Court Opinion

ID: 9351651
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-03 12:08:25.957284+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:01:28.560162
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      NO. 03-21-00338-CR

                              Kenneth Gregory Knight, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                  The State of Texas, Appellee

             FROM THE 26TH DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY
      NO. 19-1197-K26, THE HONORABLE DONNA GAYLE KING, JUDGE PRESIDING

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

               Kenneth Gregory Knight was convicted of capital murder and was sentenced to

life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 12.31, 19.03. In

two issues on appeal, Knight contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction and that the trial court erred by denying his motion for mistrial after the State elicited

testimony regarding a prior robbery. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

                                         BACKGROUND

               At 9:37 a.m. on February 18, 2019, a 911 dispatcher received a call from a man

identifying himself as Knight and stating that he had been shot, that he was in the apartment of

the man who shot him, and that the person who shot him was dead. The 911 dispatcher directed

police and EMS to the apartment where Knight was calling from. When the police arrived on the

scene, Knight opened the apartment door. The police entered the living room of the apartment,
observed that Knight was bleeding from his head, and noticed that a deceased man was in the

living room on his knees with the top portion of his body face down on the couch. The deceased

man was later identified as John Scott Lyman. After the police secured the scene, Knight was

transported to the hospital and treated for a gunshot wound to his face.

               While in the apartment, the police observed a pair of jeans on the coffee table

with the pockets pulled outward; a black duffel bag near the couch containing a ticket for

someone named Mark Taylor and books, including one with an inscription for “Mark”; and a

stack of money totaling $550 to the left of the couch. When walking through the apartment, the

police noticed that cabinet doors had been left open and that the mattress in Lyman’s bedroom

had been partially pulled off the bedframe. The police found on the couch “a black and pink SIG

Sauer Mosquito” semiautomatic firearm that used .22 caliber ammunition and found a small

Derringer revolver on the kitchen floor that also used .22 caliber ammunition. The Derringer

was on the opposite side of the apartment from Lyman’s body. The bullets inside the chambers

of both weapons were from the same Federal brand, but the ammunition inside the magazine for

the SIG Sauer was a different brand. The police also observed fired cartridge cases on the living

room carpet, by the kitchen bar stools, near the door to Lyman’s bedroom, and near the pantry

door, and the police discovered projectiles in the wall by the patio door and in the pantry.

               The police noticed apparent blood throughout the apartment, including on the

living room floor; on a light switch and alarm panel near the front door; on the coffee table near

the couch; on two $100 bills on the living room floor; on the kitchen floor; underneath the bar

stools in the kitchen; on cabinet door handles; on the refrigerator; near the entrance to Lyman’s

bedroom; in Lyman’s bedroom at the base of Lyman’s bed, on the mattress, and on the sheets; on

the duffel bag; and on the black and pink Sig Sauer. The police collected blood samples from

                                                 2
those locations for testing and observed that there were shoe impressions in the blood on the

living room carpet and on the kitchen floor.

               Inside the apartment, the police found an iPhone near the front door and two

Samsung cell phones. As part of their investigation, the police determined that the Samsung

phones belonged to Lyman, that the iPhone was registered to Mark Taylor, and that the iPhone

had the same number as the phone that had been used to call 911 on the morning of the offense.

While some officers covered the crime scene, others talked with Lyman’s neighbors to see if

they witnessed anything. One of the neighbors informed the police that while he was outside, he

saw a man carrying a black duffel bag walk up to and knock on Lyman’s door. The neighbor

had never seen the man before. After Lyman opened the door, Lyman and the man had an

awkward conversation in which the man asked to come inside and use the restroom to which

Lyman told the man no. The neighbor told the police that he heard gunshots after he went inside.

               As part of their investigation, the police searched the following cars found in the

parking lot of the apartment complex: a black Kia that they believed Knight drove to the scene

and a BMW and an Acura that both belonged to Lyman. In the glovebox for the Acura, there

were two stacks of money totaling $20,000. Inside the black Kia, the police found Knight’s

automobile insurance card and two LG cell phones that belonged to him, but the police also

found a stack of identification cards for Taylor.

               Another officer went to the hospital to talk with Knight. The officer went through

Knight’s belongings that the hospital stored for Knight while he was being treated. The officer

noticed that there was no money inside Knight’s wallet, but the hospital collected over $4,000 in

cash from Knight’s shorts. The money had blood on it. Knight also had a key for the black Kia,

a key for Lyman’s Acura, and a key fob for Lyman’s BMW. After discovering where Knight

                                                    3
lived and obtaining a search warrant, the police searched his home and found a box of Federal

.22 caliber bullets.

                Knight was charged with capital murder for killing Lyman while committing or

attempting to commit a robbery. At trial, police officers testified regarding their investigation

and observations in this case. In addition, forensic scientists testified regarding fingerprint

analyses and DNA testing that were performed in this case, and the medical examiner testified

regarding the cause of death. Further, several individuals who knew Lyman, Knight, or Taylor

testified, and Lyman’s neighbor testified regarding the morning in question. The trial court

admitted a recording of the 911 call by Knight, footage from a responding officer’s body camera,

police investigation photos, and case forensic reports.

                First, a friend and employee of Lyman testified that Lyman was a sports bookie

and kept money under his mattress, on top of cabinets, and in his closet. Further, the friend

explained that Lyman had a .22 caliber Derringer that he kept with him and had other weapons in

the apartment. When discussing Lyman’s apartment, the friend explained that she went there

multiple times a week, that Lyman did not keep his apartment disorganized, that she had been

there a few days before the incident, and that it was not in the state of disarray depicted in the

crime scene photos because the cabinets were not open and because Lyman’s mattress was fully

on the bedframe. Another of Lyman’s friends testified that Lyman was a bookie, kept money

around for bets, kept money under his bed, and carried a weapon with him. The friend also

explained that Knight and Lyman previously lived together; however, she also stated that Knight

and Lyman currently did not get along and that it would be surprising if Lyman allowed Knight

into his apartment.

                                                 4
              Next, Taylor’s ex-girlfriend testified that she and Taylor lived with Knight in

November 2018 and that Knight worked for Taylor at a poker room. In her testimony, she

explained that Taylor turned himself into federal custody in January 2019. She related that

Taylor gave Knight access to his belongings, including his Kia, and asked Knight to handle his

business while he was away. In addition, she stated that Knight never had any money but that he

told her a few days before he was arrested that he was about to come into a lot of money from “a

side hustle” and would buy her a car. However, she also stated that he said that he was a bad

person and that the police would come after him. Moreover, she testified that he had two guns,

that one of them was black and pink, and that he had ammunition for that weapon. When shown

a picture of the black and pink Sig Sauer recovered from Lyman’s apartment, she testified that

the weapon belonged to Knight.

              In addition, one of Knight’s former girlfriends testified that she was friends with

Lyman, that Lyman was a bookie, that Lyman was known to have a lot of money on him, and

that Lyman gave Knight money multiple times to help him. She related that Knight struggled

financially, did not have a steady income, never had large amounts of cash, and did not have

enough money to support his family. Further, she described how Knight and she moved in with

Lyman for a year, how Knight and Taylor discussed ways to take Lyman’s money, and how

Knight regularly told her that he was going to rob Lyman. Additionally, she testified that Knight

heard Lyman say that he kept money under his mattress. Moreover, she related that Knight sent

her a text message with a picture of the pink and black gun found at Lyman’s home. During her

cross-examination, she related that Lyman worried about getting robbed, that he incorrectly

accused Knight of stealing from him previously, that she thought Lyman pulled a gun out when

accusing Knight of stealing from him, and that Lyman always had a gun on him.

                                               5
              One of the crime scene specialists testified that the blood patterns and pooling

found throughout the apartment indicated that someone was bleeding and walking throughout the

apartment. Further, she explained that Lyman’s Derringer could not expel casings because it was

a revolver but that the black and pink semiautomatic would eject casings. Further, she related

that the Derringer may have misfired and had two fired cartridge casings inside but that the

weapon was near the pantry in the kitchen and not near where Lyman died. When describing the

scene, she stated that there were no weapons near Lyman or the couch other than the black and

pink Sig Sauer, which was covered in blood. Next, she related that the following factors

indicated to her that someone had been searching for something throughout the apartment: the

presence of blood throughout the apartment, the shoe impressions in pools of blood, the cabinets

being open, the mattress being askew, and the jeans with the pockets turned out. During her

cross-examination, she explained that blood near the pantry could have been consistent with a

struggle and that Lyman could have gotten blood on his feet through an altercation. Further, she

related that the blood swipe on the wall near Lyman’s bedroom could be consistent with

someone stabilizing himself while bleeding profusely.

              One of the forensic scientists involved in this case testified that she found a latent

fingerprint on the top part of the black and pink Sig Sauer and that the print came from

Knight’s left palm. Another forensic scientist testified that he analyzed fragments recovered

from Lyman’s body and that the fragments had some characteristics consistent with having

been fired from the black and pink Sig Sauer; however, he related that he could not confirm

that the fragments were fired from that gun because the fragments were too damaged to make a

scientific determination and that he did not test whether the fragments could have been fired

from the Derringer.

                                                6
               Regarding DNA testing performed in this case, another forensic scientist testified

that testing was done on blood samples obtained from a wall, a sheet from Lyman’s bed, the

floor near the bathroom, the floor near the bar stools in the kitchen, the carpet from the living

room, the light switch by the front door, the wall near the entrance to Lyman’s bedroom, the

handle from a cabinet, the magazine from the black and pink Sig Sauer, and some of the money

collected from the scene. The forensic scientist explained that the results all excluded Lyman as

a potential contributor to the DNA profiles, specified that the DNA came from a single male

individual, included Knight as a potential contributor, and explained that the odds of obtaining

the DNA profiles if Knight was the contributor were more than a septillion times greater than the

probability of obtaining the profiles if the DNA came from an unrelated and unknown individual.

               Concerning testing performed on the duffel bag, the forensic scientist related that

testing showed that the profile is “a mixture of three individuals, at least one of which is male”;

that “[t]he probability of this profile if the DNA came from . . . Knight and two unknown

individuals is 123,000 times greater than the probability of this profile if the DNA came from

three unrelated, unknown individuals”; that “Knight is a possible contributor to the profile”; that

“[t]he probability of this profile if the DNA came from . . . Lyman and two unknown individuals

is 29 times greater than the probability of this profile if the DNA came from three unrelated,

unknown individuals”; and that “Lyman is a possible contributor to the profile.” Regarding

testing performed on the jeans with the pockets out, she testified that Lyman was an assumed

contributor because the jeans belonged to him, that “[t]he DNA profile from this item is

interpreted as a mixture of three individuals, at least two of which are male”; that “[t]he

probability of this profile if the DNA came from John Lyman, Kenneth Knight, and one

unknown individual is 117 septillion times greater than the probability of this profile if the

                                                7
DNA came from John Lyman and two unrelated, unknown individuals”; and that “[t]his

likelihood ratio indicates support for the proposition that Kenneth Knight is a possible

contributor to the profile.”

               One of the detectives involved in this case testified regarding forensic efforts that

were made to search the following five phones seized in the investigation: the iPhone found in

Lyman’s apartment that Knight used, Lyman’s two Samsung phones, and Knight’s two LG cell

phones discovered in the Kia. The Detective explained that his investigation revealed that

the iPhone belonged to Taylor. Further, the Detective explained that after Taylor surrendered

to federal authorities in January 2019, someone used Taylor’s phone to respond to two text

messages in February 2019 before the incident and explain in those messages that Taylor was

in prison.

               Along those same lines, a crime analyst testified about reports detailing usage for

the five cell phones. Regarding one of Knight’s LG phones, the analyst related that the phone

was used to send a picture of Knight with a firearm in the background to Knight’s ex-girlfriend

on January 13, 2019. Further, the analyst explained that she prepared a report of exchanges

between one of Knight’s LG phones and Taylor’s iPhone from January 2019 before Taylor

turned himself in and related that the following exchanges occurred:

       Taylor’s iPhone January 8: U absolutely cannot let anyone see me and u talking
       [t]o report to Scott

       Knight’s LG: No problem

       Taylor’s iPhone January 22: Scotty was gone all day

       Knight’s LG: Fuck our luck

       Knight’s LG January 25: Mark do me a favor try talking to scotty for me tell him
       ive changed and could really help him save money with the tow trucks please try

                                                 8
              The analyst then went over the report of text exchanges between Taylor’s iPhone

and one of Lyman’s Samsung phones on the morning of the offense—February 18, 2019, nearly

one month after Taylor turned himself in—and explained that the following exchanges occurred:

       Taylor’s iPhone 8:10 a.m.: Hey bud I’m sending you a suitcase I really need you
       to hold on to for me it has all my important papers in it I don’t want anyone else
       holding it

       Taylor’s iPhone 8:12 a.m.: It’s heavy Kenny said you were in pain with your legs
       I hope your ok

       Lyman’s Samsung 8:30 a.m.: Ok

       Taylor’s iPhone 9:19 a.m.: Dam Scotty I’m trying to talk to you and I want Kenny
       to show you a video I can only call [o]n approved numbers he has the phone so
       talk to me and watch the video fuck you can trust him bud

       Lyman’s Samsung 9:20 a.m.: You told me before he was trying to rob me now
       you said he’s supposed to be my big buddy

       Taylor’s iPhone 9:22 a.m.: I didn’t want you t[w]o talking then because I had to
       make sure I could trust him

       Taylor’s iPhone 9:22 a.m.: And I trust him with my life dam he has a power of
       attorney for me

       Lyman’s Samsung 9:23 a.m.: I just don’t need him

       Taylor’s iPhone 9:25 a.m.: I’m sorry now that I said that he’s been great I don’t
       want you to need him I just thought he could if you needed it that all he’s working
       and taking care of my business I just need to talk to you now

       Taylor’s iPhone 9:25 a.m.: And watch the video

       Taylor’s iPhone 9:26 a.m.: I told him not to ever come back to your place ok

       Lyman’s Samsung 9:26 a.m.: Ok

       Taylor’s iPhone 9:27 a.m.: And let him go to the [d]am bathroom lol he’s pissing
       his pants

              Another detective involved in the investigation testified that after home invasion

burglaries and robberies, the homes will be in disarray and look as though someone was

                                               9
searching through them for valuables.       The detective also related that individuals who are

involved in illegal activities can become targets for robberies because the way in which they

make their money prevents them from using banks to deposit the money. When describing her

observations of Lyman’s apartment, the detective explained that the condition of the apartment

looked as if a robbery or burglary had occurred because the home was in disarray, because the

cabinets had been opened, and because Lyman’s mattress had been moved out of the frame.

Further, the detective testified that Lyman was found face down on the couch on his knees with

his arms tucked under his body, that there was a black bag found near Lyman’s body, and that

Lyman’s Derringer was on the opposite side of the apartment from where Lyman was found.

               Finally, the medical examiner testified that there were four gunshots to Lyman’s

head. Further, the medical examiner related that the injury to the left side of Lyman’s scalp was

lethal, entered the skull, and injured his brain. In addition, she testified that she recovered bullet

fragments from inside Lyman’s skull and that the cause of death was gunshot wounds to the

head. Moreover, she explained that Lyman had blunt force injuries to his hands that could have

been caused during a struggle or by hitting furniture and that she could not say whether the

shooter was behind Lyman when shooting him.

               After considering the evidence presented at trial, the jury convicted Knight of

capital murder.

                                           DISCUSSION

               In his first issue on appeal, Knight contends that the trial court erred by refusing

to grant a mistrial after the State elicited evidence concerning a prior robbery. In his second

issue, Knight argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support his conviction

                                                 10
for capital murder. Because Knight’s second issue could result “in greater relief than his other

issue,” we address that issue first. See Medina v. State, 565 S.W.3d 868, 873 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d).

Sufficiency of the Evidence

               On appeal, Knight contends that the evidence was insufficient because it did not

establish that he committed murder while committing a robbery. More specifically, Knight

argues that the evidence did not establish “how much money Lyman had lying around on the day

of this death” or establish that the money found on Knight belonged to Lyman. Further, Knight

highlights that his fingerprints were found on the barrel of Lyman’s gun indicating that Knight

“was defending himself by trying to divert the muzzle of Lyman’s gun away from himself.”

Along those same lines, Knight urges that if he had already pointed a gun at Lyman, “why would

he not have simply shot Lyman rather than adopt the riskier and less effective expedient of

grabbing Lyman’s gun?” For these reasons, Knight contends that the evidence did not establish

that he robbed or tried to rob Lyman or that he “was acting with the intent to commit murder

rather than defending himself when attacked by Lyman,” and Knight asks this Court to reverse

his conviction and render a judgment of acquittal.

               “Evidence is sufficient to support a criminal conviction if a rational jury could

find each essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Stahmann v. State,

602 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319

(1979)). In making this determination, “[w]e view the evidence in the light most favorable to

the verdict and consider all of the admitted evidence, regardless of whether it was properly

admitted.” Id. “The jury is the sole judge of credibility and weight to be attached to the

                                               11
testimony of the witnesses.” Id. “Juries can draw reasonable inferences from the evidence so

long as each inference is supported by the evidence produced at trial,” id., and are “free to apply

common sense, knowledge, and experience gained in the ordinary affairs of life in drawing

reasonable inferences from the evidence,” Eustis v. State, 191 S.W.3d 879, 884 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d).      “When the record supports conflicting inferences,

we presume that the jury resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict and defer to that

determination.” Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 525-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

               Appellate courts must “determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable

based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most

favorable to the verdict.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Appellate courts also must bear in mind that “direct and circumstantial evidence are treated

equally” and that “[c]ircumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing

the guilt of an actor” and “can be sufficient” on its own “to establish guilt.” Kiffe v. State,

361 S.W.3d 104, 108 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d). The evidence is legally

insufficient if “the record contains no evidence, or merely a ‘modicum’ of evidence, probative of

an element of the offense” or if “the evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt.” Id.

at 107 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 320).

               Under the Penal Code, a person commits the offense of capital murder “if the

person commits murder” and “the person intentionally commits the murder in the course of

committing or attempting to commit . . . robbery.” Tex. Penal Code § 19.03(a)(2). A person

commits robbery if, “in the course of committing theft . . . and with intent to obtain or maintain

control of the property, he . . . intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to

another.” Id. § 29.02(a). Regarding the offense of theft, the Penal Code specifies that a person

                                                12
commits that offense “if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the owner of

property” and that “[a]ppropriation of property is unlawful if . . . it is without the owner’s

effective consent.” Id. § 31.03(a)-(b).

               During the trial, witnesses testified that Lyman was a sports bookie, was known to

keep large amounts of cash, and kept cash under his mattress and in other places throughout his

home. See Holland v. State, 654 S.W.2d 745, 748 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983)

(noting that evidence was sufficient to link defendant to burglary in part because evidence

showed defendant knew victim “kept large sums of money on hand”), aff’d, 653 S.W.2d 820

(Tex. Crim. App. 1983). Moreover, evidence was presented establishing that Knight learned

that Lyman kept money under his mattress, that Knight discussed robbing Lyman with Taylor

before Lyman’s death, that shortly before the incident Knight explained to Taylor’s ex-girlfriend

that he was about to receive a lot of money, and that he told her that the police would be coming

after him and that he was a bad person. See Herrin v. State, 125 S.W.3d 436, 441 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2002) (commenting that offense constitutes capital murder committed in course of

robbery if intent to rob was “formulated before or at the time of the murder”); Morris v. State,

892 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1994, no pet.) (determining that evidence was

sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for intentionally committing murder in course of

robbery where, among other reasons, evidence showed that defendant discussed robbing store

before crime took place). Further, text messages between Knight’s and Taylor’s phones weeks

before the incident showed that someone using Taylor’s phone warned that no one should see

the two of them talking who could later report it to a man with Lyman’s middle name, that the

individuals using those phones expressed disappointment that the man had been gone all day,

                                               13
and that someone using Knight’s phone asked Taylor to tell the man that Knight had changed

and could be helpful to the man.

              In addition, the evidence established that Taylor turned himself into federal

custody in January 2019 before the incident and that Taylor gave Knight access to his

belongings. Moreover, the evidence established that Knight used Taylor’s phone to call 911

from inside Lyman’s apartment, that someone used Taylor’s phone shortly before the incident to

send text messages to Lyman’s phone urging Lyman to let Knight into the apartment to use the

restroom and suggesting that Knight could be helpful to Lyman, and that in the weeks leading

up to the incident someone used Taylor’s phone to respond to text messages and inform people

that Taylor had gone to prison. On the morning of the offense, Lyman’s neighbor observed a

man carrying a black duffel bag approaching Lyman’s apartment and asking the tenant if he

could enter the apartment and use the restroom shortly before Lyman’s death, and a black

duffel bag containing items belonging to Taylor was found inside Lyman’s apartment and near

Lyman’s body.

              Further, Taylor’s ex-girlfriend explained that the black and pink Sig Sauer

found in Lyman’s apartment belonged to Knight.        Cf. Kay v. State, No. 01-95-00380-CR,

1996 WL 404034, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 18, 1996, pet. ref’d) (op., not

designated for publication) (emphasizing in sufficiency analysis for murder conviction evidence

establishing that defendant owned weapon used to shoot victim). Additionally, although Knight

contends that handprint analysis showed the presence of his palm print on Lyman’s Derringer

and urges that the print was placed there when Knight attempted to defend himself, the forensic

scientist did not discuss prints discovered on Lyman’s weapon and instead testified that

Knight’s palm print was found on the black and pink Sig Sauer identified as belonging to Knight.

                                              14
Another forensic scientist testified that although he could not confirm that the bullet fragments

recovered from Lyman’s body were fired from the Sig Sauer, he also explained that the

fragments had characteristics that were consistent with having been fired from that weapon.

Regarding Lyman’s Derringer, the crime scene specialist explained that the Derringer may have

misfired and that there were two fired casings inside the revolver, but she and some police

officers testified that the weapon was found on the opposite side of the apartment from where

Lyman’s body was found. Additionally, the crime scene specialist testified that the Derringer

would not eject casings because it was a revolver, and the police found multiple discharged

casings in the apartment.

               Moreover, police officers explained that individuals like Lyman who are involved

in gambling are often the target of robberies because those individuals typically cannot deposit

money in a bank and that the state of Lyman’s home appeared consistent with a robbery or

burglary because the home was in disarray, because the mattress had been partially moved off

the frame, because the pockets on jeans found near Lyman had been turned inside out, and

because the cabinet doors were open. One of Lyman’s friends testified that Lyman’s home

was not in disarray a few days before the incident and that Lyman did not keep his home

disorganized. The evidence established that Knight was found in Lyman’s apartment shortly

after the incident; that the blood found throughout the apartment was consistent with someone

bleeding while walking through the apartment; that the DNA profiles for blood samples taken

from various spots throughout the apartment, including the mattress, a cabinet handle, and the

Sig Sauer, were consistent with Knight’s DNA profile but not Lyman’s DNA profile; and that

the DNA profiles from samples taken from the black duffel bag and the jeans near Lyman were

consistent with mixtures of Knight’s and Lyman’s DNA. Cf. King v. State, 91 S.W.3d 375, 380

                                               15
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d) (commenting in sufficiency analysis that DNA testing

linked defendant “to the scene of the crime” and explaining that “[t]he jury was entitled to weigh

the evidence presented . . . to determine if [defendant] was the offender”).

               Finally, although Knight’s ex-girlfriend testified that Knight struggled financially

and never had large amounts of cash, the treating personnel at the hospital found in his shorts

over $4,000 in cash, keys to Lyman’s Acura, and a key fob for Lyman’s BMW, and the police

found over $20,000 inside the glovebox of the Acura. See Powell v. State, 88 S.W.3d 794,

797-98 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2002, pet. struck) (concluding that evidence was sufficient to

establish that victims were murdered in course of robbery where evidence established that,

among other things, defendant knew victims, defendant was stopped by police with large amount

of cash, defendant did not have that amount of money on prior day, victims were known to keep

cash in house, and defendant had “blood and positive DNA on her shirt”); see also Coy v. State,

No. 03-02-00753-CR, 2003 WL 22023423, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 29, 2003, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (determining that evidence was sufficient to support

aggravated robbery conviction and noting that defendant “had a large amount of cash stuffed into

the pockets of his shorts”).

               From the evidence presented at trial, the jury was free to make the following and

other reasonable inferences: that Knight planned to rob Lyman on the morning in question after

undertaking steps to earn Lyman’s trust and gain entry into Lyman’s apartment, owned and

brought the pink and black Sig Sauer, used the weapon to fatally shoot Lyman while Lyman’s

weapon was on the other side of the apartment, searched through Lyman’s home for cash, and

took cash from the home and a key and a key fob to Lyman’s vehicles in the parking lot. Given

our standard of review, we must conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s

                                                16
determination that Knight killed Lyman while committing robbery and that, therefore, Knight

committed capital murder. Accordingly, we overrule Knight’s second issue on appeal.

Mistrial

               In his first issue on appeal, Knight contends that the trial court erred by denying

his motion for a mistrial after a friend of Lyman’s testified regarding an extraneous offense.

During her testimony, the friend explained that Lyman and Knight lived together approximately

two years before Lyman’s death. When the friend was asked about whether Lyman and Knight

were still friends at the time of Lyman’s death, the following exchange occurred:

       [State]: Near in time to when [Lyman] was killed, did you ever see . . . Knight
       hanging out with [Lyman]?

       ...

       [Friend]: Absolutely not.

       [State]: And what do you mean when you say absolutely not? What do you
       mean?

       [Friend]: Well, he had already robbed him once.

       [State]: Well, let me – there was a suspicion about that, correct?

       [Friend]: I mean, [Lyman] told me that, and then immediately he moved out.

               At that point, Knight objected on hearsay grounds, suggested that the State should

not have questioned the witness in a manner that would lead to testimony regarding an

extraneous offense, and requested that the trial court instruct the jury to disregard the testimony.1

       1
           We note that Knight also generally asserted that the testimony violated “his
constitutional rights” without identifying which constitutional provisions had allegedly been
violated or providing an argument from which the trial court could have determined the basis for
the constitutional objection. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1 (setting out requirements for preserving

                                                 17
In response, the State explained that the witness did not have all the pertinent information

regarding the prior offense and that it could clear up the misunderstanding with a subsequent

witness who would explain that although Lyman initially thought Knight might have been

involved in a prior robbery, Lyman later realized that Knight was not involved in the prior

robbery. After considering the arguments by the parties, the trial court agreed to instruct the jury

to disregard the witness’s testimony about a prior incident and not to consider it for any purpose.

Lyman then moved for a mistrial, and the trial court denied that motion.

               On appeal, Knight contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion for

mistrial because the State improperly put “before the jury an extraneous alleged robbery which

was never proved up . . . in a case where proof of robbery is an essential element and for which

there was remarkably little evidence.” Further, Knight urges that “[t]he introduction of the

alleged prior robbery greatly harmed [him] because it irretrievably planted in the minds of the

jur[y] the notion that [he] was a robber” and that the trial court’s instruction to disregard could

not “possibly have cured the State’s error” because “the bell simply could not be un-rung.”

Accordingly, Knight asks this Court to reverse his conviction and remand for a new trial.

               “Appellate courts review a trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial under an

abuse-of-discretion standard of review.” Browne v. State, 483 S.W.3d 183, 203 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2015, no pet.). Under that standard, a trial court’s ruling will only be deemed an abuse of

complaint for appellate consideration); Hernandez v. State, No. 04-04-00020-CR, 2004 WL
1195833, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 2, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (explaining that defendant’s general objection that action was “a violation of his
constitutional rights” was “too general to constitute a proper objection under Rule 33.1”); see
also Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 340 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (explaining that need to inform
trial court of basis for complaint is even greater when complaint is making constitutional
argument); Bunton v. State, 136 S.W.3d 355, 368 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. ref’d)
(commenting that hearsay objection does not preserve constitutional complaint).

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discretion if it is so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable disagreement, Lopez v.

State, 86 S.W.3d 228, 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), or is arbitrary or unreasonable, State v.

Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Whether an improper reference to an

extraneous offense warrants a mistrial depends on the particular facts of the case. See Ladd v.

State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In most instances, an instruction to disregard

will cure any error associated with an improper reference to an extraneous offense committed by

the defendant. See Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W.3d 774, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Rojas v. State,

986 S.W.2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); see also Young v. State, 591 S.W.3d 579, 596

(Tex. App.—Austin 2019, pet. ref’d) (citing case for proposition that reviewing “court presumes

that a trial court’s instruction to disregard will be followed by the jury”).

               “There must be a showing of obvious harm despite the instruction to disregard

before a mistrial is proper.” McIntosh v. State, 855 S.W.2d 753, 770 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993,

pet. ref’d). A trial court must grant a mistrial only when an improper question or answer is

“clearly prejudicial to the defendant and is of such character as to suggest the impossibility of

withdrawing the impression produced on the minds of the jurors.” Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d

642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567). In other words, a mistrial

will only be required under extreme circumstances where the prejudice is incurable. Archie v.

State, 221 S.W.3d 695, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see also Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72,

77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (explaining that mistrial may be used as “remedy for improper

conduct that is ‘so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful

and futile’” (quoting Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567)).

               In this case, any error was cured by the trial court’s instruction to disregard. The

allegedly improper testimony was one brief pair of statements, and the trial court promptly

                                                  19
instructed the jury to disregard those statements.    Nothing in the record before this Court

suggests the jury was unable to follow the instruction. See Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574,

581 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The statements were not so emotionally inflammatory or extreme

that the rare remedy of a mistrial would be necessary to cure any prejudice. See Archie v. State,

340 S.W.3d 734, 739 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (explaining that mistrial is reserved for rare

circumstances where objectionable action is so emotionally inflammatory that curative

instruction is unlikely to prevent jury from being unfairly prejudiced against defendant). On the

contrary, in this case Knight was charged with a violent murder, but the statements at issue

addressed a robbery and did not provide any details concerning the alleged offense.          See

Hernandez v. State, 805 S.W.2d 409, 414 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (determining that improper

reference to prior unauthorized use of motor vehicle did not warrant mistrial where crime

charged was “extremely violent” capital murder in course of committing robbery); see also

Rojas, 986 S.W.2d at 250 (determining that instruction to disregard cured any error where

“defense counsel’s timely objection . . . prevented [witness] from elaborating on the mentioned

extraneous conduct”).

              Additionally, the State explained to the trial court that Lyman’s friend was

mistaken and that it would clear up the inaccurate statements through a subsequent witness.

Consistent with those assertions, the State elicited testimony from a later witness establishing

that although Lyman initially suspected that Knight was involved in a prior robbery, Lyman

learned that Knight was not involved in the prior robbery and apologized for making an incorrect

accusation. Further, although Knight contends that the instruction to disregard could not have

cured any error because there was little evidence to establish that he robbed Lyman, we note as

set out in the previous section of the opinion that the State presented a substantial amount of

                                               20
evidence from which the jury could have reasonably determined that Knight killed Lyman while

in the course of robbing him.

               For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

denying Knight’s motion for a mistrial and, therefore, overrule his first issue on appeal.

                                         CONCLUSION

               Having overruled both of Knight’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment of conviction.

                                              __________________________________________
                                              Thomas J. Baker, Justice

Before Chief Justice Byrne, Justices Baker and Smith

Affirmed

Filed: December 30, 2022

Do Not Publish

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