Court Opinion

ID: 4691077
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-28 14:00:29.434088+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:05.733522
License: Public Domain

20-2972-cr
    United States v. Moore

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                  SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL
APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY
CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL.

          At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
    Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley
    Square, in the City of New York, on the 28th day of May, two thousand twenty-
    one.

    PRESENT:
               AMALYA L. KEARSE,
               GERARD E. LYNCH,
               RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
                     Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    United States of America,

                             Appellee,

                     v.                                                        No. 20-2972

    Lamar Moore,

                     Defendant-Appellant.*
    _____________________________________

    * The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
FOR APPELLEE:                                         Won S. Shin, Michael Dayton
                                                      Longyear, Thomas McKay,
                                                      Assistant United States
                                                      Attorneys, for Audrey Strauss,
                                                      United States Attorney for the
                                                      Southern District of New
                                                      York, New York, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT:                              Lamar Moore, pro se,
                                                      Bruceton Mills, WV.

      Appeal from orders of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Wood, J.).

      UPON      DUE     CONSIDERATION,           IT    IS   HEREBY       ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the orders of the district court are

AFFIRMED.

      Lamar Moore, pro se and incarcerated, appeals from the district court’s June

23, 2020 and July 17, 2020 orders denying his motion for compassionate release

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). Moore then was serving a 151-month term

of imprisonment after pleading guilty to possession of a firearm after having been

convicted of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); firearms trafficking, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(1)(A); and distribution of marijuana, in violation of

21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(D). In seeking compassionate release, Moore argued that he
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was at high risk of contracting severe illness from COVID-19 due to his asthma

and hypertension, which he claimed constituted an extraordinary and compelling

reason to release him.       Although the district court assumed that Moore had

provided an extraordinary and compelling reason justifying release, it

nevertheless denied the motion in June 2020, finding that Moore was a danger to

the community under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(2) and that the objectives of sentencing set

forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) weighed against his release. After the district court’s

ruling, Moore filed a supplemental letter indicating that FCI Hazelton, where

Moore was detained, was then on lockdown due to COVID-19 exposure. The

district court construed Moore’s letter as a renewed motion for compassionate

release and denied the motion in July 2020 for substantially the same reasons as

stated in its prior order.

      “We typically review the denial of a motion for a discretionary sentence

reduction for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Holloway, 956 F.3d 660, 664 (2d

Cir. 2020). That standard applies if the district court in fact exercised its discretion

in denying the motion; where it premises its decision “entirely on statutory

interpretation,” our review is de novo. Id.

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      Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), a district court “may reduce” a defendant’s

term of imprisonment if it finds that “extraordinary and compelling reasons

warrant such a reduction” and “that such a reduction is consistent with applicable

policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”                    18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(1)(A); see United States v. Zullo, 976 F.3d 228, 234–37 (2d Cir. 2020).

Because the decision is discretionary, we have directed district courts to consider

motions for a sentence reduction in two steps. “First, the court must determine

whether the defendant is eligible for a reduction. Second, if the defendant is

eligible, the court must determine whether, and to what extent, to exercise its

discretion to reduce the sentence.” United States v. Moore, 975 F.3d 84, 89 (2d Cir.

2020). In exercising its discretion at step two, the district court must “consider[]

the factors set forth in [18 U.S.C. §] 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable.”

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).

      Prior to 2018, only the Director of the Bureau of Prisons could file a motion

for compassionate release; in the First Step Act of 2018, Congress amended this

statute to allow a defendant to move for his own compassionate release. See 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A); Zullo, 976 F.3d at 231–33.           However, because the

Sentencing Commission has not yet issued a policy statement “applicable” to

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defendant-filed motions within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), the only

policy statement regarding compassionate release is § 1B1.13 of the Sentencing

Guidelines, which outlines what findings a district court must make before

granting compassionate release “[u]pon motion of the Director of Bureau of

Prisons.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13. In Zullo, this Court acknowledged that the text of

§ 1B1.13 is “clearly outdated” and held that it applies only to motions made by the

Director of the Bureau of Prisons and not to motions filed by defendants. 976 F.3d

at 235–37.

      Here, the district court erred insofar as its rulings, which predated Zullo,

held that the policy statement in § 1B1.13 was binding with respect to defendant-

filed motions for compassionate release. See id. Relying on § 1B1.13, the district

court determined that it could grant Moore’s motion only if it concluded that he

was “not a danger to the safety of any other person or to the community.” D. Ct.

Dkt. No. 80 at 3 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(2)). This was clearly wrong after Zullo.

      Nevertheless, the district court’s analysis did not end with its

dangerousness finding under § 1B1.13(2) of the Sentencing Guidelines. Instead,

the district court went on to assess the sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a),

which directs courts to consider “the nature and circumstances of the offense and

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the history and characteristics of the defendant[;]” “the need for the sentence

imposed . . . to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law,

. . . to provide just punishment for the offense[,]” to deter criminal conduct, and to

protect the public from further crimes; and “the sentencing range established”

under the guidelines. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)–(2), (4).

      Indeed, the district court expressly considered these factors, weighing the

nature of the offense, Moore’s criminal history, the need for deterrence, and the

need to protect the public. It emphasized that Moore’s possession of an AR-15

assault rifle, trafficking of firearms, and distribution of marijuana were

“extraordinarily serious” offenses.     D. Ct. Dkt. No. 80 at 4. It also expressed

concern that Moore was very likely to recidivate, given that he had committed

“numerous serious offenses involving firearms, narcotics, and violence” and had

committed the instant crimes while on parole shortly after being released from an

11-year state prison term.        Id.   Furthermore, although the district court

acknowledged that Moore’s need for medical care and his difficult childhood

weighed in favor of release, the court ultimately concluded that those factors were

“outweighed by the seriousness of [his] conduct, as well as the high likelihood that

[he] would commit further offenses were he to be released early.” Id.

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       Moore now argues that his release is warranted because his crimes were not

violent, he has “served [t]ime,” and he is at risk of severe illness from COVID-19.

Appellant’s Br. at 12. But the district court gave due consideration to all these

arguments, and we cannot say that its denial of compassionate release fell outside

of “the range of permissible decisions,” United States v. Borden, 564 F.3d 100, 104

(2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted), or otherwise constituted an

abuse of discretion. 1

       We have considered all of Moore’s remaining arguments and find them to

be without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the June 23, 2020 and July 17, 2020

orders of the district court.

                                             FOR THE COURT:
                                             Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

1
 In his reply brief, Moore indicates that he contracted COVID-19 in December 2020 and, as of
February 2021, has ongoing symptoms from the virus. We decline to remand based on these
new facts, recognizing that the district court has already considered them in its March 2021 order
denying Moore’s January 2021 motion for compassionate release, from which he did not appeal.
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