Court Opinion

ID: 4640485
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-08 17:00:42.190436+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:14.827698
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 NOVA OCULUS PARTNERS, LLC,
 f/k/a THE EYE MACHINE, LLC,

                Plaintiff,

          v.                                             Civil Action No. 20-cv-1174 (DLF)

 UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG
 ADMINISTRATION, et al.,

                Defendants.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Nova Oculus brings various claims against the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

after it denied Nova Oculus’s request for Breakthrough Device Designation. Before the Court

is the FDA’s Motion to Dismiss, Dkt 12. For the reasons that follow, the Court will grant the

motion.

I. BACKGROUND

       The Court takes the well-pleaded factual allegations in the Complaint, Dkt. 1, as true.

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

permits the FDA to grant expedited and prioritized review for certain “breakthrough” medical

devices. See 21 U.S.C. § 360e-3. The statute provides specific criteria that a device must

satisfy in order to receive breakthrough device designation. Id. § 360e-3(b). Nova Oculus first

applied for breakthrough status on January 25, 2019. Compl. ¶ 7, Dkt. 1. Its device was the

Nova Oculus III System, which was made to treat the symptoms of geographic atrophy, a “dry

age-related macular degeneration that is associated with central vision loss and gradual

progression without
regression.” Id. After requesting additional information from Nova Oculus, id. ¶ 8, the FDA’s

Center for Devices and Radiological Health denied the application and explained why Nova

Oculus’s device failed to meet the statutory criteria. Id. ¶ 10. On June 4, 2019, the agency

participated in a conference call with Nova Oculus to further discuss the denial. Id. ¶ 11. Nova

Oculus then submitted a “slightly revised” application. Id. ¶ 12. On October 4, 2019, the agency

again denied the application, explaining that Nova Oculus had not satisfied the statutory criteria.

Id. ¶ 13. The parties then held two more conference calls, during which the agency again

reiterated that Nova Oculus had not met the statutory criteria and recommended that Nova

Oculus pursue a different program, the Early Feasibility Study process. Id. ¶ 14.

       The FDA submitted a letter explaining the denial to Nova Oculus. See Mot. to Dismiss

Ex. F, Dkt. 12-7 (sealed) (“Denial Letter”).1 The letter contained detailed scientific analyses

explaining why Nova Oculus’s submission did not satisfy the statutory criteria. Id. The FDA

concluded that

1 Although the Court cannot consider materials outside of the pleadings when deciding a motion
to dismiss, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d), a “district court may consider a document that a complaint
specifically references without converting the motion into one for summary judgment.”
Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 798 F.3d 1119, 1133 (D.C. Cir. 2015); see, e.g., Scott v.
Dist. Hosp. Partners, L.P., 60 F. Supp. 3d 156, 161 (D.D.C. 2014), aff’d, 715 F. App’x 6 (D.C.
Cir. 2018). In particular, documents “which [a]re appended to [a] motion to dismiss and whose
authenticity is not disputed” can be considered at this stage if “they are referred to in the
complaint and are integral” to the plaintiff’s claims. Kaempe v. Myers, 367 F.3d 958, 965 (D.C.
Cir. 2004). Here, while Nova Oculus specifically referenced the FDA’s denial in its complaint,
see Compl. ¶¶ 10, 13, it did not append the denial letter to its complaint. But because the denial
is integral to Nova Oculus’s claims that the denial violated the APA and the Constitution, and
there is no dispute that the denial is authentic, see generally Pl.’s Resp., Dkt. 11, it is properly
considered as part of the pleadings at this stage. See, e.g., Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters v. Atlas Air,
Inc., 435 F. Supp. 3d 128, 135 (D.D.C. 2020); Ward v. D.C. Dep’t of Youth Rehab. Servs., 768 F.
Supp. 2d 117, 119 (D.D.C. 2011).

                                                 2
                                              Id.; Mot. to Dismiss at 7 n.4 (sealed).

                                                                       See Denial Letter at 2.

                                            . Id. Further, the FDA noted several issues with the

scientific literature that Nova Oculus cited. Id.

                                                        The letter

                                                                           Id. at 4; Mot. to Dismiss

at 2. And it concluded by informing Nova Oculus of its right to seek supervisory review of the

FDA’s denial decision, which Nova Oculus did not pursue. Denial Letter at 4; Mot. to Dismiss

at 2; see generally Compl.

       In a separate legal action, Nova Oculus sued the FDA under the Freedom of Information

Act (FOIA). See Nova Oculus Partners, LLC f/k/a The Eye Machine, LLC, et al. v. FDA, No.

19-cv-2950 (D.D.C. October 1, 2019). In the course of that litigation, the FDA released an

instant message chain between two Center for Devices and Radiological Health employees.

Compl. ¶ 17. In that chain, one employee mentioned that a different employee in the agency

thought they “should grant [Nova Oculus’s application] at this point . . . as long as they fix their

IFU regarding the intended population.” Id. The employee later sent the other employee a link

to an SEC press release announcing an enforcement action against Nova Oculus and asks: “did

you read this?”; the other responds: “yes, i read this, leonid has lot of stories about it.” Id. ¶ 18.

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They continued: “oh” “so this is same company?”; “it seems that way. may i call you in a few

mins, after i finish with gene?” Id. Nova Oculus does not allege that the employees discussed

the SEC matter further in the instant message chain or that anyone else specifically mentioned it

elsewhere. Id.; see generally Compl.

       Nova Oculus now argues that, based on this instant message exchange, the FDA violated

several provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act in denying its breakthrough application.

It also argues that the FDA violated its constitutional right to procedural due process by not

providing Nova Oculus a hearing, although it has not alleged that it requested one.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

       Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a defendant to move to

dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R.

Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must contain factual matter

sufficient to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A facially plausible claim is one that “allows the court to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

678. This standard does not amount to a specific probability requirement, but it does require

“more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.; see also Twombly,

550 U.S. at 557 (“Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.”). A complaint need not contain “detailed factual allegations,” but alleging

facts that are “merely consistent with a defendant’s liability . . . stops short of the line between

possibility and plausibility.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Well-pleaded factual allegations are “entitled to [an] assumption of truth,” id. at 679, and

the Court construes the complaint “in favor of the plaintiff, who must be granted the benefit of

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all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged,” Hettinga v. United States, 677 F.3d

471, 476 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). The assumption of truth does not

apply, however, to a “legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678

(internal quotation marks omitted). An “unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me

accusation” is not credited; likewise, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. Ultimately, “[d]etermining

whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] a context-specific task that requires the

reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679.

       When deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court may consider only the complaint itself,

documents attached to the complaint, documents incorporated by reference in the complaint, and

judic ially noticeable materials. EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624

(D.C. Cir. 1997). A Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal “is a resolution on the merits and is ordinarily

prejudicial.” Okusami v. Psychiatric Inst. of Wash., Inc., 959 F.2d 1062, 1066 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

III. ANALYSIS

       Nova Oculus brings five claims: count I: arbitrary and capricious agency action in

violation of the APA; count II: agency action in excess of statutory authority in violation of the

APA; count III: nonstatutory review of ultra vires agency action; count IV: agency action

without observance of procedure required by law in violation of the APA; and count V: agency

action contrary to a constitutional right in violation of the APA. See 5 U.S. Code § 706(2).

       As an initial matter, nonstatutory review of an ultra vires agency action (count III) is

applicable “if a plaintiff is unable to bring his case predicated on either a specific or a general

statutory review provision . . . .” Chamber of Commerce of U.S. v. Reich, 74 F.3d 1322, 1327

(D.C. Cir. 1996) (emphasis added); see also Adamski v. McHugh, 304 F. Supp. 3d 227, 236–37

                                                  5
(D.D.C. 2015). Here, Nova Oculus is able and indeed does bring its case based on specific

review provisions of the APA. See generally Compl. Thus, the doctrine of nonstatutory review

is inapposite. In any case, Nova Oculus has not pleaded sufficient facts to state a case on

nonstatutory review or its four other APA claims.

       On counts II, III, and IV, Nova Oculus relies on largely the same allegations for each of

the claims. First, Nova Oculus asserts that the “FDA was required under 21 U.S.C. § 360e-3 to

determine whether Plaintiff satisfied the statutory criteria for Breakthrough Device Designation.

That criteria is clearly established in the statute.” Compl. ¶ 32 (agency action in excess of

statutory authority), ¶ 41 (nonstatutory review), ¶ 48 (agency action without observance of

procedure required by law). Second, Nova Oculus alleges that the “FDA issued its denial of

Plaintiff’s application after explicitly considering as part of its analysis SEC allegations against

Plaintiff, which certainly were not part of the statutory criteria for Breakthrough Device

Designation.” Id. ¶ 33 (agency action in excess of statutory authority), ¶ 42 (nonstatutory

review), ¶ 49 (agency action without observance of procedure required by law). And third, Nova

Oculus claims that the FDA’s decision was “based on a pre-determination by FDA.” Id. ¶ 34

(agency action in excess of statutory authority), ¶ 43 (nonstatutory review), ¶ 50 (agency action

without observance of procedure required by law). These allegations are not sufficient to state a

claim that the FDA violated the APA or otherwise acted outside of its lawful authority.

       The statute that governs the FDA grants the agency the authority to administer the

breakthrough program and sets forth the statutory criteria for administering the program. See 21

U.S.C. § 360e-3. It states that: “[t]he Secretary shall establish a program to expedite the

development of, and provide for the priority review for, devices, as determined by the

Secretary—(1) that provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or

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irreversibly debilitating human disease or conditions; and (2)(A) that represent breakthrough

technologies; (B) for which no approved or cleared alternatives exist; (C) that offer significant

advantages over existing approved or cleared alternatives, . . . or (D) the availability of which is

in the best interest of patients.” Id. § 360e-3(b).

       Nova Oculus asserts that the FDA violated this statutory directive, and more generally

acted outside of its lawful authority, because two Center for Devices and Radiological Health

employees exchanged an instant message indicating they were aware of an SEC enforcement

action against Nova Oculus. See Compl. ¶ 49. However, Nova Oculus does not allege facts

indicating that the ultimate decisionmakers (or any agency employee) improperly relied on the

SEC enforcement action in denying Nova Oculus’s breakthrough application—only that some

employees were aware that it existed. See id. ¶ 18.

       Further, Nova Oculus does not attempt to address the FDA’s asserted bases for denying

its breakthrough request. The denial letter included an extensive substantive explanation for the

denial, noting the problems with Nova Oculus’s evidence and explaining why its application did

not satisfy the statutory criteria. See generally Denial Letter. Yet Nova Oculus’s complaint

includes no factual allegations that support an inference that the FDA’s extensive reasoning in

the denial letter was somehow implausible or incorrect. See generally Compl.

       Nova Oculus instead relies on Connecticut v. Dep’t of Interior, 363 F. Supp. 3d 45, 64

(D.D.C. 2019), for the proposition that it need not rebut the reasoning the FDA provided in its

Denial Letter and that it plausibly alleged that the FDA’s reasoning was pretextual. See Pl.’s

Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss at 2, Dkt. 11. However, that case does not provide support for those

propositions. In Connecticut, the Court found that the plaintiffs had plausibly alleged improper

influence over an agency decision in part because the “allegation that the Secretary suddenly

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reversed course creates the plausible inference that political pressure may have caused the

agency to take action it was not otherwise planning to take.” 363 F. Supp. 3d at 64 (internal

quotation marks and alterations omitted). See also ATX, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 41 F.3d

1522, 1529 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (“If the decision maker were suddenly to reverse course or reach a

weakly-supported determination … we might infer that pressure did influence the final

decision.”). There was no such reversal in this case. Indeed, the FDA was consistent throughout

its denial letters and other communications with Nova Oculus. See Compl. ¶¶ 10–14. The

Connecticut Court further based its decision on the “vague, cursory reasoning provided in the

Secretary’s return letter—the only decision-related record before the Court” which provided “the

Court with no basis . . . to conclude that the decision to neither approve or deny Plaintiffs’

proposed procedure amendments was based on appropriate considerations.” 363 F. Supp. 3d at

65 (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, by contrast, the FDA’s explanation was neither

cursory nor vague. It was specific, substantive, and centered around the criteria established by

the statute. See Denial Letter; supra at 2–3. In particular, the FDA’s

                                Id.

       Rather than explain why the stated reasons are pretextual, Nova Oculus speculates that

because at least two employees were aware of the SEC enforcement action, the agency must

have acted improperly. But Courts need not “accept inferences drawn by plaintiffs if such

inferences are unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint,” Trudeau v. Fed. Trade

Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted), and this theory,

                                                  8
without factual allegations to support it, is too speculative to state a claim. See Twombly, 550

U.S. at 555.

        So too, on count I, Nova Oculus fails to allege sufficient facts that the FDA engaged in

arbitrary and capricious agency action contrary to the APA. Nova Oculus states in conclusory

fashion that the FDA’s denial “(1) is not rationally connected to the evidence before FDA; (2) is

based upon a clear error of judgment; and (3) has not adequately taken into account evidence that

does not support” the denial. Compl. ¶ 22. But, as noted, Nova Oculus makes no attempt to

explain why the FDA’s reasoning was not rationally connected to the evidence Nova Oculus

provided. Nor does it suggest any other evidence that FDA should have taken into account.

Because “[the Court is] not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual

allegation,” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986), Nova Oculus has failed to allege that

the FDA acted arbitrarily and capriciously in violation of the APA.

        Finally, as to count V, Nova Oculus has not stated a claim that the FDA violated its

constitutional right to procedural due process. To evaluate a procedural due process claim, “[the

Court] must first ask whether the asserted individual interests are encompassed within the

Fourteenth Amendment's protection of life, liberty or property; if protected interests are

implicated.” Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 672 (1977) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“To have a property interest in a benefit, a person clearly must have more than an abstract need

or desire for it . . . . He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” Bd. of

Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972).

        Nova Oculus has failed to plead any facts indicating that it had a property interest in the

benefit of the FDA’s breakthrough program. Instead, Nova Oculus only alleges that it had a

property interest in its treatment system itself. See Compl. ¶ 57 (“Plaintiff’s ownership of the

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Nova Oculus III System is a property right protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.”). But there is no allegation that the FDA deprived Nova

Oculus of ownership of its own system—only that it denied the system breakthrough status. See

id. ¶¶ 29–38. And Nova Oculus does not otherwise allege that it held a property interest in the

FDA’s Breakthrough Device Designation. See id.

       In any case, Nova Oculus declined to pursue supervisory review of the FDA’s decision,

even when it was offered. See Ex. F at 4 (sealed) (

                                                                               ). Nor does it allege

that it ever requested a hearing from the FDA. See generally Compl. Because Nova Oculus has

not identified any process it was deprived of, it has failed to state a procedural due process claim.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Motion to Dismiss is granted. A separate order consistent

with this decision accompanies this memorandum opinion.

                                                              ________________________
                                                              DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH
                                                              United States District Judge
Date: November 18, 2020

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