Court Opinion

ID: 7804432
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-29 12:09:37.506407+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:50.698225
License: Public Domain

In the
                 Court of Appeals
         Second Appellate District of Texas
                  at Fort Worth
               ___________________________
                    No. 02-21-00320-CV
               ___________________________

               KEITH D. AIKENS, Appellant

                             V.

            CHARLENE K. DUELING, Appellee

            On Appeal from the 48th District Court
                   Tarrant County, Texas
               Trial Court No. 048-316423-20

               Before Kerr, Bassel, and Walker, JJ.
             Memorandum Opinion by Justice Bassel
Concurring and Dissenting Memorandum Opinion by Justice Walker
                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                   I. Introduction

       In a single issue, Appellant Keith D. Aikens challenges the trial court’s order

granting Appellee Charlene K. Dueling’s traditional and no-evidence motion for

summary judgment and ordering that Keith take nothing on his claims for negligence,

gross negligence, and premises liability. Because we hold that Charlene owed no duty

to Keith and because all three claims require the existence of a legal duty, we affirm

the trial court’s summary-judgment order.

                                   II. Background

       The parties were formerly in a romantic relationship. After their romantic

relationship ended, Keith and Charlene continued living together in Charlene’s home,

and he paid for the utilities.

       After some time, the parties began dating other people. Charlene began dating

Mr. Johnny W. Pettway. When Charlene informed Mr. Pettway that Keith lived in her

home, Mr. Pettway expressed displeasure regarding the fact that she was allowing a

former romantic partner to reside in her home. According to Keith’s amended

petition,

       Mr. Pettway became increasingly volatile regarding the living situation,
       and, on at least one occasion, threatened to “hurt [Keith] real bad.” On
       information, belief, and material evidence, [Charlene], at all relevant
       times, was aware and had knowledge of Mr. Pettway’s threat against
       [Keith]. Before the incident, Mr. Pettway clearly informed [Charlene]
       that he was a violent person by telling [her that] he had been arrested at
       least twice for assault. On at least one occasion, [Charlene’s] response to

                                            2
      such a statement was, “I knew you had bad boy in you[,]” egging on
      Mr. Pettway’s anger toward [Keith], all without the knowledge of
      [Keith]. On information and belief, despite her knowledge, [Charlene]
      continued to invite Mr. Pettway into the [r]esidence, without regard to
      Mr. Pettway’s apparent anger problems with the living situation.

      On the day in question, Keith returned to the residence after work, opened the

garage door, and found Mr. Pettway in the garage. Mr. Pettway had a taser and

discharged it, hitting Keith in the chest; Mr. Pettway also hit Keith with a police

baton. Keith retrieved his pistol from his pocket and shot Mr. Pettway in the

stomach. Keith spent three days in the hospital due to the injuries that he sustained;

Mr. Pettway died several days after the shooting.

      Instead of suing Mr. Pettway’s estate, Keith filed suit against Charlene, alleging

causes of action for negligence, premises liability, and gross negligence. Keith alleged

that Charlene knew of Mr. Pettway’s hostility toward Keith and did not take

reasonable precautions to mitigate the danger to Keith but instead invited Mr. Pettway

to the residence.    Keith further alleged that Charlene’s negligent acts were the

proximate cause of his severe personal injuries.

      Charlene filed a combined traditional and no-evidence motion for summary

judgment on all causes of action pleaded by Keith. 1 Charlene argued that Keith’s case

      1
       Although Keith filed an amended petition after Charlene filed her summary-
judgment motion, he did not add any additional independently viable causes of action
to the lawsuit that would have necessitated Charlene’s amending her summary-
judgment motion. See generally Haferkamp v. SSC Waco Greenview Operating Co., No. 10-
10-00171-CV, 2012 WL 851679, at *2 (Tex. App.—Waco Mar. 14, 2012, pet. denied)
(mem. op.) (setting forth general rule requiring a movant to amend or supplement a

                                           3
was built entirely on speculation, that she did not owe a duty to Keith, that her actions

were not the proximate cause of Keith’s damages, and that this is not a premises-

liability case because there was no “state of being of the property itself” that posed an

unreasonable risk of harm. A response, a reply, and supplemental briefing were filed.2

Keith also lodged various objections to Charlene’s summary-judgment evidence, and

Charlene responded; the trial court overruled Keith’s objections. After hearing the

motion, the trial court signed a final order granting Charlene’s summary-judgment

motion, stating that Keith take nothing, and dismissing with prejudice all of Keith’s

claims against Charlene.

      Keith then perfected this appeal.

                                     III. Analysis

      In his sole issue, Keith argues that the trial court erred by granting Charlene’s

motion for summary judgment. Keith’s claims—negligence, gross negligence, and

premises liability—all hinge on the existence of a legal duty, which we hold is not

pending summary-judgment motion to address newly added claims in a subsequent
petition and holding that newly added theories of how appellees had breached their
duty to appellant did not bar summary judgment when appellees conclusively
established that their alleged breach was not the proximate cause of appellant’s
injuries).
      2
       Keith also filed a ninety-five-page sur-reply, but the trial court stated that it
would not consider that document because Keith did not seek leave of court to file a
sur-reply.

                                           4
present in the facts before us.3 Accordingly, as we explain below, summary judgment

was proper.

      A.      Standard of Review

      We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d

860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the light most favorable

to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors

could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless reasonable jurors

could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848

(Tex. 2009). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the

      3
        The dissent concludes that Keith presented no argument on appeal that
Charlene had a duty under a general negligence theory and would hold that Keith
waived by inadequate briefing any complaint regarding the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment on his negligence and gross-negligence claims. While Keith’s brief
is not a model of clarity because it does not present his arguments based on the
theories he alleged but rather attacks elements—many of which are the same for both
his negligence claim and his premises-liability claim—Keith specifically mentions his
negligence claim in his summary of the argument, stating that Charlene attacked his
negligence ground in her summary-judgment motion based on no general duty
between romantic partners. Charlene appears to have concluded that this was enough
to demonstrate that Keith was attacking the negligence issue on appeal. She states in
her brief that this appeal “involves a straightforward application of common law
negligence claims and tort elements” and then argues that “[a]ny claim [Keith] alleged
is contingent upon a duty that [Charlene] owed him.” She therefore did not believe
that Keith had failed to challenge the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on his
negligence claims. Because duty is an element in each of the claims pleaded by Keith
and because the duty element is challenged on appeal, we therefore conclude that
Keith did not waive his challenge to the summary judgment on his negligence claim.

       Charlene did, however, point out that Keith’s brief’s sole mention of his gross-
negligence claim is in his prayer. As discussed below, based on our disposition of
Keith’s negligence claim, his gross-negligence claim must also fail. We therefore
discuss the two claims together.

                                          5
nonmovant’s favor. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008). A

defendant who conclusively negates at least one essential element of a plaintiff’s cause

of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim under Rule 166a(c). Frost

Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494, 508 (Tex. 2010); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c).

         After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of proof

may, without presenting evidence, move for summary judgment under Rule 166a(i) on

the ground that no evidence supports an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim

or defense. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). The motion must specifically state the elements

for which no evidence exists. Id.; Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex.

2009).     The trial court must grant the motion unless the nonmovant produces

summary-judgment evidence that raises a genuine, material fact issue. See Tex. R. Civ.

P. 166a(i) & 1997 cmt.; B.C. v. Steak N Shake Operations, Inc., 598 S.W.3d 256, 259

(Tex. 2020).

         When reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment, we examine the entire

record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable

inference and resolving any doubts against the motion. Sudan v. Sudan, 199 S.W.3d

291, 292 (Tex. 2006). We review a no-evidence summary judgment for evidence that

would enable reasonable and fair-minded jurors to differ in their conclusions.

Hamilton v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425, 426 (Tex. 2008) (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168

S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005)). We credit evidence favorable to the nonmovant if

reasonable jurors could, and we disregard evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless

                                             6
reasonable jurors could not. Timpte Indus., 286 S.W.3d at 310 (citing Mack Trucks, Inc.

v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006)). If the nonmovant brings forward more

than a scintilla of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact, then a

no-evidence summary judgment is not proper. Smith v. O’Donnell, 288 S.W.3d 417,

424 (Tex. 2009); King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003).

      When a party moves for summary judgment under both Rules 166a(c) and

166a(i), we will first review the trial court’s judgment under the standards of Rule

166a(i). Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004). If the appellant

failed to produce more than a scintilla of evidence under that burden, there is no need

to analyze whether the appellee’s summary-judgment proof satisfied the Rule 166a(c)

burden. Id.

       B.     No Evidence of Duty to Support Negligence and Gross-
              Negligence Claims

       We begin by addressing Keith’s negligence and gross-negligence claims. “The

elements of a negligence cause of action are the existence of a legal duty, a breach of

that duty, and damages proximately caused by the breach.” IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr.

of DeSoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004). Charlene obtained

summary judgment on, among other things, the absence of a legal duty. The Tyler

Court of Appeals, in an employment case that Charlene relies on in her brief, explains

the legal-duty element:

                                            7
      Legal Duty

              Whether a duty exists is a threshold inquiry. Kroger Co. v. Elwood,
      197 S.W.3d 793, 794 (Tex. 2006). A party who has no duty cannot be
      liable for negligence. Id. The existence of a duty is a question of law
      determined based on the facts surrounding the occurrence. Pagayon v.
      Exxon Mobil Corp., 536 S.W.3d 499, 503 (Tex. 2017).

              No general duty to control others currently exists in Texas. . . .
      See id. at 504. . . .

Douglas v. Hardy, 600 S.W.3d 358, 367 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2019, no pet.).

      In determining whether a common-law negligence duty exists, we consider

several factors, including foreseeability. See Pagayon, 536 S.W.3d at 503–04. As the

Tyler Court of Appeals further explained in Douglas,

      The question of foreseeability, and proximate cause generally, involves a
      practical inquiry based on “common experience applied to human
      conduct.” [Doe v. Boys Club of Greater Dall., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472,] 478[
      (Tex. 1995)]. It asks whether the injury “might reasonably have been
      contemplated” as a result of the defendant’s conduct. Id. Harm is
      foreseeable if a person of ordinary intelligence should have anticipated
      the danger created by an act or omission. Bos v. Smith, 556 S.W.3d 293,
      303 (Tex. 2018). The exact sequence of events need not be foreseeable,
      but the conduct must be sufficiently similar to give the defendant notice
      of the general nature of the danger. Id. However, foreseeability requires
      more than someone, viewing the facts in retrospect, theorizing an
      extraordinary sequence of events whereby the defendant’s conduct
      brings about the injury. Doe, 907 S.W.2d at 478. The foreseeability
      requirement “protects the owners and controllers of land from liability
      for crimes that are so random, extraordinary, or otherwise disconnected
      from them that they could not reasonably be expected to foresee or
      prevent the crimes.” Trammell Crow Cent. Tex., Ltd. v. Gutierrez, 267
      S.W.3d 9, 17 (Tex. 2008).

600 S.W.3d at 368–69.

                                          8
      Here, Keith argues that Charlene fomented conflict between Keith and

Mr. Pettway and the confrontation that occurred because “[t]he evidence show[ed]

that she loved two men simultaneously, was jealous of [Keith’s] new love interest, and

was unwilling to let either of them go, resulting in her ignoring the clear signs that

Mr. Pettway was a risk to [Keith].” In essence, this theme suggests that Charlene

orchestrated the confrontation between the two men. Placing such a florid theme on

Charlene’s conduct is not supported by the record, which contains evidence that

Charlene told Keith in advance of Mr. Pettway’s visit and that she was unaware of his

plans to attack Keith.

      With regard to Keith’s negligence claim, the evidence that he submitted to

attempt to rebut Charlene’s motion for summary judgment included Charlene’s

deposition, text messages between Charlene and Mr. Pettway, text messages between

Charlene’s son and Mr. Pettway, and Keith’s deposition. After additional discovery

was conducted, Charlene filed a supplemental brief in support of her motion and

attached the deposition from the detective who investigated the shooting.

      The record reflects that Charlene started dating Mr. Pettway in September 2019

and that he was not pleased after learning on their first date that her ex-boyfriend

Keith was living with her. The text messages between Charlene and Mr. Pettway

reflect the following exchanges on October 3, 2019, which was one month before the

November 3, 2019 incident when Mr. Pettway used a taser on Keith:

      [Mr. Pettway:] Who will yell at you? Oh the pissant David!

                                          9
             [Charlene:] Yes that pissant[.]

            [Mr. Pettway:] You know what? He’s going to force me to hurt
      him real bad.

             [Charlene:] No no don’t even go there. It’s my fault I let this go
      on for so long. I never want it to jeopardize[] us as it already did. But
      God was persistent and made us happen. That’s all I care about. This is
      my last outing planned with the [motorcycle] group until July. If I’m
      even involved anymore at that time.

           [Mr. Pettway:]       Then stop taking his shit!      He’s not going
      anywhere.

             [Charlene:] Yes Dear . . . [.]

             [Mr. Pettway:] I don’t take no shit[, and] neither does my woman!
      Get like a momma bear with cubs. Pissant is not going anywhere. [P]ut
      a stop to this bullshit right now.

             [Charlene:] 10-4[.] [Y]ou[’re] the wind beneath my wings[.]

             [Mr. Pettway:] I have been arrested []two different times for
      assault. FYI.

             [Charlene:] Oh no . . . [.]

             [Charlene:] I knew you had bad boy in you lol[.]

             [Mr. Pettway:] I don’t like it! But I can be a mean motherfucker.

             [Charlene:] Enough of this[,] ok?

      At her deposition in May 2021, Charlene was asked about her knowledge of

Mr. Pettway’s assaults. She testified that Mr. Pettway never told her when the arrests

had occurred and said that they could have happened when he was in high school.

Keith delved into the arrests and found that one involved domestic violence.

                                              10
      Keith testified that Charlene expressed to him several times how much

Mr. Pettway hated him. Keith also testified about events that occurred during the

week before the incident. He said that on Sunday, October 27 (exactly one week

before the incident), Charlene told Mr. Pettway that Keith and her son were fighting

over her motorcycle that she had wrecked; according to Keith, Mr. Pettway told

Charlene that she was her family’s worst nightmare and broke up with her “for about

the fourth or fifth time.” Two days later, on the Tuesday preceding the incident,

Charlene told Keith that “this ha[d] escalated way faster than [she] thought” and that

Mr. Pettway wanted Keith out of the house immediately. Charlene instructed Keith

to rent a storage room so that she could maybe calm down Mr. Pettway. Keith did

not lease a storage facility but did purchase storage boxes so that he could start

packing his belongings because he planned to move out. 4 On the Thursday before

the incident, Charlene asked Keith what he was doing for the weekend; he responded

that he was going hunting. Charlene then said that Mr. Pettway was coming for the

weekend. Keith said that he interpreted what Charlene had told him to mean that

there would be physical violence. Keith told Charlene, “[H]e’s coming here to get to

      4
       On that same Tuesday, Mr. Pettway texted Charlene’s son’s girlfriend to say
that when Charlene’s son was ready to go “take care of” Keith regarding the
motorcycle incident (i.e., Keith had offered to purchase Charlene’s wrecked
motorcycle for $800, but her son thought it was worth more and did not appreciate
Keith’s low offer), then Charlene’s son should call Mr. Pettway; Mr. Pettway stated
that he “would take off work and he would go with him and have his back.” Keith
did not learn about this text until after he was released from the hospital following the
November 3 incident.

                                           11
me.” Charlene responded, “He’s not going to hurt you,” but Keith said, “Charlene,

the man is coming here after me.” Keith testified that Charlene went and picked up

Mr. Pettway on Friday and brought him to the residence, “knowing that he hated

[Keith], that he meant [Keith] harm.”

      But Keith testified that he had no evidence that at the time of the incident

Charlene knew that Mr. Pettway was in the garage. Keith further testified that he had

no evidence that Charlene knew that Keith was home and near the garage at the time

of the incident. Keith admitted that Mr. Pettway was a bigger part of the incident

than Charlene.

      During Charlene’s deposition, she testified that she had told Keith the week

prior that she was bringing Mr. Pettway to the residence. When she brought Mr.

Pettway to the residence on Friday evening, Keith was working, and they did not see

him on Saturday because they “had a lot of stuff to do on Saturday, and then Sunday

is when all that went down.”

      Charlene explained that on Sunday morning, Mr. Pettway was already up when

she woke up. He told her that he was irritable, that he needed coffee, and that he

wanted them to go get breakfast. Charlene said that she needed to fix her hair, so she

left the kitchen and returned to her bathroom. While she was in the bathroom curling

her hair, she heard four pops.5

      5
       Keith testified that he shot Mr. Pettway “one time.”

                                         12
         Charlene testified that she had no idea or any reason to believe that

Mr. Pettway had brought any weapons to her home and only learned after the incident

that Mr. Pettway’s overnight bag contained weapons (in addition to the taser and the

baton that he used) and that he had not packed any clothes.6 Charlene also did not

have any idea on that Sunday morning that Mr. Pettway was going to attack Keith;

Mr. Pettway did not ever tell her that he was going to attack Keith, and the two men

had never even spoken to each other prior to the shooting. She further testified that

she did not have any reason to believe that Mr. Pettway was capable of attacking

another person.

         Detective John Tham investigated the incident and never listed Charlene as a

suspect because he did not believe that she had helped Mr. Pettway plan the attack on

Keith.       Detective Tham concluded that Charlene was unaware of Mr. Pettway’s

intention to harm Keith.      Detective Tham said that none of the texts between

Charlene and Mr. Pettway explicitly mentioned an assault on Keith and that there was

no evidence that Charlene had pushed Mr. Pettway to assault Keith. Detective Tham

saw the text in which Mr. Pettway had threatened to harm Keith, but Detective Tham

       Charlene testified that sometimes Mr. Pettway carried a taser when they went
         6

“bike riding”; that everybody took a gun or some weapon when they were on the
road; and that when they were not riding, the taser “just laid on the stove.” Charlene
said that Mr. Pettway did not have a taser on his person on Saturday because they
“weren’t on the bike” and that she did not recall seeing the taser on Mr. Pettway’s
person on Sunday morning. Keith, however, testified that Charlene had told him that
Mr. Pettway carried a taser “like a pistol in a holster on his hip at all times” and that
“everywhere they went[,] he carried that like a pistol.”

                                           13
did not see that as an active threat. Moreover, Keith told Detective Tham that the

day before the offense, Mr. Pettway came to the house to spend time with Charlene;

he (Keith) went to his room after he got home from work that morning and did not

have any interactions with Charlene and Mr. Pettway; and he (Keith) left for work that

evening without any issue. Detective Tham testified that this was evidence that both

men had been in the home at the same time without any incident or altercation on

Saturday.

      Despite Keith’s allegations that Charlene orchestrated the confrontation, the

question instead turns on whether the blustering statements made by Mr. Pettway in

early October made it reasonably foreseeable that Mr. Pettway would bring his taser

and a police baton, as well as other weapons, to Charlene’s and use them on Keith

one month later when the two men had never spoken to each other prior to the

shooting and had co-existed in the home the day prior to the incident without any

words or altercations. We cannot say that Keith brought forward more than a scintilla

of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact on whether Charlene

owed a legal duty to prevent Keith from being assaulted by Mr. Pettway with a taser

and a police baton because such assault was not reasonably foreseeable. See generally

Watanabe v. Summit Path Partners, LLC, No. 01-19-00302-CV, 2021 WL 3501542, at *9

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 10, 2021, no pet.) (“Only after foreseeability

has been established . . . will a court determine the parameters of the defendant’s

duty.” (citing Timberwalk Apartments, Partners, Inc. v. Cain, 972 S.W.2d 749, 757 (Tex.

                                          14
1998))). We hold that Charlene owed Keith no duty to prevent Mr. Pettway’s assault

on Keith because the general rule of no duty to control others applies here to relieve

Charlene of any duty to control the actions of her then-boyfriend—Mr. Pettway. Cf.

Douglas, 600 S.W.3d at 371; Hani v. Jimenez, 264 S.W.3d 881, 886 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, pet. denied) (“[A]lthough spouses and family members may have a moral duty

to exercise care toward one another, a legal duty to prevent harm does not arise from

the familial relationship.”). Without a legal duty, Charlene cannot be liable for Keith’s

negligence claim as a matter of law.

       Moreover, without evidence of negligence, there can be no gross negligence to

support exemplary damages. Douglas, 600 S.W.3d at 372. See generally Boerjan v.

Rodriguez, 436 S.W.3d 307, 311 (Tex. 2014) (setting forth gross-negligence elements).

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment on

Keith’s negligence and gross-negligence claims.

       C.      No Evidence to Support Premises-Liability Claim

       Keith also asserted a premises-liability claim against Charlene, seeking to hold

Charlene liable in her role as a landowner for an alleged duty based on Mr. Pettway’s

actions as a third party who committed criminal acts against Keith while on Charlene’s

property. As explained below, no evidence supports the existence of any premises-

liability claim.

       We again borrow from Douglas, which summarized the law on premises-liability

claims:

                                           15
       In a premises liability case, the plaintiff must establish a duty owed to the
       plaintiff, breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the
       breach. Del Lago Partners[, Inc. v. Smith], 307 S.W.3d [762,] 767[ (Tex.
       2010)]. Generally, a premises owner has no duty to protect invitees, such
       as tenants, from criminal acts by third parties. See Timberwalk, 972 S.W.2d
       at 756. But there is an exception when the owner knows or has reason to
       know of a risk of harm to invitees that is both unreasonable and
       foreseeable. Id. Foreseeability requires that the general danger, and not
       necessarily the exact sequence of events that produced the harm, be
       foreseeable. See id. When the “general danger” is the risk of injury from
       criminal activity by third parties, the evidence must reveal specific
       previous crimes on or near the premises to establish foreseeability. Id.
       The supreme court has recognized that “crime is increasingly random and
       violent and may occur anywhere” and rejected the imposition of a general
       duty on landlords to protect tenants whenever crime might occur. See
       Del Lago Partners, 307 S.W.3d at 768. When the premises owner has no
       direct knowledge that criminal conduct is imminent, the plaintiff must
       present evidence showing past criminal conduct made similar conduct in
       the future foreseeable. See id. Whether past incidents of criminal conduct
       make future incidents foreseeable depends upon factors such as
       proximity, recency, frequency, similarity, and publicity. Id.

600 S.W.3d at 372–73.

       Keith argues that he was an invitee to whom Charlene owed a legal duty. As

noted above, a premises owner has no duty to protect invitees from criminal acts by

third parties unless the owner knows or has reason to know of a risk of harm to

invitees that is both unreasonable and foreseeable; in other words, the evidence must

reveal specific previous crimes on or near the premises to establish foreseeability. See

id. The record in this case shows that Keith presented no evidence of any recent criminal

activities on or near Charlene’s premises similar to the incident in question. Therefore,

the trial court correctly granted summary judgment in Charlene’s favor on the Timberwalk

premises-liability theory. See id. at 373 (citing Timberwalk, 972 S.W.2d at 756).

                                             16
      Keith also appears to argue that Charlene owed a duty to him under the

analysis set forth by the Texas Supreme Court in Del Lago. In Del Lago, the supreme

court asserted that “criminal misconduct is sometimes foreseeable because of

immediately preceding conduct”; for example, “when a property owner []by reason of

. . . observation or past experience[] should reasonably anticipate criminal conduct on

the part of third persons,” then the property owner “has a duty to take precautions

against it.” 307 S.W.3d at 769. “This duty is recognized because []the party with the

power of control or expulsion is in the best position to protect against the harm.” Id.

But here, there is no evidence that Charlene had direct knowledge of an imminent

confrontation between Mr. Pettway and Keith as the two men had never spoken to

each other prior to the shooting. Nor was there any evidence that Charlene had the

time or the means to defuse the situation when it occurred. The evidence reflects that

although Charlene was in the home on the day of the incident, she was in her

bathroom fixing her hair and did not know that Mr. Pettway was in the garage waiting

for Keith to arrive home from work so that he could assault him. The evidence

further reflects that Charlene did not know that Keith had returned home from work

until he came inside to tell her that Mr. Pettway had attacked him. Moreover, despite

Mr. Pettway’s prior text messages to Charlene expressing his disapproval of her living

situation with Keith, such messages did not impart to Charlene direct knowledge of

an imminent conflict; she did not know that Mr. Pettway had brought weapons to her

house and did not know that Mr. Pettway was going to attack Keith on Sunday

                                          17
morning after she brought Mr. Pettway to the residence on Friday evening. And

Detective Tham did not view Mr. Pettway’s prior texts to Charlene as an active threat.

Accordingly, we hold that the analysis in Del Lago is inapplicable as a matter of law.

See Douglas, 600 S.W.3d at 373; Taylor v. Louis, 349 S.W.3d 729, 732, 736–37 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (holding that facts bore no resemblance to

Del Lago when boyfriend was assaulted in girlfriend’s home by her ex-husband

without warning, boyfriend was not an invitee, the attack was not preceded by an

extended period of threatening and aggressive behavior, and there was no evidence

that homeowner had ample time and means to defuse the situation). 7

      7
        The dissent states that the Timberwalk factors are inapplicable when the
property owner has direct knowledge that criminal conduct is imminent and contends
that we should instead apply the Del Lago factors. Concurring and Dissenting Op. at
5. As explained in our analysis, we conclude that Charlene did not have direct
knowledge that criminal conduct was imminent; thus, we properly used the Timberwalk
factors to guide our analysis. Additionally, the dissent’s analysis of the Del Lago
factors, which characterizes “the nature and character of the premises” as
“important,” omits that there is no evidence that Charlene’s house was a place of
frequent skirmishes and speculates as to what could happen there based merely on the
parties’ living arrangement, which “would be a source of turmoil in a relationship
between the two men,” while ignoring that the two men had never met or spoken to
each other until after the assault. Id. at 7–8. Moreover, the record negates the
dissent’s contention that “[i]t is reasonable to infer that, had Keith known of the
violent risk posed by Mr. Pettway, he would not have come to the house at all
knowing that Mr. Pettway was also there.” Id. at 10. The record demonstrates that
Charlene warned Keith that Mr. Pettway would be in the home on the weekend in
question and that upon hearing just that news (and not knowing about Mr. Pettway’s
prior arrests), Keith repeatedly expressed concern about his safety, but he did not
attempt to avoid the home that weekend. Thus, even if we were to assume that
Charlene owed a duty to Keith, we would conclude that she fulfilled such duty by
giving Keith advance notice that Mr. Pettway was coming to the home on the

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      Furthermore, aside from Charlene’s alleged duties as a premises owner to

prevent foreseeable criminal acts, it appears that Keith also argues that Charlene owed

him a general duty “to make the condition reasonably safe” for him while he was at

the residence. Keith’s injuries, however, did not arise from a “condition” on the

property—which focuses on the state of being of the property itself as opposed to

negligent activity. See Douglas, 600 S.W.3d at 374 (citing 4Front Engineered Sols., Inc. v.

Rosales, 505 S.W.3d 905, 912 (Tex. 2016)). Mr. Pettway’s action in using a taser on

Keith is not a condition of Charlene’s premises that created an unreasonable risk of

harm apart from the Timberwalk and Del Lago premises claims and does not support an

independent premises-liability claim as a matter of law. See id.

       Accordingly, we hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment

on Keith’s premises-liability claim.

                                       IV. Conclusion

       Having held that the trial court properly granted summary judgment on all of

Keith’s claims, we overrule his sole issue and affirm the trial court’s summary

judgment.

                                                        /s/ Dabney Bassel

                                                        Dabney Bassel
                                                        Justice

Delivered: August 25, 2022

weekend in question such that Keith had the opportunity to choose to stay away from
the home during that time.

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