Court Opinion

ID: 4269739
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-04-25 13:49:30.259513+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:15.115894
License: Public Domain

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                    In The Supreme Court

       Theodore G. Hartsock, Jr., as Personal Representative of
       the Estate of Sarah Mills Hartsock (Estate of Sarah Mills
       Hartsock), Plaintiff-Respondent,

       v.

       Goodyear Dunlop Tires North America Ltd., a foreign
       corporation; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, a
       foreign corporation, Defendants-Appellants.

       Appellate Case No. 2016-002398

                      CERTIFIED QUESTION

ON CERTIFICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                         Opinion No. 27793
            Heard September 28, 2017 – Filed April 25, 2018

               CERTIFIED QUESTION ANSWERED

       Wallace K. Lightsey, of Greenville, M. Gary Toole, of
       McDonald, Toole & Wiggins, of Orlando, Fl., pro hac
       vice, E. Duncan Getchell, Jr. and Michael H. Brady, both
       of McGuire Woods LLP, both of Richmond, Va., pro hac
       vice, for Defendants-Appellants.
             Mark C. Tanenbaum of Mark C. Tanenbaum, P.A., of
             Mt. Pleasant; and Mia Lauren Maness, of Charleston,
             both for Plaintiff-Respondent.

             Debora B. Alsup, of Thompson & Knight LLP, of
             Austin, Tx., pro hac vice, for Amicus Curiae the Rubber
             Manufacturers Association.

             Frank L. Epps and Hannah Rogers Metcalfe, both of
             Greenville, for Amicus Curiae the South Carolina
             Association for Justice.

JUSTICE KITTREDGE: This Court accepted the following certified question
from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit:

      Does South Carolina recognize an evidentiary privilege for trade
      secrets?

Answer: South Carolina does recognize an evidentiary privilege for trade secrets,
but it is a qualified privilege.

                                         I.

In its Order of Certification, the Fourth Circuit summarized the relevant facts and
procedural history as follows:

      In July 2010, Sarah Mills Hartsock was killed in an automobile crash
      on Interstate 26 in Calhoun County, South Carolina. Her personal
      representative, Theodore G. Hartsock, Jr., brings this survival and
      wrongful death action asserting claims under South Carolina law for
      negligence, strict liability, and breach of warranty. Mr. Hartsock
      alleges that the vehicle in which Mrs. Hartsock was riding was struck
      head-on by another vehicle. That vehicle had crossed the median after
      suffering a blowout of an allegedly defective tire that Goodyear
      Dunlop Tires North America Ltd. and Goodyear Tire & Rubber
      Company [collectively "Goodyear"] designed, manufactured, and
      marketed. Federal subject-matter jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. §
      1332 based upon complete diversity of citizenship between the parties
      and damages alleged to be greater than $75,000.
      During pretrial discovery a dispute arose between the parties over
      certain Goodyear material relating to the design and chemical
      composition of the allegedly defective tire. Goodyear objected to
      producing this material, asserting that it constitutes trade secrets. The
      district court eventually found, and Mr. Hartsock does not dispute,
      that the material does, in fact, constitute trade secrets. However, the
      court ordered Goodyear to produce the material subject to a
      confidentiality order. In doing so, the court applied federal discovery
      standards, rejecting Goodyear's contention that South Carolina trade
      secret law applies.

      Goodyear thereafter moved for reconsideration, reiterating its
      argument that South Carolina law applies. The district court denied
      the motion but certified its order for interlocutory review pursuant to
      28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The court also stayed the proceedings pending
      Goodyear's anticipated appeal. After Goodyear appealed, a panel of
      [the Fourth Circuit] agreed to permit the appeal. The parties filed
      briefs, and [the Fourth Circuit] heard oral arguments in October 2016.

Hartsock v. Goodyear Dunlop Tires N. Am. Ltd., 672 F. App'x 223, 224–25 (4th
Cir. 2016) (footnotes omitted).

                                          II.

We answer the certified question by analyzing how privileges are recognized in
South Carolina and evaluating the South Carolina Trade Secrets Act (hereinafter
"Trade Secrets Act"), S.C. Code Ann. §§ 39-8-10 to -130 (Supp. 2017).

                                          A.

An evidentiary privilege is "[a] privilege that allows a specified person to refuse to
provide evidence or to protect the evidence from being used or disclosed in a
proceeding." Evidentiary Privilege, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
The principle underlying recognition of a privilege is simple: although the public
"has a right to every man's evidence," an exception may be justified "by a public
good transcending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all rational
means for ascertaining truth." Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 9 (1996) (citations
omitted). "[A]n asserted privilege must also 'serv[e] public ends.'" Id. at 11
(quoting Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981)).1 In addition,
"[i]t is well recognized that a privilege may be created by statute" as deemed
appropriate by Congress or a state legislature. Baldrige v. Shapiro, 455 U.S. 345,
360 (1982); accord In re Decker, 322 S.C. 215, 218–19, 471 S.E.2d 462, 463–64
(1995).

Some privileges are not limited solely to communications, and some privileges are
absolute, while others are qualified. Among the more well-known privileges
recognized in South Carolina are the privilege against self-incrimination, U.S.
Const. amend. V, the attorney-client privilege, Drayton v. Industrial Life & Health
Ins. Co., 205 S.C. 98, 31 S.E.2d 148 (1944), and the news media qualified
privilege.2 S.C. Code Ann. § 19-11-100 (2014). A review of privileges in general

1
  For example, the United States Supreme Court has stated that the spousal,
attorney-client, and psychotherapist-patient privileges are "rooted in the imperative
need for confidence and trust." Jaffee, 518 U.S. at 10 (citation omitted).
Moreover, the United States Supreme Court explained that these privileges serve
public ends:

      [T]he purpose of the attorney-client privilege is to "encourage full and
      frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby
      promote broader public interests in the observance of law and
      administration of justice." And the spousal privilege . . . is justified
      because it "furthers the important public interest in marital harmony."
      The psychotherapist privilege serves the public interest by facilitating
      the provision of appropriate treatment for individuals suffering the
      effects of a mental or emotional problem.

Id. at 11 (citations omitted). South Carolina has also recognized these privileges
and their importance to society. See, e.g., S.C. State Highway Dep't v. Booker, 260
S.C. 245, 254, 195 S.E.2d 615, 619–20 (1973).
2
  For example, the news media has a strong but nevertheless qualified privilege.
S.C. Code Ann. § 19-11-100(A) (the news media "has a qualified privilege against
disclosure of any information, document, or item obtained or prepared in the
gathering or dissemination of news" (emphasis added)). The privilege is qualified
in that section 19-11-100(B) provides disclosure may be compelled if it is
established that the privilege was waived or it "(1) is material and relevant to the
controversy for which the testimony or production is sought; (2) cannot be
reasonably obtained by alternative means; and (3) is necessary to the proper
reveals the common thread is that public policy favors the confidentiality of these
communications or information. See, e.g., S.C. State Highway Dep't v. Booker,
260 S.C. 245, 254, 195 S.E.2d 615, 619–20 (1973). Moreover, "privileged matter
in South Carolina is matter that is not intended to be introduced into evidence
and/or testified to in Court." Id. at 254, 195 S.E.2d at 620.

South Carolina has one evidentiary rule referencing privileges—Rule 501,
SCRE—which states:

      Except as required by the Constitution of South Carolina, by the
      Constitution of the United States or by South Carolina statute, the
      privilege of a witness, person or government shall be governed by the
      principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts
      in the light of reason and experience.

(emphasis added). Thus, unlike many other jurisdictions, South Carolina does not
delineate specific privileges through its rules of evidence. Rather, our evidentiary
privileges are provided through an assortment of sources: the South Carolina or
United States Constitution, the common law, or a statutory provision.

When construing a purported statutory privilege, there is no requirement that the
word "privilege" be used by the General Assembly in order to evidence an intent to
create one. See, e.g., State v. Copeland, 321 S.C. 318, 323, 468 S.E.2d 620, 624
(1996) (citing section 19-11-30 of the South Carolina Code of Laws as providing a
marital privilege although the statute does not use the word "privilege" and simply
states "no husband or wife may be required to disclose any confidential or, in a
criminal proceeding, any communication made by one to the other during their
marriage" (emphasis added)). Our role as a court, of course, is to interpret a statute
to discern and effectuate legislative intent. Charleston Cty. Sch. Dist. v. State
Budget & Control Bd., 313 S.C. 1, 5, 437 S.E.2d 6, 8 (1993) ("The cardinal rule of
statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the legislature.").

With these principles in mind, we turn to the question at hand—does South
Carolina recognize an evidentiary privilege for trade secrets?

preparation or presentation of the case of a party seeking the information,
document, or item." S.C. Code Ann. § 19-11-100(B). As a result, the qualified
privilege enjoyed by news media can be overcome when the requesting party
fulfills the stringent balancing test articulated in the statute.
                                          B.

Generally, a trade secret is "information including, but not limited to, a formula . . .
process, design, prototype, procedure, or code," which "derives independent
economic value . . . from not being . . . readily ascertainable by proper means."
S.C. Code Ann. § 38-9-20(5)(a). "[T]he value of a trade secret hinges on its
secrecy," so "owners or inventors go to great lengths to protect their trade secrets
from dissemination." Laffitte v. Bridgestone Corp., 381 S.C. 460, 472, 674 S.E.2d
154, 161 (2009) (quoting Bridgestone Am. Holding, Inc. v. Mayberry, 878 N.E.2d
189, 192 (Ind. 2007)) (footnote omitted). Indeed, the importance of "trade secret
protection to a healthy economy has been widely accepted for some time." Id.
"Over the last two hundred years, the law has developed mechanisms for
accomplishing this end." Id. In South Carolina, the Trade Secrets Act is designed
to protect trade secrets before, during, and after litigation. See S.C. Code Ann. §§
39-8-10 to -130 (Supp. 2017); see also Laffitte, 381 S.C. at 473–74, 674 S.E.2d at
161–62. At issue here is the protection afforded during litigation.

Originally, in 1992, the General Assembly enacted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act
("UTSA"), which was narrow and focused upon actions regarding the
misappropriation of trade secrets. However, in 1997, the General Assembly
effectively repealed UTSA and replaced it with the Trade Secrets Act, which
affords broad trade secret protections in any action—not just misappropriation.
S.C. Code Ann. § 39-8-60(B). Most importantly, the new legislative provisions
added the requirement for a "substantial need" to be shown before a trade secret
holder would be compelled to disclose a trade secret.3 Id.

In order to be protected, a trade secret must be the subject of reasonable efforts "to
maintain its secrecy," S.C. Code Ann. § 39-8-20(5)(a)(ii), and, if so, the trade
secret "is protectable and enforceable until it is disclosed or discovered by proper
means." S.C. Code Ann. § 39-8-30(A). The Trade Secrets Act provides protection
"[i]n any civil action where discovery is sought of information designated by its

3
  Almost all states have adopted a form of UTSA or enacted their own legislation
to protect trade secrets. However, no other state's trade secret statute includes all
of the various provisions and protections found in South Carolina's Trade Secrets
Act, nor does any other state require a substantial need to be shown before
disclosure will be compelled. Instead, more than a third of the states have enacted
a rule of evidence providing a qualified privilege for trade secrets, which allows
the trade secret holder to refuse to disclose the trade secret unless the court found
nondisclosure would tend to conceal fraud or otherwise work injustice.
holder as a trade secret." S.C. Code Ann. § 39-8-60(B). We find it is here that the
General Assembly evidenced its intent to create a qualified privilege for trade
secrets.

Although the General Assembly did not use the word "privilege," the protections
afforded by section 39-8-60—namely, that the holder of a trade secret may refuse
to disclose it—are the quintessence of a privilege and evince an unmistakable
legislative intent to protect trade secrets from disclosure where public policy
demands it. Indeed, the Trade Secrets Act demonstrates not only the Legislature's
intent for a trade secrets privilege to exist but also the standards that must be met
for this qualified privilege to be overcome.

Most importantly, the new legislative provisions added the requirement for a
"substantial need" to be shown before a trade secret holder would be compelled to
disclose a trade secret. S.C. Code Ann. § 39-8-60(B). Before compelling
disclosure, a court must determine "whether there is a substantial need by the party
seeking discovery [of] the information." Id. Thus, section 39-8-60 of the Trade
Secrets Act requires a heightened standard—substantial need—before disclosure of
the trade secret will be ordered. A substantial need may be shown if four criteria
are met:

      (1) the allegations in the initial pleading setting forth the factual
          predicate for or against liability have been plead with
          particularity;

      (2) the information sought is directly relevant to the allegations plead
          with particularity in the initial pleading;

      (3) the information is such that the proponent of the discovery will be
           substantially prejudiced if not permitted access to the information;
           and

      (4) a good faith basis exists for the belief that testimony based on or
          evidence deriving from the trade secret information will be
          admissible at trial.

Id. § 39-8-60(B).

This substantial need standard is complemented by the provisions of Rule 26(c)(7)
of the South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. This Court in Laffitte noted that,
without the benefit of section 39-8-60, federal and state courts typically apply a
three-part balancing test to determine if a trade secret is subject to disclosure with a
protective order under Rule 26(c)(7): (1) the party opposing discovery must show
the information is a trade secret and disclosure would be harmful; (2) the party
seeking discovery must show the information is "relevant and necessary"; and (3)
the court must weigh the potential harm against the need for disclosure. Laffitte,
381 S.C. at 474–75, 674 S.E.2d at 162 (examining the Trade Secrets Act in the
context of a plaintiff's discovery request for a tire manufacturer's skim stock
formula in a similar product liability action). While noting this balancing test was
held by other courts to govern the discovery of trade secret information, the Court
also observed that, consistent with section 39-8-60, South Carolina requires a
higher standard than the generally prevailing "relevant and necessary" inquiry. Id.
at 475–76, 674 S.E.2d at 163.

In Laffitte, we explained "that the information [sought] must be relevant not only to
the general subject matter of the litigation, but also relevant specifically to the
issues involved in the litigation." Id. at 475, 674 S.E.2d at 163 (emphasis added).
Additionally, a party "cannot merely assert unfairness but must demonstrate with
specificity exactly how the lack of the information will impair the presentation of
the case on the merits to the point that an unjust result is a real, rather than a
merely possible, threat." Id. at 476, 674 S.E.2d at 163 (emphasis added) (quoting
In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 106 S.W.3d 730, 733 (Tex. 2003)). Hence,
South Carolina's heightened inquiry at the "relevant and necessary" step
incorporates the "substantial need" requirement of the Trade Secrets Act.
Consequently, when determining whether trade secret information is subject to
disclosure, the substantial need requirement is an integral part of the South
Carolina balancing test.

Thus, if a substantial need is shown and the balancing test weighs in favor of the
one requesting disclosure, the qualified privilege is overcome. Then, the trade
secret holder will be compelled to disclose the trade secret, but the holder is
nevertheless afforded protection under "an appropriate written protective order."
S.C. Code Ann. § 39-8-60(E).4 Moreover, when a trade secret is ordered to be

4
  See also Rule 26(c)(7), SCRCP (providing, upon motion and for good cause
shown, a court may make any order "that a trade secret or other confidential
research, development, or commercial information not be disclosed or be disclosed
only in a designated way"). This rule is in accord with related provisions of our
rules of civil procedure. See Rule 30(j)(3), SCRCP (stating counsel may object to
a question on the ground that the answer is protected by a privilege and privilege is
produced during discovery, it is also protected if it is disclosed at trial. S.C. Code
Ann. § 39-8-60(H) ("When information produced pursuant to this section is
discussed or otherwise disclosed at a trial or hearing, the owner of the produced
trade secret information is allowed to obtain individually signed confidentiality
agreements from all parties . . . ."). The General Assembly has identified this as
the proper balance to be struck between fostering and protecting innovation yet
allowing an injured party access to critical information. It is this legislative choice
we are bound to effectuate.5

                                          III.

The existence of an evidentiary privilege will invariably bring to the fore the

defined to include "trade secret protection"); see also Rule 26(b)(1), SCRCP
(stating discovery may be obtained "regarding any matter, not privileged, which is
relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action" (emphasis added)).
5
   With respect for the dissent, we emphasize that the Fourth Circuit has asked
whether South Carolina recognizes an evidentiary privilege for trade secrets. The
dissent focuses solely on the term "privilege," without regard to the precise
question posed by the Fourth Circuit, which places the question (and hence our
answer) in the context of litigation. The dissent's reframing of the certified
question is based on its view that the Fourth Circuit intended to ask a different
question. Moreover, the dissent's reframing of the certified question fails to
recognize the qualified nature of the evidentiary privilege. The fact that the
provision is dependent upon the circumstances of each case speaks to the qualified
nature of the privilege, which naturally arises first in the discovery phase of civil
litigation. See, e.g., In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 106 S.W.3d 730, 732 (Tex.
2003) (discussing its trade secret privilege in the discovery context and recognizing
"the application of the test would depend on the circumstances presented"); see
also S.C. Code Ann. § 19-11-100 (providing a qualified privilege for news media
and recognizing the factors to overcome it are evaluated on a case-by-case basis).
As acknowledged by the Fourth Circuit in its order of certification: "The federal
courts have long recognized a qualified evidentiary privilege for trade secrets" and
"[b]eing a qualified privilege, federal courts have not afforded automatic and
complete immunity against disclosure, but have in each case weighed [the] claim
to privacy against the need for disclosure." Hartsock v. Goodyear Dunlop Tires N.
Am. Ltd, 672 F. App'x 223, 226 (4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). We believe the proper approach is to answer the question and,
if the Fourth Circuit really intended to ask a different question, we trust it will seek
clarification, or reframe the question, in the normal course.
tension between the law's overarching goal of seeking the truth and the ability of
an owner of a trade secret to resist its disclosure. Here, in discerning legislative
intent, the Trade Secrets Act sets forth a specific balancing test to resolve that
tension. The legislature has chosen to strike that balance through the heightened
"substantial need" test. Therefore, we answer the certified question from the
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit by holding that South
Carolina does recognize a qualified evidentiary privilege for trade secrets.

CERTIFIED QUESTION ANSWERED.

BEATTY, C.J., HEARN and JAMES, JJ., concur. FEW, J., dissenting in a
separate opinion.
JUSTICE FEW: I agree with everything the majority has written about South
Carolina law governing the discovery of trade secrets in the courts of South
Carolina, except that the label of "privilege" should be applied. I would answer the
certified question "No."

As we explained in Laffitte v. Bridgestone Corp., 381 S.C. 460, 674 S.E.2d 154
(2009), our law regarding the discoverability of trade secrets begins with the
discovery provisions of our Rules of Civil Procedure—specifically Rule 26(c)—
and includes section 39-8-60 of the South Carolina Trade Secrets Act. See 381
S.C. at 475, 674 S.E.2d at 162-63 (stating "we hold that the balancing test
associated with the discovery of trade secret information under Rule 26(c),
SCRCP, governs the discovery of trade secret information"); 381 S.C. at 473, 674
S.E.2d at 161 (stating "[t]he . . . Act addresses discovery matters," citing section
39-8-60). Nothing in the majority opinion changes the discoverability of trade
secrets under our rules of discovery and the Act as we explained in Laffitte.

The Fourth Circuit framed the certified question before us as whether we
"recognize an evidentiary privilege for trade secrets." The label "privilege" means
nothing in terms of the discoverability of trade secrets in the courts of South
Carolina. However, as the Fourth Circuit states in its order certifying the question,
"the answer [to the certified question] will determine whether federal or state law
applies to the discovery of trade secrets in this diversity action." Ordinarily, the
federal court's reason for asking a certified question is not our concern. Here,
however, it helps us frame our answer to know that we are not being asked "what is
the law," but simply what to call it.

In my opinion, regardless of the label we might place on the provisions of the Act,
its provisions applicable to this dispute are rules of discovery. See Laffitte, 381
S.C. at 475, 674 S.E.2d at 162 (stating section "39-8-60 does not improperly limit
the operation of Rule 26, but rather is consistent with Rule 26 in that both provide
for reasonable restrictions on the discovery of trade secrets. The . . . Act therefore
does not supplant, but rather complements, Rule 26(c)."). Federal courts apply
their own discovery rules, an obvious principle of law that is the premise of the
Fourth Circuit's question. Thus, the answer to the certified question is "No."

Section 39-8-60 of the Act—the provision the majority finds creates a privilege—
is actually a rule of discovery. First, the section is entitled, "Preservation of
secrecy during discovery proceedings of civil actions; substantial need defined." §
39-8-60 (emphasis added). Second, subsection 39-8-60(A) specifically addresses
the application of the Act "in connection with discovery proceedings." § 39-8-
60(A). Third, the discoverability of trade secrets depends on the variable concept
of "substantial need." § 39-8-60(B). This pivotal provision—clearly dependent on
the circumstances of the case being litigated, as opposed to the trade secret holder's
rights under the Act—is a rule of discovery. As the term substantial need is
defined in the Act, whether it exists depends on the individual circumstances of
each case. These are circumstances the presiding judge must determine during
discovery. Fourth, subsection 39-8-60(E) requires a protective order, which by
necessity will be entered pursuant to the discovery provisions of the applicable
Rules of Procedure. See Rule 26(c), Fed. R. Civ. P. (governing the entry of
discovery protective orders). Fifth, subsection 39-8-60(F) contemplates whether a
"[l]itigation-sharing order" may be entered, an issue that arises only as a part of
discovery. In respect to litigation sharing orders, South Carolina does not have the
power to supersede provisions of federal law that encourage sharing information
obtained in discovery.6 Thus, while subsection 39-8-60(F) is applicable in state
court litigation, it cannot govern how federal courts treat sharing of discovered
information.

The majority opinion explains—accurately—how those provisions work in the
discovery phase of state court litigation. In the discovery phase, the determination
of whether information must be produced is ultimately the responsibility of the
trial court. In contrast—as the majority explains—the concept of "privilege"
places the determination of whether to produce information in the hands of the
holder of the privilege. See generally Privilege, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (10th
ed. 2014) (defining "privilege" as, "An evidentiary rule that gives a witness the
option to not disclose the fact asked for, even though it might be relevant; the right
to prevent disclosure of certain information in court, esp. when the information
was originally communicated in a professional or confidential relationship.").

6
 See, e.g., National Highway Safety Administration Docket No. 2015-95, 80 Fed.
Reg. 57046, 57047 (Sept. 15, 2015) (stating "[t]o the extent protective orders . . . or
other confidentiality provisions prohibit vehicle safety-related information from
being transmitted to NHTSA, such limitations are contrary to established principles
of public policy and law"); Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co. v. Electrolux Home Prods.,
287 F.R.D. 130, 134 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) ("[A]llowing the sharing of discovery
among related cases is an efficient and effective means of avoiding duplicative and
costly discovery, as well as avoiding unnecessary delay in the adjudication of
cases."); Kamp Implement Co. v. J.I. Case Co., 630 F. Supp. 218, 221 (D. Mont.
1986) ("[A]ny information obtained by plaintiff through the discovery process may
be shared with counsel in similar cases without restriction.").
This contrast is important. Thus, the majority places emphasis on its belief that the
Act "is designed to protect trade secrets before, during, and after litigation." But
this statement is only partially accurate. Certainly the Act protects trade secrets
from misappropriation by others at all times, but the Act protects the privilege
holder's right to refuse disclosure only in the discovery phase of a civil lawsuit.
The majority states "the protections afforded by section 39-8-60—namely, that the
holder of a trade secret may refuse to disclose it—are the quintessence of a
privilege." However, our Trade Secrets Act permits the refusal to disclose a trade
secret only in one context: the discovery phase of a civil action. The Act contains
no provision allowing the holder of a trade secret to refuse to disclose it in the face
of any other lawful authority.

The "quintessence" of privilege, however, permits the refusal of disclosure in the
face of all lawful authority. For example, a person may refuse to disclose in
criminal court privileged communications with his attorney. The marital
privilege—upon which the majority relies for the notion that a statute need not use
the word "privilege" to create one—applies in all courts. See State v. Copeland,
321 S.C. 318, 323-24, 468 S.E.2d 620, 624 (1996) (discussing the application of
the marital privilege in criminal court). The same is true of the news media
privilege, which applies "in any judicial, legislative, or administrative proceeding
in which the compelled disclosure is sought." S.C. Code Ann. § 19-11-100(A)
(2014). A so-called privilege that applies only in the discovery phase of a civil
lawsuit is not a privilege; it is a rule of discovery.

Finally, I believe the language of subsection 39-8-60(C) refutes the majority's
finding that the Legislature intended to create a privilege. The subsection
provides,

      Direct access to computer databases containing trade secret
      information, so-called "real time" discovery, shall not be ordered by
      the court unless the court finds that the proponent of the discovery
      cannot obtain this information by any other means and provided that
      the information sought is not subject to any privilege.

The subsection clearly contemplates that a court might find trade secret
information "is not subject to any privilege." However, that could not be possible
if the Legislature already made the information privileged by passing the Act.

No matter what label is applied to the discovery provisions of the South Carolina
Trade Secret Act, they are discovery provisions, and federal courts apply their own
rules of discovery. The answer to the Fourth's Circuit's question whether it should
apply state law to this discovery dispute is "No."