Court Opinion

ID: 4320947
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-15 17:02:08.035619+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:18:11.805072
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JOE JOHNSON,

        Plaintiff,
            v.                                              Civil Action No. 18-1715 (JEB)

METROPOLITAN DIRECT PROPERTY
& CASUALTY INSURANCE CO., et al.,

        Defendants.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       If truth is in the eye of the beholder, this case appears to feature very different beholders.

Plaintiff Joe Johnson alleges that a car driven by Defendant Mark Johnson (no apparent relation)

struck his vehicle on a District freeway and that Defendant Johnson then assaulted him and fled

with another passenger, Defendant Nneka Grimes. To add insult to injury, he alleges that these

two then provided an entirely different account to their insurance company, Defendant

Metropolitan Direct Property & Casualty Insurance Company (MetLife). In Defendants’

version, Plaintiff was the transgressor who twice struck their vehicle and himself fled the scene.

       Plaintiff thus brought this pro se action against those three Defendants, the owner of the

car, and a MetLife claims adjuster, Christian Hayman, alleging myriad causes of action, some

conceivable and others less so. MetLife and Hayman now move to dismiss four counts against

them for failing to state a claim and separately seek a more definite statement on two others. As

Plaintiff’s counts against these two Defendants are either facially deficient or in need of further

clarification, the Court will grant both Motions.

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I.     Background

       Considering the facts alleged in the First Amended Complaint as true, as is required at

this stage, the Court observes that the dispute here centers around an automobile accident on the

Southeast Freeway here in Washington on November 20, 2017. Plaintiff alleges that he was

rear-ended by Defendant Johnson, who then approached Plaintiff’s vehicle on foot, threatened to

kill him, grabbed Plaintiff’s cell phone, punched him in the face, and then fled the scene. See

Am. Compl. at 3. An arrest warrant, he believes, was subsequently issued for Defendant

Johnson. Id. Defendants Nneka Grimes (a passenger in the car) and Patricia Grimes (the owner

of the car who was not present at the accident), meanwhile, had a fundamentally contradictory

story to recount. Plaintiff alleges that they falsely told MetLife that he was the one at fault, that

his car had struck theirs on two occasions, and that he had tried unsuccessfully to flee. Id. at 4.

MetLife and its employee, Christian Hayman, then “relied upon [these false reports] and

republished them to third parties without conducting any investigation to determine [their] truth

and accuracy.” Id.

       Plaintiff never provides the upshot of these conflicting narratives, who was forced to pay

whom for the incident, or if anyone ended up being criminally charged. He nonetheless asserts

ten causes of action against myriad Defendants: Negligence against Johnson (Count I),

Assault/Battery and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress against Johnson (II), Defamation

against Patricia and Nneka Grimes (III), Libel against the Grimeses (IV), Republication of

Defamation against MetLife and Hayman (V), Republication of Libel against MetLife and

Hayman (VI), Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress against MetLife, Hayman, and the

Grimeses (VII), Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress against MetLife and Hayman (VIII),

Negligent Hiring, Training & Supervision against MetLife (IX), and Civil Conspiracy against all

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Defendants (X). Id. at 5-13. He asserts that he has “suffered severe bodily injuries, loss of sleep,

headaches, severe mental pain, humiliation, embarrassment, [and] depression” as a result. Id., ¶

21.

        Although Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, he is either an attorney himself or has likely

received substantial assistance from an attorney, as his pleadings are professionally presented,

even if a number of claims are evanescent. The Court thus affords him some leeway as a pro se

party but need not bend over backwards to indulge his pleadings.

        MetLife and Hayman have now filed a Motion to Dismiss as to Counts VII-X and a

separate Motion for More Definite Statement as to Counts V-VI.

II.     Legal Standard

        In evaluating Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, the Court “must treat the complaint's

factual allegations as true . . . and must grant plaintiff ‘the benefit of all inferences that can be

derived from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C.

Cir. 2000) (quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979)); see also

Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253–54 (D.C. Cir. 2005). The Court

need not accept as true, however, “a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor an

inference unsupported by the facts set forth in the Complaint. See Trudeau v. FTC, 456 F.3d
178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)).

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for the dismissal of an action where a

complaint fails “to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Although “detailed factual

allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). For

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a plaintiff to survive a 12(b)(6) motion, the facts alleged in the complaint “must be enough to

raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

555–56 (2007).

       Rule 12(e) permits a defendant to move for a more definite statement if “a pleading . . . is

so vague or ambiguous that the party cannot reasonably prepare a response.” “[W]hen a

defendant is unclear about the meaning of a particular allegation in the complaint, the proper

course of action is not to move to dismiss but to move for a more definite statement.” Hilska v.

Jones, 217 F.R.D. 16, 21 (D.D.C. 2003) (quoting Am. Nurses’ Ass’n v. Illinois, 783 F.2d 716,

725 (7th Cir. 1986)). “Normally, of course, the basis for requiring a more definite statement

under Rule 12(e) is unintelligibility, not mere lack of detail.” Burnett v. Al Baraka Inv. and Dev.

Corp., 274 F. Supp. 2d 86, 110 (D.D.C. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Indeed, “a plaintiff need not allege all the facts necessary to prove its claim so long as [he]

provides enough factual information to make clear the substance of that claim.” Wilson v. Gov’t

of D.C., 269 F.R.D. 8, 12 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Caribbean Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable &

Wireless PLC, 148 F.3d 1080, 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).

III.   Analysis

       The Court begins with Defendants’ Motion for More Definite Statement as to Counts V-

VI and then addresses their Motion to Dismiss as to Counts VII-X.

       A. Motion for More Definite Statement

       Counts V (Republication of Defamation) and VI (Republication of Libel) are essentially

identical. The former alleges that “[o]n or around January 30, 2018, Defendant, MetLife, by and

through its agent, employee and servant, Defendant, Hayman, republished unprivileged false

statements of fact in the District of Columbia to third parties, both known and unknown, to the

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effect” that Plaintiff was at fault in the accident. See Am. Compl., ¶ 35. “Defendants either

knew that the statements were false or conducted no investigation concerning the truth or

veracity of the defamatory statements with the sole purpose of impugning Plaintiff.” Id., ¶ 38.

The latter count is more cursory, simply incorporating the former and repeating that Defendants

“republished or caused to be republished unprivileged false statements of fact in the District of

Columbia . . . either negligently or knowing full well that they were false . . . in bad faith for the

sole purpose of injuring the Plaintiff.” Id., ¶¶ 42-44.

       In seeking a more definite statement, Defendants correctly point out that such allegations

are hardly specific enough for a defamation claim. To begin, there is no allegation of the form or

forum in which these statements were published; we know only the general content of the

statement. Equally absent is any identification of the listener beyond “third parties, both known

and unknown.” Id., ¶ 35. These two signal omissions are sufficient to warrant amendment. As

this Court has explained, “Defamation under D.C. law requires a plaintiff to show a defamatory

statement, publication to a third party, negligence, and either that the statement is actionable as a

matter of law or that publication caused the plaintiff special harm.” Kenley v. Dist. of Columbia,

83 F. Supp. 3d 20, 48 (D.D.C. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Publication, moreover “requires making a statement to at least one other person.” Westfahl v.

Dist. of Columbia, 75 F. Supp. 3d 365, 375 (D.D.C. 2014) (citing Charlton v. Mond, 987 A.2d
436, 438 n.4 (D.C. 2010); Von Kahl v. Bureau of Nat'l Affairs, Inc., 934 F. Supp. 2d 204, 218–

19 (D.D.C. 2013)).

       If Plaintiff decides to amend his Complaint, he must therefore specifically allege the form

of the statement – e.g., email, letter, conversation – and he must state at least generally to whom

the statement was published. Finally, the Court does not understand his distinction between

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“Republication of Defamation” and “Republication of Libel.” Libel is a written form of

defamation, and slander is an oral form, but there is no basis to assert claims for both libel and

defamation. If Plaintiff wishes to assert two separate counts, he must explain the difference.

       B. Motion to Dismiss

       As the Motion to Dismiss covers four separate counts, the Court treats them sequentially.

               1. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (Count VII)

       Johnson’s allegations relating to his IIED count are rather strained. He claims that

Defendants “knew . . . [the other Defendants’] report was false or conducted no investigation

concerning the truth or veracity of the report.” Am. Compl., ¶ 49. They thus “intentionally

caused injury to the Plaintiff by making reports that they knew were false in an effort to have the

Plaintiff indicted and punished for fleeing the scene of an accident.” Id., ¶ 50. There are no

allegations about to whom Defendants sent the report or what happened to Plaintiff thereafter –

except for this aside about an indictment, which does not appear in the statement of facts. At

bottom, then, the claim is that Defendants were negligent in accepting other Defendants’ version

of the accident. That does not even approach the standard for IIED.

       “The elements of IIED are (1) extreme or outrageous conduct [that] (2) intentionally or

recklessly causes (3) severe emotional distress to another.” Nagy v. Corrections Corp. of Am.,

79 F. Supp. 3d 114, 120 (D.D.C. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The

conduct must be so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all

possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized

community.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see Amobi v. Dist. of

Columbia Dep't of Corrections, 755 F.3d 980, 995 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (defining such conduct as

going “beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and utterly

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intolerable in a civilized community”) (citation omitted). It is pellucid that Johnson has not

cleared the bar.

       Plaintiff nonetheless contends that IIED may exist where a party files a false police

report. See Pl. MTD Opp. at 4. Even if such a principle extended to insurance reports, these

Defendants engaged in no such action; on the contrary, they merely accepted a report that

Johnson contends was not true. As there is a world of difference between these two acts, this

count will be dismissed.

               2. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (Count VIII)

       To prevail on an NIED claim, conversely, Plaintiff “must prove (1) that [Defendant]

acted negligently, (2) that [he] suffered either a physical impact or [was] within the ‘zone of

danger’ of the [Defendants’] actions, and (3) that [he] suffered emotional distress that was

‘serious and verifiable.’” Wright v. United States, 963 F. Supp. 7, 18 (D.D.C. 1997) (quoting

Jones v. Howard University, Inc., 589 A.2d 419, 424 (D.C. 1991)); see also Asare v. LM-DC

Hotel, LLC, 62 F. Supp. 3d 30, 34–35 (D.D.C. 2014) (“Negligent infliction, first, is a cause of

action based on physical harm, and although ‘[a] plaintiff need not show actual physical impact’

to prove that a defendant negligently caused her distress, ‘she must show that she actually feared

for her [physical] safety as a result of [the defendant's] conduct.’”) (quoting Hollis v. Rosa

Mexicano DC, LLC, 582 F. Supp. 2d 22, 27 (D.D.C. 2008)).

       Plaintiff here makes no allegation that he suffered any kind of direct physical injury from

these Defendants’ actions, even though he might have been struck by other Defendants. Nor is

there any real allegation that he stood within any zone of danger of these Defendants’ actions.

Instead, he argues that an exception to the injury/danger-zone requirement exists when there is a

“special relationship” between the parties. See Pl. MTD Opp. at 5 (citing Hedgepeth v. Whitman

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Walker Clinic, 22 A.3d 789, 810-11 (D.C. 2011) (en banc)). He is correct inasmuch as “a

plaintiff may recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress if the plaintiff can show that

(1) the defendant has a relationship with the plaintiff, or has undertaken an obligation to the

plaintiff, of a nature that necessarily implicates the plaintiff's emotional well-being, (2) there is

an especially likely risk that the defendant's negligence would cause serious emotional distress to

the plaintiff, and (3) negligent actions or omissions of the defendant in breach of that obligation

have, in fact, caused serious emotional distress to the plaintiff.” Hedgpeth, 22 A.3d at 810-11.

       Hedgepeth involved an HIV misdiagnosis by a medical clinic, and the D.C.C.A. found

that “a doctor’s breach of duty in misdiagnosing a patient with HIV-infection would result in

serious emotional harm.” Id. at 820. No such special relationship can be said to exist between

an individual and another person’s automobile insurer. Indeed, Johnson never even argues the

point, merely positing that Defendant must rebut his theory. The NIED claim thus founders as a

matter of law.

                 3. Negligent Hiring, Supervision & Training (Count IX)

       Next up is Johnson’s cause of action for MetLife’s negligent hiring, supervision, and

training of Hayman. To state such a claim, a “plaintiff must allege facts showing that the

employer knew or should have known that the employee was incompetent, and that the

employer, despite this actual or constructive knowledge, [hired or] failed to adequately supervise

the employee.” Stevens v. Sodexo, Inc., 846 F. Supp. 2d 119, 128 (D.D.C. 2012); see also Thorp

v. Dist. of Columbia, 319 F. Supp. 3d 1, 21 (D.D.C. 2018) (“To prevail on either claim, a

plaintiff must show an employer knew or should have known its employee behaved in a

dangerous or otherwise incompetent manner, and that the employer, armed with that actual or

constructive knowledge, failed to adequately supervise the employee.”) (internal citation and

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quotation marks omitted); Rawlings v. Dist. of Columbia, 820 F. Supp. 2d 92, 115 (D.D.C. 2011)

(“Plaintiff must show . . . that [Defendant] engaged in behavior before the [incident here] that

should have put his employer on notice that he required additional training.”).

       Once again, Johnson comes up short given that he has alleged no facts regarding

Hayman’s behavior that should have put the company on notice that he should not have been

hired or should have been supervised more closely or trained more extensively. Instead, Plaintiff

appears to believe that any negligent act by an employee can give rise to this cause of action,

when what is actually required is prior notice. See Pl. MTD Opp. at 8. This count also falls by

the wayside.

               4. Civil Conspiracy

       In his final cause of action – for civil conspiracy – Johnson alleges that “Defendants and

John Does 1 and 2 entered into an agreement to commit tortious acts including defamation, libel

and intentional infliction of emotional distress against the Plaintiff.” Am. Compl., ¶ 61. In the

District of Columbia, “[t]o establish a prima facie case of civil conspiracy, [a plaintiff] ha[s] to

prove (1) an agreement between two or more persons (2) to participate in an unlawful act, and

(3) an injury caused by an unlawful overt act performed by one of the parties to the agreement

pursuant to, and in furtherance of, the common scheme.” McMullen v. Synchrony Bank, 164 F.

Supp. 3d 77, 96-97 (D.D.C. 2016) (citations and internal quotations marks omitted).

       It is entirely unclear why, with five current Defendants, Plaintiff feels the need to add

more in the guise of Does. Who these Does are, what position(s) they hold, and what they could

have done are not illuminated in the Complaint. The broad allegation that all Defendants plus

two unknown individuals somehow entered into this agreement to harm Plaintiff does not

sufficiently put Defendants on notice of who actually agreed to what. The Court, however, will

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give Plaintiff another opportunity to state this claim with more specificity to see if he can

sufficiently allege an actual conspiracy.

IV.    Conclusion

       The Court, accordingly, will grant Defendants’ Motion for More Definite Statement and

require Plaintiff to file an Amended Complaint if he wishes to proceed with a defamation claim

against these Defendants. In addition, it will grant their Motion to Dismiss, but give leave for

Johnson to amend his Civil Conspiracy claim. A separate Order so stating will issue this day.

       .

                                                              /s/ James E. Boasberg
                                                              JAMES E. BOASBERG
                                                              United States District Judge

Date: October 15, 2018

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