Court Opinion

ID: 8175185
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 22:20:16.921083+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:28:07.607667
License: Public Domain

BeaNNON, Judge:
The plaintiff did not file an affidavit of the amount which he was entitled to recover either at rules or at the three next succeeding terms, and not until the fourth term, and after Ward had tendered his plea.
Was Ward entitled to set aside the office judgment on pleas tendered at the third, term, and ¡oresumably the same re-tendered at the fourth term after the office judgment, or were the pleas too late? Was the plaintiff entitled to have those pleas disregarded as filed too late, and have judgment entered in his favor upon his affidavit? The Code of 1899, chapter 125, section 44, provides that if a defendant fails to appear .to defend the action at two successive rules, judgment shall be entered against him, and an order made to ascertain the amount of damages, where such order is proper; and section 45 says that there need be no inquiry of damages in any action to recover a debt on a bond'or other writing for the payment of money, or on a bill of exchange or negotiable note, or in an action of debt or scire facias upon a judgment or recognizance. Section 46 has the broad clause, “Every judgment entered in the clerk’s office in a case wherein there is no order for an inquiry of damages, and every non-suit or dismission entered *77therein, shall, if not previously set aside, become a final judgment on the last day of the next succeeding term of the court."' Now, if we take this clause of the statute alone, it is clear that on the last day of the May term, 1901, the office judgment had the quality of finality, because Ward failed to defend at that term. Here we have the explicit enactment that the office judgment shall have the character of finality, as against any defence, after the last day of the term, and further have the clause, “if not previously set aside,” showing rhat the defendant cannot, after that last day, set it aside. These provisions mean something. = They mean that the defendant has had ample time to appear, two rules and one term, and by his default, he has confessed the demand, and it only remains for the court to record judgment, if certain other things which are required of the plaintiff by other provisions of section 46 are done by him, that is, if a certain affidavit is filed or proof of the demand is furnished. But those things are required of the plaintiff; the statute does not enable the defendant, after that day, to make any defence. This would be so were we without other provision in the statute; for, as we have seen, the clauses mentioned limit the right to set aside the office judgment to the last clay of the next term. But this is not the only language of tiro Code limiting the right of defence against the office judgment; for section 47 says, “If a defendant against whom a judgment is entered in the office, whether an order for an inquiry of damages has been made or not, shall, before the end of the term at which it becomes final, appear and plead .to issue, and shall in the cases mentioned in the next preceding section in which an affidavit is required file such affidavit with his plea, the judgment shall be set aside.” Here we have when read with section 46 a very plain re-statement of the provision contained in section 46 of the finality of the office judgment on the last day of the term, as well as a re-statement of the limitation to that day of defence against it. But notwithstanding the right of the defendant’s defence exists no longer than the last day of the term, yet the legislatures as a precaution against unjust judgment merely by reason of default of the defendant, requires in section 46, that before the plaintiff shall have fruition of his office judgment in a perfect judgment recorded in term, capable of being enforced by execution, he must either file his affidavit that a cer*78tain sum is due him after abating all payments, credits and sets-off, or furnish other proof of his demand. Iiis declaration, on which the office judgment rests, has not given credits, and the statute demands of the plaintiff their allowance under oath. It requires thus much, notwimstanding he has his office judgment ; this is required of the plaintiff; but we find no intimation of any right of defence after the last day of the term. No proceeding in the case is spoken of as afterwards to occur save only to fix the amount of recovery; the right to recover something has been settled, has been confessed. The defendant nil dicit. What hardship is this ? The defendant has had his day. The plaintiff might reasonably wait, before filing an affidavit, to see .if a defence would be made.
But counsel argues that in order to bar a plea the plaintiff must file his affidavit of the amount due him with his declaration at rules before a plea is offered. The statute does nor say so. We have seen how a defence is limited to the last day of the term. That alone is enough to bar a plea thereafter. The statute makes full provision and does not accord the defendant a defence after that date. The only question after that date is what the, plaintiff must do, and when he must do it. I answer that to get a perfect judgment recorded in term he must either file his affidavit, or prove his case, and there is no limit imposed by the Code upon his right to- perfect his judgment. This Court has held that such affidavit need not necessarily be filed with the declaration at rules, but “may be filed at any time before judgment is entered.” Quesenberry v. People’s Building Association, 44 W. Va. 513. As the defendant’s day of grace has passed, what matters it to him when the plaintiff shall carry into actual judgment the defendant’s confession by filing his affidavit or proving his case? But there is one provision of section 46 that “if the plaintiff has filed with his declaration (which in all such cases he may do) an affidavit,” judgment may be entered. Now, we can say, as we have said in that case, that if filed any time it is, in legal contemplation, filed with the declaration, because part of the record. That language “which in all such cases he may do,” is broad; but it is not all, for in the same section we find that “if the plaintiff has not filed such affidavit with his declaration, and the office judgment in the case be not set aside, the judgment shall not be entered by the court until the plain*79tiff files such affidavit or proves his case in open court, and the judgment in either case shall be entered as heretofore ' provided for.” Just as if filed at first term. This is a plain grant of further time to the plaintiff to perfect his office judgment by affidavit or proof, and there is no limit given. Mark the word “until,” having reference to the future. It says if “the office judgment in the case be not set aside.” We have seen, under provisions of the statute, that this can not be done after the first term.
By section 47 read with section 46, the defendant is denied the right after the term at which the office judgment becomes final, to set it aside whether an affidavit has or has not been filed; while the language quoted from section 46 gives right to plaintiff at any time, to consummate the office judgment by affidavit or proof. Where do we find any affirmative words giving right to defend after the first term to meet these plain provisions ? Here are two clauses of' the Code limiting the right of defence to the first term, that declaring that the office judgment shall become final on the last day of the. next term after entry of the office judgment; and that in section 47 saying that the defendant may set it aside before it becomes final, which by the statute is fixed at the last day of the next term. There is nothing in the statute to overrule these express provisions. Shall we say that merely because the plaintiff did not file his affidavit at the first term, it lets in-a plea? We answer that the time for defence has gone, and it only remains for the plaintiff to get the fruitage of his office judgment by affidavit or proof. The fact stands out that the plaintiff’s action is taken for confessed, and the law speaks of nothing as thereafter to l)e done except the filing of an affidavit or proof by plaintiff. If it be said that if the plaintiff had filed his affidavit at the first term, the defendant would have filed a counter affidavit and pleaded, the argument is not conclusive, for th' answer is, that if the defendant had any defence he could enter it without affidavit on his part; the want of plaintiff’s affidavit did not shut out a defence or excuse the defendant’s failure to appear. A pica is not limited to such first term after office judgment in cases where the law requires an inquiry of damages, as assumpsit upon an open account or on implied promise, because section 46 from among all actions picks out and gives *80finality at such first term only to those wherein there is to be no inquiry of damages. The only difficulty here is section 47¡ which, at first thought, seems to .limit a plea to such first term in all actions, by the words “whether an order for an inquiry of damages has been made therein or not/’ thus seeming to cover all cases. On the other hand, it seems to refer only to oases in which there is no inquiry of damages by the words “before the end of the term at which it becomes final.” This-seetion 47 is thus confused, seeming to cover, and not to- cover, all cases. If we say that section 47 limits a plea to such first term in all cases whatever, then we antagonize the first clause of section 46, which selects from all cases, and gives finality to only those cases wherein there is no inquiry of damages, thereby plainly intending not to give finality to any other cases than those thus selected, but to leave them open to plea at any time. On the other hand, if we say that section 47 limits a plea to such first term to eases wherein there is no inquirj1' of damages, then we run afoul of the words, “whether an order for inquiry of damages has been made therein or not.” But upon this section we must place a construction. We think that reading sections 46 and 47 together, section 47 means to- limit a plea to such first term only in those cases where there is no order for inquiry of damages, they being the only ones given such finality by section 46; but that in all other cases, contract or tort, there may be a plea entered at any term before trial, because section 46 does not impart finality to an office judgment in them. They are unclosed by finality, left subject to defence by common law, which defence is not taken away by section 47. In airy action for (not of) debt on any of the writings specified in section- 45, and in an action of debt on a judgment, or scire facias on a judgment, there must be an issuable plea at the first term, after office judgment; in all other actions, on contract or for tort, the pica may come later. I would say that in an action on a bond with collateral condition there could be a plea at any time before trial, as it would require an inquiry of damages; otherwise in an action on single bill for money.
It may be said that Hunter v. Snyder, 11 W. Va. 198, opposes the position here taken in holding that the office judgment does not become final until an affidavit is filed by the plaintiff. That case was under the Code of 1868, chapter 125; while our *81case is under chapter 71, Acts 1882, amending the chapter. There are material difference bearing on this question. The former law limited the finality of the office judgment to the first term, as it is in words required in section 46 that the office judgment be “entered up in court either during such term (the next) or after its adjournment by the clerk.” This denied power in the court to enter judgment on the office judgment after the first term, and inferably denied it to the clerk also beyond the next vacation; whereas that provision is not found in the act of 1882. No limit is put by it on the court as to the date of carrying the office judgment into recorded judgment. No power is given the clerk to enter up a record of the judgment. He cannot do so. But the statute gives power to the court to do so, not saying when. The very fact that the new act omitted the provision limiting the court’s power to render judgment to the first term tells us that no limiation was intended. It left standing the broad declaration that the office judgment should be final on the last day of the next term, imposed no limit on the power of the court to carry it into record. Another differnce. The former statute in section 46 says that if the affidavit is not filed, the plaintiff can only recover on proof, and that could not be except at the first term, as the statute so limited the power to give judgment; whereas, the new law says that in the absence of affidavit judgment shall not be given “until” it is filed or proof given, implying that when such affidavit or proof is furnished, judgment shall be rendered. Again, in Hunter v. Snyder no-affidavit was ever filed and no proof given before the date fixed by the statute for the office judgment to become final, and the court properly held that it could not become final until the affidavit was filed and under the then law no judgment could be given after the first term. Under the present law the office judgment is for one purpose, or in one sense, final, in another not. It is final at the close of the first term so as to debar any defence.by the defendant; but it is not final, so- as to warrant execution, until the plaintiff shall effectuate it in court by filing the affidavit or making proof. I consider this position fortified by the fact that the Virginia code of 1860, in very much the same language^ as our section 46, declared that an office judgment should be final on the fifteenth or last day of *82the next term, and in Enders v. Burch, 15 Grat. 64, and Alderson v. Gwinn, 3 W. Va. 229, that judgment was held final for all purposes, and that any further steps in the case would be coram non judice, the court having no further jurisdiction. All defence was denied. So, by our statute we may say all further steps, save to ascertain the amount of recovery, would be without jurisdiction.
Counsel for Ward presents the point that section 46 only allows the plaintiff to get judgment on affidavit in actions “for the recovery of money arising out of contract,” and this action being one on a judgment is not one for recovery of money arising out of contract, as a judgment is not a “contract,” and therefore the plaintiff had no right to file any affidavit, or ask judgment by force of it. Like the words “final judgment” mentioned above, that depends upon the sense in which, or the purpose for which, the statute uses the word “contract.” Sometimes the word “contract” would include a judgment, sometimes not. Generally, it does not include a judgment. ■Black on Judgments, s. 10; Louisiana v. Mayor, 109 U. S. 285-288. But in the definition -of contracts the books include as contracts, contracts of record, “such as judgments, recogni-sances and statutes staple.” 1 Story on Contr., ss. 1, 2. “When any specific sum is adjudged to be due from the defendant to the plaintiff on an action or suit at law, this is a contract of the highest nature.” ■ Bl. Com. book 2, p. 465. TJnder this authority we can readily say that in the construction of section 46, “contract” includes a judgment. However, that is not all. A clear solvent of this question is found in the rule that actions at law áre divided into two classes, actions ex contractu and actions ex delicto. The distinction under section 46 has a reference to this classification, else we have the illogical result that if the action is on a bond or note, an affidavit can be filed for judgment, and cannot, if the action is on a judgment, though both are for the recovery of money, and there is just as much reason to compel a plaintiff to say that a certain sum is due him, after abating all credits, as in an action on a bond. An action on a judgment cannot be ranged among actions ex de-licto', and there is then no place for it except among actions ex contractu.
“There are also cases in which the law will imply a contract *83to pay moneys from the fact of there being a legal obligation to pay., though, the transaction in its origin was totally unconnected with contract, and there has been no promise in fact. Upon this principle an action in form ex contractu will lie on judgment of a court of record.” 1 Chitty on Contracts, 87, 11 Amer. Ed.; Louisiana v. Mayor, 109 U. S. 228, 293. Action for any thing but tort is an action on contract. Book 3 Bl. Com. 117. Freeman on Judgments, s. 4 says: “Though it be conceded that a judgment is not a contract, yet perhaps courts are justified, in some cases, in treating it as though it were a contract, or rather, in determining that the word “contract,” as used in some statute, was intended to include judgments. Thus it has been held that a code provision authorizing the union in one complaint of several causes of action, when they all arise out of contract, express or implied, warranted the joinder of two or more judgments as causes of action; that a statute investing justices with the jurisdiction over actions upon contracts for the recovery of money gave them authority to hear actions upon judgments; that where a statute classifies actions as being ex contractu or ex delicto, judgments must be treated as within the former class, their owners are entitled to the same remedies for their collection as if they were contracts, including the right to attachment.” Therefore, there is the same right to file an affidvit under section 46 in an action on judgment as ón a bond.
Another question. The ■ counsel for Ward contends that Marstiller’s remedy for the action of the court in admitting the pleas and refusing to render judgment ón the affidavit is a writ ol: error, not mandamus. He says the court had to exorcise discretion, and that for mere error of judgment mandamus does not lie. Now, if those pleas were not admissable, but the court was bound to enter judgment on the affidavit, that was a merely ministerial act, and a court may be required to perform such an act by mandamus. Summers County v. Monroe County, 43 W. Va. 207. The statute, chapter 125, section 46, Code of 1899, clearly requires judgment upon affidavit. That affidavit fixes amount of recovery. If there were no affidavit, but evidence given for judgment, the case would, in my opinion, be different, as then the court would weigh the evidence, and exercise its judgment, though it is not necessary to decide this. *84The cases above, Enders v. Burch and Alderson v. Gwinn, showing that all further proceedings after the end of the term are without authority, coram non judies, seems to show that the duty to enter judgment is simply ministerial or clerical, and thus justify mandamus. The entry of judgment is a mere ministerial act, and does not constitute the judgment itself, being only record evidence of what the law has adjudged, and that entry may be enforced by mandamus. What other remedy? 17 Am. & Ency. L. (2 Ed.) 768; 19 Id. 839; 20 Id. 793; see 37 W. Va. 336.
So much for the construction of the statute. If the plaintiff in this case had filed a good affidavit, he would be entitled to judgment; but is it good? It says there is “due” from the defendant a certain sum, but does not say there is “due and unpaid,” as required by section 46, chapter 125, Code, as reenacted by chapter 71, Acts 1882. The Code of 1868 used only the word “due;” but the amendment added the words “and unpaid.” The legislature meant something by the change. After office judgment the defendant is voiceless, at the mercy of the plaintiff as to amount. The legislature meant to search the conscience for just judgment. The word “due” has the meaning sometimes of merely owing, whether matured or not; sometimes it means mature. Does it inevitably mean in that case that it is unpaid ? It was intended to not leave that to- a mental reservation. We say “a note is due and unpaid.” Why do we use both words, except to say the note is both matured and unpaid? It is on the same principle with the words “at least” in attachment affidavit. Almeyer v. Caulfield, 37 W. Va. 847. A declaration in debt must aver that the debt is unpaid, and the law requires this affidavit to cover the same ground by like positive averment. The plaintiff must say the debt is unpaid. If a difference between the words, “unpaid” is tire more essential. If you say we are technical, the answer is the legislature was the technical party. The whole matter is governed by the statute. In Quesenberry v. Association, 44 W. Va. 512, we said that a defendant’s affidavit not conforming to the statute forbids a plea. So we say as to the plaintiff’s affidavit.
For want of good affidavit we refuse a mandamus.

Writ Denied.