Court Opinion

ID: 9916344
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-09 19:09:04.547564+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:25:09.574421
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. T.W.C., 2024-Ohio-49.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio,                                    :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,             :                No. 23AP-196
                                                         (C.P.C. Nos. 85CR-2594, 01CR-1455
                                                  :         03CR-6552, and 04CR-1841)
v.
                                                  :     (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
[T.W.C.],
                                                  :
                 Defendant-Appellee.
                                                  :

                                           D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on January 9, 2024

                 On brief: G. Gary Tyack, Prosecuting Attorney, and
                 Darren M. Burgess, for appellant. Argued: Darren M.
                 Burgess.

                 On brief: Yeura R. Venters, Public Defender, and Timothy E.
                 Pierce, for appellee. Argued: Timothy E. Pierce.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

JAMISON, J.
        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, State of Ohio, appeals a judgment of the Franklin County
Court of Common Pleas that granted the application of defendant-appellee, T.W.C., to seal
the records of his convictions. For the following reasons, we affirm that judgment.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} In case No. 85CR-2594, in a judgment dated July 17, 1987, T.W.C. was
convicted of theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02, a felony of the fourth degree. In case No.
01CR-1455, in a judgment dated May 29, 2001, T.W.C. was convicted of receiving stolen
property in violation of R.C. 2913.51, a felony of the fifth degree. In case No. 04CR-1841, in
a judgment dated June 18, 2004, T.W.C. was convicted of failure to appear in violation of
No. 23AP-196                                                                                2

R.C. 2937.99, a felony of the fifth degree. Finally, in case No. 03CR-6552, in a second
judgment dated June 18, 2004, T.W.C. was convicted of two counts of forgery in violation
of R.C. 2913.31, both felonies of the fifth degree.
          {¶ 3} In case No. 03CR-6552, the trial court sentenced T.W.C. to nine months
imprisonment for each count of forgery, to be served concurrently. Moreover, the June 18,
2004 judgment sentencing T.W.C. in case No. 03CR-6552 stated:
                Restitution in the amount of Two Thousand Six Hundred
                Sixty Three Dollars ($2,663.00) is entered as a civil judgment
                against Defendant and in favor of victim, Mid-State Credit
                Union. Additionally Court costs in the amount of Four
                Hundred Eight Dollars ($408.00) are entered as a civil
                judgment against Defendant.

(June 18, 2004 Jgmt. Entry at 2.)
          {¶ 4} On December 6, 2022, T.W.C. applied to seal the convictions in his four cases.
The state objected to the sealing of T.W.C.’s convictions on grounds that T.W.C. had not
paid his court-ordered restitution in case No. 03CR-6552.
          {¶ 5} The trial court held a hearing on T.W.C.’s application on March 9, 2023.
Upon inquiry of T.W.C., the trial court learned that he was 60 years old, received Social
Security Disability Insurance payments, and had no assets or savings. T.W.C. also testified
that he could not pay the $2,663 restitution amount. Based on this testimony, the trial
court found that T.W.C. was unable to pay the restitution. The trial court then stated that
it was “going to waive the restitution in 03[C]R-6552. We’ll put on an entry waiving it.”
(Tr. at 7.)
          {¶ 6} However, in the entry sealing record of conviction pursuant to R.C. 2953.32
issued on March 14, 2023, the trial court did not waive the restitution ordered in case No.
03CR-6552. Rather, in the entry, the trial court only found that sealing the convictions in
T.W.C.’s four cases was consistent with the public interest, and T.W.C. had been
rehabilitated to the trial court’s satisfaction. The trial court thus ordered the records
relating to the four convictions sealed.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
          {¶ 7} The state now appeals the March 14, 2023 entry, and it assigns the following
errors:
No. 23AP-196                                                                                 3

              [1.] The trial court erred when it sealed the Appellee’s records
              of convictions because the Appellee currently owes
              restitution, has not obtained a final discharge, and has not met
              the statutory waiting period at the conclusion of his criminal
              proceedings.

              [2.] The trial court erred when it attempted in this sealing case
              to sua sponte modify the Appellee’s final judgment of
              conviction and restitution order in 03CR-6552.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       {¶ 8} The statutory law in effect at the time T.W.C. applied to seal his convictions
governs this case. See State v. G.K., 169 Ohio St.3d 266, 2022-Ohio-2858, ¶ 4, fn. 1 (“the
statutory law in effect at the time of filing an application to seal criminal records is
controlling”). According to that law, to seal a record of conviction, the trial court had to
first determine whether an offender qualified as an “eligible offender” based on the number
and type of his convictions. See former R.C. 2953.31(A), 2021 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 110. A
court of appeals reviews this determination de novo. State v. Young, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-
49, 2019-Ohio-3161, ¶ 8; In re A.R.H., 10th Dist. No. 18AP-554, 2019-Ohio-1325, ¶ 9. The
trial court had to also determine whether the applicable statutory waiting period for an
offender’s criminal conviction or convictions had expired. See former R.C. 2953.32(A),
2020 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 1, 2020 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 431. A court of appeals also reviews this
determination de novo. Young at ¶ 8; A.R.H. at ¶ 9.
       {¶ 9} In the second part of the sealing inquiry, the trial court considers the listed
factors in determining whether to seal the record of conviction.            See former R.C.
2953.32(C)(1). These factors include “whether the applicant has been rehabilitated to the
satisfaction of the court” and “the interests of the applicant in having the records pertaining
to the applicant’s conviction * * * sealed [and] the legitimate needs, if any, of the
government to maintain those records.” Former R.C. 2953.32(C)(1)(c) and (e). A court of
appeals reviews the trial court’s consideration of the statutory factors for an abuse of
discretion. State v. J.L., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-91, 2020-Ohio-3466, ¶ 9.
IV. LEGAL ANALYSIS
       {¶ 10} By its first assignment of error, the state argues that T.W.C. is not eligible to
seal his convictions because he did not comply with the statutorily mandated waiting period
prior to applying to seal his convictions. We disagree.
No. 23AP-196                                                                                                4

        {¶ 11} Pursuant to former R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b), a defendant could apply to seal his
convictions “[a]t the expiration of one year after the offender’s final discharge if convicted
of a felony of the fourth or fifth degree or a misdemeanor.” Serving the relevant waiting
period is a mandatory requirement for the sealing of a record of conviction. Young at ¶ 12.
        {¶ 12} Here, T.W.C.’s convictions are all felonies of fourth or fifth degrees. The state,
thus, concedes that former R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(b) allowed T.W.C. to apply to seal his
convictions one year after “final discharge.” All of T.W.C.’s convictions occurred well over
15 years ago, and he has long since completed all terms of imprisonment and community
control imposed. However, the state contends that T.W.C. has yet to receive a “final
discharge” in case No. 03CR-6552 because he has not paid the restitution ordered in that
case.
        {¶ 13} Former R.C. 2953.32 did not define “final discharge” or “discharge.” In
clarifying the meaning of the statutory language, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that “it is
clear from the phrasing of [former] R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(a) that the ‘discharge’ is from the
applicant’s felony conviction, which would include all attendant criminal sanctions.”1 State
v. P.J.F., 170 Ohio St.3d 332, 2022-Ohio-4152, ¶ 12. In P.J.F., the court went on to explain
its earlier holding in State v. Aguirre, 144 Ohio St.3d 179, 2014-Ohio-4603, a case that dealt
specifically with restitution:
                In Aguirre, the defendant sought to have the record of her
                felony conviction for theft sealed despite not having paid more
                than $14,000 in restitution that was ordered as part of her
                sentence. Id. at ¶ 3, 21. This court explored the meaning of
                “final discharge” in the context of a restitution order * * *.
                [W]e held that “the final discharge required by [former] R.C.
                2953.32(A)(1) does not occur until an offender satisfies all
                sentencing requirements.” Id. at ¶ 28. Because the defendant’s
                sentence required payment of restitution, we held that the
                sentence would not be satisfied until restitution was fully paid.
                Id. at ¶ 29.

P.J.F. at ¶ 13. Consistent with P.J.F. and Aguirre, this court has held that “ ‘ “[f]inal
discharge” has not been achieved until an individual has served all criminal portions of the
punishment imposed by the court.’ ” A.R.H. at ¶ 13, quoting State v. T.M., 8th Dist. No.

1 Former R.C. 2953.32(A)(1)(a) permitted an offender to apply for the sealing of his criminal record “[a]t the

expiration of three years after the offender’s final discharge if convicted of one felony.” Former R.C.
2953.32(A)(1)(a), 2018 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 66.
No. 23AP-196                                                                                  5

101194, 2014-Ohio-5688, ¶ 15; accord State v. S.R., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-27, 2021-Ohio-
4458, ¶ 13 (holding “final discharge occurs when an offender has served all aspects of the
sentence, including the satisfaction of restitution”); J.L. at ¶ 13 (same).
       {¶ 14} In this case, although the trial court purported to order T.W.C. to pay
restitution, it entered the order that T.W.C. pay $2,663 to Mid-State Credit Union “as a civil
judgment.” (June 18, 2004 Jgmt. Entry at 2.) The trial court, therefore, did not institute
the payment requirement as a criminal sanction against T.W.C. As we stated above, “final
discharge” requires satisfaction of all “sentencing requirements” or “criminal portions of
the punishment.” Aguirre at ¶ 2, 28; A.R.H. at ¶ 13. Because, in this case, the payment
requirement did not qualify as either, T.W.C. did not have to pay the money owed to obtain
a “final discharge” of his conviction in case No. 03CR-6552.
       {¶ 15} In arguing to the contrary, the state relies on J.L. In that case, the trial court
sentenced the defendant to a term of community control and ordered the defendant to pay
$4,000 in restitution. Id. at ¶ 3. Ultimately, the trial court terminated the defendant’s
community control as unsuccessful and reduced the restitution owed to a civil judgment.
Id. at ¶ 5. The defendant later applied to seal his conviction, but the state objected on the
grounds the defendant had not satisfied the statutory waiting period as he had not paid his
restitution. Id. at ¶ 10. We determined on appeal that a final discharge did not occur when
the trial court reduced the restitution to a civil judgment pursuant to R.C. 2929.18(D)(1).
Id. at ¶ 18.   We stated, “[t]he application of R.C. 2929.18(D)(1) does not alter the
determination of whether restitution was fully paid. Instead, R.C. 2929.18(D)(1) merely
provides a way of collecting a financial sanction by obtaining a certificate of judgment in
the same manner and form as a certificate of judgment in a civil case.” Id. See also State
v. D.D.F., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-10, 2020-Ohio-4663, ¶ 15-18 (applying and following J.L.).
       {¶ 16} J.L. is not applicable to this case. In J.L., we determined that converting the
criminal restitution order to a civil judgment did not alter the defendant’s obligation to
satisfy all original sentencing requirements. Here, unlike in J.L., no criminal restitution
order ever existed because the trial court entered the requirement to pay as a separate civil
judgment. Because the trial court never imposed a criminal financial sanction as part of
T.W.C.’s sentence, T.W.C. cannot be required to pay any such sanction as a requirement for
obtaining a “final discharge.”
No. 23AP-196                                                                                 6

       {¶ 17} Moreover, the state faces a more intractable problem. At the time of the
judgment in case No. 03CR-6552, a civil judgment became dormant within five years of the
date of the judgment unless: (1) an execution on the judgment was rendered, or (2) a
certificate of judgment for obtaining a lien upon lands and tenements was issued and filed
as provided in R.C. 2329.02 and 2329.04. See former R.C. 2329.07(A), Am.Sub.H.B. No.
95, 150 Ohio Laws 396. A dormant judgment may be revived. R.C. 2325.15. However, with
certain inapplicable exceptions, “[a]n action to revive a judgment can only be brought
within ten years from the time it became dormant.” R.C. 2325.18(A).
       {¶ 18} Here, the record reflects that nothing happened to prevent the judgment in
case No. 03CR-6552 from going dormant in 2009, five years after it was issued. No one
revived the judgment between 2009 and 2019, the next ten years. The civil portion of the
judgment in case No. 03CR-6552, therefore, is permanently dormant. A dormant judgment
cannot be enforced and has no legal effect. Auto Now Acceptance Co., L.L.C. v. Brickey,
4th Dist. No. 19CA3883, 2020-Ohio-3447, ¶ 9; Discover Bank v. Wells, 2d Dist. No. 2018-
CA-44, 2018-Ohio-4637, ¶ 20; Adlaka v. Montella, 7th Dist. No. 11 MA 133, 2013-Ohio-
1276, ¶ 22; Cadles of Grassy Meadows, II, L.L.C. v. Kistner, 6th Dist. No. L-09-1267, 2010-
Ohio-2251, ¶ 9. Consequently, we find unenforceable and of no legal effect the portion of
the judgment in case No. 03CR-6552 that orders T.W.C. to pay $2,663 to Mid-State Credit
Union “as a civil judgment.” (June 18, 2004 Jgmt. Entry at 2.) Given that the payment
requirement is a legal nullity, T.W.C.’s failure to comply with it cannot preclude him from
achieving “final discharge.”
       {¶ 19} In short, the state has not demonstrated that T.W.C. currently owes
restitution, did not obtain a “final discharge,” or failed to meet the statutory waiting period
requirement. Accordingly, we overrule the state’s first assignment of error.
       {¶ 20} By the state’s second assignment of error, it argues the trial court erred in
modifying the judgment in case No. 03CR-6552. “ ‘A court of record speaks only through
its journal and not by oral pronouncement.’ ” State v. Leegrand, 170 Ohio St.3d 304, 2022-
Ohio-3623, ¶ 8, quoting Schenley v. Kauth, 160 Ohio St. 109 (1953), paragraph one of the
syllabus. Although the trial court discussed modifying the judgment in case No. 03CR-6552
at the hearing on T.W.C.’s sealing application, the court did not actually do so in its
March 14, 2023 entry. The trial court, therefore, did not commit the error alleged in the
No. 23AP-196                                                                              7

second assignment of error. Accordingly, we overrule the state’s second assignment of
error.
V. CONCLUSION
         {¶ 21} For the foregoing reasons, we overrule the state’s two assignments of error,
and we affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                       Judgment affirmed.

                            BOGGS and EDELSTEIN, JJ., concur.
                                     _____________