Court Opinion

ID: 6641676
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:46:07.246372+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:59:15.822971
License: Public Domain

Mason, Ch. J.
.. . The defendant, in the court below, was indicted at a called term of the District Court sitting in and,for Lincoln county, commencing on the 25th of November, 1868, for the murder of Charles Colliton. The term of the court was called *390at the request of the county commissioners, and notice of' the term so called published in the Omaha Republican. The affidavit of the printer attached to the order of the judge calling the term was sworn to, as shown by this record, at Omaha city, on the second day of January, 1868. The affidavit itself says, the printed notice attached was published in the Omaha Republican for forty consecutive days next prior to the 25th day of November 1868. Neither the request of the commissioners of Lincoln county nor the note of the judge appointing the term, is set out in the record; neither do either of said papers appear to have been filed in the Lincoln county District Court. I do not think they could have been so filed, as the affidavit of the printer was, doubtless, made on the second clay of January, 1869, instead of 1868, and a copy of the notice or order of the judge calling the term, then and there'attached.
The term of the court at which the defendant was indicted being a called term under the statutes, does the record show that the necessary steps were taken to constitute a legal term of the court ? The fact may be, and doubtless is, that the necessary request and order was made and notice given, but does this record show that fact ? The statute under which this term of the court-at Lincoln was called, Laws of 1867, page 50, requires certain, things to be done. Can we presume they Were so done unless the record discloses the fact ?
■ ’ It does not show that a precept for summoning the petit jury was returned into court, or that said jury were summoned by the sheriff under the order of the court. Our statute requires the clerk to issue an order to the sheriff, deputy sheriff or coroner, as the case may be, commanding him to summon the persons whose names have been drawn as jurors. The manner of selecting and drawing the jury, is clearly pointed out in sections 658, 659, 660, Code. Section 664 provides for the emergency which may, and *391and often does, happen when the proper officers fails to summon a grand or petit jury. One of the mo des referred to in that section should have been pursued, and it may have been, but the record does not disclose that. fact. There is no mention of a venire or order of the court commanding any one to summon a jury, but the record, after reciting the fact of the commencement of the court and that the cause came on to be heard, proceeds as follows : • “ Then and there came a jury of twelve good and. lawful men of the body of the county of Dodge, and were dulyimpannelled and sworn to well and truly try and true deliverance make between The People of the State of Nebraska and John Burley, the prisoner at the bar, whom they shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.”
In New York it was deemed good cause for reversal of. a capital judgment against the defendant, rendered at the court of Oyer and Terminer, that no precept summoning a petit jury was returned and filed. — McGuire v. The People, 2 Parker, C. C. In another ease, when the county commissioners are to draw the jury, and process is issued to the sheriff to summon them for the court of Oyer and Terminer, it is error if the record does not show, either expressly or by necessary inference, that the jury have been legally drawn. — Eaton v. The Commonwealth, 6 Penn. 73.
Another startling defect in the record before us is, that it does not show, nor can it be rightfully inferred therefrom, that the prisoner was present at the rendition of the verdict. In a capital felony it is not in the power of the prisoner, either by himself or his counsel, to waive the right to be present at the rendition of the verdict or during-the trial. Such is the rule laid down by that eminent jurist, Chief Justice' Gibson, in a case when the prisoner was indicted for burglary and larceny, and expressly waived, by his counsel, the right to be present at the rendition of *392the verdict, and, a verdict was given against 'him in his absence. The judgment thereon was -reversed. It would be - contrary to the. dictates of humanity to let a prisoner waive that advantage, which a view of his sad plight might give him, by inclining the hearts of the jurors to listen to his defence "with indulgence. — Prine v. The Commonwealth, 6 Hariis’ Penn. 103. The record shows that the prisoner was in court on the 28th of December, 1868, and no mention is again made of him until he is brought up for sentence, on the first day of January, 1869. The verdict was returned by the jury on the 31st day of December, 1868, and it does not show he was present in court at1 that time. He may have been, but it is not here a question of fact whether he was or not, but only a question whether the record shows his presence. For these reasons, I think, the sentence and judgment of the court below should be reversed,
Lake, J.
At a called term of the District Court for Lincoln county, held at North Platte on the 25th day of November, 1868, the plaintiff in error was iudicted for the crime of murder. At the same time a motion was made by the prisoner for . a change of venue which was allowed, and the cause removed to Dodge county for trial. A special term of the court was called by the judge of that district for the trial of the case. Upon the trial to a jury the prisoner was convicted, and the sentence of death pronounced against him.
The case is brought here by writ of error to reverse that judgment. • It is claimed that several errors intervened, as well during-the triaLto the jury as in .the determination of numerous • questions of law by the court, before the case Avas transferred to Dodge county. We-will consider them in the order of. their assignment.
*393It is claimed that the court erred in overruling the motion to quash the indictment.
It is objected to the indictment that it runs in the name of “The People of the State of Nebraska,” whereas it should run in the name of “ The State of Nebraska,” and it is insisted that in this it is repugnant to section one hundred and sixty-six of the Criminal Code, which gives the-form of the commencement of an indictment to be. substantially followed. It should be borne in mind that this ■ provision comes to us as a portion of the late territorial-statutes, continued in force by section one of the schedule' of the constitution, and is subject to all the necessary modifications imposed by that instrument, one of which is that “all process, writs and other proceedings shall run in the-' name of “The People of the State of Nebraska.” This indictment conforms to this command of the constitution,as it most certainly should do, and there is no force in this objection.
It is further objected that this indictment purports to have been found at the November term of'the District Court for Lincoln county, whereas, in fact, no such term of said court is known to the law. It is true that no term of said court for Lincoln county has been actually fixed by the legislature, but there was at that time a public law in force under which this court appears to have been called and held. Section 7, act approved June 12, 1867, entitled “ an act to define the boundaries of the judicial district, and: to assign justices to the same.”
Now, a term called and held under the provisions of this act is as well entitled to be designated a regular term, as if the time for holding it had been actually fixed by the legislature. The record before, us shows that the court in Lincoln county, at which this indictment was found, was duly called and held under the authority of this act. ■ It is true that the record is somewhat irregular, but enough *394appears to clearly establish these facts; that the county commissioners of Lincoln county, at an adjourned meeting held on the 5th of October, 1868, in an official manner, made application to the judge of that district for a term to be held in that county, and thereupon, in compliance with this request, he fixed upon the time, gave the necessary notice, and held the court accordingly. The indictment itself alleges that the term was held pursuant to application and notice by the judge of that district, and the x'ecord elsewhere.shows that he had been duly requested to do so. But it is insisted by counsel for the prisoner that the indictment itself should contain all the necessary averments, to show, affirmatively, that the term was called iix the exact manner required by law; in other words, that it show that the county commissioners and judge have taken every step which the statute requires of them. To this proposition we cannot assent. The District Court possesses general jurisdiction, and all that the captioix xxeed contain is found in section 166 of the Criminal Code, as modified by the constitution. The record showing, as it does, that the county commissioners requested a term to be held, and that in pursuance of such request this term was appointed, notice given, and the court actually coixvened in pursuance thereof, it is sufficient for the caption to show, in general terms, as this does, that the court was held pursuant to appointment aixd notice. We will presume in favor of the regularity of all the steps taken, xxntil the contrary is made to appear. — State v. McCarty, 2 Chand. 199. It is unnecessary to notice the rest of the objections urged to this indictment in the motion to quash, as they are sufficiently answered by what has ah’eady been said.
Another objection is that the court erred in overruling the defendant’s plea tó the jurisdiction. This plea appears to have been resorted to for the purpose of presenting, in another form, the same question which the court had deter*395mined in overruling the motion to quash. The jurisdiction of the court is challenged by stating legal conclusions mei’ely. No fact is stated which can be considered as entitled to any weight whatever, and the plea was properly disposed of.
Another error assigned is, that the prisoner was put upon his trial without having plead to the indictment. If this were true, it would be error. But does the record show this was done ? It discloses the fact that the plea of “not guilty ” was interposed by the defendant on his arraignment. But it is urged, with much force, that inasmuch as a motion to quash, and a plea in abatement were afterwards filed and acted upon by the court, the presumption arises that the plea of “ not guilty ” must have been withdrawn, before they were filed. If the subsequent pleas were inconsistent with the plea of not guilt}", this might be true.' But they were not, and the record being silent on this point we must presume that the motion to quash and the plea in abatement were'filed and determined, with the plea of not guilty upon the record. — 1 Bishop's Crim. Pro. 437, 447 ; Commonwealth v. Chapman, 11 Cush. 422.
The next error assigned is, that the court refused to permit certain questions to be put to three of the witnesses,' called by the prosecution, on their cross-examination.
Of these witnesses, John Rice and John Fritchie, who, together with the prisoner, the deceased and several other persons, took dinner at a shanty near which, and a short time before, tbe deceased was killed, on their direct examination, had testified to certain acts and declarations of the prisoner and- deceased, tending to establish defendant’s guilt, and on cross-examination they were asked certain question's tending to' show that they were intoxicated at that time, but objection being made by the attorney for the State, the testimony was excluded from the jury. In this we think there is error. It is always of vital import*396anee to ascertain the exact condition of the mind of a witness at the time of a transaction or conversation about which he is testifying. The jury should bo informed of all the influences affecting his mind, so as to enable them to determine whether it was in such a condition as rendered him capable of .understanding, recollecting and narrating correctly what actually took place. And if for any reason, such as imbecility or excessive intoxication, the witness was in such a state of mind as rendered him incapable of exercising a correct discrimination, the court.and jury should know it. In rejecting this testimony, we are of the opinion the court was in error. — 2 Phil. Evi. Cown and Hill and Edwards’ notes, 950, note 596, and cases there cited.
There is one other point deserving notice. The record discloses the fact that several persons summoned as grand jurors having been excused from serving, their places were filled by the court by transferring from the list of petit jurors enough to make up the requisite number. This was unauthorized by the law, and rendered the grand jury, when thus organized, an illegal body. Section 664 of the Code of Procedure, regulates the filling of vacancies in both grand and petit juries. It provides that in such case “the court may order the sheriff, deputy sheriff or coroner, to summon, without delay, good and lawful men having the qualifications of jurors, and each person so summoned shall forthwith appear before the court and, if competent, shall serve on the grand and petit jury, as the case maybe, unless such person shall be excused from serving or lawfully challenged.” Although in this case it is not claimed or even suggested that any injustice was done the prisoner by this irregularly selected jury, still we cannot shut our eyes to the fact that it would be k most dangerous precedent, if permitted to stand. If so wide a departure from the statutory mode of selecting grand jurors were adjudged to be an unimportant informality, to be disregarded, where could *397we stop ? Could not every provision of the law be disregarded. with just as much reason, and the judge select the .jury in his own way, and of the material best suited to the accomplishment of his own purposes? The grand jury must be selected in the manner prescribed by the law. There is no security to the citizen but in a rigid adherence to the legislative will, as expressed in the statutes made for our guidance.
The judgment is reversed and cause remanded to the District Court for Lincoln county, for further proceedings.