Court Opinion

ID: 4080413
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-06 19:01:51.047762+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:06:07.525786
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                              OCT 06 2016
                                                          SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 1                        NOT FOR PUBLICATION               U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 2
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )     BAP No.      CC-15-1420-KiTaKu
                                   )
 6   PETER EMANUEL KVASSAY,        )     Bk. No.      2:12-bk-40267-DS
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )
                                   )
 8                                 )
     PETER EMANUEL KVASSAY,        )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )     M E M O R A N D U M1
     v.                            )
11                                 )
     ROBERT V. KVASSAY, Trustee of )
12   the Kvassay Family Trust dated)
     February 26, 1993; RUSSAKOW & )
13   TAN, LLP; RUSSAKOW, GREENE & )
     TAN LLP; MATTHEW C. BROWN,    )
14                                 )
                    Appellees.     )
15   ______________________________)
16              Argued and Submitted on September 22, 2016,
                           at Pasadena, California
17
                            Filed - October 6, 2016
18
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
19                 for the Central District of California
20       Honorable Deborah J. Saltzman, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
21
     Appearances:    Troy A. Stewart argued for appellant, Peter E.
22                   Kvassay; Matthew C. Brown of the Law Office of
                     Matthew C. Brown argued for appellee, Robert V.
23                   Kvassay, Trustee of the Kvassay Family Trust dated
                     02/26/1993.
24
25   Before:   KIRSCHER, TAYLOR and KURTZ, Bankruptcy Judges.
26
          1
27           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
     Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
28   have, it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1        Chapter 72 debtor Peter E. Kvassay3 appeals an order denying
 2   his motion for an order to show cause why appellee Robert V.
 3   Kvassay, Trustee of the Kvassay Family Trust dated 02/26/1993
 4   ("Trust"), should not be held in contempt for violating the
 5   discharge injunction.    During Peter's bankruptcy case, Robert
 6   obtained relief from the automatic stay to proceed to final
 7   judgment in a probate action that had been filed against Peter
 8   prepetition.    Robert also filed a timely adversary complaint,
 9   seeking to except the probate action debts from Peter's discharge
10   under § 523(a)(2), (4) and (6).
11        During the course of the probate action, but before the
12   dischargeability action had been decided, Peter received his
13   discharge.    Peter contends that because Robert did not obtain the
14   probate judgments against him until after his discharge was
15   entered, the debts subject to these judgments were discharged, the
16   judgments are void and Robert's actions violated and continue to
17   violate the discharge injunction under § 524(a)(2).     The
18   bankruptcy court denied Peter's motion.    We AFFIRM.
19                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
20   A.   Prepetition events
21        Peter and Robert are brothers.     They have a third brother,
22   Richard Kvassay.    The brothers each hold a one-third beneficial
23   interest in property held by the Trust established by their
24
25
          2
             Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
26   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
27
          3
             Since both parties have the same surname, we refer to them
28   by first name to avoid confusion. No disrespect is intended.

                                       -2-
 1   parents, who are now deceased.    The Trust corpus consists of a
 2   3.5 acre residential estate located in Los Angeles (the "Hill
 3   Drive Property"), which includes a 5,400 square foot main house
 4   and two guest houses.    The recent relationship between Robert and
 5   his two brothers has been contentious at best.
 6        Upon their parents' death, Peter became the trustee of the
 7   Trust in October 2006.   In January 2007, Peter resigned as trustee
 8   and Robert succeeded him as trustee.      Peter's resignation and
 9   Robert's succession as trustee was memorialized in a document
10   referred to as the "Work Plan."    The Work Plan also included the
11   brothers' agreement to repair and sell the Hill Drive Property and
12   discussed how expenses related to those efforts would be handled.
13   At the time, Peter and Richard lived at the Hill Drive Property
14   and had done so since the 1980's and 1960's, respectively.
15        Robert was in charge of renovating the Hill Drive Property,
16   which had fallen into severe disrepair at the hands of his
17   brothers.   The property had no running water or functioning sewer
18   pipes for approximately seven years, and all three houses on the
19   estate had severe rodent infestations, mountains of decaying paper
20   and food material, hoards of clothing and other personal items,
21   junk cars and even human waste.    Robert ultimately expended
22   several hundred thousand dollars of his own money to clean and
23   renovate the Hill Drive Property.       In the end, Peter and Richard
24   prevented Robert from completing the necessary cleaning and
25   repairs for sale of the property.
26        In July 2007, and unbeknownst to Robert, Peter represented
27   himself as trustee of the Trust and obtained a $1.5 million loan
28   secured by the Hill Drive Property.      Robert learned of the loan in

                                       -3-
 1   February 2008 and requested an accounting and attempted to recoup
 2   the monies from Peter.   Peter failed to account for approximately
 3   $800,000.   When Peter refused to make payments on the loan, Robert
 4   obtained a personal loan for the same amount to prevent
 5   foreclosure of the Hill Drive Property.
 6        In 2010, Robert, on behalf of the Trust, sued Peter and
 7   Richard, seeking the following relief:    (1) eviction of Peter and
 8   Richard; (2) a determination that the Work Plan had no legal
 9   effect; (3) a determination that the $1.5 million loan Peter
10   obtained was Trust property; and (4) an offset against Peter's
11   distributive share of $1.5 million, plus attorney's fees and
12   costs, based on his fraud and willful acts to thwart the repair
13   and sale of the Hill Drive Property, or, if the $1.5 million
14   exceeded his distributive share, that Peter be personally liable
15   for the remaining amount he fraudulently obtained (the "Probate
16   Action").
17        The state court initially ordered Peter and Richard to vacate
18   the Hill Drive Property and authorized Robert to remove their
19   personal belongings in order to complete repairs and sell it.
20   Peter and Richard appealed that ruling and lost; they were also
21   denied review by the California Supreme Court.   To stay the
22   eviction on appeal, Peter and Richard posted an appeal bond of
23   $216,000, which Robert later tried to recover after his brothers
24   had exhausted their appeals with respect to the eviction (the
25   "Bond Funds").
26        Meanwhile, Robert filed his first accounting in the Probate
27   Action to report all administrative expenses for the Trust from
28   the period of January 2007 to June 2010.   Robert claimed he was

                                     -4-
 1   due $221,000 based on the Work Plan for expenses related to
 2   repairs on the Hill Drive Property ("Work Plan Claim I").       Robert
 3   also requested reimbursement for funds he personally expended in
 4   repairing and maintaining the Hill Drive Property totaling
 5   $447,731.66 ("Work Plan Claim II").
 6           In November 2011, Peter and Richard sued Robert for, among
 7   other things, fraud and breach of contract (the "Civil Action").
 8   B.      Postpetition events
 9           Peter filed his chapter 7 bankruptcy case on September 5,
10   2012.    He listed Robert as an unsecured creditor in his Schedule F
11   with the following claims:    (1) Probate Claim, May 2010,
12   $1,500,000; (2) Probate Claim, October 2010, $216,000; (3) Civil
13   Action Claim, August 2012, $10,500; (4) Probate Claim, February
14   2011, $2,100.    Peter also listed the Probate Action and the Civil
15   Action in his Statement of Financial Affairs.
16           Although not mentioned in Peter's opening appeal brief or
17   included in his excerpts of the record, Robert moved for relief
18   from the automatic stay and/or annulment of the stay in September
19   2012, seeking to proceed with the pending Probate Action and
20   related Civil Action in state court, and for a determination that
21   any actions taken in those proceedings postpetition were not void.
22   A fourteen-day trial in the Probate Action was set for January 13,
23   2013.    The bankruptcy court granted Robert's motion, terminating
24   the stay and annulling it retroactively to the petition date.       The
25   stay relief order authorized Robert to proceed to final judgment
26   (including any appeals) in the Probate Action and Civil Action.
27           Also not mentioned in Peter's opening appeal brief or
28   included in his excerpts of the record, Robert filed a timely

                                       -5-
 1   dischargeability action against Peter, seeking to except debts
 2   arising from the Probate Action from discharge under § 523(a)(2),
 3   (4) and (6).   Robert contended that as a result of Peter's alleged
 4   fraud, conversion and waste, he and/or the Trust was damaged in
 5   the amount of $1.5 million, plus those funds Robert expended to
 6   avoid foreclosure of the Hill Drive Property and attorney's fees.
 7   Robert later amended his complaint, seeking relief only under
 8   § 523(a)(4) and (6).
 9        In December 2012, the state court entered judgment for Robert
10   with respect to the Bond Funds and awarded him $192,660.00 jointly
11   and severally against Peter and Richard.    Peter and Richard
12   appealed that decision and lost.    Notably, the appellate court in
13   its decision stated that the Bond Funds judgment was not void and
14   did not violate the discharge injunction as Peter claimed.
15        1.   Post-discharge events
16        Peter received a discharge on January 8, 2013, just days
17   before trial in the Probate Action was to begin.   The discharge
18   order — Official Form B18 — states that the "debtor is granted a
19   discharge under section 727 of title 11, United States Code
20   . . . ." but warns in all upper case letters, "SEE THE BACK OF
21   THIS ORDER FOR EXCEPTIONS AND OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION."     The
22   back side of the discharge order provides a list of debts that are
23   not discharged in a chapter 7 case, including:   "(h) Debts that
24   the bankruptcy court, under section 523 of the Bankruptcy Code or
25   other applicable law, specifically has decided or will decide in
26   this bankruptcy case are not discharged."   Peter's case was closed
27   on January 29, 2013.
28        Meanwhile, trial proceeded in the Probate Action from

                                       -6-
 1   January 22, 2013, through May 23, 2013.
 2        Peter moved to reopen his bankruptcy case in May 2013 to file
 3   a motion alleging claims that Robert had violated the automatic
 4   stay and discharge injunction by actions he had taken in the
 5   Probate Action, including obtaining the Bond Funds judgment and
 6   presenting a total claim for damages at the end of trial against
 7   Peter for over $3.5 million.    The motion was granted and Peter's
 8   case was reopened on May 28, 2013.
 9        Peter's bankruptcy case and Robert's dischargeability action
10   against Peter were reassigned to the Hon. Deborah J. Saltzman on
11   May 12, 2014.
12              a.    Results of the state court proceedings
13        After trial and Peter's discharge, the state court issued a
14   variety of minute orders and final decisions in the Probate
15   Action.   Ultimately, it approved Robert's Work Plan Claim I for
16   $221,000 and ordered that he be reimbursed for expenses of
17   $572,772, plus attorney's fees and costs.    The state court also
18   ruled that the $1.5 million in loan funds belonged to the Trust
19   and that Peter's distributive share would be offset by the
20   $973,520 in unaccounted funds not used for the benefit of the Hill
21   Drive Property.    Peter and Richard were also held jointly and
22   severally liable for Robert's attorney's fees and costs.
23        Peter appealed the probate judgments, which were consolidated
24   for appeal.     The California Court of Appeal affirmed, but ordered
25   that the Work Plan Claim I be reduced from $221,000 to $212,500
26   and that Robert's reimbursement claim be reduced from $572,772 to
27   $360,272 (which Peter refers to as the "Work Plan Claim II"),
28   based on mathematical errors made by the trial court.

                                       -7-
 1        Meanwhile, Robert filed the ordered second accounting for the
 2   Trust in October 2013, which included a request that $315,298.77
 3   in attorney's fees and costs expended on behalf of the Trust in
 4   litigating the Probate Action against Peter and Richard be offset
 5   against their distributive shares in the Trust.           Robert contended
 6   that none of the fees or costs would have been incurred but for
 7   Peter and Richard's malfeasance and theft against the Trust.
 8   Robert further asserted that he was owed an additional $187,200
 9   based on the Work Plan ("Work Plan Claim III").
10        2.    Peter's motion for contempt
11        On November 18, 2015, Peter moved for an order to show cause
12   why Robert (and his attorneys) should not be held in contempt for
13   violating the discharge injunction ("Contempt Motion").                In short,
14   Peter argued that the judgments Robert obtained, or attempted to
15   obtain, in the Probate Action were based on prepetition claims
16   that were discharged under § 727(b) on January 8, 2013.                Thus,
17   argued Peter, Robert's actions to collect, recover or offset these
18   discharged prepetition debts against Peter or his beneficial
19   interest in the Trust violated § 524(a)(2), and therefore Robert
20   should be sanctioned for contempt under § 105(a).
21        Specifically, Peter contended Robert had violated the
22   discharge injunction by:
23        (1) obtaining a judgment on the fraud claim of $973,520
          (the loan funds) on the basis of a prepetition claim
24        under Cal. Probate Code § 850(a)(3)(B) that was
          discharged;
25
          (2) obtaining a judgment on Work Plan Claim I of $212,500
26        (which diminished Peter's distributive share in the Trust
          by $70,833.33) on the basis of a prepetition contract
27        claim that was discharged;
28        (3)   obtaining   a   judgment    on   Work   Plan   Claim   II    of

                                           -8-
 1        $360,272 (which diminished Peter's distributive share by
          $120,090.66) on the basis of a prepetition contract claim
 2        that was discharged;
 3        (4) attempting to obtain a judgment on Work Plan Claim
          III of $187,000 (which diminished Peter's distributive
 4        share by $62,400) on the basis of a prepetition contract
          claim that was discharged;
 5
          (5) attempting to obtain a judgment for $332,897.74 in
 6        attorney's fees and costs (which diminished Peter's
          distributive share by $166,448.87) in connection with
 7        these prepetition claims that were discharged;
 8        (6) attempting to obtain a judgment on state law
          statutory claims for Trust administration and other Trust
 9        related expenses paid for personally by Robert due to
          Peter's   malfeasance    totaling   $296,298.42    (which
10        diminished Peter's distributive share in the Trust by
          $148,149.21); and
11
          (7) disputing that the Bond Funds judgment of $192,660
12        was based on a prepetition claim that was discharged.
13   Peter further argued that the judgments at issue, which made
14   determinations as to Peter's personal liability, were void because
15   they were based on discharged debts.   In addition, with respect to
16   the fraud claim judgment of $973,520, Peter argued that only the
17   bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to adjudicate that claim because
18   it was the kind of debt specified in § 523(a)(2), (4) or (6).     For
19   the alleged contempt, Peter sought damages of $1,164,443.99 (the
20   total of the fraud judgment and Work Plan Claims I and II), plus
21   attorney's fees and costs of $146,871.50 he incurred in defending
22   these claims.
23        Robert did not file an opposition to the Contempt Motion.
24   Without a hearing, the bankruptcy court entered an order denying
25   the Contempt Motion ("Contempt Order").   Peter timely appealed.
26                             II. JURISDICTION
27        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
28   and 157(b)(2)(O).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

                                     -9-
 1                                 III. ISSUES
 2   1.   Did the bankruptcy court provide sufficient findings to
 3   support the Contempt Order?
 4   2.   Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion by not finding
 5   Robert in contempt for willfully violating the discharge
 6   injunction?
 7                          IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
 8        The bankruptcy court's decision respecting civil contempt and
 9   sanctions is reviewed for abuse of discretion.      Rediger Inv.
10   Servs. v. H Granados Commc'ns, Inc. (In re H Granados Commc’ns,
11   Inc.), 503 B.R. 726, 731-32 (9th Cir. BAP 2013); Nash v. Clark
12   Cty. Dist. Attorney's Office (In re Nash), 464 B.R. 874, 878 (9th
13   Cir. 2012).   A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it
14   applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal
15   standard, or if its factual findings are clearly erroneous.
16   TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th
17   Cir. 2011).
18                              V. DISCUSSION
19   A.   The bankruptcy court erred by not articulating any findings
          for the Contempt Order, but such error was harmless in this
20        case.
21        The bankruptcy court made no findings — legal or factual — in
22   the Contempt Order; it simply stated:       "The court has considered
23   the [Contempt Motion] and has determined that there are no grounds
24   for the issuance of an order to show cause.      Therefore, IT IS
25   HEREBY ORDERED THAT the [Contempt Motion] is denied."      Peter
26   contends the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by failing to
27   provide any factual or legal basis for why it denied the Contempt
28   Motion.

                                      -10-
 1        A motion to determine whether a creditor should be held in
 2   contempt for violating the discharge injunction is a contested
 3   matter.   See Rule 9020 (Contempt Proceedings — which provides that
 4   Rule 9014 governs a motion for an order of contempt); Barrientos
 5   v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 633 F.3d 1186, 1189 (9th Cir. 2001).
 6   As a contested matter, the bankruptcy court was required to make
 7   findings of fact, either orally on the record or in a written
 8   decision.    See Rule 9014(c) (incorporating Rule 7052, which in
 9   turn incorporates Civil Rule 52).   The findings must be sufficient
10   to indicate the factual basis for the court's ultimate conclusion.
11   Unt v. Aerospace Corp., 765 F.2d 1440, 1444 (9th Cir. 1985).
12        "'The findings must be explicit enough to give the appellate
13   court a clear understanding of the basis of the trial court's
14   decision, and to enable it to determine the ground on which the
15   trial court reached its decision.'"     Mattel, Inc. v. Walking
16   Mountain Prods., 353 F.3d 792, 815 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Unt,
17   765 F.2d at 1444).   In the absence of complete findings, we may
18   vacate a judgment and remand to the bankruptcy court to make the
19   required findings.   See United States v. Ameline, 409 F.3d 1073
20   (9th Cir. 2005).
21        We may conduct appellate review, even when a bankruptcy court
22   does not make formal findings, however, "if a complete
23   understanding of the issues may be obtained from the record as a
24   whole or if there can be no genuine dispute about omitted
25   findings."   Veal v. Am. Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc. (In re Veal),
26   450 B.R. 897, 919-20 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).
27        In reviewing the docket from the dischargeability action,
28   Robert had filed a motion for partial summary judgment on his

                                      -11-
 1   § 523(a)(4) and (6) claims on the basis of issue preclusion.     In
 2   defense of that motion, Peter argued that Robert's post-discharge
 3   state court judgments were void and violated the discharge
 4   injunction, the same argument he raised in the Contempt Motion.
 5        At a November 19, 2015 hearing on Robert's motion in the
 6   adversary (which was the day after Peter had filed his Contempt
 7   Motion), the bankruptcy court set forth in detail why it rejected
 8   Peter's arguments.   In short, it found that Peter's arguments
 9   lacked merit and showed a fundamental misunderstanding of
10   bankruptcy law.   Hr'g Tr. (Nov. 19, 2015) 5:24-10:14.   After
11   discussing the purpose of the discharge injunction under § 524,
12   the bankruptcy court stated the following:
13        THE COURT:    The key notion of Section 524 is that it
          refers to a dischargeable debt. A non-dischargeable debt
14        is not subject to the discharge injunction.     This is
          basic Ninth Circuit law. . . .
15
          Now, the language in Section 523 of the Bankruptcy Code
16        is also quite clear as to what the discharge and the
          discharge injunction by extension applies to. Section
17        523(a) provides that a discharge under Section 727 of
          this title does not discharge an individual debtor from
18        any debt and then goes on to enumerate the variety of
          debts that are not discharged and that, of course,
19        includes [debts] that are not dischargeable under Section
          523(a)(4) and 523(a)(6).
20
          Now, in this case there was a timely action under Section
21        523 to determine the liability -- the dischargeability of
          the debt owed to the plaintiff for the discharge and the
22        discharge injunction do not apply to those debts. So the
          argument that an action in state court that was properly
23        brought, that was properly continued after seeking and
          receiving relief from the automatic stay, that somehow
24        this action violates the discharge injunction again is a
          basic misunderstanding of bankruptcy law.
25
          Now, this point is made even more clear in the discharge
26        order for the debtor in this case. . . .   The order goes
          on to say in all capitals, "See the back of this order
27        for exception." You turn to the back of the discharge
          order and we see a heading that says, "Debts that are not
28        discharged." And line (h):

                                     -12-
 1               "The type of debt that is not discharged includes
                 debts [that] the Bankruptcy Court under Section 523
 2               of the Bankruptcy Code or other applicable law
                 specifically has decided or will decide in this
 3               bankruptcy case are not discharged."
 4        There is no question that the debts in this case that are
          subject to the dischargeability proceeding were not
 5        discharged by the 2013 discharge of the debtor. That’s
          why we’re here. . . .
 6
          Now, I want to also make clear, as I alluded to before,
 7        that the probate case is entirely proper as it relates to
          the bankruptcy case. The plaintiff received relief from
 8        the automatic stay to pursue the action and the timing of
          the discharge before the conclusion of the state law
 9        action is irrelevant because there was a pending Section
          523 dischargeability action. The discharge did not apply
10        to the debt at issue in the state court proceeding and
          there could be no violation of the discharge injunction.
11
12   Id. at 6:21-24, 7:3-22, 8:3-15, 8:20-9:4.    The court then went on
13   to discuss Lakhany v. Khan (In re Lakhany), 538 B.R. 555 (9th Cir.
14   BAP 2015), which it found to be similar to the situation here.
15        The bankruptcy court also told Robert to not file an
16   opposition to Peter's Contempt Motion because it planned to enter
17   an order denying the motion "for the same reason that I stated on
18   the record at the beginning of my comments today. . . .    [S]o I
19   will issue an order without any need for further briefing or
20   comment."    Hr'g Tr. (Nov. 19, 2015) 15:4-15, 15:19-20.
21        Unfortunately, Peter and his counsel did not appear at that
22   hearing.    However, we presume they have since reviewed the
23   transcript and are fully aware as to why the bankruptcy court
24   denied the Contempt Motion, even though Peter has made no mention
25   of that hearing or the findings made there in his appeal brief.
26        It would have been better practice for the bankruptcy court
27   to articulate the findings it announced on the record at the
28   summary judgment hearing in the dischargeability action in its

                                      -13-
 1   Contempt Order (which it apparently intended to do but for reasons
 2   unknown did not), as opposed to stating only that no grounds
 3   existed to grant the Contempt Motion.     Nonetheless, because the
 4   transcript from the November 19 hearing provides us with a clear
 5   understanding of the basis for why the bankruptcy court denied the
 6   Contempt Motion, which was a pure legal basis, we will review the
 7   merits of that decision.
 8   B.   The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion by not
          finding Robert in contempt of the discharge injunction
 9        because the debts at issue have not yet been discharged.
10        A party who knowingly violates the discharge injunction can
11   be held in contempt under § 105(a).      ZiLOG, Inc. v. Corning
12   (In re ZiLOG, Inc.), 450 F.3d 996, 1007 (9th Cir. 2006).     We begin
13   by noting what is not disputed in this case.     First, Robert was
14   granted relief from stay to proceed to judgment, including any
15   appeals, in the Probate Action.    Thus, while the bankruptcy court
16   retained control over the final decision regarding
17   nondischargeability, it expressly allowed liquidation of the
18   claims and determination of facts required for nondischargeability
19   to proceed in the Probate Action.    Also, the state court judgments
20   at issue are based on Peter's prepetition conduct, which Robert
21   alleged consisted of nondischargeable claims of fraud, conversion
22   and waste.   Finally, Robert timely filed a dischargeability action
23   against Peter in accordance with Rule 4007, seeking relief for
24   claims under § 523(a)(2), (4) and (6) in connection with the
25   Probate Action debts (but he later dismissed his (a)(2) claim).
26        When a bankruptcy petition is filed, § 362 automatically
27   provides the debtor with a temporary stay or injunction against
28   certain actions by creditors against the debtor.     Upon the

                                       -14-
 1   granting of a discharge, the temporary injunction of § 362
 2   dissolves and is replaced by the permanent injunction of § 524.
 3   See § 362(c)(2)(C).   Essentially, this permanent injunction — the
 4   discharge injunction — enjoins creditors from attempting to
 5   collect from the debtor or the debtor's assets debts that have
 6   been discharged in bankruptcy.   Section 524(a) states, in
 7   pertinent part, that a discharge:
 8        (1) voids any judgment at any time obtained, to the
          extent that such judgment is a determination of the
 9        personal liability of the debtor with respect to any debt
          discharged under section 727 . . . ;
10
          (2) operates as an injunction against the commencement or
11        continuation of an action, the employment of process, or
          an act, to collect, recover or offset any such debt as a
12        personal liability of the debtor, or from property of the
          debtor, . . . .
13
14   (emphasis added).   The "such debt" language refers to "any debt
15   discharged under section 727," as stated in § 524(a)(1).
16   In re Lakhany, 538 B.R. at 562; Aldrich v. Imbrogno
17   (In re Aldrich), 34 B. R. 776, 779 n.1 (9th Cir. BAP 1983).      Thus,
18   nondischargeable debts are not subject to the discharge
19   injunction.   Boeing N. Am., Inc. v. Ybarra (In re Ybarra),
20   424 F.3d 1018, 1027 n.11 (9th Cir. 2005); Fla. Dep't of Revenue v.
21   Diaz (In re Diaz), 647 F.3d 1073, 1088 (11th Cir. 2011) (discharge
22   injunction prohibits collection only with respect to dischargeable
23   debts and does not apply to nondischargeable debts).   Therefore,
24   Robert could not violate the discharge injunction if he was taking
25   action to recover debts that are nondischargeable.
26        The permanent injunction provided by § 524(a)(2) enjoining
27   creditor actions against debts discharged under § 727 must be read
28   in conjunction with § 727(b), which provides:   Except as provided

                                      -15-
 1   in section 523 of this title, a discharge under subsection (a) of
 2   this section discharges the debtor from all debts that arose
 3   before the date of the order for relief under this chapter[.]"
 4   (Emphasis added).   Thus, the discharge injunction does not enjoin
 5   actions of creditors who successfully invoke § 523, which provides
 6   a list of exceptions to discharge.     Ackerman v. Eber (In re Eber),
 7   687 F.3d 1123, 1128 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing In re Aldrich, 34 B.R.
 8   at 779).
 9        In other words, upon the timely filing of a complaint
10   objecting to dischargeability of a debt under § 523, the discharge
11   injunction does not apply with respect to that debt until the
12   bankruptcy court makes a determination as to the dischargeability
13   of that debt.   See In re Eber, 687 F.3d at 1128; In re Aldrich,
14   34 B.R. at 779-81; Buke, LLC v. Eastberg (In re Eastberg),
15   440 B.R. 851, 855, 857-58 (Bankr. D.N.M. 2010), aff'd on other
16   grounds, 447 B.R. 624 (10th Cir. BAP 2011) (discharge injunction
17   does not apply to a debt when a timely objection to
18   dischargeability of the debt is made under § 523(a)(2), (4) or (6)
19   unless and until the bankruptcy court determines that the debt is
20   discharged); In re Jenkins, 330 B.R. 625, 629 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn.
21   2005) (so long as it remains possible that a particular debt could
22   be declared nondischargeable under § 523, the permanent
23   applicability of § 524(a) protections to such debt cannot be
24   determined) (citing In re Schultz, 251 B.R. 823, 830 (Bankr. E.D.
25   Tex. 2000)); In re Hiles, 2002 WL 32709406, at *3 (Bankr. C.D.
26   Ill. Aug. 15, 2002) (until the bankruptcy court determines
27   dischargeability of creditor's state law claims under § 523(a)(2)
28   and (4) in a timely-filed adversary proceeding, it remains an open

                                     -16-
 1   question whether such claims against the debtor are discharged or
 2   not).
 3           Section 523 compels this result.   Section 523(a) provides, in
 4   pertinent part, that "[a] discharge under section 727 . . . does
 5   not discharge an individual debtor from any debt," and then goes
 6   on to list the 19 exceptions, which includes paragraphs (2), (4)
 7   and (6).    Section 523(c)(1) provides that, except in certain
 8   circumstances not relevant here, "the debtor shall be discharged
 9   from a debt of a kind specified in paragraph (2), (4), or (6) of
10   subsection (a) of this section, unless, on request of the creditor
11   to whom such debt is owed, and after notice and a hearing, the
12   court determines such debt to be excepted from discharge under
13   paragraph (2), (4), or (6), as the case may be, of subsection
14   (a)."
15           Hence, a debt is not discharged if a timely complaint is
16   filed objecting to discharge of that debt under § 523(a)(2)
17   (fraud), or (4)(fraud or defalcation while acting in fiduciary
18   capacity, larceny, or embezzlement) or (6) (willful and malicious
19   injury) unless and until the bankruptcy court denies the
20   objection.    See also In re Eastberg, 440 B.R. at 857 (holding same
21   and citing string of cases).     Furthermore, as the bankruptcy court
22   correctly observed, the discharge order in this case specifically
23   contemplates the possibility of a determination by the bankruptcy
24   court, after the date of discharge, that certain debts under § 523
25   may be nondischargeable.     See Gray v. Berry (In re Gray), 2000 WL
26   34239244, at *5 (W.D. Wis. Apr. 12, 2000) (so holding); Union
27   Nat'l Bank of Marseilles v. Leigh (In re Leigh), 165 B.R. 203, 222
28   (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1993) (so holding).

                                       -17-
 1         Peter raises the same arguments here as he did before the
 2   bankruptcy court.   Each lack merit.   As the court correctly noted,
 3   Peter has a fundamental misunderstanding of bankruptcy law.
 4   Because Robert filed a timely dischargeability action against
 5   Peter seeking to except the debts at issue in the Probate Action
 6   from Peter's discharge under § 523(a)(4) and (6), and because the
 7   bankruptcy court has not yet determined the dischargeability of
 8   these debts in the pending adversary proceeding, the debts have
 9   not been discharged and the discharge injunction was and is not
10   applicable to them.   The fact that Peter's discharge came before
11   the Probate Action went to trial and the judgments were entered is
12   of no moment due to the pending adversary proceeding, and the
13   bankruptcy court’s agreement that the Probate Action should
14   proceed and resolve issues necessary for the bankruptcy court’s
15   nondischargeability determinations.    Therefore, the discharge
16   injunction did not prevent Robert from establishing Peter's
17   liability in the Probate Action.   In re Lakhany, 538 B.R. at 562-
18   63.   Consequently, Peter's argument that the trial in the Probate
19   Action and related state court judgments are "void" because they
20   were based on discharged debts also fails.
21         Peter also contends that the state court lacked jurisdiction
22   to decide the fraud claim of $973,520, because it is a "debt of a
23   kind specified in § [523(a)(2), (4) or (6)]" that only the
24   bankruptcy court could consider.   While he is correct that the
25   determination of whether a debt is dischargeable under
26   § 523(a)(2), (4) or (6) is exclusively within the bankruptcy
27   court's jurisdiction, Rein v. Providian Fin. Corp., 270 F.3d 895,
28   904 (9th Cir. 2001), the predicate facts which may form the basis

                                     -18-
 1   for such a determination may be litigated in state court.     In re
 2   Lakhany, 538 B.R. at 560 (bankruptcy courts often make
 3   nondischargeability determinations via issue preclusion on facts
 4   determined elsewhere) (citing Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 290
 5   (1991)); see also Allred v. Kennerley (In re Kennerley), 995 F.2d
 6   145, 148 (9th Cir. 1993) ("Had [creditor] filed a timely complaint
 7   to determine dischargeability, he could have returned [to the
 8   bankruptcy court] after the state court action" and had "the
 9   dischargeability of the debt determined."); In re Eastberg, 440
10   B.R. at 862 (bankruptcy court can modify the automatic stay to
11   permit state court litigation to proceed to judgment for purpose
12   of establishing a debt at issue in a pending nondischargeability
13   action so that issue preclusion may be used to limit what is later
14   raised in the nondischargeability action).
15          Peter confuses the state court establishing his liability on
16   the debt at issue in the Probate Action, with a determination of
17   whether that debt is dischargeable.      As to the former, the state
18   court was free to determine liability and damages given the stay
19   relief order.   As to the latter, nothing in the record suggests
20   the state court has made any determinations as to whether the debt
21   at issue is "nondischargeable."
22          Necessary to a finding of contempt under § 105(a) is that the
23   offending party willfully violated the discharge injunction.
24   Because no such injunction was applicable to the debts at issue as
25   a matter of law, Robert could not have violated it.     Accordingly,
26   the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying the
27   Contempt Motion.
28   ////

                                       -19-
 1                        VI. CONCLUSION
 2   For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
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