Court Opinion

ID: 9391411
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-02 12:06:21.676836+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:42.237891
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                    No. COA20-533

                                  Filed 02 May 2023

Chatham County, No. 19 CVS 809

BARBARA CLARK PUGH; GENE TERRELL BROOKS; THOMAS HENRY CLEGG;
THE WINNIE DAVIS CHAPTER 259 OF THE UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE
CONFEDERACY, Plaintiffs,

              v.

KAREN HOWARD; MIKE DASHER; DIANNA HALES; JIM CRAWFORD; and
ANDY WILKIE, in their official capacities as members of the Board of County
Commissioners of Chatham County, North Carolina, Defendants,

             and

CHATHAM FOR ALL and WEST CHATHAM BRANCH 5378 of the NAACP,
Defendant-Intervenors.

        Appeal by plaintiffs from order entered 10 December 2019 by Judge Susan E.

Bray in Chatham County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 21 February

2023.

        James A. Davis for plaintiffs-appellants.

        Poyner Spruill LLP, by J. Nicholas Ellis and Dylan J. Castellino, for
        defendants-appellees.

        Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP, by Joseph S. Dowdy and Phillip A.
        Harris, Jr., for defendants-intervenors-appellees.

        ZACHARY, Judge.

        Plaintiffs Barbara Clark Pugh, Gene Terrell Brooks, Thomas Henry Clegg, and

the Winnie Davis Chapter 259 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (“the
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                                  Opinion of the Court

UDC”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) appeal from the trial court’s order dismissing their

complaint with prejudice pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand the

court’s order for the reasons enunciated by our Supreme Court in United Daughters

of the Confederacy v. City of Winston-Salem, 383 N.C. 612, 881 S.E.2d 32 (2022).

                                      Background

      On 23 August 1907, the UDC erected and installed a 27-foot-tall Confederate

monument (the “Monument”) in a public ceremony in front of the Chatham County

Courthouse to “honor th[e] individuals who had served in the armed forces of the

Confederate States of America during the Civil War[.]” The Monument remained in

front of the Courthouse until 2019.

      On 19 August 2019, the Chatham County Board of County Commissioners (the

“County Commissioners”) voted to request that the UDC “remove and relocate” the

Monument from the Courthouse grounds, at Chatham County’s expense, by 1

November 2019. The County Commissioners informed the UDC that if it refused to

remove the Monument, then Chatham County would do so.

      Plaintiffs filed a complaint against the County Commissioners on 23 October

2019 in Chatham County Superior Court, seeking a declaratory judgment, a

temporary restraining order, and a preliminary injunction. In their complaint,

Plaintiffs alleged that the Monument was Chatham County property, in that

Chatham County had accepted the UDC’s dedication of the Monument and had

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“specifically authorized” its placement at the Courthouse square. Plaintiffs further

alleged that the Monument was an “object of remembrance” that could “only be

relocated, whether temporarily or permanently,” in accordance with the provisions of

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1, and that the County Commissioners’ vote to remove the

Monument was a “proscriptive action” in violation of the statute. The same day,

Plaintiffs filed a separate motion for a temporary restraining order to prevent the

County Commissioners “from attempting to remove, alter, disassemble, or destroy

the . . . Monument[.]” On 1 November 2019, the trial court granted Plaintiffs’ motion,

issuing a temporary restraining order prohibiting the County Commissioners from

“dismantling, removing, destroying and/or disturbing in any manner or fashion the

Monument”; the order was set to expire on 8 November 2019.

        Plaintiffs filed a separate motion for a preliminary injunction on 4 November

2019, requesting that the court “restrain[ ] and enjoin[ the County Commissioners]

from taking affirmative action to remove or relocate the [M]onument prior to a full

adjudication of the respective rights and obligations of the [p]arties[.]” However, the

trial court was unable to hold a hearing on Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary

injunction until 13 November 2019, “[d]ue to other business of the [c]ourt”;

consequently, the court extended its temporary restraining order until 13 November

2019.

        Meanwhile, on 1 November 2019, the County Commissioners filed a motion to

dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaint pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the North

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Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. On 5 November 2019, the County Commissioners

filed an amended motion to dismiss on the same grounds, asserting, inter alia, that

the Monument belonged to the UDC and that the County had granted it a license “to

erect a monument on the [Courthouse] square.” The County Commissioners further

asserted that Plaintiffs lacked standing to initiate the instant action under either the

law of taxpayer standing or as a private right of action pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 100-2.1.

       On 4 November 2019, the West Chatham Branch of the National Association

for the Advancement of Colored People (“the NAACP”) and Chatham for All filed a

motion to intervene as third-party defendants pursuant to Rule 24 of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. That same day, they also filed a motion to dismiss

Plaintiffs’ complaint pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), maintaining, inter alia,

that Plaintiffs lacked standing to bring the instant action. On 13 November 2019, the

trial court granted the NAACP and Chatham for All’s motion to intervene.

       Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction came on for hearing in Chatham

County Superior Court on 13 November 2019, and was denied by the trial court’s

order entered on 22 November 2019. The court also determined that the temporary

restraining order filed on 1 November 2019 “ha[d] expired and [wa]s of no further

effect[.]”

       Both motions to dismiss came on for hearing on 2 December 2019. Following

the hearing, the trial court granted the motions to dismiss by order entered on 10

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December 2019. The court determined that “Plaintiffs lack standing to bring this

action and Plaintiffs’ [c]omplaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted”; having so concluded, the trial court dismissed Plaintiffs’ complaint with

prejudice.

      Plaintiffs timely appealed.

                                      Discussion

      On appeal, Plaintiffs argue (1) that the trial court erred by dismissing their

complaint on the ground that Plaintiffs lacked standing, and that the court thus

lacked subject-matter jurisdiction; (2) that the trial court erred by dismissing

Plaintiffs’ complaint with prejudice; (3) that the trial court abused its discretion by

“refusing to consider the brief and affidavit tendered by Plaintiffs in opposition to [the

County Commissioners’] amended motion to dismiss”; and (4) that the trial court

erred by granting Chatham for All and the NAACP’s motion to intervene.

I.   Standard of Review

      Our appellate courts review “a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion

to dismiss for lack of standing using a de novo standard of [re]view, under which it

views the allegations as true and the supporting record in the light most favorable to

the non-moving party[.]” United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 624, 881

S.E.2d at 43 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      “An appellate court considering a challenge to a trial court’s decision to grant

or deny a motion to dismiss for lack of subject[-]matter jurisdiction may consider

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information outside the scope of the pleadings in addition to the allegations set out

in the complaint.” Id.

II.   Analysis

       On appeal, Plaintiffs advance a number of arguments in support of their

contention that they “have standing to seek a declaratory judgment determining the

respective rights and obligations of the [p]arties with regard to the . . . Monument.”

We address these arguments separately.

       A. Standing

       “[T]he object of the declaratory judgment is to permit determination of a

controversy before obligations are repudiated or rights are violated.” Perry v. Bank of

Am., N.A., 251 N.C. App. 776, 779, 796 S.E.2d 799, 802 (2017) (citation omitted); see

also Lide v. Mears, 231 N.C. 111, 118, 56 S.E.2d 404, 409 (1949) (explaining that

declaratory judgments “declar[e] and establish[ ] the respective rights and obligations

of adversary parties in cases of actual controversies without either of the litigants

being first compelled to” act in a way that may result in a violation of the other party’s

rights or a repudiation of a party’s own obligations).

       A plaintiff may maintain an action pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act,

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-253 et seq. (2021), only insofar “as it affects the civil rights, status

and other relations in the present actual controversy between parties[,]” Chadwick v.

Salter, 254 N.C. 389, 395, 119 S.E.2d 158, 162 (1961) (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). “[T]he mere filing of a declaratory judgment is not sufficient, on its

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                                  Opinion of the Court

own, to grant a plaintiff standing, with it being necessary for a party to establish

standing as a prerequisite for the assertion of a declaratory judgment claim[.]” United

Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 629, 881 S.E.2d at 46 (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

      “Standing to sue means simply that the party has a sufficient stake in an

otherwise justiciable controversy to obtain judicial resolution of that controversy.”

Town of Ayden v. Town of Winterville, 143 N.C. App. 136, 140, 544 S.E.2d 821, 824

(2001) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Standing, which is properly

challenged by a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, is a necessary prerequisite to a

court’s proper exercise of subject[-]matter jurisdiction. If a party does not have

standing to bring a claim, a court has no subject[-]matter jurisdiction to hear the

claim.” Wilson v. Pershing, LLC, 253 N.C. App. 643, 650, 801 S.E.2d 150, 156 (2017)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also United Daughters of the

Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 649, 881 S.E.2d at 59 (recognizing that “standing is a

necessary prerequisite to a court’s proper exercise of subject[-]matter jurisdiction”

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

          1. Taxpayer Standing

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       Plaintiffs assert that they have taxpayer standing, giving them “the right to

seek equitable and declaratory relief when governing authorities are preparing to put

property dedicated to the public to an unauthorized use.”1

       It is well settled that a taxpayer may bring an action “on behalf of a public

agency or political subdivision for the protection or recovery of the money or property

of the agency or subdivision in instances where the proper authorities neglect or

refuse to act.” Peacock v. Shinn, 139 N.C. App. 487, 491, 533 S.E.2d 842, 845 (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted), appeal dismissed and disc. review denied, 353

N.C. 267, 546 S.E.2d 110 (2000). However, “where a plaintiff undertakes to bring a

taxpayer’s suit . . . , his complaint must disclose that he is a taxpayer of the agency

or subdivision,” and allege facts that adequately establish either: (1) that “there has

been a demand on and a refusal by the proper authorities to institute proceedings for

the protection of the interests of the public agency or political subdivision[,]” or (2)

that “a demand on such authorities would be useless.” United Daughters of the

Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 630–31, 881 S.E.2d at 47–48 (citations omitted).

       In the present case, Plaintiffs did not make the requisite allegations to support

their claim of taxpayer standing. To be sure, the complaint alleges that each

       1  To the extent that Plaintiffs assert the issue of associational standing as members of the
UDC, Plaintiffs advance no reason or argument in support of it in their brief. Accordingly, this issue
is deemed abandoned. See N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6); see also, e.g., Wilson, 253 N.C. App. at 650, 801
S.E.2d at 156 (concluding that where an appellant’s brief “does not contain any substantive arguments
on [an issue presented], this issue has been abandoned”).

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                                   Opinion of the Court

individual Plaintiff was a taxpayer of Chatham County; nonetheless, it fails to allege

that “there ha[d] been a demand on and a refusal by the proper authorities to institute

proceedings for the protection of the interests of the public agency or political

subdivision or that a demand on such authorities would [have] be[en] useless.” Id. at

631, 881 S.E.2d at 47–48 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Because

Plaintiffs failed to allege all of the required elements, they failed to establish that

they had taxpayer standing. This argument is therefore overruled.

          2. Standing Under Section 153A-140

      Plaintiffs next argue that “Defendants must abide by the clear and unequivocal

mandate of law pertaining to structures deemed to be [a] threat to public health and

safety before undertaking to remove them.” According to Plaintiffs, because

Defendants failed to follow the provisions of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 153A-140, Plaintiffs

“have been ‘injuriously affected’ by the course of conduct initiated by [the] County

and . . . they have the right to seek redress from the courts.”

      Plaintiffs cite Monroe v. City of New Bern, 158 N.C. App. 275, 580 S.E.2d 372,

disc. review denied, 357 N.C. 461, 586 S.E.2d 93 (2003), in support of their argument

that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 153A-140 provided them with the right to notice and an

opportunity to be heard before the County removed the Monument. In Monroe, this

Court held that before a city may demolish a dwelling, the procedures outlined in

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                                        Opinion of the Court

Chapter 160A, Article 192 require that the city provide the owner of the dwelling with

notice and an opportunity to be heard. 158 N.C. App. at 278, 580 S.E.2d at 375.

       We find Monroe instructive, in that § 160A-193—which governs the abatement

of public health nuisances in cities—and § 153A-140—which governs the abatement

of public health nuisances in counties—are both subject to the procedures outlined in

Chapter 160D, Article 12. Compare N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160A-193, with id. § 153A-140;

see also id. § 160D-101(c). Section 160D-1203(2), which regulates the demolition of a

“dwelling” deemed “unfit for human habitation,” requires that a local authority

provide notice and opportunity to the owner of the dwelling before demolition. Id.

§ 160D-1203(2); see also United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 646, 881

S.E.2d at 57. As such, a party seeking notice and opportunity to be heard regarding

a dwelling’s demolition must establish that the party meets the statutory definitions

of “owner” or “part[y] in interest”—that is, that the party is either an owner: “the

holder of the title in fee simple . . . [or a] mortgagee of record[,]” or that the party

meets one of the statute’s broader categories deemed “parties of interest,” which

       2  Although Chapter 160A, Article 19 (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160A-441 et seq.) has been repealed
and recodified in Chapter 160D, Article 12 (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-1201 et seq.) since our Court’s
decision in Monroe, the provisions remained largely unchanged. See An Act to Clarify, Consolidate,
and Reorganize the Land-Use Regulatory Laws of the State, S.L. 2019-111, 2019 N.C. Sess. Law 424;
United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 645 n.17, 881 S.E.2d at 57 n.17.
        In light of Chapter 160A’s recodification, as well as “the fact that the new statute is
retroactively applicable,” we conclude that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-1201 et seq. governs here. United
Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 645 n.17, 881 S.E.2d at 57 n.17; see also An Act to Complete
the Consolidation of Land-Use Provisions Into One Chapter of the General Statutes, S.L. 2020-25,
2020 N.C. Sess. Law 152.

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                                   Opinion of the Court

include “[a]ll individuals, associations, and corporations that have interests of record

in a dwelling and any that are in possession of a dwelling.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160D-

1202(1)–(2); see also United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 646, 881 S.E.2d

at 57.

         Our Supreme Court recently applied the reasoning in Monroe to the facts

presented in United Daughters of the Confederacy, a case with facts quite similar to

those in the case at bar. There, the plaintiff argued that the provisions of Chapter

160D, Article 12 required the city of Winston-Salem to provide the plaintiff with

notice and an opportunity to be heard regarding the city’s planned removal of a

Confederate monument. United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 644, 881

S.E.2d at 56. According to the plaintiff, “if it were determined to be the owner of the

monument, it would necessarily follow that [the] plaintiff ha[d] standing to defend

the placement of the monument on the courthouse property, as well as to invoke the

arguments that the monument d[id] not constitute a public nuisance under” N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 160A-193. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Our Supreme Court

disagreed, concluding that because the plaintiff “did not allege in the amended

complaint that it had any proprietary or contractual interest in the monument or that

it ha[d] an interest of record or [wa]s in possession of the monument,” the plaintiff

was “simply not a member of the class of persons entitled to notice and an opportunity

to be heard under” the statute. Id. at 646, 881 S.E.2d at 57 (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

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                                   Opinion of the Court

      In the case at bar, Plaintiffs similarly failed to plead any facts that tend to

establish that they had any possessory, proprietary, or contractual interest in the

Monument; indeed, Plaintiffs maintain that the Monument is County property. In

that Plaintiffs have not sufficiently pleaded sufficient facts to establish that they

meet the statutory definitions of an “owner” or a “part[y] in interest[,]” see N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 160D-1202(1)–(2), Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that they are “member[s] of

the class of persons entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard under” N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 153A-140. United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 646, 881

S.E.2d at 57.

      Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to establish that they have standing

pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 153A-140.

          3. Standing Under Section 100-2.1

      Plaintiffs next argue that they have standing pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 100-2.1, in that the Monument is County property and is therefore subject to the

removal procedures outlined in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1. Plaintiffs maintain that by

“funding and erecting” the Monument, the UDC “made a dedication of the statute to

[the] County, and the [C]ounty expressly accepted that dedication”; upon its

placement on County property, the Monument “became real property as a fixture[.]”

Thus, argue Plaintiffs, because the Monument is County property, “any action

contemplated or executed with regard to [the Monument’s] location is subject to the

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provisions of” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1. In light of our Supreme Court’s holding in

United Daughters of the Confederacy, we must disagree.

      Section 100-2.1 provides the circumstances and manner under which a State-

owned “monument, memorial, or work of art” may be removed and relocated:

             (a) Approval Required. – Except as otherwise provided in
             subsection (b) of this section, a monument, memorial, or
             work of art owned by the State may not be removed,
             relocated, or altered in any way without the approval of the
             North Carolina Historical Commission.

             (b) Limitations on Removal. – An object of remembrance
             located on public property may not be permanently
             removed and may only be relocated, whether temporarily
             or permanently, under the circumstances listed in this
             subsection and subject to the limitations in this subsection.
             . . . An object of remembrance that is permanently relocated
             shall be relocated to a site of similar prominence, honor,
             visibility, availability, and access that are within the
             boundaries of the jurisdiction from which it was relocated.
             An object of remembrance may not be relocated to a
             museum, cemetery, or mausoleum unless it was originally
             placed at such a location. As used in this section, the term
             “object of remembrance” means a monument, memorial,
             plaque, statue, marker, or display of a permanent
             character that commemorates an event, a person, or
             military service that is part of North Carolina’s history.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1(a)–(b).

      Plaintiffs have advanced a private action under § 100-2.1. “A statute may

authorize a private right of action either explicitly or implicitly, though typically, a

statute allows for a private cause of action only where the legislature has expressly

provided a private cause of action within the statute.” United Daughters of the

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                                   Opinion of the Court

Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 637, 881 S.E.2d at 52 (citation omitted). “As a result, in the

event that the legislature exercises its power to create a cause of action under a

statute, the plaintiff has standing to vindicate the legal right so long as he is in the

class of persons on whom the statute confers a cause of action.” Id. (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).

       United Daughters of the Confederacy presented similar issues regarding the

application of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 as those arising in the instant case. There,

the plaintiff alleged in its complaint that (1) “members of its local chapter [of the

United Daughters of the Confederacy] raised the funds necessary to design, build,

and install the [Confederate] monument from private sources”; (2) the plaintiff

“dedicated the monument to Forsyth County and its citizens”; and (3) “the Forsyth

County Commissioners expressly permitted the monument to be placed on land which

the [c]ounty owned.” Id. at 636, 881 S.E.2d at 51. The plaintiff maintained that the

monument was therefore Forsyth County property, in that the Forsyth County

Commissioners accepted the plaintiff’s dedication by placing the monument on public

property. Id. The plaintiff further argued that “upon its placement on the courthouse

property, the monument became a ‘fixture’ attached to real property and that its

status did not change when the [c]ounty sold the property” to a private entity. Id.

Thus, according to the plaintiff, it had standing to seek a declaratory judgment and

a preliminary injunction against the County Commissioners pursuant to N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 100-2.1. Id.

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       Our Supreme Court rejected this argument: “We are unable to identify

anything in [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 100-2.1, particularly when read in conjunction with

the allegations of the amended complaint, that explicitly authorizes the assertion of

a private cause of action . . . .” Id. at 638, 881 S.E.2d at 52 (noting “[t]he absence of

explicit language authorizing the assertion of a private right of action” in the statute).

Therefore, the Court concluded, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 did not confer “any legal

rights upon [the] plaintiff sufficient to give rise to any sort of . . . valid legal claim.”

Id. at 637, 881 S.E.2d at 52.

       Moreover, nor did the statute implicitly authorize a private right of action. Our

Supreme Court reasoned that “nothing in [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 100-2.1 requires action

from a party with which that party has failed to comply”; instead, the statute

“prohibits the removal or relocation of certain specified objects that are owned by the

State or located on public property.” Id. at 638, 881 S.E.2d at 52 (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted). And “even if [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 100-2.1 could be

interpreted to implicitly authorize the assertion of a private right of action,” the Court

concluded, “nothing in the relevant statutory language or the allegations contained

in the amended complaint suggest[ed] that [the] plaintiff would be in the class of

persons on which the statute confers the right.” Id. (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted).

       Finally, the Court determined that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 did not have “any

bearing upon the proper resolution of th[e] case given the absence of any allegation

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in the amended complaint that the monument [wa]s ‘owned by the State.’ ” Id. at 641,

881 S.E.2d at 54. “[E]ven if the [c]ounty own[ed] the monument, that fact would not

convert the monument into State property subject to” § 100-2.1(a) because “the

General Assembly has specifically authorized counties to independently acquire,

maintain, and dispose of real or personal property,” and “the North Carolina

Constitution authorizes counties and municipalities to own property independently

of the State.” Id. at 642, 881 S.E.2d at 55; see also N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 153A-158, -169,

-176; N.C. Const. art. V, § 2.

      Here, as in United Daughters of the Confederacy, Plaintiffs alleged in their

complaint that the Monument was property subject to § 100-2.1 because “the

[M]onument was accepted as a gift” by the County, as evidenced by the fact that the

Monument’s “placement at the Chatham County Courthouse was specifically

authorized and directed by the Chatham County Board of County Commissioners[.]”

See United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 636, 881 S.E.2d at 51. Plaintiffs

also alleged that the County Commissioners “act[ed] in a manner in contravention of

[their] constitutional or statutory authority” when they voted to remove the

Monument in violation of the provisions of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1. According to

their complaint, Plaintiffs “have legitimate and cognizable interests in [e]nsuring

that [the] County does not engage in activities or enact local legislation . . . which are

unlawful[.]”

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      Plaintiffs argue on appeal that these allegations were sufficient to establish

their standing pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1. We are bound by precedent to

disagree.

      As our Supreme Court made plain in United Daughters of the Confederacy,

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 does not “explicitly authorize[ ] the assertion of a private

cause of action for the purpose of enforcing that statutory provision.” Id. at 638, 881

S.E.2d at 52. Furthermore, even if N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 implicitly authorized a

private right of action, Plaintiffs’ allegations, like those in United Daughters of the

Confederacy, are inadequate to support that Plaintiffs “would be in the class of

persons on which the statute confers the right.” Id. (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted); see also Charles Stores Co. v. Tucker, 263 N.C. 710, 717, 140 S.E.2d

370, 375 (1965) (“Only one who is in immediate danger of sustaining a direct injury

from legislative action may assail the validity of such action. It is not sufficient that

he has merely a general interest common to all members of the public.”). Here,

Plaintiffs merely alleged a general interest in lawful government action—an interest

common to all members of the public.

      Moreover, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-2.1 has no “bearing upon the proper resolution

of this case given the absence of any allegation in the . . . complaint that the

[M]onument is ‘owned by the State.’ ” United Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C.

at 641, 881 S.E.2d at 54.

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       Therefore, as in United Daughters of the Confederacy, Plaintiffs failed to allege

facts sufficient to assert a private right of action pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 100-

2.1, and the trial court appropriately dismissed their complaint for lack of standing.

          4. Standing Arising out of Legal or Factual Injury

       Finally, Plaintiffs assert that they have standing because they “merely seek to

defend themselves from an onslaught which they did not initiate and which raises

serious questions about the ability of the government to decide for itself free of judicial

review what it can do to the exclusion of the customary rule of law.”

       Here, Plaintiffs assert an argument nearly identical to that advanced by the

plaintiff in United Daughters of the Confederacy—that “[t]o deny that [the UDC] does

not have the right to defend itself in a court of law when it was the recipient of a clear

and unequivocal attack would be to subvert accepted and well-established concepts

of due process and equal protection under law.” The only allegation in Plaintiffs’

complaint that could be interpreted as pertaining to whether they had sustained a

legal or factual injury arising from the County’s conduct was that Plaintiffs “have

legitimate and cognizable interests in [e]nsuring [the] County does not engage in

activities or enact local legislation . . . which are unlawful[.]” However, this allegation

fails to articulate how the County’s actions resulted in a cognizable legal or factual

injury to Plaintiffs. Furthermore, like the plaintiff in United Daughters of the

Confederacy, Plaintiffs contended in their complaint that they dedicated the

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                                   Opinion of the Court

Monument to the County, and thus, they disclaimed any “proprietary or contractual

interest in the [M]onument.” Id. at 629, 881 S.E.2d at 47.

      Plaintiffs were required to allege additional facts “to demonstrate that [they]

ha[d] sustained a legal or factual injury arising from [D]efendants’ actions[.]” Id. at

629, 881 S.E.2d at 46. Because they did not do so, Plaintiffs failed to establish their

standing to maintain the declaratory judgment action. Id.; see also Comm. to Elect

Dan Forest v. Employees Political Action Comm., 376 N.C. 558, 609–10, 853 S.E.2d

698, 734 (2021). Accordingly, we must reject Plaintiffs’ argument.

      B. Dismissal with Prejudice

      Plaintiffs next argue that the trial court erred by dismissing their complaint

with prejudice because a “court cannot dismiss a complaint with prejudice if it has

held that it lacks jurisdiction over the proceeding.” We agree.

      Our appellate courts have historically held that a party may challenge the

plaintiff’s standing to bring an action in a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).

See, e.g., Energy Investors Fund, L.P. v. Metric Constructors, Inc., 351 N.C. 331, 337,

525 S.E.2d 441, 445 (2000); Teague v. Bayer AG, 195 N.C. App. 18, 22, 671 S.E.2d

550, disc. review denied, 363 N.C. 381, ___ S.E.2d ___ (2009). This precedent

“appear[ed] to rest upon the notion . . . that standing for purposes of North Carolina

law requires the allegation of an ‘injury in fact.’ ” United Daughters of the

Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 649, 881 S.E.2d at 60. However, our Supreme Court recently

rejected the view that a plaintiff must allege an “injury in fact” to establish standing,

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                                   PUGH V. HOWARD

                                   Opinion of the Court

concluding that alleging either a factual injury or an infringement of a legal right is

sufficient to confer standing under North Carolina law. Comm. to Elect Dan Forest,

376 N.C. at 609, 853 S.E.2d at 734.

      Accordingly, when a trial court determines that it lacks subject-matter

jurisdiction over a matter because of the plaintiff’s failure to establish standing, the

court may not dismiss the matter with prejudice pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). United

Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 650, 881 S.E.2d at 60. Rather, in such

circumstances, the matter is properly dismissed without prejudice pursuant to Rule

12(b)(1). See id.; Wilson, 253 N.C. App. at 650, 801 S.E.2d at 156; N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(1).

      In the instant case, the trial court granted Defendants’ motions to dismiss

under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) and dismissed the complaint with prejudice. As

explained above, the trial court correctly concluded that Plaintiffs had failed to allege

an infringement of a factual or legal right sufficient to establish standing, and

therefore, it appropriately dismissed the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). United

Daughters of the Confederacy, 383 N.C. at 650, 881 S.E.2d at 60. However, as in

United Daughters of the Confederacy, having properly determined that it lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction over the matter, the trial court should have dismissed the

matter without prejudice pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). See id. As a result, “we vacate

the portion of the trial court’s order dismissing the . . . complaint with prejudice and

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                                    PUGH V. HOWARD

                                    Opinion of the Court

remand this case to [Chatham County Superior Court], with instructions to dismiss

the . . . complaint without, rather than with, prejudice.” Id.

      C. Refusal to Consider Plaintiffs’ Untimely Served Documents

      Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the trial court “abused its discretion in refusing

to consider the brief and affidavit tendered by Plaintiffs in opposition to Defendants’

amended motion to dismiss.” We disagree.

      Rule 6 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure provides, in relevant

part, that “[i]f the opposing affidavit is not served on the other parties at least two

days before the hearing on the motion, the court may . . . proceed with the matter

without considering the untimely served affidavit[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule

6(d). Rule 5 contains a similar provision concerning the service of briefs. See id. § 1A-

1, Rule 5(a1) (“If the brief or memorandum is not served on the other parties at least

two days before the hearing on the motion, the court may . . . proceed with the matter

without considering the untimely served brief or memorandum . . . .”).

      Here, during the hearing on Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs’ counsel

offered the trial court the affidavit of Plaintiff Pugh, as well as Plaintiffs’ brief

opposing Defendants’ motion. Counsel for Defendants informed the court that they

had not received the affidavit or Plaintiffs’ brief until the day of the hearing. The trial

court then declined to consider the affidavit, and orally rendered its ruling from the

bench without considering Plaintiffs’ brief. Because Plaintiffs served their affidavit

and brief on Defendants less than two days before the hearing, the trial court was

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                                   PUGH V. HOWARD

                                   Opinion of the Court

well within its discretionary authority to “proceed with the matter without

considering the” documents. Id. §§ 1A-1, Rule 5(a1), 6(d). Therefore, Plaintiffs’

argument is overruled.

                                     Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court appropriately

determined that Plaintiffs lacked standing to initiate this action. We thus affirm in

part the trial court’s order dismissing Plaintiffs’ complaint for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. However, because the trial court improperly dismissed the complaint

with prejudice, we vacate the order in part and remand this matter to the trial court

to dismiss the complaint without prejudice. In light of our disposition, we need not

address Plaintiffs’ remaining argument.

      AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART; AND REMANDED.

      Judges FLOOD and RIGGS concur.

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