Court Opinion

ID: 5599372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-11 02:55:41.654009+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:36:41.829001
License: Public Domain

Thompson, Justice.
The City of Atlanta enacted a zoning ordinance aimed specifically at surface parking lots with 30 or more spaces in several downtown and midtown zoning districts. The ordinance requires minimum barrier curbs and landscaping areas equal to at least ten percent of the paved area within a lot, ground cover (shrubs, ivy, pine bark or similar landscape materials) and at least one tree for every eight parking spaces. Its stated purpose is to improve the beauty and aesthetic appeal of the City, promote public safety, and ameliorate air quality and water run-off problems. All costs of compliance with the ordinance are to be borne by the landowners; however, no landowner is required to reduce the number of parking spaces by more than three percent.
Plaintiffs, an association of companies managing or owning surface parking lots in the affected areas, as well as individual owners of affected parking lots, brought suit against the City seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that the ordinance is unconstitutional and void. The superior court ruled in favor of the City and denied injunctive relief. Plaintiffs appealed.
1. The zoning ordinance does not authorize a permanent physical taking or occupation of plaintiffs’ property by another; it merely regulates the use of plaintiffs’ property. Compare Loretto v. Teleprompter &c. Corp., 458 U. S. 419, 426 (102 SC 3164, 3171, 73 LE2d 868) (1982) with Yee v. City of Escondido,_U. S._ (112 SC 1522, 1526, 118 LE2d 153) (1992). Thus, the ordinance does not constitute a per se taking entitling plaintiffs to compensation. It follows that we must assess and weigh the purposes and economic effects of the ordinance to determine if it “exceeds the police power in regulating land use for zoning . . . [and] run[s] afoul of the constitutional prohibition against condemnation of land for a public purpose without just compensa*765tion. [Cit.]” Fulton County v. Wallace, 260 Ga. 358, 360 (393 SE2d 241) (1990).
2. This state uses a balancing test to determine whether the
police power has been properly exercised. This test weighs the benefit to the public against the detriment to the individual. The factors to be considered are set forth in Guhl v. Holcomb Bridge Rd. Corp., 238 Ga. 322 (232 SE2d 830) (1977). A zoning ordinance is presumptively valid, and this presumption can be rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence. Guhl v. Holcomb Bridge Rd. Corp., supra. The burden is on the plaintiff to come forward with clear and convincing evidence that the zoning presents a significant detriment to the landowner and is insubstantially related to the public health, safety, morality and welfare.
Gradous v. Bd. of Commrs., 256 Ga. 469, 471 (349 SE2d 707) (1986).
Plaintiffs failed to present clear and convincing evidence that the ordinance presents a significant detriment. Plaintiffs may experience a loss of profits due to a reduction in the number of available parking spaces1 and the costs of compliance;2 however, a zoning ordinance does not exceed the police power simply because it restricts the use of property, diminishes the value of property, or imposes costs in connection with the property. See Gradous v. Bd. of Commrs., supra at 471; Rockdale County v. Mitchell’s Used Auto Parts, 243 Ga. 465 (254 SE2d 846) (1979). A loss of at most three percent of plaintiffs’ parking spaces does not constitute a significant deprivation. Cf. Lamar Advertising v. City of Albany, 260 Ga. 46 (389 SE2d 216) (1990) (sign ordinance which destroys substantial part of business without compensation is unconstitutional).
Plaintiffs also failed to present clear and convincing evidence that the ordinance is unsubstantially related to the public health, safety, morality and welfare. The ordinance was designed to regulate aesthetics, crime, water run-off, temperature and other environmental concerns. The means adopted have a real and substantial relation to the goals to be attained.
An ordinance is not unreasonable even if designed only to improve aesthetics.
[Legislation based on aesthetics is within the public welfare *766aspect of the police power. “The concept of the public welfare is broad and inclusive. (Cit.) The values it represents are spiritual as well as physical, aesthetic as well as monetary. It is within the power of the legislature to determine that the community should be beautiful as well as healthy, spacious as well as clean, well-balanced as well as carefully patrolled.” [Cits.]
H & H Operations v. City of Peachtree City, 248 Ga. 500, 501 (283 SE2d 867) (1981).
If the plaintiff does not meet the initial burden of showing both significant detriment and insubstantial relationship to the public health, safety, morality and welfare, there is no need for the governing authority to present any evidence justifying the zoning. [Cit.]
Gradous v. Bd. of Commrs., supra at 471. Plaintiffs failed to meet either prong of this state’s balancing test. The ordinance is constitutional and valid.3
3. Plaintiffs assert the ordinance constitutes an unconstitutional denial of equal protection because it only applies to paved parking lots with 30 or more spaces in downtown and midtown zoning districts. We disagree.
A zoning ordinance does not offend the equal protection clauses of the State and Federal Constitutions if “it has some fair and substantial relation to the object of the legislation and furnishes a legitimate ground of differentiation. [Cit.]” Bailey Investment Co. v. Augusta-Richmond County Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 256 Ga. 186, 187 (345 SE2d 596) (1986). The larger lots have a far greater impact upon aesthetics, water run-off, temperature, pedestrian traffic and other health, safety and environmental concerns; the affected districts have the greatest concentration of parking lots. Thus, the ordinance rationally differentiates between larger and smaller parking lots and be*767tween affected and unaffected zoning districts. “ ‘If the validity of the legislative classification for zoning purposes be fairly debatable, the legislative judgment must be allowed to control.’ ” DeKalb County v. Chamblee Dunwoody Hotel Partnership, 248 Ga. 186, 190 (281 SE2d 525) (1981) (quoting Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U. S. 365, 388 (47 SC 114, 71 LE 303) (1926)).

Judgment affirmed.

All the Justices concur, except Hunt, C. J., Sears and Carley, JJ., who dissent.

 Plaintiffs may also experience a decline in billboard rentals because the required trees may obstruct their view.

 Estimated cost of compliance for all lots is $4,375,000; estimated cost of compliance for a typical lot with 50 parking spaces is $12,500.

 The ordinance passes constitutional muster under federal taking analysis, too. It advances legitimate governmental interests and leaves the plaintiffs with an economically viable use in their property. Agins v. Tiburon, 447 U. S. 255 (100 SC 2138, 65 LE2d 106) (1980).
Plaintiffs’ reliance upon Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U. S.__(114 SC 2309, 129 LE2d 304) (1994), is misplaced. In that case, the city required an applicant for a building permit to deed portions of her property to the city. The Supreme Court held the required dedication violated the Takings Clause because the city did not “make some sort of individualized determination that the required dedication is related both in nature and extent to the impact of the development.” Id. at 2319. Here the city made a legislative determination with regard to many landowners and it simply limited the use the landowners might make of a small portion of their lands. Moreover, the city demonstrated a “rough proportionality” between the requirements and objectives of the ordinance. See id.