Court Opinion

ID: 9940646
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-14 21:01:28.881643+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:17.054165
License: Public Domain

USCA4 Appeal: 22-1253      Doc: 73        Filed: 02/13/2024     Pg: 1 of 21

                                             PUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                              No. 22-1253

        SMARTSKY NETWORKS, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company,

                            Plaintiff – Appellee,

                     v.

        DAG WIRELESS, LTD., an Israeli company; DAG WIRELESS USA, LLC, a North
        Carolina limited liability company; LASLO GROSS, a North Carolina resident;
        SUSAN GROSS, a North Carolina resident; WIRELESS SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS,
        LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; DAVID D. GROSS, a resident of Israel,

                            Defendants – Appellants.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at
        Greensboro. Thomas D. Schroeder, District Judge. (1:20-cv-00834-TDS-LPA)

        Argued: October 25, 2023                                     Decided: February 13, 2024

        Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, THACKER, Circuit Judge, and Julie R. RUBIN, United States
        District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation.

        Reversed and remanded by published opinion. Judge Rubin wrote the opinion, in which
        Chief Judge Diaz and Judge Thacker joined.

        ARGUED: Kenneth Kyre, Jr., PINTO COATES KYRE & BOWERS, PLLC, Greensboro,
        North Carolina, for Appellants. Mark S. VanderBroek, NELSON MULLINS RILEY &
        SCARBOROUGH, LLP, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Richard L. Pinto,
        Jon Ward, PINTO COATES KYRE & BOWERS, PLLC, Greensboro, North Carolina, for
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        Appellants. Gavin B. Parsons, David E. Bennett, COATS + BENNETT, PLLC, Cary,
        North Carolina, for Appellants Wireless Systems Solutions, LLC; Laslo Gross; and Susan
        Gross. S. Wade Malone, Peter L. Munk, Atlanta, Georgia, Fred M. Wood, Jr., NELSON
        MULLINS RILEY & SCARBOROUGH, LLP, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

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        RUBIN, District Judge:

               Wireless Systems Solutions, LLC (“Wireless”), Laslo Gross (“Laslo”), Susan Gross

        (“Susan”), 1 David D. Gross (“David”), 2 DAG Wireless LTD (“DAG Israel”), and DAG

        Wireless USA, LLC (“DAG USA”) 3 (together with DAG Israel “DAG”) (collectively,

        “Appellants”), appeal the district court’s confirmation of an arbitration award in favor of

        SmartSky Networks, LLC (“SmartSky”). SmartSky initially filed suit in the district court

        against all six Appellants for breach of contract, trade secret misappropriation and

        deceptive trade practices. After filing suit in the district court, SmartSky submitted an

        arbitration demand against Wireless for breach of contract. The arbitration tribunal ruled

        that all claims asserted in the district court against Wireless, save the request for entry of

        preliminary injunction, were to be arbitrated. DAG Israel, DAG USA, Laslo, Susan, and

        David voluntarily agreed to submit to arbitration with respect to SmartSky’s claims filed

        against them. On a motion from Wireless, the district court stayed the action pending

        arbitration.

               The arbitration tribunal found in favor of SmartSky and issued an award, which

        included monetary damages in favor of SmartSky and a permanent injunction against

               1
                   Laslo and Susan are husband and wife, and started Wireless in 2014.

             David is the son of Laslo and Susan. David created and operated DAG Israel and
               2

        DAG USA.
               3
                 Although Appellants label DAG Israel and DAG USA “subcontractors” of
        Wireless, the arbitration tribunal determined DAG Israel and DAG USA were alter egos of
        Wireless.

                                                      3
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        Appellants. Thereafter, SmartSky filed a motion to enforce the award; and Appellants filed

        a motion to vacate same. The district court confirmed the award. This appeal followed.

        Appellants argue that pursuant to Badgerow v. Walters, 142 S. Ct. 1310 (2022), the district

        court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enforce the arbitration award.

               In Badgerow, the Supreme Court held that a federal district court faced with an

        application to enforce or vacate an arbitration award under Sections 9 or 10 of the Federal

        Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1, et seq. (the “FAA”), must have a basis for subject matter

        jurisdiction independent from the FAA and apparent on the face of the application. The

        Court further held that “look-through” jurisdiction only applies to petitions to compel

        arbitration under Section 4 of the FAA, and that such jurisdiction is not available for

        Section 9 and 10 applications. In accordance with these holdings in Badgerow, we find

        that the district court did not have an independent basis of subject matter jurisdiction to

        confirm the arbitration award; and reverse and remand to the district court for further

        proceedings consistent with our opinion.

                                                     I.

               SmartSky and Wireless are in the wireless communications industry and entered

        into a business relationship in 2017.       Their relationship was governed by several

        agreements in the form of statements of work, purchase orders and a Teaming Agreement.

        Around April 2020, Wireless informed SmartSky that it believed SmartSky had repudiated

        and breached the Teaming Agreement; SmartSky responded that it believed Wireless had

        committed numerous material breaches of contracts.

                                                     4
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               On September 10, 2020, SmartSky filed a complaint against Appellants setting forth

        fourteen counts: Trade Secret Misappropriation in violation of the Defend Trade Secrets

        Act (18 U.S.C. §§ 1836, et seq.; “DTSA”) (Count One); Trade Secret Misappropriation in

        violation of the North Carolina Trade Secret Protection Act (N.C. GEN. STAT. §§ 24-66-

        152, et seq.; “NCTSPA”) (Count Two); Conspiracy to Misappropriate Trade Secrets

        (Count Three); Breach of Contract (Counts Four – Twelve); Unfair and Deceptive Trade

        Practices in violation of N.C. GEN. STAT. §§ 75.1.1 et seq. (Count Thirteen); and

        Conversion (Count Fourteen). SmartSky’s complaint was filed contemporaneously with

        motions for preliminary injunction and expedited discovery. Four days later, SmartSky

        submitted a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association (the

        “AAA”). The arbitration demand set forth three causes of action for breach of contract

        against Wireless, which was named as the sole respondent. On September 30, 2020,

        Wireless asserted arbitration counterclaims against SmartSky for breach of contract, breach

        of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and for declaratory judgment.

               On October 27, 2020, the AAA selected three arbitrators (the “Tribunal”) to resolve

        the arbitration action. On December 11, 2020, Wireless moved for the Tribunal to compel

        arbitration of all claims and counterclaims between SmartSky and Wireless pending in the

        district court. On December 22, 2020, the Tribunal granted Wireless’ motion. The

        Tribunal found that based on the language of the Teaming Agreement, it was mandatory

        that all contract, tort, and statutory claims between SmartSky and Wireless be arbitrated,

        save the demand for preliminary injunction. With respect to the preliminary injunction,

        the Tribunal found that the language of the Teaming Agreement was permissive and

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        allowed for “interim or conservatory relief” to be sought in either arbitration or in a court

        identified in the Teaming Agreement. By January 13, 2021, SmartSky and all Appellants

        submitted their claims and counterclaims to arbitration and agreed to be bound by the

        result.

                  On January 18, 2021, Wireless, Laslo, and Susan filed a motion in the district court

        action to stay the proceedings pending arbitration. 4 SmartSky partially opposed the motion

        to stay; although it agreed that all other proceedings should be stayed, SmartSky requested

        that the district court hear and decide its motions for preliminary injunction. DAG USA

        filed a motion in the district court seeking to dismiss the district court action in light of the

        ongoing arbitration proceedings; SmartSky opposed the motion. The district court denied

        SmartSky’s motions for preliminary injunction without prejudice; granted Wireless, Laslo,

        and Susan’s motion to stay the proceedings; and denied DAG USA’s motion to dismiss.

                 In Wireless, Laslo, and Susan’s motion to stay the proceedings, they apprised the
                  4

        district court of the Tribunal’s ruling on the issue of arbitrability — including the
        Tribunal’s finding that a preliminary injunction could be brought in either the district court
        or before the Tribunal. Wireless, Laslo, and Susan argued that it would be inefficient to
        have a preliminary injunction hearing in the district court while all the underlying claims
        were being arbitrated. Specifically, Wireless, Laslo, and Susan argued that the district
        court would need to predict how the Tribunal would decide the merits of the underlying
        claims because, to prevail on a motion for preliminary injunction, the moving party must
        demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits. Centro Tepeyac v. Montgomery C’nty,
        722 F.3d 184, 188 (4th Cir. 2013). And they moved the district court to stay the
        proceedings under its inherent power to control its docket, arguing that “[i]f the Court, in
        exercising its discretion, decides not to hear SmartSky’s motions for preliminary
        injunction, then it should issue a stay of the present case, since the only remaining matter
        before it is the issue of a preliminary injunction.” (Joint Appendix (“JA”) 441).

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               On April 16, 2021, Wireless withdrew its counterclaims in the arbitration

        proceeding because it could not pay the arbitration costs. Because it found that the parties

        had agreed that the ongoing arbitration proceedings would be “the sole mechanism” for

        resolving their disputes, the Tribunal determined that Wireless’ counterclaims were

        withdrawn “effectively with prejudice.” JA 519. Between May 10 and 21, 2021, the

        parties participated in an arbitration hearing before the Tribunal. On the final day of the

        hearing, the Tribunal entered an order temporarily enjoining Appellants from engaging in

        the conduct set forth in the proposed interim injunction order filed by SmartSky in the

        arbitration action. At the conclusion of the hearing, the parties submitted post-hearing

        briefs, applications for fees, and responses to the same.

               On October 1, 2021, the Tribunal issued an 81-page, single-spaced opinion and

        award in favor of SmartSky. The Tribunal’s award included monetary relief in favor of

        SmartSky, permanent injunctive relief against Appellants, and sanctions against Appellants

        for violating arbitration orders. On October 5, 2021, SmartSky filed a motion to confirm

        the arbitration award under Section 9 of the FAA in the stayed district court action.

        Appellants filed two motions to vacate the arbitration award pursuant to Section 10 of the

        FAA. 5 On February 7, 2022, the district court confirmed the arbitration award in its

        entirety.

               5
                 Although the petition is titled “Motion to Vacate and Modify the Arbitrators’ Final
        Award” and requests the court to “vacate or modify that part of the injunction to make clear
        that the WSS Defendants are not required to destroy the BBUs that it purchased for use for
        SSN,”(JA 802), the substance of the petition makes clear that Wireless and the Grosses
        (Continued)
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                 This appeal followed.

                                                         II.

                 Although Appellants raise several issues with the district court’s decision, the

        threshold question this court must answer is whether the district court had subject matter

        jurisdiction to confirm the arbitration award. Because we find that the district court lacked

        subject matter jurisdiction, we do not reach the remaining issues raised by the parties. 6

        were not invoking the court’s authority under Section 11 of the FAA, but rather under
        Section 10.

                 Section 11 provides that a district court may modify or correct an arbitration award
        where:

                          (a) Where there was an evident material miscalculation of
                          figures or an evident material mistake in the description of any
                          person, thing, or property referred to in the award.

                          (b) Where the arbitrators have awarded upon a matter not
                          submitted to them, unless it is a matter not affecting the merits
                          of the decision upon the matter submitted.

                          (c) Where the award is imperfect in matter of form not
                          affecting the merits of the controversy.

        9 U.S.C. § 11.

              Wireless and the Grosses argued in their petition that “the Final Award without
        modification, requires the WSS Defendants to destroy BBUs” and that the “arbitrators
        exceeded their power in so ordering.” JA 801. Section 10 of the FAA authorizes the court
        to vacate an arbitration award “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so
        imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter
        was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). The relief requested, and the cited basis for same,
        implicate the court’s authority under Section 10.
                 6
                     The other issues raised by Appellants include:

        (Continued)
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               Jurisdiction is a question of law subject to de novo review. United States v. Barton,

        26 F.3d 490, 491 (4th Cir. 1994). One of the most fundamental principles in the federal

        court system is that “[f]ederal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v.

        Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). A district court is empowered to

        adjudicate matters only when it possesses the “power authorized by Constitution and

        statute.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 552 (2005). “When

        a party desires to proceed in a federal court, it ‘must allege and, when challenged, must

        demonstrate the federal court’s jurisdiction over the matter.’” Home Buyers Warranty

        Corp. v. Hanna, 750 F.3d 427, 432 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Strawn v. AT & T Mobility

        LLC, 530 F.3d 293, 296 (4th Cir. 2008)). These principles apply to applications filed

        pursuant to Sections 9 and 10 of the FAA — which is to say there must be an independent

        basis for the district court to exercise subject matter jurisdiction. See Carter v. Health Net

        of Cal., Inc., 374 F.3d 830, 833 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that “[i]t is well-established that

        even when a petition is brought under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), a petitioner

        1.     whether the permanent injunction issued by the district court complied with the
        standards of Rule 65(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; and whether Appellants
        waived their right to challenge the permanent injunction;

        2.    whether the district court erred in confirming the Tribunal’s ruling that Wireless’
        withdrawal of its arbitration counterclaims was with prejudice;

        3.    whether the Tribunal exceeded the scope of its authority by assessing Appellants
        SmartSky’s expert witness expenses;

        4.     whether the district court erred in confirming the Tribunal’s award of SmartSky
        attorneys’ fees against Appellants.

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        seeking to confirm or vacate an arbitration award in federal court must establish an

        independent basis for federal jurisdiction.”)

                                                             III.

                                                             A.

               In Vaden v. Discover Bank, the Supreme Court held that based on the plain language

        of Section 4 of the FAA, a court may look beyond a petition to compel arbitration to the

        underlying controversy to determine whether subject matter jurisdiction exists. 556 U.S.

        49, 62–65 (2009). This is sometimes referred to as “look-through” jurisdiction. In

        Badgerow v. Walters, the Supreme Court addressed whether “look-through” jurisdiction

        applies to requests to confirm or vacate arbitration awards brought under Sections 9 and 10

        of the FAA and held that it does not. 142 S. Ct. 1310 (2022). In so holding, the Badgerow

        Court examined and contrasted the plain language in Section 4 and Sections 9 and 10 of

        the FAA, and determined that Congress did not intend for look-through jurisdiction to

        apply to applications to confirm, vacate, or modify arbitration awards. Discussing its

        analysis of Section 4 in Vaden, the Badgerow Court explained:

                      We proceeded methodically through Section 4’s wording.
                      “The phrase ‘save for [the arbitration] agreement,’” we began,
                      “indicates that the district court should assume the absence of
                      the arbitration agreement and determine whether [the court]
                      ‘would have jurisdiction . . .’ without it.” But “[j]urisdiction
                      over what?” “The text of Section 4,” we continued, “refers us
                      to ‘the controversy between the parties.’” And that
                      “controversy,” we explained, could not mean the dispute
                      before the court about “the existence or applicability of an
                      arbitration agreement”; after all, the preceding save-for clause
                      had just “direct[ed] courts” to assume that agreement away.
                      The “controversy between the parties” instead had to mean
                      their “underlying substantive controversy.”

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        Badgerow, 142 S. Ct. at 1317 (quoting Vaden, 556 U.S. at 62, 63) (internal citations

        omitted).

                                                       ***

                         But Sections 9 and 10, in addressing applications to confirm or
                         vacate an arbitral award, contain none of the statutory language
                         on which Vaden relied. Most notably, those provisions do not
                         have Section 4’s “save for” clause. They do not instruct a court
                         to imagine a world without an arbitration agreement, and to ask
                         whether it would then have jurisdiction over the parties’
                         dispute. Indeed, Sections 9 and 10 do not mention the court’s
                         subject-matter jurisdiction at all. So under ordinary principles
                         of statutory construction, the look-through method for
                         assessing jurisdiction should not apply.

        142 S. Ct. at 1317.

                                                             B.

                  SmartSky argues that the district court had subject matter jurisdiction to confirm the

        award because a complaint that asserts federal claims acts as a “jurisdictional anchor” for

        subsequent FAA Section 9 and 10 applications when the case was previously stayed

        pursuant to Section 3 of the FAA. SmartSky’s argument suggests that we treat such

        applications like motions arising out of the underlying civil action, thereby allowing the

        district court’s subject matter jurisdiction over the underlying action to extend to the

        petitions to enforce or vacate brought under the FAA. Badgerow does not permit such a

        result.

                  Applications made pursuant to Sections 9 and 10 of the FAA are not motions in a

        pending action; rather, they are separate actions independent of the related civil lawsuit.

        Indeed, Badgerow begins its analysis by distinguishing between federal civil actions and

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        FAA actions. The Court there explained that when federal law authorizes a civil action,

        that action has a proper place in federal court; however, the same is not necessarily true of

        “FAA-created arbitration actions.”      142 S. Ct. 1310, 1316.       Specifically, the Court

        explained that Sections 4 and 9-11 authorize certain actions that may be brought in federal

        court, but do not themselves support federal jurisdiction. Id. Therefore, an applicant

        seeking to confirm or vacate an arbitral award under Sections 9 or 10 “must identify a grant

        of jurisdiction apart from Section [9 or] 10 itself, conferring ‘access to a federal forum.’”

        Id. (quoting Vaden, 556 U.S. at 59).

               Accordingly, in Badgerow, the Court directed its subject matter jurisdiction analysis

        at the matter that was before the district court — a contract enforcement action, not the

        employment-related lawsuit that was before the arbitrator:

                      Recall that the two are now contesting not the legality of
                      Badgerow’s firing but the enforceability of an arbitral award.
                      That award is no more than a contractual resolution of the
                      parties’ dispute—a way of settling legal claims. And quarrels
                      about legal settlements—even settlements of federal claims—
                      typically involve only state law, like disagreements about other
                      contracts.

        Badgerow, 142 S. Ct. at 1316-17 (citing Vaden, 556 U. S. at 63; Kokkonen, 511 U. S. at

        378-82) (internal citations omitted).

               The same reasoning applies here. At the time the parties filed their respective

        Section 9 and 10 applications, they were no longer litigating over their fraught business

        relationship — those issues and claims had been resolved by the Tribunal. Instead, the

        parties’ dispute focused on the enforceability of the arbitral award. To find it had

        jurisdiction over what was in essence a contract dispute among the parties, the district court

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        had to “look through” to the civil lawsuit and determine that a federal claim existed. The

        same question that was before the Badgerow Court is now before this court — “Could the

        court do so?” Badgerow v. Walters, 142 S. Ct. 1310, 1317 (2022). Consistent with

        Badgerow, we answer “no,” the district court could not.

               So, if a district court cannot look to the underlying substantive claims as a basis for

        jurisdiction, where should it look? “An obvious place is the face of the application itself.”

        Badgerow, 142 S. Ct. at 1316. Neither SmartSky’s motion to confirm the arbitration award

        nor Appellants’ motions to vacate the award allege that federal law outside of Sections 9

        and 10 of the FAA entitle them to the relief sought in the motions.

               Instead, the district court had to “look through” the Section 9 and 10 applications to

        the underlying controversy to satisfy the jurisdictional requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 7

               7
                  Although the district court had before it a motion to dismiss the action after the
        parties had agreed to arbitrate their claims, it elected instead to stay the case pending
        arbitration. In so doing, the district court noted that some circuits have found that the FAA
        mandates that actions be stayed pending arbitration while other circuits have concluded
        that courts may dismiss actions subject to arbitration if all issues are arbitrable. The district
        court further noted that this circuit has not resolved what is the preferred disposition of a
        case involving arbitration where there are no remaining issues because they are all
        arbitrable. See, e.g., Aggarao v. MOL Ship Mgmt. Co., 675 F.3d 355, 376 n.18 (4th Cir.
        2012) (explaining “[t]here may be some tension between our decision in Hooters [of Am.,
        Inc., v. Phillips, 173 F.3d 933, 937 (4th Cir. 1999)]— indicating that a stay is required
        when the arbitration agreement ‘covers the matter in dispute’ — and Choice Hotels [Int’l,
        Inc., v. BSR Tropicana Resort, Inc., 252 F.3d 707, 709-10 (4th Cir. 2001)]— sanctioning
        dismissal ‘when all of the issues presented . . . are arbitrable.’ Our sister circuits are divided
        on whether a district court has discretion to dismiss rather than stay an action subject to
        arbitration. We need not resolve this disagreement because, even under Choice Hotels,
        dismissal is not appropriate where, as here, the issues are not all subject to arbitration.”).

              Here, we need not resolve any “disagreement” between Hooters and Choice Hotels,
        because this issue was not raised by the parties and the district court’s decision to stay the
        (Continued)
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        As the Supreme Court in Badgerow explained, the “look-through” approach to jurisdiction

        is the rare exception, not the rule:

                      The look-through rule is a highly unusual one: It locates
                      jurisdiction not in the action actually before the court, but in
                      another controversy neither there nor ever meant to be. We
                      recognized that rule in Vaden because careful analysis of
                      Section 4’s text showed that Congress wanted it applied to
                      petitions brought under that provision. But Congress has not so
                      directed in Sections 9 and 10. Congress has not authorized a
                      federal court to adjudicate a Section 9 or 10 application just
                      because the contractual dispute it presents grew out of
                      arbitrating different claims, turning on different law, that (save
                      for the parties’ agreement) could have been brought in federal
                      court.

        Badgerow, 142 S. Ct. at 1318 (citing Vaden, 556 U. S. at 62-65) (internal citations omitted).

               The complaint (including the federal claims) that SmartSky contends served as the

        jurisdictional anchor for its subsequent FAA application was no longer pending before the

        district court because all the issues contained therein were consolidated in the arbitration.

        The district court acknowledged this fact in its memorandum opinion, writing:

                      [T]he parties agree that all issues in this case are subject to
                      arbitration and that this court, under the Teaming Agreement,
                      may hear and decide motions for interim relief, or may defer
                      that question to the arbitration panel.

        case rather than dismiss it does not bear on our analysis regarding whether it had subject
        matter jurisdiction to confirm the award. We reject SmartSky’s argument that the district
        court retained jurisdiction to hear the Section 9 and 10 applications because it previously
        stayed the case under Section 3. Whether the district court dismissed or stayed the action
        is of no moment, as it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enforce or vacate the arbitration
        award under Sections 9 and 10 of the FAA.

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        (JA 497). Once the Tribunal ordered that all claims between SmartSky and Wireless be

        arbitrated pursuant to the Teaming Agreement, and the non-signatory Appellants

        voluntarily consented to arbitration, no claims remained pending before the district court.

               Badgerow’s “look-through” jurisdiction — jurisdiction based on claims that were

        no longer pending before the district court –applies only in the face of a Section 4 motion

        to compel; and is inadequate for Section 9 and 10 applications. Accordingly, we hold that

        the complaint filed in the district court could not, and did not, serve as a “jurisdictional

        anchor” for the parties’ applications brought pursuant to Sections 9 and 10 of the FAA.

                                                     C.

               SmartSky argues that Badgerow is distinguishable from the facts of this case

        because, in Badgerow, no underlying federal court action served as a jurisdictional anchor.

        But this is a distinction without a difference. In Badgerow, the petitioner’s employment

        contract “required her to bring claims arising out of her employment to arbitration, rather

        than to court[,]” so she began by initiating an arbitration action against her employer. 142

        S. Ct. at 1314. After the arbitrator ruled against the petitioner, she sued her employer in

        Louisiana state court to vacate the arbitration award. Id. Only then did the action arrive in

        federal court, when the petitioner’s employer removed the case. Id. SmartSky essentially

        argues that “freestanding” applications under Sections 9 and 10—like the petitioner’s

        application in Badgerow—are governed by different rules than Section 9 and 10

        applications filed in a case, like this one, that was stayed pending arbitration under Section

        3. We find no support for such a distinction in the case law.

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               First off, Badgerow itself makes no distinction between “freestanding” Section 9

        and 10 applications and those filed in cases where the action was previously stayed

        pursuant to Section 3. Neither Badgerow nor the plain language of the FAA suggests that

        Congress would have wanted the rules governing “freestanding” Section 9 and 10

        applications to differ from those applicable to applications filed in a case previously stayed.

        SmartSky’s contention to the contrary does not persuade.

               Badgerow does not leave open the question of whether there is a distinction between

        freestanding applications and those filed after arbitration in a previously stayed action; it

        plainly holds that all Section 9 and 10 applications must have an independent jurisdictional

        basis clear on the face of the application. We decline to arrive at a different result merely

        because the district court here stayed the action pursuant to Section 3 rather than ordering

        arbitration under Section 4.      Badgerow is clear.      A district court’s subject matter

        jurisdiction to adjudicate applications or petitions brought under one section of the FAA

        does not automatically extend to applications or petitions brought under a different section

        of the FAA. Accordingly, the district court did not have or “retain” subject matter

        jurisdiction to adjudicate the Section 9 and 10 applications because it had subject matter

        jurisdiction to stay the action under Section 3.

                                                      D.

               SmartSky also argues that Badgerow did not “undo the near century of well-

        established federal precedent” that a court that stays an action pending arbitration retains

        jurisdiction to enforce the award. SmartSky relies upon two Supreme Court cases in

        support of its position — Cortez Byrd Chips, Inc. v. Bill Harbert Const. Co., 529 U.S. 193

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        (2000), and Marine Transit Corp. v. Dreyfus, 284 U.S. 263 (1932). 8 Neither case supports

        SmartSky’s argument. Simply put, Badgerow neither creates nor leaves intact (to echo

        SmartSky’s assertion) a “continuing jurisdiction” rule to allow a district court that

        previously stayed a case to retain or extend its subject matter jurisdiction over subsequent

        Sections 9 and 10 applications.

               With respect to SmartSky’s reliance on Cortez, the issues before the Cortez Court

        pertained to venue, not jurisdiction. The Cortez Court granted certiorari to resolve a circuit

        split over whether the FAA’s venue provisions in Sections 9-11 were permissive or

        mandatory. SmartSky relies on the following language from Cortez to support its argument

        that a court retains jurisdiction if it stays an action under Section 3 of the FAA: “We have,

        however, previously held that the court with the power to stay the action under Section 3

               8
                  In a supplemental filing, SmartSky provided the court with two additional cases in
        support of its position: Kinsella v. Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations, LLC, 66 F.4th 1099
        (7th Cir. 2023), and Jules v. Andre Balazs Props., 2023 WL 5935626, 2023 U.S. Dist.
        LEXIS 161406 (S.D.N.Y Sept. 12, 2023). We decline to follow the holding of the Seventh
        Circuit in Kinsella. Although the Seventh Circuit considered Badgerow’s holding, the
        court looked beyond the face of application to vacate the arbitration award to the underlying
        civil suit to assess the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction.

                Considering the clear mandates of Badgerow we cannot follow in the footsteps of
        our sister Circuit.

                With respect to Jules, the district court summarily concluded that it had jurisdiction
        to confirm the arbitration award because “[d]istrict courts with jurisdiction to stay an action
        pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 3 retain jurisdiction to confirm resulting arbitral awards.” 2023 WL
        5935626 at *7. The Jules court cited to Cortez, 529 U.S. at 202, to support its holding that
        it had subject matter jurisdiction and expressly found that Badgerow did not apply. We
        decline to adopt the reasoning of the Jules court because, as discussed, we are of the view
        that its reliance on Cortez is misplaced; Badgerow is applicable even when a case was
        previously stayed pursuant to Section 3.
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        has the further power to confirm any ensuing arbitration award.” 529 U.S. at 202 (citing

        Marine Transit Corp v. Dreyfus, 284 U.S. 263, 275-76 (1932)). The sentences immediately

        preceding this quotation, however, demonstrate that the Cortez Court was discussing how

        a restrictive interpretation of the venue clauses in Sections 9-11 would cause tension with

        Section 3:

                         A restrictive interpretation would also place § 3 and §§ 9-11 of
                         the FAA in needless tension, which could be resolved only by
                         disrupting existing precedent of this Court. Section 3 provides
                         that any court in which an action “referable to arbitration under
                         an agreement in writing” is pending “shall on application of
                         one of the parties stay the trial of the action until such
                         arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the
                         agreement.” 9 U.S.C. § 3. If an arbitration were then held
                         outside the district of that litigation, under a restrictive reading
                         of §§ 9-11 a subsequent proceeding to confirm, modify, or set
                         aside the arbitration award could not be brought in the district
                         of the original litigation (unless that also happened to be the
                         chosen venue in a forum selection agreement).

        Id. at 201-02.

               The Cortez court does not hold or find that a court that has subject matter jurisdiction

        to enter a stay retains jurisdiction to later enforce an arbitration award. We therefore do

        not interpret the Cortez Court’s discussion of the impact of a restrictive interpretation of

        the venue provisions in Sections 9-11 to set forth a blanket rule that a court that stays a

        case pursuant to Section 3 retains subject matter jurisdiction to enforce or vacate an award

        under Sections 9 and 10.

               SmartSky also cites to Marine Transit Corp. v. Dreyfus, 284 U.S. 263 (1932), to

        support a “continuing jurisdiction” theory when a court has stayed an action under Section

        3. We do not find any support for such a broad result under the holding of Marine Transit.

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        The unique facts in Marine Transit are key to appreciating how and why the district court

        in that case was able to “retain” jurisdiction to enforce the arbitration award. The Marine

        Transit plaintiffs filed a libel action in admiralty, in personam and in rem, to recover

        damages for the loss of wheat that occurred when a tug boat carrying cargo struck a guide

        wall and sunk. Some of the parties were ordered to submit to arbitration regarding issues

        raised by the governing contract. The subsequent arbitration award was confirmed by the

        district court and affirmed by the court of appeals. The issue before the Marine Transit

        Court was whether the district court was authorized to enforce the arbitration award by the

        “United States Arbitration Act.” 284 U.S. at 270. In answering the question presented, the

        Marine Transit Court explained:

                      Section 4 authorizes a court, which would otherwise have
                      jurisdiction in admiralty ‘of the subject matter of a suit arising
                      out of the controversy between the parties’ to a written
                      agreement for arbitration, to ‘make an order directing the
                      parties to proceed to arbitration in accordance with the terms
                      of the agreement.’ Section 8 explicitly provides that where a
                      cause of action is ‘otherwise justiciable in admiralty, then,
                      notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the party
                      claiming to be aggrieved may begin his proceeding hereunder
                      by libel and seizure of the vessel or other property of the other
                      party according to the usual course of admiralty proceedings,’
                      and the court may then ‘direct the parties to proceed with the
                      arbitration and shall retain jurisdiction to enter its decree upon
                      the award.’

                      In this instance, the libel against the vessel came directly within
                      the provision of § 8.

        Id. at 273–74.

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               Although the facts in Marine Transit focused on compelling arbitration pursuant to

        Section 4 and retaining jurisdiction to affirm the award pursuant to Section 8, the Court

        briefly discussed Section 3:

                      And it is contended that, aside from § 8, the Act does not
                      provide for the granting of an order for arbitration ‘in a pending
                      suit.’ With respect to the last contention, it may be observed
                      that § 3 provides for a stay in a pending suit until arbitration
                      has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement,
                      and it would be an anomaly if the court could grant such a stay
                      and could not direct the arbitration to proceed although the
                      court, admittedly, could have made an order for the arbitration
                      if no suit had been brought.

        Id. at 274–75. The Court’s dicta cannot be read as binding precedent that a court that stays

        an action pursuant to Section 3 of the FAA retains jurisdiction to confirm or vacate arbitral

        awards pursuant to Sections 9 and 10. This is particularly so in view of the recent and plain

        language of Badgerow. Further, Marine Transit’s discussion relates to the interplay

        between Section 3, which allows a court to stay an action, and Section 4, which authorizes

        a court to “direct the arbitration to proceed.” 284 U.S. at 275.

               Our position that Marine Transit does not create a blanket rule that a district court

        “retains” jurisdiction is further supported by examination of the language in that case relied

        upon by many other courts and SmartSky:

                      We do not conceive it to be open to question that, where the
                      court has authority under the statute, as we find that it had in
                      this case, to make an order for arbitration, the court also has
                      authority to confirm the award or to set it aside for irregularity,
                      fraud, ultra vires or other defect.

        Id. 275-76. As mentioned above, the glaring distinction between Marine Transit and the

        present case is that the underlying action in Marine Transit was for libel in admiralty, which

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        is uniquely and expressly governed by Section 8 of the FAA. The language of Section 8

        is the independent basis which confers subject matter jurisdiction upon a district court to

        enforce an arbitration award that flows from a libel suit filed in admiralty. See Marine

        Transit, 284 U.S. at 263 (holding “[t]he award was accordingly binding upon the Marine

        Transit Corporation both as respondent and as the owner and claimant of the tug, and the

        District Court entered its decree upon the award against the corporation under the authority

        expressly conferred by § 8.”) Section 8 is the only section that expressly provides that a

        district court may “retain” jurisdiction to enforce, vacate, or modify an award. Sections 9

        and 10 do not contain such language and our reading of Cortez and Marine Transit do not

        provide any escape from Badgerow’s holding that there must be an independent basis for

        subject matter jurisdiction for applications to enforce or vacate an arbitration award.

                                                     IV.

               For the reasons set forth herein, we hold that the district court lacked subject matter

        jurisdiction to confirm the arbitration award. Accordingly, the district court’s judgment is

        reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent

        with this opinion.

                                                                  REVERSED AND REMANDED

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