Court Opinion

ID: 4040798
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 22:37:46.241132+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:02:58.902821
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                            12-14-00134-CV
                                                                TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                             TYLER, TEXAS
                                                                      2/17/2015 10:05:40 AM
                                                                               CATHY LUSK
                                                                                     CLERK

              CAUSE NO. 12-14-00134-CV

        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TEXAS       FILED IN
                                        12th COURT OF APPEALS
            TWELFTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT        TYLER, TEXAS
                                                   2/17/2015 10:05:40 AM
  AMERICAN IDOL, GENERAL, LP d/b/a The REO, and
                                             CATHY S. LUSK
    RANDY HANSON a/k/a RANDALL HANSON,          Clerk
                  Appellants

                             v.

           PITHER PLUMBING CO., INC.,
                     Appellee
__________________________________________________

          On Appeal from Cause No. 2012-1842-A
 In the 188th Judicial District Court of Gregg County, Texas
          The Honorable David Brabham, Presiding
__________________________________________________

  BRIEF OF APPELLEE PITHER PLUMBING CO., INC.
__________________________________________________

                          T. JOHN WARD, Jr.
                          State Bar No. 00794818
                          jw@wsfirm.com
                          CLAIRE ABERNATHY HENRY
                          State Bar No. 24053063
                          claire@wsfirm.com
                          BRETT F. MILLER
                          State Bar No. 24065750
                          bmiller@wsfirm.com
                          WARD & SMITH LAW FIRM
                          P. O. Box 1231
                          Longview, Texas 75606-1231
                          (903)757-6400 (Telephone)
                          (903)757-2323 (Facsimile)
                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

        -ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED-
                IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Party                             Counsel
American Idol, General, LP,       Ken W. Good
d/b/a The Reo, and Randy Hanson   The Good Law Firm
a/k/a Randall Hanson,             Law Office of Ken W. Good, PLLC
       Defendants/Appellants      5604 Old Bullard Road, Suite 102
                                  Tyler, Texas 75703
                                  (903) 579-7507
                                  (866) 381-0455
                                  E-mail: keng@tyler.net
                                         Appellate Counsel

                                  Lisa Moran
                                  Evan Barat
                                  Moran Law Firm
                                  100 E. Ferguson, Ste. 1018
                                  (903) 504-5004 (telephone)
                                  (903) 595-4534 (facsimile)
                                  E-mail: info@moran-lawfirm.com
                                        Trial Counsel

                                     ii
Pither Plumbing Co., Inc.,   T. John Ward, Jr.
        Plaintiff/Appellee   State Bar No. 00794818
                             Clarie Abernathy Henry
                             State Bar No. 24053063
                             Brett F. Miller
                             State Bar No. 24065750
                             WARD & SMITH LAW FIRM
                             P.O. Box 1231
                             Longview, Texas 75606-1231
                             (903) 757-6400 (telephone)
                             (903) 757-2323 (facsimile)
                             E-mail: jw@wsfirm.com,
                             claire@wsfirm.com, bmiller@wsfirm.com
                                   Appellate Counsel

                             T. John Ward, Jr.
                             State Bar No. 00794818
                             Akilah F. Craig
                             State Bar No. 24076194
                             WARD & SMITH LAW FIRM
                             P.O. Box 1231
                             Longview, Texas 75606-1231
                             (903) 757-6400 (telephone)
                             (903) 757-2323 (facsimile)
                             E-mail: jw@wsfirm.com
                                   Trial Counsel

                                iii
                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ....................................................... ii-iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... iv-v

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES.............................................................................. vi-viii

RECORD REFERENCE ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................ix

STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................................................. x

ISSUES PRESENTED..............................................................................................xi

STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................................ 1

1.       Pither Plumbing Co., Inc. provided plumbing services to American Idol
         General, LP d/b/a the Reo................................................................................ 1

2.       The total amount billed for Pither's services was $17,372.03, which
         American Idol refused to pay………………………………………………..2

3.       During his deposition, Randall Hanson admitted numerous facts favorable to
         Appellee's claims………………………………………………………..…...2

4.       Hanson completely changed his testimony in an affidavit submitted to avoid
         summary judgment…………………………………………………………..3

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ................................................................................. 5

ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................. 6

1.       Standards of Review. ....................................................................................... 6
         A.    Exclusion of Summary Judgment Evidence ......................................... 6
         B.    Summary Judgment ............................................................................... 6

2.       The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for Appellee
         because the only controverting evidence offered by Appellants was Hanson's
                                                          iv
         Affidavit, which the trial court properly disregarded under the sham-
         affidavit doctrine. (Appellee's Issue No. 1, corresponds to Appellants’ Issue
         No. 1). .............................................................................................................. 8

         A.        The "Sham Affidavit" Doctrine............................................................. 8

         B.        Hanson's Affidavit is a sham. ................................................................ 9

         C.        The trial court implicitly sustained Appellee's objection to Hanson's
                   Affidavit .............................................................................................. 21

         D.        Even under a de novo review, this Court should adopt the sham-
                   affidavit doctrine and affirm the summary judgment ......................... 24

                   I.    The sham-affidavit doctrine is widely followed in Texas and
                   across the country……………………………………………………25

                   II.   The sham-affidavit doctrine promotes the efficient evaluation
                   and disposition of lawsuits…………………………………………..29

         E.        Response to Appellants' Other Arguments………………………….32

                   I.    No pleading to support suit on a sworn account or claim for
                   quantum meruit…………………………………………...…………32

                   II.       Hanson has no liability……………………...………………..33

                   III. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment on
                   damages……………………………………………………...………34

3.       The trial court did not err in awarding Appellee its attorney's fees (no
         corresponding numbered issue in Appellants' Brief). ................................... 35

PRAYER .................................................................................................................. 36

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................. 38

1.       Affidavit of Randall Hanson.......................................................................... 38

                                                               v
                                        INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Barth v. Royal Ins. Co., No. 13-02-688-CV, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 11319, *9, n.5
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Dec. 16, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.)……...………….25

Benson v. Gaston, No. 12-13-00287-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 2753, *3-4, n.2
(Tex. App.—Tyler Mar. 12, 2014, pet. denied)…………………………….8, 28, 29

Burkett v. Welborn, 42 S.W.3d 282, 286 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no
pet.)......................................................................................................................8, 25

Cantu v. Peacher, 53 S.W.3d 5, 10 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet.
denied)……………………………………………………………………….8, 9, 25

Davis v. City of Grapevine, 188 S.W.3d 748, 755-756 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2006, pet. denied)…………………………………………………………………25

Del Mar College Dist. v. Vela, 218 S.W.3d 856, 862, n.6 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2007, no pet.)………………...……………………………………………25

Enernational Corp. v. Exploitation Eng’rs, Inc., 705 S.W.2d 749, 750 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.)………………………………..32

Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Sys., Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2001, no pet.)……………...………………………………………………25

Fair v. Arp Club Lake, Inc., 437 S.W.3d 619, 623 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2014, no
pet.)…………………………………………………………………………………7

Farroux v. Denny’s Restaurants, 962 S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1997, no pet.)……………...……………………………………………..8, 25

First State Bank of Mesquite v. Bellinger & DeWolf, LLP, 342 S.W.3d 142, 147
(Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.)………………………………....6, 8, 24, 25, 28

Frazier v. Yu, 987 S.W.2d 607, 610 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet.
denied)………………………………………………………………………...22, 23
                                                               vi
Fred Loya Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Cohen, 446 S.W.3d 913, 926-928 (Tex. App.—El
Paso 2014, pet. filed)…………………………………………………………...…28

Gaines v. Hamman, 358 S.W.2d 557 (Tex. 1962)…………………………….26, 27

Hassell v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 880 S.W.2d 39, 41, n.1 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1994, writ
denied)…………...………………………………………………………………..29

Kao Holdings, L.P. v. Young, 261 S.W.3d 60, 63-64 (Tex. 2008)…..……………34

Marx v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 418 S.W.3d 626, 637-638 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
2009, no pet.)………………………………………………………………….22, 23

Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-549 (Tex. 1985)……………7

Pando v. Southwest Convenience Stores, LLC, 242 S.W.3d 76, 79-80 (Tex. App.—
Eastland 2007, no pet.)……………………………………………………………25

Patrick v. McGowan, 104 S.W.3d 219, 221 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no
pet.)……………………………………………………………………………..6, 24

Perma Research & Dev. Co. v. Singer Co., 410 F.2d 572 (2d Cir. 1969)………...27

Pierce v. Wash. Mut. Bank, 226 S.W.3d 711, 717-718 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2007,
pet. denied)…………………………………………………………………....28, 29

Plunkett v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 285 S.W.3d 106, 119 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2009, pet. denied)…………………………………………………………………25

Randall v. Davis Power & Light Co., 752 S.W.2d 4 (Tex. 1988) (per
curiam)...............................................................................................................26, 27

Slagle v. Prickett, 345 S.W.3d 693, 702 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.)……22

S.W.S. Erectors v. Infax, Inc., 72 F.3d 489, 495-496 (5th Cir. 1996)……………..25

Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004)….29

                                                            vii
Thompson v. City of Corsicana Hous. Auth., 57 S.W.3d 547, 557-558 (Tex. App.—
Waco 2001, no pet.)…………………………………………………………….…25

Trostle v. Trostle, 77 S.W.3d 908, 915 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2002, no pet.)…....25

Unterreiner v. Volkswagen of Am., 8 F.3d 1206, 1212 (7th Cir. 1993), overruled on
other grounds by Hill v. Tangherlini, 724 F.3d 965, 967, n.1 (7th Cir. 2013)……31

Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)………....32

Walker v. Gutierrez, 111 S.W.3d 56, 60, n.1 (Tex. 2003)………………...………23

Statutes

Tex. Bus. Org. Code § 152.306…………………..……………………………….33

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 17.022……………………………………………..34

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 38.001, et seq.……..…………………………….35

Rules

Tex. R. Civ. P. 93…………………………………………………………………33

Tex. R. Civ. P. 94…………………………………………………………………33

Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c)…………………………………………………….31, 32-33

Tex. R. App. P. 33……………………………………...……………………..22, 32

Other Authorities

Randy Wilson, The Sham Affidavit Doctrine in Texas, 66 TEX. B.J. 962, 962–69
(2003)……………………………………………………………….8, 25, 26, 27, 30

                                       viii
                 RECORD REFERENCE ABBREVIATIONS

      The Reporter’s Record in this case is comprised of one volume, from a
hearing on February 6, 2014 on Plaintiff/Appellee’s Second Motion for Summary
Judgment and on Defendants/Appellants’ Motion for Continuance. The Reporter’s
Record will be identified as “RR”, followed by the page and line number of the
referenced testimony. For example, “RR 10/2-5” refers to page 10, lines 2-5 of the
Reporter’s Record.

       The Clerk’s Record in this case consists of one (1) volume, as does the
Supplemental Clerk’s Record. Reference to the Clerk’s Record will be by the
prefix “CR,” and reference to the Supplemental Clerk’s Record will be by the
prefix “SCR,” followed by the page number in the record and, where appropriate, a
page and/or line citation. For example, “CR 105 (10/1-5)” refers to page 105 of
the Clerk’s Record, a deposition excerpt, and specifically lines 1-5 on page 10 of
the deposition transcript. Also as an example, “CR 47 (¶ 11)” refers to page 47 of
the Clerk’s Record, specifically paragraph no. 11 on that page.

                                        ix
                        STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the   Suit on a sworn account, for quantum meruit, breach of
Case            contract, and attorney’s fees arising from
                Defendants/Appellants’ failure to pay Plaintiff/Appellee for
                agreed-upon plumbing services. CR 4, 45, 252; SCR 6.
Course of the   On February 6, 2014, the trial court heard Plaintiff/Appellee’s
Proceedings     Second Motion for Traditional Summary Judgment. RR 1, 6;
                CR 50.
Trial Court     188th Judicial District Court of Gregg County, Texas, The
                Honorable David Brabham, Presiding
Trial Court’s On February 21, 2014, the trial court signed its Order Granting
Disposition of Plaintiff’s Second Motion for Traditional Summary Judgment,
the Case       awarding Plaintiff/Appellee judgment against Appellants in the
               amount of $17,169.48 on its claims for breach of contract, suit
               on a sworn account, and quantum meruit. CR 274. The trial
               court also awarded Appellee attorney’s fees of $7,847.00, pre-
               and post-judgment interest, and court costs. CR 274. On
               March 21, 2014, Appellants filed a Motion for New Trial and,
               on May 21, 2014, filed their Notice of Appeal. CR 276, 282.

                                        x
                              ISSUES PRESENTED

Issue No. 1: The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for Appellee
             because the only controverting evidence offered by Appellants was
             the sham affidavit of Randall Hanson, which the trial court properly
             disregarded. (corresponds to Appellants’ Issue No. 1).

Issue No. 2: The trial court did not err in awarding Appellee its attorney’s fees.
             (no corresponding numbered issue in Appellants’ Brief).

                                          xi
TO THE HONORABLE JUSTICES OF THE TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS:

      Appellee Pither Plumbing Co., Inc. files this Brief in response to the Brief of

Appellants American Idol General, LP d/b/a the Reo and Randy Hanson a/k/a

Randall Hanson:

                           STATEMENT OF FACTS

      Because of its dissatisfaction with omissions and errors in Appellants’

Statement of Facts, Appellee submits the following pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P.

38.2(a)(1)(B):

1.    Pither Plumbing Co., Inc. provided plumbing services to American Idol
      General, LP d/b/a the Reo.

      Pither Plumbing Co., Inc. (“Appellee”) is engaged in the business of

providing plumbing services and related materials. CR 135 (¶ 3). On or about the

following dates, Appellee entered into oral agreements with Appellant American

Idol General, LP d/b/a the Reo (“American Idol”) to provide it with plumbing

services and related materials at the Reo, a famous nightclub and dance hall in

Gregg County, Texas: January 18, 2010; May 27, 2010; August 20, 2010;

November 30, 2011; December 5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30 and

31, 2011; and January 6, 10, and 12, 2012. CR 135-136 (¶ 3-4); CR 61-102. The

Reo is located at 4716 W. Loop 281, on the southeast corner of the intersection of

State Highway 31 and W. Loop 281 in Longview. CR 61. Typically, either

                                         1
Appellant Randy Hanson a/k/a Randall Hanson (“Hanson”), general partner of

American Idol, or C.J. Broers, its general manager, would request Appellee to

perform plumbing services; Appellee would perform the requested and agreed-

upon services; and Appellee would send an invoice to American Idol for payment.

CR 136 (¶ 5); CR 61-102.

2.    The total amount billed for Pither’s services was $17,372.03, which
      American Idol refused to pay.

      As reflected in the invoices submitted to American Idol, the total amount

charged for Appellee’s plumbing services was $17,372.03. CR 137 (¶ 6); CR 61-

102. The charges were agreed upon and in keeping with the usual and customary

amount for plumbing services in the area, and the parties understood that Appellee

expected payment in return for its services. CR 136 (¶ 4); CR 137 (¶ 7).

Appellants refused to pay for the plumbing services provided by Appellee, forcing

it to hire attorneys, send demand letters, and ultimately file the underlying lawsuit.

CR 137 (¶ 8-9); CR 145-152.

3.    During his deposition, Hanson admitted numerous facts favorable to
      Appellee’s claims.

      During his deposition, Hanson admitted the following:

          A. American Idol was in the nightclub business, operating under the
             assumed name of “The Reo.” CR 105 (10/3-25); CR 222.

          B. Appellee had performed plumbing services for American Idol in the
             past, and American Idol paid for those services by checks drawn on its
                                           2
            checking account. CR 107 (22/1-6, 25); CR 110 (30/19-23); CR 222-
            223.

         C. Hanson was a general partner of American Idol during the relevant
            time. CR 104 (9/3 – 10/2); CR 112-131 (33/8 – 52/14).

         D. C.J. Broers was American Idol’s employee and general manager. CR
            106 (19/13-20); CR 112 (33/9-16).

         E. C.J. Broers, on behalf of American Idol, always called Appellee to get
            plumbing work done at the Reo. CR 119 (40/5-16); CR 225-226.

         F. If C.J. Broers was calling Appellee for plumbing services, it would be
            for work at the Reo (i.e., American Idol), not at the Reo Palm Isle
            Club. CR 111 (32/2-17); CR 120 (41/2-13); CR 129 (50/1-8); CR
            130-131 (51/19 – 52/1).

         G. On at least one occasion, Hanson met with Appellee’s employees at
            the Reo and requested them to perform plumbing services. CR 120-
            122 (41/14 – 43/4); CR 123 (44/12-20); CR 229.

         H. Appellee performed the plumbing services at issue at the Reo. CR
            111 (32/2-17); CR 120 (41/2-13); CR 124-125 (45/24 – 46/3); CR 129
            (50/1-8); CR 130-131 (51/19 – 52/1); CR 224.

4.    Hanson completely changed his testimony in an affidavit submitted to
      avoid summary judgment.

      On December 16, 2013, after it obtained Hanson’s favorable deposition

testimony, Appellee filed its Second Motion for Traditional Summary Judgment

(“Motion for Summary Judgment”). CR 50. On January 30, 2014, Appellants

filed their Response and attached the Affidavit of Randall Hanson (“Hanson’s

                                        3
Affidavit”). CR 169, 186. Hanson’s Affidavit included the following statements,

which completely contradicted his prior deposition testimony:

         A. American Idol did not operate the club known as “The Reo” during
            the relevant time period from January 18, 2010 – January 12, 2012.
            CR 187.

         B. American Idol never paid for plumbing services, or any other services
            that were purported to be performed at the Reo Palm Isle Club,
            located at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas. CR 188.

         C. American Idol did not have a checking account. CR 187.

         D. C.J. Broers was not an employee of American Idol. CR 187.

         E. American Idol had no employees during the relevant time period from
            January 18, 2010 – January 12, 2012. CR 187.

         F. C.J. Broers had no authority to enter into construction contracts on
            behalf of American Idol. CR 187.

         G. American Idol never received plumbing services from Appellee. It
            could not have requested or received services, as it only held a liquor
            license. CR 187.

         H. Neither American Idol, nor any agent of American Idol, including
            Hanson or C.J. Broers, ever entered into an agreement with Appellee
            regarding plumbing services that were purported to be performed at
            the Reo Palm Isle Club, located at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview,
            Texas. CR 188.

Hanson’s Affidavit does not offer any explanation for his change in testimony. See

CR 186-188. In its summary-judgment reply, Appellee objected to Hanson’s

Affidavit at length under the “sham affidavit” doctrine and requested the trial court

                                          4
to strike the affidavit. CR 220-221, 230. On February 6, 2014, the trial court held

a hearing on Appellee’s Motion for Summary Judgment. RR 1, 6. On February

21, 2014, the trial court signed its Order granting Appellee’s Motion for Summary

Judgment, and this appeal ensued. CR 274.

                          SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

      This appeal lives or dies with Hanson’s Affidavit, the only material,

controverting evidence offered by Appellants in response to Appellee’s Motion for

Summary Judgment. Hanson’s Affidavit directly contradicted his prior deposition

testimony on several material points in the case—without any explanation for the

change. Appellee objected to Hanson’s Affidavit under the “sham affidavit”

doctrine, and the trial court implicitly sustained that objection and disregarded

Hanson’s Affidavit. Accordingly, the standard of review is for an abuse of

discretion, and this Court must affirm because Appellants failed to show that the

trial court’s ruling was in error and probably caused the rendition of an improper

judgment. But even if this Court finds that the trial court failed to rule on

Appellee’s objection to Hanson’s Affidavit, the standard of review is de novo and,

even under that standard, this Court should adopt the sham-affidavit doctrine,

disregard Hanson’s Affidavit, and affirm summary judgment.

                                           5
                                    ARGUMENT

1.    Standards of Review.

      A.       Exclusion of Summary Judgment Evidence.

      A trial court’s ruling concerning the admission or exclusion of summary

judgment evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. First State Bank of

Mesquite v. Bellinger & DeWolf, LLP, 342 S.W.3d 142, 147 (Tex. App.—El Paso

2011, no pet.); Patrick v. McGowan, 104 S.W.3d 219, 221 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2003, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts “in an arbitrary or

unreasonable manner without reference to any guiding rules or principles.”

Bellinger & DeWolf, 342 S.W.3d at 147. When reviewing a matter committed to

the trial court’s discretion, a court of appeals may not substitute its own judgment

for that of the trial court. Id. “To obtain reversal of a judgment based on error in

the admission or exclusion of evidence, an appellant must show that the trial

court’s ruling was in error and that the error probably caused the rendition of an

improper judgment.” McGowan, 104 S.W.3d at 221 (citing Tex. R. App. P.

44.1(a)(1)).

      B.       Summary Judgment.

      A trial court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo under the

following standards:

                                           6
      (1) The movant for summary judgment has the burden of showing that
      there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to
      judgment as a matter of law;

      (2) In deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue
      precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant
      will be taken as true; and

      (3) Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-
      movant and any doubts resolved in its favor.

Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-549 (Tex. 1985); Fair v. Arp

Club Lake, Inc., 437 S.W.3d 619, 623 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2014, no pet.). Once the

movant establishes a right to summary judgment, “the non-movant has the burden

to respond to the motion and present to the trial court any issues that would

preclude summary judgment.” Arp Club Lake, 437 S.W.3d at 623. If the trial

court grants summary judgment, but its order does not specify the grounds it relied

upon, the court of appeals “must affirm summary judgment if any of the summary

judgment grounds are meritorious.” Id.

                                          7
2.    The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for Appellee
      because the only controverting evidence offered by Appellants was
      Hanson’s Affidavit, which the trial court properly disregarded under
      the sham-affidavit doctrine. (Appellee’s Issue No. 1, corresponds to
      Appellants’ Issue No. 1).

      A.     The “Sham Affidavit” Doctrine.

      Under the “sham affidavit” doctrine, a party cannot file an affidavit to

contradict his own deposition testimony—without any explanation for the change

in testimony—for the purpose of creating a fact issue to avoid summary judgment.

E.g., Benson v. Gaston, No. 12-13-00287-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 2753, *3-4,

n.2 (Tex. App.—Tyler Mar. 12, 2014, pet. denied); First State Bank of Mesquite v.

Bellinger & DeWolf, LLP, 342 S.W.3d 142, 148 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no

pet.); Burkett v. Welborn, 42 S.W.3d 282, 286 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no

pet.); Cantu v. Peacher, 53 S.W.3d 5, 10 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet.

denied); Farroux v. Denny’s Restaurants, 962 S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.). See also Randy Wilson, The Sham Affidavit

Doctrine in Texas, 66 TEX. B.J. 962, 962–69 (2003). Without an explanation for

the change in testimony, it is assumed that the sole purpose of the affidavit was to

avoid summary judgment and, therefore, the affidavit presents merely a “sham”

fact issue which the trial court should disregard. Gaston, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS

at *3-4; Bellinger & DeWolf, 342 S.W.3d at 148; Welborn, 42 S.W.3d at 286.

                                          8
      The question of whether the affidavit contradicts the affiant’s prior

deposition testimony requires the court to “examine the nature and extent of the

differences in the facts asserted in the deposition and the affidavit.” Cantu, 53
S.W.3d at 10. If the differences are merely “variations on a theme, consistent in

the major allegations but with some variances of detail,” the affidavit may be used

for impeachment but is not wholly ineffective. Id. “If, on the other hand, the

subsequent affidavit clearly contradicts the witness’s earlier testimony involving

the suit’s material points, without explanation, the affidavit must be disregarded

and will not defeat the motion for summary judgment.” Id. at 10-11.

      B.     Hanson’s Affidavit is a sham.

      Below is a table that compares Hanson’s sworn deposition testimony with

his subsequently-filed affidavit, offered by Appellants to defeat summary

judgment. The statements in Hanson’s Affidavit clearly contradict his prior

deposition testimony on material points in the case, including whether American

Idol requested or received plumbing services and whether C.J. Broers was an

employee/agent of American Idol.

Sworn Deposition Testimony                    Statements from Affidavit
Ms. Craig: Are you aware of the fact          American Idol General, L.P. did not
that American Idol General, L.P. has an       operate the club known as “The Reo”
assumed name of The Reo?                      during the relevant time period from
Mr. Hanson: Yes, I am aware of that.          January 18, 2010-January 12-2012.
Ms. Craig: Have you mark this. And            (CR 187)
I'm showing you what's been marked as
                                          9
Plaintiff's Exhibit 2. What is that
document?
Mr. Hanson: It's an assumed name
certificate for a limited partnership.
Ms. Craig: And when was that assumed
name certificate filed with the Secretary
of State?
Mr. Hanson: It says here January 31st,
2006.
Ms. Craig: And based on that document
do you know when the assumed name
The Reo will expire from. I believe it
says on here that the assumed name will
expire in 2016; is that correct?
Mr. Hanson: 2016, correct, yes.
(CR 105 (10/3-25); CR 222)

Ms. Craig: All right. I want to talk to
you a little bit about American Idol
General, L.P. What kind of business is
that?
 Mr. Hanson: American Idol General
was a corporate entity started, gosh,
around 2003 or something like that, for
a, be primarily the nightclub business.
(CR 222)

Ms. Craig: Okay. So based on the fact            American Idol General, L.P. had no
that the                                         employees during the relevant time
assumed name of the American Idol                period from January 18, 2010-January
General is The Reo, American Idol                12, 2012.
General is sort of a mouthful, I'm going         (CR 187)
to refer to it as The Reo. So can we
agree that if I say The Reo, I'm talking         C.J. Broers was not an employee of
about American Idol General, L.P.?               American Idol General, L.P.
Mr. Hanson: That would be fine.                  (CR 187)
(CR 222)

                                            10
Ms. Craig: Okay. Who is C.J. Broers,
and I'm just saying it the way I think it's
pronounced?
Mr. Hanson: He was our general
manager for, and I, I think he was on the
liquor license too, on the beer and wine
permit.
Ms. Craig: And when you say "for us",
do you mean for The Reo?
Mr. Hanson: For The Reo, yes.
(CR 106 (19/13-20))

Ms. Craig: Do you see this check that's            American Idol General, L.P. did not
been marked as Plaintiff's Exhibit 7?              have a checking account.
Mr. Hanson: I do.                                  (CR 187)
Ms. Craig: Do -- whose account did that
check come out from?                               American Idol General, L.P. never paid
 Mr. Hanson: The Reo.                              for plumbing services, or any other
 Ms. Craig: Whose signature is on that             services that were purported to be
check?                                             performed at Reo Palm Isle Club,
 Mr. Hanson: It looks to be a                      located at 4716 W. Loop 281,
bookkeeper, some – I think it was our              Longview, Texas.
bookkeeper at the time.                            (CR 188)
(CR 222; CR 107 (22/1-6))

Ms. Craig: Okay. Now, do you see that
there is also a payment for, on January
27th, 2010, there's a payment for
303.10?
Mr. Hanson: Uh-huh (yes).
 4            (Exhibit 8 marked)
 Ms. Craig: Whose account was that
check taken out of?
Mr. Hanson: The Reo.
(CR 107 (22/25); CR 223)

Ms. Craig: Okay. There is a also a
payment for $154.91 on February 20th,
2010; do you see that on Exhibit 6?
                                              11
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
Ms. Craig: Now, Exhibit 10, do you see
whose account the check was taken out,
taken out of?
Mr. Hanson: The Reo.
(CR 223)

Ms. Craig: I'm going to give you 9.
And there is also a payment on July
13th, 2010 for $229.31. Do you see that
on Exhibit 6?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
Ms. Craig: Exhibit 9, where was the
check written from, what account?
Mr. Hanson: The Reo.
(CR 223)

Ms. Craig: And based on Exhibits 7, 8,
9, and 10, the fact that the checks were
made from The Reo's account gives you
a basis for believing that the work was
done at The Reo, correct?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
(CR 110 (30/19-23))

Ms. Craig: And based on Exhibits 7, 8,          American Idol General, L.P. never
9, and 10, the fact that the checks were        received services from Pither Plumbing,
made from The Reo's account gives you           Inc. It could not have requested or
a basis for believing that the work was         received services, as it only held a liquor
done at The Reo, correct?                       license.
Mr. Hanson: Correct.                            (CR 187)
(CR 110 (30/19-23))

Ms. Craig: Do you remember calling
Pither Plumbing to ask for that work to
be done?
Mr. Hanson: The only -- I don't recall
calling. I recall meeting one of the
employees or one of his guys there, and
                                           12
said we had to remove these troughs and
put urinals in.
Ms. Craig: Okay. So you were at the
site of The Reo when that work was
being done?
Mr. Hanson: I was at the site. I was in
and out, you know, because I didn't
drive over here all the time.
Ms. Craig: Okay.
Mr. Hanson: But I remember, you
know, talking about taking those
troughs out and putting urinals in.
 Ms. Craig: So you specifically asked
for that work to be done?
 Mr. Hanson: For that particular scope
of work.
(CR 120-122 (41/14 – 43/4))

Ms. Craig: The fact that it's billed to
The Reo Pale Isle, we can agree that that
was an error on Pither Plumbing's part,
because the work was actually done at
The Reo, correct?
Mr. Hanson: Right.
(CR 124-125 (45/24 – 46/3))

Ms. Craig: Now after looking at all the
invoices that I've showed you, Exhibit
24 which reflects all of them, do you
agree that Pither Plumbing performed a
service for The Reo?
Mr. Hanson: I would agree to that.
(CR 224)

Ms. Craig: Now, this is Exhibit 13,              C.J. Broers had no authority to enter
invoice 1248 related to that Exhibit             into construction contracts on behalf of
Number 11. Who called to have that               American Idol General, L.P.
work done?                                       (CR 187)
Mr. Hanson: Looks like C.J. again.
                                            13
Ms. Craig: And C.J. is that same
employee, at least at that time, was an
employee of The Reo and not The Reo
Palm Isle Club?
Mr. Hanson: Yeah, he was an
employee, he was like the general
manager.
(CR 112 (33/9-16))

Ms. Craig: And at no point did you call
after that work was done to say that the
work wasn't done very well?
Mr. Hanson: Again, I'm seeing this for
the first time. And, you know, I lived in
Tyler, he was over here. I came over
here once a week on Saturdays. And
my whole thing was, if there was a
problem, fix it, and just, you know,
unless it's really that important, don't
call me.
(CR 112 (33/17-25))

Ms. Craig: Did you ever call Pither
Plumbing to get work done at The Reo?
 Mr. Hanson: I don't recall ever calling
Pither; C.J. always did that. So I don't
know why I would have all of the
sudden. So I don't recall that.
Ms. Craig: Okay. Are you saying that
you never called Pither Plumbing to get
work done?
Mr. Hanson: I think the only time I've
ever called Pither was on the
skating/soccer field. Now, if for some
reason I did call, I don't recall it. But, I
mean, C.J. just handled all that stuff, so.
He was always the one that made the
calls.
(CR 119 (40/5-16))
                                               14
Ms. Craig: Okay. I'm handing you
Exhibit 21. Who called for that work to
be done at The Reo?
Mr. Hanson: It would appear C.J.
Ms. Craig: The fact that C.J. called for
the work to be done, do you know that
that means, or do you understand that
that means the work was actually done
at The Reo and not at The Reo Palm Isle
Club?
 Mr. Hanson: I would assume that, yes.
(CR 129 (50/1-8))

Ms. Craig: Now, C.J. when he called
for Pither
13 Plumbing to get work done for The
Reo was acting on behalf of The Reo?
Mr. Hanson: Yeah.
(CR 225)

Ms. Craig: And you'd agree that based
on at least the call sheets that were
included in some of these invoices, you
would actually call to have or if you
were on site, you would ask for work to
get done?
Mr. Hanson: If I ever called over there,
which I don't, I don't ever recall on that,
because it was just, I have always, hey,
C.J., get this, get that, you know, and
then, you know, he would handle that.
(CR 225-226)

                                              15
Ms. Craig: Exhibit Number 12, do you              American Idol General, L.P., nor any
know who called for that work to be               agent of American Idol General, L.P.,
done? And you don't have to guess, you            including Randall Hanson or C.J. Broers
can turn to page 2.                               ever entered into an agreement with
Mr. Hanson: I don't see where who                 Pither Plumbing regarding plumbing
called for it.                                    services that were purported to be
Ms. Craig: Do you see in the area that            performed at the Reo Palm Isle Club,
says "phone call"? It says, "phone 753-           located at 4716 W. Loop 281,
4440 fax/cell C.J. Then next to message           Longview, Texas.
it says, "(903) 752-0686"?                        (CR 188)
Mr. Hanson: That would be that one,
that phone number, so I'm just assuming
C.J. would have made that call.
Ms. Craig: And if C.J. made the call for
the work to be done, then it's work that's
being done at The Reo, correct?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
Ms. Craig: And that's not work that's
being done at The Reo Palm Isle Club?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
(CR 111 (32/2-17))

Ms. Craig: Now, this is Exhibit 13,
invoice 1248 related to that Exhibit
Number 11. Who called to have that
work done?
Mr. Hanson: Looks like C.J. again.
Ms. Craig: And C.J. is that same
employee, at least at that time, was an
employee of The Reo and not The Reo
Palm Isle Club?
Mr. Hanson: Yeah, he was an
employee, he was like the general
manager.
(CR 112 (33/9-16))

Ms. Craig: Now finally, on Exhibit 11
there is that invoice 3160, do you see
that?
                                             16
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
Ms. Craig: I'm showing you Exhibit
Number 14 which is invoice number
3160 for 811.33, do you see that?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
Ms. Craig: Who called for that work to
be done?
Mr. Hanson: Again, we're going to
assume that that number was C.J.'s
number at the time, so I'm going to say
C.J.
(CR 114 (35/5-14))

Ms. Craig: I'm handing you Exhibit 16.
What is that document; do you know
what that is?
Mr. Hanson: I don't know what it is.
Ms. Craig: It says on there that Randy
Hanson called to get --
Mr. Hanson: Where does it say that?
Ms. Craig: It says, "Randy Hanson",
correct?
Mr. Hanson: It says "for Randy
Hanson", but --
Ms. Craig: But if it's a document from
Pither
Plumbing, then it would not be a
message for Randy Hanson, correct?
We could assume that the message
wasn't being left for you at Pither
Plumbing?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
(CR 118-119 (39/17 – 40/4))

Ms. Craig: I'm handing you -- and I
can get back now, I think we're done
with that. Exhibit 17, have you ever
seen that document?
 Mr. Hanson: I have not.
                                          17
Ms. Craig: Do you know who called
for that work to be done?
 Mr. Hanson: Well, again, it looks like
it says C.J. here.
Ms. Craig: And if C.J. called for work
to be done, then it would be for work
that's been done at The Reo, not The
Reo Palm Isle?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
(CR 120 (41/2-13))

Ms. Craig: Do you remember calling
Pither Plumbing to ask for that work to
be done?
Mr. Hanson: The only -- I don't recall
calling. I recall meeting one of the
employees or one of his guys there, and
said we had to remove these troughs and
put urinals in.
Ms. Craig: Okay. So you were at the
site of The Reo when that work was
being done?
Mr. Hanson: I was at the site. I was in
and out, you know, because I didn't
drive over here all the time.
Ms. Craig: Okay.
Mr. Hanson: But I remember, you
know, talking about taking those
troughs out and putting urinals in.
Ms. Craig: So you specifically asked
for that work to be done?
Mr. Hanson: For that particular scope
of work.
(CR 121-122 (42/14 – 43/4))

Ms. Craig: And just to clarify, did you
call ahead of time to have that work
done, or were the Pither Plumbing guys
already working on something in The
                                          18
Reo when you asked them, hey, could
you also fix or remove the troughs?
Mr. Hanson: I don't recall -- I
remember them being there when I
came up that morning, and I don't know
if it was because C.J. had already called
and asked them to come up.
(CR 123 (44/12-20))

Ms. Craig: Let's take a look at Exhibit
19.
Mr. Hanson: Okay.
Ms. Craig: Do you see who called for
that work to be done, at least according
to the Pither Plumbing's records?
Mr. Hanson: Well, it's got my number
on there.
(CR 125 (46/19-24))

Ms. Craig: Okay. I'm handing you
Exhibit 21. Who called for that work to
be done at The Reo?
Mr. Hanson: It would appear C.J.
Ms. Craig: The fact that C.J. called for
the work to be done, do you know that
that means, or do you understand that
that means the work was actually done
at The Reo and not at The Reo Palm Isle
Club?
 Mr. Hanson: I would assume that,
yes.
(CR 129 (50/1-8))

Ms. Craig: I'm showing you Exhibit
23.
Do you see who called for the work to
be done on Exhibit 23?
Mr. Hanson: It would appear C.J.
Ms. Craig: And if C.J. called for the
                                            19
work to be done, then it's work that's
being done at The Reo, not The Reo
Palm Isle Club?
Mr. Hanson: Correct.
(CR 130-131 (51/19 – 52/1))

Ms. Craig: So again, you specifically
have asked for work to get done at The
Reo?
Mr. Hanson: I specifically on that very
initial deal, because I had knowledge of
what needed to be done.
(CR 229)

Ms. Craig: And you'd agree that based
on at least the call sheets that were
included in some of these invoices, you
would actually call to have or if you
were on site, you would ask for work to
get done?
Mr. Hanson: If I ever called over
there, which I don't, I don't ever recall
on that, because it was just, I have
always, hey, C.J., get this, get that, you
know, and then, you know, he would
handle that.
Ms. Craig: All right. You --
Mr. Hanson: So my conversation
would be when they were on site that
when I came in there that very first time,
you know, the City had said you got to
get rid of the horse troughs and put
urinals in. And that was the direct
conversation that I had.
(CR 229)

                                             20
         Appellants provided no explanation for the change in Hanson’s testimony.

See CR 186-188. Without an explanation for the change in testimony, the trial

court could assume the sole purpose of Hanson’s Affidavit was to avoid summary

judgment and, accordingly, disregard the affidavit for presenting a “sham” fact

issue.

         C.    The trial court implicitly sustained Appellee’s objection to
               Hanson’s Affidavit.

         Appellants attached Hanson’s Affidavit to their response to Appellee’s

Motion for Summary Judgment. CR 169, 186. In its reply, Appellee objected to

Hanson’s Affidavit at length under the sham-affidavit doctrine and requested the

trial court to strike the affidavit. CR 220-221, 230. Appellants then filed an

“Answer” to Appellee’s reply, and argued that the trial court should not apply the

sham-affidavit doctrine to disregard Hanson’s Affidavit. CR 241-251. In its Order

granting Appellee’s Motion for Summary Judgment, the trial court stated that it

“considered Plaintiff’s Motion, Defendants’ Response, Plaintiff’s Reply thereto

[which included the objection to Hanson’s Affidavit], Defendants’ Response to

Plaintiff’s Reply, and the arguments of counsel for the parties[.]” CR 274

(emphasis added).

         While the trial court did not expressly rule on Appellee’s objection and

motion to strike Hanson’s Affidavit, the record clearly demonstrates an implied

                                           21
ruling and that is sufficient. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2)(A) (permitting the trial

court to rule on objections “either expressly or implicitly”); Frazier v. Yu, 987
S.W.2d 607, 610 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied) (discussed infra);

Slagle v. Prickett, 345 S.W.3d 693, 702 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.)

(“When a trial court grants a summary judgment on the motion to which the

special exceptions pertain, the trial court has implicitly overruled the special

exceptions.”); Marx v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 418 S.W.3d 626, 637-638 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2009, no pet.) (applying Second District case law under Tex. R.

App. P. 41.3) (discussed infra).

      For example, in Frazier v. Yu, Yu moved for summary judgment against

Frazier, the plaintiff, on her negligence claims stemming from a car wreck.

Frazier, 987 S.W.2d at 608. In response to Yu’s motion, Frazier only attached her

own affidavit and the affidavit of a medical doctor. Id. Yu filed written objections

to both affidavits and moved the trial court to strike them, but the trial court never

made an explicit ruling. Id. at 608, 610. However, in its order granting summary

judgment, the trial court stated that it reviewed “all competent summary judgment

evidence.” Id. at 610 (emphasis in original). The Fort Worth Court of Appeals

found this language and the circumstances sufficient to “create[] an inference that

the court implicitly sustained Yu’s objections.” Id. Without the affidavits, Frazier

                                          22
had no summary judgment evidence and, accordingly, the Court of Appeals

affirmed the summary judgment. Id. at 611.

      Less conspicuous language was at issue in Marx v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp.,

where the trial court’s summary judgment merely stated that it “considered” the

summary-judgment-movant’s evidentiary objections and motion to strike. 418
S.W.3d at 637-638. The Amarillo Court of Appeals found that this language,

coupled with the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, “constituted an implicit

granting of the motion to strike as well.” Id. at 638 (citing Frazier v. Yu).

      The Supreme Court of Texas has recognized implicit rulings in other

procedural contexts. See Walker v. Gutierrez, 111 S.W.3d 56, 60, n.1 (Tex. 2003)

(when trial court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s health-care-

liability claim for failure to properly file expert reports, the court implicitly denied

the plaintiff’s motion seeking a grace period to cure the defects in its expert

reports). The common thread in Frazier, Marx, Gutierrez, and other “implicit

ruling” cases is a sufficient indication in the record to allow the Court of Appeals

to imply a ruling on the pertinent objection/motion.

      Here, the trial court could not have granted summary judgment in the face of

Hanson’s Affidavit because it blatantly contradicted his prior deposition testimony

on several material points in Appellee’s Motion for Summary Judgment. In other

words, had the trial court admitted Hanson’s Affidavit as summary-judgment
                                           23
evidence, the record would be so peppered with fact issues that no reasonable trial

court would grant summary judgment. Accordingly, the trial court’s order granting

summary judgment, coupled with the statement that it “considered” Appellee’s

summary-judgment reply (which contained Appellee’s objection and motion to

strike Hanson’s Affidavit), make it obvious that the trial court disregarded

Hanson’s Affidavit under the sham-affidavit doctrine. And as explained in Section

2.D., below, neither the Supreme Court of Texas nor this Court have expressly

rejected or adopted the sham-affidavit doctrine, and there is abundant authority in

Texas and elsewhere to support its application. Therefore, the trial court acted well

within its discretion when it applied the sham-affidavit doctrine and disregarded

Hanson’s Affidavit.

      This Court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the trial court.

Bellinger & DeWolf, 342 S.W.3d at 147. And Appellants have not even attempted

to show that the trial court’s evidentiary ruling “was in error and that the error

probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment.” McGowan, 104 S.W.3d

at 221 (citing Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1)). Accordingly, this Court should affirm.

      D.     Even under a de novo review, this Court should adopt the sham-
             affidavit doctrine and affirm the summary judgment.

      If this Court finds that the trial court did not disregard Hanson’s Affidavit,

the proper standard of review is de novo and this Court must either adopt or reject

                                          24
the sham-affidavit doctrine. Because the doctrine is widely followed in Texas and

across the country, and promotes the efficient evaluation and disposition of

lawsuits, this Court should adopt the sham-affidavit doctrine, disregard Hanson’s

Affidavit, and affirm the trial court’s summary judgment.

               I.      The sham-affidavit doctrine is widely followed in Texas and
                       across the country.

       While neither the Supreme Court of Texas nor this Court have expressly

rejected or adopted the sham-affidavit doctrine, it is followed by most of the

Courts of Appeals in Texas;1 nearly every federal circuit Court of Appeals,

including the Fifth Circuit;2 and by most states across the country.3 Appellants

1
  Of the Courts of Appeals that have directly considered the sham-affidavit doctrine, the
following have adopted it: First State Bank of Mesquite v. Bellinger & DeWolf, LLP, 342
S.W.3d 142, 148 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.); Plunkett v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 285
S.W.3d 106, 119 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied); Pando v. Southwest Convenience
Stores, LLC, 242 S.W.3d 76, 79-80 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2007, no pet.); Trostle v. Trostle, 77
S.W.3d 908, 915 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2002, no pet.); Cantu v. Peacher, 53 S.W.3d 5, 10 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. denied); Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Sys., Inc., 49 S.W.3d
891, 901 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, no pet.); Burkett v. Welborn, 42 S.W.3d 282, 286 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2001, no pet.); Farroux v. Denny’s Restaurants, 962 S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.). The Corpus Christi Court of Appeals has taken a case-
by-case approach. Cf. Barth v. Royal Ins. Co., No. 13-02-688-CV, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS
11319, *9, n.5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Dec. 16, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (applying sham-
affidavit doctrine to disregard non-movant’s affidavit), with Del Mar College Dist. v. Vela, 218
S.W.3d 856, 862, n.6 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, no pet.) (declining to apply sham-
affidavit doctrine under facts presented, but noting the doctrine’s “limited viability or application
where (1) the affidavit is executed after the deposition and (2) there is a clear contradiction on
(3) a material point (4) without explanation, as in Barth v. Royal Ins. Co.[.]”). Only two Courts
of Appeals have declined to adopt the sham-affidavit doctrine. See Davis v. City of Grapevine,
188 S.W.3d 748, 755-756 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied); Thompson v. City of
Corsicana Hous. Auth., 57 S.W.3d 547, 557-558 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.).
2
  See S.W.S. Erectors v. Infax, Inc., 72 F.3d 489, 495-496 (5th Cir. 1996); Randy Wilson, The
Sham Affidavit Doctrine in Texas, 66 TEX. B.J. 962, 964, n.10 (2003) (noting that all federal
circuits except the D.C. Circuit have adopted the sham-affidavit doctrine in one form or another).
                                                 25
refer to two cases from the Supreme Court of Texas—Randall v. Davis Power &

Light Co., 752 S.W.2d 4 (Tex. 1988) (per curiam) and Gaines v. Hamman, 358
S.W.2d 557 (Tex. 1962)—for the proposition that “a deposition does not have

controlling effect over an affidavit in determining whether a motion for summary

judgment should be granted.” Appellants’ Brief, p. 14. But neither case

confronted a true “sham affidavit”, and neither case adopted, rejected, or even

mentioned the sham-affidavit doctrine.

       In Randall, the plaintiff filed an affidavit in response to the defendant’s

motion for summary judgment, which the trial court denied. 752 S.W.2d at 4-5.

The defendant then deposed the plaintiff, whose testimony conflicted with his prior

affidavit. Id. at 5. Based on the deposition testimony, the defendant filed a second

motion for summary judgment, which the trial court granted. Id. The Supreme

Court of Texas reversed and remanded under the “well-established rule that a

deposition does not have controlling effect over an affidavit in determining

whether a motion for summary judgment should be granted.” Id. (citing Gaines v.

Hamman, 358 S.W.2d 557, 562 (Tex. 1962)). The Supreme Court explained that if

“conflicting inferences” may be drawn from a party’s deposition and affidavit filed

in opposition to a motion for summary judgment, a fact issue exists. Id. Randall is

not a sham-affidavit case because the plaintiff’s affidavit pre-dated his deposition,
3
  Wilson, 66 Tex. B.J. at 965, n.16 (noting that the sham-affidavit doctrine “is generally well
recognized in most states” and citing to twenty-nine opinions from across the country).
                                                26
i.e., the affidavit was not submitted to avert prior deposition testimony and avoid

the defendant’s second motion for summary judgment.

      Gaines, handed down in 1962, pre-dates any court’s adoption of the sham-

affidavit doctrine (in Texas or elsewhere), and should therefore be read with

caution. See Randy Wilson, The Sham Affidavit Doctrine in Texas, 66 TEX. B.J.

962, 964 (2003) (surveying sham-affidavit cases across the country, the earliest of

which is Perma Research & Dev. Co. v. Singer Co., 410 F.2d 572 (2d Cir. 1969)).

Moreover, Gaines did not involve contradictory testimony, only conflicting

inferences that could be drawn from the plaintiff’s deposition and his

subsequently-filed affidavit in response to the defendant’s motion for summary

judgment. Gaines, 358 S.W.2d at 558-560, 562-564. The Supreme Court of Texas

reversed the trial court’s summary judgment for the defendant, and addressed the

defendant’s argument that the plaintiff’s deposition controlled over his affidavit

and foreclosed his cause of action as a matter of law: “there is no basis for giving

controlling effect to a deposition as compared to an affidavit . . . . If conflicting

inferences may be drawn from the deposition and from the affidavit of the same

party, a fact issue is presented.” Id. at 562 (emphasis added).

      The El Paso Court of Appeals has distinguished Randall and Gaines as not

being true “sham affidavit” cases: “A different situation is presented, however,

when the summary judgment affidavit is executed after the deposition and there is
                                           27
a clear contradiction on a material point without explanation for the change.”

First State Bank of Mesquite v. Bellinger & DeWolf, LLP, 342 S.W.3d 142, 147-

148 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court of

Texas has simply not addressed the sham-affidavit doctrine (but it may soon – See

Fred Loya Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Cohen, 446 S.W.3d 913, 926-928 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2014, pet. filed)).

      Moreover, although this Court has mentioned the sham-affidavit doctrine on

two occasions, it has neither adopted nor rejected the doctrine. See Benson v.

Gaston, No. 12-13-00287-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 2753, *3-4, n.2 (Tex.

App.—Tyler Mar. 12, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Pierce v. Wash. Mut. Bank,

226 S.W.3d 711, 717-718 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2007, pet. denied). Appellants claim

that Pierce v. Wash. Mut. Bank is a sham-affidavit case in which this Court

addressed an affidavit that conflicted with prior deposition testimony. See

Appellants’ Brief, pp. 13-14. But Pierce concerned an affidavit that arguably

conflicted with the affiant’s prior interrogatory answers. Pierce, 226 S.W.3d at

712-713, 717. Pierce is further distinguishable because (1) it was a homestead

abandonment case, involving constitutional protections which this Court preferred

to be “fully developed before a finder of fact” (Id. at 715, 717); and (2) it was

unclear whether the affidavit at issue even conflicted with the affiant’s prior

interrogatory answers (Id. at 718 (Hoyle, J., dissenting) (explaining that “Pierce’s
                                          28
affidavit did not conflict with his interrogatory answers[.]”)). Seven years after

Pierce, this Court issued its opinion in Benson v. Gaston and implicitly confirmed

that it has neither adopted nor rejected the sham-affidavit doctrine. Gaston, 2014

Tex. App. LEXIS at *3-4, n.2.

      Appellants also cite to Hassell v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 880 S.W.2d 39, 41, n.1

(Tex. App.—Tyler 1994, writ denied) for the proposition that “factual conflicts

existing between the non-movant’s own deposition and affidavit must be resolved

in the non-movant’s favor.” Appellants’ Brief, p. 14. But Hassell is easily

distinguished because it did not involve an issue regarding the sham-affidavit

doctrine, and does not even mention the phrase “sham affidavit.”

             II.   The sham-affidavit doctrine promotes the efficient
                   evaluation and disposition of lawsuits.

      The purpose of summary judgment practice is to “eliminate patently

unmeritorious claims and untenable defenses.” Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v.

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004). Summary judgment motions are filed

every day based on the non-movant’s deposition testimony, and litigants routinely

evaluate cases for settlement purposes based on their opponent’s deposition

testimony. Without the sham-affidavit doctrine, a legitimate motion for summary

judgment could be defeated by the non-movant’s unexplained change in testimony,

mustered in the face of the motion, and deposition-based summary judgment
                                          29
practice would become a useless exercise. See Wilson, 66 TEX. B.J. at 968.

Moreover, litigants would have less incentive to settle a case based on deposition

testimony which, instead of remaining inviolate, merely reflects one of two

potential versions of the facts at issue. By requiring litigants to reasonably explain

a change in testimony, the sham-affidavit doctrine crystallizes deposition

testimony and promotes the efficient evaluation and disposition of lawsuits.

      And the doctrine properly places the burden stemming from changed

testimony upon the affiant. That is, the sham-affidavit doctrine requires the affiant

to explain his or her change in testimony—a simple task; without the sham-

affidavit doctrine, the burden from the change in testimony falls on the shoulders

of the opposing party, who must needlessly eat the time and money expended on

preparing a motion for summary judgment based on prior deposition testimony.

      To dissuade this Court from adopting the sham-affidavit doctrine,

Appellants will likely argue that the trial court cannot act as a fact-finder and

weigh the credibility of witnesses for purposes of summary judgment, and that all

inferences should be resolved in the non-movant’s favor. But the sham-affidavit

doctrine calls upon the trial court’s discretionary power to admit or exclude

summary-judgment evidence, which is distinct from its role as fact finder.

Analyzing Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which is nearly

                                           30
identical to Rule 166a(c), the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

explained the distinction as follows:

      Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 empowers a court to make a
      threshold determination of whether a factual issue is ‘genuine.’ This
      power does not emanate from the court’s role as a fact-finder, a role
      which lays dormant during the summary judgment process. Rather,
      this power emanates from a court’s ability to make an initial
      assessment of any evidence. A district court exercises its prerogative
      to assess evidence at trial by determining whether any evidence is
      admissible. The court is not acting as a fact-finder when it makes such
      determinations. A district court also exercises its prerogative to assess
      evidence at the summary judgment stage by determining whether an
      alleged factual conflict is ‘genuine.’

Unterreiner v. Volkswagen of Am., 8 F.3d 1206, 1212 (7th Cir. 1993), overruled on

other grounds by Hill v. Tangherlini, 724 F.3d 965, 967, n.1 (7th Cir. 2013).

Without the sham-affidavit doctrine to police unexplained contradictions in

testimony offered to defeat summary judgment, Rule 166a(c)’s use of the term

“genuine” is rendered meaningless. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c) (the trial court shall

grant summary judgment if the evidence shows that “there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law[.]”) (emphasis added). Moreover, the sham-affidavit doctrine does not ask the

trial court to weigh the credibility of witnesses, but to accept deposition testimony

as true and disregard unexplained, contradictory statements in the deponent’s

subsequent affidavit.

                                          31
       Whatever Appellants’ complaints are, this much is indisputable: the sham-

affidavit doctrine asks for a pittance from the non-movant/affiant – he need only

offer an explanation for his change in testimony to avoid application of the

doctrine. Because Hanson offered no such explanation, this Court should disregard

Hanson’s Affidavit and affirm summary judgment for Appellee.

       E.      Response to Appellants’ Other Arguments.

                      I.      No pleading to support suit on a sworn account or
                              claim for quantum meruit.

       Appellants complain on appeal that the summary judgment “has procedural

issues” because there was no pleading to support a suit on a sworn account or a

claim for quantum meruit. Appellants’ Brief, pp. 4, 9. But Appellants failed to

object to the lack of a pleading before the trial court, instead merely complaining

that Appellee’s suit on a sworn account was unverified.4 CR 176. And the parties

fully briefed Appellee’s sworn account and quantum meruit claims for summary

judgment. CR 50, 169. Therefore, Appellants waived any error, tried the claims

by consent, and cannot complain on appeal. See Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211
S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam); Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Tex. R. Civ. P.

166a(c) (“Issues not expressly presented to the trial court by written motion,

4
 It should be noted that deficiencies in a plaintiff’s sworn account, such as the lack of a
verification, merely prevent it from constituting prima facie evidence of the debt. See
Enernational Corp. v. Exploitation Eng’rs, Inc., 705 S.W.2d 749, 750 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The plaintiff would still be entitled to summary judgment when, as
here, it offers affidavit testimony to prove up the account as a matter of law. CR 135-138.
                                                32
answer or other response shall not be considered on appeal as grounds for

reversal.”) (emphasis added).

      If the Court finds that Appellants did not waive error, the deficiencies in

their own pleadings at the time of the summary-judgment hearing must be

accounted for: (1) only Hanson, individually, entered a verified denial of

Appellee’s sworn account (SCR 52); (2) American Idol had only entered a general

denial (CR 44); and (3) neither Appellant had entered a verified denial to support a

defense of improper capacity or defect of parties under Tex. R. Civ. P. 93(2) or (4),

or any affirmative defense under Tex. R. Civ. P. 94 (cf. CR 44 with SCR 52, and

note that Appellants filed their Second Amended Original Answer and Special

Exceptions on February 18, 2014, twelve days after the summary-judgment

hearing. CR 270.).

                     II.   Hanson has no liability.

      Appellants argue that Hanson has no liability because he did not contract

with Appellee (Appellants’ Brief, p. 8), did not have an account with Appellee

(Appellants’ Brief, p. 10), and did not operate the Reo or own the subject

building/property (Appellants’ Brief, pp. 11-12). Even assuming those arguments

are true, Hanson is still individually liable because he was admittedly a general

partner of American Idol at all pertinent times. CR 57; CR 104 (9/3 – 10/2); CR

112-131 (33/8 – 52/14). Under Tex. Bus. Org. Code § 152.306(a), “[a] judgment
                                         33
may be entered against a partner who has been served with process in a suit against

the partnership.” Because Hanson was served with process and individually

named as a party, the trial court properly granted summary judgment against him.

SCR 4, 46-47. See Kao Holdings, L.P. v. Young, 261 S.W.3d 60, 63-64 (Tex.

2008); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 17.022 (“Citation served on one member of a

partnership authorizes a judgment against the partnership and the partner actually

served.”).

                         III.   The trial court erred in granting summary judgment
                                on damages.

          Appellants argue that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on

damages because one of the invoices attached to Appellee’s Motion for Summary

Judgment mentioned, but failed to segregate, work done at the “Taco Place,” and

there was nothing further in the record to segregate the Taco Place charges.

Appellants’ Brief, pp. 12-13. Appellants have simply overlooked the summary

judgment evidence and post-hearing briefing.

          By its Motion for Summary Judgment, Appellee sought damages in the

amount of $17,372.03.5 CR 54-55, 137. During the summary-judgment hearing,

Appellee acknowledged that part of that amount included work done at the Taco

Place and suggested that the trial court could “cross out” that charge. RR 32/14-

5
    Appellants incorrectly state that Appellee sought only “$17,272.03.” Appellants’ Brief, p. 12.
                                                  34
24. After the hearing, the trial court sent counsel a letter requesting an explanation

on how to cross out the Taco Place charges. CR 281. Appellee then filed a letter

explaining that the Taco Place charges were, in fact, itemized on other invoices

already in the record and amounted to $202.55. SCR 61-65; CR 80, 96, 98, 100.

The trial court deducted $202.55 from $17,372.03 to arrive at the judgment amount

of $17,169.48. CR 274. Therefore, the trial court properly excluded the Taco

Place charges and this Court should affirm the trial court’s summary judgment as

to damages. Alternatively, if this Court finds that Appellee did not prove its

damages as a matter of law, it should affirm as to liability and reverse and remand

only as to the issue of damages.

3.    The trial court did not err in awarding Appellee its attorney’s fees (no
      corresponding numbered issue in Appellants’ Brief).

      As shown above, the trial court properly awarded summary judgment for

Appellee on its claims for breach of contract, quantum meruit, and sworn account.

Appellee proved $8,945.92 in attorney’s fees and expenses through the Affidavit of

T. John Ward, Jr., which was uncontroverted. CR 154-157. Accordingly, the trial

court did not err in awarding Appellee its attorney’s fees in the lesser amount of

$7,847.00. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 38.001, et seq.

                                          35
                                      PRAYER

      Appellee respectfully requests this Court to affirm the trial court’s summary

judgment and grant Appellee such other and further relief to which it is justly

entitled. Should this Court find that Appellee did not prove its damages as a matter

of law, Appellee alternatively requests this Court to affirm as to liability and

reverse and remand only as to the issue of damages.

                                        Respectfully submitted,

                                        /s/ Brett F. Miller
                                        T. JOHN WARD, Jr.
                                        State Bar No. 00794818
                                        jw@wsfirm.com
                                        CLAIRE ABERNATHY HENRY
                                        State Bar No. 24053063
                                        claire@wsfirm.com
                                        Brett F. Miller
                                        State Bar No. 24065750
                                        bmiller@wsfirm.com
                                        WARD & SMITH LAW FIRM
                                        P. O. Box 1231
                                        Longview, Texas 75606-1231
                                        (903)757-6400 (Telephone)
                                        (903)757-2323 (Facsimile)

                                        ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

                                          36
                      CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      This document complies with the typeface requirements of TEX. R. APP. P.

9.4(e) because it has been prepared in a conventional typeface no smaller than 14-

point font for text and 12-point for footnotes. This document also complies with

the word-count limitations of TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i), because it contains 8,236

words, according to the computer program used to prepare this document,

excluding any parts exempted by TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(1).

                                       /s/ Brett F. Miller
                                       Brett F. Miller

                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was filed

electronically. This document was served on all counsel who are deemed to have

consented to electronic service. Local Rule 3(c). Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P.

9.5(b) and Local Rule 3(c)(2), all other counsel of record not deemed to have

consented to electronic service were served with a true and correct copy of the

foregoing by email, facsimile, or certified mail on this the       17th       day of

February, 2015.

                                       /s/ Brett F. Miller
                                       Brett F. Miller
                                         37
                    CAUSE NO. 12-14-00134-CV

              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TEXAS
                  TWELFTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

        AMERICAN IDOL, GENERAL, LP d/b/a The REO, and
          RANDY HANSON a/k/a RANDALL HANSON,
                        Appellants

                                   v.

                 PITHER PLUMBING CO., INC.,
                           Appellee
      __________________________________________________

                On Appeal from Cause No. 2012-1842-A
       In the 188th Judicial District Court of Gregg County, Texas
                The Honorable David Brabham, Presiding
      __________________________________________________

APPENDIX TO BRIEF OF APPELLEE PITHER PLUMBING CO., INC.
____________________________________________________________

 1.     Affidavit of Randall Hanson (CR 186).

                                   38
                                         NO. 2012-1842-A

PITHER PLUMBING CO., INC.                         §   IN THE DISTRICT COURT
                                                  §
v.                                                §   OF GREGG COUNTY, TEXAS
                                                  §
AMERICAN IDOL GENERAL, LP                         §
D/B/A THE REO, and RANDY                          §
HANSON A/KJA RANDALL HANSON                       §   188™ JUDICIAL DISTRICT

                             AFFIDAVIT OF RANDALL HANSON

STATE OF TEXAS                  §
                                §      KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:
COUNTY OF SMITH                 §

         Before me, the undersigned authority, on this day personally appeared RANDALL

BRADFORD HANSON, who, being by me first duly swom, according to law, upon her oath

deposed and stated as follows:

         "My name is RANDALL BRADFORD HANSON, I am over the age of 18 years, of

sound mind, have never been convicted of a felony or a crime of moral turpitude, and have

personal knowledge of the following facts and the following facts are true and conect.

         "I am Defendant in the cunent suit.

         "All of the facts contained in the attached response are true and correct to the best of my

knowledge.

         "Max Singleton is the owner the building in question, "The Reo Palm Isle Club", located

at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas.

         "Max Singleton has owned the building during the time that Plaintiff allegedly provided

plumbing services for "The Reo Palm Isle Club", located at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview,

Texas.

                                                                                                 186
        "Tacos Goyo was located at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas and was a tenant of

Max Singleton during the relevant time period from January 18, 2010 through January 12,2012.

Tacos Goyo was a separate business with no connection whatsoever to Randy Hanson, American

Idol, or the club commonly known as "The Reo."

        "The club commonly known as, "The Reo" was a tenant of Max Singleton during the

relevant time period.

        "American Idol General, LP has never owned the propetty called "The Reo Palm Isle

Club" located at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas.

        "American Idol General, LP did not operate the club known as "The Reo" during the

relevant time period from January 18,2010 through January 12,2012.

        "American Idol General, LP was not affiliated with the property called "The Reo Palm

Isle Club" located at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas.

       "American Idol General, LP had no employees during the relevant time period from

January 18,2010 through Januaty 12, 2012.

       "American Idol General, LP existed solely to hold the liquor license for the club

commonly known as "The Reo."

       "American Idol General, LP had no assets.

       "American Idol General, LP did not have a checking account.

       "American Idol General, LP never received services from Pither Plumbing Co., Inc. It

could not have requested or received services, as it only held a liquor license.

       "C.J. BROERS was not an employee of American Idol General, LP.

       "C.J. BROERS had no authority to enter into construction contracts on behalf of

American Idol General, LP.

                                                                                         187
                  "American Idol General, LP, nor any agent of American Idol General, LP, including

    RANDALL HANSON or C.J. BROERS, ever entered into an agreement with Pither Plumbing

    Co., Inc. regarding plumbing services that were purported to be performed at "Reo Palm Isle

    Club", located at 4716 W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas.

                  "American Idol General, LP never paid for plumbing services, or any other services that

    were purpmied to be perfotmed at "Reo Palm Isle Club", located at 4716 W. Loop 281,

    Longview, Texas.

                 "American Idol General, LP never received invoices from Plaintiff regarding the
•
    plumbing services that were purported to be performed at "Reo Palm Isle Club", located at 4716

    W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas.

                 "American Idol General, LP never received any demand letters from Plaintiff regarding

    the plumbing services that were purpmied to be performed at "Reo Palm Isle Club", located at

    4716 W. Loop 281, Longview, Texas.

                 "BRKA, INC is a contracting company, and C.J. BROERS was an agent ofBRKA, INC.

                 "Further affiant sayeth not."

    SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN TO before me the undersigned Notary Public on this 28th day of

    January, 2014 .

       .:o't~~lf.'f:t;,, CATHERINE POWELL CLAYTON
      1.§;~.1>\ Notary Public. State of Texas
      \~:.~l:>i My Commission Expires
       . ,,~,~·u-..~,,,
         . llml\ ..~      June 17, 2017

                                                                                                      188