Court Opinion

ID: 4350229
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-13 17:00:29.777705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:04:25.690009
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        December 13, 2018
                        _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
 JAMES RODGERS; SHERYLL
 RODGERS, individually and as Husband
 and Wife; CHRISTOPHER EVANS; JILL
 EVANS, individually and as Husband and
 Wife,

       Plaintiffs - Appellants,

 v.                                                           No. 17-5045
                                                  (D.C. No. 4:15-CV-00129-CVE-PJC)
 BEECHCRAFT CORPORATION, f/k/a                                (N.D. Okla.)
 Hawker Beechcraft Corporation, a Kansas
 corporation; HAWKER BEECHCRAFT
 GLOBAL CUSTOMER SUPPORT, LLC,
 f/k/a Hawker Beechcraft Services, Inc., a
 Kansas limited liability company,

       Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before MATHESON, McHUGH, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

       On March 17, 2013, James Rodgers and Christopher Evans were passengers on a

Beech Premier 390 jet airplane, flying from Tulsa, Oklahoma to South Bend, Indiana.

       *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

                                             1
During the flight, both engines of the plane were inadvertently shut down. The plane

crashed on landing, killing the pilot, Wesley Caves, and a third passenger, Steve Davis.

Mr. Rodgers and Mr. Evans were injured.

       Mr. Rodgers and Mr. Evans and their spouses sued Beechcraft Corporation, the

plane’s manufacturer, and Hawker Beechcraft Global Customer Support, LLC, the

plane’s repair and maintenance provider. Plaintiffs alleged negligence claims against

Beechcraft and Hawker, and products liability claims against Beechcraft.1 Their

complaint alleged that (1) the pilot was unable to restart the engines because the plane’s

electrical distribution bus system was defective; (2) the plane’s alternate landing gear

system was defectively designed and failed to deploy; and (3) the aircraft flight manual

contained faulty instructions for restarting the electrical generator following a dual engine

shutdown.

       This appeal challenges two key rulings. First, the district court limited the

testimony of four of Plaintiffs’ experts and excluded supplementation of their experts’

reports. Second, with this evidence excluded, the district court granted Defendants’

motion for summary judgment because Plaintiffs had presented insufficient evidence to

support their claims. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

       1
          In this opinion, we refer to Appellants as “Plaintiffs” in reference to the district
court proceedings, as “Appellants” in reference to these appellate proceedings, or as “Mr.
Rodgers and Mr. Evans.” We refer to Appellees as “Defendants” in reference to the
district court proceedings, “Appellees” in reference to these appellate proceedings, or as
“Beechcraft and Hawker.”

                                              2
                                  I. BACKGROUND

                                A. Factual Background2

1. The Parties

      James Rodgers and Christopher Evans were passengers on the plane. They

survived the crash but suffered injuries. Their spouses, Sheryll Rodgers and Jill Evans,

sued for loss of consortium.

      Beechcraft, a Kansas corporation with its principal place of business in Kansas,

manufactures and sells commercial aviation aircraft. [App. 4623.] Hawker, a Kansas

limited liability company, provides aviation inspection and maintenance service.3

2. The Plane

      Beechcraft designed and, in 2008, manufactured the Beechcraft Premier 1A Model

390, RB-226 (“RB-226”), a two-engine aircraft.4 [App. 2786.] The Federal Aviation

Administration (“FAA”) issued a standard airworthiness certificate for the plane. [Id.]

The plane had recorded 457.5 hours in total flight time when it crashed.

      2
         In our review of the district court’s summary judgment, we present the facts and
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving parties, here the
Plaintiffs. See Wolf v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 50 F.3d 793, 796 (10th Cir. 1995).
      3
         Beechcraft and Hawker were merged into Textron Aviation Inc. effective
January 1, 2017. Textron Inc. is Textron Aviation Inc.’s parent company. See Aplee Br.
at i; Aplt. Br. Errata (Nov. 9, 2017).
      4
       We use “Model 390” as shorthand for the Beechcraft Premier 1A Model 390.
We use “RB-226” to refer to the specific Model 390 aircraft that crashed in this case.

                                            3
       a. Electrical System

       The RB-226 has two engine-driven generators that supply electricity throughout

the aircraft. The plane is designed to fly with only one engine. An engine may be

restarted through engine start and ignition switches powered by the pilot’s essential bus,

which is part of the electrical load distribution system.5 [App. at 4625-26.]

       For emergencies, the plane relies on a main battery and a standby battery to

provide power. When the engines shut down, the generators also turn off, and the power

       5
       Appellants provided in their Appendix an excerpt from a deposition of
Beechcraft electrical engineer Rodney Allen Voth, defining the word “bus”:

       Q: Could you describe for the ladies and gentlemen of the jury what
       a ‘bus’ is?

       A: It’s a – a electrical tie point that feeds circuit breakers – it’s – it’s
       a branch – it’s a branch circuit off of the power distribution network
       that’s – the buses are named for the – either their type or operation
       or how they’re fed by the various power sources. They’re
       distributed through the airplane to the various panels that have
       circuit breakers and relays.

App. at 209. The “essential bus” is one of these “branches.” Id. Appellees defined
“essential bus” in a motion to limit expert testimony as follows:

       A “bus” is a branch circuit off of the power distribution network,
       which supplies power to designated components of the airplane.
       Using buses, the electrical power load is divided in a balanced
       fashion, and backup systems can be powered from a different circuit
       than the main systems, providing redundancy. The pilot’s essential
       bus is one such bus, and it supplies electrical power to a number of
       essential components on the Premier. The co-pilot’s essential bus
       supplies electrical power to other essential components, again
       providing for balanced power supply and effective backup systems.

App. at 707 (citations omitted).

                                                4
supply in the plane switches from the generators to the main battery. [App. at 2295,

2381, 2424-25.] The plane has a switch that toggles between “On” for the main battery

and “Standby” for the standby battery. During normal flight operations, the battery

switch remains in the “On” position. The battery switch must be set to “On” for the

generators to power the plane.

       When the plane uses battery power, many non-essential components in the plane

are shut off to conserve energy for landing, including the cockpit voice recorder

(“CVR”). [App. at 2296, 2439.] Certain features continue to function. For example, a

pilot can still receive communications from the airport control tower, and the plane’s

transponder continues to “ping” with its location. [App. at 2435.]

       b. Alternate landing gear

       The main landing gear of the plane is designed to operate even when the electrical

generators are not functioning because the battery provides enough power to lower the

gear. [App. at 2246-47.] The plane also has an alternate landing gear that can be

deployed without electrical power. [App. at 2294.] The alternate landing gear is engaged

by pulling a red, T-shaped handle marked “PULL” that sits under the pilot’s “yoke” or

control column.6 App. at 1563.

       6
         A yoke is a “type of pilot[’]s control column in which the ailerons are controlled
by rotating a device on top of the column to the left or right.” Yoke, Dictionary of
Aeronautical English 536 (1999). An “aileron” is a “horizontal control surface hinged to
the mainplane (wing) which provides movement around the longitudinal axis of the
aeroplane . . . .” Aileron, id. at 10.

                                             5
         When Beechcraft inspected the RB-226 before it was sold, the plane’s alternate

landing gear handle had a maximum pull-force—the force needed to deploy the landing

gear—of 53.7 pounds. [App. at 2700.] The Maintenance Manual for RB 226 specified a

procedure for testing the handle and also stated that the maximum pull-force to pass

inspection was 64 pounds. [App. at 2477.] The alternate landing gear was due for an

inspection at 600 flight hours, which had not yet been reached when the crash occurred.

[App. at 4630.] Beechcraft had never previously reported that a pilot was unable to lock

the landing gear in place using the alternate landing gear on a Model 390. [App. at

4630.]

         c. Manuals

         The RB-226 was equipped with three manuals: an Airplane Flight Manual

(“AFM”), a Pilot’s Operating Manual (“POM”), and a model-specific Maintenance

Manual. [App. at 2290, 2339, 2476.] The FAA approved the AFM, which provided

required information for piloting under federal requirements. [App. at 2339.] See 14

C.F.R. Part 23. The AFM had a checklist to restart the engine when it shut down

(“Engine Shutdown or Failure in Flight”) and also had a checklist for what to do when

both electrical generators failed (“Dual Generator Failure”). [App. at 2343, 2345.]

         d. Previous servicing

         In 2009, Beechcraft issued Service Bulletin 24-3868, which required changes to

the RB-226’s circuit breaker panel to fix the hydraulic shutoff valve. [App. at 2244.]

Hawker performed this repair on the plane in this case using a kit (Kit No. 390-3622-

0003) assembled by Beechcraft. [Id.] During the repair, Hawker had to remove and

                                             6
reattach a service wire from the circuit breaker on the pilot’s essential bus. [App. at

2428.] The kit required that a screw used to reattach the wire be tightened to six to nine

pounds of torque.

         The last scheduled inspection of the plane occurred in 2012. [App. 2787.]

3. The Flight

         a. Generally

         On March 17, 2013, Pilot Caves was flying the RB-226 from Tulsa, Oklahoma to

South Bend, Indiana. Mr. Davis sat to his right in the front passenger seat. Mr. Rodgers

and Mr. Evans were back-seat passengers. Mr. Davis had a pilot’s license but was not

licensed to fly jets. His last recorded flight had been in 2008. Pilot Caves was licensed

to fly the plane and had passed federally mandated training for that purpose. [App. at

3116.]

         b. Mr. Davis pilots

         On their descent toward the South Bend airport, Mr. Caves allowed Mr. Davis to

pilot the aircraft by operating the throttles. [App. at 2309-2335.] While Mr. Davis was at

the helm, the aircraft’s overspeed warning signal sounded twice, alerting the pilot to slow

down. [App. at 2317, 2327.] As recorded on the CVR, Mr. Caves directed Mr. Davis to

pull back on the throttle to reduce the aircraft’s speed and commented that Mr. Davis was

inexperienced flying this type of aircraft. [App. at 2316-35.] Mr. Davis responded that

he was “uncomfortable” and hesitated about how to pull back the throttle. Id. at 2318.

         Mr. Davis then pulled back on the throttle, but instead of only slowing the plane,

he pulled the throttle lever into the “Cutoff” position, inadvertently shutting down both

                                               7
engines. Id. at 2334-35; see also id. at 1567, 1644. At this point, numerous systems in

the plane began to shut down and Mr. Caves said, “Uh-oh. . . . we are dead stick.” Id. at

2335.

        c. The crash

        The CVR eventually cut off because the plane was running on battery. Mr. Caves

restarted one of the engines, but he did not reset the electrical generator associated with

the engine, so the plane continued to operate on battery power. [Id. at 4626.] The parties

dispute which of the checklists from the AFM for restarting the engines was the correct

one to use in this emergency. They also dispute whether or not Mr. Caves followed

either checklist. Various warning and caution lights flashed at intervals after initially

blacking out. [App. at 2449-50.]

        Through communication with air traffic control in South Bend, Mr. Caves was

able to pilot the plane to the airport. He attempted to land, but air traffic control waved

him off because his main landing gear had not been extended. Instead, only the “nose” or

the front landing gear had extended. A plane cannot safely land in this configuration.

App. at 2215.

        Mr. Caves pulled the plane up, circled around the airport, and attempted a second

landing. But again the main landing gear was not extended. [App. at 1567.] It is

unknown what Mr. Caves did to try to extend the landing gear between the first and

second landing attempts. On the second landing attempt, the aircraft touched down on

the runway and began to bounce. Mr. Caves tried to bring the plane back up into the air,

at which point it entered a “nose low, rolling descent into a nearby residential

                                              8
community.” App. at 2215 (National Transportation Safety Board report on the crash).

Mr. Caves and Mr. Davis died of blunt force injuries in the crash. Mr. Rodgers and Mr.

Evans sustained injuries. [App. at 2221-22, 2227.]

       d. The aftermath

       In the accident wreckage, the battery switch was found to be in “Standby”

position. The parties dispute whether the impact of the crash affected the switch position.

[App. at 2221.]

       The handle for the alternate landing gear was found partially pulled out (an inch

and a half) and bent toward the instrument panel. [App. at 2221.] It is unknown what

pull-force Mr. Caves used when he pulled out the handle before the accident.

       Chris Evans testified that at one point during the flight, the plane’s display screen

went black and lights and indicators flashed in the cockpit. [App. at 3319-20.]

       e. Information from a previous flight

       Two weeks before the crash, Rick Frie was a passenger on the RB-226 with Pilot

Caves on a flight from Tulsa to Memphis. During a thunderstorm, Mr. Frie said that

several displays on the plane flickered or blacked out. [App. at 2637-2638.]

                                       *   *       *   *

       We will present additional factual background below as it pertains to each issue.

                                 B. Procedural Background

   Complaint

       Plaintiffs sued Beechcraft and Hawker in 2015. Their products liability claims for

manufacturing and design defects against Beechcraft and their negligence claims against

                                               9
Beechcraft and Hawker concern: (1) the plane’s electrical system; (2) the alternate

landing gear; and (3) the Premier 390’s Airplane Flight Manual and certain repair kit

instructions.

       We summarize below the Plaintiffs’ claims.

       a. Electrical system

                i. Manufacturing defect

       Plaintiffs alleged that a manufacturing defect in the plane and in replacement part

390-3622-0003 caused electrical failures in the aircraft. They also alleged the first defect

was present in 2008 upon initial sale of the plane and the second was present upon the

plane’s leaving Beechcraft’s control (through its agent Hawker) after servicing in

compliance with Bulletin RSB 24-3868. They asserted the electrical system was

therefore defective and failed to provide the pilot with reliable control of engine power or

the plane’s instruments.

                ii. Design defect

       Plaintiffs alleged improper design of the plane’s electrical system, making the

aircraft unsafe and leading to Plaintiffs’ injuries.7

                iii. Negligence

       Plaintiffs alleged that Beechcraft was negligent in its manufacture, inspection, and

assembly of the plane’s electrical system and in its lack of adequate supervision, training,

       7
         Appellants also appear to allege a “failure to warn” products liability theory of
defect in their appellate briefing, but this theory was not in the operative complaint and is
distinct from their negligence claim based on failure to warn.

                                              10
and maintenance instructions for those involved in the repair and service of the electrical

system. They also alleged Beechcraft was negligent in failing to warn owners, users, and

servicers of defects. They finally alleged that Beechcraft was negligent through its agent,

Hawker, for problems caused by the faulty in-warranty installation of the service kit in

2009.

        Plaintiffs alleged that Hawker was negligent in creating flaws in the electrical

system when it serviced the plane in 2009.

        b. Alternate landing gear

               i. Manufacturing defect

        Plaintiffs alleged a manufacturing defect in the alternate landing gear, claiming

that it did not comply with representations Beechcraft made to the FAA to obtain its

“type certificate.” Second Am. Compl. at 6.8

               ii. Design defect

        Plaintiffs alleged defective design of the alternate landing gear extension system.9

        8
         “A type certification represents the FAA’s finding that, based upon the
manufacturer’s representations to the FAA, a particular design ‘meets the regulations and
minimum standards prescribed under’ the [Federal Aviation] Act.” Aplt. App. at 3753
(citing 49 U.S.C. § 44704(a)(1)). “Type certificates are required for all aircraft designs
before those designs can be manufactured.” Id.
        9
         As with the electrical system, it appears Plaintiffs in their appellate briefing
allege a failure-to-warn products liability defect with regard to the alternate landing gear,
a theory not in the operative complaint, and distinct from a negligence claim based on
failure to warn.

                                             11
              iii. Negligence

       Plaintiffs alleged Beechcraft was negligent in its manufacture, inspection, and

assembly of the alternate landing gear. They also appeared to allege that Beechcraft was

negligent in its lack of adequate supervision, training, and communication of

maintenance instructions to those involved in service of the alternate landing gear.10

Plaintiffs further alleged that Beechcraft negligently failed to warn owners, users, or

servicers of alternate landing gear defects and negligently designed the alternate landing

gear. Plaintiffs similarly alleged that Hawker was negligent in failing to inspect or assess

the condition of the alternate landing gear.

       c. Aircraft flight manual and repair kit instructions

              i. Design defect

       Plaintiffs alleged “improper design” of the Airplane Flight Manual based on

insufficient guidance for restarting the electrical generators and for deploying the

alternate landing gear in emergencies.11 They also alleged that the repair kit instructions

were defective because they prescribed a faulty method of repair.

              ii. Negligence

       Plaintiffs alleged that Beechcraft “negligently designed” the AFM, resulting in

inadequate instructions to restart the generators and to deploy the alternate landing gear.

       10
         The operative complaint seems to allege that its failure-to-communicate-with-
servicers claim applies both to the electrical system and the alternate landing gear.
       11
         Plaintiffs seem to argue on appeal a failure-to-warn products liability claim
regarding the flight manual, but this theory was not in the operative complaint.

                                               12
Plaintiffs also allege that Beechcraft was negligent in its preparation of repair kit

instructions.

                                           *     *        *   *

            In light of the combination of parties, claims, and subjects of the claims, we

provide the following chart summarizing the complaint:

                                               Electrical           Alternate    Flight Manual
                                                System            Landing Gear   and Repair Kit

               Manufacturing Defect            Beechcraft          Beechcraft
   CLAIMS

                    Design Defect              Beechcraft          Beechcraft     Beechcraft

                      Negligence               Beechcraft          Beechcraft     Beechcraft
                                                Hawker              Hawker          Hawker

   District Court Rulings on Expert Testimony

            The Defendants moved to exclude the proposed testimony of the Plaintiffs’ four

expert witnesses—John Bloomfield, Donald Sommer, Frank Graham, and Michael

Haider. The motion was based on the expert reports produced in discovery and

depositions of the experts. In response, the Plaintiffs submitted additional affidavits from

each of their experts. The Defendants moved to exclude these supplemental affidavits.

The district court referred the motions to a magistrate judge, who held a hearing and then

prepared a report and recommendation (“R & R”) for each motion. [App. at 3949-77,

3991.] Both sides objected in part to the magistrate’s R & R.

                                                     13
       Ruling on the motions, the district court limited the testimony of three of

Plaintiffs’ experts because they were not properly qualified or did not have an adequate

basis for their opinions. It excluded the fourth expert altogether because he did not

sufficiently prepare his expert report. The court struck the supplemental affidavits as

either improper or untimely supplementation. Rodgers v. Beechcraft Corp., No. 15-CV-

0129-CVE-PJC, 2017 WL 465474, at *5 (N.D. Okla. Feb. 3, 2017) (“Rodgers MIL”);12

Rodgers v. Beechcraft Corp., No. 15-CV-0129-CVE-PJC, 2017 WL 979100 at *7 (N.D.

Okla. Mar. 14, 2017) (“Rodgers Haider”).

   District Court Ruling on Summary Judgment

       The Defendants also moved for summary judgment. In light of the excluded

expert evidence, the district court granted the motion, holding there was no genuine issue

of material fact that would allow a reasonable jury to find in favor of the Plaintiffs on any

of their theories of products liability or negligence.

                                     II. DISCUSSION

       The district court did not abuse its discretion when it limited Plaintiffs’ expert

evidence and refused to accept their supplemental affidavits. And given the exclusion of

expert testimony, summary judgment was properly granted to the Defendants.

       Plaintiffs - Appellants appeal the district court’s orders (1) excluding the

supplemental expert affidavits; (2) limiting or excluding expert testimony; and (3)

granting summary judgment to Defendants.

       12
            “MIL” stands for motion in limine.

                                              14
                            A. Limitation of Expert Testimony

1. Standard of Review

       We review for abuse of discretion the striking of a supplemental expert report.

See, e.g., Kemin Foods, L.C. v. Pigmentos Vegetales del Centro S.A. de C.V., 464 F.3d

1339, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Henderson v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 412 F. App’x 74,

80 (10th Cir. 2011) (unpublished) (striking of supplemental expert evidence as untimely

reviewed for abuse of discretion).

       When an appellant challenges a district court’s decision to exclude expert

testimony, we review de novo whether the court performed its gatekeeping function and

whether it used the proper legal standard. We review for abuse of discretion whether the

court applied the standard correctly. Gen. Elec. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 141-42 (1997)

(holding abuse of discretion is the standard to review district court rulings excluding

expert evidence); Norris v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 397 F.3d 878, 883 (10th Cir. 2005);

Dodge v. Cotter Corp., 328 F.3d 1212, 1223 (10th Cir. 2003). The Appellants here do

not question whether the district court exercised its gatekeeping function or used the

proper legal standard, so our review is limited to whether the court abused its discretion

in limiting their experts’ testimony. In that regard, we will find error only if the decision

was “‘arbitrary, capricious, whimsical or manifestly unreasonable,’ or ‘we are convinced

that the [tribunal] made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible

choice in the circumstances.’” United States v. Nacchio, 555 F.3d 1234, 1241 (10th Cir.

2009) (en banc) (quoting Dodge, 328 F.3d at 1223).

                                             15
   Legal Background

       a. Supplementation of expert testimony

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B)(i) requires disclosure of an expert’s

report, which “must contain . . . a complete statement of all opinions the witness will

express and the basis and reasons for them.” Courts may set a time by which the parties

must submit their expert reports. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D). “Rule 26(a) expert

reports . . . are intended not only to identify the expert witness, but also ‘to set forth the

substance of the direct examination’ . . . [and are] necessary to allow the opposing party

‘a reasonable opportunity to prepare for effective cross examination and perhaps arrange

for expert testimony from other witnesses.’” Jacobsen v. Deseret Book Co., 287 F.3d

936, 953 (10th Cir. 2002) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2) advisory committee’s note to

1993 amendment).

       Parties have a continuing obligation to supplement these reports “in a timely

manner” if the parties later learn the information initially provided is incomplete or

incorrect. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(E) & 26(e). Supplementation must occur “by the time

the party’s pretrial disclosures under Rule 26(a)(3) are due.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(2).13

If, however, an expert disclosure is “intended solely to contradict or rebut evidence on the

same subject matter identified by another party under Rule 26(a)(2)(B) or (C),” that

       13
          Rule 26(a)(3), in turn, specifies that “[u]nless the court orders otherwise,
[pretrial] disclosures must be made at least 30 days before trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(a)(3)(B).

                                               16
disclosure is due within 30 days after the other party’s disclosure. Fed. R. Civ. P.

26(a)(2)(D)(ii).

       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c), a district court can allow evidence

violating Rule 26(a), but only “if the violation is justified or harmless.” Jacobsen, 287

F.3d at 952. “A district court need not make explicit findings concerning the existence of

a substantial justification or the harmlessness of a failure.” Woodworker’s Supply, Inc. v.

Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 170 F.3d 985, 993 (10th Cir. 1999). In determining whether

a Rule 26(a) violation was justified or harmless, courts weigh the following factors: “(1)

the prejudice or surprise to the party against whom the testimony is offered; (2) the

ability of the party to cure the prejudice; (3) the extent to which introducing such

testimony would disrupt the trial; and (4) the moving party’s bad faith or willfulness.”

Id. “‘The determination of whether a Rule 26(a) violation is justified or harmless is

entrusted to the broad discretion of the district court.’” Id. (quoting Mid–Am.

Tablewares, Inc. v. Mogi Trading Co., 100 F.3d 1353, 1363 (7th Cir. 1996)).

       Additionally, evaluation of supplemental expert testimony is subject to the same

standards as the evaluation of expert testimony, which we describe below.

       b. Expert testimony

       Federal Rule of Evidence 702 states:
       A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, or
       education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
              (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized
                  knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
                  evidence or to determine a fact in issue;

              (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
                                              17
               (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
                   methods; and

               (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods
                   to the facts of the case.

Fed. R. Evid. 702. Rule 702 imposes a gatekeeping function on district courts to ensure

expert testimony is admitted only if (1) the expert is qualified and the testimony would be

helpful to the trier of fact, (2) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (3) it is

further based on reliable principles and methods, and (4) the expert has reliably applied

the principles and methods to the facts and data. See Kumho Tire Co., v. Carmichael,

526 U.S. 137, 141 (1999); Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589, 597

(1993). The district court in this case relied on one or more of these grounds to limit the

testimony of each of the Appellants’ experts. We briefly review these requirements.

       Qualified – The first step is to determine whether the expert is qualified to testify.

Bitler v. A.O. Smith Corp., 400 F.3d 1227, 1232-33 (10th Cir. 2005). District courts have

broad discretion to determine whether a proposed expert may testify. United States v.

Nichols, 169 F.3d 1255, 1265 (10th Cir. 1999). An expert must possess “such skill,

experience or knowledge in that particular field as to make it appear that his opinion

would rest on substantial foundation and would tend to aid the trier of fact in his search

for truth.” LifeWise Master Funding v. Telebank, 374 F.3d 917, 928 (10th Cir. 2004)

(quoting Graham v. Wyeth Labs., 906 F.2d 1399, 1408 (10th Cir. 1990)). An expert who

“possesses knowledge as to a general field” but “lacks specific knowledge does not

necessarily assist the jury.” City of Hobbs v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 162 F.3d 576, 587

(10th Cir. 1998).

                                               18
       Proposed expert testimony must therefore “fall within the reasonable confines of

[the witness’s] expertise.” Conroy v. Vilsack, 707 F.3d 1163, 1169 (10th Cir. 2013)

(quotations omitted). The proponent of expert testimony bears the burden of showing the

expert is qualified. Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 275 F.3d 965, 970 n.4

(10th Cir. 2001) (upholding the district court’s determination that a board-certified

orthopedic surgeon was not qualified to testify about intramedullary nailing because she

was not familiar with that surgical technique).

       For example, in Conroy, the plaintiff alleging sex discrimination failed to show

that her proposed expert had sufficient expertise in “the particular field of sex

stereotyping” because she had not researched or published on the topic and because her

business degree and human resource work did not provide the needed expertise. 707 F.3d

at 1168-69 (quotations omitted). In Milne v. USA Cycling, Inc., 575 F.3d 1120, 1133-34

(10th Cir. 2009), we held a proposed expert was not qualified to testify about organizing

and supervising mountain biker races because his expertise was in paved road races. In

Kinser v. Gehl Co., we held that plaintiff’s expert, who had a bachelor’s degree in

mechanical engineering and a doctorate in industrial engineering, was nonetheless not

qualified to testify about alternate designs for a bay haler, an agricultural device, because

he had “no practical experience in mechanical design.” 184 F.3d 1259, 1271 (10th Cir.

1999), abrogated on other grounds by Weisgram v. Marley Co., 528 U.S. 440 (2000).

       Sufficient facts or data – The Supreme Court’s decision in General Electric v.

Joiner offers a good illustration of the requirement that expert testimony must be based

on sufficient facts or data. The Court held that the district court did not abuse its

                                              19
discretion in rejecting expert opinions that plaintiff’s exposure to toxins caused his lung

cancer because the opinions were based on animal studies that could not be extrapolated

to humans. 522 U.S. at 144-46. Opinion evidence need not be admitted when it “is

connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that

there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.”

Id. at 146.

       Federal Rule 703 complements Rule 702(c). It provides that “facts or data in the

case that the expert has been aware of or personally observed” may be the basis for the

expert’s opinion and need not be admissible “[i]f experts in the particular field would

reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject.”

Fed. R. Evid. 703.

       Reliable principles and methods reliably applied – The reliability determination

calls for a “preliminary assessment of whether the reasoning or methodology underlying

the testimony is scientifically valid and of whether that reasoning or methodology

properly can be applied to the facts in issue.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-93. Although

many factors may bear on whether expert testimony is based on sound methods and

principles, the Daubert Court offered five non-exclusive considerations: whether the

theory or technique has (1) been or can be tested, (2) been peer-reviewed, (3) a known or

potential error rate, (4) standards controlling the technique’s operation, and (5) been

generally accepted by the scientific community. See 509 U.S. at 593-94. “[D]istrict

courts applying Daubert have broad discretion to consider a variety of other factors.”

                                             20
Hollander v. Sandoz Pharm. Corp., 289 F.3d 1193, 1205 (10th Cir. 2002). As the Court

said in Kumho Tire,

              [W]e can neither rule out, nor rule in, for all cases and for all
              time the applicability of the factors mentioned in Daubert,
              nor can we now do so for subsets of cases categorized by
              category of expert or by kind of evidence. Too much depends
              on the particular circumstances of the particular case at issue.
526 U.S. at 150.

       “The focus, of course, must be solely on principles and methodology, not on the

conclusions that they generate.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595. “The plaintiff need not prove

that the expert is undisputably correct . . . . Instead, the plaintiff must show that the

method employed by the expert in reaching the conclusion is scientifically sound and that

the opinion is based on facts which sufficiently satisfy Rule 702’s reliability

requirements.” Mitchell v. Gencorp Inc., 165 F.3d 778, 781 (10th Cir. 1999); see Bitler,

400 F.3d at 1233. Even if the methodology is sound, reliability must also be assessed by

the reasonableness of applying it to the facts and by the validity of how conclusions are

drawn from the data. See Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 153-54; Hendrix v. Evenflo Co., 609

F.3d 1183, 1195 (11th Cir. 2010).

   Review of the District Court’s Rulings on Appellants’ Four Experts

       a. Limitation of Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony

              i. Additional background

       Mr. Bloomfield has a degree in industrial and systems engineering from the

Georgia Institute of Technology. He describes himself as an expert in “avionics, aircraft

electrical systems, aircraft electrical distribution, avionics integration,” and “all

                                              21
electro/mechanical systems and hydro/mechanical systems and sub-systems.” App. at

1842.

                       1) Original report and deposition

        Mr. Bloomfield’s original Rule 26(a) report outlined his proposed testimony on

defects in the plane’s electrical system and the alternate landing gear. Defendants also

deposed Mr. Bloomfield about his proposed testimony. [App. at 406-30.]

                             a) Electrical System – loose screw and voltage problems

        Mr. Bloomfield opined that a loose screw in the pilot’s essential bus caused

intermittent electrical failure, which in turn damaged the plane’s electrical system from

voltage spikes or variation. [App. at 227-52, 410, 416, 418, 1851.] He testified in his

deposition that the screw came loose when Hawker negligently performed service on the

plane by disconnecting the bus from the wrong end. [App. at 2430.] He further testified

that Hawker followed the repair kit’s defective instructions that were negligently written

by Beechcraft. [Id.]

        Mr. Bloomfield based his opinions partly on his examination of the aircraft

wreckage and analysis of some of the plane’s electronic components that were removed

from the plane in the days after the crash. [App. at 1851.] He found a loose screw

connecting a feed wire to the pilot-side electrical bus. [App. at 1851.] He thought there

were overall tightness problems with screws connecting wires and bus bars to circuit

breakers. [App. at 1870.] He said that “because of that poor quality we had one come

loose that was critical.” App. at 3335; see also App. at 3337.

                                             22
       Mr. Bloomfield originally suggested in his report that the loose screw had been

loose since manufacture and thus constituted a manufacturing defect. [App. at 410,

1892.] He opined that this manufacturing defect resulted in electrical failures that

“ultimately caused the crash.” App. at 1844. He later changed his view to opine that

Hawker negligently loosened the screw during its repair service when it followed the

faulty service kit (which in turn referenced the aircraft’s Maintenance Manual). [App. at

410-11, 2429.] He explained that problems with screws connecting wires and bus bars to

circuit breakers make electric connections unreliable and intermittent. [See, e.g., App. at

419, 1871.] He said loose electrical connections cause voltage spikes, which in turn

would damage the plane’s systems. [App. at 414, 1872, 1889.] For example, with an

electrical failure, indicators showing the pilot when landing gear was down and locked

would not function, and electrical failure from the pilot side bus could drain the battery

and indirectly cause the CVR to cut out. [App. at 422-23.]

       Mr. Bloomfield provided literature on voltage spikes but did not do his own

testing regarding voltage spikes and variation. [App. at 281-315, 413-14.] He stated in

his deposition, “I don’t have evidence that there were voltage spikes, but I know a

hundred percent that there were voltage spikes”; “I know they had to”; “I will guarantee

you there are . . . .” App. at 414. He did not, in his original report or deposition, offer an

opinion on the adequacy of the plane’s voltage suppression (“surge protector”) system,

App. at 414-15, and contended that a surge protector would not provide evidence of a

voltage spike because it “doesn’t get damaged by the voltage spike.” Id. at 415.

                                              23
                            b) Alternate landing gear – excessive pull-force and
                                lack of an indicator

       Mr. Bloomfield identified two defects in the alternate landing gear: (1) an

excessive pull-force requirement in the handle, and (2) the lack of indicators showing

when the alternate landing gear was properly deployed.

       Mr. Bloomfield opined that the alternate landing gear’s extension system was

defectively designed because the force needed to pull the handle out manually was

greater than the design specification. [App. at 1883-84.] He based this testimony on

testing, described in more detail below, that he and Mr. Sommer conducted on the

pull-force required to deploy the alternate landing gear in three other Beech “Model 390”

planes. App. at 1883. Mr. Bloomfield hypothesized that accumulation of debris in the

wheel well caused the pull-force to become excessive in the alternate landing gear of the

crashed plane. [App. at 1888.] He did not provide evidence that debris had in fact

accumulated in the RB-226’s wheel well.

       Mr. Bloomfield opined that indicators showing when the alternate landing gear is

locked did not work during electrical failure, so a pilot could not know whether the gear

was properly down. [App. at 1884.] He also pointed to problems with the pull-handle

for the alternate landing gear because the handle had no indication on it how far it should

be pulled out. [App. at 1886.] He proposed an alternate design method for the landing

gear system to alert the pilot whether the landing gear was down and locked even in the

case of an electrical failure. [App. at 1887.] Mr. Bloomfield did not state whether his

                                            24
alternate design is found elsewhere in the industry and did not opine as to the feasibility

of such a design on the plane in question.

                            c) AFM

       Mr. Bloomfield additionally contended that the AFM was defective for not

adequately explaining how to use the pull-handle and deploy the alternate landing gear.

[App. at 1893.]

                     2) Supplemental affidavit

       In response to the Defendants’ Daubert motions to exclude his testimony, Mr.

Bloomfield prepared a supplemental affidavit reiterating some of his previous opinions,

altering others, and adding new ones. [App. at 2842-2955.] He clarified that he would

no longer testify that the loose screw he found had been loose at the time of the plane’s

manufacture. [App. at 2855-2857.] He also opined that the plane’s voltage suppressors

were not equipped to handle the voltage spikes caused by the intermittent electrical

distribution problems caused by loose screws. [App. at. 2849.] The supplemental

affidavit also attempted to rebut various arguments made in Defendants’ Daubert motion.

Mr. Bloomfield’s affidavit included a 96-page attachment of evidentiary materials. [App.

at 2860-2955.]

              ii. District court rulings

                     1) Supplemental affidavit

       The district court followed the magistrate judge’s recommendation and excluded

Mr. Bloomfield’s supplemental affidavit, determining the affidavit was (a) improper

supplementation and (b) untimely rebuttal.

                                             25
                             a) Improper supplementation

       The court determined that (1) “[t]o the extent that the affidavit simply restates

Bloomfield’s opinions, the affidavit is essentially irrelevant and the Court will review

Bloomfield’s expert report and deposition testimony in ruling on defendants’ Daubert

motion”; and (2) “Bloomfield’s affidavit goes beyond simply re-packaging his original

report[,] and he clearly states a new opinion as to the sufficiency of the aircraft’s voltage

suppression system. In addition, he expands on his opinion as to the adequacy of the

instructions for installation of a repair kit.” Rodgers MIL, 2017 WL 465474 at *5.

       The district court found the supplemental affidavit unacceptable because

Mr. Bloomfield “makes no attempt in his affidavit to show that he has learned of new

evidence since the drafting of his original report that would render his original report

incomplete or inaccurate.” Id.

                             b) Untimely rebuttal

       The court additionally said that Mr. Bloomfield “is seeking to rebut arguments

made in defendants’ Daubert motion, and he does not claim to be correcting any

inaccuracy or omission in his original report.” Id. This rebuttal effort was out of time

because, “[u]nder Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(2)(D)(ii), a rebuttal opinion must be provided within

30 days of the other party’s disclosure.” Id. Mr. Bloomfield’s supplemental affidavit

attached and responded to a report from Robert Winn, one of the Defendants’ experts.

[Id.] Because Mr. Winn’s report had been provided to plaintiffs on May 6, 2016, the

latest a rebuttal to this disclosure could have been filed was June 5, 2016. Mr.

Bloomfield’s affidavit was not filed until July of 2016. [Id.]

                                             26
                      2) Limiting testimony – electrical system

       The magistrate judge recommended that Defendants’ motion to exclude

Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony should be granted in part and denied in part. The R & R

recommended that, because he did no testing or calculations, Mr. Bloomfield should be

prohibited from opining that a loose electrical connection caused voltage spikes and an

intermittent electrical supply. The district court agreed. Rodgers MIL, 2017 WL 465474

at *4. It reasoned that Mr. Bloomfield did not follow a reliable methodology as required

under Rule 702 and Daubert. He did not do his own testing, nor did he describe

established scientific principles in his original report.

       Plaintiffs argued that there was circumstantial evidence to support Mr.

Bloomberg’s opinions in that two passengers from different times, Mr. Evans on the

accident flight and Mr. Frie on an earlier flight, had observed electrical malfunctions in

the plane’s systems. But the court rejected this argument because Mr. Bloomfield did not

mention these observations in his report or deposition testimony.

       The district court refused to exclude that Mr. Bloomfield found a loose screw in

the wreckage, finding an adequate factual basis for this testimony. The court noted,

however, that the loose screw evidence might have a relevance problem because Mr.

Bloomfield could not opine that it caused voltage changes or electrical failures on the

plane. [Id. at *7.]

                      3) Limiting testimony – alternate landing gear

       The magistrate judge recommended excluding Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony that

defects in the plane’s alternate landing gear caused the accident because Mr. Bloomfield

                                              27
lacked relevant experience in aircraft design and because he offered no evidence there

was debris in the wheel well.

       The district court agreed. It explained that Mr. Bloomfield had no relevant

experience and that he had not tested the alleged improvement he had proposed. As to

debris in the wheel well increasing the pull-force, the court said Mr. Bloomfield could not

testify to a hypothetical cause unsupported by evidence. [Id. at *7.]

                     4) Limiting testimony – AFM

       The magistrate judge recommended excluding Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony

concerning deficiencies with the AFM’s instructions on how to use the alternate landing

gear. The R & R cited Mr. Bloomfield’s lack of experience flying jets like the RB-226,

his admission at his deposition that he was not a “piloting expert”, and his lack of

experience in drafting instruction manuals. Id. at *7. The district court agreed and

excluded Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony on the manual’s alleged defects. [App. at 4514.]

              iii. Analysis

                     1) Supplemental affidavit

       The district court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to consider Mr.

Bloomfield’s supplemental affidavit.

       Appellants argue that the district court abused its discretion when it struck Mr.

Bloomfield’s supplemental affidavit. They maintain that (1) the affidavit emphasized

what had already been presented in the previous report; and (2) any further elaboration

was in rebuttal to the Appellees’ motion to exclude expert evidence. Aplt. Br. at 5 (“The

affidavits highlighted the relevant opinions that were previously disclosed, and further

                                             28
explained the basis for these opinions in response to challenges by Defendants that there

were gaps in the expert’s chain of reasoning.”). On the rebuttal point, Appellants further

argue that the district court did not properly interpret Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

26(a)(2)(D)(ii). They contend that the pretrial disclosure deadline of September 12,

2016, should be seen as a “court order” that overrode Rule 26’s 30-day rebuttal deadline

(“Absent a stipulation or court order, the disclosures must be made . . . within 30 days

after the other party’s disclosures”), and the supplemental affidavits were submitted

before that date. Id. at 6. We reject both arguments.

                             a) Improper supplementation

       Highlighting previous testimony is not proper supplementation under Rule 26(e).

Appellants do not cite legal support to permit this type of supplementation. Rule 26(e)

states that a party “must supplement or correct its disclosure . . . in a timely manner if the

party learns that in some material respect the disclosure or response is incomplete or

incorrect, and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made

known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

26(e)(1)(A). Highlighting parts of previously disclosed opinions does not serve any of

these purposes. See Minebea Co. v. Pabst, 231 F.R.D. 3, 6 (D.D.C. 2005) (“[Rule 26(e)]

permits supplemental reports only for the narrow purpose of correcting inaccuracies or

adding information that was not available at the time of the initial report.”) (quotations

omitted); Richardson v. Korson, 905 F. Supp. 2d 193, 199 (D.D.C. 2012) (“[Rule 26(e)]

does not grant a license to supplement a previously filed expert report because a party

wants to.” (quotations omitted)); see also S.E.C. v. Nacchio, No. 05-cv-00480-MSK-

                                              29
CBS, 2008 WL 4587240, at *3 n.3 (D. Colo. Oct. 15, 2008) (“To construe

supplementation to apply whenever a party wants to bolster or submit additional expert

opinions would [wreak] havoc in docket control and amount to unlimited expert opinion

preparation.”). Previously proposed opinions should stand on their own and do not need

further emphasis.

       Furthermore, Mr. Bloomfield’s affidavit did not simply emphasize or highlight

previous opinions but instead attempted to add new opinions. The affidavit added a

novel argument about the plane’s voltage suppressors. It also attached 96 pages of

evidentiary materials. On appeal, Appellants do not adequately explain why Mr.

Bloomfield could not have made these arguments or included these materials in his

original report. Their general contention that his theories evolved as he gained access to

more information is insufficient without pointing to specific information that he did not

possess when he prepared the initial report. Rather than adding to an “incomplete”

report, he added a new theory that could have been included earlier.

                            b) Untimely rebuttal

       Appellants’ argument concerning rebuttal lacks merit. They concede that at least

part of Mr. Bloomfield’s supplemental affidavit was “in response to challenges by

Defendants.” Aplt. Br. at 5. The affidavit attaches a report from defense expert Mr.

Winn that was provided to Plaintiffs on May 6, 2016. Appellants do not contest the

district court’s ruling that the response to Mr. Winn constitutes rebuttal. They filed Mr.

Bloomfield’s supplemental affidavit in July 2016.

                                            30
       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(D), Plaintiffs had 30 days to

respond to Mr. Winn’s supplemental report “[a]bsent a stipulation or a court order.” The

district court’s general pretrial disclosure deadline of September 12, 2016, in its

Amended Scheduling Order, App. at 1361, did not qualify as a “court order” overriding

the 30-day window to rebut Defendant’s disclosure. Instead, courts analyze what a

scheduling (or “case management”) order on disclosures says (or does not say) about

rebuttal testimony to find a relevant “court order” for Rule 26(a)(2)(D) purposes. If

nothing in the scheduling or case management order speaks to rebuttal, then

26(a)(2)(D)’s 30-day rule applies.14 Accordingly, the 30-day rule applied to Mr.

Bloomfield’s rebuttal in his supplemental affidavit, and it was untimely, coming over 30

days after May 6, 2016.

       The district court had the discretion to allow an untimely affidavit if doing so

would not prejudice or harm the Defendants and if the Plaintiffs were acting in good

faith. Jacobsen, 287 F.3d at 953. Appellants do not explain why the acceptance of Mr.

Bloomfield’s supplement would not prejudice or harm the Defendants. The district court

       14
          See, e.g., Teledyne Instruments, Inc. v. Cairns, No. 6:12-CV-854-ORL-28, 2013
WL 5781274, at *17 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 25, 2013) (“The [Case Management Order’s] failure
to set a deadline for the disclosure of rebuttal expert witness reports does not mean that
rebuttal expert witness reports are not permitted. It simply means that rebuttal expert
witness reports must be submitted within the period set forth in Rule 26(a)(2)(D)(ii).
This is the prevailing rule in [the Eleventh] [C]ircuit and throughout the country.”
(citation omitted)) (collecting cases); Lincoln Elec. Co. v. Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co., No.
1:11CV2253, 2013 WL 12131876, at *1 (N.D. Ohio June 26, 2013) (“It appears that
courts in [the Sixth] Circuit have uniformly concluded that when, as here, a scheduling
order does not address rebuttal reports, Rule 26(a)(2)(D)’s 30-day rule applies.”).

                                             31
did not abuse its discretion by concluding that the affidavits would be prejudicial to the

Defendants.

                     2) Limitation of Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony

       The district court did not abuse its discretion when it limited Mr. Bloomfield’s

testimony.

                              a) Electrical system

       First, Appellants argue that Mr. Bloomfield should be allowed to testify about a

link between the loose screw and the intermittent electricity outages because he addressed

the underlying scientific principles in his report and deposition. Aplt. Br. 12-13 (citing

App. 247-50, 281-327). They concede Mr. Bloomfield did not test electrical system

failures or voltage fluctuations but argue that experts do not need to test to re-prove

established principles. Id.

       Second, Appellants argue the district court erred when it ignored Mr. Frie’s and

Mr. Evans’s observations of flickering panels on the plane. They contend that, contrary

to the district court’s understanding, Mr. Bloomfield discussed Mr. Evans’s eyewitness

testimony of lights flickering in his report, and he “reviewed” all NTSB materials,

including Mr. Evans’s witness statement. And although Mr. Frie was deposed after Mr.

Bloomfield’s report and deposition, Mr. Bloomfield was “aware of [Mr. Frie’s]

experience in the aircraft.” Id. at 13. Appellants allege that the district court did not read

Mr. Bloomfield’s “entire deposition.” Id.

       Neither of these arguments shows that the district court abused its discretion.

                                             32
                             b) Sufficient facts and reliable methods

       Appellants are correct that testing is not always required to establish a factual

basis for an expert opinion.15 But an expert must still show under Rule 702 that his

opinion is based on sufficient facts or data and on reliable principles and methods. The

district court has wide discretion to determine whether these standards have been

satisfied. Goebel v. Denver & Rio Grande W.R.R. Co., 346 F.3d 987, 990 (10th Cir.

2003) (“The trial court’s broad discretion applies both in deciding how to assess an

expert’s reliability, including what procedures to utilize in making that assessment, as

well as in making the ultimate determination of reliability.”). The court’s analysis here

was not arbitrary or capricious or manifestly unreasonable. See Nacchio, 555 F.3d at

1241. It correctly pointed out that Mr. Bloomfield did not use established scientific

principles to link the electric intermittency and voltage spikes to the facts of this case.

       15
        See, for instance, our discussion of the relative necessity of testing in expert
testimony in Bitler, 400 F.3d at 1235-36:

              When an expert proposes a theory that modifies otherwise
              well-established knowledge about regularly occurring
              phenomenon, such as the normal ignition temperature of
              wood, we would expect the importance of testing as a factor
              in determining reliability to be at its highest. Here, by
              contrast, plaintiffs’ experts propose a theory about how the
              accident occurred given the known science of copper sulfide
              particulate contamination as a cause of propane gas leaks.
              What distinguishes the present case is that the need for testing
              is not at its highest because the reliability of the science of
              copper sulfide contamination is not in dispute, and thus the
              district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the
              presence of a screen did not alter the reliability of the
              fundamental science.

                                              33
Having examined Mr. Bloomfield’s report and his deposition, we conclude the district

court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony under Rule

702.

       Despite Mr. Bloomfield’s observations of the wire connected to the loose screw16

and other nearby components of the loose connection,17 his thermal study of the type of

putty found on the head of the screw,18 and his random testing of the torque of other

screws from the wreckage,19 the district court determined in its gatekeeper role that he

nonetheless failed to develop sufficient facts or data, or establish that he applied a reliable

methodology, to support his theory of electric intermittency and voltage surges, and that

       16
         In Mr. Bloomfield’s report, he said that the color of the “feed wire”—which the
loose screw connected to the essential bus—was “blue/purple,” “the classic sign of
continuous overheating.” App. at 1851.
       17
         Mr. Bloomfield pointed to darkening in a nearby circuit breaker shell enclosure
as evidence that the loose screw connection was generating heat. [App. at 1856.] He
additionally reported that his examination of marks on a lock washer from the aircraft
versus those on an exemplar washer was further evidence of a loose connection. App. at
1859. Mr. Bloomfield also noted that breakers and buses throughout the aircraft were
inconsistent in their use of washers or of specific screw and washer types. [App. at 820.]
       18
         Mr. Bloomfield observed “charcoalized torque putty” on the head of the
connector screw, and said it showed heat exposure caused by the loose electrical
connection. App. at 1855 (quotations omitted). He opined further that the loose screw
connection generated heat that traveled across a copper bus bar, heating other screw
heads and changing their putty’s color. [App. at 1856.] In support of his torque putty
claims, he presented a “thermal study” in which he exposed torque putty to various
temperatures and durations to show how the putty changed color under such conditions.
[App. at 1858.]
       19
         Mr. Bloomfield randomly tested the torque of 14 screws from the wreckage
connecting wires and bus bars to circuit breakers and found that half of them were
tightened to less than “factory specification[]” of 6 to 9 inch pounds. App. at 1870.

                                              34
he failed to show how the technical articles he cited applied to the accident in this case.

We discern no abuse of discretion in the district court’s analysis.

       Mr. Bloomfield’s theory of electric intermittency was that the loose connection of

the service/feed wire for the essential bus on the pilot side circuit breaker, combined with

the intense vibration of the plane, caused “downstream electrical problems” affecting “all

the systems, devices and apparatuses that depend on electrical power from the

service/feed.” App. at 1871. The plane’s vibrations and the loose connection caused

such rapid intermittencies of power (“several hundred times a second”) that voltage

spikes of 40 to 100 volts could have occurred. App. at 1873. Once the spikes occurred,

“[t]he entire electrical system of the aircraft and all the electrical systems, devices and

apparatuses now ‘see’ and experience erratic voltages surge[sic] through the system

causing functional unreliability.” Id.

       According to the district court, Mr. Bloomfield was unable to show that his visual

inspection of discolorations in the feed wire, torque putty, and circuit breaker, and his

associated tests of temperature and torque putty constituted a reliable methodology under

Rule 702. Given the “analytical gap” the district court found between Mr. Bloomfield’s

opinions and a scientifically reliable foundation for them, it did not abuse its discretion in

excluding the testimony. See Gen. Elec., 522 U.S. at 146 (A court does not abuse its

discretion when it excludes an expert opinion “connected to existing data only by the ipse

dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap

between the data and the opinion proffered.”).

                                              35
                             c) Flickering panel observations

       Appellants complain that the district court did not consider Mr. Bloomfield’s

reliance on Mr. Frie’s and Mr. Evans’s observation of flickering panels on the aircraft.

But the court was correct that Mr. Bloomfield did not cite this information in his report as

evidence of electrical intermittency. The original report’s brief mention of Mr. Evans’s

observation about light-flickering concerned whether the battery switch was in the “On”

as opposed to “Standby” position and was not used to address intermittency. App. at

255-56.

       Appellants cite a brief snippet of Mr. Bloomfield’s deposition to argue that he was

“aware” of Mr. Frie’s observation of panel lights blinking on and off during turbulence

on an earlier flight, Aplt. Br. at 13, but this excerpt was not part of the district court

record and, again, was not cited in Mr. Bloomfield’s report. Even if the excerpt from the

deposition had been before the district court, it would not help the Appellants. Mr.

Bloomfield said he heard about Mr. Frie’s testimony only second-hand from Plaintiffs’

counsel, and he could not name any panel light that reportedly blinked on Mr. Frie’s

previous flight. App. at 2434. He simply argued that “none of them are supposed to

blink on and off, none of them. And the fact they did, fits into the fact that this

connection was loose at that time . . . .” Id.

       Finally, Appellants fail to show how this information could serve as a reliable

basis for Mr. Bloomfield’s opinions, an essential prerequisite under Rule 702.

                                                 36
              iv. Alternate landing gear

       Appellants argue that Mr. Bloomfield should be allowed to testify about a design

defect in the alternate landing gear because he “is trained and experienced in

electromechanical systems engineering” and, given the straightforward nature of the

gear’s manual handle, “there was nothing unique about the Premier [alternate landing

gear] system to take it outside the realm of Bloomfield’s experience in electromechanical

systems engineering.” Aplt. Br. at 14-15. Appellants also claim the district court abused

its discretion when it cited Mr. Bloomfield’s lack of experience in alternate design. His

“personal knowledge and experience qualify him to render opinions on the [alternate

landing gear] system” and “[p]laintiffs are not required to prove alternate designs.” Id. at

15.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Mr. Bloomfield’s

testimony on a design defect in the alternate landing gear. Even if Mr. Bloomfield “is

trained and experienced in electromechanical systems engineering,” Aplt. Br. at 14, and

even if the alternate landing gear is not particularly advanced from an engineering

standpoint, id., Mr. Bloomfield has never designed landing gear. The district court acted

within its discretion to find that lack of experience disqualified Mr. Bloomfield as an

expert on the issue. See, e.g., Alfred v. Caterpillar, Inc., 262 F.3d 1083, 1088 (10th Cir.

2001) (holding it was not an abuse of discretion for a district court to exclude an expert’s

testimony evaluating a paver if he had never evaluated a paver prior to the litigation).

                                             37
              v. AFM

       As to the district court’s exclusion of Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony on the AFM, the

Appellants merely note disagreement: “This was error, but the court agreed that Sommer

can testify to this defect.” Aplt. Br. at 15. Even if Appellants had fully argued the point

in their briefing, they would fail. For the same reasons described above regarding the

alternate landing gear, the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Mr.

Bloomfield’s testimony on the alleged defect in the AFM given that he had never drafted

an aircraft instruction manual. See Alfred, 262 F.3d at 1088.

       b. Limitation of Mr. Sommer’s testimony20

              i. Additional background

       Donald Sommer graduated from the University of Michigan with a B.S. in

Engineering. [App. at 826.] He completed graduate work in instrumentation and testing

systems. [Id.] The FAA has certified him as an airline transport pilot, commercial pilot,

flight instructor, ground instructor, and mechanic. [Id.] He has logged more than 16,000

hours of flight time. [App. at 827.] He is currently the president and owner of

Aeroscope, Inc., which performs accident reconstruction and analysis following plane

crashes. [App. at 826.] Mr. Sommer is a member of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots

Association; the International Society of Air Safety Investigators; the Missouri Board for

Architects, Professional Engineers, Professional Land Surveyors and Landscape

       20
       Plaintiffs used two Mr. Sommers as experts, [App. at 791, 831] but only Donald
Sommer’s proposed testimony is at issue here.

                                             38
Architects; and the National Association of Flight Instructors. [App. at 827.] His resume

states that he specializes in “aircraft accident reconstruction[,] in-flight and stationary

instrumentation systems and testing[,] mechanical and hydraulic systems[,] aircraft

performance[,] aircraft and engine design and operation [,] failure analysis[,]

interpretation of FAA regulations[,] pilot reactions[,] and pilot training.” App. at 828

(capitalization altered).

                      1) Original report and deposition

       Mr. Sommer’s expert report and deposition testimony overlapped with Mr.

Bloomfield’s. [See, e.g., App. at 819-21 (summarizing Mr. Bloomfield’s findings with

regard to the electrical system).] Mr. Sommer stated in his report, citing to Mr.

Bloomfield, that defects in the plane’s electrical distribution system led to overheating

and interruption of critical aircraft systems. [App. at 823-24, 819-21; see also App. at

854 (deposition stating he does not disagree with Mr. Bloomfield on anything).] He

further opined that a design defect in the alternate landing gear prevented it from properly

deploying during Mr. Caves’s attempted landing. [App. at 823-24.] He contended that

Beechcraft failed to warn pilots of the significant pull-force required to operate the

alternate landing gear and that Hawker failed to fix the problem. [App. at 824.]

       Mr. Sommer also claimed Beechcraft and Hawker were negligent in failing to

diagnose and repair alleged defects in the plane’s electrical system and alternate landing

gear, arguing that the defects existed since the time of manufacture and “each time it left

Beechcraft’s control during warranty work.” App. at 824. He criticized the flight manual

in his deposition, opining that the AFM should indicate how far to pull the lever to

                                              39
deploy the landing gear, or “there should be a marker on the handle that tells you how far

you have to pull it.” App. at 875. Finally, Mr. Sommer commented on Mr. Caves’s

licensing and training and opined that he acted as a “prudent and reasonable pilot” under

the circumstances. App. at 823.

       Mr. Sommer based his opinions on his examination of the aircraft wreckage [App.

at 802, 855], previous maintenance history [App. at 816], listening to the CVR [App. at

861], reviewing witness statements, and testing the alternate landing gear with Mr.

Bloomfield on other Model 390 planes. [App. at 825.]

       Mr. Sommer’s pull-testing, conducted with Mr. Bloomfield and others, measured

the force necessary to deploy the alternate landing gear on three exemplar Model 390

aircraft. [App. at 821.] He reported that substantially more force was required to lock

each alternate landing gear than the Maintenance Manual described, which is 64 lbs.

[Id.] In exemplar aircraft one, the measured pull-force to deploy the landing gear was

120 lbs.; for exemplar two, 100 lbs.; and for exemplar three, 118 lbs. [App. at 821.] He

said that their testing followed International Civil Aviation Organization guidelines and

was consistent with the United States Air Force Guide to Mishap Investigation, the

United States Navy Handbook for Aircraft Accident Investigation, the NTSB Major

Investigation Manual, the Transport Safety Board of Canada Investigations Manual, and

the University of Southern California Manual of Aircraft Accident Investigation. App. at

822-23.

                                            40
                     2) Supplemental affidavit

       Following the Defendants’ Daubert motion to exclude Mr. Sommer’s report, he

prepared a supplemental affidavit. It discussed the landing gear issues in considerably

greater depth than his original report, including the testing described above and further

testing on an exemplar “T” handle to argue for the accuracy and repeatability of his

previous pull mechanism findings. App. at 3046. In the new report, Mr. Sommer

claimed that he is qualified to offer an opinion on alternate product design based on his

background. He also said he was qualified to opine on the adequacy of the AFM (which

he had referenced in the original report but had not critiqued). [App. at 3000-3023.]

              ii. District court rulings

                     1) Supplemental affidavit

       The magistrate judge recommended to the district court that Mr. Sommer’s

supplemental affidavit be excluded under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26. The

district court agreed, stating there was no viable basis for accepting the report. Rodgers

MIL, 2017 WL 465474 at *8-*11. If the supplemental affidavit simply restated previous

information from the original report, it was not needed. If it went into further depth than

the original report or discussed new testing, the Plaintiffs showed no reason why that

information could not have been included in the original report. And if it attempted to

refute Defendants’ Daubert motion, that was not an appropriate reason to supplement

expert disclosures. Id. at *9.

                                            41
                      2) Limiting testimony – alternate landing gear21

       The magistrate judge recommended that Mr. Sommer’s testimony on alternate

landing gear design defects should be excluded, and the district court agreed based on

lack of qualifications. Rodgers MIL, 2017 WL 465474 at *9. It explained that Mr.

Sommer has no aircraft design experience and that he works primarily as a consultant

offering litigation opinions to plaintiffs in plane crash cases. His expert report did not

explain how he applied his knowledge of engineering principles to the case at hand. The

district court said, “Sommer simply conducted testing to establish the pull force

necessary to lock the alternate landing gear in exemplar aircraft, but he did not conduct

any analysis to identi[f]y a specific design defect in the alternate landing gear . . . .” Id.

                      3) Allowing testimony – flight manual

       The magistrate judge recommended that Mr. Sommer’s proposed testimony on the

AFM’s inadequacy regarding the alternate landing gear should be allowed, and the

district court agreed. It stated that Mr. Sommer disclosed his opinions on the AFM

during his deposition, and Defendants thus had an opportunity to cross-examine Mr.

       21
          Although Mr. Sommer offered an opinion on the aircraft’s electrical system
malfunctions in his expert report, he stated in his deposition that any opinion he had on
the electrical system was based on Mr. Bloomfield’s analysis and conclusions. He
therefore consistently deferred to Mr. Bloomfield on the topic. See, e.g., App. at 855
(questions about Hawker servicing and removing the supply wire “not my charge”); App.
at 862 (“I didn’t do an electrical load analysis. That was [Mr.] Bloomfield’s job.”); App.
at 864 (relationship between previous servicing on the aircraft and electrical systems
problems was “a Bloomfield issue”); App. at 868 (questions about arcing and torque
putty melting are questions for Mr. Bloomfield). The district court did not comment
upon Mr. Sommer’s electrical opinion in its order, and Appellants do not appeal its
omission. We therefore need not address it here.

                                              42
Sommer on the issue. It limited the scope of Mr. Sommer’s testimony on the AFM to

what he said in his deposition. [Id. at *10.]

                     4) Allowing testimony – pull-force testing

       The magistrate judge recommended that Mr. Sommer be allowed to testify about

his and Mr. Bloomfield’s pull-force testing, and the district court agreed. Even though

Defendants contended that Mr. Sommer and Mr. Bloomfield did not conduct a proper test

in accordance with the Maintenance Manual, the court said that point goes to the weight

rather than the admissibility of the pull-force testing evidence. The court said Mr.

Sommer established an acceptable factual foundation for the reliability of his

methodology. [Rodgers MIL, 2017 WL 465474 at *10.]

                     5) Limiting testimony - Mr. Caves’s piloting

       The magistrate judge recommended excluding Mr. Sommer’s opinion on Mr.

Caves’s piloting. The district court held that Mr. Sommer could testify about Mr.

Caves’s licensing and certification qualifications but could not offer any assessment of

Mr. Caves’s piloting in general or during the flight leading to the accident. According to

the court, Mr. Sommer ignored significant evidence that conflicted with his opinion—

namely, that “[Mr.] Caves allowed a non-pilot to operate the aircraft and that [Mr.] Caves

had problems in his training with ‘switchology’ and following checklists”—and did

minimal investigation into Mr. Caves’s actual training, history, and possible errors. Id. at

*10.

                                                43
               iii. Analysis

                        1) Supplemental affidavit

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to accept Mr. Sommer’s

supplemental affidavit. Mr. Sommer’s affidavit elaborated on landing gear issues from

his previous report; claimed that he was qualified to offer opinions on the product design

alternatives and the flight manual based on his training; and described further testing

done on the T-handle of an exemplar to confirm his previous alternate landing gear

pull-testing results.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected the supplemental

affidavit on the bases that Appellants did not explain why any of the information could

not have been included in Mr. Sommer’s original report; the supplement introduced new

arguments and material; and the supplemental report’s new arguments did not fill a gap

or a previously incomplete claim or discussion in the original report. The district court

still had discretion to allow the supplement, but it did not abuse its discretion by

excluding it. Appellants do not explain how allowing the supplemental affidavit would

not have harmed or prejudiced the Defendants.

                        2) Limiting Mr. Sommer’s testimony

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in limiting the testimony of Mr.

Sommer.

                               a) Alternate landing gear

       Appellants argue the district court should have allowed Mr. Sommer to testify

about a design defect in the plane’s alternate landing gear. Aplt. Br. at 16-17. They

                                              44
contend the court “misappli[ed] Oklahoma law, which follows the consumer expectation

test to determine if products are defective.” Id. at 16. And Mr. Sommer, having flown

16,000 hours, is the consummate “consumer” of Beechcraft’s plane, and “certainly has

the experience to offer opinions on this topic.” Id.

       Appellants also argue that Mr. Sommer’s pull-force testing showed that the

alternate landing gear was unreasonably dangerous because it showed the Model 390

alternate landing gear required unexpectedly large pull-force. Because this testing

pointed to a design flaw, Appellants contend, Mr. Sommer should be allowed to testify as

to a design defect and need not, contrary to the district court’s ruling, identify a precise

flaw in the alternate landing gear. Id. at 16-17.

       Appellants’ argument that Mr. Sommer qualifies as an expert on a design defect in

the alternate landing gear because he is an experienced “consumer” of the “product”

misses the mark. The “consumer expectation test” is used to determine dangerousness in

the products liability context, not to establish an expert’s credentials on a design defect in

a consumer product. See, e.g., Gaines-Tabb v. ICI Explosives, USA, Inc., 160 F.3d 613,

624 (10th Cir. 1998) (“[o]nly when a defect in the product renders it less safe than

expected by the ordinary consumer will the manufacturer be held responsible.” (quoting

Lamke v. Futorian Corp., 709 P.2d 684, 686 (Okla. 1985)) (applying Oklahoma law)).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Mr. Sommer from

testifying that the pull-force testing supported a design flaw opinion because there was no

evidence that abnormal pull-force was present in the plane that crashed. Mr. Sommer’s

pull-force testing itself, which has not been excluded, permits the inference that the

                                              45
alternate landing gears on Beechcraft’s Model 390 planes need a pull-force in excess of

the 64 lbs. specified by the Maintenance Manual. But that evidence does not show a

specific design flaw. See, e.g., Burton v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 181 F. Supp. 2d

1256, 1261 (D. Kan. 2002) (“[T]here must be a specific claim concerning what aspect of

the design was defective for a plaintiff to prevail on a strict liability design defect claim.”

(quotations omitted)) (analyzing Kansas law).

       As the district court noted, the Plaintiffs relied on the testing of other models to

infer there was a “flaw” in the aircraft that crashed: “Sommer simply conducted testing

to establish the pull-force necessary to lock the alternate landing gear in exemplar

aircraft, but he did not conduct any analysis to identi[f]y a specific design defect in the

alternate landing gear in the subject aircraft, and there is no analysis in his report that

would support the existence of a design defect.” Rodgers MIL, 2017 WL 465474, at *9.

Moreover, in each of Mr. Sommer’s tests, the alternate landing gear deployed [App. at

821-22.]. The district court acted within its discretion to limit the testimony.

                             b) Mr. Caves’s piloting

       Appellants argue that Mr. Sommer should be allowed to testify as to Mr. Caves’s

piloting performance. They contend, “[U]nder Oklahoma law, there is a presumption that

the product user would heed a proper and adequate warning. This principle, in

conjunction with the known defects in the aircraft (the ALG, AFM, and electrical

system), lead to the reasonable inference that Caves took the necessary steps as trained,

but was unable to safely land due to defects in the aircraft.” Aplt. Br. at 17-18 (citation

                                              46
omitted). Mr. Sommer should have been able to “reason[] to the best inference” in this

manner. Id. at 18.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Mr. Sommer’s

testimony on Mr. Caves’s piloting ability. It found that Mr. Sommer ignored significant

contrary evidence on Mr. Caves’s conduct and abilities, such as his decision to allow Mr.

Davis to take over the controls and evidence from Mr. Caves’s training that he had

problems with “switchology” and following checklists. Rodgers MIL, 2017 WL 465474,

at *10. See, e.g., Norris, 397 F.3d at 884 (district court did not abuse gatekeeping role

when it found expert “completely ignored or discounted without explanation . . . many

epidemiological studies” reaching an opposite conclusion from expert’s proffered

opinion).

       The court also said Mr. Sommer’s evaluation of Mr. Caves was based on

superficial research. Indeed, in reaching his opinion that Mr. Caves was “trained,

qualified, experienced and capable of performing the subject mission,” Mr. Sommer did

not conduct independent research into Mr. Caves’s training or speak with anyone who

trained him. App. at 858-59. The court did not abuse its discretion by excluding

testimony on this subject. See, e.g., Alfred, 262 F.3d at 1086 (no abuse of discretion for

district court to exclude testimony because it was, among other things, “backed by very

little work.” (quotation omitted)).

       Appellants’ argument that Mr. Sommer should be allowed to “reason[] to the best

inference” on Mr. Caves’s piloting performance is not persuasive. The argument is that

Mr. Sommer could draw a “reasonable inference” that the pilot “took the necessary steps

                                             47
as trained, but was unable to safely land due to defects in the aircraft.” Aplt. Br. at 17-18.

But this approach is not based on “scientific, technical, or otherwise specialized

knowledge”; would not “help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine

a fact in issue;” is not “based on “sufficient facts or data”; and is not “the product of

reliable principle and methods.” Fed. R. Evid. 702.

       c. Limitation of Mr. Graham’s testimony

       Appellants do not make a specific argument against the exclusion of Mr.

Graham’s supplemental affidavit or against the limitation of Mr. Graham’s testimony.

They instead refer this court to their “previously submitted briefs,” i.e., those submitted

to the district court. Aplt. Br. at 18. Their arguments about Mr. Graham are inadequately

briefed and thus waived. See Tenth Circuit Rule 28.3 (“Incorporating by reference

portions of [district] court or agency briefs or pleadings is disapproved and does not

satisfy the requirements of Fed. R. App. P. 28(a) and (b).”); United States v. Patterson,

713 F.3d 1237, 1250 (10th Cir. 2013).

       d. Limitation of Mr. Haider’s testimony

              i. Additional background

       Mr. Haider earned his B.S. in aerospace engineering from the United States

Military Academy at West Point and a master’s degree from Webster University. [App.

at 1085, 4314.] He is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School and has logged

nearly 7,000 hours of flight time, including experience with the 390 model. Rodgers

Haider, 2017 WL 979100, at *3.

                                              48
                     1) Original report

       Mr. Haider proposed in his report and at his deposition to testify generally about

Mr. Caves’s training and Beechcraft’s failure to warn about defects in the plane. He

opined that Mr. Caves used an acceptable method of pilot training to get certified on the

Model 390 and that Mr. Caves would have been trained on how to use the alternate

landing gear. Mr. Caves would not, however, be expected to know how to restart both

engines in the air. Mr. Haider stated that Mr. Caves was a “reasonably prudent pilot” and

that pilot error was not a contributing cause of the crash. He also said that a pilot should

be able to rely on the functionality of an aircraft as designed; that the engines should have

restarted unless there was a defect in the electrical system; and that the aircraft

experienced intermittent electrical failures. Mr. Haider further opined that Beechcraft

failed to warn pilots of the significant pull-force needed to deploy the alternate landing

gear; that the landing gear was defectively designed; and that Hawker had occasion to

correct the defects in the electrical system and landing gear but failed to do so. [Id.]

       Regarding intermittency problems in the plane’s electrical systems, Mr. Haider

said “any pilot at any level in this situation would do anything they could to get that

generator back online because that would have solved a whole basketful of problems that

he had at that point in time. And obviously, the generator, for some unknown reason to

me, did not come online.” App. at 1099. Mr. Haider agreed with Plaintiffs’ attorney that

“[w]hen it comes to specifically describing any electrical problems on the plane,” he was

“going to defer to Mr. Bloomfield.” App. at 1112; see also id. at 1109 (referring

                                              49
questions about which previous part failures in the plane can be explained by

intermittency problems to Mr. Bloomfield).

       At his deposition, Mr. Haider acknowledged that he was not the author of his

report and that Plaintiffs’ attorney, Mr. Stoops, wrote it. App. at 1084. When asked

about Mr. Caves’s training, Mr. Haider said he did not do any independent research on

the precise circumstances of Mr. Caves’s flight education and said that he was unaware

of evidence suggesting Mr. Caves had trouble following checklists. App. at 1090-91. As

to his basis for stating in his report that Mr. Caves had learned the proper procedures

required for an emergency situation like the one that occurred, Mr. Haider responded that

these are matters “any school would cover.” App. at 1092.

       When asked about alleged defects in the design and servicing of the alternate

landing gear, Mr. Haider testified that he had not read anything about previous testing

done on the alternate landing gear and did not know the position of the pull-handle amid

the wreckage. [App. at 1101-02.] As to his basis for a design or maintenance failure in

the alternate landing gear, Mr. Haider said, “My basis for that is that the handle was

pulled, and – I assume the handle was pulled, and the main gear didn’t come down.”

App. at 1101. He conceded the opinion in his report that Beechcraft failed to warn users

of excess pull-force needed on the T-handle was based on what an attorney told him

about Mr. Bloomfield’s and Mr. Sommer’s pull-testing experiment. App. at 1103.

                     2) Supplemental affidavit

       Mr. Haider also filed a supplemental affidavit in response to Defendants’ Daubert

motion to exclude his testimony.

                                             50
              ii. District court rulings

       Although the magistrate judge recommended limiting Mr. Haider’s testimony only

in part, the district court decided to exclude his testimony altogether, finding that he did

not sufficiently “prepare” his own report and thus ran afoul of Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 26. Rodgers Haider, 2017 WL 979100, at *7.

       The district court, employing a “totality of the circumstances” analysis, Rodgers

Haider at *5, noted that (1) Mr. Haider did not compose even a first draft of the report;

(2) others indisputably wrote the report; (3) the drafting was done at the last minute, (4)

the report included opinions outside Mr. Haider’s expertise; (5) Mr. Haider’s billing

records showed very little time spent reviewing materials before the report was

submitted; and (6) Mr. Haider admitted he “reviewed” but did not “read” the materials.

Id. at *7. The court said that even if Mr. Haider could rely heavily on his personal

experience for his testimony, he still would have needed to analyze the materials to opine

credibly on subjects like the intermittent electrical failure or the reasonableness of Mr.

Caves’s actions during the emergency. The court noted, referencing the Advisory

Committee Notes to Rule 26, that although in some cases attorneys may help experts

draft a report, Mr. Haider was not a good candidate for such drafting assistance

considering he is well-educated and could “put together a draft report stating his

substantive opinions.” Rodgers Haider at *6.

       The district court also rejected Mr. Haider’s supplemental affidavit because there

was no allowable testimony to supplement.

                                             51
              iii. Analysis

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Mr. Haider’s testimony.

In their briefing on this issue, Appellants rehash many of their previous arguments to the

district court, which remain unpersuasive.

       Appellants argue the district court misinterpreted Rule 26(a): “The comment does

not say that counsel is only permitted to assist those experts who are unable to prepare the

report themselves. As long as the substance of the report reflects the testimony to be

given by the expert, it complies with Rule 26.” Aplt. Br. at 19. Appellants insist that the

opinions in the report were Mr. Haider’s own.

       As to Mr. Haider’s cursory review of the case materials, Appellants argue that

“Haider’s opinions predominately required him to draw on his knowledge and experience

flying the Premier, and how it should respond under specified conditions (e.g., loss of

generator power, loss of normal landing gear system).” Id. As far as the specifics of this

case were concerned, “[t]he new material Haider reviewed included the NTSB data (i.e.,

NTSB factual report & witness statements, CVR and ATC transcripts/recordings). He

reviewed the relevant data, formed his opinions, then communicated them to counsel for

memorialization. There is no proof that Haider lacked sufficient factual information

about the crash to form his opinions.” Id. at 21 (citation omitted). Appellants insist that

the rushed nature of the report’s composition under deadline pressure should not disfavor

Mr. Haider’s testimony.

       Notwithstanding these arguments, the district court properly read and applied Rule

26(a) to require substantial participation from Mr. Haider in drafting his report. The

                                             52
court did not rely solely on Plaintiffs’ admission that Mr. Haider did not actually write his

own report. It considered the totality of the circumstances underlying the preparation of

the report and reasonably analyzed the facts. Mr. Haider’s proposed testimony must be

premised on the facts of this case, not just his general knowledge. See Norris, 397 F.3d

at 884 n.2 (“[E]vidence must have a valid scientific connection to the disputed facts in the

case.” (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591)). We agree with the district court that Mr.

Haider cannot reliably opine on electric intermittency in this specific plane during the

emergency or about Mr. Caves’s piloting skill without meaningful analysis of the

materials pertinent to the case. See, e.g., Alfred, 262 F.3d at 1086 (no abuse of discretion

for district court to exclude testimony because it was, among other things, “backed by

very little work.” (quotation omitted)). Appellants’ contention that Mr. Haider “reviewed

the relevant data” is unavailing because it is clear from Mr. Haider’s billing records and

his deposition that “reviewed” does not mean “read,” much less analyzed.

       Nor does Mr. Haider’s deposition testimony suffice to cure these deficiencies. As

noted above, Mr. Haider deferred on all electricity-related questions to Mr. Bloomfield.

To that extent, Mr. Haider’s testimony is unnecessary and not the proper basis for an

additional expert. Nor was his reliance at his deposition on a lawyer’s summary of

another expert’s pull-testing sufficient for his failure to warn opinion. And his contention

that the alternate landing gear suffered from a design defect was based solely on his

assertion that it did not deploy.22

       22
         Even if certain parts of Mr. Haider’s deposition did not have these problems, his
lack of an expert report (being properly excluded) would be another ground for excluding
                                             53
       The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Mr. Haider’s testimony.

We also affirm exclusion of his supplemental affidavit because no allowable testimony

remained to supplement.23

                                 B. Summary Judgment

       We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Beechcraft and

Hawker because the Plaintiffs lacked adequate expert evidence to support their claims.

1. Legal Background

       a. Summary judgment and standard of review

       “We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the

same legal standard as the district court.” Twigg v. Hawker Beechcraft Corp., 659 F.3d

987, 997 (10th Cir. 2011). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant

him as an expert. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B)(“Unless otherwise stipulated or ordered
by the court, this disclosure must be accompanied by a written report—prepared and
signed by the witness—if the witness is one retained or specially employed to provide
expert testimony in the case or one whose duties as the party’s employee regularly
involve giving expert testimony.”) There are limited exceptions to this rule, such as for
busy practicing physicians, Watson v. United States, 485 F.3d 1100, 1107 (10th Cir.
2007), but Mr. Haider would not qualify for this exception.
       23
          Appellants also contend that they were not given sufficient chance to explain the
nuances of their experts’ opinions to the district court because there was no evidentiary
hearing, no additional evidentiary submissions were allowed, and the magistrate judge
did not schedule enough time for Daubert oral arguments. Also, they argue the
magistrate judge required the parties at one point to put their expert arguments in
summary form.
       We reject these general arguments. As is apparent from the record, both parties
received ample time and space to present their arguments regarding experts and both the
magistrate and district judge considered the entirety of the parties’ submissions, not
simply the summaries.

                                            54
shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “In applying this standard, we view

the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Twigg, 659 F.3d at 997. “A fact is material if,

under the governing law, it could have an effect on the outcome of the lawsuit. A dispute

over a material fact is genuine if a rational jury could find in favor of the nonmoving

party on the evidence presented.” Smothers v. Solvay Chems., Inc., 740 F.3d 530, 538

(10th Cir. 2014) (quotations omitted).

       The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden to produce evidence in

support of its claims. Kannady v. City of Kiowa, 590 F.3d 1161, 1169 (10th Cir. 2010).

If the movant does so, the burden shifts to the party opposing summary judgment to

demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact. Id. We view evidence in the light most

favorable to the party opposing summary judgment. McBeth v. Himes, 598 F.3d 708, 715

(10th Cir. 2010). “On an appeal from summary judgment, we examine the record and all

reasonable inferences that might be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the

non-moving party, without making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.”

Hernandez v. Valley View Hosp. Ass’n, 684 F.3d 950, 953 n.2 (10th Cir. 2012)

(quotations omitted).

                                            55
       b. Products liability

       Under Oklahoma products liability law,24 a plaintiff suing a retailer or supplier

under a strict liability theory must prove (1) that the product caused plaintiff’s injury;

(2) that the defect existed in the product at the time of sale or at the time it left the

retailer’s possession and control; and (3) that the defect made the product unreasonably

dangerous. See Kirkland v. Gen. Motors Corp., 521 P.2d 1353, 1363 (Okla. 1974); see

also Rohrbaugh v. Celotex Corp., 53 F.3d 1181, 1183 (10th Cir. 1995) (applying

Oklahoma law). In Kansas, the standard is very similar. See Jenkins v. Amchem Prods.,

Inc., 886 P.2d 869, 886 (Kan. 1994) (“[T]he plaintiff, to present a prima facie strict

[products] liability case, must produce proof of three elements: (1) the injury resulted

from a condition of the product; (2) the condition was an unreasonably dangerous one;

and (3) the condition existed at the time it left the defendant’s control.” (quotations

omitted)).

       “The alleged defect may be the result of a problem in the product’s design or

manufacture, or it may be the result of inadequate warnings regarding use of the

product.” Holt v. Deere & Co., 24 F.3d 1289, 1292 (10th Cir. 1994) (applying Oklahoma

law); see also Mayberry v. Akron Rubber Mach. Corp., 483 F. Supp. 407, 411-12 (N.D.

       24
          The parties initially disputed whether Oklahoma or Kansas law was the relevant
governing law for Plaintiffs’ claims. [App. at 4634.] The district court deferred a
decision on the matter, noting that nothing turned on a distinction between the two bodies
of law. [Id. at 4634-37.] In this appeal, both parties acknowledge that there is no
relevant substantive difference in the states’ laws for the purpose of their arguments.

                                               56
Okla. 1979) (applying Oklahoma law). In other words, a products liability claim can be

made for a manufacturing defect or a design defect.

       A product is unreasonably dangerous when it is “dangerous to an extent beyond

that which would be contemplated by the ordinary consumer who purchases it, with the

ordinary knowledge common to the community as to its characteristics.” Kirkland, 521

P.2d at 1362-63 (quoting and adopting standard of proof from Restatement (Second) of

Torts § 402A cmt. g); see also Jensen, 886 P.2d at 872 (Kansas case using consumer

expectations test).

              i. Manufacturing defects

       A product is defective in manufacture if it “deviates in some material way from its

design or performance standards. The issue is whether the product was rendered unsafe

by an error in the manufacturing process.” Wheeler v. HO Sports Inc., 232 F.3d 754, 757

(10th Cir. 2000) (quotations omitted). Errors in the process are often established by

showing that a product, as produced, did not conform with the manufacturer’s

specifications. Oja v. Howmedica, Inc., 111 F.3d 782, 792 (10th Cir. 1997) (applying

Colorado law).

              ii. Design defects

       A product is defective in design if something about that design “renders it less safe

than expected by the ordinary consumer.” Lamke v. Futorian Corp., 709 P.2d 684, 686

(Okla. 1985). “[T]he fact that it is possible to make a product more safe does not render

its design defective.” Wheeler, 232 F.3d at 758 (quotations omitted).

                                            57
       c. Negligence

       Claims for negligent manufacture or design are treated the same as other

negligence claims in Oklahoma. A negligence claim requires plaintiffs to prove (1)

defendants owed plaintiffs a duty; (2) there was a breach of that duty; and (3) that the

breach caused plaintiffs’ injuries. Dirickson v. Mings, 910 P.2d 1015, 1018 (Okla. 1996).

An entity charged with repairing a vehicle may be sued under a theory of negligent

repair. See, e.g., Delbrel v. Doenges Bros. Ford, 913 P.2d 1318, 1322 (Okla. 1996)

(“[O]ne who is paid to repair a car owes a duty of care to both the owner of the car and to

the general public to assure that the repair is properly performed or the owner is warned

of its dangerous condition, where the dangerous condition is discoverable in the exercise

of ordinary care.”).

2. Additional Background – District Court Proceedings on Summary Judgment

       The district court granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. It held that:

              (1) Plaintiffs could not show a genuine issue of material fact
                  that the plane’s electrical system was defective or that a
                  loose screw caused any electrical problems that
                  contributed to the accident and thus could not proceed on
                  any electrical system products liability or negligence
                  claim;

              (2) Plaintiffs could not proceed with their manufacturer’s
                  products liability claim against Beechcraft based on a
                  defect in the alternate landing gear because undisputed
                  evidence established the defect did not exist when the
                  plane left control of the manufacturer; nor could
                  Plaintiffs show a genuine issue of material fact that the
                  plane’s alternate landing gear had a design defect;

              (3) Plaintiffs could not proceed with their alternate landing
                  gear negligence claims against Beechcraft and Hawker

                                             58
                    because they could not show a defect with the
                    manufacture or design of the alternate landing gear or
                    that a defect proximately caused the accident; and

              (4) Plaintiffs could not show a genuine issue of material fact
                  that the flight manual was defective and thus could not
                  proceed on any manual-based products liability or
                  negligence claim.

App. at 4637-52.

       a. Electrical system – products liability, negligence

       The district court found that Plaintiffs’ manufacturer’s products liability claim

against Beechcraft failed because Mr. Bloomfield acknowledged the loose screw was not

loose at the time of manufacture but rather after servicing. [App. at 4507.] The Plaintiffs

therefore could not establish an essential element of manufacturer’s products liability—

that the defect existed when it left the manufacturer. [App. at 4639.]

       As for the negligence claims against Beechcraft and Hawker, the district court said

the Plaintiffs had not shown a genuine issue of material fact regarding causation, an

essential element of a negligence claim. [App. at 4641-42.] Mr. Davis’s shutting down

the engines triggered the loss of power. There was, according to the district court, “no

evidence of a voltage spike or intermittent power supply before this event.” App. at

4639. The Plaintiffs’ intermittent power and voltage spike causation theory relied on Mr.

Bloomfield’s proposed testimony linking the loose screw to the power, but that testimony

was excluded. Mr. Frie’s and Mr. Evans’s observations about a flickering power display

were not enough to create a genuine dispute as to causation without any expert testimony.

[Id. at 4640-42.]

                                             59
       b. Alternate landing gear – products liability

       The district court held that the manufacturer products liability claim failed because

the undisputed evidence showed that Beechcraft tested the plane before it was sold and

that the measured pull-force of the handle to deploy the alternate landing gear—53.7

pounds—was within the manufacturer’s specifications. [App. at 4644.]

       The district court also rejected the design defect products liability claim against

Beechcraft because Plaintiffs produced no supporting evidence. Mr. Bloomfield’s theory

about debris in the landing gear causing higher pull-forces was excluded as hypothetical.

[App. at 4644-45.] Mr. Bloomfield’s and Mr. Sommer’s design defect opinions were

similarly excluded because neither had experience in aircraft product design. [App. at

4645.] The court also noted that, even if Mr. Bloomfield’s and Mr. Sommer’s design

arguments were admitted, Plaintiffs lacked evidence of causation: “Plaintiffs have the

burden of proof to establish causation, and they must have at least some evidence tending

to show that there is a dispute as to whether Caves made another attempt to pull out the

alternate landing gear handle before his second landing attempt. It is just as likely that

Caves did nothing with the alternate landing gear handle before his second landing

attempt, and a jury would not be permitted to speculate as to what actions Caves took.”

App. at 4646.

       c. Alternate landing gear – negligence

       Plaintiffs alleged that Beechcraft was negligent in manufacturing an aircraft that

required excessive pull-force to deploy the alternate landing gear. This argument was

based on the tests of three exemplar aircraft finding the alternate landing gears required

                                             60
between 100 and 120 pounds of pull-force instead of the maximum 64 pounds stated in

the Maintenance Manual. [App. at 4643-44.]

       The district court stated that “the mere fact that the pull-force in plaintiffs’

experts’ test results exceeded 64 pounds does not by itself show that the aircraft was

defective or that excessive pull-force caused the landing gear not to deploy.” App. at

4647. It further stated that “Plaintiffs have offered no evidence comparing the maximum

pull-force stated in the maintenance manual for the Premier 390 to other types of aircraft,

nor have plaintiffs provided a frame of reference for how difficult it is use the alternate

landing gear handle if the pull force exceeds 64 pounds.” Id. at 4646-47.

       In contrast, the court said, “It is undisputed that plaintiffs’ experts were able to

pull out the alternate landing gear handle and lock the landing gear into place on each

exemplar aircraft and that Beechcraft had received no complaints or reports of problems

using the alternate landing gear.” Id. at 4647. It also noted there was no evidence that

“Caves received any training concerning the use of the alternate landing gear.” Id. For

these reasons, the court held that “plaintiffs’ evidence concerning the pull force needed to

use the alternate landing gear does not independently give rise to genuine dispute that the

allegedly excessive pull force caused the accident.” Id.

       d. Flight manual – products liability, negligence

       The district court held there was no evidence creating a genuine issue of material

fact that a defect in the AFM on how to restart the generators was the proximate cause of

the accident.

                                              61
       Plaintiffs argued that the AFM’s procedure for restarting electrical generators was

incorrect and would not have worked had Mr. Caves followed it. But the district court

pointed out this theory was based entirely on the proposed testimony of Mr. Haider,

which was excluded. [App. at 4648-49.] Apart from Mr. Haider’s testimony, the court

said some evidence tended to show that the method recommended in the AFM for

restarting an electrical generator—moving the generator switch from “Reset” to “On”—is

not always sufficient and that sometimes it is necessary to cycle the switch in a slightly

different way. [App. at 4649-51.] But, as the court explained, this point, based on one

instance during a test on an exemplar aircraft by the Defendants [App. at 1436], does not

mean that all units are defective or support an inference that there was a fleet-wide

problem with the switch. Without Mr. Haider’s testimony, Plaintiffs did not have expert

evidence that the AFM contained incorrect instructions for restarting a generator

following an engine shutdown mid-flight. [Id. at 4650.] And, the district court said, even

if a defect could be shown, Plaintiffs cannot establish that erroneous instructions in the

manual were the proximate cause of the accident. [Id. at 4649-51.]

3. Analysis

       We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Beechcraft and

Hawker. Each claim fails at least on the element of causation. Given the expert

testimony exclusions affirmed above, Appellants either have no expert to testify to

causation or no evidence to prove causation.

                                             62
       a. Electrical system

              i. Manufacturing or design defects

       Appellants have no admissible expert testimony linking the loose screw to electric

intermittency or voltage issues. They thus cannot show causation for a products liability

claim based on electrical system defects. Although the district court allowed Mr.

Bloomfield’s testimony about finding a loose screw, it excluded his testimony connecting

the loose screw to electric bus problems. [App. at 4639-40.]

       Appellants contend that Mr. Frie’s and Mr. Evans’s statements about seeing

flickering display panels create a material dispute as to whether a defective electrical

system caused the accident. [Aplt. Br. at 25.] But evidence from Mr. Frie and Mr. Evans

does not adequately establish that intermittency or voltage spikes from a defective

electric system caused the accident. In the context of a complicated aircraft electrical

system, Plaintiffs needed expert testimony to prove causation. See James River Ins. Co.

v. Rapid Funding, LLC, 658 F.3d 1207, 1214 (10th Cir. 2011) (lay witness may not

“express an opinion as to matters which are beyond the realm of common experience and

which require the special skill and knowledge of an expert witness.” (quotations

omitted)).

              ii. Negligence

       Appellants’ complaint alleged that Appellees breached their duty to exercise

reasonable care in their assembly and inspection of the aircraft, as evidenced by the

electrical failures contributing to the crash. Because Appellants, following the exclusion

of Mr. Bloomfield’s testimony, lack expert evidence to why the plane’s electrical systems

                                             63
were deficient, Appellants cannot succeed on a claim for negligence in assembling and

inspecting that system. Without expert testimony on electrical failure, they cannot prove

causation on their negligence claim.

       b. Alternate landing gear

              i. Manufacturing defect

       Appellants’ manufacturing defect claim regarding the alternate landing gear fails

because it is undisputed that the RB-226’s gear deployed within an allowable force range

upon testing after production. The alleged alternate landing gear handle defect thus did

not exist at the time of sale or at the time it left Beechcraft’s possession and control.

Accordingly, Appellants cannot satisfy a required element of a manufacturing defect

claim. See Kirkland, 521 P.2d at 1363.25

              ii. Design defect

       All of Appellants’ expert testimony on alleged design defects in the alternate

landing gear was excluded, so there is no basis on which to establish design flaw. Mr.

Bloomfield’s and Mr. Sommer’s testing on the pull-force required for the alternate

landing gear in the three other Model 390s remains admissible evidence. But their testing

       25
         Appellants present a new argument on appeal that a manufacturing defect claim
regarding the alternate landing gear remains possible under a “guaranteed to degrade”
theory, wherein the product was designed in such a way to become more dangerous with
use over time. Aplt. Br. at 40. Because this argument was not made before the district
court, we do not consider it. See Carney v. Okla. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 875 F.3d 1347,
1351 (10th Cir. 2017) (“We will only consider arguments not raised below in the most
unusual circumstances.” (quotations omitted)). Even if it were considered, Appellants
present no evidence of degradation in the RB-226’s alternate landing gear on the day of
the crash.

                                              64
did not address the plane that was involved in the crash, and there is no expert evidence

on what precisely is the defect in the alternate landing gear. The district court properly

excluded the debris-in-the-wheel-well theory because it was only hypothetical and

without any evidentiary basis. [App. at 4642.] Moreover, Plaintiffs have no expert

evidence on how an alleged design flaw caused the accident.

              iii. Negligence

       Appellants’ complaint contends that Beechcraft breached its duty to exercise

reasonable care in the design and assembly of the alternate landing gear. We affirm the

district court’s grant of summary judgment to the Defendants on the negligence claim

regarding the alternate landing gear because Appellants have no evidence to satisfy

causation.

       Mr. Bloomfield’s and Mr. Sommer’s tests on the handles of other aircrafts

purportedly showed that the pull-force required to deploy the alternate landing gear on

the Model 390 was considerably higher than the specified maximum in the Maintenance

Manual, at least in the three aircraft tested. This testing may support an inference that the

force required to deploy the alternate landing gear in the plane that crashed also was

higher than the manual’s limit at the time of the accident, but Appellants have not

provided evidence of causation. Although the alternate landing gear handle in the plane

was pulled out only about an inch in the wreckage, the record lacks evidence that the

alternate landing gear failed to lock due to excessive pull-force. And in all three of the

experts’ tests, they were able to deploy the landing gear despite the increased pull-force.

                                             65
       Appellants also argue that Mr. Caves did not have sufficient information from

either the AFM, the handle itself, or the plane’s controls to know how far to pull the

handle. [Aplt. Br. at 31-32.] But Mr. Bloomfield’s and Mr. Sommer’s testing did not

address the information that was available concerning the alternate landing gear. They

were instead measuring required pull-force. Appellants therefore have no expert

testimony linking insufficient information about how far to pull the handle with causation

of the crash.26 Because Appellants failed to marshal evidence on an essential element of

a negligence claim, summary judgment was appropriately granted to Appellees.

       The negligence claims against Hawker also do not survive summary judgment

because Appellants have not produced evidence to show that failure to inspect the

landing gear caused the accident.

       c. AFM and repair kit instructions

              i. Design

                     1) Checklists to restart engines

       Appellants’ AFM claims based on an inadequate checklist fail because Appellants

have offered no evidence to prove causation. Although Appellants contend there was

some evidence that may have suggested that a checklist for restarting an engine did not

always work [App. at 1436], they decided not to include it in the record on appeal, so we

       26
          Even if we construe Appellants’ argument concerning “guaranteed to degrade”
landing gear as concerning causation, this argument was not made before the district
court and we decline to considered it here. See Tele-Communications, Inc. v. Comm’r of
I.R.S., 104 F.3d 1229, 1232 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Generally, an appellate court will not
consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal.”).

                                            66
do not consider it here. [See Doc. 10536488; Doc. 10537103.] Without this evidence

and without the opinion of Mr. Haider, Appellants have no basis for their AFM checklist

argument.27

                      2) Alternate landing gear directions in the AFM

       Appellants also have not shown a genuine factual dispute to save their claim that

the alternate landing gear directions were defective. Although the manual did not state

how far to pull the handle or how to know when the alternate gear has been dropped and

locked, the Appellants have no expert testimony on manual design defects or how the

manual’s alleged shortcomings caused the accident.

                      3) Repair kit instructions

       Appellants presented no evidence for a defect claim against Beechcraft’s repair kit

instructions for servicing the aircraft. The instructions provide for the required amount of

torque in the relevant screws. Because their theory is that a defective repair kit was

responsible for electrical failure in the plane, all of Appellant’s repair kit products

liability claims require expert testimony on the electrical system defects (intermittency

and voltage spikes). They have no expert evidence to support this theory.

       27
          Even if there were a basis to argue the checklist was defective, Appellants
would still need to show that Mr. Caves tried to follow the checklist and that defects in
the checklist caused the accident. They have not done so. They instead say that under
Oklahoma law, a consumer of a product would heed an adequate warning. [Aplt. Br. at
35.] A checklist is not a warning. It provides instructions to follow in case of
emergency. Appellants have presented no evidence that Mr. Caves’s attempt to follow
these instructions caused the accident.

                                              67
              ii. Negligence

       Appellants’ negligence claims based on a defective manual or repair instructions

fail at summary judgment because they have not provided evidence on causation. We do

not know which checklist, if any, Mr. Caves relied on. Nor is there evidence that Mr.

Caves failed to pull out the alternate landing gear handle far enough because the flight

manual did not provide guidance. Finally, Appellants’ negligence claim based on repair

kit instructions fails because, without any expert testimony remaining on electrical

system defects, they do not have evidence to show causation.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       We affirm the district court’s judgment, which includes the limitations on expert

testimony and the grant of summary judgment to Defendants Beechcraft and Hawker.

                                             Entered for the Court

                                             Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                             Circuit Judge

                                            68