Court Opinion

ID: 6233894
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-17 20:28:05.573496+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:58.620450
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the court was delivered, July 7th 1870, by
Agnew, J.
It is error to nonsuit a plaintiff who has presented a case sufficient to go to the jury; but is not error to refuse a nonsuit; for when the defendant has given his evidence, he has 'it still in his power to ask the court to instruct the jury upon the insufficiency of the plaintiff’s evidence to maintain the action.
All the other assignments stand upon a single ground, the right of the defendants to try the title to the locus in quo in an action of replevin for the grain cut and carried away by them. The judge said in his charge (and this is not excepted to as being contrary to the evidence), “ that the plaintiff had possession of the fields and sowed the grain, and that the defendants cut and carried it away, are admitted facts.” An examination of the testimony shows also that the fact of the plaintiff’s actual possession was not rebutted; and that Kellerman, as the tenant of Josiah Miller, had been in possession for several years of the field in which the grain grew, and ploughed it and sowed the crop which the defendants took off. It was a clear case of an adverse and disputed title ; Lehman claiming the field under a warrant and survey in the name of Kensey Daniels, and Miller claiming it under a warrant and survey for Marcus Metzgar ; the question' being as to 'the location of the lines upon these warrants. ■ The plaintiff having the actual adverse possession, according to the principles stated and authorities cited in Powell v. Smith, 2 Watts 126, the defendants could not defend on their alleged better title, in the action of replevin brought for the grain, but must be driven to an action of ejectment and for the mesne profits. The actual possession of the plaintiff operates as a disseisin and turns the true owner over to his action to dispossess the disseisor: Altemose v. Huffsmith, 9 Wright 128, 9; Hoey v. Furman, 1 Barr 300. The chief difficulty is to reconcile some of the decisions heretofore made. Thus in Elliott v. Powell, 10 Watts 453, it was held that a defendant in replevin for a crop of grain cut and carried avray by him, might set up his title to the locus in quo, on the principle that his right of entry justified his entry- and taking the profits of the soil which was his. But the case is not fully reported, and, taken in the full extent of the principle stated in the opinion, would conflict with subsequent as well as previous decisions. *492Although the plaintiff in that case was in the actual possession and sowed the grain, it does not appear that he did so under an adverse title, while the opinion of Justice Rogers proceeds evidently on the ground that there was no contested, title and the defendant had an immediate right of entry, which he exercised, and thereby put himself into actual possession before the cutting of the grain. Unless this be the fact it is inconsistent with his own opinion in Harlan v. Harlan, 3 Harris 507, in which he several, times refers to Elliott v. Powell, without apparently supposing there is any inconsistency, and takes precisely the distinction here stated in the following clear terms: “ Although the actual possession is in the defendants, yet there is, in the sense attached to it, in the cases cited, no adverse holding, nor the semblance of a contest of title. The title never has nor ever can be disputed by them. The mere assertion of title would be nothing. The court looks to the substance ; and when it appears that in truth it is a trial of title, then it is properly ruled that replevin is not the proper action, but that it must be tried in another form. Beyond, the cases do not go, nor does public policy require they should.” See the cases collected in Brewer v. Fleming, 1 P. F. Smith 115. Applying these principles, stated by Judge Rogers, to the present case, it is evident the whole defence was inadmissible; as it was a contest of title between two warrants and surveys, as to which covered the ground in controversy. The plaintiff having been in the clear, peaceable and undisturbed possession and sowed the grain, the court should have ruled out the defence, and sent the defendants to their remedy by ejectment, and a recovery of the mesne profits. But the verdict having been given to the plaintiff, the result is the same as if the defence had been ruled out, and it is not for the defendants to complain of this error. The judgment is therefore affirmed.