Court Opinion

ID: 806934
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-08-20 14:19:46+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:22.689141
License: Public Domain

11-4065-cv(L)
     NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina

 1

 2                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 3                             FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

 4                                August Term 2011

 5          (Argued: April 23, 2012             Decided: August 20, 2012)

 6       Docket Nos. 11-4065-cv(L), 11-4077-cv(CON), 11-4082-cv(CON),
 7   10-4100-cv(CON), 11-4102-cv(CON), 11-4117-cv(CON), 11-4118-cv(CON),
 8    11-4133-cv(CON), 11-4153-cv(CON), 11-4165-cv(CON), 11-4182-cv(CON)
 9   -----------------------------------------------------x

10   EM LTD.,

11         Plaintiff,

12   NML CAPITAL, LTD.,

13         Plaintiff-Appellee,

14                               -- v. --

15   REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA,

16         Defendant-Appellant,

17   ADMINISTRACION NACIONAL DE SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, UNION DE
18   ADMINISTRADORAS DE FONDOS DE JUBILACIONES Y PENSIONES,
19   ARAUCA BIT AFJP S.A. CONSOLIDAR AFJP S.A., FUTURA AFJP
20   S.A., MAXIMA AFJP S.A., MET AFJP S.A., ORIGENES AFJP
21   S.A., PROFESION AUGE AFJP S.A.,

22         Defendants,

23   BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,

24         Intervenor.

25   -----------------------------------------------------x

26   B e f o r e :      WALKER, McLAUGHLIN and CABRANES, Circuit Judges.

27         Defendant-Appellant the Republic of Argentina appeals from the

28   September 2, 2011 order of the District Court for the Southern

29   District of New York (Thomas P. Griesa, Judge) granting Plaintiff-

                                            1
 1   Appellee NML Capital, Ltd.’s motion to compel non-parties Bank of

 2   America and Banco de la Nación Argentina to comply with subpoenas

 3   duces tecum, and denying Argentina’s motion to quash the subpoena

 4   issued to Bank of America.   We hold that the district court’s order

 5   compelling compliance with the subpoenas does not infringe on

 6   Argentina’s sovereign immunity.    AFFIRMED.

 7                                     THEODORE B. OLSON, Gibson, Dunn &
 8                                     Crutcher LLP, Washington, DC (Robert
 9                                     A. Cohen, Dennis H. Hranitzky, Eric
10                                     C. Kirsch, Dechert LLP, New York,
11                                     NY, Matthew D. McGill, Gibson, Dunn
12                                     & Crutcher LLP, Washington, DC, on
13                                     the brief), for Plaintiff-Appellee.
14
15                                     JONATHAN I. BLACKMAN (Carmine D.
16                                     Boccuzzi, Christopher P. Moore, on
17                                     the brief), Clearly Gottlieb Steen &
18                                     Hamilton LLP, New York, NY, for
19                                     Defendant-Appellant.
20
21

22   JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge:

23        In these consolidated appeals, we consider the scope of

24   discovery available to a plaintiff in possession of a valid money

25   judgment against a foreign sovereign.    Specifically, we review an

26   order of the District Court for the Southern District of New York

27   (Thomas P. Griesa, Judge) compelling two non-party banks to comply

28   with subpoenas duces tecum seeking information about Argentina’s

29   assets located outside the United States.      Argentina argues that

30   the banks’ compliance with the subpoenas would infringe on its

31   sovereign immunity.   We conclude, however, that because the

32   district court ordered only discovery, not the attachment of

                                         2
 1   sovereign property, and because that discovery is directed at

 2   third-party banks, Argentina’s sovereign immunity is not affected.

 3                                  BACKGROUND

 4        In December 2001, Defendant-Appellant the Republic of

 5   Argentina defaulted on payment of its external debt.    While most of

 6   Argentina’s bondholders agreed to voluntary restructurings in 2005

 7   and 2010, others, including Plaintiff-Appellee NML Capital, Ltd.

 8   (“NML”), did not.    Beginning in 2003, NML filed eleven actions in

 9   the Southern District of New York to collect on its defaulted

10   Argentinian bonds.   Jurisdiction in the district court was premised

11   on Argentina’s broad waiver of sovereign immunity in the bond

12   indenture agreements.1    The district court has entered five money

13   judgments in NML’s favor totaling (with interest) approximately

14   $1.6 billion.   It has also granted summary judgment to NML in the

15   remaining six actions, in which NML’s claims total (with interest)

16   more than $900 million.    Argentina has not satisfied these

17   judgments and NML has thus attempted to execute them against

     1
       The waiver states, in part,
                To the extent the Republic [of Argentina] or any of
           its revenues, assets or properties shall be entitled
           . . . to any immunity from suit, . . . from attachment
           prior to judgment, . . . from execution of a judgment or
           from any other legal or judicial process or remedy, . . .
           the Republic has irrevocably agreed not to claim and has
           irrevocably waived such immunity to the fullest extent
           permitted by the laws of such jurisdiction (and consents
           generally for the purposes of the Foreign Sovereign
           Immunities Act to the giving of any relief or the issue
           of any process in connection with any Related Proceeding
           or Related Judgment) . . . .
     Joint Appendix 1127.

                                        3
 1   Argentina’s property.     This litigation has involved lengthy

 2   attachment proceedings before the district court and multiple

 3   appeals to this court.2    Here we will recite only the facts relevant

 4   to the instant appeals.

 5           NML has pursued discovery concerning Argentina’s property

 6   located in the United States since 2003.    In 2010, “[i]n order to

 7   locate Argentina’s assets and accounts, learn how Argentina moves

 8   its assets through New York and around the world, and accurately

 9   identify the places and times when those assets might be subject to

10   attachment and execution (whether under [U.S. law] or the law of

11   foreign jurisdictions),” NML served the subpoenas at issue in these

12   appeals on two non-party banks, Bank of America (“BOA”) and Banco

13   de la Nación Argentina (“BNA”).    NML Br. at 9.   From the materials

14   sought in these subpoenas, NML hoped to gain an understanding of

15   Argentina’s “financial circulatory system.”    Joint Appendix (“JA”)

16   1021.

17           NML served the first subpoena, directed at BOA, on March 10,

18   2010.    The subpoena seeks documents relating to all BOA accounts

19   maintained by or on behalf of Argentina without territorial

20   limitation.    JA 672.   In particular, it requests documents

21   sufficient to identify the opening and closing dates of Argentina’s

     2
       For additional background on Argentina’s default and the resulting
     litigation, see, for example, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of
     Argentina, 680 F.3d 254, 256 & n.4 (2d Cir. 2012); NML Capital,
     Ltd. v. Banco Central de la República Argentina, 652 F.3d 172, 175-
     76 (2d Cir. 2011); Aurelius Capital Partners, LP v. Republic of
     Argentina, 584 F.3d 120, 124-27 (2d Cir. 2009); EM Ltd. v. Republic
     of Argentina, 473 F.3d 463, 466 & n.2 (2d Cir. 2007).

                                         4
 1   accounts, current balances, and transaction histories from 2009

 2   through the production date.      JA 667, 672.   It also requests from

 3   BOA documents relating to electronic fund transfers sent through

 4   the SWIFT system.3   JA 672-73.    The BOA subpoena defines “Argentina”

 5   broadly to include Argentina’s “agencies, ministries,

 6   instrumentalities, political subdivisions [and] employees,” as well

 7   as Argentina’s current president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner,

 8   and her late husband, former president Néstor Carlos Kirchner.      JA

 9   666, 674.

10         NML served the second subpoena on BNA, an Argentinian bank

11   with a branch in New York City, on June 14, 2010.      JA 900-09.   The

12   BNA subpoena requests documents relating to any assets or accounts

13   maintained at BNA by Argentina or for Argentina’s benefit, any

14   debts owed by BNA to Argentina, and transfers into or out of

15   Argentina’s accounts, including documents identifying the transfer

16   counterparties.   JA 908-09.   Again, “Argentina” is broadly defined

17   to include “its agencies, instrumentalities, ministries, political

18   subdivisions, representatives, State Controlled Entities . . . ,

19   and all other Persons acting or purporting to act for or on behalf

20   of Argentina.”    A “State Controlled Entity” is defined to include

21   any entity controlled or more than 25% owned by Argentina.      JA 903-

22   04.

     3
       SWIFT (which stands for Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
     Telecommunication) is an electronic messaging system that provides
     instructions to banks, brokerages, and other financial institutions
     for money transfers. Most transactions denominated in dollars are
     routed through banks in New York. JA 667, 1874-76.

                                          5
 1        After the subpoenas were served, Argentina, later joined by

 2   BOA, moved to quash the BOA subpoena.   Both banks then set forth

 3   objections to the subpoenas, and NML moved to compel their

 4   compliance.    Before the district court ruled on the objections and

 5   motions, NML agreed to modify its subpoenas, including by allowing

 6   BOA to exclude lower-level Argentinian officials from searches of

 7   SWIFT messages.   NML also agreed to enter into a protective order

 8   that would permit the banks to designate documents as confidential

 9   and require that those documents receive confidential treatment by

10   all parties.   At an August 30, 2011 hearing, and in a subsequent

11   September 2, 2011 order (the “Discovery Order”), the district court

12   denied the motion to quash and granted the motions to compel.     JA

13   1881, 1900-01, 1915-16.   At the hearing, the district court

14   approved the subpoenas in principle, indicating that it had made

15   its final determination that extraterritorial asset discovery did

16   not infringe on Argentina’s sovereign immunity, and reaffirmed that

17   it intended to serve as a “clearinghouse for information” in NML’s

18   efforts to find and attach Argentina’s assets.   JA 1868, 1881.   The

19   district court stated, however, that it expected the parties to

20   negotiate further on the specific production requests contained in

21   the subpoenas, saying that the subpoenas must include “some

22   reasonable definition of the information being sought.”   JA 1868.

23   For example, the district court noted that “there is no use getting

24   information about something that might lead to attachment in

25   Argentina because that would be useless information” as no

                                        6
 1   Argentinian court would allow sovereign property to be attached

 2   within the country.   JA 1868.   Thus, the district court, while open

 3   to discovery of assets abroad, sought to limit the subpoenas to

 4   discovery that was reasonably calculated to lead to attachable

 5   property.

 6        Following the district court’s ruling, NML and BOA negotiated

 7   further modifications to the subpoenas, including by designating

 8   search keywords.4   BOA has begun producing documents pursuant to the

 9   subpoena.   With respect to the BNA subpoena, NML agreed to limit

10   the requested individuals to the current and most recent former

11   president, and to exclude all documents relating to assets or

12   transfers exclusively within Argentina.   JA 1932, 1940.   According

13   to NML, BNA neither engaged in negotiations nor complied with the

14   subpoena.   On December 14, 2011, the district court ordered BNA’s

15   compliance with the modified subpoena by January 6, 2012.   See

16   Order, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, No. 03-cv-8845

17   (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2011), ECF No. 452.

     4
       On December 2, 2011, NML moved this court to supplement the record
     on appeal with communications among it, the banks, and the district
     court reflecting negotiations that occurred after September 2,
     2011, the date the district court entered the Discovery Order. See
     Mot. to Supplement the Record, No. 11-4065-cv(L) (2d Cir. Dec. 2,
     2011), ECF No. 112. Because we have sufficient information to
     decide these appeals based on the materials in the record and the
     district court dockets, of which we take judicial notice, the
     motion to supplement the record is DENIED. See Fed. R. App. P.
     10(e); Jeffreys v. United Techs. Corp., 357 F. App’x 370, 372-73
     (2d Cir. 2009); Salinger v. Random House, Inc., 818 F.2d 252, 253
     (2d Cir. 1987).

                                        7
 1        Argentina, but not the banks, appealed the district court’s

 2   September 2, 2011 Discovery Order.

 3                                 DISCUSSION

 4        Argentina challenges the Discovery Order’s legal premise that

 5   compliance with the subpoenas does not infringe on Argentina’s

 6   sovereign immunity.   It argues that the Discovery Order, by

 7   compelling disclosure about Argentinian assets abroad, violates the

 8   Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1602 et

 9   seq., which provides the sole source of federal court jurisdiction

10   over foreign nations, see Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess

11   Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 434-35 (1989).   We hold that because

12   the Discovery Order involves discovery, not attachment of sovereign

13   property, and because it is directed at third-party banks, not at

14   Argentina itself, Argentina’s sovereign immunity is not infringed.

15   The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion in

16   ordering BOA and BNA to comply with NML’s subpoenas.

17   I.   Jurisdiction

18        Before turning to the merits, we first address NML’s

19   contention that we lack subject matter jurisdiction to consider

20   these appeals because the Discovery Order is not a “final decision”

21   under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.   The issue arises here in the context of

22   supplemental post-judgment proceedings instituted by NML to

23   facilitate the execution of its judgments against Argentina.   See

24   Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a).    In post-judgment litigation, the “final

                                        8
 1   decision” is not the underlying judgment that the plaintiff is

 2   attempting to enforce, but the subsequent judgment that concludes

 3   the collection proceedings.    See In re Joint E. & S. Dists.

 4   Asbestos Litig., 22 F.3d 755, 760 (7th Cir. 1994).   The Discovery

 5   Order is not a “final decision” in this sense because it does not

 6   terminate NML’s collection proceedings against Argentina.   Under

 7   the collateral order doctrine, however, a decision is “final” if it

 8   (1) conclusively determines a disputed question; (2) resolves an

 9   important issue completely separate from the merits of the action;

10   and (3) is effectively unreviewable on appeal from final judgment.

11   Lora v. O’Heaney, 602 F.3d 106, 111 (2d Cir. 2010); see Cohen v.

12   Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949)

13   (enumerating same three requirements).     Most orders granting

14   discovery are not final decisions because they are effectively

15   reviewable on appeal from a final judgment, see Mohawk Indus., Inc.

16   v. Carpenter, 130 S. Ct. 599, 606 (2009), or by an appeal from a

17   contempt citation after the target of a subpoena resists the

18   challenged order, see Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United

19   States, 506 U.S. 9, 18 n.11 (1992); In re Air Crash at Belle

20   Harbor, N.Y. on Nov. 12, 2001, 490 F.3d 99, 106-07 (2d Cir. 2007).

21        Under the particular circumstances of this appeal, however,

22   the district court’s decision granting discovery is a collateral

23   order that is immediately appealable.   Cohen’s first two

24   requirements are easily met.   First, the district court indicated

25   that the Discovery Order represented its final determination that

                                        9
 1   extraterritorial asset discovery did not infringe on Argentina’s

 2   sovereign immunity.5   Second, the scope of discovery available to

 3   NML is separate from the merits issue of whether NML can execute

 4   against a particular asset to satisfy its judgments.

 5        Cohen’s third factor is satisfied because Argentina will be

 6   unable to obtain effective review in a United States court of the

 7   Discovery Order through a later appeal of a final judgment.

 8   Because the Discovery Order grants NML discovery respecting foreign

 9   assets, any future attachment or collection proceeding would be

10   conducted in a foreign court.6   Argentina would have no further

11   opportunity to challenge the Discovery Order in this or any other

12   United States court.   Moreover, depending on the laws of the

13   jurisdictions where any attachable property is located, NML may be

14   able to levy Argentina’s foreign assets directly, without
     5
       We consider the Discovery Order to be district court’s final word
     despite its direction that NML and the banks continue to negotiate
     the details of the subpoenas. See JA 1907, 1946-47. Argentina’s
     appeal concerns only the central legal issue of whether obtaining
     discovery from a third party of a foreign sovereign’s assets
     outside the United States infringes on sovereign immunity, and not
     the parameters of the document requests. See Trans. of Oral
     Argument on Mot. to Stay at 4, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of
     Argentina, No. 11-4065-cv(L) (2d Cir. Nov. 1, 2011), in JA 1943,
     1946 (counsel for Argentina stating that the subpoenas were subject
     to modification on the details and that its appeal did not concern
     “the details”).
     6
       NML argues that the subpoenas may allow it to discover the
     location of Argentinian assets in the United States, as well as
     assets held abroad. However, NML has already obtained discovery on
     Argentina’s assets in the United States, and so the new information
     it will receive pursuant to the Discovery Order relates only to
     Argentina’s assets abroad. NML’s speculation that it might uncover
     assets in the United States that were somehow missed by its earlier
     discovery requests is too remote to alter our jurisdictional
     analysis.

                                       10
 1   instituting a separate proceeding, rendering the Discovery Order

 2   unreviewable by any court.   See Resolution Trust Corp. v. Ruggiero,

 3   994 F.2d 1221, 1225 (7th Cir. 1993) (recognizing that an order

 4   granting discovery may be a final, appealable order where the “sole

 5   object of [a post-judgment] proceeding is discovery of the judgment

 6   debtor’s assets” and the assets discovered may then be levied

 7   without a court order).   Finally, because the Discovery Order does

 8   not direct compliance from Argentina itself, Argentina cannot

 9   obtain review through disobedience and contempt.   See Church of

10   Scientology, 506 U.S. at 18 n.11; Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604

11 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir. 2010).   Although the record before us is

12   silent on BNA’s compliance (or lack thereof), that BOA has begun

13   production suggests that it would rather comply than risk being

14   held in contempt of court.

15         In sum, because the Discovery Order conclusively resolves the

16   discovery issue, is separate from the merits, and will be

17   unreviewable through a later appeal in the United States, we have

18   jurisdiction to consider Argentina’s appeal.

19   II.   Merits

20         Turning to the merits, Argentina argues that the Discovery

21   Order violates the FSIA by requiring disclosure about assets

22   Argentina claims are immune from attachment.

23         We review the district court’s order for abuse of discretion.

24   See Brandi-Dohrn v. IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG, 673 F.3d 76, 79

25   (2d Cir. 2012); United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 125 (2d Cir.

                                      11
 1   2009).   “A district court has abused its discretion if it based its

 2   ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous

 3   assessment of the evidence, or rendered a decision that cannot be

 4   located within the range of permissible decisions.”   In re Sims,

 5   534 F.3d 117, 132 (2d Cir. 2008) (citations, alterations, and

 6   internal quotation marks omitted).    A district court has broad

 7   latitude to determine the scope of discovery and to manage the

 8   discovery process.   See, e.g., In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab.

 9   Litig., 517 F.3d 76, 103 (2d Cir. 2008).

10        At the outset, we note that broad post-judgment discovery in

11   aid of execution is the norm in federal and New York state courts.

12   Post-judgment discovery is governed by Federal Rule of Civil

13   Procedure 69, which provides that “[i]n aid of the judgment or

14   execution, the judgment creditor . . . may obtain discovery from

15   any person--including the judgment debtor--as provided in these

16   rules or by the procedure of the state where the court is located.”

17   Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a)(2).   The scope of discovery under Rule

18   69(a)(2) is constrained principally in that it must be calculated

19   to assist in collecting on a judgment.   See id.; Fed. R. Civ. P.

20   26(b)(1) (allowing a court to “order discovery of any matter

21   relevant to the subject matter involved in the action”); First

22   City, Texas-Houston, N.A. v. Rafidain Bank, 281 F.3d 48, 54 & n.3

23   (2d Cir. 2002) (“Rafidain II”); Libaire v. Kaplan, 760 F. Supp. 2d
24   288, 293 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).   New York state’s post-judgment discovery

25   procedures, made applicable to proceedings in aid of execution by

                                      12
 1   Federal Rule 69(a)(1), have a similarly broad sweep.   The New York

 2   Civil Practice Law and Rules provides that a “judgment creditor may

 3   compel disclosure of all matter relevant to the satisfaction of the

 4   judgment.”   N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 5223; see David D. Siegel, New York

 5   Practice § 509 (5th ed. 2011) (describing § 5223 as “a broad

 6   criterion authorizing investigation through any person shown to

 7   have any light to shed on the subject of the judgment debtor’s

 8   assets or their whereabouts”).   Of course, as in all matters

 9   relating to discovery, the district court has broad discretion to

10   limit discovery in a prudential and proportionate way.   See Fed. R.

11   Civ. P. 26(b)(2); see, e.g., Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574,

12   598-99 (1998).

13        It is not uncommon to seek asset discovery from third parties,

14   including banks, that possess information pertaining to the

15   judgment debtor’s assets. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a)(2) (permitting

16   discovery “from any person”); see, e.g., G-Fours, Inc. v. Miele,

17   496 F.2d 809, 810-12 (2d Cir. 1974) (upholding contempt citation

18   against judgment debtor’s wife and debtor’s wholly-owned

19   corporation for failing to respond to a discovery request pursuant

20   to Rule 69); Magnaleasing, Inc. v. Staten Island Mall, 76 F.R.D.
21   559, 561 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (permitting discovery against the judgment

22   debtor’s bank “insofar as it relates to the existence or transfer

23   of [the judgment debtor’s] assets”); ICD Grp., Inc. v. Israel

24   Foreign Trade Co. (USA) Inc., 638 N.Y.S.2d 430, 430 (1st Dep't

25   1996) (permitting discovery from debtor’s accountant, citing the

                                      13
 1   rule allowing discovery from “any third person with knowledge of

 2   the debtor’s property”); see also 12 Charles A. Wright & Arthur R.

 3   Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3014 (2d ed. 2012) (third

 4   persons may be examined about the assets of the judgment debtor so

 5   long as the motive is not to harass the third party).

 6        Nor is it unusual for the judgment creditor to seek disclosure

 7   related to assets held outside the jurisdiction of the court where

 8   the discovery request is made.   See Rafidain II, 281 F.3d at 54 (“A

 9   judgment creditor is entitled to discover the identity and location

10   of any of the judgment debtor’s assets, wherever located.”)

11   (quoting Nat’l Serv. Indus., Inc. v. Vafla Corp., 694 F.2d 246, 250

12   (11th Cir. 1982)); Eitzen Bulk A/S v. Bank of India, 827

13 F. Supp. 2d 234, 238-39 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (subpoena on New York

14   branch of Indian bank “reaches all responsive materials within the

15   corporation’s control, even if those materials are located outside

16   New York”); Raji v. Bank Sepah-Iran, 529 N.Y.S.2d 420, 423-24 (Sup.

17   Ct. 1988) (allowing discovery into judgment debtor’s foreign

18   assets).   Thus, in a run-of-the-mill execution proceeding, we have

19   no doubt that the district court would have been within its

20   discretion to order the discovery from third-party banks about the

21   judgment debtor’s assets located outside the United States.

22        Argentina argues, however, that the normally broad scope of

23   discovery in aid of execution is limited in this case by principles

24   of sovereign immunity.   Argentina maintains that its property

25   abroad is categorically immune from attachment, and that the

                                      14
 1   district court cannot order discovery into those assets.   Without

 2   reaching the unanswered question of whether the FSIA extends

 3   immunity to property held outside the United States, we reject

 4   Argentina’s argument for two reasons.

 5        First, the Discovery Order does not implicate Argentina’s

 6   immunity from attachment under the FSIA.   It does not allow NML to

 7   attach Argentina’s property, or indeed have any legal effect on

 8   Argentina’s property at all; it simply mandates BOA and BNA’s

 9   compliance with subpoenas duces tecum.   We recognize that a

10   district court sitting in Manhattan does not have the power to

11   attach Argentinian property in foreign countries.   However, the

12   district court’s power to order discovery to enforce its judgment

13   does not derive from its ultimate ability to attach the property in

14   question but from its power to conduct supplementary proceedings,

15   involving persons indisputably within its jurisdiction, to enforce

16   valid judgments.   Rafidain II, 281 F.3d at 53-54; cf. Riggs v.

17   Johnson Cnty., 73 U.S. 166, 187 (1867) (“Process subsequent to

18   judgment is as essential to jurisdiction as process antecedent to

19   judgment, else the judicial power would be incomplete and entirely

20   inadequate to the purposes for which it was conferred by the

21   Constitution.”).   Thus in Rafidain II we held that a “waiver by a

22   foreign state [of sovereign immunity], rendering it a party to an

23   action, is broad enough to sustain the court’s jurisdiction through

24   proceedings to aid collection of a money judgment rendered in the

25   case, including discovery pertaining to the judgment debtor’s

                                      15
 1   assets.” 281 F.3d at 53-54; Walters v. Indus. & Commercial Bank of

 2   China, Ltd., 651 F.3d 280, 297 (2d Cir. 2011);    see also FG

 3   Hemisphere Assocs., LLC v. Democratic Republic of Congo, 637 F.3d
4   373, 380 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (upholding contempt sanctions against

 5   foreign sovereign for failing to comply with general asset

 6   discovery order); Richmark Corp. v. Timber Falling Consultants, 959

 7 F.2d 1468, 1477-78 (9th Cir. 1992) (holding that an instrumentality

 8   of a foreign nation must respond to discovery about its worldwide

 9   assets and that it could not use the FSIA to conceal its assets

10   from the district court).     Whether a particular sovereign asset is

11   immune from attachment must be determined separately under the

12   FSIA, but this determination does not affect discovery.    Whatever

13   hurdles NML will face before ultimately attaching Argentina’s

14   property abroad (and we have no doubt there will be some), it need

15   not satisfy the stringent requirements for attachment in order to

16   simply receive information about Argentina’s assets.

17        The Seventh Circuit came to a different conclusion in Rubin v.

18   Islamic Republic of Iran, 637 F.3d 783 (7th Cir. 2011), holding

19   that the FSIA requires a judgment creditor to identify specific

20   non-immune assets before it is entitled to further discovery about

21   those assets.   Id. at 796.   We respectfully disagree with the

22   Seventh Circuit to the extent it concluded that the district

23   court’s subject matter jurisdiction over a foreign sovereign was

24   insufficient to confer the power to order discovery from a person

25   subject to the court’s jurisdiction that is relevant to enforcing a

                                        16
 1   judgment against the sovereign.     Such a result is not required by

 2   the FSIA and is in conflict with our holding in Rafidain II that a

 3   district court’s jurisdiction over a foreign sovereign extends to

 4   proceedings to enforce a valid judgment.     Nor does our holding in

 5   EM, 473 F.3d 463, cited by the Seventh Circuit, support the result

 6   in Rubin.   In EM, a case primarily about attachment, the district

 7   court denied a discovery request after determining that the

 8   judgment creditor made no showing of a reasonable basis to assume

 9   jurisdiction over the entity against whose funds it wished to

10   execute a judgment.   Id. at 486.    That ruling was well within the

11   district court’s discretion to limit discovery where the plaintiff

12   had not demonstrated any likelihood that the discovery it sought

13   related to attachable assets.   But EM did not hold that the

14   discovery request would violate the FSIA.

15        The Discovery Order, moreover, does not infringe on any

16   immunity from the district court’s jurisdiction that Argentina

17   otherwise might enjoy.   Argentina does not (and could not) argue

18   that the district court lacked subject matter or personal

19   jurisdiction over it because Argentina expressly waived any claim

20   to immunity in the bond agreements.      See, e.g., NML Capital, Ltd.

21   v. Republic of Argentina, 680 F.3d 254, 257 (2d Cir. 2012); EM Ltd.

22   v. Republic of Argentina, 473 F.3d 463, 481 & n.18 (2d Cir. 2007).

23   Once the district court had subject matter and personal

24   jurisdiction over Argentina, it could exercise its judicial power

25   over Argentina as over any other party, including ordering third-

                                         17
 1   party compliance with the disclosure requirements of the Federal

 2   Rules.   First City, Texas-Houston, N.A. v. Rafidain Bank, 150 F.3d
3   172, 177 (2d Cir. 1998) (“Rafidain I”).   Argentina does not dispute

 4   that the district court had jurisdiction over it or that the

 5   judgments against it are valid and enforceable; it therefore cannot

 6   dispute that the district court has jurisdiction to order discovery

 7   designed to aid in enforcing those judgments.

 8        In this vein, it is important to distinguish discovery

 9   requests made before a court conclusively has jurisdiction over a

10   foreign sovereign from those made after such jurisdiction has been

11   ascertained.   Where a plaintiff seeks to initially establish that

12   the court has subject matter jurisdiction over a sovereign,

13   discovery and immunity are almost invariably intertwined.    See

14   Rafidain I, 150 F.3d at 174-76 (noting that the district court must

15   engage in a “delicate balancing ‘between permitting discovery to

16   substantiate exceptions to statutory foreign sovereign immunity and

17   protecting a sovereign’s or sovereign agency’s legitimate claim to

18   immunity from discovery’” where it was unclear if the defendant had

19   a claim to jurisdictional immunity) (quoting Arriba Ltd. v.

20   Petroleos Mexicanos, 962 F.2d 528, 534 (5th Cir. 1992)).    Because

21   sovereign immunity protects a sovereign from the expense,

22   intrusiveness, and hassle of litigation, a court must be

23   “circumspect” in allowing discovery before the plaintiff has

24   established that the court has jurisdiction over a foreign

25   sovereign defendant under the FSIA.   Id. at 176-77.   But NML seeks

                                      18
 1   discovery from a defendant over which the district court

 2   indisputably had jurisdiction.   Thus, the concerns voiced in

 3   Rafidain I are not present and our precedents relating to

 4   jurisdictional discovery are inapplicable.

 5        The second principal reason for holding that the Discovery

 6   Order does not infringe on Argentina’s sovereign immunity is that

 7   the subpoenas at issue were directed at BOA and BNA--commercial

 8   banks that have no claim to sovereign immunity, or to any other

 9   sort of immunity or privilege.   Thus, the banks’ compliance with

10   subpoenas will cause Argentina no burden and no expense.     See id.

11   at 177 (holding that discovery requests directed at non-immune

12   party did not infringe on the sovereign immunity of a third party,

13   even if the third party retained a colorable claim of immunity).

14   To the extent Argentina expresses concern that the subpoenas will

15   reveal sensitive information, it is asserting a claim of privilege

16   and not a claim of immunity.   The FSIA says nothing about

17   privilege.   Indeed it appears that Congress intended for courts to

18   handle claims of privilege using the existing procedures under the

19   Federal Rules.    See H.R. Rep. No. 94–1487, at 23 (1976) (“The

20   [FSIA] does not attempt to deal with questions of discovery.

21   Existing law appears to be adequate in this area. . . . [If] a

22   private plaintiff sought the production of sensitive governmental

23   documents of a foreign state, concepts of governmental privilege

24   would apply.”).   NML has agreed to enter into a protective order

25   with the banks, see NML Br. at 21 n.6, and Argentina and the banks

                                       19
 1   can avail themselves of the other protections contained in the

 2   Federal Rules and our precedents as necessary to protect any

 3   confidential information.7   We are confident that these mechanisms

 4   will provide Argentina all the protection to which it is entitled.

 5   And, if and when NML moves past the discovery stage and attempts to

 6   execute against Argentina’s property, Argentina will be protected

 7   by principles of sovereign immunity in this country or in others,

 8   to the extent that immunity has not been waived.   The Discovery

 9   Order at issue here, however, does nothing to endanger Argentina’s

10   sovereign immunity.

11                                 CONCLUSION

12        For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s order is

13   AFFIRMED.

     7
       To the extent Argentina is attempting to keep sensitive data about
     its finances away from NML--i.e., to prevent NML from collecting on
     its judgments--its concerns are entitled to no weight.

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