Court Opinion

ID: 4407761
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-18 16:45:14.938584+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:46.169355
License: Public Domain

J-S12011-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    E.J. STEWART                               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1312 MDA 2018

         Appeal from the Judgement of Sentence entered July 12, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-08-CR-0000118-2018

BEFORE: BOWES, J., DUBOW, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                                  FILED JUNE 18, 2019

         E.J. Stewart appeals from the aggregate judgment of sentence of one

to nine months of imprisonment imposed following his conviction of three

counts of the summary offense of disorderly conduct.1            We affirm his

conviction of two counts of disorderly conduct, reverse the remaining

conviction of disorderly conduct, vacate the judgment of sentence, and

remand for resentencing.

         The trial court provided the following summary of the facts adduced at

trial.

____________________________________________

1The crime of disorderly conduct may be graded as either a misdemeanor or
summary offense. If “the intent of the actor is to cause substantial harm or
serious inconvenience, or if he persists in disorderly conduct after reasonable
warning or request to desist[,]” the crime is a misdemeanor. 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 5503(b).
J-S12011-19

            Robert Archer testified that he was residing at Williams
     Street in Towanda on December 30, 2017[,] in 1 apartment of a
     4[-]unit apartment building. He heard an altercation at the top of
     the common stairwell and a woman was screaming and saying
     “get out, leave me alone.” When he looked, he saw Appellant had
     just arrived at [the] bottom of [the] stairs. [Mr.] Archer told him
     to keep it down. Appellant yelled at [Mr.] Archer to mind his own
     business and he was going to go get a gun out of his truck and
     shoot him dead. Appellant was very loud and agitated. Appellant
     then exited the building and was looking through his pickup truck
     so [Mr.] Archer called the police. [Appellant] continued to yell
     while outside. [Mr. Archer] heard him curse and use profanities a
     few times, “I’m going to get the fucking gun and shoot you.” A
     witness, Dr. [Robert] Hansen, was walking by the house at the
     time and heard several curse words and heard a person in a loud
     angry voice say “I am going to blow your fucking head off.” This
     alarmed him. [Dr. Hansen] called 9-1-1 and gave the license plate
     number. He only saw a glimpse of a male getting in a pick-up
     truck being a dark green vehicle. He gave the license plate
     number to a police officer. He also heard a little girl say “daddy
     don’t[,]” and the man tell her to get in the car. Officer [Bryan]
     Bellows interviewed [Mr.] Archer and [Dr.] Hansen. The license
     plate number taken by [Dr.] Hansen matched Appellant’s license
     plate.

            Appellant’s 9[-]year[-]old daughter[,] J.S.[,] testified . . .
     that she was with her mother making a lot of noise slamming
     doors and her mother was yelling at her. Her mother called
     Appellant, her father, to pick her up. Appellant picked her up and
     as they walked by [Mr.] Archer’s apartment, he opened [his] door.
     J.S. claimed that [Mr.] Archer said “I don’t want you two black “n”
     words around – at my apartment again.” She then claimed that
     Appellant said “If you keep on calling people the “n” word around
     here they will end up shooting you.” She further claimed that
     [Mr.] Archer said to Appellant “Come on big boy, bring it on.” She
     did admit that she said “daddy don’t.” Bobbi J[.] Noto, J.[S.]’s
     mother, also testified. She claimed Archer is a maniac, freaking
     out at them and screaming the “n” word. Appellant also testified
     consistent with [Ms.] Noto and his daughter. He[,] however[,]
     added that [Mr.] Archer stood in the doorway to the apartment
     building “hollering and hollering.” He claims he said “if he go
     around calling people niggers somebody going to shoot his fucking
     ass.”

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Trial Court Opinion, 11/15/18, at 1-2.

      Appellant was arrested and charged with terroristic threats, harassment

and disorderly conduct.    Prior to trial, the Commonwealth withdrew the

charges for terroristic threats and harassment, and added three additional

counts of disorderly conduct. At the conclusion of a non-jury trial on May 24,

2018, the trial court found Appellant guilty of three counts of disorderly

conduct under 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(1), (2), and (3). On July 12, 2018, the

trial court sentenced Appellant to ten to thirty days imprisonment on each

count, to be served consecutively. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal

and a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained

of on appeal.

      Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

      1. Was the evidence adduced at trial sufficient to establish guilt
         beyond a reasonable doubt with regard to disorderly conduct
         based on the elements of fighting or threatening, or violent or
         tumultuous behavior?

      2. Was the evidence adduced at trial sufficient to establish guilt
         beyond a reasonable doubt with regard to disorderly conduct
         based on the elements of intent to cause public inconvenience,
         annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he
         . . . makes unreasonable noise?

      3. Was the evidence adduced at trial sufficient to establish guilt
         beyond a reasonable doubt with regard to disorderly conduct
         based on the elements of to cause public inconvenience,
         annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he
         . . . uses obscene language, or makes an obscene gesture?

Appellant’s brief at 5.

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      In each of his issues, Appellant contends that the evidence was

insufficient to support his convictions.

            [O]ur standard of review of sufficiency claims requires that
      we evaluate the record in the light most favorable to the verdict
      winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable
      inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Evidence will be
      deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes each
      material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof
      by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, the
      Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical
      certainty. [T]he facts and circumstances established by the
      Commonwealth need not be absolutely incompatible with the
      defendant’s innocence. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is
      to be resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak
      and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact
      can be drawn from the combined circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Franklin, 69 A.3d 719, 722 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citations

and quotation marks omitted).

      Appellant was charged and convicted of summary disorderly conduct

under each of the first three subsections of 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a), which

provides in relevant part as follows:

      (a)   Offense defined.--A person is guilty of disorderly conduct if,
            with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or
            alarm, or creating a risk thereof, he:

            (1) engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent or
            tumultuous behavior;

            (2) makes unreasonable noise; [or]

            (3) uses obscene language, or makes an obscene gesture[.]

18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(1), (2), (3).

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         Regarding his conviction under subsection (a)(1), Appellant baldly

contends that “there was contradictory testimony by both the Commonwealth

witnesses as to what was said and the time frame” and that “[t]he credible

testimony at trial was that of Appellant and his witnesses.” Appellant’s brief

at 11. He additionally claims, without explanation, that Dr. Hansen was not

present when the initial exchange between Mr. Archer and Appellant took

place.

         Post-trial challenges concerning inconsistent testimony go to the

credibility of the witness, and hence, implicate the weight, rather than

sufficiency of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. DeJesus, 860 A.2d 102,

107 (Pa. 2004).       Moreover, Appellant failed to raise any challenge to the

weight of the evidence in his concise statement or in his statement of

questions presented. See Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (Pa.

1998) (holding that if an appellant is directed to file a concise statement of

matters to be raised on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), any issues not

raised in that statement are waived); see also Pa.R.A.P 2116(a) (providing

that “[n]o question will be considered unless it is stated in the statement of

questions involved or is fairly suggested thereby”). Therefore, no relief is due

on his first issue.

         Regarding his conviction under subsection (a)(2), Appellant argues that

“the Commonwealth did not produce testimony sufficient evidence [sic] to

convict [him] of unreasonable noise.”        Appellant’s brief at 13.   While he

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concedes that “there was testimony that [he] used foul language,” he claims

that “mere annoyance to the public is not enough to support an unreasonable

noise citation.” Id. Appellant maintains that there was no testimony that the

level of noise was inconsistent with neighborhood tolerance or standards.

            The mens rea requirement of § 5503 demands proof that
      Appellant by his actions intentionally or recklessly created a risk
      of causing or caused a public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm.
      The specific intent requirement of this statute may be met by a
      showing of a reckless disregard of the risk of public inconvenience,
      annoyance, or alarm, even if the appellant’s intent was to send a
      message to a certain individual, rather than to cause public
      inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm. In disorderly [conduct]
      cases based on one’s making “unreasonable noise,” this Court has
      looked to language content only to infer whether the speaker
      intended to cause public annoyance, alarm, etc. Ultimately,
      however, what constitutes the actus reus of “unreasonable noise”
      under the disorderly conduct statute is determined solely by the
      volume of the speech, not by its content.

Commonwealth v. Maerz, 879 A.2d 1267, 1269 (Pa.Super. 2005) (cleaned

up, emphasis in original).

      Accepting all findings of fact made by the trial court, and viewing such

facts and inferences therefrom in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth

as verdict winner, we find sufficient evidence to establish that Appellant

intended to cause and did, in fact, cause unreasonable noise as proscribed

under the disorderly conduct statute. The undisputed fact that Mr. Archer and

Dr. Hansen were justifiably upset and alarmed by Appellant’s loud and

threatening outburst cannot, alone, create the inference that Appellant

intended to cause or risk a public inconvenience under the law. However, Mr.

Archer testified that, while Appellant was in close proximity in a common area

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of the four-unit residence, Appellant yelled at him, and, using profanity, made

a serious threat that Appellant would retrieve his “fucking” gun from his truck

and kill him. N.T. Trial, 5/24/18, at 4-8. Mr. Archer further testified that, as

Appellant went to his truck, he continued to yell profanities and threats while

he appeared to be searching for something in it. Id. at 6-8. Dr. Hansen

testified that, as he was walking through the neighborhood, he heard a raised

voice say, “I am going to blow your fucking head off.” Id. at 23. Appellant’s

outburst was so alarming that it prompted Dr. Hansen, a complete stranger

to the parties, to write down Appellant’s license plate number and to seek

police intervention. One could reasonably infer from this set of circumstances

that Appellant had the requisite intent to upset the public peace.

      The public peace was also jeopardized by the actual noise generated by

Appellant.   Mr. Archer testified that, in threatening him, Appellant “had a

raised voice, yelling at me.” Id. at 5. Mr. Archer further testified that while

Appellant was searching his truck, “he was still yelling while he was outside

that he was going to shoot me.”        Id. at 6.   Mr. Archer could hear the

Appellant’s continued outburst even though Mr. Archer was in his bedroom

with the window shut, and the Appellant was at his truck, which was parked

on a public street. Id. at 7. Dr. Hansen testified that as he was taking a walk

through the neighborhood, he heard a loud, angry, raised voice threatening

to kill someone from a nearby intersection. Id. at 23, 24. Thus, the evidence

sufficiently established that Appellant’s vocal noise did, in fact, rise to an

                                     -7-
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audible level that upset the public peace.     Accordingly, no relief is due on

Appellant’s second issue.

     Turning to Appellant’s conviction under subsection (a)(3), he argues

that there was conflicting testimony as to what precisely was said, and no

testimony indicating that his statements or gestures appealed to prurient

interests. He claims that “[t]here were no obscene expressions by word or

gesture.” Appellant’s brief at 15. We agree.

     In Commonwealth v. Bryner, 652 A.2d 909, 912 (Pa.Super. 1995),

this Court determined that, with regard to subsection (a)(3), we characterize

language as “obscene” if it meets the three-part test set forth in Miller v.

California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973):

     (a) whether “the average person, applying contemporary
     community standards” would find that the work, taken as a whole,
     appeals to the prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or
     describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically
     defined by the applicable state law, and (c) whether the work,
     taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or
     scientific value.

Id. at 24; see also Commonwealth v. Kelly, 758 A.2d 1284, 1286

(Pa.Super. 2000) (adopting the Miller test in construing § 5503(a)(3)). The

Bryner Court further noted that the Miller test has been adopted by our

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legislature in defining what constitutes obscene materials. Bryner, supra at

912.2

        With the Miller definition in mind, even when viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, Appellant’s usage of the word

“fucking,” while offensive and abrasive, was not sexually explicit in nature.

See Commonwealth v. Pennix, 176 A.3d 340, 346 (Pa.Super. 2017)

(holding appellant’s remarks of “Fuck you police . . . I don’t got time for you

fucking police” were not sexually obscene under section 5503(a)(3)); see

also Kelly, supra at 1288 (reversing appellant’s conviction under section

5503(a)(3) because “[her] use of the ‘F-word’ and use of the middle finger

were angry words and an angry gesture having nothing to do with sex.”). We

____________________________________________

2 The Commonwealth relies on Commonwealth v. Pringle, 450 A.2d 103
(Pa.Super. 1982), wherein this Court affirmed the appellant’s conviction under
subsection (a)(3) after she repeatedly referred to police officers as “goddamn
fucking pigs” when they were attempting to arrest another individual. On
appeal, the appellant argued that her words were not obscene, and thus, were
protected under the First Amendment. In rejecting her claim, this Court,
although recognizing several United States Supreme Court cases dealing with
the use of obscene words, distinguished those cases and held that “one may
be convicted of disorderly conduct for engaging in the activity of shouting
profane names and insults at police officers on a public street while the
officers attempt to carry out their lawful duties.” Pringle, supra at 106
(emphasis added). In Bryner, this Court distinguished Pringle, noting that
“[a]lthough the Pringle court found that calling police officers ‘goddamn
fucking pigs’ was obscene under this state’s disorderly conduct statute, the
word ‘obscene’ was not defined. It is important to define the word ‘obscene’
because obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech
under the First Amendment.” Bryner, supra at 911.

                                           -9-
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accordingly reverse Appellant’s conviction of disorderly conduct under

subsection (a)(3).

      Accordingly, we affirm Appellant’s convictions under 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 5503(a)(1) and (a)(2), reverse his conviction under subsection (a)(3), and

vacate the sentence imposed for that conviction. However, because vacating

Appellant’s sentence for subsection (a)(3) may disrupt the trial court’s overall

sentencing scheme, we vacate his judgment of sentence on all counts and

remand for resentencing on the convictions under subsections (a)(1) and

(a)(2). See Commonwealth v. Barton-Martin, 5 A.3d 363, 370 (Pa.Super.

2010) (providing that where vacating a sentence disrupts a trial court’s overall

sentencing scheme, this Court will remand to the trial court for resentencing).

      Conviction for disorderly conduct under 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(1) and

(a)(2) affirmed; conviction for disorderly conduct under subsection (a)(3)

reversed; judgement of sentence vacated; case remanded for resentencing.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 06/18/2019

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