Court Opinion

ID: 4060144
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 19:45:14.158535+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:45.545368
License: Public Domain

IN THE
                         TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                No. 10-14-00139-CR

BRAVERN WINSTON,
                                                           Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                           Appellee

                           From the 66th District Court
                               Hill County, Texas
                              Trial Court No. 37,811

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Bravern Winston was indicted on the felony offense of burglary of a

habitation. The indictment further charged Winston as a habitual offender, alleging four

prior felony convictions of Winston as enhancements. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §

12.42(d) (West Supp. 2014). A jury found him guilty and assessed a life sentence.

Winston appeals, asserting three issues. We will affirm.

      Winston’s first issue asserts that the trial court erred by admitting copies of the

judgments of his prior convictions (five felony judgments and three misdemeanor
judgments) after he had admitted to those convictions during his testimony in guilt-

innocence. The trial court overruled Winston’s relevance and “improper impeachment”

objections to all of the felony judgments and to one of the misdemeanor judgments and

overruled his relevance, hearsay, and Rules 403 and 404(b) objections to the other two

misdemeanor judgments.

       On appeal, Winston asserts that the trial court erred because admission of the

judgments was improper impeachment. But as to the last three misdemeanor judgments,

Winston did not object at trial on that ground. Winston’s complaint as to the last three

misdemeanor judgments is not preserved for appellate review because the complaint

made on appeal must comport with an objection made at trial. Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d
346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

       The only authority on point that Winston cites is Johnson v. State, No. 01-02-00861-

CR, 2003 WL 21666109 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication), where the court cited no controlling authority in holding

“that the trial court erred by admitting the judgment and sentence into evidence after

appellant admitted his prior conviction.” Id., 2003 WL 21666109, at *3-4. The court then

addressed harm and found the error harmless. Id. We assume without deciding that the

admission of the judgments was error and will likewise proceed to a harm analysis.

       Error in the admission of impeachment evidence is non-constitutional error, which

we disregard if the error did not affect the appellant’s substantial rights. TEX. R. APP. P.

44.2(b); Alemon v. State, 795 S.W.2d 332, 334 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1990, no pet.). A

Winston v. State                                                                      Page 2
substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or

influence on the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

We should not overturn the conviction if we have fair assurance from an examination of

the record as a whole that the error did not influence the jury, or had but slight effect.

Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). In assessing the likelihood

that a jury’s decision was adversely affected by the error, we consider the entire record,

including any testimony or physical evidence admitted, nature of the evidence

supporting the verdict, character of the alleged error, and how it might have been

considered in connection with other evidence. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002). We may also consider jury instructions, the State’s theory, any

defensive theories, closing argument, voir dire, and whether the State emphasized the

error. Id. at 355-56.

       The victim testified that she had locked Winston out of her house and he then

kicked in the door, came inside the house, ransacked it, and stole her purse.

Corroborating the victim’s testimony was evidence showing that the victim’s door had

obviously been kicked in, as the door frame and the door were damaged. There was a

shoe print on the door that matched the bottom of the shoe that Winston was wearing

when he arrested, the couch cushions were in disarray, and Winston was standing

outside with the victim’s purse when police arrived. Winston gave a different version,

testifying that he was outside with the victim and that when she went back in, she took

his money. Winston said that he told the victim to give his money back and that when

Winston v. State                                                                     Page 3
he called 9-1-1, she left out the back and said she was going to call the police. He said

that he took her purse in an attempt to keep the victim from leaving with his money.

        During closing argument, the prosecutor asked the jurors not to convict Winston

on his prior criminal record, but on the evidence. In finding Winston guilty, the jury

obviously believed the victim and disbelieved Winston’s version. We agree with the State

that it is unlikely that the admission of the judgments of conviction in addition to

Winston’s testimonial admissions of his convictions had a substantial effect on the jury

in determining guilt. We therefore conclude that Winston was not harmed by the error,

if any. Issue one is overruled.

        In issue two, Winston asserts that the trial court erred by instructing the jury in the

punishment charge to find as “true” the enhancement allegations of three of Winston’s

prior felony convictions because he had “judicially confessed” to them when he testified

in the guilt-innocence phase.1 Winston had pleaded “not true” to the enhancement

allegations, and the trial court overruled his objection to the charge’s instruction. The

State correctly concedes that the trial court’s instruction was erroneous because Winston

had pleaded “not true.” See Washington v. State, 677 S.W.2d 524, 529 (Tex. Crim. App.

1984), overruled on other ground by Bell v. State, 994 S.W.2d 173, 175 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

        We thus proceed to a harm analysis for charge error that was objected to and

address whether Winston suffered “some harm” as a result of the trial court’s error.

1
  The three prior felony convictions were a 1989 conviction for burglary of a habitation, a 1989 conviction
for escape, and a 1997 conviction for injury to a child.

Winston v. State                                                                                    Page 4
Johnson v. State, 157 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, no pet.) (citing Ovalle v. State,

13 S.W.3d 774, 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171

(Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). “[T]he actual degree of harm must be assayed in light of the

entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of

probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed

by the record of the trial as a whole.” Id.

           We must find that the defendant “’suffered some actual, rather than merely

theoretical, harm from the error.’ ” Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013) (quoting Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 462 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). “ ‘If the error

in the charge was the subject of a timely objection in the trial court, then reversal is

required if the error is ‘calculated to injure the rights of defendant,’ which means no more

than that there must be some harm to the accused from the error. In other words, an error

which has been properly preserved by objection will call for reversal as long as the error

is not harmless.’ “ Id. (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171).

           As noted above in the first issue, Winston admitted to the three prior felony

convictions at issue in his testimony in the guilt-innocence phase, and the authenticated

pen packets and judgments of conviction were admitted into evidence.                                         In the

punishment phase, the State reoffered them. The prior felony convictions are properly

sequenced for the application of the habitual offender enhanced punishment. 2 Officer

2
    Section 12.42(d) provides in part:

                   (d) Except as provided by Subsection (c)(2) or (c)(4), if it is shown on the trial of a
           felony offense other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the

Winston v. State                                                                                             Page 5
Girsh, who was one of the arresting officers and who had dealings with Winston both

before and after the burglary, identified Winston in the photographs in the pen packets.

       Winston was charged with burglary of a habitation with intent to commit theft, a

second-degree felony with a punishment range of two to twenty years. TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. §§ 12.33(a), 30.02(a), (c)(2) (West 2011). With proof of two or more prior and final

felony convictions, the punishment range is enhanced to 25 to 99 years or life. TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 12.42(d). The jury did not assess a sentence on the lower end of the

punishment range; it assessed a life sentence, thus likely showing that a lesser

punishment for Winston was not a consideration.

       Winston did not dispute or contradict the evidence of the three prior felony

convictions. From Winston’s testimonial admissions, Girsh’s identification of Winston in

the pen packets, and the pen packets themselves, the State proved Winston’s prior felony

convictions beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we agree with the State that the

trial court’s charge error did not cause some harm to Winston. See Kucha v. State, 686
S.W.2d 154, 156 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (“Considering that the evidence of the prior

convictions was undisputed, uncontradicted, and seemed to have been taken almost as a

“given” by the parties, we hold that the failure of the court to charge on the range of

       defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felony offenses, and the second
       previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous
       conviction having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished by
       imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life, or for any term of not
       more than 99 years or less than 25 years. …

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d).

Winston v. State                                                                                     Page 6
punishment if the enhancements were found to be untrue, was not so harmful that it

deprived appellant of a fair and impartial trial.”); Segovia v. State, 467 S.W.3d 545, 559-61

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, pet. ref’d). We overrule issue two.

       Winston asserts a Batson violation in issue three. The exclusion of a venire-

member based on race violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 1719, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986).

              Under Batson, a defendant may be entitled to “a new array” if he can
       demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the prosecutor
       indulged in purposeful discrimination against a member of a
       constitutionally protected class in exercising his peremptory challenges
       during jury selection. As the process has been described by the Supreme
       Court:

                   Under our Batson jurisprudence, once the opponent of a
           peremptory challenge has made out a prima facie case of racial
           discrimination (step one), the burden of production shifts to the
           proponent of the strike to come forward with a race-neutral
           explanation (step two). If a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the
           trial court must then decide (step three) whether the opponent of the
           strike has proved purposeful racial discrimination.

       At the second step of this process, the proponent of the strike need only
       tender an explanation that is racially neutral on its face. The ultimate
       plausibility of that explanation is then considered under the third step of
       the analysis, in which the trial court determines whether the opponent of
       the strike has satisfied his burden of persuasion to establish by a
       preponderance of the evidence that the strike was indeed the product of
       purposeful discrimination. Whether the opponent satisfies his burden of
       persuasion to show that the proponent’s facially race-neutral explanation
       for his strike is pretextual, not genuine, is a question of fact for the trial court
       to resolve in the first instance.

              A reviewing court should not overturn the trial court’s resolution of
       the Batson issue unless it determines that the trial court’s ruling was clearly
       erroneous. In assaying the record for clear error, the reviewing court
       should consider the entire record of voir dire; it need not limit itself to

Winston v. State                                                                              Page 7
       arguments or considerations that the parties specifically called to the trial
       court’s attention so long as those arguments or considerations are
       manifestly grounded in the appellate record. But a reviewing court should
       examine a trial court’s conclusion that a racially neutral explanation is
       genuine, not a pretext, with great deference, reversing only when that
       conclusion is, in view of the record as a whole, clearly erroneous.

Blackman v. State, 414 S.W.3d 757, 764-65 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (footnoted citations

omitted).

       Because the trial court conducted a Batson hearing, we must presume that Winston

made a satisfactory prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. See Watkins v. State,

245 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The second step of the process does not

demand an explanation that is persuasive, or even plausible. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765,

767-68, 115 S. Ct. 1769, 1771, 131 L. Ed. 2d 834 (1995). The issue is the facial validity of the

prosecutor’s explanation.      Id.   Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the

prosecutor’s explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race-neutral. Id.

       It is not until the third step that the persuasiveness of the justification tendered for

the strike becomes relevant. Id. “At that stage, implausible or fantastic justifications may

(and probably will) be found to be pretexts for purposeful discrimination.” Id. In

evaluating the genuineness of the State’s proffered race-neutral reasons, we may

consider: (1) whether the reason given is related to the facts of the case; (2) whether the

State meaningfully questioned the challenged venire member; (3) whether persons with

the same or similar characteristics as the challenged venire member were not struck; (4)

whether there was disparate examination of the members of the venire; and (5) whether

an explanation was based upon a group bias although the specific trait is not shown to

Winston v. State                                                                         Page 8
apply to the challenged juror. Williams v. State, 804 S.W.2d 95, 105-06 (Tex. Crim. App.

1991).

         “Because the trial court’s ruling requires an evaluation of the credibility and

demeanor of prosecutors and venire members, and because this evaluation lies peculiarly

within the trial court’s province, we defer to the trial court in the absence of exceptional

circumstances.” Grant v. State, 325 S.W.3d 655, 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see Watkins,
245 S.W.3d at 448 (“[A] reviewing court should examine the trial court’s conclusion that

a facially race-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge is genuine, rather than a

pretext, with great deference, reversing only when the conclusion is, in the view of the

record as a whole, clearly erroneous.”); see also Blackman, 414 S.W.3d at 765, 769-70.

         The State used a peremptory strike on Juror No. 37, a black woman, and Winston

asserted that the only reason she was struck was race. Winston made a prima facie

showing that the State’s strike may have been racially motivated. The state proffered two

race-neutral reasons for striking Juror No. 37.     First, she worked as a nurse’s aide at

Trinity Mission, a nursing facility, and the name of that facility implies a religious

affiliation with a mission: helping and aiding those in need and lower-income people,

showing her to maybe be more compassionate. While Juror No. 37 addressed the services

provided at her workplace, the facility’s name gave the State pause for the mission of the

nursing facility as implied by its name.

         The State’s second race-neutral reason for striking Juror No. 37 was that she lived

in an apartment complex known to the prosecutor to be fairly rough, and that could lead

Winston v. State                                                                         Page 9
her to be desensitized to crime and distrustful of the police. Winston argues that another

venireperson resided on the same street as Juror No. 37 but was not struck by the State,

but the State responds that the concern was not the street, but the particular apartment

complex where Juror No. 37 lived.

       The State additionally notes that it did not strike Juror No. 12, another black

woman, who served on the jury.          While each potential juror must be considered

individually, all of the circumstances bearing on whether there was racial discrimination

should be considered, and the fact that one of the two black potential jurors (a third, Juror

No. 133, was outside the strike zone) in the strike zone served on the jury is a relevant

circumstance to consider in a Batson review. See Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 239-40,

125 S. Ct. 2317, 2325, 162 L. Ed. 2d 196 (2005). Therefore, according great deference to the

trial court’s denial of appellant’s Batson challenge, we cannot say that the trial court’s

ruling is clearly erroneous. Issue three is overruled.

       Having overruled Winston’s three issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                  REX D. DAVIS
                                                  Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed October 29, 2015
Do not publish
[CRPM]

Winston v. State                                                                      Page 10
Winston v. State   Page 11