Court Opinion

ID: 3040557
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:03:17.275105+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:12:42.024239
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 04-1696
                                     ___________

Gary Lefkowitz,                           *
                                          *
      Petitioner - Appellant,             *
                                          * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  * District Court for the
                                          * District of Minnesota.
United States of America,                 *
                                          *
      Respondent - Appellee.              *
                                     ___________

                                Submitted: March 10, 2006
                                   Filed: May 3, 2006
                                    ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, HANSEN and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

       Gary Lefkowitz and his company, Citi-Equity Group, developed and built low
and moderate income housing projects. Lefkowitz used project funds to pay personal
expenses and operating costs, contrary to representations made to investors and
lenders. The scheme eventually collapsed, and a jury convicted Lefkowitz of forty-
five counts of mail fraud, wire fraud, income tax fraud, bankruptcy fraud, obstruction
of justice, and managing a continuing financial crimes enterprise. The district court
sentenced him to 293 months in prison. Lefkowitz appealed. We reversed the
conviction on two counts and remanded for resentencing. United States v. Lefkowitz,
125 F.3d 608 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1079 (1998) (Lefkowitz I). On
remand, the district court again sentenced him to 293 months in prison. Lefkowitz
appealed, and we summarily affirmed. United States v. Lefkowitz, 187 F.3d 644 (8th
Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1190 (2000) (Lefkowitz II).

      Lefkowitz then filed this motion for relief from a criminal sentence under 28
U.S.C. § 2255, raising numerous issues. The district court1 rejected many claims as
procedurally defaulted, rejected the rest on the merits, and denied § 2255 relief
without an evidentiary hearing. United States v. Lefkowitz, 289 F. Supp. 2d 1076 (D.
Minn. 2003) (Lefkowitz III). As subsequently amended by this court, Lefkowitz was
granted a certificate of appealability on two issues:

      1. Did this Court’s limitation of funding to $169,000 for accountant
      experts, after a recommendation by the district court for full funding for
      the accounting experts in the amount of $300,000, and the cessation of
      funding for accountant experts prior to trial, result in the denial of the
      defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of
      counsel?

      2. Do Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), United States v.
      Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), and United States v. Fanfan, 125 S. Ct.
738 (2005), apply to this case, and, if so, with what result?

We also granted Lefkowitz’s motions for leave to file an overlength brief and reply
brief. He responded with briefs arguing issues that go far beyond the limits of the
amended certificate of appealability. Moreover, most if not all of those additional
issues were procedurally defaulted in Lefkowitz I and Lefkowitz II. We confine our
review to the issues on which a certificate of appealability was granted and affirm.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Harris v. Bowersox, 184 F.3d 744, 748 (8th Cir. 1999), cert.
denied, 528 U.S. 1097 (2000).

      1
        The HONORABLE DAVID S. DOTY, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

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                       I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.

       Well before trial, the district court appointed counsel to represent Lefkowitz
under the Criminal Justice Act (“CJA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3006A. The court also ruled that
Lefkowitz would ultimately bear the cost of his defense and ordered him to deposit
$250,000 for that purpose because he had not shown that he was financially unable
to obtain counsel. See § 3006A(b). Lefkowitz never obeyed that order. Appointed
counsel subsequently applied for $300,000 in CJA funds to obtain the services of
accounting experts for the defense. The district court recommended approval of that
amount, but a judge of this court limited the funding to $169,000. See § 3006A(e)(3).
An expert accountant testified for the defense at the May 1995 trial.

       Before sentencing, Lefkowitz moved for judgment as a matter of law or a new
trial. He argued both that the lack of expert witness funding deprived him of his Fifth
Amendment right to due process (a fair trial), and that he was denied his Sixth
Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel because trial counsel suffered
from a prejudicial lack of accounting knowledge caused by the court’s refusal to
approve sufficient funds to acquire the necessary expert assistance. The district court
denied that motion in a twenty-four page Order dated December 7, 1995, discussing
both the Fifth and Sixth Amendment issues. On direct appeal, Lefkowitz argued that
he was denied due process when a judge of this court limited him to $169,000 in
accountant expert fees. We rejected that claim on the merits, concluding “that the
funds he received gave him the basic accounting tools for an adequate defense.”
Lefkowitz I, 125 F.3d at 620. Lefkowitz did not raise on appeal the related Sixth
Amendment contention he had raised in the district court.

       Lefkowitz now argues that the denial of $300,000 for accounting experts
constituted “court-induced” ineffective assistance of counsel, relying on pre-
Strickland cases such as United States v. King, 664 F.2d 1171 (10th Cir. 1981). This
claim is procedurally defaulted for two reasons. First, this Sixth Amendment issue

                                         -3-
could have been but was not raised on direct appeal. Although ineffective assistance
claims are usually deferred until post-conviction proceedings, they may be raised in
the trial court and on direct appeal if the relevant facts have been adequately
developed. See United States v. Williams, 897 F.2d 1430, 1434 (8th Cir. 1990).
Here, Lefkowitz raised the issue after trial, the district court developed the record and
denied relief on the merits, and the issue was not raised on direct appeal. “Absent an
intervening change in the applicable law, issues that have been raised and decided on
a motion for a new trial cannot be reconsidered in a subsequent collateral attack.”
United States v. Sanders, 723 F.2d 34, 36 (8th Cir. 1983) (citations omitted).

       Second, Lefkowitz does not contend that trial counsel’s assistance was
ineffective because counsel failed to aggressively pursue the grant of $300,000 in CJA
funds to pay accountant experts for the defense. Rather, the claim is that, despite
counsel’s efforts, the denial of this funding resulted in “court-induced” ineffective
assistance. This is in fact a due process claim. See Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575,
589 (1964); United States v. Ross, 210 F.3d 916, 921-22 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 531
U.S. 969 (2000). It was expressly raised and rejected in Lefkowitz I, 125 F.3d at 620.
Thus, the claim is procedurally barred. See Bear Stops v. United States, 339 F.3d 777,
780 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1094 (2003).

        Even if the claim were not procedurally barred, we agree with the district court
that it fails on the merits. After trial, the district court held a hearing to determine
whether Lefkowitz should be ordered to pay his costs of defense. The government
presented evidence that he had spent several hundred thousand dollars on personal
expenses and unrelated attorney's fees between June 1994 and February 1995,
contrary to his repeated claims of indigence. The district court determined that
Lefkowitz had funds available and ordered him to reimburse the government $316,693
for the cost of his defense. We upheld this ruling on direct appeal. Lefkowitz I, 125
F.3d at 621. Thus, any shortage in funds for Lefkowitz’s defense was caused by
Lefkowitz’s failure to fund his own defense when he had the means to do so, not by

                                          -4-
a lack of CJA funds to which he was not entitled. In other words, any ineffective
assistance of counsel was “Lefkowitz-induced,” not “court-induced.”

       Scattered throughout Lefkowitz’s brief and reply brief are many unrelated
allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel. These issues are beyond the purview
of the first question on which he was granted a certificate of appealability.
Accordingly, we do not consider them.

              II. Whether Blakely and Booker Apply to This Case.

        Lefkowitz argues that his Sixth Amendment rights as construed in Blakely and
Booker were violated when the district judge at sentencing found facts by a
preponderance of the evidence, particularly the amount of loss caused by his fraud,
that dramatically increased his guidelines sentencing range. In April 2005, we issued
an order revising Question 2 of the certificate of appealability to include whether the
Supreme Court’s recent decision in Booker applies to this case. Thereafter, a panel
of this court held that “the ‘new rule’ announced in Booker does not apply to criminal
convictions that became final before the rule was announced, and thus does not benefit
movants in collateral proceedings.” Never Misses A Shot v. United States, 413 F.3d
781, 783 (8th Cir. 2005). This holding is controlling here. Thus, Lefkowitz is entitled
to no relief on Question 2.

        We further note that Lefkowitz’s briefs include many additional arguments
raised as purported Booker issues. They are nothing of the kind. They simply rehash
arguments that were made or that could have been made in Lefkowitz I and Lefkowitz
II -- for example, that certain elements of his conviction under the continuing financial
crimes enterprise statute, 18 U.S.C. § 225, were not proven to the jury beyond a
reasonable doubt, and that the district court violated the unanimous jury principle of
Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S. 813 (1999), when it resentenced Lefkowitz after
his conviction on two of the forty-five counts was overturned on direct appeal. The

                                          -5-
district court thoroughly considered these issues. See Lefkowitz III, 289 F. Supp. 2d
at 1082-85. We decline to consider them because they go far beyond the scope of the
certificate of appealability.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________

                                         -6-