Court Opinion

ID: 4346264
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-30 23:00:46.070681+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:37.274785
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                        v.                           Civil Action No. 13-cr-134

 ALFREDO MOSQUERA-MURILLO,                           Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
 JOAQUIN CHANG-RENDON, and
 ANTONIO MORENO-MEMBACHE,

                        Defendants.

                              MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

       On September 14, 2018, the D.C. Circuit’s mandate issued remanding this case for

resentencing of the three defendants, Alfredo Mosquera-Murillo (“Murillo”), Joaquin Chang-

Rendon (“Rendon”), and Antonio Moreno-Membache (“Membache”), see Mandate, ECF No.

266, in accordance with that Court’s holding that the defendants’ convictions for violation of the

Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act (“MDLEA”), 46 U.S.C. §§ 70503 and 70506(b), did not

bar their eligibility for safety-valve relief, see United States v. Mosquera-Murillo, 902 F.3d 285,

292 (D.C. Cir. 2018). Specifically, the D.C. Circuit directed, on remand, that this Court

“consider whether the defendants meet the five remaining safety-valve requirements.” Id. at 296.

       Shortly after issuance of the mandate, the parties were directed to confer and propose a

resentencing date, Minute Order (Sept. 17, 2018), but instead the parties suggested that a status

conference be held, with waiver of the defendants’ presence, “to discuss how to proceed with the

resentencing of the defendants,” Parties’ Joint Report on Resentencing Schedule at 1, ECF No.

268. At the requested status conference, the parties outlined issues they believed required

resolution at the resentencing hearing and were directed again to confer and submit another joint

report summarizing, inter alia, those issues requiring an evidentiary hearing, Minute Order (Oct.

                                                 1
29, 2018), which lengthy, 22-page report they timely submitted, Joint Status Report (“JSR”),

ECF No. 271.

        The defendants raise a myriad of issues in the JSR as requiring resolution at a further

hearing in a valiant effort to clean the slate of what has come before in this case, but the issue

remanded for consideration at resentencing is “whether the defendants meet the five remaining

safety-valve requirements.” Mosquera-Murillo, 902 F.3d at 296. If the defendants do not—and

indisputably, no defendant currently satisfies all five safety-valve requirements—each

defendant’s sentence remains exactly the same: 120 months’ imprisonment, the mandatory

minimum sentence agreed to in their plea agreements, which were accepted by the Court,

pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(1)(C), on each defendant’s guilty plea to

one count of conspiring to distribute, and possess with intent to distribute, at least 5 kilograms of

cocaine and 100 kilograms of marijuana on board a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the

United States, in violation of the MDLEA, 46 U.S.C. §§ 70503, 70506(b) and 21 U.S.C. §§

960(b)(1)(B), (b)(2)(G). See Plea Agreements ¶¶ 1, 6, ECF Nos. 185, 188, 191. If any defendant

is safety-valve eligible, this Court must then determine the appropriate sentence to be imposed at

or below 120-months’ incarceration, upon consideration of the factors set out in 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a).

       Nevertheless, the defendants raised at the status conference and in the JSR several issues

that have either already been resolved in this case or are extraneous to the single issue required

by the mandate to be resolved at resentencing. That single issue is whether any defendant meets

the five safety-valve requirements, listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and incorporated verbatim into

the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a). To re-focus the parties on this issue,

which, in the case’s current procedural posture, is the only means by which any defendant may

                                                  2
obtain a different sentence than that already imposed, set out below are the legal and factual

issues raised in the JSR that are either extraneous or already resolved, and the issues in the JSR

appropriately to be addressed at the evidentiary hearing for purposes of resentencing.

I.     ISSUES ALREADY RESOLVED OR UNNECESSARY TO RESOLVE

       The JSR indicates that the defendants seek to relitigate factual determinations already

conceded and/or irrelevant to determination of their safety-valve eligibility, including (1) the

quantity of illegal narcotics recovered from the Mistby go-fast boat on June 19, 2012, see JSR at

2–3, 5 & n.3, 6–7, 9–10; but see id. at 11 (Rendon concedes the Mistby quantity); and (2) the

subsequent testing of those drugs by Drug Enforcement Administration chemists, id. at 5 n.3, 9–

10. Resolution of these issues falls outside the mandate of the D.C. Circuit and, thus, resolution

is unnecessary for purposes of resentencing.

       A. Quantity of Narcotics Recovered from the Mistby Has Been Resolved

       Each defendant, in pleading guilty, stipulated to a Joint Statement of Facts (“SOF”)

incorporated into his plea agreement, stating that “[t]he Government can prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that: . . . United States law enforcement personnel . . . recovered over 220

kilograms of cocaine and 235 kilograms of marijuana that had been jettisoned into the water”

from the Mistby. See Murillo Joint Statement of Facts (“Murillo SOF”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 186;

Rendon Joint Statement of Facts (“Rendon SOF”) ¶ 5, ECF No. 189; Membache Joint Statement

of Stipulated Facts (“Membache SOF”) ¶ 3, ECF No. 192; Plea Agreements ¶ 2. Indeed, at the

end of each SOF, each defendant acknowledged “that this proffer of facts is true and accurate.”

See Murillo SOF at 4; Rendon SOF at 4; Membache SOF at 4. By so acknowledging, each

defendant conceded that the government “can prove” the amounts of illegal narcotics recovered

from the Mistby beyond a reasonable doubt, thereby necessarily agreeing that those drug

                                                 3
quantities could be proven under the lesser preponderance of the evidence standard applicable to

a sentencing hearing. See United States v. Burnett, 827 F.3d 1108, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (“A

district court makes findings of drug quantities under a preponderance of the evidence

standard.”); United States v. Bell, 795 F.3d 88, 103–05 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (distinguishing between

elements of a crime that must be found beyond a reasonable doubt and other facts that can be

found by a sentencing judge relying on a preponderance of the evidence standard). Indeed, each

defendant expressly agreed to “waive any right to have facts that determine his sentence under

the guidelines alleged in the indictment or found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Plea

Agreements ¶ 14.

       This plain reading of the plea agreements and SOFs is confirmed by examination of other

SOF paragraphs that use different language than that used to describe the Mistby facts, which,

again, the defendants agreed “[t]he Government can prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” Murillo

SOF ¶ 4; Rendon SOF at ¶ 5; Membache SOF ¶ 3. By contrast, other paragraphs summarize

factual matters that “[t]he Government contends that it can prove beyond a reasonable doubt,”

Murillo SOF ¶¶ 6, 7; Rendon SOF ¶¶ 6, 7; Membache SOF ¶¶ 5, 6 (emphasis added), and also

emphasize the disputed nature of these facts with the caveat that the defendants contested the

factual matter, compare, e.g., Murillo SOF ¶ 4, with id. ¶ 6 (stating “Defendant disputes the

foregoing statements in this paragraph” regarding factual assertion of seizure of 318 kilograms of

cocaine from a stash house in Buenaventura, Colombia), with ¶ 7 (stating “Defendant contends

that the total amount of cocaine involved in this conspiracy that was reasonably foreseeable to

the Defendant was five (5) kilograms or more and that the total amount of marijuana involved in

this conspiracy that was reasonably foreseeable to the Defendant was fifty (50) kilograms or

                                                4
more,” in contrast to government’s contentions); Rendon SOF ¶ 5, with id. ¶¶ 6, 7 (same);

Membache SOF ¶ 3, with id. ¶¶ 5, 6 (same).

        Thus, the quantity of illegal controlled substances recovered from the Mistby is an issue

already resolved and no further evidentiary hearing on this issue is necessary. Similarly, the

additional issue referenced by Membache’s counsel regarding the “Reliability of the Drug

Tests,” JSR at 9–10, of the substances recovered from the Mistby is irrelevant for purposes of

resentencing.

        In any event, since each defendant agreed that the total amount of cocaine involved in the

conspiracy reasonably foreseeable to him was “five (5) kilograms or more,” Murillo SOF ¶ 7;

Rendon SOF ¶ 7; Membache SOF ¶ 6, absent safety-valve eligibility, each is subject to the 120-

month statutory mandatory minimum under the MDLEA, see 46 U.S.C. § 70506 (setting

punishment for a first offense of id. § 70503 as provided in 21 U.S.C. § 960, which provides a

mandatory minimum of 10 years for offenses involving 5 kilograms or more of cocaine), if they

persist in their guilty pleas.1

        B. Government’s Evidence Pertinent Only to Guideline Determinations Is
           Unnecessary

        The government indicates in the JSR an intent to present evidence relevant to a precise

guideline determination for each defendant, including the applicability of various Specific

Offense Characteristics under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1. Specifically, the government intends to present

evidence regarding: (1) other relevant conduct and associated drug quantities, including 318

kilograms of cocaine seized in March 2012 by Colombian National Police from a stash house in

1
         No defendant has indicated any intention to withdraw his guilty plea, an understandable position given the
strength of the government’s wiretap and other evidence, and the benefit of the plea agreement capping each
defendant’s sentence at 120 months’ imprisonment, as opposed to what the Probation Office calculated could be 262
to 327 months’ imprisonment for Murillo and Membache and 235 to 293 months’ imprisonment for Rendon. See
Murillo Revised Final PSR (“Murillo PSR”) ¶ 66, ECF No. 247; Membache Revised Final PSR (“Membache PSR”)
¶ 67, ECF No. 249; Rendon Revised Final PSR (“Rendon PSR”) ¶ 68, ECF No. 248.

                                                        5
Buenaventura, Colombia, “as well as over 1350 seized kilograms of cocaine from other

shipments that are part of the same course of conduct and/or common scheme or plan,” JSR at 2–

3, 6–7, 11; see Murillo PSR ¶ 13; (2) each defendant’s bribery of a law enforcement officer, JSR

at 3, 7, 11; (3) Murillo’s knowing distribution of a controlled substance to a minor under 18

years of age, id. at 4; (4) Murillo and Membache’s involvement of a minor under 18 years of age

in the instant offense, id. at 4, 7; and (5) Rendon’s abuse of a position of trust, id. at 11. This

proffered evidence may be critical to a guideline determination for each defendant but not for the

focused purpose of resentencing in this case.

       At the prior sentencing hearing, the Court determined, with the parties’ agreement, that it

was not necessary to calculate a sentencing guidelines range for a sentence based on a Rule

11(c)(1)(C) plea to a mandatory minimum, provided that the Court made clear that the guidelines

were irrelevant to the sentence it imposed. See Transcript of Sentencing Hearing (July 29, 2016)

(“Sentencing Tr.”) at 73:18–74:13, 76:1–11, ECF No. 264. Justifiable reasons were present for

the government to extend, and the Court to accept, the plea agreements regardless of the

guideline determination, given the substantial prison terms set out in the agreements and the

nature of the evidence, much of which was collected overseas by foreign law enforcement

agents. See Koons v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1783, 1788–89 (2018) (recognizing that, in some

guilty pleas, such as where the district court “scrap[s] the ranges in favor of the mandatory

minimums,” guidelines ranges play no relevant part in the defendant’s ultimate sentence);

Hughes v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1765, 1773 (2018) (noting that the “court may not accept [an

(11)(c)(1)(C)] agreement unless the court is satisfied that . . . ‘the agreed sentence is outside the

applicable guideline range for justifiable reasons; and . . . those reasons are set forth with

specificity.’”) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 6B1.2(c)).

                                                   6
       The government’s proffered evidence potentially has relevance in evaluating the safety-

valve eligibility of any defendant, and that relevance pertains only to whether each defendant

provides truthful information about the offenses “that were part of the same course of conduct or

of a common scheme or plan.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(5). As noted, no debriefing of any

defendant has yet occurred. Thus, anticipating the need to present this evidence as to safety-

valve eligibility is premature since this need hinges on whether the government evaluates the

veracity and completeness of a defendant’s debriefing negatively and on whether the defendant

challenges that negative evaluation with sufficient evidence, including his own testimony, to

sustain his burden of proof to establish that he has actually provided truthful and complete

information, in the face of any evidence presented by the government. See United States v.

Gales, 603 F.3d 49, 52–54 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (noting that it is the defendant’s burden to establish

safety-valve eligibility and affirming denial of safety-valve eligibility, upon finding that “[t]he

district court did not clearly err in thinking it highly unlikely that [defendant] did not have any

further information on the identity of his steady supplier, whom he claimed to have known for

ten years, beyond the vague description given to the government”); United States v. Mathis, 216
F.3d 18, 29 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (defendant “bears the burden to establish by a preponderance of the

evidence that he is entitled to safety[-]valve relief”); United States v. Montanez, 82 F.3d 520, 523

(1st Cir. 1996) (“It is up to the defendant to persuade the district court that he has ‘truthfully

provided’ the required information and evidence to the government.”).

       Therefore, to the extent that the evidence proffered by the government is relevant to the

guideline determination only, that evidence is not necessary to be heard at any evidentiary

hearing for purposes of resentencing, unless following each defendant’s debriefing with the

government, such evidence becomes relevant to evaluation of safety-valve eligibility. The Court

                                                   7
will direct the parties to submit periodic status reports on when each defendant has agreed to

participate in the requisite debriefings, when these debriefings have been conducted, the

government’s evaluation of those debriefings, and whether any defendant disputes the

government’s evaluation.

II.        ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED AT RESENTENCING HEARING

           The sole focus of the evidentiary hearing in this case is whether any defendant meets the

following five requirements for safety-valve eligibility:

      1.      the defendant does not have more than 1 criminal history point, as determined under
              the sentencing guidelines;
      2.      the defendant did not use violence or credible threats of violence or possess a firearm
              or other dangerous weapon (or induce another participant to do so) in connection with
              the offense;
      3.      the offense did not result in death or serious bodily injury to any person;
      4.      the defendant was not an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of others in the
              offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines and was not engaged in a
              continuing criminal enterprise, as defined in section 408 of the Controlled Substances
              Act; and
      5.      not later than the time of the sentencing hearing, the defendant has truthfully provided
              to the Government all information and evidence the defendant has concerning the
              offense or offenses that were part of the same course of conduct or of a common
              scheme or plan, but the fact that the defendant has no relevant or useful other
              information to provide or that the Government is already aware of the information
              shall not preclude a determination by the court that the defendant has complied with
              this requirement.

18 U.S.C. § 3553(f); see U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a).
           The government does not dispute that each defendant, by having no more than one

criminal history point, meets the first requirement for safety-valve relief, see JSR at 2, 6, 11, and

no defendant disputes that he has not (yet) met the fifth requirement by truthfully participating in

a debriefing with the government about not only the offense of conviction but also “all

information and evidence the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of

the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(5).

                                                   8
         In addition to the fifth requirement being currently unmet, the JSR indicates that the

parties dispute the following issues pertinent to each defendant’s safety-valve eligibility: (1)

whether Murillo was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in, or possessed a dangerous

weapon in connection with, the offense, JSR at 2, 3; (2) whether Membache was an organizer,

leader, manager, or supervisor in, or possessed a dangerous weapon in connection with, the

offense, id. at 6, 7; (3) whether Rendon possessed a dangerous weapon in connection with the

offense, id. at 11 (“[r]egarding specific offense characteristics” for Rendon, government stating,

“as with [Murillo] and [Membache], these relate to possession of a dangerous weapon”).2 In

addition to disputing the factual bases for the government’s position that the defendants are

ineligible for safety-valve relief—a factual dispute appropriately resolved at an evidentiary

hearing—Murillo and Membache press three legal arguments as support for their contention that

the government is precluded from presenting evidence or argument to the Court or to the

Probation Office as to their aggravated roles or weapons possession. See id. at 4–5, 7–10. None

of these legal arguments is persuasive or legally sustainable, however.

          First, Murillo and Membache contend the government may neither argue nor present

evidence that they are organizers, leaders, managers, or supervisors because the government

agreed, in paragraph 9 of the Plea Agreements, “not to seek any of the adjustments set out in

U.S.S.G. Chapter 3, Part B.” See JSR at 4–5, 7–10. The law is well settled that, “when a plea

rests in any significant degree on a promise or agreement of the prosecutor, so that it can be said

to be part of the inducement or consideration, such promise must be fulfilled.” United States v.

2
          The government’s assertion that Rendon possessed a dangerous weapon is puzzling because the
government elsewhere represents that Rendon meets all of the criteria for safety-valve relief, except for the truthful
proffer condition. JSR at 11; Rough Transcript of Status Conf. (Oct. 29, 2018) (“H’rg Tr. (Rough)”) at 10:19–
11:11. If Rendon possessed a dangerous weapon in connection with the offense, he would be ineligible for safety-
valve relief. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(2).

                                                           9
Henry, 758 F.3d 427, 431 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262

(1971)). In interpreting the terms of a plea agreement, the principles of contract law govern and,

in evaluating whether a breach has occurred, the Court looks to the reasonable understanding of

the parties, construing any textual ambiguities against the government. Henry, 758 F.3d at 431.

The defendant bears the burden of proving any breach by the government, which if proven,

warrants specific performance of the agreement or withdrawal of the guilty plea. Id. At the

same time, “the government must be held to the promises it made, it will not be bound to those it

did not make. To do otherwise is to strip the bargaining process itself of meaning and content.”

United States v. Ahn, 231 F.3d 26, 37 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       While the defendants rely on a sentence in paragraph 9 of the Plea Agreements, this

sentence cannot be read in isolation from the rest of the contextual language in that paragraph

and other provisions in the Plea Agreements. The sentence in paragraph 9 immediately

following the sentence relied upon by the defendants states: “The Defendant is permitted to

request relief under Safety Valve provisions, and the Government is permitted to argue that the

Safety Valve provisions do not apply to the maritime offense to which the Defendant has agreed

to plead guilty and that, in any event, the Defendant does not meet the criteria to qualify for

Safety Valve relief.” Plea Agreements ¶ 9. As this contextual language makes clear, while the

government agreed not to seek any Chapter 3 adjustments, the government reserved the right to

argue that the defendants do “not meet the criteria to qualify for Safety Valve relief,” id., which

criteria require that the defendant not be an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor, 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(f)(4), or have possessed a dangerous weapon in connection with the offense, id. §

3553(f)(2).

                                                 10
        Given the fact that the guideline determination generally, along with any Chapter 3 role

adjustments, was unnecessary to resolve if the Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement was accepted by

the Court with the recommended sentence at the mandatory minimum, the government had no

reason to seek, and therefore agreed not to seek, any role adjustments. To the same extent that

the defendants were “permitted to request relief under Safety Valve provisions,” Plea

Agreements ¶ 9, however, the government reserved its right to respond that the defendants were

ineligible. This reservation of the right to address safety-valve eligibility operates effectively as

a carve-out to the previous sentence such that the government agreed not to seek any role

adjustment, except as relevant to argue that the safety-valve criteria were not met.

        Moreover, the government further expressly reserved the right to provide all relevant

information in yet other provisions in the Plea Agreements. Specifically, paragraph 8 provides

that the government “may inform the Court and the Probation Office of all facts pertinent to the

sentencing process, including all relevant information concerning the offenses committed,

whether charged or not, as well as concerning the Defendant and the Defendant’s background.”

Id. ¶ 8. Likewise, paragraph 12 provides that the government “reserves the right to dispute

sentencing factors or facts material to sentencing and to use any information or material . . . to

correct any factual errors or positions asserted by the Probation Office or the Defendant.” Id. ¶

12. Thus, in addition to the carve-out to address safety-valve eligibility, the government, in

paragraph 12, eschewed any gag on the arguments, information or evidence the government

could present relating to “dispute[d] sentencing factors,” which paragraph 9 makes clear includes

the defendants’ eligibility for safety-valve relief.

        The defendants point for support to commentary for the safety-valve guideline, but this is

unavailing. See JSR at 7. This commentary defines “organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor

                                                  11
of others in the offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines,” in U.S.S.G. §

5C1.2(a)(4), to mean “a defendant who receives an adjustment for an aggravating role under §

3B1.1.” See U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a)(4), cmt. n.5. This commentary does not block argument or

evidence about an aggravated role for purposes of safety-valve eligibility where the government

has otherwise agreed not to seek such a formal role adjustment under Chapter 3. The reason is

that the Court, not the government, makes the final determination of the applicability of such a

role adjustment enhancement, after considering the information presented by the government, the

Probation Office, and defense counsel, regardless of whether the government itself seeks that

adjustment. See United States v. Felder, 563 F. Supp. 2d 160, 166 (D.D.C. 2008) (“What the

[plea] agreement precluded was the government asking for such an enhancement, not the court

applying one.”). In sum, the government is not precluded by the plea agreements from arguing

that the defendants are ineligible for safety-valve relief because they were organizers, managers,

leaders, or supervisors.

       Second, relatedly, Membache argues that the government has already committed a

Santobello violation, in breach of the plea agreements, by providing information undergirding

the Probation Office’s PSR recommendation of a leadership or managerial role adjustment for

him, and risks further breach by arguing that the defendants are ineligible for safety-valve relief

due to their aggravated roles. JSR at 7–8. This argument is without merit. As noted, the Plea

Agreements do not preclude the government from disputing the defendants’ eligibility for safety-

valve relief and providing all relevant information to both the Probation Office and the Court to

resolve disputed sentencing issues, but only from affirmatively seeking a Chapter 3 role

adjustment.

                                                 12
       Furthermore, providing information to the Probation Office and the Court that may lead

to a judicial determination for an aggravated role adjustment does not breach the government’s

promise not to seek a sentencing enhancement. See, e.g., United States v. Yunzhong Chen, No.

18-30021, 2018 WL 5994970 (mem.), at *1 (9th Cir. Nov. 15, 2018) (finding no breach of plea

agreement, in which government agreed to a guidelines calculation indicating defendant was

minor participant, where government made arguments about his role in the conspiracy that “were

properly responsive to [defendant]’s request for home confinement”); United States v. Carbajal-

Váldez, 874 F.3d 778, 785–86 (1st Cir. 2017) (finding no breach of plea agreement, in which

government agreed not to seek role adjustment and left open possibility of reduction if defendant

proved satisfaction of safety-valve requirements, when government at sentencing confirmed

Probation’s finding that defendant was captain of a boat used to carry narcotics, triggering

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(3)(C), and noting that “actions such as merely

responding in factual terms to the sentencing court’s questions or acknowledging the correctness

of admittedly accurate guideline calculations do not amount to a breach of a plea agreement”);

United States v. Casillas, 853 F.3d 215, 218 (5th Cir. 2017) (stating that “[t]he Government does

not breach a plea agreement by disclosing pertinent factual information to a sentencing court,”

and, in fact, “the Government does not have a right to make an agreement to stand mute in the

face of factual inaccuracies or to withhold relevant factual information from the court”) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Block, 660 F.2d 1086, 1092 (5th Cir. Unit B

Nov. 1981)); United States v. Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 664 (6th Cir. 2007) (distinguishing

between advocacy and providing the sentencing court with relevant factual information); United

States v. Maldonado, 215 F.3d 1046, 1052 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[D]espite a plea agreement to make

certain recommendations, the government has a duty to ensure that the court has complete and

                                                13
accurate information, enabling the court to impose an appropriate sentence.”); United States v.

Williamsburg Check Cashing Corp., 905 F.2d 25, 28 (2d Cir. 1990) (“[A]n agreement to keep

the judge ignorant of pertinent information cannot be enforceable, because a sentencing court

must be permitted to consider any and all information that reasonably might bear on the proper

sentence for the particular defendant, given the crime committed.”) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       The government’s overarching obligation to provide relevant information to assist the

Court in resolving disputed sentencing issues is consistent with Congress’ direction that “[n]o

limitation shall be placed on the information concerning the background, character, and conduct

of a person convicted of an offense which a court . . . may receive and consider for the purpose

of imposing an appropriate sentence.” Roberts v. United States, 445 U.S. 552, 556 (1980)

(brackets in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3577, recodified at

id. § 3661); accord United States v. Delaney, 651 F.3d 15, 20 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

       Finally, Membache argues that the government is precluded from presenting evidence

that the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon because the government lodged no objection to

the lack of a firearm enhancement in his PSR. JSR at 9. This argument ignores the fact that the

government had no need to object to the guideline determination set out in the PSR because the

parties agreed that the Court need not resolve any disputes regarding the guidelines upon

accepting the Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreements and adopting the recommendation to impose a 120-

month sentence. See Sentencing Tr. at 29:9–31:4 (Membache’s counsel arguing that the Court

need not determine matters irrelevant to sentencing). Now, however, information concerning the

defendants’ possession of a weapon is newly relevant to address their eligibility for safety-valve

relief, and the government is permitted to present relevant evidence for purposes of resentencing.

                                                14
See, e.g., United States v. Miller, 890 F.3d 317, 328 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (on remand for

resentencing, a district court may consider new arguments or new facts that are made newly

relevant by the Court of Appeals’ decision, whether by the reasoning or by the result).

         Accordingly, the government is permitted to argue and present evidence for purposes of

resentencing that the defendants are ineligible for safety-valve relief because they were

organizers, leaders, managers, or supervisors in, or possessed a dangerous weapon in connection

with, the offense of conviction.

III.     SCHEDULING

         The parties responded, in the JSR, to the Court’s request to address whether to stay

resentencing in this case pending the Supreme Court’s resolution of the pending petition for cert.

in Castillo v. United States, No. 18-374, 2018 WL 4564803 (U.S. Sept. 21, 2018). Another

petition has also been filed recently in the U.S. Supreme Court, that also cites the D.C. Circuit’s

opinion in this case as the source of a circuit split on the issue of whether MDLEA offenses

qualify for safety-valve relief. See Anchundia-Espinoza v. United States, No. 18-6482 (U.S. Oct.

25, 2018). 3 Even if this case is not stayed pending the outcome of the cert. petitions in Castillo

and Anchundia-Espinoza, the defendants plainly are unprepared for prompt resentencing, and

other than Rendon, make no representation as to when they will be ready.

         Rendon, for example, has not participated in any debriefing to the government as a

prerequisite for his safety-valve eligibility, see JSR at 11, let alone accounted for any time

necessary for the government’s evaluation of that proffer and determination whether to present

3
         The U.S. government has since filed its opposition to the petition for cert. in Castillo, see Brief for the
United States in Opposition, Castillo v. United States, No. 18-374, 2018 WL 6179400 (U.S. Nov. 21. 2018). The
U.S. government’s response in Anchundia-Espinoza is due December 28, 2018, see
https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-6482.html (last visited
Nov. 30, 2018).

                                                          15
evidence at a resentencing hearing regarding the insufficiency or untruthfulness of that proffer.4

Murillo’s counsel is newly appointed and has yet to meet with his client, id. at 4, and detailed at

the status conference the various steps he would need to take in order to be ready for

resentencing, see H’rg Tr. (Rough) at 22:10–26:1. Indeed, if the Court were to schedule an

immediate resentencing solely for Rendon, as his counsel requests, the government may be

unable adequately to evaluate whether he has given a complete and truthful proffer, since that

evaluation may turn on information received not only from him but from his two co-defendants

and, further, any dispute by the government over Rendon’s satisfaction of the fifth requirement

would likely turn on evidence that overlaps significantly with such evidence relevant to his co-

defendants’ safety-valve eligibility. Given these circumstances, scheduling resentencing in this

case immediately, as Rendon requests, would not provide a fair opportunity to all parties to

fulfill the appellate mandate of assessing their eligibility for safety-valve relief in a manner that

also accommodates the interests of efficient use of judicial and government resources.

         Accordingly, the Court will set a Status Conference for March 8, 2019, by which point

the status of any cert. petitions will be more clear, all defense counsel will have had time to meet

with their clients, and the government will have a better sense of whether the defendants meet

the fifth requirement for safety-valve relief.

4
          Despite Rendon’s current ineligibility for safety-valve relief, one of his three attorneys has requested a
December 2018 resentencing in order to participate before her planned parental leave, JSR at 20 n.8, but this
defendant continues to be well represented in her absence by no less than the Federal Public Defender for the
District of Columbia as well as another counsel who has participated in this case since August 28, 2015. Minute
Order (Aug. 28, 2015).

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IV.    ORDER

       Based on the foregoing, it is hereby

       ORDERED that the parties shall file, by March 1, 2019, a Joint Status Report providing

an update on whether each of the defendants has “truthfully provided to the Government all

information and evidence the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of

the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(5), whether

the government has been able to evaluate those proffers, and whether any defendant disputes that

evaluation; and a proposed schedule governing further proceedings; and it is further

       ORDERED that a Status Conference is SCHEDULED for March 8, 2019 at 9:30 AM in

Courtroom 22A before Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell.

       SO ORDERED.

       Date: November 30, 2018

                                                    ________________________
                                                    BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                    Chief Judge

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