Court Opinion

ID: 4369094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-20 00:03:21.862036+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:58.311895
License: Public Domain

2019 IL App (1st) 180610
                                              No. 1-18-0610

                                                                                  SECOND DIVISION
                                                                                    February 19, 2019

     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                         IN THE
                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
     ______________________________________________________________________________

     RONALD LADAO,                                          )     Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                            )     of Cook County.
            Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )
                                                            )
     v.                                                     )     No. 16 L 004625
                                                            )
     LAUREN FAITS,                                          )
                                                            )     The Honorable
            Defendant-Appellant.                            )     James E. Snyder,
                                                            )     Judge Presiding.

     ______________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE PUCINSKI delivered the judgment of the court.
            Justices Lavin and Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                   OPINION

¶1          Defendant, Lauren Faits, appeals from a judgment entered in favor of plaintiff, Ronald

     Ladao, following a jury trial on plaintiff’s claims of libel and false light. On appeal, defendant

     argues that the trial court erred in (1) failing to instruct the jury on her affirmative defenses of

     protected opinion and substantial truth, (2) giving an incorrect instruction on abuse of qualified

     privilege, (3) denying her motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the issue of

     whether plaintiff presented sufficient evidence that defendant abused her qualified privilege,

     (4) failing to rule during summary judgment on whether defendant’s statements constituted
     1-18-0610

     protected opinions, and (5) allowing plaintiff to recover damages on both his libel claim and his

     false light claim. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶2                                            BACKGROUND

¶3          In his first amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that in 2016 defendant published several

     false and defamatory statements about him in a post on her blog, “Geek Girl Chicago.” The blog

     post at issue, which was attached to plaintiff’s first amended complaint, stated that in 2003,

     defendant, then a minor, attended an anime cosplay 1 convention in Chicago. The post then went

     on to describe the following incident:

                 “Thirteen years ago, I was under 18—a minor. I was attending an anime convention

            in the Chicago area. A group of cosplayers, including myself, headed up to a hotel room

            to change out of our costumes. We were followed. While we were undressing, a

            photographer began slamming into our room’s locked door in an attempt to break in. The

            room had one of those sliding locks, which broke open under the force. The photographer

            rushed in with a camera, attempting to get nude photos and/or video of underage

            cosplayers.

                 This photographer’s name was Ron ‘Soulcrash’ Ladao.

                 From the start, I was absolutely clear about how wrong this was. Amidst girls’

            screaming of ‘No!’ and ‘What is wrong with you?’ and ‘Go away!’ I made it clear that

            this act was unacceptable. I threatened to call the police if he did not immediately leave

            1
              “Anime” is defined as “a style of animation originating in Japan that is characterized by stark
     colorful graphics depicting vibrant characters in action-filled plots often with fantastic or futuristic
     themes.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anime (last
     visited Feb. 13, 2019) [https://perma.cc/PDW8-UEUX]. “Cosplay” is “the activity or practice of dressing
     up as a character from a work of fiction (such as a comic book, video game, or television show).”
     Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cosplay (last visited
     Feb. 13, 2019) [https://perma.cc/4R5P-5EJS].
                                                       -2-
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             us alone. He left, but not without grinning and calling me a rude name because I had

             touched his camera to point it away from the girls.”

     In the post, defendant described plaintiff’s actions as “sexual assault.”

¶4           The allegedly defamatory statements at issue on this appeal were that plaintiff “rushed

     in[to a hotel room] with a camera, attempting to get nude photos and/or video of underage

     [girls]” and that “[t]his was a sexual assault.” 2 Plaintiff alleged that these statements constituted

     libel per se because they accused him of conduct that was damaging to his reputation as a

     professional photographer and videographer and because they accused him of criminal conduct.

     Plaintiff also alleged that these statements placed him in a false light. As a result of these

     statements, plaintiff alleged, he suffered harm to his reputation and career, humiliation, and

     emotional distress.

¶5           Defendant moved for summary judgment on both counts of the first amended complaint.

     In her motion, defendant argued that her statements were protected by a qualified privilege and

     she did not abuse that privilege. She also argued that her statements were protected opinion,

     substantially true, or should be considered rhetorical hyperbole. After briefing on the motion, the

     trial court issued an order denying defendant’s motions as to both counts of the first amended

     complaint. More specifically, the trial court held that although defendant’s statements were

     subject to a qualified privilege, there existed a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether

     defendant abused that privilege. The trial court also found that defendant failed to carry her

             2
               Plaintiff’s first amended complaint also included other allegedly defamatory statements that
     appear to have been included simply to provide context and preserve any claim of error related to the trial
     court’s dismissal of those statements on plaintiff’s initial complaint. As the parties agree that the
     statements currently at issue are limited to those quoted above, we need not consider the other statements
     in the first amended complaint.
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     burden of proving that, as a matter of law, her statements were protected opinions, hyperbole, or

     substantially true.

¶6           Thereafter, the matter proceeded to a jury trial. At trial, plaintiff testified that he attended

     the 2003 convention both as a participant and as a staffer taking videos of some of the events.

     That morning, defendant, who plaintiff knew through Internet forums, had stored her belongings

     in plaintiff’s hotel room. After the convention was over, plaintiff, defendant, and a group of

     others went back to plaintiff’s hotel room so that defendant and some others could change out of

     their costumes. Two males remained in the room with defendant and others while defendant and

     the others changed, but plaintiff was outside of the hotel room. Plaintiff testified that he thought

     it would be a good prank to open the door to the hotel room while they were in there. In the

     process of doing so, he broke the lock of the hotel room. The guys that were in the room with

     defendant laughed. Plaintiff then shut the door and left.

¶7           Plaintiff denied that he ever tried to get any nude photos or videos of the people inside

     the hotel room. He also denied slamming into the door of the hotel room and testified that,

     instead, he used his key to open the door and only pushed the door enough to surprise the room’s

     occupants. He further denied hearing anyone threatening to call the police or calling him a name.

¶8           Plaintiff also introduced a video of the incident at issue. Although this video was played

     for the jury as evidence, it was not included in the record on appeal.

¶9           Plaintiff went on to testify that in the years following the 2003 incident, he and defendant

     had positive interactions, including seeing each other at conventions and being friends on

     Facebook. He also testified that defendant had used some of his photography work on her blog.

     During those interactions, there had been no mention of the 2003 incident.

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¶ 10          Since defendant’s blog post regarding the 2003 incident, plaintiff had not received much

       independent photography work and he had been excluded from some events.

¶ 11          During her testimony, defendant testified that she did not recall any arrangement with

       plaintiff to store her belongings in his hotel room during the convention, although he did agree to

       allow her group to use his room to change out of their costumes. Defendant testified that after

       plaintiff left the hotel room, the door burst back open so hard that the lock broke. At that

       moment, defendant was partially undressed and holding clothes up to cover herself. She also

       testified that because she knew that plaintiff had a camera, she was worried that someone in the

       room would be hurt or raped.

¶ 12          When questioned about the video shown to the jury, defendant testified that although

       plaintiff did not literally follow the group to the hotel room, he did join them on their way to the

       room. She also acknowledged that plaintiff was not holding a camera when he entered the room,

       but she believed that the video showed him slamming against the door and attempting to rush

       into the room. Although he opened the main lock with his key, he broke the chain lock when he

       entered the room. Defendant admitted that the video played for the jury did not contain any

       screaming and that it did not depict her saying anything after plaintiff entered the room. It also

       did not show plaintiff calling defendant a rude name. Nevertheless, defendant testified that after

       seeing the video played for the jury, she still believed that what she wrote was true.

¶ 13          Defendant further testified that she did not claim that the blog post was anything other

       than her personal opinion and that, although her memory was not 100% accurate at the time she

       wrote the post, she did not lie about any of the events that she remembered. She believed at the

       time of writing, and still believed at the time of trial, that plaintiff was trying to get photographs

       of nude underage individuals. She also still believed that plaintiff’s actions constituted sexual

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       1-18-0610

       assault because he entered the room knowing that people were undressing and because he did not

       turn off the camera.

¶ 14          Defendant admitted that following the 2003 incident, she continued to interact with

       plaintiff, but testified that she kept all interactions professional and only interacted with him to

       the extent that she could not get the photographs she needed elsewhere and where any face-to-

       face contact would be minimal.

¶ 15          She testified that she published the post with the purpose of specifically identifying

       plaintiff; she could have written the post without identifying plaintiff. She denied, however, that

       her purpose was to convince others not to hire plaintiff or to prevent him from photographing

       events. Defendant acknowledged that she did not do any research or investigation into the

       incident or the accuracy of her recollection before publishing her blog post. She also

       acknowledged that she never took down the post or apologized to plaintiff for any of its contents,

       although she did write a follow-up post following the release of the video of the incident to

       clarify that her recollection was “shaky” on some of the details.

¶ 16          Following closing arguments, the matter was submitted to the jury. After deliberations,

       the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff on both counts. With respect to plaintiff’s claim

       for libel, the jury awarded plaintiff $65,000.00 in compensatory damages and $20,000.00 in

       punitive damages. On plaintiff’s claim for false light, the jury awarded plaintiff $5000.00 in

       compensatory damages and $20,000.00 in punitive damages.

¶ 17          Defendant then filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. In it, she argued

       plaintiff had failed to prove that she had abused her qualified privilege, the trial court failed to

       instruct the jury on her affirmative defenses of protected opinion and substantial truth, the trial

       court misstated the law on the abuse of qualified privilege, the trial court failed to rule on

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       1-18-0610

       defendant’s motion for summary judgment regarding whether her statements were opinions or

       statements of fact, and plaintiff should not be allowed to recover damages for both libel and false

       light. Following briefing and a hearing on defendant’s motion, the trial court denied it, and

       defendant filed this timely appeal.

¶ 18                                               ANALYSIS

¶ 19          On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in (1) failing to instruct the jury on

       her affirmative defenses of protected opinion and substantial truth, (2) giving an incorrect

       instruction on abuse of qualified privilege, (3) denying her motion for judgment notwithstanding

       the verdict on the issue of whether plaintiff presented sufficient evidence that defendant abused

       her qualified privilege, (4) failing to rule during summary judgment on whether defendant’s

       statements constituted protected opinions, and (5) allowing plaintiff to recover damages on both

       his libel claim and his false light claim. We address each of these contentions in turn.

¶ 20                                             Jury Instructions

¶ 21          Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on her

       affirmative defenses of protected opinion and substantial truth and in incorrectly instructing the

       jury on abuse of qualified privilege. We conclude that defendant has waived review of these

       contentions, because she failed to demonstrate that she objected to the jury instructions given by

       the trial court and the trial court’s failure to give defendant’s requested objections.

¶ 22          Generally, the determination of which jury instructions are to be given falls within the

       trial court’s discretion and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion. Baumrucker v.

       Express Cab Dispatch, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 161278, ¶ 63. To preserve any complaint

       regarding the trial court’s determinations on jury instructions or verdict forms, a party must

       (1) make a specific objection during the jury instruction conference or when the instructions are

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       read to the jury and (2) submit a remedial instruction or verdict form to the trial court. Id. Failure

       to do so results in waiver of the issue on appeal. Id.; Motsch v. Pine Roofing Co., 178 Ill. App. 3d
169, 176 (1988) (defendants’ contention that the trial court failed to instruct the jury on an

       affirmative defense and on other requirements of the plaintiff’s claim was waived by the

       defendants’ failure to object in the trial court and to submit a proper instruction to the trial court).

       In addition,

               “[t]o raise an issue on appeal concerning the giving of or the failure to give an

               instruction, the appellant must provide the reviewing court with the content of the

               instruction conference establishing that the appellant there raised the argument that he

               advances on appeal or else he is barred from raising it in the reviewing court.” Brown v.

               Decatur Memorial Hospital, 83 Ill. 2d 344, 350 (1980).

       See Aguinaga v. City of Chicago, 243 Ill. App. 3d 552, 575 (1993).

¶ 23           Here, the record on appeal contains two discussions on jury instructions between the trial

       court and the parties. Both of these discussions took place on the last day of trial, and it is clear

       from the transcript that they do not constitute the entirety of the jury instruction conference.

       First, only a few instructions and a single verdict form were addressed during the discussions

       contained in the record on appeal; the record does not include a discussion of all the instructions

       that were proposed by the parties or ultimately given. Specifically, there are no references in the

       discussions in the record to defendant’s request for instructions on protected opinion and

       substantial truth or to defendant’s complaint regarding the wording of the instruction on abuse of

       the qualified privilege. Second, the trial court stated on the record that it had “made an effort

       over several days” to get the jury instructions done and was “trying to hold a jury instruction

       conference, fourth try.” From these statements, it appears that the jury instruction conference was

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       conducted piecemeal over the course of several hearings held prior to and during the trial.

       Despite this, as mentioned above, the only transcripts included in the record on appeal are those

       of the two jury instruction discussions held on the last day of trial; there are no transcripts of the

       other hearings where jury instructions were discussed.

¶ 24          Nowhere in the transcripts we have are there objections by defendant to the trial court’s

       abuse of qualified privilege instruction or its failure to include an instruction on protected

       opinions or substantial truth. If defendant objected on these issues during some other discussion

       on the jury instructions, we have no way of knowing because not all of the transcripts were

       included in the record on appeal. Because defendant has failed to provide us with a sufficient

       record to demonstrate that she registered the necessary objections, we must conclude that she has

       waived her contentions regarding the jury instruction given by the trial court. See Brown, 83 Ill.
2d at 350.

¶ 25          We also observe that, in the record, there were references by the trial court and the parties

       to lists of disputed and undisputed instructions. The record on appeal, however, does not contain

       these lists of proposed instructions. Although the common law record contains a number of jury

       instructions, they are not clearly identified as being proposed by one party or the other, nor are

       they marked as given or refused. What is clear from the record is that defendant’s proposed

       instructions on protected opinion, substantial truth, and abuse of the qualified privilege appear

       only as exhibits attached to her motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Given that

       there is no complete set of defendant’s proposed jury instructions in the record and given that the

       portions of the jury instruction conference that appear in the record do not indicate the substance

       of defendant’s proposed instruction, we cannot say that defendant tendered the required remedial

       instructions for consideration. Baumrucker, 2017 IL App (1st) 161278, ¶ 63.

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¶ 26          Defendant argues that her counsel did, in fact, attempt to object and submit alternate

       instructions but that the trial court was impatient with defense counsel, thereby making any

       attempt at objecting futile. From our review of the transcript in the record, it appears that the trial

       court’s frustration with defense counsel was justified and resulted from defense counsel’s failure

       to articulate legal objections to plaintiff’s proposed instructions, both during trial and on previous

       occasions. Specifically, when the trial court asked defense counsel for objections on some of the

       plaintiff’s proposed instructions or verdict forms, defense counsel responded simply that they

       had submitted alternate instructions or forms but could not articulate a legal basis for choosing

       defendant’s instructions or forms over plaintiff’s. In addition, as mentioned, the trial court

       indicated that it had attempted to discuss the jury instructions with the parties on other occasions,

       but that those attempts were not fruitful because of defense counsel’s failure to articulate their

       legal positions and follow the trial court’s directives on preparing for the jury instruction

       conference. Because defendant’s counsel failed to include the other discussions in the record on

       appeal, we have no way of assessing whether defendant was denied other, adequate opportunities

       to present her arguments on the jury instructions on other occasions.

¶ 27          Because defendant has failed to present a sufficient record on which to determine

       whether she adequately preserved any error with respect to the jury instructions, we must

       conclude that she has waived these contentions. See Brown, 83 Ill. 2d at 350; see also Foutch v.

       O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984) (“[A]n appellant has the burden to present a sufficiently

       complete record of the proceedings at trial to support a claim of error, and in the absence of such

       a record on appeal, it will be presumed that the order entered by the trial court was in conformity

       with law and had a sufficient factual basis. Any doubts which may arise from the incompleteness

       of the record will be resolved against the appellant.”).

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¶ 28                                          Abuse of Qualified Privilege

¶ 29          Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion for judgment

       notwithstanding the verdict, because plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence at trial that

       defendant abused her qualified privilege. As defendant has failed to present a sufficient record on

       which we may review this claim, we must conclude that the trial court did not err in denying

       defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict in this respect. Id.

¶ 30          In ruling on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the trial court must view

       the evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and should grant the

       motion only if that evidence “ ‘so overwhelmingly favors [a] movant that no contrary verdict

       based on that evidence could ever stand.’ ” York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical

       Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 178 (2006) (quoting Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d
494, 510 (1967)). “In other words, a motion for judgment n.o.v. presents ‘a question of law as to

       whether, when all of the evidence is considered, together with all reasonable inferences from it in

       its aspect most favorable to the plaintiffs, there is a total failure or lack of evidence to prove any

       necessary element of the [plaintiff’s] case.’ ” Id. (quoting Merlo v. Public Service Co. of

       Northern Illinois, 381 Ill. 300, 311 (1942)). A trial court should not grant judgment

       notwithstanding the verdict if “ ‘reasonable minds might differ as to inferences or conclusions to

       be drawn from the facts presented.’ ” Id. (quoting Pasquale v. Speed Products Engineering, 166
Ill. 2d 337, 351 (1995)). We review de novo the trial court’s decision whether to grant or deny a

       motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Lawlor v. North American Corp. of Illinois,

       2012 IL 112530, ¶ 37.

¶ 31          Where a qualified privilege exists, a statement that might otherwise be considered

       defamatory is protected due to the circumstances under or occasion on which it was made. Kuwik

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       v. Starmark Star Marketing & Administration, Inc., 156 Ill. 2d 16, 24 (1993). “This privilege is

       based on the policy of protecting honest communications of misinformation in certain favored

       circumstances in order to facilitate the availability of correct information.” Id. Qualified

       privileges exist in situations where there is involved an interest held by the person publishing the

       statement, the person to whom the matter is published, some other third person, or the public. Id.

       at 29. Typically, in the absence of a qualified privilege, a defamation plaintiff is only required to

       show that the defendant was negligent in making the allegedly defamatory statement. Id. at 24.

       Where a defendant demonstrates the existence of a qualified privilege for making the statement,

       however, there is a heightened standard of proof, and the plaintiff must demonstrate that the

       defendant abused the privilege. To do so, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant had

       “a direct intention to injure another, or *** a reckless disregard of [the defamed party’s] rights

       and of the consequences that may result to him.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 30.

       Our supreme court has stated that whether a defendant abused the privilege is a factual inquiry

       that examines whether the defendant acted in good faith in making the statement, the statement

       was properly limited in its scope, and the statement was sent only to the proper parties. Id. at 27.

       In addition, an abuse of the privilege may consist of “any reckless act which shows a disregard

       for the defamed party’s rights, including the failure to properly investigate the truth of the

       matter,[3] limit the scope of the material, or send the material to only the proper parties.” Id. at

       30.

¶ 32           The record reveals that there exists a video of the 2003 incident on which defendant’s

       alleged defamatory statements are based. This video was played for the jury at trial, and the

       parties were questioned extensively about it during their trial testimony. During closing

               3
                Defendant takes issue with the proposition that a failure to investigate the truth of the statement
       may evidence recklessness, but we need not address defendant’s concerns in this respect because our
       decision does not depend on its inclusion as an example of recklessness.
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       arguments, both parties referred to and relied on what was depicted in the video to make their

       arguments as to whether plaintiff carried his burden of proof at trial. Despite all of this,

       defendant failed to include the video in the record on appeal. 4

¶ 33          Defendant’s failure to include the video in the record on appeal precludes us from

       conducting any meaningful review of the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for judgment

       notwithstanding the verdict on the issue of whether plaintiff carried his burden of demonstrating

       that defendant abused her privilege. Specifically, the standard for ruling on a motion for

       judgment notwithstanding the verdict required the trial court to evaluate all of the evidence

       presented at trial in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and to draw all reasonable inferences

       from that evidence in favor of the plaintiff. York, 222 Ill. 2d at 178. To succeed on her motion,

       defendant had to demonstrate that there was a total lack of evidence of abuse of the privilege or

       that the evidence was so overwhelmingly in her favor that the jury’s verdict could not stand. Id.

       Central to this analysis is a review of all of the trial evidence. Without the ability to review the

       video—which appears to have been a key piece of evidence—we have no basis on which to

       determine whether the trial court properly reviewed and weighed the evidence regarding

       defendant’s abuse of the privilege. Because the video captured the incident at issue, it would be

       integral in determining of whether defendant acted in good faith or with reckless disregard of

       plaintiff’s rights in making her statements.

¶ 34          It is well established law in the state of Illinois that an appellant bears the burden of

       presenting the reviewing court with a sufficiently complete record to support his or her claim of

       error. Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 391. An appellant’s failure to provide a complete record to the

       reviewing court results in the presumption that the trial court’s challenged ruling was proper

              4
               We note that plaintiff’s brief indicates that the video is available to access on YouTube. While
       this may be true, our review is limited to what is in the record, and we have no way of ascertaining
       whether the video available online is the same as the one shown to the jury.
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       under the applicable law and facts. Id. at 392. If any doubts arise from the incompleteness of the

       record, they will be resolved against the appellant. Id. Here, defendant’s failure to include the

       video in the record on appeal creates doubts as to whether there was a lack of evidence on

       defendant’s abuse of her qualified privilege. It also completely precludes any review of her claim

       of error on the issue. Accordingly, we must conclude that the trial court’s denial of defendant’s

       motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict in this respect was properly granted.

¶ 35                                            Failure to Rule

¶ 36          Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in failing to rule, during summary

       judgment, whether defendant’s statements constituted protected opinions as a matter of law.

       There is no dispute between the parties that the issue of whether an alleged defamatory statement

       is one of opinion or fact is a question of law. Hadley v. Subscriber Doe, 2014 IL App (2d)
130489, ¶ 36. According to defendant, the trial court failed to rule on this issue of law raised in

       defendant’s motion for summary judgment and, instead, viewed it as a question of fact to be

       determined by the jury. We disagree.

¶ 37          In her motion for summary judgment, defendant asked the court to rule, as a matter of

       law, that her statements qualified as protected opinions. Accordingly, defendant bore the burden

       of demonstrating that her statements were protected opinions. See Pecora v. County of Cook, 323
Ill. App. 3d 917, 933 (2001) (“The burden of proof and the initial burden of production in a

       motion for summary judgment lie with the movant.”). In its order denying defendant’s motion

       for summary judgment, the trial court specifically made the following findings:

                      “Here, Faits has not shown that, as a matter of law, she merely stated opinion,

              hyperbole, or truth.”

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                   “While not as cloaked in insinuation as the publication in Hadley, Faits’ publication

               can be reasonably interpreted as a statement of fact; primarily that Ladao was attempting

               to engage in illegal activity, specifically child pornography.”

                   “Based on the record before the Court, Faits has not met her burden of showing that

               there is no question of fact regarding whether the statements made in her blog post

               constitute opinion, hyperbole, or are substantially true.”

       From these statements, it is abundantly clear to us that the trial court did, in fact, rule on the

       question presented by defendant; it found that defendant failed to carry her burden of

       establishing that her statements were entitled to protection as opinions. The fact that the trial

       court did not make a strong, affirmative finding that defendant’s statements were ones of fact is

       irrelevant because a statement is either one of fact or one of opinion, hyperbole, or rhetoric. By

       holding that defendant failed to establish as a matter of law that her statements were opinion,

       hyperbole, or rhetoric, it necessarily follows that defendant’s statements would be treated as

       statements of fact.

¶ 38           Defendant’s belief that the trial court did not rule on this issue is based on the fact that the

       trial court’s order did not include a discussion of the factors to be considered when determining

       whether a statement is one of opinion or fact. See Hadley, 2014 IL App (2d) 130489, ¶ 36

       (identifying factors). A trial court, however, is not obligated to provide a detailed discussion of

       its analysis, and it is not reversible error for the trial court to fail to provide any such discussion.

       Makowski v. City of Naperville, 249 Ill. App. 3d 110, 115 (1993). Moreover, we find it absurd

       that the trial court’s failure to provide a play-by-play of its analysis could somehow negate or

       defeat its clear statement that defendant failed to demonstrate that her statements were protected

       opinions.

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¶ 39           In sum, defendant asked the trial court to hold that her statements constituted protected

       opinions. As the movant, defendant bore the burden of establishing that she was entitled to such

       a holding. The trial court clearly found that defendant failed to carry that burden and did not

       establish that her statements were protected opinions. Defendant makes no contention that the

       trial court was incorrect in that finding. Thus, we see no basis on which to reverse.

¶ 40                                             Double Recovery

¶ 41           Finally, defendant contends that the jury’s award of damages on both libel and false light

       constitutes impermissible double recovery because plaintiff’s claims for libel and false light were

       based on the same statements. Defendant argues that although a plaintiff may simultaneously

       pursue claims of defamation and false light, recovery may be had on only one theory. Plaintiff

       responds that the cases cited by defendant are not binding and that because claims of defamation

       and false light protect different rights, recovery on both is permitted. We need not resolve this

       dispute, however, as we conclude that defendant has, once again, waived any claim of error in

       this respect.

¶ 42           The special verdict form given to the jury permitted the jury to award damages to

       plaintiff on both his libel and false light claims. Defendant claims that she submitted to the trial

       court a proposed instruction stating that the plaintiff could not recover on both theories for the

       same statements, that the trial court rejected her proposed instruction, and that the trial court

       failed to instruct the jury on this point. The record before us, however, does not support this

       contention.

¶ 43           As discussed above, defendant failed to provide a complete record of the jury instruction

       conferences, and we can find no defense objection to the given special verdict form on the basis

       that it permits double recovery. We also cannot find anywhere in the transcripts before us any

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       discussion of defendant’s proposed instruction on double recovery or the trial court’s rejection of

       that instruction. Defendant provides no assistance in our search, as the only record citations

       provided in support of her contention direct us to the jury instructions that were ultimately given

       to the jury and her proposed instruction attached as an exhibit to her motion for judgment

       notwithstanding the verdict. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Nov. 1, 2017) (requiring the argument

       section of an appellant’s brief to include citations to the pages of the record relied on). Because

       defendant has failed to demonstrate that she properly preserved this claimed error, we must

       consider it waived. See Antol v. Chavez-Pereda, 284 Ill. App. 3d 561, 570 (1996) (defendant’s

       claim of impermissible double recovery waived where the defendant failed to object to the

       verdict form allowing double recovery); see also Baumrucker, 2017 IL App (1st) 161278, ¶ 63

       (to preserve claims of error on jury instructions or verdict forms, a party must make a specific

       objection during the jury instruction conference or when the instructions are read to the jury and

       submit a remedial instruction or verdict form to the trial court).

¶ 44                                            CONCLUSION

¶ 45          For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

¶ 46          Affirmed.

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