Court Opinion

ID: 9391295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-01 19:11:41.500172+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:15.281656
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                January 2023 Term                               FILED
                                                                            May 1, 2023
                             _____________________
                                                                            released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                       EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                  No. 21-0209                         SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                             _____________________                          OF WEST VIRGINIA

                              ARGUS ENERGY, LLC,
                                   Petitioner,

                                        v.

                              CLIFFORD MARENKO,
                                   Respondent.

          _______________________________________________________

                           Appeal from the West Virginia
                       Workers’ Compensation Board of Review
                             BOR Appeal No. 2053142

                                AFFIRMED
         _________________________________________________________

                             Submitted: March 28, 2023
                                Filed: May 1, 2023

T. Jonathan Cook, Esq.                         Don Wandling, Esq.
Jordan M. Martin, Esq.                         Anne L. Wandling, Esq.
Cipriani & Werner, P.C.                        Wandling Law Office, LLC
Charleston, West Virginia                      Logan, West Virginia
Counsel for the Petitioner                     Counsel for the Respondent

JUSTICE HUTCHISON delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS OF THE COURT

              1.      “When reviewing a decision of the West Virginia Workers’

Compensation Board of Review (‘the Board’), this Court will give deference to the Board’s

findings of fact and will review de novo its legal conclusions. The decision of the Board

may be reversed or modified only if it (1) is in clear violation of a constitutional or statutory

provision; (2) is clearly the result of erroneous conclusions of law; or (3) is based upon

material findings of fact that are clearly wrong.” Syl. Pt. 1, Moran v. Rosciti Constr. Co.,

LLC, 240 W. Va. 692, 815 S.E.2d 503 (2018).

              2.      “W. Va. Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010], in cases not involving the death of

the claimant, sets forth two time limitations regarding the filing of an application for

occupational pneumoconiosis benefits: (1) within three years from and after the last day of

the last continuous period of sixty days or more during which the claimant was exposed to

the hazards of occupational pneumoconiosis or (2) within three years from and after a

diagnosed impairment due to occupational pneumoconiosis was made known to the

claimant by a physician.” Syl. Pt. 1, Pennington v. West Virginia Office of the Ins. Comm’r,

241 W. Va. 180, 820 S.E.2d 626 (2018).

              3.      “Where a claim for occupational pneumoconiosis benefits has been

denied, a new application may be filed, in cases not involving the death of the claimant,

based on the same date of last exposure as the prior claim, if filed pursuant to the first time

limitation and attendant requirements of W. Va. Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010]: within three

                                                i
years of the date of last exposure to occupational dust. If not filed within that time

limitation, a new application may be filed pursuant to the second time limitation of W. Va.

Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010]: within three years from and after a diagnosed impairment due to

occupational pneumoconiosis was made known to the claimant by a physician. Under the

second time limitation, the new application, will not be referred to the Occupational

Pneumoconiosis Board unless the Physician’s Report filed with the claimant’s new

application sets forth a diagnosed impairment due to occupational pneumoconiosis.” Syl.

Pt. 2, Pennington v. West Virginia Office of the Ins. Comm’r, 241 W. Va. 180, 820 S.E.2d

626 (2018).

              4.     “A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to

support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and

firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, In re Tiffany Marie

S., 196 W. Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

                                             ii
HUTCHISON, Justice:

              The Respondent, Clifford Marenko, filed a claim for occupational

pneumoconiosis benefits against the Petitioner, Argus Energy, LLC (Argus). The claims

representative for Argus’s worker’s compensation insurance carrier found the claim

untimely and denied it. Mr. Marenko protested to the Office of Judges (OOJ), which

reversed and found the claim timely. Thereafter, the Occupational Pneumoconiosis Board

found that Mr. Marenko had a ten-percent impairment. Argus then appealed to the Board

of Review (BOR) on the timeliness issue. By order entered February 10, 2021, the BOR

affirmed the OOJ’s finding that Mr. Marenko’s claim was timely. Argus appealed the

BOR’s timeliness ruling to this Court. After careful consideration of the parties’ briefs and

oral argument, the appendix record, as well as review of the relevant legal authority, we

affirm the order of the BOR.

                          I. Facts and Procedural Background

              Mr. Marenko filed two successive claims for occupational pneumoconiosis.

In his first claim, Mr. Marenko was originally granted a ten-percent permanent partial

disability award. Mr. Marenko appears to have protested that award to try to obtain a

greater percentage. The Occupational Pneumoconiosis Board issued a ruling sometime in

                                             1
2013, that Mr. Marenko had no impairment from occupational pneumoconiosis. 1 Mr.

Marenko worked at Argus until December 31, 2013, when Argus shuttered its doors. Mr.

Marenko did not work anywhere after December 31, 2013, where he was exposed to coal

dust or silica. 2

                On July 7, 2017, Argus’s worker’s compensation insurance carrier received

Mr. Marenko’s second claim for occupational pneumoconiosis benefits (the claim that

directly underlies this appeal). He listed his date of last exposure in this claim as December

31, 2013. His application was accompanied by a Physician’s Report of Occupational

Pneumoconiosis dated January 31, 2017, which contained, inter alia, four preprinted

question blocks that were answered in handwriting (indicated in bold) thusly:

             In your opinion has               claimant     contracted    occupational
        pneumoconiosis? X Yes _ No

              How long has claimant been suffering from the disease of
        occupational pneumoconiosis? 5 yrs.

             Has the claimant’s capacity for work been impaired by occupational
        pneumoconiosis? X Yes ___ No

               The history of this first case is not particularly clear to us given the sparsity
                1

of records in the appendix record in this case. We are drawing from the OOJ and BOR
orders entered in the present case and Mr. Marenko’s testimony during his deposition in
the present case.

                The scant appendix record Argus provided to this Court does not contain
                2

any primary records that would substantiate these facts. Nevertheless, these facts are
recited in the OOJ order and the parties do not dispute them. As such, we consider them to
be accurate recitations of the procedural history in this case.
                                               2
             If yes, to what extent? Shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and
       trouble breathing that impairs his ability to walk long distance [sic]

              The signature block on the Physician’s Report of Occupational

Pneumoconiosis was signed and dated, but the signature was illegible.

              On August 21, 2017, the claims representative for Argus’s workers’

compensation carrier denied the claim, in pertinent part, because the claims representative

found that it was not filed within the three-year statute of limitations contained in West

Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b) (2010). 3 The OOJ reversed. After engaging in an analysis of

West Virginia Code §§ 23-4-15(b) and 23-4-15b (2009), the OOJ ruled that Mr. Marenko

“has yet to be diagnosed with impairment from occupational pneumoconiosis. He has three

years to file his claim from the date of his diagnosed impairment.” The OOJ went on to

state that “[a]ccordingly, [Mr. Marenko] is not time barred from filing this claim as he has

three years from the date he is diagnosed with impairment from occupational

pneumoconiosis; his prior diagnosed impairment was reversed. His claim should be

processed on a non-medical basis.” The OOJ concluded that “[a]s [Mr. Marenko] has not

       3
        The entirety of the claims representative’s decision concerning Mr. Marenko’s
timeliness reads, “Your claim is DENIED. [Y]ou did not file your claim within the
applicable statute of limitations. See W. Va. Code 23-4-15(b).”
                                             3
been diagnosed with impairment, since the prior diagnosis was reversed, he is not

untimely.” Argus appealed to the BOR.

             Several months after the OOJ ruled, and while this case was pending in the

BOR, this Court issued its opinion in Pennington v. West Virginia Office of the Insurance

Commissioner, 241 W. Va. 180, 820 S.E.2d 626 (2018) which addressed application of

West Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b). In Syllabus Point 2 of Pennington, we held:

                     Where a claim for occupational pneumoconiosis
             benefits has been denied, a new application may be filed, in
             cases not involving the death of the claimant, based on the
             same date of last exposure as the prior claim, if filed pursuant
             to the first time limitation and attendant requirements of W. Va.
             Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010]: within three years of the date of last
             exposure to occupational dust. If not filed within that time
             limitation, a new application may be filed pursuant to the
             second time limitation of W. Va. Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010]:
             within three years from and after a diagnosed impairment due
             to occupational pneumoconiosis was made known to the
             claimant by a physician. Under the second time limitation, the
             new application, will not be referred to the Occupational
             Pneumoconiosis Board unless the Physician’s Report filed
             with the claimant’s new application sets forth a diagnosed
             impairment due to occupational pneumoconiosis.

             The BOR affirmed the OOJ’s conclusion that Mr. Marenko was timely but

rejected the reasoning the OOJ employed to reach that conclusion. The BOR’s order

recited, “[o]n the Physician’s Report of Occupational Pneumoconiosis, the medical

provider said [Mr. Marenko’s] capacity for work has been impaired by occupational

pneumoconiosis.” The BOR concluded, “[b]ased on the Supreme Court’s ruling in

                                            4
Pennington v. West Virginia Office of the Insurance Commissioner, 820 S.E.2d 626 (W.

Va. 2018), the Board finds the claim to be timely filed.” 4 Argus now appeals the BOR’s

decision.

                                  II. Standard of Review

              The standards governing our review are contained in Syllabus Point 1 of

Moran v. Rosciti Construction Co., LLC, 240 W. Va. 692, 815 S.E.2d 503 (2018):

                     When reviewing a decision of the West Virginia
              Workers’ Compensation Board of Review (“the Board”), this
              Court will give deference to the Board’s findings of fact and
              will review de novo its legal conclusions. The decision of the
              Board may be reversed or modified only if it (1) is in clear
              violation of a constitutional or statutory provision; (2) is clearly
              the result of erroneous conclusions of law; or (3) is based upon
              material findings of fact that are clearly wrong.

              With these standards in mind, we turn to the issue before the Court.

              4
                The BOR’s February 10, 2021, order, recites that on October 4, 2018, the
Occupational Pneumoconiosis Board found Mr. Marenko had “no more than the 10%
pulmonary functional impairment attributable to occupational pneumoconiosis found in a
prior claim.” The BOR order additionally recited that “[o]n December 2, 2020, the
Occupational Pneumoconiosis Board members testified that their recommendation is 10%
impairment.” While there are no documents in the appendix record in this case
substantiating these findings, they are made as recitations in the BOR order and the parties
do not dispute them. As such, we consider them to be accurate recitations of the procedural
history in this case. See supra n.2.
                                               5
                                    III. Discussion

             This appeal involves the time limits contained in West Virginia Code § 23-

4-15(b), which provides:

                     To entitle any employee to compensation for
             occupational pneumoconiosis under the provisions of this
             subsection, the application for compensation shall be made on
             the form or forms prescribed by the Insurance Commissioner,
             and filed with the Insurance Commissioner, private carrier or
             self-insured employer, whichever is applicable, within three
             years from and after the last day of the last continuous period
             of sixty days or more during which the employee was exposed
             to the hazards of occupational pneumoconiosis or within three
             years from and after a diagnosed impairment due to
             occupational pneumoconiosis was made known to the
             employee by a physician and unless filed within the three-year
             period, the right to compensation under this chapter is forever
             barred, such time limitation being hereby declared to be a
             condition of the right and hence jurisdictional, or, in the case
             of death, the application shall be filed by the dependent of the
             employee within two years from and after the employee’s
             death, and such time limitation is a condition of the right and
             hence jurisdictional.

      In Syllabus Point 1 of Pennington, we held:

                     W. Va. Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010], in cases not involving
             the death of the claimant, sets forth two time limitations
             regarding the filing of an application for occupational
             pneumoconiosis benefits: (1) within three years from and after
             the last day of the last continuous period of sixty days or more
             during which the claimant was exposed to the hazards of
             occupational pneumoconiosis or (2) within three years from
             and after a diagnosed impairment due to occupational
             pneumoconiosis was made known to the claimant by a
             physician.

                                            6
241 W. Va. 180, 820 S.E.2d 626.

              We further expounded on the application of West Virginia Code § 24-4-15(b)

in Syllabus Point 2 of Pennington:

                      Where a claim for occupational pneumoconiosis
              benefits has been denied, a new application may be filed, in
              cases not involving the death of the claimant, based on the
              same date of last exposure as the prior claim, if filed pursuant
              to the first time limitation and attendant requirements of W. Va.
              Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010]: within three years of the date of last
              exposure to occupational dust. If not filed within that time
              limitation, a new application may be filed pursuant to the
              second time limitation of W. Va. Code, 23-4-15(b) [2010]:
              within three years from and after a diagnosed impairment due
              to occupational pneumoconiosis was made known to the
              claimant by a physician. Under the second time limitation, the
              new application, will not be referred to the Occupational
              Pneumoconiosis Board unless the Physician’s Report filed
              with the claimant’s new application sets forth a diagnosed
              impairment due to occupational pneumoconiosis.

241 W. Va. 180, 820 S.E.2d 626.

              Typically, we would now turn to addressing the assignments of error raised

in Argus’s brief. However, we confront a preliminary question about this appeal—what

exactly is Argus arguing to this Court? In its brief to this Court, Argus argued that “[t]he

Physician’s Report of Occupational Pneumoconiosis was signed on January 31, 2017.”

(emphasis in original). “The provider who completed the application did not diagnose

impairment from OP.” (emphasis in original). Argus’s brief also asserted, “[Mr.

                                             7
Marenko] did not introduce any evidence showing a diagnosable impairment.” Argus

additionally asserted in its brief, “[t]he Office of Judges agreed [Mr. Marenko] ‘. . . has yet

to be diagnosed with impairment from [OP].’” Thus, Argus’s brief asserted there was no

evidence in the record that Mr. Marenko had been diagnosed with an impairment due to

occupational pneumoconiosis. At oral argument before this Court, however, Argus

abandoned this contention 5 and posed a different one—that Mr. Marenko failed to prove

that the Physician’s Report of Occupational Pneumoconiosis was signed by a physician

and so Mr. Marenko did not prove that he filed his claim within three years of being

informed by a physician that he had impairment. 6 For the reasons below, we reject the

claim Argus raised in oral argument.

              We begin by recognizing that Argus’s oral argument to this Court asserted a

position that it did not advocate in its brief. This is ordinarily impermissible.

              Requiring a party to clearly raise in its brief the issues to be presented on

appeal is specifically required by our appellate procedure rules. W. Va. R. App. P. 10(c)(3)

              5
                  For which reason, we do not address it in this opinion.
              6
                 When questioned during oral argument before this Court, Argus’s counsel
asserted that its appellate brief in this Court did raise the contention that Mr. Marenko failed
to prove that the Physician’s Report of Occupational Pneumoconiosis was signed by a
physician, and further, was argued to the tribunals below. We disagree. The appendix
record is bereft of any briefs or other pleadings filed in the OOJ or in the BOR by Argus
indicating that this issue was previously raised.
                                                8
(“The brief opens with a list of the assignments of error that are presented for review,

expressed in terms and circumstances of the case but without unnecessary detail.”).

Likewise, our appellate procedure rules obligate the parties to support the issues they raise

with reasoned argument supported by appropriate references to the appendix record and

citation to pertinent legal authority. Id. R. 10(c)(7). In the past we have identified that

failure to adhere to these rules will likely preclude a petitioner from raising a new

assignment of error during oral argument. See Dellinger v. Pediatrix Med. Grp., P.C., 232

W. Va. 115, 119 n.8, 750 S.E.2d 668, 672 n.8 (2013) (per curiam). Indeed, limiting a party

to asserting the issues and arguments in an appeal to those clearly set forth in a party’s brief

is important because raising an issue or argument in an appellate brief provides the

necessary notice to both this Court and the opposing party as to what they confront so each

can adequately prepare and discharge their respective responsibilities. See, e.g., Outdoor

Media Grp., Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895, 900 (9th Cir. 2007) (“By failing to

present the issue properly, Beaumont has deprived its opponent of a fair opportunity to

respond comprehensively to its claim, and has deprived this court of the benefit of a robust

debate informed by zealous advocacy.”). Consequently, appellate courts generally do not

                                               9
consider issues 7 or arguments 8 raised for the first time in oral argument because such issues

or arguments are waived by failure to include them in the appellate brief. See, e.g., 5 Am.

Jur. 2d Appellate Review § 501 (2018) (footnotes omitted) (“Since points which have not

been briefed are waived, abandoned or forfeited, an appellate court does not address issues

raised for the first time during oral argument nor issues raised in oral argument that have

not been briefed.”). 9

              7
               See, e.g., United States v. Legins, 34 F.4th 304, 319 n.18 (4th Cir.) (“As a
general matter, we do not consider issues raised for the first time at oral argument.”); cert.
denied, 143 S. Ct. 266 (2022); United States v. Eastland, 989 F.2d 760, 765 n.7 (5th Cir.
1993) (“Needless to say, we generally do not address issues raised for the first time at oral
argument.”); Duffee v. District of Columbia, 93 A.3d 1273, 1276 n.2 (D.C. 2014) (“To the
extent that appellants attempted to raise the issue at oral argument, we generally do not
consider points raised for the first time on appeal at oral argument.”).
              8
                See, e.g., Clendening v. United States, 19 F.4th 421, 433 n.9 (4th Cir. 2021)
(citation omitted) (“[W]e generally ‘will not consider arguments not made in the briefs, but
raised instead for the first time at oral argument[.]’”), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 11 (2022);
Martinez v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 532, 545 (5th Cir.), as amended (June 5, 2008) (“For
obvious reasons, we generally do not consider contentions raised for the first time at oral
argument.”); Brookens v. United States, 182 A.3d 123, 133 n.18 (D.C. 2018) (“We
generally do not consider arguments raised for the first time at oral argument[.]”).
              9
                We recognize that the rule barring new issues and arguments from being
raised for the first time during oral argument is only prudential and not jurisdictional. As
such, an appellate court may dispense with the rule within its discretion. Mitchell v.
Gamble, 86 P.3d 944, 949–50 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2004). We hasten to add that the exercise of
such discretion is limited to a showing of extraordinary or exceptional circumstances. See,
e.g., United States v. Vazquez-Rivera, 407 F.3d 476, 487 (1st Cir. 2005) (“While we have
often reiterated that issues raised only in a reply brief or at oral argument are generally
considered waived, we will exercise our discretion to consider new issues under
exceptional circumstances.”); United States v. Lande, 40 F.3d 329, 331 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994)
(citation omitted) (“‘Except in extraordinary circumstances . . . a court of appeals will not
consider an issue raised for the first time at oral argument.’”). Therefore, the power to
address an issue or argument first raised during oral argument is rarely exercised. See
Powell v. State, 120 So.3d 577, 593 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013) (noting that an appellate
                                              10
               In this case, though, Argus’s new position challenges subject matter

jurisdiction. In cases dealing with subject matter jurisdiction, the rule against raising a new

issue or argument in oral argument—premised as it is on principles of waiver—does not

apply because “[w]e have stated categorically that ‘[s]ubject matter jurisdiction may never

be waived.’” State ex rel. Barden & Robeson Corp. v. Hill, 208 W. Va. 163, 168, 539

S.E.2d 106, 111 (2000) (quoting Dishman v. Jarrell, 165 W. Va. 709, 712, 271 S.E.2d 348,

350 (1980)). Consequently, a question of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised for the

first time on appeal. E.g., Lewis v. Municipality of Masontown, 241 W. Va. 166, 170, 820

S.E.2d 612, 616 (2018). We believe that such a rule encompasses raising the subject matter

jurisdiction question for the first-time during oral argument. See, e.g., United States v.

Williams, 2 F. App’x 284, 289 n.4 (4th Cir. 2001) (“[A]rguments alleging a lack of subject

matter jurisdiction may be raised for the first time at oral argument, since such claims are

never waived and may be considered sua sponte even if never raised by the parties.”); Rath

v. Rath, 892 N.W.2d 205, 207 (N.D. 2017) (“[C]hallenges to subject matter jurisdiction

can be raised at anytime, even for the first time at oral argument.”). We will, therefore,

address the subject matter jurisdiction argument that Argus first raised in oral argument

before this Court. See, e.g., Roberts v. Comm’r, 175 F.3d 889, 897 n.11 (11th Cir. 1999)

court should consider arguments raised for the first time at oral argument only in “[r]are or
unusual instances”); Burris v. Brown, 245 P.3d 12 (Kan. Ct. App. 2011) (Table) (text
available at 2011WL 135031, at *3) (“While an appellate court has the authority to [address
an issue raised for the first time in oral argument], in all but the most unusual cases, that
authority remains better unexercised.”).
                                              11
(“Although we normally do not address issues raised for the first time at oral argument, we

make an exception in situations such as this where the existence of our jurisdiction is in

doubt.”); 10 Canario v. Culhane, 752 A.2d 476, 478 (R.I. 2000) (“Generally, this Court

would not entertain an issue raised for the first time at oral argument, particularly an issue

that had not been raised before the Superior Court. However, since subject matter

jurisdiction may be raised at any time, we shall address this issue.”). 11

              We begin with a review of the pertinent statute at issue in this case, West

Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b), that specifically sets forth a three-year statute of limitations.

Ordinarily, statutes of limitations and other filing deadlines are not jurisdictional. See, e.g.,

Musacchio v. United States, 577 U.S. 237, 246 (2016) (citation omitted) (“Statutes of

limitations and other filing deadlines ‘ordinarily are not jurisdictional.’”); see generally 51

Am. Jur. 2d Limitation of Actions § 12 (2021) (footnotes omitted) (“A statute of limitations

generally is not jurisdictional and does not operate as a jurisdictional limit.”). A statutory

              10
                 Our appellate jurisdiction is in issue because appellate jurisdiction is a
derivative jurisdiction. “An appellate court derives its jurisdiction from the lower court,
and can have no greater subject matter or personal jurisdiction than the lower court. Thus,
if the lower court lacks jurisdiction to decide a case on its merits, the appellate court also
lacks jurisdiction to decide the case.” 4 C.J.S. Appeal and Error § 78 (2019) (footnotes
omitted).
              11
                 The fact that we address subject matter jurisdiction in this case should not
be taken as a license to excuse raising the issue in both the lower tribunal and in the
appellate brief. We remind counsel that, as officers of the Court, they have the obligation
to “raise such a dispositive issue in [their] brief in accordance with Rule [10] of the [West
Virginia] Rules of Appellate Procedure, as well as in the [lower tribunal] so as to give
notice to th[at] [tribunal] of such a challenge.” Canario, 752 A.2d at 478.
                                               12
time bar, though, is jurisdictional if the Legislature has “‘clearly stated’” that it is. See

Musacchio, 577 U.S. at 246 (citation omitted) (“We treat a time bar as jurisdictional only

if Congress has ‘clearly stated’ that it is.”). We conclude that the Legislature has made the

statute of limitations contained in West Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b) jurisdictional.

              West Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b) provides, in pertinent part, “unless filed

within the three-year period, the right to compensation under this chapter is forever barred,

such time limitation being hereby declared to be a condition of the right and hence

jurisdictional.” Almost identical language appears in subsection (a) of West Virginia Code

§ 23-4-15 12 and in Sheena H. ex rel. Russell H. ex rel. L.H. v. Amfire, LLC, 235 W. Va.

132, 138, 772 S.E.2d 317, 323 (2015), we characterized such language as being

jurisdictional. Thus, we conclude that West Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b) implicates subject

matter jurisdiction. Having concluded that West Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b) implicates

subject matter jurisdiction, we now address the argument Argus raised during oral

argument concerning this statute.

               During oral argument before this Court, Argus argued that Mr. Marenko did

not prove that the person who signed the Physician Report of Occupational

              12
                 West Virginia Code § 23-4-15(a) is the general worker’s compensation
statute of limitation. Subsection (a) provides, in pertinent part, “unless filed within the six
months period, the right to compensation under this chapter is forever barred, such time
limitation being hereby declared to be a condition of the right and hence jurisdictional[.]”
                                              13
Pneumoconiosis was a physician, and thus Mr. Marenko did not show that he filed “within

three years from and after a diagnosed impairment due to occupational pneumoconiosis

was made known to the employee by a physician[.]” Argus’s new argument does not

survive scrutiny because the BOR order finding that “[o]n the Physician’s Report of

Occupational Pneumoconiosis, the medical provider said [Mr. Marenko’s] capacity for

work has been impaired by occupational pneumoconiosis[,]” was a sufficient finding that

the report was signed by a physician.

              Under Syllabus Point 1 of Moran v. Rosciti Construction Co., LLC, 240 W.

Va. 692, 815 S.E.2d 503 (2018), we may not reverse or modify a BOR decision unless that

decision is, in pertinent part, “based upon material findings of fact that are clearly wrong.”

The clearly wrong standard is synonymous with the clearly erroneous standard. Serge v.

Matney, 165 W. Va. 801, 805, 273 S.E.2d 818, 820 (1980). The clearly erroneous standard

is highly deferential. See Tennant v. Marion Health Care Found., Inc., 194 W. Va. 97, 106,

459 S.E.2d 374, 383 (1995). “Demonstrating clear error is no mean feat.” In re Chicago

Mgmt. Consulting Grp., Inc., 929 F.3d 803, 809 (7th Cir. 2019). “A finding is clearly

erroneous when, although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on

the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been

committed.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, In re Tiffany Marie S., 196 W. Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177

(1996). A party does not meet this burden “by suggesting that the findings are ‘maybe’ or

‘probably wrong.’” United States v. Leedy, 65 M.J. 208, 213 n.4 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citation

omitted). Rather, the challenged factual finding must “strike us wrong with the ‘force of a

                                             14
five-week-old, unrefrigerated dead fish.’” Brown v. Gobble, 196 W. Va. 559, 563, 474

S.E.2d 489, 493 (1996) (quoting United States v. Markling, 7 F.3d 1309, 1319 (7th

Cir.1993)). Argus “cannot clear this titanic olfactory hurdle.” Citizens First Nat. Bank of

Princeton v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 200 F.3d 1102, 1108 (7th Cir. 2000).

              The BOR order in this case specifically found, “[o]n the Physician’s Report

of Occupational Pneumoconiosis, the medical provider said [Mr. Marenko’s] capacity for

work has been impaired by occupational pneumoconiosis.” While the signature on the

Physician’s Report of Occupational Pneumoconiosis is not legible, it is undisputed that the

Report was signed by someone and the report form was itself entitled “Physician’s Report

of Occupational Pneumoconiosis[.]” (emphasis added). Since the form in question was a

Physician’s Report of Occupational Pneumoconiosis, and since Argus submitted no

evidence in rebuttal, we do not believe that the BOR clearly erred in finding that the

pertinent requirements of Pennington were satisfied—that Mr. Marenko filed his

Occupational Pneumoconiosis claim within three years from and after a diagnosed

impairment due to occupational pneumoconiosis was made known to him by a physician. 13

               Since we decide the BOR’s finding that the Physician’s Report of
              13

Occupational Pneumoconiosis indicated impairment was not clearly erroneous, we do not
address whether a diagnosis made by someone other than a physician can satisfy West
Virginia Code § 23-4-15(b) as interpreted by Pennington.
                                            15
                                  IV. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, the Workers’ Compensation Board of Review’s Order of

February 10, 2021, is affirmed.

                                                                           Affirmed.

                                         16