Court Opinion

ID: 4035175
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-20 15:01:11.587536+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:45:13.814166
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 15-1967
                       ___________________________

Bayer CropScience, LLC; Bayer CropScience, Inc; Bayer AG; Bayer CropScience,
 NV; Bayer Aventis Cropscience USA Holding, Now known as Starlink Logistics,
Inc.; Bayer Corporation; Bayer CropScience Holding, SA; Bayer CropScience, SA;
  Eagle Lake Rice Dryer; Genetically Modified Rice Common Benefit Qualified
      Settlement Fund; Golf Rice Milling; Looper Reed & McGraw; Stoneville
  Pedigreed Seed Company; Texana Rice; Texana Rice Mill; Bayer CropScience,
            Inc; Bayer CropScience Holding, Inc; Bayer CropScience, AG

                            lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs

                                          v.

                      Stearns Bank National Association

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant

                      Amegy Bank National Association

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                     ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                 ____________

                           Submitted: March 15, 2016
                           Filed: September 20, 2016
                                ____________

Before WOLLMAN, BENTON, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________
SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

       Bayer CropScience (“Bayer”) brought this interpleader action to determine its
obligations with regards to a settlement reached with Texana Rice Mill and Texana
Rice, Inc. (collectively, “Texana”). That settlement came about as a result of lawsuits
that arose when Bayer introduced genetically modified rice into the United States
commercial long-grain rice supply. The parties in this appeal, Stearns Bank National
Association (“Stearns Bank”) and Amegy Bank National Association (“Amegy
Bank”) are both bank creditors of debtor Texana. Texana settled its commercial tort
claim against Bayer, and after disbursement of certain amounts, $933,697.90 remains.
Stearns Bank and Amegy Bank claim priority over those funds. The district court
found for Amegy Bank, and we reverse that decision and remand this matter to the
district court for further consideration.

                                           I.

       In November 2006, Texana sued Bayer in Texas state court for several claims
related to the contamination of the United States rice supply by Bayer’s genetically
modified rice.1 Among the damages claimed, Texana alleged the contaminated rice
damaged its property “including any uncontaminated rice it purchased, and its plant,
equipment, and improvements.” The state court action was eventually removed to
federal court and made part of an ongoing multi-district litigation. Texana and Bayer
reached a settlement for $2,137,500, and Bayer made payment into the custody of the
Clerk of Court for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.
After two uncontested disbursements, $933,697.90 remains.

     Texana owes separate debts to Stearns Bank and Amegy Bank which total an
amount in excess of the remaining settlement proceeds. Each bank argues that it has

      1
       As the parties concede, Texas law applies to this action.

                                          -2-
a superior priority interest in the proceeds. A timeline of events is helpful in
understanding the parties’ arguments.

      September 13, 2002 – Stearns Bank made a $2.65 million loan to Texana. This
loan was secured, in part, by a Commercial Security Agreement covering:

      All Fixtures
      All Chattel Paper, Equipment and General Intangibles (EXCLUDING
      INVENTORY AND ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE)
      [including] all the following, whether now owned or hereafter acquired,
      whether now existing or hereafter arising, and wherever located:
            (A) All accessions, attachments, accessories, tools, parts,
            supplies, replacements of and additions to any of the
            collateral described herein, whether added now or later.
            (B) All products and produce of any of the property
            described in this Collateral section.
            (C) All accounts, general intangibles, instruments, rents,
            monies, payments, and all other rights, arising out of a sale,
            lease, or other disposition of any of the property described
            in this Collateral section.
            (D) All proceeds (including insurance proceeds) from the
            sale, destruction, loss, or other disposition of any of the
            property described in this Collateral section, and sums due
            from a third party who has damaged or destroyed the
            Collateral or from that party’s insurer, whether due to
            judgment, settlement or other process.
            (E) All records and data relating to any of the property
            described in this Collateral section, whether in the form of
            a writing, photograph, microfilm, microfiche, or electronic
            media, together with all of Grantor’s right, title and interest
            in and to all computer software required to utilize, create,
            maintain, and process any such records or data on
            electronic media.

Stearns Bank perfected its security interest by filing a Uniform Commercial Code
(UCC) Financing Statement with the Texas Secretary of State.

                                        -3-
      February 1, 2006 – Amegy Bank loaned Texana $2 million. Texana defaulted
on the Amegy Bank loan in 2006.

      November 8, 2006 – Texana brought its state court action against Bayer for the
contamination of Texana’s inventory and property by the genetically modified rice.

        June 8, 2007 – Texana executed a written Forbearance Agreement with Amegy
Bank. Pursuant to this agreement, Amegy Bank agreed to forbear on certain of its
contractual and legal rights, and Texana in return gave Amegy Bank a security interest
in its Bayer suit, a commercial tort claim. Specifically, Texana conveyed to Amegy
Bank:

      All sums of money now due or to become due to [Texana] from any of
      the Defendants in the [Bayer] Lawsuits or any other third party in
      connection with the Claims and/or any other claim relating to the
      Contamination Issues . . . [a]ll sums of money paid by, or on behalf of,
      any of the Defendants in the [Bayer] Lawsuits or any other third party to
      [Texana] in connection with the Claims . . . [and] [a]ll other rights of
      [Texana] . . . under any settlement agreement entered into by [Texana]
      in connection with their assertion of any of the Claims and/or any other
      claim relating to the Contamination Issues . . . .

       June 13, 2007 – Amegy Bank perfected its security interest in the commercial
tort claim by filing a UCC Financing Statement of public record.

     January 21, 2010 – Final Summary Judgment was entered against Texana for
Texana’s default on the Stearns Bank loan.

      June 1, 2010 – Stearns Bank foreclosed on its Deed of Trust and security
agreement. It later purchased all of the existing collateral sold at the foreclosure sale.
As of January 20, 2014, $3,809,708.09 remained on the unpaid judgment against
Texana.

                                           -4-
      September 8, 2012 – Bayer and Texana reached a settlement agreement.

       October 5, 2012 – Stearns Bank applied for Writs of Garnishment in Texas state
court and served the Writs on Bayer.

       November 22, 2013 – Bayer filed this interpleader action in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri to allow any entities claiming an
interest in the settlement proceeds to assert their claims.

        In this interpleader action, Stearns Bank and Amegy Bank filed motions for
summary judgment. Stearns Bank argued its security interest had priority because it
filed a UCC financing statement covering Texana’s general intangibles before Amegy
Bank filed its UCC statement covering the Bayer suit. It also argued it was entitled
to the Settlement payment as proceeds from its original collateral, which includes
fixtures and equipment that was damaged by Bayer’s negligence. Amegy Bank
claimed in its summary judgment motion that Stearns Bank’s interest in general
intangibles could not cover the settlement in a subsequent commercial tort claim and
that Stearns Bank’s interest was discharged in the foreclosure. The district court
granted Amegy Bank’s motion and denied Stearns Bank’ s motion, entering judgment
for Amegy Bank, but the district court has stayed enforcement of its orders pending
this appeal.

                                         II.

       We review a district court’s decision on cross-motions for summary judgment
de novo. See J.E. Jones Constr. Co. v. Chubb & Sons, Inc., 486 F.3d 337, 340 (8th
Cir. 2007). “Summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the facts in the light
most favorable to the non-movant, there are no genuine issues of material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. “We also apply a de novo
standard of review to the questions of law raised by the parties, including the

                                         -5-
interpretation and application of the UCC.” Kunkel v. Sprague Nat’l Bank, 128 F.3d
636, 641 (8th Cir. 1997) (citing Affeldt v. Westbrooke Condo. Ass’n (In re Affeldt),
60 F.3d 1292, 1294 (8th Cir. 1995)).

                                            A.

       We begin our analysis where the district court concluded. The district court
determined when Stearns Bank foreclosed on the collateral after Texana’s default and
then purchased the existing collateral at auction that Stearns Bank’s security interest
was discharged. We conclude this was error. The district court relied on an incorrect
interpretation of Texas Business & Commerce Code Annotated (hereinafter “Texas
UCC”) § 9.617 to reach this decision. Texas UCC § 9.617(a) states “[a] secured
party’s disposition of collateral after default: (1) transfers to a transferee for value all
of the debtor’s rights in the collateral; (2) discharges the security interest under which
the disposition is made; and (3) discharges any subordinate security interest or other
subordinate lien.” Id. The district court read this language broadly to preclude
Stearns Bank from seeking proceeds of its original collateral. However, Stearns Bank,
as a secured creditor, had the cumulative right to foreclose on its collateral as well as
to enforce its security agreement as to the proceeds of its collateral. See Texas UCC
§ 9.601(c) (“The rights under Subsections (a) and (b) are cumulative and may be
exercised simultaneously.”). This holding is further supported by the language of the
security agreement, which clearly states that collateral includes “sums due from a third
party who has damaged or destroyed the Collateral or from that party’s insurer.” A
Tennessee bankruptcy court rejected a similar argument in In re Ferry Road
Properties, LLC, 11-52170, 2012 WL 3888201 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. Sept. 7, 2012).
The bankruptcy court held that a foreclosure purchase of real estate did not preclude
the creditor from asserting a lien interest in the debtor’s property damage lawsuit. Id.
at *5. Accordingly, Stearns Bank’s foreclosure did not discharge an otherwise valid
security interest in the proceeds of the collateral nor did it preclude Stearns Bank from
pursuing its rights to such proceeds. We reverse the district court on this point.

                                            -6-
                                           B.

       Stearns Bank argues that once the Bayer commercial tort claim was settled and
reduced to a contractual obligation to pay, it became a “payment intangible” under the
UCC and Texas law. See Texas UCC § 9.109 cmt. 15 (“[O]nce a claim arising in tort
has been settled and reduced to a contractual obligation to pay, the right to payment
becomes a payment intangible and ceases to be a claim arising in tort.”). A payment
intangible is a subset of a general intangible, “under which the account debtor’s
principal obligation is a monetary obligation.” See id. § 9.102(a)(62). Because
Stearns Bank’s original security agreement with Texana included general intangibles,
it argues that it has a superior claim to Amegy Bank. The district court explained in
the order on Stearns Bank’s Motion for Reconsideration, that Stearns Bank’s security
interest in the settlement proceeds from the Bayer Suit did not attach until the suit
settled in 2012. Thus, the court concluded that Amegy Bank, who had secured an
interest in the Bayer commercial tort claim, had the superior claim to the settlement
proceeds.

       We conclude that Stearns Bank has no interest in the proceeds of the Bayer Suit
as a general intangible due to the rule in Texas UCC § 9.108. Under Texas’s revised
UCC Article 9, creditors may take a security interest in commercial tort claims as
original collateral. See id. § 9.109(d)(12). A commercial tort claim is defined, in
relevant part, as “a claim arising in tort with respect to which . . . the claimant is an
organization.” See id. § 9.102(a)(13). Neither party disputes that the Bayer suit
constituted a commercial tort claim. Whereas most debtor property can be secured by
referencing its “type,” such as “general intangibles” or “fixtures,” see id. § 9.108(a)
(stating “a description of personal or real property is sufficient, whether or not it is
specific, if it reasonably identifies what is described”), the UCC imposes heightened
identification requirements to encumber commercial tort claims, see id. § 9.108(e) and
cmt. 5 (“Subsection (e) requires that a description by defined ‘type’ of collateral alone
of a commercial tort claim . . . is not sufficient.”). The UCC imposes this heightened

                                          -7-
description requirement “in order to prevent debtors from inadvertently encumbering”
commercial tort claims. See id. § 9.108 cmt. 5. Further, the UCC states “that when
an effective security agreement covering a commercial tort claim is entered into the
claim already will exist” as of the time of the effective date of the security agreement.
See id.; see also id. § 9.204 cmt. 4 (“In order for a security interest in a tort claim to
attach, the claim must be in existence when the security agreement is authenticated.”).

       Accordingly, we hold that the drafters of the UCC, in implementing the
heightened identification requirements of commercial tort claims including the
requirement that the commercial tort claim to be in existence at the time it is
encumbered, intended for the proceeds of a commercial tort claim to be excluded from
an after-acquired general intangible clause. See 4 James J. White, Robert S. Summers,
& Robert A. Hillman, Uniform Commercial Code § 31:5 (6th ed. 2015) (questioning
“if we recognize a proceeds claim arising from a security agreement that was signed
before the tort claim came into existence to be effective as to funds later paid to settle
the tort, have we not voided the rule in 9-108(e)(1)?”).

                                           C.

        This does not, however, end the analysis in this case. Stearns Bank also argues
it should still have priority as to the portion of the Settlement Payment that is proceeds
of its original collateral. See Texas UCC § 9.102 cmt. 5(g) (“A security interest in a
tort claim also may exist under this Article if the claim is proceeds of other
collateral.”). As did the district court, we agree with this argument.

       Proceeds include “to the extent of the value of collateral, claims arising out of
the loss, nonconformity, or interference with the use of, defects or infringement of
rights in, or damage to, the collateral.” See id. § 9.102(a)(65)(D) (emphasis added).
Stearns Bank claims that its interest attached to the right of recovery for damage to its
original collateral in October 2006.

                                           -8-
       Amegy Bank urges this court to follow the holding of In re Zych, wherein a
bankruptcy court held that “the heightened identification requirement applicable to
commercial tort claims survives disposition of the claim and extends to proceeds of
a commercial tort claim.” 379 B.R. 857, 861 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2007). The Zych court
ultimately held that the creditor could not claim a security interest in the proceeds of
the debtor’s commercial tort claim because the security agreement did not identify the
commercial tort claim by detailed type and because the commercial tort claim arose
after the effective date of the security agreement. Id. at 864. To the extent that Zych
applies generally to proceeds of a commercial tort claim, we agree. However, a
superior interest in proceeds of original collateral is not displaced simply because
damage to that collateral gives rise to a subsequent commercial tort claim.

       When Bayer damaged Texana’s equipment in 2006, Stearns Bank’s interest
attached to the right of recovery for damages to the equipment. This holding is in line
with In re Wiersma wherein the court held that the settlement of a claim arising from
damage to the dairy cows that served as collateral constituted “proceeds” within the
meaning of UCC § 9-315(a)(2) (“[A] security interest attaches to any identifiable
proceeds of collateral”). See In re Wiersma, 324 B.R. 92, 108 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2005),
aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 483 F.3d 933 (9th Cir. 2007). A similar result was reached
in BMW Financial Services, NA, LLC v. Rio Grande Valley Motors, Inc., No. M-11-
292, 2012 WL 4623198 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 1, 2012). There, the district court held that
“[u]nlike the definition of general intangibles, the definition of proceeds does not
exclude commercial tort claims” and “a security interest does not cease to attach to
collateral merely because the collateral is converted into proceeds.” See id. at *10
(citing Paskow v. Calvert Fire Ins. Co., 579 F.2d 949, 954 (5th Cir. 1978)); see also
Helms v. Certified Packaging Corp., 551 F.3d 675, 678 (7th Cir. 2008) (“If a suit
against someone who steals or damages collateral eventuates in an award measured
by the diminution in the value of the collateral caused by the defendant’s wrongdoing,
so that the award restores the original value of the collateral, the award, like an

                                          -9-
insurance payment for damaged collateral, constitutes ‘proceeds’ of the collateral and
is therefore covered by the lender’s security interest.”).

       Further, this is the correct result under a plain reading of the UCC. The Texas
law adopting the UCC explicitly states in comment 5(g) to Texas UCC § 9.102 that
“[a] security interest in a tort claim also may exist under the Article if the claim is
proceeds of other collateral.” “Proceeds” is defined under the statute as “(A) whatever
is acquired from the sale . . . or other disposition of collateral; (B) whatever is
collected on, or distributed on account of, collateral; (C) rights arising out of
collateral; (D) to the extent of the value of collateral, claims arising out of the loss,
nonconformity, or interference with the use of, . . . or infringement of rights in, or
damage to the collateral . . . .” Texas UCC § 9.102(a)(65). Moreover, “[a] security
interest in proceeds is a perfected security interest if the interest in the original
collateral was perfected.” Texas UCC § 9.315(c). Accordingly, Stearns Bank held
a security interest in the proceeds of the Bayer suit as a right of recovery with respect
to damage to its original collateral.

       Finally, the result is mandated by the language of Stearns Bank’s security
agreement with Texana. That agreement provided that the collateral consisted of
“sums due from a third party who has damaged or destroyed the Collateral or from
that party’s insurer.” To the extent that the Settlement Payment from Bayer to Texana
included payment for damages to Stearns Bank’s original collateral, those sums are
covered by the original security agreement.

                                          III.

       In conclusion, we hold that the district court erred in determining that Stearns
Bank’s foreclosure extinguished its rights to pursue the proceeds of its original
collateral. While Stearns Bank does not have an interest in the Settlement Payment
as an after-acquired general intangible because that payment arose as proceeds of a

                                          -10-
commercial tort claim, it does have an interest in the Settlement Payment to the extent
the payment is for damage to the original collateral. It remains to the district court to
determine, on remand, what part of the sum held in the registry of the court constitutes
proceeds of Stearns Bank’s original collateral and what part does not constitute such
proceeds. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand this
matter for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
                        ______________________________

                                          -11-