Court Opinion

ID: 3189685
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-29 23:02:45.176801+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:47.147730
License: Public Domain

2016 IL 118181

                                         IN THE
                                SUPREME COURT
                                            OF
                          THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                    (Docket No. 118181)

         THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JACOB D.
                            TIMMSEN, Appellee.

                               Opinion filed March 24, 2016.

        JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

         Chief Justice Garman and Justices Kilbride, Karmeier, and Theis concurred in
     the judgment and opinion.

        Justice Thomas specially concurred, with opinion.

        Justice Burke dissented, with opinion.

                                         OPINION

¶1      The question presented in this appeal is whether police officers had reasonable
     suspicion to stop defendant Jacob D. Timmsen’s vehicle when he made a U-turn
     approximately 50 feet before a police roadblock. The circuit court of Hancock
     County found that defendant’s U-turn justified the stop and denied his motion to
     suppress evidence obtained as a result of the stop. A divided panel of the appellate
     court reversed defendant’s conviction, concluding that defendant’s motion to
     suppress should have been granted. 2014 IL App (3d) 120481. We allowed the
     State’s petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015); R. 612(b)
     (eff. Feb. 6, 2013)). For the following reasons, we reverse the judgment of the
     appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶2                                           BACKGROUND

¶3       The following facts are not in dispute. 1 At approximately 1:15 a.m. on
     Saturday, December 17, 2011, defendant was driving eastbound on U.S. Highway
     136 from Iowa to Illinois. The highway is a four-lane road, with two lanes in each
     direction. Just across the Illinois border, Illinois State Police had erected a safety
     roadblock. The roadblock was marked by an orange, diamond-shaped sign with
     black lettering. As defendant traveled into Illinois, he saw the police roadblock and
     made a U-turn at a railroad crossing, which was the only location to turn around
     before reaching the roadblock. 2 The railroad crossing was located approximately
     50 feet from the roadblock. After the U-turn, Hancock County Deputy Travis Duffy
     stopped defendant’s vehicle as he proceeded westbound on Highway 136. Illinois
     State Police Officer Heath Miller was stationed at the roadblock and saw Deputy
     Duffy pull over defendant’s vehicle. Deputy Duffy requested assistance and
     Trooper Miller went to the location where defendant’s vehicle was stopped.
     Defendant was arrested for driving with a suspended license, in violation of section
     6-303(a) of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/6-303(a) (West 2010)). 3
     Defendant was also issued a citation for driving “to the left of center of roadway” in
     violation of section 11-706(a) of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-706(a)
     (West 2010)). 4 Officers conducted an inventory search incident to arrest and
     recovered a metal pipe and less than one gram of marijuana from the vehicle.

¶4      Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence that was recovered from the
     vehicle as well as evidence that he was driving with a suspended license. At the
     hearing on the motion, only defendant and Trooper Miller testified. Defendant

         1
           The record does not contain a report of proceedings but does include a bystander’s report (see
     Illinois Supreme Court Rule 323(c) (eff. Dec. 13, 2005)). The facts are taken from the bystander’s
     report and the circuit court’s order denying defendant’s motion to suppress.
          2
           U-turns are legal in Illinois as long as the turn can be made safely and without interfering with
     other traffic. See 625 ILCS 5/11-802 (West 2010).
          3
           Defendant’s passenger, Trevor Nichol, was also arrested based on an active warrant for his
     arrest.
          4
           The citation is not included in the record, but is noted in the bystander’s report and the circuit
     court’s order denying defendant’s motion to dismiss.
                                                      -2-
     testified that he saw the roadblock and made a U-turn at the railroad crossing, but
     did not give a reason for turning around and heading back toward Iowa. Trooper
     Miller stated that he saw Deputy Duffy stop defendant’s vehicle, but he did not
     know why Deputy Duffy stopped the vehicle. Trooper Miller also stated that none
     of the police officers knew who was in the vehicle or that defendant’s license had
     been suspended. He further admitted that the officers knew of no arrest or search
     warrant authorizing the stop of the vehicle or its occupants. The circuit court denied
     the motion, finding that defendant’s U-turn 50 feet prior to the roadblock provided
     a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity that justified the stop. The
     parties subsequently agreed to proceed by way of a stipulated bench trial on the
     license charge and the court found defendant guilty of driving with a suspended
     license (625 ILCS 5/6-303(a) (West 2014)). Defendant was sentenced to 24
     months’ conditional discharge and 90 days in the county jail.

¶5       On appeal, defendant argued that the police did not have reasonable, articulable
     suspicion to stop his vehicle and that his motion to suppress should have been
     granted. A divided panel of the appellate court agreed and found that, absent any
     other suspicious activity, the U-turn itself did not provide specific, articulable facts
     that a criminal offense had been or was about to be committed. 2014 IL App (3d)
120481, ¶ 16. 5 The majority concluded that defendant’s motion to suppress
     evidence should have been granted and reversed his conviction and remanded the
     cause to the circuit court for further proceedings. Id. ¶ 17. The dissent disagreed
     and concluded that defendant’s U-turn to avoid the roadblock provided the police
     with reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop the vehicle. Pointing out that the
     majority failed to consider the totality of the circumstances, the dissent noted that
     the majority placed too much emphasis on the possibility of defendant’s innocent
     conduct rather than the suspicious nature of making a U-turn in the middle of the
     night over railroad tracks shortly before a police roadblock. Id. ¶ 42 (Schmidt, J.,
     dissenting). The State now appeals to this court.

         5
           Justice Holdridge filed a specially concurring opinion noting that under the facts present in this
     case, there was no “objective manifestation” that “criminal activity may be afoot.” 2014 IL App (3d)
120481, ¶ 24 (Holdridge, J., specially concurring).
                                                      -3-
¶6                                             ANALYSIS

¶7       The State makes two arguments on appeal. First, defendant’s avoidance of the
     police roadblock provided reasonable suspicion for an investigatory stop; and,
     alternatively, Deputy Duffy’s reasonable mistake of law justified the stop. In
     response, defendant maintains that his legal U-turn, shortly before the police
     roadblock, did not rise to the level of reasonable suspicion; and, Deputy Duffy’s
     purported mistake of law was not objectively reasonable.

¶8                                       Reasonable Suspicion

¶9        The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution, which applies to the
     states under the fourteenth amendment, and article I, section 6, of the Illinois
     Constitution protect people against unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S.
     Const., amend. IV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 6. 6 Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S.
206, 213 (1960). The touchstone of the fourth amendment is “the reasonableness in
     all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen’s personal
     security.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 (1968). The law is well settled that stopping
     a vehicle and detaining its occupants constitute a “seizure” within the meaning of
     the fourth amendment. Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 255-56 (2007); People
     v. Close, 238 Ill. 2d 497, 504 (2010). Such a seizure is analyzed pursuant to the
     principles set forth in Terry, 392 U.S. 1. See Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113, 117
     (1998) (a routine traffic stop is a relatively brief encounter similar to a Terry stop
     rather than to a formal arrest); People v. Henderson, 2013 IL 114040, ¶ 25.
     Pursuant to Terry, a police officer may conduct a brief, investigatory stop of a
     person where the officer reasonably believes that the person has committed, or is
     about to, commit a crime. 7 Terry, 392 U.S. at 22; Close, 238 Ill. 2d at 505. The
     officer must have a “reasonable, articulable suspicion” that criminal activity is
     afoot. Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119 (2000). Although “reasonable, articulable
     suspicion” is a less demanding standard than probable cause, an officer’s suspicion
     must amount to more than an “inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch’ ”
     of criminal activity. Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. The investigatory stop must be justified

         6
           We construe the search and seizure provision of the Illinois Constitution in limited lockstep
     with the United States Constitution. People v. Caballes, 221 Ill. 2d 282, 314 (2006); People v.
     Fitzpatrick, 2013 IL 113449, ¶ 15.
          7
           These principles have been codified in section 107-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of
     1963 (725 ILCS 5/107-14 (West 2014)).
                                                   -4-
       at its inception and the officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts
       which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant
       the governmental intrusion upon the constitutionally protected interests of the
       private citizen. Id. at 20-21. In judging the officer’s conduct, we apply an objective
       standard and consider, “would the facts available to the officer at the moment of the
       seizure or the search ‘warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief’ that the
       action taken was appropriate?” Id. at 21-22. Further, when evaluating the validity
       of the stop, we consider “ ‘the totality of the circumstances—the whole picture.’ ”
       United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 8 (1989) (quoting United States v. Cortez,
       449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)).

¶ 10       Moreover, just as an officer must have reasonable, articulable suspicion to
       justify a stop, an individual has the right to avoid an encounter with the police in the
       absence of reasonable suspicion. The Supreme Court has made clear that “when an
       officer, without reasonable suspicion or probable cause, approaches an individual,
       the individual has a right to ignore the police and go about his business.” Wardlow,
528 U.S. at 125; see Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 497-98 (1983). Further, an
       individual’s refusal to cooperate, without more, does not amount to reasonable
       suspicion. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125; Royer, 460 U.S. at 498.

¶ 11       Since we are reviewing the circuit court’s order denying defendant’s motion to
       suppress evidence, we apply a two-part standard of review. People v. Luedemann,
       222 Ill. 2d 530, 542 (2006) (citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690 (1996)).
       First, this court will uphold the circuit court’s factual findings unless they are
       against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. at 542. Second, we review de novo
       the circuit court’s ultimate legal conclusion as to whether suppression is warranted.
       Id. The facts here are not in dispute, so we focus our analysis on the legal question
       of whether suppression is warranted.

¶ 12      We first address the State’s contention that defendant’s avoidance of the police
       roadblock provided reasonable suspicion for an investigatory stop. The State
       argues that the totality of the circumstances supports a finding of reasonable
       suspicion and specifically points to: (1) the “suspicious nature” of defendant’s
       “evasive maneuver”; (2) the proximity of the maneuver to the roadblock; (3) the
       day and time of the maneuver; (4) the roadblock was well marked; and, (5) the
       roadblock was not busy. The State compares defendant’s U-turn to the defendant’s
       “headlong flight” from police in Wardlow. Further, the State maintains that

                                                -5-
       defendant’s U-turn alone, upon encountering the roadblock, was sufficient to
       generate reasonable suspicion.

¶ 13       In Wardlow, police officers were patrolling an area known for heavy narcotics
       trafficking. The defendant, who was holding an opaque bag, looked in the officers’
       direction and fled on foot. Officers stopped him and recovered a handgun from the
       bag. The Supreme Court held that the defendant’s presence in a high-crime area as
       well as his unprovoked flight upon seeing police officers, gave the officers
       reasonable suspicion to stop him and investigate further. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at
       124-25. The Court noted that an individual’s presence in a high-crime area,
       standing alone, is not enough to support a reasonable, particularized suspicion that
       the person is committing a crime. Id. at 124. But, the Court observed that officers
       are not required to ignore the relevant characteristics of a location in determining
       whether the circumstances are sufficiently suspicious to warrant further
       investigation, and thus, the fact that an investigatory stop occurred in a high-crime
       area is among the relevant contextual considerations in a Terry analysis. Id. The
       Court also found significant the defendant’s unprovoked flight upon noticing the
       police, noting that nervous, evasive behavior is also a pertinent factor in
       determining reasonable suspicion. Id. It explained that “[h]eadlong
       flight—wherever it occurs—is the consummate act of evasion: It is not necessarily
       indicative of wrongdoing, but it is certainly suggestive of such.” Id. The Court
       further noted that a reasonable suspicion determination must be based on
       commonsense judgments and inferences about human behavior. Id. at 125. Finally,
       the Court dispelled any notion that its holding was not consistent with a person’s
       right to ignore police and go about his business. Id.; Royer, 460 U.S. at 498.
       Finding that unprovoked flight is not simply a mere refusal to cooperate, the Court
       explained that “flight,” by its very nature, is just the opposite of going about one’s
       business. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125.

¶ 14       Here, we agree with the State that the totality of the circumstances supports a
       finding of reasonable suspicion. Defendant’s U-turn across railroad tracks just 50
       feet before the roadblock is the type of evasive behavior that is a pertinent factor in
       determining reasonable suspicion. Id. at 124, see also United States v.
       Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 885 (1975) (a driver’s obvious attempts to evade
       officers is an appropriate factor in deciding reasonable suspicion); Florida v.
       Rodriguez, 469 U.S. 1, 6 (1984) (a person’s “strange movements” in his attempt to
       evade police officers contributed to a finding of reasonable suspicion); United
       States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 8 (1989) (a person’s evasive route through an airport
                                                -6-
       can be highly probative in a reasonable suspicion analysis). Also, the fact that the
       U-turn was made in the early morning hours of a weekend (1:15 a.m. on a Saturday)
       indicates more of a probability of criminal behavior such as driving under the
       influence than does the same action at 8 a.m. on a weekday. As noted above,
       reasonable suspicion determinations must be made on commonsense judgments
       and inferences about human behavior. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125. Further, since the
       roadblock was well-marked, it was readily identifiable as a roadblock rather than
       being mistaken for an accident site or a road hazard, which one may generally
       desire to avoid. Moreover, the roadblock was not busy, which suggests that a driver
       would not have feared a lengthy delay. We conclude that when considering “the
       totality of the circumstances—the whole picture,” Deputy Duffy had reasonable
       suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop.

¶ 15       As in Wardlow, our conclusion is entirely consistent with an individual’s right
       to go about one’s business. Defendant’s U-turn upon encountering the police
       roadblock was the opposite of defendant going about his business. Continuing
       eastbound on the highway would have been going about his business. We cannot
       view defendant’s evasive behavior under these circumstances as simply a refusal to
       cooperate. Evasive behavior and a person’s refusal to speak with an officer when an
       officer approaches him are not one and the same. See Id.

¶ 16       We disagree with defendant’s contention that his legal traffic maneuver shortly
       before the police roadblock did not amount to reasonable suspicion. Defendant
       views his U-turn as a single, isolated event, contending that avoidance of a
       roadblock alone is insufficient to form the reasonable suspicion necessary to
       conduct a traffic stop. He disregards the additional circumstances present, arguing
       that these factors “simply reflect the choice of when, where, and how the police
       decided to erect the [roadblock].” However, defendant’s contention misses the
       point of a reasonable suspicion analysis, which considers the totality of the
       circumstances. The Court in Wardlow did not view the defendant’s legal act of
       flight from police in isolation. It found that the defendant’s flight upon noticing the
       police as well as his presence in a high-crime area were sufficient to generate
       reasonable suspicion. Id. at 124. Here, defendant’s U-turn upon encountering the
       roadblock, as well as the other circumstances present, were sufficient to generate
       reasonable suspicion. While it is true that some of these circumstances reflected the
       choice of when, where and how the police decided to erect the roadblock, this will
       always be true of a police officer’s presence in any location. In Wardlow, the fact
       that police officers decided to converge upon a high-crime area did not make the
                                                 -7-
       consideration of that factor in the Court’s reasonable suspicion analysis any less
       significant. Similarly here, the location, day and time of the roadblock are pertinent
       circumstances to consider in a reasonable suspicion determination.

¶ 17       Just as defendant contends that avoidance of a roadblock by itself is not
       sufficient to amount to reasonable suspicion, the State contends the opposite, that
       the sole act of avoiding a roadblock is sufficient to generate reasonable suspicion.
       The State’s brief includes numerous citations to federal and state authority in
       support of its position, but also acknowledges authority that finds to the contrary.
       And, as pointed out by Professor LaFave, determining when a vehicle avoids a
       roadblock in a “suspicious manner” has caused state and federal courts
       “considerable difficulty,” with no clear consensus. See 5 Wayne R. LaFave, Search
       and Seizure § 10.8(a) & n.85, at 417 (5th ed. 2012). 8

¶ 18       We decline to adopt either defendant’s or the State’s bright-line rule because
       we find that both are at odds with a reasonable suspicion determination, which
       considers the totality of the circumstances of each case. The United States Supreme
       Court has not addressed the issue of whether evasive behavior such as avoiding a
       police roadblock is sufficient by itself to generate reasonable suspicion, but has
       found that such an action is appropriately considered as one of the circumstances
       contributing to a reasonable suspicion analysis. United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S.
266, 277 (2002). In doing so, the Court reiterated that when it comes to
       reasonable-suspicion determinations, reviewing courts must look at the totality of
       the circumstances of each case. Id. at 273. The Court has also explained that the
       concept of reasonable suspicion is not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat
       set of legal rules, but must be determined by looking to “the totality of the
       circumstances—the whole picture.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Sokolow,
490 U.S. at 7-8. In fact, in Wardlow, the Court did not endorse a per se rule
       regarding a person’s flight upon seeing the police. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 126
       (Stevens, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by Souter, Ginsburg,
       and Breyer, JJ.). Noting the diversity and frequency of possible motivations for
       flight, the concurring justices stated that rather than a per se rule, courts should
       consider factors such as the time of day, the number of people in the area, the
       character of the neighborhood, the direction and speed of the flight, and whether the
       person’s behavior was otherwise unusual. Id. at 129-30. They explained that it is
       precisely the number of variables that should preclude either a bright-line rule that

          8
           Appended to this opinion is the relevant text of the footnote. Infra ¶ 67.
                                                      -8-
       always justifies, or that never justifies, an investigatory stop based on the sole fact
       that flight began after a police officer appeared nearby. Id. at 130. The concurrence
       further pointed out that it is no longer “an accepted axiom of criminal law that ‘the
       wicked flee when no man pursueth, but the righteous are as bold as a lion.’ ” Id. at
       131 (quoting Alberty v. United States, 162 U.S. 499, 511 (1896)).

¶ 19       Following this guidance, the totality of the circumstances present in each case
       must govern whether a motorist’s avoidance of a roadblock amounts to reasonable
       suspicion. Our position is consistent with the majority of courts that have refused to
       adopt a bright-line rule that avoiding a roadblock automatically gives rise to a
       reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. See Shan Patel, Note, Per Se Reasonable
       Suspicion: Police Authority to Stop Those Who Flee From Road Checkpoints, 56
       Duke L.J. 1621, 1640 (2007). These jurisdictions view avoidance as simply one
       factor in determining the existence of reasonable suspicion. Id. We believe this
       view comports with Supreme Court precedent. See Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 277
       (avoidance of a roadblock is appropriately considered as one of the circumstances
       contributing to a reasonable suspicion analysis).

¶ 20                                      Mistake of Law

¶ 21       The State also contends that this court should reverse the appellate court’s
       judgment based on Deputy Duffy’s reasonable mistake of law. The State maintains
       that it was objectively reasonable for Deputy Duffy to believe that defendant’s
       U-turn violated section 11-706(a) of the Illinois Vehicle Code, which prohibits
       driving to the left of the center of the roadway. However, because we find there was
       reasonable suspicion to stop defendant’s vehicle, we need not address this issue.
       See People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 269-70 (2005) (reviewing court will not
       decide nonessential issues or render advisory opinions).

                                                -9-
¶ 22                                      CONCLUSION

¶ 23      Based on the totality of the circumstances, we conclude there was reasonable
       suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop of defendant’s vehicle. Thus, the circuit
       court properly denied defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. We reverse the
       judgment of the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 24      Appellate court judgment reversed.

¶ 25      Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 26      JUSTICE THOMAS, specially concurring:

¶ 27       I agree with the majority that the police had the necessary reasonable suspicion
       to stop defendant’s vehicle when he made a U-turn in front of a police roadblock. I
       write separately to more fully explain my views on this issue and also to express my
       disagreement with the majority’s statement that adopting a per se rule allowing the
       police to stop those who evade roadblocks would be inconsistent with United States
       Supreme Court authority.

¶ 28       At the outset, I will set forth two things that should be beyond dispute. First, the
       Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of fixed checkpoints (see Illinois v.
       Lidster, 540 U.S. 419 (2004); Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz, 496
U.S. 444 (1990); United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543 (1976)), and there
       is no contention by defendant that the checkpoint here was illegal. Second, the only
       way that constitutionally lawful checkpoints can possibly serve their intended
       purpose is if compliance with them is not optional. If the public is offered two
       choices—(1) proceed through the checkpoint; or (2) make a U-turn in front of the
       checkpoint—no one committing an illegal act would ever be caught at the
       checkpoint. In State v. Foreman, 527 S.E.2d 921 (N.C. 2000), the North Carolina
       Supreme Court elaborated on this point as follows:

          “The checkpoint was established with the intent to stop every vehicle briefly
          and to check for impaired drivers traveling on Neuse Boulevard within the
          vicinity of the checkpoint. It is obvious that a law-enforcement agency cannot
          ‘make impaired driving checks of drivers of vehicles on highways’ unless such

                                                - 10 -
          vehicles can be stopped. Certainly, the purpose of any checkpoint *** would be
          defeated if drivers had the option to ‘legally avoid,’ ignore or circumvent the
          checkpoint by either electing to drive through without stopping or by turning
          away upon entering the checkpoint’s perimeters. Further, it is clear that the
          perimeters of the checkpoint or ‘the area in which checks are conducted’ would
          include the area within which drivers may become aware of its presence by
          observation of any sign marking or giving notice of the checkpoint. Therefore,
          we hold that it is reasonable and permissible for an officer to monitor a
          checkpoint’s entrance for vehicles whose drivers may be attempting to avoid
          the checkpoint, and it necessarily follows that an officer, in light of and
          pursuant to the totality of the circumstances or the checkpoint plan, may pursue
          and stop a vehicle which has turned away from a checkpoint within its
          perimeters for reasonable inquiry to determine why the vehicle turned away.”
          Id. at 924.

¶ 29       And, indeed, the Supreme Court has explicitly held that stopping all drivers and
       thus removing police discretion is precisely what is required to make license checks
       constitutional. In Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 (1979), the Supreme Court
       held that roving stops to check drivers’ licenses, in the absence of probable cause or
       reasonable suspicion, violated the fourth amendment. The problem with such a
       practice was the complete discretion afforded to law enforcement officers as to who
       would be stopped. Id. at 661-63. However, the Supreme Court explained that the
       state of Delaware was allowed to develop less intrusive means for license checks
       that did not allow the officers unfettered discretion, and explained that,
       “[q]uestioning of all oncoming traffic at roadblock-type stops is one possible
       alternative.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 663. How, then, to deal with drivers like
       defendant who attempt to evade the checkpoint? Courts have followed two
       different approaches.

¶ 30      I. The Checkpoint Encompasses a Reasonable Area Around the Checkpoint

¶ 31      One approach is the one set forth above in Foreman: to hold that the checkpoint
       necessarily encompasses an area within a reasonable distance of the checkpoint.
       This is the same position our appellate court took in People v. Long, 124 Ill. App.
3d 1030 (1984). Thus, in that case, the police were entitled to question a motorist
       who parked his car within 100 yards of the roadblock. Id. at 1034. The court

                                               - 11 -
       acknowledged that the determination of what is a “reasonable distance” is an
       objective inquiry based on the facts of the specific case. In that case, the court
       determined that 100 yards was within a “reasonable distance” given that one of the
       officers stationed at the checkpoint was able to walk to the defendant’s car to
       question him. Id. The appellate court majority in the present case agreed with Long,
       but misread the case. The majority below recognized that defendant was within the
       bounds of the checkpoint when he made a U-turn a mere 50 feet in front of it, but
       held that Long did not apply because defendant did not stop his car. 2014 IL App
       (3d) 120481, ¶ 11. But the fact that the defendant parked his car in Long was in no
       way dispositive. Rather, the court reasoned that “[a] checkpoint encompasses not
       only the immediate area at which vehicles stop in response to requests by the
       police, but also the area within a reasonable distance from the checkpoint.” Long,
       124 Ill. App. 3d at 1034. Thus, had the appellate court applied Long faithfully, it
       would have held that at the time defendant executed his U-turn, he was already
       within the boundaries of the checkpoint and was thus subject to having his license
       checked.

¶ 32       The Foreman and Long approach is entirely reasonable, and it is worth
       considering. Again, Prouse explained that the police can ensure that driver’s
       license checks are constitutional by giving the police no discretion as to who should
       be stopped and instead stopping all oncoming traffic at checkpoints. Surely, if the
       police set up a checkpoint to do precisely that, it cannot be the rule that only drivers
       whose tires touch a specific spot on the pavement may be stopped. The police must
       be entitled to implement measures ensuring that all vehicles will indeed be stopped.
       The State, however, has not argued this position, so resolution of this question is
       probably best left for another day when the court has had full briefing on the issue.

¶ 33              II. Evasion of the Checkpoint Is Grounds for a Terry Stop

¶ 34       The Foreman and Long approach can prove difficult to apply, because in each
       case the court would have to determine the reasonable boundaries of the
       checkpoint. Thus, another approach is to hold that evading a roadblock gives the
       police the necessary reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop. This was the approach
       taken by the Indiana Appellate Court in Snyder v. State, 538 N.E.2d 961 (Ind. Ct.
       App. 1989), a case with very similar facts to ours. In that case, at approximately
       1 a.m., the defendant turned around in the road 100 yards before a sobriety

                                                - 12 -
       checkpoint. A state trooper left the roadblock and pulled the defendant over. The
       defendant was arrested for driving while intoxicated and moved to suppress the
       evidence on the grounds that the stop was unlawful. The trial court denied the
       motion, and the appellate court affirmed. The court acknowledged Long’s position
       that the roadblock necessarily encompasses a reasonable area around the
       roadblock. However, the court held that such a rule could prove difficult to apply in
       certain circumstances, and that the “better rule” is that a driver’s attempt to avoid a
       roadblock raises the necessary reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop. Id. at 965. The
       court explained that telling the police that they could not infer from a driver’s
       attempt to avoid a roadblock that the driver is likely engaged in criminal activity
       would tell the police to “ignore reality.” Id. at 966. The court also acknowledged
       the obvious point that roadblocks would lose their deterrent value if the very drivers
       the police seek to deter are allowed to flagrantly avoid them. As we will see, the
       Snyder court was right that this is the “better rule” only if a court adopts a per se
       rule that evading a roadblock gives the police the necessary reasonable suspicion
       for a Terry stop. If courts start illogically and inexplicably requiring the presence of
       other factors besides the already highly suspicious behavior of evading the
       roadblock, then the test becomes very difficult to apply, courts will reach different
       conclusions on virtually identical facts, and the police will be required to engage in
       complicated subjective determinations about which vehicles are acting sufficiently
       suspicious when they evade the roadblock.

¶ 35      III. Terry Stops of Drivers Who Evade Roadblocks: Three Approaches
¶ 36                      A. Evading a Roadblock Is Grounds for a Stop
¶ 37       I turn now to an overview of how other courts have addressed the stopping of
       vehicles that evade roadblocks. Several courts have held that the mere fact of a
       driver evading a roadblock gives the police the necessary reasonable suspicion to
       stop the driver. For instance, in State v. Griffin, 749 S.E.2d 444 (N.C. 2013), the
       defendant attempted to make a three-point turn in front of a well-marked
       checkpoint. The North Carolina Supreme Court held that the police were entitled to
       stop the driver, even though he had executed a legal turn. The court explained that
       “a legal turn, when viewed in the totality of the circumstances, may give rise to
       reasonable suspicion.” Id. at 447. The court explained that, although the turn was
       legal, the place and manner of the turn in proximity to the checkpoint gave the
       police the necessary reasonable suspicion to stop the defendant. Id. Other states
                                               - 13 -
holding that avoidance of a checkpoint is grounds for a Terry stop include Arkansas
(Coffman v. State, 759 S.W.2d 573 (Ark. Ct. App. 1988) (police entitled to stop
driver who, prior to a roadblock, turned around in a driveway and began heading
back in the opposite direction; police could reasonably suspect that someone
attempting to avoid roadblock is trying to hide unlawful activity)), Alabama (Smith
v. State, 515 So. 2d 149 (Ala. Crim. App. 1987) (police had necessary reasonable
suspicion when, 200 yards before roadblock, car turns rapidly into a private
driveway and turns its lights off but not its engine, this behavior could indicate that
driver was attempting to avoid the roadblock)), Indiana (Snyder, 538 N.E.2d at
965-66 (discussed earlier)), Mississippi (Boches v. State, 506 So. 2d 254 (Miss.
1987) (police were entitled to stop car that, prior to a roadblock, turned around in a
driveway and headed back in the opposite direction, court explains that police are
entitled to stop drivers who attempt to evade roadblocks)), New Mexico (State v.
Anaya, 217 P.3d 586 (N.M. 2009) (evading a marked checkpoint is a specific and
articulable fact supplying sufficient reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop, police
could thus stop driver who made a U-turn at sign indicating an upcoming
checkpoint)), Tennessee (State v. Binion, 900 S.W.2d 702 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)
(court holds that where motorist acts to avoid a roadblock, that alone amounts to
reasonable suspicion, however, on record before it, court could not say that it was
clearly shown that the defendant was avoiding the roadblock when he turned
around in a store parking lot 1000 feet from the roadblock)), Virginia (Stroud v.
Commonwealth, 370 S.E.2d 721 (Va. Ct. App. 1988) (police had necessary
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity when driver executed a U-turn between
100 and 150 feet before a roadblock)), 3 Georgia (Taylor v. State, 549 S.E.2d 536
(Ga. Ct. App. 2001) (abnormal or unusual driving to evade a roadblock gives rise to
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, normal driving that incidentally avoids a
roadblock does not)), and Maine (State v. D’Angelo, 605 A.2d 68 (Me. 1992)
(reasonable suspicion present when car pulled into a driveway 75 yards before the
checkpoint and did not exit the vehicle)).

    3
     In a later case, the Virginia Supreme Court distinguished Stroud on its facts and held that there
was no reasonable suspicion where a car executed a number of maneuvers, including driving
through a gas station parking lot, that resulted in the car reversing its original direction. Bass v.
Commonwealth, 525 S.E.2d 921, 925 (Va. 2000). The court explained that the reasons that a vehicle
might reverse direction are “legion in number,” and it was not clear that the car was avoiding the
checkpoint. Id. Implicit in the court’s holding is that, if it were clear the car was evading the
checkpoint, the police would have had the necessary reasonable suspicion for a stop.
                                               - 14 -
¶ 38      B. Evading a Roadblock Is Grounds for a Stop When Coupled With Other
                                    Suspicious Factors

¶ 39       Other courts, including this court today, have held that evading a roadblock,
       when coupled with other suspicious circumstances, is sufficient for a stop. See
       United States v. Smith, 396 F.3d 579 (4th Cir. 2005) (reasonable suspicion when
       driver abruptly put on brakes and turned into private driveway, and then did not
       stop when police activated lights); United States v. Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d
1122 (9th Cir. 2000) (in reasonable suspicion analysis, it is proper to consider
       avoidance of a roadblock; reasonable suspicion found where car made a U-turn in
       front of a roadblock, car had been driving in tandem with another vehicle, and this
       took place in a high-crime area); United States v. Carpenter, 462 F.3d 981 (8th Cir.
       2006) (avoiding a roadblock is suspicious, although not sufficiently suspicious
       absent other circumstances; reasonable suspicion present when driver pulled off
       highway and parked after sign for checkpoint, and gave suspicious explanation
       when approached by officer); State v. Rademaker, 813 N.W.2d 174 (S.D. 2012)
       (avoiding checkpoint suspicious when coupled with other factors; sufficient other
       factors here were time of day (1 a.m.) and fact that turn to avoid checkpoint was
       legal but “unusually wide”); Steinbeck v. Commonwealth, 862 S.W.2d 912 (Ky. Ct.
       App. 1993) (reasonable suspicion present when driver, at 3:15 a.m., turned onto
       unpaved country road before checkpoint and officer testified that he had pursued
       others who avoided roadblocks on numerous occasions, and inevitably they were
       driving on expired licenses or otherwise violating the law).

¶ 40                   C. Evading a Roadblock Is Not Grounds for a Stop

¶ 41       Still other courts have held that a driver’s avoidance of a roadblock does not
       amount to reasonable suspicion. See Commonwealth v. Scavello, 734 A.2d 386 (Pa.
       1999) (no basis to stop vehicle that evades roadblock because vehicles are not
       required to go through roadblocks; police would have to observe traffic violation or
       other facts giving rise to reasonable suspicion); State v. Bryson, 755 N.E.2d 964
       (Ohio Ct. App. 2001) (no reasonable suspicion where driver turned around in
       roadway to avoid roadblock because people may wish to avoid encounters with the
       police for any number of reasons); In re Suspension of Driving Privileges of
       Pooler, 746 P.2d 716 (Or. Ct. App. 1987) (no basis to stop vehicle that made a
       U-turn before roadblock because U-turn was legal); State v. Talbot, 792 P.2d 489

                                              - 15 -
       (Utah Ct. App. 1990) (no basis to stop vehicle that made a U-turn a quarter mile in
       front of roadblock, because citizens are entitled to decline encounters with the
       police); State v. McCleery, 560 N.W.2d 789 (Neb. 1997) (no basis to stop driver
       who, one quarter of a block before roadblock, threw car into reverse and backed
       into closed grocery store parking lot, where Department of Transportation policy
       said avoidance of a checkpoint is not grounds for a stop); People v. Rocket, 594
N.Y.S.2d 568 (N.Y. Just. Ct. 1992) (no reasonable suspicion when car avoided
       checkpoint by turning onto a public highway; however, court said that drivers do
       not have “carte blanc to avoid DUI checkpoints in all circumstances”).

¶ 42      IV. This Court Should Hold That Evading a Roadblock Is Alone Grounds
                                      for a Terry Stop

¶ 43       Among these three approaches, I would hold that, when a driver evades a
       roadblock, the police have the necessary reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop.
       Before explaining why I prefer that approach, I will briefly point out why the other
       two approaches are flawed. The most poorly reasoned cases are those in the third
       group that hold that avoiding a roadblock does not amount to reasonable suspicion.
       Evading a roadblock is obviously a highly suspicious activity. It should be too
       obvious to even have to state that the people most likely to try to evade a roadblock
       are those who are committing an illegal act. As the Snyder court aptly put it, telling
       police that they cannot infer criminal activity from a car’s attempt to avoid a
       roadblock tells them to ignore reality. Snyder, 538 N.E.2d at 966. Most
       importantly, however, the Supreme Court specifically held in Arvizu, 534 U.S. at
       277, that it is appropriate to consider avoidance of a roadblock in a reasonable
       suspicion analysis.

¶ 44       Moreover, it does not matter, as the Bryson court stated, that a driver may wish
       to avoid an encounter with the police for any number of reasons (Bryson, 755
N.E.2d at 969), or that a driver made a legal turn when evading the roadblock
       (Pooler, 746 P.2d at 718). The Supreme Court explained in United States v
       Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 9 (1989), that innocent behavior frequently provides the
       necessary reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop. And it will always be the case in a
       Terry reasonable suspicion analysis that the behavior the police observe will not be
       obviously illegal. If the police observe illegal activity, then they easily meet the
       probable cause standard and a reasonable suspicion analysis is unnecessary. Where

                                               - 16 -
       possibly innocent conduct also suggests criminal activity, though, an investigative
       stop is justified to resolve the ambiguity. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125. And, as this
       court has explained, the “ ‘purpose of a Terry stop is to allow a police officer to
       investigate the circumstances that provoke suspicion and either confirm or dispel
       his suspicions.’ ” People v. Close, 238 Ill. 2d 497, 512 (2010) (quoting People v.
       Ross, 317 Ill. App. 3d 26, 31 (2000)).

¶ 45       The second set of cases—those that require additional suspicious factors
       besides evasion of the roadblock—are also problematic in that no court has ever
       given a compelling explanation for why additional factors are required. For
       instance, why is a driver who, in front of a roadblock, makes a turn that is legal but
       “unusually wide” more likely involved in criminal activity than a driver who makes
       a legal but not unusually wide turn in front of a roadblock? See Rademaker, 813
N.W.2d at 177. As Judge Kozinski aptly put it in his concurrence in
       Montero-Camargo, 208 F.3d 1122:

           “Turning in one’s tracks just before reaching a law enforcement checkpoint is
           precisely the kind of behavior that properly gives rise to reasonable suspicion. It
           is possible that a motorist will do so for entirely legitimate reasons, but
           ‘commonsense judgments and inferences about human behavior’ suggest that
           the maneuver was designed to avoid the checkpoint. Illinois v. Wardlow, 528
U.S. 119, [125] *** (2000). Ogilvie [an earlier Ninth Circuit case] seems to
           require that the motorist have done something more to arouse suspicion, like
           disobeying the traffic laws or driving erratically, 527 F.2d at 332, but the
           opinion doesn’t explain why any of those things would make it more likely that
           the motorist was trying to evade the checkpoint. After all, a motorist wishing to
           avoid police scrutiny will slink away as unobtrusively as possible, not peel
           rubber and disappear in a cloud of dust.” Id. at 1140 (Kozinski, J., concurring,
           joined by T.G. Nelson, Kleinfeld, and Silverman, JJ.). 4

¶ 46       If what the courts really mean to say in these cases is that additional factors are
       required when it is not clear that the car is in fact evading the roadblock, that is not
       objectionable. For instance, if a car simply takes an exit off of a highway before
       reaching a roadblock, it may not be clear that the car is evading the roadblock. This

           4
             In criticizing the Ninth Circuit majority’s position that additional factors besides the turn in
       front of the roadblock are required, one law professor remarked sarcastically, “apparently, innocent
       drivers regularly make U-turns as they approach checkpoints.” See Craig S. Lerner, Reasonable
       Suspicion and Mere Hunches, 59 Vand. L. Rev. 407, 441 (2006).
                                                      - 17 -
       type of problem confronted our appellate court in People v. Scott, 277 Ill. App. 3d
579 (1996). In that case, the driver, prior to reaching a roadblock, turned onto the
       residential street where he lived. The police had been instructed not to stop
       residents of that street, but the defendant was stopped and told to proceed through
       the roadblock. The court accepted the proposition that reasonable suspicion for a
       stop may arise from a driver’s attempt to evade a roadblock (id. at 584), but found
       that the officer “did not have a reasonable suspicion that Scott was attempting to
       evade the roadblock solely because he turned onto Garfield” (emphasis added and
       in original) (id. at 585). That clearly is not a problem here, as there was no question
       that defendant was attempting to evade the roadblock. Absent a compelling
       explanation for why additional factors are required, I would hold that, when it is
       clear that a driver is attempting to evade a roadblock, the police have the necessary
       reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop.

¶ 47       A driver reversing direction when it is clear that he will have to show his
       driver’s license to a police officer is suspicious. Does it amount to probable cause
       that the driver is involved in criminal activity? Clearly not. But it obviously gives
       the police the necessary grounds to briefly detain the person to resolve the
       ambiguity. See Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125. As the same commentator cited by the
       majority (supra ¶ 19) has noted, significant justifications support allowing the
       police to stop those who attempt to evade roadblocks, without requiring the
       presence of any other factors. See Shan Patel, Note, Per se Reasonable Suspicion:
       Police Authority to Stop Those Who Flee From Road Checkpoints, 56 Duke L.J.
       1621 (2007). First, allowing motorists to evade checkpoints undermines the
       justifications for having checkpoints. The people who are most likely to evade
       checkpoints are those with something to hide. If courts were to announce a policy
       that everyone is free simply to ignore checkpoints, the reality is that only
       law-abiding citizens would be processed. Id. at 1643-44. This would undermine the
       very justification for checkpoints, as no one would be caught by them. Allowing
       officers to stop those who evade checkpoints will ensure that the checkpoints serve
       their intended purpose. Id. at 1646. Second, allowing the police to stop those who
       evade checkpoints limits the discretion of police officers, and it reduces the
       subjective intrusion on drivers who go through the checkpoint, because the same
       rules would apply to everyone. Otherwise, it might appear to motorists who choose
       to go through the checkpoint that they are being singled out, while others are simply
       free to drive away. Requiring factors besides evasion will mean that officers allow
       some people to avoid the checkpoint, but not others. The reasons would be unclear

                                               - 18 -
       to motorists, and it would appear to them that the police have unfettered discretion
       to decide who to stop. Id. at 1645. Finally, “bright-line rules of criminal procedure
       help uphold the purpose of the Fourth Amendment and have the practical benefit of
       informing officers of exactly what they can and cannot do.” Id. at 1650. Moreover,
       such rules “ensure that the government treats all citizens equally.” Id. This is
       obviously preferable to requiring officers at checkpoints to engage in complicated
       subjective determinations about which fleeing drivers they can stop and which they
       cannot. Id. The above points are well-taken. Again, it is not possible to remove all
       subjective determinations from the equation, because there will be cases when it is
       not clear whether or not a driver is evading a roadblock. Nevertheless, when the
       totality of the circumstances suggests that the driver is evading the roadblock, the
       best approach is to allow the police to briefly detain the driver to “resolve the
       ambiguity” (Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125).

¶ 48                               V. The Majority’s Approach

¶ 49       The majority today adopts the position that evasion of a roadblock is sufficient
       for a Terry stop only when other suspicious factors are present. The majority holds
       that adopting a bright-line rule would be at odds with the totality of the
       circumstances approach. Of course, this is not correct. In Wardlow, the very case
       that the majority relies upon, the Supreme Court adopted a bright-line rule. The
       court held that unprovoked flight from the police in a high-crime area amounts to
       reasonable suspicion under Terry. Is there any doubt that, in any future case, the
       police may stop someone who, in a high-crime area, flees upon seeing the police?
       Thus, the totality of the circumstances test is clearly not incompatible with
       bright-line rules. All that this court would have to hold is that, when the totality of
       the circumstances shows that a driver is attempting to evade a roadblock, the police
       have the necessary reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop.

¶ 50       The majority notes that the Supreme Court in Wardlow did not endorse a per se
       rule that flight from the police, without more, could amount to reasonable
       suspicion. The Supreme Court did not have to consider that issue, however,
       because the case in front of it involved flight from the police in a high-crime area.
       The court simply addressed itself to the case in front of it. Thus, the Supreme Court
       did not foreclose a per se rule, either. The reader will note that when the majority
       makes this claim about what the Supreme Court declined to do, it cites not to the

                                               - 19 -
       court’s opinion but to Justice Stevens’s partial concurrence and partial dissent.
       Supra ¶ 18 (citing Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 126 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and
       dissenting in part, joined by Souter, Ginsburg and Breyer, JJ.)). The majority is
       forced to do this because the court’s opinion says no such thing. Professor LaFave
       has explained that the Wardlow separate opinion’s description of the Wardlow
       majority opinion is not accurate:

          “While the four dissenters identify, discuss and reject a variety of per se rules
          put forward by the state and the defendant, respectively, the majority opinion
          does none of that. The majority, perhaps understandably, does no more than it
          has to in order to resolve the fact situation at hand, and thus leaves all other
          situations for another day. The dissenters, perhaps trying to make the best of a
          bad situation, praise the majority for ‘wisely’ endorsing none of the tendered
          per se rules, but then take one giant step beyond that by expressing agreement
          ‘with the Court’s rejection of the per se rules proffered by the parties.’ I find
          that a bit of an overstatement, as the majority, taking the easiest way out in the
          case by merely concluding that flight plus high crime area collectively amount
          to reasonable suspicion, never says it would come out differently if the flight
          had occurred elsewhere. Indeed, the majority unhesitantly declares that
          ‘[h]eadlong flight—wherever it occurs—is the consummate act of evasion.’ ”
          (Emphasis in original.) 4 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 9.5(g), at 731
          (5th ed. 2012).

       All of the majority’s subsequent citations to Wardlow are also to Justice Stevens’s
       separate opinion, and the majority explains that this is where it is looking for
       “guidance.” Supra ¶¶ 18-19. Thus, any suggestion by this court that the Supreme
       Court has rejected bright-line rules in this context is not well-taken.

¶ 51       Moreover, as the commentator quoted above has explained, flight within sight
       of a roadblock is not the same as flight at the mere sight of the police in general
       because a driver knows he will be stopped by the police at a roadblock:

          “[F]leeing from a high-crime area is enough on its own to constitute reasonable
          suspicion, as the flight in conjunction with the location gives rise to
          individualized suspicion. Evading a checkpoint is no different. Unlike
          unprovoked flight at the mere sight of the police, individuals know that they
          will actually be stopped at a checkpoint. This emphasizes the inference that
          they have something to hide if they flee. Just as the existence of a high-crime

                                              - 20 -
          area contributes to reasonable suspicion analysis in flight cases, the presence of
          a checkpoint is an important factor in the current scenario. Looking at the
          totality of the circumstances, the evasive action taken within sight of a
          checkpoint creates reasonable suspicion, allowing officers to make a Terry
          stop.” Patel, supra, at 1648.

¶ 52       The majority also relies on Arvizu for its claim that a per se rule would be
       incompatible with Supreme Court precedent. As the majority notes, in Arvizu, the
       Supreme Court considered avoidance of a roadblock as an appropriate factor to
       consider in a reasonable suspicion analysis. Arvizu is distinguishable on its facts,
       however, as the driver in Arvizu did not make an evasive maneuver within sight of a
       roadblock. Rather, he was simply traveling on an alternate route. Arvizu, 534 U.S.
       at 268-69. Thus, the Supreme Court had no occasion to consider whether an evasive
       maneuver in front of a roadblock is alone grounds for a stop.

¶ 53                                      VI. Conclusion

¶ 54       Clearly, there is nothing in Supreme Court precedent that would prevent states
       from adopting a per se rule that evasion of a roadblock is grounds for a Terry stop,
       and several states have done just that. The rule that I would follow is that set forth
       by the court in Taylor:

          “[A]bnormal or unusual actions taken to avoid a roadblock may give an officer
          a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity even when the evasive action is not
          illegal. By contrast, completely normal driving, even if it incidentally evades
          the roadblock, does not justify a Terry-type ‘tier-two’ stop.” Taylor, 549 S.E.2d
          at 538.

       Thus, someone who merely turned onto a residential street or took an exit off a
       highway would not be subject to being stopped absent other suspicious factors, but
       someone who committed evasive actions in front of the roadblock would. “Clear
       cut examples of evasive behavior include drivers who make U-turns or reverse
       direction at the sight of a checkpoint.” Patel, supra, at 1633. Here, where defendant
       executed a U-turn 50 feet in front of the roadblock, the totality of the circumstances
       showed that he was attempting to evade the checkpoint. This gave the police
       sufficient reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop, and no other suspicious factors
       were required.

                                               - 21 -
¶ 55       JUSTICE BURKE, dissenting:

¶ 56       The State argues, in part, that when a driver makes a legal U-turn before
       approaching a police roadblock, that act, by itself, creates a reasonable, articulable
       suspicion of criminal wrongdoing that justifies seizing the driver. The majority
       rejects this argument (supra ¶¶ 14-15), and I agree.

¶ 57       It is a fundamental principle of fourth amendment law that when a person is
       approached by a police officer who lacks either reasonable, articulable suspicion of
       criminal wrongdoing or probable cause, the person “has a right to ignore the police
       and go about his business.” (Emphasis added.) Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119,
       125 (2000) (citing Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 498 (1983)). Any “refusal to
       cooperate, without more, does not furnish the minimal level of objective
       justification needed for a detention or seizure.” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429,
       437 (1991).

¶ 58        When a driver, such as the defendant in this case, approaches a police roadblock
       in a normal way, without speeding or violating any traffic regulation, the police
       officers manning the roadblock do not have reasonable, articulable suspicion that
       the driver is engaged in any criminal wrongdoing. At that point, because there is no
       reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, the driver has the right to avoid an
       encounter with the police. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125. If the driver then chooses to
       exercise that right by lawfully driving in another direction, and doing nothing more,
       it follows that the police officers may not use that fact as justification for a seizure;
       if they could, the right to avoid an encounter with the police would no longer exist.

¶ 59       The appellate court below understood this point and understood the illogic and
       “Catch-22” situation created by the State’s position. As the appellate court
       observed, under the State’s rationale, “if a person chooses to exercise his rights of
       personal liberty and freedom from search by avoiding contact with the police, the
       very act of avoidance rises to a level of suspicion sufficient to allow the police to
       stop and detain.” 2014 IL App (3d) 120481, ¶ 16. Or, to put it another way,
       accepting the State’s argument that a legal U-turn before a police roadblock, by
       itself, is adequate grounds for an investigatory stop would mean negating the
       fundamental principle that we have the right, in the absence of reasonable,
       articulable suspicion of criminal wrongdoing, to avoid encounters with the police.

                                                - 22 -
       Because I cannot accept that result, I join the majority in rejecting the State’s
       argument.

¶ 60       Having rejected the State’s contention that defendant’s U-turn was sufficient, in
       itself, to justify his seizure, the majority goes on to conclude that defendant’s
       seizure was lawful under the totality of the circumstances existing at the time of the
       stop. While I agree with the majority that it is appropriate to consider the totality of
       the circumstances surrounding defendant’s seizure, I disagree with the majority’s
       conclusion that those circumstances amounted to reasonable, articulable suspicion
       of criminal activity.

¶ 61       First, and most importantly, defendant did not commit any traffic violation
       prior to being stopped by the police. The U-turn over the railroad tracks was legal
       and no other traffic law was violated. Further, nothing defendant did suggested that
       he was engaging in criminal flight or seeking to conceal criminal conduct. When he
       executed the U-turn there was no “speeding, squealing tires, or spraying gravel.”
       2014 IL App (3d) 120481, ¶ 16. There was nothing, in short, in defendant’s actions
       that could reasonably support an inference of criminal activity.

¶ 62       The majority also notes that the roadblock was well marked, that it was not
       busy, and that defendant approached the roadblock at around 1:15 a.m. Supra ¶ 14.
       But these factors cannot provide a basis for seizing defendant for the simple reason
       that a person’s right to avoid an encounter with police cannot vary depending on the
       time of day or whether other people are also being stopped. In sum, the only thing
       that occurred in this case is that defendant chose to avoid an encounter with the
       police, something he had the right to do. Like the appellate court below, I would
       therefore hold that the police officers lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion of
       criminal wrongdoing to justify defendant’s seizure.

¶ 63       The State also makes an alternative argument in support of the circuit court’s
       order denying defendant’s motion to suppress. The State notes that, under Heien v.
       North Carolina, 574 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 530 (2014), reasonable suspicion can
       arise from a police officer’s objectively reasonable mistake of law. The State
       contends that, in this case, the police officers stopped defendant because they
       erroneously, but reasonably, believed that defendant’s U-turn violated section

                                                - 23 -
       11-706(a) of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-706(a) (West 2010)), which
       prohibits driving to the left side of the center of the roadway. 9

¶ 64       I would reject this argument because the record on appeal is inadequate to
       address it. Although it appears that a ticket was issued to defendant for driving on
       the left side of the roadway, it is not clear from the record when that ticket was
       issued or whether that offense in any way formed a basis for the stop. Deputy
       Duffy, the officer who initially stopped defendant’s vehicle, did not testify at the
       suppression hearing and Trooper Miller stated that he did not know why Deputy
       Duffy stopped defendant. Supra ¶ 4. In addition, no reason for defendant’s stop
       appears in the circuit court’s order denying defendant’s motion to dismiss. Because
       the record simply does not reveal why defendant was initially stopped, it cannot be
       determined if there was an objectively reasonable mistake of law.

¶ 65       For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 66                                             APPENDIX

¶ 67        In relevant part, LaFave’s footnote 85 (5 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure
       § 10.8(a) n.85, at 417 (5th ed. 2012)) states, “[c]ompare United States v. Smith, 396
F.3d 579 (4th Cir.2005) (reasonable suspicion where defendant’s vehicle seen to
       ‘brake abruptly and turn suddenly into a private gravel driveway,’ after which it
       ‘stopped in the middle of the driveway, more than 200 ft. from the public road but
       still some distance from the residence’ and ‘around the curve in the driveway’);
       Smith v. State, 515 So. 2d 149 (Ala.Crim.App.1987) (reasonable suspicion where
       defendant, upon seeing roadblock, turned rapidly into driveway and turned off
       lights but not engine); Coffman v. State, 26 Ark.App. 45, 759 S.W.2d 573 (1988)
       (where defendant, upon seeing roadblock, pulled into driveway, backed out, and
       headed in opposite direction, officers at roadblock ‘could reasonably suspect that
       one who attempted to avoid this roadblock was trying to hide some type of
       unlawful activity’); Stanley v. State, 191 Ga.App. 603, 382 S.E.2d 686 (1989)
       (stopping and backing up 6–8 car lengths from roadblock is reasonable suspicion);
       Snyder v. State, 538 N.E.2d 961 (Ind.App.1989) (where defendant, 100 yards from
       roadblock, turned vehicle around to avoid it, this provided reasonable suspicion for

           9
            Section 11-706(a) pertains to two-lane roads, where driving on the left side of the road means
       driving in the lane with oncoming traffic. The road at issue here was a four-lane road.

                                                     - 24 -
a stop); State v. D’Angelo, 605 A.2d 68 (Me.1992) (reasonable suspicion where
vehicle pulled into private driveway 75 yards before checkpoint, vehicle known not
to belong to occupants of those premises, and occupants did not leave vehicle but
instead turned to watch the police activities nearby); State v. Thill, 474 N.W.2d 86
(S.D.1991) (reasonable suspicion where motorist pulled in driveway and headed
other direction upon seeing police car flashing warning of roadblock and then took
‘circuitous route’ by making two left turns, apparently in effort to get around
roadblock); with State v. Heapy, 113 Hawai’i 283, 151 P.3d 764 (2007), discussed
in Note, 31 U.Haw.L.Rev. 607 (2009) (not sufficient that defendant ‘made a legal
right turn onto a paved roadway,’ where ‘turn was not made erratically and his
headlights were on’; also, policy of stopping all vehicles making legal turn away
from roadblock is unlawful); State v. Powell, 591 A.2d 1306 (Me.1991) (no
reasonable suspicion where defendant ‘turned around as much as four-tenths of a
mile, or 700 yards, before the roadblock itself, and 500 yards before the first traffic
cones and signs warning of the upcoming roadblock’); State v. McCleery, 251 Neb.
940, 560 N.W.2d 789 (1997) (because checkpoint purportedly was conducted in
‘total compliance’ with U.S. Dep’t of Transportation guidelines, one of which
asserts that the ‘act of avoiding a sobriety checkpoint does not constitute grounds
for a stop,’ court says it cannot conclude there was reasonable suspicion re car
which, one-quarter mile from the checkpoint, backed away from it into a grocery
store parking lot); State v. Anaya, 147 N.M. 100, 217 P.3d 586 (2009) (reasonable
suspicion where defendant made a U-turn at intersection right in front of visible
sign announcing checkpoint, and defendant then proceeded in the opposite
direction, inconsistent with typical driving patterns given the location of the
highway); Pooler v. Motor Vehicles Division, 306 Or. 47, 755 P.2d 701 (1988)
(state concedes legal U-turn before reaching roadblock not reasonable suspicion);
State v. Binion, 900 S.W.2d 702 (Tenn.Crim.App.1994) (avoiding roadblock not
suspicious where defendant turned into parking lot of store 1,000 feet from
roadblock; ‘it was significant that the roadblock was not “controlled,” in that
approaching drivers could avoid the roadblock by making safe, legal U-turns’);
Bass v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 470, 525 S.E.2d 921 (2000) (where driver did not
pass through checkpoint 500 ft. ahead because he turned from highway onto side
road and then into gas station and then exited back onto highway headed other
direction, this not reasonable suspicion justifying a Terry stop, as all driving
maneuvers were legal, and ‘the reasons for which a driver may reverse directions
other than to evade a traffic checkpoint are legion in number and are a matter of

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common knowledge and experience’).” (Emphasis in original.) 5 Wayne R.
LaFave, Search and Seizure § 10.8(a) n.85, at 417 (5th ed. 2012).

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