Court Opinion

ID: 6509232
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 18:20:54.296147+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:54:49.580687
License: Public Domain

BRICKELL, C. J.
The verbal admission of a party in a civil cause, or the verbal confession of the accused in a criminal prosecution, of any fact capable of proof by parol, is admissible in evidence against him. An admission or confession verbally, of a fact of which there is higher and better evidence the party offering it can produce, is not received on the same principle and for the same reasons on which inferior evidence is always rejected. Yerbal admissions out of court are not admissible to establish records, deeds, or other writings, of which there is higher and better evidence the party can and ought to produce. The presumption arises that the best evidence is withheld, it may be, for a sinister purpose, and if that presumption is not' indulged, it would be dangerous to rest judgment on inferior evidence, when it was apparent to the court higher evidence, on which it could proceed more intelligently and satisfactorily, existed, and. was within the power of the party to produce, and the production of which it had jurisdiction to compel. The deed or record, if produced, would possibly contradict the admission or confession, and verbal confession in a criminal casé, are always capable of contradiction or explanation. It may be shown they were ignorantly made, or even when intentionally made, are not founded in truth. This is true, also, of verbal admissions, when not operating as an estoppel. A mere verbal admission or confession of matter of law, is not admitted as evidence, for the party may not know the law, and his admission of it'may be exceedingly erroneous. The court must determine what is the law, unaided by such admission or confession.
These are the only limitations on the admissibility of *134admissions or confessions, which the current of authority recognizes. The vigilance of the court in inquiring in criminal prosecutions whether the confession of the accused— and by confession is intended only that which is expressed by admission when applied to a civil cause — is voluntary, must always be exercised. If it appears to have been voluntary, it is evidence .the jury must consider and weigh, and within their exclusive province it lies to determine its sufficiency. They should be, and doubtless are, always instructed, that the value of a confession depends in a great degree on other evidence corroborating it, and that it should be carefully and cautiously weighed, because, like the repetition of every verbal statement, it is subject to much infirmity. The party making it may have been misunderstood, or he may not have clearly expressed himself, or his words may bear to another a significance different from that he intended; and besides, it is'a species of evidence easy of fabrication, and difficult of disproof. When, however, the confession has been voluntarily made, is precisely identified, and has been repeated substantially at different times and to different persons, in the absence of all motive to speak otherwise than truthfully, it is evidence the court never hesitate to receive, and on which the most intelligent, thoughtful and conscientious juror will not hesitate to pronounce a verdict. The degree of the crime is not material; it may be the highest, involving a forfeiture of life, or it may be the lowest, followed by a mere pecuniary amercement, insignificant in amount.
To this general principle, an exception is supposed to obtain in a prosecution for bigamy. To constitute the offense, it is necessary to allege and prove two distinct marriages, and that at the time of the second marriage the accused had a former husband or wife alive.—3 Green. Ev. § 204. The former marriage, it has been said, must be proved by the production of the record of the marriage, or by a witness present at its solemnization or ceremony. The exception, where it is recognized, rests on the expressions of Lord Mansfield, in Morris v. Miller, 4 Burr. 2087. The action was for criminal conversation, and of consequence the admissibility or sufficiency of evidence in that particular form of action only was directly presented for adjudication. It is true, he says, “ in a prosecution for bigamy, a marriage in fact must be proved,” but he says, also, ‘we do not at present define what may or may not be evidence of a marriage in fact.” The declarations of the defendant in the case were rejected, as tending only to prove a marriage by reputation, and not, a •marriage in fact,' Proceeding on these expressions. *135of Lord Mansfield, it was said by Ormond, J., in Ford v. Ford, 4 Ala. 144: “ Upon an indictment for bigamy, and in tbe action for criminal conversation, tbe fact of tbe former marriage must be proved by the production of tbe record of tbe marriage, or by a witness present at the ceremony.” Tbe case before tbe court was a bill in equity for tbe assignment of dower, and in sucb a suit it is only necessary for tbe demandant to show an actual marriage, by any competent evidence, satisfying the court of tbe fact. No particular character of evidence, such as tbe registry of tbe marriage, or tbe production of a witness present at tbe ceremony, is necessary.—Martin v. Martin, 22 Ala. 86. In Langtry v. State, 30 Ala. 536, tbe question was directly presented, whether, on a prosecution for bigamy, the first marriage was capable of proof by tbe declarations of tbe accused, and cohabitation. Tbe court declaring what was said in Ford v. Ford, supra, a dictum, unsupported except by tbe dictum of Lord Mansfield, in Morris v. Miller, supra, or cases resting on it, held sucb evidence admissible, and if full and satisfactory, sufficient to support a conviction. Tbe first marriage, in tbe case of Langtry v. State, was, if it existed, probably a domestic, not a foreign marriage. If in any case record evidence of a marriage can be presumed to exist, and within tbe power of tbe State to produce, tbe presumption would be tbe more readily made as to a domestic marriage. It cannot be solemnized without a license issuing from the office of a public officer of tbe State, to which it must be returned, with tbe certificate of tbe officer or minister solemnizing it. Tbe license and tbe certificate are recorded, and a certified copy of tbe registry, is presumptive evidence of tbe fact of marriage. — B>. 0. § 2341. Tbe record is always open to public inspection, and any one is entitled to a certified copy of it. Of a foreign marriage, there cannot be record evidence, within tbe power of tbe State to produce. If sucb evidence exists, it is without tbe State, and beyond tbe jurisdiction of tbe court. There would be a reason, therefore, for requiring record evidence of a marriage in this State, not existing when tbe marriage occurred in a foreign state. In England, it has been held on an indictment for bigamy, tbe first marriage having occurred in New York, it was competent to prove it by tbe admissions of tbe accused, and it was for tbe jury to determine whether tbe admission was of a marriage valid according to tbe law of New York.—Reg. v. Simmonton, 1 Cow. & Kir. 164, (S. C. 47 Eng. Com. Law 164). In Truman’s case, cited 1 East’s Crown Law, 470, tbe first marriage occurred in Scotland, and was proved by cohabitation, tbe declarations of tbe accused, and a copy of proceedings bad against him *136in a court of Scotland for having contracted such marriage. A conviction on the evidence was supported by all the judges (except two who were absent), some of them expressing the opinion the acknowledgment of the accused would have been sufficient evidence. Mr. East, in his observations upon the case, says: “With' respect to such evidence of a bare acknowledgment in this case, it may be difficult, to say that it is not evidence to go to the jury, like the acknowledgment of any other matter en pais, where it is made by a party to his own prejudice at the time.” It is difficult to see any good reason for doubting the admissibility of an admission of the fact of marriage or its sufficiency, when it is deliberate and precisely identified. Such evidence would be received if it was sought to charge the husband with the engagements of the supposed wife; or, after his death, when the legitimacy of his children, or the descent and inheritance of his estate, were involved. Then, even evidence inferior to it, inscriptions on tombstones, family registers, recognition, or reputation, will be received. When the legitimacy of children and their right to inherit is in issue, the validity of marriage is as directly involved as it is in a prosecution for bigamy. That the one may be a civil action and the other is a criminal prosecution, affects the admissibility of the declaration only in requiring evidence in the latter case satisfactory to the court that it was voluntary. Any fact capable of proof by parol, in a civil cause, is equally capable of proof by evidence of that character in a criminal prosecution.
In the case before us, the evidence found in the record is of the repeated admissions of the accused that he had a wife in Florida, and that he left her there because she refused to come-with him to this state. These admissions, it is apparent, were not carelessly made, but were made while the second marriage was in contemplation, and in one instance when soliciting advice as to the propriety of the second marriage. If he indulged a doubt of the válidity of his first marriage, he does not. intimate it in any of the several conversations in which he admits it. He certainly knew whether he had been married or not, and whether that marriage was valid or not. It is but a fair presumption, if the marriage had been invalid, he would have so stated, According to his admissions, it was valid, and the wife had not kept her vow to live with him by refusing to come here with him. In Cayford’s case, 7 Green. 57, C. J. Mellen, after a thorough examination of the authorities, held, on an indictment for lewd cohabitation, the prisoner’s confession of the fact of marriage in another State or country was sufficient; that from *137such, confession the validity of the marriage ought to be presumed. Not doubting that a deliberate confession of marriage in the State would be sufficient evidence of the fact, he says : “ Oases of foreign marriage stand on different grounds from domestic. The latter may be generally proved with ease by record evidence, or by the oath of some person_ or persons who were present at the solemnization, they being within reach of the court’s process. Not so in cases of marriages in a foreign country, or even in another State of the Union.” So in the case of Warner v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. Cases, the fact of marriage in Pennsylvania was held properly proved by the declarations of the accused. In State v. Hilton, 3 Rich. (Law) 434, the declarations of the accused were deemed sufficient to establish the first marriage had in North Carolina. Such is the general line of decision in this country.—3 Whart. Am. Cr. Law, §§ 2631-4.
The presumption is that the common law prevails in our sister States. The weight of authority is in favor of the proposition that at common-law, the consent of the parties, followed by cohabitation, is a valid marriage.—1 Bish. Mar. & Div., §§ 289-292; Campbell v. Gullatt, 43 Ala. 57. The admission of the accused of the fact of marriage in Florida, was an admission of a fact which may rest only in parol, of the fact that he and the woman who refused to accompany him to this State had consented to live together, and had lived together as man and wife. It was not the confession of a fact of which there was necessarily higher evidence, and if there was such evidence, it was without the State, and not in the power of the prosecution to produce.
The charge requested was properly refused. The admissions were competent evidence, without any other evidence that the marriage was valid according to the laws of Florida. It was for the jury to determine whether the admissions did not involve an admission of the validity of the marriage. If the jury were satisfied they did, no other evidence of its validity was necessary.
The only exception reserved was to the refusal of the charge requested by the appellant; no exception was taken “ to the sentence and conviction,” as in Frank v. State, 40 Ala. 9. Whether there was evidence of the venue, or Avhether the evidence in any respect was insufficient for a conAÚction, can only be presented by some exception to the rulings of the court on the evidence. A charge requested and refused, presenting a single legal proposition, does not authorize an inquiry into the sufficiency of the Avhole evidence, as if we were determining an application for a new trial, because of the insufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict.
The judgment must be affirmed.