Court Opinion

ID: 4750197
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-12 17:44:33.598008+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:08:41.885944
License: Public Domain

¶23 (dissenting) — Under RCW 77.15-.080(1), a wildlife officer who has reason to believe an individual is engaged in hunting activities may stop a person to check for a valid hunting license. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife officers stopped Phillip R. Schlegel to check his hunting license as he drove out of a wildlife area. I disagree with the majority’s holding that RCW 77.15.080(1) permits a wildlife officer to stop a moving motor vehicle because I can think of no circumstances under which a vehicle’s occupants could be legitimately engaged in hunting activities. Other statutes allow wildlife officers to stop a motor vehicle under specific circumstances. For this reason, I must respectfully dissent.
Schultheis, J.
¶24 I quickly part company with the majority, starting with its characterization of the facts. I would discount the wildlife officer’s self-serving testimony, as well as the findings drawn from them, that Mr. Schlegel was on a hunting road, and he was dressed in hunting clothing, and driving a hunting-type vehicle.2 As the officer himself admits, Mr. Schlegel was merely driving a truck on a dirt road and *372wearing suitably warm clothing for the 20-degree weather. Nothing in the record indicates that the road to the wildlife area was specifically for hunters or that Mr. Schlegel was attired in hunter orange clothing. 3
¶25 Mr. Schlegel claimed in his appellate brief, and the superior court found, that because the stop by the wildlife officers was unconstitutional, the evidence from the stop cannot be used to suspend his driver’s license or by the State to support a driving under the influence (DUI) conviction. Although I agree with the result, a different approach is warranted.
¶26 The proper analysis begins with whether RCW 77.15.080 authorizes the stop the wildlife officers made. If not, the inquiry ends. But if the statute does authorize the stop, then the second question is whether that statutory authority violates the right to privacy guaranteed by article I, section 7 of the Washington State Constitution.4
¶27 The initial undertaking involves statutory interpretation, a question of law. Medcalf v. Dep’t of Licensing, 133 Wn.2d 290, 297, 944 P.2d 1014 (1997); State v. Breazeale, 144 Wn.2d 829, 837, 31 P.3d 1155 (2001). The “fundamental objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent, and if the statute’s meaning is plain on its face, then the court must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of the legislative intent.” Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002); State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 480, 28 P.3d 720 (2001).
¶[28 Under the plain meaning rule, we examine the entire statute in which the provision at issue is found, as *373well as related statutes or other provisions of the same act. Campbell, 146 Wn.2d at 10-12. If after this inquiry the statute remains susceptible to more than one reasonable meaning, the statute is ambiguous and it is appropriate to resort to construction aids, including legislative history. Id. at 12; Cockle v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 142 Wn.2d 801, 808, 16 P.3d 583 (2001).
¶29 In both cases below, the district court and hearing officer each assumed that RCW 77.15.080 authorized the wildlife officers to stop a motor vehicle and detain its occupants to check for hunting licenses. This is an overly broad reading of the statute.
¶30 The statute at issue, RCW 77.15.080, provides:
(1) Based upon articulable facts that a person is engaged in fishing, harvesting, or hunting activities, fish and wildlife officers have the authority to temporarily stop the person and check for valid licenses, tags, permits, stamps, or catch record cards, and to inspect all fish, shellfish, seaweed, and wildlife in possession as well as the equipment being used to ensure compliance with the requirements of this title, and may request the person to write his or her signature for comparison with the signature on the license. Failure to comply with the request is prima facie evidence that the person is not the person named on the license. For licenses purchased over the internet or telephone, fish and wildlife officers may require the person, if age eighteen or older, to exhibit a driver’s license or other photo identification.
(2) Based upon articulable facts that a person is transporting a prohibited aquatic animal species or any aquatic plant, fish and wildlife officers and ex officio fish and wildlife officers have the authority to temporarily stop the person and inspect the watercraft to ensure that the watercraft and associated equipment are not transporting prohibited aquatic animal species or aquatic plants.
¶31 For the wildlife officers’ authority to be valid, the person to be stopped must be “engaged in. .. hunting activities.” RCW 77.15.080(1). This statutory authority does not extend to stopping a motor vehicle. Traveling in a *374motor vehicle is not, nor can it be, engaging in hunting activities.
¶32 The context of RCW 77.15.080(1) is consistent with this conclusion. Subsection 1 permits an inspection of “the equipment being used.” This obviously refers to the equipment then in use to advance the hunting or fishing effort. No such equipment is in use while traveling in a motor vehicle.
¶33 The effort to kill or injure game does not take place inside a car. See RCW 77.08.010(7). To the extent it does, it constitutes a crime. See RCW 77.15.460 (prohibiting, in general, the possession or use of a loaded firearm in a motor vehicle). When a violation is found, then wildlife officers are authorized to arrest the person and conduct a warrantless search for and seizure of the evidence as provided by other statutes. RCW 77.15.092, .094.
¶34 The legislature saw fit to require a higher standard for searches and seizures of a motor vehicle. RCW 77.15.094 authorizes wildlife officers to conduct a warrantless search and seizure of a “vessel, conveyances, vehicles, containers, packages, or other receptacles” upon reasonable belief that they contain evidence of fish and wildlife violations. The statute also restricts the warrantless search and seizure “if the thing or place is protected from search without warrant within the meaning of Article I, section 7 of the state Constitution.” RCW 77.15.094.
¶35 A higher standard is also required in subsection 2 of the statute at issue, which allows officers to “stop the person” and “inspect the watercraft.” RCW 77.15.080(2). While the provision implicitly permits stopping watercraft, watercraft can be used while hunting or fishing. Still, the standard for stopping a watercraft in RCW 77.15.080(2) is higher. It requires the officer to have an articulable factual basis that “a person is transporting a prohibited aquatic animal species or any aquatic plant.” RCW 77.15.080(2).
¶36 I also recognize that RCW 77.32.238 provides for disabled hunting permits and shooting from within a *375parked vehicle. The licensing department argues that this statute shows that elk hunters may be stopped in their vehicles and asked to produce their hunting license and tags. The disabled hunting statute sets forth the exception, not the rule. The vehicle must be stopped and off the road when the firearm is discharged by the disabled person. RCW 77.32.238. Thus, RCW 77.15.080(1) does not authorize stopping a motor vehicle of a disabled hunter because when the vehicle is moving, the occupants are not engaged in hunting activities.
¶37 Finally, I acknowledge that a wildlife officer can also make a hunter stop his vehicle at a check station. See RCW 77.12.620 (authorizing check stations “to require hunters and fishermen occupying a motor vehicle approaching or entering a check station to stop and produce for inspection: (1) Any wildlife, fish, shellfish, or seaweed in their possession; (2) licenses, permits, tags, stamps, or catch record cards”). A check station must be “plainly marked by signs, operated by at least one uniformed fish and wildlife officer, and operated in a safe manner.” RCW 77.12.620. No findings were made by the district court or by the hearing officer as to the existence of a check station compliant with the statute. And the facts do not provide a basis for any such findings.
¶38 In summary, my plain reading of the statute taken in context with the statutory scheme shows that the wildlife officers’ authority under RCW 77.15.080(1) does not include stopping a person in a motor vehicle because no hunting activities are taking place at that time. The statutory scheme allows stopping, seizing, and searching vehicles, but only when there is at least suspicion of wrongdoing or when other specific safeguards are in place.
¶39 Because RCW 77.15.080(1) does not authorize the stop the wildlife officers made in this case, the district court and licensing department erroneously interpreted RCW 77.15.080(1). I would therefore affirm the superior court’s reversal of the district court’s DUI conviction and the Department of Licensing’s license suspension.

 Although Mr. Schlegel did not specifically challenge these facts, their inclusion as a basis for the stop cannot be ignored for their lack of support. See State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 647, 870 P.2d 313 (1994) (“Atrial court’s erroneous determination of facts, unsupported by substantial evidence, will not be binding on appeal.”). Although an unchallenged finding of fact will be considered a verity on appeal, a *372less strict approach is applied if the claimed error is clearly disclosed in the associated issues. Sherrell v. Selfors, 73 Wn. App. 596, 599, 871 P.2d 168 (1994).

 WAC 232-12-055(2) makes it “unlawful to hunt deer or elk during the modern firearm seasons in any manner unless the hunter is wearing fluorescent hunter orange clothing.”

 Because the majority held only that RCW 77.15.080 authorized the stop, I think the majority opinion should meaningfully address the constitutional issue. The stop cannot be upheld on constitutional grounds.