Court Opinion

ID: 4125594
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-13 18:00:34.054443+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:22:46.940895
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 16-3068
                                       ___________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                                DARIAN TENSLEY,
                                          Appellant
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                          (D.C. Crim. No. 3:15-cr-00108-001)
                      District Judge: Honorable James M. Munley
                      ____________________________________

                     Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   February 10, 2017

              Before: MCKEE, RENDELL, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                           (Opinion filed: February 13, 2017)
                                       _________

                                        OPINION*
                                        _________

FUENTES, Circuit Judge

       In August 2013, while serving a lengthy federal drug sentence at Schuylkill FCI,1

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Darian Tensley became agitated during a routine pat-down conducted by Officer Jim

Siedel. During a brief scuffle, Tensley spun around and punched Siedel in the face.2

Almost two years later, Tensley was indicted under 18 U.S.C. § 111 (“Assaulting,

resisting, or impeding certain officers or employees”), entered an open plea of guilty, and

was sentenced to 33 additional months in prison. The only issue now on appeal is

whether the District Court correctly overruled Tensley’s objection to a two-level

sentencing enhancement for causing Siedel “bodily injury,” a decision we review for

clear error.3

       The relevant definition of “bodily injury” is found in the Application Notes to

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1: “any significant injury; e.g., an injury that is painful and obvious, or is

of a type for which medical attention ordinarily would be sought.” Whether an injury is

“significant” is a fact- and record-dependent inquiry that looks to whether the injury was

more than trivial or minor. Relevant factors include the degree and duration of the pain

and discomfort experienced by the victim, as well as the character of any medical

1
  See M.D. Fl. Crim. No. 8:03-CR-00227; see also Pre-Sentence Report (“PSR”) ¶ 60
(reflecting a 327-month sentence for selling 53.8 grams of crack cocaine).
2
 The PSR says that Tensley threw and landed two punches, see PSR ¶ 5, but the
sentencing transcript reflects only a single punch, see App’x 29.
3
 See United States v. Harris, 44 F.3d 1206, 1217 (3d Cir. 1995); see also United States v.
Richards, 674 F.3d 215, 220–22 (3d Cir. 2012) (discussing clear error review in the
context of Guidelines determinations). We have jurisdiction to answer this question
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742.
                                              2
intervention.4

         The government submitted two exhibits to the District Court in support of the

proposed enhancement. The first was a contemporaneous incident report that briefly

described Officer Siedel’s injuries: “Suffered contusion to [his] upper and lower

lips/swelling, small laceration, interior lower lip . . . .”5 Siedel was “instructed” to

“follow-up with the local hospital.”6 The second exhibit was a set of full-color photos of

Siedel’s face, time-stamped within five minutes of the attack. They show Siedel with a

bloody nose and a cut inside lower lip.7 No formal medical report was introduced into

the record.

         The government then called Officer Siedel to the stand during Tensley’s

sentencing hearing, which was held almost three years after the incident. At the hearing,

Siedel discussed his injuries, which he described as “very” painful.8 With regard to

medical intervention, he testified that the emergency-room doctors had examined his

mouth (to ensure his teeth were not loose) and X-rayed his arm. He was told that he

would probably have headaches for a few days (he did) and to treat them with over-the-

4
    See Harris, 44 F.3d at 1217–19.
5
 App’x 57. Siedel also sustained an injury to his elbow and left hand while restraining
Tensley after the attack. See App’x 38.
6
    App’x 57.
7
 See App’x 56. The copy in the appendix is in black and white; the color photographs
are available on the District Court’s docket at ECF No. 46.
8
    App’x 38–39.
                                               3
counter pain medications. Siedel returned to work the next day—“psychologically, it was

a little tough”—and experienced some swelling that affected his ability to smile.9 He

later clarified that he required no follow-up medical attention and that his teeth were fine.

Moreover, on cross, he candidly conceded that he received no treatment for his lip

injuries and that the X-rays revealed nothing amiss. And he agreed with defense counsel

that it was “fair” to say “there was no treatment at the hospital, other than X-rays and an

evaluation that there was no damage done.”10

         Relying on two out-of-Circuit cases, Tensley argues on appeal that the injuries

Siedel sustained were not “significant” and thus could not support the “bodily injury”

sentencing enhancement. The first case, the Tenth Circuit’s 2006 decision in United

States v. Mejia-Canales,11 has similar facts: a federal inmate struck a guard in the face

and head, was indicted under 18 U.S.C. § 111, and received the bodily-injury

enhancement in District Court. The successful appellate challenge to the enhancement in

Mejia-Canales, however, grew out of the government’s failure to provide an adequate

factual basis for applying it. The guard’s injuries were minor, consisting of a head

wound and a small oral cut; the record contained only three poor-quality photographs and

the PSR’s brief description of the wounds. Moreover, the guard did not testify.12 The

9
    App’x 40.
10
     App’x 43.
11
     467 F.3d 1280 (10th Cir. 2006).
12
     Id. at 1281, 1283–84.
                                              4
Fifth Circuit reached much the same conclusion, for much the same reason, in United

States v. Zuniga,13 the other decision Tensley relies on. There, the Fifth Circuit described

evidence of the injury—a single eyewitness statement about the victim being “trampled”

and experiencing pain in her arm—as “sparse.”14

          We believe the record here is sufficient to support the application of the

enhancement under our deferential review for clear error. Unlike in Mejia-Canales and

Zuniga, the victim here testified about his injuries, saying that they were painful and had

aftereffects that lasted for days—both factors that can support a finding of bodily injury.15

The full-color photographs, meanwhile, show Siedel bleeding from his mouth and nose.

While the medical attention revealed nothing serious and the testimony about

psychological trauma might not bear on the enhancement,16 the record was such that the

13
     720 F.3d 587 (5th Cir. 2013) (per curiam).
14
     Id. at 593.
15
  See, e.g., United States v. Maiden, 606 F.3d 337, 338, 340 (7th Cir. 2010) (affirming
enhancement when PSR contained victim’s statement that, after being sprayed in the eyes
with pepper spray, she felt a burning sensation that prevented her from wearing contact
lenses).
16
   It is unclear whether the District Court took this part of Siedel’s testimony into
account. We do not appear to have decided whether mental anguish alone, such as
trauma arising from the fact of the attack itself—as distinguished from mental distress
that illuminates or arises from an injury and bears upon its significance—can be a
component of a “bodily injury” determination. See, e.g., United States v. Lanzi, 933 F.2d
824, 827 (10th Cir. 1991) (finding no clear error when “psychological injury” was
deemed not to amount to “bodily injury”); cf. United States v. Spinelli, 352 F.3d 48, 58
(2d Cir. 2003) (finding psychological injury could constitute “serious” and “permanent or
life-threatening” bodily injuries, whose definitions in the Application Notes to § 1B1.1
                                                5
District Court could reasonably find that Siedel suffered a “significant” injury. And

when there are two reasonable views of the evidence, a choice between them cannot be

clearly erroneous.17

         In sum, we find no clear error in the District Court’s judgment of sentence. It will

be affirmed.

include damage to “mental faculty”). The record here was sufficient to apply the
enhancement without that testimony, so we leave the question for another day.
17
     United States v. Waterman, 755 F.3d 171, 174 (3d Cir. 2014).
                                               6