Court Opinion

ID: 2993946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 15:05:39.894228+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:01:19.930964
License: Public Domain

Sep 24 2015, 9:15 am

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Robert F. Parker                                           Edward P. Grimmer
Nancy J. Townsend                                          Daniel A. Gohdes
Burke Costanza & Carberry, LLP                             Crown Point, Indiana
Merrillville, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Boyer Construction Group                                   September 24, 2015
Corp.,                                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellant-Defendant,                                       45A03-1502-PL-66
                                                           Appeal from the Lake Superior
        v.                                                 Court
                                                           The Honorable William E. Davis,
Walker Construction Company,                               Judge
Inc. and Muller Realty, LLC,                               Trial Court Cause No. 45D05-
Appellees-Plaintiffs.                                      1311-PL-127

Riley, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015               Page 1 of 20
                                    STATEMENT OF THE CASE

[1]   Appellant-Defendant/Cross-Appellee, Boyer Construction Group Corp.

      (Boyer), appeals the trial court’s denial of its post-judgment petition for

      attorney’s fees. Appellee-Plaintiff/Cross-Appellant, Walker Construction

      Company, Inc. (Walker), cross-appeals the trial court’s denial of its petition for

      supplemental attorney’s fees.

[2]   We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                                                     ISSUES

[3]   Boyer raises two issues on appeal, which we restate as the following three

      issues:

      (1) Whether the trial court erred in concluding that Boyer had waived its claim

      for attorney’s fees;

      (2) Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying Boyer’s post-

      judgment petition for attorney’s fees; and

      (3) Whether the trial court erred in issuing a sua sponte correction to its

      judgment, ordering Boyer to pay a portion of Walker’s attorney’s fees.

[4]   Walker raises one issue on cross-appeal, which we restate as follows: Whether

      the trial court abused its discretion by denying Walker’s petition for

      supplemental attorney’s fees based on its mischaracterization of the fees as

      “post-judgment” work.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 2 of 20
                            FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[5]   In September of 2010, Muller Realty, LLC (Muller) contracted with Boyer, a

      general contractor, to design and build a car dealership in Merrillville, Lake

      County, Indiana. To carry out the project, Boyer subcontracted the concrete

      work to Walker. On August 1, 2011, Boyer and Walker executed two, nearly

      identical Subcontract Agreements. Under one of the Subcontract Agreements,

      the Site Concrete Contract, Boyer agreed to pay the sum of $79,400 for Walker

      to complete the concrete sidewalks, curbs, dumpster pad, and aprons at the

      street entrances. The other Subcontract Agreement, the Building Concrete

      Contract, provided that Boyer would pay Walker the sum of $215,840 for

      completing the concrete footings, foundation walls, and a colored and sealed

      slab-on-grade interior floor. In pertinent part, the Subcontract Agreements

      included the following provision to govern dispute resolution:

              Attorney’s Fees and Consulting Fees (only as needed to defend)
              in the event of any litigation between the parties hereto
              concerning the performance of either party’s services, the
              substantially prevailing party shall be entitled to recover
              reasonable attorney[’s] fees and court costs from the other party.

      (Appellant’s App. p. 39).

[6]   Walker commenced the work on August 2, 2011. As the project progressed,

      several change orders were incorporated into the Subcontract Agreements,

      adding $8,486 to the total agreed-upon price. Upon completion of various

      phases of the project, Walker was to remit applications for progress payments to

      Boyer. Boyer could then either approve the work and submit the application to
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 3 of 20
      Muller to make direct payment to Walker, or Boyer could reject the work and

      notify Walker in writing as to why payment was being withheld. On April 17,

      2012, Walker substantially completed the projects under both the Site Concrete

      Contract and the Building Concrete Contract. That day, Walker submitted

      invoices to Boyer to request a final payment of $30,204.40.

[7]   In June of 2012, Boyer requested that Walker return to the project site to

      perform additional concrete work not contemplated under the original

      Subcontract Agreements. After completing the additional work, Walker

      submitted an invoice to Boyer on June 14, 2012, in the amount of $1,308.

      Then, in October of 2012, Boyer requested that Walker repair some concrete

      that had been damaged by Boyer’s asphalt subcontractor. Walker completed

      the additional work on October 31, 2012, and submitted an invoice to Boyer on

      November 8, 2012, for $372. It is unclear whether, or at what point, Boyer

      transmitted Walker’s final invoices to Muller for payment, but it is undisputed

      that Walker’s work was not rejected in accordance with the terms of the

      Subcontract Agreements, and Muller never paid Walker the outstanding

      balance of $31,884.40.

[8]   On December 14, 2012, Walker filed its notice of intent to place a mechanic’s

      lien on the project site, and on March 1, 2013, Walker filed a Complaint for

      Foreclosure of Mechanic’s Lien against Muller and Boyer and further alleged

      that Boyer had breached the Subcontract Agreements. Walker sought judgment

      against both Muller and Boyer in the amount of $31,884.40, plus pre-judgment

      interest, reasonable attorney’s fees, and lien costs. Muller subsequently

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 4 of 20
       counter-claimed against Walker, alleging damages resulting from substandard

       workmanship with respect to the slab-on-grade interior floor.

[9]    On August 11, 2014, the trial court conducted a bench trial, which concluded

       when the final evidence was submitted on August 22, 2014. On November 26,

       2014, the trial court issued its Special Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and

       Order (Order). The trial court determined that Walker had “fully complied

       with [its] obligations” by completing the contracted work in a workmanlike

       manner. (Appellant’s App. p. 147). The trial court further concluded that

       Boyer had breached the Subcontract Agreements “by not paying for the work

       Walker did . . . and by neither submitting Walker’s invoices nor rejecting

       Walker[’]s work.” (Appellant’s App. p. 147). Finally, the trial court found that

       Walker was entitled to foreclose on its mechanic’s lien against Muller.

       Accordingly, the trial court entered judgment against Boyer in the amount of

       $1,680 plus pre-judgment interest. As against Muller, the trial court entered

       judgment in Walker’s favor in the amount of $31,884, plus attorney’s fees/costs

       of $41,854.15 and pre-judgment interest of $5,101.44, for a total of $78,839.99. 1

[10]   On December 17, 2014, Boyer filed a motion to assess attorney’s fees against

       Walker, arguing that because “Walker’s claim against Boyer sought contract

       damages, attorney’s fees, costs, and prejudgment interest that ultimately

       amounted to $78,839.99, but recovered a judgment of only $1,680, 2.1% of the

       1
           On January 30, 2015, Muller satisfied its judgment to Walker in full and is not a party to this appeal.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015                          Page 5 of 20
       amount sought, Boyer is the ‘substantially prevailing party’ within the meaning

       of the Subcontract, and therefore ‘shall be entitled to recover reasonable

       attorneys’ fees and court costs’ from Walker.” (Appellant’s App. p. 151).

       Accordingly, Boyer requested an award of $62,984.40 in attorney’s fees and

       expenses. Boyer explained that this amount represented 97.9% of its total fees

       and expenses based on the fact that Walker did prevail on 2.1% of its claim

       against Boyer.

[11]   Walker responded on December 29, 2014, arguing that Boyer had waived any

       right to recover attorney’s fees by failing to counterclaim or otherwise plead the

       issue prior to the trial court’s judgment. Moreover, Walker claimed to be the

       substantially prevailing party for purposes of the Subcontract Agreements and

       asserted that it had incurred an additional $20,400.28 in attorney’s fees and

       expenses due to extended trial days, post-trial work, and in responding to

       Boyer’s “frivolous, certainly meritless” claim for fees. (Appellant’s App. p.

       173). Walker claimed that “[t]his $20,400.28 in excess of the $41,854.15 is

       assessable against Boyer under the contract and under the doctrine of additur.”

       (Appellant’s App. p. 173).

[12]   On January 30, 2015, the trial court conducted a hearing on the parties’ cross-

       motions for attorney’s fees. On February 9, 2015, the trial court issued an order

       denying Boyer’s motion, specifically finding that Boyer had waived its claim for

       attorney’s fees by failing to raise the issue either in its Answer, its contentions

       contained in the pre-trial order, or by any evidence at trial. The trial court did,

       however, find that it “should have entered a judgment for attorney fees” against

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 6 of 20
       Boyer based on its breach of contract and accordingly ordered Boyer to remit

       $837.08 to Walker “based on the evidence submitted at trial.” (Appellant’s

       App. p. 26). The trial court denied Walker’s “request for additur as to post-

       judgment work.” (Appellant’s App. p. 26).

[13]   Boyer now appeals, and Walker cross-appeals. Additional facts will be

       provided as necessary.

                                    DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                                                      I. Appeal

                                                     A. Waiver

[14]   Boyer contends that the trial court erroneously determined that it had waived its

       claim for attorney’s fees. Our court has previously held that the determination

       of whether a party has waived its claims to attorney’s fees is a matter of law;

       therefore, our review of this issue is de novo. Kintzele v. Przybylinski, 670 N.E.2d

       101, 104 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996). “Indiana adheres to the American rule that[,] in

       general, a party must pay his own attorneys’ fees absent an agreement between

       the parties, a statute, or other rule to the contrary.” R.L. Turner Corp. v. Town of

       Brownsburg, 963 N.E.2d 453, 458 (Ind. 2012). In this case, the parties

       contractually agreed that “the substantially prevailing party shall be entitled to

       recover reasonable attorney[’s] fees” in the event of litigation. (Appellant’s

       App. p. 39). Subsequent to the trial court’s judgment, Boyer petitioned the

       court for attorney’s fees pursuant to this contractual provision. Because Boyer

       did not raise the issue of attorney’s fees at any point prior to the judgment—i.e.,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 7 of 20
       in its Answer, in a counterclaim, in its pre-trial contentions, or during the bench

       trial—the trial court found the matter waived.

[15]   On appeal, Boyer asserts that “[u]ntil the trial court entered a judgment

       identifying the ‘prevailing party,’ no right to fees existed and, therefore, the

       right to request such fees could not have been waived prior to the entry of

       judgment.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 7). In turn, Walker contends that “Boyer is not

       to be rewarded for its ‘stealth’ strategy to recover on an issue it did not timely

       place before the court.” (Appellee’s Br. p. 7). Walker further asserts that Boyer

       was obligated to plead its claim for attorney’s fees in a compulsory

       counterclaim under Indiana Trial Rule 13(A).

[16]   The Indiana Supreme Court has previously stated that “[a] petition for

       [attorney’s] fees does not disturb the merits of an earlier judgment or order”;

       thus, it is not governed by the same deadlines applicable to a motion to correct

       error or motion for relief from judgment. R.L. Turner Corp., 963 N.E.2d at 459-

       60. In fact, “[a] request for attorneys’ fees almost by definition is not ripe for

       consideration until after the main event reaches an end. Entertaining such

       petitions post-judgment is virtually the norm.” Id. at 460. However, to ensure

       that parties do not abuse their right to file a post-judgment petition for

       attorney’s fees with “extremely tardy request[s,]” “trial courts must use their

       discretion to prevent unfairness to parties facing petitions for fees.” Id. In this

       case, Boyer filed its petition for attorney’s fees within a few weeks following the

       trial court’s Order, and Walker was provided with ample opportunity to

       respond with its own cross-motion and to defend against Boyer’s motion during

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 8 of 20
       a hearing. See Evergreen Shipping Agency Corp. v. Djuric Trucking, Inc., 996 N.E.2d

       337, 339 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).

[17]   Furthermore, our court has previously allowed claims for attorney’s fees to

       proceed where the issue was not raised prior to final adjudication. In Kintzele,

       670 N.E.2d at 102, after being dismissed from the case, the defendants filed a

       motion for attorney’s fees pursuant to Indiana Code section 34-1-32-1 (now

       codified at Indiana Code section 34-52-1-1)—i.e., the General Recovery Rule.

       The General Recovery Rule specifies that “[i]n any civil action, the court may

       award attorney’s fees as part of the cost to the prevailing party, if the court finds

       that either party: (1) brought the action or defense on a claim or defense that is

       frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless; (2) continued to litigate the action or

       defense after the party’s claim or defense clearly became frivolous,

       unreasonable, or groundless; or (3) litigated the action in bad faith.” Ind. Code

       § 34-52-1-1(b). The trial court found the defendants had waived their claim for

       attorney’s fees by failing to assert such a claim in their amended answer.

       Kintzele, 670 N.E.2d at 102. On appeal, our court held that “when responding

       to a complaint, the party is not required to file a claim for attorney’s fees

       pursuant to [the General Recovery Rule] prior to a final adjudication.” Id. at

       103. Although the case at hand deals with attorney’s fees that arise under

       contract rather than statute, nothing in the Subcontract Agreements specifies

       that the parties must make an affirmative demand for the attorney’s fees prior to

       final adjudication. Rather, once prevailing party status is established, attorney’s

       fees are axiomatic.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 9 of 20
[18]   Also, in Evergreen Shipping Agency Corp., 996 N.E.2d at 339, the defending

       party—a freight transport company—filed a motion for summary judgment in

       which it sought attorney’s fees from the plaintiff—a freight storage company—

       pursuant to the General Recovery Rule. Although the trial court entered

       summary judgment in favor of the defendant, it denied the request for

       attorney’s fees. Id. After our court affirmed the trial court’s summary

       judgment, the defendant filed a second request for attorney’s fees—this time

       citing the Uniform Intermodal Interchange and Facilities Access Agreement

       (UIIA), to which both parties were signatories and which “entitles the

       prevailing party to recover reasonable attorney’s fees.” Id. The trial court

       granted the defendant’s petition for attorney’s fees, and the plaintiff appealed,

       arguing, in part, that the defendant had “waived its right to seek attorney’s fees

       under the UIIA.” Id. Our court declined to find that the defendant had waived

       its right to seek attorney’s fees even though the defendant had not requested

       attorney’s fees under the UIIA until after the trial court had issued its judgment

       and after our court had decided the matter of summary judgment on appeal. Id.

       at 341. Specifically, we found that it would have been inappropriate for the

       defendant to raise the issue any sooner, such as in a motion to correct error,

       because the defendant “could not have reasonably argued that the trial court

       erred by failing to award it attorney’s fees based on a theory [the defendant] had

       not yet asserted.” Id.

[19]   Moreover, in finding that the defendant’s claim was not barred by the doctrine

       of res judicata in light of the fact that attorney’s fees had already been requested

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 10 of 20
       and denied under the General Recovery Rule, the Evergreen court noted that

       “[t]he UIIA allows the prevailing party to recover reasonable attorney’s fees. In

       the prior action, the trial court had to determine who the prevailing party would

       be. Only after [the defendant] was found to be the prevailing party could it seek

       attorney’s fees pursuant to the UIIA.” Id. at 340. Although we have not been

       presented with the issue of res judicata, we are nevertheless guided by the

       Evergreen court’s rationale. Here, the right to attorney’s fees was contingent

       upon the trial court’s determination of the prevailing party, which was not

       established until the trial court issued its Order. Therefore, we find that the trial

       court erred as a matter of law in determining that Boyer had waived its claim by

       not pursuing attorney’s fees prior to the issuance of the Order.

                                      B. “Substantially Prevailing Party”

[20]   Boyer next contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying its

       petition for attorney’s fees. “When reviewing an award or denial of attorney

       fees, we note that the trial court is empowered to exercise its sound discretion,

       and any successful challenge to its determination must demonstrate an abuse

       thereof.” Delgado v. Boyles, 922 N.E.2d 1267, 1270 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), reh’g

       denied, trans. denied. We will find an abuse of discretion if “the trial court’s

       decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances

       before it.” Id.

[21]   As already discussed, the Subcontract Agreements provided that “the

       substantially prevailing party shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney[’s]

       fees and court costs from the other party.” (Appellant’s App. p. 39). According

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 11 of 20
       to Boyer, it is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees pursuant to the Subcontract

       Agreements because it “‘substantially prevailed’ in the litigation.” (Appellant’s

       Br. p. 13). More particularly, Boyer argues that

               [t]he net effect of the trial court’s findings was that Muller was
               liable to Walker for $31,884.40 in contract damages, as well as
               attorney’s fees of $41,854.15, and $5,101.44 in pre-judgment
               interest, for a total judgment of $78,839.99. Walker sought the
               same amount against Boyer, but received a judgment for only
               $1,680, prejudgment interest on that amount, and no attorney’s
               fees. Thus, the judgment obtained by Walker against Boyer was
               approximately 2.1% of the amount sought against Boyer. In
               other words, Boyer successfully defended itself against almost
               98% of Walker’s claims.

       (Appellant’s Br. p. 13) (footnote omitted). The trial court subsequently

       amended its Order to also require Boyer to pay $837.08 in attorney’s fees to

       Walker, which “amount represents approximately 2% of the amount of

       attorney’s fees originally requested against Boyer by Walker.” (Appellant’s Br.

       p. 13 n.2). Because it claims to have defended itself against approximately 98%

       of Walker’s claims, Boyer insists that it is entitled to an award of 98% of its total

       attorney’s fees. In turn, Walker argues that Indiana “courts do not recognize

       [that] a party who did not lose as badly as it could have nevertheless ‘prevailed’

       or it is entitled to some percentage of its fees because the judgment it suffered

       was less than 100% of its worst possible day in court.” (Appellee’s Br. p. 16).

[22]   The issue before our court is one of contract interpretation. “The goal of

       contract interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intent as by

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 12 of 20
       the language of the agreement.” Delgado, 922 N.E.2d at 1270. Clear and

       unambiguous language “must be given its plain and ordinary meaning.” Reuille

       v. E.E. Brandenberger Const., Inc., 888 N.E.2d 770, 771 (Ind. 2008). Where, as

       here, “parties have executed a contractual provision agreeing to pay attorney

       fees, such agreement is enforceable according to its terms unless the contract is

       contrary to law or public policy.” Id.

[23]   As in the case at bar, in Reuille, the contract at issue specified that the

       “prevailing party” would be entitled to attorney’s fees, but the term “prevailing

       party” was not defined by the agreement. Id. Our supreme court turned to the

       dictionary to ascertain “the ordinary meaning of the term at the time the

       contract was executed[,]” which defined “prevailing party” as follows:

               The party to a suit who successfully prosecutes the action or
               successfully defends against it, prevailing on the main issue, even
               though not necessarily to the extent of his original contention.
               The one in whose favor the decision or verdict is rendered and
               judgment entered.

       Id. (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1188 (6th ed. 1990)). The supreme

       court noted that “[t]his definition appears to contemplate a trial on the merits and

       entry of a favorable judgment in order to obtain prevailing party status.” Id. at

       771-72 (emphasis added). At the time the Subcontract Agreements at issue in

       the present case were executed, the dictionary defined the “prevailing party” as

       the “party in whose favor a judgment is rendered, regardless of the amount of

       damages awarded.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1232 (9th ed. 2009).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 13 of 20
[24]   Boyer cites Burras v. Canal Const. & Design Co., 470 N.E.2d 1362 (Ind. Ct. App.

       1984), to support the proposition that “Indiana courts have long allowed the

       recovery of attorney’s fees by a party that did not prevail on all of its claims or

       defenses.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 13). Boyer posits that “contractual attorney’s

       fees ought to be available not just to the party that successfully recovers a

       judgment, but also to the party that successfully defends against a claim. And

       by any reasonable measure of success, Boyer successfully defended against

       Walker’s claims in this case when it prevailed to the tune of winning 98% of the

       battle, while losing only 2%.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 14). We disagree.

[25]   In Burras, 470 N.E.2d at 1364, a contractor was awarded damages and

       attorney’s fees following the homeowner’s breach of a construction contract,

       but the homeowners were also awarded damages in their counterclaim for

       breach of warranty. The construction contract contained a provision for

       attorney’s fees in the event that the homeowners defaulted, but on appeal, the

       homeowners challenged the award of attorney’s fees to the contractor as being

       excessive. Id. at 1369-70. Our court agreed with the homeowners, finding that

       “the recoverable attorney fees should be reduced ‘in proportion to the amount

       recovered on the [contract] less the amount recovered on the counterclaim.’”

       Id. at 1370 (alteration in original). We found that “[t]his formula enables the

       trial judge to determine the amount of success obtained by the party entitled to

       attorney fees.” Id. at 1370 n.4.

[26]   Contrary to Burras, Boyer did not assert (and therefore did not prevail upon)

       any counterclaims. Moreover, the trial court specifically found that Boyer had

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 14 of 20
       not successfully defended itself as it concluded that Boyer breached the

       Subcontract Agreements “by not paying for the work Walker did at the request

       of [Boyer] and by neither submitting Walker’s invoices nor rejecting Walker’s

       work under the [S]ubcontract [Agreements].” (Appellant’s App. p. 147). Thus,

       the trial court ordered that Boyer was liable for the damages resulting

       therefrom. Regardless of the trial court’s allocation of damages between Boyer

       and Muller, the trial court entered judgment entirely in Walker’s favor and did

       not find that Boyer had succeeded on the merits as to a single issue. Therefore,

       the trial court acted within its discretion in denying Boyer’s petition for

       attorney’s fees because it is Walker—not Boyer—that is the substantially

       prevailing party for purposes of the Subcontract Agreements and is entitled to

       the award of attorney’s fees thereunder.

                                          C. Joint and Several Liability

[27]   In its Complaint, Walker’s request for damages of $31,884.40 included the

       $1,680 for labor performed outside of the scope of the Subcontract Agreements.

       Similarly, Walker’s request for $41,854.15 in attorney’s fees included the

       $837.08 later assessed against Boyer. Because the trial court did not specifically

       order joint and several liability, it appears that the trial court entered judgment

       on the same $1,680 in damages and the same $837.08 in attorney’s fees against

       both Muller and Boyer, individually. Yet, Boyer presumes that the trial court

       intended to make the judgment joint and several, and because Muller has paid

       its judgment in full, Boyer contends that its liability is therefore satisfied as well.

       On the other hand, Walker argues that the trial court’s judgment was not joint

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 15 of 20
       and several and that Boyer has not yet satisfied its obligation to pay $1,680 in

       damages, plus $837.08 in attorney’s fees.

[28]   In support of its claim to be the substantially prevailing party for purposes of

       attorney’s fees, Boyer asserts that “[t]he adverse joint and several judgment of

       $1,680.00 suffered by Boyer was de minimis when compared to the potential

       liability of almost $80,000.00 which Walker attempted to impose on Boyer, but

       failed.” (Appellant’s Br. pp. 15-16). However, we find that by insisting that the

       trial court intended to impose joint and several liability between Muller and

       Boyer, Boyer actually weakens its own argument that it should be considered

       the “substantially prevailing party.” (Appellant’s App. p. 39). Joint and several

       liability is defined as “[l]iability that may be apportioned either among two or

       more parties or to only one or a few select members of the group, at the

       adversary’s discretion. Thus, each liable party is individually responsible for

       the entire obligation, but a paying party may have a right of contribution and

       indemnity from nonpaying parties.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 933 (8th ed.

       2004). A determination of joint and several liability would render Boyer

       equally liable with Muller for 100% of Walker’s damages, costs, and fees.

[29]   In the absence of specificity, we will presume neither that the trial court

       intended to hold Muller and Boyer jointly and severally liable in the amount of

       $78,839.99, nor that the trial court intended to hold Boyer liable for only 2% of

       the total damages sought. Under either scenario, we maintain our finding that

       Walker—not Boyer—is the substantially prevailing party; therefore, Walker—

       not Boyer—is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees pursuant to the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 16 of 20
       Subcontract Agreements. However, we remand this case to the trial court with

       instructions to clarify its Order by either specifying that the judgment is joint

       and several between Muller and Boyer, or to reduce Muller’s share of the

       damages by $1,680 and its share of the attorney’s fees by $837.08.

                              D. Sua Sponte Correction of Trial Court’s Order

[30]   Although the trial court denied the parties’ cross-motions for attorney’s fees, on

       February 9, 2015, the trial court determined that because it “gave a judgment

       for [b]reach of [c]ontract[,]” it “should have entered a judgment for attorney

       fees” against Boyer in the amount of $837.08 based on the evidence submitted

       during the bench trial. (Appellant’s App. p. 26). Boyer now claims that the

       trial court’s sua sponte correction of its initial Order was improper as the court

       “was without the power to ‘correct’ its original judgment since Walker had not

       filed a Motion to Correct Errors, and the time for filing such a motion had

       passed.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 18).

[31]   Boyer relies on Indiana Trial Rule 52(B), which provides that a trial court,

       “[u]pon its own motion at any time before a motion to correct errors (Rule 59)

       is required to be made, . . . may open the judgment, if one has been entered,

       take additional testimony, amend or make new findings of fact and enter a new

       judgment or any combination thereof” upon certain conditions. A motion to

       correct errors must be “filed not later than thirty (30) days after the entry of a

       final judgment is noted in the Chronological Case Summary.” Ind. Trial Rule

       59(C). According to Boyer’s calculation, the trial court’s deadline for amending

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 17 of 20
       its initial Order was January 8, 2015, but the trial court did not issue its order

       requiring Boyer to pay Walker’s attorney’s fees until February 9, 2015.

[32]   We need not consider whether the trial court issued an untimely correction

       under Trial Rule 52(B) because we find that the trial court was empowered to

       correct the judgment under Indiana Trial Rule 60(A).

                Of its own initiative or on the motion of any party and after such
                notice, if any, as the court orders, clerical mistakes in judgments,
                orders or other parts of the record and errors therein arising from
                oversight or omission may be corrected by the trial court at any
                time before the Notice of Completion of Clerk’s Record is filed
                under Appellate Rule 8.

       T.R. 60(A). In its initial Order, the trial court ordered Muller to pay Walker’s

       attorney’s fees in the amount of $41,854.15. As previously mentioned, this

       figure included the $837.08 that the trial court subsequently determined to be

       Boyer’s share of the fees. Thus, the trial court’s “correction” did not alter the

       total amount of Walker’s judgment. 2 Rather, based on its February 9, 2015

       order, it is apparent that the trial court, despite finding that Boyer breached the

       Subcontract Agreements, mistakenly failed to allocate any responsibility for

       2
         If, on remand, the trial court clarifies that its judgment against Muller and Boyer is joint and several,
       Boyer’s liability for Walker’s attorney’s fees will have been satisfied, and it will be up to Muller to seek
       contribution from Boyer. If the trial court instead determines that Boyer is individually liable for
       approximately 2% of Walker’s total damages, then Muller’s share of the attorney’s fees should be reduced
       and Boyer must pay $837.08 as ordered.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015                       Page 18 of 20
       Walker’s attorney’s fees to Boyer, and such an oversight was properly remedied

       by the trial court’s Trial Rule 60(A) authority.

                                                  II. Cross-Appeal

[33]   On cross-appeal, Walker claims that the trial court abused its discretion by

       denying its petition for supplemental attorney’s fees and expenses in the amount

       of $20,400.28. The trial court summarily denied Walker’s petition for fees for

       “post-judgment work.” (Appellant’s App. p. 26). According to Walker, the

       $20,400.28 included fees incurred as a result of a prolonged trial, post-trial

       work, and responding to Boyer’s claim for attorney’s fees, all of which “were

       [an] integral part of the litigation process to take the contract dispute to

       adjudication.” (Appellee’s Br. p. 25).

[34]   Boyer, however, asserts that Walker is not entitled to the additional fees

       because it did not substantially prevail under the Subcontract Agreements. We

       are unpersuaded by this argument in light of our determination that Walker was

       indeed the substantially prevailing party. Alternatively, Boyer asserts that

               [c]onsidering that Walker received from Muller every penny of
               fees it requested at trial, considering that the fee award was more
               than the principal amount that Walker claimed was due it under
               the Subcontract, and considering that Walker recovered only
               $1,680.00 from Boyer under the Subcontract, the trial court was
               well within its discretion to limit Walker’s fees to the $41,854.15
               that Muller had already paid, and to decline to assess the
               additional fees solely against Boyer.

       (Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 11). Again, we disagree.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 19 of 20
[35]   So long as they are not contrary to law or public policy, “courts will enforce”

       contractual provisions for payment of attorney’s fees. Rogers Grp., Inc. v.

       Diamond Builders, LLC, 816 N.E.2d 415, 420 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.

       As the substantially prevailing party, Walker is entitled to recover its reasonable

       attorney’s fees and court costs. Neither the Subcontract Agreements nor

       existing case law limit Walker’s recovery of attorney’s fees to only those

       incurred in litigating the action prior to the trial court’s judgment. See, e.g.,

       O’Brien v. 1st Source Bank, 868 N.E.2d 903, 909 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (noting that

       “[w]hen a contract provision provides that attorney fees are recoverable,

       appellate attorney fees may also be awarded”). Accordingly, we remand this

       issue to the trial court with instructions to determine whether Walker’s

       supplemental and “post-trial” attorney’s fees, including any appellate attorney’s

       fees, are reasonable. (Appellee’s Reply Br. p. 5).

                                                CONCLUSION

[36]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court erroneously concluded

       that Boyer had waived its claim for attorney’s fees. Nevertheless, we further

       conclude that Walker—not Boyer—is the substantially prevailing party

       pursuant to the Subcontract Agreements and is therefore entitled to recover its

       reasonable attorney’s fees. We remand with instructions.

[37]   Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

[38]   Brown, J. and Altice, J. concur

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 45A03-1502-PL-66 | September 24, 2015   Page 20 of 20