Court Opinion

ID: 9297761
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-01 16:02:06.178047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:29.664382
License: Public Domain

Cite as 2022 Ark. 209
               SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
                                    No.   CV-22-430

                                              Opinion Delivered:   December 1, 2022

 ARKANSAS PAROLE BOARD; JOHN
 FELTS, BRETT MORGAN, ANDY
 SHOCK, BOYCE HAMLET, WENDY                   APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
 RYALS, JERRY RILEY, AND LONA                 COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
 MCCASTLAIN, IN THEIR OFFICIAL                [NO. 60CV-21-6945]
 CAPACITIES AS MEMBERS OF THE
 ARKANSAS PAROLE BOARD;                       HONORABLE ALICE S. GRAY,
 ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF                       JUDGE
 CORRECTIONS, DIVISION OF
 CORRECTION; AND DEXTER
 PAYNE, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY              REVERSED AND REMANDED.
 AS DIRECTOR

                          APPELLANTS

 V.

 WILLIS JOHNSON

                              APPELLEE

                          KAREN R. BAKER, Associate Justice

      Appellants Arkansas Parole Board; John Felts, Brett Morgan, Andy Shock, Boyce

Hamlet, Wendy Ryals, Jerry Riley, and Lona McCastlain, in their official capacities as

members of the Arkansas Parole Board; Arkansas Department of Corrections, Division of

Correction; and Dexter Payne, in his official capacity as Director of the Division of

Correction (the “Board”), appeal from the Pulaski County Circuit Court’s order granting

appellee Willis Johnson’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, entering judgment in
Johnson’s favor for the relief requested in his petition, and denying the Board’s motion for

summary judgment. The Board presents one argument on appeal: The circuit court erred

by entering judgment on the pleadings in favor of Johnson and finding that he is parole

eligible. We reverse and remand.

                                 I. Facts and Procedural History

       On June 25, 1997, Johnson pleaded guilty to first-degree murder and aggravated

assault, crimes he committed when he was fourteen years old. Johnson was sentenced to

serve forty years’ imprisonment for first-degree murder and a six-year consecutive prison

term for aggravated assault—a total of forty-six years’ imprisonment.

       In 2017, the General Assembly passed the Fair Sentencing of Minors Act (“FSMA”).

See Fair Sentencing of Minors Act of 2017, No. 539, 2017 Ark. Acts 2615. As will be

discussed below, it is undisputed that the FSMA contains parole-eligibility provisions that

apply retroactively to Johnson, but the parties disagree on how the FSMA impacts the

calculation of Johnson’s parole eligibility.

       On November 3, 2021, Johnson filed a petition for declaratory judgment, injunctive

relief, and mandamus relief seeking to remove any remaining uncertainty regarding the

FSMA as applied to him. According to his petition, the Board was incorrectly calculating

his parole-eligibility date and denying him a parole hearing. Relying on the FSMA, Johnson

claimed that the Board erroneously listed his parole-eligibility date as October 8, 2025, but

that he was parole eligible on October 8, 2021, after serving twenty-five years. Johnson

sought a declaratory judgment that the FSMA applies to his sentences; that he is entitled to

parole eligibility after twenty-five years’ imprisonment; and writ of mandamus ordering the

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Board to modify his parole eligibility. In the alternative, Johnson sought a declaratory

judgment that the FSMA applies to his first-degree-murder sentence specifically, and given

that he has already served twenty-five years, he must be made instantly parole eligible.

       On December 8, 2021, the Board filed an answer to Johnson’s petition requesting

that the circuit court deny Johnson’s petition. Also, relying on the FSMA, the Board denied

that Johnson became parole eligible on October 8, 2021. The Board argued that his

consecutive sentence for aggravated assault does impact his parole-eligibility date and that

his sentences should be “stacked”—run one after another—for parole-eligibility purposes.

Stated differently, the Board argued that the FSMA requires that he serve the additional

parole-eligibility period applicable to his aggravated-assault conviction consecutively to his

twenty-five-year parole-eligibility period for his first-degree-murder sentence. The Board

argued that because Johnson was classified as a Class IV inmate, his is ineligible for

meritorious good-time credit. Accordingly, the Board asserted that, based on the applicable

parole-eligibility statutes, Johnson would be parole eligible on October 8, 2023, after serving

twenty-five years for first-degree murder and two years for aggravated assault.

       On December 30, 2021, Johnson filed his motion for judgment on the pleadings,

arguing that there are no contested issues of material fact and that the only contested issues

are purely legal in nature. On January 11, 2022, the Board filed its response to Johnson’s

motion for judgment on the pleadings and a cross-motion for summary judgment.

       On May 23, 2022, after a hearing on the motions, the circuit court granted judgment

in favor of Johnson and denied the Board’s motion for summary judgment. The circuit

court found that Ark. Code Ann. § 16-93-621(a)(2)(A) applied retroactively to Johnson’s

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sentences; “[s]ubsection (a)(2)(A) notes that the 25-year parole eligibility applies regardless

of ‘any applicable sentencing enhancements’”; and that the “25-year parole eligibility applies

‘regardless of the original sentences that were imposed.’” Specifically, the circuit court found

that the FSMA’s twenty-five-year parole eligibility applies to Johnson’s aggregate sentence

for both the first-degree-murder and the aggravated-assault convictions rather than just the

murder conviction. Further, the circuit court found that Johnson pleaded guilty to both

offenses on June 25, 1997, with 259 days of jail-time credit. He began serving his sentences

on October 9, 1996, and has therefore served more than twenty-five years of his forty-six-

year aggregate sentence. Accordingly, the circuit court found that he is entitled to immediate

parole eligibility based on the retroactive application of Ark. Code Ann. § 16-93-621(a)(2).

The circuit court then ordered the Board to modify Johnson’s parole-eligibility date to

October 9, 2021, and that Johnson may immediately request a parole hearing. On June 2,

2022, the Board timely appealed.

                                     III. Law and Analysis

       On appeal, the Board argues that the circuit court erred by entering judgment on

the pleadings in favor of Johnson and finding that Johnson was parole eligible after serving

twenty-five years’ imprisonment.

       A motion for judgment on the pleadings is appropriate if the pleadings show on their

face that there is no merit to the suit. Palade v. Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of Ark. Sys., 2022 Ark.

119, 645 S.W.3d 1. When reviewing a grant of judgment on the pleadings, we view the

facts alleged in the complaint as true and in the light most favorable to the party seeking

relief. Id. We will affirm the circuit court’s decision in the absence of an abuse of discretion.

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Id. However, we review issues of statutory interpretation de novo, as it is for this court to

determine the meaning of a statute. Dep’t of Ark. State Police v. Keech Law Firm, P.A., 2017

Ark. 143, 516 S.W.3d 265. The primary rule of statutory interpretation is to give effect to

the intent of the legislature. Keep Our Dollars in Independence Cty. v. Mitchell, 2017 Ark. 154,

518 S.W.3d 64. We first construe the statute just as it reads, giving the words their ordinary

and usually accepted meaning in common language. Id. In conducting this review, we will

reconcile statutory provisions to make them consistent, harmonious, and sensible in an effort

to give effect to every part. Id. Furthermore, we will not read into a statute language that

was not included by the legislature. Id.

       Here, the statute at issue, Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-93-621 (Supp. 2021)

provides in pertinent part:

       (a)(1)(A) A minor who was convicted and sentenced to the former Department of
       Correction or the Division of Correction for an offense committed before he or she
       was eighteen (18) years of age and in which the death of another person did not occur is
       eligible for release on parole no later than after twenty (20) years of incarceration,
       including any applicable sentencing enhancements, and including an instance in which
       multiple sentences are to be served consecutively or concurrently, unless by law the minor is
       eligible for earlier parole eligibility.

           (B) Subdivision (a)(1)(A) of this section applies retroactively to a minor whose
           offense was committed before he or she was eighteen (18) years of age, including
           a minor serving a sentence of life, regardless of the original sentences that were
           imposed.

       (2)(A) A minor who was convicted and sentenced to the department or the division
       for an offense committed before he or she was eighteen (18) years of age, in which
       the death of another person occurred, and that was committed before, on, or after March
       20, 2017, is eligible for release on parole no later than after twenty-five (25) years of
       incarceration if he or she was convicted of murder in the first degree, § 5-10-102, or
       no later than after thirty (30) years of incarceration if he or she was convicted of
       capital murder, § 5-10-101, including any applicable sentencing enhancements, unless by
       law the minor is eligible for earlier parole eligibility.

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           (B) Subdivision (a)(2)(A) of this section applies retroactively to a minor whose
           offense was committed before he or she was eighteen (18) years of age, including
           minors serving sentences of life, regardless of the original sentences that were
           imposed.

(Emphasis added.)

       As set forth above, the circuit court found that subdivision (a)(2)(A), which contains

a twenty-five-year limitation, applied to Johnson’s aggregate sentence for both first-degree

murder and aggravated assault. Johnson argued and the circuit court agreed that subdivision

(a)(2)(A)’s reference to “sentencing enhancements” supported his position that the twenty-

five-year limitation applied to his aggravated-assault sentence. Further, the circuit court

found that the reference to the term “sentences” contained in subdivision (a)(2)(B) also

supported its interpretation of the statute.

       On appeal, the Board argues that the circuit court erred in interpretating subdivision

(a)(2)(A) to encompass both Johnson’s first-degree murder and his aggravated-assault

convictions. The Board argues that the FSMA provides that the twenty-five-year parole

eligibility for first-degree murder applies only to a sentence for first-degree murder itself and

not for the separate aggravated-assault conviction. The Board notes that the FSMA has

separate parole-eligibility provisions for homicide and nonhomicide offenses. Subdivision

(a)(2)(A), which is the provision applicable to homicide offenses, is silent on the effect of

consecutive sentences.       In contrast, subdivision (a)(1)(A), which is applicable to

nonhomicide offenses, specifically states that it applies when multiple sentences are to be

served consecutively. The Board argues that utilizing the negative-implication canon, we

should hold that by excluding a reference to consecutive sentences in subdivision (a)(2)(A),

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the General Assembly permitted the practice of stacking the parole time of consecutive

sentences for juvenile homicide offenders.

       For the reasons that follow, we agree with the Board’s interpretation of the statute

and hold that the circuit court erred. The plain language of subdivision (a)(2)(A) provides

that Johnson is eligible for parole after serving twenty-five years for his first-degree-murder

conviction. This subdivision does not state that it applies to any additional sentences

imposed for separate offenses that were ordered to be served consecutively to the sentence

for the murder conviction. In contrast, subdivision (a)(1)(A) does contain language stating

that a nonhomicide offender is eligible for parole after twenty years, “including an instance

in which multiple sentences are to be served concurrently or consecutively.” A fundamental

principle of statutory construction is the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, also known

as the negative-implication canon, which means that “the express designation of one thing

may properly be construed to mean the exclusion of another.” Smith v. State, 2020 Ark.

410, at 9. As the Board properly notes, by specifically referencing “multiple sentences . . .

to be served consecutively,” the nonhomicide provision, subdivision (a)(1)(A), prohibits the

practice of stacking the time an inmate must serve before becoming parole eligible on each

sentence. However, pursuant to subdivision (a)(2)(A), the opposite is true for homicide

offenses where the General Assembly chose not to include this language. This interpretation

is supported by an attorney general opinion, which discussed subdivisions (a)(1)(A) and

(a)(2)(A) as follows:

       By specifically referencing consecutive and concurrent sentences, subdivision 16-93-
       621(a)(1) clearly prohibits stacking parole eligibility periods for minors convicted of
       multiple crimes not involving the death of another person. That specific prohibition
       in subdivision 16-93-621(a)(1), coupled with 16-93-621(a)(2)(A)’s silence on the

                                                7
       matter, means that stacking sentences to determine parole eligibility is permitted
       under subdivision 16-93-621(a)(2).

       Indeed, the specific prohibition on stacking contained in subdivision 16-93-621(a)(1)
       demonstrates that where the General Assembly intended to prohibit stacking, it did
       so in unambiguous language. Moreover, a common rule of statutory construction is
       to give effect to each word of a statute so that no language is reduced to surplusage.
       If we read both subdivisions to prohibit stacking, but only one of the subdivisions
       includes a clause explicitly prohibiting stacking, then the inclusion of that clause
       becomes superfluous.

Op. Ark. Att’y Gen. No. 41, at 2–3 (2019). While attorney general opinions are not binding

on this court, we have held that they can be persuasive. Mississippi Cty. v. City of Blytheville,

2018 Ark. 50, 538 S.W.3d 822. In this instance, we find the attorney general opinion on

this matter persuasive.

       Further, as to Johnson’s argument that subdivision (a)(2)(A)’s reference to

“sentencing enhancements” supported his position that the twenty-five-year limitation

applied to his aggravated-assault sentence, we disagree. Subdivision (a)(1)(A) references

both “sentencing enhancements” and “multiple sentences” that are served consecutively or

concurrently. This demonstrates that the use of the words “sentencing enhancements” in

subdivision (a)(2)(A) was not intended to include a consecutive sentence imposed for an

additional offense. We hold that this language is instead referring to enhancements to the

murder sentence itself. As the Board correctly points out, a sentencing enhancement

increases the sentence for an offense based on some circumstance regarding the commission

of that offense. See, e.g., Ark. Code Ann. 16-90-120(a) (Supp. 2021) (imposing a sentencing

enhancement for use of a firearm as a means of committing a felony); Ark. Code Ann. § 5-

4-704 (Supp. 2021) (imposing a sentencing enhancement for targeting a law-enforcement

officer or first responder). The circuit court also relied on subdivision (a)(2)(B)’s use of the

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plural “sentences” to support its interpretation of the statute. However, as the Board asserts,

the plural “sentences” follows the use of the plural “minors” in that subparagraph, which

indicates that the plural form of “sentences” was used to grammatically agree with “minors.”

       Therefore, we hold that the circuit court erred in its interpretation of Arkansas Code

Annotated section 16-93-621(a) and by finding that Johnson was parole eligible after serving

twenty-five years’ imprisonment.           Because subdivision (a)(2)(A)’s twenty-five-year

eligibility for first-degree murder does not apply to his consecutive sentence of aggravated

assault, Johnson must serve the parole time for his aggravated-assault conviction before

becoming parole eligible. We note that there appears to be some disagreement as to

Johnson’s inmate classification for good-time-credit purposes. As the Board notes, an exact

calculation of good time can be submitted to the circuit court on remand. Accordingly, we

reverse and remand for a recalculation of Johnson’s parole-eligibility date in accordance with

this opinion.

       Reversed and remanded.

       WYNNE, J., concurs.

       WOMACK, J., dissents.

       ROBIN F. WYNNE, Justice, concurring. I fully agree with the majority’s

interpretation of the parole-eligibility provisions of the Fair Sentencing of Minors Act of

2017 (FSMA). I write separately to highlight how “stacking” sentences to determine parole

eligibility will result in de facto life sentences for certain juvenile offenders.

       When enacting the FSMA, the General Assembly expressly stated its intent as follows:

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       (a)(1) The General Assembly acknowledges and recognizes that minors are
       constitutionally different from adults and that these differences must be taken into
       account when minors are sentenced for adult crimes.

               (2) As the United States Supreme Court quoted in Miller v. Alabama, 132 S.
       Ct. 2455 (2012), “only a relatively small proportion of adolescents” who engage in
       illegal activity “develop entrenched patterns of problem behavior,” and
       “developments in psychology and brain science continue to show fundamental
       differences between juvenile and adult minds,” including “parts of the brain involved
       in behavior control”.

              (3) Minors are more vulnerable to negative influences and outside pressures,
       including from their family and peers, and they have limited control over their own
       environment and lack the ability to extricate themselves from horrific, crime-
       producing settings.

               (4) The United States Supreme Court has emphasized through its cases in
       Miller, Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), and Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48
       (2010), that “the distinctive attributes of youth diminish the penological
       justifications for imposing the harshest sentences on juvenile offenders, even when
       they commit terrible crimes”.

              (5) Youthfulness both lessens a juvenile’s moral culpability and enhances the
       prospect that, as a youth matures into an adult and neurological development
       occurs, these individuals can become contributing members of society.

       (b) In the wake of these United States Supreme Court decisions and the emerging
       juvenile brain and behavioral development science, several states, including Texas,
       Utah, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nevada, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Montana, Alaska,
       West Virginia, Colorado, Hawaii, Delaware, Connecticut, Vermont,
       Massachusse[t]ts, and the District of Columbia, have eliminated the sentence of life
       without parole for minors.

       (c) It is the intent of the General Assembly to eliminate life without parole as a
       sentencing option for minors and to create more age-appropriate sentencing
       standards in compliance with the United States Constitution for minors who commit
       serious crimes.

2017 Arkansas Acts, No. 539, § 2 (footnote omitted). In Miller, supra, the United States

Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates

life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders. The idea at the heart of

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Miller is that a sentencer should be able to take into account a juvenile homicide offender’s

youth and immaturity, his home environment, the circumstances of the offense, and the

possibility of rehabilitation. The Arkansas General Assembly embraced the reasoning of

Miller, as evidenced by the legislative intent set out in the FSMA.

       Under the FSMA, a juvenile who commits multiple non-homicide offenses is parole-

eligible after twenty years of incarceration regardless of the original sentences imposed. Ark.

Code Ann. § 16-93-621(a)(1) (Supp. 2021). But, as explained in the majority opinion,

consecutive sentences for a homicide offense and a non-homicide offense are stacked—i.e.,

run one after the other. Thus, a juvenile convicted of first-degree murder who is serving a

life sentence (with parole eligibility after twenty-five years under the FSMA) plus

consecutive sentences for non-homicide offenses could face up to forty-five years’

incarceration before becoming eligible for parole. The maximum, of course, increases for

a juvenile who has committed capital murder. If a juvenile commits capital murder, the

only available sentence is life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving a

minimum of thirty years in prison. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-101(c)(1)(B) (Repl. 2018). For

example, Kuntrell Jackson,1 a fourteen-year-old who was convicted of capital felony murder

during an aggravated robbery but was not the shooter himself, would be subject to the same

punishment as a seventeen-year-old who was convicted of committing a brutal,

premeditated murder. In my opinion, this mandatory outcome is unjust. In addition, the

State asserts in briefing that multiple homicide sentences would also be stacked. The result

       1
         Kuntrell Jackson’s convictions were affirmed by this court, Jackson v. State, 359 Ark.
87, 194 S.W.3d 757 (2004), and the denial of his petition for habeas relief, see Jackson v.
Norris, 2011 Ark. 49, 378 S.W.3d 103, ultimately went before the Supreme Court in Miller.

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would be that, if two people had been killed during the robbery in Jackson’s case, he would

be subject to a greater punishment—sixty years’ imprisonment before reaching parole

eligibility as opposed to thirty years’ imprisonment for the seventeen-year-old—without

having any of the Miller factors presented to the jury for consideration. I do not minimize

the seriousness of capital felony murder, but I doubt that justice has been served under these

circumstances. It is clear that de facto life sentences will be imposed on juvenile offenders

without juries being able to make individual determinations about the propriety of such

sentences.

        In my view, stacking sentences for parole-eligibility purposes under the FSMA does

not comport with the principles set out in Miller or the stated intent of the General Assembly

in enacting the FSMA.

        I respectfully concur.

        SHAWN A. WOMACK, Justice, dissenting. Article 5, Section 20 of the Arkansas

Constitution states that “[t]he State of Arkansas shall never be made defendant in any of her

courts.” Here, the State attempts to concede, relying on the ruling in Perry v. Payne, that

sovereign immunity does not apply, and that declaratory judgment and mandamus are the

appropriate vehicles for an inmate to bring a parole-calculation challenge. 2022 Ark. 112,

at 4.

        I disagree. The plain text of the Arkansas Constitution states that the State shall not

be made a defendant in her courts. Thus, immunity applies regardless of the State’s inaction.

Given that the State—absent a clear constitutional exception to the contrary—shall never

be a defendant in any of her courts, Arkansas courts lack jurisdiction to hear any case where

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the State is a defendant. See Ark. Dev. Fin. Auth. v. Wiley, 2020 Ark. 395, at 9 (noting that

“sovereign immunity is jurisdictional immunity from suit”); see also Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of

Ark. v. Andrews, 2018 Ark. 12, at 5 (“Sovereign immunity is jurisdictional immunity from

suit . . . .”). Once litigation proceeds against an immune defendant, the defendant has

essentially lost this protection, regardless of the outcome. As I have articulated in Perry, we

cannot get past this threshold inquiry to rule on the merits given the lack of jurisdiction.

       I respectfully dissent.

       Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Joseph Karl Luebke, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellants.

       Lassiter & Cassinelli, by: Michael Kiel Kaiser, for appellee.

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