Court Opinion

ID: 9895394
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-06 23:02:25.572276+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:28.199576
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 23a0463n.06

                                         Case No. 23-3191

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                                   Nov 06, 2023
                                                        )                  KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk
LAWRENCE MILLER, as Administrator of
                                                        )
Estate of Lawrence Miller, II,
                                                        )
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                          )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                        )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                                      )        COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
                                                        )        DISTRICT OF OHIO
EMMA COLLINS, Warden, et al.,                           )
          Defendants-Appellees.                         )                              OPINION
                                                        )

Before: GIBBONS, BUSH, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

          STEPHANIE D. DAVIS, Circuit Judge. Lawrence Miller (“Mr. Miller”), as administrator

of the estate of his son, Lawrence Miller, II (“Miller”), brought this civil rights action pursuant to

42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Warden Emma Collins of the Pickaway Correctional Institution,

unknown medical and nursing personnel, Annette Chambers-Smith in her role as Director of the

Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (“ODRC”), and unknown John and Jane Does

failed to provide COVID-19 preventative measures to protect Miller from serious illness, which

ultimately led to his death. The district court dismissed the lawsuit after finding that Mr. Miller

failed to state a claim for relief against any defendant and declined to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over his remaining state law claims. Mr. Miller now appeals the dismissal of his

claims.
No. 23-3191, Miller v. Collins

       Although we agree with the district court’s disposition, we conclude that Mr. Miller lacked

standing to bring a § 1983 claim on behalf of his son’s then-pending estate, thus depriving the

district court—and consequently this court—of subject-matter jurisdiction to decide the case on

the merits. We further conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction. Accordingly, we AFFIRM IN PART, REVERSE IN PART

and REMAND for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

                                                 I.

       On February 21, 2020, Miller was admitted to ODRC to serve a one-and-a-half-year

sentence. He was immediately placed in the infirmary unit at the Pickaway Correctional Institution

in Orient, Ohio (“Pickaway”), due to preexisting medical conditions, including chronic kidney

disease (stage III) and hypertension. Miller had been receiving dialysis treatments for about two

years before entering Pickaway. Not long after his arrival at Pickaway, Miller tested positive for

COVID-19 and later developed complications from the virus. He was then transferred to the Ohio

State University Hospital to receive medical treatment. Unfortunately, on May 3, 2020, Miller

died from acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to complications of COVID-19.

       Mr. Miller brought this action on behalf of his son’s estate roughly two years later. In the

operative complaint, Mr. Miller asserted that Defendants violated Miller’s constitutional rights

under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments and sought relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He

also included state law claims for wrongful death, negligence, and a survivorship action.

Defendants responded jointly with a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1),

12(b)(2), and 12(b)(6). The district court granted the motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6),

concluding that Mr. Miller failed to state a § 1983 claim against any defendant because he “is not

permitted to bring his § 1983 claim against Defendants in their official capacities” and he “did not

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No. 23-3191, Miller v. Collins

allege specific facts about specific defendants” sufficient to state a claim in their individual

capacities. (R. 31, PageID 126, 130). It also declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over

the remaining state law claims.

                                                  II.

        We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Willman v. Att’y Gen. of the

U.S., 972 F.3d 819, 822 (6th Cir. 2020). To avoid dismissal, “a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).

We may “affirm a decision of the district court on any grounds supported by the record, even if

different from those relied on by the district court.” Wallace v. Oakwood Healthcare, Inc., 954

F.3d 879, 886 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Brown v. Tidwell, 169 F.3d 330, 332 (6th Cir. 1999)).

                                                  III.

        On appeal, Mr. Miller maintains that the district court erred in dismissing his § 1983 claim

under Rule 12(b)(6) and that the court abused its discretion in declining to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over the state law claims. Defendants maintain that the dismissal was a proper exercise

of the district court’s discretion. Notably, in their motion to dismiss, Defendants also argued that

the district court lacked jurisdiction to hear Mr. Miller’s claims. Specifically, Defendants alleged

that “Plaintiff does not have standing to bring a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as Lawrence Miller

has not been certified as the personal representative of [] Lawrence Miller II’s [Estate] and thus

this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over the Plaintiff.” (R. 17, PageID 56). Instead of addressing

the jurisdictional challenge in its opinion, the district court solely addressed the merits of the case.

However, federal courts must decide jurisdictional questions before considering issues related to

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No. 23-3191, Miller v. Collins

the merits of a case. See In re: 2016 Primary Election, 836 F.3d 584, 587 (6th Cir. 2016).

Although Defendants’ jurisdictional challenge was not raised on appeal, “we always have

‘jurisdiction on appeal . . . for the purpose of correcting the error of the lower court in entertaining

the suit’ in the first place[,]” specifically when there exists a pertinent question on whether a

litigant has standing to bring the lawsuit. Id. at 587 (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better

Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 95 (1998)). And we may do so sua sponte. See Cmty. First Bank v. Nat’l

Credit Union, 41 F.3d 1050, 1053 (6th Cir. 1995).

        Subject-Matter Jurisdiction. As an initial matter, while Defendants attacked Mr. Miller’s

standing to bring his lawsuit under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction, such

challenges to standing are properly brought under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for a lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction. See Tenn. Gen. Assembly v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 931 F.3d 499, 507 (6th Cir.

2019) (Article III “[s]tanding is a jurisdictional requirement,” and “[i]f no plaintiff has standing,

then the court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.”). Rule 12(b)(1) “provides for the dismissal of an

action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.” Cartwright v. Garner, 751 F.3d 752, 759 (6th Cir.

2014). Thus, a determination of subject-matter jurisdiction is “always a threshold determination.”

Am. Telecom Co. v. Republic of Leb., 501 F.3d 534, 537 (6th Cir. 2007). And the party invoking

federal jurisdiction has the burden to prove that jurisdiction. Global Tech., Inc. v. Yubei (XinXiang)

Power Steering Sys. Co., 807 F.3d 806, 810 (6th Cir. 2015).

        Motions to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction come in two forms: facial and

factual attacks. See Gentek Bldg. Prods., Inc. v. Sherman-Williams Co., 491 F.3d 320, 330 (6th

Cir. 2007). A facial attack on standing challenges whether the complaint adequately pleads

standing even accepting its facts as true. See Ass’n of Am. Physicians & Surgeons v. FDA, 13

F.4th 531, 543 (6th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). A factual attack on standing challenges whether

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No. 23-3191, Miller v. Collins

the facts in the record, including outside pleadings, support the existence of standing. See

Cartwright v. Garner, 751 F.3d 752, 759 (6th Cir. 2014). Defendants’ motion to dismiss made a

facial challenge to Mr. Miller’s standing as it was based on the court’s acceptance of the facts as

set forth in the amended complaint, where he alleged that he was “seeking to be the representative”

of his son’s estate but had yet to attain that status. (R. 9, Page.ID 31, ¶ 4). We conclude that Mr.

Miller did not have the requisite standing to bring this action, and as such, the district court’s

dismissal was appropriate because it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims—not

because he failed to state a claim for relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

                                        A. Article III Standing

       Article III of the United States Constitution provides that federal courts may only exercise

jurisdiction where an actual case or controversy exists. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. The “case or

controversy” requirement has been illuminated through a series of “justiciability doctrines,”

including, “perhaps the most important,” that a litigant must have “standing” to invoke the

jurisdiction of the federal courts. Nat’l Rifle Assoc. of Am. v. Magaw, 132 F.3d 272, 279 (6th Cir.

1997). To demonstrate standing to bring a lawsuit in federal court, a plaintiff must show the

following:

               (1) [the plaintiff] has suffered an ‘injury in fact’ that is (a) concrete
               and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or
               hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged
               action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely
               speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180–81 (2000) (citing

Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992)).

       As Plaintiff, Mr. Miller thus carries the burden to prove that he has the requisite standing

to bring this action on behalf of his son’s estate. A claim brought pursuant to 42. U.S.C. § 1983 is

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personal to the direct victim of an alleged constitutional tort. See Chambers v. Sanders, 63 F.4th

1092, 1100 (6th Cir. 2023) (quoting Claybrook v. Birchwell, 199 F.3d 350, 357 (6th Cir. 2000)).

As a result, “only the purported victim, or his estate’s representative(s), may prosecute a section

1983 claim[.]” Id. “[C]onversely, no cause of action may lie under section 1983 for emotional

distress, loss of a loved one, or any other consequent collateral injuries allegedly suffered

personally by the victim’s family members.” Id. Such claims of injury must be raised in a state

tort law cause of action. See Garrett v. Belmont Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 374 F. App’x 612, 615 (6th

Cir. 2010).

       As the Supreme Court has explained, “one specific area not covered by federal law is that

relating to ‘the survival of civil rights actions under § 1983 upon the death of either the plaintiff

or defendant.’” Robertson v. Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584, 589–90 (1978) (quoting Moor v. Alameda

Cnty., 411 U.S. 693, 702 n.14 (1973)). And as such, the law of the forum is “the principal reference

point in determining survival of civil rights actions, subject to the important proviso that state law

may not be applied when it is ‘inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States.’”

Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1988(a)). The forum here is Ohio. Under Ohio law, “a cause of action

for personal injury survives the death of the injured party, and may be brought by the decedent’s

personal representative on behalf of the decedent’s estate to recover such damages as the deceased

might have recovered had he lived.” Tinch v. City of Dayton, 77 F.3d 483 (6th Cir. 1996)

(unpublished table decision) (citing Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2305.21 (West 2023)). Mr. Miller’s

§ 1983 wrongful death claim on behalf of his son is properly classified as a tort claim for personal

injury, which is preserved by Ohio’s survival of actions statute. See Jaco v. Bloechle, 739 F.2d

239, 242–43 (6th Cir. 1984).

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No. 23-3191, Miller v. Collins

        Again, in the amended complaint, Mr. Miller alleged that he was “seeking to be the

representative” of Miller’s estate and that he would “ratify this Complaint when he [was]

authorized to do so.” (R. 9, PageID 31, ¶ 4). Thus, as evidenced by his own allegations, Mr. Miller

became the administrator of the estate after litigation commenced—not before.1 Yet to satisfy the

standing requirement, Mr. Miller must have been the administrator when the complaint was

originally filed on April 12, 2022. See Ohio Citizen Action v. City of Englewood, 671 F.3d 564,

580 (6th Cir. 2012) (“Standing is determined at the time the complaint is filed.”). A pending

application to be named administrator does not suffice for purposes of Article III standing. And

he did not seek to file an amended complaint after he attained the status of administrator.2 Because

Mr. Miller’s application was still pending in the Ohio probate court at the time the complaint was

filed, he lacked standing to bring this §1983 action. As such, the district court did not have subject-

matter jurisdiction to hear Mr. Miller’s claims on the merits and we likewise lack jurisdiction to

adjudicate the merits of this appeal. See United States v. Certain Land Situated in Detroit, 361

F.3d 305, 307 (6th Cir. 2004).

        Supplemental Jurisdiction. Next, Mr. Miller maintains that the district court abused its

discretion in declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims.

We review a district court’s decision declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction to hear a

plaintiff’s state law claims under the abuse-of-discretion standard. See Gamel v. City of Cincinnati,

1
 In response to the jurisdictional challenge, Mr. Miller attached an order from the Probate Court of Summit
County, Ohio, dated August 1, 2022, which named him as administrator of his son’s estate. We do not
opine on the sufficiency of Mr. Miller’s evidence proffered to but not ruled upon by the district court, as
supplemental jurisdiction remains a “doctrine of discretion, not a plaintiff’s right.” United Mine Workers
of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966). It is nevertheless notable that the probate court’s order appears
to have been entered months after the amended complaint was filed.
2
 In making this observation, we do not opine on Defendants’ argument below that the statute of limitations
expired during the pendency of Mr. Miller’s application to become administrator or on what, if any,
application the “relation-back” doctrine might have on a newly filed amended complaint.

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No. 23-3191, Miller v. Collins

625 F.3d 949, 951 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Carlsbad Tech., Inc. v. HIF Bio, Inc., 556 U.S. 635, 640

(2009)). “An abuse of discretion exists only when the court has the definite and firm conviction

that the district court made a clear error of judgment in its conclusion upon weighing relevant

factors.” Gaeth v. Hartford Life Ins., Co., 538 F.3d 524, 528–29 (6th Cir. 2008) (citation and

alterations omitted).

       A district court has discretion as to whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction after

dismissing the claims over which it has original jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); Osborn

v. Haley, 549 U.S. 225, 245 (2007) (“Even if only state-law claims remained after resolution of

the federal question, the District Court would have discretion, consistent with Article III, to retain

jurisdiction.”). When deciding whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, courts consider and

weigh “the values of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity.” Gamel, 625 F.3d at

951–52 (quoting Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988)).

       Mr. Miller argues that the district court abused its discretion when it “failed to elaborate on

or consider all factors set forth in [Carnegie-Mellon].” (Dkt. 8, Page 11). However, this argument

is unavailing for two reasons. First, as discussed above, the district court lacked subject-matter

jurisdiction to hear any of Mr. Miller’s claims. Moreover, once all federal claims are dismissed

prior to trial, we have explained that “the balance of considerations usually will point to dismissing

the state law claims, or remanding them to state court if the action was removed.” Musson

Theatrical, Inc. v. Fed. Exp. Corp., 89 F.3d 1244, 1254–55 (6th Cir. 1996). When the district court

decided to decline supplemental jurisdiction of Mr. Miller’s remaining state law claims, it

explicitly found that exercising jurisdiction “would not serve judicial economy, convenience, or

comity.” (R. 31, PageID 130). The district court considered the Carnegie-Mellon factors in its

decision to decline supplemental jurisdiction and was not required to provide an in-depth analysis

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No. 23-3191, Miller v. Collins

of its reasoning. Again, declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction after dismissing a federal

claim of original jurisdiction is purely discretionary. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). Supplemental

jurisdiction remains a “doctrine of discretion, not a plaintiff’s right.” United Mine Workers of Am.

v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966). Thus, we find no abuse of discretion here.

        Dismissal was proper in this case because Mr. Miller did not possess standing to bring this

lawsuit, and as such, the district court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction over the § 1983

claims. Though the district court dismissed the lawsuit without specifying whether its dismissal

was with or without prejudice, dismissals pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) are “judgment[s] on the

merits” and are therefore presumed to be with prejudice. See Pratt v. Ventas, Inc., 365 F.3d 514,

522 (6th Cir. 2004) (internal citation omitted). Because this case must instead be dismissed

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction over the § 1983 claims, the

dismissal must be without prejudice, and we will remand for that purpose. See Ohio Nat. Life Ins.

Co. v. United States, 922 F.2d 320, 325 (6th Cir. 1990) (“A dismissal under 12(b)(1) allows for

the possibility of repleading the action to bring it within the subject matter jurisdiction of some

court.”). Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims, which we have held must also be dismissed

without prejudice “to allow the state courts to decide state issues.” Borke v. Warren, No. 22-1270,

2023 WL 6367754, at *3 (6th Cir. Aug. 2, 2023) (quoting Kowall v. Benson, 18 F.4th 542, 549

(6th Cir. 2021), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 88 (2022)).

                                                  IV.

        For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM IN PART, REVERSE IN PART and

REMAND to the district court for entry of a new judgment in accordance with this opinion.

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