Court Opinion

ID: 9929897
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-05 18:01:04.816415+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:52:52.423274
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        FEB 5 2024
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PERRIN BERNARD SUPOWITZ, LLC,                   No.    23-55189
DBA Individual Foodservice, a California
LLC,                                            D.C. No.
                                                2:22-cv-02120-ODW-JEM
      Plaintiff-counter-
      defendant-Appellant,
                                                MEMORANDUM*
 v.

PABLO MORALES, an individual;
SAVINO MORALES, an individual;
SERGIO ESCAMILLA, an individual,

                Defendants-Appellees,

LEGACY WHOLESALE GROUP, LLC, an
Arizona Limited Liability Corporation,

      Defendant-counter-claimant-
      Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted October 19, 2023
                              Pasadena, California

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Before: CLIFTON and SANCHEZ, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,** District
Judge.

      Perrin Bernard Supowitz, LLC, doing business as Individual FoodService

(“IFS”), appeals the district court’s denial of preliminary injunctive relief against

Defendants, who operate Legacy Wholesale Group, LLC. We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) to review the denial of a preliminary injunction, but

our review is limited to the denial itself and those issues “inextricably intertwined

with or necessary to ensure meaningful review” of the denial. Arc of California v.

Douglas, 757 F.3d 975, 993 (9th Cir. 2014) (quotation omitted). Because the denial

of IFS’s requested injunctive relief was based in part on the district court’s grant of

partial summary judgment as to IFS’s trade secret claims under the Defend Trade

Secrets Act and California Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“CUTSA”), we review

both issues. We find no other inextricably intertwined issues to consider.

      We review the denial of a preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion.

Park Village Apartment Tenants Ass’n v. Mortimer Howard Trust, 636 F.3d 1150,

1155 (9th Cir. 2011). To the extent this appeal involves the review of a grant of

partial summary judgment, we review de novo. 2-Bar Ranch Ltd. P’ship v. U.S.

Forest Serv., 996 F.3d 984, 990 (9th Cir. 2021). We affirm.

      **
             The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.

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      Although California law recognizes a customer list as a trade secret, MAI

Sys. Corp. v Peak Comput., Inc., 991 F.2d 511, 521 (9th Cir. 1993), it does so only

to the extent the customer list “[d]erives independent economic value … from not

being generally known … .” Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(d). In order for a customer

list to qualify as a trade secret under this standard, it must (1) furnish a competitor

with the previously unknown fact that a potential customer is in the market for the

goods or services which the secret-holder offers, thus saving the competitor

valuable “screening” time, or (2) include “sophisticated information” beyond the

mere identity of the customer. Courtesy Temp. Serv., Inc. v. Camacho, 272 Cal.

Rptr. 352, 357, 358 (Cal. Ct. App. 1990); see also Abba Rubber Co. v. Seaquist,

286 Cal. Rptr 518, 527 (Cal. Ct. App. 1991). A customer list compiled over a

lengthy and expensive effort may constitute protectible trade secret information

where “its disclosure would allow a competitor to direct its sales efforts to those

customers who have already shown a willingness to use a unique type of service or

product.” Morlife, Inc. v. Perry, 66 Cal. Rptr. 2d 731, 736 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997);

see also Courtesy, 272 Cal. Rptr. at 358. Although the parties dispute whether

IFS’s customer list and contact information held any economic value, there was no

dispute that IFS’s customer order history qualified as a trade secret.

      Although the district court allowed IFS’s claim for trade secret

misappropriation to proceed on the limited “order history” ground, the court denied

                                           3                                     23-55189
IFS’s request for a preliminary injunction. Preliminary injunctive relief requires

that the movant show (1) a likelihood of success on the merits, (2) irreparable harm

in the absence of preliminary relief, (3) the balance of equities tips in his favor, and

(4) the injunction is in the public interest. Recycle for Change v. City of Oakland,

856 F.3d 666, 669 (9th Cir. 2017).

      The court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting IFS’s request that

Defendants be enjoined from using IFS’s trade secrets. The court found that Pablo

and Savino Morales had not obtained any new information from IFS following

their termination in March 2022. It further found that any trade secrets Pablo and

Savino Morales might still have had were by then “old and stale,” such that there

was no risk of IFS suffering irreparable harm by being “wronged again.” The

record contains sufficient support for this finding, and because “[a]n injunction

against misappropriation of trade secrets should only last as long as is necessary to

preserve the rights of the parties [and] … eliminate the commercial advantage that

a person would obtain through misappropriation,” a finding of staleness is

sufficient to deny injunctive relief. Whyte v. Schlage Lock Co., 125 Cal. Rptr. 2d

277, 284-85 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002) (quotation omitted).

      The court also did not abuse its discretion in refusing to enjoin Defendants

from doing business with any customer Pablo or Savino Morales serviced while at

IFS. California has a strong interest in preventing employees from

                                           4                                     23-55189
misappropriating trade secrets in order “to unfairly compete,” Retirement Grp. v.

Galante, 98 Cal. Rptr. 3d 585, 592 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009), but it also has a “settled

legislative policy in favor of open competition and employee mobility,” Edwards

v. Arthur Andersen LLP, 189 P.3d 285, 291 (Cal. 2008). The court properly

considered these competing public policy interests in refusing to enjoin activity

which potentially extended far beyond trade secret misappropriation. See Galante,

98 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 592-93. IFS also did not demonstrate a likelihood of success on

the merits, or that irreparable harm would result in the absence of an injunction.

Ultimately, barring Defendants from doing business with any customer they

serviced while at IFS would essentially be a punitive measure, whereas the purpose

of a preliminary injunction is to preserve the status quo. See Boardman v. Pacific

Seafood Grp., 822 F.3d 1011, 1024 (9th Cir. 2016).

      Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to enjoin

employees from hiring away IFS’s recent employees. CUTSA only permits

“[a]ctual or threatened misappropriation” to be enjoined, Cal. Civ. Code

§ 3426.2(a), and as the court noted, IFS adduced no evidence that Defendants ever

had or would use any trade secret to hire away IFS’s employees.

      AFFIRMED.

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