Court Opinion

ID: 8053213
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 04:14:12.175329+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:37:46.453475
License: Public Domain

BRODERICK, J.,
dissenting. Because I disagree with the majority that Officer Cook “stopped” the defendant when he held up a personal flotation device (PFD) and asked to see the defendant’s, I respectfully dissent.
At trial, the defendant, Christopher J. McKeown, moved to suppress evidence based upon an alleged illegal stop by Officer Cook of the New Hampshire Marine Patrol, contending that the officer lacked articulable suspicion as required by the marine patrol bureau’s standard operating procedure (SOP) 2010. The trial court denied the motion and found the defendant guilty of failing to have a PFD, see RSA 270:11 (1999); N.H. Admin. Rules, Saf-C 403.01.
The record supports the following. In mid-afternoon on Saturday, August 31, 2002, during the Labor Day weekend, Officer Cook was in his marked patrol boat on a routine patrol of Squam Lake. His attention was drawn to the northwest end of the lake, where he observed “quite a few canoes, water bikes, kayaks; a lot of activity in the area.” Although he was *99not certain, Officer Cook estimated that there were “20 or 25” watercraft in the area. Officer Cook testified that he piloted his boat toward the area of activity with the intention “to monitor the boating activity for safe operation” and to “check all those vessels for life jackets.” He testified that when he first spotted the defendant and his brother, they were talking with one another, while sitting in separate kayaks pointing in different directions. Further, Officer Cook testified that he was “probably 50 feet away” from the defendant’s kayak and traveling “below headway speed... just barely putting along, because of the proximity of the other vessels,” when he held up a PFD and asked if the defendant could show him his PFD.
After Officer Cook asked to see the defendant’s PFD, the defendant’s kayak overturned. By the time the defendant first indicated that he did not have a PFD, he was in the water. At that point, Officer Cook approached to assist. He subsequently issued the defendant a summons and escorted him back to his dock.
Although it is uncertain why the defendant’s kayak overturned, the definitive cause is not at issue, nor is it of any import, in this case. The defendant has made no argument, nor is there any evidence in the record, that he was either forced to answer Officer Cook’s question because his kayak overturned, or that he was coerced into answering the question because Officer Cook refused to assist him until he answered.
The majority opinion recites that “the officer came directly toward the defendant’s kayak in a marked patrol boat from a distance of at least a quarter of a mile away. When he was fifty feet from the defendant, the officer asked the defendant if he had a PFD. The actions of the officer, coupled with the officer’s practice of waiting to determine whether a boater has a PFD, indicate that the defendant’s compliance with the officer’s questioning was mandatory and, thus, a reasonable person would not ‘feel free to decline the [officer’s] request or otherwise terminate the encounter.’” Further, citing State v. Quezada, 141 N.H. 258, 260 (1996), the majority concludes that “in view of all the circumstances in this case, this encounter transcended a mere request to communicate, and constituted a stop.” I disagree.
At trial, Officer Cook testified:
When I — when I come by and I raise my life jacket, my fluorescent orange PFD, and the person doesn’t either pull one out and do something, that gives me articulable suspicion that he doesn’t have one on board or he can’t find it. So I wait in time, I do not stop — I do not stop people, I drive by until they show that they don’t have it. Or they can’t find it. That’s when I pull over.
*100Further, I believe the record to be inconsistent, at best, as to whether Officer Cook came directly toward the defendant’s kayak to the exclusion of the other twenty to twenty-five watercraft in the northwest end of the lake. Officer Cook testified that he piloted his boat toward the “area” of activity with the intention to monitor the boating activity and to check all of the vessels in the area for PFDs. Officer Cook further testified, “Through our training, we are required to check everyone that we can. If there’s a kayak or a canoe in the rocks and I’m across the lake, I’m not going to go darting across the lake to check on a kayak or canoe. But in a general operating patrol area, if we encounter one, we are to check for safety equipment.” The defendant testified that “Officer Cook came at us.” He further offered an affidavit from his brother stating that Officer Cook “did come ... straight for us,” but the trial court did not admit the affidavit. Instead, the court took into account that “as an offer of proof, that ... contrary to what this officer has testified, he came straight for you.”
I fail to see how, under the circumstances of this case and prior to when the defendant first indicated that he did not have a PFD, Officer Cook’s “actions” constituted a “stop.” I agree with the State that there was no seizure in this case until after the defendant indicated that he did not have a PFD, thus giving Officer Cook a reasonable articulable suspicion that he had violated the regulation requiring that he have one.
In United States v. Mendenhall, the Supreme Court stated:
We conclude that a person has been “seized” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. Examples of circumstances that might indicate a seizure, even where the person did not attempt to leave, would be the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of’ language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer’s request might be compelled. In the absence of some such evidence, otherwise inoffensive contact between a member of the public and the police cannot, as a matter of law, amount to a seizure of that person.
United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554-55 (1980) (opinion of Stewart, J.) (footnote and citations omitted). In State v. Riley, we adopted the objective test detailed in Mendenhall and noted that the Mendenhall factors are viewed by an objective standard, and not the asserted subjective beliefs of the particular participants in the encounter. State v. *101Riley, 126 N.H. 257, 262-68 (1985). In addition, we noted with approval the words of the Supreme Court in Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 497 (1983):
[L]aw enforcement officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment by merely approaching an individual on the street or in another public place, by asking him if he is willing to answer some questions, or by putting questions to him if the person is willing to listen.
Riley, 126 N.H. at 263 (quotation, brackets, and ellipsis omitted); see United States v. Drayton, 536 U.S. 194, 200 (2002).
The majority cites to Drayton and State v. Quezada, 141 N.H. 258 (1996), in support of its conclusion that, here, the defendant’s compliance with Officer Cook’s questioning was mandatory and, thus, a reasonable person would not feel free to decline the officer’s request or otherwise terminate the encounter. I disagree.
In Drayton, the defendants were two passengers on a bus enroute from Florida to Michigan. During a scheduled stop, and after the bus was refueled and cleaned, all of the passengers reboarded. The driver then allowed three police officers to board as part of a routine drug and weapons interdiction effort. The three officers were dressed in plain clothes and carried concealed weapons and visible badges. Drayton, 536 U.S. at 197. Once aboard, one of the officers knelt on the driver’s seat and faced the passengers. A second officer stationed himself at the rear of the bus, facing forward. The third officer began at the rear of the bus and worked his way forward, speaking with individual passengers as he went and asking about their travel plans and luggage. In each ease, the officer stood next to or just behind the passenger with whom he spoke and did not block the aisle. Id. at 197-98. In questioning the defendants, the officer held up his badge long enough for them to identify him as a police officer, and spoke to them in a low voice, with his face some twelve to eighteen inches away from one of their faces. After receiving their consent, the police officer searched both defendants and found cocaine. Id. at 198-99.
The defendants moved to suppress the evidence of the cocaine. On appeal, the Supreme Court concluded that the defendants were not seized and their consent to the search was voluntary. Id. at 199-200. In explaining why there was no seizure in the case, the Supreme Court stated:
Even when law enforcement officers have no basis for suspecting a particular individual, they may pose questions, ask for identification, and request consent to search luggage — provided they do not induce cooperation by coercive means. If a reasonable *102person would feel free to terminate the encounter, then he or she has not been seized.
... [T]he police did not seize respondents when they boarded the bus and began questioning passengers. The officers gave the passengers no reason to believe that they were required to answer the officers’ questions. When [the police officer] approached respondents, he did not brandish a weapon or make any intimidating movements. He left the aisle free so that respondents could exit. He spoke to passengers one by one and in a polite, quiet voice. Nothing he said would suggest to a reasonable person that he or she was barred from leaving the bus or otherwise terminating the encounter.
... There was no application of force, no intimidating movement, no overwhelming show of force, no brandishing of weapons, no blocking of exits, no threat, no command, not even an authoritative tone of voice. It is beyond question that had this encounter occurred on the street, it would be constitutional. The fact that an encounter takes place on a bus does not on its own transform standard police questioning of citizens into an illegal seizure. Indeed, because many fellow passengers are present to witness officers’ conduct, a reasonable person may feel even more secure in his or her decision not to cooperate with police on a bus than in other circumstances.
Id. at 201-04 (citations omitted).
In State v. Quezada, the defendant moved to suppress evidence as the fruit of an illegal seizure. The superior court denied the motion after a hearing. On appeal and employing the tests of State v. Riley and, thus, United States v. Mendenhall, we concluded that the defendant was seized illegally under Part I, Article 19 of the State Constitution. See State v. Quezada, 141 N.H. 258.
In Quezada, two police officers were in a marked police cruiser at 1:15 a.m., looking for a suspect who had just committed a felony. They found the suspect in front of a boarding house, talking with the defendant. From a distance of approximately eight to ten feet, one officer called out to the two men, who then ended their conversation and separated. The officers alighted from the cruiser; the suspect walked toward the cruiser, and the defendant moved quickly up a set of steps to the front door of the boarding house. Id. at 258. One of the officers testified that he called to the defendant, “Hey, you, stop” and characterized his tone of voice as “calm *103and relaxed,” but loud enough so he would be heard. The defendant did not respond to the officer’s call and fumbled with his keys as he attempted to unlock the front door. Id. at 258-59. The officer then walked to the bottom of the steps and said, “Hey, I want to speak to you.” The defendant said, “Oh, me, okay,” turned toward the officer and walked down the stairs. The defendant was subsequently arrested for possession of cocaine. Id. at 259.
In reviewing the circumstances of the case, we stated:
[W]e are mindful that this analysis is an objective one, requiring a determination whether the defendant’s freedom of movement was sufficiently curtailed by considering how a reasonable man in the suspect’s position would have understood his situation.
The record indicates that the defendant’s situation was as follows. It was 1:15 a.m. No one else was on the street when two uniformed officers alighted from a marked police cruiser and called to the defendant and his companion. [One police officer] said to the defendant, “Hey, you, stop” — language indicating that compliance was not optional. Though the trial court observed that the defendant was apparently unaware that the officer was addressing him, the defendant apparently heard this request, for he responded to [the officer’s] second hail by saying, “Oh, me, okay.” The second hail — “Hey, I want to speak to you” — was made moments after the first, when the officer was a few feet behind the defendant; in conjunction with the first it fairly indicated that compliance was mandatory.
... [W]e are persuaded that in view of all the circumstances in this case, the encounter transcended a mere request to communicate. Given the late hour, the absence of other citizens in the vicinity, the presence of two uniformed police officers, and the language of [the officer’s] requests, no reasonable person would have believed he was free to ignore the officer and simply walk away.
Id. at 259-60 (quotations, citations, brackets, and emphasis omitted).
Not only do I believe that the circumstances of the instant case are readily distinguishable from those in Quezada, where I concurred that the defendant had been illegally seized under our State Constitution, but I also believe that they are far more benign than those in Drayton, where the Supreme Court found that there was no seizure under the Federal Constitution. Here, Officer Cook approached the defendant in a marked patrol boat, without flashing lights or siren, during a mid-afternoon of Labor Day weekend. There were some twenty to twenty-five watercraft in *104the immediate area and the defendant’s brother was in a second kayak immediately next to his. At a distance of approximately fifty feet from the defendant’s kayak, and while his patrol boat was barely moving, Officer Cook held up a life jacket and asked if the defendant could show him his PFD.
There is no evidence that Officer Cook either coerced the defendant or constrained him from leaving. There is no evidence that Officer Cook refused to assist the defendant in righting his overturned kayak until he responded to the officer’s question. I see no evidence of an application of force, intimidating movement, an overwhelming show of force, brandishing of weapons, blocking of exits, threat, command, or even an authoritative tone of voice. See Drayton, 536 U.S. at 204. For all of these reasons, I fail to see how Officer Cook’s actions constituted a stop prior to the defendant’s first indication that he did not have a PFD. Consequently I would affirm the trial court’s decision.
After determining that Officer Cook’s actions constituted a stop in violation of SOP 2010, the majority vacates and remands this case to the trial court for further proceedings. While I reiterate that I do not agree that Officer Cook’s actions constituted a stop, I would give the trial court guidance concerning the proceedings on remand. Because the majority does not decide this issue on constitutional grounds, those proceedings will necessarily include a determination as to whether suppression is the proper remedy for a violation of the SOP, an issue not previously addressed by the parties at trial or on appeal. Cf. State v. Canelo, 139 N.H. 376, 385-88 (1995) (suppression of evidence appropriate remedy for illegal seizure under State Constitution).
I make one final observation. Officer Cook testified that there must be a PFD for every person aboard a kayak. He also testified that the PFD need not be worn (unless the kayaker is under six years old) or displayed. As such, unless the kayaker is wearing the required PFD, or somehow displaying it on the exterior of the kayak, there is no practical way of determining, absent asking the kayaker, if the required safety equipment is aboard the kayak. RSA 270-D:6 (1999) provides, in part:
All vessels afloat on public waters may be inspected by the commissioner or his duly authorized representative, to determine their seaworthiness and safety equipment at any time.
(Emphasis added.) At oral argument, the defendant contended that marine patrol officers could never ask a kayaker to see a PFD, and thus carry out a portion of their boating safety mission, without violating a boater’s constitutional rights. Given the laudable legislative mandate to ensure the safety of New Hampshire’s boating public, I find it completely reasonable, *105under the benign circumstances presented by this case, for the marine patrol officer to do his job, as mandated by RSA 270-D:6, by asking a kayaker if he has a PFD, without violating our Constitution.