Court Opinion

ID: 2978440
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:25:39.610902+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:12.492454
License: Public Domain

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                                   File Name: 09a0337p.06

               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                  _________________

                                               X
 (08-1598); MICHAEL V. DOMULEWICZ, MARY -
 DANIEL J. DESMET, LINDA K. DESMET
                                                -
 ANN DOMULEWICZ (08-1676),                      -
                      Petitioners-Appellants, -
                                                    Nos. 08-1598/1676

                                                ,
                                                 >
                                                -
                                                -
            v.
                                                -
                                                -
 COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
                       Respondent-Appellee. -
                                               N
                   On Appeal from the United States Tax Court.
                            Nos. 10436-05; 05-10434.
                                  Argued: March 10, 2009
                         Decided and Filed: September 17, 2009
                                                                                     *
        Before: CLAY and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; GREER, District Judge.

                                   _________________

                                        COUNSEL
ARGUED: David D. Aughtry, CHAMBERLAIN, HRDLICKA, WHITE, WILLIAMS,
& MARTIN, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellants. Michael J. Haungs, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: David
D. Aughtry, CHAMBERLAIN, HRDLICKA, WHITE, WILLIAMS, & MARTIN,
Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellants. Michael J. Haungs, Deborah K. Snyder, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.

        *
        The Honorable J. Ronnie Greer, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.

                                              1
Nos. 08-1598/1676            Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                       Page 2

                                 _________________

                                      OPINION
                                 _________________

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. In these consolidated appeals,
petitioners-appellants Daniel J. Desmet, Linda K. Desmet, Michael V. Domulewicz, and
Mary Ann Domulewicz appeal orders of the United States Tax Court assessing income
tax deficiencies of $2,497,934 against the Desmets and $1,250,099 against the
Domulewiczes for the 1999 tax year. The petitioners do not dispute the amounts owed,
but they argue that the tax court lacked jurisdiction to determine the deficiencies. For
the reasons that follow, we find that the tax court had jurisdiction over the deficiency
proceedings, but we remand for consideration of whether certain components of the
deficiencies were time-barred.

                                           I.

       Daniel and Michael were business partners in a venture known as CTA
Acoustics.   They sold the company in 1999 at a gain to the shareholders of
approximately $30 million–including approximately $12 million to Daniel and $6
million to Michael. To eliminate their tax liability from the sale, the partners engaged
in a series of transactions which, taken together, formed an abusive tax shelter known
as “Son-of-BOSS.” See I.R.S. Notice 2000-44, 2000-2 C.B. 255. A typical Son-of-
BOSS scheme “uses a series of contrived steps in a partnership interest to generate
artificial tax losses designed to offset income from other transactions.” Kornman &
Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 527 F.3d 443, 446 n.2 (5th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation
marks omitted). “Enormous losses are attractive to a select group of taxpayers–those
with enormous gains.” Kligfeld Holdings v. Commissioner, 128 T.C. 192, 194 (2007).

       In this case, the “contrived steps” may be summarized as follows. First, in April
1999, Daniel and Michael formed a partnership known as DMD Investment Partners (the
“partnership”), with each holding a share of the partnership equivalent to his share in
CTA Acoustics. They then executed a short sale of United States Treasury notes,
Nos. 08-1598/1676                  Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                                Page 3

generating a loss of approximately $29 million. Next, Daniel and Michael transferred
shares of Integral Vision, Inc. (“INVI”), a publicly traded company, to the partnership;
the partnership later sold 4,500 of the 7,500 shares it held. Meanwhile, Daniel and
Michael also formed an S corporation, DMD Investments, Inc. (the “S corporation”1).
Each transferred his interest in the partnership to the S corporation. The remaining 3,000
shares of INVI stock held by the partnership were distributed to the S corporation. As
a result of these transfers, no shares or assets remained in the partnership, and the
partnership therefore dissolved. In December 1999, the S corporation sold the 3,000
shares of INVI stock and claimed a loss of approximately $29 million.

         The partnership and the S corporation both filed informational tax returns for
1999.     The partnership reported distributions totaling $30.4 million, and the S
corporation reported a long-term capital loss of $29.3 million. Daniel and Michael,
together with their wives Linda and Mary Ann, respectively, also filed income tax
returns for that year. On these returns, the petitioners claimed capital losses passing
through from the S corporation, offsetting the capital gains they had realized from the
sale of CTA Acoustics. By setting off their capital gains against the reported losses, the
petitioners avoided paying income taxes on the gains. The petitioners also claimed
ordinary losses passing through from the S corporation of more than $1 million, which
represented fees paid to the law firm of Jenkens & Gilchrist for structuring the
transactions.

         The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) determined that the partnership had
claimed distributions of more than $30 million without reporting related contingent
obligations, namely, the obligation to satisfy the short sale of the United States Treasury
notes. According to the IRS, the partnership’s distributions and obligations cancelled
each other out. Consequently, on October 15, 2003, the IRS issued a notice of Final
Partnership Administrative Adjustment (“FPAA”) to the partnership. The FPAA

         1
           An S corporation, like a partnership, has “pass-through taxation.” This means that the
S corporation does not, itself, pay taxes. Rather, the shareholders pay income taxes apportioned on a pro
rata basis. See Huffman v. Commissioner, 518 F.3d 357, 359 n.2 (6th Cir. 2008).
Nos. 08-1598/1676                 Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                             Page 4

adjusted the basis2 of the property distributed by the partnership from $30.4 million–as
reported on the partnership’s 1999 informational return–to zero. Neither Daniel nor
Michael contested the FPAA, and it became final. See I.R.C. § 6225(a)

        On March 10, 2005, the IRS issued notices of income tax deficiency to the
petitioners relating to their 1999 returns. The IRS determined that, because the
partnership’s basis was zero, the petitioners also held a zero basis in their shares of the
partnership. Accordingly, the IRS did not permit any of the loss deductions that
petitioners claimed on their personal returns. The IRS also disallowed the claimed losses
stemming from the Jenkens & Gilchrist fees. All told, the IRS found that the Desmets
owed $4,797,388.00 in taxes and $1,891,429.60 in penalties and that the Domulewiczes
owed $2,398,491.00 in taxes and $946,750.80 in penalties.

        The Desmets and the Domulewiczes separately filed petitions in the United
States Tax Court seeking redetermination of the deficiencies on June 7, 2005. The
practical effect of the petitions was to prevent the IRS from collecting the taxes and
penalties while the deficiency proceedings were pending. However, the petitioners did
not dispute the underlying transactions. Rather, they argued that they were not liable
because Daniel and Michael engaged in the challenged transactions on the advice of
counsel and because Linda and Mary Ann had no knowledge of the transactions.

        Almost one year after filing the petitions, the petitioners moved to dismiss the
redetermination actions for lack of jurisdiction in the tax court. Before the court ruled
on the motions to dismiss, the petitioners filed a second round of dispositive motions
identified as “protective” motions for summary judgment. As in their motions to
dismiss, the petitioners argued that the tax court lacked jurisdiction to redetermine the
tax deficiencies. They also contended that the IRS’s disallowance of the claimed losses
related to the Jenkens & Gilchrist fees was time-barred. The tax court apparently denied
the “protective” motions for summary judgment without opinion on February 15, 2007.

        2
         The tax concept of “basis” in the partnership-tax context refers to the value of a partner’s
investment in the partnership. See Kligfeld Holdings, 128 T.C. 196.
Nos. 08-1598/1676              Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                        Page 5

         On August 8, 2007, the tax court denied the petitioners’ previously filed motions
to dismiss, finding that it had jurisdiction over the proceedings. The tax court declined
to address the petitioners’ argument that the disallowance of the Jenkens & Gilchrist fees
was time-barred. Following the denial of the motions to dismiss, the parties signed
stipulated decisions finding a deficiency of $2,497,934 for the Desmets and $1,250,099
for the Domulewiczes. Both the Desmets and the Domulewiczes timely appealed. We
consolidated the cases for review.

                                            II.

         Whether the tax court had jurisdiction is a question of law, which we review de
novo. Harbold v. Commissioner, 51 F.3d 618, 621 (6th Cir. 1995).

         A partnership, unlike a corporation, is not a taxable entity. See I.R.C. § 701.
Rather, its tax obligations pass through to the individual partners, who pay them in the
form of income tax on a pro rata basis. See Cent. Valley AG Enters. v. United States,
531 F.3d 750, 755 (9th Cir. 2008). Before 1982, questions about the tax treatment of
partnership income were resolved in separate proceedings against each partner. “This
procedure imposed an administrative burden on the IRS, led to duplicative audits and
litigation, and created the risk of inconsistent treatment of different partners in the same
partnership.” Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1186 (9th Cir. 2004). Under the Tax
Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (“TEFRA”), Pub. L. No. 97-248, 96 Stat.
324, tax treatment of all “partnership items” is now resolved in a single proceeding
against the partnership. See Katz v. Commissioner, 335 F.3d 1121, 1123-24 (10th Cir.
2003).

         The key change wrought by TEFRA is that tax treatment of all so-called
“partnership items” must be determined at the partnership level, not at the partner level.
See I.R.C. § 6221; Monti v. United States, 223 F.3d 76, 78–79 (2d Cir. 2000). Under
TEFRA, a partnership must file an annual informational tax return reporting “partnership
items” such as income, loss, deductions, and credits. I.R.C. § 6031(a); Treas. Reg.
§ 301.6231(a)(3)-1(a)(1)(i). Partners must then treat “partnership items” on their own
returns consistently with the treatment of those items on the partnership return. I.R.C.
Nos. 08-1598/1676             Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                         Page 6

§ 6222(a). If the IRS disagrees with the reporting of a “partnership item,” it must initiate
an administrative proceeding against the partnership, not the partners.              I.R.C.
§ 6223(a)(1). Conversely, if a partner’s tax liability stems from nonpartnership items,
the IRS may initiate deficiency proceedings against that partner individually without first
proceeding against the partnership. See Callaway v. Commissioner, 231 F.3d 106, 108
(2d Cir. 2000) (finding that TEFRA’s centralized proceedings do not apply to treatment
of nonpartnership items).

        At the conclusion of any proceeding against the partnership, the IRS must issue
a notice of Final Partnership Administrative Adjustment (“FPAA”) to all partners
informing them of any change in tax treatment of partnership items. I.R.C. § 6223(a)(2).
The partnership may contest the FPAA in the United States Tax Court, an appropriate
United States District Court, or the Court of Federal Claims. I.R.C. § 6226(a); see, e.g.,
RJT Invs. X v. Commissioner, 491 F.3d 732, 735 (8th Cir. 2007) (noting that “TEFRA
grants jurisdiction to qualified courts to hear readjustment positions”). If there is no
challenge to the FPAA, or once any such challenge is concluded, the IRS may proceed
to make computational adjustments to each partner’s return. This is done in one of two
ways. First, the IRS may directly assess the tax against the individual partner by making
a computational adjustment—applying the new tax treatment of all partnership items to
that partner’s return. See I.R.C. § 6230(a)(1). If the partner disagrees with the
application of the FPAA to his own return, he must pay the tax and then challenge the
computational adjustment in a refund suit against the government. I.R.C. § 6230(c).
Second, if the partner’s liability relates to “affected items which require partner level
determinations,” I.R.C. § 6230(a)(2)(A)(i), then the IRS must send a notice of deficiency
to that partner, thereby initiating proceedings against him individually, pursuant to the
standard deficiency procedures set forth in I.R.C. §§ 6211–16. See Callaway, 231 F.3d
at 110. Deficiency proceedings allow the partner to dispute liability by filing a petition
for redetermination before paying the tax. See I.R.C. § 6213(a).

        In sum, TEFRA requires the IRS to resolve the tax treatment of all partnership
items first. Only after the IRS has resolved these questions can it proceed to assess
Nos. 08-1598/1676             Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                        Page 7

liability derivative of partnership items against individual partners. TEFRA prefers that
these computational adjustments be assessed directly to the partner’s return, without a
second set of proceedings against each partner. However, where the partner’s liability
relates to affected items requiring partner-level determinations, an additional round of
proceedings is permitted. See I.R.C. § 6230(a)(2)(A)(i). Finally, as noted, the IRS
retains the authority to bring deficiency proceedings against each partner individually
where the partner’s liability relates to nonpartnership items.

       Here, after the FPAA became final as to the partnership, the IRS did not directly
assess a tax against the petitioners. Rather, the IRS sent notices of deficiency to them.
This procedure allowed the petitioners to dispute their liability before paying the tax,
which they have in fact done by filing the instant case. According to the petitioners, the
IRS could–and therefore should–have assessed the tax directly based upon the FPAA.
Because, they maintain, no partner-level determinations were necessary, the notices of
deficiency were improperly sent to them. If the petitioners are correct, then presumably
the IRS will not be able to collect from them because the statute of limitations for direct
assessment has run. See I.R.C. § 6229; Callaway, 231 F.3d at 110. According to the
Commissioner, the IRS could not have assessed the tax directly and was required to
pursue partner-level proceedings because the FPAA did not resolve factual questions
about the petitioners’ claimed tax credits passing through from the S corporation. The
Commissioner therefore argues that the notices of deficiency were properly sent.

       Thus, in order to determine whether the Commissioner was permitted to send
notices of deficiency and initiate partner-level proceedings, we must decide whether the
petitioners’ tax liability relates to items that the IRS was required to resolve in the
proceeding against the partnership. We find that the IRS was authorized to bring a
second round of proceedings against the petitioners because their tax liability could not
be directly assessed through a computational adjustment. The FPAA established only
that the partnership failed to reduce its basis on account of the contingent obligation to
satisfy the short sale but did not address the claimed losses by the S corporation.
Significantly, the petitioners’ income tax returns claimed pass-through losses
Nos. 08-1598/1676              Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                         Page 8

representing their share of the S corporation’s long-term capital loss—a loss that was not
represented on the FPAA. The petitioners contend that no factual determinations were
necessary because the S corporation’s loss resulted from the sale of the INVI
stock–which, according to the petitioners, is the same property that the partnership
reported as distributions. In other words, they claim that the IRS has all of the
information about the S corporation that it needs from their related partnership returns.
However, the identity of the property cannot be determined from the FPAA. Even if it
could be determined, this would not end the inquiry because, as the tax court found, the
IRS needed to determine “the portion of the stock actually sold, the holding period for
the stock, and the character of any gain or loss.” Domulewicz v. Commissioner, 129 T.C.
11, 20 (2007). Because these factual questions would otherwise remain unresolved, the
IRS was authorized to bring deficiency proceedings against the petitioners.

        The language and structure of TEFRA convince us that the IRS was empowered
to bring individual proceedings to resolve factual questions regarding the claimed capital
losses passing through from the S corporation. However, out of an abundance of
caution, we address the petitioners’ various arguments to the contrary. First, the
petitioners contend that the tax court’s later opinion in Nussdorf v. Commissioner, 129
T.C. 30 (2007), compels the decision that the sale of INVI stock by the S corporation is
a partnership item that does not require partner-level determinations. Nussdorf held only
that certain stock options contributed to the partnership were “partnership items.” Id.
at 41–42 (relying on I.R.C. §§ 723 and 6231(a)(3) to conclude that the basis of stock
contributed to a partnership constitutes a partnership item because “in order for a
partnership to determine, as required by [§] 723, its basis in the property that a partner
contributed to it, the partnership is required to determine the basis of such partner in such
property”). Nussdorf did not address whether stock sold by an S corporation is a
“partnership item,” and, if so, whether it is an affected item requiring partner-level
determinations. That is, Nussdorf did not address the dispositive question presented
here.
Nos. 08-1598/1676              Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                         Page 9

        Second, the petitioners argue that proceedings against them individually will
result in duplicative, “Hydra-headed” litigation that TEFRA was intended to eliminate.
However, TEFRA’s purpose is not to completely eliminate partner-level determinations.
Rather, “TEFRA created a single unified procedure for determining the tax treatment of
all partnership items at the partnership level, rather than separately at the partner level.”
In re Crowell, 305 F.3d 474, 478 (6th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added) (citing H.R. Conf.
Rep. No. 97-760, at 599-600, 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1190). By its own terms, TEFRA does
not apply to “affected items which require partner level determinations.” I.R.C.
§ 6230(a)(2)(A)(i). Therefore, TEFRA explicitly contemplates the necessity of partner-
level proceedings in some situations. Id. The petitioners’ contention that deficiency
proceedings are needlessly duplicative essentially restates the threshold question of
whether individual proceedings are, in fact, necessary–a question we have already
resolved in favor of the Commissioner.

        Next, the petitioners characterize the tax court’s decision as altering TEFRA’s
requirements. They claim that the tax court held that it has jurisdiction over deficiency
proceedings against individual partners whenever it “may” need to look at partner-level
determinations. If correct, this interpretation would amount to a new standard that
conflicts with TEFRA’s mandate to resolve all issues in a single proceeding against the
partnership whenever possible. The tax court did not hold that deficiency proceedings
are proper whenever individualized determinations may be necessary. Rather, the tax
court held that determining liability in this case required partner-level determinations
regarding the S corporation’s reported loss.

        Finally, the petitioners argue that case law from other courts compels a finding
that notices of deficiency are unnecessary. See, e.g., Olson v. United States, 172 F.3d
1311 (Fed. Cir. 1999); Bob Hamric Chevrolet, Inc. v. USA, Internal Revenue Service,
849 F. Supp. 500 (W.D. Tex. 1994); Bush v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 76 (2007). These
cases are procedurally and factually inapposite. Procedurally, none involved the
allegedly improper use of deficiency proceedings. Rather, all involved the allegedly
improper use of computational adjustments–a procedure not utilized here. The IRS had
Nos. 08-1598/1676             Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                      Page 10

assessed liability against the partners in those cases by computational adjustment without
issuing notices of deficiency. The use of computational adjustments had the effect of
requiring the partners to pay the taxes before disputing them. The partners then filed
refund suits against the government, arguing that notices of deficiency were required
before any tax could be assessed against them.

       By contrast, in petitioners’ case the IRS did issue notices of deficiency–the very
same relief that the petitioners in Olson, Bob Hamric Chevrolet, and Bush requested.
In other words, the procedural posture of these cases supports the Commissioner’s
position. Furthermore, the cases differ factually from the one before us because the
partners had stipulated to the amount of tax credits improperly claimed before the IRS
assessed their liability via computational adjustment. Where there is a settlement, the
settlement itself resolves factual questions as to each partner. Here, however, factual
questions remain regarding the activities of the S corporation. We thus find the cases
cited by petitioners inapposite.

       Because the IRS was authorized to bring deficiency proceedings, and because the
petitioners’ arguments to the contrary are without merit, we find that the Commissioner’s
use of deficiency proceedings was proper.

                                           III.

       Having determined that the tax court had jurisdiction over the proceedings, we
must also decide whether the IRS’s disallowance of the petitioners’ share of ordinary
losses representing fees paid to Jenkens & Gilchrist by the S corporation was time-
barred. The petitioners argue that fees paid by the S corporation are not “partnership
items” and therefore not subject to TEFRA’s partnership proceedings. Relying on the
statute of limitations governing ordinary deficiency actions, the petitioners contend that
any notice of deficiency should have been sent by August 18, 2003, approximately one-
and-a-half years before the IRS sent the notices at issue here. See I.R.C. § 6501(a). The
Commissioner responds that the petitioners waived this argument or, in the alternative,
that we should not pass on the question in the first instance.
Nos. 08-1598/1676             Desmet, et al. v. Commissioner                      Page 11

       Our review of the record indicates that the petitioners did not waive the
limitations issue. The petitioners presented argument on this issue both in their motions
to dismiss and in their “protective” motions for summary judgment. The tax court,
however, declined to rule on the issue in its August 8, 2007, opinion, reasoning that the
statute of limitations is an affirmative defense that does not deprive the court of
jurisdiction. The petitioners then filed status reports with the court indicating that they
would enter into stipulated decisions with the Commissioner that preserved their right
to appeal the two issues they contested, i.e., jurisdiction and limitations. After the
petitioners filed their status reports, the Commissioner filed his own status report, which
did not dispute that the petitioners had preserved their appellate rights. The petitioners
also argued that the disallowance of the ordinary losses was time-barred in their
appellate brief. We therefore decline to find that the petitioners waived appellate review
of this issue. However, we also decline to resolve the issue in the first instance. Cf.
Bigelow v. Williams, 367 F.3d 562, 566 (6th Cir. 2004). Rather, we remand to the tax
court for determination whether the Jenkens & Gilchrist fees were nonpartnership items
subject to the statute of limitations in I.R.C. § 6501(a) or whether they were affected
items subject to TEFRA.

                                           IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the tax court that it had
jurisdiction over these proceedings, but we remand for consideration of whether the
disallowance of the credit for the Jenkens & Gilchrist fees was time-barred.