Court Opinion

ID: 2730283
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:57:31.780637+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:44:14.291454
License: Public Domain

FILED
Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
                                                           May 21 2012, 9:10 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the                            CLERK
                                                                of the supreme court,
                                                                court of appeals and

case.                                                                  tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

DAVID M. PAYNE                                   GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Ryan & Payne                                     Attorney General of Indiana
Marion, Indiana
                                                 J.T. WHITEHEAD
                                                 Deputy Attorney General
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana

                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JOSEPH JESSE CLARK SMITH,                        )
                                                 )
       Appellant-Defendant,                      )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )      No. 27A05-1108-CR-415
                                                 )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                )
                                                 )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                       )

                     APPEAL FROM THE GRANT SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable Dana J. Kenworthy, Judge
                              Cause No. 27D02-1104-FB-89

                                        May 21, 2012

                MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BROWN, Judge
       Joseph Jesse Clark Smith appeals his convictions and sentences for criminal

trespass as a class A misdemeanor,1 intimidation as a class A misdemeanor,2 and two

counts of theft as class D felonies.3 Smith raises three issues, which we revise and restate

as:

       I.        Whether the court abused its discretion in permitting the State to
                 elicit certain testimony from a witness;

       II.       Whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain Smith’s convictions;
                 and

       III.      Whether the court abused its discretion in sentencing Smith.

We affirm.

       The relevant facts follow. In April 2011, Arlyn Wilson was eighty-two years old

with Alzheimer’s Disease and suffered from short-term memory loss. Howard Mundt

lived next door to Wilson since 1960, and Marilee Murphy lived across the street from

Wilson since 1967. Wilson had an accountant who was responsible for writing checks

for many of Wilson’s bills. In addition, Wilson was assisted by two caregivers, Frankie

Fanning and Elicia Bockover, who worked for Fanning. Fanning or Bockover went to

Wilson’s home two times each day to prepare food and medication for Wilson. Either

Fanning or Bockover would stay with Wilson from approximately 7:00 a.m. to 10:00

a.m. and again from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.           Wilson’s yard was cared for by Ron

Campbell, who was responsible for cutting the grass and trimming the trees on Wilson’s

       1
           Ind. Code § 35-43-2-2 (Supp. 2009).
       2
           Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1 (Supp. 2006).
       3
           Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2 (Supp. 2009).

                                                 2
property as well as on Murphy’s property. Also, Fanning would sometimes work in the

yard with Wilson and pick up sticks and leaves.

      On one occasion in the summer of 2010, Murphy observed Smith walking around

Wilson’s house and it caused her concern. Murphy walked over to Wilson’s house, and

she and Wilson went into the yard to speak to Smith. Murphy observed a vehicle parked

in front of the house with a woman and some children in it. Smith indicated he wanted to

clean up the needles under Wilson’s large spruce trees. Smith did not have any tools with

him at the time. Smith quoted a price of $150 to remove the needles, and Wilson stated

she did not have the money to do that. Smith then offered to do the work for $100, and

Wilson “still said no” and “did not want that done.” Transcript at 195. Smith was “quite

persistent” and stated that Wilson knew who he was and that he had done work for her

before. Id. Murphy asked for Smith’s name and repeated to Smith what Wilson had said

by stating “No, she doesn’t want anything done with this now” and that “she’s declined

and he ought to leave.” Id. Smith then entered the vehicle parked in front of Wilson’s

house and drove away. Approximately twenty minutes later, Smith returned in a truck,

and Murphy returned to Wilson’s house. Wilson and Murphy “reiterated the same thing

and told him again” that Wilson did not desire that any work be performed. Id. at 197.

Smith then entered the truck and drove away.

      On another occasion during the summer of 2010, Wilson’s caregiver Fanning

arrived at Wilson’s house in the afternoon and observed Smith, Smith’s wife Christa, and

a toddler in the backyard. Id. at 94. Fanning asked Wilson what Smith was doing and

Wilson said she didn’t know. Smith told Fanning that “they were cleaning up something

                                           3
in the backyard” and that “they had been hired to do a job and they were trying to

complete it.” Id. However, Fanning “didn’t see any evidence of that” and noticed that

“they weren’t doing anything but letting their toddler crawl all over the table on the back

patio.” Id. Fanning then asked Smith to leave.

       On April 18, 2011, Smith visited Wilson’s house at about 1:00 p.m.            Smith

knocked on the front door, and Wilson let him inside. Wilson wrote a check payable to

Smith in the amount of $140, and Smith cashed the check.

       The following day, on April 19, 2011, caregiver Bockover arrived at Wilson’s

house at approximately 4:00 p.m. The interior front door to Wilson’s house was open,

and the exterior glass storm door was closed. At some point a man named Floyd drove

Smith to Wilson’s house and waited in his vehicle for Smith. At approximately 5:30

p.m., while Wilson was seated at the dinner table eating, Smith knocked on the front door

of the house, and Bockover answered the door.

       Bockover opened the exterior storm door “[m]aybe six, 12 inches,” which was not

“enough for an individual to slide in,” to speak to Smith and asked if she could help him.

Id. at 141. Smith asked if Bockover’s grandmother was home, and Bockover replied that

Wilson was not her grandmother but that she was home. Bockover “turned to [Wilson]

from the door,” let the door “go shut,” and “went to tell [Wilson] that there was

somebody at the door and when [she] turned back around to tell [Smith] that [Wilson]

would be right there, he was walking past [her].” Id. at 141-142.

       Bockover stated to Smith: “Well, wait. Hold on. She’ll come to the door.” Id. at

142. Smith stated “Well, she knows who I am. . . . I worked here for years and done tree

                                            4
work.” Id. Bockover responded and stated “that’s fine. She’ll come to the door. . . .

[S]he’s eating dinner and she’ll just come to the door and speak to you.” Id. Smith then

stated that he needed “his pay for the tree service.” Id. Bockover had not previously

seen Smith, knew that Ron Campbell usually cared for Wilson’s yard, and called

Fanning. After Bockover told Fanning about Smith’s visit, Fanning said “No, [Wilson]

pays Ron Campbell and that’s the only person that was supposed to [be] doing yard work

and anybody else should come with an appointment.” Id. at 144. Smith stated that he

“had a lot of brush from the trees that he had trimmed and he had done yard work,” that

“he had to pay to get rid of” the tree brush, and that “[t]hat’s why he needed his money

that day to pay his crew.” Id. at 145. Smith stated that he had completed the work “the

day before and earlier that day.” Id. Bockover had walked around the yard earlier in the

day and did not notice anyone working, any work that had been done, or any “fresh cuts”

in the yard. Id. at 147.

       Bockover told Smith to wait at the door and that Fanning “does [Wilson’s]

finances so in order for [Smith] to get a check, [he] should come back tomorrow” when

Fanning was present. Id. Smith told Bockover “no” and that he “needed his money now

so he could pay his crew.” Id. at 148-149. Bockover told Smith that he “really need[ed]

to come back when you don’t smell like alcohol and you’re sober,” and Smith said, “You

don’t smell alcohol, you smell my cologne.” Id. at 149. Smith’s “face was turning red,”

and Bockover believed he was becoming angry. Id.

       During this time Wilson was standing back and looked “intimidated and nervous.”

Id. at 148. She retrieved her checkbook and asked Smith “how much can I give you

                                           5
today . . . so you can come back with an appointment tomorrow,” and Smith “said

something like $250” and “I’ll knock $40 off of it.” Id. at 151. Wilson then started to

write a check. Bockover “picked up her cell phone and dialed 911 and [] didn’t say

anything [be]cause [she] didn’t want [Smith] to know [she] was calling the cops.” Id.

Smith “slammed his hand down on the piano” and said “Come on, [Wilson]. She’s

calling the cops.” Id. Smith was telling Wilson “to hurry up because his ride was leaving

him.” Id. at 152. Wilson finished writing a check for $150, handed it to Smith, and he

returned to Floyd’s vehicle and told Floyd, “[j]ust go.” Id. at 104.

       Shortly thereafter Marion Police Captain Angela Haley arrived at Wilson’s house,

spoke with Bockover, and obtained a description of Smith and of Floyd’s vehicle.

Marion Police Officer Kenneth Allen learned of the descriptions given by Bockover by

radio, noticed Floyd’s vehicle at a gas station, and followed the vehicle as it left the

station. Smith told Floyd to “[g]o, go, go” and tried to grab the steering wheel. Id. at

107. Floyd told Smith to get out of his vehicle and pulled to the side of the road. Smith

exited the vehicle and began to walk down the sidewalk and Floyd drove away. Officer

Allen pulled up next to Smith and engaged him in conversation. Smith was initially

evasive and gave Officer Allen a different name, but later admitted his identity. Officer

Allen asked Smith about the check from Wilson, and Smith gave him the check. Captain

Haley obtained a statement from Bockover and photographed the yard of Wilson’s house.

       On April 21, 2011, the State charged Smith with: Count I, burglary as a class B

felony; Count II, intimidation as a class A misdemeanor; Count III, theft of $150 on April

19, 2011, as a class D felony; and Count IV, theft of $140 on April 18, 2011, as a class D

                                             6
felony.      At Smith’s trial, a jury heard the testimony of, among others, Dr. Dawn

Lagerkvist, a family physician who had been treating Wilson since October 2010,

Wilson’s accountant, Fanning, Floyd, Officer Allen, Bockover, Mundt, Murphy, Captain

Haley, Christa, and Smith.

       Dr. Dawn Lagerkvist testified that Wilson “is very agreeable” and that “[w]hen

she’s been in the office, if I ask her a question that she doesn’t recall, she’ll turn to who is

with her which is very common for Alzheimer’s patients if they don’t recall.” Id. at 69-

70. Dr. Lagerkvist also indicated that Wilson’s short term memory loss was significant,

that the memory loss causes confusion for Wilson regarding her surroundings and

regarding events in her life, that it would be difficult for Wilson to adapt to new

surroundings, and that it would be very confusing for Wilson to come into a courtroom.4

Dr. Lagerkvist testified that Wilson is “more agreeable and she is more ready to placate

someone” and that “[e]ven when I ask nonthreatening questions in the office, that’s how

she responds to stressful situations. She just becomes more agreeable.” Id. at 72-73. Dr.

Lagerkvist indicated that Wilson would have a tendency to agree to someone’s demands

or assertions that she owes them something.

       Floyd testified that Smith’s mother lived next door to him and that Smith asked for

a ride because “a lady owed him money for tree work.” Id. at 100. Floyd testified that,

when he dropped Smith off at Wilson’s house, he was “calm, collected, normal,” and that

when Smith returned to the vehicle he said “Just go.” Id. at 101, 104.

       4
           Wilson did not testify at trial.

                                               7
       During his testimony, Mundt indicated that he lived “right next door” to Wilson,

that Smith “did tree work for [him] some years ago,” and that he never observed Smith

do any work for Wilson. Id. at 176. Mundt, Murphy, Fanning, and Bockover each

testified that Ron Campbell was the person who did Wilson’s yard work.

       During her testimony, Murphy indicated that on the day Smith visited Wilson’s

house in the summer of 2010 and Murphy told Smith that Wilson did not desire for him

to do any work, she was direct with Smith, was clear and factual, and was “very definite

in [her] tone of voice.” Id. at 198.

       Also at trial, after obtaining the court’s permission, the State elicited certain

testimony from Christa related to a no contact order which had been issued in connection

with Smith’s previous arrest for a battery against her.

       Smith testified that Wilson owed him $400 and that he accepted the $140 check

from Wilson on April 18, 2011 as partial payment. He testified that he was “contracting

for topping [a] maple tree and spraying the bug spray,” saying that he obtained bug spray

and sprayed around the house and all of the trees and bushes on April 18, 2011. Id. at

387. His testimony was that after Bockover answered the door on April 19, 2011, Wilson

also came to the door, that Bockover left the door, that he spoke with Wilson at the front

door, that he asked Wilson if he could step inside, and that Wilson said yes.

       The jury found Smith guilty of criminal trespass as a class A misdemeanor as a

lesser included offense of burglary under Count I; intimidation as a class A misdemeanor

under Count II; theft as a class D felony under Count III; and theft as a class D felony

under Count IV. The court sentenced Smith to one year for each of his convictions under

                                             8
Counts I and II and three years for each of his convictions under Counts III and IV, with

Counts I, II, and III to be served concurrently with each other and Count IV to be served

consecutive to the sentences under Counts I, II, and III.

                                             I.

       The first issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the

State to elicit certain testimony from Christa. Outside the presence of the jury, the State

questioned Christa regarding a no contact order issued against Smith in March or April of

2011 which stemmed from Smith’s arrest for domestic battery against Christa in March

2011. Christa indicated that there was a no contact order in place prohibiting Smith from

being around her on April 18, 2011. The State asked Christa whether she told the police

in March 2011 that she was fearful of Smith, and Christa responded affirmatively. The

State asked the court for permission to question her on the issue of her fear of Smith

given the recent report regarding the battery. Smith’s defense counsel argued that the

testimony the State desired to elicit would have no probative value and would be

prejudicial.

       The court later stated that it researched the issue of whether the State should be

allowed to question Christa regarding reports she made to the police and events

surrounding the report. The court found that the evidence was “not being offered to

prove [Smith’s] character nor to show action in conformity with that character” but rather

“to show [Christa’s] bias or motive to lie which is appropriate under Rule 616.”

Transcript at 291. The court noted that Christa was the “only witness who has testified

that she observed [] Smith performing work at [] Wilson’s home, so clearly any bias,

                                             9
prejudice, or motive to lie she may have are highly relevant in this case” and that “[t]he

events [] about which the State wishes to cross-examine [Christa] are recent and close in

time to the events in this case . . . .” Id. The court further found that “[t]he evidence

offered by the State bears heavily on [Christa’s] motive to lie for her husband” and “that

the probative value of this testimony under Rule 403 is not substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice to [Smith] and the State may cross-examine [] Smith on

these issues.” Id. at 292. The court stated that it had drafted a limiting instruction and

that it would give the instruction to the jury if the defense so desired. The court then read

its proposed instruction:

        Evidence has been introduced that the defendant was involved in wrongful
        conduct other than the offenses charged in this case. This evidence has
        been received solely on the issue of [Christa’s] credibility. This evidence
        should be considered by you only for that limited purpose.

Id. Smith’s counsel indicated that it desired for the court to give the instruction to the

jury.

        During its cross-examination of Christa before the jury, the State asked Christa if

there was a no contact order in place on April 18, 2011, and whether Smith was

prohibited from being in her presence or communicating with her, and Christa responded

affirmatively. The State then asked “[a]nd that’s because he had battered you in March,”

and Christa stated “Yeah.” Id. at 318-319. Christa indicated that she had reported the

battery to police in March. The State asked Christa whether she reported to the police

that she was “afraid of [her] husband,” and Christa stated “I ---- possibly, I don’t know if

I said I was afraid of him” and “I don’t remember saying I was afraid of him. I don’t

know. I may have.” Id. at 319. The State asked whether she told the police in March
                                             10
“that he had threatened to kill you” and “that he was a controlling person,” and Christa

testified that she did not “remember saying that.” Id. The State then asked if it was “in

fact [] the case” that she was afraid of Smith either at the time she made the report to

police or at trial, and Christa stated “No.” Id. at 320. During re-direct examination,

Christa indicated that she received calls from Smith from jail and that Smith did not ask

her to lie for him. The court gave its proposed instruction to the jury.

       Smith argues that the trial court erred by allowing the State to present evidence

that Christa was testifying out of fear. Smith argues that “[t]here is very little evidence of

probative value to show that Christa is testifying out of fear,” that “[o]n the contrary,

there is enormous prejudicial value in presenting evidence to show that [Smith] is a wife

beater,” that “[t]he defense never voir dired jurors on domestic abuse,” that “[t]he

allegations were not even substantiated,” and that the questions the prosecutor asked

“poison[ed] the well.” Appellant’s Brief at 13; Appellant’s Reply Brief at 4. Smith

further argues that “[w]hen considering the probative value of her testimony, one would

have to ask what exactly was it [Christa] lied about” and that “[s]he did not provide

[Smith] with a slam dunk alibi.” Id. at 17. The State argues that the court properly

admitted evidence of Christa’s potential bias and motive to lie, namely, her fear of

reprisal by Smith, and that the jury instruction rendered any error harmless.

       The admission and exclusion of evidence falls within the sound discretion of the

trial court, and we review the admission of evidence only for abuse of discretion. Wilson

v. State, 765 N.E.2d 1265, 1272 (Ind. 2002). An abuse of discretion occurs “where the

decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.” Smith v.

                                             11
State, 754 N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind. 2001).        “Errors in the admission or exclusion of

evidence are to be disregarded as harmless error unless they affect the substantial rights

of a party.” Fleener v. State, 656 N.E.2d 1140, 1141 (Ind. 1995) (citations omitted).

       Ind. Evidence Rule 607 provides that the credibility of a witness may be attacked

by any party. Ind. Evidence Rule 616 specifies: “For the purpose of attacking the

credibility of a witness, evidence of bias, prejudice, or interest of the witness for or

against any party to the case is admissible.” The Rule provides for the admission of

evidence showing bias or prejudice of a witness without any qualifications. Ingram v.

State, 715 N.E.2d 405, 407 (Ind. 1999). However, it “should be read in conjunction with

Rule 403’s required balancing of probative value against the danger of unfair prejudice.”

Id. Ind. Evidence Rule 403 provides that “[a]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded

if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or

needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Further, on appeal we presume that the

jury followed the instructions tendered by the trial court. Williams v. State, 782 N.E.2d

1039, 1047-1048 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied.

       Based upon our review of the record, including the trial court’s instruction to the

jury, we cannot say the testimony elicited from Christa by the State was not evidence of

bias, prejudice, or interest under Ind. Evidence Rule 616 or that the probative value of the

evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to Smith. The

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the testimony challenged by Smith. See

Ingram, 715 N.E.2d at 408 (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

                                            12
finding that the probative value of challenged evidence was not substantially outweighed

by the danger of unfair prejudice).

       In addition, even if the challenged testimony was admitted in error, we conclude

that such error does not warrant reversal. An error will be found harmless if its probable

impact on the jury, in light of all of the evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor so as

not to affect the substantial rights of the parties. Gault v. State, 878 N.E.2d 1260, 1267-

1268 (Ind. 2008). Smith does not demonstrate that the admission of the challenged

portion of Christa’s testimony affected his substantial rights. The evidence before the

jury included the testimony from Fanning, Floyd, Officer Allen, Bockover, Mundt,

Murphy, and Captain Haley, as well as photographs of Wilson’s yard and the trees in the

yard. This evidence supported the conclusion that Smith committed two counts of theft

when on two occasions he demanded and took money from Wilson for work he never

performed or intended to perform, and that he committed the trespass and intimidation

offenses. Based upon our review of the record, we find that the probable impact of any

erroneous admission of the challenged portion of Christa’s testimony did not affect

Smith’s substantial rights, and any error in admitting the testimony must be disregarded

as harmless.

                                            II.

       The next issue is whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain Smith’s

convictions. When reviewing claims of insufficiency of the evidence, we do not reweigh

the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. Jordan v. State, 656 N.E.2d 816, 817

(Ind. 1995), reh’g denied. Rather, we look to the evidence and the reasonable inferences

                                            13
therefrom that support the verdict. Id. We will affirm the conviction if there exists

evidence of probative value from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

       Smith argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions for

criminal trespass, intimidation, and two counts of theft.

A.     Criminal Trespass

       With respect to his conviction for criminal trespass, Smith argues that “[a]s a

result of having stepped in the home, [he] was charged with burglary,” that “[t]he jury

found him not guilty of burglary, but did convict him on the Class A criminal trespass

charge,” and that “[t]here is no indication that he was asked to leave and the testimony is

uncontroverted that he had been in the house the day before.” Appellant’s Brief at 23.

Smith further argues that “[u]nder the circumstances, when [Bockover] opened the door,

it was fair for [Smith] to assume that he was being invited in, based on the fact that he

had been in the home the day before” and that he “had the implied consent of [Wilson] to

step in the door and if [Wilson] did not want him in the home, someone should have

asked [him] to leave.” Id.

       The State argues that “Bockover told Smith to ‘wait’ and ‘hold on’ but he did not”

and that “Smith ignored her.” Appellee’s Brief at 17. The State argues that Bockover

“even tried to close the door when she turned around to tell [Wilson] that Smith was at

the door.”   Id. The State argues that “Smith entered the home without [Wilson’s]

consent, intentionally, when he had no proprietary interest in her home.” Id.

                                             14
       The offense of criminal trespass is governed by Ind. Code § 35-43-2-2, which

provides in part that “[a] person who . . . not having a contractual interest in the property,

knowingly or intentionally enters the dwelling of another person without the person’s

consent . . . commits criminal trespass, a Class A misdemeanor.”

       The record reveals that, at approximately 5:30 p.m. on April 19, 2011, Smith

knocked on the front door of Wilson’s house, and Bockover answered the door. The

interior front door to Wilson’s house was open, and the exterior glass storm door was

closed. During her testimony, Bockover indicated that, when Smith knocked on the front

door of Wilson’s house on April 19, 2011, she opened the exterior storm door “[m]aybe

six, 12 inches,” which was “[f]ar enough for [her] to [be] able to talk to [Smith] face to

face” but not “enough for an individual to slide in.” Transcript at 141. Bockover

testified that when she turned around to Wilson after speaking with Smith at the door, the

door “was shut” and that she “had let it go shut when [she] turned to [Wilson].” Id. at

142.   Bockover testified that Smith nevertheless entered Wilson’s house and “was

walking past [her],” id. at 141, that she told Smith to “wait” and “[h]old on,” that Wilson

would “come to the door,” id. at 142, and that she told Smith that he “really need[ed] to

come back when you don’t smell like alcohol and you’re sober.” Id. at 149. Smith did

not exit Wilson’s house until Wilson gave him a check and Bockover dialed 911.

       A reasonable trier of fact could have concluded from the testimony presented at

trial that Smith knowingly or intentionally entered Wilson’s home without consent.

Based upon the evidence most favorable to the conviction, we conclude that sufficient

evidence exists from which the jury could find Smith guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of

                                             15
criminal trespass as a class A misdemeanor. See Belcher v. State, 453 N.E.2d 214, 215-

216 (Ind. 1983) (affirming a conviction for criminal trespass where witnesses testified

that the defendant entered the victim’s property, despite the defendant’s testimony to the

contrary).

B.     Intimidation

       With respect to his conviction for intimidation, Smith argues that he “went to the

home to receive partial payment for work he had contracted to perform,” that “[i]t’s

unclear as to what threat he communicated,” and that Bockover “did call 911” but that

Wilson “had nothing to fear--the police were not being called on her.” Appellant’s Brief

at 24. Smith also argues that he “apparently, according to [Bockover], claimed the work

had been completed and that he needed the money to pay his crew,” and that “[i]f he said

that, it is a lie, but it is not a threat.” Id. The State argues that “[w]hether a particular

communication constitutes a threat is a question for the trier of fact” and that “Smith

communicated his threat to [Wilson] when he slammed his hand down on her piano,

visibly angered, and said ‘Come on, [Wilson], she’s calling the cops.’” Appellee’s Brief

at 17-18.

       The offense of intimidation as a class A misdemeanor is governed by Ind. Code §

35-45-2-1(a), which provides in part that “[a] person who communicates a threat to

another person, with the intent . . . that the other person engage in conduct against the

other person’s will . . . commits intimidation, a Class A misdemeanor.” A “threat” means

an expression, by words or action, of an intention to . . . unlawfully injure the person

                                             16
threatened or another person, or damage property; unlawfully subject a person to physical

confinement or restraint; [or] commit a crime . . . .” Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1(c).

       The Indiana Supreme Court has stated that “whether a defendant intended that

someone engage in conduct against his or her will depends on the facts and circumstances

of each case” and that “we have adopted an objective view of whether a communication

is a threat.” Owens v. State, 659 N.E.2d 466, 474 (Ind. 1995), reh’g denied. The Court

then concluded that “[t]herefore, both whether [the defendant] intended that the three

men engage in conduct against their will and whether his communications to the three

men, objectively viewed, were threats were questions of fact for the jury to decide.” Id.

       Based upon the evidence most favorable to the conviction and observing that we

cannot reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses, we conclude that

sufficient evidence exists from which the jury could find Smith guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt of intimidation as a class A misdemeanor. See Owens, 659 N.E.2d at

474-475 (holding that substantial evidence of probative value was presented on each

element of each alleged instance of intimidation and finding no basis to disturb the jury’s

verdicts).

C.     Theft

       With respect to his two convictions for theft, Smith argues that he and Wilson had

reached an agreement that he would be paid $400 for his work, that “[i]t took at least an

hour to do the spraying,” that he “did not do any other work on” April 18, 2011, and that

“[h]e asked if he could be paid part of his money and [Wilson] gave him a check for One

Hundred Forty Dollars ($140.00) as partial payment.” Appellant’s Brief at 19. Smith

                                            17
further argues that the evidence most favorable to the State would show that on April 19,

2011, he “demanded to be paid and indicated that he had finished the work,” and that

“[a]t most, it appears [he] was demanding money when in fact he hadn’t finished the

work.” Id. at 20-21. Smith argues that he did not exert unauthorized control over the

property of another person, that Wilson gave him the checks, and that “[t]he evidence

shows that [Wilson] had simply paid [Smith] for work that he had not yet completed.”

Id. at 21.

       The State argues that it proved both counts of theft, that the “amounts charged –

four hundred ($400.00) dollars for an hour of bug spraying and no tree work – also

supports the reasonable conclusion that Smith’s sole purpose was to deprive [Wilson] of

her money . . . .” Appellee’s Brief at 19. The State asserts that discrepancies in Smith’s

testimony undermine his credibility, and that “the jury chose to believe that Smith took

[Wilson’s] money, period, without working for it, and that was their province.” Id. at 19-

20. The State argues that it “sufficiently proved that Smith took money from [Wilson] on

both dates, April 18, and April 19,” and that “it was money for no work, but was simply

money that Smith scared out of his victim, or conned out of her, given her inability to

function mentally or remember recent events.” Id. at 20.

       The offense of theft is governed by Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2, which provides in part

that “[a] person who knowingly or intentionally exerts unauthorized control over property

of another person, with intent to deprive the other person of any part of its value or use,

commits theft, a Class D felony.” We have observed that “[i]ntent is a mental function,

and without a confession, it must be determined from a consideration of the conduct and

                                            18
the natural consequences of the conduct giving rise to the charge that the defendant

committed theft.” Long v. State, 867 N.E.2d 606, 614 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (citations

omitted), reh’g denied. “Accordingly, intent may be proven by circumstantial evidence,

and it may be inferred from a defendant’s conduct and the natural and usual sequence to

which such conduct logically and reasonably points.” Id.

       Based upon the evidence most favorable to the convictions as recited previously in

this opinion, we conclude that sufficient evidence exists from which the jury could

reasonably conclude that Smith knowingly or intentionally exerted unauthorized control

over the property of Wilson with intent to deprive her of its value and find Smith guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt of two counts of theft as class D felonies. See Long, 867

N.E.2d at 614 (holding that the evidence presented was sufficient to support defendant’s

theft conviction where the victims made payments for items but the defendant never

delivered the items and noting that intent may be inferred from a defendant’s conduct and

that it is not our appellate role to reweigh the evidence and assess witness credibility); see

also Wallace v. State, 896 N.E.2d 1249, 1252 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (holding that the

evidence was sufficient to sustain the defendant’s conviction for theft as a class D

felony), reh’g denied, trans. denied.

                                             III.

       The next issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing Smith.

We review the sentence for an abuse of discretion. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482,

490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007). A trial court abuses its

discretion if it: (1) fails “to enter a sentencing statement at all;” (2) enters “a sentencing

                                             19
statement that explains reasons for imposing a sentence—including a finding of

aggravating and mitigating factors if any—but the record does not support the reasons;”

(3) enters a sentencing statement that “omits reasons that are clearly supported by the

record and advanced for consideration;” or (4) considers reasons that “are improper as a

matter of law.” Id. at 490-491. However, the relative weight or value assignable to

reasons properly found, or those which should have been found, is not subject to review

for abuse of discretion. Id. at 491.

       Smith argues that the court erred in sentencing him to two consecutive three-year

terms for theft. Smith argues that the two sentences for theft should have been merged as

a single crime for sentencing purposes. Smith also asserts that theft is not a crime of

violence under Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(a), that his convictions for theft constitute a single

episode of criminal conduct under Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(b), and thus that his sentence

may not exceed the advisory sentence of four years for a class C felony as set forth under

Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(c). The State argues that Smith was properly sentenced, that

Smith’s two thefts “do not constitute a single episode of criminal conduct,” that they “are

two separate thefts, or two separate acts,” and that “[t]he evidence even supports the

conclusion that the success of the first theft inspired an altogether different, second theft

of [] Wilson.” Appellee’s Brief at 21.

       Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(c) provides in part:

       [E]xcept for crimes of violence, the total of the consecutive terms of
       imprisonment, exclusive of terms of imprisonment under IC 35-50-2-8 and
       IC 35-50-2-10, to which the defendant is sentenced for felony convictions
       arising out of an episode of criminal conduct shall not exceed the advisory
       sentence for a felony which is one (1) class of felony higher than the most
       serious of the felonies for which the person has been convicted.
                                             20
Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(b) provides: “As used in this section, ‘episode of criminal

conduct’ means offenses or a connected series of offenses that are closely related in time,

place, and circumstance.” “In making this determination, emphasis has been placed on

the timing of the offenses and the simultaneous and contemporaneous nature, if any, of

the crimes.” Gootee v. State, 942 N.E.2d 111, 114 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing Reed v.

State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1200 (Ind. 2006)), trans. denied. “Additional guidance on

whether multiple offenses constitute an episode of criminal conduct can be obtained by

considering whether the conduct is so closely related in time, place, and circumstance

that a complete account of one charge cannot be related without referring to details of the

other charge.” Id.

       In this case, the trial court concluded that Smith’s two theft offenses did not

constitute a single episode of criminal conduct. In its order of sentence, the court stated

that it based its conclusion on the following specific factors:

       1.     The crimes in Counts 1-3 occurred on a different date (April 19,
              2011) than the crime in Count 4 (April 18, 2011).

       2.     The Theft in Count 3 involved a different sum of money ($150) than
              the Theft in count 4 ($140).

       3.     The Thefts in Counts 3 and 4 involved two different checks. [Smith]
              cashed the first check on April 18, 2011; the second check was in
              [Smith’s] possession on April 19, 2011 at the time of his arrest.

       4.     The Thefts in Counts 3 and 4 involved two separate occasions on
              which [Smith] went to the victim’s home, and two separate
              interactions between [Smith] and [the] victim.

       5.     Although [Smith] testified at trial that the two occasions were related
              by a contract for work that he and [the] victim had reached, the
              Court does not find his testimony credible. Rather, the Court finds
                                             21
              based upon the totality of the evidence that [Smith] went to the
              victim’s home with the intention of conning her out of money with
              no intention of doing work for her. After his successful theft on the
              first date, he decided to go back and take advantage of the victim a
              second time.

       6.     [Smith] had more than adequate time and opportunity following the
              first crime[] to conform his behavior to the dictates of the law prior
              to the Theft in Count 4, and therefore avoid consecutive sentencing.
              He chose not to do so.

Appellant’s Appendix at 88-89.

       Smith’s two theft offenses did not constitute an episode of criminal conduct.

Although the two thefts occurred within a period of two days and at the same location,

they were nevertheless separate incidents. Each theft can be recounted without referring

to the other theft. Based upon the record and evidence, we cannot say that the trial court

abused its discretion in finding that Smith’s two theft offenses did not constitute an

episode of criminal conduct and ordering that Smith serve his sentences for his two theft

convictions consecutive to each other. See Gootee, 942 N.E.2d at 114-115 (holding that

the defendant’s offenses did not constitute an episode of criminal conduct and that

although the forgery-fraud incidents all occurred within a period of two days, and two of

the incidents occurred within minutes of each other at the same location, they were all,

nevertheless, separate incidents).

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Smith’s convictions and sentence.

       Affirmed.

KIRSCH, J., concurs.

BAKER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion.

                                            22
                                IN THE
                      COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JOSEPH JESSE CLARK SMITH,                         )
                                                  )
       Appellant-defendant,                       )
                                                  )
                vs.                               )      No. 27A05-1108-CR-415
                                                  )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                 )
                                                  )
       Appellee-plaintiff.                        )

BAKER, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       While I agree that Christa was properly permitted to testify at trial and that

Smith’s convictions for theft and criminal trespass should be affirmed, I respectfully

dissent with the majority’s decision to affirm Smith’s conviction and sentence for

intimidation.

       Indiana Code section 35-45-2-1(c) defines a threat as “an expression, by words or

action, of an intention to . . . unlawfully injure the person threatened or another person, or

damage property; unlawfully subject a person to physical confinement or restraint; [or]

commit a crime.”

       In this case, Wilson began writing the check and asked what the date was. Given

these circumstances, Smith’s subsequent act of hitting his hand on the piano, coupled
                                             23
with the statement, “come on [Wilson], she’s calling the cops,” tr. p. 151, does not

amount to a threat with the intent that Wilson engage in conduct against her will pursuant

to Indiana Code 35-45-2-1(a)(2). In other words, I cannot agree that the State sufficiently

proved that Smith’s words or actions intimidated Wilson into giving him money for work

that he did not perform.

       In sum, I do not believe that the State proved that Smith committed the offense of

intimidation.   Thus, I vote to vacate the conviction and sentence on that offense.

However, I would affirm the judgment in all other respects.

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