Court Opinion

ID: 9522131
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 02:18:19.660996+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:02:19.559014
License: Public Domain

Burgess, J.
¶ 1. Shenandoah, LLC, David Shlansky, Ting Chang, and other entities and individuals appeal from the Environmental Court’s summary judgment decision upholding an Act 250 jurisdictional opinion. They challenge the court’s attribution of certain development and subdivision activities to Shlansky and Chang. Appellants also argue that “person-based jurisdiction” under .Act *151250 violates the Vermont Constitution. Appellants failed to preserve their constitutional argument, and we do not address it. We affirm the court’s jurisdictional opinion.
¶ 2. Appellants have a variety of overlapping interests. Shlansky averred below that in 2000 he created an irrevocable trust (Trust) to benefit his and his wife Chang’s children. Chang is the trustee of the Trust. Shlansky, as settlor of the Trust, contributed the property that is the subject of the underlying jurisdictional opinion. Appellants did not disclose the purpose for which the Trust was established, and the Environmental Court presumed that Shlansky conveyed real estate to the Trust to benefit the minor children and for general estate planning purposes. As of June 2009, the Trust had two beneficiaries: Asa Shlansky, age nine, and Beatrice Shlansky, age seven.
¶ 3. The Trust has an ownership stake in various companies that have engaged in land-development activities in the relevant jurisdictional area. The Trust and Pedro Zevallos own Shenandoah, LLC, Ferrisburgh Realty Investors (FRI), and Bluefield, LLC. The Trust also owns Witherbee, LLC. Shlansky owns Mahaiwe, LLC.2 The court found that FRI had created a twenty-one-lot planned residential development in September 2008. Bluefield created a two-lot subdivision in 2007. Witherbee constructed five housing units in March 2007, and Mahaiwe constructed four housing units in November 2005.
¶ 4. Shenandoah now seeks to build a ten-unit residential housing project known as the Shade Roller Planned Unit Development (Shade Roller PUD) in Vergennes. In August 2008, Zevallos, as Vice President of Shenandoah, requested a jurisdictional opinion to determine if the project required an Act 250 permit. See 10 V.S.A. § 6007(c). He also asked for clarification of “[t]he current total subdivision and housing unit counts for the owners and manager of Shenandoah, LLC, for Act 250 jurisdictional purposes” and “[w]hat the total housing unit counts for the owners and manager of Shenandoah, LLC, will be as a result of the Shade Roller [PUD].” This information is relevant to determining when the various parties will need to obtain Act 250 *152permits for purposes of future subdivisions and development. See id. § 6001(3)(A)(iv), (19).
¶ 5. In a September 2008 decision, the district coordinator found that the project required an Act 250 permit because it involved the construction of a housing project with ten or more units. See id. § 6001(3)(A)(iv) (defining “development” under Act 250 to include the “construction of housing projects . . . with 10 or more units”). The district coordinator also attributed a certain amount of subdivision lots and housing units for purposes of Act 250 jurisdiction to FRI, Bluefield, Shenandoah, Shlansky, Chang, the Shlansky children, and Zevallos, based on their relationships with one another. Additional housing units were attributed to Shlansky and Chang based on Shlansky’s control of Mahaiwe.
¶ 6. Appellants appealed portions of this decision to the Environmental Court. They submitted a statement of questions, and later filed a memorandum of law. The court construed this latter document as a motion for summary judgment, and in a September 2009 order, it upheld the district coordinator’s jurisdictional opinion. As explained in greater detail below, it concluded that Shlansky and Chang benefit from the Trust’s land-development activities, and thus, the Trust’s development activities were attributable to them personally. Appellants challenge this conclusion on appeal. As support for their position, they point to the affidavits filed by Shlansky and Chang, and “the legal existence of the Trust, which is irrevocable.”
¶ 7. We begin with the statutory and regulatory requirements at issue. Generally speaking, an Act 250 permit is required before a “person” can sell any interest in a subdivision, commence construction on a subdivision or development, or commence development. 10 V.S.A. § 6081(a); see id. § 6001(14) (defining “person”). As relevant here, the term “subdivision” means “a tract or tracts of land, owned or controlled by a person, which the person has partitioned or divided for the purpose of resale into 10 or more lots within a radius of five miles of any point on any lot, or within the jurisdictional area of the same district commission, within any continuous period of five years.” Id. § 6001(19). For purposes of a “subdivision,” the term “person”:
(i) shall mean an individual, partnership, corporation, association, unincorporated organization, trust or other *153legal or commercial entity, including a joint venture or affiliated ownership;
(iii) includes individuals and entities affiliated with each other for profit, consideration, or any other beneficial interest derived from the partition or division of land; [and]
(iv) includes an individual’s parents and children, natural and adoptive, and spouse, unless the individual establishes that he or she will derive no profit or consideration, or acquire any other beneficial interest from the partition or division of land by the parent, child or spouse.
Id. § 6001(14)(A).
¶ 8. We held in In re Spencer that this statutory language was “intended to broaden the definition of a ‘person’ owning or controlling land to include those who may not be mentioned specifically in the conveyance, but who may nevertheless derive some benefit from partition or division of the land.” 152 Vt. 330, 339, 566 A.2d 959, 964 (1989). We found this interpretation consistent with the Legislature’s express finding that “ ‘to ensure appropriate Act 250 review, it is necessary to treat persons with an affiliation for profit, consideration, or some other beneficial interest derived from the partition or division of land as a single person for the purpose of determining whether a particular conveyance is subject to Act 250 jurisdiction.’ ” Id. (quoting 1987, No. 64, § 1).
¶ 9. Relying on Spencer, and the plain language of the statute, the Environmental Court found that all prior subdivisions attributable to Zevallos and the Trust were also attributable to Shenandoah because.they were “individuals and entities affiliated with each other for profit.” 10 V.S.A. § 6001(14)(A)(iii). Zevallos and the Trust also owned Bluefield and FRI, making these four parties “individuals and entities affiliated with each other for profit.” Id. Therefore, the court attributed twenty-one lots that FRI had created in 2008 and lots created by Bluefield in 2007 to Zevallos, the Trust, and Shenandoah, for purposes of Act 250.
¶ 10. The court also considered how many subdivided lots should be attributed to the individual appellants for purposes of *154Act 250. It explained that FRI was owned in part by the Trust. The Trust would accrue profits from FRI’s activities, which would in turn benefit the Shlansky children. Because the definition of “person” specifically included “an individual’s parents” and because the Shlansky children would receive or had received a beneficial interest from the Bluefield and FRI subdivisions, the court found that Shlansky and Chang also met the definition of “person” in 10 V.S.A. § 6001(14)(A)(iv). Thus, it found that the FRI and Bluefield subdivisions were attributable to Shlansky and Chang as well.
¶ 11. The court found that appellants proffered no specific evidence to refute the presumption that the term “person” included Shlansky and Chang as parents of the Trust’s beneficiaries. To the contrary, it found that the evidence supported the statutory presumption. Shlansky had contributed to the Trust the property that was the subject of the subdivision and development at issue. As the parents of the sole beneficiaries, both of whom were minors, the Trust’s land development activities would provide financial support and benefit to children whom Shlansky and Chang had a parental obligation to support. Thus, to the extent that the Trust provided funds for the education and care of the minor children, the court concluded that Shlansky and Chang received the collateral benefit of having their minor children provided for by the Trust.
¶ 12. The court reached a similar conclusion with respect to the number of housing units attributable to Shlansky and Chang for purposes of future “development.” The term “development” is defined in 10 V.S.A. § 6001(3)(A)(iv) as:
The construction of housing projects such as cooperatives, condominiums, or dwellings, or construction or maintenance of mobile homes or trailer parks, with 10 or more units, constructed or maintained on a tract or tracts of land, owned or controlled by a person, within a radius of five miles of any point on involved land, and within any continuous period of five years.
For purposes of “development,” Act 250 Rule 2(C)(1)(a) defines “person” as:
an individual, partnership, corporation, association, unincorporated organization, trust or other legal or commer*155cial entity, including a joint venture or affiliated ownership; a municipality or state agency; and, individuals and entities affiliated with each other for profit, consideration, or any other beneficial interest derived from the “development” of land.
6 Code of Yt. Rules 12 004 060-2, available at http://www. michie.com/vermont [hereinafter Act 250 Rule]. Unlike the definition of “person” for purposes of “subdivisions,” this definition does not presumptively include “an individual’s parents and children, natural and adoptive, and spouse.” 10 V.S.A. § 6001(14)(A)(iv).
¶ 13. The Environmental Court concluded that Shenandoah’s housing units, once built, would be attributable to Shenandoah, Zevallos, the Trust, and the Shlansky children. It also found these units attributable to Shlansky and Chang based on its finding that to the extent that the minor children benefitted from the Trust’s development activities, Shlansky and Chang benefitted as well. It reiterated that the profits accumulated by the Trust would provide for the Shlansky children, which would thereby diminish the parents’ burden to provide for their minor children. The court noted the absence of any evidence to indicate that Shlansky and Chang would not benefit from the Trust’s providing for their minor children. The court also attributed Witherbee’s housing units to the Trust, Shlansky, Chang, and the Shlansky children. Additional housing units were attributed to Shlansky based on his ownership, management, and control of Mahaiwe.
¶ 14. The court’s conclusions are compelled by the record. Appellants proffered that the Trust was established by Shlansky for the benefit of his and his wife’s children and that the child beneficiaries were minors at the time of permit application and remain so now. The Trust’s subdivision and development activities are, therefore, for the benefit of the children. The parents are financially responsible for their minor children so that, absent any evidence or argument to the contrary, any financial benefit to the children inures to the benefit of the parents.
¶ 15. As the Environmental Court concluded, that benefit to the parents renders them “persons” affiliated with subdivisions and development previously undertaken by entities owned or affiliated with the Trust as defined by Act 250. 10 V.S.A. § 6001(14)(A)(iii) (pertaining to subdivisions); Act 250 Rule 2(C)(1)(a) (pertaining to *156development). In turn, such prior real estate involvement triggers Act 250 review jurisdiction, as the Environmental Court also determined. Under the first definition of “person,” it is explicitly up to the parents to prove otherwise. See 10 V.S.A. § 6001(14)(A)(iv) (presuming to include the parents as “persons,” “unless the individual establishes that he or she will derive no profit or . . . acquire any other beneficial interest from the partition or division of land by the . . . child”). While Act 250 Rule 2(C)(1)(a) does not contain the same explicit presumption, the effect is identical. The Environmental Court correctly concluded that, since Rule 2(C)(1)(a) includes as a person “any other beneficial interest derived from the development of land,” the rule’s definition encompasses a trust for one’s minor children, absent evidence to the contrary. This is because any financial benefit to the minor children constitutes a financial advantage to the parents ordinarily responsible for their support.
¶ 16. As they did below, appellants seek to counter such a presumed benefit not with evidence to rebut the presumption, but by positing only that the Trust is irrevocable. There was neither evidence nor suggestion that the Trust’s acknowledged benefit for the children was beyond the practical enjoyment of the parents or was somehow delayed, withheld, or unavailable to the children at the time of the land use proposed by the Trust and its subsidiaries. As explained by the trial court, the mere fact that the Trust for the minor children is irrevocable does not alter its beneficial impact on the parent.
¶ 17. Appellants’ reliance on their affidavits is equally misplaced. Obviously, the Environmental Court was not bound by the bald assertions contained in these documents. Appellants provided no information to the court, and no actual documentation to support their conclusory statements that they had no “control” over the Trust’s activities and derived no “benefit” from the Trust’s land development activities. It is well-established that “ultimate or conclusory facts and conclusions of law . . . cannot be utilized on a summary-judgment motion.” 10B C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2738, at 346-56 (3d ed. 1998); see also Lussier v. Truax, 161 Vt. 611, 612, 643 A.2d 843, 844 (1993) (mem.) (reaching similar conclusion). The evidence provided by appellants supports the Environmental Court’s findings, and the court’s findings necessitate its conclusions. We therefore affirm its decision.
*157¶ 18. Finally, we do not address appellants’ constitutional challenge, which they raise for the first time on appeal. See V.R.E.C.P. 5(k)(4) (“An objection that was not raised before the Environmental Court may not be considered by the Supreme Court, unless the failure or neglect to raise that objection is excused by the Supreme Court because of extraordinary circumstances.”); Bull v. Pinkham Eng’g Assocs., 170 Vt. 450, 459, 752 A.2d 26, 33 (2000) (“Contentions not raised or fairly presented to the trial court are not preserved for appeal.”). There are no extraordinary circumstances that excuse appellants’ failure to raise this argument below. By rule, appellants are limited to those issues identified in their statement of questions filed with the Environmental Court. V.R.E.C.P. 5(f). They did not raise a constitutional challenge in this document, and they are precluded from doing so now.

Affirmed.

 Appellants did not submit any actual trust documents to support these representations or any other materials identifying corporate structure and responsibilities of the business entities involved in this case. Instead, they relied on affidavits from Shlansky and Chang, and thus, the recited information is based solely on the affiants’ representations.