Court Opinion

ID: 4686913
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-14 14:08:38.223954+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:37.133565
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MAY 7, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

           Commonwealth of Kentucky
                  Court of Appeals
                    NO. 2020-CA-0243-MR

BRANDON HARRIS                                    APPELLANT

           APPEAL FROM CHRISTIAN CIRCUIT COURT
v.           HONORABLE JOHN L. ATKINS, JUDGE
                   ACTION NO. 18-CR-00324

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                            APPELLEE

                            AND
                    NO. 2020-CA-0244-MR

BRANDON HARRIS                                    APPELLANT

           APPEAL FROM CHRISTIAN CIRCUIT COURT
v.           HONORABLE JOHN L. ATKINS, JUDGE
                   ACTION NO. 19-CR-00278

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                            APPELLEE

                          OPINION
                         AFFIRMING

                        ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, COMBS, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.
CALDWELL, JUDGE: Brandon Harris appeals his conviction for trafficking in a

controlled substance in the first degree and being a persistent felony offender in the

first degree and his sentence of fifteen years’ imprisonment. Having reviewed the

arguments forwarded and the record below, we affirm.

                                       FACTS

             On April 22, 2018, Hopkinsville Police arrested Appellant Brandon

Harris on an outstanding warrant. During a search of his person as a result of the

arrest, multiple baggies containing a white substance were found. The substance

was determined to be cocaine. He was charged with trafficking in a controlled

substance in the first degree and being a persistent felony offender in the first

degree.

             At the trial, Harris presented a defense of possessing the cocaine with

no intention of trafficking. He claimed that he had been at a family picnic and had

begun drinking, which led him to doing cocaine with an old friend in the bathroom.

He later asked that old friend for more cocaine, and the friend gave him seven

baggies.

             The party continued at a local club, where Harris claimed he

purchased another baggie of cocaine from a different acquaintance. He was

outside the club attempting to return this cocaine to the acquaintance, having found

it to be of low quality, when the police arrived at the club. When he was asked by

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the officer if he had any contraband on his person, he claimed he answered

affirmatively and turned over all eight baggies. The arresting officer denied that

Harris was forthcoming with the cocaine and stated that he found it on Harris’

person when he conducted a search upon arrest.

                The jury was instructed on trafficking and possession of a controlled

substance as a lesser-included offense of trafficking. During deliberations, the jury

requested clarification of the term of “transfer,” which was included in the

instructional definition for “traffic.” The jury ultimately found Harris guilty of

trafficking. In a bifurcated proceeding, he was likewise found guilty of being a

persistent felony offender in the first degree. He was ultimately sentenced to a

total term of imprisonment of fifteen years. He appeals as a matter of right.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

                None of the allegations of error presented in this appeal was preserved

by contemporaneous objection at trial, despite Harris’ characterizations to the

contrary. Harris requested this Court review these instances of alleged error for

manifest injustice pursuant to RCr1 10.26 should we find any of the allegations not

properly preserved for review, and we will do so.

                Under this rule, an error is reversible only if a manifest
                injustice has resulted from the error. That means that if,
                upon consideration of the whole case, a substantial

1
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                            -3-
             possibility does not exist that the result would have been
             different, the error will be deemed nonprejudicial.

Graves v. Commonwealth, 17 S.W.3d 858, 864 (Ky. 2000) (citing Jackson v.

Commonwealth, 717 S.W.2d 511 (Ky. App. 1986)).

                                     ANALYSIS

             I.     Instructional Issue

             Harris first complains that the trial court erred when it defined

“transfer” incorrectly in the jury instructions and alleges that the instructions led

the jury to be confused and convict Harris in error. Harris’ counsel only brought

up any concerns about the instructions after the jury had found his client guilty.

RCr 9.22 requires contemporaneous objections to jury instructions, and an

objection lodged only after verdict is meaningless. Harris characterizes this issue

as “partially preserved,” but we disagree and find that an objection lodged to an

instruction only after verdict is of no consequence. Harris requested palpable error

review should this Court not find the issue preserved and, thus, we will review for

manifest injustice pursuant to RCr 10.26.

             The jury was instructed on trafficking as follows:

                    You will find the Defendant guilty of First-Degree
             Trafficking in a Controlled Substance under this
             Instruction if, and only if, you believe from the evidence
             beyond a reasonable doubt all of the following:

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             A. That in this county on or about April 22, 2018 and
                before the finding of the Indictment herein, he had in
                his possession a quantity of cocaine; AND

             B. That he knew the substance so possessed by him was
                cocaine; AND

             C. That he possessed a quantity of four (4) grams or
                more of cocaine, with the intent to sell, transfer or
                distribute cocaine.

             Elsewhere in the instructions of the court, the following relevant terms

were defined as follows:

             TRAFFIC – Means to manufacture, distribute, dispense,
             sell, transfer, or possess with intent to distribute,
             dispense, sell or transfer a controlled substance.

             TRANSFER – Means to give a controlled substance to
             another person without payment or consideration or to
             receive a controlled substance from another person.

             Harris alleges that the definition of transfer was in error as it led the

jury to believe that a “transfer” occurs when a person is the recipient of a

controlled substance, as opposed to only when a person passes a controlled

substance to another. Further, Harris alleges that the instruction was in error when

it instructed the jury that it could find him guilty of trafficking by possessing the

cocaine with the intent to transfer it, arguing that the statute does not allow for

such theory of trafficking.

             While we may agree with Harris that the jury instructions were not

artfully crafted, we cannot find that any resultant error was palpable. It is correct

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that “possession with intent to transfer” is not a viable theory of guilt and should

not have been a theory presented to the jury for a finding of guilt. Commonwealth

v. Rodefer, 189 S.W.3d 550 (Ky. 2006). However, there was sufficient evidence of

guilt under alternative theories of guilt provided such as to prevent the conclusion

that but for the error Harris would not have been convicted. Harris was found to be

in possession of eight separate baggies containing cocaine, and a reasonable juror

could have concluded that such was consistent with intent to sell or distribute all or

some of the cocaine. See Chestnut v. Commonwealth, 250 S.W.3d 288, 305 (Ky.

2008) (holding that an instructional error does not result in an unfair trial if the jury

as instructed could properly find guilt under either another section of the

instruction or another theory of guilt). Tellingly, Harris does not raise an issue

concerning sufficiency of evidence. Further, it was Harris’ counsel who elicited

the evidence from the testifying officer that, based upon the aggregate weight and

the packaging of the cocaine in separate baggies, he charged Harris with trafficking

rather than mere possession. See Robinson v. Commonwealth, 181 S.W.3d 30, 36

(Ky. 2005) (holding evidence of multiple bindles of drugs can support finding of

guilt on charge of trafficking).

             The jury instructions would have been more effective and without

error, even error less than palpable, had they read as follows:

             You will find the Defendant guilty of First-Degree
             Trafficking in a Controlled Substance under this

                                           -6-
             Instruction if, and only if, you believe from the evidence
             beyond a reasonable doubt all of the following:

             A. That in this county on or about April 22, 2018, and
             before the finding of the Indictment herein, he had in his
             possession a quantity of four (4) grams or more of
             cocaine;

             AND

             B. That he knew the substance so possessed by him was
             cocaine;

             AND

             C. That he had the cocaine in his possession with the
             intent of selling, distributing or dispensing it to another
             person(s).

1 WILLIAM COOPER & DONALD P. CETRULO, KENTUCKY JURY INSTRUCTIONS §

9.11B (2020).

             As to the definition of “transfer” given the jury, we agree with Harris

that it incorrectly included “receive” as a method of transfer. Rather, a proper

definition of “transfer” should not have included being in receipt as a method of

transferring controlled substances. “Transfer—means to dispose of a controlled

substance to another person without consideration and not in furtherance of

commercial distribution.” 1 WILLIAM COOPER & DONALD P. CETRULO, KENTUCKY

JURY INSTRUCTIONS § 9.08 (2020).

             The jury was instructed, though unartfully, on trafficking and on

simple possession. They had to agree, unanimously, to find guilt under one

                                          -7-
instruction or another. We do not find that the erroneous trafficking instruction or

the incorrect definition of “transfer” amounted to palpable error, as the

Commonwealth’s sole theory was not the incorrect theory present in the

instruction. Rather, it was the Commonwealth’s theory that the packaging and

amount were not consistent with personal use possession. If the jury had not been

persuaded, they could have acquitted Harris of trafficking and found him guilty

under the possession instruction.

             We agree with Harris that the instructions were incorrect and unartful,

but without a contemporaneous objection, we cannot find that the incorrect

instructions were the only reason for his conviction. Again, not even Harris

suggests that there was not sufficient evidence of guilt to support a finding of guilt

on another theory present in the instructions (possession with intent to distribute,

dispense, sell, or transfer). There was no palpable error.

             II.    Cross-Examination and Closing Argument

             Harris raises multiple complaints about the prosecution’s cross-

examination of him and the closing argument but acknowledges that no objections

were lodged to any of the instances he now presents to this Court. Harris requests

palpable error review pursuant to RCr 10.26.

             First, Harris alleges that the prosecutor improperly cross-examined

him by characterizing him as a “storyteller” and intimating that he was a longtime

                                          -8-
drug trafficker. While the prosecutor may have been an aggressive examiner,

without a contemporaneous objection, we cannot say that palpable error occurred.

To so find would be to find that but for the cross-examination, no reasonable juror

would have found Harris guilty of trafficking. Because we have found, supra, that

reasonable jurors could have found Harris guilty following the close of the

Commonwealth’s evidence, it cannot be that the only reason that the jury convicted

Harris was due to this tough cross-examination. In Davis v. Commonwealth, the

Supreme Court observed that simply labeling as “prosecutorial misconduct” issues

which were not preserved for appeal is not a successful strategy. 967 S.W.2d 574

(Ky. 1998). Further, even when properly objected to, vigorous arguments of

counsel alone do not require reversal.

             Counsel is allowed “broad latitude” in presenting a case
             to a jury. So mere improper remarks, standing alone, are
             not sufficient for reversal. Rather, a reviewing court
             must determine whether the complained-of prosecutorial
             misconduct “was of such an ‘egregious’ nature as to deny
             the accused his constitutional right of due process of
             law.” Our review focuses on whether the trial as a whole
             was fair, not solely upon the culpability of the prosecutor.
             Reversal is proper only if the prosecutorial misconduct
             “is so serious as to render the trial fundamentally unfair.”

Parker v. Commonwealth, 291 S.W.3d 647, 658-59 (Ky. 2009) (citations omitted).

             Harris also complains that during the officer’s rebuttal testimony,

following the contentious cross-examination, palpable error occurred when the

prosecution asked the officer whether he had reviewed body camera footage of the

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arrest as Harris had insisted during his testimony he had told one of the arresting

officers that the cocaine was possessed by him only for his personal use. Harris

complains that the prosecutor wrongfully referred to that testimony concerning the

body camera footage obtained from other officers present at the arrest to argue that

Harris did not tell any officer the cocaine was for his personal use. He

characterizes this as arguing facts not in evidence as the other officers did not

testify at the trial. Again, no objection was made.

             We cannot find that had these questions not been asked of the officer

that the outcome would have been different. Even if Harris would have told an

officer on the scene that he possessed the cocaine for his personal use, such would

not have precluded a trafficking charge or a determination of guilt on such charge.

No palpable error occurred. See Padgett v. Commonwealth, 312 S.W.3d 336, 350

(Ky. 2010) (holding that a closing argument must be considered as a whole and

considering the quantum of evidence of guilt).

             Harris also alleges that during the cross-examination of him by the

prosecution, the prosecutor improperly introduced KRE 404(b) evidence, asking

Harris about past drug trafficking. There was no objection to a question about

whether Harris had ever sold drugs, and Harris answered that he had previously

sold controlled substances. The answer was, of course, prejudicial, but there was

sufficient other evidence of guilt on the present charge that we cannot say that but

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for this line of questioning Harris would not have been convicted. The fact that the

prosecutor mentioned Harris’ answer to the question during his closing does not

change the analysis. See Cook v. Bordenkircher, 602 F.2d 117, 121 (6th Cir. 1979)

(holding overwhelming evidence of guilt and a failure to object, coupled with the

wide latitude allowed in closing, precludes a finding of manifest injustice).

             There was no palpable error in the cross-examination or the closing

argument of the prosecution.

             III.   Batson Issue

             When the prosecution employs a peremptory strike against a

venireperson, the defense can object if it believes that the strike was motivated by a

discriminatory reason.

             Under Batson, claims of racial discrimination in the use
             of peremptory strikes are analyzed under a three-step test.
             “First, the defendant must show a prima facie case of
             racial discrimination. If the trial court is satisfied with
             the defendant’s showing, the burden shifts to the
             prosecutor to state race-neutral reasons for the
             peremptory strikes. The trial court must then determine
             whether the defendant has sufficiently proven purposeful
             discrimination.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 153 S.W.3d
             772, 777 (Ky. 2004) (citing Batson [v. Kentucky, 476
             U.S. 79, 93-98, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69
             (1986)]).

Mash v. Commonwealth, 376 S.W.3d 548, 555 (Ky. 2012).

             Despite Harris’ contention that because the Commonwealth,

unbidden, placed on the record its unbiased reason for exercising peremptory

                                        -11-
strikes, the issue was “preserved,” we disagree. The fact that the prosecution

placed its race-neutral reasons for exercising strikes without first waiting for the

defense to object to the strikes does not equate to preservation. The issue was not

preserved for review, and we do not disagree with the trial court’s determination

that the stated reasons were sufficiently race neutral. It is not enough for

preservation to simply invoke “Batson,” but the party challenging the strike must

challenge the stated race-neutral reasons proffered.

             Once the Commonwealth gave its reasoning and such
             was acceptable to the trial court, the burden shifted to the
             Appellant to rebut the neutrality of the reasoning. The
             Appellant objected to the strike as not based on
             nondiscriminatory grounds, but failed to offer any further
             argument or evidence of purposeful discrimination.

             “Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the
             prosecutor’s explanation, the reason offered will be
             deemed race-neutral.” Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S.
             352, 360, 111 S. Ct. 1859, 114 L. Ed. 2d 395 (1991). We
             are, thus, not persuaded that the Appellant met his
             subsequent burden to provide further evidence on which
             the trial court could determine the Commonwealth’s
             peremptory strike to be discriminatory. Because the trial
             court is the best “judge” of the Commonwealth’s motives
             in exercising its peremptory strikes, great deference is
             given to the court’s ruling. See Wells v. Commonwealth,
             892 S.W.2d 299, 303 (Ky. 1995) (the trial court is in the
             “best position” to determine the true intent behind the
             Commonwealth’s peremptory challenges); Snodgrass,
             831 S.W.2d at 179 (the trial court may “accept at face
             value” the explanation given by the prosecutor for his
             strikes, depending on his “demeanor and credibility[”]).
             The trial court’s decision on the ultimate question of
             discriminatory intent represents a finding of fact of the

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             sort accorded great deference,” Wells, 892 S.W.2d at
             303, and must be accepted unless they are clearly
             erroneous. Stanford v. Commonwealth, 793 S.W.2d 112,
             114 (Ky. 1990). The trial court’s determination in this
             case deserves no less deference and we find no reason to
             disturb its ruling.

Gray v. Commonwealth, 203 S.W.3d 679, 690-91 (Ky. 2006), as corrected (Oct.

31, 2006) (citation omitted).

             The defense had a duty to not only initiate a Batson analysis by

objecting to the peremptory strikes utilized by the prosecution, but also had the

responsibility of challenging the reasons offered by the prosecution following its

objection. Without challenging the reasons offered for the strikes, the matter is

simply unpreserved for review.

                    At the third step of Batson, the burden shifts back
             to the defendant to show “purposeful discrimination.”
             Hernandez [v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359, 111 S. Ct.
             1859, 114 L. Ed. 2d 395 (1991)]. At this step, the trial
             court was required to determine whether the prosecutor’s
             race-neutral reason was actually a pretext for racial
             discrimination. “Because the trial court’s decision on
             this point requires it to assess the credibility and
             demeanor of the attorneys before it, the trial court’s
             ultimate decision on a Batson challenge is like a finding
             of fact that must be given great deference by an appellate
             court.” Commonwealth v. Coker, 241 S.W.3d 305, 308
             (Ky. 2007).

Mash, 376 S.W.3d at 555-56.

             We must affirm, in light of the failure to preserve the error, unless we

discern palpable error in the trial court’s ruling accepting the prosecution’s stated

                                         -13-
reason for exercise of the strikes. There were three Black venirepersons struck by

the prosecution. The first prospective juror indicated she did not believe that the

intent of another person could ever be proven. Such reason for a strike is clearly

race-neutral. The second venireperson had previously served on a jury which

returned a not guilty verdict in a murder case. Such is a race-neutral reason.

McGinnis v. Commonwealth, 875 S.W.2d 518 (Ky. 1994), overruled on other

grounds by Elliott v. Commonwealth, 976 S.W.2d 416 (Ky. 1998). The last had

served on a jury and returned a not guilty verdict in an animal cruelty case and had

responded that he was acquainted with people involved in the drug trade. Again,

these are race-neutral reasons for the strike.

             Harris complains that the prosecutor was not made to identify the

cases on which these prospective jurors had served and returned not guilty verdicts.

However, it was up to Harris to object to the reasons, and he did not. He cannot

complain now when he remained silent then. The trial court’s responsibility is to

evaluate the reasons stated for intent.

             A prosecutor may utilize his own personal knowledge
             concerning a juror and information supplied from outside
             sources. Whether the information is true or false is not
             the test. The test is whether the prosecutor has a good-
             faith belief in the information and whether he can
             articulate the reason to the trial court in a race-neutral
             manner which is not inviolate of the defendant’s
             constitutional rights. The trial court, as the final arbiter,
             then decides whether the prosecutor has acted with a
             forbidden intent.

                                          -14-
Commonwealth v. Snodgrass, 831 S.W.2d 176, 179 (Ky. 1992).

            We find that the trial court’s ruling that the reasons given by the

prosecution for the peremptory strikes of jurors were nondiscriminatory and do not

find any error, much less a palpable one, occurred.

                                 CONCLUSION

            For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Harris’ convictions and resultant

sentence.

            ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Jennifer Wade                             Daniel Cameron
Molly Mattingly                           Attorney General of Kentucky
Frankfort, Kentucky
                                          Aspen Roberts
                                          Assistant Attorney General
                                          Frankfort, Kentucky

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