Court Opinion

ID: 4587712
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-19 15:02:03.715207+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:37.576079
License: Public Domain

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
Atlantic and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the
Court of any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound
volumes go to press.

             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 18-CF-157

                         COREY T. HOWARD, APPELLANT,

                                        V.

                           UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.

                         Appeal from the Superior Court
                          of the District of Columbia
                                (CF2-11268-17)

                        (Hon. Ronna Beck, Motions Judge)
                        (Hon. Juliet McKenna, Trial Judge)

(Argued March 11, 2020                              Decided November 19, 2020)

     Jennifer Williams, with whom Samia Fam and Shilpa Satoskar, Public
Defender Service, were on the brief, for appellant.

      Michael E. McGovern, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Jessie
K. Liu, United States Attorney at the time the brief was filed, and Elizabeth
Trosman, Elizabeth H. Danello, and Emile C. Thompson, Assistant United States
Attorneys, were on the brief, for appellee.

     Before GLICKMAN, Associate Judge, and WASHINGTON and FISHER, * Senior
Judges.

_____________________
      *
         Judge Fisher was an Associate Judge of the court at the time of argument.
His status changed to Senior Judge on August 23, 2020.
                                          2

      FISHER, Senior Judge: Appellant Corey Howard challenges his convictions

for one count of Unlawful Possession of a Firearm (prior felony conviction), D.C.

Code § 22-4503(a)(1); one count of Possession of an Unregistered Firearm, D.C.

Code § 7-2502.01; one count of Unlawful Possession of Ammunition, D.C. Code

§ 7-2506.01(a); and two counts of Possession of a Large Capacity Ammunition

Feeding Device, D.C. Code § 7-2506.01(b). His appeal asserts that: (1) the trial

court abused its discretion when it refused to issue a missing evidence instruction

sanctioning the government for its failure to preserve certain items found in a

backpack alongside a magazine for the Glock 17; and (2) the trial court violated his

Sixth Amendment rights by limiting defense counsel’s questioning of Officer Mark

Minzak, which was intended to demonstrate bias. We affirm.

                                    I. Background

      On June 29, 2017, appellant Howard was a passenger in a Toyota Corolla

that was pulled over for failing to come to a complete stop at a stop sign. An

officer testified that, after the police activated their emergency lights, “we saw the

front passenger look over his shoulder at us, and then lean forward and then lean

back in the seat.” Based on their training and experience, the officers believed the

movements indicated that appellant was trying to hide something. Five officers, all
                                           3

members of the Gun Recovery Unit (“GRU”), approached the car after it pulled

over.       One officer, Officer Hugee, drew his gun while approaching; the

government explained that he did so because the car’s side windows were “heavily

tinted” and it was difficult to see “what [was] going on inside the car.” Appellant

was ordered to step out of the vehicle, at which point an officer conducted a

protective pat down; the officer testified that appellant was “shaken,” “very

nervous,” and “looking towards the inside of the vehicle while I’m talking to him.”

        By shining a flashlight through the front windshield and illuminating the

area underneath the front passenger seat, four different officers were able to see the

barrel of a firearm. 1 The gun was located on top of a piece of paper and a security

services identification badge 2 and was identified as a Glock 17. The gun contained

a “standard 17-round magazine” and ammunition.

        After discovering the handgun, the officers searched the car, including the

trunk, which contained a number of bags and loose items. One bag is relevant to

this appeal: a black backpack, in which Officer Minzak found an additional 17-
_____________________
        1
          Appellant moved to suppress the gun, but the trial court determined that
the traffic stop was lawful and the firearm was discovered in plain view. Howard
does not challenge that ruling on appeal.
        2
            The badge identified someone other than appellant.
                                          4

round magazine for a Glock 17, such as the one found underneath the passenger

seat.   The backpack also contained a number of other items, including a job

application with Howard’s name on it, a size-Large black hoodie, a size-XXL

long-sleeve shirt, and a pair of jeans. Those items were preserved by police and

taken into evidence, along with the backpack itself. Officer Minzak testified that

the police preserved those items because they were “pertinent or relevant to the

arrest of Mr. Howard,” and that he focused on items that he thought were a

“priority” and “important to the case.”

        Other items in the backpack were not taken into police custody. They were

instead left in the trunk of the car, which was driven away by appellant’s brother.

Some of the other items that were in the backpack are visible in a photograph of

the backpack, and an unidentified number of additional items may have been

discarded before the photograph was taken. Smaller items in the photograph are

difficult to see clearly, but the photograph shows, at a minimum, a key, “tissue

paper,” a “yellow thing,” a “silver” item, and a “green piece of material” that may

have been a bag.

        Defense counsel initially moved to dismiss the indictment for failure to

preserve the complete contents of the backpack. After that motion was denied,
                                          5

defense counsel requested a missing evidence instruction with respect to “items in

the backpack that the officers on scene chose not to recover,” “other items in the

trunk” that were not collected, and the identification badge that was underneath the

gun. The trial judge denied the request, reasoning that, in light of the photograph

and the ability of defense counsel to argue why the missing items mattered, “it

would be overstating to give an actual missing evidence instruction.” Appellant

asserts that the judge abused her discretion in denying a missing evidence

instruction, which he contends was necessary to sanction the government for its

failure to keep all of the backpack’s contents.

      The second issue on appeal involves the scope of cross-examination

concerning whether Officer Minzak was biased because he had a motive to curry

favor with the government. Prior to trial, defense counsel subpoenaed documents

from the Office of Police Complaints (“OPC”) relating to the officers involved in

appellant’s arrest. OPC provided documentation about one closed complaint and

three pending investigations, only one of which is relevant on appeal. In that

matter, the complainant alleged that Officer Minzak had used excessive force and

harassed him during a traffic stop on May 12, 2017. The complainant also alleged

that he was injured because of the officers’ rough treatment and that the officers

had approached the vehicle with guns drawn. Defense counsel argued that the risk
                                           6

the investigation posed to Officer Minzak’s career generated a classic form of bias

— motive to curry favor with the government — and sought to obtain more

information about the incident giving rise to the investigation. 3

      The motions judge, Judge Beck, issued a protective order forbidding defense

counsel from contacting the complainant, and the trial judge, Judge McKenna,

declined to amend the order. Judge McKenna explained that efforts to contact the

complainant and/or create extrinsic evidence from any information gleaned could

unduly impact the pending investigation and invade the privacy of the

complainant. Additionally, she reasoned that “outside information that Officer

Minzak is not currently aware of[] could have no bearing on his current view of the

gravity of the situation,” making it inappropriate “to try to introduce before the

jury prior bad acts which have not even been established through a substantiated

investigation” and risking “a mini trial on the subject of the pending OPC

complaint.”

_____________________
      3
         The appellant also argued that there was evidence of corruption bias, “a
distinct subset of bias evidence demonstrating a willingness to give false
testimony.” (Shawn) Smith v. United States, 180 A.3d 45, 52 (D.C. 2018) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). However, as corruption bias is not
presented as an issue on appeal, we do not address it at length.
                                          7

      At trial, defense counsel cross-examined Officer Minzak on the following

topics: (1) asking whether there was a pending OPC investigation for harassment

and use of excessive force; (2) establishing that the investigation was pending at

the time of his testimony as well as at the time of the traffic stop in this case; (3)

exploring the allegations in the complaint, including confirmation that the OPC

complainant reported that he was injured during the encounter; and (4) detailing

the potential consequences for Officer Minzak if the complaint was sustained,

including losing his job and the possibility of criminal charges being filed by the

United States Attorney’s Office if OPC found that he injured a civilian. Appellant

now claims that restrictions placed on examining Officer Minzak deprived the

defense of a sufficient opportunity to explore his potential bias and thus violated

the Sixth Amendment.

      Before closing arguments, the trial judge reminded counsel that she could

“argue inferences that could be drawn” about the failure to preserve the other

contents of the backpack or about the sloppiness of the police work more

generally, but counsel decided to focus elsewhere. As to the importance of the

OPC investigation, defense counsel emphasized to the jurors that Officer Minzak

was “being investigated for stopping a car for a traffic violation, for guns being

drawn, for searching the car, for injuring the victim.” She argued that those
                                           8

circumstances gave Officer Minzak “a motive to make this seem legit. It gives

these officers a motive to make it . . . seem like it was a legitimate practice to go

upon that Corolla holding a gun.” Counsel highlighted that “Officer Minzak . . .

faces penalties . . . if he is found to have violated that other young man’s rights.”

After noting that he could get fired and he could get suspended without pay,

counsel argued that those looming possibilities gave Officer Minzak “a reason to

want to convert his testimony” and “to conceal key facts from his statements to

you.”

                                    II. Legal Analysis

                     A. Rule 16 and the Contents of the Backpack

        Appellant argues that the failure to preserve the full contents of the backpack

violated Superior Court Criminal Rule 16 (“Rule 16”). We construe Rule 16 de

novo and review the decision to deny a missing evidence instruction for abuse of

discretion.   Weems v. United States, 191 A.3d 296, 300 (D.C. 2018).              Rule

16(a)(1)(E) states, in relevant part, that “the government must permit the defendant

to inspect and to copy or photograph . . . tangible objects . . . if the item is within

the government’s possession, custody, or control and: (i) the item is material to

preparing the defense; . . . or (iii) the item was obtained from or belongs to the

defendant.” Evidence in police possession is considered to be within the “custody
                                         9

or control” of the government. Robinson v. United States, 825 A.2d 318, 327

(D.C. 2003). To establish materiality, appellant must demonstrate “a relationship

between the requested evidence and the issues in the case, and there must exist a

reasonable indication that the requested evidence will either lead to other

admissible evidence, assist the defendant in the preparation of witnesses or in

corroborating testimony, or be useful as impeachment or rebuttal evidence.”

Buchanan v. United States, 165 A.3d 297, 304 (D.C. 2017). “The defense must

show more than that the item bears some abstract logical relationship to the issues

in the case. There must be some indication that the pretrial disclosure of the item

would enable the defendant significantly to alter the quantum of proof in his

favor.” Id. (internal quotation marks and ellipses omitted).

             This Rule 16 duty to permit pretrial discovery entails an
             antecedent duty to preserve material that the
             government has obtained and knows or should know is
             discoverable. However, these duties of preservation and
             disclosure extend only to evidence that actually is within
             the possession, custody, or control of the government;
             they do not presuppose any duty on the part of the
             government to acquire evidence it does not have from
             private parties or other outside sources.

Weems, 191 A.3d at 300-01 (footnotes omitted).
                                         10

      “If a trial court concludes that the government’s failure to preserve evidence

constituted a violation of Rule 16, ‘in fashioning the appropriate sanction, the court

should weigh the degree of negligence or bad faith involved, the importance of the

evidence lost, and the evidence of guilt adduced at trial.’” Tann v. United States,

127 A.3d 400, 489 (D.C. 2015) (quoting Robinson, 825 A.2d at 331). “The trial

court may select from the ‘extremely broad’ range of sanctions for corrective

action that is ‘just under the circumstances.’” Id. (quoting Tyer v. United

States, 912 A.2d 1150, 1165 (D.C. 2006)).

      Appellant argues that the court was required to give a missing evidence

instruction. 4 Such an instruction informs the jurors that they may “infer from the

failure to preserve the [evidence] that it would be unfavorable” to the party that

failed to preserve it. Battocchi v. Washington Hosp. Ctr., 581 A.2d 759, 764 (D.C.

1990).

_____________________
      4
          Appellant occasionally uses broader language implying that another
sanction could be acceptable, such as stating that “[t]he court abused its discretion
in declining to impose a missing evidence instruction or other sanction.”
However, appellant never develops an argument in favor of an alternative sanction.
We therefore focus on his claim that, “[h]ad the court properly applied the law, it
would have been compelled to give a missing evidence instruction” (emphasis
added).
                                          11

             The party seeking a missing evidence instruction must
             make a twofold showing. First, the evidence must be
             likely to elucidate the transaction at issue; second, it must
             be peculiarly available to the party against whom the
             adverse inference is sought to be drawn. Moreover, we
             have recognized several dangers inherent in the use of a
             missing evidence instruction, since it represents a radical
             departure from the principle that the jury should decide
             the case by evaluating the evidence before it.

Tyer, 912 A.2d at 1164 (citations, brackets, and quotation marks omitted). Those

dangers are described well in Thomas v. United States, 447 A.2d 52, 58 (D.C.

1982).

             A primary function of jury instructions, as well as the
             rules of procedure and evidence, is to confine the jury’s
             attention to firsthand testimony from those with personal
             knowledge of relevant facts, which may be probed on
             cross-examination, thereby excluding conjecture.
             The missing witness inference represents a radical
             departure       from      this    paradigm,      for    it
             essentially creates evidence from non-evidence. The risk
             is always present that the jury will give undue weight to
             the presumed content of testimony not presented, and
             insufficient weight to that which was presented.

      “The trial court . . . has considerable discretion in considering the degree of

negligence or bad faith involved in the failure to preserve evidence” and it “retains

considerable latitude to refuse to give a missing evidence instruction, where it
                                         12

determines from all of the circumstances that the inference of unfavorable

evidentiary value is not a natural or reasonable one.” Tyer, 912 A.2d at 1164, 1166

(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).

      Assuming, without deciding, that the failure in this case to preserve all the

contents of the backpack resulted in a violation of the Rule 16 duty to disclose

evidence material to the defense, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial

court’s decision to deny the request for a missing evidence instruction. The trial

court acted within its “considerable latitude,” Tyer, 912 A.2d at 1166, in finding

that there was no bad faith on the government’s part and that “a missing evidence

instruction would really overstate the evidence.”

      The officers’ state of mind is key to determining whether the adverse

inference associated with a missing evidence instruction would be “a natural or

reasonable one.” Tyer, 912 A.2d at 1166. Simply put, if an officer has acted in

bad faith in destroying evidence, it is a more natural inference that he thought the

evidence would have been harmful to the case against the defendant than if the

officer was merely forgetful or negligent.
                                           13

         The motions judge found that, rather than “cherry-picking” evidence, as

defense counsel had suggested, the officers were making a practical decision

whether it was worth placing “on the property books” “tissue” and other items that

appeared, frankly, to be unimportant or even trash. The trial judge did not discern

any bad faith, either, 5 instead deciding that the photograph and defense counsel’s

ability to argue the issue to the jury sufficed to mitigate any harm. She found that

giving a missing evidence instruction would be “overstating” the importance of the

issue.

         We defer to the trial court’s determination that the officers’ decision-making

was driven by the lack of apparent value of the other items, rather than by an

attempt to hide evidence from the defense. See Koonce v. District of Columbia,

111 A.3d 1009, 1014 (D.C. 2015) (“We will disturb the trial court’s findings that

the government did not act in bad faith or was not grossly negligent only if those

findings are plainly wrong or without facts to support them.”) (brackets and

_____________________
         5
          The trial judge, in making her ruling, did not explicitly characterize the
officers’ state of mind. However, we can infer from her comments that she did not
believe they were acting in bad faith or with gross negligence, as she emphasized
their attempts to preserve the items through photographs, agreed with the
government that failing to preserve other items was understandable “given that no
contraband was recovered,” and declined to give the instruction because any
additional evidence preserved would have been “cumulative of what the jury
already had.”
                                        14

internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the photograph, though imperfect, was an

indication of the officers’ good faith. Moreover, as noted by the motions judge, “it

wasn’t that” the items “were thrown out; they were put in the trunk and stayed with

the car where they were initially found.” We agree that officers intending to

obstruct the defendant’s access to evidence would be unlikely to leave the items

with his brother.

      Appellant relies on (Damian) Smith v. United States, 169 A.3d 887 (D.C.

2017), arguing that, when an item is of singular importance in tying a defendant to

contraband, failing to preserve demonstrates gross negligence. But this backpack

is not analogous to the shorts in Smith. 6 The firearm was found under Howard’s

seat, not in the backpack. Failing to preserve items in the backpack without

obvious significance, such as the “yellow thing,” “silver” item, and “green piece of

material,” is not akin to failing to preserve the shorts in Smith — which were the

_____________________
      6
          In Smith, officers encountered the defendant in his girlfriend’s apartment
while he was on the couch, wearing boxer briefs. Officers asked if he could put on
pants; his girlfriend offered a pair of shorts, but Smith claimed that they were not
his. Officers found drugs in the shorts and charged Smith with possession with
intent to distribute a Schedule I controlled substance. However, the officers failed
to preserve the shorts as evidence. Reasoning that “unless the government could
prove that the shorts in which the drugs were found belonged to Smith, there could
be no conviction,” the court held that the obvious evidentiary value of the shorts
meant that the failure to preserve them was grossly negligent. 169 A.3d at 892-94.
                                          15

only piece of evidence that could tie the defendant to the drugs. The two crucial

differences are thus that the shorts were of obvious significance, while the

importance of the unpreserved items here is speculative, and the missing shorts in

Smith were the only piece of evidence that could link the defendant to the drugs,

while additional evidence was preserved here that could link appellant to the gun.

      We see no reason to disturb the trial court’s conclusions when the discarded

items did not have apparent inculpatory or exculpatory value; the officers made an

effort to photographically record the contents of the backpack; the remaining items

were left with the defendant’s brother, rather than deliberately destroyed to “hinder

preparation of the defense case”; 7 and there were not any other indicia of nefarious

intent. In these circumstances, we cannot agree with appellant’s argument that the

officers’ actions and omissions make the adverse inference natural or reasonable.

      We next turn to the importance of the items lost and the evidence of guilt

adduced at trial. Tann, 127 A.3d at 489. Because the missing evidence instruction

is such a radical departure from our preference for deciding cases based upon the

evidence presented, when lost items are relatively unimportant or the evidence of

guilt is particularly powerful, we are reluctant to say that a trial judge must issue an
_____________________
      7
          Kaliku v. United States, 994 A.2d 765, 778 (D.C. 2010).
                                         16

instruction drawing special attention to “the presumed content of [evidence] not

presented.” Id. (emphasis in original); see also Thomas, 447 A.2d at 57 (reasoning

that the lost testimony must have been “noncumulative” and “an important part of

the case” because “[a]bsent these conditions, the logical basis for the inference

evaporates, for nothing can reasonably be inferred from the failure to call a witness

who would not be expected to contribute additional pertinent facts to the trial.”)

      We recognize the force of appellant’s complaint that it is difficult to proffer

the relevance of evidence that he cannot view. However, it is not apparent how

any of the items apart, perhaps, from the key could have played any role in

preparing for trial. In an ordinary missing evidence case, the court knows what is

missing and has a reasonably good idea why it could be relevant. Here, we are

instead left to speculate; all we know for certain is that many of the items not

preserved were not significant, such as the “yellow thing,” “silver” item, and

“green piece of material.” Counsel for appellant attempted to surmount these

challenges at oral argument by suggesting that even if the defense team had been

unable to locate the owner of the key, they could have tried the key at Howard’s

dwelling and demonstrated that it was not his.         In other words, even if the

defendant could not point the finger at any particular third party, he could present a

theory that the backpack was shared, and the magazine was not his.
                                        17

      Appellant’s argument is based entirely on speculation. It is, of course,

equally plausible that the key was Howard’s and that it would have provided

additional evidence of his guilt. And though identifying the backpack as Howard’s

was important, the weapon was found underneath appellant’s seat after officers

watched him lean forward and then sit back up when he saw that the car was being

pulled over. 8 When the exculpatory value of the key was wholly speculative, when

there was additional evidence outside of the backpack linking the gun to Howard,

and when other evidence indicated that the backpack and its contents were indeed

Howard’s, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in declining to

give a missing evidence instruction that could bring “undue weight to the

presumed content of [evidence] not presented, and insufficient weight to that

which was presented.” Thomas, 447 A.2d at 58 (emphasis in original).

               B. Cross-Examination and the OPC Investigation

      Our decision in Lewis v. United States, 10 A.3d 646, 653-54 (D.C. 2010),

summarizes the considerations for determining the standard of review that applies
_____________________
      8
         Appellant attempts to dismiss the power of this testimony by stating that
the officers were “heavily impeached.” This argument fits awkwardly with
appellant’s claim that the defense was denied the opportunity to effectively cross-
examine Officer Minzak. We do not agree with appellant’s argument that the
testimony of the officers held little value.
                                         18

when a trial judge has imposed limits on defense counsel’s cross-examination of a

prosecution witness for bias:

             While the exposure of a witness’ motivation to testify is a
             proper function of cross-examination, the Sixth
             Amendment does not “prevent [ ] a trial judge from
             imposing any limits on defense counsel’s inquiry into the
             potential bias of a prosecution witness.” Delaware v.
             Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 678–79 (1986). The Sixth
             Amendment “guarantees an opportunity for effective
             cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective
             in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense
             may wish.” Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20
             (1985).        Only when a trial court’s limitation
             “prohibit[s] all inquiry into the possibility that [a
             witness] would be biased” as a result of favorable
             treatment from the government is the Sixth Amendment
             violated. Van Arsdall, supra, 475 U.S. at 679. If a
             defendant is permitted to elicit facts sufficient to enable
             defense counsel to argue to the jury that the witness is
             biased, there is no constitutional error. Gardner v.
             United States, 698 A.2d 990, 998 (D.C. 1997). To make
             cross-examination based upon witness bias effective (and
             thus satisfy the Sixth Amendment), defense counsel must
             be “permitted to expose to the jury the facts from which
             jurors . . . could appropriately draw inferences relating to
             the reliability of the witness.” Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S.
308, 315 (1974).

      As in Lewis, “[i]t is significant here that during [appellant’s] closing

argument, his counsel was able to make the very argument to the jury that he now

claims the trial court precluded him from eliciting on cross-examination.” 10 A.3d

at 654. If there is no constitutional error, we review for abuse of discretion. Id. at
                                          19

656. When exercising that discretion, “[t]he trial judge must balance the probative

value of the evidence against the risk of prejudicial impact, including the risk of

jury confusion from a trial-within-a-trial, and may exclude marginally relevant

evidence if it will distract the jury from the issue in this case.” (Shawn) Smith v.

United States, 180 A.3d 45, 60 n.50 (D.C. 2018) (quoting Hager v. United States,

791 A.2d 911, 914 (D.C. 2002)).

      Appellant relies heavily on Longus v. United States, 52 A.3d 836 (D.C.

2012), in claiming that the trial court violated his constitutional rights, but we do

not find the comparison apt. Longus faulted the trial judge for “not permit[ting]

questioning or evidence about the facts underlying the investigation into Detective

Brown’s actions in the Club U investigation or the potential sanctions he would

face if found to have coached witnesses.” 52 A.3d at 851. Here, however, the

court was careful to allow exactly that kind of questioning; in fact, Judge McKenna

conscientiously applied Longus when addressing the issue:

             I think what Longus has established is that it would be an
             undue restriction on the defense’s right to cross-examine
             government witnesses under the Sixth Amendment to
             limit that inquiry solely to the fact that the officer is the
             subject of a pending investigation. But that defense
             counsel needs to be able to go further than that to also
             question the officer not only about the existence of the
             pending investigation, but also what the subject of the
                                         20

             pending investigation is in order for the jury to be able to
             make a meaningful determination about how the officer
             views the gravity of the situation, how strong the
             motivation to curry favor might be; and enable the jury to
             make sort of an informed appraisal of the witness’
             potential motives and bias.

      Officer Minzak confirmed during cross-examination that:           (1) the OPC

investigation involved “approaching a vehicle for an alleged traffic violation,

searching the car for a firearm and not finding a firearm”; (2) the investigation was

for “harassment and excessive force”; (3) the investigation was pending at both the

time of the stop in this case and at the time of trial; (4) the “victim states that he

was ordered out of the vehicle and that he was injured by the officers”; (5) Officer

Minzak could get demoted; (6) he could get fired; (7) he could face criminal

charges; and (8) any criminal charges brought for injuring a civilian would be

brought by the United States Attorney’s Office, the same office on whose behalf he

was testifying that day. 9

_____________________
      9
         While Officer Minzak was on the stand, cross-examination for bias was
not limited to the use of force investigation. Appellant was also permitted to
separately explore another pending OPC complaint about the GRU logo. The
investigation alleged that the GRU logo, which featured “a skull and cross bones”
with “a bullet hole through the center of the skull in between the eyes,”
“handcuffs,” a gun, and the motto “vest up, one in the chamber,” “promot[ed] a
culture of violence.” The defense was permitted to ask questions about that
investigation, introduce a photograph of Officer Minzak posing with the logo, and
                                                                    (continued…)
                                           21

      Defense counsel was thus permitted to explore on cross-examination why

Officer Minzak might be biased, and further permitted to argue during closing that

he was indeed biased. Counsel asserted that Minzak had “a motive to make this

seem legit . . . like it was a legitimate practice to go upon that Corolla holding a

gun” and that he “faces penalties . . . if he is found to have violated that other

young man’s rights,” “giv[ing] him a reason to conceal key facts from his

statements to you.” After hearing the cross-examination and the argument built

upon it, the jury was equipped to make a “discriminating appraisal of the witness’s

motives and bias.” Longus, 52 A.3d at 851; see also Lewis, 10 A.3d at 653 (“If a

defendant is permitted to elicit facts sufficient to enable defense counsel to argue to

the jury that the witness is biased, there is no constitutional error.”).

      A second crucial difference is that the defendant in Longus was able to point

to a demonstrably false statement made by the testifying officer, a discrete instance

in which counsel sought additional cross-examination. 52 A.3d at 850. Counsel

for Longus was nonetheless prevented from confronting the officer about that

statement and forced to accept the dishonest answer, despite being able to proffer
_____________________
(…continued)
elicit testimony that another officer was wearing the logo during the stop and arrest
of appellant.
                                         22

that he had legitimate reasons to believe that the response, given under oath, was

false. See id. at 853 (“Defense counsel’s proffer in this case did not ‘manufacture’

allegations of bias out of thin air, but based the proposed bias questioning on an

article in a flagship newspaper, which the prosecutor acknowledged was ‘not

inaccurate,’ and the government’s suspension and investigation of Detective

Brown for witness coaching.”) (citation omitted).

      Here, appellant did not allege that any of Officer Minzak’s statements about

the OPC investigation were false. Instead, appellant now asserts that Officer

Minzak was able to respond to questions with a “dismissive[]” tone, and complains

that counsel “could not dispel the suggestion that the complaint was frivolous.”

We do not discern such a tone from Officer Minzak’s testimony, and he did not

characterize the complaint as frivolous at any point.10 Appellant also did not make

this argument to the trial court, which would have been better suited than this court

to address any issue with Officer Minzak’s tone.

_____________________
      10
           Officer Minzak responded “yes,” “yes ma’am,” or “correct” to nearly
every question defense counsel posed about the OPC investigation as he confirmed
the existence of the investigation, possible sanctions, and the nature of the
allegations. The only notable exception is a question regarding whether any officer
had drawn his or her firearm during that traffic stop, to which Officer Minzak
responded: “I did not personally pull my gun out. I do not recall seeing any other
officers on that traffic stop pull their gun out based on what you are asking me.”
                                          23

      But the more fundamental problem is appellant’s failure to acknowledge that

the right of cross-examination “does not mean ‘cross-examination that is effective

in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.’” Hagans v.

United States, 96 A.3d 1, 31 (D.C. 2014) (quoting Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 679).

Quoting from a Supreme Court decision, appellant claims that “defense counsel

should have been permitted to expose to the jury the facts from which jurors, as the

sole triers of fact and credibility, could appropriately draw inferences relating to

the reliability of the witness.” Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318 (1974). But

Davis was a case where defense counsel had been precluded from revealing that a

key prosecution witness was on probation following a juvenile adjudication, a

status that created a motive to curry favor with the government. Appellant has

taken the Court’s language in Davis out of context in asserting that, in this case,

“[d]efense counsel should have been allowed to use evidence such as medical

records or photographs of the [OPC] complainant’s injuries, body camera footage,

or witness statements to paint a complete picture of the gravity of Officer Minzak’s

situation and expose his bias in the face of his denials.”

      In other words, appellant asserts that, in order to expose Officer Minzak’s

motive to curry favor, he was entitled to try the merits of the OPC complaint.
                                         24

Putting aside the issue of whether counsel had any of these items available for use

in cross-examination, 11 neither Davis nor Longus endorses such an unfettered right

of cross-examination. While we have made clear that “counsel must be permitted

to present the nature and extent of the bias,” Longus, 52 A.3d at 851, including by

way of probative extrinsic evidence, “[t]he judge must retain full authority to

prevent this sort of trial-within-a-trial.” (Shawn) Smith, 180 A.3d at 61 n.55.

      After the requirements of the Constitution have been satisfied, the scope of

cross-examination must be balanced against other interests, and the trial court “has

discretion to impose reasonable limits.” See Hagans, 96 A.3d at 31 (post-Longus

decision holding that, when the trial judge permitted cross-examination for bias

demonstrating that a cooperating witness had received a plea bargain, but

precluded counsel from eliciting that the bargain allowed the witness to “escape[]
_____________________
      11
          Though appellant often references the trial court’s protective order and its
prohibition on conducting an independent investigation into the facts underlying
the OPC complaint, he does not make a freestanding argument that the order was
issued in error. He relies instead on Longus and Newman v. United States, 705
A.2d 246 (D.C. 1997), for the proposition that it is error to preclude questioning or
the introduction of evidence. However, counsel in those cases had the evidence
readily available, while counsel in this case did not.

       Similar to Longus, Newman is distinguishable because it involved: (1) the
complete preclusion of defense counsel’s ability to demonstrate bias, and (2) a
specific, discernible allegation that the officer was testifying falsely alongside a
detailed proffer about what a defense witness, who was present in the courthouse,
could testify to in order to demonstrate the falsity.
                                           25

being charged with two murders,” “the limitation . . . did not prevent [appellant]

from ‘meaningfully’ cross-examining” the witness). The trial court did not abuse

its discretion here.

                                    III.   Conclusion

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to give a missing

evidence instruction or in limiting cross-examination of Officer Minzak. The

judgment of the Superior Court is

                                                 Affirmed.