Court Opinion

ID: 6351037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-20 00:13:35.915305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:55.180530
License: Public Domain

Opinion filed June 16, 2022

                                                In The

            Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                            __________

                     Nos. 11-20-00180-CV & 11-20-00188-CV
                                   __________

                             NASSER CHEHAB, Appellant
                                                   V.
                 WILLIAM P. HUTTENBACH AND HIRSCH
                    & WESTHEIMER, P.C., Appellees

                       On Appeal from the 189th District Court
                               Harris County, Texas
                 Trial Court Cause Nos. 2020-17699 & 2020-17699-A

                          M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N1
        These appeals arise from two of the fourteen pro se actions filed in Harris
County by Appellant, Nasser Chehab, in his efforts to collaterally attack prior

        1
         Pursuant to Misc. Docket No. 20-9090 issued by the Texas Supreme Court on July 30, 2020, these
appeals were transferred to us from the First Court of Appeals. Therefore, as the transferee court, we must
decide the issues raised in these appeals in accordance with the precedent of the First Court of Appeals.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
judgments entered against him. All of Appellant’s filings, and the appeals pending
before us, stem from the same underlying dispute, which involves the sale of a
vehicle and resulting promissory note. Shortly after Appellant filed these two
appeals, he was declared to be a vexatious litigant by the 189th Judicial District
Court of Harris County. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 11.001 (West
2017). 2 Nevertheless, because the issues in these two appeals are closely related, we
will address them together.
        Here, Appellant sued the legal counsel that represented BBVA Compass Bank
in the underlying loan litigation, Appellee William P. Huttenbach, and the law firm
with which he is associated, Appellee Hirsch & Westheimer, P.C., for fraud,
defamation, and legal malpractice.                 Appellees filed counterclaims and sought
recovery against Appellant for, among others, defamation, fraud, tortious
interference with contractual relations, costs, and attorney’s fees; they also requested
sanctions and injunctive relief against Appellant. Appellees filed a Rule 91a motion
to dismiss Appellant’s claims and a motion for summary judgment as to their
counterclaims and requested that the trial court sever their counterclaims from
Appellant’s claims and assign the severed action a new cause number. The trial
court granted Appellees’ Rule 91a motion to dismiss, severed Appellees’
counterclaims, granted summary judgment on them, and issued a permanent
injunction against Appellant.
        On appeal, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred when it (1) granted
Appellees’ Rule 91a motion to dismiss, (2) severed Appellees’ counterclaims,

        2
          A person who has been declared to be a vexatious litigant may not file either new pro se litigation
or an appeal in a court to which the prefiling order applies unless he has received written permission to do
so from the appropriate local administrative judge. CIV. PRAC. & REM. §§ 11.101(a), .102(a), .103(a).
Because Appellant filed the underlying action and resulting appeals prior to being declared a vexatious
litigant, he was not required to seek permission to file these proceedings from the appropriate local
administrative judge.
                                                     2
(3) granted summary judgment in favor of Appellees as to their counterclaims, and
(4) granted Appellees’ request for permanent injunctive relief. We affirm.
                               I. Factual Background
      The origin of these appeals concerns a dispute involving a vehicle that
Appellant purchased from a dealership. To finance the purchase, Appellant executed
a promissory note and obtained a loan, which was later assigned to Compass Bank.
Appellant sued BBVA, the successor to Compass Bank, and claimed that (1) the
loan was void, (2) he should receive a refund of all payments he had made on the
note, and (3) he was entitled to additional damages. Appellant did not prevail on his
claims, and judgment was granted in favor of BBVA in 2016.                  Appellant
subsequently filed a series of motions, i.e., to vacate the judgment, for
reconsideration, for withdrawal of counsel, and thrice to recuse the judge who
presided over these disputes. As a part of securing costs and sanctions in that
proceeding, Huttenbach testified as to the attorney’s fees he incurred. Appellant
then filed an ethics complaint with the State Bar of Texas against Appellees, and
later the underlying lawsuit that is the basis for these appeals.
                                     II. Analysis
      A. Rule 91a Dismissal – Cause No. 11-20-00180-CV
             1. Standard of Review
      We review a Rule 91a dismissal de novo. City of Dallas v. Sanchez, 494
S.W.3d 722, 724 (Tex. 2016). Under Rule 91a, a party may move to dismiss a cause
of action on the grounds that it has no basis in law or in fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1.
A cause of action has no basis in law if the allegations, taken as true, together with
inferences reasonably drawn from them, do not entitle the claimant to the relief
sought. Id.; see Koenig v. Blaylock, 497 S.W.3d 595, 599 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016,
pet. denied) (“In conducting our review, we must construe the pleadings liberally in
favor of the plaintiff, look to the pleader’s intent, and accept as true the factual
                                           3
allegations in the pleadings to determine if the cause of action has a basis in law or
fact.” (citing Wooley v. Schaffer, 447 S.W.3d 71, 76 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2014, pet. denied))). A cause of action has no basis in fact if no reasonable
person could believe the facts pleaded. Id.
                2. Discussion 3
        According to Appellant, the trial court erred when it granted Appellees’
Rule 91a motion to dismiss because (1) Appellant’s suit has a basis in law and in
fact and (2) Appellees’ motion failed to comply with the procedural requirements of
Rule 91a. We disagree.
        Appellees supply a multitude of bases to affirm the trial court’s determination
that Appellant’s suit has no basis in law or in fact. First, Appellees contend that
Appellant’s causes of action are barred by the doctrine of attorney immunity. See
Guillory v. Seaton, LLC, 470 S.W.3d 237, 240 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2015, pet. denied) (“[A] cause of action has no basis in law under Rule 91a” if “the
petition alleges additional facts that, if true, bar recovery.”). The attorney immunity
doctrine protects attorneys from claims—including fraud—asserted by non-clients
for actions taken by attorneys during the normal course of representing a client.
Cantey Hanger, LLP v. Byrd, 467 S.W.3d 477, 481 (Tex. 2015). Because attorney
immunity is an appropriate subject of Rule 91a motions, dismissal is proper when
the scope of the attorney’s representation is apparent on the face of the claimant’s
pleading. See Bethel v. Quilling, Selander, Lownds, Winslett & Moser, P.C., 595
S.W.3d 651, 654–56 (Tex. 2020).

        3
          We note at the outset that, as for Appellant’s claim for legal malpractice, the general rule is that
persons who are not in privity with the attorney cannot sue the attorney for legal malpractice. McCamish,
Martin, Brown & Loeffler v. F.E. Appling Interests, 991 S.W.2d 787, 792 (Tex. 1999). In practical terms,
the privity requirement means that an attorney cannot be liable for malpractice to anyone other than his
client. Id. (citing Barcelo v. Elliott, 923 S.W.2d 575, 577 (Tex. 1996)). Moreover, Appellees’ substantive
defenses also apply to Appellant’s legal malpractice claim.
                                                      4
      As pleaded by Appellant, all three of his alleged causes of action are based on
acts and conduct undertaken by Appellees in their capacity as counsel for BBVA in
defense of the underlying lawsuit filed by Appellant. Notably, and although alleged,
fraud is not an exception to the attorney immunity bar. Cantey Hanger, 467 S.W.3d
at 483–84. Thus, under the attorney immunity doctrine, the facts pleaded by
Appellant in his petition affirmatively bar any claim and recovery that he has
asserted against Appellees. See Bethel, 595 S.W.3d at 658.
      Second, Appellees contend that Appellant’s asserted claims are barred by the
judicial-proceedings privilege. Although similar to the attorney immunity doctrine,
the judicial-proceedings privilege is an independent defense that serves an
independent purpose. Landry’s, Inc. v. Animal Legal Defense Fund, 631 S.W.3d 40,
46 (Tex. 2021) (citing Cantey Hanger, 467 S.W.3d at 485 n.12). However, as they
apply to attorneys, the two doctrines function nearly identically. See Youngkin v.
Hines, 546 S.W.3d 675, 679 n.2 (Tex. 2018).
      The judicial-proceedings privilege is absolute and extends to any statement
made by counsel, among others, and “attaches to all aspects of the proceedings,
including statements made in open court, pre-trial hearings, depositions, affidavits
and any of the pleadings or other papers in the case.” James v. Brown, 637 S.W.2d
914, 916–17 (Tex. 1982).           The application of the privilege is simple:
“Communications in the due course of a judicial proceeding will not serve as the
basis of a civil action for libel or slander, regardless of the negligence or malice with
which they are made.” Landry’s, Inc., 631 S.W.3d at 46 (quoting James, 637 S.W.2d
at 916). “The ‘due course of a judicial proceeding’ may include communications
[made] ‘in serious contemplation of such a proceeding.’” Id. (quoting Cantey
Hanger, 467 S.W.3d at 485 n.12). The privilege “prohibits any tort litigation based
on the content of the communication at issue,” and it can be “tantamount to
immunity.” Id. at 46 & n.2 (internal quotation marks omitted). Further, the privilege
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applies not only to statements made during litigation, but also to statements made in
contemplation of and preliminary to any judicial proceeding, so long as the
communication bears some relationship to pending or proposed litigation. See
Watson v. Kaminski, 51 S.W.3d 825, 827 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no
pet.).
         Here, Appellant presents no evidence, and we have found none in the record,
that any statements by Appellees were made outside of the context of a judicial
proceeding or the underlying litigation. The exhibits attached to Appellant’s original
petition that purportedly support his legal theories consist of only pleadings, orders,
or transcripts—papers and documents that are clearly attendant to a judicial
proceeding and the underlying litigation. Because Appellant points to no statements
made by Appellees outside of the underlying litigation or judicial context, his claims
against Appellees for fraud, defamation, and legal malpractice are also barred by the
judicial-proceedings privilege.
         We hold that the claims asserted by Appellant against Appellees are barred by
the attorney immunity doctrine and the judicial-proceedings privilege.4 Thus,
Appellant’s suit against Appellees has no basis in law or in fact. As such, the trial
court did not err when it granted Appellees’ Rule 91a motion to dismiss.
         Additionally, Appellees did not fail to comply with Rule 91a’s procedural
requirements. Appellant’s only contention on this point consists of a general, global
allegation that Appellees’ motion failed to specifically identify each cause of action
addressed by the motion, as required by Rule 91a. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.2.
However, the face of Appellees’ motion itself and the supporting supplemental brief
show that this assertion is incorrect. Appellant does not complain of any other

         Appellees raise additional arguments, namely that Appellant’s common-law fraud claim fails as a
         4

matter of law and that Appellant’s claims are barred by claim and issue preclusion. Because of our
disposition of Appellees’ attorney immunity and judicial-proceeding privilege arguments, we need not
address their additional contentions. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
                                                   6
alleged procedural deficiencies, and we do not observe any in the record before us.
Consequently, we overrule Appellant’s first and second issues in Cause No. 11-20-
00180-CV.
      B. Severance
      In both appeals, Appellant urges that the trial court erred when it severed into
separate trial court cause numbers Appellant’s claims and Appellees’ counterclaims.
We disagree.
      Rule 41 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[a]ny claim
against a party may be severed and proceeded with separately.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 41.
“This rule grants the trial court broad discretion with respect to severance and
consolidation of causes.” Guaranty Fed. Sav. Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co.,
793 S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tex. 1990) (citing McGuire v. Commercial Union Ins. Co.,
431 S.W.2d 347 (Tex. 1968)). We will not reverse the trial court’s decision to grant
a severance unless an abuse of discretion is shown. RSL-3B-IL, Ltd. v. Prudential
Ins. Co. of Am., 470 S.W.3d 131, 140–41 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st. Dist.] 2015,
pet. denied) (citing Horseshoe Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d at 658). A claim is
properly severable if (1) the controversy involves more than one cause of action,
(2) the severed claim is one that would be the proper subject of a lawsuit if
independently asserted, and (3) the severed claim is not so interwoven with the
remaining action that they involve the same facts and issues. F.F.P. Operating
Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680, 693 (Tex. 2007) (citing Horseshoe
Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d at 658). The controlling reasons for a severance are to
do justice, avoid prejudice, and further convenience.         Id. (citing Horseshoe
Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d at 658).
      The underlying lawsuit clearly involves multiple claims and counterclaims.
Appellees’ counterclaims against Appellant for tortious interference with
contractual relations, fraud, and defamation would have been the proper subject of a
                                          7
separate lawsuit if independently asserted. And “while the two cases are factually
intertwined, they are not so interwoven [as to render severance improper].” See
State v. Morello, 547 S.W.3d 881, 889 (Tex. 2018). Appellant’s claims against
Appellees stem from Appellees’ actions and conduct as counsel for BBVA in
defense of Appellant’s original lawsuit; the basis of Appellees’ counterclaims arise
from Appellant’s actions against Appellees after Appellant’s lawsuit was
commenced. Nevertheless, the recoveries sought by Appellant and Appellees in
their respective pleadings incorporate evidence that is not presented, or even
required to prove the claims that are involved, in the other’s asserted action. See id.
      Appellees requested that the trial court sever all claims to be decided pursuant
to their motion for summary judgment from the claims addressed in their Rule 91a
motion to dismiss. Appellant contends that Appellees never requested severance;
however, the record shows that they did so both in writing and orally at the hearing
on their motion to dismiss. At this hearing, the trial court explained to Appellant the
purpose of granting the severance (which was to allow the judgment dismissing
Appellant’s claims under Rule 91a to become final). This ruling and determination
was well within the trial court’s discretion. Moreover, no harm or reversible error
can be related to the severance order. The appeals from both trial court cause
numbers are pending before this court, and indeed, they are each addressed within
this opinion.
      We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it granted
Appellees’ motion to sever. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s issues regarding
the trial court’s grant of severance—the third issue in Cause No. 11-20-00180-CV
and the first and second issues in Cause No. 11-20-00188-CV.
      C. Summary Judgment – Cause No. 11-20-00188-CV
      The trial court granted summary judgment as to Appellees’ counterclaims for
tortious interference with contractual relations, fraud, and defamation. The trial
                                          8
court further granted Appellees’ request for permanent injunctive relief. Appellant
asserts that these determinations and rulings by the trial court are erroneous. We
disagree.
             1. Standard of Review
      We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. KMS Retail
Rowlett, LP v. City of Rowlett, 593 S.W.3d 175, 181 (Tex. 2019); Mann Frankfort
Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). We take
as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every reasonable
inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. KMS Retail, 593 S.W.3d
at 181; Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.
2003). We credit evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors could do
so, and we disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. Samson
Expl., LLC v. T.S. Reed Props., Inc., 521 S.W.3d 766, 774 (Tex. 2017); Boerjan v.
Rodriguez, 436 S.W.3d 307, 311–12 (Tex. 2014).
      The movant bears the burden of showing that no genuine issue of material
fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R.
CIV. P. 166a(c); see KMS Retail, 593 S.W.3d at 181; Nassar v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins.
Co., 508 S.W.3d. 254, 257 (Tex. 2017). If the initial burden is met, the burden then
shifts to the nonmovant to raise an issue of material fact. Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood
Home Health Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 507, 511 (Tex. 2014) (citing City of
Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678–79 (Tex. 1979)). The
evidence raises a genuine issue of material fact if “reasonable and fair-minded jurors
could differ in their conclusions in light of all of the evidence presented.” Goodyear
Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007).
             2. Discussion
      Appellant’s brief fails to address the three counterclaims (tortious interference
with contractual relations, fraud, and defamation) upon which Appellees were
                                          9
granted summary judgment. Appellant merely states that “the Appellee [sic] failed
to show that there were no genuine issues of material fact.” In the filings before us,
nowhere does Appellant attempt to dispute the trial court’s rulings or to argue the
merits of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment as to these claims. Either
Appellant did not intend to appeal or raise these issues or, if he intended to do so,
his briefing of the issues is so inadequate that the issues have been waived. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. In any event, as to the trial court’s determination of Appellees’
counterclaims, Appellant has presented nothing for our review.5 Id.
        Appellant does adequately present his challenge of the trial court’s grant of
the permanent injunction against him. Appellant contends that Appellees failed to
establish that they suffered an irreparable injury and have no adequate remedy at
law. He further contends that the grant of injunctive relief violates his First
Amendment rights. We disagree.
        We review a trial court’s ruling on an application for a permanent injunction
for an abuse of discretion. Livingston v. Livingston, 537 S.W.3d 578, 587 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (citing Indian Beach Prop. Owners’
Ass’n v. Linden, 222 S.W.3d 682, 690–91 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no
pet.)). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court (1) acts arbitrarily and
unreasonably, without reference to guiding rules or principles, or (2) misapplies the
law to the established facts of the case. Id. The trial court does not abuse its
discretion when its decision is based on conflicting evidence and some evidence in
the record reasonably supports the trial court’s decision. Id.
        To obtain permanent injunctive relief, a party must show (1) the existence of
a wrongful act, (2) the existence of imminent harm, (3) the existence of irreparable
injury, and (4) the absence of an adequate remedy at law. Livingston, 537 S.W.3d

        5
         We note that the record and Appellees’ briefing shows the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
on these issues is thoroughly supported.
                                                   10
at 587 (citing Risner v. Harris Cty. Republican Party, 444 S.W.3d 327, 339 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.)). When determining the appropriateness
of a permanent injunction, a court should balance the competing equities, including
the public interest. Id.
      The record is replete with evidence in support of the first three elements.
Appellant has repeatedly filed frivolous lawsuits against Appellees or their clients,
has been sanctioned by courts for his persistent conduct, and has published
slanderous statements online in an effort to harm Appellees’ reputations. For
example, Appellant has engaged in conduct that constitutes defamation per se. A
statement is defamatory if it tends to (1) injure the subject’s reputation; (2) expose
him to public hatred, contempt, ridicule, or financial injury; or (3) impeach his
honesty, integrity, or virtue. Chehab v. Edgewood Dev., Ltd., 619 S.W.3d 828, 835
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2021, no pet.) (citing Johnson v. Phillips, 526
S.W.3d 529, 534 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied)); see also CIV.
PRAC. & REM. § 73.001 (West 2017) (defining libel). Defamation per se refers to
defamation that arises from the statement’s text without reference to any extrinsic
evidence. Dallas Morning News, Inc v. Tatum, 554 S.W.3d 614, 626 (Tex. 2018).
Remarks that adversely affect a person’s fitness to conduct his business or trade are
also deemed to be defamatory per se. Id. at 637–38 (citing In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d
579, 596 (Tex. 2015)). Whether a publication is capable of the defamatory meaning
alleged is a question of law. Id. We construe the allegedly defamatory statement as
a whole, in light of the surrounding circumstances. See New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks,
146 S.W.3d 144, 154 (Tex. 2004).
      Appellant filed a grievance with the State Bar of Texas against Huttenbach,
although Huttenbach never represented Appellant in any capacity.             In fact,
Huttenbach’s only connection with or to Appellant concerned Huttenbach’s
representation of the party (BBVA) that Appellant had sued in his original lawsuit.
                                         11
The grievance alleged that Huttenbach made false statements to Appellant and
engaged in filing a motion “as a means of running up attorney’s fees.” Appellant
then posted his filed grievance on Facebook and claimed in the accompanying
caption that Huttenbach, “repeatedly, resorted to personal attacks and unethical
tactics because he doesn’t have legal stand [sic].” Appellant also e-mailed copies of
his filed grievance to opposing counsel in other cases in which Huttenbach was
involved. Unlike the statements made by Appellees that Appellant has challenged,
the purpose and content of Appellant’s aforementioned social media and e-mail
postings about Huttenbach were clearly made outside of the context of either the
underlying litigation or a judicial proceeding.
      The record before us does not support the allegations in Appellant’s filed
grievance. In particular, there are two alleged “false statements” by Huttenbach to
which Appellant specifically refers in his pleadings, which he attached to his
grievance and the e-mails that he sent to third parties to defame Huttenbach. The
first statement is that Huttenbach referred to Appellant during litigation as a “serial
plaintiff.” The second statement concerned Huttenbach’s reference to statements
that Appellant directed to a trial court in a previous lawsuit, in which, according to
the record, the following exchange occurred:
      [APPELLANT]: Judge, if the rape is inevitable, I’m not going to lay
      down and enjoy it. And that’s exactly what you’re trying to do.
      THE COURT: What? What did you say?
      [APPELLANT]: I said, if the rape is inevitable, I’m not going to lay
      down --
      THE COURT: Are you saying I’m trying to rape you?
      [APPELLANT]: That’s what you are doing, Judge.
Appellant was found to be in direct contempt and was taken into custody. When
Huttenbach later referenced this incident, Appellant accused him of making false
statements in an effort to defame Appellant.
                                          12
      As to the allegation of “running up attorney’s fees,” Appellant contended in
his original and amended petitions, which he attached to his grievance, that
Huttenbach knowingly testified falsely as to the reasonable amount of attorney’s fees
he was owed. In fact, as part of an effort to secure sanctions and costs in another
proceeding initiated by Appellant, Huttenbach filed a sworn declaration in which he
testified to, among other things, the amount of reasonable and necessary attorney’s
fees that he had incurred. This affidavit was attached to Appellees’ Rule 91a motion
to dismiss.   Appellant produced no evidence to support his “attorney’s fees”
assertion in the trial court below, and we have found none in the record before us.
      The record shows that Huttenbach neither spoke falsely nor defamed
Appellant in any manner with respect to the statements of which Appellant
complains. Despite this, Appellant publicly and deliberately attempted to harm and
taint Huttenbach’s professional reputation by publishing false accusations about
him. Thus, the first three elements of defamation per se are clearly met.
      The final element is also satisfied; Huttenbach has no clear remedy at law.
Appellant firmly stated during the hearing on Appellees’ motion for summary
judgment that he intended to continuously file grievances with the State Bar of Texas
against Huttenbach that involved the same subject matter. His actions against
Huttenbach have been designed and particularly calculated to damage Huttenbach’s
reputation and livelihood as a practicing attorney.         Further, Appellant has
demonstrated a continued willingness and intention to pursue this abusive and
harassing path despite the monetary sanctions and numerous judgments that have
been levied against him because of his conduct. Indeed, permanent injunctive relief
is appropriate here.
      Finally, Appellant contends that such injunctive relief violates his First
Amendment rights.      Not so.   Defamation that disparages a person’s business
operations—their livelihood—constitutes defamation per se. See In re Lipsky, 460
                                         13
S.W.3d at 596. Still, such disparagement must be of the sort that is “peculiarly
valuable” to the person’s business or profession. Hancock v. Variyam, 400 S.W.3d
59, 67 (Tex. 2013). Truthfulness is peculiarly valuable to one’s status in the legal
profession, and especially with respect to the legitimacy of a lawyer’s or a law firm’s
legal fees. Id.
      Under the circumstances presented to us, we cannot say that the permanent
injunctive relief granted by the trial court is either inappropriate or violative of
Appellant’s First Amendment rights. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion when it issued the permanent injunction. Accordingly, we
overrule Appellant’s third issue in Cause No. 11-20-00188-CV.
                               III. This Court’s Ruling
      We affirm the orders and judgments of the trial court.

                                               W. STACY TROTTER
                                               JUSTICE

June 16, 2022
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.

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