Court Opinion

ID: 5842285
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-12 23:28:02.867409+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:43:48.649577
License: Public Domain

Garni, J. (dissenting in part).
I respectfully disagree with the conclusion of my colleagues that Supreme Court properly granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint in its entirety. Inasmuch as I conclude that there are questions of fact whether Sarah Nazzaro (defendant) uttered words concerning plaintiff that are either defamatory per se or susceptible of a defamatory meaning, I dissent in part and would modify the order by denying that part of the motion for summary judgment dismissing the cause of action for defamation per se against defendant and defendant Charles Nazzaro, as parent and natural guardian of defendant (hereafter, father).
*1369In October 2007, plaintiff was employed as a physical education teacher and varsity girls gymnastics coach by the Jamestown City School District (School District). Plaintiff also owned and operated a gymnastics instructional business. Defendant was in the seventh grade and was a member of the varsity gymnastics team. During a return bus ride from a gymnastics meet, plaintiff, in her capacity as gymnastics coach, had a dispute with defendant in the presence of the team concerning defendant’s performance and behavior at the meet. The parties sharply dispute whether plaintiff attempted to pull defendant out of her seat to make her sit in the front of the bus. Plaintiff testified at her deposition that she tripped on the rubber matting on the floor of the bus and fell forward, landing partially on the seat occupied by defendant and partially on defendant herself. Although defendant initially reported to the police that plaintiff attempted to “choke” her during the incident, she later testified at her deposition that such conduct did not occur. Defendant admitted, however, that she called plaintiff a “f . . . abuser” in the presence of the team during the incident. One member of the team that witnessed the incident testified at her deposition that defendant called plaintiff a “child abuser.”
As a result of defendant’s statements and allegations, the School District filed a report of suspected child abuse with law enforcement authorities. Plaintiff was suspended from her employment for approximately six months and a criminal investigation ensued, although no criminal charges were ever brought against plaintiff. Plaintiff retired from teaching, as she had previously planned, at the end of the 2007-2008 school year. She thereafter commenced this action seeking, inter alia, damages for the alleged false and defamatory words, i.e., “child abuser,” allegedly spoken by defendant in the presence of the gymnastics team. The complaint includes a cause of action alleging that the words “child abuser” constitute defamation per se.
Initially, I cannot agree with the majority’s decision to affirm that part of the order granting the motion with respect to the cause of action for defamation per se against defendant and her father in his parental capacity, inasmuch as I conclude that there is a question of fact whether defendant called plaintiff a “f . . . abuser” or a “child abuser.”
Further, even if the jury accepts defendant’s version of the words spoken, I conclude that the word “abuser,” spoken in the educational setting and context and directed at a high school athletic coach, is susceptible of the defamatory interpretation that plaintiff presents a risk of harm to her students and *1370athletes (see Wilcox v Newark Val. Cent. School Dist., 74 AD3d 1558, 1561 [2010]). At the very least, if the words are susceptible of several interpretations, a question for the jury is presented (see Rovira v Boget, 240 NY 314, 316 [1925]; Rozanski v Fitch, 134 AD2d 944, 945 [1987], appeal dismissed 70 NY2d 1002 [1988]).
Alternatively, the phrase “child abuser” “has a precise meaning that is capable of being proven true or false” (Rabushka v Marks, 229 AD2d 899, 902 [1996]; see generally 600 W. 115th St. Corp. v Von Gutfeld, 80 NY2d 130, 142 [1992], rearg denied 81 NY2d 759 [1992], cert denied 508 US 910 [1993]). In the educational setting, it imputes one or more of the following specific acts to an individual: “(a) intentionally or recklessly inflicting physical injury, serious physical injury or death, or (b) intentionally or recklessly engaging in conduct which creates a substantial risk of such physical injury, serious physical injury or death, or (c) any child sexual abuse as defined in [Education Law § 1125], or (d) the commission or attempted commission against a child of the crime of disseminating indecent materials to minors pursuant to [Penal Law article 235]” (Education Law § 1125 [1]). Indeed, the School District conducted a “child abuse” investigation concerning the incident pursuant to Education Law article 23-B, titled “Child Abuse in an Educational Setting.” During that investigation, plaintiff was suspended from her employment. Moreover, the phrase “child abuser” also imputes criminal conduct to plaintiff and charges plaintiff with one or more crimes that are undoubtedly “serious” (Liberman v Gelstein, 80 NY2d 429, 435 [1992]). Because the phrase “child abuser” charges plaintiff with a serious crime or tends to injure plaintiff in her trade, business or profession, “the law presumes that [special] damages will result, and they need not be alleged or proven” (id. at 435).
Therefore, I would modify the order by denying that part of defendants’ motion seeking summary judgment dismissing the cause of action for defamation per se against defendant and her father in his parental capacity. Present — Smith, J.P, Fahey, Garni, Sconiers and Gorski, JJ.