Court Opinion

ID: 3156065
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-19 16:02:23.535055+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:06:08.195455
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
 UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                 AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

                                    IN THE
             ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                DIVISION ONE

                     JARED M., AMBER M., Appellants,

                                        v.

       DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SAFETY, A.M., M.M., Appellees.

                             No. 1 CA-JV 15-0085
                               FILED 11-19-2015

           Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                              No. JS17188
                  The Honorable Connie Contes, Judge

                                  AFFIRMED

                                   COUNSEL

The Stavris Law Firm, PLLC, Scottsdale
By Christopher Stavris
Counsel for Appellant Mother

Heavenly Gates Law Firm, Phoenix
By S. Marie Gates
Counsel for Appellant Father

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Amanda Adams
Counsel for Appellee
                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

                       MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Randall M. Howe delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Jon W. Thompson and Judge Lawrence F. Winthrop joined.

H O W E, Judge:

¶1            Amber M. (“Mother”) and Jared M. (“Father”) appeal the
juvenile court’s order terminating their parental rights to A.M., born May
2011, and M.M., born April 2012, on ground of neglect and willful abuse.
For the following reasons, we affirm.

                 FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2            In February 2012, when Mother and Father already had three
foster children in their care, including A.M. and M.M., the Department1
placed two-year-old J.C. with them. The parents subsequently adopted
A.M. and M.M. During the seven months J.C. was in Mother and Father’s
exclusive care, the child suffered two injuries. As a result, the Department
petitioned for dependency and then termination of Mother and Father’s
parental rights to A.M. and M.M. on ground of neglect and willful abuse.

¶3             In January 2013, J.C. dislocated his right hip. Father took J.C.
to urgent care, but he was sent in an ambulance to a children’s hospital for
treatment. Father reported to the hospital staff that he was lifting J.C. over
the rails of the child’s bed and accidentally dropped him. Father thought
that the child might have hit a part of the bed during his fall. J.C. fell about
2.5 to 3 feet and landed on his right side. Father said that J.C. behaved
“normally” afterwards, however, and not until the next morning did the
child complain of pain in his right leg and became incapable of carrying
anything with his right arm.

¶4            Although J.C.’s hospital discharge papers stated that the
incident was an “accidental trauma,” one of the consulting doctors—a
forensic child abuse expert—noted in her report that such an injury was

1      The Department of Child Safety was substituted for the Arizona
Department of Economic Security in this matter. See Ariz. R. Civ. App. P.
27; S.B. 1001, Section 157, 51st Leg., 2nd Spec. Sess. (Ariz. 2014) (enacted).
For convenience, we refer to both as “the Department.”

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uncommon for a child under five and found Father’s explanation that J.C.
could walk afterwards “curious.” She opined that the injury could have
been an accident or was inflicted. The doctor also noted scratch marks on
the child’s neck and chin and a bite mark on his cheek. Father explained
that J.C. often scratched himself when he was upset and a foster sibling had
bitten him. The Department was notified of J.C.’s injury, but did not remove
him.

¶5            Several months later from June 24 to 27, J.C. was at vacation
bible school. J.C.’s camp counselor said that during bible school, he was
“very active” and “use[d] both his arms” and “was happy as a clam but
spastic.” No reports were submitted that J.C. was injured.

¶6            After J.C. returned to Mother and Father’s house, the family
left for South Dakota on June 28. When they stopped for lunch, Father
noticed that “when [J.C.] got down out of the van, he would like push
himself along the floor and he just wasn’t putting all of his weight on his
left arm.” They nonetheless continued driving to Colorado. There, J.C.
struggled to take his shirt off and complained of pain, but the family
resumed their journey. When they stopped at a rest area, Father observed
that J.C. “was not playing as he normally should. . . . He was standing
against the wall.” Despite Father’s observation, the family continued to
South Dakota. There, J.C. was in more pain; he had “less movement and
more whines.” Although “everybody” in the family noticed J.C.’s injury,
Mother and Father “did not believe it was the extent that it—that he was
making it to be.”

¶7             On June 30, Mother noticed that J.C.’s arm was swollen and
that J.C. did not use his arm. Four days later, she took J.C. to the emergency
room. She explained to the hospital staff that J.C. “was swimming yesterday
and seemed to be using the arm normally,” but after waking up that
morning, his arm “was quite swollen” and he could not move it. The
treating physician told Mother that the x-rays were normal and
recommended that J.C. wear a sling. J.C. stopped wearing the sling three
days later, however, because the swelling “was getting worse.” The family
returned to Arizona on July 8, J.C. saw his pediatrician the next day, and he
had a MRI on July 12, revealing a left fractured humerus.

¶8           On July 15, J.C. returned to the same children’s hospital where
he had received treatment for his dislocated hip. J.C. was admitted and
received additional imaging and a full skeletal survey, which showed a one
to three months’ old right scapular fracture that was healing. J.C. was

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                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

reported to the hospital’s child protection team for suspected non-
accidental trauma.

¶9             The same child abuse expert who had been consulted about
J.C.’s prior hip dislocation examined his swollen arm. She opined that the
left fracture of the humerus was two to four weeks old and that the fracture
would have “require[d] [a] significant force . . . and would [have] cause[d]
considerable pain at the time . . . and for a week or more after.” She also
opined that it was “very unlikely that the fracture happened accidently . . .
[or] was unrecognized at the time because of the pain.” She further opined
that the previous x-rays were probably misread because J.C.’s fracture was
through the growth plate and missing such a fracture was common. She
noted that “inflicted injury continue[d] to be the . . . primary concern” and
recommended that J.C. participate in a forensic interview and that the
Department protect him and his foster siblings while it and the police
investigated the situation.

¶10             That evening Mother and Father participated in forensic
interviews. Father reported that they were not sure what happened to J.C.’s
shoulder. During the trip, J.C. was not using his left arm or putting any
weight on it and was “kind of . . . whimpering.” Only when they noticed
that his arm was swelling did they take him to the emergency room. Father
also reported that he, J.C., and A.M. had fallen into a pool while in South
Dakota. The incident occurred on July 2, “after [they] had already had
[their] initial appointment . . . at the Emergency Room.” Father was holding
the boys’ hands, lost his balance, and slipped into the pool, and J.C. fell into
the water.

¶11           Mother reported that they had first noticed that J.C. was not
using his left arm on June 30, after they had arrived in South Dakota.
Mother reported that the family had gone swimming that day and Father,
J.C., and A.M. fell into the pool. They took him to the emergency room
because his arm was swollen. Mother reported that J.C. did not complain
about his arm during the drive to South Dakota.

¶12           Based on these interviews and the circumstances, the
Department took custody of J.C., A.M., and M.M. after J.C. was discharged
from the hospital on July 17 and placed each of them in separate foster
homes. The Department petitioned for dependency alleging that A.M. and
M.M. were dependent as to Mother and Father. It alleged that the parents
had either abused J.C. or had failed to protect him from abuse and that A.M.
and M.M. were at risk of future abuse as a result of the parents’ action or
inaction, respectively.

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                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

¶13           While J.C. was in foster care, Mother and Father sent the child
some toys. When he saw one of them, J.C. threw it in the trash. The child’s
foster mother told him not to throw his toy away, and he became
frightened, grabbed his left arm, and told her “please don’t hurt my arm.”

¶14           J.C. participated in a forensic interview and reported that he
got an “owie” from the “T.V.” and that “mommy did it at the hotel” and
“it’s swollen.” J.C. also reported that “mom and dad were there,” “mom hit
him,” and “daddy saw.” When asked where Mother hit him, he rubbed his
left arm with his right hand and responded “on my arm.” When asked what
Mother hit him with, he pointed to his hand and said “this one.”

¶15          By that time, the Department had placed A.M. and M.M.
together in a different foster home, this time with family friends at the
parents’ request. Soon after, the foster family reported that A.M. exhibited
aggressive behavior, hoarding food, and having nightmares. They also
explained that M.M. was constantly sucking his thumb, especially after
returning from visits with his parents. They further reported that if A.M.
heard the song, “Head, Shoulders, Knees, and Toes,” he would hide behind
the couch and scream. The daycare supervisor reported that both children
were withdrawn.

¶16           The following month, the parents participated in
psychological evaluations. Mother reported that she did not know what
happened to J.C.’s arm and believed “it may have been accidental.” The
psychologist found that Mother was “fairly defensive” and was not able to
admit to any shortcomings. He also found that Mother “may not have
answered in a completely forthright manner.” The psychologist
recommended that Mother participate in individual counseling and child-
management classes. The psychologist opined that a child in Mother’s care
would be at risk of physical harm and that her prognosis for being able to
parent in the foreseeable future was “not good.”

¶17             Father also reported that he did not know what happened to
J.C.’s arm. He reported that he heard J.C. cry “a few times” while the family
was packing for their trip and suggested that perhaps J.C. was “jumping
and fell.” The psychologist found that Father was defensive and
recommended that he participate in counseling and child-management
classes. The psychologist opined that Father “could be able to demonstrate
adequate parenting skills if it [was] determined that he was not the cause
of [J.C.’s] injuries.”

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                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

¶18           Mother and Father then participated in masters– and
Ph.D.–level individual counseling, supervised visits, parenting classes, and
parent aide services, including one-on-one parenting instruction. Although
they participated in the services, they refused to acknowledge that J.C. had
suffered non-accidental trauma and denied any knowledge of or
responsibility for J.C.’s injuries. A.M. and M.M. were both referred to play
therapy and participated in psychological evaluations and were diagnosed
with post-traumatic stress disorder and reactive attachment disorder. A.M.
also received speech and physical therapy and M.M. occupational therapy.

¶19            Meanwhile, J.C. had a second forensic interview and
continued to talk about his injuries. He reported that Father had hurt his
right shoulder “in the bathroom” and that Mother had hurt his left shoulder
“at the hotel room.” He also reported that Mother bit and slapped him in
the face. J.C.’s foster mother reported that he would “shake, cry and [wet
himself] when he was disciplined,” “experienced night terrors,” and was
fearful of “running into his old parents.” In November 2013, J.C.’s foster
parents adopted him.

¶20            The following month, A.M. was identified as an Indian child
subject to the Indian Child Welfare Act (“ICWA”), 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901–63. On
the eve of the dependency hearing, the Alaskan Native village where he
was eligible for enrollment had not yet been served. Thus, instead of
holding a dependency hearing for A.M., the juvenile court ordered an initial
dependency hearing. For M.M., however, the court held a dependency
hearing and adjudicated him dependent as to both parents. The court found
that the parents had abused J.C. because of the “uncontroverted expert
medical testimony” that J.C., who was in the parents’ “care, custody, and
control” “sustained two (2) fractures.”

¶21           Because the Department had indicated that it would move for
termination of parents’ parental rights to A.M. and M.M., the juvenile court
thereafter ordered concurrent case plans of family reunification and
severance and adoption for M.M. The parents then moved for a finding that
the Department had not made reasonable efforts to achieve the case plan
goal of family reunification as ICWA required. At A.M.’s dependency
hearing, the juvenile court deferred its reasonable efforts finding until the
next hearing, but found that A.M. was dependent as to both parents.

¶22           In April 2014, because the parents were still unable to provide
a sufficient explanation for J.C.’s injuries, the Department petitioned to
terminate Mother and Father’s parental rights to A.M. and M.M. on ground
of neglect and willful abuse. The juvenile court thereafter ordered the

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                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

children’s case plan as severance and adoption. The parents once again
moved for a finding that the Department had not made reasonable efforts
to achieve the case plan and that it had not made active efforts to prevent
the family’s breakup with regards to A.M. The court deferred making a
finding and ordered the parties to brief aspects of ICWA and the
Department’s efforts.

¶23            At the contested severance hearing, the juvenile court took
judicial notice of all the testimony presented at M.M.’s dependency hearing
and admitted the transcripts. The caseworker testified that the foster family
was willing to adopt the children, and if they were unable to adopt, she
would have no trouble finding another adoptive family. She also testified
that adoption was in the children’s best interests because then they would
be able to grow in a home healthy, happy, and free from abuse.

¶24             The children’s psychologist testified that they were
adoptable. Although the children had attachment issues, they were making
progress in therapy and needed to be placed with a family willing to help
them build strong primary bonds. She also testified that the children
needed to feel safe and secure for their emotional growth. The case manager
testified that adoption was in the children’s best interests because then they
would be able to grow in a home free of abuse.

¶25           The children’s psychologist, child abuse expert, and case
manager all testified that A.M. and M.M. would be at risk of physical abuse
if they remained in the parents’ care. The juvenile court terminated Mother
and Father’s parental rights on ground of neglect and willful abuse and
found that termination was in the children’s best interests. It also found that
the Department had made active efforts to prevent the family’s breakup as
ICWA required, but the efforts were unsuccessful. Mother and Father
timely appealed.

                               DISCUSSION

              As relevant to our disposition of this appeal, Mother and
Father argue that the juvenile court erred in terminating their parental
rights to A.M. and M.M. on ground of neglect and willful abuse and in
finding that termination was in the children’s best interests and that their
continue custody of A.M. would likely result in serious emotional or
physical damage to the child. Father also argues that the court erred in
finding that the Department made active and reasonable efforts to prevent
the family’s breakup as ICWA required and that he was denied due process
in A.M. and M.M.’s severance proceedings because the Department

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                 JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                          Decision of the Court

allowed J.C. to be adopted before the termination hearing. Because
reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s order and findings, the
court did not abuse its discretion in terminating Mother and Father’s
parental rights to A.M. and M.M.

              1. Termination of Parental Rights

¶26             Mother and Father argue that insufficient evidence supports
the juvenile court’s order terminating their parental rights to the children
and its finding that termination was in the children’s best interests. We
review a termination order for an abuse of discretion. E.R. v. Dep’t of Child
Safety, 237 Ariz. 56, 59 ¶ 9, 344 P.3d 842, 844 (App. 2015). We accept the
juvenile court’s factual findings unless no reasonable evidence supports
them, and we will affirm a severance order unless it is clearly erroneous.
Bobby G. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 219 Ariz. 506, 508 ¶ 1, 200 P.3d 1003, 1005
(App. 2008). Further, we will affirm the termination if any statutory ground
is proven and if termination is in the children’s best interests. Raymond F. v.
Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 224 Ariz. 373, 377 ¶ 14, 231 P.3d 377, 381 (App. 2010).
The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in terminating Mother and
Father’s parental rights on ground of neglect and willful abuse and finding
that termination was in the children’s best interests.

                      1a. Statutory Ground for Termination

¶27           Mother and Father first argue that the evidence does not
support the juvenile court’s order terminating their parental rights to A.M.
and M.M. A parent’s right to care, custody, and control of his or her children
has long been recognized as fundamental, but that right is not absolute.
Linda V. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 211 Ariz. 76, 78 ¶ 6, 117 P.3d 795, 797
(App. 2005). The State may terminate a parent’s fundamental right to a child
under statutorily enumerated conditions after following specified
procedures. Id.

¶28          The juvenile court may sever a parent’s rights to a child if the
parent has “neglected or willfully abused a child.” A.R.S. § 8–533(B)(2).
“Abuse” is “serious physical or emotional injury or situations in which the
parent knew or reasonably should have known that a person was abusing
or neglecting a child.” Id. As relevant, “neglect” is “the inability or
unwillingness of a parent . . . of a child to provide that child with
supervision, food, clothing, shelter or medical care if that inability or
unwillingness causes unreasonable risk of harm to the child’s health or
welfare.” A.R.S. § 8–201(24)(a).

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                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

¶29            Parents who abuse or neglect their children, or who permit
another person to abuse or neglect their children, can have their parental
rights to their other children terminated even if no evidence shows that the
other children were abused or neglected. Tina T. v. Dep’t of Child Safety, 236
Ariz. 295, 299 ¶ 17, 339 P.3d 1040, 1044 (App. 2014). When the ground for
termination is based on abuse of another child, however, the Department
“must show a constitutional nexus between the prior abuse and the risk of
future abuse” to the children at issue. Id. That nexus may exists when
evidence of recent abuse of another child is available and the circumstances
contributing to that abuse continue to exist, which creates a risk of future
abuse to the children at issue. See Mario G. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 227
Ariz. 282, 286–87 ¶¶ 19–20, 257 P.3d 1162, 1166–67 (App. 2011) (finding
sufficient constitutional nexus to terminate father’s rights to child born nine
months after termination of his rights to other child where circumstances of
prior abuse persisted).

¶30            Here, reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s
termination of Mother and Father’s parental rights on ground of neglect
and willful abuse and a constitutional nexus existed between J.C.’s prior
abuse and the risk of future abuse to A.M. and M.M. The record shows that
while in the parents’ sole custody and care, J.C. suffered three traumatic
injuries: a displaced hip, a fractured humerus, and a fractured scapula.
J.C.’s treating physicians concluded that each of the injuries required a
significant amount of force inflicted on the child and would have caused
him a considerable amount of pain.

¶31            In response to the parents’ explanation that J.C.’s hip was
injured when Father dropped him upon picking him up from his bed, one
physician testified that such a short fall would not have displaced J.C.’s hip.
The doctor explained that if that had happened, the child would not have
been able to walk afterwards. Although the child’s hospital discharge
papers stated that the hip displacement was because of an “accidental
trauma,” the child abuse expert opined that the injury could have been
either accidental or inflicted. She noted, however, that such an injury was
uncommon for a child under five. She also questioned Father’s explanation
that the child was able to walk afterwards. J.C.’s treating physician testified
that he continued to treat the child’s hip and shoulder because he was
concerned about “possible joint destruction” and “injuries to the growth
plates.” He also testified that the child has not suffered any further
dislocations or fractures after being removed from the parents’ care.

¶32            Moreover, the child abuse expert testified that the parent’s
failure to seek any medical treatment for J.C.’s scapular fracture and to seek

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                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

prompt medical treatment for his humerus fracture caused an unreasonable
risk of harm to the child’s health and welfare. She explained that without
prompt medical treatment, the bone fragments would have likely
continued to move, resulting in considerable pain, additional bleeding, and
tissue damage. She also explained that the child would have started crying
or whimpering within 15 to 30 minutes of sustaining the fractures and that
he would have been in considerable pain for another week until the bone
stabilized. She opined that a reasonable parent would have known that
something was wrong because the child would have difficulty moving his
arm.

¶33           Although Mother and Father suggested—with varying
details—several reasons for J.C.’s injuries, the child abuse expert testified
that none of the explanations the parents proffered could have caused the
scapular or humerus fractures. She explained that breaking the child’s
growth plate required specific, blunt force directly to it while another force
was holding the bone still. She also explained that the scapular fracture was
caused by a “very high energy, blunt force trauma.” The expert opined that
in child abuse cases, parents commonly either could not provide any
explanation for the injuries or provided a minimal explanation that by itself
could not account for the injury. Mother and Father tried both.

¶34            Moreover, J.C. consistently reported to a forensic interviewer
and his foster mother that his parents had abused him. His disclosures were
spontaneous and age-appropriate, including saying that “daddy broke”
and grabbed his butt and “mommy broke” and grabbed his arm. He also
told his foster mother that Mother had bitten and slapped him. Consistent
with this statement, the hospital staff noted scratches on his neck and chin
and a bite mark on his right cheek when J.C. was being treated for his hip
dislocation. The parents gave conflicting explanations, however. Mother
said that J.C. did not intentionally scratch himself when he was upset, yet
this was the explanation Father gave to the hospital staff. Further, J.C.’s
behaviors at his foster home indicated that he had been abused and
neglected; he had emotional outbursts, hoarded food, and experienced
night terrors and enuresis.

¶35            Additionally, a constitutional nexus existed between J.C.’s
prior abuse and the risk of future abuse to A.M. and M.M. The record shows
that J.C. suffered three severe injuries over a one-year period while in the
parents’ exclusive care and control. Mother and Father refused to
acknowledge that J.C. suffered non-accidental trauma, however, and
denied any knowledge of or responsibility for J.C.’s injuries. They also
refused to acknowledge that the other parent could have abused J.C. and

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admitted that if A.M. and M.M. were returned to them, they would leave
the children with the other parent. Further, several individuals closely
involved with treating of the children and the parents—including the
children’s psychologist, the parent’s psychologist, the child abuse expert,
and the case manager—opined consistently that the children would be at
risk of physical abuse if they remained in the parents’ care. Specifically, the
child abuse expert testified that any child in the parents’ care would be at a
“significant risk of physical injury.” Thus, a sufficient nexus existed
between the prior abuse and the risk that such abuse would occur to A.M.
and M.M. Consequently, reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s
order terminating Mother and Father’s parental rights to A.M. and M.M. on
ground of neglect and willful abuse.

                     1b. The Children’s Best Interests

¶36            Mother and Father next argue that the evidence does not
support the juvenile court’s finding that termination was in the children’s
best interests. A finding of one of the statutory grounds for severance under
A.R.S. § 8–533, standing alone, does not permit termination of parental
rights; severance must also be in the children’s best interests. A.R.S. § 8–
533(B). Severance of parental rights is in the children’s best interests if the
children would either benefit from the termination or be harmed by the
continuation of the parent-child relationship. Id. In determining whether
the children would benefit, relevant factors include whether the placement
is meeting the children’s needs, an adoption plan is in place, and the
children’s adoptability. See Tina T., 236 Ariz. at 300 ¶ 19, 339 P.3d at 1045;
Mario G., 227 Ariz. at 288 ¶ 26, 257 P.3d at 1168. The juvenile court need
only find by a preponderance of the evidence that termination is in the
children’s best interests. Kent K., 210 Ariz. at 288 ¶ 41, 110 P.3d at 1022.

¶37           Here, reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s
finding that termination was in the children’s best interests. The children’s
caseworker testified that the foster family was willing to adopt them, and if
the family could not, she would have no problem finding another adoptive
family. Both she and the case manager testified that termination was in the
children’s best interests because then they would be able to grow in a home
free from abuse. The children’s psychologist testified that they were
adoptable and that they were making progress in therapy and needed to be
placed with a family that was willing to help them build strong primary
bonds. Consequently, reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s
finding that termination was in the children’s best interests.

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              2. The Indian Child Welfare Act

¶38            Mother and Father also contend that the juvenile court erred
in finding that their continuing custody of A.M. would likely result in
serious emotional or physical damage to the child as ICWA required. We
review the juvenile court’s application of the federal statute de novo. Jared
P. v. Glade T., 221 Ariz. 21, 24 ¶ 17, 209 P.3d 157, 160 (App. 2009). ICWA
requires that an order terminating a parent’s rights to an Indian child
include “a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable
doubt, including testimony of a qualified expert witness, that the continued
custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in
serious emotional or physical damage to the child.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). The
expert testimony’s subject matter must be “forward looking—relating to
the likelihood of future harm to the child.” Steven H. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec., 218 Ariz. 566, 571 ¶ 19, 190 P.3d 180, 185 (2008). However, “ICWA does
not require that the expert’s testimony provide the sole basis for the court’s
conclusion; ICWA simply requires that the testimony support that
conclusion.” Id. at ¶ 20. The expert need not recite specific language from
ICWA, nor does the testimony need to be expressed in a particular way. Id.
at 572 ¶ 22, 190 P.3d at 186.

¶39            Here, reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s
finding that the parents’ continuing custody of A.M. was likely to result in
serious emotional or physical damage to him. The record shows that the
child abuse expert served as the Department’s ICWA expert. She testified
that any child would be at risk of physical abuse in Mother and Father’s
care. She opined that J.C. suffered at least two, possibly three, serious
inflicted injuries while in their exclusive care. She further opined that any
child in their care was therefore “at risk for the same treatment.” Further,
both Mother and Father refused to acknowledge that the other parent could
have abused J.C. and testified that if the children were returned to their
care, they would leave them in the other parent’s care. Most notably,
Mother testified that she would “probably not” believe A.M. if he told her
that someone was abusing him. Consequently, reasonable evidence
supports the juvenile court’s finding that the parents’ continuing custody
of A.M. was likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to him.

¶40           Father also argues that the juvenile court erred in finding that
the Department made reasonable and active efforts to prevent the breakup
of the Indian family as ICWA required. But Father waived this argument
because he provides no references to the record and cites no legal
authorities for review to support this contention. See Ariz. R. Civ. App. P.
13(a)(7) (providing that an argument “must contain . . . contentions

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concerning each issue presented for review, with supporting reasons for
each contention, and with citations of legal authorities and appropriate
references to the portions of the record on which the appellant relies”); State
v. Felkins, 156 Ariz. 37, 38 n.1, 749 P.2d 946, 947 n.1 (App. 1988) (claim
abandoned when not supported by sufficient authority).

¶41           Despite the waiver, the record shows that the Department
made active and reasonable efforts to provide remedial services and
rehabilitative programs to prevent the breakup of the family. The services
included parent aide services, supervised visitation, two psychological
evaluations, a bonding/best interests evaluation, master-level counseling,
Ph.D.-level counseling, counseling for the children, Interstate Compact on
the Placement of Children requests, a rapid response evaluation, services
through Arizona Early Intervention Program, and monetary allowances.
Although the Department’s efforts did not prevent the family’s breakup,
the efforts were nonetheless active and reasonable. Consequently, the
record supports the juvenile court’s finding that the Department provided
active and reasonable efforts to prevent the breakup of the family.

              3. Father’s Due Process

¶42           Father also contends that he and Mother were denied due
process because the Department permitted J.C. to be adopted before the
severance hearing, which prevented them from obtaining further medical
evidence on the child. We review constitutional claims de novo, State v.
Nordstrom, 230 Ariz. 110, 117 ¶ 27, 280 P.3d 1244, 1251 (2012), but because
Father raises the due process claim for the first time on appeal, we review
for fundamental error only, see Ruben M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 230 Ariz.
236, 239 ¶¶ 15–16, 282 P.3d 437, 440 (App. 2012). Father therefore bears the
burden of establishing that error occurred, the error was fundamental, and
the error caused him prejudice. Id. at 239 ¶ 16, 282 P.3d at 440.

¶43            Here, Father cannot show error because he does not provide
any authority—and this Court has been unable to find any—that requires
that the Department delay J.C.’s adoption and make the child available for
medical testing. Father’s argument contravenes the state’s authority to
regulate and expedite the adoption of neglected and willfully abused
children to promote their well-being. See Matter of Appeal in Pima Cty.
Juvenile Severance Action No. S-114487, 179 Ariz. 86, 97, 876 P.2d 1121, 1132
(1994) (“The law favors rapid placement so that the child can bond with
those who will be the legal parents and not with those from whom the child
may be taken. This sound policy benefits the child, the natural parents, the
prospective adoptive parents, and society.”); Michael J. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.

                                      13
                JARED M., AMBER M. v. DCS, A.M., M.M.
                         Decision of the Court

Sec., 196 Ariz. 246, 249 ¶ 16, 995 P.2d 682, 685 (2000) (providing that prompt
finality in severance proceedings is paramount to protect the child’s
interests).

¶44            Regardless whether the juvenile court erred, Father cannot
show prejudice. On appeal, Father merely argues that the parents could not
perform “any independent medical evaluations” and fails to specify what
additional testing could have been performed and how the testing would
have affected the trial’s outcome. The record shows, however, that J.C.
engaged in a number of medical evaluations and Father and Mother had
access to all his medical documents. For example, the child was tested for
possible genetic disorders, including metabolic bone disorder and
connective tissue disorder, and underwent a genetic evaluation to rule out
a possible “syndrome, metabolic issue, or connective tissue issue” that
might explain the multiple bone fractures. J.C. also underwent testing for
brittle bone disease, which were negative for the disease. Moreover, the
child abuse expert testified that J.C.’s test results ruled out any type of
genetic disorder and the child’s treating physician testified that no further
genetic testing was needed because J.C.’s pattern of injuries was
inconsistent with a metabolic or connective tissue disorder.

¶45           Because the record shows that J.C. engaged in a number of
medical evaluations regarding his physical state, Father cannot
demonstrate that he was denied due process or that he was prejudiced.
Consequently, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion because
reasonable evidence supports its order terminating Mother and Father’s
parental rights to A.M. and M.M. and finding that termination was in the
children’s best interests.

                              CONCLUSION

¶46           For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

                                   :ama

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