Court Opinion

ID: 2745819
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-27 21:02:33.685597+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:54:20.291931
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/27/14 Williams v. McCullough CA2/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

GREGORY J. WILLIAMS,                                                 B250028

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. SP006932)
         v.

THOMAS B. McCULLOUGH,
as Trustee, etc.,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Joseph
S. Biderman, Judge. Affirmed with directions.
         Freeman, Freeman & Smiley, Stephen M. Lowe and Thomas C. Aiken for
Defendant and Appellant.
         Mary L. Williams; Joseph DiGiulio; and Howard C. Posner for Plaintiff and
Respondent.

                                          _______________________
       Thomas B. McCullough appeals after a court trial in which the court reduced the
amount of fees payable to him as trustee of the Annabelle Herman Trust (Trust).
McCullough contends the trial court erred in reducing his compensation, arguing: (1) the
burden of proving the unreasonableness of the trustee’s fees was on the trust beneficiary
challenging the amount of fees collected; (2) the evidence did not support the reduction
of McCullough’s fees; and (3) ambiguities in the statement of decision could not be
construed against McCullough. We conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in
reducing the amount of fees payable to McCullough. We affirm the court’s decision and
remand the matter with directions to specify the precise dollar amount McCullough is
required to reimburse the Trust for excessive fees collected and to enter judgment
accordingly.
                                    BACKGROUND
A. The Trust
       Annabelle Herman created the operative Trust on February 14, 2004. The Trust
assets consisted of real property located in Hawaii and Sherman Oaks. The Trust was
held for the benefit of Herman’s sole living offspring, Barbara Goldsmith. Williams,
Herman’s grandson by her deceased daughter Michelle, was designated the beneficiary in
the event of Goldsmith’s death. Herman also had a brother, Irwin Weiner.
       On November 5, 2006, Herman passed away. McCullough was appointed
successor trustee on November 17, 2006. The trust corpus consisted of a four-unit
residential property in Sherman Oaks, a condominium unit in Hawaii, and $130.18 in
cash. The value of the trust estate in November 2006 was $1,002,630.18. Cash was
needed to care for Goldsmith. McCullough facilitated the sale of the Hawaii
condominium unit in May 2007, hiring a law firm and a realtor. McCullough facilitated
the sale of the Sherman Oaks four-unit property in April 2008. Prior to the sale of the
Sherman Oaks property, Weiner was living in one of the units. McCullough hired
attorneys to enter into a settlement agreement on behalf of the Trust with respect to
Weiner’s potential life estate in the unit. McCullough also hired attorneys to pursue an
unlawful detainer action against another tenant of the Sherman Oaks property.

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Goldsmith passed away in October 2011, making Williams the sole remaining
beneficiary of the trust.
B. The petition for review of trustee fees
       Although McCullough paid himself from the Trust estate, Williams never received
a formal accounting from him. On August 17, 2012, Williams filed a petition asking the
trial court to review the fees collected, set reasonable trustee fees, and order McCullough
to reimburse the Trust for unreasonable trustee fees already paid (petition). The petition
also requested that the court order McCullough to provide billing records and accurate
information on the gross sales price and net sale proceeds for the Sherman Oaks real
property.
       On November 15, 2012, McCullough provided Williams’s attorney with billing
records purporting to document his services to the Trust. The records McCullough
produced consisted in part of invoices that McCullough had submitted to himself for
extraordinary services to the Trust from 2007 to 2011. The invoices treated as
extraordinary services tasks such as making telephone calls, opening certificates of
deposit at banks, picking up a will, making a key, reviewing letters, and holding
conferences, all billed at an hourly rate of $375.
       Williams filed a supplement to the petition on November 29, 2012, stating
McCullough had paid himself 2 percent of the gross value of the Trust estate as fees for
ordinary services, but that McCullough’s supporting documents failed to disclose
whether the services described in the documents were performed in McCullough’s
capacity as an attorney or as the trustee, who provided the services, or the identity of the
client. Williams claimed McCullough provided no records supporting some of the bills;
the bills were inflated; even though most of the extraordinary services were performed
before the sale of the real properties, McCullough paid himself $128,186.02 for
extraordinary services he claimed to have performed after the sale of the real properties;
and McCullough charged the Trust for determining what services McCullough should
charge as ordinary.

                                              3
       On December 6, 2012, McCullough filed an opposition to the petition, requesting
he be ordered to file a complete accounting. At a hearing on the petition, McCullough’s
attorney stated if Williams’s attorney stipulated that only the reasonableness of the fees
was at issue, “we can go ahead and litigate the petition.” Williams’s attorney explained
McCullough had already provided two informal accountings and implied she did not
want the Trust to be billed for McCullough’s preparation of a formal accounting. The
parties stipulated that the reasonableness of McCullough’s fees—and not the sales price
of the Sherman Oaks property—would be the only issue for trial, thereby obviating the
need for a formal accounting.
C. Mary Williams’s declaration attached to the petition
       Mary Williams, to whom we refer as Ms. Williams, is Williams’s aunt and
attorney. Ms. Williams attached a declaration to the petition, stating as follows. Ms.
Williams had worked with McCullough on a previous matter and recommended him to
Williams as a trustee. After Goldsmith died on October 17, 2011, Ms. Williams
requested documents from McCullough showing the Trust balance on multiple occasions.
Although she was informed by McCullough the balance was “approximately $400,000,”
she never received any documents showing the balance of the Trust on the date of
Goldsmith’s death.
       On February 12, 2012, Ms. Williams received documents from Attorney Stephen
Lowe, representing McCullough. The documents showed the Trust balance was
currently $420,076.71, comprised of three bank accounts in two banks. One account had
been opened with a deposit of $208,969 on November 28, 2011, with no indication where
the money had come from. On March 5, 2012, Lowe e-mailed Ms. Williams stating the
balance was $434,184.18 as of October 17, 2011, but did not provide her with supporting
documents. He advised her that his paralegal would have to go through records in
storage to provide her with a summary of expenses.
       On April 12, 2012, McCullough provided three documents to Ms. Williams in
response to her request for an informal accounting. A document entitled, “Register
Report:6” (register), showed income to the Trust and expenses paid by the Trust from

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April 10, 2007, to March 15, 2012. The register showed McCullough made payments on
behalf of Goldsmith in the amount of $217,044.74 and paid himself $190,834 in trustee’s
fees.
        A document entitled, “Summary of Services” (summary of services), stated
McCullough charged 2 percent of the gross value of the Trust estate assets for his
ordinary services. The document used a narrative form to describe the services and fees
charged by McCullough to the Trust. These included services such as resolving financial
and care issues for Goldsmith, administering the Hawaii condominium unit, resolving
issues with the Sherman Oaks property, managing investments, addressing issues on
Goldsmith’s death, and hiring a tax attorney. The summary of services described the
services in very general terms and did not indicate how much time McCullough spent on
the purported ordinary and extraordinary services, but claimed a total fee of $127,500.
        The third document, entitled, “Ordinary Fees for . . . McCullough . . . at 2% per
annum” (ordinary fees), showed that, from November 17, 2006, until December 31, 2011,
McCullough paid himself $70,348.94, based on the 2 percent annual fee for ordinary
services.
        On May 21, 2012, Ms. Williams requested more documents supporting
McCullough’s payment to himself of trustee’s fees. At various times, Lowe informed
Ms. Williams the documents required to render an accounting were in storage,
McCullough was moving his office, and McCullough’s paralegal was on vacation and
there would be a delay in providing the documents. On August 1, 2012, Lowe sent Ms.
Williams a letter, attaching documents showing fees paid to a Hawaii law firm in the
amount of $5,267.29 for legal services for the Hawaii condominium unit, and payment to
a local lawyer in the amount of $1,730 for an unlawful detainer action concerning the
Sherman Oaks property.
D. Supplement to petition
        Williams filed a supplement to the petition, asserting McCullough paid himself
$212,371.40, but billed the Trust $182,867.98, of which $67,876.67 was for ordinary
services and $114,991.31 was for extraordinary services. Attached to the supplement

                                              5
was Ms. Williams’s declaration, which identified inconsistencies, ambiguities,
duplications, missing pages, excessive billings, billings for extraordinary services which
should have been for ordinary services, and gaps in the records provided by McCullough.
       Ms. Williams declared as follows. McCullough did not show whether he was
billing as an attorney or as a trustee. McCullough wrote checks to himself from the Trust
account for $15,880.40 and $5,657 that were not included in the register. McCullough
provided no records dated after November 29, 2011, but paid himself $18,232.55
between December 13, 2011, and February 27, 2012. He provided no records between
October 29, 2008, and November 15, 2009, but paid himself $33,627.75 during that
period of time. McCullough also made large lump sum payments to himself for $20,000
and $10,000 several times. McCullough charged the Trust approximately $4,000 to
decide what he should bill as ordinary fees, including charges for travel time to retrieve
documents. Most of the extraordinary services were completed by the time the Sherman
Oaks property was sold on April 4, 2008, but McCullough paid himself $128,186.02
between 2009 and 2012.
       Additionally, McCullough’s billings for telephone calls with Ms. Williams were
“far in excess of [her] telephone billing statements” when she compared her bills to his
billing records. Examples of excessive billings included a bill of $600 for making keys, a
bill of $486.25 for McCullough’s having escrow documents notarized while he was in
Guam, and a bill for $525 for picking up a will from another attorney’s office.
E. Declaration of McCullough
       On February 15, 2013, McCullough filed a supplemental declaration in support of
his request for fees for additional services as trustee. He declared as follows. He
discovered an “error” in that he had overpaid himself $21,537.40. Thus, for the period
ending March 15, 2012, he revised the amount he claimed to $154,983.16 for services
rendered by himself and $37,850.84 for services rendered by attorneys who worked for
him.
       McCullough claimed additional ordinary fees of $873.62 for the period between
January 1, 2012, and February 7, 2012; additional ordinary fees of $3,785.12 for the

                                             6
period between February 8, 2012, and December 31, 2012; additional unpaid
extraordinary fees between “2006 through May 2008” in the amount of $9,058.25 for
review of Goldsmith’s health and living arrangements, management of the real
properties, sale of the Hawaii condominium unit, settling Weiner’s interest, and issues
with tenants; additional unpaid costs of $3,839.31; additional extraordinary fees since
November 2011 of $12,150 regarding Ms. Williams’s requests for information related to
the Trust, payment of fees, and records; and additional fees of $12,693 paid to attorneys
to prepare accounting materials in response to Ms. Williams’s requests for information.
       McCullough claimed a total of $25,866.99 in additional compensation to be offset
by the $21,537.40 “error,” for a total claim of $4,329.59 for additional compensation.
F. Trial testimony
       1. McCullough’s testimony
       McCullough testified as follows. McCullough set a fee of 2 percent annually of
the gross Trust assets for ordinary services and $375 per hour for extraordinary services.
Ordinary services consisted of administering the Trust, including writing checks and
making telephone calls. Extraordinary services included making a trip to a bank in order
to negotiate a better certificate of deposit rate to invest the Trust assets.
       After he was appointed successor trustee, McCullough hired a law firm in Hawaii
to sell the Hawaii condominium unit. He also hired an attorney to represent the Trust at
hearings and a tax attorney to prepare tax returns. McCullough obtained a line of credit
to pay for Goldsmith’s care. He hired Ron Olan, a “de facto conservator,” to care for
Goldsmith, move her to an apartment, and help her with her health issues. Olan sent
itemized bills to McCullough for review.
       McCullough paid himself “on occasion” a lump sum rather than billing and paying
himself monthly. At some point, McCullough realized he inadvertently had paid himself
$21,000 and $26,664.36 out of the line of credit. McCullough “lumped in” all the
extraordinary services together in his billing records. Upon being shown “a number of
entries” referring to “‘office conference,’” for which he sought additional compensation
from the Trust, McCullough was unable to identify with whom he had conferences. He

                                                7
opined they could have been conferences with independent contractor attorneys he had
hired to handle an unlawful detainer action concerning the Sherman Oaks property.
McCullough testified the independent contractor attorneys submitted invoices to him,
which he destroyed at the end of each year.
         After Williams demanded records regarding the Trust, McCullough began
gathering records from storage and hired a firm to prepare to do an accounting.
McCullough billed as extraordinary fees the work his paralegal did in compiling an
accounting in response to the petition, but McCullough did not produce her invoices for
trial.
         McCullough requested additional extraordinary fees of $12,150 that he had not
billed the Trust. McCullough admitted his request for additional costs included some
duplicate billings. McCullough was unable to identify the source of several $5,000 and
$10,000 deposits to his account as trustee fees. McCullough was unable to explain why
the Trust was billed for Internet research charges of approximately $3,000.
         2. Ms. Williams’s trial testimony
         Ms. Williams testified as follows. She requested from McCullough records
supporting his trustee’s fees because she could not understand how he billed for his
services. After she received his documents, she realized McCullough had paid himself
more than his invoices reflected he should have received. Ms. Williams testified it was
unclear from some of the documents provided by McCullough what services were billed
as ordinary services and what services were billed as extraordinary services because
McCullough lumped them together. After Goldsmith’s death there was very little work
to do on the Trust, yet McCullough continued to bill for extraordinary services. He
provided no records from October 29, 2008, to November 15, 2009, but paid himself
$33,000 during that time.
         Ms. Williams received a document purporting to describe extraordinary services,
which included entries such as a bill for $525 for picking up a will from an attorney’s
office; bills for telephone calls and e-mails; bills for meetings prior to the sale of the
Hawaii condominium unit regarding investing Trust funds; and for lump sum payments

                                               8
in the thousands of dollars, which did not indicate when or for what services McCullough
was paid. McCullough included payments to independent contractor attorneys within his
trustee’s fees.
       In 2010, McCullough began billing the Trust for determining how much he paid
himself for ordinary fees as of 2006. McCullough paid himself $21,537.40 from the line
of credit, which McCullough admitted was a mistake. McCullough also admitted he had
erroneously paid himself $26,664. He also reimbursed the Trust $18,000 for an unknown
reason.
G. The statement of decision
       On April 19, 2013, the trial court issued a statement of decision, determining as
follows.
       Pursuant to stipulation of the parties, the only issue was whether the trustee’s fees
paid to McCullough were reasonable.
       McCullough ably performed his duties and his services benefited the Trust. On
November 17, 2006, the value of the trust estate was $1,002,630.18, consisting of the
Hawaii condominium unit, the Sherman Oaks real property, and cash in the amount of
$130.18. The Hawaii condominium unit was probated in Hawaii and sold in May 2007
for $275,000. Net sales proceeds were $251,000. McCullough obtained a $200,000 line
of credit secured by the Sherman Oaks real property, which had a court-approved sales
price of $727,500. The Sherman Oaks real property was sold on April 4, 2008; net sales
proceeds were $532,282.36. McCullough entered into a settlement agreement with
Weiner requiring Weiner to move from the Sherman Oaks property in exchange for a
sum of money. An unlawful detainer action also was filed as to another tenant at the
Sherman Oaks property.
       The bulk of McCullough’s claim for extraordinary services was for services
performed after the sale of the two real properties, when the Trust estate consisted
entirely of cash.
       There were three issues to be resolved: “(1) whether the Trustee maintained
proper and accurate records, (2) whether the Trustee specified and itemized proper

                                             9
specific extraordinary services and the fees paid to him therefor, and (3) whether the fees
that the Trustee paid to himself were reasonable within the law, including the custom and
practice of the community.”
       McCullough’s base fee for ordinary services of 2 percent of the gross Trust estate
value was “at the very high end of reasonable fees and . . . therefore, the bulk of the
Trustee’s work should be considered not to be extraordinary services.”
       “Article 3.10 of the Trust provides that ‘[a]ny individual Trustee shall pay himself
or herself reasonable compensation for services rendered . . . and shall reimburse himself,
herself or itself for any expenses of the trust estates that such Trustee has paid.’”
       Probate Code section 15686 provides a trustee’s base fee does not include fees for
extraordinary services, and McCullough “is therefore entitled to reasonable
compensation, which may properly be based upon a base fee and hourly extraordinary
services.” McCullough’s fee of $70,348.94 based on 2 percent of the gross Trust estate
for the years 2006 through 2011 was reasonable.
       The fees received by McCullough as extraordinary fees were not reasonable.
       “a. The Trustee charged an hourly rate of $375.00 for extraordinary services,
which although less than what the Trustee bills as an attorney, is excessive for work that
does not require the skill and expertise of an attorney. By way of examples, this is an
excessive fee for tasks such as obtaining or delivering documents, banking, or managing
real estate.
       “b. The Trustee was paid $79,079.10 for extraordinary service performed during
[i.e., between] 2006 and 2011. The Summary of Services, Exhibit 102, is confusing and
unspecific. It does not accurately and adequately describe the nature of the work and the
result achieved. The amount is not reasonable in light of the difficulty and complexity of
the tasks faced.
       “c. The Trustee testified that his ordinary services are very broad and it depends
on the trust and that even if he had done nothing, he would still be entitled to trustee fees.
He was unable to explain what ordinary trustee duties included but admitted that it
included writing checks. Exhibit 3 contains his services and billings for extraordinary

                                              10
fees. Activities related to certificates of deposit . . . are a combination of ordinary and
extraordinary fees. He would personally travel to the institution to get a better rate. His
Summary of Services (Ex. 102) is a compilation of ordinary and extraordinary services
but does not delineate among billing categories. He went through his old records to come
up with unpaid extraordinary services for which he did not previously bill (Ex. 108). He
asserts billing paralegal time as extraordinary services. The records are of limited
usefulness in assessing the value of the work performed. Despite multiple entries
therefor, the Trustee could not testify with whom and for what he had office conferences
that are set forth in Exhibit 3.
       “The trustee utilized three attorney independent contractors who submitted
monthly statements to him for services rendered to the Trust. At the end of each year,
these statements were destroyed for some unknown reason. Therefore, he cannot
determine what they billed the Trust. He got the figures for Lauriann Wright and the
other attorneys from itemizations that they did as set forth, for example, in Exhibit 3,
page 103. He would then incorporate their time records into his Trustee invoices for
services rendered to the Trust. There were numerous irregularities and outrageous
billings for payments to himself such as a charge of 1.75 hours for a total of $525 to
retrieve an original will from attorneys in Century City, charges of several thousands of
dollars in 2010 for figuring out what his ordinary fee payments should be (Ex. 3, pp. 78-
79), and charges for renewing and otherwise dealing with [certificates of deposit] which
are contained throughout Exhibit 3.”
       McCullough “is entitled to receive $138,675.09 through December 31, 2011,
which is comprised of $70,348.94 for ordinary services, $26,600.00 for extraordinary
services, $3,839.31 in costs, and $37,850.84 to the attorneys representing the Trustee.”
       McCullough had been paid $212,371.40. McCullough was entitled to be paid
$19,854.74 for additional services through December 31, 2012, which included: “a. The
Trustee is entitled to be paid a base fee in the amount of $4,685.74 for the year 2012. [¶]
b. The Trustee is entitled to be paid for an additional $3,019.00 in unbilled extraordinary
services. [¶] c. The Trustee is entitled to be paid for fees and expenses in the amount of

                                              11
$12,150.00 for work related to preparation of a Trust accounting through December 31,
2012. [¶] d. The Trustee is entitled to pay himself as Trustee the amount of $4,613.78
which is the amount owed to the Trustee for his fees and reimbursed expenses through
December 31, 2012.”
         McCullough “shall return forthwith to the Trust all monies he received in excess
of the amounts set forth above.”
         The statement of decision ordered Williams to prepare and submit a proposed
order.
H. The proposed judgment
         Williams submitted a proposed judgment against McCullough and in favor of
Williams in the amount of $53,841.73, calculated as follows. According to the statement
of decision, McCullough was entitled to receive $138,675.09 through 2011 ($70,348.94
for ordinary services, $26,600 for extraordinary services, $3,839.31 in costs, and
$37,850.84) “for the attorneys representing [McCullough].” The statement of decision
also provided McCullough was entitled to $19,854.74 for services rendered through 2012
and that he had received $212,371.40 from the Trust.
         The proposed judgment ordered McCullough to return to the Trust $53,841.73 and
distribute to Williams the balance of the Trust assets of $210,578.92 plus accrued interest
as of February 8, 2012.
         On May 2, 2013, McCullough objected to the proposed judgment’s statement that
judgment was entered against him and in favor of Williams in the amount of $53,841.73,
claiming that the wording did not conform to the statement of decision, which stated,
“‘McCullough shall return forthwith to the Trust all monies he received in excess of the
amounts set forth above.’” McCullough also objected to the specification of $210,578.92
plus interest as the amount to be returned, claiming the trial court had made no specific
finding as to that amount, and “[a] trust may properly incur administration expenses and
[McCullough] is entitled to wind up the affairs of the Trust in an orderly fashion.”
         On May 9, 2013, McCullough objected to the statement of decision, claiming it
created ambiguities or failed to resolve controverted issues, including failing to establish

                                             12
how extraordinary services were tied to McCullough’s rate for ordinary services, omitting
a finding as to the appropriateness of the trustee’s fee for extraordinary services as a
“blended rate,” and placing the burden of proof on McCullough “regarding records.”
       On May 16, 2013, the trial court issued a minute order, which stated, “Statement
of Decision stands as the Court’s order.” On May 21, 2013, Williams served on
McCullough a “notice of the May 16, 2013 minute order” of the court.
       On July 11, 2013, Williams filed a “petition for court’s clarification of its
statement of decision and request for subsequent order and judgment thereon,” which was
not heard because on July 15, 2013, McCullough filed a notice of appeal.1
                                       DISCUSSION
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in reducing McCullough’s compensation
for extraordinary services
A. Legal Authorities
       1. Standard of review
       A trustee’s claim for compensation is reviewed for abuse of discretion. The trial
court’s “ruling will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of a manifest showing of
abuse. [Citations.]” (Estate of McLaughlin (1954) 43 Cal. 2d 462, 465.) “[T]he sole
question before an appellate court when the fee allowed [the trustee] is attacked as
excessive is whether there is substantial evidence to support the trial court’s finding.”
(Id. at p. 466.) Stated another way, the trial court’s determination will be upheld unless it
“‘exceeds the bounds of reason.’” (Id. at p. 468.) Abuse of discretion is the standard of
review when the trustee claims entitlement to fees for “extraordinary services.” (Estate
of Lacy (1975) 54 Cal. App. 3d 172, 179.) McCullough’s argument that the standard of
review is de novo is unfounded.

       1Pursuant to Alan v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (2007) 40 Cal. 4th 894, 901,
we exercise our discretion to treat the statement of decision as appealable.

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       2. Burden of proof
       The parties stipulated and the trial court agreed the sole issue at trial was the
reasonableness of the fees paid to McCullough.
       The trustee has the burden of proving the reasonableness of his or her
compensation. As our Supreme Court stated in Purdy v. Johnson (1917) 174 Cal. 521,
527, even where trustees have acted in good faith without overreaching, “‘Trustees are
under an obligation to render to their beneficiaries a full account of all their dealings with
the trust fund [citations], and where there has been a negligent failure to keep true
accounts, or a refusal to account, all presumptions will be against the trustee upon a
settlement. [Citations.] [¶] The entire trial was conducted upon the erroneous theory
that the burden of proof was upon the beneficiary to point out the particulars in which the
account was erroneous, and that she was bound to go forward and establish affirmatively
the impropriety of the charges and credits which she assailed. Such is not the law.” The
more recent decision in Estate of McLaughlin is in accord and cites Purdy. (McLaughlin,
supra, 43 Cal.2d at pp. 465–466 [trustee must present satisfactory evidence to support
propriety of charges].)
       The rule that the trustee has the burden of proof applies when the trustee seeks
compensation for “extraordinary services.” (Estate of Fulcher (1965) 234 Cal. App. 2d
710, 718.) Where such compensation is sought, “the trustee should be required to show
in detail the nature and extent of such services rendered by it, as distinguished from its
attorneys, and the time and effort entailed thereby over and beyond usual and ordinary
services.” If no such showing is made, an award “cannot stand.” (Estate of Bissinger
(1964) 60 Cal. 2d 756, 771.)
       Despite the foregoing authority, McCullough argues Probate Code section 15686
establishes a presumption that trustee fees are reasonable and that this presumption shifts
the burden of proof to the beneficiary, at least when no formal accounting has been
prepared. The argument is unfounded. Section 15686 does not create a presumption of
reasonableness of a trustee’s claim for fees. In fact, nothing is said in section 15686
about a presumption of reasonableness.

                                              14
       McCullough also relies on Estate of Della Sala (1999) 73 Cal. App. 4th 463 for his
contention Williams had the burden of proof. In Della Sala, the court correctly observed
that a party making an affirmative claim for relief bears the burden of proof of all
elements of his cause of action. (Id. at pp. 465, 470.) As best we can determine,
McCullough’s argument is that possession is 9/10 of the law. He seems to contend that,
because Williams was the petitioner bringing the action, and because a person asserting
an affirmative claim such as a petitioner or a plaintiff generally bears the burden of proof,
Williams, who was seeking return of the money McCullough had overpaid himself, bore
the burden of proof of his affirmative claim.
       This demonstrates a misunderstanding of the law. Where a trustee overpays
himself or herself and places the beneficiary in a position where he or she has to sue to
get the money back, the underlying claim is a claim of the trustee for compensation. As
is noted above, the trustee has the burden of proof as to all elements of his or her claim.
To hold otherwise would be to give trustees license to misappropriate funds and force the
beneficiary to sue them and then bear the burden of proof of nonentitlement to fees. This
would place the beneficiary in the unenviable position of trying to prove a negative
against his or her fiduciary. Moreover, the beneficiary would be disadvantaged because
the information would be in the hands of the trustee.
       The rule in the analogous authority concerning the recovery of fees by personal
representatives and attorneys is that no fees can be taken by the personal representative or
attorney until a court orders payment. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 7.700(a).) Thus,
personal representatives and attorneys are always the petitioner or claimant and always
have the burden of proof. There is no reason to treat the burden of proof differently for a
trustee seeking fees he or she already has collected.
       McCullough also argues the authorities referenced above all involved matters in
which the personal representative had performed an accounting before seeking
compensation. This is hardly surprising because personal representatives cannot be paid
until the court orders payment. Nonetheless, McCullough argues these are inapplicable
because no formal accountings had been rendered. We disagree. There is nothing about

                                             15
the absence of a formal accounting that alters the duties of the trustee to the beneficiary.
Nor does the absence of a formal accounting make the beneficiary the claimant saddled
with the burden of proof. Again, an unfaithful fiduciary could wrongfully refuse to make
any accounting to shift the burden of proof to the beneficiary, who would find it difficult
to meet the burden without such an accounting. Moreover, McCullough appears to be on
shaky ground factually, as the statement of decision makes clear that the court awarded
fees to McCullough for earlier informal accountings. Indeed, a trustee is required to
provide such accountings at least annually. (Prob. Code, § 16062, subd. (a).) Thus, the
facts belie any contention by McCullough that he made no accounting.
       We conclude the burden of proof as to the reasonableness of his fees rested
squarely on McCullough.
       3. Trustee’s services and fees
       The law as to claims for fees for ordinary and extraordinary services has
developed in part in the context of claims by personal representatives and their attorneys.
The parties analogize to these authorities in discussing a trustee’s claim for fees for
ordinary and extraordinary services. We follow suit when necessary, using authorities
pertinent to personal representatives as authority applicable as well to trustees.
              a. Ordinary services provided by a trustee
       The ordinary services provided by a trustee include administering the trust (Prob.
Code, § 16000), controlling and preserving trust property (id., § 16006), making trust
property productive (id., § 16007), enforcing claims and defending actions (id., §§ 16010,
16011), delegating powers to an agent and exercising general supervision over the agent
(id., § 16012, subd. (b)), and accounting to each beneficiary at least annually (id.,
§ 16062, subd. (a)).
              b. Extraordinary services provided by a trustee
       The court may allow additional compensation for “unusual services—so-called
‘extraordinary’ services.” (Estate of Hilton (1996) 44 Cal. App. 4th 890, 895.)
“[A]dditional compensation beyond that fixed by the trust instrument may be allowed
‘for special and extraordinary services, outside and beyond the general duties of the trust,

                                             16
e.g., “services of a nature not usually required of a trustee and for which he would have
had the right to employ another person.”’” (Estate of Bissinger, supra, 60 Cal.2d at
p. 770.)
       Extraordinary services may include selling, leasing, exchanging, financing, or
foreclosing real or personal property; carrying on decedent’s business if necessary to
preserve the estate or under court order; preparing tax returns; and handling audits or
litigation connected with tax liabilities of the decedent or of the estate. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 7.703(b).)
              c. Compensation for ordinary and extraordinary services
       A trustee’s fee for ordinary services is set at a percentage of the value of the trust.
(E.g., Estate of Hilton, supra, 44 Cal.App.4th at pp. 894–895.) This percentage does not
cover compensation for extraordinary services. (Prob. Code, § 15686, subd. (a).)
       Probate Code section 15680, subdivision (b) allows for compensation of trustees
for what frequently is called “extraordinary” services: “Upon proper showing, the court
may fix or allow greater or lesser compensation than could be allowed under the terms of
the trust in any of the following circumstances: [¶] (1) Where the duties of the trustee
are substantially different from those contemplated when the trust was created. [¶]
(2) Where the compensation in accordance with the terms of the trust would be
inequitable or unreasonably low or high. [¶] (3) In extraordinary circumstances calling
for equitable relief.”
       The amount of compensation for extraordinary services is to be what the court
determines is just and reasonable. (Prob. Code, § 10801, subd. (a).)
       Rule 7.703(a) of the California Rules of Court expressly authorizes a trial court
considering an award of fees for extraordinary services to “consider the amount of
statutory compensation [payment for ordinary services] when determining compensation
for extraordinary services.” In other words, if the compensation for ordinary services is
on the high end of what is normally allowed and the amount sought for extraordinary
services would make the total award to the trustee unreasonably high when added to the
award for ordinary services, the court has discretion to reduce the amount of fees for

                                              17
extraordinary services to make the overall result reasonable. (E.g., Estate of Trynin
(1989) 49 Cal. 3d 868, 874 [“If, under all the relevant circumstances, the amount awarded
as ordinary compensation is fair and reasonable for all the . . . services, the court may
disallow a request for extraordinary compensation even though some extraordinary
services have been performed.”].)
       Rule 7.776 of the California Rules of Court sets forth a nonexclusive list of factors
the trial court may consider in determining the amount of a trustee’s compensation.
These include the gross income of the estate; the success or failure of the trustee’s
administration; any unusual skill, expertise, or experience brought to the trustee’s work;
the fidelity or disloyalty shown by the trustee; the amount of risk and responsibility
assumed by the trustee; the time spent in the performance of the trustee’s duties; the
custom in the community where the court is located regarding compensation authorized
by settlors, compensation allowed by the court, or charges of corporate trustees for trusts
of similar size and complexity; and whether the work performed was routine or required
more than ordinary skill or judgment.
       4. Statements of Decision
       If a party does not request a statement of decision, a reviewing court will presume
the trial court made whatever findings of fact are necessary to support the judgment.
(Fladeboe v. American Isuzu Motors Inc. (2007) 150 Cal. App. 4th 42, 61.) By requesting
a statement of decision, a party who has not prevailed avoids this result. (Ermoian v.
Desert Hospital (2007) 152 Cal. App. 4th 475, 494.)
       A statement of decision must disclose the “factual and legal basis for [the trial
court’s] decision as to each of the principal controverted issues at trial . . . .” (Code Civ.
Proc., § 632.) It need not discuss every subsidiary issue. (Wolfe v. Lipsy (1985) 163
Cal. App. 3d 633, 643, disapproved on other grounds in Droeger v. Friedman, Sloan &
Ross (1991) 54 Cal. 3d 26, 36–39.) “[S]pecial findings are not required on every
subsidiary matter . . . even though the subsidiary matter is relevant to the ultimate issues
of fact.” (Kuffel v. Seaside Oil Co. (1977) 69 Cal. App. 3d 555, 565.)

                                              18
       A statement of decision must set forth ultimate facts and need not set forth
evidentiary facts. (Lynch v. Cook (1983) 148 Cal. App. 3d 1072, 1080.) The trial judge is
not required “to make minute findings as to individual items of evidence.” (People v.
Casa Blanca Convalescent Homes, Inc. (1984) 159 Cal. App. 3d 509, 524, overruled on
other grounds in Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co.
(1999) 20 Cal. 4th 163, 184–185.) The trial court is not required “to reveal to the parties
the process by which it arrived at its figures.” (Gordon v. Wolfe (1986) 179 Cal. App. 3d
162, 168.) “‘Findings of fact relating the process of a calculation which is the basis of an
ultimate fact, ordinarily, are not required.’” (Id., at p. 167.) As our Supreme Court
observed in Estate of McLaughlin, when a fee is attacked as excessive, “[a] finding that
such a fee is a reasonable one states the ultimate fact in issue and is formally sufficient.”
(McLaughlin, supra, 43 Cal.2d at p. 466.) By a parity of reasoning, when a fee is
attacked as excessive, a finding that such a fee is unreasonable would be a finding of
ultimate fact that would be sufficient.
       Even in cases where the trial court has failed to make findings “on a material issue
which would fairly disclose the trial court’s determination,” “if the judgment is otherwise
supported, the omission to make such findings is harmless error unless the evidence is
sufficient to sustain a finding in the complaining party’s favor which would have the
effect of countervailing or destroying other findings. [Citation.]” (Sperber v. Robinson
(1994) 26 Cal. App. 4th 736, 745.)
       “‘Where a statement of decision sets forth the factual and legal basis for the
decision, any conflict in the evidence or reasonable inferences to be drawn from the facts
will be resolved in support of the determination of the trial court decision.’” (In re
Marriage of Ruelas (2007) 154 Cal. App. 4th 339, 342.) Moreover, “[t]he ultimate facts
found in the court’s statement of decision necessarily include findings on the intermediate
evidentiary facts that sustain them.” (Community Youth Athletic Center v. City of
National City (2013) 220 Cal. App. 4th 1385, 1407.)

                                              19
       However, where a party makes a sufficient objection to a proposed statement of
decision, “it shall not be inferred on appeal” that the trial court decided the facts in
question in favor of the prevailing party. (Code Civ. Proc., § 634.)
B. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in reducing the amount of
McCullough’s extraordinary fees
       McCullough contends (1) the trial court abused its discretion in reducing the
amount of extraordinary fees, and (2) the statement of decision was inadequate. We
disagree.
       1. The trial court could have reduced McCullough’s fees in the way it did
simply because McCullough did not bear his burden of proof
              a. McCullough did not maintain proper and accurate records
       As discussed above, McCullough bore the burden of proving his claim for
extraordinary fees. He was required to keep proper records and prove every item of his
payment to himself, and to independent contractor attorneys, by satisfactory evidence.
(Estate of McCabe (1950) 98 Cal. App. 2d 503, 505.)
       Most of McCullough’s documents and testimony supporting his request for
extraordinary fees were confusing, inaccurate, and lacked detail regarding the nature of
the work and the result achieved. The summary of services was not a proper record of his
services because it was in narrative form, did not distinguish between extraordinary and
ordinary services, and did not specify how much time was spent on the matters even
though McCullough charged $375 per hour for those extraordinary services.
McCullough even had discarded the records of the attorneys he hired for various tasks,
making it impossible for the court to confirm his claim that he had done most of the work
on the projects for which attorneys were retained.
              b. McCullough did not specify and itemize proper extraordinary services
and fees
       McCullough was required to show the extraordinary services for which he sought
additional compensation were beyond the general duties of a trustee. (Estate of
Bissinger, supra, 60 Cal.2d at p. 770.) He failed to do so.

                                              20
       McCullough’s summary of services was in narrative form, lumped together
extraordinary and ordinary services, and did not specify hours billed. Administering the
trust, delegation and supervision of agents, and preserving trust property are general
duties of a trustee. (Prob. Code, §§ 16000,16006, 16012, subd. (b).) Yet in his summary
of services McCullough charged as extraordinary services $5,000 for the initial
administration of the trust; $5,900 for opening certificates of deposit; $6,200 for hiring a
tax attorney, and $25,000 for hiring and writing checks to Olan and paying Goldsmith’s
bills. For none of those purported extraordinary services did McCullough show how
many hours he spent on those duties, even though he charged an hourly rate.
       Although some of McCullough’s services in selling the Hawaii condominium unit
may have been extraordinary, he also claimed extraordinary fees for making telephone
calls, writing letters, hiring a law firm, hiring a realtor, and having conferences. At trial,
McCullough was unable to recall what the conferences he billed for were about or with
whom, guessing they had something to do with the sale of the real properties.
Additionally, McCullough billed paralegal time as extraordinary services, but the
documents did not describe the type of services they provided or why the services were
necessary.
       2. McCullough’s own evidence established parts of his claims for extraordinary
services were unreasonable
       Where McCullough did provide specific information as to the services he claimed
were extraordinary, he demonstrated in several instances that his charges were
unreasonable. For instance, McCullough charged the Trust $525 in extraordinary fees for
retrieving a will, $600 to make keys, and $375 to retrieve documents from storage.
Invoices show McCullough paid the Hawaii law firm only $5,267.29 to handle the
Hawaii condominium unit, yet in the narrative summary of services, McCullough
claimed extraordinary fees of $14,600 for himself in connection with its sale. He was
unable to substantiate his claim that this was because he did most of the work himself.
       The trial court also heard live testimony from McCullough and Ms. Williams, and
received their declarations. In making the factual determination as to whether

                                              21
McCullough’s claims for extraordinary services were reasonable, the court was able to
assess the credibility of the witnesses and utilize its impressions about them in reaching
its decision.
         The court possessed substantial evidence to support its determination the amount
of McCullough’s claim for compensation for extraordinary services was unreasonable,
and to determine the amount that would be reasonable.
         3. The statement of decision was adequate
         McCullough argues that, because he objected to purported ambiguities in the
statement of decision, such ambiguities cannot be construed against him on appeal. This
argument does not assist him. While McCullough is correct to the extent that we are not
permitted to infer the existence of all factual findings necessary to support the judgment,
we are directed, nonetheless to resolve all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the
statement of decision. Moreover, we are charged with determining whether the court
disclosed the factual and legal basis for its findings as to the controverted issues, not
subsidiary issues. Likewise, our concern is with the court’s findings of ultimate, not
evidentiary, facts. Even if the court did omit to address material facts, the error would be
harmless unless the evidence in the record before us were sufficient to sustain a finding in
McCullough’s favor of a magnitude that would destroy all other findings in Williams’s
favor.
         McCullough’s main complaint about the statement of decision itself is that the trial
court did not explain precisely how it calculated his fees. The court was not required to
do so. The ultimate issues were whether McCullough’s proposed total compensation was
reasonable and if not, how much was reasonable. As our Supreme Court observed in
Estate of McLaughlin, when a fee is attacked as excessive, “[a] finding that such a fee is a
reasonable one states the ultimate fact in issue and is formally sufficient.” (McLaughlin,
supra, 43 Cal.2d at p. 466.) The same is true when the court finds the fee was
unreasonable, as it did here.
         The trial court articulated its findings as to material issues of fact necessary to its
decision as to reasonableness. These included that the bulk of the extraordinary fees

                                                22
McCullough claimed was for services performed after the sale of the two real properties.
The court was entitled to conclude the charges for extraordinary services performed after
the sales were not attributable to truly extraordinary services because the work left for the
trustee to do after sale of the properties consisted mostly of ordinary services.
       Another ultimate fact found by the court was that McCullough’s fee of 2 percent
for ordinary services was “at the very high end of reasonable fees.” In addition, the court
found the ultimate fact that McCullough’s hourly rate of $375 was an unreasonable rate
for the kinds of non-legal work McCullough was charging at that rate, even though it
might have been lower than the rate McCullough charged for legal services.
       The court noted that, because the 2 percent rate was so high, it was reasonable to
consider that the “bulk” of McCullough’s “work should be considered not to be
extraordinary services . . . .” In other words, the court concluded that it would be
reasonable to treat work charged at a rate of 2 percent as requiring more than just writing
checks and answering telephone calls, despite McCullough’s apparent contention to the
contrary at trial. Implicit in this finding is the court’s apparent conclusion that it would
be unreasonable to allow 2 percent as the fee for ordinary services and then pile on top of
the 2 percent an additional $375 per hour, especially since McCullough claimed that
virtually all his services should be compensated at that rate. The court was entitled to
conclude McCullough’s demand for extraordinary fees was unreasonable under these
circumstances and, consequently, to make reductions in the amount awarded. (See Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 7.703(a).)
       The court found there were “numerous irregularities and outrageous billings for
payments to himself,” providing examples of these. It also noted that the trustee could
not substantiate many of his claims, either through trial testimony or documentary
evidence (some of which had been “destroyed for unknown reasons”). McCullough’s
“Summary of Services” lacked particularity. Moreover, some of the services
McCullough described as extraordinary could not by any measure be deemed
extraordinary or “‘outside and beyond the general duties’” of the trustee. (Estate of

                                              23
Bissinger, supra, 60 Cal.2d at p. 770.) From this evidence, the court was entitled to draw
the conclusion of ultimate fact that McCullough’s charges were inflated.
       It might be that the court determined that it was appropriate to reduce
McCullough’s claim for extraordinary fees by a certain percentage. Alternatively, it
might be the court added up certain charges and deducted that sum from the claim. It is
unnecessary for us to know what the percentage or the particular charges were. They are
not ultimate facts.
       Moreover, even if there had been material omissions in the statement of decision
as to the amounts awarded, such an error would have been harmless because there is no
percentage or particular charge that was material and, if revealed, would destroy all other
findings so as to compel a finding in favor of McCullough. (Sperber v. Robinson, supra,
26 Cal.App.4th at p. 745.) Thus, any error would have been harmless. (Ibid.)
       4. McCullough's other arguments lack merit
       McCullough contends the trial court failed to take into consideration the factors set
forth in Estate of Nazro (1971) 15 Cal. App. 3d 218, 221, which were codified for the most
part in California Rules of Court, rule 7.776.
       To the contrary, the trial court considered the applicable factors. As to the
“success or failure of the trustee’s administration,” the court noted McCullough had ably
performed his duties and that his services had benefited the Trust. As to “any unusual
skill, expertise, or experience brought to the trustee’s work,” the court acknowledged
McCullough had expertise in the area of trusts. As to the “time spent in the performance
of the trustee’s duties,” the court was prevented from making any specific observations
because McCullough did not provide records from which the time he had spent could be
determined. As to the “custom in the community,” the court found the fee for ordinary
services of 2 percent was “at the very high end of reasonable fees,” and the hourly rate of
$375 was excessive for work that did not require the skill and expertise of an attorney,
such as obtaining or delivering documents, banking, or managing real estate. As to the
nature of the work and the result achieved and the difficulty and complexity of the tasks
performed, the court found the charges unreasonable in view of the ordinary nature of the

                                             24
work for which fees for extraordinary services were claimed, to the extent the court could
figure out what extraordinary services had been performed.
       McCullough also contends the trial court “misapplied the law” by categorizing the
litigation he engaged in with respect to the Sherman Oaks property and the sale of the
Hawaii and Sherman Oaks properties as ordinary services. However, enforcing claims,
delegating powers to an agent and exercising general supervision over agents such as
attorneys and realtors may be considered ordinary services. (Prob. Code, §§ 16010,
16012, subd. (b).) The court acted within its discretion in considering McCullough’s
supervision of the attorneys handling the real properties as ordinary services. In fact,
even though McCullough had destroyed the monthly statements from the attorneys he
hired to handle the unlawful detainer and the settlement agreement, the court approved
payment to them of $37,850.84 as extraordinary fees.
       Given the inadequate and inaccurate state of the documents and testimony
McCullough submitted to support his claim for extraordinary fees, we reject his
contention that he properly established his compensation under the Trust.
       Similarly, McCullough cannot be heard to complain the trial court failed to
articulate an appropriate rate for his extraordinary services, as the inadequate state of
McCullough’s documentation prevented the court from doing so. In the same vein, the
court was entitled to reject McCullough’s claim that he, rather than the attorneys, had
performed the bulk of the admittedly extraordinary services necessitated by the unlawful
detainer, settlement of Weiner’s potential claim to a life estate, and sales of the
properties, as he had discarded their bills and had not kept time records reflecting his
services.
       Contrary to McCullough’s arguments, substantial evidence supports the trial
court’s findings as to his compensation for extraordinary services. He has not made any
“manifest showing of abuse” or established that trial court’s findings “exceeded the
bounds of reason.” We conclude the trial court’s reduction in extraordinary fees was not
an abuse of discretion.

                                              25
       5. Due to a simple mathematical error, however, the trial court must specify the
dollar amount McCullough is ordered to reimburse the Trust
       The trial court determined McCullough had paid himself $212,371.40 in total
payments. McCullough was entitled to receive $138,675.09 through December 31, 2011
(ordinary fees in the amount of $70,348.94; extraordinary fees in the amount of $26,600;
$3,839.31 in costs; and $37,850.84 to independent contractor attorneys). He was entitled
to additional fees of $19,854.74 for additional services through December 31, 2012
(ordinary fees of $4,685.74; work related to preparation of a trust accounting of $12,150;
unbilled extraordinary fees of $3,019; fees and reimbursed expenses in the amount of
$4,613.78).
       We note a mathematical error in that the amounts comprising the additional fees
through December 31, 2012, add up to $24,468.52 rather than, as the court calculated,
$19,854.74. The amount of $138,675.09 plus $19,854.74 equals $163,143.81.
Accordingly, as a matter of simple math, $212,317.40 minus $163,143.81 equals
$49,173.59.
       We remand with an order to the court to specify the precise amount McCullough
shall reimburse to the Trust and distribute to Williams.

                                            26
                                     DISPOSITION
       The trial court is ordered to specify the precise amount McCullough is ordered to
reimburse the Trust and to enter a judgment reflecting that amount. In all other respects,
the judgment is affirmed. Williams is entitled to his costs on appeal.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

                                                 MILLER, J.*
We concur:

       ROTHSCHILD, P. J.

       CHANEY, J.

        * Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                            27