Court Opinion

ID: 5266790
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-06 19:00:49.843308+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:28:09.723099
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 21‐1293
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                   Plaintiff‐Appellee,
                                 v.

LARRY A. JONES, JR.,
                                               Defendant‐Appellant.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
         Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division.
           No. 1:19‐cr‐00033 — Damon R. Leichty, Judge.
                     ____________________

  ARGUED NOVEMBER 29, 2021 — DECIDED JANUARY 6, 2022
               ____________________

   Before EASTERBROOK, SCUDDER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
   ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Larry Jones entered a conditional
guilty plea to possessing a firearm as a convicted felon after
law enforcement discovered a gun during a warrantless
search of his motel room. A magistrate judge conducted an
evidentiary hearing and recommended denying his motion to
suppress the gun. The district court accepted the magistrate
judge’s report and recommendation, concluding that Jones
had not been seized, that he consented to the search, and that
2                                                   No. 21‐1293

the search was within the scope of his consent. Jones appeals
the denial of his motion to suppress, arguing that he was
seized when oﬃcers knocked on his motel room door and dis‐
played an arrest warrant for a woman reportedly staying in
his motel room. Alternatively, he argues any consent he pro‐
vided was not voluntary and that the search exceeded the
scope of his consent. We aﬃrm.
                        I. Background
A. Factual Background
    On November 16, 2017, Allen County Sheriff Warrants Di‐
vision Officers Andrew Brenneke and Duane Romines re‐
ceived an arrest warrant for Whitney Gosnell. Gosnell, listed
as 5’3’’ and 130 to 140 pounds, had allegedly violated the
terms of her probation. Following up on an anonymous tip
that Gosnell was staying at the Deluxe Inn Motel in Fort
Wayne, Indiana, Officers Brenneke and Romines went to the
motel around 8:45 p.m. The motel manager informed them
that Gosnell was staying in a room with Larry Jones and his
son. The officers ran a warrant check, which revealed that
Jones had arrests dating back to the 1990s and was listed as a
“known resister,” “convicted felon,” and “substance abuser.”
    Officers Brenneke and Romines went to Jones’s motel
room and listened at the door for voices. Not hearing any,
they knocked on the door several times and called out
“Larry,” but did not hear a response. Officer Brenneke knew
Jones’s street name, so he called out, “Hey, Crunch,” and
Jones responded, “What?” One or both officers said, “It’s po‐
lice. We’re not here for you,” to which Jones said, “She’s not
here. She can’t be here.” At this point, the officers had not yet
explained that they had an arrest warrant for Gosnell.
No. 21‐1293                                                    3

    The officers asked Jones to open the door, and he re‐
quested some time before opening it. Both officers estimate
that approximately 30 to 60 seconds elapsed between the first
knock and when Jones opened the door, fully dressed. The
officers were in full uniform with their guns holstered, and
there is no dispute that they spoke in conversational tones
throughout the encounter. The officers reiterated that they
were not there for Jones, showed him the arrest warrant for
Gosnell, and explained that they would like to “verify” Gos‐
nell was not there. Officer Brenneke estimates they spent ap‐
proximately 15 to 20 seconds explaining they would like to
search where a person could be or would hide. Jones repeated
that Gosnell was not there but eventually said, “That’s fine,”
and moved away from the door. Officer Romines estimated
they talked to Jones for less than a minute before entering. At
some point, Officer Romines told Jones they “would not open
small drawers and things like that.”
     After entering the motel room, the officers looked in the
kitchenette, bathroom, and shower. Officer Romines then
lifted up one of two beds but found nothing underneath.
There was a six‐to‐ten‐inch gap between the beds and the
floor. Before Officer Brenneke checked under the second bed,
Jones stated, “Well, she couldn’t be under there.” Officer Ro‐
mines responded, “She could be under there, just like she
could have been under the first one.” Officer Brenneke pro‐
ceeded to lift the second bed and saw the firearm.
B. Procedural Background
   Jones was eventually indicted and arrested in 2019 for pos‐
sessing a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). He moved to suppress evidence of the gun. The
4                                                  No. 21‐1293

district court referred the case to a magistrate judge for a re‐
port and recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
    1. The Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation
    The magistrate judge conducted an evidentiary hearing on
November 13, 2019. During the hearing, Officers Brenneke
and Romines testified regarding the events at the motel room.
They further explained that they had found people hiding in
or under beds when attempting to serve warrants. Jones did
not testify. Of relevance to this appeal, Jones made two pri‐
mary arguments: First, the government did not meet its bur‐
den of showing that Jones consented to the search of his motel
room; second, any arguable consent was tainted by an imper‐
missible seizure. Jones did not argue, however, that the offic‐
ers’ presentation of the arrest warrant for Gosnell constituted
a seizure. In his reply brief in support of the motion, Jones
added that the search under the bed exceeded the scope of
any consent.
    The magistrate judge made the following factual findings:
the officers’ testimony was “not contested in any meaningful
way at the hearing,” and their testimony was “entirely credi‐
ble”; a minute and a half passed between the first knock on
the door and when Jones opened it; Officer Brenneke twice
stated they “would like to verify [Gosnell’s] not inside”; Jones
said “That’s fine” and moved away from the door; Officer Ro‐
mines explained they would look where “a person can hide”;
and the door was left open during the search.
   Turning to Jones’s legal arguments, the magistrate judge
recommended that Jones was not seized, that he had con‐
sented to the search, and that the search did not exceed the
scope of his consent. The magistrate judge recommended that
No. 21‐1293                                                     5

the officers’ knocking did not amount to a seizure. The mag‐
istrate judge also found Jones had consented to the search by
affirmatively stating “That’s fine” and stepping away from
the door. The magistrate noted: “it is unclear if the officers ex‐
plained to Defendant that he had the right to refuse to coop‐
erate,” but concluded the officers’ conversational tone of
voice, lack of force, and minimal number of requests to enter
(twice) suggested Jones’s consent was not coerced. Finally,
the magistrate judge recommended that the search was
within the scope of consent because “a reasonable person
would likely consider the space [under the bed] within the
scope of where a person may hide.”
    Jones specifically objected to the following findings:
(1) that no seizure occurred when the officers spoke with
Jones at the door, (2) that Jones consented to the search of his
motel room, (3) that Jones’s consent was voluntary, (4) that a
reasonable person would consider the space under the motel
bed as within the scope of “where a person may hide,” (5) that
the officers did not exceed the scope of Jones’s consent, and
(6) that the search of the motel room did not violate his con‐
stitutional rights.
   2. The District Court’s Opinion
    The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recom‐
mendation and denied the motion to suppress. The court ob‐
served that 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) requires the court to “make a
de novo determination of those portions of the report or spec‐
ified proposed findings or recommendations to which objec‐
tion is made.” Although the district court did not discuss each
of Jones’s objections explicitly, it did adopt the magistrate
judge’s factual findings, concluding “they aren’t in dispute
and are otherwise supported by the record.”
6                                                     No. 21‐1293

    Regarding Jones’s objection to the conclusion that he was
not seized, the district court observed that Jones “develops no
sound basis for finding [that conclusion] erroneous.” Simi‐
larly, the court concluded Jones “offers no compelling argu‐
ment to show the recommendation” that he consented to the
search was “erroneous.” The district court agreed with the
magistrate judge that Jones expressly and voluntarily con‐
sented to such a search. The court believed Jones’s “real ob‐
jection” was to the scope of the search, and the court again
concluded the magistrate judge’s finding on this front “hasn’t
been shown erroneous.” Like the magistrate judge, the district
court concluded, “While the space underneath the bed would
have been a tight squeeze, it is not unreasonable to believe a
person, especially one of petite build, might be hiding under
the bed.” The district court interpreted Jones’s remark that
Gosnell “couldn’t be under” the second bed not as a with‐
drawal of consent but as a recognition of the scope of his ini‐
tial consent.
                         II. Discussion
     When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to
suppress, we review the court’s legal conclusions de novo and
its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Jackson, 962
F.3d 353, 357 (7th Cir. 2020). Jones raises four issues on appeal:
First, whether the district court erred by concluding he was
not seized prior to any arguable consent to search his motel
room; second, whether the district court erred in concluding
that he voluntarily consented to such a search; third, whether
the district court erred in concluding that looking under a bed
was within the scope of Jones’s arguable consent; and fourth,
whether the district court correctly applied a de novo
No. 21‐1293                                                       7

standard of review to the magistrate judge’s report and rec‐
ommendation. We address each argument in turn.
A. Seizure
    The Fourth Amendment prohibits “unreasonable” sei‐
zures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Whether a seizure occurred is a
legal determination that we review de novo. United States v.
Tyler, 512 F.3d 405, 409 (7th Cir. 2008) (citing Ornelas v. United
States, 517 U.S. 690, 697 (1996)); see also United States v. Wilson,
963 F.3d 701, 703 (7th Cir. 2020). Seizures of a person fall into
one of two categories: the application of “physical force” or
“submission to the assertion of authority.” California v. Ho‐
dari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991) (emphasis in original). The lat‐
ter is at issue here and “involves either voluntary submission
to a show of authority or the termination of freedom of move‐
ment.” Torres v. Madrid, 141 S. Ct. 989, 1001 (2021).
    Generally, “officers may approach a willing person in a
public place and ask that person questions without violating
the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Adeyeye, 359 F.3d
457, 461 (7th Cir. 2004). If the encounter occurs in a public
place, courts ask whether a reasonable person would have felt
“free to leave.” United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554
(1980). But if police approach an individual in a confined
space, such as a bus, the proper inquiry is “whether a reason‐
able person would feel free to decline the officers’ request or
otherwise terminate the encounter.” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S.
429, 436 (1991). Either way, courts should consider the totality
of the circumstances, including where the interaction took
place, how many officers were present, the extent to which
the police presence was threatening, whether the officers
made any show of weapons or physical force, the officers’ lan‐
guage and tone, whether the officers suggested that the
8                                                              No. 21‐1293

defendant was suspected of a crime, and whether the officers
told the defendant he was free to leave. United States v. Holly,
940 F.3d 995, 1000 (7th Cir. 2019).
    Here, the parties agree that Florida v. Bostick sets out the
proper test for whether a seizure occurred. In other words, the
relevant inquiry is whether a reasonable person in Jones’s sit‐
uation would have felt free to decline the officers’ request to
open the door to his motel room. Jones argues he was seized
either when he opened the door or when the officers showed
him the arrest warrant for Gosnell. If he is correct, an unrea‐
sonable seizure could taint his subsequent consent and re‐
quire suppression of the gun. See, e.g., United States v. Lopez,
907 F.3d 472, 487 (7th Cir. 2018) (concluding that improperly
detained suspect’s consent to search was not voluntary and
reversing denial of motion to suppress).
    1. Knocking on Jones’s Door
    In arguing the officers seized him by the time he opened
the door,1 Jones relies primarily on United States v. Jerez, 108
F.3d 684 (7th Cir. 1997). In Jerez, two officers were on drug
interdiction duty when they observed a car with an out‐of‐
state license plate parked at a motel near the Milwaukee air‐
port. Around 11 p.m., they returned to the motel, hoping to
obtain consent to search the driver’s motel room. The officers
took turns knocking on the door for approximately three
minutes and announced themselves as police officers.

    1 Jones concedes that officers have an “implicit license” to knock on
someone’s front door. Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 8 (2013) (“This implicit
license typically permits the visitor to approach the home by the front
path, knock promptly, wait briefly to be received, and then (absent invita‐
tion to linger longer) leave.”).
No. 21‐1293                                                     9

Hearing no response, one officer decided to knock on the win‐
dow of the motel room, while the other continued knocking
on the door. The officer by the window shone a flashlight into
the motel room and spotted Jerez. This continued for approx‐
imately a minute and a half until another man in the motel
room opened the door, clad only in his underwear. The court
concluded the two men were seized by the time one of the
officers began knocking on the window. Id. at 690–93. “The
deputies’ persistence, in the face of the refusal to admit, trans‐
formed what began as an attempt to engage in a consensual
encounter into an investigatory stop.” Id. at 692.
    The government contends this case is more like Adeyeye
than Jerez. In Adeyeye, customs agents suspected a foreign na‐
tional who had flown to Chicago earlier that day was a drug
smuggler. The agents used a “knock and talk” procedure to
gain entry into the defendant’s motel room. More specifically,
they knocked while identifying themselves as police, heard
muffled sounds inside the room, and tried knocking again
several minutes later. The agents also announced they would
come back later if it was an inconvenient time. The defendant
opened the door, agreed they could come in, and consented
to the search of his belongings. The court distinguished Jerez
as involving a “substantially more intrusive” encounter and
concluded Adeyeye was not seized because the officers
knocked only twice and stated they could return at a later
time. Adeyeye, 359 F.3d at 461–62. A reasonable person, in the
court’s view, would have felt free to decline the officers’ re‐
quest. Id. at 462.
   We agree Jones was not seized when Officers Brenneke
and Romines knocked on his motel room door. Here, the time
between when the officers first knocked and when Jones
10                                                  No. 21‐1293

opened the door was at most a minute and a half. The officers
also sought entry to Jones’s motel room slightly earlier in the
evening than in Jerez (9 p.m., rather than 11 p.m.). While this
factor is not dispositive, the brief period of knocking suggests
Jones was not roused from sleep as in Jerez. Furthermore, the
officers spoke in a conversational, nonthreatening tone.
Jones’s response, “She’s not here,” in reference to Gosnell, is
telling. Jones recognized why the officers were there and did
not believe the officers were there for him. Jones even re‐
quested and received additional time before opening the
door. In light of the totality of the circumstances, the district
court properly concluded that a reasonable person in Jones’s
position would have felt free to decline the officers’ request to
open the door.
     2. The Arrest Warrant for a Third Party
    For the first time on appeal, Jones argues the encounter
ripened into a seizure when the officers “flashed” the arrest
warrant for Gosnell after Jones opened the door. He empha‐
sizes that the officers showed him the warrant for a mere “15
to 20 seconds,” which is a “woefully insufficient time for an‐
yone to read and understand a warrant.” In his briefing in
support of the motion to suppress, Jones argued only that he
was seized by the knocking and the lateness of the hour, not
that the warrant itself contributed to the seizure.
    Jones nonetheless contends that he preserved the argu‐
ment that the arrest warrant contributed to a seizure. His ar‐
guments are unpersuasive. First, he objected only to the mag‐
istrate judge’s finding that “no seizure occurred when the of‐
ficers spoke with [Jones] at the door.” Second, although his
suppression motion briefing discussed Jerez, that case did not
involve the display of a warrant; the court’s conclusion that a
No. 21‐1293                                                    11

seizure occurred turned on the lateness of the hour and the
prolonged knocking on both the door and the window. Fi‐
nally, Jones fails to cite a case in which an appellate court con‐
sidered the presence of a warrant notwithstanding a defend‐
ant’s failure to raise the issue below. Because Jones forfeited
this argument, our review is for plain error. See United States
v. Julius, 14 F.4th 752, 755 (7th Cir. 2021). To prevail on plain
error review, Jones must show (1) an error, (2) that was plain,
(3) that affected his substantial rights, and (4) that seriously
affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the pro‐
ceedings. Id.
    Jones has failed to show any error, let alone plain error.
The officers sought entrance to the room based on Jones’s con‐
sent, not on the grounds that they were executing a warrant.
There is no evidence that Jones relied on the warrant before
saying, “That’s fine” and stepping away from the door. See,
e.g., United States v. Williams, 931 F.3d 570, 573 (7th Cir. 2019)
(“It is the appellant’s burden [on plain‐error review] to show
that an error actually occurred, not merely that an error might
have occurred.”). Jones does not dispute that the officers said,
“We’re not here for you,” and that he replied, “She’s not
here,” before he even opened the door. This exchange indi‐
cates that he understood the difference between a search war‐
rant and an arrest warrant, and he felt free to decline the of‐
ficers’ requests.
   In short, Jones has not shown that he was seized prior to
the search.
B. Voluntariness of Consent to Search
  Consent is a well‐recognized exception to the Fourth
Amendment’s warrant requirement. Schneckloth v.
12                                                  No. 21‐1293

Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973). Whether consent was vol‐
untary is a factual determination reviewed for clear error.
United States v. Thompson, 842 F.3d 1002, 1009 (7th Cir. 2016).
To assess the voluntariness of consent, we consider the total‐
ity of the circumstances. United States v. Thurman, 889 F.3d
356, 367 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing Bustamonte, 412 U.S. at 227).
This court considers: “(1) the age, education, and intelligence
of the defendant; (2) whether he was advised of his constitu‐
tional rights; (3) how long he was detained before consenting;
(4) whether he consented immediately or was prompted by
repeated requests; (5) whether physical coercion was used;
and (6) whether he was in custody when he consented.” Id.
We have also considered an individual’s “experience with the
criminal justice system.” United States v. Clinton, 591 F.3d 968,
972 (7th Cir. 2010). No single factor controls. Thompson, 842
F.3d at 1010 (citing Bustamonte, 412 U.S. at 226).
     1. Jones’s Consent Was Voluntary
    The prosecution bears the burden of proving that consent
was “freely and voluntarily given.” Bumper v. North Carolina,
391 U.S. 543, 548 (1968). To recap, the officers asked Jones to
open the door to his motel room, using conversational tones
throughout the encounter. When Jones opened the door, the
officers explained that they were looking for Gosnell and
would like to “verify” that she was not inside. Jones re‐
sponded, “That’s fine” and stepped away from the door.
    Based on these facts, the government has easily satisfied
its burden of proving that Jones voluntarily consented. The
government notes Jones had a GED and extensive interactions
with the criminal justice system, suggesting he understood he
could refuse consent. While the government contends “the
record is unclear” as to whether the officers informed Jones of
No. 21‐1293                                                                13

his right to refuse consent, it is more accurate to say that the
suppression hearing transcript is completely silent on this
point. That said, it is undisputed that the officers did not use
or threaten the use of physical force, spoke in conversational
tones, and asked to “verify” Gosnell was not there only twice.
    Jones’s counterarguments consist primarily of things the
officers could have done but did not do in this case. For ex‐
ample, he suggests the officers should have informed him of
his right to refuse consent, explained the difference between
an arrest warrant and a search warrant, and retrieved consent
forms from their vehicle. This line of argument is squarely
foreclosed by Bustamonte, which clarified that officers are not
required to inform individuals of their right to refuse consent
and that consent need not be in writing. Bustamonte, 412 U.S.
at 227 (“While knowledge of the right to refuse consent is one
factor to be taken into account, the government need not es‐
tablish such knowledge as the sine qua non of an effective
consent.”). It does not matter that officers sometimes use con‐
sent forms or go into greater detail about an individual’s
rights.2

    2  See, e.g., United States v. Rojas, 783 F.2d 105, 107–10 (7th Cir. 1986)
(officers obtained verbal and written consent, in English and Spanish, to
search arrestee’s apartment); United States v. LaGrone, 43 F.3d 332, 333–34
(7th Cir. 1994) (officer read consent‐to‐search form aloud and defendant‐
arrestee initialed each line before signing the form). Notably, in both cases,
officers sought the defendants’ consent to search after they had been ar‐
rested. Because whether a person is in custody and the length of detention
are relevant factors in the consent analysis, it makes sense that the officers
in Rojas and LaGrone went to additional lengths to verify the voluntariness
of the defendants’ consent.
14                                                 No. 21‐1293

   The district court did not clearly err in finding Jones vol‐
untarily consented to a search of his motel room.
     2. Effect of the Arrest Warrant on Consent to Search
    Jones argues on appeal that the officers’ presentation of
the arrest warrant for Gosnell rendered his consent to search
involuntary. Jones contends that he merely acquiesced to a
show of governmental authority when he said, “That’s fine”
and stepped away from the door. Much like his argument that
the arrest warrant caused the encounter to ripen into a sei‐
zure, Jones’s argument that the warrant vitiated his consent is
forfeited. His attempt to characterize this argument as pre‐
served is unpersuasive. The mere use of pinpoint citations in
Jones’s objections to the magistrate’s report does not convey
an objection to the magistrate’s lack of findings on the role of
the warrant. Our review is therefore for plain error. For the
same reasons that Jones’s consent was voluntary, we further
conclude that there was no plain error regarding the effect of
the arrest warrant on Jones’s consent.
    Even if Jones did not forfeit his arguments based on the
presence of the warrant, the cases upon which he relies are
distinguishable. In Bumper, officers approached the home of a
suspect who lived with his grandmother and told the grand‐
mother they had a warrant to search the house. The grand‐
mother replied, “Go ahead” and opened the door, but there
was no evidence regarding the validity of the warrant itself,
which was not produced at the suppression hearing. Bumper,
391 U.S. at 546, 550 n.15. The Supreme Court held that a con‐
sent search is improper when consent is given “only after the
official conducting the search has asserted that he possesses a
warrant.” Id. at 548. In other words, the prosecution failed to
show the grandmother’s consent was voluntary by pointing
No. 21‐1293                                                    15

only to “acquiescence to a claim of lawful authority.” Id.
at 549.
    In United States v. Nafzger, 965 F.2d 213 (7th Cir. 1992), of‐
ficers went to a farm in Wisconsin to execute a search warrant
for a stolen truck. The warrant did not specify a place to be
searched other than “the Western District of Wisconsin.” Id.
at 214. Officers showed Nafzger the search warrant, and he
told them he had a truck fitting that description. He then led
the officers to a shed where the truck was, at which point the
officers read him an FBI consent‐to‐search document. Nafzger
read and signed the form, and the officers searched the truck.
This court held that, because the warrant failed to identify
Nafzger’s farm with particularity, the warrant was defective.
Id. at 216. Applying Bumper, any consent pursuant to the war‐
rant was not voluntary. Id. at 217 (“This was acquiescence to
the claim of authority invoked by flashing the search warrant,
not voluntary consent.”). The court noted that Nafzger, “a
dairy farmer with no criminal record, could not be expected
to distinguish between a search warrant of the truck and a
search warrant for the truck.” Id. at 216–17 (emphasis added).
    Bumper and Nafzger are distinguishable from this case be‐
cause both involved searches pursuant to a warrant. The cir‐
cumstances preceding the defendants’ “consent” in those
cases seriously undermined whether their consents were vol‐
untary. Here, by contrast, the officers merely informed Jones
that they had an arrest warrant for Gosnell, but their request
to search the room was still optional. The district court’s find‐
ing that Jones voluntarily consented was not clearly errone‐
ous.
    Jones’s fallback argument, that this court should remand
for further factfinding on the warrant, is also unpersuasive.
16                                                           No. 21‐1293

The record is unclear regarding what role, if any, the warrant
played in Jones’s decision to allow the officers inside the mo‐
tel room. But the reason the record is unclear is that the gov‐
ernment relied on consent as the basis for the search, and
Jones did not argue below that the presence of the warrant
rendered his consent involuntary. No additional factfinding
is necessary.3
C. Scope of Consent
   Whether a search exceeded the scope of consent is a factual
finding reviewed for clear error. United States v. $304,980.00 in
U.S. Currency, 732 F.3d 812, 820 (7th Cir. 2013). The scope of
consent is assessed under an “objective reasonableness”
standard that asks what a “typical reasonable person” would
have understood to be within the scope. Thurman, 889 F.3d at
368 (quoting Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991)). The
burden is on the individual to limit the scope of consent. Thur‐
man, 889 F.3d at 368. Officers may look in any area that could
reasonably contain the sought‐after item or person. Jimeno,
500 U.S. at 252 (“[I]f [an individual’s] consent would reasona‐
bly be understood to extend to a particular container, the
Fourth Amendment provides no grounds for requiring a
more explicit authorization.”).
     1. No Clear Error
   In light of the foregoing conclusion that Jones consented
to the search, a reasonable person would likely believe

     3Cf. United States v. Groves, 470 F.3d 311, 322–23 (7th Cir. 2006) (re‐
manding for additional factfinding on whether third party voluntarily
consented to search of defendant’s apartment, where third party claimed
officer threatened to send her child to protective services and to charge
her for any contraband in the apartment).
No. 21‐1293                                                    17

looking underneath the beds in Jones’s motel room was well
within the scope of his consent. Again, the officers explained
they would look only “where a person could be.” Jones tries
to equate lifting the bed with a “physical intrusion,” but it
seems perfectly reasonable that someone could be hiding un‐
der a bed to evade arrest even if it was a tight squeeze. A rea‐
sonable person would not consider the officers’ assurances
that they would not open small drawers as stipulating that
they would conduct a strictly visual search. See United States
v. Berke, 930 F.2d 1219, 1222–23 (7th Cir. 1991) (consent to
“look” in a bag reasonably encompassed searching, not just
visual inspection).
    Jones’s reliance on United States v. Dichiarinte, 445 F.2d 126
(7th Cir. 1971), does not change this conclusion. There, the de‐
fendant consented to a search of his home for narcotics, telling
officers to “come over to the house and look, you are welcome
to.” Id. at 128. When it became apparent that the officers were
examining his personal papers, Dichiarinte objected, “Does
that look like narcotics …?” Id. The officers ignored his subse‐
quent attempts to call off the search, and he was later con‐
victed of tax evasion. This court held the search exceeded the
scope of his consent, which was limited to narcotics. Id. at 129.
Here, even if this court were to reach a different conclusion
on the scope of consent, the district court’s finding was not
clearly erroneous.
   2. Attempt to Limit the Scope of Consent
    For the first time on appeal, Jones argues he “expressly
limited” the scope of his consent when he stated that Gosnell
“couldn’t be under there” before Officer Brenneke lifted the
second bed. Jones did not raise this argument before the mag‐
istrate judge or the district court, so our review is for plain
18                                                            No. 21‐1293

error. See United States v. Price, 775 F.3d 828, 835 (7th Cir.
2014).
    To determine whether an individual has limited the scope
of consent, courts ask whether the consent can “reasonably be
understood” to extend to the challenged search. Jimeno, 500
U.S. at 252. “If a suspect’s attempt to withdraw consent is
equivocal, ‘police officers may reasonably continue their
search in the premises entered pursuant to the initial grant of
authority.’” $304,980.00 in U.S. Currency, 732 F.3d at 820
(quoting United States v. McMullin, 576 F.3d 810, 815 (8th Cir.
2009)).4 Again, the burden is on the subject of the search to
limit the scope of consent. Thurman, 889 F.3d at 368.
    Any error in the district court’s lack of findings about the
limiting effect of Jones’s statement was not plain. A reasona‐
ble observer might have interpreted Jones’s comment as an
attempt to limit his consent, but an equally logical interpreta‐
tion is that he was dismissing the possibility the officers
would find Gosnell under the bed. Jones has not satisfied his
burden of showing the scope of consent did not include look‐
ing under the bed. Id.

     4As Jones observes in his reply brief, this court has not explicitly re‐
quired that limits on consent be “unequivocal,” as the Eighth Circuit has.
This court in $304,980.00 in U.S. Currency went on to say, “While our cases
have not explicitly required as much, they are consistent with this ap‐
proach.” 732 F.3d at 820. We read this favorable citation of Eighth Circuit
case law as endorsing the notion that consenters should clearly indicate
the scope or withdrawal of consent. See id. (“Put another way, police offic‐
ers do not act unreasonably by failing to halt their search every time a
consenting suspect equivocates.”).
No. 21‐1293                                                   19

D. De Novo Review of the Magistrate Judge’s Report and
   Recommendation
    Under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), the district court must “make
a de novo determination of those portions of the report or
specified proposed findings or recommendations to which
objection is made.” A district court judge may fulfill this obli‐
gation simply by “inform[ing] [this court] that he has con‐
ducted a de novo review.” Pinkston v. Madry, 440 F.3d 879, 894
(7th Cir. 2006). Indeed, in some cases, a district court may
even adopt the magistrate’s report and recommendation in its
entirety without writing its own opinion. See United States v.
Rodriguez, 888 F.2d 519, 521–22 (7th Cir. 1989).
    Here, the district court said it conducted a “de novo re‐
view,” cited to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), and independently dis‐
cussed the relevant law. Jones takes issue with the district
court’s use of the term “erroneous,” which supposedly indi‐
cates the district court incorrectly applied the clearly errone‐
ous standard to the magistrate judge’s findings. He also ar‐
gues the court shifted the burden of proving consent from the
government to Jones. In context, the district court simply used
the term “erroneous” in response to Jones’s objections to the
report and recommendation. Nothing suggests the district
court failed to properly apply the de novo standard of review
to each of the magistrate judge’s proposed findings and rec‐
ommendations.
                        III. Conclusion
   The district court’s denial of the motion to suppress is
                                                      AFFIRMED.