Court Opinion

ID: 3203731
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-16 19:24:12.533858+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:13:02.414450
License: Public Domain

J-S26042-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37

HIGH SWARTZ, LLP                            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                            :         PENNSYLVANIA
                 Appellee                   :
                                            :
                     v.                     :
                                            :
U.S. SEWER & DRAIN, INC. D/B/A MR.          :
ROOTER PLUMBING, JEREMY BOWMAN              :
AND JRB, INC. D/B/A MR. ROOTER              :
PLUMBING                                    :
                                            :
                  Appellants                :   No. 484 EDA 2015

              Appeal from the Judgment Entered April 23, 2015
               in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
                    Civil Division at No(s): No. 2012-1762

BEFORE:     OLSON, STABILE, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.:            FILED MAY 16, 2016

      U.S. Sewer & Drain, Inc. d/b/a Mr. Rooter Plumbing (USD), Jeremy

Bowman, and JRB, Inc. d/b/a Mr. Rooter Plumbing (Mr. Rooter) (collectively,

Appellants) appeal from the judgment entered on April 23, 2015, against

them and in favor of High Swartz, LLP. We affirm.

      The opinion authored by the Honorable Gary B. Gilman, which

summarizes the testimony from the non-jury trial held on January 28, 2014,

sets forth the underlying facts in this case.

            High Swartz has represented [Appellants] since 2004 in
      approximately twelve to fifteen legal matters. James Shrimp
      [(Mr. Shrimp)] is a partner at High Swartz, and it was primarily
      his work as the attorney on the underlying litigation matters
      which forms the basis of the fees in dispute.

*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S26042-16

           Mr. Bowman is the President, agent, a shareholder, and an
     employee of USD, an S-Corporation in the business of lining
     pipes. JRB was a duly registered Pennsylvania Corporation, a
     plumbing franchise, trading as Mr. Rooter, a fictitious name.
     This litigation deals with fee collection issues specific to five
     matters wherein High Swartz provided legal representation to
     one or more of [Appellants]. Mr. Bowman testified that all of the
     legal matters High Swartz handled for [Appellants] resulted from
     [Appellants’] business dealings with other commercial entities or
     customers.

            … Mr. Shrimp claimed that his 2004 fee agreement is
     supportive of the assertion by High Swartz that Mr. Bowman
     knew the terms of representation, as previously established
     between the parties, when he retained High Swartz for
     representation in all of the matters at issue in the litigation. …
     Mr. Shrimp … testified that he was not aware of written fee
     agreements between High Swartz and USD or any of its related
     entities specifically relating to the fees disputed herein. Mr.
     Shrimp testified that correspondence from High Swartz was
     directed or addressed to Mr. Bowman, as president of USD, or to
     Mr. Rooter, to the attention of Mr. Bowman. Mr. Shrimp testified
     that the vast majority of payments received by High Swartz for
     representation of [Appellants] were from USD or Mr. Rooter. Mr.
     Shrimp testified that he told Mr. Bowman that he would be
     personally liable for the services that High Swartz provided to
     USD or to Mr. Rooter, although he had no written documentation
     to support this statement. Mr. Bowman testified that he never
     personally agreed to pay for the legal services provided to
     [Appellants] by High Swartz.

            In August of 2007, [Perma Liner Industries, Inc. (PLI)]
     filed a [c]ivil [c]omplaint in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
     against USD, Mr. Bowman and another individual. Among other
     remedies, PLI was seeking an injunction and breach of contract
     damages from USD and Mr. Bowman. PLI alleged that USD had
     not been using their systems and materials, breaching a signed
     representation agreement between the parties.           PLI further
     alleged that USD had been wrongfully buying and using
     materials from another company. PLI asserted claims based
     upon breach of contract, violations of the Lanham Act, Federal
     and Pennsylvania Trademark Acts, copyright and trade secrets

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     violations, defamation,     libel   and   slander,   and   tortious
     interference.

             Mr. Shrimp testified that he was on vacation in
     Williamsburg, Virginia when Mr. Bowman called him about the
     PLI litigation and asked the law firm of High Swartz to represent
     [Appellants]. Mr. Shrimp testified that his recollection was that
     the PLI breach of contract action was directed against USD but
     the remainder of the PLI claims sought damages and other
     remedies against [Appellants’] corporate entities and against
     [Mr.] Bowman, individually. High Swartz’s hourly billing rates
     for the PLI litigation ranged from [$160] per hour to [$250] per
     hour for the attorneys involved and also included an hourly rate
     of [$150] for the work performed by a paralegal. Mr. Shrimp
     testified that he did not discuss his hourly billing rates with Mr.
     Bowman when he was called by him in Williamsburg, but that he
     would have had a follow-up conversation the next week when he
     returned from vacation. Mr. Shrimp testified that Mr. Bowman
     was concerned about his individual, personal liability in the PLI
     litigation. Mr. Bowman testified that he understood from his
     counsel at High Swartz that the individual claims in the PLI
     litigation were “ancillary,” and that he should not be worried
     about those claims.         PLI was seeking damages against
     [Appellants] in the range of [$600,000 to $800,000].            Mr.
     Shrimp testified that there were thousands of pages of discovery
     exchanged between the parties. Depositions were conducted in
     Pennsylvania and in Florida. The PLI litigation took place over a
     time period of 3 years. Mr. Shrimp testified that the PLI lawsuit
     was settled with the approval of Mr. Bowman. Mr. Shrimp
     further testified that he believed the terms of the settlement
     were quite favorable to USD and to Mr. Bowman. Mr. Bowman
     testified that he “begrudgingly” took the advice of counsel to
     settled the PLI litigation, despite his desire to proceed to trial.
     High Swartz billed [Appellants,] its clients, a total of
     $218,531.59 for the PLI litigation.      The law firm was paid
     $150,743.96, and is still owed the sum or $67,787.63 by
     [Appellants].

           In or about June 2009 [Idearc Media (IM)] initiated breach
     of contract litigation with related claims against Mr. Bowman and
     USD in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. In a letter dated
     June 29, 2009, Mr. Shrimp advised Mr. Bowman, along with

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     other information, that the High Swartz hourly rates for the IM
     litigation would range from $165 to $300. Per Mr. Shrimp, High
     Swartz prepared various pleadings and conducted “incredibly
     extensive” discovery defending the IM litigation. Mr. Shrimp
     testified that IM had asserted damage claims against Mr.
     Bowman and USD in excess of $800,000, in addition to
     attorneys’ fees and interest. The IM litigation continued for
     approximately two and one-half years. The IM litigation was
     resolved by settlement in the amount of $400,000, to be paid by
     [Appellants] over a time period of ten years.1
                 __________________________________

          1
             Mr. Bowman initially testified that the settlement
          amount was $800,000. He later recalled that the
          correct amount achieved through settlement was
          $400,000, unless and until a default occurred, at
          which time the amount owed would default to the
          initially owed debt of $800,000.
                 __________________________________

     Mr. Bowman testified that as part of the IM settlement, he was
     not required to sign and accept responsibility as an individual.
     Mr. Bowman testified that he was not at all satisfied with the IM
     settlement, and that he would have preferred to proceed to trial.
     High Swartz billed [Appellants] $64,458.86. Mr. Bowman and
     USD paid $1,763.50. Accordingly, High Swartz is still owed the
     sum of $62,695.36 by [Appellants].

             Mr. Shrimp testified that in December 2007, High Swartz
     was retained to represent “all of Mr. Bowman’s entities, Mr.
     Rooter, [USD], and Mr. Bowman individually,” in a breach of
     contract lawsuit brought against [Appellants] by [Gary and Lori
     Pinar (the Pinars)]. By letter dated December 14, 2007, Mr.
     Shrimp provided Mr. Bowman his hourly rate for the Pinar
     litigation, $215, and stated that the hourly rate of other
     attorneys and paralegal support in the firm ranged from $300 to
     $120. Mr. Shrimp testified that most of the legal work related to
     this matter was done by a High Swartz associate attorney. The
     ultimate arbitration award in the Pinar litigation was for
     approximately $1,300. Mr. Shrimp testified that he is not aware

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     of that award having been appealed. Mr. Shrimp testified that
     Mr. Bowman never informed him that representation by High
     Swartz did not include the law firm representing him personally.
     High Swartz billed USD, Mr. Bowman and JRB $9,118.46 with
     respect to representation of [Appellants] in the Pinar litigation.
     This encompassed the time frame from February 2009 through
     August 2011. Mr. Shrimp testified that [Appellants] have not
     paid any monies toward the law firm’s bill, so that the sum of
     $9,118.46 still remains due to High Swartz from [Appellants] in
     connection with the Pinar litigation.

             Mr. Shrimp testified that in 2010, Mr. Bowman requested
     that High [Swartz] represent USD in connection with a claim
     brought by [Commerce and Industry Insurance Company (CII)].
     Mr. Shrimp testified that the CII claim related to [Appellants’]
     alleged underpayment of workers’ compensation insurance
     premiums. High Swartz billed USD $2,691.14 with respect to
     the CII [l]itigation. Mr. Shrimp testified that no payments have
     been made by [Appellants] to High Swartz in connection with the
     CII litigation.

           Mr. Shrimp testified that in 2009, Mr. Bowman, on behalf
     of USD, brought the [Allstate Power and Vac., Inc.] matter to
     High Swartz for representation. This matter involved claims for
     alleged nonpayment of materials which [Appellants] purchased.
     Mr. Shrimp testified that the amount of fees billed to [Appellant]
     USD in the litigation totals $6,392.16. Mr. Shrimp testified that
     no fees have been paid by [Appellants] to High Swartz in
     connection with the Allstate litigation.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/23/2014, at 1-9 (paragraph numbers, numerals,

citations to the record, some footnotes, and headings omitted).

     On September 23, 2014, the trial court issued a verdict and order

finding against High Swartz and in favor of Appellants on its claims for

breach of contract. Id. at 16. The trial court found in favor of High Swartz

and against Appellants on its claims for contract implied in fact and quantum

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meruit for the of the PLI, IM, and Pinar litigation matters in the sum of

$139,601.45. Id.      The trial court also found in favor of High Swartz and

against USD only on its claims for contract implied in fact and quantum

meruit for the CII and Allstate litigation matters in the sum of $9,083.30.

Id.

      Appellants     timely   filed   post-trial    motions,   which     were   denied.

Appellants timely filed a notice of appeal. Both Appellants and the trial court

complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      On   appeal,    Appellants      set   forth   the   following    issues   for   our

consideration.

      I.     Whether the [trial] court erred by awarding damages to
      [High Swartz] for legal services rendered to clients in violation of
      its obligation under Pa.R.P.C. 1.5(b) and fiduciary duty to utilize
      a written fee agreement[.]

      II. Whether [the trial] court erred by awarding [High Swartz]
      damages under a contract implied-in-fact cause of action[.]

      III. Whether the [trial] court erred by permitting [High Swartz]
      to recover under a quantum meruit theory as to two (2) of the
      five (5) litigation matters without pleading it as a cause of
      action[.]

      IV.  Whether the [trial] court erred by awarding quantum
      meruit damages based upon [High Swartz’s] unpaid invoices[.]

      V.      Whether the [trial] court erred by failing to allocate
      damages attributable to the three (3) clients in the [PLI]
      litigation, the Pinar litigation[,] and the [IM] litigation[.]

                                            -6-
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Appellants’ Brief at 3 (answers and unnecessary capitalization omitted; re-

ordered for ease of disposition).1

       We set forth our well-settled standard of review.

       Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts is
       to determine whether the findings of the trial court are
       supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court
       committed error in any application of the law. The findings of
       fact of the trial judge must be given the same weight and effect
       on appeal as the verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence in a
       light most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the
       trial court only if its findings of fact are not supported by
       competent evidence in the record or if its findings are premised
       on an error of law. However, [where] the issue … concerns a
       question of law, our scope of review is plenary.

       The trial court’s conclusions of law on appeal originating from a
       non-jury trial are not binding on an appellate court because it is
       the appellate court’s duty to determine if the trial court correctly
       applied the law to the facts of the case.

Stephan v. Waldron Elec. Heating & Cooling LLC, 100 A.3d 660, 664-65

(Pa.   Super.   2014)    (quoting    Wyatt,    Inc.   v.   Citizens   Bank    of

Pennsylvania, 976 A.2d 557, 564 (Pa. Super. 2009) (internal citations

omitted)).

       Appellants first contend that High Swartz’s violation of Pennsylvania

Rule of Professional Conduct 1.5(b), which governs written fee agreements

between attorneys and clients, “precluded recovery to [High Swartz] based

1
  High Swartz has not filed a brief on appeal despite having received an
extension of time for filing one.

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upon its unclean hands resultant from any ethical and fiduciary breach to

[Appellants] on each of the [five] litigation matters.” Appellants’ Brief at 14.

      Pennsylvania Rule of Profession Conduct 1.5(b) provides that “[w]hen

the lawyer has not regularly represented the client, the basis or rate of the

fee shall be communicated to the client, in writing, before or within a

reasonable time after commencing the representation.” Pa.R.P.C. 1.5(b).

      [T]he Supreme Court has held that the Rules of Professional
      Conduct do not have the effect of substantive law but, instead,
      are to be employed in disciplinary proceedings. In re Estate of
      Pedrick, [] 482 A.2d 215, 217 ([Pa.] 1984). As the Preamble to
      the Rules state:

            Failure to comply with an obligation or prohibition
            imposed by a Rule is a basis for invoking the
            disciplinary process … Violation of a Rule should not
            give rise to a cause of action nor should it create any
            presumption that a legal duty has been breached.
            The Rules are designed to provide a structure for
            regulating conduct though disciplinary agencies.
            They are not designed to be a basis for civil liability.
            Furthermore, the purpose of the Rules can be
            subverted when they are invoked by opposing
            parties as procedural weapons. The fact that a Rule
            is a just basis for a lawyer’s self-assessment, or for
            sanctioning a lawyer under the administration of a
            disciplinary authority, it does not imply that an
            antagonist in a collateral proceeding or transaction
            has standing to enforce the Rule. Accordingly,
            nothing in the Rules should be deemed to augment
            any substantive legal duty of lawyers or the extra-
            disciplinary consequences of violating such a duty.

      Pa.R.P.C., Preamble (emphasis added).

In re Adoption of M.M.H., 981 A.2d 261, 272-73 (Pa. Super. 2009).

                                      -8-
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      Based on the foregoing, the law is clear that the Pa.R.P.C. 1.5(b) did

not create a basis for the trial court to find that High Swartz was not entitled

to payment for work completed on Appellants’ behalf. Thus, Appellants are

not entitled to relief on their first issue.2

      Appellants next argue that the trial court’s findings of fact and

conclusions of law with respect to damages for a contract implied in fact and

quantum meruit were in error.          Those findings are, in relevant part, as

follows.

            8. Although we find that there was no written contract in
      any of the five litigation matters at issue, High Swartz, through
      the credible testimony of Mr. Shrimp, put forth evidence to
      successfully meet its burden of establishing a fee contract
      implied in fact as to each of the five litigation matters at issue
      here.

             9. The evidence clearly established that Mr. Bowman
      repeatedly requested that High Swartz provide legal
      representation in the various legal matters at issue. We were
      not convinced by Mr. Bowman’s testimony that he personally
      never agreed to pay for these legal services, which he admittedly
      solicited. The evidence presented before [the trial court] clearly
      established that Mr. Bowman did, in fact, avail himself of High
      Swartz’[s] legal services, and that High Swartz had a reasonable

2
  Moreover, the record supports the trial court’s finding that Pa.R.P.C. 1.5(b)
was inapplicable in this case because Appellants and High Swartz had a
longstanding business relationship. Trial Court Opinion, 5/5/2015, at 7
(“[W]hile High Swartz’s failure to provide written fee agreements to
[Appellants] in the five civil matters may not have been a ‘best practice,’ it
was not so egregious to be characterized as unethical.… Furthermore, a
plain reading of Pa.R.P.C. 1.5(b) combined with the recognition of the
parties’ prior relationship suggests that High Swartz has not even technically
violated the rule.”).

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      expectation of being paid by Mr. Bowman, who benefitted from
      such services.

                                          ***

            16. Here, [] High Swartz has put forth ample evidence to
      show that it has a valid and enforceable quantum meruit claim
      against [Appellants] USD, Bowman, and [Mr. Rooter].

            17. High Swartz has satisfied its burden to demonstrate
      that [Appellants] passively received a benefit that it would be
      unconscionable for [them] to retain.

            18. Based on all of the facts, we find that Mr. Bowman,
      USD, and [Mr. Rooter] have been unjustly enriched, and that it
      would be unconscionable to allow said [Appellants] to retain the
      benefits provided by High Swartz[’s] legal representation without
      payment for legal services received in the various lawsuits at
      issue here.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/23/2014, at 12-13 (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

        Appellants argue that the trial court erred by awarding damages for

contract implied in fact to High Swartz for the Pinar and IM litigation matters

because High Swartz did not plead specifically that cause of action in its

complaint.3 Appellants’ Brief at 18-19.

      High Swartz’s complaint set forth the following, in relevant part, with

respect to the IM and Pinar matters:

3
  With respect to the PLI and Allstate matters, High Swartz pled breach of
contract, contract implied in fact, quantum meruit, and promissory estoppel.
With respect to the CII matter, High Swartz pled breach of contract, contract
implied in fact, and quantum meruit. With respect to the Pinar and IM
matter, High Swartz pled only a claim for breach of contract. See Third
Amended Complaint, 8/21/2012.

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            36. By letter dated December 14, 2007, USD and Bowman
      were fully [apprised] of [High Swartz’s] rates and terms of
      professional service and agreed to pay [High Swartz’s] fees [for
      the Pinar matter].

           37. USD and Bowman have failed to pay [High Swartz]
      the sum of [$9,118.46]…. USD and Bowman are therefore in
      breach of their contract with [High Swartz].

           47.    USD and Bowman were fully apprised of [High
      Swartz’s] rates and terms of professional service and agreed to
      pay [High Swartz’s] fees, as evidenced, in part, by USD and
      Bowman’s payment of fees related to the [IM] [l]itigation.

            48. USD and Bowman have failed to pay [High Swartz]
      the sum of [$69,695.36]…. USD and Bowman are therefore in
      breach of their contract with [High Swartz].

Third Amended Complaint, 8/21/2012, at ¶¶ 36-37, 47-48.

      We consider this issue mindful of the following:

            In this Commonwealth, the pleadings must define the
      issues and thus every act or performance essential to that end
      must be set forth in the complaint. The purpose behind the
      rules of pleading is to enable parties to ascertain, by utilizing
      their own professional discretion, the claims and defenses
      asserted in the case. This purpose would be thwarted if courts,
      rather than the parties, were burdened with the responsibility of
      deciphering the causes of action from a pleading of facts which
      obscurely support the claim.

            While it is not necessary that the complaint identify the
      specific legal theory of the underlying claim, it must apprise the
      defendant of the claim being asserted and summarize the
      essential facts to support that claim. If a plaintiff fails to
      properly plead a separate cause of action, the cause he did not
      plead is waived.

Estate of Swift v. Ne. Hosp. of Philadelphia, 690 A.2d 719, 720 (Pa.

Super. 1997) (internal citations omitted).

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       The trial court concluded that High Swartz’s third amended complaint

“clearly placed [Appellants] on notice of [High Swartz’s] claims against them

by specifying the material facts upon which a viable cause of action for

breach of contract implied in fact could reasonably be inferred.” Trial Court

Opinion, 5/5/2015, at 15.

      “A contract implied in fact has the same legal effect as any other

contract. It differs from an express contract only in the manner of its

formation.” Ingrassia Const. Co. v. Walsh, 486 A.2d 478, 484 n.7 (Pa.

Super. 1984) (internal quotation marks omitted).       “An express contract is

formed by either written or verbal communication. The intent of the parties

to an implied in fact contract is inferred from their acts in light of the

surrounding circumstances.” Id.

      We agree with the trial court that even though High Swartz did not

plead the specific breach of contract legal theory, it did “apprise the

defendant[s] of the claim[s] being asserted and summarize the essential

facts to support that claim.” Estate of Swift, 690 A.2d at 920. Accordingly,

Appellants are not entitled to relief on this basis.

      Appellants next argue that the trial court erred by awarding damages

for both contract implied in fact and quantum meruit as it is legally

impossible to do so. Appellants’ Brief at 20-21. Appellants go on to argue

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that High Swartz is not entitled to quantum meruit damages. Appellants’

Brief at 21-24.

      The trial court observed that it “only awarded damages to the law firm

once, in the amount of the outstanding unpaid legal fee balances.” Trial

Court Opinion, 5/5/2015, at 18. Thus, Appellants’ contention that two sets

of damages were awarded is without merit. Moreover, even if the trial court

erred in awarding damages on the basis of a quantum meruit theory, it

awarded them properly on the basis of contract implied in fact. Accordingly,

Appellants are not entitled to relief on either issue.4

      Finally, Appellants argue that the trial court erred by not apportioning

damages between the three entities involved in this case: Mr. Bowman, Mr.

Rooter, and USD.      Specifically, Appellants take issue with the following

conclusion.

      25. Due to the lack of evidence presented which would permit
      the [the trial court] to apportion legal fees among [Appellants]
      named in the PLI, IM, and Pinar litigation matters, we are
      constrained to find each [Appellant] liable for the full amount of
      money due to [High Swartz] in each litigation matter.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/23/2014, at 15.

4
  Other than Appellants’ argument that the trial court erred in awarding
damages for contract implied in fact when it was not pled in the complaint,
which we discussed supra, Appellants set forth no argument that High
Swartz was not entitled to damages for contract implied in fact.

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      Appellants first argue that this award of damages against Mr. Bowman

personally is akin to piercing the corporate veil. Thus, they suggest that Mr.

Bowman should not be liable to High Swartz. Appellants’ Brief at 24-26.

      The trial court offered the following.

      [O]ur decision to hold all three [Appellants], including Mr.
      Bowman, liable in these matters was based upon the evidence
      and testimony which revealed that [Appellant] Bowman had
      been involved in those litigation matters in an individual
      capacity. Furthermore, we did not hold [Appellant Mr.] Bowman
      liable for any legal fees stemming from the [CII] and Allstate
      matters because he was not a named defendant in those
      matters.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/15/2015, at 22.

      This conclusion is supported by the record.       The testimony revealed

that Mr. Bowman was an individually named defendant in the PLI, IM, and

Pinar matters.      Accordingly, the trial court did not err in holding him

personally liable for the attorneys’ fees in those cases. Thus, Appellants are

not entitled to relief.

      Appellants also argue that because High Swartz failed “to adduce

evidence as to the benefit which accrued to each [c]lient respectively, the

[trial court] erred by aggregating the damages ‘jointly and severally’ as to

the [clients] collectively.” Appellants’ Brief at 27.

      Appellants misunderstand the law in Pennsylvania with respect to

whether joint and several liability is available in contract actions.

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     Two general authorities on the subject have identified a strong
     trend in favor of a principle that co-signers or co-obligors on a
     contract are jointly and severally liable for its performance. See
     2 Samuel Williston, Williston on Contracts §§ 320, 336, at
     649–657, 697–706 (3d ed. 1959) (while at early common law
     the rule was that co-obligors were jointly liable, the modern
     trend both in statute and judicial decision is towards implying
     joint and several liability); Restatement (Second) of Contracts §
     289, at 410–11 (1981); see also Mamalis v. Atlas Van Lines,
     Inc., [] 528 A.2d 198, 202 ([Pa. Super.] 1987), aff'd, [] 560
A.2d 1380 ([Pa.] 1989). In Pennsylvania, whether liability on a
     contract is joint or joint and several seems to be treated as a
     question of construction or interpretation, not as a rule of law.
     See Morrison v. American Sur. Co., 224 Pa. 41, 73 A. 10, 11
     (1909) (“In all contracts the parties may make their own
     bargain, and if they do so in language showing an intention to
     impose a several as well as a joint liability upon the obligors, the
     courts will enforce it against each party as well as against all the
     parties jointly.”) (emphasis added); see also Wolgin v. Atlas
     United Fin. Corp., 397 F. Supp. 1003, 1012 (E.D.Pa.1975)
     (“Under Pennsylvania law, ‘the intention of the parties as
     evidenced by the language employed in the agreement under
     consideration,’ determines the status of the parties.”) (citations
     omitted), aff'd, 530 F.2d 966 (3d Cir.1976).

Janney Montgomery Scott, Inc. v. Shepard Niles, Inc., 11 F.3d 399,

405 (3d Cir. 1993).

     Instantly, the evidence is clear that High Swartz was retained to

defend all entities who were sued in each action. Accordingly, the trial court

did not err by holding the entities jointly and severally liable in these

matters.

     Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Appellants have offered no

basis for disturbing the judgment entered on April 23, 2015.

     Judgment affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 5/16/2016

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