Court Opinion

ID: 4645239
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-21 19:18:06.57962+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:51.068964
License: Public Domain

No. 19-0010              Christopher McKenzie v. Donald L. Sevier and Cassandra Sevier

                                                                                  FILED
                                                                             December 21, 2020
                                                                               EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                               SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                   OF WEST VIRGINIA
Jenkins, Justice, concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part:

                  I agree with the majority’s affirmance of the circuit court’s assessment of the

costs of the jury trial to Donald Sevier (“Mr. Sevier”) and Cassandra Sevier (“Mrs. Sevier”)

(collectively “the Seviers”). Additionally, I agree with the majority’s affirmance of the

circuit court’s imposition of sanctions against the Seviers for discovery misconduct.

However, that is where my agreement with the majority comes to an end. I cannot agree

with the majority’s determination that the jury’s damage award is inadequate and

inherently inconsistent with the evidence presented at trial.

                  This matter stems from a very unfortunate series of events between neighbors

on July 7, 2015. Apparently, the neighborly relationship between Christopher McKenzie

(“Mr. McKenzie”) and the Seviers had become very tumultuous, to say the least, over the

years. There were significant allegations that over the course of several years, including

on the day of the incident at issue, Mr. McKenzie made sexually vulgar and wholly

inappropriate and insulting remarks directed towards Mrs. Sevier and the Seviers’ two

minor daughters. 1 During this particular dispute on July 7, after certain remarks were

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               One such daughter was under the age of ten at the time of the incident at
issue and has Down Syndrome. These remarks include calling the one daughter a “retard”
and stating that Mr. McKenzie had engaged in sexual acts with Mrs. Sevier.

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exchanged between the parties, Mr. Sevier punched Mr. McKenzie in the face. Mr.

McKenzie fell, and he suffered an injury he alleges was caused by Mr. Sevier’s actions.

This matter went to a jury trial where the jury found Mr. Sevier liable for battery; however,

it awarded no damages. 2

              At the outset, it must be stated that this Court does not take lightly reversing

and setting aside a verdict or damages award determined by a jury. “In our system of

justice, the importance and power of the jury is unquestioned. For this reason, . . . a jury’s

verdict is held to be sacrosanct. Absent a compelling reason, a trial court will be loath to

overturn a verdict and will seldom grant a new trial where a verdict has been returned by a

jury.” Daniel E. Cummins, Stephen T. Kopko, Litigating the Zero Verdict, 41 Pa. Law.

34, 35 (September/October 2019). See also Herriman v. May, 174 P.3d 156, 159 (Wash.

App. 2007) (“Juries have considerable latitude in assessing damages, and a jury verdict

will not be lightly overturned. Palmer v. Jensen, 132 Wash.2d 193, 197, 937 P.2d 597

(1997)[.]” Furthermore,

              a jury’s verdict is generally held to be the final word on the
              case presented. This is so because it is the members of a jury
              who most intently see, hear and assess the witnesses as they
              testify during the course of the trial. Jurors “watch [the
              witnesses] as they sweat, stutter, or swagger under the pressure
              of cross-examination. This enables the jury to develop a feel
              for the case and its personal dynamics which cannot be
              conveyed by the cold printed page of a record reproduced for

              In fact, the same jury found that Mr. McKenzie had used insulting words in
              2

harm of Mrs. Sevier during this same incident, but also awarded her zero dollars in
compensatory damages.
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             appellate review.” Boscia v. Massaro, 529 A.2d 504, 508 (Pa.
             Super. 1987).

Cummons, supra, at 35.

             This Court specifically stated in Bressler v. Mull’s Grocery Mart, 194 W. Va.

618, 622, 461 S.E.2d 124, 128 (1995), that “[l]ike a finding of liability, an award of

damages, is a factual determination reserved for the jury.” Furthermore,

             [e]mphasizing the discretionary nature of jury awards in
             syllabus point two of Richmond v. Campbell, 148 W. Va. 595,
             136 S.E.2d 877 (1964), we articulated:

                            Compensation for pain and suffering is an
                    indefinite and unliquidated item of damages, and
                    there is no rule or measure upon which it can be
                    based. The amount of compensation for such
                    injuries is left to the sound discretion of the jury,
                    and there is no authority for a court to substitute
                    its opinion for that of the jury. A mere difference
                    in opinion between the court and the jury as to
                    the amount of recovery in such cases will not
                    warrant the granting of a new trial on the ground
                    of inadequacy unless the verdict is so small that
                    it clearly indicates that the jury was influenced
                    by improper motives.

Big Lots Stores, Inc. v. Arbogast, 228 W. Va. 616, 620-21, 723 S.E.2d 846, 850-51 (2012).

We have explained that

                    [i]t is true that courts are most reluctant to set aside jury
             verdicts as to damages, and this is particularly true as to
             inadequate damages. The courts usually state that though they
             might have awarded a greater or lesser amount than that
             contained in the jury verdict, they will not substitute their
             views for that of the jury.

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                    It is also true that there is no market price or monetary
             equivalent for pain and suffering or for injuries of a
             nonpermanent nature, and that a jury award for these will
             generally not be disturbed because of the small amount
             awarded. A different issue is presented, however, where there
             is uncontradicted evidence that there was substantial injury for
             which the jury has made no award of damages in any amount.

                     Each case, however, must be determined on its
              particular facts.

Keiffer v. Queen, 155 W. Va. 868, 873-74, 189 S.E.2d 842, 845 (1972).

              While the majority spends the lion’s share of its analysis examining the

evidence presented in this case and whether it supports the jury’s award of zero-dollar

compensatory damages, I find that the issue in this case is much simpler. This all comes

down to waiver: Petitioner, under this particular set of facts, waived any right to dispute

the adequacy of the damages awarded by failing to raise the issue at the time the verdict

was handed down before the jury was dismissed. The majority summarily dismisses the

issue of waiver in a footnote within the opinion. The entirety of the majority’s analysis

regarding waiver is as follows:

                     Mr. McKenzie argues that the jury’s verdict is either
              inadequate, inconsistent, or both. We find that the arguments
              before us are more suited to a discussion of the adequacy of a
              zero-dollar damage award as inconsistent with the evidence
              presented at trial as opposed to a procedural objection to a
              defect in the verdict form itself. For that reason, we need not
              analyze whether Mr. McKenzie waived his right to challenge
              an inconsistent verdict by not objecting to the verdict before
              the jury was dismissed. See Syl. Pt. 4, State ex. rel Valley
              Radiology, Inc. v. Gaughn, 220 W. Va. 73, 640 S.E.2d 136
              (2006) (“The general rule of waiver established by this Court
              in Combs v. Hahn, 205 W. Va. 102, 516 S.E.2d 506 (1999),

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              which requires that any objections to the verdict form based on
              defect or irregularity be made prior to the jury’s dismissal, is
              not applicable to post-trial motions seeking relief based on the
              inadequacy of the damages awarded.”).

__ W. Va. __, __ n.32, __ S.E.2d __, __ n.32 (Nov. 18, 2020) (Slip Op. at 26 n.32).

              I acknowledge that this Court previously has held that “[t]he general rule of

waiver established by this Court in Combs v. Hahn, 205 W. Va. 102, 516 S.E.2d 506

(1999), which requires that any objections to the verdict form based on defect or

irregularity be made prior to the jury’s dismissal, is not applicable to post-trial motions

seeking relief based on the inadequacy of the damages awarded.” Syl. pt. 4, State ex rel.

Valley Radiology, Inc. v. Gaughan, 220 W. Va. 73, 640 S.E.2d 136 (2006). However, this

syllabus point is not applicable to the instant matter.

              Prior to Gaughan, this Court decided Combs v. Hahn, 205 W. Va. 102, 516

S.E.2d 506 (1999). In Combs, Ms. Combs filed an action against Dr. Hahn alleging

medical negligence in failing to detect and repair a fourth degree laceration. Id. at 104,

516 S.E.2d at 508. A jury trial was held, and it returned a verdict concluding that Dr. Hahn

was negligent. Id. However, the jury awarded to Ms. Combs only the stipulated past

medical expenses of $16,125.00 and zero dollars for pain and suffering. Id. Subsequently,

Ms. Combs moved the circuit court for a new trial solely on the issue of damages which

was denied. Id. at 104-05, 516 S.E.2d 508-09. Ms. Combs then appealed to this Court.

Id. at 105, 516 S.E.2d 509. As a threshold issue, we had to decide whether Ms. Combs

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“raised a timely objection to the defect or irregularity in the form of the verdict returned by

the jury.” Id. (footnote omitted). After examining other jurisdictions, this Court ultimately

held in Syllabus point 2 that “[a]bsent extenuating circumstances, the failure to timely

object to a defect or irregularity in the verdict form when the jury returns the verdict and

prior to the jury’s discharge, constitutes a waiver of the defect or irregularity in the verdict

form.” Syl. pt. 2, Combs, 205 W. Va. 102, 516 S.E.2d 506. However, in Combs, we found

extenuating circumstances to exist because

              [Ms. Combs] did not have an opportunity to object before the
              jury was discharged. The primary reason is the manner in
              which the trial court read the jury verdict to the parties. During
              oral argument before this Court, counsel for Ms. Combs stated
              that counsel did not understand the trial court’s reading of the
              verdict form to indicate that no award was set out for general
              damages. More importantly, the trial court immediately
              discharged the jury after reading the verdict. In fact, the parties
              were not afforded an opportunity to actually see the verdict
              form until after the jury was discharged.

Id. at 107, 516 S.E.2d at 511. Because of these extenuating circumstances, this Court went

on to decide the merits of the case: the sole issue for resolution, much like the issue before

this Court in the instant matter, was “whether the verdict awarded to Ms. Combs [wa]s so

inadequate as to require reversal of the damage issue and award a new trial.” Id. at 108,

516 S.E.2d at 512.

              Following Combs, we examined a similar issue in a footnote in Marsch v.

American Electric Power Co., 207 W. Va. 174, 179 n.6, 530 S.E.2d 173, 178 n.6 (1999).

We observed as follows:

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                     Ohio Power has also forwarded the argument that the
              Appellants waived their right to claim inadequacy of the
              damages since they did not object to the verdict form at trial,
              which read as follows: “[s]tate the amount of damages, if any,
              that Harold Marsch is entitled to recover for the following
              items.” Ohio Power maintains that the phrase “if any”
              welcomed the jury to award nothing for some elements. Ohio
              Power further contends that since the Appellants did not object
              to that language, they are now barred from claiming
              inadequacy. We explained in syllabus point two of Combs v.
              Hahn, 205 W. Va. 102, 516 S.E.2d 506 (1999), that “[a]bsent
              extenuating circumstances, the failure to timely object to a
              defect or irregularity in the verdict form when the jury returns
              the verdict and prior to the jury’s discharge, constitutes a
              waiver of the defect or irregularity in the verdict form.” The
              defect in Combs was the jury’s failure to place any dollar
              amount on the verdict form for general damages. In the present
              case, a zero was placed on the appropriate lines for the jury’s
              determination of damages, and the Appellants are not raising
              any issues of verdict defect or irregularity on appeal.

                      Ohio Power also asserts that the Appellants have
              waived their inadequacy claim on appeal by failing to raise an
              inconsistency objection when the verdict was returned.
              However, as the Appellants emphasize, their precise challenge
              on appeal is neither to the verdict form nor any inconsistency
              of the jury verdict. Rather, their challenge is to the inadequacy
              of the damages awarded by the jury, which requires no trial
              objection to preserve the issue for appellate review. In its
              allegations of waiver, Ohio Power blurs the lines between three
              distinct issues: defective verdict forms, inconsistency of the
              verdict, and inadequacy of the damages. We find no merit to
              Ohio Power’s claim of waiver in this case. We, therefore,
              address the merits of the Appellants’ claims of inadequacy.”

Id. at 179 n.6, 530 S.E.2d at 178 n.6.

              Subsequently, this Court once again examined the issue of waiver in State ex

rel. Valley Radiology, Inc. v. Gaughan, 220 W. Va. 73, 640 S.E.2d 136 (2006). In Syllabus

point 4 of Gaughan we held that “[t]he general rule of waiver established by this Court in

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Combs v. Hahn, 205 W. Va. 102, 516 S.E.2d 506 (1999), which requires that any objections

to the verdict form based on defect or irregularity be made prior to the jury’s dismissal, is

not applicable to post-trial motions seeking relief based on the inadequacy of the damages

awarded.” Syl. pt. 4, Gaughan, 220 W. Va. 73, 640 S.E.2d 136. In Gaughan, the estate of

a deceased patient brought a wrongful death action alleging that Valley Radiology failed

to timely diagnose blood clotting, resulting in the patient’s untimely death. Id. at 74, 640

S.E.2d at 137. The jury awarded zero damages for sorrow, mental anguish, and lost

income. Id. at 75-76, 640 S.E.2d at 138-39. Two weeks after the verdict was rendered, the

estate moved for a new trial on the ground that the verdict was inadequate. Id. at 76, 640

S.E.2d at 139. Subsequently, the trial court granted the motion and found that the verdict

was the result of juror prejudice and that it would not be “‘practical to send the same jurors

back to consider the issue of damages because there was almost no chance they could return

a fair verdict.’” Id. at 76, 78, 640 S.E.2d at 139, 141. The matter was then appealed to this

Court. On appeal, Valley Radiology argued that the estate waived the right to challenge

the verdict by failing to object prior to the jury’s discharge; however, we disagreed and

declined to apply the waiver rule because “there was no confusion as to what the jury

intended to award.” Id. at 76-77, 640 S.E.2d at 139-40. In other words, the verdict form

was complete and there was no potential confusion or misunderstanding as to what the jury

meant to award.

               Both Combs and Gaughan involve the potential inadequacy of damages. It

appears that the distinguishing factors between the two and how waiver is applied are that

the Combs verdict form left certain items blank while the verdict form in Gaughan was

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completely filled out and that in Gaughan there was an issue that permeated throughout

regarding potential jury bias.

              Here, this matter falls more in line with Combs than it does with Gaughan.

First, it is undisputed that there was no objection made regarding the verdict prior to the

dismissal of the jury. 3 Second, unlike Gaughan the jury verdict form in the case sub judice

was not completely filled out by the jury as there were several blanks left on the verdict

form, including all distinct subcategories of the compensatory damages section. There was

a zero-dollar figure on the line for total compensatory damages. However, despite being

asked by the circuit court if either counsel desired to poll the jury, each individual jury

member was never polled as to whether they fully intended to award zero dollars for the

subcategories of past medical and hospital expense; past loss of enjoyment, physical pain

and suffering, mental anguish, aggravation, and emotional distress; and future loss of

enjoyment, physical pain and suffering, mental anguish, aggravation, and emotional

distress. Accordingly, despite the fact that there was a number under total compensatory

damages, because there were several subcategories of the verdict form left blank there was

some potential for uncertainty and misunderstanding by the jury that could have potentially

been clarified by the jury had the objection been raised before the jury was dismissed.

Additionally, it does not appear that there were any allegations that the jury was somehow

              3
                The circuit court explicitly asked “[f]or the record” if there was “any
objection to the [v]erdict [f]orm.” Both counsel explicitly stated there were no objections.
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biased against or for any party or was wrongfully influenced or that there were any

improper motives.

              In conclusion, because there were issues with the verdict form and Mr.

McKenzie failed to timely object to the verdict form prior to the dismissal of the jury, I

respectfully dissent from the majority’s determination that the issue on whether the

damages in this matter are inconsistent and/or inadequate has not been waived. I am

authorized to state that Chief Justice Armstead joins me in this separate opinion.

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