Court Opinion

ID: 9849747
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-24 04:45:33.19465+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:25.639578
License: Public Domain

Harrison, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
*333This action was instituted by Kathleen V. Daniel, plaintiff, against the defendant, Life and Casualty Insurance Company of Tennessee, to recover the sum of $2,000 as the beneficiary under an accident policy issued by the defendant insuring Jesse M. Daniel for loss of life by “drowning or bodily injury effected solely through violent, external and accidental means and if such drowning or bodily injury is the direct, independent and proximate cause of death”. The policy also provided, in an exclusion, reduction and limitation clause, that death caused “from self-destruction, while sane or insane” was excluded from coverage. Plaintiff claimed that the insured’s death by drowning was within the terms of the policy. Defendant admitted death was caused by drowning but denied liability on the ground that the insured’s death was caused by self-destruction and not by accidental means.
The case was tried by a jury, and at the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence the trial court overruled defendant’s motion to strike out plaintiff’s evidence. A similar motion was overruled at the conclusion of all the evidence. The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff in the amount sued for, and judgment was entered on the verdict. Defendant is here on a writ of error.
Defendant contends that the trial court erred (1) in instructing the jury that defendant had the burden of proving that the insured’s death was caused by suicide and not by accidental means; and (2) in holding that the evidence supported the jury’s verdict of accidental death.
The insured, who was 53 years of age, met his death by drowning in the Camp Pickett reservoir in Brunswick County, Virginia, on August 19, 1965. When his body was taken from the water in the late afternoon of that day it was fully clothed and unmarked. The watch of deceased was still on his wrist. Insured’s automobile had been parked and locked on a pull-off on the east side of Route 46, approximately 30 to 40 feet from a high bank at the water’s edge. The car had been there since at least 9 o’clock that morning. When the car doors were opened, the insured’s hat was found upside down on the right front floorboard. Inside the hat were his folded glasses, which he was accustomed to wearing when working or driving, and a package of cigarettes, and covering them was a handkerchief.
Plaintiff testified that the insured left home early in the morning on Thursday, August 19th. It was not unusual for him to get up early. He had mentioned to her on Monday of that week that he was going to Crewe, Virginia, to get a muffler for his automobile, and also *334stated that he had been thinking about getting a new car. She assumed he had gone to Crewe on the day of the drowning. He left some money on the bureau before leaving home, but it was not unusual for him to do that for deceased operated a store which was attached to their home, and plaintiff often assisted in its operation. She did not know of anything that was worrying her husband, and she knew of no reason he would intentionally take his life.
Plaintiff stated on cross-examination that on an occasion about two months prior to insured’s death he said he was depressed and told her that he “would be just as well off dead or maybe up at the lake”. After telling her that he left, but was back in five minutes. She said that her husband had made similar statements a few times over the years, but she did not pay any attention to them because, from the manner and the circumstances under which he made them, she did not believe he was serious.
The insured did not have a permit to fish in the reservoir, and so far as plaintiff knew he never went fishing. He could not swim.
The deputy sheriff testified that on the day of the drowning plaintiff told him that insured made the above quoted statement about two weeks before his death and that he stayed away from home all day on that occasion; and that insured would not get into a boat because he was afraid of the water. Plaintiff denied that she had made any of the alleged statements as related by the deputy sheriff.
The trial court instructed the jury that the drowning of deceased at the time under consideration established a presumption that such drowning was accidental, and unless such presumption is rebutted by the defendant, or other evidence in the case, they should find for the plaintiff; that the defendant, seeking to avoid payment of the policy on the ground that the insured’s drowning was caused by suicide, had the burden of proving not just by a preponderance of the evidence, but by clear and satisfactory evidence, that the cause of death was suicide; and that when evidence of self-destruction is circumstantial, the defendant fails to overcome the presumption of accidental death unless the circumstances shown by the evidence exclude with reasonable certainty every hypothesis of accidental death.
Defendant contends that the instruction placing the burden of proving suicide on it is not applicable in the present case because there is a clear distinction between actions on ordinary life insurance contracts providing for the payment of stipulated benefits in the event of death, and contracts like the one here in which the insured event is death by *335drowning or bodily injury effected solely through violent, external and accidental means.
It is the settled doctrine in Virginia, supported by a long line of decisions, that where circumstantial evidence is relied upon to establish suicide as a defense to an action on a life insurance policy, the law presumes that death results from a natural cause and the burden is upon the insurer to establish suicide by clear and satisfactory evidence to the exclusion of any reasonable hypothesis consistent with death from natural or accidental causes. See Life Insurance Company v. Brockman, 173 Va. 86, 93, 3 S. E. 2d 480, 483 (1939) and numerous cases cited.
Under the general rule, which we follow, a beneficiary who makes a death claim under an accident policy or the double indemnity clause of a life policy, has the burden of proving that the Insured’s death was caused by violent, external and accidental means within the terms of the policy. General Accident, Fire & Life Assurance Corp. v. Murray, 120 Va. 115, 126, 90 S. E. 620, 624 (1916); 29A Am. Jur., Insurance, § 1852, p. 914; 46 C. J. S., Insurance, § 1317 (2), p. 406.
The courts and commentators are in agreement that when death by external and violent means is proven, a presumption arises in favor of the beneficiary that the death was accidental, and the jury is required to find for the beneficiary unless there is evidence sufficient to justify a conclusion of suicide.
This presumption in favor of death by accidental means and against suicide has its basis in the love of life and the instinct of self-preservation, the fear of death, the fact that self-destruction is contrary to the general conduct of mankind, the immorality of taking one’s own life and the presumption of innocence of crime. Aside from the fact that self-destruction is an unnatural act, it is an act which could constitute a deliberate fraud. For good and valid reasons, most courts have placed a full burden on those who interpose suicide as a defense, just as they have where fraud is relied upon as a defense. The presumption, however, is rebuttable and may be overcome by facts and circumstances which show that death was the result of suicide. It is when rebutting evidence is introduced that different theories have developed as to the operation and weight of the presumption.
Some courts have held that the presumption against suicide and in favor of accidental death is a procedural tool concerning evidence, which does not constitute evidence or possess probative force; that the presumption shifts the burden of coming forward with evidence, but never shifts the burden of persuasion; that the presumption disappears *336when credible evidence is produced tending to show that death was the result of suicide; and that ordinarily the jury should not be told that there is a presumption against suicide. This view is commonly known as the Thayer theory. New York Life Ins. Co. v. Gamer, 303 U. S. 161, 58 S. Ct. 500, 82 L. ed. 726, 114 A. L. R. 1218 (1938); Tyrrell v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 109 Vt. 6, 192 A. 184, 115 A. L. R. 392 (1937); Wigmore on Evidence, 2d ed., Vol. IX, p. 286, § 2490, et seq.; Annots.: 103 A. L. R. 185; 158 A. L. R. 747, 748; 12 A. L. R. 2d 1264, 1323; 5 A. L. R. 3d 19, 64. Other courts have taken the view that the presumption is itself evidence or at least has evidentiary weight. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York v. Maddox, 221 Ala. 292,128 So. 383 (1930); Lewis v. New York Life Ins. Co., 113 Mont. 151, 124 P. 2d 579 (1942); Wyckoff v. Mut. Life Ins. Co. of New York, 173 Ore. 592, 147 P. 2d 227 (1944); Annots.: 103 A. L. R. 185, 191; 158 A. L. R. 747, 750; 12 A. L. R. 2d 1264, 1328; 5 A. L. R. 3d 19, 65, 66. Still other courts have utilized the presumption to shift the burden of proof to the insurer to establish that the death of the insured was due to suicide. Dick v. New York Life Ins. Co., 359 U. S. 437, 79 S. Ct. 921, 3 L. ed. 2d 935 (1959); Union Cent. Life Ins. Co. v. Sims, 208 Ark. 1069, 189 S. W. 2d 193 (1945).
The nature of a presumption against suicide — whether it has evidentiary value — when and if it disappears — and its effect on the burden of proof, are questions upon which courts, text writers, legal commentators and professors of law have evinced much learning and erudition. The citation of authorities can be multiplied without end, and decisions can be found to support almost any course we might elect to follow.
In essence, the issue before us involves the effect and weight of a presumption against suicide, the proof necessary to overcome it, and who has the burden. We must decide whether the burden upon a defendant to establish suicide shall be the same in accident policy death claims as it is under a life policy.
The defendant urges that we follow Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Clemmer, 79 F. (2d) 724,103 A. L. R. 171 (4 Cir. 1935), which held that in an action upon an accident policy or the double indemnity provision of a life policy, the beneficiary has the burden of proving that death was caused by violent, external and accidental means, and as an element of such proof, the plaintiff must show that death was not by self-destruction which was intentional and not accidental.
The plaintiff contends, and the trial judge agreed, that we have decided the question before us, for in his opinion the trial judge said:
*337“The last case in Virginia that discusses the subject is Harless, et al. v. Atlantic Life Ins. Co., 186 Va. 826, 44 S. E. 2d 430 (1947). The case was one in which the deceased was insured by defendant’s insurance company on a life insurance policy with double indemnity for accidental death. The company defended on the grounds of suicide both as to the life policy and double indemnity. At the conclusion of all the evidence the court entered judgment for the defendant holding that the defendant had overcome the burden placed upon it to show suicide by clear and convincing evidence and to the exclusion of any reasonable hypothesis consistent with death from natural or accidental cause. The plaintiff appealed. The Supreme Court sustained the finding of the lower court. Again an attack was made upon the extreme burden placed upon insurance companies to show suicide. The court refused to modify the Virginia rule.”
This court, in its opinion in Harless, quoted from the trial court there, as to why the evidence was stricken, as follows:
“. . . That was done, the trial court said, because the circumstances shown in evidence were sufficient ‘to overcome the burden which was placed upon the defendant to show (suicide) by clear and satisfactory evidence, and to the exclusion of any reasonable hypothesis consistent with death from natural or accidental causes,’ and if the jury should return a verdict for the plaintiffs he would have to set it aside.” 186 Va. 826, 828, 44 S. E 2d 430, 432.
Then, after citing and quoting with approval from Brockman, supra, as to the measure of proof required, we said:
“The defendant here urges that ‘the extreme rule in Virginia should be clarified and modified’ because it is confusing and creates ‘an unhappy and unsatisfactory situation.’ A similar argument was made by the defendant in the Brockman Case and rejected, with the statement that ‘the principles involved in the instruction (s) given are supported by a long line of Virginia decisions,’ and ‘these principles have become the settled doctrine in Virginia.’ (173 Va. 93, 94).
“We are not persuaded that this settled doctrine should now be unsettled. It is clear enough in its terms. Its application need not create an unhappy and unsatisfactory situation. If it makes for an unhappy litigant, that is not an unusual result with any rule, and a *338different rule would not likely avoid that result. It is a rule that has been followed by many courts, though rejected by others. See annotation following Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Clemmer (4 Cir., 79 F. (2d) 724), 103 A. L. R. 171, 185. Practically all courts recognize a legal presumption against suicide. They differ on the quantum of proof necessary to overcome the presumption and on whether the presumption should be given the force of evidence. It is no rare thing to require different degrees of proof to establish different facts. Proof of guilt must be beyond reasonable doubt; proof of fraud or unlawful act, or undue influence, and many others, must be clear and satisfactory, or clear and convincing (Virginia Fire, etc., Ins. Co. v. Hogue, 105 Va. 355, 54 S. E. 8; Rudlin v. Parker, ante, p. 647, 43 S. E. (2d) 918; Wigmore on Evidence, 3d Ed., sec. 2498, pp. 329 et seq.).
“The evidence here is to be tested by the rule established by our cases. If it is clear and satisfactory, and reasonable men should not disagree that it excludes every reasonable theory of death by accident, the action of the trial court was correct.” 186 Va. 826, 829, 830, 44 S. E. 2d 430, 432.
In any analysis of Harless, we must bear in mind that the controversy there swirled around accidental death, the defense of suicide, the presumptions that follow therefrom, and the burden of proof placed on the respective litigants. Had we desired to adopt the reasoning of Judge Soper in Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Clemmer, supra, we had an opportunity to do so. We did not adopt his reasoning — we expressly rejected it. True, the evidence in Harless showing suicide was so clear that the question became one of law. However, in measuring the evidence to determine if the defendant had overcome the presumption against suicide, the yardstick used in that accidental death case was the same test that was used by the trial judge in the case under review.
In the instant case Daniel’s policy insured against death by drowning or bodily injury effected solely through violent, external and accidental means. It excluded death caused from self-destruction, while sane or insane. His beneficiary had the same burden to carry as did the plaintiff in Harless. The defendant there, as does the defendant here, claimed suicide. We said there that the test to be applied was whether the evidence of suicide “is clear and satisfactory, and reasonable men should not disagree that it excludes every reasonable theory of death by accident.”
*339We therefore infer entially, if not explicitly, accorded a presumption against suicide the same effect in accidental death and double indemnity cases as in cases upon life insurance policies.
The reasoning and logic of our holding become apparent when an attempt is made to rationalize the imposition of a greater burden on the beneficiaries of one who seeks to protect them from the hazard of his death by accident, than on the beneficiaries of one who seeks to protect them from the hazard of his death through normal causes.
In each instance, the event or happening against which protection is sought is the death of the policyholder. Assuredly suicide is as abhorrent, as unlikely, or as much of an anathema to the man or woman who purchases accidental death insurance as to the individual who purchases an ordinary policy of life insurance. We would not invest the beneficiary of a life insurance policy with a firm presumption against suicide and only accord the beneficiary of an accidental death policy a lesser or disappearing presumption.
The anomaly of the situation is illustrated in an action to recover under a life policy with double indemnity where the defense is suicide. As to one-half of the amount sought to be recovered the plaintiff-beneficiary would have the benefit of a presumption against suicide, and the jury would be told that the defense would have to establish suicide by clear and satisfactory evidence to the exclusion of any reasonable hypothesis consistent with death from natural or accidental causes. As to the other one-half of the recovery sought, the plaintiff-beneficiary would still have the benefit of a presumption, but the trial judge would have to attempt to instruct the jury, when, and at what point, and under what circumstances, this presumption disappears, dissolves or fades out of the case. Assuming such an instruction could be framed, it is unreasonable to expect a jury of laymen to draw the fine distinctions that would be demanded of them.
The validity of Harless becomes more defensible when we apply it to the case under review. The issue here was clear-cut. It is admitted that the insured died by drowning. Was insured drowned as the result of an accident or was his death suicidal? There was no eyewitness to this tragedy. The case was based purely upon circumstantial evidence. This is not unusual. Accidents involving automobiles, motorboats and firearms often occur without an eyewitness. The only person present at the happening is the insured, who is killed. Without the benefit of a presumption against suicide there often could be no recovery by his beneficiary. Furthermore, it is never difficult to *340find in the past life of an insured-decedent some incident or condition, a. morbid remark, an idle threat or a peculiar action that indicates suicide.
The gist of the defendant’s argument on one of its assignments of error is that a despondent remark or threat showed a motive on the-part of Daniel for suicide, which together with certain physical facts, principally the finding of a hat, eyeglasses and cigarettes in a locked car, overcame the presumption against suicide, and that the presumption thereby disappeared and ceased to exist. If this were the case, the defendant should have prevailed on his motion to strike the plaintiff’s evidence because the plaintiff’s case of necessity rests on this presumption. The burden of proof rested with the plaintiff to show that death was caused by accidental means. Without the aid of the presumption, plaintiff could not have sustained the burden of proof.
A presumption against suicide is not evidence, but it does have probative or evidentiary value and does not just disappear when evidence is offered in opposition thereto. It is rebutted when the facts upon which it is based have been overcome by evidence to the contrary. It is conceded that evidence may be of such conclusive character that only one reasonable deduction can be drawn therefrom, in which event the presumption would be overcome and a verdict would be directed. That was the case in Harless — but it is not the case here.
If the presumption disappeared once evidence to the contrary appeared, there would be nothing for that evidence to controvert. The presumption should stand in the face of such evidence and be given Aveight in determining the fact question. When positive evidence appears to indicate suicide it stands on one side, and the evidence of the plaintiff-beneficiary, together Avith the presumption, on the other, and the trier of fact must weigh them both in determining the question.
We think that appropriate here are the observations made by Mr. Justice Black in his dissenting opinion in New York Life Ins. Co. v. Gamer, supra, where he said:
“Stripped of discussions of legal formulas designated as ‘presumptions’ and ‘burden of proof,’ the net result of the rule of ‘disappearing presumptions’ is that trial judges in Federal courts (irrespective of state rules) have the power to determine when sufficient ‘substantial evidence’ has been produced to justify taking from the jury the right to render a verdict on evidence which — had the judge not found it overcome by contradictory evidence — would have justified a verdict. The judge exercises this power as a ‘trier of fact’ al*341though evidence, previously introduced and sufficient to support a verdict, has neither been excluded nor withdrawn.
“Proof of death by external and violent means has uniformly been held to establish death by accident. The extreme improbability of suicide is complete justification for a finding of death from accident under these circumstances. While it has been said that this proof of accidental death was based on ‘presumption,’ in reality— whatever words or formulas are used — what is meant is that a litigant has offered adequate evidence to establish accidental death. To attribute this adequacy of proof to a ‘presumption’ does not authorize or empower the judge to say that this ‘adequate proof’ (identical with legal ‘presumption’) has ‘disappeared.’ If the evidence offered by plaintiff provides adequate proof of accidental death upon which a jury’s verdict can be sustained, mere contradictory evidence cannot overcome the original ‘adequate proof’ unless the authority having the constitutional power to weigh the evidence and decide the facts believes the contradictory evidence has overcome the original proof. The jury — not the judge — should decide when there has been ‘substantial’ evidence which overcomes the previous adequate proof____” 303 U. S. 161, 176, 58 S. Ct. 500, 505, 82 L. ed. 726 733, 114 A. L R. 1218, 1225 (1938).
The force of Justice Black’s opinion is more pronounced when we consider that under federal practice, the judge is free to comment on the evidence and explain the allowable inferences and presumptions. What a trial court tells a jury about presumptions in a state court would have to be incorporated in an instruction, and we have alluded to the difficulties involved in attempting to deal with the concept of a disappearing presumption.
Accordingly, and consistent with what was said in Harless, we hold that a presumption against suicide shall be accorded the same effect in accidental death and double indemnity cases as is given the presumption in cases upon life insurance policies. Evidence to overcome such presumption must be clear and satisfactory and to the exclusion of any reasonable hypothesis consistent with death from natural or accidental causes. The presumption remains throughout the trial unless the evidence of suicide is so conclusive that only one reasonable deduction can be drawn therefrom, and it becomes a question of law for the court to decide. The jurors will weigh the evidence and test the persuasiveness of the facts proved on the issue of suicide, in the light of human experience, and the truth gained from *342it, that under most circumstances a human being will not deliberately and intentionally destroy himself. As to the effect of such a presumption, we again refer to Harless, supra, where we said:
“The presumption against suicide is not a conclusive presumption. It is necessarily a rebuttable presumption, else suicide could not be proved in any case by circumstantial evidence. The evidence to overcome the presumption does not have to exclude the possibility of accident. It has only to exclude the reasonable theory of accident. If no reasonable theory of accident exists under the facts and circumstances shown by the evidence, then the presumption logically and legally falls. It cannot stand in the presence of evidence sufficient to show that the presumption is contrary to the truth. Evidence is sufficient to show that, under our rule, when it excludes every reasonable hypothesis of death from any other cause than suicide. [Citing cases.]” 186 Va. 826, 836, 837, 44 S. E. 2d 430, 436.
We agree with the trial court that under the evidence here the question of whether insured’s death resulted from accident or suicide was a factual question for the jury, since reasonable men could disagree on the issue whether death was accidental or suicidal, and not one of law for the court. The instructions granted by the trial court were in accord with the views expressed in this opinion.
The judgment of the trial court is therefore

Affirmed.