Court Opinion

ID: 8459481
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-05 05:47:41.141719+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:07.488027
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM **
Abraham Preciado appeals the denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition. We affirm.
I
Although the Miranda warning Preciado was given before his first interview was imperfect, the California Court of Appeal’s determination that his waiver was nevertheless knowing and voluntary was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, nor an unreasonable determination in light of the evidence presented. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2); Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71-72, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003). Preciado was told he had a right to counsel before questioning. We have invalidated Miranda waivers that do not clearly advise of the right to counsel during questioning, see, e.g., United States v. Bland, 908 F.2d 471, 473-74 (9th Cir.1990), but the Supreme Court has not. Rather, warnings need not be presented in any particular formulation to comport with the law articulated by the Supreme Court. See, e.g., Duckworth v. Eagan, 492 U.S. 195, 202-03, 109 S.Ct. 2875, 106 L.Ed.2d 166 (1989); California v. Prysock, 453 U.S. 355, 359-61, 101 S.Ct. 2806, 69 L.Ed.2d 696 (1981) (per curiam). Other circuits are split on the point,1 which also indicates that the California court’s rejection of Pre-ciado’s claim was not objectively unreasonable. See Clark v. Murphy, 331 F.3d 1062, 1071 (9th Cir.2003).
II
Likewise, the Supreme Court has never held that a suspect must be asked if he understands his rights and expressly waives them. Waiver depends upon the totality of the circumstances in the particular case. See Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421-22, 106 S.Ct. 1135, 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986); North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 372-76, 99 S.Ct. 1755, 60 L.Ed.2d 286 (1979). The videotape transcripts show that Preciado said during each interview that he was “[f]ine” with answering questions and indicated that he understood his rights by stating “[u]h huh.” Thus, the California Court of Appeal’s determination that Preciado understood and waived his Miranda rights was not objectively unreasonable.
III
Relatedly, Preciado contends that his confession was involuntary and so should not have been admitted. For essentially the same reasons relating to Pre-ciado’s waiver of his Miranda rights, the California court’s determination that Pre-ciado’s confession was voluntary under the totality of the circumstances was neither contrary to, nor an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See Withrow v. Williams, 507 U.S. 680, *698693-94, 113 S.Ct. 1745, 123 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993); Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 433 n. 20, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984). Preciado declined an offer to remove his handcuffs, the interviews did not last long, background questions were limited, and there is no evidence that Pre-ciado was not allowed to sleep or eat between interviews. Compare, e.g., Haynes v. Washington, 373 U.S. 503, 511-12, 83 S.Ct. 1336, 10 L.Ed.2d 513 (1963); Blackburn v. Alabama, 361 U.S. 199, 207-11, 80 S.Ct. 274, 4 L.Ed.2d 242 (1960). Preciado himself suggested that his wife scratched him, so the officer’s subsequent comments about spousal abuse could not have been surprising or intimidating, let alone coercive. See Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 166-67, 169-70, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986). Nothing in the record suggests a “good cop/bad cop” scenario. Accordingly, the California court’s determination that Preciado’s confession was neither coerced, nor involuntary under the totality of the circumstances was not objectively unreasonable.
AFFIRMED.

 This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

. Compare United States v. Anthon, 648 F.2d 669, 673 (10th Cir.1981); Windsor v. United States, 389 F.2d 530, 533-34 (5th Cir.1968), with United States v. Frankson, 83 F.3d 79, 81-82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 501-02 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Burns, 684 F.2d 1066, 1074-75 (2d Cir.1982); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973).