Court Opinion

ID: 7130989
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 15:18:46.134216+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:14:28.176527
License: Public Domain

JUDGE COFER
delivered the opinion of the court.
August 4, 1864, Jo. H. Allen and P. H. Bridgewaterqualified as administrators of the estate of J. F. Bridgewater. The former is a son-in-law and the latter a son of the intestate.
At the August term, 1872, of .the Adair Circuit Court, three of the distributees of the estate, viz: Laura Russell, and her husband, and W. S. and Louella Bridgewater, by-their curator, recovered judgments against the administrators and their sureties for balances of their distributive shares, and caused executions to issue thereon, which were returned “no property found.” They then instituted this proceeding, by an amended petition filed without objection in the case in which the judgments were obtained, to enforce satisfaction of the judgments.
They sought, among other things, to subject a house and two lots, situated in the town of Lebanon, the title to which, was in Mrs. Allen, the wife of Jo. H. Allen, and daughter of *108the intestate, and a tract of land, situated in Adair county, the title to which was in Mrs. Sophia Sublett, wife of E. C. Sublett, one of the sureties on the administrator's’ bond and a defendant in the judgments.
In respect to the house and lots, the plaintiffs allege, in substance, that Jo. H. Allen purchased a tract of land in Adair county, and paid $700 of the purchase money in a note he held, payable to himself, as guardian of Louella Bridgewater, and that he paid the residue out of assets in his hands, as administrator of J. F. Bridgewater; that he afterward conveyed the land to Funk, in exchange for the house and lots, and that said “conveyance is voluntarily and fraudulent as to them, ” they being antecedent creditors.
These allegations, except that of fraud, are established by the evidence.
The allegations affecting Mrs. Sublett are, that subsequent to the execution of the administrators’ bond by her husband, as a surety thereon he bought the land and paid for it, and, in fraud of the plaintiffs’ rights, caused it to be conveyed to his wife; that ‘ ‘ it was a voluntary conveyance, made after the execution of the administrators’ bond.”
These allegations were denied by Sublett and wife, but with this explanatory statement:
That Mrs. Sublett was, in her own right, the owner of $73° in gold, and had the exclusive possession of it, and it was not subject to her husband’s debts, and was not in his possession or under his control; that at her request it was ■sold for $1,538 in “greenbacks;” that she also owned $300 in paper money, which was her share of her father’s estate, and that, at her request, it was invested in the land; that her husband agreed that if she would so invest her money, he would pay the balance, between eleven and twelve hun*109dred dollars, and have the land conveyed to her. She also pleaded and relied upon the statute 'of limitations of five-years.
The chancellor adjudged tlie house and lots in Lebanon to be sold to pay to Louella the sum of $700, the amount of the note payable to Allen as her guardian, which he used to pay a part of the purchase money for the land swapped to Funk for the house and lots, and that the residue of the-price for which it should sell. should be applied, pro rata, in payment of the judgments.
The petition was dismissed as to Mrs. Sublett.
From so much of the judgment as subjected the house and lots to sale, Allen and wife appeal, and from so much as-dismissed the petition as to Sublett and wife, Louella, now Mrs. Marchand, and her husband have appealed.
The depositions of Jo. H. Allen and E. C. Sublett were taken on behalf of their respective wives, and exceptions to them having been overruled, the first question for decision is, whether they were competent witnesses.
Tlie plaintiffs sued jointly, and filed joint exceptions to the depositions; and if the witnesses were competent as to any one of the plaintiffs, they were competent as to all. (Worthley v. Hammond, 13 Bush, 452.)
The depositions were taken in 1874. The General Statutes were then in force, and the competency of witnesses was regulated by sections 22 to 28, inclusive, of chapter 37. W. S. Bridgewater and Mrs. Russell, two of the plaintiffs, were over the age of twenty-one years. Louella, now Mrs. Marchand, was an infant. The facts testified to occurred after the death of J. F. Bridgewater, and the husbands of the female defendants were competent witnesses under section 24 and subsection 1 of section 25.
*110We are' therefore of the opinion that the court did not ■err in overruling the exceptions to the depositions. In regard to the conveyance from Funk to Mrs. Allen, it is to be remarked that it is not attacked for actual fraud, but as voluntary, and, therefore, fraudulent under the statute against fraudulent conveyances, and upon the additional ground that the land conveyed to Funk, in exchange for the house and lots, was paid for with assets of the estate ■ of J. F. Bridgewater and a note payable to Allen as guardian to Louella Bridgewater.
There is no evidence of any actual fraud on the part of Allen in procuring the house and lots to be conveyed to his wife. The deed bears date in 1867. In January, 1866, the administrators made a partial settlement of their accounts, in which it appeared that the amount for distribution be'tween the five distributees was $27,032 44, or $5,406 48 to each share.
Of this sum, the settlement purports to show that Mrs. .Allen had received the sum of $3,909 20, or $1,497 28 less than her share; and there was filed with the settlement a ■receipt purporting to have been executed by her and her husband for the sum of $3,782 40 paid to them by him as • one of the administrators. There is nothing to show that ■ any part of this sum was paid to Mrs. Allen, or whether the charge in the settlement or the receipt was intended to be an appropriation by the husband of that much of his ■wife’s distributive share of her father’s estate; but for the ■purposes of this case we assume that such was his purpose. ‘This would leave still due to Mrs. Allen, as the settlement "then stood, $1,497 28.
A suit to surcharge the administrators’ settlement resulted :in increasing their liability in the sum of $4,300 over what *111it appeared to be on the settlements made with the county-judge. Add Mrs. Allen’s share of this, $860, to that remaining due on the settlement, and the administrators were indebted to her, at the date of the deed to her for the house and lots, in the sum of $2,357 §> nearly the value of the property conveyed to her. The administrators executed a joint bond, and each was liable for the whole amount in the hands of both. Allen was therefore indebted to his wife in a sum not more than $150 less than the price paid for the house and lot. That sum the chancellor, if applied to by Mrs. Allen, would have required him to secure to her, and if he had paid for the property with his own money, there could be no doubt but the conveyance would have been valid as against his creditor. Whatever the chancellor would have required to be done, he will not undo when voluntarily done.
What, then, is the result, as to Mrs. Allen, of the fact that a part of the price of the land exchanged for the house and lots was paid with assets in his hands as administrator? That such use of the assets was a breach of trust may be conceded, but the breach consisted in taking the title to himself. If, instead of doing so, h.e had taken the title to the land to his wife, the act of paying for it with assets belonging to the estate would not have been per se wrong. He owed her a fiduciary debt, and he would thus have paid the debt with fiduciary funds; and unless his purpose in doing so was to defraud the other distributees, they would have had no right to complain. Having taken the title to the land to himself, it was, in equity, assets in his hands, and might have been reached by the distributees and recovered by them, or subjected to sale for distribution. But before •any step had been taken for that purpose, he exchanged the *112land for the house and lots and caused them to be conveyed to his wife, thereby accomplishing in the end just what we have seen he might have legally done in the first instance.
At the time the conveyance was made to Mrs. Allen, her husband and P. H. Bridgewater, the other administrator, and their sureties were solvent, and the estate was then in their hands intact, except so far as it had been distributed. In causing the lots to be conveyed to Mrs. Allen, thereby satisfying so much of her claim against him, he did the other distributees no wrong. The wrong they have suffered does not proceed from that cause. He remained amply able to pay the others also, and his sureties were ample; and that which was right when done cannot be made wrong by subsequent events not then contemplated by any one. The wrong done the others consists in the failure to pay them, and not in the fact that he paid his wife.
We are therefore of the opinion that the house and lots cannot be subjected, because they were paid for with assets, in the hands of Allen as administrator.
But as to the amount of the note payable to Allen as. guardian for Louella, now Mrs. Marchand, we are of the opinion that she has a lien on the property. She has traced the proceeds of the note into it, and the well-settled rule is, that as long as a trust fund can be distinctly traced, the chancellor will fasten upon it and apply it to the purpose to which it ought to have been applied, unless the rights of innocent third persons have intervened. Mrs. Allen had a debt against her husband, and he paid it with property purchased in part with a note belonging to Mrs. Marchand. To that Mrs. Allen had no claim, either legal or equitable. Mrs. Marchand had a right, as long as the land belonged to Allen,, to proceed against it for the amount of her note put into it.. *113To that extent she had an interest in the land, and that interest was destroyed'by the conveyance to Funk, and went into the house and lots to pay that much of Allen’s debt to his wife. Mrs. Marchand cannot proceed against the land, because it has passed into the hands of a purchaser for value, who, as far as appears, had no notice of her equity. But Mrs. Allen was merely a creditor of her husband. She did not pay for the land as a purchaser in the sense which entitles her to protection against the prior equity of Mrs. Marchand, and besides, she does not lay a foundation for asserting her claim as a purchaser: does not allege that she took the house and lots without notice of the fact that the proceeds of the note went into them. Such a defense is affirmative in its. character, and must be pleaded.
The house and lots having been conveyed to Mrs. Allen on account of her husband’s indebtedness to her, it was in no sense a gift by him to her. If he had on the same account conveyed the land to her which he conveyed to Funk in exchange for the lots, the conveyance not being tainted with actual fraud, could not have been successfully assailed as voluntary, and would have been valid as against pre-existing liabilities.
The deed to Mrs. Sublett was executed in February, 1865, and the suit attacking it as voluntary, and therefore" fraudulent, was not commenced until August, 1873, a period of nearly eight years thereafter.
The. limitation prescribed to such actions by the Revised Statutes, in force when this action was commenced, and when the cause of action accrued (which is the same as is prescribed by the General Statutes), was five years. (Section 2, art. 3, chapter 63, R. S.)
*114But section 5, same article, provided that in actions for relief for fraud, the cause of action should'not be deemed to have accrued until the discovery of the fraud, but that no such action should be brought ten years after the time of the perpetration of the fraud.
It is averred in the answer, that if any fraud existed in the conveyance, it was discovered by the plaintiffs more than five years before the commencement of the suit. But it appears from the record that, at the time the deed was made, Mrs. Russell, W. S. Bridgewater, and Mrs. Marchand were infants, and there is nothing in the record showing when they attained their majority.
It was provided by section 3, article 4, chapter 63, Revised Statutes, that if any person entitled to bring any of the actions- mentioned in article 3 (of which an action for relief against fraud is one), except an action for a penalty or forfeiture, was an infant at the time the cause of action accrued, the action might be brought in a like number of years after such person attained ■ his majority that was allowed to a person under no such disability to bring the same after the right accrued. ■
As it does not appear that five years elapsed after any one of the plaintiffs to whom the cause of action accrued attained majority five years before this suit was commenced, the statute presents no obstacle to a recovery.
It is next contended, on the authority of Crozier v. Young, 3 Monroe; Doyle v. Sleeper, 1 Dana, and Marshall v. Marshall, 2 Bush, that, even conceding- that the purchase money for the land conveyed to Mrs. Sublett was paid by her husband after he signed the bond as surety for the administrators, the deed is not fraudulent as to the distributees having *115judgment and return of nulla bona against the administrators .and their sureties.
Section 2 of chapter 40, Revised Statutes, provided that '"every gift, conveyance, assignment, transfer, or charge, made by a debtor upon any of his estate, without valuable •consideration therefor, shall be void as to his then existing liabilities,” &c.
In the first two of the above cited cases it was held, under ithe act of 1796 (1 M. & B., 737), that property purchased .and paid for by a debtor, and by his direction conveyed to his children, could not be subjected to the payment of his •debts. This was held on the ground that the statute only ■applied to" conveyances by the debtor, and not to conveyances made by third persons by his.procurement; and in the latter case these cases were referred to upon This point with ■approval; but the question was not necessary to the decision •of the case before the Court.
Whether those cases did not kill the spirit of the law with •its letter we need not now inquire. The question has been set at rest by the legislature.
.Sections 20 and 21, chapter 80, of the Revised Statutes, read as follows:
20. ‘ ‘ When a deed shall be made to one person, and the •consideration therefor shall be paid by another, no use or '.trust shall result in favor of the latter.”
21. “Such deeds shall be deemed fraudulent, as against the existing 'debts and liabilities of the person paying the ■consideration.”
If the purchase money for the land conveyed to Mrs. Sublett was paid by her husband, the-case comes directly within 'the statute, and the deed must be adjudged fraudulent, as against his then existing liability as surety for the adminis*116trators of Bridgewater’s estate. That $1,164 °f the price-of the land was paid by the husband is conceded. As to-the residue, we think, without repeating it, the evidence shows was paid with money belonging to Mrs. Sublett.
There is no evidence whatever of actual fraud on the part of either Mrs. Sublett or her husband. It is not' even charged, and she is therefore entitled to the benefit of the rule which gives to a purchaser, innocent of willful fraud and guilty only of a legal fraud, the light to be reimbursed for the money actually paid out in the transaction. In other-words, she will be allowed to resort to the land as a security for her money invested in it, and the appellants, Marchand and wife, will be entitled to the residue, not exceeding the-amount of the liability of her husband as surety for the administrators. -But she will not be entitled to interest except from the date when she and her husband may be dispossessed under the judgment herein directed to be rendered.
The compensation allowed Russell & Averitt seems to be-no more than that agreed upon by the then guardian of Mrs. Marchand, and, in view of the labor and skill required, we-are of the opinion that the allowance was not unreasonable even if no agreement had been made. .
The fund attached in the hands of Bowman, being compensation due to Allen from the Commonwealth for teaching a common school, was not subject to attachment. Officers, of the State, intrusted with the funds of the State for public purposes, are not subject to garnishment, nor can the compensation of a teacher employed in the service of the public-in teaching a common school be attached. The Commonwealth has undertaken to establish and carry on at public-expense a system of common schools, and cannot permit the wages of teachers in such schools to be intercepted, *117whereby it may be deprived of their services, and the efficiency of the system may be impaired.
The judgment to sell the house and lots in Lebanon, and the judgment dismissing the petition against Sublett-and wife, are reversed (the latter is reversed only as to Marchand .and wife), and the cause is remanded for judgments in conformity to this opinion. In all other, particulars the judgments are affirmed.