Court Opinion

ID: 6593114
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:59:38.99946+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:43.489205
License: Public Domain

Green, Judge :
The amended declaration in this cause was framed evidently upon the law as laid down in Johnson v. City of Parkersburg 16 W. Va. 402, in which it was decided that if a municipal *234corporation first fixes the grade of a street, and after an owner of a lot adjoining such street has built a house on his lot in reference to the grade thus fixed, changes the grade by raising or depressing it and thus permanently damages the lot and dwelling without aeqiring the right to do so, and, if demanded, without paying just compensation for such damages, this is a violation of section nine of the bill of rights, which declares that private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without jiist compensation ; and that to recover damages for- such injury the lot-owner has a right to bring an action on the case. These principles laid down in that case were approved by this Court in the cases of Spencer v. Railroad Company, Campbell v. Railroad Company, Smith v. Railroad Company and Hale v. Railroad Company, 23 W. Va. 406-456, and may be regarded as settled law in this State.
In the case of Johnson v. City of Parkersburg, 16 W. Va. 402, Johnson the plaintiff, built a residence on his lot adjoining Pike street in the city of Parkersburg, after the grade of that street had been fixed by the city of Parkersburg, and after the building of his residence the city of Parkersburg changed the grade of the said street, whereby the residence of the plaintiff, Johnson, was damaged. This Court held that he was entitled to recover in an action on the case the damages he had thus suffered. The amended declaration in the case before us, on which the issue was joined and tried by the jury, alleges that the city of Parkersburg after the fixing of the grade of said Pike street subsequently altered it, whereby the tenement and lot of the plaintiff”was injured, for which injury damages are demanded. But the case proven differed essentially from the case stated in this amended declaration, as there was no proof, that prior to the building of the residence of the plaintiff the city of Parkersburg had fixed the grade of Pike street, on which the plaintiff’s lot abutted.
The court in the case of Johnson v. City of Parkersburg, 16 W. Va. p. 426 says: “If the improvement of the plaintiff had been made before the street was made or the grade fixed at all, what his rights would be in that case we do not decide, as the question does not arise in this case.” And we deem it improper in this case to decide what the plaintiff’s *235rights would be if his improvements had been made after the street was made but before the grade of it was fixed at all; for such question does not arise in this ease either as alleged in the amended declaration or as proven. But while the ease as stated in the amended declaration was, as we have said, not proven on the trial of the case, yet upon the trial the ease proven was, that improvement had been made by the plaintiff on his lot, and afterwards the street was made by the city of Parkersburg not touching a part of the plaintiffs lot, but passing by it and adjoining it, and in the grading of this street thus made the plaintiff's improvements and lot were injured. For an injury to his lot and improvements under these circumstances, I think, the plaintiff in an action on the case was entitled to recover damages, which he had sustained.
If, for instance, the plaintiff in this case had built a residence on a lot owned by him not on the Northwestern turn-turnpike but outside the limits of the city of Parkersburg on no public road, and after he had thus improved his lot the limits of the city had been extended so as to include his lot, and a street had been opened not through his lot but abutting upon it aud running with a line of his lot, and in grading and improving this street thus opened the earth had been so raised and piled up as to permanently injure his lot aud improvements, could there be a question but that he would be entitled to recover in an action on the case against the city the damages thus sustained by him ? Clearly he might so recover such damages. It would fall directly within the words of the ninth section of our bill of rights (See Acts 1883, p. 144). It would be a case of “private property damaged for public useand by Johnson v. City of Parkersburg, 16 W. Va. 204. Then damages could be recovered in an action on the case.
Does the fact, that the plaintiff's lot and residence instead of being outside of the city of Parkersburg on no public road was outside of the city of Parkerburg on the Northwestern turnpike, in any manner alter the case? It seems to me it does not. When the limits of Parkersburg were extended to include the plaintiff’s residence and lot, this Pike street was for the first time made a street; and if in im*236proving and grading it, whether the improving was done by making the grade of the whole street correspond with and be on a level with the bed of the Northwestern turnpike, or whether it was made higher or lower than this bed of the turnpike, if by such improvement the residence and lot of the plaintiff was permanently damaged, he would have a right to recover such damages of the city of Parkersburg. For when his land was condemned for this Northwestern turnpike, the damages allowed to him or to the owner of it must have been the damage, which the owner of the lot would sustain, if the Northwrstern turnpike was constructed in the manner prescribed by its charter. Now the charter of the Northwestern turnpike, while it provided the land to be condemned for the public use was to be sixty feet wide, contained the express and additional provision -that “the-width of said road may be varied, so that it shall not exceed eighteen feet nor be less than twelve feet.” (See chapter 104, section 4 of Acts of Virginia of 1830-1831, p. 154, passed March 19, 1831.) When therefore the city of Par-kersburg had its limits extended so as to include this lot of the plaintiff’s, which was, I presume, done by chapter 94 of the Acts of 1863 of State of West Virginia, p. 110, passed November 5, 1863, this Northwestern turnpike in front of plaintiff’s lot was made a street of said town for the first time, and the city of Parkersburg, when this Pike street was thus extended, found that the plaintiff had built a residence on his lot some fourteen years before that time; that, when he built this residence and improved this lot, he had a right to assume, that the Northwestern turnpike would permanently remain as it then was, and that within the nomi ■ nal limits of this turnpike, sixty feet wide, only eighteen feet would be graveled for a road, as the charter of the turnpike company prohibited the road to be of greater width than eighteen feet.
While by the 6th section of chapter 94 of the Acts of 1863, p. Ill, the interest of the State in this turnpike, so far as it was within the city, was ceded and relinquished to the city of Parkersburg, it would seem clear that their right to improve and grade this turnpike to its full width of sixty feet could not be derived from this cession but simply from *237its being made a street of the city of Parkersburg. But, as we have seen, while in thus making a street of it the city derived a right to improve it as the city pleased, yet the city was bound to pay to the owner of any lot adjoining this street thus made any damage to the residence and lot of such owner by the improving or grading in any manner ot this street in front of a lot built upon before this street was opened as a street, that is in this case, before the extension of the limits of the city over any lot lying on this Northwestern turnpike.
I have assumed that this extension of the city over this lot was made by the act passed November 5, 1863, (see Acts of 1863, p. 110.) This is not expressly asserted in the record in this case. But an examination of the record in eonnec-ion with the acts of the assembly with reference to the city of Parkersburg seems to make it clear, that I am justified in assuming that the limits of the city of Parkersburg were extended over the plaintiff’s lot on November 5, 1863. That this lot was not in the city of Parkersburg in 1849, when the plaintiff purchased this lot and built his bouse upon it, was expressly proven; that it was not in the extension of the limits of the city of Parkersburg by the act of March 17, 1851 of State of Virginia (see Acts of 1850-1851, p. 181), which was known as “Stephenson’s addition”, is clear from the deed for this lot made after that on April 28, 1852. In this deed the lot is described as lying “near the town of Parkersburg.” It was not included in the city of Parkersburg prior to March 17, 1860 ; for chapter 200 of Acts of 1859-1860 “an act to reduce into one the several acts incorporating the town of Parkersburg” shows, that up to that time there had been no addition to the original limits of Parkersburg since its incorporation January 2, 1820, except “Stephenson addition” made by the act of March 17, 1851. The first addition thereafter made was made November 5, 1863 by chapter 94 of Acts of 1863 (see p. 110); and this on its face shows, that it included in this new extension a portion of the turnpike not previously in the city, and it ceded and relinquished the State’s interest therein to the city. So far as the acts showq this is the last extension of the limits of the city. Of course however it is unimpor-*238taut what was the exact time that the city-limits were extended over the plaintiff’s lot, the only important fact is, that this extension took place subsequent to the building of his residence on this lot; and this does distinctly appear from the record.
Did the court below then err in- refusing to give the instruction asked for as set out in the plaintiff’s second bill of exceptions in the form in which the plaintiff asked it, and in giving it as modified by the court ? The instruction asked for by the plaintiff assumes, that there was some evidence, from which the jury might possibly believe “ that in making the repairs and improvements in said street, as mentioned in the case, the grade of said street, as it had existed before the plaintiff purchased said property, was not materially altered, but said street was widened out to or near the plaintiff's line at substantially the same grade as before existed in the improved part of said street.” Now the evidence show's beyond question or controversy, “ that no grade of said street existed in front of the plaintiff’s lot, before he purchased this property.” He made his purchase in 1849; and it is not pretended, that before that time any street existed in front of his lot. The street in front of his lot was not made for a long time afterwards, probably some fourteen years. The Northwestern turnpike did exist and was graded before the plaintiff purchased this lot; but it was not then nor was it for years afterwards a street of the city of Parkersburg, for it was then entirely out of the limits of that city. The instruction for this reason instead of being given with a modification should have been entirely rejected by the court.
If the case declared upon in the amended declaration had been the case, which was proven before the jury, the court might have given the following instruction, which is substantially like the modification of the plaintiff’s instruction given by the Court, that is :
“ If the jury believe from the evidence, that the plaintiff: purchased the lot in the declaration mentioned and built his residence thereon, and that the lot abutted on the Northwestern turnpike, and, when so purchased and built upon, it was out of the limits of Parkersburg, but that the limits of Parkersburg were subsequently extended so as to include *239this lot, and that the defendant in improving Pike street, formerly the Northwestern turnpike, to the entire width thereof and close up to the line of the plaintiff’s lot inflicted damage on the plaintiff, then it is immaterial whether the grade of the Northwestern turnpike on that portion of it, which was graded at the time of the plaintiff’s purchase of this lot, was materially altered or not, or whether it was widened out to or near the plaintiff’s line at substantially the same grade, as existed on the graded portion of the Northwestern turnpike, as it had before existed, or whether this grade in this widening was changed, provided the change made in improving this street by the defendant was such as to interrupt the plaintiff in the possession and enjoyment of his property. Por if this was the case, or the plaintiff was obstructed in his mode of ingress and egress to and from his property, he is entitled to recover such damages, as you may find from the evidence ho has sustained by reason thereof, and it makes no difference whether the old grade of the Northwestern turnpike was changed or not, the question for the jury is, ‘ Did what the defendant performed in improving this street damage the property of the plaintiff?’ If so, he is entitled to recover.”
But under the issue made up in this case of not guilty on the amended declaration no such instruction could properly be given; as in the amended declaration there were-no allegations of fact corresponding to those which would have made such an instruction relevant, though in the proof before the jury there were such facts. The court ought to have awarded a new trial, because the ease proven, while it was a good one, was materially different from the case stated in the amended declaration. The cause of action stated in the amended declaration was not sustained by any proof in this important particular, that the defendant first fixed the grade of Pike street in front of plaintiff’s lot and afterwards changed it to the damage of the plaintiff.
It only remains to consider the instructions referred to in the first bill of exceptions. It may be regarded as settled law, that where there are several joint owners of personal property, any one of them may sue for a tort or injury to such personal property, and he can only be defeated in such action *240by a plea in abatement (Addison v. Coerend, 6 Term R. 766). If in such action the defendant pleads not guilty instead of pleading in abatement, the plaintiff may recover but only for the injury to his undivided part and not the whole amount of damages done to the personal property owned by the plaintiff and others jointly. (Stancliff v. Hardwick, 2 C. M. & R. 9). Of course these rules can have no application to a husband and wife, as they cannot have a joint ownership of personal property. For at common law marriage was an absolute gift to the husband of all the wife’s personal property in possession. (Taylor v. Yarbrough and wife, 13 Grat. 190). As a necessary consequence, if the wife’s personal property at the time of her marriage is unlawfully taken, the husband alone can bring an action for its recovery. (Seibert v. McHenry, 6 Watts 301). So it must follow, that if land bo devised to a husband and wife for a term of years, and the husband sub-lot it for a shorter term, an action on the case can be brought for an injury to the reversionary interest, and the non-joinder of the wife will be no valid objection. (Waller v. Harrison, 5 M. & W. 142). And even if the fee simple land of the wife be held by the husband in right of his wife, and permanent damages be done to the land, as by the cutting down of timber on it, suit may be brought by the husband and wife for the damages indicted, or, if he choose, the husband may bring such suit alone. (Clapp v. Stoughton, 10 Pick. 463-469; Allen v. Kingsbury, 16 Pick. 235, 240; Cushing v. Adams, 18 Pick. 110). But even in cases, where two should join, and only one brings a suit for a tort, such misjoinder can only be pleaded in abatement. (Motley and others v. French, 2 Cash. 131; White v. Webb, 15 Conn. 302; Shaw v. Dutcher, 14 Wend. 224). And this general rule applies to suits for torts to real as well as personal property. (Bradick v. Schenck, 8 Johns. 151).
It is true this rule, that the non-joinder of a co-plaintiff in any action for a tort" can be taken advantage of only by plea in abatement, would not apply, where the the husband brings an action of tort for injury to any property real or personal, when he had no legal interest in his own right in the property affected. But this exception could have no application, where the husband owned a moiety of the land the subject *241of the tort in his own right independently of his wife, and the other moiety in right of his wife; as is the case in the matter under consideration. Had the husband had no interest in the land the subject of the tort except the interest, which he held in the land of the wife as husband, she being the foe-simple owner, and it was proper for the husband and wife to unite in the action, then in such a ease the failure to join the wife as co-plaintift could be taken advantage of under the plea of not guilty; but whore the husband owned a moiety of the land in his own right and had a life-estate in the other moiety of the land in right of his wife, and it was for any reason in the particular action brought necessary of proper to join the husband and wife as eo-plaintifts, then advantage could not be taken of this non-joinder under the plea of not guilty but only under a plea in abatement.
My conclusions from these authorities are, that George ~W. Hutchinson, the husband, could properly bring such an action as this above without joining his wife as co-plaintiff and could recover all the damages done to the lot, just as he could have brought an action alone for cutting down timber, trees or doing other permanent injury to his lot, and in such action recover the whole of the damages done; and even if it could be necessary in such an action as this to join his wife, as he was the legal owner in his own right of a moiety of this lot, no advantage could be taken of the non-joinder of his wife as a co-plaintift except by a plea in abatement. The fact, that George W. Hutchinson was the equitable owner in foe of this lot of land and held the legal title to the whole of this lot for his life, would seem to make it still more clear, that he had a right to bring this suit in his own name and to recover the whole amount of the damages done to this lot by the defendant. The court ought lor these reasons to have rejected entirely the instruction asked for by the defendants mentioned in the first bill of exceptions, and not have given it after modification.
The modification too was improper, because it bases the right of the plaintiff to recover the entire damages on the contingency, that the plaintiff had actual possession of the whole of the lot that he had purchased and paid for and that he had claimed it as his own for so long a time, that it had *242ripened into a good title. The real law oí the case is that he was entitled to bring this suit and recover the entire damages done to this lot by the defendant absolutely and subject to no such contingency. But because of the failure of the plaintiff in his declaration to state his case, as it was proven by the evidence, the circuit court on the defendant’s motion should have granted a new trial and ought not to have entered up the judgment for the plaintiff' against the defendant on the verdict of the jury.
For this reason this judgment of the circuit court must be reversed and annulled and the plaintiff; in error must recover of the ‘defendant in error his costs in this Court expended; the verdict of the jury must be set aside, and a new trial awarded, the costs of the former trial to abide the result of the suit; and this case must be remanded to the circuit court of Wood county with instructions to permit the plaintiff to amend his declaration in such reasonable time as the circuit court may fix, if the plaintiff desires soto do; and said circuit court will then proceed with the case according to the principles laid down in this opinion and further according to the rules governing courts of law.
Reversed. Remanded.