Court Opinion

ID: 4156646
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-30 09:13:46.345773+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:56.074751
License: Public Domain

No. PD-0071-17

          IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS
__________________________________________________________________
                            Robert E. Marzett,
                                Petitioner,
                                   vs.

                           STATE OF TEXAS,
                               Respondent.
__________________________________________________________________
    On petition for review from Cause No. 02-16-00043-CR in the SECOND
  DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS; Trial Court Cause No. CR-2014-01023-E
  from COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 5, DENTON COUNTY, TEXAS
__________________________________________________________________

               PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
__________________________________________________________________

                                                 Robert E. Marzett
                                                 9720 Coit Road #220-16
                                                 Plano, Texas, 75025
         March 28, 2017                          214-868-8698
                                                 Remarzett@gmail.com
                         IDENTITY OF PARTIES

1. Petitioner:
   Robert E. Marzett, sui juris
   9720 Coit Road #220-116
   Plano, Texas
   (214) 868-8698
   remarzett@gmail.com

2. Respondent:
   STATE OF TEXAS
   Catherine Luft
   ASSISTANT DENTON COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY
   1450 East McKinney, Suite 3100
   Denton, Texas 76209

                                  ii	
                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTY OF PARTIES & COUNSEL ………………………………..………...ii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES …………………………………………..………..iii

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ……………………………………………...….vi

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY …………………………...…viii

GROUNDS FOR REVIEW …………………………………………................ix

ARGUMENT AND REASONS FOR REVIEW…………………………………1

PRAYER ………………………………………………………………………20

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ………………………………………………..21

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ………………………………………..…21

INDEX TO APPENDIX

                           iii	
                         INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

                              CONSTITUTIONS

Constitution of the United States of America
U.S. Constitution, Fourth Amendment …………………………………….…..8,13
U.S. Constitution, Fifth Amendment ………………………………………...….18
U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment . ………………………………….…18

Federal Cases 18
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
      466 U.S. 485, 514 n.31(1984) …………………………………………..…7
Heien v. North Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530 ……………………………………...….8,9
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 178 (1803)
…………………………………………….…2
Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 558 (1988)
……………………………………….….6
Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 300-01 …………………………………………...2
United States v. LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751,757 (1997)
…………………………………..…...5
Waller v. Florida, 397 U.S. 387 (1969) ………………………………................18

Texas Cases
Arguellez v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) ………….……7
Bernard v. State, 481 S.W.2d 427, (1972) (RehearingDenied ….…………...18,19
Coit v. STATE OF TEXAS, 808 S.W.2d. 473, 475
      (Tex.Crim.App. 1991) ……………………………………………..……..11

	                                      iv	
Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) ……………….…16
Ex Parte Davis, 412 S.W.2d 46, 52 (Tex.Crim.App. 1967) …………………….11
Galbraith Eng'g Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863,
      867-68 (Tex.2009) ……………………………………………………..….4
Harris v. State, 827 S.W.2d 949, 955 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) ……………...…16
In Re Smith, 333 S.W.3d 582, 586 Tex. 2011) ……………………………..……4
Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62-63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) ……………….13
Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 515 n.12
      (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (en banc) ……………………………………....11
Leland v. Brandal, 257 S.W.3d 204, 206 (Tex.2008) …………………………..4
Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 272, 291(Tex. Crim.
      App. 1990) (op’n on rehearing) ……………………………………..…16
Parker v. State, 182 S.W.3d 923, 925 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ……………..…7
State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ……………....12
State v. Mendoza, 365 S.W.3d 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ……………...12,13
State v. Moff, 154 S.W.3d 599, 601 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) …………........7,10
State v. Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d 281, 291-92 (Tex. Crim.
      App. 2008). ref’d n. r. e.) ……………………………………………...12
Williams v. State, 253 S.W.3d 673, 677 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ……………..7

                                 STATUTES

Texas Bills
Acts 1995, 74th Leg., Ch. 165, Senate Bill No. 971 …………………………….5

	                                         v	
Texas Statutes
TC §502.040(a) ………………………………………………………………….9
TC §521.025 …………………………………………………..………………..17
TC §708.003……………………………………………...……………………...13
TC §708.052 ...…....…………………………………………………………….14
TC §708.103 ……………..……………………………………………………..14
TC §708.104 ……………………....……………………………………………14
TC §708.151 ………………………………………..…………………………..14
TC §708.152 ………………………………....…………………………………14

                     FEDERAL PULES OF EVIDENCE

Federal Rule of Evidence 201 ……………………………………..…………….3

                               TEXAS RULES

RULES OF EVIDENCE 201 ………………….……………………………….3

                          OTHER AUTHORITIES

Black’s Law Dictionary ………………………………………………….……3
Federalist. No. 78 ……………………………………………………………...2
John F. Manning, The Absurdity Doctrine, 116
      HARV. L. REV. 2387, 2456–59 (2003) …………………………….…5

	                                     vi	
                          STATEMENT OF THE CASE

     Mr. Marzett was charged with operating a motor vehicle during a period

when his license or privilege to operate a motor vehicle was suspended or revoked

in the COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 5, DENTON COUNTY, TEXAS. He

filed pretrial motions to disqualify the trial judge, challenging the constitutional

qualifications and status of the trial judge; motion to suppress, challenging the

reasonableness of his seizure under the Fourth and Fourteenth amendments and the

Texas constitution, Art. 1 §9; motion to quash the information, challenging the

jurisdiction of the trial court to hear this case on multiple grounds; and a request

for judicial notice of the definition of the term “transportation.” All motions were

denied and he was convicted in a trial to the bench and sentenced to forty-five days

in jail, probated for twenty-four months, and to pay a $500 fine. The trial court also

imposed eight days confinement as a condition of community supervision.

     Mr. Marzett timely appealed to the SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF

APPEALS and on appeal argued thirteen issues, all of which were based on

challenges to the trial court interpretation of the term “transportation,” as used to

express the subject matter of the TRANSPORTATION CODE. Appellant also

challenged the interpretation of specific terms defined by statute including “state,”

“state judge,” “local authority,” “police officer,” “person,” vehicle, motor vehicle,

	                                        vii	
and “public highway.” Petitioner argued that these mistakes of law led the trial

COURT to incorrectly apply the law to the facts. This resulted in a conviction that

was not supported by a correct interpretation of the law. Appellant also renewed in

the COURT OF APPEALS, all the arguments that he made in the motions filed in

the trial court, all based on mistakes of law.

     On September 29, 2016, the SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

issued a MENORANDUM OPINION affirming the conviction in the trial COURT.

                 STATEMENT OF PRECEDURAL HISTORY

On September 29, 2016, the SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS issued

an unpublished opinion affirming Appellant’s conviction. On November 3, 2016,

Appellant timely filed a motion to extend time to file his motion for en banc

reconsideration. On November 10, 2016, the COURT granted Appellant’s motion

to extend time. On November 28, 2016, Appellant timely filed his motion for en

banc reconsideration. On December 8, the COURT denied Appellant’s motion for

en banc reconsideration. Appellant timely filed a motion to extend time to file his

petition for discretionary review. On January 26, 2017, The Court of Criminal

Appeals granted Appellant’s motion to extend time to file his petition for review.

This petition is due on March 27, 2017

                                          viii	
                       GROUNDS FOR REVIEW

         1. Whether the COURT OF APPEALS applied the correct standard
            of review on all questions of law raised by Appellant in his brief
            when deciding this case?

         2. Whether the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by a
            correct interpretation of the TRANSPORTATION CODE?

         3. Whether the trial court JUDGE abused its discretion based on a
            correct interpretation of the TRANSPORTSTION CODE.
         4. Whether Appellant was subjected to double jeopardy in this
            prosecution?

                             INDEX TO APPENDIX

Exhibit A - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS JUDGMENT

Exhibit B - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS OPINION

Exhibit C - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS DENIAL EN BANC

                                     ix	
               ARGUMENT AND REASONS FOR REVIEW

       This case presents compelling reasons why the standard of review
used by the COURT OF APPELAS to review Appellant’s case was not the
correct standard. Appellant raised multiple questions of law regarding the
court’s interpretation of the TRANSPORTATION CODE. These mistakes of
law resulted in trial court that were fundamentally flawed. Discretionary
review is warranted in this case because the COURT OF APPEALS
completely failed in its responsibility to provide Appellant the correct
standard of review. This Court should conduct it own plenary review to
determine whether of not the findings of the trial COURT JUDGE are
supported by the context and the text of the TRANSPORTATION CODE.

1.   Did the COURT OF APPEALS apply the correct standard of

     review?

       Appellant     challenged     the   definition   of   the   technical   term

"transportation," as used to express the “activity” subject to regulation by

this code. Appellant challenged the interpretation of specific terms defined

by statute, including “state,” “STATE JUDGE,” “police officer,” “person,”

“vehicle,” “motor vehicle,” “operator” and any grammatical variation

thereof (operator, operating, operated, etc.), “drive” and any grammatical

variation thereof (driver, driving, driven, etc.) and “public highway.” These

terms must be interpreted in the context of “transportation.”

Petition for Discretionary Review                                   Page 1 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
       Within the United State’s system of separated powers, judges have a

unique and dangerous role as the interpreters of the law. Although Congress

and the Executive have almost exclusive lawmaking, courts are charged with

applying that law, a task that itself can become law declarative. Cf Teague v.

Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 300-01 (plurality opinion) (recognizing judicial

decisions as embodying a generative law declaration power). To prevent

judges from slipping too far into that law declarative realm, textualism limits

their interpretive resources to the text of the statute and certain objective

tools for interpreting the text.

       Hill and the trial JUDGE made “mistakes of law” interpreting the

definitions of these terms. Challenges to interpretation are “questions of

law.” Alexander Hamilton made a definitive statement in Federalist. No. 78

when he said, “The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar

province of the courts.” This doctrine was repeated in Marbury v. Madison,

5 U.S. 137, 178 (1803), by Justice Marshall when he stated “It is

emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what

the law is.” A clear definition would provide the context in which this code

should be interpreted. "Fair notice" of what is being regulated is a crucial

element of the modern rule of law. Textualism as fair notice emphasizes the

importance of interpreting laws as their subjects would fairly have expected

Petition for Discretionary Review                               Page 2 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
them to apply. The traditional concept of fair notice demands that no Citizen

be held to account under a law the content of which he is unable to know

beforehand. Failure by the JUDGE to consider the context/subject matter,

potentially subjects Citizens to his own personal interpretation of the law,

rather than the actual text. When asked to take judicial notice of the

definition of “transportation,” taken from Black's Law Dictionary, the

JUDGE stated: (RR Vol. 3:11):

              “Mr. Marzett, I am not willing to take judicial notice. I believe
              those would be fact issues for the finder of facts. I’m not going
              to invade the province of the jury, should this be a jury trial.
              And I’m not going to comment, otherwise. If I made a ruling
              now and it ends up that it is going to be a bench trial, I believe
              I’m commenting on the weight of the evidence or making
              rulings on that. I’m just not willing to do that. So that motion
              will be denied.”

       This statement proves the trial JUDGE refused to follow Texas Rule

of Evidence 201or Federal Rule of Evidence 201 by taking judicial notice of

the definition of this term which is generally known within the trial court’s

territorial jurisdiction and whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.

The JUDGE provided “his own” definition of transportation by stating: “I

believe we can use the common definition of transportation, and I

understand that you have put different definitions that you’ve found. There

is also the definition, a way of traveling from place to place” (RR Vol.

Petition for Discretionary Review                                Page 3 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
4:17:4-18:7). Considering the JUDGE cited a definition as did Appellant,

renders “transportation” to more than one interpretation. When there are

multiple interpretation, there is ambiguity; therefore the doctrine of lenity

should apply. In Re Smith, 333 S.W.3d 582, 586 Tex. 2011) (When

construing a statute, we begin with its language. "[W]e consider it ‘a fair

assumption that the Legislature tries to say what it means, and therefore the

words it chooses should be the surest guide to legislative intent.’” Leland v.

Brandal, 257 S.W.3d 204, 206 (Tex.2008) (quoting Fitzgerald v. Advanced

Spine Fixation Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex.1999)). But when

statutory language is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation,

we look beyond its language for clues to the Legislature's intended meaning.

See Galbraith Eng'g Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 867-68

(Tex.2009) (referencing TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.023).)

       There was no showing that Citizens of Texas were given "fair notice"

of what activity is being regulated, which raises a question of law. The

COURT OF APPEALS answered this question of law by stating “Appellant

was convicted of DWLI. The definition of the term “transportation” is

irrelevant to any substantive issue. Appellant provided a proposed definition

of “transportation” that he insisted the trial court accept by taking judicial

notice. Appellant cites no relevant authority to support his argument. We

Petition for Discretionary Review                              Page 4 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
overrule Appellant’s fifth issue.” This statement by the COURT OF

APPEALS is shocking and ignores the stated “subject matter” of this code as

expressed in the adopting Bill. Acts 1995, 74th Leg., Ch.165, S.B. No. 971,

1995 (“An Act relating to the adoption of a nonsubstantive revision of the

statutes relating to transportation.” (emphasis added).). The Legislature

intended for the TRANSPORTATION CODE to regulate “transportation.”

“Transportation” establishes the context by which this code should be

interpreted. The notion advanced by the COURT OF APPEALS that

“transportation” is irrelevant to any substantive issue” is alarming and raises

question regarding the competency of the COURT OF APPEALS to review

this case.

       Furthermore, when the legislature defines a term within a code, the

courts are bound to interpret the term in light of the context and as defined

by the legislature; not as they think it should have been defined. See United

States v. LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751,757 (1997) (Using dictionaries to determine

the “ordinary meaning” of “maximum”). As prominent textualists have

explained, however, recourse to dictionary definitions typically does not

itself resolve the entire interpretive question — the defined word must still

be understood in its context. See, e.g., John F. Manning, The Absurdity

Doctrine, 116 HARV. L. REV. 2387, 2456–59 (2003).

Petition for Discretionary Review                               Page 5 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
       Under Texas law, when the issue turns on a question of law (i.e., the

trial court errs in applying the law), the proper standard of review is de novo.

Legal issues, such as probable cause, are reviewed de novo.. Similarly,

application of law-to-fact issues that do not turn on credibility and demeanor

are subject to de novo review.

       Rights protected by the U.S. Constitution are at issue, therefore, the

U.S. Supreme Court’s judicial review of questions of law is controlling and

straightforward. Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 558 (1988) (For

purposes of standard of review, decisions by judges are traditionally divided

into three categories, denominated questions of law (reviewable de novo),

questions of fact (reviewable for clear error), and matters of discretion

(reviewable for “abuse of discretion”).). Under de novo review, the appellate

court acts as if it were considering the question for the first time, affording

no deference to the decisions below. This is sometimes also called plenary

review or the "legal error" standard. It allows the appeals court to substitute

its own judgment about whether the lower court correctly applied the law.

The U.S. Supreme Court has said that de novo review occurs when a

reviewing court makes an original appraisal of all the evidence to decide

whether or not it believes [the conclusions of the trial court.] Bose Corp. v.

Consumers Union of United States, Inc. 466 U.S. 485, 514 n.31(1984).

Petition for Discretionary Review                                Page 6 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
       Appellant made the proper objections in the trial court to preserve

these questions of law for review. A complete record of the trial court

proceedings, including the CLERK’S RECORD and the REPORTER’S

RECORD is available for review.

        It shocks the senses that a Citizen of the Union can be convicted in a

proceeding rife with mistakes of law, fundamental errors and abuses of

discretion, all of which have been preserved in the trial court record and not

reviewed de novo. This case involves Appellant's rights as a Citizen of a

Union state, therefore the U.S. Supreme Court’s standard of de novo review

should be applied. If de novo review reveals Appellant’s interpretation of the

TRANSPORTATION CODE is unreasonable, this Court can express why it

is unreasonable and why the arresting officer’s and the trial court Judge’s

interpretations are reasonable. De novo review is required to adress these

challenges: constitutionality of a statute; motion to quash, See State v. Moff,

154 S.W.3d 599, 601 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004); reasonable suspicion, See

Arguellez v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); standing,

See Parker v. State, 182 S.W.3d 923, 925 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); and

statutory construction, See Williams v. State, 253 S.W.3d 673, 677 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008). Appellant made these challenges but did not receive de

novo review. This was fundamental error.

Petition for Discretionary Review                               Page 7 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
       2. Are the COURT OF APPEALS’ findings supported by a
           correct interpretation of the TRANSPORTATION CODE?

       In its Opinion, the COURT OF APPEALS used many statutory terms to

describe Appellant, his activities and his property.       Appellant challenged

reasonable suspicion for his seizure under the state constitution and the Fourth

Amendment. Prior to the seizure, Hill made a legal conclusion that Appellant

was required to register his private property as a vehicle and display license

plates. Appellant challenged Hill’s interpretation of the law as a mistake of

law. The same standard applied by the U.S. Supreme Court in Heien v. North

Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530 to determine the reasonableness of a seizure, should

have been applied to this case. Heien argued Darisse’s understanding that

Heien was required to have two working “stop lamps was based on a mistake

of law. The primary question rested on whether or not a “stop lamp” was

included in the term “rear lamps” or “other lamps.” The North Carolina Courts

disagreed on this issue but each expressed their understanding of the relevant

statutes. In deciding the case the Supreme Court stated:

              “Here we have little difficulty concluding that the officer's error
              of law was reasonable. Although the North Carolina statute at
              issue refers to "a stop lamp," suggesting the need for only a

Petition for Discretionary Review                                 Page 8 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
              single working brake light, it also provides that "[t]he stop lamp
              may be incorporated into a unit with one or more other rear
              lamps." N.C. Gen.Stat. Ann. § 20-129(g) (emphasis added). The
              use of "other" suggests to the everyday reader of English that a
              "stop lamp" is a type of "rear lamp." And another subsection of
              the same provision requires that vehicles "have all originally
              equipped rear lamps or the equivalent in good working order," §
              20-129(d), arguably indicating that if a vehicle has multiple
              "stop lamp[s]," all must be functional.” Heien v. North
              Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530, 540 (2014)

       The U.S. Supreme Court concluded the Darisse made a mistake of law,

however, it was reasonable. The mistake was reasonable because the relevant

statutes could read to reasonably support the Darisse’s understanding. Hill’s

conclusion that Appellant was required to register or display license was

challenged in a pre-trial motion to Suppress (CR Vol. 1:80-100). The COURT

OF APPEALS did not even address Appellant’s motion to suppress. The

COURT conducted no examination of what the requirements are for

registration and displaying license plates. The COURT did not examine TC

§502.040(a) which states what entities are required to register and display

license plates or other terms that are statutorily defined and challenged. Hill

stated on cross-examination that he “Knew nothing about you [Appellant]

other than you were driving a white Suburban, date and time listed in the

report. That’s all I knew about you, sir” (RR Vol. 4:55:12-25). No articulable

knowledge that Appellant was required to display plates amounts to no

Petition for Discretionary Review                                Page 9 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
reasonable suspicion.

       Appellant also challenged other terms defined by statute including (1)

“state,” (2) “state judge,” (3) “person,” (4) “vehicle,” (5) “motor vehicle,” (6)

“operate” and any grammatical variation thereof (operator, operating,

operated, etc.), (7) “drive” and any grammatical variation thereof (driver,

driving, driven, etc.), (8) “police officer,” and “public highway.”

       Use of these terms by Hill and the courts in conjunction with Appellant

raises questions of law and were challenged (CR Vol. 1:51-56, 80-100, 101-

119, 136-175 166-178). Motions to quash are reviewed de novo. State v. Moff,

154 S.W.3d 559, 601 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) stated:

              “The sufficiency of an indictment is a question of law. When
              the resolution of a question of law does not turn on an
              evaluation of the credibility and demeanor of a witness, then the
              trial court is not in a better position to make the determination,
              so appellate courts should conduct a de novo review of the
              issue. While this case is different from Guzman in that it
              involves the Appellee's due process right to notice of the
              charges against him, our reasoning for modifying the standard
              of review is the same. The trial court's decision in this case was
              based only on the indictment, the motion to quash, and the
              argument of counsel, so the trial court was in no better position
              than an appellate court to decide this issue. Because the Court
              of Appeals used an abuse of discretion standard of review, we
              will conduct a de novo review of the trial court's ruling rather
              than review the decision of the Court of Appeals.”

       The COURT OF APPEALS did not examine the definition of a single

Petition for Discretionary Review                               Page 10 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
statutory term or explain how that definition applied to Appellant, his activities

or his property. The COURTS OF APPEALS OPINION merely stated what

Hill testified to or what he “believed” or “felt” instead of what facts the trial

court actually found to be true. The trial COURT and the COURT OF

APPEALS should have interpreted all statutory terms as they were defined by

the legislature within the context of “transportation.”

              “However, we have held that use of dictionary definitions of
              words contained in the statutory langauge is part of the "plain
              meaning” analysis that an appellate court initially conducts to
              determine whether or not the statute in question is ambiguous.
              [Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 515 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App.
              1996) (en banc)]

              “With rare exceptions, courts must apply penal statutes exactly
              as they read.” citing Ex parte Hayward, 711 S.W. 2d. 652, 655-
              656 (ex.Crim.App. 1986); see 1 LaFave & Scott, Substantive
              Criminal Law § 2.2(b)-(d) (1986). [Coit v. STATE OF TEXAS,
              808 S.W.2d 473, 475 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)]

              “Where the statute is clear and unambiguous the Legislature
              must be understood to mean what it has expressed, and it is not
              for the courts to add or subtract from such a statute.” [Ex Parte
              Davis, 412 S.W.2d 46, 52 (Tex.Crim.App. 1967)]

       It is essential that courts correctly determine whether the issue at hand

is a fact issue or a legal issue. The distinction between the two is not always

an easy one. The Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized the problems

created when courts confuse “the apples of explicit factual findings with the

Petition for Discretionary Review                                Page 11 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
oranges of conclusions of law,” and urged trial judges to make explicit fact

findings and credibility determinations to avoid speculation on appeal. State

v. Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d 281, 291-92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). ref’d n. r.

e.).   In this case, Appellant requested explicit findings of fact and

conclusions of law from the trial COURT (CR Vol. 1:179-182), but it

refused to do so (CR Vol. 1:184). State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696, 699

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006), held that upon the request of the losing party on a

motion to suppress, the trial court must make findings of fact and

conclusions of law adequate to allow an appellate court to review the trial

court’s application of the law to the facts. Findings may be orally stated on

the record or in writing, served on the parties within 20 days of the trial

court’s ruling. Id. at 699-700. In State v. Mendoza, 365 S.W.3d 666 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2012), this Court reiterated that appellate courts should

determine what the trial court actually believed rather than what it may have

believed. Id. at 670-71. In that case, the trial judge included fact findings that

merely stated what various witnesses testified to or what they “believed” or

“felt” instead of what facts the trial court actually found to be true. The

Court of Criminal Appeals characterized these findings as “weasel words,”

which, when combined with “factual juxtapositions” within the findings

Petition for Discretionary Review                                Page 12 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
created doubt that the judge “fully credited [the officer’s] version of events.”

Id. at 671.

       Many issues involve mixed questions of law and fact, such as the

reasonableness of a detention. Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62-63 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2004). The trial court determines what the facts are, and the

appellate court accepts those facts as true if supported by the record. But the

appellate court determines de novo whether the accepted facts establish that

the detention was reasonable, because ‘“reasonableness’ is ultimately a

question of substantive Fourth Amendment law.” Id. The record shows the

trial JUDGE incorrectly interpreted the “subject matter” and certain statutory

terms used in this code, and in so doing, incorrectly applied those terms to

the facts of this case.

       The COURT OF APPEALS also found that there were three valid

suspensions of Appellant’s license at the time of this transaction. The

COURT cited a July 18, 2012 Surcharge default and suspension and two

suspensions on August 1, 2012. A review of the record shows one surcharge

default and suspension issued on July 19, 2012 and one suspension order

issued October 18, 2012. TC §708.003 states, “For purposes of this chapter,

a conviction for an offense to which this chapter applies is a final conviction,

Petition for Discretionary Review                               Page 13 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
regardless of whether the sentence is probated.” TC §708.052 addresses the

assignment of points for certain convictions. TC §708.103 addresses

surcharges for conviction of driving while license invalid or without

financial responsibility. TC §708.104 addresses surcharges for conviction of

driving without a valid license. TC §708.151 addresses the requirement for a

first second and third notice of a surcharge. TC §708.152 states “FAILURE

TO PAY SURCHARGE. (a) If on the 60th day after the date the department

sends a second notice under Section 708.151 the person fails to pay the

amount of a surcharge on the person’s license or fails to enter into an

installment payment agreement with the department, the license of the

person is automatically suspended. A person’s license may not be suspended

under this section before the 105th day after the date the surcharge was

assessed by the department.”

       These statutes establish that a valid suspension, must be supported by

a valid “final conviction,” and proof of the assessment and proper notice

under TC §708.151. TC §708.152 requires that a valid suspension cannot be

ordered before the 105th day after the date the surcharge was assessed. An

examination of the trial exhibits relied on by the trial COURT and the

COURT OF APPEALS shows there is not a “final conviction” to support the

Petition for Discretionary Review                            Page 14 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
July 18, 2012 surcharge (RR Vol. 5) and no proof of notice to show 105

days has elapsed since the notice of a surcharge was issued. The record also

shows there is only one “order of suspension” dated October 18, 2012 (RR

Vol. 5). The October suspension references a conviction in the JUSTICE OF

THE PEACE COURT, CAUSE NO. 4TR1200765. This alleged conviction

was overturned in a trial de novo to the COLLIN COUNTY COURT AT

LAW #1, Case No. 001-85793-2012 (CR Vol. 1:42-43). This acquittal

occurred prior to the DISTRICT ATTORNEY filing any complaint and

information in the COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 5 (CR Vol. 1:16).

None of these facts have been disputed. There was no valid conviction,

surcharge or suspension upon which to base the instant charge.

       Appellant’s license expired on June 20, 2008 by operation of law due

to lapse of time and was never suspended prior to expiration. Appellant

never renewed the license. Appellant challenged the validity of any

information and conviction based on any alleged surcharges or convictions.

       The COURT OF APPELAS should not have accepted the findings of

the trial COURT and should have conducted its own de novo review of the

record to determine if those findings were correct. Failure to do so is

harmful reversible error and should be reviewed de novo.

Petition for Discretionary Review                           Page 15 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
       3.   Did The COURT OF APPEALS apply the correct standard

            of review to the trial COURT’s abuse of discretion?

       Appellant challenged the exercise of discretion by the trial JUDGE

because     of    his   failure     to   correctly   interpret   and   apply       the

TRANSPORTATON CODE, resulting in a conviction that is clearly

erroneous. A ruling is clearly erroneous “when the reviewing court is left

with the firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” See Harris v.

State, 827 S.W.2d 949, 955 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Reasonable minds can

differ on issues such as the relevance of a particular piece of evidence, and

“as long as the trial court’s ruling was at least within the zone of reasonable

disagreement,” the appellate court should not substitute its reasonable

perception for that of the trial judge. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 272,

291(Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op’n on rehearing). However, it explained,

“when it is clear to the appellate court that what was perceived by the trial

court as common experience is really no more than the operation of a

common prejudice, not borne out in reason, the trial court has abused its

discretion.” Ibid.; See, e.g., Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 815 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010) (“The trial court’s determination is accorded great deference and

will not be overturned on appeal unless it is clearly erroneous.”). A review

Petition for Discretionary Review                                  Page 16 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
of the record shows that the trial COURT made rulings that were clearly

erroneous. Motion to disqualify Judge; judicial notice of the definition of

“transportation” (CR Vol. 1:51-56); admitting unreliable testimony from Hill

over Appellant’s objections (CR Vol. 4:44-47); finding the evidence

factually and legally sufficient to support conviction. All these rulings were

based on an incorrect interpretation of the TRANSPORTATION CODE and

were made arbitrarily and without any guiding principals. Such rulings

requires de novo review.

       4.   The Appellant was subjected to double jeopardy in this
            prosecution?
       In the trial Court and in the COURT OF APPEALS, Appellant argued

that this prosecution was barred by the doctrine of double jeopardy. This

transaction occurred on November 13, 2012 in the city of Frisco. Appellant

was charged in the CITY OF FRISCO MUNICIPAL COURT with failure to

display a license on demand under TC §521.025, Case No. 263490-1 (CR

Vol. 1:137). On August 5, 2013, Appellant was given a trial to the Bench

and acquitted in the CITY OF FRISCO MUNICIPAL COURT for failure to

display a license (Cr Vol. 1:138). A complaint and information were filed on

February 26, 2014 and an amended information on January 4, 2016,

charging Appellant with operating a motor vehicle with a suspended or

Petition for Discretionary Review                             Page 17 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
revoked license based on the November 13, 2013 transaction (CR Vol. 1:6-

7, 133-135).

       Appellant challenges his conviction as double jeopardy by virtue of

his former acquittal for a lessor included offense, such being a violation of

the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United

States. Appellant also contends that the two offenses arose out of the same

transaction and were proven by the same evidence, a result which he argues

is incompatible with the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals in

Bernard v. STATE, 481 S.W.2d. 427 (1972) (Rehearing Denied) and the

U.S. Supreme Court decision in Waller v. Florida, 397 U.S. 387, (1969).		

       In comparing the facts of Bernard’s case with Appellant’s, Bernard

was charged in a municipal court with failure to display a license and

convicted in said court. Appellant was charged in a municipal court with

failure to display a license and acquitted. Bernard was then charged in the

COUNTY COURT with operating a motor vehicle while his license was

suspended and was convicted. Applicant was charged in the COUNTY

CRIMINAL COURT #5 with operating a motor vehicle while his license or

privilege was suspended or revoked. It was further alleged that Appellant

operated a motor vehicle without financial responsibility and convicted.

Bernard and Appellant appealed claiming double jeopardy. In deciding

Petition for Discretionary Review                            Page 18 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
Bernard v. State, this Court of Criminal Appeals stated the following:

              “We find that the prosecution of appellant, in County Criminal
              Court at Law No. 1, was based on the same acts of appellant as
              were involved in the municipal court conviction. The second
              trial of appellant, under the holding of Waller v. Florida, supra,
              constituted double jeopardy violative of the Fifth and
              Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.”

       STATE OF TEXAS filed a motion for rehearing arguing that

Bernard’s plea of former conviction was properly overruled. After

considering the argument, Judge Roberts made the following statement at

431.

              “We hold only that, in light of Waller v. Florida, supra, a
              judgment of acquittal or conviction in a court of competent
              jurisdiction is a bar to a further prosecution for the same
              offense, regardless of whether the first prosecution was had
              upon complaint, information or indictment, and regardless of
              whether the court in which the first prosecution was had was
              without jurisdiction to try the higher grade of the offense”

       The facts of Appellant’s case tracts almost exactly the facts of

Bernard’s case. This Court’s finding that Bernard was subjected to double

jeopardy is the same finding this Court should hold in Appellant’s case. The

judgment of conviction should be reversed and the prosecution ordered

dismissed.

Petition for Discretionary Review                               Page 19 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
                                     PRAYER

       The failure of the COURT OF APPEALS to conduct the appropriate

review has cause harm to Appellant as it was used to convict him.

Wherefore, appellant prays that the Court of Criminal Appeals will conduct

its own plenary review of the issues raised in the COURT OF APPEALS

and after review, reverse Appellant’s conviction and dismiss the charge

against appellant with prejudice.

                                    Respectfully submitted,

                                    /s/ Robert Earl Marzett

                                    Robert Earl Marzett
                                    Sui Juris, a natural person
                                    All rights reserved without prejudice
                                    9720 Coit Road #220-116
                                    Plano, Texas
                                    Tel. 214-868-8698

Petition for Discretionary Review                                Page 20 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
                          CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

   1. This brief does not comply with the type-volume limitations on Tex. R.
App. P. 9.4(i)(2)(B) because it contains 4,407 words, excluding parts of the
brief exempted by Tex. R. App. P. 9.4(i)(1).

   2. This brief complies with the typeface requirements of Tex. R. App. P.
9.4(e) because it has been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface using
Microsoft Word for Mac version 14, in 14 point Times New Roman font with
12 point for footnotes.

                                         /s/ Robert E. Marzett
                                         Robert E. Marzett

                           CERTIFICTE OF SERVICE

       This is to certify, pursuant to Tex. R. App. P 9.5, on this the 27th day of
March, 2017, a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing instrument
was served upon appellee’s counsel of record by eserve.

       Catherine Luft
       ASSISTANT DENTON COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY
       1450 East McKinney, Suite 3100
       Denton, Texas 76209

Petition for Discretionary Review                                  Page 21 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
                                    INDEX TO APPENDIX

Exhibit A - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS JUDGMENT

Exhibit B - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS OPINION

Exhibit C - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS DENIAL EN BANC

Petition for Discretionary Review                       Page 22 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
        Exhibit A - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS JUDGMENT

Petition for Discretionary Review             Page 23 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
                               COURT OF APPEALS
                               SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                    FORT WORTH

                                  NO. 02-16-00043-CR

Robert Marzett                            §   From County Criminal Court No. 5

                                          §   of Denton County

                                          §   (CR-2014-01023-E)
v.
                                          §   September 29, 2016

                                          §   Per Curiam

The State of Texas                        §   (nfp)

                                     JUDGMENT

       This court has considered the record on appeal in this case and holds that

there was no error in the trial court’s judgment. It is ordered that the judgment of

the trial court is affirmed.

                                       SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

                                       PER CURIAM
          Exhibit B - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS OPINION

Petition for Discretionary Review               Page 24 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
                           COURT OF APPEALS
                            SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                 FORT WORTH

                                NO. 02-16-00043-CR

ROBERT MARZETT                                                       APPELLANT

                                         V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                         STATE

                                      ----------

       FROM COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 5 OF DENTON COUNTY
                TRIAL COURT NO. CR-2014-01023-E

                                      ----------

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION1

                                      ----------

      After a bench trial, the trial court convicted Appellant Robert Marzett of

driving while his license was invalid (DWLI), enhanced under section 521.457 of

the Texas Transportation Code,2 and sentenced him to serve forty-five days in

jail, probated for twenty-four months, and to pay a $500 fine. The trial court also

      1
          See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
      2
          See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 521.457 (West 2013).
imposed eight days’ confinement as a condition of community supervision. In

thirteen issues, Appellant challenges his conviction and sentence. Because the

trial court committed no reversible error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Brief Facts

      On November 13, 2012, Officer Colby Hill was on patrol in Frisco, Texas,

when a white Chevy Suburban without license plates drove past him.                 Hill

initiated a traffic stop for the offense of driving without a license plate. Appellant,

who was the driver of the Suburban, told Hill that he did not have a driver’s

license or insurance. Hill also observed that Appellant’s vehicle had neither a

registration nor an inspection sticker. Appellant attempted to explain to Hill that

ordinary traffic laws and regulations do not apply to him. Appellant presented his

passport, and the officer was able to identify Appellant by it. Hill determined that

Appellant’s license had expired in 2008, that it was not eligible for renewal, and

that it had been suspended numerous times. One suspension began on July 18,

2012, and was indefinite; two other suspensions began on August 1, 2012—one

was indefinite and the other lasted through May 15, 2014. Because Appellant

was driving while his driving privilege was suspended and because he was

operating the Suburban without financial responsibility, Hill arrested him for

enhanced DWLI.

Disqualification or Recusal of Trial Judge

      In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial judge erred by failing to

disqualify himself. Appellant argues that the trial judge “did not sit as a judicial

                                          2
officer of the de jure government of the Texas Republic enforcing its general

laws.” He does not direct us to a specific place in the record, nor does he cite

authority for this proposition; we are aware of no law supporting this argument.3

If he is arguing that the trial judge was disqualified under the law as it exists,

there are only three grounds for the disqualification of a judge: the judge served

as a lawyer in the matter in controversy, the judge knows he has an interest in

the subject matter, or the judge is related to one of the parties.4 The record

reflects no ground for disqualification.

      If Appellant means that the trial judge should have recused himself from

Appellant’s case, the grounds for recusal are also found in the procedural rules.5

The trial court referred Appellant’s motion to the Presiding Judge of the Eighth

Administrative Judicial Region for a decision.     The Presiding Judge denied

Appellant’s motion without a hearing because it failed to state proper grounds for

recusal and failed to state facts which would justify recusal. Appellant does not

complain of the lack of hearing. Based on the record before us and considering

      3
        See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 896 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011) (citing cases), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 2712 (2012); see also
Marzett v. State, Nos. 05-14-01570-CR, 05-14-01571-CR, 05-14-01611-CR, 05-
14-01612-CR, 2015 WL 3451960, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 29, 2015, pet.
ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
      4
      Tex. R. Civ. P. 18b(a); Arnold v. State, 853 S.W.2d 543, 544 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1993).
      5
      Tex. R. Civ. P. 18b(b); Gaal v. State, 332 S.W.3d 448, 452–53 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011).

                                           3
Appellant’s complaint as voiced and as we understand it, we hold that Appellant’s

complaint was properly overruled. Consequently, we overrule Appellant’s first

issue.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

         In his eleventh issue, Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to

support his conviction. He appears to argue that because he believes Officer Hill

lacked legal training in Appellant’s interpretation of statutory terms such as

“person,” “operating,” “vehicle,” “motor vehicle,” “public highway,” and “state,” and

because his license had expired before it was suspended, among other similar

arguments, the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.

         In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.6 This standard gives full play

to the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to

weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to

ultimate facts.7 The State was required to prove that Appellant operated a motor

         6
             Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979).
         7
       Id.; Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied,
136 S. Ct. 198 (2015).

                                             4
vehicle on a highway when his driver’s license or privilege was suspended or

revoked.8

      Based on the facts of this case, the sufficiency of the evidence to support

Appellant’s conviction does not turn on whether Officer Hill agreed with

Appellant’s interpretation of the controlling law. The trial judge, not the witness,

rules on issues of law and, as trier of fact in this case, determines issues of fact.9

Appellant has also raised this unique interpretation of law dealing with license

suspensions in appealing his Dallas case. As the State points out,

      The [Dallas] court rejected Appellant’s argument and noted that “the
      record shows appellant’s license was expired and suspended.” It
      held the evidence was sufficient and that Appellant failed to support
      his argument with citations to the record or any relevant authority.
      [Citations omitted.]

Officer Hill saw Appellant driving a Chevy Suburban on Panther Creek Parkway,

a public roadway in Frisco. Appellant did not have a valid license because his

license had been suspended multiple times, had expired, and was not eligible for

renewal. The evidence here is sufficient to support Appellant’s DWLI conviction.

We overrule Appellant’s eleventh issue.10

      8
          See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 521.457(a) (West 2013).
      9
          See Joseph v. State, 897 S.W.2d 374, 376 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
      10
           See Marzett, 2015 WL 3451960, at *3–4.

                                          5
Choice of Law

      In his second issue, Appellant argues, “The COURT erred as a matter of

law in applying the TC [transportation code] as the choice of law.” Appellant

seems to argue that he must voluntarily consent to subject himself to the

transportation code in order for the law to apply to him. To the extent that we can

understand Appellant’s argument, it is unsupported by law. Saying it, even under

oath, does not make it so. The law that Appellant cites in purported support of

his position is inapposite. We overrule Appellant’s second issue.11

Probable Cause for Original Stop

      In his third issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred as a matter

of law when it concluded that his warrantless seizure was reasonable.              He

argues that Officer Hill misunderstood the law he relied on to justify the stop.

Appellant states in his brief,

      In order to support HILL’s suspicion that appellant was required to
      display license plates on his private property, prior to seizing
      Appellant, he would have to possess specific knowledge that
      Appellant was a statutory “person,” who had purchased a statutory
      “vehicle” in the “thirty days” prior to this transaction or that Appellant
      was a “resident” of the statutory “state.” Hill’s suspicion was based
      solely on his visual observation of no license plate and his subjective
      interpretation of the TC. Without specific articulable facts that
      appellant met one of the requirements for registration, Hill was
      without a legal or factual basis to support his conclusion that
      appellant was required to display license plates.

      11
           See Marzett, 2015 WL 3451960, at *4.

                                          6
Appellant cites no relevant authority to support his apparent contention that a

police officer is required to disprove all possible defenses to commission of an

offense before the officer can stop a person the officer sees committing the

offense.     A peace officer may arrest without a warrant a person he sees

committing an offense in his presence.12 Officer Hill saw Appellant operate an

unlicensed motor vehicle in a public place. Texas law requires vehicles driven on

public roads to display two license plates.13 Officer Hill had probable cause to

arrest Appellant for the offense he observed Appellant commit.14 We overrule

Appellant’s third issue.

Jurisdiction of Trial Court

      In his fourth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to

try his case “because the subject matter, territorial and personal jurisdiction of the

COURT has not been properly invoked.”              He appears to argue that the

transportation code applies only to commercial transportation, that the State is

not the state, and that he has not been shown to be a person.               If he has

additional argument, it is not intelligible to us. Nor does he cite any relevant

      12
           Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 14.01(b) (West 2015).
      13
           Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 504.943(a) (West Supp. 2016).
      14
           See State v. Gray, 158 S.W.3d 465, 469–70 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

                                          7
authority in support of what we perceive as his argument.                 We overrule

Appellant’s fourth issue.15

Judicial Notice of the Meaning of the Term “Transportation”

      In his fifth issue, Appellant argues, “The COURT abused its discretion

when it denied Appellant’s request for judicial notice of adjudicative facts in

establishing on the record the definition of the term ‘transportation.’” Appellant

was convicted of DWLI. The definition of the term “transportation” is irrelevant to

any   substantive      issue.   Appellant       provided   a   proposed   definition   of

“transportation” that he insisted the trial court accept by taking judicial notice.

Appellant cites no relevant authority to support his argument.            We overrule

Appellant’s fifth issue.16

Sufficiency of the Information

      In his sixth issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the information

filed in this case because

      [t]here is no allegation in the State’s Amended Information which
      specific entity Appellant is alleged to be considering there are
      multiple entities included in the meaning of the statutory term
      “person” as defined by TC §541.001(4). [Record citation omitted.]

Appellant argues that this purported error is fundamental.

      In the trial court, he filed a motion to quash the information. After raising

many challenges in the motion that he raises on appeal concerning the meaning

      15
           See Marzett, 2015 WL 3451960, at *5.
      16
           See id. at *4–5.

                                            8
of person, jurisdiction of the court, and fraudulence of the supporting affidavit,

Appellant summarized his argument:

             The arguments in this brief [sic] show that this information
      never should have been filed. Defendant’s license expired over four
      years prior to this seizure. Any competent investigation would have
      revealed this fact. The DISTRICT ATTORNEY knows or should
      know that there is no lawful authority to suspend, revoke or cancel a
      license that has expired. The primary responsibility of the DISTRICT
      ATTORNEY’s office is “justice” not a conviction. Filing of this
      information and complaint by the DISTRICT ATTORNEY is really the
      criminal act. The DISTRICT ATTORNEY’s office and Bolding had
      no reason to believe that the allegations in the complaint and
      information was true. This was not an attempt to get justice. This is
      attempt to get a conviction at any cost, including filing a fraudulent
      affidavit. DENTON COUNTY is relying on an incorrect interpretation
      of this code.

      In his seventh issue, Appellant contends that the “information in the instant

case does not allege all the elements of an offense under [section 521.457] that

are necessary to be proved and is therefore void.” He particularly asserts that

the elements of DWLI include “transportation activity” and “statutory ‘person.’”

      We have endeavored to divine these two complaints before this court and

any related complaint raised in the trial court. As we understand Appellant’s

arguments, we hold that the trial court did not reversibly err by denying his

motion to quash the information, nor is the information fundamentally defective, if

this is an argument that he raises. Appellant had adequate notice to prepare his

defense.17     He does not complain that he was denied adequate discovery.

Rather, he appears to have a fundamental disagreement with Texas courts’

      17
           See Adams v. State, 707 S.W.2d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

                                         9
interpretation of our laws and the language of our laws. The information provides

sufficient notice to Appellant of the charges against him and sufficiently alleges

the elements of the offense charged.18        We overrule Appellant’s sixth and

seventh issues.

Constitutionality of Statute

      In his eighth issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s holding that the

“application of the TC [transportation code] to appellant’s private travel was not

unconstitutional ‘as applied.’” We set out his argument in its entirety,

              When reviewing an attack upon the constitutionality of a
      statute, we begin with the presumption that the statute is valid and
      the legislature has not acted unreasonably or arbitrarily. The party
      challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of
      establishing that it is unconstitutional. It is a basic principle of due
      process that a statute is void for vagueness if its prohibitions are not
      clearly defined. Due process requires criminal laws to be defined so
      that (1) fair notice is given to ordinary persons as to what conduct is
      forbidden; and (2) definite standards are established to prevent
      arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement by police, judges, and
      juries.

             Appellant has challenged and continues to challenge the
      constitutionality of the TC, “as applied” to appellant. In this case the
      PROSECUTOR is attempting to apply provisions of the TC to activity
      that is not expressed in the title of the act. This violates the Tex.
      Const., Art. III §35. “Transportation” is the expressed subject matter
      of the TC. This code cannot be applied to any activity outside the
      expressed subject matter of “transportation.”           This complaint
      contains no specific allegation that appellant was transporting or
      drawing persons or property on a public highway of a TC “state.”
      Any attempt to apply this code to activity not expressed in the title of
      the bill is an “as applied” violation of the Const. of Texas, Art. III.,
      §35. [Citations and footnote omitted.]

      18
           See Duron v. State, 956 S.W.2d 547, 550–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

                                         10
      We deduce that Appellant’s complaint is founded in his convictions that the

transportation code must be interpreted as applying to commercial activities and

that the words used to define the statute he complains of must be defined as he

has defined them. Additionally, he appears to insist that he must voluntarily

submit to the authority of the statute. If we have correctly gleaned Appellant’s

arguments, they are not supported by relevant authority.19             We overrule

Appellant’s eighth issue.

Officer Hill’s Use of Technical Terms

      In his ninth and tenth issues, Appellant argues that the trial court “erred as

a matter of law and abused its discretion by admitting the testimony of Hill’s use

of technical terms” and by not striking his testimony. Although Appellant does

not specify in his brief the objectionable terms he complains of, the record shows

that at trial he complained of Officer Hill’s use of terms such as        “vehicle,”

“operator,” “motor vehicle,” and “driver.” The State points out that

      [t]hese two issues were litigated by Appellant in his previous DWLI
      case. The Dallas court overruled his points, noting that he had failed
      to cite relevant authorities to support his definitions of the specified
      terms. It also held that the trial judge was the sole judge of the
      witnesses’ credibility and was free to accept or reject any evidence
      presented by either side. [Citations omitted.]

      Similarly, Appellant relies on cases and arguments dealing with

legislatively defined legal concepts and standards.        Appellant has failed to

      19
           See Marzett, 2015 WL 3451960, at *1, *4.

                                         11
support his argument with relevant authorities. We overrule Appellant’s ninth and

tenth issues.20

Constitutionality of Transportation Code

      In his twelfth issue, Appellant challenges the constitutionality of the

transportation code. He argues that the Sovereign People cannot be held to

answer to an ambiguous law.         He contends that the transportation code is

unconstitutionally vague because the “COURT” and the “STATE OF TEXAS”

have refused to provide a definition for the term “transportation” and have

refused to notice the definitions of the terms “transportation” and “travel” provided

by Appellant.       But Appellant provides no relevant authority to support this

argument. We overrule Appellant’s twelfth issue.21

Double Jeopardy

      In his thirteenth and final issue, Appellant argues that his conviction

constitutes double jeopardy because he was acquitted of an included offense,

failure to exhibit a license, in the Municipal Court of Frisco, Texas. The Double

Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution

provides that no person shall be subjected to twice having life or limb in jeopardy

for the same offense.22      Generally, this clause protects against (1) a second

      20
           See id. at *6.
      21
           See id. at *4.
      22
           U.S. Const. amend. V.

                                         12
prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution for the

same offense after conviction, and (3) multiple punishments for the same

offense.23

      When the two prosecutions are for distinct statutory provisions, both an

“elements” analysis and a “units” analysis should be conducted to determine

whether they are for the same offense.24 An elements analysis asks whether one

statute “requires proof of a fact” which the other does not.25 If the elements

differ, then the second prosecution presumptively is not jeopardy-barred because

it is not for the same offense.26

      Appellant argues that his prosecution and acquittal for failure to display a

license from the same incident bars prosecution of the DWLI case now before

this court. A Blockburger analysis resolves this question and shows that the two

prosecutions are not for the same offense. Section 521.025 requires a driver to

have the appropriate license in his possession while driving and to display it on

the demand of a peace officer.27 The only element DWLI, governed by section

      23
      Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165, 97 S. Ct. 2221, 2225 (1977); Ex parte
Cavazos, 203 S.W.3d 333, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
      24
           Ex parte Benson, 459 S.W.3d 67, 71 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).
      25
           Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 182
(1932).
      26
           Id.
      27
           Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 521.025(a) (West 2013).

                                        13
521.457, and failure to display a license have in common is operating a vehicle.28

To prove either of the offenses involves proof of a number of facts that the other

does not—for example, DWLI does not require proof that the defendant failed to

display his license.29     Appellant has done nothing to demonstrate contrary

legislative intent.30 We consequently hold that the prosecution and conviction of

Appellant in this case did not violate his rights to be free from double jeopardy.

We overrule Appellant’s thirteenth issue.

Conclusion

      Having overruled Appellant’s thirteen issues, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                                     PER CURIAM

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, WALKER, and MEIER, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: September 29, 2016

      28
           Compare id. § 521.025(a)(1), with id. § 521.457(a)–(b).
      29
           Compare id. § 521.025(a)(1), with id. § 521.457(a)–(b).
      30
           See Benson, 459 S.W.3d at 72 n.18.

                                          14
    Exhibit C - SECOND COURT OF APPEALS DENIAL EN BANC

Petition for Discretionary Review            Page 25 of 25
No. PD-0071-17
                                                                        FILE COPY

                         COURT OF APPEALS
                           SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                FORT WORTH

                              NO. 02-16-00043-CR

ROBERT MARZETT                                                     APPELLANT

                                          V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                       STATE
                                     ------------

       FROM COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 5 OF DENTON COUNTY
                TRIAL COURT NO. CR-2014-01023-E

                                     ------------

                                     ORDER

                                     ------------

      We have considered “Appellant’s Motion for En Banc Reconsideration”

filed by appellant Robert Marzett, pro se.

      It is the opinion of the court that the motion for en banc reconsideration

should be and is hereby denied and that the opinion and judgment of September

29, 2016, stand unchanged.

      The clerk of this court is directed to transmit a copy of this order to the

appellant and attorneys of record.

      DATED December 8, 2016.

                                                    PER CURIAM

EN BANC
Envelope Details

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  Case # PD-0071-17
   Case Information
   Location                               Court Of Criminal Appeals
   Date Filed                             03/27/2017 10:09:55 AM
   Case Number                            PD-0071-17
   Case Description
   Assigned to Judge
   Attorney
   Firm Name                              Individual
   Filed By                               Robert Marzett
   Filer Type                             Not Applicable
   Fees
   Convenience Fee                        $0.00
   Total Court Case Fees                  $0.00
   Total Court Party Fees                 $0.00
   Total Court Filing Fees                $0.00
   Total Court Service Fees               $0.00
   Total Filing & Service Fees            $0.00
   Total Service Tax Fees                 $0.00
   Total Provider Service Fees            $0.00
   Total Provider Tax Fees                $0.00
   Grand Total                            $0.00
   Payment
   Account Name                           Robert E. Marzett
   Transaction Amount                     $0.00
   Transaction Response
   Transaction ID                         25372288
   Order #

   Petition for Discretionary Review
   Filing Type                                            EFileAndServe
   Filing Code                                            Petition for Discretionary Review
   Filing Description                                     Petition for Discretionary Review
   Reference Number
   Comments
   Status                                                 Rejected
   Fees
   Court Fee                                              $0.00
   Service Fee                                            $0.00
   Rejection Information
   Rejection Time       Rejection Comment
   Reason
             03/28/2017 The petition for discretionary review does not contain the identity of Judge, Parties

https://reviewer.efiletexas.gov/EnvelopeDetails.aspx?envelopeguid=c4719fbe-458b-45e2-8654-28db25798243[3/28/2017 3:03:50 PM]
Envelope Details

   Other   03:02:08              and Counsel [Rule 68.4(a)]; it is missing the identity of the trial court judge. You
           PM                    have ten days to tender a corrected petition for discretionary review.
   Documents
   Lead Document                          CCA Review.pdf                                                     [Original]

   eService Details
                                                                                                                               Date/Time
   Name/Email                                    Firm                     Service Type            Status       Served
                                                                                                                               Opened
                                   DENTON
   Catherine Luft                  COUNTY                                                                                      03/27/2017
                                                                          EServe                  Sent         Yes
   catherine.luft@dentoncounty.com DISTRICT                                                                                    10:10:46 AM
                                   ATTORNEY

https://reviewer.efiletexas.gov/EnvelopeDetails.aspx?envelopeguid=c4719fbe-458b-45e2-8654-28db25798243[3/28/2017 3:03:50 PM]