Court Opinion

ID: 2816438
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-10 22:17:22.742413+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:39.785323
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                              Appellate Court

                  Essig v. Advocate BroMenn Medical Center,
                           2015 IL App (4th) 140546

Appellate Court   MICHAEL ESSIG and KAY ESSIG, Individually and as
Caption           Coadministrators of the Estate of Kathryn Essig, Deceased,
                  Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ADVOCATE BROMENN MEDICAL
                  CENTER, Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.    Fourth District
                  Docket No. 4-14-0546

Filed             May 29, 2015

Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 09-L-211; the
Review            Hon. Paul G. Lawrence, Judge, presiding.

Judgment          Affirmed.

Counsel on        Thomas J. Pliura (argued), of LeRoy, for appellants.
Appeal
                  Richard E. Stites (argued), of Livingston, Barger, Brandt &
                  Schroeder, of Bloomington, for appellee.
     Panel                    JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                              opinion.
                              Justice Holder White concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                              Justice Turner specially concurred, with opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         In March 2009, 24-year-old Kathryn Essig died of a pulmonary thromboembolism due to
       deep vein thrombosis, which occurred when a piece of a blood clot from her deep veins
       traveled into her lungs and caused a blockage, leading to her asphyxiation. In October 2009,
       Kathryn’s parents, plaintiffs Michael and Kay Essig, sued Dr. Daniel Lange and Carle Clinic
       Association, P.C. (Carle), alleging that Lange’s negligent attempt to remove a kidney stone
       from Kathryn in April 2008 was the proximate cause of her death. In June 2010, plaintiffs filed
       an amended complaint, which added claims of institutional negligence against defendant,
       Advocate BroMenn Medical Center (BroMenn). In February 2014, the trial court granted
       BroMenn’s motion for summary judgment. In June 2014, the court dismissed the case with
       prejudice after plaintiffs reached a settlement agreement with Lange and Carle.
¶2         Plaintiffs appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor
       of BroMenn as to plaintiffs’ claims of institutional negligence. We disagree and affirm.

¶3                                         I. BACKGROUND
¶4        The following facts were gleaned from the parties’ pleadings, affidavits, depositions, and
       admissions on file with the trial court.

¶5                                         A. The Defendants
¶6         Lange is a licensed physician specializing in the field of urology. In April 2008, Lange was
       employed by Carle within Carle’s clinic system in Bloomington-Normal. Although an agent of
       Carle, Lange performed some surgical procedures at BroMenn Regional Medical Center in
       Normal, Illinois. (In January 2010, BroMenn Regional Medical Center merged with Advocate
       Health Care and became known as Advocate BroMenn Medical Center. We refer to the
       defendant in this appeal and the physical hospital facility in Normal interchangeably as
       “BroMenn.”) Plaintiffs do not allege that Lange was an agent of BroMenn during the relevant
       time period.

¶7                                 B. Events Preceding Kathryn’s Death
¶8         On April 2, 2008, Kathryn went to the emergency room after experiencing lower back pain
       and blood in her urine. A computed tomography scan revealed that Kathryn had a left renal
       calculus (a kidney stone in her left kidney). Although Lange could not determine the source of
       Kathryn’s pain, he did not believe that this particular stone was the cause. Later that day,
       Kathryn met with Lange, who, after a consultation, prescribed her some pain medication and
       instructed her to return to see him in five days.

                                                  -2-
¶9         On April 7, 2008, Kathryn again met with Lange and agreed to be admitted to BroMenn the
       next day as an inpatient to undergo a procedure–known as a ureteroscopy–in which a long,
       thin, flexible scope would be inserted into her urethra and up through her ureter to allow Lange
       to see the inside of her urinary system. (The ureter is a thin tube that transports urine from the
       kidney to the bladder.) Lange ordered the ureteroscopy to help him identify the nature of
       Kathryn’s medical problems. Kathryn signed a preprinted form entitled “Acknowledgement of
       Informed Consent to Operation or Procedure.” This form, which bore BroMenn’s letterhead,
       stated, in pertinent part, as follows (italics indicate handwritten portions):
                    “1. I hereby request and authorize Dr. Lange *** to treat the condition(s) which
                appear indicated by the diagnostic studies already performed. The procedure to treat
                my condition is cystoscopy, bilateral retrograde pyelogram, possible ureteroscopy
                with possible stone manipulation and possible stent insertion.
                    2. My doctor has explained to me the diagnosis of my condition and the nature and
                purpose of the procedure for which this consent is given, as well as the risks and
                complications associated with this procedure. In addition, he/she has advised me of the
                feasible alternative forms of treatment.
                    3. I am aware that during the course of the authorized procedure, unexpected
                conditions may be revealed that require an extension of the authorized procedure or
                performance of a procedure different than stated in paragraph #1. I, therefore, authorize
                the above named physician and selected assistant(s) to perform such surgical and/or
                medical procedures as necessary in his/her professional judgment. I am aware that the
                practice of medicine and surgery is not an exact science, and I acknowledge that no
                guarantees have been made to me as to the results of the operation or procedure(s).”
¶ 10       On April 8, 2008, Kathryn was placed under general anesthesia in an operating room at
       BroMenn’s facility, where Lange performed the procedure at issue in this case. The only
       agents of BroMenn present during the procedure were Christine Hammond, a registered nurse,
       and Susan Spencer, an operating-room technician.
¶ 11       Lange performed the ureteroscopy by first passing the ureteroscope through Kathryn’s
       urethra to the bladder, then from the bladder into Kathryn’s left ureter. Finding no kidney stone
       in Kathryn’s left ureter, Lange extended the ureteroscope all the way to the junction of the
       ureter and Kathryn’s left kidney. From prior imaging, Lange knew that a kidney stone was
       present in Kathryn’s left kidney. The ureteroscope was capable of grabbing onto the stone with
       a “basket” that extended from the end of the scope. Although Lange did not think that this
       particular stone was the cause of Kathryn’s recent pain, he decided that removal of the stone
       was medically appropriate. Lange grabbed the stone with the basket, intending to pull the stone
       through the ureter to the bladder, then out of Kathryn’s body. However, after Lange grabbed
       the stone with the basket, the stone became stuck at the junction of the ureter and kidney. The
       stone was too large to pull through the ureter.
¶ 12       In response to this complication, Lange decided to break up the stone into smaller
       fragments. Lange did this by releasing the stone from the basket and operating an
       electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) machine, which fragmented the stone using shockwaves
       generated by electricity. After using the EHL machine to break the stone into two pieces,
       Lange made several unsuccessful attempts to further manipulate the stone fragments or to open
       the basket to retrieve the fragments. At that same time, Lange noticed that Kathryn’s ureter had
       become torn. Concerned that he might cause further damage to the ureter, Lange discontinued

                                                   -3-
       the procedure. In so doing, Lange intentionally left various pieces of equipment inside
       Kathryn’s body so as to avoid further injury to the ureter. Two weeks later, Kathryn underwent
       an additional surgical procedure to remove the stone pieces and the equipment left behind.
       Thereafter, Kathryn continued to experience complications resulting from the damage to her
       left ureter. In the months that followed, Kathryn underwent several additional procedures and
       surgeries, including removal of her left kidney at the Cleveland Clinic in August 2008.
¶ 13        Kathryn continued to experience pain and complications until March 2009, when she died
       suddenly as the result of a pulmonary thromboembolism. Specifically, Kathryn’s death
       occurred because a piece of a blood clot, which broke away from a larger blood clot inside a
       deep vein in Kathryn’s leg, was pumped through Kathryn’s heart and into the arteries of her
       lung, causing a blockage that resulted in asphyxia and cardiopulmonary arrest. It was
       discovered postmortem that Kathryn had suffered from undiagnosed celiac disease during her
       lifetime, which is associated with chronic inflammation and deep vein thrombosis. One of
       plaintiffs’ expert witnesses, Dr. Peter Green, opined in an affidavit that the injury to Kathryn’s
       ureter during the April 8, 2008, surgery exacerbated the symptoms of her celiac disease and
       thereby contributed to her death.

¶ 14                                    C. Plaintiffs’ Allegations
¶ 15       Although plaintiffs’ claims against Lange and Carle are not at issue in this appeal, we set
       forth those claims in detail so as to place plaintiffs’ claims against BroMenn into the larger
       context of this lawsuit.

¶ 16                               1. Allegations Against Lange and Carle
¶ 17       Plaintiffs alleged that Lange, and thereby Carle through the doctrine of respondeat
       superior, negligently (1) performed an invasive surgical procedure on Kathryn that was not
       clinically necessary; (2) failed to properly perform that surgery; (3) proceeded with that
       surgery knowing that a necessary piece of equipment was unavailable–namely, a holmium
       laser–which provides a safer means of fragmenting kidney stones within the body; (4)
       performed EHL upon Kathryn in the absence of Kathryn’s informed consent; (5) caused a tear
       in Kathryn’s ureter; (6) failed to timely recognize and treat that tear; (7) caused or contributed
       to the obliteration of Kathryn’s ureter; (8) failed to properly manage Kathryn’s postsurgical
       condition; (9) failed to timely, properly, and adequately inform Kathryn of the cause and extent
       of the injury to her ureter; (10) failed to fully inform Kathryn of the consequences and
       complications of her care, including that she had suffered an accidental injury during the
       surgical procedure, which caused urine to leak outside of her urological system; and (11) failed
       to afford Kathryn her rights under the Medical Patient Rights Act (410 ILCS 50/0.01 to 99
       (West 2008)).

¶ 18                                 2. Allegations Against BroMenn
¶ 19        Plaintiffs’ claims against BroMenn were not based not upon respondeat superior but,
       instead, institutional negligence, under which “[l]iability is predicated on the hospital’s own
       negligence, not the negligence of the physician.” Jones v. Chicago HMO Ltd. of Illinois, 191
       Ill. 2d 278, 292, 730 N.E.2d 1119, 1128 (2000). Plaintiffs’ complaint set forth 13 specific
       allegations of institutional negligence against BroMenn, which–taken together–generally

                                                   -4-
       alleged that BroMenn committed institutional negligence by (1) permitting Lange to perform
       unnecessary procedures upon Kathryn (specifically, the ureteroscopy and EHL procedure); (2)
       failing to properly obtain informed consent from Kathryn; (3) improperly credentialing Lange,
       particularly as to the use of EHL; and (4) failing to provide Lange with the necessary
       equipment, namely, a holmium laser.
¶ 20        Pursuant to section 2-622(a)(1) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS
       5/2-622(a)(1) (West 2008)), plaintiffs attached to their complaint a physician’s written report
       attesting to the merits of their claims. In that report, Dr. Jay Copeland, a Maryland physician
       who specialized in urology, provided the following opinions regarding BroMenn’s liability:
                “It is my medical opinion there was no need to proceed with ureteroscopy on
                [Kathryn], considering the signs, symptoms, and radiology findings prior to the
                performance of the procedure. *** In my opinion, BroMenn allowed Dr. Lange to
                proceed with performing [EHL] upon the patient without first obtaining the patient’s
                informed consent, and without the patient authorizing such procedure. BroMenn failed
                to disclose to [Kathryn] the potential risks of using the EHL machine and specifically
                failed to disclose the high complication rates that such equipment carries when utilized
                within the ureter in close proximity to the ureteral tissue. ***
                     In my opinion, BroMenn deviated from the medical standard of care by allowing
                the patient to undergo a surgical procedure without first obtaining the patient’s
                informed consent. ***
                     I believe BroMenn should have had a Holmium laser available for Dr. Lange if it
                was his expectation that such equipment was needed for treatment of the patient’s
                medical problem. ***
                     I believe BroMenn was negligent by failing to adequately monitor Dr. Lange,
                failing to provide him with training in the use of the EHL machine, and failing to assure
                that he would provide medical care and services that met the applicable standard of
                care. I believe BroMenn was negligent by failing to properly credential Dr. Lange and
                failing to train him in the proper use of its EHL machine. It would appear from a review
                of the medical records and from Dr. Lange’s deposition that he should not have been
                credentialed to perform such a procedure upon the patient, under the applicable
                circumstances.”

¶ 21                                     D. Lange’s Admissions
¶ 22       In response to plaintiffs’ written interrogatories, Lange provided the following pertinent
       facts: (1) Lange told Kathryn before the April 8, 2008, procedure that he would attempt to
       manipulate the kidney stone, if possible; (2) the stone’s becoming stuck at the junction of the
       kidney and ureter was an unexpected condition of the surgery; (3) it was Lange’s professional
       judgment that the stone’s becoming stuck necessitated the use of EHL; (4) Lange had
       previously used EHL equipment in postresidency practice and believed he did not require any
       additional training; (5) Lange was aware that damage to the ureter was a potential complication
       of EHL; and (6) pursuant to an agreement with BroMenn, a third-party provider could have
       provided a holmium laser for the April 8, 2008, procedure if Lange had so requested in
       advance.

                                                   -5-
¶ 23                                           E. The Experts
¶ 24                                        1. Plaintiffs’ Experts
¶ 25       Plaintiffs retained three expert witnesses: Jay Copeland, M.D.; Peter Green, M.D.; and
       Lawrence Hatchett, M.D. Among those three experts, however, only Copeland claimed to have
       any opinion as to whether BroMenn was in any way negligent. Green and Hatchett both
       explicitly stated that they had no opinion as to whether BroMenn or any of its agents breached
       any applicable standard of care. Accordingly, we summarize only Copeland’s opinions.
¶ 26       At an August 2012 deposition, Copeland testified that the task of obtaining informed
       consent is “purely a function of a physician,” who usually obtains informed consent from the
       patient in an office setting without hospital personnel present. Copeland also testified that it is
       sometimes permissible, and within the standard of care, for a physician to respond to an
       unexpected complication of surgery by performing an additional procedure that was not
       discussed with the patient ahead of time.
¶ 27       Copeland acknowledged that circumstances exist in which the use of EHL falls within the
       standard of care–namely, when used to fragment a stone in the bladder. Copeland believed that
       Lange’s use of EHL to fragment a stone in the ureter was a breach of the standard of care.
       When asked to explain how he believed BroMenn “permitted” Lange to use EHL upon
       Kathryn in an inappropriate manner, Copeland suggested that the BroMenn nurse who was
       present during the procedure should have “questioned” Lange’s use of EHL because (1) EHL
       was not listed on the “operative permit” and (2) the nurse should have known that Lange’s
       intended use of EHL was not appropriate under the circumstances. In somewhat of a
       contradiction, however, Copeland also stated that (1) the stone becoming stuck at the junction
       of Kathryn’s ureter was an unexpected complication of the procedure and (2) the manner of
       dealing with an unexpected complication is a surgical decision, not a nursing decision.
¶ 28       Copeland also agreed that Lange had been trained in the use of EHL, but Copeland did not
       know the nature or extent of that training. Despite statements Copeland made in his section
       2-622 report, he actually did not know anything about the credentials or privileges BroMenn
       provided to Lange regarding the use of EHL. The following exchange occurred between
       Copeland and counsel for Lange and Carle:
                   “[COUNSEL]: You talk about that Dr. Lange was improperly credentialed and
               BroMenn should not have credentialed him to use EHL. What’s your basis for that
               opinion?
                   [COPELAND]: *** I think using EHL in a proper way such as in the bladder is
               what its current use is. And unfortunately *** I don’t know enough about BroMenn’s
               credentialing because there was a problem one way or the other, *** either Dr. Lange
               was not credentialed to use it for renal or ureteral calculi [(stones in the kidney or
               ureter)]. And if he wasn’t, he used it, which is a breach of the standard of care. ***
                   The other way, he was credentialed by BroMenn to use it in the ureter and in the
               kidney, which is not right. ***
                   [COUNSEL]: Okay. Is it common for you to offer opinions with regard to whether
               a doctor was improperly credentialed by a hospital even though you don’t know
               anything about exactly what those credentials are and what that credentialing process
               was?

                                                    -6-
                    [COPELAND]: I guess as a specific statement no, but there’s the problem with the
               peer review where we know that Dr. Lange has had multiple peer reviews ***. ***
               [E]ither Dr. Lange wasn’t credentialed or was improperly credentialed. And if he was
               not credentialed, then it’s the hospital mechanism failing to keep him from using the
               EHL in an improper way.”
       Copeland then explained that his concerns over Lange’s credentials arose from a November
       2009 letter to Lange from BroMenn’s president, Alan Ginzburg, regarding peer review of
       Lange’s past cases. That letter, which is included in the record, reads in its entirety as follows:
               “Dear Dr. Lange,
                   As you know, the medical staff is responsible for peer review and assurance of
               quality care at BroMenn. Over the past few years, several of your cases have been the
               subject of peer review.
                   I am happy to report, however[,] that none of the reviews raised questions or
               concerns regarding your surgical skills, judgment, or medical care. Therefore, this
               letter is to affirm that your urology privileges at BroMenn are full and unrestricted at
               this time.”
       After reading Ginzburg’s letter aloud at his deposition, Copeland stated, “I imply from that that
       there have been questions about cases Dr. Lange has done. I know nothing further than that.”

¶ 29                                        2. BroMenn’s Experts
¶ 30       In support of its motion for summary judgment, BroMenn submitted the affidavit of Kelly
       Cone, a registered nurse who stated that she was familiar with “standards of care for hospital
       personnel such as nurses and certified nursing technicians in the surgical environment and, in
       particular, in the environment of assisting physicians with the urological procedures such as
       occurred in the matter that is in litigation in this case.”
¶ 31       Cone explained why the standard of care would not require the nurse or surgical technician
       to intervene when Lange decided to use EHL:
               “[A] reasonably well-qualified nurse or certified surgical technician would not know
               whether EHL was or was not an appropriate modality of treatment in the situation that
               allegedly presented to Dr. Lange[,] as that is not in their scope of practice. A decision
               of that nature is considered the practice of medicine and is not an area in which a
               reasonably well-qualified nurse or certified surgical technician is educated–hence it
               was not contrary to the standard of care to not attempt to intervene in some fashion
               when Dr. Lange chose that modality of treatment to attempt to alleviate the problem
               that he perceived he was facing.”
       Cone went on to explain that virtually all of Lange’s allegedly negligent decisions regarding
       the April 8, 2008, procedure were medical decisions and therefore outside the scope of practice
       of a nurse or surgical technician. (We note that Hammond and Spencer, the registered nurse
       and operating-room technician present during the April 8, 2008, procedure, are the only
       BroMenn personnel who plaintiffs have alleged were involved in Lange’s treatment of
       Kathryn.)

                                                    -7-
¶ 32                                      F. Summary Judgment
¶ 33       In December 2013, BroMenn moved for summary judgment. In February 2014, after
       briefing and a hearing (the transcript of which is not included in the record on appeal), the trial
       court granted summary judgment for BroMenn. In a written order, the court found that (1) no
       triable issues of fact existed between plaintiffs and BroMenn, and (2) “the alleged negligent
       acts [were] not the proximate cause of plaintiffs’ alleged damages.” In June 2014, after
       plaintiffs reached a settlement agreement with Lange and Carle, the court dismissed the action
       with prejudice.
¶ 34       This appeal followed.

¶ 35                                          II. ANALYSIS
¶ 36       On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor
       of BroMenn as to plaintiffs’ claims of institutional negligence. We disagree.

¶ 37                       A. Summary Judgment and the Standard of Review
¶ 38        “The purpose of a summary-judgment proceeding is not to try an issue of fact but, instead,
       to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists.” Evans v. Brown, 399 Ill. App. 3d
       238, 243, 925 N.E.2d 1265, 1270 (2010). Summary judgment is appropriate only “if the
       pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
       there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
       judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012). “In order to survive a
       motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff need not prove her case, but she must present a
       factual basis that would arguably entitle her to a judgment.” Bruns v. City of Centralia, 2014 IL
       116998, ¶ 12, 21 N.E.3d 684. “If the plaintiff fails to establish any element of the cause of
       action, summary judgment for the defendant is proper.” Williams v. Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d
       404, 417, 888 N.E.2d 1, 9 (2008).
¶ 39        We review a trial court’s entry of summary judgment de novo. Standard Mutual Insurance
       Co. v. Lay, 2013 IL 114617, ¶ 15, 989 N.E.2d 591. Before turning to plaintiffs’ claims and the
       trial court’s judgment in this case, however, we must address evidentiary issues that have come
       to light on appeal.

¶ 40                         B. Plaintiffs’ Reliance Upon Improper Evidence
¶ 41       Throughout this litigation, plaintiffs’ arguments against summary judgment have been
       based primarily upon evidence that was not properly before either the trial court or this court
       when determining whether summary judgment was appropriate. Specifically, plaintiffs have
       relied mostly on the opinions in Copeland’s written report, which plaintiffs filed along with
       their complaint pursuant to section 2-622(a)(1) of the Code. Indeed, Copeland’s section 2-622
       report is by far the most heavily cited item in the record. (The report is literally “Exhibit A” of
       plaintiffs’ memorandum in opposition to BroMenn’s motion for summary judgment.)
       However, plaintiffs’ reliance on Copeland’s report is entirely inappropriate for purposes of
       summary judgment.
¶ 42       Section 2-622(a)(1) of the Code provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
                   “(a) In any action *** in which the plaintiff seeks damages for injuries or death by
               reason of medical, hospital, or other healing art malpractice, the plaintiff’s attorney ***

                                                    -8-
               shall file an affidavit, attached to the original and all copies of the complaint, declaring
               one of the following:
                            1. That the affiant has consulted and reviewed the facts of the case with a
                    health professional ***; that the reviewing health professional has determined in a
                    written report *** that there is a reasonable and meritorious cause for the filing of
                    such action ***. *** A copy of the written report, clearly identifying the plaintiff
                    and the reasons for the reviewing health professional’s determination that a
                    reasonable and meritorious cause for the filing of the action exists, *** must be
                    attached to the affidavit.” 735 ILCS 5/2-622(a)(1) (West 2008).
¶ 43       Copeland’s written report in this case, although sufficient for purposes of section 2-622 of
       the Code, was entirely insufficient for the purpose of opposing BroMenn’s motion for
       summary judgment. The most obvious fatal deficiency is that Copeland’s written report was
       not an affidavit, meaning it was not sworn to, notarized, or otherwise made under oath. See
       Roth v. Illinois Farmers Insurance Co., 202 Ill. 2d 490, 494, 782 N.E.2d 212, 214 (2002)
       (“[A]n affidavit must be sworn to, and statements in a writing not sworn to before an
       authorized person cannot be considered affidavits.”). Section 2-1005(c) of the Code requires
       the trial court to make its summary judgment determination based upon “the pleadings,
       depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West
       2012). Unsworn statements of opinion from a party’s retained expert may not be considered for
       purposes of section 2-1005(c) of the Code.
¶ 44       At oral argument in this appeal, plaintiffs’ counsel asserted that Copeland’s section 2-622
       report should be considered a “sworn” document because Copeland subsequently
       “incorporated” the report into a November 2013 affidavit. We disagree. Copeland prepared
       two section 2-622 reports in this case: one discussing the cause of action against Lange and
       Carle and one discussing the cause of action against BroMenn. In Copeland’s November 2013
       affidavit, executed more than 3½ years after he prepared his section 2-622 reports, Copeland
       purported to incorporate only a single report, stating, “I have prepared a written report in this
       matter, attached hereto and incorporated herein as part of this affidavit.” (Emphasis added.)
       Although neither report was actually attached to the affidavit and Copeland did not specify
       which of the two reports he was attempting to incorporate, we note that the November 2013
       affidavit was filed in response to Lange and Carle’s motion for summary judgment. Copeland
       signed his affidavit the same day that plaintiffs’ counsel signed his response to Lange and
       Carle’s motion for summary judgment (November 19, 2013), and both documents were filed
       together the following day. Copeland’s November 2013 affidavit said nothing about BroMenn
       or institutional negligence but, instead, concluded with the following statement: “[I]t is my
       opinion *** that the iatrogenic injuries and their sequelae suffered by [Kathryn] *** are the
       type of injuries that a reasonably well qualified physician and surgeon would anticipate as a
       likely result of substandard medical care in the performance of urologic surgery.” Last,
       plaintiffs did not include this affidavit in the materials they submitted in response to
       BroMenn’s motion for summary judgment. It is obvious to us that Copeland–even if he can be
       said to have “incorporated” his earlier unsworn statements into a sworn affidavit–incorporated
       only the section 2-622 report pertaining to Lange and Carle. We reject counsel’s assertion that
       Copeland’s section 2-622 report pertaining to BroMenn should be considered an affidavit.

                                                    -9-
¶ 45       In any event, when a party offers expert opinions in written form at the summary judgment
       stage, the writing must not only be sworn (i.e., an affidavit), but must also comply with Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 191(a) (eff. July 1, 2002), which provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
               “Affidavits in support of and in opposition to a motion for summary judgment under
               section 2-1005 of the Code of Civil Procedure *** shall be made on the personal
               knowledge of the affiants; shall set forth with particularity the facts upon which the
               claim, counterclaim, or defense is based; shall have attached thereto sworn or certified
               copies of all papers upon which the affiant relies; shall not consist of conclusions but of
               facts admissible in evidence; and shall affirmatively show that the affiant, if sworn as a
               witness, can testify competently thereto.”
¶ 46       The requirements of Rule 191(a) are based on the recognition that “[a]n affidavit submitted
       in the summary judgment context serves as a substitute for testimony at trial.” Robidoux v.
       Oliphant, 201 Ill. 2d 324, 335, 775 N.E.2d 987, 994 (2002). At trial, an expert may give an
       opinion without first disclosing the facts underlying that opinion (Wilson v. Clark, 84 Ill. 2d
       186, 194, 417 N.E.2d 1322, 1326 (1981)) because the opposing party has the opportunity to
       cross-examine the expert as to the basis of his opinion. Robidoux, 201 Ill. 2d at 334, 775
       N.E.2d at 993. However, because the opportunity to cross-examine is not present when a party
       submits written opinions in the summary judgment context, Rule 191(a) essentially requires
       the affiant to provide his own cross-examination regarding the factual bases for his opinions.
       Id. at 338, 775 N.E.2d at 995 (“Given that cross-examination is unavailable as a means to test
       an affidavit, it is not surprising that the standard for admission of an affidavit in a summary
       judgment context would be higher than for the admission of an expert’s opinion at trial.”).
¶ 47       Copeland’s section 2-622 report failed almost entirely to comply with the requirements of
       Rule 191(a). Copeland based much of his conclusory opinions on facts upon which he had no
       personal knowledge, he failed to set forth with particularity the facts upon which he based his
       opinions, and he failed to attach to his report the documents upon which he relied. Because
       affidavits in summary judgment proceedings are substitutes for trial testimony, “it is necessary
       that there be strict compliance with Rule 191(a) ‘to insure that trial judges are presented with
       valid evidentiary facts upon which to base a decision.’ ” Id. at 336, 775 N.E.2d at 994 (quoting
       Solon v. Godbole, 163 Ill. App. 3d 845, 851, 516 N.E.2d 1045, 1049 (1987)).
¶ 48       The facts of this case acutely illustrate the purpose behind Rule 191(a). At Copeland’s
       deposition, when defense counsel asked Copeland about certain opinions he included in his
       section 2-622 report, the following exchange occurred:
               “[COUNSEL]: *** [Y]ou talk about, ‘BroMenn failed to properly inform the patient
               that the urological basket was stuck in the patient’s left ureter and failed to clearly and
               plainly explain to the patient that she had suffered an injury during the procedure on
               April 8, 2008, at BroMenn.’ That’s your opinion?
                   [COPELAND]: Yes.
                   [COUNSEL]: So are you saying that neither [Kathryn] nor her family were ever
               informed that the basket was stuck and that she suffered an injury during the procedure
               on April 8, 2008, at BroMenn?
                   [COPELAND]: I’m not clear what was explained to them. Obviously [Kathryn] is
               dead and I don’t know specifically what her parents said.

                                                   - 10 -
                    [COUNSEL]: Why did you offer that opinion if you don’t really know what was
                informed as to the patient?
                    [COPELAND]: Because I was told that they didn’t know.
                    [COUNSEL]: Who told you that?
                    [COPELAND]: Dr. Pliura [(plaintiffs’ counsel)].
                    [COUNSEL]: Is it normal for you to rely upon the statements of the advocate for
                one side or the other as your basis for an opinion in a medical malpractice case?
                    [COPELAND]: If I don’t have that information myself.”
¶ 49        As the above exchange illustrates, at least some of the opinions in Copeland’s section
       2-622 report had no valid evidentiary basis because they were based on nothing more than the
       representations of plaintiffs’ attorney, Thomas Pliura. Copeland therefore could not have
       competently testified as to such opinions at trial. Opinions that are inadmissible at trial cannot
       be used in opposition to a motion for summary judgment. If the rule were otherwise, the
       motion for summary judgment might be denied based upon such an inadmissible opinion, only
       to have the case then proceed to trial (with all the expenses and resources that would entail), at
       which the opinion might still be inadmissible. This is exactly why Rule 191(a) requires an
       expert to demonstrate that his opinion would be admissible at trial by setting forth the
       particular facts upon which he relied in reaching his opinion, and to attach to his affidavit the
       documents upon which he relied. Were we to give Copeland’s report any evidentiary weight
       for purposes of summary judgment, we would be allowing plaintiffs to use unsupported, bare
       conclusions from an expert as “ ‘a free pass to trial.’ ” Id. at 337, 775 N.E.2d at 994 (quoting
       Hayes v. Douglas Dynamics, Inc., 8 F.3d 88, 92 (1st Cir. 1993)). Accordingly, plaintiffs’
       reliance on Copeland’s section 2-622 report in opposition to summary judgment is improper.
       See Forsberg v. Edward Hospital & Health Services, 389 Ill. App. 3d 434, 440, 906 N.E.2d
       729, 734 (2009) (holding that the expert’s section 2-622 report in that case, even if sufficient to
       be considered an affidavit, was nonetheless inadmissible in opposition to the defendant’s
       motion for summary judgment because it failed to comply with Rule 191(a)).
¶ 50        Copeland’s written report is not the only piece of improper evidence upon which plaintiffs
       have relied in the trial court and on appeal. In their brief to this court, for example, plaintiffs
       assert that EHL “carries the highest complication rate” and “should not be available as an
       option for use in a hospital or surgery center.” In support of these assertions, however,
       plaintiffs cite an unsworn, unsigned, 22-page document in the record that appears to consist of
       (1) text that has been copied from a medical record in Kathryn’s case and (2) intermittent
       commentary, written in the first person, critiquing Lange and BroMenn. Remarkably, although
       the author of the commentary is not even identified in the document, plaintiffs have relied upon
       this commentary in the factual statement and argument section of their appellate brief.
¶ 51        Elsewhere in their brief to this court, plaintiffs rely upon purported conclusions and
       opinions contained in plaintiffs’ discovery disclosures filed pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
       Rule 213(f)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). Rule 213(f)(3) provides, in pertinent part, that “[u]pon
       written interrogatory, a party must furnish the identities and addresses of witnesses who will
       testify at trial” and, for controlled expert witnesses, “identify: (i) the subject matter on which
       the witness will testify; (ii) the conclusions and opinions of the witness and the bases therefor;
       (iii) the qualifications of the witness; and (iv) any reports prepared by the witness about the
       case.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 213(f)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). The purpose of this rule “is

                                                   - 11 -
       to prevent unfair surprise at trial, without creating an undue burden on the parties before trial.”
       Ill. S. Ct. R. 213, Committee Comments (adopted Mar. 28, 2002). However, the contents of
       Rule 213(f) disclosures are not evidence for purposes of summary judgment because Rule
       213(f) disclosures are not pleadings, depositions, admissions, or affidavits. 735 ILCS
       5/2-1005(c) (West 2012).
¶ 52        Notably, Rule 213(f) requires the party–not the expert himself–to disclose the substance of
       the expert’s anticipated testimony. The disclosures plaintiffs rely upon in this case were
       written and signed by plaintiffs’ counsel, Pliura, and are unsworn. Pliura merely sets forth in
       the disclosures how he anticipates his retained experts will testify. We need look no further
       than the strict requirements of Rule 191(a)–which apply even when an expert sets forth his
       opinions in his own affidavit (Robidoux, 201 Ill. 2d at 337, 775 N.E.2d at 995)–to understand
       why Pliura’s Rule 213(f) disclosures cannot possibly be considered admissible as evidence of
       his expert witnesses’ opinions for purposes of summary judgment. In fact, we note that the
       Rule 213(f) disclosure that plaintiffs rely upon in arguing that Lange’s procedure contributed
       to Kathryn’s death consists mostly of information that Pliura apparently copied from online
       medical websites and pasted into the disclosure document. (We infer that Pliura copied this
       information directly from websites because the disclosure document includes multiple
       different font sizes and styles, website graphics, and metadata throughout.)
¶ 53        We have chosen to discuss plaintiffs’ reliance upon improper evidence at length because,
       for reasons that are not entirely clear, BroMenn has not. As far as the record reveals, BroMenn
       has at no point during this litigation objected–or even drawn the court’s attention to–plaintiffs’
       improper reliance upon Copeland’s section 2-622 report, the Rule 213(f) disclosures, or any
       other inadmissible evidence for purposes of the summary judgment determination. In its
       written order, the trial court did not reveal how it dealt with the improper evidence for purposes
       of summary judgment–whether it gave full consideration to it or disregarded it in its entirety.
¶ 54        However, on review of a trial court’s summary judgment determination, we are to perform
       the appropriate analysis de novo, without deferring to the trial court’s judgment or reasoning.
       Bank of America, N.A. v. Adeyiga, 2014 IL App (1st) 131252, ¶ 56, 29 N.E.3d 60. Indeed, even
       in the absence of an objection, the appropriate summary judgment analysis usually requires the
       court to first identify the evidence that should be considered. In other words, the court cannot
       determine whether the “the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the
       affidavits” (735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012)) reveal a genuine issue of material fact without
       first distinguishing the pleadings, depositions, admissions on file, and affidavits from the rest
       of the various documents and filings in the record.
¶ 55        Further, although we have already concluded in this case that Copeland’s section 2-622
       report is not an affidavit, we note that courts of review have deemed it appropriate to sua
       sponte determine the sufficiency of affidavits on de novo review of a trial court’s summary
       judgment ruling. In Fabiano v. City of Palos Hills, 336 Ill. App. 3d 635, 784 N.E.2d 258
       (2002), the court stated the general rule:
                    “ ‘Although the court at the summary judgment stage does not try the issues,
                evidence that would be inadmissible at trial may not be considered in support of or in
                opposition to a motion for summary judgment. [Citation.] Accordingly, the trial court
                must consider and decide whether the affidavits and attachments that purport to create a
                genuine issue of material fact would be admissible evidentiary matter at a trial on the

                                                   - 12 -
               merits.’ ” (Emphases added.) Id. at 648, 784 N.E.2d at 271 (quoting Safeway Insurance
               Co. v. Hister, 304 Ill. App. 3d 687, 691, 710 N.E.2d 48, 51 (1999)).
       In Fabiano, the trial court failed to rule on the admissibility of evidence offered at the
       summary judgment stage, even though both parties had raised objections. Id. On appeal, the
       First District concluded that although “the trial judge failed to make the required evidentiary
       rulings in this case” and “neither party filed a written motion to strike affidavits submitted by
       the other, the absence of such a motion does not preclude this court’s de novo review of the
       sufficiency of those affidavits.” Id.
¶ 56       One year prior to Fabiano, in Jackson v. Graham, 323 Ill. App. 3d 766, 774, 753 N.E.2d
       525, 532 (2001), this court held that (1) de novo review applies to the trial court’s striking of an
       affidavit in conjunction with a summary judgment ruling and (2) the trial court can–and
       should–sua sponte strike affidavits that are insufficient under Rule 191(a).
¶ 57       In this case, BroMenn’s failure to object to plaintiffs’ reliance upon improper evidence
       does not require this court to consider that improper evidence for purposes of summary
       judgment. As we have often stated, “forfeiture is a limitation on the parties and not on this
       court, which has a responsibility to achieve a just result and maintain a sound and uniform
       body of precedent.” Roxana Community Unit School District No. 1 v. Environmental
       Protection Agency, 2013 IL App (4th) 120825, ¶ 39, 998 N.E.2d 961. Accordingly, we turn
       now to whether the “the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the
       affidavits” (735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012)), provide a factual basis for plaintiffs’ claims
       against BroMenn. Because we decline to consider the improper evidence in making our
       determination, our analysis is relatively straightforward.

¶ 58                               C. Plaintiffs’ Claims Against BroMenn
¶ 59       Plaintiffs’ institutional-negligence claims against BroMenn can be divided into four
       general categories: (1) credentialing of Lange; (2) permitting Lange to perform the specific
       procedure at issue in this case; (3) lack of informed consent; and (4) failure to make available a
       holmium laser.
¶ 60       The tort of institutional negligence, also known as direct corporate negligence, treats the
       hospital itself as the alleged tortfeasor. Under this tort theory, “a defendant hospital is judged
       against what a reasonably careful hospital would do under the same circumstances.”
       Longnecker v. Loyola University Medical Center, 383 Ill. App. 3d 874, 885, 891 N.E.2d 954,
       963 (2008) (citing Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 105.03.01 (1995)). Ordinarily,
       the hospital’s institutional duty of care is “administrative or managerial in character.” Jones,
       191 Ill. 2d at 291, 730 N.E.2d at 1128.
¶ 61       In Jones, the supreme court explained the principles underlying the tort of institutional
       negligence:
                   “Underlying the tort of institutional negligence is a recognition of the
               comprehensive nature of hospital operations today. The hospital’s expanded role in
               providing health care services to patients brings with it increased corporate
               responsibilities. As Darling [v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 33 Ill. 2d
               326, 332, 211 N.E.2d 253, 257 (1965),] explained: ‘Present-day hospitals, as their
               manner of operation plainly demonstrates, do far more than furnish facilities for
               treatment. They regularly employ on a salary basis a large staff of physicians, nurses[,]

                                                    - 13 -
              and intern[s], as well as administrative and manual workers, and they charge patients
              for medical care and treatment, collecting for such services, if necessary, by legal
              action.’ [Citation.] *** [I]n recognizing hospital institutional negligence as a cause of
              action, Darling merely applied principles of common law negligence to hospitals in a
              manner that comports with the true scope of their operations. [Citation.]” Id. at 292,
              730 N.E.2d at 1128.
       With these legal principles in mind, we turn now to plaintiffs’ specific claims.

¶ 62                                      1. Credentialing of Lange
¶ 63       In Frigo v. Silver Cross Hospital & Medical Center, 377 Ill. App. 3d 43, 72, 876 N.E.2d
       697, 723 (2007), the First District laid out the elements of proof required when a plaintiff’s
       claims of institutional negligence are premised upon the defendant hospital’s negligent
       credentialing of a treating physician:
                “First, to prevail, the plaintiff must prove the hospital failed to meet the standard of
                reasonable care in the selection of the physician it granted medical staff privileges to
                whose treatment provided the basis for the underlying medical malpractice claim.
                Hospitals are required to exercise reasonable care in the granting of medical staff
                privileges. ‘Reasonable care’ means that degree of care, skill and judgment usually
                exercised under like or similar circumstances by the average hospital. Expert testimony
                is required to prove the applicable standard of care and whether that standard was
                violated.
                    Second, the plaintiff must prove that, while practicing pursuant to negligently
                granted medical staff privileges, the physician breached the applicable standard of care.
                Finally, the plaintiff must prove that the negligent granting of medical staff privileges
                was a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.”
¶ 64       In this case, plaintiffs alleged in their first amended complaint that BroMenn committed
       institutional negligence by (1) “failing to properly credential, supervise, monitor[,] and review
       the care and treatment by Dr. Lange so as to protect patients of [BroMenn], including
       [Kathryn], from unsafe and unnecessary care”; (2) “permitting and credentialing Dr. Lange to
       use [BroMenn’s EHL] equipment in the care and treatment of [BroMenn’s] patients, including
       [Kathryn], when [BroMenn] knew or should have known that Dr. Lange had not been
       adequately trained in the proper use and clinical appropriateness of the equipment”; and (3)
       “permitting and credentialing Dr. Lange to practice at [BroMenn] when [BroMenn] knew or
       should have known that Dr. Lange was unqualified, negligent, and/or otherwise unsuitable to
       exercise the privileges granted.”
¶ 65       Initially, we note that plaintiffs have not even attempted to argue on appeal that BroMenn
       knew or should have known Lange (1) had not been adequately trained in the proper use and
       clinical appropriateness of EHL or (2) was unqualified, negligent, and/or otherwise unsuitable
       to exercise the privileges granted. (Plaintiffs have likely not made these arguments because the
       record contains no evidence whatsoever to support them.) Plaintiffs have offered no evidence
       pertaining to Lange’s performance history, peer-review assessments, or any other such
       information that BroMenn allegedly had–or should have had–which would have put it on
       notice of Lange’s allegedly negligent treatment of patients.

                                                   - 14 -
¶ 66       In support of their conclusory contention that BroMenn negligently credentialed Lange,
       plaintiffs rely exclusively upon Copeland’s (1) section 2-622 report and (2) deposition
       testimony. As already stated, we will not consider the unsworn, unsupported opinions
       contained in Copeland’s section 2-622 report for purposes of our summary judgment
       determination. As to Copeland’s deposition testimony, plaintiffs’ argument on appeal consists
       merely of a citation to a portion of the deposition transcript that they assert contains “a lengthy
       discussion on the issue of negligent credentialing.” We have thoroughly reviewed that portion
       of the transcript, and although it does include a discussion about credentialing, it actually
       reveals that Copeland knew nothing about BroMenn’s credentialing of Lange, much less
       whether it was negligent. In fact, Copeland admitted, “I don’t know enough about BroMenn’s
       credentialing.” Simply put, nothing in the record provides any factual support for plaintiffs’
       claims regarding BroMenn’s alleged negligent credentialing of Lange. Accordingly, the trial
       court properly granted summary judgment for BroMenn as to those claims.

¶ 67                            2. Permitting the Specific Procedure at Issue
¶ 68       Plaintiffs also alleged in their complaint that BroMenn committed institutional negligence
       by permitting Lange to perform a ureteroscopy and EHL upon Kathryn “when [BroMenn],
       through its agents, employees, and servants knew or should have known that such procedure[s
       were] not clinically indicated or otherwise necessary.” In support of this claim, plaintiffs rely
       exclusively upon Copeland’s section 2-622 report. However, not only is Copeland’s report not
       properly before the court (as we have already explained), it does not even support plaintiffs’
       claim.
¶ 69       Citing to the first page of Copeland’s section 2-622 report, plaintiffs assert in their brief on
       appeal that “Copeland is of the opinion that permitting a surgeon to perform unnecessary
       procedures violates the hospital’s standard of care.” We have reviewed the cited portion of
       Copeland’s report and find no such opinion contained therein. (In fact, the term “standard of
       care” appears nowhere on the cited page.) Copeland does state, “[i]n my opinion, BroMenn
       allowed Dr. Lange to proceed with a surgical procedure on [Kathryn] when said procedure was
       not clinically indicated or necessary.” But this statement reveals nothing about the standard of
       care applicable to a claim of institutional negligence. As the supreme court has explained, a
       hospital’s duty of care under the tort of institutional negligence is ordinarily “administrative or
       managerial in character.” Jones, 191 Ill. 2d at 291, 730 N.E.2d at 1128. If simply “allowing” a
       physician to perform procedures on its premises renders a hospital institutionally liable
       whenever that physician commits malpractice, then the tort of institutional negligence would
       be rendered a tort of strict liability.
¶ 70       Plaintiffs have offered no evidence that any agent, employee, or servant of BroMenn knew
       or should have known that a ureteroscopy or EHL were not clinically indicated or necessary.
       Although plaintiffs have never expressly stated what they believe BroMenn should have done
       differently in this case, the only logical inference from their argument is that BroMenn should
       have appointed some type of agent–presumably, a fully trained and licensed urologist–to
       oversee Lange’s treatment of Kathryn and to veto the allegedly negligent course of treatment
       that Lange chose to undertake. Under plaintiffs’ theory of liability, we can think of no other
       way for a hospital to ensure that a physician practicing on its premises does not perform a
       procedure that is “not clinically indicated or necessary.” Of course, the law does not impose
       such a duty on hospitals. See Alford v. Phipps, 169 Ill. App. 3d 845, 857-58, 523 N.E.2d 563,

                                                    - 15 -
       571 (1988) (“As a general rule, the decision to treat a patient in a particular matter is a medical
       question entirely within the discretion of the treating physician, not the hospital [citation], and
       traditionally it has been held that a hospital is not liable for acts of one who renders medical
       care as an independent agent outside the control of the hospital [citation].”); see also Pickle v.
       Curns, 106 Ill. App. 3d 734, 739, 435 N.E.2d 877, 881-82 (1982) (“We do not recognize the
       existence of a duty on the part of the hospital’s administration to insure that each of its staff
       physicians will always perform his duty of due care to his patient. [Citation.] *** ‘[A] hospital
       will not be held liable for an act of malpractice performed by an independently retained healer,
       unless it had reason to know the act of malpractice would take place ***.’ ” (quoting
       Fiorentino v. Wenger, 227 N.E.2d 296, 300 (N.Y. 1967))).
¶ 71       In this case, the record contains no evidence that BroMenn knew or should have known
       that Lange was anything less than fully qualified to treat patients in accordance with the
       applicable standard of medical care. Although Copeland briefly suggested at his August 2012
       deposition that the BroMenn nurse present during the April 8, 2008, procedure should have
       “questioned” Lange’s decision to use EHL (whatever that means), Copeland also testified that
       the manner of dealing with an unexpected complication of surgery “is a surgical decision, not a
       nursing decision.” Moreover, Cone–a registered nurse–testified in her affidavit that it would be
       entirely inconsistent with both the scope of nursing practice and the applicable standard of care
       for an attending nurse to attempt to interfere with a surgeon, in the midst of an ongoing
       surgery, from doing what the surgeon deemed medically necessary to address an unexpected
       complication. The record before us presents no genuine issue of material fact to warrant a trial
       on plaintiffs’ claims that BroMenn breached the standard of care by allowing Lange to perform
       the procedures at issue in this case. Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary
       judgment for BroMenn as to those claims.

¶ 72                                    3. Lack of Informed Consent
¶ 73       Plaintiffs alleged in their complaint that BroMenn committed institutional negligence by
       (1) “permitting Dr. Lange to perform [EHL] upon [Kathryn], utilizing equipment provided by
       [BroMenn], when *** [Kathryn] had not given informed consent to such treatment”; (2)
       “failing to follow and enforce its own policies and procedures with respect to obtaining
       informed consent”; and (3) “failing to afford [Kathryn] her rights, under the Medical Patient
       Rights Act.”
¶ 74       We note that plaintiffs also claimed BroMenn failed to (1) “follow and enforce the
       accreditation standards of the Joint Commission with respect to obtaining informed consent”
       and (2) “afford [Kathryn] her rights under the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990.”
       However, plaintiffs’ brief is completely devoid of any discussion, citations, or argument
       relating to the Joint Commission or the Patient Self-Determination Act. Accordingly, plaintiffs
       have forfeited these claims by failing to argue them. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013).
¶ 75       In support of their three remaining informed-consent claims, plaintiffs essentially present
       the same two-part argument: (1) because the informed-consent documents that Kathryn signed
       did not specifically mention EHL, Kathryn did not consent to Lange’s use of EHL; and (2)
       because BroMenn’s policy required physicians to obtain informed consent from patients,
       BroMenn committed institutional negligence by failing to ensure that Lange obtained
       informed consent from Kathryn. The record provides no support for these claims.

                                                   - 16 -
¶ 76        Again in their brief to this court, plaintiffs rely primarily upon Copeland’s section 2-622
       report in support of their informed-consent claims. Specifically, plaintiffs cite Copeland’s
       conclusory opinion that “BroMenn deviated from the medical standard of care by allowing
       [Kathryn] to undergo a surgical procedure without first obtaining [her] informed consent.”
       However, Copeland did not state this opinion in his deposition, nor does such an opinion–or
       any evidence supporting such an opinion–appear elsewhere in the record.
¶ 77        The document that Kathryn signed prior to her April 8, 2008, procedure–entitled,
       “Acknowledgement of Informed Consent to Operation or Procedure”–included the following
       paragraph:
                    “3. I am aware that during the course of the authorized procedure, unexpected
                conditions may be revealed that require an extension of the authorized procedure or
                performance of a procedure different than stated in paragraph #1. I, therefore, authorize
                the above named physician and selected assistant(s) to perform such surgical and/or
                medical procedures as necessary in his/her professional judgment. I am aware that the
                practice of medicine and surgery is not an exact science, and I acknowledge that no
                guarantees have been made to me as to the results of the operation or procedure(s).”
¶ 78        Although plaintiffs rely heavily upon Copeland’s purported “expert” opinion that
       Kathryn’s agreement to the above paragraph does not demonstrate her agreement to the use of
       EHL, it does not take an expert to understand that the above paragraph authorized Lange, if he
       deemed it necessary in his professional judgment, to perform a procedure not specifically
       listed in the consent form. After all, it should not take a medical expert to interpret a document
       that is intended to be read and understood by a patient. During summary judgment proceedings
       and on appeal in this case, plaintiffs have essentially ignored the consent form and offered no
       evidence (other than the inadmissible, conclusory opinions in Copeland’s section 2-622 report)
       to suggest that “performance of a procedure different than stated in paragraph #1” did not
       encompass Lange’s use of EHL to fragment the stone after it became stuck. Plaintiffs also
       ignore–and by that we mean they simply do not address–the following testimony from
       Copeland’s deposition:
                    “[COPELAND]: *** I am fully cognizant of the fact that [informed consent]
                doesn’t cover every single thing that you might do. And certainly when you’re in the
                operating room a circumstance may arise that may include your desire or necessity to
                do something that was not on the sheet. And Dr. Lange talked about that, and I agree
                with that within the proper standard of care.
                    [COUNSEL]: So if you run into certain complications and, you know, there’s a
                way to maybe help you get around those complications or problems, it may be
                permissible to go ahead and do some additional procedure even if you haven’t talked
                with your patient about it ahead of time; is that fair to say?
                    [COPELAND]: Yes.”
¶ 79        Plaintiffs further cite BroMenn’s written policy regarding informed consent, which
       requires physicians to document, before a procedure, the “complete name of the procedure”
       and the “complete name of possible additional procedures.” However, even assuming
       arguendo that Lange violated this policy by failing to document EHL as a possible procedure,
       plaintiffs have entirely failed to establish any nexus between Lange’s alleged violation of the
       policy and BroMenn’s institutional duty of care to Kathryn. Plaintiffs cite the following
       “hospital responsibilities” set forth in the policy:

                                                   - 17 -
                    “1. Maintain evidence of informed consent.
                    2. The hospital may obtain verification of the patient’s informed consent through
                use of the consent form when necessary.
                    3. Verify that consent has been given voluntarily.
                    4. Report questions of patient competency to the physician.
                    5. Verify that the physician/patient communication took place.
                    6. Provide a witness to the identity of the consent giver.”
       Although plaintiffs have cited these policy provisions in their brief, they have not identified
       which of these provisions (if any) BroMenn violated in this case. Assuming arguendo that
       Lange’s use of EHL was contrary to the informed consent Kathryn provided before the
       procedure, plaintiffs have not even attempted to explain how BroMenn fits into the picture.
       Should BroMenn have somehow known ahead of time that Lange would deviate from the
       informed consent and perform an unauthorized procedure? Plaintiffs have not only failed to
       provide evidence that BroMenn’s acts or omissions regarding informed consent amounted to
       institutional negligence, they have not even presented a theory of liability. As with most of the
       claims against BroMenn at issue in this case, plaintiffs have essentially interpreted the tort of
       institutional negligence as placing a strict-liability burden upon BroMenn to ensure that none
       of the physicians practicing on its premises deviate from the medical standard of care. Because
       the law does not place such a burden on hospitals, the trial court properly granted summary
       judgment to BroMenn regarding plaintiffs’ informed-consent claims.

¶ 80                           4. Failure To Make Available a Holmium Laser
¶ 81       Finally, plaintiffs alleged that BroMenn committed institutional negligence by (1) “failing
       to provide necessary and standard equipment to Dr. Lange, including a Holmium laser,” and
       (2) “permitting Dr. Lange to proceed with surgery upon [Kathryn] when Dr. Lange knew that a
       *** Holmium laser was not available.”
¶ 82       In their brief to this court, plaintiffs’ entire argument regarding these claims consists of the
       following single paragraph (which is word-for-word identical to the argument in plaintiffs’
       response to BroMenn’s motion for summary judgment):
                    “[BroMenn] protested that a Holmium laser could have been available if Dr. Lange
               had requested the device in advance of the procedure. [(Citation to BroMenn’s
               summary judgment memorandum.)] But again, [BroMenn’s] protestations do not
               support summary judgment. Essentially, [BroMenn] pointed its finger at Dr. Lange,
               implying it was his fault (Dr. Lange), and not their fault that a Holmium laser was not
               available. That question, of course, was for the jury to figure out. BroMenn cannot
               escape liability by pointing its finger at Dr. Lange where Dr. Copeland has opined that
               it was a breach of the standard of care for BroMenn not to have available a Holmium
               laser when this non-emergent surgical procedure was permitted to take place in the
               BroMenn facility. [(Citation to Copeland’s section 2-622 report.)] [BroMenn] went to
               great lengths in its memorandum to argue that BroMenn had no obligation to have the
               equipment available absent a physician request. But again, this was an issue for the jury
               to decide.”
¶ 83       In support of its motion for summary judgment in this case, BroMenn offered Cone’s
       opinion that the applicable standard of care did not require BroMenn to own and make readily

                                                    - 18 -
       available a holmium laser. Instead, hospitals typically avoid the expense of purchasing such
       specialized equipment by using third-party providers to supply the equipment on a
       case-by-case basis. Instead of offering evidence to rebut Cone’s opinion that BroMenn did not
       breach the standard of care, plaintiffs essentially rested on their pleadings and argued that the
       issue was for the jury to decide. However, “[i]f the party moving for summary judgment
       supplies facts that, if not contradicted, would warrant judgment in its favor as a matter of law,
       the opposing party cannot rest on its pleadings to create a genuine issue of material fact.”
       Abrams v. City of Chicago, 211 Ill. 2d 251, 257, 811 N.E.2d 670, 674 (2004). Here, plaintiffs
       provided no evidence that the applicable institutional standard of care required BroMenn to
       determine, in advance of and independent from Lange’s determination, all the pieces of
       specialized equipment that might be necessary during the April 8, 2008, procedure, including
       equipment–such as a holmium laser–that would be useful only if an unexpected complication
       arose. In other words, plaintiffs have failed to provide a factual basis for their
       institutional-negligence claims against BroMenn relating to the availability of a holmium
       laser. Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary judgment to BroMenn.
¶ 84       Because plaintiffs failed to establish any evidentiary basis for their claims of institutional
       negligence against BroMenn, the trial court properly granted BroMenn’s motion for summary
       judgment. Having so concluded, we need not address the trial court’s additional finding that
       plaintiffs failed to establish the element of proximate cause.

¶ 85                                           III. EPILOGUE
¶ 86        As a final matter, we note that the trial court in this case would have been better served had
       the attorneys on both sides appropriately addressed and resolved the glaring evidentiary
       deficiencies present during summary judgment proceedings. As we have extensively discussed
       throughout this opinion, plaintiffs’ fundamental contention–namely, that summary judgment is
       not appropriate because genuine issues of material fact exist–has been based mostly upon
       evidence that was inadmissible for purposes of summary judgment. In response to plaintiffs’
       reliance upon improper evidence, BroMenn should have moved to strike the improper
       evidence for purposes of summary judgment. Had BroMenn done so, the record on appeal
       would have reflected (much to this court’s benefit) which specific pieces of evidence the court
       either relied upon or chose to disregard for purposes of its summary judgment ruling. But
       because the court was not presented with such a motion, we are left to review the court’s
       judgment without the benefit of knowing the exact evidence upon which the court based that
       judgment. Thus, our resolution of this case required striking a balance between two
       considerations, both of which are important to the sound administration of justice.
¶ 87        On the one hand, an important component of our adversarial system is the general
       understanding that the trial court will give evidence that has been presented without objection
       its full probative effect. “ ‘No duty rests upon the court to rule out evidence to which there
       might be some objection; making appropriate objections is the function of the party opposing
       its admission.’ ” People v. Parcel of Property Commonly Known as 1945 North 31st Street,
       Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, 217 Ill. 2d 481, 503, 841 N.E.2d 928, 941 (2005) (quoting
       Hill v. Meister, 133 Ill. App. 2d 678, 682, 273 N.E.2d 643, 646 (1971)). This principle allows
       parties and courts of review to consider the legal issues without speculating as to the
       evidentiary basis of the judgment under review.

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¶ 88        On the other hand, we also recognize that summary judgment proceedings serve a
       fundamentally different purpose than evidentiary hearings. Summary judgment does not call
       upon the trial court to weigh evidence and determine who wins a case, but instead, to determine
       whether the case should go to trial at all. Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 53, 978 N.E.2d
       1000 (“[T]he purpose of summary judgment is not to try questions of fact but simply to
       determine if triable questions of fact exist.”). In making the summary judgment determination,
       the court is to consider the pleadings, depositions, admissions on file, and the affidavits. 735
       ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012). The rules of form and substance that govern pleadings,
       depositions, admissions, and affidavits in the summary judgment context (for example, Rule
       191(a)) help to ensure that the facts and opinions presented to the court will be admissible at
       trial, thereby allowing the court to determine whether a trial is actually warranted. In Allen v.
       Meyer, 14 Ill. 2d 284, 292, 152 N.E.2d 576, 580 (1958), the supreme court explained that the
       summary judgment determination affects more than the interests of the parties before the court:
                “Summary judgment procedure is an important tool in the administration of justice. Its
                use in a proper case, wherein is presented no genuine issue as to any material fact, is to
                be encouraged. The benefits of summary judgment in a proper case inure not only to
                the litigants, in the saving of time and expenses, but to the community in avoiding
                congestion of trial calendars and the expenses of unnecessary trials.”
¶ 89        Given the purpose of summary judgment, a party’s failure to object when the other party
       cites clearly inadmissible facts or opinions does not mean that the trial court must accept those
       facts or opinions and set the case for trial if they create issues of material fact. It would be a
       disservice to both the parties and the judicial system as a whole if the court were to base its
       summary judgment ruling on inadmissible evidence. Although the better practice is for the
       opposing party to raise the appropriate objection, either through a motion to strike or
       otherwise, courts should not be expected to undertake the time and expense of a trial merely
       because of one party’s failure to act as a meaningful adversary when summary judgment is at
       issue. However, when the court does choose to disregard certain facts or opinions in the
       absence of an objection and ruling thereon, the court should make a record of its doing
       so–either orally or in a written order–so that a reviewing court will know the evidentiary basis
       upon which the court entered summary judgment.
¶ 90        Likewise, the parties would be better suited in summary judgment proceedings–and on
       appeal from summary judgment rulings–by explicitly listing in their summary judgment
       pleadings the specific facts and evidentiary materials upon which they are relying. In Simmons
       v. Reichardt, 406 Ill. App. 3d 317, 323, 943 N.E.2d 752, 757 (2010), this court suggested that
       counsel should adopt a checklist, similar to the rules that attorneys must follow in summary
       judgment proceedings held in federal court, to minimize or eliminate deficiencies in summary
       judgment pleadings. For instance, local rule 7.1(D)(1)(b) of the United States District Court,
       Central District of Illinois, requires a party filing a motion for summary judgment to include a
       section setting forth the undisputed material facts, as follows: “List and number each
       undisputed material fact which is the basis for the motion for summary judgment. Include as
       exhibits to the motion all relevant documentary evidence. For each fact asserted, provide
       citations to the documentary evidence that supports it, appropriately referencing the exhibit
       and page.” C.D. Ill. R. 7.1(D)(1)(b) (eff. Jan. 20, 2010). The rules also require a response to a
       motion for summary judgment to list, among other things, the (1) undisputed material facts and
       (2) disputed material facts, which “must be supported by evidentiary documentation

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       referenced by specific page.” C.D. Ill. R. 7.1(D)(2)(b)(2) (eff. Jan. 20, 2010). Following such
       procedures in Illinois courts, although not mandatory, would help ensure that the trial court and
       courts of review do not overlook evidentiary materials that a party has deemed relevant to the
       summary judgment determination.
¶ 91       In Evans, 399 Ill. App. 3d at 251, 925 N.E.2d at 1277, this court explained the proper
       procedure to be used when a party seeks to bar the trial court from considering certain evidence
       for purposes of summary judgment. We began by noting that “asking the trial court not to
       consider certain evidence when it resolves a motion for summary judgment must be based
       upon more than mere musings *** at the time the motion is heard.” Id. Instead, if a party
       intends to preclude the court’s consideration of certain evidence for purposes of summary
       judgment, the party should file an appropriate motion to that effect in advance of the hearing so
       that both the court and the opposing party will be put on notice of that position. Id. The
       procedure proceeds, as follows:
               “Then, the better practice would be for the matter to be litigated in a separate, formal
               hearing prior to the summary-judgment hearing itself. Alternatively, if the court
               believes the evidentiary matter at issue is not complicated, then the court in its
               discretion may address that matter immediately prior to the summary-judgment hearing
               or during that hearing itself, provided, of course, that the opposing party has received
               sufficient notice of the motion. Further, the moving party should seek–and the trial
               court should provide–a definitive ruling on the evidentiary matter at issue. Following
               this procedure would not only make for a better record at the trial level, it would also
               provide courts of review with a clear picture of (1) the parties’ positions at trial and (2)
               the trial court’s ruling.
                    If the evidentiary matter at issue is more involved, then the party seeking to bar the
               trial court’s consideration of the evidence should make a motion to strike or bar the
               evidence and set the matter for a hearing prior to the hearing on the motion for
               summary judgment. This would be the preferred course, for instance, if a party wished
               to challenge expert testimony proffered by the other side in a summary-judgment
               context.” Id. at 251-52, 925 N.E.2d at 1277.
¶ 92       In this case, for example, under the procedure laid out in Evans, BroMenn should have
       moved to strike Copeland’s section 2-622 report and plaintiffs’ references thereto for purposes
       of the court’s summary judgment determination. Although a motion to strike a section 2-622
       report for purposes of summary judgment should not be necessary in most cases, plaintiffs’
       unambiguous reliance upon the report during summary judgment proceedings should have
       raised red flags for BroMenn, signaling that the court was being asked to deny BroMenn’s
       motion based upon improper evidence. Despite the court’s ultimately ruling in BroMenn’s
       favor, BroMenn’s failure to object to the improper evidence left the record silent as to whether
       the court actually considered or disregarded Copeland’s inadmissible opinions. If the court in
       this case did disregard Copeland’s section 2-622 report for purposes of summary judgment,
       some such indication in the record would have been useful for our review.
¶ 93       To be clear, the principles of forfeiture can apply in the summary judgment context, and
       parties are generally bound by their failure to object to improper evidence. See, e.g., Arnett v.
       Snyder, 331 Ill. App. 3d 518, 523, 769 N.E.2d 943, 947 (2001) (“[T]he general rule is the
       sufficiency of affidavits cannot be tested for the first time on appeal where no objection was
       made by a motion to strike, or otherwise, in the trial court.”). Nonetheless, under our de novo

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       review of the trial court’s judgment in this case, we have chosen to adhere to the command of
       section 2-1005(c) of the Code and chosen not to consider facts or opinions that do not come
       from the pleadings, depositions, admissions on file, or affidavits. It was plaintiffs’ heavy
       reliance upon improper facts and opinions, coupled with BroMenn’s failure to object, which
       merited our additional commentary regarding the better practice in summary judgment
       proceedings.

¶ 94                                      IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 95      For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 96      Affirmed.

¶ 97        JUSTICE TURNER, specially concurring.
¶ 98        I agree the trial court’s judgment should be affirmed for the reasons adequately and
       correctly expressed by the majority’s discussion and analysis in paragraphs 58 to 84. However,
       I find the majority’s discussion in paragraphs 40 to 57 and its “Epilogue” advisory in nature
       and, thus, a questionable undertaking for an intermediate court of review. While I do agree
       Copeland’s section 2-622 report did not qualify as an affidavit under Rule 191(a), this issue
       was not presented for our review. Instead of moving to strike the report on that basis,
       BroMenn’s counsel successfully opted to discredit Copeland by demonstrating his sworn
       testimony in his deposition did not support the opinions he expressed in his section 2-622
       report. That conclusion is essentially the one the majority ultimately reaches in paragraphs 58
       to 84, and I see no reason to critique or second-guess counsel’s winning strategy.

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