Court Opinion

ID: 9958327
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-08 21:02:35.890153+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:12.502490
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

  COREY S. REYES,                   §
                                    §     C.A. No. 232, 2023
       Defendant Below,             §
       Appellant,                   §     Court Below—Superior Court
                                    §     of the State of Delaware
       v.                           §
                                    §     Cr. ID No. 2208005427
  STATE OF DELAWARE,                §
                                    §
        Appellee.                   §

                        Submitted: January 17, 2024
                        Decided:   April 8, 2024

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice, LEGROW and GRIFFITHS, Justices.

Upon appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Delaware. AFFIRMED.

Elliot Margules, Office of Defense Services, Wilmington, Delaware, for Appellant
Corey S. Reyes.

John R. Williams, Delaware Department of Justice, Dover, Delaware, for Appellee
State of Delaware.

GRIFFITHS, Justice:
         This appeal stems from an altercation between appellant Corey Reyes and his

girlfriend at the time, Jennifer Deems, and his subsequent arrest, both of which

happened in the span of a few hours on August 10, 2022. After a three-day trial,

Reyes was found guilty of second-degree assault, as well as resisting arrest with

force or violence and disorderly conduct. Reyes raises two issues on appeal. First,

he argues that an amendment to his indictment was one of substance and thus

impermissible. Second, he argues that the prosecution made statements that rise to

the level of prosecutorial misconduct such that they affected the integrity of the trial

process and his substantive rights.

         We find that the amendment to Reyes’s indictment during trial was one of

form rather than substance, and we therefore AFFIRM his conviction of resisting

arrest with force or violence.           We also find that any error arising from the

prosecutor’s misconduct was harmless. Although certain comments were improper,

they were not illustrative of a pattern of repetitive misconduct over multiple trials,

and we therefore AFFIRM Reyes’s conviction of second-degree assault.

              I.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 1

         The events leading to Corey Reyes’s eventual indictment took place on

August 10, 2022 in Dover, Delaware. That day, Reyes and Deems were hanging out

1
    The facts are drawn from the record below.
                                                 2
with friends around his sister’s house. 2 Deems’s and Reyes’s accounts at trial about

the events of the day diverged almost immediately.

        Deems testified that the pair got into an argument, and Reyes told Deems to

go back to their shared rental home. 3 Reyes testified that Deems showed up to drop

off some cigarettes, she stayed for ten or fifteen minutes, and he then told her to

leave due to police activity in the area that day. 4 Deems stated that the pair continued

to argue. 5 Reyes testified that the two had an argument about Deems not cooking

dinner, and he told her that “if you’re not going to cook, then I’m going to find

someone else to cook.” 6 Deems testified that the argument continued to escalate and

“it turned into that he was going to be bringing another female into [her] house” and

she “told him that wasn’t happening.”7 She eventually left the house with her three-

year-old son to pick up cigarettes. 8

      When Deems returned to their home, she parked on a side street in the hopes

of being able to run in and out of the house to grab diapers for her son without being

seen. 9 She left her son in the car with the intention of going into the house only

2
  App. to Opening Br. at A28 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems); id. at A85 (Testimony of Corey
Reyes).
3
  Id. at A27–A28 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems).
4
  Id. at A86 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
5
  Id. at A28 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems).
6
  Id. at A86 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
7
  Id. at A28 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems).
8
  Id.
9
  Id.
                                            3
briefly.10 Deems testified that she walked inside, heard footsteps, and that Reyes

blocked the doorway. 11 She then described how Reyes proceeded to harm her:

              Well, I was put in a headlock. Also thrown over the back
              of my couch and fell off of that[,] which had then caused
              me [to] fall[] down on top of my leg and him falling down
              on top of me. I had still tried to fight him off. . . . [W]hile
              trying to get away, I wound up getting my shirt and bra
              ripped off of me. Then eventually I gave up. I couldn’t
              fight anymore.12

She told the jury that Reyes put her in a headlock—during which she could not

breathe for three seconds—and that she kept screaming that “the baby was in the

car” and to let her go get him. 13 She testified that during the time she was trying to

fight him off, she “was being pulled by [her] hair” and was “dragged around.”14

       Deems also told the jury how she injured her leg when she was trying to get

out of the house:

              I had tried to run for the front door and he had grabbed me
              and I flipped backwards over the couch and rolled over
              because it’s in front of the front door. . . . The second time
              I had hit the floor, I heard [the bottom half of my leg]
              snap.15

10
   Id. at A30 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems).
11
   Id. at A28 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems).
12
   Id.
13
   Id. at A29 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems).
14
   Id.
15
   Id.
                                               4
She told the jury that Reyes was trying to make her sit up and was telling her that

her leg was not broken. 16 She also testified that she could not stand up by herself

and that Reyes eventually forced her to sit up on the couch while he went outside to

get Deems’s son out of the car.17 When she sat up, she said that she could see her

“bone sticking up from [her] leg.” 18 She stated that she “kicked into survival mode

and [] tried to escape” by running out of the house.19 When she realized she could

not run on her leg, she “basically threw [her]self off the front step into the grass and

army crawled over” to her neighbor Alicia Carter’s house.20 She testified that when

she got to Carter’s house, she “started screaming and banging on her door telling her

to call the cops.”21

       Reyes, for his part, recalled the altercation differently. He testified that Deems

came storming into the house looking for a woman and burst through the front

door.22 He testified that he was the only person in the house.23 He told the jury that

Deems tried to get past him to go farther inside, and that, in an effort to block her

from doing so, he pushed her but did not shove her.24 Eventually, he picked her up

16
   Id.
17
   Id.
18
   Id.
19
   Id.
20
   Id.
21
   Id.
22
   Id. at A87 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
23
   Id. at A88 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
24
   Id. at A87–A88 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
                                                5
in order to sit her down on the couch to prevent her from damaging anything in the

house:

               So this would be the third time that she didn’t try to like
               slide through me, go around me, under me. Every which
               way you could try to imagine, she tried to do. So this time,
               with my forearm like this [], and I’m standing in front of
               [her], I kind of picked [her] up like a baby. . . . [b]y the
               waist and I walked with her. It was no pick-up, it was like
               a walk. And I set her down. I said, “Can you stop trying
               to mess up-- f-up my couch.” And she wouldn’t listen.25

Reyes stated that Deems continued to be irate about the possibility of another woman

in the house, and that after he set her down on the couch she came right back at

him.26 He denied dragging her around by her hair, falling on top of her, or choking

her.27

         Reyes also testified that Deems came at him again and “[t]hat’s when [he] did

the same move, but this time she fell out, like dead, like an alligator spin type and

sat on the ground. She didn’t want [him] to pick her up and put her back.” 28 He said

Deems was able to get back up and that she proceeded to tell him that her son was

in the car. 29 At that point, he said he went outside to go get him, and when he got

her son settled in the house, he went back outside after hearing a loud noise. 30 Reyes

25
   Id. at A88–A89 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
26
   Id. at A89 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
27
   Id.; see also id. at A91 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
28
   Id. at A89 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
29
   Id.
30
   Id. at A90 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
                                                6
testified that he saw Deems next door, shirtless and crawling. 31 He said that Deems

was telling him to leave her alone and that she didn’t say anything about her leg.32

       Alicia Carter, Reyes’s neighbor, testified that she heard Deems sobbing on

her porch and saying that her leg was broken.33 She opened her door and gave

Deems a shirt.34 Carter recalled that Deems asked her to call the police, which she

declined to do. 35 Carter told the jury that Reyes then came outside and told her not

to believe what Deems was telling her because Deems was making it up and was on

drugs. 36       Deems      testified    that    Reyes     told    Carter     that    she    was

“a coked out crazy white girl.”37 Carter offered to drive her to the emergency room,

and she ended up taking Deems to Kent General Hospital. 38 Deems told Carter that

Reyes broke her leg.39 When Carter returned home, Reyes told her that he did not

do anything to Deems. 40

       That evening, Officer Siobhan Burton of the Dover Police Department was

dispatched to Kent General Hospital after “receiv[ing] a call from a nurse that there

31
   Id.
32
   Id.
33
   Id. at A24 (Testimony of Alicia Carter).
34
   Id.
35
   Id.
36
   Id. at A24–A25 (Testimony of Alicia Carter).
37
   Id. at A30 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems).
38
   Id. at A25–A26 (Testimony of Alicia Carter); see also id. at A34 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan
Burton).
39
   Id. at A25, A26 (Testimony of Alicia Carter).
40
   Id. at A26 (Testimony of Alicia Carter).
                                               7
was an assault that happened that appeared to be domestic related.” 41 Upon entering

Deems’s hospital room, Burton testified that Deems was “hysterical[ly] crying, very

upset,” that her body “was tense,” and that Deems was saying she was in pain and

that her leg hurt.42 She stated that Deems told her that she had gotten into a “verbal

argument” with Reyes that “kind of escalated into a physical argument which

occurred inside of [Deems’s] residence.” 43 Burton also told the jury that Deems told

her that Reyes had choked her and threatened to kill her. 44 Burton observed that

Deems’s neck “was red and had scratches on it” and that “her left leg was swollen.”45

The emergency room doctor who treated Deems, Dr. Robert Baeder, testified that he

noticed an “obvious injury” to Deems’s leg. 46

      Shortly after returning to the police station, Burton determined that she was

going to arrest Reyes and returned to his home that evening with additional

officers—Samuel Seibert, Chase Strickland, Max Alderson, Jake Shepherd, and

Officer Guiteras—to assist with the arrest. 47 She testified that the Dover Police

Department’s common practice is to bring backup when effecting an arrest.48 Here,

41
   Id. at A34 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
42
   Id.
43
   Id.
44
   Id. at A34–A35 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
45
   Id. at A34 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
46
   Id. at A79 (Testimony of Doctor Robert Baeder).
47
   Id. at A35–A36, A43 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
48
   Id. at A35, A43 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton); see also id. at A47 (Testimony of
Officer Samuel Seibert).
                                            8
Burton decided to bring the number of officers that she did—six including herself—

because of the nature of the alleged altercation, Reyes’s size (he is 6’11”), the fact

that he was in a home with multiple entrances and exits, and her lack of knowledge

as to whether other people or a firearm were inside the residence. 49

       Officer Burton arrived at the house in uniform and in a fully-marked Dover

Police Department vehicle.50 Once there, she and the other officers discussed how

they would position themselves to attempt Reyes’s arrest safely. 51 Burton testified

that she knocked on the door, identified herself as a police officer, and asked for

Corey. 52 He did not come outside despite repeated requests from the officers.53

Reyes told the jury that he could not hear the officers speaking to him from inside

his home because the television was on and other people were talking inside the

house, including some of his family members.54

       Officer Burton testified that Reyes eventually came out of the house after a

few minutes and that he was yelling at her and Patrolman Seibert as they

approached.55 She told that the jury that Reyes was tense, smelled of alcohol, and

that he refused to put his hands behind his back after they told Reyes that they had a

49
   Id. at A36, A43 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
50
   Id. at A36 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
51
   Id.
52
   Id.
53
   Id.
54
   Id. at A92 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
55
   Id. at A36 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton); see also id. at A47 (Testimony of Officer
Samuel Seibert).
                                              9
warrant for his arrest. 56 Reyes, for his part, testified that he heard the officers tell

him they had a warrant for his arrest, told them he wanted to see it, and tried to

defend himself when they tried to grab him. 57 He said that the officers would not

talk to him, and that he told them to back up because several officers were hovering

over him.58

       Officer Burton described the struggle that ensued:

              I grab his left arm. Officer Seibert grabs his right arm.
              Again, [Reyes was] refusing to comply with what we’re
              saying. As Officer Seibert tried to grab his arm, he pushes
              against Officer Seibert. Other officers, again – when we
              cover all entrances and exits, other officers come.
              [Officer] Alderson comes around from the side of the
              house, runs up with his taser out[,] at which point [Reyes]
              tries to g[r]ab his taser reaching for his taser. We call it a
              high-low technique. It’s essentially like a hug. You try to
              hug him to gain compliance using the least non-force
              necessary. And then all of the officers fell off of the stoop
              because this is a front door of the residence. So it was []
              – I would say about like six steps, brick steps leading up
              to the front door. So it was a pretty high-elevated surface.
              And we all kind of tumbled off of that al[l][ ]together. . . .
              We did continue to – the only way I can really describe is
              grapple, wrestle. Because he continued to not give us his

56
   Id. at A36, A44 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
57
   Id. at A93 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
58
   Id. at A93 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
                                              10
               hands as everyone was on the ground. But eventually with
               two dry stuns 59 from a taser he was taken into custody. 60

Reyes told the jury that he did not recall reaching for an officer’s taser and that he

remembered being tased approximately four or five times.61 He also stated that it

was not his intent to harm anyone, damage any property, threaten anyone’s life, or

refuse to go with the officers. 62

       Burton testified that as a result of the struggle, her flashlight was broken,

Officer Strickland’s watch was broken, and Officer Shepherd’s pants were ripped.63

She noted that she was not injured.64 Officer Seibert testified that he sustained

injuries—a small abrasion to his left ring finger that left a scar. 65 Officer Shepherd

also testified that he sustained injuries—to his “left pinky knuckle as well as scrapes

59
   Officer Burton described to the jury what a “dry stun” (also referred to as a “drive stun”) from
a taser is: “So our taser carriers probes and then a dry stun. So when you deploy the probes, it’s
the electricity going from the probe – because the probes go out. So it’s from one point to another
point. The wider the spread, the more electricity that runs through. A dry stun is just localized.
It’s very, very small. Nothing gets deployed. It’s just with the taser. Nothing, like, sticks at your
skin or anything like that. It’s essentially pain compliance. Not neuromuscular tension.” App. to
Opening Br. at A37 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton); see also id. at A48–49 (Testimony of
Officer Samuel Seibert) (describing the mechanics of a dry stun).
60
   Id. at A36–A37 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton); see also id. at A44; id. at A47–48, A52
(Testimony of Officer Samuel Seibert); id. at A55–56, A58 (Testimony of Officer Jake Shepherd);
id. at A61 (Testimony of Officer Max Alderson); A65 (Testimony of Officer Chase Strickland).
61
   Id. at A93 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
62
   Id. at A93–94 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
63
   Id. at A37 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton); see also id. at A56 (Testimony of Officer
Jake Shepherd); id. at A63–64 (Testimony of Officer Chase Strickland).
64
   Id. at A38, A45 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton).
65
   Id. at A49–A50, A52 (Testimony of Officer Samuel Seibert).
                                                11
to [his] right knee and left elbow.66 Officer Strickland likewise testified that his left

forearm was “bruised and bloody,” along with his left knee due to the arrest.67

       After his arrest, Reyes was taken to the Dover Police Department. 68 When

asked about the videotaped statements he made at the station, during which he

threatened to “fuck someone up” and that “if anyone comes for his house and his

son, that [he was] going to go ham,” he testified that he did not remember making

the statements and that it was not his intent to harm anyone.69 He told the jury that

in that moment he felt violated and was frustrated that the police did not speak with

him at his house about the warrant.70

       Reyes was indicted on October 3, 2022.71 He was reindicted by the grand jury

on February 3, 2022 for four counts of second-degree assault, strangulation, resisting

arrest with force or violence, terroristic threatening, endangering the welfare of a

66
   Id. at A56 (Testimony of Officer Jake Shepherd).
67
   Id. at A64 (Testimony of Officer Chase Strickland).
68
   Id. at A94 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
69
   Id. at A94–95 (Testimony of Corey Reyes).
70
   Id. at A95 (Testimony of Corey Reyes) (“I just felt violated. I felt violated with somebody that
you supposed to trust coming to my house. If you say you have something, you know, I expect to
see it. You can talk to people, other than immediately putting hands on somebody. When you
come to somebody’s house, 100 people and you, your presence at somebody’s house, and you
automatically lunge forward and say you have a warrant, that’s -- I don’t know how everybody
else feel[s], but I don’t feel -- I feel some type of way. Now, if you came by yourself, trust and
believe I could have talked to you. If you two people, you know, they don’t take on me to come
to somebody’s house and tell you, you have a warrant, and -- because, you know, I was being
reasonable with everybody but -- and there’s officers there that know me.”).
71
   Id. at A1.
                                               12
child, three counts of criminal mischief, and disorderly conduct. 72 A three-day jury

trial was held from February 20 to February 22, 2023.73 The State called eight

witnesses, including Jennifer Deems, Alicia Carter, Dr. Robert Baeder, Officer

Siobhan Burton, Officer Samuel Seibert, Officer Jake Shepherd, Officer Max

Alderson, and Officer Chase Strickland. The State also played video footage of

Reyes’s arrest obtained from body cameras worn by Officers Burton, Seibert, and

Strickland.74

       During the prayer conference, the trial judge pointed out a discrepancy in the

statutory subsection cited in the indictment for the resisting arrest charge. 75 The

State conceded that the citation was erroneous, and Reyes’s counsel did not oppose

the State’s request to amend the indictment to correct that issue.76 On February 22,

2023, the jury found Reyes guilty of second-degree assault of Deems, resisting arrest

with force, and disorderly conduct. 77

       On April 6, 2023, the State filed a motion to declare Reyes a habitual

offender. 78 On June 1, 2023, the Superior Court granted the State’s motion and

72
   Id. at A7–A15 (Reindictment of Corey Reyes). The charge of endangering the welfare of a child
was later dropped at trial. See id. at A76–A77.
73
   See id. at A12–A170 (Trial Transcript).
74
   See App. to Opening Br. at A43 (Testimony of Officer Siobhan Burton); id. at A50 (Testimony
of Officer Andrew Seibert); id. at A64 (Testimony of Officer Chase Strickland).
75
   Id. at A67.
76
   Id. at A68.
77
   Id. at A1, A4.
78
   Id. at A4. The State filed an amended motion on May 31, 2023.
                                              13
sentenced Reyes to seventy years and one month incarceration at Level V, suspended

after thirty-five years and twenty days, followed by probation. 79 Reyes appealed his

convictions on June 28, 2023.

                            II.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review the Superior Court’s decision on a motion to amend an indictment

for abuse of discretion. 80 We review claims of a constitutional violation de novo.81

       “Where defense counsel fails to raise a timely and pertinent objection to

alleged prosecutorial misconduct at trial and the trial judge does not intervene sua

sponte, we review only for plain error.”82 We first determine de novo whether the

prosecutor’s actions rise to the level of misconduct.83 If we determine that no

misconduct occurred, our analysis ends there.84 But if we find that there was

prosecutorial misconduct, then we proceed to a plain error analysis under

Wainwright v. State. 85 “If we conclude that the misconduct would not warrant

reversal under the Wainwright standard, we proceed to apply our analysis in Hunter

79
   See id. at Ex. B (Corrected Sentence Order for Corey Reyes).
80
   Kent v. State, 2021 WL 4393804, at *5 (Del. Sept. 24, 2021) (quoting Cuffee v. State, 2014 WL
5254614, at *2 (Del. Oct. 14, 2014)).
81
   See Zebroski v. State, 12 A.3d 1115, 1119 (Del. 2010).
82
   Baker v. State, 906 A.2d 139, 150 (Del. 2006) (citations omitted); see also Saavedra v. State,
225 A.3d 364, 372 (Del. 2020) (citation omitted) (“When we consider prosecutorial-misconduct
claims, our standard of review frequently depends on whether the defendant objected to the alleged
misconduct at trial. If the defendant did not object, this Court reviews only for plain error; if he
did object, then we review for harmless error.”).
83
   Saavedra, 225 A.3d at 372 (citing Baker, 906 A.2d at 149–150).
84
   Id.
85
   Id.; see also Wainwright v. State, 504 A.2d 1096, 1100 (1986).
                                                14
v. State as the third analytical step, and we consider whether the prosecutor’s

statements are repetitive errors that require reversal because they cast doubt on the

integrity of the judicial process.”86

                                        III.   ANALYSIS

          Reyes argues that his resisting arrest conviction should be reversed because

the amendment made to his indictment during trial was substantive and thus

impermissible. He also argues that his second-degree assault conviction should be

reversed because the statements the prosecutor made on direct examination of

Deems and during closing argument constituted prosecutorial misconduct that was

so prejudicial to his substantial rights that it jeopardized the fairness and integrity of

the trial process. We address these allegations of error in turn.

A.        The Amended Indictment Did Not Violate Reyes’s Constitutional Rights

          Reyes first argues that the amendment to his charge of resisting arrest with

force or violence was impermissible because the change was one of substance rather

than one of form. Under Superior Court Rule of Criminal Procedure 7(e), the court

may permit an indictment to be amended “at any time before verdict or finding if no

additional or different offense is charged and if substantial rights of the defendant

are not prejudiced.” 87 Thus, a trial court is permitted to authorize an amendment

86
     Trala v. State, 244 A.3d 989, 998 (Del. 2020).
87
     Super. Ct. Crim. R. 7(e).
                                                 15
that corrects a mistake of form that will not result in substantial harm or prejudice to

a defendant.88 A trial court is not, however, permitted to authorize an amendment

to an indictment if it would alter the substance of the grand jury’s charge in any

way. 89 The test for whether an indictment amendment is appropriate under the

Delaware Constitution is centered on “the extent to which the amendment

substantively changes the material elements of the crime alleged in the original

indictment.”90 Here, we review only for plain error, as this issue was not raised

below. 91 We find plain error only for “material defects which are apparent on the

face of the record, which are basic, serious, and fundamental in their character, and

which clearly deprive an accused of a substantial right, or which clearly show

manifest injustice.”92

       Reyes’s indictment was amended to correct a mistake of form that amounted

to a scrivener’s error. In Reyes’s original indictment, the count at issue reads as

follows:

               RESISTING ARREST WITH FORCE OR VIOLENCE, a
               felony, in violation of Title 11, Section 1257(a)(3) of the
               Delaware Code of 1974 as amended.

88
   Coffield v. State, 794 A.2d 588, 591 (Del. 2002).
89
   Id. (citing Johnson v. State, 711 A.2d 18, 26 (Del. 1998) (citing State v. Blendt, 120 A.2d 321,
324 (Del. Super. 1956))).
90
   Id. at 592.
91
   See Bordley v. State, 224 A.3d 575 (Del. 2020) (citing Zhurbin v. State, 104 A.3d 108, 113 (Del.
2014)).
92
   Baker, 906 A.2d at 150.
                                               16
              COREY REYES on or about the 10th day of August,
              2022, in the County of Kent, State of Delaware, did
              intentionally attempt to prevent Pfc. Burton of the Dover
              Police Department, from effecting an arrest or detention of
              himself by use of force or violence toward Pfc. Burton. 93

Section 1257(a), states, in relevant part:

              (a) A person is guilty of resisting arrest with force or
              violence when:

              (1) The person intentionally prevents or attempts to
              prevent a peace officer from effecting an arrest or
              detention of the person or another person by use of force
              or violence towards said peace officer; or

              ...

              (3) While a peace officer is effecting an arrest or detention
              of a person, the person causes physical injury to the peace
              officer.94

On its face, the indictment tracks the language of § 1257(a)(1), rather than §

1257(a)(3), the provision under which Reyes was indicted for resisting arrest with

force or violence.

       The trial judge, who recognized the inconsistency while preparing the jury

instructions, raised the issue with counsel and asked the State whether it intended to

move to amend the indictment to change the provision of § 1257(a) to (1) from (3).95

Defense counsel, confirming that the change would reflect the correction of a

93
   App. to Opening Br. at A9 (emphasis added).
94
   11 Del. C. § 1257(a)(1), (3).
95
   See App. to Opening Br. at A67–A68.
                                             17
scrivener’s error, did not oppose the State’s application to correct the indictment.96

Though Reyes claims the amendment was “clearly” an amendment of substance

because it changed the material elements of the crime alleged in the original

indictment, at oral argument, his counsel agreed that the correction of the indictment

was technical in nature and that the indicted crime matched the trial evidence.97

Accordingly, we find no error; the amendment made to Reyes’s resisting arrest

charge with force or violence was one of form and did not violate any of his

constitutional rights. 98

       The above said, it is paramount to carefully draft indictments to avoid issues

such as this one on appeal. Over forty years ago in Malloy v. State, 99 we directed

the Attorney General to review “the internal practices and procedures employed in

the preparation of indictments . . . with particular attention to quality and uniformity

of draftsmanship” to avoid the waste of legal resources related to hastily prepared

indictments.100 Today, we underscore that charge.

96
   Id. at A68.
97
   Delaware Supreme Court, Oral Argument Video, Vimeo, at 1:56–3:21, 4:05–4:36 (January 17,
2024) https://vimeo.com/901573657.
98
   For its part, the State argues that because Reyes’s counsel did not object, but rather seemed to
bless, the State’s motion to amend the indictment, Reyes waived the right to argue on appeal that
the amendment was substantive even under plain error review. See Answering Br. at 28–29. We
disagree that plain error review is precluded here, but in any case, there is no error.
99
   462 A.2d 1088 (1983).
100
    Id. at 1094.
                                               18
B.     The Prosecution’s Improper Statements Were Not Plain Error

       Next, Reyes claims that the prosecution made approximately a dozen

improper statements—one during Deems’s direct examination and the others during

closing argument. These statements, Reyes argues, fall into six categories of

improper conduct: (1) impermissible use of propensity evidence; (2) expression of

personal opinions about Reyes’s guilt; (3) misrepresentation of the record; (4)

impermissible vouching for Deems; (5) appealing to the jury’s biases and

sympathies; and (6) impermissible bolstering of Deems’s credibility. Reyes argues

that collectively or individually, they amount to prosecutorial misconduct so

prejudicial that it interfered with his substantial rights and jeopardized the fairness

and integrity of his trial. For the reasons stated below, we disagree.

       Though some of the prosecutor’s statements were improper, the instances of

prosecutorial misconduct did not amount to plain error under Wainwright, nor were

they persistent across multiple trials, such that we would be required to reverse

Reyes’s conviction under Hunter. Below we analyze the statements by category,

and then explain why neither standard is met here.

     1. Some of the Prosecutor’s Statements Were Improper

       We find that certain of the prosecution’s statements during closing argument

amounted to prosecutorial misconduct. We review such claims de novo to determine

                                          19
whether the conduct was improper or prejudicial. 101 Not every improper remark

requires reversal. 102 Critically, “[w]hen deciding whether a comment is improper

prosecutorial misconduct, our cases often turn on the nuances of the language and

the context in which the statements were made.”103 And though we do not have an

all-encompassing definition of prosecutorial conduct,104 we have several guide

posts, including our case law and the American Bar Association’s Criminal Justice

Standards for the Prosecution Function.105

       Two of these standards—“Presentation of Evidence” and “Closing Arguments

to the Trier of Fact”—are of particular import here. They advise prosecutors to “not

bring to the attention of the trier of fact matters that the prosecutor knows to be

inadmissible.”106 They also advise prosecutors to avoid certain practices during

closing argument:

101
    See Kurzmann v. State, 903 A.2d 702, 708 (Del. 2006) (citing Flonnory v. State, 893 A.2d 507,
538 (Del. 2006) (citations omitted).
102
    See id. at 708–09 (Del. 2006) (quoting Daniels v. State, 859 A.2d 1008, 1011 (Del. 2004)).
103
    Id. at 710.
104
    See Watson v. State, 303 A.3d 37, 44 & n.30 (Del. 2023).
105
    See generally Crim. Justice Standards for the Prosecution Function, AM. BAR ASS’N (2017),
https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/standards/ProsecutionFunctionFourthEditi
on/.
106
     Crim. Justice Standards for the Prosecution Function Standard 3–6.6, AM. BAR ASS’N
(2017),
https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/standards/ProsecutionFunctionFourthEditi
on/.
                                               20
      • “The prosecutor should not knowingly misstate the evidence in the record, or
        argue inferences that the prosecutor knows have no good-faith support in the
        record.”107

      • “The prosecutor should scrupulously avoid any reference to a defendant’s
        decision not to testify.” 108

      • “The prosecutor should not argue in terms of counsel’s personal opinion, and
        should not imply special or secret knowledge of the truth or of witness
        credibility.” 109

Reyes argues that the prosecutor engaged in most of these frowned-upon practices

while making her closing argument. We agree with Reyes in part; some of the

statements were improper and amount to prosecutorial misconduct.

               a. The Prosecution Did Not Impermissibly Put Propensity Evidence
                  Before the Jury

         Reyes first argues that during closing argument, the prosecutor impermissibly

encouraged the jury to consider his statements and conduct during his arrest as

“propensity evidence of his state of mind” during the earlier incident with Deems.110

Specifically, Reyes asserts that “the prosecution asked the jury to employ a

classically impermissible propensity argument by suggesting the behavior and

attitude the jury observed in videos of the second incident[] was evidence of [his]

107
    Crim. Justice Standards for the Prosecution Function Standard 3–6.8(a), AM. BAR ASS’N
(2017),
https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/standards/ProsecutionFunctionFourthEditi
on/.
108
    Id.
109
    Id.
110
    Opening Br. at 15.
                                            21
intentions [] in the first.” 111       Reyes argues the following excerpt from the

prosecutor’s closing argument demonstrates that she used propensity evidence

inappropriately:

                  [Reyes] told you he really doesn’t have any idea what
                  happened. He heard some type of loud thump outside.
                  Next thing he knows Jennifer is crawling around on the
                  ground, she’s screaming, she’s running away from him
                  like it’s a scary movie, and she is naked from the waist up.
                  He just has no idea how any of this could have happened.
                  None. He’s the calm one.

                  Let’s talk dramatic. You know who is actually dramatic
                  here, [Reyes]. You have body cam footage that you will
                  be able to watch while you deliberate. This man is
                  screaming before the cops -- before the cops even see him,
                  he’s inside his house screaming. This is the man who
                  came outside when his girlfriend is injured and is
                  screaming again, crazy coked-out, white bitch, don’t
                  believe her, she’s making this up. This is the man who
                  goes up to his girlfriend when she’s clearly in pain and
                  distraught and rips a necklace off of her. I mean, talk
                  about dramatic.

                  This is also the man who, when he finally does open the
                  door for the police, he’s the one screaming, he’s the one
                  screaming profanities. He’s the one who turns it physical
                  when [Officer] Seibert reaches out for him to place him
                  under arrest and he shoves him away. And you get to
                  watch that again on body cam. [Reyes] is the one who is
                  throwing his body around, who is trying to grab an
                  officer’s taser, who is grabbing an officer’s head, who is
                  moving around and acting so out of control that six
                  officers cannot place him into custody. They cannot put
                  handcuffs on him.

111
      Id. at 15–16.
                                              22
             This is the same person who later on is telling the police,
             I don’t care who shows up at my house, I will fuck each
             and every one of them up. I don’t care who you are, I’m
             going to go ham.112

Though it is a close call, we disagree with Reyes that the State improperly used his

state of mind during the arrest as evidence that he had a propensity to act with

violence, anger, or an intent to harm.

      Delaware Rule of Evidence 404 delineates when the use of propensity

evidence is permissible. D.R.E. 404(a) states that “[e]vidence of a person’s character

or character trait is not admissible to prove that on a particular occasion the person

acted in accordance with the character or trait.” 113 And D.R.E. 404(b) provides that

“[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person’s

character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in

accordance with the character.”114

      Here, as in our recent decision in Watson v. State, Reyes’s contention that the

prosecution used Reyes’s actions during his arrest in service of a propensity

argument falls short of the mark. First, like the defendant in Watson, Reyes “does

not point to a single statement in the prosecution’s summation that could fairly be

characterized as misstating the law or explicitly asking the jury to infer” that his

112
    App. to Opening Br. at A110–A111.
113
    D.R.E. 404(a).
114
    D.R.E. 404(b).
                                         23
behavior and attitude during his arrest demonstrates that he was disposed to act the

same way during his altercation with Deems. 115 Second, the prosecutor’s reference

to Reyes’s actions during his arrest was “firmly embedded in [her] argument” about

the numerous other charges Reyes was facing in relation to his arrest, including

resisting arrest with force or violence, disorderly conduct, and second-degree assault

against the officers on scene. 116 Here, “the prosecutor’s arguments, as we see them,

were consistent with the jury’s duty to decide the case on the evidence and did not

seek to divert the jury from that duty.”117 In this instance, we do not find the

prosecutor’s comments to be improper.

               b. The Prosecutor’s Statements Were Not Improper Personal Opinions
                  as to Reyes’s Guilt

       Reyes next claims that on numerous occasions during closing argument, the

prosecutor expressed her personal opinion about Reyes’s guilt by using “we know”

statements and employing qualifiers in her language, such as “ample,” “absolutely,”

and “it’s clear.” We have repeatedly held that it is improper for a prosecutor to

express their personal beliefs or opinions as to a defendant’s guilt.118 Doing so,

especially without qualification, can jeopardize a defendant’s right to a fair trial by

115
    Watson, 303 A.3d at 46.
116
    Id.
117
    Id. at 48.
118
    See, e.g., Morales v. State, 133 A.3d 527, 530 (Del. 2016) (citing cases); Heald v. State, 251
A.3d 643, 655 (Del. 2021) (internal quotations and citations omitted) (“A prosecutor must avoid
improper suggestions, insinuations, and assertions of personal knowledge in order to ensure that
guilt is decided only on the bases of sufficient evidence.”).
                                               24
seriously weakening the constitutional presumption of innocence. 119 Accordingly,

any plain statement of a defendant’s guilt without qualification is improper. 120 It is

not per se improper, however, to use the first person “I” or “we” in a closing

argument.121

         Reyes argues that the following statements were improper:

      • “But what we know from [Carter]’s testimony and from [Deems]’s testimony
        is that there was no concern [for Deems’s safety].” 122

      • “How do we know that it was his conscious objective to cause serious physical
        injury? He is 6 feet 11 inches tall. His girlfriend is 5-foot five. He drags her
        around the house. He puts her in a chokehold. He flips her over a couch. He
        lands on her. And her bones are snapping audibly. That is intentional.
        Absolutely his conscious objective to cause harm to her, to cause serious
        physical injury.”123

      • “There is ample testimony that he put her in a chokehold. He is almost seven
        feet tall. She’s 5’5”. He stood behind her and he put his arm around her neck.
        She told you she could not breathe.”124

119
    Id.
120
    See, e.g., Spence v. State, 129 A.3d 212, 227 (Del. 2015) (holding that a sentence in the State’s
PowerPoint presentation stating that “[t]he defendant is guilty of all the charges against him” was
improper because it was a personal expression about the defendant’s guilt); see also Morales, 133
A.3d at 531 (holding that the statement “the defendant is clearly guilty of robbery” was improper
because it lacked a qualifier and expressed a personal opinion as to the defendant’s guilt).
121
    See Booze v. State, 919 A.2d 561, 2007 WL 445969, at *5 (Del. Feb. 13, 2007) (TABLE); see
also Brokenbrough v. State, 522 A.2d 851, 859 (Del. 1987) (“We do not adopt a rule which says
that the use of the word ‘I’ or ‘we’ in a closing argument is per se improper. . . . There is a great
difference in ‘leaving’ a point before the jury and ‘suggesting’ it personally. Nevertheless,
arguments in the first person are extremely dangerous and should be assiduously avoided.”).
122
    App. to Opening Br. at A105 (emphasis added).
123
    Id. at 106 (emphasis added).
124
    Id. at A108 (emphasis added).
                                                25
      • “He threatened Jennifer and it’s clear that those threats, if carried out, would
        result in death or serious injury.”125

         We do not find any of these statements to be improper. Here, unlike in

Morales or Spence, the prosecutor did not “plainly state” that Reyes was guilty. And

the prosecution’s statements were “not an opinion formed from whole cloth.”126

Rather, the statements “referred to the evidence introduced at trial and the legitimate

inferences drawn from that evidence.”127 Accordingly, we do not find that they

constitute prosecutorial misconduct.

               c. The Prosecution Improperly Misstated the Record More than Once

         Reyes next argues that the prosecutor misstated the record several times

during her closing argument:

      • When she twice told the jury that Reyes told his neighbor, Alicia Carter, that
        Deems was a “coked out white bitch.”128

      • When she told the jury that Reyes “[told them] he was the calm one in the
        situation.”129

      • And when she told the jury that “[s]he cannot play with her kid the way that
        she should be able to play with her kid.”130

125
    Id. (emphasis added).
126
    Booze v. State, 919 A.2d 561, 2007 WL 445969, at *5 (Del. Feb. 13, 2007) (TABLE).
127
    Id.
128
    Opening Br. at 18; see also App. to Opening Br. at A106 (“He came out of the house and what
did he do? He starts screaming she’s on drugs, she’s a coked out crazy white bitch, she’s making
this all up, don’t listen to what she says.”); id. at A110–111 (“This is the man when his girlfriend
and is screaming again, crazy coked-out[] white bitch, don’t believe her, she’s making this up.”).
129
    App. to Opening Br. at A109–110; see also Opening Br. at 19.
130
    App. to Opening Br. at A107; see also Opening Br. at 19 (noting that though Deems made an
identical claim at sentencing, she did not do so in her trial testimony).
                                                26
“A prosecutor’s duty to see that justice be done by giving [a] defendant a fair and

impartial trial extends through closing arguments.”131 Though it is permissible for

a prosecutor to argue all reasonable inferences from evidence in the record, “the

prosecutor must not misstate the evidence or mislead the jury as to the inferences it

may draw.”132

       As to the first two statements, the prosecution plainly misstated the record.

During direct examination, Deems testified that Reyes told their neighbor Alicia

Carter that Deems was a “coked out crazy white girl.”133 There is no trial testimony

from Deems or anyone else that Reyes ever called Deems a “bitch.” Because the

prosecutor’s statements misrepresented the evidence presented by the State, they

were improper and the State conceded as much in its briefing and at oral argument.134

       The latter two statements present a closer question. At closing argument, the

prosecutor told the jury the following:

              [Reyes] . . . talked a lot about drama, people being
              dramatic. So let’s dig into that. Jennifer hears bone
              snapping. Dramatic. She sees a bone sticking out of her
              leg. Dramatic. He puts her in a chokehold. He rips her
              shirt off. He rips her bra off. She is crawling around
              outside. And the defendant himself said it was like she

131
     Williams v. State, 91 A.3d 563, 2014 WL 1515072, at *3 (Del. April 16, 2014) (internal
quotations and citations omitted).
132
    Id. (citations omitted).
133
    App. to Opening Br. at A30 (Testimony of Jennifer Deems) (emphasis added).
134
    See Answering Br. at 21; Delaware Supreme Court, Oral Argument Video, Vimeo, at 28:16–58
(January 17, 2024) https://vimeo.com/901573657. We recognize that these misstatements appear
to have been inadvertent, and even the defense conceded that they were not intentional.
                                            27
               was running away from someone in a scary movie. And
               she was. Because this was her nightmare.

               ...

               By contrast, [Reyes] tells you he’s the calm one in the
               situation. Everyone but him is dramatic. He is the one
               in the house who calmly tried to diffuse the situation
               according to him. [Deems], she was the one slamming
               doors, almost breaking things. He was the calm one. He
               calmly picked her up by her waist. And he calmly sat her
               down on the couch.135

We conclude that these are reasonable inferences that the jury could draw from the

evidence in the record. When testifying about the altercation between himself and

Deems, Reyes described her as dramatic at numerous points. 136 It is thus reasonable

135
    App. to Opening Br. at A109–110 (emphasis added).
136
    App. to Opening Br. at A87 (Testimony of Corey Reyes) (emphasis added) (“I said, ‘Why you
come in here busting the door open, you know, like you own something right there? None of this
is yours. Stop your drama and close the damn’ -- I said, ‘Close the f-ing door.’”); id. at A91
(emphasis added) (“A. And the mom started coming toward the door, I said, I said, ‘Where [are]
your clothes? Where [are] your clothes?’ She didn’t want to talk to me at all. She was like, ‘Leave
me alone, leave me alone.’ I said, ‘What the heck are you causing all this drama for[?] You
know, all this at one time?’ So now I’m getting mad. Q. When you say you were getting mad,
what do you mean by, you were getting mad? A. Like she was just causing drama. And I’m
wondering - Q. And when you say ‘drama,’ what do you mean? A. Bringing other people into
my-- like in the house. Q. Uh-huh. A. Just bringing-- everybody knows about [my house],
basically. Q. Okay, uh-huh. A. And . . . when I [saw] her, the next-door neighbor was like, ‘Go
get me a shirt, go get me a shirt.’ And so I’m trying to talk to her and she didn’t want to talk. So
I’m trying to tell the next-door neighbor, I said, ‘She is nothing but drama.’ I said, ‘Do not
mind her.’ I said, ‘I don’t know what the heck is wrong with her.’ And she was like, ‘She need[s]
to go to the hospital.’ That’s when she started talking about her leg. Q. Okay. At that point did
you know that she had an injury to her leg? A. No, because I’m thinking she is just screaming
because, this drama, she is just causing drama. That’s what I thought. Q. Okay. So your
thought was that she was causing drama because you had an argument? A. Yes, yes.”).
                                                28
to infer that he would categorize himself as calm in the situation, especially in

contrast to Deems.

          Similarly, though Reyes is correct that Deems never testified that she could

not play with her son the way that she should be able to, it was not an unreasonable

inference to make from the record. When describing the break to Deems’s leg, the

prosecutor told the jury the following:

                 [Deems’s] leg was broken in multiple places. Remember
                 when Dr. Baeder was testifying and he had the X-ray
                 image up and he continuously pointed out breaks in the
                 bone in that X-ray image. Her leg was broken in multiple
                 places. She needed surgery. She had a rod. She had a
                 plate, four screws and a flat head pin. And she told you
                 that those things are going to be in her leg for the rest of
                 her life. She can’t run. She can’t jump. She can’t kneel.
                 She limps.

                 She’s the mother of a three-year-old. She cannot play
                 with her kid the way that she should be able to play
                 with her kid. Serious physical injury will tell you that
                 you need prolonged impairment of the function of a bodily
                 organ. Here, prolonged impairment of her leg. It is serious
                 physical injury.137

Given the serious injuries to her leg, a reasonable juror could infer that Deems could

not engage in certain physical activities, including playing with her son. We find

that this statement was not improper.

                 d. The Prosecution Did Not Impermissibly Vouch for Deems by
                    Stating She Was “Remarkably” Consistent

137
      Id. at A107.
                                             29
       Reyes next argues that the prosecution impermissibly vouched for Deems by

suggesting that the jury consider its subjective view that Deems exhibited

“remarkable” consistency when testifying. Specifically, Reyes takes aim at the

following statement made in closing argument: “Jennifer remained remarkably

consistent from start to finish, despite this being a high-stress[], traumatic event. . .

. Throughout she is consistent.”138           Reyes claims that “[d]escribing a witness’s

testimony as consistent is a perfectly permissible comment, but ‘remarkably

consistent’ is qualitatively different because it informs the jury of the prosecutor’s

subjective belief about the level of consistency.”139 We disagree.

       Here, the use of one qualifier does not constitute an expression of the

prosecutor’s subjective belief that Deems testified truthfully. “Improper vouching

occurs when the prosecutor implies some personal superior knowledge, beyond that

logically inferred from the evidence at trial, that the witness testified truthfully.”140

It is “especially problematic when a witness’[s] credibility is at issue because jurors

may easily interpret vouching by the prosecutor as an official endorsement of the

witness.”141 In context, the prosecutor’s statement was not objectionable. She did

138
    App. to Opening Br. at A101.
139
    Opening Br. at 20 (emphasis in the original).
140
    White v. State, 816 A.2d 776, 779 (Del. 2003); see also Whittle v. State, 77 A.3d 239, 243 (Del.
2013), as corrected (Oct. 8, 2013) (“[P]rosecutors generally cannot vouch for the credibility of a
witness by stating or implying personal knowledge that the witness’ testimony is correct or
truthful.”).
141
    Heald v. State, 251 A.3d 643, 652 (Del. 2021) (internal quotations and citation omitted).
                                                30
not “say that Deems was telling the truth; [s]he said only that [Deems’s] testimony

was consistent with the rest of the evidence[,]” which she described in more detail

during that section of her closing argument. 142

              e. The Prosecution Did Not Improperly Attempt to Influence the Jury
                 by Appealing to their Biases and Sympathies as Parents

       Reyes also argues that the prosecution impermissibly attempted to influence

the jury by appealing to their biases and sympathies as parents by telling them that

Deems could not play with her son in the way that she should be able to. 143 Because

the injury element of the charges against him was not in dispute, Reyes contends that

this “makes clear that the statement’s intent here was not to prove an element of the

crime through evidence, but to inflame the passions of the jury through an

unsupported and high evocative description of what it wanted the jury to believe

happened.”144 We find this argument to be unavailing for a few reasons.

       First, as we stated above, one could reasonably infer from the record that

Deems would be unable to play with her son as she should; this description is not

“unsupported” and is not necessarily “highly evocative.” Second, the cases that

142
    Bodnari v. State, 839 A.2d 665, 2003 WL 22880372, at *2 (Del. Dec. 3, 2003) (TABLE).
143
    See supra at III(B)(1)(c).
144
    Opening Br. at 20.
                                            31
Reyes cites in support—State v. Groves145 and Piesik v. State 146—contain much

more inflammatory statements than the one made by the prosecutor in this case.147

The prosecutor’s comparatively tempered statement does not rise to the level of

being improper here. Finally, regardless of whether Reyes expressly “contested” the

injury element at trial, he did not stipulate to the serious injury element and the State

bears the burden of proving every element of a charge beyond a reasonable doubt.

The State therefore did not act improperly by arguing to the jury that the evidence

satisfied this element of second-degree assault.

               f. The Prosecution Did Not Impermissibly Bolster Deems’s
                  Credibility
       Lastly, Reyes argues that the prosecution impermissibly bolstered Deems’s

credibility through the use of prior consistent statements and by highlighting her

145
    295 S.W.2d 169 (Mo. 1956).
146
    572 P.2d 94 (Alaska 1977).
147
    State v. Groves, 295 S.W.2d 169, 173 (Mo. 1956) (“The [p]rosecuting [a]ttorney also stated in
his closing argument: ‘Send this man to five years in the [p]en. Don’t let him out running around
the streets ‘cause if any of you have any daughters and if this defendant ever got the opportunity
your daughter could be the next one, or your grandchild or something.’”); Piesik v. State, 572 P.2d
94, 96 n.4 (Alaska 1977) (“[The defendant] told you, [he] has done this once before, and he did it
this time. And when’s he going to do it again? And to whom? A lot of you are parents; a lot of
you have children; and some of you are grandparents. Do you seriously want a man that does this
sort of thing running around? Don’t we tell our children not to talk to strangers? But do the
children really know what we’re talking about? Do they know the fears that we have for them; the
fears that you as parents have for your children because there are people in our society that do
sexually abuse children? . . . Do you want [the defendant] out there on the streets with your
children? . . . . [I]s this the kind of man you want out on the streets with your 9 year old, 10 year
old, your child, your neighbor’s children? Even if they bounce back, is that the kind of thing you
want them to be subjected to sexual assaults? Is that the kind of childhood you want young children
to have in this community[?]”).
                                                32
apparent reluctance to testify. 148 Reyes points to three specific instances, one that

occurred during direct examination, and two during closing argument, that he claims

were impermissible in this regard:

      • “Jennifer remained remarkably consistent from start to finish, despite this
        being a high-stress[], traumatic event. . . . Throughout she is consistent. So
        let’s first talk about consistency. The consistency is key here. . . . And who
        else did she tell this consistent set of facts to? You guys.”149

      • “Q. Jennifer, do you want to be here today? A. No. Q. Okay. And why are
        you here? Is it because you’re under subpoena? A. Yes.” 150

      • “So [Deems] testified on Monday. A couple days have gone by, obviously.
        But when she testified, remember her demeanor from the stand. She was
        basically cowering. She was crying. She was barely looking up while she
        explained what happened to her. Consider demeanor on the stand when
        you’re trying to figure out credibility of witnesses.” 151

         As to the first statement, we decline to find prosecutorial misconduct occurred

for the reasons stated above, namely because the State was describing how Deems’s

testimony was consistent with other record evidence.152 We also find that the latter

two statements, which Reyes categorizes as corroborating evidence, do not rise to

the level of misconduct. As in Heald, “[t]he statements do not misstate evidence,

nor do they express or imply that the prosecutor has personal knowledge about the

148
    Opening Br. at 21–22.
149
    Id. at A101–102.
150
    App. to Opening Br. at A27.
151
    Id. at A125.
152
    See supra at III(B)(1)(d).
                                           33
truth of [Deems’s] testimony.”153 In addition, “the jury was able to see [Deems’s]

demeanor for themselves.” 154

      2. The Prosecutorial Misconduct Did Not Amount to Plain Error

        Because we find that there was prosecutorial misconduct, we now review for

plain error, given that defense counsel did not object to the challenged statements at

trial and the trial judge did not intervene sua sponte.155 Under Wainwright, we must

reverse if the error complained of is “so clearly prejudicial to substantial rights as to

jeopardize the fairness and integrity of the trial process.”156 In other words, “the

error “must have affected the outcome of the trial.”157 We weigh three factors in

determining whether prosecutorial misconduct is clearly prejudicial to a defendant’s

substantial rights: (1) the closeness of the case, (2) the centrality of the issue affected

by the error, and (3) the steps taken to mitigate the effects of the error. This is known

as the Hughes test after our 1981 decision of the same name. 158 “When more than

153
    Heald v. State, 251 A.3d at 653.
154
    Id.
155
    Baker, 906 A.2d at 148.
156
    Wainwright, 504 A.2d at 1100.
157
    Keyser v. State, 893 A.2d 956, 959 (Del. 2006) (citing U.S. v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732–34,
(1993); Wainwright, 504 A.2d at 1100).
158
    Watson, 303 A.3d at 48 (citing Hughes v. State, 437 A.2d 559 (Del 1981)). As former Chief
Justice Steele observed in Baker v. State, “[t]he factors in the Hughes test are not conjunctive and
do not have the same impact in every case: for example, one factor may outweigh the other two.
Moreover, we apply the test itself in a contextual, case-by-case, and fact-sensitive manner.” Id.
                                                34
one statement amounting to misconduct is involved, our analysis includes a review

of both the statements’ individual and cumulative effect.”159

          Here, we found that two statements amount to prosecutorial misconduct;

namely, the two instances when the prosecutor misstated the record by claiming

Reyes referred to Deems as a “coked out crazy white bitch.” In view of the evidence

supporting Reyes’s assault conviction involving Deems, we do not find that these

statements, individually or cumulatively, affected the outcome of Reyes’s trial.

          First, we disagree with Reyes’s contention that this was a close case because

the jury “acquitted Reyes of numerous crimes for which [Deems] has provided

theoretically adequate testimony” and that the verdict “reflects that they generally

did not find her testimony adequate.”160 There is nothing in the record to suggest

this. Most of the charges in this case had nothing to do with Deems or her credibility,

rather, they were related solely to the circumstances surrounding Reyes’s arrest.

          Second, we find that the issues affected by the prosecutorial misconduct are

not central to this case. Though it was undoubtedly unfortunate that the prosecution

mischaracterized Reyes’s testimony on two occasions, we do not believe that this

explicitly speaks directly to whether Reyes intended to harm Deems. Accordingly,

159
      Heald, 251 A.3d at 652 (internal quotations and citation omitted).
160
      Opening Br. at 22.
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Reyes has not shown that the trial judge plainly erred in not sua sponte finding that

prosecutorial misconduct occurred.

      3. The Prosecutor’s Statements Were Not Repetitive Errors that Require
         Reversal

          “If we conclude that the misconduct would not warrant reversal under the

Wainwright standard, we proceed to apply our analysis in Hunter v. State as the third

analytical step, and we consider whether the prosecutor’s statements are repetitive

errors that require reversal because they cast doubt on the integrity of the judicial

process.”161 Such errors must occur over multiple trials.162 Here, the prosecutorial

misconduct was confined to statements made during the prosecution’s closing

argument at one trial and did not constitute repetitive errors over multiple trials that

require reversal.

                                      IV.    CONCLUSION

          The amendment to Reyes’s indictment was purely one of form. Accordingly,

we AFFIRM Reyes’s conviction and sentence for resisting arrest with force or

violence. And although some of the prosecutor’s statements made during the

prosecution’s closing statement were improper, we find no plain error under

Wainwright nor repetitive error under Hunter. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Reyes’s

conviction and sentence for second-degree assault of Jennifer Deems.

161
      Trala v. State, 244 A.3d at 998 (citing Baker, 906 A.2d at 150) (footnote omitted).
162
      Id.
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