Court Opinion

ID: 4262808
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-04-11 09:11:46.811195+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:08.233056
License: Public Domain

Court of Appeals, State of Michigan

                                              ORDER

       Michael J. Talbot, Chief Judge, acting under MCR 7.21 l(E)(2), orders:

        The opinions in the following appeals are hereby AMENDED to correct a clerical error in the
date of issuance. The date on the opinions is corrected to read April 10, 2018 .

              334631 People of MI v Maurice Larnell Glover
              335396 People of MI v Robert Daren Hale
              336245 People of MI v Toriono Kent
              336893 Goldcorp Inc v Varoujan M Basmajian
              337595 Jeffery Beck v Alpine Shredders Limited
              337951 Teddy 23 LLC v Department of Treasury

       In all other respects, the opinions remain unchanged.

                        A true copy entered and certified by Jerome W. Zimmer Jr. , Chief Clerk, on

                               APR 1 D 2018
                                       Date
                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   April 9, 2018
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 336245
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
TORIONO KENT, also known as                                        LC No. 15-006532-01-FC
TORIONO RAHMAN KENT,

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SERVITTO, P.J., and MARKEY and O’CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals by right his jury trial convictions of assault with intent to do great
bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84, assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83,
first-degree home invasion, MCL 750.110a(2), intentional discharge of a firearm in a building,
MCL 750.234b, carrying a dangerous weapon with unlawful intent, MCL 750.226, and
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. The
trial court sentenced defendant to 66 to 120 months’ imprisonment for the assault with intent to
do great bodily harm less than murder conviction, 225 to 360 months’ imprisonment for the
assault with intent to commit murder conviction, 111 to 240 months’ imprisonment for the first-
degree home invasion conviction, 57 to 120 months’ imprisonment for the intentional discharge
of a firearm in a building conviction, two to five years’ imprisonment for the carrying a
dangerous weapon with unlawful intent conviction, and two years’ imprisonment for the felony-
firearm conviction. We affirm.

        This case arises from two shootings of a single victim in Detroit. Late in the evening of
June 30, 2015, defendant and his next-door neighbor, Ray Williams, were drinking together in
their apartments in Detroit. Defendant’s girlfriend, Christine Davis, was also present at that
time. Eventually, defendant and Williams got into a “fistfight” over Williams’s excessive noise,
and according to Williams, he lost the fistfight and left defendant’s apartment. Subsequently,
Williams left their apartment building and headed towards another apartment building. As
Williams approached the other apartment building, a red or maroon Ford automobile driven by
Davis pulled up near Williams, and defendant exited the automobile with a black gun.

       Defendant pointed his gun at Williams and began shooting. Williams estimated that
defendant fired five to six shots before defendant stopped shooting, and then defendant fired

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“some more.” Williams was “hit” on his lower right side. During trial, Williams lifted his shirt,
and the prosecutor noted for the record that Williams displayed “two black marks in a linear,
somewhat downward sloping direction on his right flank.”

        After defendant finished shooting, he entered the automobile and left the area. Williams
went back home to his apartment afterwards. He did not call 911, and he eventually passed out
in his apartment while he was still bleeding. Williams woke up the next day, and he went to
Henry Ford Hospital for medical attention. During trial, Williams explained that he did not
reveal the identity of his shooter at that time because he “was just seeking medical attention at
[that] moment.”

         At approximately 10:00 p.m. on July 7, 2015, Williams saw Davis sitting on a balcony
outside of his apartment building. For a moment, they locked eyes. Davis was on her “phone,”
and she seemed “kind of jumpy” after she saw Williams. Later that evening, Williams saw a
gray or brown compact SUV in front of the apartment building. At that time, Williams was
sitting in the dark in the front of his living room by the window. There was only one light on in
the apartment, and that light was in the apartment’s sole bedroom. Williams’s door was then
kicked in. Defendant was standing in Williams’s doorway accompanied by two other men.

        Defendant was armed with a black .40 caliber gun; the second man was armed with an
AK-47, and the third man held a “chrome .380.” The three men began shooting in the direction
of the bedroom. However, the men eventually stopped shooting in the direction of the bedroom,
and they then began shooting at Williams. Williams testified that the men were approximately 3
feet away from him, and that he was hit with “graze wounds;” however, Williams was unsure if
his wounds were caused by “the drywall that was floating around . . . .” The men did not say
anything to Williams after they finished shooting, instead, they left the apartment, and then
departed from the apartment building in the “gray SUV” Williams saw earlier.

         Shortly after the police arrived, Williams clarified that he did not call 911. He told the
police about the shooting, and he confirmed that he told the police that defendant “did the
shooting.” He also informed the police that defendant lived next door. At some point later,
Williams identified defendant using a photographic lineup. Detroit Police Officer Harold Lewis
testified that Williams also identified Davis using a photographic lineup; however, Officer Lewis
clarified that Williams was not “100 percent sure” about the identification. Approximately one
week later, defendant was arrested after he was seen leaving Davis’s home in Westland.

       Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress
evidence obtained from Davis’s home because the search warrant relied upon by police was
premised upon an affidavit that failed to supply probable cause. We disagree.

       We review de novo the trial court’s ultimate ruling on a motion to suppress evidence,
while reviewing its factual findings for clear error. People v Barbarich, 291 Mich. App. 468, 471;
807 NW2d 56 (2011). We will determine a finding clearly erroneous when left with a definite
and firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake. Id.

      “The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article 1, § 11 of the
Michigan Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Id. at 472.

                                                -2-
“Generally, searches or seizures conducted without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable
and, therefore, unconstitutional.” Id. Evidence obtained unconstitutionally is inadmissible as
substantive evidence in a criminal proceeding. In re Forfeiture of $176,598, 443 Mich. 261, 265;
505 NW2d 201 (1993). “Thus, in order to show that a search was legal, the police must show
either that they had a warrant, or that their conduct fell under one of the narrow, specific
exceptions to the warrant requirement.” People v Davis, 442 Mich. 1, 10; 497 NW2d 910 (1993).

        Constitutional rights, including the freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, are
personal and may not be invoked by third parties. People v Brown, 279 Mich. App. 116, 130; 755
NW2d 664 (2008). “For an individual to assert standing to challenge a search, the individual
must have had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place or location searched, which
expectation society recognizes as reasonable.” Id. An overnight guest at a residence may have a
protected legitimate expectation of privacy. People v Parker, 230 Mich. App. 337, 340; 584
NW2d 336 (1998), citing Minnesota v Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 93-94; 110 S. Ct. 1684; 109 L. Ed. 2d 85
(1990). “The defendant has the burden of establishing standing, and in deciding the issue, the
court should consider the totality of the circumstances.” Brown, 279 Mich. App. at 130 (citations
omitted). The Brown Court noted various factors relevant to standing include,

       “ ‘ownership, possession and/or control of the area searched or item seized;
       historical use of the property or item; ability to regulate access; the totality of the
       circumstances surrounding the search; the existence or nonexistence of a
       subjective anticipation of privacy; and the objective reasonableness of the
       expectation of privacy considering the specific facts of the case.’ ” [Id., quoting
       People v Powell, 235 Mich. App. 557, 563; 599 NW2d 499 (1999).]

        “Probable cause to search must exist at the time a warrant is issued.” People v Stumpf,
196 Mich. App. 218, 227; 492 NW2d 795 (1992). Thus, a magistrate may only issue a search
warrant on finding probable cause, i.e., “when he or she finds that ‘there is a fair probability that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.’ ” People v Franklin, 500
Mich. 92, 101; 894 NW2d 561 (2017)(citation omitted). “A magistrate’s finding of probable
cause and his or her decision to issue a search warrant should be given great deference and only
disturbed in limited circumstances.” Id. Circumstantial evidence, and reasonable inferences
arising from it, may be sufficient to establish probable cause. People v Northey, 231 Mich. App.
568, 575; 591 NW2d 227 (1998).

        Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained from Davis’s home on the
basis that the search warrant relied upon by the police was invalid. At the hearing on defendant’s
motion, defense counsel argued that there was no nexus between defendant, Davis’s home, and
the alleged criminal activity; therefore, the affidavit in support of the search warrant was
defective and failed to establish probable cause. Defense counsel also took issue with the
affidavit’s reliance on “hearsay” from Detroit Police Officer Robert Skender that there was a
“ping” on “the suspect’s phone” near Davis’s home because the affidavit did not specify when
that “ping” was detected. The prosecutor responded that the affidavit alleged that defendant shot
at Williams; Davis was defendant’s girlfriend; defendant exited Davis’s Ford Fusion before he
shot at Williams, and the “ping” was detected after a search warrant had been “signed for a cell
phone.” Moreover, the prosecutor noted that defendant was essentially conceding that Davis’s

                                                -3-
home was also his home in order to establish standing to challenge the search warrant, and that if
he was not, then defendant had no standing to challenge the search warrant.

       The trial court observed that standing was an issue, and defense counsel replied he would
have to research the question of standing. The trial court then considered the parties’ arguments,
noting that “the search warrant [was] a little bit sloppy” because it was missing “the dates of
some things[.]” But the court also observed that “it has the dates of others and I think a
reasonable person reading it could plug this in . . . it’s done in a chronological order.”
Ultimately, the trial court continued the hearing on the motion to another date to permit defense
counsel the opportunity to further research the issue of standing.

       Defendant thereafter filed a supplemental brief in support his motion to suppress. In it,
he contended he was an overnight guest at Davis’s home; therefore, he had standing to contest
the search of Davis’s home. On the same day, the trial court continued the motion hearing.
Defense counsel asserted that defendant had standing to contest the search warrant because “he
may have stayed overnight” at Davis’s home.

        The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress on the basis of defects in the search
warrant. The court explained, “A magistrate reading [the affidavit] would view it in . . .
chronological order,” and that the affidavit provided that “the person who lives at this address
was operating the motor vehicle from which the defendant exited and began firing at the first
site.” So the trial court ruled that “there’s sufficient basis there for the issuance of a warrant[.]”
It making its ruling, however, the trial court did not address the issue of standing.

        At the outset, defendant failed to carry his burden to present any evidence that he had
standing to challenge the search warrant for Davis’s home. While an overnight guest may be
entitled to a legitimate expectation of privacy, defendant presented no evidence in support his
assertion that he was an overnight guest in Davis’s home. In fact, during the motion hearing,
defense counsel merely asserted that defendant had standing to contest the search warrant
because “he may have stayed overnight” at Davis’s home. At most, defense counsel conceded
that Davis was defendant’s “girlfriend,” but defense counsel never provided any evidence that
defendant had actually been an overnight guest in Davis’s home.

        Therefore, the trial court should have denied the motion to suppress the evidence
obtained via the search warrant on the basis that defendant lacked standing. Regardless, the trial
court denied defendant’s motion as it found defendant’s contentions regarding deficiencies in the
supporting affidavit to be meritless. “This Court will affirm a lower court’s ruling when the
court reaches the right result, albeit for the wrong reason.” People v Lyon, 227 Mich. App. 599,
612-613; 577 NW2d 124 (1998).

        Nonetheless, defendant still contends on appeal that the trial court erred when it denied
his motion to suppress, because he asserts that the affidavit in support of the search warrant was
deficient in establishing a nexus between defendant, his shooting of Williams, and Davis’s home.
While defendant failed to establish standing to challenge the search warrant in the first instance,
defendant’s challenge is nonetheless meritless.

                                                 -4-
        The affidavit alleged that defendant shot at Williams after defendant exited a Ford Fusion
driven by defendant’s “girl, ‘Christina,’ ” and subsequently, defendant left the area in that
automobile. Additionally, the affidavit provided that Williams stated that “ ‘Christina’ ” lived in
Westland, and a search of “Accurint law enforcement database” revealed that “Christine Davis”
was a “known associate” of defendant who lived in Westland and that a license plate for a 2008
Ford Focus was registered in her name. Moreover, the affidavit alleged that a search warrant had
been executed for defendant’s cellular phone number, and that on July 14, 2015, Officer Skender
reported that a “ping on” defendant’s cellular phone placed defendant near Davis’s address, and
surveillance revealed that Davis’s Ford Fusion was “observed” at Davis’s home.

        Defendant contends that there was no evidence that he would have left any evidence
related to the shootings at Davis’s home. However, according to the affidavit, Davis provided
defendant with transportation before and after he shot at Williams. As such, there was a fair
probability that defendant or evidence related to shootings of Williams would be present in her
home. Therefore, even when assuming arguendo that defendant had standing to challenge the
search warrant for Davis’s home, defendant has failed to demonstrate why the magistrate’s
finding of probable cause should be disturbed.

        Defendant tautologically suggests that because the supporting affidavit was clearly
defective, no reasonable officer should have relied on the warrant issued by the magistrate in
good faith. Yet, defendant has failed to demonstrate the existence of any underlying defect in the
affidavit or the search warrant; therefore, his contention is unavailing.

        Next, defendant contends that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for a
mistrial, and in his Standard 4 Brief, defendant asserts that he was denied a fair trial due to
prosecutorial misconduct. We disagree.

         To preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct for appellate review, “a defendant must
have timely and specifically objected below, unless an objection could not have cured the error.”
People v Brown, 294 Mich. App. 377, 382; 811 NW2d 531 (2011). Defendant did not preserve
this issue by raising an objection in the trial court based on prosecutorial misconduct.

        To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, the defendant must demonstrate that an
error occurred, the error was plain, and the plain error affected substantial rights. People v
Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). “The third prong requires a showing
of prejudice, which occurs when the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.”
People v Putman, 309 Mich. App. 240, 243; 870 NW2d 593 (2015).

        “A mistrial should be granted only for an irregularity that is prejudicial to the rights of the
defendant, and impairs his ability to get a fair trial.” People v Haywood, 209 Mich. App. 217,
228; 530 NW2d 497 (1995) (citations omitted). On appeal, a trial court’s decision to grant or
deny a mistrial will not be reversed in the absence of an abuse of discretion. Id. An abuse of
discretion occurs when trial court’s decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes. People v Strickland, 293 Mich. App. 393, 397; 810 NW2d 660 (2011).

      “A trial court should only grant a mistrial when the prejudicial effect of the error cannot
be removed in any other way.” People v Horn, 279 Mich. App. 31, 36; 755 NW2d 212 (2008)

                                                 -5-
(citation omitted). Further, an unresponsive or volunteered answer to a proper question is
generally not grounds for the granting of a mistrial. Haywood, 209 Mich. App. at 228.

        The test to determine if alleged prosecutorial misconduct merits reversal is whether the
defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial. People v Dobek, 274 Mich. App. 58, 63; 732
NW2d 546 (2007). This Court considers claims of prosecutorial misconduct on a case-by-case
basis, and the prosecutor’s remarks must be considered in context. People v Bennett, 290 Mich
App 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). “Prosecutors are typically afforded great latitude
regarding their arguments and conduct at trial” and may “argue the evidence and all reasonable
inferences from the evidence as it relates to their theory of the case.” People v Unger, 278 Mich
App 210, 236; 749 NW2d 272 (2008), citing People v Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 282; 531 NW2d
659 (1995). “A prosecutor’s good-faith effort to admit evidence does not constitute
misconduct.” Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 70 (citation omitted).

        On January 20, 2016, at the close of a continued motion hearing, defense counsel stated
that he intended to a file a motion relating to defendant’s “Wayne County I.D. band” which was
found during the search of Davis’s home. Defense counsel was concerned that the “Wayne
County I.D.” would “taint” defendant in “front of the jury” because it suggested that defendant
was “a repeat offender.” In response, the prosecutor suggested that a euphemism be used during
trial to reference the item, and the trial judge observed, “I don’t think we need to say it’s a
Wayne County Inmate or a State of Michigan - you know, anything that indicates prior
convictions or prior contact.” Thus, the prosecutor suggested referring to the item as a
“government issued I.D.” Defense counsel agreed that term “sounded fair “ and that he did not
want “Wayne County Jail Inmate information brought forward.”

        During trial, Detroit Police Sergeant Andrew Dattrolo testified that he assisted during the
search of Davis’s home. He testified that he found a “government I.D.” “bracelet” belonging to
defendant inside a dresser in the same bedroom as the AK-47. During cross-examination,
Sergeant Dattrolo confirmed that the “bracelet” did not have an address on it. During redirect,
the prosecutor asked Sergeant Dattrolo if it would have been likely for that kind of “government
I.D.” to have been left at the house by someone else. In response, defense counsel objected to
the form of the question. After a brief bench conference, the prosecutor asked Sergeant Dattrolo
if there was a photograph on the “government I.D.” Sergeant Dattrolo confirmed that there was
a photograph on that item, that he had been provided with a photograph of defendant before the
search, and that the two matched.

        The prosecutor then asked Dattrolo, “without knowing what the identification is, the
nature of this identification – is that something in your experience that would have been left at a
location that didn’t have an association with the person?” Defense counsel objected to the form
of the question, and the trial court overruled the objection. Sergeant Dattrolo began to respond,
“Well, it’s fact that when people are released from jail or prison . . . .” Defense counsel
interjected, “Judge, I have a motion.” The trial court then suggested an alternative phrasing of
the question to the prosecutor when it stated, “ ‘Without going into what the document is -’ .”

        The prosecutor then rephrased the question, “Without going into what the thing is, in
your experience as a law enforcement officer, this sort of identification - would it likely be at a
location not associated with the owner of that identification? Yes or no?” Sergeant Dattrolo

                                                -6-
responded, “Absolutely not. These things are typically carried with them as their identification
until they can actually get legal identification.”

        Subsequently, defense counsel moved for a mistrial. Defense counsel contended that the
prosecutor’s questions had “brought out that in fact [the government issued identification] was a
jail bracelet;” consequently, there was a “direct violation” of the trial court’s “order” regarding
that item. The prosecutor responded that he did not “go into the nature of the I.D.,” and that
defense counsel had “opened the door to going into exactly what sort of I.D. this was” by
thoroughly questioning Sergeant Dattrolo concerning whether the “I.D.” was a proof of
residence. Moreover, the prosecutor emphasized the fact that Sergeant Dattrolo did not “say it
was a jail I.D. bracelet,” but rather, Sergeant Dattrolo made a “small throwaway comment in the
context of a much larger piece of testimony and a much larger body of testimony.”

        The trial court denied the motion, and it noted that “everybody jumped up including [the
prosecutor]” when Sergeant Dattrolo mentioned “jail or prison.’’ Moreover, the trial court
offered to give the jury a limiting instruction if defense counsel wanted one.

        Defendant contends that he was denied a fair trial when Sergeant Dattrolo referred to
defendant’s “jail bracelet” during trial which “let the jury know that [defendant] had been
arrested and or convicted on unrelated charges.” Defendant’s contention is without merit.

        While defendant asserts that Sergeant Dattrolo referred to defendant’s “jail bracelet”
during trial, in fact, Sergeant Dattrolo said, “Well, it’s fact that when people are released from
jail or prison,” but he was interrupted before he could complete his sentence. Moreover, the
question the prosecutor asked Sergeant Dattrolo was structured to prevent Dattrolo from
disclosing the nature of defendant’s “bracelet.” Nor was defendant or his “bracelet” directly
linked to “jail or prison” as Sergeant Dattrolo was prevented from finishing his statement.

        At most, defendant asserts that the trial court should granted his motion for a mistrial
based on the unresponsive and volunteered answer to the prosecutor’s question. But “an
unresponsive, volunteered answer to a proper question is not grounds for the granting of a
mistrial.” Haywood, 209 Mich. App. at 228.

        Nonetheless, defendant asserts that the prejudicial impact of Sergeant Dattrolo’s
reference to “jail or prison” was heightened due to the relative weakness of the evidence
presented against defendant. Specifically, defendant argues that the prosecution’s case largely
rested on Williams’s testimony, whose testimony was incredible. Of course, defendant
disregards the evidence presented at trial which corroborated Williams’s testimony, including:
(1) the .40 caliber Hornady shell casings collected from the sites of both shootings, (2) the
testimony that all of those shell casings were determined to have been fired from the same
firearm, (3) that two .40 caliber pistol magazines, an AK-47, and an AK-47 drum magazine were
found inside of Davis’s home alongside defendant’s “government I.D.” “bracelet” and a
prescription bottle with defendant’s name on it, and (4) the two boxes of .40 caliber Hornady
ammunition that were found in Davis’s Ford Fusion. Therefore, defendant’s assertion is
unavailing in light of the abundant evidence presented against defendant during trial.

                                                -7-
        Relatedly, defendant raises a claim of prosecutorial misconduct in his Standard 4 Brief
based on Sergeant Dattrolo’s reference to “jail or prison” during his testimony. Specifically,
defendant essentially contends that the prosecutor purposefully intended for Sergeant Dattrolo to
introduce inadmissible testimony. But defendant fails to support his contention with any relevant
reference to the lower court record. In fact, defendant wholly disregards the fact that the trial
judge specifically noted that “everybody jumped up” after Sergeant Dattrolo “began to say ‘. . .
prison, jail,’ ” to “stop him from going any further on it. . . .”

       Thus, defendant has failed to demonstrate that the prosecutor was attempting to introduce
inadmissible testimony via Sergeant Dattrolo. “A prosecutor’s good-faith effort to admit
evidence does not constitute misconduct.” Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 70 (citation omitted).
Therefore, defendant’s contention fails.

       Defendant also raises a second claim of prosecutorial misconduct in his Standard 4 Brief,
on the basis that the prosecutor permitted Williams to commit perjury when Williams testified
“that he was hit and had bullet wounds, when in fact he had been grazed.” Defendant’s
argument lacks merit.

        A defendant’s right to due process is violated when the prosecution allows false
testimony from one of its witnesses to go uncorrected. People v Smith, 498 Mich. 466, 475; 870
NW2d 299 (2015). However, it is defendant’s burden to demonstrate that the evidence or
testimony was in fact false. See People v Bass, 317 Mich. App. 241, 272; 893 NW2d 140 (2016).
“Although an inconsistent prior statement may be a mechanism to impeach a witnesses’
credibility at trial, it is not definitive evidence that the trial testimony is false.” Id. at 275.

         During trial, Williams testified that during the July 1, 2015 incident, defendant exited an
automobile and shot at him more than five times. He explained that he was “hit” on his lower
right side. Later, during trial, Williams lifted his shirt, and the prosecutor noted for the record
that Williams displayed “two black marks in a linear, somewhat downward sloping direction on
his right flank.” After defendant finished shooting, he entered the automobile and left the area.
Williams went back home to his apartment. He did not call 911, and he eventually passed out in
his apartment while he was still bleeding. After Williams woke up the next day, he went to
Henry Ford Hospital for medical attention. He told his doctors that he had been shot, but he did
not tell them who shot him. At trial, Williams explained that he did not reveal the identity of the
shooter at that time because he “was just seeking medical attention at [that] moment.”

        Defendant contends that Williams committed perjury when he offered this testimony
because defendant was merely “grazed” by a bullet as opposed to being “hit.” Thus, defendant’s
contention that Williams’s testimony was false is entirely pedantic, as it hinges on the minor
definitional difference between being “grazed” and “hit” by a bullet. Defendant offers no
detailed explanation as to the difference between those two terms, nor, more importantly, how
such a variance demonstrates that Williams’s testimony was actually false. Hence, defendant has
entirely failed to demonstrate any error in the prosecutor’s presentation of Williams’s testimony.

       Defendant argues in his Standard 4 brief that the trial court erred when it granted the
prosecution’s “motion to consolidate.” We disagree.

                                                -8-
        Generally, an issue is preserved for appellate review when it is raised before and
addressed and decided by a trial court. People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich. App. 376,
382; 741 NW2d 61 (2007). Defendant did not argue in the trial court that his “case” was
improperly consolidated. In fact, defendant’s case and charges were never subject to an order of
consolidation. Defendant did, however, file a pretrial motion to sever, arguing that two counts
of assault with intent to commit murder were based on activity unrelated in time and place to the
remaining charges. The trial court denied defendant’s motion. Therefore, to the extent that
defendant contends that the trial court should have granted his motion to sever, those contentions
are preserved for appellate review.

        “The court’s ultimate ruling on a motion to sever is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.”
People v Girard, 269 Mich. App. 15, 17; 709 NW2d 229 (2005). “Whether defendant’s charges
are related is a question of law that we review de novo.” Id.

        “On the defendant’s motion, the court must sever for separate trials offenses that are not
related as defined in subrule (B)(1).” MCR 6.120(C). Offenses are related under MCR
6.120(B)(1), “if they are based on (a) the same conduct or transaction, or (b) a series of
connected acts, or (c) a series of acts constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.” Thus, the
Court Rules “permit[] joinder of offenses that were not committed at the same time but
nevertheless constitute a series of connected acts or acts constituting part of a single scheme or
plan.” People v Williams, 483 Mich. 226, 241; 769 NW2d 605 (2009) (quotation marks omitted).
Further, the acts need not be “ ‘of the same or similar character[.]’ ” Id. at 242. “The
admissibility of evidence in other trials is an important consideration because joinder of other
crimes cannot prejudice the defendant more than he would have been by the admissibility of the
other evidence in a separate trial.” Id. at 237 (citation, alterations and quotation marks omitted).

        Defendant contends, in his Standard 4 Brief, that the trial court erred when it “granted”
the prosecution’s “motion to consolidate [defendant’s] charges.” But the prosecution properly
charged multiple offenses in single felony information, MCR 6.102(A), and the prosecution
never moved to consolidate any other cases. Thus, to the extent that defendant contends that the
trial court erred when it granted the prosecution’s “motion to consolidate,” we conclude
defendant’s contention must fail because the trial court never actually granted such a motion.

        Regardless, upon review of the lower court record, we note the trial court did deny
defendant’s pretrial motion to sever the charges against him. Thus, despite some confusion on
defendant’s part, it appears that defendant is essentially challenging the trial court’s denial of his
motion to sever. In his motion to sever, defendant argued that the two counts of assault with
intent to commit murder were based on activity unrelated in time and place to the remaining
charges. On appeal, defendant raises similar contentions, albeit with less particularity.

        Nonetheless, defendant disregards that the two counts of assault with intent to murder
consisted of a series of connected acts, chiefly, defendant’s assaults on Williams. Specifically,
during both incidents defendant used a firearm to assault Williams, and therefore, at a minimum,
the offenses were a series of connected acts based on defendant’s intended victim. Moreover,
defendant does not contend that MRE 404(b)(1) would render the evidence of the respective
assaults inadmissible even if separate trials were held. Nor does defendant consider whether the
evidence of each assault against defendant would have been admissible at each respective trial

                                                 -9-
even if defendant’s motion had been granted. So to the extent that defendant challenges the trial
court’s denial of his motion to sever, defendant’s argument is without merit.

      Finally, defendant contends that there is a jurisdictional defect in the manner in which he
was bound over for trial. We disagree.

         “A district court’s bindover decision that is contingent on the factual sufficiency of the
evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. A circuit court’s review of the bindover
decision involves examination of the entire preliminary examination record, and it may not
substitute its judgment for that of the lower court.” People v Norwood, 303 Mich. App. 466, 468;
843 NW2d 775 (2013) (citations omitted). However, appellate review of a circuit court’s
decision to grant a motion to quash a felony information is reviewed de novo to determine if the
district court abused its discretion in ordering the bindover. Id.

         “The purpose of a preliminary examination is to determine whether there is probable
cause to believe that a crime was committed and whether there is probable cause to believe that
the defendant committed it.” People v Perkins, 468 Mich. 448, 452; 662 NW2d 727 (2003).
“The prosecutor need not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that a crime was committed. He
need present only enough evidence on each element of the charged offense to lead ‘a person of
ordinary prudence and caution to conscientiously entertain reasonable belief of [the defendant’s]
guilt.’ ” Perkins, 468 Mich. at 452 (citations omitted) (alteration in original).

         Defendant does not specifically challenge the findings of the district court related to his
bindover. Instead, defendant asserts in his Standard 4 Brief that he was bound over “without
stating on the record by the trial court.” Nor does defendant raise any particularized arguments
that there was insufficient evidence to support a finding of probable cause for his charged
offenses. “An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to
discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment with
little or no citation of supporting authority.” People v Kelly, 231 Mich. App. 627, 640-641; 588
NW2d 480 (1998). Therefore, defendant has abandoned any challenge related to the evidence
presented during his preliminary examination.

        Instead, defendant relies on the trial court’s observation, made during the hearing on
defendant’s motion to quash his bindover, that “it’s always easier when the district judge gives
the reasons for why they do a bind over. It makes it easier to review it because you have to go
through and try and figure out exactly what was going through their mind.” Nonetheless, the
trial court ultimately denied the motion to quash because it found that there was sufficient
evidence presented during defendant’s preliminary examination to support the bindover.
Moreover, at the close of defendant’s preliminary examination, the magistrate clearly stated,
“Based on the testimony the Court believes that the Prosecution has established probable cause
of the offenses as charges [sic] occurring, and that you as the Defendant did commit them.”

        Thus, to the extent that defendant essentially contends that the district court erred by
failing to explicitly bind defendant over, that contention is entirely unsupported by the record.
Moreover, the trial court’s observation regarding the district court’s lack of a detailed
explanation for defendant’s bindover was merely the trial court’s commentary on how its own
review of the district court’s findings would have been made less difficult if an explicit rationale

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for the bindover had been provided on the record, and nothing more. Finally, “[a] defendant may
not appeal whether the evidence at the preliminary examination was sufficient to warrant a
bindover if the defendant was fairly convicted of the crimes at trial.” People v Green, 313 Mich
App 526, 530; 884 NW2d 838 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Therefore,
defendant’s contention is entirely without merit.

       We affirm.

                                                           /s/ Deborah A. Servitto
                                                           /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                           /s/ Peter D. O'Connell

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