Court Opinion

ID: 2830709
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-26 14:04:27.241337+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:39.882291
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                      Aug 26 2015, 8:30 am
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
      Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
      precedent or cited before any court except for the
      purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
      collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
      Jason R. Delk                                            Thomas M. Beeman
      Delk McNally LLP                                         Kyle B. DeHaven
      Muncie, Indiana                                          Anderson, Indiana

                                                   IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Runningman, LLC,                                         August 26, 2015

      Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                               18A02-1412-PL-897
              v.                                               Appeal from the Delaware Circuit
                                                               Court No. 4

      Joshua Nagy and Robert Sak,                              The Honorable John M. Feick, Judge
                                                               The Honorable Joseph M. Speece,
      Appellees-Plaintiffs
                                                               Master Commissioner
                                                               Cause No. 18C04-1304-PL-13

      Vaidik, Chief Judge.

                                            Case Summary
[1]   Runningman, LLC purchased a Pita Pit franchise from The Nagsak Company

      of West Lafayette, Inc. (Nagsak)—Joshua Nagy and Robert Sak’s company—

      and the Purchase Agreement included a forum-selection clause dictating that all

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015   Page 1 of 10
      contract-related litigation be conducted in Michigan. Thereafter, Runningman

      filed suit in Indiana alleging breach of contract, among other things. Nagsak

      moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, and the trial court granted the motion.

      This Court, in a memorandum decision, affirmed the dismissal, holding that

      Michigan was the proper forum because of the forum-selection clause. Joshua

      Nagy and Robert Sak then filed suit against Runningman in Michigan.

      Runningman appeared, filed its answer, and asserted affirmative defenses, but

      after Runningman’s counsel withdrew, Runningman failed to continue

      defending the action. Nagy and Sak received a default judgment, which they

      then attempted to domesticate in Indiana. Runningman responded with an

      answer and multiple affirmative defenses and counterclaims. Ultimately the

      Indiana trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Nagy and Sak,

      finding that Michigan had jurisdiction in this matter and domesticating the

      Michigan judgment. Concluding that Runningman failed to rebut the

      presumption of validity of the Michigan judgment, we affirm.

                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   In January 2008 The Nagsak Company of West Lafayette (Nagsak) and

      Runningman, LLC (Runningman) executed a purchase agreement in which

      Runningman agreed to purchase a Pita Pit franchise in West Lafayette. The

      purchase agreement contained a forum-selection clause dictating that all

      contract-related litigation be conducted in Michigan. In April 2009

      Runningman initiated a lawsuit in Indiana against Nagsak, Nagy, and Sak,

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015   Page 2 of 10
      alleging several causes of action, including breach of contract. Nagsak moved

      to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state a claim on which relief can

      be granted; the trial court dismissed Runningman’s complaint. This Court

      affirmed the trial court’s dismissal, holding that any action regarding the

      parties’ contract must be filed in Michigan per the forum-selection clause.

      Runningman, LLC v. The Nagsak Co. of W. Lafayette, Inc., Joshua Nagy, and Robert

      Sak, No. 18A02-1003-PL-383 (Ind. Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2010).1

[3]   Then, Nagy and Sak—Michigan residents, and successors in interest to Nagsak,

      which had been dissolved—filed suit against Runningman in Michigan, alleging

      that Runningman had defaulted on the Purchase Agreement by failing to make

      required payments. See Appellant’s App. p. 57-60. Runningman, by counsel,

      appeared, filed an answer, and asserted affirmative defenses in the Michigan

      1
        In the Facts and Procedural History portion of the previous Runningman decision, this Court explained that
      “Nagsak prepared a Letter of Intent to Purchase, but the parties never executed it.” No. 18A02-1003-PL-383
      at 2. In the Discussion and Decision section, this Court appeared to analyze the question of subject-matter
      jurisdiction, since Nagsak in that instance had filed a motion to dismiss under Indiana Trial Rule 12(B)(1).
      But in a footnote, the Court wrote as follows: “We note Nagsak filed a motion to dismiss under Rule
      12(B)(1). However, our review is of Rule 12(B)(2), lack of personal jurisdiction, as it is more closely related
      to the issues contained in a forum[-]selection clause. Nevertheless, the standard of review and result are the
      same.” Runningman, No. 18A02-1003-PL-383 at 3 n.1.
      Also worth noting: Runningman asserts that this Court’s previous Runningman decision is “not applicable to
      this action” because Nagy and Sak were not parties to that litigation or the forum-selection clause.
      Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 7. However, there is simply no merit to that contention, as this Court in that
      decision clearly concluded that “[t]he trial court did not err in dismissing Runningman’s complaint against
      Nagsak, Nagy, and Sak based on the forum[-]selection clause contained in the Purchase Agreement.”
      Runningman, No. 18A02-1003-PL-383 at 6 (emphasis added).
      Finally, we do not decide this case on res judicata grounds because one of the four requirements for the
      doctrine of res judicata is not met in this case: “the former judgment must have been rendered on the merits.”
      See Ind. Ins. Co. v. Am. Cmty. Servs., Inc., 718 N.E.2d 1147, 1155 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). Here, the first Indiana
      trial court decision was a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, and the Michigan trial court decision was a default
      judgment.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015                Page 3 of 10
      action. Among the affirmative defenses asserted by Runningman were the

      following: the Michigan court lacked personal jurisdiction over Runningman,

      Michigan was a forum non conveniens, and Nagy and Sak were not the proper

      parties in interest. Thereafter, Runningman’s counsel withdrew. Nagy and Sak

      filed a motion for order to show cause, requesting that Runningman appear, be

      ordered to answer interrogatories and requests for production, and either be

      sanctioned or defaulted for failing to defend the suit. See id. at 69-70. A hearing

      on the motion was scheduled. But Runningman failed to appear at the hearing

      or otherwise respond to the motion, and the Michigan court entered a default

      judgment against Runningman for approximately $75,000.

[4]   Thereafter, Nagy and Sak initiated the cause giving rise to this appeal when

      they filed a complaint to domesticate the Michigan judgment in Indiana. In

      response to the complaint, Runningman filed an answer, affirmative defenses,

      and counterclaims. The Indiana trial court, in its order granting summary

      judgment in favor of Nagy and Sak, found that Runningman—in appearing by

      counsel in the Michigan court, and filing an answer and asserting affirmative

      defenses—“g[ave] Michigan jurisdiction of the subject matter and the person.”

      Id. at 9. Ultimately the Indiana trial court determined that because Michigan

      had jurisdiction in this matter, Nagy and Sak were entitled to summary

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015   Page 4 of 10
      judgment domesticating the foreign judgment and dismissed Runningman’s

      counterclaims for lack of jurisdiction.2 Runningman now appeals.

                                  Discussion and Decision
[5]   Runningman argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment

      and domesticating the foreign judgment because there was no showing that the

      Michigan court had personal jurisdiction over Runningman. We review

      summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard as the trial court:

      “Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of . . . the non-moving parties,

      summary judgment is appropriate ‘if the designated evidentiary matter shows

      that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party

      is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Hughley v. State, 15 N.E.3d 1000,

      1003 (Ind. 2014) (quoting Ind. Trial Rule 56(C)). “A fact is ‘material’ if its

      resolution would affect the outcome of the case, and an issue is ‘genuine’ if a

      trier of fact is required to resolve the parties’ differing accounts of the truth, or if

      the undisputed material facts support conflicting reasonable inferences.” Id.

[6]   The initial burden is on the summary-judgment movant to “demonstrate[] the

      absence of any genuine issue of fact as to a determinative issue,” at which point

      the burden shifts to the non-movant to “come forward with contrary evidence”

      2
        Although the order being appealed from is called “Order Denying Motion for Summary Judgment,” it is
      clear from the order that the trial court in fact granted Nag and Sak’s motion for summary judgment. See
      Appellant’s App. p. 8-11.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015          Page 5 of 10
      showing an issue for the trier of fact. Id. And “[a]lthough the non-moving

      party has the burden on appeal of persuading us that the grant of summary

      judgment was erroneous, we carefully assess the trial court’s decision to ensure

      that he was not improperly denied his day in court.” Id.

[7]   Under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution, the

      courts of this state are obligated to enforce a judgment of the courts of a sister

      state. Tom-Wat, Inc. v. Fink, 741 N.E.2d 343, 347-48 (Ind. 2001); see also Ind.

      Code § 34-39-4-3 (providing that authenticated records and judicial proceedings

      from courts within the United States shall be given full faith and credit in

      Indiana). However, a judgment of a foreign court is open to collateral attack

      for want of personal jurisdiction or subject-matter jurisdiction. Commercial Coin

      Laundry Sys. v. Enneking, 766 N.E.2d 433, 439 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Thus,

      before an Indiana court is bound by a foreign judgment, it may inquire into the

      jurisdictional basis for that judgment; if the first court did not have jurisdiction

      over the subject matter or relevant parties, full faith and credit need not be

      given. Id. A foreign judgment that is regular and complete on its face,

      however, is presumed valid. Id. And the party attacking the judgment of a

      sister state has the burden of rebutting the presumption of validity and of

      showing that the sister state lacked jurisdiction. Id. In assessing a collateral

      attack of a foreign judgment, we apply the law of the state where the judgment

      was rendered. Id.

[8]   Here the trial court’s summary-judgment order in favor of Nagy and Sak first

      noted that an Indiana trial court had previously dismissed this matter for lack of

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015   Page 6 of 10
      jurisdiction and this Court had affirmed that decision. The order then stated

      that Nagy and Sak filed suit in Michigan and that Runningman “by counsel

      appeared in the Michigan court and filed an answer, and asserted affirmative

      defenses giving Michigan jurisdiction of the subject matter and the person.”

      Appellant’s App. p. 9. Ultimately, the trial court concluded as follows: “The

      Court finds that Michigan had jurisdiction in this matter and the Judgment

      entered in Michigan should be given full faith and credit in this court.” Id. at

      10.

[9]   Runningman has the burden of rebutting the Michigan judgment’s presumption

      of validity. See Commercial Coin Laundry Sys., 766 N.E.2d at 439. In its

      appellate brief, Runningman does not dispute that it freely and consensually

      entered into a Purchase Agreement containing a forum-selection clause, which

      provides, unambiguously, that “[a]ny litigation concerning this contract must

      be conducted in Michigan.” Appellant’s App. p. 61. Runningman now argues,

      however, that “Runningman never consented to the personal jurisdiction of

      Michigan. Rather, Runningman only consented to litigate disputes concerning

      the Purchase Agreement in Michigan. An agreement to litigate a dispute in a

      certain forum is not the same as a waiver/consent to personal jurisdiction in a

      foreign jurisdiction.” Appellant’s Br. p. 7 (citing Mich. Comp. Laws §

      600.745).      Runningman then goes on to assert that “even if the limited forum[-

      ]selection clause could be construed as a ‘consent’ to jurisdiction . . . the

      Michigan court’s personal jurisdiction is still subject to the ‘limitations provided

      in [Michigan Compiled Laws] section [600.]745.’” Id.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015   Page 7 of 10
[10]   As an initial matter, the Michigan statutes governing “general personal

       jurisdiction”—Michigan Compiled Laws sections 600.701, 600.711, and

       600.721—provide that the existence of any of the following relationships

       between the state and an individual (600.701), a partnership or limited

       partnership (600.711), or a corporation (600.721)

               shall constitute a sufficient basis of jurisdiction to enable the courts of
               record of this state to exercise general personal jurisdiction over the
               [individual/partnership or limited partnership/corporation] . . . .
               [] Consent, to the extent authorized by the consent and subject to the
               limitations provided in section 745.
       (Emphasis added). In this case, of course, that consent was given and

       memorialized in the forum-selection clause in the Purchase Agreement.

[11]   Therefore we next consider Section 600.745, to which the above statutes refer,

       which provides in relevant part as follows:

               (2) If the parties agreed in writing that an action on a controversy may
               be brought in this state and the agreement provides the only basis for
               the exercise of jurisdiction, a court of this state shall entertain the
               action if all the following occur:
                        (a) The court has power under the law of this state to entertain
                        the action.
                        (b) This state is a reasonably convenient place for the trial of the
                        action.
                        (c) The agreement as to the place of the action is not obtained
                        by misrepresentation, duress, the abuse of economic power, or
                        other unconscionable means.
                        (d) The defendant is served with process as provided by court
                        rules.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015   Page 8 of 10
       Runningman first appears to argue with regard with to subsection (a) that Nagy

       and Sak in their individual capacities are not the “real parties in interest and

       cannot enforce the Purchase Agreement.” Appellant’s Br. p. 9. But as Nagy

       and Sak asserted in their complaint filed in the Michigan trial court, they are the

       successors in interest to the now-dissolved Nagsak. See Appellant’s App. p. 57.

       We therefore find no merit to Runningman’s contention.

[12]   Runningman’s other primary argument concerns subsection (b): whether

       Michigan is a reasonably convenient place for the trial of the action.

       Specifically, Runningman writes that “other than a statement in the Purchase

       Agreement regarding the forum for litigation, Michigan has absolutely zero

       interest in the Purchase Agreement.” Appellant’s Br. p. 10. However, the

       claimed inconvenience of litigating this dispute in Michigan should have been

       apparent to Runningman at the time it agreed to the forum-selection clause in

       the Purchase Agreement; thus, it cannot now render that forum-selection clause

       unenforceable on the grounds of inconvenience. See Turcheck v. Amerifund Fin.,

       Inc., 725 N.W.2d 684, 690 (Mich. Ct. App. 2006); see also Dexter Axle Co. v. Baan

       USA, Inc., 833 N.E.2d 43, 48 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“It is apparent to us that any

       alleged inconvenience related to litigating in California was foreseeable to the

       parties at the time they entered into the Consulting Agreement. Dexter cannot

       now try to avoid a contractual provision to which it agreed based upon an

       inconvenience that was foreseeable when it signed the contract.”) Moreover, it

       bears repeating that Nagy and Sak are, in fact, Michigan residents.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015   Page 9 of 10
[13]   In light of the above, we find that Runningman has failed meet its burden of

       rebutting the presumption of the Michigan judgment’s validity by showing that

       Michigan lacked jurisdiction in this matter. We therefore affirm the trial court’s

       grant of summary judgment in favor of Nagy and Sak.3

[14]   Affirmed.

       Robb, J., and Pyle, J., concur.

       3
         As a final matter, Runningman asserts that Indiana Trial Rule 13(J) “permits Runningman to pursue its
       [c]ounterclaim as a matter of law.” Appellant’s Br. p. 13. But, as succinctly stated by the appellees, “T[rial]
       R[ule] 13(J) cannot confer jurisdiction where it d[oes] not exist . . .” Appellee’s Br. p. 16. We agree and
       need not consider this argument further.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1412-PL-897 | August 26, 2015             Page 10 of 10