Court Opinion

ID: 9372667
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-22 07:09:12.403401+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:36.682610
License: Public Domain

AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed February 16, 2023

                                   S  In the
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                               No. 05-21-00491-CR

                  THEODORE JAMES MEASON, Appellant
                                 V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                On Appeal from the 59th Judicial District Court
                           Grayson County, Texas
                       Trial Court Cause No. 072307

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION
              Before Justices Molberg, Partida-Kipness, and Carlyle
                            Opinion by Justice Carlyle
      A jury convicted Theodore James Meason of continuous sexual abuse of a

child younger than fourteen and assessed punishment at life imprisonment. The trial

court entered a judgment consistent with the jury’s verdict, and Mr. Meason appeals.

We affirm in this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.

      The state indicted Mr. Meason on eight counts, including one count of

continuous sexual abuse of a child younger than fourteen, three counts of aggravated

sexual assault of a child younger than fourteen, and four counts of indecency with a

child by sexual contact. The charges all stemmed from allegations that Mr. Meason
sexually abused his grandson, GM, and step-grandson, BT1, multiple times over a

period of years extending from March 2008 to July 2015.

         GM was twenty years old at the time of the May 2021 trial. He lived in Mr.

Meason’s home from 2008 to 2010 or 2011, after which he moved to Oklahoma but

stayed occasionally at Mr. Meason’s home on weekends. GM testified that Mr.

Meason sexually abused him as a child, with the first time occurring when he was

eight or nine years old. He said he was in Mr. Meason’s room watching television,

and Mr. Meason came in and locked the door. Mr. Meason pulled the boy’s pants

down around his ankles and began stroking the boy’s penis. Afterwards, Mr. Meason

told the boy not to tell anyone. When asked how many times Mr. Meason abused

him in this fashion, GM testified he “couldn’t even keep count,” but estimated it was

more than forty times.

         GM described how the abuse escalated over the years to include Mr. Meason:

(1) penetrating the boy’s anus with his penis; (2) performing oral sex on the boy;

(3) forcing the boy to perform oral sex on him; and (4) forcing the boy to manually

masturbate him. GM graphically described the anal penetration, providing sensory

details and noting that it was “the worst pain [he’s] ever felt.”

         GM said he waited years before telling anyone about the abuse because he did

not want people to think of him as the kid that “got raped by” a family member, and

   1
       These initials are abbreviations of acronyms assigned to the boys for trial purposes.

                                                    –2–
he “didn’t know how to come forward.” He said he eventually told authorities

because his cousin, BT, came forward with his own allegations of abuse against Mr.

Meason, and he wanted justice for BT.

      BT was fifteen years old at the time of the trial. He testified that he sometimes

slept in Mr. Meason’s bed as a small child and that Mr. Meason would assault him

there. The first time occurred when he was seven years old. He woke up to find his

pants pulled down, and Mr. Meason was stroking his penis. After the second time it

happened, Mr. Meason told him: “If you tell somebody, I’m going to do something

bad to you.” BT said Mr. Meason had a temper, and this warning scared him. He said

Mr. Meason abused him like this on more than ten occasions, with the last occurring

when he was nine years old—after which he stopped sleeping in Mr. Meason’s bed.

BT waited until he was fourteen years old to reveal the abuse.

      Following the boys’ testimony, the State introduced extraneous evidence of

Mr. Meason sexually abusing his daughter, who was thirty-nine years old at the time

of the trial. She testified that Mr. Meason abused her hundreds of times when she

was a child, beginning when she was six or seven years old, and stopping when she

was fourteen, after she reported it to her mother and aunt. She said that the abuse

escalated over the years and included rubbing her vulva with his hand, penetrating

her vagina with his fingers, performing oral sex on her, fondling her breasts, and

forcing her to manually masturbate him. In addition to describing the abuse, she

                                         –3–
corroborated certain aspects of the boys’ testimony concerning Mr. Meason’s home,

his temper, and his access to the boys during the relevant time periods.

        Officer Jesse Grissom from the Grayson County Sheriff’s Office testified

about his investigation into the allegations against Mr. Meason. As part of his

investigation, he interviewed Mr. Meason at his home. The State introduced into

evidence body camera footage of that interview and played it for the jury. In the

video, Mr. Meason admitted sexually abusing his daughter when she was a child,

although he denied some of her allegations about the specific manner in which she

said he abused her. He also noted that family friends had molested him when he was

a child, which he said really “warps your mind” and “makes you feel like it’s alright

to do something to somebody else.” Mr. Meason acknowledged that the boys

sometimes slept in bed with him, but vehemently denied sexually abusing either of

them.

        The jury convicted Mr. Meason of continuous sexual abuse of a child under

fourteen years of age and thus did not reach the other counts.

  THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION BY ALLOWING MR. MEASON’S
              DAUGHTER TO TESTIFY ABOUT EXTRANEOUS ACTS OF ABUSE

        Mr. Meason first contends the trial court violated his constitutional rights to

due process and due course of law by allowing his thirty-nine-year old daughter to

testify that he sexually abused her when she was a child. The code of criminal

procedure provides that in a trial for a sexual offense against a child, evidence of

                                          –4–
extraneous acts of sexual abuse against children may be admitted “for any bearing

the evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of the defendant and

acts performed in conformity with the character of the defendant.” TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. art. 38.37, § 2(b). According to Mr. Meason, allowing the State to introduce

this evidence deprived him of the right to an impartial jury, infringed on the

presumption of innocence, and lowered the State’s burden of proof.2

        We reject Mr. Meason’s arguments to the extent he challenges the testimony’s

admission on grounds that the risk of unfair prejudice substantially outweighed its

probative value. See TEX. R. EVID. 403. Rule 403’s balancing test limits “the

admission of evidence under article 38.37.” Dies v. State, 649 S.W.3d 273, 284 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2022, pet. filed). In reviewing a trial court’s exercise of discretion to

overrule an objection under rule 403, we will reverse only when the trial court’s

ruling lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. See Hernandez v. State, 390

S.W.3d 310, 323 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

        Mr. Meason suggests the extraneous evidence of his daughter’s abuse was

unfairly prejudicial both because it occurred more than twenty-five years before the

trial began and because the circumstances of his daughter’s abuse were not

sufficiently similar to the abuse alleged by the boys. We disagree.

    2
     To the extent Mr. Meason challenges the constitutionality of article 38.37, § 2(b), and assuming it was
preserved for review, this argument lacks merit and has been repeatedly rejected. See Padilla v. State, No.
05-21-00322-CR, 2023 WL 166209, at *6–7 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 12, 2023, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (collecting cases).
                                                   –5–
      Evidence of a separate sexual offense against a child “is probative of a

defendant’s character or propensity to commit sexual assaults on children.” Dies,

649 S.W.3d at 285. Although the “[r]emoteness of an extraneous offense can

significantly lessen its probative value,” it is one factor to consider in assessing

probative value and does not, by itself, require exclusion under rule 403. Id. Mr.

Meason correctly points out that his daughter’s abuse ended twenty-five years before

the trial began, but the gap between the end of his daughter’s abuse and the beginning

of GM’s abuse is closer to twelve or thirteen years. GM was twenty years old at the

time of the trial, and he testified that his abuse began when he was eight or nine years

old. BT’s abuse began five to six years after GM’s.

      And there are substantial similarities between the abuse Mr. Meason’s

daughter alleges, to which Mr. Meason largely confessed, and the abuse the boys

alleged. Each victim was a member of Mr. Meason’s family who testified that the

sexual abuse started around a similar age and occurred largely in Mr. Meason’s

bedroom. All three victims testified that their abuse began with inappropriate

touching. And GM testified that, like the abuse alleged by Mr. Meason’s daughter,

his abuse escalated to oral sex and masturbating Mr. Meason. The daughter’s

testimony involved allegations that were not markedly different in severity or detail

than the boys’ testimony; and, the victims’ different genders do not negate the

probative value the daughter’s testimony has in view of the overall similarities.

These similarities strengthen the probative value of the daughter’s testimony despite

                                          –6–
the temporal gap in the abuse. See id. at 285–86; see also Gaytan v. State, 331 S.W.3d

218, 227 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d) (trial court could find that similarities

between offenses “significantly bolstered” probative force of “extremely remote”

extraneous child abuse—some twenty-four and twenty-eight years prior to the

charged abuse).

      Also, the State’s need for the evidence weighs in favor of its admission. See

Dies, 649 S.W.3d at 286. The State’s case relied largely on jurors finding the boys

more credible than Mr. Meason. In such cases, “[r]ule 403 should be used sparingly

to exclude relevant, otherwise admissible evidence that might bear on the credibility

of either the defendant or the complainant.” Id. (quoting Hammer v. State, 296

S.W.3d 555, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)).While evidence of previous child sexual

abuse is inherently inflammatory, on this record, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by allowing the daughter’s testimony under rule 403 and article 38.37, §

2(b). See id. at 286.

   THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION BY DENYING MR. MEASON’S
             MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE FROM HIS POLICE INTERVIEW

      Before trial, Mr. Meason filed a motion to suppress evidence of the statements

he made during his police interview, arguing that he made those statements while in

custody and without having been advised of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona,

384 U.S. 426, 479 (1966), and article 38.22 of the code of criminal procedure. He

claims police engaged in a two-step “confess and release” technique aimed at

                                         –7–
circumventing Miranda and its progeny, first purporting to speak to him under an

innocent guise and then, once he confessed to certain crimes, providing Miranda

warnings and asking him to repeat the confession. We note that Mr. Meason did not

confess to the charged offenses at this trial, but only to some of the abuse his daughter

had alleged prior to the interview.

      We review a ruling on a motion to suppress for abuse of discretion, using a

bifurcated standard of review. State v. Saenz, 411 S.W.3d 488, 494 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013). We give almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical

facts and “conclusions with respect to mixed questions of law and fact that turn on

an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Id. And we review de novo mixed

questions of law and fact that do not depend on credibility or demeanor, including

whether the historical facts constitute custodial interrogation. Id.

      A defendant’s statement during a custodial interrogation is inadmissible

unless, before making the statement, the defendant received the warnings set out in

Miranda and the code of criminal procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.22,

§ 3(a)(2); Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 525–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Here,

it is undisputed that the police questioned Mr. Meason without providing him those

warnings. Thus, the issue before us is whether Mr. Meason was in “custody” at the

time of the questioning.

      There are generally four situations that may constitute “custody” for these

purposes: (1) the defendant’s freedom of action is physically restrained in a

                                          –8–
significant way; (2) a law enforcement officer tells the defendant he is not free to

leave; (3) a law enforcement officer creates a situation that would lead a reasonable

person to believe his freedom of movement has been significantly restricted; or (4)

a law enforcement officer has probable cause to arrest the defendant and does not

tell the defendant he is free to leave. Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 255 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996).

      All four situations require an objective basis for reasonably believing the

defendant’s freedom of movement is restricted to “the degree associated with an

arrest,” rather than a mere investigative detention. See id. With respect to the fourth

situation, establishing “custody” requires both that the officer manifested his or her

knowledge of probable cause to the defendant and that the record demonstrates other

circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe he is under restraint to

the degree associated with an arrest. Id.; see also Saenz, 411 S.W.3d at 496 (“other

circumstances” may include duration or other factors associated with “the exercise

of police control over” a suspect).

      At a hearing outside the jury’s presence, Officer Grissom testified about the

circumstances surrounding his interview with Mr. Meason. He said he called Mr.

Meason on the phone, told him his name came up during an investigation, and asked

if Mr. Meason was available to talk. Mr. Meason invited Officer Grissom to his

house, which Officer Grissom visited with his partner the following day.

                                         –9–
         Officer Grissom’s partner wore a body camera that recorded the officers’

interactions with Mr. Meason. When the officers arrived at Mr. Meason’s home, he

invited them inside, and they all sat down in his living room. Officer Grissom, who

was armed and in uniform because that was the assigned uniform that day, told Mr.

Meason that he and his partner investigated crimes against children, that they

received a complaint with his name on it, and that they wanted to get his side of the

story.

         Central to Mr. Meason’s arguments on this issue, Officer Grissom began the

interview by saying something to the effect that, unless he admitted to murdering

someone and burying them in his back yard, the officers would be leaving when they

were finished speaking with him, were not going to take him to jail, and he was not

under arrest. Officer Grissom “usually” said this “kind of as an ice-breaker or

something”. Mr. Meason indicated he understood, and he answered the officers’

questions. Approximately half an hour into the interview, Officer Grissom asked if

Mr. Meason would mind showing them around his property. Notably, he told Mr.

Meason it was okay to “say no” and that he could tell the officers to “go away”

whenever he wanted. After walking around the property, the officers spoke with Mr.

Meason for a few more minutes before leaving. The entire interaction lasted

approximately one hour, and the officers did not arrest Mr. Meason until the

following week.

                                        –10–
      Mr. Meason contends on appeal that he was in “custody” during the interview

because a reasonable person would believe his freedom was restrained to the degree

associated with a formal arrest, arguing that Officer Grissom necessarily implied that

the officers would not leave unless and until Mr. Meason satisfactorily answered

their questions. He testified at the suppression hearing to this effect. But his

arguments on this issue depend on an unreasonable interpretation of Officer

Grissom’s statement that the officers intended to leave when they finished speaking

with him, no matter what he said, unless he confessed to committing a murder. A

reasonable person under the circumstances would understand Officer Grissom’s

statement to convey merely that the officers did not intend to arrest Mr. Meason that

day unless he confessed to killing someone and burying the body.

      And if the suppression evidence established that Officer Grissom manifested

his knowledge of probable cause by conveying the boys’ allegations against him,

Mr. Meason does not point to any “other circumstances” in the record that would

lead a reasonable person to believe he was under restraint to the degree associated

with a formal arrest. See Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 255 (the fourth situation); Saenz,

411 S.W.3d at 496 (“other circumstances”). The interview took place at Mr.

Meason’s home at his invitation; it was conversational and non-confrontational; it

was not unreasonably long; the officers did not physically restrain Mr. Meason in

any way; and the officers did not suggest that Mr. Meason could not terminate the

interview at any time. As noted, Officer Grissom at one point told Mr. Meason he

                                        –11–
could instruct the officers to “go away” whenever he wanted. See Moreno v. State,

586 S.W.3d 472, 500 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2019), rev’d on other grounds, 605 S.W.3d

475 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (weighing the circumstances in concluding defendant’s

home interview was non-custodial). And Mr. Meason vehemently denied having

sexually assaulted either boy, admitting only to some uncharged conduct against his

daughter. Under the totality of the circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by denying Mr. Meason’s motion to suppress.

THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION BY FAILING TO CONDUCT A HEARING
                  ON MR. MEASON’S MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL

        Mr. Meason contends the trial court abused its discretion by failing to conduct

a hearing on his motion for new trial, but nothing in the record establishes that Mr.

Meason presented a request for a hearing to the trial court or sought a ruling on such

a request. He has not preserved the issue for our review See Perez v. State, 429

S.W.3d 639, 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).3

    3
      Had he preserved the issue, we would find no abuse of discretion because the affidavit attached to the
motion is conclusory and speculative regarding the effect that any of the physical, mental, and emotional
ailments had on the trial. See Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“[A]ffidavits
that are conclusory in nature and unsupported by facts do not provide the requisite notice of the basis for
the relief claimed; thus, no hearing is required.”).
                                                  –12–
      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                          /Cory L. Carlyle/
                                          CORY L. CARLYLE
Do Not Publish                            JUSTICE
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)
210491F.U05

                                       –13–
                                   S
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                 JUDGMENT

THEODORE JAMES MEASON,                        On Appeal from the 59th Judicial
Appellant                                     District Court, Grayson County,
                                              Texas
No. 05-21-00491-CR          V.                Trial Court Cause No. 072307.
                                              Opinion delivered by Justice Carlyle.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                  Justices Molberg and Partida-Kipness
                                              participating.

    Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered February 16, 2023

                                       –14–