Court Opinion

ID: 4426030
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-15 20:53:21.716523+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:54.535261
License: Public Domain

08/15/2019
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                                 May 30, 2019 Session

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BENJAMIN FOUST

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                         No. 98837B G. Scott Green, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2017-02420-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________

The Defendant, Benjamin Foust, was convicted of ten counts of felony murder, two
counts of first degree premeditated murder, four counts of especially aggravated robbery,
two counts of aggravated arson, and two counts of possession of a firearm while having a
prior felony conviction involving the use of violence or force. The trial court’s merger of
the various convictions resulted in two felony murder convictions, two especially
aggravated robbery convictions, one aggravated arson conviction, and one firearm
conviction. The trial court imposed an effective sentence of two consecutive terms of life
imprisonment plus 105 years. On appeal, the Defendant contends that (1) the evidence is
insufficient to support his convictions; (2) the trial court erred in failing to grant the
Defendant’s motion to sever or bifurcate the firearm charges; (3) the trial court erred in
admitting evidence of the Defendant’s drug use; (4) the trial court improperly admitted
several autopsy photographs; (5) the trial court provided an improper answer to a
question from the jury posed during deliberations; and (6) the trial court erred in
sentencing the Defendant. We conclude that the trial court erred in ordering the parties to
stipulate to the Defendant’s prior felony convictions and that the error was not harmless
as to the firearm convictions. Accordingly, we reverse the Defendant’s firearm
convictions and remand for a new trial as to those convictions. We otherwise affirm the
trial court’s judgments.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
                   in Part and Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JJ., joined.

Wesley D. Stone, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Benjamin Foust.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Courtney N. Orr, Assistant
Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Ta Kisha Fitzgerald,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The Defendant and his co-defendants, Ashlie Tanner and Teddie Jones, were
indicted for numerous offenses arising from the murders of Eric and Dena Marsh on
August 16, 2011. Following the Defendant’s initial trial, he was convicted of ten counts
of felony murder, two counts of first degree premeditated murder, four counts of
especially aggravated robbery, three counts of aggravated arson, and two counts of
possession of a firearm while having a prior felony conviction involving the use of
violence or force. The trial court imposed an effective sentence of two consecutive life
sentences plus 105 years.

        At the Defendant’s initial trial, Ms. Tanner testified for the State, while Mr. Jones
testified for the defense. See State v. Foust, 482 S.W.3d 20, 29-35 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2015). On direct appeal, this court held that the trial court committed reversible error by
allowing the State to introduce, as substantive evidence, Mr. Jones’s prior statement to
the police in its entirety. Id. at 36-42. As a result, this court reversed the Defendant’s
convictions and remanded for a new trial. Id. This court also held that the evidence was
insufficient to support one of the aggravated arson convictions and dismissed the charge.
Id. at 42-44.

        At the retrial, the State presented evidence that Mr. Jones, who was Mr. Marsh’s
stepson from a previous marriage, had been stealing from the victims. At the
Defendant’s original trial, the State presented the evidence through the testimony of Mr.
Philip Lanteri, Mr. Marsh’s stepfather. However, Mr. Lanteri passed away before the
retrial, and his prior testimony was read into evidence by his wife, Mrs. Linda Lanteri.
According to Mr. Lanteri, Mr. Jones previously had taken Mr. Marsh’s pain pills that had
been prescribed to Mr. Marsh as a result of multiple shoulder surgeries, as well as jewelry
and other items of value. Mr. Marsh had called the police of several occasions to report
Mr. Jones’s thefts. As a result, Mr. Marsh purchased a safe, which he kept bolted to the
floor of his bedroom closet, and rented a safety deposit box at a bank. Mr. Lanteri was
“sure” that Mr. Marsh kept jewelry and pain pills in the safe. On cross-examination, Mr.
Lanteri acknowledged that he did not know what items were in the safe. He stated that
Mr. Marsh kept a certain amount of pills at his home and stored the rest in the safety
deposit box.
                                            -2-
       At approximately 7:30 p.m. on the evening of August 16, 2011, Mr. Robert
Cowles, the minister of the church where the victims attended, visited the victims at their
home. Mr. Cowles testified that Mr. Marsh had undergone surgery recently and was not
at church the previous Sunday. Mr. Cowles stated that Mr. Marsh’s arm was in a sling
and that he was uncomfortable and in pain. Mr. Cowles noticed tall bottles of
prescription pills in the victims’ living room. During the visit, Mrs. Marsh went into the
back bedroom to lie down, and Mr. Cowles continued to speak with Mr. Marsh. Mr.
Cowles left the victims’ home at approximately 8:15 p.m.

        Later that evening, Mr. James Morsch, a retired member of the City of Knoxville
Fire Department, was driving in the area of the victims’ home when he smelled smoke.
He saw that the back side of the victims’ home was on fire and that the flames were
approximately twenty-five to thirty feet tall. Mr. Morsch parked in front of the home.
Another man, who was speaking on his cell phone, arrived and confirmed to Mr. Morsch
that he was speaking to a 9-1-1 operator. Records established that the first call regarding
the fire was made to 9-1-1 at 9:10 p.m.

       Two or three people approached Mr. Morsch and reported that one of the home’s
residents was unaccounted for and would not have been able to exit without assistance.
Mr. Morsch saw a vehicle parked in the front yard of the victims’ home. He tried to open
the front door of the home, but it was locked. He beat on the front door and screamed,
but he did not hear anything from inside the home. After someone kicked the door open,
Mr. Morsch tried to crawl into the home but was unable to do so due to the smoke and
heat from the fire. Emergency personnel arrived and discovered the victims’ bodies
inside the home.

        Investigator Travis Kincaid, a criminal investigator with the Knoxville Fire
Department who specialized in arson investigations, responded to the scene. He testified
that the “fully involved” fire, where the fire was coming out from the back, the eaves, and
all areas of the house, roused his suspicion because “that’s not a normal or natural fire
progression.” He stated that as a result, he suspected that someone had set the fire using
an accelerant. After the area was safe, Investigator Kincaid brought in a dog trained to
alert to areas of ignitable liquid, and he collected the evidence to which the dog alerted.

       Ms. Danielle Wieberg, a crime scene technician for the Knoxville Police
Department, responded to the scene, arriving at around 9:30 p.m. Firefighters discovered
the body of a man, later identified as Mr. Marsh, in the living room and brought him
outside. Ms. Wieberg was allowed to enter the home once it was cleared and observed a
portion of the ceiling, insulation, and debris on the floor.

                                           -3-
        Firefighters located a female victim, later identified as Mrs. Marsh, in the back
bedroom. Also in the back bedroom were a shotgun, a hammer, a red purse, and the
remains of a pillowcase containing multiple pill bottles. Although presumptive tests
failed to indicate the presence of blood on the hammer, Special Agent Keith Proctor of
the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”), a forensic scientist who the trial court
accepted as an expert if forensic biology, testified that extreme temperatures resulting
from a fire can destroy DNA. Ms. Wieberg noted that a puddle of lighter fluid was
located inside the house. She also found a roofing hatchet with blood on the mallet lying
on top of a purse near the kitchen door. The purse contained two empty pill bottles.
Later testing revealed Mr. Marsh’s DNA on the roofing hatchet.

       Ms. Wieberg testified regarding the areas of blood found throughout the house and
was accepted by the trial court as an expert in bloodstain pattern analysis. She was
unable to conduct a complete analysis of the crime scene due to the damage caused by the
water used to extinguish the fire. She observed a small grouping of blood droplets on the
side of a kitchen cabinet. She stated that the blood droplets were spherical in nature,
which indicated that they hit the surface at almost a ninety-degree angle. She noted that
the droplets were located near the top of the cabinet and that it was unlikely that the
victim or assailant was tall enough to account for the droplets. Rather, she believed the
location of the droplets indicated that they were the result of cast-off, which occurs when
blood accumulates on an object used to strike a victim and is subsequently shaken off the
object onto another surface. She stated that at least two blows are required to obtain cast-
off, one to break the skin and cause bleeding so that the blood gets on the weapon and
another during which the blood hits the surface while the weapon is swung.

       Ms. Wieberg observed a large quantity of blood that she described as “flow from
gravitational” on the same side of the cabinet. She testified that the blood pattern
indicated that a bloody object was against the surface. She stated that someone who was
wounded possibly leaned against the cabinet and that blood ran down the cabinet as a
result. She noted that the object hit the cabinet hard enough to cause impact spatter and
stated that blood could have been dripping down from the portion of the bloody object
that was not in contact with the cabinet.

       Ms. Wieberg observed blood spatter on the front of the kitchen cabinet that struck
the cabinet at a downward angle. She stated that the blood could have been from an
injured victim or the result of cast-off from a weapon. She also stated that the assailant
would have been swinging the weapon toward the cabinet. She observed blood on a wall
outside the kitchen, which she believed was either cast-off from a weapon or from an
injured victim moving through the area.

                                           -4-
       Ms. Wieberg testified that a large quantity of blood was in a chair and a t-shirt tied
around the chair, which indicated that someone who was bleeding either sat in the chair
or leaned against it. She also noted droplets of blood in the chair. She said some of the
blood stains could not be clearly explained and could have resulted from “the chaotic
movement of the injured victim through a crime scene.” She observed a quantity of
blood spatter along the entertainment center in the back bedroom. She was unable to
conduct a complete analysis of the spatter and stated that it could have resulted from a
bleeding victim’s movement through the area. She observed blood on a large blue
comforter, a pair of shorts, a shoe, and a pair of eyeglasses that were found near Mr.
Marsh in the living room. A cane also was recovered near Mr. Marsh.

       The victims’ home included a basement, and the only access to the basement was
through an entrance outside the home. Ms. Wieberg observed blood in different areas of
the basement, including a quantity of blood near a table with tools on it. On cross-
examination, she testified that based on the extent of Mr. Marsh’s injuries, she believed
that he was attacked first in the basement and then again upstairs.

        Ms. Ashlie Tanner testified that she had been charged in connection with the case
and that the State offered her a plea deal in which she would plead guilty to two counts of
facilitation of felony murder and would receive a sentence of twenty-five years at thirty
percent in exchange for her truthful testimony. Her charges of especially aggravated
robbery and aggravated arson also would be dismissed.

       Ms. Tanner testified that she met the Defendant in October 2010 and was in a
relationship with him at the time of the offenses. They shared a house with the
Defendant’s mother and owned a green Ford Explorer. Ms. Tanner met Mr. Jones at the
end of 2009, and they would “get high together.” She said that she and Mr. Jones used
cocaine and pain pills and that they had used them on the day of the offenses. She stated
that the Defendant also abused pain pills and that he used them on the evening following
the offenses.

        Ms. Tanner testified that during the afternoon of August 16, 2011, Mr. Jones
helped the Defendant repair the Defendant’s mother’s vehicle at the Defendant’s home.
Ms. Tanner remained on the porch and did not hear any conversations between the
Defendant and Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones asked the Defendant and Ms. Tanner to take him
back to his apartment and stated that on the way, they could stop somewhere to obtain
tools to use in repairing the vehicle later. The Defendant drove the Explorer; Ms. Tanner
sat in the front passenger seat; and Mr. Jones sat behind her. They first stopped at a
convenience store where Mr. Jones removed the tags from the Explorer and replaced
them with temporary tags while the Defendant was inside the store. They then went to
the victims’ home.
                                            -5-
       Ms. Tanner testified that she had not been the victims’ home previously and that
she believed the purpose of the visit was to retrieve tools. Mr. Jones exited the Explorer
and entered the house through the front door while the Defendant and Ms. Tanner
remained inside the vehicle. The Defendant asked Ms. Tanner to switch seats with him
because she usually drove the vehicle. Mr. Jones then came out of the house through
either the side door or the back door and motioned for them to enter the house. Ms.
Tanner and the Defendant followed Mr. Jones inside the victims’ house, and Ms. Tanner
did not recall the Defendant saying anything to her as they were entering the house.

       Ms. Tanner testified that the Defendant and Mr. Jones walked toward the kitchen
while she searched for a bathroom so that she could “shoot up” pills. While in the
bathroom, she heard a gurgling noise coming from the next bedroom. She went into the
bedroom, where she saw Mrs. Marsh lying on the floor with a head injury. Ms. Tanner
told Mrs. Marsh that she would get help. Mr. Jones then entered the bedroom, followed
by the Defendant, and Mr. Jones hit Mrs. Marsh “again.” Mr. Jones gave a pillowcase to
Ms. Tanner and instructed her to put everything in a nearby drawer into the pillowcase.
Mr. Jones and the Defendant then left the room.

      Ms. Tanner put papers and pill bottles from the drawer into the pillowcase, set the
pillowcase on the bed, and left the room. She saw Mr. Marsh come around the corner.
He was disoriented and bleeding from a head injury. Mr. Jones came up behind Mr.
Marsh and began hitting him “again.” Ms. Tanner did not see the Defendant at that time.
Ms. Tanner turned away, and when she turned back around, she saw Mr. Jones cover Mr.
Marsh with a blanket while the Defendant stood beside Mr. Jones.

       Ms. Tanner stated she left the house and got into the driver’s seat of the Explorer.
The Defendant then came out of the house, followed by Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones instructed
her to drive through the yard and to his apartment, and she complied. While en route,
Mr. Jones stated that he had left a purse and a hammer inside the house.

       Ms. Tanner said that she did not recall carrying any property out of the house or
seeing the Defendant or Mr. Jones carrying any property out of the house. She stated that
a safe and jewelry were removed from the home but that she did not recall who removed
them. She later testified that the Defendant carried the safe out of the house and placed it
in the vehicle. While at Mr. Jones’s apartment, the Defendant and Mr. Jones used a tire
iron to open the safe, and the Defendant cut his finger as a result. Ms. Tanner only
recalled the safe containing title papers. Mr. Jones instructed the Defendant and Ms.
Tanner to throw the safe into a nearby pond. Mr. Jones also instructed Ms. Tanner to
take the jewelry with her so they could pawn it later.

                                           -6-
       Ms. Tanner denied seeing the shotgun until she was arrested and stated that she
did not see who removed the shotgun from the victims’ house. She testified that on the
day following the offenses, she learned that once she and the Defendant returned home
after the offenses, the Defendant removed the shotgun from their vehicle and hid it
underneath a broken-down Winnebago in the backyard. The Defendant also removed the
safe that they had opened, as well as a second safe taken from the victims’ house, and
placed them on the back porch. Ms. Tanner and the Defendant then went to a grocery
store where they purchased various items, including bandages for the Defendant’s finger
and bleach to clean the blood off one of the safes. The State presented the receipt for the
purchases that was dated August 16, 2011, at 10:34 p.m., and a video recording of the
Defendant and Ms. Tanner at the grocery store. They returned home, cleaned the safe,
bandaged the Defendant’s finger, and went to bed.

        The following day, the Defendant and Ms. Tanner placed the safes into a
dumpster, and Ms. Tanner threw away jewelry boxes that had contained Mrs. Marsh’s
jewelry. Ms. Tanner did not recall what she did with the jewelry. The Defendant
retrieved the shotgun from underneath the Winnebago, told Ms. Tanner that they were
selling the shotgun to a friend, and placed it in the back of their vehicle. While en route
to sell the shotgun, they noticed a police officer in a vehicle behind them, and the
Defendant instructed Ms. Tanner, who was driving, to go faster. Ms. Tanner drove into a
parking lot where she and the Defendant were arrested. Ms. Tanner testified that she
initially lied to the police when she spoke to them because she did not want to get into
trouble. After she was questioned further, she gave a statement to the police.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Tanner agreed that when she first spoke to the police
following her arrest, she did not realize that she could be charged with the offenses and
did not believe she had done anything wrong. She maintained that she initially lied to the
police because she was afraid and that Mr. Jones had done something to cause her to be
frightened. She stated that she was “high” when she spoke to the police and when the
offenses occurred and that she began taking drugs on the day of the offenses “[a]s soon as
[she] got up.” She said she had a strong opiate addiction at the time of the offenses. She
admitted having pills in her pocket when she entered the victims’ home and planning to
“shoot up” the pills while in the home. She said she did not want to “shoot up” in the
Defendant’s presence because he did not approve of it. While in custody, Ms. Tanner led
her family to believe that she was pregnant even though she was not.

       Ms. Tanner testified that Mr. Jones did not tell her or the Defendant why he
wanted to go to the victims’ house. She stated that the green Explorer had a red door and
agreed it was odd to change the tags on the Explorer given its unique appearance. She
acknowledged that she did not know what Mr. Jones was going to do until she saw him
strike Mr. Marsh and that Mr. Jones, not the Defendant, gave her instructions. Ms.
                                           -7-
Tanner testified that Mr. Jones was angry at her for leaving the pillow case in the victims’
house, and she agreed that it was Mr. Jones’s idea to dispose of the property.

       Ms. Tanner testified that at the time of the offenses, the Defendant was enrolled in
a technology school and that he was at school until 2:30 p.m. on the day after the
offenses. Later that day, the Defendant and one of his friends from school worked on the
Defendant’s mother’s car. Ms. Tanner was unaware of anyone other than Mr. Jones
helping the Defendant in repairing the car on the day of the offenses.

        Ms. Tanner acknowledged that she was facing a sentence of 102 years on the
original charges and that based upon her agreement with the State, she was eligible for
parole in 2018. She also acknowledged that when she received the offer from the State,
she was charged in unrelated cases with criminal impersonation, possession of drug
paraphernalia, simple possession of drugs, shoplifting, theft, and multiple worthless
check charges. She admitted that all of the charges were dismissed and that the
dismissals were a benefit received as a result of her negotiations with the State. On
redirect examination, Ms. Tanner testified that she has previously been denied parole and
that she did not know whether she would be granted parole in 2018. She said she was
testifying so that the victims’ families could obtain “some closure.”

        Officer Philip Jinks of the Knoxville Police Department assisted in the search for
the Defendant and Ms. Tanner following the offenses. Officers were searching for a Ford
Explorer with a passenger door that was a different color than the rest of the vehicle.
Officer Jinks testified that he began watching the home of the Defendant and Ms. Tanner
after he saw the Explorer parked there. A few minutes later, he saw two people who
matched the descriptions of the Defendant and Ms. Tanner exit the house and get into the
Explorer. Officer Jinks was in an unmarked car, and he requested a marked car to assist
in a traffic stop. Officer Jinks followed the Explorer to the parking lot of a shopping
center. The marked unit then pulled behind the Explorer with its blue lights activated.
Officer Jinks looked in the back of the Explorer and saw what appeared to be a shotgun
partially covered with a blanket. He notified other officers that a gun was inside the
vehicle. The Defendant and Ms. Tanner were transported to the police station, and the
vehicle was towed to an impound lot.

       Officers executed a search warrant of the Explorer and found a Remington
Wingmaster Model 870 12-gauge shotgun in the backseat. Mr. Lanteri testified that he
gave the shotgun to Mr. Marsh after Mr. Marsh loaned him money. The Defendant’s
fingerprints were found on the shotgun. Officers also executed a search warrant at the
home of the Defendant and Ms. Tanner and located jewelry boxes and jewelry, which
were identified at trial as belonging to Mrs. Marsh. Officers executed a search warrant of

                                           -8-
Mr. Jones’s apartment and searched a nearby dumpster, and they recovered clothing,
shoes, and two containers of Clorox from the dumpster.

       TBI Special Agent Laura Hodge, who the trial court accepted as an expert in
microanalysis, tested various samples from the victims’ home, the Defendant’s Explorer,
clothing found at Mr. Jones’s apartment, and clothing found in the dumpster for
accelerants. Testing of samples from the back door and the hallway of the victims’ home
revealed the presence of an isoparaffin product, an ignitable liquid found in some
charcoal starters, copier fluids, aviation gasolines, lamp oils, insecticides, polishes, and
camping fuels. Testing of a white bottle from the driver’s floor of the Defendant’s
Explorer and a yellow left Puma shoe recovered from the dumpster revealed the presence
of a medium petroleum distillate, an ignitable liquid found in some mineral spirits, paint
thinners, charcoal starters, dry cleaning solvents, torch fuels, insecticides, polishes, and
lamp oils.

       Special Agent Proctor examined a pair of jeans found in the dumpster and stated
that presumptive testing indicated the presence of blood. One of the stains on the jeans
had a DNA profile of a mixture of genetic material with Mr. Marsh as the major
contributor and Mr. Jones as the minor contributor at six locations. The remaining
locations were inconclusive due to insufficient or degraded DNA. Testing of the
waistband of the jeans for touch DNA revealed a partial profile that was consistent with
Mr. Jones’s profile at two locations. Special Agent Keith Proctor testified that the results
were consistent with Mr. Jones’s wearing the jeans at some point. Testing of a right
Puma shoe recovered from the dumpster revealed a DNA profile containing a mixture of
genetic material from at least two individuals with Mr. Jones as the major contributor.
Special Agent Proctor stated that the results of the testing were consistent with Mr.
Jones’s wearing the shoe at some point.

        Dr. Christopher Lochmuller, the Chief Deputy Medical Examiner for Knox
County, was accepted by the trial court as an expert in forensic pathology, anatomic
pathology, and clinical pathology. He performed the autopsies of both victims. He
testified that Mr. Marsh sustained twelve blows to his head. One blow resulted in a
depressed skull fracture on the top left side of Mr. Marsh’s head, and another blow on the
left side of his forehead resulted in a complex fracture that spread across the skull and
intersected with the depressed skull fracture. Dr. Lochmuller stated that the blow
resulting in the depressed skull fracture occurred before the blow to the forehead. Dr.
Lochmuller was unable to determine the sequence in which the other blows occurred.
Mr. Marsh had hemorrhaging overlying his brain and bruising of his brain. Mr. Marsh
also sustained an injury to the left side of his neck and had defensive wounds on his right
hand and right forearm.

                                           -9-
       Dr. Lochmuller testified that Mr. Marsh inhaled soot from his nose and mouth and
into his lungs and had a “substantially high level” of carbon monoxide in his blood. Dr.
Lochmuller determined that not only was Mr. Marsh alive at the time of the fire, the level
of carbon monoxide in his blood was at such a level that it was “a significant contribution
to his death.” Dr. Lochmuller testified that the injury to Mr. Marsh’s head was
independently fatal and that the extent of his carbon monoxide exposure “by itself could
be lethal.” Dr. Lochmuller concluded that Mr. Marsh’s death was the result of blunt
force injuries and carbon monoxide inhalation and that his manner of death was
homicide.

        Dr. Lochmuller testified that Mrs. Marsh sustained five separate blows to her
head, one to the back of her head and four to her left temple. The blows of her left
temple resulted in a large depressed skull fracture, and the blow to the back of her head
resulted in a fracture that traveled to and stopped at her depressed skull fracture. As a
result, Dr. Lochmuller determined that Mrs. Marsh received the blows to her left temple
before she was struck on the back of her head. There was hemorrhaging overlying her
brain and bruising on her brain.

       Mrs. Marsh had extensive burns covering most of her body. She also had inhaled
and swallowed soot and had an “elevated” level of carbon monoxide in her blood. Dr.
Lochmuller stated that Mrs. Marsh’s carbon monoxide level was not as high as Mr.
Marsh’s level but that she had a more severe head injury. Dr. Lochmuller explained that
Mrs. Marsh’s head injury caused her to die more quickly than Mr. Marsh but that the
carbon monoxide still contributed to her death. Dr. Lochmuller concluded that Mrs.
Marsh’s death was the result of blunt force injuries and carbon monoxide inhalation and
that her manner of death was homicide.

       Dr. Lochmuller testified that the flat end of the roofing hatchet and the flat face of
the claw hammer found near Mrs. Marsh’s body were consistant with the injuries of both
victims. He could not determine the positions of the victims when they received the
injuries.

       The parties stipulated that the Defendant had “a previous felony conviction
consistent with Tennessee Code Annotated [section] 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A).” The State
then rested its case.

        The defense sought to call Mr. Jones as a witness, but he refused to testify. The
trial court found that he was unavailable, and his testimony from the Defendant’s prior
trial, except for the portions of his prior testimony that this court had concluded on direct
appeal to be inadmissible, was read to the jury.

                                           - 10 -
        Mr. Jones testified that he had pled guilty to the charges related to the murders.
He stated that he had known Ms. Tanner for six or seven months at the time of the
offenses and that he saw her three or four times a week, during which they would inject
pills together. The Defendant knew that Ms. Tanner was injecting pills but did not
approve of it. The Defendant told Mr. Jones that he was jealous of the relationship
between Ms. Tanner and Mr. Jones.

       Mr. Jones testified that on the day of the offenses, he did not go to the Defendant’s
home and help him repair his mother’s car. Rather, Mr. Jones stated that he called Ms.
Tanner and asked her to drive him to purchase pills. He said that when Ms. Tanner
arrived at his apartment, the Defendant was in the Explorer too and was extremely
intoxicated. Mr. Jones stated that he had not talked to the Defendant about where they
were going and that he never had a discussion with Ms. Tanner about obtaining tools.

        Mr. Jones testified that when they arrived at the victims’ home, only he and Ms.
Tanner went inside. He maintained that the Defendant did not enter the house, did not
know what was going to occur, and did not carry any items out of the house. Mr. Jones
stated that Ms. Tanner was aware of the impending crimes. Mr. Jones did not recall who
carried the shotgun out of the house but said he may have done so. He stated that Ms.
Tanner carried the jewelry box out of the house. Mr. Jones did not recall placing a
hatchet on a purse near the door and said they did not discuss the offenses while in the
vehicle.

        Mr. Jones testified that they returned to his apartment where the Defendant tried to
help Mr. Jones open a safe. Mr. Jones said he told the Defendant that the safe belonged
to him and that he had broken it. The Defendant cut his hand while trying to open the
safe, “[f]lipped out,” and returned to the vehicle. Mr. Jones stated that he and Ms. Tanner
split pills taken from the victims’ home and that Ms. Tanner took the jewelry and the
shotgun so she could sell them. Mr. Jones denied that the Defendant took any of the
victims’ belongings with him when he left Mr. Jones’s apartment.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Jones testified that he was interviewed by the police
following his arrest and told the officers “what they wanted to hear” after twelve hours.
He recalled telling the officers that he was not in the victims’ home but that the
Defendant was. Mr. Jones also recalled telling the officers that he provided information
about the victims to the Defendant and Ms. Tanner and that the Defendant and Ms.
Tanner returned to his apartment and told him about the robberies. Mr. Jones then gave a
second statement to the police admitting to being in the victims’ home with Ms. Tanner
and the Defendant. He said he told the officers what they “needed to hear.” He did not
recall telling the officers that he was afraid of the Defendant and maintained at trial that

                                           - 11 -
he was not afraid of the Defendant. Mr. Jones stated that since their incarceration, he and
the Defendant had two altercations, both of which Mr. Jones initiated.

       On redirect examination, Mr. Jones testified that he lied to the police because he
was trying to protect himself. He stated that the roofing hatchet came from one of his
neighbors and that he disposed of his clothing in a nearby dumpster following the
offenses.

        Mr. Brent Cox testified that he had known the Defendant for four or five years at
the time of the Defendant’s arrest. Mr. Cox stated that he helped the Defendant in
repairing his mother’s car on the day prior to the Defendant’s arrest. Mr. Cox said that he
and the Defendant drank an excessive amount of alcohol, that he had to help the
Defendant inside, and that the Defendant was passed out in a chair when Mr. Cox left the
Defendant’s home at 7:30 or 8:00 p.m. Mr. Cox testified that he did not see Ms. Tanner
at the home that night. On cross-examination, Mr. Cox testified that he did not recall the
Defendant talking on his cell phone or mentioning Mr. Jones that night. Mr. Cox did not
tell law enforcement that he had been with the Defendant, explaining that he did not
believe that the information “would amount to anything.”

       In rebuttal, the State introduced the Defendant’s cell phone records for the day of
the offenses. The records reflected multiple incoming and outgoing calls between 3:16
p.m. and 8:13 p.m. that day. An outgoing call at 8:13 p.m. lasted 343 seconds. At 8:53
p.m., there was an incoming call that went to the Defendant’s voicemail. The next call
was an incoming call at 9:57 p.m. Mr. Joseph Trawicki, the records custodian for Sprint,
acknowledged that he could not determine who was using the Defendant’s cell phone
from his records.

        With respect to the offenses committed against Mrs. Marsh, the Defendant was
indicted for and convicted of felony murder “during the attempt to perpetrate” theft,
felony murder “during the attempt to perpetrate” robbery, felony murder during the
perpetration of theft, felony murder during the perpetration of robbery, felony murder
during the perpetration of arson, first degree premeditated murder, especially aggravated
robbery through violence, especially aggravated robbery through fear, and aggravated
arson resulting in serious bodily injury to Mrs. Marsh. With respect to the offenses
committed against Mr. Marsh, the Defendant was indicted for and convicted of felony
murder “during the attempt to perpetrate” theft, felony murder during the perpetration of
theft, felony murder “during the attempt to perpetrate” robbery, felony murder during the
perpetration of robbery, felony murder during the perpetration of arson, first degree
premeditated murder, especially aggravated robbery through fear, especially aggravated
robbery through violence, and aggravated arson resulting in serious bodily injury to Mr.
Marsh. The Defendant also was charged with and convicted of possession of a firearm
                                          - 12 -
while having a prior felony conviction involving the use of violence and possession of a
firearm while having a prior felony conviction involving the use of force.

       The trial court imposed sentences of life imprisonment for each of the murder
convictions. Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the Defendant as a
Range II multiple offender to forty years for each conviction of especially aggravated
robbery, twenty-five years for each of the especially aggravated arson convictions, and
two years for each of the firearm convictions. The trial court merged the murder
convictions into two felony murder convictions, the four convictions of especially
aggravated robbery into two convictions, the aggravated arson convictions, and the
firearm convictions. The trial court ordered the Defendant’s sentences to be served
consecutively, except for his firearm conviction, for a total effective sentence of two
consecutive terms of life imprisonment plus 105 years.

        The Defendant filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. The
Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions;
(2) the trial court erred in failing to grant the Defendant’s motion to sever or bifurcate the
firearm charges; (3) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of the Defendant’s drug
use; (4) the trial court improperly admitted several autopsy photographs; (5) the trial
court provided an improper answer to a jury question during deliberations; and (6) the
trial court erred in sentencing the Defendant.

                                        ANALYSIS

                                       I. Sufficiency

       The Defendant challenges his convictions for felony murder, first degree
premediated murder, especially aggravated robbery, and aggravated arson. He maintains
that the evidence is insufficient to establish his guilt as either the principal offender or
under a theory of criminal responsibility. The State responds that the evidence is
sufficient to support the convictions. We agree with the State.

        When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant question
for this court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). On appeal,
“‘the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and to all
reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.’” State v. Elkins, 102
S.W.3d 578, 581 (Tenn. 2003) (quoting State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn.
2000)). Therefore, this court will not re-weigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v.
Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Instead, it is the trier of fact,
                                            - 13 -
not this court, who resolves any questions concerning “the credibility of witnesses, the
weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the
evidence.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

       A guilty verdict removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). The burden is
then shifted to the defendant on appeal to demonstrate why the evidence is insufficient to
support the conviction. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). This court
applies the same standard of review regardless of whether the conviction was predicated
on direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn.
2011). “Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to support a conviction, and the
circumstantial evidence need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of
guilt.” State v. Wagner, 382 S.W.3d 289, 297 (Tenn. 2012).

        As it relates to this case, first degree murder is the premeditated and intentional
killing of another or the “killing of another committed in the perpetration of or attempt to
perpetrate any … arson, … robbery, … [or] theft.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1)-(2). A
premeditated act is one “done after the exercise of reflection and judgment.” T.C.A. §
39-13-202(d). Premeditation requires a finding that “the intent to kill must have been
formed prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill preexist in the
mind of the accused for any definite period of time.” Id. “No culpable mental state is
required” of felony murder, “except the intent to commit the enumerated offenses.”
T.C.A. § 39-13-202(b).

       A person commits arson who “knowingly damages any structure by means of a
fire or explosion” and “[w]ithout the consent of all persons who have a possessory,
proprietary or security interest therein.” T.C.A. § 39-14-301(a)(1). As charged in the
present case, aggravated arson is arson “[w]hen any person … suffers serious bodily
injury as a result of the fire or explosion.” T.C.A. § 39-14-302(a)(2).“Robbery is the
intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting
the person in fear.” T.C.A. § 39-13-401(a). Theft occurs when a person, “with intent to
deprive the owner of property, … knowingly obtains or exercises control over the
property without the owner’s effective consent.” T.C.A. § 39-14-103(a). Especially
aggravated robbery is robbery that is “[a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon” and
“[w]here the victim suffers serious bodily injury.” T.C.A. § 39-13-403(a).

       At trial, the State relied, in part, upon a theory of criminal responsibility to
establish the Defendant’s guilt. “A person is criminally responsible as a party to an
offense if the offense is committed by the person’s own conduct, by the conduct of
another for which the person is criminally responsible, or by both.” T.C.A. § 39-11-
401(a). A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of
                                           - 14 -
another, if “[a]cting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, or to
benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the person solicits, directs, aids, or
attempts to aid another person to commit the offense.” T.C.A. § 39-11-402(2).

       Although not a separate crime, criminal responsibility is a theory by which the
State may alternatively establish guilt based on the conduct of another. Dorantes, 331
S.W.3d at 386 (citing State v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999)). No specific
act or deed needs to be demonstrated by the State, and the presence and companionship
of an accused with the offender before and after the offense are circumstances from
which participation in the crime may be inferred. State v. Ball, 973 S.W.2d 288, 293
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). To be convicted, however, “the evidence must establish that
the defendant in some way knowingly and voluntarily shared in the criminal intent of the
crime and promoted its commission.” Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 386 (citing State v.
Maxey, 898 S.W.2d 756, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)); see State v. Foster, 755 S.W.2d
846, 848 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988).

       When viewed in a light most favorable to the State, the evidence presented at trial
established that Mr. Jones had an acrimonious relationship with Mr. Marsh because Mr.
Jones had stolen items such as prescription pills and jewelry from the victims on
numerous occasions, and Mr. Marsh had contacted the police as a result. Mr. Jones was
aware that Mr. Marsh kept prescription pills in his home, and all three defendants abused
prescription pills.

       Although Ms. Tanner generally drove the Explorer, the Defendant drove his co-
defendants to the victims’ home. They stopped while en route, and Mr. Jones changed
the tags on the vehicle. Ms. Tanner did not see the victims when they were initially
attacked. The wounded victims were still alive when Ms. Tanner saw Mr. Jones strike
them repeatedly, and the Defendant was with Mr. Jones during the attacks. The
Defendant made no attempt to stop Mr. Jones, render aid to the victims, or notify the
authorities. Rather, the Defendant, along with his co-defendants, gathered many of the
victims’ belongings, including two safes, a shotgun, jewelry, and jewelry boxes. Ms.
Tanner gathered pills bottles from a drawer in the bedroom but left them in the bedroom
when she exited the house.

       The Defendant carried one of the safes to his vehicle, and Mr. Jones exited the
house shortly thereafter. The safe was kept in the victims’ bedroom closet located in the
back of the house. The back of the house was also the source of the fire, as demonstrated
by the accelerants detected on samples taken from the back of the house, Mr. Morsch’s
testimony regarding his observation of flames coming from the back of the house, and the
severe burns on Mrs. Marsh’s body. The victims were still alive when the fire occurred,

                                          - 15 -
and the fire contributed to their deaths.      A bottle of accelerant was found in the
Defendant’s vehicle following his arrest.

       The Defendant and his co-defendants fled the scene, and the Defendant assisted
Mr. Jones in breaking into the safe. The Defendant participated in the concealment of the
crimes. He and Ms. Tanner used bleach to clean blood off of the safe and then discarded
the safe. The Defendant and the co-defendants discussed selling the jewelry. The
Defendant also arranged to sell the shotgun and was en route to do so when he was
arrested. His fingerprints were found on the shotgun.

       The Defendant challenges the credibility of Ms. Tanner’s testimony and relies
upon Mr. Jones’s testimony during which he denied that the Defendant participated in the
offenses to argue that the evidence is insufficient to support the convictions. By its
verdict, the jury chose to credit Ms. Tanner’s testimony and reject Mr. Jones’s testimony.
Questions regarding the credibility of the witnesses are within the province of the jury
and will not be revisited by this court on appeal. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659.

        The Defendant maintains that when answering a question posed by the jury during
deliberations, the trial court improperly instructed regarding criminal responsibility and
facilitation in response to a question for the jury during deliberations and, thus, rendered
the evidence insufficient. However, the question of whether the evidence is sufficient to
support a conviction and the question of whether the trial court properly issued a
supplemental jury instruction are two separate and distinct issues. In examining whether
evidence is sufficient, this court must only determine “whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443
U.S. at 319. The Defendant fails to offer any support for his assertion that an error in a
jury instruction renders the evidence insufficient. Rather, we conclude that the evidence
is sufficient to support the Defendant’s convictions for first degree premeditated murder,
felony murder, especially aggravated robbery, and aggravated arson based upon a theory
of criminal responsibility. The Defendant is not entitled to relief regarding this issue.

                     II. Severance/Bifurcation of Firearm Charges

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his request that his
firearm charges be severed from his remaining charges or be tried in a bifurcated
proceeding. He asserts that informing the jury at trial that he was a convicted felon
denied him the right to a fair determination of his guilt or innocence on the other charges
and that the procedure employed by the trial court was inadequate to prevent prejudice.
The State responds that the trial court properly denied the Defendant’s motion and that
the stipulation that the Defendant had a prior felony conviction did not result in prejudice.
                                           - 16 -
The State avers that “[t]he trial court specifically crafted the stipulation” to ensure that
the jury did not learn that the Defendant had more than one felony conviction or that the
conviction involved the use of force or violence and that the trial court instructed the jury
to not consider the Defendant’s prior felony conviction when rendering a verdict on the
other charges.

                               A. Underlying Proceedings

       According to the firearm counts in the indictment, the Defendant had two prior
aggravated robbery convictions and a prior aggravated burglary conviction. Prior to the
Defendant’s original trial, defense counsel requested that the firearm charges be tried in a
bifurcated proceeding, and the trial court denied the request. See Foust, 482 S.W.3d at
46. Defense counsel next requested that the Defendant be allowed to only stipulate that
he was a convicted felon, and the trial court rejected the request because an essential
element of the firearm offenses was that the prior felony conviction involved force or
violence. Id. Defense counsel then requested that the Defendant be allowed to stipulate
that the prior felony conviction involved the use of force, but the trial court denied the
request because one of the firearm counts in the indictment alleged that the prior felony
conviction involved the use of violence. Id. At trial, the parties stipulated that the
Defendant had “a previous felony conviction involving force” and “a previous felony
conviction involving violence.” Id.

       On appeal, the Defendant argued that the trial court erred in not allowing him to
stipulate that he had prior felony convictions without disclosing that the convictions
involved force or violence. Id. This court noted that

       the better procedure where, as here, the defendant is charged with offenses
       involving the use of violence and force and also charged with the status
       offense of unlawful possession of a firearm for having a similar prior felony
       conviction would be to bifurcate the proceedings and address the unlawful
       possession of a firearm charge separately.

Id. at 46-47 (citing State v. Taft Arkey Murphy, No. M2007-00403-CCA-R3-CD, 2008
WL 4735494 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 27, 2008); State v. Alonzo Maurice Rogan, No.
M2002-01603-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 112864 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 22, 2004) (both
cases where trial courts bifurcated the unlawful possession of a firearm charge from the
remaining charges)). Nevertheless, this court concluded that the trial court did not err in
accepting the stipulation eventually agreed to by the parties. Id. at 47. This court held
that the Defendant’s proposed stipulations that he had a prior felony conviction and that
he had a prior felony conviction involving force “‘did not encompass the elements the
State had to prove, which would have left the jury with a lack of coherence as to the
                                           - 17 -
offense.’” Id. (quoting State v. Marvin Senathan Hall, Jr., No. W2008-00933-CCA-R3-
CD, 2009 WL 1643435, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 12, 2009)).

        Prior to the retrial, the Defendant filed a “Motion for Severance or Bifurcation of
Offenses,” in which he requested that the firearm charges be heard separately from the
remaining charges. During a pretrial hearing, defense counsel requested that the trial
court either sever the firearm charges from the remaining counts or bifurcate the
proceedings as advised by this court on direct appeal. The trial court stated that in the
past, it had severed the counts if a defendant entered a guilty plea to the firearm charges
“without recommendation” and stated that, as a result, the State would not be permitted to
present evidence of the prior felony convictions. The trial court stated that if the
Defendant was unwilling to enter a guilty plea to the firearm charges,

       the other way that we have handled this in the past is to do a stipulation that
       he is in violation of the specific … number of the statute. And that tells the
       jury that he is a convicted felon, but it doesn’t go into force and violence,
       but he’s still admitting that he meets the parameters of that part of the
       statute. And it satisfies the State’s burden of proof.

The trial court held its ruling on the motion in abeyance. The trial court stated that if the
Defendant was willing to enter guilty pleas to the firearm charges, the court would sever
those counts, accept the pleas, and hold a trial on the remaining charges so that the jury
would not learn that the Defendant was a convicted felon. The trial court acknowledged
that the Defendant had filed a motion to suppress the firearm recovered during a search of
his vehicle and that the Defendant would be unable to properly litigate and preserve the
suppression issue if he pleaded guilty to the firearm charges.

        During a hearing on the morning of the trial, defense counsel argued for
bifurcation of the proceedings. Defense counsel noted that the Defendant had a prior
aggravated robbery conviction and was charged with especially aggravated robbery. The
trial court stated that the firearm charges could be tried with the other charges under the
law and that a jury instruction limiting the purposes for which the jury could consider the
prior convictions was available. The trial court “suggest[ed]” that rather than stating that
the Defendant had a prior aggravated robbery conviction,

       [t]he Court would permit a stipulation that the parties—words to the effect
       that the parties stipulate that [the Defendant] has a conviction which
       qualifies under TCA 39-17-1307, and then list the subpart that there being a
       crime of violence because, obviously, that elevates it. And the State has to
       prove that element, because that elevates the punishment if he’s found

                                           - 18 -
       guilty from an E felony to a C felony, based on the nature of his prior
       conviction.

              But what we accomplish by doing that is, the jury—they find out
       he’s a convicted felon, but they don’t find out the fact [—] the nature of the
       prior conviction, and I’ll do that.

       Defense counsel continued to object and argued that stipulating to the existence of
a prior felony conviction that involves violence or fear would be prejudicial. The trial
court stated, “I’m not going to make you do that. I’m going to actually list the statute
number which enumerates a crime of violence.” The trial court instructed the parties to
“[w]ork out the language. Actually, use the statute number subpart that defines prior
conviction, bodily fear, or violence, and that’s all the jury’s ever going to hear.” The
prosecutor agreed that the language regarding the prior felony conviction involving the
use of violence or force would be omitted from the jury instructions and would not be
mentioned when the indictment is read to the jury. When asked whether he agreed,
defense counsel stated, “We stipulate that.”

       At trial, the parties stipulated that the Defendant “has a previous felony conviction
consistent with Tennessee Code Annotated 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A).” At the conclusion of
the proof, the trial court instructed the jury that the Defendant was charged in counts 20
and 21 with “the unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon previously convicted of a
felony specified in T.C.A. 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A).” The trial court instructed the jury that
the State had the burden of proving that (1) the Defendant “had been convicted of a prior
felony”; (2) he possessed a firearm after the felony conviction; (3) he acted either
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly; and (4) “the felony involved a violation of T.C.A.
39-17-1307(b)(1)(A).”

                                       B. Analysis

       On appeal, the Defendant challenges the procedure employed by the trial court,
which allowed the jury to learn of his status as a convicted felon. The Defendant asserts
that the trial court should have either severed the firearm charges from the other charges
pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(b)(2)(A), which provides for the
severance of mandatorily-joined offenses prior to trial if “appropriate to promote a fair
determination of the defendant’s guilt or innocence of each offense,” or bifurcated the
proceedings as suggested by this court on direct appeal. See Foust, 482 S.W.3d at 46-47.

        This court stated in the initial appeal that bifurcation of the proceedings whereby
the firearm charges would be addressed separately was “the better procedure” where, as
here, the Defendant is charged both with offenses involving the use of violence and force
                                           - 19 -
and with the status offense of unlawful possession of a firearm while having a similar
prior felony conviction. Id. On remand, the trial court did not make any findings as to
why bifurcation was improper. While this court did not specifically mandate bifurcation,
we question why the trial court would risk reversal of numerous first degree murder and
other Class A felony convictions by failing to heed our advice on a procedure for trying
firearm charges that resulted in two-year sentences. The trial court also failed to analyze
the Defendant’s request for severance or make any findings based upon Rule 14 of the
Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure.

        Instead, the trial court provided the Defendant with three options: plead guilty to
the firearm offenses, enter into a stipulation, or permit the State to introduce evidence
regarding his prior violent felony convictions at trial. When the Defendant declined to
enter a guilty plea to the firearm offenses and objected to a stipulation, the trial court
instructed the parties to enter into a stipulation and told them the language to use. The
trial court also amended the firearm counts in the indictment and modified the jury
instructions for the firearm offenses to mirror the language in the stipulation.

        A stipulation is an agreement “which is entered into mutually and voluntarily by
the parties.” Overstreet v. Shoney’s, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 701 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). A
stipulation “binds the parties to the agreed facts and must be ‘rigidly enforced’ by the
courts.” State v. James M. Kennedy, No. 02C01-9207-CC-00168, 1993 WL 102002, at
*1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 7, 1993) (quoting State ex rel. Weldon v. Thomason, 221 S.W.
491, 495 (Tenn. 1920)). However, the record must clearly show that both parties agreed
to the stipulation. Id. (citing 73 Am. Jur. 2d Stipulations § 2 (1974)). Furthermore, “it is
not the duty or function of a trial court to require one of the parties to the litigation to
stipulate with his adversary,” and “it is not the business of the trial judge to decide what
will be stipulated.” State v. Ford, 725 S.W.2d 689, 691 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986).

        The trial court did not merely suggest that the parties enter into a stipulation and
then allow the parties to reach an agreement regarding the wording of the stipulation.
Rather, the trial court’s actions were tantamount to an order of the court, and the
stipulation was not a result of a mutual agreement reached by the parties. The lack of
mutuality to the stipulation was illustrated by the prosecutor’s confusion and request for
clarification from the trial court regarding its instruction, as well as defense counsel’s
continued objection to the procedure. As this court previously has recognized, “the
danger of courts getting involved in the stipulation process is evident.” Id. (holding that
the trial court erred in requiring the defendant to present a witness’s testimony through
stipulation when the defendant objected to the presentation of the testimony through
stipulation and the prosecutor objected to the wording of the stipulation). We conclude
that the trial court erred in this regard.

                                           - 20 -
        We conclude that the error is harmless to the Defendant’s convictions for first
degree murder, especially aggravated robbery, and aggravated arson. See id. at 691-92
(holding that the trial court’s error in requiring the defendant to enter a stipulation was
harmless); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b) (“A final judgment from which relief is
available and otherwise appropriate shall not be set aside unless, considering the whole
record, error involving a substantial right more probably than not affected the judgment
or would result in prejudice to the judicial process.”). The evidence supporting these
convictions was strong. The stipulation did not include the nature of the Defendant’s
prior felony convictions, and the jury never learned that the Defendant’s prior convictions
were similar to the charges for which he was on trial. The trial court also instructed the
jury that it was not to consider the Defendant’s prior conviction in reaching a verdict on
these convictions and that the Defendant’s prior conviction did not alter the presumption
of innocence. The jury is presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions. See State v.
Young, 196 S.W.3d 85, 111 (Tenn. 2006).

       We, however, cannot conclude that the error was harmless with respect to the
Defendant’s firearm convictions. The State was required to establish that the Defendant
“unlawfully possess[ed] a firearm” and had “been convicted of a felony involving the use
or attempted use of force [or] violence….” T.C.A. § 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A) (2010). The
only evidence presented at trial that the Defendant previously had been convicted of a
felony involving the use or attempted use of force or violence was the improperly entered
stipulation. Because there was no other evidence presented at trial to establish this
essential element of the offenses, we conclude that the error “more probably than not”
affected the judgments, and we reverse the Defendant’s firearm convictions and remand
for a new trial on those charges.

                      III. Evidence of the Defendant’s Drug Use

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing the State to present
evidence of his drug use. He maintains that such evidence was not admissible as
substantive proof under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b). The State responds that the
trial court did not err in admitting the evidence. We agree with the State.

        At trial, the State sought to present evidence of the Defendant’s drug use through
the testimony of Ms. Tanner. During a jury-out hearing, Ms. Tanner testified that she and
Mr. Jones used cocaine and pain pills, while the Defendant smoked marijuana and
occasionally used pain pills. She stated that she and the Defendant had used pain pills
together.

      Ms. Tanner testified that they were supposed to be getting tools from the victims’
home. She stated that “[a]fter we were there, I didn’t know before—I mean, on the way
                                          - 21 -
into the house, going to the house, I didn’t know, but going in there, I figured it was a
robbery.” She said she believed they were going to commit a robbery once the tags on
the vehicle were switched. She also said she believed they were going to take pills from
the home because she, Mr. Jones, and the Defendant were addicts. She stated that she
saw the Defendant swallow a pain pill on the date of the robbery and later stated that she
and the Defendant took pills on the night following the offenses.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Tanner agreed that she did not believe that a robbery
was to occur until after she entered the house, saw Mr. Jones striking the victims, and
was instructed by Mr. Jones to put items in the pillow case. The Defendant never
mentioned a robbery, and no one discussed committing a robbery while en route to the
victims’ home. Ms. Tanner acknowledged that while en route, nothing led her to believe
that a robbery was to occur.

       Ms. Tanner testified that the Defendant smoked marijuana more often than he took
pain pills. She said that she saw the Defendant smoke marijuana during the day prior to
the offenses but that she did not see him take any pills. She was unaware of any
marijuana found in the victims’ home. In response to questioning by the trial court, Ms.
Tanner testified that she saw the Defendant take a pill at some point on the day that the
offenses occurred. On cross-examination, Ms. Tanner clarified that she saw the
Defendant take a pill after the offenses occurred. She stated that both she and the
Defendant possessed pills before they entered the victims’ home. The Defendant did not
have a prescription for the pills.

       The trial court found that the Defendant’s drug usage close in time to the offenses
was relevant to motive, intent, and design. The trial court did not allow the State to
present evidence of the Defendant’s drug usage from years prior to the offenses.

       “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character
of a person in order to show action in conformity with the character trait.” Tenn. R. Evid.
404(b). Rule 404(b) has been described as a rule of exclusion rather than inclusion. State
v. Jones, 450 S.W.3d 866, 891 (Tenn. 2014). “Trial courts have been encouraged to take
a ‘restrictive approach of [Rule] 404(b) ... because “other act” evidence carries a
significant potential for unfairly influencing a jury.’” Id. (quoting State v. Dotson, 254
S.W.3d 378, 387 (Tenn. 2008)).

        Evidence of other acts may be admissible for other non-propensity purposes, such
as “to establish motive, intent, identity, absence of mistake, … common plan or scheme,”
or contextual background. State v. Little, 402 S.W.3d 202, 210 (Tenn. 2013); see Tenn.
R. Evid. 404(b), Advisory Comm’n Cmts. Evidence may be admitted for these purposes
if the following requirements have been met:
                                          - 22 -
       (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s presence;

       (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other than conduct
       conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the record
       the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the evidence;

       (3) The court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be clear
       and convincing; and

       (4) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is outweighed
       by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).

       If the trial court substantially complied with the procedure mandated by Rule
404(b), a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b) is
reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652
(Tenn. 1997). A trial court abuses its discretion when “‘it applies an incorrect legal
standard or its decision is illogical or unreasonable, is based on a clearly erroneous
assessment of the evidence, or utilizes reasoning that results in injustice to the
complaining party.’” Jones, 450 S.W.3d at 892 (quoting State v. Adams, 405 S.W.3d
641, 660 (Tenn. 2013)). If the trial court failed to substantially comply with the
procedural mandates of Rule 404(b), our standard of review is de novo. State v. Mallard,
40 S.W.3d 473, 486 n.13 (Tenn. 2001) (citing DuBose, 953 S.W.2d at 652-53).

       The State concedes that the trial court failed to substantially comply with the
procedural mandates of Rule 404(b), and we agree. Even though the trial court held an
evidentiary hearing and found that the testimony was admissible as evidence of motive
and intent, the trial court did not determine whether the Defendant’s drug use was
established by clear and convincing evidence or whether the danger of unfair prejudice
did not outweigh the probative value of the evidence. Therefore, our standard of review
is de novo. State v. Marcus Smartt, No. M2014-01093-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 3563024,
at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 9, 2015) (reviewing the admission of evidence under Rule
404(b) de novo when the trial court did not make explicit findings that the evidence
supporting the prior bad acts was clear and convincing or that the danger of unfair
prejudice did not out outweigh the probative value of the evidence).

       We agree with the trial court’s finding that the Defendant’s drug usage was
relevant to the issue of motive and intent in light of evidence that the robberies entailed
the taking of Mr. Marsh’s prescription medication, which was inadvertently left at the
                                          - 23 -
scene. The Defendant maintains that evidence of his drug usage was not clear and
convincing because Ms. Tanner testified inconsistently regarding when he took a pain pill
on the day of the offenses and when she were became aware that a robbery was to occur.
However, Ms. Tanner clarified during the jury-out hearing that the Defendant took a pain
pill after the offenses occurred, and her testimony regarding another aspects of the
offenses does not render her testimony regarding the Defendant’s drug usage
inadmissible. Rather, by its ruling, the trial court implicitly credited Ms. Tanner’s
testimony regarding the Defendant’s prior drug use, and we, thus, conclude that the
evidence of the Defendant’s drug usage was clear and convincing. We also conclude that
the probative value of the testimony was not outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice. Therefore, the trial court properly admitted the evidence.

                               IV. Autopsy Photographs

       The Defendant challenges the admission of autopsy photographs of the victims’
head injuries. He maintains that the photographs were unfairly prejudicial due to their
gruesome nature and were cumulative to Dr. Lochmuller’s testimony and his use of
Styrofoam heads to demonstrate the locations of the victims’ head injuries. The State
responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photographs. We
agree with the State.

       Prior to trial, the Defendant filed a motion to exclude numerous photographs from
the autopsy. During a jury-out hearing prior to Dr. Lochmuller’s testimony at trial, Dr.
Lochmuller testified regarding each autopsy photograph that the State sought to admit.
The trial court issued rulings on each individual photograph and admitted all but one
photograph. The trial court excluded a photograph of Mrs. Marsh’s head injuries as
graphic and unfairly prejudicial.

       The admissibility of photographs lies within the trial court’s sound discretion, and
this court will not disturb a trial court’s ruling on admissibility absent a showing of an
abuse of that discretion. State v. Willis, 496 S.W.3d 653, 726 (Tenn. 2016). This court
“must confine itself to determining whether the trial court’s decision was within the range
of acceptable alternatives.” Id. at 729. This court “should permit a trial court’s
discretionary decision to stand if reasonable judicial minds can differ concerning its
soundness.” Id.

        There is a general policy of liberality in the admission of photographic evidence.
State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). To be admissible, evidence must
satisfy the threshold determination of relevancy set forth in Tennessee Rule of Evidence
401. See id. Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as “evidence having any tendency to
make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
                                          - 24 -
more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid.
401. Relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the
jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of
cumulative evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. Evidence is “unfairly prejudicial” if it has
“‘an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not
necessarily, an emotional one.’” Willis, 496 S.W.3d at 726 (quoting Banks, 564 S.W.2d
at 951).

       Photographs of a murder victim may be admissible even though the photographs
are of a “‘gruesome and horrifying character.’” State v. Davidson, 509 S.W.3d 156, 199
(Tenn. 2016) (quoting Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 950-51). Factors to be considered in
determining the admissibility of photographs of a murder victim include

       the value of photographs as evidence, that is, their accuracy and clarity, and
       whether they were taken before the corpse was moved, if the position and
       location of the body when found is material; the inadequacy of testimonial
       evidence in relating the facts to the jury; and the need for the evidence to
       establish a prima facie case of guilt to rebut the defendant’s contentions.

Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951. “The more gruesome the photographs, the more difficult it is
to establish that their probative value and relevance outweigh their prejudicial effect.” Id.
The trial court may consider “the grotesque and horrifying nature” of the charges in
determining whether any prejudice to the defendant is unfair. Willis, 496 S.W.3d at 729
(stating that to the extent that the photographs tended to be shocking or gruesome, it was
because the crime depicted was of the sort). Our supreme court has recognized “‘the
superior position of the trial court for balancing the probative value and prejudicial
effect’” of photographs on the jury. Id. (quoting State v. Sandles, 740 S.W.2d 169, 177
(Mo. 1987)).

       The Defendant challenges the admission of five photographs of Mr. Marsh’s head
depicting a number of lacerations and their locations. During the jury-out hearing, Dr.
Lochmuller testified that because Mr. Marsh had twelve separate impact sites spread over
his head, the lacerations could not be shown in a single photograph. The Defendant also
challenges a photograph of a laceration on the back of Mrs. Marsh’s head and a
photograph of four lacerations in the area of Mrs. Marsh’s left temple. The trial court
admitted the photograph of the back of Mrs. Marsh’s head after the State agreed to crop
out portion of the photograph depicting Mrs. Marsh’s forearms and back.

       The photographs were relevant to establish the nature and extent of the victims’
injuries and to the issues of premeditation and intent. Our supreme court has recognized
                                           - 25 -
that post-mortem photographs may be relevant to show how the victim died and the
nature of the injuries inflicted before death, as well as to the issues of premeditation and
intent. See Davidson, 509 S.W.3d at 199. “‘[T]he succession of blows, the patently
vicious manner of their infliction, the enormity of the cruelty and the horrendous injuries
suffered provide … evidence of a willful execution of an intent to kill.’” Banks, 564
S.W.2d at 951 (quoting State v. LaChance, 524 S.W.2d 933, 937-39 (Tenn. 1975),
abrogated on other grounds by State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 543 (Tenn. 1992)). Dr.
Lochmuller used the photographs at trial to describe how the victims died, and the
photographs show the repeated blunt force trauma endured by the victims and the
severity of their wounds.

        The Defendant argues that the photographs were cumulative to other evidence
presented at trial, including Dr. Lochmuller’s testimony, his autopsy reports, and his use
of Styrofoam heads to show the locations of the injuries. While the autopsy reports stated
that the victims had lacerations to their heads and the marks on the Styrofoam heads
illustrated the location of those lacerations, the photographs depicted the nature and
severity of those injuries. Furthermore, “photographs are not necessarily rendered
inadmissible because they are cumulative of other evidence or because descriptive words
could be used.” Willis, 496 S.W.3d at 728 (quotations omitted). While the photographs
were graphic, they were not unnecessarily gruesome or horrifying given the facts and
circumstances of the case. We conclude that the photographs were relevant and that their
probative value was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Accordingly, the trial court properly exercised its discretion in admitting the photographs.

                        V. Response to Question from the Jury

       The Defendant contends that the trial court employed an improper procedure in
responding to a question posed by the jury during deliberations about criminal
responsibility and facilitation. He also contends that the trial court’s response to the
question failed to submit the legal issues to the jury and misled the jury as to the
applicable law. The State maintains that the trial court’s response to the jury question
fairly and accurately set forth the applicable law and that the trial court’s failure to
employ the correct procedure in responding to the question was harmless. We agree with
the State.

       During deliberations, the jury submitted the following question: “Can a defendant
be convicted of 1st degree premeditated murder based on criminal responsibility for
conduct of another? Is it the same for facilitation?” The trial court provided the jury
with the following written response:

                                           - 26 -
       A defendant may be convicted of 1st degree premeditated murder based
       upon criminal responsibility provided he/she meets the elements for
       criminal responsibility. It is the State’s burden to prove all of the elements
       of criminal responsibility and 1st degree premeditated murder beyond a
       reasonable doubt.

              Facilitation of a felony is a lesser included offense.

        After the appellate record was filed in this case, the Defendant filed a motion to
supplement the record with any transcript of the proceedings during which the trial court
addressed the jury’s question, and this court granted the motion. In response to the order,
the trial court entered an order, stating that once the jury submitted the question, the trial
court met with defense counsel and the prosecutor, allowed them to read the question,
and solicited comments from each attorney before providing a written response. The trial
court ordered the court reporter to provide a certificate to this court regarding whether a
transcript of the proceedings related to the jury question existed. The court reporter
submitted an affidavit, stating that a transcript of the proceedings did not exist.
According to the court reporter, the jury submitted a question in writing; the trial court
provided a written response; and the trial court did not address the jury in open court
regarding the question.

        A defendant is entitled to “a correct and complete charge of the law governing the
issues raised by the evidence presented at trial.” State v. Brooks, 277 S.W.3d 407, 412
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (citing State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 447 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995)). This court reviews the jury instructions in their entirety in determining whether a
jury instruction correctly and completely sets forth the applicable law. Id. (citing State v.
Guy, 165 S.W.3d 651, 659 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004)); see State v. Wendell Guinn, No.
W2013-01436-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 3513000, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 15, 2014).
An instruction results in prejudicial error when the instruction, when read as a whole,
“fails to fairly submit the legal issues or … misleads the jury as to the applicable law.”
State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998).

        Trial courts have “the authority to respond to jury questions with a supplemental
instruction.” Forbes, 918 S.W.2d at 451. The “appropriate course of action” for a trial
court responding to a jury question is to “bring the jurors back into open court, read the
supplemental instruction … along with a supplemental instruction emphasizing that the
jury should not place undue emphasis on the supplemental instructions, and then allow
the jury to resume its deliberations.” State v. Bowers, 77 S.W.3d 776, 791 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2001). A trial court’s failure to follow this procedure is subject to harmless error
analysis. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); see also Bowers, 77 S.W.3d at 791 (concluding that
the trial court’s failure to read the supplemental instruction to the jury in open court and
                                            - 27 -
to admonish the jury not to place undue emphasis on the supplemental instruction was
harmless).

        The State acknowledges, and we conclude, that the trial court failed to follow the
proper procedure in responding to the jury’s question. However, the Defendant bears the
burden of establishing that the error was not harmless, and he has failed to explain how
the trial court’s error “‘more probably than not affected the judgment or would result in
prejudice to the judicial process.’” State v. Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d 361, 372 (Tenn.
2008) (quoting Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b)). Rather, the Defendant maintains that the
supplemental jury instruction did not fairly submit the legal issues to the jury and was
“subject to more than one interpretation.” In making such a challenge, the Defendant
views the supplemental jury instruction in isolation. However, we must view the
supplemental jury instruction in light of the jury instructions as a whole. See Brooks, 277
S.W.3d at 412.

       We conclude that there was no ambiguity in the trial court’s supplemental
instruction when the jury instructions are read as a whole. The jury instructions
accurately stated the applicable law. The trial court instructed the jury on the elements of
criminal responsibility, first degree premeditated murder, and facilitation. The trial court
also instructed the jury that the Defendant could be convicted of first degree murder
based upon direct actions by the Defendant or upon a theory of criminal responsibility,
that facilitation of first degree premeditated murder is a lesser included offense, and that
the jury could not consider lesser included offenses until it had acquitted the Defendant of
the charged offense. The supplemental jury instruction did not include a comment on
specific evidence presented at trial. While the trial court should have admonished the
jury to place no undue emphasis on the supplemental instruction, the main charge to the
jury included an instruction that “[t]he order in which instructions are given is no
indication of their relative importance. You should not single out one or more of them to
the exclusion of others but should consider each one in light of and in harmony with the
others.” See Forbes, 918 S.W.2d at 452 (holding that the trial court’s supplemental jury
instruction was not reversible error even though the trial court did not admonish the jury
to place no undue emphasis upon the supplemental instruction because the primary
charge “included an instruction not to single out one instruction over any other”).

       We conclude that the jury charge, as a whole, did not fail to submit the legal issues
and did not mislead the jury as to the applicable law. We further conclude that the trial
court’s failure to adhere to the proper procedure in responding to the jury’s question was
harmless. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); see also Bowers, 77 S.W.3d at 791. Accordingly,
the Defendant is not entitled to relief regarding this issue.

                                           - 28 -
                                     VI. Sentencing

       The Defendant maintains that the trial court erred in adopting the original trial
judge’s findings from the original sentencing hearing rather than making its own
independent findings. The Defendant also challenges his sentences as excessive. The
State responds that the sentences imposed by the trial court were proper.

       During the sentencing hearing following the initial trial, the State presented the
testimony of various family members of the victims regarding the impact of the victims’
deaths. The State also entered the Defendant’s presentence report and judgments of
various prior convictions into evidence. According to these exhibits, the Defendant had
prior convictions for aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, driving under the
influence (DUI), theft, assault, simple possession of a controlled substance, and
possession of drug paraphernalia. He was on probation for a DUI conviction at the time
of the offenses, and his probation and other alternative sentences had been revoked on
numerous occasions. He also committed numerous disciplinary infractions while
incarcerated. The Defendant did not present any proof at the sentencing hearing.

       The trial court merged the murder convictions in which Mr. Marsh was the victim,
the murder convictions in which Mrs. Marsh was the victim, the two especially
aggravated robbery convictions in which Mr. Marsh was the victim, the two especially
aggravated robbery convictions in which Mrs. Marsh was the victim, the firearm
convictions, and two of the three aggravated arson convictions. The trial court applied
the following enhancement factors: (1) the Defendant had a previous history of criminal
convictions and behavior, in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate
range; (4) Mr. Marsh was particularly vulnerable “due to his physical disability”; (5) the
victims were treated with exceptional cruelty; (8) the Defendant previously had failed to
comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release into the community; and (13)
he was released on probation at the time of the offenses. T.C.A. § 40-35-114. The trial
court did not apply any mitigating factors.

        The trial court imposed the mandated sentences of life for each of the first degree
murder convictions. The trial court found that the Defendant was a Range II offender and
sentenced the Defendant to forty years for each of the especially aggravated robbery
convictions, twenty-five years for each of the aggravated arson convictions, and two
years for each of the firearm convictions. In imposing partial consecutive sentences, the
trial court found that the Defendant had an extensive record of criminal activity, that he
was on probation when he committed the offenses, and that he was a dangerous offender
whose behavior indicated little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about
committing a crime in which the risk to human life was high. T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(2),
(4), (6). The trial court ordered the Defendant to serve his sentences consecutively,
                                          - 29 -
except for one of his aggravated arson convictions and his firearm convictions, for a total
effective sentence of two terms of life imprisonment plus 105 years.

        While this court reversed the Defendant’s convictions and dismissed one of his
aggravated arson convictions on direct appeal, this court also addressed other issues
raised by the Defendant, including the issue of sentencing, “so as not to pretermit his
remaining issues.” Foust, 482 S.W.3d at 25. During his initial appeal, the Defendant
only challenged the imposition of consecutive sentencing and did not challenge the length
of the sentence for each individual conviction. Id. at 55-56. This court concluded that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing partial consecutive sentences based
upon its finding that the Defendant had an extensive criminal history and committed the
offenses while on probation. Id. at 55. The court did not address whether the trial court
properly found that the Defendant was a dangerous offender. Id. at 55 n.7. This court
also rejected the Defendant’s argument that his total effective sentence was excessive and
was not the least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the
sentence was imposed. Id. at 55-56.

       Prior to the retrial, the trial judge retired, and another trial judge presided over the
Defendant’s retrial. After the jury returned its verdicts, the trial court asked the parties
whether a new presentence report should be prepared, and both parties agreed that a new
report was unnecessary.

      During the sentencing hearing, the State announced that its position for sentencing
did not differ from its position during the sentencing hearing following the initial trial.
The State presented the testimony of various family members of the victims regarding the
impact of the victims’ deaths. Defense counsel argued that “additional facts” warranted
concurrent sentences. Defense counsel argued that evidence presented during the
suppression hearing, which was not introduced at the original trial, established that at the
time of the offenses, the Defendant was “making a change in his life” in that he was
working and enrolled in school.

       The Defendant made an allocution in which he maintained that he did not know
that Mr. Jones was going to kill the victims. The Defendant stated that Mr. Jones told
him that he and Mr. Marsh argued and “got to tussling” and that “[t]hings got out of
hand.” The Defendant also stated that he would have never allowed “a female to be
hurt.” He said that at the time of the offenses, he was working, attending school, and
caring for his mother. He expressed confusion over the theory of criminal responsibility
and maintained that he did not commit the murders. He requested concurrent sentences.

       After discussing the theory of criminal responsibility, the trial court stated:

                                            - 30 -
              You were part of this. This Court is convinced the proof of your
      guilt is overwhelming. That you were right in the middle of this. If I was
      independently sentencing you, which I am, if I were making independent
      findings of fact, I do adopt what [the original trial judge] found. The Court
      of Criminal Appeals already affirmed that was an appropriate sentence.
      I’m going to sentence you in identical fashion.

              If I was doing this the first time though, I would sentence you the
      same way. I’m not going to give you more time than what [the original
      trial judge] did because I don’t think under the law I could. But you are
      clearly guilty of felony murder of Mr. Marsh. You are clearly guilty of
      felony murder of Mrs. Marsh, and you are guilty of the other enumerated
      felonies found within this record.

             The especially aggravated robbery of each of these victims as well as
      the aggravated arson of the structure because you—don’t know who threw
      the match to it, but the proof in this record was that each of these persons,
      these victims, [was] still alive when you and your co-defendants left that
      residence. That they died [from] a combination of blunt force trauma and
      the inhalation of smoke, which shows that they were still breathing when
      you all left, that you set the house on fire to cover your tracks. To steal a
      safe with nothing in it, some pills, and a shotgun, that’s what these people
      died for.

       The trial court concluded that consecutive sentencing was warranted upon finding
that the Defendant had an extensive record of criminal activity and was on probation at
the time of the offenses. See T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(2), (6). The trial court listed the
Defendant’s prior convictions and found that the sentence was necessary to achieve the
purposes of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115, the statute governing
consecutive sentencing.

        The trial court imposed the statutorily-mandated sentences of life imprisonment
for each of the murder convictions and sentenced the Defendant as a Range II multiple
offender to forty years for each conviction of especially aggravated robbery, twenty-five
years for each of the especially aggravated arson convictions, and two years for each of
the firearm convictions. The trial court merged the murder convictions into two felony
murder convictions, the four convictions of especially aggravated robbery into two
convictions, the aggravated arson convictions, and the firearm convictions. The trial
court ordered the Defendant’s sentences to be served consecutively, except for his
firearm conviction, for a total effective sentence of two consecutive terms of life
imprisonment plus 105 years.
                                         - 31 -
                           A. Length of Individual Sentences

        A trial court’s sentencing decisions are generally reviewed for abuse of discretion,
with a presumption of reasonableness granted to within-range sentences that reflect a
proper application of the purposes and principles of sentencing. State v. Bise, 380
S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn. 2012). A trial court abuses its discretion when it applies an
incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical conclusion, bases its decision on a clearly
erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employs reasoning that causes an injustice to
the party complaining. State v. Herron, 461 S.W.3d 890, 904 (Tenn. 2015). The court
will uphold the sentence “so long as it is within the appropriate range and the record
demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and
principles listed by statute.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709-10. Even if the trial court
“recognizes and enunciates several applicable mitigating factors, it does not abuse its
discretion if it does not reduce the sentence from the maximum on the basis of those
factors.” State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 345 (Tenn. 2008). The trial court is “to be
guided by—but not bound by—any applicable enhancement or mitigating factors when
adjusting the length of a sentence.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. Further, “a trial court’s
misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not invalidate the sentence
imposed unless the trial court wholly departed from the 1989 Act, as amended in 2005.”
Id. A sentence imposed by the trial court that is within the appropriate range should be
upheld “[s]o long as there are other reasons consistent with the purposes and principles of
sentencing, as provided by statute.” Id. The appealing party bears the burden of proving
that the sentence was improper. State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

       In determining the sentence, the trial court must consider: (1) any evidence
received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) the evidence and information offered
by the parties on the applicable mitigating and enhancement factors; (6) any statistical
information provided by the administrative office of the courts as to sentencing practices
for similar offenses in Tennessee; and (7) any statement the defendant wishes to make in
the defendant’s own behalf about sentencing. T.C.A. § 40-35-210(b) (2010). “The
sentence imposed should be the least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes
for which the sentence is imposed,” and “[t]he potential or lack of potential for the
rehabilitation or treatment of the defendant should be considered in determining the
sentence alternative or length of a term to be imposed.” T.C.A. § 40-35-103(4), (5).

       As a Range II offender, the Defendant was subject to a sentence of twenty-five to
forty years for especially aggravated robbery and aggravated arson, Class A felonies, and
two to four years for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony
                                           - 32 -
involving the use of attempted use of force or violence, a Class E felony. See T.C.A. §§
39-13-403, 39-14-302, 39-17-1307(b)(2) (2010), 40-35-112(b). The trial court imposed
the maximum sentence for the especially aggravated robbery convictions and the
minimum sentences for the aggravated arson and firearm convictions. The trial court also
imposed the statutorily-mandated minimum sentence of life imprisonment for the
Defendant’s first degree murder convictions. See T.C.A. § 39-13-202(c). The Defendant
does not challenge his classification as a Range II offender on appeal. Thus, he is not
entitled to relief regarding the trial court’s imposition of the minimum sentences as a
Range II offender for the aggravated arson and firearm convictions. Rather, our review
of the Defendant’s arguments in his brief are limited to the trial court’s imposition of
forty-year sentences for the especially aggravated robbery convictions.

        The Defendant contends that the trial court failed to make independent findings on
the record and erred in adopting the findings of the prior judge from the initial trial.
“When the court imposes a sentence, it shall place on the record, either orally or in
writing, what enhancement or mitigating factors were considered, if any, as well as the
reasons for the sentence, in order to ensure fair and consistent sentencing.” T.C.A. § 40-
35-210(e). This court “cannot properly review a sentence if the trial court fails to
articulate in the record its reasons for imposing the sentence.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705
n.41. Although the trial court should set forth sufficient findings to satisfy this court that
it has “‘considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising [its]
own legal decisionmaking authority,’ there is no requirement that such reasoning be
particularly lengthy or detailed.” Id. at 706 (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338,
356-57 (2007)). This court may be required to more carefully review the record if the
trial court’s findings are “less comprehensive.” Id. However, “sentences should be
upheld so long as the statutory purposes and principles, along with any applicable
enhancement and mitigating factors, have been properly addressed.” Id.

        The record reflects that the trial court independently considered the evidence
presented at trial as well as the evidence from the first sentencing hearing and determined
that the enhancement factors that the original trial judge applied following the initial trial
were still applicable to the Defendant’s convictions following the retrial. The Defendant
asserts that the trial court erred in adopting the trial court’s findings because this court
held on direct appeal that some of the evidence presented in the original trial was
inadmissible in the retrial. However, the record reflects that the evidence that was
improperly admitted in the original trial did not impact the original trial judge’s
sentencing decision. Rather, the evidence relied upon by the original trial judge also was
included in the record on retrial, including the Defendant’s criminal history, the
Defendant’s status as a probationer at the time of the offenses, and Mr. Marsh’s particular
vulnerability due to his recent surgery. While the Defendant argues that the trial court
failed to obtain a new presentence report following the retrial, the Defendant consented to
                                            - 33 -
the trial court’s consideration of his prior presentence report, and he did not challenge
any of the information included in the report. We conclude that the trial court did not err
in adopting the findings of the original trial judge following the trial court’s independent
review of the facts and circumstances.

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in not applying any mitigating
factors. He maintains that the trial court should have considered testimony that he was
employed and attending school at the time of the offenses, as well as the Defendant’s
allocution in which he asserted that he did not know that Mr. Jones intended to kill the
victims. However, “a trial court’s misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor
does not invalidate the sentence imposed unless the trial court wholly departed from the
1989 Act, as amended in 2005.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. “So long as there are other
reasons consistent with the purposes and principles of sentencing, as provided by statute,
a sentence imposed … within the appropriate range” will be upheld on appeal. Id. The
record reflects that the trial court considered the purposes and principles of sentencing
and the evidence presented at trial and at the sentencing hearing. The Defendant does not
challenge the enhancement factors applied by the trial court. We conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing the Defendant to the maximum sentence
within his applicable range for his especially aggravated robbery convictions while
sentencing him to the minimum sentences for his aggravated arson convictions.

                               B. Consecutive Sentences

        The decision to impose consecutive sentences rests within the sound discretion of
the trial court. State v. Hayes, 337 S.W.3d 235, 266 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2010). The
standard of review for consecutive sentencing is abuse of discretion with a presumption
of reasonableness. State v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 859 (Tenn. 2013). “So long as a
trial court properly articulates reasons for ordering consecutive sentences, thereby
providing a basis for meaningful appellate review, the sentences will be presumed
reasonable and, absent an abuse of discretion, upheld on appeal.” Id. at 862.
Consecutive sentencing is “guided by the general sentencing principles providing that the
length of a sentence be ‘justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense’ and
‘no greater than that deserved for the offense committed.’” State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d
698, 708 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting T.C.A. §§ 40-35-102(1), -103(2)). To impose
consecutive sentencing, the trial court must find by a preponderance of the evidence at
least one of seven factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b),
which includes: (2) “The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is
extensive” and (6) “The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on
probation.”

                                           - 34 -
        The Defendant asserts that the trial court simply adopted the findings of the
original trial judge in imposing partial consecutive sentences. However, the record
reflects that the trial court specifically found that the Defendant had an extensive record
of criminal activity and was on probation when the offenses occurred. The trial court set
forth the Defendant’s numerous convictions as reflected in the presentence report and
stated that the Defendant’s extensive criminal history was the primary basis upon which
it was imposing consecutive sentences. The Defendant does not challenge the application
of these two factors but maintains that the trial court failed to consider the principles of
sentencing. The trial court found that the sentence was necessary to achieve the purposes
of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115, the statute governing consecutive
sentencing. Furthermore, we cannot conclude that the Defendant’s total effective
sentence is excessive in light of the facts and circumstances of the offenses. Accordingly,
we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing partial
consecutive sentences.

                                     CONCLUSION

       We conclude that the trial court erred in ordering the parties to stipulate to the
Defendant’s prior felony convictions and that the error was not harmless as to the firearm
convictions. Accordingly, we reverse the Defendant’s firearm convictions and remand
for a new trial as to those charges. We otherwise affirm the trial court’s judgments.

                                    ___________________________________________
                                    JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, PRESIDING JUDGE

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