Court Opinion

ID: 803822
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-07-06 20:33:32+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:09.890933
License: Public Domain

[PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                         ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              JULY 6, 2012
                                   No. 10-13871
                                                               JOHN LEY
                             ________________________           CLERK

                      D. C. Docket No. 3:07-cv-00010-JTC

CURVES, LLC,
d.b.a. Curves Bar & Grill,
JAMES D. GANN,

                                                           Plaintiffs-Appellants,

      versus

SPALDING COUNTY, GEORGIA,
CAPTAIN TONY RANIERI,

                                                        Defendants-Appellees.

               _________________________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Georgia
               _________________________________________

                                  (July 6, 2012)
Before EDMONDSON and WILSON, Circuit Judges, and VINSON,* District
Judge.

PER CURIAM:

       Plaintiffs operated an alcohol-selling nightclub in Spalding County,

Georgia. Defendant Spalding County’s ordinances prohibit nude dancing where

alcohol is sold. Plaintiffs sued, challenging the constitutionality of the ordinances

and asserting claims for malicious arrest and malicious prosecution. The District

Court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants on Plaintiffs’

constitutional claims. The District Court also granted summary judgment in favor

of Defendants on Plaintiffs’ malicious arrest and malicious prosecution claims.

       Plaintiffs appeal the District Court’s summary judgment ruling on the

merits. In addition, Plaintiffs also question the impartiality of the District Judge --

former Judge Jack Camp -- and seek retroactive recusal and vacatur of summary

judgment.

       We affirm the District Court’s decision granting summary judgment in favor

of Defendants.

   *
     Honorable C. Roger Vinson, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Florida,
sitting by designation.

                                                2
                                       BACKGROUND

       Curves opened for business in 2006. It was licensed to sell alcohol and

operated as a sports bar in Spalding County (“the County”). Curves began

offering fully nude dance entertainment in April 2007; before then, sometimes

waitresses would merely “flash” their bare breasts at patrons.

       After undercover operations and investigation by the authorities, Curves

filed suit to challenge the constitutionality of the County’s alcohol and adult

ordinances (the “Original Alcohol Ordinance” and the “Original Adult

Ordinance”). In February 2007, Curves sought to enjoin Defendants from

enforcing the ordinances.

       After an evidentiary hearing the District Court granted a preliminary

injunction, which enjoined Defendants from enforcing parts -- but not all -- of the

ordinances.1 The District Court denied Curves’s motion to enjoin section 6-3013,

the provision of the Original Adult Ordinance that prohibited nude dancing in

   1
    The District Court concluded that Curves would be likely to succeed in its challenge to
section 6-1071 of the Original Alcohol Ordinance (because the Ordinance lacked a statement of
purpose and no legislative record existed of the adverse secondary effects of alcohol and places
of adult entertainment) and sections 6-3011 and 6-3012 of the Original Adult Ordinance (because
the permitting scheme seemed like a prior restraint, allowing for impermissible delay and too
much discretion to county officials).

                                               3
places that serve alcohol. So, section 6-3013 continued to prohibit Curves from

offering nude dancing while it also sold alcohol. Curves appealed to this Court.

      Despite the continued operation of section 6-3013, Curves offered nude

dancing together with alcohol. Spalding County, in turn, enforced section 6-3013.

Defendant Tony Ranieri, a law enforcement officer, would enter Curves and

determine whether Curves was serving alcohol while simultaneously offering live

nude entertainment. Witnessing both live nudity and the serving of alcohol,

Ranieri would cite Curves’s manager, Plaintiff James Gann, for a violation of

section 6-3013. Ranieri issued these citations about once per week between 17

May 2007 and 24 August 2007.

      On 23 August 2007, Spalding County repealed both the Original Adult

Ordinance and the Original Alcohol Ordinance and replaced them with two new

ordinances:

•     Ordinance No. 2007-17, Spalding County Code §§ 6-3001 through 6-3016
      (“Amended Adult Ordinance”); and
•     Ordinance No. 2007-18, Spalding County Code § 6-1071 (“Amended
      Alcohol Ordinance”).

The amended ordinances took effect on 28 August 2007. After the County

repealed the original ordinances, this Court dismissed Plaintiffs’ then-pending

appeal as moot. Curves LLC v. Spalding Cty., No. 07-12577 (11th Cir. Dec. 28,

2007) (order dismissing appeal as moot).

                                           4
      Curves determined that it could not operate successfully without the ability

both to sell alcohol and to offer nude dancing. So, Curves went out of business.

      Plaintiffs then filed an amended complaint in the District Court, alleging

that parts of the original and amended ordinances violated the First Amendment,

that is, prevented the club from offering nude dancing. Plaintiffs also asserted a

state-law-based malicious arrest claim and a federal-law-based malicious

prosecution claim. Plaintiffs sought damages and fees only, abandoning all claims

for declaratory and injunctive relief.

      The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants.

Plaintiffs appeal.

                                     DISCUSSION

I.    Retroactive Recusal and Vacatur

      Plaintiffs contend that former Judge Jack Camp -- who presided over and

ruled on summary judgment -- should be retroactively recused pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 455(a) and (b)(1) and that Judge Camp’s summary judgment order should

                                         5
be vacated pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6).2 After Judge

Camp’s rulings in this case, federal law officers arrested Judge Camp and charged

him with crimes. That Judge Camp -- around the time he was deciding this case --

frequented Atlanta-area, nude-dancing clubs has become known. Judge Camp’s

conduct was, in fact, unrelated to this case. No one contends that Judge Camp had

visited the Curves club. Judge Camp ultimately pleaded guilty to criminal charges

and resigned his office.

       About retroactive recusal, section 455(a) requires recusal where “an

objective, fully informed lay observer would entertain significant doubt about the

judge’s impartiality.” Christo v. Padgett, 223 F.3d 1324, 1333 (11th Cir. 2000).

The pertinent facts in the present case were not disputed. Judge Camp, therefore,

decided no disputes of operative fact that were essential to the outcome of this

case.3 And we review de novo Judge Camp’s legal conclusions: that is, we give

   2
    Pursuant to Rule 60(b) and 62.1, Plaintiffs sought an indicative ruling about retroactive
recusal and vacatur in the District Court before Judge Thomas W. Thrash. Plaintiffs failed to file
a notice of appeal from Judge Thrash’s denial of Plaintiffs’ motion. According to Defendants,
Plaintiffs’ failure to file a notice of appeal deprives us of jurisdiction to decide the retroactive
recusal and vacatur issues. We disagree. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal from Judge Camp’s
entry of summary judgment against Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ briefing to this Court, in the appeal
Plaintiffs did notice, raised the issues of retroactive recusal and vacatur, which can be raised for
the first time on appeal; the issues are properly before us. We are not reviewing Judge Thrash’s
decision. We are reviewing the grant of summary judgment. For the issues of recusal and
vacatur raised for the first time on appeal, we review for plain error. Hamm v. Members of Bd.
of Regents, 708 F.2d 647, 651 (11th Cir. 1983).
   3
    Plaintiffs contend that Judge Camp made at least one essential factual ruling: Plaintiffs say
that Judge Camp decided that no factual issue existed about the County’s “predominant intent” in

                                                 6
his legal conclusions no deference. On this record, no fully informed and

objectively reasonable lay observer would seriously doubt Judge Camp’s

impartiality because of conduct in his private life which was unrelated, in fact, to

this case or to these parties. Section 455(a) does not mandate retroactive recusal.

        Recusal pursuant to section 455(b)(1) requires that the judge “actually has a

personal bias or prejudice concerning a party[.]” United States v. Amedeo, 487

F.3d 823, 828 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations omitted) (emphasis in

original). Section 455(b)(1) is therefore narrower than section 455(a). Liteky v.

United States, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 1156 (1994). No record evidence shows that Judge

Camp actually had personal bias or prejudice concerning a party. Section

455(b)(1) does not require retroactive recusal.

        Rule 60(b) vacatur for a potential section 455 violation involves

consideration of these factors: the risk of injustice to the parties; the risk that

denial of relief will produce injustice in other cases; and the risk of undermining

the public’s confidence in the judicial process. Liljeberg v. Health Services

Acquisition Corp., 108 S. Ct. 2194, 2205 (1988).

enacting the challenged ordinances. For reasons more thoroughly discussed below, we -- as a
matter of law -- reject Plaintiffs’ assertion that the record reflects a genuine issue of material fact
about the County’s “predominant intent.”

                                                   7
      In this appeal from summary judgment, we review the record de novo: we

give no deference to the District Court. So, injustice -- if any -- to these parties

will be cured by our fresh review. Furthermore, because of our de novo review

and because Judge Camp has resigned, the risk of injustice to other parties is non-

existent. And because no fully informed objectively reasonable person would

entertain significant doubt about Judge Camp’s impartiality about this case, the

public’s confidence in the judicial process cannot be said to be undermined,

especially in the light of our de novo review. The law does not require us to

vacate Judge Camp’s summary judgment decision.

II.   Plaintiffs’ Constitutional Challenges to the Amended Alcohol Ordinance
      and the Amended Adult Ordinance

      At the outset, we note that Plaintiffs’ briefs chiefly challenge the

constitutionality of the Amended Adult Ordinance. For reasons discussed below,

however, our review focuses on the Amended Alcohol Ordinance.

      We first conclude that the Amended Alcohol Ordinance is constitutional.

Because this conclusion is dispositive of this case, we do not reach the

constitutionality of the Amended Adult Ordinance. But because the Amended

Alcohol Ordinance incorporates by reference certain parts of the Amended Adult

                                           8
Ordinance, we do discuss those directly incorporated parts of the Amended Adult

Ordinance that Plaintiffs challenge.

       To be clear, in reviewing the constitutionality of the two amended

ordinances, we will only address these arguments: (1) Plaintiffs’ arguments that

“plainly and prominently” challenge the constitutionality of the Amended Alcohol

Ordinance4 ; and (2) Plaintiffs’ arguments about the parts of the Amended Adult

Ordinance that the text of the Amended Alcohol Ordinance explicitly incorporates

by reference. We will address no other arguments because a full adjudication of

this appeal requires us to address no other arguments.

A. Constitutionality of the Amended Alcohol Ordinance

       Plaintiffs contend that the Amended Alcohol Ordinance violates the First

Amendment. We reject Plaintiffs’ contention.

       On appeal from a grant of summary judgment, we review the District

Court’s legal conclusions de novo and view all evidenced facts in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party. E.g., Galvez v. Bruce, 552 F.3d 1238, 1241

   4
   “Under our caselaw, a party seeking to raise a claim or issue on appeal must plainly and
prominently so indicate. Otherwise, the issue -- even if properly preserved at trial -- will be
considered abandoned.” United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003).

                                                9
(11th Cir. 2008). We review the constitutionality of statutes de novo. Ranch

House, Inc. v. Amerson, 238 F.3d 1273, 1277 (11th Cir. 2001).

i. Constitutionality under O’Brien

      “[A] city ordinance prohibiting nude dancing in establishments licensed to

sell liquor is content-neutral and therefore, subject to review under the O’Brien

test.” Flanigan’s Enterprises, Inc. v. Fulton Cty., 596 F.3d 1265, 1276 (11th Cir.

2010) (quotation marks omitted). Because the Amended Alcohol Ordinance

targets the undesirable secondary effects of nude dancing and alcohol sales, the

Ordinance in this case is “independent of expressive or communicative elements

of conduct, and thus [is] content-neutral.” Wise Enterprises, Inc. v. Unified Gov’t

of Athens-Clarke Cty., 217 F.3d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 2000) (quotation marks

omitted). Therefore, we review the Amended Alcohol Ordinance under the

O’Brien test.

      The O’Brien test requires these things: (1) the ordinance is within the

constitutional power of the government; (2) it furthers an important or substantial

governmental interest; (3) the government interest is unrelated to the suppression

of free expression; and (4) the incidental restriction on the alleged First

                                          10
Amendment freedoms is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of that

interest. United States v. O’Brien, 88 S. Ct. 1673, 1679 (1968).

      Here, the Amended Alcohol Ordinance satisfies the four-part O’Brien test.

About the first part, we have “approved, as a valid exercise of the general police

power, an ordinance prohibiting nude dancing where liquor was sold.” Sammy’s

of Mobile, Ltd. v. City of Mobile, 140 F.3d 993, 995-96 (11th Cir. 1998); see also

44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 116 S. Ct. 1495, 1514 (1996).

      About the second part, an ordinance focusing on the deleterious secondary

effects associated with adult entertainment undoubtedly represents a “substantial

government interest.” E.g., Daytona Grand, Inc. v. City of Daytona Beach, 490

F.3d 860, 873-74 (11th Cir. 2007).

      The County provided factual evidence to support the substantialness of the

government interest in reducing the secondary effects. For example, the County’s

Board of Commissioners considered live testimony, a compilation of studies, and

various judicial decisions. And the Ordinance includes a preamble that describes

the public purpose and reasons supporting the Ordinance’s enactment. The

County demonstrated that it had the required reasonable basis “for believing that

                                         11
its ordinance will serve [a] substantial governmental interest.” Sammy’s, 140 F.3d

at 997.5

         To satisfy the third part of the O’Brien test, the ordinance must be unrelated

to the suppression of free expression. We have made clear that “[o]rdinances that

prohibit nude dancing where alcohol is served or consumed are independent of

expressive or communicative elements of conduct, and thus are content-neutral.”

Wise Enterprises, 217 F.3d at 1363 (internal quotations omitted). The Amended

Alcohol Ordinance here represents precisely such a content-neutral ordinance that

this Court has found to be “unrelated to the suppression of free expression.” Id. at

1364.6

         About the test’s fourth part, we have upheld similar nude-dancing-while-

selling-alcohol bans. The Amended Alcohol Ordinance does not prohibit all nude

dancing. To the contrary, the Amended Alcohol Ordinance “is narrowly tailored

to the problem targeted by the County -- the undesirable community conditions

   5
    In an effort to undermine the County’s evidence, Curves points, for example, to the speed
with which the County acted to pass the new ordinances and the purported hostility to adult
entertainment on the part of some County Commissioners. As a matter of law, we conclude that
the County’s evidence sufficiently supports the County’s rationale and that Plaintiffs’
unsubstantiated theories about legislative intent fail to undercut the County’s factual findings.
No genuine issue of material fact exists on this record. On a related point, we also conclude that
on this record no genuine issue of material fact exists about the availability of sufficient
alternative avenues to open and operate adult businesses.
   6
    As noted above, we reject Plaintiffs’ contentions that the County’s “predominant intent” in
enacting the Amended Alcohol Ordinance was to target nude dancing, on the basis of content.

                                                12
associated with establishments that combine alcohol and nude dancing.” Id. at

1365. The Amended Alcohol Ordinance complies with the O’Brien test’s fourth

and final part: the restrictions are narrowly tailored and no greater than is essential

to the furtherance of the government’s substantial interest.7 The Amended

Alcohol Ordinance satisfies O’Brien’s four-part test.

ii. Overbreadth

       Plaintiffs also challenge the Amended Alcohol Ordinance on overbreadth

grounds. To adjudicate this portion of Plaintiffs’ appeal requires us to address

certain parts of the Amended Adult Ordinance: Plaintiffs contend that parts of the

Amended Alcohol Ordinance are unconstitutional because section 6-1071(f)

incorporates allegedly overbroad definitions from the Amended Adult Ordinance.

       On First Amendment overbreadth grounds, a law is facially invalid if it

“punishes a ‘substantial’ amount of protected free speech, ‘judged in relation to

the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep.’” Virginia v. Hicks, 123 S. Ct. 2191, 2196

(2003) (quoting Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 93 S. Ct. 2908, 2918 (1973)). The

   7
    That the Amended Alcohol Ordinance bans alcohol and the “simulation” of “specified sexual
activity” does not -- contrary to Plaintiffs’ assertions -- cause the Ordinance to violate O’Brien’s
narrow-tailoring requirement. Nor do other statutory definitions used in the context of the
Amended Alcohol Ordinance violate O’Brien’s narrow-tailoring requirement.

                                                13
Supreme Court cautions that overbreadth is “strong medicine” to be used

“sparingly and only as a last resort.” Broadrick, 93 S. Ct. at 2916.

       Plaintiffs contend that portions of the Amended Alcohol Ordinance are

unconstitutional because section 6-1071(f) incorporates allegedly overbroad

definitions from the Amended Adult Ordinance. Plaintiffs most directly challenge

the Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s regulation of the performance or simulation of

any “specified sexual activity” in 6-1071(f)(2) (and (f)(3)), and the definition of

“adult entertainment establishment” in 6-1071(f)(4).8

       Plaintiffs say the definition of “specified sexual activity” is too broad

because, among other reasons, it bans “simulated” conduct and “erotic touching.”

Plaintiffs cite, for example, to a (distinguishable) Seventh Circuit case to argue

that the ordinance prohibits “the performance of a strikingly wide array of sexually

explicit dance movements.” Schultz v. City of Cumberland, 228 F.3d 831, 847

(7th Cir. 2000). But the Amended Alcohol Ordinance does not inherently ban

nude dancing at all, even nude dancing that includes “simulated” conduct and

“erotic touching.” The Amended Alcohol Ordinance just disallows such acts in a

   8
    Contrary to Plaintiffs’ contentions, our decision in Artistic Entm’t, Inc. v. City of Warner
Robins, 331 F.3d 1196 (11th Cir. 2003), does not control this case. Artistic involved the
continuing validity of definitions set out in a statute that was struck down as unconstitutional.
Here, by contrast, the definitions referenced by the Amended Alcohol Ordinance are set out in
the Amended Adult Ordinance, and we do not address the constitutionality of the Amended
Adult Ordinance. So, Artistic is distinguishable and does not control this case.

                                                 14
commercial venue where alcohol is sold. The statute is not overbroad on this

basis.

         Plaintiffs also say “adult entertainment establishment” and other similar

statutory definitions are too broad because the definitions could cover an

impermissibly broad range of commercial establishments where some artistic

kinds of nudity or other sexual expression might occur, and might even cover non-

commercial places. We cannot agree.

         First, the Amended Alcohol Ordinance in section (f)(5) contains a

“mainstream exception.”9 Section (f)(5) clearly excepts different establishments

   9
    The Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s “mainstream exception” is set out in the Amended
Alcohol Ordinance itself. Although Plaintiffs challenge the Amended Adult Ordinance’s similar
mainstream exception, Plaintiffs’ briefing does not “plainly and prominently” challenge the
Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s specific “mainstream exception.” Therefore, Plaintiffs can be
said to have abandoned a potential challenge to the Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s mainstream
exception. See Jernigan, 341 F.3d at 1283 n.8.
        But the Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s mainstream exception also incorporates by
reference some definitions that are explicated in the Amended Adult Ordinance. Plaintiffs do
challenge these definitions. We conclude below that these directly challenged definitions are not
unconstitutionally overbroad. So, even construing Plaintiffs’ briefs liberally, an overbreadth
challenge to the Amended Alcohol Ordinance based on the alleged faultiness of the mainstream
exception fails.
        We will decide nothing about vagueness. Plaintiffs make no vagueness challenge to the
Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s mainstream exception (or to the part of the Amended Adult
Ordinance that is directly incorporated by reference in the Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s
mainstream exception). No vagueness issues necessary to adjudicate fully this appeal are
“plainly and prominently” raised to us; we will decide nothing about vagueness.

                                               15
that may -- along with serving alcohol -- at times feature some nudity or sexually

explicit acts (like the traditional theater).10

        Second, to establish unconstitutional overbreadth, the danger to the

suppression of First Amendment rights must be both “real” and “substantial.”

Broadrick, 93 S. Ct at 2918. Plaintiffs predict that the Amended Alcohol

Ordinance will ban an unconstitutionally broad range of expression. For example,

Plaintiffs contend that the Ordinance would prohibit an establishment that features

live performances only occasionally -- as opposed to regularly -- from staging a

sexually explicit performance. But Plaintiffs’ various predictions of banned

expression are too improbable to amount to “real” and “substantial” dangers to the

suppression of First Amendment rights. For example, that hotels or museums or

other non-sexually oriented places that do not regularly offer live entertainment

might at some point offer live (or non-live) nude entertainment plus alcohol

   10
      The Amended Alcohol Ordinance’s “mainstream exception” provides, in pertinent part,
these exceptions: “Nothing contained in paragraph (f) of Section 6-1071 shall apply to the
premises of any mainstream theater, which means a theater, concert hall, museum, educational
institution or similar establishment which regularly features live performances which are not
distinguished or characterized by an emphasis on the depiction, display, or description or the
featuring of ‘specified anatomical areas’ or ‘specified sexual activities’ in that the depiction,
display, description or featuring is incidental to the primary purpose of any performance.”

                                                16
represents too remote of a possibility to pose a “real” and “substantial” danger of

suppression of rights. The statute is not overbroad on this basis.11

iii. Vagueness

        In the summary of the argument section, Plaintiffs’ initial brief mentions in

an oblique and conclusory way a challenge to the Amended Alcohol Ordinance on

vagueness grounds. Our law requires more elaboration: “[Plaintiff-Appellant]

only mentioned his . . . claim in the summary of the argument in his initial brief.

Because [Plaintiff-Appellant] made no arguments on the merits as to this issue, the

issue is deemed waived.” Kelliher v. Veneman, 313 F.3d 1270, 1274 n.3 (11th

Cir. 2002); see also Marek v. Singletary, 62 F.3d 1295, 1298 n.2 (11th Cir. 1995)

(“Issues not clearly raised in the briefs are considered abandoned.”) (emphasis

added). Therefore, Plaintiffs abandon a potential vagueness challenge to the

Amended Alcohol Ordinance.12

   11
     In a similar way, the lack of a “limit on floor areas” in the Amended Alcohol Ordinance also
does not lead to a “real” and “substantial” danger of suppression of First Amendment rights.
   12
     Plaintiffs do make a cursory challenge to the Amended Adult Ordinance on vagueness
grounds. But we will decide nothing about the Amended Adult Ordinance today. So, we also
will not address Plaintiffs’ vagueness challenge to the Amended Adult Ordinance. Therefore, we
decide nothing about vagueness for the ordinances.

                                               17
B. Constitutionality of the Amended Adult Ordinance

      Plaintiffs also contend that the Amended Adult Ordinance

unconstitutionally violates their free expression rights. We will decide nothing

about the Amended Adult Ordinance today.

      When a court upholds one statute that prohibits certain conduct, the court

should not rule on the constitutionality of a second statute that also prohibits the

same conduct: the second ruling would have no effect on the parties’ behavior. S.

Fla. Free Beaches, Inc. v. City of Miami, 734 F.2d 608, 612 (11th Cir. 1984); see

also Cone Corp. v. Fla. Dep’t of Transp., 921 F.2d 1190, 1210 (11th Cir. 1991)

(“A fundamental principle of constitutional law dictates that a federal court should

refuse to decide a constitutional issue unless a constitutional decision is strictly

necessary.”) (emphasis added).

      We have upheld the Amended Alcohol Ordinance. The Amended Alcohol

Ordinance constitutionally prohibits the same acts Plaintiffs desire to engage in

(selling alcohol and providing nude dancing) that the Amended Adult Ordinance

would prohibit. So, we decline to reach the constitutionality of the Amended

Adult Ordinance.

                                          18
III.   Constitutionality of the Original Adult Ordinance and the Original Alcohol
       Ordinance

       Plaintiffs challenge the constitutionality of the Original Adult Ordinance.

The District Court properly found section 6-3013 of the Original Adult Ordinance

to be severable from the rest of the statute and to be enforceable. Section 6-3013

clearly proscribed the same acts (serving alcohol together with nude dancing) as

does section 6-1071(f) of the Amended Alcohol Ordinance. As discussed above,

section 6-1071(f) constitutionally prohibits serving alcohol together with nude

dancing. For similar reasons, section 6-3013 of the Original Adult Ordinance also

did not violate the First Amendment.

       Plaintiffs also challenge the constitutionality of the Original Alcohol

Ordinance. Because section 6-3013 of the Original Adult Ordinance -- which was

in force at the same time as the Original Alcohol Ordinance -- constitutionally

proscribed the same conduct proscribed by the Original Alcohol Ordinance, we do

not address the constitutionality of the Original Alcohol Ordinance. Plaintiffs

were not harmed by the allegedly unconstitutional portions of the Original Alcohol

Ordinance and therefore we make no ruling about the Original Alcohol Ordinance.

See S. Fla. Free Beaches, 734 F.2d at 612; see also supra.

                                          19
IV.   Malicious Arrest and Malicious Prosecution Claims

      Plaintiffs contend that the District Court erred in granting summary

judgment to Defendants on the state-law-based malicious arrest claim and the

federal-law-based malicious prosecution claim.

      Malicious arrest under Georgia law requires an arrest without probable

cause and with malice. OCGA § 51-7-1. Defendant Ranieri saw nude dancing

plus alcohol being served at Curves. Captain Ranieri thus possessed probable

cause to cite Plaintiff Gann under Original Adult Ordinance § 6-3013, the

enforcement of which the District Court had not enjoined. The record reflects no

evidence of malice. Therefore, Plaintiff can sustain no malicious arrest claim; the

District Court properly granted summary judgment for Defendant Ranieri.

      A federal malicious prosecution claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 requires

proving that a state actor committed the common law tort of malicious

prosecution. Kingsland v. City of Miami, 382 F.3d 1220, 1234 (11th Cir. 2004).

In Georgia, the elements of the common law tort include, among other things,

showing that a prosecution occurred without probable cause and with malice.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Blackford, 449 S.E.2d 293, 294 (Ga. 1994). Probable

                                         20
cause existed to prosecute, and the record reflects no evidence of malice. The

District Court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants.

                                  CONCLUSION

      The District Court’s decision granting summary judgment in favor of

Defendants is

                          AFFIRMED.

                                        21