Court Opinion

ID: 6320798
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-07 17:12:00.48849+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:38.590017
License: Public Domain

J-S04037-22

                                   2022 PA Super 41

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    COLE HERRING                               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 329 EDA 2021

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 17, 2020
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-51-CR-0001284-2018

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                             FILED MARCH 07, 2022

        Appellant Cole Herring appeals from the judgment of sentence entered

by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County after the trial court

convicted Appellant of first-degree murder, unlawful restraint, abuse of a

corpse, and possession of an instrument of crime. Appellant claims the lower

court erred in denying his motion pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600 and abused

its discretion in refusing to admit evidence of his father’s prior convictions in

order to cast doubt on Appellant’s guilt. After careful review, we affirm.

        Appellant was charged with the aforementioned offenses in connection

with the November 27, 2017 stabbing death of 15-year-old Sabriiyah McLean

(“the victim”), whose body was ultimately discovered under a pile of leaves

behind the apartment where 24-year-old Appellant lived with his family. The

Philadelphia Police Department became involved in this case when Appellant’s

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S04037-22

parents, Colon “Kenny” Swaringer and Cynthia Swaringer, came to the police

station on the morning of November 28, 2017, to report Appellant had

committed the murder of a young girl. N.T., 11/16/20, at 10-13, 143-44.

     Swaringer told officers that, on the previous evening, after midnight,

when he returned to his apartment after watching a televised football game

with friends, Appellant confessed to Swaringer that he had killed a girl. Id.

at 13, 144. Appellant showed Swaringer the victim’s body, which was lying

on the fire escape, just outside Appellant’s bedroom. Id. at 13-14. Appellant

told Swaringer not to tell anyone or “something else [would] happen to

someone” in the house. Id. at 13-15. Swaringer indicated that his wife and

other son were sleeping in the house. Id.

     While Swaringer asserted that he did not sleep that night, he explained

that he did not wake his wife and other son up as he was afraid they would

become alarmed and that Appellant would hurt them. Id. at 17-19, 55-57,

59, 67. In the morning, Swaringer made up excuses to get his wife and other

son out of the apartment. Id. Swaringer indicated that he went directly to

the police station, gave the officers keys to enter the apartment, and told

them to hurry to get there before Appellant left. Id. at 21, 27-29, 76, 145.

     Philadelphia police officers proceeded to Appellant’s apartment where

they observed blood on the landing of the fire escape when viewing it from

the outside of the apartment building.    Id. at 13, 146.   The officers then

entered the dwelling with the assistance of the building supervisor.     N.T.

10/22/20, at 26. When the officers entered the apartment, they observed

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Appellant sitting on the couch, covered by a blanket. Id. In searching for

evidence of a crime on the fire escape, which was accessible from Appellant’s

bedroom, the officers noted a strong odor, which they surmised was gasoline

or lighter fluid. Id. at 26-27, 36. Officers discovered a pool of blood on the

fire escape and blood on the walls of Appellant’s bedroom. Id. at 27, 37-40;

N.T. 11/16/20, at 186, 191-92.

      Officers subsequently uncovered the victim’s body under a pile of leaves

near a dumpster behind Appellant’s apartment building. N.T., 11/16/20, at

177. The officers also recovered a black leather jacket and a pair of women’s

underwear near the dumpster. Id. at 171-72.

      When the officers arrested Appellant and transported him to the police

station, they discovered Appellant had blood stains on his sweatpants and

boxer shorts. Id. at 195-98. During a further search of the apartment, the

officers recovered bloody scissors from a trash can as well as a black Puma

hooded sweatshirt and a white T-shirt with blood stains in the laundry basket

in a nearby bathroom. Id. at 182, 201-202.

      After an autopsy, the medical examiner determined that the victim

sustained seventy-seven stab wounds and had burns covering nearly 40% of

her body.   N.T., 11/17/20, at 130-132.       The investigating officers also

recovered surveillance video that captured footage of Appellant outside the

apartment complex near the dumpster on the relevant date and time wearing

a Puma sweatshirt. N.T., 11/16/20, at 95-98; N.T., 11/17/20, at 11-19.

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      On November 28, 2017, Philadelphia police detectives met with Taaysia

Jones, who gave the officers a statement in which she indicated that on the

late evening hours of November 27, 2017, Appellant came to visit her at the

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) where Jones was being

treated for an unrelated matter.     N.T., 11/17/20, at 75, 77-79.        Jones

indicated that Appellant was frantic and stated that he had “fucked up” by

killing a girl he met on Facebook. Id. at 76, 89-93. Jones explained that

Appellant had shared the details of the killing, how he set the victim’s body

on fire, and how he had disposed of the body in a pile of leaves. Id. at 83.

      At trial, Jones testified that she did not remember telling the detectives

that Appellant had confessed to the murder, but also claimed that she did not

want to testify as she feared for her safety. Id. at 84. The Commonwealth

presented video surveillance footage from the HUP emergency room taken on

November 27, 2017, at approximately 11:30 p.m., showing a male and female

conversing for about twenty minutes. Id. at 49-58. Jones admitted that she

and Appellant were the two individuals recorded in the video. Id. at 97-99.

      The Commonwealth also presented subpoenaed records from Facebook

demonstrating that Appellant and the victim exchanged over 400 messages in

the month before the victim’s murder. Id. at 23-45. In those messages, on

the day before the victim’s murder, Appellant invited the victim to come to his

apartment in Philadelphia and gave her directions on how to get there by bus.

Id. at 38-44.

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      At trial, Appellant’s defense theory was that his father, Kenny

Swaringer, killed the victim and directed Appellant to dispose of her body.

When defense counsel cross-examined Swaringer and suggested he was

responsible for the victim’s death, Swaringer adamantly denied this accusation

and expressed outrage at defense counsel’s suggestion that he killed the

victim, who Swaringer referred to as a “little girl.” N.T., 11/16/20, at 54.

      Swaringer asserted that he was not home that evening, as he was

watching Monday Night Football at his friend Orlando Eakins’ home. Id. at

47. Swaringer admitted he had been released from prison on October 3, 2017

and was on probation at the time of the victim’s murder. Id. at 37.

      In response to the defense’s theory that Swaringer was the perpetrator

of the victim’s murder, the Commonwealth called Eakins to testify and he

confirmed that Appellant was at his home the evening of November 27, 2017,

watching a football game with a couple of friends. Id. at 109.

      Eakins further testified that on the same night, Appellant had been

calling his phone trying to reach Swaringer, who did not have a cell phone.

Id. When Appellant asked to speak to Swaringer, Eakins indicated that

Swaringer declined to do so as he was watching the football game. Id. at

115. Eakins indicated that Appellant would not tell him what was wrong, but

Appellant indicated that he “got himself into something and was going to get

out of it.” Id. at 113.

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       At the conclusion of Appellant’s bench trial, the Honorable Rose Marie

DeFino-Nastasi convicted of Appellant of the aforementioned charges.1 The

trial court sentenced Appellant to life in prison without parole for the murder

conviction along with consecutive sentences of 2½ to 5 years’ imprisonment

for possession of an instrument of crime, 1-2 years’ imprisonment for abuse

of a corpse, and 1-2 years’ for unlawful restraint. This timely appeal followed.

       Appellant raises the following issues for our review on appeal:

       1. Did not the lower court err by falling to evaluate whether the
          Commonwealth exercised due diligence before denying
          Appellant’s motion for dismissal pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600?

       2. Did not the lower court err by applying an incorrect standard
          in determining whether evidence of a witness’s prior offenses
          was relevant before ruling the evidence inadmissible?

Appellant’s Brief, at 3.

       We first review Appellant’s challenge to the lower court’s decision to

deny his pretrial motion pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 600. In doing so, we employ

the following standard of review:

       [i]n evaluating Rule [600] issues, our standard of review of a trial
       court's decision is whether the trial court abused its discretion.
       Judicial discretion requires action in conformity with law, upon
       facts and circumstances judicially before the court, after hearing
       and due consideration. An abuse of discretion is not merely an
       error of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is
       overridden or misapplied or the judgment exercised is manifestly
       unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will,
       as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is abused.

____________________________________________

1  The trial court acquitted Appellant of charges of kidnapping, arson, and
risking a catastrophe.

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Commonwealth v. Leaner, 202 A.3d 749, 765-66 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citation

omitted; brackets in original). An appellate court's scope of review is “limited

to the evidence on the record of the Rule 600 evidentiary hearing” and the

trial court's findings of fact. Commonwealth v. Watson, 140 A.3d 696, 698

(Pa.Super. 2016). Appellate courts must construe the facts in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party. Id.

        Rule 600 states that: “[t]rial in a court case in which a written complaint

is filed against the defendant shall commence within 365 days from the date

on which the complaint is filed.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(A)(2)(a). In regards to the

computation of time, Rule 600 provides that “periods of delay at any stage of

the proceedings caused by the Commonwealth when the Commonwealth has

failed to exercise due diligence shall be included in the computation of the

time within which trial must commence, while “[a]ny other periods of delay

shall   be   excluded    from    the   computation.”    Pa.R.Crim.P.   600(C)(1).

Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(C)(1). The Commonwealth's failure to bring the defendant

to trial before the expiration of the Rule 600 time period constitutes grounds

for dismissal of the charges with prejudice. Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(D)(1).

        Rule 600 permits certain circumstances to extend the Commonwealth's

deadline. Those delays also include delay caused by the defendant and delay

that occurred “as the result of circumstances beyond the Commonwealth's

control and despite its due diligence,” such as delay in the time for trial that

is attributable to the judiciary. Pa.R.Crim.P. 600(C)(1)-(2); Pa.R.Crim.P. 600,

cmt.     “In determining whether the Commonwealth has exercised due

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diligence, the courts have explained that due diligence is fact-specific, to be

determined case-by-case; it does not require perfect vigilance and punctilious

care, but merely a showing the Commonwealth has put forth a reasonable

effort.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 600, cmt. (citations omitted).

      Our Supreme Court has clarified that:

      time attributable to the normal progression of a case simply is not
      “delay” for purposes of Rule 600. We realize that, given this
      Court's holding that periods of judicial delay are excludible from
      calculations under the rule, courts of original jurisdiction must
      apply judgment in distinguishing between delay attributable to the
      court and that which should be allocated to a party.

      These courts also have discretion, however, to differentiate
      between time necessary to ordinary trial preparation and judicial
      delay arising out of the court's own scheduling concerns.
      Accordingly, where a trial-ready prosecutor must wait several
      months due to a court calendar, the time should be treated as
      “delay” for which the Commonwealth is not accountable.

Commonwealth v. Mills, 162 A.3d 323, 325 (Pa. 2017) (citations omitted).

      We   also   acknowledge    the    Supreme   Court’s   recent   precedent

Commonwealth v. Harth, 252 A.3d 600 (Pa. 2021), specifying that the

Commonwealth must exercise “due diligence throughout the life of the case,”

such that the Commonwealth must prove it acted with due diligence before a

trial court excludes a specific time period from its Rule 600 time computation

on the basis of “judicial delay” or other scheduling problems. Harth, 252 A.3d

at 618 (adopting Mills, 162 A.3d at 327 (Wecht, J., concurring)).

      In this case, the Commonwealth filed its complaint against Appellant on

November 29, 2017. As such, the mechanical run date was November 29,

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2018.2 On December 11, 2019, Appellant filed a motion seeking dismissal

under Rule 600.       At a hearing held on December 13, 2019 before Judge

DeFino-Nastasi, the defense conceded on the record that 175 days of delay

were attributable to the defense. As such, defense counsel specifically stated

that the adjusted run date for the purposes of Rule 600 was May 23, 2019.

Motion, 11/11/19, at 3 (unpaginated); N.T., 12/13/19, at 7-8.

       At the Rule 600 hearing, the defense argued that the homicide calendar

judge, the Honorable Kathryn Streeter Lewis, erred in marking several

continuances as excludable time attributable to the defense. Judge DeFino-

Nastasi was reluctant to examine the circumstances underlying these

continuances as she felt she could not overturn the rulings of a judge of

coordinate jurisdiction. N.T., 12/13/19, at 7-8. Nevertheless, Judge DeFino-

Nastasi concluded that, even if assuming arguendo that those periods of time

were not excludable delay, the Commonwealth had still met its burden to bring

Appellant to trial in a timely manner pursuant to Rule 600.

       Appellant’s trial was originally scheduled for March 4, 2019, which was

before the adjusted run date, which both parties agreed was May 23, 2019.

Docket entries on January 18, 2019 reveal that the trial court found both

parties were ready for trial and the trial date would remain March 4, 2019.
____________________________________________

2“The phrase ‘mechanical run date’ refers to the date by which the trial must
commence pursuant to the time limitations set forth in Rule 600 … and is
calculated by adding 365 days to the date on which the criminal complaint
was filed.” Harth, 252 A.3d at 607 n. 7 (citation omitted).

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      However, the parties never made it to trial on that date as another

docket entry on January 18, 2019 shows that the trial judge assigned to

preside over Appellant’s trial, the Honorable Diana Anhalt, was transferred

from the Criminal Division to the Civil Division of the Court of Common Pleas.

As such, Appellant’s trial had to be reassigned to another homicide judge.

Judge DeFino-Nastasi indicated that the case was returned to the homicide

calendar room and rescheduled to the courtroom with the earliest possible

trial date consistent with the schedules of the parties and the court.

      During this time, while the parties were waiting for trial to be

rescheduled, the defense requested several continuances to consider plea

offers extended by the prosecution. Ultimately, Appellant rejected the plea

offers and chose to go to trial, which was scheduled for March 20, 2020.

      We also note that Appellant’s trial scheduled for March 20, 2020 had to

be rescheduled again as on March 16, 2020, as the Supreme Court of

Pennsylvania issued an order declaring a judicial emergency in light of the

COVID-19 pandemic, which allowed local courts to close and suspend Rule

600 calculations. Appellant’s trial was again scheduled for the earliest possible

date which was November 16, 2020.

      In light of these facts, we uphold the trial court’s conclusion that, by the

defense’s own calculations, the Commonwealth brought Appellant to trial in a

timely manner and the excess delay was not the result of the Commonwealth’s

lack of due diligence as it occurred after the prosecution was ready for trial

and was outside the Commonwealth’s control.

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       We reject Appellant’s argument that Judge DeFino-Nastasi erred by

failing to assess the Commonwealth’s due diligence over the life of the case

pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Harth. The trial court complied

with the Harth decision’s mandate, which requires the Commonwealth “to

demonstrate that it acted with due diligence before a trial court excludes time

from its Rule 600 time computation on the basis of ‘judicial delay.’”

       The trial court found that the Commonwealth was not responsible for

the “judicial delay” caused by Judge Anhalt’s reassignment and the court

system’s need to reschedule Appellant’s trial to March 20, 2020 as the

Commonwealth was not at fault for this reassignment and was trial-ready

during that time.      The trial court noted that this delay was lengthened by

defense requests for continuances to consider the prosecution’s plea offers,

and the parties were scheduled to go to trial at the next available trial date.

       As such, the trial court did find that the Commonwealth acted with due

diligence during this time period before concluding it was excludable time as

a result of judicial delay. See Mills, 162 A.3d at 325 (finding that “where a

trial-ready prosecutor must wait several months due to a court calendar, the

time should be treated as ‘delay’ for which the Commonwealth is not

accountable”).3

____________________________________________

3The only other time period that the trial court found constituted judicial delay
was the time period during the judicial emergency due to the COVID-19
pandemic in which Rule 600 time calculations were suspended.

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      With respect to Appellant’s argument that the trial court erred when it

declined to review Judge Street Lewis’s rulings that certain time was

excludable, Appellant fails to recognize or challenge Judge DeFino-Nastasi’s

finding that the Commonwealth had met its burden to bring Appellant to trial

within the time limitations set forth by Rule 600, even assuming arguendo

that the contested time periods were not deemed to be excludable time. As

such, we find the trial court properly denied Appellant’s motion pursuant to

Rule 600.

      In his second claim, Appellant contends that the lower court erred in

denying his motion to introduce evidence of prior bad acts of his father,

Swaringer in order to cast doubt on Appellant’s guilt. In reviewing Appellant’s

challenge to the lower court’s discretion to admit certain evidence, we are

guided by the following standard:

      [t]he admissibility of evidence is a matter within the sound
      discretion of the trial court and will be reversed only where there
      is a clear abuse of discretion. Our standard of review of a
      challenge to an evidentiary ruling is therefore limited. Abuse of
      discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but rather where
      the judgment is manifestly unreasonable or where the law is not
      applied or where the record shows that the action is a result of
      partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will.

Commonwealth v. Williams, 241 A.3d 1094, 1101 (Pa.Super. 2020)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Lekka, 210 A.3d 343, 353–354 (Pa.Super.

2019) (internal citations and quotations omitted)).

      Appellant sought to introduce evidence that Swaringer was convicted of

aggravated assault in both 2002 and 2014 to support the defense theory that

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Swaringer was the true perpetrator of the victim’s murder or, in the

alternative, that Swaringer had a motive to fabricate his statement to the

police to curry favor with authorities as he was on probation at that time. N.T.

11/4/20, at 36. At the hearing on this motion, defense counsel did not give

any more detail about the facts underlying these convictions.

      In response, the prosecutor shared that in the 2014 case, Swaringer

assaulted several police officers by punching them as they were attempting to

take him into custody. N.T., 11/4/20, at 42-46. With respect to Swaringer’s

2002 conviction, the prosecutor indicated that Appellant had shot at a 44-

year-old man with a firearm. Id.

      Appellant argues that that the lower court employed the incorrect

standard in assessing the admissibility of “third-party guilt evidence” in

violation of Supreme Court’s recent decision in Commonwealth v. Yale, 249

A.3d 1001 (Pa. 2021).

      In Yale, our Supreme Court reaffirmed the well-established principle

that a defendant has the right “to present evidence that someone else

committed the crime of which he is accused” as the defendant “should be

allowed to prove a fact which would logically produce a doubt of his guilt in

the mind of the jury.” Id. at 1014 (quoting Commonwealth v. Loomis, 113

A. 428, 431 (Pa. 1921)). See also Commonwealth v. Ward, 605 A.2d 796

(Pa. 1992) (emphasizing that a defendant has fundamental right to present

evidence of third person's motive to commit the crime charged so long as the

evidence is relevant and does not violate the rules of evidence).

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      The Supreme Court held in Yale that lower courts have been incorrectly

employing heightened similarity standards for admissibility pursuant to

Pa.R.E. 404(b) in determining whether evidence of “third person guilt” can be

admitted by the defendant to show he was not the perpetrator of the crime

charged. Yale, 249 A.3d at 1014.

      The Yale Court distinguished Rule 404(b), which it found codified

Pennsylvania’s common law principles which prohibited the prosecution from

admitting crimes, wrongs, or other bad act evidence to show that a defendant

had a propensity to act in a certain manner or was more likely to commit the

crime charged. Id. (quoting Shaffner v. Commonwealth, 72 Pa. 60, 65

(1872) (holding that “[i]t is not proper to raise a presumption of guilt on the

ground that, having committed one crime, the depravity it exhibits makes it

likely the defendant would commit another”).

      The Yale Court recognized that Rule 404(b) provides that prior bad act

evidence may not be used to show propensity but may be admissible under

limited circumstances to prove “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or lack of accident” provided that the

probative value of the evidence outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.

Pa.R.E. 404(b). However, bad act evidence is only admissible if “1) if a logical

connection exists between the bad act(s) and the crime charged, linking them

for a purpose the defendant intended to accomplish, or 2) if the bad acts

manifest   a   signature   crime.”    Yale,   249   A.3d   at   1014   (quoting

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Commonwealth v. Hicks, 156 A.3d 1114, 1143 (Pa. 2017) (Donohue, J.,

dissenting)).

      Accordingly, the Yale Court found that Rule 404(b) was designed to

limit the prosecution’s use of evidence “to prevent unfair prejudice to a

defendant whose liberty is at stake and to prevent the potential loss of the

presumption of innocence.” Yale, 249 A.3d at 1015. In contrast, the Yale

Court pointed out that the same prejudice considerations are not a concern

with third-party guilt evidence, as the “third person implicated by the

defendant’s evidence is not prejudiced because that person is not facing the

possibility of a criminal conviction, especially a conviction based on a ‘jury’s

willingness to assume his present guilty from his prior misdeed.’” Id. at 1020.

      As such, the Supreme Court determined that an assessment of whether

third-person guilty evidence is admissible is not subject to the heightened

standard set forth in Rule 404(b), but rather is guided by the traditional

evidentiary inquiries in Rules 401 through 403.     Specifically, the Supreme

Court provided that:

      [g]iven the construct of Pa.R.E. 404(b) and the absence of
      prejudice to an alternative perpetrator, evidence of that person's
      crimes, wrongs or other acts lies outside the contours of Rule
      404(b) when introduced by a criminal defendant.            Rather,
      determining the admissibility of third person guilt evidence
      requires nothing more than the traditional inquiries prompted by
      our rules of evidence.

      The threshold inquiry with admission of evidence is whether the
      evidence is relevant. Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency
      to make a fact of consequence more or less probable than it would
      be without the evidence. Pa.R.E. 401(a), (b). “All relevant
      evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by law.”

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      [Pa.R.E. 402.] Evidence that tends to support the accused's
      version of events is relevant and admissible. If believed by the
      jury, such evidence might raise a reasonable doubt as to the
      defendant's guilt.

      In the case of third person guilt evidence, the relevant inquiries
      into admissibility are: Does the third person guilt evidence have a
      tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence
      to the determination of the issue, e.g., the defendant's culpability,
      more probable or less probable than it would be without the
      evidence. Pa.R.E. 401. If so, is the probative value of the third
      person guilt evidence outweighed by any danger of “confusing the
      issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or
      needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.

Yale, 249 A.3d at 1021-22 (some citations omitted).

      While the Yale court distanced itself from “the use of the shorthand

‘highly detailed similarity’ to describe the evidence of bad acts of a third person

required to make it relevant,” the Court indicated a more suitable shorthand

would be the phrase “sufficiently similar.” Id. at 1024. The Supreme Court

clarified its mandate as follows:

      [u]ltimately, the question is whether the evidence supports an
      inference that the defendant did not commit the crime and
      someone else did. The more detailed the similarity, the more likely
      a finding of relevance. But a lesser level of detail combined with
      other circumstances attendant to the crime charged and the third
      person's relationship to it are also pertinent considerations. So too
      are the temporal factors relative to the third person's bad acts and
      the crime charged.

Id.

      In this case, Judge Anhalt denied Appellant’s pretrial motion seeking to

admit evidence of Swaringer’s two prior aggravated assault convictions. At

the motions hearing which predated the Yale decision, Judge Anhalt stated

that “[t]he defense may introduce evidence that someone else committed a

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crime that bears a highly-detailed similarity to the crime with which a

defendant is charged.”   N.T., 11/4/20, at 46 (emphasis added).       As such,

Appellant’s motion was not analyzed under the standard set forth in Yale.

      As noted above, Appellant proceeded to a bench trial in which he was

convicted and sentenced by Judge Defino-Nastasi. On appeal, Judge Defino-

Nastasi concluded that evidence of Swaringer’s prior convictions was properly

excluded under the standard dictated by the Yale court.

      We agree with Judge DeFino-Nastasi’s assessment that Appellant’s

proposed third-party guilt evidence was not admissible after applying the

traditional inquiries set forth in Rules of Evidence 401-403. Specifically, she

found that:

      Swaringer’s prior convictions for aggravated assault do not tend
      to make the defense theory – that [Swaringer] was the true
      perpetrator of the crime – more probable. The instant crime is of
      a vastly different, unique, and distinctive nature. The instant
      crime involved a minor, female victim who was lured to her killer’s
      home via social media. The [killer’s] subsequent acts of violence
      and abuse of her corpse suggest a depravity and premeditation
      absent from the circumstances of Swaringer’s aggravated assault
      convictions.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/1/21, at 13-14.

      We note that the defense did not provide any detail about Swaringer’s

convictions for aggravated assault or attempt to argue how such crimes were

“sufficiently similar” to the victim’s murder.   See Yale, supra.     We also

emphasize that Appellant’s 2002 conviction occurred more than fifteen years

before the victim’s murder. As such, we agree that the presentation of such

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evidence of Swaringer’s prior convictions would have resulted in undue delay

and posed a danger of confusing the relevant issues at trial.

      Moreover, we also agree with the trial court’s assessment that, even if

evidence of Swaringer’s prior convictions should have been ruled admissible

under the standard set forth in Yale, any error in excluding this evidence was

harmless. Error may only be considered harmless where:

      (1) the error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice was
      de minimis; or (2) the erroneously admitted evidence was merely
      cumulative of other, untainted evidence which was substantially
      similar to the erroneously admitted evidence; or (3) the properly
      admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so
      overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was so
      insignificant by comparison that the error could not have
      contributed to the verdict.

Commonwealth v. Taylor, 209 A.3d 444, 450 (Pa.Super. 2019) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Williams, 524 Pa. 404, 573 A.2d 536, 538–39 (1990)

(citation omitted)).

      While the defense was not permitted to introduce evidence of

Swaringer’s prior convictions, defense counsel thoroughly cross-examined

Swaringer as to the fine details of his statement to police and questioned

Swaringer about the fact that he was on probation at the time of the victim’s

murder. Defense counsel asked Swaringer probing questions to determine if

he was the true perpetrator of the victim’s murder, which occurred in the

apartment that Swaringer shared with his family.

      Moreover, the Commonwealth presented overwhelming evidence to

demonstrate Appellant was the sole perpetrator of the victim’s murder. The

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Commonwealth introduced private Facebook messages that Appellant

exchanged with the victim within in the month before her death. Appellant

sent messages of a suggestive nature to the minor victim, invited her to come

visit him at his Philadelphia apartment, and even instructed her on how she

could use public transportation to get to his home. The victim’s last messages

were sent to Appellant before her death.

      Taaysia Jones gave the police a statement indicating that Appellant had

confessed to murdering the victim who he had met on Facebook. Jones shared

that Appellant had come to visit her on the same night that the victim had

been murdered and had told her details about how he committed the murder

by stabbing the victim multiple times, attempted to burn her body, and

disposed of the body in a pile of leaves.

      Jones’s statement was corroborated by physical evidence discovered at

the crime scene which linked Appellant as the perpetrator of the victim’s

murder. Officers discovered a bloody black Puma sweatshirt and t-shirt in his

laundry basket, blood on the walls of his bedroom, bloody scissors in his

wastebasket, and a pool of blood on the fire escape that was accessible from

Appellant’s bedroom. The victim’s body was discovered in a pile of leaves with

multiple stab wounds and burns.         Video surveillance footage recorded

Appellant wearing a black Puma sweatshirt behind his apartment building,

dragging the victim’s body into a pile of leaves. Upon Appellant’s arrest in the

afternoon following the murder, Appellant was still wearing blood-stained

sweatpants and blood-stained boxer shorts.

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J-S04037-22

      Accordingly, we conclude that the prosecution presented overwhelming

evidence of Appellant’s guilt as the sole perpetrator of the murder that any

prejudicial effect of the trial court’s decision to deny Appellant’s motion in

limine was so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have

contributed to the verdict.

      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/7/2022

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