Court Opinion

ID: 6118499
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-03 21:00:43.950192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:31.297152
License: Public Domain

FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                               FEB 3 2022
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RICHARD MARK, Relator; ex rel United             No.   20-56280
States of America,
                                                 D.C. No.
              Plaintiff-Appellant,               2:18-cv-09426-RGK-PLA

 and
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; et al.,

              Plaintiffs,

 v.

SHAMIR USA, INC.; et al.,

              Defendants-Appellees.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                    R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted January 13, 2022
                                Pasadena, California

       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Before: RAWLINSON and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** District
        Judge.

      Appellant Richard Mark, as qui tam Relator and on behalf of the United States

Government and various states and municipalities, brought an action under the False

Claims Act (FCA), the Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS), and related state laws1 against

Shamir USA, Inc., Shamir Optical Industry, Ltd., Shamir Optica Holdings A.C.S.

Ltd., and Shamir Insight, Inc. (collectively “Shamir”).

      Shamir develops, manufactures, and markets progressive lenses.          Mark,

Shamir’s former Key Account Manager for North America, alleged that Shamir,

through its reward programs, violated the FCA and AKS “by submitting [and causing

others to submit] fraudulent bills to the Government . . . as a result of kickbacks

provided to eyecare professionals (ECPs).” Specifically, Mark alleged that “Shamir

knew that [Government] insurance plans . . . reimbursed optical lenses based on the

purported invoice price.” With this knowledge, Shamir induced ECPs to purchase

Shamir’s products by offering discounts and rebates to ECPs to lower the prices of

Shamir’s products, and subsequently providing ECPs with invoices containing

      **
            The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
      1
      Because the state law claims are not at issue in this appeal, we focus on the
Government’s payments.
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inflated prices. This scheme resulted in the Government, rather than Shamir, paying

for the ECP discounts.

      The district court held that Mark’s allegations were barred by the FCA’s public

disclosure bar because the allegations were substantially similar to promotional

articles Shamir publicly disclosed through optical industry publications. Concluding

that Mark did not qualify as an “original source,” the court granted Shamir’s motion

to dismiss and denied leave to amend. Mark timely appealed.

      We review dismissal of claims under the FCA de novo. See United States ex

rel. Hendow v. Univ. of Phx., 461 F.3d 1166, 1170 (9th Cir. 2006). We assume the

facts as alleged are true, and examine only whether relator’s allegations support a

cause of action under the theories presented. See id. Whether a particular disclosure

triggers the public disclosure bar is a mixed question of law and fact that we review

de novo. See United States ex rel. Found. Aiding The Elderly v. Horizon W., Inc., 265

F.3d 1011, 1013 (9th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted), amended on denial of reh’g, 275

F.3d 1189 (9th Cir. 2001).

      The AKS prohibits the knowing and willful solicitation, receipt, offer or

payment of any remuneration in return for referral to a health care provider; or

arranging the use of any health service, facility, or item. See 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b);

see also Hanlester Network v. Shalala, 51 F.3d 1390, 1394 (9th Cir. 1995). The

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payment of illegal kickbacks is a violation of the FCA. See 42 U.S.C.§ 1320a-7b(g)

(referencing the False Claims Act).

      The FCA permits relators to bring an action on behalf of the government

“against companies that knowingly present, or cause to be presented a false or

fraudulent claim for payment or approval to the federal government.” United States

ex rel. Solis v. Millennium Pharms., Inc., 885 F.3d 623, 625–26 (9th Cir. 2018)

(citations, alterations, footnote reference, and internal quotation marks omitted). “The

statute, however, deprives federal courts of subject matter jurisdiction over FCA suits

when the alleged fraud has already been publicly disclosed, unless the relator is

deemed an original source.” Id. at 626 (citation omitted). The public disclosure bar

is triggered if the disclosure was “public[ly]” disseminated through news media and

“the relator’s action is based upon the allegations or transactions publicly disclosed.”

Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      As examples of Shamir’s public disclosure, the district court referenced one

announcement that stated: “Vision West members are able to offer their patients the

latest in progressive lens technology, and they automatically receive rewards back,

making it a win-win for everyone,” and another announcement “describing [a]

program whereby customers who use a Shamir affiliated laboratory would receive

personalized YouTube channels designed in part to promote Shamir lenses.”

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       From these announcements, the district court concluded that “[t]he only

available conclusion from the publicly disclosed facts is that rebates through the

[rewards] program were not deducted from any insurance reimbursement.” We

disagree. We have explained the dangers of allowing a generalized description of a

program that could give rise to fraud in public documents to prevent the pursuit of

legitimate fraud:

       Allowing a public document describing “problems”—or even some
       generalized fraud . . . to bar all FCA suits identifying specific instances
       of fraud . . . would deprive the Government of information that could
       lead to recovery of misspent Government funds and prevention of further
       fraud.

United States ex rel. Mateski v. Raytheon Co., 816 F.3d 565, 577 (9th Cir. 2016).

Even assuming that the websites on which the announcements were made constitute

news media, the information disseminated was so innocuous that there was no public

disclosure of a transaction or allegation of fraud in the first instance, as required under

the FCA. Accordingly, the district court erred in applying the public disclosure bar.

See id. at 580. In light of this determination, we need not address the original source

issue or denial of leave to amend. See Simeonov v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 532, 538 (9th

Cir. 2004).

       REVERSED AND REMANDED.

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