Court Opinion

ID: 9411891
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-28 14:05:59.120798+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:17.157043
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JULY 21, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals
                             NO. 2022-CA-0823-MR

MASON TEEL                                                           APPELLANT

                APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.                HONORABLE OLU A. STEVENS, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 22-CI-000282

SAFE-GUARD PRODUCTS
INTERNATIONAL, LLC; AND
HYUNDAI CAPITAL AMERICA, INC.                                         APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                                   DISMISSING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, DIXON, AND ECKERLE, JUDGES.

CALDWELL, JUDGE: Mason Teel (“Teel”) seeks review of a trial court order

which states: “Plaintiff’s [Teel’s] claims against Safe Guard [sic] are hereby

DISMISSED pending arbitration of the dispute.” Because this order was not a

final and appealable order, we must DISMISS Teel’s appeal.
                                      FACTS

             Teel bought a used vehicle from a dealership in Kentucky and secured

financing. Teel also paid for a Power Protect Guaranteed Asset Protection

(“GAP”) plan. Teel viewed the GAP plan as an insurance policy “designed and

intended to protect him by covering the gap between what his auto insurance paid

in the event of a total loss and the remaining payoff amount of the Vehicle’s loan

or financing agreement.”

             Unfortunately, Teel was involved in an automobile accident and his

“auto insurance agency deemed his Vehicle a total loss.” Teel alleged that even

after the lender received his auto insurance proceeds, Teel still owed money to the

finance company. So, he filed a GAP claim, which was denied.

             Teel filed suit against two defendants, alleging his GAP claim was

wrongfully denied. He attached to his complaint two pages of documents

consisting of a Vehicle Service Contract and a Guaranteed Asset Protection

Deficiency Waiver Addendum.

             Defendant Hyundai Capital America, Inc. (“Hyundai”) filed a motion

to dismiss Teel’s claims with prejudice. It claimed it was not a party to any

contract at issue in the action. The trial court denied Hyundai’s motion to dismiss.

                                         -2-
               The other defendant, Safe-Guard Products International, LLC (“Safe-

Guard”), filed a separate Motion to Dismiss and Compel Arbitration. Safe-Guard

denied, inter alia, that the GAP plan was an insurance policy. Safe-Guard also

argued Teel had agreed to submit any disputes relating to GAP to binding

arbitration.

               Safe-Guard contended the GAP agreement was governed by the

Federal Arbitration Act and argued the trial court should enter an order compelling

arbitration and dismiss Teel’s claims against it with prejudice. It attached to its

motion a five-page document labeled as a Deficiency Waiver Addendum and

containing an Arbitration Procedure provision. (One page was signed by Teel and

the arbitration provision appeared among some unsigned pages.)

               Teel filed a response to Safe-Guard’s motion. He asserted he signed a

one-page GAP agreement. He stated he did not receive a copy of any arbitration

provision and was not told he was waiving rights to a jury trial by executing GAP

documents. He attached a supporting affidavit.

               Teel argued there was no valid agreement to arbitrate and that the

arbitration provision was unconscionable. He also cited Kentucky law indicating

that arbitration provisions in insurance contracts were invalid.

               The trial court granted Safe-Guard’s Motion to Dismiss and Compel

Arbitration in a brief order. It specifically dismissed Teel’s claims against Safe-

                                          -3-
Guard. Its order does not state whether the dismissal was with or without

prejudice. But it stated the dismissal of claims against Safe-Guard was “pending

arbitration of the dispute.”1

                                          ANALYSIS

                   Trial Court’s Order is Not Final and Appealable

               Teel raises several interesting issues in his appellate brief – many of

which mirror the arguments he raised before the trial court. He also asserts on

appeal that because the arbitration provision did not require that arbitration occur

in Kentucky,2 the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enforce the

alleged arbitration agreement. See Ally Cat, LLC v. Chauvin, 274 S.W.3d 451,

1
 As reflected by the circuit clerk’s certification of the record, no recordings of trial court
hearings were included in the record on appeal. So, we have been unable to review any oral
discussions between the trial court and the parties.
2
  Neither party fully complied with applicable appellate briefing rules. For example, Teel’s
initial appellant brief – filed in late 2022 – failed to comply with preservation statement
requirements. See former Rule of Civil Procedure (“CR”) 76.12(4)(c)(v) (in effect when red
appellant brief was filed and requiring that appellant brief “shall contain at the beginning of the
argument a statement with reference to the record showing whether the issue was properly
preserved for review and, if so, in what manner.”); see also Rules of Appellate Procedure
(“RAP”) 32(A)(4) (effective January 1, 2023). And Safe-Guard’s Appellee Brief, filed after the
Kentucky Rules of Appellate Procedure took effect, fails in several instances to comply with
RAP 41(A)(4)’s requirement that an unpublished appellate opinion be cited for consideration
only with a clear statement that “the opinion is not binding authority.” Both parties’ attorneys
are advised to exercise greater care to comply with appellate briefing rules in the future as
substantial failures to comply with these rules can result in serious consequences such as briefs
being stricken. See, e.g., RAP 31(H). Furthermore, the failure to show if and how an issue was
preserved for review, can affect the standard of review applied on appeal – especially if the
appellant fails to request palpable error relief on unpreserved issues. See Ford v.
Commonwealth, 628 S.W.3d 147, 155 (Ky. 2021); Oakley v. Oakley, 391 S.W.3d 377, 380 (Ky.
App. 2012).

                                                -4-
455-56 (Ky. 2009) (citing KRS3 417.200).4 However, we must decline to reach the

merits of these issues because the challenged order was not final and appealable.

                Though the trial court’s challenged order may not explicitly “compel”

arbitration, the substance of its order dismissing Teel’s claims against Safe-Guard

“pending arbitration” amounted to compelling arbitration according to our

precedent. See Padgett v. Steinbrecher, 355 S.W.3d 457, 461 (Ky. App. 2011)

(“we construe Padgett’s motion to dismiss in favor of arbitration as a motion to

compel arbitration and, similarly, the circuit court’s order denying Padgett’s

motion as an order denying a motion to compel arbitration”).

                Orders compelling arbitration are non-final orders which are not

immediately appealable,5 regardless of their merits, according to binding precedent

from our Supreme Court:

3
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.
4
  “Subject matter jurisdiction to enforce an agreement to arbitrate is conferred upon a Kentucky
court only if the agreement provides for arbitration in this state. . . . When the issue arises prior
to the arbitration hearing, as it has in this case, and the agreement upon which arbitration is
sought fails to comply with the literal provisions of KRS 417.200, the courts of Kentucky are,
pursuant to KRS 417.200, without jurisdiction to enforce the agreement to arbitrate.” Ally Cat,
274 S.W.3d at 455-56.

       Unlike other appellate issues, subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at any time and
may be properly raised for the first time on appeal. See, e.g., Privett v. Clendenin, 52 S.W.3d
530, 532 (Ky. 2001).
5
 Though orders compelling arbitration are not immediately appealable, other litigants have
sought relief from such orders via petitions for writs rather than direct appeals. See Hathaway v.
Eckerle, 336 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Ky. 2011) (“Appellant petitioned the Court of Appeals for a writ of
prohibition, arguing that the circuit court was acting outside of its jurisdiction because the

                                                 -5-
                     Procedurally, under state law regarding arbitration,
              if a court finds that as a matter of state contract law there
              is no arbitration agreement and denies the application to
              compel arbitration, the moving party may file an
              immediate appeal under KRS 417.220(1)(a), if the
              agreement is subject to the Kentucky Uniform
              Arbitration Act, or under Civil Rule 65.09, if the
              agreement is subject to the Federal Arbitration Act, see
              North Fork Collieries, LLC v. Hall, 322 S.W.3d 98, 102
              (Ky. 2010). There is no like provision in the statutes
              to allow a party against whom arbitration is
              wrongfully ordered to take an immediate appeal, nor
              have we read the Civil Rules to allow one. Instead,
              any appeal of the trial court's contract decision must
              come in a direct appeal of the ruling after the case is
              final. . . .

              . . . Taylor asked the trial court to set aside its prior ruling
              on the ground that the finding that there was an
              arbitration agreement was erroneous. He did not move
              the court to vacate or modify the award, and thus the
              timing provisions of 9 U.S.C. §§ 91-1 and KRS 417.050-
              .070 do not apply. The case was not at that point final.
              To reach finality, the trial court would have to confirm,
              modify or correct the arbitration award and enter a
              judgment in conformity therewith. See 9 U.S.C. § 13;
              KRS 417.180. The trial court did not do this.

                     In fact, the state law question of whether there was
              an arbitration agreement was once again raised to the
              court. There is nothing in the law that prevents a litigant
              from renewing a motion to the trial court before finality
              of the case. Until a final judgment is entered, all rulings
              by a court are interlocutory, and subject to revision. See
              CR 54.02(1). . . .

arbitration clause did not satisfy the requirements of KRS 417.050 or KRS 417.200 . . . .”). We
express no opinion on whether Teel could meet the standard for obtaining such a writ. See id. at
87 (citing Hoskins v. Maricle, 150 S.W.3d 1, 10 (Ky. 2004)).

                                              -6-
                      Indeed, efficient judicial process mandates that a
              trial court correct an erroneous ruling before finality
              when possible. There is an expectation that trial courts
              will apply the correct law to matters before it. Certainly,
              if a court believes before finality that it has made an error
              in the law, it is incumbent upon the court to correct the
              matter. . . . To fail to do so strikes at the heart of what it
              means to get a fair trial in a court of law. After finality,
              the question becomes a matter for the appellate courts,
              which may be avoided by correct trial court action.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Bluegrass Powerboats, 424 S.W.3d 902, 907-09

(Ky. 2014) (emphasis added) (footnote and some citations omitted). See also

Linden v. Griffin, 436 S.W.3d 521, 524-25 (Ky. 2014).

              Despite such precedent holding that orders compelling arbitration are

not final and not immediately appealable, Teel argues that the order here was final

and appealable because a motion to dismiss was also granted, citing Extendicare

Homes, Inc. v. Whisman, 478 S.W.3d 306 (Ky. 2015). But Whisman is

distinguishable because the trial court there actually initially dismissed entire

cases. See id. at 331 (accepting that trial court’s initial orders granting motions to

dismiss cases and compelling arbitration were final, despite lack of language in

orders designating them as “final and appealable”).6

6
 Whisman was vacated in part and reversed in part on other grounds (not issues about whether
an order was final and appealable) in Kindred Nursing Centers Ltd. Partnership v. Clark, 581
U.S. 246, 137 S. Ct. 1421, 197 L. Ed. 2d 806 (2017).

                                             -7-
                 In contrast, the trial court here only dismissed – pending arbitration –

Teel’s claims against Safe-Guard. Meanwhile, Teel’s claims against Hyundai were

not dismissed and were not affected by the challenged trial court order. So, the

challenged trial court order did not adjudicate all the rights and claims of all the

parties in the action. Nor did the order state there was no just reason for delay or

contain any CR 54.02 language indicating the trial court intended to render a final

judgment concerning some but not all claims or parties. See CR 54.01;7 CR

54.02.8 Thus, the challenged trial court order here was not final and appealable.

                 Not only is Whisman distinguishable because of the dismissal of entire

cases rather than the dismissal of claims solely against one of multiple defendants,

but Whisman did not address whether the trial court’s orders dismissing cases and

compelling arbitration were appealable. Instead, it considered whether the trial

7
  CR 54.01 states in pertinent part: “A final or appealable judgment is a final order adjudicating
all the rights of all the parties in an action or proceeding, or a judgment made final under Rule
54.02.”
8
    CR 54.02(1) states:

         When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, . . . or when
         multiple parties are involved, the court may grant a final judgment upon one or
         more but less than all of the claims or parties only upon a determination that there
         is no just reason for delay. The judgment shall recite such determination and shall
         recite that the judgment is final. In the absence of such recital, any order or other
         form of decision, however designated, which adjudicates less than all the claims
         or the rights and liabilities of less than all the parties shall not terminate the action
         as to any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is
         interlocutory and subject to revision at any time before the entry of judgment
         adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.

                                                   -8-
court had jurisdiction to grant CR 60.02 relief from these orders and whether it

abused its discretion in granting such relief.

             The Whisman opinion actually resolved appeals from three separate

trial court cases. In one case, the trial court had denied a motion to dismiss and

compel arbitration. 478 S.W.3d at 316. In the other two cases, the trial court

initially entered orders dismissing cases and compelling arbitration but then

granted CR 60.02 motions for relief from final judgments and reversed its prior

rulings. Whisman, 478 S.W.3d at 317-18.

             Our Supreme Court declared only that the initial orders dismissing

cases and compelling arbitration were final such that the trial court had jurisdiction

to entertain CR 60.02 motions for relief from final judgments. See Whisman, 478

S.W.3d at 331-32. In contrast, Teel did not attempt to challenge via CR 60.02 the

trial court’s order dismissing his claims against Safe-Guard pending arbitration.

             Furthermore, Whisman did not directly address the appealability of the

trial court orders dismissing cases and compelling arbitration. No one attempted to

immediately appeal from the trial court orders dismissing cases and compelling

arbitration in Whisman. So, our Supreme Court did not address whether such

orders were immediately appealable.

             Our Supreme Court, in contrast, plainly stated in Bluegrass

Powerboats that orders compelling arbitration are not immediately appealable prior

                                          -9-
to the trial court’s confirming, modifying, or correcting an arbitration award and

entering judgment accordingly. 424 S.W.3d at 907-09. Therefore, we conclude

that we must dismiss the appeal from the challenged trial court order here – which

did not dismiss the entire case and which essentially compelled arbitration as –

being from an interlocutory, non-appealable order.

               This is true despite any concerns about whether any arbitration

agreement provisions contained a clear requirement that arbitration occur in

Kentucky and whether the trial court thus had subject matter jurisdiction to compel

arbitration. See KRS 417.200; Ally Cat, 274 S.W.3d at 455-56. Given precedent

stating that orders compelling arbitration are not immediately appealable and the

lack of binding Kentucky precedent setting forth a “jurisdictional exception” to this

rule,9 we cannot reach the subject matter jurisdiction issue.

               Instead, the subject matter jurisdiction issue may be more

appropriately resolved through other means such as filing a petition for a writ or

raising the issue to the trial court going forward. See Hathaway, 336 S.W.3d at 87;

9
  Compare Asset Acceptance, LLC v. Moberly, 241 S.W.3d 329, 333-35 (Ky. 2007) (adopting
“so-called jurisdictional” exception to general rule that orders setting aside judgments and
reopening for trial are not final and appealable to permit immediate appeal of orders granting CR
60.02(f) relief to ensure that CR 60.02(f) was not invoked to evade the one-year statute of
limitations on other CR 60.02 grounds).

        See also Black Forest Coal, LLC v. GRC Development, LLC, 483 S.W.3d 378, 380 (Ky.
App. 2015) (declining to extend exception to general rule in Asset Acceptance to orders granting
CR 60.02(d) relief and stating “we are simply without legal authority or precedent to consider the
interlocutory appeal”).

                                              -10-
Bluegrass Powerboats, 424 S.W.3d at 909. See also Linden, 436 S.W.3d at 525

(holding that precedent such as Ally Cat and Hathaway which recognizes “that

relief by way of mandamus or prohibition may be available where arbitration has

been compelled also supports the conclusion that interlocutory relief by way of

appeal is not available.”).

             We decline to discuss further issues and arguments raised in the briefs

as unnecessary to our decision. Instead, we must simply dismiss the appeal.

Appellate courts lack jurisdiction to review interlocutory, non-appealable orders.

Upper Pond Creek Volunteer Fire Department, Inc. v. Kinser, 617 S.W.3d 328,

333 (Ky. 2020).

                                 CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, Teel’s appeal is hereby DISMISSED as

being from an interlocutory, non-appealable order.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                        -11-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE SAFE-
                          GUARD PRODUCTS
Robert L. Thompson        INTERNATIONAL, LLC:
Louisville, Kentucky
                          Christopher G. Johnson
Steven Davis              Jason P. Renzelman
Matthew Miller-Novak      Samuel Wardle
Cincinnati, Ohio          Louisville, Kentucky

                          NO BRIEF FILED FOR APPELLEE
                          HYUNDAI CAPITAL AMERICA,
                          INC.

                        -12-