuit pointed

out that generally in deciding whether to compel arbitration, the court determines the

“gateway issues” of “(1) whether there is an agreement to arbitrate between the parties;

and (2) whether the agreement covers the dispute.” Id. at 1130 (citing Howsam v. Dean

Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 84, 123 S. Ct. 588, 154 L. Ed. 2d 491 (2002)). It

found that incorporation of the AAA rule empowering the arbitrator to “‘rule on his or

her own jurisdiction’” and the “‘validity of the arbitration agreement’” was a clear and

unmistakable delegation of those issues to the arbitrator. Id. at 1130-31.

       In Schein, the second case relied on by Nu Skin, the parties also agreed that “[a]ny

dispute arising . . . shall be resolved by binding arbitration in accordance with the

arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association.” 139 S. Ct. at 528. The issue

presented in Schein was whether there should be a “wholly groundless” exception to

referring disputes to arbitration, and a unanimous Supreme Court refused to recognize

such an exception. The Court stated, “We express no view about whether the contract at

issue in this case in fact delegated the arbitrability question to an arbitrator. The Court of

Appeals did not decide that issue.” Id. at 531. Emphasizing that “[u]nder our cases,

courts ‘should not assume that the parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability unless there is

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clear and unmistakable evidence that they did so,” the Supreme Court directed the Court

of Appeals to decide that issue on remand. Id.

       Here, Nu Skin relies on language in chapter 8 of its Policies, titled, “General

Terms.” The section of the General Terms on which it relies, in which we highlight the

language that Nu Skin contends constitutes the delegation, states:

       1.5    GOVERNING LAW/JURISDICTION
       Utah will be the exclusive venue for arbitration or any other resolution of
       any Disputes. The place of origin of the Contract is the State of Utah,
       USA, and the Contract will be governed by, construed in accordance with,
       and interpreted pursuant to the laws of the State of Utah, USA, without
       giving effect to its rules regarding choice of law. The exclusive venue for
       any and all Disputes, including the validity of provisions regarding
       arbitration, place of venue, and jurisdiction, will be Salt Lake County,
       Utah. You consent to the personal jurisdiction of any court within the
       State of Utah and waive any objection to improper venue.

CP at 155 (emphasis added). The sentence on which Nu Skin relies identifies “Salt Lake

County” as “the exclusive venue” for resolving the highlighted issues. Id. It does not

speak of the authority delegated to the Utah arbitrator at all. The superior court’s

authority to decide issues of arbitrability was not limited by any delegation to the Utah

arbitrator.

       The Utah federal court rejected Nu Skin’s argument that other language in the

Contract delegated decisions on arbitrability to the arbitrator. Nu Skin Enter., Inc. v.

Raab, 2022 WL 2118223, at *8 n.93 (“Here, the requirement that ‘any and all . . .

disputes . . . arising under or related to th[e] Contract’ be submitted to arbitration does not

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constitute clear and unmistakable evidence that the parties agreed to delegate the question

of arbitrability to the arbitrator.”).

               2.      The FAA did not require the issue of arbitration to be addressed by
                       the Utah federal court

       A second basis on which Nu Skin argued the FAA required dismissal of the

complaint was that it “requires . . . the United States District Court for the District of

Utah [to] decide the . . . Petition to Compel Arbitration.” CP at 199. The case law

offered in support, however, dealt only with motions to compel arbitration in federal

court, and issues presented when a motion is brought in a federal district different from

that in which the parties agreed to arbitrate. Nu Skin could have moved to compel

arbitration in the superior court under RCW 7.04A.070, however. “‘[A] strong public

policy favoring arbitration is recognized under both federal and Washington law.’”

Burnett v. Pagliacci Pizza, Inc., 196 Wn.2d 38, 48, 470 P.3d 486 (2020) (quoting Satomi

Owners Ass’n, 167 Wn.2d at 810).

       Title 9 U.S.C. § 4 provides that a party “aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect,

or refusal of another to arbitrate . . . may petition any United States district court which,

save for such agreement, would have jurisdiction under title 28 . . . for an order directing

that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement.” As pointed

out in the seminal decision in Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury

Construction Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 25 n.32, 103 S. Ct. 927, 74 L. Ed. 2d 765 (1983), the

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FAA is “something of an anomaly in the field of federal-court jurisdiction” in that it

creates a body of federal substantive law establishing and regulating the duty to honor an

agreement to arbitrate, yet it does not create any independent federal-question jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 or otherwise.” Title 9 U.S.C. § 4 of the FAA provides for an

order compelling arbitration only when the federal district court would have jurisdiction

over a suit on the underlying dispute; hence, there must be diversity of citizenship or

some other independent basis for federal jurisdiction before the order can issue. In this

case, as explained by the Utah federal court, it was the Plaintiffs’ RICO claim that

provided federal question jurisdiction over that claim and, in turn, supplemental

jurisdiction over the state claims. Nu-Skin Enter., Inc. v. Raab, 2022 WL 2118223, at *4.

       Accordingly, “enforcement of the [FAA] is left in large part to the state courts.”

Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 25 n.32. In Southland Corp. v. Keating, another landmark

case, the United States Supreme Court held that an arbitration clause enforceable in an

action in a federal court is equally enforceable if the action is brought in a state court.

465 U.S. 1, 17, 104 S. Ct. 852, 79 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1984) (Stevens, J., concurring in part). As

the majority in Southland pointed out, it was unimaginable that Congress intended to

limit the FAA’s application to disputes subject only to federal court jurisdiction at a time

when only “2[ percent] of all civil litigation in this country is in the federal courts.” Id. at

15 & n.8. “[S]tate courts have a prominent role to play as enforcers of agreements to

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arbitrate.” Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 59, 129 S. Ct. 1262, 173 L. Ed. 2d 206

(2009).

       Nevertheless, Nu Skin repeatedly told the superior court that it was “required” to

have its motion to compel arbitration heard in Utah. It cited to four decisions by federal

appellate courts, with no explanation how they supported this so-called requirement.

Examination reveals that the cases merely reflect adverse consequences that have

befallen parties where there was an election to take action in federal rather than state

court, in a district other than the contractually-agreed location for arbitration.

       The problem is created by language in 9 U.S.C. § 4, which—after allowing a

motion to compel arbitration to be filed in any district having jurisdiction over the

underlying dispute—goes on to provide that the arbitration hearing and proceedings

under the agreement, “shall be within the district in which the petition for an order

directing such arbitration is filed.”

       In Textile Unlimited, Inc. v. A..BMH & Co., 240 F.3d 781 (9th Cir. 2001), the first

case relied on by Nu Skin, the Ninth Circuit held that a federal district court in California

properly enjoined an arbitration that A..BMH had commenced in the allegedly-agreed

arbitration venue of Georgia, given that the California court had jurisdiction and was a

proper venue. It pointed out that if A..BMH was concerned about economy and

confining the parties’ litigation to a single forum, it could counterclaim to compel

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arbitration in California. It observed that 9 U.S.C. § 4 of the FAA “only confines the

arbitration to the district in which the petition to compel is filed. It does not require that

the petition be filed where the contract specified that arbitration should occur.” Id. at

785.

       In Kawasaki Heavy Indusustries, Inc v. Bombardier Recreational Products, Inc.,

660 F.3d 988, 997 (7th Cir. 2011), the Seventh Circuit, in explaining its conclusion that

the defendant had not waived its defense to arbitration, rejected Kawasaki’s argument

that the defendant should have moved to compel arbitration when Kawasaki sued it in a

federal court in Texarkana, Texas. It pointed out that the Texarkana federal court (which

is located in the Eastern District of Texas) could not have compelled arbitration in the

agreed venue of Dallas (which is located in the Northern District).

       In Image Software, Inc. v. Reynolds & Reynolds, Co., 459 F.3d 1044, 1055 (10th

Cir. 2006), the Tenth Circuit Court held that Image Software should not have been able to

get an order from the federal district court in Colorado compelling arbitration in the

agreed forum in Ohio, but did, without objection. It held that since section 4 addresses

venue, not jurisdiction, any objection to arbitrating in Ohio had been waived.

       Finally, in Inland Bulk Transfer Co. v. Cummins Engine Co., 332 F.3d 1007, 1009

(6th Cir. 2003), the Sixth Circuit held that the district court should have entered an order

to stay litigation of a dispute that was subject to an enforceable arbitration agreement, but

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No. 38842-5-III
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did not err by denying the motion to compel arbitration. It could only compel arbitration

within its own district, and the parties’ agreement called for arbitration in France.

       None of these cases supported Nu Skin’s argument that the FAA required that

arbitrability be addressed only in the action it had commenced in Utah. It could have

moved to compel arbitration under RCW 7.04A.070. If Washington has jurisdiction over

the dispute and the parties, it may enforce an agreement to arbitrate. RCW 7.04A.260;

and see Timothy J. Heinsz, The Revised Uniform Arbitration Act: Modernizing, Revising,

and Clarifying Arbitration Law, 2001 J. DISP. RESOL. 1, 51 (this provision of the revised

uniform arbitration act was “intend[ed] to prevent a party, particularly one with superior

bargaining power, from requiring the other party to determine the enforceability of an

arbitration agreement only in a distant forum”).

II.    THE CONTRACTUAL DEFINITION OF “DISPUTE” CANNOT REASONABLY BE
       CONSTRUED TO HAVE THE NARROW MEANING CONTENDED FOR BY THE PLAINTIFFS

       The Mandatory and Binding Arbitration Agreement section of the Distributor

Agreement included the distributor’s agreement in its subsection 2 “that any Dispute will

be resolved and settled in accordance with and pursuant to the terms and conditions of

this Contract, and by the rules and procedures set forth in Chapter 7 (Arbitration) of the

Policies and Procedures.” CP at 137. It states, at its subsection 3:

       A ‘Dispute’ is defined as any and all past, present or future claims,
       disputes, causes of action or complaints, whether based in contract, tort,
       statute, law, product liability, equity, or any other cause of action (i) arising

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       under or related to this Contract, (ii) between other Distributors and me
       arising out of or related to a Distributorship, or our business relationships as
       independent contractors of the Nu Skin [sic], (iii) between Nu Skin and me,
       (iv) related to Nu Skin or its past or present affiliated entities, their owners,
       directors, officers, employees, investors or vendors, (v) related to the Nu
       Skin [sic] products, (vi) regarding Nu Skin’s resolution of any other matter
       that impacts my Distributorship, or that arises out of or is related to the
       Company’s business, including my disagreement with Nu Skin’s
       disciplinary actions or interpretation of the Contract.

Id. (alterations in original).

       The trial court ruled, “The arbitration agreement is inapplicable to the present

matter because this is not a ‘Dispute’ within the meaning of the Contract.” CP at 345.

While Nu Skin argues that it is unclear whether this ruling was public policy-based,

language-based, or based on the manner in which the Plaintiffs stated their claims, the

superior court was required to rely on the Contract’s language. Washington follows the

objective manifestation theory of contract interpretation, under which courts focus on the

“reasonable meaning of the contract language to determine the parties’ intent” at the time

they entered into the agreement. Viking Bank v. Firgrove Commons 3, LLC, 183 Wn.

App. 706, 713, 334 P.3d 116 (2014); see also Hearst Commc’ns Inc. v. Seattle Times Co.,

154 Wn.2d 493, 504, 115 P.3d 262 (2005) (“[T]he subjective intent of the parties is

generally irrelevant if the intent can be determined from the actual words used.”).

Generally, courts must “giv[e] lawful effect to all the provisions in a contract,” rather

than “render[ing] some of the language meaningless or ineffective.” Grey v. Leach, 158

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Wn. App. 837, 850, 244 P.3d 970 (2010). This requires courts to view “the contract as a

whole, interpreting particular language in the context of other contract provisions.”

Viking Bank, 183 Wn. App. at 713.

       A contract is ambiguous only when it is “fairly susceptible to two different but

reasonable interpretations.” Seattle Tunnel Partners v. Great Lakes Reinsurance (UK)

PLC, 200 Wn.2d 315, 321, 516 P.3d 796 (2022). Contract interpretation is generally a

question of law reviewable de novo, although it may present a mixed question of law and

fact if the court needs to turn to extrinsic evidence to resolve an ambiguity. Flower v.

T.R.A. Indus., Inc., 127 Wn. App. 13, 33-34, 111 P.3d 1192 (2005).

       In moving to dismiss the complaint, Nu Skin paraphrased the Distributorship

Agreement’s definition of “Disputes,” inserting an “or” that treated the definition’s list of

clauses (i) through (vi) as disjunctive and the definition as therefore very broad. See CP

at 206. The Plaintiffs responded by pointing out that there is no connective between the

fifth and sixth clauses of the definition—a rhetorical device known as an “asyndeton”—

which the Plaintiffs argued is used as a substitution for the word “and,” not for the word

“or” as Nu Skin suggests, citing State v. O’Laughlin, 239 Ariz. 398, 372 P.3d 342 (Ariz.

Ct. App. 2016). O’Laughlin is equivocal about construing the omission of a connective,

however, recognizing that it may be an intentional rhetorical device but might also be an

unintentional omission. It explains:

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       The asyndeton can speed up a sentence, suggest unity of the listed items, or
       indicate disorder. See Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition 41
       (Theresa Enos ed., 1996) (examples include Caesar’s declaration, “I came, I
       saw, I conquered,” and, from Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, “The
       government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish
       from this earth”); see also Linda L. Berger, Studying and Teaching “Law as
       Rhetoric”: A Place to Stand, 16 LEGAL WRITING: J. LEGAL WRITING INST.
       3, 51 n.179 (2010). In legal texts, the general rule interpreting asyndetic
       sentences is to imply “and” as the final coordinating conjunction. Antonin
       Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts
       119 (2012). But as Garner and Justice Scalia note, “[S]uch a construction
       could be read as a disjunctive formulation, [therefore] most drafters avoid
       it.” Id. at 119. Indeed, the general rhetorical rule does not appear to apply
       in the interpretation of non-persuasive legal texts such as contracts or
       statutes.

372 P.3d at 347 (alterations in original); see also Craig D. Tindall, Rhetorical Style, 50

FED. LAW. 24, 27 (2003) (describing asyndeton as used to “convey movement speed,

concision,” to suggest “equal synonymity among the words,” “to lend a sense of

spontaneity,” or “to suggest that the list provided is incomplete”).

       The Washington Supreme Court was presented with the same grammatical dispute

in State v. Tyler, 191 Wn.2d 205, 422 P.3d 436 (2018), a criminal appeal in which a

connective was left out of the penultimate element of a to-convict instruction. In

discussing the Scalia & Garner text relied on in O’Laughlin, the court observed

       Tyler invokes a default rule of grammar whereby a serial list will be read in
       the conjunctive in the absence of a coordinating disjunctive. While this
       default rule is sometimes apt (e.g., “I came, I saw, I conquered”), it has
       limited reach. Indeed, the authors Tyler cites note that a sentence omitting
       a conjunction may also be read as disjunctive, depending on context.

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Id. at 218 (citations omitted). In Tyler, the court held that an instruction defining the

crime that immediately preceded the to-convict instruction provided a context in which

the intended meaning—a disjunctive one—would have been clear. Id. at 217.

       More important than the default rule applied to asyndetons are the parties’ other

arguments for their construction of the meaning of “Disputes.” The Plaintiffs argue that

read together, the arbitration provisions in chapter 7 of the Policies are nothing more than

the final step in an internal grievance review process outlined in enforcement provisions

in chapter 6. The internal review of reported “violations” begins with a submission to Nu

Skin’s compliance review committee (CRC), whose decision can be appealed to Nu

Skin’s compliance appeal committee (CAC), whose decision a dissatisfied participant can

then request be referred to chapter 7 arbitration. See CP at 150-51 (sections 3.1, 3.4, 3.5)

and 152 (section 5). The Plaintiffs argue that this is supported by section 5 of chapter 7

of the Policies dealing with “REQUEST FOR ARBITRATION,” which states:

       For easy reference, all parties that participated in the CAC proceeding, and
       that will participate in the arbitration, including the Company, may be
       referred to as “Participants” in this Chapter 7. Within 60 days from the
       date of the CAC’[s] decision, any Participant, who is not satisfied with the
       CRC‘[s] decision, will notify, in writing, all the other Participants in the
       CAC proceeding that the Participant requests that the Dispute be referred to
       arbitration before a neutral third party arbitrator.

CP at 152 (emphasis added). Provisions of chapter 7 limit important rights in arbitration

to “Participants,” e.g., sections 6.1-6.4, 6.6.

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       The Plaintiffs argue that by requiring “Disputes” to satisfy every element of the

definition, including the critical sixth element (“regarding Nu Skin’s resolution of any

other matter that impacts my Distributorship, or that arises out of or is related to the

Company’s business . . . ,”) the Contract effectively limits arbitration to serving as the

final avenue for review of the internal grievance process. CP at 137.

       One problem with this argument is that there would have been far simpler ways to

define “Disputes” to mean only grievances that had been submitted for internal review.

Another is that the capitalized term “Participant” is differently defined elsewhere in the

Policies. It appears in the glossary of defined terms that is an addendum to the Policies as

meaning “[a]ny person who has a Beneficial Interest in a Business Entity or Brand

Affiliate Account.” CP at 280. While not a model of clarity, section 5 of chapter 7 can

be read as providing a second meaning of Participants “[f]or ease of reference,” as it says,

to enlarge procedural rights in arbitration to all parties to an appealed internal grievance,

not just persons with a beneficial interest in a business entity or brand affiliate account.

       Most compelling is Nu Skin’s argument that the Plaintiffs’ narrow meaning for

“Disputes” makes no sense given the definition’s content and structure. As Nu Skin

points out:

       The first five subparts lay out distinct matters that are subject to arbitration.
       The sixth subpart then applies to “any other matter” relating to the Brand
       Affiliate (distributor) or the Company. The word “other” would be
       pointless if the six subparts were read conjunctively rather than

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No. 38842-5-III
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       disjunctively. How could a claim arise out of or relate to the Contract
       (subpart one), and be between multiple Brand Affiliates (subpart two), and
       be between a Brand Affiliate and the Company (subpart three) and relate to
       the Company (subpart four), and relate to its products (subpart five), and be
       about “any other matter” (subpart six)? Subpart six is clearly a catchall
       provision for any matter that does not fall within the five independent
       subparts preceding it.

Opening Br. of Appellants at 32 (citation omitted). We agree. And the Plaintiffs’

argument that we should regard the definition as an asyndeton and presume it is

conjunctive fails where the definition is too long and complex to be viewed as an

intended “rhetorical device.”

       The interpretation offered by Nu Skin is the only reasonable one. “Disputes” is

broadly defined, and the Plaintiffs’ complaint falls within the definition.

III.   THE ISSUE OF WHETHER THE FORUM SELECTION CLAUSE IS UNREASONABLE
       SHOULD BE ADDRESSED ANEW BY THE SUPERIOR COURT

       In addition to holding that the arbitration agreement did not apply to the Plaintiffs’

claims, the superior court concluded that Washington was “the proper venue . . . based on

Washington’s strong public policy interests in deciding cases brought under its own

consumer protection laws.” CP at 345. Rather than ask us to affirm on this alternative

basis alone, however, the Plaintiffs argue on appeal that the alleged unconscionability of

the Contract’s dispute resolution provisions is a more compelling reason for denying

enforcement. They argue that because the contractually selected forum in this case is

arbitration in Utah, the appeal is “not really about venue at all.” Br. of Resp’ts at 1.

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They characterize Nu Skin’s motion to dismiss as “actually a thinly-veiled attempt to

compel arbitration.” Id. at 5. They argue that unconscionable provisions so permeate the

Contract that they are not severable, and arbitration should be denied altogether.

       Nu Skin responds that given the Contract’s forum selection clause, any issues of

unconscionability and severability must be resolved in Utah. If the forum selection

clause were enforced, Utah’s arbitration act provides that the parties’ dispute over the

enforceability of the agreement to arbitrate will be resolved by a Utah court. See Utah

Code Ann. § 78B-11-108.

       For reasons that follow, we choose to remand the issue of whether to enforce the

forum selection clause to be addressed anew by the superior court.

       A.     Washington common law recognizes that forum selection clauses need not
              be enforced where enforcement would be unreasonable

       Historically, agreements that purported to fix the judicial forum in which any

future controversy could be decided were found to be against public policy and were not

enforced. The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 9, 92 S. Ct. 1907, 32 L. Ed.

2d 513 (1972) (“Forum-selection clauses have historically not been favored by American

courts.”); Francis M. Dougherty, Validity of Contractual Provisions Limiting Place or

Court in Which Action May be Brought, 31 A.L.R.4th 404, § 3 (1984) (collecting cases);

RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACTS § 558 (AM. L. INST. 1932) (declaring “illegal” bargains

limiting unreasonably the tribunal in which a future right of action could be enforced).

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The trend began to shift with the Supreme Court’s 1972 decision in The Bremen, which

enforced a forum selection clause in an international agreement negotiated by

sophisticated parties. The trend was extended and strengthened by the Supreme Court’s

1991 decision in Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 593, 111 S. Ct. 1522,

113 L. Ed. 2d 622, which held enforceable a forum selection provision included in

ticketing for a cruise that the Supreme Court acknowledged was a “form contract the

terms of which are not subject to negotiation.” Both cases were brought in admiralty and

signaled developing federal common law. The Bremen, 407 U.S. at 10; Shute, 499 U.S.

at 590.

          Whether forum selection clauses are valid and enforceable in actions brought in a

state court is a matter of state law. See Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22,

36, 108 S. Ct. 2239, 101 L. Ed. 2d 22 (1988) (Scalia, J., dissenting) (“[I]ssues of contract,

including a contract’s validity, are nearly always governed by state law. It is simply

contrary to the practice of our system that such an issue should be wrenched from state

control in absence of a clear conflict with federal law or explicit statutory provision.”). If

the forum selected is arbitration, the FAA will preempt any state law that disfavors

arbitration agreements. But there is no federal statute that requires states to enforce other

forum selection clauses.

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       A number of states have chosen to follow The Bremen and Carnival Cruise

developments. The virtues of forum selection clauses include permitting parties to select

a desirable, perhaps neutral, forum; they obviate a potentially costly struggle at the outset

of litigation over jurisdiction and venue; and they reduce the possibility of parallel

lawsuits between parties in different fora. Michael E. Solimine, Forum-Selection Clauses

and the Privatization of Procedure, 25 CORNELL INT’L L.J. 51, 51-52 (1992). In Dix v.

ICT Group, Inc., 160 Wn.2d 826, 835, 161 P.3d 1016 (2007), our Supreme Court stated

that a synthesis of The Bremen and Carnival Cruise analyses by the Maryland Court of

Appeals was “generally in agreement with statements in this state’s appellate decisions.”

Quoting Gilman v. Wheat, First Securities, Inc., the court stated in Dix:

       “(1) [A] forum selection clause is presumptively valid and enforceable and
       the party resisting it has the burden of demonstrating that it is unreasonable,
       (2) a court may deny enforcement of such a clause upon a clear showing
       that, in the particular circumstance, enforcement would be unreasonable,
       and (3) the clause may be found to be unreasonable if (i) it was induced by
       fraud or overreaching, (ii) the contractually selected forum is so unfair and
       inconvenient as, for all practical purposes, to deprive the plaintiff of a
       remedy or of its day in court, or (iii) enforcement would contravene a
       strong public policy of the State where the action is filed.”

Id. at 834 (alteration in original) (quoting 345 Md. 361, 378, 692 A.2d 454 (1997)).

Other circumstances in which Washington appellate courts have found a forum selection

clause to be unreasonable and denied enforcement are when a party demonstrates “undue

influence” or “unfair” or “overweening” bargaining power. Id. at 835 (quoting Bank of

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Am., N.A. v. Miller, 108 Wn. App. 745, 748, 33 P.3d 91 (2001), and Voicelink Data

Servs., Inc. v. Datapulse, Inc., 86 Wn. App. 613, 618, 937 P.2d 1158 (1997)).

       B.     The alleged unconscionability of the Contract’s dispute resolution terms
              was relevant to whether to enforce the forum selection clause but might
              not have been considered

       “An agreement to arbitrate before a specified tribunal is, in effect, a specialized

kind of forum-selection clause that posits not only the situs of suit but also the procedure

to be used in resolving the dispute.” Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 519, 94

S. Ct. 2449, 41 L. Ed. 2d 270 (1974). Although states may not refuse to enforce

arbitration agreements based on state laws that apply only to such agreements,

“‘generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability’”

may be applied. McKee, 164 Wn.2d at 396 (quoting Dr.’s Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto, 517

U.S. 681, 687, 116 S. Ct. 1652, 134 L. Ed. 2d 902 (1996)). The party opposing

arbitration on the grounds of unconscionability bears the burden of proving that the

agreement is unenforceable. Zuver v. Airtouch Commc’ns, 153 Wn.2d 293, 302, 103

P.3d 753 (2004).

       “Unconscionability is a ‘gateway dispute’ that courts must resolve because a party

cannot be required to fulfill a bargain that should be voided.” Hill v. Garda CL Nw., Inc.,

179 Wn.2d 47, 54, 308 P.3d 635 (2013) (citing Zuver, 153 Wn.2d at 302-03).

Washington recognizes two types of unconscionability that can invalidate arbitration

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terms: procedural and substantive. McKee, 164 Wn.2d at 396. “Procedural

unconscionability applies to impropriety during the formation of the contract; substantive

unconscionability applies to cases where a term in the contract is alleged to be one-sided

or overly harsh.” Burnett, 196 Wn.2d at 54 (citing Nelson v. McGoldrick, 127 Wn.2d

124, 131, 896 P.2d 1258 (1995)).

       The Plaintiffs contend the Contract is procedurally unconscionable because it is

both a contract of adhesion and it binds distributors to incorporated and modified

provisions even before the provisions can be seen. An adhesion contract is not

necessarily procedurally unconscionable, but the adhesive nature is relevant. Burnett,

196 Wn.2d at 54. The key inquiry is whether the party with unequal bargaining power

lacked a meaningful opportunity to bargain. Id. at 54-55.

       The Plaintiffs contend the Contract is also substantively unconscionable in a

number of respects. Among other provisions, they point to a confidentiality and

precedence provision, under which previous arbitration proceedings are confidential and

cannot be disclosed “[e]xcept as may be required by law and the Company’s use of an

arbitrator’s award as precedence for deciding future Disputes.” CP at 153 (emphasis

added).

       They point to a time bar within chapter 6 of the Policies that any “violation” by Nu

Skin alleged by a distributor must be submitted in writing to the CRC within two years of

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its first occurrence. CP at 150. The chapter permits Nu Skin, by contrast, to “take action

on its internal investigation at any time,” adding that Nu Skin “is not bound by the time

limi[tations] set forth in Section 3.2.” CP at 150.

       They point to limitation of liability provisions that rule out recovery of the types of

damages they claim are most likely to be sustained by distributors but not by Nu Skin:

“punitive, incidental, consequential, special or indirect damages, including loss of future

revenue or income, or loss of business reputation or opportunity.” CP at 153

(capitalization omitted).

       Nu Skin replies that we should not consider the Plaintiffs’ unconscionability

arguments because they were not raised below. They were raised below, however—in

the Plaintiffs’ federal briefing, which they filed with the superior court and incorporated

in their opposition to the motion to dismiss. The arguments of unconscionability were

not a focus of the briefing or argument in the trial court for what appear to be two

reasons. One is that Nu Skin argued that arbitration issues were required to be resolved

in Utah and chose, otherwise, to largely ignore arbitration and unconscionability. The

other is that the Plaintiffs’ primary focus was on their challenge to the scope of

arbitration.

       Nu Skin also disputes the Plaintiffs’ characterization of the allegedly

unconscionable provisions and disputes that they are unconscionable. Addressing the

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confidentiality and precedence provision, Nu Skin argues that such provisions have found

not to be unconscionable, depending on their terms, and in any event to be severable,

citing Romney v. Franciscan Medical Group, 186 Wn. App. 728, 349 P.3d 32 (2015).

Addressing the time bar, Nu Skin argues that the two-year limitation applies to distributor

reports of violations by other distributors, and is not a time frame within which a

distributor must bring a claim against Nu Skin. Addressing the limitation on damages

provision, Nu Skin cites Town Park Hotel Corp. v. Priskos Investments., Inc., a federal

decision from the District of Utah, in which a similar damage limitation provision was

held not to be unconscionable. No. 1:02-CV-164 TC, 2006 WL 658896, at *11 (D. Utah

Mar. 14, 2006). The damage limitation in Town Park was mutual, the party claiming

unconscionability offered “nothing but speculation” that only it was likely to sustain the

types of damages foreclosed by the agreement, and the provision did not meet the Utah

standard for substantive unconscionability of being “‘so one-sided as to oppress or

unfairly surprise an innocent party.’” Id. at *10-11 (quoting Ryan v. Dan’s Food Stores,

Inc., 972 P.2d 395, 402, 350 Utah Adv. Rep. 3 (1998)).

       The arguments for and against unconscionability that are presented on appeal go

well beyond the development of that issue in superior court. While the Plaintiffs ask us

to resolve the issue of unconscionability in their favor, they ask us in the alternative to

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remand so that the superior court can consider the relevance of unconscionability to

enforcement of the forum selection clause.

       C.     Washington law will apply to the Plaintiffs’ contentions of
              unconscionability if enforcement of the forum selection clause is denied

       Nu Skin not only challenges Plaintiffs’ claims of unconscionability, it argues that

the Plaintiffs have applied the wrong state’s law, because Utah law, without giving effect

to its rules regarding choice of laws, must be applied as agreed in the parties’ Contract. 7

Whether the choice of law provision will be applied by Washington courts is decided

under Washington conflict of law principles, however.

       Washington courts generally enforce choice of law provisions, but we will engage

in a choice of law analysis if a real conflict exists between the laws or interests of

Washington and the laws or interests of another state. Brown v. MHN Gov’t Servs., 178

Wn.2d 258, 263, 306 P.3d 948 (2013); Erwin v. Cotter Health Ctrs., 161 Wn.2d 676,

692, 167 P.3d 1112 (2007). A “conflict exists if the outcome of an issue is different

depending on which state’s law applies.” Pope Res. LP v. Certain Underwriters at

Lloyd’s, London, 19 Wn. App. 2d 113, 124, 494 P.3d 1076 (2021), review denied, 198

Wn.2d 1040, 502 P.3d 863 (2022). If a real conflict does exist and the contract contains

       7
         By way of reminder, the Distributor Agreement and Policies state that the
Contract “will be governed by, construed in accordance with, and interpreted pursuant
to the laws of Utah, USA, without giving effect to its rules regarding choice of laws.”
CP at 137.

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an express choice of law provision, Washington courts decide whether to follow the law

of the chosen state by applying sections 6 and 187 of the Restatement (Second) of

Conflict of Laws (AM. L. INST. 1971) (hereinafter Restatement). Erwin, 161 Wn.2d

at 694.

                1.     A conflict exists between relevant Washington and Utah law

          Washington and Utah principles of contract interpretation share much in common,

including that unconscionability may form a basis for not enforcing an otherwise

applicable contract. They conflict substantially in their view of when an agreement is so

one-sided as to be substantively unconscionable, however. See generally Ulbrich v.

Overstock.Com, Inc., 887 F. Supp. 2d 924, 930 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (explaining that “Utah’s

interpretation of what is or is not substantively unconscionable departs significantly from

California law”); United States ex rel. West v. Ctr. for Diagnostic Imaging, Inc., No.

C05-0058RSL, 2010 WL 11682232, at *1 (W.D. Wash. 2010) (unreported) (noting that

“[s]tate laws regarding unconscionability vary significantly”).

          Although in Utah substantive unconscionability may independently support a

finding of unconscionability, Utah courts nevertheless “‘use a two-pronged analysis’”

that focuses both on substantive and procedural unconscionability. Com. Real Est. Inv.,

LC v. Comcast of Utah II, Inc., 285 P.3d 1193, 1203, 714 Utah Adv. Rep. 31 (2012)

(quoting Dan’s Food Stores, 972 P.2d at 402). By contrast, in Washington, courts

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undertaking an unconscionability analysis are not required to consider procedural

unconscionability in challenges to the substantive conscionability of an agreement (and

vice versa). See, e.g., McKee, 164 Wn.2d at 396 (holding “[a]greements may be either

substantively or procedurally unconscionable” and declining to review the alleged

procedural unconscionability of the agreement); Adler v. Fred Lind Manor, 153 Wn.2d

331, 345, 103 P.3d 773 (2004) (“[O]ur decisions . . . analyze procedural and substantive

unconscionability separately without suggesting that courts must find both to render a

contract void.”); see also Luna v. Household Fin. Corp. III, 236 F. Supp. 2d 1166, 1174

(W.D. Wash. 2002) (finding Washington law controlled the determination of the

conscionability of an arbitration agreement because Washington law allowed a contract

to be invalidated for either procedural or substantive unconscionability, whereas in

California, both procedural and substantive unconscionability were required).

       Additionally, Utah applies a stringent substantive unconscionability analysis that

would only find an agreement to be one-sided under egregious circumstances. Under

Utah law, for example, courts “permit[ ] parties to enter into unreasonable contracts or

contracts leading to a hardship on one party” provided there is not a total “absence of

meaningful choice” and the terms do not “oppress or unfairly surprise an innocent party.”

Dan’s Food Stores, 972 P.2d at 402 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Resource

Mgmt. Co. v. Weston. Ranch & Livestock Co., 706 P.2d 1028, 1041-42 (Utah 1985). Nu

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Skin points out that some of the language used in Washington decisions to describe its

approach to substantive conscionability is similar to language used by Utah courts. See,

e.g., Fred Lind Manor, 153 Wn.2d at 344-45 (quoting Nelson, 127 Wn.2d at 131)

(“‘Shocking to the conscience’, ‘monstrously harsh’, and ‘exceedingly calloused’ are

terms sometimes used to define substantive unconscionability.”). In application, though,

it is enough for Washington courts that contract terms are overly harsh or one-sided,

unlike the operative Utah standard. Compare, e.g., Burnett, 196 Wn.2d at 59-60

(explaining that employment agreement was one-sided where it required the employee to

submit to internal dispute resolution and arbitration, but not the employer, because

employees have less bargaining power) with Miller v. Corinthian Colls., Inc., 769 F.

Supp. 2d 1336, 1345 (D. Utah 2011) (holding that in Utah, a similar one-sided arbitration

agreement that applied against college students, but not education institution, was not

substantively unconscionable). As observed by the federal district court for the Western

District of Washington in Luna, “[p]hrases such as ‘shocks the conscience’ and

‘monstrously harsh’ found their way into the law of unconscionability from a time when

it was felt that individuals should almost always be held to contracts they signed,

regardless of the disparity in sophistication between the parties and the one-sidedness of

the term.” Luna, 236 F. Supp. 2d at 1183. The “more enlightened view,” according to

the federal court, which “Washington courts have recognized,” is that it makes a

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difference whether the plaintiff is a consumer rather than a substantial business concern.

Id.

       An actual conflict exists between the laws of Washington and Utah that could

easily result in a different outcome depending on which law is applied. We therefore

engage in the choice of law analysis provided by the Restatement.

              2.      The conditions that support setting aside a choice of law provision
                      exist here

       We turn to sections 6 and 187 of the Restatement. Section 6 provides that if the

legislature has provided a statutory directive on choice of law, then, subject to

constitutional restrictions, the court will follow it. Restatement § 6(1). Statutes that are

expressly directed to choice of law in this way are “comparatively few in number,”

however, so “[a] court will rarely find that a question of choice of law is explicitly

covered by statute.” Id. cmts. a & b.

       When there is no such directive (and there is no such directive in this case), factors

relevant to the choice of the applicable rule of law include (a) the needs of the interstate

and international systems, (b) the relevant policies of the forum, (c) the relevant policies

of other interested states and the relative interests of those states in the determination of

the particular issue, (d) the protection of justified expectations, (e) the basic policies

underlying the particular field of law, (f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of result,

and (g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied. Id. § 6(2).

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       Section 187(2)(b) of the Restatement applies here, and provides that the

contracted-for choice of law will be applied unless three conditions exist:

       [A]pplication of the law of the chosen state would be contrary to a
       fundamental policy of a state which has a materially greater interest than
       the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which,
       under the rule of § 188, would be the state of the applicable law in the
       absence of an effective choice of law by the parties.

       In McKee, our Supreme Court rearranged these three conditions to an order that is

useful because it first addresses the broad section 188 analysis before turning to the two

other, narrower, section 187 conditions. Thus reordered, McKee holds that we will set

aside a choice of law clause “[1] if, without the provision, Washington law would apply;

[2] if the chosen state’s law violates a fundamental public policy of Washington; and

[3] if Washington’s interest in the determination of the issue materially outweighs the

chosen state’s interest.” McKee, 164 Wn.2d at 384. Unless all three conditions are met,

we will enforce the choice of law provision. Id.

                      a.     Washington law would apply were there no choice of law
                             provision

       In determining whether Washington law would apply absent the provision, we

apply the “most significant relationship test” from § 188 of the Restatement. Id. at 384.

That test looks to “(a) the place of contracting, (b) the place of negotiation of the contract,

(c) the place of performance, (d) the location of the subject matter of the contract, and

(e) the domicil, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the

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parties.” Restatement § 188(2)(a)-(e). The contacts with the states are used as guidelines

to determine the interests of each state that are presented by the transaction. Cox v.

Lewiston Grain Growers, Inc., 86 Wn. App. 357, 366, 936 P.2d 1191 (1997).

       Looking first at the place of contracting and negotiation of the contract, the

declaration of Nu Skin’s compliance director identified the date on which each of the

Plaintiffs executed the Distribution Agreement, but not where they were executed. The

“Acceptance of Contract” provision of the Distributor Agreement implies that agreements

are frequently, if not always, executed at a location remote from Nu Skin’s offices and

personnel. CP at 137 (boldface omitted). The Distributor Agreement is not signed by

any representative of Nu Skin, and it contemplates (i) an electronic signature by the

distributor, through Internet sign-up, (ii) that Nu Skin will “receive[ ] and accept[ ]” a

hard copy of the agreement, or (iii) that the agreement will be deemed established

sometime after “a temporary account is set up” by the distributor. CP at 137. A

distributor who contracts electronically or by sending a hard copy of their agreement to

Nu Skin would be expected to do so from the state of their residence. Comments to the

Restatement state that “[s]tanding alone, the place of contracting is a relatively

insignificant contact.” Restatement § 188 cmt. e.

       The place of negotiation can be a significant contact, particularly where there is a

single place of negotiation, such as in-person negotiation. Id. There is no evidence that

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there was ever any “negotiation” of the Distributor Agreements. The Contract and Nu

Skin’s briefing affirmatively establish that policies and modifications are never

negotiated or signed. Instead, notice is given and, absent distributor rejection and

cancellation of the distributorship, the policies and any modifications are deemed

accepted. The distributor’s receipt of notice and failure to object would, again,

presumably take place in their state of residence.

       “The state where performance is to occur under a contract has an obvious interest

in the nature of the performance and in the party who is to perform.” Id. There is no

evidence that distributors perform their sales and marketing activities in Utah. The

Distributor Agreement includes the distributor’s acknowledgment that “I am an

independent contractor” and as such, “will . . . be self-employed . . . be paid Bonuses

based on purchases and sales and not the number of hours that I work [and] be subject to

entrepreneurial risk.” CP at 136. Absent other evidence, the distributor’s performance of

the Contract would presumably take place largely, if not entirely, in the state of their

residence or perhaps across any nearby state line.

       The situs of the “subject matter of the contract” is a factor when the contract

deals with a specific physical thing or protects against a localized risk. Restatement

§ 188 cmt. e (emphasis omitted). The contract in this case does not involve that type of

subject matter.

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       The significance of the parties’ domicile, residence, and principal place of

business depends largely on the issue involved and on the extent to which those contacts

are grouped with other contacts. The parties to this lawsuit hail from 9 different states. 8

While the most common domiciles are Utah and Washington, they do not predominate.

Only 5 of the over 20 parties are either domiciled in Utah or have their principal place of

business there. Four of the 9 plaintiffs are residents of Washington.

       The contacts per se are not what is important; it is their “relative importance with

respect to the particular issue” in the case and the Restatement § 6 factors that we

examine to determine the most significant relationship. Restatement § 188(2). As the

court observed in Pope, “[W]e weigh the contacts with potentially interested states under

the circumstances and in the context of relevant policy considerations.” 19 Wn. App. 2d

at 129. In Pope, the circumstances presented were settlement agreements that insurance

companies reached to resolve their coverage liability for the estimated $22 million cost of

cleaning up a mill site, and whether those agreements were void under Washington’s

“anti-annulment” statute. Id. at 120-23. The anti-annulment statute voids agreements

between an insurer and insured that attempt to retroactively cancel or otherwise annul

contractual liability after a potentially covered injury to a third party has occurred. Id. at

118. The Washington policies at issue in Pope were not only the state’s policy against

       Washington, Utah, Oklahoma, California, Colorado, New York, Nevada,
       8

Nebraska, and Florida.

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the forbidden annulment, but also what the court recognized as Washington’s “paramount

interest in environmental cleanup and pollution remediation.” Id. at 118-19. The state’s

interest in cleanup and remediation heightened the importance that the anti-annulment

policy be applied.

       Focusing on the particular issue in this case, under Washington law, “if [a

contract] is unenforceable as unconscionable, then it violates Washington’s fundamental

public policy.” Carideo v. Dell, Inc., 520 F. Supp. 2d 1241, 1245 (W.D. Wash. 2007),

vacated on remand, No. C06-1772JLR, 2009 WL 3485933 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 29, 2009).

And in Eckstein v. East Coast Facilities Inc., the federal district court for the Western

District of Washington held that since it is more difficult to prove that an arbitration

provision is unconscionable under Pennsylvania law than under Washington law,

application of Pennsylvania law would “undermine Washington’s fundamental policy

in favor of protecting against enforcement of unconscionable arbitration agreements.”

No. C21-257 MJP, 2021 WL 3173044, at *4 (W.D. Wash. July 26, 2021).

       Here, similar to Pope, the immediately relevant policy is the Washington policy

that would invalidate substantively or procedurally unconscionable dispute resolution

provisions. But the policy reflected in statutes that protect individuals from unfair or

deceptive trade practices heightens the importance of invalidating unconscionable terms.

Washington has a “vital interest in regulating . . . business within its territorial boundaries

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so as to insure fair business practices.” Granite Equip. Leasing Corp. v. Hutton, 84

Wn.2d 320, 326, 525 P.2d 223 (1974), accord Cox, 86 Wn. App. at 366. In Dix, which

presented a similar but distinguishable analysis applied to all forum selection clauses, our

Supreme Court emphasized “the importance of the private right of action to enforce the

CPA for the protection of all the citizens of the state,” which would be violated by a

forum selection clause that seriously impaired a plaintiff’s ability to advance a CPA

claim. 160 Wn.2d 826, 837, 161 P.3d 1016 (2007). While no published decision has

addressed public policy implications of the Antipyramid Promotional Scheme Act, the

legislature found in enacting it that the practices forbidden by the act “are matters vitally

affecting the public interest for the purpose of applying the consumer protection act.”

RCW 19.275.040.

       As comment c to Restatement § 188 observes, “the state where a party to the

contract is domiciled has an obvious interest in the application of its contract rule

designed to protect that party against the unfair use of superior bargaining power. And a

state where a contract provides that a given business practice is to be pursued has an

obvious interest in the application of its rule designed to regulate or to deter that business

practice.”

       By contrast, Utah is the domicile or principal place of business of five parties, but

two of those parties are Plaintiffs, and it is in the Utah Plaintiffs’ interest that

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Washington’s stronger protection against unconscionable terms be applied. Utah’s

contacts otherwise include the Utah domicile or principal place of business of three

defendants, but two—Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. and Pharmanex, LLC—are global

businesses that purposefully engaged with Washington residents with the objective of

recruiting distributors and retailing its products to Washington consumers. The third,

Utah defendant Tyler Bennett, is alleged by the complaint to have been a prolific speaker

marketing Nu Skin, who participated in presentations in Spokane and Spokane Valley.

As for the public policies at issue, Utah engages in its own regulation of unfair trade

practices and pyramid promotional schemes, albeit without providing the same remedies

available under Washington’s CPA and Antipyramid Promotional Scheme Act. See Utah

Consumer Sales Practices Act, Utah Code Ann. §§ 13-11-1 through -23, and the Utah

Pyramid Scheme Act, Utah Code Ann. §§ 76-6a-101 through -104.

       Nu Skin can assert that having contracted for the application of Utah law, it has an

interest in certainty and the protection of justified expectations, but while those interests

are deserving of great weight when the choice of law is freely-negotiated by parties with

equal bargaining power, they are entitled to far less weight where, as here, the choice of

law was unilaterally imposed. As explained by comment b to Restatement § 187,

       A factor which the forum may consider is whether the choice-of-law
       provision is contained in an “adhesion” contract, namely one that is drafted
       unilaterally by the dominant party and then presented on a “take-it-or-
       leave-it” basis to the weaker party who has no real opportunity to bargain

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       about its terms. . . . Choice-of-law provisions contained in such contracts
       are usually respected. Nevertheless, the forum will scrutinize such
       contracts with care and will refuse to apply any choice-of-law provision
       they may contain if to do so would result in substantial injustice to the
       adherent.

Under the Restatement § 188 analysis, Washington has the most significant relationship

to the transaction and the parties with respect to the unconscionability issue.

                      b.     Utah law is contrary to a fundamental policy of Washington
                             and Washington’s interest in determining the issue materially
                             outweighs Utah’s interest

       Having determined that Washington law would apply if there were no choice of

law provision, we turn to the two remaining § 187 conditions: whether application of the

law of Utah would be contrary to a fundamental policy of Washington, and whether

Washington has a materially greater interest than Utah in the determination of whether

terms of the Contract are unconscionable. Comments to the Restatement observe that a

forum will apply its own legal principles in determining whether a given policy is a

fundamental one within the meaning of the present rule and whether it has a materially

greater interest than the state of the chosen law in determining the particular issue.

Restatement § 187 cmt. g.

       For reasons discussed in the § 188 analysis, the application of Utah law would

contravene a fundamental Washington policy: Washington’s policy of protecting

plaintiffs against agreements that are either procedurally or substantively unconscionable,

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including by being one-sided and harsh. The violation of Washington policy is

heightened if the unconscionable agreements frustrate the ability of a plaintiff to recover

for injury from unfair or deceptive trade practices.

       Washington’s interest materially outweighs Utah’s interest. Courts applying the

choice of law principles provided by Restatement § 6 have recognized that where

consumer protection laws are at issue, a state where the alleged harm occurs has the

stronger interest in applying its laws than does a state from which the deception

emanated. “To conclude otherwise would frustrate the ‘basic policies underlying’

consumer protection laws” by permitting a nationwide company to “choose the

consumer-protection law they like best by locating in a State that demands the least.”

Pilgrim v. Universal Health Card, LLC, 660 F.3d 943, 946 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting

Restatement § 6(2)(e)), accord Premium Freight Mgmt., LLC v. PM Engineered Sols.,

Inc., 906 F.3d 403, 408 (6th Cir. 2018).

       C.     If terms of the Contract are unconscionable under Washington law, that is
              relevant to whether the selection of Utah as the forum should be enforced

       In finding that the superior court committed probable error, and granting

discretionary review, our commissioner accepted Nu Skin’s argument that there was no

showing that Utah is procedurally incapable of hearing the Plaintiffs’ claims under

Washington’s consumer protection laws, although she also noted that the Contract’s

choice of law provision could present an obstacle. Comm’r’s Ruling at 9. We hold that

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the alleged unconscionability of dispute resolution terms of the parties’ Contract is

relevant to the enforceability of the forum selection clause. If the clause is enforced, the

Utah court will decide whether the challenged dispute resolution terms are

unconscionable, unenforceable, and severable, and it can be expected to apply Utah law.

If the Utah court compels arbitration as provided by the agreement, the Plaintiffs’ claims

will be resolved not by the court, but in arbitration conducted by Nu Skin according to

the terms of its Mandatory and Binding Arbitration Agreement and Policies.

       A finding by the superior court that dispute resolution provisions of the Contract

are unconscionable under Washington law could be relevant to two bases for denying

enforcement of the Contract’s forum selection clause. It could be relevant to whether the

ultimate forum—the contracted-for arbitration—is so unfair as, for all practical purposes,

to deprive the plaintiff of a remedy or of its day in court. It could also be relevant to

whether enforcing a clause that will ultimately require the Plaintiffs’ claims to be

resolved by the contracted-for arbitration would contravene a strong public policy of

Washington. Both parties deserve to be heard on these issues of unconscionability,

including the resolution of any factual disputes that might be presented as the issues are

examined in more detail.

       We resolve Nu Skin’s assignments of error as follows:

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       We reject its assignment of error to the superior court’s refusal to enforce the Utah

forum selection clause,

       We reject in part its assignment of error to the superior court’s determination that

Spokane County is “the proper venue for this case” based on the public policy interest

identified by the court. We hold that Spokane County was a proper venue based on the

allegations of the complaint but reverse and remand the issue of the enforceability of the

forum selection clause for further proceedings, and

       We reverse the superior court’s determination that the arbitration agreement does

not apply because the complaint is not a “Dispute” within the meaning of the Contract.

       We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                         Siddoway, J.P.T.

WE CONCUR:

Lawrence-Berrey, A.C.J.

Pennell, J.

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