Court Opinion

ID: 8908138
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-27 02:12:06.232491+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:08:21.170142
License: Public Domain

GARTH, Circuit Judge,
dissenting:
The order which the majority finds to be interlocutory and nonappealable, I would hold to be final. If it is final, as I believe it to be, this court has jurisdiction to hear the state’s appeal. Because the majority holds otherwise, I must respectfully dissent.
I.
Essentially I agree with statement of the facts and the procedure as set forth in the majority opinion. I note, however, that the record reveals that Magistrate Devine’s Report and Recommendation which determined that the bail set by New Jersey was excessive and which recommended that “Accordingly each petitioner for whom a constitutional bail has not been set earlier shall appear in this Court on Wednesday, August 2,1978 at 10:00 a. m. at which time the terms of each enlargement will be set” was filed on Friday, July 28, 1978 at 4:35 P.M. On Monday, July 31, 1978 at 2:10 P.M., the district court filed its order which “adopted and incorporated [the Report and Recommendation of the U.S. Magistrate] as [its] opinion” and ordered “that the petitions for a writ of habeas corpus be and the same are granted.”1 Directly following the *623entry of that order, Magistrate Devine ordered that a writ issue to the Warden of The Mercer County Detention Center to “have the body of [the petitioner(s)] . . . before the United States District Court . . at Trenton, New Jersey on August 2, 1978 . . .’’at 10 A.M.
To me, it is apparent that the hearing of August 2, 1978, even if it be deemed a part of Judge Fisher’s order2 (which did no more than order that the petitions for writs be granted), envisaged no more than the setting of the terms of enlargement for each petitioner to assure his presence for federal proceedings. Under Thomas this is the most that could be accomplished by a federal court which is proscribed from setting state bail. Not only is there no indication in the Magistrate’s opinion that a hearing for still another determination of constitutionality was contemplated, but the one-day interval between the issuance of Judge Fisher’s order at 2:10 P.M. Monday, July 31, 1978 and the hearing scheduled for 10:00 A.M. on Wednesday, August 2, 1978, virtually precluded effective resort to the State Courts for a reduction in bail, even if that action had been intended.3
I conclude that no matter how broadly the district court order may be read, it, in effect, was either an outright release of the petitioners (subject only to establishment of terms of release on August 2, 1978) or it was a release of the petitioners unless by the morning of August 2 constitutional bail had been set. In either event the crucial constitutional determination having been made and the predicate for the release having been established, the order of the district court necessarily constituted a final order “which ‘terminates the litigation between the parties on the merits of the case and leaves nothing to be done but to enforce by execution what has been determined’ ”. Richerson v. Jones, 551 F.2d 918, 922 (3d Cir. 1977) (quoting St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Ry. Co. v. Southern Express Co., 108 U.S. 24, 28 — 29, 27 L.Ed. 638 (1883)).
II.
In my view, the Majority Opinion has not given effect to the particular posture of this appeal. This is not a case in which there has been no hearing on the constitutional issues raised by the petitioners, or in which there has been no decision on the merits as to the legality of the petitioners’ detention. Rather, an order to show cause as to why the petitioners should not be released was *624issued by the district court on July 21,1978. A hearing was held on July 25, 1978 pursuant to that order to show cause. Because the petitions raised only the legal issue of whether the bail set for the petitioners was constitutionally excessive, it was not necessary to produce the petitioners at this hearing. The federal habeas statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2243, states clearly:
Unless the application for a writ and the return present only issues of law the person to whom the writ is directed shall be required to produce at the hearing the body of the person detained.
Following the show cause hearing, the Magistrate issued his Report and Recommendation which specifically addressed the merits of the petitioners’ constitutional argument, and found that their constitutional rights had been violated. Once this determination was made, the Magistrate had no choice but to recommend relief from the unlawful confinement. As this Court stated in United States ex rel. Thomas v. New Jersey, 472 F.2d 735, 742 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 878, 94 S.Ct. 121, 38 L.Ed.2d 123(1973), “[w]here a state prisoner has obtained from a district court a decision that his state confinement is unlawful, he is entitled to an order that such confinement be ended.” Accordingly, the Magistrate’s opinion concluded by recommending that
“. . . each petitioner for whom a constitutional bail has not been set earlier, shall appear in this court on Wednesday, August 2, 1978 at 10:00 A.M. at which time the terms of the enlargement of each will be set.
Report and Recommendation of Magistrate, United States ex rel. Fielding v. Degnan, No. 78-1676 at 8 (D.N.J. filed July 28,1978). Thus, having ruled for the petitioners on their constitutional claim, there was nothing further to be done other than to release the petitioners on such terms as would assure their presence at any further federal proceedings. See Fed.R.App.Proc. 23(c).
III.
Because the Majority Opinion has not given effect to the particular nature of this proceeding, I believe that it has misconstrued Thomas. Although I agree that at the August 2 proceeding an opportunity would be available to review any new bail set by the state, for several reasons this mere possibility of further review is not, in my view, sufficient to make the district court’s order nonappealable.
First, the appeal in this case is taken from the district court’s determination that the $500,000 bail set by the state courts is unconstitutional. Review is not sought of any other bail that the state might set, for it is the state’s contention that the district court erred and that the petitioners are not constitutionally entitled to a lower bail than that which has already been set. Because this claim has been fully adjudicated on the merits against the state, the district court’s order was final under this court’s decision in Richerson v, Jones, 551 F.2d 918 (3d Cir. 1977).
Second, whenever habeas relief is conditioned on the state’s failure to rectify the unlawfulness of its detention within a specified period, there always remains the possibility of review by the district court to determine whether the state has in fact fulfilled this condition. This possibility, however, has until now never been held to bar immediate appeal from a conditional order granting habeas relief. In Thomas, for example, immediate appeal was allowed from an order granting habeas relief conditioned on the state’s failure to grant a new trial within 60 days. It is possible that the state might have continued to detain the petitioner in that case, claiming that he had been provided a new trial when, in fact, this was not the case. Thus, under the Majority Opinion’s reasoning it would be theoretically possible to say that the order in Thomas was interlocutory because it was necessary to hold a further hearing at the end of the 60 day period in order to determine whether or not the condition for which the relief had been granted was satisfied. Such, of course, was not the holding in Thomas.
Finally, I believe that state courts can be trusted to fulfill the conditions of a federal court’s conditional habeas order without *625some provision for continuing federal review. Thomas can be read as holding that a district court’s conditional habeas order is immediately appealable in part because it is not necessary for the district court to schedule a further hearing as to whether or not the state has satisfied the condition. This rests on the assumption that state courts will comply with federal court orders which bind them.
Because I find no substantive difference between the order held to be appealable in Thomas and the July 31,1978 order entered here, I conclude that the order granting the writs of habeas corpus, no matter how broadly construed, is final and hence ap-pealable.
IV.
Because the majority has held that the order of the district court does not vest us with jurisdiction, it did not address the merits of this appeal as to whether the $500,000 bail set by the state for each petitioner
“amount[ed] in its effect to legal arbitrariness in the administration of the bail right provided, so as to constitute a violation of due process, or to discriminatoriness in the application of the right as against petitioner, so as to constitute a violation of equal protection.”
Mastrian v. Hedman, 326 F.2d 708, 711 (8th Cir.) cert. denied, 378 U.S. 903, 84 S.Ct. 1128, 11 L.Ed.2d 982 (1964).4 Under these circumstances, I do not regard it appropriate to address this issue either, although I must confess to considerable distress with the district court’s determination that on the record developed before the state court judge the Mastrian standard had been violated.5
V.
For the reasons which I have discussed above, and more particularly because I believe that Thomas, which controls this case and which constitutes the law of this Circuit, has been misconstrued and hence improperly applied, I respectfully dissent.

. All references in this opinion are to the Magistrate’s Report and the district court’s orders with respect to the group of petitioners who filed their petitions on July 21, 1978. This *623opinion is also intended to apply to petitioner Casavina. Although his petition was filed at a later date, the proceedings with respect to his petition are analytically identical to those pertaining to the other petitioners.

. I do not concede that Judge Fisher’s order of July 31, 1978 which “Ordered that the petitions for a writ of habeas corpus be and the same are granted” should be construed as anything more than a shorthand equivalent to granting the relief requested, i. e., release, subject only to federal enlargement terms. The use of this shorthand terminology is explained in R. Sokol, Federal Habeas Corpus 37 (2d ed. 1969):
As a sort of shorthand, lawyers and judges frequently use the expression ‘granting the writ’ as if it were equivalent to granting the relief requested. There is certainly no harm in this as long as everyone knows what everyone else means. Like most forms of shorthand, it has a certain utility.
On its face, the July 31, 1978 order is thus unequivocally final and appealable. But even if, as the majority assumes, that order is to be read as if it provided for the issuance of the writ unless within some specified time New Jersey reduced bail to an amount deemed to be constitutional by the federal court, see, e. g., Brace v. O’Neill, 567 F.2d 237 (3d Cir. 1977) (interpreting district court order in light of opinion), such an order is similarly final for purposes of appellate jurisdiction. United States ex rel. Thomas v. New Jersey, 472 F.2d 735, 742 (3d Cir.; cert. denied, 414 U.S. 878, 94 S.Ct. 121, 38 L.Ed.2d 123 (1973).

. Obviously, the petitioners could gain nothing by returning to the state court for a further bail proceeding as they had prevailed in having their bail declared unconstitutional. Hence the petitioners would not have sought further state proceedings at this point. By the same token, the State of New Jersey, claiming that the district court had erred, sought an immediate stay and took an immediate appeal to this court, thus evidencing its disinclination to return to the state court during this interval to seek a reduction in bail.

. I realize that because the Majority does not reach the merits of this appeal no discussion of the applicability of the eighth amendment to the states is required. Even though the Supreme Court has yet to rule precisely on this issue, it seems to me, in light of current jurisprudence, that the eighth amendment bail provision would be binding upon the states. See Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 82 S.Ct. 1417, 8 L.Ed.2d 758 (1962); Schilb v. Kuebil, 404 U.S. 357, 365, 92 S.Ct. 479, 30 L.Ed.2d 502 (1971); Pilkinton v. The Circuit Court of Howell County, 324 F.2d 45 (8th Cir. 1963); Simon v. Woodson, 454 F.2d 161, 164-65 (5th Cir. 1972); United States ex rel. Goodman v. Kehl, 456 F.2d 863 (2d Cir. 1977).

. An issue on this appeal concerned the propriety of the district court considering affidavits and evidence submitted only to the federal court and which were not available at the state court proceedings or in the state court record. Under the Mastrian standard, which both parties have cited, it appears evident that the federal district court is limited to a consideration of only the state record in its appraisal of the constitutionality of state bail. See Turco v. Warden, Baltimore City Jail, 444 F.2d 56 (4th Cir. 1971). That record, and that record alone, must reveal legal arbitrariness or discrimination for habeas relief to be granted.