Court Opinion

ID: 6373
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:16:13+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:30:26.375289
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                            No. 92-4968

BREAUX BROTHERS FARMS, INC.,
                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

TECHE PLANTING CO., INC. and
FRANCIS PAT ACCARDO,

                                          Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                                          Cross-Appellants,

                               versus

TECHE SUGAR CO., INC.,
SOUTH COAST SUGARS, INC.,
                                        Defendants-Appellants,
                                        Cross-Appellees.
*****************************************************************

TECHE PLANTING CO., INC.,
FRANCIS PAT ACCARDO,

                                          Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                                          Cross-Appellants,
                               versus

TECHE SUGAR CO., INC.,
SOUTH COAST SUGARS, INC.,

                                          Defendants-Appellants,
                                          Cross-Appellees.

          Appeals from the United States District Court
              for the Western District of Louisiana

                   (        May 4, 1994        )

Before WISDOM, HIGGINBOTHAM, and JONES, Circuit Judges.

HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
       Teche Sugar Company, Inc., offered to lease to Breaux Brothers

Farms, Inc., Teche Planting, Inc., and Francis Accardo land for

farming sugar cane.      Teche Sugar conditioned its offer on its

choice of a processing mill.       All three sugar farmers sued in

federal district court alleging that the lease tied land to milling

in violation of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1.       The district court

ruled in favor of the farmers and awarded damages.           We are not

persuaded that any tie of land to milling was supported by market

power in the land or, relatedly, that any tie had the requisite

effect on competition.    We reverse.

                                   I.

       For several years Breaux Brothers, Teche Planting, and Accardo

leased land in St. Mary Parish from the Prudential Insurance

Company.    They grew sugar cane on the leased land each year, which

they       processed     at    a        mill   they      selected.

       The right to choose the mill is valuable.        A mill that can

ensure a supply of sugar cane in times of low sugar prices enjoys

an economic advantage. The present dispute arose when Teche Sugar,

then an owner of a mill, leased the land from Prudential.         In an

effort to assure cane for its mill, Teche Sugar offered to sublease

land to Breaux Brothers, Teche Planting, and Accardo at a lesser

rental rate than it paid Prudential.       Teche Sugar conditioned its

offer on a lessee's processing its cane at a mill selected by Teche

Sugar.     Breaux Brothers agreed, but Teche Planting and Accardo

declined the offer.

                                   2
     Teche Sugar at first directed the sugar cane that Breaux

Brothers produced to the Oak Lawn Mill, which Teche Sugar owned.

Teche Sugar was still unable to generate enough cane for its mill

and closed it before its lease with Prudential expired.               Teche

Sugar then designated the Raceland Sugar Mill--owned by South Coast

Sugars, Inc., the co-defendant and Teche Sugar's sister company1--

as the site for processing Breaux Brothers' sugar.             Teche Sugar

allowed Breaux Brothers to send excess sugar that Raceland could

not process in a timely fashion to a nearby mill, Sterling Sugar

Mill.    Subsequently, South Coast sold the Raceland Sugar Mill.

Teche Sugar then struck a deal with Sterling by which Teche Sugar

would pay Sterling a flat rate of $9 per ton to grind cane and

Teche Sugar would then sell the product at whatever profit it could

make.    Teche Sugar had no financial interest in Sterling Sugar

Mill.

                                     II.

     The    farmers   argue   that    the   lease    Teche   Sugar   offered

constituted an illegal tying arrangement.           A tying arrangement is

the sale or lease of one product on the condition that the buyer or

lessee purchase a second product.           See Northern Pacific R.R. v.

United States, 356 U.S. 1, 5-6 (1958).        The land that Breaux rented

and the grinding services of the mills are said to be separate

products.

     1
        Teche Sugar Company and South Coast Sugars, Inc., the two
defendants, are both wholly owned subsidiaries of South Louisiana
Sugar, Inc.

                                      3
       There is a strong support for the two product argument offered

by the functional approach in Jefferson Parish Hospital District

No. 2 v. Hyde, 466 U.S. 2, 21-25 (1984).                   Whether two products

exist "depends on whether the arrangement may have the type of

competitive    consequences     addressed       by   the    rule."      Id.   at   21

(footnote omitted).        The argument continues that an owner of a

dominant portion of a market in sugar cane land could route the

cane   its   land   produced    to   a   mill   under      its     control.    This

guaranteed source of sugar might allow it to drive other mills from

the market.    The land owner thus could transfer power in one market

into power in another.           This presents fairly straightforward

antitrust     doctrine,    in   theory.         See,       e.g.,    Times-Picayune

Publishing Co. v. United States, 345 U.S. 594, 611 (1953) ("[T]he

essence of illegality in tying agreements is the wielding of

monopolistic leverage; a seller exploits his dominant position in

one market to expand his empire into the next."). Professor Kaplow

has analyzed this danger and suggested that tying arrangements may

cause harm even when they do not create power in a second market.

Louis Kaplow, Extension of Monopoly Power through Leverage, 85 Col.

L. Rev. 515 (1985).       But we need not decide on these facts whether

renting sugar cane land and grinding sugar cane constitute two

separate goods.      Assuming that they do and that the lease Teche

Sugar offered therefore amounted to a tying arrangement, the

farmers have nevertheless failed to establish that the lease

violated the Sherman Act.

                                         4
     We begin with first principles.          Not all tying arrangements

are illegal.      Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde, 466

U.S. 2, 24-25 (1984) ("[T]he fact that [a] case involves a required

purchase     of   two   [goods]   that    would   otherwise   be   purchased

separately does not make the . . . contract illegal.")                   As

Jefferson Parish explained it:

     [T]he law draws a distinction between exploitation of
     market power by merely enhancing the price of the tying
     product, on the one hand, and by attempting to impose
     restraints on competition in the market for a tied
     product, on the other. When the seller's power is just
     used to maximize its return in the tying product market,
     where presumably its product enjoys some justifiable
     advantage over its competitors, the competitive ideal of
     the Sherman Act is not necessarily compromised. But if
     that power is used to impair competition on the merits in
     another market, a potentially inferior product may be
     insulated from competitive pressures.

Id. at 14.

     The legality of a tying arrangement depends in part on its

effect in the tied market.         The farmers acknowledge that Teche

Sugar could have raised the rent it charged for its land, allowing

the farmers to process their sugar cane at the mill of their

choice. It is doubtful that Teche Sugar's decision to seek similar

gains by controlling the choice of mills violates the Sherman Act.2

Our focus today is, however, whether the lease impaired competition

in the sugar cane processing market such as creating barriers to

     2
        See, e.g., Richard Posner, Antitrust Law: An Economic
Perspective 173 (1976) (claiming that no difference exists
between profit from increase in price of tying product and
similar gains made through forcing consumer to purchase tied
product). But see Louis Kaplow, supra, at 520-25 (arguing that
method in which market power is deployed may affect extent of
harm to consumer).

                                      5
the entry of new competitors into that market.                  Jefferson Parish,

466 U.S. at 14.         Our analysis focuses on Teche Sugar's economic

strength in the sugar cane land and milling markets.                       Id. at 18

("In sum, any inquiry into the validity of a tying arrangement must

focus on the market or markets in which the two products are sold,

for that is where the anticompetitive forcing has its impact.").

       The farmers may prevail under either of two approaches.

First, to establish that the tying arrangement was illegal per se,

the farmers must show that Teche Sugar exerted sufficient control

over    the   tying     market,    sugar       cane   land,   to    have    a    likely

anticompetitive effect on the tied market, sugar cane grinding.

Id.    at   15-18,     26-29.      Second,      the   farmers      may    prevail   by

establishing that the arrangement is an unreasonable restraint of

trade.      Id. at 17-18, 29-31.       See also Fortner Enters. v. United

States Steel Corp., 394 U.S. 495, 499-500 (1969) ("Fortner I"). We

evaluate the reasonableness of the arrangement by exploring the

"actual effect of the exclusive contract on competition" in both

the tying and tied markets.          Jefferson Parish, 466 U.S. at 29.              We

may find an antitrust violation to be an unreasonable restraint of

trade only if the tying arrangement has had an "actual adverse

effect on competition."           Id. at 31.

                                        A.

       A    per   se   condemnation     requires        proof      that    the   tying

arrangement involved "the use of market power to force [consumers]

to buy [goods] they would not otherwise purchase."                  Id. at 26.      The

per se rule, of course, obviates the need for full consideration of

                                           6
actual market conditions; it does require a finding of "significant

market power" in the tying market.            See id.

     The farmers allege that Teche Sugar controlled as much as

17.5%   of   the   land   in   the    relevant   market.   They   base   this

percentage on a narrow definition of the market of sugar cane land.

Sugar cane farmers can feasibly transport their crop for processing

no farther than twenty five to thirty five miles from their farms.

Five mills operated within approximately thirty five miles of the

land that Teche Sugar offered to farmers, an area encompassing the

St. Mary and Iberia Parishes. Teche Sugar, South Coast and related

companies controlled no more than 17.5% of the sugar cane farmland

in St. Mary Parish and no more than 9.4% of the farmland in the two

parishes combined.

     The district court defined both products as the relevant

market in sugar cane land.           We find that even under the narrowest

of reasonable definitions Teche Sugar lacked the requisite market

power to trigger a per se violation.

     Land that offers a distinct economic advantage based on its

location may enhance market power.           See Northern Pacific R. Co. v.

United States, 356 U.S. 1 (1958).            But possession of 17.5%, much

less 9.4%, of a market is not normally sufficient to satisfy the

requirements of the per se rule.             The Supreme Court in Jefferson

Parish, for example, found control over 30% of a tying market to

fall shy of "the kind of dominant market position that obviates the

need for further inquiry into actual competitive practices."              466

U.S. at 27.   Some circuit courts have used 30% as a rough benchmark

                                         7
for the minimum amount of market power necessary to give rise to a

per se violation of antitrust law.   See Grappone, Inc. v. Subaru of

New England, Inc., 858 F.2d 792, 797 (1st Cir. 1988) (finding

insufficient market power for per se antitrust violation); Will v.

Comprehensive Accounting Corp., 776 F.2d 655, 672 (7th Cir. 1985),

cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1129 (1986) (same).3

     The farmers contend that it is a mistake to gauge Teche

Sugar's market power by considering the percentage of its holdings

in the relevant land market.   Sugar cane land is a rare commodity,

they argue, and as a result Teche Sugar garnered significant market

power.   But it is only by defining the market for sugar cane land

narrowly that the farmers can maintain that Teche Sugar controlled

17.5% of that market. This definition of the tying market includes

only land in the St. Mary and Iberia Parishes and fully reflects

the location of the land and the requirements of sugar cane

production.   All of the sugar cane grown in the parishes can be

brought to the same set of mills for processing.

     The farmers also allege that leases for sugar cane land

generally span several years and that only a fraction of the sugar

     3
        We do not imply that a plaintiff may not provide direct
evidence of market power, obviating the need to inquire into the
percentage of the tying market that the defendant commanded. See
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Servs., Inc., 504 U.S. __,
112 S.Ct. 2072, 2088 (1992) ("It is clearly reasonable to infer
that [a defendant] has market power to raise prices and drive out
completion in the after-markets, [where a plaintiff] offer[s]
evidence that [the defendant] did so."). Cf. Stephen Calkins,
Supreme Court Antitrust 1991-92: The Revenge of the Amici, 61
Antitrust L.J. 269, 301 (1993) ("The words 'per se' are
conspicuously absent from Kodak's discussion of tying.").

                                 8
cane land in a market becomes available in a given year.                              As a

result, they reason, Teche Sugar exercised considerable power over

the market despite the relatively small amount of land it held.                          As

proof of Teche Sugar's power, the farmers note that, although some

sugar cane land was on the market, no adequate alternative land was

available when Teche Sugar offered them a lease.

     Were we to accept the farmers' theory, any land owner in a

market     where   sales        occur     only          periodically    would       possess

significant market power, and every party in control of sugar cane

land in St. Mary Parish would possess such power.                       As the Supreme

Court stated in U.S. Steel Corp. v. Fortner Enterprises, 429 U.S.

610 (1977) ("Fortner II"):              "[T]he question is whether the seller

has some advantage not shared by his competitors in the market for

the tying product."        Id. at 620 (emphasis added).                 See also Will,

776 F.2d at 672 (citing Fortner II).                     The farmers offer no reason

to believe that Teche Sugar had an advantage over its competitors

in the market for sugar cane land in St. Mary Parish.                         All of the

owners   of    sugar     cane    land    in       the    parish   possessed     a    scarce

commodity.      The farmers therefore provide an inadequate basis for

the conclusion that Teche Sugar possessed sufficient power in the

tying market to trigger per se condemnation of the lease.

     The cases on which the farmers rely do not require the

contrary conclusion.            The Sixth Circuit's opinion in Bell v.

Cherokee      Aviation    Corp.,    660       F.2d       1123   (6th   Cir.   1981),    is

representative.          The defendant in Bell                  controlled hangar and

outdoor space at an airport.              The defendant conditioned lease of

                                              9
the space on the plaintiff's purchase of all fuel, maintenance, and

parts required to service the plaintiff's airplanes.                   Bell, 660

F.2d at 1125-26.         The court found that the defendant possessed

sufficient power in the market for airport space, the tying market,

to render the tying arrangement a per se violation of antitrust

law.    Id. at 1127-30.     The court based its conclusion on the fact

that the defendant in Bell was "a dominant firm."                 Id. at 1129.

Moreover, the court found that the defendant was "in a uniquely

advantageous position" to sell space to a party attempting to

establish a business of the plaintiff's variety.                   Id. at 1128

(internal quotation marks omitted).            Other providers of airport

space, the court noted, did not occupy the same advantageous

position.    See id. at 1128-29.         The farmers in the present case

have not shown that Teche Sugar held a dominant position in the

sugar cane land market or that Teche Sugar's land conferred a

market advantage not possessed by its competitors.

       Similarly,   in    Rosebrough    Monument     Co.    v.   Memorial   Park

Cemetery Ass'n, 666 F.2d 1130 (8th Cir. 1981), the defendants

conditioned purchase of cemetery lots on the plaintiffs' purchase

from defendants of any foundation preparation necessary for the

plaintiffs' grave memorials.      Id. at 1141. The defendants did not,

however, merely tie purchase of one good to another; they also

conspired to adopt a uniform tying arrangement policy in the

industry.    Id. at 1136-40.     The court relied on the existence of

this policy in concluding that the defendants' share of the market

conferred    significant      economic      power.         See   id.   at   1143

                                       10
("[Defendants] accounted for 22 percent of the burials performed in

the market area . . ., and the exclusive foundation preparation

policy, upon which [plaintiff] bases its claim, is uniformly

followed by nearly all of the cemeteries.").           See also Moore v.

Jas. H. Matthews & Co., 550 F.2d 1207 (9th Cir. 1977) (finding

antitrust violation where defendants controlled 78% of market in

cemetery plots, to which they tied installation of grave markers).

Cf. Ringtown Wilbert Vault Works v. Schuylkill Memorial Park Inc.,

650 F.Supp. 823 (E.D. Pa. 1986).

      The farmers' reliance on Ware v. Trailer Mart, Inc., 623 F.2d

1150 (6th Cir. 1980), is also misplaced.          The defendant in Ware

conditioned the lease of a lot in a trailer park on the purchase of

a mobile home.   Ware, 623 F.2d at 1152.        The court held that the

plaintiff had alleged in its complaint that the defendant possessed

significant   market   power   and   further   noted   that   even   if   the

plaintiff had not made such an allegation, the omission would not

preclude consideration of the plaintiff's claim under the rule of

reason.   Id. at 1153-54 (relying on Fortner I, 394 U.S. at 499).

The court did not, however, address the issue of how much power the

defendant had to possess to render the tying arrangement a per se

violation of antitrust law.

                                     B.

      The farmers nevertheless may prevail if the lease constituted

an unreasonable restraint of trade.       Jefferson Parish, 466 U.S. at

29.   Whether this arrangement was an unreasonable restraint of

trade requires an additional "inquiry into the actual effect of the

                                     11
exclusive contract on competition" in the market for the tied good.

Id.   We need not explore whether Teche had sufficient market power

in the market for sugar cane land, under a rule of reason test,

because the tying arrangement did not hamper competition in the

market for sugar cane grinding.

      Teche Sugar not only failed to expand its presence in the

sugar cane milling market, it also failed to maintain its presence.

Teche Sugar closed the mill to which it first sent the sugar cane

that Breaux Brothers produced. Teche Sugar then directed the sugar

cane to the mill owned by its sister company, South Coast Sugars.

Despite the advantage of a guaranteed source of sugar cane, South

Coast sold its mill.   The withdrawal of Teche Sugar and South Coast

from the sugar mill grinding business belies the claim that Teche

Sugar increased its power in the tied market.

      Moreover, the farmers' contentions notwithstanding, Teche

Sugar's later deal with Sterling Sugar Mill posed no threat to

competition.    Its terms required Teche Sugar to pay Sterling a set

price to grind the sugar cane that Breaux produced.   Teche Sugar in

essence hired out a mill for a fixed fee.   Produced sugar would be

sold at the market on shares with its lessee.

      When a party has no control over a tied market, the dangers

usually created by a tying arrangement do not exist. See generally

9 Philip E. Areeda, Antitrust Law ¶1726a, at 331-33 (1991).   Teche

Sugar had no incentive to dampen competition in the sugar milling

market.    Any decrease in competition would be contrary to its

interests.     Teche Sugar would have to pay any supracompetitive

                                  12
price its interference sparked.             See id. at 332.     Once Teche Sugar

abandoned the business of grinding sugar, any threat that the tying

arrangement might harm competition disappeared.

       Teche Sugar did not eliminate competition among mills by

directing       sugar     cane     to   its     own    mill.     It     attempted,

unsuccessfully, to survive in the sugar milling market.                       This

futile   effort     had    no     actual   adverse     effect   on    competition.

Jefferson Parish, 466 U.S. at 31 ("Without a showing of actual

adverse effect on competition, [the plaintiff] cannot make out a

case    under    the    antitrust       laws"   in    the   absence    of   per   se

liability.). As a result, there was no violation of antitrust law.

                                           C.

       As a final note, the tying arrangement held the potential to

enhance competition.             The sugar cane market is volatile.           When

sugar cane prices drop, farmers produce less cane.                    Mills have a

difficult time weathering long seasons with slack demand.                   Once a

period of economic duress has passed, significant costs confront

any party entering into the sugar cane grinding industry.                     Mills

may survive hard times by securing sources of sugar.                  The continued

existence of the mills may ensure that there is greater competition

when the sugar cane grinding business once again proves lucrative.

Such a procompetitive effect tends to counter the anticompetitive

tendencies of a tying arrangement and are relevant to any inquiry

into an alleged antitrust violation.                  See Grappone, 858 F.2d at

799-80 (reviewing this line of cases).

                                           13
                                   III.

     The farmers complain about the lease terms Teche Sugar offered

to them.   All the farmers but Breaux rejected the lease.                     The

problem is not, under these circumstances, a market failure.

Rather, an excess of farmers eager to rent sugar cane land put the

farmers in a vulnerable position.          The farmers suffered because of

competition,     not    its   absence.         Their    personal    plight     is

unfortunate.      But   competition      has   not     been   injured   and   the

antitrust laws offer them no relief.

     REVERSED.

                                      14