Court Opinion

ID: 8706022
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 06:21:38.308487+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:10.061901
License: Public Domain

ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
ROSANNA MALOUF PETERSON, Chief Judge.
Before the Court is Plaintiffs motion for partial summary judgment, ECF No. 52. The Court has reviewed the motion, the memoranda in support and opposition, the statements of fact, the affidavits and declarations of the parties, all other relevant filings, and is fully informed.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are not in dispute. Plaintiff Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (“Yakama Nation”) is a federally recognized Indian tribe. ECF Nos. 54 at 2, 95 at 1. King Mountain Tobacco, Inc. (“King Mountain”) is a corporation organized, existing, and operating under the laws of the Yakama Nation. ECF Nos. 54 at 2, 95 at 1. Delbert Wheeler, Sr., is an enrolled member of the Yakama Nation and is the owner and operator of King Mountain. ECF Nos. 54 at 2, 95 at 1.
King Mountain’s manufacturing facilities are located within the boundaries of the Yakama Nation Reservation on property held in trust by the United States for the beneficial use of Mr. Wheeler. ECF Nos. 54 at 2, 95 at 1. King Mountain manufactures cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco. ECF Nos. 54 at 3, 95 at 1. Some of the tobacco used by King Mountain is grown on Yakama Nation trust land. ECF Nos. 54 at 2, 95 at 1. The trust-land grown tobacco is then blended with other tobacco to produce King Mountain products. ECF Nos. 54 at 2, 95 at 1.
*1282King Mountain, Mr. Wheeler, and the Yakama Nation brought this action seeking a declaration that King Mountain is not subject to payment of excise taxes on tobacco products under 26 U.S.C. § 5701, an injunction restraining Defendant Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (“TTB”) from preventing King Mountain from selling its products, and a declaration that the Yakama Nation is entitled to meaningful consultation and resolution of disputes with the executive branch. ECF No. 1.
The Defendants moved to dismiss the action based on lack of jurisdiction. ECF No. 9. The Plaintiffs countered with the present motion for partial summary judgment. ECF No. 52. The Court granted the Defendants’ motion to dismiss in part and dismissed King Mountain and Mr. Wheeler from the action for lack of jurisdiction. ECF No. 83. The Court concluded, however, that it had jurisdiction to hear claims brought by the Yakama Nation. ECF No. 83. Accordingly, the Court will now proceed to address Plaintiffs motion for partial summary judgment.
APPLICABLE LAW
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). A key purpose of summary judgment “is to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims.... ” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Summary judgment is “not a disfavored procedural shortcut,” but is instead the “principal tool[] by which factually insufficient claims or defenses [can] be isolated and prevented from going to trial with the attendant unwarranted consumption of public and private resources.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The moving party must demonstrate to the Court that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The burden then shifts to the non-moving party to “set out ‘specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.’ ” Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)).
A genuine issue of material fact exists if sufficient evidence supports the claimed factual dispute, requiring “a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir.1987). At summary judgment, the court draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Dzung Chu v. Oracle Corp. (In re Oracle Corp. Secs. Litig.), 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir.2010) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). The evidence presented by both the moving and non-moving parties must be admissible. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). The court will not presume missing facts, and non-specific facts in affidavits are not sufficient to support or undermine a claim. Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n, 497 U.S. 871, 888-89, 110 S.Ct. 3177, 111 L.Ed.2d 695 (1990).
DISCUSSION
As citizens of the United States, enrolled members of federally recognized Indian tribes are generally liable to pay federal taxes. See Squire v. Capoeman, 351 U.S. 1, 6, 76 S.Ct. 611, 100 L.Ed. 883 (1956). Federal law imposes an excise tax on tobacco products to be calculated against the manufacturer at the time of the removal of the tobacco products from *1283the manufacturer’s facilities. 26 U.S.C. §§ 5701-5703.
The Yakama Nation argues that the tobacco tax does not apply in this case for two reasons. First, the Yakama Nation argues that application of the tax violates the General Allotment Act’s restriction on taxing income directly derived from Indian trust land. Second, the Yakama Nation argues that application of the tax violates the Treaty of 1855 (“Treaty”) between the Yakama Nation and the United States.
General Allotment Act
Under the General Allotment Act, individual Indians were allotted lands on their reservations to be held in trust by the United States for the benefit of that individual Indian. Capoeman, 351 U.S. at 3, 76 S.Ct. 611. After twenty five years, absent extension of the trust period by the President, the land would be conveyed in fee simple to the allottee. Id. Important to this case is a section allowing the Secretary of the Interior to convey the land in fee simple to the allottee prior to expiration of the trust period. That section reads in relevant part:
[T]he Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion, and he is authorized, whenever he shall be satisfied that any Indian allottee is competent and capable of managing his or her affairs at any time to cause to be issued to such allot-tee a patent in fee simple, and thereafter all restrictions as to sale, incumbrance, or taxation of said land shall be removed and said land shall not be liable to the satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to the issuing of such patent ....
25 U.S.C. § 349 (emphasis added).
In Capoeman, the Supreme Court held that the language “all restrictions as to ... taxation of said land shall be removed,” implied that trust land that was not yet patented in fee was not subject to taxation. 351 U.S. at 8-10, 76 S.Ct. 611. The Supreme Court noted, however, that the restriction on taxation was limited to “the trust and income derived directly therefrom.” Id. at 9, 76 S.Ct. 611. Income that was not directly derived from trust land but was derived from earlier income from the land, known as “reinvestment income,” was not exempted from taxation. Id. In Capoeman, the tax at issue was capital gains paid on the sale of timber. Id. at 4, 76 S.Ct. 611. The Court held that the income resulting from the sale of the timber was directly derived from the trust land and not subject to federal income tax. Id. at 9-10, 76 S.Ct. 611.
Cases decided after Capoeman have identified sources of income beyond timber that are directly derived from the land and are not taxed. E.g., Stevens v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 452 F.2d 741, 747 (9th Cir.1971) (holding that income derived from ranching and farming operations by an allottee on his allotted land are not taxable); United States v. Daney, 370 F.2d 791 (10th Cir.1966) (holding that bonuses paid to allottee for oil and gas leases to his allotment were not taxable). However, other cases also have found that some income-producing activities, despite being sited on allotted or tribal trust land, are subject to federal taxes. E.g., Dillon v. United States, 792 F.2d 849, 856 (9th Cir.1986) (holding that income from a smokeshop operated on trust land was not “generated principally from the use of reservation land and resources.”); Critzer v. United States, 220 Ct.Cl. 43, 54, 597 F.2d 708 (1979) (holding that income generated from a motel, a restaurant, a gift shop, and from building rentals, is not directly derived from the land). The conclusion of the cases interpreting Capoeman is that income derived from products grown on or contained within trust land is not taxable while income from businesses that are located on trust land is taxable.
*1284If Mr. Wheeler were simply growing tobacco on his allotment and selling that tobacco, Capoeman would dictate that those sales, and the income derived therefrom, would be tax free. On the other hand, if Mr. Wheeler were manufacturing tobacco products using only tobacco grown in Virginia, Capoeman would clearly not apply because no value was being derived directly from the land. In this case, however, King Mountain manufactures cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco using, in part, tobacco grown on trust property within Yakama Nation borders. Accordingly, the question for the Court is whether the inclusion of trust-grown tobacco insulates King Mountain from taxation on its tobacco products.
Unlike many of the cases construing Capoeman, the instant case does not involve federal income tax. Instead, the tax at issue here is an excise tax on tobacco products manufactured in the United States.1 26 U.S.C. §§ 5701-5702; see also Patton v. Brady, 184 U.S. 608, 616-19, 22 S.Ct. 493, 46 L.Ed. 713 (1902). Unlike federal income tax, which applies broadly to all income, the excise tax applies only to tobacco products manufactured or imported into the United States. 26 U.S.C. §§ 5701-5702.
Tobacco products are defined as cigars, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, pipe tobacco, and roll-your-own tobacco. § 5702(d). The tax does not apply to the production or sale of leaf tobacco grown by farmers. See §§ 5701-5703. Accordingly, unlike federal income tax which would apply to income derived from growing tobacco, section 5701 does not tax Mr. Wheeler or King Mountain for growing tobacco. Instead, King Mountain is taxed because it manufactured cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco in the United States. The fact that King Mountain included trust-land grown tobacco into its products does not change the scope of the excise tax.
The Court in Capoeman drew a distinction between income derived directly from trust land and income derived from previous income, which the Court called reinvestment income. 351 U.S. at 9, 76 S.Ct. 611. Direct income was not taxable while reinvestment income was taxable. Id. Even though this case involves an excise tax instead of an income tax, the Court finds this distinction relevant.
Tobacco grown on Yakama Nation trust land is analogous to income directly derived from trust land. It is not subject to the excise tax. See § 5701. The untaxed tobacco is then blended in as part of a finished cigarette or as roll-your own tobacco. The finished cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco are analogous to reinvestment income as they are products derived from a product directly derived from the land. The cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco are not directly derived from trust land for purposes of Capoeman, and application of the excise tax to the cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco is permissible.
The Ninth Circuit’s opinion in Dillon confirms the Court’s conclusion. The Dillon court, citing to the Tax Court’s opinion in Hoptowit v. Comm’r, 78 T.C. 137 (1982), and the Court of Claims’ opinion in Critzer, 220 Ct.Cl. 43, 597 F.2d 708, recognized that even where some value comes directly from trust land, the Capoeman rule should not apply in cases where “income was not generated principally from the use of reservation land and resources.” Dillon, 792 F.2d at 855-56. Uncontroverted evidence was presented that approximately twenty *1285percent of the tobacco used by King Mountain to manufacture its products is grown on trust land. ECF No. 96 at 7, and that approximately eighty percent comes from a source in North Carolina. ECF No. 96 at 7. When taking into account the manufacturing process and the amount of non-trust-land tobacco that is used in King Mountain’s products, the Court finds that the cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco produced by King Mountain are not principally generated from the use of reservation land and resources.
In addition, the Ninth Circuit consistently has held that the tax exemption under Capoeman for income derived directly from trust land applies only to income derived from the allottee’s own allotment. United States v. Anderson, 625 F.2d 910, 914 (9th Cir.1980). For example, if an allottee earns income from cattle that graze on different allottees’ trust land, such income would not be excludable from income tax. Id. at 912. The Anderson court noted that “Capoeman’s point was that if an Indian’s allotted land (or the income directly derived from it) was taxed, and the tax was not paid, the resulting tax lien on the land would make it impossible for him to receive the land free of ‘incumbrance’ at the end of the trust period.” Id. at 914. In contrast, an allottee’s failure to pay taxes would not give rise to a tax lien on a different beneficiary’s land. Id. (quoting Holt v. Comm’r, 364 F.2d 38, 41 (8th Cir.1966)).
In this case, Mr. Wheeler is the allottee, but King Mountain is the tax payer. The tax lien statute applies to the property of the “person liable to pay” the unpaid tax. 26 U.S.C. § 6321. Although the Court is aware that Mr. Wheeler’s assets could be subject to lien if King Mountain were found to be Mr. Wheeler’s alter ego, see G.M. Leasing Corp. v. United States, 429 U.S. 338, 350-51, 97 S.Ct. 619, 50 L.Ed.2d 530 (1977), the record is devoid of any evidence that King Mountain is Mr. Wheeler’s alter ego. Accordingly, any lien would be imposed on King Mountain’s property. As the trust property is held for the benefit of Mr. Wheeler, it is not an asset of King Mountain. Therefore, under the reasoning of Anderson, the Capoeman exception to taxation would not apply to income earned by King Mountain.
Treaty of 1855
The second argument advanced by the Yakama Nation for why King Mountain should not be subject to tobacco excise taxes is that King Mountain is exempt from such taxes under the Treaty of 1855, 12 Stat. 951. Article II of the Treaty describes the land that was reserved to the Yakama Nation and stated that the “tract shall be set apart and, so far as necessary, surveyed and marked out, for the exclusive use and benefit of said confederated tribes and bands of Indians.... ” Id. (emphasis added). The Yakama Nation argues that the language “for exclusive use and benefit” evidences an intent by the United States to exclude certain activities, including the manufacturing of tobacco products, from federal taxation.
As an initial matter, the parties dispute whether the Court, in determining whether the treaty creates a tax exemption, is limited to the four corners of the Treaty or may consider extrinsic information, including information about the negotiations. In Ramsey v. United States, 302 F.3d 1074 (2002), the Ninth Circuit addressed the scope of this inquiry. Kip R. Ramsey was an enrolled member of the Yakama Nation. Id. at 1076. Mr. Ramsey owned a logging company and used diesel trucks exceeding 55,000 pounds of gross weight to haul his lumber. Id. Federal law imposed a tax on trucks that exceeded 55,000 pounds. Id. (citing 26 U.S.C. § 4481). Mr. Ramsey argued that the truck taxes were preempted by the Article III of the *1286Treaty. Id. Article III of the Treaty reads in pertinent part:
“[I]f necessary for the public convenience, roads may be run through the said reservation; and on the other hand, the right of way, with free access from the same to the nearest public highway, is secured to them; as also the right, in common with citizens of the United States, to travel upon all public highways.”
Id. at 1076-77 (quoting 12 Stat. at 951-53).
Mr. Ramsey asserted that this language precluded the taxation of enrolled members of the Yakama Nation for using public highways. Id. at 1077. As part of his argument, Mr. Ramsey relied on the fact that the Ninth Circuit had held that the Treaty preempted Washington law that taxed heavy vehicles. Cree v. Flores, 157 F.3d 762, 771 (9th Cir.1998). Mr. Ramsey asserted that the holding regarding Washington law applied equally to federal law. Ramsey, 302 F.3d at 1077.
The Ninth Circuit declined to extend its holding in Cree to preempt federal taxation. The Court drew a distinction between the appropriate canons of construction that applied to preemption of state law with those that applied to federal law. Id. at 1078. When state tax law is at issue, “a court determines if there is an express federal law prohibiting the tax. The federal law must be interpreted in the light most favorable to the Indians, and extrinsic evidence may be used to show the federal government’s and Indians’ intent.” Id. at 1079.
However, where federal tax law is at issue, a court must first determine whether the treaty contains “express exemptive language.” Id. at 1078. Only if the treaty contains express exemptive language does the court proceed to determine whether that language could be reasonably construed to support exemption from taxation. Id. at 1079. The question before this Court, then, is whether Article II contains express exemptive language. In making this inquiry, the Court will not consider evidence extrinsic to the Treaty itself.
The Ninth Circuit has had an opportunity to construe Article II’s “exclusive use and benefit” language. In Hoptowit v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 709 F.2d 564 (9th Cir.1983), an enrolled member of the Yakama Nation sought exemptions from federal income tax for income derived from a smoke shop operated on land within the Yakama Nation reservation and for per diem payments received for his work on the Yakama Nation Tribal Council. Id. at 565. He asserted that Article II’s “exclusive use and benefit” language was the source of the exemption. Id. at 565-66.
With regard to the per diem payments, the court noted that it had previously ruled that such payments were not exempt from income tax under the reasoning of Capoeman. Id. at 566 (citing Comm’r v. Walker, 326 F.2d 261 (9th Cir.1964)). In reviewing the language of Article II, the court noted that language “gives to the Tribe the exclusive use and benefit of the land on which the reservation is located.” Id. The court concluded that “any tax exemption created by this language is limited to the income derived directly from the land.” Id. In short, because the per diem payments were not exempt under the reasoning of Capoeman, they were similarly not exempt under any exception contained in Article II.
This Court already has held that King Mountain does not enjoy an exemption from the federal excise tax on tobacco products under Capoeman because the tax is not imposed on products directly derived from the land. Therefore, to the degree that Article II contains express exemptive language, the exemption to taxation created by Article II would not apply to the *1287facts of this case. Id. Accordingly, the Plaintiff has failed to establish an exemption to the excise tax under the Treaty.
CONCLUSION
Enrolled members of federally recognized Indian tribes, as United States citizens, are subject to federal taxation unless explicitly exempted under federal law or by treaty. Fry v. United States, 557 F.2d 646, 647 (9th Cir.1977). King Mountain is not exempt from federal excise tax on tobacco products under the General Allotment Act and Capoeman because the excise tax does not tax products directly derived from the land. Any exception to taxation that could be inferred in Article II of the Treaty is similarly limited to products derived directly from the land. Hoptowit, 709 F.2d at 566. Therefore, the excise tax also is not precluded by the Treaty.
Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
1. The Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment, ECF No. 52, is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
The District Court Executive is hereby directed to enter this Order and to provide copies to counsel.

. The rule in Capoeman applies to federal excise taxes, Cook v. United States, 32 Fed.C1. 170, 172-73 (1994).