Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:00:08.33488+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:48:53.032161
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Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

3-11-2008

Hogan v. Haddon
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 07-1039

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Recommended Citation
"Hogan v. Haddon" (2008). 2008 Decisions. Paper 1461.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008/1461

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                                                       NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 07-1039
                                     _____________

                                   KATHY HOGAN,

                                        Appellant

                                            v.

         TOWNSHIP OF HADDON, WILLIAM PARK, and DAVID CUNEO
                           ____________

                           On Appeal from the United States
                             District Court of New Jersey
                               (D.C. No. 04-cv-02036)
                     District Judge: Honorable Jerome B. Simandle
                                     _____________

                                 Argued January 7, 2008

       Before: FUENTES, JORDAN, Circuit Judges and O’Neill, District Judge *

                                 (Filed: March 11, 2008)

F. Michael Daily, Jr. (Argued)
216 Haddon Avenue, Suite 100
Sentry Office Plaza
Westmont, NJ 08108

      Counsel for Appellant

       * Honorable Thomas O’Neill, District Judge, United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
Robert A. Baxter (Argued)
Kelley, Wardell, Craig, Annin & Baxter
41 Grove Street
Haddonfield, NJ 08033

         Counsel for Appellee Township of Haddon

Louis R. Moffa, Jr. (Argued)
Ballard, Sphar, Andrews & Ingersoll
Main Street
Plaza 1000, Suite 500
Voorhees, NJ 08043

         Counsel for Appellee William Park

                                      _____________

                                OPINION OF THE COURT
                                    _____________

O’NEILL, District Court Judge

         Kathy Hogan appeals from the December 1, 2006 final judgment of the District

Court in favor of the Township of Haddon and William Park. The District Court entered

summary judgment against Hogan on her First Amendment and retaliation claims.

Jurisdiction in the District Court was predicated on 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and we have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We will affirm the judgment of the District

Court.

                                             I.

         This is a dispute over whether appellees violated Hogan’s First Amendment right

to, and retaliated against her for the exercise of, free speech. Hogan was elected as a

                                             2
Commissioner of Haddon Township in May 2003. The Township has a three

Commissioner form of government which functions in accordance with the Walsh Act,

N.J.S.A. 40:72-1. After the election the Commissioners selected Park to act as Mayor of

the Township. The Mayor has general supervisory powers and chairs the public meetings

of the Board of Commissioners. Park held the position of Mayor for over 18 years.

       Shortly after she was elected Commissioner, Hogan moved for a vote for the

Township to provide health insurance to her. At the time of her request, the Township

did not provide the Commissioners with health insurance and neither of the remaining

Commissioners seconded her motion. Hogan expressed her frustration with their

decision. She indicated that the Commissioners’ failure to second her motion would

negatively impact their working relationship with her.

       At the time Hogan was elected Commissioner the Township issued a publication

entitled the “Monthly Monitor.” The Township’s Mayor, Chief of Police, and Public

Works Director had bylines in the Monitor. The Township also had a website and cable

channel. Commissioner Hogan submitted an article which was published in the June

2003 Monitor under the byline of Commissioner’s Report. Hogan subsequently

submitted additional articles, some of which were rejected because they were too lengthy

and others which were published without the byline or credit to her as the author.

       Hogan also requested that certain information be included on the Township’s

website and cable channel. She wished to have items such as minutes of Township

                                            3
meetings, voter registration information, the municipal code, and a proposed contract for

the construction of athletic fields included on the website. Hogan’s requests were denied.

In addition, although Mayor Park was the only Commissioner with a personal office and

telephone line, Hogan demanded a personal telephone shortly after taking office. She

was provided with a personal telephone within two weeks of her request.

       Hogan also made numerous requests for access to Mayor Park’s official

appointment schedule and to the personnel files of Township employees whose

qualifications she questioned. Her requests were initially denied. She was subsequently

provided with the resumes and other selected information from the requested personnel

files. Due to the harassing manner in which she repeatedly made requests to Mayor

Park’s assistant, the assistant filed an internal complaint against her. Hogan also publicly

criticized Township employees. Those employees filed lawsuits against her. Hogan often

criticized the Township’s administration, called the other Commissioners corrupt, and

handed out pamphlets she authored during public meetings.

       Hogan filed a complaint against the Township, Mayor Park, and Commissioner

David Cuneo in the District Court of New Jersey in April 2004. She subsequently

stipulated to the dismissal with prejudice of all claims against Cuneo. In her complaint,

Hogan alleged that appellees: (1) violated her First Amendment rights to free speech; (2)

violated her Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and equal protection;

and, (3) violated her rights to free speech, due process and equal protection under the

                                             4
New Jersey Constitution. Appellees moved for summary judgment. On December 1,

2006 the District Court granted summary judgment in appellees’ favor and held that

Hogan did not have any First Amendment rights to publish articles in the Monitor nor to

post information on the Township’s website or cable channel because her submissions

were made in her capacity as a Township Commissioner. The District Court also held

that because the Monitor, website, and cable channel were not public or limited public

fora Hogan did not have a First Amendment right to publish or post thereon. The District

Court further held that Hogan did not have a First Amendment right to access Mayor

Park’s appointment calendar nor to access the personnel files of Township employees.

The District Court also held that Mayor Park was entitled to both legislative and qualified

immunity, and that neither the Township nor Mayor Park retaliated against Hogan for

exercising her First Amendment rights.

                                             II.

       Hogan raises several arguments on appeal. Her arguments fall into four categories.

First, she argues that appellees acted as censors and prevented her from publishing

articles in the Monitor and also prevented her from communicating with the public

through the Township’s website and cable channel. Second, she maintains that the

Supreme Court’s decision in Garcetti v. Caballos, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S. Ct. 1951 (2006) is

not controlling in this matter because it is limited to cases involving subordinate

                                              5
government employees as opposed to elected officials. Third, she claims that a

component of the First Amendment is a right to access the personnel files of Township

employees and a right to access Mayor Park’s official appointment schedule. She claims

that appellees violated the purported right by preventing her access thereto. With respect

to this claim, Hogan concludes that appellees retaliated against her for exercising her First

Amendment rights by directing Township employees to file complaints and lawsuits

against her. Fourth, Hogan argues that Commissioner Park is not entitled to either

legislative or qualified immunity. We address each argument in turn.

                                              III.

       We exercise plenary review over the district court's grant of summary judgment,

construing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Moore v. City of

Philadelphia, 461 F.3d 331, 340 (3d Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is appropriate if

“there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Where the nonmoving party has the

burden of proof, the moving party may prevail by demonstrating that “the nonmoving

party has failed to make a sufficient showing of an essential element of her case.”

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The nonmoving party may not rely

upon bare assertions or conclusory allegations, but must adduce evidence establishing that

there is a genuine factual dispute for trial. Fireman's Ins. Co. v. DuFresne, 676 F.2d 965,

                                               6
969 (3d Cir. 1982). We may affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment on any

ground supported by the record. Tourscher v. McCullough, 184 F.3d 236, 240 (3d Cir. 1999).

       Hogan claims that she had a First Amendment right to publish articles in the

Monitor and to post on the Township’s website and cable channel. Based on our review

of the record we find that there is no First Amendment protection that attaches to the

articles that Hogan submitted for publication in the Monitor, to her desired use of the

Township’s cable channel or to her requests to have information published on the

Township’s website. As the District Court correctly noted, and the parties do not dispute,

the Monitor, as well as the cable channel and the website, are local government-owned

and sponsored, and as such are not public or limited public forums. Thus, Hogan had no

constitutional right to publish material in the newsletter or to post on the Township’s

website and cable channel.1

       Second, Hogan has failed to present evidence that the articles Hogan submitted for

publication in the Monthly Monitor that were allegedly “pulled” by Park were withheld

from publication because of the viewpoint expressed therein. Indeed, the three articles -

one requesting volunteers from the senior citizen community to start a program teaching

   1
    Hogan has also argued that the District Court improperly applied the Supreme Court's
precedent in Garcetti v. Ceballos, __ U.S. __, 125 S. Ct. 1951 (2006). However, because
we conclude that Hogan’s First Amendment rights were not violated, we need not reach
her Garcetti arguments.

                                             7
seniors about computers, another requesting volunteers for a grant task force, and a third

conveying Hogan’s experience assisting producers from The Oprah Winfrey Show with

their work in the Township - cannot be said to portray Hogan’s viewpoint. Similarly,

Hogan presents no evidence that the articles which were published and not attributed to

Hogan were done so because of any viewpoint expressed. See Monteiro v. City of

Elizabeth, 436 F.3d 397, 406 (3d Cir. 2006).

       Assuming arguendo, that Hogan had a First Amendment right to have her articles

published in the Monitor, we find her claims of a violation wholly unsubstantiated given

the fact that multiple articles she drafted were in fact published in the Monitor and she

expressed her views through various mediums including, but not limited to, speaking at

meetings, distributing pamphlets and writing letters to the editors of the local newspaper

which were published. Therefore, the District Court’s grant of summary judgment was

proper and we will affirm it’s decision.

                                            IV.

       Hogan next argues that she had a First Amendment right to access Mayor Park’s

official appointment schedule and to access the contents of Township employees’

personnel files. Hogan does not cite any authority to support her arguments. The cases

she cites stand for the proposition that the public has First Amendment rights to access

government functions, administrative proceedings, trials and meetings. See generally,

                                               8
Richmond Newspaper, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 575 (1980). No authority supports

Hogan’s assertion that it is only logical that as a Commissioner she had a First

Amendment right to access Mayor Park’s official’s appointment schedule and the

personnel files of Township employees. Therefore, the District Court did not err in

determining that Hogan did not have a First Amendment right thereto. We will affirm the

District Court’s grant of summary judgment on this issue.

                                             V.

       Hogan next argues that appellees retaliated against her for publicly criticizing

Township employees. She maintains that appellees retaliated against her by encouraging

the subject employees to file formal complaints and lawsuits against her. Hogan also

claims that the Township Solicitor retaliated against her by warning that she could be the

subject of law suits for harassment.

       It is clear that “[a] public employee has a constitutional right to speak on matters of

public concern without fear of retaliation.” McKee v. Hart, 436 F.3d 165, 169 -170 (3d

Cir. 2006)(quoting Brennan v. Norton, 350 F.3d 399, 412 (3d Cir. 2003)). Therefore, a

public employee may claim that her First Amendment rights were violated by retaliatory

harassment for the employee's speech. McKee, 436 F.3d at 170. Constitutional

retaliation claims are analyzed under a three-part test. Eichenlaub v. Township of

Indiana, 385 F.3d 274, 282 (3d Cir. 2004). In order to prove retaliation Hogan must

                                              9
demonstrate: (1) that she engaged in constitutionally-protected activity; (2) that the

Township responded with retaliation; and (3) that the protected activity caused the

retaliation. Id. (citing Anderson v. Davila, 125 F.3d 148, 161 (3d Cir. 1997)).

       A First Amendment right exists when the alleged retaliatory conduct was sufficient

“. . . to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising her First Amendment rights.”

McKee, 436 F.3d at 170 (quoting Suppan v. Dadonna, 203 F.3d 228, 234-35 (3d Cir.

2000). The effect of the alleged conduct on the employee's freedom of speech “need not

be great in order to be actionable ” but it must be more than de minimis. Id. (quoting

Bart v. Telford, 677 F.2d 622, 625 (7th Cir.1982)).

       Although Hogan may have had a First Amendment right to publicly criticize

Township employees, on summary judgment she failed to produce any evidence that

appellees responded with retaliation. Hogan spoke at length during meetings, publicly

criticized Township employees, and distributed pamphlets. Moreover, she was provided

with the resumes and other personnel data regarding the Township employees she

criticized. There is no evidence that the internal complaint and law suits filed against her

by Township employees were filed at Mayor Park’s direction. Hogan did not satisfy her

burden of production on summary judgment. Therefore, her retaliation claims were

properly dismissed by the District Court.

       Hogan’s final claim for retaliation is based on Mayor Park’s conduct on March 24,

                                             10
2004. The record reflects that Mayor Park elbowed her after she criticized the manner in

which he spoke to a Township private citizen. While Park’s action may have been

untoward it was not sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising her

First Amendment rights. In fact, Hogan spoke often, freely, and critically on numerous

occasions after the elbowing incident. Again, Hogan failed to satisfy her evidentiary

burden. The District Court properly dismissed this claim and we will affirm the District

Court on this issue.

                                            VI.

       Hogan’s final arguments are that Mayor Park is not entitled to either legislative or

qualified immunity. With respect to legislative immunity she asserts that the Township is

liable for Mayor Park’s actions because he was a decision maker who possessed final,

unreviewable authority. With respect to qualified immunity, Hogan maintains that Mayor

Park discriminated against her based on the viewpoints she expressed and that as a

reasonable public official he should have known that his actions were unconstitutional.

       Municipal legislators enjoy absolute immunity from suit and liability under 42

U.S.C. § 1983 for their legislative activities. Bogan v. Scott-Harris, 523 U.S. 44, 118

S.Ct. 966 (1998). On appeal, Hogan does not identify which of Mayor Park’s actions she

claims are not entitled to legislative immunity. Instead, she generally argues that the

Commissioners were aware of Mayor Park’s conduct over the course of numerous

                                            11
administrations and permitted him to administer the Monitor, cable channel and website

without policies or standards. The District Court held that Mayor Park was entitled to

legislative immunity with respect to using his gavel to limit the time Hogan spoke at

meetings in order to keep the meetings on schedule. The District Court also held that

Hogan’s claims that she was out-voted by Mayor Park and the remaining Commissioner

and her claims for the Township’s failure to install her telephone upon her request were

also entitled to legislative immunity. A legislator’s exercise of discretionary and

budgetary powers are entitled to legislative immunity. See id. at 970, 973. Mayor Park’s

actions in establishing the time and agendas for meetings were actions involving his

exercise of discretionary powers and therefore they are entitled to legislative immunity.

The record reflects that the Mayor did not install a telephone in Hogan’s office

immediately after her request because it would have required payment for overtime

expenses. Because this decision involved budgetary concerns, Mayor Park is also entitled

to legislative immunity regarding it. Finally, it is clear that Mayor Park’s voting

decisions are exercises of his discretionary legislative powers which are also entitled to

legislative immunity. Therefore, we will affirm the District Court on this issue.

       Mayor Park is also entitled to qualified immunity. Public officials who perform

discretionary duties within the scope of their employment are “shielded from liability for

civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or

                                             12
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v.

Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738 (1982). Qualified immunity is not a

defense to liability; it is an absolute immunity from suit. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194,

200-01, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 2155 (2001). We have already determined that Hogan did not

have First Amendment rights to publish articles in the Monitor, to post on the Township

or cable channel, or access Mayor Park’s official appointment schedule, or to the

personnel files of Township employees. Therefore, appellees are shielded from liability

and are entitled to qualified immunity for these claimed violations since the claimed

conduct did not violate Hogan’s clearly established constitutional rights. Id. at 2153..

With respect to Mayor Park’s decisions regarding when to have a telephone installed for

Hogan and in presiding over meetings, as discussed above, these are discretionary duties

performed within the scope of his employment which shield him from liability and entitle

him to qualified immunity. See Harlow, 102 S. Ct. at 2738. The District Court did not

commit error in concluding that Mayor Park was entitled to both legislative and qualified

immunity.

       For the reasons discussed above, we will affirm the final order and judgment of the

District Court.

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