Court Opinion

ID: 9917042
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-11 16:00:18.230772+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:08.400087
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                         MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
                                         2024 MSPB 2
                               Docket No. DA-0752-15-0498-I-1

                                         Sergio Luna,
                                        Appellant,
                                            v.
                             Department of Homeland Security,
                                         Agency.
                                        January 10, 2024

              Lorenzo W. Tijerina , Esquire, San Antonio, Texas, for the appellant.

              Nina Fantl , San Antonio, Texas, for the agency.

                                            BEFORE

                                Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                                 Raymond A. Limon, Member

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

¶1        The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision that
     sustained his removal for failure to cooperate in an investigative interview. For
     the reasons set forth below, we DENY the petition for review and AFFIRM the
     initial decision. The appellant’s removal is SUSTAINED.

                                        BACKGROUND
¶2        The material facts of this appeal are undisputed.        The appellant was an
     Immigration Enforcement Agent for the agency. Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 4
     at 26.     In 2014, the agency’s Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
     investigated the appellant concerning allegations of disreputable associations and
                                                                                            2

     illicit activities.   Id. at 162-64, 264. As part of the investigation, the agency
     directed the appellant to appear for an OPR interview on June 18, 2014.               Id.
     at 259. Prior to the interview, the agency notified the appellant that he would be
     required to cooperate fully with the OPR investigator and to answer all relevant
     and material questions. Id. at 259, 261. It warned him that failure to cooperate in
     the interview could result in disciplinary action, up to and including removal. Id.
     at 259, 261-62. The agency further represented to the appellant that neither the
     answers he gave to the interview questions nor any information gathered by
     reason of those answers could be used against him in a criminal prosecution,
     except that the appellant could be prosecuted for any false answers that he might
     give. Id. at 261-63.
¶3         On March 18, 2015, the agency proposed the appellant’s removal based on a
     charge of failure to cooperate in an official investigation, with two specifications.
     Id. at 152-56. Under Specification 1, the agency alleged that, during the June 18,
     2014 interview, the appellant refused to candidly answer questions about an
     incident with law enforcement in Mexico. Id. at 153-54. Under Specification 2,
     the agency alleged that the appellant and his representative abruptly terminated
     the interview and walked out before the interview had concluded.             Id. at 154.
     After the appellant responded, the deciding official issued a decision sustaining
     both specifications and removing the appellant effective June 17, 2015. 1 Id. at 26,
     34-40.
¶4         The appellant filed a Board appeal challenging the merits of the removal
     and raising several affirmative defenses. IAF, Tab 1 at 6, 11-12, Tab 15 at 4-12,
     Tab 32 at 1-2. Among other things, the appellant argued that the agency could

     1
       Prior to the proposal at issue in this appeal, on October 31, 2014, the agency proposed
     to remove the appellant for failure to cooperate in another administrative investigation.
     IAF, Tab 18 at 79-85. The two separate removal proceedings ran parallel with each
     other, and the deciding official addressed them in the same June 16, 2015 decision
     letter. IAF, Tab 4 at 34. Although the deciding official removed the appellant pursuant
     to the March 18, 2015 proposal, he did not sustain the charges in the October 31, 2014
     proposal, and that case was closed without action. Id.
                                                                                         3

     not discipline him for failing to answer questions with criminal implications
     absent a “declination to prosecute” from the Department of Justice (DOJ), which
     the agency failed to provide. IAF, Tab 15 at 11.
¶5        After a hearing, the administrative judge issued an initial decision
     sustaining the appellant’s removal. IAF, Tab 48, Initial Decision (ID). She found
     that the appellant failed to cooperate, as charged, and that the agency was not
     required to obtain assurance of immunity directly from DOJ before compelling
     the appellant to answer questions. ID at 5-15. The administrative judge further
     found that the removal penalty was reasonable, and that the appellant did not
     prove any of his affirmative defenses. ID at 15-30.
¶6        The appellant has filed a petition for review contesting the administrative
     judge’s findings and analysis. Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tab 5. The agency
     has filed a response. PFR File, Tab 7.

                                         ANALYSIS
¶7        For the reasons explained in the initial decision, we agree with the
     administrative judge that the appellant refused to cooperate in the OPR
     investigation as alleged. ID at 4-15. However, that is not the end of the inquiry.
     A Federal agency’s authority to discipline an employee for failure to cooperate in
     an investigation is circumscribed by the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.
     The Fifth Amendment provides in relevant part that “[n]o person . . . shall be
     compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” 2 Essentially, the
     Government may not support a criminal proceeding with statements that it
     obtained from a public employee under threat of removal from office.              See
     Garrity v. New Jersey, 385 U.S. 493, 496-500 (1967).

     2
       The Fifth Amendment right to remain silent attaches only when there is a reasonable
     belief that elicited statements will be used in a criminal proceeding. Ashford v.
     Department of Justice, 6 M.S.P.R. 458, 467 (1981). Although there had been no
     criminal proceeding initiated against the appellant as of the June 18, 2014 interview,
     there is no dispute that the interview concerned allegations of conduct that carry
     criminal penalties under Federal law.
                                                                                         4

¶8        The contrapositive of this rule is that the Government may not remove an
     employee from public office for refusing to give statements that could
     subsequently be used against him in a criminal proceeding. Devine v. Goodstein,
     680 F.2d 243, 246 (D.C. Cir. 1982).          The Fifth Amendment privileges an
     individual not to answer official questions put to him in any proceeding, civil or
     criminal, formal or informal, when the answers might incriminate him in future
     criminal proceedings. Lefkowitz v. Turley, 414 U.S. 70, 77 (1973). Nevertheless,
     a public employee subjects himself to dismissal if he refuses to account for his
     performance of his public trust, after proper proceedings, which do not involve an
     attempt to coerce him to relinquish his constitutional rights.             Uniformed
     Sanitation Men Association v. City of New York , 392 U.S. 280, 285 (1968). The
     Government may accomplish this by giving the employee adequate notice both
     that he is subject to discharge for not answering and that his replies (and their
     fruits) cannot be employed against him in a criminal case. 3 Kalkines v. United
     States, 200 Ct. Cl. 570, 574 (1973).      Thus, the Court of Claims held that an
     employee may be removed for not answering questions posed by his employing
     agency if he is adequately informed both that he is subject to discharge for not
     answering and that his replies and their fruits cannot be used against him in a
     criminal case. 4 Id.; see Haine v. Department of the Navy, 41 M.S.P.R. 462, 469
     (1989); Weston v. Department of Housing and Urban Development , 14 M.S.P.R.

     3
       The immunity contemplated in Kalkines is commonly known as “use immunity.” Use
     immunity prevents the Government from using compelled statements or any evidence
     derived from those statements in a subsequent criminal prosecution, but it does not
     prevent the Government from using other evidence to conduct a prosecution. This is
     contrasted with transactional immunity, which categorically precludes the Government
     from prosecuting the individual for offenses to which the compelled testimony relates.
     See Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441, 443 (1972).
     4
       The holdings of the U.S. Court of Claims, announced before the close of business
     September 30, 1982, are binding precedent in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
     Circuit. South Corp. v. United States, 690 F.2d 1368, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 1982) (en banc).
     These decisions of the U.S. Court of Claims are, in turn, binding on the Board. Social
     Security Administration v. Mills, 73 M.S.P.R. 463, 469-70 (1996), aff’d, 124 F.3d 228
     (Fed. Cir. 1997).
                                                                                       5

      321, 324, aff’d, 724 F.2d 943 (Fed. Cir. 1983); Ashford v. Department of Justice,
      6 M.S.P.R. 458, 465 (1981).       The issue in this appeal is what constitutes
      “adequate” notice of immunity.
¶9         The appellant argued below, as he does on review, that the agency’s notices
      of use immunity were inadequate, and that absent documentation of immunity
      from DOJ, his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent still obtained. PFR File,
      Tab 5 at 25-26; IAF, Tab 15 at 11.       The agency argues that the notices of
      immunity that it provided to the appellant were sufficient under Kalkines, and that
      there was no requirement for it to also obtain documented approval of that
      immunity from DOJ. PFR File, Tab 7 at 1; IAF, Tab 4 at 259, 261-62, 264-65,
      Tab 18 at 4-6.
¶10        The administrative judge agreed with the agency. ID at 14. She reasoned
      that the appellant was urging her to add an additional condition to the Board’s
      holding in Haine, and that she was not free to do so. Id.; see Rose v. Department
      of Justice, 118 M.S.P.R. 302, ¶ 8 (2012) (“An administrative judge is bound by
      Board precedent and is not free to substitute his views for Board law.”). She also
      observed that the appellant’s requested documentation from DOJ would be
      redundant to the extent that, under Garrity, any statements compelled under the
      threat of removal would be inadmissible in a criminal proceeding regardless of
      whether DOJ assented to immunity in advance. ID at 14.
¶11        For the following reasons, we agree with the administrative judge and we
      hold that adequate assurance of immunity under Kalkines does not require assent,
      written or otherwise, from DOJ. First, just as the administrative judge was not
      free to impose additional requirements on the agency beyond those set forth by
      the Board, the Board is not free to impose additional requirements beyond those
      set forth by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.      See Gende v.
      Department of Justice, 35 M.S.P.R. 518, 523 (1987).         Having reviewed the
      notices that the agency provided to the appellant prior to the interview, we find
      that they were adequate to satisfy the requirements of Kalkines; the agency
                                                                                        6

      clearly notified the appellant that his failure to cooperate in the interview could
      result in administrative discipline, up to and including removal, and that neither
      the answers he gave to the interview questions nor any information gathered by
      reason of those answers could be used against him in a criminal prosecution.
      IAF, Tab 4 at 259, 261-623.
¶12        Second, we agree with the administrative judge that the assurance of
      immunity that the appellant received from his employing agency was binding on
      the Government even absent the explicit assent of DOJ.            See Gardner v.
      Broderick, 392 U.S. 273, 278 (1968); Uniformed Sanitation Men, 392 U.S. at 284;
      Garrity, 385 U.S. at 496-500. Consistent with this Supreme Court precedent, the
      Federal Circuit has held that, when an employee is prospectively granted
      immunity through the Garrity exclusion rule, he may be removed for failure to
      cooperate with an agency investigation. Modrowski v. Department of Veterans
      Affairs, 252 F.3d 1344, 1350-51 (2001); Weston v. Department of Housing and
      Urban Development, 724 F.2d 943, 947 (1983).
¶13        There are some situations in which a prospective grant of immunity under
      Garrity is not sufficient for the Government to compel testimony. Specifically,
      Title II of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, Pub. L. No. 91-452, 84 Stat.
      922, 926-32 (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. chapter 601), sets forth specific
      procedural requirements that the Government must follow in order to compel
      testimony in various judicial, administrative, and congressional proceedings. The
      section concerning administrative proceedings provides as follows:
                   (a) In the case of any individual who has been or who may be
            called to testify or provide other information at any proceeding
            before an agency of the United States, the agency may, with the
            approval of the Attorney General, issue, in accordance with
            subsection (b) of this section, an order requiring the individual to
            give testimony or provide other information which he refuses to give
            or provide on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination,
                                                                                            7

            such order to become effective as provided in section 6002 of this
            title. [5]
                  (b) An agency of the United States may issue an order under
            subsection (a) of this section only if in its judgment–
                     (1) the testimony or other information from such individual
                may be necessary to the public interest; and
                       (2) such individual has refused or is likely to refuse to
                testify or provide other information on the basis of his privilege
                against self-incrimination.
      18 U.S.C. § 6004. Thus, a formal grant of immunity under this section cannot be
      given without “approval of the Attorney General.” 6 The Supreme Court has held
      that, for proceedings in which such a formal grant of immunity is available, this
      is the only way for the Government to compel testimony over a Fifth Amendment
      objection. Pillsbury Co. v. Conboy, 459 U.S. 248, 253-64 (1983). Prospective
      immunity granted by the court or agency conducting the proceeding is
      insufficient. United States v. Doe, 465 U.S. 605, 615-17 (1984). Therefore, if
      the agency’s June 18, 2014 interview were covered by 18 U.S.C. chapter 601, the
      documentation advising the appellant of his Kalkines rights would have been
      insufficient to overcome his Fifth Amendment objection; the agency would have
      instead had to have followed the statutory procedure and issue a formal order
      with the approval of the Attorney General.
¶14         However, we find that the investigative interview was not a proceeding
      covered by 18 U.S.C. chapter 601.        Specifically, 18 U.S.C. § 6001(3) defines
      “proceeding before an agency of the United States” as “any proceeding before
      such an agency with respect to which it is authorized to issue subpoenas and to
      take testimony or receive other information from witnesses under oath.” There is
      5
        Section 6002 of Title 18 of the United States Code provides that if the Government
      issues an order under this chapter, the subject witness may not refuse to testify on the
      basis of his privilege against self-incrimination, but no truthful testimony or other
      information compelled under the order, or any information derived therefrom, may be
      used against the witness in a criminal case.
      6
        The Attorney General has, by regulation, delegated this approval authority to certain
      other officers within DOJ, depending on the circumstances. 28 C.F.R. § 0.175.
                                                                                           8

      no indication in this case that the agency had such authority, and at this time we
      are unaware of any Federal agency that would be authorized to issue a subpoena
      in an employment-related investigation of one of its own employees.
¶15         We therefore hold that the procedures of 18 U.S.C. chapter 601 do not apply
      to the agency’s investigation into the appellant’s work performance or fitness for
      duty, and we join numerous courts in holding that a Government employee is not
      entitled to formal immunity before being compelled to answer his employer’s
      questions. Speilbauer v. County of Santa Clara, 199 P.3d 1125, 1132-40 (Cal.
      2009); Aguilera v. Baca, 510 F.3d 1161, 1171-1172 (9th Cir. 2007); Hill v.
      Johnson, 160 F.3d 469, 471 (8th Cir. 1998); Harrison v. Wille, 132 F.3d 679, 683
      (11th Cir.1998); Wiley v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 48 F.3d 773, 777
      (4th Cir. 1995); Arrington v. County of Dallas, (5th Cir. 1992). Public employees
      “are not relegated to a watered-down version of constitutional rights.” Garrity,
      385 U.S. at 500. Nevertheless, there is an “important public interest in securing
      from public employees an accounting of their public trust.”             Lefkowitz v.
      Cunningham, 431 U.S. 801, 806 (1977).         Therefore, “[p]ublic employees may
      constitutionally be discharged for refusing to answer potentially incriminating
      questions concerning their official duties if they have not been required to
      surrender their constitutional immunity.” Id. The appellant in this case was not
      required to surrender his constitutional immunity; instead, he was accurately
      informed of that immunity and of the administrative discipline that he would face
      if he chose to remain silent.     IAF, Tab 4 at 259, 261-62.        This notice was
      sufficient under Kalkines, and nothing more was required. Because the appellant
      refused to answer the agency’s questions despite having received adequate notice
      under Kalkines, the ensuing removal action did not violate his constitutional
      rights.
¶16         We have considered the remaining arguments that the appellant raised on
      petition for review, but find that none of them provide a basis to disturb the initial
      decision.
                                                                                            9

¶17         This is the final decision of the Merit Systems Protection Board in this
      appeal. Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 1201.113 (5 C.F.R.
      § 1201.113).

                                NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 7
            You may obtain review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By
      statute, the nature of your claims determines the time limit for seeking such
      review and the appropriate forum with which to file.            5 U.S.C. § 7703(b).
      Although we offer the following summary of available appeal rights, the Merit
      Systems Protection Board does not provide legal advice on which option is most
      appropriate for your situation and the rights described below do not represent a
      statement of how courts will rule regarding which cases fall within their
      jurisdiction.   If you wish to seek review of this final decision, you should
      immediately review the law applicable to your claims and carefully follow all
      filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file within the applicable time
      limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your chosen forum.
            Please read carefully each of the three main possible choices of review
      below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
      about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
      should contact that forum for more information.

            (1) Judicial review in general . As a general rule, an appellant seeking
      judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
      Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
      within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision.             5 U.S.C.
      § 7703(b)(1)(A).

      7
        Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
      the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
      Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
                                                                                      10

      If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal   Circuit,   you   must   submit   your   petition    to   the   court   at   the
following address:
                              U.S. Court of Appeals
                              for the Federal Circuit
                             717 Madison Place, N.W.
                             Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.

      (2) Judicial   or    EEOC    review    of   cases      involving   a   claim     of
discrimination . This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims —by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court ( not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision.      5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. 420 (2017). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the district court no later than 30 calendar days after your representative
receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of discrimination based on
                                                                                11

race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling condition, you may be
entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and to waiver of any
requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security.        See 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
      Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respective
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx .
      Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues . 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, the
address of the EEOC is:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                  P.O. Box 77960
                             Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                            Office of Federal Operations
                     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 131 M Street, N.E.
                                   Suite 5SW12G
                             Washington, D.C. 20507

      (3) Judicial     review   pursuant   to   the   Whistleblower    Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012 . This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
                                                                                     12

other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in section
2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or 2302(b)(9)(A)(i),
(B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial review either with the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court of appeals of
competent jurisdiction. 8   The court of appeals must receive your petition for
review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.               5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(B).
      If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
                               U.S. Court of Appeals
                               for the Federal Circuit
                              717 Madison Place, N.W.
                              Washington, D.C. 20439

      Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The

8
   The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115-195,
132 Stat. 1510.
                                                                           13

Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
      Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
      http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx .

Jennifer Everling
Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.