Court Opinion

ID: 4619277
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:40:16.204563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:36.616462
License: Public Domain

Frederick S. Dauwalter and Mary Jane Dauwalter, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentDauwalter v. CommissionerDocket No. 9675United States Tax Court9 T.C. 580; 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80; October 3, 1947, Promulgated 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*80 Decision will be entered for the respondent.  During the pendency of divorce proceedings an agreement was entered into for the payment of certain alimony by the taxpayer to his wife.  Absolute divorce was thereafter granted to the wife.  The decree made no provision for alimony and the court did not retain jurisdiction for that purpose.  Under Illinois law, under such circumstances, the obligation to support ceased and the court was thereafter without jurisdiction to make any provision for alimony. In 1939 the former wife, by letter, requested additional payments.  The taxpayer, by letter, acceded to such request and, pursuant thereto, made additional payments of $ 575 and $ 810 in 1942 and 1943, the deduction of which the Commissioner disallowed.  Held, that such additional payments were not made in discharge of a legal obligation imposed on or incurred by the taxpayer because of marital relationship under a written instrument incident to divorce under section 22 (k), Internal Revenue Code and, hence, were not deductible by taxpayer under section 23 (u).  James G. Holland, Esq., for the petitioners.Thomas R. Charshee, Esq., for the respondent.  Van Fossan, Judge1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*81  .  VAN FOSSAN 9 T.C. 580">*580  The Commissioner determined a deficiency in income tax of $ 439.32 for 1943.  The question involved is whether $ 575 and $ 810 of the payments made in 1942 and 1943, respectively, by petitioner to his former wife are deductible from gross income under section 23 (u) of the Internal Revenue Code.FINDINGS OF FACT.The petitioners are husband and wife.  They filed joint returns for 1942 and 1943 in the second district of New York.Frederick S. Dauwalter, hereinafter referred to as the petitioner, was formerly married to Mary Pralle Dauwalter.  During pendency of a divorce proceeding in the Superior Court of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, petitioner and his former wife entered into a "Property Settlement Agreement" dated August 28, 1935, reading in part as follows:That for the purpose of mutually settling the property rights between the parties hereto as involved in the case entitled Mary Pralle Dauwalter vs. Frederick S. Dauwalter pending in the Superior Court of Cook County, Illinois, as case No. 35-S-10685, wherein the said wife is seeking a divorce from the said husband, It Is Hereby Agreed:1. That, the husband shall pay the wife, as long as she remains unmarried, 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*82  until their son, Chadwick S. Dauwalter, attains the age of twenty-one (21) years, or until his demise, should he die before attaining twenty-one (21) years of age, the sum of Two Hundred Dollars ($ 200.00), on the first day of each and every month, commencing on the first of the month next succeeding the date 9 T.C. 580">*581  hereof, for the support and maintenance of the said wife, and the support, maintenance and education of said child, Chadwick S. Dauwalter.2. That, in the event said Chadwick S. Dauwalter attains the age of twenty-one (21) years, and said wife still remains an unmarried woman, then from and after said date on which said Chadwick S. Dauwalter attains said twenty-first (21st) birthday, the monthly payments of said husband to said wife shall be reduced to One Hundred Twenty-five Dollars ($ 125.00) per month, payable on the first of each and every month so long as said wife remains an unmarried woman.3. That, upon the said wife's re-marriage, prior to Chadwick S. Dauwalter attaining twenty-one (21) years of age, the monthly payments of the husband to the wife shall forthwith be reduced to One Hundred Dollars ($ 100.00) per month for the support, maintenance and education1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*83  of said Chadwick S. Dauwalter until he attains twenty-one (21) years of age, or until his decease should he die before attaining that age; and upon said wife's re-marriage after said Chadwick S. Dauwalter attains twenty-one (21) years of age, or after his demise, prior to attaining that age, the monthly payments of One Hundred Twenty-five Dollars ($ 125.00) hereinabove provided for, to be made by said husband to said wife, shall forthwith cease on and after said date of re-marriage.4. That the husband will maintain Fifteen Thousand Dollars ($ 15,000.00) insurance upon his life and the beneficiary clause shall be payable to the wife alone, so long as she remains an unmarried woman.It is Further Understood and Agreed that in view of the agreement herein reached and made by and between the parties hereto with reference to the payment of the amounts hereinabove set forth at the times and in the manner stated, the same need not and shall not be incorporated in the decree to be entered in said divorce action, but shall be as binding upon the party of the second part and shall have the like force as though the same were set forth and contained in said decree.On September 16, 1935, a divorce1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*84  decree was entered.  The decree, after stating that "said Defendant has had due notice of the pendency of this suit by publication according to the Statute in such case made and provided, that the default of said Defendant was taken and the Plaintiff's Complaint herein taken as confessed by said Defendant," adjudged and decreed that the bonds of matrimony existing between the parties be dissolved and also adjudged and decreed that the wife have the care and custody and education of the only child of the marriage, until further order of the court.  The decree did not provide for any property settlement or alimony for the wife or approve any settlement or agreement of the parties in that regard.At the time of the divorce petitioner had an understanding with his former wife to the effect that, if her future necessities should require payments in addition to those provided for in the agreement of August 28, 1935, and if petitioner's financial position would enable him to make additional payments, he would entertain a request for such additional payments.In about July 1939 petitioner received a letter from his former wife in which she informed him that she had moved a month previously1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*85  to Pasadena, California, and what her living and automobile expenses 9 T.C. 580">*582  there would be, and she requested petitioner to increase payments to her by the sum of $ 15 a month, and in addition a sum equivalent to the son's tuition fees at the California Institute of Technology, which he was to enter.  This letter was destroyed by petitioner.  Within about two weeks after receipt of such letter petitioner replied by letter in which he stated, in substance, that he would meet her request.  This letter was either lost or destroyed.The tax year of the former wife was the calendar year.In the 1942 joint income tax return petitioner claimed a deduction of $ 3,558.65 and in the 1943 joint income tax return he claimed a deduction of $ 3,268.65 for alimony paid to his former wife. The Commissioner disallowed $ 575 of the amount claimed in 1942 and $ 810 of the amount claimed in 1943, holding that such sums representing additional payments above those provided in the original agreement did not constitute deductions under section 23 (u), Internal Revenue Code.OPINION.On September 16, 1935, the former wife of the petitioner, Mary Pralle Dauwalter, was granted an absolute divorce from 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*86  petitioner by the Superior Court of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois.  Prior to the entry of the decree the parties had entered into a property settlement agreement in which petitioner agreed to make certain periodic payments to his wife for her support and maintenance.  After four years, in about July 1939, petitioner received a letter from his former wife requesting him to increase the payments made to her by him by the sum of $ 15 and, in addition, a sum equivalent to the son's tuition fee at a certain school which he was about to enter.  The petitioner acceded to her request and wrote his former wife to that effect.  Neither letter could be produced at the hearing.We are not here concerned with the payments made by petitioner to his former wife under the original agreement made in 1935 during the pendency of the divorce action.  The Commissioner has allowed the deduction of the amounts which he determined had been paid thereunder in 1942 and 1943.  We are concerned only with the additional amounts of $ 575 and $ 810 paid by petitioner to his former wife pursuant to the so-called modification of the original agreement. The question is whether such additional payments are deductible1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*87  by petitioner under section 23 (u) of the Internal Revenue Code.Under section 23 (u) a husband is entitled, in computing his net income, to the deduction of alimony paid within his taxable year to his divorced wife, provided the amounts so paid are includible in the gross income of the wife under section 22 (k), which, so far as pertinent, is as follows:9 T.C. 580">*583 SEC. 22. GROSS INCOME.* * * *(k) Alimony, Etc., Income.  -- In the case of a wife who is divorced or legally separated from her husband under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance, periodic payments (whether or not made at regular intervals) received subsequent to such decree in discharge of * * * a legal obligation which, because of the marital or family relationship, is imposed upon or incurred by such husband under such decree or under a written instrument incident to such divorce or separation shall be includible in the gross income of such wife * * *.It is contended by petitioner that he and his former wife in 1939 entered into a written agreement increasing alimony payments; that such agreement is recognizable by the divorce court under Illinois law and, therefore, is incident to a divorce decree; and1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*88  that, since the additional payments involved were made pursuant to such agreement, the deduction of such amounts should be allowed.It is argued by petitioner that the 1939 agreement was made not only to carry out an oral promise made by petitioner at the time the original agreement was entered into, but, more important, to settle a request and claim made by his former wife which, if it had not been voluntarily agreed to, would, on the basis of reasonable expectation, have resulted in an application to the court for such relief; that the court may at any time modify the alimony allowance because of changed conditions, as justice requires, regardless of whether or not the power to do so is expressly reserved in the decree and whether or not an agreement providing for alimony entered into by the parties is incorporated in the divorce decree; and that hence the agreement was valid and enforceable as between the parties.  In support of his argument the petitioner cites Illinois Revised Statutes, ch. 40, sec. 19; Pope v. Pope, 65 N. E. (2d) 593; 328 Ill. App. 1">328 Ill. App. 1; Jacobs v. Jacobs, 65 N. E. (2d) 588;1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*89 328 Ill. App. 133">328 Ill. App. 133; Cahill v. Cahill, 45 N. E. (2d) 69; 316 Ill. App. 324">316 Ill. App. 324; Kaiser v. Kaiser, 34 N. E. (2d) 127; 310 Ill. App. 390">310 Ill. App. 390; Adler v. Adler, 26 N. E. (2d) 504; 373 Ill. 361">373 Ill. 361; Igney v. Igney, 25 N. E. (2d) 608; 303 Ill. App. 563">303 Ill. App. 563; De La Cour v. De La Cour, 2 N. E. (2d) 896; 363 Ill. App. 545">363 Ill. App. 545.The petitioner relies in particular upon Cahill v. Cahill, supra. In that case the parties involved entered into an agreement in 1935 which was incorporated as part of the decree. In 1938 the parties, without the approval of the court, entered into an agreement under which the husband was relieved from the payment of $ 100 monthly premiums on insurance policies which he had assigned to the wife under the provisions of the decree. In 1941 the husband, having failed to pay $ 200 a month, the wife made application to the court, 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*90  at which time the husband made answer and petitioned the court for a reduction of alimony payments from $ 200 to $ 150 a month because of changed circumstances.  The wife contended, among other things, that 9 T.C. 580">*584  in the 1938 agreement the husband had promised to continue to pay her $ 200 a month as long as he lived.  The husband did not deny that he had made such agreement.  The court sustained the husband and reduced the alimony payments.  In its opinion the court took occasion to make certain observations from which the present petitioners can derive scant comfort.  The court stated, in part:The court is not controlled by the private agreement of the parties respecting alimony and may adopt it or reject it, as seems consistent and proper from the situation of the parties as disclosed by the evidence. * * *Thus the agreement between the parties of October, 1938, entered into without the approval of the court, is not the law of the case as of the date of said agreement and is not conclusive and binding upon the court or the defendant as plaintiff claims.  This does not mean that the agreement is not entitled to any consideration.  It is merely one of the elements that1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*91  should be considered with all the other facts and circumstances in determining whether there was such a change in the circumstances of the parties, between the date of the entry of the decree and the time of the hearing on defendant's petition for reduction, as to warrant the modification requested by him.  * * * [Italics supplied.]In the Cahill case, as in all the cases cited by petitioner, the decree made provision for alimony either by incorporating the agreement of the parties or otherwise.  When the agreement covering alimony is incorporated in the decree, the agreement becomes merged in the decree. Adler v. Adler, supra;Miller v. Miller, 46 N. E. (2d) 102; 317 Ill. App. 447">317 Ill. App. 447. "After the decree is rendered, the rights of the parties rest upon the decree and not upon their agreement," Jacobs v. Jacobs, supra;Maginnis v. Maginnis, 153 N.E. 654; 323 Ill. 113">323 Ill. 113.Herein the decree made no provision for alimony. Furthermore, service upon petitioner was obtained by publication and he made no appearance. 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*92  Under such circumstances the court is without power, after the entry of the decree of divorce, to make any allowance for alimony whatsoever.  Kelley v. Kelley, 147 N.E. 659; 317 Ill. 104">317 Ill. 104; Wilson v. Smart, 155 N.E. 288; 324 Ill. 276">324 Ill. 276; Smith v. Johnson, 151 N.E. 550; 321 Ill. 134">321 Ill. 134; Keene v. Keene, 241 Ill. App. 414">241 Ill. App. 414; Wain v. Barnay, 219 Ill. App. 401">219 Ill. App. 401. Cf. Farris v. Kiriazis, 67 N. E. (2d) 701; 329 Ill. App. 225">329 Ill. App. 225; Mowrey v. Mowrey, 65 N.E. 234; 328 Ill. App. 92">328 Ill. App. 92. Hence, it appears the former wife was without right in 1939 to make application to the divorce court or otherwise compel petitioner to accede to her request for increased payments of alimony.In Smith v. Johnson, supra, it is stated as follows:Divorce destroys the marriage relation.  The obligation to support the wife1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*93  ceases with the severance of the marriage relation, except in so far as the court is authorized by statute to retain jurisdiction for the purpose of providing alimony for her.  As we have seen, there being no order for alimony in this case, the statute does not confer upon the court power to retain jurisdiction of the persons and subject-matter for the purpose of later providing for alimony for the wife.9 T.C. 580">*585  In Committee on Ways and Means Report No. 2333, 77th Cong., 2d sess., p. 72, it is stated in reference to section 22 (k) as follows:This section applies only where the legal obligation being discharged arises out of the family or marital relationship in recognition of the general obligation to support, which is made specific by the instrument or decree.The same statement appears in Committee on Finance Report No. 1631, 77th Cong., 2d sess., p. 84.  Since the entry of the decree in 1935 destroyed the marital relationship, the divorced wife had no claim for support in 1939 against petitioner because of any marital relationship except under the original agreement. The additional payments were made, not in discharge of a legal obligation arising out of a marital relationship, 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*94  but upon the request of one who had at the time no legal right or claim thereto.  Petitioner's compliance with the request was gratuitous and without compulsion of any legal obligation arising out of a marital relationship.Furthermore, we are of the opinion that the informal correspondence does not constitute a "written instrument" as that term is ordinarily understood.  Ingraham v. Strong, 41 Ill. App. 46">41 Ill. App. 46, and Western Metals Co. v. Hartman Co., 303 Ill. 479">303 Ill. 479; 135 N.E. 744, cited by petitioner, are not applicable.  Such cases merely hold that the correspondence involved therein satisfied the provision of the statute of frauds requiring some note or written memorandum of the transaction to take it without the statute.Considerable argument on brief was directed to the question of whether or not the 1939 agreement was "incident to such divorce" within the meaning of the statute.  It was argued that the term "divorce" refers not to the decree entered by the court in 1935, but to a continuing status of divorce existing thereafter, and that an amended or substituted arrangement necessitated1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*95  by changed circumstances four years later is just as much "incident to" the divorce as is the original agreement. This argument was made on the assumption that the substituted arrangement was otherwise within the statute.  The word "such" in the phrase "written instrument incident to such divorce" directs reference to prior language used.  On reading such prior language, it is clear to us that Congress referred to the decree of divorce and not to a continuing status.  See Charles L. Brown, 7 T.C. 715, 716. The term "divorce" in ordinary parlance refers to an alteration or severance or dissolution of the marital relationship or tie by a court decree. Atherton v. Atherton, 181 U.S. 155">181 U.S. 155; 25 C. J. S. 521, 522.The burden is upon him claiming a deduction to show that it clearly falls within the statutory provision relied upon.  This the petitioner has failed to do.  It is our conclusion that the additional payments of $ 575 and $ 810 made by petitioner in 1942 and 1943 to his divorced 9 T.C. 580">*586  wife were not made in discharge of a legal obligation because of marital relationship imposed on or incurred by him "under a 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 80">*96  written instrument incident to [such] divorce." Petitioner is, therefore, not entitled to the deductions claimed.Decision will be entered for the respondent.