Court Opinion

ID: 4232679
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-27 19:21:55.321531+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:16:09.209386
License: Public Domain

J-A10016-17

                           2017 PA Super 412

NICHOLAS DEL CIOTTO, INDIVIDUALLY           IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
AND AS ADMINISTRATOR OF THE                       PENNSYLVANIA
ESTATE OF ROCCO DEL CIOTTO

                      Appellant

                 v.

THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF PENN HEALTH SYSTEM,
UNIVERSITY OF PENN HEALTH SYSTEM,
ROBERT CENTRONE, D.O., ELECTRONIC
SECURITY SOLUTIONS, LLC AND
JEFFREY MITCHELL, MARK TESTA, D.O.,
AND STEINGARD & TESTA MEDICAL
ASSOCIATES, HCR MANORCARE, INC.
AND HCR HEALTHCARE, LLC AND
HEALTHCARE AND RETIREMENT
CORPORATION OF AMERICA,
INTERSTATE REALITY MANAGEMENT
COMPANY, NORMA LOTTENGER

                                                No. 2023 EDA 2016

            Appeal from the Judgment Entered May 19, 2016
          In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
          Civil Division at No(s): March Term, 2013 No. 00027
                                   March Term, 2013 No. 0653

NICHOLAS DEL CIOTTO, INDIVIDUALLY          IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
AND AS ADMINISTRATOR OF THE                      PENNSYLVANIA
ESTATE OF ROCCO DEL CIOTTO

                 v.

THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF PENN HEALTH SYSTEM,
UNIVERSITY OF PENN HEALTH SYSTEM,
ROBERT CENTRONE, D.O., ELECTRONIC
SECURITY SOLUTIONS, LLC AND
JEFFREY MITCHELL, MARK TESTA, D.O.,
AND STEINGARD & TESTA MEDICAL
ASSOCIATES, HCR MANORCARE, INC.
AND HCR HEALTHCARE, LLC AND
HEALTHCARE AND RETIREMENT
J-A10016-17

CORPORATION OF AMERICA,
INTERSTATE REALITY MANAGEMENT
COMPANY, NORMA LOTTENGER

APPEAL OF: MARK TESTA, D.O., AND
STEINGARD & TESTA MEDICAL
ASSOCIATES

                                                  No. 2024 EDA 2016

             Appeal from the Judgment Entered May 19, 2016
           In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
           Civil Division at No(s): March Term, 2013 No. 00027
                                    March Term, 2013 No. 000653

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., SOLANO, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

OPINION BY SOLANO, J.:                         FILED DECEMBER 27, 2017

     At Docket No. 2023 EDA 2016, Plaintiff Nicholas Del Ciotto (“Del

Ciotto”), individually and as administrator of the estate of Rocco Del Ciotto

(“Decedent”), appeals from the judgment entered on the arbitration award

in favor of Defendant Healthcare and Retirement Corporation of America,

individually and doing business as HCR ManorCare, ManorCare, Inc., HCR

ManorCare, Inc., ManorCare Health Services, LLC, and Wallingford Nursing

and Rehabilitation Center–Wallingford PA, LLC, individually and doing

business as Wallingford Nursing and Rehabilitation Center (collectively,

“ManorCare”). At Docket No. 2024 EDA 2016, Defendants Mark Testa, D.O.,

and Steingard & Testa Medical Associates, P.C. (together, “Testa”), also

appeal from that same judgment.      Defendants Pennsylvania Hospital, The

Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Health System,

University of Pennsylvania Health System, and Trustees of the University of

                                    -2-
J-A10016-17

Pennsylvania (collectively, “Penn”) have not appealed. 1          We vacate the

judgment, vacate the order entering judgment on the arbitration award,

vacate in part the arbitration award to the extent it resolved Del Ciotto’s

wrongful death claim, affirm in part and reverse in part the order sustaining

ManorCare’s preliminary objections, and remand for further proceedings that

may include a trial, if necessary.

       Although the record exceeds 28,000 pages, many of the facts forming

the basis for the underlying claims are undisputed. 2         Decedent had two

children, Nicholas and Susan; it appears that Susan is estranged from the

family. On March 1, 2011, Decedent was a tenant in a first-floor apartment

when a fire broke out in the apartment above him, which activated that

apartment’s sprinkler system.          The resulting flood caused portions of the

ceiling of Decedent’s apartment to fall on top of him. Decedent, then eighty-

eight years old, was rushed to Pennsylvania Hospital, where he was treated

for his injuries by Dr. Testa, among other doctors. Decedent’s prior medical

history included a diagnosis of dementia.

       On March 28, 2011, Decedent was transferred from Pennsylvania

Hospital to ManorCare’s Wallingford Nursing and Rehabilitation Center.         A

____________________________________________
1
   Although it did not appeal, Penn filed a brief under Pa.R.A.P. 2137 in which
it purports to join the arguments presented by Testa, which did appeal. The
filing of such a brief is not a substitute for the filing of a notice of appeal,
see Pa.R.A.P. 902, and, although we recognize Penn’s right to file its brief as
a party to this litigation, we do not enter any judgment in favor of Penn.
2
 The voluminous record consists mostly of pleadings, motions, and briefs.
The docket through May 14, 2016 consumes 164 pages.

                                           -3-
J-A10016-17

few weeks later, on April 19, 2011, an arbitration agreement regarding

Decedent’s care at that Center was signed, and that agreement forms the

basis for the parties’ dispute.   At the very top of the first page of the

agreement, it states:

     VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT: If you do not accept this
     Agreement, the Patient will still be allowed to live in, and
     receive services in, this Center.

              ARBITRATION AGREEMENT (“AGREEMENT”)

         BY ACCEPTING THIS AGREEMENT, THE PARTIES ARE
     WAIVING THEIR RIGHT TO A TRIAL BEFORE A JUDGE
     AND/OR A JURY OF ANY DISPUTE BETWEEN THEM.
     PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY AND IN ITS
     ENTIRETY BEFORE ACCEPTING ITS TERMS.

            This Agreement made on __3/28/2011          (date) by and
     between the Parties, Patient Rocco Delciotto and/or Patient’s
     Legal Representative _______________ (collectively referred to
     as “Patient”), and the Center Wallingford Nursing and Rehab , is
     an Agreement intended to require that Disputes be resolved by
     arbitration. The Patient’s Legal Representative agrees that he is
     signing this Agreement as a Party, both in his representative and
     individual capacity.

Arbitration Agreement, 4/19/11, at 1, R. 319a (bold type in original). The

date and the names of “Delciotto” and Wallingford were inserted in blanks on

the page, but no name was inserted in the blank for the patient’s legal

representative.

     The pertinent paragraphs of the agreement follow:

     B. AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE “DISPUTES”: Any and all
     claims or controversies arising out of or in any way relating to
     this Agreement, this Admission Agreement or any of the
     Patient’s stays at this Center, or any Center operated by any
     subsidiary of HCR-Manor Care, Inc., whether or not related to
     medical malpractice, including but not limited to disputes

                                    -4-
J-A10016-17

        regarding the making, execution, validity, enforceability,
        voidability, unconscionability, severability, scope, interpretation,
        preemption, waiver, or any other defense to enforceability of this
        Agreement or the Admission Agreement, whether arising out of
        State or Federal law, whether existing now or arising in the
        future, whether for statutory, compensatory or punitive damages
        and whether sounding in breach of contract, tort or breach of
        statutory duties (including, without limitation except as
        indicated, any claim based on Patients’ Rights or a claim for
        unpaid Center charges), regardless of the basis for the duty or of
        the legal theories upon which the claim is asserted, shall be
        submitted to binding arbitration. Notwithstanding the above,
        nothing in this Agreement prevents the Patient from filing a
        grievance or complaint with the Center or appropriate
        governmental agency; from requesting an inspection of the
        Center from such agency; or from seeking review under any
        applicable federal, state or local law of any decision to
        involuntarily discharge or transfer the Patient from the Center.

              ...

        9. Final with Limited Rights to Review (Appeal): The
        Panel’s award binds the Parties. The Parties have a limited right
        of review for only the express reasons allowed by the FAA.[3]

              ...

        F. OTHER PROVISIONS:

              ...

        2. Opportunity to Review & Right to Consult with
        Attorney: The Patient (if competent) and the Patient’s Legal
        Representative acknowledge that the Patient and Legal
        Representative have each received a copy of this Agreement,
        and have had an opportunity to read it (or have it read to
        him/her) and ask questions about it before accepting it. Please
        read this Agreement very carefully and ask any questions that
        you have before signing it. Feel free to consult with an attorney
        of your choice before signing this Agreement.

              ...
____________________________________________
3
    Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16.

                                           -5-
J-A10016-17

      4. FAA: The Parties hereby agree and intend that this
      Agreement, the Admission Agreement and the Patient’s stays at
      the Center substantially involve interstate commerce, and
      stipulate that the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) in effect as of
      November 1, 2008 and federal case law interpreting such version
      of the FAA shall apply to this Agreement, shall preempt any
      inconsistent State law and shall not be reverse preempted by the
      McCarran-Ferguson Act; United States Code Title 15, Chapter
      20, or other law. Any amendment to such version of the FAA is
      hereby expressly waived.

      5. Binding on Parties & Others: The Parties intend that this
      Agreement shall inure to the direct benefit of and bind the
      Center . . . and shall inure to the direct benefit of and bind the
      Patient (as defined herein), his/her successors, spouses,
      children, next of kin, guardians, administrators, legal
      representatives, responsible parties, assigns, agents, attorneys,
      health care proxies, health care surrogates, third Party
      beneficiaries,   insurers,   heirs,   trustees,    survivors  and
      representatives, including the personal representatives or
      executors of his/her estate, any person whose claim is derived
      through or on behalf of the Patient or relates in any way to the
      Patient’s stay(s) at this Center, or any person who previously
      assumed responsibility for providing Patient with necessary
      services such as food, shelter, clothing, or medicine, and any
      person who executed this Agreement or the Admission
      Agreement.

Arbitration Agreement at 1-3, R. 319a-21a (bold type and italics in original).

      The signature block at the end of the Agreement was set forth as

follows:

      BY SIGNING BELOW, THE PARTIES CONFIRM THAT EACH
      OF THEM HAS READ ALL FOUR (4) PAGES OF THIS
      AGREEMENT AND UNDERSTANDS THAT EACH HAS WAIVED
      THE RIGHT TO A TRIAL BEFORE A JUDGE OR JURY AND
      THAT EACH OF THEM CONSENTS TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF
      THIS VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT.

                                     -6-
J-A10016-17

       PATIENT:                              PATIENT’S LEGAL REPRESENTATIVE:

       ____________________________ _________________________________
       Printed Name (Date)          Printed Name           (Date)

       ____________________________ _________________________________
       Signature of Patient         Signature of Patient’s Legal
                                    Representative1 in his/her Representative
                                    capacity

                                             _________________________________
                                             Signature of Patient’s Legal
                                             Representative in his/her Individual
                                             capacity
       CENTER REPRESENTATIVE

       ____________________________
       Signature of Center Representative

         1
             Patient’s Legal Representative should sign on both lines above containing
                           the phrase “Patient’s Legal Representative.”

Arbitration Agreement at 4, R. 322a (bold type and underlining in original).

The   Agreement       contains     a   signature    in   the   block   for   the   “Center

Representative.”      In the “patient” signature block, “Rocco Del Ciotto 4-19-

11” is printed on the line for “Printed Name” and “Rocco Del Ciotto” is

handwritten in cursive on the line for “Signature of Patient.”                      In the

signature block for “Patient’s Legal Representative,” “N. Del Ciotto 4-19-11”

is printed on the line for “Printed Name” and “N. Del Ciotto” is written in

cursive above the line for “Signature of Patient’s Legal Representative[] in

his/her Representative capacity.”           The line above “Signature of Patient’s

Legal Representative in his/her Individual capacity” was left blank. Id.

      During Decedent’s first few months at ManorCare, he was diagnosed

with various ailments. On September 16, 2011, Decedent was transferred

to Crozer Medical Center, where he was treated for sepsis and released on

September 23, 2011.              Crozer again treated Decedent for sepsis on
                                            -7-
J-A10016-17

November 12, 2011, and Decedent returned to ManorCare on November 21,

2011. On January 4, 2012, Decedent was admitted to Taylor Hospital and

treated for multiple ailments.        On February 4, 2012, Decedent died from,

among other causes, sepsis.

       In 2013, Del Ciotto filed a civil action in the Court of Common Pleas of

Philadelphia County (Mar. T. 2013, No. 27), in which he sought damages

under the Pennsylvania Wrongful Death Act, 42 Pa. C.S. § 8301, and the

Survival Act, id. § 8302, 4 from numerous defendants associated with the

apartment fire and Decedent’s medical treatment, including ManorCare.

After a series of preliminary objections, nine amended complaints, joinders,

dismissals, and settlement of the claims against the defendants allegedly

associated with the fire, the sole remaining medical treatment defendant

was Testa, which filed a cross-claim against ManorCare, and Penn.
____________________________________________
4
  “At common law, there was no recovery for wrongful death and the right of
action for personal injuries whether or not suit had been commenced before
death did not survive the death of an injured person.” Incollingo v.
Ewing, 282 A.2d 206, 226 (Pa. 1971). To fix that lack of remedies, the
Legislature created wrongful death and survival actions. “An action for
wrongful death may be brought by the personal representative of the
decedent for the benefit of those persons entitled by law to recover damages
. . . . The damages recovered are not part of decedent’s estate, but rather
are compensation to individual members of the family for their loss.”
Tulewicz v. Southeastern Pa. Transp. Auth., 606 A.2d 427, 431 (Pa.
1992). “A survival action, on the other hand, is not a new cause of action
but one which merely continues in the decedent’s personal representatives
the right of action which accrued to the deceased at common law because of
the tort. The damages here are measured by the pecuniary loss to
decedent.” Id. (internal brackets, quotation marks, and citations omitted);
see also Dubose v. Quinlan, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2017 WL 5616235, *9
(Pa. 2017) (“a survival action is not an independent cause of action, but a
continuation of a cause of action that accrued to the decedent”).

                                           -8-
J-A10016-17

       At about the same time as he filed his first suit, Del Ciotto also filed a

second action under the Wrongful Death and Survival Acts in the Court of

Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (Mar. T. 2013, No. 653), in which he

sought damages from various defendants for medical and nursing home

malpractice.     Eventually, after much litigation, including thirteen amended

complaints, the remaining defendants included ManorCare and Penn, which

filed a cross-claim against ManorCare.5 On June 26, 2013, the court ordered

both lawsuits consolidated “for all purposes.” Order, 6/26/13.

       The parties conducted discovery, and ManorCare served Del Ciotto

with   a    request    for   documents,         including   “All   arbitration/mediation

agreements executed by Rocco Del Ciotto or his representative(s) relating to

his admission to any long-term facilities, healthcare facilities or hospitals

within the last ten (10) years.”               Arb.-Related Req. for Prod. of Docs.,

10/10/13, at ¶ 4, R. 519a.6 In response, Del Ciotto answered, “None, other

than the Wallingford Arbitration Agreement at issue in this case.”                  Del

Ciotto’s Resp. to ManorCare’s Arb.-Related Req. for Prod. of Docs., R. 531a.7

____________________________________________
5
  Neither the ninth amended complaint at Mar. T. 2013, No. 27, nor the
thirteenth amended complaint at Mar. T. 2013, No. 653, raised claims
challenging the validity of the Arbitration Agreement.
6
  The discovery request was attached as an exhibit to ManorCare’s reply to
Del Ciotto’s response to ManorCare’s petition to compel arbitration, which is
discussed infra.
7
  The response was attached as an exhibit to Del Ciotto’s sur-reply to
ManorCare’s petition to compel arbitration. Ex. B to Del Ciotto’s Sur-Reply
to ManorCare’s Reply to Del Ciotto’s Resp. to ManorCare’s Pet. to Compel
Arb., 4/25/14.

                                           -9-
J-A10016-17

ManorCare similarly requested all powers of attorney signed by Decedent, to

which Del Ciotto responded, “none.” Id.

     Meanwhile, in response to Del Ciotto’s twelfth amended complaint,

ManorCare filed a petition to compel arbitration, alleging, among other

things:

     3. On or about April 19, 2011, Mr. Del Ciotto and his son,
     Nicholas Del Ciotto, the Plaintiff and Administrator of his father’s
     Estate, signed an Arbitration Agreement. A true and correct
     copy of the Arbitration Agreement is attached hereto and
     marked as Exhibit “B”. Nicholas Del Ciotto is the sole Plaintiff
     and beneficiary in this matter.

ManorCare’s Pet. to Compel Arb., 3/21/14, at ¶ 3, R. 355a.        The petition

attached various exhibits, including documents that purportedly established

the existence of a power of attorney permitting Del Ciotto to act on

Decedent’s behalf. Id. at ¶ 10, R. 356a. ManorCare averred:

     10. Based on the records attached, the undisputed evidence is
     that the resident’s son, Nicholas Del Ciotto, the Plaintiff herein,
     held Power of Attorney on his father’s behalf. (See, Exhibit “C”, a
     March 29, 2011 Wallingford Social Services Progress Note that
     indicates that Nicholas Del Ciotto had a POA; Exhibit “D” for a
     true and correct copy of a January 30, 2012 Consent for blood
     transfusion at Taylor Hospital that was signed by “Nick Del Ciotto
     son/POA” (emphasis added); and Exhibit “E”, containing a true
     and correct copy of a January 31, 2012 Taylor Hospital Operative
     Report, which indicates that a long discussion was had with Mr.
     Del Ciotto’s family, “particularly actually his son Nick who is his
     power of attorney [...]” (emphasis added), Exhibit “E” also
     includes a Discharge Planning sheet, which has written, “son is
     POA”) (emphasis added).

Id. (emphases and alterations in original).     ManorCare’s petition did not

request a hearing. It attached two suggested orders: the first would grant

the petition, and the second was in the form of a rule to show cause that

                                    - 10 -
J-A10016-17

would provide for a hearing at the court’s discretion. Rule to Show Cause

Order, R. 352a.

        On April 14, 2014, Del Ciotto responded with two filings — an

opposition to the petition to compel arbitration and a thirteenth amended

complaint. In the opposition to the petition to compel arbitration, Del Ciotto

averred the following in response to Paragraphs 3 and 10:

        3. Admitted only that Nick Del Ciotto signed the Arbitration
        Agreement and signed his father’s name, as . . . Rocco Del
        Ciotto was too physically and cognitively compromised to read,
        understand or sign the writing.

              ...

        10. Denied. It is specifically denied that there was a written
        Power of Attorney given by Rocco Del Ciotto to his son Nick Del
        Ciotto. Further, Defendants’ references to a suggestion[] of
        same in the medical record are impermissible hearsay and
        incompetent evidence, with some references relating to
        irrelevant subsequent time periods, inapplicable to the time of
        the Arbitration Agreement.      Moreover, Defendants have not
        explained why, if there was, in fact, a written Power of Attorney,
        they have not, pursuant to the Rules of Civil Procedure, attached
        a copy of the alleged contractual writing upon which they are
        relying. Strict proof is demanded.

Del Ciotto’s Resp. and Opp’n to Pet. to Compel Arb., 4/14/14, at ¶¶ 3, 10, R.

415a-16a. The response was signed by one of Del Ciotto’s counsel, Blake

Berenbaum, and it appended two signed verifications, one by another of Del

Ciotto’s lawyers, Jacob Snyder, and the other by Del Ciotto himself.8

____________________________________________
8
    Snyder’s verification read:

        I, JACOB N. SNYDER, ESQUIRE, verify that the statements made
        in the foregoing Response and Opposition to Petition to Compel
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                          - 11 -
J-A10016-17

      In a brief in support of his response, Del Ciotto similarly conceded that

he had signed Decedent’s name, but he contended that because Decedent

was not competent to sign and Del Ciotto did not have a power of attorney,

the arbitration agreement was invalid.              Mem. of Law in Support of Del

Ciotto’s Resp. and Opp’n to Pet. to Compel Arb., 4/14/14, at 5, 7-12, R.

422a, 424a-29a. Del Ciotto also contended that the arbitration agreement

was not signed voluntarily because ManorCare pressures families to sign.

Id. at 5-6, R. 422a-23a.          Del Ciotto asserted that the various documents

referenced by ManorCare were flawed and that the arbitration agreement

was unenforceable because it was a contract of adhesion. Id. at 18-21, R.

435a-38a. Finally, Del Ciotto asserted that even if the arbitration agreement

was valid, arbitration should proceed only for the survival action and not for

the wrongful death claim because Del Ciotto did not sign in his individual

capacity. Id. at 21-22, R. 438a-39a. Del Ciotto made no argument about

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)
      Arbitration of Defendants are true and correct to the best of my
      knowledge, information and belief. I understand that false
      statements therein are made subject to the penalties of 18 Pa.
      C.S. §4904, relating to unsworn falsification to authorities.

Del Ciotto’s verification read:

      I verify that the statements made in the foregoing writing and
      any attachments thereto are true and correct to the best of my
      knowledge, information and belief.       I understand that false
      statements therein are made subject to the penalties of 18 Pa.
      C.S. §4904, relating to unsworn falsification to authorities.

Del Ciotto signed the verification as “Nicholas Del Ciotto, Administrator of
the Estate of Rocco J. Del Ciotto.” Both verifications appear in the certified
record following the brief that was filed with Del Ciotto’s response.

                                           - 12 -
J-A10016-17

whether the scope of any power of attorney precluded him from signing a

document on Decedent’s behalf or about whether the arbitration agreement

was limited to acts or omissions after the date it was signed, April 19, 2011.

      In his thirteenth amended complaint, Del Ciotto alleged as part of the

wrongful death count that he is “the only child of Rocco Del Ciotto” and

“solely claims all damages under the Wrongful Death Act.”         Del Ciotto’s

Thirteenth Am. Compl. at ¶ 84, R. 251a (emphasis in original).

      On May 1, 2014, ManorCare filed preliminary objections to the

thirteenth amended complaint, in which it included a Paragraph 3 and a

Paragraph 10 that were identical to Paragraphs 3 and 10 of ManorCare’s

petition to compel arbitration.   ManorCare’s Prelim. Objs. to Del Ciotto’s

Thirteenth Am. Compl., 5/1/14, at ¶¶ 3, 10, R. 297a-98a. ManorCare also

attached various exhibits that allegedly referenced Del Ciotto’s power of

attorney. See id.

      On May 2, 2014, the trial court issued a rule to show cause instructing

Del Ciotto to produce any power of attorney signed by Decedent. The rule

was returnable on June 9, 2014.      The docket reflects no relevant activity

around June 9, 2014, and reveals that no pleadings were filed between

May 30, 2014, and June 17, 2014.        However, on April 25, 2014, shortly

before the court issued its rule, Del Ciotto responded to a prior request by

ManorCare for copies of all powers of attorney by stating that none exist.

                                    - 13 -
J-A10016-17

See Ex. B to Plaintiff’s Sur-Reply to Petition to Compel Arbitration, 4/25/14.9

       On May 22, 2014, Del Ciotto filed a response to ManorCare’s

preliminary objections, in which Del Ciotto averred the following in response

to the paragraphs that included Paragraph 3:

       2-4. Denied. The Complaint and alleged Arbitration Agreement
       are writings which speak[] for themselves.             Further, on
       March 21, 2014 Moving Defendants filed a Petition to Compel
       Arbitration, to which Plaintiffs filed a Response on April 14, 2014,
       after which Moving Defendants filed a Reply on April 23, 2014,
       followed by Plaintiff’s Sur-Reply filed on April 25, 2014, and on
       May 2, 2014 this Court entered a Order on scheduling a hearing
       on Defendants’ Petition to Compel Arbitration to take place on
       June 9, 2014. Therefore, Defendants’ Preliminary Objections
       regarding Arbitration are redundant as the Court is presently
       addressing this issue.

Del Ciotto’s Resp. and Opp’n to ManorCare’s Prelim Objs., 5/22/14, at ¶ 2-4

(unpaginated). Thus, in response to identical Paragraphs 3 in ManorCare’s

petition to compel arbitration and preliminary objections, Del Ciotto

proffered two substantively different responses: an admission in its reply to

the petition on April 14, 2014, followed by an undetailed “Denied” in his

response to the preliminary objections on May 22, 2014. Del Ciotto had not

____________________________________________
9
  In its appellate brief, ManorCare informs us that in June 2015, after
judgment was entered by the trial court, a third party produced a copy of a
document signed by Decedent that bestowed power-of-attorney authority on
Del Ciotto, and ManorCare attaches a copy of that document to its brief.
Because that document was never made a part of the trial court record in
this case, we may not consider it. Burlington Coat Factory of Pa., LLC v.
Grace Constr. Mgmt. Co. 126 A.3d 1010, 1019 n.9 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en
banc); accord Erie Ins. Exchange v. Moore, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2017 WL
5623350, at *4 n.2, *6 & n.10 (Pa. Super. Nov. 22, 2017). ManorCare filed
a motion with the trial court to make the power of attorney part of the
certified record, but the trial court denied that motion. Order, 5/1/17.

                                          - 14 -
J-A10016-17

requested, and the court had not granted, permission for him to withdraw

his April 14, 2014 admission, and Del Ciotto’s denial did not try to reconcile

that answer with his admission.       Del Ciotto’s response to the preliminary

objections was verified by Snyder, but the certified record does not contain a

verification by Del Ciotto himself.

      Del Ciotto’s response to paragraphs of the preliminary objections

containing Paragraph 10 was substantially similar to his response to

Paragraphs 2-4.    See Del Ciotto’s Resp. and Opp’n to ManorCare’s Prelim

Objs., 5/22/14, ¶ 9-16. Del Ciotto’s brief in support of his opposition to the

preliminary objections did not directly address the various documents

ManorCare had attached under Paragraph 10, although it referenced Del

Ciotto’s prior filings challenging the documents’ admissibility or evidentiary

value.   Del Ciotto’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of its        Resp. and Opp’n to

ManorCare’s Prelim Objs., 5/22/14, at 6.

      In further filings, ManorCare and Del Ciotto contested whether

discovery was necessary to resolve the questions regarding the arbitration

petition. They filed supplemental briefs attaching documents and deposition

testimony in support of their respective positions on the existence of a

power of attorney.     Among other things, ManorCare attached deposition

testimony that Decedent had two children, Nicholas and Susan.        Ex. C to

ManorCare’s Suppl. Mem. of Law in Supp. of ManorCare’s Pet. to Compel

Arb., 7/11/14, R. 550a.     Other than ManorCare’s proposed rule to show

                                      - 15 -
J-A10016-17

cause order, neither party requested an evidentiary hearing before the trial

court on the petition to compel arbitration.

      Eventually,   on   December    5,   2014,   the   trial   court   sustained

ManorCare’s preliminary objections and ordered that all of Del Ciotto’s

claims against ManorCare proceed to arbitration.        Order, 12/5/14.      The

court’s order did not include any reasoning for its ruling. The court marked

ManorCare’s substantially identical petition to compel arbitration as moot.

Docket, Mar. T. 2013, No. 653, 12/5/14, 10:09 a.m.

      On January 5, 2015, Del Ciotto filed a motion for reconsideration of

the court’s order sending the case to arbitration, which Testa and Penn

joined.   The motion claimed that when Attorney Snyder prepared the

response to the petition to compel arbitration, he “erroneously represented

that Plaintiff Nicholas Del Ciotto signed the Arbitration Agreement and signed

his father’s name.” Del Ciotto’s Mot. for Reconsideration, 1/5/15, at ¶ 6, R.

580a. The motion further averred that after counsel obtained a copy of the

Arbitration Agreement (on a date that was not specified), he sent it to Del

Ciotto, who then denied signing it and claimed that his signature on the

document was forged. Id. ¶¶ 7-8. The motion related that at a deposition

on July 25, 2014, Del Ciotto testified that he thought his wife Lisa signed the

Arbitration Agreement. Id. ¶ 9; see id., Ex. E (copy of Del Ciotto Dep., pp.

245-51, R. 602a-08a, in which Del Ciotto testified that if Lisa signed the

agreement, she did not have his permission to do so, and in which he stated

that he verified the response to the petition to compel arbitration without

                                    - 16 -
J-A10016-17

reading the document or having it explained to him). It further related that

at a deposition on November 8, 2014, Lisa Del Ciotto denied signing the

Arbitration Agreement.        Del Ciotto’s Mot. for Reconsideration, 1/5/15, at

¶ 10, R. 581a; see id., Ex. F (copy of Lisa Del Ciotto Dep., pp. 249-52, R.

610a, in which she denied signing the agreement).          The content of the

reconsideration motion was verified by Del Ciotto’s counsel, but not by Del

Ciotto. The trial court denied the motion for reconsideration on February 12,

2015. Order, 2/12/15, R. 634a.10

       The parties did not immediately proceed to arbitration, but engaged in

further motion practice before the trial court. Eventually, ManorCare filed a

motion to compel scheduling of the arbitration. Del Ciotto, Penn, and Testa

opposed the motion.          On September 17, 2015, the trial court granted

ManorCare’s motion. Order, 9/17/15, R. 700a.11

       The arbitration was held on January 27-29, 2015, before Allan H.

Gordon, Esquire, and on February 2, 2016, the arbitrator entered an award

____________________________________________
10
  At the time he moved for reconsideration, Del Ciotto also filed a notice of
appeal, which was docketed in this Court at No. 261 EDA 2015. This Court
quashed the appeal as interlocutory on March 9, 2015. On that same day,
Del Ciotto filed another appeal from the denial of his motion for
reconsideration. That appeal was docketed in this Court at No. 890 EDA
2015. ManorCare filed a motion to quash that appeal, and this Court
granted that motion on May 26, 2015.
11
  Del Ciotto, Penn, and Testa moved to certify the trial court’s order for
appellate review, but the trial court denied that motion. Del Ciotto, Penn,
and Testa filed petitions for review in this Court, and we denied those
petitions.

                                          - 17 -
J-A10016-17

in favor of ManorCare. The award did not set forth any findings of fact or

conclusions of law.

      On April 26, 2016, ManorCare filed a motion to enter judgment on the

arbitration award. Penn and Testa opposed that motion on the ground that

they had outstanding cross-claims pending against ManorCare. See Testa’s

Resp. in Opp’n to ManorCare’s Mot. for Entry of J. on Arb. Award, 5/17/16,

at ¶ 5, R. 730a; Testa’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to ManorCare’s Mot. for Entry

of J. at 3-4 (unpaginated), R. 734a-35a. Del Ciotto opposed the motion on

the ground that the arbitration agreement was “unenforceable” and that the

wrongful death claim was not subject to arbitration. Del Ciotto’s Resp. and

Opp’n to ManorCare’s Pet. to Enter Judgment on the Arb. Award, 5/18/16, at

¶ 3, R. 739a; Del Ciotto’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Del Ciotto’s Resp. and

Opp’n to ManorCare’s Pet. to Enter Judgment on the Arb. Award, 5/18/16, at

3, 11-12, R. 741a, 749a-50a. Del Ciotto did not argue that the arbitration

agreement was invalid due to a limited power of attorney or that the

agreement was limited to acts or omissions occurring after April 19, 2011,

the date it was executed.

      On May 19, 2016, the court granted the motion to enter judgment,

and   judgment   was   entered   the   next   day.   The   judgment   stated:

“JUDGMENT IS ENTERED UPON THE FEBRUARY 2, 2016 Arbitration

Award issued in this matter in favor of the Manor Care Defendants . . . and

against Plaintiff.” Order, 5/19/16, R. 752a (bold type and capitalization in

original).

                                   - 18 -
J-A10016-17

      On June 20, 2016, Testa and Penn filed a motion to strike, open, or

vacate judgment. Testa argued, among other things, that entry of judgment

was premature because it prejudiced Testa’s cross-claim against ManorCare

and the ability to contend that ManorCare alone was liable. Testa’s Mot. to

Strike, Open or Vacate Entry of J. in Favor of ManorCare, 5/20/16, at ¶ 21,

R. 759a; Testa’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Testa’s Mot. to Strike, Open or

Vacate Entry of J. in Favor of ManorCare, at 8-9 (unpaginated), R. 768a-

69a. The trial court never ruled on the motion to strike, open, or vacate the

judgment.

      Also on June 20, 2016, Testa and Del Ciotto filed these appeals from

the entry of judgment. Penn did not appeal.

      On June 21, 2016, Del Ciotto filed a motion for reconsideration, which

the trial court denied on June 23, 2016. Subsequently, the court stayed the

entire action pending this Court’s resolution of the outstanding appeals.

      On July 15, 2016, ManorCare filed a motion asking this Court to quash

the appeals for lack of jurisdiction. On September 9, 2016, we denied that

motion without prejudice to ManorCare’s right to re-raise the jurisdictional

issue in its appellate brief.

      On September 8, 2016, the trial court issued an opinion pursuant to

Appellate Rule 1925(a).         The opinion focused mainly on whether the

Arbitration Agreement applied to both the wrongful death and survival

claims in the case. The court extensively discussed this Court’s decision in

Pisano v. Extendicare Homes, Inc., 77 A.3d 651 (Pa. Super. 2013),

                                     - 19 -
J-A10016-17

appeal denied, 86 A.3d 233 (Pa.), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2890 (2014),

in which we held that even though a decedent signed an arbitration

agreement, wrongful death claimants who were not signatories to that

agreement were not contractually bound to arbitrate their wrongful death

claims. Trial Ct. Op., 9/8/16, at 4-5. The court then stated:

     The case before the court had significant factual differences from
     Pisano. This case presented both wrongful death and survival
     claims, and therefore implicated Pa.R.C.P. 213(e).         Mr. Del
     Ciotto signed the arbitration agreement both individually and in
     his representative capacity, the survival claims. The claims of
     decedent before his death which survive his death, must be
     remanded to arbitration.

           ...

     Herein [Nicholas] Del Ciotto[] signed the arbitration agreement
     in both his individual capacity and his capacity as attorney-in-
     fact for his father. The Arbitration Agreement states: “The
     Patient[’]s Legal Representative agrees that he is signing this
     Agreement as a Party, both in his representative and individual
     capacity.”   When he signed the agreement, he bound the
     decedent and the decedent’s survival claims to arbitration. Mr.
     Del Ciotto as a signatory to the agreement and the sole
     beneficiary under the wrongful death cause of action bound
     himself as well. All claims were governed by the arbitration
     agreement he signed.

Id. at 5-8 (footnote omitted).    The trial court did not otherwise discuss

issues regarding the validity of the Arbitration Agreement, whether the

agreement applied before April 19, 2011, or the effect the judgment would

have on Testa’s outstanding cross-claim against ManorCare.

     In his appellate brief, Del Ciotto now argues the following three issues:

     [1. Del Ciotto’s] survival claim against Manor Care should not
     have been submitted to arbitration because neither the deceased
     nor his son signed the Arbitration Agreement. Even if the

                                   - 20 -
J-A10016-17

       signatures are genuine, [Decedent] was incompetent, and
       [Nicholas Del Ciotto] had no authority.

       [2. Del Ciotto’s] actions for damages under the Wrongful Death
       Act should not have been submitted to arbitration.

       [3.] Even if the Arbitration Agreement was legally effective, it
       was signed on April 19, 2011, so all acts or omissions prior to
       that date are not subject to it.

Del Ciotto’s Brief at i-ii.12 Testa raises the following four issues:

       1. Should a judgment entered on an arbitration award be
       reversed where there was no enforceable arbitration agreement,
       and the trial court’s order compelling arbitration was an abuse of
       discretion and was not supported by substantial evidence?

       2. Should a judgment entered on an arbitration award be
       reversed where the trial court’s order compelling arbitration of
       wrongful death claims was an abuse of discretion and was not
       supported by substantial evidence?

       3. Should a judgment entered on an arbitration award be
       reversed where the arbitration — even if it had been proper —
       involved only one defendant, and entering judgment before trial
       severely prejudiced the cross-claims of other defendants who
       were not parties to the arbitration?

       4.    Was the trial court’s order entering judgment on an
       arbitration award properly appealed in accordance with
       Pennsylvania’s Statutory Arbitration Act and/or the analogous
       statute governing common law arbitration, and [A]ppellate Rule
       311(a)(8)?

Testa’s Brief at 4. Because the issues overlap, we discuss the two appeals

together.

____________________________________________
12
   We quote the headings in the argument section of Del Ciotto’s appellate
brief because they concisely summarize Del Ciotto’s issues and subsume the
more detailed questions listed in his brief’s statement of questions
presented.

                                          - 21 -
J-A10016-17

       All parties agree that the applicable standard of review is that

applicable to an order resolving a petition to compel arbitration. 13        Del

Ciotto’s Brief at 24; Testa’s Brief at 15; ManorCare’s Brief at 2. In Patton v.

Hanover Ins. Co., 612 A.2d 517 (Pa. Super. 1992), we stated:

       [I]t is clear that the question of whether an agreement to
       arbitrate exists is one which the lower court must ultimately
       address once the issue is raised pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 7304
       or § 7314(a)(1)(v). Once [a party has] petitioned the lower
       court to compel arbitration and [the opposing party has] denied
       the existence of an agreement to arbitrate, the lower court was
       required to “proceed summarily to determine the issue so raised
       and shall order the parties to proceed with arbitration if it finds
       for the moving party. Otherwise the application [to compel
       arbitration] shall be denied.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 7304(a). Clearly,
       once the question has been determined adversely by the lower
       court, we will be permitted to review that decision in a timely
       appeal.

Id. at 519.      As an appellate court, our standard of review of an order

deciding a petition to compel “is limited to determining whether the trial

court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence and whether it abused

its discretion[.]”    Quiles v. Fin. Exch. Co., 879 A.2d 281, 283 n.3 (Pa.

Super. 2005) (citing Goldstein v. Depository Trust Co., 717 A.2d 1063,

1065-66 (Pa. Super. 1998), appeal denied, 736 A.2d 605 (Pa. 1999)).

                                      Jurisdiction

       Before addressing the merits issues raised by the parties, we must

resolve whether we have jurisdiction to consider this appeal.       In its brief,

____________________________________________
13
   Given the issues raised, the parties do not claim that the appropriate
standard of review is that for an order resolving a motion to confirm an
arbitration award.

                                          - 22 -
J-A10016-17

ManorCare has renewed its contention that we lack jurisdiction, and Testa

presents this question as the fourth of its listed issues.

                 Jurisdiction over Interlocutory Arbitration Orders

        In most cases, our jurisdiction extends only to appeals from final

orders, which are defined as orders disposing of all claims against all parties.

See Pa.R.A.P. 341(b)(1). ManorCare correctly asserts that this appeal is not

from a final order because the arbitration award that forms the basis for the

judgment in this case resolved only Del Ciotto’s claims against ManorCare

and not its claims against Testa and Penn or the parties’ cross-claims.

ManorCare’s Brief at 27. ManorCare acknowledges that Section 7320(a)(6)

of the Uniform Arbitration Act, 42 Pa. C.S. § 7320(a)(6), 14 provides that

“[a]n appeal may be taken from . . . [a] final judgment or decree of a court

____________________________________________
14
     We recently explained:

        Pennsylvania makes available two statutory schemes for
        arbitration of cases not filed in court.       One, the Uniform
        Arbitration Act, 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 7301-7320, governs arbitrations
        under agreements that “expressly provide[]” that they are
        subject to that Act “or any other similar statute.” 42 Pa. C.S. §
        7302(a).    All other arbitration agreements are “conclusively
        presumed” to be governed by what the Judicial Code calls
        “common law arbitration” under 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 7341-7342. See
        Moscatiello [v. Hilliard, 939 A.2d 325, 327 (Pa. 2007)].

Weinar v. Lex, ___ A.3d ___, 2017 WL 6395862, at *5 (Pa. Super. 2017).
The judgment entered in this case did not specify which of these two
arbitration schemes was the authority for its entry, but for present purposes
it does not matter because the “common law” statute, 42 Pa. C.S.
§ 7342(a), provides that, with one exception not applicable here, the appeal
provisions in Section 7320 of the Uniform Act also apply to appeals from
common-law arbitrations.

                                          - 23 -
J-A10016-17

entered pursuant to” an arbitration statute,       15
                                                        but contends that the

reference in this provision to a “final judgment” means that the statute does

not authorize an appeal from an interlocutory arbitration judgment like that

in this case. ManorCare’s Brief at 27.

        ManorCare’s argument overlooks recent amendments to Rule 311 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure that specifically authorize interlocutory

arbitration appeals like this one. As amended in 2015 (effective April 2016),

Rule 311(a) provides:

        An appeal may be taken as of right and without reference to
        Pa.R.A.P. 341(c) from:

              ...

____________________________________________
15
     Section 7320(a) states:

        General rule. — An appeal may be taken from:

           (1) A court order denying an application to compel arbitration
           made under section 7304 (relating to proceedings to compel
           or stay arbitration).

           (2) A court order granting an application to stay arbitration
           made under section 7304(b).

           (3) A court order confirming or denying confirmation of an
           award.

           (4) A court order modifying or correcting an award.

           (5) A court order vacating an award without directing a
           rehearing.

           (6) A final judgment or decree of a court entered pursuant to
           the provisions of this subchapter.

42 Pa. C.S. § 7320(a).

                                          - 24 -
J-A10016-17

         (8) . . . An order that is made final or appealable by statute
      or general rule, even though the order does not dispose of
      all claims and of all parties.

Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(8) (emphases added).         The Official Note to this provision

states that it is intended to address “orders that are procedurally

interlocutory [but are] made appealable by statute.” As the Supreme Court

explained in Malanchuk v. Tsimura, 137 A.3d 1283, 1284 n.3 (Pa. 2016),

“appeals from orders that do not dispose of all parties and all claims

denominated as final orders by statute were converted into interlocutory

appeals as of right under Rule 311(a)(8).” Thus, under Rule 311(a)(8), an

order made appealable by a statute such as the Arbitration Act is

immediately appealable “without reference” to a determination of finality

under Rule 341 and, more specifically, “even though the order does not

dispose of all claims and of all parties.” Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(8).

      The drafters of the 2015 amendments to Rule 311(a)(8) had

arbitration orders in mind when they drafted the amendments, and they

added a section to Rule 311’s Official Note that makes clear that

interlocutory orders entered under Section 7320(a) of the arbitration statute

are immediately appealable under Rule 311.            Recognizing that Section

7320(a) authorizes appeals from six types of arbitration orders, including

“final judgments” under Section 7320(a)(6), the Note states:

      All six types of arbitration orders identified in 42 Pa.C.S.
      § 7320(a) are immediately appealable as of right. Differing
      principles govern these orders, some of which are interlocutory
      and some of which are final.

                                     - 25 -
J-A10016-17

          ...

           • . . . If an order is appealable under 42 Pa.C.S.
       § 7320(a) . . . (6) because it is final, that is, the order
       disposes of all claims and of all parties, see Pa.R.A.P. 341(b),
       failure to appeal immediately waives all issues. If the order
       does not dispose of all claims or of all parties, then the
       order is interlocutory. An aggrieved party may appeal
       such an order immediately under Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(8) or
       challenge the order on appeal from the final judgment.

Pa.R.A.P. 311, Official Note (emphases added).            This allowance of an

immediate appeal from an arbitration order despite the presence of other

unresolved claims in a case is consistent with an overarching policy derived

from federal law to foster arbitration even if doing so results in piecemeal

litigation.     As   the   Supreme   Court   recently   observed   in   Taylor   v.

Extendicare Health Facilities, Inc., 147 A.3d 490 (Pa. 2016) —

       [T]he prospect of inefficient, piecemeal litigation proceeding in
       separate forums is no impediment to the arbitration of arbitrable
       claims. Indeed, where a plaintiff has multiple disputes with
       separate defendants arising from the same incident, and only
       one of those claims is subject to an arbitration agreement, the
       [U.S. Supreme] Court requires, as a matter of law, adjudication
       in separate forums.

Taylor, 147 A.3d at 507 (holding that state rule of civil procedure requiring

consolidation of wrongful death and survival actions is preempted by Federal

Arbitration Act if survival claim is arbitrable). Thus, the fact that Del Ciotto

has outstanding unresolved claims against both Testa and Penn and that

there are unresolved cross-claims among the parties does not render the

judgments in this case unappealable.

                                      - 26 -
J-A10016-17

                    Whether Testa Is an Aggrieved Party

      Apart from its argument that the appeals are interlocutory, ManorCare

contends that Testa may not appeal because he is not an aggrieved party

under the arbitration agreement between Del Ciotto and ManorCare.

ManorCare’s Brief at 28.    ManorCare argues that Testa cannot establish a

“substantial, direct, and immediate” interest in this appeal because his

arguments are based on mere speculation that the arbitrator’s decision may

harm his ability to establish in his cross-claim that ManorCare alone is liable

for Decedent’s injuries. Id. at 28-29.

      Under Pennsylvania law, an appeal may be taken by a “party who is

aggrieved by an appealable order.” Pa.R.A.P. 501. The Supreme Court has

set forth the following guidelines to meet this requirement:

      [I]n Pennsylvania, a party must be aggrieved in order to possess
      standing to pursue litigation.     Aggrievability is obtained by
      having a substantial, direct, and immediate interest in
      proceedings or litigation. When the standards for substantiality,
      directness, and immediacy are readily met, the inquiry into
      aggrievability, and therefore standing, ends. Should, however, a
      party’s immediate interest not be apparent, a zone of interests
      analysis may (and should) be employed to assist a court in
      determining whether a party has been sufficiently aggrieved, and
      therefore has standing.

Johnson v. Am. Standard, 8 A.3d 318, 333 (Pa. 2010); see also In re

Jackson Trust, ___ A.3d ___, 2017 WL 5150950, at *8-*9 (Pa. Super.

2017). “[T]he requirement of a ‘substantial’ interest simply means that the

individual’s interest must have substance — there must be some discernible

adverse effect to some interest other than the abstract interest of all citizens

                                     - 27 -
J-A10016-17

in having others comply with the law.” Wm. Penn Parking Garage, Inc.

v. City of Pittsburgh, 346 A.2d 269, 282 (Pa. 1975).         “The requirement

that an interest be ‘direct’ simply means that the person claiming to be

aggrieved must show causation of the harm to his interest by the matter of

which he complains.”      Id. (footnote omitted).     “[I]t is clear that the

possibility that an interest will suffice to confer standing grows less as the

causal connection grows more remote.” Id. at 283.

      Here, Testa claims to be aggrieved by the arbitration judgment

because the judgment may have a preclusive effect in proceedings on his

cross-claim against ManorCare.     In Taylor, our Supreme Court observed

that the law of the Commonwealth regarding “the preclusive effect of an

arbitration award upon judicial proceedings” is unsettled:

      [A]lthough the appellate courts of the Commonwealth have held
      that “a judicially confirmed private arbitration award will have
      collateral estoppel effect, even in favor of non-parties to the
      arbitration, if the arbitrator actually and necessarily decided the
      issue sought to be foreclosed and the party against whom
      estoppel is invoked had full incentive and opportunity to litigate
      the matter,” Frog, Switch & Mfg. Co. v. Pa. Human
      Relations Comm’n, 885 A.2d 655, 661 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005), we
      have not addressed this question. Notably, when the United
      States Supreme Court [in Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v.
      Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 222 (1985),] considered whether courts
      should resolve arbitrable pendent claims when a non-arbitrable
      claim is before it, in order to avoid the possible collateral
      estoppel effect of the arbitration proceeding in a subsequent
      court proceeding, the Court acknowledged that the preclusive
      effect of arbitration proceedings in such circumstances was not
      well-settled.

Taylor, 147 A.3d at 511-12 (footnote omitted).       In light of this unsettled

state of the law, we agree with Testa that the arbitration award could impact

                                    - 28 -
J-A10016-17

his interests. Although Del Ciotto contended that both ManorCare and Testa

were responsible for Decedent’s injuries, the arbitrator found in favor of

ManorCare and against Del Ciotto. ManorCare now argues that the effect of

this decision on Testa’s cross-claim is too speculative to make Testa

“aggrieved” by it, but ManorCare does not disclaim an intention to assert

that the arbitration judgment is binding on Testa and governs recovery in

this case.    While the success of any preclusion argument against Testa is

speculative, the fact that the arbitration judgment makes Testa subject to

such an argument presents a substantial, direct, and immediate threat to

Testa’s ability to recover on its cross-claim that is sufficient to make Testa

aggrieved by the entry of judgment on the arbitration award.16

       In addition, Testa points out that ManorCare takes the position that,

apart from any preclusion argument, it will be necessary to inform the jury

of the arbitration judgment in the future proceedings involving the other

parties to the case.      If, as Testa contends, the judgment was improperly

entered, it will have an adverse and improper effect on those future

____________________________________________
16
  We recognize that we eventually hold in this opinion that the effect of the
arbitration judgment on Testa’s cross-claim is not a sufficiently ripe issue for
us to decide at this stage of the case. The fact that an issue is not ripe does
not mean that a party asserting the issue is insufficiently aggrieved to
present the issue on appeal, however.           See generally Yocum v.
Commonwealth, 161 A.3d 228, 234 (Pa. 2017) (discussing differences
between standing and ripeness doctrines). Moreover, we decide in favor of
Testa on one of his other issues, relating to the wrongful death claim, which
may have a more direct effect on any judgment regarding Testa.

                                          - 29 -
J-A10016-17

proceedings, to Testa’s detriment. For this reason too, Testa is entitled to

appeal to contest the validity of the judgment.

      Whether Del Ciotto is Bound by the Arbitration Agreement

      In their first issues, Del Ciotto and Testa contend that the Arbitration

Agreement is not valid and binding and that the judgment entered on the

basis of the Agreement therefore is invalid.

      Del Ciotto’s main argument relates to the signatures on the document.

The Agreement’s signature block contains signatures that purport to be

those of Decedent and of “N. Del Ciotto,” who signed as Decedent’s

representative.    Del Ciotto contends that Decedent did not sign the

agreement, and, due to his dementia, was not competent to do so.          Del

Ciotto further contends that the “N. Del Ciotto” signature is not his (he

claims he never signs using only his first initial), and that, even if he had

signed the document, there is no proof that he did so pursuant to a power of

attorney authorizing him to do so. Del Ciotto contends that the signatures

of Decedent and “N. Del Ciotto” look like they were made by the same

person and that they are forgeries. Testa makes similar arguments and also

emphasizes “inconsistencies” within the Agreement (such as the similarities

in the signatures and the different dates at the beginning of the Agreement

and in its signature block). Both Del Ciotto and Testa contend that the trial

court erred in enforcing the Arbitration Agreement without holding a hearing

to resolve the factual issues that their contentions raised.

                                     - 30 -
J-A10016-17

      ManorCare counters that Del Ciotto is bound by the admission that he

signed the agreement, which he included in his response to the motion to

compel arbitration. It relies on documents submitted in connection with that

motion to show that Del Ciotto had the power to act on Decedent’s behalf.

ManorCare contends that the evidence was sufficient to permit the trial court

to conclude that the Arbitration Agreement was valid and enforceable, so

that the court did not err in compelling arbitration under it.

      The trial court did not extensively discuss its reasons for concluding

that a valid arbitration agreement exists. The court stated that Del Ciotto

“signed the arbitration agreement in both his individual capacity and his

capacity as attorney-in-fact for his father” and noted that the Agreement

provided that “The Patient[’]s Legal Representative agrees that he is signing

this Agreement as a Party, both in his representative and individual

capacity.” Trial Ct. Op. at 7. The court concluded:

      When [Del Ciotto] signed the agreement, he bound the decedent
      and the decedent’s survival claims to arbitration. Mr. Del Ciotto
      as a signatory to the agreement and the sole beneficiary under
      the wrongful death cause of action bound himself as well. All
      claims were governed by the arbitration agreement he signed.

Trial Ct. Op. at 7-8 (footnote omitted). The court thus appeared to find that,

despite the parties’ various disputes about the issue, the signatures on the

Agreement were valid and made with sufficient authority to make them

binding.

      The trial court reached these conclusions without holding a factual

hearing. No party requested such a hearing, and we conclude that none was

                                     - 31 -
J-A10016-17

required. The governing statute is Section 7304 of the Uniform Arbitration

Act, which apples both to Uniform Act arbitrations and “common law”

arbitrations. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 7342(a) (making Section 7304 applicable to

common law arbitrations). Section 7304(a) provides:

     Compelling arbitration. — On application to a court to compel
     arbitration made by a party showing an agreement described in
     section 7303 (relating to validity of agreement to arbitrate) and
     a showing that an opposing party refused to arbitrate, the court
     shall order the parties to proceed with arbitration.       If the
     opposing party denies the existence of an agreement to
     arbitrate, the court shall proceed summarily to determine the
     issue so raised and shall order the parties to proceed with
     arbitration if it finds for the moving party. Otherwise, the
     application shall be denied.

42 Pa. C.S. § 7304(a).

     In Schwarz v. Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC, 58 A.3d 1270 (Pa. Super.

2012), the defendants filed a motion to compel arbitration and the plaintiff

denied the existence of an agreement.       58 A.3d at 1273.   The trial court

“proceeded ‘summarily’” and then “ordered the parties to proceed with the

arbitration.” Id. This Court held that the trial court “was not required to

hold a hearing as § 7304 directs the trial court to proceed ‘summarily’ to

determine whether an agreement exists.” Id. We explained:

     [Section 7304] provides no guidance as to the procedure a trial
     court should employ in “summarily” determining whether an
     agreement to arbitrate exits. While the statute[’s] language
     affords no basis for concluding that a hearing is always required,
     one may be necessary in some cases. . . . The inquiry on appeal
     is “limited to determining whether the trial court’s findings are
     supported by substantial evidence and whether it abused its
     discretion” in ruling on the petition to compel arbitration[; t]he
     trial court proceeding under § 7304 must therefore gather
     enough evidence to facilitate appellate review.

                                   - 32 -
J-A10016-17

Id. at 1273 n.1 (quoting Quiles, 879 A.2d at 283 n.3). In our discussion,

we cited Keystone Tech. Grp., Inc. v. Kerr Grp., Inc., 824 A.2d 1223,

1227 (Pa. Super. 2003), in which we remanded for a hearing on the

enforceability of an arbitration agreement because the record did not contain

“substantial evidence” from which we could discern whether conditions

precedent set forth in the agreement had been satisfied. Schwarz, 58 A.3d

at 1273 n.1.

     In determining whether “substantial evidence” exists, a trial court may

rely on a party’s judicial admissions. In John B. Conomos, Inc. v. Sun

Co., 831 A.2d 696 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal denied, 845 A.2d 818 (Pa.

2004), we explained:

     Statements of fact by one party in pleadings, stipulations,
     testimony, and the like, made for that party’s benefit, are
     termed judicial admissions and are binding on the party. Nasim
     v. Shamrock Welding Supply Co., 387 Pa. Super. 225, 563
     A.2d 1266, 1267 (1989) (“It is well established that a judicial
     admission is an express waiver made in court or preparatory to
     trial by a party or his attorney, conceding for the purposes of
     trial, the truth of the admission.”). Judicial admissions are
     deemed true and cannot be contradicted by the admitting party.
     If there is some support in the record for the truth of an
     averment, the trial court abuses its discretion if it disregards the
     admission. Such averments are binding on a party whether
     admitted by counsel or the client.         Such admissions are
     considered conclusive in the cause of action in which they are
     made — and any appeals thereof, . . . — and the opposing party
     need not offer further evidence to prove the fact admitted.

           For an averment to qualify as a judicial admission, it must
     be a clear and unequivocal admission of fact.             Judicial
     admissions are limited in scope to factual matters otherwise
     requiring evidentiary proof, and are exclusive of legal theories
     and conclusions of law. The fact must have been unequivocally

                                    - 33 -
J-A10016-17

      admitted and not be merely one interpretation of the statement
      that is purported to be a judicial admission.

831 A.2d at 712-13 (most citations omitted); accord Tops Apparel Mfg.

Co. v. Rothman, 244 A.2d 436, 438 n.8 (Pa. 1968) (“Pennsylvania has

followed this rule since Wills v. Kane, 2 Grant 60, 63 (Pa. 1853), where it

was insisted: ‘When a man alleges a fact in a court of justice, for his

advantage, he shall not be allowed to contradict it afterwards. It is against

good morals to permit such double dealing in the administration of justice’”).

      Here, the trial court was presented with an arbitration agreement that,

on its face, showed that it had been signed by both Decedent and by Del

Ciotto as his representative.        When ManorCare petitioned to compel

arbitration under the agreement, Del Ciotto admitted that he signed the

agreement and that he signed his father’s name because Decedent “was too

physically and cognitively compromised to” do so.        Del Ciotto’s Resp. and

Opp’n to Pet. to Compel Arb., 4/14/14, at ¶ 3, R. 415a.          He verified his

response subject to criminal penalties for making an unsworn falsification to

authorities.   Although Del Ciotto later filed a denial of that same fact, he did

not personally verify that denial and provided no factual basis for making it.

See Del Ciotto’s Resp. and Opp’n to ManorCare’s Prelim Objs., 5/22/14, at ¶

2-4. Del Ciotto never moved to retract his admission before the trial court

acted on the petition to compel arbitration, and the admission undoubtedly

was relevant evidence that the court was entitled to consider. Indeed, the

admission was “deemed true” and “[could] not be contradicted by the

                                      - 34 -
J-A10016-17

admitting party.” John B. Conomos, 831 A.2d at 712. When Del Ciotto

tried to retreat from the admission in moving for reconsideration of the trial

court’s decision, it was too late. The trial court was free to continue to rely

on Del Ciotto’s earlier admission, particularly given that Del Ciotto did not

personally verify the contents of the reconsideration motion.

      With respect to Del Ciotto’s argument that there was insufficient proof

of his authority to sign the agreement, the trial court again was free to rule

“summarily” on the basis of the record placed before it. Although no power

of attorney was produced by any party, ManorCare did produce several

documents suggesting that Del Ciotto was authorized to act on Decedent’s

behalf. See ManorCare’s Prelim. Objs. to Del Ciotto’s Thirteenth Am. Compl.

at ¶ 10, R. 298a. Del Ciotto responded by challenging the probity of those

documents. Del Ciotto’s Resp. and Opp’n to ManorCare’s Prelim Objs. at ¶¶

9-16; see also Del Ciotto’s Resp. and Opp’n to Pet. to Compel Arb.,

4/14/14, at ¶¶ 3, 10, R. 415a-16a. But Del Ciotto did not present any clear

evidence of his own to show that he lacked authority to sign the agreement.

Moreover, Del Ciotto’s admission that he signed the agreement as his

father’s representative was relevant evidence supporting Del Ciotto’s

apparent authority to do so. The record showed that Del Ciotto had taken

other actions on his father’s behalf, such as having Decedent admitted to

ManorCare’s facility.

      In light of the fact that the trial court was not required to hold an

evidentiary   hearing   under   Section   7304   and   instead   could   proceed

                                     - 35 -
J-A10016-17

“summarily” on the basis of the evidence before it, we cannot conclude that

the trial court abused its discretion by deciding that Del Ciotto had authority

to sign. We note that Del Ciotto not only did not ask for a hearing on this

issue, but was adamant in insisting that the record was clear enough that no

discovery was needed to resolve it. See Del Ciotto’s Sur-Reply in Opp’n to

Pet. to Compel Arb., 4/25/14, at 1-7, R. 521a-27a. Faced with a statutory

mandate to quickly resolve the petition to compel arbitration, we see no

basis to disturb the trial court’s decision.17

            Application of Agreement to Wrongful Death Claim

       Each appellant’s second issue challenges the trial court’s holding that

the Arbitration Agreement required arbitration not only of the Estate’s

survival claim, but also of Del Ciotto’s claim for the wrongful death of

Decedent.

       In Pisano, we held that a wrongful death claim is not subject to

arbitration unless the decedent’s relatives who are the wrongful death

claimants signed the relevant arbitration agreement. We explained —

____________________________________________
17
   Our conclusion with respect to Appellants’ other arguments regarding the
validity of the Agreement is similar. Any internal inconsistencies within the
document were not sufficient to compel the trial court to find it invalid. The
inconsistency regarding the dates is readily explained by the fact that the
date at the beginning of the Agreement is the date of Decedent’s admission
to the facility, which is the date as of when ManorCare contends the
Agreement is effective, even though the Agreement was not signed until
several days later. Del Ciotto’s argument that there needed to be a factual
exploration of the scope of his authority to act on his father’s behalf under
any power of attorney that might exist was not preserved in the trial court
prior to the court’s ruling.

                                          - 36 -
J-A10016-17

       The survival action has its genesis in the decedent’s injury, not
       his death. The recovery of damages stems from the rights of
       action possessed by the decedent at the time of death. In
       contrast, wrongful death is not the deceased’s cause of action.
       An action for wrongful death may be brought only by specified
       relatives of the decedent to recover damages in their own behalf,
       and not as beneficiaries of the estate. This action is designed
       only to deal with the economic effect of the decedent’s death
       upon the specified family members.

Pisano, 77 A.3d at 658-59 (ellipses and citation omitted); see also

Wrongful Death Act, 42 Pa. C.S. § 8301(b) (stating wrongful death action

exists only for the “spouse, children or parents of the deceased”). Thus, as

the Supreme Court later summarized our holding, “because wrongful death

actions are not derivative of the decedent’s rights, the wrongful death

beneficiaries were not bound by an arbitration agreement executed by the

decedent.”     Taylor, 147 A.3d at 495 (citing Pisano, 77 A.3d at 660-61);

see also Taylor, 147 A.3d at 495-96 (“an arbitration agreement signed by

the decedent or his or her authorized representative is not binding upon

non-signatory wrongful death beneficiaries, and they cannot be compelled to

litigate their claims in arbitration”); Valentino v. Phila. Triathlon, LLC,

150 A.3d 483, 494 (Pa. Super. 2016) (en banc) (stating, “A non-signatory

wrongful death claimant . . . cannot be compelled to present his claim to an

arbitrator since he has not consented to arbitration and since he possesses

an independent, non-derivative right to air his claim in the forum of his

choice”), appeal granted on other grounds, 168 A.3d 1283 (Pa. 2017).18

____________________________________________
18
     The question on which our Supreme Court granted the petition for
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                          - 37 -
J-A10016-17

      Del Ciotto and Testa argue that Pisano controls here and that because

Del Ciotto did not sign the Arbitration Agreement in his individual capacity,

he is not personally bound by it and does not have to arbitrate his wrongful

death claim. ManorCare counters that the Arbitration Agreement should be

construed to bind Del Ciotto individually. The trial court accepted this view,

holding that Del Ciotto “signed the arbitration agreement in both his

individual capacity and his capacity as attorney-in-fact for his father.” Trial

Ct. Op. at 7.

      We agree that Del Ciotto and Testa are entitled to relief on this issue.

The trial court erred in holding that Del Ciotto signed the Agreement in his

individual capacity and bound himself as an individual.                  The Agreement’s

signature    block     had   a   place    for    the   “Signature   of    Patient’s   Legal

Representative in his/her Individual Capacity,” but Del Ciotto did not sign on

that line.      Although a footnote at the bottom of the signature block

instructed that the patient’s legal representative “should sign on both lines

. . . containing the phrase ‘Patient’s Legal Representative,’” Arbitration

Agreement at 4, R. 322a (underlining in original), Del Ciotto disregarded

that instruction.

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)
allowance of an appeal in Valentino does not relate to arbitration, but
relates to whether a decedent’s waiver of liability form stating that the
decedent assumed all risks of participation in a sports event precluded
wrongful death recovery by the decedent’s heirs. See Valentino, 168 A.3d
at 1283-84.

                                           - 38 -
J-A10016-17

       ManorCare contends that the blank signature line does not matter

because the Agreement states, “The Patient’s Legal Representative agrees

that he is signing this Agreement as a Party, both in his representative and

individual   capacity.”   ManorCare’s   Brief   at   21-25   (citing   Arbitration

Agreement, 4/19/11, at 1, R. 319a).     The trial court’s opinion also placed

emphasis on this language. See Trial Ct. Op. at 7. But by not signing on

the Patient Representative’s “Individual Capacity” line, Del Ciotto made clear

that he did not agree that he was signing as a party in his individual

capacity and that the quoted sentence of the Agreement did not apply to

him.    ManorCare argues that we should enforce the quoted language

because the clause made Del Ciotto “aware of the rights he was waiving.”

ManorCare Brief at 21. To the contrary, because the quoted language

informed Del Ciotto that he would be waiving those rights if he signed in his

“Individual Capacity,” we are compelled to give effect to the fact that Del

Ciotto declined to agree to that language when he elected not to sign on the

“Individual Capacity” line.

       For similar reasons, we reject ManorCare’s reliance on the Agreement’s

statement that it is intended to “bind” the Patient’s “next of kin,” “legal

representatives,” “heirs,” “survivors,” and “any person whose claim is

derived through or on behalf of the Patient or relates in any way to the

Patient’s stay(s) at this Center.” See ManorCare’s Brief at 21-22, 24 (citing

Arbitration Agreement, 4/19/11, at 3 ¶ F.5., R. 321a). Where, as here, the

signer signs only in a “Representative capacity” and not in an “Individual

                                    - 39 -
J-A10016-17

Capacity,” the listed persons are bound only as the patient’s representatives,

and not with respect to their personal individual rights.        Otherwise, the

separate lines asking signers to sign separately in their representative and

individual capacities are meaningless. We decline to hold that a signature

line is meaningless.

      Del Ciotto also argues that the agreement does not bind his estranged

sister Susan, who also has a right to file a wrongful death claim and who did

not sign the Arbitration Agreement. ManorCare calls this argument “a red

herring” because Del Ciotto’s complaint (in its many iterations) asserted that

Del Ciotto “solely claims all damages under the Wrongful Death Act.” Del

Ciotto’s Brief at 25 (quoting Del Ciotto’s Thirteenth Am. Compl. at ¶ 84, R.

251a (emphasis in original)).       ManorCare cites Del Ciotto’s deposition

testimony that his sister was estranged from Decedent, and it maintains that

Susan has not suffered any pecuniary loss that would permit her to recover

as a wrongful death beneficiary. Id. at 26. In its opinion, the trial court did

not specifically discuss Susan, but said that Del Ciotto is “the sole beneficiary

under the wrongful death cause of action.” Trial Ct. Op. at 7-8.

      Our disposition makes it unnecessary to resolve the issues involving

Susan. But we note that, although the evidence suggests that Susan may

be estranged from the family, there is nothing in the record to suggest that

she has waived her right to recover on a claim for the wrongful death of her

father. Nor does anything in the record support a requirement that Susan

arbitrate that claim.

                                     - 40 -
J-A10016-17

       Given the importance of the individual rights being waived in an

arbitration agreement, see Taylor, 147 A.3d at 508, we will not discount

the fundamental significance of a signature in favor of contract language

purporting to bind a signatory in an individual capacity unless a signature

clearly signifies an intent to be so bound. Because Del Ciotto did not sign

the arbitration agreement in his individual capacity, we hold that the trial

court erred in requiring arbitration of the wrongful death claim.

 Application of Agreement to Decedent’s Entire Period of Admission

       For his final issue, Del Ciotto argues that because the arbitration

agreement was not signed until April 19, 2011, any of his claims based on

acts or omissions occurring prior to that date do not fall within the scope of

the Agreement. Del Ciotto’s Brief at 44-46. ManorCare responds that the

earlier events are covered under the Agreement’s language stating that it

applies to “[a]ny and all claims or controversies arising out of or in any way

relating to this Agreement, this Admission Agreement or any of the Patient’s

stays at this Center . . . .”      See Arbitration Agreement, 4/19/11, at 1, R.

319a (italics in original).

       Del Ciotto waived this issue because he did not raise it before the trial

court.19 See Pa.R.A.P. 302 (“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived

____________________________________________
19
   Appellate Rule 2117(c) requires an appellant to include in his Statement of
the Case a statement of the place in the record where an issue was raised or
preserved. See also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(e). Del Ciotto does not identify where
in the 28,000 page record he preserved this argument. He did not make it
in his opposition to ManorCare’s petition to compel arbitration, response to
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                          - 41 -
J-A10016-17

and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal”). We note that the trial

court’s Rule 1925(a) decision did not address this argument.         Del Ciotto

therefore is not entitled to relief on this issue.20

      Preclusive Effect of Arbitration Judgment on Claims of Testa

      Testa’s last outstanding issue is that the trial court’s entry of judgment

against ManorCare improperly estops Testa from asserting on his cross-claim

either that (1) only ManorCare was liable to Del Ciotto, or (2) ManorCare is

jointly and several liable to Del Ciotto. Testa’s Brief at 25-26.

      ManorCare counters that Testa’s claim is not yet ripe:

      Here, [Testa] maintain[s] that the arbitrator’s decision in favor
      of ManorCare will have an immediate and harmful effect on [his]
      ability to assert that ManorCare is solely liable for [Decedent’s]
      alleged injuries.    However, again, this concern is at best
      speculative, and is greatly outweighed by the policy favoring
      arbitration. In Taylor, the Court expressly declined to opine
      upon the potential preclusive effects of an arbitrator’s decision
      on claims not subject to arbitration that are to be tried in court
      proceedings. Taylor, 147 A.3d at 511. Indeed, [Testa] go[es]
      to great lengths to argue that the arbitrator’s decision does not
      have any preclusive effect on [Del Ciotto’s] claims against [him].
      As to whether the arbitrator’s decision in this case has any
      preclusive effect with respect to [Testa] vis-à-vis ManorCare,

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)
ManorCare’s preliminary objections, or opposition to ManorCare’s petition to
enter judgment on the arbitration award. We decline to search the record to
see if it appears somewhere else.
20
   Were we to consider this issue, we would conclude that Del Ciotto is not
entitled to relief. We interpret a contract to ascertain the intent of the
parties, and “[w]hen the terms of a contract are clear and unambiguous, the
intent of the parties is to be ascertained from the document itself.”
Nicholas v. Hofmann, 158 A.3d 675, 693 (Pa. Super. 2017).                The
Agreement unambiguously states that it covers all claims arising out of “any
of [Decedent’s] stays at” ManorCare. It therefore encompasses Decedent’s
stays at the facility prior to April 19, 2011.

                                           - 42 -
J-A10016-17

      that concern is readily addressed by an appropriate curative
      instruction by the trial judge. Indeed, in this case, a similar
      curative instruction will be necessary to address the joint
      tortfeasor settlements reached between the plaintiff and the
      multiple property defendants who were also defending survival
      and wrongful death claims.

Testa’s Brief at 29.

      The ripeness doctrine is “premised on policies of sound jurisprudence,

namely, that the courts should not give answers to academic questions or

render advisory opinions or make decisions based on assertions as to

hypothetical events that might occur in the future.” Phila. Entm’t & Dev.

Partners, L.P. v. City of Philadelphia, 937 A.2d 385, 392 (Pa. 2007).

“The basic rationale underlying the ripeness doctrine is to prevent the

courts, through avoidance of premature adjudication, from entangling

themselves in abstract disagreements. Whether the time is right to

adjudicate a claim is an issue that the Pennsylvania courts consider.”     Id.

(citation omitted).

      Here, the ripeness doctrine cautions against resolving Testa’s claim at

this time. We have vacated the judgment entered on the arbitration award

with respect to the wrongful death claim and are remanding for further

proceedings in which Del Ciotto may litigate the wrongful death claim

against ManorCare before a jury.       Whether Del Ciotto prevails in that

litigation is likely to have a significant effect on what happens to the claims

regarding Testa.

                                    - 43 -
J-A10016-17

        In addition, the trial court has not actually ruled on what effect the

judgment on the arbitration award will have on Testa’s cross-claim against

ManorCare. It would be premature for this Court to resolve that question in

the first instance based on a hypothetical event that may not occur.       See

Phila. Entm’t & Dev. Partners, 937 A.2d at 392. Until such time that the

trial court rules adversely to Testa on this issue, we deem it prudent to

conclude that Testa’s claim is not yet ripe for adjudication. See id.

                                  *     *      *

        We vacate the judgment on the arbitration award, vacate the

arbitration award to the extent it resolved Del Ciotto’s wrongful death claim,

remand for further proceedings on the wrongful death claim (including trial,

if deemed necessary), vacate the order granting ManorCare’s motion for

judgment on the arbitration award, and affirm in part and reverse in part the

order sustaining ManorCare’s preliminary objections regarding arbitration.

        Judgment vacated. Arbitration award vacated to the extent it resolved

Del Ciotto’s wrongful death claim. Order sustaining ManorCare’s preliminary

objections affirmed in part and reversed in part.        Remanded for further

proceedings, including trial, if necessary. Jurisdiction relinquished.

        President Judge Emeritus Ford Elliott joins the opinion.

        Judge Dubow did not participate in the consideration or decision of this

case.

                                      - 44 -
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/27/2017

                          - 45 -