Court Opinion

ID: 3627886
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 00:08:05.565655+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:44:50.404168
License: Public Domain

The judge charged the jury in this case, "that the fact ofthis accident occurring was of itself presumptive evidence of negligence on the part of the defendants." If by this the judge is to be understood as saying that, in cases of this kind, evidence of the mere happening of an accident, resulting in injury to the plaintiff, without proof of any of the circumstances under which it occurred, establishes, primafacie, the charge of negligence, I am not prepared to assent to the proposition. Carriers of passengers are not insurers; and many injuries may occur to those *Page 536 
they transport for which they are not responsible. They are, for obvious reasons, held bound to exert the utmost care and vigilance to secure the safety of the passengers; and are responsible for the slightest negligence.
But injuries may often happen through the fault or misconduct of those whose acts are in no way chargeable to them. In traveling in stage coaches, upon ordinary roads, such injuries would be very frequent, because, in such cases, the proprietors of the coach do not construct the roads, nor control those who travel upon them. For a large portion of the accidents, therefore, which result from defects in the road or collisions with other vehicles the proprietors would not be liable.
The carrier, however, is in all cases bound to provide a safe and secure carriage for the transportation of the passengers; and nothing can exempt him from this responsibility, but the existence of some latent defect, which no reasonable degree of human skill and foresight could guard against; and this obligation extends to every species of appliance belonging to the carrier and used by him in the business in which he is engaged. Consequently, whenever it appears that the accident occurred through some defect in the vehicle, or other apparatus used by the carrier, a strong presumption of negligence arises, founded upon the improbability of the existence of any defect which extreme vigilance, aided by science and skill, could not have detected.
The cases in which the carriers would be exempt from responsibility would be far less frequent where the transportation is upon railroads than where it is upon common roads, because railroad companies have the entire control of the track, and of all engaged in its use. Still, accidents may occur from a multitude of causes, even upon a railroad, for which the company is not responsible. If obstructions are placed, by strangers, upon the road, either through accident or design, the company is not responsible for the consequences, unless its agents have been remiss in not discovering *Page 537 
them. The straying of cattle or horses upon the roads causes numerous accidents which are not chargeable to the company. If a drunken man falls asleep or a deaf man incautiously walks upon the road, in consequence of which a train is unavoidably thrown from the track, and a passenger is injured, he is without redress as against the company. So if a careless driver, in crossing a track, fails to get his vehicle out of the way of an approaching train. How then can it be assumed, without proof of any sort, when an accident has occurred, that it was caused by some carelessness on the part of the agents of the company, and not by any or either of these numerous causes?
In regard to the carriages and other apparatus used for the carrying of passengers, railroad companies are under the same obligation as that already alluded to in the case of the carrier upon common roads. They make and own their road, and have the exclusive control of that, and of every part of the machinery and apparatus used in connection with it. Passengers have no means of knowing nor any power of remedying its defects, but are forced to trust their lives and persons to the care and watchfulness of the agents of the company. The latter, therefore, is bound to see that the road and all its appurtenances are in perfect order and free from any defect which the utmost vigilance, aided by the highest degree of knowledge and skill, could discover or prevent.
Consequently, whenever it appears that the accident was caused by any deficiency in the road itself, the cars or any portion of the apparatus belonging to the company and used in connection with its business, a presumption of negligence on the part of those whose duty it was to see that every thing was in order, immediately arises; it being extremely unlikely that any defect should exist of so hidden a nature that no degree of skill or care could have foreseen or discovered it. *Page 538 
If it be said that upon the same principle upon which negligence is presumed in such a case it should be presumed in every case, on account of the high degree of improbability that a serious accident of any kind should occur, without some degree of negligence, the answer is plain; and to present this distinction is the object of most that has been said. There may be a presumption of negligence in every case, but, where nothing is known in regard to the cause of the accident, the negligence may as well have been that of some one residing in the vicinity of the road, or of some stranger, of whom numbers come in contact with it every day, as of any of the employees of the company; while if it appears that the mischief has resulted from a defect in some part of the apparatus of the company, the negligence, if any, must have been that of some one for whose acts and omissions the company is liable; it being well settled that the carrier is responsible for the negligence or want of skill of every one who has been concerned in the manufacture of any portion of its apparatus. (Hegeman v. The Western Railroad Company, 3Kern., 9; Ware v. Gay, 11 Pick., 106; Ingalls v.Bills, 9 Metc., 1.)
The cases in which it has been said that a presumption of negligence arises from the mere proof that an accident has occurred, will appear, if examined, not to conflict materially with these principles; and some of them are, I think, illustrative of the distinction just suggested. The leading cases on the subject, are those of Christie v. Griggs (2 Campb.,
79); Stokes v. Salstonstall (13 Pet., 192); Carpue v.The London and Brighton Railway Company (5 Ad.  El. N.S.,
747); Laing v. Colder (8 Barr, 479).
In Christie v. Griggs, where Sir JAMES MANSFIELD is supposed to have laid down the proposition in question, it was proved that the injury was caused by the breaking of the axletree of the coach, upon the top of which the plaintiff was seated; and it was in view of this proof that the chief justice made the remark that "the plaintiff had made a *Page 539 prima facie case by proving his going on the coach, the accident and the damage he had suffered." There is no doubt that, in such a case, negligence should be presumed for the reasons which have been given.
In the case of Stokes v. Salstonstall, which was also an action against the proprietors of a line of stage coaches, the court instructed the jury that the "facts that the carriage was upset and the plaintiff's wife injured, were prima facie
evidence that there was carelessness, or negligence, or want of skill on the part of the driver; and threw upon the defendant the burden of proving that the accident was not occasioned by the driver's fault." Taken abstractly, this instruction, which was sustained by the court, might seem to be in conflict with the principles here contended for; but, if understood in reference to the proof, it is otherwise. The plaintiff had proved, not only the accident and the injury, but that the passengers had remarked that the driver appeared intoxicated, and so told the agent of the proprietors; that the road was perfectly level, and not dangerous or difficult; and that the reckless conduct of the driver had called out repeated remonstrances from the passengers, which were wholly unattended to. Here was ample proof of negligence, and the judge must have had these circumstances in view when he made his remarks to the jury. The happening of the accident, under the circumstances proved, was undoubtedly primafacie evidence of negligence.
The other two cases were actions for injuries upon railroads. In that of Carpue v. The London and Brighton Railway Company,
it appeared that the position of the rails had been somewhat deranged, at the spot where the injury took place; and the chief justice charged the jury, that it having been shown that the exclusive management, both of the machinery and the railway, was in the hands of the defendants, it was presumable that the accident arose from their want of care, unless they gave some explanation of the *Page 540 
cause by which it was produced. This is in perfect accordance with the principles which have been here advanced.
Laing v. Colder is perhaps the strongest case in support of the doctrine against which we contend. When that case was heardin banco, BELL, J., said, "the mere happening of an injurious accident raises, prima facie, a presumption of neglect, and throws upon the carrier the onus of showing it did not exist." But the charge of the judge at the circuit upon which the question arose was not so broad. He instructed the jury that "in the present case the presumption was, there had been negligence," a charge fully justified by the proof, which was that the accident occurred while the car was crossing a bridge, which was so narrow that the plaintiff's hand lying outside the car window was caught by the bridge, and his arm broken. It was palpable negligence on the part of the company so to construct the bridge.
In no instance, that I am aware of, has it been said by any judge that negligence, on the part of the carrier, was to be presumed from the mere happening of an accident, except where the facts proved in the particular case fully warranted the presumption upon the principles here insisted upon.
The views here presented are, I think, sustained by the opinion of this court, in the case of Holbrook v. The Utica andSchenectady Railroad Company (2 Kern., 236). RUGGLES, J., there says: "In actions like the present the burden of proving that the injury complained of was caused by the defendant's negligence lies on the plaintiff. The same rule applies as in an action for an injury to a passenger in a stage coach. It generally happens, however, in cases of this nature, that the same evidence which proves the injury done, proves also the defendant's negligence, or shows circumstances from which strong presumptions of negligence arise, and which cast on the defendant the burden of disproving it. For example, a passenger's leg is broken while on his passage *Page 541 
in a railroad car. This mere fact is no evidence of negligence on the part of the carrier until something further be shown."
It does not follow from what has been said, that the judgment in this case is to be reversed for error in that part of the charge referred to. The very first witness called by the plaintiff upon the trial proved enough of the circumstances of the case to warrant the presumption of negligence. It was clear from his testimony that the accident was caused by some defect in the track, and in all probability by the misplacement of the switch. It was immaterial, however, whether it was this, or the spreading of the rails, as the company sought upon cross-examination to show, which threw the train from the track. In either case, the presumption of negligence would arise. The judge was fully warranted in instructing the jury, that the occurrence of the accident, under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence, authorized the presumption of negligence. Did he do more than this? He did not say to the jury, in the language of Judge BELL, in Laing v. Colder, that "the mere happening ofan injurious accident" raises a presumption of negligence; but his words were, that "the fact of this accident occurring," was presumptive evidence, c. The effect is attributed not to any and every accident, but to this particular accident. A verdict like this, sustained as it is by ample evidence, ought not to be disturbed by a construction which would make the charge a mere abstraction, not called for by the exigencies of the case, provided any other interpretation is admissible. There is no reason to suppose that the jury were misled. They were carefully instructed, that if the injury was the result of pure accident, without any neglect of the defendants, the plaintiff could not recover, and under the view which has been taken, the charge, so far as the exception under consideration is concerned, may, I think, be properly sustained.
A question also arises upon that part of the charge in which the jury were told, that in estimating the damages, *Page 542 
they would be justified in taking into consideration "the bodily pain and suffering which the plaintiff suffered or was likely tosuffer, in consequence of the neglect of the defendants." This instruction, in so far as it relates to future pain and suffering, is clearly erroneous; and if it had not been subsequently modified, the error would, I think, have been necessarily fatal to the judgment. There is no doubt that bodily pain and suffering is a proper item of damages in such cases. (Ransom v. N.Y.  Erie R.R. Co., 15 N.Y., 415.) Nor is the estimate necessarily limited to suffering which is past, where the proof renders it reasonably certain that future pain and suffering is inevitable. In estimating the pecuniary loss in such cases, all the consequences of the injury, future as well as past, are to be taken into consideration; and there seems to be no reason why a different rule should prevail in respect to bodily pain and suffering. But the objection to the charge is, that it authorizes an allowance of damages for future pain which is rendered probable merely. Damages are to be proved; and none can be allowed except such as are shown by the proof to be, at least, to a reasonable degree, certain. The error, however, was corrected upon the trial. The judge, upon his attention being called to the point, further instructed the jury, "that future damages could only be awarded when it is rendered reasonably certain, from the evidence, that such damages will inevitably and necessarily result from the original injury." With this qualification, I see no objection to the charge on this subject, and this exception also should, therefore, be overruled.
The judgment should, I think, be affirmed.