Court Opinion

ID: 4709094
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-04 18:03:35.379682+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:54.357336
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/4/21 Phipps v. Venton CA1/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                   DIVISION ONE

 SCOTT PHIPPS, as TRUSTEE
             Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                        A162449
 v.
 MARIANA VENTON,                                                        (Alameda County
                                                                        Super. Ct. No. RP20079869)
             Defendant and Appellant.

         Appellant Mariana Venton is a beneficiary of a trust established by her
late husband, Robert.1 She was receiving about $6,200 per month from the
trust. Respondent Scott Phipps, the trust’s trustee, petitioned the trial court
to lower Mariana’s monthly distribution to $2,500 in the face of dwindling
trust assets and in an attempt to maintain some funds for the trust’s
remainder beneficiaries. The trial court granted the petition over Mariana’s
objection.
         On appeal, Mariana argues that the trial court’s ruling was an abuse of
discretion because it defeated the purpose of the trust. We disagree and
affirm.

        Because the couple share the same surname, we refer to them by their
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first names for purposes of clarity.

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                                    I.
                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
                               BACKGROUND
       Robert and Mariana married in September 2000 after living together
since 1983 or 1984. In 1994, Robert established the “Robert William Venton
Living Trust,” which he amended in an “Amendment to and Restatement”
(the Restatement) a few months before his death in November 2004.
Respondent Phipps is the trustee. The trust names Mariana as the sole
current beneficiary and names Robert’s daughter from his first marriage and
two grandsons as future remainder beneficiaries.
       The Restatement includes a few provisions that are central to this
appeal. The fourth paragraph addresses Mariana’s living arrangements and
provides that “it is my desire that my wife be provided with appropriate
living facilities.” The Restatement first states that Phipps “shall allow
[Mariana] to reside” at their San Lorenzo home. But it then gives Phipps the
option to sell the house in the event of Mariana’s inability to maintain the
home. Upon such a sale, the Restatement states that Phipps “may purchase
or rent alternative living facilities to be utilized by [Mariana] for the duration
of her life.”
       The fifth paragraph of the Restatement addresses how the trust’s
income and principal are to be distributed to Mariana and the remainder
beneficiaries: “My Trustee shall then pay to [Mariana], during her lifetime[,]
the net income from the Trust. My Trustee, in his discretion, may also pay
to, or for the benefit of, [Mariana], such sums out of [the] Trust principal as
my Trustee deems necessary for [Mariana’s] health, welfare[,] and
maintenance.” (Italics added.) Thus, the trustee “shall” pay Mariana the net
income but “may” disburse to her the principal. To guide Phipps’s discretion
in disbursing the principal, the trust directs that “my Trustee shall be guided

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by my desire that my wife be provided for as herein set forth and that my
daughter and grandsons receive as much of the Trust principal as feasible
upon termination of the Trust.” The sixth paragraph of the Restatement
provides that after Robert and Mariana’s deaths, the Trustee shall “divide
the Trust assets equally between my daughter” and two grandsons.
      Mariana lived in the San Lorenzo home from the time of her husband’s
death until 2015, when the property was sold. At the time of the sale, the
trust assets totaled about $600,000. In 2016 and 2017, Mariana received
about $3,600 per month. She suffered a stroke in April 2017, and since
January 2018, Phipps has paid as rent the monthly cost for her to live at an
independent-living facility in Livermore. These monthly payments have
averaged around $6,200, and the costs are expected to increase in the near
future. Mariana is now 92 years old and has not fully recovered from the
stroke.
      If distributions to Mariana continue at the current rate, the trust will
likely run out of money some time in 2022. Phipps tried to contact Mariana
multiple times in early 2020 to discuss the situation and to inquire into what
other resources she had for support, but he did not receive a response. In
August 2020, Phipps sent a letter, through his attorney, to Mariana and the
remainder beneficiaries. The letter stated, “On the one hand, [the trust
provisions] suggest that the Trustee should pay for Ms. Venton’s rent and
support. On the other hand, they give the Trustee discretion to determine
what support payments are necessary, and they also direct the Trustee to
preserve principal for the Trustor Mr. Venton’s daughter and grandson[s].”
      Phipps sent a Notice of Proposed Action to Mariana and the remainder
beneficiaries to set the monthly distributions to Mariana at $2,500 per
month. Two of the remainder beneficiaries consented, and Mariana objected.

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But the parties did not communicate with one another or contact Phipps to
discuss the matter. In April 2021, Phipps filed a petition for an order
authorizing him to take his proposed action. (Prob. Code, §§ 16503, subd. (c)
[proposed action], 17200, subd. (a)(6) [instructions].) Mariana filed an
opposition and a declaration stating her husband assured her she would not
have to worry about her living expenses for the rest of her life. At the
hearing, Mariana argued that her husband “wanted to provide housing for
[her] and the remainder people came second.” She also argued that because
of her stroke, the cost of rent at her independent-living facility is necessary.
      The trial court focused on the trust’s use of the terms “may” and “shall.”
While the provision governing the house uses “shall,” the provisions
governing rent payments, in the event of the house’s sale, use “may.” The
trial court found the provisions to be unambiguous, although it recognized
that the trust set forth “inconsistent . . . values that could come in conflict
and they are in conflict.” The court interpreted the trust to mean that Phipps
may consider whatever information he deems appropriate, and may decide to
pay nothing toward Mariana’s rent. The court stated, “[M]y bottom line is . . .
that a trustee has a range of discretion and [the court’s] job is to step in only
if there’s an abuse of that discretion.”
      The trial court authorized Phipps’s proposed action of reducing
Mariana’s rent to $2,500 per month. Mariana appealed, and this court
granted her request for calendar preference.

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                                        II.
                                   DISCUSSION
      A.    The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Ruling that
            Phipps Was Authorized to Reduce Mariana’s Rent Payments.

            1. General Principles and the Standard of Review.
      “A trustee’s discretion is not unlimited . . . . If a trustee abuses [his or]
her discretion, a court may order that trustee to do things differently. But
whether a trustee exercises [his or] her discretion appropriately or abusively
is measured by how this exercise conforms to the trustor’s intent.” (Young v.
McCoy (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 1078, 1087 (Young).) “[T]he basic inquiry,
whenever the exercise of a trustee’s discretion, absolute or otherwise, is
challenged, is always whether the trustee acted in the state of mind
contemplated by the trustor.” (Estate of Greenleaf (1951) 101 Cal.App.2d 658,
662 (Greenleaf).) As such, a trustee’s determination not to make future
payment cannot be an abuse of discretion if it is clearly in keeping with the
trustor’s intent. (Young, at p. 1087.) The trustor’s intent is “ ‘ “ascertained
from the whole of the trust instrument, not just separate parts of it.” ’ ”
(Estate of Cairns (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 937, 944 (Cairns).)
      The actions of the trustee are presumed to be in good faith. (Estate of
Ferrall (1953) 41 Cal.2d 166, 177.) The burden is on the party challenging
the action to show otherwise. (Estate of Crisler (1950) 97 Cal.App.2d 198,
202.) “It is the general rule that if the power of the trustee is discretionary,
and the trustee is fairly employing his [or her] judgment . . . the court will not
control his [or her] action merely because it disagrees with him [or her], but it
must find some abuse of discretion or bad faith before it will interfere.”
(Greenleaf, supra, 101 Cal.App.2d at p. 662.)
      Both parties acknowledge that we review the trial court’s ruling for an
abuse of discretion. (Manson v. Shephard (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1244,

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1258.) However, abuse of discretion “ ‘is not a unified standard . . . . The
trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed for substantial evidence, its
conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, and its application of law to the facts
is reversible only if arbitrary and capricious.’ ” (Id. at p. 1259.) “ ‘The
interpretation of a will or trust instrument presents a question of law unless
interpretation turns on the credibility of extrinsic evidence or a conflict
therein.’ ” (Tunstall v. Wells (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 554, 561.) “If the parties
do not dispute the facts,” as is the case here, the appellate court
independently construes the trust instrument. (Ibid.) As a result, “[w]e
review the trust de novo, considering the circumstances under which the
document was made in order to place ourselves in the position of the trustor
to interpret the document.” (McIndoe v. Olivos (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 483,
487.)
              2. The Trial Court Properly Interpreted the Trust and Did Not
              Disregard Its Purpose.

        Mariana argues that the trial court abused its discretion by essentially
modifying the terms of the trust to defeat its primary purpose to provide for
her necessary and appropriate care. She contends that reducing her monthly
payment to $2,500 conflicts with that purpose. But we agree with the trial
court that the trust’s “necessary and appropriate” directive is subject to a
permissive “may” and not a mandatory “shall.”
        As the trial court found, the trust uses the terms “shall” and “may” to
guide the bounds of Phipps’s discretion. It provides that the “Trustee shall
allow [Mariana] to reside in the [San Lorenzo] property.” (Italics added.) By
contrast, in paying for rent, the “Trustee may . . . rent alternative living
facilities.” (Italics added.) Further, the trust gives Phipps discretion in that

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he “may also pay . . . sums out of [the] Trust principal as [he] deems
necessary for [Mariana’s] health, welfare and maintenance.” (Italics added.)
      We agree with the trial court that the provisions governed by “shall”
are mandatory on Phipps while those that are governed by “may” are not.
Thus, the trust does not impose on Phipps a mandatory duty to disburse the
principal to pay for Mariana’s rent or for her health, welfare, and
maintenance. In fact, the trust expressly recognizes dual purposes in
deciding principal payments: “In making the decision to disburse principal,
my Trustee shall be guided by my desire that my wife be provided for as
herein set forth and that my daughter and grandsons receive as much of the
Trust principal as feasible upon termination of the Trust.” (Italics added.)
Mariana’s argument that lowering her monthly payment alters the primary
purpose of the trust focuses on one of the trust’s purposes, but it ignores the
other. (See Cairns, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 944 [intent of trustor is
ascertained from the whole of the trust].)
      Mariana also argues that reducing her monthly payment is contrary to
Robert’s intent that she “be provided with appropriate living facilities . . . for
the duration of her life.” She contends that her rent should not be reduced
because the remainder persons come second. But as the trial court
recognized, the trust’s dual purposes set forth “inconsistent” values but
requires Phipps to consider not only Mariana but also what will be left over
for the remainder beneficiaries. We cannot say that the trial court abused its
discretion in ruling that Phipps, in balancing these dual purposes, could
lower Mariana’s monthly payments. (See Young, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1087.)
      Mariana also argues that the trial court erred by capping Mariana’s
support payments to the supposed rental value of the San Lorenzo house.

                                         7
But the trial court’s order places no such cap on the payments. The court’s
order provides that “the Trustee is authorized[,] but not required, in the
Trustee’s discretion, to reduce payments from Trust principal to [Mariana] to
$0 to preserve principal for the remainder beneficiaries.” During the hearing,
the court considered the rental value of the San Lorenzo property in
ascertaining what monthly disbursement to Mariana would be reasonable,
but it did not order Phipps to disburse any specific amount.
      Finally, we reject Mariana’s argument that Phipps intimated that
Mariana has sufficient means to pay for the full rent at her living facility
because she declined to respond to an inquiry from him about the other
resources she had at her disposal. Phipps explained, “I tried to contact Ms.
Venton multiple times in early 2020 . . . . I wanted to ask what other
resources she had for her support.” Phipps believed “it was reasonable to
inquire what other resources Ms. Venton had available to her” because the
trust has limited resources and does not specify the factors Phipps is to
consider in determining the amount of support payments. The trial court
acknowledged that the term “necessary” does not impose a means test, and
we agree. We also agree, however, that Phipps was acting within his
discretion to attempt to determine what amount of monthly disbursement to
Mariana would be adequate to support her while also trying to maintain
some of the principal for the remainder beneficiaries.
                                      III.
                                  DISPOSITION
      The trial court’s order granting the petition for order to take proposed
action and for instructions is affirmed.

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                                _________________________
                                Humes, P.J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________
Margulies, J.

_________________________
Sanchez, J.

Phipps v. Venton A162449

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