Court Opinion

ID: 2742108
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-14 19:06:37.262505+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:37:06.139921
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/14/14 Davis v. City of Los Angeles CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

DAVID R. DAVIS et al.,                                               B241631

         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                  (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BS131915)
         v.

CITY OF LOS ANGELES et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, James C.
Chalfant, Judge. Affirmed.
         Michel & Associates, C. D. Michel, Joshua R. Dale and Tamara M. Rider for
Plaintiffs and Appellants.
         John C. Eastman and Anthony T. Caso for Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence
as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Appellants.
         Michael N. Feuer, City Attorney, and Gregory P. Orland, Deputy City Attorney,
for Defendants and Respondents.

                                          _______________________
                                    INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiffs David R. Davis, Jacob Daniel Hill, Brian Goldstein, Paul Cohen, Jill
Brown, Chris Butler, Scott Austin, Eric Feder, and Lisa Siegel appeal from a judgment
denying their petition for writ of mandate. By their petition, plaintiffs sought to compel
defendants City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), and Police
Chief Charlie Beck (collectively the City) to issue them permits to carry concealed
weapons (CCW). The trial court concluded that mandate was not the proper remedy in
this case and denied the petition. We affirm.

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A.     The Assenza Judgment and the LAPD Concealed Weapons Permit Policy
       In 1994 the Los Angeles Superior Court entered a stipulated judgment in an action
entitled Assenza v. City of Los Angeles (Super. Ct. L.A. County, 1994, No. BC115813)
brought by a group of plaintiffs against the City, LAPD, then-Police Chief Willie L.
Williams, and others. The plaintiffs were citizens and taxpayers who had unsuccessfully
sought CCW permits from the City. They “challeng[ed] LAPD’s procedure, rules and
practices for issuing licenses to carry concealed firearms pursuant to” Penal Code former
section 12050 et seq.1
       The judgment stated that the City “admit[ted] that certain rules, policies, practices
and procedures, and certain features of the Board Policy Statement . . . were not in

1       Penal Code former section 12050 provided in pertinent part: “[T]he chief or other
head of a municipal police department of any city or city and county, upon proof that the
person applying is of good moral character, that good cause exists for the issuance, and
that the person applying is a resident of the county, may issue to that person a license to
carry a pistol, revolver, or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the
person . . . .” (Id., subd. (a)(1).) The Legislature has since repealed section 12050 and
replaced it with Penal Code section 26150 et seq., operative January 1, 2012. (Stats.
2010, ch. 711, § 4.)

                                             2
compliance with [Penal Code former s]ection 12050 [et seq]. Those former rules,
policies, practices and procedures have been altered. The Policy Statement itself has
been repealed and will be replaced by the provisions of items E and F of this judgment,
provided that the Los Angeles defendants reserve the right to add further specifications to
their rules, regulations and guidelines, so long as such amendments are not inconsistent
with the provisions of this judgment.”
       Item D of the Assenza judgment provided: “The allegations of the complaint
showed good cause as to all of the plaintiffs who sought to be issued [CCW] licenses. . . .
These named plaintiffs will receive licenses, and their licenses will be renewed for a one
year term, but only so long as they continue to have good cause, good character, not to be
barred by law from the ownership of concealable firearms, and to meet each of the other
requirements of licensure under [Penal Code former s]ection 12050 [et seq].”
       Item E provided: “The policy LAPD has adopted is that good cause exists if there
is convincing evidence of a clear and present danger to life or of great bodily [injury] to
the applicant, his (or her) spouse, or dependent child, which cannot be adequately dealt
with by existing law enforcement resources, and which danger cannot be reasonably
avoided by alternative measures, and which danger would be significantly mitigated by
the applicant’s carrying of a concealed firearm.”
       Item F provided “further rules and guidelines . . . for the interpretation and
implementation of Item E[.]” Specifically, paragraph 2 of Item F stated: “Good cause
shall be deemed to exist, and a license will issue in the absence of strong countervailing
factors, upon a showing of any of the following circumstances: a) The applicant is able
to establish that there is an immediate or continuing threat, express or implied, to the
applicant’s, or the applicant’s family’s, safety and that no other reasonable means exist
which would suffice to neutralize that threat. b) The applicant is employed in the field of
security, has all requisite licenses, is employed by a security firm having all requisite
licenses, and provides satisfactory proof that his or her work is of such a nature that it
requires the carrying of a concealed weapon. c) The applicant has obtained, or is a
person included within the protections of, a court order which establishes that the

                                              3
applicant is the on-going victim of a threat or physical violence or otherwise meets the
criteria set forth in [Penal Code s]ection 12025.5. d) The applicant establishes that
circumstances exist requiring amounts of valuable property which it is impractical or
impracticable to entrust to the protection of armored car services or equivalent services
for safe transportation of valuables. e) The applicant establishes that he or she is subject
to a particular and unusual danger of physical attack and that no reasonable means are
available to abate that threat.” Paragraph 5 of Item F further provided that “[a]bsent good
cause for denial, persons having good cause as defined in paragraph 2 shall be issued
licenses for the maximum time period allowed by [Penal Code former] section 12050,
and their licenses shall be renewed so long as they continue to have good cause. . . .”
Paragraph 6 of Item F provided that “[a]ll applicants shall receive a copy of these
guidelines along with the application form.”
       Finally, the judgment provided that “[t]he court will retain continued jurisdiction
of the action in order to make any further orders which may be necessary.’” The LAPD
then adopted a Concealed Weapon License Policy that included the language of Item E
and Item F, paragraph 2, of the Assenza judgment.
       In 1998 the parties amended the judgment to substitute Bernard Parks for Willie L.
Williams, and in 2003 amended the judgment to substitute William J. Bratton for Bernard
Parks. The operative third amended judgment entered on June 11, 2010 substituted
Charlie Beck for William J. Bratton.
       Thereafter, the Assenza plaintiffs claimed that defendants were not complying
with the judgment. The Assenza court issued an order to show cause re contempt.
Following a hearing, the court on July 29, 1998 issued an order designed to ensure that all
police stations have applications for CCW permits and copies of the Concealed Weapon
License Policy available for applicants.

       B.     This Action
       On May 18, 2011 plaintiffs filed this action as a petition for writ of mandate
alleging that the City was not abiding by the Assenza judgment. Plaintiffs alleged that

                                               4
defendants “have failed to consistently provide to CCW permit applicants both the CCW
permit application and/or the LAPD Concealed Weapon Policy.” Plaintiffs further
alleged that the City had “also failed to inform all CCW applicants of the existence of the
Advisory Review Panel,” which reviews the denial of CCW permit applications, and that
the City had “failed to promptly reconsider any application in which the Advisory Panel
submits a different decision tha[n] the Defendants[].” Plaintiffs complained that the
reconsideration “process takes about one year to complete,” which “is an unreasonable
amount of time because these [plaintiffs], all of whom the Advisory Review Panel
determined satisfy the ‘good cause’ requirement for the issuance of a CCW, demonstrate
the requisite showing of clear and present danger which necessitates the need for a CCW
to be issued immediately.”
       Plaintiffs alleged that the City continued to infringe on their “right to obtain and
receive a carry concealed weapons license, in addition to the procedure to obtain a
response from Defendants[] with respect to CCW applications . . . .” Claiming they had
no other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy, plaintiffs sought a writ of mandate pursuant
to Code of Civil Procedure section 1085 to compel the City to comply with the Assenza
judgment. Plaintiffs also sought a writ of prohibition to prevent the City from refusing to
comply with the Assenza judgment and an order requiring the City to issue CCW permits
to plaintiffs.
       On May 26, 2011 plaintiffs filed a notice of related cases, asserting that the
Assenza action was related to this action because the two cases involved the same
defendants and the same subject matter. Plaintiffs sought to have their case heard by the
judge to whom Assenza was assigned. The City opposed the notice of related cases,
pointing out that the plaintiffs in Assenza had filed a motion to enforce the judgment and
for monetary sanctions.2 The City noted that “[s]ince the Assenza and Davis cases

2      The plaintiffs in Assenza filed their motion to enforce the judgment on May 4,
2011. On June 9, 2011 the trial court in that action granted the motion in part, and it
ordered the defendants to provide the plaintiffs with certain CCW applications and
denials and to make the application policy available on the LAPD website. On March 22,

                                              5
involve some of the same claims and the exact same declarations were filed in support of
both matters, it is odd that two separate actions seeking essentially the same relief—a
Petition for Writ of Mandate and a Motion to Enforce Judgment—were filed by the exact
same attorneys.” The City argued that “[n]otwithstanding this duplication of claims in
two separate matters, the Assenza and Davis cases should not be related because they will
not require ‘substantial duplication of judicial resources if heard by different judges.’”
First, the motion by the Assenza plaintiffs to enforce the judgment was fully briefed and
set for hearing on June 9, 2011. Second, the claim in the Assenza case was that the
defendants in that case had not provided CCW applications and copies of the LAPD
CCW policy to applicants and had altered the CCW permit policy, whereas the issue in
this case was whether the named plaintiffs were entitled to CCW permits. The trial court
ruled that the cases were not related. Plaintiffs did not seek to intervene in the Assenza
action.
          On June 10, 2011 the City filed its answer to the petition. On August 19, 2011
plaintiffs filed a reply along with supporting documentation.
          On April 17, 2012 plaintiffs filed their trial brief, supporting declarations, and
exhibits. They argued that a petition for writ of mandate was an appropriate method for
enforcing a consent decree like the Assenza judgment, that the Assenza judgment applied
to them because they were intended beneficiaries of the judgment, and that the City was
in violation of the Assenza judgment. The exhibits included documentation of plaintiffs’
unsuccessful attempts to obtain CCW permits from the City. In opposition to the
petition, the City argued that mandate was not a proper remedy and, even if it were,
plaintiffs were not entitled to relief.
          The trial court denied the petition. The court observed that “[t]his case concerns
[plaintiffs’] effort to rely on the good cause factors and procedures set forth in the

2012 the Assenza plaintiffs filed a motion for an order to show cause re contempt. On
October 24, 2012 the Assenza trial court denied the motion for an order to show cause re
contempt but ordered the LAPD to post signs in police stations stating that the application
for a CCW license is available on the LAPD’s website.

                                                 6
Assenza Judgment to obtain mandamus compelling the[] issuance of CCW permits” to
them. The plaintiffs “characterize the stipulated Judgment as a consent decree . . . , argue
that they are third party beneficiaries of the consent decree . . . ,” and claim that the
defendants are not following the judgment. The court discussed the nature of consent
decrees, while acknowledging that the “City does not necessarily agree that [the
judgment] is a consent decree.” The court stated that “a consent decree is a hybrid
between contract and litigated judgment. While it has the force of the court behind it for
contempt purposes, it is a voluntary mechanism. For present purposes, the voluntary
feature of the Judgment means that mandamus should not be available. [¶] Mandamus is
not an appropriate remedy for enforcing a contractual obligation against an agency.
[Citation.] This is because a claim for breach of contract is an adequate remedy at law,
and the duty which mandamus enforces is not the contractual duty of the entity, but the
official duty of its officer or board. [Citation.]”
       The court explained that if “the Chief of Police has breached the Assenza
Judgment by failing to apply the factors set forth as generally constituting good cause for
a CCW permit, he should be free to do so for purposes of mandamus. The appropriate
remedy for his failure to comply is an OSC re: contempt in the Assenza case.” The court
further explained that “one of the reasons for a consent decree is that a single court will
interpret the decree and impose any remedies for its violation as appropriate. . . . The
Assenza court has entered the Judgment, retained jurisdiction, held one enforcement
hearing, and will hold another in the near future. There is no reason to believe that it will
be unable to interpret the Judgment’s provisions to resolve the dispute between
[plaintiffs] and City over the meaning of good cause.”
       The trial court also ruled that “the Assenza court is the only entity that may
modify the Judgment. It is undisputed that the Assenza Judgment is more restrictive of
the Chief of Police’s discretion than section 12050(a)(1)(B) requires. . . . According to
[plaintiffs], the Chief of Police has had second thoughts about applying the Judgment’s
good cause circumstances without doing so in conjunction with his ‘clear and present
danger’ policy. [Citation.] Whatever one thinks of the City’s interpretation of the

                                               7
Judgment, any attempted modification o[r] clarification must occur through the Assenza
court.” The trial court added that the Assenza judgment states that it can only be enforced
by “a motion to enforce or contempt in the Assenza case. Neither the City nor the
plaintiffs in Assenza bargained for enforcement of its terms outside of the Assenza case.”
       The court also stated that, although mandate is available to enforce a ministerial
duty to comply with the law, the court was “aware of no case, and [plaintiffs] cite none,
where mandamus is available to compel an agency to perform a ministerial duty of
complying with a judgment. Assuming that mandamus is available for that purpose, it is
not available where the judgment is a consent decree for the reasons stated above.”
       As to plaintiffs’ contention that they were third party beneficiaries of the consent
decree, the court noted that “[w]hether they are depends in the first instance on an
interpretation of the Judgment by the Assenza court.” Plaintiffs “have a remedy through
intervention in the Assenza case to seek relief,” or by filing an action for declaratory
relief. The court stated that mandate was not available to compel the Chief of Police to
exercise his discretion to issue a CCW permit under Penal Code former section 12050,
nor to remedy the failure to provide CCW permit application and policy at specific police
stations, because the plaintiffs already had those documents.

                                       DISCUSSION

       A.     Standard of Review
       Under Code of Civil Procedure section 1085 writs of mandate are “available to
compel public agencies to perform acts required by law. [Citation.] To obtain relief, a
petitioner must demonstrate (1) no ‘plain, speedy, and adequate’ alternative remedy
exists (Code Civ. Proc., § 1086); (2) ‘“a clear, present . . . ministerial duty on the part of
the respondent”’; and (3) a correlative ‘“clear, present, and beneficial right in the
petitioner to the performance of that duty.”’ [Citations.] A ministerial duty is an
obligation to perform a specific act in a manner prescribed by law whenever a given state
of facts exists, without regard to any personal judgment as to the propriety of the act.

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[Citation.]” (People v. Picklesimer (2010) 48 Cal. 4th 330, 339-340; accord, People v.
Davis (2014) 226 Cal. App. 4th 1353, 1371-1372.) We review plaintiffs’ entitlement to a
writ of mandate de novo. (See White v. County of Los Angeles (2014) 225 Cal. App. 4th
690, 701 [“[i]n reviewing a trial court’s decision on a petition for writ of traditional
mandate, we review legal issues de novo on appeal”]; Karen P. v. Superior Court (2011)
200 Cal. App. 4th 908, 912 [“‘“[t]o the extent the trial court’s ruling is based on assertedly
improper criteria or incorrect legal assumptions, we review those questions de novo”’”].)

       B.     Plaintiffs Cannot Enforce the Assenza Judgment in an Independent Action
              for Writ of Mandate
       Plaintiffs assert that the Assenza judgment is a consent decree that applies not only
to the plaintiffs in that action but also to members of the public. Plaintiffs contend that
the judgment is an enforceable contract, of which they are third party beneficiaries, and
that they have a right to enforce the Assenza judgment in an independent petition for writ
of mandate. We conclude that even if the Assenza judgment is a consent decree rather
than a stipulated judgment, and even if the judgment is applicable to the public and
enforceable as a contract, plaintiffs cannot enforce it as third party beneficiaries in an
independent action for writ of mandate. Rather, the determination whether plaintiffs are
third party beneficiaries of the judgment and are entitled to enforce it must occur in the
Assenza action. Plaintiffs’ remedies are intervention in the Assenza case or an action for
declaratory relief but not a petition for writ of mandate.

              1.     Plaintiffs May Not Enforce the Assenza Judgment as Third Party
                     Beneficiaries
       “‘In a . . . consent decree, litigants voluntarily terminate a lawsuit by assenting to
specified terms, which the court agrees to enforce as a judgment.’ [Citation.]” (In re

                                              9
Tobacco Cases I (2011) 193 Cal. App. 4th 1591, 1600;3 see Local No. 93, Intern. Assn. of
Firefighters, AFL-CIO C.L.C. v. City of Cleveland (1986) 478 U.S. 501, 510 [106 S. Ct.
3063, 92 L. Ed. 2d 405].) “‘While [consent decrees] are arrived at by negotiation between
the parties and often admit no violation of law, they are motivated by threatened or
pending litigation and must be approved by the court or administrative agency. . . .
Because of this dual character, consent decrees are treated as contracts for some purposes
but not for others.’ [Citation.]” (Johnson Products Co. v. F. T. C. (7th Cir. 1977) 549
F.2d 35, 37, quoting from U. S. v. ITT Continental Baking Co. (1975) 420 U.S. 223, 236-
237 [95 S. Ct. 926, 43 L. Ed. 2d 148]; see Local No. 93, supra, at p. 519 [“consent decrees
bear some of the earmarks of judgments entered after litigation,” but “because their terms
are arrived at through mutual agreement of the parties, consent decrees also closely
resemble contracts”]; California State Auto. Assn. Inter-Ins. Bureau v. Superior Court
(1990) 50 Cal. 3d 658, 663-664; In re Tobacco Cases I, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1600.)
       As noted in In re Tobacco Cases I, supra, 193 Cal. App. 4th 1591, “‘whether a
consent decree will be treated as a contract will depend upon the particular context in
which the issue arises.’” (Id. at p. 1600, quoting Johnson Products Co. v. F.T.C., supra,
549 F.2d at pp. 37-38.) Plaintiffs cite In re Tobacco Cases I for the principle that “[i]n
enforcement actions, consent decrees are treated as contracts for purposes of
interpretation.” (In re Tobacco Cases I, supra, at p. 1601; see Pardee Construction Co.
v. City of Camarillo (1984) 37 Cal. 3d 465, 471 [applying principles of contract
interpretation to earlier “consent judgment” between the parties].) The In re Tobacco

3      As did the trial court, we assume without deciding that there is such a thing as a
consent decree under California law. In re Tobacco Cases I involved a consent decree
entered pursuant to a multi-state master settlement agreement. (In re Tobacco Cases I
(2010) 186 Cal. App. 4th 42, 44-45.) Neither the parties nor the court in Assenza called
the judgment a consent decree but instead referred to it as a judgment “pursuant to
stipulation.” (See Code Civ. Proc., § 664.6.) As we explain, even if the Assenza
judgment were a consent decree, plaintiffs would not be entitled to the relief they seek.

                                             10
Cases I opinion also states, however, that “courts have rejected the argument that consent
decrees are contracts for purposes of . . . ‘determining whether a third party beneficiary
action could be maintained for breach of that contract.’ [Citation.]” (In re Tobacco
Cases I, supra, at p. 1600, fn. 2, quoting Johnson Products Co., supra, at p. 38; cf. United
States v. Swift & Co. (1932) 286 U.S. 106, 115 [52 S. Ct. 460, 76 L. Ed. 999] [“[w]e reject
the argument for the interveners that a decree entered upon consent is to be treated as a
contract and not as a judicial act” for purposes of modification]; Mendly v. County of Los
Angeles (1994) 23 Cal. App. 4th 1193, 1206 [“stipulated judgment is not a ‘contract’” for
purpose of determining whether modification violated Contract Clause].) Thus, contrary
to plaintiffs’ contention, we do not apply contract principles to determine whether third
party beneficiaries of the Assenza judgment may maintain an independent action to
enforce the judgment.4
       With respect to consent decrees, “[t]he law is rather clear that a third party, as [a]
stranger to the decree and not a party to the government action either directly or by
intervention, cannot attempt to enforce it against the defendant. [Citations.]” (Control
Data Corp. v. International Business Machines Corp. (D.Minn. 1969) 306 F. Supp. 839,
845, aff’d sub nom. Data Processing Financial & General Corp. v. International
Business Machines Corp. (8th Cir. 1970) 430 F.2d 1277.) Thus, “[o]rdinarily non-parties
have no right of action based upon a consent decree.” (Data Processing Financial &
General Corp., supra, at p. 1278; accord, Johnson Products Co. v. F. T. C., supra, 549
F.2d at p. 38; see Rafferty v. NYNEX Corp. (D.D.C. 1990) 744 F. Supp. 324, 329 [“[e]ven
if there were some merit to the decree analysis, plaintiff could . . . not prevail, for it is
well established that a private party cannot sue as a third-party beneficiary of a

4       In discussing the interpretation of consent decrees, plaintiffs assert that “[b]ecause
this is a novel issue under California law, the only significant authority on the
enforceability of consent decrees by intended third-party beneficiaries is from federal
appellate decisions.” This is a novel issue under California law because California law
contains no provision for consent decrees. Rather, California law provides for stipulated
judgments.

                                               11
government consent decree”].) The United States Supreme Court has held that “a
consent decree is not enforceable directly or in collateral proceedings by those who are
not parties to it even though they were intended to be benefited by it.” (Blue Chip Stamps
v. Manor Drug Stores (1975) 421 U.S. 723, 750 [95 S. Ct. 1917, 44 L. Ed. 2d 539]; see
Aiken v. City of Memphis (6th Cir. 1994) 37 F.3d 1155, 1168 [“[t]he plain language of
Blue Chip indicates that even intended third-party beneficiaries of a consent decree lack
standing to enforce its terms”]; Getty Oil Co. v. Department of Energy
(Temp.Emer.Ct.App. 1988) 865 F.2d 270, 276 [applying Supreme Court’s “refusal in
Blue Chip Stamps . . . to grant enforcement rights to nonparties to a consent decree, ‘even
though they were intended to be benefited by it’”]; Jurewitz v. Bank of America, N.A.
(S.D.Cal. 2013) 938 F. Supp. 2d 994, 997 [“‘[a] well-settled line of authority from [the
United States Supreme] Court establishes that a consent decree is not enforceable directly
or in collateral proceedings by those who are not parties to it even though they were
intended to be benefited by it’”]; Ricci v. Okin (D.Mass. 2011) 770 F. Supp. 2d 438, 444
[same]; Doe v. Briley (M.D.Tenn. 2007) 511 F. Supp. 2d 904, 909 [“[u]nder Blue Chip
Stamps, the plaintiff must have been a party to the consent decree in order to enforce
it”].) Even intended third party beneficiaries cannot enforce a consent decree “unless the
decree specifically” affords them that right. (Riha v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.
(S.D.Ind. 2007) 2007 WL 42976 at p. 6; see International Business Machines Corp. v.
Comdisco, Inc. (N.D.Ill. 1993) 834 F. Supp. 264, 267-268; Lavapies v. Bowen (S.D.Ohio
1988) 687 F. Supp. 1193, 1207.)
       Some federal courts have created an exception to the Blue Chip Stamps rule
precluding third parties from enforcing a consent decree, based on Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, rule 71 (28 U.S.C.), for intended beneficiaries.5 For example, the Ninth
Circuit has held that “the standing rule from Blue Chip Stamps prohibits only incidental

5      Rule 71 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C.) provides: “When an
order grants relief for a nonparty or may be enforced against a nonparty, the procedure
for enforcing the order is the same as for a party.”

                                            12
third party beneficiaries from suing to enforce a consent decree.” (Hook v. State of Ariz.,
Dept. of Corrections (9th Cir. 1992) 972 F.2d 1012, 1015.) As explained in Hodges by
Hodges v. Public Bldg. Com’n of Chicago (N.D.Ill. 1994) 864 F. Supp. 1493, “[d]espite
its seemingly sweeping proscription, Blue Chip Stamps has been interpreted narrowly so
that certain third party beneficiaries still may sue to enforce a consent decree. Proceeding
under the theory that the Supreme Court had not meant to eviscerate Rule 71 [of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure], courts have created an exception for would-be
plaintiffs who are the intended, versus incidental, third party beneficiaries of the decree.”
(Id. at p. 1508.) “[I]f Blue Chip Stamps were read broadly to preclude even intended
third party beneficiaries from enforcing a consent decree, it would create a direct conflict
with [Federal] Rule[s of Civil Procedure, rule] 71. Rule 71 clearly allows intended third
party beneficiaries to enforce consent decrees, and Blue Chip Stamps should be read to
avoid eviscerating Rule 71.” (U.S. v. FMC Corp. (9th Cir. 2008) 531 F.3d 813, 820,
citing Hook, supra, at p. 1015; see Beckett v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n (D.C. Cir. 1993) 995
F.2d 280, 287 [“courts that have allowed non-parties to sue to enforce a consent decree or
other court order as intended third party beneficiaries have relied in large part on Rule
71”]; Berger v. Heckler (2d Cir. 1985) 771 F.2d 1556, 1565 [Blue Chip Stamps “was not
intended to preclude nonparties from intervening to enforce a consent decree where
otherwise authorized by the federal rules of civil procedure”].)6

6       Jurewitz v. Bank of America, N.A., supra, 938 F. Supp. 2d 994 noted that since
Hook, the Ninth Circuit has explained that “parties that benefit from a government
contract are generally assumed to be incidental beneficiaries, rather than intended ones,
and so may not enforce the contract absent a clear intent to the contrary. This clear
intent hurdle is not satisfied by a contract’s recitation of interested constituencies, vague,
hortatory pronouncements, statements of purpose, explicit reference to a third party, or
even a showing that the contract operates to the third parties’ benefit and was entered into
with them in mind. Rather, we examine the precise language of the contract for a clear
intent to rebut the presumption that the third parties are merely incidental beneficiaries.”
(Id. at p. 998, quoting County of Santa Clara v. Astra USA, Inc. (9th Cir. 2009) 588 F.3d
1237, 1244, rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Astra USA, Inc. v. Santa Clara County, Cal.
(2011) ___ U.S. ___ [131 S. Ct. 1342, 179 L. Ed. 2d 457].) The language of the Assenza
judgment does not clear this “intent hurdle.”

                                             13
       There is no California equivalent to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 71.
Plaintiffs have cited to none, nor have they identified any California law allowing
unnamed third party beneficiaries of a judgment to bring an action or petition to enforce
the judgment. Plaintiffs rely solely on general case law regarding third party
beneficiaries’ ability to enforce contracts made for their benefit. As noted, however,
consent decrees, even where they exist, are not “contracts for purposes of . . .
‘determining whether a third party beneficiary action could be maintained for breach of
that contract.’” (In re Tobacco Cases I, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th at p. 1600, fn. 2.)
Therefore, even if the Assenza judgment were a consent decree, and even if plaintiffs
were third party beneficiaries of that judgment, plaintiffs would not be able to enforce the
Assenza judgment. The general California law governing the rights of third party
beneficiaries, direct or incidental, does not give plaintiffs the right to enforce the Assenza
judgment as third party beneficiaries.7

              2.     Plaintiffs May Not Enforce the Assenza Judgment by Writ of
                     Mandate
       Plaintiffs contend that they “are seeking a writ of mandate to have [defendants]
execute their legal and ministerial duties under the Assenza judgment (and, therefore,
under Penal Code [former] section 12050) in the precise manner bargained for and
agreed to by [defendants] at the time the [Assenza] Judgment was entered.” Plaintiffs,
however, are not entitled to pursue their attempt “to receive the same benefit of the
bargained-for consent decree as the original Assenza plaintiffs” by mandamus.

7      Plaintiffs argue that the Assenza judgment was a consent decree because
defendants treated it as a consent decree, and that defendants should be judicially
estopped from denying it was a consent decree because they “represented for years after
entry of the Assenza Judgment—in depositions under oath, in court filings and at oral
argument—that the Judgment was a consent decree.” Because it does not matter whether
the Assenza judgment is a consent decree, we do not address these issues.

                                              14
       First, and contrary to plaintiffs’ assertion, the Assenza judgment does not authorize
plaintiffs to enforce that judgment by writ of mandate. Plaintiffs argue that defendants’
“former counsel expressly stipulated in settling the 1998 contempt motion [in Assenza]
that any further judicial review of [defendants’] CCW license decisions should be sought
by a writ of mandate.” In plaintiffs’ view, this stipulation was a representation by
defendants that authorized challenges to the Assenza judgment by petitions for writ of
mandate. The stipulation in the Assenza judgment, however, states: “Any and all judicial
review of any decision by the Chief of Police regarding the future issuance or denial of
any Permit to Carry Concealed Firearms as to any Plaintiff in this action will be brought
by way of a separate Writ of Mandate.” (Italics added.) The plain meaning of this
stipulation is that the Assenza plaintiffs can file a petition for writ of mandate in a
“separate” independent action if the City denied them CCW permits, not that third parties
(third party beneficiary or otherwise) can enforce the Assenza judgment by filing such a
petition.
       Moreover, plaintiffs have adequate remedies at law, either by seeking to intervene
in the Assenza case or by filing a declaratory relief action to determine their rights under
the successor statutes to Penal Code former section 12050. (See California School Bds.
Assn. v. State of California (2011) 192 Cal. App. 4th 770, 794 [“[t]o warrant relief in the
form of a writ of mandate requiring a party to take (or not to take) certain actions in the
future, the petitioner must demonstrate there is no adequate legal remedy”]; accord, Code
Civ. Proc., § 1086; People v. Picklesimer, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 340.)
       With respect to intervention, Code of Civil Procedure section 387, subdivision (a),
provides that “[u]pon timely application, any person, who has an interest in the matter in
litigation, . . . may intervene in the action or proceeding. . . .” A “trial court has
discretion to permit a nonparty to intervene where the following requirements are
satisfied: (1) the proper procedures have been followed; (2) the nonparty has a direct and
immediate interest in the action; (3) the intervention will not enlarge the issues in the
litigation; and (4) the reasons for the intervention outweigh any opposition by the parties
presently in the action.” (Western Heritage Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (2011) 199

                                               15
Cal. App. 4th 1196, 1205, fn. 12; accord, Gray v. Begley (2010) 182 Cal. App. 4th 1509,
1521.) “‘To support permissive intervention, it is well settled that the proposed
intervener’s interest in the litigation must be direct rather than consequential, and it must
be an interest that is capable of determination in the action. [Citations.] The requirement
of a direct and immediate interest means that the interest must be of such a direct and
immediate nature that the moving party “‘will either gain or lose by the direct legal
operation and effect of the judgment.’ [Citation.]” [Citations.] “A person has a direct
interest justifying intervention in litigation where the judgment in the action of itself adds
to or detracts from his legal rights without reference to rights and duties not involved in
the litigation. [Citation.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Royal Indemnity Co. v. United
Enterprises, Inc. (2008) 162 Cal. App. 4th 194, 203-204; accord, Lindelli v. Town of San
Anselmo (2006) 139 Cal. App. 4th 1499, 1505.)
       The essence of plaintiffs’ claims is that they have a direct and immediate interest
in the Assenza action and the Assenza judgment has given them rights. Plaintiffs allege
that their “rights are directly affected by the failure of Defendants[] to abide by the Court
Order and Third Amended Judgment of Declaratory Relief issued in” Assenza. Plaintiffs
specifically alleged that defendants’ “repeated refusals to provide . . . copies of both the
CCW permit application and/or the LAPD Concealed Weapon Policy are direct
violations of the Third Amended Judgment of Declaratory Relief. Furthermore,
Defendants[’] failure to promptly inform applicants of his or her status, failure to respond
in a reasonable and timely manner, and direct neglect to promptly reconsider an
application upon receiving a different recommendation from the Advisory Panel further
demonstrates Defendants[’] defiance to comply with the Third Amended Judgment of
Declaratory Relief.” Thus, plaintiffs have a basis for seeking intervention.
       If the court in Assenza allows plaintiffs to intervene in that case they would
become parties and would be able to enforce the judgment by a petition for writ of
mandate. (See Western Heritage Ins. Co. v. Superior Court, supra, 199 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1206 [once the trial court grants the application, the “‘“intervener becomes an actual
party to the suit by virtue of the order authorizing him to intervene”’”]; People ex rel.

                                              16
Totten v. Colonia Chiques (2007) 156 Cal. App. 4th 31, 42 [“[b]y intervening, appellants
became parties to the action”].) As noted, the Assenza judgment authorizes plaintiffs in
that action to review a denial of an application for a CCW permit by writ of mandate.8 If
the Assenza court does not allow plaintiffs to intervene, then plaintiffs can bring a
declaratory relief action, to declare their rights under the successor statutes to Penal Code
former section 12050, as the trial court here pointed out. (See Peruta v. County of San
Diego (9th Cir. 2014) 742 F.3d 1144, 1148 [action “requesting injunctive and declaratory
relief from the enforcement of the County policy’s interpretation of ‘good cause,’” under
the successor statutes to Penal Code former section 12050].) Either way, plaintiffs have
an adequate remedy at law, and mandate is not appropriate.
       Finally, the Assenza court has jurisdiction to enforce its judgment and is the
appropriate court in which to bring an action to interpret and enforce the judgment.
“‘“The jurisdiction of a court of equity to enforce its decrees is coextensive with its
jurisdiction to determine the rights of the parties, and it has power to enforce its decrees
as a necessary incident to its jurisdiction.”’” (Stump’s Market, Inc. v. Plaza de Santa Fe
Limited, LLC (2013) 212 Cal. App. 4th 882, 890; accord, Dawson v. East Side Union High
School Dist. (1994) 28 Cal. App. 4th 998, 1044.) Although the Assenza court did not
specifically state that it was retaining jurisdiction to interpret the judgment, the Assenza
judgment does state that the “court will retain continued jurisdiction of the action in order
to make any further orders which may be necessary,” and the court must interpret the
judgment to make any such further orders. (See In re Marriage of Simundza (2004) 121
Cal. App. 4th 1513, 1520 [“in order to implement” a provision in the judgment the trial

8       Plaintiffs assert that intervention “is likely futile because [defendants] vehemently
opposed [plaintiffs’] attempts simply to relate the Assenza and Davis actions and the
efforts to bring these [plaintiffs] in front of the same court hearing Assenza was denied.”
Defendants’ opposition to plaintiffs’ notice of related cases, however, was primarily
procedural. There is no evidence that filing a motion to intervene in the Assenza case
would be futile or that the Assenza court has given any indication, preliminary or
otherwise, that it would not consider a motion to intervene.

                                             17
court “first had to interpret the judgment]; In re Marriage of Melton (1994) 28
Cal. App. 4th 931, 936-937 [trial court could interpret the judgment in order to implement
the judgment, but could not rewrite it].) The questions whether plaintiffs are third party
beneficiaries of the judgment and whether they are entitled to the benefits of that
judgment should be decided by the court that entered the judgment. (See Parkison v.
Butte County Sheriff’s Dept. (E.D.Cal. 2013) 2013 WL 1007042 at p. 14 [“[i]f a party
attacks a consent decree in a second court, the second court may ‘refuse entirely to
entertain the action if relief in a more appropriate forum—the rendering court—were
available’”].)
       Amicus curiae argues that mandate is an appropriate remedy because the issuance
of CCW permits “touches on fundamental civil rights,” i.e., Second Amendment rights.
Amicus curiae, conceding that “a writ of mandate can only be issued to a party who is
beneficially interested,” also argues that the “‘“public right/public duty” exception’”
recognized in Save the Plastic Bag Coalition v. City of Manhattan Beach (2011) 52
Cal. 4th 155, 165 applies because plaintiffs “acting on behalf of the public, . . . seek[] a
judicial decree compelling a public agency or official to comply with the law.” (See id.
at p. 166; accord, Hector F. v. El Centro Elementary School Dist. (2014) 227 Cal. App. 4th
331, 339.) Plaintiffs, however, did not raise these issues in their briefs, and we generally
do not “consider new arguments raised on appeal by amicus curiae.” (American Indian
Model Schools v. Oakland Unified School Dist. (2014) 227 Cal. App. 4th 258, 275; see
Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2011) 198 Cal. App. 4th 543, 572 [“[a]n amicus curiae
ordinarily must limit its argument to the issues raised by the parties on appeal, and a
reviewing court need not address additional arguments raised by an amicus curiae”];
Costa v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1998) 65 Cal. App. 4th 1177, 1187 [same].)
       “The Supreme Court has recognized two exceptions: The amicus curiae may raise
an issue that will support affirmance and the amicus curiae may assert jurisdictional
questions that cannot be waived even if not raised by the parties. [Citation.] Neither of
these exceptions applies here.” (American Indian Model Schools v. Oakland Unified
School Dist., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 275, fn. omitted; accord, Sacramento County

                                              18
Employees’ Retirement System v. Superior Court (2011) 195 Cal. App. 4th 440, 473.) The
first exception does not apply because amicus curiae is seeking to reverse the trial court’s
ruling, not affirm it. The second exception also does not apply because constitutional
issues, such as the Second Amendment issue amicus curiae seeks to raise, are not
jurisdictional and may be waived or forfeited. (Cf. In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal. 4th
875, 880-881 [“‘“[n]o procedural principle is more familiar to this Court than that a
constitutional right,” or a right of any other sort, “may be forfeited in criminal as well as
civil cases by the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal having
jurisdiction to determine it”’”]; In re Douglas (2011) 200 Cal. App. 4th 236, 245 [Sixth
Amendment claim waived by delay in raising it]; Lujan v. Minagar (2004) 124
Cal. App. 4th 1040, 1048 [due process claim forfeited by failure to raise it below;
exception to forfeiture rule applies only to issue of standing].) Therefore, we decline to
address the two new arguments raised by amicus curiae. (See California Redevelopment
Assn. v. Matosantos (2011) 53 Cal. 4th 231, 242, fn. 2 [Supreme Court declines to
consider amicus curiae’s “constitutional arguments . . . neither raised nor briefed by the
parties”].)

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Defendants are to recover their costs on appeal.

                                                   SEGAL, J.*

We concur:

              PERLUSS, P. J.                              WOODS, J.

*       Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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