Court Opinion

ID: 4645544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-22 17:00:22.760705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:53.227880
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 20a0388p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                ┐
                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                          │
                                                           >        No. 19-5801
       v.                                                 │
                                                          │
                                                          │
 PEDRO SILVESTRE-GREGORIO,                                │
                             Defendant-Appellant.         │
                                                          ┘

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Greeneville.
                  No. 2:18-cr-00155-1—J. Ronnie Greer, District Judge.

                                Argued: February 5, 2020

                         Decided and Filed: December 22, 2020

            Before: BATCHELDER, LARSEN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

                                   _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ARGUED: Erin P. Rust, FEDERAL DEFENDER SERVICES OF EASTERN TENNESSEE,
INC., Chattanooga, Tennessee, for Appellant. William A Roach, Jr., UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee. Stephen B. Kang, ACLU
IMMIGRANTS’ RIGHTS PROJECT, San Francisco, California, for Amici Curiae.
ON BRIEF: Erin P. Rust, FEDERAL DEFENDER SERVICES OF EASTERN TENNESSEE,
INC., Chattanooga, Tennessee, for Appellant. William A Roach, Jr., UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee. Stephen B. Kang, Cody H.
Wofsy, ACLU IMMIGRANTS’ RIGHTS PROJECT, San Francisco, California, for Amici
Curiae.
 No. 19-5801                    United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                       Page 2

                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.              Pedro Silvestre-Gregorio challenges his
conviction for unlawful reentry of a removed alien by bringing a collateral attack against his
underlying removal order from nineteen years ago.           Silvestre-Gregorio alleges that the
government violated his due-process rights at his 2001 removal proceeding by failing to provide
him with counsel even though he was a juvenile at the time, and by failing to inform him that
discretionary relief might be available. The district court rejected both claims and our precedent
resolves each issue.    Because this court has held that there is no constitutional right to
government-provided counsel at civil removal proceedings and that an alien does not have a
constitutional right to be informed of discretionary relief, we must AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       Silvestre-Gregorio first entered the United States illegally in February 2001 at the age of
sixteen. He was detained within a few weeks of his arrival and had his removal hearing on
March 22, 2001. He did not have an attorney, but he did receive the assistance of an interpreter
and was accompanied by a social worker from Associated Catholic Charities, in whose care he
had been placed. The interpreter spoke Spanish; Silvestre-Gregorio spoke little English and
some Spanish, but his native tongue was “Chuj,” a regional dialect of northern Guatemala.
However, he was still able to understand and answer open-ended questions in Spanish, including
where he was born, how he crossed the border, and how he got from the border to Houston. But
the immigration judge did have to repeat a few questions. Nonetheless, the immigration judge
sought to develop the record and patiently explained to Silvestre-Gregorio his options, including
his ability to appeal the decision and his right to be represented by retained counsel. The
immigration judge explained to Silvestre-Gregorio that he would be given a list of attorneys who
would be willing to represent him “at little or no cost” and that he could take some time to find
and talk to an attorney. The immigration judge then asked him several times if he would like
some time to find an attorney. Silvestre-Gregorio declined and said that he wanted to finish his
case that day. The immigration judge did not notify Silvestre-Gregorio about voluntary removal
 No. 19-5801                     United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                         Page 3

because the judge concluded that relief was not available to him. After Silvestre-Gregorio said
he did not want to appeal the immigration judge’s decision, he was ordered removed. He was
physically removed from the United States on June 14, 2001.

       Silvestre-Gregorio returned to the United States in 2002. He subsequently accumulated a
lengthy criminal history that included convictions for domestic assault, public intoxication, theft,
driving while under the influence, and driving without a license. While he was being held in the
Hamblen County, Tennessee, jail after his arrest for domestic assault, federal agents discovered
that he was not a U.S. citizen and that he had previously been removed.

       On October 10, 2018, the grand jury charged Silvestre-Gregorio with unlawful reentry of
a removed alien, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Silvestre-Gregorio moved to dismiss on the
grounds that his prior removal in 2001 violated his right to due process and could not be the basis
for his conviction under § 1326. The district court held a hearing on the motion. After hearing
from Silvestre-Gregorio and several other witnesses, the district court denied the motion, finding
that Silvestre-Gregorio could understand the interpreter during his removal hearing and that he
did not have a constitutional right to government-provided counsel at his removal hearing or a
constitutional right to be notified of discretionary relief. Silvestre-Gregorio preserved his right to
appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss and the district court’s finding that his prior removal
was a valid basis for a § 1326 conviction. But the elements of the unlawful reentry offense were
otherwise stipulated. The Guidelines range was two to eight months, and the district court
sentenced him to six months. Silvestre-Gregorio now appeals.

                                                 II.

       “This court reviews de novo the denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment and a
collateral attack upon a prior removal order underlying a conviction for unlawful reentry.”
United States v. Zuniga-Guerrero, 460 F.3d 733, 735 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). We
review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, including the determination as to
whether a defendant’s waiver “was knowingly and voluntarily made.”                 United States v.
Martinez-Rocha, 337 F.3d 566, 569 (6th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted).
 No. 19-5801                     United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                          Page 4

       “A defendant charged with unlawful reentry may not challenge the validity of his
deportation order unless he demonstrates that: ‘(1) [he] exhausted any administrative remedies
that may have been available to seek relief against the order; (2) the deportation proceedings at
which the order was issued improperly deprived [him] of the opportunity for judicial review; and
(3) the entry of the order was fundamentally unfair.’” United States v. Estrada, 876 F.3d 885,
887 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)). “Because the requirements are conjunctive,
the alien must satisfy all three prongs.” Id. But frequently, as is the case here, the dispute
centers on the third prong of § 1326(d), i.e., whether the order was fundamentally unfair. “To
prove the fundamental unfairness of an underlying deportation order, a defendant must show
both a due process violation emanating from defects in the underlying deportation proceeding
and resulting prejudice.” Id.

       Before an alien can demonstrate a violation of the Due Process Clause, he must initially
“establish that [he] has been deprived of a life, liberty, or property interest sufficient to trigger
the protection of the Due Process Clause in the first place.” Ashki v. INS, 233 F.3d 913, 921 (6th
Cir. 2000). Silvestre-Gregorio does not claim to have been deprived of a life or property interest,
so we consider only whether a liberty interest has been triggered. “A liberty interest may arise
from the Constitution itself, by reason of guarantees implicit in the word ‘liberty,’ or it may arise
from an expectation or interest created by state [or federal] laws or policies.” Wilkinson v.
Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221 (2005) (citations omitted). Because Silvestre-Gregorio’s liberty was
“at stake” at his removal proceeding nineteen years ago, see Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 135, 154
(1945), we find that liberty interest sufficiently implicates the Due Process Clause.

       Having established that the Due Process Clause is at least triggered, we must next
consider whether a violation has occurred. See Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S.
532, 541 (1985) (“[O]nce it is determined that the Due Process Clause applies, ‘the question
remains what process is due.’”) (citation omitted). If this court has previously addressed the due-
process claim, then we are bound by precedent; if the claim is an issue of first impression, then
we generally apply the three-factor test the Supreme Court set out in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424
U.S. 319, 334–35 (1976) (explaining that, in determining the process “due,” courts must consider
three factors: (1) the private interest affected, (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation of that private
 No. 19-5801                         United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                                Page 5

interest and the value of any additional safeguards, and (3) the government’s interest, including
the fiscal and administrative burden the additional safeguards would impose).1 See United Pet
Supply, Inc. v. City of Chattanooga, 768 F.3d 464, 485 (6th Cir. 2014) (“We apply the well-
known balancing test from Mathews v. Eldridge to determine if due process was afforded.”).
If an alien can demonstrate a due-process violation and resulting prejudice, then he can establish
fundamental unfairness as required by § 1326(d). Estrada, 876 F.3d at 887.

        In this case, we need not address the issue of prejudice because Silvestre-Gregorio has
not established a due-process violation. Aliens in removal proceedings are entitled by statute to
“the privilege of being represented, at no expense to the Government, by counsel of the alien’s
choosing.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4)(A). Immigration judges are required to inform aliens of this
right and to provide them a list of local pro-bono legal service providers.                           8 C.F.R.
§ 1240.10(a)(1), (2). Silvestre-Gregorio does not claim that he was deprived of this right; nor
could he. He was informed of the right to seek counsel at least three times: once on the Notice to
Appear, once on the Rights Form he received (in both English and Spanish), and again during his
removal hearing. The immigration judge asked him if he would like time to find an attorney “at
little or no cost” to him. And Silvestre-Gregorio was given a list of local attorneys who would
be willing to represent him for free or at little cost. But Silvestre-Gregorio said he did not want
time to contact an attorney and wanted to finish his case that day. Despite that waiver of the
statutory right to counsel, Silvestre-Gregorio now claims that he was deprived of due process
because the court should have appointed counsel for him. Our precedent binds us in holding that
“[t]he Fifth Amendment simply does not guarantee the right to counsel” for aliens at civil
removal hearings. Al-Saka v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 427, 434 (6th Cir. 2018). “Unlike in criminal
cases, the government has no role in appointing counsel in immigration hearings because the
Due Process Clause does not guarantee a right to government-provided counsel in civil
litigation,” id., where there is no risk that “the litigant may lose his physical liberty if he loses the
litigation.” Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 25 (1981). Even though Al-Saka does

        1The    Supreme Court also sometimes examines historical practices to decide the process that is due, see,
e.g., Dist. Att’ys Off. for Third Jud. Dist. v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52, 67–72 (2009); Burnham v. Super. Ct. of Cal.,
495 U.S. 604, 610–19 (1990) (plurality opinion), but Silvestre-Gregorio makes no claim that immigrants have ever
had any right to government-provided counsel as a traditional matter. Both he and the government rely exclusively
on the Mathews test, so we analyze his claims solely through that due-process lens.
 No. 19-5801                           United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                                    Page 6

not expressly address whether this bright-line rule applies equally to juvenile aliens, we see no
grounds on which to make an exception.

         Whether a court treats juveniles as adults or provides them further protection depends on
the situation. The Supreme Court has held that “juveniles are capable of ‘knowingly and
intelligently’ waiving their right against self-incrimination in criminal cases” and that detained
alien juveniles have the capacity to waive their right to a hearing before an immigration judge.
Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 309 (1993).                   Likewise, we have held that minors “can be
responsible for their own legal status” in a number of contexts, including waiving their
constitutional right to appeal a deportation order or a custody determination, exercising their
right to remain silent during interrogation, and receiving personal service. Jimenez-Castro v.
Sessions, 750 F. App’x 406, 410 (6th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). But we have also noted that
there are times when juveniles are entitled to special protections. See, e.g., Harris v. Klare,
902 F.3d 630, 639 (6th Cir. 2018) (calling a minor “a newcomer to the law” and holding that her
age “counsels against finding voluntary consent” to a search) (citation omitted). Neither party
cites a case that speaks directly to whether the right to government-provided counsel depends on
the alien’s age.

         Notwithstanding our holding in Al-Saka, Silvestre-Gregorio asks this court to undertake a
separate Mathews analysis for juvenile aliens.2 But whether we should conduct a separate

         2Silvestre-Gregorio    also argues that we should consider the three additional factors the Supreme Court
discussed in Turner v. Rogers, 564 U.S. 431, 446–48 (2011), namely: (1) the defendant’s ability to pay, (2) whether
the other side is represented by counsel, and (3) the availability of substitute procedural safeguards. In Turner, the
Court held that “the Due Process Clause does not automatically require the provision of counsel at civil contempt
proceedings to an indigent individual who is subject to a child support order, even if that individual faces
incarceration (for up to a year).” Id. at 448. While the Court was considering the right to counsel at a contempt
hearing, i.e., a civil proceeding, the question was whether there is a right to counsel at a proceeding in which “bodily
restraint” and “incarceration [are] threatened.” Id. at 445–46. And because deportation is a restraint on liberty that
is different in kind from the one posed by incarceration, Turner is inapposite.
         As the Supreme Court explained in Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, “the Court’s precedents
speak with one voice about what ‘fundamental fairness’ has meant when the Court has considered the right to
appointed counsel, and we thus draw from them the presumption that an indigent litigant has a right to appointed
counsel only when, if he loses, he may be deprived of his physical liberty. It is against this presumption that all the
other elements in the due process decision must be measured.” 452 U.S. 18, 26–27 (1981). While removal does
implicate the alien’s liberty interest, deportation does not result in the alien’s incarceration or otherwise impose
physical constraints on him. Consequently, comparisons between removal and incarceration (or similar
consequences, e.g., commitment to an institution) are inapt.
 No. 19-5801                           United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                                    Page 7

Mathews analysis for juvenile aliens depends on whether Al-Saka binds us as precedent.
Although Mendoza-Garcia v. Barr, 918 F.3d 498 (6th Cir. 2019), suggested that Al-Saka’s
holding may have been dicta, we do not view it that way. See id. at 504. The alien in Al-Saka
argued that “his private lawyer’s conduct violated the Fifth Amendment” because of the lawyer’s
deficient performance. 904 F.3d at 432. We rejected that argument on the ground that the alien
had no Fifth Amendment right to government-appointed counsel and so no right to the effective
assistance of counsel. Id. at 432–35. This ground thus “determine[d] the outcome” in Al-Saka; it
was not dicta. See Wright v. Spaulding, 939 F.3d 695, 701 (6th Cir. 2019).

         The implication of Silvestre-Gregorio’s argument is that, despite our holding in Al-Saka,
a Mathews analysis would categorically produce a different outcome for juveniles (i.e., that more
process would be “due” for juvenile aliens than for adult aliens). But we neither agree nor find
any support for the proposition that the age of the alien would so alter the “net weight” of the
three Mathews prongs that we could reach an outcome different from the one Al-Saka reached.
See Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27. The Supreme Court in Lassiter established a presumption against a
blanket right to government-appointed counsel in proceedings that do not pose “at least a
potential deprivation of physical liberty.” Id. at 31. To overcome this presumption, the aliens’
interests, as a categorical matter, would need to be “at their strongest, the State's interests [] at
their weakest, and the risks of error [] at their peak.” See id.

         To start, the private interest at stake, the first Mathews prong, is substantial, regardless of
whether the alien is an adult or a juvenile. Deportation, no matter the alien’s age, “visits a great
hardship on the individual and deprives him of the right to stay and live and work in this land of
freedom. That deportation is a penalty—at times a most serious one—cannot be doubted.”
Bridges, 326 U.S. at 154. While the private interest is less strong in this particular case given
Silvestre-Gregorio’s (at that time) short duration in and weak ties to the United States,
see Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21, 32–34 (1982), this factor might frequently weigh in favor

         For this reason, In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967), cited by Silvestre-Gregorio, is also inapplicable. In Gault,
the Court contemplated whether children were entitled to government-provided counsel at delinquency hearings,
“which may result in commitment to an institution in which the juvenile’s freedom is curtailed.” Id. at 41. As with
Turner, the Court in Gault was determining whether the government must provide counsel to an individual who
potentially faces a severe, physical restraint on the individual’s liberty akin to incarceration. Because removal is not
incarceration and does not impose physical restraint on the alien, Turner and Gault are inapplicable to cases
regarding the process due at removal proceedings.
 No. 19-5801                      United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                           Page 8

of providing counsel to the alien at the government’s expense. But even when the private
interest would weigh heavily in favor of affording government-provided counsel, the factor’s
weight does not change depending on the alien’s age.

        Next, the government’s interest, the third Mathews prong, likewise does not change based
on the alien’s age. While the fiscal and administrative burden imposed by providing counsel to
all aliens (or to all indigent aliens) would be greater than the burden imposed by providing
counsel to only juvenile aliens, the latter would still impose an immense burden. In the first
eleven months of fiscal year 2019, some 72,873 unaccompanied alien children were apprehended
at the southwest border. WILLIAM A. KANDEL, CONG. RSCH. SERV., R43599, UNACCOMPANIED
ALIEN CHILDREN: AN OVERVIEW 2 (2019), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R43599.pdf. The
total number of minors (unaccompanied and accompanied) is necessarily greater. Even after
discounting the number of aliens for whom the government would need to provide counsel (i.e.,
for all indigent juvenile aliens rather than for all indigent aliens), the burden imposed still would
be extraordinary and would not change that the factor weighs strongly against finding a due-
process right to government-provided counsel.

        Finally, the second Mathews prong, the risk of the government’s erroneously depriving
the private interest, is the only factor that plausibly might depend on the alien’s age. Silvestre-
Gregorio claims that as a juvenile he did not understand—and could not have understood—the
complexities of immigration law. To be sure, adult aliens as a category are presumptively more
likely to understand immigration proceedings than are juvenile aliens; but we do not believe that
the added pressure on this factor alone can overcome the Lassiter presumption.                      That
presumption cannot be overcome categorically unless “the Eldridge factors” will “always be . . .
distributed” such that the alien’s interests are “at their strongest, the States interests [are] at their
weakest, and the risks of error [are] at their peak.” Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 31.

        The procedures used in immigration proceedings are sufficient to satisfy due process
even in light of any increased risk of erroneous deprivation that stems from juveniles’ relative
difficulty in understanding immigration law. That is in part because the risk of error in removal
proceedings (i.e., the risk that an alien is wrongfully deported) does not invariably depend on the
alien’s having a thorough understanding of immigration law. For example, the Supreme Court
 No. 19-5801                     United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                        Page 9

has held that the Due Process Clause requires the government to hold a removal hearing and to
produce clear and convincing evidence at the hearing before an alien may be ordered removed.
Reno, 507 U.S. at 309 (“[D]ue process is satisfied by giving the detained alien juveniles the right
to a hearing before an immigration judge.”); Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276, 286 (1966) (“[N]o
deportation order may be entered unless it is found by clear, unequivocal, and convincing
evidence that the facts alleged as grounds for deportation are true.”). In addition to these
protections, many circuit courts, including this one, require that the immigration judge help pro
se parties develop the record. Mendoza-Garcia, 918 F.3d at 505 (“We agree with our sister
circuits that to provide a fundamentally fair proceeding, immigration judges are bound by the
recognized duty to help pro se parties develop the record.”). Finally, statutory and regulatory
protections governing removal hearings require that aliens be informed of their rights and the
availability of potential relief. See, e.g., 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4)(A) (guaranteeing the right to
retained counsel); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.10(a)(1)–(2) (requiring the immigration judge at the start of
every removal hearing to inform the alien of his right to retained representation, to inform him of
the availability of pro bono legal services, and to make sure that he has received a list of such
available services); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.11(a)(2) (requiring the immigration judge to inform an alien
of his “apparent eligibility” for relief from removal). These safeguards exist to ensure that there
are not arbitrary or unjust removals, and they exist regardless of the alien’s age, education,
intellectual capacity, English proficiency, or socioeconomic status.

       While these protections may be insufficient in the criminal context, they are sufficient to
ensure that a basic level of process is provided to aliens before the government orders them
removed. Because the purpose, scope, and effectiveness of these protections do not depend on
the age of the alien, this factor, as with the other two Mathews prongs, likewise is not age-
dependent. Because our analysis of the three Mathews prongs would remain the same whether
applied to a juvenile alien or an adult alien, there is no basis for us to find that Al-Saka does not
apply, and we must follow our precedent.

       Amici cite state laws and various academic findings to support their position that juvenile
aliens should receive government-provided counsel. But regardless of whether we would favor
these arguments as a matter of policy, “the Constitution does not provide judicial remedies for
 No. 19-5801                   United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                     Page 10

every social and economic ill.” Lindsey v. Normet, 405 U.S. 56, 74 (1972) (emphasis added).
And whether providing counsel to juvenile aliens is an appropriate use of taxpayer money is a
decision for elected officials accountable to the public, not unelected judges. As the Supreme
Court has explained, policy decisions in the immigration context are best left to the other
branches:

       [I]t must weigh heavily in the balance that control over matters of immigration is
       a sovereign prerogative, largely within the control of the executive and the
       legislature. The role of the judiciary is limited to determining whether the
       procedures meet the essential standard of fairness under the Due Process Clause
       and does not extend to imposing procedures that merely displace congressional
       choices of policy. . . . Thus, it would be improper simply to impose deportation
       procedures here because the reviewing court may find them preferable.

Landon, 459 U.S. at 34–35.

       Where, as here, the government holds a hearing, develops the record, provides an
interpreter, and explains the rule of law, the alien has received due process.      There is no
constitutional right to a government-appointed counsel, regardless of age. Not one of our sister
circuits has held otherwise. This is not surprising. If we were to hold otherwise, we would be
acting outside of our limited role “to say what the law is.” See Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S.
(1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803). If Congress wishes to add additional safeguards, then it has the
power to pass legislation and appropriate funds. In the meantime, the judiciary cannot—and
should not—arbitrarily change the law to achieve certain policy ends.

       Silvestre-Gregorio and amici cite Aguilera-Enriquez v. INS, 516 F.2d 565, 568 n.3 (6th
Cir. 1975), for the proposition that “[w]here an unrepresented indigent alien would require
counsel to present his position adequately to an immigration judge, he must be provided with a
lawyer at the Government’s expense. Otherwise, ‘fundamental fairness’ would be violated.”
This footnote went uncited by this court for 44 years until we quoted it in Mendoza-Garcia and
said that the statement arguably “fall[s] within the arena of dicta.” Id. at 504. Because we held
in Aguilera-Enriquez that the removal proceeding did not violate “fundamental fairness,” we did
not need to determine when, if ever, counsel must be provided to indigent aliens. 516 F.2d at
569. Consequently, the footnote was unnecessary to our holding and thus was dicta. See Wright,
939 F.3d at 701 (“[A] conclusion that does nothing to determine the outcome is dictum and has
 No. 19-5801                      United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                    Page 11

no binding force.”) (emphasis omitted). And even if it had any enduring vitality, it has no
application here. Silvestre-Gregorio has argued only for a categorical right to appointed counsel
for all juveniles in immigration proceedings.       He has not meaningfully suggested that his
proceeding, in particular, was “fundamentally unfair.” Nor could he. A proceeding meeting that
standard must be “so extremely unfair” that it “violates fundamental conceptions of justice.”
Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 352 (1990) (quotations omitted); see also Al-Saka,
904 F.3d at 435.

          In this case, Silvestre-Gregorio was offered, through an interpreter, the opportunity to
secure counsel at little or no cost to him and was directed toward local attorneys willing to
provide such services. Yet he declined to seek representation. The immigration judge patiently
developed the record, ensured that Silvestre-Gregorio understood his rights, and explained the
applicable law. We hold that Silvestre-Gregorio received sufficient process at his removal
hearing as required by the Due Process Clause and his removal hearing was not fundamentally
unfair.

          Finally, the parties dispute whether Silvestre-Gregorio properly argued the other two
prongs of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d), i.e., exhaustion of administrative remedies and improper
deprivation of judicial review. However, our finding that Silvestre-Gregorio failed to establish
fundamental unfairness is sufficient for our holding that his collateral attack against his prior
removal order cannot prevail. “Accordingly, we need not decide whether he exhausted all
available administrative remedies, 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)(1), or whether his deportation proceedings
improperly deprived him of judicial review, id. § 1326(d)(2).” Estrada, 876 F.3d at 889.

                                                 III.

          Silvestre-Gregorio argues in the alternative that the immigration judge violated his due-
process rights by failing to follow the relevant immigration regulations and by failing to notify
him that he had the ability to seek voluntary departure. His two arguments repeat the same point,
i.e., because the immigration judge failed to notify Silvestre-Gregorio that voluntary departure
was an available form of relief, the immigration judge failed to follow 8 C.F.R. § 1240.11(a)(2),
which requires the judge to inform the alien of “apparent eligibility” for relief. However, post-
 No. 19-5801                     United States v. Silvestre-Gregorio                         Page 12

conclusion voluntary relief was not available because he had not been in the United States for at
least one year. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(b)(1)(A). And, even if he were eligible for pre-conclusion
voluntary departure, Silvestre-Gregorio acknowledges that our precedent forecloses further
consideration of his argument. “We have previously announced that an individual ‘has no
constitutionally-protected liberty interest in obtaining discretionary relief from deportation.’”
Estrada, 876 F.3d at 887 (quoting Ashki, 233 F.3d at 921); see id. at 888 (“We acknowledge the
circuit split on this question, with the majority of our sister circuits likewise holding that an alien
has no constitutional right to be informed of eligibility for, or to be considered for, discretionary
relief.”) (collecting cases). Thus, we must reject Silvestre-Gregorio’s claim.

                                                 IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.