Court Opinion

ID: 5134496
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-13 22:00:36.528045+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:44.434250
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                         For the First Circuit

No. 19-2175

                     CLAUDE MARY LUISTILUS BONNET,

                              Petitioner,

                                   v.

                          MERRICK B. GARLAND,*
                    UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                              Respondent.

                   PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF
                    THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

                                 Before

                  Kayatta and Barron, Circuit Judges.
                       Talwani,** District Judge.

     Julia Ciachurski,*** with whom Mary P. Holper, Peter
Alfredson, and Boston College Legal Services LAB, Immigration
Clinic were on brief, for petitioner.
     Tim Ramnitz, Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation,
Civil Division, with whom Bryan Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Civil Division, and Shelley R. Goad, Assistant Director,
Office of Immigration Litigation, were on brief, for respondent.

     * Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2), Attorney General
Merrick B. Garland has been substituted for former Attorney General
William P. Barr as the respondent.
     **    Of the District of Massachusetts, sitting by designation.
     *** On July 27, 2021, the Court granted leave for Julia
Ciachurski, a recent law school graduate, to participate in oral
argument pursuant to 1st Cir. R. 46.0(f)(1)(B).
December 13, 2021
          BARRON, Circuit Judge.            Claude Mary Luistilus Bonnet, a

native and citizen of Haiti, petitions for review of an order of

the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") that affirms the denial

of his application for protection under the Convention Against

Torture ("CAT").    We deny the petition.

                                       I.

          Bonnet    immigrated    to    the    United    States   as   a   legal

permanent resident in 1999, when he was sixteen years old.                   In

December 2017, Bonnet pleaded guilty in Massachusetts state court

to multiple counts of possession with intent to distribute Class

B and Class E controlled substances.              He was sentenced to six

months of incarceration.

          Subsequently,     the   Department        of    Homeland     Security

("DHS") issued Bonnet a Notice to Appear that alleged that he was

subject to removal under Sections 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) and (B)(i) of

the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") due to his conviction

for possession to distribute a Class E substance, see 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(2).      Bonnet, proceeding pro se, filed a Form I-589

application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection

under the CAT.

          An Immigration Judge ("IJ") held a hearing on the merits

of the claims on July 13, 2018, at which Bonnet and certain of his

family members testified.    Following the hearing, the IJ issued an

oral decision that denied Bonnet the relief that he requested on

                                  - 3 -
his claims.    The IJ found that Bonnet was statutorily ineligible

for asylum and withholding of removal because his conviction for

possession of a Class E substance with intent to distribute was a

conviction    of   a   "particularly         serious   crime,"    see    8    U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(2)(B)(i).          The   IJ    also   denied    Bonnet's      claim    for

protection under the CAT because it concluded both that Bonnet did

"not fear anyone in particular," and that he had not brought

forward sufficient evidence to demonstrate that he was entitled to

protection under the CAT.

          Bonnet appealed the IJ's ruling to the BIA.                    Bonnet's

conviction for possession with intent to distribute a Class E

substance was vacated while the appeal was pending.                          The BIA

granted Bonnet's unopposed motion to remand on December 6, 2018,

because he had only been found removable based on that conviction.

          Bonnet       was   issued     an   amended     Notice   to    Appear    on

February 6, 2019.       The Notice to Appear alleged that Bonnet was

removable due to his conviction for possession with intent to

distribute a Class B substance, see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii),

(B)(i).

          Bonnet, now represented, submitted an Amended Form I-

589.   At a master calendar hearing in front of the IJ on February

20, 2019, Bonnet represented that he would present new evidence

that was unavailable when he proceeded pro se in responding to his

earlier Notice to Appear based on the now-vacated conviction.

                                        - 4 -
          Bonnet subsequently submitted a declaration from Dr.

Chelsey Kivland, an anthropologist at Dartmouth College.           The

declaration concerned the treatment in Haiti of criminal deportees

to that country.

          The IJ then held a merits hearing on April 9, 2019.      The

IJ admitted     Kivland as an expert without objection from the

government.     She testified about conditions in Haiti.

          The     IJ   denied   Bonnet's   application   for   asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT.           Bonnet

appealed to the BIA, which adopted and affirmed the IJ's decision,

while offering its own reasoning in support of its ruling.

          Bonnet timely filed this petition for review.1          The

petition challenges only the denial of his request for protection

under the CAT.

                                  II.

          To make out a CAT claim, a petitioner must show "that it

is more likely than not that he will be tortured if returned to

     1 Soon thereafter, Bonnet filed a motion to stay his removal
pending the resolution of this appeal. The motion was denied in
an order relying on 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2) and our decision in
Conteh v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 45 (1st Cir. 2006), which interpreted
that statute to deprive us of jurisdiction to hear challenges to
the factual conclusions underlying decisions denying applications
for immigration relief by aliens who are removable by reason of an
aggravated felony conviction, id. at 63. Between the denial of
the stay and briefing to us, the Supreme Court decided Nasrallah
v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683 (2020), which interpreted § 1252(a)(2)
differently and made clear that we do have jurisdiction to resolve
Bonnet's petition, see id. at 1688.

                                 - 5 -
his home country."          Mazariegos v. Lynch, 790 F.3d 280, 287 (1st

Cir. 2015) (citing Romilus v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir.

2004)).     This requires the applicant to "offer specific objective

evidence showing that he will be subject to: '(1) an act causing

severe physical or mental pain or suffering; (2) intentionally

inflicted;    (3)    for    a    proscribed      purpose;   (4)    by    or    at   the

instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public

official who has custody or physical control of the victim; and

(5) not arising from lawful sanctions.'"               Romilus, 385 F.3d at 8

(emphasis omitted) (quoting Elien v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 392, 398

(1st Cir. 2004)); see also 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a).

            "When the BIA has adopted and affirmed the IJ's ruling,

but has included discussion of some of the IJ's bases for decision,

we review both the IJ's and BIA's opinions."                      Chanthou Hem v.

Mukasey, 514 F.3d 67, 69 (1st Cir. 2008).               We review the findings

of   fact   below   "under       the   'substantial    evidence'        standard     to

determine     if    those       findings   are    'supported      by    reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.'"     Marroquín-Rivera v. Sessions, 861 F.3d 7, 9 (1st Cir.

2017) (quoting Ordonez-Quino v. Holder, 760 F.3d 80, 87 (1st Cir.

2014)).     We review claims of legal error "de novo, 'subject to

appropriate principles of administrative deference.'"                         Ordonez-

Quino, 760 F.3d at 87 (quoting Larios v. Holder, 608 F.3d 105, 107

(1st Cir. 2010)).

                                        - 6 -
                               III.

          Bonnet bases his CAT claim in part on the torture that

he contends that he would be subject to in Haiti while "imprisoned"

there as a criminal deportee, and we begin with his challenge to

the denial of that aspect of his CAT claim.        Bonnet advances

numerous arguments in support of this challenge,2 but the necessary

premise for each of them is the same: that the IJ erred in finding

-- or, at the least, that the BIA erred in affirming the IJ's

finding -- that Bonnet had failed to show that it was more likely

than not that he would be "detain[ed]" in Haiti.

          This premise necessarily underlies     each of   Bonnet's

arguments regarding this aspect of his CAT claim, because he relies

with respect to it on Kivland's testimony regarding the likelihood

that criminal deportees will be subjected to deliberate abuse in

     2 Those contentions are that: (1) the IJ erroneously applied
a heightened standard of proof by requiring him in effect to prove
that "all Haitian prisoners are subjected to what amounts to
torture"; (2) the IJ erred by discrediting Kivland's testimony
that all Haitian prisoners are subject to acts of torture --
including a "very severe" form of ear boxing, aggressive head-
shaving causing lacerations to the scalp, and beatings of genitalia
-- and by prohibiting her, against its prior policy, from making
that "reasonable inference"; (3) the BIA affirmed the finding that
he was not likely to be tortured based on an erroneous
determination that "a qualified expert's conclusions drawn from
over 100 conversations with Haitian prisoners was insufficient to
prove what would happen to Mr. Bonnet inside of a Haitian prison,"
a finding which was based in part on mischaracterizations of State
Department reports; and (4) that the BIA erred by failing to
distinguish his case from Matter of J-E-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 291 (BIA
2002), in which the BIA held that Haitian prison conditions, though
appalling, did not constitute torture, id. at 301.

                              - 7 -
Haitian "jail and prisons," including treatment that may rise to

the level of torture.         Thus, if he cannot show that he would be

detained in a jail or prison in Haiti, then her testimony about

the treatment to which criminal deportees are subjected in Haitian

jails or prisons cannot provide the support that he contends that

it supplies.

            We thus must review Kivland's testimony on this critical

point.      Kivland      testified    that    upon     their   arrival       in   Haiti

deportees "go through processing . . . by Haitian authorities."

She described this "processing" as occurring "at the . . . airport

or . . . a jail that is close to the airport."                 Kivland went on to

explain   in     her   testimony     that,    during    "processing,"         criminal

deportees      are     "fingerprinted,        photographed       and        questioned

regarding      the[ir]    criminal    history     and    the   nature        of   their

charges."      Kivland also testified that although criminal deportees

are supposed to "be processed and released on the day of arrival,"

certain of them are subject to "further questioning" and may "be

detained."

            In     elaborating       on     the   "processing"         of    criminal

deportees, Kivland testified that individual officers responsible

for conducting it have "much discretion" regarding who "needs to

be further questioned because they constitute a threat to society

or would violate []one of the law enforcement priorities of the

Haitian police."         She also explained that she considered criminal

                                          - 8 -
deportees to have undergone "prolonged detention" if they were not

released on the day of processing and instead were held over.

          Kivland testified that the longest period of "prolonged

detention" that she had heard of lasted "a month" and that the

average length of "prolonged detention" is "[t]hree to five days."

She did testify, however, that some criminal deportees "had not

been detained beyond one day of processing."      Moreover, Kivland

did not testify that criminal deportees who are released the same

day or who are not held in "jail or prison" are themselves subject

to the kind of abuse that she testified that criminal deportees

who are held in Haitian jails and prisons face.

          Following the close of evidence at the proceedings at

which Kivland testified, the IJ found that Bonnet had "merely shown

that an officer could detain him in the officer's discretion, not

that an officer is more likely than not to detain [Bonnet] upon

his return to Haiti."   Then, in denying Bonnet's appeal of that

finding, the BIA found that the IJ's finding that Bonnet had "not

demonstrated that it is more likely than not that he will be

imprisoned is not clearly erroneous" and noted that Kivland had

not discussed the "likelihood" that Bonnet "would be imprisoned or

detained upon initial screening."

          Thus, Bonnet must show that the IJ's finding -- as

affirmed by the BIA -- is not sustainable on this record.     To do

so, Bonnet directs our attention to the fact that Kivland was asked

                              - 9 -
at the proceedings before the IJ whether a prior drug conviction,

a    lack    of   familial     ties    in   Haiti,   and    perceived    political

opposition to the ruling regime would each make it "more or less

likely"      that   a   criminal      deportee   would     experience    "prolonged

detention in [Haitian] prisons" and that, for each, she said

"[m]ore likely."

              Bonnet argues that it was clear in context that Kivland

meant in so answering that it was "more likely than not" that

Bonnet would "suffer prolonged detention in a Haitian prison."

Thus, Bonnet contends, it follows that in finding that he had

failed to establish it was more likely than not that he would be

detained beyond the day of processing, the IJ (or, at least, the

BIA) either ignored portions of the record or impermissibly imposed

a "formalistic requirement" that Kivland use the words "more likely

than not" that prior BIA precedent neither compelled nor supported.

              We do not agree.        The portions of Kivland's testimony on

which Bonnet relies in pressing this challenge are fairly construed

just as the IJ and the BIA construed them: to have addressed only

the risk that Bonnet would be held in "prolonged detention in these

prisons" relative to the risk that other criminal deportees would

be   so     detained.     So    construed,       those   portions   of   Kivland's

testimony do not purport to address whether Bonnet was more likely

than not to be held in "prolonged detention" in a jail or prison

in Haiti.         Nor does Bonnet explain what supports his assertion

                                        - 10 -
that the context of Kivland's statements in those portions of her

testimony makes clear that she was speaking about the absolute --

rather than the relative -- degree of risk of detention beyond the

day of processing that he faced.   Thus, Bonnet fails to show either

how the IJ erred in finding, or how the BIA erred in affirming the

IJ in finding, that his contention that he was more likely than

not to be tortured in Haiti while in "prolonged detention" depended

on a "series of suppositions," In re J-F-F-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 912,

917 (A.G. 2006), that created too much uncertainty for it to carry

his burden.3

          There is one loose end to address.   Bonnet contends that

the record in his case is indistinguishable from precedent from

other circuits that granted petitions for review from petitioners

facing removal to Haiti whom IJs and the BIA had denied CAT

protection.    See Ridore v. Holder, 696 F.3d 907 (9th Cir. 2012);

Jean-Pierre v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 500 F.3d 1315 (11th Cir. 2007).

But, in those cases, the IJ either found, or did not dispute, that

the petitioner had met his burden to show that it was more likely

     3 We note that Kivland's declaration stated that because of
Bonnet's risk factors, "Bonnet will be wrongfully detained upon
arrival" (emphasis added). But, Bonnet does not argue to us -- and
argued, at best, in a cursory fashion to the BIA -- that Kivland's
testimony should be read in light of this statement in the
declaration or that the relevant section of the declaration was
improperly ignored. Thus, any argument that the BIA and IJ erred
by failing to consider Kivland's statement in her declaration is
waived. See United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir.
1990).

                               - 11 -
than not that he would be imprisoned in Haiti following his arrival

in that country.     Ridore, 696 F.3d at 913 ("[W]e have the testimony

of [an expert] who testified that clearly this individual upon his

return back to Haiti will be turned over to the Haitian authorities

who will immediately intern him in one of their prison facilities

where he will be held indefinitely . . . ."); Jean-Pierre, 500

F.3d at 1317 (assuming, presumably based on past Haitian policy

and without dispute from the government, that "criminal deportees

from the United States are subject to indefinite detention in

Haitian prisons").4

            Moreover, Jean-Pierre is distinguishable because Kivland

testified    that   Haiti   has   prohibited   indefinite   detention   of

criminal deportees since 2006, while the IJ in Jean-Pierre denied

his petition for relief under the CAT on January 3, 2006, see 500

F.3d at 1319.       As for Ridore, the IJ there does appear to have

found that the petitioner in that case was more likely than not to

face such extended detention in a Haitian prison based on the lack

of his family ties in Haiti, 696 F.3d at 914, 919, and that is a

factor to which Bonnet also points.            But, the IJ here found

otherwise.   And, as we have explained, Bonnet has not presented us

with a sufficient basis for overturning that finding.

     4 In Jean-Pierre, the IJ and BIA appear to have based their
decisions denying relief only on a determination that, once in a
Haitian prison, the applicant would not suffer torture. 500 F.3d
at 1319-20.

                                   - 12 -
                                     IV.

            Bonnet    separately    challenges     the   rejection    of   his

request for CAT protection based on the likelihood that he would

be tortured by vigilante mobs in Haiti if he were removed to that

country.    Bonnet's arguments on this score take aim at the IJ's

and BIA's application of our decision in Costa v. Holder, 733 F.3d

13 (1st Cir. 2013).

            The IJ and BIA each cited Costa in rejecting Bonnet's

claim that he would be tortured by vigilantes with the consent or

acquiescence of government officials.            Bonnet argues that the IJ

and the BIA each not only relied on that case but also erred in

doing so because he is asserting that the record shows a systemic

governmental failure to control vigilantes and Costa does not

address such a contention.         He alternatively argues that we must

"remand to the BIA to apply its evolving precedent regarding when

a government actor is acting in an official capacity for the

purposes of CAT relief."

            The problem for Bonnet is that the IJ and BIA merely

cited   Costa    as   an   additional   ground    for    rejecting   Bonnet's

petition.       Thus, even if his argument about how Costa may be

distinguished is persuasive, he must also show that it is more

likely than not that he would be tortured by vigilantes for this

aspect of his CAT claim to have merit.            See Mazariegos, 790 F.3d

at 287 (setting out five parts of a prima facie claim of torture,

                                   - 13 -
only one of which concerns the role of public officials); J-F-F-,

23 I. & N. Dec. at 917-18, 918 n.4 (requiring applicants for

protection under the CAT to show that each step in a hypothetical

chain of events is more likely than not to happen for them to show

that they are more likely than not to be subject to torture).   Yet,

the BIA affirmed the IJ's finding that he had not made that

showing, and Bonnet does not develop an argument challenging that

finding (or the BIA's affirmance of it) in his petition.5       His

challenge to the denial of his CAT claim based on the violence

that he alleges that he would face from vigilantes in Haiti

therefore necessarily fails.6

                                  V.

          The petition for review is denied.

     5 Bonnet contended to the IJ and in his reply brief that he
could establish the requisite risk of torture based on the
aggregate of the various risks of torture he alleged that he would
face. He did not develop this argument in his opening brief, so
it is waived, and we take no position on either the merits of the
argument or whether the BIA's analysis is consistent with this
approach. Zannino, 895 F.2d at 17.
     6  We note that the IJ also found that Bonnet had not
established a prima facie case on his CAT claim on the basis of
the harm that he contended that he would suffer at the hands of
the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary organization in Haiti. Bonnet
has not developed a challenge to that ruling in his petition for
review.

                                - 14 -