Court Opinion

ID: 9403017
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 00:00:55.280212+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:03.795916
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-70008      Document: 00516791783         Page: 1     Date Filed: 06/19/2023

           United States Court of Appeals
                for the Fifth Circuit
                                 ____________
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                  No. 21-70008                                 Fifth Circuit

                                 ____________                                FILED
                                                                         June 19, 2023
   Travis James Mullis,                                                 Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                             Clerk
                                                            Petitioner—Appellant,

                                       versus

   Bobby Lumpkin, Director,
   Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional Institutions Division,

                                             Respondent—Appellee.
                   ______________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Texas
                            USDC No. 3:13-CV-121
                  ______________________________

   Before Smith, Higginson, and Willett, Circuit Judges.
   Jerry E. Smith, Circuit Judge:
          We granted Travis Mullis a partial certificate of appealability
   (“COA”) after the district court dismissed his federal habeas corpus
   petition under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
   (“AEDPA”).
          In his state habeas proceedings, Mullis procedurally defaulted on his
   claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. He contends that the default
   stemmed from ineffective assistance of state habeas counsel and should there-
   fore be excused. Because Mullis has not shown that habeas counsel was inef-
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                                     No. 21-70008

   fective, he has not shown cause for the default. We therefore affirm the
   dismissal.

                                          I.
          We recited the relevant factual and procedural history in our opinion
   granting Mullis a partial COA. See Mullis v. Lumpkin, 47 F.4th 380, 383–87
   (5th Cir. 2022). In summary, Mullis was sentenced to death for capital mur-
   der. After his conviction, and all the way through his federal habeas litigation,
   Mullis has flip-flopped time and time again about whether to waive his right
   to challenge his conviction and sentence—both directly and collaterally—
   and his desire to pursue those challenges pro se.
          The volte-face at issue was Mullis’s attempt to waive state collateral
   review and to act pro se in any future decisions regarding the filing of a habeas
   petition. Mullis was purportedly represented in his state habeas proceedings
   by attorneys in the Office of Capital Writs (“OCW”), including Brad Lev-
   enson. Although Mullis’s habeas attorneys objected to his decision to waive
   collateral review, they did not object to a report by a psychiatrist, Dr. Victor
   Scarano, finding that Mullis was mentally competent to make it. The state
   court allowed Mullis “to act pro se regarding any decisions concerning waiver
   and/or filing a post-conviction writ of habeas corpus,” although the court
   also allowed the OCW to “continue to investigate and prosecute” a writ sub-
   ject to Mullis’s consent (which he was withholding at the time).
          Ultimately, Mullis did not timely file a state habeas petition. After his
   prospects in state court ended, he filed a habeas petition in federal district
   court, which dismissed, finding that he had procedurally defaulted on his
   claims. It also denied him a COA.
          We in turn granted Mullis a COA in part, limited to the following
   questions: (1) Did Mullis’s state habeas counsel render inadequate assistance
   by conceding that Mullis was competent to waive review? (2) Can the court
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   reach that conclusion based on evidence consistent with Shinn v. Martinez
   Ramirez (Ramirez), 142 S. Ct. 1718 (2022)? (3) If Mullis’s state habeas coun-
   sel rendered inadequate assistance, was the inadequate assistance a cause
   external to Mullis?

                                        II.
          We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its
   legal conclusions de novo. See Sanchez v. Davis, 936 F.3d 300, 304 (5th Cir.
   2019) (citing Dorsey v. Stephens, 720 F.3d 309, 314 (5th Cir. 2013)). Inef-
   fective-assistance-of-counsel claims are mixed questions of law and fact.
   Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 698 (1984) (citing Cuyler v. Sullivan,
   446 U.S. 335, 342 (1980)). Additionally, we “may affirm on any ground sup-
   ported by the record.” Sanchez, 936 F.3d at 304 (quoting Dorsey, 720 F.3d
   at 314).
                                        III.
          Mullis contends that his procedural default is excusable because the
   OCW failed fully to investigate his mental health despite having concerns
   about it. Had it done so, claims Mullis, there was a reasonable probability
   that the state court would not have found Mullis competent to waive habeas
   review and to proceed pro se. Thus, habeas counsel was ineffective. Mullis
   also asserts that any relevant ineffectiveness is a cause “external” to him, a
   necessary requirement for excusing procedural default.
          We disagree. But before we reach the merits of Mullis’s claims, we
   must answer a threshold question: what evidence we may consider.

                                        A.
          Mullis and the state disagree about what evidence we are permitted to
   review. Mullis maintains that he is able to expand the record beyond the one
   developed in state court. He wants to introduce evidence from his so-called
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                                          No. 21-70008

   “Martinez hearing” in district court, which is a hearing set to determine
   whether there was ineffective assistance of state habeas counsel—an excuse
   for procedural default under Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 17 (2012). The
   state counters that the relevant record comprises only the state trial and
   waiver records that satisfied the state’s procedural requirements.
          Given our precedent, Mullis is correct. Under AEDPA, federal dis-
   trict courts in habeas cases may not hold evidentiary hearings “[i]f the appli-
   cant has failed to develop the factual basis” of the “claim in [s]tate court pro-
   ceedings.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2).1 This case turns on what the term
   “claim” refers to. Does it refer to any claim made in the habeas context
   (including excuses for procedural default), or does it refer only to the under-
   lying merits claim?
          Rephrasing the question, does § 2254(e)(2) bar us from considering
   evidence that is outside of the state record when we are adjudicating a Mar-
   tinez claim?
          Although the parties focus on recent Supreme Court decisions, we
   must take a step back and consider the state of our circuit’s law. Historically,
   this circuit has construed “claim” in the narrower sense. We have therefore
   declined to apply AEDPA’s evidentiary bar to showings that a procedural
   default is excused. In Segundo v. Davis, 831 F.3d 345, 351 (5th Cir. 2016), for
   example, we held that evidentiary hearings on Martinez claims are permitted
   but not required. We therefore allowed the district court to consider an affi-
   davit “presented for the first time in federal court” when determining
   whether the defendant’s procedural default was excused. Id. at 350. In other
   cases, we have come to the same conclusion: Evidence outside the state

          _____________________
          1
              Subject to two exceptions not relevant here. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(A).
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   record may be considered when assessing a Martinez claim.2
           We now turn to whether recent Supreme Court jurisprudence has
   abrogated that caselaw. In Ramirez, the Court held that Martinez does not
   permit federal courts “to dispense with § 2254(e)(2)’s narrow limits because
   a prisoner’s state postconviction counsel negligently failed to develop the
   state-court record.” 142 S. Ct. at 1728. But at issue in Ramirez was the use
   of evidence developed in a Martinez hearing to assess the defendant’s
   underlying merits claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Id. at 1729–
   30. Shinn did not reach—and indeed expressly reserved—resolution of the
   current situation: the use of evidence outside the state record in the Martinez
   context to establish cause and prejudice. See id. at 1738 (noting that while
   there are “good reasons to doubt” the proposition that Martinez hearings are
   not “hearing[s] on the claim” for § 2254(e)(2) purposes, there was no need
   for the Court to address it).3
           One month later, the Court handed down Shoop v. Twyford, 142 S. Ct.
   2037 (2022), which reaffirmed Ramirez. Twyford involved the transportation
   of the defendant to a hospital for medical testing, evidence that the defendant
   asserted would be helpful in obtaining habeas relief. Id. at 2041. He
   “asserted in passing that the desired evidence could ‘plausibly’ bear on the

           _____________________
           2
              See Charles v. Stephens, 736 F.3d 380, 387 n.3 (5th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (“Char-
   les does not claim that his state habeas counsel was ineffective and, therefore, cannot rely
   on . . . Trevino v. Thaler, [569 U.S. 413] (2013), [affirming Martinez,] to argue that . . . [the]
   presentation of new evidence in federal court [is not barred].”); Shore v. Davis, 845 F.3d
   627, 633 (5th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (“Because Shore cannot effectively invoke Trevino
   and Martinez, . . . the new evidence on which Shore seeks to rely is not properly before this
   court.”).
           3
            In dictum, the Court has signaled that Martinez hearings fall within § 2254(e)(2)’s
   ambit. See Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. 1738–39. Though we acknowledge the importance of dicta
   in Supreme Court opinions, see United States v. Becton, 632 F.2d 1294, 1296 n.3 (5th Cir.
   1980), our rule of orderliness still governs, as discussed infra.
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   question whether to excuse procedural default.” Id. at 2046. His argument,
   however, was lacking in detail and failed to specify which defaulted claims he
   intended to bring. In holding that the district court erred in ordering the
   transportation because the defendant failed to show that any resulting evi-
   dence was admissible, the Court noted the following: “And in any event, this
   Court has already held that, if § 2254(e)(2) applies and the prisoner cannot
   meet the statute’s standards for admitting new merits evidence, it serves no
   purpose to develop such evidence just to assess cause and prejudice.” Id.
   (citing Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. at 1738).
           That language reflects Ramirez’s suspicion of admitting evidence out-
   side the state record to determine whether procedural default is excused.4 It
   is, however, seemingly dictum.
           More importantly, the Court’s observation is directed at a different
   set of facts, where the defendant made no specific claims at all about how the
   proposed evidence would support his claim for habeas relief generally, and
   where the district court likewise failed to explain how the evidence would
   help the defendant’s cause, given the application of § 2254(e)(2)’s evidenti-
   ary bar to his merits claim. See Twyford, 142 S. Ct. at 2045–46. In other
   words, the defendant’s assertion that the testing would probe his Martinez
   claim appears to have been little more than a Hail Mary pass in his attempt
   to get the evidence admitted on his merits claim. Here, by contrast, the
   evidence Mullis seeks to admit undeniably pertains to his Martinez claim and
   would be used in that context alone.
           Although the Supreme Court may, some day, extend AEDPA’s evi-

           _____________________
           4
             See Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. at 1738 (“While we agree that any such Martinez hearing
   would serve no purpose, that is a reason to dispense with Martinez hearings altogether, not
   to set § 2254(e)(2) aside.”).
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   dentiary restrictions to the Martinez context (or, as it has suggested, dispense
   with Martinez hearings altogether), we may not violate our rule of orderliness
   to do so. See United States v. Traxler, 764 F.3d 486, 489 (5th Cir. 2014). In
   the absence of any on-point intervening law, whether in a statute or in a
   Supreme Court opinion, we must follow our narrow construction of “claim”
   in § 2254(e)(2). Accordingly, evidence outside the state record is admissible
   in Martinez claims for the limited purpose of establishing an excuse for pro-
   cedural default, even in the wake of Ramirez and Twyford.5

                                              B.
           We now address the merits of Mullis’s claims and conclude that he
   has not demonstrated cause that would excuse his procedural default. We
   therefore need not reach the questions of prejudice or externality.
           Procedural default “prevents federal habeas corpus review of the
   defaulted claim, unless the petitioner can demonstrate cause and prejudice
   for the default.” Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162 (1996) (collecting
   cases). Cause exists where “some objective factor external to the defense”
   impeded a petitioner’s efforts to comply with the relevant state procedural
   rule. Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 753 (1991) (quoting Murray v.
   Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986)).
           One such factor is ineffective assistance of habeas counsel, at least in
   states—such as Texas—that functionally require ineffective-assistance-of-

           _____________________
           5
             We acknowledge the circuit split on the question. Compare Williams v. Superin-
   tendent Mahanoy SCI, 45 F.4th 713, 723 (3d Cir. 2022) (holding that Ramirez did not
   abrogate the circuit’s holding that AEDPA does not forbid factual development regarding
   excusing procedural default), with Stokes v. Stirling, 64 F.4th 131, 136 (4th Cir. 2023)
   (concluding that Ramirez prohibits the introduction of new evidence in support of Martinez
   claims). Our rule of orderliness precludes our taking sides in the split, absent en banc
   reconsideration.
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   trial-counsel claims to be brought in initial-review collateral proceedings.
   See Martinez, 566 U.S. at 9–12; Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413, 417 (2013).
   In the relevant context, “the proper standard for attorney performance is that
   of reasonably effective assistance.” Washington, 466 U.S. at 687 (citing
   Trapnell v. United States, 725 F.2d 149, 151–52 (2d Cir. 1983)). That standard
   is objective and tethered to “prevailing professional norms.” See id. at 688.
          Mullis’s claims that his habeas attorneys were ineffective center on
   the state habeas court’s determination that he was competent to waive state
   habeas review and habeas representation. In particular, Mullis contends that
   his counsel did not adequately investigate his mental health.
          Mullis posits several deficiencies. The first is that although his habeas
   attorneys requested that Mullis be evaluated by a court-appointed mental-
   health expert, they failed to provide the expert with relevant mental-health
   records, trial transcripts, and other information that Mullis says were
   “critical” to the evaluation. The second is that habeas counsel failed to
   object to the report or challenge Mullis’s waiver at the waiver hearing—the
   result of an “unethical promise” not to challenge Mullis’s competence if an
   independent expert found him competent. We are persuaded by neither.
          Texas law allows inmates to waive state habeas review. Ex parte Rey-
   noso, 228 S.W.3d 163, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (per curiam). It also
   permits them to waive habeas representation, provided that the waiver is
   “intelligent and voluntary.”6
          The Fifth Circuit has described the inquiry for postconviction compe-
          _____________________
          6
             Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.071 § 2(a); see also Ex Parte Gallo,
   448 S.W.3d 1, 5 n.23 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). The competency inquiry differs from the
   knowing-and-voluntary inquiry. Mullis, 47 F.4th at 390 & n.21 (citing Godinez v. Moran,
   509 U.S. 389, 401 n.12 (1993)). Given Mullis’s arguments, however, the distinction is
   irrelevant here. See id.
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   tency as follows: First, does the individual suffer from a mental disease,
   disorder, or defect? Second, if so, does that condition prevent him from
   understanding his legal position and the options available to him? Third, if
   not, does that condition nevertheless prevent him from making a rational
   choice among his options? Mata v. Johnson, 210 F.3d 324, 328 (5th Cir. 2000)
   (citing Rumbaugh v. Procunier, 753 F.2d 395, 398 (5th Cir. 1985)).
          Considering the totality of the circumstances, Mullis’s habeas counsel
   provided reasonably effective assistance. Leading up to the waiver hearing,
   Mullis maintained that he wanted to waive habeas review and dismiss his
   attorneys. His habeas attorneys were therefore caught between their duty to
   investigate Mullis’s mental health, see Profitt v. Waldron, 831 F.2d 1245,
   1248–49 (5th Cir. 1987), and their obligation to follow their client’s desire to
   waive, cf. McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct. 1500, 1508 (2018).
          Accordingly, Mullis’s habeas attorneys agreed that if an expert found
   Mullis competent, they would not challenge his waiver. To that end, they
   requested that the court order a mental-health evaluation.           The court
   appointed Dr. Scarano. As part of his evaluation, Scarano considered various
   sources, including prison medical records, court transcripts (albeit not of the
   trial), and a video interview of Mullis conducted by a reporter. As part of the
   evaluation, Scarano interviewed Mullis and performed seven forensic psychi-
   atric tests. He also considered Mullis’s descriptions of his mental-health
   history, including his diagnosis of bipolar disorder, his suicidality as an ado-
   lescent, his past drug abuse, and his childhood sexual abuse. Scarano then
   explained, in a twenty-page report, his finding that Mullis was competent to
   waive his right to habeas review.
          It is certainly true that habeas counsel could have provided more mate-
   rial to Scarano. Levenson did state that he spoke with Scarano before the
   evaluation and told him what the trial experts had said about Mullis’s mental-
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   health history and about Mullis’s fear of being raped if put into general
   population. But he could have provided more medical files and notes (to
   which he had access) prepared by mental-health experts who testified at
   Mullis’s trial. And although the trial had not yet been transcribed, Levenson
   could have tried to postpone the waiver hearing until after the transcript was
   produced.
           More concerningly, the habeas attorneys were surprised by the fact
   that, despite Mullis’s mental-health history and diagnoses, Scarano did not
   diagnose him with any Axis I (mental-health and substance-abuse disorders)
   or Axis II (personality disorders and mental retardation) conditions. Scarano
   did, however, find that Mullis had “Features of Borderline Personality Dis-
   order,” an Axis II disorder. But the attorneys did not sit idle: Levenson called
   Scarano to discuss the “discrepancies,” whereupon Scarano informed Lev-
   enson that “his findings were based upon his current observations” of Mullis
   at the time.
           Given the context, the habeas attorneys were reasonable in not chal-
   lenging Scarano’s conclusions. Segundo, 831 F.3d at 352. It is true that the
   opinion of a court-appointed psychiatrist does not always exonerate counsel
   of any duty to investigate further. Profitt, 831 F.2d at 1249. But considering
   all the circumstances, see Washington, 466 U.S. at 691, Mullis’s habeas attor-
   neys did not have a duty to investigate more than they did. Worried about
   Mullis’s competency, they sought a mental-health evaluation. And although
   they did not provide Scarano with every medical or other relevant record
   possible, Scarano was aware—both through Levenson and Mullis himself—
   of the contours of Mullis’s diagnoses and mental-health history.7

           _____________________
           7
            Cf. Roberts v. Dretke, 381 F.3d 491, 499 (5th Cir. 2004) (“There is no doubt that
   [defense counsel] neither collected [the defendant’s] medical records nor did he contact
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           In brief, the evaluation ultimately concluded that Mullis was compe-
   tent. Counsel followed up with Scarano with questions about his findings.
   That was enough.8
           Mullis’s contrary assertions are unavailing. He points, for example,
   to Profitt, 831 F.2d at 1249, where we held that trial counsel had a duty to
   investigate further the defendant’s mental health even though a court-
   appointed doctor found that he was competent to stand trial. The report,
   however, was provided to counsel on the very day of the competency hearing
   and the day before the trial, hardly allowing counsel much time to review it
   thoroughly. Counsel was also on constructive notice that Profitt had been
   adjudicated insane a mere eight months before his trial. Id.
           Here, by contrast, Mullis’s habeas counsel had the opportunity to
   consider Scarano’s report and to follow up with him about the results. And
   there was no similar adjudication of incompetence. To the contrary, Mullis
   endured his entire trial without being found legally incompetent by the court
   and, by the time of his habeas waiver, had already been found competent to
   waive his direct appeal—with the same judge presiding throughout.
           Moreover, the court-appointed expert in Profitt also concluded that
   Profitt was sane at the time of his offense. On that basis, trial counsel decided
   not to plead an insanity defense—the only defense that counsel had intended
   to present. 831 F.2d at 1247. We noted that where there is “no advantage in
   the decision to bypass the insanity defense,” a decision to abandon it

           _____________________
   [his] treating physicians regarding [his] suicide ideation or his subsequent treatment for
   related depression . . . . However, it is clear from Dr. Arambula’s report that the doctor
   was well aware of the fact that Roberts had previously had suicidal thoughts.”).
           8
              Several of Mullis’s mental-health conditions, including “suicidality and depres-
   sion[,] are not necessarily indications of incompetence.” Austin v. Davis, 876 F.3d 757, 785
   (5th Cir. 2017).
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   (especially based on faulty information) was not a “tactical” decision. Id.
   at 1249.
          But Mullis’s case is not in a trial posture, and the failure of Mullis’s
   counsel to challenge his competence to waive habeas review is not analogous
   to a strategic or tactical choice regarding trial defenses. It was merely acqui-
   escence to Mullis’s wishes in light of a court-appointed expert’s finding that
   Mullis was competent—wishes that are permissible given that defendants
   need not pursue habeas relief at all. In sum, Profitt is easily distinguishable.
          Mullis’s reliance on Bouchillon v. Collins, 907 F.2d 589 (5th Cir. 1990),
   is likewise misplaced. Bouchillon pleaded guilty of robbery but later peti-
   tioned for habeas corpus, claiming that he was both insane at the time of the
   offense and incompetent at the time of his plea. Id. at 590–91. As in Profitt,
   the only available defense appeared to be insanity. And although Bouchil-
   lon’s trial counsel was aware of his history in mental institutions, counsel
   failed to investigate his mental health at all, not even seeking a psychiatric
   evaluation. Id. at 597. “To do no investigation at all on an issue that not only
   implicates the accused’s only defense, but also his present competency, is
   not a tactical decision.” Id.
          Mullis’s counsel, in stark contrast, did investigate by requesting a
   medical evaluation. And, again, his attorneys were not mounting a defense
   at trial but instead were determining whether they could acquiesce to Mul-
   lis’s desire to waive habeas relief and dismiss them. Bouchillon is distin-
   guishable for largely the same reasons Profitt is. Cf. Green v. Johnson,
   116 F.3d 1115, 1123 (5th Cir. 1997) (distinguishing both Profitt and Bouchillon
   for similar reasons).
          In conclusion, Mullis’s habeas attorneys provided reasonably effec-
   tive representation, even if their efforts were sometimes imperfect. The
   investigation into Mullis’s competence was adequate, given the available
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   facts. Theriot v. Whitley, 18 F.3d 311, 313 (5th Cir. 1994). And considering
   the procedural history and Scarano’s findings, habeas counsel reasonably
   decided not to challenge Scarano’s conclusion that Mullis was competent to
   waive his right to review.
          The dismissal of Mullis’s habeas petition is AFFIRMED.