Court Opinion

ID: 6800664
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-22 13:01:50.275257+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:55:53.908416
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

BARBARA A. KARCHER,                        :
                                           :
              Plaintiff,                   :
                                           :
                 v.                        :
                                           :          C.A. No.: K21C-05-019 JJC
THE RESTORATION GUYS, LLC,                 :
      Defendant/Third-Party                :
      Plaintiff,                           :
                                           :
                 v.                        :
                                           :
STORROW MANAGEMENT, LLC,                   :
                                           :
             Third-Party Defendant.        :

                                Submitted: May 19, 2022
                                 Decided: July 14, 2022
                                Corrected: July 21, 2022

                                        ORDER

   Upon Consideration of Third-Party Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the
                           Pleadings– GRANTED

        On this 14th day of July 2022, after considering Third-Party Defendant
Storrow Management, LLC’s motion to dismiss Third-Party Plaintiff The
Restoration Guys, LLC’s third-party complaint, the parties’ written submissions,
and their arguments, it appears that:
        1.       Plaintiff Barbara Karcher sued Restoration Guys, LLC (“Restoration”)
for personal injuries she allegedly suffered after falling at the threshold of a storage
unit.    At the time she fell, she worked as a property manager for Third-Party
Defendant Storrow Management, LLC (“Storrow”).
       2.      Before Ms. Karcher’s alleged fall, Storrow had hired Restoration to
replace the entranceway at Storrow’s storage facility. As alleged in the third-party
complaint, Storrow specified the type of door it wanted and asked Restoration to
construct a three-to-four-inch curb in front of it to prevent water encroachment.
Restoration then secured the materials and did the work.                     In Ms. Karcher’s
complaint, she alleges that Restoration negligently crafted and installed the threshold
and the door. That negligence, she contends, proximately caused her fall and
injuries.
       3.      After Ms. Karcher sued Restoration for her injuries, Restoration filed a
third-party complaint against Storrow. Restoration sues Storrow in indemnity to
circumvent workers’ compensation exclusivity.                   In Restoration’s third-party
complaint, it alleges that it shared a special relationship with Storrow that imposed
an implied duty upon Storrow to indemnify it.
       4.      Storrow filed an answer and denied many of Restoration’s allegations.
After it filed its answer, it moved to dismiss Restoration’s third-party complaint
pursuant to Superior Court Rule 12(b)(6).
       5.      In Storrow’s motion, it emphasizes that under the Delaware’s Workers’
Compensation Act, workers compensation is the exclusive remedy against it.1 As
an extension of that principle, Storrow emphasizes that exclusivity bars any claim
for contribution against it. Furthermore, Storrow contends that Restoration’s third-
party complaint fails to state a claim in indemnity because it does not meet the
heightened pleading standard of Superior Court Civil Rule 9(b). Independent of the
Rule 9(b) argument, Storrow separately contends that the third-party complaint fails

1
  See 19 Del. C. § 2304 (providing that “[e]very employer and employee, adult and minor . . . shall
be bound by [Delaware’s Workers’ Compensation Act] respectively to pay and to accept
compensation for personal injury . . . by accident arising out of and in the course of employment
. . . to the exclusion of all other rights and remedies.”).

                                                2
to allege (1) that Storrow had an express duty to indemnify Restoration in their
contract, or (2) that Storrow breached an implied duty that Delaware law recognizes.
       6.     Restoration opposes Storrow’s motion to dismiss. It contends that the
third-party complaint states a sufficient claim against Storrow for implied
indemnification.      In support, Restoration relies primarily upon the Delaware
Supreme Court’s decision in SW, Inc. v. American Consumers Industries, Inc.2 It
contends that the SW, Inc. decision recognizes that an employer has an implied duty
to indemnify a tortfeasor if the employer co-designed the product or condition that
caused the employee’s injury. In reliance on that interpretation, Restoration alleges
that Storrow co-designed the entranceway by specifying “the kind of door, the
construction of the entryway, and construction of [a] 3-4” curb.”
       7.     As to the order of the pleadings, Storrow answered Restoration’s third-
party complaint first, and shortly thereafter moved to dismiss it. Because Storrow
first filed its answer, the Court will convert Storrow’s motion to dismiss to a Superior
Court Civil Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings.3
       8.     The standard for a motion for judgment on the pleadings is described
as “[nearly] identical” to the standard used to evaluate a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss.4     The only difference between the two is the scope of what the Court
considers in a Rule 12(c) motion, which includes the answer. Notwithstanding this
minimal change in scope, the Court must accept all allegations in the third-party
complaint as true.5 As to the sufficiency of the allegations, the test is deferential:

2
  450 A.2d 887 (Del. 1982).
3
  Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(c); See Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A. 2d 1075, 1092 (Del. 2001)
(recognizing that a motion to dismiss filed after an answer should be considered a motion for
judgment on the pleadings). At oral argument, neither party opposed converting the motion to one
for judgment on the pleadings.
4
  See Lynam v. Blue Diamond, LLC, 2016 WL 5793725, at *2 (Del. Super. Oct. 4, 2016)
(recognizing that the standard is “almost” identical).
5
  Spence v. Funk, 396 A.2d 967, 968 (Del. 1978).

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the third-party complaint survives the motion if Restoration can recover under “any
reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof under the
[pleadings].”6 When the Court applies Rule 12(c), it must defer to the facts alleged
in the third-party complaint, notwithstanding any contradictions in the answer.7 In
other words, for purposes of a Rule 12(c) motion, the Court must assume that all
contravening assertions in the movant’s answer are false.8
       9.     Storrow’s first ground for seeking dismissal is based upon Rule 9(b)’s
heightened pleading requirement. Storrow contends that the third-party complaint
fails to allege, with particularity, that it was negligent. Rule 9(b)’s standard,
however, does not apply.          Rather, notice pleading standards apply because
Restoration’s third-party complaint sounds in indemnity.9 As this Court previously
explained in Farrow v. Teal Construction,10 notice pleading applies to claims for
indemnification, whether they are based upon an express contract term or are implied
in the relationship.11 As a result, the dismissal of Storrow’s third-party complaint is
inappropriate on the ground that Restoration failed to allege with particularity that
Storrow was negligent.
       10.    Turning to Restoration’s second contention, it concedes that it has no
claim available against Storrow for contribution because of exclusivity. Although
exclusivity bars any third-party claims for contribution, a third-party tortfeasor may
nevertheless recover against an employer in indemnification under two
circumstances. Those circumstances include when the employer (1) breaches an
independent duty owed to the third-party (through an express contractual

6
  Id. (citing Klein v. Sunbeam Corp., 94 A.2d 385 (Del. 1952)).
7
  35A C.J.S. Fed. Civ. Proc. § 466 (2022).
8
  Id.
9
  Farrow v. Teal Construction Co., 2020 WL 3422401, at *3 (Del. Super. June 22, 2020).
10
   Id.
11
   Id.

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obligation), or (2) the circumstances create an implied promise to indemnify.12
Here, no term in the contract requires Storrow to indemnify it. Rather, Restoration
argues that the circumstances impose an implied obligation that requires Storrow to
do so.
         11.   In Diamond State Telephone Co. v. University of Delaware,13 the
Delaware Supreme Court identified three limited circumstances where the
relationship between a contractor and an employer implies such an obligation. All
three scenarios apply when the employer and third-party tortfeasor share work duties
at the same work site.14      The first exception applies when (1) the injured party’s
employer created the dangerous condition, and (2) the tortfeasor did not discover the
condition.15    The second exception applies when (1) the tortfeasor created a
dangerous condition, and (2) the employer discovered it, but (3) the employer
required its employees to continue to work at the site notwithstanding the
condition.16 The third exception applies when (1) the tortfeasor created a latent
dangerous condition, (2) the employer discovered the condition, and (3) the
employer somehow activated the dangerous condition through affirmative
conduct.17
         12.   In this case, Restoration concedes that its third-party complaint states
no claim under any of the three Diamond State exceptions. Instead, Restoration asks

12
   Diamond State Tel. Co. v. Univ. of Del., 269 A.2d 52, 56-57 (Del. 1970).
13
   Id.
14
   Id. at 57–58. See also Davis v. Peoples, Inc., 2003 WL 21733013, at *2 (Del. Super. July 25,
2003) (summarizing the three situations where the employer may be liable to the third party as
including “instances where the employer creates a dangerous condition on the third party's
premises which causes injury to the employee, instances where the employer knowingly permits
the employee to work under dangerous conditions which may have been caused or created by the
third party, and instances where the employer activates a latent dangerous condition caused or
created by the third party which, in turn, causes injury to the employee”).
15
   Diamond State, 269 A.2d at 57.
16
   Id. at 57-58.
17
   Id. at 58.

                                              5
the Court to recognize and apply a fourth exception. It contends that this fourth
exception, if recognized as an exception, would require Storrow to indemnify
Restoration because Storrow codesigned the entranceway.
       13.    For that contention, Restoration relies upon the Delaware Supreme
Court’s decision in SW, Inc. v. American Consumers Industries, Inc.18 In SW, Inc.,
the third-party plaintiff, SW, manufactured and sold an ice cubing machine to the
injured plaintiff’s employer.19 While the plaintiff performed work for his employer,
he slipped on unsafe flooring, fell into the machine, and then severed his fingers.20
SW primarily argued express indemnity as a way to circumvent exclusivity.21 The
Court rejected that contention, and proceeded to SW’s alternative argument based
upon implied indemnity. For that argument, SW relied upon a United States District
Court for the District of Rhode Island decision in Roy v. Star Chopper.22                 In the
Star Chopper decision, the federal district court applied Rhode Island law and
recognized a special relationship separate from the three recognized by the Delaware
Supreme Court in Diamond State.23 Namely, Star Chopper recognized a co-designer
exception under very limited facts. That is, an implied duty arose when an employer
co-designed the product causing the employee’s injury.24 SW contended that the
same duty arose in its case, in Delaware, because the employer co-designed the ice
machine. In support of its claim, SW relied upon the following: (1) the employer
installed the flooring that surrounded the ice machine; (2) the flooring caused the

18
   450 A.2d 887 (Del. 1982).
19
   Id.
20
   Id. at 888.
21
   Id.
22
   442 F.Supp. 1010 (D.R.I. 1977), aff’d, Roy v. Star Chopper Co., 584 F.2d 1124 (1st Cir. 1978).
23
    See id. at 1020 (explaining that other courts hesitate to recognize indemnity claims by a
manufacturer against an employer-purchaser but finding that the evidence in the Star Chopper case
of a special relationship between the parties provided a basis for finding an implied contract to
indemnify under the narrow circumstances presented).
24
   Id.

                                               6
plaintiff to slip and fall into the machine; and (3) the employer had instructed SW to
remove safety features from the machine before SW installed it.25
       14.     For two reasons, the SW, Inc. decision does not support Restoration’s
claim. First, in SW, Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court did not adopt the United
States District Court for the District of Rhode Island’s exception. Rather, our
Supreme Court examined what was merely SW’s alternative argument and
distinguished its facts from those in Star Chopper.26 When doing so, the Court did
not hold that such an implied duty exists under Delaware law.                     Moreover, legal
commentators and the Superior Court have recognized that Delaware is in a small
minority of jurisdictions that recognize even the three Diamond State exceptions to
exclusivity.27 Because the Delaware Supreme Court has recognized only the three
Diamond State exceptions,28 this Court declines to adopt a fourth one.                      In other
words, the Court declines to find that SW, Inc. added to Delaware’s narrow list of
exceptions.
       15.     Second, even if the Supreme Court had adopted this exception, its
efforts to distinguish Star Chopper’s facts demonstrates why the relationship
between Restoration and Storrow, as alleged, could not have created an implied duty.

25
   SW, Inc., 450 A.2d at 888.
26
   Id. at 889.
27
   See 7 Larson’s Workers’ Compensation Law § 121.07(1) (2002) (noting that there is a “sharp
divergence of opinion” between the majority that rejects the implied indemnity doctrine, and the
small minority of jurisdictions that hold “when the relation between the parties is based on contract,
an obligation of care with accompanying indemnity obligation can be implied that survives the
exclusivity defense”); Davis, 2003 WL 21733013, at *2 (explaining that Delaware sides with the
minority that embraces the approach that an obligation to indemnify may be implied by the
circumstances of the case).
28
   See Diamond State, 269 A.2d at 57-58 (explaining that the only basis for liability to indemnify
to circumvent exclusivity is the breach of a promise, either express or implied, to perform the work
in a workmanlike manner and providing the three limited exceptions). Although the Delaware
Supreme Court discusses four categories in Diamond State, the fourth category provides for no
liability where the third party creates a dangerous condition, and the employer fails to discover it.
In that scenario, the employer is not liable to indemnify the third party for any damages recovered
against it. Id. at 58.

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In its analysis, the Court first explained the nature of the relationship between the
manufacturer in Star Chopper and that employer as follows:

               (1) … the purchaser/employer imposed certain design
              specifications on the manufacturer which required the
              omission of certain safety devices normally placed on the
              machine; (2) ... the purchaser/employer assumed full
              responsibility of the actual assembly of the unit of which
              the purchased machine was a part; and (3) ... the
              purchaser/employer also assumed responsibility for the
              addition of any necessary safety devices upon the
              machine’s final assembly at the plant.29

       16.    The Court then explained that in SW, Inc. the employer did not
participate in a joint design project, as was the case in Star Chopper. When the
Court distinguished Star Chopper on the facts, it found that that SW’s relationship
to the employer was not a “special relationship” that permitted SW to circumvent
exclusivity.30 It found no special relationship notwithstanding that, in SW, Inc., the
employer (1) had installed the flooring that caused its employee to slip into the ice
machine, and (2) had told the manufacturer to remove a safety device from the
machine that may have prevented the plaintiff’s injury.31
       17.    Here, Restoration’s third-party complaint alleges facts that are even
further removed from those presented in Star Chopper. Namely, Restoration alleges
that Storrow selected the type of door that Restoration installed and asked
Restoration to include a three-to-four-inch threshold. While Storrow’s involvement
when requesting the threshold (and perhaps for some reason the door) may have
made Storrow negligent, it did not create the type of special relationship that

29
   SW, Inc., 450 A.2d at 890 (emphasis added).
30
   Id.
31
   Id.

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generated an implied duty of indemnification, even if the fourth exception were
available.
     18.     On balance, Restoration’s third-party complaint does not allege facts
that demonstrate a reasonably conceivable basis for recovery in implied
indemnification. Were the Court to grant Restoration’s request to recognize an
implied duty in this case, it would recognize an exception that would bypass
exclusivity in nearly any circumstance where an employer gives a contractor
specifications as to how it wants something built. In this case, Storrow must be
granted judgment on the pleadings because (1) the Delaware Supreme Court has not
recognized a co-designer exception as did the court in Star Chopper, and (2) even if
it had, Restoration and Storrow’s relationship does not approach the joint design
effort described in Star Chopper.
     WHEREFORE, because the pleadings, when considered in the proper light,
provide for no conceivable basis for Restoration to recover from Storrow in implied
indemnity, Storrow’s motion for judgment on the pleadings must be GRANTED.
       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                          /s/ Jeffrey J Clark
                                                            Resident Judge

JJC:klc
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