Court Opinion

ID: 4664438
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-03 15:08:21.123464+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:35.553027
License: Public Domain

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                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-5598-18

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

R.O.1 and A.O.,

          Defendants,

and

T.A.,

     Defendant-Appellant/
     Cross-Respondent.
_________________________

IN THE MATTER OF
L.A.O., J.O., D.O., and O.O.,
Minors/Cross-Appellants.
__________________________

                    Submitted February 9, 2021 – Decided March 3, 2021

1
     We use initials pursuant to Rule 1:38-3(d)(12).
            Before Judges Haas, Mawla, and Natali.

            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Essex County, Docket
            No. FN-07-0141-19.

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
            appellant/cross-respondent (Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy
            Public Defender, of counsel; Victor E. Ramos,
            Assistant Deputy Public Defender, on the briefs).

            Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
            respondent (Jane C. Schuster, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Sara K. Bennett, Deputy Attorney
            General, on the brief).

            Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
            attorney for minors/cross-appellants (Meredith Alexis
            Pollock, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Cory H.
            Cassar, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      T.A. appeals from an April 10, 2019 order entered following a factfinding

hearing which found he abused his niece L.A.O., pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.21(c). The Law Guardian, on behalf of L.A.O. and her siblings, T.O., J.O.,

and O.O., cross-appeal also challenging the trial judge's findings. We affirm.

      We take the facts from the record of the factfinding hearing. R.O. and

A.O. are the biological parents of the children. A.O. resides abroad and his

brother T.A. resides with R.O. and serves as a father figure to the children.

                                                                            A-5598-18
                                        2
      The underlying incident occurred on October 16, 2018.              L.A.O. was

seventeen at the time and a high school senior. She had good grades, but R.O.

was concerned about her socializing habits, which R.O. believed were contrary

to the family's custom and cultural values.

      On October 17, 2018, the Division of Child Protection and Permanency

(Division) received a referral from L.A.O.'s school stating the child appeared in

school wearing sunglasses and when she removed them, it revealed her right eye

was swollen shut. The reporter relayed the child said she arrived home at 8:00

p.m. the previous night and informed R.O. she was at a game. She was told to

wash the dishes and T.A. told her to write down what she did that day. R.O.

asked her for her cell phone as well. When L.A.O. refused to hand over the

phone, T.A. slapped and punched her several times in the head while R.O. took

the phone. L.A.O. also stated her siblings witnessed the incident and begged

T.A. to stop hitting their sister. The child relayed this story to her teacher, school

nurse, and school social worker.

      L.A.O. stated she did not want to return home and R.O. wanted her to

leave, but she was sleeping on the couch. The school nurse recommended

L.A.O. go to the hospital.

                                                                                A-5598-18
                                          3
      The Division investigator traveled to the hospital and interviewed the

physician who assessed L.A.O., and learned she was in the hospital eye clinic.

There, the investigator interviewed L.A.O. and R.O., and photographed L.A.O.'s

injury. L.A.O. informed the investigator she stayed after school to watch a game

with friends and arrived home late in the evening. When she entered the home,

R.O. and T.A. asked her where she had been and why she had not responded to

their calls, but L.A.O. refused to answer them. L.A.O. repeated what she

previously said to school staff regarding having to wash the dishes and write

down her activities for the day. She was told to put her phone on the couch.

She stated she finished writing and went to the kitchen. R.O. then asked L.A.O.

for her phone, which L.A.O. had put in her pocket. R.O. then began to hit L.A.O.

on her legs and backside with a belt. When L.A.O. refused to give the phone to

her mother, T.A. became involved and slapped L.A.O. with an open hand across

the right side of her face. As L.A.O. attempted to flee to her room, T.A. grabbed

her around the waist and attempted to hold her arms so her mother could take

the phone. L.A.O. responded by hitting and kicking R.O. and throwing a chair

at T.A. L.A.O. told the investigator the last time she was physically disciplined

was by her mother when she was twelve and the punishment was not as severe

as she experienced with T.A.

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                                       4
      When the investigator spoke with R.O. about the incident she explained

she was upset because L.A.O. did not ask for permission to go to the game and

came home late without explanation, which was a common occurrence. She

stated L.A.O. was sending and receiving nude photos with men on social media.

She repeated the essential facts of the underlying incident and stated she asked

L.A.O. four or five times for her phone, but she refused to give it to her and

admitted to striking L.A.O. multiple times with a belt. As the scuffle ensued,

she stated T.A. held the child by the waist to enable R.O. to take the phone. She

stated the phone fell on the floor and L.A.O. must have injured her eye as she,

R.O. and T.A. attempted to retrieve it; she denied that T.A. beat L.A.O.

      L.A.O. was discharged from the hospital the same day. The hospital

records described the injury as having been caused by a blunt or sharp blow to

the eye or surrounding structures, which would heal in approximately two

weeks. The prognoses indicated potential complications, including vision loss,

infection, and cataracts. L.A.O. was prescribed antibiotic eye drops to prevent

infection and referred to an eye specialist. The Division also referred L.A.O. to

the Regional Diagnostic Treatment Center (RDTC), for a follow-up medical

appointment, and a psychosocial assessment.

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                                       5
      The investigator interviewed fifteen-year-old J.O. who recounted the

incident the prior evening. He reported he heard R.O. ask L.A.O. for the cell

phone multiple times and heard her hitting L.A.O. with a belt.         He went

downstairs to intervene and saw L.A.O. fighting with R.O. and T.A. and saw

T.A. hit L.A.O. repeatedly in the face. Then he saw R.O. retrieve the phone and

L.A.O. went to her room. When the investigator asked J.O. when he or his

siblings were last physically disciplined, he could not recall.

      During her interview with the investigator, R.O. agreed to contact the

Division to take L.A.O. to the police station the next day to file a report. The

Division followed up with R.O. regarding the trip to the police station and

learned R.O. had already taken L.A.O., and that L.A.O. told the police she had

fallen and hurt herself.

      In November 2018, the RDTC completed a psychosocial evaluation of

L.A.O. The evaluator noted she described the incident in a similar fashion as

she reported to school and hospital staff and the investigator, but stated the

phone was in her hand when it hit her face. She told the RDTC evaluator she

lied about T.A. hitting her because she was upset and was unaware of the

consequences.

                                                                          A-5598-18
                                        6
      T.A. refused to be interviewed by the Division and denied hitting L.A.O.

R.O. refused to make D.O. and O.O. available for an interview.

      The Division's summary noted it established R.O. for "[p]hysical [a]buse-

[p]hysical [i]mpairment [i]ncident [of L.A.O.] without [i]njury" and

substantiated T.A. for "[p]hysical [a]buse- [c]uts, [b]ruises, [w]elt, [a]brasion,

[o]ral [i]njury" of L.A.O. The Division filed a complaint seeking care and

supervision of the children pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 and N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

12.

      At the factfinding hearing, the Division presented the testimony of its

investigator, and T.A. called L.A.O. and J.O. as his witnesses. The trial judge

rendered comprehensive oral and written determinations, including credibility

findings.

      The judge found the investigator's testimony was "highly credible[,]

authentic[,] clear[, and] professional . . . ," noting she answered questions

"directly[,] concisely[, and] candidly articulated her" experience with the

family. The judge found the investigator testified consistently with her report.

Noting the investigator had worked for the Division for fifteen years, the judge

credited the investigator's explanation for the discrepancy in L.A.O.'s versions

                                                                            A-5598-18
                                        7
of the events, that "in her experience, the first report of a child is often the most

honest version of events."

      Conversely, the judge found L.A.O.'s testimony                   "fraught with

discrepancies" and was "inauthentic [and] not credible." She noted she "often

contradict[ed] herself and was unable to clarify several of her responses." The

judge found L.A.O. "lack[ed] confidence in her own responses" and found her

testimony "unclear" and at times, she was "unable to respond to the question

asked because she could not recall the answer." The judge concluded L.A.O.'s

initial disclosure was the "most credible . . . due to its repetition, the time in

which she made the disclosure, the consistency with her injury and the

corroboration of her brother J[.O.]." The judge further stated:

             At no time during [L.A.O.'s] testimony did she state
             that she was angry the next morning at [T.A.] or her
             mother, only that she was upset that she had the injured
             eye. It is highly understandable if she were upset by
             the altercation or upset at how she received the eye
             injury, but she never admitted to this, although asked
             repeatedly. It is clear to the court that she did not testify
             honestly about what occurred on the night of the
             incident. Nor did she ever offer a clear explanation for
             her actions. Throughout her testimony she did not
             describe or evidence any emotions that would logically
             follow an altercation that led to the injury she sustained.
             She instead testified that she was upset only that the
             Division was involved with her family.

                                                                               A-5598-18
                                          8
       [L.A.O.]'s version of the events in her testimony
differed from her initial disclosure in that she stated that
she went downstairs to do the dishes, her mother hit her
with a belt and then there was a struggle for the phone.
She testified that she went to go upstairs and that [T.A.]
was trying to get her off the stairs "for [her] safety."
She also testified that her mother asked [T.A.] to help
take possession of the phone. [L.A.O.] testified that
this is when she hit herself in the eye with the phone,
when she was twisting and turning to get away from
[T.A.]. When describing how the phone hit her, she did
not clarify how a force was applied to the phone that
would result in the serious injury to her eye.

       In addition, this court does not find her testimony
credible regarding [T.A.] trying to get her off the stairs
"for [her] safety". She testified that there are many
boxes near the stairs that could have fallen and possibly
injured her. Though this may be true, the court does
not find it likely that this is why [T.A.] had to stop her
from going up the stairs. In fact, if this were true, logic
would dictate that it would have been safer for [T.A.]
and [R.O.] to wait until [L.A.O.] had gone up the stairs
to try [to] retrieve the phone from her. [L.A.O.] further
testified that she told the school staff, who first
approached her about her eye injury, the version of
events that she testified to in court (that [T.A.] didn't
hit her). She then testified that after this disclosure she
changed her story and began telling the version of
events initially reported to the Division (that [T.A.] did
hit her).

      During cross examination by the [Deputy
Attorney General (DAG)], [L.A.O.] was asked why she
chose to change her story and why she did so in such a
short period of time. [She] could not provide an answer
for her actions. The DAG then asked [L.A.O.], if the
punch or slap occurred before or after her mother hit

                                                               A-5598-18
                             9
            her with a belt. [L.A.O.] replied, "Before." This
            answer was in direct contrast with her prior testimony,
            and in fact aligns with her original disclosure to the
            Division.

The judge concluded L.A.O.'s testimony was "inauthentic, untruthful, and

directly evasive of the actual nature and degree of the altercation that occurred

on that night."

      The judge also found J.O.'s testimony "very evasive" and his "reserved"

demeanor and "very short nondescript responses" indicative his testimony was

"highly insincere and contradictory." She stated:

                     [J.O.'s] testimony is in direct conflict with his
            earlier statements made to the Division. The court finds
            his testimony to be very selective with what he did and
            did not remember. During [J.O.'s] testimony, he stated
            five separate times that he "could not recall" the events
            of the night of the incident. The details that he could
            not remember were those that directly relate to how
            [L.A.O.] was disciplined and the scuffle that occurred
            between [L.A.O.], [T.A.], and [R.O.]. He was however
            able to recall statements he made to . . . [the
            investigator] that did not directly relate to [L.A.O.'s]
            injury . . . . When asked on direct about his report to
            . . . [the investigator] the day following the incident, he
            stated that he unlocked the door for [L.A.O.] but did not
            go down[]stairs again. He testified that he told . . . [the
            investigator] that he did not see [T.A.] hit [L.A.O.]

                   On cross examination, [J.O.] testified that he did
            not go downstairs except to open the door for [L.A.O.]
            When asked if he heard [L.A.O.]'s voice when she came
            in, he reported that he did and that he heard [T.A.] greet

                                                                           A-5598-18
                                       10
            her back, despite previously testifying that he only
            heard noises not conversations. When asked by the
            DAG about his statements in the report where he told
            the case worker about a scuffle between [L.A.O.] and
            the defendants, he states that he didn't see this and he
            didn't go downstairs. He stated he didn't make these
            statements to . . . [the investigator].

The judge concluded it was "highly unlikely that he would report a false story

to . . . [the investigator] the morning after the incident when it was fresh in his

mind, and a more truthful story during his testimony weeks later," and found his

testimony "highly inauthentic and simply not credible."

      The judge concluded the Division did not prove R.O. had committed abuse

or neglect. The judge reached the opposite conclusion regarding T.A., stating:

                  Here, [T.A.'s] exercise of excessive corporal
            punishment meets the statutory criteria in Title 9. The
            law states that inflicting unnecessary severe corporal
            punishment on a child constitutes abuse. N.J.S.A. 9:6-
            1. In fact, any act or omission that results in
            unnecessary physical suffering to a child constitutes
            abuse. Ibid. Engaging in an altercation with a
            misbehaving child that results in the child sustaining an
            eye injury clearly falls under Title 9.

                   [L.A.O.] sustained a serious injury to her right
            eye, depicted in the photos taken the day following the
            incident . . . . The blow she received from [T.A.] caused
            her eye to swell and bruise, requiring her to be
            transported to the emergency room to be treated. She
            was ultimately referred to an eye clinic at the hospital
            due to the seriousness of her injury. [L.A.O.] did state
            that she had experienced physical discipline in the past,

                                                                             A-5598-18
                                       11
however she did not describe receiving as serious an
injury as a swollen and bruised eye. Even if [L.A.O.'s]
injuries were the result of a one-time incident, the
injury to her eye caused serious swelling and bruising
that would take a significant amount of time to heal.
Her injury also included possible complications such as
vision loss, infection[,] and cataracts.

      In cases of corporal punishment courts look to the
nature of the injury that the child sustains. In New
Jersey Div[ision] of Youth & Family Serv[ices] v. R.S.,
187 [N.J.] 491 (2006), the Court found that because the
grandmother left a mark on her grandchild, she abused
him under the law. Here there is more than a mere
mark. [T.A.'s] actions resulted in [L.A.O.] sustaining a
severely swollen and injured eye. His actions easily
meet the burden set by R.S.

      Further, intent is not determinative of a finding
of abuse and neglect under Title [Nine]. In G.S.[ v.
New Jersey Division of Youth & Family Services, 157
N.J. 161, 177 (1999)], the Court found that the party
who inflicted excessive corporal punishment on a child
did not have to have intended harm to be found liable
under the law. Here, [defendant] might not have
intended to seriously injure [L.A.O.'s] eye, but based on
the evidence before the court[, i]t is clear that her injury
was the result of his actions.

       Regarding [L.A.O.'s] part in the struggle and her
behavior leading up to the struggle, this court does not
find her involvement to diminish the actions of [T.A.].
In cases where older children are actively involved in
altercations with their parents, courts have held that an
inquiry into each party's strengths and injuries is
necessary to determine the existence of abuse. In New
Jersey Div[ision] of Youth and Family Services v. M.C.
III, 201 N.J. 328, (2010[]), the [C]ourt found abuse and

                                                               A-5598-18
                           12
neglect by a father who engaged in an altercation with
his two teenage children who were significantly smaller
than he was, and which resulted in him grabbing his son
by his neck. Id. [a]t 336. . . . Here, it was first reported
by [L.A.O.] that the altercation involved both herself[,]
her mother and [T.A.] She later testified that it only
involved her and [T.A.] on the stairs. [L.A.O.] testified
and reported that [T.A.] held her around her waist to
restrain her from going up the stairs with the phone.
Whether the altercation included both [T.A.] and . . .
[R.O.] or solely [T.A.], this was not an altercation of
equal strengths.       [T.A.] is a grown man and
significantly larger than [L.A.O.]            Furthermore,
[L.A.O.] is the only one who suffered an injury from
the altercation. Therefore, [T.A.'s] active participation
in the altercation constituted abuse under the statute.

       It is important that this court address [L.A.O.'s]
recanting of her initial statements regarding how she
sustained her injury. Though [L.A.O.] ultimately
changed her story as to how the injury occurred, and
later testified that [T.A.] didn't cause her eye injury, the
court finds her initial disclosure that [T.A.] caused her
injury to be most credible. . . . [L.A.O.'s] initial
disclosure was made directly after the incident, was
made to multiple people, and was corroborated the
same day by . . . [J.O.]. . . . [J.O.] told the Division an
almost identical story to [L.A.O.'s] original report of
the incident . . . . [He] made these statements, aligning
with his sister's initial disclosure, before time passed
and he had an opportunity to speak with his sister, his
mother, or [T.A.]. For these reasons, [L.A.O.'s] initial
statements, the consistency in her initial disclosures,
[J.O.'s] initial report, and the injury itself provide
adequate corroboration of [L.A.O.'s] first version of
events.

                                                               A-5598-18
                           13
       [L.A.O.] later changed her story, saying that
[defendant] did not punch or slap her in the face causing
the injury to her eye, but that it may have happened
when the phone hit her eye. She stated this new version
of events on November 19, 2018[,] at the RDTC
medical evaluation . . . and on November 20, 2018[,] at
the RDTC psychosocial evaluation . . . . She also
testified to this new version of events, stating that she
lied the first time because she was upset, and didn't
understand the consequences of her lie, in that [T.A.]
would have to leave the home. It is possible that
[L.A.O.] didn't understand the seriousness or possible
ramifications of the incident, and the subsequent
involvement of the Division. However, this does not
diminish the validity of her initial disclosure.

       The testimony of [L.A.O.] and [J.O.]
contradicted their initial disclosures to the
Division. . . . Though [L.A.O.] testified that [T.A.]
didn't hit her, when she was asked by the DAG if her
mother hit her with a belt before or after "the punch or
slap," [L.A.O.] responded quickly, "[b]efore." . . .
[T]his answer is highly concerning. . . .

       A constant in both the initial disclosure of events
and the version [L.A.O.] testified to, is her disrespectful
behavior on the night of the altercation. It has been
noted in the documentary evidence and in . . . [the
investigator's] testimony that [R.O.] had concerns
regarding [L.A.O.'s] behavior. . . . There is no question
that [R.O.] had a reason to be upset at her daughter, as
any mother would. [T.A.], as a father figure to
[L.A.O.], also may have been upset at [her]
disrespectful and possibly reckless behavior. Despite
this, [L.A.O.'s] behavior does not justify the excessive
corporal punishment inflicted upon her . . . [and did]
not excuse the physical altercation that resulted in the
serious injury to her eye.

                                                              A-5598-18
                           14
            . . . [T]he question before this court is how she sustained
            the injury to her eye. Several variations of the
            altercation have been presented to the court. In each of
            these variation[s there] remains one constant, [T.A.'s]
            physical involvement with [L.A.O.] to obtain the cell
            phone. In light of all of the evidence submitted, based
            on [L.A.O.'s] initial statements, the consistent
            corroboration of these statements by the case worker,
            [J.O.'s] initial statements and the injury itself, the court
            finds that [T.A.] caused [L.A.O.'s] eye injury during the
            altercation.

      The judge entered the April 10, 2019 order finding, pursuant to N.J.S.A.

9:6-8.21(c), the Division proved by a preponderance of evidence T.A.

"physically abused [L.A.O.] . . . resulting in significant injury to her eye." In

July 2019, the court entered an order terminating the litigation.

      T.A. raises the following points on appeal:

            [POINT] I. THE COURT'S FINDING OF ABUSE
            RESULTS FROM AN ERRONEOUS EVALUATION
            OF THE FACTS AND IMPLICATIONS TO BE
            DRAWN      THEREFROM      BECAUSE    ITS
            CREDIBILITY DETERMINATIONS DO NOT
            RESOLVE THE FACTUAL INCONSISTENCIES IN
            THE RECORD [O]R ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE
            NEED    FOR   CORROBORATION    OF   THE
            CHILDREN'S OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENTS AS
            REQUIRED BY TITLE [NINE].

                  A. Unresolved Factual Inconsistencies and the
                  Absence of Adequate, Substantial and Credible
                  Evidence of Abuse.

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                                       15
           B. The [A]bsence of Adequate Corroboration to
           Support the Trial Court's Determination of
           Physical Abuse.

     [POINT] II. EVEN ASSUMING ARGUENDO THAT
     [T.A.] HIT [L.A.O.], THE FACTS DO NOT SUPPORT
     A FINDING OF ABUSE AGAINST [T.A.] BY WAY
     OF EXCESSIVE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
     ENCOMPASSED IN N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(C)(4)(B).

     [POINT] III. THE COURT'S RESORT IN ITS
     SUPPLEMENTAL WRITTEN DECISION TO
     STATUTORY BASIS FOR ABUSE NOT PLED BY
     DCPP IN ITS ACTION AGAINST [T.A.] AND
     IMPLICATING OTHER AUTHORITY DEPRIVED
     [T.A.] OF ADEQUATE NOTICE AND AN
     OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD.

On the cross-appeal, the Law Guardian argues as follows:

     [POINT I.] THE PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE
     DOES NOT SUPPORT A FINDING THAT [T.A.]
     ABUSED [L.A.O.] PURSUANT [T]O N.J.S.A. 9:6-
     8.21(C)(4).

     POINT II[.] THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF "PER
     SE" EXCESSIVE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT.

     POINT III[.] THE COURT DID NOT WEIGH
     MULTIPLE RELEVANT FACTORS.

     POINT IV[.]        THE ABERRANT INCIDENT
     EVIDENCES A FAMILY [I]N CRISIS MERITING
     [T]HE DIVISION'S ASSISTANCE PURSUANT [T]O
     N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12.

                                                           A-5598-18
                              16
                                        I.

      "The scope of appellate review of a trial court's fact-finding function is

limited." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). A trial court's opinion is

"binding on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence."

Id. at 412 (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Invs. Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484

(1974)). "[T]he family court [enjoys] broad discretion because of its specialized

knowledge and experience in matters involving parental relationships and the

best interests of children." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J.

420, 427 (2012). "Deference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is

largely testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" Cesare, 154 N.J. at

412 (quoting In re Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)).

"Because a trial court 'hears the case, sees and observes the witnesses, [and]

hears them testify,' it has a better perspective than a reviewing court in

evaluating the veracity of witnesses.'" Ibid. (alteration in original) (quoting

Pascale v. Pascale, 113 N.J. 20, 33 (1988)).

      Therefore, "[w]e do 'not disturb the "factual findings and legal conclusions

of the trial judge unless . . . convinced that they are so manifestly unsupported

by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence

as to offend the interests of justice."'" Gnall v. Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015)

                                                                            A-5598-18
                                       17
(alterations in original) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412). However, we do not

owe the trial court's interpretation of law any special deference. N.J. Div. of

Youth & Fam. Servs. v. I.S., 202 N.J. 145, 183 (2010) (citing Manalapan Realty,

L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).

                                       II.

      Points I and II of T.A.'s and Points I, II, and III of the Law Guardian's

briefs collectively challenge the factual and credibility determinations made by

the trial court. Specifically, T.A. argues there was inadequate evidence to

support the judge's findings, the judge did not resolve the inconsistent

statements made by L.A.O. and R.O., and the allegations of abuse lacked

corroboration.   He argues the facts did not support a finding of excessive

corporal punishment because there was no evidence it resulted from abuse,

L.A.O. did not suffer a severe injury, and there was no history of abuse.

      Similarly, the Law Guardian asserts: there was no evidence of excessive

corporal punishment and the trial court did not weigh the N.J.A.C. 3A:10-7.5

factors or assess the factors under Department of Children and Families,

Division of Youth and Family Services v. K.A., 413 N.J. Super. 504 (App. Div.

2010); the child's injury was not proven to be severe; and the totality of the

circumstances show the injury was not the result of physical discipline, but an

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accident arising from the struggle over the cellphone. The Law Guardian argues

the judge did not consider that: R.O. was ill; L.A.O. was a model student, but

was communicating with men against her mother's wishes; the family had no

history of involvement with the Division; and it was not initially evident the

child was injured.

      N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c) defines various circumstances that can comprise the

abuse or neglect of a child. Among other things, the statute specifically covers:

            [A] child whose physical, mental, or emotional
            condition has been impaired or is in imminent danger
            of becoming impaired as the result of the failure of his
            parent or guardian, as herein defined, to exercise a
            minimum degree of care . . . in providing the child with
            proper supervision or guardianship, by unreasonably
            inflicting or allowing to be inflicted harm, or
            substantial risk thereof, including the infliction of
            excessive corporal punishment; or by any other acts of
            a similarly serious nature requiring the aid of the
            court[.]

            [N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).]

      Our Supreme Court has noted that the purpose of Title 9 is "to protect

children 'who have had serious injury inflicted upon them' and make sure they

are 'immediately safeguarded from further injury and possible death.'" N.J. Div.

of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1, 18 (2013) (quoting N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.8(a)). "The law's 'paramount concern' is the 'safety of the children,' and not

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the 'culpability of parental conduct[.]'" Ibid. (quoting N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.8(a); G.S.,

157 N.J. at 177). "The focus in abuse and neglect matters . . . is on promptly

protecting a child who has suffered harm or faces imminent danger." A.L., 213

N.J. at 18 (citing N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)).

      A court's finding of abuse or neglect must be based on a preponderance of

the evidence when the proof is considered in its totality.          N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.46(b)(1); N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. C.M., 181 N.J. Super. 190, 201

(App. Div. 1981) ("In child abuse and neglect cases the elements of proof are

synergistically related. Each proven act of neglect has some effect on the

[child].   One act may be 'substantial' or the sum of many acts may be

'substantial.'"). Notably, the Title 9 proof standard is less stringent than in

guardianship cases for the termination of parental rights, which must instead be

proven by clear and convincing evidence. See N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a).

      We reject T.A. and the Law Guardian's contentions that there was

inadequate evidence to support a finding of abuse. L.A.O.'s injury was severe

as documented by her school, the hospital, and the investigator. Moreover, the

judge painstakingly explained why she believed the initial reports by L.A.O. and

J.O. respecting the incident and how L.A.O. received the injury were more

credible than their subsequent attempts to change the facts after the Division's

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investigation began and even while testifying.       Neither T.A. nor the Law

Guardian have given us cause to second-guess the judge's detailed credibility

findings. Contrary to T.A.'s assertions, the judge left no issue of fact unresolved

and the substantial credible evidence does not support the theory that L .A.O.'s

injury was either self-inflicted or the product of an accident.

      We also reject T.A. and the Law Guardian's challenge to the judge's

finding there was excessive corporal punishment. In K.A. we stated:

            [A]bsent statutory, regulatory, or case law guidance, we
            will define "excessive corporal punishment" by
            referring to common usage and understanding. As a
            starting point, we note that the statute condemns
            excessive corporal punishment. The term "excessive"
            means going beyond what is proper or reasonable.
            Webster's II New College Dictionary 390 (Margery S.
            Berube ed., 1995). . . . [A] single incident of violence
            against a child may be sufficient to constitute excessive
            corporal punishment. A situation where the child
            suffers a fracture of a limb, or a serious laceration, or
            any other event where medical intervention proves to
            be necessary, may be sufficient to sustain a finding of
            excessive corporal punishment, provided that the parent
            or caregiver could have foreseen, under all of the
            attendant circumstances, that such harm could result
            from the punishment inflicted.

            [413 N.J. Super. at 511].

      We also stated a trial court should consider the following factors: "(1) the

reasons underlying [the parent's] actions; (2) the isolation of the incident; and

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(3) the trying circumstances which [the parent] was undergoing[.]" Id. at 512.

The court should also "evaluate a claim of abuse by looking to the harm suffered

by the child, rather than the mental state of the accused abuser, because '[t]he

main goal of Title 9 is to protect children[.]'" Id. at 511 (quoting G.S., 157 N.J.

at 176). "[A]bsent evidence showing that the inflicted injury constitutes per se

excessive corporal punishment, we must examine the circumstances facing [the

parent] to determine whether [the conduct] amounted to excessive corporal

punishment." Id. at 512.

      Here, there was ample evidence to support the finding the incident

constituted per se excessive corporal punishment. Indeed, both L.A.O. and J.O.

told the investigator the prior incidents of corporal punishment occurred were

distant in time, infrequent, and never consisted of repeated blows and injury of

the sort L.A.O. experienced the day of the incident. Moreover, under the K.A.

factors, one incident is sufficient for a finding of excessive corporal punishment

and we are unconvinced there was a valid reason to harm L.A.O. in such a

fashion or that the circumstances justified the child suffer such a harm. 2

2
  T.A.'s conduct also met the statutory definition of abuse because L.A.O.'s
"physical . . . condition [was] impaired . . . as the result of . . . [her] parent or
guardian . . . unreasonably inflicting . . . harm . . . ." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).
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                                       III.

      In Point III of T.A.'s brief, he argues the court erroneously referenced

N.J.S.A. 9:6-1 and relied on its language defining "'cruelty' in arriving at its

reasoning in support of a finding of child abuse in this matter." He claims the

Division never "pled an action for abuse," and the judge's findings violated due

process because he "was not on notice that he had to defend against allegations

that his conduct amounted to abuse and neglect because it fell within the statute's

broad definition of 'cruelty.'"

      We have stated:

             At a minimum, due process requires that a party in a
             judicial hearing receive "notice defining the issues and
             an adequate opportunity to prepare and respond." . . .
             [D]ue process forbids the trial court "to convert a
             hearing on a complaint alleging one act . . . into a
             hearing on other acts[.]"

             [T.M.S. v. W.C.P., 450 N.J. Super. 499, 505 (App. Div.
             2017) (quoting J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 478
             (2011)) (citations omitted).]

      Our review of the record demonstrates there was no mystery the Division

sought a finding pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b). Indeed, the Division's

complaint, the evidence presented, the direct and cross-examination of the

witnesses, and the court's findings all addressed whether there was excessive

corporal punishment as defined under the statute. Therefore, T.A. had notice

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and an opportunity to defend the Division's claims. The trial judge's reference

to N.J.S.A. 9:6-1 in her opinion did not constitute reversible error. R. 2:10-2.

"[A]ppeals are taken from judgments, not opinions." Arons v. N.J. Network,

342 N.J. Super. 168, 181 (App. Div. 2001).

                                       IV.

      Finally, Point IV of the Law Guardian's argues this matter was better

suited as a family crisis case under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12, rather than an abuse or

neglect matter under Title 9. We reject this contention.

      "The Legislature charged the Division with the responsibility of

protecting the health and welfare of the children of this state. N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

4. The procedures for accomplishing those obligations are set forth in Title

Nine, N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.73, and Title Thirty, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-11 to -14."

N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. G.M., 198 N.J. 382, 397 (2009) (emphasis

added). Although "the Division usually pleads Title 9 and Title 30 claims

concurrently in order to facilitate the efficient processing of assistance to the

family, particularly to the child who is the focus of the inquiry[,] . . . Titles 9

and 30 operate independently from one another." N.J. Dep't of Child. & Fams.,

Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. I.S., 214 N.J. 8, 31, 37 (2013). And "the use of

N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12 is not a substitute for an abuse and neglect proceeding[.]"

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N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. J.C., 423 N.J. Super. 259, 267 (App. Div.

2011).

     Affirmed.

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