Court Opinion

ID: 903541
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-19 19:02:07.575396+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:35:17.816734
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                   January 2013 Term
                                                                          FILED
                                                                      June 19, 2013
                                                                       released at 3:00 p.m.
                                       No. 12-0957                   RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK

                                                                   SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                        OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                  IN RE: MARLEY M.

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Morgan County

                      The Honorable Andrew N. Frye, Jr., Judge

                               Civil Action No. 12-A-1

                REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

                                Submitted: March 26, 2013

                                   Filed: June 19, 2013

Christopher J. Prezioso, Esq.                          Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Martinsburg, West Virginia                             Attorney General
Counsel for Petitioner                                 Lee Niezgoda, Esq.
                                                       Assistant Attorney General
R. Steven Redding, Esq.                                Charleston, West Virginia
Martinsburg, West Virginia
Counsel for Derek M.                                   Tracy Weese, Esq.
                                                       Shepherdstown, West Virginia
Nicholas F. Colvin, Esq.                               Counsel for Mary Y. and Tim Y.
Martinsburg, West Virginia
Guardian ad Litem for Marley M.

CHIEF JUSTICE BENJAMIN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                             SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject

to de novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the

facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the evidence

and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such child is abused

or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing court unless clearly

erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support the

finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been committed. However, a reviewing court may not

overturn a finding simply because it would have decided the case differently, and it must

affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the

record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In re Tiffany Marie S., 196 W. Va. 223, 470
S.E.2d 177 (1996).

              2.     “In an abuse and neglect case, the offer of a voluntary

relinquishment of parental rights does not obviate the statutory requirements regarding

the necessity for proceeding with the adjudicatory and dispositional phases of the abuse

and neglect case. Prior to accepting an offer of voluntary termination of parental rights, a

reviewing court must conduct the hearings required by West Virginia Code §§ 49–6–2

and 49–6–5.” In re T.W., 230 W.Va. 172, 737 S.E.2d 69 (2012).

                                             i
              3.     “Because the purpose of an abuse and neglect proceeding is

remedial, where the parent or guardian fails to respond to probative evidence offered

against him/her during the course of an abuse and neglect proceeding, a lower court may

properly consider that individual's silence as affirmative evidence of that individual's

culpability.” Syl. pt. 2, West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources ex rel.

Wright v. Doris S., 197 W.Va. 489, 485 S.E.2d 865 (1996).

              4.     Where during the pendency of an abuse and neglect proceeding, a

parent offers to voluntarily relinquish his or her parental rights and such relinquishment is

accepted by the circuit court, such relinquishment may, without further evidence, be used

as the basis of an order of adjudication of abuse and neglect by that parent of his or her

children.

              5.     A parent whose rights have been terminated pursuant to an abuse

and neglect petition may request post-termination visitation. Such request should be

brought by written motion, properly noticed for hearing, whereupon the court should hear

evidence and arguments of counsel in order to consider the factors established in Syllabus

Point 5, In re Christina L., 194 W.Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995), except in the event

that the court concludes the nature of the underlying circumstances renders further

evidence on the issue manifestly unnecessary.

                                             ii
BENJAMIN, Chief Justice:

              Morgan Y. 1 , appeals the July 10, 2012, order of the Circuit Court of

Morgan County terminating her parental rights to her daughter, Marley M., born May 5,

2010. Morgan Y. was alleged to have intentionally abused two unrelated, non-household

member children, who were alleged to have been left in her care, which allegations

formed the basis of the Department of Health and Human Resources’ [hereinafter

“DHHR”] petition. At the outset of the adjudication hearing, Morgan Y. voluntarily

relinquished her parental rights to Marley in lieu of proceeding with the adjudication

hearing, which relinquishment was accepted by the circuit court. Morgan Y. then moved

for post-termination visitation, which request was immediately denied by the circuit court

without receiving evidence pertaining to such request.

              Upon careful review of the briefs, the appendix record, the arguments of the

parties, and the applicable legal authority, we find that the circuit court erred in failing to

enter an order of adjudication and in failing to conduct a hearing and receive evidence on

the issue of post-termination visitation. Therefore, we reverse the circuit court and

remand this case for further proceedings, as appropriate, consistent with this opinion.

       1
           We identify the last names of the parties and family members in this case by
their initials only, following our practice of protecting the identity of juveniles in
sensitive cases. See State ex rel. West Virginia Dept. of Human Services v. Cheryl M.,
177 W. Va. 688, 689, n. 1, 356 S.E.2d 181, 182 n. 1 (1987).

                                              1

                     I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              This case arises from an abuse and neglect case filed in January 2012,

alleging that Marley M. was an abused and neglected child. The abuse and neglect

petition did not allege wrongdoing on the part of Marley M.’s father, Derek M., but did

allege that harm befell two other children who each had been left temporarily and on

separate occasions in the care of Morgan Y., Marley M.’s mother. The affected children

were not Morgan Y.’s children, but were her friends’ children.2

              The petition alleged that the first incident of abuse involved six-week-old

Kylie R. who was left in the care of Morgan Y. on October 14, 2011. Morgan Y. told

Kylie R.’s mother that the baby had stopped breathing while in her care, and that Morgan

Y. had cleared an obstruction from the child’s throat. During the course of subsequent

hospital treatment, it was determined that Kylie R. had suffered three non-accidental

broken bones in her left leg.

              The petition further alleged that a second incident of abuse occurred on

December 29, 2011, involving another child, Blake P., who was left in Morgan Y.’s care

while Blake P.’s mother went outside to talk on the telephone. While in the care of

Morgan Y., Blake P. suffered a spiral fracture to the femur.

       2
        Additional parties to this proceeding are Tim Y. and Mary Y., Marley M.’s
maternal grandparents, who intervened in this proceeding.

                                            2

              Morgan Y. offered explanations for each child’s injury and denied any

wrongdoing. She was arrested on January 20, 2012, for child abuse causing injury to

Blake P.3

              The abuse and neglect petition filed against Morgan Y. did not contain any

allegations of direct harm caused to Marley M. by her mother; instead, the petition and

amended petition alleged that the other children left in the care of the petitioner, Kylie R.

and Blake P., were harmed by Morgan Y. while in her care. The amended petition

further alleged that Marley M. was at risk for abuse and neglect because her mother was a

drug abuser and prescription drug addict. Morgan Y. denied the allegations and moved to

dismiss the amended abuse and neglect petition.

              At the adjudicatory hearing in June of 2012, Morgan Y. argued that the

allegations in the petition were insufficient. Morgan Y. posited that there were no

allegations of harm or threatened harm specifically regarding Marley M., and as such, the

petition should be dismissed. The basis of Morgan Y.’s argument was the fact that the

injured children were not related to Marley M. and were never members of Marley M.’s

household.   She argued that Marley M. was in good health and appeared to have been

       3
         The petitioner was later indicted by the Jefferson County grand jury. That
indictment was dismissed during the pendency of this appeal. At oral argument the
parties advised the Court that the petitioner had again been indicted on these charges and
that she awaits trial.

                                             3

well cared for prior to the filing of the petition. Furthermore, she argued that even if the

allegations of harm to the other children were true, Marley M. was not at risk because the

children were not her siblings or household members, both statutory requirements for any

harm to these children to be considered a risk of harm to Marley M.4

              The circuit court denied Morgan Y.’s motion to dismiss. After announcing

this ruling, the circuit court proceeded forward with the hearing and directed the

Department of Health and Human Resources (“Department”) to call its first witness.

Thereupon, Morgan Y., through her counsel, announced that she wished to voluntarily

relinquish her parental rights to Marley M. Specifically, counsel stated as follows:

              THE COURT:                  Very good. All right. We’re back on the record
              in the Morgan County Circuit Court in M[.], it’s 12-JA-1. I understand
              you’ve got the issues resolved.

              MR. PREZIOSO:               Yes, Judge, I have spoken to my client. Of
              course, we really appreciate the Court’s letting us argue these motions.
              They are interesting issues as Mr. Colvin pointed out and what we’ve done
              is I’ve been talking to my client since day one since she came in here and
              I’ve reviewed all the petitions with her and we would like to tender to the
              Court a relinquishment of all parental rights to the child to the Court and I
              don’t think we’re going to have objection from the guardian ad litem. I
              don’t think so or we’re going to have objection from respondent, Derek
              M[.], or from the intervening grandparents. I’m not sure we’re going to
              have a strong objection from the department but for the Court’s
              consideration we would tender that to the Court.

              THE COURT:                  I’ll hear the objections.

       4
       Derek M., Marley M.’s father, and Tim Y. and Mary Y., Marley M.’s maternal
grandparents, joined in this motion to dismiss.

                                             4

MR. COLVIN:                  I would have no objection to that, your honor. I
think that’s in the best interest of my client, Marley. I don’t think there’s
any question about that. I think she’s going to be fully protected. I think
she’s safe and to provide for her safety in the future so I agree with the
relinquishment.

MR. PREZIOSO:               And I can review the terms with my client.

MS. MCLAUGHLIN:             The department does object to the
relinquishment without an adjudication. I think the department’s position is
that it’s just best to have an adjudication where there is grounds for the
adjudication therefore they would object to the relinquishment short of the
adjudication.

THE COURT:                   The Court finds that the surrender of parental
rights is in the best interest of the infant child and Morgan Y[.] therefore
the Court will permit the voluntary relinquishment. Exceptions are saved.
You may go through the colloquy.

MR. PREZIOSO:               I would like to, Judge, just to make sure.

THE COURT:                  Instead of me.

MR. PREZIOSO:               Whatever you prefer, Judge.

THE COURT:                  No, you go ahead you’re right there.

BY MR. PREZIOSO:

Q.                          All right, Ms. Y[.] would you state your name
for the record.

A.                          Morgan Y[.]

Q.                         Ms. Y[.], we had a conference in our office
yesterday where we drafted up a relinquishment of parental rights and
you’ve had time to review this, correct?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                          Any questions you’d have about it about what
we drafted up here?

                              5

A.                          No.

Q.                         You do understand that I think that it does say
that the child’s going to remain in the custody of the department but
actually the child’s going to remain in the custody of respondent Derek
M[.], correct?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                         You understand that we’re waiving a
disposition and adjudicatory hearing in this matter and you’re going to
voluntarily relinquish your parental rights to Marley M[.], you understand
that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                          And paragraph two which is probably the most
important that you understand this is going to result in the termination of
your parental rights to Marley M[.] Do you understand that, Morgan?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                            You understand that as a consequence of your
termination you have no right to custody or visitation. You have no right to
participate and determine the care, custody, control, education, training,
raising or rearing of the infant child named herein, do you understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                         And you are fully understanding you’re
relinquishing all parental rights and you’re waiving your right to a
dispositional hearing and that such hearing would not be conducted, you
understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                            You understand that there are other less drastic
alternatives to termination. For instance, we’re here today to have an
adjudicatory hearing. I filed a motion for a preadjudicatory improvement
period but you understand if you went through that adjudicatory hearing
that there are possibilities that even if you were found to have abused and
neglected you could have an improvement period. You understand that?

                               6

A.                          Yes.

Q.                         You also understand that if we go forward and
there’s a disposition hearing you could also be granted an improvement
[period]. Do you understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                           But by entering this relinquishment you’re
giving up all rights to your adjudicatory hearing, your disposition
hearing, and your right to have the Court put you in an improvement
period, you understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                          You have to assume that this relinquishment of
parental rights is final. This is the final disposition of the custody of the
infant in this case as it relates to you and - - well I think I have some
superfluous language here about consent to adoption which I don’t think is
going to be an issue obviously because she’s with Derek - - but on down
the road if for instance an abuse and neglect proceeding were filed against
Derek and he lost custody that if the DHHR were to come back they could
adopt this child to someone else. Do you understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                       And you understand that you have an attorney
and I’m here with you today. Is there anything you feel like we haven’t
gone over?

A.                          No.

Q.                         Do you want to take any time whatsoever to
think about this or are you comfortable offering this relinquishment today
in court?

A.                          I’m fine with it.

Q.                          You’re not fine with it but you understand, yes?

A.                          Um-hum. (Indicating yes.)

Q.                          You understand that - ­

                               7

MR. PREZIOSO:               And judge, this is an issue maybe that I need to
reconsider this. It kind of didn’t pan out what I thought was going to
happen but would I be entitled to appeal your decision if I relinquish I mean
I can always ask but the motion to dismiss because I did put something in
there that said we wouldn’t be able to appeal the ruling based upon the
relinquishment but I mean I may want to consider that if someone else
appeals that ruling. I don’t know, Judge, could I be given leave to address
the issue on appeal or does this relinquishment encompass that?

THE COURT:                 Well     the   petitioner’s   objecting   to   the
termination.

MR. PREZIOSO:               Oh, okay.

THE COURT:                  So I don’t think that you’re going to be given
the right to appeal when I’ve overruled their objection.

MR. PREZIOSO:               I meant the issue on the motion to dismiss,
Judge.

THE COURT:                 I understand that.

MR. PREZIOSO:               I understand it too.

MS. MCLAUGHLIN:           Yeah, I think once you relinquish I don’t think
she has standing anymore to file.

THE COURT:                   Once she relinquishes it’s over. Right. As far
as I’m concerned she has no standing whatsoever nor does she have any
right to consideration for adoption.

MR. PREZIOSO:               I understood that, Judge. I put that in there. It
was kind of an interesting situation I got to argue the motion to dismiss
before we did the relinquishment. I’m going over that with her though.

BY MR. PREZIOSO:

Q.                         And you understand you’ve read this
relinquishment of parental rights and you full understand the document,. Is
that correct?

A.                          Yes.

                               8

Q.                          And no one’s coerced you or threatened you
into signing this document and no promises or rewards have been offered in
consideration of your signing, is that correct?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                         Now by executing this instant voluntary
relinquishment you do not make any admissions to any of the allegations
raised in the previously filed petition for abuse and neglected, do you
understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                        Accordingly, you are freely, knowingly and
voluntarily relinquishing your parental rights to Marley M[.], you
understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                           Now, that’s your signature on there I’m going
to tender this to the Court, okay, and just for the record you understand that
you can’t be living in the home with the child. You understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                           And you understand that means - - you know
I’m not sure what the status of your relationship is with the respondent but
you can’t be living in that home. Do you understand that if the custodial
parent gives you any time whatsoever it has to be supervised. You cannot
be left alone with that child you understand that?

A.                          Yes.

Q.                           And you can I guess theoretically be subject to
contempt proceedings for your violation or Mr. M[.] could have problems
with keeping this child in his custody do you understand that?

A.                          Yes.

MR. PREZIOSO:               I don’t have anything further, Judge.

                               9

THE COURT:                   Anybody else have any questions? The Court
has none.

MR. COLVIN:                 The only question I have I don’t know is the
respondent mother making any motions for future post-termination
visitation? At this point there wouldn’t be any visitation with the child
absent a Court ruling or petitioning the same.

MR. PREZIOSO:                 We would make a motion for post-termination
visitation. I was going to address that next. I’m not sure if there’s going to
be objection to that or not considering we have two supervisors in the form
of Mr. and Mrs. Y[.] and we have Mr. M[.] who’s certainly capable of
making sure this child is not injured. I would make a motion for it to leave
it at the caregiver’s discretion.

THE COURT:                          I will leave it at the discretion of the
DHHR.

MS. MCLAUGHLIN:                     I don’t know that we can do that, Judge.

THE COURT:                          Don’t you have custody?

MS. MCLAUGHLIN:                     No, the father has custody.

THE COURT:                          I thought the father had physical but
legal was in DHHR.

MS. MCLAUGHLIN:                      No, unfortunately. The father has both
physical and legal custody at this point in time. I think from the standpoint
of the best interest of the child, you know, unfortunately there’s no way to
monitor whether or not the mom is back in the home or not. If you allow
supervised visitation with the father essentially you’re permitting her to do
exactly what we’ve sought not to happen which is for her to be around this
child.

THE COURT:                          No. I’m not going to allow that period.
The order will so reflect.

MR. PREZIOSO:                       So they’ll be no contact between - - ­

THE COURT:                          None. None.

                              10

            MR. COLVIN:                          We would seek that, your Honor, in a
            protective order to be reflected in the order.

            MS. WEESE:                        And note the objection of the
            grandparents who have an approved home study and I believe would be
            appropriate supervisors. Currently the child does not live in the home but
            spends a substantial amount of her time there.

            THE COURT:                          Objection’s noted. Anything else?

            MR. REDDING:                      Your Honor, if you would kindly note
            my objection as well on behalf of Mr. M[.]

            THE COURT:                     Yes sir. Anything else? All through, all
            done? You’re excused. Mr. Colvin, you will do the order please.

            MR. COLVIN:                         Yes, sir.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

            This Court has held, with regard to our review of abuse and neglect

findings:

                   Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court
            are subject to de novo review, when an action, such as an
            abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the facts without a jury,
            the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
            evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of
            law as to whether such child is abused or neglected. These
            findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing court unless
            clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
            although there is evidence to support the finding, the
            reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite
            and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
            However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding
            simply because it would have decided the case differently,
            and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of
            the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its
            entirety.

                                          11

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Tiffany Marie S., 196 W. Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996). With these

principles in mind, we turn to Morgan Y.s’ assignments of error.

                                   III. DISCUSSION

              Morgan Y. asserts two assignments of error. First, she asserts that the

circuit erred in denying her motion to dismiss the subject petition inasmuch as the

allegations of abuse pertained to “stranger infants,” i.e. infants to whom Marley M. is not

related, nor with whom she resides in the same household. Morgan Y. further asserts that

she had no caretaking responsibilities as pertains to the allegedly abused infants. Second,

Morgan Y. asserts that the circuit court erred in failing to take evidence regarding post-

termination visitation. We decline to address Morgan Y.’s first assignment of error, for

reasons stated herein. We do find that the absence of an order of adjudication—whether

obtained by full evidentiary hearing or on the basis of the relinquishment—was error.

We find further that the circuit court erred in failing to conduct an evidentiary hearing on

the issue of post-termination visitation. We will discuss each issue in turn.

                            A.      Termination of Parental Rights

              Morgan Y. argued below, and argues upon appeal, that Morgan Y.’s

parental rights to Marley M. cannot be terminated on the basis of acts of abuse or neglect

inflicted upon another child who does not reside in the same household with Marley M.

We decline to resolve this issue, because the record below was limited by Morgan Y.’s

voluntary relinquishment, which will be discussed more fully infra. The relinquishment

                                             12

happened at the start of the Department’s presentation of evidence on the issue of

adjudication.    Therefore, there was no evidence adduced at this proceeding on the

allegations in the complaint. We cannot discern if the Department would have proceeded

to the adjudication on the allegations of harm to other children who may have been in the

custody of Morgan Y., or proceeded on the basis of Morgan Y.’s purported drug abuse

that may have posed harm to Marley M.                Therefore, this Court cannot make a

determination of this appeal on this ground.

                              B. Voluntary Relinquishment

                Morgan Y.’s voluntary relinquishment of her parental rights to Marley M.

was accomplished prior to the issuance of our recent opinion in In re T.W., 230 W.Va.

172, 737 S.E.2d 69 (2012). In T.W., this Court clarified the statutory requirement that

irrespective of a voluntary relinquishment of parental rights, the adjudication and

disposition phases of an abuse and neglect proceeding must be conducted:

                In an abuse and neglect case, the offer of a voluntary
                relinquishment of parental rights does not obviate the
                statutory requirements regarding the necessity for proceeding
                with the adjudicatory and dispositional phases of the abuse
                and neglect case. Prior to accepting an offer of voluntary
                termination of parental rights, a reviewing court must conduct
                the hearings required by West Virginia Code §§ 49–6–2 and
                49–6–5.

Syl. pt. 9, In re T.W., 230 W. Va. 172, 737 S.E.2d 69 (2012).

                                               13

              On appeal, Morgan Y. posits that regardless of her relinquishment of her

parental rights, the court must take additional action, including completing the

adjudicatory and dispositional phases of this proceeding. We agree that the courts cannot

avoid the adjudicatory and dispositional phases of an abuse and neglect proceeding

simply because a parent has voluntarily relinquished his or her rights. We reverse and

remand this case because the circuit court did not conduct these hearings and make these

determinations.

              Nevertheless, we find it necessary to now address the practical and legal

effect of a parent’s voluntary relinquishment during a pending abuse and neglect

proceeding in light of the T.W. holding. Seventeen years ago this Court undertook a

careful analysis of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and the

competing interests of the protection of children against abusive and neglectful parents.

In West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources ex rel. Wright v. Doris S., 197

W.Va. 489, 475 S.E.2d 865 (1996), we addressed a situation where the accused parents of

abused and neglected children refused not only to testify on their own behalf, but further

failed to present any evidence in their own defense. We found that “[t]here is no basis in

law for requiring that a court be disallowed from consideration of a parent’s or guardian’s

choice to remain silent as evidence of civil culpability.” Id. at 497. 485 S.E.2d at 873.

As a result, we held that

              [b]ecause the purpose of an abuse and neglect proceeding is
              remedial, where the parent or guardian fails to respond to
              probative evidence offered against him/her during the course

                                            14
              of an abuse and neglect proceeding, a lower court may
              properly consider that individual’s silence as affirmative
              evidence of that individual's culpability.

Syl. Pt. 2, Doris S., supra. We found support for this holding in the United States

Supreme Court case of Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308 (1976), which recognized,

              “the prevailing rule that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid
              adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they
              refuse to testify in response to probative evidence offered
              against them: the Amendment ‘does not preclude the
              inference where the privilege is claimed by a party to a civil
              cause.’” Baxter at 318, 96 S. Ct. at 1558 (quoting 8 J.
              Wigmore, Evidence 439 (McNaughton rev. 1961)); see 1
              Franklin D. Cleckley, Handbook on Evidence for West
              Virginia Lawyers § 5–2(B)(1) (3rd ed.1994).
              \

Id. at 498, 475 S.E.2d at 874. We further agreed with the Baxter Court’s conclusion that

“‘in proper circumstances silence in the face of accusation is a relevant fact not barred by

the Due Process Clause.’” Doris S., 197 W. Va. at 498, 475 S.E.2d at 874 (emphasis

added).5 Moreover, as the Supreme Court further recognized in Hale, supra, “[f]ailure to

contest an assertion . . . is considered evidence of acquiescence . . . if it would have been

       5
         See Baxter at 319, 96 S. Ct. 1558, citing Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46,
(1947); United States ex rel. Bilokumsky v. Tod, 263 U.S. 149, 153–154, (1923); Raffel v.
United States, 271 U.S. 494, (1926); Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78, (1908). United
States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171, 176–177 (1975); Gastelum-Quinones v. Kennedy, 374 U.S.
469, 479 (1963); Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391, 418–424, (1957).

                                             15

natural under the circumstances to object to the assertion in question.” U. S. v. Hale, 422
U.S. 171, 176, 95 S Ct. 2133 at 2136.6

                We revisited the issue in the context of purported Fifth Amendment

violations relative to a parent’s assertion of a vigorous defense in an abuse and neglect

proceeding in In re Daniel D., 211 W. Va. 79, 562 S.E.2d 147 (2002). In Daniel D., the

Court addressed the argument that a parent is confronted with a “Hobson’s choice” when

compelled to participate in civil abuse and neglect proceedings when criminal charges are

pending. The Court re-examined the analysis in Doris S. and, finding support in other

jurisdictions, concluded that our holding in Doris S. was “soundly supported by the

authorities and is consistent with the policy of this State which encourages prompt

hearing of abuse and neglect cases and a paramount concern for the best interests of the

children involved in such proceedings.” Daniel D., 211 W. Va. at 87, 562 S.E.2d at 155.

                As such, we now hold that where during the pendency of an abuse and

neglect proceeding, a parent offers to voluntarily relinquish his or her parental rights and

such relinquishment is accepted by the circuit court, such relinquishment may, without

       6
           See 3A J. Wigmore, Evidence s 1042 (Chadbourn rev. 1970):

                Silence, omissions, or negative statements, as inconsistent:

                (1) Silence, etc., as constituting the impeaching statement. A
                failure to assert a fact, when it would have been natural to
                assert it, amounts in effect to an assertion of the non-existence
                of the fact. This is conceded as a general principle of
                evidence.

                                              16

further evidence, be used as the basis of an order of adjudication of abuse and neglect by

that parent of his or her children.

              As well-stated by the New Jersey Superior Court,

              There is no mandatory requirement that [a parent] take the
              stand and testify. That would be unconstitutional. The
              constraint upon respondent to give testimony arises here
              simply from the force of circumstances and not from any
              form of compulsion forbidden by the Constitution[.]

New Jersey Division of Youth and Family Services v. S.S., 645 A.2d 1213 (1994). The

S.S. court astutely observed that “[i]t may be a difficult decision for the respondents and

their attorneys. [But] it is a question of procedure and legal options for the defense, not

one of the constitutionality of incrimination[.]” Id. at 1217. Likewise, we do not find

ourselves overly concerned that our rule will result in accused parents’ refusal to

voluntarily relinquish, where they otherwise may spare the State the time and resources

necessary to adjudicate. The perceived risks attendant to proceeding to adjudication,

which may otherwise compel a parent to voluntarily relinquish, remain. The benefits of

avoiding the taking of evidence and asserting a defense by voluntarily relinquishing

likewise remain. What is missing is simply the mechanism by which an accused parent

may elude adjudication and avoid future Department petitions as to any other, or after-

born, children. Moreover, the requirement of adjudication was previously established by

this Court in T.W.; our decision today simply extends our rationale in Doris S. to preserve

the utility of voluntary relinquishments during an abuse and neglect proceeding for both

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an accused parent and the State. All options are still on the table for an accused parent;

he or she now simply faces the import of his choices.

              We find this rule simply a natural extension of and a marrying of the

concepts and analysis contained in Doris S., Daniel D., and T.W. As this Court stated in

Daniel D., our new rule “simply confronts the accused parent with a choice”: one may

voluntarily relinquish their parental rights during the pendency of an abuse and neglect

proceeding, resulting in an adjudication on the merits which may be used as the basis for

a future petition by the Department or one may “offer such evidence as the accused may

alone possess to refute the charge of abuse and neglect.” Id. at 87, 562 S.E.2d at 155.

Our new rule in no way creates an impediment to a parent’s right to voluntarily

relinquish, nor does it denigrate their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-

incrimination. Rather, this rule simply reflects the “force of circumstances” that will

necessarily result from the adjudication which now results from a voluntary

relinquishment of parental rights while that parent is involved in an abuse and neglect

proceeding.

              Turning now to the facts of the instant case, we find that inasmuch as our

new syllabus point 4 established herein establishes greater consequences arising from a

voluntary relinquishment, Morgan Y. is entitled upon remand to revisit her decision to

voluntarily relinquish her parental rights.   In the event Morgan Y. chooses not to

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voluntarily relinquish, the court should proceed with a full evidentiary hearing.7 In the

event Morgan Y. continues to desire to voluntarily relinquish her rights to Marley, the

court must enter an order adjudicating her abusive and neglectful pursuant to W. Va.

Code § 49-6-2.

                             C. Post-Termination Visitation

              Petitioner next assigns as error the circuit court’s refusal to grant her post-

termination visitation. It is well-established that

              [w]hen parental rights are terminated due to neglect or abuse,
              the circuit court may nevertheless in appropriate cases
              consider whether continued visitation or other contact with
              the abusing parent is in the best interest of the child. Among
              other things, the circuit court should consider whether a close
              emotional bond has been established between parent and
              child and the child's wishes, if he or she is of appropriate
              maturity to make such request. The evidence must indicate
              that such visitation or continued contact would not be
              detrimental to the child's well being and would be in the
              child's best interest.

Syl. pt. 5, In re Christina L., 194 W.Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995). Although this

Court has not expressly so held, dicta in certain cases involving remands on the issue of

post-termination visitation have customarily instructed the lower court to hold a hearing,

receive evidence, and consider arguments of counsel. See In re Katie S., 198 W.Va. 79,

       7
         We observe that the Department’s amended petition alleged not only that Marley
M. was a victim of abuse and neglect because of the alleged abuse of Kyle R. and Blake
P., but also because the petitioner was allegedly also a drug abuser and prescription drug
addict.

                                              19

479 S.E.2d 589 (1996) (“On remand, the circuit court should take evidence and hear

arguments from all sides on the post-termination visitation[.]”); State v. Michael M., 202
W. Va. 350, 504 S.E.2d 177 (1998) (“[T]he circuit court should have taken evidence,

heard arguments, and made specific findings of fact on these issues.”).

                However, we note that in some cases, the facts and circumstances

underlying the subject abuse and neglect adjudication may be of such an egregious or

aggravated nature that further proceedings on the issue of continued contact with a parent

whose rights have been terminated would be an unjustifiable waste of judicial resources.

Inasmuch as post-termination visitation has been correctly identified as a right of the

child, and not a right of the parent,8 we find that the circuit court in the exercise of its

parens patriae power is imbued with the discretion to determine if the totality of the

circumstances of the underlying petition and/or evidence renders a hearing and the taking

of further evidence unnecessary.

                Accordingly, we now hold that a parent whose rights have been terminated

pursuant to an abuse and neglect petition may request post-termination visitation. Such

request should be brought by written motion, properly noticed for hearing, whereupon the

court should hear evidence and arguments of counsel in order to consider the factors

8
    See Christina L., 194 W. Va. at 455 n.9, 460 S.E.2d at 701, n.9.

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established in Syllabus Point 5, In re Christina L., 194 W.Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692

(1995), except in the event that the court concludes the nature of the underlying

circumstances renders further evidence on the issue manifestly unnecessary. Here, this

was not done. There was no properly noticed motion. Consequently, we also reverse the

circuit court’s order denying post-termination visitation.    Should parental rights be

terminated, Morgan Y. may seek post-termination by way of advancing evidence and

arguments during a hearing properly noticed upon written motion. Finally, we reiterate

our admonishment that post-termination visitation should not be entertained if it would

“unreasonably interfere with [a child’s] permanent placement.” State ex rel. Amy M. v.

Kaufman, 196 W.Va. 251, 260, 470 S.E.2d 205, 214 (1996).

                                  V. CONCLUSION

              For the foregoing reasons, the July 10, 2012, order of the Circuit Court of

Morgan County is reversed, and we remand to the circuit court for further proceedings as

consistent with this opinion.

                                                 Reversed and remanded with directions.

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