Court Opinion

ID: 9481839
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 08:33:26.3845+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:48:36.756418
License: Public Domain

OPINION
SPROUSE, Circuit Judge:
We consider whether the United States must be substituted as the sole defendant in a suit against a United States military officer for alleged tortious conduct. Involved is an interpretation of the Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988 (the Westfall Act). We also consider whether the officer has military immunity under the doctrine announced in Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135, 71 S.Ct. 153, 95 L.Ed. 152 (1950), and whether the suit should have been brought under the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95-454, 92 Stat. 1111 et seq.
William D. Johnson, a civilian law enforcement officer stationed at the Norfolk Naval Base in Virginia, sued Admiral Powell F. Carter, Jr., Commander-in-Chief of the United States Atlantic Fleet, in state court for claims arising out of an incident in which Carter allegedly called Johnson “a liar.” Johnson sought damages for slander, libel, insulting words, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and tortious interference with contractual and business relations. After removing the case to federal district court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1442, 1442a, and 2679(d)(2), Carter moved to substitute the United States as sole defendant, pursuant to the Westfall Act which requires that suits against Federal employees for actions committed within the scope of their office or employment be brought only under the Federal Tort Claims Act.1 Alternatively, Carter moved to dismiss the case on grounds of intramilitary immunity under Feres. The district court denied these motions. However, it granted a stay of further proceedings pending this appeal. We affirm.
*182I.
Carter is the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, which has its shore installation at the Norfolk Naval Base in Virginia. On Sunday, the 18th day of June, 1989, Johnson, a civilian law enforcement officer of the Naval Base Security Force, stopped Janeen Carter, Admiral Carter’s daughter, for speeding and issued her a warning. Travelling in a separate car, Carter’s wife witnessed the incident and provided the vehicle number of Johnson’s patrol car when she related the incident to her husband. She, along with Janeen, alleged that Johnson was “rude and intimidating” during the stop.
Carter, who had received similar complaints about discourteous conduct on the part of base patrolmen, concluded that the patrolman had been abusive and “requested” two of Johnson’s superiors to bring him to Carter’s quarters.2 On that same Sunday afternoon, two of Johnson's superiors escorted Johnson to the garden of Carter’s place of residence where the latter was tending his garden dressed in casual civilian clothes. Carter contends that he directed most of his comments to the duty officer or the supervisor, remarking on the persistent problem of discourtesy by base police and the need to correct the problem. In any event, in reply to Carter’s inquiry, Johnson denied he had engaged in rude conduct directed at Carter’s wife and daughter. In his deposition, Carter stated that he “believes” he responded “I think you are lying.” However, Johnson in his affidavit averred that Carter, in response to his denial, said, “You are a liar.”
The next day, Carter formally complained3 about Johnson’s conduct and a local newspaper reported the incident. Following an investigation, civilian authorities of the Naval Base Security Force recommended and approved a two-day suspension for Johnson. An arbitration panel later reduced the suspension to a letter warning.
The district court found “incredible” the U.S. Attorney’s certification that Carter was acting within the scope of his employment. In its order denying the motion for reconsideration, the district court set forth in writing its reasons for denying the government’s motion to substitute or to dismiss. In distinguishing Wallen v. Domm, 700 F.2d 124 (4th Cir.1983), which involved a charge of assault against the plaintiff’s supervisor, the district court noted that there the discussion that formed the basis for the charge took place on a normal work day in the defendant’s office, that the defendant was the immediate supervisor of the plaintiff and that the substance of the discussion was entirely work-related. In contrast, the district court noted that the incident in the case sub judice occurred on a Sunday while the Admiral was at home gardening in civilian clothing, that Carter is not the base commander, and that the essence of the conversation concerned the altercation between Carter’s daughter and Johnson as opposed to problems of base security. Finally, the court questioned whether such immediate action would have been taken if a civilian’s daughter had been stopped by Johnson.
On appeal, Carter challenges the district court’s refusal to substitute the United States as defendant, its refusal to dismiss the case under the Feres doctrine, and contends that the Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA) preempts state common law remedies for employment related actions like *183that of the appellee. We consider his contentions in that order.
II. Westfall Act
Carter argues that the United States should have been substituted as sole defendant in the action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1) (the Westfall Act).4 In denying Carter’s motion to substitute the United States, the district court rejected the United States Attorney’s certification that Carter was acting within the scope of his employment.5 Carter argues that the district court erred in reaching a conclusion contrary to the attorney general’s certification. Johnson, of course, argues in support of the district court’s finding that Carter was not acting within the scope of his office or employment when he called him a liar. He stresses that Carter was acting in violation of naval regulations, without authority, and out of personal motivation.
Determination of whether an employee’s actions are within the scope of employment for purposes of the Act involves a question of law as well as fact. See S.J. & W. Ranch, Inc. v. Lehtinen, 913 F.2d 1538, 1542 (11th Cir.1990). However, where the facts are not in dispute, the “determination of the scope of employment is a question of law, reviewable de novo." Washington v. United States, 868 F.2d 332, 334 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 110 S.Ct. 539, 107 L.Ed.2d 536 (1989). As here however, where some facts are in dispute,6 the standard of review as to those factual findings is whether they are clearly erroneous. See McCluggage v. United States, 392 F.2d 395, 397 (6th Cir.1968) (applying clearly erroneous standard to finding of fact on the issue of scope of employment in FTCA case).
Whether an employee’s actions fall within the scope of his employment pursuant to the Westfall Act and FTCA is to be determined according to the rules of respondeat superior of the state in which the wrongful conduct occurred. Nasuti, 906 F.2d at 805 n. 3; Arbour, 903 F.2d at 421-22; H.R.Rep. 100-700, 100th Cong., 2d Session 5, reprinted in 1988 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News at 5945, 5949; citing Williams v. United States, 350 U.S. 857, 76 S.Ct. 100, 100 L.Ed. 761 (1955).
The test in Virginia is whether the act was fairly and naturally incident to the employer’s business, was done while the employee was engaged upon the employer’s business, and was done with a view to further the employer’s interests. Roughton Pontiac Corp. v. Alston, 236 Va. 152, 372 S.E.2d 147 (1988), see also United Brotherhood v. Humphreys, 203 Va. 781, 127 S.E.2d 98, 102 (1962), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 954, 83 S.Ct. 509, 9 L.Ed.2d 501 (1963); McNeill v. Spindler, 191 Va. 685, 62 S.E.2d 13, 17 (1950); Manuel v. Cassada, 190 Va. 906, 59 S.E.2d 47, 50 *184(1950). Scope of employment is determined from the surrounding circumstances, including character of the employment, nature of the wrongful deed, time and place of its commission as well as the purpose of the act. See, e.g., Abernathy v. Romaczyk, 202 Va. 328, 117 S.E.2d 88, 92 (1960) (scuffle held independent venture to gratify personal feelings); Bryant v. Bare, 192 Va. 238, 64 S.E.2d 741, 747 (1951) (accident occurring when employee had, after earlier detour, proceeded on highway as instructed held within scope); Appalachian Power Co. v. Robertson, 142 Va. 454, 129 S.E. 224, 227-28 (1925) (courtesy performed for third person during meal hour off of work premises held not within scope); Drake v. Norfolk Steam Laundry Corp., 135 Va. 354, 116 S.E. 668, 670 (1923) (going out of way for own purposes on an errand that began and was to end in service of employer held within scope).
Carter cites naval regulations detailing the duties of naval commanders and the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet specifically. He points out, among other things, that he is “responsible for the administration, training, maintenance, support and readiness of the Atlantic Fleet including those forces temporarily assigned to the operational command of other commanders,” 7 that he may “exercise authority through his immediate subordinate commanders [or] he may communicate directly with any of his subordinates,” and that he holds the same relationship to shore activity of his command in which his headquarters are located — here, the Norfolk Naval Base. Specifically, Carter argues that general supervision of base security forces is among his responsibilities.8
Johnson also relies on naval regulations to support his contrary contention — that Carter was acting outside the scope of his employment. He particularly stresses Navy Regulation 721.18 to the effect that a military officer may not participate in any action which has the appearance of a conflict of interest.9 Johnson also notes regulations that prohibit tyrannical behavior and abusive language in dealings with subordinates 10 as well as proscribe the use of insulting or defamatory language in general.11 Johnson contends that pursuant to Article 0702 of the Navy regulations, when Carter violated these regulations, he did so “upon his own responsibility.” 12
In our view, consideration of the cited naval regulations alone presents a close question of whether Carter was acting within the scope of his employment. Assuming, however, that the regulations cited by Carter vested him with military authority, and that the authority was not vitiated by the conflict-of-interest regulations, there remains the question under Virginia law whether he was acting with the purpose of fulfilling these responsibilities as a naval commander or for personal reasons. In this context, Carter argues that a mixed personal/official motive would suffice to support his actions as coming within the scope of his employment pursuant to a “dual purpose doctrine,” citing Kensington Assoc. v. West, 362 S.E.2d 900 (1987). In Kensington, the Virginia Supreme Court found that conduct which is prohibited by the employer may be activity not con*185sidered to be within the scope of employment. Kensington involved a security guard shooting the plaintiff construction worker in the foot when the former was attempting to remove a gun from his holster in the construction employee recreation room. The court there found that the employer had given the employee specific instruction not to “bother” the construction workers. The court found that neither the horseplay nor the resulting shooting were done in furtherance of the employer’s interests. Rather, they “arose wholly from an independent, external, and personal motive on [the employee’s] part to perform an act upon his own account.... [H]e embarked upon an independent venture to satisfy his own personal desire to have ‘fun’ and ‘play.’ ” Id. at 903.
Likewise, in Abernathy v. Romaczyk, 202 Va. 328, 117 S.E.2d 88, 92-93 (1960), the court held that the employee’s engagement in an argument and subsequent scuffle with the plaintiff after a traffic accident was “an independent venture of his own to gratify his personal feelings, and the relation of master and servant was for a time suspended.” The language in neither Kensington nor Abernathy establishes a rule which would equate authority to perform an act with acting pursuant to that authority for purposes of finding that an employee acted within the scope of employment.
In sum, we are not inclined to disturb the district court’s finding that Carter was not acting within the scope of his employment. The alleged incident occurred in Carter’s garden where, dressed in casual civilian clothing, he was engaged in a quintessential civilian activity. The court could have understandably determined that the single traffic incident, even against a background of general complaints, did not pose such a grave and immediate problem and that its resolution could have been postponed until the next day — a normal working day where the admiral could have determined the facts concerning the incident in his base office under normal military procedure. It was apparently significant to the district court that, from Carter’s own admissions, he had received previous complaints about the discourteousness of the base’s security officers, but that it was not until the incident involving his wife and daughter that he decided to take action, and then on a Sunday under circumstances suggesting a familial concern. If Carter’s allegedly tortious conduct had occurred in a meeting in his office during the work week and was conducted pursuant to regulations, there is no question but he would have been acting within the scope of his authority. Any tort he may have committed under those circumstances would have been sheltered by absolute immunity. Wallen v. Domm, 700 F.2d 124 (4th Cir.1983). Here, unlike Wallen, however, we are not faced with the question of whether the commission of a tort can be within the scope of employment. Wallen answered that question in the affirmative. Id. at 126. The question here is whether Carter’s participation in the incident fell in any way within the scope of his employment. We think that the district court correctly interpreted the law and that its factfinding that Carter’s intent was not to further the military’s interest and that he was not acting within the scope of his duties is supported by the record and, thus, not clearly erroneous. The putative merit of Johnson’s substantive complaints is another question. We only decide that those questions must be determined on remand.
III. Feres Doctrine
Neither do we agree that the Feres doctrine bars Johnson’s suit. The principles of intramilitary immunity were set forth in Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135, 146, 71 S.Ct. 153, 159, 95 L.Ed. 152 (1940), for injuries that “arise out of or are in the course of activity incident to service.” The rule is based on “[t]he peculiar and special relationship of the soldier to his superiors, the effects of the maintenance of such suits on discipline, and the extreme results that might obtain ...,” United States v. Brown, 348 U.S. 110, 112, 75 S.Ct. 141, 143, 99 L.Ed. 139 (1954), and reflects the notion that courts should not interfere with the management of the military or “call[ ] into question basic choices about the discipline, *186supervision, and control of a serviceman.” United States v. Shearer, 473 U.S. 52, 58, 105 S.Ct. 3039, 3043, 87 L.Ed.2d 38 (1985).
The Feres doctrine may bar a claim by a civilian plaintiff if the incident brings into question command or personnel decisions by military officers. McGowan v. Scoggins, 890 F.2d 128, 138 (9th Cir.1989). In McGowan, a college professor who had received a medical discharge from the armed forces many years earlier was detained and allegedly assaulted by military police officers while on base obtaining a parking sticker. In finding that the Feres doctrine did not bar McGowan’s suit, the Ninth Circuit found it significant that the professor was not employed at the base nor was his work elsewhere subject to military supervision, command or discipline.
In the case we consider, Johnson was employed at the military base, but Carter admitted in his deposition that he never directly supervised any patrol officer as an immediate subordinate and that the meeting he called with the officer was not for the purpose of discipline. He also conceded that reprimanding Johnson through formal disciplinary action was beyond his authority. Admiral Carter is not the commanding officer of the base, and, as he stated in his deposition, he does not have the “ability to officially exert punitive action like to suspend somebody, to reduce their pay, to fire them....” Thus the case sub judice does not implicate the concern for maintenance of disciplinary control over subordinates protected by the Feres doctrine.
IV. The Civil Service Reform Act
Carter finally contends that even if the Feres doctrine does not bar Johnson’s claims, the latter should be relegated to remedies under the Civil Service Reform Act. Bush v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367, 103 S.Ct. 2404, 76 L.Ed.2d 648 (1983). The CSRA is applicable only to personnel actions involving one of the enumerated prohibited personnel practices: an appointment, promotion, disciplinary or corrective action, a detail, transfer or reassignment, a reinstatement, a restoration, a reemployment, a performance evaluation, a decision concerning pay benefits or awards, or any other significant change in duties or responsibilities. 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A).
Johnson’s suit does not arise out of disciplinary or corrective action as Carter contends. Carter admitted he did not intend to discipline Johnson but rather to file a formal complaint, on a personal level. Further, the disciplinary action that was ultimately taken against Johnson is not the basis of this suit. See, e.g., Pinar v. Dole, 747 F.2d 899 (4th Cir.1984) (federal employee action contesting termination of temporary promotion and subsequent suspension), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1016, 105 S.Ct. 2019, 85 L.Ed.2d 301 (1985).
CONCLUSION
For all the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.

. Johnson's actions for libel and slander, however, could not have been brought under the FTCA because actions of this type are excluded under the Act. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h).

. Carter indicated in his formal statement in the district court that he only instructed that a duty officer and a supervisor from the Naval Base Security Force report to his quarters so that he could identify the patrolman in question. According to Carter, he only wanted to learn the person’s identity so that he could file a complaint against that patrolman. The two officers that arrived with Johnson both indicated, however, one in her deposition testimony and the other in a contemporaneously written memorandum to the chief of police, that Carter requested that Johnson be brought to his residence. The district court as indicated in its order granting the stay resolved this in favor of Johnson — finding that Johnson was escorted to Carter's residence on the latter's instruction.

. In his statement supporting the motion to substitute, Carter said that he called Base Commander Admiral Pappas at his office the morning after the incident, reported the incident to him, and requested that normal investigative procedures be employed.

.The Westfall Act provides in relevant part: Upon certification by the Attorney General that the defendant employee was acting within the scope of his office or employment at the time of the incident out of which the claim arose, any civil action or proceeding commenced upon such claim in a United States district court shall be deemed an action against the United States under the provision of this title and all references thereto, and the United States shall be substituted as the party defendant.
28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1).
The Westfall Act is Congress’ response to the Supreme Court's decision in Westfall v. Erwin, 484 U.S. 292, 108 S.Ct. 580, 98 L.Ed.2d 619 (1988), which limited a federal official’s absolute immunity from tort claims to situations where the official’s action was "within the outer perimeter of an official’s duties and is discretionary in nature." Id. at 300, 108 S.Ct. at 585 (emphasis added). Congress viewed this as an erosion of the common law tort immunity formerly available to federal employees. See Arbour v. Jenkins, 903 F.2d 416, 420 (6th Cir.1990). Congress restored the absolute immunity of government employees for acts within the scope of their employment providing that the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) is the sole avenue for suits arising therefrom.

. Carter concedes that certification by a United States Attorney is subject to review for substitution purposes. 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1). As our sister circuit observed in Nasuti v. Scannell, 906 F.2d 802, 812 (1st Cir.1990), while section 2679(d)(2) provides that the prior certification “shall conclusively establish scope of office or employment for purposes of removal" (emphasis in original) section (d)(1) does not. See also Arbour, 903 F.2d at 421.

. See note 1, supra.

. 32 C.F.R. § 700.309.

. OPNAVINST 5530.14b ¶ 5.

. 32 C.F.R. § 721.18(b)(4) and (d) provide that a naval officer must ...
(b) Avoid any action, whether or not specifically prohibited, which might result in or reasonably be expected to create the appearance of:
******
(4) Losing complete independence or impartiality.
******
(d) ... not engage in any activity that might result in or reasonably be expected to create the appearance of a conflict of interest.

. Navy Regulation 0814 provides:
Persons in authority are forbidden to injure their subordinates by tyrannical or capricious conduct or by abusive language.

. See 10 U.S.C. § 933.

. 32 C.F.R. § 700.702(h) provides:
A commanding officer who departs from his orders or instructions, or takes official action which is not in accordance with such orders or instructions, does so upon his own responsibility....