Court Opinion

ID: 9378296
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-09 21:03:13.947444+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:19.945022
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/9/23 Doss v. Brehaut CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

 GERALD DOSS et al.,

      Plaintiffs and Respondents,                                      G060975

           v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 30-2018-01020734)

 SALLY L. BREHAUT,                                                     OPINION

      Defendant and Appellant.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Martha
K. Gooding, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded with instructions.
                   Best Best & Krieger, Christopher E. Deal and Daniel L. Richards for
Defendant and Appellant.
                   Borchard & Callahan, Janelle M. Dease and Thomas J. Borchard for
Plaintiffs and Respondents.
                                               INTRODUCTION
                  We deal here with a particularly obdurate problem caused by a “zero lot
line” design of a housing tract built by a developer apparently unfamiliar with human
beings. The design has led to a minor problem which the human beings in this case have
turned into a casus belli. We find ourselves generally – but not completely – in
agreement with the trial court’s efforts to stop the bleeding here and therefore reverse in
part.
                                                       FACTS
                  At first pass, one gets the impression that this case focuses on something
called a swale – “a low-lying stretch of land,” or “an elongated depression in land that is
at least seasonally wet or marshy, is usually heavily vegetated, and is normally without
flowing water.” (Webster’s 3d New Internat. Dict. (1981) p. 2305, col. 3.) And we shall
shortly get to it. But it seems to us the true genesis of this dispute has its roots, so to
speak, in a planning oddity. The feuding homeowners herein, respondents Gerald and
Carolyn Doss and appellant Sally Brehaut, own lots in a Dana Point development called
Regatta. Regatta’s governing covenants, conditions and restrictions (CC&R’s) state that
the development was designed for single family residences using a “modified zero lot
line” design. Pursuant to this design, the developer created dividing walls between
neighboring properties called zero lot line walls. But in reality, these walls are not
actually on each homeowner’s lot line. Instead, the so-called zero lot line walls run five
feet in from the lot line.1 This means the effective boundary between properties (the wall)
is not always the legal boundary between the properties (the lot line).
                     We can only conjecture why this is the case, but the day-to-day reality of
Regatta’s lot design means owners on the street in question, Palm Beach Court, have a

         1
                   We suppose this is why the developer called it a “modified” zero lot line design, though it is not
entirely clear. Perhaps the residences themselves are built along the lot line but the yards do not follow the lot line
for another reason. Our record is insufficient for us to know.

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strip of land along the side of their yard, approximately five feet in width, which does not
in fact belong to them. To get around this, the CC&R’s grant each owner an easement to
use the strip of land they do not own, ostensibly “for landscaping purposes only.”
Bookmark that phrase.
                  The Dosses bought their property located at 43 Palm Beach Court (the Doss
property) as new construction in 1986 and have lived there continuously ever since.
Brehaut bought the property next door at 45 Palm Beach Court (the Brehaut property) in
1998 from a previous owner, and has lived there ever since. The Brehaut property is
directly to the south of the Doss property, and both backyards look out on Pacific Coast
Highway. There is a wall that runs parallel to Pacific Coast Highway along both
properties, fencing in the rear portion of the parties’ backyards. We’ll call this the rear
wall.
                  The important wall for our purposes is the zero lot line wall separating the
neighbors.2 It sits on the Doss property, with an easement area extending five feet into
the side yard of the Brehaut property. The zero lot line wall is approximately 20 feet in
length and stretches from the southwest corner of the Dosses’ residence to the rear wall.
It is made of stucco and wood. The parties agree the zero lot line wall was not designed
to be a retaining wall, but rather more of a barrier.
                  Within the easement area in Brehaut’s backyard lies the aforementioned
swale. It stretches the length of the zero lot line wall. The trial court concluded the swale
had existed since Regatta’s inception in 1986 and was part of the project’s precise
grading plan, serving a drainage function. But for most of the time Brehaut occupied her
property, there were trees surrounding it and obscuring it from view. In early 2017, after
receiving violation letters from the Regatta homeowners association (HOA) – apparently

         2
                   The parties and the court referred to this wall by varying names in the trial court below. More
often than not, the Dosses referred to it as the “privacy wall.” And even though Brehaut’s counsel made clear his
disagreement with this nomenclature, it seems to have been adopted by the trial court in its statement of decision.
We stick to the name “zero lot line wall” in order to stay consistent with the designation used in the CC&R’s.

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spurred by complaints from the Dosses – Brehaut’s nephew, Greg Tuley, cut the trees
down.
              Sometime in the spring of 2017, Tuley assisted his aunt with an approved
remodel of her second floor deck. The Dosses noticed Tuley was filling in the swale with
dirt and construction material excavated from the area where the deck’s footings were to
be poured. They were concerned about this because their understanding was the swale
was not to be filled in. They voiced their concerns to Tuley, who refused to cease the
activity. Tuley ultimately added about 18 to 24 inches of dirt to the swale.
              The Dosses notified the HOA about Tuley’s unapproved activity and the
HOA asked Brehaut to return the area back to its original state. She did not. Instead,
Tuley removed some, but not all, of the dirt he had dumped in the swale and piled it in a
mound near its edge. The swale was now no longer smoothly graded or compacted, but
rather bumpy and uneven.
              A mediation was arranged between the Dosses and Brehaut and Tuley, who
had power of attorney from his aunt for dealing with HOA matters. The HOA also
engaged an engineering firm to evaluate the current state of the swale and suggest
possible options for resolution of the issues. The engineering firm came up with three
options. First, the zero lot line wall could be removed and replaced with an adequately
constructed privacy/retaining wall. The Dosses were opposed to this option. Second, a
sister retaining wall could be constructed on the easement area to support the new soil
load created by Tuley’s activities. Finally, Tuley and Brehaut could just remove the soil
and restore the swale to its original condition. The parties did not agree on which option
was best.
              In May 2018, Brehaut and Tuley submitted an application to the HOA’s
architectural control committee (ACC), seeking to move forward with the second option,
the sister retaining wall, which was their preferred option. The sister wall was intended
to support the new soil load of the filled-in swale. Brehaut also proposed installing three

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drains along the new wall and connecting them to the existing drain in the back of the
yard. ACC reviewed the application “for its conformance to” the CC&R’s as well as the
HOA’s rules and regulations. The application was also reviewed by ACC’s own
architect. In the process, ACC discovered the Dosses had installed an unapproved
opaque canvas privacy curtain next to the zero lot line wall, partially obscuring the house
and patio area.
                  The Dosses objected to the sister wall project because it did not return the
zero lot line wall to its previous height and because they claimed it did not comply with
the city code. Nevertheless, ACC approved Brehaut’s application on June 29, 2018.
ACC noted the Dosses had concerns about the project because the resulting soil elevation
would allegedly compromise their privacy.3 However, ACC concluded the Dosses’
curtain solved that issue. ACC approved the privacy curtain and approved the sister wall
project simultaneously. The Dosses’ appeal of this decision was denied by the HOA’s
board of directors on August 8, 2018.
                  On September 24, 2018, the Dosses filed suit in Orange County Superior
Court for injunctive and declaratory relief. They sought to enjoin Brehaut from filling in
the swale and moving forward with the sister wall project. They also asked the court to
declare Brehaut’s project “invalid,” “improper,” and a violation of her easement. After a
multi-day bench trial, the court found in favor of the Dosses, concluding Brehaut’s
easement did not allow her to fill in the swale or construct a sister retaining wall, as these
activities did not amount to “landscaping.”
                                                 DISCUSSION
                  On appeal, Brehaut seeks de novo review of the trial court’s interpretation
of her rights under the CC&R’s. She claims article III, sections 3 and 6 of the CC&R’s
grant her the right to fill in the swale and move forward with her project with ACC

         3
                   As ACC noted, the zero lot line wall was five feet tall, so if Brehaut or Tuley added two more feet
of dirt on the easement area, it would effectively lower the height of the wall to three feet.

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approval. She also contends the trial court erred when it failed to give deference to ACC
in approving her project. While we agree Brehaut had the right to fill in the swale, we do
not think her easement permits her to move forward with the sister wall project, even
with ACC approval. We therefore affirm in part and reverse in part.
I.            Brehaut’s Easement Under the CC&R’s
              Article III of the CC&R’s deals with zero lot line walls and the easements
appurtenant to them. Section 3 establishes the easements, stating: “Said easements shall
be used for landscaping purposes only, and shall be subject to each and all of the
covenants set forth” in the CC&R’s. The Dosses, as owners of the servient tenement,
own the zero lot line wall and are responsible for painting and repairing the wall.
Brehaut, as owner of the dominant tenement, has “the right and responsibility to
landscape and otherwise maintain the Easement Area . . . in a neat, clean, safe, sanitary,
and attractive condition at all times, and shall bear all costs thereof.” However, she
cannot “plant any tree, shrub, or other landscaping upon the Easement Area which would:
(a) impair or otherwise threaten the structural integrity of any adjacent Residence; or (b)
interfere with the [Dosses’] right of access . . . .” And the Dosses supposedly have “an
easement for ingress, egress and access on, over and across the Easement Area and
[Brehaut’s] Lot as may be reasonably necessary” for them to “paint, maintain and repair
the Zero Lot Line Wall and” their home.
              Our conjecture about the developer’s rationale behind this plan has been
fruitless, although we assume the rationale exists. As configured, the lot design creates a
tangled web of interconnected rights and obligations which are fecund ground for
conflict. And the CC&R’s provide little help. One neighbor has an easement supposedly
“only” for “landscaping purposes,” but she also has the right, nay, obligation, to
“otherwise maintain” the easement area in a safe and attractive manner. Yet no one saw
fit to include a definition of “landscaping” in the CC&R’s. And while that same neighbor
is responsible for maintaining the easement area, the CC&R’s make the other neighbor

                                             6
responsible for maintaining the zero lot line wall. To facilitate this, the CC&R’s purport
to give the Dosses an access easement over their own land – never mind that such a thing
is a legal impossibility. (See Civ. Code, § 805 [“A servitude thereon cannot be held by
the owner of the servient tenement.”].)
              The trial court was thus left to the unfortunate task of discerning the scope
of Brehaut’s easement – did it give her the ability to add soil to the swale and construct
the sister wall? To answer this question, the trial court focused on the language of article
III, section 3 of the CC&R’s stating the zero lot line easements were to be used for
“landscaping purposes only.” It felt that Brehaut’s activities did not fit within the
definition of landscaping, they were not permissible. And viewing the CC&R’s as a
whole, as it was bound to do, the trial court discerned some clues. In its definition of an
“improvement,” the document separates the term “landscaping” from structures such as
fences or retaining walls. Article III, section 6 of the CC&R’s clusters the terms “trees”
and “shrub” in with “other landscaping,” indicating to the trial court that landscaping
referred to plants. Additionally, the trial court noted, the Dosses’ expert, Thomas
Murphy, had testified that the word “landscaping” in real estate development is distinct
from grading or retaining walls. But as rigorous as the trial court’s analysis was, we
cannot agree with it entirely.
              First, the trial court did not consider the actual definition of landscaping,
which is a gerund of the verb “landscape,” meaning “to make a landscape of” or “to
improve by landscape architecture or gardening.” (Webster’s 3d New Internat. Dict.
(1981) p. 1269, col. 2.) In noun form, the word “landscape” refers to the surface of the
earth or landforms of the region. (Ibid.) The plain, everyday meaning of the word
“landscaping” therefore, entails not just plants, but also manipulation and upkeep of the
soils in which they are situated.
              Given the usage of the term “landscaping” in the CC&R’s, however, the
trial court was left with the impression that the developer intended landscaping to refer

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specifically to vegetation. But even if this were the case, the scope of the easement was
not limited to “landscaping,” but to “landscaping purposes.”
                  “The grant of an easement must ‘be interpreted liberally in favor of the
grantee.’ (Norris v. State of California ex rel. Dept. Pub. Wks. (1968) 261 Cal.App.2d
41, 46–47, citing Civ. Code, § 1069.) When an easement is based on a grant, as it is here,
the grant gives the easement holder both ‘those interests expressed in the grant and those
necessarily incident thereto.’ (Pasadena v. California–Michigan etc. Co. (1941) 17
Cal.2d 576, 579.) ‘Every easement includes what are termed “secondary easements;”
that is, the right to do such things as are necessary for the full enjoyment of the easement
itself.’ (North Fork Water Co. v. Edwards (1898) 121 Cal. 662, 665–666.)” (Dolnikov v.
Ekizian (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 419, 428, italics added.) Brehaut was not only entitled to
use her easement to make plantings, but also to do any activity incidental or preliminary
to making plantings, including adding soil or grading the area to make it amenable to
planting, assuming she followed all related protocols.4
                  As already stated, Brehaut’s easement is “subject to each and all of the
covenants set forth in” the CC&R’s. The Dosses claim the “subject to” language in
section 3 of the CC&R’s cannot be read to expand Brehaut’s easement beyond its
“landscaping only” scope. As we have already explained, Brehaut’s easement is not just
for landscaping, but for landscaping purposes and anything incidental to landscaping
purposes; so it is not accurate to describe it as a “landscaping only” easement. But
beyond that, we think the Dosses and the trial court read the easement grant too narrowly.
It was not just contained in section 3, but also in section 6 of the CC&R’s. Such is the
import of the phrase “subject to.” When used in adjectival form, the phrase means
“having a contingent relation to something and usu[ally] dependent on such relation for

         4
                  Indeed, one wonders at the limitations of creating a garden, or planting trees or shrubs, in a swale.
It seems some sort of grading change would be required in order to allow Brehaut to freely exercise her easement
instead of having trees or shrubs at the edge of the swale, as had existed until the Dosses complained to the HOA
about them.

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final form, validity, or significance.” (Webster’s 3d New Internat. Dict. (1981) p. 2275,
col. 3.) Any interpretation of section 3 must reconcile with section 6 and the remainder
of the CC&R’s, and not the other way around.
                                                             5

                 The sister wall, however, is a different matter. Reasonable minds might
differ as to whether a retaining wall can have a landscaping purpose (we think it can), but
the question is ultimately irrelevant. “No authority need be cited for the well-known rule
that the owner of a dominant tenement must use his casement and rights in such a way as
to impose as slight a burden as possible on the servient tenement.” (Baker v. Pierce
(1950) 100 Cal.App.2d 224, 226.) The easement holder is not entitled to unduly burden
the servient tenement or impede the landowner’s ability to use his or her property
consistently with the easement. (See White v. Walsh (1951) 105 Cal.App.2d 828, 832.)
It is also “well settled that the burden of the dominant tenement cannot be enlarged to the
manifest injury of the servient estate by any alteration in the mode of enjoying the
former; nor can the owner thereof commit any trespass upon the servient tenement
beyond the limits fixed by the grant (North Fork Water Co. v. Edwards [, supra,] 121
Cal. 662); nor can the limitations in the exercise of the easement be changed at the
pleasure of the grantee (Winslow v. City of Vallejo [(1906)] 148 Cal. 723 . . . .) It is
equally well settled that the grantee of a right of way over another’s land merely has the
privilege of passing over the land in some particular line (Kripp v. Curtis [(1886)] 71 Cal.
62), and that he acquires no ownership in the fee of the soil (City and County of San
Francisco v. Calderwood [(1867)] 31 Cal. 585).” (Fletcher v. Stapleton (1932) 123
Cal.App. 133, 137.)

        5
                   If it were the other way around, we would have expected to see language in section 6 making it
“subject to” section 3. Based on the CC&Rs’ plain language, as between sections 3 and 6, section 3 must give way.
We therefore must disagree with the trial court’s view that Brehaut’s planned project would “read out of the
CC&R’s the express provision limiting” her use of the easement to landscaping. Section 3 is not being “read out”; it
is subservient to section 6 seemingly by the drafters’ design.

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              Here, the sister wall would sit approximately one inch away from the zero
lot line wall and would rise to a height of three feet. There can be no doubt this would
impede the Dosses’ ability to use the area, which sits on their own property, for any
purpose, whether it be strolling the area to admire the view or accessing the other side of
the zero lot line wall to carry out maintenance or repair, per their obligation under the
CC&R’s. Out of the three options provided by the HOA’s engineer, the retaining wall
seems to be among the most burdensome.
              True, Brehaut must maintain the easement area in a safe and neat condition
under section 6 of the CC&R’s. But more importantly for our analysis, she cannot plant
anything which would affect the structural integrity of the Dosses’ home or impede their
access to the zero lot line wall. As we’ve already noted, the sister wall would surely
impede the Dosses’ access to the zero lot line wall. And as such, it would unquestionably
exceed the scope of Brehaut’s easement.
              It hardly matters that the sister wall was approved by ACC. We need not,
as Brehaut argues, defer to ACC’s decision-making here because “[w]e do not defer to
the Board’s interpretation of the CC&Rs. The interpretation of CC&R’s is a legal
question to be decided by the courts, not the Board.” (Eith v. Ketelhut (2018) 31
Cal.App.5th 1, 17.) Neither ACC nor the HOA had the authority or discretion to expand
the scope of Brehaut’s easement, which is essentially what they did when they approved
her sister wall project over the Dosses’ objection.
              Nonetheless, ACC approval will certainly prove important going forward in
determining the propriety of any activity Brehaut might conduct on the easement area
which is within the scope of her easement grant. There is a sentence in section 6 of the
CC&R’s prohibiting either Doss or Brehaut from constructing any improvements on the
easement area without express ACC approval, meaning, if either the Dosses or Brehaut
has express ACC approval to construct an improvement, they may build it on the
easement area.

                                             10
                  The Dosses seem to take exception to this proof by contrapositive, arguing
that section 6 of the CC&R’s only describes what Brehaut may not do without ACC
permission, not what she may do with ACC permission. This interpretation strains logic
– and renders language in section 6 of the CC&R’s nugatory. If it were impermissible for
Brehaut to ever build an improvement on the easement area, why even mention ACC
approval in the first place? While nothing about these CC&R’s is clear, it seems to us,
                                  6

ACC’s approval is a litmus test of sorts.
                  We are left here with the impression that many opportunities were missed
to resolve the dispute short of a lawsuit. That lawsuit having accomplished little except
the production of Agida, we return the matter to the parties with the hope that neighbors
can accomplish what lawyers could not: a workable compromise.
                                                DISPOSITION
                  The judgment is reversed as to Brehaut’s act of filling in the swale but
affirmed as to Brehaut’s proposed sister wall project. The matter is remanded to the trial

         6
                   The trial court concluded Brehaut would only be allowed to build an improvement which
constitutes landscaping – plants. As Brehaut argues, this is not a credible interpretation of the term “improvements”
as defined in the CC&R’s – “all structures and appurtenances thereto of every kind, including, but not limited to,
Residences, garages, open parking areas, pavement, sidewalks, driveways, fences, Project perimeter walls, retaining
walls, patios and patio railings, decks and deck railings, recreation area and all related amenities, landscaping and
all Association Maintenance Areas.” (Italics added.)

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court with instructions to hold further proceedings and enter judgment consistent with
this opinion. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

                                                 BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

WE CONCUR:

SANCHEZ, J.

MOTOIKE, J.

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