Court Opinion

ID: 4640182
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-07 19:02:34.354376+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:11.749161
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/6/20; Certified for Publication 12/7/20 (order attached)

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                    THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                  (Sacramento)
                                                         ----

    ANNA SANDOVAL-RYAN, Individually and as                                C089486
    Successor in Interest, etc.,
                                                                    (Super. Ct. No. 34-2016-
                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                         00199655-CU-NP-GDS

          v.

    OLEANDER HOLDINGS LLC, et al.,

                   Defendants and Appellants.

         Plaintiff Anna Sandoval-Ryan signed admission documents on behalf of her
brother, Jesus Sandoval, 1 following his admission to Sacramento Post-Acute (Post-
Acute), a skilled nursing facility owned by Oleander Holdings, LLC (Oleander) and Plum

1Due to the similarity of their surnames, we refer to Jesus Sandoval as “Sandoval” and
Anna Sandoval-Ryan as “plaintiff.”

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Healthcare Group, LLC (Plum Healthcare). Among the documents plaintiff signed were
two agreements to arbitrate claims arising out of the facility’s care for Sandoval.
       Sandoval’s condition deteriorated while being cared for at the facility, and he was
transferred to a hospital where he later died. Plaintiff sued defendants Post-Acute,
Oleander, and Plum Healthcare in superior court; she brought claims on her own behalf
and on behalf of Sandoval. Defendants moved to compel arbitration of plaintiff’s claims.
The trial court denied the motion on the basis the agreements were invalid because they
were secured by fraud, undue influence, and duress.
       Defendants appeal from the trial court’s ruling. They contend the parties agreed to
allow the arbitrator to decide threshold questions of arbitrability, and the trial court erred
by deciding the issue instead. Disagreeing, we affirm.
                              FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       Factual Background and Arbitration Agreements
       Plaintiff was the conservator and caretaker of her younger brother Sandoval. On
September 2, 2014, Sandoval was admitted to Post-Acute, a skilled nursing facility
owned and operated by Oleander and Plum Healthcare, for purposes of rehabilitating him
from surgery and returning him to a lower level of care. While undergoing care at Post-
Acute, Sandoval developed multiple serious health complications. Sandoval was
transferred to the hospital on November 5, where he was found to have multiple pressure
ulcers, infection, distended bowel, and fecal impaction. He died on December 24.
       At some point after Sandoval was admitted to Post-Acute, plaintiff and a Post-
Acute representative signed documentation related to Sandoval’s admission to the
facility, including two arbitration agreements. 2 One agreement was titled “Arbitration of

2 A facility representative filed a declaration stating she and plaintiff signed the
documents on September 9, 2014. Plaintiff stated in her declaration she did not sign the
documents until November 4. This discrepancy does not affect our decision.

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Medical Malpractice Disputes,” and the other “Arbitration of Dispute Other than Medical
Malpractice.” Each agreement stated it was “optional” and not required to receive care at
the facility. Both agreements provided the arbitrations they contemplate “shall be
conducted by one or more neutral arbitrators as mutually agreed upon, to be determined
when necessary and to be in accordance with discovery procedures set forth in the
California Arbitration Act, California Code of Civil Procedure Section 1280 et seq. and
the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA).”
       Procedural History
       Plaintiff sued defendants in superior court; she brought claims of elder abuse and
violation of the Patients’ Bill of Rights on behalf of her brother and claims of negligent
infliction of emotional distress and wrongful death on her own behalf. Defendants filed
an answer to the complaint and later filed a petition to compel arbitration based on the
existence of what it characterized as valid, irrevocable, and enforceable arbitration
agreements.
       The trial court issued a tentative decision denying defendants’ motion to compel
arbitration, which it later confirmed without change following argument. The court
recognized that courts typically decide questions of enforceability of arbitration
agreements but that the parties may agree to delegate such questions to the arbitrator. But
the court found no such delegation of threshold questions of arbitrability to the arbitrator
in the instant case. The court then found that plaintiff signed the arbitration agreements
“as a result of undue influence and/or duress and that therefore grounds for rescission of
the agreements exist” and denied the petition “on this basis alone. The court then noted
that even if grounds for rescission of the arbitration agreements did not exist, it would
have exercised its discretion to deny the motion to compel pursuant to Code of Civil
Procedure section 1281.2, subdivision (c).
       Defendants timely appealed following notice of entry of the trial court’s order
denying their petition to compel arbitration.

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                                         DISCUSSION
                                                I
                                   Arbitrability Under the FAA
       Defendants contend the arbitration agreement signed by the parties includes a
delegation clause that gave the arbitrator the authority to decide whether the arbitration
agreement is enforceable. Accordingly, defendants claim the trial court erred by
determining the (in)validity of the arbitration agreement itself. As we will discuss, we
reject defendants’ contention. 3
       A. Arbitration Background
       “Under both federal and state law, arbitration agreements are valid and
enforceable, unless they are revocable for reasons under state law that would render any
contract revocable.” (Tiri v. Lucky Chances, Inc. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 231, 239,
citing 9 U.S.C. § 2; Code Civ. Proc., § 1281; Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychare
Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 83, 98.) “Reasons that would render any contract
revocable under state law include fraud, duress, and unconscionability. [Citations.]”
(Tiri, at p. 239.)
       “A petition to compel arbitration is simply a suit in equity seeking specific
performance of a contract. [Citation.] The party seeking to compel arbitration bears the
burden of proving the existence of an arbitration agreement, while the party opposing the
petition bears the burden of establishing a defense to the agreement’s enforcement.
[Citation.]” (Aanderud v. Superior Court (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 880, 890 (Aanderud).)
       Because defendants challenge the trial court’s interpretation of the parties’
purported contract, our review is de novo. (See, e.g., Employers Mutual Casualty Co. v.

3 Defendants do not challenge the trial court’s ruling; rather, they challenge only the trial
court’s decision to decide the issue of arbitrability itself rather than to delegate the
decision to the arbitrator.

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Philadelphia Indemnity Ins. Co. (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 340, 347 [“Contractual . . .
interpretations are questions of law reviewed de novo”].)
       B. Delegation Clause
       Arbitration agreements are construed to give effect to the intention of the parties.
(Aanderud, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 890.) “If contractual language is clear and
explicit, it governs. [Citation.]” (Bank of the West v. Superior Court (1992) 2 Cal.4th
1254, 1264.)
       When a dispute arises between parties to an arbitration agreement, the parties may
disagree not only about the merits of the dispute but also about “the threshold arbitrability
question—that is, whether their arbitration agreement applies to the particular dispute.”
(Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer and White Sales, Inc. (2019) ___ U.S. ___ ___ [139 S.Ct.
524, 527] (Schein).) The high court has recognized that parties may “agree by contract
that an arbitrator, rather than a court, will resolve threshold arbitrability questions as well
as underlying merits disputes.” (Ibid.) Such threshold or “gateway” questions of
arbitrability include whether the parties have agreed to arbitrate or whether their
agreement covers a particular controversy. (Id. at p. __ [139 S.Ct. at p. 529].) Indeed,
“an ‘agreement to arbitrate a gateway issue is simply an additional, antecedent agreement
the party seeking arbitration asks the . . . court to enforce, and the FAA operates on this
additional arbitration agreement just as it does on any other.’ ” (Ibid.)
       The question of who has the power to decide issues of arbitrability “turns upon
what the parties agreed about that matter.” (First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan
(1995) 514 U.S. 938, 943 (First Options).) If the parties agreed to submit arbitrability
questions to the arbitrator, then the court reviews the arbitrator’s decision under the same
standard it reviews other decisions by the arbitrator. (Ibid.) “If, on the other hand, the
parties did not agree to submit the arbitrability question itself to arbitration, then the court
should decide that question just as it would decide any other question that the parties did
not submit to arbitration, namely, independently. These two answers flow inexorably

                                               5
from the fact that arbitration is simply a matter of contract between the parties; it is a way
to resolve those disputes -- but only those disputes -- that the parties have agreed to
submit to arbitration. [Citations.]” (Ibid.)
       Courts presume that the parties intend courts, not arbitrators, to decide threshold
issues of arbitrability. (Aanderud, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 891.) Accordingly,
“ ‘[t]here are two prerequisites for a delegation clause to be effective. First, the language
of the clause must be clear and unmistakable. [Citation.] Second, the delegation must
not be revocable under state contract defenses such as fraud, duress, or
unconscionability.’ [Citation.] The ‘clear and unmistakable’ test reflects a ‘heightened
standard of proof’ that reverses the typical presumption in favor of the arbitration of
disputes. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 892.) Where the agreement is silent or ambiguous on the
question of who decides threshold arbitrability questions, the court and not the arbitrator
should decide arbitrability so as not to force unwilling parties to arbitrate a matter they
reasonably thought a judge, not an arbitrator, would decide. (First Options, supra, 514
U.S. at p. 945.)
       Defendants argue clear and unmistakable delegation of threshold arbitrability
questions to resolution by the arbitrator, pointing to specific language in the arbitration
agreement, a portion of which we have italicized below: “The parties understand that,
except as provided below, any claim other than a claim for medical malpractice, arising
out of the provision of services by the Facility, the admission agreement, the validity,
interpretation, construction, performance and enforcement thereof, or which allege
wrongful death or violations of the Elder Abuse and Dependent Adult Civil Protection
Act, or the Unfair Competition Act, or which seek an award of punitive damages or
attorneys’ fees, will be determined by submission to neutral arbitration as provided by
California law, and not by a lawsuit or court process . . . .”
       Citing the emphasized language, defendants argue that the arbitration agreement
“expressly provided that the parties should submit the issue of its validity, interpretation,

                                               6
and enforceability to the arbitrator.” But we do not read the emphasized language that
way; instead, it is clear to us that the phrase “the validity, interpretation, construction,
performance and enforcement thereof” references the admission agreement rather than
the arbitration agreement.
        The passage quoted above states claims arising out of “the admission agreement,
the validity, interpretation, construction, performance and enforcement thereof, . . . will
be determined by submission to neutral arbitration.” (Italics added.) This language
signals the parties’ agreement to submit questions regarding the validity, interpretation,
construction, performance, and enforcement of the admission agreement to the arbitrator.
Neither that statement nor any other in the arbitration agreement clearly and
unmistakably delegated to the arbitrator the resolution of threshold questions regarding
the validity of the arbitration agreement itself. (Compare with Rent-A-Center, West,
Inc. v. Jackson (2010) 561 U.S. 63, 66 [section in arbitration agreement titled
“Arbitration Procedures” provided that “ ‘[t]he Arbitrator, and not any federal, state, or
local court or agency, shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the
interpretation, applicability, enforceability or formation of this Agreement including, but
not limited to any claim that all or any part of this Agreement is void or voidable’ ”];
Momot v. Mastro (9th Cir. 2011) 652 F.3d 982, 988 [language that delegated authority to
arbitrator to determine “the validity or application of any of the provisions of” the
arbitration clause was a clear and unmistakable agreement to arbitrate the question of
arbitrability]; Aanderud, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 892 [analyzing delegation clause in
arbitration agreement providing in part: the parties “agree to arbitrate all disputes, claims
and controversies arising out of or relating to . . . (iv) the interpretation, validity, or
enforceability of this Agreement, including the determination of the scope or applicability
of [the ‘Arbitration of Disputes’ section]” (italics added)]; Malone v. Superior Court
(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1551, 1560 [noting delegation clause providing, “[t]he arbitrator
has exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the interpretation, applicability,

                                                7
or enforceability of this binding arbitration agreement” was clear and unmistakable];
Tiri v. Lucky Chances, Inc., supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 237 [arbitration agreement
stated in part, “[t]he Arbitrator, and not any federal, state, or local court or agency, shall
have the exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the interpretation,
applicability, enforceability, or formation of this Agreement, including, but not limited to,
any claim that all or any part of this Agreement is void or voidable” (italics added)].)
       Here, the admission agreement does not include the arbitration agreement. 4 The
arbitration agreement repeatedly refers to itself as “this arbitration agreement,” which
distinguishes itself from the “admission agreement,” a separate set of documents.
Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the term “admission agreement” as stated in the
arbitration agreement could somehow be construed to include the arbitration agreement,
such an interpretation is not clear and unmistakable in the plain language of the
arbitration agreement.
       Defendants’ reliance on Schein, supra, ___ U.S. ___ [139 S.Ct. 524] is misplaced.
In Schein, the high court concluded a court may not decide threshold issues of
arbitrability where an arbitration contract contains a delegation clause even if the
argument made against arbitrability is “wholly groundless.” (Id. at pp. ___, ___
[139 S.Ct. at pp. 527-528].) But Schein specified, “We express no view about whether
the contract at issue in this case in fact delegated the arbitrability question to an arbitrator.
The Court of Appeals did not decide that issue. Under our cases, courts ‘should not
assume that the parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability unless there is clear and
unmistakable evidence that they did so.’ ” (Id. at p. ___ [139 S.Ct. at p. 531].) Here, as

4 The arbitration agreements appear in the pages following the admission agreement in
the record, but the table of contents of the admission agreement does not include the
arbitration agreements as part of that agreement.

                                               8
we have discussed, there is no delegation clause in the arbitration agreement. Schein is
inapposite.
       Absent clear and unmistakable language delegating threshold arbitrability issues to
the arbitrator, we conclude defendants’ claim lacks merit. 5 Because the arbitration
agreement does not include a delegation clause, we need not address whether the basis
for the trial court’s decision would have been subject to delegation to the arbitrator had
such a delegation clause been part of the agreement.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The order is affirmed. Costs are awarded to plaintiff. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
8.278.)

                                                        /s/
                                                  Duarte, J.

We concur:

      /s/
Hull, Acting P. J.

     /s/
Murray, J.

5 Defendants also challenge the trial court’s alternative ruling denying its motion to
compel arbitration under Code of Civil Procedure section 1281.2, subdivision (c).
Because we reject defendants’ argument regarding the trial court’s threshold arbitrability
determination, we do not reach the court’s alternative ruling.

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Filed 12/4/20
                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                              THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                        (Sacramento)
                                               ----

 ANNA SANDOVAL-RYAN, Individually and as                            C089486
 Successor in Interest, etc.,
                                                            (Super. Ct. No. 34-2016-
                  Plaintiff and Respondent,                  00199655-CU-NP-GDS

          v.                                                  ORDER GRANTING
                                                                PUBLICATION
 OLEANDER HOLDINGS LLC, et al.,

                  Defendants and Appellants.

        THE COURT:
        David I. Brown, Sacramento Superior Court judge, has filed a request for
publication with this court. It is hereby ordered:

                                                1
       1.          The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed November 6, 2020, was not
                   certified for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it now
                   appears the opinion should be published in the Official Reports, and it is so
                   ordered.

FOR THE COURT:

           /s/
Hull, Acting P. J.

             /s/
Murray, J.

             /s/
Duarte, J.

                                                  2
                               EDITORIAL LISTING

     APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, David I.
Brown, Judge. Affirmed.

      Wilson Getty, William C. Wilson, John T. Tsumura; Williams Iagmin and Jon R.
Williams for Defendants and Appellants.

      Law Office of Sean R. Laird and Sean R. Laird for Plaintiff and Respondent.

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