Court Opinion

ID: 2738527
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-30 21:13:01.31303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:03:56.248712
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                    )
MINGO LOGAN COAL COMPANY            )
INC.,                               )
                                    )
                  Plaintiff,        )
                                    )
       v.                           )               Civil Action No. 10-0541 (ABJ)
                                    )
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION )
AGENCY,                             )
                                    )
                  Defendant.        )
____________________________________)

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In 2010, plaintiff Mingo Logan Coal Company, Inc. filed this lawsuit, challenging the

Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA”) decision to withdraw its specification of two

locations designated in Mingo Logan’s Clean Water Act permit as disposal sites for the fill

material generated by the operation of the Spruce No. 1 Mine in West Virginia. See Am. Compl.

[Dkt. # 16]. Mingo Logan claimed that EPA exceeded its statutory authority under section

404(c) of the Clean Water Act (“CWA”), 33 U.S.C. § 1344(c) (2012), because it rescinded the

specification of the disposal sites after the section 404 permit had already been issued by the

Army Corps of Engineers (“the Corps”) (Count I). It also alleged that EPA’s decision to veto the

specifications was arbitrary and capricious and therefore in violation of the Administrative

Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 702 et seq. (2012) (Counts II–XIV).1 Am. Compl. ¶¶ 225–

343.

1       Mingo Logan did not address the merits of count IV in its motion for summary judgment,
and it informed the Court at the motions hearing that it does not plan to pursue that count. Mot.
Hr’g Tr. (“July 30 Hr’g Tr.”) at 50 (July 30, 2014).
       On March 23, 2013, the Court granted summary judgment in favor of Mingo Logan,

finding that EPA did not have the authority under section 404(c) to act after a permit had been

issued, and that under the CWA, only the Corps had the power to revoke or modify a valid

permit. Mingo Logan Coal Co. v. EPA, 850 F. Supp. 2d 133 (D.D.C. 2012). EPA appealed, and

the D.C. Circuit held that EPA did have the authority to rescind a specification even after the

permit to discharge was in hand. Mingo Logan Coal Co. v. EPA, 714 F.3d 608 (D.C. Cir. 2013),

cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1540 (2014).     The Court of Appeals then remanded the case for

consideration of Mingo Logan’s remaining APA counts, id. at 616, and the parties’ cross-

motions for summary judgment on those issues are now ripe for determination. Pl.’s Mot. for

Summ. J. [Dkt. # 26]; Pl.’s Statement of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s

Mot.”) [Dkt. # 26]; Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 46]; Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot.

for Summ. J. & in Opp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”) [Dkt. # 46].

       Because the Court finds that the decision set forth and explained in the Final

Determination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pursuant to § 404(c) of the Clean

Water Act Concerning the Spruce No. 1 Mine, Logan County, West Virginia (“Final

Determination”), AR010103–201, was reasonable, supported by the record, and based on

considerations within the agency’s purview, it will grant EPA’s motion for summary judgment

and deny Mingo Logan’s motion for summary judgment.

                                       BACKGROUND

  I.   Statutory Background

       The Clean Water Act (“CWA”), is the primary federal statute that seeks to regulate water

pollution. 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq. It provides for the creation and enforcement of water quality

standards and establishes an extensive permit and licensing scheme to regulate the discharge of

pollutants into the nation’s waterways. Id. § 1251(a)–(b). Most pertinent to this case are
                                               2
sections 401, 402, and 404, which together govern the issuance of permits for the discharge of

pollutants.

   A. Section 401.

       Under section 401 of the CWA, a permit applicant that seeks to “conduct any activity

including, but not limited to, the construction or operation of facilities, which may result in any

discharge into the navigable waters,” must “provide the . . . permitting agency a certification

from the [s]tate in which the discharge originates or will originate” that certifies that the

discharge under the applied-for permit is consistent with the state’s water quality standards. Id.

§ 1341(a). States may either issue the certification, or they may waive the requirement by failing

or refusing to act within a reasonable period of time after receipt of a request. Id. Section 303 of

the CWA gives the states the authority to establish the water quality standards on which they

base the section 401 certifications. Id. § 1313(c).

   B. Section 402.

       Section 402 authorizes the Administrator of EPA (“Administrator”) to issue a permit for

the discharge of any pollutant, except for the dredged and fill material covered by section 404.

Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Se. Alaska Conservation Council, 557 U.S. 261, 266 (2009), quoting 33

U.S.C. § 1342(a). It also provides that if a state seeks to “administer its own permit program for

discharges into navigable waters within its jurisdiction,” the state “may submit to the

Administrator a full and complete description of the program it proposes to establish and

administer under [s]tate law.” 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b). If the Administrator approves the proposed

program, the state assumes the responsibility for issuing section 402 permits that comply with

the CWA. Id. § 1342(c)(1). West Virginia applied for and was approved to administer the

section 402 permit regime within its territory. See 47 Fed. Reg. 22,363 (May 24, 1982).

                                                 3
        A state administering its own section 402 permit program must send the Administrator “a

copy of each permit application received . . . and provide notice to the Administrator of every

action related to the consideration of such permit application, including each permit proposed to

be issued by such [s]tate.” 33 U.S.C. § 1342(d)(1). The Administrator then has ninety days to

object to permits that do not meet CWA standards, and if that occurs, the state must submit a

revised permit within thirty days. Id. § 1342(d)(2), (d)(4). If EPA’s objections are not resolved,

the Administrator assumes responsibility of the permitting process. Id. § 1342(d)(4). Once a

section 402 permit has been issued, it may only be modified by the entity that issued the permit.

40 C.F.R. §§ 122.2, 122.62, 124.5(c). West Virginia issued Mingo Logan’s section 402 permit

in this case.

    C. Section 404.

        Section 404 of the CWA deals specifically with the discharge of dredged or fill material,

and under that section, it is the Army Corps of Engineers (“Corps”) that is authorized to issue

permits for the discharge of that material. 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a) (“The Secretary [of the Army]

may issue permits, after notice and opportunity for public hearings for the discharge of dredged

or fill material into the navigable waters at specified disposal sites.”).

         But Congress assigned EPA a significant role to play in the section 404 permitting

process as well. First, while a “disposal site shall be specified for each such permit” by the

Corps, id. § 1344(b), that decision must be made after assessing the environmental consequences

by applying the guidelines developed by EPA in conjunction with the Corps pursuant to section

404(b)(1) (“section 404(b)(1) Guidelines”). Id.; see also Coeur Alaska, 557 U.S. at 269. Those

guidelines are published at 40 C.F.R. § 230.1 et seq., and they are based upon the criteria for

                                                   4
determining the degradation of waters set forth in section 403(c) of the CWA.2 See 33 U.S.C.

§ 1343(c).

       After the Corps conducts its analysis under the section 404(b)(1) Guidelines, it publishes

its written determination of the anticipated “effects of a proposed discharge of dredged or fill

material on the physical, chemical, and biological components of the aquatic environment.”

40 C.F.R. § 230.11. Depending on the comments received and whether additional study is

deemed to be necessary, the Corps may publish a series of these determinations. Ultimately, the

decision to issue or deny a section 404 permit rests with the Corps, see 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a); it is

only the Corps that exercises the authority to modify or revoke a permit, see id. § 1344(e)(2); and

compliance with a section 404 permit is deemed to be compliance with the CWA. Id. § 1344(p).

       But the statute also assigns EPA a second role that gives rise to this case. Section 404(c)

grants EPA the authority to “veto” a decision made by the Corps to specify a particular disposal

2      Section 1343(c)(1) provides:

               The Administrator shall . . . promulgate guidelines for determining the
               degradation of the waters of the territorial seas, the contiguous zone, and
               the oceans, which shall include: (A) the effect of disposal of pollutants on
               human health or welfare, including but not limited to plankton, fish,
               shellfish, wildlife, shorelines, and beaches; (B) the effect of disposal of
               pollutants on marine life including the transfer, concentration, and
               dispersal of pollutants or their byproducts through biological, physical,
               and chemical processes; changes in marine ecosystem diversity,
               productivity, and stability; and species and community population
               changes; (C) the effect of disposal, of pollutants on esthetic, recreation,
               and economic values; (D) the persistence and permanence of the effects of
               disposal of pollutants; (E) the effect of the disposal at varying rates, of
               particular volumes and concentrations of pollutants; (F) other possible
               locations and methods of disposal or recycling of pollutants including
               land-based alternatives; and (G) the effect on alternate uses of the oceans,
               such as mineral exploitation and scientific study.

33 U.S.C. § 1343(c)(1).
                                                5
site in a permit. Id. § 1344(c); see also 40 C.F.R. § 1504.1(b). Specifically, section 404(c)

provides that:

                 The Administrator is authorized to prohibit the specification (including the
                 withdrawal of specification) of any defined area as a disposal site, and . . .
                 deny or restrict the use of any defined area for specification (including the
                 withdrawal of specification) as a disposal site, whenever he determines . . .
                 that the discharge of such materials into such area will have an
                 unacceptable adverse effect on municipal water supplies, shellfish beds
                 and fishery areas (including spawning and breeding areas), wildlife, or
                 recreational areas.

33 U.S.C. § 1344(c). Accordingly, “whenever [the Administrator] determines that the discharge

of [dredged and/or fill] materials . . . will have an unacceptable adverse effect,” the

Administrator must take the following steps to exercise its veto authority:

           (1) The Regional Administrator publishes a “proposed determination[] to prohibit or
               withdraw the specification of a defined area as a disposal site, or to deny, restrict
               or withdraw the use of any defined area for the discharge of any particular
               dredged or fill material;”

           (2) The Regional Administrator issues “recommendation to the Administrator for
               determination as the specification of a defined area as a disposal site;” and

           (3) The Administrator publishes its “final determination to affirm, modify or rescind
               the recommended determination after consultation with the Chief of Engineers or
               with the [s]tate.”

40 C.F.R. § 231.1(a)–(b).

       This veto authority may be exercised before or after the Corps issues a permit. Mingo

Logan, 714 F.3d at 616. EPA’s regulations outline the procedures to be followed for the

publication of a proposed determination, a comment period, and an opportunity for public

hearings. See 40 C.F.R. §§ 231.3–231.6. The Administrator then makes the final decision

regarding the specification, and the decision is published in the Federal Register. Id. § 231.6.

The Final Determination constitutes final agency action for purposes of judicial review. Id.

                                                   6
 II.   Factual Background3

       Plaintiff Mingo Logan “operates a coal mine in West Virginia known as the Spruce No. 1

Mine.” Am. Compl. ¶ 1. The Spruce No. 1 Mine is “among the largest individual surface mines

ever authorized in West Virginia,” and if “fully constructed, the project [would] disturb

approximately 2,278 acres (about 3.5 square miles) and bury approximately 7.48 miles of

streams beneath 110 million cubic yards of excess spoil.”4 AR010108.

       In order to operate the Spruce No. 1 Mine, Mingo Logan was required to obtain several

permits.5 Mingo Logan’s predecessor6 initiated the application process in 1998. Ultimately, the

company obtained a CWA section 402 permit from West Virginia, which allowed the discharge

of water from several sediment ponds through outfalls into streams around the mining project.

AR008062, 043101. EPA initially opposed West Virginia’s decision to issue the section 402

permit, but it withdrew its objections after Mingo Logan agreed to certain conditions, including

3      The facts were previously set forth in the Court’s March 23, 2012 Memorandum Opinion
and are incorporated by reference. See Mingo Logan, 850 F. Supp. 2d at 134–38.

4      The process of mountaintop mining, which involves the removal of the top of a mountain
to recover coal within it, produces excess rock, topsoil, and debris (“spoil”). AR010118.
Because of structural concerns and the fact that the spoil expands in size – a concept referred to
as “swell” – all of the spoil cannot be placed back into the mine or on top of the mountain. Id.
Instead, it is typically placed in valleys that are adjacent to the mine, which creates what are
known as “valley fills.” Id.

5       Mingo Logan also obtained a Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (“SMRCA”),
30 U.S.C. § 1201 et seq. (2012), permit from West Virginia. That permit allowed Mingo Logan
to discharge spoil into the Seng Camp Creek, the Pigeonroost Branch, and the White Oak Branch
of Spruce Fork. AR008277.021.

6       Mingo Logan’s predecessor, Hobet Mining, Inc., obtained the SCMRA permit and then
Mingo Logan took over operations. Because prior ownership does not influence the outcome of
this action, the Court will refer to Mingo Logan and prior owners of the Spruce No. 1 Mine as
“Mingo Logan.” See Pl.’s Mot. at 4 n.2.
                                                7
mitigation compensation for any effects caused by the sediment pond discharges. AR008414–

17.

       Mingo Logan also submitted an application to the Corps to obtain a CWA section 404

permit to discharge dredged or fill material into the Right Fork of Seng Camp Creek as well as

the Pigeonroost Branch, Oldhouse Branch, and White Oak Branch streams.7 AR003052–70.

The application was subject to review by the appropriate agencies for approximately ten years,

and the following events took place during that period:

       In 2002, the Corps issued a draft Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”), evaluating the
       Spruce No. 1 Mine project and the requested section 404 permit. AR010120.

       In 2002, EPA sent a letter to the Corps in response to the draft EIS. Id.; see also
       AR019485–90. EPA noted that its review of the EIS “found gaps in the analyses of the
       mine and related adverse environmental impacts,” and it “recommended additional
       evaluation to support the analysis of less environmentally damaging alternatives.”
       AR010120; see also AR019489. More specifically, EPA noted that it “was particularly
       concerned by the lack of information regarding the nature and extent of impacts to the
       high quality streams that would be buried under valley fills.” AR010120; see also
       AR019489.

       In 2005, Mingo Logan took over operations of the Spruce No. 1 Mine, and it applied for
       and obtained a section 401 certification from West Virginia. AR020924–28. West
       Virginia granted the certification – subject to Mingo Logan’s compliance with a
       mitigation agreement – after it concluded that Mingo Logan’s proposed discharge of
       dredged or fill material complied with its water quality standards. Id.

       In 2006, the Corps issued a revised draft EIS for public comment, and EPA once again
       expressed its concerns about the impacts of the project in a comment letter. AR012991–
       013388; see also AR008312–29. Specifically, EPA expressed the following concerns:
       (1) the “potential adverse impacts to water quality (specifically, the potential to discharge
       selenium and the known association of similar mining operations with degradation of
       downstream aquatic communities);” (2) “uncertainties regarding the proposed
       mitigation;” (3) “the need for additional analysis of potential environmental justice
       issues;” and (4) “the lack of a study related to the cumulative effects of multiple mining
       operations within the Little Coal River watershed.” AR010120–21; see also AR008312–
       29.

7      Hobet Mining originally applied for a nationwide permit in 1998, which the Corps
tendered and then withdrew. AR010120. Hobet Mining then notified the Corps that it planned
to apply for an individual section 404 permit. Id.
                                                8
       On September 22, 2006, the Corps issued a final EIS, and EPA again submitted a
       comment letter that expressed concerns about the adverse impacts and gaps in Mingo
       Logan’s mitigation plan, noting that many of EPA’s concerns had not been adequately
       addressed. AR010121; see also AR034962–035342, 083330–34.

       In December 2006, representatives from the Corps and EPA continued to communicate
       and work together concerning the Spruce No. 1 Mine project. AR023084–109, 023657–
       62, 024424, 024619–25, 024637–43.

       On January 22, 2007 – after over ten years of study – the Corps issued Mingo Logan a
       section 404 permit, despite EPA’s lingering concerns. AR025763–77.

       Almost immediately after the section 404 permit issued, “a number of environmental

groups, represented by Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition, filed a complaint against the Corps

. . . challenging its decision to issue the permit.”   AR010121.    Mingo Logan reached an

agreement with the environmental groups who were the plaintiffs in that litigation, and in early

2007, it commenced limited operations at Spruce No. 1 Mine despite the ongoing litigation. Id.

       Then, on September 3, 2009, approximately two and half years after the Corps issued

Mingo Logan a section 404 permit, EPA asked the Corps to use its discretion under 33 C.F.R.

§ 325.7 to suspend, revoke, or modify Mingo Logan’s section 404 permit. AR010123; see also

AR012754–58. In its letter, EPA asserted that recent data and analyses had revealed downstream

water quality impacts that were not adequately addressed by the permit. AR012754–58; see also

AR010123.

       The Corps rejected EPA’s request. AR012781–88.

       In response, the Regional Administrator of EPA Region III proposed to invoke the

agency’s authority under section 404(c), and on April 2, 2010, EPA published a Proposed

Determination to withdraw the specification of Oldhouse Branch and Pigeonroost Branch as

disposal sites in Mingo Logan’s section 404 permit. AR010111; see also AR000004–8. EPA

held a public hearing, and it received more than 100 oral comments and more than 50,000

                                               9
written comments, both in support of and in opposition to the Proposed Determination.

AR010111; see also AR000004–8.          On September 24, 2010, EPA Region III published a

Recommended Determination to withdraw the specification of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse

Branch. AR010111; see also AR009888–970.

       Pursuant to its regulations and after receipt of the Proposed Determination, EPA

Headquarters gave all interested parties – including Mingo Logan and the owners of the mineral

rights linked to the Spruce No. 1 Mine – an opportunity to present any corrective actions that

might be taken to avoid the need for revocation of the specification of the disposal sites.

AR010124–25. After reviewing the responses, see AR010125–27, EPA determined that it was

necessary to exercise its veto authority under CWA section 404(c), and on January 13, 2011, it

issued its Final Determination purporting to “withdraw the specification of Pigeonroost Branch,

Oldhouse Branch and their tributaries . . . as a disposal site for dredged or fill material in

connection with construction of the Spruce No. 1 Surface Mine.”8 AR010103–201.

       In the Final Determination, EPA provided two alternative bases on which it rested its

decision to revoke the specified disposal sites: (1) the direct impacts that the fill would have on

wildlife within the footprint of the fill, as discussed in section V.C.; and (2) the impacts on

wildlife downstream from the footprint of the fill and sediment ponds, as described in section

V.D. AR010148–75.

8      The Final Determination also prohibited future section 404 permits from specifying either
Pigeonroost Branch or Oldhouse Branch or their tributaries as disposal sites. AR010108.
                                                10
III.   Procedural Background

       Mingo Logan filed this case in response to EPA’s Final Determination.9 See Am. Compl.

In the fourteen-count amended complaint, Mingo Logan alleged: (1) that EPA lacked statutory

authority under section 404(c) to withdraw a site specification after the Corps issued a permit

(Count I); and (2) that the Final Determination was arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not in

accordance with the law in violation of the APA (Counts II–XIV). Id. ¶¶ 220–343.

       On March 23, 2012, this Court granted Mingo Logan’s motion for summary judgment on

Count I and denied EPA’s cross-motion for summary judgment, holding that EPA did not have

statutory authority to withdraw a site specification once the Corps issued a permit. See Mingo

Logan, 850 F. Supp. 2d at 134. On appeal, the D.C. Circuit held that EPA may exercise its

section 404(c) veto authority after a permit has issued, and it remanded the case for consideration

of Mingo Logan’s remaining counts. See Mingo Logan, 714 F.3d at 616.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence show that “there

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [that] the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). However, in cases involving review of agency

action under the APA, Rule 56 does not apply due to the limited role of a court in reviewing the

administrative record. Select Specialty Hosp.-Akron, LLC v. Sebelius, 820 F. Supp. 2d 13, 21

(D.D.C. 2011). Under the APA, the agency’s role is to resolve factual issues and arrive at a

decision that is supported by the administrative record, and the court’s role is to “determine

whether or not as a matter of law the evidence in the administrative record permitted the

9      The withdrawal of the specification also prohibits the discharge of dredged or fill
material into the tributaries of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch. See AR010108. For
ease of reference, however, the Court will refer to both the streams and their tributaries as
“Pigeonroost Branch” or “Oldhouse Branch.”
                                                11
agency to make the decision it did.” Occidental Eng’g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766, 769–70 (9th

Cir. 1985), citing Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415 (1971); see

also Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n.28 (D.C. Cir. 1977).

       Under the APA, a court must “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and

conclusions” that are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not

in accordance with law,” 5.U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), in excess of statutory authority, id. § 706(2)(C),

or “without observance of procedures required by law.” Id. § 706(2)(D).             However, the

scope of review is narrow. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983). The agency’s decision is presumed to be valid, see

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc., 401 U.S. at 415, and the court must not “substitute its

judgment for that of the agency.” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43. A court must be satisfied,

though, that the agency has examined the relevant data and articulated a satisfactory

explanation for its action, “including a rational connection between the facts found and the

choice made.” Alpharma, Inc. v. Leavitt, 460 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citations omitted)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           ANALYSIS

       At this juncture, the Court must determine whether EPA’s determination that the

discharges authorized by Mingo Logan’s section 404 permit would cause unacceptable adverse

effects was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the

law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see also James City Cnty., Va. v. EPA, 12 F.3d 1330, 1337 n.4 (4th

Cir. 1993) (noting that the standard of review for section 404 is whether EPA’s decision was

“arbitrary and capricious”). Mingo Logan’s arguments that the revocation decision violates the

standard set forth in section 706 of the APA fall into two categories: (I) those that attack the

sufficiency of the conclusion in section V.C. of the Final Determination that the discharges into
                                                12
Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch would have unacceptable adverse effects on the

wildlife within the footprint of the fill; and (II) those that attack the conclusion in section V.D. of

the Final Determination that the proposed discharges will have an unacceptable adverse effect on

wildlife downstream from the fill.10

       To resolve Mingo Logan’s APA challenge to the Final Determination, the Court “must

‘consider whether the decision was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether

there has been a clear error of judgment.’” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43, quoting Bowman

Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974).

               Normally, an agency [action] would be arbitrary and capricious if the
               agency has relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to
               consider, entirely failed to consider any important aspect of the problem,
               offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence
               before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a
               difference in view or the product of agency expertise.

Id. In conducting its review, the Court should not “rubber-stamp the agency decision;” it must

instead “engage in a ‘substantial inquiry’ into the facts, one that is ‘searching and careful.’”

10     According to Mingo Logan, the case presents the following sub-issues:

       (a) Whether EPA shows with substantial new information unacceptable adverse
           effects resulting from direct impacts of discharge from the fill;

       (b) Whether section 404(c) gives EPA authority to base its Final Determination
           on downstream impacts arising from discharges governed by section 402;

       (c) Whether section 404(c) authorizes EPA to apply its own water quality
           standards when determining unacceptable adverse effects downstream;

       (d) Whether EPA is required to consider Mingo Logan’s mitigation plan when
           evaluating unacceptable adverse effects; and

       (e) Whether EPA is permitted to consider section 404(b)(1) Guidelines when
           evaluating unacceptable adverse effects.

Pl.’s Supplemental Br. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. (“Pl.’s Supp.”) at 1–3, 10 [Dkt. # 99].

                                                  13
Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 541 F.2d 1, 34–35 (D.C. Cir. 1976), quoting Citizens to Preserve Overton

Park, 401 U.S. at 415. At the same time, “[a]lthough this inquiry into the facts is to be searching

and careful, the ultimate standard of review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to

substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Bowman Transp., 419 U.S. at 285, quoting

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, 401 U.S. at 416 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Applying that standard here, the Court finds that EPA provided a reasonable explanation for its

decision to withdraw the specification of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch as disposal

sites, and therefore, the Court must defer to the agency’s expertise and find that EPA is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.

I.     EPA’s decision to revoke the specification of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse
       Branch as disposal sites was reasonable and supported by section V.C. of the Final
       Determination.

       In section V.C. of the Final Determination, EPA explained that the discharge of fill

material into Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch would cause “unacceptable adverse

impacts to wildlife and wildlife habitat, including the naturally occurring macroinvertebrate

community, salamander and other herpetofauna, fish, and water-dependent birds.”11           Def.’s

Statement of Facts ¶ 23 [Dkt. # 46-1], citing AR010109, 010147–75. It noted that the discharge

of the fill would “bury” Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch; eradicate the wildlife living

in those streams; eliminate habitat for wildlife depending on these streams; and adversely impact

wildlife within the watershed. Id. ¶¶ 24–25; see also AR010149. The ultimate result would be

“[t]he destruction of 6.6 miles of high quality stream habitat.” Id. ¶ 25 (alteration in original),

quoting AR010149 (internal quotation marks omitted). EPA therefore concluded that the direct

11     Macroinvertebrates – such as mollusks, crayfish, flatworms, and aquatic insects – are
bottom-dwelling organisms that have no backbone and are large enough to be seen without a
microscope. Def.’s Mot. at 32 n.27.
                                                14
effects of the discharges within the footprint of the valley fills would have unacceptable adverse

consequences that necessitated a veto of the specifications of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse

Branch as disposal sites.

       Mingo Logan challenges that conclusion, arguing that section V.C. cannot support the

Final Determination for three reasons. First, Mingo Logan contends that EPA must demonstrate

that there is substantial new information showing that the fill sites would have unacceptable

adverse effects in order to act after a permit has been issued, and that EPA has not met its burden

to come forward with substantial new information in this case. Pl.’s Mot. at 40–53; Pl.’s Reply

Statement of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 22 [Dkt. # 64]; Pl.’s Supplemental

Br. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. (“Pl.’s Supp.”) at 3, 8–10 [Dkt. # 99]. Second, Mingo Logan claims

that even if EPA did rely on substantial new information, section V.C. cannot support the Final

Determination because EPA failed to demonstrate that Mingo Logan’s section 404 discharges

would actually result in unacceptable adverse effects to wildlife within the footprint of the fill

site. Pl.’s Mot. at 49–53; Pl.’s Reply at 23–25; Pl.’s Supp. at 10. And third, Mingo Logan

contends that section V.C. cannot support the Final Determination because EPA was required to

consider the anticipated results of the mitigation requirements set out in the permit, but it failed

                                                 15
to do so here.12 Pl.’s Mot. at 53–58; Pl.’s Reply at 26–29; Pl.’s Supp. at 3, 10.

       A. EPA does not need substantial new information to exercise its veto authority in
          this case.

       Mingo Logan’s central argument is that if EPA is permitted to withdraw a specification

after the Corps has issued a section 404 permit, it can only do so based upon substantial new

information. Pl.’s Mot. at 43–44; Pl.’s Supp. at 3, 8–9. Mingo Logan maintains that since none

of the information that EPA set forth in the Final Determination is new – let alone “substantial” –

the Court should invalidate the Final Determination and enter judgment in favor of Mingo Logan

as a matter of law. The Court disagrees and it finds that substantial new information was not

needed in this case.

       The text of section 404(c) is silent on the issue of whether EPA must have substantial

new information when exercising its veto authority after a permit issues. Cf. Newport Galleria

12      Mingo Logan also argues that section V.C. of the Final Determination is arbitrary and
capricious because EPA revisited the section 404(b)(1) Guidelines applied by the Corps when
the Corps decided to issue the section 404 permit, and EPA cannot second-guess the Corps’
guidelines conclusion. Pl.’s Mot. at 58–59. Mingo Logan further contends that even if EPA is
permitted to consider the section 404(b)(1) Guidelines, its analysis of those guidelines cannot
support the Final Determination because EPA has expressly disavowed reliance on section V.E.,
which is where the discussion of the guidelines is located, as a basis for its decision. Id. at 59.
        The agency’s consideration of the guidelines, then, is not a reason to overturn its
conclusion. As Mingo Logan points out, the guidelines discussion does not form an independent
basis on which the Final Determination rests. Furthermore, EPA’s own regulations require it to
consider the relevant portions of the guidelines when deciding whether a discharge will have an
unacceptable adverse effect, 40 C.F.R. § 231.2(e); 44 Fed. Reg. at 58,076 (“The section
404(b)(1) guidelines provide the substantive criteria by which the acceptability of a proposed
discharge is to be judged.”); see also Newport Galleria Grp. v. Deland, 618 F. Supp. 1179, 1183
(D.D.C. 1985) (“Section 404(c) would be a curious veto power, indeed, if . . . courts could
prevent the EPA from reviewing those very findings upon which the Corps based its decision to
issue the permit.”), and section 404(c) instructs that EPA may – and should – second-guess the
Corps and make its own determination regarding the acceptability of proposed section 404
discharges. See 33 U.S.C. § 1344(c); Mingo Logan, 714 F.3d at 610, quoting 33 U.S.C.
§ 1344(b) (alterations in original) (“The Secretary’s authority to specify a disposal site is
expressly made ‘[s]ubject to subsection (c) of [section 404].’”); Newport Galleria Grp., 618 F.
Supp. at 1184 (noting that, “if the section 404(c) veto is to have any meaning at all, the EPA
must be able to disagree with the Corps’ conclusions”).
                                                 16
Grp. v. Deland, 618 F. Supp. 1179, 1182 (D.D.C. 1985) (noting that “the statute sets out no

threshold requirements for the initiation of section 404(c) proceedings whatsoever”).            That

section provides:

               The Administrator is authorized to prohibit the specification (including the
               withdrawal of a specification) of any defined area as a disposal site, . . .
               whenever he determines, after notice and opportunity for public hearings,
               that the discharge of such materials into such area will have an
               unacceptable adverse effect on municipal water supplies, shellfish beds
               and fishery areas (including spawning and breeding areas), wildlife, or
               recreational areas. Before making such determination, the Administrator
               shall consult with the Secretary [of the Army Corps of Engineers]. The
               Administrator shall set forth in writing and make public his findings and
               reasons for making any determination under this subsection.

33 U.S.C. § 1344(c).      And in its opinion in this case, the D.C. Circuit highlighted the

legislature’s use of the word “whenever,” concluding that “Congress granted EPA a broad

environmental ‘backstop’ authority” over the Corps’ designation of a discharge site that could be

exercised “at any time.” 714 F.3d at 612–13 (emphasis in original). Although the Court of

Appeals decided only that there is no temporal limit on the exercise of EPA’s veto authority, and

it left it to this Court to decide if there is some substantive limit, see id., the emphasis the court

placed on “Congress’s intent to confer on EPA a broad veto power,” id. at 613, sends a strong

message here.13 See also James City Cnty., 12 F.3d at 1336 (explaining that EPA’s section

404(c) “authority to veto to protect the environment is practically unadorned”).

13      The Court is not unsympathetic to the concerns voiced by Mingo Logan, the State of
West Virginia, and the amici about the importance of finality in a permitting process, and those
concerns, in part, underlay the Court’s determination that EPA’s interpretation of section 404(c)
as authorizing it to act after a permit issued was not reasonable at the second level of the analysis
set forth in Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Mingo
Logan, 850 F. Supp. 2d at 152. But that battle has already been fought and lost, and this Court is
not free to take up the issue again.
                                                 17
        Mingo Logan recognizes that there is no language expressly limiting EPA’s post-permit

authority to be found in section 404(c).14     But it points to the preamble with which EPA

introduced its 1979 section 404(c) regulations as well as the APA’s prohibition on arbitrary and

capricious conduct as support for its claims that EPA must have substantial new information if it

seeks to exercise its veto power after the Corps has issued the permit. Pl.’s Mot. at 43–44; Pl.’s

Reply at 22; Pl.’s Supp. at 3, 8–9. But these sources do not restrict the agency’s authority under

the statute.

        When EPA issued its own regulations for the implementation of the CWA, it offered the

public the following assurances in the preamble to the rules:

               EPA agrees with the suggestion that it would be inappropriate to use
               404(c) after issuance of a permit where the matters at issue were reviewed
               by EPA without objections during the permit proceeding, or where the
               matters at issue were resolved to EPA’s satisfaction during the permit
               proceeding, unless substantial new information is brought to the Agency’s
               attention after issuance.

44 Fed. Reg. 58,076, 58,077 (Oct. 9, 1979). And EPA specifically pointed to this statement of

policy in the earlier proceedings in this case when it argued that the Court should defer to EPA’s

interpretation of section 404(c) to authorize post-permit revocation of the specification of a

disposal site. See Def.’s Mot. at 37; see also Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 67 (November 30, 2011) (counsel

for EPA discussing the substantial new information requirement in the preamble: “I think the

statute and the regulations do not provide that limitation. However, EPA’s policy adopts that

limitation and EPA has, in fact, complied with that policy in the past and in this case.”). As a

14      Mingo Logan does object to the Court’s reliance on the D.C. Circuit’s opinion in this
case as support for the ultimate conclusion that substantial new information is not required. July
30 Hr’g Tr. at 9. The Court notes, however, that it is not adopting a position that the Court of
Appeal’s opinion is dispositive of the issue before the Court now, but that the reasoning and
language employed by the D.C. Circuit provides helpful guidance that this Court should not
ignore.
                                                18
result, one could conclude that there are equitable grounds to find that the policy statement

should be enforced in this case.

       But in the preamble, EPA stated that it would be constrained by the requirement of

substantial new information in the future if it sought to act after a permit had been issued but it

had raised no objections during the permit application process, or its objections had been

resolved to its satisfaction during that process.15 And neither of those situations are present here.

       The record is replete with EPA’s expressions of concern regarding Mingo Logan’s

application for a section 404 permit to operate the Spruce No. 1 Mine. See, e.g., AR008321–29,

010120–21, 012991–013388, 019485–90, 023084–109, 023657–62, 024424, 024619–25,

024637–43, 034962–035342, 008330–34; see also Def.’s Mot. at 38; Def.’s Supplemental Mem.

in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Supp.”) at 9 n.6 [Dkt. # 101]. These objections persisted

throughout the application process, and even after the Corps devoted more than fifty pages of its

final EIS to responding to concerns raised by EPA, EPA sent yet another letter to the Corps that

reiterated its continuing misgivings about Mingo Logan’s plans to discharge fill material.

AR010121, 034962–035342, 008330–34; see also Def.’s Mot. at 38; Def.’s Supp. at 9 n.6. Thus,

the Court cannot conclude that Mingo Logan’s permit passed through the process “without

objections” from EPA.

       The Court also cannot conclude – as Mingo Logan urges – that EPA’s concerns were

resolved to its satisfaction prior to the issuance of the section 404 permit by the Corps. As

15       The fact that EPA did not intend for substantial new information to be required in all
cases where it acts after a permit issues is evidenced not only in the “substantial new
information” policy quoted above, but other parts of the preamble as well. For example, after
listing two situations where EPA obtained new information and therefore needed to act after a
permit issued, EPA went on to say that “[w]hile these are the most likely occasions necessitating
404(c) action after issuance, EPA does not wish to unwittingly restrict action in other appropriate
circumstances.” 44 Fed. Reg. at 58,077.
                                                 19
counsel for Mingo Logan continuously argued at the motions hearing, EPA “raised every

concern that they now raise” in the Final Determination during the permit review process. Mot.

Hr’g Tr. (“July 30 Hr’g Tr.”) at 14–15 (July 30, 2014); see also AR010103–201, 012754–58,

022792–809, 023068–71 (documents raising EPA’s concerns). But Mingo Logan does not point

to anything in the record that reflects that EPA – as opposed to the Corps – was satisfied that

those concerns had been addressed.16 Thus, EPA’s policy statement in the 1979 preamble is not

implicated in this case, and it cannot serve as the basis for requiring EPA to have substantial new

information in its Final Determination.

       Moreover, the APA and general principles of administrative law do not justify requiring

EPA to demonstrate that the Final Determination is based on substantial new information.

Although the Court agrees that in some cases it might be arbitrary and capricious for an agency

to look at the same information it looked at four years before and come to a completely different

conclusion, see, e.g., State Farm, 463 U.S. at 42 (“[A]n agency changing its course . . . is

obligated to supply a reasoned analysis for the change . . . .”), this is not one of those cases.

       Although Mingo Logan characterizes the events here as an about-face, EPA did not

drastically change its position when it issued the Final Determination in 2011. As demonstrated

above, EPA was concerned about Mingo Logan’s proposed section 404 discharges from day one,

and those same concerns supply the grounds for the Final Determination. See AR010103–201,

012754–758, 022792–809, 023068–071; see also July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 20 (counsel for Mingo

Logan: “They have the same concerns. They recognized that the issues are out there.”); id. at 30

16      Mingo Logan relies on an email sent by William J. Hoffman, Director of the Office of
Environmental Programs Environmental Assessment and Innovation Division near the end of
2006 to argue that EPA’s concerns were resolved before the permit issued. Pl.’s Mot. at 43. But
as the Court explains below, Mingo Logan’s heavy reliance on that email is misplaced.
                                                  20
(“[T]here’s nothing new with respect to mitigation at all.”). EPA has therefore maintained a

consistent position over the last twelve years.

       Mingo Logan points to an email that an EPA official sent to the Corps near the end of the

permit application process.      In it, William J. Hoffman, Director of the EPA Office of

Environmental Programs Environmental Assessment and Innovation Division, said that EPA had

“no intention of taking our Spruce Mine concerns any further from a Section 404 standpoint.”

Email from Hoffman, AR023085. Although the agency’s decision to exercise its veto authority

in 2011 after it declined to do so in 2007 can be viewed as a change in position that fairly

requires some explanation, it is not so drastic a change as to require a heightened standard of

scrutiny, such as the “substantial new information” test that Mingo Logan proposes here. See

FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 514 (2009) (“[O]ur opinion in State Farm

neither held nor implied that every agency action representing a policy change must be justified

by reasons more substantial than those required to adopt a policy in the first instance.”); see also

id. at 519 (“[T]he fact that an agency had a prior stance does not alone prevent it from changing

its view or create a higher hurdle for doing so.”); Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. EPA, 682 F.3d
1032, 1037 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (explaining that FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. “dispenses

with the petitioners’ complaint that the Amended Renovation Rule merely revisits old evidence

and arguments, rather than adduces ‘new data’ or experience”).

       First, nothing in section 404(c) requires EPA to issue a formal declaration that it will or

will not exercise its veto authority prior to the issuance of a permit, and the Corps is not required

to wait for EPA to announce a decision to decline to exercise its section 404(c) authority before

it may issue a permit under section 404(a). See 33 U.S.C. § 1344; see also July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 92

(counsel for environmental amici: “[T]here are points for communication, but there is no point

                                                  21
at which . . . EPA has to say whether it is or is not going to exercise its [section 404(c)] authority.

And the Corps doesn’t have to wait for that”). Instead, section 404(c) contains permissive,

discretionary language – “[t]he Administrator is authorized . . . whenever,” 33 U.S.C. § 1344(c)

(emphasis added) – that when viewed in connection with the D.C. Circuit’s characterization of

the veto authority as “broad,” Mingo Logan, 714 F.3d at 612–13, demonstrates that EPA’s failure

to block Mingo Logan’s permit application before January 2007 cannot be characterized as a

prior agreement or finding by EPA that the permitted discharges would not have unacceptable

adverse effects. Declining to take a position when nothing requires the agency to take a position

cannot serve as the foundation for an argument that the agency changed course when it took an

official position for the first time.17 See Fox, 556 U.S. at 514–15 (“Treating failures to act and

rescissions of prior action differently for purposes of the standard of review makes good sense,

and has basis in the text of the statute, which likewise treats the two separately.”).

       Moreover, EPA’s “decision” not to act in 2007 is distinguishable from the sorts of

reversals that have prompted closer scrutiny in other cases. The 2007 communication cited by

Mingo Logan was merely an informal email, as opposed to a formal rulemaking or decision

based on formal process, and it simply informed the Corps of agency inaction at that time, as

opposed to a plan for affirmative steps. See Fox, 556 U.S. at 514, quoting State Farm, 463 U.S.

at 42 (explaining that in State Farm the agency had revoked a prior regulation and that the Court

in that case noted that only those types of actions require “‘a reasoned analysis for the change

beyond that which may be required when an agency does not act in the first instance’”); State

17      In fact, the 1979 preamble to EPA’s section 404(c) implementing regulations demonstrate
that EPA was under the impression that it was not required to state that it would not exercise its
section 404(c) authority before the Corps may issue a section 404 permit. “Such a requirement
goes beyond the needs of section 404(c), since some of EPA’s objections to permits are based on
grounds that are outside the scope of section 404(c).” 44 Fed. Reg. at 58,082.
                                                  22
Farm, 463 U.S. at 41 (“[R]evocation of an extant regulation is substantially different than a

failure to act.”). As a result, the principles of administrative law do not justify the imposition of

heightened scrutiny, and EPA’s explanation in section V.C. for its revocation decision is all that

is required.18

        The Supreme Court’s dicta in Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation

Council – that “[b]y declining to exercise its veto, the EPA in effect deferred to the judgment of

the Corps,” 557 U.S. at 269 – does not change that conclusion. Neither the facts of Coeur Alaska

nor the question before the Court implicated EPA’s section 404(c) authority. See id. at 261.

Moreover, the Court’s use of the word “defer” supports the conclusion that EPA’s failure to

exercise its veto prior to the issuance of the permit was not a definitive statement approving the

permit or a substantive finding about its environmental effects. One can defer to another, while

still not entirely agreeing with their judgment. This reading of the Supreme Court’s Coeur

Alaska statement is more consistent with the overall structure of section 404 – which gives EPA

authority to overrule the Corps, see 33 U.S.C. § 1344(c) – and the D.C. Circuit’s conclusion that

the veto authority can be lawfully exercised after the permit has issued. See Mingo Logan, 714
F.3d at 609.

        Mingo Logan’s reliance on Alliance to Save the Mattaponi v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs

(“Alliance I”), 515 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2007), as support for its argument that EPA changed

positions in 2011 and that its decision should be subject to heightened scrutiny is also misplaced.

See Pl.’s Mot. at 44 n.32. Although that court found under the facts of that case that EPA’s

decision to forego the exercise of its veto authority was a final decision for purposes of the APA

18      Moreover, EPA did provide a detailed explanation for its formal decision to exercise its
veto authority in 2011, which is set forth in the ninety-nine page Final Determination. As a
result, EPA’s conduct complies with the requirements set forth in all of the administrative law
cases that Mingo Logan cites. See Pl.’s Mot. at 44 (collecting cases).
                                                 23
and was therefore subject to judicial review, Alliance I, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 8–9, that decision pre-

dated the opinion of the Court of Appeals in this case, and in any event, it does not automatically

follow that a later veto will reflect a change in position in every case.

       In sum, EPA’s decision in 2011 to veto the Corps’ specification of Pigeonroost Branch

and Oldhouse Branch as disposal sites was not an abrupt or unexplained “about-face” from an

earlier decision. The record demonstrates that EPA harbored consistent misgivings throughout

the permit application process, and those concerns ultimately led it to exercise its authority. See

generally AR010103–201 (Final Determination, explaining that the concerns that underlie the

decision to revoke the specification were raised during the permit application process). Thus, the

principles of administrative law laid out in “change in policy” cases are not implicated here,19

and the Court finds that EPA need not justify its revocation decision with on substantial new

19      At bottom, Mingo Logan’s arguments related to the “change in policy” cases simply
restate its contention that EPA should not have the statutory authority to revoke the specification
of a disposal site after the Corps issues a permit. July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 19 (“[W]e went through a
lot of this last time . . . that the regulated community needs finality . . . .”); id. at 96–97
(“Congress didn’t intend us to have a situation where the regulated community was going to be
just subject to the whims of politicians.”). But that position was foreclosed by the D.C. Circuit,
and as it now stands, EPA has the authority to act “whenever.” Although Mingo Logan correctly
points out that “whenever” must be read in a manner that will not render it arbitrary and
capricious, it is not necessary for the Court to impose a requirement that EPA have substantial
new information to avoid an arbitrary and capricious result in this case, and it is not up to the
Court to modify the terms of a piece of legislation, even if that modification would be beneficial
as a matter of policy. Without precedent or other legal authority to do so, the Court cannot “fix”
what Mingo Logan believes to be bad legislative policy.
                                                  24
information in this case.20

       B. EPA is entitled to deference with respect to its conclusion that the section 404
          discharges would have unacceptable adverse effects on the wildlife within the fill
          site.

       Mingo Logan next argues that section V.C. of the Final Determination cannot support

EPA’s decision to revoke the specification of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch as

disposal sites in its section 404 permit because EPA did not demonstrate that the discharge of

dredged or fill material into those streams would cause “unacceptable” adverse effects to

wildlife. Pl.’s Mot. at 49. According to Mingo Logan, the effects identified are either “utterly

20      To the extent that substantial new information is required to support a post-permit veto,
the Court finds that EPA satisfied that standard. On July 23, 2014, the Court ordered EPA to file
a supplemental notice, listing the new information it relied on in both section V.C. and section
V.D. of the Final Determination. July 23, 2014 Minute Order. EPA’s response to that order
satisfies this Court that EPA relied on substantial new information to justify the Final
Determination. See Notice of Substantial New Information [Dkt. # 104].
        Although Mingo Logan continues to argue that the information is not “new” because it
relates to the concerns that EPA also raised when the application was pending, see July 30 Hr’g
Tr. 28–31; see also Pl.’s Mot. at 40–43; Pl.’s Reply at 22; Pl.’s Supp. at 3, 10, that argument
ignores the fact that scientific knowledge can expand and evolve, building upon itself to form an
understanding that may not have been fully developed before.
        Similarly, the Court declines to adopt Mingo Logan’s narrow approach to the new
information, which argues that the new information should be rejected because it relates to
mitigation and to the effects on the wildlife within the footprint of the fill that are discussed in
section V.C. See Pl.’s Mot. at 46–47; Pl.’s Reply at 23 n.18, 25. As the Court finds below, in
cases where a section 404 permit expressly includes mitigation requirements, it would be
arbitrary and capricious for EPA to act without considering those mitigation measures when
conducting its unacceptable adverse effects analysis. See infra section I.C. As a result, even
though the Final Determination’s discussion of mitigation appeared in section V.E. and EPA
disavowed reliance on that section as an independent basis for its decision, it nonetheless
commented that its conclusion that the mitigation requirements in Mingo Logan’s section 404
permit were inadequate supported its conclusion that the effects on the wildlife discussed in
section V.C. were unacceptable. See AR010176, 010185–92. The new studies cited regarding
mitigation are therefore relevant to the conclusions contained in section V.C.
        And finally, the Court rejects Mingo Logan’s contention that whether new information is
substantial should be analyzed by looking at the number of new studies instead of the
implications of those studies. See Pl.’s Mot. at 46–47 & n.35. As a result, even if the only new
information that relates to the impacts described in section V.C. derives from one study that
indicates that salamanders will not return to fill sites, the Court must defer to EPA’s judgment
that this new information is sufficiently substantial to tip the balance.
                                                25
routine” because they occur any time fill is placed in a stream or “entirely speculative.” Id. at

50; see also Pl.’s Reply at 25; Pl.’s Supp. at 10.

          EPA’s authority to veto the specification of a disposal site under section 404(c) is

triggered “whenever [the Administrator] determines . . . that the [proposed] discharge[s] of such

materials into such area will have an unacceptable adverse effect on municipal water supplies,

shellfish beds and fishery areas (including spawning and breeding areas), wildlife, or recreational

areas.”     33 U.S.C. § 1344(c).      The statute does not define what would constitute an

“unacceptable adverse effect,” see id., but EPA’s section 404(c) implementing regulations

explain that the phrase “means impact on an aquatic or wetland ecosystem which is likely to

result in significant degradation of municipal water supplies (including surface or ground water)

or significant loss of or damage to fisheries, shellfishing, or wildlife habitat or recreation areas.”

40 C.F.R. § 231.2(e).       The 1979 preamble to those regulations adds that “[t]he term

‘unacceptable’ in EPA’s view refers to the significance of the adverse effect – e.g. is it a large

impact and is it one that the aquatic and wetland ecosystem cannot afford.” 44 Fed. Reg. at

58,078.

          Here, EPA explained in section V.C. of the Final Determination that the proposed

discharges of dredged and fill material into Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch would

have unacceptable adverse effects on the wildlife itself within the footprint of the proposed fill

site – specifically salamanders, macroinvertebrates, fish, and the Louisiana Waterthrush – as well

as on the habitat that wildlife needs to survive. AR010149–52; see also Def.’s Mot. at 33

(arguing that Mingo Logan ignores that the Final Determination also addressed how discharges

would cause a “loss of habitat, which is a critical factor under EPA’s regulations”). It explained

that the proposed discharges would destroy “‘6.6 miles of high quality stream habitat,’ which

                                                 26
represents 5.6 percent of the total stream length in the Headwaters Spruce Fork sub-watershed

‘where there is little remaining high quality stream habitat,’” and that destruction of this habitat

would cause “‘a loss of regional biodiversity and the broader ecosystem functions’” that the

otherwise diverse wildlife would have provided if their habitat was not destroyed. Def.’s Mot. at

32, quoting AR010149. EPA explained that even if the burial of wildlife may be deemed to be

acceptable in some other location, the eradication of wildlife within the 6.6 miles of affected

streams here was unacceptable because Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch are occupied

by such a large number and wide variety of species, AR010151–52 (“Within the streams and

riparian areas of the project area, over 84 taxa of macroinvertebrates are documented to exist, as

well as up to 46 species of reptiles and amphibians, 4 species of crayfish, 5 species of fish and at

least one water-dependent bird species.”), and the “streams are some of the last, rare and

important high quality streams in the watershed.” AR010152. The agency also pointed to the

sheer size of the proposed fills, AR010149, and to the fact that in its judgment, the mitigation

measures called for in the section 404 permit would not effectively offset the adverse effects of

the discharges.21 AR010180–92. When viewed in combination, these considerations prompted

EPA to conclude that the eradication of the wildlife and habitat within the footprint of the

proposed disposal sites was unacceptable because “the overall impact of the [proposed section

404] discharges ‘is one the aquatic ecosystem cannot afford.’” Def.’s Mot. at 32, quoting

AR0101052.

21      As noted above, the Court declines to read the sections of the Final Determination in
isolation as Mingo Logan suggests. See supra note 20. As a result, even though section V.C.
does not explicitly mention EPA’s concerns that the proposed mitigation measures are
inadequate, the Court finds that EPA’s discussion of those measures in section V.E., which the
Final Determination states “provide[] support and confirmation of the conclusion that the
impacts [of the proposed discharges] are unacceptable,” AR010176, is properly considered when
deciding whether EPA has demonstrated that there are unacceptable adverse effects within the
footprint of the fill.
                                                27
        At the outset, the Court must recognize that EPA’s analysis of the effects of the section

404 discharges and its conclusion that those effects are unacceptable are entitled to deference.

Fox, 556 U.S. at 513–14 (citations omitted) (“We have made clear . . . that ‘a court is not to

substitute its judgment for that of the agency,’ and should ‘uphold a decision of less than ideal

clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.’”); Bowman Transp., Inc., 419 U.S. at

285; Alliance to Save the Mattaponi v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs (“Alliance II”), 606 F. Supp.
2d 121, 127 (D.D.C. 2009) (“[W]hen an agency’s action relies on scientific and technical

information touching upon the agency’s area of expertise, a court is particularly deferential.”).

Congress entrusted EPA with the task of protecting the environment, and the Court should not

substitute its judgment for EPA’s. As long as EPA’s conclusion that discharge of dredged and

fill material would have an unacceptable adverse effect on wildlife within the fill site is

reasonable and supported by the record, the Court must defer and the Final Determination is

valid. State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43; Alliance II, 606 F. Supp. 2d at 127, quoting Citizens to

Preserve Overton Park, 401 U.S. at 416 (“The court must . . . conduct a ‘searching and careful’

review of the record to establish that the agency’s decision is rational and based on consideration

of all relevant factors.”).

        Applying those principles here, the Court finds that EPA’s discussion in section V.C.

demonstrates that it “examine[d] the relevant data,” and it “articulate[d] a satisfactory

explanation for its action including a ‘rational connection between the facts found and the choice

made.’” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43, quoting Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U.S.
156, 168 (1962). As a result, EPA’s conclusion in section V.C. that the proposed section 404

discharges would have unacceptable adverse effects on the wildlife is reasonable and supported

by the record, see AR010149–52, and section V.C. therefore supports the Final Determination.

                                                28
       Mingo Logan’s arguments do not warrant a contrary conclusion. First, its contention that

the eradication of wildlife within in a fill site is “routine” because it occurs whenever fill material

is discharged into the water and is an effect that Congress approved when it found that the

discharge of fill was permissible under the CWA and SCMRA, July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 26, does not

demonstrate that EPA’s decision here was unreasonable. First, that argument ignores the fact

that Congress built the environmental effect veto right into the same statute. And second, section

V.C. lists several grounds – such as the fact that Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch are

some of the last, least-disturbed high-quality streams in the subwatershed and the sheer

magnitude of the project22 – that adequately explain why EPA is adopting a difference stance

here than it might take in another case. See AR010114 (noting that EPA did not revoke the

specification of the third disposal site because some of the discharges had already occurred, and

because the stream resources there had a higher historic and ongoing human disturbance than

Pigeonroost and Oldhouse Branches); AR010115 (noting that construction of the mine will bury

almost all of Oldhouse Branch and most of Pigeonroost Branch).

       Mingo Logan’s second ground for why the Court should find EPA’s conclusion in

section V.C. to be unreasonable – that it is entirely speculative – fares no better. See Pl.’s Mot.

at 51–53; Pl.’s Reply at 23–24. The parties dispute whether certain fish live within the fill site,

and they both point to different studies to support their positions. See Pl.’s Mot. at 51–52; Pl.’s

Reply at 24; Def.’s Mot. at 35–36; Def.’s Reply Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Reply”)

22      Mingo Logan argues that EPA’s description of the streams as being some of the “least-
disturbed” ones in the subwatershed refers “to the pureness of the water, . . . and the fact that it’s
going to contribute downstream,” not to the sorts of potential adverse effects to wildlife to which
section 404(c) pertains. July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 33. But that point ignores that section V.C. mentions
the high-quality status of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch when explaining why the
proposed discharges into those streams would cause unacceptable adverse effects to wildlife
within the footprint of the fill. See AR010149–52.
                                                  29
at 11–12 [Dkt # 72]. But this is precisely the type of dispute that courts are supposed to avoid

under the principles of administrative law; where there are questions of science, such as which

study deserves more credence than another, the agency is entitled to deference. State Farm, 463
U.S. at 43 (explaining that the Court “is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency”);

Alliance II, 606 F. Supp. 2d at 127–28, quoting Occidental Eng’g Co., 753 F.2d at 769–70 (“[I]t

is the role of the agency to resolve factual issues to arrive at a decision that is supported by the

administrative record, whereas ‘the function of the district court is to determine whether or not as

a matter of law the evidence in the administrative record permitted the agency to make the

decision it did.’”). As a result, the Court cannot find that EPA’s conclusions in section V.C. are

unreasonable even though Mingo Logan advances some studies that support a contrary

position.23 See Ohio Valley Envtl. Coal. v. Aracoma Coal Co., 556 F.3d 177, 201 (4th Cir.

2009), quoting Marsh v. Or. Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378 (1989) (“When presented

with conflicting evidence, courts must generally defer to the agency evaluation because ‘an

agency must have discretion to rely on the reasonable opinions of its own qualified experts even

if, as an original matter, a court might find contrary views more persuasive.”); Alameda Water &

Sanitation Dist. v. Reilly, 930 F. Supp. 486, 493 (D. Colo. 1996) (“It is important in this regard to

23       The parties also disagree about whether the proposed discharges would have an
unacceptable adverse effect on the Louisiana Waterthrush. Mingo Logan argues that any effect
on that species of bird is entirely speculative because they have never been spotted in the area of
the fill site. Pl.’s Mot. at 53; Pl.’s Reply at 23. EPA agrees that the birds have not yet been seen
in the area, but nonetheless argues that the fill would negatively impact the species because it
would destroy the bird’s preferred habitat. Def.’s Mot. at 36; Def.’s Reply at 12. Although EPA
is entitled to deference on its belief that the discharges will affect the habitat of Louisiana
Waterthrush, EPA’s reliance on those effects dances close to the line of what is reasonable: if
that species of bird has never been spotted in that area, it seems highly unlikely that the loss of
potential habitat could rise to the level of an “unacceptable adverse effect.” The Court need not
decide that question, however, because the validity of section V.C. and the Final Determination
does not turn on a finding that EPA’s consideration of the Louisiana Waterthrush was
reasonable; even putting that species aside, EPA points to significant impacts upon a wide range
of species that are known to inhabit the area.
                                                 30
recognize the limitations on this court’s authority in an APA review. The plaintiffs have made a

strong case that their substitutions are adequate but they have not presented a sufficient showing

to require a finding that the contrary analysis made by the EPA was arbitrary and capricious.”).

Moreover, EPA relies on other studies concerning salamanders and other species beyond the

disputed fish. See, e.g., Notice of Substantial New Information [Dkt. # 104].

       Finally, there is no support for the argument that EPA cannot rest the Final Determination

on a loss of habitat. Pl.’s Reply at 26. EPA’s regulations define “unacceptable adverse effects”

to require the agency to consider the overall impact on the aquatic ecosystem, not just the

particular species of wildlife that will be destroyed by the placement of the fill. And the

regulations specifically state that EPA should consider effects on habitat.           See 40 C.F.R.

§ 231.2(e) (defining unacceptable adverse effects to include “impact[s] on an aquatic or wetland

ecosystem which is likely to result in . . . significant loss of or damage to . . . wildlife habitat”).

Section 404(c) does not define “unacceptable adverse effects,” and as the implementing agency,

it was within the purview of EPA to define that phrase. See 33 U.S.C. § 1344(c); Chevron

U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984) (citation and footnote

omitted) (“We have long recognized that considerable weight should be accorded to an executive

department’s construction of a statutory scheme it is entrusted to administer, and the principle of

deference to administrative interpretations has been consistently followed by this Court . . . .”).

Mingo Logan does not challenge the definition as unreasonable or contrary to the statute, and the

Court finds it to be a reasonable construction of the statute. As a result, the Court must defer to

EPA’s decision that an analysis of whether a discharge will have unacceptable adverse effects on

the environment requires not only a focused assessment of how individual species will be

affected, but also a consideration of the larger picture: the relationship between the destruction

                                                  31
of habitat and the wildlife that depends on that habitat. Natural Res. Def. Council v. EPA, 706
F.3d 428, 431 (D.C. Cir. 2013), quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 (“If the ‘statute is silent or

ambiguous with respect to the specific issue,’ . . . we move to the second step and defer to the

agency’s interpretation as long as it is ‘based on a permissible construction of the statute.”’).

And EPA cited several studies to support its contention that the destruction of habitat in

conjunction with the loss of wildlife within the footprint of the fill was something that the

ecosystem could not afford. See AR010149–52. The Court therefore finds that EPA has met its

burden to show its determination that the proposed section 404 discharges would have

unacceptable adverse effects on wildlife within the footprint of the fill sites was reasonable.

       C. EPA considered the mitigation requirements in Mingo Logan’s section 404
          permit and its conclusion that they were insufficient is entitled to deference.

       Mingo Logan’s final challenge to section V.C. is that EPA is required to consider the

mitigation requirements imposed by the permit when conducting its section 404(c) adverse

effects analysis, and that EPA was judicially estopped from challenging the sufficiency of the

mitigation measures in place here. Pl.’s Mot. at 53–68; Pl.’s Reply at 26–29; Pl.’s Supp. at 3, 10.

Mingo Logan also argues that, to the extent that EPA is not judicially estopped from questioning

the adequacy of the mitigation requirements in the permit, EPA’s evaluation of those measures

was flawed. Pl.’s Mot. at 57–58; Pl.’s Reply at 27–29.

       The Court agrees that EPA was bound to consider the mitigation requirements in Mingo

Logan’s section 404 permit in this case. In State Farm, the Supreme Court explained that an

agency’s action is arbitrary and capricious if it fails to take into account “an important aspect of

the problem.” 463 U.S. at 43. And EPA’s own regulation instructs that, “[i]n evaluating the

unacceptability of such impacts, consideration should be given to the relevant portions of the

section 404(b)(1) guidelines,” 40 C.F.R. § 231.2(e), which specifically includes consideration of

                                                 32
potential mitigation. See, e.g., 40 C.F.R. § 230.1 et seq. Where EPA acts after a permit issues

and the permit itself includes mitigation measures, then mitigation becomes an important aspect

of the discharge issue, and the provisions in the permit dealing with mitigation are plainly

relevant to EPA’s analysis of the impact of the discharges. Accordingly, EPA was required to

consider the mitigation requirements in Mingo Logan’s section 404 permit when deciding

whether the proposed discharges would have unacceptable adverse effects.24

       But the record reveals that EPA did in fact consider the permit’s mitigation requirements

in the Final Determination, and it found them insufficient to overcome the unacceptable adverse

effects denoted in section V.C (and section V.D.). See AR010185–92. EPA provided a detailed

explanation for why it believed the mitigation to be insufficient, which shows that it considered

relevant data and linked its conclusions to the facts in the record. See AR010188–91; see also

infra note 26. EPA’s conclusion regarding Mingo Logan’s mitigation measures, which turns on

scientific predictions within EPA’s expertise, is therefore entitled to deference. See Amoco Oil

Co. v. EPA, 501 F.2d 722, 741 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (“Where [EPA's] regulations turn . . . on

predictions dealing with matters on the frontiers of scientific knowledge, we will demand

adequate reasons and explanations but not 'findings' of the sort familiar from the world of

adjudication.”).

       Mingo Logan’s remaining arguments do not alter that conclusion. First, Mingo Logan

contends that because the United States defended similar mitigation requirements in Ohio Valley

24      Mingo Logan's section 404 permit includes on-site and off-site in kind mitigation
measures. AR010186. The on-site compensation includes restoring “7,132 linear feet of stream
segments temporarily impacted by the sediment ponds, and creat[ing] 43,565 linear feet of on-
bench stream channel within the project area,” whereas off-site compensation includes stream
enhancements to Spruce Fork and Rockhouse Creek “through a combination of physical, aquatic
habitat, and stream stabilization improvement.” Id.; see also Pl.’s Mot. at 54–58 & n.54. The
permit also allows the Corps to modify the mitigation requirements if the plan is ineffective.
AR010186; see also Pl.’s Mot. at 55.
                                               33
Environmental Coalition v. Aracoma Coal Co., 556 F.3d at 177, EPA is judicially estopped from

challenging the adequacy of those requirements here. Although “[c]ourts may invoke judicial

estoppel ‘[w]here a party assumes a certain position in a legal proceeding, . . . succeeds in

maintaining that position, . . . [and then,] simply because his interests have changed, assume[s] a

contrary position,” Comcast Corp. v. FCC, 600 F.3d 642, 647 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (first alteration

added), quoting New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001), that principle is

inapplicable in this case. Judicial estoppel is a fact-intensive inquiry and any difference between

the stance the United States took in Ohio Valley and the one EPA now takes in this case may be

explained by reference to the distinct facts of each case.

        First of all, in Ohio Valley, it was the Corps – not EPA – that concluded that the

mitigation requirements in the permit met the section 404(b)(1) Guidelines and defended those

requirements in court. 556 F.3d at 204. But here, it is EPA that is challenging the notion that

those mitigation measures are satisfactory, which is precisely what EPA is authorized to do

under section 404(c). As a result, while the Fourth Circuit was bound to defer to the Corp in

Ohio Valley, the Court in this case must defer to EPA’s position that they are not sufficient in the

context of Spruce No. 1 Mine. Moreover, while both cases involve some overlap with certain

mitigation requirements, EPA’s position in this case challenges additional issues, such as stream

misclassification, not discussed in Ohio Valley. And the challenged permits in Ohio Valley

involved discharges unrelated to the Spruce No. 1 Mine that Mingo Logan seeks to operate. See

id. at 187.

        Second, to the extent that the difference cannot be explained in terms of distinct facts,

judicial estoppel is still inappropriate in this case. “[I]t is well settled that the Government may

not be estopped on the same terms as any other litigant.” Heckler v. Cmty. Health Servs. of

                                                 34
Crawford Cnty., 467 U.S. 51, 60 (1984).25 And the Supreme Court has explained that judicial

estoppel may not apply when “broad interests of public policy may make it important to allow a

change of positions that might seem inappropriate as a matter of merely private interests.”

Maine, 532 U.S. at 755 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). EPA must evaluate

changes in scientific knowledge in order to carry out its assigned task of protecting the

environment, and its updated decisions may vary from earlier positions. As the agency explained

in its motion for summary judgment, “a change in facts and regulatory policy . . . occurred

subsequent to issuance of the permits at issue in [Ohio Valley].” Def.’s Mot. at 57. This change

in policy and facts is memorialized in the Corps–EPA 2008 Mitigation Rule, which rescinded the

Regulatory Guidance Letter that the Ohio Valley court relied upon in determining that the

mitigation requirements were adequate in that case. 73 Fed. Reg. 19,594 (Apr. 10, 2008); Def.’s

Mot. at 57. Although EPA cannot apply the 2008 Mitigation Rule retroactively to Mingo

Logan’s 2007 permit, it may rely on “the scientific information . . . considered in adopting the

Mitigation Rule” to inform its “views concerning the Spruce permit, particularly with regard to

the difficulty of creating new streams that replace lost values and functions.” Def.’s Mot. at 57.

The Court therefore finds that it would be inappropriate to judicially estop EPA from challenging

the adequacy of the mitigation measures contained in Mingo Logan’s permit.

       And third, Mingo Logan’s other remaining argument – that EPA failed to adequately

explain why the permit’s mitigation requirements were inadequate – also fails. See Pl.’s Mot. at

55. As noted above, the Court found that the record contains a reasoned explanation for why

EPA finds the mitigation measures in the permit to be inadequate, and therefore that

25     But Heckler, 467 U.S. at 61 (“[The Court is] hesitant . . . to say that there are no cases in
which the public interest in ensuring that the Government can enforce the law free from estoppel
may be outweighed by the countervailing interest of citizens in some minimum standard of
decency, honor, and reliability in their dealings with the Government.”).
                                                35
determination is entitled to deference. Mingo Logan’s specific challenges to EPA’s mitigation

conclusion would require the Court to “undertake comparative evaluations of conflicting

scientific evidence,”26 which goes beyond the Court’s proper role of only “discern[ing] whether

the agency’s evaluation was rational.” See Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. EPA, 824 F.2d
1211, 1216 (D.C. Cir. 1987).      Consequently, the Court concludes that EPA satisfied the

26      In the Final Determination, EPA set forth the following concerns regarding the permit’s
mitigation plan:

              The mitigation plan is based on a “misclassification of impacts to perennial and
              intermittent streams, thereby resulting in an insufficient baseline from which to
              design adequate stream compensation.” AR010188.

              The mitigation plan is based on an “inadequate functional assessment of the
              impacted resources” because “the baseline assessment of the existing and
              impacted streams on the site missed and misclassified well over twenty thousand
              linear feet of headwater streams” and the mitigation plan used “the Stream Habitat
              Unit (SHU) method to calculate mitigation debits and credits.” AR010189.

              EPA believes that “created streams converted from erosion control channels
              would be considered degraded and will not successfully replace Pigeonroost
              Branch and Oldhouse Branch as sources of freshwater dilution with healthy
              biological communities and water quality.” AR010191. EPA contends that
              “[t]here is no evidence . . . that the type of stream creation . . . will successfully
              replace lost biological function and comparable stream chemistry to high quality
              stream resources, such as Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch.”
              AR010187. Moreover, EPA asserts that “it is extremely unlikely that high-value
              streams such as these can be replaced by on-site stream creation techniques
              involving conversion of sedimentation ditches fed by mine spoil runoff and
              seepage.” AR010188.

              EPA does not believe the mitigation plan takes into account the “terrestrial-
              aquatic linkage” and does not ensure that “restored or created channels provide
              greater functions than simply service as water conveyance structures.”
              AR010191.

Mingo Logan argues that EPA’s discussion of the mitigation requirements is deficient because
EPA fails to explain how the measures “do not met the ‘practicable and appropriate’ standard of
the 404(b)(1) Guidelines,” why the misclassification of a stream would impact mitigation
success, and why stream creation is no longer an appropriate mitigation measure. Pl.’s Mot. at
57–58.
                                               36
requirement to consider the mitigation measures in Mingo Logan’s section 404 permit, and it

provided a sufficient explanation to justify why, despite those measures, the proposed discharges

would have unacceptable adverse effects on wildlife.

       Based on the analysis above, the Court finds that EPA is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. EPA’s conclusion that the discharge of dredged or fill material into Pigeonroost Branch

and Oldhouse Branch would cause unacceptable adverse effects – as explained in section V.C. –

is reasonable, supported by the record, and within EPA’s authority to reach. The Court will

therefore grant EPA’s motion for summary judgment and deny Mingo Logan’s motion for

summary judgment.

II.    EPA’s decision to revoke the specification of Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse
       Branch as disposal sites in Mingo Logan’s section 404 permit was reasonable and
       supported by section V.D. of the Final Determination.

       The Court’s holding that EPA acted reasonably and lawfully when it revoked the

specification of the two streams in Mingo Logan’s section 404 permit based on the explanation

set forth in section V.C. of that document is dispositive of the case. See July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 8

(counsel for Mingo Logan agreeing that section V.C. alone could support the Final

Determination if it was valid). But the Court will go on to consider Mingo Logan’s challenge to

section V.D. of the Final Determination, which the Court also concludes is lawful and could

serve as an independent basis to uphold the Final Determination.

       In section V.D., EPA identified unacceptable adverse effects downstream from the fill

sites and the sediment ponds into which the fill water eventually flows.         AR010152–75.

Specifically, EPA stated:

              Unacceptable adverse impacts will also occur to wildlife downstream of
              the footprint of the fills and sediment ponds. These unacceptable adverse
              impacts will be caused by removing Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse
              Branch as sources of freshwater dilution and converting them to sources of

                                               37
               pollution. . . . The project as authorized also will create areas of pooled
               water and increased conductivity, both of which are among the conditions
               known to be necessary to support harmful blooms of golden algae. . . .
               This section identifies increased loads of selenium and [total dissolved
               solids] (measured as conductivity) that are expected to occur as a result of
               the discharges of coal overburden as authorized . . . . These impacts to
               water chemistry are identified because they will adversely affect the native
               aquatic and water-dependent wildlife communities in the Spruce Fork
               watershed . . . .

Id. at AR010152–53.

       Mingo Logan claims that section V.D. cannot support the revocation of the specification

because downstream effects on water quality are regulated under section 402 of the CWA, not

section 404, and West Virginia has assumed responsibility for administering the section 402

permit program within the territory involved. Pl.’s Mot. at 29–35. Mingo Logan points out that

selenium and total dissolved solids (“TDS”) are not “dredged or fill material,” but fall within the

category of general pollutants under the CWA, which means they are regulated under section

402, not section 404. See, e.g., Pl.’s Reply at 15. As a result, Mingo Logan contends that when

EPA considered downstream water quality, it premised the Final Determination on factors that

Congress did not intend for it to include in the calculus. See State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43.

       Second, Mingo Logan argues that to the extent that EPA may consider downstream

effects when deciding to revoke a section 404 permit, EPA must use the water quality standards

enacted by West Virginia pursuant to section 303 of the CWA. Pl.’s Mot. at 35–39. Mingo

claims that EPA created its own water quality standards here instead, id. at 35, 37, and that it

                                                38
failed to link the unacceptable downstream adverse effects to discharges made pursuant to the

section 404 permit.27 Id. at 33–35.

   A. EPA may consider downstream consequences when evaluating whether proposed
      discharges of dredged or fill material will have unacceptable adverse effects under
      section 404(c).

       All water that passes over or though the valley fills created by to a section 404 permit,

and any pollutants that leach from the fills as the water passes through them, are eventually

collected in a sediment pond for treatment. Water may be discharged from those ponds pursuant

to a section 402 permit, and the discharged water, even after it has been treated, contains

elevated levels of selenium and total dissolved solids (“TDS”), which are considered pollutants

under the CWA. The downstream effects on wildlife identified by EPA as being unacceptable in

section V.D. of the Final Determination are caused by the discharge from the sediment ponds of

water containing elevated levels of the two contaminants. See AR010152–75.

       Mingo Logan argues that EPA improperly considered these downstream effects because

the water flowing from the sediment ponds is regulated by West Virginia under section 402, and

the discharge from the ponds acts as an intervening event that severs EPA’s authority to regulate

discharge of fill material from the mine under section 404(c). July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 39 (“[EPA is]

allowed to look at wildlife downstream as long as there is not an intervening regulatory decision

that is made by the state.”). According to Mingo Logan, once the water contaminated by its

movement through the valley fills flows into the sediments ponds that are subject to a different

regulatory scheme, EPA can no longer consider the effects the water might have on wildlife

27     Mingo Logan also raised the same arguments set forth in its challenge to section V.C. –
that EPA needed, but did not have, substantial new information, and that EPA failed to
demonstrate that the effects were “unacceptable” – in its challenge to section V.D. The Court
need not address these arguments separately, however, because they fail with respect to section
V.D. for the same reasons enumerated above in connection with section V.C.
                                               39
thereafter. Mingo Logan and amicus curiae Randy C. Huffman, on behalf of the State of West

Virginia, contend that EPA has essentially usurped West Virginia’s regulatory authority under

section 402 of the CWA as well as the SCMRA, and that approving its action would be

inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s holding in Coeur Alaska. Pl.’s Mot. at 29–33; West

Virginia Amicus Curiae Br. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. (“W. Va. Br.”) at 14–19 [Dkt. # 53]. The

Court disagrees.

       As an initial point, the Court notes that – despite Mingo Logan’s repeated attempt to

characterize section V.D. as “regulating” discharges from the sediment ponds that are subject to

regulation by West Virginia under section 402 – that section does not purport to “regulate”

outfall from the sediment ponds. It does not state that Mingo Logan can no longer discharge

water from the sediment ponds downstream, and it does not prohibit or manage the upstream

discharge of non-fill contaminants into streams that flow into the sediment ponds. Instead,

section V.D. merely concludes that the placement of dredged and fill material into Pigeonroost

Branch and Oldhouse Branch above the ponds will negatively affect the wildlife below the

ponds. See AR010152–75.

       Once the issue is properly framed, it follows that EPA’s consideration of downstream

effects does not “usurp” West Virginia’s regulatory authority under section 402. Although it is

true that West Virginia – in issuing the section 402 permit – reached the conclusion that the

discharges from the sediment ponds were permissible despite any effects on downstream water

quality, EPA’s separate determination that the same streams could have specific unacceptable

consequences did not invade West Virginia’s regulatory sphere. It is EPA that was charged by

Congress to assess the impact of the fill material on municipal water supplies, shellfish beds and

fishery areas, wildlife, and recreational areas. EPA’s withdrawal of the specification in the

                                               40
exercise of that function has the effect of prohibiting the proposed discharge of dredged and fill

material in certain locations – a matter that is not within West Virginia’s regulatory authority

under section 402 – and it will only impact the sediment ponds – which are subject to West

Virginia’s control – to the extent that the discharged water will no longer include those

contaminants emanating from the proposed valley fills. The fact that discharges from the

sediment pond, and therefore West Virginia’s regulatory authority, remains unaffected by EPA’s

consideration of downstream effects is no small consequence; as Mingo Logan itself points out,

the sediment ponds treat water from various parts of the mine, not just the three proposed valley

fills.28 The Court therefore concludes that EPA is not usurping West Virginia’s regulatory

authority under section 402 or utilizing section 404(c) to veto a section 402 permit.

       Moreover, neither the text nor the structure of the CWA supports Mingo Logan’s strained

interpretation of what EPA may consider when determining whether section 404 discharges will

have an unacceptable adverse effect on wildlife. As noted above, the language of section 404(c)

itself is broad, and the statute does not define “unacceptable adverse effect[s].” See 33 U.S.C.

§ 1344(c). The only explicit limitation on EPA’s section 404(c) authority is that the adverse

effects must be caused by the discharge of dredged or fill material, and they must have an

unacceptable impact on at least one of four enumerated areas: “municipal water supplies,

shellfish beds and fishery areas (including spawning and breeding areas), wildlife, or recreational

areas.” Id. Mingo Logan’s position therefore finds no textual support.

        In fact, the text – if anything – supports the opposite conclusion. As noted above, among

other things, Congress directed EPA to protect municipal water supplies under section 404(c).

28     For the same reason, the Court is not persuaded by West Virginia’s arguments that
allowing EPA to consider downstream consequences will nullify the section 402 permit. See
West Virginia Amicus Curiae Br. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. (“W. Va. Br.”) at 19–21 [Dkt. # 53].
                                                41
See 33 U.S.C. § 1344(c). Because an entity will never be permitted to discharge dredged and fill

material directly into municipal water supplies, it follows that Congress must have contemplated

that EPA would be concerned with an effect occurring downstream from the discharge site. And

there is nothing in the text to indicate that effects on wildlife are to be considered more

narrowly.29

       Furthermore, EPA’s implementing regulations – which are reasonable and entitled to

deference, see Chevron, 467 U.S. at 845; Natural Res. Def. Council, 706 F.3d at 431 – provide

additional support for the conclusion that EPA may consider downstream effects when

conducting a section 404(c) analysis. The regulations define unacceptable adverse effects as

“impact[s] on an aquatic or wetland ecosystem,” not simply impacts within the footprint of the

fill. 40 C.F.R. § 231.2(e) (emphasis added). The use of the word “ecosystem” indicates that

EPA has consistently understood that its analysis should not be limited in geographic scope as

long as it can connect the identified adverse effects to the upstream discharge.               That

interpretation is consistent with the text of section 404(c), and it recognizes that the contents of

the regulated material do not remain stationary: the discharge of dredged and fill material

contaminates water with elements of that material that will move downstream with the natural

flow of the current. Those contaminants do not become disassociated with the valley fill just

29      Mingo Logan argues that the phrase “municipal water supplies” would not be rendered
meaningless by its proposed interpretation that EPA cannot look at downstream effects if there is
an intervening circumstance, such as a sediment pond, that is subject to a different regulatory
scheme. It notes that the phrase would still have meaning because EPA would be permitted to
consider whether the discharge of fill material to build a dam, for example, would dry up
municipal water supplies. July 30 Hr’g Tr. at 102. But this argument does not solve the problem
that Mingo Logan’s proposed interpretation would render that phrase meaningless in the context
of surface mining regulation.
                                                42
because they enter or exit a sediment pond, and if they cause unacceptable adverse effects on

wildlife, they fall within the purview of section 404(c).30

       Finally, the Supreme Court’s decision in Coeur Alaska does not mandate the conclusion

that EPA cannot consider downstream effects under section 404(c). In that case, the Supreme

Court addressed the intersection of the regulatory schemes governing the issuance of permits

under section 402 and section 404 of the CWA. 557 U.S. at 265. It explained that the two

schemes are separate and distinct: section 404 governs the discharge of any pollutant that meets

the definition of dredged or fill materials, and section 402 governs the discharge of all other

pollutants into the navigable waters of the United States. See id. at 273–76. Based on that

distinction, the Court held that “when a permit is required to discharge fill material,” the entity

seeking to discharge that material is only required to obtain a section 404 permit. Id. at 286. To

require the entity to also obtain a section 402 permit would create “[a] two-permit regime [that]

would cause confusion, delay, expense, and uncertainty in the permitting process.” Id.

       Mingo Logan relies on the “two-permit regime” language as support for its position that

EPA cannot consider downstream effects where the water causing those effects passes through a

sediment pond that is regulated under section 402 by West Virginia. Pl.’s Supp. at 4; see also

Pl.’s Mot. at 31–33; Pl.’s Reply at 16. But that argument stretches the holding in Coeur Alaska

too far. First, Coeur Alaska does not address EPA’s authority under section 404(c) and is

therefore not directly controlling in this case. And second, EPA’s consideration of downstream

30      Mingo Logan also challenges EPA’s consideration of the downstream effects of the
proposed discharge of fill material on the grounds that the regulations specify that secondary
effects “shall be considered prior to the time final section 404 action is taken by permitting
authorities.” 40 C.F.R. § 230.11(h)(1). But that provision does not necessarily stand for the
point that Mingo Logan hopes. Although it clearly requires the Corps (not necessarily EPA) to
consider secondary effects before it issues a permit, the language does not explicitly say that they
cannot be considered again after a permit issues.
                                                 43
effects does not run afoul of the Court’s holding that only one of the two permits is necessary in

any given situation. EPA is not requiring Mingo Logan to obtain a section 404 permit to

discharge water from the sediment ponds; instead, it concluded that the discharge of dredged and

fill material upstream – which falls within the section 404 regulatory scheme, see Coeur Alaska,
557 U.S. at 276 (“[I]f the discharge is fill, the discharger must seek a § 404 permit from the

Corps; if not, . . . the discharge requires a § 402 permit from the EPA.”) – cannot be permitted in

the specified locations because of the negative effect it will cause downstream. As a result, the

Court finds that EPA may consider downstream effects when conducting its section 404(c)

unacceptable adverse effects analysis.31

   B. EPA is not bound by West Virginia’s water quality standards when conducting its
      section 404(c) analysis.

       Mingo Logan next argues that, even if EPA may consider downstream effects, section

V.D. cannot lawfully support the agency’s determination because EPA ignored the standards set

by West Virginia and instead created its own ad hoc water quality standards when concluding

that discharges into Pigeonroost and Oldhouse Branches would have unacceptable adverse

effects downstream. Pl.’s Mot. at 37; Pl.’s Supp. at 8. Mingo Logan contends that EPA has no

authority to create its own standards and that it is state standards that must be used to define what

is “acceptable” in the context of all CWA permitting decisions. Pl.’s Reply at 20–22; Pl.’s Supp.

at 7–8. Mingo Logan also claims that EPA cannot ignore the fact that West Virginia issued a

31      Ohio Valley does not warrant a different conclusion. In that case, the Fourth Circuit
found that the Corps reasonably interpreted its jurisdiction under NEPA as preventing it from
considering the upland environmental impacts of a valley fill because the agency’s authority
under section 404 is limited to regulating the discharge of fill into water. 556 F.3d at 195–97.
But here, EPA linked the identified unacceptable adverse effects to wildlife downstream to
discharge of fill material into water – in this case, Pigeonroost and Oldhouse Branches – so its
consideration of downstream effects fell squarely within the realm it was tasked to regulate under
section 404(c).
                                                 44
section 401 certification, which certified that Mingo Logan’s proposed section 404 discharges

would not violate the state’s water quality standards, Pl.’s Supp. at 8, because EPA’s regulations

provide that state water quality standards “must be used when . . . evaluating proposed

discharges of dredged or fill material under § 404.”        Pl.’s Mot. at 38, quoting 40 C.F.R.

§ 131.21(d) (alteration in original). But the Final Determination will not be overturned on these

grounds either.

       First, the Court is not convinced that EPA is actually creating its own water quality

standards. Although it may have applied a conductivity measurement not adopted by West

Virginia and come to a different conclusion regarding the acceptability of the selenium levels

downstream, see W. Va. Br. at 14, EPA’s discussion in section V.D. did not adopt those

measurements or conclusions as general standards to be applied in cases involving downstream

impacts.

       More importantly, the Court finds that section 404(c) authorizes EPA to determine that

merely meeting state water quality standards is insufficient when it is deciding whether section

404 discharges will have unacceptable adverse effects on something other than the water – in this

case, wildlife. As noted above, section 404(c) is silent with respect to what constitutes an

unacceptable adverse effect and what EPA may consider when deciding if there will be an

unacceptable adverse effect. The section is also silent with respect to what standard EPA should

use to decide if something is unacceptable. And unlike section 401 and 402, section 404 does

not call for consideration of state water quality standards at all. See 33 U.S.C. § 1344.

       Section 401 of the CWA provides that all federal permit applicants must request a

certification from the state that the proposed discharges would not violate state water quality

standards, see id. § 1341(a), and section 402 explicitly requires that discharges regulated under

                                                45
that provision meet state water quality standards.         See id. § 1342(a)(1) (noting that the

Administrator may permit discharges under section 402 “upon [the] condition that such

discharge[s] will meet . . . all applicable requirements under section[] 1311”). But even in both

of those sections, the CWA has identified state requirements as a floor that must be met, not a

limit on federal authority.

       It is true that EPA’s implementing regulations recognize that water quality – which is

regulated by the state – will be an important consideration when dealing with adverse effects on

aquatic wildlife. See 40 C.F.R. § 131.21(d) (stating that state water quality standards must be

used in “evaluating proposed discharges of dredged or fill material under section 404”). But

there is nothing about the statute or that acknowledgement that forecloses EPA from imposing

stricter requirements than those required by the state standards.        See id. (emphasis added)

(providing that state standards are “the minimum standards which must be used”). In other

words, section 401 guarantees that the federal government cannot approve conduct that would

violate state water standards, but it does not prevent EPA from requiring more than what is

required by the state to fulfill its function as the steward of the environment under section 404(c).

To hold otherwise would limit EPA’s ability to exercise its section 404(c) authority to situations

where a state has not issued a section 401 certification. That interpretation would be inconsistent

with the broad “whenever” language employed in section 404(c), and it also does not fit within

the structure of section 404, which designates EPA as the ultimate decisionmaker with respect to

the enumerated types of environmental consequences of section 404 discharges. See 33 U.S.C.

§ 1344; Mingo Logan, 714 F.3d at 614 (“[S]ection 404(b) makes equally clear . . . that the

Administrator has, in effect, the final say on the specified disposal sites ‘whenever’ he makes the

statutorily required ‘unacceptable adverse effect’ determination.”); see also Newport Galleria

                                                 46
Grp., 618 F. Supp. at 1184 (“[I]f the section 404(c) veto is to have any meaning at all, the EPA

must be able to disagree with the Corps’ conclusions.”).

   C. EPA demonstrated a causal link between the identified downstream unacceptable
      adverse effects and the proposed section 404 discharges into Pigeonroost Branch
      and Oldhouse Branch.

       Mingo Logan’s final reason for why section V.D. cannot support the Final Determination

is that EPA failed to show that the section 404 discharges actually caused the downstream

unacceptable adverse effects it identified. Pl.’s Mot. at 34; Pl.’s Reply at 2, 19; Pl.’s Supp. at 6.

More specifically, Mingo Logan notes that twenty-nine outfalls drain runoff from the Spruce No.

1 Mine, and only three of those outfalls receive water that passes over or through section 404 fill

areas. Pl.’s Reply at 18–19; Pl.’s Supp. at 6. Mingo Logan points out that section 404 does not

authorize EPA to regulate surface mines in general, so section V.D. cannot support the section

404(c) veto unless EPA linked the adverse impacts identified in that section with the section 404

discharges that it is permitted to regulate. Pl.’s Mot. at 34, citing Ohio Valley, 556 F.3d at 195

(defining the Corps jurisdiction under section 404 as limited to the filling of jurisdictional

waters, not the entire valley fill project); Pl.’s Reply at 19; Pl.’s Supp. at 6–7, quoting Ohio

Valley, 556 F.3d at 195 (assuming “that the entire mine falls within the ambit of section 404 ‘is

to effectively read out of the equation the elaborate, congressionally mandated schema for the

permitting of surface mining operations prescribed by [the] SCMRA’

       The Court agrees that EPA must show a causal link between the discharges it seeks to

prohibit and the unacceptable adverse effects that justify its decision to prohibit them. So the

cause of the unacceptable adverse effects must be related to the only thing EPA can regulate

under section 404: the discharge of dredged or fill material. This is not to say, however, that

EPA must demonstrate with laser precision that the complained about effects stem only from the

                                                 47
section 404 discharges. It is enough for EPA to establish some causal link between the discharge

of fill material upstream and the projected unacceptable adverse effects, and EPA has done that

here.

        In section V.D., EPA points to two circumstances to demonstrate the causal link between

the discharge of dredged and fill material into Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch and the

effects on wildlife due to the increased quantities of selenium and conductivity downstream.32

First, EPA’s analysis established that the presence of the fill material itself would increase the

selenium and conductivity levels. EPA compared the proposed discharges into Pigeonroost and

Oldhouse Branches with streams that have been impacted in other mining operations, such as

Dal-Tex. See AR010154–59, 010161–62. It also looked at the water flowing downstream from

the one valley fill that Mingo Logan was permitted to create and that it is currently using to

operate Spruce No. 1 Mine. See id. From those comparisons, EPA concluded that the discharge

of fill material into Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch would increase the selenium and

conductivity levels downstream, which in turn cause the unacceptable adverse effects to aquatic

wildlife in the region. That conclusion is reasonable, supported by the record, and entitled to

deference. See Ohio Valley, 556 F.3d at 201, quoting Balt. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Res. Def.

Council, 462 U.S. 87, 103 (1983) (“In matters involving complex predictions based on special

expertise, ‘a reviewing court must generally be at its most deferential.’”).

        Moreover, EPA demonstrated a causal link between the proposed section 404 discharges

into Pigeonroost and Oldhouse Branches and the unacceptable adverse effects to wildlife

downstream by reframing the problem as one of a “loss of freshwater dilution” as opposed to

32      Section V.D. explains that higher concentrations of selenium and conductivity, among
other things, damages the reproductive capability of many aquatic species, and that the negative
effects of the increase of those contaminants in the water will also affect the terrestrial wildlife
that depend on the contaminated aquatic wildlife as a food source. See AR010152–75.
                                                 48
increased contamination. AR010159–60. Although Mingo Logan is correct that the loss of

freshwater dilution argument is simply another way of explaining the contaminants theory,

reframing the issue as one involving dilution helps to clarify the causation link. Instead of

debating whether the increased selenium or conductivity was the product of the section 404

discharges specifically or some other aspect of the mine, focusing on the loss of freshwater

dilution establishes that the section 404 discharges do – at least to some extent – cause the

downstream consequences listed in section V.D. because the water downstream will be less

dilute, with more contaminants in it, when the volume of clean, diluting water decreases. As a

result, the Court finds that EPA reasonably demonstrated that the proposed discharges would

cause the downstream unacceptable adverse effects discussed in section V.D. of the Final

Determination.

          As explained above, the Court finds that EPA may consider downstream effects under

section 404(c), that it may use stricter standards than those set as the state’s water quality

standards, and that, in this case, EPA successfully demonstrated that the unacceptable adverse

effects identified in section V.D. would be caused by the proposed section 404 discharges into

Pigeonroost Branch and Oldhouse Branch. Section V.D. may therefore serve as an independent

basis on which to rest EPA’s Final Determination that specification of the two streams in Mingo

Logan’s section 404 permit must be revoked. EPA is therefore entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.

                                         CONCLUSION

          Because the Court finds that EPA’s decision to revoke the specification of Pigeonroost

Branch and Oldhouse Branch as disposal sites for the discharge of dredged or fill material

generated in connection with the Spruce No. 1 Mine, as explained in the Final Determination,

was reasonable, supported by the record, and based on considerations within EPA’s purview, it
                                                49
will grant EPA’s motion for summary judgment and deny Mingo Logan’s motion for summary

judgment. A separate order will issue.

                                         AMY BERMAN JACKSON
                                         United States District Judge

DATE: September 30, 2014

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