Court Opinion

ID: 5123799
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-05 19:04:25.922887+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:36.006544
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER

                                            Electronically Filed
                                            Intermediate Court of Appeals
                                            CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
                                            27-OCT-2021
                                            07:51 AM
                                            Dkt. 68 OP

               IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS

                      OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

                             ---o0o---

              STATE OF HAWAI#I, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
                NIKOLAUS SLAVIK, Defendant-Appellant

                        NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX

       APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                   (CASE NO. 3CPC-XX-XXXXXXX)

                         OCTOBER 27, 2021

         GINOZA, CHIEF JUDGE, LEONARD AND NAKASONE, JJ.

                OPINION OF THE COURT BY LEONARD, J.

          This case examines, inter alia, the statutory scheme

governing firearms, ammunition, and dangerous weapons in Hawai#i,

in particular the general regulations applicable to firearms and

ammunition.   Of particular note, we hold that, in the context of

Hawaii's firearm control statute – specifically, Hawaii Revised

Statutes (HRS) §§ 134-2 (2011) & 134-3 (2011 and Supp. 2019) –

evidence of possession of a firearm, without more, is
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insufficient to support a justifiable inference that a defendant

acquired ownership of the firearm.        For the reasons set forth

below, we reverse in part, and vacate in part, and remand this

case for further proceedings.

           Defendant-Appellant Nikolaus Slavik (Slavik) appeals

from the April 22, 2019 Judgment of Conviction and Sentence;

Notice of Entry of Judgment (Judgment), entered by the Circuit

Court of the Third Circuit (Circuit Court) following a jury

trial.1   Slavik was convicted of:       Carrying or Possessing a

Loaded Firearm on a Public Highway (Possessing Loaded Firearm on

Highway), in violation of Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 134-

26(a) (2011) (Count 1); Permits to Acquire, in violation of HRS

§ 134-2(a) and § 134-17 (2011) (Count 2); Registration Mandatory,

in violation of HRS § 134-3(b) and § 134-17 (Count 3); and Place

to Keep Ammunition, in violation of HRS § 134-27(a) (2011) (Place

to Keep) (Count 5).2

I.   BACKGROUND

           On June 20, 2018, Hawai#i County Police Department
(HCPD) Officers Henry Ivy (Officer Ivy) and Denapoli Fui (Officer

Fui) conducted a welfare check on Slavik, who was sleeping in a

car on the side of Mâmalahoa Highway, in the Ka#û District of the

County of Hawai#i.    When he approached the car, Officer Ivy

noticed a pistol laying on the passenger seat, underneath

Slavik's right hand.     While Officer Fui approached on the driver

     1
           The Honorable Robert D.S. Kim presided.
     2
           Counts 4, 6, and 7 were dismissed before trial.

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side, Officer Ivy reached into the open passenger-side window and

removed the gun, placing it on the ground, before they awoke

Slavik.

          Officer Ivy identified the gun as "[h]omemade brown

wooden grip single-shot .22 caliber Rimfire pistol without any

identifiable markings, brands or numbers."         When the officers ran

Slavik's information, they determined he had no firearm permits

issued and no firearms registered in his name.          On a pat-down of

Slavik after his arrest, Officer Fui discovered a single .22

caliber round, along with some nuts, bolts, and coins, in

Slavik's front left pocket.

          On July 11, 2018, Slavik was charged by Information and

Complaint (Complaint) with seven counts; he was later tried and

convicted on Counts 1, 2, 3, and 5, which read as follows:
                          COUNT 1 (C18017297/KU)
                On or about the 20th day of June, 2018, in Kau, County
          and State of Hawai#i, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK, intentionally and/or
          knowingly possessed and/or carried in a vehicle any firearm
          loaded with ammunition on a public highway, and NIKOLAUS
          SLAVIK was not licensed to carry a pistol or revolver and
          ammunition by the Chief of Police for the County of Hawai #i,
          pursuant to Section 134-9, thereby committing the offense of
          Carrying or Possessing a Loaded Firearm on a Public Highway,
          in violation of 134-26(a), Hawai#i Revised Statutes, as
          amended.

                          COUNT 2 (C18017310/KU)
                On or about the 20th day of June, 2018, in Kau, County
          and State of Hawai#i, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK intentionally,
          knowingly or recklessly acquired the ownership of a firearm,
          whether usable or unusable, serviceable or unserviceable,
          modern or antique, registered under prior law or by a prior
          owner or unregistered, either by purchase, gift,
          inheritance, bequest, or in any other manner, whether
          procured in the State or imported by mail, express, freight,
          or otherwise, without first procuring a permit to acquire
          the ownership of the firearm from the chief of police of the
          county of his place of business or, if there was no place of
          business, his place of residence or, if there was neither a
          place of business nor residence, his place of sojourn,
          thereby committing the offense of Permits to Acquire, in
          violation of Sections 134-2(a) and 134-17, Hawai #i Revised
          Statutes, as amended.

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                           COUNT 3 (C18017311/KU)
                On or about the 20th day of June, 2018, in Kau, County
          and State of Hawai#i, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK who intentionally
          and/or knowingly acquired a firearm pursuant to Section 134-
          2, Hawai#i Revised Statutes, and such acquisition was by way
          of gift, inheritance, bequest, or in any other manner,
          whether such firearm is usable or unusable, serviceable or
          unserviceable, modern or antique, registered by prior law or
          unregistered, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK did intentionally, knowingly,
          or recklessly fail to register the firearm in the manner
          prescribed by section 134-3 within five days of acquisition,
          thereby committing the offense of Registration Mandatory, in
          violation of Sections 134-3(b) and 134-17, Hawai #i Revised
          Statutes, as amended.

          . . . .
                           COUNT 5 (C18017344/KU)
                 On or about the 20th day of June, 2018, in Kau, County
          and State of Hawai#i, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK, intentionally and/or
          knowingly possessed an item knowing it was ammunition, and
          he intentionally, knowingly, and/or recklessly was not
          licensed to carry a pistol or revolver and ammunition
          concealed on his person pursuant to Section 134-9 and, he
          was not engaged in hunting and/or target practice as
          provided in Section 134-5, and he intentionally, and/or
          knowingly failed to confine the ammunition to his place of
          business, residence, or sojourn and/or did fail to carry the
          ammunition in an enclosed container from the place of
          purchase to his place of business, residence, or sojourn, or
          between [locations], thereby committing the offense of Place
          to Keep Ammunition, in violation of Section 134-27(a),
          Hawai#i Revised Statutes, as amended.

          On September 4, 2018, Slavik filed a Motion to Dismiss

Counts 1 and 5 of the Information/Complaint Due to Insufficient

Charging Language (Motion to Dismiss).        Specifically, Slavik

contended that the Complaint failed to allege that (1) the

firearm and ammunition were operable, and (2) the state of mind

at the time he possessed the object in question, i.e., that when

Slavik possessed the firearm and ammunition, he "believed, knew,

or recklessly disregarded the substantial and unjustifiable risk,

that the object was a prohibited item."

          On October 25, 2018, after a hearing on the Motion to

Dismiss, the Circuit Court entered an order denying the motion

and finding that "[t]he charges as reflected in the Information

and Complaint give[] sufficient notice to the Defendant as to the

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essential element of state of mind and the material element of

firearm that he must defend against."

           On August 21, 2018, Plaintiff-Appellee State of Hawai#i

(State) filed a Notice of Intent to Use Specified Evidence,

stating that it intended to present evidence relating to prior

investigations and allegations of drug activity and/or Slavik's

prior bad acts.   Citing Hawai#i Rules of Evidence (HRE) Rule 404,

the State stated that it intended to use evidence relating to

Slavik's (alleged) conviction for Theft in the Second Degree, in
case number CR15-1-0139K.   The deputy prosecuting attorney (DPA)

attested that Slavik had been convicted of that offense on August

8, 2018.   However, the record in that case indicates that the

Circuit Court entered a deferred acceptance of guilty plea on

December 1, 2015, which the State petitioned to set aside on June

26, 2018, after Slavik allegedly failed to comply with the terms

of his probation.   Court minutes in CR15-1-0139K indicate that a

hearing was held on August 8, 2018, at which time the court

orally granted the Motion to Set Aside.   Nevertheless, a judgment

of conviction was not entered in CR15-1-0139K until April 22,

2019, the same day that judgment was entered against Slavik in

this case.

           On December 21, 2018, the State filed its Motion in

Limine No. 1 (State's Motion in Limine) seeking an order

permitting the introduction of the theft conviction "in its case-

in-chief for the limited purposes of establishing credibility and

impeachment of the Defendant."   On that day, Slavik filed

Defendant's First Motion in Limine (Slavik's Motion in Limine),

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which sought, inter alia, to exclude "[t]estimonial or

documentary evidence relating to [Slavik's] prior criminal record

except as specifically permitted by prior court order[.]"

            At the December 28, 2018 hearing on, inter alia, both

of these motions, the Circuit Court granted the State's motion

"if the defendant testifies" and "if proper foundation is set."

Defense counsel then attempted to clarify:
                  [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: My -- my only question would be is
            it simply Mr. Slavik testifying that allows them, or does
            Mr. Slavik need to say something that opens the door to the
            testimony?

                  THE COURT: Well, if he testifies it comes into play,
            and then they have to establish the proper foundation for
            its use.

                 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]:   Okay.
                 THE COURT:   So the answer is yes and yes.

            On January 2, 2019, the Court entered Findings of Fact,

Conclusions of Law, and Order Granting State's Motion in Limine

No. 1 (Order Granting State's Motion in Limine), finding and

concluding that:     "The State may use the Defendant's prior bad

acts if the Defendant testifies and a proper foundation is laid."

            At trial, which was held on January 2 and 3, 2019, the

State called four witnesses, HCPD Officers Ivy and Fui, senior

police records clerk for the HCPD Records and Firearms Section

Arlene Young (Young), and HCPD evidence custodian Gerald

Arguello.

            Officer Ivy testified that on the morning of June 20,

2018, he was on duty as a patrolman in the Ka#û District.            At

approximately 7:15 a.m., Officer Ivy was informed by another

officer of a phone report of a male party "asleep . . . or

possibly even unconscious or dead" in a vehicle off to the
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shoulder on Mâmalahoa Highway near Aloha Boulevard and "they

wanted me to perform a welfare check on that individual."

Officer Ivy identified Slavik in court.

          Officer Ivy testified that he found the reported car

off the shoulder on Mâmalahoa Highway, and he noticed a male

occupant, later identified as Slavik, in the car, before parking

his HCPD vehicle behind it.   Slavik was the only occupant in the

car, and he was in the driver's seat in a reclined position with

his eyes closed; Officer Ivy assumed Slavik was asleep.    Officer

Ivy testified that the car appeared to be hand-painted a "primer

gray color" and that he was on a raised alert that the car might

be stolen because HCPD considered a car to be possibly stolen

when hand-painted in a way that can disguise its original paint

job, and the car "looked like a typical" example.    Officer Ivy

testified that his partner, Officer Fui, was just pulling up as

Officer Ivy was exiting his HCPD vehicle to investigate.

          Officer Ivy approached the car on the passenger side,

and Officer Fui approached on the driver's side.    Officer Ivy

stated that he first checked Slavik's hands and noticed a pistol

laying on the passenger seat "under" Slavik's right hand.

Officer Ivy then drew his weapon and gestured to Officer Fui to

alert him of the presence of a pistol.    Slavik remained asleep.

Officer Ivy testified that the passenger window was down and he

used one hand to remove the pistol from the car and place it on

the ground.   Officer Ivy testified that the officers then woke

Slavik, informed him that he was being placed under arrest for

suspicion of having a loaded gun in his possession, and Slavik

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cooperated with the officers.    Officer Ivy described the

appearance of the pistol as loaded because it was "a[n]

old-fashioned style pistol that you can actually visually see if

there's a round chambered."    Officer Ivy testified that the

pistol had no markings, distinguishing make and/or model, or

serial number, and identified State's exhibit "20" as the pistol

recovered from the passenger seat in the car.    Officer Ivy

testified that Slavik was then patted down and transported to an

HCPD station.

          Officer Fui identified Slavik and testified that he was

on duty on June 20, 2018, when he encountered Slavik at the scene

of a welfare check along a highway.    On arriving at the scene,

Officer Fui noticed that the car "looked beat up."    Officer Fui

testified to approaching the car from the opposite side from

Officer Ivy who was on the passenger side, that Officer Ivy

signaled the presence of a weapon, and that Slavik did not wake

while Officer Ivy removed what appeared to be a weapon from the

passenger side of the car.    The officers then woke Slavik, who

"kinda just kinda seemed, uh, startled like, 'What's going on?'

like, you know, when you wake up."    Officer Fui testified that

Officer Ivy informed Slavik that he was being placed under

arrest; Slavik complied but seemed confused.    Officer Fui

testified that, following a brief pat-down, Slavik was

transported to the Nâ#âlehu HCPD station.   At the Nâ#âlehu

station, a more-thorough "inventory search" was performed on

Slavik during which, inter alia, a .22 caliber round of

ammunition was found.   Officer Fui testified that Officer Ivy had

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not indicated to him at the scene that the car Slavik was found

in might have been stolen, and Officer Fui first testified that

he had not done an ownership check on the car nor contacted the

owner.   After refreshing his memory from his police report,

Officer Fui then testified that he had in fact spoken with the

actual owner of the car, although he did not recall whether the

owner wanted to press any charges for a stolen vehicle.

           Young testified about the processes for obtaining a

firearm permit and for registering a handgun.   She explained that

prior to registering a firearm, an applicant must have a permit.

The applicant then must bring the unloaded firearm for an

inspection, which would include a verification of the item's

make, model, serial number, caliber, and barrel length.   Young

testified that it would be rare that the make of the firearm is

not on the firearm.   Firearms produced without a serial number

would have a serial number engraved on it.   She stated that she

would check the County of Hawaii's computer systems, and then

statewide, for a permit to acquire before she would register the

firearm.

           Young testified that she did a statewide check for

records on Slavik's name, beginning with the county's records,

looking for a permit application and existing registrations.     She

testified that she found no record that Slavik had a permit to

acquire a firearm nor any firearm registered to him.

           After the close of the State's case in chief, Slavik

moved for a judgment of acquittal.   Defense counsel argued that:

(1) Slavik was in a gravel area adjacent to the road, and not on

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the shoulder of the road or the road itself; (2) the State failed

to prove the item recovered was an operable firearm, as there was

a test done to see if the "firearm" would ignite a primer and

there was no evidence showing that it could fire a bullet; and

(3) the State did not prove possession of the firearm, where the

testimony was that Slavik was found asleep with his hand on top

of it.   The Circuit Court denied the defense motion.

           After a colloquy, Slavik waived his right to testify

and the defense rested its case.

           The Circuit Court instructed the jury, including

various instructions offered by the State, over Slavik's

objection that the defense's proposed instructions were more

clear.   On Count 1, the court instructed the jury:
                  In Charge 1, [Slavik] is charged with the offense of
           Carrying or Possessing a Loaded Firearm on a Public Highway.
                  A person commits the offense of Carrying or Possessing
           a Loaded Firearm on a Public Highway if while on a public
           highway, he had in his possession and/or carried in a
           vehicle a firearm loaded with ammunition, without a license
           to carry.
                  There are three (3) material elements for the offense
           of Carrying or Possessing a Loaded Firearm and four (4)
           additional items, each of which the Prosecution must prove
           beyond a reasonable doubt.
                  These three (3) material elements are:
                  1.    (conduct): The Defendant had in his possession
                        or carried in a vehicle a firearm, a pistol,
                        that was loaded with ammunition;
                  2.    (conduct): The Defendant was not licensed by
                        the Chief of Police to carry a firearm, pistol;
                  3.    (attendant circumstances): That the Defendant
                        was on a public highway;
                  The Prosecution must also prove beyond a reasonable
           doubt:
                  4.    (state of mind): That Defendant acted
                        intentionally or knowingly with regard to
                        material element 1.; and
                  5.    (state of mind): That Defendant acted
                        intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly with
                        regard to any material elements 2. through 4.;
                        and
                  6.    (date): That this offense took place on or
                        about June 20, 2018; the exact date is not
                        required; and
                  7.    (jurisdiction and venue): That this offense
                        took place in the County and State of Hawai #i.

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                  If you find that the Prosecution has proven beyond a
            reasonable doubt items 1. through 7. for the offense of
            Carrying or Possessing a Loaded Firearm on a Public Highway,
            then you must return a verdict of Guilty for the offense of
            Carrying or Possessing a Loaded Firearm on a Public Highway.
                  If the Prosecution has not done so, you must find the
            Defendant Not Guilty for the offense of Carrying or
            Possessing a Loaded Firearm on a Public Highway.

            The jury was provided the following instruction on

Count 5:3
                   In Charge 4, [Slavik] is charged with the offense of
            Place to Keep Ammunition.
                   A person commits the offense of Place to Keep
            Ammunition if, except as provided in Sections 134-5 and
            134-9 of the Hawai#i Revised Statutes, he intentionally,
            knowingly, or recklessly possesses ammunition and did fail
            to confine the ammunition to his place of business,
            residence, or sojourn and/or did fail to confine the
            ammunition in an enclosed container when carried from his
            place of business, residence, or sojourn.
                   There are five (5) material elements for the offense
            of Place to Keep Ammunition and three (3) additional items,
            each of which the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable
            doubt.
                   These five (5) material elements are:
                   1.    (conduct): The Defendant possessed .22 caliber
                         ammunition; and
                   2.    (attendant circumstances): That the Defendant
                         was not in compliance with Section 134-5 of the
                         Hawai#i Revised Statutes which states that any
                         person 16 years or over may carry and use any
                         lawfully acquired rifle or shotgun and suitable
                         ammunition while actually engaged in hunting or
                         target shooting or while going to and from the
                         place of hunting or target shooting; provided
                         that the person has procured a hunting license
                         under chapter 183D, Part II of the Hawai#i
                         Revised Statutes. A permit is not required when
                         any lawfully acquired firearm is lent to a
                         person including a minor, upon a target range or
                         similar facility for purposes of target
                         shooting, provided that the period of the loan
                         does not exceed the time in which the person
                         actually engages in target shooting upon the
                         premises; and
                   3.    (attendant circumstances): The Defendant was
                         not in compliance with Section 134-9 of the
                         Hawai#i Revised Statutes which states that in
                         exceptional cases, when an applicant shows
                         reasonable fear injury [sic] to the applicant's
                         person or property, the chief of police of the
                         appropriate county may grant a license to an
                         applicant who is a citizen of the United States
                         of the age of 21 years or more to carry a pistol
                         or revolver and ammunition therefore concealed

      3
            As noted above, Counts 4, 6, and 7 were dismissed before trial.
The instruction labeled this count (Count 5) as Charge 4 to remove references
to the counts previously dismissed.

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                        on the person within the county where the
                        license is granted. Where the urgency or need
                        has been sufficiently indicated, the respective
                        chief of police may grant an applicant of good
                        moral character who is a citizen of the United
                        States of the age of 21 years or more, is
                        engaged in the protection of life and property,
                        and is not prohibited under section 134-7 from
                        the ownership or possession of a firearm, a
                        license to carry a pistol or revolver and
                        ammunition therefore unconcealed on the person
                        within the county where the license is granted;
                        and
                 4.     (conduct): The Defendant did not confine the
                        .22 caliber ammunition to his place of business,
                        residence, or sojourn; and
                 5.     (conduct): The Defendant did not carry the .22
                        caliber ammunition in an enclosed container
                        from:
                        a.    the place of purchase to his place of
                              business, residence, or sojourn, or
                        b.    between these places upon change of place
                              of business, residence, or sojourn, or
                        c.    between these places and any of the
                              following:
                              i.    a place of repair,
                              ii.   a target range,
                              iii. a licensed dealer's place of
                                    business,
                              iv.   an organized, scheduled firearms
                                    show or exhibit,
                              v.    a place of formal hunter or firearm
                                    use, training, or instruction, or
                              vi.   a police station.
                 The prosecution must also prove beyond a reasonable
                 doubt:
                 6.     (state of mind): The Defendant acted
                        intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly with
                        regard to the material elements 1. through 5.;
                        and
                 7.     (date): That this offense took place on or
                        about June 20, 2018, the exact date is not
                        required; and
                 8.     (jurisdiction and venue): That this offense
                        took place in Kau, County and State of Hawai #i.
                 If you find that the Prosecution has proven beyond a
           reasonable doubt items 1. through 8. for the offense of
           Place to Keep Ammunition, then you must return a verdict of
           Guilty for the offense of Place to Keep Ammunition.
           If the Prosecution has not done so, you must find the
           Defendant Not Guilty for the offense of Place to Keep
           Ammunition.

           The jury returned a guilty verdict on Counts 1, 2, 3,

and 5.   Slavik was sentenced on April 22, 2019, to ten years in

prison on Count 1, one year in prison on Counts 2 and 5, and

thirty (30) days on Count 3, to run concurrently with each other

and with the sentence imposed in a separate case.            He was also
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ordered to pay $190 in fees to the Crime Victims Compensation

Fund.    Slavik timely filed a notice of appeal.

II.   POINTS OF ERROR

            Slavik raises four points of error on appeal,

contending that the Circuit Court erred in:    (1) denying Slavik's

Motion to Dismiss for insufficient charging language regarding

the required states of mind for Counts 1 and 5; (2) granting the

State's Notice of Intent and the State's Motion in Limine, and

ruling that if Slavik testified, the State could introduce his

Theft conviction and drug use to impeach his credibility; (3)

denying Slavik's motion for judgment of acquittal as to Counts 2

and 3 because the State presented insufficient evidence that

Slavik owned the firearm; and (4) refusing Slavik's proposed jury

instructions concerning elements, for all counts, plainly erred

in giving a general-law-pertaining-to-elements instruction, and

further erred in presenting to the jury elements instructions

which were prejudicially insufficient, confusing, misleading, and

wrong.

III. APPLICABLE STANDARDS OF REVIEW

            "Whether a charge sets forth all the essential elements

of a charged offense is a question of law, which we review under

the de novo, or right/wrong, standard."    State v. Mita, 124

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Hawai#i 385, 389, 245 P.3d 458, 462 (2010) (citation, internal

quotation marks, brackets, and ellipses omitted).

          We review a circuit court's grant or denial of a motion

in limine for an abuse of discretion.       State v. Mark, 120 Hawai#i

499, 514, 210 P.3d 22, 37 (App. 2009) (citing State v. Kealoha,

95 Hawai#i 365, 379, 22 P.3d 1012, 1026 (App. 2000)).          "However,

when the trial court's order granting a motion in limine is an

evidentiary decision based upon a decision that can 'yield only

one correct result,' the standard of review is the right/wrong

standard."   Id. at 514-15, 210 P.3d at 37-38 (quoting Walsh v.

Chan, 80 Hawai#i 212, 215, 908 P.2d 1198, 1201 (1995)); Ass'n of

Apt. Owners of Wailea Elua v. Wailea Resort Co., Ltd., 100

Hawai#i 97, 110, 58 P.3d 608, 621 (2002) (decisions regarding

relevance are reviewed under the right/wrong standard).
                When reviewing a . . . motion for judgment of
          acquittal, we employ the same standard that a trial court
          applies to such a motion, namely, whether, upon the evidence
          viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution and in
          full recognition of the province of the trier of fact, the
          evidence is sufficient to support a prima facie case so that
          a reasonable mind might fairly conclude guilt beyond a
          reasonable doubt. Sufficient evidence to support a prima
          facie case requires substantial evidence as to every
          material element of the offense charged. Substantial
          evidence as to every material element of the offense charged
          is credible evidence which is of sufficient quality and
          probative value to enable a person of reasonable caution to
          support a conclusion. Under such a review, we give full
          play to the right of the fact finder to determine
          credibility, weigh the evidence, and draw justifiable
          inferences of fact.

State v. Jenkins, 93 Hawai#i 87, 99, 997 P.2d 13, 25 (2000)

(quoting State v. Timoteo, 87 Hawai#i 108, 112–13, 952 P.2d 865,

869–70 (1997)) (format altered).

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                  When jury instructions or the omission thereof are at
            issue on appeal, the standard of review is whether, when
            read and considered as a whole, the instructions given are
            prejudicially insufficient, erroneous, inconsistent, or
            misleading.
                  Erroneous instructions are presumptively harmful and
            are a ground for reversal unless it affirmatively appears
            from the record as a whole that the error was not
            prejudicial. Error is not to be viewed in isolation and
            considered purely in the abstract. It must be examined in
            the light of the entire proceedings and given the effect
            which the whole record shows it to be entitled. In that
            context, the real question becomes whether there is a
            reasonable possibility that error might have contributed to
            conviction. If there is such a reasonable possibility in a
            criminal case, then the error is not harmless beyond a
            reasonable doubt, and the judgment of conviction on which it
            may have been based must be set aside.

Stanley v. State, 148 Hawai#i 489, 500-01, 479 P.3d 107, 118–19
(2021) (citations omitted; format altered).

IV.   DISCUSSION

      A.    Sufficiency of the Charges in Counts 1 & 5

            Slavik argues that the Circuit Court erred in denying

the Motion to Dismiss because the Complaint did not contain the

state of mind required to establish criminal culpability for

Possessing Loaded Firearm on Highway and Place to Keep.

            "The sufficiency of a charge 'implicates an accused's

rights under the Hawai#i Constitution, article I, sections 5, 10

and 14.'"    State v. Baker, 146 Hawai#i 299, 305, 463 P.3d 956,

962 (2020) (quoting State v. Nesmith, 127 Hawai#i 48, 52, 276

P.3d 617, 621 (2012) (Nesmith II)).         A conviction based upon a

defective charge "cannot be sustained, for that would constitute

a denial of due process."       State v. Wheeler, 121 Hawai#i 383,

391, 219 P.3d 1170, 1178 (2009) (quoting State v. Jendrusch, 58

Haw. 279, 281, 567 P.2d 1242, 1244 (1977)).           "When a criminal

defendant challenges the sufficiency of a charge in a timely

manner, an appellate court will uphold that charge if:             (1) it

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contains the elements of the offense; and (2) it sufficiently

apprises the defendant of what the defendant must be prepared to

meet."   State v. Kauhane, 145 Hawai#i 362, 369–70, 452 P.3d 359,

366–67 (2019) (citing Mita, 124 Hawai#i at 390, 245 P.3d at 463

and Jendrusch, 58 Haw. at 283, 567 P.2d at 1245).    "In other

words, '[t]he relevant inquiry . . . is whether or not the charge

[has] provided the accused with fair notice of the [offense's]

essential elements.'"    Id. (quoting Mita, 124 Hawai#i at 390, 245

P.3d at 463).

            "In general, '[w]here the statute sets forth with

reasonable clarity all essential elements of the crime intended

to be punished, and fully defines the offense in unmistakable

terms readily comprehensible to persons of common understanding,

a charge drawn in the language of the statute is sufficient.'"

Wheeler, 121 Hawai#i at 393, 219 P.3d at 1180 (quoting Jendrusch,

58 Haw. at 282, 567 P.2d at 1245); see Hawai#i Rules of Penal

Procedure (HRPP) Rules 5 and 7 (2007).    But in some cases, "a

charge tracking the language of the statute" inadequately

describes the offense and thus violates the defendant's

constitutional rights.    Baker, 146 Hawai#i at 306, 463 P.3d at

963 (citing Nesmith II, 127 Hawai#i at 53, 276 P.3d at 622).

            The elements of an offense, as defined by HRS § 702-205

are (1) conduct, (2) attendant circumstances, and (3) results of

conduct.    Nesmith II, 127 Hawai#i at 53, 276 P.3d at 622.

"[M]ens rea is not an 'element of an offense' under HRS §

702–205."    Id. at 55, 276 P.3d at 624 (citing State v. Klinge, 92

Hawai#i 577, 584 n.3, 994 P.2d 509, 516 n.3 (2000)).

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Nevertheless, mens rea is an "essential fact" that must be pled

under HRPP Rule 7(d).    See id. at 55, 276 P.3d at 624.         "The

state of mind must be included in the charge 'to alert the

defendant of precisely what the defendant needs to defend against

to avoid a conviction.'"     Baker, 146 Hawai#i at 306, 463 P.3d at

963 (brackets omitted) (quoting Nesmith II, 127 Hawai#i at 56,

276 P.3d at 625).   Failure to include the required state of mind

in the charge requires the charge to be dismissed without

prejudice.   State v. Gonzalez, 128 Hawai#i 314, 324, 288 P.3d

788, 798 (2012) (citing Nesmith II, 127 Hawai#i at 54, 276 P.3d

at 623); see also State v. Maharaj, 131 Hawai#i 215, 219, 317

P.3d 659, 663 (2013).

          The statutes at issue in Counts 1 and 5, HRS § 134-264

and HRS § 134-27,5 do not describe a culpable state of mind.             In

     4
          HRS § 134-26 provides:

                 § 134-26 Carrying or possessing a loaded firearm on a
          public highway; penalty. (a) It shall be unlawful for any
          person on any public highway to carry on the person, or to
          have in the person's possession, or to carry in a vehicle
          any firearm loaded with ammunition; provided that this
          section shall not apply to any person who has in the
          person's possession or carries a pistol or revolver in
          accordance with a license issued as provided in section
          134-9.
                 (b) Any vehicle used in the commission of an offense
          under this section shall be forfeited to the State, subject
          to the notice and hearing requirements of chapter 712A.
                 (c) Any person violating this section shall be guilty
          of a class B felony.
     5
          HRS § 134-27 provides:
                § 134-27 Place to keep ammunition; penalty. (a) Except as
          provided in sections 134-5 [Possession by licensed hunters and
          minors] and 134-9 [Licenses to carry], all ammunition shall be
          confined to the possessor's place of business, residence, or
          sojourn; provided that it shall be lawful to carry ammunition in
          an enclosed container from the place of purchase to the
          purchaser's place of business, residence, or sojourn, or between
          these places upon change of place of business, residence, or
          sojourn, or between these places and the following:
                                                              (continued...)

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most instances, the default states of mind of intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly apply to each element of the offense, if

the applicable statute is silent.          See HRS § 702–204 (2014);

State v. Nesmith, 125 Hawai#i 232, 235, 257 P.3d 245, 248 (App.

2011) (Nesmith I), (citing State v. Bayly, 118 Hawai#i 1, 10, 185

P.3d 186, 195 (2008)), aff'd, Nesmith II, 127 Hawai#i 48, 276

P.3d 617.    In limited instances, the default states of mind

listed in HRS § 702-204 (2014) do not apply to crimes defined

outside the Hawai#i Penal Code (HPC), specifically, where "a

legislative purpose to impose absolute liability for such offense

or with respect to any element thereof plainly appears."             HRS

§ 702-212(2) (2014); see also Gonzalez, 128 Hawai#i at 321, 288

P.3d at 795; State v. Holbron, 78 Hawai#i 422, 425, 895 P.2d 173,

176 (App. 1995).

            Although HRS §§ 134-26 and 134-27 are not part of the

HPC, nothing in the statutory language nor legislative history

clearly indicates that the legislature intended for these crimes

to be absolute liability offenses.          See, e.g., S. Stand. Comm.
Rep. No. 3177, in 2006 Senate Journal, at 1542.

     5
      (...continued)
                 (1)    A place of repair;
                 (2)    A target range;
                 (3)    A licensed dealer's place of business;
                 (4)    An organized, scheduled firearms show or exhibit;
                 (5)    A place of formal hunter or firearm use training or
                        instruction; or
                  (6)   A police station.
                  "Enclosed container" means a rigidly constructed receptacle,
            or a commercially manufactured gun case, or the equivalent thereof
            that completely encloses the ammunition.
                  (b) Any person violating this section shall be guilty
            of a misdemeanor.

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            Here, the Complaint alleged in Count 1 that Slavik

violated HRS § 134-26 because he "intentionally and/or knowingly

possessed and/or carried in a vehicle any firearm loaded with

ammunition on a public highway" without a license to carry, and

in Count 5 that Slavik violated HRS § 134-27 because he

"intentionally and/or knowingly possessed an item knowing it was

ammunition, and he intentionally, knowingly, and/or recklessly"

was not licensed to carry a pistol or revolver and ammunition

concealed on his person and was not engaged in one of the

statutorily permitted activities.          Accordingly, in both offenses,

a conduct element is possession.6          The HPC provides that

possession is "a voluntary act if the defendant knowingly

procured or received the thing possessed or if the defendant was

aware of the defendant's control of it for a sufficient period to

have been able to terminate the defendant's possession."             HRS

§ 702-202 (2014).

            Slavik points to Jenkins, in which the Hawai#i Supreme

Court examined the definition of "possession" found in HRS § 702-

202, and reasoned that "in order for 'possession' to be a

'voluntary act,' some level of knowledge is required" and thus,

"an individual may be found to have 'possessed' a thing only if

he or she did so 'knowingly' or 'intentionally.'"            Jenkins, 93

Hawai#i at 110, 997 P.2d at 36.        "Correlatively, an individual

may not be found to have voluntarily 'possessed' a thing if he or

she was merely 'reckless' in doing so."          Id.   Thus, the state of

      6
            It appears that "carried in a vehicle" is an alternative conduct
element, but it is not at issue in this appeal and, therefore, we do not
address it.

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mind required by the term "possession" was knowingly or

intentionally rather than the default "intentionally, knowingly,

or recklessly" provided by HRS § 702–204.          Id.   The supreme court

emphasized, however, that section 702-202 "establishes the

scienter requisite only for the possession of a thing itself."

Id. at 111, 997 P.2d at 37.       The court held:
                  [F]or the purposes of HRS § 134–7(b), [7] "possession"
            must be analyzed employing a two-pronged analysis: (1) the
            voluntary act of "possession" of an object itself is, by way
            of HRS § 702–202, satisfied where an individual acts
            knowingly with respect to his or her conduct; and (2) the
            requisite state of mind with respect to the attendant
            circumstances — i.e., the particular qualities of the object
            that make it illegal to possess it — is, by way of HRS
            § 702–204, satisfied by a reckless state of mind. Thus, as
            applied, to prove the "voluntary act" of possession, the
            prosecution must first adduce evidence that the defendant
            knowingly procured or received an object, or was aware of
            his or her control of that object for a sufficient period to
            have terminated possession. See HRS § 702–202. Second, to
            prove the requisite state of mind regarding the particular
            qualities of the object, the prosecution must, at the very
            least, adduce evidence that the defendant possessed the
            object in reckless disregard of the substantial and
            unjustifiable risk that it was a firearm. See HRS
            § 702–204.

Id. (underlined emphasis added).

            Here, in Count 1, in relevant part the State charged

that Slavik "intentionally and/or knowingly possessed and/or

carried in a vehicle any firearm loaded with ammunition on a
public highway," but did not allege any state of mind as to

Slavik's scienter regarding the qualities of the object as a

firearm.    Count 1 alleges a violation of HRS § 134-26(a).

Similar to the relevant statute in Jenkins,8 HRS § 134-26(a) is

silent regarding the state of mind required for conviction.                93

      7
            HRS § 134-7 (2011), entitled "Ownership or possession prohibited,
when," describes various other felony and misdemeanor violations stemming from
the ownership or possession of a firearm or ammunition.
      8
            In Jenkins, the relevant charge asserted a violation of HRS § 134-
7(b) (1993 and Supp. 1997). 93 Hawai#i at 109, 997 P.2d at 35.

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Hawai#i at 109, 997 P.2d at 35.       As stated in Jenkins, regarding

the second prong to establish possession, "to prove the requisite

state of mind regarding the particular qualities of the object,

the prosecution must, at the very least, adduce evidence that the

defendant possessed the object in reckless disregard of the

substantial and unjustifiable risk that it was a firearm.             See

HRS § 702–204."     Id. at 111, 997 P.2d at 37 (emphasis added).

Thus, for this second prong in Jenkins, HRS § 702-2049 applies

and the State must have alleged that Slavik possessed the object

with an intentional, knowing, or reckless state of mind as to the

particular qualities that make it illegal to possess it, i.e.,

that it was a firearm.      Id.; HRS § 702–204.      Because the State

failed to allege any state of mind for Slavik's scienter

regarding the qualities of the object as a firearm, Count 1 is

defective.

           Slavik asserted in the Circuit Court that Counts 1 and

5 were deficient for failing to allege the proper state of mind

that the subject items were a prohibited item.           Thus, he timely

raised this issue in the trial court.         Here, Count 1 failed to

properly allege the second prong in the Jenkins analysis

applicable to the attendant circumstance of the charge and thus

failed to provide Slavik with fair notice of the charge against

him in Count 1.     See Wheeler, 121 Hawai#i at 393, 219 P.3d 1180.

"A charge that fails to charge a requisite state of mind cannot

     9
            HRS § 702-204 provides in relevant part: "When the state of mind
required to establish an element of an offense is not specified by the law,
that element is established if, with respect thereto, a person acts
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly." (Emphasis added).

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be construed reasonably to state an offense and thus the charge

is dismissed without prejudice because it violates due process."

State v. Apollonio, 130 Hawai#i 353, 359, 311 P.3d 676, 682

(2013); Nesmith II, 127 Hawai#i at 56, 276 P.3d at 625; Maharaj,

131 Hawai#i at 219, 317 P.3d at 663; State v. Armitage, 132

Hawai#i 36, 51, 319 P.3d 1044, 1059 (2014); State v. Souleng, 134

Hawai#i 465, 469, 342 P.3d 884, 888 (App. 2015).   Thus, Slavik's

conviction on Count 1 must be vacated and dismissed without

prejudice.

          In Count 5, the State charged that Slavik

"intentionally and/or knowingly possessed an item knowing it was

ammunition, and he intentionally, knowingly, and/or recklessly"

was not licensed to carry a pistol or revolver and ammunition

concealed on his person "and he intentionally, and/or knowingly

failed to confine the ammunition to" allowed places "and/or did

fail [no state of mind specified] to carry the ammunition in an

enclosed container[.]"   (Underline emphasis added, bolded and

bracketed language added).   Count 5 alleges a violation of HRS

§ 134-27(a), which does not specify a state of mind required for

conviction.   Thus, similar to the subject charge in Jenkins, HRS

§ 702-204 provides the applicable state of mind for the second

prong in establishing possession.    93 Hawai#i at 111, 997 P.2d at

37.

          We disagree with Slavik's contention that Count 5 is

defective under Jenkins for only alleging a "knowing" state of

mind as to the particular qualities that make the item illegal to

possess it, i.e., that it was ammunition.    Because HRS § 702-204

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provides the applicable state of mind for this attendant

circumstance element, 93 Hawai#i at 111, 997 P.2d at 37, "at the

very least" a reckless state of mind applies to the second prong

in Jenkins for establishing possession.        Id. (emphasis added).

However, under HRS § 702-204, an intentional or knowing state of

mind could also establish the second prong in Jenkins.           Count 5

alleges Slavik had a knowing state of mind regarding the

qualities of the item that made it illegal to possess it, i.e.,

that it was ammunition.     This is sufficient for the second prong
under Jenkins.

          We agree with Slavik, however, that Count 5 is

defective because it completely fails to assert any state of mind

regarding his failure to carry the ammunition in an enclosed

container.   Slavik did not raise this contention in the Circuit

Court, and instead raised it for the first time in his appellate

opening brief.   Thus, we must analyze this argument under the

Motta/Wells post-conviction liberal construction rule.           See State

v. Tominiko, 126 Hawai#i 68, 266 P.3d 1122 (2011).
          Under the Motta/Wells rule, charges challenged for the first
          time on appeal are presumed valid. Accordingly, we will
          only vacate a defendant's conviction under this standard if
          the defendant can show: (1) that the charge cannot
          reasonably be construed to allege a crime; or (2) that the
          defendant was prejudiced.

State v. Kauhane, 145 Hawai#i 362, 370, 452 P.3d 359, 367 (2019).

          In Apollonio, the Hawai#i Supreme Court held that, even

where the defendant raised a challenge to a charge for the first

time on appeal and thus the charge was construed under the

liberal standard, because the charge failed to assert a requisite

state of mind it could not be "reasonably construed to state an

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offense."    130 Hawai#i at 358, 311 P.3d at 681.   Thus, the

supreme court held that the charge must be dismissed without

prejudice.    Id. (citing Nesmith II, 127 Hawai#i at 56, 276 P.3d

at 625 and State v. Elliott, 77 Hawai#i 309, 884 P.2d 372

(1994)).    Given the applicable case law, Count 5 must also be

dismissed without prejudice.

     B.     State's Motion in Limine

            Slavik contends that the Circuit Court erred in the

Order Granting State's Motion in Limine, when it found and

concluded that:    "The State may use the Defendant's prior bad

acts if the Defendant testifies and a proper foundation is laid."

Slavik also contends that the Circuit Court plainly erred in

ruling that the State could impeach him with his "theft

conviction" because, at the time the DPA averred in conjunction

with the State's Notice of Intent that Slavik had been convicted

of theft, although the Circuit Court had set aside its earlier

deferred acceptance of a guilty plea in the theft case, it had

not yet entered a judgment of conviction.

            As the Circuit Court's order does not specify what it

is allowing the State to use, we consider the Notice of Intent

and the State's Motion in Limine.      The August 21, 2018 Notice of

Intent merely states that "the State intends to present evidence

relating to prior investigations and allegations of drug activity

and/or [Slavik's] prior bad acts."     The DPA's attached

declaration states:    "I have reviewed the case-file and reports

pertaining to the following incident that has been provided to

defense counsel:    On August 8, 2018, Defendant was convicted for

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Theft in the Second Degree, the disposition of which is

documented in case number CR15-1-0139K."        The declaration

continues:
                At trial the State may seek to introduce evidence from
          this incident as permitted by Rule 404 of the Hawai #i Rules
          of Evidence; the intended purposes include, but are not
          limited to: motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
          knowledge, identity, state of mind, negating any argument of
          mistake, addressing self-defense claims, and truth and
          veracity of the Defendant.

          The State's Motion in Limine provided little more,

saying only that it sought an order permitting the introduction
of "evidence pertaining to the prior bad acts of [Slavik].               The

prior bad acts which the State seeks to introduce in its case in

chief were noticed" in the State's Notice of Intent.          The DPA's

declaration again incorrectly states Slavik was convicted of

Theft in the Second Degree on August 8, 2018, in CR15-1-0139K,

and "[t]he State seeks to introduce at trial evidence through

testimony of officers of the Defendant's previous actions as the

credibility and impeachment of the Defendant in the above-

captioned case."

          The State's Motion in Limine relied on HRE Rules 40310
and 404(b),11 and the State argued that, although Slavik had not

     10
          HRE Rule 403 provides:
                Rule 403 Exclusion of relevant evidence on grounds of
          prejudice, confusion, or waste of time. Although relevant,
          evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
          substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
          confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
          considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
          presentation of cumulative evidence.
     11
          HRE Rule 404 provides, in pertinent part:
                Rule 404 Character evidence not admissible to prove
          conduct; exceptions; other crimes. (a) Character evidence
          generally. Evidence of a person's character or a trait of a
                                                             (continued...)

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been sentenced, the conviction for theft is directly related to

his credibility and honesty.           This argument is without merit; a

judgment for conviction is not final, and does not constitute a

conviction, unless it includes the final adjudication and the

final sentence.        See generally State v. Kilborn, 109 Hawai#i 435,

442, 127 P.3d 95, 102 (App. 2005).

              Moreover, HRE Rule 609 requires conviction of a crime

of dishonesty.        This rule provides, in relevant part:
                    Rule 609. Impeachment by evidence of conviction of
              crime. (a) General rule. For the purpose of attacking the
              credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been
              convicted of a crime is inadmissible except when the crime
              is one involving dishonesty. However, in a criminal case
              where the defendant takes the stand, the defendant shall not
              be questioned or evidence introduced as to whether the
              defendant has been convicted of a crime, for the sole
              purpose of attacking credibility, unless the defendant has
              oneself introduced testimony for the purpose of establishing
              the defendant's credibility as a witness, in which case the
              defendant shall be treated as any other witness as provided
              in this rule.

HRE Rule 609(a).

              The supreme court has held that "a theft offense is

not, per se, a 'crime of dishonesty' such that it is admissible

     11
          (...continued)
               person's character is not admissible for the purpose of
               proving action in conformity therewith on a particular
               occasion, except:
                    . . . .

                    (b) Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. Evidence of other
              crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
              character of a person in order to show action in conformity
              therewith. It may, however, be admissible where such
              evidence is probative of another fact that is of consequence
              to the determination of the action, such as proof of motive,
              opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
              modus operandi, or absence of mistake or accident. In
              criminal cases, the proponent of evidence to be offered
              under this subsection shall provide reasonable notice in
              advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses
              pretrial notice on good cause shown, of the date, location,
              and general nature of any such evidence it intends to
              introduce at trial.

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to impeach a criminal defendant's credibility."    State v.

Pacheco, 96 Hawai#i 83, 100, 26 P.3d 572, 589 (2001).     "[I]t is

incumbent upon the prosecution to establish, and upon the trial

court expressly to find, that a defendant's prior conviction,

which has been proffered to impeach the defendant's testimony, is

of a 'crime of dishonesty,' such that it is relevant to and

probative of the defendant's veracity as a witness."    Id. at 99,

26 P.3d at 588.   Thus, for a prior theft offense to be

admissible, the State must demonstrate that it was committed

"under circumstances that, by their very nature, render his or

her prior conviction of the offense relevant to and probative of

his or her veracity as a witness."     Id. at 100, 26 P.3d at 589.

          Here, the State offered no evidence, and the record is

otherwise silent, with respect to the circumstances under which

Slavik committed the theft offense prosecuted in CR15-1-0139K.

Consequently, even assuming, arguendo, there was a conviction,

the State failed to establish that Slavik's prior theft offense

involved conduct relevant to or probative of Slavik's veracity as

a witness.   Absent the requisite showing, Slavik's prior

conviction of a theft offense could not be deemed a "crime of

dishonesty" and was therefore inadmissible to impeach his

credibility as a witness.   Id.

          For the reasons stated, we conclude that the Circuit

Court erred in granting the State's Motion in Limine.

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     C.   Slavik's Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
          as to Counts 2 and 3

          Slavik argues that the Circuit Court erred in denying

his motion for judgment of acquittal as to Count 2 (Permits to

Acquire; HRS § 134-2(a)) and Count 3 (Registration Mandatory; HRS

§ 134-3(b)) because the State presented insufficient evidence

that Slavik owned the firearm.      As set forth above, Counts 2 and

3 charged:
                          COUNT 2 (C18017310/KU)
                On or about the 20th day of June, 2018, in Kau, County
          and State of Hawai#i, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK intentionally,
          knowingly or recklessly acquired the ownership of a firearm,
          whether usable or unusable, serviceable or unserviceable,
          modern or antique, registered under prior law or by a prior
          owner or unregistered, either by purchase, gift,
          inheritance, bequest, or in any other manner, whether
          procured in the State or imported by mail, express, freight,
          or otherwise, without first procuring a permit to acquire
          the ownership of the firearm from the chief of police of the
          county of his place of business or, if there was no place of
          business, his place of residence or, if there was neither a
          place of business nor residence, his place of sojourn,
          thereby committing the offense of Permits to Acquire, in
          violation of Sections 134-2(a) and 134-17, Hawai #i Revised
          Statutes, as amended.

                           COUNT 3 (C18017311/KU)
                On or about the 20th day of June, 2018, in Kau, County
          and State of Hawai#i, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK who intentionally
          and/or knowingly acquired a firearm pursuant to Section 134-
          2, Hawai#i Revised Statutes, and such acquisition was by way
          of gift, inheritance, bequest, or in any other manner,
          whether such firearm is usable or unusable, serviceable or
          unserviceable, modern or antique, registered by prior law or
          unregistered, NIKOLAUS SLAVIK did intentionally, knowingly,
          or recklessly fail to register the firearm in the manner
          prescribed by section 134-3 within five days of acquisition,
          thereby committing the offense of Registration Mandatory, in
          violation of Sections 134-3(b) and 134-17, Hawai #i Revised
          Statutes, as amended.

          HRS chapter 134 governs firearms, ammunition, and

dangerous weapons in Hawai#i, with part I of the chapter setting

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forth the general regulations applicable to firearms and

ammunition.12       In the simplest possible terms, HRS § 134-2(a)

      12
            The current HRS chapter 134, part I, was first enacted in 1988
with Act 275, "A Bill for an Act Relating to Firearms and Ammunition," which
was effectively a revision of the prior chapter 134. See 1988 Haw. Sess. Laws
Act 275, § 1 at 510 ("The purpose of this Act is to clarify and improve the
existing language of the Firearms, Ammunition and Dangerous Weapons Act,
Chapter 134, part I, Hawaii Revised Statutes, General Regulations."), § 4 at
517, and § 6 at 517.
            The earliest version of what would become HRS § 134-2 was enacted
in 1933 and provided, inter alia:
                  No person residing or doing business or temporarily
            sojourning within the Territory shall take possession of any
            firearm of any description . . . either through sale, gift,
            loan, bequest, or otherwise . . . until he shall first have
            procured from the chief of police . . . a permit to acquire
            as prescribed herein.
1933 Haw. Sess. Laws, Special Session, Act 26, § 4 at 37 (emphasis added).
"The purpose of the Bill is to give the law enforcing agencies of the
Territory a better means of controlling the sale, transfer and possession of
firearms[.]" H. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 89, in 1933 House Journal, Special
Session, at 427.

            By 1935, this law was codified as Revised Laws of Hawai #i (RLH)
§ 2542 and provided, in pertinent part:

                  Sec. 2542. Registration by transfer; permits to
            acquire; penalty. No person shall take possession of any
            firearms of any description . . . either through sale, gift,
            loan, bequest, or otherwise, . . . until he shall first have
            procured from the chief of police . . . a permit to acquire
            as prescribed herein.
(Emphasis added).

            Ten years later, RLH § 7183 (1945) read, in part:
                  Sec. 7183. Registration on transfer; permits to
            acquire; penalty. No person shall take possession of any
            firearms of any description . . . either through sale, gift,
            loan, bequest, or otherwise . . . until he shall first have
            procured from the chief of police . . . a permit to acquire
            as prescribed herein.
(Emphasis added).
            In 1955, Revised Laws of Hawai#i included:

                  § 157-3. Permits to acquire; registration; penalty.
            No person shall acquire the ownership of a firearm . . .
            either by purchase, gift, inheritance, bequest or in any
            other manner, . . . until he has first procured from the
            chief of police . . . a permit to acquire as prescribed
            herein[.]

RLH § 157-3 (1955) (emphasis added).
                                                                 (continued...)

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provides that no person shall "acquire the ownership" of a

firearm until that person properly procures a permit to acquire

ownership of a firearm.13      Simply stated, HRS § 134-3 mandates

      12
       (...continued)
            The significant change between the 1945 and 1955 Revised Laws -–
from "take possession" to "acquire the ownership" -– was made in 1949. Act
192 of 1949 originated as H.B. 888. 1949 Haw. Sess. Laws, Act 192, § 1 at
459-60. The Senate had also introduced its own bill, S.B. 560, "designed to
relieve licensed hunters from the restricitve provisions of the present law
requiring registration of rifles, shotguns and ammunition, and permits to
purchase ammunition." See S. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 314, in 1949 Senate
Journal, at 1041. The two bodies apparently agreed to proceed on H.B. 888.
The conference committee ultimately recommended amended language which
included the "No person shall acquire the ownership of a firearm . . ." as was
finally enacted. Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 19, in 1949 House Journal, at 2289-90;
Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 21, in 1949 Senate Journal, at 1584-85.

            By 1968, the applicable statute had been re-codified as chapter
134, but retained the key wording:

                  § 134-3. Permits to acquire; registration; penalty.
            No person shall acquire the ownership of a firearm . . .
            either by purchase, gift, inheritance, bequest, or in any
            other manner, . . . until he has first procured from the
            chief of police . . . a permit to acquire as prescribed
            herein[.]

HRS § 134-3 (1968) (emphasis added).
            In 1988, chapter 134, part I was replaced with a new version that
sought to clarify and improve the chapter's language. 1988 Haw. Sess. Laws
Act 275, § 1 at 510. Many of the part I sections were substantively
unchanged, although some were re-codified into different sections in different
order. Compare HRS § 134-3 (1985) with HRS § 134-2 (2011).
            Most significantly, the legislative history reveals that Hawaii's
firearm control statute was originally drafted to require a permit to "take
possession of" a firearm but the legislature purposefully changed that to
"acquire the ownership of" a firearm.
      13
            HRS § 134-2 provides in pertinent part:
                  § 134-2 Permits to acquire. (a) No person shall
            acquire the ownership of a firearm, whether usable or
            unusable, serviceable or unserviceable, modern or antique,
            registered under prior law or by a prior owner or
            unregistered, either by purchase, gift, inheritance,
            bequest, or in any other manner, whether procured in the
            State or imported by mail, express, freight, or otherwise,
            until the person has first procured from the chief of police
            of the county of the person's place of business or, if there
            is no place of business, the person's residence or, if there
            is neither place of business nor residence, the person's
            place of sojourn, a permit to acquire the ownership of a
            firearm as prescribed in this section. When title to any
            firearm is acquired by inheritance or bequest, the foregoing
            permit shall be obtained before taking possession of a
            firearm; provided that upon presentation of a copy of the
                                                                 (continued...)

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the registration of firearms, with very limited exceptions, and

HRS § 134-3(b) mandates that every person who acquires a firearm

pursuant to HRS § 134-2(a) – i.e., every person who acquires the

ownership of a firearm – must register the firearm within five

days of acquisition.14         As Slavik notes, HRS § 134-4 (2011)

governs the possession of a firearm that is owned by another.15

      13
           (...continued)
                death certificate of the owner making the bequest, any heir
                or legatee may transfer the inherited or bequested firearm
                directly to a dealer licensed under section 134-31 or
                licensed by the United States Department of Justice without
                complying with the requirements of this section.

            Generally stated, most of the remaining subsections of HRS § 134-2
describe in detail the requirements and procedures for acquiring the ownership
of a firearm, as well as proscribe anyone from transferring a firearm except
as provided in HRS chapter 134. HRS § 134-17 sets out the penalties for
violation of the mandates of HRS chapter 134.
      14
               HRS § 134-3 provides in pertinent part:

                     § 134-3 Registration, mandatory, exceptions. (a)
               Every person arriving in the State who brings or by any
               other manner causes to be brought into the State a firearm
               of any description, whether usable or unusable, serviceable
               or unserviceable, modern or antique, shall register the
               firearm within five days after arrival of the person or of
               the firearm, whichever arrives later, with the chief of
               police of the county of the person's place of business or,
               if there is no place of business, the person's residence or,
               if there is neither a place of business nor residence, the
               person's place of sojourn. A nonresident alien may bring
               firearms not otherwise prohibited by law into the State for
               a continuous period not to exceed ninety days; provided that
               the person meets the registration requirement of this
               section and the person possesses:
                     . . . .
                     (b) Every person who acquires a firearm pursuant to
               section 134-2 shall register the firearm in the manner
               prescribed by this section within five days of acquisition.
               . . .
      15
               HRS § 134-4 provides in pertinent part:
                     § 134-4   Transfer, possession of firearms.   (a) . . .

                     (b) No person shall possess any firearm that is owned
               by another, regardless of whether the owner has consented to
               possession of the firearm, without a permit from the chief
               of police of the appropriate county, except as provided in
               subsection (c) and section 134-5.
                                                                   (continued...)

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               HRS chapter 134 does not define ownership, but states

that "'Acquire' means gain ownership of."              HRS 134-1 (2011).

Black's Law Dictionary defines "ownership" as "[t]he bundle of

rights allowing one to use, manage, and enjoy property, including

the right to convey it to others. . . .              Ownership implies the

right to possess a thing, regardless of any actual or

constructive control.          Ownership rights are general, permanent,

and heritable[.]"         Ownership, Black's Law Dictionary 1332 (11th

ed. 2019).        Black's defines "possession" as "[t]he fact of having

or holding property in one's power; the exercise of dominion over

property."        Id. at 1408.     Similarly, Webster's Dictionary defines

"owner" as "one that owns:           one that has the legal or rightful

title whether the possessor or not."             Owner, Webster's Third New

International Dictionary 1612 (1986).

               Slavik contends that the State presented no evidence

that he owned the firearm or acquired ownership of the firearm,

only that he had possession of it on June 20, 2018.                As Slavik

highlights, during deliberation, the jury sent Communication No.

1, which asked, "Would you consider possession as ownership? in

regards to charge #2."          The Circuit Court responded by directing

      15
           (...continued)
                      (c) Any lawfully acquired rifle or shotgun may be
                lent to an adult for use within the State for a period not
                to exceed fifteen days without a permit; provided that where
                the rifle or shotgun is to be used outside of the State, the
                loan may be for a period not to exceed seventy-five days.
                     (d) No person shall knowingly lend a firearm to any
               person who is prohibited from ownership or possession of a
               firearm under section 134-7.
            HRS § 134-5 (2011), which does not appear to be relevant to any
argument in this case, allows for possession of certain firearms by licensed
hunters, and for target shooting and hunting, as detailed in that provision.

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the jury to refer to the jury instructions.   Notably, no

definition of ownership was included in the jury instructions,

but they included an instruction differentiating between actual

and constructive possession.   Slavik submits that the jury

apparently, but erroneously, concluded that ownership and

possession were synonymous in finding Slavik guilty on Counts 2

and 3.

          As to Count 3, Slavik further argues that since the

State presented no evidence concerning whether or when Slavik

acquired ownership of the firearm, it could not prove that he

failed to register it within five days, as required under HRS

§ 134-3(b).

          The State argues, in essence, that evidence of

possession is sufficient evidence of ownership, citing two civil

cases for the proposition that possession is prima facie evidence

of ownership that the other party has to rebut.   The State points

to Officer Ivy's testimony that he found Slavik sitting in the

driver's side of a vehicle, eyes closed, with the seat reclined,

and there was a pistol laying on the passenger seat under

Slavik's right hand.   The State contends that the evidence that

Slavik was in exclusive and uncontested possession of the

firearm, and the lack of any evidence that another person owned

the firearm, constituted sufficient evidence that Slavik had

acquired ownership of the firearm.

          The supreme court has established that "an   essential

or material element of a crime is one whose specification with

precise accuracy is necessary to establish the very illegality of

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the behavior."     Jenkins, 93 Hawai#i at 108, 997 P.2d at 34

(citation and brackets omitted).           The conduct element of HRS §

134-2(a) that must be proven with precise accuracy is that a

person acquired the ownership of a firearm.16          Reading the

statutory language in the context of the entire firearms control

statute, HRS chapter 134, it is clear that the legislature did

not intend ownership to be synonymous with possession.             See

Jenkins, 93 Hawai#i at 108, 997 P.2d at 34 ("[w]e read statutory

language in the context of the entire statute, and construe it in

a manner consistent with its purpose") (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).       Some provisions in HRS chapter 134,

including HRS §§ 134-2(a) and 134-3(b), regulate ownership of

firearms.    Other provisions, such as HRS §§ 134-4(b), 134-5, 134-

22 (2011),17 and 134-26,18 govern possession of a firearm under

various circumstances.      Still other provisions of HRS chapter 134

establish mandates for, inter alia, ownership or possession of a

firearm.    See, e.g., HRS §§ 134-7 (prohibiting ownership or

possession by, among others, a person who is a fugitive from

justice or who has been convicted of a felony) & 134-29 (2011 and

Supp. 2019) (requiring any person who owns or possesses a firearm

to report its loss, theft, or destruction).           The legislative

history of Hawaii's firearm control statute confirms that the

      16
            Equally essential is the element that the acquisition of ownership
of the firearm was prior to procuring a permit to acquire the ownership of a
firearm. See HRS § 134-2(a).
      17
            HRS § 134-22 proscribes knowingly possessing a firearm with the
intent to facilitate the commission of certain felonies.
      18
            HRS § 134-26 prohibits carrying or possessing a loaded firearm on
a public highway, except under certain circumstances.

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legislature deliberately changed the permitting and registration

requirements to associate them with ownership rather than

possession.

            Although the burden-shifting suggested by the State may

be acceptable in a civil case, in criminal cases, "the burden is

always upon the prosecution to establish every element of crime

by proof beyond a reasonable doubt, never upon the accused to

disprove the existence of any necessary element."            State v.

Cuevas, 53 Haw. 110, 113, 488 P.2d 322, 324 (1971).
            [T]he burden of proof, as those words are understood in
            criminal law, is never upon the accused to establish his
            innocence or to disprove the facts necessary to establish
            the crime for which he is indicted. It is on the
            prosecution from the beginning to the end of the trial and
            applies to every element necessary to constitute the crime.

Id. (quoting Davis v. United States, 160 U.S. 469, 487 (1895)).

For this reason, the civil cases cited by the State are

inapplicable.

            That said, it is well-established that a trier of fact

may draw a reasonable inference from a fact that is proven to one

that is permissibly inferred.        See, e.g., State v. Pone, 78

Hawai#i 262, 271, 892 P.2d 455, 464 (1995).          However, "an

evidentiary device such as a presumption or an inference must not

undermine the factfinder's responsibility at trial, based on

evidence adduced by the State, to find the ultimate facts beyond

a reasonable doubt."      State v. Bumanglag, 63 Haw. 596, 618, 634

P.2d 80, 94 (1981) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).    It has been recognized that due process requires that

there be "a natural and rational evidentiary relation between the

facts proven and the ultimate fact."         Id. (citation omitted).      In

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the context of Hawaii's firearm control statute, wherein the

legislature imposed a variety of distinct mandates and penalties

arising out of the acquisition of ownership as opposed to

possession of a firearm and vice versa, we hold that evidence of

possession of a firearm, without more, is insufficient to support

a justifiable inference that a defendant acquired ownership of

the firearm.19    To conclude otherwise would undermine the

legislative determination of the distinction between possession

and ownership and violate a defendant's due process right to be

convicted only upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of the

particular charge against him or her.

            Here, there is no evidence in the record, other than

the evidence that Slavik was in possession of a firearm, that

supports a determination that Slavik acquired ownership of a

firearm.    The only relevant evidence presented was the testimony

of the HCPD Officers Ivy and Fui, who found Slavik sleeping in a

car on the side of a public highway with the gun on the seat next

to him, underneath his hand.        Officer Fui testified, in essence,

that Slavik was not the owner of the car in which he was

sleeping.    No other evidence concerning ownership of the firearm

was presented.     Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prosecution, and in full recognition of the

province of the trier of fact, we conclude that the Circuit Court

erred in denying Slavik's motion for acquittal as to Counts 2 and

      19
            We recognize that proof of possession, along with other facts in
evidence, including circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences
therefrom, might be sufficient to sustain a conviction of an offense involving
acquisition of ownership under HRS chapter 134.

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3, both of which required the State to establish that Slavik

acquired ownership of the firearm.     Slavik's conviction as to

Counts 2 and 3 are reversed.

     D.    Jury Instructions

           Slavik asserts numerous errors in the Circuit Court's

instructions to the jury with respect to Counts 1, 2, 3, and 5.

Overall, the jury instructions defining at least some of the

offenses are difficult to follow, are substantially modified from

the Hawai#i Standard Jury Instructions Criminal (HAWJIC), and

certain of Slavik's arguments appear to have merit.     However, as

we have concluded that Slavik's conviction as to Counts 2 and 3

must be reversed, and Counts 1 and 5 must be vacated and remanded

for dismissal without prejudice, we decline to address the

alleged instructional errors.

V.   CONCLUSION

           For the reasons set forth above, the Circuit Court's

April 22, 2019 Judgment is reversed with respect to Counts 2 and

3.   The Judgment is vacated and remanded for dismissal without

prejudice as to Counts 1 and 5.

                                       /s/ Lisa M. Ginoza
                                       Chief Judge

                                       /s/ Katherine G. Leonard
                                       Associate Judge

                                       /s/ Karen T. Nakasone
                                       Associate Judge

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