Court Opinion

ID: 9965718
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-03 14:02:22.551384+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:35.220461
License: Public Domain

Rel: May 3, 2024

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern
Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter
Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that
corrections may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.

                   Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
                              OCTOBER TERM, 2023-2024
                               _________________________

                                        CR-21-0044
                                 _________________________

                          Christopher Matthew Henderson

                                                    v.

                                       State of Alabama

                        Appeal from Madison Circuit Court
                                   (CC-17-3064)

McCOOL, Judge.

        Christopher Matthew Henderson was convicted of 15 counts of

capital murder for intentionally causing the deaths of his wife, Kristen

Smallwood ("Kristen"); Henderson and Kristen's unborn child, Loryn

Brooke       Smallwood           ("Loryn");        Kristen's        son,     Clayton        Chambers
CR-21-0044

("Clayton"); Kristen's nephew, Eli Sokolowski ("Eli"); and Kristen's

mother, Carol Jean Smallwood ("Carol Jean"). The murders were made

capital because they were committed during the course of committing a

burglary in the first degree, see § 13A-5-40(a)(4), Ala. Code 1975; during

the course of committing arson in the first degree, see § 13A-5-40(a)(9),

Ala. Code 1975; and during one act or pursuant to one scheme or course

of conduct, see § 13A-5-40(a)(10), Ala. Code 1975.       The murder of

Kristen was further made capital because it was committed in violation

of a court-issued protection order, see § 13A-5-40(a)(19), Ala. Code 1975,

and the murders of Loryn, Clayton, and Eli were further made capital

because those victims were less than 14 years of age, see § 13A-5-

40(a)(15), Ala. Code 1975. The jury recommended by a vote of 11-1 that

Henderson be sentenced to death, and the trial court followed the jury's

recommendation and imposed that sentence.

                                  Facts

     Henderson and his ex-wife, Rhonda Carlson, were divorced in

2014 after Carlson discovered that Henderson was having an affair

with Kristen. Henderson later married Kristen, and, in May 2015, the

couple was living in Kristen's parents' house ("the Smallwood house")

                                    2
CR-21-0044

with her parents; Clayton, who was 8 years old; Eli, who was 14 months

old; and Eli's parents. Kristen was also pregnant with Loryn, who was

scheduled to be born near the end of August. Henderson and Kristen

began "having issues in their marriage" during that time (R. 1504), and,

in June 2015, Kristen's father asked Henderson to move out of the

Smallwood house.       After Henderson moved out, Kristen's father

changed the locks on all the exterior doors.

     Kristen's brother, Keith Smallwood ("Keith"), testified that, after

Henderson moved out of the Smallwood house, the family experienced

"odd things that [they] had never experienced" (R. 1505), including

hearing "loud noises" in the middle of the night, such as "banging on the

garage doors" (R. 1506), and finding a bag of marijuana in the mailbox.

Keith also testified that the family discovered that "the light bulb on

the light at the garage service door had been unscrewed as if … just

loosened enough to where the light would not shine." (Id.) The family

had no evidence indicating that Henderson was responsible for those

events, but, nevertheless, on July 29, 2015, Kristen obtained from the

Madison Circuit Court a temporary ex parte protection order that

                                    3
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commanded Henderson to "stay away from" Kristen and her residence.1

(C. 740.) A deputy with the Madison County Sheriff's Office served

Henderson with the protection order the next day.        That same day,

Keith purchased two surveillance cameras and installed them on the

exterior of the Smallwood house; one camera was mounted "so that it

would show the view of anyone entering the front of the house or exiting

the front of the house" (R. 1513), and the other camera was mounted so

that it would "show a view of anyone or any vehicles in the driveway or

anyone entering or exiting that side of the home" through the garage

door or garage service door. (R. 1514.) The third exterior door -- the

back door -- was not surveilled by camera.

     After moving out of the Smallwood house, Henderson reconnected

with Carlson, and Carlson testified that, by "the end of July, [they] were

getting back together." (R. 1761.) Carlson knew that Henderson and

Kristen were still married, but Henderson told her that he and Kristen

"were working on getting a divorce" (R. 1762) because "they had been

arguing and fighting about different things" and "weren't getting

along." (R. 1764.) According to Carlson, Henderson was angry during

     1Kristen's   petition for a protection order is not included in the
record, so the circuit court's basis for issuing the order is not clear.
                                    4
CR-21-0044

that time because he felt he had been mistreated by Kristen's father,

and, as his anger intensified, he eventually formed a plan to "tak[e] out

the entire family." (R. 1766.) Carlson agreed to help Henderson with

his plan because she "blamed Kristen for taking [Henderson] away from

[her]" (R. 1823), and she "hated that [Kristen] was pregnant with

[Henderson's] child" and "wanted revenge." (R. 1826.) Carlson testified

against Henderson in exchange for the State's pledge that it would not

seek the death penalty against her, and her testimony provided the jury

with the details of Henderson's plan and the couple's execution of that

plan.

        Henderson's plan "was to break into the [Smallwood] house and

shoot all the members of the family." (R. 1769.) In order to get into the

house, Henderson "was going to pick the lock" on the garage service

door (R. 1770), and he purchased a .22 caliber Ruger brand handgun,

which he intended to use to commit the murders.         Henderson also

"started doing research on … how long the baby would be viable in the

mother … if he killed … a pregnant mother."         (R. 1767-68.)   That

research was necessary, Carlson explained, because she and Henderson

planned to "keep [Loryn]" and "raise [her]" themselves. (R. 1782-83.)

                                   5
CR-21-0044

However, at some point before the murders occurred, Carlson changed

her mind and told Henderson that she "didn't want to be a mom again."

(R. 1783.) Carlson's role in the plan was "to make sure that the gas can

was full" because she and Henderson "were going to set the house on

fire … to make sure that there wasn't any evidence." (R. 1771-72.)

     One night a few days before the murders occurred, Henderson and

Carlson attempted to execute their plan. However, "the lockpick didn't

work on the lock," and the couple "chickened out and decided not to do

it." (R. 1770.) Carlson testified that she believed, though was not sure,

that Henderson "unscrewed the light bulb" near the garage service door

before they left that night. (R. 1771.) Ultimately, though, Henderson

and Carlson "decided to [commit the murders] during the day" because

they knew that the men who lived in the Smallwood house would not be

home at that time. (Id.)

     On the afternoon of August 4, 2015, Henderson and Carlson drove

to the Smallwood house in Carlson's Jeep sport-utility vehicle, and the

plan was that Carlson would "drop [Henderson] off" so that he could

commit the murders.        (R. 1775.)       When they arrived at the house,

Carlson got out of the vehicle and checked to see if the garage service

                                        6
CR-21-0044

door was unlocked, which it was. Henderson then entered the house,

and Carlson left in her vehicle and parked on a dirt road behind the

house, where she waited for Henderson to contact her on her cellular

telephone. As planned, Henderson eventually contacted Carlson and

"told [her] to bring the gas can," and Carlson returned to the house. (R.

1778.) When she arrived, Carlson attempted to enter the house through

the garage service door, but she could not open the door because "there

was a body laying there." (Id.) Speaking through the garage service

door, Henderson told Carlson to go to the front door, and, when he

opened it for her, she saw "blood on the carpet and all over him" and

"saw Clayton's body in a pool of his own blood." (R. 1779.) Henderson

"took the gas can out of [Carlson's] hand and started spreading gas

down the hallway and through the house" (R. 1779), and "then he lit it

on fire with a lighter that he had." (R. 1780.) Henderson and Carlson

then left the property in Carlson's vehicle.

     Deputies with      the   Madison    County   Sheriff's Office   were

dispatched to the Smallwood house shortly after Henderson and

Carlson left, and, when they arrived, they saw "heavy smoke" coming

from the house and "flames starting to come from out of the attic area."

                                     7
CR-21-0044

(R. 1487.) "[T]wo subjects … in the front yard … started telling [the

deputies] that people were inside" the house (id.), but, by that time, "the

fire had gotten very large … and the smoke and heat were just too

intense," so the deputies could not provide any assistance to those

inside the house. (R. 1488-89.) After the fire was extinguished, the

bodies of Kristen, Clayton, Eli, and Carol Jean were found inside the

house; Loryn's body, which had been cut out of Kristen's womb, was also

found inside the house. Shortly thereafter, law enforcement officers

viewed the videos recorded by the surveillance cameras that Keith had

installed, and those videos were admitted into evidence and played for

the jury. Consistent with Carlson's testimony, the surveillance-camera

videos show Carlson enter the Smallwood house through the garage

service door, exit a few moments later, and then leave the property;

show Carlson return to the property with a gas can, unsuccessfully

attempt to enter the garage service door, and then carry the gas can to

the front door; and, approximately three minutes later, show a barefoot

man whom Carlson identified as Henderson hurrying from the front

door, followed by Carlson.       However, no video shows Henderson

entering the house.

                                    8
CR-21-0044

     When Henderson and Carlson left the Smallwood house, they

drove to a nearby lake, where they burned Henderson's clothes and

shoes.   Henderson then "washed off" in the lake because he "was

covered in blood" and put on fresh clothes. (R. 1784.) Henderson also

threw his .22 caliber handgun into the lake, and, according to Carlson,

the handle of the gun was broken because Henderson kept "hitting

[Kristen] in the head with it because 'the bitch just wouldn't die.' " (R.

1782.) During the drive to the lake, Carlson asked Henderson "what

happened to the baby, and he said that it would end up being whiny

and needy like the mom, so he decided that he didn't want the baby."

(R. 1783.)

     When they left the lake, Henderson and Carlson drove to a Wal-

Mart discount store so that Carlson could purchase shoes for

Henderson. While at the store, Carlson received a telephone call from

her daughter, who told her that law enforcement officers had been to

Henderson's mother's house, where Henderson and Carlson were living

at the time. Henderson then told Carlson that he "wanted to go to

another county" (R. 1775), but Carlson told him that she was "not

abandoning [her] kids" (R. 1786), so they returned to Henderson's

                                    9
CR-21-0044

mother's house and "just waited for the police to get there."       (Id.)

Henderson and Carlson were arrested at his mother's house soon

thereafter and were taken to the Madison County Sheriff's Office, where

they were advised of their Miranda2 rights before being interrogated by

Inv. Eugene Nash. Henderson refused to make a statement during his

interrogation, but, shortly thereafter, while waiting to be booked into

the Madison County jail, Henderson spontaneously said to Inv. Nash:

"I'm glad you caught me when you did because I don't believe I could

live with what I've done." (R. 1870.)

     The next day, Henderson's mother consented to a search of her

house.    During that search, a Madison County sheriff's deputy

discovered a backpack, and, when he picked it up, an unidentified

"young female adolescent child yell[ed]: 'That's my daddy's backpack.' "

(R. 1718.) That backpack contained, among other items, "one lockpick

type gun," some type of punch or tool of some sort," and "a pry bar." (R.

1719.) Sheriff's deputies also found a cellular telephone that belonged

to Henderson, and a search of the telephone revealed that, in the month

preceding the murders, Henderson had conducted Internet searches on

     2Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

                                   10
CR-21-0044

topics such as "how to break glass," "break window homes," ".22 Ruger

CGI quiet rounds," ".22 handguns with quiet rounds," "how to break a

house window," "how to use a lockpick gun," "quiet way to break a

window pane," and "what happens when a person is shot." (R. 1745.)

Sheriff's deputies also searched Carlson's Jeep vehicle, where they

found two boxes of .22 caliber ammunition and a "lockpick set." (R.

1557.)

     Dr. Steven Dunton, a forensic pathologist, testified as to the

causes of death for the five victims. Kristen's causes of death were a

"gunshot wound of the neck and multiple sharp-force injuries of the

head and torso." (R. 1636.) Dr. Dunton also testified that Kristen had

suffered "a cut … on the left side of her abdomen" (R. 1642), that "the

uterus ha[d] been opened" (R. 1643), and that Loryn had been "removed

from the womb." (R. 1664.) Loryn's cause of death was "multiple sharp-

force injuries" (R. 1663), including "stab wounds" in her lungs.     (R.

1665.) Clayton's cause of death was "multiple sharp-force injuries" (R.

1657), including "stab wounds" in his lungs and in the back of his head.

(R. 1659.) Eli's causes of death were "multiple sharp-force injuries and

smoke inhalation" (R. 1648); specifically, Eli had suffered a "stab

                                  11
CR-21-0044

wound" in his abdomen (R. 1650), which breached his intestines, and

another "stab wound" in his head, which "enter[ed] his brain."      (R.

1653.) Carol Jean's cause of death was "gunshot wounds" to her "upper

head" (R. 1626), and she had also been stabbed in the eyes several

times. The gunshot wounds to Kristen and Carol Jean were inflicted

with a .22 caliber gun. (R. 1859.)

                           Standard of Review

     Rule 45A, Ala. R. App. P., was amended on January 12, 2023, to

state:

           "In all cases in which the death penalty has been
     imposed, the Court of Criminal Appeals may, but shall not
     be obligated to, notice any plain error or defect in the
     proceedings under review, whether or not brought to the
     attention of the trial court, and take appropriate appellate
     action by reason thereof, whenever such error has or
     probably has adversely affected the substantial right of the
     appellant."

Before Rule 45A was amended, this Court was required to conduct

plain-error review in all cases in which the death penalty had been

imposed. Although Rule 45A now provides that plain-error review is

discretionary in such cases, this Court has explained that it will

continue to conduct plain-error review in all cases in which the death

penalty has been imposed. Iervolino v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0283, Aug. 18,

                                     12
CR-21-0044

2023] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2023). However, that does

not mean that this Court will provide a detailed analysis, or even any

analysis, of those claims that were not properly preserved for appellate

review, as it historically did when plain-error review was mandatory.

Id.

      The standard this Court employs in conducting plain-error review

is well settled:

            " ' "The standard of review in reviewing a claim under
      the plain-error doctrine is stricter than the standard used in
      reviewing an issue that was properly raised in the trial court
      or on appeal." Hall v. State, 820 So. 2d 113, 121 (Ala. Crim.
      App. 1999), aff'd, 820 So. 2d 152 (Ala. 2001). Plain error is
      "error that is so obvious that the failure to notice it would
      seriously affect the fairness or integrity of the judicial
      proceedings." Ex parte Trawick, 698 So. 2d 162, 167 (Ala.
      1997), modified on other grounds, Ex parte Wood, 715 So. 2d
      819 (Ala. 1998). "To rise to the level of plain error, the
      claimed error must not only seriously affect a defendant's
      'substantial rights,' but it must also have an unfair
      prejudicial impact on the jury's deliberations." Hyde v.
      State, 778 So. 2d 199, 209 (Ala. Crim. App. 1998), aff'd, 778
      So. 2d 237 (Ala. 2000). "The plain error standard applies
      only where a particularly egregious error occurred at trial
      and that error has or probably has substantially prejudiced
      the defendant." Ex parte Trawick, 698 So. 2d at 167.
      "[P]lain error must be obvious on the face of the record. A
      silent record, that is a record that on its face contains no
      evidence to support the alleged error, does not establish an
      obvious error." Ex parte Walker, 972 So. 2d 737, 753 (Ala.
      2007).      Thus, "[u]nder the plain-error standard, the
      appellant must establish that an obvious, indisputable error

                                   13
CR-21-0044

     occurred, and he must establish that the error adversely
     affected the outcome of the trial." Wilson v. State, 142 So. 3d
     732, 751 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010). "[T]he plain error exception
     to the contemporaneous-objection rule is to be 'used
     sparingly, solely in those circumstances in which a
     miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.' " United
     States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15, 105 S. Ct. 1038, 84 L. Ed. 2d
     1 (1985) (quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 163
     n.14, 102 S. Ct. 1584, 71 L. Ed. 2d 816 (1982)).' "

Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___ (quoting DeBlase v. State, 294 So. 3d 154,

182-83 (Ala. Crim. App. 2018)).

                               Discussion

                                    I.

     Henderson argues that, on multiple occasions, the trial court

violated his right to a public trial, which is protected by both the Sixth

Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 6, of the

Alabama Constitution.

     "[A]n open and public trial serves important interests." Smith v.

State, 213 So. 3d 327, 336 (Ala. Crim. App. 2011). In Waller v. Georgia,

467 U.S. 39, 46 (1984), the United States Supreme Court explained:

                " ' " 'The requirement of a public trial is for
           the benefit of the accused; that the public may see
           he is fairly dealt with and not unjustly
           condemned, and that the presence of interested
           spectators may keep his triers keenly alive to a
           sense of their responsibility and to the

                                   14
CR-21-0044

             importance of their functions ....' " ' [Gannett Co.
             Inc. v. DePasquale, 443 U.S. 368, 380 (1979)]
             (quoting In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 270, n.25, 68
             S. Ct. 499, 506, n.25, 92 L. Ed. 682 (1948), in turn
             quoting T Cooley, Constitutional Limitations 647
             (8th ed. 1927)).

     "In addition to ensuring that judge and prosecutor carry out
     their duties responsibly, a public trial encourages witnesses
     to come forward and discourages perjury."

(Footnote omitted.)     In short, a public trial is one mechanism for

"protecting the defendant against unjust conviction," Weaver v.

Massachusetts, 582 U.S. 286, 299 (2017), and "has always been

recognized as a safeguard against any attempt to employ our courts as

instruments of persecution." In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 270 (1948).

     However, even with these important interests at stake, the right

to a public trial is not absolute. As the Waller Court explained, "the

right to an open trial may give way in certain cases to other rights or

interests," 467 U.S. at 45, and the Court set forth the following test to

use in determining whether competing interests justify a closed

courtroom:

     " '[1] [T]he party seeking to close the hearing must advance
     an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced, [2] the
     closure must be no broader than necessary to protect that
     interest, [3] the trial court must consider reasonable

                                     15
CR-21-0044

     alternatives to closing the proceeding, and [4] it must make
     findings adequate to support the closure.' "

Ex parte Easterwood, 980 So. 2d 367, 376 (Ala. 2007) (quoting Waller,

467 U.S. at 48). The first step of the Waller test must be satisfied,

though, only when there is "a total closure of the courtroom." Ex parte

Easterwood, 980 So. 2d at 376. When there is "only a partial closure of

the courtroom, the party seeking the closure need only advance a

'substantial reason' for the closure," as opposed to the "overriding

interest" required for a total closure. Id. This lesser standard applies

to a partial closure because a partial closure " ' "does not raise the same

constitutional concerns as a total closure," ' " given that " ' "an audience

remains to ensure the fairness of the proceedings." ' " Id. at 373 (quoting

Ex parte Judd, 694 So. 2d 1294, 1296 (Ala. 1997), quoting in turn

United States v. Osborne, 68 F.3d 94, 98 (5th Cir. 1995)).

     Not only may the public-trial right yield to competing interests, it

also does not necessarily extend to every aspect of criminal proceedings.

Indeed, the Waller Court noted that the first question it had to answer

in that case was whether "the accused's Sixth Amendment right to a

public trial extend[s] to a suppression hearing," 467 U.S. at 43 -- a

question that would have been unnecessary to the Court's analysis if

                                    16
CR-21-0044

the right to a public trial automatically extends to every aspect of

criminal proceedings.     Thus, in reviewing any alleged public-trial

violation, the threshold inquiry is whether the right to a public trial

extends to the proceeding in question. See United States v. Ivester, 316

F.3d 955, 959 (9th Cir. 2003) ("Though some courts and treatises boldly

declare that the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial applies to the

entire trial, this position has been rejected by recent decisions which

demonstrate that the right to a public trial does not extend to every

moment of trial." (internal citations omitted)); United States v.

Gallman, 57 F.4th 122, 126 (3d Cir. 2023) (noting that the right to a

public trial "likely does not extend" to certain aspects of trial); Smith v.

Titus, 958 F.3d 687, 692-93 (8th Cir. 2020) (noting that it was "an open

question whether a defendant's right to a public trial encompasse[d] the

sort of nonpublic proceeding at issue"); State v. Love, 183 Wash. 2d 598,

605, 354 P.3d 841, 844 (2015) (stating that the first step in reviewing a

public-trial claim is to "ask if the public trial right attaches to the

proceeding at issue"); State v. Smith, 876 N.W.2d 310, 329 (Minn. 2016)

(noting that some "nonpublic proceedings simply may not implicate the

Sixth Amendment right to a public trial, depending on the nature of the

                                    17
CR-21-0044

proceeding"); State v. Reed, 302 Kan. 227, 239, 352 P.3d 530, 540 (2015)

(stating that "this case ultimately turns on whether [the defendant's]

Sixth Amendment right to a public trial attached to the [proceeding in]

question" and holding that it did not; "[n]ot every proceeding is subject

to the Sixth Amendment's demand for openness"); and State v. Parks,

190 Wash. App. 859, 864, 363 P.3d 599, 602 (2015) (" '[N]ot every

interaction between the court, counsel, and defendants will implicate

the right to a public trial or constitute a closure if closed to the public.' "

(quoting State v. Sublett, 176 Wash. 2d 58, 71, 292 P.3d 715, 721

(2012))).

      Once a court has determined that a defendant's right to a public

trial was violated, the violation constitutes a structural error that is not

subject to harmless-error review. Ex parte Easterwood, 980 So. 2d at

374. That is to say, the State cannot overcome a public-trial violation

by demonstrating that the violation had no effect on the outcome of the

trial. See Weaver, 582 U.S. at 299 (noting that, for structural errors,

"the government is not entitled to deprive the defendant of a new trial

by showing that the error was 'harmless beyond a reasonable doubt' "

(quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967))). Thus, "in the

                                      18
CR-21-0044

case of a structural error where there is an objection at trial and the

issue is raised on direct appeal, the defendant generally is entitled to

'automatic reversal' regardless of the error's actual 'effect on the

outcome.' " Weaver, 582 U.S. at 299 (quoting Neder v. United States,

527 U.S. 1, 7 (1999)) (emphasis added)).

     However, "[w]hether an error can be found harmless is … a

different question from whether it can be subjected to plain-error

review."   Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 139 (2009).        See

United States v. Daniels, 91 F.4th 1083, 1095 (11th Cir. 2024) ("Plain

error review is different from harmless error review in several

respects."); and Ex parte Hicks, 378 So. 3d 1137, 1163 (Ala. 2022)

(Mitchell, J., concurring in the result) (noting that there are "important

differences between harmless-error review … and plain-error review").

And, while harmless-error review is not applicable to preserved

structural errors, plain-error review is applicable to unpreserved

structural errors. See Gaston v. State, 265 So. 3d 387 (Ala. Crim. App.

2018) (reviewing an unpreserved public-trial claim for plain error). See

also Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461 (1997) (refusing to decide

whether the error at issue was a structural error because, even if it was,

                                   19
CR-21-0044

the facts did not support a finding of plain error); Savoy v. State, 420

Md. 232, 243, 22 A.3d 845, 852 n.4 (2011) ("The overwhelming majority

of courts that have considered this issue have held … that un-preserved

structural errors are not automatically reversible, but, instead, are

subject to plain error review."); Pulczinski v. State, 972 N.W.2d 347

(Minn. 2022) (holding that plain-error review applied to an unpreserved

public-trial claim and rejecting the defendant's argument that, because

the error was structural, he was entitled to automatic reversal of his

conviction); State v. West, 168 Ohio St. 3d 605, 612, 200 N.E.3d 1048,

1054 (2022) ("[A]ssertions of structural error do not preclude an

appellate court from applying the plain-error standard when the

accused has failed to object."); People v. King, 512 Mich. 1, 10, 999

N.W.2d 670, 676 (2023) ("[U]npreserved constitutional errors, including

structural errors, are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial

rights."); and State v. Bond, 361 P.3d 104, 117 (Utah 2015) ("[W]hen a

defendant raises an unpreserved constitutional claim -- even one

serious enough to constitute structural error -- the claim is subject to

plain error review.").

                                  20
CR-21-0044

     In this case, Henderson did not object to any of the courtroom

closures that occurred during his trial, so we review his public-trial

claim under our plain-error standard. Before addressing Henderson's

claim, though, we first address, as part of our plain-error review, an

issue he has not raised -- namely, whether the absence of any Waller

findings in conjunction with the courtroom closures is in and of itself

plain error that entitles Henderson to relief.

                   1. The Absence of Waller Findings

     The Alabama Supreme Court explained in Ex parte Easterwood,

supra, that "the four-prong test set forth in Waller must be satisfied,"

with the first prong of the test varying based on the type of closure,

before a trial court can close the courtroom to the public. Ex parte

Easterwood, 980 So. 2d at 376. We note, though, that the defendant in

that case had objected to the courtroom closure, and we have not found

an Alabama case that has held that a trial court is required to make

Waller findings in the absence of an objection. We also note that the

Waller Court itself stated that a courtroom closure that is ordered "over

the objections of the accused must meet" the Waller test, 467 U.S. at 47

(emphasis added), which suggests that a trial court's obligation to make

                                    21
CR-21-0044

Waller findings is not triggered unless there is an objection to the

closure.   Other courts have expressly interpreted Waller in that

manner. See United States v. Veneno, 94 F.4th 1196, 1204 (10th Cir.

2024) ("Waller mandates that the district court must [make Waller

findings] when the courtroom is closed 'over the objections of the

accused.' " (quoting Waller, 467 U.S. at 47)); Jones v. State, 883 So. 2d

369, 371 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2004) ("A proper contemporaneous

objection in the trial court is necessary to raise the need for Waller

findings."); State v. Ingraham, 528 P.3d 966, 972 (Idaho 2023) ("The

Waller test only applies if the accused objects to closing the court."); and

State v. Starner, 152 N.C. App. 150, 154, 566 S.E.2d 814, 817 (2002)

(holding that, when a defendant does not object to a courtroom closure,

the trial court is not required to make Waller findings).

     As noted, Henderson did not object to any of the courtroom

closures that occurred during his trial. Thus, we hold that the trial

court was not required to make Waller findings before closing the

courtroom. However, even if the trial court was required to make those

findings pursuant to Ex parte Easterwood, the court's failure to do so

does not in and of itself constitute plain error that entitles Henderson to

                                    22
CR-21-0044

relief.   Rather, this Court must determine whether the courtroom

closures "seriously affect[ed] the fairness or integrity of the judicial

proceedings," Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___ (citations omitted), and, if they

did not, then no plain error occurred, even if the trial court was

required to make Waller findings before closing the courtroom.          See

Starner, 152 N.C. App. at 154, 566 S.E.2d at 817 (holding that a

courtroom closure did not constitute plain error, even though the trial

court had not made Waller findings); and United States v. Negron-

Sostre, 790 F.3d 295, 306 (1st Cir. 2015) (noting, in conducting plain-

error review, that the trial court had not made Waller findings but

reversing only because "the error affected the fairness, integrity or

public reputation of the proceeding as a whole").

      We now turn to Henderson's claim that the trial court violated his

right to a public trial on multiple occasions.

                      2. Pretrial Status Conference

      Henderson argues that the trial court violated his right to a public

trial by closing the courtroom during a pretrial status conference that

occurred on April 9, 2020.       Approximately four weeks earlier, the

Alabama     Supreme    Court    had    suspended    "all   in-person   court

                                      23
CR-21-0044

proceedings" because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Ex parte Brown, 368

So. 3d 951, 953 (Ala. 2022), and the trial court and the parties

conducted the April 9 status conference through Zoom, which "is a

video-conferencing application that can be used in place of in-person

conferences or meetings." Moreno v. State, 367 So. 3d 462, 463 n.1 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2021). It does not appear, though, that the trial court used

Zoom to provide public access to the April 9 status conference, as the

court would later do during the trial, so that status conference was in

fact closed to the public.

      However, even if the right to a public trial extends to pretrial

status conferences, the April 9 status conference involved nothing more

than rescheduling an upcoming hearing and a brief discussion as to

whether the trial would be able to proceed as scheduled that summer;

no legal or evidentiary issues were even cursorily discussed. (R. 151-

59.) Thus, it would be incredible to conclude that the public's exclusion

from a proceeding involving those routine administrative issues

"seriously affected the fairness or integrity of the judicial proceedings."

Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___ (citations omitted). Indeed, Henderson's

appellate counsel conceded during oral argument before this Court that

                                    24
CR-21-0044

"a discussion about scheduling or things of that nature that are clearly

administrative … certainly would not rise to the level of a public-trial

violation" (Oral Argument Recording, 22:30-39), and that is exactly

what occurred at the April 9 status conference. Accordingly, the closed

status conference did not rise to the level of plain error.

                          3. Suppression Hearing

     Henderson argues that the trial court violated his right to a public

trial during a pretrial suppression hearing, at which he argued that the

incriminating statement he made to Inv. Nash should be suppressed.

The United States Supreme Court has held that the right to a public

trial extends to a suppression hearing. Waller, supra.

     The suppression hearing occurred in October 2020. By that time,

the Alabama Supreme Court had "entered an order resuming in-person

hearings," Ex parte Brown, 368 So. 3d at 953, but trial courts were still

contending with COVID-19. Thus, in preparation for the suppression

hearing, the trial court issued an order that states, in relevant part:

          "Based on recent developments related to the COVID-
     19 pandemic and in order to maintain appropriate social
     distancing it is hereby ordered as follows:

          "With regard to the parties, the [suppression] hearing
     shall be attended by the attorneys and their respective

                                     25
CR-21-0044

      client. The State shall be authorized to bring one (1) family
      representative of the victims. The Defendant shall be
      authorized to bring one (1) supporter as well.

           "….

            "The Courtroom will have designated seats for
      attendees to use. Two (2) seats will be reserved for news
      media. Other than the seats reserved herein, any remaining
      seats shall be available on a first come, first serve basis for
      members of the public. Once the designated seating is filled,
      no further attendees will be allowed to enter the courtroom."

(C. 87.)

      As evidenced by the trial court's order, the courtroom was not

closed during the suppression hearing but, instead, was open to the

public on a "first come, first serve basis." Indeed, Henderson does not

allege that the courtroom was closed during that hearing; rather, he

argues that his right to a public trial was violated because, he says,

"public access was severely limited."3 (Henderson's brief, p. 24.)

      It does appear from the trial court's order that the available

seating in the courtroom was more limited during the suppression

hearing than it would have been had the court not been contending with

COVID-19. However, Henderson has not identified anyone who wanted

      3Henderson's  reliance on Ex parte Easterwood, supra, is
misplaced, then, because in that case the trial court excluded the public
from the courtroom.
                                    26
CR-21-0044

to attend the hearing and was unable to do so. Furthermore, limited

seating is a reality in every courtroom, and the fact that seating is

available for the public during a trial, but might not be sufficient to

accommodate all who desire to attend, does not transform the trial into

a closed proceeding. As the United States Court of Appeals for the

Ninth Circuit has explained:

     " 'Obviously, the public trial guarantee is not violated if an
     individual member of the public cannot gain admittance to a
     courtroom because there are no available seats. [The
     guarantee will already have been met, for the 'public' will be
     present in the form of those persons who did gain admission.
     Even the actual presence of the public is not guaranteed.] A
     public trial implies only that the court must be open to those
     who wish to come, sit in the available seats, conduct
     themselves with decorum, and observe the trial process.' "

United States v. Shryock, 342 F.3d 948, 974 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting

Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532, 588-89 (1965) (Harlan, J., concurring)).

See also United States v. Kobli, 172 F.2d 919, 923 (3d Cir. 1949)

(stating that the right to a public trial does not require a trial court to

hold the trial "in a place large enough to accommodate all those who

desire to attend"); Ingraham, 528 P.3d at 972, 973 (holding that there

was no public-trial violation when, as a result of COVID-19, "public

attendance was limited, but the courtroom was not closed"; "[n]othing in

                                    27
CR-21-0044

either the Idaho or federal constitutions requires a definitive number of

seats be made available in a courtroom"); People v. Kocontes, 86 Cal.

App. 5th 787, 877, 302 Cal. Rptr. 3d 664, 741 (2022) ("Kocontes cites to

no authority, and we found none, that holds decreasing the number of

available public seats amounts to a constitutional closure."); and Bunn

v. Lopez, 740 F. App'x 145, 146 (9th Cir. 2018) (not selected for

publication in the Federal Reporter) (noting that "space limitations" are

"a reality in every courtroom" and holding that the fact that some of the

defendant's supporters had been unable to attend the trial as a result of

the limited seating "did not transform the trial into a closed

proceeding").

     "[T]he cases interpreting the right to a public trial … conceive of

an exclusion as an affirmative act specifically barring some or all

members of the public from attending a proceeding." Long v. State, 121

N.E.3d 1085, 1088 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019).      See also United States v.

Smadi, 15 F.3d 153, 154 (10th Cir. 1994) ("The denial of a defendant's

Sixth Amendment right to a public trial requires some affirmative act

by the trial court meant to exclude persons from the courtroom."). That

is not what happened at the suppression hearing that occurred in this

                                   28
CR-21-0044

case. Instead, the suppression hearing was open to the public, and,

although the available seating might have been limited, Henderson has

not identified anyone who wanted to attend the hearing and was unable

to do so. Also, although the trial court's order stated that only one seat

would be reserved for Henderson's supporters, nothing in the court's

order prohibited his supporters from occupying the seats that were

available on a "first come, first serve" basis.    Thus, the suppression

hearing was not closed in any sense of the word, and, as a result,

Henderson's right to a public trial was not violated during that hearing.

See State v. Cross, 771 N.W.2d 879, 882 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009) (holding

that "it cannot be said that the courtroom was 'closed' to any member of

the public" because "no one who wished to attend … was prevented from

entering the courtroom").

                               4. Voir Dire

     Henderson argues that the trial court violated his right to a public

trial by allegedly closing the courtroom during the first day of voir dire.

The United States Supreme Court has held that the right to a public

trial extends to voir dire. Presley v. Georgia, 558 U.S. 209 (2010).

                                    29
CR-21-0044

      On the first day of trial, 130 summonsed citizens appeared for jury

duty. It does not appear that the courtroom was open to the public

during voir dire due to the large venire and to the fact that trial courts

were still contending with COVID-19.           (R. 413-14.)     Thus, to

accommodate the public, the trial court used Zoom to broadcast the trial

to other rooms in the courthouse, where the public could observe the

trial. Henderson does not argue that broadcasting his trial to a remote

viewing location constituted a courtroom closure for purposes of the

Sixth Amendment.        To the contrary, Henderson's appellate counsel

conceded during oral argument before this Court that the Zoom

broadcast was "a proper way to address the social-distancing needs and

the need for public access."     (Oral Argument Recording, 15:44-50.)

Henderson contends, though, that the Zoom broadcast "did not begin

until the second day" of voir dire. (Henderson's brief, p. 21.) Thus,

according to Henderson, there was a total closure of the courtroom on

the first day of voir dire.

      When a defendant alleges a public-trial violation, "the initial

burden of proof is on the defendant to show that the trial [was] closed to

the public. If the defendant fails to carry that burden, the analysis is

                                   30
CR-21-0044

concluded."   Cameron v. State, 490 S.W.3d 57, 69 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014). See also State v. Gomez, 183 Wash. 2d 29, 34, 347 P.3d 876, 879

(2015) ("[T]he appellant … bear[s] the burden of supplying a record that

is sufficient to show that the proceeding in question was actually

closed."). The problem with Henderson's argument, then, is that the

record does not affirmatively indicate that the trial court did not use the

Zoom broadcast on the first day of voir dire, and the allegation of

closure made by Henderson's appellate counsel is not evidence to that

effect. State v. R.C., 195 So. 3d 317, 322 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015). We

also note that the State has not conceded that the trial court did not use

the Zoom broadcast on the first day of voir dire.4

     "A silent record, that is a record that on its face contains no

evidence to support the alleged error, does not establish an obvious

error." Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___ (emphasis added; citations omitted).

     4In its brief, the State argues that "the record lacks any indication

that the trial was completely closed to the public during the first day of
voir dire." (State's brief, p. 21.) Likewise, during oral argument before
this Court, the State argued that, with respect to "whether the
livestream was turned on for the first day of voir dire, there is no
evidence that the court did not do what [it] intended to do" (Oral
Argument Recording, 28:05-12), i.e., use Zoom to broadcast the trial to
other rooms in the courthouse where the public could view the
proceedings.
                                    31
CR-21-0044

Indeed, this Court does not ever ' "presume … facts not shown by th[e]

record and make them a ground for reversal,' " Crow v. State, 195 So. 3d

346, 352 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting Carden v. State, 621 So. 2d

342, 346-47 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992)), and we certainly will not rely on

presumed facts as a basis for finding plain error. Thus, because there is

no evidence indicating that the trial court did not use the Zoom

broadcast on the first day of voir dire, there is no basis for concluding

that Henderson's right to a public trial was violated at that time. See

United States v. Titus, 78 F.4th 595, 601-02 (3d Cir. 2023) (rejecting the

defendant's public-trial claim because the record was ambiguous as to

whether the courtroom had in fact been closed during jury selection).

     We acknowledge Henderson's attempt to circumvent this lack of

evidence by pointing to the facts that the trial court "was extremely

diligent about noting when the [Zoom broadcast] was turned on and off"

and "spent time explaining the [Zoom broadcast] to the jurors."

(Henderson's reply brief, p. 9.) Henderson then goes on to allege that

"none of this began until the second day of voir dire." (Id.) Thus, during

oral argument before this Court, Henderson's appellate counsel argued

that it is "very clear from the context" that the trial court first used the

                                    32
CR-21-0044

Zoom broadcast on the second day of voir dire.          (Oral Argument

Recording, 49:10.)

     We give Henderson credit for a creative argument but not a

persuasive one.      The facts Henderson cites arguably support an

inference that the trial court did not use the Zoom broadcast on the first

day of voir dire, but it is not an unequivocal inference that necessarily

flows from those facts. In other words, those facts do not lead to the

inescapable conclusion that the trial court did not use the Zoom

broadcast on the first day of voir dire. For an appellate court to find

plain error, though, "the facts that comprise the error [must be]

irrefutable," and the reviewing court must not be required to "choose

between competing inferences to find [the error]." State v. Stacey, 302

Or. App. 470, 478, 459 P.3d 261, 266 (2020) (emphasis added; citations

omitted). Stated differently, "[w]hen review is sought under the plain

error doctrine[,] this Court must be able to discern from the record,

without resort to speculation or equivocal inference, what occurred at

trial." Tompkins v. State, 705 P.2d 836, 843 (Wyo. 1985) (emphasis

added; citation omitted). Here, Henderson's allegation that the trial

court did not use the Zoom broadcast on the first day of voir dire does

                                   33
CR-21-0044

not rest upon facts that necessarily and inevitably lead to that

conclusion, and the State has not conceded that the allegation is true.

Thus, there is not a sufficient factual basis upon which to predicate a

finding of plain error with respect to this claim.

                         5. Charging Conferences

     Henderson argues that the trial court violated his right to a public

trial by closing the courtroom during the charging conferences. Before

conducting the guilt-phase charging conference, the trial court

"exclude[d] everybody who is not a lawyer or a party from the

courtroom" and "mute[d] Zoom as well and stop[ped] the video." (R.

1894, 1899.) The trial court repeated that process before conducting the

penalty-phase charging conference.       (R. 2169-70.)   In support of its

decision to exclude the public from those conferences, the trial court

stated that it "always handle[s] [the charging conferences] with just the

parties and the lawyers … so that the lawyers can feel a little more free

in terms of what [they] can cover and speak about." (R. 1887.)

     Henderson has not cited any authority providing that the right to

a public trial extends to a charging conference, and it does not appear

that the United States Supreme Court, the Alabama Supreme Court, or

                                    34
CR-21-0044

this Court has ever expressly held that it does. Thus, this claim raises

a question of first impression under controlling authority. We also note

that this issue has not been uniformly settled among other jurisdictions,

with some courts holding that the right to a public trial does not extend

to charging conferences -- see, e.g., State v. Koss, 181 Wash. 2d 493, 334

P.3d 1042 (2014); and State v. Miller, 179 Wash. App. 91, 316 P.3d 1143

(2014) -- and some holding that it does -- see, e.g., State v. Pulkrabek,

975 N.W.2d 572 (N.D. 2022).

     "In Townes v. State, 253 So. 3d 447 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015),
     this Court addressed the propriety of resolving issues of first
     impression under plain-error review:

           " ' "It is well settled that plain-error review is an
           inappropriate mechanism to decide issues of first
           impression or to effectuate changes in the law."
           Kelley v. State, 246 So. 3d 1032, 1052 (Ala. Crim.
           App. 2014). See also United States v. Olano, 507
           U.S. 725, 734, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508
           (1993) ("[A] court of appeals cannot correct an
           error [under the plain-error doctrine] unless the
           error is clear under current law."); United States
           v. Madden, 733 F.3d 1314, 1322 (11th Cir. 2013)
           ("For a plain error to have occurred, the error
           must be one that is obvious and is clear under
           current law." (citations and quotations omitted));
           United States v. Accardi, 669 F.3d 340, 348 (D.C.
           Cir. 2012) ("[A] question of first impression ...
           would be inappropriate to address under plain
           error review."); United States v. Lejarde-Rada,
           319 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003) ("[T]here

                                    35
CR-21-0044

           can be no plain error where there is no precedent
           from the Supreme Court or this Court directly
           resolving it." (citations omitted)); United States v.
           Magluta, 198 F.3d 1265, 1280 (11th Cir. 1999)
           ("[A] district court's error is not 'plain' or 'obvious'
           if there is no precedent directly resolving an
           issue."), vacated in part on unrelated grounds,
           203 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2000). Whether error
           resulted from the prosecutor's comment "is an
           issue of first impression and thus not properly
           before this Court for plain-error review." Kelley,
           246 So. 3d at 1053 (citing Accardi, 669 F.3d at
           348).' "

Lane v. State, 327 So. 3d 691, 715-16 (Ala. Crim. App. 2020).

     We need not and do not determine at this time whether the right

to a public trial extends to a charging conference. Rather, because we

are reviewing Henderson's public-trial claim for plain error only, it is

sufficient to note that there is no controlling authority that provides a

definitive answer to that question. Thus, it is not "obvious and … clear

under current law" that the closed charging conferences violated

Henderson's right to a public trial, Lane, 327 So. 3d at 715 (citations

omitted), and, as a result, we cannot say that the closed conferences

rose to the level of plain error. See Gallman, 57 F.4th at 129 (holding

that "any error in closing the [trial] to the public did not constitute

reversible plain error because it was not 'clear under current law' that

                                     36
CR-21-0044

the Sixth Amendment public-trial right attached to the closed

proceedings" (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734

(1993))).

      Moreover,   Henderson    argues   that,   because   the   charging

conferences were closed to the public, there was not a safeguard in place

to "ensur[e] that [the] judge and prosecutor carr[ied] out their duties

responsibly" and "to guard against the misconduct of participants."

(Henderson's brief, pp. 23-24.) However, Henderson's counsel did not

raise any objections during the charging conferences or make even so

much as a cursory argument in favor of or against any of the trial

court's proposed instructions (R. 1897-1934, 2170-84), and Henderson

has not alleged on appeal that any government misconduct occurred

during those conferences. In other words, there are no "allegations of

government misconduct that required circulation in the fresh air that

accompanies public observation," Reed, 302 Kan. at 243, 352 P.3d at

542, and our own review of the charging conferences has not revealed

even a hint of government misconduct. We also note that, although the

charging conferences were not open to the public, the trial court's

instructions to the jury were open to the public (R. 1990, 2184), which

                                   37
CR-21-0044

allowed for public scrutiny of the law that controlled the jury's

deliberations.   Thus, even if the right to a public trial extends to

charging conferences, it is difficult to see (and Henderson does not

explain) how the public's exclusion from the charging conferences in

this case "seriously affected the fairness or integrity of the judicial

proceedings." Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___ (citations omitted). For that

reason as well, we cannot say that the closed charging conferences rose

to the level of plain error.

                           6. Bench Conferences

      Henderson argues that the trial court violated his right to a public

trial when it "muted the Zoom feed" during three bench conferences, at

which he made "important arguments regarding [his] right to confront

witnesses against him and right to remain silent." (Henderson's brief,

p. 26.) We note, as we did with respect to the charging conferences, that

it is not clear under controlling authority whether the right to a public

trial extends to bench conferences at which a trial court entertains

objections and makes routine evidentiary rulings.       In fact, multiple

courts have held that a trial court is not required to ensure that such

conferences are open to the public. See Darby v. State, [Ms. CR-20-

                                   38
CR-21-0044

0919, March 24, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2023)

(McCool,     J.,   concurring   specially)   (collecting   cases   from   other

jurisdictions that have held that the right to a public trial does not

extend to bench conferences). See also Gallman, 57 F.4th at 126 ("The

public-trial right likely does not extend to sidebars or bench

conferences."); and Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S.

555, 598 n.23 (1980) (Brennan, J., concurring) ("[W]hen engaging in

interchanges at the bench, the trial judge is not required to allow public

or press intrusion upon the huddle."). Regardless, we need not and do

not make that determination at this time because, even if the right to a

public trial does extend to bench conferences, no plain error occurred in

this case.

     It is true that the trial court muted the Zoom broadcast during

part or all of three bench conferences that occurred during the guilt

phase of trial.     (R. 1590-98, 1623-25, 1868-70.)        However, the Zoom

broadcast was not the only avenue the public had for viewing the trial.

Rather, the record indicates that, in addition to the Zoom broadcast, the

courtroom was open to the public, albeit with what appears to have

been somewhat limited seating due to COVID-19, and that members of

                                      39
CR-21-0044

the public were in fact in the courtroom during the guilt phase of trial.

(R. 1449-50, 1482, 1617, 1894.) Thus, although those members of the

public who were viewing the trial remotely were excluded from the

three bench conferences, the public as a whole was not excluded from

them.     As the Kentucky Supreme Court has explained: "The

requirement [of a public trial] is fairly observed if ... a reasonable

proportion of the public is suffered to attend." 5           St. Clair v.

Commonwealth, 140 S.W.3d 510, 555 (Ky. 2004) (citations omitted). In

addition, the bench conferences were recorded and transcribed into the

record, which provides further public scrutiny of all that occurred

during the conferences.    See State v. Morales, 932 N.W.2d 106, 114

(N.D. 2019) ("Where a bench conference is held in view of … the public

…, despite their inability to hear what is said, the public trial right is

satisfied by prompt availability of a record of those proceedings.").

Therefore, even if the trial court erred by muting the Zoom broadcast

during the three bench conferences, this Court cannot say that the error

     5Even   if no members of the public were actually present in the
courtroom during the bench conferences, that fact would not give rise to
a public-trial violation. The right to a public trial "implies only that the
court must be open" to the public; "the actual presence of the public is
not guaranteed." Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532, 589 (1965) (Harlan, J.,
concurring).
                                    40
CR-21-0044

was "particularly egregious" or that it "seriously affect[ed] the fairness

or integrity of the judicial proceedings." Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___

(citations omitted). Accordingly, no plain error occurred.

             7. Public Access to Prospective Jurors' Identities

     Henderson argues that the trial court violated his right to a public

trial when it "limited the public's access to information about the

identity of the [prospective] jurors."       (Henderson's brief, p. 26.)

Specifically, during voir dire, the trial court ensured that the Zoom

broadcast was not "showing the faces of the [prospective] jurors," and

the court identified the prospective jurors by number, rather than by

name. (Id.) The trial court explained to the prospective jurors that it

would not show their faces on the Zoom broadcast "to protect [their]

confidentiality" and that it would identify them by number, rather than

by name, so that voir dire would be more organized. (R. 690.)

     In support of his argument, Henderson cites Press-Enterprise Co.

v. Superior Ct. of California, 464 U.S. 501 (1984). In that case, the trial

court closed voir dire to the public because it was concerned that, if the

proceedings were not closed, the prospective jurors might lack the

candor to reveal potentially sensitive information about themselves.

                                    41
CR-21-0044

The United States Supreme Court acknowledged that there might

circumstances in which there are "legitimate reasons" for ensuring that

prospective jurors' "deeply personal matters" are "ke[pt] out of the

public domain." Id. at 511. The Court held, though, that a trial court

cannot "constitutionally close" voir dire in the interests of juror privacy

without first satisfying what would later come to be known as the

Waller test. Press-Enterprise, 464 U.S. at 511.

     Press-Enterprise    does   not    support    Henderson's   argument.

Although that case clearly provides that voir dire must be open to the

public, absent competing interests that justify closure, nothing in the

Court's opinion provides that the public must be given access to the

prospective jurors' identities while observing voir dire. See Morgan v.

Dickerson, 253 Ariz. 207, 210, 511 P.3d 202, 205 (2022) ("[T]he [United

States] Supreme Court has not addressed whether … public access to

voir dire examinations extends to learning jurors' names."); Perez v.

People, 302 P.3d 222, 226 n.7 (Colo. 2013) ("[T]here is nothing in Press-

Enterprise to suggest that a defendant has a constitutional right to

have prospective jurors' names read into the record."); United States v.

Black, 483 F. Supp. 2d 618, 624 (N.D. Ill. 2007) (noting that Press-

                                      42
CR-21-0044

Enterprise guarantees public access to voir dire but stating that

"whether [there is] a constitutional right to learn the jurors' names" is a

"distinct issue"); State ex rel. Beacon J. Publ'g Co. v. Bond, 98 Ohio St.

3d 146, 155-56, 781 N.E.2d 180, 191-92 (2002) (noting that the United

States Supreme Court has not yet addressed whether the public's "right

of access extends to the list of juror names"); and State v. Johnson, 203

N.E.3d 78, 98 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022) (distinguishing Press-Enterprise in

holding that there was no plain error in the trial court's "use of juror

numbers in place of juror names").

     In this case, for all that appears in the record, the public was able

to observe voir dire through the Zoom broadcast.6 The only aspect of

those proceedings that was hidden from the public was the prospective

jurors' identities, but Henderson has not cited any authority providing

that it constituted error, much less plain error, for the trial court to

conduct voir dire in that manner. We also note that the venire list,

which includes the prospective jurors' full names, addresses, birth

dates, races, and genders, is a court exhibit that is available to the

     6Henderson continues to allege that the trial court did not use the

Zoom broadcast on the first day of voir dire, but, as we have already
explained, nothing in the record unequivocally supports that allegation.
                                     43
CR-21-0044

public. See State v. Martin, 4 So. 3d 1196, 1202 (Ala. Crim. App. 2008)

("The Alabama Supreme Court [has] noted that exhibits that are

admitted at trial are within the 'public domain' and are subject to

inspection."). Cf. Press-Enterprise, 464 U.S. at 512 (noting that "the

constitutional values sought to be protected by holding open

proceedings may be satisfied later by making a transcript of the closed

proceedings available within a reasonable time"). Thus, we cannot say

that the trial court committed plain error by concealing the prospective

jurors' identities during voir dire proceedings that were open to the

public.

                                  II.

     Henderson raises two claims stemming from his conviction for

capital murder under § 13A-5-40(a)(19).     We address each of those

claims in turn.

                                   1.

     Henderson first argues that the State's evidence was not sufficient

to sustain a conviction under § 13A-5-40(a)(19), which provides, in

relevant part, that a person commits capital murder if he commits

murder "where a court had issued a protective order for the victim,

                                  44
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against the defendant, pursuant to Section 30-5-1 et seq., [Ala. Code

1975]."   Thus, according to Henderson, the trial court should have

granted his motion for a judgment of acquittal on the charge alleging

that he violated § 13A-5-40(a)(19).

     It is undisputed that, approximately one week before Kristen's

death, the Madison Circuit Court issued a temporary ex parte

protection order against Henderson and in favor of Kristen, and that

order commanded Henderson to "stay away from" Kristen and her

residence. Henderson argues, though, that the State's evidence was not

sufficient to prove that the protection order was still in effect at the

time of Kristen's death. The State argues in response that it was not

required to prove that the protection order was still in effect at that

time. Instead, the State argues, the plain language of § 13A-5-40(a)(19)

requires only that "a court had issued a protective order for the victim,"

and whether that order was still in effect at the time of the victim's

death is, according to the State, irrelevant. Alternatively, the State

argues that, even if its interpretation of § 13A-5-40(a)(19) is wrong, its

evidence was sufficient to prove that the protection order was still in

effect at the time of Kristen's death.

                                      45
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     This Court has never addressed whether a conviction under § 13A-

5-40(a)(19) requires the State to prove that a previously issued

protection order was still in effect at the time of the victim's death. We

agree, though, with Henderson's interpretation of the statute. " 'As we

have so often said, statutes must be given a reasonable interpretation,

not one that is illogical, incompatible with common sense, or that would

reach an absurd result that could not possibly have been intended by

the Legislature.' " Berry v. State, 299 So. 3d 336, 346 (Ala. Crim. App.

2020) (quoting P.J.B. v. State, 999 So. 2d 581, 587 (Ala. Crim. App.

2008)). To accept the State's interpretation of § 13A-5-40(a)(19) could,

without question, lead to illogical and absurd results that defy common

sense -- for example, a person convicted of violating the statute even

though the protection order supporting the conviction had expired

decades earlier. The Alabama Legislature could not have intended, and

indeed did not intend, such an illogical and absurd result.       To the

contrary, the legislature expressly stated that its purpose in enacting §

13A-5-40(a)(19) was "to make it a capital offense for a defendant to

murder a person in violation of a protection order issued on behalf of

the victim against the defendant," which is to say that the order must

                                   46
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be in effect at the time of the victim's death. Act. No. 2014-432, Ala.

Acts 2014 (emphasis added). Furthermore, the State's interpretation of

§ 13A-5-40(a)(19) flies in the face of two well-settled legal principles: (1)

that criminal statutes must be narrowly interpreted in favor of the

accused, Ex parte Curran, 372 So. 3d 579, 583 (Ala. Crim. App. 2022),

and (2) that capital-murder statutes must serve to narrow, not broaden,

the class of persons eligible for the death penalty, Ex parte Gentry, 689

So. 2d 916, 917 (Ala. 1996).

     We thus hold that a conviction for capital murder under § 13A-5-

40(a)(19) requires proof that a court had issued a protection order

against the defendant and in favor of the victim and that the order was

in effect at the time of the victim's death.           Having made that

determination, we must next determine whether the State's evidence

was sufficient to prove that element of the offense. In reviewing the

sufficiency of the State's evidence, this Court

     " ' "must accept as true all evidence introduced by the State,
     accord the State all legitimate inferences therefrom, and
     consider all evidence in a light most favorable to the
     prosecution." ' Ballenger v. State, 720 So. 2d 1033, 1034
     (Ala. Crim. App. 1998) (quoting Faircloth v. State, 471 So. 2d
     485, 488 (Ala. Crim. App. 1984), aff'd, 471 So. 2d 493 (Ala.
     1985)). ' "The test used in determining the sufficiency of
     evidence to sustain a conviction is whether, viewing the

                                     47
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     evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a
     rational finder of fact could have found the defendant guilty
     beyond a reasonable doubt." ' Nunn v. State, 697 So. 2d 497,
     498 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997) (quoting O'Neal v. State, 602 So.
     2d 462, 464 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992)). ' "When there is legal
     evidence from which the jury could, by fair inference, find
     the defendant guilty, the trial court should submit [the case]
     to the jury, and, in such a case, this court will not disturb the
     trial court's decision." ' Farrior v. State, 728 So. 2d 691, 696
     (Ala. Crim. App. 1998) (quoting Ward v. State, 557 So. 2d
     848, 850 (Ala. Crim. App. 1990)). 'The role of appellate
     courts is not to say what the facts are. Our role ... is to judge
     whether the evidence is legally sufficient to allow submission
     of an issue for decision [by] the jury.' Ex parte Bankston,
     358 So. 2d 1040, 1042 (Ala. 1978)."

Wilson v. State, 142 So. 3d 732, 809 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010).

     Section 30-5-6(b), Ala. Code 1975, provides that "[a]ny granted

temporary ex parte protection order shall be effective until the final

hearing date," which must occur "within 10 days of the perfection of

service" on the defendant. § 30-5-6(a), Ala. Code 1975. In this case, the

State's evidence indicated that, on July 29, 2015 -- six days before

Kristen was murdered -- the Madison Circuit Court issued a temporary

ex parte protection order against Henderson and in favor of Kristen and

that the order was served on Henderson the next day. The protection

order also contains a handwritten note that states: "This case is

consolidated w/ DR-15-900602 [(Henderson and Kristen's divorce

                                    48
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proceedings)], which is set for trial … on August 3, 2015." (C. 741.)

That trial date was, of course, one day before Kristen's death on August

4, 2015.

     Relying on the handwritten note, Henderson argues that the final

hearing on the temporary protection order occurred on August 3, 2015 --

the day before Kristen was murdered -- and that, "as such, the ex parte

order expired on that date." (Henderson's brief, p. 38.) Henderson's

appellate counsel also noted during oral argument before this Court

that the record contains an August 3, 2015, text message in which

Henderson stated: "I won my first case today against my ex." (C. 316.)

However, both the handwritten note and the text message are

ambiguous; neither provides clear evidence that the final hearing on the

temporary protection order actually occurred on August 3, 2015.

Indeed, Henderson's text message could have been a reference to some

other aspect of the divorce proceedings, which, according to the

handwritten note, were scheduled for trial on that date. Furthermore,

even if the final hearing did occur on that date, the circuit court had the

option of converting the temporary protection order to a final protection

order that could have remained in effect indefinitely. See § 30-5-7(d)(2),

                                    49
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Ala. Code 1975.    Thus, although the handwritten note and the text

message certainly provided a basis for Henderson to argue to the jury

that the temporary protection order was not in effect at the time of

Kristen's death, they did not render the State's evidence insufficient on

that issue.   Stated differently, the handwritten note and the text

message may impact the weight of the evidence concerning the

temporary protection order, but not the sufficiency of that evidence. See

Williams v. State, 10 So. 3d 1083, 1087 (Ala. Crim. App. 2008) (noting

that any apparent " 'inconsistencies and contradictions in the State's

evidence … [go] to the weight of the evidence and [create a question] of

fact to be resolved by the jury' " (quoting Rowell v. State, 647 So. 2d 67,

69-70 (Ala. Crim. App. 1994))).

     The evidence in this case indicated that the temporary protection

order was issued and served on Henderson less than 10 days before

Kristen's death. Thus, considered in a light most favorable to the State,

the evidence was sufficient to prove that the protection order was still

in effect at the time of Kristen's death. Accordingly, the trial court did

not err by denying Henderson's motion for a judgment of acquittal on

the charge alleging that he violated § 13A-5-40(a)(19).

                                    50
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                                    2.

     Henderson also argues that, without proper proof that he had

been served with the protection order, he could not be convicted of

violating § 13A-5-40(a)(19). Henderson conceded during oral argument

before this Court that the State presented evidence indicating that he

had been served with the protection order, but he challenges the

admissibility of that evidence.     Henderson did not raise this claim

below, so we review it for plain error only.

     To prove that Henderson had been served with the protection

order, the State presented a copy of the return of service, which

contains a handwritten statement from Deputy Brad Beasley of the

Madison County Sheriff's Office, who wrote on the return that he served

Henderson with the order on July 30, 2015. (C. 742.) However, Deputy

Beasley did not testify at trial, and Henderson argues that the

admission of the return of service therefore violated the Confrontation

Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, according to Henderson, the

only evidence indicating that he had been served with the protection

order was inadmissible. We disagree.

                                    51
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     "Only testimonial hearsay implicates the Confrontation Clause."

Brown v. Epps, 686 F.3d 281, 286 (5th Cir. 2012) (emphasis added). See

also Keaton v. State, 375 So. 3d 44, 115 (Ala. Crim. App. 2021) (noting

that the admission of " 'nontestimonial evidence' " does "not violate the

defendant's right to confrontation" (quoting Craft v. State, 90 So. 3d

197, 216 (Ala. Crim. App. 2011))); and United States v. Watson, 525

F.3d 583, 588-89 (7th Cir. 2008) ("The Confrontation Clause does not …

apply to statements that are not testimonial in nature."). Whether the

hearsay statements contained within a document are testimonial in

nature hinges on whether the document was "created solely for an

'evidentiary purpose,' " Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. 647, 664

(2011) (quoting Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 311

(2009)), i.e., whether its "primary purpose" was to serve as "an out-of-

court substitute for trial testimony," Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344,

358 (2011)), designed "to establish or prove some fact at trial." United

States v. Yeley-Davis, 632 F.3d 673, 680 (10th Cir. 2011). Thus, as a

general rule, "business records are not testimonial for Confrontation

Clause purposes" because such records are usually " 'created for the

administration of an entity's affairs and not for the purpose of

                                   52
CR-21-0044

establishing or proving some fact at trial.' " Craft v. State, 90 So. 3d

197, 215-16 (Ala. Crim. App. 2011) (quoting Melendez-Diaz v.

Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 324 (2009)). See Perkins v. State, 897 So.

2d 457, 464 (Ala. Crim. App. 2011) (noting that business records "bear

the earmark of reliability or probability of trustworthiness," which

"satisfies the core value of the Confrontation Clause").

     In this case, the return of service for the protection order was not

created for use as evidence in Henderson's trial; indeed, service was

perfected and documented before Kristen's murder had even occurred.

Rather, the return of service was merely an administrative or

ministerial act that served to ensure that Henderson had received the

notice to which he was statutorily entitled and had thereby been

advised of the conduct prohibited by the protection order. See § 30-5-6;

and Ex parte C.C., [Ms. CL-2023-0368, May 31, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___

(Ala. Civ. App. 2023). In other words, the return of service was simply a

record of the Madison Circuit Court that was created and kept in the

ordinary course of administering protection orders, i.e., a business

record.   That conclusion is corroborated by the testimony of Deputy

Joseph Rice of the Madison County Sheriff's Office, who testified that

                                    53
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the sheriff's deputies routinely serve protection orders and record

service of those orders as part of their official duties.   (R. 1752-53.)

Thus, because the return of service was not created for use as evidence

in Henderson's trial, it was not testimonial in nature and therefore was

not subject to the Confrontation Clause. Accordingly, the trial court did

not err, and certainly did not commit plain error, by admitting the

return of service into evidence without the testimony of the sheriff's

deputy who served the protection order. See Keaton, 375 So. 3d at 115

(holding that court records that had been created before the defendant

committed her crimes were not testimonial in nature because they

"were prepared in the ordinary course of business for the purpose of

administering the affairs of law enforcement …, not for the purpose of

proving some fact at [the defendant's] trial").

     Of course, the return of service for the protection order was

ultimately used as evidence in Henderson's trial, but that fact does not

mean the document was testimonial evidence that was subject to the

Confrontation Clause. As the Colorado Supreme Court explained when

addressing the same issue:

           "Here, the 'statement' at issue is the return of service
     for the protection order. The return of service includes a

                                    54
CR-21-0044

    signed affidavit by the person who completed service, as well
    as the time and date of service. This document was offered
    into evidence at Garcia's trial to prove that he had received
    notice of the protection order and had therefore violated it by
    remaining in the apartment. It was admitted even though
    the individual who served the order didn't testify; meaning,
    Garcia could not cross-examine him about the order served
    or the service itself.

          "On appeal, the district court concluded that the return
    of service was testimonial because proof of service is a
    necessary element of the crime of violation of a protection
    order. It reasoned that the return of service document 'is
    testimonial hearsay because it was generated in anticipation
    of criminal prosecution to provide proof necessary for
    conviction of the alleged criminal behavior to which it avers.'

         "But we must consider what the primary purpose of a
    return of service document is at the time it is made, not
    when it is used at trial.

        "According to statute, once a court has issued a
    temporary protection order,

         "[a] copy of the complaint, a copy of the
         temporary civil protection order, and a copy of the
         citation must be served upon the respondent ....
         The citation must inform the respondent that, if
         the respondent fails to appear in court in
         accordance with the terms of the citation, a bench
         warrant may be issued for the arrest of the
         respondent, and the temporary protection order
         previously entered by the court made permanent
         without further notice or service upon the
         respondent.

    "§ 13-14-104.5(9), C.R.S. (2020). Thus, service of these
    documents provides notice to the respondent of the upcoming

                                  55
CR-21-0044

     hearing and confers jurisdiction over the respondent to the
     court.

           "Moreover, when the return of service is completed, no
     crime related to the order served has yet occurred. See
     People v. Espinoza, 195 P.3d 1122, 1126-27 (Colo. App. 2008)
     ('The documents were not created in response to an
     interrogation or a request from the prosecution regarding
     criminal conduct but were created before defendant engaged
     in the conduct for which he was charged.'). Nor is there any
     objective expectation that a crime -- violation of the
     protection order -- necessarily will occur. The primary
     purpose of the return of service is, therefore, administrative
     and not prosecutorial.

          "The fact that it may subsequently be used to prove an
     element of the crime of violation of a protective order does
     not transform the return of service into a testimonial
     statement. See id.; Logan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App.
     309, 845 S.E.2d 228, 234 (2020) ('[A] record of service of
     process [is not] "evidence against" anyone as the framers
     understood the Confrontation Clause's mandate. Simply
     because the return of service might be relevant in a future
     prosecution does not make it testimonial.')."

People v. Garcia, 479 P.3d 905, 908-09 (Colo. 2021) (emphasis added;

some internal citations omitted).    Other states are in accord.      See

Gaines v. State, 999 N.E.2d 999, 1004-05 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) ("The

primary purpose of the return of service is administrative -- ensuring

that the defendant received notice of the protective order. Although the

return of service may be used later in a criminal prosecution, the return

of service was not created solely for use in a pending or future criminal

                                    56
CR-21-0044

prosecution. As such, we conclude that the return of service was not

testimonial, and its admission did not violate [the defendant's] rights

under the Confrontation Clause." (internal citation omitted)); Logan v.

Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 309, 322-23, 845 S.E.2d 228, 234-35 (2020)

("[T]he return of service was created and filed with the court to serve

purely administrative and statutory purposes, and would have been

created regardless of whether Logan ever subsequently violated the

order or made material misrepresentations about its existence on

unrelated forms. … Although the return of service certainly could be

relevant in a later criminal prosecution …, the fact remains that the

primary purpose of the return of service at the time of its creation was

not in contemplation of future prosecution, but rather an administrative

and purely ministerial duty imposed by a civil statute."); State v.

Copeland, 353 Or. 816, 848, 306 P.3d 610, 628 (2013) ("[T]he [United

States Supreme] Court has not held, nor otherwise indicated, that a

document primarily created for an administrative purpose could be

rendered testimonial merely by the possibility that it might be used in a

later criminal prosecution."); State v. Shivers, 230 Ariz. 91, 95, 280 P.3d

635, 639 (2012) ("Although the possibility existed the [return of service]

                                    57
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could be used in a later prosecution if Shivers violated the [protection

order], the [return] remains non-testimonial because its purpose at the

time of creation was not prosecutorial."); and Commonwealth v.

Shangkuan, 78 Mass. App. Ct. 827, 834, 943 N.E.2d 466, 472-73 (2011)

("It is true that a return of service might be used in a later criminal

prosecution to furnish proof that the defendant was on notice of the

abuse prevention order entered against him. … [H]owever, a return of

service is not created solely for use in a pending criminal prosecution.

For this reason, it is not testimonial for purposes of the confrontation

clause." (footnotes and internal citation omitted)).

     We agree with the Colorado Supreme Court and those like-minded

courts we have cited. The fact that a return of service for a protection

order might be used in a future prosecution, or even is used in a future

prosecution, does not mean that the document is testimonial evidence

that is subject to the Confrontation Clause. Rather, with respect to

documents, the dispositive factor for purposes of the Confrontation

Clause is the primary purpose for which the document was created,

Bryant, 562 U.S. at 358, and, as we have already explained, a return of

service for a protection order is nothing more than an administrative or

                                    58
CR-21-0044

ministerial act that, at the time it is created, merely serves to ensure

that the defendant was made aware of the prohibited conduct and

received the due process to which he was entitled.      The defendant's

decision to later violate the protection order does not unilaterally

transform the return of service into testimonial evidence that is subject

to the Confrontation Clause.

                                   III.

     Henderson argues that the trial court erred by admitting the

videos recorded by the two surveillance cameras that Keith had

installed on the Smallwood house a few days before Kristen was

murdered. We begin our analysis of this claim by explaining why we

have reviewed it for plain error only.

     Before trial, Henderson filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude

the surveillance-camera videos from evidence, arguing that the State

could not authenticate the videos under the test established in Voudrie

v. State, 387 So. 2d 248 (Ala. Crim. App. 1980). In October 2020, the

trial court held an evidentiary hearing at which the State attempted to

authenticate the videos through the testimony of Keith; his wife,

Brittany Smallwood ("Brittany"); and Inv. Jason McMinn of the

                                    59
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Madison County Sheriff's Office. Following that hearing, the trial court

denied Henderson's motion, but the court made clear that it was "not

relieving [the State] of [its] obligation to lay the necessary foundation at

trial" and that the hearing had essentially served to "giv[e] everybody a

peek as to what we are anticipating potentially seeing at trial." (R. 291-

92.)

       Henderson's trial began in June 2021, approximately eight

months after the hearing on his motion in limine. Before the parties

gave their opening statements, the following colloquy occurred:

            "THE COURT: … Anything we need to take up from
       the State?

             "[THE STATE]: Judge, if I could just -- for clarification
       and for logistics of calling witnesses, we had the pretrial
       hearings specifically on the surveillance videos, the Voudrie
       hearing, and you denied [Henderson's] motion in limine and
       indicated that the Voudrie standard had been met, so we
       plan on not calling all the foundation witnesses we called in
       the pretrial hearing because that's part of the record
       already. We would just be using Keith Smallwood to identify
       and play those, but we didn't want to get into a situation an
       hour and a half from now where we are in disagreement as
       to the court's -- our understanding of the court's order in that
       matter.

            "THE COURT: Anything from the defense on that?

            "[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Was that, in fact, your order,
       Judge? I can't even remember all the orders we've gotten.

                                     60
CR-21-0044

         "THE COURT: I would have to go back. I don't have
    my binder in here. … I'll pull up and look exactly at what
    my order provided.

         "….

          "THE COURT: I found it. My order entered on
    November 13, 2020, Paragraph Number 2: 'The motion in
    limine filed by [Henderson] with regards to the surveillance
    video clips recorded … at the location of the offense is hereby
    denied.     The State presented witnesses and exhibits
    sufficient to meet the admissibility threshold set out within
    the applicable caselaw.' But I do have a recollection that it
    wasn't just a blanket admission. Quite frankly, as I sit here
    and I think about -- was it Inv. McMinn who testified?

          "[THE STATE]: Judge, there were actually several. We
    had Keith testify about installing the system; we had
    Brittany Smallwood testify about how the alert system
    works in the emails and how she set up that side it; and then
    we had Inv. McMinn testify about the technological side of it.
    We're still going to have some minimal testimony for the
    jury to understand how the system works, but as far as
    laying the foundation, it kind of changes the order that we
    have to call witnesses and do things. For today's purposes,
    we were going to have Keith Smallwood testify about
    numerous things, one of which was the installation of the
    system and his recognition of those video clips, having seen
    them before, and they haven't been altered or amended.

          "THE COURT: I think Inv. McMinn is still going to
    have to testify as to that particular system and the
    reliability of it, period.

         "[THE STATE]: Yes, sir, understood."

                                  61
CR-21-0044

(R. 1443-46.) At trial, the State once again attempted to authenticate

the surveillance-camera videos through the testimony of Keith,

Brittany, and Inv. McMinn.        Following their testimony, the State

proffered the videos for admission, and Henderson's counsel stated:

"There is no objection to that." (R. 1572.)

     Generally, " ' "an adverse ruling on a motion in limine does not

preserve the issue for appellate review unless an objection is made at

the time the evidence is introduced." ' " Lane, 327 So. 3d at 713 (quoting

Saunders v. State, 10 So. 3d 53, 87 (Ala. Crim. App. 2007), quoting in

turn Moody v. State, 888 So. 2d 532, 582 (Ala. Crim. App. 2003)). An

exception to this general rule exists, however, when " ' "the trial court's

ruling on the motion in limine is absolute or unconditional." ' " Lane,

327 So. 3d at 713 (quoting Saunders v. State, 10 So. 3d 53, 87 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2007), quoting in turn Perry v. Brakefield, 534 So. 2d 602,

606 (Ala. 1988)).

     In this case, Henderson received an adverse ruling on his motion

in limine regarding the surveillance-camera videos, but the trial court's

ruling was not absolute or unconditional. To the contrary, the trial

court clearly stated at the hearing on that motion that it was "not

                                    62
CR-21-0044

relieving [the State] of [its] obligation to lay the necessary foundation at

trial."   Then, shortly before the opening statements, the trial court

reminded the parties that it had not provided a "blanket admission" of

the videos at the pretrial hearing that had occurred eight months

earlier and that the State would be required to authenticate the videos

before they would be admitted at trial. Thus, Henderson could preserve

this issue for appellate review only by objecting to the videos when the

State proffered them for admission at trial, which he failed to do.

Accordingly, because Henderson did not properly preserve this claim for

appellate review, we review it for plain error only. See Lane, 327 So. 3d

at 713 (holding that the trial court's ruling on a pretrial motion in

limine did not preserve the issue for appellate review because the court

had informed the parties that the State would be required to "lay the

proper predicate" at trial, and the defendant did not object when the

evidence was proffered for admission).

      There are two avenues by which a video can be authenticated for

admission into evidence: the pictorial-communication theory and the

silent-witness theory. Ex parte Fuller, 620 So. 2d 675, 678 (Ala. 1993).

"Under the pictorial-communication theory, a video recording may be

                                    63
CR-21-0044

authenticated by a person who has ' "sufficient personal knowledge of

the scene or events pictured" ' and testifies that the recording

' "accurately and reliably represents the actual scene or sounds." ' " J.S.

v. State, 376 So. 3d 566, 577 (Ala. Crim. App. 2022) (quoting McCray v.

State, 88 So. 3d 1, 62 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010), quoting in turn Ex parte

Fuller, 620 So. 2d at 678). In other words, the pictorial-communication

theory requires testimony from " 'a qualified and competent witness

[who] can testify that the … recording … accurately and reliably

represents what the witness sensed at the time in question.' " Harrison

v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0423, Aug. 18, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Crim.

App. 2023) (quoting Ex parte Fuller, 620 So. 2d at 678). Without such a

witness, the proponent of the video must proceed under the silent-

witness theory, which requires the proponent to satisfy the Voudrie test

as a means of demonstrating that " 'the process or mechanism by which

the [video] [was] made ensures reliability and trustworthiness.' "

Harrison, ___ So. 3d at ___ (quoting Ex parte Fuller, 620 So. 2d at 678).

     "Rewritten to have more general application, the Voudrie
     standard requires:

           " '(1) a showing that the device or process or
           mechanism that produced the item being offered
           as evidence was capable of recording what a

                                    64
CR-21-0044

           witness would have seen or heard had a witness
           been present at the scene or event recorded,

           " '(2) a showing that the operator of the device or
           process or mechanism was competent,

           " '(3) establishment of the authenticity and
           correctness     of  the     resulting recording,
           photograph, videotape, etc.,

           " '(4) a showing that no changes, additions, or
           deletions have been made,

           " '(5) a showing of the manner in which the
           recording, photograph, videotape, etc., was
           preserved,

           " '(6) identification of the speakers, or persons
           pictured, and

           " '(7) for criminal cases only, a showing that any
           statement made in the recording, tape, etc., was
           voluntarily made without any kind of coercion or
           improper inducement.' "

Harrison, ___ So. 3d at ___ (quoting Ex parte Fuller, 620 So. 2d at 678).

     In this case, the State attempted to authenticate the surveillance-

camera videos under the silent-witness theory through the testimony of

Keith, Brittany, and Inv. McMinn.7 Keith testified that, on July 30,

     7We  note that, because Carlson appears on the relevant videos,
she likely could have authenticated the surveillance-camera videos
under the pictorial-communication theory. See Harrison, ___ So. 3d at
___ (noting that "the pictorial-communication theory applies when a
                                   65
CR-21-0044

2015, he purchased an Arlo brand security system, which included two

surveillance cameras, and that the security system "c[a]me with an

instruction booklet, so [he] followed that, how to set it up, how to install

it -- or attach it to the home as well as connect it so it would be a live

system."    (R. 1512.)    Keith also testified that the cameras were

"connect[ed] … to an Internet line, … and the … video … is transferred

to the cloud; it's a cloud-based system." (R. 1509.) According to Inv.

McMinn, "cloud-based systems … are not recording to a hard drive; they

are recording to a remote server, or the cloud, where it is collected

wirelessly."    (R. 1531.)     The security cameras did not record

continuously but, instead, were triggered by motion, and Keith testified

that "notifications could be set up via email" so that he and other

occupants of the Smallwood house would be alerted when one of the

cameras began recording.      (R. 1509.)   Although Keith installed the

cameras, it was Brittany who "set up the email notifications, the

electronic side of it, the cloud side of things, made sure all of that was

witness who observed what is depicted on the video is available to
testify at trial and can testify that the video accurately reflects what the
witness observed"). However, the State chose to proceed under the
silent-witness theory, so we analyze this claim under that standard.
                                    66
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done correctly." (R. 1517.) Regarding the functioning of the cameras,

Keith testified as follows:

           "Q. So … were you able to determine if this system
     appeared to be working as you would expect it to, according
     to the instructions?

           "A. We did. We did check and made sure that it was
     showing myself, for example, on the camera as a test. Then
     also, it did pick up motion. If a vehicle drove past the home,
     it would pick that up as well.             We were receiving
     notifications for all those types of things.

           "….

          "Q. Did it appear to be doing what it was supposed to
     be doing?

           "A. Yes, ma'am, it did.

          "Q. Did you ever have any reason to believe, between, I
     guess, July 31 and August 4, that it had stopped working?

          "A. No, not at all. It was working fine. Notifications
     were being received each day.

            "Q. Do you know who all had access to the setup side of
     it, like who could grant user access, who could delete, things
     like that? Do you know who that would be?

           "A. My wife Brittany.

         "Q. Is Brittany the only person that had access to
     download and delete videos and things like that?

           "A. Yes. To my knowledge, that is correct.

                                     67
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           "Q. Did you ever have anything to do with that, using
     Brittany's password or anything like that? Did you ever
     delete or add anything?

           "A. I did not.

           "….

            "Q. To your knowledge, were some of those cloud-based
     videos still available … to download from the cloud [after the
     fire]?

          "A. They were available. They were able to be seen as
     they normally would any other time.

          "Q. Specifically around the surrounding timeframe of
     these events, did you have occasion to view the video clips
     that were captured by the system?

           "A. I did, yes, ma'am.

           "Q. Do you know who all assisted law enforcement in
     getting those clips downloaded?

          "A. … As far as getting and retrieving the actual video
     surveillance, my wife is the only one that I know of that
     actually had hands-on assistance with that."

(R. 1517-20.) Keith also testified that he had had an opportunity to

review the surveillance-camera videos before trial and that he had not

seen "any additions, deletions, [or] alterations to any video from what

[he] had originally seen back when it happened." (R. 1572.)

                                    68
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     Brittany testified as follows regarding her role in providing law

enforcement with the videos stored in "the cloud":

          "Q. Subsequent to the events, or immediately following
     the event of August 4, 2015, … did you assist law
     enforcement in accessing the surveillance videos … via the
     email system and the alerts?

           "A. Yes.

          "Q. Tell us how you did that. Tell us what your part in
     that was.

          "A. On-site, I pulled up my phone to show them the
     emails that were received so that they could see the videos.

           "….

           "Q. Upon review of those emails, did you also review
     the actual surveillance videos that are related to those
     notifications ?

           "A. Yes.

           "Q. To your understanding, is there an email for each
     video clip?

           "A. Yes.

           "….

          "Q. Is there a time stamp on the emails as far as when
     they are received …?

           "A. Yes.

                                   69
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           "Q. Have you had a chance, in the past, to review the
     email date/time stamp and the video date/time stamps in
     this case?

           "A. Yes.

           "Q. Are they consistent within about a minute?

           "A. Yes.

          "Q. So a video comes in, the alert goes out, the email is
     about a minute behind?

           "A. Yes.

          "Q. You have the administrative access, right?       You
     helped set this up?

           "A. Yes.

          "Q. Have you ever altered, amended, or tampered with
     any of the videos on this system, ever?

           "A. I have not.

           "Q. Specifically as to the dozen or so videos we're
     talking about here today, did you ever delete, access, add, do
     anything other than just simply print the emails and help
     law enforcement … mak[e] sure they got downloaded?

           "A. I did not."

(R. 1565-68.)

                                  70
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     Inv. McMinn testified that he was "very familiar" with Arlo

security systems (R. 1532), and he testified as to how those systems

function:

          "Q. With regards to the Arlo System and some of the
     other wireless systems, talk to us about how those systems
     work in detecting when to take video, how they upload and
     things like that, how that works.

            "A. Most of the cameras of that type … are motion-
     activated; they are not continuously on. If they were, the
     battery wouldn't last a day. But they are tripped by infrared
     signal which trips the motion activation, and you will get
     from when motion is activated on the camera to whenever
     they set for the duration of the clip to last, which you can set
     it for different cameras, different durations, or you can set it
     for different preferences on there for how it's saved, when it's
     saved, the sensitivity of the system, and such like that.

           "Q. Is it your understanding that those type systems --
     I'm just going to throw out an example. If it detected motion
     right now, it might be preset by the factory to record for 10
     seconds and then stop?

            "A. Yes, that's quite possible.

           "Q. On some of those systems, can you change that?
     Can you tell it, 'I would like to record it for 30 seconds and
     stop'?

            "A. Yes, on most of them you can.

           "Q. You talked about sensitivity. So if I had a camera
     right here and it's pointing that direction, could the user,
     now especially, tell it not to detect anything out too much
     further than about 50 feet out?

                                     71
CR-21-0044

          "A. You can set the intensity of the signal, and it will
    either detect or not detect certain forms of motion.

          "Q. Once the camera is triggered, for lack of a better
    term, and starts to record, what does the camera do with the
    data its recording and how does that go somewhere?

         "A. That's wirelessly transferred to the router that
    would be in the house. Especially with the Arlo System, it
    would be a router system that's hooked into the Internet,
    and that video would be transferred, through that node or
    router, to the cloud.

         "….

          "Q. Tell us what you think of when I say the term
    'buffering,' things like that.

          "A. Buffering would be time for it to catch up. … It's
    trying to catch up with what it's trying to do, or it's actually
    building up, trying to store or throw data to that.

         "….

           "Q. Back six years ago, if an Arlo captured a video,
    would it be your understanding that the buffering took a
    little longer back then because of Internet speeds or camera
    speeds?

          "A. Internet speeds, but also the activation in the
    signal. Any disruption with that signal through any media
    would disrupt the timing of that signal. It wouldn't be an
    instant trip. So you may get somebody that comes into view
    and trips the camera, but the camera doesn't start recording
    and the data is not captured until they are halfway through
    the frame.

                                  72
CR-21-0044

          "Q. Say it's set for 20 seconds, just by the factory, to
    record 20 seconds. Once it gets to the end of that 20 seconds
    of recording, is there any kind of buffering that it takes
    before it gets where it's going in the cloud?

          "A. After that 20-second interval, it will end the video.
    It may have a delay or a buffer tripping, but when it says,
    'Okay, it's tripped at this,' 20 seconds later, it's going to shut
    that video. But it may be something depending on what they
    had set in their preferences. They may say, 'Hey, take it" --
    if there is motion still active, they may take it past that.

         "Q. Let me ask a different way. Once the system has
    captured a video and it's at the end of its pre-determined
    time to video, especially on the older systems like in 2015,
    what is your understanding of that camera's ability to
    immediately record another video clip?

           "A. It may have a delay in motion. With most clips,
    there may be a preset delay, 'Do not record another clip until
    there is another motion for five seconds,' something like
    that. It's all in the preference. You can set it any way you
    want to, depending on where the camera is. But you may
    have a preference in there, 'Do not record another clip for
    another 30 seconds until it's motion activated. Do not' -- it's
    all in the preferences for that Arlo. ….

         "Q. So maybe if you have it pointed at your street, and
    there is a dog walker that comes into frame, it records for 10
    seconds, and then you've told it, 'Don't record for another 30
    seconds because I don't want to watch this person walk their
    dog up the street'?

          "A. Right. ….

         "Q. So it is possible, especially with the older Arlo
    system, that someone could have been within range of a
    video camera on an Arlo system, but it not have recorded

                                   73
CR-21-0044

    that person because of the settings or because of the
    buffering or because of something like that?

          "A. It's quite possible they walked in the frame, tripped
    it, and walked out of the frame before the camera -- you
    know, you're talking -- it depends on how close it is to the --
    if you're dealing with something that's a close camera, it's a
    possibility that somebody or something would come in the
    frame, activate the camera, and they could walk out of the
    frame before the camera is even on and transmitting.

         "….

          "Q. … [D]id you have occasion to review Arlo footage
    and help download Arlo footage from a surveillance camera
    at [the Smallwood house]?

         "A. Yes, ma'am.

         "Q. Do you recall how that came to you and how you
    came to be involved in handling that surveillance video?

          "A. I was asked to respond to a residence. The
    password and the instruction manual was given to me with
    information on how and when they were wanting the video
    downloaded from. We actually downloaded the video there
    at the Crime Scene Lab at the office.

          "Q. During that download, did you have any technical
    issues, any glitches? Did you appear to lose any of the video
    recorded as you were trying to download or anything like
    that?

          "A. No, ma'am. They were downloaded straight from
    Arlo's website.

         "Q. Did you review those video clips?

                                  74
CR-21-0044

           "A. Yes, ma'am.

          "Q. Did they appear to be consistent with the Arlo
     systems that you were familiar with operating correctly?

           "A. Yes, ma'am.

           "Q. Did you have occasion to review their -- what's
     called a creation date of the file that existed?

           "A. Yes, ma'am.

          "Q. Were those dates consistent with the date of the
     events at [the Smallwood house] on August 4, 2015?

           "A. Yes, ma'am."8

(R. 1532-38.)

     In Harrison, supra, this Court stated:

           "Rule 901(a), Ala. R. Evid., provides that '[t]he
     requirement of authentication or identification as a condition
     precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient
     to support a finding that the matter in question is what its
     proponent claims.' The authentication requirement is a
     relatively low threshold to meet. '[A]ll that is required under
     Rule 901' is that the proponent of the evidence make 'a
     prima facie showing that the [evidence] … is likely
     authentic'; the proof of authenticity 'does not [have to]
     establish beyond a shadow of a doubt the authenticity of the

     8In his brief to this Court, Henderson focuses almost exclusively

on the testimony the State presented at the hearing on his motion in
limine. However, because the trial court required the State to
authenticate the surveillance-camera videos at trial, the proper focus is
on the testimony the State presented at that time, which is the
testimony we have cited.
                                   75
CR-21-0044

     [evidence]' and ' "does not have to be conclusive or
     overwhelming." ' Royal Ins. Co. of America v. Crowne Inv.,
     Inc., 903 So. 2d 802, 809 (Ala. 2004) (quoting the Advisory
     Committee's Notes to Rule 901). See also United States v.
     McDaniel, 433 F. App'x 701, 704 (10th Cir. 2011) ('We have
     repeatedly instructed that Rule 901[, Fed. R. Evid.,] sets a
     low bar for admissibility.')."

Harrison, ___ So. 3d at ___.

     In short, the testimony from Keith, Brittany, and Inv. McMinn

indicated that the surveillance cameras were triggered to record by

motion, that the cameras were recording properly at the time they were

installed, that the cameras continued to record properly until they were

destroyed by the fire, that the videos the cameras recorded were stored

in "the cloud," that Brittany was the only person who had access to the

videos stored in "the cloud," that Brittany had not altered the videos

stored there, that Brittany provided law enforcement with access to the

videos stored in "the cloud" shortly after the fire, and that the videos

law enforcement officers watched shortly after the fire were the same

videos the State proffered at trial.    That testimony was more than

adequate to satisfy the low threshold of demonstrating that the

surveillance-camera videos were "what [the State] claim[ed]" they were,

Rule 901, Ala. R. Evid., i.e., videos recorded by the surveillance cameras

                                   76
CR-21-0044

installed on the Smallwood house, and that the videos were "likely

authentic," i.e., that they had been reliably recorded and preserved

without any "changes, additions, or deletions." Harrison, ___ So. 3d at

___ (citations omitted).   Thus, the State properly authenticated the

surveillance-camera videos under the Voudrie test. Compare Horton v.

State, 217 So. 3d 27, 63 (Ala. Crim. App. 2016) (holding that the State

had failed to satisfy the Voudrie test because there was "no testimony

that the surveillance camera … was working properly and that it was

capable of accurately recording at the time the video was made"

(emphasis added)); and Spradley v. State, 128 So. 3d 774, 782 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2011) (holding that the State had failed to satisfy the

Voudrie test because the record was "totally devoid of any of the

[Voudrie] requirements" (emphasis added)).

     We acknowledge Henderson's argument that the surveillance-

camera videos did not record properly because, he says, there are

unexplained "critical gaps in the videos." (Henderson's brief, p. 16.) For

example, Henderson notes that, although the cameras were triggered to

record by motion, in some videos "a vehicle appears on the property

without any video showing how it arrived"; that "at least one [video]

                                   77
CR-21-0044

cuts off when there is obviously ongoing motion"; that, in one video, "a

white male is shown exiting the house, who the prosecution claimed

was Henderson, but no [video] shows him entering"; and that another

video shows Carlson approaching the house but that no video "show[s]

her driving up to the home and parking or getting out of her car." (Id.

at 14-17.) However, Inv. McMinn provided an explanation for why the

cameras, even when working properly, might have stopped recording

during "ongoing motion" and might not have recorded every motion that

occurred on the property. Thus, any "gaps" in the videos went to the

weight to be afforded the videos, not their admissibility. See Capote v.

State, 323 So. 3d 104, 134 (Ala. Crim. App. 2020) (noting that a video is

not rendered inadmissible simply because it " 'does not show a

continuity of action' " (quoting UAW-CIO v. Russell, 264 Ala. 456, 470,

88 So. 2d 175, 186 (1956))).

     The admissibility of evidence is left to the sound discretion of the

trial court. Floyd v. State, 289 So. 3d 337, 395 (Ala. Crim. App. 2017).

Here, the State presented evidence sufficient to establish that the

surveillance-camera videos were         authentic,   and "[t]he   ultimate

determination of the authenticity of the … videos was a question for the

                                   78
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jury." Harrison, ___ So. 3d at ___. Thus, the trial court committed no

error, much less plain error, in admitting those videos.

                                   IV.

     Henderson argues that the trial court erred by admitting into

evidence the autopsy reports, which were admitted over his objection.

According to Henderson, the admission of the autopsy reports violated

the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment because Dr.

Kathleen Enstice, who conducted the autopsies, did not testify at trial. 9

This Court previously rejected this same claim in Thompson v. State,

153 So. 3d 84, 128, 129 (Ala. Crim. App. 2012), holding that "it [is] not a

violation of the Confrontation Clause to admit an autopsy report

without the medical examiner's testimony" because "autopsy reports are

nontestimonial in nature."       Thus, the trial court did not err by

admitting the autopsy reports.

     Moreover,

     " 'violations of the Confrontation Clause are subject to
     harmless-error analysis.' Smith v. State, 898 So. 2d 907, 917
     (Ala. Crim. App. 2004). … '[B]efore a federal constitutional
     error can be held harmless, the [reviewing] court must be
     able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a
     reasonable doubt.' Ex parte Baker, 906 So. 2d 277, 287 (Ala.

     9Dr. Enstice was deceased by the time of trial.

                                    79
CR-21-0044

     2004) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.
     Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967)). ' " 'The question is whether
     there is a reasonable probability that the evidence
     complained of might have contributed to the conviction.' " '
     James [v. State], 723 So. 2d 776, 781 [(Ala. Crim. App.
     1998)] (quoting Chapman, 386 U.S. at 23, 87 S. Ct. 824,
     quoting in turn Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 86-87, 84
     S. Ct. 229, 11 L. Ed. 2d 171 (1963)). In determining whether
     such an error is harmless, this Court must look at 'the
     importance of the [evidence] in the prosecution's case,
     whether the [evidence] was cumulative, the presence or
     absence of … corroborating or contradicting [evidence] on
     material points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise
     permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the
     prosecution's case.' Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673,
     684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986)."

Floyd, 289 So. 3d at 406-07.

     In this case, the autopsy reports were not of particular importance

to the State's case because the causes of the victims' deaths were not in

dispute.   In fact, when making his objection to the autopsy reports,

Henderson's counsel expressly stated that Henderson was not disputing

the victims' causes of death. (R. 1597.) See Ex parte Baker, 473 So. 2d

1130, 1131 (Ala. 1985) ("[W]e find that the admission of [the autopsy]

report without cross-examination of the doctor who prepared it was

harmless error. The cause of death was not disputed."); and Thompson,

153 So. 3d at 129 (noting that "there was no dispute that the officers

and the dispatcher were shot to death" and that, as a result, "even if it

                                   80
CR-21-0044

was error to admit the autopsy reports, that error was harmless beyond

a reasonable doubt").

     In addition, Dr. Dunton, who was subject to cross-examination,

testified as to the causes of the victims' deaths.   And, although Dr.

Dunton referred to the causes of deaths set forth in Dr. Enstice's

autopsy reports, he did not merely recite her conclusions. Instead, Dr.

Dunton testified that he had conducted an "in-depth review" of "the

entire file," including the autopsy photographs (R. 1622), and he

provided his own expert opinions regarding the causes of death based

on his personal review of the file. (R. 1635-36, 1647-48, 1663.) Thus,

Dr. Dunton's testimony was cumulative to the information contained in

the autopsy reports. See Gobble v. State, 104 So. 3d 920, 959 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2010) (" 'The erroneous admission of evidence that is merely

cumulative is harmless error.' " (quoting Dawson v. State, 675 So. 2d

897, 900 (Ala. Crim. App. 1995))); and Ex parte Phillips, 287 So. 3d

1179, 1209 (Ala. 2018) (holding that any Confrontation Clause violation

that had occurred was rendered harmless by cumulative evidence).

     Finally, there was overwhelming evidence of Henderson's guilt,

including Carlson's testimony; a surveillance-camera video that shows

                                  81
CR-21-0044

him fleeing the Smallwood house shortly before it was engulfed in

flames; his Internet searches for topics such as "how to break a house

window," "how to use a lockpick gun," and "what happens when a

person is shot"; and his own statement to Inv. Nash that he "[did not]

believe [he] could live with what [he had] done." See Taylor v. State,

695 So. 2d 250 (Ala. Crim. App. 1996) (holding that any Confrontation

Clause violation that had occurred was rendered harmless by the

overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt).

     Based on the foregoing, there is not a reasonable probability that

the admission of the autopsy reports contributed to the jury's verdicts.

Thus, any error in admitting those reports was harmless error that does

not entitle Henderson to relief. See Floyd, 289 So. 3d at 407-08 (holding

that any Confrontation Clause violation that had occurred was

harmless because the allegedly inadmissible evidence was not critical to

the State's case, was cumulative to other evidence, and there was

overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt).

                                   V.

     Henderson argues that the trial court committed multiple errors

during its jury instructions. (Henderson's brief -- Issues V, VI, XX, and

                                   82
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XXI.)      Henderson raised no objections to the trial court's jury

instructions, so we review these claims for plain error only. This Court

has thoroughly considered the arguments Henderson has raised in

support of these claims, the authorities he has cited, and the applicable

parts of the record. Having done so, we are convinced that no plain

error occurred during the trial court's jury instructions, and we do not

find it necessary to provide analyses for all of these claims. We have,

however, chosen to provide analyses for Henderson's claims that the

trial court should have instructed the jury on certain lesser-included

offenses and should have instructed the jury that an accomplice's

testimony must be corroborated by other evidence.

                        1. Lesser-Included Offenses

        Henderson argues that the trial court should have instructed the

jury on two lesser-included offenses: felony murder and, with respect to

the offenses against Loryn, reckless manslaughter. In reviewing these

claims, we are guided by the following well-settled principles:

             " ' "A person accused of the greater offense has a right
        to have the court charge on lesser included offenses when
        there is a reasonable theory from the evidence supporting
        those lesser included offenses." MacEwan v. State, 701 So.
        2d 66, 69 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997). An accused has the right
        to have the jury charged on " 'any material hypothesis which

                                     83
CR-21-0044

     the evidence in his favor tends to establish.' " Ex parte
     Stork, 475 So. 2d 623, 624 (Ala. 1985). "[E]very accused is
     entitled to have charges given, which would not be
     misleading, which correctly state the law of his case, and
     which are supported by any evidence, however[ ] weak,
     insufficient, or doubtful in credibility," Ex parte Chavers,
     361 So. 2d 1106, 1107 (Ala. 1978), "even if the evidence
     supporting the charge is offered by the State." Ex parte
     Myers, 699 So. 2d 1285, 1290-91 (Ala. 1997), cert. denied,
     522 U.S. 1054, 118 S. Ct. 706, 139 L. Ed. 2d 648 (1998).
     However, "[t]he court shall not charge the jury with respect
     to an included offense unless there is a rational basis for a
     verdict convicting the defendant of the included offense." §
     13A-1-9(b), Ala. Code 1975. "The basis of a charge on a
     lesser-included offense must be derived from the evidence
     presented at trial and cannot be based on speculation or
     conjecture." Broadnax v. State, 825 So. 2d 134, 200 (Ala.
     Crim. App. 2000), aff'd, 825 So. 2d 233 (Ala. 2001), cert.
     denied, 536 U.S. 964, 122 S. Ct. 2675, 153 L. Ed. 2d 847
     (2002). " 'A court may properly refuse to charge on a lesser
     included offense only when (1) it is clear to the judicial mind
     that there is no evidence tending to bring the offense within
     the definition of the lesser offense, or (2) the requested
     charge would have a tendency to mislead or confuse the
     jury.' " Williams v. State, 675 So. 2d 537, 540-41 (Ala. Crim.
     App. 1996), quoting Anderson v. State, 507 So. 2d 580, 582
     (Ala. Crim. App. 1987).' "

Morton v. State, 154 So. 3d 1065, 1081-82 (Ala. Crim. App. 2013)

(quoting Clark v. State, 896 So. 2d 584, 641 (Ala. Crim. App. 2003)).

                           A. Felony Murder

     Henderson argues that the evidence supported an instruction on

felony murder as a lesser-included offense of capital murder. Unlike

                                   84
CR-21-0044

capital murder, a conviction for felony murder does not require proof of

the intent to kill. Peoples v. State, 951 So. 2d 755, 758 (Ala. Crim. App.

2006).   Instead, to find Henderson guilty of felony murder, the jury

would have to find that he had the intent to commit one of several

enumerated felonies or "any other felony clearly dangerous to human

life," § 13A-6-2(a)(3), Ala. Code 1975, and that, during the course of

committing or attempting to commit the felony or in the immediate

flight therefrom, he or Carlson caused the death of any person. Shirley

v. State, 324 So. 3d 447, 451 (Ala. Crim. App. 2020).

     Henderson's felony-murder theory is that the jury could have

found that he did not have the intent to kill, but did have the "intent to

commit burglary," and that, while he was in the process of committing

burglary, it was Carlson who committed the murders.         (Henderson's

brief, p. 43.) In support of that argument, Henderson contends that

there were ample reasons for the jury to find that Carlson's testimony

was not credible and that, aside from her testimony, "there was no

direct evidence regarding [his] intent or what occurred inside the

Smallwood house, leaving real questions as to who committed the

murders." (Id.)

                                   85
CR-21-0044

     " ' " ' "The purpose of the felony-murder doctrine is to hold felons

accountable for unintended deaths caused by their             dangerous

conduct." ' " ' " Whatley v. State, 146 So. 3d 437, 470 (Ala. Crim. App.

2010) (quoting Hall v. State, 820 So. 2d 113, 139 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999),

quoting in turn Dobyne v. State, 672 So. 2d 1319, 1345 (Ala. Crim. App.

1994), quoting in turn White v. State, 587 So. 2d 1218, 1231 (Ala. Crim.

App. 1990), quoting in turn W. LaFave and A. Scott, 2 Substantive

Criminal Law § 7.5 at 210 (1986)). Thus, "[w]here the evidence will

support a charge on the offense of capital murder, a charge on the

lesser-included offense of felony murder is warranted only if a

reasonable theory of the evidence indicates that the murder may not

have been intentional." Thompson, 153 So. 3d at 156 (holding that the

trial court did not commit plain error by not instructing the jury on

felony murder as a lesser-included offense of capital murder because

"there was no reasonable theory of the evidence that indicated that the

murders were not intentional").

     In this case, the evidence overwhelmingly indicated that, whether

committed by Henderson or Carlson, the murders were intentional.

Both Carlson's testimony and the autopsy reports indicated that the

                                   86
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murders were intentional, and there was abundant evidence of

Henderson's intent to kill the victims, including not only Carlson's

testimony but also his Internet search history and his statement to Inv.

Nash that he "[did not] believe [he] could live with what [he had] done."

Thus, "there was no reasonable theory of the evidence that indicated

that the murders were not intentional." Thompson, 153 So. 3d at 156.

Indeed,   Henderson    does   not   contend   that   the   murders   were

unintentional, only that Carlson was the one who committed them.

And, even if the jury believed that Carlson committed the intentional

murders, Henderson would still be guilty of capital murder under a

complicity theory, see § 13A-2-23, Ala. Code 1975, because there was

evidence indicating that he had the intent to kill the victims and that

he promoted or assisted Carlson in the commission of the crimes. 10 See

Hubbard v. State, 324 So. 3d 855 (Ala. Crim. App. 2019) (affirming

capital-murder conviction under complicity theory because there was

     10We note that the prosecutor argued to the jury that Henderson

would still be guilty of capital murder under a complicity theory if the
jury believed that Carlson committed the murders (R. 1977-78), and the
trial court instructed the jury on complicity. (R. 2046.)

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evidence indicating that the defendant had the intent to kill and that he

had promoted or assisted the commission of the murder).

     We recognize that, in Heard v. State, 999 So. 2d 992 (Ala. 2007),

the Alabama Supreme Court indicated that there could be situations in

which a felony-murder conviction is based on an intentional killing,

although the Court was not addressing the propriety of a felony-murder

instruction in that case. However, even if a felony-murder conviction

may stem from an intentional killing, Henderson still was not entitled

to an instruction on that offense.

     Henderson's felony-murder theory hinges on his contention that

he lacked the intent to kill but that he was committing burglary when

Carlson intentionally committed the murders. First-degree burglary is

one of the offenses that will support a felony-murder conviction, see §

13A-6-2(a)(3), but, to find Henderson guilty of felony murder instead of

capital murder, the jury would have to find, among other elements, that

he unlawfully entered the Smallwood house and that he did so with the

intent to commit a crime -- other than murder -- while inside the house.

See § 13A-7-5, Ala. Code 1975. The problem with Henderson's theory,

then, is that there is no evidence indicating that he entered the house

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with the intent to commit any crime other than intentional murder.

The only evidence Henderson cites in support of his burglary theory is

Carlson's testimony that, while he was inside the house, he attempted

to locate some "paperwork … he needed … for [his daughter's] school

and money that he … had saved up." (R. 1777.) However, although it

was a crime for Henderson to enter the Smallwood house, it was not a

crime to retrieve his own property from the house, which is to say that,

under Henderson's theory, he unlawfully entered the house but did not

do so with the intent to commit a crime therein.          Thus, under

Henderson's theory of the evidence, he was not committing burglary

when Carlson committed the murders but, instead, was committing

first-degree criminal trespassing, which is a misdemeanor. See § 13A-7-

2, Ala. Code 1975 (providing that "[a] person is guilty of criminal

trespass in the first degree if he knowingly enters or remains

unlawfully in a dwelling" and that the crime is a Class A misdemeanor).

     In short, the evidence in this case overwhelmingly indicated that

Henderson and Carlson unlawfully entered the Smallwood house with

the specific intent to kill the victims therein and that one or both of

them did in fact intentionally kill the victims. The evidence therefore

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supported Henderson's convictions for capital murder, either as a

principal or as an accomplice. Furthermore, even if the jury accepted

Henderson's theory of the evidence, he would not be guilty of felony

murder because, under his theory, he was committing a misdemeanor

when Carlson committed the murders. Thus, there was not a rational

basis in the evidence for finding that Henderson was guilty of felony

murder.   Indeed, Henderson's trial counsel conceded that he "[could

not], in good conscience, think of any" lesser-included offenses that

would apply based on the evidence that had been presented. (R. 1898.)

Accordingly, the trial court did not err, and certainly did not commit

plain error, by not instructing the jury on felony murder as a lesser-

included offense of capital murder.

                       B. Reckless Manslaughter

     Henderson argues that the evidence supported an instruction on

reckless manslaughter as a lesser-included offense of the capital-

murder charges involving Loryn.            In support of that argument,

Henderson points to Carlson's testimony that the couple originally

intended to "keep [Loryn]" and "raise [her]" themselves and Dr.

Dunton's testimony that Loryn's wounds could have occurred "at the

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same time that the abdominal wound to Kristen [occurred]." (R. 1665.)

Thus, Henderson argues, the evidence supported a reasonable theory

that he recklessly, not intentionally, killed Loryn while murdering

Kristen.

     Dr. Dunton did testify that it was possible that Loryn's wounds

could have occurred when Kristen's abdominal wound occurred,

although he could not be        certain that the wounds occurred

simultaneously.   However, the mere fact that Kristen's and Loryn's

wounds might have occurred simultaneously does not mean that

Loryn's wounds were unintentional, as Henderson could have inflicted

the wound to Kristen's abdomen with the intent to kill both her and

Loryn. Thus, any finding by the jury that Henderson recklessly caused

Loryn's death would have been purely speculative, and an instruction

on a lesser-included offense cannot be based on speculation or

conjecture.   Morton, 154 So. 3d at 1082.    Plus, there was evidence

indicating that Henderson did intentionally kill Loryn.     Specifically,

Carlson testified that she had told Henderson before they committed

the crimes that she "didn't want to be a mom again," and she further

testified that Henderson had said to her, while in flight from the crime

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scene, that he had "decided that he didn't want the baby," which

indicates that he intentionally killed Loryn.

      Furthermore, the doctrine of transferred intent applies to capital-

murder charges that involve the intentional killing of a pregnant

mother in which the unborn child is also killed.              Thus, even if

Henderson did not, as a matter of fact, intend to kill Loryn, his intent to

kill Kristen transferred to Loryn as a matter of law.          See Ex parte

Phillips, 287 So. 3d at 1190 (holding that a transferred-intent

instruction was not improper in a case where the defendant was

convicted of capital murder for intentionally killing two people, one of

whom was the unborn child of the pregnant mother he killed;

" '[a]lthough Phillips correctly contends that "Alabama law is clear that

in order to be guilty of capital murder, a defendant ha[s] to have the

specific intent to kill" (Phillips's brief, p. 24), Phillips incorrectly argues

that "Alabama law requires a defendant to have the specific intent to

kill each victim" ' " (quoting Phillips v. State, 287 So. 3d 1063, 1129 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2015))). See also Graham v. State, 299 So. 3d 273, 326 n.19

(Ala. Crim. App. 2019) ("The Supreme Court clearly found [in Ex parte

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Phillips] that the doctrine of transferred intent may be applicable in

certain capital-murder cases.").

     For the foregoing reasons, there was not a rational basis in the

evidence for finding that Henderson recklessly caused Loryn's death.

Instead, such a finding would have been purely speculative and would

have conflicted with evidence indicating that Henderson intentionally

killed all five victims. We also reiterate that Henderson's trial counsel

reached the same conclusion, conceding that he "[could not], in good

conscience, think of any" lesser-included offenses that would apply

based on the evidence that had been presented. Thus, the trial court

did not err, and certainly did not commit plain error, by not instructing

the jury on that offense as a lesser-included offense of the capital-

murder charges involving Loryn.

                                   2.

     Henderson argues that the trial court erred by failing to instruct

the jury that an accomplice's testimony must be corroborated by other

evidence.    Section 12-21-22, Ala. Code 1975, provides that "[a]

conviction of felony cannot be had on the testimony of an accomplice

unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant

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with the commission of the offense."          Thus, when a defendant's

accomplice testifies against him, the trial court must instruct the jury

that the accomplice's testimony must be corroborated by other evidence

that tends to connect the defendant to the crime. See Burton v. State,

651 So. 2d 641, 653 (Ala. Crim. App. 1993) (holding that the trial court

"should have instructed the jury concerning the need for corroborative

evidence of [the accomplice's] testimony").

     Henderson correctly notes that the trial court did not instruct the

jury that Carlson's testimony had to be corroborated by other evidence

that tended to connect him to the murders. The trial court's failure to

give that instruction was error. However, "[w]e apply the harmless-

error rule in capital cases when the circuit court fails to instruct the

jury that an accomplice's testimony must be corroborated," Young v.

State, 375 So. 3d 813, 867 (Ala. Crim. App. 2021), and such error " ' "is

harmless when the testimony of an accomplice has in fact been

corroborated." ' " Johnson v. State, 120 So. 3d 1130, 1173 (Ala. Crim.

App. 2009) (quoting Burton, 651 So. 2d at 654, quoting in turn Gurley v.

State, 639 So. 2d 557, 561 (Ala. Crim. App. 1993)).

         "The test for whether evidence sufficiently corroborates
     an accomplice's testimony ' "consists of eliminating the

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     testimony given by the accomplice and examining the
     remaining evidence to determine if there is sufficient
     incriminating evidence tending to connect the defendant
     with the commission of the offense." ' Ex parte Bullock, 770
     So. 2d 1062, 1067 (Ala. 2000) (quoting Andrews v. State, 370
     So. 2d 320, 321 (Ala. Crim. App. 1979)). We have said,
     though, that 'when the testimony of the accomplice is
     subtracted, the remaining testimony does not have to be
     sufficient by itself to convict the accused.' Johnson v. State,
     820 So. 2d 842, 869 (Ala. Crim. App. 2000)."

Young, 375 So. 3d at 865. Rather, the corroborating evidence " ' "need

only be slight to suffice" ' " and is sufficient if it is " ' "of substantive

character, … inconsistent with the innocence of [the] defendant[,] and

do[es] more than raise a suspicion of guilt." ' " Id. (quoting McGowan v.

State, 990 So. 2d 931, 987 (Ala. Crim. App. 2003), quoting in turn

Arthur v. State, 711 So. 2d 1031, 1059 (Ala. Crim. App. 1996) (other

citations omitted)).

     In this case, Carlson's testimony was amply corroborated by other

evidence that tended to connect Henderson to the murders, including

the surveillance-camera videos, which show Henderson and Carlson

fleeing the crime scene together; Henderson's Internet search history,

which indicates that he planned to commit the murders; and, most

notably, Henderson's own statement to Inv. Nash that he "[did not]

believe [he] could live with what [he had] done."               "[S]ufficient

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corroboration of an accomplice's testimony ' "may be furnished by a tacit

admission by the accused, by the suspicious conduct of the accused, and

the association of the accused with the accomplice, or by the defendant's

proximity and opportunity to commit the crime." ' " Young, 375 So. 3d at

865 (quoting Arthur v. State, 711 So. 2d 1031, 1056 (Ala. Crim. App.

1996), quoting in turn Jacks v. State, 364 So. 2d 397, 405 (Ala. Crim.

App. 1978)).   Thus, even when Carlson's testimony is excluded, the

State's evidence tended to connect Henderson to the murders.

Therefore, the trial court committed only harmless error when it failed

to instruct the jury that Carlson's testimony had to be corroborated by

other evidence.

                                   VI.

     Henderson argues that the State violated Batson v. Kentucky, 476

U.S. 79 (1986), by using its peremptory strikes in a racially

discriminatory manner.     Henderson did not raise a Batson claim at

trial, even when the trial court expressly asked the parties if there were

any Batson issues they wished to raise (R. 1428-29), so any review of

this claim would be for plain error only.

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     However, for more than a decade now, this Court and several

Justices on the Alabama Supreme Court have questioned the propriety

of allowing a defendant to rely on plain-error review as an avenue for

raising a Batson claim for the first time on appeal. See, e.g., Keaton,

supra; Lane, supra; Ex parte Phillips, supra (Stuart, C.J., concurring

specially, joined by Main and Wise, JJ.); White v. State, 179 So. 3d 170

(Ala. Crim. App. 2013); and Ex parte Floyd, 190 So. 3d 972 (Ala. 2012)

(Murdock, J., concurring in the result, joined by Malone, C.J., and

Bolin, J.). To date, though, a majority of the Alabama Supreme Court

has yet to hold that Batson claims may be excluded from this Court's

plain-error review.   Thus, this Court has continued to review such

claims, even when raised for the first time on appeal, because, until

recently, plain-error review was mandatory under Rule 45A.

     Now, however, Rule 45A provides that plain-error review is

discretionary, which means that this Court is not required to consider

any claims that were not properly preserved at trial, even in cases in

which the death penalty has been imposed. As we noted earlier in this

opinion, this Court has decided that it will continue to conduct plain-

error review in such cases, but we believe the time has come -- and,

                                  97
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with the amendment to Rule 45A, believe we now have the opportunity

-- to specifically exclude Batson claims from plain-error review. We

need not delve into the multiple reasons why a defendant should not be

able to raise a Batson claim for the first time on appeal; those reasons

can be reviewed in the cases cited in the preceding paragraph. Briefly,

though, Justice Murdock perhaps explained it best when he stated that

"the most fundamental reason … for the proposition that plain-error

review not be available to initiate a Batson inquiry on appeal, is the fact

that the failure of the trial court to initiate a Batson inquiry simply is

not an 'error,' plain or otherwise, by the trial court." Ex parte Floyd,

190 So. 3d at 982 (Murdock, J., concurring in the result). Rather,

     "[t]he decision whether to take advantage of the right to
     generate evidence for consideration by the trial court
     pursuant to the Batson procedure is a decision for the
     defendant, not for the trial court. It is a voluntary decision
     as to whether to invoke a procedural device that has been
     made available to defendants in the trial context. … Not
     requesting it may be a strategic 'mistake' by defense counsel,
     but counsel's mistake is not the trial court's 'error.' "

Id. at 983 (some emphasis omitted).

     We now hold that, in an exercise of our discretion, this Court will

no longer review Batson claims under our plain-error standard when

those claims are raised for the first time on appeal.       Instead, for a

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defendant to obtain appellate review of a Batson claim before this

Court, even in a death-penalty case, he must raise the claim in the trial

court, thereby giving that court the first opportunity to consider the

claim and to issue a ruling that may be challenged as erroneous on

appeal. Thus, because Henderson did not raise a Batson claim at trial,

we will not consider his Batson claim on appeal.

                                    VII.

     Henderson argues that the prosecutor made seven improper

statements during voir dire, the guilt-phase opening statement, and the

guilt-phase   closing   argument.        (Henderson's   brief,   pp.   85-89.)

Henderson did not object to six of the allegedly improper statements, so

we review those statements for plain error only.         We first address,

though, the statement to which Henderson did object.

     During the guilt-phase closing argument, the prosecutor argued

that the evidence included "a video on [Henderson's] cell phone of

himself shooting the murder weapon a week and a half before the

murders." (R. 1962.) Henderson's counsel objected, arguing that "there

is no evidence that [Henderson] was shooting the murder weapon." (Id.)

The prosecutor argued in response that the argument was "a fair

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inference from the evidence," and the trial court overruled Henderson's

objection and allowed the prosecutor to continue. (Id.)

     It is well settled that, "[d]uring closing argument, the prosecutor,

as well as defense counsel, has a right to present his impressions from

the evidence, if reasonable, and may argue every legitimate inference."

Ex parte Loggins, 771 So. 2d 1093, 1101 (Ala. 2000) (citations omitted).

"Whether an inference is reasonable is generally within the sound

discretion of the trial judge." Id. (citations omitted). In this case, there

was no direct evidence indicating that the gun Henderson was shooting

in the cellular-telephone video was the murder weapon. However, the

evidence indicated that Henderson purchased a .22 caliber Ruger brand

handgun that he planned to use to commit the murders, and the

cellular-telephone video shows him shooting a .22 caliber Ruger brand

handgun.     (R. 1742.)    Thus, it was certainly reasonable for the

prosecutor to infer that the gun Henderson was shooting in the cellular-

telephone video was the murder weapon. Accordingly, the trial court

did not exceed its discretion by allowing the prosecutor to make that

argument.

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      We now turn to the six statements to which Henderson did not

object. This Court has thoroughly considered the arguments Henderson

has raised in support of those claims, the authorities he has cited, and

the applicable parts of the record. Having done so, we are convinced

that the challenged statements did not rise to the level of plain error,

and, with one exception, we do not find it necessary to provide analyses

for those claims. The one claim that we will briefly address is that the

prosecutor improperly injected the issue of punishment into the guilt

phase of trial.

      At the end of the guilt-phase opening statement, the prosecutor

told the jury that the evidence would support convictions for 15 counts

of capital murder and that the convictions would bring peace for the

victims' family and the community. The prosecutor then concluded the

opening statement as follows:

            "But we're not stopping at asking for peace, to be
      honest with you. We are asking to go the next step, the
      whole reason for all the questionnaires, the whole reason for
      the individual questions that we asked some of you all next
      door. We're asking you to take that next step. After you've
      reached the correct verdict and given the peace of a guilty
      verdict on all counts, we're asking for more. We're asking for
      the proper punishment, and in that, we are asking you, after
      you have weighed any of the [penalty]-phase evidence as
      you're supposed to, that you come back with a vote for death.

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      That's what we're asking; that's what we will be asking for,
      and that's what we request for you at the end of this very,
      very lonely road."

(R. 1477-78.)

      " '[P]unishment is "an improper consideration at the guilt phase of

[a capital] trial." ' " Brooks v. State, 973 So. 2d 380, 397 (Ala. Crim. App.

2007) (quoting McNair v. State, 653 So. 2d 320, 338 (Ala. Crim. App.

1992), quoting in turn Berard v. State, 486 So. 2d 476, 479 (Ala. 1985)).

Thus, the prosecutor should not have told the jury during the guilt

phase of trial that, assuming a conviction in that phase, the State would

be asking the jury to "come back with a vote of death" in the penalty

phase of trial.

      However, the jury was already well aware from the extensive voir

dire that the State would be seeking the death penalty if Henderson

was convicted, and the trial court instructed the jury, just before

releasing it to begin its guilt-phase deliberations, that it was "not to

concern [itself] with any possible punishment at [that] point." (R. 2053.)

The trial court also repeatedly instructed the jury that its task during

the guilt-phase deliberations was to determine whether the State had

proven Henderson's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. "[W]e presume

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the jury followed the trial court's instructions" and focused its guilt-

phase deliberations solely on whether the State's evidence had

established Henderson's guilt.      Bohannon v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0148,

Aug. 18, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2023). We therefore

conclude that, although it was improper, the prosecutor's reference to

punishment during the guilt-phase opening statement did not "seriously

affect the fairness or integrity of the judicial proceedings," "seriously

affect [Henderson's] 'substantial rights,' " or "substantially prejudice"

him. Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___ (citations omitted). Thus, no plain

error occurred. See McGowan v. State, 990 So. 2d 931, 974 (Ala. Crim.

App. 2003) (holding that the prosecutor's reference to punishment

during the guilt phase was "probably inappropriate and irrelevant" but

did not rise to the level of plain error).

                                     VIII.

      Henderson argues that the prosecutor "improperly commented on

[his] silence" during both the guilt and penalty phases of trial.

(Henderson's brief, p. 79.) Henderson objected to the prosecutor's guilt-

phase comment but did not receive an adverse ruling (R. 1868-69), and

he did not object to the prosecutor's penalty-phase comments. (R. 2193,

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2206-07.) Thus, Henderson failed to preserve these claims for appellate

review, and, as a result, we have reviewed them for plain error only.

See Mitchell v. State, 913 So. 2d 501, 505 (Ala. Crim. App. 2005) ("To

preserve an issue for appellate review, the issue must be timely raised

and specifically presented to the trial court and an adverse ruling

obtained." (emphasis omitted)).

     " 'The Fifth Amendment [to the United States Constitution]

guarantees an accused the right to remain silent during his criminal

trial and prevents the prosecution [from] commenting on the silence of a

defendant who asserts the right.' " Reynolds v. State, 114 So. 3d 61, 136

(Ala. Crim. App. 2011) (quoting Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 235

(1980)).   Alabama law provides a criminal defendant with the same

protection. See Art. I, § 6, Ala. Const.; and § 12-21-220, Ala. Code 1975.

The rule that a prosecutor may not comment on a defendant's silence

extends to the penalty phase of trial. Mitchell v. United States, 526

U.S. 314 (1999); Ex parte Loggins, supra.

     "A challenged comment of a prosecutor made during … arguments

must be viewed in the context of the evidence presented in the case and

the entire … arguments made to the jury -- both defense counsel's and

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the prosecutor's." Ex parte Brooks, 695 So. 2d 184, 189 (Ala. 1997).

The prosecutor's comment is improper if, viewing it in that context, the

comment

     " 'was (1) manifestly intended to be a comment on the
     defendant's failure to testify or (2) of such character that the
     jury would have naturally and necessarily taken it to be a
     comment on the defendant's failure to testify[.]

                 " ' " 'The question is not whether the jury
           possibly or even probably would view the remark
           in this manner, but whether the jury necessarily
           would have done so.' [United States v. Swindall,
           971 F.2d 1531, 1552 (11th Cir. 1992), cert. denied,
           510 U.S. 1040, 114 S. Ct. 683, 126 L. Ed. 2d 650
           … (1994) (citations omitted) (emphasis in
           Swindall).] 'The defendant bears the burden of
           establishing the existence of one of the two
           criteria.' [United States v. Muscatell, 42 F.3d
           627, 632 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1162,
           115 S. Ct. 2617, 132 L. Ed. 2d 859 … (1995).] The
           comment must be examined in context, in order
           to evaluate the prosecutor's motive and to discern
           the impact of the statement. [Id.]"

     " '[United States v. Knowles,] 66 F.3d [1146,] 1163 [(11th Cir.
     1995)].' "

Smith v. State, 797 So. 2d 503, 541 (Ala. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting

Thomas v. State, 824 So. 2d 1, 22-23 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999)). With

these principles in mind, we turn to Henderson's claims that the

prosecutor commented on his silence.

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                        1. Guilt-Phase Comment

     During the guilt phase of trial, Inv. Nash testified regarding his

interrogations of Henderson and Carlson, and the following colloquy

occurred during that part of his testimony:

           "Q. Who did you interview first?

           "A. I interviewed Carlson first.

           "….

           "Q. After speaking with Carlson in the interview, what
     did you do next?

          "A. After Carlson, I brought in Henderson and advised
     him of his Miranda rights.

           "….

           "Q. Did he elect to speak to you at that time?

                 "[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I
           object. That's irrelevant.

                 "THE COURT: Objection as to relevance.

                "[THE STATE]: Well, Inv. Nash eventually
           does speak to him, but I'm clarifying that at that
           time he chose not to speak to Investigator Nash.

                 "[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: It's still doing
           indirectly -- may I approach?

                 "THE COURT: Sure.

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                     "(BENCH CONFERENCE)

              "….

               "[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I'm
         just going to object. It's my understanding that
         [Henderson's] post-arrest silence cannot be made
         inquiry of under any circumstances, his
         invocation of right to counsel. It's just a right. It
         can't be commented on at all.

               "[THE STATE]: But he makes a statement
         to [Inv. Nash] during booking --

              "[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I'm sorry?

               "[THE STATE]: A statement. I just wanted
         to clarify that at some point [Inv. Nash] had
         advised him of his Miranda, and he chose not to
         speak until he got to booking. I can try to
         rephrase it somehow.

               "[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Try to without it
         appearing like he's exercising his right to remain
         silent.

              "[ASSISTANT DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I
         think we need a curative instruction that they
         need to disregard that.

              "[THE STATE]: That's fine. As far as the
         language, I can ask him if he ever spoke to him;
         how about that?

              "[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay.

                          "(CONCLUSION)

                                 107
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                 "THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen, at
           this time I'm going to give you a limiting
           instruction. I gave you one earlier and explained
           that at certain times I can give you instructions
           in terms of how certain evidence can or cannot be
           considered. With regards to the prior question
           from [the prosecutor], in terms of the
           communication or lack thereof between Inv. Nash
           and Henderson at that time, you will disregard
           that and not consider that during your ultimate
           decision in this case. It is not to be considered as
           any evidence of guilt by you.            Go ahead.
           Rephrase.

                "[THE STATE]: Thank you, Your Honor.

                "….

                "(DIRECT EXAMINATION RESUMED)

           "Q. Let me ask it this way, Inv. Nash: At some point
     that evening, did Henderson speak to you?

           "A. Yes.

           "Q. Tell me about those circumstances.

           "A. Both Carlson and Henderson were taken over to --
     well, they were advised they were under arrest, taken over
     to the Madison County jail for booking. While in the booking
     area, Henderson looked at me and said, 'Can I talk to you?' I
     said, 'Sure.' He said words to the effect of, 'Off the record,
     I'm glad you caught me when you did because I don't believe
     I could live with what I've done.' "

(R. 1868-70.)

                                   108
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      According to Henderson, the prosecutor's question to Inv. Nash --

whether Henderson had "elect[ed] to speak" after being advised of his

Miranda rights -- was an impermissible comment on his post-arrest

silence.     We question whether the prosecutor's question actually

amounted to a comment on Henderson's post-arrest silence because the

question was never answered. However, even if the question was in

and of itself improper, the trial court immediately instructed the jury

that it was to disregard the question and that the "communication or

lack thereof between Inv. Nash and Henderson" could not be construed

as evidence of Henderson's guilt. "[W]e presume the jury followed the

trial court's instructions," Bohannon, ___ So. 3d at ___, and a direct

comment on the defendant's silence is not reversible error if the trial

court promptly cures the comment. Smith, 797 So. 2d at 540. Thus, we

cannot say that the prosecutor's question rose to the level of plain

error. 11

      11We  note that, following defense counsel's objection, the
prosecutor told the trial court that he was attempting to "clarify[ ] that
at that time [Henderson] chose not to speak to Inv. Nash." Henderson
does not argue that that statement was improper and in fact has not
even acknowledged it, but we note that the statement would amount to
a comment on Henderson's post-arrest silence if the jury heard it.
However, it is not clear whether the jury heard that statement, and
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                       2. Penalty-Phase Comments

     During the initial closing argument at the penalty phase of trial,

the prosecutor made the following argument in reference to the

testimony of Kathryn Lippert, who had testified for the defense as a

"mitigation specialist" (R. 2141):

           "You … heard [Lippert] say … that she's probably met
     with [Henderson] 10 or 15 times, maybe, throughout her
     dealing with him. She never mentioned remorse. In any of
     those conversations, in any of her research about him, never
     once, until I just mentioned it, has the word 'remorse' come
     out."

(R. 2193.)

     Henderson argues that this part of the prosecutor's closing

argument "plainly encouraged the jury and the [trial] court to consider

the fact that [he] had remained silent." (Henderson's brief, p. 80.) We

disagree. "This Court has held that 'remorse is ... a proper subject of

closing arguments,' " Thompson, 153 So. 3d at 175 (quoting Ex parte

Loggins, 771 So. 2d at 1101), and we do not believe the jury would have

"naturally and necessarily taken [the prosecutor's argument] to be a

Henderson does not contend that it did. Furthermore, even if the jury
heard that statement, the trial court's instruction sufficiently cured any
improper comment on Henderson's post-arrest silence.
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comment on" Henderson's decision not to testify. Smith, 797 So. 2d at

541 (citation omitted). Instead, taken in context, the jury would have

understood the prosecutor's argument to be nothing more than a

comment on the fact that Lippert had not testified that she had

observed any signs of remorse during her meetings with Henderson, i.e.,

a comment on the evidence (or lack of evidence), which was proper.

Thus, we find no error, much less plain error, in this part of the

prosecutor's argument. See Knight v. State, 300 So. 3d 76, 120 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2018) (holding that the prosecutor did not make "a direct or

even indirect comment on [the defendant's] failure to testify" when he

suggested that the defendant had not shown any remorse during a

mental-competency evaluation); Jones v. State, 273 Ga. 231, 234, 539

S.E.2d 154, 159 (2000) (holding that it did not "amount to an improper

reference to a defendant's failure to testify" when the prosecutor

"pointed out that none [of the defendant's mitigation witnesses] had

mentioned any expression of remorse"), reversed on other grounds by

State v. Lane, 308 Ga. 10, 838 S.E.2d 808 (2020); and Prieto v.

Commonwealth, 283 Va. 149, 177-78, 721 S.E.2d 484, 501 (2012)

(holding that the prosecutor's statement that he had "waited in vain to

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hear an ounce of remorse leak out anywhere" "was not 'a comment on

[the defendant's] failure to testify,' but rather a comment on the

evidence that had been presented").

     Henderson also argues that the prosecutor commented on his

silence during the rebuttal closing argument at the penalty phase of

trial. To provide some context to the prosecutor's rebuttal, we first note

that Henderson's counsel argued during closing argument that it would

be fundamentally unfair for Henderson to be sentenced to death when

the State had promised Carlson a sentence of life imprisonment without

the possibility of parole. Specifically, Henderson's counsel argued:

     "[W]e're dealing with a situation where two people, equally
     responsible, by the State's own admission -- remember, in for
     a penny, in for a pound, complicity, you're responsible for the
     behavior for another -- [Henderson] was for her behavior and
     [Carlson] was and is for the behavior of [Henderson].

           "This is where the notion of what I call fundamental
     fairness comes to my mind; this is it. One lives, one dies for
     the same thing, for two people equally involved. My friends,
     what is the perverse and amoral calculus that goes into
     making that decision? Explain it to me. [The prosecutor
     said:] 'We didn't need [Carlson].' Why give her a deal? But
     if she got a deal, isn't it fair for two people equally involved?
     I don't understand. I can't wrap my head around that notion
     that [the prosecutor] now ask[s] you to sentence this man to
     die while [Carlson] lives. I don't get it. I guess maybe it's
     not for me to get. But I know one dog-gone thing, it's not
     fair. It's never fair."

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(R. 2203-04.)

     In rebuttal, the prosecutor argued:

     "Do you want to talk about fairness in this case? Fairness,
     what's fair? They have made this case about [Carlson], and
     they spent all of mitigation talking about how awful life
     [imprisonment] without [the possibility of parole] is; it's
     terrible. Well, that's what [Carlson] got. What they are
     saying is so awful, [Carlson] got it.

           "But when you're talking about fairness, weighing
     fairness and her deal, does carrying the gas can and being
     the helper weigh the same as plunging a knife into a 67-
     year-old grandmother's eye? That's the same? Performing
     surgery in a nasty, dirty, greasy garage floor doing a
     makeshift C-section? It's the same? It's unfair? What's
     fair? [Carlson] got what's coming to her, but this ain't about
     [Carlson]. This ain't about her; this ain't about what she
     did.    You know what?          She owned what she did.
     Accountability. She didn't deny it. 'This is what I did,' and
     she's going to pay the price. But today is not about
     [Carlson]. The deal we gave her -- if you're talking about
     fairness of what they did, what [Carlson] did versus
     [Henderson], is it fair that we would give her the same thing
     we gave him after what he's done? [Carlson] had blood on
     her hands for helping. He had literal blood on his hands for
     what he did.       That's different. That is fundamentally
     different.

           "….

           "Mercy. What we didn't hear …. Fifteen visits [with
     Lippert] and not one mention of remorse, not one mention of
     'I'm sorry.' It's been six years. Nothing. Nothing. No
     evidence of it, no -- [Lippert] met with him over and over

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     again. She had a relationship with him.           No remorse
     whatsoever. Yet they ask for mercy."

(R. 2206-07 (emphasis added).)

     In support of his argument, Henderson relies on those parts of the

prosecutor's argument we have emphasized. However, taken in context,

the prosecutor's argument that Carlson "owned what she did" and

"didn't deny it" was not intended to draw attention to the fact that

Henderson had chosen not to testify, and we do not believe the jury

would have "naturally and necessarily taken" the argument that way.

Smith, 797 So. 2d at 541 (citation omitted). Instead, that part of the

prosecutor's argument was an attempt to explain, in response to defense

counsel's argument regarding fundamental fairness, why the State had

offered Carlson a less severe sentence than it was pursuing against

Henderson.    And, as we have already explained, the prosecutor's

argument regarding Henderson's lack of remorse was a proper comment

on the evidence (or lack of evidence). See Jones, 273 Ga. at 234, 539

S.E.2d at 159 (holding that it did not "amount to an improper reference

to a defendant's failure to testify" when the prosecutor "pointed out that

none [of the defendant's mitigation witnesses] had mentioned any

expression of remorse"); and Prieto, 283 Va. at 177-78, 721 S.E.2d at

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501 (holding that the prosecutor's statement that he had "waited in

vain to hear an ounce of remorse leak out anywhere" "was not 'a

comment on [the defendant's] failure to testify,' but rather a comment

on the evidence that had been presented"). Thus, we find no error,

much less plain error, in this part of the prosecutor's argument.

                                   IX.

     Henderson argues that § 13A-5-46(f), Ala. Code 1975, violates the

Sixth Amendment because it allows a jury to recommend a death

sentence by the votes of only 10 jurors, rather than requiring a

unanimous vote. Specifically, Henderson argues that § 13A-5-46(f) "can

no longer stand in light of" the United States Supreme Court's decision

in Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 U.S. ___ (2020). However, this Court has

already rejected that argument, noting that "Ramos held only that the

United States Constitution requires a unanimous verdict to support a

conviction, not a sentence." Keaton, 375 So. 3d at 137, cert. denied, ___

U.S. ___, 143 S. Ct. 2585. Henderson also argues that § 13A-5-46(f)

violates the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, but

he cites no authority that supports that argument. We also note that §

13A-5-46(f) has been part of Alabama's Criminal Code for more than 40

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years, and the United States Supreme Court has yet to hold that a

jury's less-than-unanimous sentencing verdict violates any part of the

United States Constitution.

     Henderson also argues that § 13A-5-46(f) violates the Alabama

Constitution, which, he says, "require[s] unanimity for death verdicts."

(Henderson's reply brief, p. 12.)            However, this Court has also

previously rejected that argument. See Frazier v. State, 562 So. 2d 543,

551 (Ala. Crim. App. 1989) (noting that, under the Alabama

Constitution, "no particular numerical vote [is] required" for a jury's

sentencing verdict), reversed on other grounds by Ex parte Frazier, 562

So. 2d 560 (Ala. 1989); and Edwards v. State, 515 So. 2d 86, 89 (Ala.

Crim. App. 1987) (holding that "an advisory verdict based on the vote of

10 of the jurors" does not violate the Alabama Constitution).

Henderson's reliance on Beck v. State, 396 So. 2d 645 (Ala. 1980), is

misplaced    because     nothing   in        that   opinion   speaks   to   the

constitutionality   of    a   jury's        less-than-unanimous    sentencing

recommendation in the penalty phase of a capital-murder trial.

                                       X.

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     Henderson has also raised several other claims on appeal, which

are listed in his brief as Issues VII, VIII, X, XI, XII, XV, XVII, XIX,

XXII, and XXIII. Henderson did not raise any of these claims below, so

we review them for plain error only.       This Court has thoroughly

considered the arguments Henderson has raised in support of these

claims, the authorities he has cited, and the applicable parts of the

record. Having done so, we are convinced that no plain error occurred

with respect to these claims, and we do not find it necessary to provide

analyses for them. In addition to reviewing these claims, this Court has

painstakingly reviewed the entire record for any instances of plain error

that Henderson might have overlooked, and we have found no such

error.

                                  XI.

     Finally, pursuant to § 13A-5-53(a), Ala. Code 1975, this Court

must review the propriety of Henderson's death sentence. Specifically,

we must determine whether there was any error in the sentencing

proceedings that adversely affected Henderson's rights, whether the

trial court's findings concerning the aggravating and mitigating

circumstances are supported by the evidence, and whether death is the

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proper sentence. In determining whether death is the proper sentence,

this Court must determine

           "(1) Whether the sentence of death was imposed under
     the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary
     factor;

           "(2) Whether an independent weighing of the
     aggravating and mitigating circumstances at the appellate
     level indicates that death was the proper sentence; and

          "(3) Whether the sentence of death is excessive or
     disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases,
     considering both the crime and the defendant."

§ 13A-5-53(b), Ala. Code 1975. The determinations required by § 13A-5-

53(b) must be "explicitly address[ed]" by this Court in all cases in which

the death penalty has been imposed. § 13A-5-53(c), Ala. Code 1975.

     The jury, by virtue of its guilt-phase verdicts, found the existence

of two aggravating circumstances: (1) that the offenses were committed

while Henderson was engaged in or was an accomplice to a burglary

and (2) that Henderson caused the death of two or more people by one

act or pursuant to one scheme or course of conduct.         See § 13A-5-

49(a)(4) and (9), Ala. Code 1975. During the penalty phase, the jury

unanimously found the existence of a third aggravating circumstance --

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that the offenses were especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel compared

to other capital offenses. See § 13A-5-49(a)(8), Ala. Code 1975.

     The trial court found the existence of one statutory mitigating

circumstance -- that Henderson had no significant history of prior

criminal activity. See § 13A-5-51(1), Ala. Code 1975. The trial court

also found the existence of the following nonstatutory mitigating

circumstances: "Henderson's good behavior while incarcerated, the love

of family; Henderson's history of gainful employment; the non-death

sentence that Rhonda Carlson negotiated in exchange for her testimony

against Henderson, fundamental fairness, the purpose and value of life,

and mercy."     (C. 272.)   The trial court found, though, that those

mitigating    circumstances   were     "greatly   outweigh[ed]"    by   the

aggravating circumstances. (C. 278.)

     This Court has thoroughly reviewed the sentencing proceedings

and has found no error that adversely affected Henderson's rights. We

have also determined that the trial court's findings regarding the

aggravating and mitigating circumstances are supported by the

evidence. Thus, we turn to the final aspect of our review, i.e., whether

death is the proper sentence in this case.

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     First, we find no indication that Henderson's sentence was

imposed "under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other

arbitrary factor." § 13A-5-53(b)(1). To the contrary, the trial court's

sentencing order indicates that the court based its sentencing decision

on a thorough and conscientious consideration of the facts, a weighing

of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, and the jury's

advisory verdict.    Second, we have independently weighed the

aggravating and mitigating circumstances and agree with the trial

court's conclusion that the aggravating circumstances outweigh the

mitigating circumstances. Finally, we note that Henderson's sentence

of death is not excessive or disproportionate to the sentence imposed in

similar cases. See Petersen v. State, 326 So. 3d 535 (Ala. Crim. App.

2019) (affirming death sentence for intentional murders committed

during a burglary and pursuant to one scheme or course of conduct);

Keaton, supra (affirming death sentence for intentional murders that

were deemed heinous, atrocious, or cruel and involved victims who were

less than 14 years of age); and Callen v. State, 284 So. 3d 177 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2017) (affirming death sentence for intentional murders that

were committed during the course of committing arson, that were

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committed pursuant to one scheme or course of conduct, and that

involved a victim who was less than 14 years of age). Thus, we conclude

that a sentence of death was the proper sentence in this case.

                               Conclusion

     For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Henderson's 15 capital-

murder convictions and his resulting sentence of death.

     AFFIRMED.

     Windom, P.J., and Cole and Minor, JJ., concur.           Kellum, J.,

dissents in part and concurs in the result in part, with opinion.

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KELLUM, Judge, dissenting in part and concurring in the result in

part.

        I agree to affirm 14 of Christopher Matthew Henderson's capital-

murder convictions, and his sentence of death, although not necessarily

for all the reasons stated in the main opinion.        However, I must

respectfully dissent from affirming Henderson's conviction for murder

made capital because it was committed where a court had issued a

protection order for the victim and against the defendant, see § 13A-5-

40(a)(19), Ala. Code 1975, because I do not believe the State presented

sufficient evidence to sustain that conviction.

        I agree with the main opinion that § 13A-5-40(a)(19) "requires

proof that a court had issued a protection order against the defendant

and in favor of the victim and that the order was in effect at the time of

the victim's death." ___ So. 3d at ___. The main opinion, however, does

not hold the State to that burden, instead concluding that the evidence

was sufficient to sustain Henderson's conviction because the State

presented evidence that a protection order "was issued and served on

Henderson less than 10 days before Kristen's death." ___ So. 3d at ___.

I do not believe the fact that the protection order was issued and served

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on Henderson less than 10 days before the murders is, by itself,

sufficient to establish that the order was still in effect at the time of the

murders. Although a protection order remains in effect "until the final

hearing date," § 30-5-6(b), Ala. Code 1975, and that hearing "shall" be

"within 10 days" of service on the defendant, § 30-5-6(a), Ala. Code

1975, the hearing could also be held less than 10 days after service on

the defendant. Moreover, as the main opinion points out, the other

evidence regarding the protection order -- the handwritten notation

consolidating the protection order with the divorce proceedings

scheduled for August 3, 2015, one day before the murders, and

Henderson's text message on August 3, 2015 -- is ambiguous as to

whether the hearing on the protection order was, in fact, held on August

3, 2015, and, if so, what the outcome of the hearing was, i.e., whether or

not the protection order was extended. Such ambiguity is not, in my

view, sufficient to satisfy the State's burden of proof and to allow a jury

to reasonably conclude that the evidence excluded every reasonable

hypothesis except that of guilt. See, e.g., Vason v. State, 323 So. 3d 698,

704 (Ala. Crim. App. 2020) ("In reviewing a conviction based in whole or

in part on circumstantial evidence, the test to be applied is whether the

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jury might reasonably find that the evidence excluded every reasonable

hypothesis except that of guilt." (internal citations and quotation marks

omitted)).

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