Court Opinion

ID: 2665127
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 07:14:51.478955+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:17:30.429180
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 In re Application of

 RICARDO REIS VEIGA, and

 RODRIGO PÉREZ PALLARES,                              Misc. Action No. 10-370 (CKK) (DAR)
                Applicants,

 To Issue a Subpoena for the Taking of a
 Deposition and the Production of Documents
 for Use in a Foreign Proceeding.

 In re Application of

 CHEVRON CORPORATION,
                                                      Misc. Action No. 10-371 (CKK) (DAR)
                Applicant,

 To Issue a Subpoena for the Taking of a
 Deposition and the Production of
 Documents.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    (October 20, 2010)

       Before the Court are applications by Chevron Corporation (“Chevron”) and two of its

attorneys, Rodrigo Pérez Pallares (“Pérez”) and Ricardo Reis Veiga (“Veiga”) (collectively,

“Applicants”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) for the issuance of subpoenas requiring

Respondent Alberto Wray Espinosa (“Wray”) to produce documents and appear at a deposition

in Washington, D.C. See 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [1] (Pérez-Veiga Application); 10 Misc. 371,

Docket No. [1] (Chevron Application). Intervening as interested parties are the Republic of

Ecuador (the “Republic”) and the plaintiffs in an ongoing litigation against Chevron in Lago
Agrio, Ecuador (the “Lago Agrio Plaintiffs”) (collectively, the “Interested Parties”).

Notwithstanding the parties’ all-too-frequent detours, these proceedings are limited to the narrow

question of whether the Applicants have properly invoked the statutory relief contemplated by §

1782(a) – i.e., whether discovery should be allowed in this District for potential use in

proceedings abroad.1 For the reasons set forth below, the Court shall GRANT both the Pérez-

Veiga Application and the Chevron Application, subject to certain limitations and conditions.

                                I. PRELIMINARY MATTERS

       Preliminarily, the parties have raised various issues concerning the submissions in this

action, none of which requires extensive discussion.

       A.      The Republic’s Motion to Strike

       First, the Republic moves to strike what it describes as “new evidence” presented to this

Court by Chevron in the course of briefing in this matter – for the most part, selected excerpts of

outtakes from a documentary about the ongoing litigation against Chevron in Lago Agrio – or,

alternatively, for leave to file a sur-reply. See 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [50]; 10 Misc. 371,

Docket No. [65]. The Republic’s objections are two-fold: first, that Chevron failed to present the

evidence in the proceedings before the Hon. Magistrate Judge Deborah A. Robinson; and,

second, that Chevron effectively deprived the Republic of an opportunity to respond by

       1
           The Court is aware that the parties have engaged in a protracted and heated dispute
spanning multiple fora. Nevertheless, the parties’ voluminous submissions often devolve into a
needless presentation into the merits of claims before foreign tribunals, proceedings before other
district courts, and myriad other tangential and immaterial concerns, an approach that has
needlessly complicated and delayed the disposition of the applications now before the Court.
The parties are cautioned that future pleadings, if any, should be tailored to address the discrete
issues presented, with any exhibits properly edited to direct the Court’s attention to the relevant
portions thereof.

                                                 2
submitting such evidence with a reply brief.

       The Republic concedes, however, that this Court retains the discretion to accept and

consider the evidence submitted by Chevron. See id.; see also Local Rule LCvR 72.3(c) (“A

district judge may make a determination based solely on the record developed before the

magistrate judge, or may . . . receive further evidence”). Nor can the Republic credibly dispute

that Chevron only came into possession of the outtakes at issue a short period before the

Magistrate Judge last held a hearing in this action. See 3d Supp. Fisher Decl., 10 Misc. 371,

Docket No. [62-1], ¶ 2. Instead, the Republic dedicates the lion’s share of its moving papers to

the substance of the outtakes themselves, providing its alternative interpretations with specific

and detailed citations to the relevant transcripts. Indeed, the Republic encourages the Court to

review the entirety of the evidence submitted by Chevron to assess the accuracy of Chevron’s

representations. To the extent it is even required, the Republic has already taken for itself a full

and fair opportunity to respond to the evidence at issue. Accordingly, the Republic’s Motion is

DENIED; in an exercise of its discretion, the Court has reviewed the evidence submitted by

Chevron, as well as the Republic’s rebuttal thereto, and will cite to portions thereof where

helpful to the Court’s disposition of the Applications. However, the Court notes that its

consideration of the evidence does not affect the ultimate outcome of these proceedings; even

absent the outtakes, Chevron has made a sufficiently particularized prima facie showing to justify

the invocation of § 1782(a).

       B.      The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ Motion to Supplement the Record

       Second, the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs move to supplement the record to correct an allegedly

erroneous and incomplete translation submitted by Applicants. See 10 Misc. 370, Docket No.

                                                  3
[57]; 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [66]. Although the Court shall GRANT the Motion, the

difference between the two submissions does not affect the Court’s disposition, and the Court

makes no finding as to the accuracy of the parties’ respective submissions.

       C.      Chevron’s Motion to File Corrected Submissions

       Finally, Chevron has moved to file a corrected brief and exhibit omitting references to

information that was apparently sealed by another district court following Chevron’s initial

filing. See 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [64]. The Court shall GRANT the Motion, which as of the

date of this Opinion remains unopposed.

                                     II. BACKGROUND2

       Applicants seek discovery from Wray in connection with a lawsuit pending against

Chevron in Lago Agrio, Ecuador (the “Lago Agrio Litigation”), criminal proceedings

commenced against Pérez and Veiga in Ecuador (the “Criminal Proceedings”), and an arbitration

commenced by Chevron against the Republic under the Bilateral Investment Treaty between

       2
          While the Court has reviewed all of the parties’ submissions, including the attachments
and exhibits thereto, the report and recommendation and orders of Magistrate Judge Robinson,
the transcripts of prior proceedings, and the record as a whole, the Court will only address the
factual and procedural background necessary to dispose of the narrow issues presented. Further
factual details can be found in the parties’ submissions on the public docket, as well as in the
opinions issued in related litigation in other jurisdictions. See, e.g., In re Chevron Corp., No.
1:10-MI-00076-TWT-GGB (N.D. Ga.); Chevron Corp. v. Stratus Consulting, Inc., No. 1:10-cv-
00047-MSK-MEH (D. Colo.); In re Application of Chevron Corp., No. 4:10-mc-134 (S.D. Tex.);
In re Application of Chevron Corp., Nos. M-19-111, 10 MC 00001 (LAK) (S.D.N.Y.); In re
Application of Chevron Corp., No. 2:10-cv-02675 (SRC) (D.N.J.); In re Chevron, No. 10cv1146-
IEG (WMc) (S.D. Cal.); In re Application of Chevron Corp., No. 3:10-cv-00686 (M.D. Tenn.);
Chevron Corp. v. Champ, Nos. 1:10mc27, 1:10mc28 (W.D.N.C.); In re Chevron Corp., Nos. 10-
MC-21JH/LFG, 10-MC-22 JH/LFG (D.N.M.). Additionally, although the applications before the
Court are sharply contested, there is surprisingly little disagreement on the underlying facts,
obviating in large part the need to make specific references to the record. As such, the Court will
reference the record primarily when highlighting points of disagreement and contention.

                                                4
Ecuador and the United States (the “BIT Arbitration”). The nature of those proceedings may be

briefly summarized as follows:

       •       THE LAGO AGRIO LITIGATION . Commenced in 2003, the Lago Agrio Litigation
               involves claims that Chevron, as the purported successor-in-interest to Texaco
               Petroleum Company (“Texaco”), is liable for Texaco’s alleged pollution of the
               Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest over the course of several decades while engaging
               in oil extraction in the region. In 1995, Texaco entered into a settlement
               agreement with the Republic and its state-owned oil company, pursuant to which
               Texaco agreed to engage in certain environmental remediation efforts in exchange
               for a release of claims (the “Settlement Agreement”). In 1998, the
               aforementioned parties entered into a final release (the “Release”). As part of its
               defense in the Lago Agrio Litigation, Chevron relies upon the Settlement
               Agreement and Release, which Chevron contends operate to bar the Lago Agrio
               Plaintiffs’ claims. See Fisher Decl. Ex. 66 (Chevron’s Answer to Compl.), 10
               Misc. 371, Docket Nos. [29-78] and [29-79].3

       •       THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. Around the same time that the Lago Agrio
               Litigation was initiated, a criminal complaint was filed against two of Chevron’s
               lawyers – namely, Applicants Pérez and Veiga. Pérez and Veiga are essentially
               accused of falsifying or misrepresenting the nature of Texaco’s environmental
               remediation efforts in connection with the Settlement Agreement and Release and
               violating environmental laws. See Stewart Decl. Ex. 10 (Dictamen Fiscal
               Acusatorio), 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [1-12]. The charging documents appear to
               reference, among other things, expert reports conducted in connection with the
               Lago Agrio Litigation. As part of their defense, Pérez and Veiga assert that the
               Criminal Proceedings were improperly brought at the behest of the Republic and
               the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs for purposes of undermining the validity of the
               Settlement Agreement and Release and pressuring Chevron to settle the Lago
               Agrio Litigation.

       •       THE BIT ARBITRATION . Chevron and the Republic are also parties to an
               arbitration commenced in 2009 under the Bilateral Investment Treaty between the
               United States and Ecuador, an arbitration working under the United Nations
               Commission on International Trade Law (“UNCITRAL”) rules and procedures.
               In the BIT Arbitration, Chevron asserts that the Republic has abused the criminal

       3
          For its part, the Republic maintains that the Settlement Agreement and Release merely
prevent the Republic from suing Chevron, without prejudice to the rights of third parties such as
the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs. The actual scope of the Settlement Agreement and Release is
immaterial to the resolution of the Applications; it is enough that Chevron has raised the defense
in the Lago Agrio Litigation.

                                                5
               justice system by issuing frivolous and unfounded indictments against Pérez and
               Veiga and has colluded with the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs to undermine the
               Settlement Agreement and Release in an attempt to secure an illegitimate
               financial windfall from Chevron. See Fisher Decl. Ex. 13 (Notice of Arbitration),
               10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [1-3], ¶¶ 30-65.

       In connection with these proceedings, Chevron previously deposed Dr. Charles W.

Calmbacher, Ph.D (“Calmbacher”), formerly a technical expert for the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs. See

Fisher Decl., Ex. 24 (Calmbacher Dep.), 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [29-26]. Calmbacher

testified that two expert reports that were filed in his name in the Lago Agrio Litigation purport

to reach conclusions – namely, that there was harmful environmental contamination – that he did

not actually reach (the “Calmbacher Reports”). Id. at 112:1-117:20. Calmbacher further testified

that the reports at issue were, like other expert reports created during the course of the litigation,

prepared in Wray’s law offices in Ecuador. Id. at 61:19-61:23, 69:4-69:19, 72:25-73:2, 93:23-

94:1. At the time, Wray served as the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ lead counsel in Ecuador, a role he

held until approximately 2006.4 See Burke Decl. Ex. G (Wray Aff.), 10 Misc. 370, Docket No.

[13-2], ¶ 4. The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs, for their part, paint Calmbacher as a “disgruntled” former

expert, and characterize his memory of events as questionable.

       In light of Wray’s alleged connection with the preparation of the Calmbacher Reports,

Applicants seek documents and testimony relating to the following eight topics:5

       4
          In the same time period, Wray was also purportedly providing professional legal advice
to the Republic, including appearing as counsel of record for the Republic in various
international arbitrations.
       5
         Because the requests in the Pérez-Veiga Application and the Chevron Application are
coterminous, as are the requests for documents and the requests for testimony within the
respective applications, see 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [1] (Pérez-Veiga Application), Annex A;
10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [1] (Chevron Application), Annex A, the Court shall refer to the topics
in general terms for ease of discussion. The Court’s restatement should not be interpreted to

                                                   6
                1.      The preparation and filing of the Calmbacher Reports;

                2.      Communications with Calmbacher relating to his work with respect to the
                        Lago Agrio Litigation;

                3.      The preparation of any plaintiff expert’s work relating to the Lago Agrio
                        Litigation;

                4.      Communications between any plaintiff-affiliated person and any plaintiff
                        expert relating to any plaintiff expert’s work relating to the Lago Agrio
                        Litigation;

                5.      Communications related to any factual representations, analyses, or
                        conclusions in any plaintiff expert’s work relating to the Lago Agrio
                        Litigation;

                6.      Communications relating to the formation, organization, or activities of
                        Selva Viva;

                7.      Communications relating to the criminal investigations or criminal
                        proceedings; and

                8.      Communications between plaintiff-affiliated persons and the Government
                        of Ecuador relating to the Settlement and Final Release or the Lago Agrio
                        Litigation.

                                     III. LEGAL STANDARD

        Pursuant to § 1782(a), district courts are authorized to order discovery in the United

States for use in foreign proceedings in certain circumstances. The relevant inquiry proceeds in

two stages: at the first stage, the district court considers whether it has the authority to grant the

application; thereafter, the court considers whether it should exercise its discretion to do so. Intel

Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 264 (2004); see also Four Pillars Enters.

Co., Ltd. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 308 F.3d 1075, 1078 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Congress gave the

displace the terms and phrasing of the subpoenas themselves, which shall govern except as
otherwise expressly limited.

                                                   7
federal district courts broad discretion to determine whether, and to what extent, to honor a

request for assistance under 28 U.S.C. § 1782.”). In the end, the issuance of an appropriate order

is left to the sound discretion of the district court; the court may refuse to issue an order or it may

impose conditions on discovery it deems desirable. In re Application of Bayer AG, 146 F.3d 188,

192 (3d Cir. 1998).

        A district court has the authority to grant an application when three conditions are met:

(1) the person from whom discovery is sought resides or is found within the district; (2) the

discovery is for use in a proceeding before a foreign or international tribunal; and (3) the

application is made by an interested person. 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a). If the applicant satisfies these

prerequisites, the district court then turns to the four factors articulated by the Supreme Court to

aid district courts in exercising their discretion:

                1.      Whether the person from whom discovery is sought is a participant in the
                        foreign proceeding;

                2.      The nature of the foreign tribunal and the character of the proceedings;

                3.      Whether the application conceals an attempt to circumvent foreign proof-
                        gathering restrictions or other policies; and

                4.      Whether the discovery sought is unduly intrusive or burdensome.

Intel, 542 U.S. at 264-65. In engaging in this analysis, courts should look to the statute’s twin

aims: i.e., to provide fair and efficient assistance to participants in international litigation and to

encourage other countries to provide similar assistance. See In re Application of Euromepa S.A.,

51 F.3d 1095, 1097 (2d Cir. 1995).

                                                      8
                                        IV. DISCUSSION
       Consistent with the framework established by the Supreme Court, the Court shall first

consider whether it has the statutory authority to grant the relief requested by Applicants;

thereafter, the Court will determine whether to exercise its discretion to do so.

       A.      The Statutory Prerequisites

       Of the three statutory prerequisites, only one – whether Applicants seek the requested

discovery for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal – is actually contested.

Wray stipulates that he is found within this District, see Tr. of July 22, 2010 Status Hr’g, 10

Misc. 370, Docket No. [37], at 41:16-44:25, 52:20-52:25, and Applicants are all “interested

persons” within the meaning of § 1782(a) as litigants in the proceedings at issue. Intel, 542 U.S.

at 256. The Court therefore turns to the only disputed element.

       To make use of § 1782(a), an applicant must show that it seeks discovery “for use in a

proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal.” 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a). The questions raised

here are two: whether the discovery sought by Applicants is “for use” in the proceedings at issue;

and whether the BIT Arbitration qualifies as a foreign or international “tribunal” under the

statute. Both are answered in the affirmative.

               1.      For Use

       Although the discovery sought must be “for use” in a foreign proceeding, district courts

need not determine that the evidence would actually, or even probably, be admissible in the

foreign proceeding. See Bayer, 146 F.3d at 193; In re Application of Grupo Qumma, S.A., de

C.V., 2005 WL 937486, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 22, 2005). In fact, courts should generally refrain

from doing so, and leave it to the foreign tribunal to decide what use it wants to make of the

                                                  9
evidence obtained. See John Deere Ltd. v. Sperry Corp., 754 F.2d 132, 136-37 (3d Cir. 1985).

That is not to say that the district court is free to accept an applicant’s request on blind faith; but

the burden imposed upon an applicant is de minimis. See In re Application of Republic of

Ecuador, 2010 WL 4027740, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 14, 2010) (concluding that applicant had

made a “prima facie showing that the information it seeks . . . has, generally speaking, some

relevance” to the foreign proceeding); In re Application of Sveaas, 249 F.R.D. 96, 106-07

(S.D.N.Y. 2008) (where conflicting statements result in a “factual dispute regarding the relevance

of the discovery sought,” it is inappropriate to deny discovery); Grupo Qumma, 2005 WL

937486, at *2 (it is sufficient “use” if the applicant will present the evidence sought to the foreign

tribunal with a request that it be considered; the statute does not require the actual receipt of

materials into evidence).

        The Interested Parties cannot credibly dispute that the Applicants seek discovery with the

intention of submitting it for consideration in the Lago Agrio Litigation, the Criminal

Proceedings, and the BIT Arbitration.6 Their resistence, at its core, reduces to a quarrel as to the

Applicants’ theory of those proceedings and the underlying validity of the claims and defenses

asserted therein, supported with little more than alternative interpretations of the evidence relied

upon by Applicants. These objections are better left for the foreign tribunals to resolve. Surely,

in enacting § 1782(a), Congress did not intend for district courts to assess the weight of

individual pieces of evidence in excruciating detail, and then attempt to discern the precise nexus

        6
         For his part, Wray has agreed to be deposed on each of the topics identified in the
Applications, and only claims the deposition should be held in Ecuador, see Burke Decl. Ex. G
(Wray Aff.), 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [13-2], ¶ 11, a position that essentially concedes that the
information sought by Applicants is discoverable.

                                                   10
between such evidence and the claims and defenses raised in the foreign proceeding.7 Indeed,

such an effort would run counter to the salutary statutory objective of providing fair and efficient

assistance to participants in international litigation. See Euromepa, 51 F.3d at 1097; see also In

re Application of Imanagement Servs. Ltd., 2005 WL 1959702, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 16, 2005)

(district courts are not required “to undertake an analysis of the admissibility of each piece of

evidence sought”). Accordingly, the Court is inclined to simply grant the relief requested based

on its independent review of the Applicants’ prima facie showing and its conclusion that the

discovery sought in fact relates to claims and defenses they intend to assert in good faith in the

Lago Agrio Litigation, the Criminal Proceedings, and the BIT Arbitration. However, in order to

satisfy itself that the requested discovery bears upon those proceedings, and because it finds the

analysis helpful in determining whether to exercise its discretion to grant the relief requested, see

infra. Part IV.B.4, the Court will engage in a more detailed examination.

        Generally speaking, the standards for discovery set out in the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure also apply when discovery is sought under § 1782(a). See Bayer, 146 F.3d at 195;

Weber v. Finker, 554 F.3d 1379, 1384 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 59 (2009). Relevancy

in this context is “broadly construed and encompasses any material that bears on, or that

reasonably leads to other matters that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case.”

Alexander v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 194 F.R.D. 316, 325 (D.D.C. 2000); see also Fed. R.

Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (“Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is

        7
            Similarly, there is no indication that the statute should be read to require applicants to
put forth exhaustive evidentiary materials in the nature of those submitted in these proceedings.
In fact, it is not even clear to this Court that an applicant need do anything more than submit a
properly authenticated pleading setting forth the claims and defenses asserted in the foreign
proceeding and articulate how the discovery sought relates to those claims and defenses.

                                                  11
relevant to any party’s claim or defense”). When relevance is in doubt, the district court should

be permissive. Sveaas, 249 F.R.D. at 107. With these principles in mind, the Court will now

address whether this liberal standard is met with respect to each of the eight categories of

information sought by Applicants.

                       a.      Topics 1 and 2

       Applicants’ discovery requests with respect to Topics 1 and 2 are the most narrowly

tailored of the group, seeking documents and information concerning the preparation of the

Calmbacher Reports and communications with Calmbacher relating to his work in the Lago

Agrio Litigation. The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs counter principally that evidence intended to

undermine or prove the bias of a foreign tribunal cannot constitute “use in a proceeding” under §

1782(a), in that foreign tribunals would not find “useful” evidence of their own purported

illegitimacy.8 The argument in unavailing. Evidence tending to show that facts and conclusions

submitted to the court in the Lago Agrio Litigation were fabricated or otherwise manipulated is

clearly relevant to that litigation; it would be probative of the veracity of the evidence submitted

in that case. There is no indication that Applicants intend to use the evidence sought for

       8
          On the one hand, the Republic takes no position on the merits of Calmbacher’s
allegations, and concedes that the court in the Lago Agrio Litigation will presumably address
them in due course. On the other hand, the Republic contends that the discovery sought in this
regard has no bearing upon the BIT Arbitration because there is no allegation that the Republic
had any involvement in the preparation of the Calmbacher Reports. Applicants persuasively
argue that the subject matter similarly bears upon the BIT Arbitration, in which Chevron claims
that the Republic and the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs have actively conspired to pursue a fraudulent
judgment against Chevron in the Lago Agrio Litigation. It is also relevant to the Criminal
Proceedings, where it is at least plausible that the charging documents rely upon, among other
things, expert reports generated in the context of the Lago Agrio Litigation, and where Pérez and
Veiga seek to defend against criminal prosecution in part by pointing out allegedly widespread
and systematic improprieties.

                                                 12
purposes of impeaching the integrity of the court itself. In any event, the question under the

statute is whether an applicant may make “use” of the discovery sought, not whether the foreign

tribunal will ultimately find it “useful,” a consideration that comes into play only in the context

of the discretionary Intel factors. See infra. Part IV.B.2. The Court concludes that the discovery

sought pursuant to Topics 1 and 2 is relevant to the issues in the foreign proceedings.

                       b.      Topics 3, 4, and 5

       Applicants’ discovery requests with respect to Topics 3, 4 and 5 sweep more broadly;

here, Applicants essentially seek documents and information concerning the preparation of expert

reports generally in the Lago Agrio Litigation.9 The Interested Parties raise a variety of

objections. First, they argue that other expert reports can have no bearing upon the BIT

Arbitration because there is no allegation that the Republic was itself involved in the preparation

of the reports. Even if that were the case, it cannot be disputed that the veracity of expert reports

actually submitted to the court in the Lago Agrio Litigation for its consideration is a relevant

issue in that litigation, which is alone sufficient to render the discovery relevant to a foreign

proceeding. In any event, Applicants persuasively argue that the subject matter similarly bears

upon the BIT Arbitration, in which Chevron claims that the Republic and the Lago Agrio

Plaintiffs have actively conspired to pursue a fraudulent judgment against Chevron in the Lago

Agrio Litigation.

       Next, the Interested Parties aver that the veracity of other expert reports has no bearing

       9
         Applicants have expressly limited these requests to expert work product actually
submitted to the court in the Lago Agrio Litigation. See Applicants’ Objection to the Magistrate
Judge’s Orders Regarding the Scope of Discovery Under 28 U.S.C. § 1782, 10 Misc. 370,
Docket No. [41], at 11 n.7.

                                                  13
upon the Criminal Proceedings, apparently on the grounds that the charging documents indicate

that the alleged wrongdoing was independently supported by a review of the Office of the

Comptroller General, which conducted its own inspections. But the concession that the

Comptroller General’s review was subsequently corroborated by technical reports from the Lago

Agrio Litigation suffices to render those reports relevant to the Criminal Proceedings, and the

Court rejects the Republic’s attempts to minimize this fact by painting it as a mere parenthetical

observation in the charging documents.10 See Stewart Decl., Ex. 10 (Dictamen Fiscal

Acusatorio), 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [1-12]. More to the point, the Court is disinclined to

make an ultimate determination as to the relative merits of the parties’ interpretations of the

charging documents. Pérez and Veiga have argued, not without support, that the Criminal

Proceedings were initiated relying at least in part on expert reports prepared in the Lago Agrio

Litigation, and the record supports the inference that they seek this information in good faith and

intend to introduce the discovery sought in defending against the criminal charges brought

against them in Ecuador.

       In short, the Applicants have met their de minimis burden by adducing evidence that some

of the reports originating from Wray’s offices in Ecuador may have been fraudulently or

improperly prepared (i.e., the Calmbacher Reports). The Court’s conclusion in this regard is

bolstered by, but not dependent upon, evidence of more widespread and systematic improprieties

obtained in the course of other § 1782(a) proceedings, including the outtakes from a documentary

       10
           Indeed, because the expert reports appear to have provided at least some support for
the issuance of the criminal complaints, the conclusion would remain the same even if the
indictments did not expressly rely upon the specific reports at issue or relied on evidence in
addition to those reports, matters that are disputed by the parties.

                                                 14
film about the Lago Agrio Litigation tending to cast some doubt on the practices of party-

affiliated and ostensibly neutral experts in that case. See, e.g., Sobota Decl. Exs. 1-3 (Trs. of

Documentary Film Outtakes), 10 Misc. 371, Docket Nos. [61-3], [61-4], [61-5]; see also In re

Application of Chevron Corp., No. 10 MC 00001 (LAK), 2010 WL 3489341, at *1 (S.D.N.Y.

Sept. 7, 2010) (providing that the same outtakes at issue here “contain substantial evidence of

misconduct in and relating to the Ecuadorian litigation.”). As before, the Court will defer to the

foreign tribunals to assess and weigh such evidence as they see fit. For purposes of these

applications, it suffices that the Applicants have met their burden of showing that the discovery

sought is for use in, and has some reasonable bearing upon, the foreign proceedings.

                       c.      Topic 6

       Topic 6 is a variation on the same theme. Applicants seek communications concerning

the activities of a laboratory known as “Selva Viva,” which Calmbacher testified referred to the

Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ technical team and their allegedly makeshift testing facilities in a hotel

room in Ecuador. See Fisher Decl., Ex. 24 (Calmbacher Dep.), 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [29-

26], at 83:17-83:19, 102:3-103:7, 108:20-108:22, 132:11-133:19. The Court agrees with the

Interested Parties that Calmbacher’s testimony in this respect is not as damning as portrayed by

Applicants. Although that testimony may independently raise some concern as to whether the

Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ experts at Selva Viva conducted their work pursuant to sound scientific

practices, that does not appear to have been the view of Calmbacher himself. Id. Nevertheless,

the Court cannot say that there is no possibility that the requested discovery may not bear on, or

reasonably lead to other matters that could bear on, any issue that is or may be raised in the

foreign proceedings. See Alexander, 194 F.R.D. at 325. Applicants have alleged that expert

                                                 15
reports submitted to the court in the Lago Agrio Litigation were based on testing conducted in a

hotel room – an allegation that is supported by Calmbacher’s testimony – rather than an

accredited laboratory, and, as described above, the proof of environmental contamination

submitted to the Court bears upon the issues raised in the foreign proceedings.

       Although perhaps a closer call, the Court concludes that Applicants have met their de

minimis burden under § 1782(a) and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure with respect to Topic 6

as well. Again, the Court will defer to the foreign tribunals at issue here to determine whether

the evidence obtained, if any, is sufficiently probative under their standards of relevance to merit

further consideration. The Court is mindful that denial of Applicants’ request could preclude the

foreign tribunals from determining in their own right the import of such evidence.

       Applicants previously proposed limiting Topic 6 to communications relating to the

operation and use of Selva Viva as a laboratory in connection with the preparation of expert

reports in the Lago Agrio Litigation. See Proposed Narrowed Scope of Topic 6 of the Subpoena

Attached to the Appl. for Disc. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782, 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [35], at

2. Recognizing that Applicants reserved their rights in making this proposal, the Court agrees

that the request, so narrowed, properly excludes discovery of activities unrelated to Selva Vida’s

use as a laboratory, including development of the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ litigation strategy, and

its analysis is predicated upon the acceptance of that limitation.

                       d.      Topics 7 and 8

       Finally, Applicants’ requests concerning Topics 7 and 8 seek documents and information

relating to the Criminal Proceedings, in addition to communications between the Republic and

persons affiliated with the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs relating to the Settlement Agreement and

                                                 16
Release and the Lago Agrio Litigation. Here, Applicants persuasively argue that these topics go

to the very heart of their claims and defenses in all three proceedings, irrespective of the ultimate

merits of those claims and defenses. Contrary to the Interested Parties’ assertions, Applicants’

allegations of collusion and improper cooperation between the Republic and the Lago Agrio

Plaintiffs are not so frivolous or pretextual as to warrant denial of the relief sought here. See

Imanagement Servs., 2005 WL 1959702, at *5 n.6 (rejecting contention that applicant’s

complaint in foreign proceeding was “subject to such fatal substantive and procedural difficulties

as to render it frivolous or pretextual”). In all three proceedings, Applicants contend that the

Republic and the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs have colluded to undermine the Settlement Agreement

and Release and have abused the criminal justice system by issuing unfounded criminal

indictments in an attempt to secure an illegitimate financial windfall.11 See, e.g., Fisher Decl. Ex.

13 (Notice of Arbitration), 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [1-3], ¶¶ 33-65. Whether that contention is

       11
           In support, Applicants rely in part on an e-mail exchange involving Wray and the
Office of the Attorney General. See Fisher Decl. Ex. 29 (Aug. 2005 E-mail Exchange), 10 Misc.
371, Docket No. [29-31]. In that exchange, a staff attorney suggests to Wray that the Attorney
General “wants to criminally try those who executed the contract” (i.e., the Settlement
Agreement and Release). Id. The parties offer sharply conflicting interpretations of the
exchange in question. The Interested Parties maintain that the e-mail merely sets forth the
Republic’s good faith defense in an unrelated proceeding – namely, the unenforceability of the
Settlement Agreement and Release – and maintain that just because the assertion of such a
defense could be viewed as consistent with a shared motive between the Republic and the Lago
Agrio Plaintiffs does not establish a shared motive. Additionally, the Republic asserts that the e-
mail exchange originated from an office independent from the office responsible for prosecuting
criminal cases, and the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs contend that the e-mail actually describes
Chevron’s attempt to extort the Republic by proposing to drop an unrelated proceeding in
exchange for the Republic’s intervention in the Lago Agrio Litigation. Applicants,
unsurprisingly, argue that the e-mail evidences collusion between the Interested Parties or, at the
very least, that they communicated about a strategy to bring criminal charges. Again, the Court
need not resolve the parties’ competing interpretations of the evidence. The Court is satisfied
that the discovery sought relates to issues raised in all three proceedings, and the Applicants have
adduced sufficient evidence to that effect.

                                                 17
ultimately meritorious is a matter for other courts; there is sufficient support in the record to

allow the discovery sought.

               2.      In a Foreign or International Tribunal

       The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs next contend that the BIT Arbitration, which is being

conducted under the Bilateral Investment Treaty between the United States and Ecuador and

under UNCITRAL rules, does not qualify as a “foreign or international tribunal” under §

1782(a). Those courts that have had the opportunity to address the issue have concluded that

such arbitrations fall within the ambit of § 1782(a). See, e.g., In re Application of Oxus Gold

PLC, 2007 WL 1037387, at *5 (D.N.J. Apr. 2, 2007); OJSC Ukrnafta v. Carpatsky Petroleum

Corp., 2009 WL 2877156, at *4 (D. Conn. Aug. 27, 2009). Indeed, other district courts have

concluded that the very arbitration at issue in this case falls within the ambit of the statute. See

Republic of Ecuador, 2010 WL 4027740, at *1-2; In re Application of Chevron Corp., 709 F.

Supp. 2d 283 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).12 The Court agrees, and concludes that the BIT Arbitration falls

within the metes and bounds of § 1782(a).

       The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ related argument is similarly without merit. The notion that it

would somehow be premature for this Court to allow the requested discovery until the BIT

Arbitration Panel has determined it has jurisdiction to hear the matter runs contrary to clear and

unequivocal case law providing that, to fall within the scope of § 1782(a), a proceeding need only

       12
           The Lago Agrio Plaintiffs are correct in pointing out that there is some disagreement
among courts as to whether § 1782(a) may be invoked in connection with purely private foreign
arbitrations, compare Comision Ejecutiva Hidroelectrica del Rio Lempa, LLC v. Nejapa Power
Co. LLC, 2008 WL 4809035, at *1 (D. Del. Oct. 14, 2008) (concluding it may), appeal dismissed
as moot, 341 Fed. Appx. 821 (3d Cir. 2009), with El Paso Corp. v. Comision Ejecutiva
Hidroelectrica del Rio Lempa, 341 Fed. Appx. 31, 33-34 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam)
(concluding it may not), but that simply is not the issue here.

                                                  18
be “within reasonable contemplation,” Intel, 542 U.S. at 259, not pending or imminent. Nor is

the Court inclined to opine on the likelihood of success of claims made in other fora.13

       B.      Application of the Intel Factors

       Having determined that it is authorized to grant the relief requested, the Court now turns

to the factors articulated by the Supreme Court in Intel in addressing the discretionary question of

whether the requested discovery should be allowed. The Court concludes it should, subject to

certain limitations described below.

               1.      The Jurisdictional Reach of the Foreign Tribunals

       Wray is not a party to any of the proceedings at issue. Although the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs

disingenuously aver that Wray has been a participant in the Lago Agrio Litigation, he has not had

an active role in that litigation since 2006, and even then only as counsel. See Burke Decl. Ex. G

(Wray Aff.), 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [13-2], ¶ 4. In addition, while Wray represents that he

will subject himself to the jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian courts upon a properly lodged

application for discovery in those courts, it is undisputed that he has not done so. Even

considering that Wray may hypothetically be subject to the jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian courts,

the first factor weighs in favor of granting the Applications. See Intel, 542 U.S. at 264.

               2.      Nature and Receptivity of the Foreign Tribunals

       The Interested Parties argue that Applicants’ “rhetoric” concerning collusion and

procedural improprieties does not support the conclusion that Ecuador’s judiciary is incapable of

       13
          Even if the Court were to reach the opposite conclusion on either argument, it would
bestow no benefit upon the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs. Because the issues raised in the BIT
Arbitration and the Lago Agrio Litigation are coextensive for all purposes relevant to the
applications now before the Court, the precise nature of the BIT Arbitration is ultimately
immaterial.

                                                  19
providing them with due process, and that Applicants have failed to show that the Ecuadorian

courts or the BIT Arbitration Panel would be receptive to the evidence sought.14 The Interested

Parties misconstrue the relevant inquiry, and in so doing, seek to flip the burden of proof on its

head. The party resisting discovery must point to “authoritative proof” that the foreign tribunal

would reject the evidence sought. See In re Application of Caratube Int’l Oil Co., LLP, 2010

WL 3155822, at *4 (D.D.C. Aug. 11, 2010) (citing Euromepa, 51 F.3d at 1100); see also In re

Application of Gemeinshcaftspraxis Dr. Med. Schottdorf, 2006 WL 3844464, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.

Dec. 29, 2006) (“proof resting on equivocal interpretations of foreign policy or law generally

provides an insufficient basis to deny discovery”). There is no indication, let alone authoritative

proof, that the Ecuadorian courts or the BIT Arbitration Panel would reject any of the documents

or information gathered pursuant to the Applications. Indeed, the record supports only the

opposite conclusion, and other courts have found both the Ecuadorian judiciary and arbitral

bodies operating under UNCITRAL rules to be generally receptive to federal court assistance

under § 1782(a). See, e.g., In re Application of Noboa, 1995 WL 581713, at *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct.

4, 1995) (Ecuadorian courts); In re Petition of Compania Chilena de Navegacion, 2004 WL

1084243, at *4-5 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2004) (same); Oxus Gold, 2007 WL 1037387, at *5

(UNCITRAL-governed arbitration); OJSC Ukrnafta, 2009 WL 2877156, at *4 (same).

       Even assuming, arguendo, that the Interested Parties could point to objective proof

       14
          Along the same lines, but with somewhat greater specificity, the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs
contend that the Applications are untimely in light of the procedural posture of the proceedings in
the Lago Agrio Litigation. Consonant with the statute’s aims, the Court will defer to the courts
in Ecuador to resolve the question of the timeliness of any evidentiary submissions; that the
evidence sought is for use in a pending or reasonably contemplated proceeding is sufficient to
render the Applications timely under § 1782(a).

                                                 20
casting some doubt on the Ecuadorian courts’ willingness to receive evidence concerning the

improprieties allegedly committed by its sovereign (and even setting aside that such proof could

have no effect upon the discoverability of such information in connection with the BIT

Arbitration), that still would not be sufficient. Section 1782(a) is designed to allow district

courts to lend fair and efficient assistance to participants in litigation abroad; it neither

contemplates nor requires district courts to become embroiled in a “legal tug-of-war” over

whether the foreign tribunal would be receptive to their assistance. In re Application of Minatec

Fin., S.À.R.L., 2008 WL 3884374, at *6-7 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 18, 2008). Where the relevance or

admissibility of the evidence sought is sharply disputed, courts are free to rely on the statute’s

overarching interest in providing fair and efficient assistance and the liberal standards of

discovery in granting the application and deferring to the foreign tribunal on contested issues.

See id.; Grupo Qumma, 2005 WL 937486, at *3. Absent a clear and unequivocal indication that

the foreign tribunal would not be receptive to the evidence sought, this Court’s role is a limited

one. There being no authoritative proof that the Ecuadorian courts or the BIT Arbitration Panel

would reject the discovery sought, this factor also weighs in favor of granting the Applications.

Those tribunals may simply choose to exclude or disregard the information obtained should they

find that this Court has overstepped in ordering discovery.

                3.      Circumvention of Foreign Proof-Gathering Restrictions and Policies

        The arguments tendered by the Interested Parties with respect to the third Intel factor are

of no avail, and require little discussion. First, the assertion that Applicants have not previously

attempted to obtain comparable discovery in Ecuador or before the BIT Arbitration Panel, even if

true, is simply irrelevant to this Court’s analysis. Section 1782(a) does not incorporate an

                                                   21
exhaustion requirement, and an applicant is not required to first seek discovery from the foreign

tribunal. See Imanagement Servs., 2005 WL 1959702, at *5; cf. Infineon Techs. AG v. Green

Power Techs. Ltd., 247 F.R.D. 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2005) (attempting to more efficiently obtain use of

relevant documents from a district court does not evidence an intent to circumvent foreign

discovery rules). Second, the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ allegation that Chevron has delayed the

resolution of their claims and manipulated the U.S. court system by filing multiple forum non

conveniens motions with other district courts is a total non sequitor, and has no bearing upon the

Court’s analysis here. Similarly, the suggestion that the BIT Arbitration is an “improper” attempt

to circumvent prior orders in other jurisdictions misses the mark. There is no evidence in the

record – none – that would lead this Court to believe that Applicants have sought to circumvent

the proof-gathering procedures or policies of the foreign tribunals or otherwise brought their

applications in bad faith. Accordingly, this factor also weighs in favor of granting the

Applications.

                4.     The Scope of Discovery

       In applying the fourth and final Intel factor, courts look to the scope of the discovery

sought – in particular, its burdensomeness and intrusiveness. Intel, 542 U.S. at 264-65. The

Court has previously concluded that the subject matter of the requests are reasonably tailored to

speak to the claims and defenses raised in the proceedings at issue, see supra. Part IV.A.1, and

the Court considers but will not restate its findings in that regard here. Furthermore, with one

exception addressed immediately below, the Court concurs that the requests are neither overly

broad nor impose an undue burden on Wray. Therefore, this factor too weighs in favor of

granting the Applications.

                                                22
       C.      The Geographic Scope of Production

       The Court’s only remaining concern relates to the geographic scope of the requested

document production. Applicants seek the production of any and all documents in Wray’s

possession, custody, or control, regardless of whether those documents may be physically located

within the United States or in Ecuador. In addressing this issue, the parties dedicate considerable

attention to this Court’s prior opinion in Norex Petroleum Ltd. v. Chubb Ins. Co. of Can., 384 F.

Supp. 2d 45 (D.D.C. 2005). In Norex, this Court concluded that the applicant in that case could

not invoke § 1782(a) to seek documents located outside the United States, albeit in a situation

where the applicant failed to demonstrate that the respondent had any of the documents at issue

in its possession, custody, or control. Id. at 52-57. In the time since that opinion was issued, a

number of courts have had the opportunity to address the question of whether § 1782(a)

incorporates a per se bar to the discovery of documents located outside the United States. This

has resulted in a split of authority. Compare In re Application of Eli Lilly & Co., 2010 WL

2509133, at *4 (D. Conn. June 15, 2010) (rejecting geographic limitation on production of

documents), and Gemeinshcaftspraxis, 2006 WL 3844464, at *5 (same), with In re Application

of Godfrey, 526 F. Supp. 2d 417, 423 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (respondent cannot be compelled to

produce documents located outside the United States), and In re Application of Microsoft Corp.,

428 F. Supp. 2d 188, 194 n.5 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (same).

       Ultimately, the Court need not revisit its decision in Norex nor opine upon the merits of

these disparate approaches. Even assuming there is no absolute bar to the discovery of

documents located outside the United States, there is no doubt that courts may exercise their

discretion to decline to order the production of documents abroad, and the Court will do so here.

                                                 23
See Four Pillars, 308 F.3d at 1080 (regardless of whether § 1782 may ever support discovery of

materials outside the United States, district court did not err in leaving to foreign tribunal to

determine whether the material sought was subject to discovery); In re Application of Nokia

Corp., 2007 WL 1729664, at *5 n.4 (W.D. Mich. June 13, 2007) (“Because the Court considers

the location of the documents as a factor in its decision whether to exercise discretion, it need not

determine whether § 1782 authorizes discovery of documents located outside of the United

States.”).

        Wray stipulates that he will submit to the jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian courts upon a

properly lodged discovery request in that state.15 See Burke Decl. Ex. G (Wray Aff.), 10 Misc.

370, Docket No. [13-2], ¶¶ 10-11. In this instance, this Court will defer to the sovereign courts

of Ecuador to determine the propriety of the discovery of documents located exclusively within

its jurisdiction. Indeed, particularly in light of the allegations made against a sovereign state, the

Court is reticent to intrude upon what is more properly the province of the Ecuadorian courts. Cf.

Intel, 542 U.S. at 261 (“comity and parity concerns may be important as touchstones for a district

court’s exercise of discretion in particular cases”). This is not an abdication of the Court’s

discretionary role; rather, the Court’s restraint is itself the exercise of discretion. Wray shall be

required to produce only responsive documents located within the United States, a category that

        15
          To the extent Wray’s stipulation may be seen as equivocal, the Court shall condition its
Orders upon Wray’s submission to the jurisdiction of the courts in the Lago Agrio Litigation and
the Criminal Proceedings with respect to the production of responsive documents located within
Ecuador. Nothing in this Opinion nor the accompanying Orders should be interpreted to
preclude Applicants from filing a second application under § 1782(a) in the event this condition
is not honored.

                                                  24
includes electronically stored information accessible from within this District.16

       D.      Claims of Privilege

       Even if discovery is permissible under § 1782(a), Applicants may not seek information

that is immune from discovery. Section 1782(a) cautions that “[a] person may not be compelled

to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing in violation of any

legally applicable privilege.” 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a). Because the jurisdictional basis rests on a

federal statute, federal common law governs any assertions of privilege. See In re Federacion

Internationale de Basketball, 117 F. Supp. 2d 403, 407 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). Furthermore, courts

have concluded that the statute’s protection extends to privileges recognized by foreign law, but

consonant with courts’ reticence to delve into complex questions of foreign law, parties are

generally required to provide clear and authoritative proof that a foreign tribunal would reject

evidence pursuant to a foreign privilege. See Ecuadorian Plaintiffs v. Chevron Corp., 2010 WL

3491534, at *3 (5th Cir. Sept. 8, 2010). Here, the parties’ respective arguments concerning

privilege are premature. This Court simply is not in a position to resolve blanket claims of

privilege and waiver.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       The Court has considered the remaining arguments tendered by the parties, and has

concluded that they are without merit. Therefore, and for the reasons stated above, the Court

shall GRANT both the Pérez-Veiga Application, 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [1], and the Chevron

       16
           The Court reaches this decision fully aware of the possibility that no responsive
documents are located within this District. Wray represents that no responsive documents are
located in the United States, though it is unclear whether his statement is intended to reach
electronically stored information. See Burke Decl. Ex. G (Wray Aff.), 10 Misc. 370, Docket No.
[13-2], ¶ 9.

                                                 25
Application, 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [1], subject to the geographic limitations and conditions

described above. In addition, the Court shall:

               1.     DENY the Republic’s Motion to Strike or, in the Alternative, for Leave to
                      File a Sur-Reply, 10 Misc. 370, Docket No. [50], 10 Misc. 371, Docket
                      No. [65];

               2.     GRANT Chevron’s Motion to File a Corrected Reply Brief and Corrected
                      Exhibit, 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [64];

               3.     GRANT the Lago Agrio Plaintiffs’ Motion to Supplement the Record, 10
                      Misc. 370, Docket No. [57], 10 Misc. 371, Docket No. [66]; and

               4.     DENY Pérez and Veiga’s Renewed Motion for a Hearing, 10 Misc. 370,
                      Docket No. [59], as moot.

       Appropriate Orders accompany this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: October 20, 2010

                                                              /s/
                                                      COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                      United States District Judge

                                                 26