Court Opinion

ID: 2796424
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-24 18:01:57.16877+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:52:31.010527
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/24/15

                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                   STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THOMAS W. SEFTON, JR.,                          D065898

        Plaintiff and Appellant,

        v.                                      (Super. Ct. No. P82080)

HARLEY K. SEFTON, as Trustee, etc.,

       Defendant and Respondent;

WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., as Successor
Trustee, etc.,

        Objector and Respondent.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Julia Craig

Kelety, Judge. Reversed with directions.

        Van Dyke & Associates, Richard S. Van Dyke and James A. Bush for Plaintiff

and Appellant.

        Beamer, Lauth, Steinley & Bond, Stephen A. Bond and Phillip A. Bond for

Defendant and Respondent.

        Henderson, Caverly, Pum & Charney, Kristen E. Caverly and Debra J. Vella for

Objector and Respondent.
       Plaintiff Thomas W. Sefton, Jr. (Thomas Jr.) appeals a judgment awarding him

$565,350, plus interest, from the estate of his grandfather, Joseph W. Sefton, Jr.

(Grandfather). The probate court, interpreting our prior opinion in this matter (Sefton v.

Sefton (2012) 206 Cal. App. 4th 875 (Sefton I)), determined this sum to be the

" 'substantial' share" of Grandfather's estate to which Thomas Jr. was entitled. (See id. at

p. 895.) Thomas Jr. contends the probate court misinterpreted Sefton I and therefore

improperly limited his award from Grandfather's estate.

       We conclude the probate court's interpretation of Sefton I, while reasonable, was in

error. The " 'substantial' share" determined by the probate court is not the correct

measure of Thomas Jr.'s award from Grandfather's estate under the facts of this case. We

do not fault the probate court for this error. As we will explain, portions of Sefton I, and

in particular the sentence directing the probate court on remand, are ambiguous in their

meaning. In this opinion, we resolve the ambiguity and clarify the award to which

Thomas Jr. is entitled.

                                FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The relevant facts are largely undisputed. The facts in this section are drawn from

the parties' stipulated facts in the probate court and this court's prior opinion in Sefton I,

supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pages 880-881.

       Grandfather died in 1966. In Grandfather's will executed September 7, 1955,

Grandfather created a testamentary trust (the Trust) for the benefit of his son, Thomas W.

Sefton (Father), during Father's life. Upon Father's death, the Trust terminated and its

assets were to be distributed. As relevant here, Grandfather's will empowered Father to

                                               2
appoint the objects of this distribution, in part, as follows: "[T]hree quarters (3/4) [of the

Trust estate] shall be distributed to [Father's] then living issue as [Father] shall by his

Last Will and Testament appoint, and in default of appointment, to his then living issue

on the principle of representation."

       Father died in 2006. Father left a will that he had executed on August 26, 1994.

At the time of Father's death, his then living issue were Thomas Jr. (the only child of

Father's first marriage), Harley K. Sefton (Harley) (the son of Father's second marriage),

Laurie Sefton (Laurie) (the daughter of Father's second marriage), Harley's three children,

and Laurie's child. Father's will exercised his power of appointment by splitting the

property subject to appointment into three shares, two of which he allocated to an

irrevocable trust established for the benefit of Harley and his children (the Harley Family

Trust), and the other one of which he allocated to an irrevocable trust established for the

benefit of Laurie and her child (the Laurie Family Trust). Father's will did not appoint

any of the property subject to appointment to Thomas Jr.1

       Based on the directions in Father's will, the trustee of Grandfather's Trust

distributed approximately $37.8 million in cash, securities, and related income to the

Harley Family Trust and $18.8 million in cash, securities, and related income to the

Laurie Family Trust. The trustee also distributed approximately $3.5 million in short-

term and long-term investment loss carryovers to the Harley Family Trust and a $1.7

1       Upon Father's death, Thomas Jr. received a $25,000 distribution from a separate
trust established by Father. The probate court characterized this distribution as a
"testamentary snub" under the circumstances of this case.
                                               3
million capital loss carryover to the Laurie Family Trust. The trustee did not distribute

anything to Thomas Jr.

       Harley currently acts as the trustee of the Harley Family Trust. Wells Fargo Bank,

N.A. (Wells Fargo) currently acts as the trustee of the Laurie Family Trust.

                                PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In 2010, Thomas Jr. filed a petition in probate court challenging the distribution of

Grandfather's Trust estate. Based on the common law, Thomas Jr. alleged that the power

conferred on Father by Grandfather's will was a nonexclusive power of appointment, i.e.,

the power to appoint to the permissible objects named in Grandfather's will but without

the power to exclude any of the permissible objects from receiving a substantial

distribution of the appointive property. Because Thomas Jr. was named as a permissible

object of appointment in Grandfather's will (as one of Father's "then living issue"), Father

could not exclude Thomas Jr. from at least a substantial distribution. Thomas Jr. alleged

that "distribution of an amount comprising a substantial distribution of the Trust, to

[Thomas Jr.] outright and free of trust would best comply with the non-exclusive power

of appointment [Grandfather] conferred at the time of his death." (Original italics.)

Thomas Jr. prayed for an order ascertaining the beneficiaries of the Trust as set forth in

the petition and for any other proper relief.

       Harley, as trustee of the Harley Family Trust, filed a response and objection to

Thomas Jr.'s petition. Among other objections, Harley contended that Father's

                                                4
appointment power was governed by Probate Code section 652,2 which states that a

special power of appointment is exclusive unless the person creating the power (the

"donor") specifies a minimum share or amount that must be appointed to each object.

Because Grandfather's will did not specify such a minimum share, Harley argued, Father

had the power to exclude Thomas Jr. from any distribution from Grandfather's Trust.

Wells Fargo, as trustee of the Laurie Family Trust, filed a demurrer making the same

argument, among others. The probate court sustained Wells Fargo's demurrer and

entered a judgment dismissing the petition.

        Thomas Jr. appealed. On appeal, the primary question was whether the

appointment power Grandfather conferred on Father was exclusive or nonexclusive. In

Sefton I, this court concluded that Father's power of appointment was nonexclusive, i.e.,

Father was required to make at least a substantial distribution of the Trust estate to each

permissible object, including Thomas Jr. (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 887,

889.)

        Sefton I determined that powers of appointment in California at the time of the

execution of Grandfather's will, and at Grandfather's death, were governed by common

law. (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 883, citing Estate of Sloan (1935) 7
Cal. App. 2d 319, 332 (Sloan).) Under the common law, as interpreted by the leading case

of Sloan, "where the donor of a power of appointment designated a class of appointees

and did not expressly give the donee any right of exclusion, no member of the designated

2       Further statutory references are to the Probate Code unless otherwise stated.
                                              5
class 'may be entirely excluded by the donee of the power from at least a substantial

participation in the distribution' of the appointive property." (Sefton I, supra, 206

Cal.App.4th at p. 883, quoting Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at p. 340, italics added by

Sloan.) Under the common law as it existed in California, therefore, the power of

appointment conferred by Grandfather was nonexclusive. (Ibid.)

       However, as Sefton I explains, four years after Grandfather's death, the California

Legislature enacted the California Powers of Appointment Act (CPAA), now codified at

sections 600 through 695 of the Probate Code. (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pp.

885-886.) Although generally retaining the common law (§ 600), the CPAA departed

from the common law rules on powers of appointment in several important ways. As

relevant here, section 652 changed the common law rule favoring nonexclusive powers of

appointment described in Sloan. (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 886.) Section

652 states that a special power of appointment is exclusionary unless the donor specifies

a minimum share or amount to be appointed to the objects. Section 652 therefore

"changed the nonexclusive presumption in [Sloan] to an exclusive presumption . . . ."

(Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 884.)

       To resolve the potential contradiction between the common law and section 652,

and identify the law governing Father's appointment power, Sefton I looked to the

retroactivity provision of the CPAA, section 601.3 Sefton I interpreted section 601 "to

3     That section provides: "If the law existing at the time of the creation of a power of
appointment and the law existing at the time of the release or exercise of the power of
appointment or at the time of the assertion of a right given by this part differ, the law
                                                6
mean that the nonexclusive power of appointment Grandfather provided for in his will

remained intact after enactment of the CPAA because (1) the language of [the second

sentence of section 601] provides that the original power of appointment is unaffected by

the terms of the later enacted CPAA, and (2) had the effect of leaving intact Grandfather's

original intent in drafting his will." (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 887.) Sefton I

noted that this interpretation of the CPAA also avoided any constitutional concerns that

might arise if the CPAA were interpreted to affect any rights vested under prior law.

(Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 889.) "Thus, the more reasonable (and

constitutional) interpretation of the second sentence of section 601 is that it was adopted

to prevent retroactive application of that section to powers of appointment, and vested

rights thereunder. This is because any rights a donee has in a will or trust vest at the time

of the death of the donor, and subsequent legislation cannot impair such rights.

[Citations.] At the time of Grandfather's death, Father was given a life estate and,

because the power of appointment under the law then in place was 'nonexclusive,' all of

Father's heirs were entitled, upon his death, to at least a 'substantial' share of the estate."

(Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 889.)

       After discussing defenses based on the statute of limitations and the doctrine of

laches, Sefton I turned to the remedy for Father's exclusion of Thomas Jr. from any

distribution from Grandfather's trust, i.e., "the proper remedy for Father's defective power

of appointment." (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 895.) Sefton I stated that

existing at the time of the release, exercise, or assertion of a right controls. Nothing in
this section makes invalid a power of appointment created before July 1, 1970, that was
valid under the law in existence at the time it was created." (§ 601.)
                                                7
Thomas Jr. advocated for an application of section 672 of the CPAA,4 whereas Harley

and Wells Fargo advocated for the application of section 670. (Sefton I, supra, 206

Cal.App.4th at p. 895.) "Under his analysis of section 672, Thomas Jr. asserts that he

should be entitled to a division of the appointive property equally with his siblings,

Harley and Laurie. [Harley and Wells Fargo] on the other hand assert that if Father's

power of appointment was ineffectual, it is governed by section 670 and under that

section, Thomas Jr.'s share would be a 'substantial' share, as he has sought in his petition

under the rule enunciated by [Sloan]." (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 895.)

       Without adopting either view, Sefton I stated as follows: "We conclude that

because Thomas[] Jr.'s claim is based upon the common law rule enunciated in [Sloan],

we shall remand this case for a determination of what constitutes a 'substantial' share of

the estate." (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 895.) Sefton I reversed the judgment

and remanded for further proceedings consistent with the opinion. (Sefton I, supra, 206

Cal.App.4th at p. 896.)

       On remand, the parties stipulated to allow Thomas Jr. to file a supplement to his

petition. The parties also stipulated to allow Harley and Wells Fargo to file supplements

or amendments to their responses and objections. Thomas Jr.'s supplement interpreted

Sefton I as "providing the common law/[Sloan] remedy in favor of Thomas[] Jr." Citing

Sloan and other authorities, Thomas Jr.'s supplement alleged that "[t]he common law of

4     Notwithstanding the characterization of his argument in Sefton I, Thomas Jr.
contends his argument based on section 672 was intended to apply only if the CPAA
were found to govern Grandfather's will.
                                              8
nonexclusive powers of appointment provides that, if the donee fails to appoint a

substantial share to all the permissible appointees, the remedy to be imposed by the

courts is to determine their substantial shares by following any instructions of the donor

as to how to distribute the appointive property in the event of a default in the exercise of

the power . . . ." Relying on the language of Grandfather's will that "in default of

appointment" the appointive property should pass "to [Father's] then living issue on the

principle of representation[,]" as well as principles of intestate succession, Thomas Jr.'s

supplement prayed for an award of one-third of the appointive property. The supplement

also prayed for an award of interest, attorney's fees, and any other proper relief.

       In its supplemental objection, Wells Fargo disagreed with Thomas Jr.'s

interpretation of Sefton I. Wells Fargo argued that Sefton I "ruled that [Thomas Jr.] could

not be completely disinherited by exercise of the power of appointment and, therefore,

has stated a claim and is entitled to a 'substantial' share of the gift he would have received

but for the exercise. . . . [Sefton I] did not invalidate the power of appointment exercised

by [Father] which presumably controls disposition of the trust funds in excess of a

substantial share, which is the smallest amount Father was required to appoint to

[Thomas Jr.] . . . ." Similarly, in his answer to Thomas Jr.'s supplement, Harley alleged,

"Section 670 should be applied to ratify Father's exercise of power of appointment so far

as possible. Only that minimum amount (if any, in view of [Harley's] defenses) needed

to satisfy an appointive share that is not an 'illusory share' should pass to [Thomas Jr.]."

       After further litigation, the probate court determined that Harley and Wells Fargo's

interpretation of Sefton I was correct. The court noted that Sefton I did not expressly

                                              9
adopt either Thomas Jr.'s argument based on section 672 or Harley and Wells Fargo's

arguments based on section 670. However, the court concluded that Sefton I required it

to "determine what 'substantial' share Thomas Jr. is entitled to under the controlling

authority as enunciated in Sloan." The court interpreted Sefton I as implicitly rejecting

Thomas Jr.'s approach based on the default of appointment provision in Grandfather's

will.

        The court therefore held a trial, based on legal authorities and the stipulated facts

described above, to determine the amount of a "substantial" share as described in Sloan

and other common law authorities. Thomas Jr. continued to argue that such a

determination was not a remedy supported by Sefton I, Sloan, or the common law.

Referring to various common law authorities, Harley and Wells Fargo proposed several

methodologies for determining a "substantial" share, including as a percentage of an

equal share of the appointive property, as a percentage of the value of the appointive

property as a whole, as a percentage of the distribution that would occur in default of

appointment, or as a specific sum.

        In its judgment after trial, the court again rejected Thomas Jr.'s approach: "On the

merits, as an initial matter, the court rejects [Thomas Jr.'s] argument that this court should

find that there has been a default of appointment, entitling him to a one-third intestate

share. First, such a conclusion is beyond the ruling [in Sefton I], which remanded the

case to this court with instruction to determine [Thomas Jr.'s] substantial share. Second,

it appears that [Sefton I] has decided this issue, when it directed this court to proceed

under a theory (substantial share) that is incompatible with a default of appointment

                                              10
theory. Third, even if the issue were before this court, this court would conclude there

has not been a default of appointment, for the reasons set forth in [Harley's] Trial

Brief . . . ."

        To determine a "substantial" share, the court reasoned that dividing the appointive

property equally would result in seven shares because Father had seven then living issue

at the time of his death. The court concluded that seven percent of such a one-seventh

share would be "substantial," resulting in an award of $565,350, plus interest, to Thomas

Jr. The court directed that one-third of the award be paid from the Laurie Family Trust,

and two-thirds from the Harley Family Trust, consistent with the proportions of the

appointive property distributed to them. The court denied Thomas Jr.'s other prayers for

relief. Thomas Jr. appeals.

                                       DISCUSSION

                                I. The Parties' Contentions

        Thomas Jr. argues that the probate court erred in interpreting Sefton I. Focusing

on the main body of the opinion, along with the first half of the sentence discussing

remand ("We conclude that because Thomas[] Jr.'s claim is based upon the common law

rule enunciated in [Sloan] . . . "), Thomas Jr. contends that Sefton I determined that the

common law should apply to Thomas Jr.'s claim and any remedy. Thomas Jr. claims the

common law remedy under the circumstances here is clear and undisputed: application

of the default of appointment provision in Grandfather's will, which would result in one-

third of the appointive property being distributed to Thomas Jr. He also attacks the

                                             11
probate court's calculation of a "substantial" share as legally and methodologically

unsound.

       In response, Harley and Wells Fargo argue that the probate court's judgment was

correct. Focusing on other portions of our opinion in Sefton I, along with the second half

of the sentence discussing remand (" . . . we shall remand this case for a determination of

what constitutes a 'substantial' share of the estate"), Harley and Wells Fargo contend that

this court crafted a hybrid remedy based on the common law and the CPAA. Under the

doctrine of law of the case, they argue, this court should not revisit that determination.

Harley also contends that such a remedy is correct on its merits.

                   II. The Meaning of Sefton I's Directions on Remand

       The meaning of this court's opinion in Sefton I presents a question of law, which

we consider de novo. (See Topanga and Victory Partners v. Toghia (2002) 103
Cal. App. 4th 775, 779-780.) In Sefton I, we stated, "We conclude that because Thomas[]

Jr.'s claim is based upon the common law rule enunciated in [Sloan], we shall remand this

case for a determination of what constitutes a 'substantial' share of the estate." (Sefton I,

supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 895.) The probate court correctly noted that this direction

was "somewhat confusing." As we will explain, the remedy that follows from the

application of the common law and Sloan is incompatible with our direction to the

probate court to determine a "substantial" share. Our direction to the probate court on

remand in Sefton I was therefore ambiguous.

       We begin with Sloan, the closest California authority to this dispute and the

subject of extensive discussion in Sefton I. Sloan considered a power of appointment

                                              12
created by a donor in favor of his son. "The will . . . provided that if . . . the said son

should die under the age of 30 years . . . [¶] 'said trust fund and any real estate then held

by said trustee for this trust shall go to, belong to, vest in and be distributed by a court of

competent jurisdiction to the heirs of said [son] as per his last will and testament.' "

(Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at p. 321, italics added.) In his will, the son exercised the

power of appointment in favor of a maternal aunt, whom he designated to receive the

entire trust estate. (Ibid.) In doing so, the son's will excluded two paternal aunts who

were also the son's heirs. (Id. at p. 322.) The two excluded aunts challenged the

distribution of the trust estate to the maternal aunt designated by the son. (Ibid.)

       Like Sefton I, Sloan was primarily concerned with the nature of powers of

appointment in California. Because a statute on powers of appointment had been enacted

in California and later repealed, the two excluded aunts argued "that in the state of

California powers of appointment are of no validity . . . ." (Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at

p. 322.) After a lengthy discussion, Sloan rejected this argument, concluding that the

effect of the repeal was to reinstate the common law governing powers of appointment:

"[T]he repeal of the statute by which the preexisting common-law right to make a power

of appointment was declared had no effect upon such right other than to work a revival of

it, or one might say, a restoration of its natural parentage . . . ." (Id. at p. 332.)

       To interpret the effect of the power of appointment at issue, Sloan looked to the

common law. (Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at p. 332 ["[I]t is manifest that the whole

question is solved whenever it is determined what the common-law rule is."]; id. at p.

339.) The son "left a purported will by the terms of which he appointed one of his heirs

                                                13
as the person to whom such trust fund 'shall go to, belong to, vest in', etc. He left other

'heirs' who, by his failure to provide for them in his will, were effectually excluded or

omitted from any appointment under the power of which he was the donee." (Id. at p.

339.) Sloan determined that, under the common law, the son's appointment was invalid

because the son excluded members of the class (the son's "heirs") designated as

permissive appointees by the donor: "In such circumstances, the law is fairly well

established that in the absence of controlling statute to the contrary, in exercising the

power of appointment, no member of a class designated by the donor of the power may

be completely excluded by the donee of the power from at least a substantial participation

in the distribution of the trust fund or estate." (Id. at p. 340.) Sloan further explained, "

'At common law if the donor of a power of appointment by will has, in the instrument

creating the power, designated a class of persons among whom the subject of the power is

to be appointed, the provisions of a will which excludes any of the class will not be a

valid execution of the power. ' " (Ibid.) After reviewing several secondary sources and

out-of-state authorities, Sloan concluded that the power of appointment conferred on the

son was nonexclusive. (Id. at p. 341.) Because the son's will excluded two of his heirs

from any distribution from the trust estate, the son's power of appointment was "invalidly

exercised" under common law. (Ibid.)

       Sloan therefore reversed the trial court's judgment, which had directed distribution

of the trust estate in accordance with the son's will. (Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at pp.

322, 342.) The case was remanded with instructions to identify those persons "who, in

accordance with the decision herein, are entitled to distribution of the estate as heirs of

                                              14
the donee of the power" and to order distribution of the trust estate to those heirs, or their

representatives, "in accordance with their respective rights as such heirs." (Id. at p. 342.)

Sloan did not seek to preserve the son's appointment, in whole or in part, and did not

contemplate awarding a "substantial" share to any of the omitted heirs.

       The decision in Sloan appears consistent with the traditional common law

understanding of powers of appointment. "According to the English equity

rule . . . where a power was given to appoint property among designated persons, in

shares to be determined by the donee of the power, but without authority given to exclude

any of such persons from the distribution, it was presumed to be the intention of the

donor that, in the exercise of the power, each object, if he had not otherwise been

provided for within the meaning of the rule, was entitled to a real and substantial, not a

merely nominal, portion of the property; and it was held that if, considering the

circumstances of the particular case as well as proportions and figures, the share given to

any one of the objects was so small as not to be in accordance with such presumed

intention, it was to be deemed merely illusory, so as to render the attempted exercise of

the power wholly invalid." (Annot., Nonexclusive Powers and Illusory Appointments

(1936) 100 A.L.R. 343, § 1 (Nonexclusive Powers).) Similarly, under Sloan, powers of

appointment were presumed to be nonexclusive. (Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at pp. 340-

341.) If each permissible appointee did not receive at least a substantial distribution from

the appointive property, the power of appointment was "invalidly exercised" and the

attempted appointment failed. (Ibid.) This situation is commonly described as a "default

                                              15
of appointment." (See, e.g., Estate of Thorndike (1979) 90 Cal. App. 3d 468, 480

(Thorndike).)

      At common law, the remedy for such an invalid exercise of the power of

appointment was to disregard the donee's attempted appointment and distribute the

property according to the donor's testamentary scheme, if any. (3 Powell on Real

Property (2013) § 33.17[3]; see Estate of Baird (1955) 135 Cal. App. 2d 333, 339.) A

number of common law cases apply this rule.5 (See, e.g., Burleigh v. Pearson (1749) 27

Eng.Rep. 1032, 1032-1033; Pocklington v. Bayne (1785) 28 Eng.Rep. 1234; Vanderzee v.

Aclom (1799) 31 Eng.Rep. 399, 400, 406; Lippincott v. Ridgway (1854) 10 N.J.Eq. 164,

171; Inglis v. McCook (N.J.Ct.Ch. 1904) 59 A. 630, 636-637; Cameron v. Crowley

(N.J.Ct.Ch. 1907) 65 A. 875, 877; Beattie v. Adams (N.J.Ct.Ch. 1938) 198 A. 201, 203;

Hopkins v. Dimock (N.J.Ct.Ch. 1946) 48 A.2d 204, 206; Hedges v. Russell (N.J.Super.Ct.

1948) 61 A.2d 910, 912-913.)

5       Modern trends in the common law outside of California appear to contradict some
of the principles approved in Sloan. The Restatement of Property, for example, discarded
the traditional presumption of nonexclusivity in favor of various alternative rules. (See
Rest., Property (1940) § 360; Rest.2d Property, Donative Transfers (1986) § 21.1;
Rest.3d Property, Wills & Donative Transfers (Tent. Draft No. 5, Mar. 27, 2006) § 17.5.)
Sloan, however, states the common law that governs this dispute, and its adoption of the
traditional common law governing powers of appointment is clear. (See Sefton I, supra,
206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 882-883, 888-889; Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at pp. 340-341.)
We note that many of the modern trends in the common law are embodied in the CPAA,
including its rejection of the traditional nonexclusivity presumption. (§ 652; see fn. 10,
post.) England, too, has by statutory enactment modified a number of the traditional
common law rules governing powers of appointment. (See, e.g., Nonexclusive Powers,
supra, 100 A.L.R. 343, § 3.)
                                           16
       As part of his or her testamentary scheme, the donor may specify the persons who

will take property in default of appointment. (See Thorndike, supra, 90 Cal.App.3d at p.

480.) They are termed "takers in default of appointment." (Id. at p. 477.) This situation

is illustrated in the original Restatement of Property. The illustration posits, "A by will

transfers a fund of $100,000 in trust for B for life and then in trust 'for all and every the

children of B in such shares and proportions as B shall by will appoint, and in default of

appointment for the children of B equally.' B has three children, all of whom survive

him." (Rest., Property (1940) § 361, illus. 1.) "B appoints the whole fund to two of the

three children. The appointment is void and the fund passes equally to the three children

in default of appointment." (Ibid.)

       The remedy in Sloan appears consistent with this traditional common law remedy.

Sloan did not preserve the appointment set forth in the son's will. Instead, Sloan

remanded the case for "a determination by it of the names of the persons who . . . are

entitled to distribution as heirs of the donee of the power" and for distribution in

accordance with their rights as such heirs, i.e., intestate succession. (Sloan, supra, 7

Cal.App.2d at p. 342.) Normally, as we have noted, the appointive property would pass

through the donor's testamentary scheme if the attempted appointment by the donee is

invalid. Sloan, by referring to the heirs of the donee, i.e., the son, appears to have

interpreted the donor's will as expressing the intention that the appointive property go to

the donee's heirs even in default of appointment.

       The parties have cited no common law authority in which an excluded appointee

was given a "substantial" share as the remedy for his or her exclusion. As we have noted,

                                              17
the "substantial" share is used to determine whether a permissible appointee has received

a non-illusory share of appointive property. (Nonexclusive Powers, supra, 100 A.L.R.
343, § 1; see Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at p. 340.) At common law, the concept of the

"substantial" share was irrelevant once it was determined that a permissible appointee had

not received a "substantial" share (and had thus been excluded). Therefore, our direction

to the probate court in Sefton I, which combined the concept of common law remedies

and Sloan with the direction to the probate court to determine Thomas Jr.'s "substantial"

share was ambiguous. Although the parties cite various other portions of Sefton I in their

attempts to interpret our direction conclusively, none of these portions are dispositive.

To resolve this ambiguity, we now turn to the remedy due Thomas Jr. under the facts of

this case.6

6      Harley and Wells Fargo contend that the doctrine of law of the case prevents this
court from examining Thomas Jr.'s remedy in this appeal. " 'The doctrine of "law of the
case" deals with the effect of the first appellate decision on the subsequent retrial or
appeal. The decision of an appellate court, stating a rule of law necessary to the decision
of the case, conclusively establishes that rule and makes it determinative of the rights of
the same parties in any subsequent retrial or appeal in the same case.' " (Morohoshi v.
Pacific Home (2004) 34 Cal. 4th 482, 491.) We decline to apply the doctrine here,
however, because Sefton I did not "stat[e] a rule of law necessary to the decision of the
case." (See ibid.) As we have explained, the meaning of our direction to the probate
court on remand was ambiguous; there is no rule of law for us to apply in this subsequent
appeal. (See Feig v. Bank of America etc. Assn. (1936) 5 Cal. 2d 266, 272.) Moreover,
even if the doctrine applied to enforce the remedy of a " 'substantial' share," we would
decline to adhere to Sefton I on this point because to do so would be manifestly unjust.
On this point, assuming that Sefton I intended the remedy of a " 'substantial' share," it was
"a manifest misapplication of existing principles resulting in substantial injustice" for
reasons we will explain post. (Morohoshi v. Pacific Home, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 491-
492.) The " 'substantial' share" remedy does not appear to have been applied in any
reported case in California or elsewhere, and it contradicts hundreds of years of common
law rulings, including Sloan. It results in the extinguishment of Thomas Jr.'s vested
                                             18
                                 III. Thomas Jr.'s Remedy

       The issue of Thomas Jr.'s remedy presents questions of law, which we review de

novo. (See Topanga and Victory Partners v. Toghia, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at pp. 779-

780.) Because we conclude that the " 'substantial' share" remedy is unsupported by the

law, we need not decide the proper standard of review for the trial court's determination

regarding the proportion of the appointive property that would constitute a such a share.

       Except as modified by statute, the common law continues to govern powers of

appointment in California. (§ 600.) Under the common law, as we have explained, a

donee of a nonexclusive power of appointment may not exclude a permissible appointee

from at least a substantial share of the appointive property. (Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d

at p. 340.) A donee whose appointment excludes a permissible appointee has "invalidly

exercised" his nonexclusive power of appointment, thereby rendering it void. (Id. at p.

341; Rest., Property (1940) § 361, illus. 1.) The appointive property passes according to

the donor's testamentary scheme, without regard for the donee's attempted appointment.

(See Sloan, supra, at p. 340; Rest., Property, supra, § 3651, illus. 1.) Here, under

common law, Father's attempted appointment, which excluded Thomas Jr., was invalid

and void.7 The appointive property therefore passes according to Grandfather's

rights as a taker in default in Grandfather's will and his loss of some $18 million from the
Trust estate. To adhere to such a remedy—after the error has been shown to this court—
would offend principles of substantial justice.

7      On appeal, as in the probate court, Harley contends the $25,000 distribution that
Father awarded Thomas Jr. from his own assets remedies Thomas Jr.'s exclusion from
any distribution from Grandfather's Trust. We reject this argument, as did the probate
                                             19
testamentary scheme, which provided that in default of appointment the appointive

property should pass to Father's then living issue, on the principle of representation.

Under common law, therefore, Thomas Jr. is entitled to one-third of the Trust estate as a

taker in default of appointment.

       Under the circumstances of this case, the CPAA appears to support this common

law remedy. Section 672, subdivision (a), provides as follows: "[I]f the donee of a

discretionary power of appointment fails to appoint the property, releases the entire

power, or makes an ineffective appointment, in whole or in part, the appointive property

not effectively appointed passes to the person named by the donor as taker in default or,

if there is none, reverts to the donor."8 The comments of the Law Revision Commission

confirm that section 672 continues the common law governing dispositions in default of

appointment: "Section 672 states the rules determining to whom property passes that has

not been effectively appointed. Subdivision (a) states the accepted common law rule.

See Restatement of Property § 365(1) (1940); see also Restatement (Second) of Property

court. Even if an award of other assets could remedy Thomas Jr.'s exclusion under
California common law (see Kemp v. Kemp (1801) 31 Eng.Rep. 891, 897 [recognizing
this principle but nonetheless finding donee's exercise of a nonexclusionary power of
appointment void because one permissible appointee received only an illusory share]),
Father's award was too small under the facts and circumstances of this case to be
effective. We note the probate court found a "substantial" share of Grandfather's Trust to
be $565,350, not $25,000.

8      Section 672, subdivision (b), states an exception to this rule in cases of a general
power of appointment. "A power of appointment is 'general' only to the extent that it is
exercisable in favor of the donee, the donee's estate, the donee's creditors, or creditors of
the donee's estate, whether or not it is exercisable in favor of others." (§ 611, subd. (a).)
The power of appointment at issue here is special, not general. (See § 611, subd. (d).)
                                              20
(Donative Transfers) §§ 23.1, 23.2 (1986). It also accords with the established rule in

California. Estate of Baird, 120 Cal. App. 2d 219, 260 P.2d 1052 (1953); Estate of Baird,

135 Cal. App. 2d 333, 287 P.2d 365 (1955) (later decision in same case on different point).

Under this section, the property passes directly from the donor to the ultimate takers."

(Cal. Law Revision Com. com., 52 West's Ann. Prob. Code (2002 ed.) foll. § 672, p.

368.) We therefore need not resolve any conflict between the common law and the

CPAA on this point.

       Relying on language in section 672, subdivision (a), referring to "the appointive

property not effectively appointed," Harley argues that application of section 672 here

"only begs the question, what part of the appointment in this case is ineffective?" Under

the circumstances of this case, in which the scope of Father's power to appoint is

governed by common law (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 887), the answer must

be that Father's appointment, if not wholly ineffective, is at least ineffective to the extent

it deprives Thomas Jr. of the appointive property that would pass to him under the

common law through the takers in default provision of Grandfather's will. Only Thomas

Jr. challenges the distribution of the Trust estate, so we need not decide the question of

ineffectiveness any more broadly.

       Harley also contends that, under the common law, the remedy due an excluded

permissible appointee was not always invalidation of the entire appointment. The

situation Harley discusses, however, concerns excluded permissible appointees who

subsequently receive appointive property through a takers in default provision and thus

cannot be said to have been completely excluded. (See Howe, Exclusive and

                                              21
Nonexclusive Powers and the Illusory Appointment (1944) 42 Mich.L.Rev. 649, 662

(Howe).) As the law review article cited by Harley explains, "It is possible that the

exercise will be made in favor of a stranger and some of the objects. In this case the

exercise in favor of the stranger is void, but the court may hold that the other part of the

appointment is valid. If this is true the share that was improperly given will pass to the

other objects, assuming they are takers in default, and thus satisfy the condition that all

are to share in the appointment." (Ibid.) Here, there is no stranger (i.e., an impermissible

appointee) whose appointment may be voided without affecting the appointment to the

permissible appointees. Even assuming the principle articulated in the article cited by

Harley were a correct statement of the common law adopted in California, Father's

appointment cannot be saved through partial invalidation in this way.9

       Harley points out that the CPAA appears to have adopted a similar partial

invalidation principle in section 670: "An exercise of a power of appointment is not void

solely because it is more extensive than authorized by the power, but is valid to the extent

that the exercise was permissible under the terms of the power." The comments of the

Law Revision Commission explain, "Section 670 makes clear that, when a power is

exercised partly in favor of an unauthorized person, the exercise is valid to the extent that

it is permissible under the terms of the power. . . . [¶] Section 670 also covers other types

9      We note that the article adopts the general common law rule rendering void an
appointment that attempts to exclude a permissible appointee: "It is seldom questioned
that an exercise of a nonexclusive power is void in any case where one of the objects does
not receive a share of the property." (Howe, supra, 42 Mich.L.Rev. at p. 667, italics
added.)
                                             22
of nonpermissible exercises of the power. For example, if the donor of a power specifies

that the donee is to appoint 20 percent or less of the corpus of a trust to each of six

permissible appointees and the donee appoints 25 percent to one of the permissible

appointees, this section permits the appointee to receive 20 percent of the assets. Thus,

an appointment of an excess amount will not invalidate the appointment, but will instead

be deemed to be an appointment of the maximum amount." (Cal. Law Revision Com.

com., 52 West's Ann. Prob. Code, supra, foll. § 670, p. 366.) Here, again, Father did not

appoint an unauthorized or impermissible person. Nor did he exceed a specified

maximum appointment in Grandfather's will. Father did not "solely" exercise his power

in a manner "more extensive than authorized by the power." (§ 670.) Instead, the flaw in

Father's appointment was that he failed to appoint any property to a permissible

appointee, which was inconsistent with the power conferred on him by Grandfather under

the common law. Section 670 does not apply in this situation.10

10     Harley also cites the Restatement Second of Property, Donative Transfers (1986)
§ 21.2, comment g, which provides as follows: "If the donee of a non-exclusive power
exercises the power in a manner that excludes an object from receiving a specified share
of the appointive assets, the appointment is ineffective to the extent necessary to
eliminate such exclusion, and the balance of the appointment is effective." However, like
the CPAA, the Restatement Second of Property contemplates that a power of
appointment is exclusive "unless the donor specifies the share of appointive assets from
which an object may not be excluded." (Rest.2d Property, Donative Transfers (1986)
§ 21.1; see § 652.) Because the donor has specified a minimum share, the remedy for the
excluded appointee is to seek that minimum share. (Rest.2d Property, Donative
Transfers, supra, § 21.2, cmt. g.) The assumptions underlying this analysis, and its
conclusion, run directly counter to pre-CPAA common law as adopted in California.
(See Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 889; Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at p. 341.)
These sections of the Restatement Second of Property may have relevance to powers of
appointment governed entirely by the CPAA, including the remedies due under sections
                                              23
       Harley also argues that the " 'substantial' share" remedy applied by the probate

court is correct because it preserves Father's attempted appointment, to the extent

possible, and is more consistent with Grandfather's expressed intent. As Sefton I

recognized, " ' " '[t]he paramount rule in the construction of wills, to which all other rules

must yield, is that a will is to be construed according to the intention of the testator as

expressed therein, and this intention must be given effect as far as possible.' " ' " (Sefton

I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 884.) "[I]n divining that intent, a testator is presumed to

be aware of the applicable law at the time a will is executed and to intend that law to

govern construction of the will." (Id. at p. 885.) Consistent with these rules, Sefton I

interpreted Grandfather's will as conferring a nonexclusive power of appointment on

Father governed by common law, with the intent that each of the named permissible

appointees receive a share of the appointive property. (Id. at pp. 886-887.) It follows

that Grandfather intended the common law rule of Sloan to govern his will, including its

confirmation of the longstanding principle that an exclusionary appointment by the donee

of a nonexclusive power of appointment would render such an appointment invalid.

(Sefton, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 886-887; Sloan, supra, 7 Cal.App.2d at p. 341.) In

fact, Grandfather anticipated such a situation by including a clause in his will specifying

the disposition of his Trust estate "in default of appointment." The fact that Grandfather

could not have known the CPAA would be enacted, as Harley points out, only

underscores Grandfather's presumed intent that the common law apply to his will. Under

670 and 672. They are unpersuasive under the circumstances here, where the scope of
Father's power of appointment is governed by the common law. (See Sefton I, supra, 206
Cal.App.4th at p. 887.)
                                              24
the common law, as we have explained, Father's attempted appointment has no effect,

regardless of the clarity of Father's expressed intent.

       As in Sefton I, constitutional concerns guide our interpretation of the common law

and the CPAA as applied to these circumstances. "[A]ny rights a donee has in a will or

trust vest at the time of the death of the donor, and subsequent legislation cannot impair

such rights." (Sefton I, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 889; see id. at pp. 891-892.) This

principle applies equally to Thomas Jr.'s rights as a taker in default. (Sefton I, supra, at p.

889; see also Civ. Code, § 781 ["A general or special power of appointment does not

prevent the vesting of a future estate limited to take effect in case such power is not

executed."]; Rest.2d Property: Donative Transfers (1986) § 24.2, cmt. g, illus. 11

["[W]hen the takers in default are specified by the donor and the donor imposes no

conditions to their taking, the interest of each taker in default is vested subject only to

divestiture by the exercise of the power."].) Harley's claim that constitutional concerns

attach only to Thomas Jr.'s "indefeasibly" vested rights is unsupported by any relevant

authority, and it is unpersuasive.

       As we recognized in Sefton I, Thomas Jr.'s claim is "based on the common law

rule enunciated in [Sloan]." Neither Sloan, nor any common law authority, authorizes the

award of a " 'substantial' share" to Thomas Jr. as the remedy for Father's invalid

exclusion. To the extent Sefton I is read to authorize such a remedy, such an

interpretation is incorrect. The remedy in Sloan, as at common law, requires that Father's

attempted exclusion of Thomas Jr. be set aside as invalid. Thomas Jr. should be awarded

a one-third share of the appointive property as a taker in default under Grandfather's

                                              25
will.11 As Thomas Jr. and Wells Fargo urge (and Harley does not contest), this share

should be paid by the Harley Family Trust rather than the Laurie Family Trust. The

parties have not briefed, and we need not decide, the logistics of the payment.

                                       DISPOSITION

       The judgment is reversed. The matter is remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. In the interests of justice, each party shall bear its own costs

on appeal.

                                                                                  NARES, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

McINTYRE, J.

11      At oral argument, and without briefing the issue, Wells Fargo claimed that the
pleadings filed by Thomas Jr. in the probate court do not support this remedy. Wells
Fargo further claimed, based in part on this alleged deficiency, that it should be entitled
to recover its costs and attorney's fees for defending against Thomas Jr.'s action. Because
Wells Fargo did not include these issues in its briefing, and raised them for the first time
at oral argument, we decline to consider their merits. (Palp, Inc. v. Williamsburg
National Insurance Co. (2011) 200 Cal. App. 4th 282, 291, fn. 2 [" 'We do not consider
arguments that are raised for the first time at oral argument.' "].) In light of our
disposition of this case, we also need not decide whether the probate court exceeded its
equitable powers over trust administration by ordering the " 'substantial' share" remedy,
as Thomas Jr. asserts.
                                             26