Court Opinion

ID: 3865775
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 08:59:33.012891+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:05:46.407465
License: Public Domain

The first ground for new trial, assigned by defendants's counsel, is that the court permitted evidence of a secondary character to pass to the jury, in proof of the defendant's signature to a writing attested by a subscribing witness, without the plaintiff's sufficiently accounting for not calling such witness. The paper offered in evidence, and the execution of which was proposed to be proved, was as follows: *Page 323 
"I.O. you the sum of one hundred and sixty dollars, which I shall pay on demand to you.
(Signed,)           LAWRENCE FLYNN."
    Witness present, Her Bridget X Flynn. mark.
It was written on a small memorandum book, which, as the evidence tended to prove, belonged to the plaintiff.
The evidence offered by the plaintiff, and the only evidence to account for the absence of the witness, was the testimony of Elijah Scott, as to admissions made by the defendant. The witness said to defendant, "the note appears to be witnessed by your wife, Bridget Flynn? your wife I suppose?" and the defendant replied "yes, that is my wife's name;" and the witness also testified that the defendant did not admit that it was his wife's signature. And the question is, whether the court erred in allowing secondary evidence of the defendant's signature to pass to the jury.
The general rule is well settled, that when there is a subscribing witness, that witness must first be called to prove the execution. (1 Greenleaf's Ev. p. 569.) The rule, however, has its exceptions, all founded upon the inability of the party, without any fault of his, to produce the witness upon the stand, as if the witness be dead or may be so presumed, or after diligent search or inquiry, cannot be found, or is beyond sea or otherwise out of the jurisdiction of the court, or has become incompetent as a witness from insanity, interest or otherwise. In all these cases the party is permitted from his inability to produce the witness, to offer secondary proof.
So stringent and universal is the rule that even the express admission of the party, or his answer under oath in chancery cannot be given in evidence, until it is first *Page 324 
shown that the witness cannot be had. The reason assigned is, that the subscribing witness is the witness agreed upon by the parties, they mutually refer to him for proof of the execution, and the parties each have a right to his testimony as to all the circumstances attending the transaction, many of which may not be in the recollection of the parties, or not proveable in any other way, and the defendant has the right to cross-examine him.
This is alone the primary evidence, all other being by the rules of law secondary in its nature; and for that reason neither the admission of the party nor his answer in chancery can be admitted as primary proof.
Now the plaintiff claims to have shown his inability to produce the witness by the testimony of Elijah Scott, and to have proved that she is the wife of the defendant, and that she was so at the time of execution. This proof is the admission of the defendant. No other evidence was offered, and we are asked to say that Flynn's wife subscribed as a witness upon his admission of the fact, when the witness says expressly that the defendant did not so admit. There was in fact no proof that she was the subscribing witness. The proof goes to an identity of names and not of persons. For anything that appeared in evidence, the person who did subscribe as the witness may now be living in the neighborhood of the place where the writing was executed, entirely disinterested and competent as a witness. There should have been proof, some proof not that the defendant's wife was named Bridget, but that she was the witness. No inquiry was made for the witness, for any person of that name, who would probably have been called as a witness, nor of the defendant's wife, whether she was the witness. *Page 325 
The plaintiff claims that this is no attestation in law, the witness having merely made her mark without writing her name, and claims that such attestation is a mere nullity.
It is no objection to the attestation of a will that the witness made her mark. It still appears that he was a witness of the execution — the witness upon whom the parties rely for proof of the fact. The only difficulty in such cases is that where the witness cannot be produced, one usual mode of secondary proof cannot be had, viz: the hand-writing of the witness. But it in no way affects the testimony of the attesting witness himself. It is still as important to the parties to have his knowledge of what took place at the time. It neither affects his competency or his means of knowledge.
It was urged by the plaintiff's counsel that the question was submitted to the jury, whether the subscribing witness was the defendant's wife, and the jury have found that fact, their verdict concludes the matter. This does not to our mind avoid the difficulty. The question is not whether the jury erred, but whether the court committed an error in admitting secondary evidence, upon the proof offered to them of the plaintiff's inability to produce the primary proof. We think the court did err in that respect, and that there was not evidence upon which either the court or the jury should have found the fact.
Another error of the court is assigned by the defendant's counsel as ground for a new trial, which though not necessary to consider, it may be proper in view of the new trial which must be ordered, that the court permitted the testimony of Anthony and Pearce of their opinions and judgment founded on comparison of the signature of the writing in question with other signatures of the defendant, and not from their knowledge of and *Page 326 
familiarity with the hand-writing of the defendant, contrary to objection made at the time.
Every man's hand-writing has a definite and distinct character, so much so that those familiar with it are, at all times, able to distinguish it from all others. It is this knowledge of hand-writing which forms the basis of reliable testimony on this subject. The witness should have an exampler in his mind, so that upon the presentation of a signature he can say that it corresponds or not with that in his own mind, which, the theory of the law supposes, every witness to have.
But the difficulty is a practical one, viz: to ascertain when a witness has such knowledge, when his mind is impressed with the image or sufficiently impressed. Some men must be long conversant with one's hand to receive even a faint impression, while others receive it readily, even upon a single examination.
The law, therefore, from the inherent difficulty, will not undertake to define the extent of this knowledge, which a witness must possess, or inquire into the ability of the witness. It will only inquire, if he had any means of acquiring the requisite knowledge and impression of the character of the party's hand. There are two modes of doing this which the law permits; first, by having seen the party write; second, by familiarity with and examination of writings admitted to be his. If he has these means in any degree, the court will not undertake to measure the knowledge derived from them. It will be left to the jury to determine whether his knowledge be sufficient to be reliable.
But the witness should be able from such knowledge, previously derived from such means, to say that he has such knowledge as would enable him to detect the handwriting of the person in question, and to distinguish it *Page 327 
from others. If he cannot say this, he is not competent as a witness; he has not the competent knowledge. If he can say that it is derived from the means before stated, he should be admitted to testify. But he is not permitted to testify, from mere comparison of the writings, that the one is the same hand-writing as the other, and that he judges from that comparison, that they are the production of the same hand. This kind of testimony supposes the absence of the very knowledge required by the rule. This much any witness might do, upon first sight of the writing, without any previous knowledge whatever.
Now the witnesses, Anthony and Pearce, did testify that by comparing the writings produced, they were the same hand in their opinion. Anthony had seen the defendant write, and testified that from that fact he also judged the signature to the paper in question was his. Pearce had seen his hand-writing to receipts taken by him; assuming for the present the identity of the person signing the receipts with the defendant. And the question now raised, is whether on this state of the facts and of the law, it was competent for them to testify to the genuineness of the signature in question.
The judge charged the jury, that comparison of hands was not competent evidence for them to consider, as evidence of hand-writing. The question was not put to the witnesses in an objectionable form. Their opinion was not asked upon a comparison of the writings. It was, therefore, not the fault of the party but of the witnesses, that such answers were in. We suppose it to be in the discretion of the court at once to rule out the answer, or in the charge to the jury, to direct them that it is not proper evidence for them to consider. This last was done, and we are to presume the instruction was regarded
The third ground for a new trial is that Pearce testified, *Page 328 
so far as he testified from knowledge of the hand-writing, from his knowledge derived from signatures of a person known as Lawrence Flynn, without any proof of his identity with the defendant. Now, the point to be proved was the signature of the defendant to the paper produced in evidence. It is a knowledge ofhis hand-writing, that the witness is required to possess in order to be allowed to testify to that point. It should then appear, at least, that he has had the means of acquiring a knowledge of defendant's hand-writing and not another's, and unless the identity is made to appear, the means of the requisite knowledge is certainly wanting to the witness. The witness did not identify, nor was there any proof of such identity from any other source.
So far then as regards the witness Pearce, his testimony was clearly not admissible, it not appearing that he had the means of knowing the hand-writing of the defendant, whatever knowledge he may have had of another's, he not knowing whether the defendant was the man whose receipts he had taken and whose hand-writing he had seen.
The fourth ground assigned by the defendant's counsel for a new trial is that the writing declared on is void for uncertainty, that it is not a promissory note or evidence of indebtedness and is void for uncertainty, there being no payee named therein, and, being a case of patent ambiguity, is not susceptible of explanation by parol. The only ambiguity, which the defendant's counsel claims to exist in the writing produced, is in the word "you," which he claims is indefinite, and falls within the rule which excludes parol evidence from being admitted to contradict, alter or vary a written instrument, and, he objects, that parol proof was admitted to show to whom this writing was addressed and delivered. *Page 329 
Now, the necessary inquiry is, in what respect the parol evidence in any way contradicts, alters or varies anything that is written. The acknowledgment of indebtedness is the same, the amount the same, the promise to pay the same, the time of payment the same, with or without the parol evidence. Everything intended to be contained in the writing is clear and explicit and not to be misunderstood. It is clearly an acknowledgment of indebtedness to the amount of one hundred and sixty dollars to the person to whom it is addressed. That person was not intended as appears from the writing itself to be ascertained in the tenor of the writing. By its tenor it refers to something extrinsic by which he is to be ascertained. Id certum est quod certum reddi certum potest. The writing is addressed to a person present; the promise is to the person addressed. The paper supposes it is to be handed to the payee and by that means he is made certain. That proof is offered, to give effect to the paper in the mode contemplated by the writing itself.
Had the writing been enclosed in an envelope directed to the plaintiff, the defendant would hardly have objected that the name was on the envelope and not upon the written paper itself, and yet the proof would have been in its nature the same. In substance and effect the defendant says by this writing, I will pay to the person I am now addressing, one hundred and sixty dollars on demand, and the question really is, who was he addressing. The witness neither gives the name nor professes to do so, but refers us to extrensic evidence to ascertain it.
The authorities cited by the plaintiff's counsel fully sustain the admissibility of the evidence. Fisher v. Leslie,
1 Esp. 426; Evans v. Philpots, 9 C.  P. 270; Israel v.Israel, 1 Camp. 499; Waithman v. Elsie, 47 E.C.L. Rep. *Page 330 
35; Childers v. Boulnois, 16 E.C.L. Rep. 411; Beukley exparte, 14 M.  W. 469; Brown v. Gilman, 13 Mass. 158;Douglas v. Wilkinson, 16 Wend. 644.