Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
1995 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

12-29-1995

Travelers Ins. Co. v. Obusek
Precedential or Non-Precedential:

Docket 94-3666

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        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                 No. 94-3666

         TRAVELERS INSURANCE COMPANY

                                            Appellant
                       v.

               LISA ANN OBUSEK

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
   FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

              (Civil No. 88-1913)

             Argued June 12, 1995
  Before: STAPLETON, McKEE, Circuit Judges,
       and SEITZ, Senior Circuit Judge

     (Opinion filed:   December 29, l995)

             A. Richard Feldman, Esquire (Argued)
             Jennifer L. Hoagland, Esquire
             BAZELON & LESS
             1515 Market Street, 7th Floor
             Philadelphia, PA 19102-1907

             Cheryl Esposito, Esquire
             MARSHALL, DENNEHEY, WARNER,
             COLEMAN & GOGGIN
             USX Tower, 600 Grant Street
             Pittsburgh, PA 15264

              Attorneys for Appellant

             Edward G. Shoemaker, Esquire (ARGUED)
             408 Grant Building

                       1
                         Pittsburgh, PA 15219

                          Attorney for Appellee

                         OPINION OF THE COURT

McKEE, Circuit Judge

     We are asked to decide if attendant care services are an

"allowable expense" under Section 103 of the Pennsylvania No-

Fault Motor Vehicle Insurance Act, 40 Pa. Con. Stats. Ann.

§1009.103 (repealed) ("No-Fault Act") when provided by

accredited, non-family, medical care providers.0   We must also

decide if, under the circumstances of this case, this question is

ripe for adjudication.

     For the reasons that follow, we answer both inquiries in the

affirmative.   While we thus agree with the district court’s

disposition of the two primary issues before it, we also conclude

that the district court’s judgment fails to clearly adjudicate

the issues that the parties are entitled to have resolved.     We

will therefore reverse the district court’s judgment and will

0
The No-Fault Act, 40 Pa. Con. Stats. Ann. § 1009.101 et seq.,
was repealed on October 1, 1984, by the Motor Vehicle Financial
Responsibility Law, 75 Pa. Con. Stats. Ann. § 1701 et seq.
However, the terms of the No-Fault Act control the obligations of
insurers of victims of serious accidents which occurred while the
Act was in effect and who still suffer from injuries received in
those accidents. Drake v. Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty
Ins. Co., 601 A.2d 797, 798 (Pa. 1992).

                                  2
remand for further findings of fact and the entry of an

unambiguous judgment.
                        I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

     On October 19, 1979, at the age of 18, Lisa Ann Obusek

suffered a severe spinal cord injury while riding as a passenger

in an uninsured motor vehicle.0   Lisa's spinal cord was severed

at approximately the C5-C6 level causing her irreversible

neurological injury. She was initially treated at Mercy Hospital

and later transferred to St. Francis General Hospital in

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she underwent a rehabilitation

program.   She was eventually discharged from St. Francis, and has

been living at home with her parents ever since.

     Lisa can move her head and neck but has no use of her legs

and only limited movement of her arms. She has no grip in her

hands but is able to feed herself when equipped with a cuff and

splint. She has no control over her bowels or bladder and

urinates through a catheter.   Her disabilities are potentially

life-threatening if not properly managed. Lisa's speech and

intellectual capacities were not affected by the accident.
                          A. Required Care

     In a medical report dated September 21, 1989, James McCague,

M.D., set forth the extent of Lisa's physical limitations, and

noted that those limitations impaired her respiratory functions

thereby making her susceptible to choking. The report concluded

that this, along with her susceptibility to life threatening

0
In order to avoid confusion between Lisa Ann Obusek and her
mother, we will refer to Lisa Ann as "Lisa".

                                  3
infection from bed sores, meant that she needed frequent

monitoring and inspection.
     In July of 1988, Erie Independence House, ("EIH")0
performed a Health Care Evaluation of Lisa to determine what
products, services and accommodations she needed to achieve
maximum feasible physical, psychological, social and vocational
rehabilitation. The resulting Report was based upon a five day
evaluation at EIH, a review of Lisa's medical records, and an on-
site evaluation of her home. The EIH Evaluation made specific
recommendations as to those things EIH felt essential for Lisa's
rehabilitation and care, including functional equipment, housing
modification and adaptations, psychological counseling, physical
therapy and attendant care services. The services and
accommodations EIH recommended included a regimen of specific
exercises and hygiene. It also recommended that "Miss Obusek
should . . .receive Attendant Care for all activities of daily
living." EIH Evaluation at 7. EIH defined attendant care
services as including, but not limited to, "bowel routines;
bladder routines; bathing; dressing; weight shifts; transfers;
hygiene care; range of motion; house cleaning; exercise routines;
leisure time activities; and wheelchair maintenance, etc." Id.
EIH recommended that the attendant care services be provided on a
twenty-four hour a day basis. Id. EIH also recommended that
Lisa:

            1. [r]eceive 68.67 hours weekly . . . of
            direct personal care assistance, with the
            understanding that more hours may be
            necessary if she should become ill.

            2. [r]eceive 21.64 hours of ancillary
            assistance weekly, to maintain her living
            environment.

            3. [h]ave an attendant available to her for
            the remaining 77.69 hours weekly, after
            personal care and ancillary services are
            completed. These hours are necessary to
            avoid problems, and give assistance
            throughout the week should problems, based on
            her physical disability occur.

Id. at 6.

0
Erie Independence House is a facility which offers attendant
care and support services to physically disabled,
mentally alert people.

                                 4
        EIH defines an attendant or personal assistant as a person

"who facilitates physical or social independency (sic) by doing

chores required by the disabled person."       Id. at Attachment #10,

p. 100, quoting GEORGE NELSON WRIGHT, PH.D., TOTAL REHABILITATION at 74

(1st Ed. 1980).     An attendant "is a paid employee who provides

regular, in-home personal care. . . . An attendant is often the

most important person in the life of a disabled individual.

Attendant care. . . reduces the necessity of institutionalizing

disabled persons." Id. at 101, quoting TOTAL REHABILITATION at 746-

747.0

        Staff members of EIH testified that the daily attendant care

of quadriplegics can be, and usually is, provided by unskilled

lay persons.     The only requirements for the job are a high school

diploma, a driver's license and having attained the age of 18. In

1989, EIH paid attendant care providers at the rate of $5.00 per

hour.

        Gilbert Brenes, M.D., Director of the Spinal Cord Injury

Program at Harmarville Rehabilitation Center in Pittsburgh, and

the rehabilitation expert hired by Travelers, examined Lisa and

concluded that she did not require the services of a registered

or licensed practical nurse to provide the attendant care she

needs.     He did, however, conclude that Lisa needed 16 hours a day

of attendant care.     Additionally, he recommended that a licensed

0
See also Pennsylvania Attendant Care Services Act, 65 Pa. Con.
Stats. Ann. § 305 et seq. ("Attendant care services [are]. .
.those basic and ancillary services which enable an eligible
individual to live in his home and community rather than in an
institution and to carry out functions of daily living, self-care
and mobility. . . .")

                                    5
practical nurse "be available to change the Foley catheter, to

supervise the attendant care so that is done effectively or at

any time that [Lisa] runs into respiratory, skin, autonomic or GU

complications.' Joint Appendix at 473a.

     Lisa's mother, Anna Rose Obusek, is a high school graduate

who worked as a part-time bookkeeper before Lisa's accident.    She

is not a registered nurse or a licensed practical nurse and she

does not have a license or certification in either medical or

rehabilitative care.   However, hospital staff advised Mrs. Obusek

on Lisa's care in the months immediately following Lisa's

accident, and Mrs. Obusek has provided the attendant care and

services Lisa has needed to survive since then.   This care

includes preparation of meals; setting-up of eating utensils;

cleaning-up after meals, assisting with drinking and taking

medication; transferring Lisa between bed and wheelchair;

dressing and undressing; assisting with Lisa's personal hygiene

and grooming; changing, emptying and cleaning the urine bags;

bowel stimulation; range-of-motion exercises; changing and

sterilizing the Foley catheter; cleaning the bedroom; assisting

in the use of exercise equipment; turning Lisa in bed at night;

doing laundry; and providing maintenance of wheelchairs.

                       B. Procedural History

     Neither Lisa, nor the driver of the car she was riding in

had automobile insurance at the time of the accident. Therefore,

Lisa filed an application for no-fault benefits with

Pennsylvania's Assigned Claims Plan. The Assigned Claims Plan is

                                 6
an entity created pursuant to section 108 of the No-Fault Act, 40

Pa.C.S.A. § 1009.108, (repealed), to provide basic no-fault loss

benefits to victims of motor vehicle accidents who have no other

source of basic loss benefit coverage. The Plan initially

assigned Lisa's claim to Allstate Insurance Company for

evaluation and processing.   Lisa requested coverage for all

"products, services and accommodations" required for her "maximum

feasible restoration/rehabilitation" pursuant to the No-Fault

Act, including modifications to her parents' home, a modified van

to allow for transportation, and 24 hour a day attendant care

services.

     Allstate initially denied Lisa's claim for basic loss

benefits, and she responded by suing Allstate in the Court of

Common Pleas of Allegheny County. Obusek v. Allstate Insurance

Company, No. G.D. 79-27948 (C.P. Alleg. Cty. 1979).    That matter

was not litigated, however, because a settlement was reached

whereby Allstate agreed to pay a variety of benefits, including

the cost of building an addition to the Obusek home.    Allstate

also agreed to pay $40.20 per day for the 24 hour attendant care

services provided by Mrs. Obusek and other family members.      Those

payments were to continue for 18 months and the parties where

then to be free to negotiate further payments.

     When the 18 month period expired in August of 1982, Allstate

agreed to continue paying at an increased per diem rate of

$45.79. The original agreement was extended in all other respects

for an additional two years, until August 25, 1984.    At the

conclusion of that two year period, a third agreement was

                                7
negotiated wherein the per diem was increased to $125, or $45,625

per year, for a period of four years -- until August 25, 1988.

The third agreement also provided that upon its expiration, the

parties would each:
          have the right to request an increase or
          decrease in these payments. . . . should the
          parties be unable to reach such an agreement,
          each party will have the right to seek to
          resolve this issue through appropriate
          litigation pursuant to the Pennsylvania No-
          Fault Act.

Allstate also agreed to continue to pay the $125 per day,

augmented annually by the increase in the consumer price index in

the event of litigation.

     In January of 1987, the Plan assigned Lisa's claim to

Travelers, and Travelers began making the attendant care services

payments.   As of August, 1988, the insurance companies had paid

more than $239,800 to the Obuseks for the services provided by

Lisa's mother.

     On August 28, 1988 (after the third agreement expired)

Travelers filed a declaratory judgment action under 28 U.S.C.

§2201 in the United States District Court for the Western

District of Pennsylvania, seeking a determination of whether

Travelers was obligated to pay Lisa for attendant care services

provided in her home by her mother.   Travelers asserted three

reasons why it believed such services were not compensable.

     First, Travelers contended that Mrs. Obusek's services were

not compensable because she was not a licensed health care

provider. Section 103 of the No-Fault Act, 40 Pa.C.S.A. §1009.103

                                8
stated that the insurer is "not obligated to provide basic loss

benefits for allowable expense for medical and vocational

rehabilitation services" if the providers of the services are not

accredited by the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania.

     Second, Travelers contended that the services being provided

by Lisa's mother were custodial only, and not rehabilitative.

Section 103 also required that compensable rehabilitative

services "reduce disability and. . . restore the . . .

functioning of the victim."

     Third, Travelers contended that the services were

replacement services and that Lisa had already been paid the

maximum allowable amount for replacement services under the No-

Fault Act. Section 103 defines "replacement services" as

"ordinary and necessary services in lieu of those the victim

would have performed, not for income, but for the benefit of

himself. . . if he had not been injured."   The Act placed a cap

on the amount of benefits payable for replacement services and

that limit had been exceeded.

     Lisa responded to Travelers' suit by filing a counterclaim

in which she also requested declaratory relief.   She asked the

court to declare that:
          (1) TRAVELERS is obligated to pay LISA for
          attendant care provided by her family,
          pursuant to the terms of the AGREEMENT
          entered into between LISA and ALLSTATE on
          10/9/84; and that

          (2) The daily attendant care payments are to
          be based upon the fair market value of such
          services; and that

                                9
          (3) TRAVELERS is to provide LISA with all the
          products, services and accommodations
          required for LISA's maximum rehabilitation --
          and as set forth in the prior AGREEMENTS
          between LISA, ALLSTATE and the PLAN, and as
          stated in the attached EIH evaluation, and as
          otherwise may be required;

          (4) TRAVELERS is to pay LISA 18%
          penalty/delay interest as to all products,
          services and accommodations, or the fair
          value thereof, not provided by TRAVELERS --
          pursuant to the Pennsylvania No-Fault Act;

          (5) TRAVELERS is to pay LISA for counsel fees
          and costs incurred by LISA because of this
          litigation and because of TRAVELERS' failure
          to provide, of (sic) fully pay for, required
          products, services and accommodations.

Lisa also demanded four types of home improvements and

approximately 30 pieces of equipment.

     Travelers answered the counterclaim by admitting that it had

not conducted a recent examination of Lisa and conceding that it

therefore had no reports which refuted the recommendations

contained in the EIH evaluation.      However, Travelers did raise as

a defense its contention that Lisa had never requested any of the

products or services which the EIH evaluation recommended as

necessary.   Travelers therefore asserted that the issue of Lisa's

entitlement to the services and accommodations recommended by EIH

was not ripe for resolution.    Additionally, Travelers contended

that it had never been provided with a copy of the EIH evaluation

until it was attached as an exhibit to the counterclaim.

     After discovery was completed, the parties filed cross-

motions for summary judgment.   After some delay, the district

                                 10
court assigned the case to a magistrate judge who issued her

Report and Recommendation on May 11, 1993, recommending that

Travelers' summary judgment motion be granted and Lisa's be

denied.     The magistrate judge based her recommendation on the

fact that Lisa's mother was not a licensed health care provider.

The magistrate judge reasoned that Travelers was therefore not

obligated to pay for Mrs. Obusek's services under the No-Fault

Act.    Report and Recommendation at 7-8.   However, the magistrate

judge further concluded that Lisa's claims for home improvements

and other equipment were not amenable to summary judgment.     Id.

       The district court adopted the Report and Recommendation

over the Obuseks' objections and Travelers stopped making monthly

payments.    Thereafter, on January 7, 1994, at a status

conference, the parties reached a settlement on all of the home

improvement and equipment claims contained in Lisa's

counterclaim.     That settlement was eventually reduced to writing

and approved by the district court.

       During that status conference the parties debated whether

any issues remained outstanding for the court to decide.     Lisa's

counsel contended that the district court only decided that

Travelers has no obligation to pay for attendant care services

provided by Lisa's mother but did not decide whether Travelers

had any obligation to pay for attendant care services that may be

provided by a licensed caregiver.      Travelers disagreed and argued

that the summary judgment in its favor had resolved all of the

issues in the case.

                                  11
     Following briefing on this issue, the district court issued

a Memorandum Opinion and Judgment Order dated October 14, 1994,

in which it ruled that the issue of Travelers' obligation to pay

for attendant care services, if provided by a licensed care-

giver, was ripe for determination.    The district court then

granted summary judgment in Lisa's favor, and held that attendant

care services, if "provided by accredited, non-family

professional medical treatment and care providers" constitute

"professional medical treatment and care" within the meaning of

the No-Fault Act, and therefore, attendant care services are an

"allowable expense" under the Act. Memorandum Opinion at 11.

Travelers subsequent motion for reconsideration was denied, and

this appeal followed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291.
                           II. Discussion

     Travelers submits that the only person providing daily care

services to Lisa is her mother, and that there is nothing in the

record which shows that Lisa has any plans or intentions to hire

anyone else to provide those services in the near future.

Additionally, Travelers contends that no one ever asked that it

pay for attendant care services provided by an accredited care-

giver.    Travelers suggests that it is therefore entirely

"speculative whether anyone other than Mrs. Obusek will ever

provide attendant care services to her daughter."    Brief of

Appellant at 19.    Accordingly, Travelers argues that the issue of

its obligation to pay for attendant care services provided by a

licensed care-giver is not ripe for resolution.

                                 12
                           A. Ripeness

     The Declaratory Judgment Act provides, in relevant part, as

follows:
            § 2201. Creation of remedy

             (a) In a case of actual controversy within
           its jurisdiction,. . . any court of the
           United States, upon the filing of an
           appropriate pleading, may declare the rights
           and other legal relations of any interested
           party seeking such declaration, whether or
           not further relief is or could be sought. Any
           such declaration shall have the force and
           effect of a final judgment or decree and
           shall be reviewable as such.

28 U.S.C. § 2201(a).   Of course, Article III, Section 2 of the

Constitution of the United States "limits federal jurisdiction to

actual 'cases' and 'controversies.'" Armstrong World Industries,

Inc. v. Adams, 961 F.2d 405, 410 (3d Cir. 1992).     This

constitutional provision "stands as a direct prohibition on the

issuance of advisory opinions."    Id.   The existence of a "case or

controversy" is a condition precedent to the proper exercise of

judicial power by a federal court and the Declaratory Judgment

Act can not relax that constitutional requirement. Skelly Oil Co.
v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 339 U.S. 667, 671 (1950).     As the

Supreme Court explained in Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal

& Oil Co.:
          The difference between an abstract question
          and a 'controversy' contemplated by the
          Declaratory Judgment Act is necessarily one
          of degree, and it would be difficult, if not
          impossible, to fashion a precise test for
          determining in every case whether there is
          such a controversy. Basically, the question
          in each case is whether the facts alleged,
          under all the circumstances, show that there

                                  13
          is a substantial controversy, between parties
          having adverse legal interests, of sufficient
          immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance
          of a declaratory judgment.

312 U.S. 270, 273 (1941). We have previously noted that:
          [t]o satisfy Article III's case or
          controversy requirement, an action must
          present (1) a legal controversy that is real
          and not hypothetical, (2) a legal controversy
          that affects an individual in a concrete
          manner so as to provide the factual predicate
          for reasoned adjudication, and (3) a legal
          controversy so as to sharpen the issues for
          judicial resolution.

Armstrong World Industries, Inc. v. Adams, 961 F.2d 405, 411
(3rd. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted).     As will be

discussed in greater detail infra, as part of our inquiry into

"ripeness", the instant controversy satisfies this requirement.

     Federal jurisdiction is also limited by the doctrine of

"ripeness".   "Ripeness" "determines when a proper party may bring

an action."   Id.    The function of the ripeness doctrine is to

prevent federal courts "through avoidance of premature

adjudication, from entangling themselves in abstract
disagreements."     Abbott Lab. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 148

(1967).   While we have noted that there is some disagreement as

to whether the ripeness doctrine is grounded in the case or

controversy requirement or is more properly viewed as a

"prudential limitation on federal jurisdiction," we recognize

that the doctrine is at least partially grounded in the case or

controversy requirement. Armstrong World Industries, Inc., 961

F.2d at 411 n. 12.

                                  14
     The parameters of "ripeness" are especially difficult to

define within the context of declaratory judgment actions.        Step-

Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology, 912 F.2d 643, 646

(3d Cir. 1990).   This difficulty is due, in large measure, to the

fact that declaratory judgments are, of necessity, rendered

before an "accomplished" injury has been suffered.        Id. at 647.

Nonetheless, we have developed a method of analysis that focuses

upon three factors to aid in determining if and when a

declaratory judgment action is ripe.    We examine the "adversity

of the interest" between the parties to the action, the

"conclusiveness" of the declaratory judgment and "the practical

help, or utility" of the declaratory judgment.      Id.    If we are

satisfied that all three elements are present, the declaratory

judgment action is ripe.
                     1. Adversity of Interests

     Parties' interests are adverse where harm will result if the

declaratory judgment is not entered.   Although the action cannot

be based on a contingency,    Id. at 647-648,    the party seeking

declaratory relief need not wait until the harm has actually

occurred to bring the action.   Armstrong World Industries, Inc.
v. Adams, 961 F.2d at 412.    Thus, in an appropriate circumstance,

a litigant can seek a declaratory judgment where the harm is

threatened in the future.    However, the plaintiff must

demonstrate that the probability of that future event occurring

is real and substantial, "'of sufficient immediacy and reality to

warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.'"     Salvation Army
v. Department of Community Affairs, 919 F.2d 183, 192 (3d Cir.

                                 15
1990) (quoting Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 460 (1974)).

Accordingly, a party need not decide between attempting to meet

the nearly insurmountable burden of establishing that the

relevant injury is a mathematical certainty to occur, nor must a

party await actual injury before filing suit.   Erecting such

barriers would eviscerate the Declaratory Judgment Act and render

the relief it was intended to provide illusory.    However,

ripeness requires that the threat of future harm must remain

"real and immediate" throughout the course of the litigation. Id.

(quoting Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 459 n. 10).

     Here, Travelers has taken the position that attendant care

services are custodial in nature and that it therefore has no

obligation under the No-Fault Act to pay for those services.

Lisa, of course, contends otherwise.    There is, therefore, a very

real and immediate adversity of interests. This adversity is not

negated merely because Travelers' own expert agrees that

attendant care services are an absolute necessity, and that Lisa

cannot do without them.   That consideration is, however, relevant

to the eventual resolution of the adversity of interests.
                          2. Conclusiveness

     The declaratory judgment must also be conclusive.     That is,

the legal status of the parties must be changed or clarified by

the declaration.   Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse
Technology, 912 F.2d at 648.   This portion of the analysis is

part and parcel of the constitutionally mandated inquiry into the

existence of a case or controversy.    The "contest must be based

on a 'real and substantial controversy admitting of specific

                                 16
relief through a decree of a conclusive character, as

distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon

a hypothetical state of facts.'" Id. at 649 (quoting Aetna Life

Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 241 (1937)).     An integral part

of the conclusiveness inquiry is the necessity that the court be

presented with a set of facts from which it can make findings.

Without a concrete set of facts, the court cannot engage in its

required fact-finding role and declare the parties' rights based

on those facts.    Without the necessary facts, the court is left

to render an advisory opinion.     Id.; Armstrong World Industries,

Inc., F.2d at 412.

        Nonetheless, there are situations where the need for

complete factual development is not absolutely essential.      For

instance, where the question presented is "predominately legal",

such as a question of federal preemption, a factual record is not

as crucial as in a case where the question is whether there has

been an unconstitutional taking of private property.     Armstrong

World Industries, Inc., at 412.     There are also situations where

a declaratory judgment can be issued absent proof of a necessary

fact.    For example, if a future event is "certain to occur, such

as enforcement of an existing statute or the death of a life-

tenant or the future expiration of a contract, franchise or

lease”, a judgment declaring rights is appropriate."      Step-Saver
Data Systems, Inc., 912 F.2d at 649 n. 7 (quoting EDWIN BORCHARD,

DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS at 37-38 (2d Ed. 1941).

        The conclusiveness of resolution of the instant controversy

is closely related to the utility of resolving it.     A declaration

                                  17
will conclusively establish Lisa's right to receive payment for

attendant care if that care is given by an appropriate health

care professional.   Lisa ought not to have to risk incurring the

financial obligation of such care before knowing if Travelers is

obligated to pay for it, and the question is primarily a legal

one involving interpretation of the applicable legislation.
                            3. Utility

     Finally, the declaratory judgment must have utility.   It

must be of some practical help to the parties.   The Declaratory

Judgments Act was enacted "to clarify legal relationships so that

plaintiffs (and possibly defendants) could make responsible

decisions about the future." Step-Saver, at 650.
          The idea behind the Act was to clarify legal
          relationships so that [parties] cold make
          responsible decisions about the future.   As
          Congressman Gilbert remarked in debate,
          '[u]nder the present [pre-Declaratory
          Judgment Act] law, you take a step in the
          dark and then turn on the light to see if you
          have stepped in a hole. Under the
          declaratory judgment law you turn on the
          light and then take the step.'

Id. at 649-50.

     Contrary to Travelers’ suggestion, we think that the record,

at least implicitly, reflects that, if her mother’s services are

not compensable, Lisa Obusek wishes to employ the a licensed

health care giver to provide the attendant care services that she

needs.   She need to know whether attendant care services are an

allowable expense under the No-Fault Act if they are administered

by a licensed health care professional.   She should not have to

blindly take the step of incurring an expense that Travelers may

                                18
be legally obligated to assume before being told if she has

stepped in a hole.
        B. Plaintiff's Prior Requests For Attendant Care.

     We do not agree with Travelers' contention that Lisa has

never asked Travelers to pay for attendant care services provided

by non-family, accredited care givers.    The EIH Health Care

Evaluation was attached to her counterclaim and, as recited

above, the Evaluation recommended attendant care services.      The

counterclaim specifically requested that the court declare that

"TRAVELERS is to provide LISA with all the products, services and

accommodations required for LISA's maximum rehabilitation -- as

set forth in the prior AGREEMENTS between LISA, ALLSTATE and the

PLAN, and as stated in the attached EIH evaluation, and as

otherwise may be required;. . ." (emphasis added).

     We find that the above-quoted prayer for relief in the

counterclaim and the EIH Evaluation attached to the counterclaim

is a clear and unequivocal demand for attendant care services

under the No-Fault Act.

     Finally, it is obvious that a declaratory judgment here will

be of practical help to the parties.     When the question of

Travelers' obligation to pay for attendant care services provided

by an accredited care-giver is finally resolved, Lisa and her

family can make decisions about the future and Travelers will

know the extent of its liability.

     Accordingly, the issue of Travelers' obligation under the

No-Fault Act to pay for attendant care services provided by an

accredited care-giver is ripe for resolution.

                               19
                      C. Allowable Expenses

     The No-Fault Act allowed persons injured in automobile

accidents to recover "allowable expense[s]."    The Act defined

such expenses in relevant part, as follows:
          "Allowable expense" means reasonable charges
          incurred for, or the reasonable value of
          (where no charges are incurred), reasonably
          needed and used products, services and
          accommodations for:

          (A) professional medical treatment and care;

          (B) emergency health services;

          (C) medical and vocational rehabilitation
          services;

          (D) expenses directly related to the funeral,
          burial, cremation, or other form of
          disposition of the remains of a deceased
          victim, not to exceed one thousand five
          hundred ($1,500) dollars;. . .

40 Pa.C.S.A. § 1009.103 (repealed).     The parties agree that the

attendant care in dispute here does not fall under the category

of "emergency health services.”0    Lisa does contend, however,

that her attendant care needs do fit within the definition of

“professional medical treatment and care” and “medical

rehabilitation services.”0
0
 "Emergency health services" refer to emergency services
administered by emergency medical personnel. Id.
0
 Although Lisa is arguing that her attendant care requirements
are medical rehabilitation services, we note that to the extent
that attendant care would not reduce Lisa’s disability or restore
her functioning, the cost for those services would not be
recoverable as “medical and vocational rehabilitation services”
under the No-Fault Act. Reilly v. SEPTA, 489 A.2d 1291 (Pa.
1985). Whether or not attendant care services which would tend
to reduce disability or to restore functioning are recoverable

                                   20
     The district court concluded that the Pennsylvania Supreme

Court's decision in Drake v. Pennsylvania National Mutual

Casualty Ins. Co., 601 A.2d 797 (Pa. 1992), controlled its

analysis.     The court held that, under Drake, attendant care

"provided by accredited non-family, professional medical

treatment and care providers" is an allowable expense under

Section 103 of the Act,     Memorandum Opinion at 11, and therefore

granted summary judgment to Lisa on her attendant care claim.0

     Travelers argues that Drake is not controlling; that

attendant care services are not an allowable expense under the

Act even if provided by accredited care-givers; and that it

therefore has no obligation to pay for such services.    In Drake,

Millard Fertig suffered serious spinal injuries when the

automobile he was driving was struck from behind by another car.

As a result of the injuries, Fertig was rendered quadriplegic. He

received in-patient hospital care for approximately two months

and then was released to his home with special equipment and

nursing care.    However, within a year of the accident, he was

admitted to a nursing home where he remained until his death

approximately 5 years later.

     Fertig's automobile was covered by insurance under the No-

Fault Act and his carrier paid all of the costs of his medical

treatments.    However, approximately three years before his death,

under the Act as “medical and vocational rehabilitation services”
appears to be an open question under Pennsylvania law and is a
question which we do not decide today.
0
 We exercise plenary review over the district court's grant of
summary judgment. Nathanson v. Medical College of Pennsylvania,
926 F.2d 1368, 1380 (3d Cir. 1991).

                                  21
the carrier filed a state-court declaratory judgment action to

determine its obligation to pay for Fertig's room charges in the

nursing home under the No-Fault Act.    The carrier argued that it

was not liable for the room charges because Fertig "was receiving

only custodial care at the home rather than medical or

rehabilitative treatment."   Drake, 601 A.2d 797, 798-799.

     At trial, the carrier presented medical testimony that

Fertig had reached the point in his rehabilitation where he was

no longer a candidate for physical therapy "and was receiving

only maintenance and supportive care."    Id. at 799. However, one

physician testified that Fertig needed periodic review of his

bladder and bowel functions, that he required skilled nursing

care or his condition could regress, and that even though he was

not a candidate for rehabilitation he needed medical and nursing

care because of his condition.   Id.

     The trial court found that Fertig's medical condition

required the care he was receiving at the nursing home and that

Fertig's no-fault carrier had to pay that cost under the Act.

Accordingly, the trial court ordered the carrier to pay for all

of Fertig's charges at the nursing home including that portion of

the charges that resulted from only custodial care.

     On appeal, the Pennsylvania Superior Court reversed, holding

that under Reilly v. SEPTA, 489 A.2d 1291 (Pa. 1985), no-fault
carriers have no obligation to pay for expenses that are merely

custodial.   See Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Ins. Co. v.
Fertig, 555 A.2d 208 (Pa. Super. 1989).    In so deciding, the

Superior Court quoted Reilly stating:     "[s]ervices which do not

                                 22
reduce the disability of the victim or restore his functioning,

being custodial in nature, would not be recoverable under the No-

Fault Act. . . ."   555 A.2d at 209, (quoting Reilly, 489 A.2d at

1303).   The Pennsylvania Supreme Court then granted allocatur:
           [t]o consider whether such custodial care
           might be 'medical care' payable by the
           insurer as an allowable expense under 40 P.S.
           § 1009.103 even though Reilly held that it
           was not the responsibility of the insurer
           because it was not "rehabilitation" under
           §103.

601 A.2d at 799.

     The Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that the Superior

Court's reliance on Reilly had been misplaced and reversed.    601

A.2d at 800. The court reasoned that Reilly only held that

custodial care that was not rehabilitative was not recoverable as

"medical and vocational rehabilitation services."   However, "[i]t

was never suggested that custodial, non-rehabilitative care might

nonetheless be 'medical care' recoverable from a no-fault carrier

as another type of allowable expense, namely 'professional

medical treatment and care.'"   Id.

     The Court noted that the purpose of the No-Fault Act was to

provide prompt and adequate basic loss benefits to victims of

motor vehicle accidents and to guarantee that accident victims

receive prompt and comprehensive professional treatment.     Id. The

court also noted that under Pennsylvania's Statutory Construction

Act, 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1928(c), the No-Fault Act "must be liberally
construed to effectuate its purposes, erring in favor of coverage

                                23
for the insured in close or doubtful cases." Id. (emphasis

added).

     The court ruled that Fertig's nursing home accommodations

would be covered under the No-Fault Act if the accommodations

were necessary either as "professional medical treatment and

care" or "medical and vocational rehabilitation services."     The

court concluded that if the cost of Fertig's nursing home

accommodations was an allowable expense, then the room charges,

i.e., custodial care charges, were covered as well. Id. at 801.

Although Reilly precluded no-fault coverage for non-

rehabilitative custodial care, the court determined "that

entitlement for the cost of 'professional medical treatment and

care' may include medically necessary nursing services even if

the services may be characterized as custodial."   Id.    Thus,

Fertig's nursing home accommodations were payable by his no-fault

carrier as "professional medical treatment and care,"    and

constituted an allowable expense under the Act even if some of

the services included in those charges were custodial in nature

as long as the custodial services were "necessary due to

accident-related injuries."   Id.
     The analysis in Drake was based, in part, on language

contained in Fertig's no-fault policy with the carrier.     That

policy covered reasonable charges incurred for "professional

medical treatment and care" which included "hospital and

professional nursing services for diagnosis, care, and recovery.

. . ." Id.   Here, there is no insurance policy because Lisa's

claim was processed under the Assigned Claims Plan.    Nonetheless,

                                24
we do not believe that the absence of a policy which defines

"professional medical treatment and care" is crucial to the

resolution of this case.   The Drake court noted that the No-Fault

Act does not define "professional medical treatment and care".

Additionally, the court noted that neither the No-Fault Act nor

31 Pa. Code § 66.102 (which sets forth a sample No-Fault

insurance policy) excludes custodial care from the definition of

"professional medical treatment and care."     Drake at 801.

     Under Drake, custodial services that are administered as

part of professional medical treatment and care are an allowable

expense under the No-Fault Act so long as they are required

because of accident-related injuries.   See also, American

Motorists Insurance Co. v. Farmers Bank and Trust Co. of Hanover,

644 A.2d 1232 (Pa. Super. 1994).

     In Farmers Bank and Trust Co., American Motorists, the no-

fault carrier, filed a petition for declaratory judgment seeking

to be relieved of its obligation to pay for nursing home services

which it characterized as "custodial care".    Id. at 1233. Farmers

Bank, the guardian of the estate of the person injured in the

automobile accident, filed an answer and then moved for judgment

on the pleadings, alleging that it was entitled to judgment as a

matter of law because the no-fault carrier failed to raise the

issue of whether the nursing home care was related to the

accident.   The trial court granted the motion for judgment on the

pleadings and the no-fault carrier appealed.

                                25
     A panel of the Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed the

trial court's grant of the motion for judgment on the pleadings.0

In reaching that decision, the court commented as follows:
             In Drake v. Pennsylvania Nat. Mut. Cas.
          Ins. Co.,. . ., our supreme court held that,
          under the No-Fault Act, there is no per se
          exclusion for expenses related to medical and
          nursing care which is custodial; and that the
          cost of custodial care was an allowable
          expense under the applicable no-fault
          automobile policy under the No-Fault Act, so
          long as it was necessary due to accident
          related injuries. Thus, the fact that the
          insured is receiving custodial care does not,
          of itself, relieve the insurer of the
          responsibility of the cost of his care.
          Rather, the insurer must, in terms of a
          motion for judgment on the pleadings, allege
          not only that the care is custodial, but also
          that the care in unrelated to the accident,
          in order to be relieved of the financial
          responsibility for the costs of this type of
          care.

644 A.2d at 1235 (citations omitted).   Accord, Gallagher v.

Harleysville Mutual Insurance Co., 617 A.2d 790, (Pa. Super.,

1992) ("custodial services are compensable under § 1009.103 as an

allowable expense of a professional medical treatment or care.")
     Travelers is arguing that custodial care in the form of

attendant care is not compensable under the Act even if

administered by accredited health care professionals.

0
Although the Superior Court affirmed the trial court's grant of
the motion for judgment on the pleadings in regard to the
carrier's failure to plead that the care was unrelated to the
accident, the Superior Court reversed the trial court on the
trial court's finding that the four year statute of limitations
for declaratory judgment actions barred the no-fault carrier from
amending its complaint. 644 A.2d at 1235.

                               26
     It is beyond dispute that if Lisa were institutionalized in

a rehabilitation center or nursing home Travelers would be

obligated to pay the cost of custodial care that she received.

See Drake, supra.    Travelers' argument here is merely a

restatement of the position that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

ruled against in Drake. The only distinction we perceive between

Drake and its progeny on the one hand, and Lisa's claim on the

other hand, is that Lisa has chosen to remain at home rather than

be institutionalized.    That choice cannot defeat her claim for

No-Fault benefits.     She needs attendant care because of her

accident-related injuries, and Travelers cannot argue otherwise.

Travelers' own expert opined that Lisa should have a licensed

practical nurse available to her to change her Foley catheter and

to supervise the attendant care "so that it is done effectively

or any time she runs into respiratory, skin, autonomic, or GU

complications."     Joint Appendix at 473a.   In addition to nursing

supervision of her general attendant care, Lisa needs review of

her bowel functions, including periodic artificial stimulation.

This attention to bowel and bladder functions is similar to the

kind of care Fertig was receiving in the nursing home in Drake

and is, we believe, the kind of care that led the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court to find that Fertig's nursing home accommodations

were "professional medical treatment and care."

     A contrary conclusion would mean that Lisa can only receive

the attendant services she needs if she is taken from her own

home and placed in a professional care facility such as a nursing

home.   Yet, such a result would not benefit either party to this

                                  27
dispute.   It would add to Travelers' costs, and relegate Lisa to

an institution.   Accordingly, we find that the attendant care

services needed by Lisa are an allowable expense under Section

103(A) of the No-Fault Act.0

     Nevertheless, after a careful review of the record, we are

concerned that the district court did not adequately address the

exact nature and type of attendant care services Lisa requires.

It appears that the district court assumed that Lisa would need

the attendant care services outlined in the EIH Evaluation,

however the court never made a finding to that effect. See

Memorandum Opinion at 5 n. 3.0   It is, of course, entirely

possible that the district court intended that the "attendant

care services" at issue are those set forth in the comprehensive

and detailed EIH recommendation attached to the counterclaim and

a formal finding to that effect may, therefore, be all that is

necessary. In its order dated October 14, 1994, the court simply

declared that Lisa was entitled to payment for all "'allowable

expenses' under the Pennsylvania No-Fault Motor Vehicle Insurance

Act . . . and [Drake]."   However, declaring that Travelers is

liable for all payments required by law does not provide either

side to this dispute the clarification the parties are entitled

0
 Because we hold that attendant care services are an allowable
expense under Section 103(A) of the No-Fault Act, it is
unnecessary to consider Travelers' argument that the attendant
care services are "replacement services" and therefore subject to
the statutory limit for payment for replacement services that has
already been met.
0
 Travelers apparently assumed for purposes of this appeal that
the attendant care services needed by Ms. Obusek are the same
services that her mother has been providing to her since
1980. Brief of Appellant at 22 n. 10.

                                 28
to.   Accordingly, we will remand for a determination of the

nature and type of attendant care services which are appropriate

for Lisa's needs.   If the district court concludes that those

services are sufficiently set forth in the EIH report it may, of

course, make a finding of fact to that effect.

                               IV.

      For the above reasons, we will reverse the district court’s

judgment and remand for a determination of the nature and type of

attendant care services required by Lisa.

                                29