Court Opinion

ID: 9807218
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-31 19:54:15.134182+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:28.621772
License: Public Domain

SWANSON, J„
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. In my view, CSX owed Mr. Sells a duty to act with reasonable care under the circumstances, and competent substantial evidence supports the jury’s verdict that CSX breached that duty of care. Therefore, I would reverse the trial court’s post-verdict order granting the motion for directed verdict. Having so decided, I must also address the second point raised by appellant and not addressed by the majority, that being whether the trial court erred by allowing *40the jury to consider whether Mr. Sells was comparatively at fault. On that point, for the reasons expressed below, I would affirm.
I. Facts
Before he moved to Florida, Mr. Sells lived in New York with his family. Just prior to the move, Mr. Sells learned from his general practitioner that an electrocardiogram (“EKG”) indicated a possible abnormality with the functioning of his heart. The practitioner referred Mr. Sells to a local cardiologist. During the examination, Mr. Sells told the cardiologist he was having intermittent chest pains. The cardiologist had Mr. Sells undergo another EKG and it, too, indicated a possible abnormality. As Mr. Sells was in the process of moving to Florida, the cardiologist instructed him to follow up with a Florida cardiologist. Mr. Sells failed to do so.
Approximately six months after moving to Florida, Mr. Sells began working for CSX as a train conductor. As part of the employment process, he completed a medical questionnaire which asked if he had ever had any heart “trouble” or chest pains. Mr. Sells checked “no” to these questions.
On August 14, 2006, Mr. Sells was at work along with Mr. Charles Wells, a CSX train engineer. They were the only employees working at the job site which, although in a remote location in Green Cove Springs, Florida, was one where employees worked “possibly daily.” While Mr. Wells was inside the train, Mr. Sells was outside throwing a switch on the track. Mr. Wells waited to hear the noise indicating the switch had been thrown, but after a couple of minutes, when he heard nothing, he looked out the window and saw Mr. Sells lying face up on the ground. He did not immediately go to help Mr. Sells. Instead, pursuant to CSX instructions concerning handling an emergency, he used the fixed train radio to call the CSX dispatcher located in the CSX operations center in Jacksonville to alert him of the situation and to provide him with Mr. Sells’ location. Mr. Wells had his personal cell phone with him, but due to a CSX policy requiring contact with only CSX during an emergency, he did not use it to call 911. Mr. Wells replaced the fixed radio and then went outside to Mr. Sells. He attempted to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (“CPR”) on Mr. Sells, but, because he was not trained in the technique, he only mimicked it as he had seen it done on television. As a result, he did not correctly perform CPR. Further, there was no automated external defibrillator (“AED”) available.
Meanwhile, the CSX dispatcher called 911. The CSX dispatcher was confused about the train’s location and had difficulty providing it to the 911 operator. He contacted other CSX employees to assist him with trying to locate Mr. Sells. Because he could not identify the location, he had two different 911 operators on the line at once. At some point, Mr. Wells retrieved his cell phone and turned it on. It immediately rang with a call from a CSX employee asking for directions to Mr. Sells’ location, which Mr. Wells provided. Several CSX employees arrived via their own vehicles, but they did not attempt to treat Mr. Sells or transport him to a medical facility for treatment; they only placed a windbreaker over his face because the sun was shining in his eyes. Following a delay of approximately thirty-five minutes after Mr. Wells found Mr. Sells on the ground, the emergency medical team (“EMT”) arrived. They declared Mr. Sells dead after a couple of minutes of assessing him. The autopsy report revealed that when Mr. Sells died, he had some blockage of his heart valves but did not suffer a myocardial infarction.
*41Appellant filed a complaint asserting that, under the Federal Employers Liability Act (“FELA”), CSX acted negligently because it had a duty of care to provide a reasonably safe workplace and it breached that duty by failing to ensure Mr. Sells received prompt, timely, and adequate medical attention. Specifically, she alleged the workplace was not safe because CSX had failed to provide an AED and ensure that co-workers were trained in CPR. She further asserted that CSX had acted negligently in causing a delay in the EMT’s timely reaching Mr. Sells following his collapse, thus thwarting prompt medical treatment.
The case proceeded to trial and the jury returned a verdict in appellant’s favor, finding that CSX had acted negligently,10 but further finding that Mr. Sells was forty-five percent comparatively negligent. Post-verdict, both parties filed motions. CSX asked the court to set aside the jury’s verdict and enter judgment in accordance with the motion for directed verdict made at trial. Appellant sought to set aside the jury’s finding of comparative negligence. The trial court granted CSX’s motion. It found that while CSX had a duty to provide a reasonably safe workplace, it did not have a duty to anticipate that Mr. Sells might suffer cardiac arrest, because a railroad’s duty to provide medical care to its employees arises with the illness or injury and expires with it. Thus, the court concluded CSX did not have a duty to take preventive actions by providing AEDs or employees trained in CPR to Mr. Sells upon his collapse. More to the point, the trial court concluded CSX did not have a duty to provide prompt medical treatment to Mr. Sells because there was no evidence presented which indicated that any delays caused by CSX in directing the EMT to Mr. Sells caused his death. It concluded that Mr. Sells would have died even if the EMT had been promptly summoned and had timely arrived on the scene. This pronouncement by the trial court, as ratified by the majority opinion, is simply not supported by the record of the trial.
II. Discussion

A. Post-Verdict Motion for Directed Verdict

I first note that the majority fails to fully discuss and analyze the fact that this appeal concerns the lower court’s grant of a post-verdict motion for directed verdict — a crucial consideration in the analysis of this appeal.
The standard of review of an order granting a motion for a directed verdict is de novo. See Williams v. Washington, 120 So.3d 1263, 1264 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013). “In Florida, ‘[a]n appellate court ... must view the evidence and all inferences of fact in the light most favorable to the nonmov-ing party, and can affirm a directed verdict only where no proper view of the evidence could sustain a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party.’ ” Sanders v. ERP Operating Ltd. P’ship, 157 So.3d 273, 280 (Fla.2015) (quoting Friedrich v. Fetterman & Assocs., P.A., 137 So.3d 362, 365 (Fla.2013)). “ ‘The power to direct a verdict should be exercised with caution, and it should never be granted unless the evidence is of such a nature that under no view which the jury might lawfully take of it, favorable to the adverse party, could a verdict for the latter be upheld[.]’ ” Borda v. E. Coast Entm’t., Inc., 950 So.2d 488, 490 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007) (quoting Little v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., 234 So.2d 132, 133 (Fla. 4th DCA 1970)). A motion for a *42directed verdict made post-verdict is subject to the same analysis as a motion made during a trial. Johnson v. Swerdzewski, D.D.S., 935 So.2d 57, 60 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006).
Courts should treat motions for directed verdicts with “special caution, and this is especially true in negligence cases where the function of a jury to weigh and evaluate the evidence is particularly important since reasonable people can draw various conclusions from the same evidence.” Id. Accord Blake v. Hi Lu Corp., 781 So.2d 1122, 1124 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001). A motion made following a jury’s verdict should be treated even more cautiously because a trial court should afford a jury’s verdict great deference. See Frazier v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 518 F.Supp.2d 831, 835 (E.D.Tex.2007). Courts should only grant such post-verdict motions when “the facts and inferences point so strongly in favor of the movant that a rational jury could not reach a contrary verdict.” Id. (quoting Pineda v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 360 F.3d 483, 486 (5th Cir.2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In the instant case, CSX moved for a directed verdict at the close of appellant’s case, which the trial court denied. CSX then renewed its motion after the jury returned a verdict finding CSX negligent. At this juncture, the trial court granted the motion finding, in part, that CSX had no duty to anticipate Mr. Sells would suffer a heart attack, and any duty it may have had arose with the emergency itself. It further found that because the evidence presented at trial did not demonstrate that Mr. Sells had any chance of survival even if the EMT had arrived as quickly as possible, CSX had no duty to provide prompt medical care to Mr. Sells. These conclusions require an analysis of the duty owed by CSX to Mr. Sells as well as the facts presented at trial. As set forth infra, in my opinion the majority, as did the trial court below, incorrectly assesses the facts that were presented to the jury, and misapplies the controlling federal law and regulations, and case law. Consequently, I conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it granted the post-verdict motion for directed verdict and would reverse on that basis.

\ B. Duty

In Norfolk Southern Railway Co. v. Sorrell, 549 U.S. 158, 127 S.Ct. 799, 166 L.Ed.2d 638 (2007), the United States Supreme Court explained that, unlike typical workers’ compensation schemes, which provide relief to employees regardless of fault, plaintiffs seeking relief under FELA must show they have suffered injury as a result of the employer’s negligence. Id. at 165, 127 S.Ct. 799 (citing 45 U.S.C. § 51). The Supreme Court further explained that “[ajbsent express language to the contrary, the elements of a FELA claim are determined by reference to the common law.” Id. at 165-66, 127 S.Ct. 799 (citing Urie v. Thompson, 337 U.S. 163, 182, 69 S.Ct. 1018, 93 L.Ed. 1282 (1949)). Under FELA, to prevail in a negligence action the plaintiff must prove that 1) the employer owed a duty of care to the employee; 2) the employer breached that duty by acting negligently; 3) it was foreseeable that the employee would be injured; and 4) the employer’s negligence caused the injury. See Adams v. CSX Transp., Inc., 899 F.2d 536, 539 (6th Cir.1990).
As explained in Forcino v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 671 So.2d 888 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996), FELA is a broad remedial statute that is to be liberally construed to accomplish Congress’ intent to provide a federal remedy for railroad workers who suffer personal injuries due to the negligence of rail companies. Id. at 889. Congress enacted FELA with a ca*43pacious objective because it “ ‘was dissatisfied with the common-law duty of the master to his servant. The [FELA] statute supplants that duty with the far more drastic duty of paying damages for injury or death at work due in whole or in part to the employer’s negligence.’ ” Id. at 890 (quoting Rogers v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 352 U.S. 500, 506-510, 77 S.Ct. 443, 1 L.Ed.2d 493 (1957)) (emphasis added). In fact, if the evidence indicates that the employer’s negligence “ ‘played any part at all in the injury or death’ ” then judges “ ‘are bound to find that a case for the jury is made out whether or not the evidence allows the jury a choice of other probabilities.’ ” Id. at 889 (quoting Rogers, id.) (emphasis supplied in Rogers). A plaintiff seeking to hold an employer liable in negligence under FELA carries a significantly lighter burden than that required in an ordinary negligence ease. Smith v. Soo Line R.R. Co., 617 N.W.2d 437, 439 (Minn.Ct.App.2000).
Whether a railroad has a duty under FELA is a question of law to be decided by the court, whereas the other three elements — breach of duty, foreseeability, and causation — are questions of fact for the jury. Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Zeagler, 293 Ga. 582, 748 S.E.2d 846, 851-52 (2013) (stating that the legal question of duty should be kept separate from the factual questions of breach, foreseeability, and causation “to ensure that the court does not inappropriately decide factual issues that should be submitted to the jury,” citing Wilkerson v. McCarthy, 336 U.S. 53, 55, 69 S.Ct. 413, 93 L.Ed. 497 (1949)).
Turning to the merits of the instant appeal, the threshold issue is whether CSX owed a duty to Mr. Sells under the emergency medical situation presented by the facts, and, if so, what it was required to do.
As the trial court acknowledged, FELA places upon a railroad employer the duty to provide a reasonably safe workplace. See Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Buell, 480 U.S. 557, 558, 107 S.Ct. 1410, 94 L.Ed.2d 563 (1987). A “reasonably safe workplace”
does not mean that the railroad has the duty to eliminate all workplace dangers, but it does have the “duty of exercising reasonable care to that end.” Van Gorder v. Grand Trunk W. R.R., Inc., 509 F.3d 265, 269 (6th Cir.2007), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 994, 129 S.Ct. 489, 172 L.Ed.2d 356[] (2008) (citing Baltimore & Ohio S.W.R. Co. v. Carroll, 280 U.S. 491, 496, 50 S.Ct. 182, 74 L.Ed. 566[] (1930)). <‘A railroad breaches its duty to its employees when it fails to use ordinary care under the circumstances or fails to do what a reasonably prudent person would have done under the circumstances to make the working environment safe.” Id, (citing Tiller v. Atl. C.L.R. Co., 318 U.S. 54, 67, 63 S.Ct. 444, 87 L.Ed. 610[ ] (1943); Aparicio v. Norfolk & W. Ry., 84 F.3d 803, 811 (6th Cir.1996)). In other words, “a railroad breaches its duty when it knew, or by the exercise of due care should have known that prevalent standards of conduct were inadequate to protect the plaintiff and similarly situated employees.” Id. at 269-70 (internal quotations omitted).
Jordan v. Burlington N. Santa Fe R.R. Co., 2009 WL 112561, at *6 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2009) (emphasis added).
Under Florida law, duty may be derived from four sources: 1) legislative enactments or administrative regulations; 2) judicial interpretations of those statutes or regulations; 3) other judicial precedent; and 4) a duty arising from the general facts of the case. See McCain v. Fla. Power Corp., 593 So.2d 500, 503 n. 2 (Fla.1992).
*44Looking first to legislative enactments, in addition to FELA, in 1970 Congress adopted the Federal Railroad Safety Act (“FRSA”) to “promote safety in every area of railroad operations and reduce railroad-related accidents and incidents.” 49 U.S.C. § 20101. The FRSA empowers the Secretary of the Department of Transportation to act through the Federal Railroad Administration (“FRA”) to prescribe regulations and issue orders “for every area of railroad safety supplementing laws and regulations in effect.” 49 U.S.C. § 20103. The FRA assumes exclusive regulatory authority over railroad safety matters when it possesses special competence due to its expertise in addressing railway safety. See 43 Fed.Reg. 10,585 (Mar. 14, 1978). In matters not specifically regulated by the FRSA and the FRA, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”), also adopted by Congress in 1970, can, in certain situations, operate to fill in any safety gaps to further ensure safety in the railroad system. See S. Pac. Transp. Co. v. Usery, 539 F.2d 386, 389-91 (5th Cir.1976) (discussing that the FRA does not have an “industry-wide exemption” that would render OSHA regulations preempted in the railroad workplace), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 874 (1977). Courts have held that where the FRA does not preempt OSHA, OSHA regulations are admissible as general evidence of a railway’s negligence. See Ries v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 960 F.2d 1156, 1165 (3rd Cir.1992).
In turn, OSHA regulation 29 C.F.R. 1910.151(b) requires that when employees work in a location without an infirmary, clinic, or hospital “in near proximity” to the workplace, an employer “shall” have a person or persons adequately trained in “first aid” available to treat an injured employee. This regulation signals that Congress foresaw the probability that employees will suffer illness or injury, and recognized that because employees working in remote locations are more susceptible to delayed access to EMTs or medical facilities, employers must provide basic medical care on-site. ✓
OSHA does not define “first aid.” Nor has a careful search revealed any FELA case defining “first aid.” It has been suggested by some courts that it is appropriate to look to cases addressing the common law duty owed by businesses to invitees when analyzing duties owed by railways to their employers because “the railroad’s duty ‘seems not unlike the duty of the owner of premises to an invitee. The owner must use care to keep the premises reasonably safe for the protection of the invitee.’ ” Glenn v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 176 P.3d 640, 643 (Wyo.2008) (quoting Chicago B. & Q. R.R. v. Murray, 40 Wyo. 324, 277 P. 703, 707 (1929)) (footnote omitted).
In undertaking an analysis of whether CSX owed a duty to present CSX-provided CPR or an AED, or prompt medical care, to Mr. Sells,, it should be noted that the jury verdict form given to the jury did not break down liability into these three separate categories. Instead, as noted above, the verdict form simply asked the jury to determine if CSX’s “negligence” was a legal cause of Mr. Sells’ death.

i. CPR and AEDs

In regard to CPR and AEDs, the trial court, and the majority, rely in part upon L.A. Fitness International, LLC v. Mayer, 980 So.2d 550 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008), to support their conclusion that CSX did not owe Mr. Sells the duty to provide an AED or CPR by a CSX-trained employee. In L.A. Fitness, the Fourth District Court of Appeal considered a case in which a plaintiff sued a health club and asserted that the business had a duty to, among other things, have an AED on-site and to administer CPR to her father, a club member, *45who suffered cardiac arrest while exercising. The court looked to Pacello v. Wyndam International, Inc., 2006 WL 1102737 (Conn.Super.Ct.2006), in which the Connecticut Superior Court analyzed the duty owed by innkeepers to injured or ill guests, and as part of its analysis defined what constitutes “first aid.” 980 So.2d at 559. Both the L.A. Fitness and the Pacel-lo courts concluded that, based upon sources such as the American Red Cross, first aid does not include providing CPR to its invitees because first aid constitutes more basic acts such as controlling bleeding by applying pressure, removing a drowning victim from water, irrigating a chemical burn, or calling for help. Comparatively speaking, CPR is more than “mere ‘first aid’ ” because it requires training to perform it. Id. Moreover, the Fourth District declined to find that the business had a duty to provide AEDs because there was no common law or statutory duty that a business have an AED on its premises, and because other courts have uniformly found that business establishments do not have a duty to provide AEDs on their premises. Id. at 561. The Fourth District concluded that, to meet its duty to its invitees, a business is only required to promptly summon EMTs in order to provide medical assistance. Id. at 562.
In my view, however, an analysis adopting and applying case law concerning the business-customer relationship is problematic as applied to the instant case, which concerns an employer-employee relationship, and, more important, an employee sent by his employer to work in a remote location. In reaching this conclusion, I look to the recent Florida Supreme Court case, Limones v. School District of Lee County, 161 So.3d 384 (Fla. Apr. 2, 2015) (“Limones II”), in which the supreme court reviewed the Second District Court of Appeal’s decision in Limones v. School District of Lee County, 111 So.3d 901 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (“Limones I”), and the assertion that it expressly and directly conflicts with McCain v. Florida Power Corp. 161 So.3d at 389. Specifically, it considered a situation in which a student participating in a school soccer game suffered cardiac arrest and ultimately experienced a severe brain injury due to lack of oxygen caused by a delay in administering treatment with an AED. In this context, the supreme court was called to consider the significance of section 1006.165, Florida Statutes, which requires all public schools that are members in the Florida High School Athletic Association to acquire an AED, train personnel in its use, and register its location with EMTs.
In Limones I, the Second District considered L.A. Fitness and ruled there was no distinction between the duty owed by the health club to its invitee, and the duty owed by the school district to the student. 111 So.3d at 906. The supreme court rejected this ruling. It explained:
The Fourth District in L.A. Fitness determined that the duty owed by a commercial health club to an adult customer only required employees of the club to reasonably summon emergency responders for a patron in cardiac distress.... The adult customer and the health club stand in a far different relationship than a student involved in school activities with school board officials. Although some courts in other jurisdictions have determined that fitness clubs and other commercial entities do not owe a legal duty to provide AEDs to adult customers,! ] the commercial context and relationship of parties in these cases is a critical distinction from the case before us. Despite the fact the business proprietor-customer and school district-student relationships are both recognized as relationships, these relationships are *46markedly different. We initially note that the proprietor-customer relationship most frequently involves two adult parties, whereas the school-student relationship usually involves a minor. Furthermore, the business invitee freely enters into a commercial relationship with the proprietor.
Limones II, 40 Fla. L. Weekly at S184 (citations and footnote omitted).
I consider the situation in the instant case, involving an employer-employee relationship, also to be markedly different from a business-customer relationship. In the latter situation, the customer willingly enters onto the business’s premises and is free to leave when he or she chooses. In the employer-employee relationship, the employer controls the employee; if the employee wishes to remain employed he must work when and where the employer directs him. See Saudi Arabian Airlines Corp. v. Dunn, 438 So.2d 116, 120 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983). As this Court explained in Dunn:
“An employee is one who for consideration agrees to work subject to the orders and directions of another, usually for regular wages but not necessarily so, and, further, agrees to subject himself at all times during the period of service to the lawful orders and directions of the other in respect to the work to be done. Customarily, the employer determines both the method and manner in which the work is to be done as well as the time and tenure of the service, [citations omitted]”
Id. (quoting City of Boca Raton v. Mattef, 91 So.2d 644, 647 (Fla.1956)).
Furthermore, another important factor that distinguishes L.A. Fitness and the cases upon which the Fourth District relied in order to reach the conclusion that the health club did not have a duty to provide AEDs or CPR but only to call EMTs, is that all of the businesses in those cases were readily accessible by EMTs, as they were located in populated areas. Here, we have a situation where Mr. Sells was working in a remote location.
I believe the correct analysis to be applied regarding whether CSX owed a duty to provide CPR and ah AED to Mr. Sells is set forth in Limones II. In concluding that the school district owed the student the duty to act with reasonable care under the circumstances to avoid or mitigate further aggravation of the injury, the supreme court explained:
“Reasonable care under the circumstances” is a standard that may fluctuate with time, the student’s age and activity, the extent of the injury, the available responder(s), and other facts. Advancements with technology and equipment today, such as a portable AED, to treat an injury were most probably unavailable twenty years ago, and may be obsolete twenty years from now. We therefore leave it to the jury to determine, under the evidence presented, whether the particular actions of [the school district’s] employees satisfied or breached the duty of reasonable care owed.
Limones II, 40 Fla. L. Weekly at S184 (emphasis added). Granted, the supreme court emphasized the point that the school district was in a position of authority over the young student who was mandated by law to be in its care. Although not as authoritative and-restrictive of a relationship as this, CSX and Mr. Sells were in an employer-employee relationship in which CSX dictated to Mr. Sells where he would work. I would conclude that this relationship is distinctly different from the business-customer relationship as characterized by the Fourth District in L.A. Fitness, because of the control the employer exercises over the employee.
*47Consequently, in examination of the entirety of the factual situation before us, the jury could conclude that CSX failed to provide Mr. Sells with a reasonably safe workplace when it failed to provide CPR and an AED in his aid. Unlike Limones II, which involved an order granting a motion for summary judgment, here, the trial court instructed the jury to consider whether CSX breached its duty to provide a reasonably safe workplace by failing to provide CPR or an AED, and prompt medical care, to Mr. Sells. As already noted, the jury verdict form did not break down the issue of CSX’s liability as to its failure to provide reasonable care in these three specific areas. Instead, it was a general verdict form indicating the jury found that CSX’s negligence caused Mr. Sells’ death. Given the facts in the record before us, and in particular the record testimony that I will discuss, infra, I conclude there was competent, substantial evidence from which the jury could have found CSX liable for failing to supply CPR and an AED to Mr. Sells.
The trial court, as affirmed by the majority, concluded that CSX did not have a duty to provide CPR or an AED to Mr. Sells because “long-standing” case law indicates CSX did not have the duty “to take preventative actions in anticipation of an employee falling ill at work” or “to take anticipatory measures to prevent such emergency situations.” Both the trial court and the majority appear to be asserting that employers do not have a duty to anticipate, or foresee, that employees will suffer medical emergencies requiring prompt medical treatment, and therefore they do not need to plan for such emergencies, because the duty “arises with the emergency.” They conclude that employers only need to respond when the emergency arises, basically, in the best way they can as the sitúation unfolds. In this regard, according to the majority, employers only have a duty to promptly call EMTs-and only if there is a likelihood that calling EMTs will result in the injured or ill employee surviving. To support this conclusion, the majority relies primarily on two cases, Szabo v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 132 N.J.L. 331, 40 A.2d 562 (N.J.1945), and Wilke v. Chicago, Great Western Railway Co., 190 Minn. 89, 251 N.W. 11 (1933).
Szabo concerned a situation in which, at that time, employers did not have a duty to provide medical care to an injured employee unless a specific statute required such, or the employer and employee had a contract between them requiring the employer to provide treatment — even when the injury was caused by the negligence of the railroad. 40 A.2d at 563. Szabo rejected the assertion that these are the only situations in which an employer had a duty to provide medical care to an employee. Instead, it created what has become known as the “humane instinct doctrine,”11 and held that when an employee becomes seriously ill and is unable to care for himself, at that point the railroad has a duty to seek appropriate medical care for the employee. Thus, Szabo elevated the duty of care formerly afforded employees, which was, as noted, only applicable when there was a statute or contract in pláce requiring it. Instead, employers thereafter were charged with the duty to seek appropriate medical care for all employees injured or taken ill while working for a railroad, even in the absence of a contract or statute.
A comprehensive survey of cases citing Szabo indicates that no court has concluded the language stating that an employer has a duty to provide care once the emergency arises, means there is no duty to anticipate emergency medical situations *48that might arise, or to plan for them.12 Of the less than thirty published cases that cite to Szabo, every one that actually discusses it, analyzes it in terms of the New Jersey Supreme Court’s recognizing an employer’s duty of care where one previously did not exist, the duty consisting of a specifically limited role where none previously existed, and the decision’s role in the evolutionary process of recognizing the duty owed by employers. None of the decisions states that an employer has the duty only to respond to a medical emergency as it may arise, with no need to consider what measures might be needed in anticipation of those emergencies.
Wilke concerned a situation in which an employee began to exhibit signs that he was not well, and, over the course of about a half hour, wound up dying of what appeared to have been heat stroke. 251 N.W. at 13. The crux of Wilke’s argument was that the railroad should have known its employee was sick, and should have done something about it, such as recognizing that due to the heat, the railroad should have had a doctor at the worksite in anticipation that some of the workers could be taken ill. The Minnesota Supreme Court rejected this assertion and stated the railroad did not have a duty to anticipate that any employee would be taken ill from heatstroke such that a doctor needed to be provided on-site. But again, as with Szabo, a careful search of case law indicates that, of the three published cases that cite to Wilke, none has cited it for the proposition that an employer does not have a duty to anticipate medical emergencies and prepare to address them.
Put simply, there is no long-standing case law directing that an employer does not have a duty to anticipate medical emergencies or prepare for them. Indeed, this conclusion flies in the face of federal and state safety statutes, and is in conflict with countless cases in which courts have considered an employer’s duty to provide a reasonably safe workplace, which necessarily requires anticipation of the types of injuries that could occur, and how they can be avoided. See, e.g., Atl. Coast R.R. Co. v. Chancey, 76 So.2d 871, 873 (Fla.1955) (“ ‘The [ejmployer is not held to an absolute responsibility for the reasonably safe condition of the place, tools and appliances, but only to the duty of exercising reasonable care to that end, the degree of care being commensurate with the danger reasonably to be anticipated.’ ”) (emphasis added).13
In conclusion, in recognition of the nature of the employer-employee relationship, and in concert with Limones II, I would reverse the trial court’s order finding that CSX did not owe a duty to Mr. Sells to supply CSX-provided CPR and an AED. There is competent, substantial evidence in the record from which the jury could have found CSX liable for its failure to provide an AED and CPR to Mr. Sells under the facts of this case. See Limones II, 40 Fla. L. Weekly at S184.

ii. Prompt Medical Care

49 U.S.C. section 20109 of the FRSA, sets forth certain employee protections. *49Specifically, subsection 20109(c) prohibits a railroad from delaying medical or first aid treatment, and requires that a railroad “promptly arrange” to have the injured or ill employee transported to the nearest hospital. This regulation is related to an employer’s duty under FELA to provide prompt medical care to its employees rendered ill or suffering an injury while working. The duty to provide prompt medical treatment is also recognized in case law. See Pulley v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 821 So.2d 1008, 1014-15 (Ala.Civ.App.2001) (reversing an order granting summary judgment where a railway caused a delay in providing prompt medical care to a worker who had a heart attack on the job, causing additional heart damage). To recover on a claim that a railway failed to provide prompt medical care, the employee or his estate must establish that the employee became ill at work; that without prompt medical treatment he faced death or serious bodily harm; that the railway had notice of the illness and failed to furnish prompt medical attention; and the employee’s death or injury resulted in whole or in part from the railway’s delay in responding. Id. (citing Randall v. Reading Co., 344 F.Supp. 879 (M.D.Pa.1972)). Furthermore, the specific injury that occurs need not be foreseeable; it is sufficient if it is foreseeable that general harm could result from a certain negligent practice. Id. at 1013-14 (citing Gallick v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R., 372 U.S. 108, 83 S.Ct. 659, 9 L.Ed.2d 618 (1963)).
The facts of the instant case are similar to those in Bridgeman v. Terminal Railroad Ass’n of St. Louis, 195 Ill.App.3d 966, 142 Ill.Dec. 405, 552 N.E.2d 1146 (1990). In that case Bridgeman began to feel ill while working at a train yard. Id. 142 Ill.Dec. 405, 552 N.E.2d at 1147. He told a co-worker he did not feel well, and he laid down on a bench. The co-worker attempted to rouse Bridgeman so the train could leave, but Bridgeman continued to report he did not feel well. Bridgeman went into the bathroom and after some time, the coworker heard him call out for the foreman. The co-worker located the foreman, and the foreman returned to the bathroom and called to Bridgeman, but Bridgeman did not respond. The foreman then left to get his supervisor. About fifteen minutes passed between when Bridgeman first reported feeling ill and when the foreman and his supervisor found him in the bathroom, slumped against the wall, pale, cold, and without a pulse. Meanwhile, the supervisor called the yardmaster to contact an ambulance, but when no ambulance arrived he called the yardmaster three or four additional times. An ambulance arrived approximately forty-five minutes later. The ambulance report indicated it had not received a call for help until approximately forty-five minutes after the foreman and the supervisor found Bridge-man in the bathroom. Testimony at trial indicated that an ambulance station was located several blocks from the train yard, and an acute trauma center was located about one minute away. Bridgeman’s autopsy revealed his death was caused by acute myocardial infarction, and he had severe obstructive artery disease.14 Id. 142 Ill.Dec. 405, 552 N.E.2d at 1147-48.
The administrator of Bridgeman’s estate filed suit under FELA, asserting that the railway had a duty under FELA to provide prompt emergency medical care. Id. 142 Ill.Dec. 405, 552 N.E.2d at 1148. A jury rendered a verdict in the estate’s favor, and the railway appealed, arguing it did not have a duty to render aid and it did *50not cause Bridgeman’s death because he was already dead when discovered. Id.
The Illinois appellate court opined that the railway had a duty to render prompt medical care, but the railway thwarted that duty by delaying the EMT’s response. Id. It further concluded the evidence was sufficient to establish under the plain language of FELA that the railway was liable, at least in part, for Bridgeman’s death, even with post-mortem evidence of myocardial infarction and obstructive artery disease, due to its delay in contacting the EMT. Id. (citing Randall v. Reading Co., 344 F.Supp. at 881-82).
In the instant case, the uncontroverted evidence revealed CSX had a policy requiring employees on trains to contact the CSX dispatcher via a fixed radio when experiencing an emergency situation. The evidence further indicated that CSX had a blanket policy forbidding its employees from using their cell phones while working. This prohibition appears to stem from FRA regulations governing the use of personal cell phones and other electronic devices while a rail employee is working. These regulations are intended to reduce safety risks that can occur because of distraction, and forbid the use of these devices if they would interfere with the “performance of safety-related duties.” 49 C.F.R. §§ 220.301 & 220.303. Specifically, a “railroad operating employee” may not have his personal electronic device turned on when a train is moving, when a crew member is on the ground or riding rolling equipment during a switching operation, or when assisting with the preparation of the train for movement. 49 C.F.R. § 220.305. However, there are exceptions to this regulation, the most crucial being that a railroad employee may use a personal electronic device “as necessary to respond to an emergency situation involving the operation of the railroad or encountered while performing a duty for the railroad.” 49 C.F.R. § 220.309.
The record clearly indicates that CSX had no policy or plan in place to effectuate or allow for this “emergency situation” exception. Moreover, the testimony and evidence presented at trial indicate that CSX gave little thought as to how it would meet its duty to ensure employees working in remote locations would receive prompt medical care in emergency situations. First, CSX had in place a policy requiring train employees to use a fixed radio to call a dispatcher, thus placing responsibility on the dispatcher to relay the location and nature of the emergency which, as here, was unfolding in a remote location. The deficiency of this policy was further exacerbated by CSX’s flawed internal procedures and equipment used to determine train locations — which testimony indicates was time-consuming to operate — in a situation where time was of the essence. Although this remote location was occupied on a daily or near daily basis, the CSX dispatcher could not identify the location for the EMT, and even resorted to contacting other CSX employees outside of the CSX dispatch office for guidance and assistance. It was not until Mr. Wells at last turned on his cell phone and fielded a call from another CSX employee that the location was successfully provided to the EMT. The record is clear: the CSX dispatcher was ineffectual in getting the EMT to Mr. Sells. As in Bridgeman, the evidence in-eontrovertibly indicates that CSX caused a delay in the EMT promptly responding to Mr. Sells.
To summarize, CSX owed a duty to Mr. Sells to exercise reasonable care to ensure he received prompt medical attention. See Pulley, 821 So.2d at 1014; Van Gorder, 509 F.3d at 269; Bridgeman, 142 Ill.Dec. 405, 552 N.E.2d at 1148. The jury found CSX breached this duty by failing to use *51ordinary care to establish' a safe working environment, as evidenced by the fact that it had a deficient emergency contact procedure in place — which it mandated the employees follow-that caused a delay in Mr. Sells’ receiving prompt emergency medical treatment. See 49 U.S.C. § 20109(c); Pulley, supra.] Van Gorder, supra.; Bridgeman, supra. CSX should have foreseen that its first-aid policy was inadequate to ensure that the EMT could have promptly responded to Mr. Sells’ remote location. Pulley, 821 So.2d at 1013-14 (“Under the courts’ broad interpretation of ‘foreseeability of harm’ in FELA actions, the foreseeability of the specific harm resulting from the negligence is not required. It is sufficient if the employer could foresee general harm resulting from a certain negligent practice.”).
Despite the case law, the record evidence, and the jury verdict, the majority, as did the trial court, concludes that CSX did not have a duty to provide prompt medical care to Mr. Sells because the trial testimony was “uncontroverted” that even if the EMT had arrived as quickly as possible, which the majority states was fifteen minutes, Mr. Sells would have died anyway. This evidentiary assessment is not accurate.
First, one of the Clay County paramedics who responded to the 911 call testified that they arrived at Mr. Sells’ side just over thirteen minutes after the call was received at the Clay County rescue station. He testified his records indicated that by the time the EMT arrived, Mr. Sells had been on the ground between thirty-five to forty-five minutes. Further, the 253 pages of the trial transcript setting forth the testimony of Mr. Sells’ treating physicians and the medical experts retained to analyze his medical records and the emergency event, clearly reflect that not one of them stated that “the administration of emergency medical treatment, at that point in time, without more, could not have prevented Sells’ death.” None of the five medical experts — including three board-certified cardiologists — who testified at trial stated it was a foregone conclusion that Mr. Sells had no chance of survival because the EMT had arrived in just under fourteen minutes. Instead, the medical testimony demonstrates the amorphous and nebulous nature of survivability in an emergency situation involving a heart attack, and the inability of any of the experts to quantify survivability other than in terms of it being a “possibility” or a “probability.”
Specifically, the record indicates that Dr. Orlando Bautista, Mr. Sells’ general practitioner in New York, testified as to the difficulty in ascertaining survivability, and explained that heart rhythm could be restored “after many minutes of cardiac arrest, sometimes 15 minutes, 20 minutes.” He stated that oxygenation of the brain should be restored as soon as possible, and preferably within • ten minutes so that a cardiac victim does not suffer brain death. He stated that while brain death is likely to occur if there is no oxygenation by ten minutes into the emergency, medical professionals would “keep trying ... even if it’s half an hour, we keep trying to resuscitate ... depending on what’s transpiring, sometimes we wait an hour.” When asked if he had an opinion within a reasonable degree of medical probability as to whether Mr. Sells would have survived if the EMT had arrived within fifteen minutes as opposed to thirty, he stated, “His chances would have been better. It would be difficult to measure, but I — just common sense says it would say it would have been better.” When pressed by counsel whether there was “much of a hope” of survival after ten minutes, Dr. Bautista stated that “recovery rates go[ ] very low after 10 minutes.”
*52Dr. Michael Fifer, a board-certified cardiologist, testified that the “great likelihood” was that Mr. Sells died of an arrhythmia related to coronary artery disease, and that, in his opinion, Mr. Sells’ chance of survival would have increased if he had received prompt medical treatment. He stated that if the EMT had arrived in less than thirty-five minutes the “window of survivability [ ] would have been sufficient[,]” especially if CPR and/or an AED had been utilized. He concluded that, to a reasonable degree of medical probability, Mr. Sells’ survival would have increased had proper CPR been performed, or an AED had been available, or prompt medical treatment had been provided. On cross-examination he reiterated several times that if Mr. Sells had received prompt medical treatment, his chances of survival would have increased. However, he agreed with CSX’s counsel that if Mr. Sells had gone without respiration for more than fifteen minutes, it would be “more likely than not” that he would have been brain dead by the time the EMT arrived. On direct, he explained that persons suffering “sudden death” from cardiac arrest could actually “be dead in the absence of efforts at resuscitation” and then be restored to life. He stated that, in his opinion, Mr. Sells suffered from one of the “more survivable” forms of arrhythmia, and he reiterated that if timely medical intervention had been provided, Mr. Sells’ probability of survival would have increased, even absent CSX-provided CPR or an AED. The remainder of his testimony reveals the impossibility of definitively concluding that Mr. Sells would have died even if the EMT had arrived within fifteen minutes, as well as the impossibility of stating he would have lived, even if provided with CPR, and/or an AED, and/or prompt medical care. In regard to the issue of providing prompt medical care, Dr. Fifer concluded his testimony by stating that had CSX provided prompt medical treatment, separate from the use of CSX-provided CPR or an AED, within “a reasonable degree of medical probability” Mr. Sells’ likelihood of survival would have increased.
The only other medical expert to opine on Mr. Sells’ survivability with prompt medical care was Dr. Michael Zile, a board-certified cardiologist. • He opined that, as to the different forms of arrhythmia Mr. Sells may have experienced, he had between a zero to thirty percent chance of surviving. However, he stated he could not identify a specific cause of death. Nonetheless, he opined that even if Mr. Sells had timely received CPR, treatment with an AED, and prompt medical care, he was “not likely” to have survived. On cross examination, however, he agreed that sudden death was not “necessarily permanent” and with proper medical care a person could recover from it.
My reading of the trial transcript indicates that, contrary to the majority’s conclusion,15 the medical testimony did not “conclusively demonstrate” that there was “no possibility of [the EMT] arriving soon enough to save Mr. Sells, even if CSX summoned help as quickly as possible.” (Emphasis added.) Instead, the trial testimony reflects that no medical professional could definitively state that Mr. Sells *53would have died even if the only care provided was calling the EMT, which responded as quickly as possible. The only point upon which the medical professionals agreed was that Mr. Sells’ chances of survival decreased the longer he was denied medical care.
Furthermore, the trial court’s finding— that “no reasonable jury could reach a verdict for the plaintiff on th[e] basis [that CSX breached its duty to provide timely medical care], because [appellant] presented no evidence that CSX’s response to Mr. Sells’ cardiac arrest caused his death” — is flawed in several respects. (Emphasis added.) First, under the facts of this case, the correct legal analysis is not whether CSX caused Mr. Sells’ death, but whether it had any part at all in causing Mr. Sells’ death. See Forcino, 671 So.2d at 889. “ ‘Under [FELA] the test of a jury case is simply whether the proofs justify with reason the conclusion that employer negligence played any part, even the slightest, in producing the injury or death for which damages are sought.’ ” CSX Transp., Inc. v. McBride, — U.S. -, -, 131 S.Ct. 2630, 2636, 180 L.Ed.2d 637 (2011) (emphasis added) (citing Rogers, 352 U.S. at 506, 77 S.Ct. 443).
Second, the record demonstrates that appellant presented evidence, particularly in the form of Dr. Bautista’s and Dr. Fifer’s testimony, from which the jury could conclude that CSX contributed to Mr. Sells’ death.
Third, the trial court failed to acknowledge the governing case law such as Forci-no and McBride, in which the Supreme Court, citing Urie and Rogers, discussed FELA’s relaxed causation standard. The McBride court explained that FELA’s language regarding causation was “ ‘as broad as could be framed’ ” and, due to the “breadth of the phrase, ‘resulting in whole or in part from the [railroad’s] negligence,’ ” combined with Congress’ “ ‘humanitarian’ ” and “ ‘remedial goal[s],’ ” when compared to common law tort litigation, FELA has a more relaxed standard of causation. Id. at 2636 (citing Consol. Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 532, 542-43, 114 S.Ct. 2396, 129 L.Ed.2d 427 (1994)).
Fourth, by making this finding, the trial court ventured into the domain of the jury regarding the matter of causation. See Limones II, 40 Fla. L. Weekly at S183-84; Zeagler, 748 S.E.2d at 851. “Once a court has concluded that a duty exists, Florida law neither requires nor allows the court to further expand its consideration into how a reasonably prudent person would or should act under the circumstances as a matter of law.” Limones II, 40 Fla. L. Weekly at S183. In Limones II the supreme court concluded that the Second District “incorrectly expanded Florida law and invaded the province of the jury when it further considered whether post-injury efforts required Respondent to make available, diagnose the need for, or use the AED on [the student].” Id. This is exactly what the trial court and the majority did and are doing in the instant case: invading the province of the jury and concluding (incorrectly, as explained, supra), that because Mr. Sells would have died even if the EMT had been promptly summoned, CSX did not have a duty to provide prompt medical care. The trial court instructed the jury to deliberate on the matter of causation, it did so, and it produced a verdict in favor of appellant. Nonetheless, the trial court’s finding that CSX did not “cause” Mr. Sells’ death improperly wrested this determination from the jury and overturned its verdict. See Linafelt v. Beverly Enters.-Fla., Inc., 745 So.2d 386, 389 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999) (“Ordinarily, a trial court should not overturn a jury verdict unless ‘there is no evidence or reasonable inferences to support the opposing *54position.’ ” (citing Stirling v. Sapp, 229 So.2d 850, 852 (Fla.1969)) (emphasis added). The majority now stamps its imprimatur on this legally inappropriate action.
A trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence. See Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990); McDuffie v. State, 970 So.2d 312, 326 (Fla.2007) (citing Cooter & Gell), Criner v. State, 59 So.3d 196, 197 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011). Further, as explained in Lynch v. Northeast Regional Commuter Railroad Corp., 700 F.3d 906, 916 (7th Cir.2012), “in FELA cases, the role of the court is not to search the record for conflicting circumstantial evidence and to take the case from the jury because the evidence equally supports inconsistent and uncertain inferences. Instead, it is the function of the jury, not the court, to select among conflicting inferences and conclusions.” (citing Gallick, 372 U.S. at 113, 83 S.Ct. 659). I conclude, therefore, that the trial court abused its discretion by granting the post-verdict motion for directed verdict for all these reasons.16
The more persuasive and accepted analysis is expressed in Budd v. Erie Lackawanna Railroad Co., 93 N.J.Super. 166, 225 A.2d 171 (1966). In Budd, the court reviewed a case in which the railroad argued on appeal that the plaintiff failed to prove negligence because she did not prove her husband would have survived had the railroad rendered medical aid to treat his heart attack. The court observed:
Defendant would require that there be affirmative evidence on plaintiffs part that decedent would have lived if he had been given medical attention, and that he would not have died “anyway.” To require such expert prescience in the context of a heart case goes beyond the standard required by Rogers []. We must recognize that there can be no such medical certainty, for there are too many imponderables, once given the heart condition. As [the plaintiffs medical expert] said, no one can say what the result would be had medical attention been given. Because no such medical certainty exists, is a railroad employee,[] who dies and whose employer has failed in a duty owed to him, to be deprived of the benefits of FELA — an act which is construed as being akin to a workmen’s compensation law? ... Not so long as proofs support the inference that the employer’s negligence “played a part” in producing the death. The proofs here meet that standard.
Id. at 174 (some citations and a footnote omitted).
*55I would therefore reverse the trial court’s post-verdiet order on, these grounds.

C. Comparative Negligence

The second point raised by appellant is whether the trial court erred by allowing the jury to consider whether Mr. Sells, himself, had been comparatively negligent, and by denying appellant’s motion to set aside the jury’s finding to that effect. While I would reverse the trial court’s order granting CSX’s post-verdict motion for directed verdict, I would affirm the jury’s finding of comparative fault. The FRSA states that a railroad is liable for an injury or death suffered by an employee if its negligence, in whole or in part, caused the injury or death. 49 U.S.C. § 51. If an employee was comparatively negligent, any damages are to be reduced by the jury in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to the employee. 49 U.S.C. § 53. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals’ opinion in Johnson v. Cenac Towing, Inc., 544 F.3d 296, 303-04 (5th Cir.2008), is instructive. Johnson involved a negligence claim filed pursuant to the “Jones Act,” 46 U.S.C. section 30103. Jones Act negligence cases follow FELA case law because the Act states that FELA regulations and related case law apply to actions brought under the Jones Act. Id. at 301 n. 2. See also 46 U.S.C. § 30104; Sobieski v. Ispat Island, Inc., 413 F.3d 628, 631 (7th Cir.2005) (stating that the Jones Act incorporates by specific reference FELA case law). In Johnson, the court explained that a seaman may be found to have contributed to his injury suffered at work where he concealed material information about a preexisting injury or physical condition from his employer, exposed himself to re-injury or aggravation of his condition, and then suffered re-injury or aggravation as a result. 544 F.3d at 303-04.
The instant record indicated that when Mr. Sells filled out CSX’s medical questionnaire, he checked the box stating he did not have a history of any heart “trouble” or chest pain. However, the record showed that Mr. Sells told his New York cardiologist he was having chest pains. Mr. Sells did not inform CSX at any time that he had experienced chest pains, or that he underwent three EKGs — two in New York and one in Florida — which suggested a possible abnormality. Thus, under FELA and Johnson, the trial court properly submitted to the jury the question of Mr. Sells’ comparative negligence in failing to disclose his chest pains and problematic EKGs to CSX. Id. See also 49 U.S.C. § 53; Johnson, supra.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons I would reverse the final judgment and remand the cause to the trial court with directions that the court reinstate the jury’s verdict, including its finding that Mr. Sells was forty-five percent comparatively negligent.

. The jury verdict form contained one question regarding CSX’s negligence. It stated: “Was there negligence on the part of the Defendant CSX that was a legal cause of the death of Larry Sells?" The jury marked, “YES.”

. See generally Valentin v. Charles Beseler Co., 2005 WL 3500313 (N.J.Super.Ct.2005).

. Indeed, for example, OSHA regulation 29 C.F.R.1910.151(b), requiring basic first aid to be supplied to employees working in remote locations, indicates it is foreseeable that employees will suffer injuries and need care, and in anticipation of that eventuality, employers need to ensure there is a person on-site who can provide this care.

. I would point out that during trial industrial hygienist Michelle Copeland presented to the jury 2001 OSHA data showing that 13% of all workplace fatalities resulted from sudden cardiac arrest.

. The instant record indicates that Mr. Sells did not have a myocardial infarction but he did have between 60 to 90 percent obstruction in three arteries.

. The majority attempts to buttress their conclusion in this regard by relying upon counsel's apparent "concession” to the Court during oral argument. This Court, however, is not required to accept a concession when the record indicates the facts do not comport with it. See, e.g., Fichera v. State, 688 So.2d 453, 453 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997) (rejecting state's concession that trial court abused its discretion when setting the amount of restitution, because competent evidence supported the trial court’s assessment).

. I also note that the trial court's and the majority's finding that Mr. Sells would not have survived even if the EMT was promptly summoned, and thus CSX did not have a duty to provide prompt medical care, is basically the act of saddling Mr. Sells with the assumption of the risk of not receiving prompt medical care because he worked in a remote location. Congress abolished the railroad’s defense of assumption of the risk when it enacted FELA in 1908. See 45 U.S.C. § 54. This statutes denies the railroad the ability to raise assumption of the risk when the railroad played a role in whole or in part in causing an employee’s injury or death. The statute also specifically forbids raising assumption of the risk when a railroad is in violation of any safety statute, and the violation contributed to the injury or death of the employee. Here, CSX was in violation of not only of 49 U.S.C. section 20109(c), requiring CSX to provide prompt medical care, but 29 C.F.R. section 1910.151(b), which required CSX to provide a person trained in first aid on-site, because Mr. Sells was working at a remote location without ready access to a medical facility.