Court Opinion

ID: 6112019
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-24 20:14:02.101379+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:54:21.757873
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 In the Matter of the Personal              No. 80973-3-I
 Restraint Petition of
                                            DIVISION ONE
 CJ COPELAND,
                                            UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                      Petitioner.

       SMITH, J. — A jury found CJ Copeland guilty of three counts of second

degree assault and two counts of third degree assault. In this personal restraint

petition (PRP), Copeland requests a reference hearing to establish that the

prosecutor violated his right to due process by presenting false testimony at trial

and allowing it to go uncorrected. He also contends that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel. Because Copeland fails to allege facts that would entitle

him to relief, we deny his request for a reference hearing and deny the personal

restraint petition.

                                       FACTS

       The facts underlying this conviction are set out in more detail in State v.

Copeland, No. 76372-5-I (Wash. Ct. App. July 30, 2018) (unpublished),

https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/763725.pdf.

             Jill Cutler and Brian Hagins were married for 23 years, and
       have four children: Hailey, Niam, Brona, and T.H. Cutler and
       Hagins were active members of the Mormon Church. Hagins
       worked outside the home and Cutler was a homemaker.
             In 2011, Cutler's best friend McKala Copeland passed away
       unexpectedly. In 2012, Cutler and Hagins agreed to take in her

 Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
No. 80973-3-I/2

       children CJ Copeland and Alex Hunter until they could get back on
       their feet. CJ Copeland was 18 years old and Alex Hunter was 15
       years old.
               At the time Copeland and his brother moved in, Cutler and
       Hagins' marriage was already falling apart. In May 2013, Cutler
       secretly began a sexual relationship with Copeland.
               …
               According to Cutler, Copeland started physically abusing her
       within weeks after they began their sexual relationship. He was
       also extremely controlling and paranoid that she was cheating on
       him. He made her ask permission to go to the store or even to get
       out of bed or go to the bathroom. He imposed strict time limits on
       her outings and forced her to text him photos to prove she wasn't
       cheating. If she did not answer his calls on the first ring, he would
       accuse her of cheating. He constantly checked her cell phone to
       make sure she was not talking to men or deleting texts or emails.
       He told Cutler that if she left him or had him arrested, his friends
       would rob her and burn her house down. He also threatened to
       have Cutler or her children put in jail.

Copeland, slip op. at 1-3. In October 2015, Cutler allowed a friend to call the

police, and after speaking with Cutler and seeing bruises all over her body, the

police arrested Copeland. The State charged Copeland with five counts of

second degree assault and two counts of third degree assault.

       Cutler was the only direct witness to the abuse and testified at length at

trial. In addition to her testimony, three of Cutler’s children testified about seeing

their mother with bruises, black eyes, and broken noses on multiple occasions.

Two of Cutler’s friends testified that Cutler had told them that Copeland was

abusing her. The State introduced photos of extensive bruising and burn marks

on Cutler—some were taken by the police on the day Copeland was arrested,

and others were provided by Cutler, who said she had taken them throughout the

relationship and e-mailed them to a secret e-mail address before deleting them

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No. 80973-3-I/3

from her phone. There were also photos of marks on Cutler’s bedframe and

bedroom walls consistent with belt strikes.

       The jury found Copeland guilty of both counts of third degree assault and

three of the five counts of second degree assault. The court sentenced

Copeland to 70 months of incarceration. Copeland appealed, challenging the

admission of Cutler’s friends’ testimony about Cutler’s prior statements, and we

affirmed.

                                      ANALYSIS

       In his PRP, Copeland contends that the prosecutor failed to ensure the

accuracy of the testimony it presented at trial and thereby violated his due

process right to a fair trial. He also contends that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to adequately investigate

the case or to raise the issue of contradictory testimony at various points

throughout trial. We conclude that Copeland has not met his burden to allege

facts that would entitle him to relief.

       A petitioner may seek relief from governmental restraint where “[t]he

conviction was obtained or the sentence . . . was imposed . . . in violation of the

Constitution of the United States or the Constitution or laws of the State of

Washington.” RAP 16.4(c)(2). “Relief by way of a collateral challenge to a

conviction is extraordinary, and the petitioner must meet a high standard before

this court will disturb an otherwise settled judgment.” In re Pers. Restraint of

Coats, 173 Wn.2d 123, 132, 267 P.3d 324 (2011). Accordingly, “personal

restraint petitioners who have had prior opportunity for judicial review must show

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No. 80973-3-I/4

that they were actually and substantially prejudiced by constitutional error or that

their trials suffered from a fundamental defect of a nonconstitutional nature that

inherently resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice.” Coats, 173 Wn.2d at

132.

       This court has three options regarding constitutional issues raised
       in a personal restraint petition:
       1. If a petitioner fails to meet the threshold burden of showing
       actual prejudice arising from constitutional error, the petition must
       be dismissed;
       2. If a petitioner makes at least a prima facie showing of actual
       prejudice, but the merits of the contentions cannot be determined
       solely on the record, the court should remand the petition for a full
       hearing on the merits or for a reference hearing pursuant to RAP
       16.11(a) and RAP 16.12;
       3. If the court is convinced a petitioner has proven actual prejudicial
       error, the court should grant the Personal Restraint Petition without
       remanding the cause for further hearing.

In re Pers. Restraint of Rice, 118 Wn.2d 876, 885, 828 P.2d 1086 (1992).

       To make the required prima facie showing for a reference hearing, the

petitioner must “state in his petition the facts underlying the claim of unlawful

restraint and the evidence available to support the factual allegations.” Rice, 118

Wn.2d at 885-86. “[T]he petitioner must state with particularity facts which, if

proven, would entitle him to relief” and “must present evidence showing that his

factual allegations are based on more than speculation, conjecture, or

inadmissible hearsay.” Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 886. “Once the petitioner makes this

threshold showing, the court will then examine the State's response to the

petition,” which “must answer the allegations of the petition and identify all

material disputed questions of fact.” Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 886. “If the parties'

materials establish the existence of material disputed issues of fact, then the

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No. 80973-3-I/5

superior court will be directed to hold a reference hearing in order to resolve the

factual questions.” Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 886-87.

                          Presentation of False Testimony

       Copeland first contends that the prosecutor violated his due process right

to a fair trial by eliciting false testimony. We disagree.

       A prosecutor “must function within boundaries” while seeking justice

because the prosecutor “owes a duty to defendants to see that their rights to a

constitutionally fair trial are not violated.” State v. Monday, 171 Wn.2d 667, 676,

257 P.3d 551 (2011). Accordingly, the constitution requires the prosecution to

disclose favorable evidence to the defense where the evidence is material to the

defendant’s guilt or punishment. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct.

1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963). Similarly, a prosecutor “may not knowingly use

false evidence, including false testimony, to obtain a tainted conviction.” Napue

v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269-70, 79 S. Ct. 1173, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1217 (1959)

(reversing conviction where prosecutor knowingly presented false testimony that

witness had not received any promises of leniency in exchange for testifying).

“The same result obtains when the State, although not soliciting false evidence,

allows it to go uncorrected when it appears.” Napue, 360 U.S. at 269. A

“‘conviction obtained by the knowing use of perjured testimony is fundamentally

unfair, and must be set aside if there is any reasonable likelihood that the false

testimony could have affected the judgment of the jury.’” In re Pers. Restraint of

Benn, 134 Wn.2d 868, 936, 952 P.2d 116 (1998) (quoting United States v. Agurs,

427 U.S. 97, 103, 96 S. Ct. 2392, 49 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1976)).

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No. 80973-3-I/6

       Furthermore, “when it should be obvious to the Government that [a]

witness’ answer, although made in good faith, is untrue, the Government's

obligation to correct that statement is as compelling as it is in a situation where

the Government knows that the witness is intentionally committing perjury.”

United States v. Harris, 498 F.2d 1164, 1169 (3d Cir. 1974). “‘Mere

inconsistency’ between witnesses’ testimony is not necessarily perjury, and not

every contradiction is material.” United States v. Martin, 59 F.3d 767, 770 (8th

Cir. 1995) (quoting United States v. Nelson, 970 F.2d 439, 443 (8th Cir. 1992)).

       Copeland points to several facts that he claims show the prosecutor knew

or should have known that Cutler offered false testimony. First, he points to a

complaint Cutler made to the police about the police officer’s initial response to

her call. Cutler had emailed a complaint to the police department saying that the

deputy who arrived at her house had not collected evidence, that she thought he

did not believe her, and that she had been called a liar. The officer who

investigated this complaint testified that she “noted that the deputy had collected

evidence and that we had made an arrest that day. And certainly, if we didn’t

believe a victim, we wouldn’t make an arrest.” Copeland claims this shows the

State knew Cutler “at best, exaggerated and at worst, made false accusations”

about the police and that this put the veracity of Cutler’s testimony at issue.

However, the officer who investigated the complaint concluded that there was

simply a difference in perception:

               When I explained that we're going to ask hard questions, it
       was maybe his approach or questions that maybe made her jump
       to that conclusion.

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No. 80973-3-I/7

              For example, her claim that we didn't collect evidence, I'm
       thinking that's a discrepancy because I clearly see he collected,
       took pictures, and he collected a belt or belts.
              Her assertion would be we didn't collect the knife.
              So it’s a perspective.

The officer also concluded that Cutler’s perception was that “she was made to

feel she was a liar as opposed to being called a liar.” This evidence does not

establish that Cutler falsely testified about the issues at trial, or that the

prosecutor knowingly presented false testimony. At worst it raises an issue of

Cutler’s credibility, and issues of credibility are left for the trier of fact to

determine. In re Pers. Restraint of Monschke, 160 Wn. App. 479, 498, 251 P.3d

884 (2010). Copeland was properly able to raise this issue and elicit the above

testimony during trial. See also State v. Statler, 160 Wn. App. 622, 641-42, 248

P.3d 165 (2011) (“The jury had to determine whether there was perjured

testimony, and apparently rejected the defense arguments.”). Copeland relies on

N. Mariana Islands v. Bowie, 243 F.3d 1109, 1117-18 (9th Cir. 2001), in which

the prosecutor proceeded with trial without investigating a letter found in the

possession of one of the defendant’s accomplices, describing a plan to blame the

murder on the defendant despite it having been committed by someone else.

None of the facts in this case approach the blatant notice of potential false

testimony that was present in Bowie.

       Copeland next points to Cutler’s statements at his sentencing hearing,

including descriptions of sadism and rape by Copeland, that were not part of her

testimony at trial. However, Copeland fails to establish a connection between

these new allegations and any purportedly false testimony at trial, let alone any

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No. 80973-3-I/8

basis on which the prosecutor should have known at trial that it was offering false

testimony. Nor do these allegations affect the propriety of his sentence, given

the sentencing court’s explicit statement that it was not “taking into account

factual allegations that may have been made that were unproved.”

       Copeland next contends that the State’s investigation was incomplete with

respect to the photographs Cutler provided of her injuries. Cutler testified that

she began taking photographs of her injuries in March or April of 2015, and that

she would send them to a secret email address and then delete the evidence off

of her phone. Cutler printed out these photos and e-mails and gave them to

police, who asked if they could look at her phone to try to get the embedded

photos from it. Cutler testified that she agreed, but the police did not take her

phone immediately, and two weeks later the microphone on her phone broke and

when she brought it to the phone store to get it fixed, they gave her a brand new

phone. Accordingly, the police were not able to gather forensic evidence from

the phone. Again, these circumstances could be and were used to impeach

Cutler’s credibility, but do not establish that her testimony was false. Indeed, the

injuries depicted in Cutler’s photos were corroborated by the testimony of

multiple witnesses, including police, describing similar bruising and injuries on

Cutler’s body. Furthermore, while Copeland could properly use these facts to

raise doubts about the thoroughness of the police investigation, an “incomplete

or perhaps negligently conducted” investigation does not itself establish a

violation of due process. State v. Armstrong, 188 Wn.2d 333, 345-46, 394 P.3d

373 (2017).

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No. 80973-3-I/9

       Copeland also points to other shortcomings in the State’s investigation,

such as the fact that it did not subpoena Copeland’s phone records or follow up

on a claim that Cutler made in an interview that Copeland beat her outside on

one occasion when the neighbors were outside. These incidents again

constitute, at worst, an incomplete investigation rather than suppression of

evidence or presentation of false evidence. Copeland was able to present this

information to the jury, which was able to judge credibility accordingly. Copeland

was also able to impeach Cutler on her earlier statement that the neighbors had

been outside, when she conceded that she merely “thought there was a good

chance they were out.”

       Finally, Copeland points to general inconsistencies in Cutler’s testimony.

These inconsistencies include differences in timelines—Cutler at one point

testified that she began documenting her injuries in March or April of 2015 but

later testified that she photographed her injuries from an assault on February 18,

2015, a few days after it happened—and in how she described her

experiences—for instance, saying at one point that Copeland never let her go to

the doctor but at another point describing a visit to her regular doctor. None of

these differences within Cutler’s testimony point to the prosecutor allowing false

testimony to go uncorrected; on the contrary, many of the inconsistencies

Copeland describes are at portions where Cutler is correcting herself.

“Conflicting witness testimony does not demonstrate that the witnesses

committed perjury or that the prosecutor knew of any alleged perjury.”

Monschke, 160 Wn. App. at 498.

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No. 80973-3-I/10

       Altogether, the facts cited by Copeland do not establish that Cutler

perjured herself or that the prosecutor was on notice that her testimony was

false. These facts all go to Cutler’s credibility, which was properly put at issue

before the jury. Copeland has failed to allege facts showing his due process right

was violated.

                         Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Copeland also contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel

because his attorney failed to challenge the sufficiency or integrity of the State’s

evidence by, for instance, challenging the State’s probable cause or moving for a

mistrial. Copeland also contends that his attorney failed to adequately

investigate or interview witnesses. We disagree.

       “Those charged with a crime have a constitutional right to effective

assistance of counsel.” In re Khan, 184 Wn.2d 679, 688, 363 P.3d 577 (2015).

A defendant “bears the burden of showing (1) that his counsel's performance fell

below an objective standard of reasonableness and, if so, (2) that counsel's poor

work prejudiced him.” State v. A.N.J., 168 Wn.2d 91, 109, 225 P.3d 956 (2010).

       Copeland has failed to allege facts that would entitle him to relief.

Because he has failed to show that the State presented false evidence, he has

necessarily failed to show that his attorney was ineffective by failing to move for a

mistrial on these grounds. Although he provides an affidavit from his trial

attorney, there is no information about the scope of her investigation or her

decisions regarding how she challenged the State’s evidence. A review of the

record indicates that Copeland’s attorney at trial raised almost all of the

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No. 80973-3-I/11

evidentiary issues and factual inconsistencies that he discusses in his petition,

and the jury was able to weigh them accordingly. Thus, Copeland has failed to

allege facts that indicate his attorney’s performance fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness or that her performance prejudiced him.

       Because Copeland has not met his burden to show that his conviction was

entered in violation of the federal constitution or the constitution or laws of

Washington State, we deny Copeland’s PRP.

WE CONCUR:

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