Court Opinion

ID: 4726839
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-12 02:52:27.806551+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:07:52.708568
License: Public Domain

Dunbar, J.
(concurring). — I concur in the result announced by the majority, but not for the reasons assigned in the opinion. I think the complaint states a good cause of action, and that it is proof against demurrer, or any other objection. It is not necessary for the complaint to allege what other insurance, if any, there was on the property at the time of the loss. The basis of computation is *379the amount of insurance promised by the defendant, and if there are any facts subsequent to the issuance of the policy which by the terms of the policy would relieve the insurer from liability, these are matters of defense which the insurer must plead in order to avail himself of them. The language of authority is that “the insurer must specially plead it in defense.” Wood on Fire Insurance, § 522.
“The special matter must be set forth with such certainty and particularity, as that the plea, on its face, prima facie, constitutes a defense, and the insurer can only defend as to the matter set up, and the fact that evidence was admitted without objection, not warranted by the pleadings, will not defeat the plaintiff’s claim. The plaintiff is entitled to have all such evidence stricken out of the case.”
If the law will even exclude testimony admitted without objection, on the theory that the plaintiff need not negative facts of this character until the defendant by his pleadings has tendered an issue thereon, how much stronger is the reason for sustaining a complaint which does not state these negative facts. The contract in this case is substantially a contract to pay one thousand dollars, notwithstanding some subsequent act of the insured might lessen the liability of the defendant. It is evident from the policy that it would be a subsequent act which is complained of, and the distinction must be kept in mind between facts precedent and facts subsequent. The rule is thus laid down in 2 May on Insurance, § 589:
“As in cases of insurance the money is only recoverable on the performance of certain acts by the insured and the existence of certain facts, the performance of these acts and the existence of these facts must be alleged. But this applies only to conditions and facts precedent. Conditions subsequent to the right of recovery, and all acts to be done by the insurers in discharge of their liability, may be omitted from the declaration, and left for the insurers to set up in defense.”
*380This announcement of the law is fully sustained hy the authorities, and it seems to me is conclusive on this question. We are cited by appellant to § 519 of 2 Wood on Fire Insurance, and there is no doubt of the correctness of the law there enunciated, and the same rule is laid down by'May on Insurance, and is not disputed that I know of anywhere, but that is only to the effect that performance on the part of the insured of all conditions precedent or facts that excuse performance must be averred by plaintiff, as where the policy provides that notice must be given, and proof of loss furnished. Compliance with the conditions, or facts that excuse compliance must be set forth, or no recovery can be had. There is no affirmative action which the insured contracted to do that is omitted from the complaint. He may, or may not, have insured in other companies, as he may, or may not, have done many things which would affect the insurance company’s liability in whole or in part, and which if done must be pleaded by the company in defense. The same section in Wood on Fire Insurance cited by appellant, further on prescribes the following test:
“It can readily be determined of what matters performance should be averred, by ascertaining what, under the policy, the assured has stipulated to do, and what he must do, in order to recover, and he must aver performance of all such conditions, as where he stipulates to erect a chimney, to keep a watchman, etc. . . . But, as to all other matters, which are in the nature of exceptions, or which are merely prohibitory, and provide that the assured shall not do certain things, the plaintiff need not make any special averments, as they are merely matters of defense, which, if relied upon by the insurer, must be plead and proved by him.”
And this is only in accordance with the general rule of pleading, that it is necessary for each party to make out his own case or defense. The plaintiff is not bound to antici*381pate, and is therefore not compelled to notice and remove in his declaration or plea every possible exception, answer or objection which may exist, and on which the adversary may intend to oppose him. Bliss on Code Pleading, § 200. This is the universal doctrine, and quotation from particular authority to sustain it would be the work of supererogation, and I think this case falls squarely within the rule. The company insured the plaintiff for one thousand dollars; it received compensation for insurance on one thousand dollars, and if the plaintiff had done nothing in the way of additional insurance, it would be responsible to him for that amount, and this complaint can only be held bad on the presumption that additional insurance had been obtained. I do not think that, under any rule of law, such presumption can attach. It is a question of fact, pure and simple, and if it is a fact that additional insurance has been obtained, it is a good defense, but it must be alleged and proven affirmatively, like any other fact in defense, and the plaintiff should not be compelled to make negative averments. This condition is inserted in the policy simply by way of proviso; the policy, as I have said, is for one thousand dollars, and it remains one thousand dollars, unless there is an additional insurance, in which case it is provided that the liability of the company shall be proportionate. It can in no sense be a condition precedent, for it may not happen at all. It was introduced simply for the benefit of the defendant, and it must, therefore, under the universally accepted rule, be taken advantage of, if at all, by the defendant. There are innumerable conditions attached to this,.as well as to nearly all other insurance policies, such as that the company shall not be responsible for loss caused by invasion, insurrection, etc., etc. It might as logically, and as much in accordance with common sense, be held that the plaintiff must affirmatively allege that the fire was not caused directly or indirectly from invasion, *382riot, civil war or commotion, or military law, or usurpation of power, or by lightning, or that the insured did not keep coal oil or other explosive on the premises, or, to use a popular and possibly somewhat exaggerated expression, that it did not fall within the “thousand and one” exceptions which the ordinary policy provides for, as to hold that he must allege that he had no other insurance on his goods.