Court Opinion

ID: 4908189
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-03 14:08:53.25494+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:00.972387
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-1614-19

OLVIN LEONEL RODRIGUEZ-
ORTIZ,

          Plaintiff,

v.

INTERSTATE RACKING &
SHELVING, II, INC., LIT/GREEK
RT. 130, LLC, MEDICA, and
TITAN RACK & SHELVING,
LLC,

          Defendants,

and

INTERSTATE RACKING &
SHELVING, II, INC.,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY,
INC., GUARD INSURANCE
COMPANY, a/k/a AMGUARD
INSURANCE COMPANY,
and BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY
GUARD, a/k/a BERKSHIRE
HATHAWAY GUARD
INSURANCE COMPANY,

     Defendants-Respondents.
_____________________________

            Argued January 27, 2021 – Decided September 3, 2021

            Before Judges Ostrer, Accurso, and Enright.

            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
            Division, Ocean County, Docket Nos. L-1477-15 and
            L-1563-18.

            H. Alton Neff argued the cause for appellant.

            Robert M. Wolf argued the cause for respondent
            AmGuard Insurance Company (Finazzo Cossolini
            O'Leary Meola & Hager, LLC, attorneys; Jeremiah
            O'Leary and Robert M. Wolf, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Interstate Racking & Shelving, II, Inc. (Interstate) contends that its

workers' compensation and employer's liability insurer, AmGuard Insurance

Company (AmGuard), should have provided it a defense to a tort suit brought

by an Interstate employee who was injured on the job. The employee was

already receiving workers' compensation benefits. His lawsuit sought additional

damages based on common law claims that Interstate (and others) acted

intentionally as well as negligently, recklessly and carelessly.   Eventually,

                                                                         A-1614-19
                                      2
Interstate sued AmGuard for a defense. While Interstate's claim was pending,

the court dismissed the employee's underlying suit — which Interstate defended

with its own attorney — because he could not prove an intentional wrong to

surmount the Workers' Compensation Act's exclusivity provision, N.J.S.A.

34:15-8. Later, on cross-motions for summary judgment in the coverage action,

the trial court dismissed Interstate's complaint seeking defense costs and denied

Interstate's motion for a declaration of coverage. The court held that exclusions

in the employer's liability part of Interstate's policy barred its claim.

      On appeal, Interstate challenges the trial court's interpretation of the

policy. Interstate also argues that, to the extent the policy does bar recovery, it

is void because it limits the scope of statutorily mandated coverage. Interpreting

the employer's liability policy anew, we conclude it excludes coverage for

Interstate's defense costs.    However, AmGuard concedes that the workers'

compensation portion of its policy afforded coverage of defense costs of

negligence-based claims.      Therefore, we reverse in part and remand for a

determination whether, and to what extent, Interstate may recover costs

associated with defending the negligence-based claims.

                                                                             A-1614-19
                                         3
                                        I.

      The facts are largely undisputed. Interstate employee Olvin Rodriguez-

Ortiz fell off a warehouse racking system that he was dismantling and suffered

serious injuries. He was not wearing a harness or other safety equipment. At

the time, AmGuard insured Interstate under a Workers' Compensation and

Employer's Liability Policy.    Rodriguez-Ortiz filed a petition for workers'

compensation benefits, on which AmGuard has paid in excess of $1 million.

      Almost a year after the accident, Rodriguez-Ortiz also sued Interstate in

Superior Court, seeking compensatory and punitive damages arising out of the

same injuries. Rodriguez-Ortiz also sued numerous mainly fictitiously-named

business entities and individuals who were somehow connected to the accident

or the property and equipment involved. The prolix complaint, as later amended,

alleged: Interstate and others failed to warn Rodriguez-Ortiz, to provide him

needed safety equipment, or to take other measures to assure his safety; they

created or permitted a "known dangerous hazard . . . which presented an

unreasonable risk of harm"; their "negligence, recklessness and carelessness"

caused Rodriguez-Ortiz's fall; and they were "strictly liable in tort." Rodriguez-

Ortiz also alleged that Interstate's conduct "was especially egregious, wanton

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                                        4
and/or intentional and amounted to conduct of a character so reprehensible as to

warrant the award of punitive damages."

      Interstate's attorney forwarded the summons and complaint to Interstate's

commercial general liability insurer, Essex Insurance Company (Essex), and

demanded a defense and indemnification up to the policy's limit, if necessary.

Separately, Interstate's owner sent a similar demand to Interstate's insurance

producer, who evidently procured both the Essex and AmGuard policies.

Shortly after Interstate filed its answer, Rodriguez-Ortiz's attorney delivered a

copy of the complaint to AmGuard. Interstate's attorney also communicated

with AmGuard about the suit.      But the record includes no express written

demand for a defense like the one sent to Essex.

      Three years into the employee's pending tort action, Interstate sued

AmGuard for its defense costs, an assumption of the defense, and a declaratory

judgment of coverage under the employer's liability portion of its policy.

Interstate contended it was entitled to a defense from AmGuard because

Rodriguez-Ortiz alleged that Interstate acted intentionally.     The "verified"

complaint stated that Interstate demanded a defense "by notification through its

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                                       5
insurance agent."1 In addition to its breach of contract claim, Interstate asserted

a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, a breach of the duty of

care, fraud, wrongful denial of insurance coverage, and violation of the

Consumer Fraud Act, N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 to -224. Interstate also sought attorney's

fees and punitive damages.

       In its answer, AmGuard asserted that its policy excluded coverage of

Rodriguez-Ortiz's intentional tort claim because it excluded claims for

intentional wrongs and actions that the insured knows are "substantially certain"

to cause death or injury; and the policy excluded a duty to defend uncovered

claims. Interstate's coverage action was consolidated with Rodriguez-Ortiz's

tort suit.

       After discovery in the tort suit, Interstate succeeded in having the

complaint dismissed on summary judgment. The court, citing Millison v. E.I.

du Pont de Nemours & Co., 101 N.J. 161 (1985) and Laidlow v. Hariton

Machinery Co., 170 N.J. 602 (2002), held that Rodriguez-Ortiz could not satisfy

1
   We say "verified" in quotes because Interstate's president, Miguel Suarez
Hernandez, certified only that the statements in the complaint were "true to the
best of [his] knowledge and information," which is not a proper verification.
See Jacobs v. Walt Disney World, Co., 309 N.J. Super. 443, 454 (App. Div.
1998) (stating that factual assertions based merely upon information and belief
are inadequate under Rule 1:6-6).
                                                                             A-1614-19
                                        6
the "intentional wrong" exception to the Workers' Compensation Act's

exclusivity provision, N.J.S.A. 34:15-8.2 The court concluded that Rodriguez-

Ortiz failed to prove that Interstate knew its actions were substantially certain

to cause Rodriguez-Ortiz's injury, and failed to prove that Rodriguez-Ortiz's

injury was more than what may "commonly arise within an industrial life."

       And, a few months later, on cross-motions for summary judgment in the

coverage action, the court held that the AmGuard employer's liability policy

excluded coverage for Interstate's defense costs.      The court noted that the

employer's liability policy excluded coverage for claims that the workers'

compensation part of the policy covered. And the employer's liability policy

also excluded coverage for intentional wrongs, including those that would

satisfy the "substantially certain" test in Millison and Laidlow. Because the

2
    The Court in Laidlow, 170 N.J. at 617, summarized the test this way:

             [U]nder Millison, in order for an employer's act to lose
             the cloak of immunity of N.J.S.A. 34:15-8, two
             conditions must be satisfied: (1) the employer must
             know that his actions are substantially certain to result
             in injury or death to the employee, and (2) the resulting
             injury and the circumstances of its infliction on the
             worker must be (a) more than a fact of life of industrial
             employment and (b) plainly beyond anything the
             Legislature intended the Workers' Compensation Act
             to immunize.
                                                                           A-1614-19
                                        7
policy denied a duty to defend uncovered claims, Interstate was not entitled to

its defense costs.

      Interstate serves up a dozen points on appeal. Reduced to their essence,

Interstate presents three main arguments: (1) AmGuard was required to defend

because Rodriguez-Ortiz grounded claims in negligence, and the AmGuard

employer's liability policy did not exclude negligence claims; (2) the exclusion

of intentional wrongs, including actions substantially certain to cause injury,

was void because it limited coverage Interstate was compelled to obtain; and (3)

AmGuard was estopped from denying coverage.

                                       II.

      As the record discloses no genuine issue of material fact, Interstate's

appeal turns on purely legal issues that we review de novo: does the AmGuard

policy exclude coverage; does the compulsory insurance law override its terms;

and was AmGuard estopped from denying coverage. See Abboud v. Nat'l Union

Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 450 N.J. Super. 400, 406 (App. Div. 2017)

(stating that interpreting an insurance policy is a legal question that we review

de novo); Pickett ex rel. Est. of Pickett v. Moore's Lounge, 464 N.J. Super. 549,

555 (App. Div. 2020) (stating that resolution of insurance policy interpretation

                                                                           A-1614-19
                                       8
issue will determine whether insurer was entitled to summary judgment where

"the record discloses no genuine issue of material fact").

                                         A.

      Turning first to the AmGuard policy, we are "guided by general principles:

'coverage provisions are to be read broadly, exclusions are to be read narrowly,

potential ambiguities must be resolved in favor of the insured, and the policy is

to be read in a manner that fulfills the insured's reasonable expectations.'" Sosa

v. Mass. Bay Ins. Co., 458 N.J. Super. 639, 646 (App. Div. 2019) (quoting

Selective Ins. Co. of Am. v. Hudson E. Pain Mgmt. Osteopathic Med., 210 N.J.

597, 605 (2012)). We apply the policy language's "plain, ordinary meaning."

Zacarias v. Allstate Ins. Co., 168 N.J. 590, 595 (2001). We liberally construe

the policy in the insured's favor "to the end that coverage is afforded 'to the full

extent that any fair interpretation will allow.'" Progressive Cas. Ins. Co. v.

Hurley, 166 N.J. 260, 273 (2001) (quoting Kievit v. Loyal Protective Life Ins.

Co., 34 N.J. 475, 482 (1961)). "In determining whether there is ambiguity, we

consider whether an average policyholder could reasonably understand the

scope of coverage, and whether better drafting could put the issue beyond

debate." Sosa, 458 N.J. Super. at 646.

                                                                              A-1614-19
                                         9
      We must examine the scope of the policy's coverage because "the duty to

defend comes into being when the complaint states a claim constituting a risk

insured against." Danek v. Hommer, 28 N.J. Super. 68, 77 (App. Div. 1953),

aff'd o.b., 15 N.J. 573 (1954). The duty exists even if "the cause of action . . .

cannot be maintained against the insured either in law or in fact — in other

words, because the cause is groundless, false or fraudulent." Ibid.; see also

Abouzaid v. Mansard Gardens Assocs., 207 N.J. 67, 79 (2011). "The complaint

should be laid alongside the policy and a determination made as to whether, if

the allegations are sustained, the insurer will be required to pay the resulting

judgment" with doubts resolved in the insured's favor. Abouzaid, 207 N.J. at

79-80 (quoting Danek, 28 N.J. Super. at 77).

      In Danek, an injured employee's husband brought a per quod action

against his wife's employer. Whether the Workers' Compensation Act excluded

the claim was an open issue until the Supreme Court declared it was excluded

in that very litigation.   See Danek v. Hommer, 9 N.J. 56 (1952).          In the

subsequent suit over defense costs, the court held that the employer was entitled

to recover because, when the husband filed his suit, Hommer had a plausible

claim for coverage. Danek, 28 N.J. Super. at 80. The court held that the insurer

could not "escape defending such an action because, as the Supreme Court later

                                                                            A-1614-19
                                       10
decided, there was no legal liability on the part of the employer to pay the

claim." Id. at 78.

      To perform the exercise of laying Rodriguez-Ortiz's complaint alongside

the policy, we must be mindful that the AmGuard policy actually combines two

policies of insurance:    workers' compensation in part one, and employer's

liability in part two. The workers' compensation insurance "applies to bodily

injury by accident or . . . by disease." AmGuard promises to "pay promptly

when due the benefits required . . . by the workers compensation law." AmGuard

also assumes "the right and duty to defend" at its expense "any claim, proceeding

or suit against [Interstate] for benefits payable by this insurance," and di savows

any "duty to defend a claim, proceeding or suit that is not covered by [the

workers' compensation] insurance."

      Like part one, the employer's liability insurance also "applies to bodily

injury by accident or . . . disease." AmGuard promises to "pay all sums that

[Interstate] legally must pay as damages because of bodily injury to your

employees, provided the bodily injury is covered" by the employer's liability

insurance. The policy then identifies four forms of damages that this promise

"include[s]": (1) damages owed third parties who suffered a loss as a result of

the employee's injury; (2) costs of care and loss of services; (3) damages for

                                                                             A-1614-19
                                       11
consequential bodily injury to identified family members of the injured

employee; and (4) damages for bodily injury the employee claims against

Interstate in a non-employer capacity. 3

      Two exclusions warrant our scrutiny to determine if Interstate was entitled

to a defense under the employer's liability policy. Under the heading "C.

Exclusions," the policy excludes the duty to pay: "4. Any obligation imposed

by a workers compensation, occupational disease, unemployment compensation,

or disability benefits law, or any similar law" and "5. Bodily injury intentionally

caused or aggravated by you."4 An endorsement amplifies the "intentional

injury" exclusion, stating:

3
  We reject AmGuard's contention this is an exclusive list. Although "include"
could mean "the thing which is stated is the only thing intended," it may also
mean "the thing which is stated constitutes only one of the things intended," and
the word "include" "[o]rdinarily . . . is a word of enlargement and not of
limitation." See Cuna v. Bd. of Fire Comm'rs, 42 N.J. 292, 304 (1964). That is,
"include" or "includes" "conveys the conclusion that there are other items
includable, though not specifically enumerated." Zorba Contractors, Inc. v.
Hous. Auth. of Newark, 282 N.J. Super. 430, 434 (App. Div. 1995). In any
event, we would resolve any ambiguity on that score against the insurer. Sosa,
458 N.J. Super. at 651.
4
   The policy also excludes: "2. Punitive or exemplary damages because of
bodily injury to an employee employed in violation of law" and "3. Bodily injury
to an employee while employed in violation of law with your actual knowledge
or the actual knowledge of any of your executive officers." We reject
AmGuard's argument that because Rodriguez-Ortiz, an immigrant, lacked

                                                                             A-1614-19
                                       12
                   With respect to Exclusion C5, this insurance does
            not cover any and all intentional wrongs within the
            exception allowed by N.J.S.A. 34:15-8 including but
            not limited to, bodily injury caused or aggravated by an
            intentional wrong committed by you or your
            employees, or bodily injury resulting from an act or
            omission by you or your employees, which is
            substantially certain to result in injury.

      The duty to defend extends no farther than covered claims and suits. The

policy states: "We have no duty to defend a claim, proceeding or suit that is not

covered by this insurance. We have no duty to defend or continue defending

after we have paid our applicable limit of liability under this insurance."

                                        B.

      We conclude that even if Rodriguez-Ortiz succeeded in his various claims

of Interstate's negligence — whether denominated careless, reckless, or

violations of duty of care — Interstate would not be entitled to indemnification

under the employer's liability portion of its policy.        That is so because

Rodriguez-Ortiz's remedy for such claims rests exclusively within the workers'

compensation system.

authorization to work, AmGuard could avoid liability on the "violation of law"
ground. See Fernandez-Lopez v. Jose Cervino, Inc., 288 N.J. Super. 14, 21
(App. Div. 1996) (stating that "[u]nless and until the Legislature expressly
excludes undocumented aliens from workers' compensation benefits, the
compassionate public policy which animates this social legislation favors
inclusion of all injured workers not specifically excluded by the Legislature") .
                                                                              A-1614-19
                                       13
      It is undisputed that Rodriguez-Ortiz did not opt out of workers'

compensation. See N.J.S.A. 34:15-9; Peck v. Newark Morning Ledger Co., 344

N.J. Super. 169, 176 (App. Div. 2001) ("There is a presumption that employers

and employees accept the provisions of Article II of the [Workers'

Compensation] Act . . . unless there is an express written election not to be

bound by the article."). In return for the certainty of compensation within the

Workers' Compensation system for workplace injury "without regard to the

negligence of the employer," N.J.S.A. 34:15-7, the Act provides that an injured

employee may not sue his or her employer when the employer's negligence is

responsible for the injury, see N.J.S.A. 34:15-8 (stating "[s]uch agreement shall

be a surrender . . . of . . . rights to any other method, form or amount of

compensation or determination thereof than as provided in this article"). As we

noted in Estate of D'Avila v. Hugo Neu Schnitzer East, 442 N.J. Super. 80, 99

(App. Div. 2015), "N.J.S.A. 34:15-8 directs that an employer may not be sued

by an employee . . . for negligence that caused injury or death to the employee."

In short, "workers' compensation is the exclusive remedy, absent proof of an

intentional wrong." Ibid.

      Thus, Rodriguez-Ortiz's negligence-based claims were, in the words of

Exclusion C4, "obligation[s] imposed by a workers compensation . . . law."

                                                                           A-1614-19
                                      14
Those claims — even if proved — fell outside the employer's liability coverage.

And, because the employer's liability policy stated AmGuard had "no duty to

defend a claim, proceeding or suit that is not covered by this insurance," the

employer's liability policy imposed on AmGuard no "duty to defend" Rodriguez-

Ortiz's negligence-based claims.

      However, that does not end the matter of a defense of the negligence-

based claims. AmGuard concedes that Interstate was entitled to a defense of

those claims under the workers' compensation part of the policy. While its

employer's liability policy "expressly excludes . . . claims compensable through

workers' compensation" (e.g., the negligence claims in Rodriguez-Ortiz's

complaint), AmGuard acknowledges that "[c]overage and a defense for such

claims is afforded in Part One of the Policy concerning claims cognizable within

the workers' compensation framework."

      That is so because Rodriguez-Ortiz's negligence-based claims were for

"bodily injury by accident," to which the workers' compensation insurance

applied; and the policy imposed upon AmGuard a "duty to defend . . . any claim,

proceeding or suit against [Interstate] for benefits payable by this [workers'

compensation] insurance"; and its duty to defend only excluded "a claim,

proceeding or suit that is not covered by this [workers' compensation]

                                                                          A-1614-19
                                      15
insurance." In other words, AmGuard does not dispute that if an employee

brings a negligence-based claim in Superior Court — whether it is instead of, or

in addition to, filing a petition in the Workers' Compensation Division — the

workers' compensation policy covers the cost of defending and, presumably,

securing the lawsuit's dismissal and transfer to the Workers' Compensation

Division. See N.J.S.A. 34:15-49(a) ("The Division of Workers' Compensation

shall have the exclusive original jurisdiction of all claims for workers'

compensation benefits . . . .").

      The workers' compensation coverage creates a duty to provide a defense

to the negligence-based claims, notwithstanding that the policy excluded a duty

to defend intentional-tort claims. "When multiple alternative causes of action

are stated, the duty to defend will continue until every covered claim is

eliminated." Voorhees v. Preferred Mut. Ins. Co., 128 N.J. 165, 174 (1992).

However, an insurer is obligated "to pay only those defense costs reasonably

associated with claims covered under the policy."      SL Indus., Inc. v. Am.

Motorists Ins. Co., 128 N.J. 188, 215 (1992).

                                                                          A-1614-19
                                      16
      Therefore, we reverse in part and remand for the court to determine

whether, and to what extent, Interstate may be entitled to reimbursement of its

costs associated with defending Rodriguez-Ortiz's negligence-based claims.5

                                        C.

      We turn next to the employer's liability policy's exclusion of intentional

wrongs, including acts "substantially certain to result in injury." Interstate does

not seriously contest that the policy's plain language would defeat its claim for

the costs of defending Rodriguez-Ortiz's claims of intentional tort. Rather,

Interstate contends that enforcing the provision violates public policy.

      The employer's liability endorsement clearly intends to make the policy's

exclusion co-extensive with bodily injury claims that satisfy the "intentional

wrong" exception to the Workers' Compensation Act's exclusivity provision. 6

5
   We leave it to the trial court to determine the viability of other defenses
AmGuard may have to a claim for these costs, such as AmGuard's affirmative
defense that Interstate breached its obligation under part four of the policy to
provide AmGuard prompt notice of Rodriguez-Ortiz's lawsuit, and to not
voluntarily assume expenses except at its own cost. We acknowledge that
AmGuard adverted to this provision in its brief before us, but it did so only in a
footnote. For that reason, we are not obliged to decide it. Almog v. Isr. Travel
Advisory Serv., Inc., 298 N.J. Super. 145, 155 (App. Div. 1997).
6
  The policy provision is an apparent response to our decisions in New Jersey
Manufacturers Insurance Co. v. Delta Plastics Corp., 380 N.J. Super. 532, 539
(App. Div. 2005), aff'd, 188 N.J. 582 (2006), and Charles Beseler Co. v.

                                                                             A-1614-19
                                       17
The Court in Millison held that "the intentional wrongs of an employer . . . fall

outside of the boundaries of the Compensation Act," although N.J.S.A. 34:15-8

expressly refers only to intentional wrongs of co-employees. Millison, 101 N.J.

at 185.   And to establish the requisite intentional wrong to surmount the

exclusivity bar, a plaintiff must show two things: first, the employer knew its

"actions [were] substantially certain to result in injury or death to the employee,"

and second, "the resulting injury and the circumstances of its infliction on the

worker must be (a) more than a fact of life of industrial employment and (b)

plainly beyond anything the Legislature intended the Workers' Compensation

Act to immunize." Laidlow, 170 N.J. at 617.

      With that as a backdrop, the policy endorsement excludes coverage of

"any and all intentional wrongs within the exception allowed by N.J.S.A. 34:15-

8." The endorsement specifies that the exclusion "includ[es] but [is] not limited

to, bodily injury caused or aggravated by an intentional wrong committed by

you or your employees or bodily injury resulting from an act or omission by you

or your employees, which is substantially certain to result in injury."

O'Gorman & Young, Inc., 380 N.J. Super. 193, 198 (App. Div. 2005), aff'd, 188
N.J. 542 (2006), that exclusions of claims "intentionally caused or aggravated
by [the insured]" did not encompass all intentional wrongs that lie outside the
exclusivity provision.
                                                                              A-1614-19
                                        18
      The exclusion clearly covers Rodriguez-Ortiz's intentional tort claims.

And, "indulgently interpreted," see Green v. Morgan Props., 215 N.J. 431, 456

(2013), the complaint also encompassed claims that Interstate engaged in acts

"substantially certain to result in injury."    Although the complaint did not

include the "substantially certain" magic words, it alleged that Interstate created

or permitted "a known dangerous hazard . . . which presented an unreasonable

risk of harm." In discovery, Rodriguez-Ortiz's counsel attempted (but failed) to

elicit evidence to satisfy the "substantially certain" requirement.

      Therefore, upon placing Rodriguez-Ortiz's complaint alongside the

policy, we conclude that AmGuard had no duty to defend the complaint's

intentional tort claims, because the employer's liability policy excludes from the

duty to defend any claims that are not covered by the insurance.

      Interstate contends that enforcing the exclusion violates public policy,

because it restricts coverage that Interstate was mandated to obtain. But the

compulsory insurance Interstate invokes assures employees' recoveries against

their employers, not employers' recoveries against their insurers. Therefore, we

are unconvinced that the employer's liability policy's duty-to-defend exclusion

is void as against public policy.

                                                                             A-1614-19
                                       19
      Soon after the Workers' Compensation Act was in place, there were calls

to implement "a system of compulsory insurance" to assure that workers

received compensation if their employers became insolvent, and to assure that

employers could manage the risk of payouts to employees. The commission that

recommended adoption of New Jersey's workers' compensation system and then

monitored its implementation concluded "the law was gravely defective in that

the injured person or his dependents had no assurance of payment in the event

of the insolvency of the employer." Report of the Employers' Liability Comm'n

For the Year 1914 at 6 (1915). The commission stated:

            As this serious defect can only be remedied by a system
            of compulsory insurance, we now recommend the
            passage of a compulsory insurance act, for the
            protection of the employer from financial disaster and
            the assurance to those persons entitled to compensation,
            of the payments provided by law. In recommending
            this, we have in mind the fact that it is quite as
            necessary for the protection of the employer as for the
            employee, as otherwise he may be forced out of
            business and into bankruptcy owing to his failure to
            voluntarily cover his liability by insurance.

            [Ibid.]

      The Legislature first passed a law requiring insurance to cover liability

under the workers' compensation system, see L. 1917, c. 178, and then passed a

law requiring that employers insure themselves against liability to employees

                                                                         A-1614-19
                                      20
who are covered under section I of the Act, N.J.S.A. 34:15-1 to -6, see L. 1917,

c. 262.7 Our modern law continues to require employers to make "sufficient

provision for the complete payment of any obligation which he [or she] may

incur to an injured employee, or his [or her] dependents under the provisions of

said article 2 [the workers' compensation system]."            N.J.S.A. 34:15-71

(emphasis added).8 They may do so by self-insuring if they have the financial

capacity, N.J.S.A. 34:15-77, or by obtaining insurance, N.J.S.A. 34:15-78.

Likewise, employers are required to "make sufficient provision for the complete

payment of any obligation which [the employer] may incur to an injured

employee or his [or her] administrators or next of kin under said article 1 of this

chapter [N.J.S.A. 34:15-1 to -6, the tort system for those employees who opt out

of workers' compensation]." N.J.S.A. 34:15-72 (emphasis added). Nothing

requires employers to make "provision" for their defense costs.

7
  Section I has been called "the employers' liability section of the statute," which
governs employees who opt out of the workers' compensation system, and which
covers "liability [that] is made to depend not upon any implied contract for
compensation, but upon the negligence of the employer, either at common law
or resulting from the requirements of the act itself." Taylor v. Seabrook, 87
N.J.L. 407, 408 (Sup. Ct. 1915).
8
  Although current law collects workers' compensation system provisions under
"article 2" and the non-elected common law system provisions under "article 1,"
the original workers' compensation statute placed them under "section 2" and
"section 1" and old cases use that nomenclature. See L. 1911, c. 95, §§ 1, 2.
                                                                              A-1614-19
                                        21
      We recognize that the Supreme Court has broadly read these compulsory

insurance provisions. In a case involving a claim for bodily injury arising out

of acts of sexual harassment, the Court held that "N.J.S.A. 34:15-72 required

[the employer] to obtain sufficient coverage for the payment of any obligation

it might incur on account of bodily injuries to an employee." Schmidt v. Smith,

155 N.J. 44, 51 (1998) (emphasis added). The Court held that the defendant-

employer — which obtained a combined workers' compensation and employer's

liability policy — contracted with its insurer "for the coverage of bodily injuries

falling both inside and outside of the workers' compensation structure." Ibid.

In particular, "[t]he employers liability section of the contract was to provide

compensation for bodily injuries to workers falling outside the workers'

compensation system." Id. at 51-52. That included, the Court said, "injuries

intentionally caused by fellow employees, for example." Id. at 52. In other

words, the coverage included claims placed outside the exclusivity provision by

N.J.S.A. 34:15-8.

      The Court explained that the Legislature required employers to obtain

insurance "to assure that this statutory remedy [of workers' compensation] given

in lieu of a common law remedy is not illusory." Id. at 49. The employer's

liability coverage "is intended to serve as a 'gap-filler' providing protection to

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the employer in those situations where the employee has a right to bring a tort

action despite provisions of the workers' compensation statute." Id. at 49-50

(quoting Producers Dairy Delivery Co. v. Sentry Ins. Co., 718 P.2d 920, 927

(Cal. 1986)).

      The Court also held that policies issued pursuant to the compulsory

insurance requirements could not undermine that goal: "In short, the terms of a

policy issued pursuant to N.J.S.A. 34:15-78 cannot conflict with the statutory

mandate that there be coverage provided for all occupational injuries." Id. at 49

(emphasis added).

      This broad view of the scope of mandated coverage may well override the

AmGuard exclusion of claims for intentional wrongs or actions substantially

certain to cause injury. But, we need not decide that question in this case.

Interstate does not seek indemnification for a liability or "obligation" it has

incurred to its "injured employee," N.J.S.A. 34:15-71.          Interstate seeks

indemnification for its own defense costs.      That lies outside the statutory

mandate and the public policy that motivated it. Therefore, there is no basis to

set aside the policy's exclusion of costs to defend Rodriguez-Ortiz's intentional

tort claims.

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                                       D.

      We next dispatch Interstate's argument that because AmGuard did not

respond to the civil suit, it should be estopped from denying coverage. The

governing principles are well-established.      "[W]here, after timely notice,

adequate opportunity to investigate a claim, and the knowledge of a basis for

denying or questioning insurance coverage, the insurance carrier fails for an

unreasonable time to inform the insured of a potential disclaimer, it is estopped

from later denying coverage under the insurance policy." Griggs v. Bertram, 88

N.J. 347, 363-64 (1982). And "[p]rejudice justifying an estoppel against the

insurer will be presumed where 'there has been a long lapse of time without any

indication by the insurance carrier of a loss or rejection of coverage, during

which the insured justifiably expects to be protected by the carrier .'" Reliance

Ins. Co. v. Armstrong World Indus., Inc., 292 N.J. Super. 365, 375-76 (App.

Div. 1996) (quoting Griggs, 88 N.J. at 362).

      However, AmGuard did not fail to respond to the suit "for an unreasonable

time," Griggs, 88 N.J. at 363, "during which [Interstate] justifiably expect[ed]

to be protected," id. at 362. First, the workers' compensation claim did not

necessarily put AmGuard "on notice of the potential for a common law claim

until the filing of the complaints." See N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co. v. Joseph Oat Corp.,

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287 N.J. Super. 190, 197-98 (App. Div. 1995), abrogated on other grounds

by Beseler, 188 N.J. at 548 n.2.     If Interstate expected to be protected by

AmGuard, it would have demanded a defense from AmGuard instead of Essex;

and it would not have filed an answer to Rodriguez-Ortiz's complaint even

before AmGuard received the complaint (from Rodriguez-Ortiz's attorney). An

insured is not entitled to recover expenses "prior to the insured's tendering the

defense to the insurer."    SL Indus., 128 N.J. at 200.      While mere notice

conceivably may imply a tender, the circumstances here imply the opposite: that

Interstate was not seeking AmGuard's defense.

                                       E.

      We briefly comment on Interstate's contention that denying it a defense

would frustrate its reasonable expectations. Interstate relies on the statement of

its co-owner, Miguel Suarez Hernandez, that his insurance producer told him

that Interstate "would be protected" "if an employee was hurt on one of the jobs

. . . [and] if the employee sued Interstate in the Workers Compensation Court or

in . . . Superior Court." That is not enough to overcome plain policy language.

      We reviewed the "reasonable expectations" doctrine in Abboud, where we

explained that an insured's "reasonable expectations" will override the plain

meaning of a policy only in "exceptional circumstances." 450 N.J. Super. at 408

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(quoting Doto v. Russo, 140 N.J. 544, 556 (1995)). "Courts may vindicate the

insured's reasonable expectations over the policy's literal meaning 'if the text

appears overly technical or contains hidden pitfalls, cannot be understood

without employing subtle or legalistic distinctions, is obscured by fine print, or

requires strenuous study to comprehend.'" Id. at 409 (quoting Zacarias, 168 N.J.

at 601). Also, the expectations must be "real" and "'objectively reasonable.'"

Id. at 410 (quoting Templo Fuente de Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of

Pittsburgh, Pa., 224 N.J. 189, 210 (2016)).

      Interstate has failed to demonstrate that AmGuard's policy is so obscure

that Suarez Hernandez's alleged expectation should triumph over the policy's

language. Furthermore, his general statement that his agent told him Interstate

"would be protected" falls short of establishing a real and reasonable expectation

that defense costs would be covered, no matter what. This is not a case where

"the scope of coverage is so narrow that it 'would largely nullify the insurance'

and defeat the purpose for which it was obtained." Id. at 410 (quoting Sparks v.

St. Paul Ins. Co., 100 N.J. 325, 337-39 (1985)).

      To the extent not addressed, plaintiff's remaining arguments lack

sufficient merit to warrant written discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1).

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      Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.   We do not retain

jurisdiction.

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