Court Opinion

ID: 4164944
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-01 17:18:01.545322+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:03.637333
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                               November 2, 2016 Session

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JAMES HAWKINS

                Automatic appeal from the Court of Criminal Appeals
                        Criminal Court for Shelby County
                      No. 0806057         Chris Craft, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                 No. W2012-00412-SC-DDT-DD – Filed May 1, 2017
                      ___________________________________

A jury convicted the defendant of the premeditated first degree murder of his girlfriend,
who was the mother of his three children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2014).
The jury also found the defendant guilty of initiating a false report concerning her
disappearance and of abuse of her corpse, based on his sawing off her head, hands, and
feet and throwing the remainder of her body over a bridge in Mississippi. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-16-502 (2014); id. § 39-17-312(a). At the conclusion of a separate
sentencing hearing on the first degree murder conviction, the jury imposed the death
sentence, finding that the prosecution had proven two statutory aggravating
circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt, id. § 39-13-204(i)(2), (13), and had established
that these aggravating circumstances outweighed mitigating circumstances beyond a
reasonable doubt, id. § 39-13-204(g). For the remaining convictions, the trial court
imposed consecutive sentences of twelve and six years, respectively, and ordered these
sentences served consecutively to the death penalty. The defendant appealed, raising
numerous issues, and the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed his convictions and
sentences. State v. Hawkins, W2012-00412-CCA-R3-DD, 2015 WL 5169157 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Aug. 28, 2015). The case was thereafter automatically docketed in this Court
for review, as required by statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-206(a)(1), (c)(1). We hold
that: (1) the defendant‘s sentence of death was not imposed in an arbitrary fashion; (2)
the evidence supports the jury‘s findings that the aggravating circumstances were proven
beyond a reasonable doubt and that these aggravating circumstances outweighed
mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt; and (3) the sentence of death is
neither excessive nor disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases,
considering both the nature of the crime and the defendant. We also hold that: (1)
admission of the defendant‘s statements was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the
trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to allow the defendant to enter guilty
pleas to the noncapital offenses pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b)
at the beginning of trial, after the jury had been sworn; (3) the trial court did not err by
admitting testimony about the victim‘s threats to call the police about the defendant‘s
conduct as this testimony was non-hearsay; (4) the trial court did not err by admitting the
victim‘s application for an order of protection against the defendant, pursuant to the
forfeiture by wrongdoing exception to the hearsay rule; (5) the trial court did not violate
Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) by permitting the defendant‘s children to testify
about his acts of violence and sexual abuse because this testimony was offered to prove
motive and premeditation; and (6) any error in the prosecutorial rebuttal argument was
not so improper or inflammatory as to prejudice the defendant. Accordingly, we affirm
the judgments of the Court of Criminal Appeals and the trial court upholding the
defendant‘s convictions and sentences. With respect to issues not specifically addressed
herein, we affirm the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals and include relevant
portions of the intermediate appellate court‘s decision in the appendix to this opinion.

                 Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-206(a)(1); Judgment of the
                        Court of Criminal Appeals Affirmed

CORNELIA A. CLARK, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JEFFREY S. BIVINS,
C.J., and HOLLY KIRBY, and ROGER A. PAGE, JJ., joined. SHARON G. LEE, J., filed a
concurring opinion.

Steven C. Bush, District Public Defender; Phyllis Aluko and Barry Kuhn, Assistant
Public Defenders (on appeal); Gerald D. Skahan, Larry Nance, and Kindle Nance,
Assistant Public Defenders (at trial), for the appellant, James Hawkins.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Andrée Blumstein, Solicitor
General; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District
Attorney General; Patience Branham, Marianne Bell, Jennifer Nichols, and Danielle
McCollum, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                                  I. Factual Background

                            A. Guilt-Innocence Phase of Trial

        On September 11, 2008, the Shelby County Grand Jury indicted the defendant,
James Hawkins, for the premeditated first degree murder of Charlene Gaither, his
girlfriend and the mother of his three children. The indictment also charged him with
initiating a false report relative to her disappearance and with abuse of her corpse. The
State filed a notice of intent to seek the death penalty as to the first degree murder charge,
relying upon two aggravating circumstances: (1) ―[t]he defendant was previously

                                             -2-
convicted of one (1) or more felonies, other than the present charge, whose statutory
elements involve the use of violence to the person‖; and (2) ―[t]he defendant knowingly
mutilated the body of the victim after death.‖ Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204(i)(2), (13)
(2014).1

        The defendant moved pretrial to suppress a statement he gave to the police on
February 16, 2008. The proof offered at the pre-trial suppression hearing and during the
guilt-innocence phase of the defendant‘s trial2 established that the defendant, thirty years
of age, and the victim, twenty-eight years of age, had dated sporadically since high
school and had three children together—a twelve-year-old daughter, K.T., an eleven-
year-old son, J.W.I, and a nine-year-old son, J.S.I.3 The defendant had been absent from
the victim‘s and the children‘s lives since 1999 or 2000 until September 2007, when he
and the victim began communicating again by telephone. At that time, the victim resided
in Covington, Tennessee—forty miles from Memphis—with her husband of four years,
Melvin Gaither. She worked full time at the Tipton County Adult Developmental Center,
where she earned a reputation as an ―extraordinary‖ person who was ―inspiring to other
people‖ and ―a wonderful, wonderful co-worker and employee.‖ The victim also had a
good relationship with her father, Louis Irvin, Jr., and talked often with him before the
defendant returned to her life.

       However, on October 18, 2007, the victim and the children abruptly moved from
their Covington home into an apartment with the defendant, located at 3461 Wingood
Circle in Memphis. Afterwards, near Thanksgiving 2007, the victim failed to show up
for work at the Tipton County Adult Developmental Center and never returned.

        1
          Statutory citations in this opinion are to the statutes currently in effect, unless the statutory
language has changed since the commission of the offenses.
        2
            While this appeal was pending before the Court of Criminal Appeals, the defendant filed a
petition for writ of error coram nobis in the trial court, alleging that newly discovered evidence warranted
reversal of his convictions and death sentence. Consistent with State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661 (Tenn.
1999), the intermediate appellate court stayed all appellate proceedings pending the trial court‘s resolution
of the defendant‘s petition for writ of error coram nobis. State v. Hawkins, No. W2012-00412-CCA-R3-
DD, 2015 WL 5169157, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 28, 2015). The trial court denied coram nobis
relief, and when the defendant timely appealed from the trial court‘s ruling, the Court of Criminal
Appeals consolidated the defendant‘s coram nobis appeal with his appeal of the present convictions and
sentences. Id. The intermediate appellate court affirmed the trial court‘s denial of coram nobis relief. Id.
at *34. The defendant has not raised any issue in this Court concerning the denial of his coram nobis
petition; thus, we need not delve into the proof offered or the rulings made on that petition.

        3
          ―It is the policy of this Court to identify minors in a way that protects their privacy.‖ State v.
Frausto, 463 S.W.3d 469, 474 n.3 (Tenn. 2015).

                                                    -3-
        The victim, the defendant, and the children spent Thanksgiving 2007 at the home
of the victim‘s paternal aunt, and the victim‘s father was there as well. According to Mr.
Irvin, the defendant and K.T. stayed off to themselves and did not ―mingle‖ with the rest
of the family. The victim was bothered by the attention the defendant paid K.T. and
asked Mr. Irvin, ―[S]hould a child be so drawn to [her] father[?]‖ Mr. Irvin assured his
daughter that K.T. was merely responding to the defendant returning to her life after a
long absence.

       Mr. Irvin had little contact with his daughter after Thanksgiving 2007, but other
proof showed that the victim‘s concerns regarding the defendant‘s relationship with K.T.
rapidly escalated, even as the victim‘s relationship with the defendant deteriorated. For
example, the victim contacted her ex-husband, Melvin Gaither, on Christmas Day 2007,
and met him for a movie and dinner. The victim told him that the defendant had been
threatening her life, and Mr. Gaither encouraged her to get away from the defendant.

       Records introduced from Methodist LeBonheur Children‘s Hospital showed that
K.T. was treated on December 26-27, 2007, after she suffered a miscarriage. K.T., who
was ten weeks pregnant at the time of the miscarriage, reported to medical staff that the
pregnancy had resulted from her consensual sexual relationship with a school classmate,
but she refused to discuss the pregnancy further or provide additional details.

       Less than ten days after K.T.‘s hospitalization—January 5, 2008—the victim again
contacted Melvin Gaither, telling him that she ―believe[d] [the defendant] want[ed] to kill
[her].‖ Mr. Gaither again encouraged her to get away from the defendant.

       A week later, on January 12, 2008, Officer Nancy Trentham of the Memphis
Police Department (―MPD‖) responded to a call at 3461 Wingood Circle—the apartment
the victim shared with the defendant. The victim, who was standing outside the
apartment with her two sons, told Officer Trentham that she and her sons were leaving
and that she wanted K.T. to leave with them. The victim told Officer Trentham that she
believed ―something inappropriate was going on‖ between K.T. and the defendant.
Officer Trentham and another officer spoke with the defendant, who was ―very
cooperative . . . polite . . . [and] calm.‖ Officer Trentham also talked privately with K.T.
in another room of the apartment. She described K.T. as ―very quiet‖ and ―very soft
spoken.‖ After speaking with the victim, the defendant, and K.T., Officer Trentham
advised the victim that the police could not remove K.T. from the defendant‘s custody
against her will because no custody arrangement existed between the victim and the
defendant. Hearing this, the victim became very upset and repeated her belief that
something inappropriate was occurring between K.T. and the defendant. Although
Officer Trentham completed a memorandum to the Child Advocacy Center, she did not
refer the victim for an order of protection, because she did not observe any signs of
abuse—domestic or otherwise.

                                            -4-
        After speaking with Officer Trentham, the victim and her two sons met Milton
Harris, to whom she was married from 1998 until 2002, at a Pizza Hut. According to Mr.
Harris the victim was ―hysterical‖ and ―very upset‖ because she had left K.T. with the
defendant. However, when Mr. Harris spoke with the victim by phone the next day, K.T.
was with her. Several days later, the victim and her three children showed up at FedEx
where Mr. Harris worked. Because the victim was ―really terrified‖ and ―wanted to
leave‖ the defendant, Mr. Harris gave her the keys to an apartment in Memphis that he
still had under lease—Prince Rupert Number Four. He also gave her money to obtain a
restraining order against the defendant.

       On January 15, 2008, the victim went to Citizens Dispute, a Shelby County
government agency that assists citizens with the application process for orders of
protection, and obtained assistance completing an application for an order of protection
against the defendant. In describing the basis of her request for an order of protection,
the victim reported that the defendant had become violent on January 12, 2008, and that
he had pulled her hair when she told him that she and the children were leaving. The
victim also expressed concern that the defendant had been sleeping in the same bed with
K.T., but she noted that both the defendant and K.T. had denied that any sexual abuse
was occurring. The victim stated that she wanted the defendant to ―just stay away.‖ An
ex parte order of protection issued that same day, but it was never served on the
defendant, and the case was dismissed before the end of the month.

       On January 16, 2008, one day after seeking the order of protection, the victim met
again with Mr. Gaither and again told him that the defendant was threatening her and that
the children would not leave with her. Mr. Gaither did not hear from nor meet with the
victim again.

       On February 12, 2008, the defendant called the MPD and reported the victim
missing. As a result of the report, MPD Officer Kimberly Houston was dispatched to
Prince Rupert Number Four to interview the defendant. When Officer Houston arrived,
the defendant and all three children were outside unloading groceries from the trunk of a
vehicle, which was later identified as the vehicle the victim drove, although it was
registered to Melvin Gaither. After confirming that the defendant had called in the
report, Officer Houston suggested they talk inside, so the defendant could continue
putting away the groceries. The defendant agreed. As they walked upstairs to the
defendant‘s apartment, Officer Houston noticed mothballs scattered near the entrance.
The defendant told her the mothballs were to keep away neighborhood cats. Noticing the
door to an adjacent apartment ajar, Officer Houston asked if anyone lived there, and the
defendant told her the apartment was vacant.

       Upon entering the defendant‘s apartment, Officer Houston noticed ―a strong smell
of bleach and a mixture of ammonia . . . so strong that [her] eyes had started to water up.‖
Officer Houston asked why ―the smell [was] so strong[,]‖ and the defendant said ―that

                                            -5-
one of the kids had dropped a bucket of bleach and he was trying to get the bleach smell
out with the ammonia smell.‖ Officer Houston asked the defendant to keep the door
open, and she stayed near the door because ―the scent was too strong.‖ Regarding the
missing person report, the defendant told Officer Houston that the victim had left around
9:00 a.m. about three days earlier, Saturday, February 9, 2008, after he and the victim
―had gotten into an altercation.‖ The defendant said that he and the victim ―argued all the
time‖ and explained that it was not unusual for the victim to leave after an argument and
later return. The defendant said he had become concerned on this occasion because the
victim had failed to return home or to answer phone calls, so he decided to report her
missing.

       The defendant was unable to describe the clothing the victim had been wearing
when she left, so he asked K.T if she remembered what her mother had been wearing.
Neither K.T. nor her brothers were able to describe the victim‘s clothing, and ultimately,
Officer Houston failed to obtain a description of the victim‘s clothing because ―[o]ne
thought she had on one color, one thought . . . another color, so they didn‘t know.‖
Officer Houston noticed K.T. appearing ―real angry‖ during the interview, so she asked
K.T. if she was okay. K.T. replied ―yeah‖ and returned to putting away groceries,
―slamming doors and the refrigerator and things‖ as she did so. K.T. eventually left the
kitchen with her brothers. When the defendant could not give Officer Houston a
description of the vehicle in which the victim left, he called K.T. back to the kitchen to
describe it. K.T. said her mother had left in a ―dark vehicle,‖ but she could not remember
the make or model of the vehicle or anything else about it. The defendant also could not
remember any names or contact information for the victim‘s family and friends.

       The defendant told Officer Houston that he had called and talked with the victim
not long after she left on February 9th. According to the defendant, he ended the call
because the victim asked him not to call her again. The defendant told Officer Houston
that he had tried to reach the victim later on multiple occasions, including earlier that
very day, February 12, 2008, but she had not answered any of his calls. The defendant
gave Officer Houston the victim‘s cell phone number, but when she dialed it, she reached
a recording advising that the service had been disconnected. Officer Houston thought
this was strange, because the defendant had just told her about calling the number earlier
that same day and receiving no answer. When Officer Houston asked, the defendant
denied disconnecting the victim‘s cell phone. Officer Houston described the defendant‘s
demeanor as ―calm but just confused,‖ explaining that he ―couldn‘t . . . give [her] a
straight answer with anything that [she] asked him‖ and had answered most questions
with, ―I don‘t know, I don‘t remember[,] or you‘ll have to ask someone else.‖

       After interviewing the defendant, Officer Houston ―put out a broadcast‖ consisting
of the victim‘s name, age, height, weight, and the date she had last been seen. She also
prepared a written missing person report, which was not the standard policy. In fact,
Officer Houston‘s supervisor reprimanded her for filing this written report and asked her

                                           -6-
why she had done so. Officer Houston told her supervisor that ―everything on that scene
. . . that day just [had not] seem[ed] right . . . .‖

       Information soon came to light confirming Officer Houston‘s suspicions. In
particular, on Valentine‘s Day 2008, just two days after Officer Houston interviewed the
defendant, Lance McCallum, an employee with the Mississippi Department of
Transportation, discovered a ―body with the hands cut off above the wrist, both feet cut
off above the ankles, and the head and neck removed.‖ Mr. McCallum, who was
repairing holes on the Coldwater River Bridge on Highway 78 West in Mississippi, saw
the body on an embankment below the bridge. He could tell from his vantage point on
the bridge that the body was a female, because the body was nude and facing upward.
Mr. McCallum and his coworkers immediately called 9-1-1 and waited on the bridge for
law enforcement authorities, who arrived just minutes later.

      One of the officers who responded to the 9-1-1 call, Detective Mike Pate of the
DeSoto County Mississippi Sheriff‘s Department, described the body as having three
very deep cuts ―to the bone‖ on the thigh, knee, and mid-shin of the right leg but no stab
or gunshot wounds. Based on dirt in the wounds, Detective Pate concluded that the
dismembered body had been dropped from the top of the hill and had rolled down the
embankment. Mississippi authorities extensively searched the areas in the vicinity of the
body but never located any of the severed body parts. The condition of the body
prevented Mississippi authorities from initially identifying the victim.

        On the evening of February 14, 2008, Lieutenant Toney Armstrong of the MPD4
received a telephone call from a friend, who was the victim‘s brother-in-law, alerting him
that a female body had been discovered in Mississippi and asking him for advice.
Lieutenant Armstrong instructed his friend to contact the Mississippi authorities and
agreed to start looking into the case himself the next morning. As promised, on the
morning of February 15, 2008, Lieutenant Armstrong met with Mississippi law
enforcement authorities concerning the discovery of the body, learned of the defendant‘s
missing person report concerning the victim, and learned that the body matched the
victim‘s description. Mississippi authorities thereafter collected a buccal swab from the
victim‘s mother for purposes of DNA testing and, through this testing, eventually
identified the body as that of the victim.

       After learning that the body matched the victim‘s description, Lieutenant
Armstrong contacted the defendant and asked the defendant to come to his office on the
eleventh floor of the building located at 201 Poplar Street in Memphis, explaining that
the police were seeking additional information for their investigation of the victim‘s
disappearance. According to Lieutenant Armstrong, the defendant became ―very

       4
        By the time of trial Lieutenant Armstrong was serving as Director of Police Services for the
Memphis Police Department.

                                                -7-
defensive‖ and asked why it was ―necessary for [him] to come downtown,‖ which ―just
rolled [Lieutenant Armstrong‘s] suspicion because it wasn‘t behavior that you would
think that someone that had a loved one missing would display.‖ Lieutenant Armstrong
reiterated that the defendant needed to come downtown, but the defendant responded that
he was at work at Nike, would not get off until 3:00 or 4:00 p.m., and would call
Lieutenant Armstrong later that day.

       After ending the conversation with the defendant, Lieutenant Armstrong met with
two MPD investigators—MPD Sergeant Anthony Mullins and MPD Lieutenant Caroline
Mason—and informed them of the missing person report the defendant had filed on the
victim, the body that had been discovered in Mississippi, and his conversation with the
defendant, whom he described as ―evasive on the phone.‖ Lieutenant Armstrong
instructed Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason to go to the Nike Warehouse and
locate the vehicle the defendant was driving, but if it was not there, to go to the Prince
Rupert Number Four apartment complex. Lieutenant Mullins also assigned Sergeant
Vivian Murray to serve as case coordinator.

       When Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason notified Lieutenant Armstrong that
the defendant‘s vehicle was not at Nike, he repeated the instruction for them to proceed to
the Prince Rupert apartment complex. Afterwards, Lieutenant Armstrong called the
defendant a second time and asked if he still intended to come downtown later that day.
When the defendant said he could not because he did not have ―anyone to watch the
kids,‖ Lieutenant Armstrong offered to ―arrange for a family member to watch the kids.‖
The defendant ―still refused to come.‖

       A short time later, Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason located the vehicle the
defendant was driving parked in front of the Prince Rupert Number Four apartment.
They drove around for two or three minutes and parked so they could watch the vehicle,
but not long after they had parked, the defendant, followed by an unmarked police
vehicle, drove past their location. Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason followed both
vehicles. Sergeant Mullins was about to radio for a marked squad car to meet them and
stop the defendant, when the defendant turned around and came back towards them.
Sergeant Mullins turned on the blue lights mounted inside his vehicle ―so [the defendant]
would know it was a police officer.‖ The defendant stopped his vehicle in front of them
so that the defendant‘s and Sergeant Mullins‘s vehicles were ―head to head.‖ Sergeant
Mullins and Lieutenant Mason got out of their vehicle, and the defendant did as well.
The investigators introduced themselves and asked the defendant for identification to
ensure they had ―the right person,‖ although they were merely verifying what they knew
already because they already had the defendant‘s photograph. Three children were in the
vehicle with the defendant.

       Sergeant Mullins described the defendant as very nervous, ―visibly shaking,‖ and
―looking around side to side.‖ The defendant asked why MPD homicide wanted to speak

                                           -8-
with him, and he wanted to talk about the missing person report ―right then and there . . .
in the middle of the parking lot.‖ Sergeant Mullins told the defendant they could go back
to his apartment to talk, and the defendant agreed, saying he did not have a problem with
speaking to the officers but was concerned about who would ―watch [his] kids.‖ They
returned to the apartment, and the defendant sent the children up the landing and into the
apartment. Sergeant Mullins called Lieutenant Armstrong and told him that they had
located the defendant and that they were all waiting at the apartment for Lieutenant
Armstrong to arrive with some of the victim‘s family members to care for the children.

       When they arrived, the defendant was standing outside with ―several investigators
and uniform officers.‖ Lieutenant Armstrong asked the defendant about the strong odor
of bleach emanating from the defendant‘s apartment, and the defendant explained that he
had been ―doing some cleaning.‖ According to Lieutenant Armstrong, the defendant
seemed ―extremely agitated to talk to us, almost to a paranoid state.‖ Sergeant Mullins
said the defendant was not ―very thrilled‖ that members of the victim‘s family had
arrived to care for the children ―but really couldn‘t complain much.‖ According to
Lieutenant Armstrong, the defendant was ―looking around as if he [were] looking for an
escape route.‖ Believing the defendant ―was going to run,‖ Lieutenant Armstrong
instructed the officers ―to place him in the backseat of a squad car to prevent that.‖
Sergeant Mullins said the defendant ultimately agreed to accompany them to MPD
headquarters to give a statement. Although the defendant was transported in the
backseat, Sergeant Mullins did not recall the defendant being handcuffed, but he
conceded it was possible. Sergeant Mullins said the defendant was not under arrest and
the purpose of the interview was to obtain a formal statement, consisting of as much
background information as possible about the victim‘s disappearance, including details of
what she may have said or done before leaving, information about her habits, credit
cards, ex-husbands, and family, and whether she had ever disappeared before. According
to Sergeant Mullins, the missing person report taken on February 12, 2008 ―was not a
detailed formal statement.‖ The defendant, Sergeant Mullins, and Lieutenant Mason left
the apartment complex around 4:15 p.m. on February 15, 2008. Lieutenant Armstrong
remained at the apartment, secured the scene, and obtained a search warrant for the
apartment.

       MPD officers began executing the first search warrant later that same day,
February 15, 2008, after the defendant was transported to the homicide office, but the
search extended into the next day after another search warrant issued. On the first day of
the search, officers noticed a strong odor of bleach and observed that an eighteen-inch
square of carpeting had been removed from the master bedroom flooring. Officers
applied Luminol, a chemical that visibly reacts with hemoglobin, and discovered the
possible presence of blood on the bed rail in the master bedroom and throughout eighty
percent of the hallway bathroom. Officers were unable later to perform DNA testing of
these areas because Luminol degrades DNA.

                                           -9-
       When the defendant arrived at MPD headquarters, he was placed in an interview
room, locked from the outside, and questioned about the victim‘s disappearance. He was
not advised of his Miranda rights5 or handcuffed, but he was not free to leave the room,
although he had access to a buzzer that allowed him to inform the officers if he needed to
leave the room for bathroom breaks.

        The defendant gave a statement around 9:04 p.m. on February 15th, which was
largely consistent with the statement he had given Officer Houston. The defendant said
that he and the victim had argued on the morning of Saturday, February 9, 2008, because
she had suspected him of ―cheating,‖ and the victim left after the argument, sometime
between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m., and he had no knowledge of her whereabouts thereafter.
The defendant told officers that his nine-year-old son, J.S.I., had seen the victim get into
a dark colored car ―with a light skin woman and some dude.‖ Consistent with his initial
statement to Officer Houston, the defendant stated that he had spoken with the victim by
telephone the afternoon of the day she left, but he added that the victim had told him to
raise the children. According to the defendant, the victim contacted him again on
Sunday, February 10th, and reiterated that he should raise the children. The defendant
consented to provide a DNA sample via a buccal swab and did so. Afterwards, he told
Sergeant Mullins and Lieutenant Mason that he had told them everything he could tell
them about the victim‘s disappearance and was ready to go home. He denied having
anything to do with her disappearance and indicated he did not want to talk anymore.
The investigators told him they still had more questions and needed clarification and
continued to question him, although Sergeant Mullins indicated that they would have
taken the defendant home had he adamantly made the request, having had no reason to
arrest him.

       In any event, during the time the defendant remained in the interview room and
after he gave the statement around 9:00 p.m., other MPD officers interviewed the
children. Although these interviews were conducted without the defendant‘s knowledge,
other family members of the children were present during these interviews. Officers
noted several discrepancies between the children‘s and the defendant‘s statements, and as
a result, at 3:00 a.m. on February 16, 2008, they obtained an order from a judicial
commissioner granting a ―48 Hour Detention For Probable Cause.‖ Sergeant Mullins
described this ―48 hour hold‖ as an option officers use when they ―believe [they] have
probable cause that [they] could charge somebody with a crime but [they are] not
prepared to do so‖ and need additional time to ―confirm or deny‖ information obtained in
the investigation, which was, in this case, the inconsistencies between the defendant‘s
and the children‘s statements. The defendant was then booked into the jail on a first
degree murder forty-eight-hour hold.

       5
           Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 445 (1966).

                                                 - 10 -
       Later that same day, February 16, 2008, MPD officers searched the defendant‘s
apartment a second time. Using a ―blue light‖ capable of detecting evidence not visible
to the human eye, officers discovered evidence of heavy cleaning in the hallway
bathroom, which had a bathtub. The master bathroom had only a shower. On the floor of
the master bedroom officers found a pair of child‘s panties on top of dark blue adult
pajama bottoms. In the kitchen, officers noticed indentations in the linoleum flooring
consistent with marks made from a heavy kitchen appliance once resting there. Officers
documented scrape marks across the kitchen floor consistent with a large appliance
having been moved through the kitchen. Officers also searched an unlocked vacant
apartment adjacent to the defendant‘s apartment and discovered an unplugged ―extremely
clean‖ upright freezer with a ―very strong odor of bleach.‖ All of the shelving in the
freezer had been pushed to the top. MPD officers also searched area garbage dumpsters
but were unable to locate any additional evidence. The children told officers the
defendant had purchased and later returned a saw from a nearby Kmart on the day the
victim went missing. Officers were able to locate at that same Kmart three Craftsman
saws like the one the defendant had purchased and returned, and all three had been
purchased and returned. Although the officers were unable to determine which, if any, of
the three was the saw the defendant had purchased and returned, they retained one of the
saws as evidence to illustrate the type of saw. MPD officers also retrieved video
surveillance footage from Kmart showing the defendant and the children at the store on
February 9, 2008, the day the victim had gone missing.

       After confirming various aspects of the children‘s statements, some of which were
inconsistent with the defendant‘s statement, MPD officers decided to interview the
defendant a second time. To do so, they moved him from the jail to an upper floor of the
same building. Because he was detained in the jail on the forty-eight-hour hold, MPD
officers advised him of his Miranda rights before the interview began. The defendant
refused to sign the rights waiver form, but he ―emphatic[ally]‖ stated that he understood
his rights and would agree to give a statement. Officers then confronted him with
inconsistencies between his initial statement and the children‘s statements and questioned
him about evidence discovered in his apartment when the search warrant was executed.
In particular, the defendant was asked about a missing mattress, a missing deep freezer,
and a section of carpet missing from the master bedroom. The defendant denied
throwing out the mattress and denied that there was ever a deep freezer in the apartment.
He also insisted that the carpet had been missing from the master bedroom floor when he
moved into the apartment, two or three weeks after the victim and the children moved
there.

       Having failed to obtain an incriminating statement, the officers decided to return
the defendant to the jail. As they were walking through a public area on the first floor of
the building, the defendant remarked to Sergeant Mason, ―I didn‘t do it. . . . I didn‘t do it,
but I may have covered it up.‖ The officers returned the defendant to the homicide office
on an upper floor of the building. The defendant declined to speak with them in an

                                            - 11 -
interview room, so they took him to Lieutenant Mason‘s office and again administered
Miranda warnings. The defendant again refused to sign the rights waiver form, but this
time, he asked for assurances that he would not be charged with first degree murder. The
MPD officers declined to provide these assurances, explaining that the district attorney
general would decide on the appropriate charges. The defendant then gave a statement
implicating his twelve-year-old daughter, K.T., in the victim‘s murder.

        According to the defendant, he and the children went to a movie on Friday,
February 8, 2008, while the victim remained at home. When they returned from the
movie, the boys went to bed, but he and K.T. remained in the living room, watching
television. At some point, the victim awoke and ―fussed‖ at him for keeping K.T. up late.
The victim and K.T. eventually went to bed, but the defendant slept in the living room.
When he awoke on Saturday morning, he heard K.T. and the victim arguing in the master
bedroom. Entering the master bedroom, the defendant saw K.T. holding a knife. The
defendant approached K.T. to stop her, but she stabbed the victim in the neck before he
reached her. The defendant said he held the victim for one or two hours until she died.
K.T. then implored him, ―[D]addy, you [have] got to help me cover this up, I don‘t want
to go to prison for the rest of my life.‖ The defendant decided to protect K.T. by
dismembering the victim‘s body and disposing of it in Mississippi. The defendant said
that he and K.T. moved the victim to the hallway bathtub and cut off her hands, head, and
feet. He and K.T. later drove to Mississippi and disposed of the victim‘s body and her
severed head, hands, and feet. The defendant began this statement around 11:00 or 11:30
p.m. on February 16, 2008, and afterwards, he agreed to guide the MPD officers to the
locations in Mississippi where he had disposed of the victim‘s dismembered remains.

       Officers searched the areas to which the defendant directed them but were unable
to locate the victim‘s severed body parts. The search was called off in the early morning
hours of February 17, 2008, due to heavy rain, cold, and darkness. The defendant was
checked back into the jail around 10:20 a.m. on February 17, 2008. Searches conducted
over the next two days were also unsuccessful, and the victim‘s dismembered remains
were never recovered.

        Later on February 17, 2008, around 3:22 p.m., Sergeant Mason interviewed K.T. a
second time. K.T. had been interviewed on the evening of February 15th but had not
been ―forthcoming‖ with officers at that time. K.T. spoke openly with investigators
during her February 17th interview, but she became visibly nervous when the defendant
called her cell phone multiple times from jail during the interview. Sergeant Murray,
who was interviewing K.T., eventually answered the cellphone and asked who was
calling. The male caller responded, ―James Hawkins,‖ and stated, ―[B]itch, don‘t talk to
my daughter,‖ then ended the call. Sergeant Mason recalled that, although K.T. had
seemed nervous when the defendant began calling her from jail, she seemed reassured
after learning that the defendant was still jailed. The defendant remained jailed after K.T.

                                           - 12 -
gave her February 17th statement, and he was later formally charged with the victim‘s
murder.

       K.T. and her brothers, J.W.I. and J.S.I., testified for the prosecution at trial and
were cross-examined about inconsistencies between their testimony and the statements
they had given the police prior to trial. J.W.I. and J.S.I. were eleven and nine years old,
respectively, when their mother went missing. Both recalled moving to Memphis and
living for a short time with their mother, sister, and the defendant. J.W.I. said that
―[e]verything was simple and quiet‖ at first, and J.S.I. agreed that ―[i]t was nice.‖ After
two or three weeks, the defendant and the victim began arguing a lot about the defendant
paying more attention to K.T. than to the boys. According to J.S.I., the victim and the
defendant fought violently at times. Both boys remembered the defendant breaking the
victim‘s cell phone on one of these occasions, after she threatened to call the police.
J.W.I. recalled that during another argument, the victim woke the children and left the
apartment with them. He also recalled leaving the apartment with the victim after
another argument, driving to the FedEx parking lot, and waiting for Milton Harris, who
brought the victim keys to the Prince Rupert apartment.

       J.W.I. described another argument that occurred at the Prince Rupert Number Four
apartment. The victim and the defendant were in the master bedroom with the door
closed, and J.W.I. heard a noise that sounded like a slap coming from the master
bedroom. Immediately thereafter, the victim walked out of the master bedroom, her face
red as if it had been slapped. J.S.I. said that he, too, had heard a noise during an
argument that sounded like the defendant slapping the victim.

        J.S.I. also described how K.T.‘s personality changed after the defendant began
living with them, explaining that she became routinely disobedient of the victim but
would ―get beat‖ for disobeying the defendant. J.S.I. said the defendant told K.T. not to
talk to her mother, and he had seen the defendant ―tongue kissing‖ K.T., although he had
not told anyone what he had seen because he was scared.

        J.W.I. also testified about the defendant‘s relationship with K.T. J.W.I. recalled
that, around Christmas 2007, the defendant told him and J.S.I. to stay in the living room
while he and K.T. went to another room. However, J.W.I. left the living room to look for
batteries, and as he walked down the hall, he saw ―out of the corner of [his] eye‖ the
defendant ―on top of [his] sister‖ on the floor of her bedroom. The defendant saw J.W.I.
and scolded and yelled at him for leaving the living room. J.W.I. never discussed what
he had seen with anyone until after the victim‘s murder.

       The night before the victim went missing, the boys had gone to a movie with the
defendant and K.T, while the victim, who was not feeling well, stayed home. When they
returned, J.S.I. heard the defendant and the victim arguing, and he said the arguing

                                           - 13 -
continued throughout much of the night. J.S.I. heard the victim say at least four or five
times, ―[K.T.]‘s my baby.‖

       The next morning, the day the victim went missing, both boys recalled K.T.
coming into their bedroom, turning up the volume on their television ―as loud as it
[could] go,‖ and telling them to stay in the bedroom. They stayed in the room as
instructed, but J.S.I. heard the victim yelling and heard the yelling stop abruptly, followed
by silence. Looking out the window about that same time, J.S.I. saw a car with dark-
tinted windows leaving the parking lot and believed the victim had left in the car because
the yelling had stopped. On cross-examination, J.S.I. agreed that he had originally told
an MPD officer that he saw the victim leaving in the car, but he clarified that he had not
actually seen the victim leave in that car and only thought she had left in it because the
arguing and yelling stopped about the same time the car left the parking lot.

      Both boys recalled K.T. later returning to their bedroom and turning down the
volume of the television, and both recalled the defendant telling them the victim ―was
gone‖ and saying she had left during the night. Hearing this, J.W.I. thought ―something
wasn‘t right because [the victim] wouldn‘t just up and leave like that.‖ J.S.I. recalled the
defendant telling him to go back to bed and remain there.

        In the afternoon of the day the victim went missing, the defendant and the children
went to a discount store, where the defendant purchased cleaning supplies, and to Kmart,
where the defendant purchased a saw that he returned later the same day. At trial, J.W.I.
identified surveillance video from Kmart that officers had retrieved, which showed the
defendant purchasing and subsequently returning the saw.

       When they returned to the apartment after purchasing the saw, the defendant
instructed the boys to sit in the car, explaining that he had to prepare a surprise for them
inside. J.W.I. and J.S.I. waited in the car for approximately three hours. J.S.I. went
inside the apartment once during this time to use the bathroom. The defendant directed
him past the hall bathroom to the master bathroom. As he passed the partially open door
of the hall bathroom, however, J.S.I. saw a tennis shoe, but someone inside—J.S.I.
assumed it was K.T.—quickly shut the door before he could see anything more. After
using the bathroom, J.S.I. left the apartment, with the defendant locking the door behind
him, and returned to the car to wait with his brother.

       Eventually, the defendant and K.T. came back to the car where the boys were
waiting, and they all ―drove around to different dumpsters throwing away big black
garbage bags.‖ When they returned to the apartment, the children helped the defendant
clean the apartment. The defendant and K.T. cleaned the hall bathroom, and the boys
cleaned the rest of the apartment. The defendant had J.W.I. and J.S.I. throw the mattress
from the master bedroom into the dumpster, telling J.S.I. it had a hole in it. When they

                                            - 14 -
entered the master bedroom, J.W.I. noticed that the carpeting had been cut and recalled
that it had not been cut before that day.

       At some point after the victim went missing, although the precise timing is not
clear from his testimony, J.S.I. saw a red liquid dripping from an upright freezer in the
kitchen of the apartment. Believing it was Hawaiian Punch, he asked the defendant if he
could have some of it. The defendant told J.S.I. it was not Hawaiian Punch and
instructed him not to open the freezer. According to J.S.I., the defendant later instructed
him and J.W.I. to move the freezer to the back patio, explaining it no longer worked.
J.W.I. remembered the freezer went missing from the apartment and recalled the
defendant telling him he had thrown it out because it was broken. J.W.I. did not testify
that he and J.S.I. removed it at the defendant‘s request.

       K.T., twelve years old when the victim was murdered, testified that the defendant
was absent from her life for a long time before returning in the fall of 2007. She first saw
him after his long absence during a visit to her paternal aunt‘s home. K.T. had spent the
night and was asleep in her cousin‘s room, when the defendant came in and told her to
come into the living room and watch television with him. K.T. agreed but fell asleep on
the couch. She was awakened by the defendant touching her vagina. When K.T. told
him to stop, he refused, put his hand over her mouth, told her to be quiet, and continued
touching her, putting his fingers in her vagina. She again told him to stop, but he refused.
Later, he threatened to hurt her if she told anyone about his conduct.

        K.T. said that, after she and her family moved with the defendant to Memphis, the
defendant ―constantly‖ touched her vagina, breasts, and buttocks and also asked her to
touch his penis with her hand or mouth. K.T. said this touching occurred ―[a]bout every
other day,‖ and when she protested or fought back, the defendant forced her to comply by
hitting her, punching her in the stomach, putting a knife to her throat, or threatening to
kill her.

       K.T. recalled going to the hospital by ambulance after suffering a miscarriage
around Christmas 2007. The defendant rode in the ambulance with K.T., and he and her
mother were present when the doctors told her she had miscarried. K.T. did not tell
anyone at the time of the miscarriage about the defendant sexually abusing her because
she was scared. At trial, however, K.T. denied having sex with anyone at school and said
the pregnancy and miscarriage resulted from the defendant sexually abusing her. K.T.
admitted she had not disclosed the sexual abuse during an interview at the Child
Advocacy Center after the miscarriage, explaining that the defendant had driven her to
the interview and that she had known she would be going home with him afterwards
because he still lived with her family.

       K.T. acknowledged that the victim had left the defendant and moved the family to
the Prince Rupert Number Four apartment, but she explained that the victim soon allowed

                                           - 15 -
the defendant to move back in with the family, and according to K.T., the defendant
immediately resumed sexually abusing her. K.T. said she always obeyed the defendant‘s
instructions because he would ―get crazy‖ when angered.

        According to K.T., the defendant had asked her a few days before the murder to
help him kill the victim. When K.T. refused, the defendant grabbed her shirt, held a knife
to her, and threatened to kill her. On the night of February 8, 2008, the defendant and the
victim argued about K.T. staying up late watching television with the defendant. When
K.T. awoke the next morning, they were still arguing. K.T. walked to the hall bathroom
and saw the defendant emerge from the kitchen with a knife and walk toward the master
bedroom, concealing the knife. As he entered the room, the victim was still arguing and
threatening to call the police. The defendant responded, ―[Y]ou‘re not going to call the
police, not going to call anybody.‖ The victim, her back to the defendant, stated,
―[W]hatever, James,‖ and lay down on the bed on her side. The defendant then stabbed
the victim in the neck and choked her. When he released the victim, her body rolled from
the bed onto the floor. K.T. could not move and just ―stood in shock.‖

       The defendant told K.T. to help him conceal the crime, but she remained standing
where she was, not knowing what to do. The defendant came over to her with the knife,
placed it under her cheekbone, and told K.T. he would kill her, too, so she helped him.
The defendant told K.T. to go to her brothers‘ room, turn up the volume on the television,
and shut the door. She complied and then returned to the master bedroom and helped the
defendant place her mother‘s body in the freezer that was then located in the kitchen.
They carried the victim‘s body, with the defendant holding the victim‘s feet and K.T.
holding the victim‘s arms. After placing the victim‘s body in the freezer, they ―put a cord
around it so it [would] hold . . . shut . . . so her body wouldn‘t fall out.‖ They then
cleaned the master bedroom, cutting bloodstained areas from the bed and carpeting.
Later, the defendant, K.T., and her brothers went to a Family Dollar store, where the
defendant purchased cleaning supplies, including bleach. Next they went to Kmart,
where the defendant purchased a saw and threw the kitchen knife he had used to kill the
victim in the garbage can outside the store.

        When they arrived back at the apartment complex, the defendant told K.T.‘s
brothers to wait in the car. K.T. and the defendant went inside and moved the victim‘s
body from the freezer to the bathtub in the hall bathroom because the master bathroom
did not have a bathtub. The defendant continued threatening K.T. during this time,
telling her to help him or he would kill her. Having witnessed the defendant kill her
mother, K.T. ―believed him when he said it.‖ The defendant taped K.T.‘s hands behind
her back and ordered her to turn away as he sawed off the victim‘s hands, feet, and head
with the saw purchased at Kmart. But he forced K.T. to hold her mother‘s severed head,
wrap her mother‘s body parts in plastic garbage bags, and place them back in the freezer.
He also forced K.T. to help him place the rest of the victim‘s body back in the freezer.
Afterwards, K.T. and the defendant cleaned the bathroom, and her brothers were allowed

                                           - 16 -
back inside the apartment. When they came inside, one of her brothers commented, ―it
stinks in here,‖ so the defendant instructed the children to help him clean the apartment.
When they finished cleaning, they all went back to Kmart, where the defendant returned
the saw.

       During the ensuing night, the defendant woke K.T. and forced her to help him
place the victim‘s remains in the trunk of the car. The defendant and K.T. then went
―[f]or a long drive‖ to Mississippi and eventually stopped on a bridge. The defendant
popped the hood and told K.T. to stand at the front of the car with a cellphone to her ear,
feigning car trouble for passersby. She did so until the defendant called for her to help
him remove the victim‘s body from the trunk and put it in the ditch. They had returned to
the car and were about to leave when the defendant decided to return to the victim‘s body
and ―wipe [it] down.‖ When he returned, they drove back to the apartment. K.T.
recalled the defendant disposing of the victim‘s head, hands, and feet ―somewhere else‖
during this drive, but she could not remember where. K.T. had not called the police at
any point during the victim‘s murder or afterwards because she feared the defendant.

       K.T. remembered the defendant calling the police and telling them the victim had
―r[u]n off‖ and had ―been gone for a while.‖ K.T. also recalled speaking with the police
officer who came to the apartment after the defendant made the report. K.T. did not tell
the officer what really happened because she was scared. Fear also prevented her from
telling the officers, who came about a week later to investigate the victim‘s
disappearance, what had really happened, and she did not tell the whole truth when she
gave her initial statement to the police downtown on February 15, 2008, although parts of
the statement were true. K.T. lied because she feared the defendant; however, by the
time she gave her second statement on February 17, 2008, she knew the defendant would
not be going home with her and would not be able to hurt her anymore, so she told
officers the truth in her second statement.

       In addition to the children‘s testimony, the prosecution also called Dr. Qadriyyah
Debnam to testify. Dr. Debnam, a Special Agent Forensic Scientist with the Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation, had performed DNA and serology analysis on several items of
evidence. Dr. Debnam stated that blood found on the carpeting in the trunk of the
victim‘s vehicle, which the defendant had driven after her disappearance, and on one of
the trays from the freezer found in the apartment adjacent to the defendant‘s apartment
matched the victim‘s DNA.

       Dr. Steven A. Symes, a forensic anthropologist, testified that cuts to the victim‘s
body were consistent with having been made with a ―typical seven and a quarter inch
circular saw blade,‖ like the blade of the saw the defendant purchased at Kmart. Dr.
Symes opined that three cuts to the victim‘s upper right leg were ―abandoned‖ because
the saw was not capable of cutting through that particularly large section of the victim‘s

                                           - 17 -
leg. According to Dr. Symes, the saw was capable of cutting the victim‘s wrists, ankles,
and neck.

       The parties also entered into evidence a stipulation regarding the victim‘s cause of
death, agreeing that the victim had died from ―stabbing, strangulation or a combination of
both.‖

        Following a Momon colloquy, see Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 161-62 (Tenn.
1999), the defendant elected not to testify in his own behalf and presented no other
evidence. The jury convicted the defendant of premeditated first degree murder,
initiating a false report, and abuse of a corpse.

                              B. Penalty Phase of the Trial

       During the penalty phase of the trial, the State introduced proof to show that the
defendant had seventeen prior convictions—seven prior convictions for aggravated
assault and ten prior convictions for aggravated robbery. An employee of a Piggly-
Wiggly store described how, on November 12, 1997, the defendant and two other men
had robbed the store at gunpoint. Medical evidence established that the wounds on the
victim‘s body were inflicted after her death. Family members of the victim testified
about the devastating impact the victim‘s murder had on her family. All three of the
victim‘s children were in counseling and the victim‘s elder sister, who had two children
of her own, was caring for them. They lived in a two-bedroom, one-bathroom house, and
caring for her own children and the victim‘s children had been financially difficult for the
victim‘s sister. The victim‘s father had experienced frustration, rage, and low self-esteem
as a result of the victim‘s murder. He, his sister, and his sister‘s daughter had attended
and been involved in church before the victim‘s murder but had become inconsistent in
attendance and uninvolved afterwards.

       The defendant presented the testimony of a mitigation specialist and also called his
mother as a witness. The mitigation specialist testified about the defendant‘s familial
history. The defendant was born in 1977, and on his father‘s side of the family, he had
more than twenty siblings and half siblings, although the defendant‘s father had lost
count of exactly how many children he had. The defendant‘s mother had eight children,
two boys and six girls, but only four children with the defendant‘s father. The
defendant‘s father, James Hawkins, Sr., had refused to cooperate fully with the mitigation
investigation, and at the time of the defendant‘s trial, he was under criminal investigation
for allegedly sexually abusing the minor children then living with him. Five minor
children had been recently removed from the defendant‘s father‘s home and placed with
adult sisters, who also had been sexually abused by the defendant‘s father. The
defendant‘s father also allegedly had been physically abusing the minor children living in
his home at the time of the defendant‘s trial by forcing a fifteen-year-old to sleep on the
floor and by not feeding the children. Although the defendant had not been sexually

                                           - 18 -
abused, the mitigation specialist testified that the defendant‘s father had physically and
mentally abused the defendant and his siblings. The defendant‘s father also had been
combative and controlling towards the defendant‘s mother. On at least one occasion
when she was pregnant with the defendant, he had pushed her around and tried to
physically abuse her.

       In addition to his father‘s abusive behavior toward him, the defendant had also
experienced a great personal tragedy when he was nineteen years old. Chris, the
defendant‘s younger brother, was shot by an assailant and killed at the age of fifteen. The
defendant was talking with Chris by telephone when the shooting occurred. The
defendant went to the scene of the murder and became very upset after seeing Chris‘s
body. The defendant never obtained or received counseling, and according to his family
members, the defendant changed in a negative way thereafter. Some of the defendant‘s
paternal family members blamed the defendant for his brother‘s murder, but the
defendant would not talk about his personal life, saying, ―I don‘t want to go there.‖
Within a year after Chris‘s murder, however, the defendant had committed a robbery and
served time in prison.

        The mitigation specialist testified that the defendant had been jailed since his
arrest for the victim‘s murder and had been a model inmate, acting as a mentor to other
prisoners, cooperating with prison officials, remaining busy, keeping himself and his jail
cell clean, and receiving no write-ups for disciplinary infractions. He had also
participated in and obtained certificates for several rehabilitative programs. On the
whole, the defendant‘s jail record was better than most, and a person at the jail had
written an email detailing how the defendant had helped with promoting positive attitudes
and accepting challenges and how the jail personnel wished they had more inmates like
the defendant.

        By contrast, the defendant had been a poor student in his childhood, completing
only the eighth grade. The records indicated that the defendant tried to succeed but was
intellectually slow and was diagnosed with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity as
a twelve-year-old in fourth grade. An I.Q. test showed that the defendant had a full scale
I.Q. of 77, which was in the borderline mentally retarded range, according to the
mitigation specialist. The mitigation specialist opined that the defendant‘s life had value
to his family.

       The defendant‘s mother, Della Thomas, also testified. She explained that she had
never married the defendant‘s father and that he had not supported her and the children,
other than occasionally paying her rent and buying the children clothing. She described
the defendant‘s father as controlling and said he hit her twice while she was pregnant
with the defendant. Only rarely did the defendant‘s father spend quality time with the
children. The defendant‘s mother had only recently discovered that the defendant‘s
father had sexually abused two of his daughters.

                                           - 19 -
         The defendant‘s mother recalled the defendant being too active when he started
school, and she said he ―couldn‘t learn,‖ although he tried. She had him tested, and the
testing revealed the defendant was ―borderline retarded.‖ He was also diagnosed with
and prescribed Ritalin for attention deficit disorder. According to the defendant‘s
mother, the murder of her younger son, Chris, upset her family tremendously, particularly
the defendant. Chris was murdered outside Ms. Thomas‘s apartment, and when the
defendant arrived at the scene and saw the body, he became angry and upset and was
arrested for disturbing the peace. She said he changed after his brother‘s murder, became
―a little violent[,] . . . upset[,] and mood swinging.‖ Although the defendant‘s mother did
not excuse the defendant‘s involvement in the victim‘s murder, she asked the jury not to
impose the death penalty because she loved him, wanted to visit her son in prison, and
wanted him to participate as much as possible with the family from prison. Ms. Thomas
also expressed her love for her grandchildren and said that, were the jury to impose the
death penalty, it would have a ―big‖ impact on her family.

       On cross-examination, the defendant‘s mother agreed that she had spoken with the
defendant by telephone while he was jailed on the forty-eight-hour-hold and that she had
known the calls were recorded. During those calls, the defendant‘s mother had reminded
him how she had found him a place to stay and had ―begged‖ him not to go back to the
victim‘s apartment because she knew the defendant and the victim could not get along.
The defendant‘s mother agreed that she had told the defendant his children would be
―messed up for the rest of their life‖ because they had no parents. Ms. Thomas agreed
that she had done her best to raise her children in a loving home and to protect them and
care for them, even though their father was not involved in their lives. She had not
abused them and had provided them with food, clothing, and medical care, and made sure
they attended school. She agreed that she had raised the defendant in her home and that
the defendant was not necessarily impacted by the fact that his father had more than
twenty children because the defendant had never lived with his father.

       After the defense rested, the case was submitted to the jury. The jury found that
the prosecution had proven two aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt,
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204(i)(2) (prior violent felony convictions) and (i)(13)
(mutilation of the victim‘s body after death), and had proven that these aggravating
circumstances outweighed mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt.
Accordingly, the jury sentenced the defendant to death for the premeditated murder
conviction. Id. § 39-13-204(g). For the remaining convictions, initiating a false report
and abuse of a corpse, the trial court held a separate sentencing hearing, imposed
sentences of twelve and six years, respectively, and ordered these sentences served
consecutively, for an effective sentence of eighteen years. The trial court also ordered
these sentences served consecutively to the death penalty.

      The defendant appealed. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed his convictions
and sentences. Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at *1. The case was thereafter

                                           - 20 -
automatically docketed in this Court for review, as required by statute. Id. § 39-13-
206(a)(1). This Court subsequently entered an order, pursuant to Tennessee Supreme
Court Rule 12.2, identifying five issues for oral argument, in addition to the issues this
Court is statutorily mandated to review. Id. § 39-13-206(c)(1).

                                          II. Analysis

                                    A. Motion to Suppress

                                    1. Standards of Review

       When reviewing a trial court‘s decision on a motion to suppress, appellate courts
uphold the trial court‘s findings of fact, unless the evidence preponderates against them.
State v. Bell, 429 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tenn. 2014) (citing State v. Climer, 400 S.W.3d 537,
556 (Tenn. 2013); State v. Day, 263 S.W.3d 891, 900 (Tenn. 2008)). ―Questions of
credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and resolution of
conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of fact.‖ State
v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). When reviewing a trial court‘s ruling on a
motion to suppress, an appellate court may consider evidence presented at trial, as well as
evidence presented at the suppression hearing. State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 297-
99 (Tenn. 1998); see also State v. Williamson, 368 S.W.3d 468, 473 (Tenn. 2012).6 The
party prevailing in the trial court on a motion to suppress ―is entitled to the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence . . . as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences
that may be drawn from [the] evidence.‖ Bell, 429 S.W.3d at 529 (citing State v. Echols,
382 S.W.3d 266, 277 (Tenn. 2012); Day, 263 S.W.3d at 900; Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23).
We review the application of law to facts de novo and afford no presumption of
correctness to a lower court‘s conclusions of law. State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81
(Tenn. 2001) (citing State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999); State v.
Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997)).

                                 2. Constitutional Principles

       The United States and Tennessee constitutions protect against unreasonable
searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV (―The right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,

       6
          However, an appellate court determining whether probable cause existed for issuance of a
search warrant ―may consider only the affidavit and may not consider other evidence provided to or
known by the issuing magistrate or possessed by the affiant.‖ Henning, 975 S.W.2d at 295 (citations
omitted).

                                              - 21 -
shall not be violated . . . .‖ );7 Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7 (―[T]he people shall be secure in
their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from unreasonable searches and seizures .
. . .‖ (emphasis added)).8 These constitutional provisions do not specify when a warrant
must be obtained but have been interpreted as generally requiring law enforcement to
obtain a warrant before undertaking a search or seizure. See Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S.
452, 459 (2011) (stating that under the Fourth Amendment ―a warrant must generally be
secured‖); State v. Meeks, 262 S.W.3d 710, 722 (Tenn. 2008) (―[A]s a general matter,
law enforcement officials cannot conduct a search [or effect a seizure] without having
first obtained a valid warrant.‖ (citations omitted)). Indeed, warrantless searches and
seizures are presumptively unreasonable, and any evidence discovered as a result of a
warrantless search or seizure is subject to suppression by way of the exclusionary rule.
State v. McCormick, 494 S.W.3d 673, 679 (Tenn. 2016) (citations omitted); Echols, 382
S.W.3d at 277.

        Of course, these constitutional protections are implicated only if a search or
seizure actually occurs. McCormick, 494 S.W.3d at 679. A consensual police-citizen
encounter does not amount to a seizure and does not implicate the constitutional warrant
requirement. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 n.16 (1968) (―Obviously, not all personal
intercourse between policemen and citizens involves ‗seizures‘ of persons. Only when
the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained
the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that a ‗seizure‘ has occurred.‖); McCormick, 494
S.W.3d at 679 (recognizing that consensual police-citizen encounters do not implicate
constitutional protections).

        The point at which a consensual encounter becomes a seizure is not susceptible of
precise definition. Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 506 (1983) (plurality opinion)
(recognizing that there is no ―litmus-paper test for distinguishing a consensual encounter
from a seizure‖); State v. Daniel, 12 S.W.3d 420, 425 (Tenn. 2000) (stating that courts
must consider the facts of each case to determine whether a seizure has occurred). A
seizure of the person occurs, for purposes of the Fourth Amendment and article I, section
7, when, ―taking into account all of the circumstances surrounding the encounter, the
police conduct would ‗have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at
liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business.‘‖ 9 Fla. v. Bostick, 501
        7
          The Fourth Amendment applies to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment. Mapp v.
Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 650 (1961).

        8
        ―‗[A]rticle I, section 7 is identical in intent and purpose with the Fourth Amendment.‘‖ State v.
Downey, 945 S.W.2d 102, 106 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting Sneed v. State, 423 S.W.2d 857, 860 (Tenn. 1968)).

        9
          This test was derived from Justice Stewart‘s opinion announcing the judgment of the Court in
United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553-54 (1980) (Stewart, J., opinion announcing the
judgment). Only one other justice joined the opinion. Id. Three justices concurred in the judgment,
indicated that this was an ―extremely close‖ issue, but did not believe the Court should decide it because

                                                  - 22 -
U.S. 429, 437 (1991) (quoting Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567, 569 (1988)); State
v. Randolph, 74 S.W.3d 330, 336 (Tenn. 2002) (―[W]hether, ‗in view of all the
circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed he or
she was not free to leave[.]‘‖ (quoting Daniel, 12 S.W.3d at 425)); see also Kaupp v.
Texas, 538 U.S. 626, 629-30 (2003). ―Examples of circumstances that might indicate a
seizure, even where the person did not attempt to leave,‖ include ―the threatening
presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical
touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating
that compliance with the officer‘s request might be compelled.‖ Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at
554 (Stewart, J., opinion announcing the judgment); see also Kaupp, 538 U.S. at 630;
Chesternut, 486 U.S. at 575; Daniel, 12 S.W.3d at 425-26 (stating that, when determining
whether a seizure has occurred, courts should consider ―the time, place and purpose of
the [police-citizen] encounter; the words used by the officer; the officer‘s tone of voice
and general demeanor; the officer‘s statements to others who were present during the
encounter; the threatening presence of several officers; the display of a weapon by an
officer; and the physical touching of the person of the citizen‖).

        As the United States Supreme Court has explained,

                The test is necessarily imprecise, because it is designed to assess the
        coercive effect of police conduct, taken as a whole, rather than to focus on
        particular details of that conduct in isolation. Moreover, what constitutes a
        restraint on liberty prompting a person to conclude that he is not free to

it had not been sufficiently developed in the courts below and did not comment on Justice Stewart‘s
standard, Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 559-560 n.1 (Powell, J., concurring in part and concurring in the
judgment). The four dissenters in Mendenhall questioned the standard Justice Stewart used but concluded
the factual record was not developed enough to apply it because the ―seizure‖ issue had not been
contested in the courts below, Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 566, 568-70 (White, J., dissenting). In a
subsequent decision, however, the Supreme Court adopted the standard Justice Stewart announced in
Mendenhall. Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567, 573 (1988); see also Kaupp v. Texas, 538 U.S. 626,
629-30 (2003); Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 437 (1991).

         The United States Supreme Court later modified the Mendenhall standard by holding that, where
no physical restraint is involved, an officer‘s show of authority, such as yelling, ―Stop,‖ does not
constitute a seizure if the suspect fails to yield to the show of authority. California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S.
621, 626 (1991). This Court subsequently rejected the holding in Hodari D. for purposes of determining
when a police officer‘s show of authority not involving physical restraint constitutes a seizure under
article I, section 7 of the Tennessee Constitution. State v. Randolph, 74 S.W.3d 330, 334-36 (Tenn.
2002); see also State v. Nicholson, 188 S.W.3d 649, 658 (Tenn. 2006) (discussing Hodari D. and
Randolph). The facts of this case are distinguishable from those of Hodari D. and Randolph. Here, the
defendant yielded to police authority and physically remained in police custody after doing so; thus,
Hodari D. has no application to these facts. The Mendenhall standard controls under both the federal and
state constitutional provisions.

                                                    - 23 -
      ―leave‖ will vary, not only with the particular police conduct at issue, but
      also with the setting in which the conduct occurs.

Chesternut, 486 U.S. at 573-74 (citations omitted). The test is objective, as well,
requiring courts to examine the circumstances from the perspective of a reasonable
person, and the subjective motivations and perspectives of police officers are irrelevant
when not ―conveyed to the person confronted.‖ Chesternut, 486 U.S. at 574, 575 n.7
(citation omitted); Daniel, 12 S.W.3d at 425. Having articulated the governing standards,
we turn to the task of applying them in this appeal.

               3. February 15, 2008: Consensual Encounter or Seizure?

        Here, the trial court found that the interaction between the defendant and the
police prior to his February 16, 2008 statement amounted to a consensual police-citizen
encounter only, not a seizure. The Court of Criminal Appeals disagreed and concluded
that the evidence preponderated against the trial court‘s finding that the defendant
voluntarily accompanied investigators to the police station and voluntarily remained there
until he gave the statement on February 16th. Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at *14-15.
We agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals that the evidence preponderates against the
trial court‘s finding.

       The defendant did not testify at the suppression hearing or at trial, so the
circumstances of the defendant‘s interactions with the police were provided through the
testimony of MPD officers. Although we need not reiterate the testimony in detail, it
shows that Lieutenant Armstrong called the defendant on February 15th and asked him to
come to MPD headquarters downtown and talk to the officers investigating the victim‘s
disappearance. The defendant expressed reluctance and said he could not come until his
work shift ended.

       After this conversation, Lieutenant Armstrong directed two MPD investigators to
locate the defendant at his work place or his apartment. When they did not locate the
defendant at his work place, Lieutenant Armstrong called him again and asked if he still
planned to come to MPD headquarters. The defendant refused, saying he had no one to
care for the children, and he continued to refuse even after he was told that arrangements
could be made for the victim‘s family members to care for them. Despite his refusal,
Lieutenant Armstrong directed the investigators to go to the defendant‘s apartment
complex and attempt to find the defendant. They did so, located his vehicle, followed
him when he started to drive out of the complex, activated their blue lights, and stopped
him after he turned around and drove back towards his apartment. The defendant‘s
vehicle and the MPD officers‘ vehicle were ―head-to-head‖ during this encounter. When
the defendant exited his vehicle, the officers introduced themselves and told him he
needed to accompany them to MPD headquarters to talk about the case. The defendant
asked why going downtown was necessary and offered to speak with them at his

                                          - 24 -
apartment complex, again explaining that he had no one to care for the children. MPD
officers would not take no for an answer, however, and told the defendant that members
of the victim‘s family would come and care for the children. Officers waited with the
defendant until the caregivers arrived, and during this time, other officers arrived on the
scene, including Lieutenant Armstrong, who brought with him members of the victim‘s
family. At some point thereafter, the defendant was placed in the backseat of a marked
police car and transported to MPD headquarters around 4:15 p.m.

        Once at the police station, the defendant was placed in an interview room, which
was locked from the outside, and he remained there for several hours. MPD officers
questioned him periodically throughout the evening. The defendant had no visitors and
was not at liberty to leave the interview room on his own, although a buzzer inside the
interview room enabled him to alert officers ―if he needed something.‖ The defendant
used the buzzer to request breaks and restroom visits ―several times‖ during the evening.
The defendant gave a statement around 9:00 p.m. on February 15th, which was consistent
with the statement he had given Officer Houston initially after reporting the victim
missing. At some point during this statement, the defendant announced that he was ready
to go home. One of the MPD officers responded that the police still had more questions,
so the defendant remained in the interview room until the early morning hours of
February 16th, when he was booked into the jail on the forty-eight-hour-hold for first
degree murder. Around 11:00 or 11:30 p.m. on February 16th, the defendant gave a
statement implicating K.T. in the victim‘s murder and implicating himself for making a
false report and abuse of a corpse. By the time he gave this statement, the defendant had
been in continuous police custody for more than twenty-four hours and had been
questioned multiple times about the victim‘s disappearance and murder.

        We conclude that the time, place, and purpose of the encounter, the presence of
multiple officers, the nature of the questioning, the actual restraint on the defendant‘s
liberty, the character of the questioning, which focused on the victim‘s homicide, and the
remaining totality of the circumstances certainly would have ―communicated to a
reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his
business.‖ Chesternut, 486 U.S. at 569; Daniel, 12 S.W.3d at 425. As did the Court of
Criminal Appeals, we conclude that the evidence preponderates against the trial court‘s
finding that the encounter was consensual and instead establishes that the defendant had
been seized without a warrant, for purposes of the Fourth Amendment and article I,
section 7, when he gave the statement on February 16th. Indeed, nothing about the
defendant‘s encounter with the police resembles a consensual encounter between a
citizen and the police.

      Like every warrantless seizure, the defendant‘s warrantless seizure was
presumptively unreasonable. Of course, this presumption of unreasonableness may be
overcome by the State demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that the
warrantless seizure was conducted pursuant to an exception to the warrant requirement.

                                           - 25 -
King, 563 U.S. at 459-60; Bell, 429 S.W.3d at 529; Meeks, 262 S.W.3d at 722. But here
the State has failed to do so. Indeed, although an arrest based on probable cause is an
exception to the warrant requirement, Echols, 382 S.W.3d at 277 (citing State v.
Hanning, 296 S.W.3d 44, 48 (Tenn. 2009)), the State has not argued that the police had
probable cause to support the warrantless seizure of the defendant.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals declined to suppress the defendant‘s February 16th
statement, applying the attenuation doctrine and concluding that the statement was
―‗sufficiently an act of free will to purge the primary taint‘‖ of his illegal seizure.
Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at *14-15 (quoting Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S.
471, 486 (1963) (relying on Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 598 (1975)).10 The
defendant argues that the intermediate appellate court erred by applying the attenuation
doctrine and upholding the admission of his statement, while the State defends the Court
of Criminal Appeals‘ ruling. We need not determine whether the Court of Criminal
Appeals erred in applying the attenuation doctrine. We conclude that, even assuming the
attenuation doctrine should not have been applied, admission of the defendant‘s statement
was harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt.11

                                    4. Harmless Error Analysis

         ―In conducting harmless error analysis, this Court has identified three categories
of error: (1) structural constitutional error; (2) non-structural constitutional error; and (3)
non-constitutional error.‖ Climer, 400 S.W.3d at 569 (citing State v. Rodriguez, 254
S.W.3d 361, 371 (Tenn. 2008)). ―Structural constitutional errors involve ‗defects in the
trial mechanism‘ that ‗compromise the integrity of the judicial process itself,‘‖ id. (citing
Rodriquez, 254 S.W.3d at 371), and as a result, defy harmless error analysis and require
automatic reversal, Momon, 18 S.W.3d at 165 (quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S.
279, 309 (1991)).

      Non-structural constitutional errors do not require automatic reversal. Rodriguez,
254 S.W.3d at 371. The erroneous admission of evidence obtained in violation of a
        10
            The attenuation doctrine is an exception to the federal and state exclusionary rules. Utah v.
Strieff, __ U.S. __, ___, 136 S. Ct. 2056, 2061 (2016); State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666, 674-75
(Tenn. 1996); see also State v. Reynolds, 504 S.W.3d 283, 313 (Tenn. 2016); State v. Carter, 16 S.W.3d
762, 766 (Tenn. 2000).
        11
            Because we conclude that the erroneous admission of the defendant‘s statement is harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt, we also need not address the defendant‘s argument that the statement resulted
from his illegal detention, which resulted from the MPD‘s policy of obtaining a forty-eight-hour hold.
Nevertheless, we take this opportunity to reiterate our earlier admonition that making arrests without
probable cause and using this forty-eight-hour hold policy to gather additional evidence to justify the
arrest would be unconstitutional and should be immediately discontinued. State v. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d
22, 44 n.9 (Tenn. 2014). The use of the forty-eight-hour hold policy in this case predated our admonition
in Bishop.

                                                 - 26 -
defendant‘s rights under the Fourth Amendment and article I, section 7 is a non-structural
constitutional error, subject to harmless error analysis. State v. Hutchison, 482 S.W.3d
893, 921 (Tenn. 2016). Reversal may be avoided if the State demonstrates ―beyond a
reasonable doubt that the [non-structural constitutional] error complained of did not
contribute to the verdict obtained.‖ Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d at 371 (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted); see also Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 15 (1999);
Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967).

       Thus, an appellate court‘s task when evaluating the effect of a non-structural
constitutional error is to ascertain the actual basis for the jury‘s verdict. Rodriguez, 254
S.W.3d at 372 (citing State v. Mallard, 40 S.W.3d 473, 489 (Tenn. 2001); Momon, 18
S.W.3d at 168). This task requires more than evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence
to support the conviction, and it does not turn on the appellate court‘s belief about the
correctness of the jury‘s verdict. Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d at 372. Rather, the task
requires an appellate court to focus on the impact the error may reasonably be taken to
have had on the jury‘s decision-making. Id.

        We conclude that, even if erroneous, admission of the defendant‘s statement had
minimal impact on the jury‘s decision-making in this case. Ordinarily a defendant‘s
statement is crucially important evidence to the jury‘s decision making process. Climer,
400 S.W.3d at 570. This case is an exception to the general rule. Here, the statement the
defendant gave after his illegal seizure was one small and relatively insignificant part of
the overwhelming proof the prosecution offered to convince the jury of the defendant‘s
guilt. The prosecution presented evidence that the victim planned to report the defendant
for sexually abusing his own daughter, that the victim feared the defendant and feared he
would harm her if she reported his conduct toward K.T., and that the defendant reported
the victim missing under suspicious circumstances. The defendant‘s children testified
against him and described his actions on the day the victim went missing. The boys‘
testimony implicated the defendant circumstantially in the victim‘s murder, while K.T.
testified as an eyewitness to the defendant murdering the victim. She also gave a detailed
statement of how the murder and subsequent concealment, abuse, and disposal of the
victim‘s corpse occurred. The prosecution offered physical proof and expert proof to
corroborate K.T.‘s testimony and that of her brothers.

       Additionally, in the statement at issue, the defendant denied murdering the victim
and admitted only his part in dismembering and disposing of her corpse. At the
beginning of trial, he entered a guilty plea to the crimes he confessed to committing in his
statement—initiating a false report and abuse of a corpse. Admission of the statement
was cumulative of the admission the defendant made in the presence of the jury. Having
carefully considered the entire record on appeal, we conclude that the State has
demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt that the erroneous admission of the defendant‘s
statement did not affect the jury‘s verdict and was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                           - 27 -
                         B. Defendant’s Attempt to Enter Guilty Pleas

        The defendant next contends that the trial court abused its discretion by declining
to ―consider‖ his guilty pleas to two counts of the indictment. The State responds that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion. The record reflects that, after the jury was
empaneled and sworn, the indictment was read in the presence of the jury. The trial
judge next asked the defendant how he wished to plead, and without prior consultation
with the trial judge, defense counsel announced that the defendant wished to plead guilty
to initiating a false report and abuse of a corpse, counts two and three of the indictment.
Defense counsel then immediately approached the bench and asked the trial court to
exclude evidence of those offenses from trial, arguing that, as a result of the defendant‘s
guilty pleas, the offenses amounted to prior bad acts for purposes of Rule 404(b) of the
Tennessee Rules of Evidence. When the trial court denied this request, defense counsel
then asked the trial judge to accept the defendant‘s guilty pleas pursuant to Rule 11(b) of
the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure.12 The trial judge explained that, were he to
accept the pleas pursuant to Rule 11(b), he would be required to determine whether the
pleas were made knowingly and voluntarily and to do this would need to explain to the
defendant that evidence of the charges would be admissible despite the pleas. Because
this could involve delving into and potentially disclosing defense strategy on the record,
the trial court declined to accept the pleas pursuant to Rule 11(b). Moreover, the trial
judge commented, correctly and consistently with Rule 11(c)(2)(B),13 that the defendant‘s
wish to enter guilty pleas under Rule 11 should have been disclosed before the jury was
sworn and ―probably could have been done . . . a couple of weeks‖ before trial.

       In his motion for new trial, the defendant argued that, by refusing to accept his
guilty pleas, the trial court had violated the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution and article I, sections 8 and 9 of the Tennessee Constitution.
The trial court rejected this argument, explaining:

        Now, as far as getting in a situation where the jury does not consider that, at
        the time he pled guilty in front of the jury, he had not signed any waivers,
        he had not—I had not been allowed to cross-examine him or voir dire him
        on Rule 11[,] and I had nothing on which to base his freely and voluntarily

        12
            As pertinent to this appeal, Rule 11(b)(1) states that, ―[b]efore accepting a guilty . . . plea, the
court shall address the defendant personally in open court and inform the defendant of, and determine that
he . . . understands‖ several different categories of information. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1) (emphasis
added).
        13
           Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(2)(B) (―Except for good cause shown, the parties shall notify the court
of a plea agreement at the arraignment or at such other time before trial as the court orders.‖ (emphasis
added)).

                                                     - 28 -
       given plea. And so for that reason, he has a right to choose to plead guilty
       in front of the jury, but if the jury had not found him guilty of those
       offenses, they could have found him not guilty. They did not have to
       accept the plea that he entered[,] and I think it would have been improper
       for me to remove those counts without properly exercising what I‘m
       mandated to do under Rule 11.

              I also would have—I also found, I think when I talk about that, that
       any proof of the abuse of the corpse would also come in to show the
       circumstances of the crime, and for that reason I didn‘t see that there was a
       good reason for him to plead guilty other than to let the jury know that he‘s
       admitting that he did that, which would somehow be mitigating. But I
       don‘t know of any legal authority that says that once I hear a defendant‘s
       plea in front of a jury then I‘m obligated to stop and then try to sever those
       out and then go and reset the case to try to pick another jury. So he has a
       right to plead guilty in front of the jury[,] and I don‘t have any legal
       obligation to accept the plea when the defendant has not been voir dired or
       signed a written waiver, so I feel that ruling was proper.

       The defendant challenged the trial court‘s decision in the Court of Criminal
Appeals, again arguing that the trial court‘s refusal to accept his pleas prevented him
from excluding proof of those offenses under Rule 404(b) of the Tennessee Rules of
Evidence, which, in turn, deprived him of Due Process and interfered with his right to
present a defense. The intermediate appellate court disagreed and concluded that the trial
court had not abused its discretion by refusing to accept the pleas. Hawkins, 2015 WL
5169157, at *17. We agree.

       It first must be emphasized that Rule 11(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal
Procedure governs the process that applies to guilty pleas that result from plea
bargaining. It does not prescribe a process for trial courts to follow when a defendant
waits until a jury has been sworn and trial has begun to announce his intention to plead
guilty to some of the charges of the indictment, without notifying the trial court of his
intention to do so. To the contrary, Rule 11(c)(2)(B) indicates that the preferred practice
and the ordinary practice requires the parties to advise the trial court of a plea agreement,
stating that, ―[e]xcept for good cause shown, the parties shall notify the court of a plea
agreement at the arraignment or at such other time before trial as the court orders.‖
(Emphases added). Had the defendant notified the trial court of his desire to plead guilty
before trial, he also could have obtained a pretrial ruling on whether his guilty pleas
would have rendered evidence of the offenses to which he wished to plead guilty
inadmissible under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b). But the defendant failed to
notify the trial court before trial of his wish to plead guilty, as Rule 11(c)(2)(B) requires,
and the trial court cited the tardiness of the attempted guilty pleas when refusing to accept
them under Rule 11(b).

                                            - 29 -
        Trial judges have ―broad discretion‖ to control the course and conduct of trials.
State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 260 (Tenn. 1994). Moreover, a defendant has ―no
absolute right to have a guilty plea accepted. A court may reject a plea in exercise of
sound judicial discretion.‖ Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262 (1971) (citations
omitted) (discussing pleas under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11); see State v.
Layman, 214 S.W.3d 442, 452 (Tenn. 2007) (―[A] trial court has discretion under Rule
11 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure to reject a plea agreement . . . .‖); State
v. Todd, 654 S.W.2d 379, 382 (Tenn. 1983) (―The trial judge may accept or reject the
plea agreement in the exercise of his discretion.‖) (discussing Tennessee Rule of
Criminal Procedure 11). A trial court‘s refusal to accept a guilty plea will be reversed on
appeal only if the trial court has abused its discretion. Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262 (―A
court may reject a plea in exercise of sound judicial discretion.‖); State v. Hines, 919
S.W.2d 573, 578 (Tenn. 1995) (holding that trial court acted within its authority in
rejecting a plea bargain in a capital case). ―An abuse of discretion occurs when [a] trial
court applies an incorrect legal standard or reaches a conclusion that is ‗illogical or
unreasonable and causes an injustice to the party complaining.‘‖ State v. Lewis, 235
S.W.3d 136, 141 (Tenn. 2007) (quoting State v. Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn.
2006)). This standard recognizes that a trial court‘s discretion ―‗is to be guided by sound
legal principles.‘‖ Id. (quoting Martha S. Davis, Standards of Review: Judicial Review
of Discretionary Decisionmaking, 2 J. App. Prac. & Process 47, 58 (2000)).

       The record before us establishes that the defendant admitted guilt to the offenses
to which he attempted to plead guilty as early as February 16, 2008, but waited nearly
three years—until after a jury was sworn, jeopardy had attached, witnesses were
summoned, and the trial was underway—before asking the trial court to accept guilty
pleas to those offenses pursuant to Rule 11(b). Under these circumstances, we cannot say
that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing the defendant‘s request. See State v.
Murphy, No. W2011-00744-CCA-R3CD, 2012 WL 1656735, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App.
May 9, 2012) (―Given the wide discretion afforded the trial court to reject a plea
agreement and the fact that the defendant has no entitlement to a specific plea agreement,
we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by rejecting the agreement in this
case on the basis of its coming after the plea deadline.‖).

       Moreover, even if we agreed with the defendant that the trial judge abused its
discretion by refusing to accept the pleas pursuant to Rule 11(b), the defendant has failed
to establish prejudice resulting from this error. As the trial court and Court of Criminal
Appeals explained, evidence of the underlying offenses would have remained admissible
even if the trial court had accepted the defendant‘s guilty pleas. Hawkins, 2015 WL
5169157, at *17. Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) excludes evidence of ―other
crimes, wrongs, or acts‖ but only if such evidence is offered ―to prove the character of a
person in order to show action in conformity with the character trait. It may, however, be
admissible for other purposes.‖ Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). One ―other purpose‖ for which
this evidence may be admitted is to establish premeditation. See, e.g., State v. Smith, 868

                                           - 30 -
S.W.2d 561, 578 (Tenn. 1993). Evidence showing that the defendant dismembered the
victim‘s corpse and made a false report to the police regarding her disappearance would
have been admissible under Rule 404(b) to prove premeditation, an element of the
remaining first degree murder charge. See State v. Jackson, 173 S.W.3d 401, 409 (Tenn.
2005) (stating that the circumstances of the crime, including the destruction or secretion
of evidence and calmness after a killing, may support a finding of premeditation); State v.
Nichols, 24 S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tenn. 2000) (same). That the defendant committed these
offenses after the victim‘s murder does not limit their relevance or admissibility on the
issue of premeditation. State v. Elkins, 102 S.W.3d 578, 584 (Tenn. 2003) (―Rule 404(b)
would permit the introduction of evidence of subsequent acts to establish one‘s intent
during a prior act in appropriate cases.‖). In the circumstances of this case, the
defendant‘s guilty pleas simply would not have entitled him to prevent the State from
offering proof that he dismembered the victim‘s corpse and made a false report of her
disappearance. Cf. State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 394 (Tenn. 1989) (recognizing that
―the State is entitled to prove all of the relevant circumstances in such manner as it sees
fit, within the rules of evidence‖ and upholding a trial court‘s refusal to accept a
defendant‘s stipulation to certain facts which the defendant offered in an effort to
preclude the admission of damaging testimony); State v. Morris, 641 S.W.2d 883, 889
(Tenn. 1982) (―Stipulations are a matter of mutual agreement and not a matter of right by
one party or the other in an adversary proceeding.‖).14 Thus, we conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to consider the defendant‘s guilty pleas
under Rule 11(b). But, even assuming the trial court erred, the defendant has failed to
establish that he was prejudiced by the error. See State v. Walker, No. E2002-03093-
CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 22258181, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 2, 2003) (holding that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to accept the defendant‘s guilty
pleas to two counts of the indictment and stating that even if the trial court erred, the error
had not prejudiced the defendant, because ―he was found guilty by the jury of the charges
to which he intended to plead and the evidence of the other crimes would have been
admissible in the trial for the first degree murder charge‖).

                                  C. Alleged Evidentiary Errors

       The defendant next argues that the trial court erred by admitting the victim‘s
hearsay statements through the testimony of her children and of Melvin Gaither, and
through the admission of exhibit sixty-one, the victim‘s application for an order of
protection.

        14
             The trial court did not prevent the defendant from admitting guilt and accepting responsibility
for these offenses at trial. Nor did the trial court restrict or prevent the defense from making arguments to
the jury based on the defendant‘s admission of guilt to those offenses.

                                                   - 31 -
       A hearsay statement is defined as ―a statement, other than one made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of
the matter asserted.‖ Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). As a general rule, a hearsay statement is not
admissible unless it falls within one of the exceptions to the hearsay rule. Tenn. R. Evid.
802. The following standards define our review of the trial court‘s rulings on the
admissibility of hearsay:

     Initially, the trial court must determine whether the statement is hearsay. If
     the statement is hearsay, then the trial court must [next] determine whether
     the hearsay statement fits within one of the exceptions. To answer these
     questions, the trial court may need to receive evidence and hear testimony.
     When the trial court makes factual findings and credibility determinations in
     the course of ruling on an evidentiary motion, these factual and credibility
     findings are binding on a reviewing court unless the evidence in the record
     preponderates against them. Once the trial court has made its factual
     findings, the next questions—whether the facts prove that the statement (1)
     was hearsay and (2) fits under one [of] the exceptions to the hearsay rule—
     are questions of law subject to de novo review.

              If a statement is hearsay, but does not fit one of the exceptions, it is
       inadmissible, and the court must exclude the statement. But if a hearsay
       statement does fit under one of the exceptions, the trial court may not use
       the hearsay rule to suppress the statement. However, the statement may
       otherwise run afoul of another rule of evidence . . . . If a trial court
       excludes otherwise admissible hearsay on the basis of Rule 401, 402, or
       403, this determination is reviewed for abuse of discretion.

Kendrick v. State, 454 S.W.3d 450, 479-80 (Tenn. 2015) (citations omitted); see also
State v. Howard, 504 S.W.3d 260, 275-76 (Tenn. 2016). We now apply these principles
to evaluate each of the defendant‘s challenges to the trial court‘s evidentiary rulings.

                      1. Admission of the Testimony of the Children

        The trial court permitted each of the children to testify about hearing the victim
tell the defendant that she was going to call the police, concluding that this testimony was
non-hearsay, offered to show the effect the victim‘s statements had on the defendant, not
the truth of the victim‘s statements that she planned to call the police. The Court of
Criminal Appeals affirmed the trial court‘s decision, Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at
*18, and we do as well.

       The children‘s testimony regarding the victim‘s threats to call the police was
offered to establish the effect the victim‘s statements had on the defendant and to
establish the defendant murdered her because he believed she planned to call the police.

                                            - 32 -
This testimony was not offered to establish the truth of the victim‘s threats. As a result,
the children‘s testimony about the victim‘s statements was properly admitted as non-
hearsay. See State v. Venable, 606 S.W.2d 298, 301 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980) (―Clearly
the statement was probative not as proof of the matter asserted therein, but because of its
effect on the hearer, in this case the defendant, supplying evidence of his motive in
returning to the service station later in the day, armed and threatening to kill the declarant
. . . .‖); see generally Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence § 8.01[7] (6th ed.
2011) [hereinafter Tennessee Law of Evidence] (discussing non-hearsay declarations
offered to prove the effect on the listener).

                              2. Testimony of Melvin Gaither

      The trial court also allowed Melvin Gaither to testify about the victim‘s statements
to him concerning her fear of the defendant. The trial court ruled that the victim‘s
statements were hearsay—offered for the truth of the matter asserted therein—but
admissible pursuant to the state of mind exception to the hearsay rule. Tenn. R. Evid.
803(3). The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed, Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at *19,
and we agree that this evidence was properly admitted.

       The state of mind exception authorizes the admission of a hearsay statement

        of the declarant‘s then existing state of mind, emotion, sensation, or
       physical conditions (such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental feeling,
       pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief
       to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution,
       revocation, identification, or terms of declarant‘s will.

Tenn. R. Evid. 803(3). Here, the defendant initially told the police that the victim left
home in anger following an argument with him. Later, the defendant admitted the victim
had been murdered but claimed that K.T had murdered her after K.T. and the victim
argued. The defendant maintained that he had not participated in the murder at all and
had only assisted K.T. in covering up the crime and dismembering and disposing of the
victim‘s body. The defendant never recanted his statement implicating K.T. and denying
his own involvement in the victim‘s murder. The defendant‘s statements placed at issue
the victim‘s mental state at the time of her murder. The State was entitled to establish that
the victim feared the defendant, not K.T., at the time of her murder. See Smith, 868
S.W.2d at 573 (ruling that the victim‘s hearsay statements expressing fear of the
defendant were admissible under the state of mind exception and relevant ―to reveal the
falsehood‖ of the defendant‘s statement to the police indicating that he and his wife, the
victim, were reconciling); State v. Trusty, 326 S.W.3d 582, 603 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2010)
(―Given the proof of the on-again, off-again nature of the victim‘s relationship with the
defendant, we conclude that the statements she made shortly before her death about her
fear of the defendant were relevant and admissible under the state of mind exception to

                                            - 33 -
show not only her state of mind at the time she uttered the statements, but also her
probable mental state and behavior at the time of her death . . . .‖). The trial court did not
err by admitting Mr. Gaither‘s testimony about the victim‘s statements pursuant to the
state of mind hearsay exception.

                           3. Application for Order of Protection

       The defendant next challenges the trial court‘s admission of the victim‘s
January 15, 2008 application for an order or protection. The application was admitted as
exhibit sixty-one through the testimony of Deborah Coffman, a counselor and records
keeper for Citizens Dispute, a Shelby County government agency that assists persons in
completing the application process for orders of protection. The victim‘s application
included the following statements:

       [The defendant] had the impression that he would be moving with me and
       my three children[.] When he realized he was not moving, he became
       violent pulling my hair and hit me on my right cheek (jaw) with his fist[.]
       He was telling my twelve year old daughter to lock herself in the bathroom
       and to tell the police that I pulled her hair (abused her)[.] He was not
       arrested for his violence.

       He wants my twelve year old daughter to be around him often, sleep with
       him and she has changed telling lies and disrespectful, I hope he hasn‘t
       molested her, he says no and she says no but both have lied, so I‘m just
       trying to protect me and the children.

       I don‘t want him around me or my children, I don‘t trust him.

       The application also included the victim‘s statement that the defendant had told
her she ―was wrong for taking‖ K.T. from him and that he could ―get‖ the victim
―without . . . even having to touch [her]‖ because he could ―get somebody else to get‖ the
victim.

       The trial court admitted the application pursuant to the forfeiture by wrongdoing
exception to the hearsay rule, explaining:

       And I‘m finding, just so we‘ll all understand, their relationship had
       deteriorated to such a point, [the victim] and [the defendant], that at this
       point I think the record—that the State has shown by a preponderance of
       the evidence from this hearing that the reason for the killing, the motive for
       the killing, would be to stop her from prosecuting him for things against her
       and her child because she‘s here talking about harassing phone calls and

                                            - 34 -
       things like that. So, I think [Tennessee Rule of Evidence] 804(6) is going
       to apply to this case to that extent.

The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the trial court‘s ruling. Hawkins, 2015 WL
5169157, at *19. We also affirm the trial court‘s ruling.

       The forfeiture by wrongdoing exception authorizes the admission of a hearsay
statement ―against a party that has engaged in wrongdoing that was intended to and did
procure the unavailability of the declarant as a witness.‖ Tenn. R. Evid. 804(b)(6).
Before admitting a hearsay statement under this exception, the trial court must conduct a
jury-out hearing and determine that ―a preponderance of the evidence establishes: 1) that
the defendant was involved in or responsible for procuring the unavailability of the
declarant; and 2) that [the] defendant‘s actions were intended, at least in part, to procure
the absence of the declarant.‖ State v. Ivy, 188 S.W.3d 132, 147 (Tenn. 2006); see also
State v. Brooks, 249 S.W.3d 323, 325 (Tenn. 2008) (stating that, for the exception to
apply, the State must show that the defendant‘s actions ―were intended, at least in part, to
prevent a witness from testifying.‖); Tennessee Law of Evidence, § 8.40[2] (discussing
the forfeiture by wrongdoing exception).

       In Ivy, this Court upheld the admission of a hearsay statement at the defendant‘s
homicide trial, explaining that the preponderance of the proof established that the
defendant murdered the declarant to prevent her from contacting the police about his
aggravated assault against her. Ivy, 188 S.W.3d at 147. In Brooks, this Court declined to
apply the exception to admit the victim‘s hearsay statement because no proof was offered
to show either that the defendant had threatened to harm the victim if she went to the
police or that the defendant knew the victim had spoken to the police about him. Brooks,
249 S.W.3d at 329.

       The facts of this case are very similar to Ivy. The proof offered at the jury-out
hearing showed that, even before the victim applied for the order of protection, she had
summoned the police to the Prince Rupert apartment and attempted to remove K.T. and
deny the defendant access to her. The application recites the defendant‘s threats against
the victim because she called the police. Additionally, K.T. testified that, immediately
before the defendant murdered the victim, the victim had again threatened to call the
police, prompting the defendant to respond, ―You‘re not going to call the police, not
going to call anybody,‖ and then to murder the victim. We conclude that the proof
abundantly supports and does not preponderate against the trial court‘s determination that
the State satisfied the requirements necessary for application of the forfeiture by
wrongdoing exception. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by admitting exhibit sixty-
one into evidence pursuant to the forfeiture by wrongdoing exception.

                                           - 35 -
                4. Evidence Admitted Under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b)

       The defendant next contends that the trial court admitted evidence in violation of
Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b). In particular, the defendant challenges the
admission of the testimony of J.W.I. and J.S.I. about the defendant breaking the victim‘s
cell phone and about the defendant slapping the victim. According to the defendant, the
State failed to offer clear and convincing evidence that these acts actually occurred and
this evidence was not relevant to establish a motive for the murder and was inadmissible
character evidence meant to show that the defendant is a dangerous person. On these
same grounds, the defendant challenges in this Court the trial court‘s decision allowing
K.T. to testify about the defendant sexually abusing her.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides, in relevant part, as follows:

              Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove
       the character of a person in order to show action in conformity with the
       character trait. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes. The
       conditions which must be satisfied before allowing such evidence are: (1)
       The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury‘s presence; (2)
       The court must determine that a material issue exists other than conduct
       conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the record
       the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the evidence;
       (3) The court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be clear
       and convincing; and (4) The court must exclude the evidence if its
       probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b) (emphasis added). Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or bad acts,
while not admissible to prove conduct conforming to a character trait, is admissible for
other purposes, including establishing motive. State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 57-58
(Tenn. 2004); State v. Luellen, 867 S.W.2d 736, 740 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). When a
trial court substantially complies with the procedures specified in Rule 404(b) before
admitting the evidence, appellate courts afford great deference to the trial court‘s decision
and will reverse the decision only if the trial court abused its discretion. State v. Dotson,
450 S.W.3d 1, 76-77 (Tenn. 2014); State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997).

        The trial court substantially complied with the procedures set out in Rule 404(b),
determined that the defendant‘s conduct had been established by clear and convincing
evidence, concluded that this testimony was probative of the defendant‘s motive to kill
the victim—concealing and continuing his sexual abuse of K.T.—and ruled that the
probative value of this evidence was not outweighed by the danger of its unfair prejudice.
Like the Court of Criminal Appeals, Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at *21, we affirm the
trial court‘s decision.

                                            - 36 -
       Here, the boys‘ testimony indicated that the defendant‘s arguments with and
assaultive conduct toward the victim occurred after she threatened to call the police or
threatened to remove herself and the children, including K.T., from the home.
Additionally, K.T.‘s testimony concerning the defendant‘s sexual abuse was, in the words
of the trial court, ―very probative‖ to show the defendant‘s motive for murdering the
victim, who was attempting to deny the defendant access to K.T.

       Despite the defendant‘s arguments to the contrary, the prosecution offered clear
and convincing evidence to establish the defendant‘s sexual abuse of K.T. Not only did
K.T. testify about the abuse, K.T.‘s brothers testified about observing the defendant
―tongue kissing‖ K.T. and about seeing the defendant on top of K.T. in the floor of her
bedroom after he instructed the boys to remain in another room. In arguing that the
prosecution failed to offer clear and convincing proof of the defendant‘s sexual abuse of
K.T., the defendant refers only to K.T.‘s testimony at the Rule 404(b) hearing, where she
stated that the defendant behaved in a ―sexual way‖ toward her, and argues that this
statement is unclear. Additionally, the defendant contends that K.T.‘s failure to use the
word rape ―emasculates‖ her statement and that her testimony failed to link the defendant
to her miscarriage. We disagree. K.T. testified clearly at trial about the defendant
sexually abusing her and stated that she had become pregnant by him as a result of the
abuse. To avoid confusing the jury, the trial court instructed K.T. and the prosecution not
to use the word ―rape.‖ The trial court‘s instruction was intended to minimize the
negative and prejudicial connotation associated with the word ―rape,‖ and the trial court‘s
instruction was beneficial to the defendant. The prosecution offered clear and convincing
proof that the sexual abuse occurred, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
admitting the children‘s testimony concerning the defendant‘s conduct toward the victim
and K.T. pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b).

                                   D. Improper Closing Argument

       The defendant next argues that the trial court permitted the prosecutor to make
improper rebuttal closing argument without corrective action and that this improper
prosecutorial argument deprived him of a fair trial and violated his rights under the Fifth,
Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and article I,
sections 8 and 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. In support of these contentions, the
defendant points to four instances of alleged improper prosecutorial argument, including:
(1) the prosecutor using the word ―rape‖ on one occasion to describe the defendant‘s
sexual abuse of K.T., despite the trial court‘s pretrial prohibition against using the term;15
(2) the prosecutor‘s description of the defendant, as ―He‘s mean, he is mean‖; (3) the
prosecutor‘s use of the saw that was introduced into evidence as a demonstrative aid

       15
           The prosecutor stated: ―Twelve[-]year[-]old K.T. sat there and watched her mother be cut up
and then a knife put to her throat[,] and she was threatened to be killed, after she had been raped
repeatedly by this man.‖

                                                - 37 -
multiple times during rebuttal closing argument; and (4) the prosecutor declaring of the
defendant, ―This man has never shed a tear for [the victim]—never—never.‖ In this
Court, the defendant argues that each of these statements was improper and entitle him to
relief, whether considered separately or cumulatively. The State concedes that the
prosecutor erred by using the term ―rape‖; nevertheless, the State contends that the error
was harmless and asserts that the other prosecutorial arguments the defendant identifies
were not improper.

        As the State points out, the defendant did not object contemporaneously during
closing argument and cited only the first two instances of allegedly improper
prosecutorial argument in his motion for new trial. As a result, the trial court addressed
only those two grounds when denying the defendant‘s motion. The trial court explained
its decision on the ―rape‖ reference as follows:

              So even though that word was mentioned and I did not want it to be
      mentioned to start with after I heard the child‘s testimony, then I don‘t see
      that that word mentioned in closing argument had any effect on the trial or
      the verdict. So at the time I wrote that order and said they couldn‘t use the
      word rape, I was assuming at that point that the child was not going to say
      that it was without consent. I did not know what the child was going to say,
      so didn‘t want to get in and tell the jury well you can‘t consent if you‘re
      less than thirteen and start getting in ancillary matters because we‘re only
      trying the death case.

             So I find that the fact the prosecutor used the word rape in her final
      argument does not warrant a new trial for the defendant or a new sentencing
      hearing. I find that he got a fair trial and sentencing hearing and the fact of
      using that word in closing argument did not [a]ffect the verdict as to guilt or
      sentencing.

Regarding the prosecutor saying, ―He‘s mean!‖ more than once when referring to the
defendant, the trial court ruled:

              I carefully listened of course to the arguments of both sides. These
      were highly charged emotional arguments. I don‘t find that either side did
      anything improper or overly prejudicial that took—that would have made
      this trial unfair to the defendant in the argument.

The trial court had no opportunity to address the third and fourth instances of allegedly
improper arguments. However, the Court of Criminal Appeals considered all four
instances of allegedly improper argument and affirmed the trial court‘s decision in all
respects. Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at *23-25. We agree with the courts below that
the defendant is not entitled to relief on this basis.

                                           - 38 -
        Closing arguments serve ―to sharpen and to clarify the issues that must be resolved
in a criminal case,‖ State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 130 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Herring v.
New York, 422 U.S. 853, 862 (1975)), ―by enabling the opposing lawyers to present their
theory of the case and to point out the strengths and weaknesses in the evidence to the
jury.‖ Id. (citing Christian v. State, 555 S.W.2d 863, 866 (Tenn. 1977)). Prosecution and
defense counsel in criminal cases ―are expected to be zealous advocates,‖ and as a result,
should be afforded ―great latitude in both the style and the substance of their arguments.‖
Id. at 130-31 (citations omitted). Indeed, closing arguments in criminal cases are the one
phase of the trial ―where the lawyers are given the greatest leeway in their manner of
expression,‖ and as a result, closing arguments can have a ―‗rough and tumble quality‘
about them[.]‖ Id. at 131 (quoting State v. Skakel, 888 A.2d 985, 1060-61 (Conn. 2006))
(citing Wayne R. LaFave et al., Criminal Procedure § 24.7(b), at 456-57 (3d ed. 2007)).

        Nevertheless, while permitted to advocate for the interests of the State ―with
thoroughness and vigor,‖ prosecutors must not lose sight of their duty to seek justice
impartially and their obligation ―to see to it that the defendant receives a fair trial.‖ Id.
(citing State v. White, 114 S.W.3d 469, 477 (Tenn. 2003); Burlison v. State, 501 S.W.2d
801, 806 (Tenn. 1973); Watkins v. State, 203 S.W. 344, 345 (Tenn. 1918)). ―Prosecutors
‗may strike hard blows, . . . [but they are] not at liberty to strike foul ones.‘‖ Id. (quoting
Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88, (1935)). As a result, a ―prosecutor‘s closing
argument must be temperate, must be based on the evidence introduced at trial, and must
be pertinent to the issues in the case.‖ Id. (citing State v. Middlebrooks, 995 S.W.2d 550,
557 (Tenn. 1999); Russell v. State, 532 S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tenn. 1976)). Within these
bounds, ―prosecutors, no less than defense counsel, may use colorful and forceful
language in their closing arguments, as long as they do not stray from the evidence and
the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence, or make derogatory remarks or
appeal to the jurors‘ prejudices.‖ Id. (citations omitted).

       An appellate court should not lightly overturn a criminal conviction ―solely on the
basis of the prosecutor‘s closing argument.‖ Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 131 (citing United
States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 11-13 (1985); State v. Bane, 57 S.W.3d 411, 425 (Tenn.
2001)). An improper closing argument constitutes reversible error only if it ―is so
inflammatory or improper that [it] affected the outcome of the trial to the defendant‘s
prejudice.‖ Id. (citing State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 244 (Tenn. 2005) (appendix);
State v. Cribbs, 967 S.W.2d 773, 786 (Tenn. 1998)); see also State v. Jackson, 444
S.W.3d 554, 591 n.50 (Tenn. 2014).

       In determining whether a prosecutor‘s closing argument crossed the line of
propriety and affected the outcome of the trial to the defendant‘s prejudice, courts focus
upon the following five factors:

       (1) the conduct complained of, viewed in light of the facts and
       circumstances of the case; (2) the curative measures undertaken by the

                                             - 39 -
       court and the prosecutor; (3) the intent of the prosecutor in making the
       improper statement; (4) the cumulative effect of the improper conduct and
       any other errors in the record; and (5) the relative strength or weakness of
       the case.

Jackson, 444 S.W.3d at 591 n.50 (citing State v. Buck, 670 S.W.2d 600, 609 (Tenn.
1984) (adopting the five-factor analysis enunciated in Judge v. State, 539 S.W.2d 340,
344 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976))).

        Although the defendant did not contemporaneously object to any of the alleged
instances of improper prosecutorial argument, we will apply plenary review, rather than
plain-error review, to the two alleged instances of improper prosecutorial argument raised
in the motion for new trial and consider them in light of the foregoing factors. As the
State concedes, the prosecutor erred by using the word ―rape,‖ because the trial court had,
in a pretrial ruling, prohibited the prosecution and prosecution witnesses from using the
term. But, while contrary to the trial court‘s instruction, considered in context, the use of
this term was not so inflammatory or improper that it likely affected the outcome of the
trial to the defendant‘s prejudice. Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 131. Moreover, given K.T.‘s
trial testimony that she did not consent to the defendant‘s sexual abuse, we cannot fault
the trial court for failing to take corrective action to this single mention of the term
―rape,‖ when the defendant failed to object contemporaneously or request a curative
instruction. Furthermore, it is difficult to conceive of what curative instruction could
have been given that would have been consistent with K.T.‘s trial testimony and also
would have minimized, rather than emphasized, the prosecutor‘s single use of the term.
The evidence of the defendant‘s guilt of the victim‘s murder was overwhelming. The
record contains no indication that the prosecutor intentionally violated the trial court‘s
order. That the prosecutor used the term only once during the multi-day trial indicates
she did not intentionally violate the order. And, as already noted, by the time closing
arguments were presented, the term ―rape‖ accurately described the testimony about the
defendant‘s sexual abuse of K.T., despite the trial court‘s pre-trial ruling. Use of this
term certainly did not enhance or combine with any other trial error to prejudice the
defendant.

        As for the prosecutor‘s ―He‘s mean!‖ argument, we conclude, as did the trial
court, that it amounts to forceful and colorful language that was not improper in the
context of this case. This argument ―‗did not manipulate or misstate the evidence, nor
did it implicate other specific rights of the accused such as the right to counsel or the
right to remain silent.‘‖ State v. Thomas, 158 S.W.3d 361, 414 (Tenn. 2005) (quoting
Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181-82 (1986)). The proof showed that the
defendant sexually abused his daughter from the first night he returned to her life after a
long absence, murdered his long-term girlfriend, who was the mother of his children, and
forced his daughter, at the point of a knife while threatening to kill her too, to assist him
with hiding, dismembering, and disposing of her own mother‘s body and with cleaning

                                            - 40 -
the apartment and disposing of evidence of the crime. We cannot say that characterizing
the defendant as ―mean‖ was improper, inflammatory, or inconsistent with the proof
presented at trial. 16

        We review the remaining two instances of allegedly improper closing argument,
which the defendant did not cite as error in his motion for new trial, under the plain error
doctrine. These errors would warrant reversal ―only in exceptional circumstances.‖
Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 132 n.30 (citing United States v. Smith, 508 F.3d 861, 864 (8th
Cir. 2007)). ―‗[F]leeting comments that passed without objection during the rough-and-
tumble of closing argument in the trial court should not be unduly magnified when the
printed transcript is subjected to painstaking review in the reflective quiet of an appellate
judge‘s chambers.‘‖ Id. (quoting United States v. Mullins, 446 F.3d 750, 758 (8th Cir.
2006)). To establish that these arguments constitute plain error entitling him to relief, the
defendant bears the burden of persuading this Court that the following five prerequisites
are satisfied:

        ―(1) the record clearly establishes what occurred in the trial court; (2) a
        clear and unequivocal rule of law was breached; (3) a substantial right of
        the accused was adversely affected; (4) the accused did not waive the issue
        for tactical reasons; and (5) consideration of the error is necessary to do
        substantial justice.‖

Dotson, 450 S.W.3d at 49 (quoting State v. Gomez, 239 S.W.3d 733, 737 (Tenn. 2007)).
The defendant has failed to carry his burden of persuasion.

       The defendant characterizes the prosecutor‘s comment that he had never shed tears
for the victim as ―argument of a purported fact that was not in evidence.‖ But, again,
given the leeway lawyers are afforded in making closing argument, we conclude that this
argument is properly characterized as a comment on the testimony that the defendant ―did
not seem particularly concerned‖ and seemed ―disinterested‖ when discussing the
victim‘s disappearance and murder. In short, the record does not establish that a clear
and unequivocal rule of law was breached, so the defendant is not entitled to relief via the
plain error doctrine based on this argument.

      We reach the same conclusion about the prosecutor‘s allegedly improper use of
the saw multiple times during rebuttal closing argument to demonstrate how the
defendant dismembered the victim. We are not at all convinced that the benefits of such
dramatic demonstrations outweigh the risks of reversal such demonstrations pose. But,

        16
            We have previously and repeatedly held that ―[i]t is improper for the prosecutor to use epithets
to characterize a defendant.‖ Thomas, 158 S.W.3d at 414 (citations omitted). We do not retreat from
these holdings but simply conclude that the characterization in this case does not constitute an epithet and
instead is a strong but fair comment based on the proof.

                                                   - 41 -
no clear rule of law was breached by the prosecutor‘s use of the saw. The evidence
established that the saw was the same type the defendant used to dismember the victim‘s
body, so the prosecutor‘s argument was based on the evidence. And the proof showed
that the defendant used the saw multiple times on the victim‘s body, removing her head,
hands, and feet, so the prosecutor‘s use of the saw more than once was also consistent
with the proof. Nevertheless, we reiterate that prosecutors must balance zealous
advocacy with their obligations to seek justice and ensure that defendants receive fair
trials. We urge prosecutors to err on the side of restraint and temperance when presenting
closing arguments. See, e.g., Jackson, 444 S.W.3d at 589; State v. Payne, 791 S.W.2d
10, 20 (Tenn. 1990). Having concluded that no clear rule of law was breached, the
defendant is not entitled to plain error relief on this claim.

                               E. Mandatory Statutory Review

       We next consider: (1) whether the sentence of death ―was imposed in any arbitrary
fashion‖; (2) whether the evidence supports the jury‘s findings that the prosecution
proved the aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt; (3) whether the
evidence supports the jury‘s determination that the aggravating circumstances
outweighed the mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt; and (4) whether the
sentence of death ―is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar
cases, considering both the nature of the crime and the defendant.‖ Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-13-206(c)(1).

                         1. Arbitrary Imposition of the Death Sentence

       The defendant submits that Tennessee ―has adopted a proportionality review
process that fails to insure or even measure the full arbitrariness of the death penalty as
historically imposed in our [S]tate.‖ He argues that because this Court ―chooses to limit
its review only to cases in which the death penalty has been previously imposed, it
necessarily misses the opportunity to determine whether the death penalty is improperly
sought and imposed based on racial, gender or geographical criteria.‖ He also alleges
that this Court ―narrowly defines aberration,‖ which results in ―glaring examples of
harsher sentences imposed based on inappropriate factors,‖ such as racial and
geographical disparity.

       This Court has repeatedly rejected arguments virtually identical to those the
defendant now advances. Indeed, just four years ago, this Court exhaustively re-
examined the propriety of including in the pool for comparison only those similar cases
in which a capital sentencing hearing is conducted. We upheld this limitation as
appropriate, rejecting the argument that it renders Tennessee‘s capital sentencing scheme
arbitrary. State v. Pruitt, 415 S.W.3d 180, 214-17 (Tenn. 2013); see also State v. Godsey,
60 S.W.3d 759, 783-86 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 665-67 (Tenn.
1997). We reaffirm Pruitt, which expressly reaffirmed the analysis adopted in Bland.

                                           - 42 -
Pruitt, 415 S.W.3d at 215-17. As we reiterated in Pruitt, ―prosecutorial discretion creates
the dividing line between the pool of cases adopted in Bland and the other suggested
pools,‖ and oversight of prosecutorial discretion in the capital case context would be ―an
inappropriate invasion into the independent prosecutorial function.‖ Id. at 216. We
therefore disagree with the defendant that the proportionality review this Court applies
results in arbitrary imposition of the death penalty.

      We have otherwise comprehensively reviewed the record on appeal and have
determined, based on that review, that the defendant received a full and fair trial,
conducted in accordance with applicable statutes and procedural rules. Accordingly, we
conclude that the defendant‘s sentence was not imposed in any arbitrary fashion.

                  2. Sufficiency of the Evidence of Aggravating Circumstances

       The jury unanimously found two aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable
doubt—(1) ―[t]he defendant was previously convicted of one (1) or more felonies, other
than the present charge, whose statutory elements involve the use of violence to the
person‖ and (2) ―[t]he defendant knowingly mutilated the body of the victim after death.‖
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204(i)(2), (13). The defendant has not contested the
applicability of the (i)(13) aggravating circumstance, but he now challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence to establish the (i)(2) aggravating circumstance. He argues
that his seven prior convictions for aggravated assault did not all necessarily involve the
use of violence to the person. He asserts that if these prior aggravated assault convictions
are disregarded, the remaining evidence is insufficient to establish the (i)(2) aggravating
circumstance. We disagree.

         As the Court of Criminal Appeals noted, and as the State reiterates here, prior to
the sentencing phase of the trial, the trial court offered to conduct a hearing, pursuant to
State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1 (2001), to determine whether the aggravated assault
convictions actually involved the use of violence for purposes of the (i)(2) aggravating
circumstance. Hawkins, 2015 WL 5169157, at *29. The defendant neither accepted the
trial court‘s offer nor challenged the use of the aggravated assault convictions during the
sentencing hearing or in his motion for new trial. The State argues that the defendant‘s
inaction amounted to waiver of the issue. We ordinarily would agree with the State that
waiver applies. But, as the defendant points out, this Court is statutorily required to
review the sufficiency of the evidence to support each aggravating circumstance. In
satisfying this statutory obligation, we will address the issue, despite the defendant‘s
failure to take the steps ordinarily necessary to preserve it. We conclude that any error in
admitting the aggravated assault convictions is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In
addition to the aggravated assault convictions, the State introduced evidence of the
defendant‘s ten prior aggravated robbery convictions. Even excluding the aggravated
assault convictions, then, the evidence is abundantly sufficient to support the jury‘s

                                           - 43 -
finding of the (i)(2) aggravating circumstance. The error is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. State v. McKinney, 74 S.W.3d 291, 305-06 (Tenn. 2002).

                    3. Weighing Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances

        The evidence also supports the jury‘s finding that the aggravating circumstances
outweighed any mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt. Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-13-206(c)(1)(C). The trial court instructed the jury on the following mitigating
circumstances: (1) the youth of the defendant at the time of the crime; (2) the capacity of
the defendant to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to
the requirements of the law was substantially impaired as a result of mental disease or
defect or intoxication which was insufficient to establish a defense to the crime but which
substantially affected his judgment; (3) the love and support expressed by the defendant‘s
family; (4) the impact of the sentence of death and the defendant‘s execution on his
family; (5) the defendant‘s limited formal education; (6) the evaluation of the defendant‘s
intellectual functioning; (7) the killing of the defendant‘s brother; (8) the absence of the
defendant‘s father in his life; (9) any dysfunction in the defendant‘s family; (10) any
exposure of the defendant to physical violence and sexual abuse; (11) any residual doubt
jurors had concerning the defendant‘s guilt or intent to commit the victim‘s murder; and
(12) any other mitigating circumstance raised by the evidence produced by either the
prosecution or defense in the guilt or sentencing hearing. The State proved that the
defendant had been previously convicted of ten aggravated robbery convictions, and the
defendant admitted dismembering the victim‘s body. Having thoroughly reviewed the
record, we conclude that a rational juror could have concluded that the aggravating
circumstances established by the State beyond a reasonable doubt outweighed any
mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                    4. Proportionality Review

        We next consider whether the sentence imposed in this case is excessive or
disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the nature of
the crime and the defendant. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-206(c)(1)(D). A death sentence
is disproportionate only if ―the case, taken as a whole, is plainly lacking in circumstances
consistent with those in similar cases in which the death penalty has been imposed.‖
Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 665. A death sentence is not disproportionate merely because the
circumstances of the offense are similar to those of another offense for which the
defendant received a life sentence. Id. In conducting proportionality review, we do not
function as a ―super jury,‖ Godsey, 60 S.W.3d at 782, nor do we assure ―that a sentence
less than death was never imposed in a case with similar characteristics,‖ Bland, 958
S.W.2d at 665. Instead, our obligation is to ―assure that no aberrant death sentence is
affirmed.‖ Id.

                                           - 44 -
        No mathematical or scientific formula controls our analysis. Id. at 668. Rather,
we utilize ―‗the precedent-seeking method‘‖ by which ―‗we compare the case before us
with other cases involving similar defendants and similar crimes.‘‖ Dotson, 450 S.W.3d
at 81 (quoting State v. Davis, 141 S.W.3d 600, 619-20 (Tenn. 2004)). This method
entails a careful and thorough examination of ―the facts and circumstances of the crime,
the characteristics of the defendant, and the aggravating and mitigating circumstances
involved‖ in the case under review and a comparison of those factors with other similar
cases. State v. Stevens, 78 S.W.3d 817, 842 (Tenn. 2002).

       In completing these tasks, we consider the following factors, which focus on the
nature of the crime:

      (1) the means of death; (2) the manner of death; (3) the motivation for the
      killing; (4) the place of death; (5) the similarity of the victim‘s
      circumstances, including age, physical and mental conditions, and the
      victim‘s treatment during the killing; (6) the absence or presence of
      premeditation; (7) the absence or presence of provocation; (8) the absence
      or presence of justification; and (9) the injury to and effects on non-
      decedent victims.

Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 667 (citations omitted).

      With respect to the defendant‘s characteristics, we consider:

      (1) the defendant‘s prior criminal record or prior criminal activity; (2) the
      defendant‘s age, race, and gender; (3) the defendant‘s mental, emotional or
      physical condition; (4) the defendant‘s involvement or role in the murder;
      (5) the defendant‘s cooperation with authorities; (6) the defendant‘s
      remorse; (7) the defendant‘s knowledge of the helplessness of the victim(s);
      and (8) the defendant‘s capacity for rehabilitation.

Id. (citation omitted). In conducting this review, ―‗we select from the pool of cases in
which a capital sentencing hearing was actually conducted [and a jury] determin[ed]
whether the sentence should be life imprisonment, life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole, or death.‘‖ State v. Holton, 126 S.W.3d 845, 866 (Tenn. 2004)
(quoting State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 570 (Tenn. 2000)).

       Applying this analysis, we conclude that the defendant‘s sentence of death is
neither excessive nor disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases. The proof
shows that the defendant committed the premeditated murder of his girlfriend, and the
mother of his children, by stabbing and strangling her. By his own admission, the victim
did not die immediately. The motivation for the murder was to prevent the victim from
reporting him to the police for sexually abusing their daughter. The record contains no

                                          - 45 -
proof of provocation or justification. After murdering the victim, the defendant forced
his twelve-year-old daughter to help him conceal the crime and mutilate and dispose of
the victim‘s body and dismembered remains. He required all three children to help him
clean the crime scene, although his sons were unwitting participants. The victim‘s death
was devastating to her children and to her entire family, including her sister who was
caring for the victim‘s children at the time of trial despite the financial strain of doing so.

       At the time of the murder, the defendant, a thirty-year-old African-American man,
was on parole. He had an extensive prior criminal record, including seventeen prior
felony convictions. He did not complete high school but was employed at the Nike
factory. He had borderline intellectual functioning and a reported I.Q. of 77. He was not
married and had been absent from the lives of his three children and the victim for many
years until less than six months before the murder.

       In mitigation, the defense offered proof showing that the defendant‘s father had
not been involved much in the defendant‘s life, had been physically and mentally abusive
when he was involved, and was under investigation for sexually abusing his own
daughters. The defense also offered proof to show how upset the defendant became
when his younger brother was murdered while the defendant was speaking with him by
telephone and how drastically the defendant‘s life changed for the negative after this
tragedy occurred. Other proof was presented to show that the defendant had been a
model prisoner. The defendant‘s mother expressed love for the defendant, stated that his
life had value to his family, and expressed her hope that, if the death penalty were not
imposed, the defendant could continue to participate with the family, to the extent
possible, while incarcerated.

        Considering the record in this case in light of the relevant factors, we conclude
that the defendant‘s death sentence is not excessive or disproportionate to the penalty
imposed in similar cases. While no two capital cases and no two defendants are alike, the
following cases and defendants share several similarities with this case and this
defendant. See, e.g., State v. Willis, 496 S.W.3d 653 (Tenn. 2016); State v. Davidson,
509 S.W.3d 156 (Tenn. 2016); State v. Davidson, 121 S.W.3d 600 (Tenn. 2003); Terry v.
State, 46 S.W.3d 147 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Bondurant, 4 S.W.3d 662 (Tenn. 1999).

       This case is not identical to any earlier capital case. The premeditated murder of
the victim in the presence of her twelve-year-old daughter and the subsequent mutilation
of the victim‘s body, again in the presence of the victim‘s daughter and with K.T.‘s
forced participation, makes this murder particularly horrific. Taken as a whole, this case
is by no means ―plainly lacking in circumstances consistent with those in similar cases in
which the death penalty has been imposed.‖ Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 665. Thus, we
conclude that the sentence of death is neither excessive nor disproportionate to the
penalties imposed in similar cases.

                                             - 46 -
                                        III. Conclusion

        We have considered the entire record in this case and find that the sentence of
death was not imposed in any arbitrary fashion, that the sentence of death is not excessive
or disproportionate, that the evidence supports the jury‘s findings of the statutory
aggravating circumstances and the jury‘s finding that these aggravating circumstances
outweigh mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt. We have also considered
all of the defendant‘s assignments of error and conclude that none entitles him to relief.
As to the issues raised in this Court but not addressed in this opinion, we affirm the
decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals. Relevant portions of that opinion are
published hereafter as an appendix. The defendant‘s convictions and sentences are
affirmed. The sentence of death shall be carried out as provided by law on the 9th day of
May, 2018, unless otherwise ordered by this Court or other proper authority. It appearing
that the defendant is indigent, costs of this appeal are taxed to the State of Tennessee.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    CORNELIA A. CLARK, JUSTICE

                                           - 47 -
                               APPENDIX
      (EXCERPTS FROM THE DECISION OF THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS)

     IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS AT OF TENNESSEE
                        AT JACKSON
                    February 3, 2015 Session Heard at Memphis

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JAMES HAWKINS

               Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                           No. 0806057 Chris Craft, Judge

                         _____________________________

               No. W2012-00412-CCA-R3-DD - Filed August 28, 2015
                        _____________________________

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ. joined.

Steven C. Bush, District Public Defender; Phyllis Aluko and Barry Kuhn, AssistantPublic
Defenders (on appeal); Gerald Skahan, Larry Nance, and Kindle Nance, Assistant
Public Defenders (at trial), for the appellant, James Hawkins.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; James E. Gaylord, Assistant
Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; Patience Branham,
Marianne Bell, Jennifer Nichols, and Danielle McCollum, Assistant District Attorneys
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                      OPINION

                                     ANALYSIS

                       GUILT–INNOCENCE PHASE ISSUES

                     Admission of Photographs of Bone Fragments

      Defendant argues that the trial court erroneously admitted photographs of bone
fragments that he claims were gruesome and inflammatory. The State argues that the
photographs were in no manner gruesome. The State asserts that they were relevant to

                                         - 48 -
Doctor Symes‘ testimony concerning the saw used to dismember the victim and that the
trial court committed no abuse of discretion by admitting the photographs.

       It is within a trial court‘s discretion to admit photographic evidence at trial, and
this court will not reverse the trial court‘s determination absent an abuse of discretion.
State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). However, before a photograph may
be admitted into evidence, the relevance of the photograph must be established, and the
probative value of the photograph must outweigh any prejudicial effect. State v. Braden,
867 S.W.2d 750, 758 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Doctor Symes testified concerning the
manner in which the victim‘s feet, hands, and neck/head were removed. He utilized the
photographs of bone fragments to illustrate and explain that the cuts were consistent with
having been made by a standard skill saw blade. The photographs were not gruesome in
any way and merely showed the forensic samples examined by Doctor Symes as they
were packaged in plastic bags. We conclude that the photographs were relevant to the
manner in which Defendant dismembered the victim‘s body, and we further determine
that the admission of the photographs was not outweighed by any prejudicial effect.
Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                               Alleged Discovery Violation

      Defendant argues that the trial court should have excluded crime scene
photographs of luminol testing that were not provided during discovery. See Tenn.
R.Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(F). The State argues that the record does not establish that a
discovery violation occurred and that, assuming the photographs were not provided,
Defendant cannot establish any prejudice from the alleged discovery violation.

Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(a)(1)(F)(iii) provides, in pertinent part:

         Upon a defendant‘s request, the state shall permit the defendant to
         inspect and copy or photograph books, papers, documents,
         photographs, . . . if the item is within the state‘s possession, custody,
         or control and:

         ...

         (iii) the government intends to use the item in its case-in-chief at trial.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(F)(iii). To enforce the rule, Rule 16(d)(2), provides that if
there has been noncompliance, the trial court may order the offending party to permit the
discovery or inspection, grant a continuance, prohibit the introduction of the evidence not
disclosed or enter such other order as the court deems just under the circumstances.
―[T]here is no mandatory exclusion that follows a violation.‖ State v. Sherri Mathis,
M2009-00123-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 4461767, at *37 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 26,

                                            - 49 -
2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 25, 2013). Indeed, exclusion of the evidence is
disfavored.

          [E]vidence should not be excluded except when it is shown that a party
          is actually prejudiced by the failure to comply with the discovery order
          and that the prejudice cannot be otherwise eradicated. See Rule
          16(d)(2). The exclusionary rule should not be invoked merely to punish
          either the State or the defendant for the deliberate conduct of counsel in
          failing to comply with a discovery order. The court‘s contempt powers
          should be employed for this purpose. Rules 12 and 16, as well as the
          other Rules of Criminal Procedure [,] were adopted to promote justice;
          they should not be employed to frustrate justice by lightly depriving the
          State or the defendant of competent evidence.

State v. Garland, 617 S.W.2d 176, 185-86 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981); State v. James, 688
S.W.2d 463, 466 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984); State v. Briley, 619 S.W.2d 149, 152 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1981).

       At trial, Defendant objected to the introduction of the photographs during
Investigator Garey‘s testimony concerning his use of luminol to detect blood evidence in
the Prince Rupert apartment. The State asserted that the photographs had been provided
during discovery but had possibly shown up very dark on the compact disc provided to
Defendant. The trial court took the issue under advisement pending Defendant‘s
providing the compact disc of discovery items to the court for review and a determination
of whether the items had, in fact, been provided. The trial court admitted the
photographs, and the alleged discovery violation was not revisited until the motion for
new trial hearing.

       At the motion for new trial hearing, Defendant maintained that he never received
the photographs and that had he received the photographs, he would have been able to
refute Investigator Garey‘s testimony that luminol testing produced a degradation of
DNA material precluding any serology analysis of the Prince Rupert apartment hallway
bathroom. The trial court stated

          I remember the one thing that came up was that ya‘ll said you had
          received them. The photographs were basically black. They looked
          like over-exposed photographs that nobody could tell what they were.
          And when I first saw the one on the screen, I said well, that‘s just a—
          there‘s nothing there, but then there was some faint glow or something
          like that they testified to.

There is no indication in the record that the trial court ever reviewed the compact disc
that was provided to Defendant in discovery.

                                           - 50 -
       In our opinion, Defendant failed to establish that a discovery violation occurred
relative to the crime scene photographs. Assuming for the sake of argument that the
photographs were not provided, we further conclude that Defendant failed to establish
any prejudice requiring exclusion of the photographs. Defendant confessed to
dismembering the victim‘s body in the hallway bathroom. Indeed, during closing
argument, defense counsel acknowledged ―[o]f course there‘s going to be blood and
lumin[o]l in [the apartment]. I‘d be shocked if they hadn‘t found it.‖ Furthermore,
Investigator Garey could have testified regarding the luminol testing and the degradation
of DNA evidence without the use of the photographs, which were only marginally
instructive to show the results of the luminol testing. The overall effect of the
photographs is neutral at best. Therefore, Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for first
degree murder because there is insufficient proof of premeditation, other than the
uncorroborated testimony of K.T., whom Defendant characterizes as an accomplice. The
State argues that K.T. was not an accomplice and that, therefore, the proof is more than
sufficient to sustain Defendant‘s conviction of premeditated first degree murder.

        When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, our
standard of review is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). The
trier of fact, not this Court, resolves questions concerning the credibility of witnesses and
the weight and value to be given the evidence as well as all factual issues raised by the
evidence. State v. Tuttle, 914 S.W.2d 926, 932 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Nor may this
Court reweigh or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d. 832, 835
(Tenn. 1978). On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence and all inferences therefrom. Id. Because a verdict of guilt removes the
presumption of innocence and replaces it with a presumption of guilt, the accused has the
burden in this Court of illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict
returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).
―[D]irect and circumstantial evidence should be treated the same when weighing the
sufficiency of [the] evidence.‖ State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011).

        Premeditated first degree murder is ―[a] premeditated and intentional killing of
another[.]‖ T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1). Premeditation ―is an act done after the exercise of
reflection and judgment. ‗Premeditation‘ means that the intent to kill must have been
formed prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the
mind of the accused for any definite period of time.‖ T.C.A. § 39-13-202(d). The
element of premeditation is a question of fact to be determined by the jury. State v.

                                            - 51 -
Suttles, 30 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 660 (Tenn.
1997). Premeditation ―may be established by proof of the circumstances surrounding the
killing.‖ Suttles, 30 S.W.3d at 261. The Tennessee Supreme Court noted that there are
several factors which tend to support the existence of premeditation, including the use of
a deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim, the fact that the killing was particularly cruel,
declarations of an intent to kill by the defendant, evidence of procurement of a weapon,
the making of preparations before the killing for the purpose of concealing the crime, and
calmness immediately after the killing. Id.; see Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660.

       Our supreme court recently explained the accomplice corroboration rule as follows

          When the only proof of a crime is the uncorroborated testimony of
          one or more accomplices, the evidence is insufficient to sustain a
          conviction as a matter of law. State v. Collier, 411 S.W.3d 886, 894
          (Tenn. 2013) (citing State v. Little, 402 S.W.3d 202, 211-12 (Tenn.
          2013)). This Court has defined the term ―accomplice‖ to mean ―one
          who knowingly, voluntarily, and with common intent with the
          principal unites in the commission of a crime.‖ Id. (citing State v.
          Bough, 152 S.W.3d 453, 464 (Tenn. 2004); Clapp v. State, 94 Tenn.
186, 30 S.W. 214, 216 (1895)). The test for whether a witness
          qualifies as an accomplice is ―‗whether the alleged accomplice could
          be indicted for the same offense charged against the defendant.‘‖ Id.
          (quoting Monts v. State, 214 Tenn. 171, 379 S.W.2d 34, 43 (1964)).
          Although a defendant cannot be convicted solely upon the
          uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, ―corroborative evidence
          may be direct or entirely circumstantial, and it need not be adequate,
          in and of itself, to support a conviction; it is sufficient to meet the
          requirements of the rule if it fairly and legitimately tends to connect
          the defendant with the commission of the crime charged.‖ State v.
          Bane, 57 S.W.3d 411, 419 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Bigbee, 885
S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tenn. 1994)). Corroborative evidence must lead to
          the inferences that a crime has been committed and that the defendant
          is implicated in the crime. Id.

State v. Jones, 450 S.W.3d 866, 887-88 (Tenn. 2014) (emphasis in original).

       The question of who determines whether a witness is an accomplice depends upon
the evidence introduced during the course of a trial. Bethany v. State, 565 S.W.2d 900,
903 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). When the undisputed evidence clearly establishes the
witness is an accomplice as a matter of law, the trial court, not the jury, must decide this
issue. State v. Lawson, 794 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). On the other
hand, if the evidence adduced at trial is unclear, conflicts, or is subject to different
inferences, the jury, as the trier of fact, is to decide if the witness is an accomplice. Id.

                                            - 52 -
Under either scenario, the issue of whether the witness‘s testimony has been sufficiently
corroborated becomes a matter entrusted to the jury as the trier of fact. State v. Bigbee,
885 S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tenn. 1994).

        Notably, Defendant did not request a jury instruction concerning the accomplice
corroboration rule. That being said, we agree with the State that K.T. was not an
accomplice in this case. The evidence at trial established that twelve-year-old K.T. was
victimized and controlled by Defendant in the months leading up to the victim‘s death.
K.T. testified that she saw Defendant obtain a small knife from the kitchen, approach the
victim in the bedroom, and slit the victim‘s throat when the victim threatened to
telephone the police. K.T. watched in stunned silence as Defendant held the victim until
she died. She stated that Defendant then threatened her life if she did not assist him in
disposing of the victim‘s body. The proof does not establish that K.T. ―knowingly,
voluntarily, and with common intent with the principal unite[d] in the commission of a
crime.‖ Collier, 411 S.W.3d at 894. To the contrary, the evidence at trial established that
K.T. was yet another victim of Defendant‘s control and domination. Furthermore, even if
we were to consider K.T. an accomplice, J.W.I. and J.S.I.‘s testimonies, as well as the
physical evidence collected at the apartment, all corroborate K.T.‘s testimony implicating
Defendant in the premeditated first degree murder of the victim. Therefore, we conclude
that there is sufficient evidence to support Defendant‘s conviction of first degree murder.
Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                            SENTENCING PHASE ISSUES

                    Discovery of Investigation of James Hawkins, Sr.

        Defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to require the State to
provide discovery related to the State‘s investigation of James Hawkins, Sr., concerning
the sexual abuse of Defendant‘s sisters. Evoking Brady v. Maryland, Defendant argues
that the State‘s failure to provide the investigative file deprived Defendant of information
relevant to mitigation. He claims that evidence in the file could have established
Defendant‘s exposure to abuse and violence as a child. The State counters that
Defendant has failed to establish prejudice from the denial of access to the prosecution‘s
investigative file of Defendant‘s father because Defendant presented ample evidence of
his father‘s alleged sexual abuse of Defendant‘s sisters.

       In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963),the United States Supreme Court held
that ―suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request
violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.‖ Brady, 373 U.S. at 87.
The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that a defendant must show four elements in
order to establish a Brady violation by the State:

                                           - 53 -
         (1) that the defendant requested the information (unless the evidence
         is obviously exculpatory, in which case the State is bound to release
         the information whether requested or not);

         (2) that the State suppressed the information;

         (3) that the information was favorable to the accused; and

         (4) that the information was material.

Johnson v. State, 38 S.W.3d 52, 56 (Tenn. 2001).

       ―Evidence ‗favorable to an accused‘ includes evidence deemed to be exculpatory
in nature and evidence that could be used to impeach the State’s witnesses.‖ Id. at 55-56
(emphasis added). ―Evidence is deemed to be material when ‗there is a reasonable
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.‘‖ Id. at 58 (quoting State v. Edgin, 902 S.W.2d
387, 390 (Tenn. 1995)). In determining whether a defendant has adequately proven the
materiality of favorable evidence suppressed by the State, ―a reviewing court must
determine whether the defendant has shown that ‗the favorable evidence could
reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine the
confidence of the verdict.‘‖ Johnson, 38 S.W.3d at 58 (quoting Irick v. State, 973
S.W.2d 643, 657 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998)).

       Ms. Stanback, the mitigation specialist, testified concerning Mr. Hawkins‘ sexual
abuse of Defendant‘s sisters. Likewise, she also testified concerning the pending
criminal investigation. Ms. Thomas, Defendant‘s mother, testified that she had only
recently learned of the sexual abuse allegations and that Defendant‘s father was only
involved in a limited fashion during Defendant‘s childhood. Under these circumstances,
we agree that Defendant has failed to establish the materiality of the pending criminal
investigation. Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

          Special Requested Jury Instruction Regarding Presumptive Sentences

       Defendant argues that the trial court should have instructed the jury that ―they
were to presume that a life sentence, a sentence of life without the possibility of parole,
and a death sentence would be carried out in accordance with the laws of the state.‖ The
State correctly notes that this issue has been ruled to be without merit. State v. Thomas,
158 S.W.3d 361, 389-90 (Tenn. 2005).

                       Constitutional Attacks on the Death Penalty

                                           - 54 -
        Defendant makes myriad constitutional arguments concerning Tennessee‘s death
penalty statute in general, as well as the imposition of the death penalty in this case.
Although not raised in this order in Defendant‘s brief, we will address each one in turn
for the sake of clarity and cogency of our discussion.

        Defendant argues that Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-23-114, concerning
the implementation of a lethal injection protocol, is an unconstitutional delegation of
legislative authority to the executive branch by permitting ―the department of correction .
. . to promulgate necessary rules and regulations to facilitate the implementation‖ of a
death sentence. T.C.A. § 40-23-114(c). The State argues that the legislature has
determined a conviction of first degree murder accompanied by aggravating
circumstances is punishable by death and that the method of execution shall be lethal
injection. Allowing the department of correction to establish a protocol for the
implementation of lethal injection does not constitute an unconstitutional delegation of
legislative authority. See Abdur‘Rahman v. Bredesen, 181 S.W.3d 292, 309–310 (Tenn.
2005) (holding that the department of correction may be tasked with determining protocol
without violating substantive or procedural due process).

       Defendant argues that Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-204(h), the
unanimity requirement of the capital sentencing statute, is unconstitutional because it
precludes an instruction regarding the effect of a failure to agree on punishment. The
State fails to address this argument. In any event, this issue has been held to be without
merit. State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 118 (Tenn. 1998).

       Citing to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 494 (2000), Defendant argues
that the aggravating circumstances sought by the State to support the imposition of the
death penalty must be indicted by the grand jury. The State correctly notes that this issue
has been ruled to be without merit. Thomas, 158 S.W.3d at 389-90.

       Defendant argues that the trial court‘s use of the pattern instruction concerning
victim impact evidence amounted to an unconstitutional intrusion into the province of the
jury. The State correctly notes that this issue has been ruled to be without merit. State v.
Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 171-72 (Tenn. 2008).

       Defendant argues that the death sentence is arbitrary and disproportionate.
Specific to the application of aggravating circumstances in this case, he contends that the
sentence is arbitrary because the trial court failed to determine whether his prior
convictions for aggravated assault involved the use of violence as required by State v.
Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2001). The State correctly notes that Defendant failed to avail
himself of a Sims hearing when offered by the trial court, and thereby waived any
objection to the consideration of the aggravated assault convictions as prior violent
felonies. In any event, the ten remaining aggravated robbery convictions would render the
inclusion of the seven aggravated assault convictions harmless error, if error at all.

                                           - 55 -
       Defendant also contends that the death sentence is disproportionate when
compared to a broadened pool of first degree murder cases. This challenge to the
appellate review of capital cases have also been rejected. State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d
253, 270-71 (Tenn. 1994) (rejecting certain arguments concerning proportionality
review); State v. Pruitt, 415 S.W.3d 180 (Tenn. 2013) (refusal to broaden the pool of
cases considered in proportionality review).

        Defendant challenges the constitutionality of the death penalty in that aggravating
circumstances (i)(2), (i)(5), (i)(6), and (i)(7) fail to narrow meaningfully the class of
eligible offenders. The State correctly notes that Defendant lacks standing to object to the
application of circumstances (i)(5), (i)(6), and (i)(7) because they were neither sought nor
found his case. As to his challenge to the application of (i)(2), that the aggravating
circumstance is overbroad because it has been construed to include as a prior conviction
any conviction which occurs prior to the sentencing hearing regardless of whether the
offense occurred prior to the first degree murder for which the defendant is being
sentenced, this argument must also fail. State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722, 736 (Tenn.
1994). Furthermore, we note that the prior convictions that were utilized in this case
concerned offenses that occurred years before the present offenses and, therefore, fall
squarely into that category of prior convictions to which Defendant seeks to limit the
application of the circumstance.

       Defendant contends that prosecutorial discretion in seeking the death penalty
results in the unconstitutional and discriminatory imposition of the death penalty. This
argument has been rejected. Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 155-58.

        Finally, Defendant contends that the pattern jury instructions create the mistaken
belief that jurors must agree unanimously on mitigating circumstances. This challenge to
the pattern jury instruction has likewise been rejected. Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 159.

                             Sentencing on Related Felonies

       Defendant argues that the trial court‘s imposition of sentences for the remaining
felonies is excessive in both length and manner of service. At the sentencing hearing
concerning the false report and abuse of a corpse convictions, the trial court sentenced
Defendant as a Career Offender to a total effective sentence of 18 years. The trial court
also ordered the sentences to be served consecutively based upon its findings that
Defendant was a professional criminal and qualified as a dangerous offender.

       First, Defendant argues that the State‘s notice to seek enhanced punishment was
misleading because the notice cited to the code section concerning Career Offender but
indicated in the language of the notice that the State sought to sentence Defendant as a
Persistent Offender. The State argues that the typographical inconsistency on the notice

                                           - 56 -
to seek enhanced punishment did not render it invalid and, in any event, Defendant
stipulated at the penalty phase of the trial the accuracy of his criminal history.

        The purpose of the notice requirement is to provide a defendant with ―fair notice‖
that he is ―exposed to other than standard sentencing.‖ State v. Adams, 788 S.W.2d 557
(Tenn. 1990). It is intended to facilitate plea-bargaining, to inform decisions to enter a
guilty plea, and to assist with decisions regarding trial strategy. When a detail of the
required information is omitted or incorrect, the inquiry should be whether the notice was
―materially misleading.‖ Id. at 559. The supreme court specifically held that ―when the
State has substantially complied with Section 40-35-202(a), an accused has a duty to
inquire about an ambiguous or incomplete notice and must show prejudice to obtain
relief. But it is the State‘s responsibility to assert the appropriate sentencing status in the
first instance, and it may not shift these burdens to an accused by filing what is
essentially an empty notice.‖ Id. (emphasis added).

       The record reflects that Defendant did not challenge the notice to seek enhanced
punishment and, in fact, stipulated the accuracy of his prior convictions at the penalty
phase of the first degree murder trial. Based upon this stipulation, the trial court
sentenced Defendant as a Career Offender. We conclude that the notice to seek enhanced
punishment was not materially misleading. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this
issue.

       Next, Defendant contends that the record does not support the trial court‘s
determination that he is a professional criminal. The State acknowledges that the record
does not support the trial court‘s finding of professional criminal but argues that the
record supports the trial court‘s alternative determinations that Defendant possessed an
extensive history of criminal convictions and that he was a dangerous offender, justifying
the imposition of consecutive sentences in this case.

        Our supreme court has held that ―the abuse of discretion standard, accompanied by
a presumption of reasonableness, applies to consecutive sentencing determinations‖ ―if
[the trial court] has provided reasons on the record establishing at least one of the seven
grounds listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)[.]‖ State v. Pollard,
432 S.W.3d 851, 859-62 (Tenn. 2013). Thus, the imposition of consecutive sentencing is
subject to the general sentencing principles that the overall sentence imposed ―should be
no greater than that deserved for the offense committed‖ and that it ―should be the least
severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed[.]‖
T.C.A. § 40-35-103(2) and (4). Further, ―[s]o long as a trial court properly articulates
reasons for ordering consecutive sentences, thereby providing a basis for meaningful
appellate review, the sentences will be presumed reasonable and, absent an abuse of
discretion, upheld on appeal.‖ Pollard, 432 S.W.3d at 862 (citing Tenn. R. Crim. P.
32(c)(1) (―The order [for consecutive sentences] shall specify the reasons for this
decision and is reviewable on appeal.‖)); see also State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 705

                                             - 57 -
(Tenn. 2012). The application of an abuse of discretion with a presumption of
reasonableness standard of review when considering consecutive sentencing based upon
the ―dangerous offender‖ category in T.C.A. § 40–35–115(b)(4) does not eliminate the
requirements of State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933 (Tenn. 1995) that the ―proof must
also establish that the terms [of sentencing] imposed are reasonably related to the severity
of the offenses committed and are necessary in order to protect the public from further
criminal acts by the offender.‖ Pollard, 432 S.W.3d at 863 (quoting Wilkerson, 905
S.W.2d at 938).

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) provides that a trial court may
order sentences to run consecutively if it finds any one of the following criteria by a
preponderance of the evidence:

         (1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly
         devoted the defendant‘s life to criminal acts as a major source of
         livelihood;

         (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is
         extensive;

         (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so
         declared by a competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result of an
         investigation prior to sentencing that the defendant‘s criminal conduct
         has been characterized by a pattern of repetitive or compulsive
         behavior with heedless indifference to consequences;

         (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates
         little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing
         a crime in which the risk to human life is high;

         (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses
         involving sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the
         aggravating circumstances arising from the relationship between the
         defendant and victim or victims, the time span of defendant‘s
         undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts and
         the extent of the residual, physical and mental damage to the victim or
         victims;

         (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on
         probation;
         or

         (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.

                                           - 58 -
T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b).

        These criteria are stated in the alternative; therefore, only one need exist to support
the appropriateness of consecutive sentencing. Here, the trial court applied factors (1),
(2), and (4) that Defendant is a professional criminal who knowingly devoted his life to
criminal acts as a major source of his livelihood, an offender whose history of criminal
activity is extensive, and a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no
regard for human life. Because the trial court provided reasons on the record establishing
two of the statutory grounds for consecutive sentencing—extensive criminal history and
dangerous offender—we afford the trial court‘s decision a presumption of
reasonableness. Furthermore, the record shows that the trial court followed the principles
and purposes of the Sentencing Act, and the record supports the trial court‘s findings.
We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering Defendant‘s
sentences to run consecutively. Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to relief on this
issue.

                     Denial of Petition for Writ of Error Coram Nobis

        On October 30, 2013, while this appeal was pending, Defendant filed a petition for
writ of error coram nobis in the trial court alleging that previously undisclosed DNA
testing of fetal tissue collected at K.T.‘s hospitalization for the December 2007
miscarriage and the State‘s subsequent indictment of James Hawkins, Sr., for multiple
instances of sexual abuse committed against Defendant‘s sisters warranted coram nobis
relief in the form of a new trial. Following a hearing, the trial court denied relief,
concluding that the DNA testing result, which was inconclusive as to paternity, would not
have resulted in a different judgment had it been presented at trial and that the evidence
concerning Defendant‘s father‘s history of sexually abusing Defendant‘s sisters was
known and presented at trial as mitigation evidence.

        On appeal, Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying coram nobis
relief. The State argues that the DNA evidence was inconclusive as to paternity and,
therefore, could not reasonably affect the outcome of the trial; and that the evidence
concerning Defendant‘s father was known and presented at trial and, therefore, does not
qualify as newly discovered pursuant to the coram nobis statute.

       A writ of error coram nobis is a very limited remedy which allows a petitioner the
opportunity to present newly discovered evidence ―which may have resulted in a different
verdict if heard by the jury at trial.‖ State v. Workman, 41 S.W.3d 100, 103 (Tenn.
2001); see also State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661 (Tenn. 1999). The remedy is limited ―to
matters that were not and could not be litigated on the trial of the case, on a motion for
new trial, on appeal in the nature of a writ of error, on writ of error, or in a habeas
proceeding.‖ T.C.A. § 40-26-105. Examples of newly discovered evidence include a

                                             - 59 -
victim‘s recanted testimony or physical evidence which casts doubts on the guilt of the
Petitioner. Workman, 41 S.W.3d at 101; State v. Ratliff, 71 S.W.3d 291 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2001); State v. Hart, 911 S.W.2d 371 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The Supreme Court
has stated the following concerning the standard to be applied when a trial court reviews
a petition for writ of error coram nobis:

          [T]he trial judge must first consider the newly discovered evidence and
          be ―reasonably well satisfied‖ with its veracity. If the defendant is
          ―without fault‖ in the sense that the exercise of reasonable diligence
          would not have led to a timely discovery of the new information, the
          trial judge must then consider both the evidence at trial and that offered
          at the coram nobis proceeding in order to determine whether the new
          evidence may have led to a different result.

State v. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514, 527 (Tenn. 2007). Whether to grant or deny a petition
for writ of error coram nobis rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. Id. at
527-28.

        The record reflects that the DNA testing neither excluded nor established
Defendant‘s paternity because the testing yielded no evidence of paternal DNA. We
agree with the trial court that such inconclusive results, when viewed in light of the
testimony presented at trial that K.T. suffered a miscarriage and that Defendant was the
person who impregnated her, would not have resulted in a different outcome if presented
at trial. See, e.g., Antonio Leonard Sweatt v. State, M2006-00289-CCA-R3-PC (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Nashville May 9, 2007), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 24, 2007)
(inconclusive DNA results do not warrant coram nobis relief). As to Defendant‘s claim
concerning his father‘s subsequent indictment for sexually abusing Defendant‘s sisters,
the evidence presented at trial concerning the sexual abuse supports the trial court‘s
findings that this evidence does not qualify as newly discovered. Therefore, we conclude
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying coram nobis relief. Defendant is
not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                                     Cumulative Error

       Defendant argues that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors entitle him to a
new trial. Because we conclude any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, we
further conclude that Defendant‘s due process rights were not violated by any cumulative
effect of the alleged errors.

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