Court Opinion

ID: 4513393
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-06 08:01:24.672191+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:20.749676
License: Public Domain

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
                C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                              ________________________

                                   No. ACM 39539
                              ________________________

                                UNITED STATES
                                    Appellee
                                          v.
                          Camen J. SCILLUFFO
                    Airman (E-2), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                              ________________________

           Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                              Decided 4 March 2020 1
                              ________________________

Military Judge: Brian D. Teter.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 24 months,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence ad-
judged 12 January 2018 by GCM convened at Joint Base San Antonio-
Lackland, Texas.
For Appellant: Zachary D. Spilman, Esquire (argued); Major Megan E.
Hoffman, USAF.
For Appellee: Major Dayle P. Percle, USAF (argued); Lieutenant Colonel
Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge POSCH delivered the opinion of the court, in which Chief Judge
J. JOHNSON and Judge KEY joined.
                              ________________________

       This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
       precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                              ________________________

1   We heard oral argument in this case on 13 August 2019.
                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

POSCH, Judge:
    Appellant was convicted contrary to his pleas at a general court-martial
composed of a military judge alone of one specification of wrongful use of ma-
rijuana, one specification of sexual assault of Senior Airman (SrA) MS by pen-
etrating her vulva with his penis when he knew or reasonably should have
known that she was asleep, and seven specifications of assault consummated
by a battery of SrA MS in violation of Articles 112a, 120(b)(2), and 128, Uni-
form Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 912a, 920(b)(2), 928. 2,3 The
military judge sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement
for 24 months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade
of E-1. The convening authority approved the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant raises seven issues on appeal: (1) whether Appellant’s conviction
of wrongful use of marijuana at a party to celebrate Appellant’s birthday “oc-
curring just prior to 3 August 2016” is legally insufficient because the party
occurred on 5 August 2016; (2) whether the findings are factually insufficient;
(3) whether the post-trial discovery that SrA MS wrongfully used cocaine and
marijuana, and that she obstructed justice, was new evidence justifying a new
trial; (4) whether the military judge erred when he failed to consider the de-
fenses of self-defense and accident to seven specifications of assault consum-
mated by a battery in Charge III; (5) whether the trial defense counsel were
ineffective for agreeing with the military judge that the defense of self-defense
was not reasonably raised by the evidence and by failing to defend Appellant
on the basis of self-defense and accident; 4 (6) whether Specifications 3 and 4

2All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and the
Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
(2016 ed.).
3 Appellant was found not guilty of divers use of marijuana by exceptions and substi-
tutions in the Specification of Charge I. Appellant was also found not guilty of two
other specifications of sexual assault of SrA MS, each alleging that Appellant pene-
trated her vulva with his finger on divers occasions in violation of Article 120(b)(2),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920(b)(2) (charged as penetration with intent to gratify Appellant’s
sexual desire when he knew or reasonably should have known she was asleep), and
Article 120(b)(1)(B), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920(b)(1)(B) (charged as penetration by caus-
ing bodily harm with intent to satisfy Appellant’s sexual desires without consent). Ap-
pellant was also found not guilty of words excepted from two specifications of assault
consummated by a battery under Charge III.
4Appellant’s statement of the issue—whether trial defense counsel were ineffective for
agreeing with the military judge that self-defense was not reasonably raised by the
evidence for the seven specifications of Charge III—is narrower than his brief, which
claims that “Appellant’s counsel were constitutionally deficient when they ignored the
complete defenses of self-defense and accident.” (Emphasis added).

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                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

and Specifications 5 and 6 of Charge III are multiplicious or an unreasonable
multiplication of charges; and (7) whether the trial counsel engaged in prose-
cutorial misconduct by making improper arguments during findings and re-
buttal argument.
    We find the evidence is legally insufficient to affirm the conviction of wrong-
ful use of marijuana in Charge I and its Specification. We thus set aside the
finding of guilt for that charge and specification, dismiss the charge and spec-
ification with prejudice, and reassess the sentence. Finding no further error,
we affirm the remaining convictions and the sentence as reassessed.

                                I. BACKGROUND
    Appellant’s convictions are founded on the testimony of SrA MS, whom Ap-
pellant dated and had a sexual relationship with between May and August of
2016. SrA MS testified at trial that Appellant engaged in numerous acts of
physical violence toward her as well as non-consensual sexual intercourse
when she was living with Appellant at his off-base apartment in San Antonio,
Texas. She also testified that Appellant smoked marijuana in his apartment.
    The crux of Appellant’s defense and a central point of his appeal is that
SrA MS was not a credible witness and her testimony was untruthful. After
trial adjourned, SrA MS twice tested positive for the presence of illegal drugs
following separate collections of her urine under the base-wide inspection pro-
gram administered by Joint Base San Antonio (JBSA)-Lackland, Texas. The
day after the first collection, SrA MS confided in a coworker that she expected
to fail the inspection and asked him not to divulge what she told him. Appellant
learned of the positive drug tests and moved for a new trial on grounds that
this new information was inconsistent with her trial testimony and further
tarnished her credibility. The military judge denied Appellant’s request, con-
cluding that the positive drug tests did not constitute newly discovered evi-
dence and were not grounds for a new trial.
    In this appeal, Appellant contends the military judge abused his discretion
in denying Appellant’s request for a new trial among the other aforementioned
errors Appellant assigns for review.

                                 II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Sufficiency of Charge I and its Specification
   Appellant’s first assignment of error challenges the verdict of guilty of
Charge I and its Specification, which alleged that Appellant wrongfully used

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                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

marijuana “on divers occasions.” 5 The military judge found Appellant guilty of
a single use, and announced findings by exceptions and substitutions to specify
which of the two uses presented by the Government had been proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. Appellant challenges the legal sufficiency of his conviction
on grounds that the military judge’s effort to so specify is not supported by the
evidence.
    The military judge found Appellant guilty of using marijuana “at a party to
celebrate [Appellant]’s birthday occurring just prior to 3 August 2016,” during
the charged timeframe of between on or about 1 July 2016 and 4 August 2016.
Appellant contends his conviction is legally insufficient because the only evi-
dence that Appellant used marijuana at a birthday party was at a party that
occurred after 3 August 2016—on Friday, 5 August 2016—and not “just prior
to 3 August 2016” as announced in findings. It follows, Appellant contends,
that his conviction is legally insufficient because no rational trier of fact could
have found that Appellant used marijuana “at a party to celebrate [Appellant]’s
birthday occurring just prior to 3 August 2016.” (Emphasis added). We agree.
    1. Additional Facts
    The sole evidence at trial that Appellant used marijuana was presented
through the testimony of SrA MS. She described two instances when she
smoked marijuana in the military, and both were shared uses with Appellant.
SrA MS did not know the exact date of the first time she and Appellant used
marijuana, but she recalled it was sometime before Appellant’s birthday, i.e.
prior to 3 August 2016. The following testimony was presented as to Appel-
lant’s first use of marijuana:
       Q [Trial Counsel]. Okay. So when was the first time that you
       used marijuana?
       A [SrA MS]. It was -- I don’t have, like, a specific date for it. I
       just know it was before his birthday, because that was the sec-
       ond time, so --
       Q. And when is his birthday?
       A. August 3rd.
       Q. Of what -- okay. And so what year was this in?
       A. Two thousand sixteen.
       Q. Okay. So before August 3rd, 2016?

5As referred, Charge I and its Specification alleged that Appellant wrongfully used
marijuana “at or near San Antonio, Texas, on divers occasions, between on or about 1
July 2016 and 4 August 2016.”

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                      United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

       A. Yes, sir.
SrA MS explained that she and Appellant both smoked the marijuana from the
same blunt. She recognized its distinctive smell from her pre-service mariju-
ana use and observed that Appellant “was acting giggly and different” and his
eyes were red. Although the effects she experienced were minimal because she
“didn’t really inhale,” she nonetheless stressed “[t]here was no doubt that it
was marijuana” based on her experience.
    SrA MS also described a second use of marijuana with Appellant at a party
to celebrate Appellant’s birthday. Like the first use, she and Appellant both
smoked the marijuana from a blunt. Her testimony of the second use con-
trasted with the first in that she described the marijuana, including how it was
ground and then rolled into a blunt, and the effects she felt from inhaling the
smoke.
    The date of the birthday party was not contested at trial, but is contested
by the Government on appeal as it bears on the findings that were announced
by the military judge. Appellant claims the evidence of record establishes the
date of the party, and Appellant’s second use of marijuana, was on 5 August
2016—the Friday after Appellant’s 3 August 2016 birthday—and not before.
The Government contends that the date of the party in relation to Appellant’s
birthday is “a bit ambiguous” because SrA MS’s testimony “was unclear exactly
when the party was, only that it occurred on a Friday around Appellant’s birth-
day.” As previously described, SrA MS’s testimony established that Appellant’s
birthday was 3 August 2016, which we judicially note was a Wednesday. 6
SrA MS gave the following responses to the trial counsel’s questions about the
second time she and Appellant used marijuana in relation to Appellant’s birth-
day:
       Q [Trial Counsel]. When was the second time that you smoked
       marijuana?
       A [SrA MS]. So his birthday was August 3rd, but it wasn’t on his
       physical birthday. It was the party for his birthday, so that Fri-
       day, the -- I can’t remember exactly what day his birthday fell
       on -- but it was the Friday.
        Q. Okay. So his birthday is August 3rd; the upcoming Friday is
        --

6 A Court of Criminal Appeals may “take judicial notice of an undisputed fact or ques-
tion of domestic law that is important to the resolution of an appellate issue, [but] it
cannot take judicial notice of facts necessary to establish an element of the offense.”
United States v. Paul, 73 M.J. 274, 280 (C.A.A.F. 2014).

                                           5
                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

       A. Yeah.
       Q. -- you’re having a party for his birthday?
       A. Yes.
   SrA MS later confirmed on direct examination by the trial counsel that the
second use—at the party to celebrate Appellant’s birthday—happened on Fri-
day, the 5th of the month:
       Q: Okay. So let me stop you there for a second. So this is on Fri-
       day the 5th . . . ?
       A: Yes.
       Q: Or whatever the day of the party is --
       A: Yeah.
    There was no further testimony on this issue from SrA MS. However, a
witness who testified that she was at Appellant’s birthday celebration, SrA KP,
affirmed on cross-examination by the trial counsel, that the party “celebrating
with [Appellant]” was “the Friday after [Appellant’s] birthday,” that is, the
party occurred on Friday, 5 August 2016.
   2. Law
    A Court of Criminal Appeals may affirm only such findings of guilty “as it
finds correct in law and fact and determines, on the basis of the entire record,
should be approved.” Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c). This court is re-
quired to dismiss charges when we set aside findings based on a “lack of suffi-
cient evidence in the record to support the findings.” Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 866(d).
    “Article 66(c) requires the Courts of Criminal Appeals to conduct a de novo
review of legal and factual sufficiency of the case.” United States v. Washing-
ton, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). Our assessment is lim-
ited to the evidence produced at trial. United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272
(C.M.A. 1993) (citations omitted). “The test for legal sufficiency is whether, af-
ter viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime be-
yond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Robinson, 77 M.J. 294, 297–98
(C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United States v. Rosario, 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F.
2017)). “The term reasonable doubt, however, does not mean that the evidence
must be free from conflict.” United States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2017) (citing United States v. Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R.
1986)), aff’d, 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018). “[I]n resolving questions of legal suf-
ficiency, we are bound to draw every reasonable inference from the evidence of

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                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134
(C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
   3. Analysis
    The Government argues a reasonable factfinder could conclude from the
trial testimony that Appellant used marijuana at a birthday party held before
his 3 August 2016 birthday in spite of testimony that the party was after this
date. It follows, the Government contends, that the military judge’s finding
that Appellant used marijuana “just prior to 3 August 2016” is not erroneous
based on the evidence of record. Alternatively, the Government argues the date
of the party is unimportant and urges us to modify the finding to indicate that
the use that served as the basis for Appellant’s conviction occurred at the party
to celebrate Appellant’s birthday—the second of two uses SrA MS testified to
at trial. We are not persuaded by either contention.
    We disagree with the Government’s first contention that the military judge
could have reached his findings of guilty based on the evidence. Viewing the
testimony in a light most favorable to the Prosecution, see, e.g., Robinson, 77
M.J. at 297–98, we find no evidence of record that Appellant used marijuana
at a party to celebrate his birthday that took place before 3 August 2016 as
announced by the military judge. Whether SrA MS’s testimony on the issue is
considered independently, or together with SrA KP’s testimony, the evidence
at trial established the date of the birthday party was Friday, 5 August 2016,
and not earlier. Drawing every reasonable inference in favor of the Govern-
ment, a reasonable factfinder would conclude that if Appellant used marijuana
at a birthday party, the use occurred on Friday, 5 August 2016, and not “just
prior to 3 August 2016,” as found by the military judge. See, e.g., Barner, 56
M.J. at 134. Therefore, the military judge’s findings of guilty to Charge I and
its Specification are deficient for “lack of sufficient evidence in the record to
support the findings.” See Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(d).
    The Government’s second contention is essentially that the date of the
party is not essential, and it urges us to modify the erroneous finding as op-
posed to setting it aside and dismissing Charge I and its Specification for legal
insufficiency. See Article 66(c), (d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c), (d). The Govern-
ment argues the date of the party is immaterial because the record clearly sup-
ports which one of the two uses the military judge convicted Appellant of com-
mitting: the second use SrA MS described at Appellant’s birthday party. The
Government proposes this court except words in the specification and “change
the finding to be ‘on or about 5 August 2016’” to reach this end. As modified,
the finding would convict Appellant of wrongfully using marijuana “at or near
San Antonio, Texas, at a party to celebrate [Appellant]’s birthday occurring on
or about 5 August 2016.”

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                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

    In support of the proposed modification, the Government notes this court
has previously held that Article 66(c), UCMJ, gives us the authority to make
exceptions and substitutions on appeal “so long as we do not amend a finding
on a theory not presented to the trier of fact.” United States v. Hale, 77 M.J.
598, 607 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2018) (citations omitted), aff’d, 78 M.J. 268
(C.A.A.F. 2019); see also United States v. English, 79 M.J. 116, 120 (C.A.A.F.
2019) (“In performing its review under Article 66(c), UCMJ, a Court of Crimi-
nal Appeals (CCA) may narrow the scope of an appellant’s conviction to that
conduct it deems legally and factually sufficient.” (citations omitted)). We agree
that the proposed modification, if we were authorized to make it, would con-
form to the evidence of record, specifically, SrA MS’s testimony of Appellant’s
second use, and would not implicate the fundamental fairness problem of con-
victing Appellant on a theory not presented to the trier of fact.
    The problem with the Government’s approach is that it overlooks the pos-
sibility that the military judge found Appellant guilty of the first use of mari-
juana and not the second. As announced, the finding is facially ambiguous as
to which use of marijuana the military judge intended to find: the date points
toward one, and the reference to a birthday party points to another. The Gov-
ernment’s approach reveals that Hale is inapt because the issue is not whether
both alleged uses were presented to the trier of fact—they were. Instead, the
issue is that the date when Appellant may have used marijuana is an essential
element of the offense because it was used to differentiate guilty from not guilty
conduct. Thus, it is not possible to modify the erroneous finding in this case
unless this court were authorized to choose which of the two uses served as the
basis for Appellant’s conviction, and it follows, which use was the basis for the
acquittal. The Government claims “the record clearly supports which occasion
the military judge convicted Appellant of—the use at his birthday party.” How-
ever, we are not similarly convinced that this court has the authority to resolve
uncertainty in an erroneous verdict by weighing the evidence as the Govern-
ment would have us do.
    In United States v. Seider, No. ACM 35154, 2003 CCA LEXIS 197 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 11 Aug. 2003) (unpub. op.) (per curiam), rev’d in part, 60 M.J. 36
(C.A.A.F. 2004), this court erred by doing just that in a case where a verdict
was not erroneous as it is here, but it was similarly uncertain. Our court re-
viewed two alleged instances of drug use for legal and factual sufficiency. Id.
at *1. The members found the appellant guilty of use on only one occasion. 7 Id.
at *2. Based on the testimony of three witnesses, this court was “convinced

7The appellant in Seider pleaded not guilty to wrongfully using cocaine on divers oc-
casions and was found guilty except the words “on divers occasions.” United States v.
Seider, 60 M.J. 36, 36 (C.A.A.F. 2004).

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                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant used and distributed cocaine during
a card game at the appellant’s off base apartment.” Id. This court concluded,
“We are similarly convinced that this was the basis for the court members’
finding of guilt for this specification.” Id. In doing so, this court rejected “vague
testimony” given by one of the witnesses “about one additional use of cocaine.”
Id. Subsequently, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
(CAAF) reversed our decision in part and found that it was not possible for this
court to “conduct a factual sufficiency review of the conviction.” United States
v. Seider, 60 M.J. 36, 38 (C.A.A.F. 2004). This was so even though the Govern-
ment argued, much as it argues in the case at hand, “that the record provides
a clear, sufficient factual basis for the Court of Criminal Appeals to review the
finding and resolve any ambiguity.” Id. The CAAF noted that the failure of the
verdict to identify which of the two drug uses was the basis for the conviction
was a defect that could not “be resolved by weighing evidence and concluding
that evidence of one use is quantitatively or qualitatively inferior.” Id. at 38
n.*.
    We conclude the findings of guilty to Charge I and its Specification are not
just erroneous and legally insufficient, but the uncertainty of the verdict pre-
cludes our factual sufficiency review as in Seider. The issue here is the uncer-
tainty caused by the erroneous verdict, comparable to the uncertainty in the
Seider verdict that was ambiguous because it failed to specify which one of two
alleged uses was the basis for a conviction of drug use on a single occasion, see
id. at 38. Here, the verdict is incongruous with the evidence and inconsistent
as to the date of the offense that Appellant was found guilty of committing.
Thus, rather than modify the findings as the Government urges us to do, we
set them aside and dismiss Charge I and its Specification with prejudice. Arti-
cle 66(c), (d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c), (d). 8 We address the impact of our
conclusion and reassess Appellant’s sentence below.
B. Factual Sufficiency of the Findings
    Appellant challenges the factual sufficiency of the findings of guilty for his
sexual and physical abuse of SrA MS. We are not persuaded by Appellant’s
claims and conclude the convictions are factually sufficient.
    1. Additional Background
    SrA MS and Appellant were in an intimate relationship from May 2016
through August 2016. She testified Appellant sexually assaulted her during
this timeframe when she lived with Appellant in his off-base apartment in San

8“[W]here the setting aside is based on lack of sufficient evidence in the record to sup-
port the findings,” a rehearing on findings is not authorized. Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 866(d).

                                           9
                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

Antonio, Texas. Among numerous clashes in their relationship, SrA MS de-
scribed how Appellant would wake her up wanting “morning sex,” which he
knew she did not want for hygiene reasons and because she would rather
sleep. 9 SrA MS testified to an incident of waking up to find Appellant penetrat-
ing her vulva with his penis. She “was sleeping on [her] stomach” and “woke
up to . . . a piercing pain” and then realized Appellant’s “genital was already in
[her].” She explained that her “body wasn’t physically ready to accept him” and
that Appellant’s penis at least partially penetrated her vagina in this effort.
When she was more fully awake SrA MS “pushed him off,” they “started argu-
ing and, then, [she] tried to go back to sleep, but [she] couldn’t, and [she] . . .
eventually woke up and just . . . started the day.”
    SrA MS testified to several incidents of assault consummated by a battery
Appellant committed during the relationship. These incidents occurred in pri-
vate, and no eyewitness corroborated SrA MS’s account of Appellant’s applica-
tion of force or her physical injuries, which SrA MS claimed she at times re-
ported or showed to others. The Government introduced evidence that provided
some corroboration of her testimony including a text message Appellant sent
to SrA MS stating he would “get help” after she admonished Appellant for hit-
ting her “again.” The Government also introduced photographs of bruises that
SrA MS took herself, as well as a note that accompanied flowers Appellant sent
to SrA MS at her work, stating, “I’m Sorry. I Promise It Won’t Happen Again.”
SrA MS reported the abuse when her supervisor saw she was visibly upset at
work and asked her what was wrong.
    The crux of Appellant’s defense at trial and his main contention on appeal
is that SrA MS was not a credible witness and her testimony was untruthful.
The Defense elicited inconsistent statements from SrA MS on cross-examina-
tion and challenged her about her truthfulness on multiple occasions. SrA MS
described an incident of physical abuse in Appellant’s bedroom that she re-
called happened in June 2016 when Appellant flipped her body causing her to
hit her head on the metal frame of his bed. A witness for Appellant testified
that Appellant did not own a bed frame until mid-July and prior to that slept
on a mattress placed directly on the floor. SrA MS described another incident
in Appellant’s bedroom when Appellant kicked her “full on us[ing] every mus-
cle in his body to straight kick [her] in the chest,” then “kick[ed] [her] back very
hard . . . maybe 20 times,” and then whipped her with clothes hangers leaving
“one massive laceration across [her] thigh.” A responding police officer called
to investigate a complaint that a male and female were arguing, testified that

9 In SrA MS’s own words, she was “annoyed and angry” because it was “a constant
fight” and “a frequent argument” owing to “[Appellant] not understanding that I don’t
want to have sex in the morning.”

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                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

SrA MS was wearing “shorts and a small T-shirt,” and he could see her arms,
legs, and face and observed no injuries or other signs of violence or struggle.
Among the more significant inconsistent statements was SrA MS’s account to
an investigator to whom she reported Appellant’s physical abuse that there
was no sexual abuse in the relationship. The trial counsel called five witnesses
to give favorable opinions of her character for truthfulness. In response, the
Defense called four witnesses to give their opinion that SrA MS was untruthful
and had a character for exaggeration.
    The military judge convicted Appellant of sexual assault of SrA MS by pen-
etrating her vulva with his penis when he knew or reasonably should have
known she was asleep, as charged in Specification 1 of Charge II. The military
judge also convicted Appellant of assault consummated by battery of SrA MS,
as charged in Specifications 1–7 of Charge III after excepting words from two
of the specifications.
   2. Law
    We review issues of factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 866(c); Washington, 57 M.J. at 399 (citation omitted). Our assessment
is limited to the evidence produced at trial. Dykes, 38 M.J. at 272 (citations
omitted). The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evi-
dence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally
observed the witnesses, [we are ourselves] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A.
1987). “In conducting this unique appellate role, we take ‘a fresh, impartial
look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption of innocence nor a pre-
sumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent determination as to whether
the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable
doubt.’” Wheeler, 76 M.J. at 568 (alteration in original) (quoting Washington,
57 M.J. at 399).
    As charged in Specification 1 of Charge II, the military judge convicted Ap-
pellant of sexual assault of SrA MS in violation of Article 120, UCMJ. Appel-
lant’s conviction required the Government to prove the following elements be-
yond a reasonable doubt: (1) that Appellant committed a sexual act upon
SrA MS by causing penetration, however slight, of her vulva with his penis; (2)
that SrA MS was asleep; and (3) that Appellant knew or reasonably should
have known that SrA MS was asleep. See Manual for Courts-Martial, United
States (2016 ed.) (2016 MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(3)(e).
    The military judge also convicted Appellant of assault consummated by a
battery of SrA MS in violation of Article 128, UCMJ. The charged incidents of
physical assault were alleged in seven specifications under Charge III. In order
for the military judge to find Appellant guilty, the Government was required

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                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

to prove the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Appellant did
bodily harm to SrA MS, and (2) the bodily harm was done to SrA MS with
unlawful force or violence by throwing her onto her back with his hands; push-
ing her against a wall and dragging her across the floor with his hands; strik-
ing her in the chest and back with his foot; striking her on the leg with a
hanger; striking her on the forearm with his elbow; squeezing her on the face
with his hands; and throwing her onto the floor with his hands and striking
her on the face with his hand. See 2016 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54.b.(2). To constitute
an assault, the act “must be done without legal justification or excuse and with-
out the lawful consent of the person affected.” Id. ¶ 54.c.(1)(a). “‘Bodily harm’
means any offensive touching of another, however slight.” Id.
   3. Analysis
    The evidence of guilt in the instant case is not overwhelming, but it is none-
theless convincing beyond a reasonable doubt. SrA MS’s credibility and truth-
fulness at trial were central issues in the case. Although evidence adduced at
trial cast doubt about SrA MS’s perception and recollection of a particular in-
cident, when an incident happened in relation to other events, and the amount
of force Appellant used, we find her testimony generally to be credible on the
elements of the offenses of which the military judge found Appellant guilty.
Photographs taken by SrA MS of her bruises and Appellant’s text messages
provided corroboration for some of the assault consummated by a battery of-
fenses. We considered the evidence produced at trial and are convinced the
Government overcame Appellant’s claims that SrA MS fabricated claims of
sexual and physical abuse for revenge or to mitigate her own misconduct.
    Having weighed the evidence in the record and made allowances for not
having personally observed the witnesses, we conclude the evidence is factu-
ally sufficient and are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Therefore, we find Appellant’s convictions
of Specification 1 of Charge II and Specifications 1–7 of Charge III factually
sufficient.
C. Request for New Trial
    Appellant contends the military judge abused his discretion in denying Ap-
pellant’s motion for a new trial on grounds that after his trial adjourned,
SrA MS used marijuana and cocaine and obstructed justice by asking an Air-
man to whom she made admissions about her post-trial drug use to keep her
disclosure in confidence. We are not persuaded that the military judge abused
his discretion.

                                       12
                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

     1. Additional Background
    As discussed earlier, SrA MS testified that she used marijuana only twice
during her military service and that both times were shared uses with Appel-
lant. She affirmed on cross-examination by the Defense that she “didn’t want
to smoke marijuana, but that [Appellant], basically, forced [her] to.” She was
familiar with marijuana, having used it prior to joining the Air Force, and
knew that she could be punished by the military for wrongful use of marijuana.
    On 10 April 2018, almost three months after Appellant was convicted,
SrA MS provided a urine sample for inspection testing as part of the JBSA-
Lackland Drug Demand Reduction Program. The sample she gave tested pos-
itive for marijuana. A second urine sample she gave on 23 April 2018 again
tested positive for marijuana 10 and a metabolite of cocaine as well. Describing
the failed drug tests as “newly discovered evidence,” on 1 May 2018 the trial
defense counsel moved the military judge to convene a post-trial Article 39(a),
UCMJ, session to determine whether grounds existed to order a new trial. See
Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1102(b)(2). The trial counsel opposed the mo-
tion.
    The military judge convened a post-trial Article 39(a) session on 10 May
2018. In addition to considering the positive drug tests, the military judge con-
sidered an affidavit from SrA CW who related a conversation he had with
SrA MS on the day after her first urine sample was collected. SrA CW relayed
that SrA MS admitted to him that she had smoked marijuana on the morning
of the collection. The affidavit detailed that SrA MS asked him “to please keep
the conversation in private,” and she later sent SrA CW a text message “saying
don’t say anything and to pretend that conv[ersation] never happened.” Be-
cause SrA MS’s truthfulness at trial was a central issue in the case, Appellant
asked the military judge to either enter findings of not guilty to all charges and
specifications or to order a new trial.
    The military judge denied the Defense’s request in a written ruling, con-
cluding inter alia that the post-trial positive drug tests were not newly discov-
ered evidence within the meaning of R.C.M. 1210(f)(2)(A) because they oc-
curred after trial. And further, even if they were “newly discovered,” they
would not have substantially changed the outcome of Appellant’s trial. The
military judge’s ruling did not address Appellant’s assertion that SrA MS ob-
structed justice by asking SrA CW to keep her disclosure of recent drug use in
confidence.

10SrA MS’s first urine sample tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol, the active in-
gredient of marijuana, at a concentration of 22 ng/ml. Her second urine sample tested
higher at 151 ng/ml. The confirmation cutoff for reporting a positive test was 15 ng/ml.

                                          13
                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

   2. Law
    We review a military judge’s denial of a motion for a new trial for an abuse
of discretion. See United States v. Webb, 66 M.J. 89, 92 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation
omitted). A military judge abuses his discretion by denying a request for a new
trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence “if the findings of fact upon
which he predicates his ruling are not supported by evidence of record; if in-
correct legal principles were used by him in deciding this motion; or if his ap-
plication of the correct legal principles to the facts of a particular case is clearly
unreasonable.” United States v. Williams, 37 M.J. 352, 355–56 (C.M.A. 1993)
(citations omitted); see also United States v. Meghdadi, 60 M.J. 438, 441
(C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting Williams, 37 M.J. at 356).
    In deciding whether to grant a request for a new trial, a military judge
should use “the criteria delineated in Article 73, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 873, and
R.C.M. 1210(f),” Williams, 37 M.J. at 356 (footnote omitted), for “newly discov-
ered evidence or fraud on the court-martial,” R.C.M. 1210(f)(1). See also Article
73, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 873. A new trial may not be granted based on newly
discovered evidence unless: (1) “[t]he evidence was discovered after the trial;”
(2) “[t]he evidence is not such that it would have been discovered by the peti-
tioner at the time of trial in the exercise of due diligence; and” (3) “[t]he newly
discovered evidence, if considered by a court-martial in the light of all other
pertinent evidence, would probably produce a substantially more favorable re-
sult for the accused.” R.C.M. 1210(f)(2)(A)–(C). A new trial may not be granted
based on fraud on the court-martial “unless it had a substantial contributing
effect on a finding of guilty or the sentence adjudged.” R.C.M. 1210(f)(3).
“‘[R]equests for a new trial . . . are generally disfavored,’ and are ‘granted only
if a manifest injustice would result absent a new trial . . . .’” United States v.
Hull, 70 M.J. 145, 152 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (quoting Williams, 37 M.J. at 356).
   3. Analysis
    We find the military judge did not abuse his discretion by failing to order a
new trial. Appellant has not shown that the events upon which he based his
request for a new trial—SrA MS’s illegal drug use after Appellant’s trial, the
reporting of her positive drug tests, and her request of a friend to keep in con-
fidence her disclosure to him of her own recent drug use—“would probably pro-
duce a substantially more favorable result” for Appellant. See R.C.M.
1210(f)(2)(C); Williams, 37 M.J. at 356.
    SrA MS testified on cross-examination that her shared use of marijuana
with Appellant was somehow “forced” by him. Appellant’s trial adjourned on
12 January 2018. All the events that serve as the basis for Appellant’s request
for a new trial happened between 10 and 23 April 2018, after sentencing. Even
if we were to agree with Appellant’s characterization that the events show SrA

                                         14
                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

MS was a routine, and, by inference, willing drug user after Appellant’s trial,
the events are marginally relevant to show that she had not been forced by
Appellant to use drugs: the charged timeframe that captured SrA MS’s testi-
mony of shared use of marijuana with Appellant was “between on or about 1
July 2016 and 4 August 2016”—approximately 20 months earlier. Nor has Ap-
pellant shown how positive drug tests in April may bear upon her character for
truthfulness at Appellant’s trial.
    We similarly find that the request SrA MS made of SrA CW to keep in con-
fidence her disclosure to him of her own recent drug use was peripheral to her
credibility and truthfulness when she did testify. Appellant has not shown SrA
MS’s effort to dissuade a friend from revealing her admission to drug use after
Appellant’s trial in the light of all the evidence—including favorable and unfa-
vorable evidence of SrA MS’s character for truthfulness that was already be-
fore the factfinder—would probably produce a substantially more favorable re-
sult for Appellant. The military judge did not abuse his discretion in denying
Appellant’s motion for a new trial.
D. Self-Defense and Accident
    In his fourth assignment of error, Appellant claims the military judge erred
by failing to consider the possibility that Appellant acted in self-defense and
that the evidence raised the defense of accident when Appellant allegedly com-
mitted the offenses of assault consummated by a battery against SrA MS. In a
fifth and related assignment of error, Appellant claims his trial defense counsel
were ineffective for agreeing with the military judge that the defense of self-
defense was not reasonably raised by the evidence and for failing to defend
Appellant on these bases. We are not persuaded the military judge erred or
that Appellant’s counsel were ineffective.
   1. Additional Background
   At the close of evidence, the military judge discussed with counsel whether
any defenses were raised with respect to the seven specifications of assault
consummated by a battery under Charge III. Even though Appellant elected a
judge alone trial where there were no members to instruct, the military judge
nonetheless inquired of both counsel whether he should consider any defenses
during his deliberations.
    The military judge asked counsel if he should consider the defense of self-
defense, and counsel for both sides responded in the negative, ultimately agree-
ing that self-defense was not reasonably raised by the evidence. Initially, the
trial defense counsel hesitated to agree. However, when the inquiry turned to
consideration of the testimony on the assault consummated by a battery spec-
ifications, the military judge commented, “[t]here wasn’t testimony [that raised
self-defense] with respect to any of the specific specifications.” Trial defense

                                       15
                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

counsel responded that he “d[id ]n[o]t think that was reasonably raised.” Nei-
ther party requested the military judge consider the defense of accident, and
the military judge gave no indication whether he would consider it.
    Consistent with this colloquy, Appellant did not defend the case on the ba-
sis of either self-defense or accident. Instead, Appellant defended on the theory
that the Government failed to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt because
SrA MS as the victim and sole eyewitness to the charged offenses was not a
credible witness and her trial testimony was untruthful.
    In response to Appellant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, we
ordered and received declarations from Appellant’s trial defense counsel, Major
(Maj) SV and Maj SH. Maj SV explained “[i]t was defense’s position that
[SrA MS’s] account of the alleged abuse was simply false–literally that she was
making up the events entirely,” and so the Defense undertook to demonstrate
“numerous inconsistencies and outright lies the complainant told throughout
the case.” The Defense’s strategy, according to Maj SH’s declaration, was not
just to discredit SrA MS but also “to ensure we did not invite the finder of fact
to give [SrA] MS’s versions of events any credibility.” Maj SH explained, “[i]f
we argued for consideration of the affirmative defense of self-defense, we would
have invited the finder of fact to credit portions of [SrA] MS’s testimony as fact
instead of fabrication. This would have been extremely detrimental to our the-
ory of the case.”
   2. Law
       a. Self-Defense and Accident
    Self-defense is an affirmative defense to a charge of assault consummated
by a battery, see generally R.C.M. 916(a) and Discussion, and has three ele-
ments. First, the accused must have had a reasonable belief that physical harm
was about to be inflicted on him; second, the accused must have believed that
the amount of force he used was required for protection against bodily harm;
and, third, the force used by the accused must have been “less than force rea-
sonably likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm.” See R.C.M.
916(e)(3)(A)–(B). The right to self-defense is lost “if the accused was an aggres-
sor, engaged in mutual combat, or provoked the attack which gave rise to the
apprehension, unless the accused had withdrawn in good faith after the ag-
gression, combat, or provocation and before the offense alleged occurred.”
R.C.M. 916(e)(4). However, an accused who starts an affray is entitled to use
reasonable force in self-defense to defend against an opponent who escalates
the level of the conflict. United States v. Dearing, 63 M.J. 478, 484 n.24
(C.A.A.F. 2006) (citations omitted).

                                       16
                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

    Accident is also an affirmative defense to assault consummated by a bat-
tery, see generally R.C.M. 916(a) and Discussion, 11 and has three elements.
First, there must be evidence “that the accused was engaged in an act not pro-
hibited by law, regulation, or order;” second, the lawful act must be shown to
“have been performed in a lawful manner, i.e., with due care and without sim-
ple negligence; and” third, it must be shown that “this act was done without
any unlawful intent.” United States v. Arnold, 40 M.J. 744, 745–46 (A.F.C.M.R.
1994) (citing United States v. Van Syoc, 36 M.J. 461, 464 (C.M.A. 1993)); see
also R.C.M. 916(f) (“A death, injury, or other event which occurs as the unin-
tentional and unexpected result of doing a lawful act in a lawful manner is an
accident and excusable.”).
    In a trial before members, a military judge’s duty to sua sponte instruct on
the defense of accident or self-defense is not determined by the defense’s the-
ory, but instead by whether the defense is reasonably raised by the evidence.
United States v. McMonagle, 38 M.J. 53, 58 (C.M.A. 1993) (accident); United
States v. Curtis, 1 M.J. 297, 298 n.1 (C.M.A. 1976) (self-defense). The test for
whether a defense is “reasonably raised” is if the record contains some evidence
to which the members may attach credit if they so desire. McMonagle, 38 M.J.
at 58 (quoting United States v. Simmelkjaer, 40 C.M.R. 118, 122 (C.M.A.
1969)). Because the defenses of accident and self-defense each involve several
elements of proof, “the record must contain some evidence on each of these
elements before the military judge is required to instruct the members on it.”
United States v. Ferguson, 15 M.J. 12, 17 (C.M.A. 1983) (accident); see also
United States v. Schumacher, 70 M.J. 387, 389–90 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (self-de-
fense). If raised by the evidence, the prosecution has the burden of proving
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defense does not exist. R.C.M. 916(b)(1).
       b. Waiver
    In United States v. Weinmann, 37 M.J. 724, 727 (A.F.C.M.R. 1993), this
court held that where “an instruction on self-defense is affirmatively waived
by the defense, the issue is waived on appeal unless failure to give the instruc-
tion constituted plain error.” We reached our holding in reliance on decisions
by our superior court in United States v. Taylor, 26 M.J. 127 (C.M.A. 1988),
overruled in part by United States v. Davis, 76 M.J. 224 (C.A.A.F. 2017), and
United States v. Steinruck, 11 M.J. 322 (C.M.A. 1981), among others. Some
years later and contrary to our decision in Weinmann, the CAAF reached a

11 See also United States v. Curry, 38 M.J. 77, 80 (C.A.A.F. 1993) (“Accident, while
loosely called an ‘affirmative defense,’ is more accurately a ‘substantive law defense
which negatives guilt by cancelling out’ one or more mens rea components.” (citation
omitted)).

                                         17
                     United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

different conclusion, rejecting plain error review and concluding its “jurispru-
dence allows affirmative waiver of affirmative defenses.” United States v.
Gutierrez, 64 M.J. 374, 376 n.3 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (finding an appellant waived a
mistake of fact instruction to the offense of assault consummated by a battery
by defense counsel’s statement, “I simply do not want to request one.”). In so
concluding, the majority opinion noted that its prior decisions in Taylor and
Steinruck upon which the Weinmann decision relied “do not require that af-
firmative waiver of affirmative defenses be disallowed.” Id. The CAAF con-
cluded that an appellant can affirmatively waive an instruction on an affirm-
ative defense that is reasonably raised by the evidence. Id. at 376 (citing United
States v. Barnes, 39 M.J. 230, 233 (C.M.A. 1994) (finding the appellant affirm-
atively waived his right to an instruction on the affirmative defense of mistake
of fact)). The CAAF further elaborated, “In making waiver determinations, we
look to the record to see if the statements signify that there was a ‘purposeful
decision’ at play.” Id. at 377 (citing United States v. Smith, 50 M.J. 451, 456
(C.A.A.F. 1999)).
    Because our holding in Weinmann is contrary to the CAAF’s decision in
Gutierrez, we conclude Weinmann does not represent the law of this jurisdic-
tion and has been overruled. Therefore, following our superior court’s prece-
dent in Gutierrez, the governing standard we follow is that an appellant can
affirmatively waive an instruction on an affirmative defense that is nonethe-
less reasonably raised by the evidence. For a waiver to be effective, it must be
clearly established that an appellant intentionally relinquished a known right.
See United States v. Davis, ___ M.J. ___ , No. 19-0104, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 76,
at *7 (C.A.A.F. 12 February 2020) (“By expressly and unequivocally acquiesc-
ing to the military judge’s instructions, Appellant waived all objections to the
instructions, including in regards to the elements of the offense.” (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted)).
          c. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution 12 guarantees an
accused the right to effective assistance of counsel. United States v. Gilley, 56
M.J. 113, 124 (C.A.A.F. 2001). In assessing the effectiveness of counsel, we ap-
ply the standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984), and begin with the presumption of competence announced in United
States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658 (1984). Gilley, 56 M.J. at 124 (citing United
States v. Grigoruk, 52 M.J. 312, 315 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). Accordingly, we “will not
second-guess the strategic or tactical decisions made at trial by defense coun-
sel,” United States v. Mazza, 67 M.J. 470, 475 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (quoting United
States v. Anderson, 55 M.J. 198, 202 (C.A.A.F. 2001)), and we consider

12   U.S. CONST. amend. VI.

                                        18
                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

“whether counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable-
ness,” United States v. Gutierrez, 66 M.J. 329, 331 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citations
omitted).
    We review allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. United
States v. Gooch, 69 M.J. 353, 362 (citing Mazza, 67 M.J. at 474). “To prevail on
an ineffective assistance claim, the appellant bears the burden of proving that
the performance of defense counsel was deficient and that the appellant was
prejudiced by the error.” United States v. Captain, 75 M.J. 99, 103 (C.A.A.F.
2016) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 698). We utilize the following three-part
test to determine whether the presumption of competence has been overcome:
       1. Are appellant’s allegations true; if so, “is there a reasonable
       explanation for counsel’s actions”?
       2. If the allegations are true, did defense counsel’s level of advo-
       cacy “fall measurably below the performance . . . [ordinarily ex-
       pected] of fallible lawyers”?
       3. If defense counsel was ineffective, is there “a reasonable prob-
       ability that, absent the errors,” there would have been a differ-
       ent result?
Gooch, 69 M.J. at 362 (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Polk, 32
M.J. 150, 153 (C.M.A. 1991)).
   3. Analysis
   We examine the discussion on the record after both parties rested their
cases and find no error to correct on appeal.
    When asked whether self-defense was raised by the evidence, the trial de-
fense counsel replied he “d[id] n[o]t think that was reasonably raised.” We find
this statement was a “purposeful decision” to forgo defending Appellant on the
basis of self-defense and find that Appellant affirmatively waived our consid-
eration of the defense on appeal. See Gutierrez, 64 M.J. at 377. Nonetheless,
the CAAF has recognized the service courts of criminal appeals’ unique man-
date under Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, to “assess the entire record to
determine whether to leave an accused’s waiver intact, or to correct [an] error.”
United States v. Chin, 75 M.J. 220, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (citation omitted). We
find no reason to pierce Appellant’s waiver in this case. No evidence suggested
that Appellant reasonably thought SrA MS was about to inflict bodily harm
upon him or that the force Appellant used was necessary for his protection.
Self-defense simply was not in issue given the facts of this case.
   Neither party requested the military judge consider the defense of accident,
and the military judge gave no indication that he believed the defense of acci-
dent was raised by the evidence. We conclude that accident was not raised by

                                       19
                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

the evidence in this case. The defense of accident arises from an unintended
consequence. There is no evidence that the consequence of Appellant’s behavior
toward SrA MS was unexpected or unintended. Under any standard of review,
Appellant’s claim that the military judge failed to consider that the evidence
raised the defense of accident is without merit.
    The Government’s theory at trial was that Appellant was the sole aggres-
sor, and Appellant’s theory was that none of the incidents of assault consum-
mated by a battery happened at all. The trial defense counsel directed their
effort at showing that SrA MS was not a credible witness and her testimony
was untruthful. They did not defend Appellant on the basis of self-defense or
accident to avoid having the factfinder credit portions of SrA MS’s testimony
as fact instead of fabrication. The trial defense counsel’s explanation of the
defense strategy included reasonable considerations that we will not second-
guess, see Mazza, 67 M.J. at 475, and so we reject Appellant’s claims that his
counsel were ineffective or somehow deficient in their representation. While
Appellant’s appellate counsel may have chosen a different findings strategy, it
does not mean that the strategy used at trial was objectively unreasonable. We
evaluate trial defense counsel’s performance not by the success of their strat-
egy, but rather by whether the counsel made reasonable choices from the al-
ternatives available at trial. United States v. Dewrell, 55 M.J. 131, 136
(C.A.A.F. 2001) (quoting United States v. Hughes, 48 M.J. 700, 718 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 1998)). We find that they did, and therefore conclude that Appellant
was not denied effective representation in findings under applicable standards
of review.
E. Multiplicity and Unreasonable Multiplication of Charges
    On appeal, Appellant contends that Specifications 3 and 4 and Specifica-
tions 5 and 6 of Charge III, are separately multiplicious as paired—a claim he
raises for the first time on appeal—and renews his objection at trial that Spec-
ifications 3 and 4 are an unreasonable multiplication of charges. Appellant also
claims Specifications 5 and 6 are an unreasonable multiplication of charges, a
claim Appellant initially made in a pretrial motion and subsequently withdrew
on the record. We are not persuaded by Appellant’s claims.
   1. Additional Background
    Prior to trial, Appellant moved to merge all seven specifications of assault
consummated by a battery under Charge III into one, arguing that the specifi-
cations were unreasonably multiplied for findings and sentencing. Observing
that all seven specifications share the charged timeframe, 1 May 2016 to 1
September 2016, and coincide with the dates of Appellant’s and SrA MS’s re-

                                      20
                      United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

lationship, 13 Appellant argued that the Government unfairly “capture[d] indi-
vidual instances of contact within a single fight” that occurred over the course
of their four-month relationship.
    The Government opposed the motion, conceding that the charging window
was not further specified for each incident of physical abuse because SrA MS
“is not able to remember the exact dates the abuse occurred.” The Government
explained that SrA MS’s testimony would establish “six distinct instances” of
assault consummated by a battery and acknowledged that “[S]pecifications 3
and 4 occurred on the same night.” In a subsequent Article 39(a), UCMJ, ses-
sion the trial counsel elaborated that the conduct underlying all seven specifi-
cations “occurred on separate days and have separate transactions, with the
exception of Specifications 3 and 4,” which allege Appellant struck SrA MS “in
the chest and back with his foot” and then struck her “on the leg with a [clothes]
hanger,” respectively.
   After hearing the Government’s explanation on the record, Appellant with-
drew his merger motion except as it pertained to Specifications 3 and 4 of
Charge III. Appellant continued to argue that Specifications 3 and 4 unreason-
ably multiplied Appellant’s culpability, a position Appellant maintains on ap-
peal. The military judge denied the Defense’s motion, ruling from the bench
“[w]ith respect to Specifications 3 and 4, I find that the distinct act of picking
up a weapon of sorts and using that is separate and distinct from just using
hands and fists, and . . . in my mind, is not the same course of misconduct.”
(Emphasis added). 14 The military judge stated he would defer ruling on Appel-
lant’s motion to merge the seven specifications for sentencing, but did not later
revisit the issue or make a ruling addressing merger for sentencing.
      2. Law
    Claims of multiplicity are reviewed de novo. United States v. Paxton, 64
M.J. 484, 490 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citation omitted). A military judge’s denial of
relief for claims of unreasonable multiplication of charges are reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. Campbell, 71 M.J. 19, 22 (C.A.A.F. 2012)
(citations omitted). In the context of multiplicity and unreasonable multiplica-
tion of charges, “three concepts may arise: multiplicity for double jeopardy pur-
poses[,] unreasonable multiplication of charges as applied to findings[, and]

13   All seven specifications were charged as having occurred “within the state of Texas.”
14 Neither specification alleged Appellant struck SrA MS with his hands and/or fists.
It appears the military judge meant to say that the distinct act of picking up a weapon
is a separate and distinct act from just using one’s foot, to conform to the words charged
in Specifications 4 and 3, respectively, of Charge III.

                                             21
                     United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

unreasonable multiplication of charges as applied to sentence.” Id.; see also
R.C.M. 907(b)(3)(B) (motions to dismiss for multiplicity); R.C.M. 906(b)(12)
(motions for appropriate relief for unreasonable multiplication of charges as
applied to findings or sentence).
          a. Multiplicity
    Multiplicity in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Constitu-
tion 15 prohibits, inter alia, conviction and punishment for two offenses where
one is necessarily included in the other, absent congressional intent to permit
separate convictions and punishments. See United States v. Teters, 37 M.J.
370, 376 (C.M.A. 1993); United States v. Morita, 73 M.J. 548, 564 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2014), rev’d on other grounds, 74 M.J. 116 (C.A.A.F. 2015). The
United States Supreme Court laid out a “separate elements test” for analyzing
multiplicity issues: “the test to be applied to determine whether there are two
offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which
the other does not.” Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932).
“Accordingly, multiple convictions and punishments are permitted . . . if the
two charges each have at least one separate statutory element from each
other.” Morita, 73 M.J. at 564.
    When an appellant does not raise multiplicity at trial, the issue is forfeited
in the absence of plain error. See United States v. Lloyd, 46 M.J. 19, 22
(C.A.A.F. 1997) (citations omitted). Under plain error review, an appellant has
the burden of showing that “(1) there was error; (2) the error was plain or ob-
vious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right of the [appel-
lant].” United States v. Girouard, 70 M.J. 5, 11 (C.A.A.F. 2011). Plain error
exists if the specifications are “‘facially duplicative,’ that is, factually the
same.” Lloyd, 46 M.J. at 23 (quoting United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 575
(1989)) (additional citations omitted); see also United States v. Coleman, 79
M.J. 100, 103 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (“[A]pplication of Blockburger focuses on a strict
facial comparison of the elements of the charged offenses.” (citation omitted)).
          b. Unreasonable Multiplication of Charges
    Even if charged offenses are not multiplicious, courts may apply the doc-
trine of unreasonable multiplication of charges to dismiss certain charges and
specifications. R.C.M. 307(c)(4) summarizes this principle as follows: “What is
substantially one transaction should not be made the basis for an unreasonable
multiplication of charges against one person.” The principle provides that the
Government may not needlessly “pile on” charges against an accused. United
States v. Foster, 40 M.J. 140, 144 n.4 (C.M.A. 1994), overruled in part on other
grounds by United States v. Miller, 67 M.J. 385 (C.A.A.F. 2009). Our superior

15   U.S. CONST. amend. V.

                                        22
                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

court has endorsed the following non-exhaustive list of factors in determining
whether unreasonable multiplication of charges has occurred:
       (1) Did the [appellant] object at trial that there was an unrea-
       sonable multiplication of charges and/or specifications?; (2) Is
       each charge and specification aimed at distinctly separate crim-
       inal acts?; (3) Does the number of charges and specifications mis-
       represent or exaggerate the appellant’s criminality?; (4) Does
       the number of charges and specifications [unreasonably] in-
       crease the appellant’s punitive exposure?; and (5) Is there any
       evidence of prosecutorial overreaching or abuse in the drafting
       of the charges?
United States v. Quiroz, 55 M.J. 334, 338–39 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (quoting Teters,
53 M.J. at 607) (internal quotation marks omitted). “These factors must be bal-
anced, with no single factor necessarily governing the result.” United States v.
Pauling, 60 M.J. 91, 95 (C.A.A.F. 2004). “[U]nlike multiplicity—where an of-
fense found multiplicious for findings is necessarily multiplicious for sentenc-
ing—the concept of unreasonable multiplication of charges may apply differ-
ently to findings than to sentencing.” Campbell, 71 M.J. at 23.
    When the Quiroz factors indicate the unreasonable multiplication of
charges principles affect sentencing more than findings, “the nature of the
harm requires a remedy that focuses more appropriately on punishment than
on findings.” Campbell, 71 M.J. at 23 (citing Quiroz, 55 M.J. at 339). In a claim
regarding error in a military judge’s ruling on a motion for unreasonable mul-
tiplication of charges, an appellant must show: (1) that the findings of fact upon
which a military judge predicated the ruling were not supported by the evi-
dence in the record, (2) that incorrect legal principles were used by the military
judge, or (3) that the military judge’s application of correct legal principles to
the facts of the case was clearly unreasonable. United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J.
341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Mackie, 66 M.J. 198, 199
(C.A.A.F. 2008)).
   3. Analysis–Specifications 3 and 4
   In Specifications 3 and 4, Appellant was convicted of striking SrA MS “in
the chest and back with his foot,” and “on the leg with a hanger,” respectively.
Whereas the force charged in Specification 3 was applied with Appellant’s foot,
the force charged in Specification 4 was applied to a different part of her body
and with a clothes hanger Appellant held in his hand. Appellant has not shown
that the specifications are facially duplicative, that is, “factually the same,” see
Lloyd, 46 M.J. at 23, and multiplicious as a result; each requires proof of a fact
the other does not. Thus, Appellant has not met his burden of showing that

                                        23
                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

there was plain or obvious error in the military judge’s failure to find Specifi-
cations 3 and 4 of Charge III multiplicious.
    Appellant also claims each specification criminalizes a single and continu-
ous course of conduct and unreasonably enhanced his culpability. We disagree.
SrA MS testified that sometime in mid-July of 2016, Appellant bruised her by
kicking her as she lay on the floor of Appellant’s bedroom. Appellant ceased
kicking her, she assumed, when “his leg got tired.” Appellant then knelt down
and began whipping her body with plastic clothes hangers he found scattered
on the floor, which SrA MS testified resulted in a cut to her leg.
    We find the military judge did not abuse his discretion in ruling that Ap-
pellant’s picking up a clothes hanger and striking SrA MS with it was a “sepa-
rate and distinct” act from striking her in the chest and back with his foot,
despite the military judge’s erroneous reference to the specification when he
announced his ruling that Specification 3 alleged Appellant had used his
“hands and fists.” “[A] single, uninterrupted scuffle” is “substantially one
transaction” and should not be made the basis for an unreasonable multiplica-
tion of charges. United States v. Morris, 18 M.J. 450, 450 (C.M.A. 1984) (per
curiam) (citations omitted) (finding separate specifications of shoving victim
“in the chest with [appellant’s] hands” and then striking victim “in the forehead
with [appellant’s] left fist” to be an unreasonable multiplication of charges).
    The facts of Morris are distinguishable from the case at hand. Appellant’s
application of force under the circumstances charged in Specification 4 in-
volved an instrumentality that was not present in Specification 3 and resulted
in a different injury and was directed to a different part of her body. Appellant
ceased using his leg and foot to do harm, stopped to collect clothes hangers
from the floor, and reinitiated his aggression. Appellant sufficiently ceased one
means of attack and then began another that resulted in a cut to SrA MS’s leg.
We decline to find that the military judge abused his discretion in concluding
that there was no unreasonable multiplication of charges for findings. We sim-
ilarly conclude from application of the Quiroz factors in this judge-alone trial
that Specifications 3 and 4 did not unreasonably multiply Appellant’s punish-
ment in sentencing.
   4. Analysis–Specifications 5 and 6
    In Specifications 5 and 6, Appellant was convicted of striking SrA MS “on
the forearm with his elbow,” and “squeez[ing her] on the face with his hands,”
respectively. Appellant has not shown that the specifications are facially du-
plicative, that is, “factually the same,” see Lloyd, 46 M.J. at 23, and multi-
plicious as a result; each requires proof of a fact the other does not. Thus, Ap-
pellant has not met his burden of showing that there was plain or obvious error
in the military judge’s failure to find Specifications 5 and 6 multiplicious.

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                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

    In a colloquy with the military judge, the trial counsel explained that the
facts underlying Specifications 3 and 4 of Charge III occurred during the same
incident unlike the other offenses. Appellant then withdrew his merger motion:
the military judge asked if Appellant’s motion “essentially was withdrawn with
respect to the remaining charges and specifications?” The trial defense counsel
responded in the affirmative, “Yes, Your Honor. That’s correct.”
    In this appeal, Appellant renews his withdrawn motion made at trial that
Specifications 5 and 6 criminalize a single and continuous course of conduct
and that the two offenses unreasonably enhanced Appellant’s culpability. We
disagree because Appellant’s withdrawal of his motion waives an argument
based on unreasonable multiplication of charges on appeal. See United States
v. Butcher, 53 M.J. 711, 714 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2000) (citation omitted), aff’d,
56 M.J. 87 (C.A.A.F. 2001). In United States v. Butcher, 56 M.J. 87, 93 (C.A.A.F.
2001), the CAAF resolved a claim of unreasonable multiplication of charges
that was raised for the first time after trial:
       On appeal, the issue of unreasonable multiplication of charges
       involves the duty of the Courts of Criminal Appeals to “affirm
       only such findings of guilty, and the sentence . . . as it . . . deter-
       mines, on the basis of the entire record, should be approved.”
       Art. 66(c), UCMJ, 10 USC § 866(c). This highly discretionary
       power includes the power to determine that a claim of unreason-
       able multiplication of charges has been waived or forfeited when
       not raised at trial. The lower court concluded that appellant for-
       feited this issue by not raising it at trial, and appellant has not
       demonstrated any specific circumstances that would lead us to
       conclude that the lower court abused its considerable discretion
       in the present case.
    We decline to use our Article 66(c), UCMJ, power to address Appellant’s
withdrawn motion. Appellant’s argument assumes the military judge found
Appellant guilty of an incident of physical abuse in Specification 6 that oc-
curred in propinquity with Specification 5. However, SrA MS’s testimony re-
veals the physical abuse alleged in the specifications could have occurred dur-
ing either the same incident or during a separate incident on a different day.
In support of Specification 5, SrA MS testified about an incident with Appel-
lant during their lunch break while she sat in the passenger seat of Appellant’s
car in the parking garage near where they worked. Appellant “elbowed” her
“twice[,] really quickly, jabbing [her] left arm” and leaving a bruise. In support
of the offense alleged in Specification 6, Appellant directs us to SrA MS’s tes-
timony about what she says happened next: as the two sat in Appellant’s car,
Appellant then used his hands to cover her nose and mouth and “squeeze[d
her] cheekbones very hard” to try to stop SrA MS from yelling. SrA MS alleged

                                         25
                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

during the incident that Appellant also “grab[bed her] left shoulder” and shook
her to stop her from talking.
     However, SrA MS testified to a second incident that met criteria for
“squeez[ing her] on the face with his hands” as charged in Specification 6. The
second incident—and the one the Government maintained throughout trial
was proof of the offense—occurred on a different day in Appellant’s car outside
his apartment and was “[s]imilar to the parking garage” incident. SrA MS tes-
tified that Appellant used his hands to cover her nose and mouth “like he did
before,” and she similarly alleged that Appellant “grabbed a hold onto [her] left
shoulder, and [Appellant] was squeezing very hard and shaking [her] at the
same time.”
    We find both incidents provide a factual basis for the military judge’s find-
ing that Appellant used his hands to squeeze SrA MS on the face, and support
Specification 6 of Charge III. Because the military judge could have convicted
Appellant of separate incidents that occurred on different days, Appellant has
not shown that the facts underlying Specifications 5 and 6 were “a single, un-
interrupted scuffle.” See Morris, 18 M.J. at 450. And, because Appellant with-
drew his objection to these specifications on the basis of unreasonable multi-
plication of charges, we cannot know if there is error—assuming error remains
to correct on appeal after Appellant withdrew his objection. United States v.
Ahern, 76 M.J. 194, 197 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (“[A] valid waiver leaves no error to
correct on appeal.” (citation omitted)). Because Appellant withdrew his objec-
tion at trial and has not shown that the military judge convicted and punished
Appellant twice for “substantially one transaction,” see Morris, 18 M.J. at 450,
we will not use our Article 66(c), UCMJ, power to pierce Appellant’s waiver in
this case. See Butcher, 56 M.J. at 93. We decline to grant relief for unreasonable
multiplication of charges.
F. Challenges to the Trial Counsel’s Findings Argument
    Appellant contends that the trial counsel engaged in prosecutorial miscon-
duct during his findings argument, including rebuttal. We find the complained
of portions of trial counsel’s argument, none of which were objected to by trial
defense counsel, and the argument as a whole do not constitute plain error.
   1. Law
    Prosecutorial misconduct and improper argument are questions of law that
we review de novo. United States v. Andrews, 77 M.J. 393, 398 (C.A.A.F. 2018)
(citing United States v. Sewell, 76 M.J. 14, 18 (C.A.A.F. 2017)). Because there
was no objection at trial we review for plain error. See id. (citing United States
v. Fletcher, 62 M.J. 175, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2005); Sewell, 76 M.J. at 18). The burden
of proof under plain error review is on the appellant. Id. (citation omitted). To
prevail under a plain error analysis, an appellant must show “(1) there is error,

                                       26
                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

(2) the error is plain or obvious, and (3) the error results in material prejudice
to a substantial right of the accused.” Id. at 401 (quoting Fletcher, 62 M.J. at
179).
    “The legal test for improper argument is whether the argument was erro-
neous and whether it materially prejudiced the substantial rights of the ac-
cused.” United States v. Frey, 73 M.J. 245, 248 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (quoting United
States v. Baer, 53 M.J. 235, 237 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). Not every improper comment
by the prosecution is a constitutional violation. See, e.g., United States v. Webb,
38 M.J. 62, 65 (C.M.A. 1993) (citation omitted). Instead, we evaluate the com-
ment in the context of the overall record and the facts of the case. Id. (citations
omitted). The United States Supreme Court has observed that “it is important
that both the defendant and prosecutor have the opportunity to meet fairly the
evidence and arguments of one another.” United States v. Robinson, 485 U.S.
25, 33 (1988). A trial counsel is permitted to make a “fair response” to claims
made by the defense, even where a constitutional right is at stake. Id. at 32.
    In assessing prejudice when we find error, we evaluate the cumulative im-
pact of any prosecutorial misconduct on an appellant’s substantial rights and
the fairness and integrity of his trial. Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 184 (citation omit-
ted). We do so by balancing three factors: “(1) the severity of the misconduct,
(2) the measures adopted to cure the misconduct, and (3) the weight of the
evidence supporting the conviction.” Id. We also recognize that the lack of de-
fense objection is some measure of the minimal prejudicial impact of the trial
counsel’s argument. Gilley, 56 M.J. at 123 (citation omitted). In sum, our supe-
rior court has found “reversal is warranted only ‘when the trial counsel’s com-
ments, taken as a whole, were so damaging that we cannot be confident that
the members convicted the appellant on the basis of the evidence alone.’” Sew-
ell, 76 M.J. at 18 (quoting United States v. Hornback, 73 M.J. 155, 160
(C.A.A.F. 2014)). We can similarly apply the CAAF’s measure for prejudice in
Hornback to a trial with a military judge as the factfinder.
   2. Analysis
    In this judge-alone trial, Appellant takes issue with the overall theme of
the Government’s findings argument in addition to statements made by the
trial counsel. Appellant contends the trial counsel improperly argued a propen-
sity-based theme, vouched for SrA MS, and shifted the burden to Appellant to
prove his innocence. We address each contention in turn.
       a. Alleged Propensity Argument
   The trial counsel argued Appellant’s guilt of the seven assault consum-
mated by a battery offenses committed against SrA MS in the context of evi-
dence of their volatile relationship. He began the Government’s findings argu-
ment by stating, “’I’m 19. I don’t know what to do.’ That’s how [SrA MS] felt;

                                        27
                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

trapped in an abusive relationship with someone that she actually cared
about.” His next comment, Appellant claims, launched a propensity-driven
theme that the trial counsel returned to throughout the Government’s argu-
ment:
       What [SrA MS] learned was that people behind closed doors are
       often different than the person or the perception of the relation-
       ship they gave to others.
    The trial counsel went on to explain that a relationship that “started out
well” and that was “exciting” initially, “started to change” and “evolve[d] into
a toxic situation, based on jealousy, dependency, and control.” The trial counsel
explained, “They would interact, things would get physical, there would be
apologies, and the cycle would eventually repeat itself.” The trial counsel re-
marked that the way the relationship “played out in front of people, suddenly
was different when they were alone.” He argued that Appellant “started to be-
come increasingly jealous of her interactions with other people.” Trial counsel
explained SrA MS’s testimony “described a pattern [whereby] every day they
had to do the same thing. [Appellant] wanted to know where she was at, [and]
when she was there. They got up together, they went to work, they had lunch
together, [and] they met in the stairwell.” Appellant complains the trial coun-
sel’s next remark further illustrates the improper theme:
       This was a progression every day, and the control increased and
       increased and increased.
    SrA MS’s testimony established that Appellant was violent when they were
alone. Trial counsel argued from this evidence that Appellant behaved differ-
ently when he and SrA MS were behind closed doors “when the physical abuse
occurred.” Appellant claims the trial counsel’s next remark is a third illustra-
tion of a prohibited propensity theme:
       Because physical abuse—it shouldn’t be shocking if physical
       abuse—or physical abusers would not hit someone in front of
       everyone in plain sight; that at the river, he wouldn’t just smack
       her in the face. That shouldn’t be surprising. Human nature is
       to try to conceal misconduct; not to do it out in front of everyone
       so you can be seen for who you are.
(Emphasis added). Trial counsel then described how the evidence showed that
Appellant followed SrA MS “into the bedroom and shut the door. . . . because
what was about to happen in there couldn’t be seen in public.”
    In a final example, Appellant draws our attention to a statement made by
trial counsel after discussing the evidence supporting one of the specifications
of assault consummated by a battery. Afterward, counsel remarked, “this is

                                       28
                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

the first incident where [SrA MS] got a glimpse into what—how extensive—
what type of abuse [Appellant] was capable of.” Trial counsel continued,
       The first incident surely put [SrA MS] on notice that [Appellant]
       would be physical, but this raised the bar, and this showed her
       exactly the type of person that he was; how violent he could be.
(Emphasis added).
    One theme of the trial counsel’s argument was that all seven specifications
of assault consummated by a battery fit a pattern of abuse in a private setting
and that Appellant’s offenses occurred in the context of a controlling and abu-
sive relationship that Appellant helped foster. The theme relied on evidence of
Appellant’s conduct and not propensity—notwithstanding trial counsel’s re-
mark that it is human nature for offenders to endeavor to be seen for other
than “who” they “are,” and his statement that the first incident of abuse
showed SrA MS “the type of person” that Appellant “was.” We view these re-
marks within the context of the argument as a whole and not in isolation. Baer,
53 M.J. at 238 (citations omitted).
    As a whole, the trial counsel advanced a simple theory of the case that was
amply supported by evidence that, time and again, Appellant physically
abused SrA MS when others were not around to see it—a valid contention con-
sidering the events underlying seven specifications of assault consummated by
a battery against SrA MS, which the evidence showed, and the trial counsel
aptly argued, happened in private on every charged occasion during their four-
month relationship. Related to this conduct-based theme was evidence of the
relationship itself, including evidence explaining how Appellant’s conduct of-
ten crossed a threshold from verbal control to physical abuse.
    SrA MS’s testimony established there were no eyewitnesses to Appellant’s
conduct that would corroborate her account of the physical abuse. 16 The as-
saults often occurred when SrA MS and Appellant were alone in Appellant’s
bedroom. To the extent the trial counsel touched on a premise rooted in a
straightforward understanding of human nature that wrongdoers may be wary
of committing offenses under the watchful eye of others, we find this remark
was hardly a statement of Appellant’s propensity to commit the charged as-
sault consummated by a battery offenses—counsel may ask the factfinder to

16However, with respect to Specifications 3 and 4 of Charge III, a neighbor had called
the police about a possible domestic disturbance at Appellant’s apartment but was not
an eyewitness to the incident.

                                         29
                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

draw on ordinary human experience, 17 see United States v. Stargell, 49 M.J.
92, 94 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (citations omitted). Rather, in simple terms, it made
clearer why Appellant’s conduct on all seven occasions was unseen by others,
and thus trial counsel’s remarks relied on a valid inference supported by the
evidence. See id. at 93–94 (“Counsel may refer to evidence of record and ‘such
fair inferences as may be drawn therefrom.’” (quoting United States v. White,
36 M.J. 306, 308 (C.M.A. 1993)). Trial counsel’s argument also challenged a
foundation of Appellant’s defense that SrA MS should not be believed because
no one else saw her account of what happened.
    Much like the test for admissibility of evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b)—
“whether the evidence of the misconduct is offered for some purpose other than
to demonstrate the accused’s predisposition to crime,” United States v. Diaz,
59 M.J. 79, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (quoting United States v. Tanksley, 54 M.J. 169,
175 (C.A.A.F. 2000))—we find it instructive to evaluate whether the trial coun-
sel’s theme or a particular remark had a proper purpose other than to show
Appellant acted in conformity with character. See, e.g., United States v. Burton,
67 M.J. 150 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (Government may not argue “similarities between
a charged offense and prior conduct, whether charged or uncharged, to show
modus operandi or propensity without using a specific exception within our
rules of evidence, such as M.R.E. 404.” (citation omitted)).
    We find trial counsel’s argument had ample proper purpose and disagree
with Appellant’s characterization of the seven specifications as “disparate al-
legations.” That the evidence showed Appellant’s seven offenses were similar,
above all in the private setting in which they were committed, was permissible
argument. It was a similarly permissible line of reasoning that Appellant’s in-
teraction with SrA MS on all seven occasions fit a pattern of controlling behav-
ior and abuse. See United States v. Moore, 78 M.J. 868, 876 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2019) (holding that evidence of controlling behavior was admissible under Mil.
R. Evid. 404(b) to show motive and intent with respect to consent and mistake
of fact as to consent), rev. denied, 79 M.J. 203 (C.A.A.F. 2019). At no time did
the trial counsel eschew facts in evidence and draw parallels between unre-
lated wrongful acts and the charged conduct or resort to arguing that Appellant
should be convicted because he fit a profile or a general criminal disposition.
See, e.g., United States v. Hogan, 20 M.J. 71, 73 (C.M.A. 1985) (“[A]n accused
must be convicted based on evidence of the crime before the court, not on evi-
dence of a general criminal disposition.” (citations omitted)).

17Trial counsel’s statement reflects the reality Judge Cox observed in United States v.
Penister, 25 M.J. 148, 153 (C.M.A. 1987) (Cox, J., concurring), about the rationalization
by an accused in a guilty plea: “We should not overlook human nature as we go about
the business of justice.”

                                           30
                       United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

    The trial counsel’s theme obeyed a well-settled rule that a trial counsel
“may strike hard blows, [but] he is not at liberty to strike foul ones.” Berger v.
United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935). Appellant has not shown error that is
plain or obvious. See Andrews, 77 M.J. at 401.
          b. Alleged Improper Vouching for SrA MS
    A trial counsel impermissibly vouches for evidence in argument “when the
trial counsel ‘places the prestige of the government behind a witness through
personal assurances of the witness’s veracity.’” Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 180 (quot-
ing United States v. Necoechea, 986 F.2d 1273, 1276 (9th Cir. 1993)) (“trial
counsel repeatedly vouched for the credibility of the Government’s witnesses
and evidence,” for example by couching a conclusion with ‘we know.’”). “Im-
proper vouching can include the use of personal pronouns in connection with
assertions that a witness was correct or to be believed.” Id. (citation omitted).
    Appellant claims the trial counsel interjected his personal views to vouch
for the evidence. The first example Appellant gives is the trial counsel’s alleged
assurance of the absence of a motive for SrA MS to fabricate the allegations
she made against Appellant. Trial counsel argued:
          [T]he first thing to think about, Your Honor, is that [SrA MS]
          doesn’t have a motive to fabricate this. She doesn’t have any rea-
          son to get on this stand, going on [two] years after this happened,
          and commit perjury while looking at you and telling you things
          that didn’t happen.
    Another example Appellant gives is trial counsel’s remarks about SrA MS’s
credibility that were made in reference to a conversation she had with her su-
pervisor. The supervisor encouraged SrA MS to be forthcoming about Appel-
lant’s conduct and to reveal the identity of Appellant’s supervisor so that his
leadership could help. SrA MS testified she initially withheld information
about Appellant’s conduct from her supervisory chain because she was con-
cerned that revealing his actions would impact her career. 18 Trial counsel ac-
curately recited evidence of how SrA MS came forward with the allegations of
physical abuse after her supervisor learned about her broken phone. The trial
counsel then argued SrA MS did not lie to get Appellant in trouble, which Ap-
pellant asserts was another instance of improper vouching:
          Your Honor, if [SrA MS] was trying to manipulate the situation,
          was trying to plan how to get the accused in trouble, she would
          have to be the most manipulative criminal with the farthest fore-
          thought that can be imagined. I mean, she would have had to

18   The supervisor testified SrA MS was worried “if I tell on him, he’ll tell on me.”

                                             31
                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

       have thought, “How do I get to my supervisor to get her to ask
       me questions that will lead me to answer coyfully about what’s
       going on, so I can slowly piece information out, so it looks like
       I’m not as manipulative, so it looks like it’s being pieced out in
       the time, so I’m not trying to just get him in trouble.” But that
       didn’t happen, Your Honor, because that’s not what she was try-
       ing to do. It’s the human reaction when confronted with what’s
       happening. She was withholding, she was scared, she was nerv-
       ous. He had videos on her, he had pictures. 19 She didn’t want
       that out in the world. She didn’t want to get in trouble. But as
       [SrA MS’s supervisor] started to pull this out of her, she realized
       that what was going on with them wasn’t sustainable, and [SrA
       MS] needed to open up. And so [SrA MS] eventually said, “Okay,
       I’ll tell you what happened,” and she did.
(Footnote added).
   A third example Appellant gives is the trial counsel’s rebuttal argument
that Appellant’s claims amounted to a factually unsupported, counterintuitive
theory to explain SrA MS’s suspicious demeanor on the witness stand:
       Your Honor, defense counsel asked you to look at the demeanor
       of [SrA MS] as she testified. . . . Your Honor, there is no right
       way for a victim of any type of assault to act. People react differ-
       ent ways to everything.
    We do not agree with Appellant that the trial counsel engaged in improper
vouching. In the absence of liberal use of personal pronouns as was the case
in Fletcher, or clear departure from the evidence on which a findings argument
must be founded, we cannot conclude, as Appellant contends we should, that
Appellant relied on improper personal assurance to make his points as a sub-
stitute for evidence and inferences from the evidence which are permitted.
    An attorney’s statements that indicate his opinion or knowledge of the case
“are permissible if the attorney makes it clear that the conclusions he is urging
are conclusions to be drawn from the evidence. . . . In general, an attorney may
not inject into his argument any extrinsic or prejudicial matter that has no
basis in the evidence.” United States v. Morris, 568 F.2d 396, 401 (5th Cir.
1978) (citations omitted); see also United States v. Rivas, 493 F.3d 131, 137 (3d
Cir. 2007) (“[A] prosecutor may urge that a witness is trustworthy by arguing
from record evidence; vouching occurs only where the prosecutor implicitly re-
fers to information outside the record.” (citations omitted)); United States v.

 SrA MS testified she was worried about reporting Appellant because he “was black-
19

mailing” her with “videos of [her] marijuana use” and videos of them together sexually.

                                          32
                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

Beaman, 361 F.3d 1061 (8th Cir. 2004) (“Improper vouching occurs when a
prosecutor refers to facts outside the record, implies that the witness’s testi-
mony is supported by facts not available to the jury, gives an implied guarantee
of truthfulness, or expresses a personal opinion regarding witness credibility.”
(citation omitted)); United States v. Francis, 170 F.3d 546, 550 (6th Cir. 1999)
(“[I]mproper vouching involves . . . comments that imply that the prosecutor
has special knowledge of facts not in front of the jury or of the credibility and
truthfulness of witnesses and their testimony.” (citation omitted)).
    We examine each of the claimed instances of improper vouching in turn.
The trial counsel’s remark that SrA MS “doesn’t have a motive to fabricate”
her testimony has support in counsel’s next remark that there was no reason
for her to lie about something that happened two years earlier. Even if one
might question the remark’s persuasiveness or counsel’s reasoning, it does not
follow that an arguably poorly-made point amounts to improper vouching. 20
    Similarly, the trial counsel’s argument that SrA MS was not manipulative
or “trying to plan how to get the accused in trouble” is supported by evidence
of record that SrA MS was reticent to reveal information to her supervisor out
of concern that she herself would get in trouble. The trial counsel lent support
to this line of reasoning by remarks he made immediately before he discussed
the manipulation remark that Appellant finds concerning; he argued that the
evidence showed that SrA MS:
       didn’t run to [her supervisor] and say, “I need to talk to you right
       now.” She didn’t run to her first sergeant, she didn’t call [the Air
       Force Office of Special Investigations], [and] she didn’t call Se-
       curity Forces. She was talking to a co-worker about a broken
       phone; “How do I fix this?” That’s how this came to light. And
       [her supervisor] inserted herself into the situation. She saw it
       and something didn’t seem right when [her supervisor] said, “Let
       me see your phone. This doesn’t happen by just dropping it.
       What really happened?” She pressed [SrA MS], because she
       knew something wasn’t right.
   Likewise, trial counsel’s argument that SrA MS initially withheld infor-
mation from her supervisor because she was “scared” and “nervous,” was not a
personal assurance because there was ample evidence in the record to support

20 The trial counsel’s argument about lack of motive was responsive to the Defense’s
opening statement given after the Government rested its case that “[t]his case is about
motive, bias, and opportunity.” The Defense explained that the evidence in its case
would show that “if [SrA MS is] mad with someone, she is capable of making their lives
[sic] a living hell.” The trial counsel is permitted to argue reasonable inferences from
evidence.

                                          33
                      United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

the argument, even if the evidence was contested. Trial counsel’s very next
comment—that Appellant “had videos on her, [and] he had pictures”—provided
factual support from the testimony of record to explain why SrA MS had not
reported Appellant’s conduct earlier, and why she may have been scared and
nervous when she did. Finally, trial counsel’s argument why SrA MS reported
Appellant’s conduct when she did—in his words, because “she realized that
what was going on with them wasn’t sustainable”—tracked closely with SrA
MS’s testimony that she “didn’t leave” Appellant because “he was blackmail-
ing” her with “videos of [her] marijuana use,” and she was worried about get-
ting in trouble herself.
    Trial counsel’s rebuttal argument that “there is no right way for a victim of
any type of assault to act,” though it did not reference any evidence of record,
was in response to trial defense counsel’s argument that SrA MS’s demeanor
while testifying was not the “demeanor of a battered girlfriend or a battered
spouse.” Thus, the remark was not a personal assurance of fact from outside
the record, but a common sense “fair response” to trial defense counsel’s claim
that SrA MS should not be believed because she appeared cold and calculating
on the witness stand instead of cowering in fear. 21 See Robinson, 485 U.S. at
32. The notion that everyone is unique and that people respond differently is
well within the knowledge and experience of a factfinder.
   Appellant has not shown error that is plain or obvious. See Andrews, 77
M.J. at 401.
          c. Alleged Burden Shifting to Appellant
    The Government always has the burden to produce evidence on every ele-
ment and to persuade the factfinder of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United
States v. Czekala, 42 M.J. 168, 170 (C.A.A.F. 1995) (“The Due Process Clause
of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution requires the Government to prove
a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (citation omitted)). This burden
never shifts to the defense and the Government “may not comment on the fail-
ure of the defense to call witnesses.” R.C.M. 919(b), Discussion; see United
States v. Mobley, 31 M.J. 273, 279 (C.M.A. 1990) (citation omitted). A trial

21   The trial defense counsel argued:
          [W]hat is her demeanor like when she’s walking the court through
          these events? Detached, cold, clinical, smug, arrogant. Not crying as
          she’s reliving and being revictimized by [Appellant] during this court-
          martial. It was just the opposite. And when she talked about [Appel-
          lant], did she have the demeanor of a battered girlfriend or a battered
          spouse who can’t even look at her former abuser without cowering in
          fear? She looked at [Appellant] like he was about 2 inches tall; that he
          was nothing to her; some loser; that she was above him.

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                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

counsel’s suggestion that an accused may have an obligation to produce evi-
dence of his own innocence is “error of constitutional dimension.” United States
v. Mason, 59 M.J. 416, 424 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citation omitted).
    “A constitutional violation occurs only if either the defendant alone has the
information to contradict the government evidence referred to or the [mem-
bers] naturally and necessarily would interpret the summation as comment on
the failure of the accused to testify.” United States v. Carter, 61 M.J. 30, 33
(C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting United States v. Coven, 662 F.2d 162, 171 (2d Cir.
1981)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, “[u]nder the ‘invited
response’ or ‘invited reply’ doctrine, the prosecution is not prohibited from of-
fering a comment that provides a fair response to claims made by the defense.”
Id. (citation omitted).
    Appellant claims the trial counsel shifted a burden to Appellant to show
that text messages introduced in the trial counsel’s case were unreliable when
trial counsel argued that the Defense failed to present evidence to prove that
SrA MS manipulated text messages she gave to military law enforcement. As
background to this contention, SrA MS told investigators that she had infor-
mation on her personal cell phone that would support her complaints of assault
consummated by a battery by Appellant. An investigator told SrA MS to pro-
vide the information to authorities; SrA MS subsequently provided screenshots
she had taken of text messages between her and Appellant, as well as photo-
graphs of her injuries and other information.
    Trial counsel introduced the screenshots, which included messages that
SrA MS explained were exchanged shortly after an incident of physical abuse.
SrA MS initiated the conversation by texting Appellant, “You [j]ust hit me
AGAIN wtf is wrong with you[?]” Several texts later, and after SrA MS con-
firmed that she wanted to break up with Appellant, Appellant asked if she
would change her mind if he would “get help” followed by the assertion, “[l]et
me get help.” Trial counsel used later texts in the same thread to show how
Appellant exerted control in the relationship. 22
    At trial, Appellant presented the expert testimony of a digital forensic ex-
aminer about the possibility SrA MS may have tampered with the text mes-
sages by deleting texts that may have been exchanged before and after the ones
admitted in evidence. During cross-examination by the trial counsel, the expert
affirmed “there’s no indication . . . that anything was deleted,” and he was un-
aware if SrA MS had the required “skills . . . to modify those [screenshots].”

22A portion of 23 unanswered texts Appellant sent in succession to SrA MS read:
“Please answer me,” “I can’t do this,” “Please stop,” “Don’t,” “Give me a chance,”
“Please,” “Please . . . see me,” “Please answer me,” “I’m all alone,” “I’m glad [you’re]
ok[ay] with me like this,” “I’m in so much pain,” and “I need to talk to [you].”

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                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

Trial counsel relied on the expert’s testimony when he argued the following in
his findings argument:
       And as [the Defense’s expert] told you, there is no evidence what-
       soever that these [text messages] are tampered with in any way,
       except just mere speculation that because she’s, somehow, jilted,
       she must have went through and manipulated these text mes-
       sages and, then, committed perjury on the stand, without any
       evidence.
    The Defense argued the opposite of trial counsel’s contention, flatly stating
that SrA MS in fact “surgically removed isolated text messages and, then, took
a screenshot . . . with the goal of making [Appellant] look as bad as possible.” 23
In his rebuttal argument, trial counsel argued SrA MS was no less credible as
a witness, or untruthful, for having done “exactly what the investigators told
her to do. She took pictures of certain text messages and sent them. . . . Your
Honor, it can’t be held against her that she did exactly what she was asked to
do.”
    Appellant argues on appeal that the trial counsel shifted the burden to Ap-
pellant to prove his innocence not just by arguing that there was no evidence
SrA MS tampered with her text messages, but also by unfairly suggesting that
the trial defense counsel “was somehow disparaging [SrA MS]” when the De-
fense “highlight[ed] weaknesses in the prosecution’s evidence and demand[ed]
that the prosecution actually prove Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.”
    Appellant’s contention that the trial counsel improperly shifted the burden
of proof to Appellant on either point is not supported by the record. As to Ap-
pellant’s first point, the trial counsel’s remark was firmly grounded in the evi-
dence of record and did not shift the Government’s burden. The Defense’s ex-
pert witness testified he found “no indication” that any of SrA MS’s text mes-
sages had been deleted, which was contrary to the trial defense counsel’s ten-
uous accusation that she did manipulate texts on her phone. It follows the trial
counsel’s argument that there was “no evidence” SrA MS had tampered with
evidence was supported by the expert’s testimony and was thus proper.

23Trial defense counsel was unequivocal in his charge, arguing not that it was possible
SrA MS tampered with the text messages; rather, “that’s exactly what happened.” He
continued:
       Any of us could do that. If you give me a thousand text messages from
       anybody about the most innocuous things, I can surgically remove cer-
       tain ones and make that person look bad, especially if my only goal --
       my stated goal -- is to do just that. And that was her goal.

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                    United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

    As to Appellant’s second point, the trial counsel’s remark made during re-
buttal that “it can’t be held against” SrA MS that she provided text messages
from her phone, was in direct response to the Defense’s argument that the very
evidence SrA MS relied on to corroborate her testimony of abuse were text
messages and other information that she herself gave to investigators. Consid-
ering the remark in its proper context—that it was the investigators, and not
SrA MS, who caused the Government to obtain evidence in the way that it
did—we have no difficulty finding that the trial counsel did not cross an im-
permissible line and shift the Government’s burden to Appellant.
    The record does not support a conclusion that the military judge as the
factfinder naturally and necessarily would interpret any of the trial counsel’s
remarks as a comment on the failure of Appellant to testify or produce evidence
of his innocence that could only come from Appellant. See Carter, 61 M.J. at
33. Nor does the record show that the trial counsel made impermissible com-
ments in response to claims made by the Defense. Id.
    After evaluating the entirety of trial counsel’s findings argument including
rebuttal, we find no plain or obvious error that prejudiced Appellant. See An-
drews, 77 M.J. at 401. Even if the trial counsel had erred, a military judge as
a factfinder is presumed to know the law and apply it correctly, filtering out
objectionable material to reach a proper outcome, “absent clear evidence to the
contrary.” United States v. Rodriguez, 60 M.J. 87, 90 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citation
omitted). Appellant has not shown, and we do not find, any evidence to the
contrary or that the cumulative impact of any claimed error prejudiced Appel-
lant. See United States v. Pope, 69 M.J. 328, 335 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omit-
ted). We decline to grant Appellant relief on the basis of prosecutorial miscon-
duct and improper argument.
G. Sentence Reassessment
    Because we set aside and dismiss Charge I and its Specification, we next
consider whether we can reassess the sentence. We have “broad discretion”
when reassessing sentences. United States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 13
(C.A.A.F. 2013) (citation omitted). The CAAF has repeatedly held that if we
“can determine to [our] satisfaction that, absent any error, the sentence ad-
judged would have been of at least a certain severity, then a sentence of that
severity or less will be free of the prejudicial effects of error . . . .” United States
v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 308 (C.M.A. 1986). Thus, our analysis is based on a to-
tality of the circumstances with the following as illustrative factors: dramatic
changes in the penalty landscape and exposure, the forum, whether the re-
maining offenses capture the gravamen of the criminal conduct, whether sig-
nificant or aggravating circumstances remain admissible and relevant, and
“whether the remaining offenses are of the type that [we as appellate judges]
should have the experience and familiarity with to reliably determine what

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                  United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

sentence would have been imposed at trial.” Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 15–16
(citations omitted). We find the factors weigh in favor of reassessment rather
than rehearing.
    We can reliably determine Appellant would have received a sentence of at
least a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 22 months, forfeiture of all pay
and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. We are mindful there has
been a slight change in the sentencing posture of this case, with the setting
aside of Appellant’s conviction for using marijuana on one occasion, no change
in the number of victims, nine convictions reduced to eight, and the maximum
sentence to confinement of 35 years and six months reduced by 2 years. Appel-
lant’s conviction for sexual assault remains the most serious offense of which
Appellant was found guilty and included a mandatory minimum sentence of a
dishonorable discharge. While the dismissal of Charge I and its Specification
creates a slight difference in what would be an appropriate punishment, the
remaining offenses of sexual assault and assault consummated by a battery
are of the type that we have experience and familiarity with as appellate judges
to determine the sentence that would have been imposed.
    We also conclude that the reassessed sentence is appropriate. “We assess
sentence appropriateness by considering the particular appellant, the nature
and seriousness of the offenses, the appellant’s record of service, and all mat-
ters contained in the record of trial.” United States v. Bare, 63 M.J. 707, 714
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2006) (citing United States v. Healy, 26 M.J. 394, 395–96
(C.M.A 1988); United States v. Snelling, 14 M.J. 267, 268 (C.M.A. 1982)), aff’d,
65 M.J. 35 (C.A.A.F. 2007). We are convinced that the reassessed sentence is
not inappropriately severe.

                              III. CONCLUSION
    The findings of guilty of Charge I and its Specification are SET ASIDE and
Charge I and its Specification are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. We re-
assess the sentence to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 22 months,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The
remaining findings and the sentence as reassessed are correct in law and fact,
and no other error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant
occurred. Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).

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                   United States v. Scilluffo, No. ACM 39539

   Accordingly, the remaining findings and the sentence as reassessed are AF-
FIRMED. 24

                  FOR THE COURT

                  CAROL K. JOYCE
                  Clerk of the Court

24The court-martial order (CMO) erroneously states the conduct underlying Charge I
and its Specification occurred at or near “JBSA-Lackland” and not “San Antonio,
Texas” as charged. We direct the publication of a corrected CMO to remedy this error.

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