Court Opinion

ID: 9380171
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-17 16:00:51.606065+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:23.137524
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
RICHARDSON BAY ENVIRONMENTAL )
PROTECTION ASSOCIATION,                   )
                                          )
      Plaintiff,                          )
                                          )
             v.                           )                Civil No. 21-cv-00613 (APM)
                                          )
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, )
                                          )
      Defendant.                          )
_________________________________________ )

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

I.     INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff Richardson Bay Environmental Protection Association (the “Association” or

“RBEPA”) brings the instant Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) action seeking records from

Defendant Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”). The Association seeks records discussing

or describing FAA investigations into complaints of registration violations by Seaplane

Adventures, LLC (“Seaplane”). Defendant produced documents, videos, and photographs to

Plaintiff, which included some redactions and withholdings pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7.

On March 8, 2021, Plaintiff filed suit, objecting to the adequacy of the FAA’s search and the

decision to redact and withhold certain records.

       Before the court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. Def.’s Mot. for

Summ. J., ECF No. 13 [hereinafter Def.’s Mot.]; Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 14 [hereinafter

Pl.’s Mot.]. For the reasons that follow, Defendant’s motion is granted in part, and Plaintiff’s

motion is denied in full.
II.    BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff Association is a non-profit corporation consisting of a group of neighbors that live

adjacent to Richardson Bay in the San Francisco Bay Area. Pl.’s Mot., Decl. of William Schneider,

ECF No. 14-3 [hereinafter Schneider Decl.], ¶ 4. The Association’s “mission is to monitor

activities that impact the health, safety, and quality of life of Richardson Bay, or otherwise harm

its local residents, wildlife, and/or the Richardson Bay environment.” Id. Plaintiff and Seaplane,

a commercial operator of sightseeing seaplane flights on Richardson Bay, appear to have a “long-

standing dispute.” Def.’s Mot., Decl. of Nicholas Toaso, ECF No. 13-1 [hereinafter Toaso Decl.],

¶ 7; see Schneider Decl. ¶ 5 (“Seaplane Adventures . . . has a history of conflicts with the residents

of the Richardson Bay area.”). “Over the past several years, the Association has filed numerous

complaints with the FAA against Seaplane,” alleging that Seaplane “operated an aircraft that was

not properly registered” and “engaged in reckless flying.” Toaso Decl. ¶ 7. Plaintiff has also

“submitted numerous FOIA requests to the FAA for information related to Seaplane and the FAA’s

responses to the Association’s registration and reckless flying complaints.” Id.

       A.      Edgcomb Letters and Plaintiff’s Hotline Complaint

       On July 23, 2018, and August 13, 2018, Plaintiff’s attorney sent two letters to the FAA,

which “referenc[ed] alleged complaints of registration violations by [Seaplane’s] aircraft N123JL”

(the “Edgcomb Letters”). Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 13-3 [hereinafter FOIA Request], at 1. Roughly

a year-and-a-half later, in December 2019, the Association filed a complaint with the FAA Hotline

reporting system against the Oakland Flight Standards District Office (“Oakland FSDO”), alleging

that the office was “negligent or intentionally derelict in their failure to investigate complaints of

serious registration violations by Seaplane” raised in the Edgcomb Letters. Schneider Decl. at 35.

                                                  2
       On August 19, 2020, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the FAA (the “Request”).

Toaso Decl. ¶ 4. The Request sought all FAA records “that discuss or describe” the Edgcomb

Letters, including “all records in the possession or control of the FAA . . . that discuss or describe

any investigation of the registration complaint issues . . . any records containing information or

communications received . . . and any FAA records that discuss or describe any FAA decisions or

FAA actions in responding to the FAA complaint letters from Mr. Edgcomb.” FOIA Request at 1.

       B.      Oakland FSDO Search

       The FOIA Analyst reviewing the Request concluded that the Oakland FSDO was the office

most likely to possess responsive records because it “is primarily responsible for investigations of

regulatory violations in the region where Seaplane is located and would likely maintain all

accompanying documentation, analysis, and records responsive to the request.” Toaso Decl. ¶ 10.

“The FOIA Analyst provided the Oakland FSDO subject matter experts (‘SME’) with the language

in the Request” and “instructed the relevant SME” to search for responsive documents. Id. ¶ 11.

The SME “interpreted the Request broadly as seeking any and all records that made note of the

alleged Seaplane Registration violation for N123JL,” which included “investigative files related

to investigations into other non-registration complaints against Seaplane, but which reference the

registration violation complaint for N123JL.” Id. ¶ 13. Because the Request stated that Plaintiff

was “not seeking duplicate copies of any responsive records that were previously provided by the

FAA,” FOIA Request at 1, the FOIA Analyst and SME “agreed to release only those files not

previously disclosed.” Id. ¶ 14.

       According to Defendant, “[t]he Oakland FSDO maintains all records in its possession

related to the investigation of Seaplane’s alleged Registration violations in two locations”: (1) an

“online Project Tracker” and (2) “a physical filing cabinet containing hardcopy folders.” Id. ¶ 15.

                                                  3
“The Project Tracker contains a short summary about the complainant, the N number of the plane

at issue, and the complaint number for any alleged violations.” Id. ¶ 16. The SME searched the

Project Tracker “only to identify the complaint numbers relevant to the Request so that she could

then search for the responsive hardcopy complaint files.” Id. ¶ 17. In other words, the Project

Tracker “acted as a directory that enabled the SME to pinpoint responsive records in the Oakland

FSDO’s main record system,” which is the physical filing cabinet. Id.

       The Oakland FSDO organizes its hardcopy files using the investigation numbers assigned

to each complaint. Id. ¶ 20. The hardcopy investigative files “contain the investigative records

associated with the Oakland FSDO’s investigation of the complaint, a printed copy of relevant

emails (if any), and any other documents related to that particular investigation.” Id. ¶ 18. “The

SME pulled the responsive records associated” with the complaint numbers obtained from the

“Project Tracker[,] and then pulled all files that had not been disclosed to the requestor in previous

FOIAs.” Id. ¶ 20. The SME scanned and emailed “all documents she had located pursuant to her

search to the FOIA Analyst.” Id. ¶ 21. “[T]he Oakland FSDO SME searched only these hard copy

files for records responsive to the Request, and determined it would not be necessary to search in

other locations.” Id. ¶ 18. The SME “verified with the Inspector in Charge, and current and former

staff members who worked on the case, for potential responsive records in their possession,

including emails, photos, notes, video records or conversations that they maintained.” Id. ¶ 19.

“However, the individuals who worked on the case confirmed that all emails and records regarding

the alleged violations had been stored in the hardcopy files.” Id.

       C.      FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7

       The FOIA Analyst reviewed the records the Oakland FSDO SME sent and determined that

“any records containing references to the Association’s registration violation complaints were

                                                  4
responsive to the Request.” Id. ¶ 21. The FOIA Analyst excluded records “already made available

to the Association through other FOIA requests” and assessed whether any of the remaining

responsive records were exempt from disclosure. Id. On October 1, 2020, Defendant advised

Plaintiff “that it was withholding in full the responsive records under Exemption 7(A) . . . because

there was an ongoing law enforcement investigation and premature release would interfere with

the agency’s investigation.” Id. ¶¶ 23–24. On October 18, 2020, the Association appealed the

denial, on the grounds that FAA applied Exemption 7(A) “in an overly broad manner” and failed

“to undertake an adequate search for responsive records.” Id. ¶¶ 25–26.

        In December 2020, Defendant told Plaintiff that the investigation into Seaplane’s alleged

registration violations was ongoing due to the Association’s December 2019 complaint against

“the FAA through the FAA Hotline Reporting System alleging that the Oakland FSDO had not

thoroughly investigated the registration violation.” Id. ¶ 29; see Schneider Decl. at 35. Because

there was a “pending[1] hotline complaint by the Association against the Oakland FSDO,”

Defendant contended, “the registration complaint could not close,” and the FAA was required to

withhold the responsive records under Exemption 7(A). Toaso Decl. ¶ 29.

        D.       FOIA Litigation and Production of Responsive Records

        On March 8, 2021, while the FAA was purportedly “process[ing] the Association’s

administrative appeal in order to remand it once the investigation was closed,” the Association

filed the instant action. Id. ¶ 30. That same month, the FAA reviewed “the records initially

withheld in October 2020” and determined that they could now be “released because the

1
  Defendant’s explanation cannot be squared with the facts in the record, which show that the Hotline investigation
into the Oakland FSDO’s handling of the Association’s complaints closed on February 25, 2020—nearly six months
before the Association filed its FOIA request. See Second Decl. of Nicholas Toaso, ECF No. 21-1 [hereinafter Second
Toaso Decl.] at 24 (showing Hotline complaint #A20191113009 filed on December 18, 2019 against Oakland FSDO);
Schneider Decl. at 35 (showing FAA Hotline investigation #A20191113009 concluded on February 25, 2020).
Nevertheless, this factual dispute is not material and therefore does not preclude a summary judgment ruling.

                                                        5
investigation regarding Seaplane’s alleged registration violation was closed.” Id. ¶ 34. On May

27, 2021, “the FAA released 60 pages of records previously withheld in full,” with some redactions

of personal information under Exemption 6. Id. ¶ 35.

        Regulatory Support Division (“AFS-600”). “During the Oakland FSDO’s review of its

previously withheld records, the FOIA Analyst identified several pages within the investigative

records that originated within another office in Flight Standards, the Regulatory Support Division

(‘AFS-600’).” Id. ¶ 36. The FOIA Analyst determined it was “possibl[e] that AFS-600 might

maintain other records responsive to the Association’s Request,” and in May 2021, the Request

was assigned to AFS-600. Id. In June 2021, the AFS-600 SME performed a search of the Project

Tracking and Reporting Subsystem (“PTRS”) using the relevant complaint and aircraft numbers,

and identified as responsive “all records located that referenced the registration investigations

and/or registration determinations for Seaplane and aircraft number N123JL,” excluding records

previously provided to the Association pursuant to another FOIA request. Id. ¶¶ 40–41. The AFS-

600 SME located three pages 2 of responsive records, which were redacted pursuant to Exemption 6

and produced to the Association on June 25, 2021. Id. On September 28, 2021, AFS-600 disclosed

an additional nine pages of responsive records to the Association with redactions pursuant to

Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Id. ¶ 61.

        Duplicates. In June 2021, Plaintiff clarified that the Request sought documents that “had

already [been] provided to the Association pursuant to the Association’s previous FOIA requests,”

and Defendant agreed to search for and produce such documents. Id. ¶ 42. “[T]he Oakland FSDO

reconstructed the original search,” id. ¶ 43, and pulled responsive documents from the hardcopy

files, “includ[ing] any records that may have previously been disclosed to the Association in

2
 Plaintiff contends that AFS-600 released a “production of three records comprising six pages.” Schneider Decl. ¶ 41
(emphasis in original). This disputed fact is not material and, again, does not preclude a summary judgment ruling.

                                                         6
response to other FOIA requests,” id. ¶ 44. “As with the original search, the Oakland FSDO SME

determined that the Program Tracker records were not [themselves] responsive.” Id. ¶ 43. The

Oakland FSDO SME provided the “documents it had previously deemed unresponsive to AFS-

600,” which “conducted a supplemental search of its PTRS records.” Id. ¶ 45. At the end, the

Oakland FSDO found “178 pages of complaint files that it had previously released to the

Association pursuant to previous FOIAs.” Id. ¶ 46. Defendant withheld three pages under FOIA

Exemption 7(A) on the grounds that the investigations into those complaints were ongoing, and it

redacted some of the records pursuant to Exemption 6. Id. ¶ 47.

       Aircraft Registration Branch. Defendant found seven documents at the Oakland FSDO

that were not included in the hard copy investigative files. Id. ¶ 50. The documents were

uncovered when searching for “documents involving the Oakland FSDO’s registration

investigation” and “documents explaining why a new investigation was not opened after the

Association appealed the Oakland FSDO’s registration determination.”               Id.   Defendant

“disclose[d] the additional seven pages to the Association to help clarify why the Oakland FSDO

had not found Seaplane in violation of registration requirements,” “even though some of the emails

were outside the time period requested.” Id. Because the seven pages involved emails with the

Aircraft Registration Branch, “the Oakland FSDO reached out to the Aircraft Registration Branch

and requested that their SMEs perform a search for any additional information available.” Id. ¶ 51.

While the Aircraft Registration Branch’s “system does not contain records regarding alleged

violation complaints and investigations, it does contain information about when it had issued

Seaplane its registrations or extended temporary registrations.” Id. ¶ 52. The Aircraft Registration

Branch searched for documents related the Oakland FSDO registration investigation from 2016

through 2018 and found the same documents as the Oakland FSDO. Id. ¶ 53.

                                                 7
       In sum, Defendant conducted searches at the “Oakland FSDO (which conducted the

investigation), AFS-600 (which maintains a system containing investigative notes), and the

Aircraft [Registration Branch].” Id. ¶ 62. Defendant states that “[t]here are no other locations

within the FAA, and no additional search terms or other search parameters, that are likely to locate

additional responsive records.” Id. Defendant identified as responsive “187 pages of documents

and 18 videos and photographs.” Id. ¶ 63. Three of the 187 pages were withheld under FOIA

Exemption 7(A) “because the investigations are still open, and release of these records would

interfere with those investigations.” Id. Of the remaining 184 pages, 97 were redacted to protect

personal privacy under Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Id.

III.   LEGAL STANDARD

       Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence show that “there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). A genuine issue of material fact is one that “might affect the outcome of the

suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The

party seeking summary judgment must demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.

See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). When determining whether a genuine

issue of material fact exists, the trier of fact must view all facts, and reasonable inferences drawn

therefrom, in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v.

Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587–88 (1986).

       “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Media Rsch. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 818 F. Supp. 2d 131, 136 (D.D.C. 2011). A government

agency may obtain summary judgment in a FOIA case by relying on “relatively detailed” and

“nonconclusory” declarations. McGehee v. CIA, 697 F.2d 1095, 1102 (D.C. Cir. 1983). The court

                                                 8
may enter summary judgment based solely upon information provided in affidavits or declarations

when those affidavits or declarations describe “the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably

specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed

exception, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of

agency bad faith.” Mil. Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). “An agency’s

justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’”

Media Rsch., 818 F. Supp. 2d at 137 (quoting Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C.

Cir. 2009) (internal alteration omitted)).

       Courts give agency declarations “a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by

‘purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.’” SafeCard

Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v.

CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Once the court determines that an agency has released

all non-exempt material, it has no further judicial function to perform under FOIA, and the FOIA

claim is moot. See Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 125 (D.C. Cir. 1982).

IV.    DISCUSSION

       A.      Exemptions 6 and 7(C)

       The FAA redacted 97 pages under FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C), including “personal

emails, office cell phone numbers and complainant names.” Toaso Decl. ¶ 72. Exemption 6

protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a

clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Exemption 7 protects

law enforcement records or information when disclosure “could reasonably be expected to

constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” Id. § 552(b)(7)(C).

                                                 9
          Plaintiff does not contest the propriety of Defendant’s redactions under Exemptions 6

and 7(C). See generally Pl.’s Mot., Pl.’s Mem. in Opp. to Def.’s Mot. and in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot.,

ECF No. 14-1 [hereinafter Pl.’s Mem.]. Accordingly, summary judgment is granted with respect

to Defendant’s Exemptions 6 and 7(C) redactions. See Hopkins v. Women’s Div., Gen. Bd. of

Glob. Ministries, 284 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C. 2003) (“It is well understood in this Circuit that

when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments

raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as

conceded.”).

          B.       Exemption 7(A)

          Exemption 7(A) protects law enforcement records or information when disclosure “could

reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(A).

“[T]o withhold documents pursuant to Exemption 7(A), an agency must show that they were

compiled for law enforcement purposes and that their disclosure (1) could reasonably be expected

to interfere with (2) enforcement proceedings that are (3) pending or reasonably anticipated.”

Mapother v. Dep’t of Just., 3 F.3d 1533, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Defendant “withheld three pages

of records pertaining to [two] complaints” on the grounds that those records “are part of an on-

going investigation by the FAA and are therefore being fully withheld under FOIA

Exemption 7(A).” Def.’s Mot. 3 at 34, id. at 35 (“[I]f, through these investigations, the FAA

ultimately determines a regulatory violation has occurred, depending on the context of the

violation the FAA could take enforcement [actions] against Seaplane.”).

          Plaintiff does not contest that the documents were compiled for law enforcement purposes

or that an FAA enforcement action qualifies as an “enforcement proceeding” under

3
    The court uses ECF pagination for Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.

                                                       10
Exemption 7(A). See Mapother, 3 F.3d at 1540 (“Exemption 7 applies to civil and regulatory

proceedings as well as to criminal matters.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff contends

that the 7(A) withholdings are improper because “the FAA’s direct investigation of the specific

complaints in the” Edgcomb Letters “had been formally closed by the agency by June 29, 2019.”

Pl.’s Mem. at 15. Defendant responds that the withheld records involved different complaints that

were “still an open investigation at the time the records were being reviewed.” Def.’s Combined

Reply in Further Supp. of its Mot. and Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot, ECF No. 21 [hereinafter Def.’s

Opp’n], at 10. Plaintiff is correct that the investigations into the specific complaints in the

Edgcomb letters—CWP27201844 and CWP27201866—are complete. See Schneider Decl. at 42.

However, Defendant did not withhold records related to those complaints. See Def.’s Mot. at 34

(“[T]he FAA withheld three pages of records pertaining to complaints CWP272019105 and

CWP272019106.”). The record shows that the 7(A) withholdings relate to complaints that were

still open investigations. Toasa Decl. ¶ 65 (“Three pages of records pertaining to complaints

CWP272019105 and CWP272019106 are part of an on-going investigation by the FAA.”).

       Defendant argues that Exemption 7(A) is applicable because “individuals filed the

complaints for law enforcement purposes[,] the complaints allege violations of FAA regulations,”

and the “FAA compiled the records to investigate whether an enforcement action should be

brought . . . if those violations were substantiated.” Id. ¶ 66. Defendant contends that “release of

the complaint files and any evidence collected could give the potential defendant an opportunity

to withhold further information regarding the evidence.” Id. ¶ 67; see also Def.’s Mot. at 35

(“Release of this information could also harm the agency’s position in court if the FAA ultimately

determined to take enforcement action against the subject of the investigation.”). Plaintiff counters

that Defendant fails to “identify[] the specific nature of [the] investigation, the applicable FAA file

                                                  11
or investigation number it pertains to, or the dates which that investigation was allegedly initiated

by the agency,” without citing any authority requiring Defendant to do so. Pl.’s Reply Mem. in

Supp. of Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 23 [hereinafter Pl.’s Opp’n], at 17.

       The court finds that disclosure of the withheld records “could reasonably be expected to

interfere” with a future FAA enforcement proceeding based on the withheld complaints.

Mapother, 3 F.3d at 1540. Exemption 7(A) is “available where enforcement proceedings are

‘pending or contemplated.’” Id. (quoting Coastal States Gas Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 617

F.2d 854, 870 (D.C. Cir. 1980). “The word ‘contemplated’ . . . speaks to the enforcing agency’s

intentions.” Id. Defendant has stated that the investigations into these complaints are still open

and if “the FAA ultimately determines a regulatory violation has occurred . . . the FAA could take

enforcement [actions] against Seaplane.”        Toaso Decl. ¶ 66.      The court finds that these

representations sufficiently establish the applicability of Exemption 7(A). Cf. Coastal States, 617

F.2d at 870 (rejecting 7(A) exemption because the agency “made no effort whatsoever in the

district court to demonstrate that any of these cases are still under investigation or being actively

pursued”).

       C.      Segregability

       “It has long been a rule in this Circuit that non-exempt portions of a document must be

disclosed unless they are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Mead Data Ctr., Inc. v.

U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977); see Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv.,

494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“Even when FOIA exemptions apply, ‘[a]ny reasonably

segregable portion of a record shall be provided to any person requesting such record after deletion

of the portions which are exempt.’”) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)). However, an agency “need not

disclose a redacted version of the [record] if the unredacted markings would ‘have minimal or no

                                                 12
information content.’” Perioperative Servs. & Logistics, LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 57

F.4th 1061, 1069 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (quoting Mead Data Ctr., 566 F.2d at 261). “When an agency

demonstrates that a record is exempt . . . it is ‘entitled to a presumption that [it] complied with the

obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material.’ Because FOIA requesters lack access to

the withheld records, they will often be unable to ‘rebut[ ] this presumption.’” Id. at 1068–69

(quoting Sussman, 494 F.3d at 1117).

       Plaintiff argues that Defendant “improperly applied its segregability requirement” because

there is “undisputed evidence” that “portions of records in complaint number CWP272019106”

“contain references to the specific airplane registration issues . . . sought by RBEPA’s August 19,

2020 FOIA request.” Pl.’s Mem. at 16–18; see Schneider Decl. ¶ 33 (The FAA cannot “properly

claim any ‘ongoing investigation’ as to those portions of records from the CWP272019106

complaint file which refer to the registration issues that are the subject of the August 19, 2020

FOIA request at issue in this action.”). Defendant responds that there are no “portions that could

be segregated without revealing the content of the investigation.”             Def.’s Opp’n at 10.

Furthermore, Defendant contends that the CWP272019106 complaint concerns another unrelated

incident and only makes “passing reference” to the registration complaints in Plaintiff’s FOIA

request. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. 9, ECF No. 13-11, at 3 n. 3 (“Note that while these pages are

responsive to your FOIA request in that they make passing reference to your registration

complaint, these complaint files pertain primarily to your complaints related to reckless flying.”);

Tosca Decl. ¶ 13 (explaining that the agency ‘interpreted the Request broadly’ and included

“investigative files related to investigations into other non-registration complaints against

Seaplane, but which reference the registration violation complaint for N123JL”).

                                                  13
       For the reasons stated above, the records at issue fall within Exemption 7(A). Accordingly,

the FAA is “entitled to a presumption that it complied with the obligation to disclose reasonably

segregable material.” Sussman, 494 F.3d at 1117. Plaintiff provides no evidence to overcome that

presumption. See Perioperative Servs., 57 F.4th at 1068–69 (noting that FOIA requesters are

“often unable” to rebut this presumption). Furthermore, Plaintiff gives the court no reason to

question Defendant’s representation that references to the relevant complaints within the withheld

records are made only in “passing” and therefore are not subject to disclosure.

       D.      Adequacy of Search

       “The fundamental principle animating FOIA is public access to government documents.”

Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Accordingly, agencies

are required “to make more than perfunctory searches and, indeed, to follow through on obvious

leads to discover requested documents.” Id. While “[t]here is no requirement that an agency

search every record system,” an “agency cannot limit its search to only one record system if there

are others that are likely to turn up the information requested.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army,

920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). “An agency fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can

demonstrate beyond material doubt that its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all

relevant documents.’” Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 325 (quoting Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897

F.2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). Importantly, “the adequacy of a FOIA search is generally

determined not by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry

out the search.” Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

       “In order to obtain summary judgment the agency must show that it made a good faith

effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which can be reasonably

expected to produce the information requested.” Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. “A reasonably detailed

                                                14
affidavit, setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring that all files

likely to contain responsive materials . . . were searched, is necessary to . . . allow the district court

to determine if the search was adequate in order to grant summary judgment.” Id. “The question

is not whether there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request, but rather

whether the search for those documents was adequate . . . [which] is judged by a standard of

reasonableness.” Steinberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (emphasis in

original).

        Plaintiff contends that Defendant fell short of conducting an adequate search because

Defendant failed to: (1) “undertake any search at key FAA component offices”; (2) “perform an

adequate search for responsive records at the Aircraft Registration Branch office”; (3) “perform

an adequate search at the Oakland Flight Standards District Office that failed to locate many

responsive records”; and (4) “undertake appropriate follow-up search actions, where there was

clear evidence of additional responsive records which had not been located.” Pl.’s Mem. at 6

(emphasis in original). The court addresses each argument in turn.

                1.      FAA Component Offices

        Plaintiff contends that Defendant’s failure to conduct searches at the FAA’s Office of Audit

& Evaluation (“AAE”) and Office of Security and Hazardous Materials (“ASH”) was improper

because “those offices were clearly directly involved with the agency’s ‘Hotline’ investigation”

into the Oakland FSDO. Id. at 7. Specifically, Plaintiff contends that the FAA did not conduct an

adequate search because it failed to turn over AAE and ASH records related to the Hotline

complaint that Plaintiff filed against the FAA, which alleged that the Oakland FSDO conducted

an improper investigation into the Association’s registration complaints against Seaplane.

See id. at 7 (“[T]hese FAA offices were directly and actively involved in the specific ‘Hotline’

                                                   15
investigation . . . [h]owever, the agency failed to task either of those offices to perform any search

actions in responding to Plaintiff’s FOIA request.”). Plaintiff asks the court to instruct FAA to

search these two offices.

       Defendant argues that ASH and AAE were not searched “because neither office

investigates alleged registration violations, and because the FAA would not expect responsive

records to exist in those locations.” Def.’s Opp’n at 4. “ASH conducts internal investigations into

FAA personnel and offices in response to allegations of violations of law or internal agency

policy,” Defendant continues, and “AAE administers the FAA’s hotline complaint

program . . . [which] refers complaints to the office within the FAA most equipped to investigate

the complaint.” Id. Because those offices were not likely to possess responsive records, the “FAA

directed Plaintiff’s FOIA request regarding Seaplane flying without a valid registration to the

Oakland FSDO,” the office that is “primarily responsible for investigations of regulatory violations

in the region where Seaplane is located and would likely maintain all accompanying

documentation, analysis, and records responsive to the request.” Id. Furthermore, Defendant

asserts that the records were “outside the scope” of the Association’s instant FOIA request, id. at 6,

because “the FOIA request subject of this litigation did not cite the December 18, 2019 hotline

complaint” against the Oakland FSDO, which was filed nearly a year and a half after the two 2018

complaints against Seaplane cited in the Edgcomb Letters, Second Decl. of Nicholas Toaso,

ECF No. 21-1 [hereinafter Second Toaso Decl.], ¶ 13.

       The court finds that Defendant’s decision not to search ASH and AAE was reasonable. As

a threshold matter, the records are arguably outside the scope of Plaintiff’s FOIA request, which

seeks records “referencing alleged complaints of registration violations” by Seaplane.

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FOIA Request at 1. The AAE and ASH records at issue relate to a 2019 Hotline complaint 4 filed

by the Association against the Oakland FSDO, not Seaplane.                            Second Toaso Decl. ¶ 12.

Accordingly, the records are likely not responsive to Plaintiff’s request.

         Even if the records were responsive, the FAA has met its obligation “to explain in its

affidavit that no other record system was likely to produce responsive documents.” See Oglesby,

920 F.2d at 68. The FAA’s affidavit explains that “ASH conducts internal investigations into FAA

personnel and offices in response to allegations of violations of law or internal agency policy” and

“AAE administers the FAA’s hotline complaint program,” which intakes complaints and “then

refers complaints to the office within the FAA most equipped to investigate the complaint.”

Second Toaso Decl. ¶¶ 5–6. It is reasonable to determine that an office responsible for internal

FAA investigations (ASH) and an intake office that refers complaints to the relevant investigating

offices (AAE) would not possess records related to investigations of private parties. The FAA has

therefore met its obligation to explain why ASH and AAE were not “likely to produce responsive

documents.” Cf. Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68 (finding search inadequate where “[t]he affidavit does

not show, with reasonable detail, that the search method . . . was reasonably calculated to uncover

all relevant documents” and does not “identify the terms searched or explain how the search was

conducted.”).

                  2.       Aircraft Registration Branch

         The FAA Aircraft Registration Branch conducted a search which “did not locate any

responsive records in addition to those records the Oakland FSDO had already found.” Toaso

4
  Plaintiff identifies two documents to suggest that Defendant should have searched AAE and ASH. See Pl.’s Mem.
at 7 (citing Schneider Decl. at 35, 37). Those records are related to the Hotline complaint the Association filed against
the Oakland FSDO. Plaintiff has not presented any evidence showing that the Edgcomb complaints were initiated
through the FAA’s Hotline complaint system. Accordingly, there is no reason to believe that AAE and ASH would
possess similar documents related to Edgcomb’s complaints against Seaplane.

                                                          17
Decl. ¶ 53. Plaintiff asks the court to require Defendant to perform a follow-up search at the

Aircraft Registration Branch because Plaintiff “independently obtained and has identified three

records directly from the Aircraft Registration Branch” that are responsive to the Association’s

request. Pl.’s Mem. at 7.

       The court finds that the three letters independently obtained by Plaintiff from the Aircraft

Registration Branch are not responsive to the Association’s Request. Two of the documents are

titled “Aircraft Bill of Sale,” and while they reference Seaplane and aircraft N123JL, they do not

discuss the Edgcomb Letters or any alleged registration violation. See Schneider Decl. at 77, 79.

The third document is an April 23, 2018, letter sent from the Aircraft Registration Branch to

Seaplane. See id. at 75. The document pre-dates the Edgcomb Letters, which were sent in July

and August 2018, and thus cannot be responsive, as the Request seeks records that “discuss or

describe” the registration violations mentioned in the Edgcomb Letters. FOIA Request at 1.

Accordingly, the court finds Defendant’s search of the Aircraft Registration Branch was adequate.

               3.      Oakland FSDO

       Plaintiff objects to the FAA’s decision to only search a “physical filing cabinet” at the

Oakland FSDO, “based solely upon agency staff claiming that all of their responsive

records . . . [were] stored in the hard copy file system.” Pl.’s Mem. at 8–9 (emphasis in original).

Because Defendant did “not search[] any other locations, including the relevant individual staff’s

own computer records at this Oakland FSDO location,” Plaintiff argues the search was inadequate.

Id. at 9 (emphasis in original). Furthermore, Plaintiff independently identified 10 documents from

the Oakland FSDO which, in Plaintiff’s view, are responsive and “were never located by the

agency’s very limited search of ‘a physical filing cabinet’ undertaken at that location.” Id.

Defendant retorts that the documents identified by Plaintiff are unresponsive because (1) “there is

                                                18
no particular need to produce back to plaintiff documents that plaintiff or his counsel already

have,” (2) the FAA “is not obligated to produce records that post-date plaintiff’s request,” and

(3) “[d]ocuments related to processing a FOIA are nonresponsive to the FOIA request itself.”

Def.’s Opp’n at 7.

       Five of the 10 documents Plaintiff points to are communications between the Association,

Edgcomb, and the FAA informing the Association about the status of its FOIA requests.

See Schneider Decl. at 42, 48–54. Defendant argues that these documents are not responsive

because Plaintiff already possesses these documents. Def.’s Opp’n at 7. Defendant cites no

authority for the proposition that an agency is not required to provide documents already in the

requestor’s possession. See id. In fact, the opposite appears true. See Delta Ltd. v. U.S. Customs

and Border Prot. Bureau, 384 F. Supp. 2d 138, 148 (D.D.C. 2005) (“Simply because [the] plaintiff

may already have certain documents in its possession . . . does not lessen the requirement that an

agency follow the guidelines and regulations provided under the FOIA.”). However, Plaintiff’s

Request did not ask for records concerning the processing of the Request. See FOIA Request.

Half of the records cited by Plaintiff are thus non-responsive and therefore are not indicative of an

inadequate search.

       Three of the records are not responsive to the Request for other reasons. Plaintiff’s

contention that Exhibit L “directly references complaints involving ‘improper or lack of aircraft

registration’” made by Edgcomb is misleading. Pl.’s Mem. at 10. Exhibit L does state that the

Oakland FSDO received and investigated complaints against Seaplane for “improper or lack of

aircraft registration,” but does not mention the Edgcomb Letters or the specific registration

complaints. Schneider Decl. at 59–60. The email mentioned Edgcomb only to say that he was

responsible for “the majority of the complaints” against Seaplane. Id. at 60. Exhibit M mentions

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Edgcomb’s name but says nothing about Seaplane registration violations. Id. at 62. Exhibit N is

an internal FAA email that includes “N123JL”—Seaplane’s registration number—in the subject

line but says nothing more to indicate that the email is related to the registration violation

allegations in the Edgcomb Letters. Id. at 64.

       As for the last two documents—Exhibits K and P—the court finds that they are potentially

responsive. But the fact that Plaintiff can identify two responsive documents that the FAA did not

produce does not, without more, indicate an inadequate search. See Steinberg, 23 F.3d at 551

(stating that the inquiry “is not whether there might exist any other documents possibly responsive

to the request, but rather whether the search for those documents was adequate”).

       Still, the court cannot grant summary judgment in favor of Defendant. Defendant has not

explained to the court’s satisfaction why all potentially responsive records within the Oakland

FSDO would be located within a physical filing cabinet. In this day and age, it is hard to conceive

that no potentially responsive records could be found in electronic form. Defendant does not, for

example, say that there is a procedure within the Oakland FSDO that requires employees to place

all documentation pertaining to an investigation—including emails—in the physical filing cabinet.

Thus, while the selection of the Oakland FSDO as a search location was reasonable, absent some

explanation for why responsive records would exist only in physical filing cabinet, the court cannot

find the search of the Oakland FSDO adequate. Because this “record leaves substantial doubt” as

to the procedures the Oakland FSDO followed and “the sufficiency of the search, summary

judgment for the agency is not proper.” Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542.

               4.      Follow-Up Searches

       Finally, Plaintiff argues that the FAA’s search was inadequate because it did not conduct

follow-up searches based on information available to it. Specifically, Plaintiff identifies two

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photographs and an email attachment, which the agency did not produce. 5 Pl.’s Mem. at 11–12.

Defendant responds that the FAA has since provided Plaintiff with the photographs and email

attachment, and thus “has undertaken all follow up actions to ensure that all additional responsive

records have been disclosed.” Def.’s Opp’n at 9. Plaintiff disagrees, arguing that the “FAA has

still failed to provide one of the four photographic records the agency said it had found and would

produce.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 13. Because a dispute of material facts exists, the court makes no ruling

on this issue.

V.      CONCLUSION

        For the stated reasons, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 13, is granted

in part. Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 14, is denied in full. Defendant may

submit a supplemental declaration by April 18, 2023, and renew its motion for summary judgment

on the two issues on which the court did not enter judgment in its favor.

Dated: March 17, 2023                                                Amit P. Mehta
                                                              United States District Judge

5
 Plaintiff argues that Defendant failed to provide records describing the “ongoing investigation” cited by the FAA in
support of the Exemption 7(A) withholding. Pl.’s Mem. at 12; see Schneider Decl. ¶ 15 (“Although the FAA currently
claims that the Hotline investigation remained open during the” relevant time period, “the agency has to date not
produced any responsive records establishing any agency ongoing actions for this hotline complaint.”). Plaintiff’s
argument misstates the facts. The documents that were withheld under Exemption 7(A) were related to complaints
CWP272019105 and CWP272019106, which raised reckless flying complaints against Seaplane. Def.’s Mot. at 34.
As explained above, those complaints are not related to the complaints referenced in the Edgcomb Letters.

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