Court Opinion

ID: 5141313
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-29 15:13:00.439399+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:28.634114
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Steven T. Gillen,                              :
                    Appellant                  :
                                               :    No. 237 C.D. 2019
             v.                                :
                                               :    Submitted: February 26, 2021
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,                  :
Department of Transportation,                  :
Bureau of Driver Licensing                     :

BEFORE:      HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, Judge
             HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
             HONORABLE J. ANDREW CROMPTON, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH                                                 FILED: December 29, 2021

             Steven T. Gillen (Licensee) appeals from the entered February 21, 2019
order of the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County (trial court) denying his
statutory appeal from the one-year suspension of his operating privilege imposed by
the Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (DOT) under section
1547(b)(1) of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(b)(1).1 We reverse.

      1
         Section 1547(b)(1) of the Vehicle Code, commonly referred to as the “Implied Consent
Law,” reads, in pertinent part, as follows:

             (1) If any person placed under arrest for a violation of section 3802 [ of
             the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. §3802, governing driving under
             influence of alcohol or controlled substance] is requested to submit to
             chemical testing and refuses to do so, the testing shall not be conducted
(Footnote continued on next page…)
                             Factual and Procedural History
              In the early morning hours of a wintery2 January night, Pennsylvania State
Police Trooper Matthew Costea was dispatched to a scene of an accident at 12:18 a.m.
(Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 18a.)             Upon arrival at the scene of the accident
approximately 15 minutes later, Trooper Costea could not locate an operator of the
vehicle. Trooper Costea checked the registration of the vehicle and discovered that it
belonged to Licensee. Id. at 19a. At approximately 1:00 a.m., Shawn Gribbin
(Gribbin) walked up to the scene. Gribbin told Trooper Costea that he observed
Licensee in the driver’s seat after the crash. Gribbin also told Trooper Costea that
Licensee was “drinking and watching football prior to the crash.” Id. at 22a. Gribbin
stated that Licensee left the crash scene and went to Gribbin’s condominium to sleep.
Id. Gribbin gave Trooper Costea permission to enter his residence for the purpose of
finding Licensee. Id. When Trooper Costea entered the residence around 1:30 a.m.,
he found Licensee asleep on the couch. Id. at 22a-23a.
              When Trooper Costea roused Licensee, he detected the odor of alcohol,
and observed that Licensee had bloodshot and glassy eyes and slurred speech. Trooper
Costea also noticed a lump on Licensee’s forehead. Trooper Costea attempted to ask
Licensee questions, but Licensee’s speech was slurred, and Trooper Costea could not
understand many of his responses. Id. at 23a. When Trooper Costea asked Licensee

              but upon notice by the police officer, the department shall suspend the
              operating privilege of the person as follows:
                     (i) Except as set forth in subparagraph (ii), for a period of 12
              months.

75 Pa. C.S. §1547(b)(1).

       2
          Trooper Costea testified during cross-examination that the roads were snow-covered the
night of the accident. See Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 30a.

                                                2
whether the injury on his head came from the crash, Licensee responded that it “had to
have come from that.” Id. at 25a.
               Licensee agreed to submit to a breath test, which indicated that his blood
alcohol content (BAC) was 0.188%. Id. at 25a-26a. Trooper Costea conducted a
horizontal gaze nystagmus test,3 which led Trooper Costea to believe Licensee had a
BAC over 0.08%—the legal limit of alcohol in Pennsylvania. Licensee was unable to
stand and perform other field sobriety tests. Id. at 27a.
               Trooper Costea informed Licensee that he was under arrest for driving
under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance (DUI) and read Licensee the
warnings listed in DOT Form DL-26 (DL-26) (Pennsylvania’s Implied Consent Law).
Id. Licensee declined to sign the form or submit to a chemical blood test. Id. at 29a.
As a result, DOT suspended Licensee’s operating privilege for one year because he
refused to submit to a chemical test of his blood. Id. at 9a.
               Licensee filed a statutory appeal with the trial court. At the hearing, DOT
had the burden of proving the following elements in support of its decision to suspend
Licensee’s driving privileges: (1) a police officer had reasonable grounds to believe
that the licensee drove while under the influence of alcohol; (2) the officer asked the
licensee to submit to chemical testing; (3) the licensee refused to submit to such testing;
and (4) the officer provided a warning to the licensee that his failure to submit to testing
would result in the suspension of his license. Banner v. Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Driver Licensing, 737 A.2d 1203 (Pa. 1999).

       3
         “The horizontal gaze nystagmus test is a standard test used by police officers to determine
whether a subject is intoxicated. The officer holds an object, such as a pen, in front of and slightly
above the subject’s eyes and then moves the object in front of the subject’s face. The subject must
follow the object with his eyes only. If the subject is alcohol-impaired, the eyeballs jerk and bounce
as they follow the object. The greater the impairment, the greater the jerk or bounce.” Morris v.
Department of Transportation., Bureau of Driver Licensing (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 315 C.D. 2009, filed
August 19, 2009) slip op. at 1 n.3.

                                                  3
               DOT called one witness at the hearing, the investigating and arresting
police officer, Trooper Costea. Licensee did not call any witnesses and did not testify.
Id. at 15a. Trooper Costea explained that the dispatch was at 12:18 a.m., and his
encounter with Licensee was at 1:30 a.m. He also recounted his conversation with
Gribbin at the scene of the accident, during which Gribbin told him that Licensee was
behind the wheel after the accident, and that Licensee was drinking before the accident.
Id. at 17a. Licensee’s counsel objected to this testimony on the grounds that anything
Gribbin said to Trooper Costea that night was hearsay. Id. at 19a. The trial court
overruled the objection and permitted Trooper Costea to testify as to Gribbin’s out-of-
court statements. Id. at 19a-21a.4 Licensee’s counsel also objected to introduction of
the preliminary breath test conducted by Trooper that revealed Licensee had a 0.188%
BAC on the grounds that the test was unreliable. Id. at 25a. The trial court overruled
the objection and permitted the breath test results to be entered into evidence.
               On cross-examination, Trooper Costea testified that he did not know what
time the accident occurred, did not ask Licensee what time he drank or what he drank,
and did not recall if there were open bottles of alcohol around the area where Licensee
was sleeping. Id. at 38a.
               Following the hearing, the trial court denied Licensee’s appeal and upheld
his license suspension. (Trial ct. op., 4/24/19, at 7.) The trial court first addressed
Licensee’s contention “that DOT failed to establish reasonable grounds which would
lead one to believe that [Licensee] was in actual physical control of vehicle while in an
intoxicated state at the time the vehicle was abandoned warranting a request for

       4
         Gribbin was not present. It is not entirely clear why DOT did not subpoena Gribbin to appear
at the hearing. However, from what we can glean from Licensee’s counsel, it appears that Gribbin,
at Licensee’s criminal trial, recanted the statements he made to Trooper Costea. R.R. at 20a-21a.

                                                 4
submission to a chemical test.” Id. at 4. Licensee argued that Trooper Costea did not
see him operating his “vehicle and that DOT failed to establish a time frame between
the accident and the arrest.” Id. The trial court concluded that despite the 75 minutes
which elapsed between the time Trooper Costea arrived at the accident scene and
encountered Licensee, Trooper Costea had reasonable grounds to believe that Licensee
was intoxicated while driving. Id. at 4-5. According to the trial court, the time period
of less than 75 minutes between arrival at the scene of the accident and encountering
Licensee was “sufficient to establish reasonable grounds to believe that [Licensee] was
operating the accident vehicle while intoxicated.” Id.
             Next, the trial court addressed Licensee’s hearsay argument concerning
Gribbin’s out-of-court statements. Id. at 5-6. The trial court, relying on Menosky v.
Commonwealth, 550 A.2d 1372 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988), reasoned that “the out[-]of[-]court
statements [are permitted because the statements show] that reasonable grounds existed
for [Trooper Costea] to believe that [Licensee] was in operation of the motor vehicle
while under the influence of alcohol.” (Trial ct. op., at 6.) Like Menosky, these
statements were not hearsay, but rather, the statements were “admissible for purposes
of proving the state of mind of the officer in response to hearing the statement.” Id.
             The third issue the trial court addressed was Licensee’s argument that the
pre-arrest breath test was not admissible because it was “unreliable,” and it was not an
approved device. Id. In determining that the breath test was properly admitted, the
trial court reasoned that DOT’s use of the test was to establish that Trooper Costea had
reasonable grounds to believe Licensee had operated a vehicle while intoxicated. Id.
at 6-7. “The purpose of [the breath test] testimony relates back to reasonable grounds
and was not admitted as evidence of the blood alcohol content of [Licensee], but rather,
was offered to show reasonable ground upon which Trooper Costea acted in forming

                                           5
his belief that [Licensee] had operated the vehicle while intoxicated.” (Trial ct. op., at
6-7.)
               The fourth issue the trial court addressed concerned the admissibility of
the results of the horizontal gaze nystagmus test. Id. at 7. Licensee had argued that the
results of this test were not “scientifically reliable.” R.R. at 26a. In holding the test
results were admissible, the trial court stated that “[t]he evidence was admitted
specifically for the purpose of establishing that [Licensee] was driving in an intoxicated
state and not to show any culpability for [DUI].” (Trial ct. op. at 7.)
               Lastly, the trial court addressed Licensee’s claim that the license
suspension was “illegal as an unconstitutional civil penalty imposed on an individual’s
exercise of the Fourth Amendment right to refuse consent to a warrantless search.”
(Trial ct. op., at 7.) Relying on Boseman v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of
Licensing, 157 A.3d 10 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017), the trial court concluded that it was “bound
by precedent to reject this argument.” Id.
               On appeal,5 Licensee raises five issues. They are: (1) whether Trooper
Costea failed to establish reasonable grounds to request a chemical test because
Trooper Costea could not establish Licensee operated the vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol; (2) whether the trial court erred in permitting Trooper Costea to
testify to the out-of-court statements between Gribbin and Trooper Costea; (3) whether
the trial court erred in permitting testimony based upon the breath test Trooper Costea
conducted the night of the accident—Licensee contends that DOT failed to establish
the make and model of the test, and whether the breathalyzer was approved to be used;
(4) whether the trial court erred in allowing Trooper Costea’s testimony concerning

        5
          “As an appellate court, our standard of review in a license suspension case is to determine
whether the factual findings of the trial court are supported by competent evidence and whether the
trial court committed an error of law or an abuse of discretion.” Banner, 737 A.2d at 1205.

                                                 6
conducting the horizontal gaze nystagmus test without proving whether the test is
scientifically reliable; and (5) whether Pennsylvania’s Implied Consent Law is
unconstitutional. See Appellant’s Br. 4; see Trial ct. op., at 3-4.

                                       Discussion
             In his first issue, Licensee argues that DOT failed to establish that Trooper
Costea had reasonable grounds to believe that Licensee was driving his vehicle in an
intoxicated state at the time it was abandoned. Licensee argues that DOT has no
evidence as to when the vehicle was driven; it can only speculate. “All that is known
is there was [a] dispatch made by the police at 12:18 a.m.[, and] Trooper Costea arrived
at the residence at 1:30 a.m., an hour and 12 minutes after the dispatch.” Appellant’s
Br. 19. Trooper Costea did not inquire what time Gribbin saw Licensee in the driver’s
seat of his vehicle, nor did Trooper Costea ask Licensee when he was drinking. Trooper
Costea “also candidly admitted that he did not see the accident, he doesn’t know of
anyone who saw the accident, and he doesn’t know the time the accident took place.
Trooper Costea did little investigation. He never testified that he touched the hood of
the vehicle and it was warm.” Appellant’s Br. 19 (citations and footnote omitted).
             Additionally, Licensee cites and applies the following cases to his
circumstances: Sestric v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing,
29 A.3d 141 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011), Demarchis v. Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Driver Licensing, 999 A.2d 639 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), Stahr v. Department of
Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 969 A.2d 37 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009), Fierst
v. Commonwealth, 539 A.2d 1389 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988), and Department of
Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Mulholland, 527 A.2d 1123 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1987). Appellant’s Br. 12-19. Licensee argues that in Mulholland and Fierst,

                                            7
this Court determined that observation of a motorist consuming alcohol after the time
of an accident did not give rise to reasonable grounds to suspect DUI, in that such a
conclusion required impermissible speculation. In Mulholland, the officer observed
the licensee 25 minutes after the accident when he saw the licensee drinking and
showing signs of intoxication, and in Fierst, the officer saw the motorist an hour after
the accident. Therefore, reasonable grounds cannot be established on mere speculation
that a licensee was intoxicated at the time of driving. Appellant’s Br. 13-15.
             Licensee further argues that Stahr, Demarchis, and Sestric all lend support
to his case in that there must be a sufficient timeline established between the accident
and observing Licensee’s intoxication for an officer to have reasonable grounds that a
person drove while intoxicated. Licensee argues that DOT provided no evidence as to
when the Licensee drove the vehicle; DOT can only speculate. DOT only knows that
there was an hour and 12 minutes between the dispatch and Trooper Costea’s arrival at
the residence at 1:30 a.m. Appellant’s Br. 19. Thus, the only time established here is
the time from dispatch to encountering Licensee, which is insufficient to demonstrate
reasonable grounds that Licensee drove while intoxicated. The distinction made is the
contrast in that in the other cases, the timeline is the time from the accident to
encountering Licensee, and here, it is the time from the dispatch to encountering
Licensee.
             DOT responds by arguing that these cases are distinguishable. DOT
argues that unlike Mulholland and Fierst, where police encountered the licensees
drinking, there is no evidence Licensee was drinking after the accident. Appellee’s Br.
at 23. Then, as for Stahr, Demarchis, and Sestric, there was no timeline between when
the licensees drove and when the officers encountered the intoxicated licensees.
Appellee’s Br. at 23.

                                           8
             The question of whether reasonable grounds existed is a question of law,
which this Court reviews in a plenary fashion and on a case-by-case basis. Department
of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Malizio, 618 A.2d 1091 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1992). This Court summarized the applicable test for determining whether a police
officer had reasonable grounds in Dreisbach, as follows:

             Whether evidence is sufficient to constitute “reasonable
             grounds” can only be decided on a case-by-case basis. The
             test, however, is not very demanding. We note initially that,
             for “reasonable grounds” to exist, the police officer
             obviously need not be correct in his belief that the motorist
             had been driving while intoxicated. We are dealing here with
             the authority to request a person to submit to a chemical test
             and not with the admission into evidence of the result of such
             a test. The only valid inquiry on this issue at the de novo
             hearing is whether, viewing the facts and circumstances as
             they appeared at the time, a reasonable person in the position
             of the police officer could have concluded that the motorist
             was operating the vehicle under the influence of intoxicating
             liquor. Thus, it is not relevant that the motorist later, at the
             time of trial, can establish a cause other than intoxication for
             such observed behavior as slurred speech or an unsteady gait.
             At trial, the only relevant factual defense would be a showing
             that the motorist’s behavior was not, in fact, as the officer
             testified.

Dreisbach, 363 A.2d 870, 872 (footnotes omitted).
             An officer’s belief that a licensee was operating a vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol or a controlled substance must only be objective in light of the
surrounding circumstances. Zwibel v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 832 A.2d 599, 604 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003).
             As our Supreme Court stated in Banner, “the court must consider the
totality of the circumstances, including the location of the vehicle, whether the engine

                                            9
was running and whether there was other evidence indicating that the motorist had
driven the vehicle at some point prior to the arrival of the police.” 737 A.2d at 1207.
On several occasions, this Court has been asked to determine whether a police officer
had reasonable grounds to suspect a DUI violation where the officer did not actually
witness the licensee operating the vehicle.
             In Fierst, witnesses at the scene of an accident location reported that the
driver had left, and they gave police the license plate number of the licensee’s
automobile. Approximately one hour later, a police officer arrived at the licensee’s
house and saw him with a bottle of beer in his hand. The licensee staggered and smelled
of alcohol. He was arrested for driving while intoxicated. This Court reversed the trial
court’s order and held “that under these facts and circumstances[,] a reasonable police
officer could not conclude that there were reasonable grounds for believing that while
driving, [the licensee] was under the influence of alcohol.” Fierst, 539 A.2d at 1390.
             In Mulholland, the licensee, a driver involved in an accident with another
automobile, left the scene. Approximately 25 minutes later, accompanied by police,
the driver of the other automobile found the licensee drinking at a tavern and identified
him as the other driver. The police observed that the licensee appeared intoxicated and
arrested him for driving under the influence. The licensee refused a breathalyzer test.
This Court affirmed the trial court’s order that sustained the licensee’s appeal of his
driver’s license suspension. In doing so, this Court stated:

             This 25[-]minute delay seems to us to be too long for the
             officer to reasonably conclude that [the licensee] had in fact
             been driving his automobile under the influence of alcohol.
             As the trial court stated: “He could have gone in and had a
             couple of shots, even if he were in the accident. He could
             have gone in and had a couple of shots to calm himself down,

                                           10
             I don’t know, but the point is we’re left to speculate about
             it.”
Mulholland, 527 A.2d at 1124 (citation omitted).
             In Stahr, a Pennsylvania State Police trooper responded to an accident
scene. With the vehicle abandoned, the trooper located the licensee at his home using
vehicle registration information.    When questioned by the trooper, the licensee
admitted to driving the vehicle. At this point, the trooper noticed that the licensee
smelled of alcohol, had slurred speech, and had an unsteady gait. The licensee admitted
that he had been consuming alcohol that evening. The trooper placed the licensee under
arrest and asked him to submit to chemical testing. The licensee refused. The trial
court, following a hearing, concluded that the trooper had reasonable grounds to
suspect the licensee had operated his vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. We
reversed, noting the absence of any evidence in the record of a timeframe between the
accident and the arrest or some other objective evidence to support the trooper’s
conclusion that the licensee had been under the influence at the time of the accident:

             At no time during his testimony did Officer Brown indicate
             any timeframe between the accident and the time he
             encountered Stahr. In other cases where the Court found a
             police officer had or did not have reasonable suspicion of
             DUI, where the arrestee was not found in his car, a timeframe
             between the arrestee’s operation of the car and subsequent
             arrest, or some other evidence, such as witness accounts of
             the DUI, were established in the record.

             Officer Brown could not reasonably conclude that Stahr
             was driving under the influence simply because he showed
             signs of intoxication when he exited the state trooper’s
             vehicle without further establishing the timeframe between
             the accident and the observed intoxication. No timeframe
             between the accident and arrest was established according
             to the evidence provided to the trial court. We cannot,
             therefore, conclude that Officer Brown had reasonable

                                          11
               suspicion that Stahr was in control of his vehicle while under
               the influence of alcohol. Since there was no objective
               evidence to support Officer Brown's suspicion that Stahr was
               driving under the influence, the order of the trial court is
               reversed, and Stahr’s operating privileges are reinstated.
Stahr, 969 A.2d at 40-41 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). We concluded that
there was no “objective evidence to support” the local officer’s “suspicion that Stahr
was driving under the influence . . . .” Id.
               In Demarchis, DOT suspended Demarchis’ operating privilege for his
refusal to submit to a chemical test conducted by a police officer. Demarchis, 999 A.2d
at 640. A police officer responded to a report from a dispatcher of “a possible DUI
driver” driving a vehicle that had sparks coming from it. Id. at 641. The officer found
a matching vehicle to the one described, but it was abandoned. Id. Then, upon learning
the name and address of the vehicle’s owner, the licensee, the officer went to the
licensee’s residence, where officers from another police department had already
arrived. Id.
               Upon arriving at the licensee’s home, the officer “observed [the l]icensee
and noted that he had bloodshot eyes, walked with a staggered gait, was unsteady, and
slurred his words.” Id. Also, the officer saw that the licensee “had a ‘bracelet’ around
his wrist, indicating that he had been at [a] nightclub called Havana’s, which is a
drinking establishment.” Id. The officer further testified that two other officers
informed him that, upon asking the licensee who had been driving his car, the licensee
said that a friend was driving his car, “but that he did not know his friend’s name.” Id.
The officer did not have the licensee do a field sobriety test, but he asked the licensee
to recite the alphabet to him and if the licensee was driving his vehicle, but he did not
get an answer to the request or the question. Id. The officer then arrested the licensee

                                               12
and read him the Implied Consent Form DL-26 and asked if he would agree to submit
to a blood alcohol test. The licensee declined to do so. Id.
             In determining that the police officer did not have reasonable grounds to
conclude that the licensee was intoxicated while driving, this Court stated that it had
“no objective evidence in the record to support [the officer’s] suspicion that [the
l]icensee had been operating or was in control of his vehicle at the time it was
abandoned.” Id. at 644. We reasoned as follows:

             we [face] the absence of any record evidence to establish a
             period between the time the vehicle had been abandoned and
             [the l]icensee’s arrest. The lack of a time line is a troubling
             aspect of this case. There is simply no way to infer or
             estimate the length of time between the initial notice from the
             dispatch and arrest based solely on [the l]icensee’s apparent
             attendance at some undetermined time at a nightclub, his
             alleged driving at an undetermined time, and his abandoning
             his vehicle at yet another undetermined time.
Id. We could not conclude that the officer had reasonable grounds to believe that the
licensee was intoxicated while driving when there was no clear timeline of events.
             In Fierst and Mulholland, we held that a police officer could not
reasonably conclude that the drivers drove while intoxicated merely because they were
observed consuming alcohol after the accident. In both cases, the police officer had
no evidence that the driver had been under the influence at the time of the accident. In
other words, the officers could not in those instances speculate as to whether the
licensees had been operating their vehicles while intoxicated or whether they became
intoxicated after their vehicles were abandoned. Here, unlike Fierst and Mulholland,
Licensee was not found drinking and he was not at a bar. Nonetheless, following the
accident, Trooper Costea observed Licensee displaying signs of intoxication, and the
principles from Fierst and Mulholland are equally applicable here.

                                           13
             Where a licensee is not found at the accident scene, the arresting officer
must establish “a timeframe between the [licensee’s] operation of the car and
subsequent arrest.” Demarchis, 999 A.2d at 643 (quoting Stahr, 969 A.2d at 40)
(emphasis omitted). Thus, even though no one observed Licensee drink after the
accident, DOT was still required to establish a timeframe between the time of the
accident, not simply the dispatch time, and the time of observed intoxication of the
licensee.
             In McCallum v. Commonwealth, 592 A.2d 820 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991), the
licensee had been involved in a vehicle accident and left the scene. Before leaving the
scene, however, he reportedly admitted to two people who had witnessed the accident
that he had been drinking. Based on these witnesses’ testimony, the arresting officer
met up with the licensee approximately 30 to 40 minutes after the accident and
observed that the licensee had slurred speech, smelled of alcohol, and appeared glassy-
eyed. This Court gave particular significance to the witness testimony that the licensee
had admitted drinking that evening and the fact that there was no evidence which would
provide any basis to conclude that the licensee’s consumption of alcohol occurred after,
and not before, the accident. McCallum, 592 A.2d at 822-23.
             Here, the record supports a finding that Trooper Costea had reasonable
grounds to believe (1) Licensee was under the influence of alcohol when he
encountered him; (2) Licensee had been drinking earlier that evening; and (3) Licensee
had at some point earlier that evening operated his vehicle, but this is the extent of the
conclusions that can be reached from the evidence DOT presented during the hearing.
             There is no evidence in the record to support Trooper Costea’s suspicion
that Licensee had been operating or was in control of his vehicle at the time of the
accident because DOT failed to present evidence of a timeframe between the

                                           14
Licensee’s operation of the vehicle and subsequent arrest.           Like McCallum, an
eyewitness placed Licensee in the vehicle at the time of the crash. However, unlike
McCallum, the witness did not say anything about the time the accident occurred.
There is simply no record evidence to establish a period between the time the vehicle
had been abandoned and Licensee’s arrest. As we held in Demarchis, the lack of a
timeline is a troubling aspect of this case and is dispositive. There is simply no way to
infer or estimate the length of time between the Licensee’s alleged driving and his
arrest. The evidence indicates that 75 minutes elapsed from the time Trooper Costea
was dispatched to the scene of the accident and Trooper Costea’s interaction with
Licensee. However, Trooper Costea did not establish the time of the accident. Without
knowing this critical piece of information, Trooper Costea lacked the necessary
information to form a reasonable belief that Licensee was driving while intoxicated.
Moreover, there was no evidence, as in Mulholland, to establish one way or another
that Licensee consumed alcohol either before or after the crash. In other words, we do
not know what time Licensee was operating the vehicle, when he consumed alcohol,
or what happened between the time of the crash and the time the breath test was
administered. Therefore, it is as likely that Licensee consumed alcohol after he left the
scene of the crash, and it is pure speculation that he drank before the crash. Given the
tests were conducted over 75 minutes after Trooper Costea was dispatched to the scene
of the accident, the tests fail to show anything besides the fact that Licensee was visibly
impaired and under the influence of alcohol at the condominium.
             Accordingly, under this Court’s binding precedent, DOT’s failure to
establish a timeframe between Licensee’s accident and arrest compels us to conclude
that Trooper Costea did not have reasonable grounds to believe that Licensee violated
section 3802 of the Vehicle Code.

                                            15
              Given our conclusion in this regard, it is unnecessary for this Court to
consider Licensee’s remaining issues. Additionally, given that Trooper Costea did not
have reasonable grounds to believe Licensee violated section 3802, this Court declines
to address the constitutionality of Pennsylvania’s Implied Consent Law.6
              Accordingly, the order of the trial court is reversed.

                                              ________________________________
                                              PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

       6
          See Commonwealth v. Williams, 733 A.2d 593, 608 n.17 (Pa. 1999) (declining to address
constitutional issues when the case can be disposed on a non-constitutional ground).

                                              16
             IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Steven T. Gillen,                      :
                    Appellant          :
                                       :    No. 237 C.D. 2019
            v.                         :
                                       :
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,          :
Department of Transportation,          :
Bureau of Driver Licensing             :

                                    ORDER

            AND NOW, this 29th day of December, 2021, the February 21, 2019
order of the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County is hereby reversed.

                                           ________________________________
                                           PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge