Court Opinion

ID: 4686107
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-12 16:15:29.284902+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:31.933050
License: Public Domain

J-A01007-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    KYREE KHALIL ROYSTER                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 2705 EDA 2019

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 16, 2019
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Criminal Division
                       at No(s): CP-46-CR-0001415-2017

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., OLSON, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                              FILED MAY 12, 2021

        Appellant, Kyree Khalil Royster, appeals from the judgment of sentence

of 21-42 years’ incarceration, imposed following his conviction for sexual

offenses against a minor. After careful review, we affirm.

        The trial court provided the following summary of the facts adduced at

Appellant’s trial, as well as the procedural history of this case, as follows:

        A.    Factual History

        On or about December 2, 2016, [Appellant] performed oral sex
        on, and received oral sex from, his thirteen[-]year[-]old cousin
        (“J.C.”) in the Philadelphia home of family member, Lawrence
        Curti[z] Ingram (“Uncle Curtiz”).1 J.C. did not immediately
        disclose the sexual assault.2 Then, in the early morning hours of
        January 23, 2017, while asleep in his bedroom on the third floor
        of the home he shared with his mother (“[A.D.]”) and older sister
        at 17 West Oak Street, in Norristown, Montgomery County,
        Pennsylvania, J.C. was awakened by [Appellant’s] stroking J.C.’s
        penis.3    Despite J.C.[’s] repeatedly telling him to leave,
____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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     [Appellant] refused, told J.C. he “needed this,” and after
     performing oral sex on J.C., [Appellant] forced J.C. to perform oral
     sex on him by pushing J.C.’s head down to his penis. J.C. choked
     and began to cry as [Appellant] held his head down, and then J.C.
     used his hand to stroke [Appellant]’s penis until [Appellant]
     ejaculated.4 [Appellant] then forced J.C. to insert J.C.’s penis into
     [Appellant]’s anus. When [Appellant] finished sexually assaulting
     J.C., [Appellant] dressed and left by climbing back out of the 3rd
     floor bedroom window through which he surreptitiously entered
     without permission earlier.5
        1 Born [in] 1994, [Appellant] is eight … years and two …
        months older than his cousin, J.C.[] See N.T., 5/29/19, at
        99, 126-38, 167; N.T., 5/30/19, at 270; N.T., 8/16/19, at
        53. To conceal [the] victim’s identity, his initials are
        substituted for his name throughout the entirety of the
        notes of testimony herein cited.
        2   N.T., 5/29/19, at 126-38, 158, 201, 215-24.
        3Id. at 102-65. J.C. was fourteen years old on January 23,
        2017.
        4   Id. at 144.
        5 Id. at 138-46, 153-58, 224-31, … Ex. C-11 to C-17
        (Photographs). [Appellant], who had been in the process of
        building a gazebo for [A.D.] (his aunt) [in the] winter of
        2016-[]17, had used the ladder in her backyard to access
        J.C.’s third floor bedroom window.

     Stunned, hating himself for not defending himself and crying, J.C.
     immediately showered, hitting himself, and pulling out chunks of
     his own hair as he struggled to come to terms with the reality of
     the attack.6 Then, in the predawn darkness, J.C. woke his mother.
     Terrified and stuttering, he told his mother that [Appellant] “came
     at him again.’’7 [A.D.] immediately called [Appellant]…, whose
     cell phone pinged off of the cell towers within a mile of J.C.’s
     home, (refuting [Appellant]’s later alibi claim asserted before trial
     that he was in Skippack, Montgomery County.8) When he did not
     answer, she continued calling, but [Appellant] never answered.9
        6   N.T., 5/29/19, at 146.
        7   Id. at 210-12.

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          8  [Appellant]’s Notice of Alibi, 10/20/17, at ¶ 2; N.T.,
          5/29/19, at 218; N.T., 5/31/19, at 245-62, at Ex. C-53
          (Power Point of Cell Site Mapping) (Reflecting [Appellant]’s
          cell phone received several calls from [A.D.], starting at
          4:10 am, and “hitting off of” and/or connecting to the cell
          site that covers the area of Selma Street and Stanbridge
          Street, contrary to his prior alibi defense. N.T., 8/6/18, at
          16.
          9   N.T., 5/29/19, at 222.

       The following day, the Norristown Police Department commenced
       its investigation after receiving [A.D.]’s report, and ultimately,
       less than a week before trial began, J.C. disclosed an additional
       incident in which [Appellant] sexually abused J.C. at his Uncle
       Curtiz’s home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.10 J.C. admitted
       initially withholding disclosure of those incidents out of concern he
       would no longer be permitted to visit his Uncle Curtiz, who[m] he
       views as a father figure and would visit every other weekend.11
       Thereafter, the Montgomery County District Attorney’s Office
       obtained a McPhail[1] letter from the Philadelphia District
       Attorney’s Office, enabling Montgomery County to prosecute
       [Appellant] for his above-referenced December 2016 sexual
       assault of J.C. in Philadelphia.12
          10   Id. at 118-68.
          11   Id. at 201, 215-24.
          12See Commonwealth’s Motion to Amend, 7/25/18, at ¶ 5,
          Ex. C-1 (McPhail letter).

       [T]he above-described assaults were not the first occasion on
       which [Appellant] sexually assaulted his young cousin, J.C. When
       [Appellant] was himself a juvenile, he confessed and was
       adjudicated delinquent on one count of rape of a child (F1),
       incorporating four (4) instances of his anal rape of J.C., who was
       just six (6) and seven (7) years old at the time.13 Furthermore,
       by virtue of his adjudication, and placement in juvenile detention,
       [Appellant] had no access to J.C. from May 11, 2010 to the end of
       March 2014.14

____________________________________________

1 See Commonwealth v. McPhail, 692 A.2d 139 (Pa. 1997) (plurality),
superseded by statute, Act of June 28, 2002, P.L. 481, No. 81, § 1.

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           13   N.T., 5/29/19, at 106-222.
           14   Id. at 117.

        B. Procedural History

        The Commonwealth ultimately charged [Appellant] as follows[]:
        Count One (Burglary - Threaten to Commit Bodily Injury), Count
        Two (Statutory Sexual Assault - 11 years older), Count Three
        ([Involuntary Deviate Sexual Intercourse (“IDSI”)] - Child Less
        Than 16 Years of Age), Count Four (IDSI - Child Less Than 16
        Years of Age), Count Five (IDSI - Child Less Than 16 Years of
        Age), Count Six (Unlawful Contact or Communication with Minor),
        Count Seven (Unlawful Contact or Communication with Minor),
        Count Eight (Criminal Trespass[]), Count Nine (Corruption of
        Minors), Count Ten (Indecent Assault - Without Consent of Other),
        Count Eleven (Indecent Assault - Forcible Compulsion), and Count
        Twelve (Indecent Assault - Person Less Than 16 Years of Age).[2]

        On September 29, 2017, the Commonwealth filed a Motion to
        Admit Evidence of [Appellant]’s Prior Bad Acts, to which
        [Appellant] responded by filing an Objection to Commonwealth’s
        Prior Bad Acts Motion. On October 4, 2017, the Honorable Gary
        S. Silow heard argument on the Commonwealth’s Motion, and
        granted the Motion, stating, “I am going to rule that the testimony
        is relevant, it is not unduly prejudic[ial], and I am going to permit
        that prior bad act to come in.”[3] Thereafter, the matter was
        further litigated by defense motions to reconsider filed
        respectively on July 24, 2018, (denied by Order dated August 2,
        2018) and May 17, 2019, denied by Order dated May 24, 2019,
        providing as follows:

           [I]t is ORDERED that the Motion is DENIED, in part, to the
           extent that the Commonwealth shall be permitted to
           introduce: testimony of minor victim, J.C.[,] regarding
           [Appellant]’s prior sexual abuse of J.C., as well as,
           [Appellant]’s admission and adjudication of delinquency for
           one count of rape of a child (F1), incorporating four (4)

____________________________________________

2 See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3502(a)(1)(i), 3122.1(a)(2), 3123(a)(7), 6318(a)(1),
3503(a)(1)(ii), 6301(a)(1)(ii),  3126(a)(1),   3126(a)(2),   3126(a)(8),
respectively.

3   N.T., 10/4/17, at 33.

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        instances of his anal rape of J.C., introduced as certified
        copies of court records.

        It is further ORDERED that disposition of the Motion as to:
        testimony of Detective David Mazza and/or former Detective
        Grozinski regarding the confession taken from [Appellant]
        on May 3, 2010, is RESERVED, until time of trial, for
        consideration by the [c]ourt of its potentially cumulative
        and/or excessive prejudicial nature. This Order does not
        address the admission of said evidence for impeachment
        purposes, a determination of which will be considered if and
        when the Commonwealth seeks admission for such purpose.

        To the extent that the Commonwealth seeks to introduce
        any of the above-referenced evidence under the “lustful
        disposition” exception, and in response to its related
        Request for the [c]ourt to so instruct the jury, even
        assuming said evidence might be admissible thereunder,
        given the other potentially permissible bases for admission,
        including, but not limited to, res gestae and/or intent, the
        [c]ourt declines to so instruct the jury; the use of said
        instruction being unnecessary, and therefore, overly
        prejudicial.1
           1   See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).

     Thereafter, on May 17, 2019, [Appellant] filed a Motion to Dismiss
     Pursuant to [Pa.R.Crim.P.] 600. The Commonwealth filed its
     Answer thereto on May 21, 2019, and by Order dated May 24,
     2019, after hearing and argument, the [c]ourt denied
     [Appellant]’s Motion to Dismiss.

     []On May 17, 2019, [Appellant] filed a Praecipe to Withdraw the
     Notice of Alibi Defense, previously asserted in October 2017,
     which the [c]ourt subsequently granted.[]

     On May 28, 2019, [Appellant] proceeded to a four (4) day trial,
     wherein the Commonwealth proceeded on [Counts One, Three,
     Four, Five, and Nine]. At the conclusion of [trial,] the jury
     convicted him [of each of those offenses].

     On August 16, 2019, the undersigned conducted a sentencing
     hearing at which the Commonwealth introduced [Appellant]’s
     juvenile records, and called [Appellant]’s Juvenile Probation
     Officer, Robert Smith, to testify.26 [Appellant]’s older brother,
     Anthony Clay took the stand on behalf of [Appellant], and testified

                                    -5-
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     that [Appellant,] who[m] he described as very intelligent, and
     caring, had a “fairly good” childhood until age ten[,] when he was
     sexually victimized by one of his cousins. Thereafter, [Appellant]
     declined to execute his right to allocution.27
        26N.T., 8/16/19, at 13-58; Exs. C-2 to C-14 (Juvenile
        Records).
        27   N.T., 8/16/19, at 41.

     At the hearing’s conclusion, having previously reviewed
     [Appellant]’s Presentence Investigation (PSI) report, Probation
     and Parole Intervention Evaluation (PPI), and Sexual Offender
     Assessment, which determined that [Appellant] presented as
     having an above-average risk of reoffending, and based on its
     determination that the underlying incidents constituted three
     separate events, the [c]ourt imposed its sentence, as follows:
     Count One…, imprisonment for not less than four (4) years nor
     more than eight (8) years, to run concurrent to the sentence on
     Count Three; Count Three…, imprisonment for not less than six
     and one-half (6½) nor more than thirteen (13) years (to date from
     January 28, 2017); Count Four…, imprisonment for not less than
     seven (7) nor more than fourteen (14) years, to run consecutive
     to the sentence on Count Three; and Count Five…, imprisonment
     for not less than seven and one-half (7½) nor more than fifteen
     (15) years, to run consecutive to the sentence on Count Four. In
     sum, the [c]ourt sentenced [Appellant] to an aggregate of twenty-
     one (21) to forty-two (42) years of incarceration, in addition to a
     variety of conditions, including but not limited to, no contact with
     the victim.29      Before remanding [Appellant], the [c]ourt
     specifically advised him as to both his post[-]sentence, and
     appellate rights, and confirmed that [Appellant] wished to proceed
     with the aid of appointed counsel.30
        29   N.T., 8/16/19, at 46-51.
        30   Id. at 51-53, Ex. D-1 (Post Sentence Procedures).

     On September 10, 2019, [Appellant] timely filed a Notice of
     Appeal challenging the imposition of his sentence.

Trial Court Opinion (“TCO”), 4/13/20, at 1-6 (citations reformatted, some

footnotes omitted).

                                        -6-
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      Appellant filed a timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, and

the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion on April 13, 2020. Appellant

now presents the following questions for our review:

      1. Did the trial court err in failing to grant Appellant’s motion to
      dismiss the information pursuant to Rule 600…?

      2. Did the trial court err in failing to grant a mistrial following an
      outburst in front of the jury from the complaining witness’s
      mother, where she exited the witness stand and exclaimed at the
      Appellant that he needed to admit what he had done and the trial
      court failed to give a cautionary instruction until the following
      morning?

      3. Did the trial court err in admitting prior bad acts evidence from
      an incident that occurred when [A]ppellant was a juvenile, six
      years prior to this offense?

      4. Did the trial court err in admitting [a] statement Appellant gave
      to police in relation to the juvenile prior bad acts from six years
      prior to the charges leading to his conviction?

      5. Did the trial court err in permitting the Commonwealth to
      amend the bills of information at the start of trial to include an
      incident which was disclosed less than one week prior to
      commencement of trial?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

                                   Rule 600

      Appellant first claims that the trial court abused its discretion when it

denied his motion to dismiss his prosecution pursuant to Rule 600, asserting

that the Commonwealth did not act diligently in bringing his case to trial within

365 days. As our Supreme Court has explained:

      When reviewing a trial court’s decision in a Rule 600 case, an
      appellate court will reverse only if the trial court abused its
      discretion. See Commonwealth v. Selenski, 994 A.2d 1083,
      1087 (Pa. 2010). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error

                                      -7-
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     of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden
     or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly
     unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will
     ... discretion is abused.” Id. (internal citation omitted). Our
     scope of review is limited to the record evidence from the Rule
     600 hearing and the findings of the lower court, viewed in the light
     most favorable to the prevailing party. See id.

                                     ***

     We have explained that Rule 600 has the dual purpose of both
     protecting a defendant’s constitutional speedy trial rights and
     protecting society’s right to effective prosecution of criminal
     cases. [Id.] at 1088; Commonwealth v. Dixon, 907 A.2d 468,
     473 (Pa. 2006). To protect the defendant’s speedy trial rights,
     Rule 600 ultimately provides for the dismissal of charges if the
     Commonwealth fails to bring the defendant to trial within 365 days
     of the filing of the complaint (the “mechanical run date”), subject
     to certain exclusions for delays attributable to the defendant.
     Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(A)(3), (G). Conversely, to protect society’s right
     to effective prosecution prior to dismissal of charges, “[R]ule 600
     requires the court to consider whether the [C]ommonwealth
     exercised due diligence, and whether the circumstances
     occasioning the delay of trial were beyond the Commonwealth’s
     control.” Selenski, 994 A.2d at 1088. If the Commonwealth
     exercised due diligence and the delay was beyond the
     Commonwealth’s control, “the motion to dismiss shall be denied.”
     Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(G). The Commonwealth, however, has the
     burden of demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that
     it exercised due diligence. See [Commonwealth v.] Browne,
     584 A.2d [902,] 908 [(Pa. 1990)]. As has been oft stated, “[d]ue
     diligence is fact-specific, to be determined case-by-case; it does
     not require perfect vigilance and punctilious care, but merely a
     showing the Commonwealth has put forth a reasonable effort.”
     Selenski, 994 A.2d at 1089. “If, at any time, it is determined
     that the Commonwealth did not exercise due diligence, the court
     shall dismiss the charges and discharge the defendant.”
     Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(G).

Commonwealth v. Bradford, 46 A.3d 693, 700–02 (Pa. 2012) (citations

reformatted).

     As this Court has previously elucidated:

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     [T]he courts of this Commonwealth employ three steps ... in
     determining whether Rule 600 requires dismissal of charges
     against a defendant. First, Rule 600(A) provides the mechanical
     run date. Second, we determine whether any excludable time
     exists pursuant to Rule 600(C). We add the amount of excludable
     time, if any, to the mechanical run date to arrive at an adjusted
     run date.

     If the trial takes place after the adjusted run date, we apply the
     due diligence analysis set forth in Rule 600(D). As we have
     explained, Rule 600 encompasses a wide variety of circumstances
     under which a period of delay was outside the control of the
     Commonwealth and not the result of the Commonwealth’s lack of
     diligence. Any such period of delay results in an extension of the
     run date. Addition of any Rule 600 extensions to the adjusted run
     date produces the final Rule 600 run date. If the Commonwealth
     does not bring the defendant to trial on or before the final run
     date, the trial court must dismiss the charges.

Commonwealth v. Armstrong, 74 A.3d 228, 236 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(cleaned up).

     In dispute at the Rule 600 hearing was a continuance requested by

Appellant due to the Commonwealth’s late disclosure of evidence, just prior

to the scheduled trial date. The period at issue accounts for 76 days from

August 3, 2018 (the date Appellant requested the continuance), until October

18, 2018 (when Appellant’s counsel subsequently sought leave to withdraw).

     The crux of counsel’s calculation dispute centered on Judge
     Tolliver’s August 8, 2018 Order, granting [Appellant]’s August 3,
     2018 Expedited Motion for Continuance, and attributing the
     resultant delay to [Appellant] upon agreement of the parties[.]
     Defense Counsel asserted that attributing that time against it was
     error, and that instead, the resultant delay should have been
     attributed to the Commonwealth, arguing that its continuance
     request was necessitated by the Commonwealth’s late
     disclosures. In response, the Commonwealth emphasized that
     prior Defense Counsel had agreed both in advance of argument,
     via text message correspondence, and at the August 6, 2018
     argument before Judge Tolliver, that any resultant delay would be

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      excludable. After consideration of the evidence, argument, and
      post[-]argument briefs presented by the parties, the [c]ourt
      ultimately determined that grounds necessary to overrule Judge
      Tolliver’s August 8, 2018 Order, attributing the delay to the
      Defense, had not been substantiated. Ultimately, the record
      reflected sufficient excludable time so as to negate [Appellant]’s
      Rule 600 Motion. As such, [his] instant Rule 600 claim merits no
      relief.

TCO at 10.

      Appellant requested the continuance on August 3, 2018, due to the

Commonwealth’s late-disclosure of cell phone tower evidence and a related

expert report refuting Appellant’s alibi, and a hearing was scheduled to

address the matter, inter alia, on August 6, 2018.      At that hearing, the

Commonwealth stated:

      The Commonwealth has no objection to defense request to a
      continuance[,] provided that that continuance be on [Appellant]
      and that the time you ruled excludable as a defense continuance,
      to the extent that it wouldn’t affect the Commonwealth as it moves
      forward and the Commonwealth would not [be] barred under Rule
      600.

      The Commonwealth recognizes that it’s up against the Rule 600
      date and has been working to bring [Appellant] to trial in time.
      The additional evidence which defense wants time to review and
      to consider points of cross-examination or to consider their
      counter-expert, the Commonwealth thinks that it’s perfectly
      reasonable that they would need additional time to do that.

N.T., 8/6/18, at 8-9.

      Appellant argued that any delay due to his own request for a

continuance should be attributed to the Commonwealth because of the

Commonwealth’s lack of diligence in seeking evidence to refute his alibi. See

id. at 12-14. As noted by Judge Tolliver, Appellant provided his alibi notice

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on October 20, 2017, and the Commonwealth did not seek a warrant to search

Appellant’s cell phone until July 26, 2018. Id. at 17-18. Appellant advised

that the Commonwealth had his cellphone in its custody the entire time. Id.

at 18.

         Judge Tolliver initially indicated an intent to attribute the defense’s

continuance to the Commonwealth for Rule 600 purposes.                Id.   The

Commonwealth then argued: “Your Honor, the Commonwealth would submit

that the remedy would be … to consider how the evidence is going to come in

at trial, not to bar effectively the Commonwealth from trying the case by

forcing a continuance on the Commonwealth, because that’s effectively what

would happen.”      Id. at 19.   The Commonwealth suggested that the court

consider an alternative remedy, arguing that the court’s “concerns regarding

the defense’s need to prepare for trial would be alleviated through other

needs, other than a Commonwealth continuance through which the

Commonwealth would be essentially barred from trying the case under Rule

600.” Id. at 21.

         Judge Tolliver understood this to mean that the Commonwealth was

prepared to go to trial without the cell phone evidence or related expert

reports, and asked defense counsel if Appellant wanted to proceed to trial.

See id. at 42.     Defense counsel answered: “Yes. As long as it also includes

them not being able to use it on rebuttal. So completely excluded, we will

proceed on Wednesday.” Id. The Commonwealth responded:

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      Your Honor, first, the new information that was provided to
      defense … is the cell tower information. And that information is
      something that the Commonwealth would want to put on in its
      case[-]in[-]chief. But if defense is going to put up an alibi witness
      and we have evidence that directly refutes that, it should not be
      precluded from coming in on rebuttal.

      Your Honor, there’s even case law that suppressed statements by
      defendants can be brought in on rebuttal, because it would be
      fundamentally unfair to allow a witness to get on the stand and lie
      without any kind of ability to cross-examine them.

Id.

      Defense counsel replied that Appellant was only ready to proceed to trial

without a continuance if the Commonwealth was completely barred from using

the cell phone evidence. Id. at 43-44. The Commonwealth retorted:

      Your Honor, the cell tower data is something that if Your Honor
      decides it can only come in, in rebuttal is still entirely within the
      control of the defense on whether they want to put up an alibi
      witness. If they want to put up an alibi witness to say that he was
      with [Appellant] in Skippack and we have clear proof that he was
      not with [Appellant] in Skippack, it would be fundamentally unfair
      to bar … the Commonwealth from providing that evidence to the
      jury, especially given that there is no requirement that the
      Commonwealth provide [notice of] witnesses that [it calls] in
      rebuttal.

      The Commonwealth has provided all discovery as it has been
      received. The Commonwealth absolutely acknowledges that it
      failed to do [an] investigation as quickly as it could have, that
      things were put off [until the] last minute [and] that they should
      not have been. However, the rules of discovery have not been
      violated with respect to any of that. And the defense cannot ask
      Your Honor and should not ask Your Honor to preclude information
      that is absolutely critical to rebut an alibi witness. That would
      essentially allow any alibi witness to get up and lie on the stand
      and say I was with [Appellant] in Skippack at 4:11 when that call
      came in, when the Commonwealth has clear and convincing
      evidence to the contrary. That would be fundamentally unfair to
      the Commonwealth, Your Honor.

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Id. at 44-45.

      Judge Tolliver then indicated that he was going to attribute the time to

the defense for any continuance request, because he was not going to revisit

his previous order permitting admission of the cell phone evidence and related

expert testimony. Id. at 51. The court questioned both attorneys about their

communications prior to the continuance motion. Defense counsel admitted

that she had agreed with the prosecutor to have the continuance attributed to

the defense. Id. at 56-57.    Defense counsel argued, however, that she had

only done so because the court had already ruled to admit the new evidence.

Id. at 57-58. Ultimately, defense counsel requested a thirty-day continuance.

Id. at 61.

      On appeal, Appellant now argues that Judge Tolliver, and then the Rule

600 court, erred in attributing the defense’s continuance to Appellant due to

the Commonwealth’s delay in seeking the warrant. Appellant further argues

that this delay demonstrated a lack of due diligence, and he also asserts that

the Commonwealth was not duly diligent with respect to several other

discovery    matters.   The   Commonwealth counters       that,   “in   granting

[Appellants]’s request for a continuance, it was reasonable for the trial court

to charge him with the delay as it was his request, and because the

Commonwealth proceeded without objecting to that request based on his prior

agreement that the delay would be attributed to him.” Commonwealth’s Brief

at 20. The Commonwealth further emphasizes that, “if any remedy was in

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order, the court could consider an evidentiary remedy, rather than one that

would jeopardize the entire case on speedy trial grounds.” Id. at 19-20.

         Under these circumstances, we agree with the Commonwealth.          The

Commonwealth admitted that its delay in seeking a warrant was inexcusable,

however, the Commonwealth was prepared to go to trial without the cell

phone evidence and experts, rather than run afoul of Rule 600. Exclusion of

this evidence from the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief was more than

adequate to cure any lack of diligence. This was no small concession by the

Commonwealth, as the cell phone evidence placed Appellant near J.C. at the

time of one of the assaults, in addition to its relevance to disprove Appellant’s

alibi.

         Further, we conclude that Appellant’s insistence at the August 6, 2018

hearing, that the Commonwealth be completely precluded from presenting the

cell phone evidence in rebuttal if Appellant were to present an alibi witness at

trial, was not a reasonable request. “A litigant opens the door to inadmissible

evidence by presenting proof that creates a false impression refuted by the

otherwise prohibited evidence.” Commonwealth v. Nypaver, 69 A.3d 708,

716 (Pa. Super. 2013).       It would have been fundamentally unfair to the

Commonwealth for the court to permit Appellant to present alibi witnesses

without the Commonwealth’s ability to offer the cell phone evidence in

rebuttal. Consequently, we ascertain no abuse of discretion in the Rule 600

court’s decision to stand by Judge Tolliver’s prior ruling that the defense’s

continuance was excludable time under Rule 600.

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        Appellant also

        avers that 495 days of non-excludable time accrued in this matter.
        However, even without the 76 days of time between the August
        3, 2018 motion and October 18, 2018 Motion to Withdraw, 419
        days of non-excludable time elapsed. Regardless of those 76 days
        at issue, the Commonwealth failed to bring Appellant to trial within
        365 days.

Appellant’s Brief at 16.

        We conclude that this aspect of Appellant’s argument is meritless. As

noted by the Commonwealth, Appellant’s non-excludable time calculation of

419 days differs from the trial court’s calculation in that he

        indicates by notations on the timeline in his brief that the 67 days
        between the trial court’s March 11, 2019[] order scheduling this
        matter for trial, and his May 17, 2019[] Rule 600 motion, should
        be attributed to the Commonwealth. [Appellants]’s Brief at 11.

        Tellingly, he made this latter argument before the trial court, but
        made no effort to support it. See N.T.[,] 5/17/19[,] at 47 (“I
        don’t have much argument on this point. But I’m not conceding
        from March 11th of 2019 to today, May 17th of 2019[.]”).

Commonwealth’s Brief at 17.

        The “time attributable to the normal progression of a case simply is not

‘delay’ for purposes of Rule 600.” Commonwealth v. Mills, 162 A.3d 323,

325 (Pa. 2017).      The 67 days at issue appear, on their face, to be a delay

due to the trial court’s scheduling, and Appellant provides no argument as to

why such court delay should be considered non-excludable time attributable

to the Commonwealth. Less those 67 days, the non-excludable time was 352

days.

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      Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s

motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 600.

                                    Mistrial

      Next, Appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion when it

failed to declare a mistrial following an emotional outburst by the victim’s

mother, A.D., during her testimony. Appellant complains he was prejudiced

by her behavior and, because it was not immediately cured by a cautionary

instruction, that he was deprived of a fair trial. Initially, we note that whether

to declare a mistrial is a decision which rests within the sound discretion of

the trial court, whose exercise thereof will not be reversed absent an abuse of

such discretion. Commonwealth v. Pearson, 685 A.2d 551, 554 (Pa. Super.

1996).

      During the Commonwealth’s direct examination of A.D., the following

exchange occurred:

      Q. Would [Appellant] know that he wasn’t allowed to be in [J.C.]’s
      room alone with him?

      A. Yes, he did.

      Q. How would he know that?

      A. [Appellant], you did it. Just say you did it. Come on. Why
      would you take me through this?

      THE COURT: Ma’am, sit down, please.

      THE WITNESSS: No. He did it. Just say you did it.

N.T., 5/29/19, at 248.

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      Immediately following this exchange, the trial court dismissed the jury

for the day, without addressing A.D.’s emotional outburst. Id. After the jury

left, Appellant’s counsel moved for a mistrial, arguing:

      Given the level of her emotion, the -- I don’t want to say threats,
      but yelling directly at my client and telling him that he needs to
      admit this, and things of that nature, unfairly prejudices him, and
      I don’t think that we can really adequately give him the
      opportunity for a fair trial after an outburst of that magnitude,
      which isn’t going to come down on the record, where [she] slams
      her arms down on the side of the witness stand and then starts to
      scream at my client.

Id. at 249. The trial court clarified for the record that: “[T]o describe it, she

comes off of the witness stand in the middle of redirect examination. I think

the record will reflect what she said, and she said it screaming and stormed

out of the courtroom.” Id. The Commonwealth admitted that A.D.’s outburst

was inappropriate, but contended that the resulting prejudice could be cured

by a jury instruction and, thus, that a mistrial was not warranted:

      Your Honor, what just happened was totally inappropriate. It was
      not elicited by the Commonwealth. As far as whether that’s
      grounds for a mistrial, I would submit that it’s not. I would
      request time to review any case law about what would be grounds
      for a mistrial. But while it [was] upsetting, inappropriate, and
      completely unnecessary, I don’t think she said anything to the
      jury that the jury wouldn’t be able to disregard and set aside.
      There was no information that was given to the jury that the jury
      shouldn’t know. She didn’t actually say anything, as far as giving
      information goes. She was totally inappropriate and out of line,
      and the Commonwealth had specifically instructed her not to do
      something like that.

Id. at 250-51.

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      In response to the arguments of counsel, the trial court tentatively

agreed with the Commonwealth, stating:

      Her accusation and claim that you did it and you know that you
      did it, why don’t you just admit it, coming from the mother of the
      alleged victim, I don’t know that the jury is going to put any stock
      in that substantively. I think it certainly can be cured with a
      curative instruction. But I won’t rule on the motion yet until you
      have had an opportunity to digest it yourselves, research it
      overnight. And I think we will reconvene tomorrow morning at
      8:45, at which time we can discuss it.

Id. at 251.

      The trial court then asked a detective (who had accompanied A.D. as

she stormed out) if A.D. said anything that might have been overheard by the

jury as it exited the court. The detective indicated that, as he “was trying to

get her to be quiet and move her back[,]” A.D. was shouting that she “was

putting on an act, and she was tired of putting on an act, she doesn’t put on

an act for anyone, no one; and that [Appellant] knows that he did this, and

that she’s sick of this and she doesn’t want to go through this anymore.” Id.

at 255. The Commonwealth then argued that those additional comments by

A.D. could be construed as undermining her credibility. Id. at 255-56.

      The following morning, defense counsel argued, citing Commonwealth

v. Marshall, 568 A.2d 590, 597 (Pa. 1989), that although A.D.’s outburst

might have been cured by an immediate instruction,

      given the fact that we dismissed the jury after the outburst, and
      now it’s been approximately sixteen hours or so since the outburst
      occurred, they went home, they had time to think about it. I
      would submit that[,] at this point in time, even the curative

                                     - 18 -
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      instruction would not be sufficient to ameliorate the undue
      prejudice to [Appellant] and his ability to receive a fair trial.

N.T., 5/30/19, at 6.

      Nevertheless, the trial court ultimately ruled that it would deny the

mistrial and issue a curative instruction to the jury, and it would permit

Appellant’s counsel to draft the instruction. Id. at 7-8. The Commonwealth

then offered that:

      The only thing I would also consider perhaps including is that[,]
      because she said something along the lines of “just confess,”
      perhaps instructing the jury that [Appellant] has no obligation to
      do anything but remain silent prior to and after trial. I would defer
      to defense if that would be helpful to their strategy as far as
      dealing with this, but I want to bring that to the [c]ourt’s attention
      as something that we might want to address in the curative
      instruction as well.

Id. at 8-9.

      The court questioned each juror, separately, as to whether they had

heard anything as A.D. left the courtroom, after they had been dismissed from

the courtroom for the day.     Id. at 29-43. Some of the jurors heard A.D.

screaming, but none of the jurors who heard A.D. understood what she was

saying.

      Ultimately, the court issued the following instruction to the jury:

      Well, as I told you during voir dire and otherwise, trials are
      dynamic events, and while we try to stick to schedules as best we
      can, oftentimes things happen that may change up our schedule
      a little bit. You’ve been witness to one of those dynamic events
      to some extent.

      So[,] we’ve been here all morning trying to deal with some issues
      outside of your hearing. We’ve done that at this point, and by
      virtue of our work, I want to give you some cautionary instructions
      with regard to a number of things.

                                     - 19 -
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      So[,] let me first talk about [A.D.] Yesterday, before we finished
      for the day, you heard and saw an outburst from a witness, [A.D.]

      That outburst, both her statements and her conduct, is not
      evidence in this case. I am instructing you to totally disregard
      anything and everything that [A.D.] did and stated during that
      outburst.

      You are not to infer that she knows any facts or has any
      information beyond that about which she testified. And of course,
      you’re to judge her credibility the same as any other witness.

      I also want to re[-]enforce to you something that I’ve told you
      now a number of times, that [Appellant] is presumed innocent and
      has an absolute constitutional right to remain silent when accused
      of a crime and an absolute constitutional right not to testify in this
      trial if he so chooses, and you cannot make any adverse
      [inference] against [Appellant] for so doing.

Id. at 47-48.

      On appeal, Appellant now argues that the “trial court’s failure to give a

prompt cautionary instruction for approximately seventeen hours prevented

him from receiving a fair trial, due to the emotionally charged nature of the

outburst and implication of his right to remain silent.” Appellant’s Brief at 20.

We initially note that Appellant did not raise the matter of the outburst’s

potential impact on his right to remain silent in the lower court. Although the

jury was instructed in that regard, it was the Commonwealth, not Appellant,

who suggested the instruction as a cautionary measure. Moreover, Appellant

did not specify that basis for his claim in his Rule 1925(b) statement.

Consequently, the trial court did not address the matter in its Rule 1925(a)

opinion. Accordingly, we conclude that Appellant waived this aspect of his

claim. See Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (Pa. 1998) (“Any

issues not raised in a [Rule] 1925(b) statement will be deemed waived.”); see

                                     - 20 -
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also Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the trial court are waived and

cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”).

      However, Appellant adequately preserved his claim that he was

prejudiced by A.D.’s emotional outburst to the extent that it deprived him of

a fair trial, and that no curative instruction could mitigate that prejudice due

to the delay between the outburst and the responsive instruction. In that

regard, the trial court defended its decision to deny a mistrial and, instead,

issue a curative instruction, reasoning as follows:

      Contrary to [Appellant]’s contention that the window for
      remediating the accrued prejudice, and his reliance on …
      Marshall, the record reflects that the [c]ourt’s immediate
      intervention, wherein it shifted the jury’s attention from [A.D.]’s
      exit, instructing them that the day’s proceedings had concluded,
      echoing its customary and familiar admonitions, all conveyed a
      sense of calm, and immediately deflated any perceived escalation;
      returning proceedings to [the] status quo.

      Our Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld similarly timed
      prophylactic instructions in Commonwealth v. Philistin, 774
      A.2d 741 (Pa. 2001), where, by virtue of the timing of the
      allegedly prejudicial outburst, the [c]ourt was constrained to
      deliver its cautionary instruction … the following day. More
      specifically, in upholding the trial court’s mistrial denial, the Court
      opined that, “[g]iven the facts that the outburst occurred only
      once, that it was promptly brought under control by the trial court,
      and that a thorough curative instruction was given to the jury
      before the proceedings continued, we are satisfied that any
      potential prejudice was abated.” Id. at 744….

TCO at 15-16.

      In Marshall, a jury trial was interrupted by an emotional outburst

toward the defendant by one of the victims. Marshall, 568 A.2d at 596. Our

                                      - 21 -
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Supreme Court held that the “harm caused by such an outburst can be cured

by an immediate curative instruction to the jury[,]” further explaining that

      the trial court immediately cautioned the jury that it should ignore
      the outburst and to decide the case exclusively on the evidence
      and not on emotion, sympathy[,] or prejudice. Given the fact that
      the outburst was brief, occurred only once, and was followed by
      an immediate instruction to the jury, we are satisfied that any
      prejudice was diffused[,] and that [the a]ppellant’s fair trial was
      not threatened.

Id.

      In Philistin, “spectators in the courtroom cheered” when the defendant

was convicted of first-degree murder in a capital case. Philistin, 774 A.2d at

743. Although the judge admonished the spectators, no instructions were

given to the jury until the following day when the penalty phase began. Id.

Philistin argued that the outburst resulted in prejudice that biased the jury

toward the subsequently imposed death penalty. Id. Our Supreme Court

rejected that claim, reasoning:

      It is asserted by [the] appellant that the trial court failed to
      provide any curative instruction to the jury after the outburst, and
      that jurors might therefore have been encouraged to impose a
      sentence of death. This assertion is simply false. The record
      reveals that a thorough curative instruction was given by the court
      before the penalty hearing commenced. The penalty stage
      proceedings did not begin until the day after the outburst
      occurred. As those proceedings were about to begin, the court
      strongly warned spectators that no further outbursts would be
      tolerated. The jury was then brought in and the court issued [a]
      … curative instruction[.] …

      Given the facts that the outburst occurred only once, that it was
      promptly brought under control by the trial court, and that a
      thorough curative instruction was given to the jury before the

                                     - 22 -
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      proceedings continued, we are satisfied that any potential
      prejudice was abated.

Id. at 743–44.

      We agree with the trial court. A.D.’s emotional outburst was brief and,

although the curative instruction was not issued until the following day, it was

issued before any proceedings continued in Appellant’s case, in accordance

with Philistin. While an immediate instruction would have been preferable,

the nature and length of the outburst was not so shocking as to be incurable

by instruction before the case continued.     Moreover, the outburst was not

elicited or exploited by the Commonwealth.        In these circumstances, we

conclude that any resulting prejudice was adequately addressed by the

curative instruction, noting that the “law presumes that the jury will follow the

instructions of the court.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 786 A.2d 961, 971

(Pa. 2001).

      Appellant argues that Philistin is distinguishable because the jury had

already rendered a verdict in that case at the time of the outburst. Appellant’s

Brief at 20. We disagree. The jury in Philistin was still empaneled and had

yet to decide the defendant’s fate during the penalty phase of that trial at the

time of the outburst.    Appellant also asserts that the judge immediately

admonished the spectators in Philistin, whereas here, the judge dismissed

the jury for the day without specifically addressing the outburst.           Id.

However, the critical issue here is not whether the spectators were

admonished promptly, but the timing of the curative instruction to the jury.

In that regard, Philistin is directly analogous to the circumstances in this

                                     - 23 -
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case. In both instances, the jury was given a curative instruction before the

proceedings continued.

      Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in denying a mistrial based on A.D.’s emotional outburst.

                          Prior Bad Acts Evidence

      Appellant’s third and fourth issues concern the admission of prior bad

acts (“PBA”) evidence at his trial, and so we will address those claims together.

Specifically, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting evidence of Appellant’s juvenile adjudication for raping J.C. (Issue

3), and related evidence of his confession to committing that offense (Issue

4).

      When reviewing a claim concerning the admissibility of evidence,
      and specifically evidence of other crimes or bad acts by a
      defendant, we note:

         The admission of evidence is a matter vested within the
         sound discretion of the trial court, and such a decision shall
         be reversed only upon a showing that the trial court abused
         its discretion. In determining whether evidence should be
         admitted, the trial court must weigh the relevant and
         probative value of the evidence against the prejudicial
         impact of that evidence. Evidence is relevant if it logically
         tends to establish a material fact in the case or tends to
         support a reasonable inference regarding a material fact.
         Although a court may find that evidence is relevant, the
         court may nevertheless conclude that such evidence is
         inadmissible on account of its prejudicial impact.

      An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but is
      rather the overriding or misapplication of the law, or the exercise
      of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias,
      prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the evidence of record.
      Further, an abuse of discretion may result where the trial court
      improperly weighed the probative value of evidence admitted

                                     - 24 -
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     against its potential for prejudicing the defendant. When a trial
     court indicates its reason for its ruling, our scope of review is
     limited to an examination of that stated reason.

Commonwealth v. Weakley, 972 A.2d 1182, 1188–89 (Pa. Super. 2009)

(cleaned up). Furthermore,

     evidence of prior bad acts or unrelated criminal activity is
     inadmissible to show that a defendant acted in conformity with
     those past acts or to show criminal propensity. Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1).
     However, evidence of prior bad acts may be admissible when
     offered to prove some other relevant fact, such as motive,
     opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, and
     absence of mistake or accident.             Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).     In
     determining whether evidence of other prior bad acts is
     admissible, the trial court is obliged to balance the probative value
     of such evidence against its prejudicial impact.

Commonwealth v. Sherwood, 982 A.2d 483, 497 (Pa. 2009).

     Here, there was extensive litigation of the at-issue PBA evidence, but

most pertinent to our discussion begins with the Commonwealth’s filing of a

motion in limine seeking a pre-trial ruling on the admission of PBA evidence

on March 11, 2019, arguing:

     The Commonwealth seeks to introduce certain evidence of
     [Appellant]’s prior sexual abuse of J.C., including the details of
     [Appellant]’s prior abuse, [his] confession, J.C.’s disclosure, and
     [Appellant]’s subsequent lack of access to J.C. for four years. This
     evidence is critical for the Commonwealth to show the full context
     of the crimes for which [Appellant] is currently charged, to show
     how [he] accomplished his current crimes, and to show how
     [Appellant] manipulated J.C. into compliance and silence. Without
     the details of this abuse, if only a bare stipulation or explanation
     of [Appellant]’s prior sexual abuse of J.C. were admitted, it would
     be impossible for a jury to understand the environment in which
     [Appellant] perpetrated these crimes and lens through which J.C.
     experienced this abuse.

                                    - 25 -
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Commonwealth’s Rule 404(b) Motion, 3/11/19, at 2-3.            Appellant filed a

motion objecting to the admission of the prior bad acts as unduly prejudicial

and without exception under Rule 404(b), and the trial court held argument

on the matter on May 17, 2019.

      On May 24, 2019, the trial court issued an order denying Appellant’s

motion, and granting in part, and denying in part, the Commonwealth’s

motion. Specifically, the court decided as follows:

      [U]pon consideration of [Appellant]’s Motion To Reconsider
      Admission of Prior Bad Acts Evidence, the Commonwealth’s
      objection thereto, and after argument, it is ORDERED that the
      Motion is DENIED, in part, to the extent that the Commonwealth
      shall be permitted to introduce: testimony of minor victim, J.C.
      regarding [Appellant]’s prior sexual abuse of J.C., as well as, [his]
      admission and adjudication of delinquency for one count of rape
      of a child (F1), incorporating four (4) instances of his anal rape of
      J.C., introduced as certified copies of court records.

      It is further ORDERED that disposition of the Motion as to:
      testimony of Detective David Mazza and/or former Detective
      Grozinski regarding the confession taken from [Appellant] on May
      3, 2010, and/or the contents of [Appellant]’s confession taken on
      May 3, 2010, is RESERVED, until time of trial, for consideration by
      the [c]ourt of its potentially cumulative and/or excessively
      prejudicial nature. This Order does not address the admission of
      said evidence for impeachment purposes, a determination of
      which will be considered if and when the Commonwealth seeks
      admission for such purpose.

      To the extent that the Commonwealth seeks to introduce any of
      the above-referenced evidence under the “lustful disposition”
      exception, and in response to its related Request for the [c]ourt
      to so instruct the jury, even assuming said evidence might be
      admissible thereunder, given the other potentially permissible
      bases for admission, including, but not limited to, res gestae
      and/or intent, the [c]ourt declines to so instruct the jury; the use
      of said instruction being unnecessary, and therefore, overly
      prejudicial.

                                     - 26 -
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Order, 5/24/19, at 1-2.    Thus, the court permitted the Commonwealth to

introduce evidence of Appellant’s prior rape of J.C., through J.C.’s testimony,

as well as court records of Appellant’s conviction for that offense, under the

res gestae and intent exceptions to the prohibition on PBA evidence. However,

it tentatively denied admission of Appellant’s confession, while reserving

judgment for trial as to whether evidence of the confession could be admitted

for another purpose.

      As to the admitted evidence, the trial court determined “that the

probative value of the proffered res gestae evidence outweighed any alleged

unfair prejudice to [Appellant],” and that “the record also reflects numerous

prophylactic measures both taken and permitted by the [c]ourt to ensure the

jury’s proper use and reliance o[n] such evidence.” TCO at 21. For instance,

during voir dire, the court questioned each potential juror as follows:

      As I previously informed you, this matter involves charges of sex-
      related offenses. You’re going to hear [that Appellant] admitted in
      juvenile court that, when he was a juvenile, he engage[d] in
      sexual intercourse with the complaining witness. I am going to
      instruct you later that you can consider this evidence for certain
      limited purposes, but you cannot use this information to say that
      the defendant is a person of bad character or criminal tendencies
      from which you might be inclined to infer guilt. Is there anyone
      here who feels that the fact that [Appellant] previously admitted
      in court that when he was a juvenile he had illegal sexual contact
      with the complaining witness in 2010, that they cannot follow my
      instruction as I just summarized it for you, and fairly and
      impartially reach a verdict in this case?

TCO at 20 (quoting N.T., 5/28/19, at 4-5); see also N.T., 5/28/19, at 45-46

(reading the question to the remaining potential jurors during voir dire).

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       At trial, the Commonwealth moved to refresh J.C.’s recollection with

Appellant’s confession, and then sought to have it introduced outright when it

determined that J.C. was having trouble recalling the prior abuse.               As

explained by the court at the time:4

       Okay. And I guess what’s happening is, the assistant district
       attorney, in preparing the witness again, has determined that the
       victim has very little recollection, or not sufficient recollection, of
       some of the details of what happened when he was six or seven,
       which I think the Commonwealth would like to introduce in order
       to pursue their theory that even though four years intervened,
       there was grooming conduct.

N.T., 5/29/19, at 89.

       The court ultimately allowed Appellant’s confession to be admitted, after

“the Commonwealth narrowed the scope of its request to focus on

[Appellant]’s grooming behavior….” TCO at 23. The trial court explains:

       Ultimately, the [c]ourt ruled as follows as to the admission of
       [Appellant]’s 2010 confession:

          The [c]ourt: With regard to the admission of [Appellant]’s
          prior confession for the juvenile incident, the 2010 incident,
          I have ruled that in my discretion, I believe given that the
          victim in this case was six and seven years old at the time
          of that prior assault, the fact that his memory was obviously
          not very good as to that prior assault is explainable and
          understandable by virtue of how young he was at the time.

          So[,] while I allowed that testimony to be introduced as a
          prior bad act and while I’m going to allow the
          Commonwealth to introduce the actual adjudication of
          [Appellant], conviction of [Appellant] as a juvenile back
          then, I am going to allow the Commonwealth to introduce
          [his] confession because I do think there are aspects of that
____________________________________________

4The prior sidebar where the matter was raised by the Commonwealth was
not transcribed.

                                          - 28 -
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         confession that are highly probative of [Appellant]’s
         common scheme plan and some of the uniqueness of his
         actions with the victim.

      Then, before the Commonwealth introduced Det. Grozinski’s
      testimony, to preclude any prejudice to [Appellant] or misuse by
      the jury, the [c]ourt again cautioned the jury as follows to guide
      [its] evaluation of [Appellant]’s juvenile confession:

         The [c]ourt: Now, you’re about to also hear testimony from
         a detective involving the prior juvenile case back in 2010.
         And you’ve heard evidence that [Appellant] was guilty of
         improper conduct for which he is not on trial here. I’m of
         course speaking of the testimony to the effect that
         [Appellant] previously admitted and was adjudicated
         delinquent for one count of rape of a child incorporating four
         instance[s] of anal rape of [J.C.]. And you’re now about to
         hear evidence of [Appellant]’s confession with regard to
         those events in 2010.

         Thus[,] evidence is before you for a limited purpose. That
         is, if you find it credible, you may consider this evidence as
         proof of [Appellant]’s motive, intent, or common scheme or
         plan and for nothing else. It must not be considered by you
         in any way other than that purpose I just stated to you.

         You must not regard this evidence as showing that
         [Appellant] is a person of bad character or criminal
         tendencies from which you might be inclined to infer guilt.
                                    …

      Thereafter, the [p]rosecutor examined Det. Grozinski at length
      about the detailed and voluntary statement [Appellant] made to
      him and Detective David Mazza … on May 3, 2010. In his
      confession, [Appellant] delineated in horrific detail the manner in
      which he had groomed, manipulated, and sexually abused his
      young cousin, J.C.; and significantly, in a strikingly similar pattern
      reflected in the instant allegations.

TCO at 24-25.

      The trial court also notes that during the defense’s closing argument,

Appellant’s counsel recast the record of Appellant’s prior abuse of J.C. to

undermine J.C.’s credibility. Defense counsel argued, inter alia:

                                     - 29 -
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      Here’s the question. In 2009 and 2010, at six and seven years
      old, [J. C.] told about the sexual abuse that he was suffering back
      when [Appellant] was 15 and 16 years old, back in 2009 and 2010.
      As a six-and-seven-year-old kid, he had the courage to get up
      there and to tell about it. Not only do we have seven years
      between these two incidents that cast doubt on the fact that it
      doesn’t show that there was motive or intent on the part of
      [Appellant] seven years later; but if you’re going to sexually
      assault a child, why would you pick a child that had already told
      about the prior sexual assaults? Why would you pick a child that
      is now older and stronger? Why would you pick a child that you
      know can do the same thing again and put you back in the same
      legal troubles? It just doesn’t make sense.

N.T., 5/31/19, at 59.

      The trial court also issued further instructions regarding the PBA

evidence before the jury retired to deliberate:

      Now, as I previously instructed you during the trial, evidence that
      [Appellant] previously admitted and was adjudicated delinquent
      for one count of rape of a child, incorporating four instances of his
      anal rape of [J.C.], and evidence of [Appellant]’s confession, which
      you heard, with regard to those events in 2010, are before you
      for a limited purpose. That is, if you find this evidence credible,
      you may consider it as proof of the complete story and/or of
      [Appellant]’s motive, intent, and common scheme or plan. That
      evidence must not be considered by you in any other way other
      than the purpose I just stated. You must not regard this evidence
      as showing that [Appellant] is a person of bad character or
      criminal tendencies, from which you might be inclined to infer guilt
      here.

N.T., 5/29/19, at 105-06.

      In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court concluded:

      In the final analysis, the proffered evidence[,] which aptly
      demonstrated the manner in which [Appellant] groomed and
      manipulated his young cousin to facilitate his continued sexual
      abuse of him[,] was properly admitted where J.C., by virtue of his
      age at the time, as well as the trauma suffered, was unable [to]
      convey the same. See Commonwealth v. Hicks, 91 A.3d 47,
      55 (Pa. 2014) ([n]oting that a fundamental precept of our criminal

                                     - 30 -
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      jurisprudence is that the Commonwealth is entitled to prove its
      case by relevant evidence of its choosing[]). Likewise, the
      overarching similarities between [Appellant]’s prior sexual assault
      and the underlying crimes rendered the admission of [Appellant]’s
      prior bad acts necessary to convey both the full extent and context
      of the allegations at hand, as well as [Appellant]’s motive,
      opportunity, plan, and scheme for victimizing J.C. See
      Commonwealth v. Frank, 577 A.2d 609, 616-18 [(Pa. Super.
      1990)] (holding that trial court admission of evidence of
      defendant’s prior sexual assault of children under the common
      plan or scheme exception was proper where the assaults
      possessed a high degree of similarity and the court issued
      cautionary instructions[]). Notwithstanding its proper admission
      of [Appellant]’s prior sexual assault, the [c]ourt’s repeated
      cautionary instructions to the jury, emphasizing the limited
      purpose for which such evidence was admitted, negated any
      potential for unfair prejudice to [Appellant].

TCO at 27.

      Appellant argues that none of the exceptions to Rule 404(b)’s ban on

PBA evidence applied in the circumstances of this case, and that, in any event,

the prejudicial impact of that evidence was greater than its probative value.

First, he argues that his confession and prior juvenile record did not constitute

evidence of his motive. “To be admissible under this exception, there must

be a specific logical connection between the other act and the crime at issue

which establishes that the crime currently being considered grew out of or was

in any way caused by the prior            set of facts and circumstances.”

Commonwealth v. Ross, 57 A.3d 85, 100 (Pa. Super. 2012) (cleaned up).

Appellant contends that:

      In this instance, the government presented no evidence that the
      current charges - removed seven years from Appellant’s prior
      assault of the complainant - caused him to sexually assault the
      complainant in this instance. The Commonwealth posited no
      theory of revenge for Appellant against the complainant. Nothing

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      in the record supports the supposition that the current charges in
      some way ‘grew out of’ or were caused by the 2009 to 2010
      incidents.

Appellant’s Brief at 23.

      We disagree and ascertain no error with respect to the admission of the

PBA evidence under the motive exception. J.C. testified that, when Appellant

came into his room at Curtiz’s house, he told J.C. that he “needed this,” which

J.C. understood to mean that Appellant “needed more sexual activities, what

we did previous times.”    N.T., 5/29/19, at 131.     During another assault,

Appellant repeated to J.C. that he “needed it.” Id. at 139.

      This evidence suggests a motive, that being Appellant’s desire to repeat

the prior sexual abuse of J.C. due to sexual attraction to J.C. or some similar

compulsion. As such, the prior assaults were relevant to show that motive,

given greater context and meaning to Appellant’s statements to J.C. while he

was assaulting him. Thus, there was at least some logical connection between

the crimes under consideration at trial, and the prior assaults tend to

demonstrate Appellant’s motive for assaulting J.C.

      Moreover,

      [i]n a case involving a challenge to the admission of evidence of a
      prior sexual act, this Court has stated:

         In general, evidence of other wrongful conduct not charged
         in the information on which the defendant is being tried is
         inadmissible at trial except in certain limited circumstances.
         One such exception arises in the prosecution of sexual
         offenses. Evidence of prior sexual relations between
         defendant and his or her victim is admissible to show a
         passion or propensity for illicit sexual relations with the
         victim. This exception is limited, however. The evidence is
         admissible only when the prior act involves the same victim

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         and the two acts are sufficiently connected to suggest a
         continuing course of conduct. The admissibility of the
         evidence is not affected by the fact that the prior incidents
         occurred outside of the statute of limitations.

      Commonwealth v. Knowles, 637 A.2d 331, 333 (Pa. Super.
      1994)…. This “lustful disposition” exception to the general rule
      against the admission of evidence of prior or subsequent bad acts
      has been consistently recognized by our Supreme Court for more
      than a century. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Bell, 31 A. 123
      (Pa. 1895) (stating “in prosecutions for adultery or for illicit sexual
      intercourse of any class, evidence is admissible of sexual acts
      between the parties prior to, or when indicating continuousness of
      illicit relations, even subsequent to the act specifically under trial”)
      (emphasis added and quotation omitted); Commonwealth v.
      Snyder, 870 A.2d 336, 343–44 (Pa. Super. 2005) (allowing
      admission of sexually explicit photograph of minor victim as
      relevant to show a passion or propensity for illicit sexual
      misconduct by the appellant towards victim); Commonwealth v.
      Dunkle, 602 A.2d 830, 839 (Pa. 1992) (determining that
      evidence of prior sexual misconduct is admissible if it shows a
      passion or propensity for illicit sexual relations of the defendant
      towards the victim).

Commonwealth v Wattley, 880 A.2d 682, 686–87 (Pa. Super. 2005)

(footnote omitted, some citations reformatted, emphasis omitted).

      Here, the PBA evidence fits squarely within the “lustful disposition”

exception which, perhaps, might be considered a specific subcategory of

motive and/or res gestae evidence. The evidence of Appellant’s prior sexual

assault of J.C. clearly demonstrated “passion or propensity for illicit sexual

relations with the victim.” Knowles, 637 A.2d at 333.

      Because we conclude that the PBA evidence constituted motive and/or

“lustful disposition” evidence under Rule 404(b)(2), we need not consider its

admission for other purposes. Consequently, we now turn to consider whether

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the “probative value of the evidence outweighs its potential for unfair

prejudice.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).

      There is no doubt that evidence of prior crimes, in the abstract, carries

with it a risk of undue prejudice. Prevention and/or mitigation of such risk is

the essence of Rule 404, which generally prohibits the use of character

evidence, see Rule 404(a)(1), as well as evidence of prior bad acts to prove

character, see Rule 404(b)(1). However, “the trial court is not required to

sanitize the trial to eliminate all unpleasant facts from the jury’s consideration

where those facts are relevant to the issues at hand and form part of the

history and natural development of the events and offenses for which the

defendant is charged.” Commonwealth v. Paddy, 800 A.2d 294, 308 (Pa.

2002) (cleaned up).

      Here, we are satisfied the trial court’s prophylactic efforts were sufficient

to limit the risk of undue prejudice. The court issued several instructions to

the jury as to the limited purpose for which the PBA evidence was admitted,

and the jury is presumed to have followed the court’s instructions. Brown,

786 A.2d at 971.       The court also limited the admission of Appellant’s

confession to the prior conduct that J.C. could not recall in sufficient detail.

Even before those measures were taken, the trial court used the voir dire

process to exclude any jurors who believed they would be unable to follow the

court’s instructions regarding evidence of prior crimes against the victim by

Appellant. Given these measures, we conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by admitting the at-issue PBA evidence.

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              Late Amendment to the Criminal Information

     Finally, Appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by

permitting the Commonwealth to amend the criminal information based on

J.C.’s late disclosure of the sexual assault that occurred at Uncle Curtiz’s

home.   We address such a claim pursuant to the following standards:

     Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 564 states:

        The court may allow an information to be amended when
        there is a defect in form, the description of the offense(s),
        the description of any person or any property, or the date
        charged, provided the information as amended does not
        charge an additional or different offense. Upon amendment,
        the court may grant such postponement of trial or other
        relief as necessary in the interests of justice.

     Pa.R.Crim.P. 564.

     We have stated that the purpose of Rule 564 is to ensure that a
     defendant is fully apprised of the charges, and to avoid prejudice
     by prohibiting the last minute addition of alleged criminal acts of
     which the defendant is uninformed. Commonwealth v. Duda,
     831 A.2d 728, 732 (Pa. Super. 2003). The test to be applied is:

        [W]hether the crimes specified in the original indictment or
        information involve the same basic elements and evolved
        out of the same factual situation as the crimes specified in
        the amended indictment or information. If so, then the
        defendant is deemed to have been placed on notice
        regarding his alleged criminal conduct. If, however, the
        amended provision alleges a different set of events, or the
        elements or defenses to the amended crime are materially
        different from the elements or defenses to the crime
        originally charged, such that the defendant would be
        prejudiced by the change, then the amendment is not
        permitted.

     Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1194 (Pa. Super.
     2001) (citation omitted).

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Commonwealth v. Sinclair, 897 A.2d 1218, 1221 (Pa. Super. 2006)

(footnote omitted).

      Here, “the record reflects that the Commonwealth sought to amend the

bills after J.C.’s testimony to permit that formal document to conform to both

its previous pretrial disclosure, as well as the evidence produced at trial.” TCO

at 28. The trial court further explained:

      Initially, less there be any insinuation of deliberate or tactical
      delay in the Commonwealth seeking to amend the Bills of
      Information to include an incident which was disclosed less than
      one week prior to commencement of trial, it is noted that Defense
      Counsel readily conceded during trial, and the record, likewise
      reflects, that the Commonwealth advised him (on May 23, 2019)
      via email, at the earliest possible opportunity of additional details
      regarding a 3rd incident of sexual abuse transpiring at Uncle
      Curtiz’s home the same December 2016 weekend as already
      alleged, that had come to light during its witness preparation of
      J.C. More specifically, the amendment was sought by the
      Commonwealth after J.C.’s testimony, upon inquiry of the [c]ourt
      as to whether counsel needed to put any outstanding issues on
      the record before bringing back the jury.

      The Commonwealth responded as follows:

         The Prosecutor: Yes, Your Honor. At this time, Your Honor,
         the Commonwealth is moving to amend the bills of
         information, not to add any new additional charges or
         additional counts, but rather to specify that we are seeking
         to move forward on conduct that came to light while witness
         prep was ongoing. So the Commonwealth is seeking to
         amend the bills to specify that Count 3, Involuntary Deviate
         Sexual Intercourse with a Child, should refer to the first
         instance of sexual intercourse -- of oral sex between
         [Appellant] and the victim at the [U]ncle Curtiz’s house.
         Count 4 should reflect the second instance of that
         Involuntary Deviate Sexual Intercourse at [U]ncle Curtiz’s
         house in Philadelphia; that includes oral and anal sex. And
         then Count 5 would be to reflect the third instance at the
         victim’s home…, including both oral and anal sex.

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         I would note that in the bills of information, there is alleged
         a course of conduct, with the course of conduct charge of
         Corruption of Minors. It’s also alleged that these allegations
         occurred between Friday[,] the 2nd of December of 2016[,]
         and Monday, the 23rd of January of 2017, which was
         consistent with the time range the victim testified to about
         these incidents occurring. The bill also state that these
         occurred in both Montgomery County and Philadelphia, and
         that the Commonwealth learned this information during
         witness prep and disclosed it to defense counsel
         immediately upon learning it.

         The [c]ourt: All right. Mr. Quigg.

         Defense Counsel: Your Honor, we object to the
         Commonwealth’s motion to amend the bills. Ms. Marvel --
         this isn’t alleged in discovery, by the way. Because as soon
         as she learned of it, she disclosed it to me. As is her duty,
         she supplied me with all of the discovery…. But last week,
         on May 23rd, Ms. Marvel sent me an email disclosing that
         there is a third incident that the complaining witness was
         alleging between himself and [Appellant]. That was the first
         time that the complaining witness had mentioned that to
         anybody, that there was [a] third incident. Before, it was[,]
         as charged[,] two incidents. In the criminal complaint, you
         have two incidents. At the preliminary hearing, he testified
         about two incidents. In all of the discovery that was
         provided, he discussed[,] up until the ongoing discovery
         provided last week from Ms. Marvel[,] everything related to
         two incidents between the two of them.

[N.T., 5/31/19, at 8-9.]

      As the [c]ourt noted at the time [Appellant] asserted his objection,
      such amendments may be made at any time before the case goes
      to the jury to conform to the evidence presented at trial.

         The [c]ourt: And I guess I should note that when you were
         notified of this incident, you elected still to proceed to trial
         and not seek a continuance. And I think that’s probably
         because you perceived that it would come in either as a prior
         bad act or as another act that’s being charged. And I take
         it that you made the decision that even though you learned
         of it late, you could prepare for it, and there would be no
         prejudice in that regard, in terms of your dealing with it.
         And as I recall, I guess, you cross-examined the victim on

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        the fact that he did not disclose that incident, either I guess
        in a Mission Kids statement or at the preliminary hearing.
        And[,] certainly[,] you can argue that to the jury as well.

        So, given that I don’t perceive[,] as I hear it[,] that the
        defense is prejudiced in any way, and certainly it’s within
        the rubric of the allegations, even as the bill was filed, it
        covered a course of conduct between December and
        January. So[,] I’ll grant the Commonwealth’s motion,
        because I don’t think it’s really -- it’s actually just adding
        particulars to the charges that have already been brought.
        So[,] I’ll grant that motion. Your objection is noted.

        The Prosecutor: Your Honor, I would just note, given that
        Your Honor has granted that motion, the Commonwealth is
        not going to proceed on Count 2, Statutory Sexual Assault.

        The [c]ourt: Okay. All right. Is there anything further before
        I bring the jury out?

        Defense Counsel: No, Your Honor.

        The Prosecutor: No, Your Honor.

     [N.T., 5/31/19, at 10-11.]

                                  ***

     Contrary to [his] instant claim, [Appellant] suffered no cognizable
     prejudice. In the first instance, the Commonwealth advised him
     as soon as it learned of additional details underlying the incident
     charged in Count Three (IDSI); as they emerged during its witness
     preparation. At that point, despite the opportunity, [Appellant],
     sought no continuance from the [c]ourt; a strategic decision well
     within Defense Counsel’s discretion.

     Our Courts have repeatedly held that, so long as the crimes
     specified in the original information involved the same basic
     elements and arose out of the same factual situation as the crime
     added by the amendment, the appellant is deemed to have been
     placed on notice regarding his alleged criminal conduct and no
     prejudice to defendant results. See Commonwealth v. Roser,
     914 A.2d 447, 454 (Pa. Super. 2006); see Sinclair, supra
     ([holding that the trial c]ourt’s grant of information amendment is
     appropriate [where] defendant was fully apprised of the factual
     scenario supporting the charges against him[]); see … Menzer,
     18 A.3d at 1203 ([holding that d]efendant, who requested neither

                                    - 38 -
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     a recess, nor a continuance, failed to demonstrate he suffered
     prejudice by virtue of Commonwealth’s amendment after its case-
     in-chief[]).

     In Roser, … the appellate court upheld the [trial c]ourt’s ruling
     permitting the Commonwealth to amend its Bills requested
     immediately before closing arguments. Roser, 914 A.2d at 454;
     see also, Commonwealth v. Watkins, 361 A.2d 365, 659 (Pa.
     Super. 1976) ([holding] motion to amend bills at close of the
     Commonwealth’s case was not prejudicial). Likewise, in this case,
     the [c]ourt appropriately determined that amendment was proper
     where the Commonwealth’s request fairly fell within its prior
     allegations, providing particulars thereto; causing no prejudice to
     [Appellant].

     Finally, the record reflects that Defense Counsel not only capably
     cross-examined J.C., as to [the] eleventh hour disclosure of the
     alleged third incident that precipitated the complained of
     amendment to the Bills, but he was, likewise, permitted to
     persuasively argue to the jury that J.C.’s last minute disclosure
     was a reasonable basis to find J.C. not credible:

        Defense Counsel: Talk about consistency. Think about the
        fact that [J.C.] has told different stories to different people
        every step of the way. Inventing an entirely new third
        incident, two and a half years after this happened. Two and
        a half years. Two and a half years goes by; and then, all of
        a sudden, there’s this third incident, after going to Mission
        Kids and being interviewed by [a] trained forensic
        interviewer, after testifying at the preliminary hearing. Two
        and a half years later, there’s this third incident that I never
        told you about.

                                     ***

        And then he doesn’t stop there in terms of the incident at
        Uncle Curtiz’s house. He completes [sic] a new incident
        where, in the man cave, he performs oral sex on
        [Appellant], and [Appellant] performs oral sex on him. Prior
        to one week ago, that had never been stated to anybody.
        Not -- this isn’t even like the first incident where he invents
        new things that had happened; this is an entirely new
        encounter. Not in the Mission Kids interview, not at his
        preliminary hearing. Two and a half years later, invents a
        new act.

                                    - 39 -
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     [N.T., 5/31/19, at 45, 53-54.]

     Trial and its requisite witness preparation are unequivocally and
     naturally dynamic endeavors. In addition, as is frequently the
     case with juvenile victims, and conceivably so with those subject
     to abuse and/or trauma such as that supporting the instant
     allegations, the process of extracting a victim’s recollection of
     events can trigger or uncover previously suppressed or withheld
     instances of abuse. To permit a defendant to benefit from the
     traumatic impact of their wrongdoings would be manifestly
     unreasonable. As such, our [c]ourts have held amendment
     reasonable so long as it relies upon the same basic elements and
     arose out of the same factual situation as the crimes previously
     charged; as a defendant [is] already thereby on notice and thus,
     no prejudice results. See Roser, supra. In this case, to deny
     the Commonwealth’s motion to amend would have created … an
     untenable result by precluding it from presenting the jury with
     charges consistent with the evidence produced and/or dismissal
     of well-supported claims, all of which [Appellant] had ample
     general notice. As such, [Appellant]’s claim fails.

TCO at 28-32 (footnotes omitted, citations reformatted).

     We must consider the following factors to determine if Appellant was

prejudiced by the amendment:

     (1) [W]hether the amendment changes the factual scenario
     supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new
     facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire
     factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4)
     whether the description of the charges changed with the
     amendment; (5) whether a change in defense strategy was
     necessitated by the amendment; and (6) whether the timing of
     the Commonwealth’s request for amendment allowed for ample
     notice and preparation.

Commonwealth v. Mentzer, 18 A.3d 1200, 1203 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citation

omitted).

     Appellant argues that

     the Commonwealth amended the information to charge an entirely
     new event. Pa.R.Crim.P. 564.    Evaluating these factors for

                                   - 40 -
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      prejudice, Appellant was prejudiced by the Commonwealth’s mid-
      trial amendment. The amendment changed the factual scenario
      in that the third count of … [IDSI] initially accounted for two
      different types of intercourse arising in the same incident. See
      Criminal Complaint. Given the late disclosure, Appellant was not
      afforded an opportunity to explore the allegations at the
      preliminary hearing. See N.T.[] Prelim. Hrg., 2/28/17. The
      attorney for the Commonwealth informed counsel of this
      additional information the week before trial. While Appellant had
      an opportunity to prepare for cross-examination, the
      complainant’s late disclosure of this third occurrence limited any
      ability to impeach on any inconsistencies from his preliminary
      hearing testimony, thereby prejudicing Appellant.

Appellant’s Brief at 30-31.

      We address Appellant’s claim under the six-factor test set forth in

Mentzer, although we do so slightly out of order for ease of disposition. As

to the first factor, we agree with Appellant that the amendment changed the

factual scenario underlying the original charges. While the new conduct fell

within the timeline of the criminal information, and alleged similar conduct, it

is undisputed that an additional incident was added to the factual basis of the

charges. Consequently, under the third factor, this additional incident was

not developed at the preliminary hearing.     Under the fourth factor, however,

we conclude that the description of the charges remained the same. No new

charges were added to the criminal information, and Appellant was not

subjected to any greater criminal penalty due to the amendment.

      Regarding the second factor, Appellant was not surprised by the

evidence of an additional incident, as he had been promptly notified by the

Commonwealth of J.C.’s new allegation prior to trial and, notably, Appellant

did not seek a continuance to prepare to face the new allegation. Under the

                                     - 41 -
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fifth factor, we must consider whether the amendment caused Appellant to

alter his defense strategy.    Appellant makes no specific argument to this

effect, and we ascertain no change from the record.           Defense counsel’s

strategy was to construe J.C.’s allegations as fabrications. This theory of the

case did not change, and defense counsel even used the new allegation to

support his argument that J.C.’s testimony was not credible. Finally, under

the sixth factor, we must consider whether Appellant had sufficient notice and

time to prepare.    Again, Appellant was notified prior to trial of the new

allegations. Appellant did not seek additional time to prepare, despite the

opportunity to do so.

      Balancing these factors, we conclude that Appellant has failed to

convince us that he was prejudiced by the amendment to the criminal

information to include the incident at Uncle Curtiz’s house. While the factual

basis of the criminal information was expanded, it did not result in additional

charges, or exposure to greater criminal penalties, and it did not change the

defense’s strategy or theory of the case. And, although Appellant did not have

the advantage of addressing the incident at the preliminary hearing, he had

notice prior to trial of the new allegation, and took no action to seek additional

time to prepare. Defense counsel was able to cross-examine J.C. about the

incident, and then artfully wove the new disclosure into his argument that

J.C.’s testimony was incredible. Accordingly, Appellant is not entitled to relief

on this claim.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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      Judge Strassburger did not participate in the consideration or decision

of this case.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/12/2021

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