Court Opinion

ID: 9912346
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-22 06:05:35.166374+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:58:38.592185
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     December 21, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 360252
                                                                     Genesee Circuit Court
CHRISTOPHER DAMARI LUMPKIN,                                          LC No. 19-046031-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SWARTZLE and PATEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of first-degree premeditated murder,
MCL 750.316(1)(a), carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), MCL 750.227, and possession of a
firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b. Defendant was sentenced, as a second-
offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to life imprisonment without parole for the first-degree
murder conviction, 47 to 90 months’ imprisonment for the CCW conviction, and a consecutive
two-year prison term for the felony-firearm conviction. We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Defendant’s convictions arise from the shooting death of Demarkqule Goodlow following
a verbal altercation between Demarkqule and defendant’s girlfriend, Tulana Joshua, in the E-Z
Stop Liquor store parking lot in Flint, Michigan. The verbal altercation erupted after
Demarkqule’s girlfriend, Shireka Brackins, almost struck defendant’s pickup truck with her
vehicle in the parking lot.

         Prior to the altercation, Shireka drove Demarkqule, her daughter, and her cousin to the E-
Z Stop Liquor store. Demarkqule and Shireka’s cousin went into the store, while Shireka and her
daughter waited in the car. After they returned to the vehicle, Shireka drove toward the parking
lot exit. But before Shireka could exit the lot, Demarkqule requested her to return to the store for
another item. Shireka stopped her vehicle approximately five feet from the exit and began backing
up. As she was backing up, she heard a vehicle horn. Shireka stopped, maneuvered her vehicle
around, and rolled down her window to apologize as she drove around defendant’s vehicle.
Tulana, who was seated in the passenger seat of defendant’s vehicle, yelled and swore at Shireka.

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        Shireka drove to the front of the store, parked her car, and Shireka and Demarkqule exited
the vehicle to enter the store. Tulana jumped out of defendant’s vehicle yelling at Shireka.
Demarkqule told Tulana to get back into defendant’s vehicle. Tulana remained next to defendant’s
truck approximately 15 to 20 feet away from Demarkqule. As Demarkqule walked to the front of
Shireka’s car toward the store, defendant got out of his truck and started shooting at Demarkqule.
Defendant continued to shoot at Demarkqule as he walked around the corner of the building
towards him. Demarkqule moved away from defendant and fell to the ground. Shireka heard
Demarkqule ask defendant to please stop, but defendant kept shooting. Defendant did not say
anything to Demarkqule during the incident. Defendant fired 16 bullets at Demarkqule. Thirteen
of those bullets struck Demarkqule, who died from his injuries.1 The incident was captured on
surveillance video, which was admitted into evidence and played at trial.

        Tulana never saw Demarkqule with a gun, but said she “felt” like he was reaching for a
gun because he reached for his waistband. Tulana admitted that she continued to yell at
Demarkqule even after she believed that he was reaching for a gun. Tulana denied saying anything
to defendant. She knew that defendant was carrying a gun, but stated that she was “shocked” when
defendant got out of the truck and started shooting. Shireka testified that Demarkqule did not take
out a gun or display it, but stated that a gun fell out of Demarkqule’s right pocket after he was shot.

        After the shooting, defendant and Tulana returned to defendant’s truck and left the scene
without discussing the incident. They did not notify the police, emergency personnel, or anyone
else about the shooting.

        The defense theory at trial was that defendant observed Demarkqule reaching toward his
waistband and, believing he was reaching for a gun, shot Demarkqule in self-defense. Defendant
requested the statutory self-defense instruction. Defendant argued that if the trial court did not
instruct the jury on statutory self-defense, he was entitled to a common law self-defense
instruction. Defendant also requested the M Crim JI 16.9 (“Voluntary Manslaughter as a Lesser
Included Offense of Murder”) instruction, arguing that manslaughter required “the same type of
mental situation that would be in the self-defense idea.” The prosecutor agreed that defendant met
the standard for a self-defense instruction, but requested a special instruction with self-defense
language from People v Guarjardo, 300 Mich App 26; 832 NW2d 409 (2013). The prosecutor
further argued that there was no evidence of adequate provocation to warrant a manslaughter
instruction. The trial court found that the evidence did not support the voluntary manslaughter
instruction. The trial court instructed the jury on self-defense and defense of others in accordance
with M Crim JI 7.15 and 7.21. It also gave a special self-defense instruction with language from
Guarjardo. The jury found defendant guilty of first-degree premeditated murder, CCW, and
felony-firearm. Defendant was sentenced as indicated. Defendant now appeals.

1
 The medical examiner determined that Demarkqule died of multiple gunshot wounds, with the
manner of death being homicide.

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                                     II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

       Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his request for a jury instruction on
voluntary manslaughter, and by granting the prosecution’s request for a special instruction
regarding self-defense. We disagree.

        We review claims of instructional error de novo. People v Kowalski, 489 Mich 488, 501;
803 NW2d 200 (2011). But a trial court’s determination whether a jury instruction applies to the
facts of the case is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Dupree, 486 Mich 693, 702; 788
NW2d 399 (2010). We also review de novo the constitutional question whether a defendant was
denied his constitutional right to present a defense. People v Kurr, 253 Mich App 317, 327; 654
NW2d 651 (2002).

       “It is the function of the trial court to clearly present the case to the jury and instruct on the
applicable law.” People v Everett, 318 Mich App 511, 529; 899 NW2d 94 (2017) (cleaned up).
“A criminal defendant has the right to have a properly instructed jury consider the evidence against
him.” People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 80; 537 NW2d 909 (1995). “The instruction to the jury must
include all elements of the crime charged . . . and must not exclude from jury consideration
material issues, defenses or theories if there is evidence to support them.” People v Reed, 393
Mich 342, 349-350; 224 NW2d 867 (1975).

             A. FAILURE TO INSTRUCT ON VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER

        “[A] jury instruction on a necessarily included lesser offense is appropriate if the charged
greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element that is not part of the lesser
included offense and a rational view of the evidence would support it.” People v Yeager 511 Mich
478, 490; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (cleaned up).

        Our Supreme Court has defined common-law voluntary manslaughter as:

        [T]he act of killing, though intentional, [is] committed under the influence of
        passion or in heat of blood, produced by an adequate or reasonable provocation,
        and before a reasonable time has elapsed for the blood to cool and reason to resume
        its habitual control, and is the result of the temporary excitement, by which the
        control of reason was disturbed, rather than of any wickedness of heart or cruelty
        or recklessness of disposition. [People v Mendoza, 468 Mich 527, 535; 664 NW2d
        685 (2003) (cleaned up).]

        To establish voluntary manslaughter, it must be shown “that the defendant killed in the
heat of passion, the passion was caused by adequate provocation, and there was not a lapse of time
during which a reasonable person could control his passions.” Id. “[F]or the provocation to be
adequate it must be that which would cause a reasonable person to lose control.” People v Mitchell,
301 Mich App 282, 287; 835 NW2d 615 (2013) (cleaned up). “[B]oth murder and voluntary
manslaughter require a death, caused by defendant, with either an intent to kill, an intent to commit
great bodily harm, or an intent to create a very high risk of death or great bodily harm with
knowledge that death or great bodily harm was the probable result.” Mendoza, 468 Mich at 540.
But malice, which is absent from manslaughter, is the distinguishing element of murder. Id. In

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voluntary manslaughter, “the presence of provocation and heat of passion” negates malice. Id.
“Not every hot-tempered individual who flies into a rage at the slightest insult can claim
manslaughter.” People v Pouncey, 437 Mich 382, 389; 471 NW2d 346 (1991).

        Defendant argues that our Supreme Court’s decision in Yeager supports his argument that
he was entitled to a jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter. Yeager involved a shooting
following a series of events in which the victim physically assaulted the defendant, took her car,
tried to run her over, and repeatedly threatened to kill her and a neighbor. Yeager, 511 Mich at
484-486. The Yeager Court analyzed whether a manslaughter instruction would have been
appropriate in the context of an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. Defense counsel
explained at the Ginther2 hearing that he did not request a manslaughter instruction because the
defendant was also asserting self-defense, which counsel believed was legally inconsistent with a
theory of voluntary manslaughter. Id. at 491. The Court determined that this reasoning was based
on a misunderstanding of the law that only manslaughter required an intentional act. Id. The Court
noted that both manslaughter and self-defense require a finding that the defendant acted
intentionally. Id. The Court explained that “the distinction between murder and voluntary
manslaughter is the element of malice, which in voluntary manslaughter is negated by the presence
of provocation and heat of passion.” Id. (cleaned up). The Court further found that the defendant
was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to request an instruction on voluntary manslaughter because
the evidence would have supported the instruction. Id. The Court explained:

         The testimony presented at trial reflected that defendant’s shooting of Brooks was
         the culmination of a series of events during which Brooks physically assaulted
         defendant, took her car and used it to attempt to run her over, and repeatedly
         threatened to kill defendant and Borom, the neighbor who assisted her. Defendant
         testified that she feared for her life. At the Ginther hearing, when asked about the
         moments leading up to the shooting, she explained, “I just remembered bein’
         scared. I don’t remember details, like, walkin’ towards him, or anything like that.
         And when I seen the video, I didn’t even see myself, or remember shootin’ as many
         times as they say I did.” Borom also testified that defendant was hysterical and
         crying when she returned to his vehicle after the shooting. A jury could reasonably
         conclude that the combination of physical and verbal threats from Brooks
         throughout this unbroken chain of events stoked defendant’s passions so that she
         acted out of heightened emotion rather than reason in shooting Brooks. [Id. at 491-
         492.]

        In this case, unlike in Yeager, defense counsel requested instructions on both self-defense
and voluntary manslaughter. The trial court did not find that self-defense and voluntary
manslaughter were incompatible. Instead, the court concluded that, regardless of defendant’s
assertion of self-defense, a rational view of the evidence did not support an instruction on voluntary
manslaughter because there was no evidence that defendant acted in the heat of passion caused by

2
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

                                                 -4-
adequate provocation. The court stated that “the adequate cause has to be something different than
self-defense.”

        We find that a rational view of the evidence in this case does not support a finding that
defendant’s actions resulted from provocation that would cause a reasonable person to lose control
and act in the heat of passion. The evidence showed that Tulana was angry that Shireka had almost
hit defendant’s truck. Tulana exited the truck to yell at Shireka. When Demarkqule exited
Shireka’s car to go back into the store, he and Tulana exchanged words. According to Tulana, she
and Demarkqule were swearing at each other. Shireka testified that Demarkqule told Tulana to
get back into defendant’s vehicle. Defendant was not involved in the verbal exchange between
Demarkqule and Tulana; he remained seated in his vehicle while Demarkqule and Tulana argued.
Although Tulana claimed that she saw Demarkqule reach for his waistband, that did not alter her
conduct because she continued to argue with Demarkqule. Tulana never saw Demarkqule take out
his gun or display it. Shireka also testified that Demarkqule did not take out his gun or display it.
Tulana denied saying anything to defendant and testified that she was shocked when defendant
suddenly got out of his truck and immediately began shooting. After the shooting, Tulana and
defendant got back into defendant’s truck and left without further discussing the incident. As
Tulana explained, “it happened and then we just left it at that.” There was no evidence that
defendant was in a heightened emotional state either before or after the shooting.

       Moreover, the surveillance video does not depict any circumstances that would cause a
reasonable person in defendant’s situation to lose control. See Mitchell, 301 Mich App at 287.
The surveillance video shows that as soon as defendant exited his truck, he ran toward and shot at
Demarkqule. The video also shows Demarkqule moving away from defendant and falling to the
ground while defendant continued to shoot.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that M Crim JI 16.9 was not
applicable to the facts of the case. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by denying defendant’s
request for an instruction on voluntary manslaughter.

                      B. SPECIAL INSTRUCTION ON SELF DEFENSE

        Defendant further argues that the trial court erred when instructing the jury on self-defense
and defense of others. Defendant asserts that the added instruction requested by the prosecution
was confusing, effectively added additional requirements for defendant to establish self-defense,
and lessened the prosecution’s burden of disproving the defense. We disagree.

        Defendant claimed that there was evidence that he acted in self-defense when he quickly
reacted after seeing Demarkqule reach toward his waistband, believing that he was reaching for a
gun. Tulana also claimed that she thought that Demarkqule was reaching for his waistband to pull
out a gun. Based on this evidence, the trial court instructed the jury on self-defense and defense
of others in accordance with M Crim JI 7.15 and 7.21. The trial court followed those instructions
with this instruction requested by the prosecutor:

             A defendant does not act in justifiable [self-defense / defense of others]
       when he uses excessive force or when the defendant is the initial aggressor.

                                                -5-
         The prosecutor’s requested instruction accurately advised the jury on the law of self-
defense and was supported by a rational view of the evidence. The instruction is supported by
People v Guajardo, 300 Mich App 26, 35; 832 NW2d 409 (2013), in which this Court observed
that, “[i]n general, a defendant does not act in justifiable self-defense when he or she uses excessive
force or when the defendant is the initial aggressor.” See also People v Leffew, 508 Mich 625,
654; 975 NW2d 896 (2022) (noting that “a defendant cannot assert the affirmative defenses of
self-defense or defense of others if they are the initial aggressor”). Further, there was evidence
from which the jury could find that defendant was not justified in claiming self-defense or defense
of others because his use of deadly force was excessive or because he was the initial aggressor.
The surveillance video showed defendant shooting and chasing Demarkqule. The forensic
evidence revealed that defendant fired 16 shots at Demarkqule, with 13 of those shots hitting
Demarkqule. The video also showed defendant standing over and shooting Demarkqule after
Demarkqule fell to the ground. Shireka testified that she heard Demarkqule ask defendant to please
stop, but defendant kept shooting.

       Defendant argues that it was improper to give the prosecutor’s requested instruction
because the instruction failed to define the terms “initial aggressor” and “excessive force.” These
words are subject to ordinary comprehension and are self-explanatory. A trial court’s failure to
define a term which is generally familiar to a layperson and is susceptible to ordinary
comprehension does not require reversal. People v Knapp, 244 Mich App 361, 377; 624 NW2d
227 (2001).

        This Court “must consider the instructions as a whole, rather than piecemeal, to determine
whether any error occurred.” Kowalski, 489 Mich at 501. Viewing the trial court’s instructions
as a whole in this case, we find that they accurately and fairly included all elements of the charged
offenses, as well as the law on self-defense and defense of others. The trial court’s decision to
give the prosecutor’s requested instruction did not deprive defendant of his right to a properly
instructed jury.

                            III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        Defendant also argues that there was insufficient evidence of premeditation and
deliberation to support his conviction of first-degree premeditated murder. We disagree.

        We review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v Lane, 308
Mich App 38, 57; 862 NW2d 446 (2014). We must view the evidence in a light most favorable to
the prosecution and determine whether there was sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to
find that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v
Oros, 502 Mich 229, 239; 917 NW2d 559 (2018).

       [T]he standard of review is deferential: a reviewing court is required to draw all
       reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.
       The scope of review is the same whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial.
       Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from that evidence can
       constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of the crime. [Id. (citation omitted,
       alteration in original).]

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        To support a conviction of first-degree premeditated murder, “the prosecution must
establish beyond a reasonable doubt a ‘[m]urder perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, or
any other willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing.’ ” Id. at 239-240, quoting MCL
750.316(1)(a). “[T]he elements of first-degree murder are (1) the intentional killing of a human
(2) with premeditation and deliberation.” Oros, 502 Mich at 240 (cleaned up). To premeditate “is
to think about beforehand,” whereas to deliberate “is to measure and evaluate the major facets of
a choice or problem.” Id. (cleaned up). When considering a sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue, we
must inquire “whether the evidence introduced at the trial fairly supports an inference of
premeditation and deliberation.” Id. at 242 (cleaned up).

               Premeditation and deliberation may be established by an interval of time
       between the initial homicidal thought and ultimate action, which would allow a
       reasonable person time to subject the nature of his or her action to a “second look.”
       That is some time span between the initial homicidal intent and ultimate action is
       necessary to establish premeditation and deliberation, but it is within the province
       of the fact-finder to determine whether there was sufficient time for a reasonable
       person to subject his or her action to a second look. [Id. (cleaned up).]

Premeditation and deliberation may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the killing,
including through evidence of the following factors “(1) the prior relationship of the parties; (2)
the defendant’s actions before the killing; (3) the circumstances of the killing itself; and (4) the
defendant’s conduct after the homicide.” People v Anderson, 209 Mich App 527, 537; 531 NW2d
780 (1995).

         Defendant claims that there was insufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation to
support the jury verdict. He argues that the evidence showed that he reacted suddenly and
impulsively, without time for reflective thought, because he thought Demarkqule was reaching
toward his waistband for a weapon. But conflicting testimony was presented whether Demarkqule
actually reached toward his waistband before he was shot. Viewed in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, the evidence supported an inference that defendant had an opportunity to think about
his actions while sitting in his vehicle during the initial verbal altercation between Tulana and
Demarkqule, i.e., premeditate, and to consider and evaluate his choices, i.e., deliberate.
Premeditation may also be established from “the circumstances of the killing itself[.]” Anderson,
209 Mich App at 537. There was evidence that defendant immediately shot at and chased
Demarkqule upon exiting his vehicle. There was also evidence that Demarkqule was moving away
from defendant as defendant was shooting at him, defendant continued shooting Demarkqule after
he fell to the ground, defendant fired 16 shots at Demarkqule, and Demarkqule had 13 gunshot
wounds. Defendant’s conduct after the incident is another factor that may establish premeditation.
Id. There was testimony that, after the shooting, defendant returned to his truck with Tulana and
left the parking lot without further discussing what happened or making any effort to call the police
or obtain emergency assistance.

       The jury clearly discredited the testimony offered in support of defendant’s self-defense
theory. Instead, the jury determined that the evidence and testimony was credible to convict
defendant of first-degree premeditated murder. We will not interfere with the jury’s determination
of the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses. People v Ortiz, 249 Mich App
297, 300-301; 642 NW2d 417 (2001). Applying these standards, there was sufficient evidence to

                                                -7-
enable the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of first-degree
premeditated murder. We will not disturb that determination.

      Affirmed.

                                                       /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                       /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                       /s/ Sima G. Patel

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