Court Opinion

ID: 4565666
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-15 19:08:19.519476+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:36:44.434256
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/15/20 by Clerk of Supreme Court

                 IN THE SUPREME COURT
                 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

                               2020 ND 192

Environmental Law & Policy Center
and Dakota Resource Council,                                     Appellants
     v.
North Dakota Public Service Commission
and Meridian Energy Group, Inc.,                                  Appellees

                               No. 20190220

Appeal from the District Court of Burleigh County, South Central Judicial
District, the Honorable Bruce A. Romanick, Judge.

AFFIRMED.

Opinion of the Court by Tufte, Justice, in which Chief Justice Jensen and
Justices Crothers and McEvers joined. Justice VandeWalle filed a dissenting
opinion.

Scott Strand (argued), Minneapolis, Minnesota, Derrick L. Braaten (appeared)
and JJ W. England (on brief), Bismarck, North Dakota, and Rachel
Granneman (on brief), Chicago, Illinois, for appellants.

Jennifer L. Verleger (argued), Assistant Attorney General, and John M. Schuh
(appeared), Special Assistant Attorney General, Bismarck, North Dakota, for
appellee North Dakota Public Service Commission.

Lawrence Bender, Bismarck, North Dakota, for appellee Meridian Energy
Group, Inc.
    Environmental Law & Policy Ctr. v. N.D. Public Serv. Comm’n
                         No. 20190220

Tufte, Justice.

[¶1] Environmental Law and Policy Center and Dakota Resource Council
(“Appellants”) appealed from a district court judgment affirming the Public
Service Commission’s order dismissing Appellants’ formal complaint on the
basis of a lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We conclude the Commission did
not err when it dismissed Appellants’ complaint. We affirm the district court’s
judgment and the Commission’s order of dismissal.

                                         I

[¶2] This appeal arises out of Meridian Energy Group, Inc.’s construction of
a new oil refinery (“Davis Refinery”) in Billings County. In June 2018,
Appellants filed a formal complaint with the Commission, alleging Meridian
was required to obtain a certificate of site compatibility from the Commission
under N.D.C.C. ch. 49-22.1, governing energy conversion and transmission
facilities, alleging Meridian’s planned facility would have a capacity of refining
50,000 or more barrels per day (bpd). The Appellants filed their complaint after
the North Dakota Department of Health, now Department of Environmental
Quality, granted Meridian a construction permit for a “55,000 bpd” oil refinery.

[¶3] The Appellants’ complaint contained exhibits including Meridian’s
permit to construct the refinery, Meridian’s application to the county for its
conditional use permit with references to using the land for a 55,000 bpd
refinery, and other exhibits purporting to contain Meridian’s representations
to the public and its investors that it was constructing a 55,000 bpd oil refinery.
The complaint sought a declaration that Meridian’s refinery was subject to
N.D.C.C. ch. 49-22.1 and to the statutory siting process. The Commission
determined the complaint stated a “prima facie case” under its pleading rule,
N.D. Admin. Code § 69-02-02-02, and the Commission formally served the
complaint on Meridian.

[¶4] In August 2018, Meridian made a motion to the Commission seeking to
dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, contending that

                                        1
dismissal was appropriate under N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and that the case
should be disposed of by informal disposition under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-22.
Meridian asserted it was constructing a refinery with a capacity of 49,500 bpd,
falling outside the Commission’s statutory jurisdictional threshold of
50,000 bpd. Meridian argued, as a result, the Commission did not have
jurisdiction over this matter and the complaint must be dismissed.

[¶5] In support of its motion, Meridian included the affidavit of William
Prentice, Meridian’s chairman and chief executive officer. His affidavit states,
in relevant part: “Meridian is finalizing engineering and design plans for a
facility that is designed for and capable of refining no more than 49,500 barrels
per day (bpd), which is to be constructed in a single phase[,]” and “Meridian
has no current plans for any addition to or expansion of the Davis Refinery
beyond the capacity of 49,500 bpd.”

[¶6] The Commission submitted Meridian’s motion to an administrative law
judge (“ALJ”). In September 2018, the ALJ issued a recommended decision to
grant the motion to dismiss. Appellants moved to reopen and supplement the
record and to permit jurisdictional discovery. The ALJ issued a recommended
decision to deny the Appellants’ motion. In its October 10, 2018 order, the
Commission adopted the ALJ’s recommended decision granting Meridian’s
motion to dismiss the complaint. The Commission stated:

      The Commission clarifies that consistent with the policy of
      ensuring “minimal adverse effects on the environment and the
      welfare of the citizens,” the Commission may, of its own volition,
      investigate and inquire into the actions of persons in pursuance of
      compliance. N.D.C.C. § 49-22.1-20(1), (5). The matter upon which
      the Complaint is filed has been the subject of Commission
      monitoring. If Meridian operates a facility above the statutory
      threshold without a siting permit, or if Meridian files for a site
      certificate and does not have an appropriate showing of a previous
      design limitation, the project and company may be subject to
      criminal or civil action.

                                       2
The Commission also corrected one of the ALJ’s findings to state: “When plans
to increase the facility to 50,000 bpd or beyond are implemented, that plan
subjects the entire facility to the review and approval process.”

[¶7] Appellants appealed to the district court, which affirmed the
Commission’s order.

                                        II

[¶8] The Administrative Agencies Practice Act (“AAPA”), N.D.C.C. ch. 28-32,
governs an appeal from a Commission decision. Voigt v. N.D. Pub. Serv.
Comm’n, 2017 ND 76, ¶ 8, 892 N.W.2d 149. This Court, under N.D.C.C. § 28-
32-49, reviews the Commission’s order in the same manner as the district court
under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-46. Voigt, at ¶ 8. “Although our review is limited to the
record before the administrative agency, the district court’s analysis is entitled
to respect if its reasoning is sound.” Bridgeford v. Sorel, 2019 ND 153, ¶ 5, 930
N.W.2d 136 (quotations omitted). We must affirm the Commission’s order
unless:

      1.     The order is not in accordance with the law.
      2.     The order is in violation of the constitutional rights of the
      appellant.
      3.     The provisions of this chapter have not been complied with
      in the proceedings before the agency.
      4.     The rules or procedure of the agency have not afforded the
      appellant a fair hearing.
      5.     The findings of fact made by the agency are not supported by
      a preponderance of the evidence.
      6.     The conclusions of law and order of the agency are not
      supported by its findings of fact.
      7.     The findings of fact made by the agency do not sufficiently
      address the evidence presented to the agency by the appellant.
      8.     The conclusions of law and order of the agency do not
      sufficiently explain the agency’s rationale for not adopting any
      contrary recommendations by a hearing officer or an
      administrative law judge.

N.D.C.C. § 28-32-46.

                                        3
[¶9] In reviewing its findings of fact, we do not substitute our judgment for
that of the Commission, nor do we make independent findings. Voigt, 2017 ND
76, ¶ 9, 892 N.W.2d 149. We decide “only whether a reasoning mind reasonably
could have determined that the factual conclusions reached were proved by the
weight of the evidence from the entire record.” Capital Elec. Coop. v. N.D.
Public Serv. Comm’n, 2016 ND 73, ¶ 6, 877 N.W.2d 304. The Commission’s
decision on questions of law is fully reviewable. Id. Statutory interpretation is
a question of law subject to full review on appeal. Harter v. N.D. Dep’t of
Transp., 2005 ND 70, ¶ 7, 694 N.W.2d 677.

                                       III

[¶10] Appellants argue the Commission’s decision violated the fair hearing
and other requirements of the AAPA when the Commission summarily
dismissed the Appellants’ complaint, which it had found stated a prima facie
case, without allowing any opportunity for discovery; without conducting an
evidentiary hearing; and without considering evidence other than Meridian’s
proffered affidavit that contradicted earlier statements.

                                        A

[¶11] The Commission’s “authority to regulate” is limited to that authority
provided to it by the legislature. In re Application of Neb. Pub. Power Dist., 330
N.W.2d 143, 149 (N.D. 1983) (citation omitted). “The term ‘jurisdiction’ may be
used to designate the authority of an administrative body to act and relates to
the competence of that body to determine controversies of the general class to
which the case presented for its consideration belongs.” 2 Am. Jur. 2d
Administrative Law § 272 (February 2020 Update) (footnotes omitted). In the
administrative context, therefore, the term “jurisdiction” has three
components:

      (1) personal jurisdiction, referring to the agency’s authority over
      the parties and intervenors involved in the proceedings; (2) subject
      matter jurisdiction, referring to the agency’s power to hear and
      determine the causes of a general class of cases to which a
      particular case belongs; and (3) the agency’s scope of authority
      under statute.

                                        4
Id. (emphasis added); see also Bus. & Prof’l People for the Pub. Interest v. Ill.
Commerce Comm’n, 555 N.E.2d 693, 716 (Ill. 1989) (same); Kraft v. Moore, 517
N.W.2d 643, 645 (N.D. 1994) (“Subject matter jurisdiction refers to a tribunal’s
power to hear and determine the general subject involved in the action;
personal jurisdiction refers to the power of the tribunal over a party.”). Cf. City
of Arlington, Tex. v. F.C.C., 569 U.S. 290, 297-98 (2013) (“[W]hether framed as
an incorrect application of agency authority or an assertion of authority not
conferred,” the question is always whether an agency has gone beyond what it
legislatively has been permitted to do, and “there is no principled basis for
carving out some arbitrary subset of such claims as ‘jurisdictional.’”).

[¶12] Chapter 49-02, N.D.C.C., generally provides for the Commission’s
powers. The Commission’s general jurisdiction over public utilities is set forth
in N.D.C.C. § 49-02-01, and specific powers of the Commission are delineated
in N.D.C.C. § 49-02-02. Relevant to this case is whether Meridian needed to
obtain a certificate of site compatibility from the Commission under N.D.C.C.
ch. 49-22.1, governing energy conversion and transmission facilities.

[¶13] Section 49-22.1-04, N.D.C.C., states, in relevant part:

      A utility may not begin construction of a gas or liquid energy
      conversion facility or gas or liquid transmission facility in the state
      without first having obtained a certificate of site compatibility or
      a route permit from the commission pursuant to this chapter. The
      facility must be constructed, operated, and maintained in
      conformity with the certificate or permit and any terms,
      conditions, or modifications of the certificate or permit.

(Emphasis added.) Section 49-22.1-01(6)(b), N.D.C.C., defines “[g]as or liquid
energy conversion facility” as “any plant, addition, or combination of plant and
addition, designed for or capable of: . . . b. Manufacture or refinement of fifty
thousand barrels [7949.36 cubic meters] or more of liquid hydrocarbon
products per day[.]” (Emphasis added.) There is no dispute that the
Commission requires a site compatibility certificate at a 50,000 bpd threshold.

                                        5
                                        B

[¶14] Appellants argue the Commission’s decision to grant the motion to
dismiss its formal complaint before allowing discovery and based only on
Meridian’s factual assertions was clear legal error. They argue its decision
violates basic rules governing motions to dismiss under N.D.R.Civ.P. 12 and
summary judgment under N.D.R.Civ.P. 56 and they are entitled to an
evidentiary hearing because jurisdictional facts are in dispute. They contend
the Commission’s decision violates core principles of fairness and due process.

[¶15] Meridian made its motion to the Commission, seeking dismissal of the
formal complaint under N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and contending informal
disposition under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-22 was appropriate. The parties rely on
N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) to provide the proper procedure to dismiss a “formal
complaint” before the Commission.

[¶16] Under our Rules of Civil Procedure, a motion to dismiss under
N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) allows a party to challenge the court’s subject matter
jurisdiction. Subject matter jurisdiction is a court’s power to hear and decide
the general subject involved in the action. Albrecht v. Metro Area Ambulance,
1998 ND 132, ¶ 10, 580 N.W.2d 583. In deciding jurisdiction under
N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1), the district court may consider matters outside the
pleadings without converting the proceedings to summary judgment under
N.D.R.Civ.P. 56. Thompson v. Peterson, 546 N.W.2d 856, 860 (N.D. 1996); see
also Osborn v. United States, 918 F.2d 724 (8th Cir. 1990). However, this Court
has also said when a jurisdictional issue is intertwined with the case’s merits,
a Rule 12(b)(1) motion should be addressed under Rule 56 standards. Allied
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Dir. of N.D. Dep’t of Transp., 1999 ND 2, ¶ 5 n.1, 589 N.W.2d
201 (citing Thompson, at 860). We consider federal court decisions interpreting
parallel rules for further guidance on the necessity of an evidentiary hearing.
See Choice Fin. Grp. v. Schellpfeffer, 2006 ND 87, ¶ 12, 712 N.W.2d 855
(“Although not binding, federal court interpretations of a corresponding federal
rule of civil procedure are highly persuasive in construing our rule.”).

[¶17] “A Rule 12(b)(1) motion may be treated as either a facial or factual
challenge to the court’s subject matter jurisdiction.” Gould Elecs., Inc. v. United

                                        6
States, 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3d Cir. 2000). In a factual attack, “the existence of
subject matter jurisdiction [is challenged] in fact, irrespective of the pleadings,
and matters outside the pleadings, such as testimony and affidavits, are
considered.” Branson Label, Inc. v. City of Branson, 793 F.3d 910, 914-15 (8th
Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). The plaintiff bears the burden of proving
jurisdiction exists in a factual challenge. Harris v. Kellogg Brown & Root
Servs., Inc., 724 F.3d 458, 464 (3d Cir. 2013). “[T]rial courts have ‘wide
discretion to allow affidavits, other documents, and a limited evidentiary
hearing to resolve disputed jurisdictional facts under Rule 12(b)(1).’” Davis v.
Anthony, Inc., 886 F.3d 674, 677 (8th Cir. 2018) (quoting Johnson v. United
States, 534 F.3d 958, 964 (8th Cir. 2008)).

[¶18] Under Rule 12(b)(1), “[a] court can evaluate its jurisdiction without an
evidentiary hearing so long as the court has afforded [the parties] notice and a
fair opportunity to be heard.” Johnson, 534 F.3d at 964 (quotation omitted).
“Ultimately, the court must rule upon the jurisdictional issue [unless it] is so
bound up [i.e., intertwined] with the merits that a full trial on the merits may
be necessary to resolve the issue.” Buckler v. United States, 919 F.3d 1038,
1044 (8th Cir. 2019) (quotation omitted). The question of jurisdiction and the
merits are considered intertwined when “a statute provides the basis for both
the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal court and the plaintiff’s
substantive claim for relief.” Sun Valley Gasoline, Inc. v. Ernst Enters., Inc.,
711 F.2d 138, 139 (9th Cir. 1983).

[¶19] This Court has harmonized the Rules of Civil Procedure with AAPA
provisions in appeals from an agency to the district court when there was no
inconsistency between the statutes and the rules. See Reliance Ins. Co. v. Pub.
Serv. Comm’n, 250 N.W.2d 918, 922-23 (N.D. 1977) (concluding service was
timely because relevant AAPA provisions, consistent with the Rules of Civil
Procedure, allowed service by mail and implied service is completed or effective
upon mailing rather than upon receipt of the notice); see also Dunn v. N.D.
Dep’t of Transp., 2010 ND 41, ¶ 16, 779 N.W.2d 628; Lewis v. N.D. Workers
Comp. Bureau, 2000 ND 77, ¶ 7, 609 N.W.2d 445; Lende v. N.D. Workers’ Comp.
Bureau, 1997 ND 178, ¶ 30, 568 N.W.2d 755. But compare Colgate-Palmolive
Co. v. Dorgan, 225 N.W.2d 278, 282 (N.D. 1974) (stating in the context of

                                        7
N.D.R.Civ.P. 37, which grants a court authority to dismiss a complaint or
strike a defense on a party’s failure to comply with discovery: “There appears
no authority for transplanting the Rules of Civil Procedure into administrative
proceedings. Granting an administrative agency, with prosecutory and
adjudicative functions, powers coextensive with the courts would raise serious
constitutional questions.”), with Reliance Ins. Co., at 922 (explaining it was
“obvious” the Court in Colgate-Palmolive “did not conclude that the Rules of
Civil Procedure do not apply to administrative agencies” and was “highly
improbable . . . [it] intended to reverse its holding in Evanson v. Wigen, 221
N.W.2d 648 (N.D. 1974), which held that Rule [55], N.D.R.Civ.P., and Rule
43(e), N.D.R.Civ.P., apply to administrative agencies without even mentioning
the Evanson case.”). We also note the AAPA in certain sections specifically
incorporates the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure, particularly regarding
issues of service, amended and supplemental pleadings, and discovery. See,
e.g., N.D.C.C. §§ 28-32-21, 28-32-25, 28-32-33, and 28-32-39.

[¶20] The Commission has promulgated its own regulations addressing
pleading and practice. Article 69-02, N.D. Admin. Code, governs the
Commission’s practice and procedure, and N.D. Admin. Code ch. 69-02-02
governs pleadings. Under N.D. Admin. Code § 69-02-02-02(4), the Commission
initially determines whether a “formal complaint” states a “prima facie case
and conforms to this article.” “If the complaint does not state a prima facie case
or does not conform to this article, the commission will notify the complainant
and provide the complainant an opportunity to amend within a specified time.
If the complaint is not amended, it will be dismissed.” Id. Under N.D. Admin.
Code § 69-02-02-03, the respondent may file an “answer,” which among other
things must contain “[a] specific denial of each material allegation of the
complaint which is controverted by the respondent.” Here, the Commission
found the Appellants’ “formal complaint” states a “prima facie case.” Meridian
did not answer the complaint but moved to dismiss the complaint under
N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and N.D.C.C. § 28-32-22, rather than under any specific
procedural administrative rule promulgated by the Commission. We note the
Commission has applied N.D.R.Civ.P. 12 in other administrative cases. See
Dakota Access, LLC Dakota Access Pipeline Project Siting Application, Case
No. PU-14-842, 2017 WL 527325 (January 31, 2017). While the parties here

                                        8
have relied on N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1), N.D.R.Civ.P. 81 provides that “[s]pecial
statutory proceedings . . . are excluded from these rules [of civil procedure] to
the extent they are inconsistent or in conflict with the procedure and practice
provided by these rules.” Any discretion the court may have in applying
N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) may not apply to administrative agencies if it would be
inconsistent with N.D.C.C. ch. 28-32.

[¶21] Section 28-32-01(1), N.D.C.C., defines an “[a]djudicative proceeding” in
part as:

      [A]n administrative matter resulting in an agency issuing an order
      after an opportunity for hearing is provided or required. An
      adjudicative proceeding includes administrative matters involving
      a hearing on a complaint against a specific-named respondent; a
      hearing on an application seeking a right, privilege, or an
      authorization from an agency, such as a ratemaking or licensing
      hearing; or a hearing on an appeal to an agency. An adjudicative
      proceeding includes reconsideration, rehearing, or reopening.
      Once an adjudicative proceeding has begun, the adjudicative
      proceeding includes any informal disposition of the administrative
      matter under section 28-32-22 or another specific statute or rule,
      unless the matter has been specifically converted to another type
      of proceeding under section 28-32-22. An adjudicative proceeding
      does not include a decision or order to file or not to file a complaint,
      or to initiate an investigation, an adjudicative proceeding, or any
      other proceeding before the agency, or another agency, or a court.
      An adjudicative proceeding does not include a decision or order to
      issue, reconsider, or reopen an order that precedes an opportunity
      for hearing or that under another section of this code is not subject
      to review in an adjudicative proceeding.

(Emphasis added.) Section 28-32-21, N.D.C.C., provides in relevant part that
“[a]dministrative agencies shall comply with the following procedures in all
adjudicative proceedings”:

      1. a. For adjudicative proceedings involving a hearing on a
      complaint against a specific-named respondent, a complainant
      shall prepare and file a clear and concise complaint with the agency
      having subject matter jurisdiction of the proceeding. The complaint

                                         9
      shall contain a concise statement of the claims or charges upon
      which the complainant relies, including reference to the statute or
      rule alleged to be violated, and the relief sought.
      ....
      2. At any hearing in an adjudicative proceeding, the parties shall
      be afforded opportunity to present evidence and to examine and
      cross-examine witnesses as is permitted under sections 28-32-24
      and 28-32-35.

(Emphasis added.) See also N.D.C.C. §§ 28-32-21(1)(b)-(h). Section 28-32-22,
N.D.C.C., allows certain circumstances for an informal disposition:

      Unless otherwise prohibited by specific statute or rule, informal
      disposition may be made of any adjudicative proceeding, or any
      part or issue thereof, by stipulation, settlement, waiver of hearing,
      consent order, default, alternative dispute resolution, or other
      informal disposition, subject to agency approval. Any
      administrative agency may adopt rules of practice or procedure for
      informal disposition if such rules do not substantially prejudice the
      rights of any party. Such rules may establish procedures for
      converting an administrative matter from one type of proceeding
      to another type of proceeding.

[¶22] The Commission maintains on appeal that the overarching issue is
whether it has “subject matter jurisdiction,” such that the Commission has
authority under the AAPA to order a hearing and discovery. The Commission
asserts it took into account competent evidence of Meridian’s CEO’s affidavit
that stated Meridian does not plan to exceed the jurisdictional threshold. It
asserts the Commission had additional reason to accept the ALJ’s findings
based on its own correspondence and an information exchange meeting with
Meridian. The Commission asserts that no evidence could be presented at or
determined through an evidentiary hearing to provide “clairvoyance” about
Meridian’s intent and that, as a “Rule 12(b)(1) case,” it could consider matters
outside the pleadings without converting the proceedings to summary
judgment.

[¶23] Meridian also responds that its Rule 12(b)(1) motion was a “factual
attack” on the Commission’s “subject matter jurisdiction” and the Commission

                                       10
was free to consider the evidence before it without an evidentiary hearing.
Meridian contends that, even if the complaint’s allegations are accepted as
true, the Commission lacks “subject matter jurisdiction” because, as alleged,
the first phase of the refinery’s construction was only for a capacity of
27,500 bpd, which still would not trigger the Commission’s threshold
jurisdiction for 50,000 or more bpd. Meridian argues “subject matter
jurisdiction” is a necessary prerequisite to a hearing under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-
21, and the Commission’s decision on jurisdiction was not an “adjudicative
proceeding” under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-01. Both the Commission and Meridian
essentially assert the Commission lacked “subject matter jurisdiction” to
conduct an evidentiary hearing or order discovery in this case.

[¶24] It is axiomatic that the Commission has statutory authority to hold a
hearing and make findings to decide whether it has authority to regulate the
particular facility in this case. Section 49-22.1-04, N.D.C.C., plainly provides
the Commission with subject matter jurisdiction over matters involving a
utility constructing a “gas or liquid energy conversion facility,” so as to require
obtaining a certificate of site compatibility. That is the general class of cases
to which this case belongs. There can be no dispute that the legislature has
granted the Commission general regulatory authority over the construction of
a “gas or liquid energy facility” under N.D.C.C. ch. 49-22.1. The dispute in this
case turns on whether the specific facility Meridian is constructing falls above
or below the jurisdictional line provided in N.D.C.C. § 49-22.1-01(6)(b), which
excludes from Commission authority those facilities that are designed for or
capable of manufacturing or refining less than 50,000 bpd.

[¶25] Put simply, the issue here is whether a project proponent may avoid the
time and expense of an additional layer of regulatory review that comes with
a larger project by deciding to reduce the scale of a project to a size just below
the regulatory threshold. Meridian made a public commitment to that decision
by filing an affidavit with the Commission stating its intent to comply with the
law and not exceed 49,500 bpd.

[¶26] The Commission recognizes that its regulatory authority is limited to
projects that meet the definition of “gas or liquid energy conversion facility”

                                        11
found in N.D.C.C. § 49-22.1-01(6). A refinery not designed for or capable of
refining 50,000 bpd is not a “gas or liquid energy conversion facility” as that
term is defined. The Commission, after first finding a prima facie case was
stated in the complaint, concluded it lacked jurisdiction on the basis of the
affidavit of Meridian’s chairman and CEO which stated Meridian’s planned
facility is now designed for and capable of refining no more than 49,500 barrels
per day. That effectively mooted this case by placing the project outside
Commission authority.

[¶27] In its order adopting the ALJ’s recommended decision dismissing the
complaint, the Commission pointedly reminded Meridian that the Commission
has authority to investigate compliance and seek civil or criminal penalties or
injunctive relief for violation of the siting permit requirements. A corporation’s
intent may be expressed only through the statements of its agents. Like the
intent of a natural person, Meridian’s intent may change over time in response
to market conditions such as oil prices, tax rates, local opposition, or regulatory
requirements. Intent may change, but what does not change is the
Commission’s absence of authority to regulate facilities designed for or capable
of refining fewer than 50,000 barrels per day.

                                        IV

[¶28] We conclude N.D.C.C. ch. 28-32 does not require the Commission to hold
a hearing in these circumstances. We affirm the district court judgment and
the Commission’s order of dismissal.

[¶29] Jerod E. Tufte
      Lisa Fair McEvers
      Daniel J. Crothers
      Jon J. Jensen, C.J.

VandeWalle, Justice, dissenting.

[¶30] I respectfully dissent. I believe the Appellants were entitled to an evi-
dentiary hearing on their formal complaint against Meridian. Once the Com-
mission determined the formal complaint established a “prima facie case” un-
der its pleading rule, N.D. Admin. Code § 69-02-02-02, the matter became an

                                        12
adjudicative proceeding under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-01(1), and an evidentiary
hearing was required under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-21.

[¶31] The Legislature granted the Commission general regulatory authority
over the construction of gas or liquid energy facilities under N.D.C.C. ch. 49-
22.1. The parties do not contend the Appellants filed their complaint with the
wrong agency. I believe the factual dispute does not involve the Commission’s
subject matter jurisdiction, but rather the dispute is whether the specific “gas
or liquid energy conversion facility” Meridian is constructing falls within the
statutory exception provided in N.D.C.C. § 49-22.1-01(6)(b) for facilities that
are designed for or capable of manufacturing or refining less than 50,000 bpd.
Meridian’s factual assertions about the oil refinery do not divest the Commis-
sion of its subject matter jurisdiction over “gas or liquid energy conversion fa-
cilities,” particularly after the Commission held the complaint stated a “prima
facie case.”

[¶32] “We have stated, ‘[t]he jurisdiction of an administrative agency is de-
pendent upon the terms of the statute and must meet at least the basic man-
datory provisions of the statute before jurisdiction is established.’” Robinson v.
N.D. Workforce Safety & Ins., 2019 ND 201, ¶ 8, 931 N.W.2d 692 (quoting
Schwind v. Dir., N.D. Dep’t of Transp., 462 N.W.2d 147, 150 (N.D. 1990)).
While, as a general rule, an administrative agency’s proceedings are not re-
stricted by the technical and formal rules practiced before a court, the funda-
mental principles of judicial inquiry should be observed. Robinson, at ¶ 8 (cit-
ing State ex rel. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. No. Pac. Ry. Co., 75 N.W.2d 129, 134
(N.D. 1956)). In this case, however, I believe the majority erroneously affirms
the Commission’s reliance on N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) to justify an informal dis-
position of the adjudicative proceeding under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-22 without con-
ducting an evidentiary hearing.

[¶33] Albeit in a different context, this Court’s holding in Steele v. N.D. Work-
men’s Comp. Bureau, 273 N.W.2d 692, 700-01 (N.D. 1978), is instructive. In
Steele, this Court held its analysis of N.D.C.C. ch. 28-32 compelled the Court
“to conclude that a formal hearing is required whenever the administrative

                                       13
agency acts in a quasi-judicial capacity unless the parties either agree other-
wise or there is no dispute of a material fact.” In Steele, at 701, this Court did
not rule out “the use of an informal hearing (a non-evidentiary hearing) for
making an initial determination [as long as] the Bureau [i.e., the administra-
tive agency] will afford the claimant a formal hearing (an evidentiary hearing)
upon request if a dispute of a material fact exists, as contemplated by the due
process requirements set out by the Legislature in Ch. 28-32, NDCC.” Steele,
at 701.

[¶34] What the majority describes as “avoid[ing] the time and expense of an
additional layer of regulatory review” is simply the denial of the statutory right
to an evidentiary hearing under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-21. The Commission’s posi-
tion does not inspire confidence and respect in our regulatory system. I do not
believe the Commission may rely on N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) to circumvent an
administrative agency’s statutory procedural requirements for an adjudicative
proceeding under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-21. Moreover, to the extent N.D.R.Civ.P.
12(b)(1) could properly apply, the issue of the Commission’s jurisdiction and
the formal complaint’s merits are intertwined under N.D.C.C. §§ 49-22.1-
01(6)(b) and 49-22.1-04. As such, an evidentiary hearing is necessary to resolve
the disputed fact issues regarding the design and capacity of Meridian’s facil-
ity. Therefore, I dissent.

[¶35] Gerald W. VandeWalle

                                       14