Court Opinion

ID: 4111874
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-28 20:14:29.277672+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:52.358989
License: Public Domain

J-S79037-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA              :         IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :               PENNSYLVANIA
            v.                            :
                                          :
RAHEEM BROWN,                             :
                                          :
                  Appellant               :              No. 2963 EDA 2015

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 15, 2015
           in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
            Criminal Division, No(s): CP-51-CR-0010356-2013

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., MOULTON and MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                        FILED DECEMBER 28, 2016

      Raheem Brown (“Brown”) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed following his convictions of second-degree murder, conspiracy,

robbery, burglary, and violation of the Uniform Firearms Act.1 We affirm the

convictions, vacate the separate judgment of sentence for robbery, and

affirm the judgment of sentence in all other respects.

      In its Opinion, the trial court set forth a detailed recitation of the

factual and procedural history of this case, which we adopt for the purpose

of this appeal. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/30/15, at 2-20.

      On appeal, Brown raises the following issues for our review:

      1. Was the evidence presented to the jury sufficient to sustain
         convictions against [Brown] for second-degree murder and
         conspiracy[,] where the evidence showed that [] co-
         defendant[, ]Emmanuel Duran[ (“Duran”),] killed the

1
  See 18 Pa.C.S.A.      §§    2502(b),   903(c),    3701(a)(1)(i),   3502(c)(1),
6106(a)(1).
J-S79037-16

         decedent spontaneously and independently of [Brown] and
         the crimes of robbery and burglary?

      2. Were the second-degree murder and conspiracy verdicts of
         guilty against the weight of the evidence[,] where the
         testimony of various Commonwealth witnesses was weak,
         inconclusive, unreliable, incredible and inconsistent?

      3. Did the trial court err[] in denying [Brown’s] Motion to
         Suppress an unduly suggestive photographic identification
         procedure[,] where only a single photograph of [Brown] was
         used to make the identification?

      4. Did the trial court err[] in denying [Brown’s] Motion to Sever
         the trial from [] Duran[’s trial,] where the evidence presented
         against Duran was substantial[,] and demonstrated that he
         killed the decedent spontaneously and independently of
         [Brown,] and the crimes of robbery and burglary?

Brief for Appellant at 4-5 (some capitalization omitted, issues renumbered

for ease of disposition).

      In his first issue, Brown contends that the evidence was insufficient to

convict him of second-degree murder and conspiracy.       Id. at 19.   Brown

asserts that he, Duran and Edward Brooks (“Brooks”) allegedly planned a

robbery and burglary of the decedent for drugs and money, and that murder

was never part of the plan. Id. Brown claims his testimony that, after no

drugs or money were found, he told the others that it was “time to leave”

constitutes evidence that he did not conspire to murder the decedent. Id. at

19-20.   Brown argues that he was merely present at the scene when the

unplanned murder spontaneously and independently occurred. Id. at 20.

      In its Opinion, the trial court addressed Brown’s first issue, set forth

the relevant law, and determined that the evidence was sufficient to support

                                 -2-
J-S79037-16

his convictions of second-degree murder and conspiracy.       See Trial Court

Opinion, 12/30/15, at 38-41, 42-43. Based on our review, we agree with

the reasoning of the trial court, which is amply supported by the record, and

affirm on this basis as to Brown’s first issue. See id.

      In his second issue, Brown contends that his convictions of second-

degree murder and conspiracy were against the weight of the evidence.

Brief for Appellant at 20. Brown asserts that the only witness to identify him

as participating in the robbery/burglary was Brooks, who cooperated with

the Commonwealth, secured a prison sentence of 16 to 32 years, and had a

motive to lie. Id. at 20-21. Brown claims that Brooks lied to his mother

about the events leading up to the murder, and claimed that he did not

know that Brown and Duran were armed or that they planned to rob the

decedent and burglarize his home. Id. at 21. Brown argues that the other

witnesses who testified for the Commonwealth recanted their statements

during trial, including John Bowie (“Bowie”), Joshua Hines (“Hines”), and

Abu Adul Wakeel. Id. Finally, Brown contends that Bowie confessed to the

murder during his trial testimony. Id.

      In its Opinion, the trial court addressed Brown’s second issue, set forth

the relevant law, and determined that Brown’s convictions of second-degree

murder and conspiracy were not against the weight of the evidence.        See

Trial Court Opinion, 12/30/15, at 46-48. Based on our review, we discern

                                  -3-
J-S79037-16

no abuse of discretion by the trial court, and affirm on this basis as to

Brown’s second issue. See id.

     In his third issue, Brown contends that the trial court erred by denying

his Motion to Suppress identification evidence.    Brief for Appellant at 22.

Brown asserts that, while questioned by police, Hines and Bowie identified

Brown through a single photograph.2    Id. at 23. Brown concedes that he

may have been in the presence of Bowie and Hines prior to the incident, but

argues that no testimony was presented to establish the frequency of their

interactions with Brown or the length of time that they knew Brown.       Id.

Brown contends that “[t]hese brief encounters with [Brown] necessitated the

use of a traditional eight photograph[] array in order to insure a proper

identification[,]” and that “the single photograph identification procedure

[used] was improperly suggestive.” Id. at 23-24.

           Our standard of review of a denial of suppression is
     whether the record supports the trial court’s factual findings and
     whether the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are free from
     error. Our scope of review is limited; we may consider only the
     evidence of the prosecution and so much of the evidence for the
     defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of
     the record as a whole. Where the record supports the findings of
     the suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may

2
  On appeal, Brown also challenges Brooks’s identification of Brown. See
Brief for Appellant at 23. However, as Brown failed to raise a claim
regarding Brooks’s identification in his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise Statement
of matters complained of on appeal, he failed to preserve this issue for our
review. See Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (Pa. 1998)
(holding that, if an appellant is directed to file a concise statement of
matters to be raised on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), any issues
not raised in that statement are waived).

                                -4-
J-S79037-16

      reverse only if the court erred in reaching its legal conclusions
      based upon the facts.

Commonwealth v. Galendez, 27 A.3d 1042, 1045 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en

banc) (citation omitted).

      In its Opinion, the trial court addressed Brown’s third issue, set forth

the   relevant   law,   and   determined   that   it   properly   denied   Brown’s

suppression Motion. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/30/15, at 23-25. Based on

our review, we agree with the reasoning of the trial court, and affirm on this

basis as to Brown’s third issue. See id.

      In his final issue, Brown contends that the trial court erred by denying

his Motion to Sever his trial from Duran’s trial.      Brief for Appellant at 21.

However, Brown failed to raise this issue in his Concise Statement.

Therefore, he failed to preserve this issue for our review. See Lord, supra.

      Nevertheless, our review of the certified record discloses that the

sentencing court sentenced Brown to life imprisonment for his second-

degree murder conviction as well as a concurrent prison term of 10 to 20

years for his underlying felony (robbery) conviction.       Although Brown has

not challenged this aspect of his sentence, this Court may raise and review

an illegal sentencing issue sua sponte. See Commonwealth v. Oree, 911

A.2d 169, 172 (Pa. Super. 2006).      Pursuant to the Pennsylvania Supreme

Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Tarver, 426 A.2d 569 (Pa. 1981), a

sentencing court has no authority to impose a sentence for a felony murder

conviction, as well as a sentence for the predicate felony conviction.

                                   -5-
J-S79037-16

Accordingly, the sentencing court erred by imposing a prison sentence for

Brown’s robbery conviction.   See Commonwealth v. Garnett, 485 A.2d

821, 829 (Pa. Super. 1984) (explaining that the trial court erred by imposing

a prison term of 20 to 40 years on convictions for burglary, arson, and

related offenses, in addition to concurrent terms of life imprisonment

imposed for convictions on two counts of second-degree murder, where the

burglary and arson convictions were the predicate felonies).

     Here, the sentencing court lacked the authority to impose a separate

sentence for the robbery conviction, where the robbery constituted the

predicate offense for Brown’s felony murder conviction.        Accordingly, we

affirm the convictions, vacate the separate judgment of sentence for

robbery, and affirm the judgment of sentence in all other respects.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed in part and vacated in part.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/28/2016

                                 -6-
                                                                                  Circulated 12/05/2016 10:16 AM

                         IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                    FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                             CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION

COMMONWEALTH                                                         CP-51-CR-0010356-2013

                                                                          FILED
       vs.                                                                 DEC 30 2015
                                                                     Criminal Appeals Unit
                                                                   Rrst Judicial District of PA
                                                                     SUPERIOR COURT
RAHEEM BROWN                                                         2963 EDA 2015

BRINKLEY, J.                                                         DECEMBER 30, 2015

                                            OPINION

       Defendant Raheem Brown appeared before this Court for a jury trial and was found

guilty of second-degree murder, conspiracy, robbery, burglary and violation of the Uniform

Firearms Act (VUFA) 6106. This Court sentenced Defendant to a mandatory sentence of life

without the possibility of parole on the second-degree murder charge, 20 to 40 years state

incarceration on the conspiracy charge, 10 to 20 years state incarceration on the robbery charge,

10 to 20 years state incarceration on the burglary charge, and 3 Y2 to 7 years state incarceration on

the VUFA 6106 charge. The sentences on all charges were to run concurrently with one another.

Defendant appealed the judgment of sentence to the Superior Court and raises the following

issues on appeal: (1) Whether the Court erred when it denied Defendant's motion to dismiss the

information based on delay; (2) Whether the Court erred when it denied Defendant's motion to

suppress identification; (3) Whether the Court erred when it denied Defendant's motion to

exclude prior bad acts evidence and granted the Commonwealth's motion to admit prior bad acts

                                                 1
r
    . evidence; (4) Whether the Court erred when it limited Defendant's cross-examination of a

     witness on the potential prison sentence he was facing; (5) Whether the Court erred when it

     instructed the jury that the prior statements of certain witnesses could be considered as

     substantive evidence; (6) Whether the Court erred in giving a flight instruction; (7) Whether the

     evidence was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of all charges; (8) Whether the verdict was

     against the weight of the evidence.

                                       PROCEDURAL HISTORY

            On June 11, 2013, Defendant was arrested and charged with murder, conspiracy,

     burglary, robbery and VUFA 6106. From May 5 to May 15, 2015, Defendant and co-defendant

     Emmanuel Duran ("Duran") were tried together in the presence of a jury. On May 15, 2015,

     Defendant was found guilty on all charges. On that same day, this Court sentenced him to a

     mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of parole on the second-degree murder charge,

     20 to 40 years state incarceration on the conspiracy charge, 10 to 20 years state incarceration on

     the robbery charge, 10 to 20 years state incarceration on the burglary charge, and 3 Y2 to 7 years

     state incarceration on the VUF A 6106 charge. The sentences on all charges were to run

     concurrently with one another. On May 22, 2015, Defendant filed a post-sentence motion for

     reconsideration, which was denied by operation of law on September 3 0, 2015. On October 1,

     2015, Defendant filed a Notice of Appeal with the Superior Court. On October 8, 2015, after

     receiving all the notes of testimony, this Court ordered Defendant to file a Concise Statement of

     Errors pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), and Defendant did so on October 29, 2015.

                                                  FACTS

            Trial began in this matter on May 5, 2015. Defendant was represented at trial by Michael

     Huff, Esquire, while the attorney for the Commonwealth was Jack O'Neill, Esquire. The

                                                      2
Commonwealth called Wuyatta Falmbulleh ("Falmbulleh") as its first witness. Falmbulleh

testified that she was with the decedent, Rush Thompson ("Thompson"), in his house on Trinity

Street on November 8, 2009 and that she had been friends with him for roughly six months by

that point. Falmbulleh testified that, on that day, she was braiding a friend's hair when Thompson

approached her at approximately 5:00 p.m. and told her that he wanted to spend the evening with

her. Fahnbulleh further testified that she told Thompson that she would come over after she

finished braiding her friend's hair and that she ultimately arrived at Thompson's house a little

before 7:00 p.m. Fahnbulleh stated that Thompson's two sons were not home at the time and

that they were alone in his house. Fahnbulleh testified that she and Thompson smoked crack

cocaine together and had sexual intercourse. Falmbulleh further testified that they were

interrupted by the door bell, which Thompson went downstairs to answer. (N.T. 5/5/2015 p. 85-

93).

        Fahnbulleh testified that, roughly ten minutes after Thompson left to answer the door, she

heard the television and radio suddenly become very loud and she screamed Thompson's name.

Fahnbulleh further testified that, after she screamed, two males, one of whom was light-skinned

while the other was dark-skinned and holding a gun, walked up the stairs towards her.

Fahnbulleh stated that the light-skinned male told her to put on her clothes and to cover her eyes

so she would not look at them. Falmbulleh testified that, after she dressed, the light-skinned

male took her downstairs and pushed her against the wall. Falmbulleh further testified that she

could hear Thompson pleading for his life and that he said to one of the males, "you're my

cousin, we're family, don't do this to me." Fahnbulleh testified that the males continually asked

Thompson where he kept his drugs and money and Thompson told them there were no drugs in

his house. Id. at 93-94.

                                                 3
       Fahnbulleh testified that one of the males sent another to search the house while they

dragged her onto the floor beside Thompson and that she could hear them beat and choke him.

Fahnbulleh testified that she believed there were three males present in Thompson's house,

because when the two males brought her downstairs she could hear another male in the living

room giving them instructions. Fahnbulleh stated that she never saw the third male, but only

heard him, and that one of the men was wearing a pair of brown Timberland boots. Fahnbulleh

testified that they asked her where the drugs were located but she told them she did not know.

Fahnbulleh stated that she heard one of the males say, "let's go, there's nothing in this house," to

which another of the males replied, "I'm not leaving without anything." Fahnbulleh testified that

she then heard a "pow" sound and everything was quiet thereafter. Id. at 94-99.

        Fahnbulleh testified that, when she next opened her eyes, she saw Thompson taking his

last breath with blood coming from his head. Fahnbulleh further testified that she ran from the

house and knocked on their neighbor's door but no one answered. Fahnbulleh testified that she

ran towards another   house and, when the occupants answered, she screamed, ''they just shot

(Thompson], they just shot [Thompson]". Fahnbulleh further testified that the inhabitants asked

her whether she wanted them to call 911 and she told them to do so. Fahnbulleh further stated

that she went to the house of a pastor she knew and, after she calmed down, she went to the

police station. Fahnbulleh stated that the police took her to the Homicide Unit, where she gave a

statement on November 9 at 6:23 p.m. Id. at 99-103.

       Fahnbulleh testified that she gave a second statement to the police on March 13, 2010, at

which time she was shown a photo array. Fahnbulleh further testified that she recognized the

darker-skinned male who came upstairs with a gun and she circled his photograph. Fahnbulleh

stated that the gun was a black semiautomatic gun with a barrel that was seven to eight inches in

                                                 4
:

    length. Fahnbulleh testified that she smoked crack cocaine earlier in the day before meeting with

    Thompson, but her use of crack cocaine did not impair her ability to remember the event or

    perceive what was happening. Fahnbulleh testified that she described the lighter-skinned male to

    police as "a black male, my complexion, my weight ... between 5'6" to 5'9". He had strong cheek

    bones, probably between 27 to 30 years old ... he had a black hat, something white on it. He had

    brown Timberlands ... He had black jeans and a yellow sweater, colorful, like the one you knit,

    like homemade. Also [he] look[ed] like a baby face." Id. at 103-14.

           The Commonwealth called Edward Brooks ("Brooks") as its next witness. Brooks

    testified that he was currently in prison after pleading guilty to Thompson's murder. Brooks

    further testified that he knew Thompson through his mother and that lie used to live directly

    adjacent to Thompson's house at 1825 South 68th Street. Brooks stated that he used to go over to

    Thompson's house to play video games with him and that he bought marijuana on a daily basis

    from Thompson. Brooks testified that, on November 8, 2009, he went over to Thompson's

    house at about 1 :00 p.m. to buy marijuana and that he went back that same day at around 7:00

    · p.m. with Defendant and Duran to rob Thompson. Brooks stated that he had earlier discussed

    robbing Thompson with Defendant because he knew that Thompson sold drugs from his house

    and assumed he would have money. Brooks further stated that this conversation took place at

    Defendant's house, which was across the street from his house, and that Duran was not present

    for the conversation. Brooks testified that Duran arrived at Defendant's house a few minutes

    after the conversation ended and about ten minutes before they went to Thompson's house. (N.T.

    5/6/2015 p. 11-19).

            Brooks testified that he did not have a gun on him but Defendant had a .45-caliber black

    semiautomatic gun while Duran carried a .38-caliber revolver. Brooks further testified that he

                                                    5
knocked on Thompson's door and that Thompson let the three of them into his house after

Brooks asked to buy drugs. Brooks stated that, shortly after they entered Thompson's house,

Defendant and Duran drew their guns on Thompson. Brooks testified that Duran told Thompson

to lay down on the floor while Defendant went upstairs and he searched the living room for

drugs. Brooks further stated that Defendant returned from upstairs with a woman and told her to

stay in the corner. Brooks testified that he was at the bottom of the steps when the woman was

brought down and that he grabbed her arm to place her in the corner. Brooks further testified

that Duran was on top of Thompson and told him to bring the woman to the dining room, which

he did. Id. at 19-26.

       Brooks testified that, while he and Defendant continued to search the house, Duran hit

Thompson on the head with his gun and asked him "Where is it at?" Brooks further testified that

Thompson told them that it was in the basement but, when he went to the basement to check,

there was a pit-bull there so he returned to the living room and kicked Thompson in the head.

Brooks further testified that he and Duran choked Thompson for a few seconds. Brooks stated

that Thompson was not wearing a t-shirt and that the jeans he had been wearing had fallen down

to his ankles. Brooks further stated that he and Duran were both dressed entirely in black but he

did not remember what Defendant was wearing. Id. at 26-33.

       Brooks testified that, after he finished searching the house, Defendant came downstairs

and told them they should leave. Brooks further testified that he replied they could not leave

Thompson alive because Thompson knew him and he was afraid that Thompson would kill him

in retaliation if they left him alive. Brooks stated that Defendant told him that he would have to

be the one to kill Thompson and he replied that he was unable to do so because he had never

killed anyone. Brooks further testified that, as he and Defendant argued, Duran shot Thompson

                                                 6
once in the head using the .38-caliber revolver. Brooks stated that Duran was crouched over

Thompson when he shot him and that Thompson was motionless after he was shot. Brooks

further stated that the three of them ran out of Thompson's house immediately afterwards.

Brooks testified that he never touched a gun at any point during the robbery and that he never

told his mother that he had. Brooks further testified that neither he nor Duran went upstairs and

he was unsure why the woman said that he did and that he had a gun. Id. at 33-38, 53-55.

          The Commonwealth called Officer David Gerard ("Gerard") as its next witness. Gerard

testified that he had worked i~ the 12th District for approximately 8 years and that he responded

to a radio call in the area of Trinity Street at around 7:00 p.m. on November 8, 2009. Gerard

further testified that the radio call stated that somebody had been shot inside a home and that,

although the exact address was unknown, the front door to the house was left open. Gerard stated

that he arrived at the location and observed that the front door of 6726 Trinity Street was open.

Gerard further stated that he approached the property from the front steps while his partner

proceeded to the rear of the property. Gerard testified that, immediately after entering the front

door, he observed Thompson lying face down on the living room floor. Gerard further testified
      I

that Thompson's pants were down around his ankles and that, while he was not wearing a shirt,

he had a white t-shirt covering his head which was partially soaked in blood. Gerard stated that,

after he checked Thompson for vital signs, he searched the property but did not locate any other

people inside the house. Gerard further stated that the medics arrived at the scene and together

they rolled Thompson over and pulled him further into the living room. Gerard testified that, as

they moved Thompson, he saw the projectile part of a bullet in a pool of blood where

Thompson's head had been laying. Gerard further testified that he searched the area for a fired

cartridge casing but was unable to find any. Id. at 161-65.

                                                 7
       The Commonwealth called Michelle Thomas ("Thomas'') as its next witness. Thomas

testified that she had been friends with Thompson and that Brooks was her son. Thomas further

testified that, sometime after she learned that Thompson had been killed, the police came to her

house for Brooks. Thomas stated that Brooks was in New York on a church retreat at the time so

she called her brother to retrieve him and, when he returned to Philadelphia, he turned himself in

to police. Thomas further testified that she asked Brooks why Homicide detectives were looking

for him and, although he initially denied involvement, he eventually told her that he was

involved in Thompson's murder. Thomas testified that Brooks told her that he went with two

other men to Thompson's home and told Thompson that they wished to buy marijuana from him.

Brooks further told her that, after Thompson let them into his home, the two men pulled out guns

and robbed him. Brooks told her that one of the men gave a gun to him and told him that he had

to kill Thompson, but he was unable to do it. Brooks further told her that when he gave the gun

back to the man, the other man shot Thompson in the head and they ran out of the house.

Thomas testified that Brooks told her that one of the other men was Defendant, who lived across

the street from them, but she did not know who the second man was. Id. at 172-80.

       The Commonwealth called Myron Baker ("Baker") as its next witness. Baker testified

that, at around 8 a.m. on November 9, 2009, three males came to his house. Baker further

testified that the first male was 5'6", around 18 to 26 years old, light-skinned and had a tattoo on

his lower arm, while the other two males were both approximately 5'8" to 5' 10", around the

same age as the first male and that one of the other males had a medium complexion while the

other had a dark complexion. Baker testified that he was the lawful owner of two .40-caliber

firearms and that, when the males came to his house, he had one of the firearms, a . 40-caliber

Glock 27, in his waistband while the other one, a .40-caliber black and silver HK, was in his

                                                 8
truck. Baker testified that the light-skinned male had a black .38-caliber revolver with a two to

three inch barrel length while the other two males each had semiautomatic handguns. Baker

further testified that the light-skinned male was wearing a black hooded sweatshirt and blue jeans

while the other two wore dark hooded-sweatshirts and jeans. Baker stated that the males took his

handguns from him and left. Id. at 206-14.

       The Commonwealth called Officer Joseph Rapone ("Rapone'') as its next witness.

Rapone testified that he had been assigned to the Philadelphia Highway Patrol for 18 years and

that, on June 9, 2010, he made a car stop in the 2800 block of North 5th Street. Rapone stated

that, after stopping the vehicle for a violation, he was approaching the vehicle on foot when his

partner yelled "gun". Rapone further stated that he observed the passenger in the left rear

passenger seat, Joshua Hines ("Hines"), put a handgun in his pocket. Rapone testified that he

immediately drew his firearm, took the gun from Hines then arrested him and placed him in the

police car. Rapone further testified that Defendant was sitting in the right rear passenger seat of

the vehicle and that he took Defendant out of the vehicle. Rapone stated that, as he searched

Defendant for weapons, his partner again yelled "gun" as he was searching the right front

passenger, John Bowie ("Bowie"). Rapone testified that he let go of Defendant, who

subsequently fled southbound on 5th Street and westbound on Somerset before they lost him.

Rapone testified that he recovered a .40-caliber Glock from Bowie and a .38-caliber Lady Smith

revolver with a very small barrel from Hines. Rapone further testified that the revolver had four

live rounds and one fired cartridge casing when it was recovered. Rapone stated that Defendant

was not apprehended that day and he did not recover any drugs from the car. Id. at 228-37.

       The Commonwealth called Bowie as its next witness. Bowie testified that he was

arrested on June 9, 2010 after the car in which he was travelling with Defendant and Hines was

                                                 9
 )

pulled over by the police. Bowie further testified that he had a Glock 27 semiautomatic handgun

on him when he was arrested and that Hines had a .38-caliber Smith and Wesson revolver on

him. Bowie stated that he did not remember Defendant or Duran admitting to him that they had

committed a murder and that he told the police that they had so he could leave custody. Bowie

further stated that Defendant and Duran could not have committed the murder because he, in

fact, killed Thompson, although he did not even know Thompson's name. Bowie testified that

Thompson was the only person in the house when he killed him and that he used the .38-caliber

Smith and Wesson. Bowie further testified that he killed Thompson with the assistance of

another male, although he did not know the male's name. Bowie stated that the male was 6' and

had brown skin, but could not describe him further. Id. at 252-62.

       Bowie testified that the other male knocked on Thompson's door and they entered his

house after Thompson let them in. Bowie further testified that Thompson was older than him but

could not describe him further. Bowie stated that he could not remember what color shirt

Thompson was wearing, what kind of pants Thompson was wearing or what the inside of

Thompson's house looked like. The Commonwealth then read from the statement Bowie gave to

police on June 30, 2010. Bowie stated that on, June 9, 2010, he was stopped and arrested by the

police for possessing a Glock 27 .40-caliber handgun that he did not have a permit to carry.

Bowie further stated to the police that he received the Glock from Defendant that morning.

Bowie testified at trial that he remembered telling this to the police, but it was untrue as the gun

was his own. Bowie testified at trial that he identified a photograph of Defendant and that he

told the police that Defendant was sitting in the seat behind him in the car when it was stopped.

Id. at 263-76.

       In his June 30, 2010 statement to police, Bowie stated to police that Defendant and Duran

                                                 10
told him they had killed an older male inside a house in Southwest Philadelphia near Defendant's

house. Bowie further stated to the police that Defendant told him they thought the man had

marijuana in his house and that they used the .40-caliber handguns. Bowie testified at trial that

he gave these answers to the police but he lied because he did not want to get charged with

possessing the gun. Bowie stated to the police that, on the morning he was arrested, Defendant

and Duran arrived at Duran's sister's house with a .38-caliber revolver, a silver and black .40-

caliber semiautomatic, a black .40-caliber Glock, and a .45-caliber ACP. Bowie further stated to

the police that the .38-caliber gun was sold to a person named Diddy and that Duran was arrested

carrying the .40-caliber HK that came from Baker. Bowie testified at trial that he used the gun

that Defendant and Duran had taken from Baker on November 9, 2009 to shoot Thompson even

though Thompson was actually killed on November 8th. (N.T. 5/7/2015 p. 15-25, 30-31, 111-12).

        The Commonwealth called Hines as its next witness. Hines testified that he was arrested

in June 2010 while in a car with Bowie and Defendant and that he gave a statement to the police

on June 11, 2010. Hines stated to the police that he was arrested for carrying a revolver that

Diddy had given to him. Hines further stated to the police that Duran told him that he had killed

a man inside a house in Southwest Philadelphia near Defendant's house. · Hines testified at trial

that he remembered making that statement to the police but could not remember whether it was

true because he was high on cough syrup at the time, despite earlier stating to the police that he

was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Hines testified at trial that he identified a

photograph of Duran after he finished his statement and signed his name below the photograph.

Hines testified at trial that he had written multiple letters to the District Attorney asking to retract

bis statement because he did not want to testify against his friends at trial. Id. at 137-63. ·

       The Commonwealth called Dr. Gary Collins ("Collins") as its next witness. Collins

                                                  11
testified that he worked at the Philadelphia MedicalBxaminer's      Office from January 2007 to

October 2014 as an assistant medical examiner and later the deputy chief medical examiner.

Collins further testified that, after graduating from medical school, he did a five-year training

program in pathology at the University of South Florida and a one-year training program in

forensic pathology in Philadelphia. Collins stated that he was board certified in the area of

anatomic, clinical and forensic pathology and that he had personally performed in excess of2300

autopsies. Collins further testified that he had testified as an expert in the area of forensic

pathology at least a few hundred times. Collins was subsequently offered and accepted by this

Court as an expert in the field of forensic pathology. (N.T. 5/8/2013 p. 4-7).

       Collins testified that he performed Thompson's autopsy on November 8, 2009. Collins

further testified that Thompson was pronounced dead by medics on the scene at 7:46 p.m. on

November 8, 2009 and his body was subsequently transported to the Medical Examiner's Office.

Collins testified that Thompson had suffered a perforating gunshot wound to the head and that no

bullets were recovered from the body. Collins further testified that the entrance wound was

located on the back left side of Thompson's head and the exit wound was on the front right side

of his head just above his hairline. Collins stated that there was no soot or stippling found on

Thompson's skin. Collins testified that Thompson was wearing a pair of jeans and socks, and

that there was a blood-stained white t-shirt that accompanied his body. Collins further testified

that there were holes in the t-shirt and gunfire residue adjacent to the holes. Collins stated that, if

the shirt was wrapped around Thompson's head, then the residue would mean that the gun was

within two inches to three feet of Thompson's head when it was fired. Collins further stated that

there were multiple holes in the shirt, which was consistent with the shirt being folded and one

shot passing through it. Id. at 8-18.

                                                  12
       Collins testified that Thompson tested positive for cocaine. Collins stated that Thompson

had a small abrasion on the right side of his face and forehead and small scrapes just above his

eyebrow. Collins further stated that Thompson had an area about two inches in size on his right

cheek which was swollen and had two small scrapes. Collins stated that these abrasions were

consistent with being struck by a blunt object. Collins testified that Thompson's   injuries were

consistent with a person standing or crouching over him and firing one shot through a t-shirt into

the back of his head. Collins stated that, once Thompson sustained the gunshot wound, he

immediately would have been incapacitated and capable of only small, involuntary movements.

Collins further stated that it was possible that Thompson could have continued to breathe after

sustaining the gunshot wound despite the damage to his brain. Id. at 19-25.

       The Commonwealth called Abu Abdul Wakeel ("Wakeel") as its next witness. Wakeel

testified that he lived near Trinity Street but could not recall knowing Brooks. Wakeel further

testified that he could not recall giving a statement to the police about Thompson's death. The

Commonwealth then read from the statement Wakeel gave to police on March 2, 2010. Wakeel

stated to the police that Brooks told him that he had bought marijuana from Thompson and

thought that he could rob him. Wakeel further stated that Brooks told him that he and two other

men went to Thompson's house and knocked on the door as though he was going to buy

marijuana. Brooks further told him that one of the men he was with drew a revolver after they

entered the house while the other one went upstairs and found a woman there. Wakeel stated

that Brooks told him that one of the men asked Thompson where the drugs were and, when

Thompson refused to tell them, they shot him. Wakeel further stated to the police that Brooks

told him about the murder while they were smoking marijuana together on a soccer field and

would mention it on occasion thereafter. Wakeel stated to the police that Brooks told him that

                                                13
they used a .38-caliber gun and that they had to kill Thompson because Thompson had known

Brooks his entire life. W akeel testified at trial that he could not recall giving these answers to the

police. Id. at 40-63.

       The Commonwealth called Officer David Marshall ("Marshall") as its next witness.

Marshall testified that he worked for the Bensalem Township Police Department and that, on

May 11, 2010, he went to the Lincoln Motel at 2277 Lincoln Highway. Marshall further testified

that he came into contact with Duran at the location when Duran fled from a vehicle the police

bad been observing after the police decided to initiate a traffic stop. Marshall testified Duran

fled from the passenger side towards a wooded area near the motel and that be pursued Duran

into the woods. Marshall further testified that, as Duran was running, his hand was up near the

right side of his hip holding what appeared to be a bulky object. Marshall testified that they

identified themselves as police and told Duran to stop, but he continued to run. Marshall further

testified that, as Duran ran through the woods along the Bensalem side of the Poquessing Creek,

be once turned towards him and reached for the same area around his waistband that he was

liolding as be started to flee, but appeared to be surprised when nothing was there. Marshall

stated that Duran eventually was arrested on the opposite side of the creek. Marshall testified

that a .40-caliber Heckler & Koch semiautomatic with a black handgrip and a silver slide was

recovered from a sandy area where Duran had earlier fallen down near the start of the chase.

Marshall stated that the gun, which had the serial number 26045373, was placed on a property

receipt and taken to Philadelphia (N.T. 5/13/2015 p. 12-24).

       The Commonwealth called Officer Robin Song ("Song'') as its next witness. Song

testified that he worked in the 12th District and that, on August 16, 2010, he went to 1836

Y ewdall Street to search for Defendant. Song further testified· that they knocked on the front

                                                  14
door of the property and identified themselves as police, at which time a young black male

opened the door and told them that Defendant was upstairs. Song stated that they entered the

house, identified themselves as police and told Defendant to come downstairs but no one

answered. Song further stated that he and a couple other officers went upstairs and searched

different rooms for Defendant. Song testified that he came upon a closet in one of the bedrooms

that initially appeared to be filled with clothes but, upon further inspection, he noticed what

appeared to be the top of a person's head. Song further testified that, after he confirmed that it

was a person, he drew his weapon and told the person to put his hands up. Song stated that two

hands appeared from the pile of clothes, at which time he pulled Defendant out of the closet and

arrested him. lg. at 28-32.

       The Commonwealth called Officer Jeff Holden ("Holden") as its next witness. Holden

testified that he was a Philadelphia Police Officer and that, on April 29, 2010, he recovered a

fired cartridge casing from a .40-caliber firearm as well as a projectile of an unknown caliber

from 2441 Brown Street. Id. at 37-38.

       The Commonwealth called Officer Joseph Murray ("Murray") as its next witness.

Murray testified that he worked for the Special Investigations Unit of Southwest Detectives and

that, on June 10, 2010, he took a statement from Bowie. Murray testified that he had not been

looking for Bowie and had not known Bowie before he was arrested by Rapone. Murray stated

that Bowie was cooperative when he gave the statement and that he did not force or threaten

Bowie to give him information. Murray further stated that Bowie was provided with food and

the opportunity to use the bathroom and that he did not appear to be under the influence of drugs

or alcohol. Murray testified that he reviewed Bowie's rights with him prior to the statement and

that Bowie signed his initials next to each right to indicate that he understood them. Id. at 40-47.

                                                 15
        Murray testified that Bowie told him he had received the .40-caliber Glock 27 he had

been arrested for carrying from Defendant on the morning of June 9, 2010. Bowie further told

him that Defendant and Duran took the firearms from Baker. Bowie stated that they took a silver

and black .40-caliber semiautomatic and a .40-caliber black Glock from Baker, to go along with

a .38-caliber revolver and a .45-caliber ACP they already had. Bowie further stated that

Defendant and Duran told him that they had killed an older man inside of a house in Southwest

Philadelphia near Defendant's house. Bowie stated that they told him it was a home invasion,

that they believed the man had marijuana in his house and that they used .40-caliber firearms.

Murray testified that Bowie never expressed any hesitation as to the accuracy of the statement

and that he signed each page of the statement. Id. at 47-57.

        Murray testified that he took a second statement from Bowie on June 23, 2010. Murray

testified that Bowie stated that, at around 5:00 a.rn., he, Defendant and Duran walked from 24th

and Berks to Baker's house after Duran's sister told them that Baker had guns and money at his

house. Bowie further stated that Defendant and Duran stood behind Baker's truck and waited for

Baker, then took a Glock 27 from Baker's hip and a HK .40-caliber gun. Bowie stated to the

police that, on April 29, 2010 at 2441 Brown Street, Duran fired the .38 caliber revolver while he

fired the Glock 27. Bowie further stated that Hines told him that Defendant, Duran and a young

male had participated in Thompson's murder. Murray testified that Bowie signed each page of

the second statement and did not express in any way that he was uncomfortable with the content

of the statement or wanted to change anything about it. Murray further testified that Bowie told

him that he was giving the information in the hopes of leniency and that he explained to Bowie

that he could not promise anything to him nor could he receive leniency if the statements were

false. Id: at 58-70.

                                                16
        Murray testified that he took a statement from Hines on June 11, 2010. Murray further

testified that Hines stated that Duran told him he had killed a man inside a house in Southwest

 Philadelphia. Murray testified that Hines did not express any hesitation about the accuracy of the

 statement or ask to change it. Murray further testified that, prior to the first interview with

 Bowie, the only information he had about Thompson's murder was that a murder had occurred at

 that location in Southwest Philadelphia. Murray stated that he did not respond to the scene of

 Thompson's murder nor had he ever spoken to anyone at Homicide about it. Murray testified

 that the statements with Bowie and Hines were not primarily concerned with the murder, that he

 did not try to elicit further information about the murders, and that there was never any

· discussion that Bowie or Hines might go to jail for Thompson's murder. Id. at 73-85.

        The Commonwealth called Tracy Byard ("Byard") as its next witness. Byard testified

 that he worked for the Homicide Unit, but was not the assigned detective on Thompson's

 murder. Byard testified that, on March 2, 2010, he took a statement from Wakeel in connection

 to the murder. Byard further testified that he recorded Wakeel's answers verbatim and that

 Wakeel had the opportunity to review his statement. Byard testified that Wakeel signed each

 page of the statement to indicate that the statement was correct. Id. at 118-21.

        The Commonwealth called Detective Thomas DeMalto ("DeMalto,,) as its next witness.

 DeMalto testified that he was assigned to Central Detectives and that, on November 9, 2009, he

 took a statement from Baker. DeMalto further testified that Baker told him that three individuals

 came to his house and took his two .40-caliber guns. DeMalto testified that one of the firearms

 taken from Baker was a black and silver Heckler & Koch .40-caliber handgun with the serial

 number 26045373 while the other one was a black Glock .40-caliber handgun with the serial

 number K.ZZ043. DeMalto further testified that the serial number on the Heckler & Koch .40-

                                                   17
caliber recovered from Duran by Bensalem detectives matched the serial number of the Heckler

& Koch .40-caliber handgun that was stolen from Baker while the firearm recovered from Bowie

by Rapone on JW1e 9, 2010 had the same serial number as the Glock that was taken from Baker.

Id. at 137-46.

        The Commonwealth called Officer Michael Maresca ("Maresca") as its next witness.

Maresca testified that he was assigned to the Crime Scene Unit and that, on November 8, 2009,

he investigated the crime scene at 6726 Trinity Street. Maresca stated that, before he entered the

property, he searched for ballistic evidence or weapons but could not find any. Maresca testified

that, when he entered the property, he looked to his left and saw Thompson lying on his back

with his feet towards the door and his head towards the stairs. Maresca further testified that

Thompson appeared to have a wound to his head and, when he approached him, he could see that

there was a hole in his head. Maresca stated that he lifted Thompson's head and saw that there

was a projectile underneath him. Maresca further stated that there was a t-shirt underneath

Thompson's head and that his pants had fallen down to his knees. (N.T. 5/14/2015 p. 5-9).

        Maresca testified that the projectile had mushroomed out and was found in a pool of

blood on top of the t-shirt. Maresca further testified that he did not find any other ballistic

evidence inside the house. Maresca stated that he tested some items found at the crime scene for

DNA, but there was not enough to form a complete profile. Maresca further stated that he was

unable to find any fingerprints that were of use in the investigation. Maresca testified that,

because no fired cartridge casing was found, it was probable that a revolver was used because the

fired cartridge casing remains in the gun after a revolver had been fired. Maresca further

testified ~t he submitted the projectile that was found to Kenneth Lay ("Lay") of the Firearms

Identification Unit. Id. at 9-18.

                                                 18
        The Commonwealth called Lay as its next witness. Lay testified that he was previously

assigned to the Firearms Identification Unit as a supervisor and that he had worked for the

Firearms Identification Unit for 19 years. Lay further testified that he underwent a three-year

training program to join the unit and that he subsequently engaged in further training at the FBI

laboratory, the ATF and various firearms manufacturers.     Lay stated that he had been qualified as

an expert in firearms identification 286 times in state and federal court. Lay was subsequently

offered and accepted by this Court as an expert in firearms identification. Id. at 42-47.

       Lay testified that the firearm recovered from Hines was a .38-caliber Lady Smith &

Wesson special revolver with the serial number BDV1577. Lay further testified that the revolver

came with four live rounds of ammunition arid one fired cartridge casing. Lay stated that the

bullet recovered from the murder scene was a .38-caliber bullet, while the projectile recovered

from 2441 Brown Street on April 29, 2010 was also a .38-caliber bullet. Lay further stated that

he compared the two projectiles to the .38-caliber gun that was recovered from Hines and was

able to determine that the projectile recovered at 2441 Brown Street was fired from that

particular gun. Lay testified that, in regards to the bullet recovered from Thompson's murder,

the class characteristics of the bullet matched those of the revolver recovered from Hines but he

was unable to determine whether the bullet was fired from that particular firearm due to damage

to the bullet and corrosion in the gun barrel. Lay further testified that the damage to the bullet

could have been caused by the impact with Thompson's head. Id. at 60-69.

       The Commonwealth called Detective David Schmidt ("Schmidt") as its next witness.

Schmidt testified that he worked for the Homicide Unit and was the assigned detective for

Thompson's murder.      Schmidt further testified that Duran was arrested on May 11, 201 O and

that at the time of his arrest, he was 26 years old, weighed 150 pounds and was 5'6" tall.

                                                 19
 Schmidt testified that Brooks would not have had access to the statements of Bowie or Hines.

 Schmidt further testified that he first learned of the statements that Bowie and Hines gave shortly

 before Defendant and Duran were arrested and after Brooks gave his statement.     Sclunidt

 testified that, based on those statements, arrest warrants were obtained for Defendant and Duran.

 Schmidt stated that Bowie, Wakeel and Hines never contacted him about changing their

 statements. Id. at 84-108.

        The Commonwealth read a stipulation, by and between counsel, that Defendant and

 Duran did not have a license to carry a firearm in the state of Pennsylvania. The Commonwealth

 further moved a certificate of non-licensure into evidence, which showed that, on November 8,

 2009, neither Defendant nor Duran possessed a valid license to carry a firearm nor a valid

· sportsman's firearm permit. After moving the certificateof non-licensure into evidence, the

 Commonwealth and Defendant rested. Id. at 161-62, 168.

                                          DISCUSSION

        I.      WHETHER THE COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANT'S
                MOTION TO DISl\fiSS THE INFORMATION BASED ON DELAY.

        II.     WHETHER THE COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANT'S
                MOTION TO SUPPRESS IDENTIFICATION.

        ill.    WHETHER '.fHE COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANT'S
                MOTION TO EXCLUDE PRIOR BAD ACTS EVIDENCE AND
                GRANTED THE COMMONWEALTH'S MOTION TO ADMIT PRIOR
                BAD ACTS EVIDENCE.

        IV.     WHETHER THE COURT ERRED WHEN IT Lll\fiTED DEFENDANT'S
                CROSS-EXAMINATIONOF A WITNESS ON THE POTENTIAL PRISON
                SENTENCE HE WAS FACING.

        V.      WHETHER THE COURT ERRED WHEN IT INSTRUCTED THE JURY
                THAT THE PRIOR STATEMENTS OF CERTAIN WITNESSES COULD
                BE CONSIDERED AS SUBSTANTIVEEVIDENCE.

                                                 20
       VI.     WHETHER TIIE COURT ERRED IN GIVING A FLIGHT
               INSTRUCTION.

       VII.    WHETHER THE EVIDENCE WAS SUFFICIENT TO FIND DEFENDANT
               GUil..TYOF ALL CHARGES.

       VIII. WHETHER TIIE VERDICT WAS AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE
             EVIDENCE.

                                           DISCUSSION

       I.      THE COURT DID NOT ERR WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANT'S
               MOTION TO DISMISS THE INFORMATION BASED ON DELAY.

       This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to dismiss the information

based on the delay from when the murder occurred until when Defendant was arrested. It is well-

settled that the passage of time between crime and arrest is not a matter within the context of

Sixth Amendment speedy trial rights. Only a formal indictment, information or arrest, any of

which binds an accused to respond to a criminal charge, invokes Sixth Amendment privileges.

Commonwealth v. Trippett, 2007 PA Super 260, 932 A.2d 188, 195 (2007) (citing

Commonwealth v. Akers, 392 Pa.Super. 170, 572 A.2d 746, 758 (1990)). However, pre-arrest

delay constitutes a due process violation where there has occurred "actual prejudice to the

defendant" and there existed "no proper reasons for postponing the defendant's arrest."

Commonwealth v. Wright, 2004 PA Super 484, 865 A.2d 894, 901 (2004) (citing

Commonwealth v. Snyder, 761 A.2d 584, 605 (Pa.Super.2000)). In order for a defendant to show

actual prejudice, he or she must show that he or she was meaningfully impaired in his or her

ability to defend against the state's charges to such an extent that the disposition of the criminal

proceedings was likely affected. This kind of prejudice is commonly demonstrated by the loss of

documentary evidence or the unavailability of an essential witness. Commonwealth v.

Messersmith, 2004 PA Super 401, 860 A.2d 1078, 1091 (2004) (citing Commonwealth v. Scher,

                                                 21
569 Pa. 284, 803 A.2d 1204 (2002)). It is not sufficient for a defendant to make speculative or

conclusory claims of possible prejudice as a result of the passage of time. Id. Even in the face of

prejudice, delay is excusable if it is a derivation of reasonable investigation. Wright, 865 A.2d at

901 (citing Snyder, 761 A.2d at 587). Only in situations where the evidence shows that the delay

was the product of intentional, bad faith, or reckless conduct by the prosecution, however, will

the courts find a violation of due process. Commonwealth v. Jette. 2003 PA Super 69, 818 A.2d

533, 536 (2003) (citing Scher, 803 A.2d at 1221-22).

       In the case at bar, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the information based on the delay

in arresting him for Thompson's murder. Defendant argued that, as Thompson was killed on

November 8, 2009 but he was not arrested on the murder charge until several years later, the

delay in arresting him prejudiced him and thereby violated his due process rights. Defendant

further argued that the delay would have affected the memory of potentially exculpatory

witnesses and therefore made him unable to find any alibi witnesses. The Commonwealth

argued that the delay was caused solely because no one was able to identify Defendant as a

participant in the murder until Brooks agreed to proffer evidence and that Defendant was arrested

on Thompson's murder within a month after Brooks had identified him. This Court

subsequently denied Defendant's motion and stated that the delay in arresting Defendant was not

intentional, reckless or even negligent. 1bis Court noted that Defendant was arrested one month

after he was identified by Brooks and that the only other person present at the scene, Fahnbulleh,

bad been unable to identify him. (N.T. 4/20/2015 p. 6-12).

       This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to dismiss the information

based on the delay in his arrest. As this Court noted, the delay was not the product of intentional,

bad faith, or reckless conduct by the prosecution. Rather, the delay was caused by the inability

                                                 22
of anyone to identify Defendant as being involved in the murder until Brooks decided to proffer

evidence to the Commonwealth. Once Brooks identified Defendant as being involved in the

murder, he was promptly arrested one month later. Moreover, the prejudice that Defendant

claimed he suffered due to the passage of time   was purely speculative. Defendant did not claim
that the delay resulted in the loss of documentary evidence or the unavailability of an essential

witness but merely claimed that he was unable to find an alibi witness, which he speculated was

attributable-to the delay. Significantly, despite a similar delay, co-defendant Duran was

nonetheless able to find an alibi witness to testify on his behalf. Thus, the Commonwealth did

not act intentionally, recklessly or in bad faith in delaying Defendant's arrest for Thompson's

murder and any prejudice that Defendant suffered as a result was purely speculative. Therefore,

this Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to dismiss the information based on the

delay.

         II.   .   nns COURT  DID NOT ERR WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANT'S
                   MOTION TO SUPPRESS IDENTIFICATION.

         This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to suppress the identification

made by Bowie and Hines. In reviewing the propriety of identification evidence, the central

inquiry is whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the identification was reliable.

Commonwealth v. Davis, 17 A.3d 390, 394 (Pa.Super. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Moye,

836 A.2d 973, 976 (Pa.Super.2003)). While the suggestiveness of the identification procedure is

one relevant factor in determining the reliability of an identification, "[s]uggestiveness alone will

not forbid the use of an identification, if the reliability of a subsequent identification can be

sustained." Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. McGaghey, 510 Pa. 225, 228, 507 A.2d 357, 359

(1986)). Suggestiveness arises when the police employ an identification procedure that

emphasizes or singles-out a suspect. Id. (citing Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 383

                                                  23
(1968)). To establish reliability in the wake of a suggestive identification, the Commonwealth

must prove, through clear and convincing evidence, the existence of an independent basis for the

identification. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Fisher, 564 Pa 505, 523, 769 A.2d 1116, 1127

(2001)). When the witness already knows the defendant, this prior familiarity creates an

independent basis for the witness's identification of the defendant. Commonwealth v. Reid, 99

A.3d 427, 448 (Pa. 2014) (citing Commonwealth v. Ali, 608 Pa. 71, 10 A.3~ 282, 303 (2010)).

       In the case at bar, Defendant filed a motion to suppress identifications made by Bowie

and Hines while they were in police custody. Defendant argued that, as Bowie and Hines were

each shown only one photo of Defendant instead of an eight-picture photo array, the

identification procedure was unduly suggestive. The Commonwealth argued in response that

Bowie and Hines had a prior relationship with Defendant and were in fact driving in a car with

Defendant when they were stopped and arrested by the police. The Commonwealth further

argued that prior case law held that a single photograph was appropriate in situations where the

witness had a prior relationship with the defendant. This Court denied Defendant's motion to

suppress identifications made by Hines and Bowie and stated that a single photograph is

appropriate in situations where the identifier bas a prior relationship with the subject. (N.T.

4/20/2015 p. 20-25).

       This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to suppress identifications

made by Bowie and Hines. As the Commonwealth accurately noted, both Bowie and Hines had a

prior existing relationship with Defendant and were in fact travelling in the same car with

Defendant when they were stopped and arrested by the police. Moreover, Hines testified at trial

and described Defendant as his friend. Furthermore, Bowie gave a statement to the police

regarding prior, friendly conservations that he had with Defendant to the extent that Defendant

                                                 24
confided with him about the Thompson shooting. Thus, as both Bowie and Hines already knew

Defendant and were in fact friends with him, this prior familiarity created an independent basis

for their identification of Defendant while they were in police custody and thereby established

the reliability of that identification. Therefore, this Court did not err when it denied Defendant's

motion to suppress identifications made by Bowie and Hines.

         ill.   TIDS COURT DID NOT ERR WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANT'S
                MOTION TO EXCLUDE PRIOR BAD ACTS EVIDENCE AND
                GRANTED THE COMMONWEALTH'S MOTION TO ADMIT PRIOR
                BAD ACTS EVIDENCE.

         This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to exclude evidence that

Brooks and Defendant had used drugs together prior to the incident, nor did the Court err when it

granted the Commonwealth's motion to introduce evidence that Defendant robbed Baker the

morning after the murder and that Hines and Bowie were in possession of a .40-caliber handgun

and .38-caliber revolver when they were arrested with Defendant. It is well established that the

admissibility of evidence is solely within the discretion of the trial court and its decision will not

be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. An abuse of discretion is not merely

an   error of judgment, but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the law or an exercise of

judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as

shown by the evidence of record. Commonwealth v. Tyson, 2015 PA Super 138, 119 A.3d 353,

357-58 (2015) (citing Commonwealth v. Harris, 884 A.2d 920, 924 (Pa.Super.2005)).

         Where the trial court has stated a "reason for its decision, the scope of review is limited to

an examination of the stated reason." Commonwealth v. Weakley, 2009 PA Super 74, 972 A.2d

1182, 1189 (quoting Commonwealth v. Strong, 825 A.2d 658, 665 (Pa.Super.2003)). An abuse

of discretion may not be found merely because an appellate court might have reached a different

conclusion. Commonwealth v. Perry, 612 Pa 557, 32 A.3d 232, 236 (2011) (quoting

                                                  25
Commonwealth v. Walls, 592 Pa. 557, 926 A.2d 957, 961 (2007)). To constitute reversible error,

an evidentiary ruling must not only be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the

complaining party. Commonwealth v. Lopez, 2012 PA Super 161, 57 A.3d 74, 81 (2012). An

evidentiary error of the trial court will be deemed harmless on appeal where the appellate court is

convinced, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.

Commonwealth v. Patterson, 625 Pa. 104, 91 A.3d 55 (2014) (citing Commonwealth v. DeJesus,

584 Pa. 29, 880 A.2d 608, 614 (2005)).

       While it is true that evidence of prior crimes and bad acts is generally inadmissible if

offered for the sole purpose of demonstrating the defendant's bad character or criminal

propensity, the same evidence may be admissible where relevant for another purpose.

Commonwealth v. Powell, 598 Pa. 224, 956 A.2d 406, 419 (2008) (citing Commonwealth v.

Kemp, 562 Pa. 154, 753 A.2d 1278, 1284 (2000)). Such relevant purposes include showing the

defendant's motive in committing the crime on trial, the absence of mistake or accident, a

common scheme or design, or to establish identity. Id. The trial court is not "required to sanitize

the trial to eliminate all unpleasant facts from the jury's consideration where those facts are

relevant to the issues at hand and form part of the history and natural development of the events

and offenses for which the defendant is charged." Commonwealth v. Page, 2009 PA Super 20,

965 A.2d 1212, 1220 (2009) (quoting Commonwealth v. Dillon, 592 Pa. 351, 925 A.3d 131, 141

(2007)). Such evidence may be admitted, however, only if the probative value of the evidence

outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice. Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 665 (Pa.

2014). In conducting this balancing test, courts must consider factors such as the strength of the

"other crimes" evidence, the similarities between the crimes, the time lapse between crimes, the

need for the other crimes evidence, the efficacy of alternative proof of the charged crime, and

                                                 26
"the degree to which the evidence probably will rouse the jury to overmastering hostility."

Commonwealth v. Brown, 2012 PA Super 150, 52 A.3d 320, 326 (2012) (citing Commonwealth

v. Frank, 395 Pa.Super. 412, 577 A.2d 609 (1990)).

       The general rule is that where weapon evidence cannot be specifically linked to a crime,

such evidence is not admissible. Commonwealth v. Owens, 2007 PA Super 213, 929 A.2d 1187,

1191 (2007) (citing Commonwealth v. Robinson, 554 Pa. 293, 721 A.2d 344, 351 (1998)). The

exception to this general rule is where the accused had a weapon or implement suitable to the

commission of the crime charged. This evidence is always a proper ingredient of the case for the

prosecution. Id. (citing Robinson, 721 A.2d at 351). A weapon shown to have been in a

defendant's possession may properly be admitted into evidence, even though it cannot positively

be identified as the weapon used in the commission of a particular crime, if it tends to prove that

the defendant had a weapon similar to the one used in the perpetration of the crime. Id. (citing

Commonwealth v. Broaster, 2004 PA Super 458, 863 A.2d 588, 592 (2004)). Uncertainty

whether the weapon evidence was actually used in the crime goes to the weight of such evidence,

not its admissibility. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Williams, 537 Pa. 1, 640 A.2d 1251, 1260

(1994)).

       1.      Defendant's prior drug use with Brooks.

       In the case at bar, Defendant filed a motion in limine to preclude evidence that Brooks

and Defendant had smoked marijuana together in the past and that Defendant had provided

Brooks with drugs in the past. Defendant argued that the prejudicial effect of this evidence

outweighed its probative value, that Defendant's alleged prior criminal activity with Brooks was

not relevant as to his involvement in Thompson's homicide, and that the evidence was being

used as propensity evidence. The Commonwealth argued in response that the evidence of their

                                                27
prior drug use together was admissible to show the relationship between Brooks and Defendant

and to establish their motive for robbing Thompson, as Thompson had sold Brooks marijuana

previously. This Court denied Defendant's motion to exclude evidence that Defendant and

Brooks had used marijuana together and that Defendant previously bad supplied Brooks with

drugs. This Court stated that the case law showed that a defendant's prior drug use is admissible

when that evidence was relevant to establish the defendant's motive and cited to Commonwealth

v. Romero and Commonwealth vs. Edwards in support. (N.T. 4/20/2015 p. 30-49); See

Commonwealth v. Romero, 938 A.2d 362 (Pa. 2007); see also Commonwealth v. Edwards, 903

A.2d 1139 (Pa. 2006).

       Thus, this Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to exclude evidence that

Brooks and Defendant had smoked marijuana together in the past and that Defendant had·

provided Brooks with drugs in the past. Rather than being used for propensity purposes, the

evidence was admissible to explain how Brooks knew Defendant and their motive for robbing

Thompson, as Brooks previously had bought marijuana from Thompson in the past and they

wanted to steal marijuana from him. Moreover, the prejudice that would have resulted from the

evidence was minimal, as the jury heard evidence from other witnesses, including Defendant's

own admission to Bowie, that they went to Thompson's house to rob him of marijuana.

Furthermore, even if this Court erred in its pre-trial ruling, any such error was harmless as such

testimony was never developed, i.e. Brooks never testified that he had smoked marijuana with

Defendant or that Brooks previously had provided Defendant with marijuana. As a result, the

jury never heard the challenged evidence and it therefore could not have possibly contributed to

their verdict. Thus, this Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to exclude

evidence that Brooks had previously used marijuana with Defendant and that Defendant had

                                                28
previously provided Brooks with marijuana, and even if this Court had erred any such error was

harmless.

       2.      Firearms Evidence.

       In the case at bar, the Commonwealth filed a motion in limine to admit evidence that

Defendant and Duran robbed Baker on November 9, 2009 using the same guns that they had

used in Thompson's murder, and that Bowie and Hines were subsequently arrested while in

possession of a .40-caliber semiautomatic stolen from Baker and a .38-caliber revolver with the

same class characteristics as the bullet recovered from underneath Thompson's head. The

Commonwealth argued that the case law consistently allowed evidence of separate criminal

incidents where the same or similar guns were used in order to show identity. The

Commonwealth cited Commonwealth v. Reid, in which evidence of a murder committed with

the same gun six days after the crime at issue was admissible to show identity, and

Commonwealth v. Cousar, in which evidence of a robbery and two murders committed more

than 30 days apart was properly admissible to show identity. See Commonwealth v. Reid, 626

A.2d 118 (Pa. 1993); see also Commonwealth v. Cousar, 928 A.2d 1025 (Pa. 2007). The

Commonwealth further argued that the evidence was essential to prove identity, as the .38-

caliber revolver used during the robbery and recovered from Hines was the same as those used in

Thompson's murder and Duran and Bowie were subsequently arrested while in possession of the

firearms stolen from Baker. Defendant argued that Baker did not identify Defendant or Duran as

the person who robbed him and did not describe the gun used as anything other than that it may

have been a .38-caliber. This Court ruled that the Commonwealth could introduce the evidence.

Id. at 54-60, 90, 100-02, 109, 113-15.

       This Court did not err when it allowed the Commonwealth to introduce evidence that

                                               29
Defendant and Duran robbed Baker on the morning of November 9, 2009 with the same type of

firearm used to kill Thompson on the night of November 8, 2009. Brooks testified that Duran

shot Thompson using   a .38-caliber revolver with a barrel that was approximately four inches in
length. Baker testified that one of the men who robbed him was in possession of a J 8-caliber

revolver with a barrel that was approximately three inches in length when Defendant and Duran

took his guns. Thus, evidence that Baker was robbed by Defendant and Duran with a weapon

similar to the one used in perpetration of the crime on the morning after the murder was properly

admissible to prove Defendant's identity as a participant in Thompson's murder. Any

uncertainty as to whether the .38-caliber revolver possessed by them on the morning of

November 9, 2009 was the same as the .38-caliber revolver Duran possessed on the night of

November 8, 2009 went to the weight that the jury placed upon the evidence, not to its

admissibility.

       Moreover, this Court did not err when it allowed the Commonwealth to introduce

evidence that Bowie and Hines were subsequently arrested while in possession of a .40-caliber

semiautomatic stolen from Baker and a JS-caliber revolver with the same class characteristics as

the bullet recovered from underneath Thompson's head. Brooks testified that on November 8,

2009, Duran shot Thompson once in the head using a .38-caliber revolver. Baker testified that,

on November 9, 2009, three men, one of whom was carrying a JS-caliber revolver, robbed him

of his .40-caliber Glock and .40-caliber Heckler & Koch. Rapone testified that Bowie and Hines

were arrested while driving in the same car as Defendant and that a .40-caliber semiautomatic

was recovered from Bowie and a JS-caliber revolver was recovered from Hines. Bowie stated to

the police that he received the .40-caliber firearm from Defendant and that the .3 8-caliber

revolver was sold by Defendant to a person named Diddy. Hines stated to the police that he

                                                30
received the .38-caliber revolver from Diddy. DeMalto testified that the gun recovered from

Bowie had the same serial number as the black Glock .40-caliber handgun stolen from Baker,

while Lay testified that the .38-caliber revolver matched a projectile recovered from 2441 Brown

Street and had the same class characteristics as the .38-caliber bullet found underneath

Thompson's head. Thus, this evidence strongly tended to prove that Defendant had ready access

to a weapon of the same style and with the same class characteristics as the one used in the

perpetration of Thompson's murder. Therefore, this Court did not err when it allowed the

Commonwealth to introduce evidence that Bowie and Hines were arrested while carrying the

.40-caliber semiautomatic and the .38-caliber revolver.

       IV.     TIIlS COURT DID NOT ERR WHEN IT LIMITED DEFENDANT'S
               FROM CROSS-EXAMINATION OF A WITNESS ON THE POTENTIAL
               PRISON SENTENCE HE WAS FACING.

       This Court did not err when it prohibited Defendant from cross-examining Brooks on the

possible life sentence he was facing prior to pleading guilty in Thompson's murder. The "scope

of cross-examination is a matter within the discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed

absent an abuse of that discretion." Commonwealth v. Chmiel. 585 Pa. 547, 889 A.2d SOI, 527

(2005) (citing Commonwealth v. Gibson, 547 Pa. 71, 688 A.2d 1152, 1167 (1997)). A trial court

may limit the scope of cross-examination to prevent repetitive inquiries and cumulative

testimony. Commonwealth v. Conde, 822 A.2d 45, SI (Pa.Super. 2003) (citing Commonwealth

v. Mobley, 424 Pa.Super. 385, 622 A.2d 972, 976 (1993)). Cross-examination may be employed

to test a witness' story, to impeach credibility, and to establish a witness' motive for testifying.

Chmiel. 889 A.2d at 527 (citing Commonwealth v. Robinson, 507 Pa. 522, 491 A.2d 107

(1985)). A defendant has a right to "impeach by showing bias, i.e., to challenge the witness's

self-interest "by questioning him about possible or actual favored treatment by the prosecuting

                                                  31
authority." Commonwealth v. Causey, 2003 PA Super 351, 833 A.2d 165, 169 (2003) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Evans, 511 Pa 214, 512 A.2d 626, 632 (1986)). Even if the prosecutor has

made no promises, either on the present case or on other pending criminal matters, the witness

may hope for favorable treatment from the prosecutor if the witness presently testifies in a way

that is helpful to the prosecution. And if that possibility exists, the jury should know about it.

Commonwealth v. Sattaz.ahn, 563 Pa. 533, 763 A.3d 359, 364 (2000) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Hill, 523 Pa. 270, 566 A.2d 252 (1989)). The jury may choose to believe the witness even after it

learns of actual promises made or possible promises of leniency which may be made in the

future, but the defendant, under the right guaranteed in the Pennsylvania Constitution to confront

witnesses against him, must have the opportunity at least to raise a doubt in the mind of the jury

as to whether the prosecution witness is biased. Id.

       In the case at bar, the following exchange took place during Duran's cross-examination

of Brooks,

               "MR. KAUFFMAN: If you wouldn't have done this deal with the
                              . district attorney's office, and you went to trial,
                                sir, what were you facing for the robbery and
                                murder of Rush Thompson?

               BROOKS:                 40 to 80.

               MR. KAUFFMAN: No deal. You're going to trial. You're sitting at
                             that table. What were you facing for robbery and
                             murder and conspiracy?

               BROOKS:                 40 to 80.

               MR. KAUFFMAN:           Sir, you were facing life imprisonment?"

(N.T. 5/6/2015 p. 68). The Commonwealth objected and argued that.the question had been asked

and answered. The Commonwealth further argued that it was Brooks' own understanding of his

possible sentence which was relevant to show his bias and that Brooks understood the potential

                                                   32
sentence he was facing to be 40 to 80 years imprisonment.     Defendant argued Brooks had been in

jail for 3 years prior to agreeing to a plea deal, that defense counsel should be allowed to ask a

leading question about the possibility of a life sentence and that the evidence that Brooks was

facing a possible life sentence would be used solely for impeachment purposes. This Court

stated that Brooks already had been asked and answered twice that he believed he was facing a

maximum sentence of 40 to 80 years and that defense counsel was not entitled then to engage in

teaching Brooks on the witness stand that he, and by extension both defendants, faced a life

sentence if he was found guilty of 1st or 2°d-degree murder at trial. Id. at 69-83.

        This Court did not err when it prohibited Defendant from cross-examining Brooks about

the potential life sentence that he was facing had he not pled guilty to Thompson's murder. As

the Commonwealth noted, Brooks answered twice that he believed he was facing a possible

sentence of 40 to 80 years in prison had he gone to trial and apparently was unaware or did not

believe that he was facing a possible life sentence had he gone to trial. Thus, the jury heard

Brooks' motivation to testify against Defendant, his belief that he was facing a possible prison

sentence of 40 to 80 years, and the fact that he was facing a possible life sentence was irrelevant

to his motivation or bias, as he unaware that he was facing a possible life sentence. In addition,

this Court allowed Defendant to ask the following questions based upon Brooks' understanding

of his potential sentence on cross-examination, "And 102 years, you'd be 102 years old if you

had to serve the maximum of that, correct?", to which Brooks replied "Yes,", and "Which would

essentially be a life sentence, because I don't think you expect to live past 102 years old?", to

which Brooks replied, "Yes." (N.T. 5/6/2015 p. 124-25). Thus, the jury heard that Brooks'

motive to testify against Defendant was to avoid a potential sentence that he saw as a life

sentence. Moreover, as the Commonwealth further noted, Brooks had already been asked twice

                                                  33
•.

     about the potential sentence he faced and answered twice that he believed he was facing a

     possible sentence of 40 to 80 years in prison. Thus. to allow a third question on the subject

     would have been repetitive and cumulative. Therefore, this Court did not err when it prohibited

     Defendant from further repetitive cross-examination of Brooks about the possible life sentence

     that he was facing.

            v.      rms COURT DID NOT ERR WHEN IT INSTRUCTEDTHE JURY
                    THAT THE PRIOR STATEMENTS OF CERTAIN WITNESSES COULD
                    BE CONSIDERED AS SUBSTANTIVE EVIDENCE.

            This Court did not err when it instructed the jury that the prior statements of Bowie.

     Hines. Brooks and Wakeel could be considered as substantive evidence rather than merely for

     impeachment. The general rule is that a prior inconsistent statement of a declarant is admissible

     to impeach the declarant. Commonwealth v. Henkel, 2007 PA Super 333. 938 A.2d 433, 443

     (2007) (citing Commonwealth v. Brady, 510 Pa 123, 507 A.2d 66, 68 (1986)). In Brady, the

     Supreme Court of Pennsylvania reconsidered the longstanding rule that prior inconsistent

     statements of a non-party witness could only be used to impeach the credibility of the witness,

     not as substantive evidence to prove the truth of the matters asserted therein. Commonwealth v.

     Buford. 2014 PA Super 224, 101 A.3d 1182, 1199 (2014) (citing Commonwealth v. Wilson, 550

     Pa. 518, 707 A.2d 1114, 1115-1117 (1998)). Inconsistent statements made by a witness prior to

     the proceeding at which he is then testifying are admissible as substantive evidence of the

     matters they assert so long as those statements, when given, were adopted by the witness in a

     signed writing or were verbatim contemporaneous recordings of oral statements. Commonwealth

     v. Stays. 2013 PA Super 170. 70 A.3d 1256. 1261 (2013) (citing Commonwealth v. Presbwy.

     445 Pa.Super. 362. 665 A.2d 825. 831-32 (1995)). Significantly, it is not imperative that the

     defendant actually cross-examine the witness; if the defendant had an adequate opportunity to do

                                                    34
so with full knowledge of the inconsistent statement, the mandate of Rule 803 .1 is satisfied. Id. at

1262

       In the case at bar, Defendant objected after this Court indicated that it would instruct the

jury that the prior inconsistent statements of Bowie, Hines, Brooks and W akeel could be

considered as substantive evidence rather than merely for impeachment.      Defendant argued that

the case law required the Commonwealth to prove that the statements have sufficient indicia of

reliability and trustworthiness before they were admitted as substantive evidence and that the

Commonwealth had not satisfied that requirement in the instant case. The Commonwealth

argued in response that there was a tremendous amount of corroboration among the statements

and that, in fact, each statement uniformly identified Defendant and Duran as the murderers. The

Commonwealth further argued that the circumstances surrounding the statements in the instant

case were fundamentally different from the facts in the case cited by Defendant, in which there

was only one statement that was given while the declarant was under the influence of drugs and

alcohol. See Commonwealth v. Grimes, 436 Pa.Super. 535. 648 A.2d 538, 544 (1994). This

Court subsequently overruled Defendant's objection. (N.T. 5/15/2015 p. 116-21).

       This Court did not err when it instructed the jury that the prior statements of Bowie,

Hines, Brooks and Wakeel could be considered as substantive evidence rather than merely for

impeachment purposes. Each of the statements were adopted by the respective witness in a

signed writing and were verbatim contemporaneous recordings of oral statements. Moreover,

each statement had sufficient indicia of reliability and trustworthiness to allow them to be

considered as substantive evidence. Notably, there was a significant degree of corroboration

among all of the statements. Brooks stated to the police that he, Defendant, and Duran

participated in a home invasion robbery at Thompson's house in Southwest Philadelphia, during

                                                 35
which Thompson was killed after they failed to find any marijuana. Bowie stated to the police

that Defendant and Duran told him they had killed an older male inside a house in Southwest

Philadelphia and that they thought the man had marijuana in his house. Hines stated to the police

that Duran told him that he had killed a man inside a house in Southwest Philadelphia near

Defendant's house. Wakeel stated to the police that Brooks told him that he and two other men

thought they could rob Thompson of marijuana but then shot Thompson after they were unable

to find any marijuana. Thus, the statements of each witness displayed sufficient indicia of

reliability and trustworthiness based upon their substantial degree of corroboration and

consistency. Therefore, this Court did not err when it instructed the jury that the prior statements

of Brooks, Bowie, Hines, and Wakeel could be considered as substantive evidence.

       VI.     mrs COURT        DID NOT ERR IN GIVING A FLIGHT INSTRUCTION.

       This Court did not err when it gave a flight instruction to the jury. Instructions on

defenses or theories of prosecution are warranted when there is evidence to support such

instructions. Commonwealth y. Chambers, 602 Pa. 224, 980 A.2d 35, 49 (2009) (citing.

Commonwealth v. Browdie, 543 Pa 337, 671 A.2d 668, 674 (1.996)). Only where there is an

abuse of discretion or an inaccurate statement of the law is there reversible error. Commonwealth

v. Charleston, 2014 PA Super 116, 94 A.3d 1012, 1021 (2014) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 754 (PaSuper.2014)). A flight instruction is proper when a person has

reason to know he is wanted in connection with a crime, and proceeds to flee or conceal himself

from the law enforcement authorities, such evasive conduct is evidence of guilt and may form a

basis, in connection with other proof, from which guilt may be inferred. Commonwealth v.

Thoeun Tha, 2013 PA Super 68, 64 A.3d 704, 714 (2013) (citing Commonwealth v. Harvey, 514

Pa 531, 526 A.2d 330, 334 (1987)). A defendant's knowledge may be inferred from the

                                                 36
 circumstances attendant to his flight. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Johnson, 576 Pa. 23, 838

 A.2d 663, 681 (2003)).                                                   "

        In the case at bar, this Court read the following instruction to the jury,

                "In addition, there was evidence including the testimony of [Marshall]
               that [Duran] fled from the police on May 11th, 2010, and the testimony
                of [Rapone] that [Defendant] fled from the police on 6/9/2010 and
                additional evidence that [Defendant] hid or concealed himself on
                8/6/2010 when an arrest or search warrant was being served.
               The credibility, weight and effect of this evidence is for you to decide.
               Generally speaking, when a crime has been committed and a person
               thinks he is or may be accused of committing it and he flees or conceals
               himself or hides, such flight or concealment is a circumstance tending
               to prove the person is conscious of guilt.
               Such flight or concealment or hiding does not necessarily show
               consciousness of guilt in every case. A person may flee or hide or
               conceal themselves for some other motive and may do so even though
               innocent. Whether the evidence of flight or concealment or hiding
               in this case should be looked at as tending to prove guilt depends upon
               the fact and circumstances of this case and especially upon motive that
               may have prompted the flight, hiding or concealment. You may not find
               each defendant guilty solely on the basis of flight, hiding or concealment."

(N.T. 5/15/2015 p. 139-140). Defendant had previously objected to the characterization of

Defendant having engaged in flight twice and this Court overruled the objection on the basis that

the evidence showed that Defendant had fled and hidden himself from the police on two separate

occasions. (N.T. 4/20/2051 p. 116-24).

       This Court did not err when it gave a flight instruction to the jury that made reference to

the June 9, 2010 incident in which Defendant ran away from Rapone. Rapone testified at trial

that, on that day, he and his partner stopped a car carrying Defendant, Bowie and Hines and that

he began to search Defendant after taking him out of the car. Rapone further testified that he

stopped searching Defendant after his partner yelled "gun" and that Defendant subsequently ran

'southbound on 5th Street and westbound on Somerset before they lost him. Rapone further stated

that no drugs were recovered from the vehicle, but a .38-caliber revolver was recovered from

                                                 37
 Hines. As the stop occurred a few months after Thompson was murdered and the gun used to

 shoot Thompson was in the car with him, Defendant had reason to believe that he might be

 wanted in connection with that crime and he subsequently fled from the police. Thus, the

 evidence presented at trial supported a flight instruction in relation to the June 9, 2010 traffic

 stop and this Court's instruction accurately reflected the law on the matter. Moreover, if any

 prejudice accrued to Defendant as a result, it was minimal as it was undisputed that Defendant

 subsequently hid and concealed himself from police on August 16, 2010. Defendant was found

 beneath a pile of clothing while hiding himself in a 2"d floor bedroom closet, even though police

were calling his name. Therefore the jury had an entirely independent basis to determine

whether Defendant's actions indicated a consciousness of guilt. Furthermore, this Court

instructed the jury that such flight or concealment did not necessarily show consciousness of

guilt and could have derived from some other motive, including an entirely innocent motive.

Therefore, this Court did not err when it gave a flight instruction to the jury on the basis of

Defendant's actions on June 9, 2010.

        VII.   THE EVIDENCE WAS SUFFICIENT TO FIND DEFENDANT GUILTY
               ON ALL CHARGES.

               1. Sufficiency of the evidence .

       . A review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction requires that the

evidence be reviewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner.

Commonwealth v. Levy, 2013 PA Super 331, 83 A.3d 457, 461 (2013) (quoting Commonwealth

!v. Williams, 871 A.2d   254, 259 (Pa.Super. 2005)). The Commonwealth is also entitled to all

rvorable inferences which may be drawn.from the evidence. Commonwealth             v. Kelly, 2013 PA

Super 276, 78 A.3d 1136, 1139 (2013) (citing Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820

(Pa.Super. 2013)). The evidence put forth by the Commonwealth will be considered sufficient if

                                                 38
 it establishes each material element of the crime beyond areasonable doubt, even ifby wholly

 circwnstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Franklin. 2013 PA Super 153, 69 A.3d 719, 722

 (2013) (citing Commonwealth v. Brewer, 876 A.2d 1029, 1032 (2001)).

         When determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict, the

 appellate court must examine the entire trial record and consider all of the evidence actually

 received. Commonwealth v. Graham, 2013 PA Super 306, 81 A.3d 137, 142 (2013) (quoting

 Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 559-60 (Pa.Super 2011)). However, the trier of fact is

 entitled to believe all, part or none of the evidence received at trial and the appellate court cannot

 substitute its judgment for that of the fact-finder. Commonwealth v. Fabian, 2013 PA Super 6,

 60 A.3d 146, 151 (2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. Jones, 886 A.2d 689, 704 (PaSuper.

 2005)). The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not eliminate any

 possibility of the defendant's innocence; rather, any doubt is to be resolved by the fact-finder

 unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact

 could be concluded. Commonwealth v. Stays. 2013 PA Super 170, 70 A.3d 1256, 1266 (2013)

 (citing Commonwealth v. Aguado, 760 A.2d 1181, 1185 (Pa.Super. 2000)).

                2.     The evidence was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of second-degree
                       murder.

        The evidence presented at trial was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of second-degree

murder. A person is guilty of criminal homicide ifhe intentionally, knowingly, recklessly or

negligently causes the death of another human being. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2501(a). A criminal

homicide constitutes murder of the second degree when it is committed while the defendant was

engaged as a principal or an accomplice in the commission of, or an attempt to commit, or flight

· after committing or attempting to commit, robbery, rape, or deviate sexual intercourse by force

or threat of force, arson, burglary or kidnapping. 18 PaC.S.A. § 2502(b ), (d). The malice or

                                                 39
 intent to commit the underlying crime is imputed to the killing to make it second-degree murder,

 regardless of whether the defendant actually intended to physically harm the victim.

 Commonwealth v. Lambert, 2002 PA Super 82, 795 A.2d 1010, 1021 (2002) (citing

 Commonwealth v. Mikell, 556 Pa. 509, 729 A.2d 566, 569 (1999)). The statute defining second

 degree murder does not require that a homicide be foreseeable; rather, it is only necessary that

 the accused engaged in conduct as a principal or an accomplice in the perpetration of a felony.

 Id. at 1023 (citing Commonwealth v. Laudenberger, 715 A.2d 1156, 1160 (Pa.Super.1998)).

        In the case at bar, Brooks testified that Duran crouched over Thompson and shot him

 once in the head with the .38-caliber revolver while he and Defendant were engaged as principals

 in the commission of a robbery. Brooks further testified that Defendant brought down a woman

· from upstairs and that the three of them asked Thompson where he kept his drugs and money.

 Brooks testified that Thompson was shot by Duran after he and Defendant argued over who

would be the one to shoot Thompson. Fahnbulleh testified that there were three men present in

Thompson's house, including one who brought her downstairs, and that they continually asked

Thompson where the drugs and money were. Collins testified that Thompson was killed in a

manner consistent with someone crouching over him and shooting him once in the back of the

head. Lay testified that the bullet specimen found underneath Thompson was from a .38-caliber

firearm that had the same class characteristics as the .38-caliber revolver fired by Duran on April

29, 2010 at 2441 Brown Street. Bowie stated to the police that Defendant told him he had killed

a man inside a house in Southwest Philadelphia during a home invasion robbery. Wakeel stated

to the police that Brooks told him that he and two other men killed Thompson during a home

invasion robbery in Southwest Philadelphia after they tried to steal marijuana from him. Thus the

evidence presented at trial showed that Thompson was killed by Duran while Defendant was a

                                                40
principal in the commission of a robbery. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to find

Defendant guilty of second-degree murder.

               3.      The evidence was sufficient to fmd Defendant guilty of robbery.

       The evidence presented at trial was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of robbery. A

person is guilty of robbery if, in the course of committing a theft, he inflicts serious bodily injury

upon another or threatens another with or intentionally puts him in fear of immediate serious

bodily injury. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(i)-(ii). The threat posed by the appearance of a firearm is

calculated to inflict fear of deadly injury, not merely fear of serious bodily injury and the

factfinder is entitled to infer that a victim was in mortal fear when a defendant visibly brandished

a firearm. Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 2000 PA Super 47, 747 A.2d 910, 914-15 (2000) (citing

Commonwealth v. Thomas, 376 Pa.Super. 455, 546 A.2d 116, 119 (1988)). A person is guilty of

theft if he unlawfully talces movable property of another with the intent to deprive him thereof.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3921 (a). An act shall be deemed "in the course of committing a theft" if it occurs

in an attempt to commit theft or in flight after the attempt or commission. 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

3701(2). Serious bodily injury is defined as a bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of

death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the

function of any bodily member or organ. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301.

       In the case at bar, Brooks testified that he, Defendant and Duran went to Thompson's

house with the intent to steal drugs and money from Thompson and that, after Thompson

answered his door, Defendant and Duran drew their firearms and ordered Thompson to lay on

the ground. Brooks further testified that, while he and Defendant searched the house for the

drugs and money, Duran hit Thompson on the head with his revolver and choked him before

shooting him once in the head. Brooks testified that Defendant went upstairs and then searched

                                               · 41
throughout the house for Thompson's    marijuana. Bowie stated to the police that Defendant told

him that he, Duran and another person entered Thompson's home with the intent to take

marijuana from him and shot him. Thomas testified at trial and Wakeel stated to the police that

Brooks had told each of them that he had planned to rob Thompson with Defendant and Duran

and that Thompson was subsequently shot by Duran. Thus, the evidence was sufficient for the

jury to find that Defendant placed Thompson in fear of deadly injury when he pointed the

firearm he was carrying at him in the course of attempting to commit theft and was therefore

guilty of robbery.

               4.      The evidence was sufficient to fmd Defendant guilty of conspiracy.

       The evidence presented at trial was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of conspiracy. A

conviction for conspiracy is sustained where the Commonwealth establishes that the defendant

entered an agreement to commit or aid in an unlawful act with another person or persons with a

shared criminal intent and an overt act was done in furtherance of the conspiracy. Lambert, 795

A.2d at 1016 (citing Commonwealth v. Rios, 546 Pa. 271, 684 A.2d 1025, 1030 (1996)). In most

cases of conspiracy, it is difficult to prove an explicit or formal agreement; hence, the agreement

is generally established via circumstantial evidence, such as by "the relations, conduct, or

circumstances of the parties or overt acts on the part of co-conspirators." Commonwealth v.

Sanchez, 82 A.3d 943, 973 (Pa. 2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. Johnson, 604 Pa. 167, 985

A.2d 915, 920 (2009)). Four factors are to be utilized in deciding if a conspiracy existed. Those

factors are: "{l) an association between alleged conspirators; (2) knowledge of the commission

of the crime; (3) presence at the scene of the crime; and (4) in some situations, participation in

the object of the conspiracy." Commonwealth v. Nypaver, 2013 PA Super 144, 69 A.3d 708, 715

(2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. Feliciano, 67 A.3d 19, 25 (Pa.Super.2013)). The overt act

                                                 42
need not accomplish the crime-it need only be in furtherance thereof. In fact, no crime at all need

be accomplished for the conspiracy to be committed. Commonwealth v. Weimer, 602 Pa 33,

977 A2d 1103, 1106 (2009).

       In the case at bar, Brooks testified that, after Defendant told them that they should leave,

he replied that they could not leave without killing Thompson as Thompson knew him and might

retaliate. Brooks further testified that Defendant then told him that he would have to be the one

to shoot Thompson and gave him the gun he had been carrying. Brooks testified that he refused

to shoot Thompson, as he had never shot anyone before, and that, while he and Defendant were

arguing over who would be the one to shoot Thompson, Duran shot Thompson once in the back

of the head with the .38-caliber revolver. Thomas testified that Brooks told her that Defendant

told him to kill Thompson and that, when he told Defendant that.he could not kill Thompson, the

other man in their group shot Thompson.    Thus, the evidence showed that Defendant entered into

an agreement with Brooks and Duran to kill Thompson after Brooks told them that they could

not leave Thompson alive and that, while Defendant and Brooks argued over who would be the

one to kill Thompson, Duran committed an overt act in furtherance of that agreement when he

shot Thompson in the head. Therefore, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to find

Defendant guilty of criminal conspiracy.

               5.     The evidence was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of burglary.

       The evidence presented at trial was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of burglary. A

person is guilty of a burglary if he enters an occupied structure with the intent to commit a crime

therein and without license or privilege to enter. Lambert, 795 A.2d at 1022. The intent to

commit a crime after entry may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the incident. Id.

(citing Commonwealth v. Alston, 539 Pa. 202, 651 A.2d 1092, 1094 (1994)). Once one has

                                                43
entered a private residence by criminal means, we can infer that the person intended a criminal

purpose based upon the totality of the circumstances. Id. Under the burglary statute, a defendant

 commits first degree burglary if the location illegally entered: (1) is adapted for overnight

 accommodation but no individual is present; (2) is not adapted for overnight accommodation but

 an individual is present; or (3) is adapted for overnight accommodation and an individual is

present. Commonwealth v. Waters, 2009 PA Super 257, 988 A.2d 681, 683(2009) (citing

Commonwealth v. Ausberry, 891 A.2d 752, 756 (Pa.Super. 2006)).

        In the case at bar, Brooks testified that he, Defendant and Duran went to Thompson's

house with the intent to rob him of marijuana and money. Brooks further testified that, after

Thompson answered the door, Defendant and Duran drew the firearms they were carrying and

entered his property. Brooks further testified that Defendant went upstairs and brought a woman

 down before he searched Thompson's property for drugs and marijuana. Fahnbulleh testified that

Thompson went downstairs to answer the doorbell and, a short time later, she saw two men come

upstairs. Thomas testified that Brooks told her that he went with Defendant and one other man to

Thompson's home and told Thompson that they wished to buy marijuana from him. Brooks .

further told her that, after Thompson let them into his home, the two men pulled out guns and

robbed him. Bowie stated to the police that Defendant told him that he had killed an older man

inside a house in Southwest Philadelphia during a home invasion robbery. Wakeel stated to the

police that Brooks told him that he and his partners went to Thompson's house with the intent to

· rob him and that they drew their guns after Thompson answered the door. Thus, the evidence

presented at trial was sufficient for the jury to conclude that Defendant entered an occupied

structure which was adapted for overnight accommodation and in which an individual was

present with the intent to commit a robbery therein.· Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to

                                                  44
.
     find Defendant guilty of burglary.

                    6.     The evidence was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of Violation of
                           the Uniform Firearms Act 6106.

            The evidence presented at trial was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of carrying a

     firearm without a license (VUFA 6106). Any person who carries a firearm in any vehicle or any

     person who carries a firearm concealed on or about his person, except in his place of abode or

     fixed place of business, without a valid and lawfully issued license commits a felony of the third

     degree. 18 PaC.S.A. § 6106(a)(l). In order to convict a defendant for carrying a firearm without

     a license, the Commonwealth must prove: "(a) that the weapon was a firearm, (b) that the firearm

     was unlicensed, and ( c) that where the firearm was concealed on or about the person, it was

     outside his home or place of business." Commonwealth v. Parker, 2004 PA Super 113, 847 A.2d

     745, 750 (2004) (quoting Commonwealth v. Bavusa, 750 A.2d 855, 857 (Pa.Super. 2000)). To

     prove possession of a firearm, the Commonwealth must establish that an individual either had

     actual physical possession of the weapon or had the power of control over the weapon with the

     intention to exercise that control. In re R.N., 2008 PA Super 117, 951 A.2d 363, 369-70 (2008)

     (citing Commonwealth v. Carter, 304 Pa.Super. 142, 450 A.2d 142, 144 (1982)).

            In the case at bar, Brooks testified-that he, Defendant and Duran walked from

     Defendant's house to Thompson's house and that, after Thompson answered his door, Defendant

     drew a .45-caliber black semiautomatic firearm that he had been carrying. The parties stipulated

     that Defendant did not have a valid license to carry a firearm in Philadelphia and the

     Commonwealth moved a certificate of non-licensure into evidence which showed that Defendant

     did not possess a valid license to carry a firearm nor a valid sportsman permit in Pennsylvania on

    ; November 8, 2009. Thus, the evidence was sufficient-for the jury to conclude that Defendant

     possessed a firearm concealed on his person outside of his home or place of business and that he

                                                     45
did not have a valid license to carry a firearm. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to find

Defendant guilty ofVUFA 6106.

       VIII. THE VERDICT WAS NOT AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF THE
             EVIDENCE.

       The verdict was not against the weight of the evidence presented at trial. Under

Pennsylvania law, a weight of the evidence claim concedes that the evidence was sufficient to

sustain the verdict. Commonwealth v. Lyons, 622 Pa. 91, 79 A.3d 1053, 1067 (2013) (citing

Commonwealth v. Widmer. 560 Pa. 308, 744 A.2d 745, 751-52 (2000)). The weight of the

evidence is "exclusively for the finder of fact who is free to believe all, part, or none of the

evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses." Commonwealth v. Luster, 2013 PA

Super 204, 71 A.3d 1029, 1049 (2013)(quoting Commonwealth v. Champney, 574 Pa. 435, 832

A.2d 403, 408 (2003)). In addition, "where the trial court has ruled on the weight claim below,

an appellate court's role is not to consider the underlying question of whether the verdict is

against the weight of the evidence ... rather, appellate review is limited to whether the trial court

palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim." Commonwealth v. Collins, 2013

PA Super 158, 70 A.3d 1245, 1251 (2013)(quoting Champney, 832 A.2d at 408). A verdict is

not contrary to the weight of the evidence because of a conflict in testimony or because the

reviewing court on the same facts might have arrived at a different conclusion than the fact-

finder. Commonwealth v. Morales, 91 A.3d 80, 91 (Pa. 2014) (quoting Commonwealth v. Tharp,

574 Pa 202, 830 A.2d 519, 528 (2003)). Rather, a new trial is warranted only when the jury's

verdict is so contrary to the evidence that it shocks one's sense of justice and the award of a new

trial is imperative so that right may be given another opportunity to prevail. Id.

       In the case at bar, the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence presented at trial.

To the contrary, there was substantial credible and consistent evidence which implicated

                                                  46
..
     Defendant in Thompson's murder. Brooks testified at trial that he, Defendant, and Duran planned

     to rob Thompson of marijuana and money. Brooks further testified that the three of them went to

     Thompson's house, knocked on his door and, after Thompson answered, Defendant and Duran

     drew the firearms they had been carrying, a .38-caliber revolver and a .45-caliber semiautomatic,

     and told Thompson to lie on the floor. Brooks testified that he and Defendant searched the house,

     but were unable to find any marijuana and Defendant told them they should go. Brooks further

     testified that he told them that they could not leave Thompson alive, as he was afraid of

     retaliation, and Defendant then told him that he would have to be the one to shoot Thompson.

     After Brooks refused to shoot Thompson and the two of them argued, Duran shot Thompson

     once in the head using the .38-caliber revolver. Thomas testified that Brooks told her that he

     went with Defendant and one other man to Thompson's house to rob him of marijuana and that

     the other man shot Thompson after Defendant told Brooks that he would have to be the one to

     kill Thompson. Baker testified that on November 9, 2008, the day after Thompson's murder,

     three males, one of whom was carrying a .38-caliber revolver, came to his house and robbed him

     of his two .40-caliber firearms. Bowie stated to the police that Defendant and Duran told him that

     they had killed a man in Southwest Philadelphia during a home-invasion robbery. Bowie further

     stated to the police that Duran told him that he sold the .38-caliber revolver to a person named

     Diddy. Hines stated to the police that he received the .38-caliber revolver he was arrested for

     carrying from Diddy and that Duran told him that he had killed a man inside a house in

     Southwest Philadelphia near Defendant's house. Wakeel stated to the police that Brooks told him

     that he and two other men had shot Thompson inside his house in Southwest Philadelphia during

     a home-invasion robbery and that they had used the .38-caliber revolver to kill him. DeMalto

     testified that the serial number on the Heckler & Koch .40-caliber recovered from Duran when

                                                     47"
he was arrested matched the serial number of the Heckler & Koch .40-caliber handgun that was

stolen from Baker while the firearm recovered from Bowie on June 9, 2010 had the same serial

number as the Glock that was taken from Baker. Lay testified that the .38-caliber revolver

recovered by Hines matched a bullet fired by Duran     at   2441 Brown Street and had the same

class characteristics as the bullet found underneath Thompson's bead at the crime scene. Thus,

there was overwhelming credible and consistent evidence that Defendant actively participated in

the home-invasion that resulted in Thompson's death, including Defendant's own admission to

his friend, Bowie, the testimony of Defendant's accomplice, Brooks, and Defendant and Duran's

use of the same firearms to rob Baker the morning after the murder. Consequently, it cannot be

said that the jury's verdict was so contrary to the evidence that it shocked one's sense of justice.

Therefore, the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence.

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                                         CONCLUSION

       After a review of the applicable rules of evidence, statutes, case law and testimony, this

Court committed no error. This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to dismiss

the information based on delay. This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to

suppress identification. This Court did not err when it denied Defendant's motion to exclude

prior bad acts evidence and granted the Commonwealth's motion to admit prior bad acts

evidence. This Court did not err when it limited Defendant's cross-examination of a witness on

the potential prison sentence he was facing. This Court did not err when it instructed the jury that

the prior statements of certain witnesses could be considered as substantive evidence. This Court

did not err in giving a flight instruction. The evidence was sufficient to find Defendant guilty of

all charges. The verdict was not against the weight of the evidence. Therefore, this Court's

judgment of sentence should be upheld on appeal.

                                                                             ~COURT:

                                                                             I~

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