Court Opinion

ID: 2657898
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-03-25 23:09:10.809305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:38.387198
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/25/14

                          CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

            IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                           FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

        Plaintiff and Respondent,                    E054926

v.                                                   (Super.Ct.No. FSB903492)

CARLOS DUBOSE et al.,                                OPINION

        Defendants and Appellants.

        APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Duke D. Rouse,

Judge. (Retired judge of the San Bernardino Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice

pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part; reversed in part and

remanded for resentencing.

        Cliff Gardner, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant Carlos Dubose.

        David L. Kelly, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant Davion Whitmore.

                                             1
       Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton and Sharon L.

Rhodes, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

       This case concerns two defendants and appellants, Carlos Dubose (Dubose) and

Davion Whitmore (Whitmore). Dubose and Whitmore were minors at the time they

committed the offenses at issue in this case, but they were charged and sentenced as

adults. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (d)(1).) A jury found Dubose guilty of

(1) first degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)); (2) carjacking (Pen. Code, § 215,

subd. (a)); (3) robbery (§ 211); (4) kidnapping for purposes of committing robbery (Pen.

Code, § 209, subd. (b)(1)); and (5) fleeing a pursuing peace officer (Veh. Code,

§ 2800.2, subd. (a)).

       A jury found true the allegations that Dubose used two deadly or dangerous

weapons during the murder, carjacking, robbery, and kidnapping. (Pen. Code, § 12022,

subd. (b)(1).)1 The jury found true the special circumstances allegations that Dubose

murdered George Onyango (the victim), while committing (1) a robbery, and (2) a

carjacking. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17).) The jury also found true the special circumstances

allegation that Dubose intentionally murdered the victim and the murder involved

torturing the victim. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(18).) The trial court sentenced Dubose to

prison for a determinate term of five years, four months, plus an indeterminate term of

       1   All subsequent statutory references will be to the Penal Code, unless indicated.

                                              2
life without the possibility of parole (LWOP) to be followed by a term of life with the

possibility of parole.

       Dubose raises eight issues on appeal; the first three concern jury instructions,

while the last five address his LWOP sentence. First, Dubose contends the torture

finding must be reversed because conflicting jury instructions permitted the jury to find

the allegation true without finding Dubose possessed the requisite intent to kill. Second,

Dubose asserts the trial court erred by not instructing the jury it must unanimously agree

on the special circumstances findings. Third, Dubose contends the trial court lowered

the prosecutor’s burden of proof by instructing the jury the prosecutor did not need to

prove a motive in the crime of “kidnapping for [purposes of committing a] robbery.”

       Fourth, Dubose asserts an LWOP sentence for a minor is cruel and unusual

punishment. Fifth, Dubose contends the LWOP sentence is unconstitutional because

the jury did not find Dubose intended to kill the victim. Sixth, Dubose asserts it is

unconstitutional to impose an LWOP sentence via a mandatory sentencing scheme that

does not permit consideration of mitigating factors. Seventh, Dubose contends the trial

court erred in sentencing him because it was unaware it had the authority to sentence

him to a prison term of 25 years to life. (§ 190.5, subd. (b).) The People agree with this

seventh contention and concede the matter should be remanded so the trial court may

exercise its discretion concerning Dubose’s sentence. Eighth, Dubose asserts the trial

court relied on incorrect factors in determining his sentence. We remand the Dubose

matter for a resentencing hearing, wherein the trial court may exercise its discretion

regarding the LWOP sentence, but otherwise affirm the judgment.

                                             3
       A jury found Whitmore guilty of (1) first-degree murder (§ 187, subd. (a));

(2) carjacking (§ 215, subd. (a)); (3) robbery (§ 211); and (4) kidnapping for purposes of

committing robbery (§ 209, subd. (b)(1)). The trial court sentenced Whitmore to prison

for a determinate term of one year, eight months, plus indeterminate terms of (1) 25

years to life, plus (2) life with the possibility of parole. Whitmore contends the trial

court erred by not applying section 654 to his sentences for carjacking and kidnapping.

We reverse Whitmore’s sentence on all counts and direct the trial court to resentence

Whitmore.

                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The victim was an adult male who worked as a counselor at the Aiming High

Treatment Group Home in Yucaipa. The victim was a single father to two children; he

attended law school, and worked at the group home at night. The group home was a

three-bedroom house, with a living room and kitchen. The counselor on duty had keys

to the locked cabinets and doors in the house. The counselors kept money (belonging to

residents and the facility), food, medicine, a clothing iron, and kitchen utensils in the

locked cabinets and closets. Although two counselors were on duty at the home during

the day, only one counselor was on duty at the home during the night.

       In August 2009, five or six boys were living at the group home. All the boys

were placed in the home by the courts as part of the boys’ terms of probation. Dubose

and Whitmore (collectively “defendants”) were residents at the group home.

Defendants were friends. Defendants’ bedrooms were across the hallway from one

                                             4
another. Whitmore had his own bedroom, while Dubose shared a room with Richard

Maldonado (Maldonado).

       On August 22, 2009, Whitmore was upset because the probation department

denied him a weekend pass to go home. One of the daytime group home counselors,

Albert Williams (Williams) spoke to Whitmore about “calming himself down.” In the

“later part of the evening,” Williams noticed defendants “were staying to themselves a

lot and whispering a lot among themselves, and when [Williams] asked what was going

on, they would say nothing.”

       Williams spoke about defendants’ behavior with the second daytime counselor,

Delia Brown (Brown). Brown and Williams decided to observe defendants a “little

closer” during their shift. Leroy Ryan (Ryan), another resident of the group home,

overheard Whitmore say something to Dubose about “going along with the plan.”

Dubose “nodded and said ‘yeah.’” Approximately two months prior, Ryan heard

defendants discuss stealing the “house money,” which was like petty cash, and running

away to Los Angeles.

       When the victim began his night shift, Brown and Williams advised him “to be

very careful,” because “Whitmore was pacing a lot, talking to himself a lot”; however,

he was not “showing any signs of violence.” Williams believed defendants might run

away from the group home that night. Williams stayed approximately 30 minutes after

his shift ended, until 10:30 p.m., in order to make sure the victim would be okay as the

only counselor in the house that night. When Williams left, the cabinets were locked

and it appeared to Williams all the boys were in bed for the night.

                                            5
       Dubose did not go to bed. Dubose took his clothes and hangers from the closet

and placed them on the floor. Dubose then removed the wooden rod from the closet

that the clothes hung on. Dubose sat on his bed with the wooden rod for approximately

10 minutes and then went into the hallway to speak with Whitmore. The victim told

defendants to go back to bed. Dubose struck the victim’s back with the wooden rod,

causing the victim to fall down. Whitmore laughed and began punching and kicking the

victim. The victim put his hands up with his palms out to defend himself. The victim

screamed, “‘Leave me alone, take everything.’”

       The beating took place in the hallway for several minutes, with the victim being

punched, kicked, and struck with the rod. Dubose swung the rod from over his head.

The victim begged for his life. The victim tried to exit the house by moving down the

hallway, but Dubose followed the victim, and caused the victim to move further back

into the hallway, eventually arriving in Whitmore’s bedroom.

       The beating continued in Whitmore’s bedroom. Eventually the victim stopped

screaming. Dubose went into the bedroom he shared with Maldonado. Dubose had

blood on him. Dubose told Maldonado, “‘Better not snitch,’” which meant he should

not testify. Dubose retrieved clothes from the bedroom. Whitmore went into Ryan’s

bedroom. Whitmore took sheets from Ryan’s roommate’s bed and some clothes.

Dubose told Whitmore to “‘hurry up.’”

       Eventually, the house became quiet. Maldonando exited his bedroom and saw

pools of blood and a trail of blood in Whitmore’s bedroom. Maldonando could hear the

victim “trying to catch his breath.” It sounded as though the victim was inside a closet,

                                            6
which was locked. Maldonando went to Ryan’s bedroom and told him about the blood

he saw. Ryan called his grandmother and asked her to call the group home manager.

Ryan and Maldonando received permission from the manager to kick open the closet

door.

        Maldonando kicked the closet door open. Maldonando and Ryan saw the victim

inside the closet, tied up with sheets and extension cords. The victim did not speak, he

“was just trying to catch his breath.” While waiting for paramedics and law

enforcement to arrive, Ryan noticed all the cabinets and drawers in the kitchen and

garage were open. Ryan also noticed the victim’s car was not in the garage, which was

where the victim typically parked it.

        On the night of August 22, 2009, CHP Officer Goulding saw the victim’s car on

westbound Interstate 10. The car was weaving across lanes of traffic and fluctuating

between speeds of 65 and 80 miles per hour. Officer Goulding and his partner activated

their car’s red flashing lights. The victim’s car accelerated and weaved through traffic.

Officer Goulding contacted CHP dispatch and activated his car’s siren. As the victim’s

car exited the freeway at a high rate of speed, the brakes locked, the car skidded through

the intersection, and it made a hard right turn onto Sierra Avenue. As the car travelled

down Sierra, it turned, skidded, went over a raised concrete center median, collided with

a metal traffic sign, and became lodged on the median. The driver “revv[ed]” the

engine, but the car did not move.

        A few seconds later, the driver and front passenger doors opened. Dubose exited

the driver’s side of the car. Whitmore exited the passenger side of the car. Dubose ran

                                            7
north, while Whitmore ran south. Officers detained defendants. Defendants were

handcuffed and placed together in a patrol vehicle. Defendants smiled at one another.

Whitmore appeared “almost excited or even gleeful.” An officer placed a tape recorder

in the patrol vehicle. The officers did not know about the incident in the group home,

but defendants refused to identify themselves to the officers, so the officers placed the

recorder in the car in hopes of determining why defendants fled from the officers.

       The officers left defendants in the patrol car for approximately 10 minutes while

the officers were at the scene of the car crash. Officer Goulding found letters with

defendants’ names on them in the victim’s car. When defendants asked for their letters,

the officer was able to identify defendants. The officer also found the victim’s wallet

and driver’s license in the car. Officer Goulding believed the car may have been stolen,

so he transported defendants to the CHP office in San Bernardino. Officer Goulding

called the victim’s home to ask about the car, and the victim’s son said the victim was

working at the group home. When Officer Goulding called the group home, he spoke to

a deputy and learned about the crimes that took place there.

       Officer Goulding listened to the audio recording from the patrol vehicle. On the

recording, defendants discussed what crimes they could be found responsible for

committing. Defendants discussed attempted murder and carjacking. Dubose asserted

he would be charged with carjacking, while Whitmore would only be accused of being

an accessory, since Dubose was the driver. Whitmore agreed that he would be accused

of being an accessory to attempted murder and carjacking. Whitmore believed he

would receive “half” the prison term of Dubose.

                                             8
       Dubose asked Whitmore, “Did we really get caught?” Whitmore responded, “I

made that nigga sleep . . . .” As the conversation continued, Dubose said, “I was beatin’

[the victim’s] ass.” Whitmore responded, “Oh ya, you swat that (Inaudible) . . . .”

Dubose laughed, and Whitmore said, “That’s my first time I ever seen anyone sleep like

that.” Dubose responded, “I hit him like two hits then the guy’s eyes started to[] shut.

The nigga’s eye[s] shut.” Dubose told Whitmore, “I think this gonna be the biggest

charge I ever caught.” Dubose believed he would be charged with “five felonies,”

including attempted murder and “[h]igh speed chase.” Dubose told Whitmore they

would be going to prison, rather than juvenile hall.

       When San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Deputy Scott arrived at the group home,

he found the victim tied up on the floor of a bedroom closet. The victim was face down

with a sheet tied around his neck. The victim was “hog-tied,” with his hands behind his

back and his feet tied together and pulled back toward his hands. There was a pool of

blood under the victim. The victim was breathing loudly into the pool of blood. The

victim did not respond to the deputy’s voice or touch. The cord from a steam iron and

extension cords were used to bind the victim. Deputy Scott saw a broken piece of the

iron in the bedroom, “drag marks” toward the closet, and cabinets that were in disarray.

       Blood spatter and stains in the entryway of the group home indicated the victim

was struck at least two times while he was on his feet, but bent over or hunched down.

Blood stains in Whitmore’s bedroom reflected the victim was struck while on his knees

or lying on the ground. The blood stains reflected “a minimum of six blows to the

victim,” e.g., two in the entryway and four in the bedroom.

                                            9
       At the hospital, doctors removed a blood clot that was pressing on the victim’s

brain. Doctors did not replace a piece of the victim’s skull, which doctors had removed,

because they were waiting for the brain swelling to reduce. The victim’s facial bones

were fractured and he had various defensive wounds. The victim suffered a fractured

rib on his back side, reflecting he had been struck. The victim also suffered

hemorrhages in his neck, likely due to being strangled. The victim died five days after

the beating. The swelling in the victim’s brain was so great that blood could not

circulate to it. It was determined the victim’s death was caused by “[b]lunt head

injury,” with strangulation possibly being a contributing factor. A forensic pathologist

believed the victim’s injuries could have been caused by a clothing iron or a wooden

rod, if the rod were swung “very hard.”

                                      DISCUSSION

       A.     DUBOSE

              1.     TORTURE INSTRUCTION

                     a)      Procedural History

       The trial court gave the jury three different instructions for the torture special

circumstances allegation. First, the court instructed the jury about the intent

requirement for an accomplice. The instruction provided, “If you decide that Carlos

Dubose is guilty of first degree murder but was not the actual killer, then, when you

consider the special circumstances of carjacking or robbery or torture, you must also

decide whether the defendant acted either with intent to kill or with reckless

indifference to human life.” (CALCRIM No. 703.)

                                             10
       The trial court then gave the jury a second torture instruction. The instruction

provided, “[T]he People must prove that: [¶] 1. Carlos Dubose committed or aided and

abetted carjacking or robbery or torture. [¶] 2. Carlos Dubose intended to commit or

intended to aid and abet the perpetrator in committing carjacking or robbery or torture.

[¶] 3. If Carlos Dubose did not personally commit carjacking or robbery or torture then

a perpetrator, who Carolos Dubose was aiding and abetting before or during the killing

personally committed carjacking or robbery or torture. [¶] 4. Carlos Dubose or Davion

Whitmore did an act that caused the death of another person; [¶] AND [¶] 5. The act

causing the death and the carjacking or robbery or torture were part of one continuous

transaction.” (CALCRIM No. 730.)

       The instruction continued, “The defendant must have intended to commit, or

aided and abetted the felonies of carjacking or robbery or torture before or at the time of

the act causing the death. [¶] In addition, in order for this special circumstance to be

true, the People must prove that the defendant intended to commit carjacking or robbery

or torture independent of the killing. If you find that the defendant only intended to

commit murder and the commission of [the] carjacking or robbery or torture was merely

part of or incidental to the commission of that murder, then the special circumstance has

not been proved.” (CALCRIM No. 730.)

       The third instruction informed the jury, “Carlos Dubose is charged with the

special circumstance of murder involving the infliction of torture. [¶] To prove that this

special circumstance is true, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. Carlos Dubose intended

to kill [the victim]; [¶] 2. Carlos Dubose also intended to inflict extreme physical pain

                                            11
and suffering on [the victim]; [¶] 3. Carlos Dubose intended to inflict such pain and

suffering on [the victim] for the calculated purpose of revenge, extortion, persuasion, or

any other sadistic reason; [¶] AND [¶] 4. Carlos Dubose did an act involving the

infliction of extreme physical pain and suffering on [the victim].” (CALCRIM No.

733.)

        In regard to the third instruction, CALCRIM No. 733, the jury asked the trial

court three questions: (1) “As to instruction [CALCRIM No. 733], item #1, can aiding

and abetting apply?”; (2) “Must we find all 4 items on [CALCRIM No. 733] to be true

in order to find special circumstance #3 in count #1 to be true? (Torture)?”; and

(3) “What is the legal definition of the word (intended) in [CALCRIM No. 733] as

regards to Torture?”

        The trial court responded as follows: “1. Regarding the applicability of aiding

and abetting as it relates to the special circumstance allegation of torture for Defendant

Dubose, the answer is yes. See also Court’s Instruction [CALCRIM No. 703]. [¶]

2. Yes, you must find All Four elements proved beyond a reasonable doubt to make a

True finding on this special circumstance, and [¶] 3. Regarding the definition of

‘intended,’ refer to the Court’s Instruction number 9 [CALCRIM No. 200] (the 3rd un-

numbered paragraph).”

        The jury’s verdict reads, “We the jury, in the above-entitle action, find that the

murder of [THE VICTIM] was committed by defendant, CARLOS DUBOSE, and that

the murder was intentional and involved the infliction of Torture to be: [¶] TRUE[.]”

                                             12
                     b)      Analysis

       Dubose contends the torture finding must be reversed because conflicting jury

instructions permitted the jury to find the allegation true without finding Dubose

possessed the requisite intent to kill. The People assert the trial court’s error was

harmless because (1) the trial court instructed the jury that it must find all four elements

of CALCRIM No. 733 to be true, which included an intent to kill element, and (2) the

jury’s verdict reflects it found true the allegation that Dubose intended to murder the

victim.

       We apply the de novo standard when determining whether jury instructions

correctly reflect the law. (People v. Ramos (2008) 163 Cal. App. 4th 1082, 1088.)

Section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17) concerns special circumstances findings when a

murder is committed during an enumerated felony. Robbery and carjacking are two of

the enumerated felonies. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A) & (L).) The special circumstance

of torture is in a separate subdivision—it is not part of the enumerated list. (§ 190.2,

subd. (a)(18).)

       “[T]he torture-murder special circumstance requires proof ‘[t]he murder was

intentional and involved the infliction of torture.’” (People v. Pearson (2012) 53
Cal. 4th 306, 322 (Pearson).) The robbery and carjacking special circumstance requires

only proof that that “[t]he murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in,

or was an accomplice in, the commission of” one of the enumerated felonies.” (§ 190.2,

subd. (a)(17).)

                                             13
       Thus, as in Pearson, the trial court in this case “erred in including torture in the

list of felonies on which the jury could base a felony-murder special circumstance under

section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17),” because the intent requirement for the torture

special circumstance is different than that required for the robbery and carjacking

special circumstances. (Pearson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 322.)

       We now consider whether the trial court’s error was harmless. “‘If conflicting

instructions on the mental state element of an alleged offense can act to remove that

element from the jury’s consideration, [then] the instructions constitute a denial of

federal due process and invoke the Chapman[2] “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard

for assessing prejudice.’ [Citation.] In contrast, ‘misdirection of the jury, including

incorrect, ambiguous, conflicting, or wrongly omitted instructions that do not amount to

federal constitutional error are reviewed under the harmless error standard articulated’

in Watson. [Citations.]” (People v. Larsen (2012) 205 Cal. App. 4th 810, 829-830.)

       In response to the jury’s question, the trial court informed the jury that it had to

find all four elements of CALCRIM No. 733 true, which included finding “Carlos

Dubose intended to kill [the victim].” (CALCRIM No. 733.) Given the jury was

directly instructed it had to find true the allegation that the murder was intentional in

order to make a true finding on the torture special circumstance, we conclude the trial

court’s error was harmless under both the Chapman and Watson standards because the

       2   Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d
818.

                                             14
jury was ultimately properly instructed about the requirement of Dubose intending to

kill the victim.

       Dubose contends the error was not harmless because (1) in the trial court’s

response to the jury’s questions it also referred the jury back to the erroneous

CALCRIM No. 703 instruction; and (2) the verdict form reflects the murder was

intentional, not that the killing was intentional. Dubose’s first contention is not

persuasive because the trial court directly told the jury it had to find all four elements

true on the correct instruction. Thus, while the reference to CALCRIM No. 703 may

have caused the jury to make additional findings, it nonetheless knew it had to find the

allegation that the killing was intentional to be true in order for the torture special

circumstance to be true.

       Dubose’s second argument concerns the word “murder” being used on the

verdict form, rather than the word “killing.” Dubose asserts “that a finding of an

intentional murder can[not] substitute for a finding of an intentional killing needed for a

torture murder special circumstance finding.” Dubose’s argument is not persuasive

because the jury was instructed it had to find, “Carlos Dubose intended to kill [the

victim].” Thus, while the wording on the verdict form reflects “the murder was

intentional,” which could be problematic (Pearson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 323, fn. 7),

the error is still harmless because the jury was correctly instructed it must find “Dubose

intended to kill [the victim].” (See People v. Butler (2009) 46 Cal. 4th 847, 873 [we

presume jurors are intelligent and follow the court’s instructions].)

                                             15
              2.     UNANIMITY

       Dubose contends the trial court erred by not instructing the jury it must

unanimously agree on the special circumstances findings. Specifically, Dubose asserts

the jury should have been instructed that it must unanimously decide if evidence of

Dubose (1) beating the victim with a wooden rod, or (2) strangling the victim with a bed

sheet, proved Dubose intended to kill the victim or acted with a reckless disregard.

Dubose asserts that because different factual theories (as opposed to different legal

theories) of the charge were presented, a unanimous finding was required.

       The California Supreme Court has held, “[T]he jury need not unanimously agree

‘on the precise factual details of how a killing under one or the other theory occurred in

order to convict defendant of first degree murder.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Jenkins

(2000) 22 Cal. 4th 900, 1025.) The United States Supreme Court has concluded,

“‘[D]ifferent jurors may be persuaded by different pieces of evidence, even when they

agree upon the bottom line. Plainly there is no general requirement that the jury reach

agreement on the preliminary factual issues which underlie the verdict.’ [Citation.]”

(Schad v. Arizona (1991) 501 U.S. 624, 631-632.)

       Dubose was charged with one count of murder, along with the special

circumstances that the murder occurred during a robbery and carjacking, and that the

killing was intentional and involved torture. The trial court instructed the jury, “In order

for you to return a finding that a special circumstance is or is not true, all 12 of you must

agree. [¶] You must consider each special circumstance separately.”

                                             16
       Given that there was a single murder charge and the special circumstances

involved separate acts, torture, taking a car, and taking a wallet, it does not appear a

unanimity instruction needed to be given, since “the jury need not unanimously agree

‘on the precise factual details of how a killing under one or the other theory occurred in

order to convict defendant of first degree murder.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Jenkins,

supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1025.) In other words, since there was only one murder and

distinct crimes composed the special circumstances allegations, there was no

requirement the jury unanimously agree on the precise factual underpinnings, so long as

all the jurors agreed the alleged murder and special circumstances occurred.

              3.     MOTIVE

       Dubose contends the trial court lowered the prosecutor’s burden of proof by

instructing the jury the prosecutor did not need to prove a motive in the crime of

“kidnapping for [purposes of committing a] robbery.” Dubose contends the motive of

robbery “was effectively an element” of the crime of kidnapping for purposes of

robbery, so instructing the jury that a motive was not required essentially removed an

element from the charged offense.

       Motive and specific intent are not the same thing. “Motive describes the reason a

person chooses to commit a crime. The reason, however, is different from a required

mental state such as intent or malice.” (People v. Hillhouse (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 469,

504.) In Hillhouse, the defendant asserted the trial court erred in a murder and

kidnapping for purposes of robbery case by instructing the jury that “‘[m]otive is not an

element of the crime charged and need not be shown.’” (Id. at p. 503.) The Supreme

                                             17
Court explained “although malice and intent or purpose to steal were elements of the

offenses, motive was not.” (Id. at p. 504.)

       Given our Supreme Court’s holding that motive is not an element of kidnapping

for purposes of robbery, we conclude the trial court did not err by instructing the jury

that motive is not an element of the crime because the instruction correctly reflects the

law. (See generally Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County

(1962) 57 Cal. 2d 450, 455 [“Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law

declared by courts of superior jurisdiction”].)

              4.     INTENT TO KILL

       Dubose contends his LWOP sentence is unconstitutional because the jury did not

find Dubose intended to kill the victim. As set forth ante, the jury asked, “Must we find

all 4 items on [CALCRIM No. 733] to be true in order to find special circumstance #3

in count #1 to be true? (Torture)?” The trial court responded, “Yes, you must find All

Four elements proved beyond a reasonable doubt to make a True finding on this special

circumstance.” One of the four elements reads, “Dubose intended to kill [the victim].”

Since the jury was explicitly informed that it must find an intentional killing in order to

render a true finding on the torture special circumstances allegation, and that allegation

was found true, we reject Dubose’s premise that the jury did not find an intentional

killing. As a result, we find his argument to be unpersuasive.

              5.     CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

       Dubose asserts an LWOP sentence for a minor is cruel and unusual punishment.

The United States Supreme Court has held that a mandatory LWOP sentence for a

                                              18
juvenile violates the Eighth Amendment—it must be a discretionary sentence. (Miller

v. Alabama (2012) ___ U.S. ___ [132 S. Ct. 2455, 2464, 2471] (Miller).) Section 190.5,

subdivision (b), authorizes a trial court to impose an LWOP sentence or a sentence of 25

years to life when a defendant is convicted of a special circumstances murder and the

defendant committed the murder when s/he was at least 16 years old, but under the age

of 18 years old. Thus, the California sentencing scheme affords a trial court sentencing

discretion and does not impose a mandatory LWOP sentence. As a result, we conclude

Dubose’s LWOP sentence does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.

              6.      MANDATORY SENTENCING SCHEME

       Dubose asserts it is unconstitutional to impose an LWOP sentence via a

mandatory sentencing scheme that does not permit consideration of mitigating factors.

As set forth ante, the LWOP sentencing scheme is not mandatory. Section 190.5,

subdivision (b), permits a trial court to impose an LWOP sentence or a sentence of 25

years to life “at the discretion of the court.” Since the sentencing statute affords a trial

court discretion in sentencing a defendant, we are not persuaded that it is an

unconstitutional mandatory sentencing scheme.

       Dubose asserts the sentencing scheme is “‘generally mandatory,’” because

LWOP is the presumptive punishment and a sentence of 25 years to life is only granted

in rare cases. In support of his argument, Dubose points to this court’s opinion in

People v. Guinn (1994) 28 Cal. App. 4th 1130, 1142 (Guinn), in which we wrote, “The

fact that a court might grant leniency in some cases, in recognition that some youthful

special circumstance murderers might warrant more lenient treatment, does not detract

                                             19
from the generally mandatory imposition of LWOP as the punishment for a youthful

special circumstance murderer.”

       We do not find Dubose’s argument to be persuasive, because to the extent Guinn

held an LWOP sentence is the presumptive sentence, it has been overruled by Miller. In

Miller, the United States Supreme Court set forth factors that a trial court should

consider when sentencing a juvenile special circumstances murderer: mitigating

circumstances and “age and age-related characteristics and the nature of their crimes.”

(Miller, supra, ___ U.S. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2475].) Thus, in light of Miller, it would

be incorrect for a court to follow the Guinn holding and interpret section 190.5,

subdivision (b), as setting forth a presumptive LWOP sentence; rather, the subdivision

must be read as requiring consideration of the Miller factors. (In re Marquez (2003) 30
Cal. 4th 14, 20 [courts interpret statutes in a manner consistent with constitutional

provisions].)

       When section 190.5, subdivision (b), is read in light of Miller, rather than Guinn,

there is not a presumptive sentencing scheme, there are merely factors to be considered.

The statutory language reads, “The penalty for a defendant found guilty of murder in the

first degree, in any case in which one or more special circumstances enumerated in

Section 190.2 or 190.25 has been found to be true under Section 190.4, who was 16

years of age or older and under the age of 18 years at the time of the commission of the

crime, shall be confinement in the state prison for life without the possibility of parole

or, at the discretion of the court, 25 years to life.”

                                               20
       On its face, the statute sets forth two sentencing possibilities: (1) LWOP, or

(2) 25 years to life. When the statute is read in light of Miller, the “discretion” aspect of

the statute requires selection of one of the two sentencing options after analyzing the

Miller factors. Thus, the statute is not unconstitutional on its face, and can be

interpreted in a constitutional manner consistent with Miller. Accordingly, the statute is

not facially unconstitutional because it does not set forth a presumptive LWOP

sentence.3

              7.     DISCRETION

       Dubose contends the trial court erred in sentencing him because it was unaware it

had the authority to sentence him to a prison term of 25 years to life. (§ 190.5, subd.

(b).) The People note the Miller case had not been decided at the time of Dubose’s

sentencing hearing and concede the matter should be remanded so the trial court may

exercise its discretion concerning Dubose’s sentence.

       In November 2011, when the trial court sentenced Dubose, the United States

Supreme Court had not yet decided the Miller case. Thus, the trial court did not

explicitly consider the Miller factors when sentencing Dubose. Typically, when the

       3  Dubose requests this court take judicial notice of the Attorney General’s
respondent’s brief in Guinn, supra, 28 Cal. App. 4th 1130, because the Attorney General
made arguments in that case, which would support Dubose’s position concerning the
presumptive LWOP sentence in section 190.5. As we have explained ante, Miller has
effectively overruled the Guinn interpretation of section 190.5, subdivision (b). The
Guinn interpretation of the statute would be unconstitutional in light of Miller. As a
result, we deny the request for judicial notice because we do not need the Attorney
General’s Guinn brief to conclude Dubose is correct—Guinn, and its interpretation of a
presumptive LWOP sentence, is problematic in light of Miller.

                                             21
record is silent we would presume the court followed the appropriate laws (People v.

Gutierrez (2009) 174 Cal. App. 4th 515, 527), but since Miller had not yet been decided

the trial court may not have considered the factors set forth in the case. Accordingly,

we will reverse Dubose’s LWOP sentence for Count 1 and direct the trial court to

resentence Dubose, taking into consideration the factors set forth in Miller. (Miller,

supra, ___ U.S. ___ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2475] [mitigating circumstances, age, age-related

characteristics, and the nature of the crimes].) We express no opinion on the issue of

what sentence should be imposed.

              8.     SENTENCING FACTORS

       Dubose asserts the trial court relied on incorrect factors in imposing his LWOP

sentence. As set forth ante, we have reversed Dubose’s LWOP sentence so that the trial

court may consider the Miller factors when deciding whether to impose an LWOP

sentence or a 25-years-to-life sentence. As a result, Dubose’s contention is moot.

(People v. Travis (2006) 139 Cal. App. 4th 1271, 1280 [when no effective relief can be

granted the issue is moot].)

       B.     WHITMORE

              1.     PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       During a discussion about jury instructions, the trial court asked, “What is [the]

People’s theory?” The prosecutor responded, “It is the felony murder rule, your Honor.

That has been consistently relied upon throughout . . . the course of this trial. The

appropriate instructions are indicated in 540A and 540B. This is not an intentional

                                            22
murder. There is no evidence of that, given the state of the evidence and the witnesses

that testified here.”

       The trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 540A, which concerns

felony murder. The instruction provided, “To prove that the defendants are guilty of

first degree murder under this theory, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The

defendants committed carjacking or robbery or torture. [¶] 2. The defendant intended

to commit carjacking or robbery or torture. [¶] AND [¶] 3. While committing

carjacking or robbery or torture defendants caused the death of another person.” The

instruction also provided, “It is not required that the person die immediately, as long as

the cause of death and the felonies are part of one continuous transaction.” (CALCRIM

No. 540A.)

       The trial court also instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 549, which defines

the term “continuous transaction.” The instruction reminded the jurors that it was the

People’s burden to prove the death and the underlying felony “were part of one

continuous transaction.” (Italics added.) The instruction sets forth the rule that a

continuous transaction may be found if the felony and murder occurred at the same

location, if the murder was committed to aid in the commission of the felony or escape

after the felony, or if the murder occurred in order to prevent the discovery or reporting

of the felony.

       During closing arguments, the prosecutor argued that moving the victim from the

front entryway to the bedroom closet (kidnapping) made it more difficult for the victim

to seek help and save himself from the attack. The prosecutor also argued the

                                            23
kidnapping “helped [defendants] further their interest in robbing and carjacking by

getting rid of him so he could not call the police on them, nor could anyone rescue him

or it took a lot more time to rescue him. He is hidden, left to die with vicious injuries,

hog-tied, a ligature strangling him, absolutely ridiculous the further steps that they took

there. That shows you what is in the mind of these two to do those items. There is the

sheet, locking him in the closet further increased his harm. He was no longer in a

position to help or free himself and it facilitated the defendant[s’] ability to finish the

robbery, carjacking and escape with their crimes.”

       In Whitmore’s probation report, the probation officer asserted consecutive

sentences, rather than concurrent sentences, should be imposed because (1) the crimes

were independent of one another, (2) they involved separate acts of violence, and

(3) they were committed at different times or in separate locations. At the sentencing

hearing, Whitmore’s trial attorney asserted the probation officer’s three reasons were

“just inane in light of the theory on which the case was tried, that of felony murder and

the evidence that was presented. [¶] How can it possibly be contended that the crimes

and their objectives were predominantly independent of each other when the allegation

is that the homicide occurred during the commission of certain of the specified felonies,

and when one of the acts was committed for the purpose of one of the other crimes[?]”

       In response, the prosecutor argued, “[T]his beating took place for at least 30 to

40 minutes, and prior to that there was planning involved, that it occurred on separate

times and separate dates in regards here. You’ve got separate acts, I think, when you’re

talking about both robbery and the carjacking, because there’s separate items and

                                              24
separate behaviors and separate acts that are taking place with respect to completing

each of those different crimes. Certainly with respect to the kidnapping as well when

you have the movement, you have the placement, and you have the various acts taking

place in that regard. In regard to the torture, subsequently taking place after the

kidnapping portion, so that may be the way in which these three items are applied to this

factual scenario independently and separately from what defense counsel has indicated.”

       The trial court said, “Court does find, based upon the facts presented in trial, the

crimes were committed at different times and were separate and independent acts, even

though they fall under the umbrella and charges of felony murder, they were still

separate and independent acts and independent events of violence.” The court

(1) imposed a term of 25 years to life for the murder conviction; (2) imposed a

consecutive one year, eight month term for the carjacking conviction; (3) stayed the

robbery sentence pursuant to section 654; and (4) imposed a consecutive life term for

the conviction of kidnapping to commit robbery.

              2.     ANALYSIS

       Whitmore contends the trial court erred by not applying section 654 to his

sentences for carjacking (§ 215, subd. (a)) and kidnapping for purposes of robbery

(§ 209, subd. (b)(1)) because the two crimes were bundled into an indivisible course of

conduct with the felony murder and shared a single common objective.

       “‘Section 654 precludes multiple punishment for a single act or indivisible

course of conduct punishable under more than one criminal statute. Whether a course

of conduct is divisible and therefore gives rise to more than one act within the meaning

                                            25
of section 654 depends on the “intent and objective” of the actor. [Citation.] If all of

the offenses are incident to one objective, the court may punish the defendant for any

one of the offenses, but not more than one. [Citation.] If, however, the defendant had

multiple or simultaneous objectives, independent of and not merely incidental to each

other, the defendant may be punished for each violation committed in pursuit of each

objective even though the violations shared common acts or were parts of an otherwise

indivisible course of conduct. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Hairston (2009) 174
Cal. App. 4th 231, 240.)

       First degree felony murder occurs when a killing “is committed in the

perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, arson, rape, carjacking, robbery, burglary,

mayhem, kidnapping, train wrecking, or [various sexual offenses] . . . .” (§ 189.) “For

felony murder, the required mental state is the specific intent to commit the underlying

felony. [Citation.]” (People v. Booker (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 141, 175.) Typically, a

section 654 issue is reviewed for substantial evidence. (People v. Hairston, supra, 174

Cal.App.4th at p. 240.)

       The jury was instructed the murder and underlying felony must be “part of one

continuous transaction.” At sentencing, the trial court contradicted the jury’s finding to

the extent the court found separate acts in regard to the murder and underlying felony.

A trial court cannot contradict a jury’s findings when conducting a section 654 analysis.

(People v. Siko (1988) 45 Cal. 3d 820, 825-826.) Thus, the underlying felony and felony

murder are part of a continuous transaction.

                                            26
       The problem we face in this case is: it is unclear from the record what crime

constitutes the underlying felony because the jury was given the option of relying on

carjacking, robbery, and/or torture for the underlying felony. Unanimity instructions are

not required for a jury finding on the underlying felony in a felony murder charge.

(People v. Lewis (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 610, 654.) Therefore, it is possible some jurors

found carjacking to be the underlying felony, while others found robbery to be the

underlying felony.

       It is difficult to determine what other crimes (as opposed to the underlying

felony) were separate from, or continuous with, the felony murder when we do not

know what crime underlies the murder. For example, we do not know if the felony

murder is murder-robbery or murder-carjacking, so it is difficult to analyze whether the

kidnapping for purposes of robbery is a separate act without speculating about the

different possibilities. We also cannot determine Whitmore’s intent during the murder,

since the intent during the murder is the intent to commit the underlying felony.

(People v. Booker, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 175.)

       Whitmore asserts the trial court found the underlying felony is robbery because

the trial court stayed the robbery sentence pursuant to section 654. Our Supreme Court

appears to have concluded section 654 prohibits imposition of a sentence for both the

underlying felony and the felony murder. (See People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 619,

692; see also People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 622, 730-731.) Thus, there is a legal

support for Whitmore inferring robbery is the underlying felony.

                                           27
       However, in regard to the kidnapping for purposes of robbery, the intent for that

offense is robbery. (People v. Lewis (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 415, 519 [a defendant must have

the specific intent to commit robbery when the kidnapping begins]; see also People v.

Jones (1997) 58 Cal. App. 4th 693, 717 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].) Therefore, it is also

possible the trial court stayed the robbery sentence pursuant to section 654 because

robbery shares the same intent and course of conduct with the kidnapping for purposes

of robbery—not because robbery is the underlying crime for the murder. Accordingly,

it is unclear if the trial court found robbery is the underlying felony for the felony

murder because there is an alternate reason for the trial court staying the robbery

sentence.

       The People assert the trial court impliedly found the underlying felony to be

torture based upon the trial court imposing sentence on the carjacking and kidnapping.

We infer the People are asserting the underlying felony had to be torture, because if the

underlying felony is robbery then the kidnapping sentence would have also been stayed.

For example, if the felony murder is murder-robbery, then the intent for the murder was

robbery, and therefore the kidnapping for purposes of robbery shares the same robbery

intent and likely should have been stayed if it was part of the same course of conduct.

Accordingly, under the People’s theory, the felony murder is murder-torture, and the

robbery was stayed pursuant to section 654 only because it shared the same intent and

course of conduct with the kidnapping for robbery. (People v. Jones, supra, 58

Cal.App.4th at p. 717.)

                                             28
       In sum, the trial court stayed the robbery sentence pursuant to section 654, but it

is unclear if that stay relates to the felony murder or the kidnapping for purposes of

robbery. Therefore, we do not know what felony constitutes the underlying felony for

the felony murder. The jury was given the options of resting the first degree murder

finding on a theory of “carjacking or robbery or torture.” Based upon this record, it is

possible no one has yet determined the precise underlying felony. If we do not know

the exact underlying felony, then we cannot perform a section 654 analysis, because we

need to know the underlying felony in order to decipher Whitmore’s intent when

committing the felony murder. (People v. Booker, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 175 [“For

felony murder, the required mental state is the specific intent to commit the underlying

felony”].)

       The question that confronts us is: who determines the underlying felony in a

felony murder when the jury was given three options for the underlying felony?

Supreme Court law provides unanimity instructions are not required for a jury finding

on the underlying felony in a felony murder charge. (People v. Lewis, supra, 25 Cal.4th

at p. 654.) Accordingly, we cannot conclude the finding must be made by a jury,

because the jury is not required to unanimously select a single underlying felony. (See

Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p.

455 [intermediate appellate courts must follow Supreme Court law].)

       Accordingly, we must consider whether the trial court has the authority to select

the underlying felony for the felony murder when it relates to conducting a section 654

analysis. We conclude the trial court does have this authority.

                                            29
       In People v. McCoy (2012) 208 Cal. App. 4th 1333 (McCoy), the defendant was

convicted of burglary, violating a restraining order, and other crimes when he went to

the victim’s residence, broke in, and sexually assaulted her. (Id. at pp. 1335-1336.) The

defendant contended that, because of the way the offenses were charged, there was no

jury finding that the violation of the restraining order occurred on a separate occasion

from the other crimes. (Id. at p. 1338.) The trial court imposed punishment for the

violation of the restraining order, as well as for the other crimes, despite section 654; the

evidence suggested the defendant may have made more than one entry into the victim’s

residence, and either entry would support a conviction of violating the restraining order.

(Id. at pp. 1337-1338.) The defendant objected that, because there was no jury finding

for which entry was the basis for the conviction of violating a protective order (or,

indeed, whether there had actually been more than one entry), the trial court could not

make an independent finding that there was a separate entry upon which to base

separate punishment—i.e., that section 654 did not apply. (Id. at p. 1338.)

       The McCoy court held that a trial court in its sentencing discretion may base its

decision on any facts that are in evidence at trial, without regard to the verdicts, unless

some circumstance in those verdicts forecloses the trial court from doing so. (McCoy,

supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 1340.) For example, in People v. Siko, supra, 45 Cal. 3d
820, both the charging document and the verdicts had specified two particular sex

offenses as the basis for generic charges of lewd and lascivious conduct. Neither the

closing argument nor the instructions had suggested any other basis for the molestation

counts. (Id. at p. 826.) Accordingly, the prosecution, at sentencing, could not posit an

                                             30
alternative factual basis (based upon the evidence at trial) for the two generic

molestation convictions. (Id. at p. 825.) The prosecution had to stay with the two

specific sex acts for which the jury had also convicted the defendant, and therefore

section 654 precluded punishment for the generic offenses. (Id. at pp. 825-826.) “Siko

is thus authority that where there is a basis for identifying the specific factual basis for a

verdict, a trial court cannot find otherwise in applying section 654.” (McCoy, at p.

1339.)

         The McCoy court analyzed various cases in concluding where there is not a basis

for identifying the specific findings within a verdict, then the trial court is not foreclosed

from considering all the available evidence in making its decision under section 654.

For example, “The defendant in People v. Centers (1999) 73 Cal. App. 4th 84 entered a

house with a gun. Three people were inside. He kidnapped one of them. The jury

convicted him inter alia of kidnapping, and of a single count of burglary with a firearm

use enhancement. [Citation.] [The appellate court in Centers] noted that neither the

information nor the verdicts specified a particular victim of the burglary and its firearm

use enhancement. [Citation.] In that circumstance, ‘the trial court is entitled to make

any necessary factual findings not already made by the jury’ [citation] and thus ‘could

properly find multiple victims’ (a finding for which there was substantial evidence) and

impose punishment for the burglary and enhancement in connection with one of the

occupants of the apartment as well as the kidnapping of the other [citation].” (McCoy,

supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1339-1340.)

                                              31
         Accordingly, we must consider whether there was anything in the manner in

which the case was charged and tried, or the jury instruction, or in the arguments of

counsel, which would foreclose the trial court from considering all the evidence at trial

in making a sentencing decision under section 654, i.e., selecting the underlying felony.

The jury instruction limited the trial court to selecting carjacking, robbery, or torture as

the underlying felony. Arguably, the charging document limited the trial court to

selecting carjacking or robbery as the underlying felony, because Whitmore was not

charged with torture. (§§ 190.2, subd. (a)(18), 206.) Since Whitmore was not charged

with torture, it may be problematic to select torture as the underlying felony because

arguably Whitmore was not given notice that he needed to defend against a torture

allegation. (Compare People v. Mancebo (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 735, 747 [due process

requires fair notice] with People v. Cleveland (2001) 87 Cal. App. 4th 263, 269-271

[right to a jury does not apply to statutes that mitigate punishment, such as section

654].)

         We are left with the need for the trial court to explicitly, on the record, select the

underlying felony within the limitations set forth ante. The trial court then needs to

decide the applicability of section 654. We are not concerned with Apprendi4 issues

regarding the trial court’s findings, because section 654 concerns lessening Whitmore’s

sentence, not raising it. (People v. Cleveland, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at pp. 269-271.)

         4   Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466.

                                               32
       The People assert the matter does not need to be returned to the trial court,

because this court should simply apply the substantial evidence test to the trial court’s

implied finding that torture is the underlying felony for the felony murder. We address

the People’s assertion that the trial court impliedly found torture to be the underlying

felony. As explained ante, the record is unclear that the trial court impliedly found

torture to be the underlying felony since the record can also be interpreted as reflecting

the trial court (1) found robbery to be the underlying felony, or (2) did not select an

underlying felony.

       At oral argument in this court, the People asserted torture could be selected as the

underlying felony, without offending principles of due process, because enough

argument and evidence were presented regarding Whitmore and torture during trial and

the pretrial proceedings that Whitmore had sufficient notice he needed to defend against

torture allegations. The People rely on People v. Houston (2012) 54 Cal. 4th 1186, 1227

through 1229, to support their argument.

       In Houston, the Supreme Court concluded a defendant who was charged with

attempted murder, but not charged with willful, deliberate, and premeditated attempted

murder, forfeited his argument concerning being improperly sentenced for willful,

deliberate, and premeditated attempted murder. (Houston, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp.

1225-1228.) The Supreme Court concluded the defendant had notice of the charges

because (1) the trial court said during trial the defendant could face life imprisonment,

and (2) the trial court said the verdict form and jury instructions would include

information about deliberate and premeditated attempted murder as a special finding.

                                            33
(Id. at p. 1227). The Supreme Court concluded the defendant should have raised an

objection to the insufficient indictment, in order to preserve the issue for appellate

review. (Id. at p. 1228.)

       In this case, we do not know what crime the trial court will select as the

underlying felony. We will not issue an advisory opinion deciding the possible due

process implications, if any, that might arise from the trial court’s decision if it were to

select torture as the underlying felony. At this point, the People’s argument that there

are no due process conflicts with selecting torture as the underlying felony would be

better addressed to the trial court; the issue is not ripe for a decision by this court.

(People v. Johnson (2006) 142 Cal. App. 4th 776, 789, fn. 4.)

       Whitmore asserts that it would be “improper for this Court to return the case to

the trial court for a determination of the specific underlying felony,” because the

Supreme Court has concluded a unanimity instruction is not required for determining

the underlying felony in a felony murder. (People v. Lewis, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 654.)

Contrary to Whitmore’s position, it is precisely because a unanimity instruction is not

required that the matter must be returned to the trial court. As explained ante, since the

jury is not required to unanimously select the underlying felony, then the duty falls to

the trial court for purposes of the section 654 analysis. (McCoy, supra, 208 Cal.

App.4th at p. 1340.)

                                       DISPOSITION

       Dubose’s life without parole sentence is reversed (Count 1), so the trial court

may exercise its discretion. The trial court is directed to resentence Dubose on Count 1,

                                              34
taking into consideration the factors set forth in Miller. (Miller, supra, ___ U.S. ___

[132 S.Ct. at p. 2475] [mitigating circumstances, age, age-related characteristics, and

the nature of the crimes].) In all other respects Dubose’s judgment is affirmed.

       Whitmore’s sentences on all four counts are reversed. The trial court is directed

to resentence Whitmore on all four counts and determine the underlying felony for the

felony murder for purposes of conducting a section 654 analysis. In all other respects

Whitmore’s judgment is affirmed.

       CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                                                       MILLER
                                                                                          J.

We concur:

RICHLI
                       Acting P. J.

KING
                                 J.

                                            35