Court Opinion

ID: 615479
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-10-17 23:31:50+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:50:33.695194
License: Public Domain

Case: 10-30859     Document: 00511635235         Page: 1     Date Filed: 10/17/2011

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                       No. 10-30859

EDWARD MILLER,

                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant
v.

NATIONWIDE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

                                                  Defendant-Appellee

                       Appeal from the United States District
                        for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                                    (06-CV-2334)

Before SMITH, SOUTHWICK and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
        The Plaintiff-Appellant Edward Miller (Miller) appeals a summary
judgment on his breach of contract claims and securities law violation claim
against the Defendant-Appellee Nationwide Life Insurance Company
(Nationwide). We affirm.

        *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
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                                Facts and Proceedings
       This case is brought up on appeal after the District Court for the Eastern
District of Louisiana granted Nationwide’s summary judgment motion.1 On May
10, 2010, the district court granted summary judgment to Nationwide on Miller’s
breach of contract claims; however, it did not dispose of the remaining securities
violation claim due to lack of information. Subsequently, Nationwide filed a
supplemental memorandum of law in support of its motion for summary
judgment on the remaining claim and on August 9, 2010, the district court
granted summary judgment.
       Nationwide is a life insurance company and is a provider of variable
annuity contracts.2 Miller purchased two contracts in June and July, 2001 for
a total amount of a little more than $1.4 million dollars.3               It provided Miller
with its May 1, 2001, prospectus before Miller purchased the annuity contracts

       1
         For several years now Miller has been attempting to assert his contract rights against
Nationwide. His first suit against Nationwide was filed in 2003 but his securities claim was
found to be prescribed and the contract claims he asserted precluded because he attempted
to bring the claims in a class action. Miller v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 391 F.3d 698 (5th Cir.
2004).
        After his first suit, Miller filed this lawsuit in May, 2006. He is reasserting his
redemption fees breach of contract claim and is adding the telephone charge (restriction on
phone transfers) and securities law violation claims (alleging late delivery of a prospectus).
The district court dismissed the complaint in part due to res judicata; however, the Fifth
Circuit reversed, holding that Miller had not received a final adjudication on the merits of his
fee claim because the prior dismissal was only jurisdictional. Miller v. Nationwide Life Ins.
Co., No. 06-31178, 2008 WL 3086783 (Aug. 6, 2008)(unpublished). See Miller v. Nationwide
Life Ins. Co., 2:06-cv-02334-JCZ-SS, Docket No. 109 (E. Dist. La. May 10, 2010).
       2
         The term “variable annuity contract” shall mean any accumulation or annuity
contract, any portion thereof, or any unit of interest or participation therein pursuant to which
the value of the contract, either prior or subsequent to annuitization, or both, varies according
to the investment experience of the Separate Account in which the contract participates. 17
C.F.R. § 270.0-1 (2006).
       3
         Miller purchased two annuity contracts from Nationwide. One was a qualified
annuity under § 403(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, the second contract was an ordinary
deferred variable annuity. The contracts are identical for the purpose of this appeal.

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and Miller contends that he relied on the information contained in the
prospectus to buy the contracts. The prospectus provided information relating
to the rights, benefits, and fees of the annuity contracts.
       As an investor, Miller was interested in market timing4 or short-term
trading investment practices. The annuities Miller purchased were comprised
of underlying sub-accounts; each of the sub-accounts corresponded with an
underlying mutual fund.         Upon purchase of the annuity contracts, Miller
received documents from Nationwide; the documents included a Certificate
Agreement, a data page, the body of the contract, a Summary of Participation,
and other riders and amendatory endorsements. Miller’s breach of contract
claims on appeal are based on the language contained in the Summary of
Participation. The Summary of Participation states in relevant part:
       Here is a summary of your rights. A more detailed description is
       provided in this Certificate Agreement (and any applicable
       endorsements). You have the right to:
                   •     transfer variable assets among the various
                         funds without a charge;
                   •     make telephone exchanges where
                         permitted by state law
       Your rights under this Certificate Agreement cannot be taken away
       from you. Your benefits under this Certificate Agreement cannot be
       denied.
       The language above was important to Miller as he began to frequently
transfer various assets from different sub-accounts.              At times during the
summer of 2001, Miller made trades on a weekly and sometimes daily basis.

      4
        Market timing is the practice of frequent buying and selling of shares of a single
mutual fund in order to exploit inefficiencies in the mutual fund pricing. According to the
SEC, market timing is not illegal per se, but it can harm other investors and thus it is
commonly barred or restricted by those in charge of mutual funds. See SEC v. Tambone, 597
F.3d 436, 439 (1st Cir. 2010). The SEC supports the imposition of redemption fees to curb
market timing practices and has put into effect Rule 22c-2 to support that end. See e.g. 70
Fed. Reg. 13,328 (Mar. 18, 2005).

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During this time Miller was often able to make trades between mutual funds
without a fee. However, Miller learned in May, 2002 that Nationwide would
begin charging a 1% redemption fee5 for certain mutual funds where shares are
re-sold by the contract holder after having been in the sub-account for less than
sixty days. Nationwide updated and filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) prospectuses that discussed potential new fees from certain
mutual funds. Miller made small money transfers to see if Nationwide would
actually charge a fee; after a trade, Miller was charged $45.63 on September 5,
2002. Miller continued trading and altered his trading strategy in order to avoid
redemption fees.
       In 2004, Nationwide limited the number of telephone and internet
transfers Miller could make to twenty per year. This limitation also caused
Miller to change his investing strategy as executing orders via U.S. mail or
other courier would take more time and hinder him from taking advantage of
market fluctuations.
       On June 7, 2005, Miller transferred approximately $1.9 million to a sub-
account corresponding to the Federated NVIT high income bond fund, a fee-
charging fund. On June 14, his account was charged a 1% redemption fee of
$18,837.03 when he transferred his assets out of the fund. Miller claims he did
not know this fund would charge a fee and alleges that Nationwide violated U.S.
securities law by failing to provide him with the May 1, 2005 prospectus until
after June 7, 2005.
                                  Standard of Review

       5
         A fee charged by a mutual fund on shareholders who sell fund shares within a short
period of time. The time limit and size of the fee vary among funds, but the redemption fee
usually is a relatively small percentage (1% or 2% of the amount withdrawn)...The intent of
the redemption fee is to discourage rapid-fire shifts from one fund to another... Dictionary of
Finance and Investment Terms 587-588 (8th ed. 2010).

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        This court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and reviews the district
court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard as the
district court. Golden Bridge Tech., Inc., v. Motorola, Inc. 547 F.3d 266, 270 (5th
Cir. 2008). The granting of summary judgment is appropriate if there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 247 (1986). When the moving party has carried its burden, the non-moving
party must demonstrate specific facts showing a genuine factual issue for trial.
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
                                       Discussion
a.
        Miller alleges that Nationwide has breached its contract with Miller
because redemption fees were imposed on his trades. Miller contends that the
language in the Summary of Participation gives him the unrestricted right to
transfer variable assets among the various funds without a charge. According
to Miller, he owns two annuity contracts from Nationwide and does not have a
contract with mutual funds. Thus, any redemption fee imposed on his account,
whether it is imposed by a mutual fund or Nationwide, results in a breach of
contract. In other words, his contract with Nationwide allows him to make
trades without the burden of fees regardless of who is charging them.
        Miller also contends that the district court was mistaken when it stated,
“Miller’s sole evidence” on whether Nationwide is charging redemption fees
“seems to be a statement made by the SEC in the Federal Register dated March
18, 2005.”6 He disputes the findings of the district court and emphasizes that his

       6
       Miller cited the Federal Register in his opposition to motion for summary judgment.
He argues that he cited the Federal Register to clarify a statement made by Nationwide in its
memorandum in support of its motion for summary judgment. Specifically, Nationwide stated,
“The SEC explained first that the redemption fee would be imposed by the fund rather than
pursuant to a contract issued by the insurance company.” Miller wanted to clarify and point

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best evidence in this case is his contract with Nationwide, which specifically
guaranteed Miller the right to “transfer variable assets among the various funds
without a charge.”
       Nationwide’s position is that the imposition of redemption fees by mutual
funds, and not Nationwide, cannot result in a breach of contract with Miller.
Mutual funds are independent, third-party entities and are not under its control.
Nationwide also argues that Miller cannot show that Nationwide was obligated
to step in and pay on behalf of Miller or absorb the fund-imposed fees. Since
mutual funds began imposing fees, Nationwide has collected and remitted them
to mutual funds. It has never retained the redemption fees for itself.7 The
prospectuses provided by Nationwide confirm that selected funds will charge
fees on short-term trading.8
       The evidence shows that Nationwide is not the party who is actually
charging its customers redemption fees. And because Miller could not point to
any evidence showing that Nationwide could either decline to pass on the funds’
fees or that mutual funds gave Nationwide discretion to waive fees for its
customers, Miller’s breach of contract claim against Nationwide lacks merit.
Charging of Redemption Fees
       Miller’s breach of contract claim turns on whether Nationwide imposed
redemption fees when Miller engaged in short-term trading. Miller does not
point to any evidence that could reasonably charge Nationwide with the duty to

out that Miller’s first suit (which was cited as authority by the SEC in this Register) should
not be cited as authority that the funds, and not the insurance companies, would be imposing
fees.
       7
         Nationwide has produced evidence to show that mutual funds, not Nationwide,
actually imposed fees. The May 1, 2002 prospectus lists funds that charge fees.
       8
         By 2002-2003, the SEC became concerned with short-term trading or market timing
in mutual funds. SEC, Disclosure Regarding Market Timing and Selective Disclosure of
Portfolio Holdings, Proposed Rule, 68 Fed. Reg. 70,402, 70,404 (Dec. 17, 2003).

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pay for fund-imposed redemption fees or a duty to absorb fees. “The nonmoving
party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine
issue for trial.” Matushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S.
574, 587 (1986)(citing to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). Once the moving party has
demonstrated that there is lack of evidence to support the non-moving party’s
cause, the non-movant must come forward with “specific facts” showing a
genuine factual issue for trial. Oliver v. Scott, 276 F.3d 736, 744 (5th Cir. 2002);
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). “Once a properly supported motion for summary judgment
has been made, the non-moving party may not rest upon mere allegations of
denial in its pleadings but must instead set forth “specific facts” showing there
is a genuine issue for trial.” S.E.C. v. Recile, 10 F.3d 1093, 1097 (5th Cir. 1993).
      Nationwide has produced documents to demonstrate that it has not been
imposing redemption fees and Miller has failed to produce supporting evidence
to link the imposition of fees to Nationwide.         There is no evidence that
Nationwide charged Miller redemption fees. The district court did not see a
triable issue of fact on the evidence produced before it and Miller on appeal
reasserts the same language from the Summary of Participation document to
allege a breach of contract.
      On the other hand, Nationwide produced an affidavit from Mr. Daniel R.
Zavorek, a Senior Analyst in the Regulatory, Research, & Reporting Group, who
handles documentation related to process and procedures at Nationwide, and
prospectuses that discuss imposition of fees from mutual funds. The Certificate
Agreement document, which includes the Summary of Participation on which
Miller bases his claim, also supports Nationwide’s position. Mr. Zavorek’s
affidavit and Nationwide’s May 2002 prospectus point out that certain mutual
funds impose fees; Miller has not produced any evidence to refute this. In fact,
in his own deposition, Miller acknowledged that mutual fund management fees
were paid by contract owners to the mutual funds.

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       Although Miller cites to the language in the Summary of Participation
page to support his position of an unrestricted right to transfer funds without
any charge, another provision in the Certificate Agreement suggests otherwise.
The “Variable Account Certificate Value” provision provides that, “If...charges
or deductions are made against the Variable Account Certificate Value; then, an
appropriate number of Accumulation Units will be cancelled or surrendered to
equal such amount.” (Emphasis added). Hence, the Certificate Agreement
contemplates potential charges made against a contract owner’s account and
provides that Nationwide will pass on such charges to the contract owner. And
the very Summary of Participation page on which Miller relies states that,
“[h]ere is a summary of your rights...[a] more detailed description is provided in
this Certificate Agreement...” Thus, this language, which is located just a few
centimeters above the bullet points on which Miller bases his entire contract
claim, would have led Miller to the Certificate Agreement. Assuming that the
Summary of Participation forms a part of the Certificate Agreement, the only
reasonable reading of Miller’s right to “transfer variable assets among the
various funds without a charge” is that Nationwide cannot impose charges on
Miller’s trading activities. This provision does not address third-party mutual
fund fees and it would be unreasonable to conclude that Nationwide intended to
assume responsibility for mutual fund-imposed fees. Nor can we assume that
Nationwide intended to make promises on behalf of independent mutual funds
that redemption fees would NOT be imposed. The language of the Certificate
Agreement simply does not support such an interpretation inasmuch as
contracting parties make promises regarding their own actions, not the actions
of independent third-parties.      “The interpretation of a contract is the
determination of the common intent of the parties.” La. Civ. Code art. 2045.
Under Louisiana law, “[w]hen the words of a contract are clear and explicit and
lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made in search

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of the parties’ intent.” La. Civ. Code art. 2046. Miller’s interpretation of the
annuity contracts flies in the face of a common sense reading of the contract
language.
       Miller has failed to produce evidence showing that Nationwide is the party
charging redemption fees, nor has he argued that Nationwide has the discretion
to either decline passing on mutual fund fees or has the authority to waive such
fees for its customers.9 The record does not support Miller’s contention that
Nationwide imposed fees and breached its contract.
Duty to Pay or Absorb Redemption Fees
       Miller did not argue the alternative theory of whether Nationwide is
obligated to step into the shoes of Miller and pay the fund-imposed fees on
Miller’s behalf. The district court introduced this alternative theory in its
analysis to determine if Nationwide could be in breach despite not imposing
redemption fees.
       The Summary of Participation document, which Miller cites as evidence
for his contract claim, does not create any duty for Nationwide to pay third-party
imposed redemption fees or for Nationwide to absorb fees. The language on
which Miller relies says that the Certificate Owner (Miller) has the right to
“transfer variable assets among the various funds without a charge.” The
language here does not create any contractual duty on Nationwide to pay or
absorb redemption fees on behalf of Miller nor do the more detailed portions of
the contract hint at such a duty. The district court offered an alternative theory

       9
         Miller cites to the Federal Register, 71 Fed. Reg. 58257, 58262 n. 50 (Oct. 3, 2006), as
authority to argue that mutual funds could choose to decline imposing redemption fees on
customers who are already in existing contract relationships with insurance companies for
concern of litigation resulting from such fees. The district court correctly pointed out that the
Federal Register does not demonstrate whether Nationwide has the discretion to waive
redemption fees because Nationwide is an insurance company, not a mutual fund. Miller has
not produced evidence that suggests underlying mutual funds are willing to waive fees on
Miller’s transactions or whether Nationwide was given the power to do so.

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for Miller’s breach of contract claim; Miller did not make this argument in its
opposition to Nationwide’s motion for summary judgment nor does Miller
advance this argument on appeal.10 Miller has therefore waived this alternative
theory on his breach of contract claim by failing to brief the argument on appeal.
Robinson v. Guarantee Trust Life Ins. Co., 389. F.3d 475, 481 n.3 (5th Cir.
2004)(the court noting that a failure to adequately brief an issue on appeal
constitutes waiver of that argument); U.S. v. Thames, 214 F.3d 608, 611 n.3 (5th
Cir. 2000)(the panel asserting that issues not adequately briefed must be
waived).
       In support of his breach of contract claim, Miller also attempts to argue
that the Mortality and Expense Risk Charge section of the contract was violated
because of fund-imposed fees. The essential language Miller relies on in this
section states, “the expense risks involves the guaranty by the Company that it
will not increase charges for administration of the contract regardless of the
Company’s actual administrative expenses.” This section of the contract relates
to Nationwide’s guarantee that it will not increase administrative expenses
related to the contract even if its actual costs or expenses increase. In other
words, Nationwide promised that it will not increase administrative charges
even if its actual expenses increase. This section of the contract to which Miller
cites is wholly unrelated to the issue of redemption fees and offers no support to
Miller’s breach of contract claim.

       10
         Miller’s brief disclaims the alternative theory offered by the district court. Miller
argues, “The district court erred when it stated: Miller has not pointed to any evidence that
Nationwide...Therefore, Miller’s breach of contract claim against Nationwide turns on whether
the contract obligates Nationwide to absorb or pay third-party redemption fees that Miller
incurs when he trades in fee-imposing funds. (Emphasis added). Miller disclaims the
alternative theory to his contract breach claim and reiterates his original argument - that
Nationwide had a contractual duty under the language of the Summary of Participation
document to not charge redemption fees.

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Summary of Participation
      Miller’s entire breach of contract claim rests on the language contained in
the Summary of Participation document. In both his appellate brief and reply
brief, Miller cites to the Summary of Participation numerous times to make the
argument that he had an unrestricted right to trade between sub-accounts under
the contract and that any fee imposition would result in breach. The district
court considered whether the Summary of Participation is part of the contract.
Nationwide took the position that the Summary of Participation is not part of
the contract but the district court included the Summary as part of the contract
because: (1) Nationwide did not point to legal authority that disposes of the
issue, and (2) Nationwide’s own documentation was not clear on whether the
Summary was a part of the contract.
      As the party bringing a breach of contract claim, Miller has the burden to
show that the Summary of Participation is actually a part of the contract. See
Vignette Publ’n, Inc. v. Harborview Enters., Inc., 799 So. 2d 531, 534 (La. Ct.
App. 2001)(holding that the party claiming rights under the contract has the
burden of proof in a breach of contract claim). However, for Miller’s breach of
contract claim, even if the Summary of Participation is included as part of the
contract, we reach the same result: no duty was created obligating Nationwide
to pay mutual fund-imposed redemption fees. As discussed above, the language
in the Summary of Participation means that Nationwide cannot charge Miller
a fee for trades. It does not create a duty of unlimited exposure requiring
Nationwide to pay redemption fees for Miller every time Miller is charged for
making market time, short-term trades. Miller, at his deposition, demonstrated
that he knew of mutual fund “management fees” and that these fees go to
mutual funds.      Some mutual funds that correspond to sub-accounts in
Nationwide’s variable annuities charge fees and they were fully disclosed in the

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prospectus for the Separate Account11 associated with the variable annuity
contracts and the mutual fund prospectuses themselves.
        Miller heavily relies on the language, “transfer variable assets among the
various funds without a charge,” but this does not mean Nationwide had a
contractual duty to pay redemption fees. Therefore, even if the Summary of
Participation is included as part of the contract, Miller has failed to show that
Nationwide is in breach.
b.
        Turning to Miller’s second contract claim, he argues that Nationwide
violated his right under the contract when it restricted him to twenty telephone
transfers per year. Miller’s contention is that the language in the Summary of
Participation document, “the right to make telephone exchanges where
permitted by state law,” gives him the unlimited or unrestricted right to make
telephone exchanges. But the contract does not contain language that would
give Miller the right to unlimited telephone transfers. In fact, the contract and
prospectus sent to Miller state that Nationwide reserves the right to withdraw
telephone exchanges and limit transfers in general.
        As with his redemption fee claim, Miller bases his telephone restriction
breach of contract claim on the language contained in the Summary of
Participation page. Specifically, Miller relies on the language: “[y]ou have the
right to make telephone exchanges where permitted by state law.”                         This
statement does not contain the terms “unlimited” or “unrestricted.” The plain
reading of this language is that Miller is allowed to make telephone transfers

        11
          “The term ‘Separate Account’ shall mean an account established and maintained by
an insurance company pursuant to the laws of any state or territory of the United States, or
of Canada, or any province thereof, under which income, gains and losses, whether or not
realized, from assets allocated to such account, are in accordance with the applicable contract
credited to or charged against such account without regard to other income, gains, or losses
of the insurance company.” 17 C.F.R. § 270.0-1 (2006).

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wherever the law allows, but it does not discuss any promise for unlimited
telephone trades.         Louisiana Civil Code article 2045 provides that,
“Interpretation of a contract is the determination of the common intent of the
parties.” La. Civ. Code art. 2046 (“When the words of a contract are clear and
explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be
made in search of the parties’ intent.”). Miller does not point to any evidence
that shows that Nationwide did in fact make a promise of unlimited telephone
transfers or that Nationwide intended to offer Miller a right to unlimited
telephone transfers.
       In addition to the contract’s not promising unlimited or unrestricted
telephone transfers, the May, 2001 prospectus that was sent to Miller, and on
which he relied12 to purchase his annuity contracts, unequivocally states that
telephone and internet exchange privileges may be withdrawn upon notice. The
district court pointed out that although the prospectus does not form part of the
contract, Miller relied on it and Nationwide’s right to withdraw telephone
transfer privileges was clear. We agree with the district court and do not see
any reason to disturb its holding.
       Finally, the Summary of Participation states that the contract holder has
the right to “make telephone exchanges where permitted by state law.”
Nationwide decided to limit Miller’s telephone transfers in light of complaints13
of trading abuse from investment companies. Nationwide limited Miller’s

       12
          Miller asserted in his Complaint that Nationwide delivered its prospectus to Miller
before he bought the contracts and he relied on it when making the purchase. Miller also
stipulated that he relied on the May 1, 2001 prospectus to inform him of the terms of the
contract.
       13
          The record shows complaint letters sent to Nationwide: A letter from Fidelity
Investments (dated 12/27/2006) and an e-mail from American Century Investment Services
(dated 5/16/2007) both discussing potential harm to funds resulting from short-term trading
practices. American Century Investment Services requested Nationwide to take action to limit
such trading practices.

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telephone transfers to twenty per year and there is no inconsistency with what
Nationwide did and the language contained in the Summary of Participation:
“make telephone exchanges where permitted by state law.”              Thus, after
Nationwide applied telephone transfer restrictions, Miller may now make up to
twenty telephone transfers per year, wherever it is permitted by state law. The
language in the Summary of Participation can co-exist with the restriction put
in place by Nationwide, hence there is no breach of contract based on telephone
restrictions.
c.
        Finally, in considering Miller’s third claim, he argues that he incurred a
redemption fee because Nationwide failed to timely provide him with its
prospectus, which resulted in a violation of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C.
§77e(b)(2). On or about June 7, 2005, Miller transferred approximately $1.9
million dollars to the Nationwide sub-account holding Federated NVIT high
income bond fund (Federated NVIT). On June 14, 2005, Miller transferred that
money to another sub-account and was charged a redemption fee of $18,837.03.
Miller contends that he was charged this fee because Nationwide failed to timely
provide him with its prospectus, violating 15 U.S.C. §77e(b)(2). 15 U.S.C.
§77e(b)(2) states in relevant part:
        It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly–
              [T]o carry or caused to be carried through the mails or in
              interstate commerce any such security for the purpose of sale
              or for delivery after sale, unless accompanied or preceded by
              a prospectus that meets the requirements of subsection (a) of
              section 77j of this title.
        Section 77e(b)(2) deals with the sale of securities. Miller transferred his
money into the Federated NVIT and was charged a redemption fee when he
transferred his money out of that fund several days later. By Miller’s own
explanation, there was no sale of security to him and thus this statutory rule is
inapplicable. Miller merely transferred existing money into a sub-account

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corresponding to a Federal Bond; the transaction on June 7, 2005 did not involve
a purchase of an annuities contract.14 See Miller v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., No.
062334, 2010 WL 3168052 at 3 (E.D. La. Aug. 9, 2010). If Nationwide was not
offering for sale an annuities contract, it was not obligated to send a prospectus.
Miller also contends that 15 U.S.C. §77e(b)(2) required Nationwide to send a
prospectus either prior to or with the offer to transfer into the Federated NVIT.
Because an annuity contract was not sold, Miller may be suggesting that the
underlying mutual fund was required to send a prospectus before he transferred
money into the Federated NVIT fund. If this is what Miller suggests, he does
not argue that the underlying mutual fund failed to properly send its prospectus
to him. Miller does, however, stipulate that he did receive the prospectus after
he ordered the June 7 transfer. Nationwide also produced evidence, which has
not been contradicted by Miller, that Nationwide Investment Services
Corporation (NISC) sent Miller a confirmation letter for his June 7 trade, and
it is standard operating procedure to send the Federated NVIT prospectus
because it was Miller’s first transfer into the fund.                  Miller contends that
according to 15 U.S.C. §77e, he should have received a prospectus either before
or at the same time of the transfer. But 15 U.S.C. §77e allows for the prospectus
to be delivered after sale. Byrnes v. Faulkner, 413 F. Supp. 453, 472 (S.D.N.Y
1976)(“It was clearly within the contemplation of the drafters of the statute that
a purchaser might not see the prospectus covering the security he purchased
until after the sale had been completed.”).

       Finally, the district court correctly found that Miller’s claim lacks
causation. The court held:

       14
         Miller contends that the district court got it wrong when it held that the June 7
transaction did not involve the purchase of the annuity contract itself. He asserts that mutual
funds are securities for the purpose of securities law. Miller, however, fails to cite to statutory
authority or case law to support this position.

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  Case: 10-30859       Document: 00511635235         Page: 16     Date Filed: 10/17/2011

                                      No. 10-30859

       Causation is problematic regardless of which prospectus -- BOA
       annuity or Federated Bond Fund -- Miller relies upon for his claim.
       Section 77e does not purport to establish liability for damages based
       on a technical violation (assuming arguendo that one even exists
       here) in the absence of causation. Miller does not attest that he
       even attempted to consult the May 1, 2005, BOA Fund prior to
       making the June 7th trade. Had he made such an attempt then he
       would have immediately realized that his prospectus was more than
       a year old. Given what Miller knew about the potential for
       redemption fees it seems that he surely would have taken simple
       steps either via the internet or phone to verify whether the
       Federated Bond Fund charged a redemption fee. So Miller either
       did not attempt to consult the prospectus at all or he made such an
       attempt, learned that his prospectus was not current, and yet chose
       to trade $1.8 million dollars in the blind without taking the time to
       obtain information that should have been readily available from
       other sources.
2010 WL 3168052 at 4.             As an experienced investor who was already
knowledgeable of redemption fees,15 checking with the fund before moving his
money would have been the prudent thing to do.

       For the foregoing reasons we AFFIRM the district court’s holding on all
claims.

       15
        Miller, in his deposition, admitted to paying a 1% redemption fee on September 5,
2002 and again on June 14, 2005. He also admits to having expertise in the areas of the stock
market and investments.

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