Court Opinion

ID: 4112520
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-30 19:14:01.4689+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:20.703583
License: Public Domain

J-S90019-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

RAFAEL BRADSHEAR

                            Appellant                 No. 2633 EDA 2015

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Dated August 13, 2015
            In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0010127-2014

BEFORE: OTT, J., SOLANO, J., and JENKINS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SOLANO, J.:                        FILED DECEMBER 30, 2016

       Appellant Rafael Bradshear appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed after he was convicted of aggravated assault, unlawful possession

of a firearm, carrying a firearm without a license, and possession of an

instrument of crime.1 We affirm.

       The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

              On July 22, 2014, Nabeel Din was sitting on his porch on
       Rorer Street in Philadelphia speaking with a friend [Ezequiel
       Lopez]. Sometime after 9:00 p.m., Din called [Appellant] and
       asked him for marijuana.       A short time later, [Appellant]
       approached Din, and the two started arguing. [Appellant] was
       upset because Din asked [Appellant]’s mother where he could
       get marijuana earlier that evening. [Appellant] and Din started
       fighting on the porch. The fight continued down the street at the
       intersection of Tabor Road and Rorer Street.         [Appellant]
       removed a gun from his pocket and pointed the gun at Din’s
____________________________________________

1
    18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702, 6105, 6106, and 907.
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       head. Din grabbed the gun and [Appellant] pulled the trigger,
       firing a bullet over Din’s left shoulder. Din and [Appellant]
       “tussled” for the gun, and during the struggle [Appellant] shot
       Din in the foot. Din immediately ran away from [Appellant]; Din
       eventually collapsed on the front lawn of a house on Rorer
       Street.

Trial Ct. Op., 12/3/15, at 1-2 (citations to the record omitted).

       Lopez and his stepfather, Bladimil Ortiz, immediately called 911 to

report the shooting. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 84-85, 88, 128-29; 6/10/15, 131-

32.2 Officer Anthony Comitalo, who was on patrol that night, responded to a

radio call about the incident. He found Din lying on the lawn in front of a

house. Din had been shot in the ankle and was in severe pain. Din would

not provide any information about the shooting to Officer Comitalo. Trial Ct.

Op. at 2. Another officer suggested that Din had shot himself, and Din

replied, “all right.”    Before he was placed in the ambulance, Din told the

police that two men tried to rob him and then one of them shot him. Inside

the ambulance, he provided physical descriptions of the alleged robbers.

Trial Ct. Op. at 3; N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 166-69.

       Detective Timothy Hartman also went to the crime scene to investigate

the shooting. He recovered two .25 caliber fired cartridge casings from the

intersection of Tabor Road and Rorer Street. Trial Ct. Op. at 2.

____________________________________________

2
  The 911 call was played at the trial. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 84-85. This
recording is not in the certified record.

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       At the crime scene, Ortiz told police that he had information regarding

the shooting and gave them his phone number. N.T. Trial, 6/10/15, at 47-

49, 146-47. He later gave the police a surveillance video recording from his

house, which showed the initial fight between Din and Appellant and the

aftermath of the shooting, but did not show the shooting itself. Id. at 127-

33.

       Detective Robert Hassel called Ortiz the next day, and Ortiz provided

descriptions of the shooter and a man who was with him at the time of the

shooting, as well as their cell phone numbers. The number Ortiz provided

for the shooter was Appellant’s.          The number he provided for Appellant’s

companion belonged to a man named Ryan Eitienne. N.T. Trial, 6/10/15, at

73, 105, 109; 6/11/15, at 13.3

       On July 24, 2014, Ortiz gave a formal statement to a detective. Ortiz

did not feel comfortable talking at his house, so he met the detective on the

street about ten blocks away. Ortiz told the detective that on the night of the

shooting, he was inside his house and saw Lopez walking up the street.

Ortiz asked Lopez where he was going; Lopez responded that he was going

with Din and there was going to be a fight. Ortiz told Lopez to come back,

but Lopez refused. Ortiz walked to the front of the house, opened the door,
____________________________________________

3
  A detective interviewed Eitienne and gave him a notice to appear in court
on June 1, 2015, the day the trial was initially scheduled to begin. However,
Eitienne did not appear, the trial was continued, and a bench warrant was
issued. Eitienne could not be located for the trial. N.T., 6/10/15, at 72-80.

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and heard gunshots.      He saw the shooter run away.        Ortiz identified

Appellant as the shooter from a photo array and told police where Appellant

lived. N.T. Trial, 6/10/15, at 106-07, 144-51; Ex. C-7. In his statement,

Ortiz did not mention any conversation he had with Lopez regarding the

identity of the shooter. See Ex. C-7.

     On July 28, 2014, Lopez gave a statement to the police.         He was

initially reluctant to talk to the police, but said he eventually gave a

statement because the police threatened to arrest him if he did not. In his

statement, Lopez said that he was talking to Din when two men approached

and started fighting with Din. The fight continued up the street, and one of

the men shot Din. Lopez said he was “right next to” Din when Din was shot.

Lopez told the police he did not recognize either of the men who approached

Din. He described one man as black and wearing jeans. He did not provide

a description of the other man. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 96-107; Ex. C-9.

     Din gave several statements to the police. At 10:50 p.m. on July 22,

2014, while he was in the hospital, Din gave a statement in which he said

that he got into a fight with two men, and one of them shot him.          He

described the two men, but claimed he did not know them. Trial Ct. Op. at

3; Ex. C-12.

     On July 24, 2014, while still in the hospital, Din gave a second police

statement, in which he said that a man named Edwin had shot him. Trial Ct.

Op. at 3; Ex. C-13. Because of the information they had received from Ortiz

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that day, police suspected that Din had provided false information. Din was

released from the hospital later that day.    Shortly after he got home, the

police went to his house, asked him to accompany them to the police

station, and took a third statement from him there. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, 176-

79; 6/10/15, at 50-55.

      In that third statement, Din identified Appellant as the shooter. Din

explained that he had identified Edwin in his previous statement because he

was upset with Edwin for implicating him in a robbery. Din said he had not

identified Appellant earlier because he did not want any trouble. See Trial

Ct. Op. at 3; N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 79; 6/10/15, at 55; Ex. C-14.

      Based on the identifications by Din and Ortiz, detectives obtained a

search warrant for Appellant’s last known address: his grandmother’s house

at 5242 Rorer Street.     The police executed the warrant the next day,

July 25, 2014. In Appellant’s grandmother’s bedroom closet, they found a

loaded .25 caliber semiautomatic handgun, sixty-two .25 caliber bullets of

various brands, and materials commonly used to package marijuana.       The

gun was registered to Appellant’s grandmother; after testing, the police

excluded the gun as the weapon used in the shooting of Din.          In the

basement of the house, which was used as a bedroom, detectives found mail

addressed to Appellant and male clothing. Trial Ct. Op. at 9-10; N.T. Trial,

6/10/15, at 56-68, 86.

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       Police also obtained a warrant for Appellant’s cell phone records.

Those records revealed the following calls on the night of the shooting: a call

from Appellant to Eitienne at 9:15 p.m.; a call from Din to Appellant at 9:33

p.m.; a call from Appellant to his mother at 9:38 p.m.; several additional

calls from Appellant to Eitienne between 9:36 and 9:51 p.m.; a call from

Appellant to Din at 9:54 p.m.; and a call from Appellant to his mother at

10:04 p.m. N.T., 6/10/15, at 100, 107-14; Exs. C-35 and C-36.

       An arrest warrant was issued for Appellant.              On July 29, 2014,

Appellant wrote on his Twitter4 page, “It be the tuffest niggas ratting

manee,”5 and “This my last day out here.”             Appellant surrendered to the

police that same day. Trial Ct. Op. at 11, N.T., 6/10/15, at 68-71; Ex. C-38.

He was charged with attempted murder, aggravated assault, conspiracy,

carrying a firearm without a license, unlawful possession of a firearm, and

possessing an instrument of crime.

       After Appellant’s arrest, Din testified before a grand jury and identified

Appellant as the man who shot him.             He testified that he initially did not

____________________________________________

4
  “Twitter” is a type of social media account. Messages posted on the
service are known as “tweets.” See generally Nixon v. Hardin Cty. Bd.
of Educ., 988 F. Supp. 2d 826, 830 n.1 (W.D. Tenn. 2013) (explaining how
Twitter works).
5
  There is no definition or explanation of Appellant’s use of the word “manee”
in the record.

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identify Appellant because he was afraid that if he did, someone in his family

would get hurt. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 180-81, 216-37; Ex. C-15.

       Appellant was tried by a jury from June 9-12, 2015. During the trial,

the Commonwealth was permitted to introduce Appellant’s July 29, 2014

Twitter postings as evidence. N.T. Trial, 6/10/15, at 3-4, 70-71; Ex. C-38.

Over Appellant’s objection, the trial court ruled that it also would permit the

Commonwealth to introduce evidence of the .25 caliber ammunition found in

the closet of Appellant’s grandmother. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 3. The court

asked Appellant and his counsel whether, in light of that ruling on the

ammunition, they wanted introduction of evidence about the loaded .25

caliber gun that was found in the closet with the ammunition and the fact

that police had determined that that gun was not used in the shooting of

Din.   Both Appellant and his counsel responded that they wanted that

additional evidence regarding the gun admitted. Id. at 4-5. Thereafter, the

Commonwealth elicited testimony from a detective regarding both the

ammunition and the gun. Id. at 60-64.

       At trial, Din identified Appellant as the person who shot him.     N.T.,

6/9/15, at 144-51, 184-85. He testified that he had not identified Appellant

at first because he “ain’t want no more problems” and “I thought that’s it, it

was over.” Id. at 167. He hoped that when he told the police that he was

robbed and did not know who did it, that “it was just going to go away” and

“nobody was going to get locked up or nothing.” Id. at 170. Din testified

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that he concocted the story about Edwin because Din wanted to “get him

back” for telling the police that Din had robbed him.         Id. at 174.   Din

explained that he ultimately told the truth because he did not want to be

arrested for giving false reports. Id. at 178-79.6

       Lopez testified that, on the night of the shooting, he was outside with

Din when two black men (who he said he did not know) approached Din.

One of the men got into a verbal argument, and then a physical fight, with

Din. Lopez tried to stop Din from fighting, but Din refused. Lopez testified

that he heard gunshots but did not see the shooting. In contrast to what he

told the police in his statement (in which he said he was “right next to” Din

when Din was shot), Lopez testified at trial that he was about ten feet away

from Din when Din was shot.            Lopez testified that he did not remember

much of his police statement, and he did not identify the shooter during the

trial. He initially testified that he did not call 911, but when confronted with

the recording of his call, he admitted that he had done so. When asked by

the Commonwealth, “Did you tell your stepdad who you saw shoot?” Lopez

testified that he did not. Trial Ct. Op. at 4; N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at 68-84, 95-

107.

       Ortiz testified that, on the night of the shooting, he saw Appellant

fighting with Din, but did not see the shooting. He had trouble remembering
____________________________________________

6
 Din was later arrested for falsely implicating Edwin. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at
174.

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what he had told the police, but he testified that he had identified Appellant

as the shooter in his July 24, 2014 statement because he had seen Appellant

fighting with Din and because Lopez told him that the man fighting Din was

the shooter.   N.T. Trial, 6/10/15, at 134-150; 6/11/15, at 4-15.        Ortiz’s

testimony about what Lopez told him about the identity of the shooter

contradicted Lopez’s prior testimony that he had not made such a statement

to Ortiz.   Appellant objected to Ortiz’s testimony on this issue, but the

objection was overruled.    Id. at 135.    Appellant did not then move for a

mistrial or request a limiting instruction. See id.

      After Ortiz testified, he revealed that a man in the courtroom called

him a “snitch” as he was taking the stand on the second day of his

testimony. Ortiz said that the man continued to look at him and moved his

mouth without saying anything aloud during Ortiz’s testimony and continued

to look at Ortiz after Ortiz left the witness stand. Ortiz said he told the man,

“I don’t worry about you.” Ortiz maintained that his testimony was not

affected by this interaction. Over Appellant’s objection, the trial court

allowed the Commonwealth to recall Ortiz as a witness to testify about this

incident, and also to call an assistant district attorney who had witnessed

what happened in the courtroom. N.T. Trial, 6/11/15, at 43-55.

      At the conclusion of all trial testimony, Appellant moved for a mistrial.

He argued that Ortiz’s testimony was “filled with hearsay from his son,

inadmissible hearsay, that a curative instruction of any kind [telling] the jury

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to only regard that evidence as to whether or not the son Mr. Lopez made a

consistent or inconsistent statement would be inadequate.” N.T. Trial,

6/11/15, at 60-61. The trial court denied the motion for a mistrial, but gave

the following limiting instruction to the jury:

         You heard the testimony regarding alleged conversations
         between Mr. Bladimil Ortiz and Ezequiel Lopez regarding the
         alleged identity or description of the shooter. That testimony
         was admitted for a limited purpose, that is to evaluate the
         weight and credibility of Mr. Lopez’s testimony. You may not
         regard that evidence as proof of the truth of anything asserted in
         those statements.

N.T. Trial, 6/11/15, at 62, 130-31.

         On June 12, 2015, the jury found Appellant guilty of aggravated

assault, carrying a firearm without a license, and possessing an instrument

of crime. The jury found Appellant not guilty of attempted murder. Based

upon the evidence submitted to the jury and a stipulation that Appellant had

a prior felony adjudication, the trial court found Appellant guilty of unlawful

possession of a firearm.      On August 13, 2015, the trial court imposed a

sentence of 7-14 years’ incarceration for aggravated assault and a

concurrent sentence of 3-6 years’ incarceration for carrying a firearm

without a license.

         In this appeal, Appellant raises the following issues, as stated in his

brief:

         1.    Was the evidence insufficient to support the verdict, where
         nobody but the complainant testified to having witnessed the
         shooting, and where the complainant’s testimony was so
         incredible that it may not support a verdict beyond a reasonable

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      doubt, as it was only in his fourth version of events that he
      named the appellant at all (in his third version, he falsely named
      a man named Edwin as the shooter, see N.T. 6.9.15, p. 173; in
      his second version, he said it was two men trying to rob him,
      see id. at 168; in his first version, given to first responders
      before he had had time to formulate a lie, the police said that he
      shot himself and he agreed, see id. at 165-66)?

      2.    Was admission of the .25 caliber ammunition found in the
      appellant’s grandmother’s house in her bedroom (N.T. 6.9.15, p.
      3), an abuse of discretion where such evidence was more
      prejudicial than probative, given that the .25 caliber handgun
      also found in the appellant’s grandmother’s room (which was on
      a different floor from the appellant’s basement room where he
      slept and where his mail was found) was a small gun of the type
      that are commonly marketed to women, and was properly
      registered to her and was clearly her property, and had nothing
      to do with the appellant?

      3.    Was admission of two postings from social media an abuse
      of discretion where such postings were more prejudicial than
      probative, and were not relevant (see N.T. 6.10.15, pp. 3-4)?

      4.    Was admission of testimony that a member of the
      audience called a witness a “snitch” an abuse of discretion where
      such testimony was highly prejudicial to the appellant but was
      not probative, as the witness in question testified under oath
      that the incident did not affect his testimony at all (N.T. 6.11.15,
      pp. 35-36), and there was no evidence that the appellant caused
      the member of the audience to act out?

      5.    Was denial of the appellant’s mistrial motion (N.T. 6.11.15,
      pp. 59-62) an abuse of discretion?

Appellant’s Brief at 4-5.

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                            Sufficiency of the Evidence

       First, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support the

verdict.7 In reviewing this issue, we apply the following standard of review:

       The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
       evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in
       the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient
       evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the
       crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we
       may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the
       fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
       established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
       possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt
       may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so
       weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
       fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
       Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element
       of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly
       circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test,
       the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence actually
       received must be considered. Finally, the trier of fact while
       passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the
       evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the
       evidence.

Commonwealth v. DiStefano, 782 A.2d 574, 582 (Pa. Super. 2001)

(internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted), appeal denied,

806 A.2d 858 (Pa. 2002).

____________________________________________

7
   The trial court held, and the Commonwealth argues in its brief, that
Appellant waived his sufficiency claim because Appellant’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
statement did not challenge a particular conviction or a specific element of
any particular conviction. Trial Ct. Op. at 5-6; Commonwealth’s Brief at 10-
12. We conclude, however, that Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement, which
phrased the sufficiency issue almost exactly as Appellant does in his
Statement of Questions Involved, was adequate to preserve the issue.

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     While issues of credibility are generally the sole province of the trier of

fact, Appellant relies on an exception to that general rule for “testimony

[that] is so inherently unreliable that a verdict based upon it could amount

to no more than surmise or conjecture.”         Appellant’s Brief at 15; see

Commonwealth v. Smith, 467 A.2d 1120, 1122 (Pa. 1983).              This Court

applied this exception in Commonwealth v. Bennett, 303 A.2d 220 (Pa.

Super. 1973). The defendant in that case had been convicted of receiving

stolen property (a car) on the basis of inconsistent testimony by an

accomplice named Jones. In finding Jones’ testimony insufficient to support

the conviction, we explained:

     Jones (who had been contradictory with respect to his own
     perpetration of the larceny) sought to implicate the defendant by
     giving several wholly different, conflicting and inconsistent
     versions of when and how he had told her that the car had been
     in fact stolen by him. On a previous occasion Jones had denied
     he had ever conveyed to defendant knowledge of the car’s theft.
     With each new version Jones would recant the previous one and
     protest that the newest version was in fact the true one. This
     situation presented the jury not with a mere conflict or
     contradiction in testimony which was reasonably reconcilable by
     them, but a situation falling within the rule: . . . a case should
     not go to the jury where the party having the burden offers
     testimony of a witness, or of various witnesses, which is so
     contradictory on the essential issues that any finding by the jury
     would be a mere guess . . . . When the testimony is so
     contradictory on the basic issues as to make any verdict based
     thereon pure conjecture the jury should not be permitted to
     consider it.

Id. at 220-21 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

     Twenty years later, the Supreme Court applied this principle in

Commonwealth v. Karkaria, 625 A.2d 1167, 1172 (Pa. 1993), in which it

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overturned a conviction on multiple charges of rape because it was “not

based on anything more than speculation and conjecture.” The Court noted

numerous “critical inconsistencies” in the record:       (1) the complainant

initially reported only that the defendant (her stepbrother) “touched” her,

not that he penetrated her; (2) she initially “was unable to offer sufficient

testimony as to the material elements of the crime of rape,” causing the

District Attorney to decline to prosecute; (3) her initial reports were made

when her mother was reconciling with the defendant’s father, whom she

hated;      (4) her testimony regarding when the rapes occurred was

“disturbingly vague”; (5) she “insisted that the assaults only occurred when

[the defendant] was babysitting and yet she also admitted that during the

time period charged in the indictment [the defendant] no longer acted as the

babysitter”; and (6) she described only one specific incident of rape, which

occurred years before the time period charged in the indictment, and offered

only one scenario for each of 300 alleged incidents of sexual assault. Id. at

1171.     The Court concluded that the evidence presented at trial was “so

unreliable and contradictory that it is incapable of supporting a verdict of

guilty, and thus, [was] insufficient as a matter of law.” Id. at 1172.

        The Supreme Court has explained that this principle “is applicable only

where the party having the burden of proof presents testimony to support

that burden which is either so unreliable or contradictory as to make any

verdict based thereon obviously the result of conjecture and not reason.”

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Commonwealth v. Galloway, 434 A.2d 1220, 1222 (Pa. 1981) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Farquharson, 354 A.2d 545, 550 (Pa. 1976)). In this

connection, the Court has made clear that evidence is not insufficient simply

because witnesses make inconsistent statements.        Thus, for example, in

Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 1139 (Pa. 2012), the Court held that

out-of-court statements by three witnesses who identified the defendant as

the perpetrator provided sufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict even

though they were later recanted at trial. 52 A.3d at 1144-48, 1171. The

Court explained:

     Even when there are well recognized concerns regarding the
     reliability of evidence, such as in instances where evidence of
     guilt is provided by a criminal accomplice who is deemed a
     corrupt and polluted source, our Court has not categorically
     regarded all such evidence to be so inherently unreliable that it
     cannot, by itself, support a verdict of guilt. Instead, our Court
     considers questions regarding the reliability of the evidence
     received at trial to be within the province of the finder-of-fact to
     resolve, and our Court will not, on sufficiency review, disturb the
     finder-of-fact’s resolution except in those exceptional instances
     . . . where the evidence is so patently unreliable that the jury
     was forced to engage in surmise and conjecture in arriving at a
     verdict based upon that evidence.

Id. at 1165 (citations omitted).   The Court noted that cross-examination

“furnishes the best method by which the witness’s motives for changing his

or her story, from that given previously, may be fully and thoroughly

explored.” Id. at 1169.

     In addition, the Supreme Court has held that the testimony of a

witness who had a criminal record and was reluctant to implicate the

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defendant can be sufficient to support a verdict.          See Commonwealth v.

Hudson, 414 A.2d 1381, 1385-86 (Pa. 1980). In Hudson, the Court held

that the testimony of two witnesses was not “patently unreliable,” although

the witnesses (1) may have been intoxicated when defendant admitted the

crimes to them; (2) had criminal records; (3) denied knowledge of the

defendant at first; and (4) assisted the defendant after he committed the

crimes. Id. The Court explained:

       [N]either inconsistencies in the Commonwealth’s evidence nor
       attempts by [a witness] to avoid involvement in a criminal
       episode render his testimony patently unreliable under the
       Farquharson standard. The fact that [a witness] initially gave
       inconsistent statements to the police is a matter for the jury in
       determining his credibility. [A witness’s] prior crimes are also
       matters going to his credibility and issues of credibility are
       properly resolved by the trier of fact.

Id. at 1385 (citations omitted).

       Here, relying on Bennett and Karkaria, Appellant claims that the

evidence     was     insufficient   to    support   his   conviction   because   the

Commonwealth “cannot establish that the Appellant introduced the gun or

tried to shoot Din without Din’s own testimony, which is utterly incredible.”

Appellant’s Brief at 15. Appellant emphasizes Din’s first two statements to

the police, in which he did not identify Appellant as the shooter, as well as

Din’s criminal record. Id. at 15-16.8

____________________________________________

8
  At trial, Din testified that he was serving a five to ten year sentence of
imprisonment for burglary and had previously been convicted of theft twice.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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      We disagree. Unlike Karkaria and Bennett, this case does not involve

such “exceptional” circumstances, see Brown, 52 A.3d at 1165, as would

require this Court to disregard the jury’s findings about the credibility of the

evidence identifying Appellant as the shooter.       Unlike the complainant in

Karkaria, Din was clear about when the crime occurred. Din also explained

why he had given prior inconsistent statements. He asserted that he did not

identify anyone at first because he did not want to cause more problems for

himself and he hoped the problem would just go away. N.T. Trial, 6/9/15, at

167, 170. He testified that he identified Edwin because he was angry that

Edwin had implicated him in a robbery. Id. at 172-74. Further, he said that

he ultimately told the truth and identified Appellant when faced with the

possibility of being charged with making false statements to the police. Id.

at 178-79. Once he identified Appellant as the shooter, Din again identified

him before the grand jury and at trial. Id. at 184-85, 216-37. Neither Din’s

prior inconsistent statements nor Din’s criminal record rendered his

testimony so unreliable that it could not support the verdict. See Hudson,

414 A.2d at 1385-86.           The jurors were aware of the relevant facts and
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

N.T., 6/9/15, at 136-37. Appellant attached to his brief a summary of Din’s
criminal record. Because this summary is not part of the certified record and
contains information that is not otherwise in the record, we will disregard it.
See Commonwealth v. Holley, 945 A.2d 241, 246 (Pa. Super.) (“‘[f]or
purposes of appellate review, what is not of record does not exist’ . . .[, and]
copying material and attaching it to a brief does not make it a part of the
certified record” (internal citations omitted)), appeal denied, 959 A.2d 928
(Pa. 2008).

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inconsistencies, and it was within their province to assess Din’s credibility.

See id.

      Moreover,     unlike     in     Karkaria     and   Bennett,    other    evidence

corroborated Din’s account of the crime.                 Ortiz testified that he saw

Appellant fighting with Din shortly before the shooting. N.T., 6/11/15, at 4.

Phone records corroborated Din’s testimony that he called Appellant shortly

before the shooting. N.T., 6/9/15, at 143-44; 6/10/15, at 111. The phone

records also showed calls between Appellant and the number Ortiz identified

as belonging to the man who accompanied Appellant on the night of the

shooting.    N.T., 6/10/15, at 111-12.        In sum, we hold that the evidence,

when viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was sufficient

to support the jury’s verdict.

                                Evidentiary Rulings

      In    his   second,    third,    and   fourth   issues,   Appellant    challenges

evidentiary rulings made by the trial court. Our standard of review for these

claims is deferential:

      The admission of evidence is solely within the discretion of the
      trial court, and a trial court’s evidentiary rulings will be reversed
      on appeal only upon an abuse of that discretion. An abuse of
      discretion will not be found based on a mere error of judgment,
      but rather occurs where the court has reached a conclusion that
      overrides or misapplies the law, or where the judgment
      exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality,
      prejudice, bias or ill-will.

Commonwealth v. Woodard, 129 A.3d 480, 494 (Pa. 2015) (quotation

marks and citations omitted), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 92 (2016).

                                          - 18 -
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      In general, all relevant evidence is admissible.        Pa.R.Evid. 402.

Evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency to make a fact [of consequence]

more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”       Pa.R.Evid.

401. “[T]he threshold for relevance is low due to the liberal ‘any tendency’

prerequisite.” Brady v. Urbas, 111 A.3d 1155, 1162 (Pa. 2015) (emphasis

in original; citing Pa.R.Evid. 401).   Relevant evidence may be excluded,

however, if its probative value is outweighed by, among other things, a

danger of unfair prejudice.     Pa.R.Evid. 403.     “Evidence is not unfairly

prejudicial simply because it is harmful to the defendant’s case.      Rather,

exclusion of evidence on this ground is limited to evidence so prejudicial that

it would inflame the jury to make a decision based upon something other

than the legal propositions relevant to the case.”       Commonwealth v.

Foley, 38 A.3d 882, 891 (Pa. Super. 2012) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted), appeal denied, 60 A.3d 535 (Pa. 2013).

                         The .25 Caliber Ammunition

      Appellant claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of the

sixty-two live rounds of .25 caliber ammunition found in a closet in the

house where he and his grandmother lived. Also found in the closet was a

loaded .25 caliber handgun that police determined was not used in the

shooting of Din. After the trial court admitted evidence of the ammunition

over Appellant’s objection, Appellant elected to have evidence of the gun

introduced. N.T. Trial, 6/10/15, at 4-5. Appellant now argues that it was

                                    - 19 -
J-S90019-16

error to admit evidence of the ammunition because that evidence was more

prejudicial than probative.

       Much of Appellant’s argument on this issue deals with the so-called

“similar weapon exception.” See Appellant’s Brief at 18-22. That exception

recognizes that, although a weapon not “specifically linked” to the charged

crime is usually inadmissible, evidence about the weapon may be admitted

“if the Commonwealth lays a foundation that would justify an inference by

the finder of fact of the likelihood that the weapon was used in the

commission of the crime.”         Commonwealth v. Christine, 125 A.3d 394,

396 n.4 (Pa. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).                “The

theory of the exception is that the weapon possessed could have been the

weapon used [in the crime],” and “[a]ny uncertainty that the weapon is the

actual weapon used in the crime goes to the weight of such evidence,”

rather    than    its   admissibility.    Id.   at   400   (citation   omitted);   see

Commonwealth v. Owens, 929 A.2d 1187, 1191 (Pa. Super.) (where

handguns involved in shooting were never recovered, handgun parts and

ammunition found in home of defendant were “relevant as tending to prove

that the defendants had weapons similar to the ones used in the

perpetration of the crime”), appeal denied, 940 A.2d 364 (Pa. 2007).9 In

____________________________________________

9
  In Christine, the Court criticized our description of the similar weapons
exception in Owens because it “omitted language referring to the need for a
foundation justifying an inference the weapon was used in the crime.”
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                          - 20 -
J-S90019-16

Christine, the Court stressed that the similar weapon exception does not

apply simply because the weapon at issue was similar to the weapon used

in the crime; there must be a foundation that would justify the inference

that the weapon could have been the one used in the crime. Christine, 125

A.3d at 400-01.

      Appellant argues that the .25 caliber ammunition recovered from his

and his grandmother’s house was not admissible under the similar weapon

exception because the Commonwealth’s showing that the caliber of the

ammunition was the same as that used in the crime was inadequate under

Christine. Appellant’s Brief at 20. He notes that the ammunition found in

the house was not the same brand as the shells recovered at the crime

scene. Id.

      We disagree. Because the ammunition was of the same caliber as that

found at the crime scene, it was relevant, as it tended to make it more

probable that Appellant possessed the gun used in the shooting. See Trial

Ct. Op. at 10; Pa.R.Evid. 401. The similar weapon exception does not

directly fit these facts because the evidence at issue is ammunition, not a

weapon. This case is distinguishable from Christine, where the weapon at

issue could not possibly have been the one used in the assault.        See

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

Christine, 125 A.3d at 400 n.10. However, the Court did not overrule the
holding of Owens.

                                           - 21 -
J-S90019-16

Christine, 125 A.3d at 400. Here, although the .25 caliber handgun found

with the ammunition was found to not be the gun used to shoot Din, it

cannot be said that the .25 caliber ammunition could not be used in the gun

that was used in the crime.    Although the ammunition was not the same

brand as the shells recovered at the crime scene, it could fit in any .25

caliber weapon, including the weapon used in the assault.            N.T. Trial,

6/10/15, at 94.

     For   this   same    reason,    this     case   is   distinguishable   from

Commonwealth v. Stokes, 78 A.3d 644 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal

denied, 89 A.3d 661 (Pa. 2014). In Stokes, this Court held that the trial

court erred in admitting ammunition found in the defendant’s home, where

that ammunition was of a different caliber than that used in the crime. Id.

at 655.    We determined that to the extent the ammunition from the

defendant’s home was relevant at all, its probative value was outweighed by

the potential for unfair prejudice, although we then concluded that the error

in admitting the ammunition was harmless because of the overwhelming

evidence of the defendant’s guilt.          Id. at 656.     Here, because the

ammunition was of the same caliber as that of the weapon used in the

crime, the ammunition was relevant evidence.

     Appellant contends that the Commonwealth did not prove that he had

access to the ammunition, which was in his grandmother’s bedroom closet.

Appellant’s Brief at 21. But there was no evidence that the room or closet

                                    - 22 -
J-S90019-16

was locked. Thus, because Appellant lived in the house, the jury could infer

that he had access to the ammunition.               See Commonwealth v. Carroll,

507 A.2d 819, 821 (Pa. 1986) (evidence was sufficient for the jury to

conclude that a husband had constructive possession of drugs found in

woman’s      pants    in   a    hotel    room       he    rented     with   his   family);10

Commonwealth v. Aviles, 615 A.2d 398, 403 (Pa. Super. 1992) (factfinder

could conclude that lessee and sub-lessees had access to all bedrooms and

entire residence), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 819 (1994).

       We do not agree that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding

that the danger of unfair prejudice did not outweigh the probative value of

the ammunition evidence. Appellant argues that the ammunition evidence

was particularly prejudicial because of its “sheer bulk” and the fact that it

was found with a .25 caliber gun. Appellant’s Brief at 20. But we do not see

how the amount of ammunition by itself would “inflame the jury to make a

decision based upon something other than the legal propositions relevant to

the case.” See Foley, 38 A.3d at 891; Owens, 929 A.2d at 1191. Further,

Appellant waived any argument that the admission of the gun found with the

ammunition       increased     the      prejudice        when   he    agreed      that   the

Commonwealth could introduce the gun after the court ruled that it would

____________________________________________

10
   We may cite cases predating the enactment of the Pennsylvania Rules of
Evidence to the extent they are in accord with the Rules. Commonwealth
v. Aikens, 990 A.2d 1181, 1185 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2000).

                                           - 23 -
J-S90019-16

admit the ammunition.         Cf. Commonwealth v. Beasley, 479 A.2d 460,

463 (Pa. 1984) (defendant cannot claim evidence was improperly admitted

when he introduced it).

       In sum, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

finding that the ammunition was relevant and not unfairly prejudicial.

                          Appellant’s Social Media Postings

       Next, Appellant claims that the trial court abused its discretion in

admitting evidence of his Twitter postings.           Approximately one week after

the shooting, and hours before he surrendered to the police, Appellant

tweeted, “it be the tuffest niggas ratting manee” and “this my last day out

here.” N.T. Trial, 6/10/15, at 68-71, 96; Ex. C-38. Appellant concedes that

he “used a street word for witness – rat – that is often used in the context of

threats.”    Appellant’s Brief at 23.          He argues, however, that his posting

expressed only surprise that someone who is “tough” would cooperate with

the Commonwealth.          Id.   Appellant argues that the postings were more

prejudicial than probative and were not relevant. Appellant’s Brief at 22.11

The trial court concluded that the postings were probative of Appellant’s

consciousness of guilt and were not unfairly prejudicial. Trial Ct. Op. at 11.

       Separate and apart from whatever implication of a threat may be

inferred from Appellant’s tweet, there is no question that Appellant’s use of
____________________________________________

11
  Appellant did not challenge the authenticity of the postings at trial, and he
does not do so on appeal. Trial Ct. Op. at 11 n.5.

                                          - 24 -
J-S90019-16

the word “ratting” suggested that Appellant believed someone spoke to the

police and implicated him in the crime.      As Appellant acknowledges, the

tweet reflected an “anti-snitching sentiment,” Appellant’s Brief at 24, which

shows his belief that someone identified him as Din’s shooter.      Appellant

argues that his characterization of that person as a “rat” or snitch did not

necessarily reflect an admission that the information given to the police

about Appellant’s involvement in the crime was correct. He explains, “the

terms ‘ratting’ and ‘snitching’ are not only used to refer to people who tell

the truth to the police — they are also used to describe people like Nabeel

Din, who lie to the police, leading them to arrest an innocent party (such as

Edwin, the man that Din named as the shooter just prior to naming the

Appellant, and such as the Appellant himself).”    Id. But resolution of any

ambiguities in Appellant’s tweet was for the jury, which was free to interpret

the statement as an acknowledgment that someone had informed the police

of a crime he committed. Under that interpretation, the tweet had probative

value.

      To the extent that the word “ratting” suggested a possible threat, the

tweet was also admissible to show possible consciousness of guilt.        See

Commonwealth v. Raymond Johnson, 838 A.2d 663, 680 (Pa. 2003),

cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1008 (2004).      In Raymond Johnson, before his

trial, the defendant approached a witness and said, “Its’ [sic] kind of f___ed

up when people’s families die.” 838 A.2d at 679 (letters omitted in original).

                                    - 25 -
J-S90019-16

The defendant argued that the statement was not admissible because “it

[was] not clear that the comments were intended as a threat.” Id. at 680.

The Court held that regardless of whether the defendant’s words constituted

a threat, they were admissible because they were intended to influence the

witness’ testimony. Id.

      Whether Appellant’s postings actually communicated a threat was a

question   of   interpretation   that   was      properly   left   to   the   jury.   In

Commonwealth v. Kramer, 371 A.2d 1008 (Pa. Super. 1977), the

defendant’s letter to his wife stating, “(w)hen I get out of here, I am going

to get a gun and you know what I am going to do,” was admissible even

though the defendant said he merely was referring to hunting.                   The true

meaning of the statement was within the province of the jury. 371 A.2d at

1011-12.    Here, the jury could have inferred that Appellant used word

“ratting” with the intent to intimidate, and the Twitter postings therefore

were relevant and admissible. See Raymond Johnson, 838 A.2d at 680.

Moreover, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

finding that “the messages were not unfairly prejudicial as they did not

divert the jury’s attention away from its duty of weighing the evidence

impartially.” Trial Ct. Op. at 11 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

           Ortiz’s Interaction with a Courtroom Audience Member

      Appellant next claims that the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting evidence that a man in the courtroom audience called Ortiz a

                                        - 26 -
J-S90019-16

snitch immediately before his second day of testimony and stared at Ortiz as

he testified. Appellant argues that evidence of this interaction was highly

prejudicial and not probative. Appellant’s Brief at 25.

      “In general, ‘threats by third persons against . . . witnesses are not

relevant [and thus not admissible into evidence] unless . . . the defendant is

linked in some way to the making of the threats.’”        Commonwealth v.

Bryant, 462 A.2d 785, 788 (Pa. Super. 1983) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Carr, 259 A.2d 165, 167 (Pa. 1969)). This general rule “refers to the

relevance of a threat as it bears upon the issue of guilt.” Carr, 259 A.2d at

167; accord Commonwealth v. Ragan, 645 A.2d 811, 824 (Pa. 1994).

However, a threat by a third party is admissible for other purposes apart

from proving guilt; these include explaining a witness’s prior inconsistent

statement. Carr, 259 A.2d at 167; Bryant, 462 A.2d at 788.

      In Carr, the Court held that threats by an identified third party were

relevant and admissible to explain why a witness wrote a letter exonerating

the defendant. Carr, 259 A.2d at 167. The Court held that “there was no

danger that the jury would treat the threat explanation as relevant to [the

defendant’s] guilt” because someone else had been identified as having

made the threat.    Id.   The Court further noted that if the defendant was

concerned that the jury might consider the threat relevant to the issue of his

guilt, he could have requested a cautionary instruction. Id.

                                    - 27 -
J-S90019-16

       In Commonwealth v. Clarence Johnson, 615 A.2d 1322 (Pa. Super.

1992), appeal denied, 625 A.2d 1191 (Pa. 1993), this Court held that

evidence of threats received by a witness and his mother were admissible

“as evidence of the witness’ state of mind, bias and reason for testifying.”

615 A.2d at 1334. Noting that the jury was specifically instructed not to

consider the threats as evidence of the defendants’ guilt, the Court in

Clarence Johnson held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting the evidence. Id. at 1335.

       Here, the threatening behavior of an audience member towards Ortiz

was not admitted as evidence proving Appellant’s guilt.      Rather, the trial

court explained that it admitted the evidence to assist the jury in assessing

Ortiz’s credibility.     See Trial Ct. Op. at 13.   Ortiz had made a prior

inconsistent statement in which he said he saw the shooter, and he had

difficulty recollecting what he had previously told the police. His credibility

was in issue, and the evidence of the threat was relevant to assist the jury in

assessing that credibility. See Clarence Johnson, 615 A.2d at 1334.12

       Moreover, Appellant was not unfairly prejudiced by Ortiz’s testimony

regarding the threat. First, Ortiz testified that Appellant did not make the

____________________________________________

12
    Although Ortiz testified that the threat did not affect his testimony, the
jury was free to accept or reject this assertion. See Commonwealth v.
Baez, 759 A.2d 936, 939 (Pa. Super. 2000) (“it is for the fact finder to make
credibility determinations, and the finder of fact may believe all, part, or
none of a witness’s testimony”), appeal denied, 775 A.2d 800 (Pa. 2001).

                                          - 28 -
J-S90019-16

threat. See N.T. Trial, 6/11/15, at 51; Carr, 259 A.2d at 167 (defendant

not prejudiced where threat was made by identified third party).     Further,

the trial court instructed the jury to consider the testimony only for the

purpose of evaluating the credibility and weight of Ortiz’s testimony. N.T.,

6/11/15, at 131.        The jury is presumed to have followed the court’s

instruction.   See Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 666 (Pa.),

cert. denied, 135 S.Ct. 164 (2014).

      In sum, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

determining that evidence Ortiz was threatened before he testified was

admissible for the purpose of assessing Ortiz’s credibility and was not

unfairly prejudicial.

                        Denial of Motion for a Mistrial

      Appellant’s final claim is that the trial court abused its discretion by

denying his motion for a mistrial, which was based on alleged hearsay in

Ortiz’s testimony — specifically, Ortiz’s testimony that Lopez told him that

the shooter was the man Ortiz had seen fighting with Din.

      In reviewing this claim, we apply the following principles:

      The trial court is in the best position to assess the effect of a
      prejudicial statement on the jury. Thus, the decision of whether
      to grant a mistrial is within the sound discretion of the trial
      court, and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of
      that discretion. The remedy of a mistrial is an extreme one that
      is required only when an incident is of such a nature that its
      unavoidable effect is to deprive the defendant of a fair and
      impartial trial by preventing the jury from weighing and
      rendering a true verdict. Furthermore, a mistrial is not necessary

                                    - 29 -
J-S90019-16

       if a court’s      cautionary     instructions   adequately   cure   any
       prejudice.

Commonwealth v. Begley, 780 A.2d 605, 624–25 (Pa. 2001) (citations

omitted).

       Appellant’s mistrial motion was based on his assertion that “Mr. Ortiz’s

testimony [was] filled with hearsay from his son,” Lopez, regarding the

identity of the shooter.        N.T. Trial, 6/11/15, at 60.    Although Appellant

objected when Ortiz testified that Lopez told him Appellant had shot Din,

Appellant did not state the basis for his objection, 13 or request a mistrial or a

limiting instruction at that time. See N.T., 6/10/15, at 134-35. Indeed, he

did not move for a mistrial until the end of the trial — the next day — after

all evidence had been presented and after he had unsuccessfully moved for

____________________________________________

13
     Rule 103(a) of the Rules of Evidence states:

       A party may claim error in a ruling to admit . . . evidence only:

       (1)    if the ruling admits evidence, a party, on the record:

              (A) makes a timely objection, motion to strike, or motion
              in limine; and

              (B) states the specific ground, unless it was apparent
              from the context . . . .

Here, Appellant did not state whether he objected because Ortiz’s testimony
contained hearsay inadmissible under Evidence Rules 802 and 803, or
because the testimony’s probative value would be outweighed by the
prejudice it could cause under Rule 403, or for some other reason. In his
brief to this Court, Appellant cites only to Rule 802. Appellant’s Brief at 29.

                                          - 30 -
J-S90019-16

judgment of acquittal on all charges.14 At that point, Appellant contended

“that a curative instruction of any kind” would be inadequate.      N.T. Trial,

6/11/15, at 60-61.        Appellant also explained that he had been unable to

effectively cross-examine Lopez regarding what Ortiz said Lopez told him

because Lopez testified before Ortiz gave that testimony. Id. at 61.

       The Commonwealth responded that Ortiz’s testimony regarding what

Lopez told him was introduced to impeach Lopez’s prior testimony that he

did not tell his father who the shooter was.             On this basis, the

Commonwealth argued that the question to Ortiz about what Lopez told him

was proper impeachment testimony, and it told the court that a limiting

instruction explaining that purpose would avoid any prejudice to Appellant.

The Commonwealth also asserted that Appellant could have recalled Lopez if

he wanted to examine him about Ortiz’s testimony. N.T. Trial, 6/11/15, at

61-62.

       The trial court denied Appellant’s motion for a mistrial, but instructed

the jury that the testimony was admitted for “a limited purpose, that is to

evaluate the weight and credibility of Mr. Lopez’s testimony.” Id. at 130-31.

It added, “You may not regard that evidence as proof of the truth of

anything asserted in those statements.” Id. at 131. Appellant agreed that

the wording of that instruction was appropriate. Id. at 62.
____________________________________________

14
    The trial court granted the motion for judgment of acquittal on two
counts of conspiracy, and denied it on the other charges.

                                          - 31 -
J-S90019-16

      In his brief to this Court, Appellant now asserts:

      The trial court erred and abused its discretion in denying the
      Appellant’s motion for mistrial based on the admission of
      hearsay testimony through Bladimil Ortiz’s trial testimony. . . .
      Ortiz initially indicated that he had seen the shooting, but under
      oath acknowledged that he had not because he was inside his
      house when the shooting occurred. The information that he gave
      the police on the night of the shooting purportedly came from his
      son, but under oath his son also testified that he had not seen
      the shooting. This is core hearsay.

Appellant’s Brief at 28-29. Appellant continues:

      [T]he Commonwealth was caught flat-footed when their
      witnesses [Ortiz and Lopez] came to court and acknowledged
      under oath that they knew a lot less than they had purported to
      know when they gave their statements. Ortiz thought he “knew”
      what his son had told him, and his son, a teenager when the
      shooting occurred, engaged in some “puffery” about standing
      with Din and being near him when shot.

Id. at 29-30. Appellant argues that the alleged hearsay in Ortiz’s testimony

reflected an attenuated and prejudicial “‘on the street’ understanding” of

what happened at the shooting.        See id. at 29-30.         He contends that

“allowing in testimony that amounts to ‘street knowledge’ (i.e. gossip) has

the potential to give the jury the message that ‘everybody knows’ who

committed a certain shooting . . . .”           Id. at 30.    He also makes two

arguments that he did not raise before the trial court, specifically that the

“prior inconsistent statement” instruction was inadequate because (1) a

written copy of the instruction was not given to the jury, and (2) the charge

was   not   given   immediately   after   the    “prior   inconsistent   statement”

testimony. Id.

                                     - 32 -
J-S90019-16

      We will not address the arguments in Appellant’s brief regarding the

timing of the charge or the fact that the jury was not given a written copy of

it, because Appellant did not raise those issues before the trial court. See

Commonwealth v. Duffy, 832 A.2d 1132, 1136 (Pa. Super. 2003) (“an

appellant may not raise a new theory for an objection made at trial on his

appeal”), appeal denied, 845 A.2d 816 (Pa. 2004). We further note that

the issue framed for us by Appellant — “Was denial of the appellant’s

mistrial motion (N.T. 6.11.15, pp. 59-62) an abuse of discretion?,”

Appellant’s Brief at 5 — is not whether the trial court erred in overruling

Appellant’s objection during Ortiz’s testimony, but rather the distinct issue

whether the trial court erred in denying the motion for a mistrial Appellant

made at the conclusion of the trial. Even though Appellant’s brief challenges

the propriety of three of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings (on admissibility

of the ammunition evidence, tweets, and the alleged courtroom threat), the

ruling admitting Ortiz’s testimony is not among them. After reviewing the

record, the parties’ briefs, and the trial court opinion, we conclude that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the “extreme” remedy of a

mistrial. See Begley, 780 A.2d at 624-25.

      Although Appellant objected to the admission of Ortiz’s testimony that

Lopez identified the shooter, he did not state a basis for the objection at that

time, and he did not then move for a mistrial or request any limiting

instruction to the jury regarding the testimony.     It was not until the next

                                     - 33 -
J-S90019-16

day, after the close of all evidence and after the trial court had denied the

bulk of Appellant’s motion for acquittal, that Appellant argued for the first

time that because Ortiz’s testimony was “filled with . . .        inadmissible

hearsay,” a mistrial was required. N.T. Trial, 6/11/15, at 60-61. The trial

court then explained that it had admitted the testimony only for the limited

purpose of assisting the jury in its assessment of Lopez’s credibility, and,

although it denied the mistrial, it instructed the jury not to consider the

evidence as proof of anything asserted in the conversation.      See Trial Ct.

Op. at 15; N.T. Trial, 6/11/15, at 130-31. In doing so, the trial court did not

err.

       First, as the trial court held, Ortiz’s testimony qualified as extrinsic

evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by Lopez about whether he had

told his father the identity of the shooter, and it therefore was admissible to

permit assessment of Lopez’s credibility.     It is axiomatic, of course, that

hearsay — “an out-of-court statement, which is offered in evidence to prove

the truth of the matter asserted,” Commonwealth v. Busanet, 54 A.3d 35,

68 (Pa. 2012), cert. denied, 134 S.Ct. 178 (2013) — is inadmissible unless

a specific exception to the hearsay rule applies. See id. (citing Pa.R.Evid.

802). However, “[a]n out-of-court statement is not hearsay when it has a

purpose other than to convince the fact finder of the truth of the statement,”

id., and, in particular, it may be admitted for purposes of impeachment.

See Pa.R.Evid. 803.1(1) cmt. (“An inconsistent statement of a witness that

                                     - 34 -
J-S90019-16

does not qualify as an exception to the hearsay rule may still be introduced

to impeach the credibility of the witness”); Commonwealth v. Charleston,

16 A.3d 505, 526-27 (Pa. Super.), appeal denied, 30 A.3d 486 (Pa. 2011),

abrogated on other grounds by In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073 (Pa. 2013).

Notably, although Appellant asserts that Ortiz’s testimony contained “core

hearsay,”    Appellant’s     Brief   at   29,   Appellant   does   not   address   the

admissibility of such testimony for the purpose of impeachment and does not

contend that Ortiz’s testimony was inadmissible for that purpose here.15

       In Charleston, this Court upheld the admission of a witness’

testimony that, one week prior to a murder, a neighbor told the witness that

the defendant said he planned to rob the victim. Charleston, 16 A.3d at

526-27.     Rejecting the defendant’s claim that the testimony contained

inadmissible double hearsay, we held that the testimony was properly

admitted for impeachment purposes under Rule 613(b) of the Rules of

Evidence. Id. at 513, 527. The Ortiz testimony at issue here is similar to

____________________________________________

15
   The Commonwealth argues that Lopez’s statement to Ortiz was not
hearsay because, pursuant to the trial court’s instructions, the jury could
consider it only to assess Lopez’s credibility, and not for the truth of the
matter asserted. Commonwealth’s Brief at 35. The Commonwealth adds,
however, that it views the limiting instruction as “a substantial windfall for
[Appellant], since the identification should have been admitted for its truth
as both a present sense impression and an excited utterance.” Id. at 35-36.
We need not reach that argument.

                                          - 35 -
J-S90019-16

that in Charleston and was admissible for the same reason.16 Once Lopez

denied that he had told his father the identity of the shooter, Ortiz’s

testimony to the contrary was admissible to impeach Lopez’s testimony.

Appellant argues that it was improper to permit the testimony in this way

because Ortiz testified after Lopez and Appellant therefore did not have an

opportunity to cross-examine Lopez about Ortiz’s testimony. But Appellant

was free to seek to recall Lopez to conduct such an examination if he

wished, and he cannot rely on the fact that he failed to do so. See Trial Ct.

Op. at 14.

       The fact Appellant waited until a day after the objectionable testimony

before he asked for a mistrial weighed strongly against granting his mistrial

motion.    See Pa.R.Crim.P. 605(B) (“the motion shall be made when the

event is disclosed”).      If Appellant had sought relief immediately after his

objection to the Ortiz testimony was overruled, then, even if the court

denied the mistrial, the trial court could have fashioned relief from potential

prejudice by immediately instructing the jury about the limits on its proper

use of the contested testimony. By instead waiting a day before making his

motion and then arguing that the relief of a limiting instruction would be too

late and inadequate, Appellant contributed to the problem about which he

now complains. As previously noted, we presume that a jury follows a trial
____________________________________________

16
    Appellant makes no argument challenging the admissibility of the
testimony under Rule 613.

                                          - 36 -
J-S90019-16

court’s limiting instruction once it is given. See Hairston, 84 A.3d at 666.

Any reduction in the remedial benefit resulting from any purported lateness

in giving the instruction must be charged to Appellant’s own delay. We thus

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Appellant’s motion for a mistrial.

      In summary, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support

the verdict; the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the

ammunition, Appellant’s Twitter postings, and the threat against Ortiz; and

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s motion for a

mistrial.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judge Ott joins the memorandum.

Judge Jenkins concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/30/2016

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