Court Opinion

ID: 9412269
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-28 21:02:30.250009+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:32.870985
License: Public Domain

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271      Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 1 of 42

                                            UNPUBLISHED

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                              No. 23-1214

        MELODY RODGERS,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        BRANDEE RITSEMA; LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ;
        RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY;
        ELIZABETH ANDREWS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; KATHRINE
        THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA
        VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
        KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON;
        JESSICA KIRBY,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE
        COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
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        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1162

        BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY

                                                    2
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        BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE;
        DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE
        COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW

                                                      3
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        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                            Defendants - Appellees.

                                              No. 23-1216

        EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL,

                            Plaintiffs - Appellants,

                     and

        BRANDEE RITSEMA; LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ;
        RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY;
        ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; JESSICA KIRBY; DANIEL
        BLUE; BRENDA BLUE; KATHRINE THOMAS; MALACHI CHAPMAN;
        TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia
        Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA
        ANDERSON,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE
        COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family

                                                       4
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        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1219

        JESSICA KIRBY,

                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        BRANDEE RITSEMA; LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ;
        RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY;

                                                    5
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        ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM
        O’DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN;
        KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL;
        SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; KATHRINE THOMAS;
        BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE
        COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY

                                                      6
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        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1248

        KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                           Intervenor/Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; KATHRINE THOMAS;
        BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON,

                           Plaintiffs,

                    and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE
        COOPER,

                           Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                    v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK

                                                     7
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        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                            Defendants - Appellees.

                                              No. 23-1250

        LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenor/Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

                                                    8
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        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; KATHRINE THOMAS;
        BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; OCERINE COOPER;
        KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE

                                                      9
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        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                          Defendants - Appellees.

                                            No. 23-1253

        OCERINE COOPER,

                          Intervenor/Plaintiff - Appellant,

                   and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; KATHRINE THOMAS;
        BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS;              AUDREY        LESSNER;     LORA   BYERS;
        KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                          Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                   v.

                                                    10
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        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                            No. 23-1256

        KATHRINE THOMAS,

                                                 11
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                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; BRENDA BLUE;
        DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE
        COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,

                                                      12
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        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                          Defendants - Appellees.

                                            No. 23-1257

        TIJANA VIDANOVIC,

                          Plaintiff - Appellant,

                   and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
        KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON;
        JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE;
        BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                          Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                                                    13
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271     Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 14 of 42

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                            No. 23-1258

                                                 14
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        RENESHA TOMLIN,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
        KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON;
        JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE;
        BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the

                                                      15
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271     Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 16 of 42

        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1260

        SALLY BORGHESE,

                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; CHRISTINA
        ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE;
        DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                           Plaintiffs,

                    and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                                                    16
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271     Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 17 of 42

                           Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                                     17
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271      Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 18 of 42

                                              No. 23-1261

        KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA
        ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE;
        DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of

                                                      18
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271     Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 19 of 42

        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1264

        MALACHI CHAPMAN,

                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; TIJANA
        VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
        KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON;
        JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE;
        BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                           Plaintiffs,

                                                    19
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271      Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 20 of 42

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                                                      20
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271      Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 21 of 42

                            Defendants - Appellees.

                                              No. 23-1265

        KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KRISTEN CLARK-
        HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY;
        KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
        RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of

                                                      21
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271     Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 22 of 42

        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1266

        BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE,

                           Plaintiffs - Appellants,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE
        THOMAS; BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                                                      22
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271      Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 23 of 42

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;

                                                      23
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271      Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 24 of 42

        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                            Defendants - Appellees.

                                              No. 23-1268

        CHRISTINA ANDERSON,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE;
        DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;

                                                      24
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        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1269

        SARA YBARRA-JOHNSON,

                           Intervenor/Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA

                                                  25
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        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE
        THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA; ALAN
        MEDDOWS,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY

                                                      26
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        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1270

        KARLA JOHNSON,

                           Intervenor/Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE
        THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA; ALAN
        MEDDOWS,

                           Plaintiffs,

                    and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; SARA YBARRA-JOHNSON,

                           Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                    v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK

                                                     27
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        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                            Defendants - Appellees.

                                              No. 23-1271

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS,

                            Intervenor/Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

                                                   28
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        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE
        THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA; ALAN
        MEDDOWS,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA
        BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON; SARA YBARRA-JOHNSON,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY

                                                      29
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        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                          Defendants - Appellees.

                                            No. 23-1272

        ALAN MEDDOWS,

                          Plaintiff - Appellant,

                   and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE
        THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON; SARA YBARRA-
        JOHNSON,

                          Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                   v.

                                                    30
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1271     Doc: 15        Filed: 07/27/2023   Pg: 31 of 42

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                            No. 23-1273

        APRIL FOX,

                                                 31
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                            Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY;
        KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
        RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON; SARA YBARRA-
        JOHNSON,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the

                                                      32
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        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1283

        TERESA GOIN,

                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY;
        KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
        RITSEMA,

                           Plaintiffs,

                    and

                                                    33
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        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                           Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                                     34
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                                              No. 23-1284

        GERRI F. HOOD,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY;
        KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
        RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of

                                                      35
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        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1285

        BARBARA MAST,

                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY;
        KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
        RITSEMA,

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                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;

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        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                            Defendants - Appellees.

                                              No. 23-1286

        LATASHA WOOLRIDGE,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     and

        LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA
        CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
        MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI
        CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA
        HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY
        BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY;
        KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
        RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former

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        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                           Defendants - Appellees.

                                             No. 23-1287

        LAURIE REYNOLDS,

                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

                    and

        CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY;
        KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY
        O’DELL; WILLIAM O’DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC;

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        RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN
        CLARK-HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA
        ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE;
        DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA,

                            Plaintiffs,

                     and

        BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
        OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS,

                            Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

                     v.

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States
        Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER
        BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK
        B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
        of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
        United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family
        Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former
        Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
        GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of
        Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
        LUJAN-GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of
        Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of
        Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of
        Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA
        KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York;
        GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of
        Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN
        PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the
        Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
        of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
        a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
        COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY
        COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI-DADE
        COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY
        GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY
        KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY

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        MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY
        MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
        YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO;
        ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS;
        BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
        TENNESSEE,

                             Defendants - Appellees.

        Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
        Wilmington. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (7:22-cv-00178-FL)

        Submitted: July 25, 2023                                           Decided: July 27, 2023

        Before WYNN and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.

        Dismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

        Melody Rodgers; Brandee Ritsema; Emily O’Dell; William O’Dell; Jessica Kirby;
        Kimberly Vifinkle; Lora Byers; Ocerine Cooper; Kathrine Thomas; Tijana Vidanovic;
        Renesha Tomlin; Sally Borghese; Kristen Clark-Hassell; Malachi Chapman; Keshia
        Holliman; Brenda Blue; Daniel Blue; Christina Anderson; Sara Elizabeth Ybarra Johnson;
        Karla Johnson; Beatrice Rivera; Alan Meddows; April Fox; Teresa Goin; Gerri F. Hood;
        Barbara Mast; Latasha Woolridge; Laurie Reynolds, Appellants Pro Se.

        Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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        PER CURIAM:

               In these consolidated appeals, Appellants seek to appeal the district court’s orders

        dismissing some appellants as plaintiffs, denying others’ motions to intervene as plaintiffs,

        and denying reconsideration of those orders. This court may exercise jurisdiction only over

        final orders, 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and certain interlocutory and collateral orders, 28 U.S.C.

        § 1292; Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 545-

        46 (1949). The orders Appellants seek to appeal are neither final orders nor appealable

        interlocutory or collateral orders.   Accordingly, we dismiss the appeals for lack of

        jurisdiction and deny as moot the pending motions for leave to file an amicus curiae brief,

        to expedite the decision, and to extend filing time. We dispense with oral argument because

        the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court

        and argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                                       DISMISSED

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