Court Opinion

ID: 4690659
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-27 15:06:11.398283+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:01.577785
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 47440

STATE OF IDAHO,                                      )
                                                     )
     Plaintiff-Respondent,                           )        Boise, April 2021 Term
                                                     )
v.                                                   )        Opinion filed: May 27, 2021
                                                     )
THOMAS REESE CARTWRIGHT,                             )        Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
                                                     )
     Defendant-Appellant.                            )

        Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
        Kootenai County. Cynthia K.C. Meyer, District Judge.

        The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

        Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for Appellant. Ben
        McGreevy argued.

        Lawrence G. Wasden, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, for Respondent. Kenneth
        Jorgensen argued.

             _______________________________________________

MOELLER, Justice

        Thomas Reese Cartwright (“Cartwright”) appeals his judgment of conviction for felony
enticing a child through the use of the internet. Police arrested Cartwright outside a 7-11
convenience store, where he was attempting to meet a 14-year-old girl with whom he had been
exchanging sexual messages. In reality, the girl was an undercover detective. Cartwright argues
the district court erred when it denied his motion to dismiss because Idaho Code section 18-
1509A is unconstitutionally overbroad on its face. Cartwright also argues the district court erred
when it refused to instruct the jury on entrapment. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.
                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
     A. Factual Background
        Officers with the Internet Crimes Against Children Task force conducted an operation in
the Post Falls area to apprehend adults who were “trying to link up with underage people for
sexual reasons.” Using an undercover profile—a 14-year-old girl named “Kaylee”—Detective

                                                 1
Jeff Bickford (“the detective”) created a post on the social media app Whisper, 1 showing a stock
photo of a feminine face and the superimposed words “Lonely and alone. Can’t wait til I’m older
and people won’t judge.” Cartwright replied by private message under the username “Big Bad
Wolf 17.”
        Cartwright and the detective exchanged instant-messages on an app known as “Whisper.”
The detective tried to use language the way a teenager would; for example, he intentionally
misspelled words, used frequent abbreviations, omitted punctuation, and made typos. 2 The
messaged conversation began as follows:
        Cartwright:       How bored[?]
        “Kaylee”:         Like I wish I want alone
        Cartwright:       How old are you
        “Kaylee”:         Almost 15
        Cartwright:       Yikes
                          Glad I didn’t invite you over
        “Kaylee”:         Why. . .that be fun
                          But Whatever
        Cartwright:       What would be fun ?
        “Kaylee”:         Coming over
        Cartwright:       Talk to me
                          Send me a face pic please
        “Kaylee”:         Why u said u didn’t want me to come over
        Cartwright:       Maybe I will change my mind
        “Kaylee”:         Whatev
The detective sent Cartwright an age regression photograph of a female detective. “Cute,”
Cartwright replied and then asked, “And if you came over what we do?” He sent the detective a
selfie. The detective suggested they switch to text messaging by cell phone—a technique used to
allow law enforcement to identify people by their phone numbers—but Cartwright continued the
chat on Whisper:
        Cartwright:       Where are your parents
        “Kaylee”:         Kennewick
                          I’m at my ants
                          ...
        Cartwright:       Are you submissive
                          You do know I’m 53 right
        “Kaylee”:         Holy shit

1
  Whisper allows users to post anonymous messages, which other users can reply to publicly or by sending the
poster a private message.
2
  Obvious spelling and grammatical errors in the content of the messages will not be corrected or signaled with a
“[sic]” unless necessary to clarify context.

                                                       2
                       The last guy was like 45
       Cartwright:     What last guy
       “Kaylee”:       Tex please
       Cartwright:     Your not a cop are you
       “Kaylee”:       Omg I’m sorry, I didn’t no u were a cop.
                       Gotta go…I won’t do it again…sorry
       Cartwright:     No are you
       “Kaylee”:       Lol…totally didn’t understand…no
                       ...
        “Kaylee”:      And I’m not into handcuff and freaky weird shit if that’s what u
                       want. Im normal
                       ...
       “Kaylee” said the Whisper app kept crashing, so Cartwright began texting to the phone
number the detective had provided instead. He asked if she had done anything sexually with the
45-year-old man she mentioned before. When “Kaylee” admitted that she had, Cartwright asked
for specifics, but she told him she had promised to never tell. Only then did Cartwright ask for
her name. Then he asked again, “And if you came over what we do?” before introducing himself
by his middle name, Reese, and promising he was “not a creeper.” He asked again what she
would tell her aunt. “Kaylee” said she did not want to get hurt, and Cartwright answered, “I
won’t hurt you . . . I have done this before but no one as young as you.” He noted that the app
showed she was only two miles away. He asked if she liked to cuddle and what she had planned
for tomorrow. He told her she could come over during the day.
       Cartwright next suggested they talk on the phone, so a female officer called Cartwright,
pretending to be “Kaylee.” On the phone, “Kaylee” sounded uncomfortable, saying quietly that
talking was awkward, but Cartwright pressed her with questions about meeting: “Well, it would
be fun to have you here. We could hang out. That would be nice. Right?” He asked again if she
liked to cuddle and suggested they could watch the Disney movie Beauty and the Beast together.
Then Cartwright turned the conversation to the sexual part of their text exchange, saying, “So
when I asked you if you were submissive, you thought it was all about handcuffs and all that?
No, it’s not all about that, but that’s okay. . . . For me it’s more of a lifestyle than anything. It’s
not all that 50 Shades of Gray stuff . . . .” He said he could send an Uber or Lyft to her house to
get her the next day while her aunt was at work. Then “Kaylee” said she felt too awkward on the
phone and asked if they could return to texting.
       The text conversation resumed with Cartwright suggesting again that 14-year-old
“Kaylee” could come over to his place. He described landmarks near his house and suggested

                                                   3
they meet. “Kaylee” said she was excited to meet, and when Cartwright offered to meet and talk
first, she said, “just meet…that’s boring.” Cartwright said that he was trying to work with her.
He promised again that she would not get hurt and said, “Let’s meet and go from there.”
       “Kaylee” then told Cartwright about a friend of hers who had become pregnant.
Cartwright responded:
       Cartwright:      Well I don’t plan on doing that
                        Where do you want to meet
       “Kaylee”:        how can u be sure
                        promise me
       Cartwright:      Maybe we won’t even do that
                        Yes I promise
                        Where are we meeting
“Kaylee” asked Cartwright, “whats ur fav[?]” Cartwright again replied, “Let’s meet somewhere.”
“Kaylee” told him again she was not “into handcuffs and weird stuff” and he assured her that he
did not have any handcuffs and he would not hurt her. Again, he told her, “Well the first step is
meeting[.]”
       Then, the following exchange took place, in which “Kaylee” made obliquely sexual
comments, which Cartwright consistently interpreted as sexual and answered accordingly:
       “Kaylee”:        thats sooo nice…i’m totaly up for anything so long as u dont hurt
                        me
                        r u big guy?
       Cartwright:      I should actually get to bed unless you want to meet
       “Kaylee”:        wish i could see
       Cartwright:      Big as in ?
       “Kaylee”:        u serious…OMG
       Cartwright:      I’m thick yes
       “Kaylee”:        show me
       Cartwright:      About 6 inches
       “Kaylee”:        last guy was skiny
       Cartwright:      And Who was that
                        I’m not hard at the minute
                        Are we meeting some where public or what
       “Kaylee”:        that sux
       Cartwright:      Are you wet
       “Kaylee”:        i was…i had some weird tingles. . .kinda nice…i like this but just
                        wanna be safe and not fuck my life up
       Cartwright:      I’m not going to
       “Kaylee”:        OMG i took a good showr tho

                                                 4
An explicit conversation followed in which Cartwright asked “Kaylee” to make a specific sexual
request and to say “please, sir” in requesting it. Cartwright then discussed his favorite sexual
position and explained to “Kaylee” how it worked. “Kaylee” again expressed concerns about
becoming pregnant:

       “Kaylee”:      promis i wont get preg
       Cartwright:    No I have condoms or I can pull out
                      If you want to meet in public we need to do it soon
                      ...
       “Kaylee” agreed to meet Cartwright outside a convenience store. Around midnight,
Cartwright walked nearly a mile in the worst blizzard of the year, sub-zero temperatures, and
snow drifts to get to the 7-11. When he arrived, he texted “Kaylee” that he would buy her a hot
chocolate. “Just pretend I’m your grandpa,” he wrote. Officers met Cartwright outside the store
and arrested him. The arresting officer asked if Cartwright knew what this was about, and
Cartwright answered, “Yeah I was speaking to a fifteen-year-old girl. Supposedly.” After the
arrest, the detectives heard him mutter, “Stupid, stupid, stupid.” Cartwright was in possession of
the cell phone, which was later shown to contain the Whisper app messages and text messages
set forth above.
       In a subsequent police interview, in which Cartwright was read his rights and consented
to be interviewed, Cartwright first claimed he had no sexual intentions behind attempting to meet
“Kaylee.” However, upon further questioning, he answered, “Would sex have happened? Yes.
But it wasn’t going to happen right away. Like it, it wasn’t going to be as soon as you walk in
my door we’re having sex. I wouldn’t do that.” Cartwright also acknowledged that when he had
asked “Kaylee” during the text conversation if she was “submissive,” he meant the question in a
sexual context.
       During the trial, Cartwright testified in his own defense, describing his lonely state of
mind. He acknowledged previously having met women online for sex, including four times in the
past month, though he stated he had never met with anyone underage. He also claimed that he
could not actually have had sex with “Kaylee” because he has “low testosterone and erectile
dysfunction.” Nonetheless, on cross-examination, Cartwright acknowledged that his intention in
communicating with people online generally was to meet for sex. Cartwright also admitted that
from the beginning of his conversation with “Kaylee” he knew what he was doing was wrong
because he intended to talk to a 14-year-old child about sex. Additionally, he conceded that he

                                                5
continually drove the conversation in a sexual direction even though he was aware that “Kaylee”
was supposedly a child.
   B. Procedural History
       The State charged Cartwright by superseding indictment with felony enticing a child
through use of the internet, under Idaho Code section 18-1509A. Cartwright entered a plea of not
guilty. Prior to trial, Cartwright filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds that section 18-1509A
was “overbroad on its face because it targets and criminalizes statements and conduct entitled to
protection under the First Amendment.” Cartwright argued that incorporating Idaho Code section
18-1506, which he states prohibits “all physical contact with a minor” under the age of sixteen,
renders section 18-1509A unconstitutional. After a hearing, the district court denied the motion
to dismiss, concluding that Cartwright had “failed to show § 18-1509A proscribes a substantial
amount of constitutionally protected conduct.” The district court determined that construing
section 18-1506 in conjunction with section 18-1509A sufficiently narrowed the conduct
proscribed by the statute.
       Prior to the trial, Cartwright submitted a proposed jury instruction concerning
entrapment. The district court ultimately refused to instruct the jury on the entrapment defense. It
also refused to allow Cartwright to make any statements during the trial related to entrapment.
The district court stated that Cartwright had failed to show the entrapment instruction was
appropriate because he could not demonstrate that the intent to commit the crime—and not just
the opportunity—had come from the State or its agents.
       The jury found Cartwright guilty, and the district court sentenced Cartwright to an
indeterminate term of ten years, with three years fixed. Cartwright timely appealed.

                                         II. ANALYSIS
   A. Idaho Code section 18-1509A is not unconstitutionally overbroad on its face.
       The district court denied Cartwright’s motion to dismiss the indictment for constitutional
overbreadth of the underlying statute under the First Amendment. Cartwright argues that Idaho
Code section 18-1509A is unconstitutionally overbroad on its face because it proscribes a
substantial amount of conduct protected by the First Amendment. Section 18-1509A incorporates
by reference portions of section 18-1506, which Cartwright asserts criminalizes any physical
contact between a minor child and another person, as well as the making of any photographic or
electronic recordings of a minor child, so long as the party has the requisite intent, and that this

                                                 6
includes a substantial amount of constitutionally protected conduct. Cartwright claims that, by
incorporating these overly broad provisions from section 18-1506, section 18-1509A is
unconstitutionally overbroad.
        “[C]onstitutional questions and questions of statutory interpretation are questions of law,
[therefore] this Court exercises free review over both.” State v. Sanchez, 165 Idaho 563, 567, 448
P.3d 991, 995 (2019) (quoting Stuart v. State, 149 Idaho 35, 40, 232 P.3d 813, 818 (2010)). In
cases challenging the constitutionality of a statute
       [t]here is a presumption in favor of the constitutionality of the challenged statute
       or regulation, and the burden of establishing that the statute or regulation is
       unconstitutional rests upon the challengers. An appellate court is obligated to seek
       an interpretation of a statute that upholds it [sic] constitutionality. The judicial
       power to declare legislative action unconstitutional should be exercised only in
       clear cases.
Id. (quoting Stuart, 149 Idaho at 40, 232 P.3d at 818).
       The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States applies to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment and protects actual speech as well as symbolic and
expressive conduct. Sanchez, 165 Idaho at 568, 448 P.3d at 996. The United States Supreme
Court has observed that a person who alleges a statute is facially overbroad does not need to
demonstrate that the criminalized conduct could not be regulated by a constitutionally narrow
statute. Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 612 (1973). In other words, “[l]itigants . . . are
permitted to challenge a statute not because their own rights of free expression are violated, but
because of a judicial prediction or assumption that the statute’s very existence may cause others
not before the court to refrain from constitutionally protected speech or expression.” Id.
       We apply a two-part test to determine if a statute is unconstitutionally overbroad: (1) does
the statute regulate constitutionally protected conduct, and (2) does the statute preclude a
significant amount of that constitutionally protected conduct. State v. Manzanares, 152 Idaho
410, 423–24, 272 P.3d 382, 395–96 (2012). “Only if the statute intrudes upon a substantial
amount of constitutionally protected conduct may it be struck down for overbreadth.” Id.
       [A] statute will not be invalidated for overbreadth merely because it is possible to
       imagine some unconstitutional applications. Rather, there must be a realistic
       danger that the statute itself will significantly compromise recognized First
       Amendment protections of parties not before the Court.
Id. To this end, the United States Supreme Court has cautioned that the overbreadth doctrine is
“strong medicine” to be employed “only as a last resort” when a limiting construction cannot be

                                                  7
applied to the statute. Broadrick, 413 U.S. at 613. This caution is even stronger where a statute
addresses behavior rather than pure speech:
        [F]acial overbreadth adjudication is an exception to our traditional rules of
        practice and . . . its function, a limited one at the outset, attenuates as the
        otherwise unprotected behavior that it forbids the State to sanction moves from
        “pure speech” toward conduct and that conduct—even if expressive—falls within
        the scope of otherwise valid criminal laws that reflect legitimate state interests in
        maintaining comprehensive controls over harmful, constitutionally unprotected
        conduct. Although such laws, if too broadly worded, may deter protected speech
        to some unknown extent, there comes a point where that effect—at best a
        prediction—cannot, with confidence, justify invalidating a statute on its face and
        so prohibiting a State from enforcing the statute against conduct that is admittedly
        within its power to proscribe.
Id. at 615.
        Cartwright’s argument deals only with the portions of sections 18-1506 that address
conduct which could be deemed expressive, namely, the touching or photographing of minors for
nonsexual purposes. Therefore, our analysis centers on whether Idaho Code section 18-1509A
proscribes such a substantial amount of protected conduct that it actually risks deterring
legitimate, protected behavior. In other words, for a court to apply the “strong medicine” of the
overbreadth doctrine, Cartwright must show that the risk the statute will deter constitutionally
protected conduct is real.
        Section 18-1509A is entitled “Enticing a Child Through Use of the Internet or Other
Communication Device.” It provides in relevant part:
        A person aged eighteen (18) years or older shall be guilty of a felony if such
        person knowingly uses the internet or any device that provides transmission of
        messages, signals, facsimiles, video images or other communication to solicit,
        seduce, lure, persuade or entice by words or actions, or both, a person under
        the age of sixteen (16) years or a person the defendant believes to be under the
        age of sixteen (16) years to engage in any sexual act with or against the person
        where such act would be a violation of chapter 15, 61 or 66, title 18, Idaho
        Code . . . .
I.C. § 18-1509A(1). The chapters of the Idaho Code referenced here are read, for the purposes of this
case, only as they relate to knowingly using the internet or an electronic device to entice a child to
engage in certain sexual acts. Cartwright argues that section 18-1509A’s express identification of
chapter 15, title 18 of the Idaho Code incorporates section 18-1506, which defines sexual acts in an
overly broad manner:

                                                 8
       (1) It is a felony for any person eighteen (18) years of age or older, with the
           intent to gratify the lust, passions, or sexual desire of the actor, minor child
           or third party, to:
              (a) Solicit a minor child under the age of sixteen (16) years to
                  participate in a sexual act;
              (b) Cause or have sexual contact with such minor child, not
                  amounting to lewd conduct as defined in section 18-1508,
                  Idaho Code;
              (c) Make any photographic or electronic recording of such
                  minor child; or
              (d) Induce, cause or permit a minor child to witness an act of
                  sexual conduct.
       (2) For the purposes of this section “solicit” means any written, verbal, or
           physical act which is intended to communicate to such minor child the
           desire of the actor or third party to participate in a sexual act or participate
           in sexual foreplay, by the means of sexual contact, photographing or
           observing such minor child engaged in sexual contact.
       (3) For the purposes of this section “sexual contact” means any physical
           contact between such minor child and any person, which is caused by the
           actor, or the actor causing such minor child to have self contact.
       (4) For the purposes of this section “sexual conduct” means human
           masturbation, sexual intercourse, sadomasochistic abuse, or any touching
           of the genitals or pubic areas of the human male or female, or the breasts
           of the female, whether alone or between members of the same or opposite
           sex or between humans and animals in an act of apparent sexual
           stimulation or gratification.
       (5) Any person guilty of a violation of the provisions of this section shall be
           imprisoned in the state prison for a period not to exceed twenty-five (25)
           years.
(Emphasis added). According to Cartwright, section 18-1506(1)(c) criminalizes the making
of any photographic or electronic recording of a child so long as it is made with the requisite
intent, effectively criminalizing a state of mind. Cartwright also argues that section 18-
1506(3), which defines sexual contact as “any physical contact between such minor child and
any person” prohibits even mundane forms of contact, like a high five or a pat on the back,
so long as the party has the requisite intent; again, Cartwright argues this criminalizes a state
of mind. Therefore, Cartwright asserts, section 18-1509A is facially overbroad because the
sexual acts it prohibits, as defined in section 18-1506, include a substantial amount of
protected conduct in its sweep.

                                                9
       Regardless of whether Idaho Code section 18-1506 contains language that may be
overly broad, in this case we consider that language only as it relates to the purpose of the
primary charging statute—section 18-1509A—and its prohibition of knowingly enticing
children to engage in sexual acts. In other words, we ask, is it unconstitutional to proscribe
physical contact or the taking of a picture when the party is knowingly enticing a child to
engage in a sexual act?
       We find useful similarities between the present case and State v. Richards, 127 Idaho 31,
896 P.2d 357 (Ct. App. 1995), in which the Idaho Court of Appeals rejected a facial
overbreadth challenge to a statute that proscribed harassing phone calls. The Court of
Appeals held that the statute was not overbroad because it only criminalized conduct where
someone made a phone call with the intent to “annoy, terrify, threaten, intimidate, harass or
offend.” Richards, 127 Idaho at 36, 896 P.2d at 362 (quoting I.C. § 18-6710(1)). According to
the Richards court, while a phone call is constitutionally protected conduct, a phone call made
with the intent to harass is not. Id. The Richards court concluded:
       If, in the far reaches of imagination, it is possible to conceive of applications of
       I.C. § 18–6710 that would impermissibly infringe upon free speech, such potential
       does not render the statute substantially overbroad, for it is obvious that the act
       “covers a whole range of easily identifiable and constitutionally proscribable . . .
       conduct.”

Id. at 37, 896 P.2d at 363 (quoting Secretary of State of Maryland v. J.H. Munson Co., 467 U.S.
947, 964–65 (1984)).
       Here too, section 18-1509A covers easily identifiable and constitutionally proscribable
conduct. Cartwright hypothesizes that incorporating the language of section 18-1506 into section
18-1509A might lead to unconstitutional applications. For example, because section 18-1506
defines sexual contact as any physical contact between a minor child and another person,
Cartwright cautions this could lead to the criminalization of an adult text-messaging a child
about wanting to give them a high five or a pat on the back. Similarly, Cartwright asserts that an
adult who takes an innocent photograph of a child could be accused of having sexual intent,
effectively criminalizing an impure thought absent any criminal action. In support of his
argument, Cartwright points to State v. Bonner, 138 Idaho 254, 61 P.3d 611 (Ct. App. 2002), in
which the Idaho Court of Appeals struck down a statute as overbroad because it contained nearly
the same language as one of the provisions at issue here—it proscribed the making of “any

                                                10
photographic or electronic recording of [a] minor child” when done “with the intent of arousing,
appealing to or gratifying the lust, passion, or sexual desires of such person, minor child, or third
party[.]” 138 Idaho at 256, 61 P.3d at 613 (quoting I.C. § 18-1508A(1)(d)). The Bonner court
held that the statute criminalized potentially any type of photograph or recording, while the only
limitation supplied was that the image or recording be made with the intent to arouse lust or
passion. Bonner, 138 Idaho at 259, 61 P.3d at 616. According to the Court of Appeals, this
amounted to an unconstitutional ban on thought. Id.
       We make no comment on the constitutionality of Idaho Code section 18-1506, which
contains statutory language similar to that the Court of Appeals struck down in Bonner.
However, we observe there is a critical difference between that statutory language discussed in
Bonner and the statute discussed here. As the district court noted:
       Idaho Code § 18-1506’s proscription of “any physical contact between such
       minor child and any person, which is caused by the actor, or the actor causing
       such minor child to have self contact,” when read in isolation, appears to be
       overbroad. However, construing the statute as a whole, in conjunction with Idaho
       Code § 18- 1509A, Idaho Code § 18-1509A significantly narrows the sweep of
       the statute to conduct that is legitimately proscribed by the State.
(Emphasis in original). We agree. When read together, the legal effect of funneling section 18-
1506’s language through the additional intent requirement of section 18-1509A requires not just
the intent of sexual arousal, but a knowing use of the internet or an electronic device to entice a
child to engage in sexual conduct.
       As the Richards court concluded that a phone call made with the intent to harass is not
protected conduct under the First Amendment, we conclude that physical contact with a child is
not protected conduct where it is merely an element of the crime defined in section 18-1509A of
knowingly enticing a child over the internet or a communications device for the purpose of
engaging in sexual behavior. Likewise, the taking of an innocuous photograph of a child is not
criminalized under section 18-1509A unless the party knowingly entices the child to be in the
photograph in order to get them to engage in a sexual act. Section 18-1509A does not proscribe
the act constituting the enticement; rather, it proscribes the object of the enticement. In other
words, it clearly targets enticement of minors by focusing on the intent to engage in sexual
activity with a child, not the means by which the child is lured. Thus, the statute is not a general
ban on photographing children playing in a park or giving high fives to a tee-ball player; section
18-1509A would only criminalize this type of conduct if a child were knowingly enticed online

                                                 11
or over a device to participate in the conduct in order to satisfy a party’s sexual desire. We
conclude section 18-1509A does not criminalize the type of expressive conduct protected by the
First Amendment.
       Moreover, at the suppression hearing below, the district court found: “Defendant did not
provide additional examples or further develop his argument as to how Idaho Code § 18-1509A
proscribes a substantial amount of constitutionally protected conduct.” (Emphasis in original).
Again, we agree. In the “far reaches of the imagination” it might be possible to hypothesize that
an adult could be accused of seeking sexual gratification by texting a minor, simply for the
purpose of “patting him on the back” or “taking her picture”; however, experience and reason
suggest this is not the type of conduct prosecuted under the statute. Indeed, sad experience
informs us when such an actor actually meets with a child, the intended conduct is much more
nefarious. In the absence of any reasonable assertion that commonplace expressive conduct has
been criminalized by section 18-1509A, the record does not support the conclusion that
enforcement of the statute has any chilling effect on a substantial amount of protected First
Amendment conduct.
       Applying the Manzanares two-part test, we conclude that Idaho Code section 18-1509A
does not “regulate constitutionally protected conduct,” and even if it did, the amount of the
constitutionally protected conduct would be miniscule. Manzanares, 152 Idaho at 423–24, 272
P.3d at 395–96. Cartwright has failed to show the statute actually deters a substantial amount of
constitutionally protected conduct, if any. Thus, we affirm the district court’s determination that
Idaho Code section 18-1509A is not constitutionally overbroad under the First Amendment.
   B. The district court did not err when it determined that an entrapment instruction
      was not justified.
       The district court refused to instruct the jury on entrapment, determining that
Cartwright had failed to prove there was substantial evidence the State had persuaded him to
commit the offense against his disposition. Cartwright asserts the district court’s conclusion
is a reversible error.
       Whether a jury was properly instructed is a question of law over which this Court
exercises free review. State v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 710, 215 P.3d 414, 430 (2009). “[T]he
correctness of a jury instruction depends on whether there is evidence at trial to support the
instruction.” State v. Barton, 154 Idaho 289, 290, 297 P.3d 252, 253 (2013). An error in jury

                                                12
instructions constitutes reversible error where it misled the jury or prejudiced the party
challenging the instruction. Severson 147 Idaho at 710, 215 P.3d at 430.
       “[E]ntrapment . . . occurs when an otherwise innocent person, not inclined to commit a
criminal offense, is induced to do so by a government agent who, desiring grounds for
prosecution, originates the criminal design and implants in the mind of the innocent person the
disposition to commit the alleged offense.” State v. Canelo, 129 Idaho 386, 391, 924 P.2d 1230,
1235 (Ct. App. 1996). Inducing criminal behavior is distinct from merely providing the
opportunity to commit a criminal act. State v. Kopsa, 126 Idaho 512, 519, 887 P.2d 57, 64 (Ct.
App. 1994); State v. Mata, 106 Idaho 184, 186, 677 P.2d 497, 499 (Ct. App. 1984). “There is a
distinction between originating the idea for an offense and merely furnishing the opportunity to
commit it. The latter is not entrapment; rather, it is a legitimate method of ferreting out crime.”
Id. See also Canelo, 129 Idaho at 392, 924 P.2d at 1236; Kopsa, 126 Idaho at 519, 887 P.2d at
64. Accordingly, in order to prove the district court erred in failing to instruct the jury on
entrapment, Cartwright must show there was substantial evidence that the State induced him to
act criminally when he would not have done so otherwise. See State v. Ingram, 138 Idaho 768,
772–73, 69 P.3d 188, 192–93 (Ct. App. 2003) (“Entrapment occurs when an otherwise innocent
person, not inclined to commit a criminal offense, is induced to do so by a state agent who,
desiring grounds for prosecution, originates the criminal design and implants in the mind of the
innocent person the disposition to commit the alleged offense.”).
       Cartwright contends that the messages from the detective contained sexual innuendo,
which amounted to substantial evidence the State implanted in his mind the inclination to entice
a minor over the internet to engage in a sexual act. Thus, Cartwright claims, the entrapment
instruction should have been given. However, the district court found little support for
Cartwright’s argument, observing that, although comments from the detective may have been
sexually suggestive, they were also “pretty open-ended.” The district court concluded there was
little evidence that Cartwright had been induced to entice “Kaylee” when he was not already
inclined to do so.
       We agree that the evidence does not support a theory of entrapment. The message on the
original post Cartwright responded to—“Can’t wait til I’m older and people won’t judge”—
strongly suggested that “Kaylee” was underage. In the first moments of the messaging exchange
on Whisper, after Cartwright learned of “Kaylee’s” age—supposedly 14 years old—he

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responded “Yikes[.] Glad I didn’t invite you over[.]” During his trial testimony, Cartwright
acknowledged that he said “yikes” because he knew the situation had the potential to get him in
legal trouble, because he intended to talk to the 14-year-old girl about sex. In other words, within
the first fifteen words of their exchange, Cartwright had sex in mind.
       Minutes later, Cartwright asked “Kaylee” if she was “submissive.” He admitted later that
he meant the question in a sexual context, and that he wanted to get the girl talking about sex. As
if it were a reasonable justification for asking a child such a question, Cartwright testified that he
usually asks if a person is submissive when he is on apps like Whisper so that he can determine
if the conversation will lead to sex. In other words, he asked “Kaylee” if she was submissive—
while believing that she was 14 years old—so he could determine if their conversation would
lead to sex. A few minutes later in the messaging Cartwright asked, “Your not a cop are you[?]”
[sic]—effectively acknowledging that he knew he was engaging in illegal conduct with a minor.
Yet even when the detective provided Cartwright with an opportunity to exit the conversation—
by “Kaylee” responding, “Omg I’m sorry, I didn’t [know] u were a cop. Gotta go…I won’t do it
again…sorry”—Cartwright kept talking to her.
       He kept pushing her to talk with him about sex. When “Kaylee” mentioned having had a
45-year-old friend before, Cartwright wanted to know what she had done with him sexually.
When “Kaylee” expressed fear and anxiety about getting hurt if she and Cartwright met,
Cartwright told her not to worry; he had done this before “but no one as young as you[.]” He
offered to send an Uber or Lyft to pick her up at her aunt’s house. He demonstrated that he was
in control of the situation by telling “Kaylee” to make an explicit sexual request and to call him
“sir” when requesting it. He attempted to assuage her concerns about pregnancy by telling her
he could bring condoms or could “pull out” when they had sex. Again and again during the
messaged conversation, Cartwright asked where and when they were meeting. When police
interviewed Cartwright after his arrest, he acknowledged that his intention in meeting “Kaylee”
was to have sex with her, even though he knew she was a child.
       To show that an entrapment instruction should have been given, Cartwright needed to
point to evidence in the record which suggested the detective induced him to engage in a
criminal act, contrary to his innocent predisposition. The evidence does not show this. If
anything, the messages show Cartwright to have had a singular, sexual interest in “Kaylee” from
the first words he typed. He admitted as much in cross examination. Further, the messages show

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he was not content to just talk with “Kaylee” about sex. The record is clear that Cartwright was
attempting to persuade a 14-year-old child to meet with him for the purpose of having sex.
“Kaylee” did not induce Cartwright to commit this crime; he was clearly predisposed to do so
from the beginning.
       Even if the comments made by “Kaylee” are viewed as sexual innuendo, Cartwright’s
side of the conversation was not that of an innocent man being pushed to act against his
disposition. Black’s Law Dictionary defines “innuendo” as: “an oblique remark or indirect
suggestion . . .” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th Ed. 2014). While many of “Kaylee’s”
words had two meanings, Cartwright consistently chose to interpret them in a sexual manner. In
fact, a fair reading of the conversations suggests that the oblique sexual connotations in
“Kaylee’s” words were consistent with a 14-year-old following the adult’s lead in engaging in
talk about sex, rather than implanting the idea for the criminal conduct in the adult’s mind. Thus,
while “Kaylee” clearly provided Cartwright with the opportunity to commit the charged crime,
“she” did not induce him to do so. See Ingram, 138 Idaho at 772–73, 69 P.3d at 192–93.
       We conclude that the district court acted properly in determining Cartwright failed to
establish that the evidence supported a theory of entrapment. Accordingly, we affirm the district
court’s decision to decline to instruct the jury on the entrapment defense.

                                       III. CONCLUSION
       For the forgoing reasons, this Court concludes that Idaho Code section 18-1509A is not
unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the First Amendment. Further, we conclude that the
district court did not err when it refused to instruct the jury on an entrapment defense. The
judgment of conviction is affirmed.
       Chief Justice BEVAN and Justices BURDICK, BRODY and STEGNER CONCUR.

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