Court Opinion

ID: 854514
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-07 01:01:21.127123+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:11:56.819270
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/6/13 Gonzalez v. Downtown LA Motors CA2/2

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                  DIVISION TWO

OSCAR GONZALEZ et al.,                                                  B235292

                   Plaintiffs and Respondents,                          (Los Angeles County
                                                                        Super. Ct. No. BC350769)
         v.

DOWNTOWN LA MOTORS, LP et al.,

                   Defendants and Appellants.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Mary H.
Strobel, Judge. Affirmed.
         Dickstein Shapiro, Arthur F. Silbergeld and Jennifer A. Awrey; Greines, Martin,
Stein & Richland, Robin Meadow, Cynthia E. Tobisman, and Alana H. Rotter for
Defendants and Appellants.
         Gartenberg Gelfand Hayton & Selden and Aaron C. Gundzik; Law Offices of Neal
J. Fialkow and Neal J. Fialkow for Plaintiffs and Respondents.
         Curiale Hirschfeld Kraemer LLP and Felicia R. Reid for National Automobile
Dealers Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.
         Nossaman LLP and John T. Kennedy for California Automotive Business
Coalition as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.
         Fine, Boggs & Perkins LLP, John P. Boggs and David J. Reese for California New
Car Dealers Association and Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers as Amicus Curiae on
behalf of Defendants and Appellants.
       Altshuler Berzon LLP, Eve H. Cervantez and Eileen B. Goldsmith for California
Employment Lawyers Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and
Respondents.
                              ________________________
       In this wage and hour class action, the issue presented is whether California’s
minimum wage law requires an employer that compensates its automotive service
technicians on a “piece-rate” basis for repair work must also pay those technicians a
separate hourly minimum wage for time spent during their work shifts waiting for
vehicles to repair or performing other non-repair tasks directed by the employer. The
employer contends it was not required to pay the technicians a separate hourly minimum
wage for such time because it ensured that a technician’s total compensation for a pay
period never fell below what the employer refers to as the “minimum wage floor” -- the
total number of hours the technician was at work during the pay period (including hours
spent waiting for repair work or performing non-repair tasks), multiplied by the
applicable minimum wage rate. The employer did so by supplementing a technician’s
pay, if necessary, to cover any shortfall between the technician’s piece-rate wages and the
minimum wage floor.
       The trial court concluded that the employer’s method of compensation violated the
minimum wage law because California law does not allow an employer to avoid paying
its employees for all hours worked by averaging total compensation over total hours
worked in a given pay period. The trial court cited Armenta v. Osmose, Inc. (2005) 135
Cal.App.4th 314 (Armenta), as support for its ruling.
       We too find the court’s reasoning in Armenta to be persuasive. Applying that
reasoning here, we conclude that class members were entitled to separate hourly
compensation for time spent waiting for repair work or performing other non-repair tasks
directed by the employer during their work shifts, as well as penalties under Labor Code
section 203, subdivision (a). We therefore affirm the judgment.

                                             2
                                    BACKGROUND
The parties
       Defendant and appellant Downtown LA Motors, LP doing business as Downtown
LA Motors Mercedes Benz is an automobile dealership that sells and services Mercedes-
Benz automobiles. Defendant Shammas Automotive Holdings, Inc. is its owner. Those
entities are referred to collectively as DTLA.
       Plaintiffs are a class of 108 automotive service technicians who worked for DTLA
between April 2002 and June 2008.
DTLA’s compensation system
       DTLA compensates its service technicians on a piece-rate basis, which differs
from an hourly wage method in that technicians are paid primarily on the basis of repair
tasks completed. Under DTLA’s piece-rate system, technicians are paid a flat rate
ranging from $17 to $32, depending on the technician’s experience, for each “flag hour”
a technician accrues. Flag hours are assigned by Mercedes-Benz to every task that a
technician performs on a Mercedes-Benz automobile and are intended to correspond to
the actual amount of time a technician would need to perform the task. A DTLA
technician who completes a repair task accrues the number of flag hours that Mercedes-
Benz assigns to that task, regardless of how long the technician actually took to complete
it. DTLA technicians accrue flag hours only when working on a repair order.
       DTLA calculates its technicians’ pay for an 80-hour pay period by multiplying
flag hours accrued during that pay period by the technician’s applicable flat rate. For
example, a technician with a flat rate of $26 who accrued 150 flag hours in a pay period
would earn 150 x $26 or $3,900.
       In addition to tracking a technician’s flag hours, DTLA also keeps track of all the
time a technician spends at the work site whether or not the technician is working on a
repair order. At the end of each pay period, DTLA calculates how much each technician
would earn if paid an amount equal to his total recorded hours “on the clock” multiplied
by the applicable minimum wage. DTLA refers to this amount as the “minimum wage

                                             3
floor.” If a technician’s flat rate/flag hour pay falls short of the minimum wage floor,
DTLA supplements the technician’s pay in the amount of the shortfall.1
Plaintiffs’ experience
       Plaintiffs worked eight-hour shifts. During their shifts, plaintiffs were required to
remain at DTLA’s place of business and had to obtain permission to leave during a shift
if they were not working on a repair order. Plaintiffs were also required to clock in when
they arrived for work, clock in and out for lunch, and clock out at the end of their shift.
       Plaintiffs regularly did not have repair work to do because there were not enough
vehicles to service. When this occurred, plaintiffs had to remain at work, and those who
asked to leave early were told that they needed to stay because customers might come in.
Plaintiffs accrued no flag hours during time spent waiting for cars to repair. While
waiting for repair work, plaintiffs were expected to perform various non-repair tasks,
including obtaining parts, cleaning their work stations, attending meetings, traveling to
other locations to pick up and return cars, reviewing service bulletins, and participating in
on-line training. They accrued no flag hours while performing these non-repair tasks.
The instant lawsuit
       Plaintiffs filed the instant action against DTLA claiming that DTLA violated
California law by failing to pay technicians a minimum wage during their waiting time --
periods of time they were on the clock, but waiting for repair orders or performing other
non-repair tasks. Plaintiffs also claimed that technicians terminated from employment
during the class period were entitled to penalties under Labor Code section 203,
subdivision (a) because DTLA had failed to pay these technicians all the wages they were
due upon their termination.
       The trial court denied cross-motions for summary adjudication filed by the parties
as to whether DTLA technicians were entitled to a separate hourly pay for waiting time in

1      DTLA also compensates technicians for overtime by taking into account all the
time at the work site, including time not spent on a repair order.

                                              4
addition to their flag hour pay and minimum wage floor supplement, and the matter
proceeded to a bench trial.
       The parties presented documentary evidence as well as testimony by class
members and expert witnesses regarding the amount of waiting time experienced by class
members. Both parties also presented expert testimony as to the amount per pay period
that class members either were or were not underpaid.
       The trial court issued a proposed statement of decision, to which DTLA objected.
After hearing argument on those objections, the trial court issued a final statement of
decision on June 20, 2011.
       The trial court ruled in favor of plaintiffs, concluding that California law requires
class members to be paid for their waiting time between work on repair orders. The trial
court found the testimony of plaintiffs’ expert to be “credible,” and adopted that expert’s
conclusions that plaintiffs experienced waiting time of 1.85 hours per day on average,
that the average amount of unpaid compensation for waiting time per plaintiff was $27.76
per day, and that in total, plaintiffs lost the amount of $553,653 in uncompensated time
during the class period. The trial court determined that the value of the class’s waiting
time, including interest, was $1,555,078 and awarded that sum to plaintiffs. The trial
court also awarded plaintiffs penalties in the amount of $237,840 under Labor Code
section 203, subdivision (a) for DTLA’s willful failure to pay all wages owed them at the
time their employment was terminated.
       This appeal followed.
                                      DISCUSSION
I. Applicable Legal Principles and Standard of Review
       California’s minimum wage requirements are set forth in wage orders promulgated
by the Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC), the agency formerly authorized to regulate
working conditions in California. (Martinez v. Combs (2010) 49 Cal.4th 35, 54-55.)
Although the IWC was defunded in 2004, its wage orders remain in effect. (Soderstedt v.
CBIZ Southern California, LLC (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 133, 145, fn. 1.)

                                              5
       Wage orders are quasi-legislative regulations and are construed in accordance with
the ordinary principles of statutory interpretation. (Aleman v. Airtouch Cellular (2012)
209 Cal.App.4th 556, 568 (Aleman).) Under those principles, our analysis begins by
ascertaining the legislative intent underlying the wage order “so that we may adopt the
construction that best effectuates the purpose of the law. [Citation.]” (Hassan v. Mercy
American River Hospital (2003) 31 Cal.4th 709, 715.) To do so, we first examine the
words of the wage order as the best indication of legislative intent. (Brinker Restaurant
Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1026 (Brinker).) Those words should be
given their ordinary and usual meaning and should be construed in their statutory context.
(Ibid.) Judicial construction that renders any part of the wage order meaningless or
inoperative should be avoided. (Ibid.)
       If the language of the wage order is clear, it is applied without further inquiry.
(Aleman, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 568.) If the language can be interpreted to have
more than one reasonable meaning, a court may consider “‘a variety of extrinsic aids,
including the ostensible objects to be achieved, the evils to be remedied, the legislative
history, public policy, contemporaneous administrative construction, and the statutory
scheme of which the statute is a part.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 568-569.)
       “State wage and hour laws ‘reflect the strong public policy favoring protection of
workers’ general welfare and “society’s interest in a stable job market.” [Citations.]’
[Citations.]” (Cash v. Winn (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1285, 1297 (Cash).) They are
therefore liberally construed in favor of protecting workers. As our Supreme Court has
stated, “‘[I]n light of the remedial nature of the legislative enactments authorizing the
regulation of wages, hours and working conditions for the protection and benefit of
employees, the statutory provisions are to be liberally construed with an eye to promoting
such protection.’ [Citations.]” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1026-1027; see also
Murphy v. Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1094, 1103 [given the
Legislature’s remedial purpose, “statutes governing conditions of employment are to be
construed broadly in favor of protecting employees”].)

                                              6
       A reviewing court determines the meaning of a wage order de novo. (Combs v.
Skyriver Communications, Inc. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1253.)
II. Wage Order No. 4
       The wage order at issue in this case is Wage Order No. 4-2001,2 commonly known
as Wage Order No. 4. Subdivision 4(B) of that wage order provides as follows: “Every
employer shall pay to each employee, on the established payday for the period involved,
not less than the applicable minimum wage for all hours worked in the payroll period,
whether the remuneration is measured by time, piece, commission, or otherwise.” (Cal.
Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11040, subd. (4)(B).)
       “Hours worked” is defined in subdivision 2(K) of the wage order as “the time
during which an employee is subject to the control of an employer, and includes all the
time the employee is suffered or permitted to work, whether or not required to do so.
(Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11040, subd. (2)(K).)
III. The Parties’ Contentions
       DTLA contends its method of compensating technicians complies with the plain
language of Wage Order No. 4 because technicians are paid an amount “not less than” the
amount they would have earned had they been paid the applicable hourly minimum wage
for “all hours worked” during a given pay period. DTLA argues that compliance may be
achieved by supplementing a technician’s piece-rate wages in an amount necessary to
cover any shortfall between those wages and the “minimum wage floor,” or the amount
the technician would have earned if paid an hourly minimum wage for all hours “on the
clock,” including waiting time, during a pay period.
       Plaintiffs and amicus California Employment Lawyers Association3 argue that the
plain meaning of the term “all hours worked” is “each and every hour” worked and that

2     We refer to Wage Order No. 4-2001 hereinafter as “Wage Order No. 4” or simply
“the wage order.”

3       We granted applications for leave to file amicus curiae briefs on behalf of
plaintiffs by the California Employment Lawyers Association, and on behalf of DTLA by
the National Automobile Dealers Association (NADA), the California New Car Dealers
                                              7
technicians should have been separately compensated, at the applicable minimum wage
rate, for “each and every hour” of time spent waiting for repair work. The trial court
agreed with plaintiffs and cited Armenta as support for that interpretation.
       DTLA argues that the trial court’s interpretation contravenes the plain language of
the wage order, which does not distinguish between waiting time and productive time and
does not require an employee paid on a piece-rate basis to be compensated separately for
waiting time. DTLA and its amici contend that such interpretation undermines the piece-
rate compensation system, which is intended to reward technicians for performing repair
tasks efficiently. DTLA and its amici further contend Armenta does not and should not
apply to piece-rate compensation systems such as the one at issue here and that the trial
court erred by awarding plaintiffs penalties under Labor Code section 203.
IV. Armenta
       In Armenta, Division Six of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District
construed the same language in the same wage order that is at issue here and concluded
that it “expresses the intent to ensure that employees be compensated at the minimum
wage for each hour worked.” (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 323, italics added.)
The court in Armenta further concluded that the employer’s method of averaging
employees’ hours worked in a given pay period in order to compute its minimum wage
obligations violated the minimum wage law.
       The plaintiffs in Armenta were employed by a company that maintained utility
poles in rural or remote locations. The company provided the employees with a truck
that carried the tools and equipment needed to perform the work in the field, and
employees were required to travel in the truck from a central meeting place to the various
job sites. (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 317.) Employees’ time was considered
“productive” if directly related to maintaining utility poles in the field and
“nonproductive” if spent performing other tasks such as traveling to and from a job site,

Association, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, and the California Automotive
Business Coalition.
                                              8
loading or maintaining vehicles, and attending safety meetings. (Ibid.) Employees were
only paid for “productive” time.
        The employer argued that its compensation system did not violate state minimum
wage laws because under the terms of the employees’ collective bargaining agreement, it
paid hourly wages substantially higher than the applicable minimum wage and total
employee compensation exceeded the product of total hours worked (both paid and
unpaid) and the minimum wage, resulting in an average hourly rate that was higher than
the applicable minimum wage. (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 319.) The court
in Armenta ruled that the employer had violated the minimum wage law by not
compensating employees for travel time and for time spent on daily paperwork. (Id. at p.
320.)
        As support for its ruling, the Armenta court cited a January 29, 2002 opinion letter
issued by the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE)4 as persuasive reasoning
why, under California law, the employees were entitled to compensation for all hours
worked. (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at pp. 319-320.) In the opinion letter, the
DLSE acknowledged that the minimum wage law is “susceptible” to two “divergent”
interpretations, as espoused by the parties in Armenta and by the respective parties in the
instant case: “‘“1) that the obligation to pay minimum wages attaches to each and every
separate hour worked during the payroll period, and that payment must be made for all
such hours on the established payday, or 2) that the obligation to pay minimum wages for
the total number of hours worked in the pay period is determined ‘backwards’ from the
date that any payment is due, without considering any hour (or part of any hour) in
isolation.”’” (Ibid.) The DLSE endorsed the former interpretation, requiring payment of
the minimum wage for “each and every separate hour worked.” (Ibid.) The DLSE noted
that although federal courts had consistently applied the latter interpretation, significant

4      The DLSE is the state agency empowered to enforce California’s wage and hour
laws, including IWC wage orders. (Lab. Code, §§ 21, 61, 95, 98-98.7, 1193.5; Tidewater
Marine Western, Inc. v. Bradshaw (1996) 14 Cal.4th 557, 561-562 (Tidewater).)

                                              9
differences between federal and California labor laws required a different approach in
California. (Ibid.)
       The court in Armenta agreed with the DLSE, and distinguished federal case
authority applying an averaging formula to assess minimum wage violations. Among the
cases distinguished was a California federal district court decision, Medrano v. D’Arrigo
Bros. Co. (N.D.Cal. 2004) 336 F.Supp.2d 1053 (Medrano), in which agricultural workers
who were compensated on a piece-rate basis brought a class action against their employer
seeking recovery of minimum wages due for travel time to the fields. The federal district
court in Medrano held that the employer complied with the minimum wage requirements
so long as a worker was paid no less than the sum the worker would have been paid
during the pay period had the employer paid the minimum wage multiplied by total hours
worked, including waiting and travel time. (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 322.)
The court in Armenta found federal authorities such as Medrano to be “of little
assistance” in construing California laws and regulations that differed substantially in
both language and intent from federal minimum wage laws. (Armenta, at p. 323.) The
Armenta court then undertook a comprehensive analysis of Wage Order No. 4 and
concluded that “[t]he averaging method utilized by the federal courts for assessing a
violation of the federal minimum wage law does not apply here.” (Ibid.)
       The Armenta court focused first on the language of the wage order, noting that it
“differ[ed] significantly” from the Federal Labor Standards Act. (Armenta, supra, 135
Cal.App.4th at p. 323.) For example, subdivision 4(B) of Wage Order No. 4 requires
payment of the minimum wage for “all hours worked” whereas the federal statute
“requires payment of minimum wage to employees who ‘in any work week’ are engaged
in commerce.” (Armenta, at p. 323, italics added.) The federal language referring to
payment “in any work week,” the Armenta court reasoned, allows an employer to average
an employee’s total pay over an entire “work week.” In contrast, the California wage
order’s emphasis on “hours worked” reflected “the intent to ensure that employees be
compensated at the minimum wage for each hour worked.” (Ibid., italics added.)

                                            10
       After parsing through the regulatory language, the Armenta court next considered
the wage order in the context of the statutory framework as a whole. The court noted that
Labor Code sections 221, 222, and 223 require an employer to pay all employee hours at
either the statutory or agreed rate and prohibit an employer from using any part of that
rate as a credit against its minimum wage obligation.5 (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.app.4th
at p. 323.) The court concluded that allowing the employer to average its employees’
compensation over their total hours worked “contravenes these code sections” by
effectively reducing the employees’ contractual rate of compensation. (Ibid.)
       The court then compared California’s minimum wage rate with the federal rate
and found California law to be more protective of minimum wage employees. On that
basis, the court found “a clear legislative intent to protect the minimum wage rights of
California employees to a greater extent than federally.” (Armenta, supra, 135
Cal.App.4th at p. 324.)
       Finally, the court in Armenta considered “the policies underlying California’s
minimum wage law and regulations” which “reflect a strong public policy in favor of full
payment of wages for all hours worked.” (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 324.)
Given that public policy, the court concluded that a method of “averaging all hours
worked ‘in any work week’ to compute an employer’s minimum wage obligation under
California law is inappropriate.” (Ibid.) The court in Armenta held that use of such an
averaging method to determine an employer’s minimum wage obligation violates

5       Labor Code section 221 provides: “It shall be unlawful for any employer to
collect or receive from an employee any part of wages theretofore paid by said employer
to said employee.” Labor Code section 222 provides: “It shall be unlawful, in case of
any wage agreement arrived at through collective bargaining, either willfully or
unlawfully or with intent to defraud an employee, a competitor, or any other person, to
withhold from said employee any part of the wage agreed upon.” And Labor Code
section 223 provides: “Where any statute or contract requires an employer to maintain
the designated wage scale, it shall be unlawful to secretly pay a lower wage while
purporting to pay the wage designated by statute or by contract.”

                                            11
California law and that “[t]he minimum wage standard applies to each hour worked by
[the employees] for which they were not paid.” (Ibid.)
V. Armenta’s Applicability to the Instant Case
       A. The plain language of Wage Order No. 4 covers piece-rate compensation
       The court in Armenta construed Wage Order No. 4 to preclude an employer from
averaging an employee’s compensation over the total number of hours worked to
determine compliance with minimum wage obligations. The principal argument
advanced by DTLA and its amici is that Armenta concerned only hourly employees and
the Armenta court’s construction of Wage Order No. 4 should not be applied to workers
who are compensated on a piece-rate basis. But this argument requires a construction
that is contrary to the plain language of the wage order.
       By its terms, Wage Order No. 4 does not allow any variance in its application
based on the manner of compensation. Subdivision 1 of the wage order states that subject
to exceptions that are not applicable here: “This order shall apply to all persons
employed in professional, technical, clerical, mechanical, and similar occupations
whether paid on a time, piece rate, commission, or other basis.” (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8,
§ 11040, subd. 1, italics added.) Subdivision 4(B) similarly requires uniform application
of the minimum wage requirements regardless of how an employee is paid: “Every
employer shall pay to each employee, on the established payday for the period involved,
not less than the applicable minimum wage for all hours worked in the payroll period,
whether the remuneration is measured by time, piece, commission, or otherwise.” (Cal.
Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11040, subd. (4)(B), italics added.) That DTLA compensated its
technicians on a piece-rate basis is not a valid ground for varying either the application or
interpretation of the wage order.
       B. Federal courts have applied Armenta to piece-rate workers
       DTLA’s attempt to limit Armenta to hourly workers has been rejected by federal
district courts applying California’s minimum wage law. (See, e.g., Cardenas v. McLane
Foodservices, Inc. (C.D.Cal. 2011) 796 F.Supp.2d 1246 (Cardenas); Carillo v. Schneider
Logistics, Inc. (C.D.Cal. 2011) 823 F.Supp.2d 1040.) Of these federal cases, Cardenas is

                                             12
instructive as it involved truck drivers who were paid on a piece-rate basis and who
claimed their employer failed to compensate them for time spent each day waiting for
customers and performing pre- and post-shift duties such as conducting vehicle
inspections and safety checks and picking up keys and manifests. (Cardenas, supra, 796
F.Supp.2d at p. 1249.) The employer argued that it paid the truck drivers substantially
more than the minimum wage for all their working hours and that Armenta should not
apply because that case did not involve a piece-rate compensation system. The Cardenas
court rejected this distinction, stating: “Though Armenta did not involve a piece-rate
formula, and involved an employer who violated an explicit agreement, those distinctions
do not detract from the decision’s holding that ‘[t]he averaging method used by the
federal courts for assessing a violation of minimum wage law does not apply’ to
California law-based claims.” (Cardenas, supra, at p. 1252.) The Cardenas court then
held that “a piece-rate formula that does not compensate directly for all time worked does
not comply with California Labor Codes, even if, averaged out, it would pay at least
minimum wage for all hours worked.” (Ibid.)
       Like the court in Cardenas, we find the court’s reasoning in Armenta to be equally
applicable to employees compensated on a piece-rate basis.
       C. Aleman does not compel a different result
       DTLA contends that our decision in Aleman supports its position that an employer
may satisfy its minimum wage obligations by ensuring that an employee’s overall wages
reach a certain threshold amount. Aleman is inapposite. That case concerned split shift
workers and the subdivision of Wage Order No. 4 applicable to such workers
(subdivision 4(C), rather than 4(B), the subdivision applicable here). Our decision in
Aleman did not address the Armenta court’s interpretation of subdivision 4(B) of the
wage order, nor did it validate the interpretation advanced by DTLA.
       D. The absence of a collective bargaining agreement is not a valid basis for
distinguishing Armenta
       DTLA argues that the Armenta court’s interpretation of Wage Order No. 4 should
not apply here because the court’s reasoning was premised in part on Labor Code

                                            13
sections 221, 222, and 223, which are inapposite to the instant facts. Those statutory
provisions do not apply, DTLA maintains, because it did not collect or receive any
previously paid wages from its employees, it does not have a collective bargaining
agreement or any other agreement setting a wage rate higher than the minimum hourly
wage, and it did not secretly pay a lower amount than promised to its technicians.
       Labor Code sections 221, 222, and 223 govern an employer’s obligation to pay
“wages,” a term that is defined to include piece-rate compensation as well as hourly pay.6
Averaging piece-rate wages over total hours worked results in underpayment of
employee wages required “by contract” under Labor Code section 223, as well as an
improper collection of wages paid to an employee under Labor Code section 221, as
illustrated by the following example: a technician who works four piece-rate hours in a
day at a rate of $20 per hour and who leaves the job site when that work is finished has
earned $80 for four hours of work. A second technician who works the same piece-rate
hours at the same rate but who remains at the job site for an additional four hours waiting
for customers also earns $80 for the day; however, averaging his piece-rate wages over
the eight-hour work day results in an average pay rate of $10 per hour, a 50 percent
discount from his promised $20 per hour piece-rate. The second technician forfeits to the
employer the pay promised “by statute” under Labor section 223 because if his piece-rate
pay is allocated only to piece-rate hours, he is not paid at all for his nonproductive hours.
       The DLSE applied this same analysis in the January 29, 2002 opinion letter that
the court in Armenta found persuasive:
              “[A]ll hours for which the employees are entitled to an amount equal
       or greater than the minimum wage pursuant to the provisions of the CBA
       [collective bargaining agreement] or other contract must be compensated
       precisely in accordance with the provisions of the CBA or contract; and all
       other hours (or parts of hours) which the CBA or contract explicitly states

6      Labor Code section 200 provides in part: “As used in this article: [¶] (a) ‘Wages’
includes all amounts for labor performed by employees of every description, whether the
amount is fixed or ascertained by the standard of time, task, piece, commission basis, or
other method of calculation.”

                                             14
      will be paid at less than the minimum age, but which constituted ‘hours
      worked’ under state law, must be compensated at the minimum wage.
      Averaging of all wages paid under a CBA or other contract, within a
      particular pay period, in order to determine whether the employer complied
      with its minimum wage obligations is not permitted under these
      circumstances, for to do so would result in the employer paying the
      employees less than the contract rate for those activities which the CBA or
      contract requires payment of a specified amount equal to or greater than the
      minimum wage, in violation of Labor Code [sections] 221-223.”

(Cal. Div. of Labor Standards, “Hours of Work” for Public Transit Employees
Required to Start and End Their Shifts at Different Locations” (Jan. 29, 2002),
p. 11.)7 The foregoing analysis is not limited to collective bargaining agreements,
as DTLA suggests. It applies whenever an employer and employee have agreed
that certain work will be compensated at a rate that exceeds the minimum wage
and other work time will be compensated at a lower rate. (Ibid.)
      E. The Armenta court’s interpretation is not inconsistent with California’s
method for calculating overtime for piece-rate employees
      DTLA’s amici argue that the Armenta court’s prohibition against averaging should
not be applied to piece-rate workers because doing so would conflict with statutorily
authorized methods for calculating overtime for such workers. They cite Labor Code
section 510 and section 49.2.1.2 of the DLSE “Enforcement Policies and Interpretations
Manual (Revised)” (DLSE Manual), as support for the position that piece-rate pay alone
fully compensates employees for all hours worked and as authorization for averaging an

7       NADA cites pre-2002 DLSE interpretive bulletins that allowed averaging piece-
rate pay over total hours worked to determine compliance with minimum wage
obligations as “historical guidance” on the issue and as support for such averaging now.
Interpretive policies contained in earlier DLSE manuals have no persuasive value and are
entitled to no deference (Tidewater, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 572; Cash, supra, 205
Cal.App.4th at p. 1302), especially if they conflict with a subsequently issued DLSE
opinion letter that reasonably interprets a wage order. (See Cash, at p. 1302.) Equally
unpersuasive is DTLA’s reliance on IWC proceedings in 1951 concerning proposed
amendments to a different wage order applicable to piece-rate agricultural workers.

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employee’s piece-rate compensation over total hours worked when assessing compliance
with minimum wage requirements.
       Neither Labor Code section 510 nor section 49.2.1.2 of the DLSE Manual
validates the type of averaging DTLA and its amici advocate. Labor Code section 510
requires employees to be paid not less than one and one-half times their “regular rate of
pay” for all hours worked in excess of eight in a day or 40 in a work week. The “regular
rate of pay” in a piece-rate system is calculated by dividing the employee’s “total
earnings” for the week, or in the alternative, to pay one and one-half times the
employee’s piece-rate for all overtime hours. (DLSE Manual, § 49.2.1.2.)8 Neither
Labor Code section 510 nor the DLSE Manual limits “total earnings” to piece-rate
compensation only. Rather, section 49.1.2.3 of the DLSE Manual, which specifies what
must be included in calculating the “regular rate of pay,” states that “[a]ny sum paid for
hours worked must, of course, be included in the calculation.” That calculation
accordingly may include both piece-rate pay and waiting time pay. Paying plaintiffs for
their waiting time, as the trial court required here, is not inconsistent with the method
specified in the DLSE Manual for calculating overtime.
       The DLSE method for calculating overtime for piece-rate workers does not
determine whether the piece-rate alone lawfully compensates an employee for all hours
worked. That method does not specify what amounts must be included in an employee’s
“total earnings.” The trial court in this case concluded that such earnings, for purposes of

8       Section 49.2.1.2 of the DLSE Manual provides in relevant part: “Either of the
following two methods can be used to determine the regular rate for purposes of
computing overtime compensation: [¶] 1. Compute the regular rate by dividing the total
earnings for the week, including earnings during overtime hours, by the total hours
worked during the week, including the overtime hours. For each overtime hour worked,
the employee is entitled to an additional one-half the regular rate for hours requiring time
and one-half and to an additional full rate for hours requiring double time. This is the
most commonly used method of calculation. [¶] 2. Using the piece or commission rate
as the regular rate and paying one and one-half times this rate for production during
overtime hours. This method is rarely used.”
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determining compliance with minimum wage requirements, should include not less than
the minimum wage for waiting time hours not compensated by the piece-rate.
       F. DLSE enforcement policies do not support DTLA’s position
       DTLA and its amici next claim that the DLSE’s enforcement policies state that a
piece-rate employer need not pay an employee for non-productive time unless the
employer affirmatively directs the employee to perform non-piece-rate work. They argue
that because plaintiffs were not idle as a result of DTLA’s direction, DTLA was not
required to compensate plaintiffs for the time they spent waiting for vehicles to repair.
They cite the following sections of the DLSE Manual as support for this position:
       “47.7 All Hours Must Be Compensated Regardless of Method Used in
       Computation. DLSE has opined that employees must be paid at least the
       minimum wage for all hours they are employed. Consequently, if, as a
       result of the directions of the employer, the compensation received by piece
       rate or commissioned workers is reduced because they are precluded, by
       such directions of the employer, from earning either commissions or piece
       rate compensation during a period of time, the employee must be paid at
       least the minimum wage (or contract hourly rate if one exists) for the period
       of time the employee’s opportunity to earn commissions or piece rate.”

       “47.7.1 As an example, if piece rate workers are required to attend a
       meeting during which, of course, they would not be able to earn
       compensation at the piece rate, the employer would be required to pay those
       workers at least the minimum wage (or the contract hourly wage, if one
       exists) during such period. (For discussion of the legal rationale underlying
       this enforcement policy, see [Opinion Letter] 2002.01.29).”

       The record shows that the time plaintiffs spent during their work shifts performing
non-piece-rate tasks were at DTLA’s direction. Plaintiffs were not allowed to leave
DTLA’s premises while waiting for vehicles to repair but were expected to perform
various non-repair tasks such as cleaning their work areas, obtaining parts, participating
in on-line training, and reviewing service bulletins. All of these tasks were “at the
direction of the employer.” Time spent waiting for vehicles to repair was also “at the
direction of the employer” because DTLA required plaintiffs to remain at work even if
there were no vehicles to repair.

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       G. DTLA’s remaining arguments do not compel a reversal of the judgment
       DTLA’s amici argue that the prohibition against averaging compensation across
all work hours should not apply to piece-rate compensation systems because piece-rate
employees can increase their regular rate of pay by working longer hours. The
presumption that plaintiffs in this case could maximize their income by performing piece-
rate work throughout the day is belied by the record, which shows that plaintiffs spent a
significant amount of time doing other work or waiting for customers. The trial court
credited evidence that plaintiffs spent, on average, four-tenths of an hour each day
waiting for cars to repair during the period from April 2002 to July 2008 and nearly two
hours per day waiting for cars to repair in later time periods.
       DTLA and its amici argue that affirming the judgment in this case will require
piece-rate employers to pay additional hourly wages for every mandatory rest break, will
have far-reaching negative consequences on all incentive compensation systems in
California, including commission payment plans, and will open the floodgates to
litigation challenging incentive-based compensation systems. The instant case concerns
minimum wage obligations for time spent by a piece-rate employee waiting for vehicles
to repair and performing non-piece-rate tasks directed by the employer. The trial court
did not address, and we do not consider, any obligation with respect to mandatory rest
breaks. The instant case concerns only automotive service technicians compensated on a
piece-rate basis. We do not address or consider employees who are compensated under
commission payment plans or any other incentive-based compensation systems.
       Affirming the judgment in the instant case will not, as DTLA claims, undermine
its technicians’ ability and incentive to earn more than the minimum wage. Under
DTLA’s flag hour system, technicians earn significantly more by working on cars than
waiting for vehicles to repair. They will still have the financial incentive to accrue flag
hours in order to increase their earnings.
VI. Penalties Under Labor Code Section 203
       Penalties under Labor Code section 203 are properly awarded when an employer
“willfully fails to pay” an employee all wages owed at the times specified in Labor Code

                                             18
section 201, for discharged employees, and in Labor Code section 202, for employees
who quit. (Lab. Code, § 203, subd. (a).) “‘[T]o be at fault within the meaning of [section
203], the employer’s refusal to pay need not be based on a deliberate evil purpose to
defraud workmen of wages which the employer knows to be due. As used in section 203,
“willful” merely means that the employer intentionally failed or refused to perform an act
which was required to be done.’ [Citation.] A good faith belief in a legal defense will
preclude a finding of willfulness. [Citation.]” (Armenta, supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p.
325.) A trial court’s finding of willfulness under Labor Code section 203 is reviewed for
substantial evidence. (Amaral v. Cintas Corp. No. 2 (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1157,
1201.)
         DTLA challenges the $237,840 in waiting time penalties awarded under Labor
Code section 203 as improper because the award conflicted with the trial court’s finding,
made in connection with its denial of plaintiffs’ claim for liquidated damages, “that
DTLA’s actions were taken in good faith and with a reasonable basis for believing the
actions were not in violation of the law.” DTLA did not object to the portion of the trial
court’s statement of decision regarding penalties under Labor Code section 203. Absent
such an objection, we make all implied findings necessary to support the trial court’s
penalty award. (In re Marriage of Arceneaux (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1130, 1133.)
         There is substantial evidence in the record to support an implied finding of
willfulness. Although DTLA stated that its policy was to supplement its technicians’ pay
when flag hour compensation fell below the minimum wage floor, there was evidence
that DTLA did not always follow this policy. DTLA’s expert witness testified that he
reviewed technicians’ pay records and found instances when DTLA failed to cover
shortfalls between piece-rate wages and the minimum wage floor. DTLA’s failure to do
so was a sufficient basis for the imposition of penalties under Labor Code section 203.
The trial court accordingly did not err by awarding such penalties.

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                                  DISPOSITION
     The judgment is affirmed. Plaintiffs are awarded their costs on appeal.
     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

                                              _____________________________, J.
                                              CHAVEZ

We concur:

_____________________________, P. J.
BOREN

_____________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST

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