Court Opinion

ID: 2664790
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 06:25:15.448617+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:37:25.498227
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CONTECH CONSTRUCTION                                )
PRODUCTS, INC., et al.,                             )
                                                    )
       Petitioners,                                 )
                                                    )
       v.                                           )
                                                    )        Civil Actions Nos: 09-01483 (RBW)
WERNER HEIERLI,                                     )                           09-02204 (RBW)
                                                    )
       Respondent.                                  )
                                                    )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       These two cases arise from identical underlying facts. In Civil Action 09-cv-1483

(RBW), the petitioners, Contech Construction Products, Inc. and Patrick Harlow (collectively

“Contech”), petition the Court “to vacate a portion of [a] [p]artial [Arbitration] Award” (“Partial

Award”) rendered in favor of the respondent, Werner Heierli (“Heierli”), on May 7, 2009.

Petition to Vacate a Portion of the Arbitration Award (“Contech’s Pet. to Vacate”) at 1-5. In

response, Heierli opposes Contech’s petition and has filed a cross-petition seeking confirmation

of the Partial Award. Subsequently, on November 12, 2009, a final arbitration award was

rendered in favor of Heierli, along with interest, attorneys’ fees, and costs (“Final Award”).

Then, on November 20, 2009, Heierli instituted the second case, Civil Action 09-cv-2204,

petitioning the Court to confirm the Final Award. Petition and Motion of Werner Heierli to

Confirm Arbitration Award (“Heierli’s Pet. to Confirm”) at 1. Contech opposes the petition to

confirm the Final Award and has cross-petitioned to vacate the Final Award. Memorandum In

Opposition to the Petition of Werner Heierli to Confirm Arbitration Award and Cross-Petition of

Contech Construction Products Inc. to Vacate the Arbitration Award (“Contech’s Cross-Pet. to
Vacate”) at 1. Accordingly, both cases involve the same parties and their resolution turns on the

question of whether the two awards entered by the arbitrator are enforceable.

          For the reasons that follow, the Court must grant both Heierli’s Cross-Petition to enforce

the Partial Award and his Petition to Confirm the Final Award. Thus, the Court must deny both

Contech’s Petition to Vacate the Partial Award and its Cross-Petition to Vacate the Final Award.

                                                 I. Background1

A.        Civil Action 09-cv-1483

          Contech Construction Products, Inc. is the sole majority shareholder of BEBOTech

Corporation (“BEBOTech”) and Patrick Harlow is the President of BEBOTech’s Board of

Directors. Contech’s Pet. to Vacate ¶ 8. Werner Heierli is the sole minority shareholder of

BEBOTech. Id.

          Contech and Heierli entered into a Stockholders’ Agreement and several other related

agreements on May 2, 2003. Id. ¶ 9. The agreements contain identical dispute resolution

provisions requiring the parties to “attempt in good faith to resolve any dispute arising out of or

relating to this Agreement promptly by negotiation . . . failing which the parties shall endeavor to

resolve any dispute . . . by mediation under the CPR Mediation procedure.” Id., Ex. A at 12. If

negotiations and mediation are unsuccessful, the dispute resolution clauses require the parties to

arbitrate “[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of or relating to [the agreements in the

International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution (“CPR”)] . . . in accordance with

the CPR Rules for Non-Administered Arbitration.” Id. The agreements also provide that any

arbitration proceedings will be held in Washington, D.C. Id.

1
    The following facts are undisputed, except where noted otherwise.

                                                          2
        On March 23, 2007, after unsuccessful attempts to negotiate and mediate a dispute

between the parties, Heierli filed an arbitration demand against Contech “asserting individual

and derivative claims for breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty”. Id. ¶ 13. On May 7,

2009, Arbitrator Nancy Lesser (the “Arbitrator”) issued a Partial Award finding that: (1) Contech

had breached its contractual duties to Heierli; (2) Contech had breached its fiduciary duties to

Heierli; (3) Heierli was entitled to at least the minimum amount of the value of his interest (his

shares) in BEBOTech pursuant to the formula adopted in the Stockholders’ Agreement, upon

exercise of his “Put Option” in that agreement; (4) Contech could not include certain charges and

fees in determining Heierli’s share value under the Stockholders’ Agreement formula; and (5)

Heierli was permitted to petition for an interim award of “reasonable attorney’s fees and costs in

proceedings to be scheduled following the issuance of [the] Partial Award.” Id., Ex. E (Partial

Award) at 34-35. However, the Arbitrator also found that Heierli had failed to prove that he

suffered any compensatory damages or that he was entitled to punitive damages as a result of the

breach. Id., Ex. E (Partial Award) at 33.

        Contech filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the Partial Award with the Arbitrator on

May 22, 2009, requesting that she reconsider and withdraw her award of attorneys’ fees and

costs, arguing that the Arbitrator did not have the authority to make such awards under either the

CPR rules or Delaware law.2 Contech’s Pet. to Vacate ¶ 18; Heierli’s Memorandum in

Opposition to Petition to Vacate a Portion of the Arbitration Award (“Heierli’s Opp’n”), Ex. 2

(Respondent Contech Construction Products Inc.’s Motion for Reconsideration of (1) Interim

Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs and (2) Termination of the Management Services

2
  The Court notes that neither party disputes that Delaware law governs the administration and interpretation of the
agreements between the parties, as each agreement contained a choice of law provision invoking Delaware law.
Contech’s Pet. to Vacate, Ex. A (Stockholders’ Agreement) ¶ 7.6, Ex. B (Management Services Agreement) ¶ 10(a),
Ex. C (Sales Representative Agreement) ¶ 14(a).

                                                         3
Agreement) at 3. On July 15, 2009, the Arbitrator denied Contech’s Motion for Reconsideration,

finding that “[i]t is uncontroverted that Delaware law permits such an award where

circumstances warrant [making the award].” Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 5 (July 15 Order).

Furthermore, the Arbitrator concluded that “[i]n light of [her findings], it [was] unnecessary for

[her] to reach the second prong of [Contech’s] [m]otion regarding the [applicability of] the CPR

[r]ules, although [she] remain[ed] of the view that the [CPR r]ules permit such an award

independent of its availability under Delaware law.” Id. Contech responded to the denial of its

Motion for Reconsideration by filing the first of the two cases, Civil Action 09-cv-1483, now

before this Court. After that filing, on September 11, 2009, the Arbitrator set the amount of

attorneys’ fees and costs to be awarded to Heierli under the Partial Award at $556,749.99.

Petitioners’ Memorandum in Opposition to Respondent’s Cross-Petition to Confirm Arbitrator’s

Award of Heierli’s Attorneys’ Fees and Expenses, Ex. B (Fee Award) at 1.

B.        Civil Action 09-cv-2204

          In addition to the dispute resolution clause, the parties’ Stockholders’ Agreement

contained “put” and “call” options which accorded Heierli the option of selling his BEBOTech

shares to Contech at a price calculated pursuant to a formula specified in the Stockholders’

Agreement, and Contech had the option to purchase Heierli’s shares at a price determined by a

different formula specified in the Agreement. Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate, Ex. A

(Stockholders’ Agreement) § 4.3 On May 18, 2009, shortly after the Arbitrator issued her Partial

3
    The Stockholders’ Agreement describes the “put” option in Section 4.1(a):

                   At any time hereafter, Heierli, in his discretion, shall have the option, but no
                   obligation, to sell all . . . of his Shares in the Company to Contech (the “Heierli
                   Put Option”), and Contech shall be obligated to purchase such Shares.

The Stockholders’ Agreement also describes the “call” option in Section 4.2(a):

                                                                                                         (continued . . .)

                                                           4
Award finding that Contech had breached its fiduciary duties to Heierli, Heierli exercised his put

option. Statement of Points and Authorities In Support of Heierli’s Petition and Motion to

Confirm Arbitration Award (Heierli’s Mem. to Confirm”) at 3. The parties, however, disagreed

on the “calculated purchase price” offered by Contech, id., and Heierli then filed a request with

the Arbitrator for an emergency hearing on the “put price,” Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate at 5.

“Consequently, the Arbitrator set additional hearing dates [of] October 7 and 8, 2009, for the

purpose of determining whether Contech had violated the Partial Award and the Stockholders

Agreement; the parties appeared before the Arbitrator on those dates and presented witness

testimony, documentary evidence and argument.” Heierli’s Mem. to Confirm at 3. Contech had

objected to the Arbitrator conducting any additional hearings, however, claiming that the issue of

the appropriate price for the exercise of the put option was outside the scope of the issues

originally submitted to arbitration. Contech’s Cross-Pet. To Vacate at 5-6. The Arbitrator

rejected Contech’s challenge, id. at 6, and in her Final Award issued on November 12, 2009, the

Arbitrator disallowed certain expenses included in the calculation of the put price claimed by

Contech, arriving at a purchase price of $10,354,011.15, Heierli’s Mem. to Confirm at 3. She

also set the process by which payment would be made by Contech to Heierli. Contech’s Cross-

Pet. To Vacate, Ex. J (Final Award) at 14-16. However, Contech failed to comply with the terms

of the Arbitrator’s Final Award, Heierli’s Mem. to Confirm at 4, and on November 20, 2009,

Heierli commenced the second of the two cases before this court, Civil Action 09-cv-2204,

seeking enforcement of the Final Award.

(. . . continued)
                    Subject to the terms of Section 4.9(c), at any time after June 30, 2006, Contech
                    shall have an annual right, exercisable only in the month of July, to purchase,
                    and Heierli shall be obligated to sell, all, but not less than all, of Heieli’s Shares
                    (the “Contech Call”).

Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate, Ex. A at 5, 7.

                                                              5
                                                  II. Analysis

A.      The Partial Award

         Contech argues that under the 2005 version of the CPR Rules the Arbitrator’s power to

award attorneys’ fees and costs under CPR Rules 16.2 and 16.3 is limited by CPR Rule 10.3,

which states:4 “[t]he Tribunal may grant any remedy or relief, including but not limited to

specific performance of a contract, which is within the scope of the agreement of the parties and

permissible under the law(s) or rules of law applicable to the dispute.” Contech’s Pet. to Vacate

¶¶ 22-23. Thus, according to Contech, the Arbitrator only had the authority to award attorneys’

fees and costs under CPR Rule 16.3 that were independently permissible under Delaware law.

Id. ¶¶ 24-25. Contech consequently maintains that the award of attorneys’ fees and costs to

Heierli in this case was impermissible under Delaware law because Heierli was not a prevailing

party due to his failure to prove recoverable damages. Id. ¶ 33-34. This, according to Contech,

4
   Because the arbitration proceeding was filed prior to the 2007 amendment to the CPR Rules, the 2005 version of
the CPR Rules governed the arbitration. Contech’s Pet. To Vacate, Ex. D (2005 Arbitration Rules) & Ex. F
(Clerical Amendment to Partial Award). The 2005 version of Rule 16.2 states:

                 The Tribunal shall fix the costs of arbitration in its award. The costs of
                 arbitration include:
                       a. The fees and expenses of members of the Tribunal;
                       b. The costs of expert advice and other assistance engaged by the Tribunal;
                       c. The travel and other expenses of witnesses to such extent as the Tribunal
                          may deem appropriate;
                       d. The costs for legal representation and assistance and experts incurred by
                          a party to such extent as the Tribunal may deem appropriate;
                       e. The charges and expenses of CPR with respect to the arbitration;
                       f. The costs of a transcript; and
                       g. The costs of meeting and hearing facilities.

Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 12 (CPR Rules). The 2005 version of Rule 16.3 states:

                 Subject to any agreement between the parties to the contrary, the Tribunal may
                 apportion the costs of arbitration between or among the parties in such manner
                 as it deems reasonable, taking into account the circumstances of the case, the
                 conduct of the parties during the proceeding, and the result of the arbitration.

Id.

                                                         6
precluded the Arbitrator from having “jurisdiction, authority, or power” to make the awards

because the American Rule only allows prevailing parties to recover attorneys’ fees and costs

and Heierli was not a prevailing party. Id. ¶ 26; see Alaska Elec. Pension, Fund v. Brown, 988

A.2d 412, 417 (Del. 2010) (“Delaware generally follows the American Rule, under which

litigants are responsible for their own attorneys’ fees, regardless of the outcome of the lawsuit”).

Contech further asserts that Delaware’s “common corporate benefit” exception to this general

rule does not support the award of attorneys’ fees and costs for Heierli’s breach of fiduciary duty

claim because there was no benefit conferred to BEBOTech or its shareholders as a result of

Heierli’s action.5 Contech’s Pet. to Vacate ¶¶ 27-29. Moreover, Contech argues that its conduct

does not fall within the bad faith exception to the American Rule, which allows a non-prevailing

party to recover attorneys’ fees and costs where there is a sufficiently egregious breach of a

fiduciary duty. Id. ¶ 35-37. And, Contech notes that the Arbitrator did not find that Contech had

acted in bad faith as the basis for awarding attorneys’ fees and costs to Heierli. Id. ¶ 36.

Specifically, Contech points to the Arbitrator’s finding that its conduct was not sufficiently

“reprehensible” to give rise to punitive damages. Id.

        Contech also contends that under the District of Columbia Uniform Arbitration Act (the

“D.C. UAA”), which it maintains governs the arbitration of the parties’ dispute, an arbitrator can

only award attorneys’ fees and costs if the parties expressly agree that the arbitrator has the

5
  “Delaware courts have long-recognized the ‘common corporate benefit’ doctrine as an exception to the American
Rule to provide for reimbursement of attorney’s fees and expenses in corporate litigation.” Alaska Elec. Pension,
988 A.2d at 417. In order to avail himself of common corporate benefit doctrine, the applicant must show:

                 (i) the suit was meritorious when filed; (ii) the action producing benefit to the
                 corporation was taken by the defendants before a judicial resolution was
                 achieved; and (iii) the resulting corporate benefit was causally related to the
                 lawsuit.

Id.

                                                        7
authority to do so. Id. ¶¶ 30-31. And Contech argues that since its agreements with Heierli did

not contain an express provision allowing the Arbitrator to award attorneys’ fees and costs, she

lacked “jurisdiction, authority, or powers” to make such an award. Id. ¶ 32.

       Furthermore, Contech claims that the Arbitrator should have dismissed Heierli’s breach

of fiduciary duty claim as it was preempted by his identical breach of contract claim and

Delaware law prohibits parties from pursuing a breach of fiduciary duty tort claim for conduct

that allegedly breached an agreement between the parties “because contract claims preempt tort

claims.” Id. ¶¶ 38-40. Therefore, according to Contech, “[t]he Arbitrator exceeded her

jurisdiction by awarding attorneys’ fees and costs” because Heierli’s breach of fiduciary duty

claims “were barred as a matter of Delaware law.” Id. ¶ 41.

       Heierli argues that Contech’s petition to vacate the arbitration award is procedurally

defective and should be dismissed. Heierli’s Opp’n at 5. Heierli maintains that Contech, instead

of filing a “Petition,” id., should have sought to vacate the arbitration award by filing a motion to

vacate the award, id. at 6-7. Heierli further argues that Contech is barred by the doctrine of

judicial estoppel from challenging the Arbitrator’s attorneys’ fees and costs awards because its

argument that the Arbitrator lacked authority to make the awards is inconsistent with the

arguments it advanced during the arbitration hearing. Id. at 9-10. Heierli also contends that

Contech waived its challenge to the Arbitrator’s jurisdiction to award attorneys’ fees and costs

when it failed to raise the challenge during the arbitration proceedings. Id. at 10-12. Heierli

further argues that the Court must defer to the Arbitrator’s determination regarding her

jurisdiction because the parties in this case intended for the Arbitrator to determine the scope of

her jurisdiction. Id. at 12-14. Heierli posits that the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), not the

D.C. UAA, governs the parties’ dispute and that Contech is judicially estopped from arguing

                                                  8
otherwise.6 Id. at 28-30. But even assuming that the D.C. UAA applies, Heierli argues that the

Arbitrator did not exceed her powers in awarding him attorneys’ fees and costs under the D.C.

UAA.7 Id. at 30-32. Heierli also contends that the plaintiffs’ arguments based on Delaware law

must fail because the Arbitrator did not exceed her powers in applying Delaware law to the

parties’ dispute. Id. at 14-16. Heierli further argues that the Arbitrator did not act in manifest

disregard of the law in awarding attorneys’ fees and costs, and thus, Contech cannot satisfy the

prerequisites necessary to successfully challenge the awards under the “manifest disregard of the

law” standard.8 Id. at 16-28. Therefore, he contends that the Court is not permitted to set aside

the awards. Id.

          Heierli also requests that the Court award him costs and attorneys’ fees for responding to

Contech’s petition. Id. at 32-34. Heierli maintains that Contech’s challenge is a “presumptively

unjustified” challenge to the merits of the awards. Id. at 32. Heierli opines that the Court should

use its equitable powers to award him attorneys’ fees and costs against Contech because it

unjustifiably refused to abide by the arbitration award. Id.9

          1.       The Procedural Challenge to the Petitioner’s Petition

6
    Contech did not respond to Heierli’s argument regarding the applicability of the FAA in its Reply Memorandum.
7
  Like the FAA, the D.C. UAA allows a court to vacate an arbitral award when an arbitrator exceeds her powers.
See D.C. Code § 16-4423(a)(4) (2009) (“[T]he court shall vacate an award made in the arbitration proceeding if . . .
[a]n arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s powers.”).
8
  Contech expressly denies that it challenges the Partial Award under the “manifest disregard of the law” standard.
See Petitioners’ Reply Memorandum In Support of the Petition to Vacate A Portion of the Arbitration Award
(“Contech’s Pet. to Vacate Reply”) at 7-8 (“Respondent’s attempt to mischaracterize Petitioners’ challenge as one
under the ‘manifest disregard’ standard must fail.”). However, the Court will nevertheless address this issue after
Heierli raised the argument in his Memorandum in Opposition to the Petition to Vacate.
9
  At this time the Court declines to address the issue of whether the plaintiff is entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs
in regards to Contech’s Petition to Vacate a Portion of the Arbitration Award and Heierli’s Petition to Confirm
Arbitration Award, as the issue has not been sufficiently briefed by the parties. Therefore, Heierli may file a separate
motion with the Court requesting such attorneys’ fees and costs. An order to this effect will be issued
contemporaneously with the issuance of this memorandum opinion.

                                                           9
        Under the FAA,10 an application to vacate an arbitration award “shall be made and heard

in the manner provided by law for the making and hearing of motions.” 9 U.S.C. § 6 (2006).11

The statute provides no other process for vacating an arbitration award and therefore the motions

process is the exclusive means of pursuing such relief. Id. Thus, the FAA does not allow a party

to initiate a challenge to an arbitration award by filing a complaint or a petition to vacate the

award. O.R. Sec., Inc. v. Prof’l Planning Assocs., 857 F.2d 742, 745-46 (11th Cir. 1988)

(citation omitted). A motion must be written—unless made during a hearing or trial—and state

both the grounds for seeking an order with particularity as well as the relief sought. Fed. R. Civ.

P. 7(b). In addition, this Court’s Local Rule addressing the filing of motions requires that a

motion be accompanied by a memorandum of points of law and authorities that support the

motion. LCvR 7(a). Federal courts, however, have discretion to treat a petition to vacate as a

motion if the parties have fully developed the issue or issues for the court. See O.R. Sec., Inc.,

857 F.2d at 746 (“[A]n erroneous nomenclature does not prevent the court from recognizing the

true nature of a motion.”) (quoting Sacks v. Reynolds Secs., Inc., 593 F.2d 1234, 1239

(D.C.Cir.1978). The Court also has discretion to allow a party to submit a “motion” that does

not include a memorandum of law and authorities if the other party is not prejudiced. See

Mazloum v. D.C. Metro. Police Dep’t, 576 F. Supp. 2d 25, 41 n.11 (D.D.C. 2008).

        Here, Contech has improperly challenged the arbitration award by filing a petition to

vacate the award rather than a motion accompanied by a memorandum of points and authorities.

See O.R. Sec., Inc., 857 F.2d at 745. The Court, however, will exercise its discretion and decline

10
   The Court notes that because the parties’ contracts impact interstate commerce, the FAA controls absent a clear
indication by the parties to the contrary. Jung v. Ass’n of Am. Med. Colls., 300 F. Supp. 2d 119, 144, 152 (D.D.C.
2004) (citations omitted). The Court will address this subject hereafter, infra pp. 12-14.
11
   The D.C. UAA also requires that a petition to vacate an arbitration award be filed as a motion in accordance with
the rules of the court in which the motion is brought. D.C. Code § 16-4405(a).

                                                        10
to dismiss Contech’s petition for these transgressions because the parties have fully developed

their arguments in their submissions to the Court. And in regard to Contech’s failure to submit a

memorandum of points of law and authorities as required by Local Civil Rule 7, the Court finds

that the respondent has not been prejudiced by this failing because the petition contains the

grounds on which Contech challenges the arbitration award and offers legal arguments in support

of its petition. The Court also notes that Heierli’s petition to enforce the Final Award suffers

from the same procedural defect he complains about. However, as with Contech’s petition, the

Court, in its discretion, likewise construes his petition as a motion.

       2.      The Respondent’s Judicial Estoppel Challenge

       The doctrine of judicial estoppel bars “a party from asserting a position [in court]

proceeding[s] that is [clearly inconsistent with] a position previously taken in the same or earlier

proceedings.” Karaha Bodas Co. v. Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak Dan Gas Bumi Negara,

364 F.3d 274, 293-94 (5th Cir. 2004) (finding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

applying the doctrine in proceedings challenging an arbitration award); accord Donovan v. U.S.

Postal Serv., 530 F. Supp. 894, 902 (D.D.C. 1981). The doctrine “preclude[s] litigants from

‘playing fast and loose’ with the courts, and prohibit[s] parties from deliberately changing

positions according to the exigencies of the moment.” Karaha Bodas Co., 364 F.3d at 294

(quoting United States v. McCaskey, 9 F.3d 368, 378 (5th Cir. 1993)). In determining whether

to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel, “several factors typically inform the decision . . . to

apply the doctrine in a particular case:” (1) whether the party’s later position is “clearly

inconsistent” with an earlier position; (2) whether the party was able to convince a court to

accept the earlier position; and (3) whether the party seeking to advance an inconsistent position

                                                  11
“would derive an unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not

estopped.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750-51 (2001) (citations omitted).

       Here, Contech is not attempting to advance arguments inconsistent with arguments it

made during the arbitration proceedings. In fact, Contech has consistently maintained that

although the Arbitrator had the power to award attorneys’ fees and costs, she only had authority

to make such awards if done so in compliance with Delaware law. Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 2 at 5-13

(Contech’s Motion for Reconsideration of (1) Interim Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs and

(2) Termination of the Management Services Agreement). Furthermore, Contech has

consistently maintained that the CPR Rules do not provide an independent basis for the

Arbitrator’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs. Id. at 4. Therefore, the Court finds that the

doctrine of judicial estoppel does not bar Contech from pursuing the arguments it advances

before this Court.

       3.      The FAA’s Applicability to Judicial Review of the Parties’ Dispute

       The FAA governs contracts to arbitrate disputes involving interstate commerce. 9 U.S.C.

§§ 1-2. “[T]he intent of the contracting parties to apply state arbitration rules or law to

arbitration proceedings [and opt out of the applicability of the FAA] must be explicitly stated in

the contract and . . . a general choice of law provision does not evidence such intent.” Jung v.

Ass'n of Am. Med. Colls., 300 F. Supp. 2d 119, 152 (D.D.C. 2004) (citing Sovak v. Chugai

Pharm. Co., 280 F.3d 1266, 1270 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[A] general choice-of-law clause within an

arbitration provision does not trump the presumption that the FAA supplies the rules for

arbitration.”); Roadway Package Sys., Inc. v. Kayser, 257 F.3d 287, 288-89 (3d Cir.2001) (“[A]

generic choice-of-law clause, standing alone, is insufficient to support a finding that contracting

parties intended to opt out of the FAA's default standards.”). The FAA “declare[s] a national

                                                 12
policy favoring arbitration” and supersedes conflicting state laws. Preston v. Ferrer, 552 U.S.

346, 353 (2008). Here, the parties contracted to sell construction materials nationwide. Heierli’s

Opp’n, Ex. 1 (Partial Award) at 5. Thus, their contract implicates interstate commerce and their

agreement to arbitrate their disputes is controlled by the FAA by “default” absent a clear

indication to the contrary. See Jung, 300 F. Supp. 2d at 152 (quoting Roadway Package Sys., 257

F.3d at 288-89).

       Contech has not adequately explained why the D.C. UAA rather than the FAA governs

judicial review of the parties’ arbitration of their dispute. The Court assumes that Contech is

asserting that the provision of the dispute resolution clause which states: “[a]ny mediation or

arbitration proceedings shall occur in Washington, D.C.,” Contech’s Pet. to Vacate, Ex. A

(Stockholders’ Agreement) ¶ 7.11, Ex. B (Management Services Agreement) ¶ 10(b), Ex. C

(Sales Representative Agreement) ¶ 14(b), expresses an agreement between the parties to opt out

of the FAA. In analogous situations, however, courts have found that even a choice of law

provision indicating that a particular jurisdiction’s substantive law will govern the agreement

does not amount to an express statement to opt out of the FAA. See, e.g., Mastrobuono v.

Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 59 (1995) (finding that the FAA preempted the New

York rule prohibiting punitive damage awards by arbitrators because the parties demonstrated no

contractual intent to opt out of the FAA even with the adoption of a choice of law clause); Jung,

300 F. Supp. 2d at 152-53 (indicating that “[n]umerous courts of appeals have concluded that

Mastrobuono requires that the intent of the contracting parties to apply state arbitration rules or

law to arbitration proceedings must be explicitly stated in the contract and . . . a general choice of

law provision does not evidence such intent,” in concluding that federal arbitration law governed

despite a “general choice of law provision”). While Contech’s argument is factually somewhat

                                                 13
stronger than analogous cases because the reference to Washington, D.C. appears in the

arbitration clause itself and not a separate choice of law clause,12 Mastrobuono makes clear that

an opt out clause must be explicit to be effective. Jung, 300 F. Supp. 2d at 152-53. As a result,

there is no clear intent expressed by the parties for the FAA not to govern the arbitration of

disputes between them; rather, the reference to Washington, D.C. is merely an agreement

between parties from different countries as to the location where the arbitration proceedings

would occur. Therefore, the Court must conclude that the FAA governs this matter, and

accordingly, provides the grounds on which the Partial Award may be vacated and the scope of

the Arbitrator’s authority.

        4.       The Applicability of Delaware Substantive Law to the Arbitral Resolution of the
                 Parties’ Dispute

        Neither party disputes that Delaware law governs the administration and interpretation of

the agreements between the parties because both the Stockholders’ Agreement and the

Management Services Agreement contain a choice of law provision invoking Delaware

substantive law.13 Contech’s Pet. to Vacate, Ex. A (Stockholders’ Agreement) ¶ 7.6, Ex. B

(Management Services Agreement) ¶ 10(a), Ex. C (Sales Representative Agreement) ¶ 14(a). In

its Petition to Vacate the Partial Award, Contech stated, “[i]n this case, the law of Delaware is

the applicable rule of law because it was expressly selected by the parties in the [Stockholders’,

Management Services, and Sales Representative] Agreements.” Contech’s Pet. to Vacate at 5.

And Heierli agreed in his Memorandum in Opposition to the Petition to Vacate that Delaware

law governed the parties’ dispute. See Heierli’s Opp’n at 13 & n.10. Moreover, in the second

12
 Section 7.11 of the Stockholders’ Agreement reads: “Any mediation or arbitration proceedings shall occur in
Washington, D.C., USA, unless otherwise agreed.” Contech’s Pet. to Vacate, Ex. A at 12.
13
  Delaware substantive law was applied by the Arbitrator in the two decisions at issue in these cases. See generally
Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 1 (Partial Award); Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate, Ex. J (Final Award).

                                                        14
action, Heierli requested pre-judgment interest based on the argument that it is mandatory under

Delaware law, Heierli’s Mem. to Confirm at 7, and Contech did not contest the applicability of

Delaware law on this issue. The Court therefore concludes that Delaware substantive law

governs the arbitral resolution of the parties’ dispute.

       5.      Whether the Partial Arbitration Award Should be Vacated

       Under the FAA, “judicial review of arbitral awards is extremely limited.” Kanuth v.

Prescott, Ball & Turben, Inc., 949 F.2d 1175, 1178 (D.C. Cir. 1991). “Courts thus do not sit to

hear claims of factual or legal error by an arbitrator as an appellate court does in reviewing

decisions of lower courts.” United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 38

(1987). Accordingly, the grounds for vacating an arbitration award are limited to “extreme

arbitral conduct” as defined in Sections 10 and 11 of the FAA. Hall St. Assocs. v. Mattel, Inc.,

552 U.S. 576, 586 (2008). The Court will first discuss the Arbitrator’s jurisdiction to award

attorneys’ fees and costs, and then discuss whether she “exceeded her powers” in making these

awards.

               a.      Whether the Parties Intended for the Arbitrator to Determine the Scope of
                       Their Agreement to Arbitrate

       When a dispute involving parties to an agreement with an arbitration clause is brought to

a court for resolution, it is the court’s obligation to determine whether the parties agreed to

submit a particular issue to arbitration unless the parties have made unmistakably clear that they

intended for the arbitrator, rather than the court, to determine the arbitrator’s jurisdiction. First

Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995). In determining whether there is clear

unmistakable evidence that the parties agreed to have an arbitrator determine the scope of their

agreement, “courts generally . . . should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the

                                                  15
formation of contracts.” Id.; see also, e.g., Grynberg v. BP P.L.C., 585 F. Supp. 2d 50, 54

(D.D.C. 2008).

        The parties here clearly intended to have the Arbitrator determine the scope of her own

jurisdiction. Under Delaware law, the incorporation of arbitral rules in the agreement giving the

arbitrator the ability to determine the scope of the arbitrator’s own jurisdiction, combined with an

arbitral clause providing for arbitration of all disputes, demonstrate clear unmistakable proof that

the parties intended the arbitrator to determine the scope of their agreement. See James &

Jackson, LLC v. Willie Gary, LLC, 906 A.2d 76, 80 (Del. 2006). And here, the parties’

agreements provide that “[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement

or the breach, termination or validity thereof, . . . shall be finally settled by arbitration . . . in

accordance with the CPR Rules for Non-Administered Arbitration.” Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 9

(Stockholders’ Agreement) ¶ 7.11; Ex. 10 (Management Services Agreement) ¶ 10(b); Ex. 11

(Sales Representative Agreement) ¶ 14(b). The CPR rules state that “[t]he [arbitration] Tribunal

shall have the power to hear and determine challenges to its jurisdiction, including any

objections with respect to the existence, scope or validity of the arbitration agreement.” CPR

Rule 8.1; Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 12. Because the parties clearly indicated their intent to have the

Arbitrator determine the scope of the arbitration agreement, they granted her the power to

determine her own jurisdiction, thus allowing her to decide whether she had the authority to

award attorneys’ fees and costs. Moreover, the CPR Rules themselves provide a basis for

awarding attorneys’ fees and costs, which state: “[t]he Tribunal shall fix the costs of arbitration

in its award . . . [and such] costs of arbitration includes . . . [t]he costs for legal representation

and assistance and experts incurred by a party to such extent as the Tribunal may deem

appropriate . . . .” CPR Rule 16.2; Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 12. Finally, the Arbitrator unequivocally

                                                    16
stated in her Order regarding Contech’s motion for reconsideration that her finding was based

primarily on the fact that “[i]t is uncontroverted that Delaware law permits such an award where

circumstances warrant [the award].” Heierli’s Opp’n, Ex. 5 (July 15 Order). And the Arbitrator

made a legal finding that the circumstances in this case warranted attorney’s fees and such fees

were clearly permissible under Delaware law.

       The Court can find no reason to reject the Arbitrator’s conclusion that she had

jurisdiction to award attorneys’ fees and costs. Thus, Contech position that the Arbitrator acted

beyond the parameters of the agreement, the arbitration rules, and Delaware law in awarding

attorney’s fees, Petitioners’ Reply Memorandum In Support of the Petition to Vacate a Portion of

the Arbitration Award (“Contech’s Pet. to Vacate Reply”) at 7-10, must be rejected.

               b.      Whether the Arbitrator Exceeded Her Powers

       A court may set aside an arbitration award “where the arbitrator[] exceeded [her]

power[], or so imperfectly executed [it] that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject

matter submitted was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). However, “[a]s long as the arbitrator is

even arguably construing or applying the contract and acting within the scope of [her] authority,

that a court is convinced [she] committed serious error does not suffice to overturn [her]

decision.” Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1180 (quoting United Paperworkers Int’l Union, 484 U.S. at 38).

And when examining an arbitration award “it is particularly necessary to accord the ‘narrowest

of readings’ to the excess-of-authority provision of [9 U.S.C. § 10].” Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1180.

       Having found that the Arbitrator had the power to determine her jurisdiction, the essence

of Contech’s remaining arguments, despite its contentions to the contrary, Contech’s Pet. to

Vacate Reply at 7-8, can only be construed as a challenge based on the Arbitrator’s

misinterpretation of Delaware law and the CPR rules in awarding attorneys’ fees and costs.

                                                17
Contech’s Pet. to Vacate ¶¶ 22-29. The Arbitrator found that Delaware law imposes strict

penalties, including the award of attorneys’ fees and costs, in order to discourage breaches of

fiduciary duties. Id., Ex. D (Partial Award) at 34. She therefore imposed attorneys’ fees and

costs against Contech in regards to the breach of its fiduciary duty. Id. Alternatively, the

Arbitrator found that the CPR rules “provide an independent basis to award both attorneys[’] fees

and the costs of the proceeding.” Id. Contech’s argument that the Arbitrator lacked the power to

award attorneys’ fees and costs under CPR Rule 16.2 because an arbitrator’s authority to make

awards under that rule is limited by CPR Rule 10.3,14 Contech’s Pet. to Vacate ¶¶ 22-26, in

addition to its argument that the arbitrator misapplied Thorpe by Castleman v. CERBO, 676

A.2d 436 (Del. 1996), because “the Arbitrator did not award a common corporate benefit to

BEBOTech or its shareholders, and because there was no possible benefit flowing to BEBOTech

or its shareholders as a result of Heierli’s action,” Contech’s Pet. to Vacate ¶¶ 27-29,

consequently amount to attacks on the Arbitrator’s legal findings,15 see Contech’s Pet. to Vacate

14
   CPR Rule 10.3 states: “The Tribunal may grant any remedy or relief, including but not limited to specific
performance of a contract, which is within the scope of the agreement of the parties and permissible under the law(s)
or rules of law applicable to the dispute.” Contech’s Pet. To Vacate, Ex. D (CPR Rules).
15
   Heierli contends that Contech is “trying to argue that the Arbitrator’s decision was in ‘manifest disregard of the
law . . . .’” Heierli’s Opp’n at 17. After the Supreme Court’s decision in Hall Street Associates, LLC v. Mattel, Inc.,
552 U.S. 576 (2008), holding that the grounds enumerated in Sections 10(a) and 11 of the FAA are the exclusive
means for vacating an arbitral award, it is questionable whether “manifest disregard of the law” remains as a basis
for vacating an arbitration award. See Republic of Argentina v. BG Group PLC, 715 F. Supp. 2d 108, 115 n.7
(D.D.C. 2010) (Walton, J.). The text of this Court’s footnote in Republic of Argentina reads:

                  [The petitioner] relies on the non-statutory ground that an arbitral award may be
                  vacated where the award was issued in “manifest disregard of the law.” Lessin
                  v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 481 F.3d 813, 816 (D.C. Cir.
                  2007). A question remains, however, as to whether this basis for vacating an
                  arbitral award survived the Supreme Court's recent decision in Hall Street
                  Associates, 552 U.S. 576 (2008). There, the Supreme Court concluded that
                  Sections 10(a) and 11 of the FAA “provide the . . . exclusive grounds for
                  expedited vacatur and modification,” 552 U.S. at 584 (emphasis added), but
                  acknowledged that its “vague phrasing” of the “manifest disregard of the law”
                  standard in prior precedents has caused confusion amongst the various circuit
                  courts of appeals, with some circuits viewing that standard as being
                                                                                                        (continued . . .)

                                                          18
¶¶ 25-26 (“[The] CPR Rules . . . give the Arbitrator [the power] to award attorneys’ fees and

costs to Heierli only if that award is supported by Delaware law . . . [but] [t]he Arbitrator’s

award of attorneys’ fees and costs to Heierli in this proceeding is prohibited by Delaware law).

          Irrespective of whether Contech is challenging the Partial Award under the “manifest

disregard of the law” standard, the fact that the Arbitrator may have misapplied Delaware law or

the CPR Rules is not a basis for vacating the award under the FAA. See LaPrade v. Kidder,

Peabody & Co., 246 F.3d 702, 706 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1178) (stating

that to prevail under the “manifest disregard of the law” standard, the party seeking to vacate

must demonstrate “more than error or misunderstanding with respect to the law”); Teamsters

Local Union No. 61 v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 272 F.3d 600, 604 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting

Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1178) (stating “judicial review of arbitral awards is extremely limited,” and

that this Court “do[es] not sit to hear claims of factual or legal error by an arbitrator” in the same

manner that an appeals court would review the decision of a lower court); LaPrade v. Kidder,

Peabody & Co., 94 F. Supp. 2d 2, 4 (D.D.C. 2000), aff'd, 246 F.3d at 705 (stating that “a court

must confirm an arbitration award where some colorable support for the award can be gleaned

(. . . continued)
                    encompassed within the grounds explicitly listed under the FAA (specifically
                    Sections 10(a)(3) and (4)), id. at 585, while others, including the District of
                    Columbia Circuit, have viewed the standard as independent of the grounds
                    explicitly enumerated under Section 10(a), see Lessin, 481 F.3d at 816 (“In
                    addition to the grounds under the [FAA] . . . on which an arbitration award may
                    be vacated, an award may be vacated only if it is ‘in manifest disregard of the
                    law.’ ”). The Supreme Court remained silent, however, as to which approach is
                    correct, and neither the Supreme Court nor the District of Columbia Circuit have
                    yet to weigh in on whether Hall Street Associates affects any of their respective
                    precedents. See Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp., __ U.S. ___,
                    ___, 130 S. Ct. 1758, 1768, n.3 (2010) (declining to decide whether the
                    “manifest disregard of the law” standard survived Hall Street Associates);
                    Regnery Pub., Inc. v. Miniter, 368 Fed. Appx. 148, 149 (D.C. Cir. 2010)
                    (assuming, without deciding, that the “manifest disregard of the law” standard
                    survived Hall Street Associates ).

715 F. Supp. 2d at 115 n.7.

                                                          19
from the record”). Consequently, because it has determined that the arbitrator had jurisdiction to

award attorneys’ fees and costs, the Court must affirm the award even if it believes that the

arbitrator has committed error. See Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1180 (quoting United Paperworkers

Int’l Union, 484 U.S. at 38) (“[A]s long as the arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying

the contract and acting within the scope of [her] authority, that a court is convinced [she]

committed serious error does not suffice to overturn [her] decision.”). Thus, the Court cannot

find that the Arbitrator exceeded her power in awarding attorneys’ fees and costs.

B.     The Final Award

       In his Petition to Confirm the Final Award, Heierli asserts that this Court must confirm

the arbitration award because “[t]he parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute and agreed that

judgment could be entered on the arbitration award, the Final Award was made in the District of

Columbia, the Petition was filed within one year of the Final Award being made, and there are

no grounds upon which the Final Award could be vacated.” Heierli’s Mem. to Confirm at 6.

Heierli also asserts that the court should award him pre-judgment interest on the Arbitrator’s

award from the date of the award to the date of the entry of judgment by this Court as is

mandated by Delaware law, which constitutes the law the parties agreed would govern

application of the Stockholders’ Agreement. Id. at 7.

       In response, Contech offers three bases upon which this Court should vacate the Final

Award: (1) the Arbitrator “exceeded her jurisdiction” by deciding a new dispute that had not

been processed through the dispute resolution procedure the parties agreed to before a dispute

would be submitted to arbitration, Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate at 6-10; (2) the Arbitrator

“exceeded her jurisdiction” by deciding the value of Heierli’s shares as of May 2009 rather than

assessing their value period between March 2006 and February 2007, id. at 11-12; and (3) the

                                                 20
Arbitrator acted in manifest disregard of the express terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement by

wrongfully rejecting Contech’s use of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) to

determine the purchase price Heierli was entitled to receive for his BEBOTech shares, id. at 12-

14.16

         Heierli responds with a series of alternate grounds upon which the Court should reject

Contech’s two arguments that the Arbitrator “exceeded her jurisdiction.” First, Heierli asserts

that Contech’s argument that Heierli failed to satisfy a condition precedent to the arbitration of

the parties’ dispute, i.e., participation in negotiations and mediation, is an argument challenging a

decision of “procedural arbitrability,” which is an issue subject to the Arbitrator’s discretion that

is not reviewable by this court. Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s Cross-Petition to Vacate

Arbitration Award, and Reply to Defendant’s Opposition to Petition to Confirm Arbitration

Award (“Opp’n to Cross-Pet. & Reply”) at 14-15. Failing the success of that position, Heierli

argues that even if the challenge “raises question of ‘substantive’ rather than ‘procedural’

arbitrability,” the question of arbitrability is one the parties agreed would be decided by the

Arbitrator. Id. at 15. As support for this position, Heierli notes that the CPR Rules provide that

“[t]he Tribunal [,i.e., the Arbitrator] shall have the power to hear and determine challenges to its

jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence, scope or validity of the

arbitration agreement,” id. at 16 (citing CPR Rule 8.1), and posits that the parties through their

Stockholders’ Agreement demonstrated their unmistakable intention “to have the Arbitrator

16
   Contech originally offered an additional basis for vacating the Final Award—that “the Arbitrator acted in
manifest disregard of the law by ordering that Contech could not withhold federal taxes from the interest she ordered
Contech to pay . . . Heierli . . ., even if federal tax law required Contech to do so.” Defendant Contech Construction
Products Inc.’s Notice of Withdrawal of One Ground for Its Cross-Petition to Vacate (“Contech’s Withdrawal
Notice”) at 1-2; see also Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate at 14. Contech withdrew this argument as “moot” after
Heierli provided proof that he had executed the required form “attesting that he is a resident of Switzerland” and
therefore the withholding of United States federal income tax by Contech was not required by federal law.
Contech’s Withdrawal Notice at 1-2.

                                                         21
determine her own jurisdiction by providing that, ‘[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of or

relating to this Agreement or the breach, termination or viability thereof’ should be decided by

the arbitrator ‘in accordance with the CPR Rules for Non-Administered Arbitration,’” id. (citing

Stockholders Agreement ¶ 7.11). Alternatively, Heierli opines that Contech abandoned its

jurisdictional challenge by conceding during the October 2009 arbitration hearings that it was not

raising completely new positions at that time but rather was requesting that the Arbitrator

reconsider the same rulings she had rendered in her earlier Partial Award. Id. at 17. Heierli next

argues that if the Court permits Contech to challenge the Arbitrator’s jurisdiction, the challenge

should nonetheless fail because (1) “[t]he determination of the purchase price for Heierli’s

[s]hares” did not concern a new dispute but involved application of the Arbitrator’s Partial

Award rulings; (2) “Heierli was not required to restart the dispute resolution process”; (3)

“[n]egotiation and mediation were not conditions precedent to arbitration”; (4) “[e]ven if the

parties’ arbitration clause technically required Heierli to go through yet another round of

negotiation and mediation—and it did not—[Heierli] was relieved of that obligation because

Contech breached [that] very requirement”; (5) “Heierli did, in fact, comply with the negotiation

and mediation provisions of the arbitration clause” and; (6) “[v]acating the Final Award would

work an inequitable forfeiture.” Id. at 18-23. Finally, Heierli responds to Contech’s argument

“that the Arbitrator ‘manifestly disregarded the law’ by supposedly failing to apply a provision in

the Stockholders’ Agreement regarding Generally Accepted Accounting Principles [GAAP],” id.

at 26, by drawing the Court’s attention to Contech’s failure to identify any governing legal

principle the Arbitrator knew about yet refused to apply, id. at 27. Heierli essentially

characterizes the challenge by Contech as merely a disagreement with the Arbitrator’s final

                                                 22
decision rather than one that identifies a governing principle of law, which was presented to,

known, and ignored by the Arbitrator. Id. at 27-28.

       1.       Standard of Review in Determining Whether the Final Award Should be
                Confirmed

       The Court’s authority to confirm the final arbitral award in this case is governed by

section 9 of the FAA, which provides the following:

                If the parties in their agreement have agreed that a judgment of the
                court shall be entered upon the award made pursuant to the
                arbitration, and shall specify the court, then at any time within one
                year after the award is made any party to the arbitration may apply
                to the court so specified for an order confirming the award, and
                thereupon the court must grant such an order unless the award is
                vacated, modified, or corrected as prescribed in sections 10 and 11
                of this title.

9 U.S.C. § 9.

       The Supreme Court has held that the grounds enumerated in Sections 10(a) and 11 of the

FAA are the exclusive means for vacating, modifying, or correcting an arbitral award. Hall Street

Assocs., LLC v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576 (2008). Under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a), a court may vacate

an arbitration award upon application of any party to the arbitration if the award was procured by

“corruption, fraud, or undue means;” if there was “evident partiality or corruption in the

arbitrator[];” if the “arbitrator[] [was] guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing . .

. or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy;” or if the “arbitrator[]

exceeded [her] powers.” Under 9 U.S.C. § 11, a court may modify or correct an arbitral award if

(1) the movant can demonstrate that “there was an evident material miscalculation of figures[,]

or an evident material mistake in the description of any person, thing, or property referred to in

the award,” (2) the arbitrator has rendered a decision “upon a matter not submitted to [her],

                                                  23
unless it is a matter not affecting the merits of the decision upon the matter submitted,” or (3)

“the award is imperfect in matter of form not affecting the merits of the controversy.” Id.

       In applying these standards to determine whether vacatur or modification of the Final

Award is warranted, the Court reiterates that it must remain mindful of the principle that

“judicial review of arbitral awards is extremely limited,” and that this Court “do[es] not sit to

hear claims of factual or legal error by an arbitrator” in the same manner that an appeals court

would review the decision of a lower court. Teamsters Local Union No. 61, 272 F.3d at 604

(quoting Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1178). In fact, a broader review of an arbitrator's decision would

frustrate the FAA’s “emphatic federal policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution,” Mitsubishi

Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 631 (1985) (noting that the policy

“applies with special force in the field of international commerce”), because such scrutiny would

“undermin[e] the goals of arbitration, namely, settling disputes efficiently and avoiding lengthy

and expensive litigation,” LaPrade, 94 F. Supp. 2d at 4-5. Instead, “a court must confirm an

arbitration award where some colorable support for the award can be gleaned from the record.”

Id. at 4. Thus, “[t]he showing required to avoid summary confirmation of an arbitration award is

high, and a party moving to vacate the award has the burden of proof.” Willemijn

Houdstermaatschappij, BV v. Standard Microsystems Corp., 103 F.3d 9, 12 (2d Cir. 1997)

(citations omitted). Unless the Court has grounds to vacate, modify, or correct the Final Award,

it must grant the petition to confirm the award. See Adkins v. Teseo, 180 F. Supp. 2d 15, 18

(D.D.C. 2001) (quoting Taylor v. Nelson, 788 F.2d 220, 225 (4th Cir. 1986) (“A confirmation

proceeding under 9 U.S.C. § 9 is intended to be summary: confirmation can only be denied if an

award has been corrected, vacated or modified in accordance with the Federal Arbitration Act.”).

                                                 24
               a.      Challenge to the Arbitrator’s Jurisdiction to Make the Final Award

       The Arbitrator “determined that [she] had jurisdiction to resolve [the issues presented in

reaching the Final Award, finding that] they represented a continuation of the parties’ existing

dispute regarding the appropriateness of various expense categories Contech sought to deduct

from the [earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization], matters which were

previously addressed in the first hearing,” Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate, Ex. J (Final Award) at

6, which was held in conjunction with the issuance of the Partial Award. The Court is precluded

from holding that the “arbitrator[] exceeded [her] power” under 9 U.S.C. § 10 “[a]s long as the

arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying the contract and acting within the scope of

[her] authority . . . .” Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1180 (quoting United Paperworkers Int’l Union, 484

U.S. at 38). Moreover, courts are required to “accord the ‘narrowest of readings’ to the excess-

of-authority provision of [9 U.S.C. § 10].” Id. When “the parties agree to submit the

arbitrability question itself to arbitration[,]” the court reviews an arbitrator’s decisions regarding

arbitrability under the same standard of review that applies to any other decision made by the

arbitrator. First Options, 514 U.S. at 943. While the court owes deference to any decision of the

arbitrator, deference to jurisdictional and procedural decisions is no greater than the deference

that must be accorded to any other decision. Id. Here, the Court has found nothing in record to

suggest that the Arbitrator’s view—that the issues addressed in the Final Award were related to

issues that were addressed in her partial award and thus her exercise of jurisdiction to address the

same issues was proper—falls outside the confines of the parties’ contract or resulted in the

Arbitrator acting beyond the scope of her authority. See Kanuth, 949 F.2d at 1180. Accordingly,

the Court can find no compelling reason to reach a different conclusion.

                                                  25
               b.      Contech’s Challenge that the Arbitrator Acted in Manifest Disregard of
                       the Law

       Notwithstanding the Court’s previous notation regarding the status of the “manifest

disregard of the law” standard following Hall Street Associates, Contech has nevertheless failed

to satisfy the standard.

                       To prevail under the “manifest disregard of the law”
               standard, [the movant] must demonstrate “more than error or
               misunderstanding with respect to the law.” Rather, it must show
               that “(1) the arbitrators knew of a governing legal principle[,] yet
               refused to apply it or ignored it altogether[,] and (2) the law
               ignored by the arbitrators was well[-]defined, explicit, and clearly
               applicable to the case.”

Republic of Argentina, 715 F. Supp. 2d at 123 (quoting LaPrade, 246 F.3d at 706) (internal

citations omitted). Contech argues here that the Arbitrator acted in manifest disregard of the law

by rejecting its use of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in calculating earnings

before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, quoting the sentences in the Stockholders’

Agreement that reads: earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization “of the

Company shall be determined in accordance with United States accrual basis Generally Accepted

Accounting Principles, consistently applied.” Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate at 13.

       The Arbitrator framed her decision regarding the propriety of various expenses Contech

claimed were mandated by GAAP as follows:

               First, as I noted in the Partial Award, the contract, not GAAP,
               controls the calculation of the value of the [s]hares. The
               calculation is based on [earnings before interest, taxes,
               depreciation and amortization]. [Earnings before interest, taxes,
               depreciation and amortization are] not defined at all in GAAP. It
               is defined in the [Stockholders’ Agreement]. The central focus of
               this inquiry is not, therefore, what GAAP requires but first and
               foremost, what the [Stockholders’ Agreement] requires.

                                                26
Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate, Ex. J (Final Award) at 6. The Arbitrator therefore did not state

that applying GAAP was proper and then rejected its application. Instead, she considered the

other language of the Stockholders’ Agreement, including the sample calculation of earnings

before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, to be controlling. Id.

         In addition, the Arbitrator based her refusal to apply GAAP to the purchase price on

“extensive testimony and argument by both parties, including the testimony of competing

experts.” Opp’n to Cross-Pet. & Reply at 28. Thus, the Court cannot conclude that she

“stray[ed] from interpretation and application of the agreement and effectively dispense[d] [her]

own brand of industrial justice.” Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., ___ U.S. ___,

___, 130 S.Ct. 1758, 1767 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citations omitted). In fact,

just the opposite is the case.

         To show manifest disregard of the law, “there must be no colorable support for the

[Arbitrator’s] award in the record; if it seems that the [Arbitrator] rejected [the movant’s]

argument after fair consideration, then [the movant’s] showing falls short, and the Court must

enter the [Arbitrator’s] judgment.” LaPrade, 94 F. Supp. 2d at 6. Here, the Arbitrator relied on

extensive testimony, expert analysis, and the parties’ arguments in arriving at her decisions

regarding the application of GAAP to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and

amortization. See, e.g., Contech’s Cross-Pet. to Vacate, Ex. K (transcript of the proceedings

before the Arbitrator where an expert was examined regarding principles of GAAP and earnings

before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization).17 Thus, even if manifest disregard remains

a viable basis for vacating an arbitration award, Contech has failed to meet this standard.18

17
   Heierli also attacks Contech’s challenge to the Final Award, arguing that “Contech abandoned” its challenge to
the jurisdictional authority of the Arbitrator “at the October 2009 hearing and, in fact” submitted issues to the
                                                                                                         (continued . . .)

                                                           27
        4.       The Award of Pre-Judgment Interest on the Judgment

        “Interest is awarded in Delaware as a matter of right and not of judicial discretion.”

Moskowitz v. Mayor of Wilmington, 391 A.2d 209, 210 (Del. 1978). Furthermore, “[a]s a

general rule, interest accumulates from the date payment was due the plaintiff, because full

compensation requires an allowance for the detention of the compensation awarded and interest

is used as a basis for measuring that allowance.” Id. Here, the Stockholders’ Agreement

provides that it is governed by Delaware law. Heierli is therefore entitled to an award of pre-

judgment interest on the Final Award, at the rate determined by the arbitrator in the Final Award,

from the date that award was made up to and including the date of the issuance of the Order that

accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                III. Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants Heierli’s Cross-Petition to enforce the Partial

Award and his Petition to Confirm the Final Award, and denies Contech’s Petition to Vacate the

Partial Award and its Cross-Petition to Vacate the Final Award.19

                                                                       ________/s/_______________
                                                                       REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                                       United States District Judge

(. . . continued)
Arbitrator, which resulted in “the now-challenged rulings.” Id. at 17. The Court need not address this argument,
having decided the issue on other grounds.
18
   As noted earlier, Contech’s manifest disregard of the law challenge originally included a second theory—that the
Arbitrator acted in manifest disregard of the law by deciding that Contech could not withhold federal taxes on
interest payments made to Heierli in spite of federal tax law. However, Contech has withdrawn this challenge. See
supra p. 19, note 11.
19
   This Memorandum Opinion accompanies the Order that was issued on September 30, 2010 and the Final Order
issued contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                        28