Court Opinion

ID: 5448017
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-08 18:14:20.290226+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:32:16.309180
License: Public Domain

Harrison, J.
The plaintiff, Annie L. Sloane, purchased a ticket April 8, 1894, from the agent of the defendant, at North Pomona, for passage from that place to San Diego, and on the same day took passage upon the regular passenger train of the defendant. Before reaching San Bernardino the conductor of the train took up her ticket, without giving her any check or other *676evidence of her right to be carried to San Diego, and on arriving at San Bernardino she was required to change cars, and enter another train of cars of the defendant. After entering this train, the conductor in charge thereof demanded of her her ticket, and upon her stating to him that she had given it to the conductor of the other train, and the circumstances therewith, she was informed by him that she must either pay her fare or leave the train. She had no money with her, and when the train reached East Riverside she left the car. After getting off the train she started to walk back as far as Colton upon the railroad track, a distance of about three miles, hut after walking a portion of the way secured a seat in a passing vehicle, and was carried to Golton, where she spent the night with her sister in law. On the next day, having borrowed some money with which to purchase another ticket, she resumed her passage, and was carried to San Diego. The present action was brought to recover dam= ages sustained by reason of the wrongful acts of the defendant’s agents. The cause was tried" by a jury, and a verdict rendered in favor of the plaintiffs for the-sum of fourteen hundred dollars. From the judgment en= tered thereon, and an order denying a new trial, the defendant has appealed.
It is contended by the appellant that, as the plaintiff left the car at East Riverside, in accordance with the previous directions of the conductor, and no personal violence was used or displayed toward her, her only right of action is for a breach of the defendant’s contract to carry her to San Diego, and that the extent of her recovery therefor is the price paid for the second ticket, and a reasonable compensation for the loss of ¡ime sustained by her. The plaintiff’s right of action against the defendant is not, however, limited to' the breach of its contract to carry her to San Diego, but includes full redress for the wrongs sustained by her by reason of the defendant’s violation of the obligations which it assumed in entering into such contract. If she was wrongfully prevented by the defendant from *677completing the passage to San. Biego, for which it had contracted with her, she could either bring an action simply for the breach of this contract, or she could sue it in tort for its violation of the duty as common carrier, which it assumed upon entering into such contract. (Jones v. Steamship Cortes, 17 Cal. 487; 79 Am. Dec. 142; Head v. Georgia etc. R. R. Co., 79 Ga. 358; 11 Am. St, Rep. 434; Carsten v. Northern Pac. R. R. Co., 44 Minn. 454; 20 Am. St. Rep. 589.) The complaint in the present case is not merely for the breach of the contract, nor is it merely for the wrong committed in excluding her from the car, but it is to recover the damages sustained by her by reason of the wrongful acts committed by the defendant in the violation of its contract. It is in the nature of an action on the case, arising out of the conduct of thedefendantin wrongfully depriving her of her ticket, and thereafter, by reason of such wrongful act, excluding her from its car, and refusing to carry out its contract. Although her action is for the tort resulting from the defendant’s '.conduct, the wrong which produced that result was twofold—depriving her of the evidence of its contract to carry her to San Biego, and afterward excluding her from its car for failure to produce the evidence of which it had wrongfully deprived her. For the purpose of giving her this right of action, it is immaterial that these different acts were by different agents of the defendant. If the conductor who took up the ticket had himself, at a subsequent point in the trip, excluded her for failure to exhibit it, the liability of the defendant would not bo questioned. Its liability is the same, notwithstanding, for its own convenience, it has intrusted the management of its train to different conductors. (Muckle v. Rochester Ry. Co.. 79 Hun, 82.) The plaintiff was not called upon to question the right of the first conductor in taking up her ticket, and it was the duty of the defendant to see that she was not thereby deprived of her right to a passage upon its cars.
In her testimony regarding her exclusion from the cars the plaintiff recounted the interview between her *678and the conductor, and the manner in which she was directed to leave the car, and it was claimed at the trial ih it she had been thereby subjected to'humiliation and indignity for which she was entitled to redress. Counsel for the appellant does not question,as a proposition of law. that, if the conductor was insulting and violent in removing her, such treatment forms an element of damage to be recovered by her; but he maintains that the evidence fails to show such conduct. The evidence was, however, before the jury, and they were properly instructed in reference thereto; and, although it might he urged upon them that this evidence was insufficient to establish such conduct, we cannot say, as ¿ matter of law, that it was not proper to submit the question to their judgment.
Evidence was given at the trial'tending to show that Mrs. Sloane had been previously subject to insomnia, and also to nervous shocks and paroxysms, and that, owing to her physical condition, she was subject to a recurrence of these shocks or nervous disorder if placed under any great mental excitement, and that by reason of the excitement caused by her exclusion from the car there had been a recurrence of insomnia and of these paroxysms. The court instructed the jury that, if they found for the plaintiff, “in assessing damages, if it appears from the evidence that the plaintiff Annie L» tiloane was wrongfully deprived of her right to ride on defendant’s cars, and expelled therefrom in a manner, and under circumstances, calculated to inflict, and which did inflict, feelings of indignity and insult, the jury is authorized to consider, under the evidence, the injured feelings of the plaintiff, the indignity endured, her mental suffering, the humiliation and wounded pride which one in her condition of life and standing in the community would experience, together with any bodily liarm, or sxiffering occasioned, and to award such an amount for damages as will compensate her for such humiliation, suffering, and other detriment.” The jxxry were not specially instructed with reference to any *679damages that might have been sustained by reason of the recurrence of this disturbance of the nervous system, but it is reasonable to suppose that the above evidence was offered by the plaintiffs for the purpose of recovering damages for the injury that might be thus established, and that under that portion of the above instruction'in which the jury were authorized in assessing damages to consider “any bodily harm or suffering occasioned” by the expulsion of Mrs. Sloane from the cars, it was intended that they should consider .this evidence, and the injury which it established. The defendant objected to the introduction 'of the evidence, and excepted to the instruction, and insists that under no circumstances, could the jury consider this effect upon the plaintiff as an element of damage for which the defendant is liable; that the court should not have directed the jury to consider any mental suffering experienced by her. p^____v
Counsel for the appellant has discussed in his brief ¿he want of liability on the part of the defendant for any damages for mental suffering, and has cited many authorities in support of the proposition that mere menial anxiety, unaccompanied with bodily injury or apprehended peril, does not afford a right of action. To tho extent that the term “mental suffering” is included in 1 lie above instruction, this proposition is inapplicable. The term, as there used, is to be construed with reference to the context in which it occurs. The " mental suffering” there named Is not the mental anguish or pain referred to in the above proposition cited by the appellant, but is the menial experience which is concomitant with the insult, indignity, and humiliation named in the instruction. It would he a contradiction of terms to hold that the individual whose pride had been humiliated, or whose dignity had been insulted, had no mental suffering in connection therewith, or that this humiliation and insult did not of themselves constitute mental suffering; that he could have redress for the injured pride, but not for the mental suffering *680it produced. Although mental suffering alone will not support an action, yet it constitutes an aggravation of damages when it naturally ensues from the act com- . plained of. (3 Sutherland on -Damages, sec. 1245.)
^The real question presented" by the objections and exception of the appellant is, whether tlio subsequent nervous disturbance of the plaintiff was a suffering of the body .or of the mind. The'.'interdependence of the mind and body is in many respects so close that it is impossible to distinguish their respective influence upon euen other. It must be conceded that a nervous'shock or paroxysm, or a disturbance of the nervous system, is distinct from mental anguish, and falls within the physiological, rather than the psychological, branch.of the human" organism. /It is a matter of general knowledge that an attack of sutMeh fright or an exposure to imminent peril has produced in individuals a complete change in their nervous system, and rendered one who was physically strong and vigorous weak and timid. Such a result must he regarded as an injury to the body rather than to the mind, even though the mind be at the same time injuriously affected. Whatever may be the influence by which the nervous system is affected, its action under that influence is entirely distinct from I tie mental process which is set in motion by the brain. Vhe nerves and nerve centers of the body aro a part of .the physical system, and are not only susceptible of ivsion from external causes, hut are also liable to be weakened and destroyed from “causes primarily acting upon the mind. If these nerves or the entire nervous system is thus affected, there is a physical injury thereby produced, and, if the primal cause of this injury is tortious, it is immaterial whether it is direct, as by a blow, or indirect through some action upon the min57\ This subject received, a very careful and elaborate consideration in the case of Bell v. Great Northern Ry. Co., L. R. 26 Ir. 428. Mrs. Bell was a passenger upon one of the defendant’s trains, and by reason of the defendant’s negligence in the management of its train *681suffered great fright, in consequence of which her health was seriously impaired. She had previously been a strong, healthy woman, hut it was shown that after this occurrence she suffered from fright and nervous shock, was troubled with insomnia,- and that her health was seriously impaired. The jury were instructed that if, in their opinion, great fright was a reasonable and. natural consequence of the, circumstances in which the defendants, by their negligence, had placed her, and that she was actually ..put in fright by those circumstances, and if the injury to her health was, in their opinion, the reasonable and natural consequence of such great fright, and was actually occasioned thereby, the plaintiff was entitled to recover damages for such injury. It' was objected to this instruction that unless the fright was accompanied by physical injury, even though there might he a nervous shock occasioned by the fright, such damages would he too remote. In holding that this objection was not well founded, aild that the nervous shock was to be considered as a bodily injury, the court held that, if such bodily injury might be a natural consequence of fright, it was an element of damage for which a recovery-might be had, and, referring to the contention of the defendant, said:
“ It is admitted that as the negligence caused fright, if the fright contemporaneously caused physical injury, the damage would not be too remote. The distinction insisted upon is one of time only. The proposition is that, although if an act of negligence produces such an effect upon particular structures of the body as at the moment to afford palpable evidence of physical injury, the relation of proximate cause and effect exists between such negligence and the injury, yet such relation cannot in law exist in the case of a similar act producing upon the same structures an effect which, at a subsequent time—say a week, a fortnight, or a month •—must result .without any intervening canse in the same physical injury. As well might it be said that a death caused by poison is not-to be attributed to the p,-r-*682soil who administered it, because the mortal effect is not produced contemporaneously with its administration”; and at the close of his opinion Lord Chief Baron Palles says: “In conclusion, I am of the opinion that, as the relation between fright and injury to the uer.ye and brain structures of the body is a matter which depends entirely upon scientific and medical testimony, it is impossible for any court to lay down as a matter of law that if negligence cause fright, and such fright in its turn so affect such structures as to cause injury to health, such injury cannot be a consequence which, in the ordinary course of things, would flow from the negligence, unless such injury accompanied such negligence in point of time.”
This case is quoted at great length and with approval in the eighth edition of Mr. Sedgwick’s treatise on Damages, section 860. Mr. Seven, in the recent edition of his work on Negligence, volume 1, pages 77-81, also comments upon it with great approval. In Purcell v. St. Paul City Ry. Co., 48 Minn. 134, t-he defendant so negligently managed one of its cars that a collision with an approaching cable car seemed imminent, and was so nearly caused that the attendant confusion of ringing alarm bells, and of passengers rushing out, produced in the plaintiff, who was a passenger on the car, a sudden fright which threw her into convulsions, and, she being then pregnant, caused in her a miscarriage and subsequent illness. The court held that the defendant’s negligence was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury, and that it was liable therefor, even though the immediate result of the negligence was only fright, saying: “A mental shock or disturbance sometimes causes injury or illness of body, especially of the nervous system.” (See, also, Canning v. Williamstown, 1 Cush, 451; Seger v. Barkhampsted, 22 Conn. 290; Mann Boudoir Car Co. v. Dupre, 54 Fed. Rep. 646; Stutz v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 73 Wis. 147; 9 Am. St. Rep. 769; Razzov. Varni, 81 Cal. 289.) “It is a physical injury to the person to be thrown out of a wagon, or to be compelled *683to jump oigfej even though the harm done consists mainly of nervous shock.” ( Warren v. Boston etc. R. R. Co., 163 Mass. 484.)
Tiie mental condition which superinduced the Iw lily harm in the foregoing cases ,'."v.s fright, but the character of the mental excitation by which the injury to the body is produced is immivterid. If it can be established that the bodily harm is the direct result of the condition, without any intervening cause, it must be held that the act which caused the condition set in motion the agencies by which the injury was produced, and is the proximate cause of such injury. Whether the indignity and humiliation suffered by Mrs. Sloane caused the nervous paroxysm, and the injury to her health from which she subsequently suffered, was a question of fact to be determined by the jury. There was evidence before them tending to establish such fact, and if they were satisfied from that evidence that these results were directly traceable to that cause, and that her expulsion from the car had produced in her such a disturbance of her nervous system as resulted in these paroxysms, they were authorized to include in their verdict whatever •> unge she had thus snslmuod.
Whether the defendant or its agents know of her susceptibility to nervous disturbance was immaterial. She had the same rights as any other person who might become a passenger on its road, and was entitled to as high degree of care on its part. It was not necessary that this injury should have been anticipated in order to entitle her to a recovery therefor. (Civ. Code, see. 3333.) If the facts under which she was excluded from the car would be an act of negligence on the part of the defendant as to any and all persons, whoever might sustain injury by such act would be entitled to recover to the full extent of his injury,' irrespective of his previous physical condition or susceptibility to harm. In Baltimore City R. R. Co. v. Kemp, 61 Md. 74, 619, 48 Am. Rep. 134, the plaintiff was injured upon a car of the defendant, and thereafter a cancer developed itself upon *684. her breast at the place' where she had been fliurt. Testimony was given to the effect that such hurt'was sufficient to cause the development of the cancer, and that, in the opinion .of the experts, they would attribute it to that cause. It was shown that previous to the accident she had- been in apparently good health and condition. The court held that it was for the jury to determine from the evidence whether the cancer did result from the injury, and, if so, that the defendant was liable, even though it had no reason to anticipate such a result. “ It is not for the defendants to say that, because they did not or could not in fact anticipate such a result of their negligent act, they must therefore be exonerated from liability for such consequences as ensued. They must be taken to know and to contemplate all the natural and proximate consequences, not only that certainly would, but that probably might, flow from their wrongful act.” (See, also, Fell v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 44 Fed. Rep. 253.)
The court properly left to the jury to determine whether Mrs. Sloane exercised reasonable prudence in undertaking the walk from. East Riverside to Colton, and, if so, that the injury sustained by her was a proper element of damage to be recovered. It could not say as matter of law, or instruct the jury, that under the evidence before them such walk was or was not necessary, or whether the route selected by her was the most feasible; nor would it have been justified in directing them not to allow compensation for any injury sustained by the walk, upon the ground that if she had waited a,few hours she could have gone upon the cars. (Malone v. Pittsburg etc. R. R., 152 Pa. St. 390.)
The refusal of the court to strike out certain portions of the complaint as irrelevant is not a ground for reversal of the judgment. The matter embraced therein was relevant to the plaintiffs’ right of recovery, and ' they were justified in setting forth in their complaint the several acts of the defendant which constituted the wrong for which they sought redress. The defendant *685does not claim to have been prejudiced by any of llio probative matters contained in these allegations, and, even if this matter might have been properly struck out by the court, after the cause has been tried upon its merits the judgment will not be reversed for such technical error.
The demurrer to the complaint was properly overruled. The cause of action set forth -therein is neither ambiguous nor uncertain.. It clearly states a single ground of recovery, viz., the unlawful violation by tli defendant of the obligation it had assumed to carry Mr:. Sloane to San Diego; and although the damages cause to her by this violation of its obligation were made up of the injuries to her person, as well as the money paid by her as the consideration of this obligation, they all resulted from the wrong committed by the defendant. It was necessary that she should point out the particulars in which she had sustained injuries from the defendant—the humiliation, injuries to her health, etc.— in order that evidence thereof might be given at tlio trial,.and also that the defendant might be prepared to meet" such evidence; but it .was not necessary that she should designate the particular amount of damage which she had sustained by reason of the indignity that she had been compelled to undergo, distinct from the amount sustained from the injury to her- health. Those elements of damage were not capable of computation, nor would evidence of such amount have been admissible. This amount was to be determined by the jury in the exercise of an intelligent discretion.
Neither does the action of the court in striking out a portion of the defendant’s answer justifjr a reversal of the judgment. The denial of an allegation in the complaint for want of sufficient information and belief to enable the defendant to answer the same, justifies the court in disregarding or striking out such denial, if the matter is presumptively within the knowledge of the defendant; and although a corporation does not itself have any knowledge of the matters alleged, but is compelled *686to act through its officers, whose information may be derived from others, yet it cannot place its denials upon its want of information and belief if the matters alleged were presumptively within the knowledge of any of its officers, even though the- officer verifying the. answer was himself without any information or belief upon the subject.
In the present case it moreover clearly appears that the defendant was not prejudiced by the action of the court. In a separate defense to the action, the defendant directly alleged many of the facts which, in the portion of the answer thus struck out, it had denied for want of information and belief, and although an admission in one defense is not available as against a denial in another, it is competent for the court to consider such admission, for the purpose of determining whether the answer containing the denial is sham or evasive. After the ruling of the court the defendant amended its answer by directly denying the matters alleged in one of the paragraphs which the court held had beeii insufficiently denied, and at the trial it stipulated to the truth of the matters that had been denied by it in another of the paragraphs which was stricken out. The defendant, was, therefore, not precluded from defending the action in any particular upon which it relied. After a cause has been tried upon its merits, a ruling, of the court, either in striking out, or in refusing to strike out, a portion of a pleading, will not justify a reversal of the judgment, if it appears that the party against whom the ruling was made has not been prejudiced thereby, and has been able to present to the court his entire cause of action or defense. Mere technical error, unaccompanied by injury, will be. disregarded. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 475.)
The court did not err in its instructions to the jury respecting the measure of care which a railroad company must exercise towards its passengers. (Rorer on Railroads, 951; Georgia R. R. v. Homer, 73 Ga. 251.) The passenger is not required to question the action of *687the conductor in taking up his ticket, but has to assume that his conduct in taking or withholding the ticket is in accordance with the rules of the company. It is, therefore, incumbent upon the conductor to exercise more than ordinary care in seeing that after he has taken the ticket from the passenger the latter shall be provided with the means of continuing his "journey. It is not error to hold that this requires extreme care and diligence.
We are of the opinion, however, that the damages allowed by the jury were excessive, and not justified by the evidence. They were properly told that they could not award the plaintiff, exemplary damages, but only such as would be a full and fair compensation to her for the injury and detriment she had suffered' as the proximate results of the defendant’s wrongful acts. The testimony tending to show that the conductor was rude and insulting in directing her to leave the train at East Riverside is quite meager, and consists more of her statement of its character than of the language used by him. The jury were instructed that, in estimating the amount of damages she could recover by reason of the humiliation in being excluded from the car, they were not at liberty to consider her peculiar nervous temperament, but to allow only such damages as would hhve resulted to a person of ordinary or usual temperament. So, too, the evidence concerning the effect of this expulsion from the car upon heiqnervous condition consists more of general statements than of details, and it does not appear that this effect was of more than brief duration. She does not claim to have sustained any direct physical injury by reason of the walk to Colton.- She testifies, as do also her husband and Dr. Averill, that, except for her nervous condition, she was in fair health, and that she was abundantly able to take a walk of two or three miles, and it is not suggested that the walk had any effect upon her nervous condition, or that she suffered any direct inconvenience therefrom after her return from San Diego. The walk itself was not attended with *688any unusual iuconvenience. It was upon the railroad track, in a level country, on an afternoon in April. The distance is not given, but, after going about a mile or so, as far as the railroad bridge, she was taken into a passing vehicle and carried to Colton. While the amount of damages that may be awarded in a case'like the present is in the discretion of the jury, it must be a reasonable, and not an unlimited, discretion, and must be exercised intelligently and in harmony with the testimony before them. We think that the,jury in the present case must have been influenced by other considerations than the testimony before them in arriving at the amount of their verdict.
The judgment and order denying a new trial are reversed, unless the plaintiffs shall, within thirty days after the filing of the remittitur in the superior court, file with the clerk, and give to the defendant, a stipulation remitting from the judgment the sum of one thousand dollars. If such stipulation be so filed and delivered» the superior court is directed to amend the judgment in conformity therewith, and thereupon the judgment and order shall stand affirmed.
Van Fleet, J., and Garoutte, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.
*689o