Court Opinion

ID: 9468789
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 02:23:46.925067+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:41:03.199184
License: Public Domain

A. LEON HIGGINBOTHAM, Jr., Circuit Judge,
dissenting.
If when a summary judgment has been granted in behalf of four pharmaceutical companies our standard of review is to construe and review the facts in the light most favorable to the pharmaceutical companies, then I too would affirm the grant of summary judgment below. However, since under the law the pharmaceutical companies are not entitled to such a special privileged position, I respectfully dissent.
With precision the majority has stated the applicable precept that we must “review the facts in detail and in the light most favorable to the appellant [the plaintiff below].” Majority Op.', Typescript at page 5. Nevertheless, I believe that the majority has misapplied that very doctrine in this case; they have unwittingly imposed on the plaintiff, a teenage victim of cancer, an unrealistic, if not an almost insurmountable burden of knowledge, inquiry and insight. In 1976 she did not know that her mother had taken diethylstilbestrol (DES) while pregnant with the plaintiff. Since her surgeon had stated in 1976 that “they were not sure” that DES was the cause of her cancer, the distilled essence of this case is bottomed on the majority’s supposition that in 1976 a nineteen year old girl should have discovered that DES was the cause of her cancer in the face of her experienced surgeon’s uncertainty about the cause of her cancer and despite her mother’s denial that she had even taken DES.
On this record the majority concludes that “[t]he flaw in appellant’s case is her failure to present evidence sufficient to permit a jury to find that she could not have reasonably possessed ‘the salient facts concerning the occurrence of [her] injury and who or what caused it’ before 1979.” Majority Op., Typescript at 710 (emphasis added).
I disagree. The “flaw” is not in Ann O’Brien’s alleged lack of diligence in ascertaining “what caused” her cancer, rather the flaw is in the majority’s erroneous articulation of a far higher requirement of diligence than what a rational jury might expect from a frightened teenage cancer victim who learns for the first time that she had cancer. After learning for the first time in September 1979 that her mother had taken DES, Ann and her parents immediately sought the advice of counsel, and within four months the complaint instituting this action was filed in December, 1979. Rather than being dilatory as the majority finds, I would hold that as a matter of law a rational jury could find that Ann O’Brien was diligent and thus there was a genuine issue of material fact which precluded granting a summary judgment.
I.
In 1971, at the age of fourteen, Ann O’Brien underwent á radical hysterectomy, lymph node dissection, and partial vaginectomy, followed by six weeks of radiation therapy for treatment of a metastatic cancer. Unknown to Ann or her parents the cancer quite conceivably was caused by DES, the medicine prescribed for Ann O’Brien’s mother in 1956 when she was pregnant with Ann, ostensibly to prevent a miscarriage. Prior to Ann’s surgery, Mrs. O’Brien was questioned by Dr. John Mikuta, one of Ann’s doctors, about use of DES during her pregnancy with Ann. Mrs. O’Brien denied having taken DES and continued to do so until 1979 when information from her obstetrician revealed otherwise. At no time did Dr. Mikuta explain to Mrs. O’Brien the reason for his questions, or offer information about a suspected connection between Ann’s type of cancer and the DES which had been prescribed for Mrs. O’Brien when she was pregnant with Ann.
It was not until 1976, five years after her surgery, that Ann learned for the first time that in 1971 she had been operated on for cancer. At the request of her parents this information was withheld from her. Shortly before her regularly scheduled appointment with Dr. Mikuta in February 1976, she read in a January issue of Newsweek magazine of a woman, Grace Malloy, who, while pregnant with one of her daughters, had *714taken DES. Mrs. Malloy’s daughter, Marilyn, died a slow and painful death from cancer when she was eighteen years old. App. at A — 185. Realizing some similarities between her own medical history and that of the girl in the article, Ann in an emotional encounter with Dr. Mikuta, demanded to know whether she, like the girl in the article, had had cancer. It was then, in February, 1976, that Ann learned for the. first time that she had had cancer. When questioned by Ann about whether or not her cancer was DES-related, Dr. Mikuta responded that it pointed to DES, but “they were not sure.” Deposition of Ann O’Brien, App. at A-148 (emphasis added).
Significantly, Ann also testified in her deposition that it was the knowledge that she had had cancer and not any equivocal statements about its possible cause by DES which had the greatest impact on her.
A. Well, I went back to school and I discussed it with my roommate and my other friend. And they knew that I had read the article in the magazine and we discussed that. And we discussed cancer, that was my major point.
I also called Doctor Procopio and just asked why I wasn’t told I had cancer and was I going to be all right. And it was cancer, it was cancer, it was not DES, that was just tremendously upsetting. I cannot verbalize to you how upset I was.
Q. Did you and your friend at college and roommate talk about DES at all?
A. No, no.
Id., App. at A-149 (emphasis added).
Several months later during an upsetting encounter with her mother over why her parents had never told her that she had had cancer, Ann questioned her mother about DES. Mrs. O’Brien denied having taken DES. Thus, in 1976 Ann had the definitive statement of her mother that she had not taken DES, the equivocal comments of Dr. Mikuta on the etiology of her cancer, and a single magazine article describing the death of a girl whose mother had taken DES.
In 1979, after reading additional articles in which DES-related case histories were described, Ann was prompted to again ask her mother about DES. This time she followed up on her mother’s denial by insisting that Mrs. O’Brien contact her obstetrician. Only then, in September of 1979, were Ann and her parents informed that the drug which Mrs. O’Brien had taken during her pregnancy was DES. Despite this record in which it is undisputed that Ann and her parents did not learn until September, 1979 that her mother had taken DES, the majority now sustains the dismissal of her case on some vague theory by which it assumes that the only permissible conclusion that any reasonable jury could reach would be that in 1976 and 1977 Ann had “unreasonably delayed investigating” the etiology of her cancer. Majority Op., Typescript at 710.
The majority’s entire theory is predicated on their rigid view of what is the permissible rational conduct of a teenager who has read in a general magazine, a two-column, six paragraph article which is not written by anyone purporting to be a physician or medical expert of any type. Inherent in the majority’s holding is the incredible conclusion that, in the mind of Ann O’Brien, the speculative inferences which the majority makes from a Newsweek article on DES should have outweighed the definitive denials of Ann’s mother about having taken DES. I believe that it is highly possible that a jury could find that the authoritative voice of Ann’s mother dispelled any suspicions or inferences which a Newsweek article, written by strangers, might have raised. The majority, in denying such a possibility, transgresses the principles and application of the “discovery rule” and summary judgment.
II.
Though the majority sets out accurately the Pennsylvania law with respect to the “discovery rule’s” modification of the statute of limitations in a personal injury suit, they misapply the standards for granting summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule *71556(c) provides in part that summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” (emphasis added). The court’s function, in deciding whether a grant of summary judgment is merited, as Judge Aldisert wrote in Lockhart v. Hoenstine, 411 F.2d 455 (3d Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 941, 90 S.Ct. 378, 24 L.Ed.2d 244 (1969), is to decide whether factual issues exist and not to decide issues of fact.
Over a quarter of a century ago, this court, speaking through Judge Maris in Toebelman v. Missouri-Kansas Pipe Line Co., 130 F.2d 1016, 1018 (3 Cir. 1942) (sic), established certain principles governing summary judgment practice:
“Upon a motion for a summary judgment it is no part of the court’s function to decide issues of fact but solely to determine whether there is an issue of fact to be tried. All doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue as to a material fact must be resolved against the party moving for a summary judgment.”
Stated in different terms, one who moves for a summary judgment bears the burden of demonstrating that there is no genuine issue of material fact. Fairbanks Morse & Co. v. Consolidated Fisheries Co., 190 F.2d 817, 824 (3 Cir. 1951) (sic).
411 F.2d at 458 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted). Accord, Hanna v. United States Veterans’ Administration Hospital, 514 F.2d 1092 (3d Cir. 1975); Sanford v. O’Neill, 616 F.2d 92 (3d Cir. 1980).
As noted by the majority, Gemignani v. Philadelphia Phillies National League Baseball Club, Inc., 287 F.Supp. 465, 467 (E.D. Pa.1967) states that the Pennsylvania personal injury statute of limitations begins to run “from the time the plaintiff, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have learned both the facts in question and that those facts bore some causative relationship to the injury.” See also Bayless v. Philadelphia National League Club, 579 F.2d 37, 40 (3d Cir. 1978) (quoting the language in Gemignani with approval). The majority also discusses the more refined articulation of this standard developed by Judge Takiff in Volpe v. Johns-Manville Corporation, 4 P.C.R. 290 (Phila.C.P.1980) which was quoted with approval in the recent Pennsylvania Superior Court case of Anthony v. Koppers, Inc., 284 Pa.Super. 81, 425 A.2d 428 (1980), rev’d on other grounds, 496 Pa. 119, 436 A.2d 181 (1981); see Majority Op., at 706 n.2. Three phases of knowledge are now recognized in Pennsylvania as necessary to trigger the statute of limitations: the plaintiff must have (1) knowledge of the injury; (2) knowledge of the operative cause of the injury; and (3) knowledge of the causative relationship between the injury and the operative conduct. Volpe, 4 P.C.R. at 295; Anthony, 425 A.2d at 436.
The district court correctly points out what this circuit and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court have already stated: the question of when a plaintiff knows or reasonably should know the cause of his or her injury is a question of fact for the jury to decide. O’Brien v. Eli Lilly and Company, No. 78-1585, slip op. at 4 (E.D.Pa. Dec. 31, 1980); accord Bayless, 579 F.2d at 41; Wetzel v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 491 F.Supp. 1288 (E.D.Pa.1980); Hoeflich v. William S. Merrell Company, 288 F.Supp. 659 (E.D.Pa.1968); Smith v. Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, 397 Pa. 134, 153 A.2d 477 (1959). A court may remove this question from the jury and decide it as a matter of law in a summary disposition' only if the evidence or any reasonable inference therefrom, interpreted in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, indicates that no disputed factual issue exists as to when the plaintiff discovered or reasonably should have discovered information critical to her claim. United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962); Sanford, 616 F.2d at 96; Goodman v. Mead Johnson & Co., 534 F.2d at 566, 575 (3d Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1038, 97 S.Ct. *716732, 50 L.Ed.2d 748 (1977); Wetzel, 491 F.Supp. at 1293.
Only if the defendant companies could have demonstrated that there was no genuine factual issue as to when through the exercise of due diligence Ann should have discovered that DES was the probable cause of her injury and that her mother had taken DES, should the judge have taken the matter away from the jury and granted summary judgment. Is such a conclusive showing by the defendants possible in this case? Can it be said accurately that as a matter of law no reasonable jury could conclude that under these facts Ann was not sufficiently diligent in ascertaining in 1976 and 1977 that her mother had taken DES, even though her mother had asserted positively that she had not taken DES?
III.
Writing for a panel which included Chief Judge Seitz and Judge Aldisert, Judge Stern said:
If common sense and reason dictate that the limitation period is not to run at least until a plaintiff knows that he has been hurt, see Ayers v. Morgan, supra, 397 Pa. at 284-285, 154 A.2d at 789, then it should not run until he can reasonably determine what or who hurt him. Ordinarily, the two events will occur simultaneously, but this need not always be so. There are cases where one knows of an injury, but not its cause. This may be such a case.
Bayless v. Philadelphia National League Club, 579 F.2d at 41 (emphasis added).
If common sense and reason are the criteria by which the majority’s holding must be tested, what is the majority’s common sense and reasoned view as to how a nineteen year old girl should respond when she first learns that five years before she had been operated on for vaginal cancer? What is a teenage victim of cancer required to do when the surgeon who operated on her, a distinguished university medical school professor, who specialized in gynecology and oncology, advised her that he was “not sure” of the cause of her cancer? A six paragraph article in Newsweek is the only item in the record other than Dr. Mikuta’s equivocal statement by which the majority seeks to justify the conclusion that in 1976 Ann should have discovered that the cause of her cancer was her mother taking DES.
The entire article reads as follows:
For Grace Malloy, childbearing did not come easily. Although her first daughter was born in 1946 without complications, a subsequent pregnancy ended in miscarriage. When during her next pregnancy she also showed signs of miscarrying, her doctor prescribed diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen widely used in such cases at the time. A second daughter, Patti, was delivered in 1951. After yet another miscarriage, Mrs. Malloy became pregnant a fifth time and was again given DES. Another daughter, Marilyn, was born in 1956.
It was not until Patti and Marilyn were 19 and 14 that Grace Malloy read a newspaper report linking DES to a rare but deadly form of vaginal cancer in young women whose mothers had taken the hormone during pregnancy. Alarmed, Mrs. Malloy asked her doctor if there was anything to this “scare.” “You bet your life there is,” he replied. “You’d better get those girls in for an examination right away.” The result was bad news: Marilyn had vaginal cancer.
Malignancy: In an operation lasting more than twelve hours, Marilyn’s vagina and nearby lymph glands were removed; an artificial vagina was constructed using skin grafts from her legs. The doctors were hopeful that they had excised the entire malignancy, but a year later they discovered that the cancer had spread to one lung, the esophagus and the lining of the heart. Following another operation, Marilyn recovered sufficiently to resume her passion — horseback riding.
A short time later Marilyn’s condition worsened. She lost her appetite, suffered from nausea and severe headaches. Tests revealed that the cancer had reached her pituitary gland, and Marilyn underwent a grueling six-week regimen of “whole head” radiation. When all her hair fell *717out as a result, she still refused to give in to self-pity and kept up an active social life, wearing a bright scarf over her head. But at night Mrs. Malloy could hear her daughter moaning in pain with the cancer that was continuing its lethal spread through her arms, legs, spine and brain. Soon she was blind and confined to a wheelchair. Marilyn died on May 26, 1974, two weeks before her high school class’s graduation.
Guilt: Today, sitting in her elegant, sun-filled La Jolla, Calif., living room, Grace Malloy tells Marilyn’s story with self-control. She does not savor pathos. Nor does she feel any personal guilt over her daughter’s tragic death. “I had no way of knowing what those pills would do,” she says. “Thousands of women took them, but we all did it in the best of faith, because our doctors prescribed them.”
Nonetheless, Grace Malloy is not without bitterness about what happened to her family — and what still may lie ahead. Her older daughter, Patti, now 25, has been diagnosed as having vaginal adenosis, a lesion that appears benign but could be the precursor of cancer. In spite of longstanding reservations, Patti recently decided to get married, and her doctors claim her prospects for a healthy future are good. But there is no guarantee; for the time being, Patti can only wait — like thousands of other young women with the same history — and pray that the killer that claimed her sister may pass her by.
“Daughters of DES,” Newsweek, January 26, 1976, at 66, reprinted in App. at A-185.
The majority and the lower court’s judgment is predicated on the assumption that upon reading those six paragraphs the plaintiff was obligated to discover the fact that her mother had taken DES, and that Ann’s conduct after reading the article was so unreasonable that no rational jury could find that she was sufficiently diligent. Before analyzing what the majority would require Ann to have done, the differences in her case and that of the persons described in the Newsweek article should be noted, and one must ask what it was that Ann should have done, and why she should have been expected to do more than she did.
The Newsweek case about Grace Malloy is significantly different than Ann’s case. First, Mrs. Malloy knew that she had taken DES. When Ann read that article she did not know and her mother did not know that Mrs. O’Brien had taken DES. Second, the total pathology causing Marilyn Malloy’s death was far worse than that of Ann’s. Marilyn had suffered from nausea, severe headaches, the cancer reached the pituitary glands, she had had six weeks of “whole head” radiation, all of her hair had fallen out, at night she was moaning in pain, the cancer had spread to her arms, legs, spine and brain and ultimately she was blind and confined to a wheelchair. Certainly a jury could conclude that someone untrained in medicine and with no expertise in the etiology of cancer would not have been put on notice that her condition, (though tragic but not nearly as bad as Marilyn Malloy’s), was so analogous to Marilyn Malloy’s that it was caused by her mother taking DES.
Patients have always been told to “go to your doctor” for advice, but the majority has now imposed a different standard, which is “disregard your mother and disregard your doctor but go to Newsweek” to learn the etiology of your condition. After reading the Newsweek article Ann went to her physician and asked him whether her condition was DES-related. She pressed him to learn whether she in fact had had cancer and learned for the first time that she had been operated on in 1971 for vaginal cancer and that her physician and her parents had withheld this information from her. She then asked Dr. Mikuta the critical question, was her cancer caused by DES? The trial court found from its analysis of Dr. Mikuta’s equivocal statement that “Dr. Mikuta also stated that he was unsure of the cause of the plaintiff’s” cancer. App. at A-93 (emphasis added). Ann then went to her mother and asked her whether she had ever taken DES. Her mother responded, just as she continued to up until 1979, that she had not taken DES.
*718Under these facts what more should have been expected from a teenager who had just learned that she had had cancer? For some unfathomable reason the majority concludes that it was unreasonable for Ann not to have found out in 1976 that her mother had taken DES.
IV.
More than three decades ago when speaking in a somewhat different context, Mr. Justice Frankfurter stressed that there was
torture of mind as well as body; the will is as much affected by fear as by force. And there comes a point where this Court should not be ignorant as judges of what we know as men.
Watts v. State of Indiana, 338 U.S. 49, 52 (1949). Certainly any teenager who learns for the first time that she had had cancer, sustains a torture of the mind. To fail to comprehend that torture is to “be ignorant as judges of what we know as men [or as persons].”
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. See American Cancer Society, “Cancer 1981, Facts and Figures,” p. 7. It is estimated that in 1981, 420,000 Americans will die of cancer and there will be 815,000 new cancer cases in 1981 for persons residing in the United States. Id. at 8. The cancer will range in sites from the buccal cavity and pharynx to the digestive organs, respiratory system, bone, tissue and skin, breasts, genital organs, urinary organs, eye, brain and central nervous system, endocrine glands, blood (leukemia) and other lymph tissues. Id. at 8. The sites of cancer are many, and many of the causes of cancer are still an enigma to even the most distinguished oncologists. Every layman knows that the riddle of cancer has not been solved and that its causes are uncertain. Yet, the majority seems to suggest that a nineteen year old who learns that she has suffered this dreaded disease must now be able to ascertain its etiology even when her surgeon, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology, is unsure of its cause. Is the majority suggesting that patients who suffer this dreaded disease must now be able to ascertain its etiology even when oncologists are “unsure” of the cause?
If we should “not be ignorant as judges of what we know” as men and women, what was the trial court’s view of the normal relationship between mother and daughter? Presumably mothers and daughters do not have the inherent antagonism and suspicion which world superpowers might have when negotiating at a bargaining table on disarmament. Wasn’t it reasonable for a daughter to believe that her mother spoke the truth when she said in 1976 that she had never taken DES? We know that on this record a jury could conclude that in 1976, 1977 and 1978 the mother believed sincerely that she had never taken DES. Yet the majority suggests that a Newsweek article should have caused Ann to disbelieve her mother and probably her surgeon; that such disbelief was the only rational option on the facts of this case; thereafter Ann should have on her own embarked on an investigation to ascertain the etiology of her cancer.
Why is it that a teenager should have pursued such a pharmacological inquiry?— according to the majority it is solely because by chance she had read a 6-paragraph article in Newsweek. Thus one must ask what standing, if any, does Newsweek have as an authoritative standard reference work, a learned treatise or a scientific, pharmacological or medical journal? It certainly does not fit within the definition under the Federal Rules of Evidence of a learned treatise. See Fed.R.Evid. 803(18). The Newsweek article was not written by anyone purporting to be a physician, nurse or scientist, and a jury certainly could find that it is not an authoritative journal of medicine or a learned treatise within the meaning of Rule 803(18). There is a cruel irony in the majority’s ruling. The very Newsweek article which they rely on as compelling a teenager to conduct an investigation would never be admitted into evidence if one were attempting to prove that DES causes cancer. It would not have the inherent trustworthiness of a standard reference work or a learned treatise. Yet to *719the detriment of a person untrained in medicine or law, today the majority rules that an article which would otherwise be inadmissible on the causation issue should be given a weight and credibility which even the Federal Rules of Evidence do not recognize.1 . While Newsweek is an interesting weekly journal, it has no more standing in medicine or oncology than a fortuneteller’s forecast. It should have no more authority in the field of medicine than a one page flyer randomly distributed in the street has in the fields of nuclear energy or astronomy.
The trial court recognized that conflicting inferences were possible. But it then exceeded the proper bounds of the court’s function when deciding summary judgment by deciding which of those inferences was to apply. A reasonable jury could have concluded that, in insisting in 1979 that her mother double-check her recollection, Ann made extraordinary efforts; that, in fact, she discovered that her mother had taken DES only through the exercise of due diligence. The majority’s conclusion effectively penalizes her, at least in terms of her right to a trial, for the efforts she made in 1979.
The majority concedes “that this is a close case.” By the very fact that it recognizes the closeness of the issues it should have been reluctant to approve a summary judgment dismissal. Granting summary judgments in close cases can cause gross injustices and adds a perhaps uncontemplated dimension to Justice Holmes’ remark that “hard cases make bad law.” Northern Securities Company v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, 400, 24 S.Ct. 436, 468, 48 L.Ed. 679 (1904) (Holmes, J., dissenting).
V.
In our own circuit, see, e.g., Bayless, 579 F.2d 37; Goodman, 534 F.2d 566; Hanna, 514 F.2d 1091; Wetzel, 491 F.Supp. 1288, and Hoeflich, 288 F.Supp. 659, and in other circuits summary judgment has been denied in analogous circumstances. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals, citing numerous cases from its own and other circuits, held in Robertson v. Seidman & Seidman, 609 F.2d 583 (2d Cir. 1979) that a shareholder of a defunct corporation could not be barred by the statute of limitations from bringing an action against an accounting firm for alleged securities violations when conflicting inferences could be drawn from the facts.2
In other cases involving analogous, but far less compelling circumstances than Ann’s, the Fourth, Ninth and Tenth Circuits have also denied summary judgment. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals held that *720summary judgment on a statute of limitations was precluded in Johns Hopkins University v. Hutton, 422 F.2d 1124 (4th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 916, 94 S.Ct. 1622, 40 L.Ed.2d 118 (1974) (an action to rescind the purchase of an oil and gas production payment), because the question of when the plaintiff could have discovered with reasonable diligence that the defendants had misrepresented future earnings presented a genuine issue of material fact.3
Similarly the Ninth Circuit has held that when a “reasonably prudent person” should have made certain discoveries should not be decided as a matter of law on summary disposition. Just as the trial court in this case decided that the impact on Ms. O’Brien of articles about DES-related cancer which she read in 1979 was no different than that of the 1976 Newsweek article, the trial court in Briskin v. Ernst & Ernst, 589 F.2d 1363 (9th Cir. 1978) concluded that certain documents should have triggered “discovery” by the plaintiffs in that case, despite plaintiffs’ denial that the documents had such an effect. In reversing the district court’s grant of summary judgment based on limitations, the court of appeals in Briskin stated that issues requiring conclusions about the actions and knowledge of a reasonably prudent person in particular circumstances “calls for a review of the documents in question by a trier of fact in light of all the evidence. A trial judge should not assign conclusive legal effect to such documents at the summary-judgment stage when there can be a genuine difference of opinion as to their impact on a reasonable person.” Id. at 1368.
Different “ultimate inferences” also precluded summary judgment based on limitations in Exnicious v. United States, 563 F.2d 418 (10th Cir. 1977), a case involving a medical malpractice claim under the Federal Tort Claims Act. The trial court in Exnicious was held in error because in finding that the plaintiff’s post-surgical diagnosis of traumatic arthritis gave the plaintiff actual knowledge or reason to know his injury, its cause, and the causative relationship between the two, “the court rejected other reasonable inferences and decided a disputed fact issue.” Id. at 424, citing Hanna v. United States Veterans’ Administration Hospital, 514 F.2d 1092, 1095 (3d Cir. 1975).
I do not believe that there were present in any of the cases just discussed, or in any of those cited from our own circuit, conflicting inferences any more plausible than those now before us. No doubt the district court’s conclusion that the statute of limitations began to run in 1976 because Ann, with due diligence, reasonably could have discovered in 1976 what she discovered in 1979, is plausible. But because it is just as plausible for a jury to conclude otherwise, the district court’s summary disposition, involving as it did resolution of disputed factual inferences, was inappropriate.4
*721I do not suggest that summary judgment on the basis of a statute of limitations triggered by the “discovery rule” is always inappropriate. I merely assert that when it is not clearly established that no genuine issue of material fact exists, as in this “close ease,” summary judgment should be denied. 6 Moore’s, Vol. 2, ¶ 56.17[58], at 1062-63. (2d ed. 1980).
CONCLUSION
Having been a trial judge for more than thirteen years, I am keenly aware of the inordinate pressure which trial judges have in trying to dispose of their heavy caseloads efficiently and fairly. But summary judgments were never intended to decrease basic fairness for litigants in order to increase a court’s pace in the disposition of cases.5 From my view Ann O’Brien has already suffered the tragedy of cancer; her plight should not have been compounded by depriving her of the opportunity to present her case to the jury. I dissent because there is a genuine disputed and material issue of fact as to whether she was sufficiently diligent in ascertaining the etiology of her cancer. Under the facts of this case, a rational jury could find that there was no lack of diligence when a teenager accepted as true the statements of her mother and surgeon.6

. I have searched diligently to find any case in the history of American jurisprudence which has ever recognized a newspaper or general magazine as a learned treatise, and I have found none. As Professor Wigmore notes, the exception which permits the admission of a learned treatise “... is usually spoken of as involving the use of ‘scientific books’ or ‘medical books’ or ‘books of science and art.’ ” 6 Wigmore on Evidence § 1690, at 2 (1976). Would anyone call a weekly news magazine a book of science and art?

. The critical question in the instant case is when did appellant actually know, or in the exercise of due diligence should have known, of the fraudulent activities of Seidman & Seidman. As we held in [Friedman v. Meyers, 482 F.2d 435 (2d Cir. 1973)], . .
“[I]ssues are raised as to the state of mind, intent and knowledge of the parties. We have repeatedly stated that summary judgment is particularly inappropriate where, as here, it is sought on the basis of ‘the inferences which the parties seek to have drawn [as to] questions of motive, intent, and subjective feelings and reactions.’ ” 482 F.2d at 439.
Issues of due diligence and constructive knowledge depend on inferences drawn from the facts of each particular case — similar to the type of inferences that must be drawn in determining intent and good faith. . . . When conflicting inferences can be drawn from the facts, .... summary judgment is inappropriate....
In the instant case, it not only is possible to draw, but the parties indeed do draw, conflicting inferences from the various factors relied on by the district court. Granted that the district court’s conclusion that appellant should have discovered the fraudulent activities of Seidman & Seidman before July 6, 1975 is plausible, a contrary conclusion also may be reached.
Id. at 591 (citations omitted).

. On summary judgment we must view the inferences pertaining to ... diligence in the light most favorable to .. . the party opposing the motion. Since inferences contrary to those drawn by the district judge might be permissible, a genuine issue of fact was raised that should have been submitted to the jury.
It is sufficient for us to say that when, as here, a jury has been demanded and the facts give rise to conflicting inferences on the issue of reasonable diligence, the question must be submitted to the jury.
Id. at 1131 (citations omitted).

. From my view Judge Sloviter’s concurring opinion misconstrues the issue. Of course from the day when Mrs. O’Brien first took a pill, “it was knowable” that it was DES. The issue here is what is it that Ann O’Brien should have been expected to do in 1976. The majority’s hypothesis repudiates the tenets of basic pedagogy. Often it requires the repetition of new or startling ideas before their significance is fully appreciated. Ann testified that from 1976 to 1979 she was not aware of “any DES group or DES daughters action group in Washington” where she was attending college. She testified that she did not become aware of them until August or September, 1979, when “there seemed to be quite a few articles on DES in the Post and magazines. And I just had read quite and read and it just seemed like things were really showing up in publications. And I was reading more about it.” App. at 153. Certainly a jury could conclude that she should not have been required to make further inquiry as to whether her mother had taken DES until August or September 1979 when she read additional publications corroborating the inferences of the Newsweek article.
*721The majority has taken it upon itself to decide that the impact of the 1976 Newsweek article on a reasonable person had to have been the same as the cumulative impact in 1979 of reading additional articles on DES. Whether one article in 1976 or several articles in 1979 provided sufficient knowledge to trigger the duty of due diligence is a disputed question for the jury and should not be decided as a matter of law in a summary disposition. »

. I believe that this case exemplifies a disturbing tendency of a few judges in this circuit to grant summary judgment too freely in “close cases” involving complex product liability matters.

. A jury could find that Dr. Mikuta s statement was true w^en sa^ that he was not sure of the cause of her cancer, and that it was reasonable for her to believe that aspect of his statement without considering his other comment on DES.