Court Opinion

ID: 9663354
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 23:35:52.419175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:14:48.273089
License: Public Domain

Archer, J.
(dissenting). The issue presented is whether an employee who suffers a compensable, on-the-job injury and subsequently is injured in a vehicular accident while en route to seek medical *670treatment for that prior compensable injury, may receive compensation for the injuries arising out of the vehicular accident.
I believe that Rucker v Michigan Smelting & Refining Co, 300 Mich 668; 2 NW2d 808 (1942), no longer expresses the present state of the law in this area. I would, therefore, reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and hold that injuries "arise[] out of and in the course of employment” when they are the result of reasonable and necessary actions taken because of a previous compensable injury. MCL 418.301; MSA 17.237(301). Where an individual is injured in an accident occurring while en route to seek medical treatment for a prior compensable injury, the injuries arising out of that accident should be compensable under the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act. MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq.
i
Questions regarding whether a claimant’s injury "aris[es] out of and in the course of employment,” MCL 418.301; MSA 17.237(301), can be characterized as questions of law, questions of fact, or mixed questions of fact and law, depending on the facts of the case. Koschay v Barnett Pontiac, Inc, 386 Mich 223, 225; 191 NW2d 334 (1971). The issue in this appeal calls upon the Court to determine an issue of law. We take the wcab’s findings of fact as conclusive absent fraud. Const 1963, art 6, §28; MCL 418.861; MSA 17.237(861). Those findings indicate that Ms. Dean suffered a compensable injury when she initially injured her right leg1 and her automobile accident occurred while she was en *671route to seek treatment for her initial injury.2 The findings in her decision to seek treatment for her initial injury also indicate that Ms. Dean acted reasonably.3
Thus, this Court is left with the task of determining a jural relationship: Given the fact that Ms. Dean was reasonably seeking treatment for a compensable injury when she was injured in an automobile accident, did her subsequent injuries arise out of and in the course of her employment?
The majority urges that the answer to that question lies in this Court’s 1942 decision in Rucker. As the majority points out, Rucker is almost indistinguishable on its facts from this case. I believe we cannot follow Rucker, however, because that case does not express the law of this state. Though Rucker has remained on the books since 1942, it has been a dead letter for almost two decades because the theories on which that decision was explicitly based have been excised from jurisprudence interpreting the meaning of "arising out of and in the course of ” employment.
The facts of Rucker are very similar to the facts of this case. Arthur Rucker was injured at work when a pot full of slag struck his leg. His employer sent him to a doctor’s office for treatment. After examination and treatment, the doctor sent Rucker homeward in a taxi, at the expense of the employer’s insurer. On the way home, the taxi in which Rucker rode was involved in an accident which cost Rucker the use of his left eye. He sued *672for and was awarded workers’ compensation benefits for his automobile accident injuries. This Court, however, reversed that award. In ruling against Mr. Rucker, this Court explicitly relied on three theories. We based our opinion on the "peculiar and increased street risk rule,” on the "act of God rule,” and on the notion that to recover disability compensation a worker must prove that an employment-associated risk proximately caused the injury.4
In Rucker, this Court cited Appleford v Kimmel, 297 Mich 8; 296 NW 861 (1941), and relied upon that case’s enunciation of a proximate-causation test and the "peculiar and increased street risk rule.”5
"[A]n injury which cannot fairly be traced to the employment as a contributing proximate cause and which comes from a hazard to which the workman would have been equally exposed apart from the employment. The causative danger must be peculiar to the work and not common to the neighborhood. It must be incidental to the character of the business and not independent of the relation of master and servant.” [300 Mich 671, citing Appleford at 12-13. Emphasis added.]
We held that there existed "no causal connection between the leg injury received at the plant and the eye injury received in the taxicab colli*673sion. The chain of causation was broken, and the eye injury came 'from a hazard to which the workman would have been equally exposed apart from the employment 300 Mich 672, citing Appleford at 12. Because we found that Ruck-er’s job was not a "contributing proximate cause” of his injury, the risk of a taxicab accident was not peculiar to Rucker’s employment and that the risks of automotive injury were not increased by Rucker’s employment, we held that his eye injuries did not arise out of and in the course of his employment.
We further based our decision in Rucker on the "act of God” rule followed in such cases as Thier v Widdifield, 210 Mich 355; 178 NW 16 (1920). "Decision in the instant case is controlled by Thier v Widdiñeld, . . . where an employee was killed by a stroke of lightning during the course of his employment. This court held in that case, as we must hold here, that the accident was not one 'arising out of’ the employment.” 300 Mich 673. Because Rucker was not "exposed by the nature of the employment to this particular danger,” we denied benefits. Id.
Proximate cause is no longer the test for compensability under the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act. Neither are the "peculiar and increased street risk” or "act of God” rules still valid in the state. We should not follow Rucker because Rucker is no longer good law.
In Whetro v Awkerman, 383 Mich 235; 174 NW2d 783 (1970), this Court reviewed the history and purpose of workers’ compensation and found that proximate causation had previously ceased being the appropriate test for determining whether an injury arises out of and in the course of employment. The law "no longer requires the establishment of a proximately causal connection *674between the employment and the injury to entitle a claimant to compensation. . . . [I]t can be said today that if the employment is the occasion of the injury, even though not the proximate cause, compensation should be paid.” 383 Mich 242-243. Thus, the causational analysis that formed a basis for our decision in Rucker was explicitly expunged from the law in 1970.
Further, it is no longer correct to say, as we did in Rucker, that automobile accident injuries are not compensable if they do not arise out of risks "peculiar to” a worker’s employment. Michigan law recognizes the compensability of "street risk” injuries where employment causes an employee to be exposed through work-related travel to an injury-causing risk, even though that risk was not peculiar to the employment. In 1916, this Court held that "[w]here employees are compelled during the course of their employment to travel about the streets, it does not seem to us to be unreasonable to say that the danger of being struck by street cars, automobiles, and traffic of every description should be taken account of.” Kunze v Detroit Shade Tree Co, 192 Mich 435, 438; 158 NW 851 (1916) (compensation was awarded a foreman who was struck by a streetcar while traveling between job sites).
Kunze began a long line of cases6 which hold that "[i]f, in the discharge of his duties, the employee is required to travel upon the highway or to use other means of transportation, and while so doing, in the performance of a service to his employer, he suffers an accidental injury caused by his so traveling, he is entitled to compensation.” Wilhelm v Angell, Wilhelm & Shreve, 252 Mich 648, 652; 234 NW 433 (1931) (compensation was *675awarded an architect who was struck by a train while returning home from a work-related meeting).7
Although Arthur Rucker’s injuries were caused by risks of the street, this Court found his case to be controlled by an "act of God” case, Thier v Widdifield.8 Rucker at 673. However, the authority of "act of God” cases ceased in 1970, after this Court’s decision in Whetro. In fact, Whetro explicitly overruled Thier. After Whetro, it is no longer necessary for a worker’s compensation claimant to prove what Arthur Rucker could not establish— that an injury was proximately caused by a danger arising peculiarly from the nature of the employment.9
I would make explicit that the rule announced in Rucker is no longer valid. Cessante ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex.10 To the extent Rucker was not overruled when Whetro overruled Thier, it should be now.11 Rucker, should not decide this case.
*676I agree fully with the majority’s conclusion that controlling precedent, unchanged by the Legislature, should not lightly be amended under the doctrine of stare decisis. I am unconvinced that principles of stare decisis dictate a different result here despite the majority’s argument to the contrary. In pronouncing the demise of the rule announced in Rucker, we would only be making explicit that which had long been implicit. Stare decisis is an important doctrine for promoting consistency in settled principles; it was never intended to resurrect a doctrinal corpse interred, undisturbed, for almost two decades. We have often in the past modified the definition of "arising out of and in the course of employment,” even in the absence of legislative action, whenever new theories, new developments in the law, or new fact patterns have proven previous decisions to be unworkable, unfair, or anachronistic. See, e.g., Crilly v Ballou, 353 Mich 303; 91 NW2d 493 (1958), which changed the law in the state regarding the compensability of injuries caused by horseplay, after noting that the cases upon which the previous rule was based had been overruled and review*677ing how the previous rule failed to comport with the principles and policies behind workers’ compensation law.
ii
Given Rucker’s ceasing authority in this area, I would look to Professor Larson’s treatise on workers’ compensation to resolve this case. The majority, too, looks to Professor Larson for guidance but fails to apply Larson’s rules to the facts of this case. The majority ignores the fact that Professor Larson regards injuries like Ms. Dean’s as the paradigmatic example of compensable consequences of work-related injuries.12
According to Professor Larson’s treatise, "[t]he basic rule is that a subsequent injury, whether an aggravation of the original injury or a new and distinct injury, is compensable if it is the direct and natural result of a compensable primary injury.” 1 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation, § 13.11, p 3-503. The Court of Appeals adopted Professor Larson’s analysis on this point in Schaefer v Williamston Community Schools, 117 Mich App 26; 323 NW2d 577 (1982).
As Professor Larson points out, this "direct and natural result” rule is easily applied in a variety of circumstances, such as where a worker is further injured by complications from the initial compensable injury, or where a compensable injury exacerbates a preexisting medical condition. In those situations it is easy to characterize the secondary injuries as "direct and natural results” of compensable injuries. See Larson, supra, § 13.11(a), (b), pp 3-503 to 3-535. See also Braxton v Chevrolet Grey Iron Foundry Div of General Motors Corp, 396 Mich 685; 242 NW2d 420 (1976) *678(aggravation of a preexisting occupational disease is also compensable); Klein v Len H Darling Co, 217 Mich 485; 187 NW 400 (1922) (benefits were granted where a worker died of an emotional shock caused by the death of a fellow employee at his hands); Adams v W E Wood Co, 203 Mich 673; 169 NW 845 (1918) (reinjury of a compensable broken arm is also compensable when it was caused during the claimant’s travel when returning to work on the company doctor’s advice).
However, as is evident from our grant order, the facts presented here do not present so clear a case. We must decide whether Ms. Dean’s injuries are a "direct and natural result” of her workplace injury, despite the lack of a direct causal connection between the first and second injuries. In analyzing this question, I find the "quasi-course-of-employment” test proposed by Professor Larson persuasive. The majority cites this test and then fails to apply it without explanation and, most significantly, without offering a test or framework to take its place. The best the majority can offer is a forty-year-old case that was conceptually debunked decades ago.
The quasi-course of employment test incorporates the "arising out of” and the "in the course of ” tests. It makes compensable
activities undertaken by the employee following upon his injury which, although they take place outside the time and space limits of the employment, and would not be considered employment activities for usual purposes, are nevertheless related to the employment in the sense that they are necessary or reasonable activities that would not have been undertaken but for the compensable injury. [Larson, supra, § 13.11(d), p 3-542.]
*679The causal link required in this test is different from that required in tort law. For an injury-subsequent to an on-the-job injury also to be compensable, it is not necessary that employment proximately cause the second injury. However, employment must be more than a "but for” cause of that second injury. An injury following the initial compensable injury is also compensable when it arises out of activities which are reasonable and necessary in light of the compensable injury. The claimant’s negligence in causing the second injury will not break the chain of causation, but a claimant’s intentional conduct which causes a second injury will where that conduct "may be regarded as expressly or impliedly prohibited by the employer.” Id., p 3-543.
To apply the quasi-course-of-employment test to Ms. Dean’s case, I take as given that her April 1 injury was compensable,13 her trip to Dr. Ganesh’s office on June 28 was for the purpose of treatment for her work-related injuries,14 and her decision to seek Dr. Ganesh’s treatment that day was reasonable in light of those initial injuries.15
In light of these findings, it is for us to decide only whether it is reasonable and necessary for a person in Ms. Dean’s situation to seek medical *680treatment for a work-related injury.16 In other words, we must determine the jural relationship between trips to seek medical attention for compensable injuries and employment in terms of the workers’ compensation statute.
For the following reasons, I would find that a trip to the doctor’s office to seek treatment of a compensable injury is an activity that is reasonable or necessary in light of the initial compensable injury.
When Corrine Dean suffered an injury which arose out of and in the course of her employment on April 1, 1978, Chrysler Corporation had a duty to provide her with necessary medical care or reimburse her for her reasonable medical expenses occasioned by that injury. MCL 418.315(1); MSA 17.237(315)(1). This duty was required both by statute and by contract, since the terms of the state’s workers’ compensation statute can be said to be incorporated into an employment contract entered into and executed within this state. See Wilson v Doehler-Jarvis, 358 Mich 510; 100 NW2d 226 (1960); Thomas v Parker Rust Proof Co, 284 Mich 260; 279 NW 504 (1938); Grand Rapids v Crocker, 219 Mich 178; 189 NW 221 (1922). Ms. Dean had the right, under both the statute and her employment contract, to seek medical care on her own if Chrysler failed to provide it. MCL 418.315(1); MSA 17.237(315X1).
Furthermore, Ms. Dean was under a duty imposed by the statute, and hence her employment contract, to seek medical attention in order to mitigate the damages of her April 1 injuries. See *681Bower v Whitehall Leather Co, 412 Mich 172; 312 NW2d 640 (1981). Injured employees have a duty to submit to proper medical and surgical treatment. Any unreasonable refusal to do so will release the employer’s obligation to compensate for a work-related injury. Kolbas v American Boston Mining Co, 275 Mich 616; 267 NW 751 (1936); Coombs v Kirsh Co, 301 Mich 1; 2 NW2d 897 (1942); Dyer v General Motors Corp, 318 Mich 216; 27 NW2d 533 (1947).
Thus, Ms. Dean’s trip to a doctor’s office to seek care for her April 1 injuries was both reasonable and necessary in light of those injuries. Given the wcab’s finding that Ms. Dean was en route to Dr. Ganesh’s office for the purpose of treating work-related injuries, I would hold that the injuries resulting from her automobile accident are also compensable.17_
*682The majority’s holding puts this Court in a clear minority of courts that have addressed this issue. Most courts that have published opinions discussing the compensability of injuries consequential to on-the-job injuries have ruled in favor of a claimant injured en route to seek medical attention for prior injuries.18 Professor Larson notes in his treatise at § 13.13, p 3-564, that "[w]hen an employee suffers additional injuries because of an accident in the course of a journey to a doctor’s office occasioned by a compensable injury, the additional injuries are generally held compensable . . . .”19
*683Professor Larson indicates in his treatise that
a fall or automobile accident during a trip to a doctor’s office has usually been considered sufficiently causally related to the employment by the mere fact that a work-connected injury was the cause of the journey, without any necessity for showing that the first injury in some way contributed to the fall or accident. Of course, if the prior injury in any way contributes to the second accident, the case is that much stronger, as when pain or drugs or a weakened member may have played a part. [Larson, supra, § 13.13, pp 3-567 to 3-569.][20]
*684Given the board’s finding that Ms. Dean’s trip to Dr. Ganesh’s office on June 28 was for the purpose of "obtaining] medical treatment for the residuals of an injury received in the course and scope of her employment,” 1987 WCABO 189, the injuries she received in the accident en route to Dr. Ganesh’s office are also compensable.
I disagree with the separate opinion in dissent favoring a remand to determine whether Ms. Dean’s possible intoxication or some other intentional act on her part may have defeated the causal nexus between the first and second accident. I view the "intentional intervening act” issue in the quasi-course test as an affirmative defense Chrysler had the duty to plead and prove. I agree with the separate opinion that Chrysler would not be liable under the quasi-course test if it could prove that Ms. Dean intentionally drove while intoxicated, drove recklessly or intentionally caused the accident. However, proof of these sorts of actions have always barred workers from recovering for their injuries. Under MCL 418.305; MSA 17.237(305),21 a claimant who intentionally causes an accident is clearly barred from receiving compensation.
Workers whose voluntary intoxication causes their injuries have been denied compensation, cf. Rose v Paper Mills Trucking Co, 47 Mich App 1; 209 NW2d 305 (1973), as have been workers injured by their own reckless driving, cf. Day v Gold Star Dairy, 307 Mich 383; 12 NW2d 5 (1943). See *685also Fortin v Beaver Coal Co, 217 Mich 508; 187 NW 352; 23 ALR 1153 (1922).
Under Adkins and Schaefer, supra, it was clear to Chrysler that it could escape liability for a secondary injury by proving that Ms. Dean’s intentional conduct caused her accident. In fact, Chrysler made this argument before the wcab, noting that Ms. Dean received a traffic ticket because of the accident and referencing the accident report’s mention that Ms. Dean might have been drinking. Chrysler has already made and lost the arguments for which the separate opinion in dissent would order a remand. I see no reason to send this case back in order to let Chrysler prove facts it could not or did not prove earlier regarding an accident that happened twelve years ago.
hi
Finally, I address two policy concerns raised by the majority. The majority claims that this Court should follow legislative "reform efforts” which narrow the category of Michigan workers eligible for workers’ disability compensation. Ante, pp 666-667. Citing Justice Levin’s concurring opinion in McClure v General Motors Corp (On Rehearing), 408 Mich 191, 209; 289 NW2d 631 (1980), the majority also argues that we should deny Ms. Dean benefits because the Legislature has determined that her no-fault insurer should bear the risk imposed by Ms. Dean’s automotive excursions to the doctor’s office.
As to the first contention, while it may be true that the current legislative trend is generally to limit the number and types of compensable claims,22 such "reforms” narrowing entitlements for other, specific categories of injured workers are *686not precedent for the issue before the Court and they do nothing to mitigate our clear duty to construe this remedial statute liberally. See Bower, supra at 191. The clear purpose of the Workers’ Compensation Disability Act is to compensate persons injured on the job. Basil v Butterworth Hosp, 272 Mich 439; 262 NW 281 (1935). Therefore, it is this Court’s duty to interpret the act so as to provide compensation to all persons whose injuries can be said to arise out of and in the course of employment, except where the Legislature clearly intends to exclude an employee from the benefits of the act. The majority fails to give effect to legislative intent because it denies compensation to a woman whose injuries are a direct and natural result of her employment.
I also reject the majority’s reliance on Justice Levin’s McClure concurrence for two reasons. First, this argument rests on the assumption that Rucker was good law in 1972, when the no-fault act became law. It was not. I agree with the majority that the Legislature is presumed to have been aware of existing judicial interpretations of workers’ compensation law when it enacted the no-fault act. We can therefore presume that the Legislature was aware that the "peculiar and increased street risk rule,” the "act of God rule” and the proximate causation rule upon which Rucker rested were no longer good law. Rucker was as much an anachronism in 1972 as it is today. The majority’s reasoning threatens to atrophy our body of workers’ compensation laws with cases involving automobile accidents decided prior to 1972. When it is clear to the Court and the Legislature that the doctrinal bases of a prior workers’ compensation case are no longer valid, there is absolutely no reason the case should survive simply because it involves an automobile *687accident. By 1970, Rucker was a dead letter, even though it had never been explicitly overruled. The Legislature did not breathe life into it by passing the no-fault laws.
Second, in advancing this policy argument, the majority would have us fix entitlements in this area, not on the basis of our interpretation of the language of the act, but on our best guess as to how the Legislature intended to allocate risk in this area, despite the clear pronouncement in the no-fault act that no-fault liability shall always be secondary to workers’ compensation liability. Ultimately, the majority opinion requires us to allocate risk in contravention to legislative direction. This Court is precluded from setting workers’ compensation disability policy in this state. Buehler v Univ of Michigan, 277 Mich 648; 270 NW 171 (1936). It is our task to take the statute as drafted by the Legislature and construe its language consistent with the legislative intent. We are only following the policy expressed by the Legislature when we construe this act to allow compensation to a worker who has proven the existence of injuries arising out of and in the course of her employment.
Furthermore, the majority fails to see that there are important differences between the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act and the no-fault act besides the identity of the risk bearer. The workers’ compensation act is not intended as a substitute for insurance. Rector v Ragnar-Benson, Inc, 313 Mich 277; 21 NW2d 129 (1946); Luteran v Ford Motor Co, 313 Mich 487; 21 NW2d 825 (1946). Therefore, we cannot believe the converse to be true, particularly where the Legislature has indicated within the language of the no-fault act that a no-fault insurer’s liability is secondary to the liability of a workers’ compensation insurer. See *688MCL 500.3109; MSA 24.13109. Even though Ms. Dean is entitled to collect workers’ compensation benefits for her injuries, she is not precluded from recovering against her no-fault insurer for benefits her workers’ compensation insurer would not cover. Mathis v Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich 164; 289 NW2d 708 (1980).
CONCLUSION
In her automobile accident on June 28, 1978, Corrine Dean suffered injuries which arose out of and in the course of her employment. The Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board found that Ms. Dean was on her way to her doctor’s office, from whom she was receiving necessary treatment for injuries which she received in a compensable injury on April 1. Ms. Dean’s trip to the doctor’s office was a necessary and reasonable activity which she would not have undertaken but for her April 1 work-related injuries. The Court of Appeals incorrectly relied on Rucker, supra because the legal principles on which Rucker was premised are no longer valid points of law in this state. I would, therefore, reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.
Cavanagh, J., concurred with Archer, J.

 The wcab found as fact that the April 1 injury was compensable, noting that "[i]t was conceded . . . that the underlying event [the April 1 injury] was occupational in origin.” 1987 WCABO 185.

 The board found that on June 28, 1978, Ms. Dean was on her way to Dr. Ganesh’s office for "treatment for the residuals of an injury received in the course and scope of her employment . . . .” 1987 WCABO 189.

 The wcab stated, "[w]e certainly give greater weight to Dr. Ganesh’s opinion [that plaintiff suffered continuing problems with her prior injury] than we do that of Mr. Lovernick, the defendant’s compensation adjustor, who reached his conclusion that medical treatment was not justified . . . .” 1987 WCABO 189.

 I agree with the majority that, as Professor Larson put it, "[a] distinction must be observed between causation rules affecting the primary injury . . . and causation rules that determine how far the range of compensable consequences is carried . 1 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 13.11, p 3-502. One of the primary flaws in Rucker is that it fails to observe this distinction. See ante, pp 661-662.

 This version of the "street risk rule” was first adopted in this state in Pearce v Michigan Home & Training School, 231 Mich 536; 204 NW 699 (1925). The Pearce Court adopted the test from the 1916 Massachusetts case In re McNicol, 215 Mass 497; 102 NE 697 (1916).

 For a list of significant Kunze prodigy, see Whetro, supra at 242, n 3.

 The rule announced in Kunze is commonly known as the "actual street-risk” rule. Larson, supra, §9.40, pp 3-67 to 3-73. Professor Larson describes this test as follows: "[I]f the employment occasions the employee’s use of the street, the risks of the street are the risks of the employment, and, . . . '[i]t is quite immaterial whether the nature of the employment involves continuous or only occasional exposure to the dangers of the street.’ ” Id., p 3-67, citing Dennis v White & Co, 1917 Law Rep (HL) App Cas 479; 10 BWCC 280.

 Thier held that a worker’s death did not arise out of and in the course of his employment when he was struck by lightning while standing in the doorway of the employer’s barn.

 The majority argues that Whetro is insufficient authority because the Court was divided and there is no majority opinion. We rely on the plurality opinion in Whetro nonetheless, because its treatment of the "actual” street risk rule merely followed established precedent and because Justice Black’s opinion, which concurred in the plurality’s result, does not question the validity of the plurality’s reasoning insofar as it rejects the "act of God” and proximate cause tests. Justice Black wrote specifically to express his firm views regarding stare decisis and to call for a strictly proactive application of Whetro’,s rule.

 "The reason of the law ceasing, the law itself also ceases.” Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed), p 207.

 Rucker has not been cited in a published opinion of this Court or *676the Court of Appeals since our 1955 decision in Lauder v Paul M Wiener Foundry, 343 Mich 159, 167; 72 NW2d 159 (1955). Where it was cited before 1955, it was generally cited alongside Appleford in support of the long-since discredited "peculiar and increased street risk rule”: "To arise 'out of’ the employment the injury sustained must have a causal connection with the work to be performed; it must be one which follows as a natural incident to the employment, be connected with it, and not the result of a risk disassociated therefrom.” Carner v Sears, Roebuck & Co, 337 Mich 219, 229; 59 NW2d 263 (1953).
This Court has previously questioned the validity of the rule announced in Appleford and followed in Rucker. See, e.g., Thomas v Certified Refrigeration, Inc, 392 Mich 623, 630, n 2; 221 NW2d 378 (1974), where we questioned the validity of Carner, supra and Meehan v Marion Manor Apartments, 305 Mich 262; 9 NW2d 534 (1943), in light of Whetro. Both Carner and Meehan relied on Rucker and Appleford.

 See Larson, supra, § 13.13, p 3-564.

 The wcab found as fact that the April 1 injury was compensable, noting that "[i]t was conceded . . . that the underlying event [the April 1 injury] was occupational in origin.” 1987 WCABO 185.

 The board found that on June 28,1978, Ms. Dean was on her way to Dr. Ganesh’s office for "treatment for the residuals of an injury received in the course and scope of her employment . . . .” 1987 WCABO 189.

 The wcab stated, "[w]e certainly give greater weight to Dr. Ganesh’s opinion [that plaintiff suffered continuing problems with her prior injury] than we do that of Mr. Lovernick, the defendant’s compensation adjuster, who reached his conclusion that medical treatment was not justified . . . .” 1987 WCABO 189.

 As Professor Larson noted: " 'Reasonable’ at this point relates not to the method used, but to the category of activity itself.” Larson, supra, § 13.11(d), p 3-542. Thus, we do not inquire into the reasonableness of Ms. Dean’s decision to seek treatment on this particular day, or her decision to drive rather than take a bus, or the manner in which she drove.

 Again, I agree with the majority’s observation that, in the words of Professor Larson, "[tjhere is no intention at this point to suggest that the [quasi-course of employment test] is drawn from the pronouncements of actual cases.” Í Larson, Workmen’s Compensation, § 13.11(d), p 3-546.
However, I also agree with Professor Larson that "if one looks at the actual holdings, one can find considerable support for the proposition that the pattern of principle here developed is not out of line with the main body of case law on the subject.” Id.
See, for example, Adkins v Rives Plating Corp, 338 Mich 265, 271; 61 NW2d 117 (1953), where we upheld the denial of compensation to a worker who aggravated an industrial injury in a bicycling accident. We noted that there was absolutely no link between Adkin’s employment and bicycling, and "common sense would have dictated that, in his condition, he refrain from such exposure.”
Compare with Adams v W E Wood Co, 203 Mich 673; 169 NW 845 (1918), where compensation was awarded for the exacerbation of a compensable injury caused in a street car accident when the claimant was on his way to work. Thus, in the past we have recognized that the compensability of secondary injuries is dependent upon some reasonable relationship between the injury and the employment.
See also Schaefer v Williamston Community Schools, supra at 35, where the Court of Appeals applied the "direct and natural result” test and allowed compensation for a consequential injury. The Court cited Adkins and noted it stands "for the principle, consistent with Larson’s view, that . . . the claimant had to prove that his subse*682quent injuries were the direct and natural result of his primary injury and that his own conduct did not act as an independent intervening cause . . . (Emphasis in the original.)

 I am in complete agreement with the majority in that it is the intent of our Legislature that controls our decision and not the interpretations of other jurisdictions. However, decisions of other courts throw light on the interpretation of this state’s statute. Wolanin v Chrysler Corp, 304 Mich 164; 7 NW2d 257 (1943).

 The following states in the following cases have adopted analyses which recognize that injuries occasioned during the course of seeking treatment for prior compensable injuries are also compensable. Kansas: Taylor v Centex Construction Co, 191 Kan 130; 379 P2d 217 (1963) (automobile accident injuries are compensable when the accident happened while returning from an appointment where the compensable eye injury was examined); Maine: Moreau v Zayre Corp, 408 A2d 1289 (Me, 1979) (compensation was awarded when the claimant was injured in an automobile accident while returning from an appointment with the doctor who examined a work-related hand injury); Mississippi: Charles N Clark Associates, Ltd v Robinson, 357 So 2d 924 (Miss, 1978) (an employee’s death was compensable where it was caused in an automobile accident while returning from the doctor’s appointment suggested by the employer for treatment of a back condition aggravated by the employment); New Jersey: Camp v Lockheed Electronics, 178 NJ Super 535; 429 A2d 615 (1981) (compensation was granted for injuries inflicted in an automobile accident occurring while returning home from treatment administered by the authorized treating doctor for prior work-related injuries); New York: Kearney v Shattuck, 12 AD2d 678; 207 NYS2d 722 (1960) (compensation was awarded where pain pom. the on-the-job injury contributed to a slip and fall occurring during the journey home on the advice of the employer’s physician); Augustine v NYS Elmira Correctional Facility, 64 AD2d 340; 410 NYS2d 141 (1978) (automobile accident injuries were compensable when the accident occurred during the trip to the doctor’s office at the direction of the employer in connection with an application for benefits for a prior work-related disability); *683Massachusetts: In re McElroy, 397 Mass 743; 494 NE2d 1 (1986) (compensation was granted for injuries sustained in an automobile accident en route to obtain an examination and consultation with a private physician regarding an on-the-job back injury); California: Laines v Workmens’ Compensation Appeal Bd, 48 Cal App 3d 872; 122 Cal Rptr 139 (1975) (compensation was granted where the employee was injured in a motorcycle accident en route to a medical examination for a prior compensable injury); Indiana: Bettasso v Snow-Hill Coal Corp, 135 Ind App 396; 189 NE2d 833 (1963) (the court overturned the Industrial Board and awarded compensation to a mineworker injured in an accident occurring when the ambulance was transporting him to the hospital for treatment of a work-related injury); Virginia: Immer & Co v Brosnahan, 207 Va 720; 152 SE2d 254 (1967) (compensation was granted where an employee "blacked out” and crashed his automobile while on his way to have stitches removed from a cut sustained at work).

 However, the following jurisdictions have denied recovery for injuries occasioned by a trip to the doctor’s office in the following cases: Georgia: Street v Douglas Co Rd Dep’t, 160 Ga App 559; 287 SE2d 586 (1981), app dis 165 Ga App 556; 302 SE2d 141 (1983) (no recovery where a worker was injured in an automobile accident while returning to work after a physical therapy session which the court found to have happened on his own time); Idaho: Kiger v Idaho Corp, 85 Idaho 424; 380 P2d 208 (1963) (injuries resulting from an automobile accident occurring during a trip to a doctor’s office to seek treatment for a compensable injury are not compensable because the employment was not a contributing proximate cause of the injuries); Louisiana: Allstate Ins Co v Theriot, 362 So 2d 1214 (La App, 1978), rev’d on other grounds 376 So 2d 950 (La, 1979) (the employer’s insurer had no obligation to pay workers’ compensation where the employee was injured in an automobile accident occurring on his way home after being discharged from the hospital where he was being treated for a compensable injury); Pennsylvania: Tatrai v Presbyterian Univ Hosp, 497 Pa 247; 439 A2d 1162 (1982) (a hospital employee injured through the hospital’s negligent provision of medical services *684was not restricted to a workers’ compensation claim against the employer hospital which treated her in this instance as if she were a member of the general public).

 If the employee is injured by reason of his intentional and wilful misconduct, he shall not receive compensation under the provisions of this act.

 We make no statement as to whether this trend exists.