Court Opinion

ID: 4409120
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-21 15:05:12.770563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:49:56.713440
License: Public Domain

SECOND DIVISION
                                 MILLER, P. J.,
                            RICKMAN and REESE, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                      June 20, 2019

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A19A0296. KOLB et al. v. DARUDA.

      RICKMAN, Judge.

      Susan Kolb, MD and her professional corporations (hereinafter “Kolb”) filed

suit alleging claims of tortious interference with contractual and business relations

and defamation against Nicole Daruda, a Canadian citizen and resident of British

Columbia. Ultimately, the trial court granted Daruda’s motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction. Kolb appeals, contending that the trial court erred by dismissing

the action without allowing Kolb to take limited discovery related to the issue of the

court’s jurisdiction over Daruda. For the reasons that follow, we vacate the trial

court’s order and remand for further proceedings.
      Our review of a decision on a motion to dismiss is de novo, and we construe

the facts in favor of the party asserting personal jurisdiction. Pascarelli v. Koehler,

346 Ga. App. 591, 598 (2) (816 SE2d 723) (2018).

      So construed, the record shows that Kolb filed suit on April 12, 2017.

Regarding jurisdiction, Kolb alleged that “Daruda transacts business in Georgia, has

engaged in a persistent course of conduct in Georgia, and has committed tortious acts

in Georgia.” On the merits, Kolb alleged that through the use of a website and a

Facebook forum that Daruda owned, controlled and administered, Daruda published

false, malicious and harmful comments about Kolb designed to injure her renowned

Georgia-based, medical practice of plastic surgery and breast implant illness surgery.

Kolb alleged that such actions constituted tortious interference with her business and

contractual relations and defamation, thereby causing irreparable harm, injury, and

damage to her.

      After entering a special appearance and without waiving or consenting to

jurisdiction of the court, Daruda filed an answer and defenses, including the defense

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of lack of personal jurisdiction, and she also moved to dismiss the complaint on that

ground.1

      Kolb then noticed Daruda’s deposition and requested that Daruda produce

documents, including documents that might show various contacts between Daruda

and Georgia.2 In an amended notice of deposition, Kolb set Daruda’s deposition for

late July 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia. And Kolb asked for additional

documents related to jurisdiction.3

      1
         In her supporting affidavit, she averred, among other things, that she is a
Canadian citizen residing in British Columbia; that she does not receive remuneration
from the website or the Facebook forum; that the servers used to operate the website
are not located in Georgia; that she has never been to Georgia; and that she does not
do any business, render any services, or receive any remuneration from Georgia.
      2
        Among the requests, Kolb sought “the names, addresses and phone numbers
of all residents of Georgia who have visited the Website”; “any and all documents
which reflect the members or participants in the Facebook Forum who are residents
of Georgia”; “any and all emails and other communications with a Georgia resident
over the past two (2) years”; “any and all documents evidencing any money you have
received from the GoFundMe account . . . and all emails or other communications you
have had with [the] moderator over the past two (2) years”; and “any and all
documents reflecting any business you have conducted with businesses located in
Georgia over the past five (5) years.”
      3
         Specifically, Kolb requested Facebook activity logs for certain Facebook
pages, limiting production “to only those logs that relate to Dr. Kolb, Georgia, or any
Georgia resident from 4/12/16 to present.”

                                          3
      Daruda responded with an emergency motion for a protective order “to relieve

[her] from having to appear” for her deposition or produce documents in response to

Kolb’s notice of deposition and discovery requests. Daruda argued that she had no

contact with Georgia whatsoever, that an eight-hour round trip from her home to

Vancouver for the deposition was unreasonable, and that the document requests

exceeded the scope of discovery. Among other things, Daruda asked that if discovery

were allowed, the court limit it to written discovery requests.

      Kolb responded to the motion to dismiss, asserting that the court had

jurisdiction over Daruda under the Georgia Long Arm Statute and that Daruda

“regularly referred Georgia residents to Georgia breast explant surgeons and provided

medical advice to Georgia residents on her websites.” Kolb asked that the court allow

her to take Daruda’s deposition and conduct discovery under OCGA § 9-11-12 (j)

(4),4 “which efforts have been thwarted to date.” Kolb also asked the court to refrain

from ruling on Daruda’s motion to dismiss until she could “depose Daruda to address

the allegations raised in her affidavit and otherwise discover her relationship with the

      4
         That Code section provides: “If a motion to dismiss raises defenses set forth
in paragraph (2) [(lack of personal jurisdiction)], (3), (5), or (7) of subsection (b) of
this Code section . . . , limited discovery needed to respond to such defenses or
identify such persons shall be permitted until the court rules on such motion.” OCGA
§ 9-11-12 (j) (4).

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state of Georgia.”5 Separately, Kolb responded to Daruda’s emergency motion for a

protective order and asked that the court “order[ Daruda] to sit for her deposition

within fourteen days of the date of the Court’s order.”

      After five months passed with no activity in the case, Kolb served a second set

of discovery requests on Daruda. Two weeks later, the parties filed a consent motion

requesting that the court “stay discovery in this action until such time as Defendant’s

Motion to Dismiss is adjudicated by this Court” and for an extension of the original

six-month discovery period under Uniform Superior Court Rule 5.1. (Emphasis in

original.) The joint motion also stated that “[a]s the [motion to dismiss] remains

pending, the parties have agreed to abstain from discovery until such time as the

[motion to dismiss] is adjudicated by the Court.” The trial court signed an order

granting the consent motion; the order restated the parties’ agreement to abstain from

discovery until the motion to dismiss was resolved. Daruda did not withdraw her

motion for a protective order in response.

      5
        In support, Kolb’s attorney proffered documents allegedly showing that
Daruda “provid[ed] recommendations and medical advice to individuals identifying
themselves as living in Georgia, or who have seen or will see Dr. Kolb”; the attorney
averred that “expedited discovery is needed in order to obtain [further] information
and further support [Kolb’s] response to the Motion to Dismiss.”

                                          5
      Then, without addressing Daruda’s motion for a protective order or Kolb’s

requests for court intervention in the dispute over jurisdictional discovery, the trial

court granted Daruda’s motion to dismiss. In its order and “[a]fter considering the

evidence presented,” the trial court ultimately held that it was “undisputed that

[Daruda] committed no acts within the State of Georgia even if injury may have

occurred here.” The court further found no other link between Daruda and Georgia

sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction. In a footnote at the end of the order, the

court added,

      This Court recognizes that [Kolb] asked for jurisdictional discovery.
      This Court finds that, pursuant to Hawkins v. Blair, [334 Ga. App. 898,
      901 (2015),] [Kolb] has not articulated specific evidence which she
      hopes that jurisdictional discovery would uncover that would be
      relevant to the issue, and as such, jurisdictional discovery is not
      required.

(Emphasis supplied.).

      1. Daruda has moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that Kolb gave up

any claim that she was entitled to the limited jurisdictional discovery provided by

OCGA § 9-11-12 (j) by consenting to a stay of discovery pending resolution of

Daruda’s motion to dismiss.

                                           6
      This argument was not raised and ruled on in the trial court. And “[i]ssues

presented for the first time on appeal furnish nothing for us to review, for this is a

court for correction of errors of law committed by the trial court where proper

exception is taken.” Crippen v. Outback Steakhouse International, 321 Ga. App. 167,

170 (1) (741 SE2d 280) (2013); see also Stinchcomb v. Wright, 278 Ga. App. 136,

139 (2) (a) (628 SE2d 211) (2006) (question of whether contract was fair and

equitable was not raised below and need not be considered on appeal). Accordingly,

Daruda’s motion to dismiss is hereby denied.

      2. In two enumerations of error, Kolb contends that the trial court erred

procedurally by failing to permit limited jurisdictional discovery under OCGA § 9-

11-12 (j) (4) and by granting Daruda’s motion to dismiss without allowing that same

discovery. We agree.

      Decisions on discovery issues are reviewed for abuse of discretion but

questions of law are reviewed de novo. Dempsey v. Kaminski Jewelry, 278 Ga. App.
814, 815 (2) (a) (630 SE2d 77) (2006) (re: discovery); In re Estate of Crawford, 348
Ga. App. 453, 453 (823 SE2d 554) (2019) (re: questions of law). We find that the trial

court erred as a matter of law by conditioning discovery under OCGA § 9-11-12 (j)

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(4) on Kolb’s ability to “articulate[ ] specific evidence which she hopes that

jurisdictional discovery would uncover” relevant to the issue of personal jurisdiction.

      The plain language of OCGA § 9-11-12 (j), which was adopted in 2009, 6

provides that when a defendant files a motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction before or at the time of his or her answer, (1) “discovery shall be stayed

for 90 days after the filing of such motion or until the ruling of the court on such

motion, whichever is sooner”; (2) [t]he court shall decide the motion to dismiss

within the 90 days”7; (3) the court may terminate or modify the stay “but shall not

extend such stay”; and (4) “limited discovery needed to respond . . . shall be permitted

until the court rules on such motion.”

      Given that the Code section provides that the limited discovery “shall be

permitted,” a plaintiff responding to a motion to dismiss asserting lack of personal

jurisdiction is entitled to limited discovery on the jurisdictional issue without seeking

permission from the court. See State v. Collier, 279 Ga. 316, 317 (612 SE2d 281)

      6
          See Ga. L. 2009, p. 73, § 4
      7
         Because OCGA § 9-11-12 (j) “does not provide for any sanction or negative
consequence for a failure of the trial court to rule within [the 90-day] time period, the
limitation is to be read as merely directory,” and a trial court may rule on the motion
to dismiss after that time period. Headrick v. Stonepark of Dunwoody Unit Owners
Assoc., 331 Ga. App. 772, 777 (2) (771 SE2d 382) (2015).

                                           8
(2005) (“The word shall is generally construed as a word of command.”) (citation and

punctuation omitted). Cf. Buchan v. Duke, 153 Ga. App. 310, 311 (2) (265 SE2d 308)

(1980) (decided before OCGA § 9-11-12 (j) was enacted: plaintiff entitled to

discovery regarding defense of improper venue before court ruled on motion to

dismiss for improper venue). Of course, if a dispute arises, the court retains discretion

to determine the scope of the “limited discovery needed to respond to such defenses.”

OCGA § 9-11-12 (j) (4).

      Second, nothing in the statute requires the plaintiff to “articulate specific

evidence” to be uncovered by the limited discovery in order to proceed with the

jurisdictional discovery, as the trial court held. And the aspect of Hawkins v. Blair

upon which the trial court relied for this proposition is not applicable to OCGA § 9-

11-12 (j) (4). In that case, this Court held that the trial court had not erred by ruling

on a motion to dismiss without allowing discovery related to the issue of forum non

conveniens. Hawkins, 334 Ga. App. at 901 (2). But forum non conveniens is not a

defense covered by OCGA § 9-11-12. See Wegman v. Wegman, 338 Ga. App. 648,

654 (2) (791 SE2d 431) (2016). Moreover, OCGA § 9-11-12 (j) (4) expressly allows

limited discovery pertaining to four specific defenses: lack of jurisdiction over the

                                           9
person, improper venue, insufficiency of service of process, and failure to join a party

under Code Section 9-11-19; forum non conveniens is not included.

      The argument that Kolb was required to have pressed Daruda further to agree

to a deposition and or respond to discovery, or moved to compel, is without merit.

Daruda had already refused to comply with Kolb’s discovery requests, Daruda’s

motion for a protective order was pending, and, in her response to Daruda’s motions

to dismiss and for a protective order, Kolb had asked the court to permit the

jurisdictional discovery and “order[ Daruda] to sit for her deposition.” Although Kolb

could have filed a separate motion to compel, under the Civil Practice Act, “[n]o

technical forms of pleading or motions are required.” OCGA § 9-11-8 (e) (1). See,

e.g., Williams v. State, 339 Ga. App. 158, 162 (1) (793 SE2d 485) (2016) (Although

the defendant “filed no motion with a caption that included the words ‘set aside,’” in

his motion he had “explicitly requested the superior court to set aside and re-enter that

order.”); 9766, LLC v. Dwarf House, 331 Ga. App. 287, 289 (1) (771 SE2d 1) (2015)

(civil action properly commenced even though it was not initiated with the filing of

a complaint, but rather by the filing of an application for an interlocutory injunction

and/or TRO); Fellows v. All Star, Inc., 272 Ga. App. 262, 264 (1) (612 SE2d 86)

(2005) (“Even though termed a motion in limine, Fellows and Awtrey’s motion

                                           10
plainly sought a ruling from the trial court on whether the noncompete agreements

could be enforced.”). Here, Kolb had sought a ruling from the trial court to require

jurisdictional discovery, she therefore was not required to take additional steps to

preserve her right to that discovery.

      In sum, the trial court erred as a matter of law by placing an unwarranted

prerequisite on Kolb’s request for limited discovery related to Daruda’s defense of

lack of personal jurisdiction and by ruling on Daruda’s motion to dismiss without

allowing Kolb to conduct appropriate limited discovery.

      Judgment vacated and case remanded. Miller, P. J., and Reese, J., concur.

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