Court Opinion

ID: 9891451
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-18 16:10:32.897927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:23.141411
License: Public Domain

J-A08022-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

 BRAD D. BAYLES, AN INDIVIDUAL,         :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 FOR HIMSELF, AND ON BEHALF OF          :        PENNSYLVANIA
 JEFFERSON OF MONTICELLO, INC, A        :
 PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION               :
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :   No. 463 WDA 2022
 ROBERT G. HAMROCK, AN                  :
 INDIVIDUAL AND JEFFERSON OF            :
 MONTICELLO, INC., A                    :
 PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION               :
                                        :
                    Appellants          :

                  Appeal from the Order Entered April 4, 2022
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                     Civil Division at No(s): GD-18-2757

 BRAD BAYLES, AN INDIVIDUAL FOR         :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 HIMSELF, AND ON BEHALF OF              :        PENNSYLVANIA
 JEFFERSON OF MONTICELLO, INC. A        :
 PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION               :
                                        :
                    Appellants          :
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :   No. 573 WDA 2022
                                        :
                                        :
 ROBERT HAMROCK, AN INDIVIDUAL          :
 AND JEFFERSON OF MONTICELLO,           :
 INC. A PENNSYLVANIA                    :
 CORPORATION                            :

                  Appeal from the Order Entered April 4, 2022
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                     Civil Division at No(s): GD-18-2757
J-A08022-23

BEFORE:      STABILE, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.:                               FILED: October 18, 2023

       Robert Hamrock (“Hamrock”) and Jefferson of Monticello, Inc. (“JOM”)

appeal, and Brad Bayles (“Bayles”) and JOM cross-appeal, from the judgment

entered in this shareholder derivative action. We affirm.

       The relevant factual and procedural history of this case can be

summarized as follows.         Since the 1980s, Bayles and Hamrock have been

business partners and co-owners of two residential real estate development

companies: JOM and B&B Rainbow. They acquired JOM pursuant to a 50/50

ownership split to buy and sell real estate for investment purposes. The assets

of JOM included approximately sixty acres of vacant real property in Jefferson

Hills. At the time they acquired JOM, all JOM stock certificates were blank and

thereafter remained in Hamrock’s exclusive possession in his role as the

president and CEO of JOM.

       In 2003, Bayles discovered that Hamrock had secretly purchased a

property that they had previously agreed to jointly purchase for JOM. Bayles

commenced a lawsuit against Hamrock alleging that Hamrock had usurped a

corporate     opportunity     belonging        to   JOM   and    committed    fraudulent

misrepresentation and civil conspiracy by purchasing the property in his wife’s

name before conveying the property to himself.                  Bayles also alleged that

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

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Hamrock breached his fiduciary duty to JOM by reimbursing himself for

corporate   expenses   without   consulting   Bayles   or   sharing   corporate

information. Bayles requested the appointment of a custodian and a receiver

for JOM. After Bayles failed to pursue the complaint (purportedly because he

and Hamrock were in negotiations for a lucrative real estate transaction), the

lawsuit was eventually terminated by local court rules.

      In early 2011, Hamrock received inquiries regarding the potential lease

of the oil, gas, and mineral rights (“OGM rights”) on the vacant land owned

by JOM. In June 2011, Hamrock recorded a deed, purportedly executed by

both he and Bayles in 1992, conveying to Hamrock the OGM rights to the

vacant land owned by JOM for one dollar (“the 1992 deed”). Hamrock initially

leased the OGM rights to MDS Energy (“MDS”); however, he received no

revenue from MDS. Accordingly, in 2014, Hamrock leased the OGM rights to

EQT Production Company (“EQT”) and received a $208,200 signing bonus.

      In 2017, Bayles’s attorney discovered the 1992 deed. In February 2018,

Bayles/JOM brought a derivative shareholder action against Hamrock/JOM for

breach of fiduciary duty, theft, and fraudulent conveyance of the OGM rights.

Bayles also requested a constructive trust over JOM, appointment of a

receiver, an accounting, and damages for unjust enrichment.           Hamrock

countersued Bayles/JOM for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment.

      A few months later, in July 2018, Hamrock sold the OGM rights on the

vacant land owned by JOM to Divot Energy Consultants, LLC, and Cavallo

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Mineral Partners, LLC, for $336,547. In 2017 and 2019, Hamrock sold three

properties owned by JOM without disclosing the sales to Bayles.

     During the ensuing litigation, Hamrock claimed that, as he continued to

put more of his personal funds into JOM, he and Bayles agreed to convey to

Hamrock the OGM rights on the vacant land owned by JOM, and pursuant to

this agreement, they executed the 1992 deed.        Hamrock asserted that,

although the 1992 deed was delivered to him, he did not immediately record

it, but instead placed it in a drawer where it remained for nineteen years.

Hamrock claimed that he and Bayles also agreed to change the ownership

percentage of JOM from 50/50 to 60/40 in favor of Hamrock. With respect to

the three JOM properties, Hamrock maintained that no taxes had been paid

on the three properties, and that he paid $36,699.92 of his personal funds to

unencumber the properties so that they could be sold by JOM.         Finally,

Hamrock claimed that Bayles had disappeared for fifteen years, and was not

involved in the operation of JOM from 2003 until 2018.

     Bayles disputed these claims and asserted that: he did not disappear,

and he and Hamrock were in communication; there was no agreement to

convey the OGM rights or change the ownership percentage to a 60/40 split;

and the 1992 deed was forged by Hamrock. Bayles retained Khody Detwiler,

an expert in the field of forensic document examination, who opined that the

1992 deed was forged. Bayles filed a motion for sanctions for fabrication of

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evidence and forgery of discovered documents, which was deferred to the trial

judge.

     Hamrock filed a motion for partial judgment on the pleadings, seeking

the dismissal of Bayles’s claims regarding the 1992 deed (i.e., breach of

fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment) on the basis that they were barred by

the applicable four-year statute of limitations which, according to Hamrock,

began to run in June 2011, when he filed the 1992 deed. Bayles opposed the

motion on the basis that the discovery rule tolled the statute of limitations

until he discovered the fraudulent deed and the lease and sale of the OGM

rights. The trial court denied the motion. Hamrock then filed a motion in

limine seeking to exclude evidence pertaining to events occurring prior to

2015 on the same basis. The trial court denied the motion in limine on the

basis that the question of whether the discovery rule operated to toll the

statute of limitations was a factual determination to be made by a jury.

     The matter proceeded to a jury trial in September 2021. Bayles’ expert,

Mr. Detwiler, opined that the 1992 deed and the 1991 corporate resolutions

for B&B Rainbow were both forged, and that Bayles’s signature (and those of

three witnesses) on those documents had been copied and pasted from other

legitimate documents. See N.T., 9/17-22/21, at 150-168. In light of the

forgery opinion testimony provided by Mr. Detwiler, Hamrock claimed that any

forgery was committed by the title company which prepared the deed. Gail

Critchfield, the accountant for JOM, B&B Rainbow, and Hamrock personally,

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testified that Hamrock told her that the $208,200 he received from EQT in

2014 was for the lease of OGM rights on real estate Hamrock owned

personally, rather than from OGM rights on the vacant land owned by JOM.

Ms. Critchfield also testified that she prepared corporate tax returns indicating

a 50/50 ownership split for JOM until 2007, when Hamrock handed her a

handwritten note in which he directed her to indicate a 60/40 split. Hamrock

presented undated and unwitnessed JOM stock certificates on which he had

written his name as evidence of the 60/40 ownership split.

      At the conclusion of trial, the jury determined that: (1) the discovery

rule tolled the statute of limitations on Bayles’s claims for breach of fiduciary

duty and unjust enrichment; (2) Bayles did not own 50 percent of JOM stock;

(3) Hamrock breached his fiduciary duty, causing damages to Bayles/JOM; (4)

Hamrock’s breach was outrageous; (5) no punitive damages were to be

assessed against Hamrock; (6) Hamrock was liable for unjust enrichment; (7)

Bayles breached his fiduciary duty, causing damages to Hamrock/JOM; and

(8) Bayles was not liable for unjust enrichment. See Jury Verdict, 9/23/21,

at 1-3.    The parties agreed that the jury did not need to determine

compensatory damages, as the trial court could mold the verdict by using the

jury’s factual findings and the agreed-upon amounts received by Hamrock for

the lease and subsequent sale of the OGM rights, as well as the amounts paid

by Hamrock for delinquent property taxes on the three JOM properties he sold.

The parties filed post-verdict motions.       Bayles renewed his motion for

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sanctions, which the trial court denied. Hamrock sought a directed verdict

and judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”), which the trial court

denied.     Both parties filed motions to mold the verdict.        The trial court

appointed Ms. Critchfield as custodian of JOM and ordered Bayles to submit a

petition for attorneys’ fees.

        Ultimately, the trial court entered a judgment directing that: (1)

Hamrock pay $237,830 in compensatory damages (representing 40 percent

of the amounts received by Hamrock for the lease and sale of the OGM rights)

and pre-judgment interest on that amount to the custodian of JOM, to be paid

over to Bayles; (2) Hamrock pay $84,406 to the custodian of JOM, to be paid

over to Bayles for his attorneys’ fees and costs; and (3) that Bayles pay

Hamrock $14,661 in compensatory damages (representing 40 percent of the

delinquent property taxes paid by Hamrock) to the custodian of JOM, to be

paid over to Hamrock. Hamrock filed a timely notice of appeal, and Bayles

cross-appealed. Hamrock, Bayles, and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P.

1925.

        On appeal, Hamrock raises the following issues for our review:

        A. Whether the trial judge erred by denying [Hamrock’s] motion
           for partial judgment on the pleadings and motion in limine,
           thereby allowing claims, evidence, and testimony to be
           presented to the jury that should have been excluded due to
           the statute of limitations?

        B. Whether the jury erred in its decision that the discovery rule
           tolled the applicable statutes of limitations for claims of breach
           of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment brought by [Bayles]?

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      C. Whether the trial judge erred in his decision to apply pre-
         judgment interest to [Bayles’s] award?

      D. Whether the trial judge erred in his interpretation of 15
         Pa.C.S.A. § 1784(b)?

      E. Whether the trial judge erred in his sua sponte determination
         that Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently
         pursuant to 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1767?

Hamrock’s Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      In his cross-appeal, Bayles raises the following issues for our review:

      A. Whether the trial court erred in awarding $ 14,661.97 in favor
         of [JOM] and against . . . Bayles for property taxes paid at real
         estate closings for the sale of corporate real estate where
         Hamrock conducted those closings without any notice to
         Bayles[?]

      B. Whether the trial court erred in failing to set aside that portion
         of the jury verdict that failed to award punitive damages in
         favor of Bayles and against Hamrock where the jury found that
         Hamrock’s conduct was outrageous and the overwhelming
         evidence showed that Hamrock forged documents, stole
         corporate assets and defrauded third parties?

      C. Whether the trial court erred in relying upon the jury slip in
         awarding Bayles only 40% of the compensatory damages
         where the jury slip was ambiguous and where the jury
         instructions failed to instruct which party had the burden of
         persuasion or proof with regard to ownership of the
         corporation?

Bayles’ Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      Initially, we will address Hamrock’s issues. In his first issue, Hamrock

challenges the trial court’s pretrial rulings denying his motion for partial

judgment on the pleadings and motion in limine. In reviewing the trial court’s

grant or denial of a motion for judgment on the pleadings, our scope of review

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is plenary. See Vetter v. Fun Footwear Co., 668 A.2d 529, 531 (Pa. Super.

1995) (en banc). Our standard of review for such rulings is as follows:

            Our review of a trial court’s decision to grant . . . judgment
     on the pleadings is limited to determining whether the trial court
     committed an error of law or whether there were facts presented
     which warranted a jury trial. In so reviewing, we look only to the
     pleadings and any documents properly attached thereto.
     Judgment on the pleadings is proper only where the pleadings
     evidence that there are no material facts in dispute such that a
     trial by jury would be unnecessary.

Pennsylvania Financial Responsibility Assigned Claims Plan v. English,

664 A.2d 84, 86 (Pa. 1995). A motion for judgment on the pleadings will be

granted where, on the facts averred, the law says with certainty that no

recovery is possible. See Am. Appliance v. E.W. Real Estate Mgmt., 769

A.2d 444, 446 (Pa. 2001).

     Our standard of review of a ruling on a motion in limine is well-settled:

           A motion in limine is used before trial to obtain a ruling on
     the admissibility of evidence.     It gives the trial judge the
     opportunity to weigh potentially prejudicial and harmful evidence
     before the trial occurs, thus preventing the evidence from ever
     reaching the jury. A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a
     motion in limine is subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion
     standard of review.

           Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence lie within
     the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not reverse the
     court’s decision absent a clear abuse of discretion. An abuse of
     discretion may not be found merely because an appellate court
     might have reached a different conclusion, but requires a manifest
     unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such
     lack of support so as to be clearly erroneous.

           In addition, to constitute reversible error, an evidentiary
     ruling must not only be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial
     to the complaining party.

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Parr v. Ford Motor Co., 109 A.3d 682, 690-91 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations

omitted).

      Both of Hamrock’s motions were based on a claim that the relevant

statute of limitations had expired. “Statutes of limitations are rules of law that

set time limits for bringing legal claims.”          Didomizio v. Jefferson

Pulmonary Assocs. & Asthma Allergy & Pulmonary Assocs., P.C., 280

A.3d 1039, 1046 (Pa. Super. 2022). The general rule is that a cause of action

accrues, and thus the applicable limitations period begins to run, when an

injury is inflicted. See Wilson v. El-Daief, 964 A.2d 354, 361 (Pa. 2009);

see also Pocono International Raceway, Inc. v. Pocono Produce, Inc.,

468 A.2d 468, 471 (Pa. 1983) (holding that the statute of limitations begins

to run as soon as the right to institute and maintain a suit arises). Once a

cause of action has accrued and the prescribed statutory period has run, an

injured party is barred from bringing his cause of action.          See Fine v.

Checcio, 870 A.2d 850, 857 (Pa. 2005).

      However, in certain cases involving latent injury, and/or instances in

which the causal connection between an injury and another’s conduct is not

apparent, the discovery rule may operate to toll the statute of limitations until

the plaintiff discovers, or reasonably should discover, that he has been injured

and that his injury has been caused by another party’s conduct. See id. at

859. As this Court has explained:

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             The discovery rule is a judicially created device which tolls
       the running of the applicable statute of limitations until that point
       when the plaintiff knows or reasonably should know: (1) that he
       has been injured, and (2) that his injury has been caused by
       another party’s conduct. The limitations period begins to run
       when the injured party possesses sufficient critical facts to put him
       on notice that a wrong has been committed and that he need
       investigate to determine whether he is entitled to redress.

Melley v. Pioneer Bank, N.A., 834 A.2d 1191, 1201 (Pa. Super. 2003)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Although Pennsylvania favors the strict application of a statute of

limitations, see Communications Network Int’l, 187 A.3d 951, 961 (Pa.

Super. 2018), the discovery rule jurisprudence applies a reasonable-diligence

requirement as opposed to an all-vigilance one. See Nicolau v. Martin, 195

A.3d 880, 895 (Pa. 2018).            Moreover, because the reasonable diligence

determination is fact intensive, the determination of when a plaintiff should

reasonably be aware of their injury is generally an issue of fact to be

determined by the jury. See id. at 886, 893; see also Fine, 870 A.2d at 859

(holding that “the question as to when a party’s injury and its cause were

discovered or discoverable is for the jury”).

       Relevantly, the statute of limitations for an action upon a contract

implied in law must be commenced within four years. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §

5525(a)(4).1

____________________________________________

1 As both Bayles and Hamrock based their respective claims on their status as

shareholders, the trial court determined that their claims derive from
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       Hamrock contends that Bayles did not exercise due diligence to discover

the alleged harm caused by the filing of the 1992 deed in 2011. According to

Hamrock, Bayles should have been on notice of potential harm by Hamrock

since 2003, when Bayles sued Hamrock for theft of corporate assets and

accused him of cheating, stealing, and lying to Bayles. Hamrock maintains

that “[t]he fact that Bayles filed a suit against Hamrock alleging theft and

breach of fiduciary duty is enough for Bayles to have put himself on notice of

potential future harm.” Hamrock’s Brief at 23. Hamrock additionally argues

that “as the part-owner of a real estate investment company, Bayles could

either easily regularly review the company assets, or hire counsel to do the

same.” Id. Hamrock asserts that Bayles’s failure to check on the company

assets for fifteen years after filing the 2003 lawsuit, and seven years after the

2011 filing of the 1992 deed, shows that he did not act in a reasonably diligent

manner, and therefore the discovery rule should not apply to toll the statute

of limitations.

       Hamrock further contends that, assuming he breached his fiduciary duty

and was unjustly enriched, the initial action which led to those claims was the

recording of the 1992 deed rather than his subsequent dealings with the oil

and gas companies.         Hamrock insists that “the leases and sales were a

secondary form of injury, but the primary injury that led to Bayles’s claims

____________________________________________

contractual agreements implied in law pertaining to their ownership rights in
JOM. See Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 5. Neither party disputes this ruling.

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was the 2011 recording of the 1992 [d]eed, which stripped the OGM rights

away from [JOM], thus depriving Bayles of his ownership rights and potential

for future income.” Id. at 24-25.    On this basis, Hamrock contends that the

trial court erred by denying his motion for partial judgment of the pleadings

and his motion in limine, thereby allowing the admission into evidence of

claims, exhibits, and testimony that should have been excluded due to the

expiration of the four-year statute of limitations in 2015.

      The trial court considered Hamrock’s first issue and concluded that it

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

             . . . [A]ll of . . . Hamrock’s statute of limitations arguments
      assume commencement of the limitations periods in 2011[,] when
      he recorded the deed that conveyed [to] him[self] all of [JOM’s
      OGM rights]. This assumption is improper.               The statute of
      limitations does not begin to run until the right to institute and
      maintain a lawsuit arises. However, the damages element of . . .
      Bayles’[s] breach of fiduciary duty claim and the appreciation of
      benefits element of his unjust enrichment claim did not arise until
      . . . Hamrock received payments for the natural gas in 2014 and
      2018. [The] four[-]year statute of limitations . . . began to run
      on March 26, 2014[,] when . . . Hamrock received $208,200 from
      EQT . . . and therefore had not expired when . . . Bayles[] filed
      the lawsuit [i]n February . . . 2018. Hence, [the trial court’s]
      ruling against . . . Hamrock on the statute of limitations was
      correct.

             Even if the statutes of limitations commence[d] to run in
      2011 with the recording of the deed conveying the [OGM rights],
      the discovery rule tolls them and they d[id] not begin to run until
      . . . Bayles discover[ed] or reasonably should [have] discover[ed]
      that he ha[d] been injured and that his injury was caused by . . .
      Hamrock’s conduct. See Fine . . . 870 A.2d . . . at 859 . . .. This
      is a factual determination ordinarily made by a jury. Id. [a]t 858.
      . . ..

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            . . . Hamrock argue[d] the discovery rule does not apply as
     a matter of law because he produced the deed to the [OGM rights]
     during discovery in the 2003 lawsuit, before the deed was
     recorded. . . . Hamrock did testify that he responded to . . .
     Bayles’ discovery in the 2003 lawsuit by sending, among other
     things, the [OGM] deed to his attorney. However, . . . Bayles
     testified that . . . Hamrock never responded to the discovery
     request in the 2003 lawsuit. Hence, whether the deed was
     produced in the 2003 lawsuit was a disputed factual issue
     requiring an assessment of the parties’ credibility, and [the trial
     court] was correct to allow the jury to determine if . . . Bayles
     knew or reasonably should have known of the deed from the 2003
     lawsuit.

            . . . Hamrock also argue[d] the 2003 lawsuit alleges nearly
     the same claims as this 2018 lawsuit. This supposedly put . . .
     Bayles on inquiry notice of the potential for future harm, which
     again, according to . . . Hamrock, would make the discovery rule
     inapplicable as a matter of law. This argument is meritless. First,
     the 2003 lawsuit and this 2018 lawsuit do not allege nearly the
     same claims. The 2003 lawsuit alleges Mr. and Mrs. Hamrock
     usurped a corporate opportunity to acquire realty[,] while this
     2018 lawsuit alleges . . . Hamrock forged a deed and used the
     forged deed to obtain over $500,000 that belonged to [JOM]. As
     a matter of law, was . . . Bayles not reasonably diligent because
     he did not anticipate . . . Hamrock’s misconduct would continue
     after he was caught and also would transform into forgery?
     Reasonable minds could find . . . Bayles exercised reasonable
     diligence even though he did not anticipate . . . Hamrock’s forgery.
     The concept of a plaintiff being on inquiry notice described in Rice
     v. Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown[,] 255 A.3d 237 (Pa. 2021).
     . . involves a secondary cause of a known injury. No secondary
     cause is alleged by . . . Bayles[,] and his injury was not known
     since it involved the unobservable lease and sale of natural gas
     that is hidden below the surface of the land. See Lewey v. H.C.
     Frick Coke Co., . . . 31 A.261[, 263-64] ([Pa.] 1895) ([holding
     that] plaintiff could not know that a trespasser had
     subterraneously extracted coal from his land). In any event, the
     injury alleged in the 2003 lawsuit is different from the injury in
     the 2018 lawsuit. Therefore, the 2003 lawsuit did not put . . .
     Bayles on inquiry notice of the conduct of . . . Hamrock set forth
     in the 2018 lawsuit.

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            . . . Hamrock also argue[d] . . . Bayles did not exercise
     reasonable diligence because he abandoned his 2003 lawsuit and
     afterwards disappeared for nearly fifteen years. According to . . .
     Hamrock, this is another reason the discovery rule does not apply
     as a matter of law. But, . . . Bayles explained that litigating the
     2003 lawsuit with . . . Hamrock could have jeopardized a pending
     purchase of their property that would generate over a million
     dollars. Bayles further explained that he planned to wait until the
     sale closed, have the proceeds held in escrow and then fight it out
     relative to the 2003 lawsuit. The decision on whether this was a
     lack of reasonable diligence or a sensible course of action is a
     question of fact for the jury. Similarly, . . . Bayles denied that he
     disappeared for nearly fifteen years and testified to regular
     communications with . . . Hamrock (including their fight for
     approval for a sale of property to UPMC that was contingent on
     approval of zoning for a hospital). Hence, whether . . . Bayles
     disappeared for nearly fifteen years also is a question of fact for
     the jury. Therefore, it would be incorrect to deem the discovery
     rule inapplicable as a matter of law.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 4-7 (quotations marks and some citations

omitted).

     We discern no error or abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying

Hamrock’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings and his motion in

limine. As explained above, a motion for judgment on the pleadings will not

be granted unless, on the facts averred, the law says with certainty that no

recovery is possible. See Am. Appliance, 769 A.2d at 446. Here, Bayles

averred that Hamrock breached his fiduciary duty by failing to disclose his

secret and fraudulent conveyance of the OGM rights to himself, and further

failing to disclose his subsequent lease of the OGM rights to EQT.           See

Complaint, ¶¶ 18, 45.    Because Bayles asserted that Hamrock’s misdeeds

were both “secret” and “undisclosed,” the claims asserted in Bayles’s

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complaint were subject to the potential application of the discovery rule. Id.;

see also Fine, 870 A.2d at 859 (explaining that the discovery rule may apply

in cases involving latent injury, and/or instances in which the causal

connection between an injury and another’s conduct is not apparent). Thus,

given the potential application of the discovery rule to toll the statute of

limitations, it could not be said with certainty that no recovery was possible.

See Am. Appliance, 769 A.2d at 446. Accordingly, the trial court properly

denied Hamrock’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings.

      With respect to the denial of Hamrock’s motion in limine, the

determination of when Bayles discovered or reasonably should have

discovered his injury was an issue of fact to be determined by the jury. See

Fine, 870 A.2d at 857; see also Nicolau, 195 A.3d at 893 (explaining that

the determination of when a plaintiff should reasonably be aware of their

injury is generally an issue of fact to be determined by the jury). Thus, the

trial court correctly determined that the jury should be permitted to consider

all evidence pertinent to the question of whether the discovery rule tolled the

statute of limitations. Accordingly, we discern no error or abuse of discretion

by the trial court in denying Hamrock’s motion in limine regarding the statute

of limitations. For these reasons, Hamrock’s first issue merits no relief.

      In his second issue, Hamrock contends that the jury erred in its decision

that the discovery rule tolled the applicable statutes of limitations for Bayles’s

claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment.              Although

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Hamrock’s second issue is inartfully presented as a claim of jury error, we

discern that he intended to challenge the trial court’s denial of his motion for

JNOV. Our standard of review of a denial of a motion for JNOV is well-settled:

            Appellate review of a denial of JNOV is quite narrow. We
      may reverse only in the event the trial court abused its discretion
      or committed an error of law that controlled the outcome of the
      case. Abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court renders a
      judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious;
      that fails to apply the law; or that is motivated by partiality,
      prejudice, bias[,] or ill-will.

            When reviewing an appeal from the denial of a request for
      [JNOV], the appellate court must view the evidence in the light
      most favorable to the verdict[-]winner and give him or her the
      benefit of every reasonable inference arising therefrom while
      rejecting all unfavorable testimony and inferences. . . . Thus, the
      grant of [JNOV] should only be entered in a clear case and any
      doubts must be resolved in favor of the verdict[-]winner.
      Furthermore, [i]t is only when either the movant is entitled to
      judgment as a matter of law or the evidence was such that no two
      reasonable minds could disagree that the outcome should have
      been rendered in favor of the movant that an appellate court may
      vacate a jury’s finding.

Phillips v. Lock, 86 A.3d 906, 919 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).

      Hamrock claims that there are two different applications of the discovery

rule: one which is more liberal and plaintiff-friendly; and another which is

stricter and less plaintiff-friendly. Hamrock maintains that Pennsylvania has

adopted the latter approach, and requires only notice inquiry to commence

the running of the statute of limitations where the injury could be found with

the exercise of reasonable diligence.    According to Hamrock, “it must be

determined whether Bayles could have paid attention to the corporate assets;

had sufficient knowledge, or access to those with sufficient knowledge, to

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check on the corporate assets; the intelligence to know how to be reasonably

diligent; and sound judgment to protect his own interests.” Hamrock’s Brief

at 27-28. Hamrock asserts that, if Bayles was involved in the operation of

JOM from 2003 until 2018, as he claimed at trial, then he should have been

regularly checking on JOM’s assets and would have discovered the 1992 deed

in 2011. Hamrock points to his own testimony that Bayles stopped taking part

in JOM’s operations and failed to regularly check on JOM’s assets to ensure

that Hamrock, whom Bayles had already accused of theft, wasn’t stealing

company assets.         Hamrock asserts that Bayles hired several attorneys

between 2010 and 2017, any of whom could have checked the recorder of

deeds website and discovered the 1992 deed. According to Hamrock, Bayles

did not exhibit sound judgment by accusing his business partner of theft, and

then disappearing for fifteen years while leaving his property in the hands of

an alleged thief.2

____________________________________________

2 Hamrock additionally argues that the jury misunderstood the trial court’s
jury instructions regarding the discovery rule because the court failed to clarify
the definition of the term “to toll.” Hamrock’s Brief at 31-34. However,
Hamrock failed to preserve this issue for our review, as he did not raise any
objection to the court’s jury instructions at trial. Indeed, as the trial court
pointed out, “Hamrock’s requested point for charge on the statutes of
limitations was, in fact, verbally given to the jury.” See Trial Court Opinion,
7/5/22, at 9. Instead, Hamrock challenged the verdict sheet submitted to the
jury. See Post-Verdict Motion, 1/15/22, at ¶¶ 24-27; see also Amended
Post-Verdict Motion, 3/21/22, at ¶¶ 24-27. Consequently, as Hamrock did not
raise a challenge to the jury instructions at trial, the issue is waived. See
Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (providing that issues not raised in the trial court are waived
and may not be raised for the first time on appeal).

                                          - 18 -
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     As explained above, when reviewing the denial of a motion for JNOV,

we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict-winner,

giving him the benefit of every reasonable inference arising therefrom while

rejecting all unfavorable testimony and inferences. See Phillips, 86 A.3d at

919. Here, as the trial court explained above, Bayles testified that the 1992

deed was not produced in discovery during the 2003 lawsuit, denied that he

disappeared for nearly fifteen years, and testified to regular communications

with Hamrock.    See Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 4-7.      Bayles further

testified that he did not authorize the conveyance of the OGM rights to

Hamrock, his signature on the deed conveying the OGM rights was forged,

and he did not become aware of the 1992 deed until 2017, when his attorney

stumbled across the deed. See N.T., 9/17-22/21, at 236-37, 242. Viewing

these facts in the light most favorable to Bayles, we cannot conclude that the

evidence was such that no two reasonable minds could disagree that the

discovery rule did not apply.   See Phillips, 86 A.3d at 919. As such, we

discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying Hamrock’s motion

for JNOV.

     In his third issue, Hamrock contends that the trial court erred by

awarding prejudgment interest on the damage award to Bayles. We review a

challenge to an award of prejudgment interest for abuse of discretion. See

Linde v. Linde, 220 A.3d 1119, 1150 (Pa. Super. 2019).           Prejudgment

interest may be awarded when a defendant holds money or property which

                                    - 19 -
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belongs to the plaintiff.    See id.; see also Kaiser v. Old Republic

Insurance Co., 741 A.2d 748, 755 (Pa. Super. 1999). While a plaintiff in a

contract action for failure to pay a liquidated sum has right to prejudgment

interest over which the court has no discretion, see TruServ Corp. v.

Morgan’s Tool & Supply Co., Inc., 39 A.3d 253, 264 (Pa. 2012), the

decision whether to award prejudgment interest in other actions for wrongfully

withheld funds and the amount of such an award are matters of equity subject

to the trial court’s discretion. See Sack v. Feinman, 413 A.2d 1059, 1065-

66 (Pa. 1980); see also Linde, 220 A.3d at 1150.

      Hamrock maintains that he was not a trustee for Bayles or for JOM, and

he did not invest any company assets for his own benefit. Hamrock asserts

that he sold his own assets and, therefore, damages should only be assessed

from the money he earned on the sale. Hamrock points out that, because the

jury awarded no punitive damages against him, the imposition of prejudgment

interest should be viewed as punitive damages. Finally, Hamrock argues that

prejudgment interest should be suspended from the beginning of the COVID-

19 judicial emergency until the first day of the trial, as the shutdown was not

the fault of either party, and he should not be punished for the unforeseeable

delay.

      The trial court considered Hamrock’s third issue and determined that it

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

             . . . Since 2014 and 2018 until the verdict in 2021, . . .
      Hamrock wrongfully deprived . . . Bayles of his portion of the

                                    - 20 -
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      $544,747 from the natural gas lease and sale. It is indisputable
      that the earlier in time money is received the greater its value will
      be to the recipient. . . . Bayles will not be made whole unless he
      is awarded pre-verdict interest to compensate him for this “time
      value of money.” Hence, interest on the funds from the time they
      were wrongfully withheld is necessary to make . . . Bayles whole
      again. . . . Since the jury found . . . Hamrock was unjustly
      enriched and pre-verdict interest is needed to make [Bayles]
      whole, [the] award of pre-verdict interest to [Bayles/JOM] is
      correct.

                 . . . Hamrock also argues that [the trial court] erroneously
      awarded pre-verdict interest between March 24, 2020[,] and the
      date of the verdict[,] since all trials were suspended then due to
      the COVID-19 pandemic. The Superior Court of Pennsylvania
      recently addressed a similar argument in Getting v. Mark Sales
      & Leasing, Inc., [274 A.3d 1251 (Pa. Super.] 2022). While the
      pre-verdict interest in that case was authorized under
      Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 238 (“Damages for Delay in
      Actions for Bodily Injury, Death or Property Damage”), Rule 238
      also is premised on the concept of making a plaintiff whole. Id.
      The Superior Court’s observation that COVID-19 and the judicial
      emergency do not diminish the right to be made whole or allow
      tortfeasors to reap unjust windfalls . . . is therefore also applicable
      to . . . Hamrock’s wrongful deprivation of funds from [Bayles/JOM]
      in this case. Thus, [the] award of interest between March 24,
      2020[,] and the date of the verdict was not an error.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 9-10.

      We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in awarding pre-

judgment interest on the damage award to Bayles/JOM.                  Contrary to

Hamrock’s assertion otherwise, the jury determined that the OGM rights in

question were the property of JOM, not Hamrock, and that Hamrock

fraudulently deprived Bayles/JOM of the OGM rights by forging a deed. That

the jury did not award punitive damages for such misconduct does not negate

the fact that Hamrock wrongfully deprived Bayles/JOM of a corporate asset,

                                      - 21 -
J-A08022-23

as well as monies derived from the lease and subsequent sale of that corporate

asset.     Accordingly, as Hamrock wrongfully held money that belonged to

Bayles/JOM, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding

prejudgment interest. See Linde, 220 A.3d at 1150; see also Kaiser, 741

A.2d at 755.

         Further, Hamrock was not entitled to any diminution in prejudgment

interest because of the temporary shutdown of Pennsylvania courts due to the

COVID-19 pandemic. As this Court explained in Getting:

                 COVID-19 and the judicial emergency it created did not
         diminish the rights of plaintiffs to be made whole. . . .

                   Moreover, the interest on the damages was the plaintiffs’
         money by right, by virtue of the jury’s verdict . . .. We do not
         read the [In re: General Statewide Judicial Emergency,]
         March 18, 2020 Order of the Supreme Court as permitting
         tortfeasors to reap unjust windfalls from a five month delay that
         was clearly beyond the control of their victims. Here, closure of
         the Court of Common Pleas . . . did not alter the indisputable fact
         that the [defendant] retained and had unfettered use of the
         [plaintiffs’] money throughout the judicial emergency. As such,
         the [defendant] must compensate the [plaintiffs] for using their
         money during the judicial emergency to the fullest extent of
         Pa.R.C.P. 238.

Getting, 274 A.3d at 1262 (quotation marks omitted).

         Although Getting concerned an award of delay damages pursuant to

Rule 238, we conclude that the same logic applies to a discretionary award of

prejudgment interest. The closure of the court of common pleas in Allegheny

County did not alter the fact that Hamrock retained and had the unfettered

use of the wrongfully obtained profits for the lease and sale of JOM’s OGM

                                       - 22 -
J-A08022-23

rights throughout the judicial emergency.       As such, he must compensate

JOM/Bayles for using their money during the judicial emergency. For these

reasons, Hamrock’s third issue warrants no relief.

      In his fourth issue, Hamrock contends that the trial court erred in its

interpretation of 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1784(b) when awarding attorneys’ fees and

other expenses to Bayles/JOM.        Our standard of review of an award of

attorneys’ fees is well settled: “we will not disturb a trial court’s

determinations absent an abuse of discretion. A trial court has abused its

discretion if it failed to follow proper legal procedures or misapplied the law.”

Kessock v. Conestoga Title Ins. Co., 194 A.3d 1046, 1059 (Pa. Super.

2018) (citation omitted).

      Section 1784(b) provides:

               If a derivative action is successful in whole or in part, the
      court may award the plaintiff reasonable expenses, including
      reasonable attorney fees and costs, from the recovery of the
      business corporation, but in no event shall the attorney fees
      awarded exceed a reasonable proportion of the value of the relief,
      including nonpecuniary relief, obtained by the plaintiff for the
      corporation.

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1784(b).

      Hamrock maintains that section 1784(b) “means that the plaintiff’s costs

must reduce the corporation’s recovery, not be added to it.” Hamrock’s Brief

at 40. According to Hamrock, the trial court improperly twisted the wording

of the statute to award additional costs and fees to Bayles/JOM. Hamrock

asserts that, as the 60 percent owner of JOM, he would have been eligible to

                                     - 23 -
J-A08022-23

receive 60 percent of the profits had JOM retained the OGM rights and then

leased and sold them.     Hamrock asserts that the maximum compensatory

judgment that can be awarded in this matter is the remaining shareholder

portion (i.e., 40 percent) of the funds that Hamrock earned by leasing and

selling the OGM rights.

     The trial court considered Hamrock’s fourth issue and determined that

it lacked merit. The court reasoned:

               [The trial court’s] orders entered a verdict in favor of
     [Bayles/JOM] and against . . . Hamrock for compensatory
     damages and interest in the total amount of $594,576.56, with
     forty percent of the total, or $237,830.62 due to [JOM’s] custodian
     from . . . Hamrock immediately. [The] January 4, 2022 order also
     specified that an amount in addition to the $237,830.62 would be
     due from . . . Hamrock in the future after calculation of expenses
     under [section] 1784(b). [The] March 2, 2022 order awarded . .
     . Bayles/JOM] $84,406.62 under [section] 1784(b) ($76,607.33
     for attorney fees and the balance for expert witness fees, lodging
     and travel), with it to immediately be paid to [JOM’s] custodian by
     . . . Hamrock.

               . . . [Section] 1784(b)] allows a shareholder who has
     been successful in a derivative lawsuit to be reimbursed for
     litigation expenses. These expenses are paid to the successful
     shareholder out of the funds recovered by the corporation. Since
     the amount of the expenses is not added on to the corporation’s
     recovery, there cannot possibly be any merit to . . . Hamrock’s
     argument that the $84,406.62 award of expenses is punitive.

               [] Hamrock next makes the argument that [] Bayles
     should collect the $84,406.62 from the damages obtained by
     [JOM] from [] Hamrock. Clearly[, ] Hamrock is confused as [the
     trial court] ordered exactly what [he] seems to argue [it] did not
     order. [JOM’s] total recovery is $594,576.56. [] Hamrock was
     never ordered to pay in excess of that amount. [] Hamrock
     instead was ordered to pay the corporation $237,830.62 for []
     Bayles’[s] forty percent ownership plus $84,406.62 for his
     litigation expenses for a total of $322,237.24. The difference

                                   - 24 -
J-A08022-23

      between [JOM’s] $594,576.56 total recovery and the $322,237.24
      [] Hamrock must pay [JOM] may be retained by [] Hamrock as
      the sixty percent shareholder.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 11-12 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in awarding

attorneys’ fees and costs to Bayles/JOM pursuant to section 1784(b). The

plain language of the statute permits the trial court to award reasonable

expenses to a successful plaintiff in a shareholder derivative action from the

total damages recovered by the business corporation.             In the instant

shareholder derivative action, Bayles/JOM were successful in their claims

against Hamrock. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding

such fees to Bayles from the total damages recovered by JOM. Accordingly,

no relief is due.

      In his fifth issue, Hamrock contends that the trial court abused its

discretion by appointing a custodian for JOM.       The decision to appoint a

custodian or receiver is within the sound discretion of the trial court. See

Abrams v. Uchitel, 806 A.2d 1, 8 (Pa. Super. 2002). The trial court may

appoint a receiver to prevent waste, dissipation of assets, fraud, or

mismanagement. See Hankin v. Hankin, 493 A.2d 675, 677 (Pa. 1985).

“Where substantial evidence supports findings that indicate that a receiver is

necessary to preserve the property and the rights of all the parties concerned

. . . the [trial court’s] exercise of discretion must be affirmed.” Id. at 678.

      Section 1767 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

                                     - 25 -
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      (a) General rule. — Except as provided in subsection (b), upon
      application of any shareholder, the court may appoint one or more
      persons to be custodians of and for any business corporation when
      it is made to appear that:

                                 ****

      (2) in the case of a closely held corporation, the directors or those
      in control of the corporation have acted illegally, oppressively or
      fraudulently toward one or more holders or owners of 5% or more
      of the outstanding shares of any class of the corporation in their
      capacities as shareholders, directors, officers or employees[.]

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1767(a)(2).

      Hamrock asserts that the trial court erred by determining sua sponte

that he acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently so as to justify the

appointment of a custodian pursuant to 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1767. Hamrock argues

that, although Bayles requested the appointment of a custodian in his

complaint, he did not seek a factual determination that Hamrock acted

illegally, oppressively, or fraudulently. Hamrock points out that allegations of

fraud must be pleaded with particularity pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1019(b), and

that Bayles’s complaint did not assert a claim for fraud. Hamrock maintains

that, had the complaint asserted a claim for fraud, he would have had the

opportunity to object to such a claim and seek to have it dismissed from the

pleading. Hamrock contends that the trial court’s sua sponte determination—

when molding the verdict—that he acted illegally, oppressively, and

fraudulently, deprived him of the opportunity to defend himself against such

a factual finding. On this basis, Hamrock claims that the trial court’s findings

                                     - 26 -
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of illegal, oppressive, and fraudulent conduct should be stricken from the trial

court’s order.

      The trial court considered Hamrock’s fifth issue and determined that it

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

               [] Hamrock first argues that [the trial court’s]
      determination that his actions were illegal, oppressive[,] and
      fraudulent was made sua sponte. However, the provisions in the
      Business Corporation Law require this determination before a
      custodian can be appointed and [] Bayles first requested the court
      appoint a custodian in the complaint . . ., again on the record just
      before the trial began[,] . . . and finally in [Bayles’s] response to
      [Hamrock’s] motion to mold verdict . . ..                 Hence, the
      determination that [] Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively and
      fraudulently was not initiated by [the trial court], but instead was
      at the request of [] Bayles.

               [] Hamrock also argues the jury never made a
      determination that he forged any document or engaged in any
      fraudulent activity. While it is true the jury was not specifically
      asked if [] Hamrock forged the [OGM] rights deed, there was
      overwhelming circumstantial evidence that he was the forger and
      his testimony concerning the signatures on the deed was
      inconsistent (see [N.]T[.], [9/17-22/21, at] 391-[]93, 418-[]19
      and 464-[]71) and incredible. [The trial court] was the one to
      decide that [] Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively[,] and
      fraudulently because [he] had no right to a jury trial on the issue
      of appointing a custodian. See Fazio v. Guardian Life Ins. Co.
      of America, . . . 62 A.3d 396 ([Pa. Super.] 2013. . .. In any
      event, [] Hamrock waived any claim he could have to a jury trial
      on the issue because he did not raise it until he filed a motion for
      post-trial relief. Therefore, [the trial court’s] determination that
      [] Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively and fraudulently was
      correct.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 12-13 (footnote and some citations omitted).

      We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in determining that

Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently such that the

                                     - 27 -
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appointment of a custodian was appropriate pursuant to section 1767(a)(2).

Hamrock cites no authority for the proposition that a jury must decide whether

a director has acted illegally, oppressively, or fraudulently before the trial

court may appoint a custodian pursuant to section 1767(a)(2). See Pa.R.A.P.

2119(a) (providing that issues raised on appeal shall be supported “by such

discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent”). Moreover, a

cursory review of the statutory language reflects that no factual finding by a

jury is required before the trial court may appoint a custodian. Indeed, the

statute provides that “the court may appoint one or more persons to be

custodians of and for any business corporation when it is made to appear

that: . . . the directors . . . of the corporation have acted illegally, oppressively

or fraudulently toward one or more holders or owners . . ..” 15 Pa.C.S.A. §

1767(a)(2) (emphasis added). The language, “when it is made to appear

that,” provides the trial court with the authority to appoint a custodian when

it appears to the court that the evidence reflects that a director has acted

illegally, oppressively, or fraudulently. The statute does not involve a jury in

this assessment.

      Here, the trial court concluded that the evidence of record met this

threshold, noting:

               The circumstantial evidence includes [] Hamrock
      admitting he had the deed in his possession from the date he
      alleges he first signed it until he recorded it nineteen years later.
      See [N.]T[., 9/17-22/21, at] 389. [] Hamrock was also in
      possession of the source documents that were cut and pasted into
      the deed. [] Hamrock admitted the signatures on the deed are

                                       - 28 -
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      identical to the signatures on the source documents. See [id.,
      at] 391-[]93. [] Hamrock also had an obvious motive to forge the
      deed as he was able to use it to obtain $545,000. This is
      highlighted by the recording of the deed occurring shortly after he
      received solicitations from MDS [] and entered into an agreement
      with MDS []. See [id. at] 389-[]90.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 13 n.1.

      We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in reaching its

determination that, based on the evidence presented at trial, it appeared that

Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently toward Bayles.

Accordingly, Hamrock’s final issue merits no relief.

      We next address Bayles’s issues. In his first issue, Bayles contends that

the trial court erred in entering its verdict that he owed Hamrock/JOM

$14,661.97 in damages related to the three JOM properties sold by Hamrock

in 2017 and 2019. Generally, our review of damage awards is narrow:

               In reviewing the award of damages, the appellate courts
      should give deference to the decisions of the trier of fact who is
      usually in a superior position to appraise and weigh the evidence.
      If the verdict bears a reasonable resemblance to the damages
      proven, we will not upset it merely because we might have
      awarded different damages.

McManamon v. Washko, 906 A.2d 1259, 1285 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations

omitted).

      Bayles acknowledges that the damage award of $14,661.97 represents

40 percent of the $36,654.92 that Hamrock paid in delinquent real estate

taxes to facilitate the sale of the three JOM properties.    However, Bayles

argues that Hamrock never disclosed those sales to Bayles, and Bayles’s

                                    - 29 -
J-A08022-23

signature was absent from the deeds because he was not involved in those

transactions. Bayles claims that he cannot be liable for breach of fiduciary

duty in relation to those transactions because his ignorance prevented him

from causing damages for the closing costs related to those transactions (i.e.,

payment of unpaid property taxes).

      The trial court considered Bayles’s first issue and determined that it

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

                . . . Bayles contends there was no basis for concluding
      that he caused $14,661.97 in damages to [JOM]. [] Bayles is
      mistaken since there was more than sufficient evidence for the
      jury’s verdict that [] Bayles breached “his fiduciary duty causing
      damages to . . . [JOM].” Jury Verdict, Question 7. [] Hamrock
      alleged [] Bayles breached his fiduciary duty to [JOM] because he
      did not provide funding needed to pay delinquent property taxes
      when three parcels sold in 2017 and 2019. Since [] Bayles
      acknowledged the “practice” of [JOM] was not to pay property
      taxes on pieces of property until they were sold ([see N.]T[.,
      9/17-22/21, at] 259 and 362), this practice was one basis for the
      jury finding [Bayles’s] lack of any contribution towards the
      delinquent taxes upon the sale of the three parcels was a breach
      of fiduciary duty that caused damage to [JOM].

               [] Bayles also argues he cannot be liable for breach of
      fiduciary duty and cannot have caused damages to [JOM] because
      [] Hamrock did not involve [] Bayles in the transactions. However,
      the jury may have attributed [] Bayles’[s] non[-]involvement in
      the transactions to him breaching his fiduciary duty by not keeping
      in close enough contact with [] Hamrock. See [id. at] 541. It
      would be inappropriate for [] Bayles to accept the benefit of his
      part ownership of [JOM] to receive a portion of the natural gas
      revenues but then avoid any responsibility for part of [JOM’s]
      expenses. Accordingly, there was a basis for concluding that []
      Bayles breached his fiduciary duty causing $14,661.97 in
      damages to [JOM].

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 14-15 (some citations omitted).

                                     - 30 -
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      We discern no error or abuse of discern by the trial court in determining

that Bayles owed Hamrock/JOM 40 percent of the amounts paid by Hamrock

for delinquent taxes on the three JOM properties he sold in 2017 and 2019.

The jury specifically found that Bayles breached his fiduciary duty to Hamrock

and/or JOM. See Jury Verdict, 9/23/21, at 2. Given his 40 percent ownership

interest in JOM, Bayles was responsible for 40 percent of JOM’s debts. Thus,

we discern no error or abuse of discern by the trial court in concluding that

Bayles owed Hamrock/JOM $14,661.97 in damages for delinquent taxes owed

on JOM’s properties. Accordingly, Bayles’s first issue merits no relief.

      In his second issue, Bayles contends that the trial court erred in failing

to set aside the jury’s verdict insofar as it assessed no punitive damages

against Hamrock. Our standard of review in assessing an award of punitive

damages is well-settled.

                Punitive damages will lie only in cases of outrageous
      behavior, where defendant’s egregious conduct shows either an
      evil motive or reckless indifference to the rights of others.
      Punitive damages are appropriate when an individual’s actions are
      of such an outrageous nature as to demonstrate intentional,
      willful, wanton, or reckless conduct.

Pestco, Inc. v. Associated Prods., Inc., 880 A.2d 700, 709 (Pa. Super.

2005) (citation omitted). The determination of whether a person’s actions

rise to the level of outrageous conduct is within the sound discretion of the

fact-finder and will not be disturbed by an appellate court so long as that

discretion has not been abused. See J.J. Deluca Co. v. Toll Naval Assocs.,

56 A.3d 402, 415-16 (Pa. Super. 2021). In assessing punitive damages, the

                                     - 31 -
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trier of fact can properly consider the character of the defendant’s act, the

nature and extent of the harm to the plaintiff that the defendant caused or

intended to cause, and the wealth of the defendant. See Vance v. 46 & 2,

Inc., 920 A.2d 202, 206 (Pa. Super. 2007) (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND)

OF TORTS § 908(2) (1979)). However, the wealth of the defendant is a proper

consideration in the jury’s determination of the amount of punitive damages

to award, not in the jury’s determination of whether or not to impose punitive

damages in the first place. Id. Further, “[i]t should be presumed a plaintiff

has been made whole for his injuries by compensatory damages, so punitive

damages should only be awarded if the defendant’s culpability, after having

paid compensatory damages, is so reprehensible as to warrant the imposition

of further sanctions to achieve punishment or deterrence.” State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 419, (2003) (citation omitted).

      Bayles asserts that the jury found that Hamrock’s actions were

outrageous. On this basis, Bayles surmises that “Hamrock’s behavior reflected

an evil motive or reckless indifference to the rights of others, specifically, . . .

Bayles.”   Bayles’s Brief at 32.     According to Bayles, “[e]vidence of such

conduct can be found in the forgery of the 1992 oil and gas deed, the recording

of the forged deed with the Recorder of Deeds, the use of the deed to lease

the rights to EQT[,] and the use of the deed to sell the rights to Divot and

Cavallo.” Id. Bayles claims that Hamrock’s repeated forgeries and deception

in this case warranted an award of punitive damages to punish and deter

                                      - 32 -
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future detrimental and illegal conduct. Bayles argues that the jury’s failure to

award punitive damages is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense

of justice.

      The trial court considered Bayles’s second issue and determined that it

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

               This argument is premised on the jury being required to
      award some amount of punitive damages since it found []
      Hamrock’s conduct outrageous. [] Bayles cannot cite any legal
      authority that mandates an award of some amount of punitive
      damages when there is a finding of outrageous conduct. Indeed,
      in accordance with Pennsylvania Standard Suggested Jury
      Instruction (Civil) 8.00, [the trial court] instead instructed the jury
      it may award punitive damages if it finds outrageous conduct. The
      jury could have decided the award of compensatory damages
      would sufficiently punish [] Hamrock. The jury also could have
      been unable to determine what amount would punish him due to
      the lack of evidence of his wealth. . . . Therefore, [the trial
      court’s] decision not to set aside the award of $0 for punitive
      damages is correct.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 15.

      We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in failing to set aside

the jury’s verdict that no punitive damages should be assessed against

Hamrock. As explained above, this Court must presume that Bayles has been

made whole for his injuries by compensatory damages. See Campbell, 538

U.S. at 419. The determination of whether Hamrock’s conduct warranted an

award of punitive damages fell within the sound discretion of the jury, and

this Court may not disturb that decision absent an abuse of that discretion.

See J.J. Deluca Co., 56 A.3d at 415-16. Based on the record before us, we

cannot conclude that the jury abused its discretion in assessing no punitive

                                      - 33 -
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damages against Hamrock.            Therefore, Bayles’s claim that the trial court

should have set aside the jury’s determination warrants no relief.

       In his final issue, Bayles contends that the trial court erred in relying on

the verdict slip in awarding him only 40 percent of the compensatory damages

awarded to JOM.       Our standard of review of a trial court’s award of damages

is narrow:

                In reviewing the award of damages, the appellate courts
       should give deference to the decisions of the trier of fact who is
       usually in a superior position to appraise and weigh the evidence.
       If the verdict bears a reasonable resemblance to the damages
       proven, we will not upset it merely because we might have
       awarded different damages.

Witherspoon v. McDowell-Wright, 241 A.3d 1182, 1187 (Pa. Super. 2020)

(citation omitted).

       Bayles argues that the verdict slip was ambiguous, incomplete, and

should have been regarded by the trial court as merely advisory. Bayles points

out that the trial court determined that Hamrock was a serial forger, and

Hamrock’s only evidence of his purported 60 percent ownership percentage

was the undated and unwitnessed stock certificates, which were under his

exclusive control and in his personal possession, and on which he wrote his

own name on the reverse of the certificates. Bayles asserts that JOM’s tax

records reflect that there was a 50/50 ownership split for seventeen years.3

____________________________________________

3 Bayles additionally argues that the determination of the ownership of JOM,

as well as the dissolution and partition of the corporation, were equitable
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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J-A08022-23

       The trial court considered Bayles’s final issue and determined that it

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

                Question 2 in the verdict form simply asks does [] Bayles
       own 50% of the shares of [JOM’s] stock. Since [] Bayles took the
       position he owned 50% and [] Hamrock took the position [] Bayles
       owned 40% of the stock, the jury’s [“]no[”] answer was its finding
       that [Bayles] owned 40%. [See Jury Verdict, 9/23/21, at 1.]
       There is no ambiguity. In any event, after the jury verdict was
       read in open court[,] Bayles’[s] counsel agreed with the jury’s
       40% stock ownership verdict. See [N.]T[., 9/17-22/21, at] 578-
       []79. Therefore, [the trial court] was correct in utilizing 40% in
       calculating Bayles’[s] compensatory damages.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 15-16.

       We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in relying on the

jury’s factual finding that Bayles did not own 50 percent of JOM. The jury was

tasked with appraising and weighing the evidence and testimony to determine

whether, as Bayles claimed, he and Hamrock each owned 50 percent of JOM,

or whether, as Hamrock claimed, he owned 60 percent of JOM and Bayles

owned 40 percent of JOM. By indicating on the verdict slip that Bayles did not

own 50 percent of JOM, the jury implicitly expressed its factual finding that

the parties agreed to change the ownership of JOM to a 60/40 split in

Hamrock’s favor. As an appellate court, we must defer to the jury’s finding in

this regard, as the finder of fact is usually in a superior position to appraise

____________________________________________

matters for the trial court—and not the jury—to decide. However, this issue
was not raised in Bayle’s concise statement. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii)
(providing that issues not included in the concise statement are waived).
Thus, as Bayles failed to preserve the issue for our review, we may not address
it.

                                          - 35 -
J-A08022-23

and weigh the evidence. See Witherspoon, 241 A.3d at 1187. Moreover,

as the portion of damages awarded to Bayles (i.e., 40 percent) bears a

reasonable resemblance to the compensatory damages sustained by JOM as

proven at trial, we will not upset the verdict merely because we might have

awarded different damages. Id. Accordingly, Bayles’s final issue merits no

relief.

          Judgment affirmed.

DATE: 10/18/2023

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