Court Opinion

ID: 4574345
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-08 14:08:31.031066+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:06.207550
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-4423-18T3

K.M.L. (n/k/a K.M.Z.),

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

R.J.L.,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________

                   Submitted September 16, 2020 – Decided October 8, 2020

                   Before Judges Geiger and Mitterhoff.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                   Chancery Division, Family Part, Ocean County,
                   Docket No. FM-15-1345-15.

                   Stolfe Zeigler, attorneys for appellant (Abigale M.
                   Stolfe and Valerie W. Voreis, on the briefs).

                   Matthew R. Abatemarco, Esq., LLC, attorneys for
                   respondent (Gregory B. Thomlison, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      In this divorce proceeding, defendant R.J.L.1 appeals from the custody,

equitable division, debt allocation, child support, and counsel fee award

aspects of an April 26, 2019 final judgment of divorce (FJOD) that was

entered following a two-day default hearing conducted after defendant's

answer and counterclaim were stricken. We affirm in part and vacate and

remand in part.

      We derive the following facts from the record.             Plaintiff K.M.Z.

(formerly known as K.M.L.) and defendant were married in May 2007.

Plaintiff is a Certified Public Accountant. Defendant is a ship/yacht captain

who runs trips in Florida and the Caribbean during the winter and until June,

then returns and runs trips in the Northeast.

      In July 2010, the parties had their only child, C.L., who is autistic and

suffers   from    Attention   Deficit       Hyperactivity   Disorder,   Expressive

Communication Disorder, unspecified Disturbance of Conduct, and Post-

Traumatic Stress Disorder that require multiple medications and significant

therapy. He attends a special needs school and receives treatment from several

medical professionals.

1
  We identify the parties and their son by initials to protect their privacy. R.
1:38-3(d)(3).
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                                        2
      Plaintiff left the marital home in January 2015 and obtained a Temporary

Restraining Order (TRO) against defendant under the Prevention of Domestic

Violence Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35, which was later dismissed in favor of

a January 28, 2015 civil restraints agreement. On May 7, 2015, plaintiff filed

for divorce. Soon thereafter, defendant moved to Florida where the record

indicates he still resides. Defendant did not file an answer in the divorce

action, leading to the entry of a July 13, 2015 order of default against him. On

September 29, 2015, the default was vacated after defendant entered an

appearance. In October 2016, Defendant subsequently filed an answer and

five-count counterclaim. 2

      Meanwhile, in May 2015, plaintiff obtained a second domestic violence

TRO against defendant that was also later dismissed in favor of civil restraints.

In August 2015, plaintiff obtained a third domestic violence TRO against

defendant which he later consented to converting to a final restraining order.

      Following a status conference on May 10, 2018, the court entered an

order that stated: "The defendant has failed to cooperate with the Custody

Neutral Evaluation (CNA) . . . which was ordered more than one (1) year ago."

2
   Counts one and three alleged causes of action for divorce. Count two
alleged frivolous litigation. Count four alleged negligent passage of a venereal
disease. Count five sought punitive damages.
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                                      3
The order further stated: "If defendant intends on calling any type of expert

with regard to custody [or] parental alienation, he is to hire such expert and

provide a report to the [c]ourt and the [p]laintiff's attorney at least thirty (30)

days prior to the trial date in August."

      The court noted that its review of the file "does not indicate that the

[d]efendant has complied with previous [o]rders with regard to either a

psychological [or] psychiatric evaluation." The order also noted defendant

was served in court with the requests for admission propounded by plaintiff

and directed him to answer the requests within thirty days of the date of the

order or they will be deemed admitted.

      After several years of contentious litigation, a trial adjournment due to a

conflicting surgery defendant scheduled, and a Division of Child Permanency

and Placement investigation, the trial court conducted the final pre-trial

conference and entered a July 9, 2018 order that scheduled trial for August 7 to

August 8, 2018. It provided the date was set with the consent of both parties

and "shall be considered a firm date. No request for an adjournment shall be

entertained absent showing of exceptional circumstances."          By this point,

defendant had dismissed several attorneys and was proceeding pro se.

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                                           4
      The judge also directed the parties to submit a pre-trial memorandum

"with legal analysis and documentation including pre-marked exhibits" at least

seven days before trial. He included the following language in the order:

"[a]ll expert reports and discovery to be used in the trial hav[e] already been

produced except for the [CNA], which is still pending." The judge put the

parties on notice that "[f]ailure to comply with this [o]rder may result in

sanctions and dismissal of pleadings."

      The trial date was again adjourned at defendant's request because he

claimed he did not have sufficient funds to travel from Florida to New Jersey

as a result of losing his job in early June 2018. During an additional August 3,

2018 conference, the court re-listed the trial for a peremptory date of October

22 to October 25, 2018, beginning at 9:00 a.m., and advised defendant that

"should he choose not to appear, the court would entertain an application by

[plaintiff] to strike the [d]efendant's pleadings and proceed by way of default."

Defendant acknowledged under oath that he fully understood the court's

position. The court reiterated that failure to comply with the July 9, 2018

order or this order "may result in sanctions and dismissal of pleadings."

      Defendant did not appear on time for trial. After waiting thirty-five

minutes, the court called defendant, who explained that he had "just gotten to

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                                         5
New Jersey." Defendant informed the court that he would be arriving in thirty

minutes and that he desired another adjournment to obtain an attorney.

      Defendant arrived in court some forty minutes later.         After briefly

addressing the issue of retaining counsel, he went off on a tangent and made

various accusations against plaintiff. In response, plaintiff moved to strike the

defendant's pleadings and to proceed by way of default. Plaintiff noted that

defendant "was aware that the trial dates were peremptory" and that the court

had the power to strike defendant's pleadings if he was not ready to proceed

with trial.   Additionally, plaintiff noted defendant's failure to respond to

plaintiff's requests for admissions—served on him three separate occasions—

would lead to "a trial by ambush as [p]laintiff has no idea what [d]efendant

will attempt to argue."

      This led to the trial court entering an October 24, 2018 order striking

defendant's pleadings, permitting plaintiff to file a notice of proposed final

judgment pursuant to Rule 5:5-10, 3 and allowing the matter to proceed to

default. The court then scheduled the default hearing for December 5, 2018.

3
   Rule 5:5-10 provides that "[i]n those cases where equitable distribution,
alimony, child support and other relief are sought and a default has been
entered, the plaintiff shall file and serve . . . a Notice of Proposed Final
Judgment" at least twenty days before the hearing that sets forth:

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                                       6
      On December 4, 2018, the court conducted a pre-hearing conference

concerning defendant's request for adjournment of the default hearing. During

the conference, defendant claimed he had not received the notice of proposed

final judgment4 and was unable to attend the hearing the next day. He also

inappropriately informed the judge that she "needed to pick different courses at

Judicial College" concerning family law and referred to plaintiff's attorney in a

derogatory fashion. The court determined there was insufficient time allotted

for the default hearing that would require a full day. It directed plaintiff to re -

serve defendant with the notice of proposed final judgment and re-scheduled

the default hearing for January 31, 2019.

      On December 31, 2018, defendant's newly retained counsel moved to:

(1) vacate default; (2) accept defendant's witness list; (3) accept defendant's

            the proposed trial date, a statement of the value of
            each asset and the amount of each debt sought to be
            distributed and a proposal for distribution, a statement
            as to whether plaintiff is seeking alimony [or] child
            support and, if so, in what amount, and a statement of
            all other relief sought, including a proposed parenting
            time schedule where applicable.
4
  Plaintiff's counsel provided the court with a certification of service contrary
evidence indicating that the notice of proposed final judgment was sent to
defendant by certified mail, return receipt requested, as well as regular mail.
The certified mail was not signed for and returned. The regular mail was not
returned as undeliverable.
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                                        7
trial exhibit list; and (4) appoint a limited guardian to assist defendant in

making trial decisions due to his alleged longstanding psychiatric issues. On

January 24, 2019, the court accepted defendant's witness and exhibit lists but

denied his request to vacate default and to appoint a guardian ad litem.

      The two-day default hearing took place in January and February 2019.

Both parties appeared with counsel and testified. Defendant also called his

mother as a witness. On March 22, 2019, the court issued a comprehensive

sixty-three-page default hearing decision. Pertinent to this appeal, the court:

(1) awarded plaintiff sole legal and residential custody of C.L.; (2) set

defendant's child support obligation at $183 per week; and (3) awarded

plaintiff certain credits for counsel fees and marital property. The court denied

plaintiff's request for limited duration alimony. The decision was embodied in

an April 26, 2019 final judgment of divorce. This appeal followed.

      Defendant argues the trial court erred by:         (1) failing to vacate

defendant's default; (2) failing to award joint legal custody of the minor child;

(3) failing to consider the best interests of the child; (4) failing to evenly

divide the parties' retirement account; (5) failing to award defendant a credit

toward his child support obligation for maintaining health insurance for the

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                                       8
benefit of the minor child; and (6) failing to accept evidence of defendant's

missing Rolex watches.

      Our review of Family Part orders is limited. Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J.
394, 411 (1998). Reviewing courts "accord particular deference to the Family

Part because of its 'special jurisdiction and expertise' in family matters." Harte

v. Hand, 433 N.J. Super. 457, 461 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J.

at 412). Generally, "findings by the trial court are binding on appeal when

supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Cesare, 154 N.J. at

411-12 (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Investors Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J.
474, 484 (1974)).     Courts will not disturb the factual findings and legal

conclusions unless convinced they are "so manifestly unsupported by or

inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as

to offend the interests of justice." Ricci v. Ricci, 448 N.J. Super. 546, 564

(App. Div. 2017) (quoting Elrom v. Elrom, 439 N.J. Super. 424, 433 (App.

Div. 2015)).

      "Discretionary determinations, supported by the record, are examined to

discern whether an abuse of reasoned discretion has occurred." Ibid. (citing

Gac v. Gac, 186 N.J. 535, 547 (2006)). An abuse of discretion occurs when a

trial court makes "findings inconsistent with or unsupported by competent

                                                                         A-4423-18T3
                                       9
evidence," utilizes "irrelevant or inappropriate factors," or "fail[s] to consider

controlling legal principles."   Elrom, 439 N.J. Super. at 434 (citations and

quotations omitted). An abuse of discretion can also be found if the court

"fails to take into consideration all relevant factors[,] and when its decision

reflects a clear error in judgment." State v. C.W., 449 N.J. Super. 231, 255

(App. Div. 2017) (quoting State v. Baynes, 148 N.J. 434, 444 (1997)).

      Reviewing courts do not accord special deference to the Family Part's

interpretation of the law, D.W. v. R.W., 212 N.J. 232, 245 (2012) (citation

omitted), and review legal determinations de novo. Ricci, 448 N.J. Super. at

565 (citing Reese v. Weis, 430 N.J. Super. 552, 568 (App. Div. 2013)).

                                       A.

      Defendant argues that the trial court's "refusal to vacate default was a

mistaken exercise of discretion."     While acknowledging that the case was

several years old, he claims there was little prejudice to plaintiff in vacating

default that could not have been cured by awarding counsel fees. Defendant

also asserts that due to the default he "was precluded from asserting any

affirmative requests for relief, greatly prejudicing him especially in connection

with his requests for joint legal custody and parenting time with his young

son." We are unpersuaded by this argument.

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                                      10
      A trial court may vacate the entry of default upon "good cause shown."

R. 4:43-3.    "Good cause" as used in this rule means "the presence of a

meritorious defense . . . and the absence of any contumacious conduct." 5

O'Connor v. Altus, 67 N.J. 106, 129 (1975). We review the denial of a motion

to vacate default for abuse of discretion. U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'n v. Guillaume,

209 N.J. 449, 467 (2012).

      When it entered default, the trial court explained that defendant

             has      intentionally   prolonged       the    litigation
             unnecessarily and in bad faith. Moreover, in complete
             disregard of all prior [c]ourt [o]rders, [d]efendant has
             chosen to conduct this litigation as he believes that
             same should be conducted. The [c]ourt indicated in
             prior [o]rders that, should the parties not comply with
             the provisions therein, that the parties could be subject
             to sanctions or a dismissal of their pleadings. The
             [c]ourt could no longer countenance [d]efendant's
             disregard for the Rules of Court. The [c]ourt was
             convinced that [d]efendant understood that the trial
             dates for October were firm dates and that the request
             for an adjournment served only to further prolong the
             litigation.    The [c]ourt was also convinced that
             [d]efendant had notice of and understood that the
             [c]ourt would consider this remedy if he either failed
             to appear or was not prepared to go forward on the
             date of trial.

5
 Defendant states that a "'meritorious defense' is hard to apply to a divorce
matter," and does not address it.
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                                       11
      Defendant subsequently retained new counsel and moved to vacate the

entry of default. The trial court denied the motion and held the entry of default

was appropriate based on its findings, because defendant provided no

additional information that would warrant reconsideration.

      When determining whether good cause exists, the trial court generally

considers the movant's "absence of any contumacious conduct." O'Connor, 67
N.J. at 129. Here, the judge found defendant "intentionally prolonged the

litigation unnecessarily and in bad faith" and continuously disregarded the

court rules. Moreover, defendant acknowledged under oath that he understood

he would be required to be prepared for trial on October 22, 2018. Instead, he

arrived nearly two hours late and requested a third adjournment to retain

counsel after dismissing several previous attorneys.      This clearly impacted

judicial efficiency and economy.

      Defendant's conduct also prejudiced plaintiff. Defendant did not timely

respond to requests for admission or supply requested documents. His failure

to provide discovery thwarted plaintiff's ability to accurately determine his

income, including the rental income he received. Defendant also provided no

financial information regarding RJL Yachts. These deficiencies led to plaintiff

filing multiple enforcement applications, increasing her legal fees.

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                                     12
      When defendant ultimately submitted a self-prepared Case Information

Statement on the eve of trial. In addition to being woefully late, it was of

limited time frame.       Defendant's witness list included five witnesses:

defendant, plaintiff, defendant's mother, and defendant's brother Vincent.

Notably, defendant did not list any experts.        His exhibit list included a

psychological report and the CNA.

      An August 3, 2018 CNA was prepared by Sean R. Evers, Ph.D. It noted

that C.L. is treated by a pediatrician, developmental pediatrician, psychiatrist,

psychologist, and neurologist. C.L. also has an Applied Behavioral Analysis

technician, a social worker, and a case manager. His therapy and treatment

include weekly psychologist appointments, semi-annual developmental

pediatrician visits, monthly psychiatrist visits, nine hours of autism therapy per

week, and weekly neurofeedback sessions. C.L.'s medications were listed as

Ritalin, Depakote, Abilify, Remeron, Guanfacine ER, and Seroquel.

      The CNA noted C.L.'s need "for consistency in his life" and "the various

treatments he receives." Dr. Evers concluded the parties "have not shown any

ability to communicate productively with each other," which is "a basic

requirement in any shared custody/parenting time arrangement" that "is made

even more critical when [C.L.'s] condition is factored in."

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                                      13
      Dr. Evers found that while plaintiff "presented a thorough and granular

understanding of her son's needs," defendant "does not appear to fully

understand [C.L.'s] condition and the importance of consistency and

predictability for him." Dr. Evers opined that C.L.'s "need for a consistent

environment precludes a flexible approach to parenting time" and that

defendant "should consider entering individual therapy to help him better

understand his son's needs and limitations."

      An August 3, 2018 psychological evaluation report noted defendant

"presented with an unusual number of psychological symptoms which may be

an indication that he was exaggerating the extent of his current problems."

The report further noted defendant "has acknowledged the extent of his

wrongdoings and fully understands the negative impact it had (and continues

to have) on both his wife and son. He also understands that his inability to

contain his anger problems served as the primary reason why both family

members left him."

      During the default hearing, defendant was permitted to extensively

cross-examine plaintiff, call his own witness, seek affirmative relief, and

testify himself. He testified at length as to custody and parenting time. That

degree of participation is significantly greater than usually permitted during a

                                                                       A-4423-18T3
                                     14
default hearing. The trial court considered the parties' testimony and the other

evidence adduced during the hearing. We discern no abuse of discretion.

                                        B.

      Defendant argues the trial court erred in awarding plaintiff sole legal and

residential custody of C.L. by failing "to analyze the evidence pursuant t o . . .

N.J.S.A. 9:2-4 and the standard of the best interests of the child." He contends

the court should have awarded joint legal custody "with physical custody to

only one and liberal visitation rights to the other." We disagree.

      Our Legislature has determined "that it is in the public policy of this

State to assure minor children of frequent and continuing contact with both

parents after the parents have . . . dissolved their marriage." N.J.S.A. 9:2 -4.

Further, "it is in the public interest to encourage parents to share the rights and

responsibilities of child rearing in order to effect this policy." Ibid. In a

proceeding concerning the custody of a minor child, the judge may award joint

custody, sole custody with a provision for "appropriate parenting time for the

noncustodial parent," or another arrangement that "the court may determine to

be in the best interests of the child." N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(a) to (c). When deciding

custody, the court must consider the following factors:

            the parents' ability to agree, communicate and
            cooperate in matters relating to the child; the parents'

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                                      15
            willingness to accept custody and any history of
            unwillingness to allow parenting time not based on
            substantiated abuse; the interaction and relationship of
            the child with its parents and siblings; the history of
            domestic violence, if any; the safety of the child and
            the safety of either parent from physical abuse by the
            other parent; the preference of the child when of
            sufficient age and capacity to reason so as to form an
            intelligent decision; the needs of the child; the
            stability of the home environment offered; the quality
            and continuity of the child's education; the fitness of
            the parents; the geographical proximity of the parents'
            homes; the extent and quality of the time spent with
            the child prior to or subsequent to the separation; the
            parents' employment responsibilities; and the age and
            number of the children.

            [N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(c).]

      The focus of this inquiry is "the best interests of the child."       Ibid.;

Sacharow v. Sacharow, 177 N.J. 62, 80 (2003). Although joint legal custody

may be preferred in certain cases, as it may "foster the best interests of the

child," Beck v. Beck, 86 N.J. 480, 485, 488 (1981), the decision concerning

the type of custody is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, Pascale v.

Pascale, 140 N.J. 583, 611 (1995).

      In Nufrio v. Nufrio, 341 N.J. Super. 548 (App. Div. 2001), we explained

how the relationship between parents should guide judges in deciding whether

to award joint legal custody:

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                                      16
            [T]he prime criteria for establishing a joint legal
            custodial relationship between divorced or separated
            parents centers on the ability of those parents to agree,
            communicate and cooperate in matters relating to the
            health, safety and welfare of the child notwithstanding
            animosity or acrimony they may harbor towards each
            other. The ability of parents to put aside their
            personal differences and work together for the best
            interests of their child is the true measure of a healthy
            parent-child relationship.          A judicial custody
            determination must foster, not hamper, such a healthy
            relationship. Therefore, a parent's amenability or
            inability to cooperate with the other parent are factors
            to be considered in awarding joint legal custody.

            [Id. at 550.]

      In this matter, the trial court considered the statutory factors enumerated

in N.J.S.A. 9:2-4(c) and made the following findings:

            (1) "[T]here is no communication between the
            parents" and plaintiff has an active final restraining
            order6 against defendant. "Defendant . . . will not be
            able to effectively co-parent with [p]laintiff until he
            completes the psychiatric and psychological treatment
            previously ordered, which he has yet to complete."
            "To date, [p]laintiff, through the imposition of

6
   In awarding temporary custody under the Prevention of Domestic Violence
Act, the court "shall presume that the best interests of the child are served by
an award of custody to the non-abusive parent." N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(b)(11).
This presumption does not apply in divorce proceedings. R.K v. F.K., 437 N.J.
Super. 58, 63-64 (App. Div. 2014). Instead, the divorce court should consider
decide custody under a best interests analysis employing the factors set forth in
N.J.S.A. 9:2-4, including "the history of domestic violence." Id. at 67. The
trial court did not apply a presumption in favor of plaintiff and instead applied
the N.J.S.A. 9:2-4 factors.
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                                     17
previous court orders has essentially been the sole
legal custodian of the child. Plaintiff has been
responsible for communicating with all providers for
the child, including medical, dental, educational, and
mental health practitioners."

(2) "Plaintiff has essentially had sole legal and
residential custody of the child since the parties
separated."   "Defendant . . . has not had any
unsupervised parenting time with [C.L.] since January
of 2015."

(3) "Plaintiff is fully engaged with [C.L.] and shares a
special bond with him."           "Defendant spent a
significant portion of time [away] from [p]laintiff and
[C.L.] during the marriage due to his employment as a
boat captain in Florida for a significant portion of each
year."

(4) Plaintiff sought relief from domestic violence on
three occasions, resulting in two TROs that were
dismissed in favor of civil restraints. An active FRO
remains in place.

(5) "Defendant represents a risk until his mental health
needs are addressed. Defendant must learn to address
his anger issues and learn coping mechanisms." His
"mental health state" is "explosive. One cannot be
certain what is going to set him off."

(6) C.L. is not of sufficient age and capacity to form
an intelligent decision as to his preference for custody.

(7) C.L. "has very significant special needs and
behavioral issues" requiring "numerous professionals"
for his treatment. "Plaintiff has been able to provide
[C.L.] with access to a structured program which
presently provides all components of his treatment and

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                         18
education in one location." Defendant's "insight into
the severity of [C.L.'s] disability is quite limited."

(8) Plaintiff resides with her parents in Toms River
while defendant lives in "a condominium in Florida"
and "rents out an extra bedroom in the condo to
another adult male. He has also indicated to the
[c]ourt that the condo is going into foreclosure."
There is no evidence that defendant "has any sort of
residential security for himself, let alone a child.";

(9) C.L. "is presently attending a very structured
program at Rutgers with mental health, behavioral and
educational components. This provides an excellent
opportunity to have all of the disciplines actively
involved with the child on a regular basis."

(10) Although both parties "are fit parents,"
defendant's "parenting time has been progressively
limited due to his inability to abide by court orders
and to control his emotions."

(11) Plaintiff resides in Toms River while defendant
resides approximately 1200 miles away in Florida.

(12) "Plaintiff has always been actively engaged with
[C.L.] and they share a deep bond." She has always
been C.L.'s primary caretaker. "[D]uring the course of
the marriage, [d]efendant was frequently away from
the home for extended periods of time as a result of
his employment obligations."

(13) "Throughout the course of the marriage,
[d]efendant has always been a ship captain who is
involved with fishing tours and the like. In addition,
. . . he has taken numerous side jobs, moving the
yachts from one location to the other." Conversely,
plaintiff is a certified public accountant who "at

                                                         A-4423-18T3
                        19
            present [is considering] part-time employment in the
            near future if [C.L.] remains stabilized at his present
            program."

            (14) C.L. "is the only child of the marriage. Neither
            party has any other children."

      The court also noted that C.L. has a variety of medical issues and

"requires maintenance medications, home therapy as well as a very specialized

education and mental health treatment program."

      After considering these factors, the court determined that awarding

plaintiff sole legal and residential custody was in C.L.'s best interests. The

record amply supports the court's findings and legal conclusion. Requiring the

parties to make joint decisions would be detrimental to C.L., especially given

his significant psychological and medical conditions. Further, plaintiff's final

restraining order against defendant adds to the impracticability of joint legal

custody.

      Additionally, plaintiff has had actual physical custody of C.L. since the

parties separated and C.L. has always lived in New Jersey. Defendant works

and lives in Florida most of the year while C.L.'s treatment team is based in

New Jersey.    Moreover, defendant has not adequately addressed his own

                                                                       A-4423-18T3
                                     20
mental health issues. 7   These considerations weighed heavily in favor of

awarding plaintiff sole legal and residential custody.

      Defendant further argues that a plenary hearing with testimony of the

parties and expert witnesses was required before effectively terminating his

right to parenting time, citing Wilke v. Culp, 196 N.J. Super. 487 (App. Div.

1984). He also contends that a guardian ad litem should have been appointed

for C.L. due to his special needs. We disagree.

      This case is readily distinguishable from Wilke. First, defendant's right

to parenting time was not terminated. As we discuss infra, he was awarded

appropriate parenting time under the circumstances. Second, defendant did not

name or call a proposed expert witness or produce an expert report during

discovery. Third, although the divorce proceeded by way of default, defendant

was permitted to cross-examine plaintiff, call his mother to testify on his

behalf, and then testify himself regarding custody. The combined testimony

aided the court in finding that "there is no communication between the

7
   In its ruling, the court noted that defendant "acknowledged during his
testimony that he understands that he is required to obtain the previously
ordered psychiatric and psychological evaluations and comply with all
recommendations before a court would entertain a request for any change in
custody and parenting time."
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                                      21
parents," which is a permitted justification for awarding sole legal and

residential custody to plaintiff.

      In a case involving custody or parenting time, the court "may" appoint a

guardian ad litem "to represent the best interests of the child or children if the

circumstances warrant such an appointment." Rule 5:8B(a). The court may

also appoint an independent expert "in its discretion" when the "disposition of

an issues will be assisted by expert opinion." Rule 5:3-3(a). We review such

decisions for an abuse of discretion.

      The trial court found both parties are "fit parents. However, at present,

[d]efendant's parenting time has been progressively limited due to his inability

to abide by court orders and to control his emotions." Neither party called a

psychiatrist or psychologist as a witness. Defendant acknowledges that C.L. is

autistic and has "special behavioral and educational needs stemming from his

numerous diagnos[e]s." C.L.'s medical diagnoses were never in dispute. Thus,

neither expert testimony nor a guardian ad litem for C.L. was required. We

discern no abuse of discretion.

      The court awarded defendant the following parenting time:

             Defendant shall be permitted to have audio-only calls
             with [C.L.] on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 7:00
             p.m. to 7:15 p.m. Defendant shall initiate the call
             between these times.       Plaintiff shall have the

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                                        22
            obligation to provide the phone to [C.L.] when the call
            is received. If [C.L.] terminates the call without
            speaking to [d]efendant, [he] may initiate a second
            call to try and speak with the child. If [C.L.]
            terminates the second call, there shall be no further
            calls that evening. Defendant may not disparage or
            even mention [p]laintiff during his parenting time with
            the child. . . .

      In so ruling, the court nevertheless indicated that if defendant

subsequently complied with court orders, completed previously ordered

psychiatric evaluation and recommended treatment, and controlled his

emotions, it would consider an enhancement of defendant's parenting time.

      A trial court's decision concerning custody or parenting time is reviewed

for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Pascale, 140 N.J. at 611. Defendant views

the telephonic parenting time as "punishment . . . for his failure to abide by

court orders." We disagree.

      During many of the earlier FaceTime calls, defendant repeatedly

communicated directly with plaintiff, despite the restraining orders, and

disparaged her directly to C.L. Moreover, plaintiff testified that during the

FaceTime sessions, C.L. "routinely throws a temper tantrum, destroys or

attempts to destroy property, including the iPad device he" used to

communicate with defendant, "attacks [her], screams, runs away, [and]

otherwise engages in obstreperous behavior."

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                                    23
      In addition, defendant had been ordered since December 2015 to

undergo a psychiatric evaluation and never fully complied. The aim of the

evaluation was twofold: to alleviate the stress of the FaceTime calls and allow

defendant to seek treatment for his self-described "longstanding psychiatric

issues."   Moreover, the court held that if the telephone calls continued

successfully for at least eight weeks, defendant could apply to have the

FaceTime parenting time reinstated even while the evaluations were underway.

We discern no abuse of discretion in limiting the telephonic calls to C.L.

                                       C.

      Defendant argues the trial court erred in calculating child support

because it did not account for his expenses in providing health insurance for

C.L. In his reply brief, defendant clarified that: "At the time of trial the

[d]efendant was unemployed and had secured health insurance for [C.L.] via a

very expensive COBRA plan. Health insurance is now available for [C.L.]

through the [d]efendant's employment and he has obtained same for him

pursuant to his obligation under the Child Support guidelines."

      During the default hearing, defendant requested that his obligation to

provide health insurance for C.L. be eliminated. Plaintiff agreed. The trial

court ruled there would "be no credits on either side for medical insurance as

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                                     24
the child is presently covered by NJ Family Care at no cost to [p]laintiff.

Should this change at some time in the future the issue of payment will need to

be readdressed by the [c]ourt." The court noted the parties agreed this he alth

insurance arrangement should continue for as long as permitted. We discern

no abuse of discretion.

                                      D.

      Defendant contends plaintiff removed several of his Rolex watches from

the marital residence. He argues the trial court erred by failing to cons ider

receipts for the watches that demonstrated their value. We are unpersuaded.

      During cross-examination, plaintiff testified that defendant owned

several Rolex watches and that when she vacated the marital home, in January

2015, she did not know exactly where they were. She suspected they were still

in a safe kept in the home that both parties had the combination to. Plaintiff

explained that after she left, she did not regain "dominion and control" of the

home until October 2015. During that period, she "never saw the watches" and

did not provide anyone else with the code to the safe.

      On direct-examination, defendant testified that he kept four Rolexes,

other watches, important papers, and jewelry in the safe in the master closet.

He verified that only he and plaintiff had access to the safe.      Defendant

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                                     25
explained that he last opened the safe in September 2015 and the watches were

still inside.   However, sometime after October he checked again and

discovered that "the safe was empty."

      The trial court determined that defendant claimed that items that

belonged to him were missing from the marital home but "provid[ed] nothing

of substance in that regard other than the invoices for some watches that he

purchased. Defendant requested $20,000 in exchange for the 'missing'

property." The court found "[p]laintiff vacated the marital home in January

2015 and never returned to live there. Defendant utilized the home whenever

he was in the area." The home was sold in November 2016. "Defendant had

ample time to remove his possessions prior to the sale." The court concluded

there was insufficient evidence "regarding the 'missing' property" and

"insufficient evidence that the watches were in the marital home at the time it

was sold. It was just as likely that these items were removed by [d]efendant

during his last stay at the home."

      "We ordinarily defer to the factual findings of the trial court [based upon

evidence adduced at a hearing,] because it has the opportunity to make first-

hand credibility judgments about the witnesses who appear on the stand [and]

it has a 'feel of the case' that can never be realized by a review of the cold

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                                     26
record." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)

(quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 293 (2007)).

      Defendant presented no direct evidence of theft or conversion by

plaintiff. Defendant had the opportunity to remove the watches himself. We

discern no error by the trial court. It did not impermissibly ignore evidence of

the purchase of the watches. Indeed, plaintiff did not contest that defendant

owned several Rolex watches.

      Additionally, defendant argues: (1) the "court failed to consider that

during the marriage that the majority of the credit card spending was done on

credit cards in the [d]efendant's name"; (2) "he was left with the repossession

debt for the parties [2010] BMW 528i [(5-series)] for which he was ordered to

pay the [p]laintiff $5,000.00" 8; and (3) "the [c]ourt did not articulate a reason

for the unequal allocation of the debt."

      Under equitable distribution, the statutory factors enumerated in

N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23.1, "used in concert with the facts of each case," afford

"broad discretion" to the trial judge. Steneken v. Steneken, 367 N.J. Super.
8
  The parties owned a 2007 BMW 3-series and the 2010 5-series automobiles.
In his brief, defendant appears to conflate the cars. Although the 5-series was
repossessed, defendant testified that he still owed $16,000 for that car, not
$5,000. The judgment awarded plaintiff a $5,000 credit for her share of the 3
series due to defendant selling it and retaining the proceeds. The judgment
does not specifically discuss the 5 series loan balance.
                                                                         A-4423-18T3
                                      27
427, 434-35 (App. Div. 2004), aff'd as modified, 183 N.J. 290 (2005). As a

result, "[w]here the issue on appeal concerns which assets are available for

distribution or the valuation of those assets, it is apparent that the standard of

review is whether the trial judge's findings are supported by adequate cr edible

evidence in the record." Borodinsky v. Borodinsky, 162 N.J. Super. 437, 443-

44 (App. Div. 1978). Similarly, where the issue involves the manner in which

the trial court allocated the marital assets, we review the trial court's

determination under an abuse of discretion standard. Id. at 444.

      The trial judge applied the equitable distribution factors enumerated in

N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23.1 and determined:

                   Plaintiff proposes that she will retain her present
            credit card balances involving a Chase Credit Card
            and a Citi card in a total amount of $20,636.00.
            Plaintiff asserts that this debt is marital in nature as it
            was incurred for the benefit of the child or for counsel
            fees. Plaintiff will accept this debt if she is awarded
            an additional $50,000.00 in counsel fees. Plaintiff
            also proposes that [d]efendant be entirely responsible
            for any credit card debt in his name, including but not
            limited to American Express and Velocity. Plaintiff
            requests that she be indemnified and held harmless as
            [d]efendant has not provided a complete accounting of
            his credit card debts.

                  Plaintiff also asserts that she will retain
            responsibility for a Home Equity Line of Credit taken
            on her parent's home, ostensibly to pay for legal fees

                                                                          A-4423-18T3
                                      28
             and costs of litigation in the amount of approximately
             $37,000.00.

                    Defendant agrees with all of the proposals of
             [p]laintiff provided that the additional $50,000.00 in
             contribution towards [p]laintiff's legal fees is not
             awarded.

      Ultimately, the court sided with defendant when it: (1) ordered each

party to "retain all credit card debt in their own names"; (2) ordered plaintiff to

"retain responsibility for the home equity loan"; (3) denied plaintiff's request

for an additional $50,000 in counsel fees; and (4) ordered "that any other debt

in either party's name not specifically enunciated herein, shall be the sole

responsibility of that party."    Defendant's argument on appeal amounts to

invited error.

      "The doctrine of invited error operates to bar a disappointed litigant

from arguing on appeal that an adverse decision below was the product of

error, when that party urged the lower court to adopt the proposition now

alleged to be error." Brett v. Great Am. Recreation. Inc., 144 N.J. 479, 503

(1996).   Defendant acknowledged that he would accept plaintiff's proposal

excluding the $50,000 she desired in counsel fees. The court agreed, stating it

was disinclined to award an additional $50,000 in counsel fees to plaintiff.

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                                      29
Because defendant acquiesced to this proposal at the trial level, he cannot

claim it was error on appeal.

      As to the BMWs, both parties' Case Information Statements listed the

value of the 3-series at $10,000. At some point prior to the default hearing,

defendant sold it for $1200 and "refused to provide [plaintiff with] the name of

the individual who purchased" the car "or even the date of sale." Accordingly,

plaintiff proposed that she "receive a credit in the amount of $5,000" against

defendant's share of her retirement accounts. Defendant relied on a CARFAX

report that indicated the vehicle was a total loss due to "non-collision damage"

and was declared a "total loss" by the insurer. Defendant claimed that the

vehicle was a "total loss" because of "damage to the wiring harness."

Defendant confirmed he sold the car for $1200 to a stranger after visiting a car

dealership that would not purchase it. When the court asked how he found the

buyer, defendant replied "the car guy that delivers the cars [at a dealership]

said, 'I know someone that would want the car.'"

      Ultimately, the court found defendant provided insufficient information

provided as to the whereabouts of the 3-series, found his explanation for what

happened to it unconvincing, and awarded plaintiff a resulting $5000 credit

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                                     30
towards defendant's share of plaintiff's retirement accounts. These findings

and determination are supported by the record. We discern no error.

      Defendant filed written opposition to the proposed FJOD.          Although

defendant opposed awarding plaintiff any credit related to the 3-series, he

stated he had "[n]o objection to both parties being solely liable for debts in

their name." The 5-series automobile loan was in defendant's name. The trial

court did not separately address defendant's liability for the 5-series loan.

Instead, the FJOD states:       "Any other debt in either party's name not

specifically enunciated herein, shall be the sole responsibility of that party who

shall indemnify and hold harmless the other party." Defendant cannot now

complain that he should not be solely responsible for this debt.

                                        E.

      Defendant argues the trial court erred in awarding plaintiff $25,000 in

counsel fees because it "did not satisfy the requirements outlined in" N.J.S.A.

2A:34-23, Rule 5:3-5(c), and Rule 4:42-9(b)- to (d). We agree that the trial

court did not adequately set forth its findings of fact and conclusions of law.

      "A lawyer's fee must be reasonable." Giarusso v. Giarusso, 455 N.J.

Super. 42, 50 (App. Div. 2018) (quoting Rosenberg v. Rosenberg, 286 N.J.

Super. 58, 69 (App. Div. 1995)). Determining the reasonableness of the fee

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                                      31
"involves determining the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by

a reasonable hourly rate." Id. at 51 (citing Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292,

334-35 (1995)).        The factors to be considered in determining the

reasonableness of an attorney's fee include: "the time and labor required, the

novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to

perform the legal service properly"; "the amount involved and the results

obtained"; and "whether the fee is fixed or contingent." Ibid. (quoting RPC

1.5(a)(1), (4), and (8)). "Compiling raw totals of hours spent, however, does

not complete the inquiry. It does not follow that the amount of time actually

expended is the amount of time reasonably expended." Ibid. (quoting Rendine,

141 N.J. at 334-35).

      An appellate court will not disturb a counsel fee award in a matrimonial

case except "on the 'rarest occasion,' and then only because of clear abuse of

discretion." Strahan v. Strahan, 402 N.J. Super. 298, 317 (App. Div. 2008)

(quoting Rendine, 141 N.J. at 317). When awarding counsel fees, the judge

should consider:

            (1) the financial circumstances of the parties; (2) the
            ability of the parties to pay their own fees or to
            contribute to the fees of the other party; (3) the
            reasonableness and good faith of the positions
            advanced by the parties both during and prior to trial;
            (4) the extent of the fees incurred by both parties; (5)

                                                                       A-4423-18T3
                                     32
            any fees previously awarded; (6) the amount of fees
            previously paid to counsel by each party; (7) the
            results obtained; (8) the degree to which fees were
            incurred to enforce existing orders or to compel
            discovery; and (9) any other factor bearing on the
            fairness of an award.

            [R. 5:3-5(c); see also Mani v. Mani, 183 N.J. 70, 94-
            95 (2005); N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23 (providing that the
            judge "shall consider the factors set forth in the court
            rule on counsel fees, the financial circumstances of the
            parties, and the good or bad faith of either party").]

A trial judge's failure to consider the appropriate factors, make the required

findings, and state its conclusions of law, constitutes a clear abuse of

discretion. Saffos v. Avaya Inc., 419 N.J. Super. 244, 271 (App. Div. 2011);

see also R. 1:7-4(a).

      Here, the court held that plaintiff's Fidelity IRA, valued at $77,412.66,

was marital property and ruled that defendant was entitled to one-half of its

value ($38,706.33). The court further held that defendant's 401(k) retirement

account through Fidelity Investments in the amount of $25,106.56 was also

marital property.       The court then stated, "[i]t is also uncontroverted that

[d]efendant liquidated this entire account during the course of the litigation.

Thus, the marital coverture portion of this account available to [p]laintiff

would be $12,553.28."

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                                       33
        The court reduced defendant's share of plaintiff's IRA by $12,553.28,

making his total $26,153.05 because "[p]laintiff was forced to incur additional

counsel fees due to the behavior of [d]fendant. Accordingly, the [c]ourt will

reduce this share by $25,000.00 towards counsel fees of [p]laintiff, thus

leaving a balance of $1,153.05."       It provided no further analysis for the

$25,000 counsel fee award. In turn, the FJOD states "[p]laintiff shall receive a

credit of $25,000 from [d]efendant's share of her retirement account as an

additional contribution toward counsel fees." It also then noted "[t]here shall

be no further adjustments for counsel fees previously incurred in this matter."

        The court did not determine the lodestar or analyze the Rule 5:3-5(c) and

RPC 1.5(a) factors. Accordingly, we are unable to determine whether the

$25,000 counsel fee award is reasonable under the applicable guidelines.

        "Trial judges are under a duty to make findings of fact and state reasons

in support of their conclusions." Giarusso, 455 N.J. Super. at 53 (quoting

Heinl v. Heinl, 287 N.J. Super. 337, 347 (App. Div. 1996)); accord R. 1:7-4(a)

(requiring trial courts to "find the facts and state its conclusions of law").

"Meaningful appellate review is inhibited unless the judge sets forth the

reasons for his or her opinion." Ibid. (quoting Strahan, 402 N.J. Super. at

310).

                                                                         A-4423-18T3
                                      34
      We vacate the counsel fee award and remand as the trial court failed to

make the required findings and state its conclusions of law regarding the

lodestar and application of the Rule 5:3-5(c) and RPC 1.5(a) factors.         On

remand, the judge shall make specific findings of fact and conclusions of law

in compliance with Rule 1:7-4(a). We express no opinion as to the appropriate

fee award in this matter.

                                        F.

      Defendant's remaining arguments do not warrant further discussion in a

written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      In sum, we affirm the judgment except for the counsel fee award, which

we vacate and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion .

      Affirmed in part and vacated and remanded in part. We do not retain

jurisdiction.

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                                       35