Court Opinion

ID: 2789863
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-27 23:01:58.049873+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:52.267868
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/27/15 P. v. Thomas CA2/3

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,                                                             B251904

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      (Los Angeles County
                                                                        Super. Ct. No. BA397350)
         v.

RICCO THOMAS,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Sam Ohta, Judge. Affirmed.

         Steven Schorr, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney
General, Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr. and Stephanie A. Miyoshi, Deputy Attorneys General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                            _____________________
       Appellant Ricco Thomas appeals from the judgment entered following his
conviction by jury of second degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187) with court findings he
suffered two prior felony convictions (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (d)) and a prior serious
felony conviction (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (a)). The court sentenced appellant to prison
for 50 years to life. We affirm.
                                   FACTUAL SUMMARY
1. People’s Evidence.
       Viewed in accordance with the usual rules on appeal (People v. Ochoa (1993)
6 Cal. 4th 1199, 1206), the evidence established that in February 2012, Joseph Chavez
was an inmate and trustee in the Los Angeles County Jail in downtown Los Angeles.
Albert Novshadyan, the decedent, was also an inmate. Novshadyan learned Chavez no
longer wanted to be a trustee. Novshadyan asked Chavez if Novshadyan could have the
job, and Chavez said yes.
       On February 24, 2012, Samuel Bowser, another inmate, and Novshadyan were
talking in Novshadyan’s cell when appellant entered. After appellant entered the cell, he
and Novshadyan disagreed about who would be the trustee. The two tussled and
appellant grabbed Novshadyan around the neck. Appellant punched Novshadyan, who
was considered a weak person. Appellant said Novshadyan owed him something.
Appellant took property belonging to Novshadyan that Novshadyan had bought at the jail
canteen, and appellant left. Someone persuaded appellant to return the items. Appellant
threw them into Novshadyan’s cell but yelled to him it was not over.
       An inmate named Nava told appellant, “I wish that was me you was doing that to.”
Nava went to his cell to remove excess clothing so he could fight, but deputies locked the
cell doors for the night. Nava yelled from his cell, “if that was me, you wouldn’t do that
to me.” Appellant replied, “[w]e’ll handle this in the morning.” Appellant also said,
“We’re going to fight in the morning” and “I’m going to kill you tomorrow.” Appellant
told Novshadyan, “You just got him killed” and “You’re going to get him . . . killed just
over this shit.” Donald Unmacht, an inmate, testified if appellant declined a challenge to
fight, appellant would be considered a coward and inmates would prey upon him.

                                             2
       About 4:30 to 5:00 a.m. on February 25, 2012, deputies opened the cells. Nava
and Novshadyan sat at a table. Appellant descended stairs, removing his shirt, and ran to
the table where Nava and Novshadyan were sitting.
       There was conflicting evidence concerning who started the ensuing fight. Chavez
testified appellant immediately threw punches at Novshadyan, and appellant threw the
first punch. Bowser testified appellant approached Nava, struck him first, and the two
fought. Novshadyan hit appellant to defend Nava, and Novshadyan and appellant fought.
Unmacht testified that after appellant sat at a table, Nava went to appellant and attacked
him, and Novshadyan joined the fight. Unmacht later testified Nava unsuccessfully tried
to strike appellant and appellant hit Nava first. Still later, Unmacht (his memory
refreshed by the playing of a tape recording of his interview with detectives) testified he
truthfully told detectives that appellant attacked Nava. Unmacht testified his memory
was better when he talked to detectives than his memory was at time of trial. According
to Chavez, when appellant began hitting Novshadyan, and Nava threw a few punches,
Kevin Stokes (an inmate) pulled Nava away and said it was a one-man fight.
       Unmacht testified appellant hit Novshadyan three or four times. Unmacht testified
Novshadyan “was out” and fell on a table, and appellant dragged him. Appellant
straddled Novshadyan, sat on his waist, and repeatedly hit Novshadyan. Novshadyan
was defending himself, but eventually his arms dropped and he was no longer resisting
appellant.
       Appellant grabbed Novshadyan’s head and repeatedly slammed it into the floor,
and inmates heard Novshadyan’s head crack loudly. Unmacht, Chavez, and Bowser saw
this. Unmacht testified appellant stood over Novshadyan, “picked his head up, bashed it
again and again, and his eyes just went distant, really distant. He just kept doing it like
he wasn’t even there.” Appellant continued attacking Novshadyan. Unmacht saw
appellant strike Novshadyan’s head to the floor more than 20 times. Novshadyan was
bleeding profusely from the back of his head.
       Unmacht and other inmates told appellant to stop because he would kill
Novshadyan. An inmate named Hollywood ran across the room and knocked appellant

                                              3
off of Novshadyan. Appellant struck or kicked Hollywood, then stood and twice kicked
Novshadyan in the head. Appellant later stood with his foot over Novshadyan’s head
when someone pushed appellant away. Appellant discarded two chess pieces including a
bishop, the knob of which would extend past knuckles if held in the hand. Three days
later, Novshadyan, who never regained consciousness, died as a result of his head
injuries. An autopsy revealed the base of Novshadyan’s skull was fractured. The
fracture was consistent with his head repeatedly striking the floor.
2. Defense Evidence.
       In defense, Stokes testified as follows. In February 2012, appellant was Stokes’s
cellmate. Cellmates supported each other. Stokes told appellant that Novshadyan owed
Stokes some soups. Appellant said he would get them from Novshadyan, but
Novshadyan ultimately did not give them to appellant. On February 24, 2012, appellant
argued with Nava. Nava told appellant that Nava was going to “fuck [appellant] up the
next morning.”
       On February 25, 2012, Stokes descended to the bottom of stairs and Nava punched
him. Stokes pushed Nava and told Nava not to touch him. Nava walked away and sat
down, as did appellant and Stokes. Later, appellant, with clenched fists, aggressively
approached Nava. Nava punched appellant, and the two fought. Novshadyan joined the
fight to assist Nava. Stokes pulled Nava away and began fighting him. About
45 seconds to a minute passed from the time Nava first punched appellant to the time
security arrived.
       Detectives interviewed Stokes several times. During one interview, Stokes told
detectives, inter alia, the following. On the day of the altercation, appellant walked to
Nava, punched him, and the two fought. The other guy, an Armenian, began fighting
with appellant.
       During another interview, Stokes told detectives the following. Appellant was a
member of the Black P Stones. He was running the jail module and was pod trustee.
Appellant “tax[ed]” people the night before the altercation. The night before the

                                             4
altercation, appellant took soups from Argentine. Appellant told Stokes, “When I go out
in the morning, I’m going to . . . whoop Nava’s ass.”
       Haig Kojian, a psychologist, testified as follows concerning the acute stress
response, also known as the fight-or-flight syndrome. The syndrome occurs during
intense stress. During the syndrome, the autonomic, sympathetic nervous system helps
the body produce sufficient energy to fight or flee. A released hormone maintains the
energy. The frontal lobe of the brain is involved with planning, execution, and
organization of thinking, and controls a person’s judgment and decision making. During
an acute stress situation, the frontal lobe is not activated.
3. Rebuttal Evidence.
       In rebuttal, a deputy testified Stokes told him that Stokes saw a fight as he was
descending stairs, the fight involved appellant, Nava, and Novshadyan, Stokes
approached, and Nava punched him. Another deputy testified Stokes later told him
Novshadyan and Nava ran to the table where appellant was seated and began hitting
appellant.
                                           ISSUES
       Appellant claims (1) the trial court erred by giving CALJIC No. 3.31, and (2) the
trial court erroneously admitted evidence of appellant’s gang membership.
                                        DISCUSSION
1. The Trial Court Did Not Err by Giving CALJIC No. 3.31.
       a. Pertinent Facts.
       The court, using CALJIC No. 3.31.5, instructed on the mental state of murder.1
The court, using CALJIC No. 8.10, defined murder and, using CALJIC No. 8.11, defined

1
       CALJIC No. 3.31.5 stated, “In the crime of MURDER, there must exist a union or
joint operation of act or conduct and a certain mental state in the mind of the perpetrator.
Unless this mental state exists the crime to which it relates is not committed. [¶] The
mental state required is included in the definition of the crime set forth elsewhere in these
instructions.” (Italics added.)

                                               5
express malice and implied malice.2 Using CALJIC No. 5.17, the court instructed on
imperfect self-defense as negating malice and precluding guilt for murder.
       CALJIC No. 3.31 is the instruction challenged here. As given by the trial court,
CALJIC No. 3.31, entitled “CONCURRENCE OF ACT AND SPECIFIC INTENT,”
stated, “In the crime of VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER which is a lesser included
offense of the crime of MURDER, there must exist a union or joint operation of act or
conduct and a certain specific intent in the mind of the perpetrator. Unless this specific
intent exists the crime to which it relates is not committed. [¶] The specific intent
required is included in the definition of the crime set forth elsewhere in these
instructions.”
       The court, using CALJIC No. 8.40, defined voluntary manslaughter. That
instruction stated, inter alia, “Every person who unlawfully kills another human being
without malice aforethought but either with an intent to kill, or with conscious disregard
for human life, is guilty of voluntary manslaughter in violation of Penal Code section
192, subdivision (a). [¶] There is no malice aforethought if the killing occurred in the
actual but unreasonable belief in the necessity to defend oneself against imminent peril to
life or great bodily injury. [¶] The phrase, ‘conscious disregard for life,’ as used in this
instruction, means that a killing results from the doing of an intentional act, the natural
consequences of which are dangerous to life, which act was deliberately performed by a

2
        CALJIC No. 8.10 stated, inter alia, every person who unlawfully “kills a human
being with malice aforethought, is guilty of the crime of murder” and, to prove that crime,
one element that had to be proved was “The killing was done with malice aforethought.”
(Italics added.) CALJIC No. 8.11 defined express malice and implied malice, and stated,
inter alia, “Malice is implied when: [¶] 1. The killing resulted from an intentional act;
[¶] 2. The natural consequences of the act are dangerous to human life; and [¶] 3. The
act was deliberately performed with knowledge of the danger to, and with conscious
disregard for, human life.” (Italics added.) The court also, using CALJIC No. 8.30,
instructed on second degree murder stating, “Murder of the second degree is the unlawful
killing of a human being with malice aforethought when the perpetrator intended
unlawfully to kill a human being but the evidence is insufficient to prove deliberation and
premeditation.” (Italics added.) The court used CALJIC No. 8.31 to instruct on second
degree murder based on implied malice.

                                              6
person who knows that his or her conduct endangers the life of another and who acts with
conscious disregard for life. [¶] In order to prove this crime, each of the following
elements must be proved: [¶] . . . [¶] 3. The perpetrator of the killing either intended to
kill the alleged victim, or acted in conscious disregard for life.” (Italics added.)
       The court, using CALJIC No. 8.75, instructed the jury “[v]oluntary manslaughter
is [a] lesser [crime] to that of murder in the second degree.” The court, using CALJIC
No. 5.12, instructed on perfect (justifiable) self-defense and gave related instructions.
Using CALJIC No. 1.01, the court instructed the jury to consider the instructions as a
whole. We will present additional facts below where appropriate.
       b. Analysis.
       Appellant claims the trial court erred by giving CALJIC No. 3.31. He argues
CALJIC No. 3.31 omitted any reference to the mental state of conscious disregard for
life; therefore, the instruction erroneously failed to require a concurrence of act and
conscious disregard for life before appellant could be guilty of voluntary manslaughter.
He also argues the instruction erroneously indicated voluntary manslaughter based on
conscious disregard for life is not a lesser included offense of murder.3 We reject
appellant’s claim.
       We note at the outset appellant’s premise is that, unlike voluntary manslaughter
based on intent to kill, voluntary manslaughter based on conscious disregard for life is
not a specific intent crime. However, murder is a specific intent crime. (People v.
Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal. 4th 155, 220 (Alvarez), citing People v. Whitfield (1994) 7 Cal. 4th
437, 450 (Whitfield)). Whitfield concluded this was true even if murder is based on
implied malice. (Whitfield, at p. 450.)4 As the instructions given in this case reflect,

3
      Appellant maintains, in contrast, CALJIC Nos. 3.31.5, 8.10, and 8.11, jointly read,
adequately instructed murder requires a concurrence of act and malice (either express or
implied).
4
       Whitfield stated, “Although it can be argued that implied malice does not
constitute a specific intent as described in [People v. Hood (1969) 1 Cal. 3d 444 (Hood)]
because it does not involve an ‘intent to do some further act or achieve some additional
consequence,’ it is quite clear that implied malice does not fit Hood’s description of

                                              7
voluntary manslaughter, like murder, may be based on a killing with conscious disregard
for life (although a defendant who commits voluntary manslaughter lacks malice, unlike a
murderer). Just as murder based on implied malice is a specific intent crime in light of
the presence of the mental state of conscious disregard for life (leaving aside concepts of
justification, excuse, and mitigation, even though murder requires the absence of these),
we conclude voluntary manslaughter based on conscious disregard for life is a specific
intent crime in light of the presence of the mental state of conscious disregard for life
(leaving aside concepts of justification, excuse, and mitigation, even though voluntary
manslaughter requires the absence of justification and excuse, and the presence of
mitigation).5 Notwithstanding appellant’s concurrence and lesser-included offense
arguments, we conclude the trial court did not err by giving CALJIC No. 3.31.

general intent, which is ‘an intent merely to do a violent act.’ [Citation.] Although
implied malice may not fall literally within the Hood formulation of specific intent, the
element of implied malice that requires that the defendant act with knowledge of the
danger to, and in conscious disregard of, human life, is closely akin to Hood’s definition
of specific intent, which requires proof that the defendant acted with a specific and
particularly culpable mental state.” (Whitfield, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 450, italics added.)
The fact malice implicates concepts of justification, excuse, and mitigation (because
malice requires the absence of these) plays no part in the above statement.
5
        We realize People v. Martinez (2007) 154 Cal. App. 4th 314 (Martinez), cited by
appellant, concluded voluntary manslaughter based on conscious disregard for life is a
general intent crime. (Id. at pp. 317, 334-337.) However, Martinez reasoned voluntary
manslaughter based on intent to kill involves specific intent to kill and is thus a specific
intent crime; therefore, voluntary manslaughter based on conscious disregard for life was
a general intent crime. (Id. at p. 335.) Martinez did not discuss whether voluntary
manslaughter based on conscious disregard for life could be a specific intent crime even
though the crime lacked specific intent to kill. Moreover, like the case with implied
malice (see fn. 4, ante), it is quite clear conscious disregard for life for purposes of
voluntary manslaughter does not fit Hood’s description of general intent, i.e., an intent
merely to do a violent act. Further, Martinez never discussed Alvarez or Whitfield, and
Martinez ultimately concluded no prejudicial error occurred in that case.

                                              8
       Even if appellant’s concurrence argument concerning CALJIC No. 3.31 were
valid, it does not follow we must reverse the judgment. First, even if voluntary
manslaughter based on conscious disregard for life is not a specific intent crime, we
believe, based on our previous discussion, voluntary manslaughter based on conscious
disregard for life is “closely akin” (Whitfield, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 450, italics added) to
a specific intent crime with the result the trial court’s failure to refer to conscious
disregard for life in CALJIC No. 3.31 was not prejudicial.
       Second, in Alvarez, in pertinent part, a jury convicted the defendant of first degree
murder and other crimes. The trial court gave CALJIC No. 3.31 and indicated therein
various specified crimes required a concurrence of act and specific intent, but the trial
court omitted murder from the specified crimes (Alvarez, supra, 14 Cal.4th at pp. 175-
176, 219); therefore, the instruction did not refer to said concurrence requirement as to
murder.
       Alvarez concluded the trial court erred by failing to include murder as one of the
specified crimes in the instruction. (Alvarez, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 220.) However,
Alvarez also concluded the error was to be evaluated under the standard enunciated in
People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836 (Watson). (People v. Rogers (2006)
39 Cal. 4th 826, 875 (Rogers); Alvarez, at p. 220.) Alvarez further concluded there was no
prejudice (Alvarez, at p. 220), relying, in pertinent part, on the fact “[a]n instruction on
murder substantially covered the concurrence of act and ‘specific intent.’ ” (Ibid.)
Alvarez observed that, under said murder instruction, murder could be proven if the
defendant “ ‘kill[ed] . . . with malice aforethought.’ ” (Ibid.)

                                               9
       In the present case, the crime of voluntary manslaughter was expressly specified in
CALJIC No. 3.31 (unlike the murder omitted from CALJIC No. 3.31 in Alvarez).
Moreover, similar to the case in Alvarez, other instructions given in the present case
substantially covered the concurrence requirement. CALJIC No. 8.40 instructed the jury
that every person who “kills . . . with conscious disregard for human life, is guilty of
voluntary manslaughter.” (Italics added.) CALJIC No. 8.40 also instructed conscious
disregard for life, as used in that instruction, meant a “killing . . . which act was
deliberately performed by a person . . . who acts with conscious disregard for life.”
(Italics added.) The instruction stated an element of voluntary manslaughter was, inter
alia, “[t]he perpetrator of the killing . . . acted in conscious disregard for life.” (Italics
added.) The fact CALJIC No. 8.40 defined “conscious disregard for human life” “as
used in [that] instruction” did not preclude the jury from considering “conscious
disregard for life,” as so defined, with CALJIC No. 3.31 as part of the jury’s duty to
consider instructions as a whole.
       Third, even if CALJIC No. 3.31 did not require a concurrence of act and conscious
disregard for life, this fact inured to appellant’s benefit to the extent the instruction
suggested the jury could acquit appellant of murder and convict him of voluntary
manslaughter based on conscious disregard for life, even if the killing was not concurrent
with conscious disregard for life. (See Rogers, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 875.)
       Fourth, a concurrence argument, as pertinent here, asserts there was no
concurrence of killing and conscious disregard for life, without disputing a killing
occurred or the defendant harbored conscious disregard for life. If either a killing or
conscious disregard for life is absent, there is no need to reach a concurrence issue.
Appellant cites no evidence suggesting a lack of concurrence in this case. He argues
there was evidence of a “reckless but unintended killing,” but this is simply an argument
there was evidence of a killing with conscious disregard for life, not an argument there
was evidence of a lack of concurrence of killing and conscious disregard for life. The
fact, if true, appellant actually believed he was in imminent danger for purposes of
imperfect self-defense does not constitute evidence of lack of concurrence.

                                               10
       Fifth, in light of the evidence discussed in our Factual Summary, including the
evidence (1) appellant made previous threats, and threats to kill, (2) appellant, the next
day, repeatedly slammed Novshadyan’s head to the floor, even when Novshadyan was no
longer resisting and/or was unconscious, and (3) appellant thereafter repeatedly kicked
him in the head, there was not only ample evidence appellant killed Novshadyan and
ample evidence appellant harbored conscious disregard for life, but ample evidence of a
concurrence of the killing and conscious disregard for life. It is not reasonably probable a
different result would have occurred in this case absent the alleged instructional error
pertaining to the concurrence issue. (Cf. Martinez, supra, 154 Cal.App.4th at p. 337.)
       Sixth, the People argued to the jury appellant committed first degree, willful,
deliberate, and premeditated murder and, if not, second degree implied malice murder.
As to malice, appellant argued to the jury (in part because of Unmacht’s testimony
appellant’s eyes “went distant” and the psychologist’s testimony) that appellant lacked
intent to kill and lacked a conscious disregard for life. Appellant also argued he killed in
imperfect self-defense or, alternatively, in perfect self-defense. None of these arguments
relied on any lack of concurrence of killing and conscious disregard for life, and
appellant never argued to the jury any such lack of concurrence. Appellant never argued
he killed, harbored conscious disregard for life, but there was no concurrence between the
two. Imperfect self-defense and perfect self-defense seek to mitigate and justify,
respectively, a defendant who kills with intent to kill or conscious disregard for life.
(Indeed, to the extent appellant’s defense at trial was he acted in perfect self-defense, that
defense, if applicable, would have required acquittal. However, appellant concedes in his
opening brief, “no jury was likely to view acquittal as a realistic option.”)
       Finally, the jury (which rendered its verdict in less than two hours and expressed
no confusion about instructions) convicted appellant of murder based on express or
implied malice, i.e., the jury necessarily concluded he, with malice, killed with intent to
kill or killed with conscious disregard for life. It is therefore not reasonably likely that,
absent the alleged instructional error, the jury would have concluded appellant committed

                                              11
a voluntary manslaughter in which he killed, harbored conscious disregard for life, but
killed without conscious disregard for life.
       Similarly, as to appellant’s lesser-offense argument, we acknowledge CALJIC No.
3.31 stated, “[u]nless this specific intent exists the crime to which it relates is not
committed.” However, first, as mentioned, conscious disregard for life is “closely akin”
to (even if it is not the same as) specific intent. Second, CALJIC No. 8.40 defined
voluntary manslaughter to include a killing based on conscious disregard for life, and
CALJIC No. 8.75 instructed the jury voluntary manslaughter was a lesser crime of
second degree murder. Third, our Factual Summary reveals ample evidence appellant
killed with intent to kill, not merely with conscious disregard for life; therefore, it is not
reasonably probable a different result would have occurred absent the alleged
instructional error. (Cf. Martinez, supra, 154 Cal.App.4th at p. 337.) Finally, the jury by
its verdict necessarily rejected any evidence (e.g., the distant look in appellant’s eyes, and
the psychologist’s testimony) offered to negate malice by negating intent to kill or
conscious disregard for life. It is not reasonably probable the jury would have reached a
different result as to voluntary manslaughter. The trial court did not prejudicially err by
giving CALJIC No. 3.31.
2. The Trial Court Did Not Erroneously Admit Evidence of Appellant’s Gang
Membership.
       During the prosecutor’s cross-examination of Stokes as he testified as a defense
witness, appellant objected to the admission into evidence of that portion of a tape
recording of Stokes’s interview with detectives during which Stokes said appellant was a
Black P Stones gang member. Appellant posed, in pertinent part, relevance and
“inflammatory, 352” objections.
       The court noted appellant had cross-examined witnesses concerning the jail
environment in which the killing occurred, and concerning the facts violence occurred in
jail, certain codes applied in jail, an inmate challenged to fight had to protect the inmate’s
reputation, and similar issues. The court concluded the gang membership evidence was
highly relevant to the issues of self-defense, whether appellant believed his life was in

                                               12
danger, whether appellant’s conduct was reasonable, and how gang members were
perceived, and reacted, in jail. The court concluded the gang membership evidence was
admissible and not unduly prejudicial. As indicated in the Factual Summary, the court
admitted evidence from Stokes that appellant was a Black P Stones member; that
evidence was based on the tape recording.
       Appellant claims the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence
appellant was a Black P Stones gang member. We disagree. Evidence of gang affiliation
is admissible on the issue of malice aforethought, as against an Evidence Code section
352 objection. (People v. Funes (1994) 23 Cal. App. 4th 1506, 1518-1519.) This
implicates imperfect self-defense and perfect self-defense because a defendant who kills
in imperfect self-defense or perfect self-defense lacks malice (and, in the case of perfect
self-defense, commits no crime).
       When ruling on an Evidence Code section 352 objection, a trial court need not
expressly weigh prejudice against probative value, or even expressly state it has done so.
All that is required is that the record demonstrate the trial court understood and fulfilled
its responsibilities under section 352. (People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal. 4th 153, 213.)
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by overruling appellant’s objections.
       Moreover, even if the trial court erred by admitting evidence appellant was a
Black P Stones gang member, the evidentiary reference to that fact was brief. During
jury argument, neither party referred to a gang or to appellant’s gang affiliation. There
was ample evidence of appellant’s guilt even absent the gang affiliation evidence. Any
error in the admission of that evidence was not prejudicial. (Cf. Watson, supra, 46 Cal. 2d
818, 836.) Moreover, the application of the ordinary rules of evidence, as here, did not
impermissibly infringe on appellant’s rights to due process. (Cf. People v. Fudge (1994)
7 Cal. 4th 1075, 1102-1103.) None of the cases cited by appellant compel a contrary
conclusion.

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                                     DISPOSITION

      The judgment is affirmed.

      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                KITCHING, Acting P. J.

We concur:

                    ALDRICH, J.

                    LAVIN, J.*

*
        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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