Court Opinion

ID: 4465193
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-18 14:11:17.781576+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:43.507267
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Anderson v. WBNS-TV, Inc., Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-5196.]

                                        NOTICE
     This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
     advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
     promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
     South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
     formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
     the opinion is published.

                         SLIP OPINION NO. 2019-OHIO-5196
        ANDERSON ET AL., APPELLEES, v. WBNS-TV, INC., APPELLANT.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
         may be cited as Anderson v. WBNS-TV, Inc., Slip Opinion No.
                                   2019-Ohio-5196.]
Defamation—Court of appeals applied incorrect standard in determining whether
        fault element of defamation claim had been met—Court of appeals’
        judgment vacated and cause remanded.
   (No. 2018-0792—Submitted April 24, 2019—Decided December 18, 2019.)
              APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Franklin County,
                           No. 17AP-660, 2018-Ohio-761.
                                 __________________
        DONNELLY, J.
                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 1} The Columbus Police Department sent an information sheet to
appellant, WBNS-TV, Inc. (“WBNS”), among other media outlets, on January 20,
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2016. The information sheet described the robbery of a hoverboard from an eight-
year-old child that took place in the parking lot of a waterpark on November 26,
2015, and stated that “suspects * * * put a gun to the eight-year-old’s head and
demanded the hoverboard.” The information sheet also asked for help identifying
the people in an accompanying photograph “who may have been involved” in the
robbery. That photograph depicted siblings Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron Anderson,
and it had been taken by a surveillance camera as they entered the waterpark.
       {¶ 2} WBNS used the information sheet to prepare a segment that aired
during the 5:00 a.m. broadcast on January 21, 2016. During the segment, WBNS
employees showed the picture of Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron, while stating: a “girl
was riding her hoverboard when robbers went up to her, put a gun to her head and
took it. Columbus Police say suspects—seen here—took off in a PT cruiser.”
During the 6:00 a.m. broadcast that same day, while showing the same picture,
WBNS employees stated, “Columbus Police hope you recognize these two men
who robbed an 8-year-old girl at gunpoint!”             On the WBNS website,
www.10tv.com, the picture of Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron was published with the
accompanying text, “The suspects put a gun to the 8-year-old girl’s head * * *.”
       {¶ 3} When Nanita Williams (the mother of Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron)
saw the early morning broadcast on January 21, 2016, she began screaming and
crying, which woke her family. Williams and her children went to the police
station, and after approximately four hours of questioning, the police determined
that Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron had not been involved in the crime. Shortly
thereafter, the Columbus Police Department released a statement that the people in
the photograph had spoken to detectives, and after further investigation, the police
had determined that they had not been involved in the robbery. Upon receiving this
statement, WBNS employees removed the picture from its website.             WBNS
employees did not subsequently refer to the picture of Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron.

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        {¶ 4} Appellees, Aaron, Aaronana, Willie Anderson, and Williams,
(collectively, “the Andersons”),1 filed a complaint against WBNS asserting, among
other claims, a claim for defamation. WBNS moved for and was granted summary
judgment on all counts. The trial court held that the Andersons could not prove an
essential element, fault, of their defamation claim, see Jackson v. Columbus, 117
Ohio St. 3d 328, 2008-Ohio-1041, 883 N.E.2d 1060, ¶ 9 (setting forth the elements
of a defamation claim).
        {¶ 5} The Andersons appealed, arguing that the trial court had erred in
granting WBNS summary judgment on the defamation claim. The court of appeals
reversed the trial court’s judgment on that claim, stating, “There is no question that
WBNS defamed some of the Andersons.” 2018-Ohio-761, ¶ 8. The court framed
the issue before it as whether “broadcasting an accusation that the Andersons were
robbers without investigation by WBNS and based on a set of police documents
which claimed only that some of the Andersons were suspects is sufficient proof of
a violation of a duty of care to allow the lawsuit to survive a motion for summary
judgment.” Id. at ¶ 11. The court concluded that the lawsuit should survive
summary judgment because a genuine issue of material fact existed, and it
remanded the cause to the trial court. Id. at ¶ 11, 16. See Civ.R. 56(C) (setting
forth the summary-judgment standard).
        {¶ 6} We accepted WBNS’s discretionary appeal. 153 Ohio St. 3d 1461,
2018-Ohio-3258, 104 N.E.3d 791.
                                        ANALYSIS
        {¶ 7} Attempting to attain the proper balance between protecting the
freedom of speech guaranteed by the United States and Ohio Constitutions and

1. Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron Anderson are the three people allegedly defamed by WBNS.
Appellees in this case are Aaron, Aaronana, and Willie Anderson (the father of Aaron, Aaronana,
and Arron Anderson), individually and as guardian of Arron, and Nanita Williams (the mother of
Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron Anderson), individually and as guardian of Arron).

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protecting citizens from injury to their reputations is fraught with difficulty. This
court and the Supreme Court of the United States have grappled with the issue for
years. See, e.g., Lansdowne v. Beacon Journal Publishing Co., 32 Ohio St. 3d 176,
512 N.E.2d 979 (1987) (plurality opinion); Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S.
323, 94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789 (1974).
       {¶ 8} In Ohio, in a case involving a private person who was allegedly
defamed in a statement about a matter of public concern, the plaintiff “has the
burden of proving both that the statement was false and [that] the defendant was at
least negligent in publishing it.” Dale v. Ohio Civil Serv. Emps. Assn., 57 Ohio
St.3d 112, 114, 567 N.E.2d 253 (1991), citing Lansdowne.              Moreover, the
negligence must be proved by clear and convincing evidence. Lansdowne at 180
(Lansdowne was not a majority opinion; a year after it was decided, a majority of
the court acknowledged that the clear-and-convincing-evidence standard set forth
in Lansdowne was the appropriate standard of proof, Oney v. Allen, 39 Ohio St. 3d
103, 106, 529 N.E.2d 471 (1988), fn. 2).
       {¶ 9} A defamation claim against a news organization requires proof that
(1) the organization made a false statement, (2) the statement was defamatory, (3)
the organization published the statement, (4) the plaintiff was harmed as a
proximate result of the publication, and (5) the organization acted with the requisite
degree of fault in publishing the statement. Am. Chem. Soc. v. Leadscope, Inc., 133
Ohio St. 3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, ¶ 77. For purposes of its motion
for summary judgment, WBNS assumed that the Andersons could satisfy all the
elements of a defamation claim with the exception of the fault element. That is,
WBNS argued in its motion for summary judgment only that the Andersons could
not prove that WBNS acted with the requisite degree of fault in publishing the
statements.
       {¶ 10} It follows that in its opinion granting summary judgment to WBNS,
the trial court focused its analysis on the fault element. In considering WBNS’s

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argument that the Andersons could not prove that WBNS impermissibly altered the
information that the police had supplied, the trial court summarized the facts and
said that “[w]ithin this complete context, the Court cannot conclude that a
reasonable reader or viewer would interpret the stories as defamatory.” But shortly
before that statement, the trial court said that its “analysis [was] limited to the fault
prong in this case.” The trial court’s statement regarding WBNS’s allegedly
defamatory statements was, at best, dictum, which is not binding on this or any
other court, see State ex rel. Gordon v. Barthalow, 150 Ohio St. 499, 505-506, 83
N.E.2d 393 (1948).
        {¶ 11} On appeal, both parties focused their arguments on the trial court’s
fault-element determination. Before the court of appeals purported to apply the
fault standard that this court announced in Lansdowne, 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512
N.E.2d 979, it said:

        There is no question that WBNS defamed some of the Andersons.
        It accused members of the family of being armed robbers. * * *
        [M]erely publishing a false, defamatory statement is sufficient to
        establish a traditional defamation claim. Common law malice is
        established by the mere publication of false, defamatory material.
        The fact that WBNS failed to distribute a retraction supports the
        common law presumption of malice applicable in such situations.

2018-Ohio-761, ¶ 8. Because WBNS focused its summary-judgment argument on
the fault element, the trial court confined its decision to that element, and the parties
confined their arguments on appeal to the fault element. The defamatory-statement
element of the defamation claim (i.e., whether the publications were defamatory)
was not before the court of appeals, and that court’s expression regarding WBNS’s
alleged defamation of Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron Anderson was not essential to

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its fault-element determination.       The court’s statement regarding WBNS’s
allegedly defamatory publications was dictum and, therefore, is not the law of the
case.
        {¶ 12} This appeal stems from WBNS’s motion for summary judgment
based on only the fault element of the Andersons’ defamation claim and the court
of appeals’ review of that decision. The question before the court of appeals was
whether the trial court erred in holding that the Andersons could not prove the fault
element of their defamation claim. The issue whether the publications were
defamatory was not before the court.
        {¶ 13} Although the court of appeals correctly stated the appropriate
standard as set forth in Lansdowne, it ultimately applied a different standard.
Actually, the court erred in two ways. It stated that “merely publishing a false,
defamatory statement is sufficient to establish a traditional defamation claim,”
2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 8. This statement is plainly contrary to Lansdowne, which
requires a showing of negligence. The court of appeals also erroneously stated that
“a media outlet has a stronger duty to research the facts in such cases than it did
when the Lansdowne case was decided.” 2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 11. The court did not
cite any authority for this new standard or explain what constitutes compliance with
the “stronger duty.”
        {¶ 14} We agree with WBNS that the standard set forth in Lansdowne, 32
Ohio St. 3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979, is the appropriate standard to apply in this case.
We also agree that Lansdowne requires the Andersons to present clear and
convincing evidence that WBNS acted negligently in publishing defamatory
statements about Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron. And we agree that although the
court of appeals correctly set forth the Lansdowne standard, it did not apply it.
Thus, we vacate the court of appeals’ judgment and remand the cause to the court
of appeals for it to again consider whether the trial court properly granted summary
judgment to WBNS on the Andersons’ defamation claim. On remand, the court of

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appeals is instructed to apply the standard set forth in Lansdowne. We express no
opinion on the merits of this case; we remand the cause solely to allow the court of
appeals to apply the appropriate standard.
       {¶ 15} Because we adopt WBNS’s first proposition of law and remand the
cause to the court of appeals, we decline to address its other propositions of law.
                                                                    Judgment vacated
                                                                and cause remanded.
       O’CONNOR, C.J., and FRENCH, FISCHER, and STEWART, JJ., concur.
       DEWINE, J., concurs in judgment only, with an opinion.
       KENNEDY, J., dissents, with an opinion.
                                _________________
       DEWINE, J., concurring in judgment only.
       {¶ 16} I did not vote to accept this case, 153 Ohio St. 3d 1461, 2018-Ohio-
3258, 104 N.E.3d 791, because I did not believe that it presented a significant
constitutional question or an issue of public or great general interest, see Ohio
Constitution, Article IV, Section 2(B)(2)(a)(ii) and (e); S.Ct.Prac.R. 5.02(A). In
my view, the case simply involved the application of settled standards and thus
called for (at most) error correction. Now that I have had the opportunity to review
the record with the benefit of full briefing, that conclusion seems all the more clear.
       {¶ 17} But as the case is now before us, I concur in the majority’s decision
to vacate the judgment of the Tenth District Court of Appeals on the fault element
of the Andersons’ defamation claim against WBNS-TV (“WBNS”), and to remand
the case to ensure that the court applies the standard announced in Lansdowne v.
Beacon Journal Publishing Co., 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979 (1987). The
court of appeals may well have intended to apply that standard the first time around,
but unfortunately, its gratuitous commentary obscures its analysis. Vacating the
judgment and remanding the case will ensure that the appropriate standard is

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applied in this case and prevent the now-vacated decision from causing confusion
for future litigants.
        {¶ 18} I would go further than the majority, however, and also resolve
WBNS’s fifth proposition of law by expressly vacating the Tenth District’s
apparent holding that WBNS’s publications were defamatory, 2018-Ohio-761, ¶ 8.
Doing so would address the dissenting justice’s concern that the court of appeals’
statement on that point might be treated as the law of the case. And it is appropriate
to vacate that portion of the Tenth District’s decision because the issue whether the
publications were defamatory was not before the court on appeal.
        {¶ 19} WBNS moved for summary judgment based solely on the fault
element of the Andersons’ defamation claim,2 and consequently, the Andersons
were never put to their burden of proof on the question whether the publications
were defamatory. Thus, the only question before the trial court in the summary-
judgment phase was whether WBNS acted negligently. While the trial court’s
analysis is somewhat muddled, I am reluctant to read it as having decided the
defamatory element outright, particularly when the court explicitly expressed that
its decision was confined to the fault element. Franklin C.P. No. 16CV-9809 (Aug.
21, 2017) (noting that “WBNS focuse[d] its argument solely on the fault prong”
and concluding that the “plaintiffs failed to sustain their burden of establishing a
genuine issue of material fact as to WBNS’ negligence”).
        {¶ 20} WBNS makes this very point in its brief to this court. It complains
that even though its motion for summary judgment had “assumed arguendo that
other elements of a defamation claim were met and focused solely on the element
of fault,” the Tenth District “proceeded to adjudicate other elements” of the

2. Indeed, in its reply brief in support of its motion for summary judgment, WBNS expressly
disclaimed any basis for the court to decide whether the publications were defamatory: WBNS
reiterated that its motion was “based solely on the fourth element of a defamation claim” and thus
asserted that an argument made by the Andersons seemingly addressing the defamatory element had
“no bearing on the Motion.”

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defamation claim. On this procedural posture, I agree that it was improper for the
Tenth District to comment that “[t]here is no question that WBNS defamed some
of the Andersons,” 2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 8. Likewise, I do not think it is appropriate
for us to decide that question in the first instance.
         {¶ 21} I would therefore also vacate the finding of the Tenth District Court
of Appeals as it relates to the defamatory element. I otherwise concur with the
majority’s decision vacating the Tenth District’s judgment on the question of fault
and remanding the case for the court to apply the standard enunciated in
Lansdowne, 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979, in its review of that issue.
                                    _________________
         KENNEDY, J., dissenting.
         {¶ 22} In this case, we have a holding by the trial court that as a matter of
law the publications are not defamatory, an appellate-court decision overruling that
holding, and a proposition of law calling on this court to address that determination.
But the majority avoids issuing a dispositive decision by focusing on a nonissue—
the appellate court’s supposed tinkering with the standard of fault in defamation
cases.    However, the Tenth District Court of Appeals did nothing to alter
defamation law in this state—the “stronger duty” language in the appellate court’s
decision, 2018-Ohio-761, ¶ 11, is an expression of opinion separate and apart from
the legal analysis in the appellate decision and is therefore obiter dictum. The
majority sends this case back to the appellate court for it to apply the fault standard
for private-figure defamation established in Lansdowne v. Beacon Journal
Publishing Co., 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979 (1987) (plurality opinion).3
Lansdowne provides the standard for proving fault in a case involving a private-
figure plaintiff and a news-media defendant: “the plaintiff must prove by clear and

3. Although Lansdowne is a plurality opinion, the standard set forth in the case was acknowledged
as the correct standard by a majority of the court in Dale v. Ohio Civ. Serv. Emps. Assn., 57 Ohio
St.3d 112, 114, 567 N.E.2d 253 (1991).

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convincing evidence that the defendant failed to act reasonably in attempting to
discover the truth or falsity or defamatory character of the publication.” Id. at 180.
But the appellate court has already applied that standard; it held that there is a
genuine issue of fact as to whether appellant, WBNS-TV, Inc. (“WBNS”), violated
its duty of care in publishing what the appellate court held was defamatory material.
2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 8, 11.
       {¶ 23} By remanding this case to the appellate court for a second
application of Lansdowne, the majority ignores the threshold question whether the
material is defamatory. The trial court granted summary judgment to WBNS on
the defamation claim because it held that the Andersons had failed to sustain their
burden of establishing a genuine issue of material fact as to WBNS’s negligence—
the trial court determined that the publications at issue lacked a defamatory
character. The court of appeals, on the other hand, declared the publications
defamatory before moving on to apply the Lansdowne test. This leaves as the law
of the case the appellate court’s determination that the publications at issue are
defamatory. See Nolan v. Nolan, 11 Ohio St. 3d 1, 3, 462 N.E.2d 410 (1984) (“the
decision of a reviewing court in a case remains the law of that case on the legal
questions involved for all subsequent proceedings in the case at both the trial and
reviewing levels”).
       {¶ 24} But the majority—in its concentrated effort not to resolve this case—
simply wishes away the law-of-the-case problem by declaring without analysis that
any holdings regarding the defamatory character of the publications by the lower
courts are dicta. The majority thereby treats what is substantive as dictum and what
is dictum as substantive. It illogically holds that anything that touches on the
defamatory nature of the publications in this case is dictum while simultaneously
elevating that which is truly dictum—the appellate court’s after-the-holding
pontification about the role of media in a digital society—to the level of something
substantive. It does all of this only to arrive at its hollow holding remanding the

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case to the appellate court for its reapplication of the Lansdowne standard. In so
doing, the majority is able to wash its hands of a messy case, achieving nothing
other than causing further delay in resolving the matter and additional expense for
the litigants.
        {¶ 25} What this court should do first is determine whether the appellate
court’s determination that the publications are defamatory is correct. And only if
this court determines that that determination is correct should this court go on to
determine whether the appellate court’s application of the fault standard established
in Lansdowne to the facts of this case is correct. If there is no defamatory content
in the publications, there is no reason to employ the Lansdowne test.
        {¶ 26} Applying the standard established in Am. Chem. Soc. v. Leadscope,
Inc., 133 Ohio St. 3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, ¶ 79, for determining
whether a statement is defamatory—in other words, reviewing the totality of the
circumstances and evaluating the allegedly defamatory statements in the context of
the entire publication in which they appeared to determine whether a reasonable
person would interpret them to be defamatory—I would hold that the statements at
issue are not defamatory. That is, construing the publications from the perspective
of a person viewing a “crime-stoppers” report stating that the Columbus Police
Department (“CPD”) was seeking information from the community to solve an
armed-robbery case, a reasonable viewer would not interpret the publications as
defamatory. Therefore, I would reverse the appellate court’s judgment and reinstate
the trial court’s order granting summary judgment to WBNS. Because the majority
does otherwise, I dissent.
                   We Should Decide this Case on the Merits
        {¶ 27} Because there is a potentially dispositive issue that lies before us—
whether the publications are defamatory—we should decide that issue. The trial
court’s and appellate court’s determinations on that issue were not dicta; instead,
they were essential to their holdings in each instance.        Further, despite the

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majority’s contention, there is no reason to remand this case to the appellate court—
it has already applied the standard the majority believes it should apply. As set
forth below, the statements the majority identifies as problematic in the court of
appeals’ decision regarding the fault standard are obiter dicta, as they address an
issue not in play in the appeal. Moreover, the appellate court clarified in its
rejection of an application for an en banc hearing that it was establishing no new
standard in its decision. Finally, a remand to the appellate court will result in a
waste of judicial resources and unnecessary expenses to the parties.
                 The trial court’s determination that the publications
                           were not defamatory is not dictum
        {¶ 28} The trial court’s holding that the publications in this case were not
defamatory is the central determination around which this case revolves. That
holding was not dictum—“[a] judicial comment made while delivering a judicial
opinion, but one that is unnecessary to the decision in the case * * *,” Black’s Law
Dictionary 1240 (10th Ed.2014). The trial court’s holding was dispositive, and the
appellate court’s judgment overruling the trial court on that issue should be the
focus of this court’s review.
        {¶ 29} The majority’s declaration that the holdings of the trial court and
appellate court are dicta ignores what happened in this case. Members of the
Anderson family4 allege that WBNS defamed them in broadcast and Internet
reports regarding the robbery of a hoverboard from a young girl; WBNS based its
reports on information provided by the CPD in an e-mail containing a Media
Information Sheet and accompanying photographs, and WBNS’s reports included
a CPD-provided picture of three Anderson family members near the scene of the

4. Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron Anderson are the three people allegedly defamed by WBNS.
Appellees in this case are Aaron, Aaronana, and Willie Anderson (the father of Aaron, Aaronana,
and Arron Anderson), individually and as guardian of Arron, and Nanita Williams (the mother of
Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron Anderson), individually and as guardian of Arron (collectively, “the
Andersons”).

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crime. A central issue before the trial court was whether WBNS negligently altered
the information provided by the CPD and thereby defamed the three Andersons.
Examining the publications and recognizing that under Am. Chem. Soc., 133 Ohio
St.3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, the words at issue in the publications
could not be read in isolation, the trial court viewed the alterations in context to
determine whether the material published by WBNS was defamatory. Thereafter,
the most essential holding of the trial court was that the alteration of the word
“suspects” in the CPD-provided media information to “robbers” in WBNS’s reports
did not make the publications defamatory and therefore the Andersons failed to
meet their burden of demonstrating that a genuine issue of material fact existed on
the issue of fault.
        {¶ 30} The trial court’s determination that the publications at issue here
were not defamatory was not an off-the-cuff musing or some gratuitous expression
made without any legal analysis or consideration of the consequences.           The
determination was not superfluous to the determination of the motion for summary
judgment; instead, it was the basis for the trial court’s granting the motion for
summary judgment after carefully and systematically applying the appropriate
caselaw.
        {¶ 31} In its motion for summary judgment, WBNS argued that to
successfully prosecute a defamation claim against a broadcast-media defendant, a
plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a false statement was made about the
plaintiff, (2) the statement was defamatory, (3) the statement was broadcast by
television or radio or written and published, and (4) in broadcasting or publishing
the statement, “the defendant acted with the necessary degree of fault.” (Emphasis
deleted.) See also Am. Chem at ¶ 77 (listing these same four elements and a fifth
element—injury to plaintiff—as those necessary to prove a defamation claim).
        {¶ 32} For the purposes of its motion for summary judgment, WBNS
concentrated on the fourth element of a claim for defamation, fault. WBNS pointed

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to Lansdowne as providing the standard for proving fault in a case involving a
private-figure plaintiff and a news-media defendant: “the plaintiff must prove by
clear and convincing evidence that the defendant failed to act reasonably in
attempting to discover the truth or falsity or defamatory character of the
publication,” id., 32 Ohio St.3d at 180, 512 N.E.2d 979. Focusing on only the fault
element of the defamation test, WBNS argued that the Andersons could not
establish by clear and convincing evidence that WBNS had acted with the necessary
degree of fault.
       {¶ 33} The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of WBNS. In
addressing the defamation claim, the court, too, focused on the fault element of the
defamation test, analyzing two theories of negligence advanced by the
Andersons—(1) WBNS failed to investigate the information from the CPD and (2)
WBNS altered the information from the CPD. In support of those theories, the
Andersons presented little evidence. “A motion for summary judgment forces the
nonmoving party to produce evidence on any issue for which that party bears the
burden of production at trial.” Wing v. Anchor Media, Ltd. of Texas, 59 Ohio St. 3d
108, 570 N.E.2d 1095 (1991), paragraph three of the syllabus. The Andersons
submitted (1) WBNS’s Facebook post about the robbery with accompanying
commentary from the public, (2) a few interrogatory answers from WBNS
establishing that it had no set procedure for verifying information provided by the
CPD and that WBNS was unable to determine which staff member had written the
Facebook story, and (3) affidavits from Aaron and Willie Anderson describing what
had happened from their perspective and the injuries they and their family members
had suffered.
       {¶ 34} The Andersons’ first theory of negligence was that WBNS was
negligent in failing to investigate the information provided by the CPD. Quoting
Horvath v. Telegraph, 11th Dist. Lake No. CA-8-175, 1982 Ohio App. LEXIS

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15776, *27 (Mar. 8, 1982), the trial court rejected that theory, concluding that
WBNS had reasonably relied on the CPD reports:

        [I]mposing a duty of investigation on WBNS when it reasonably
        relied on information from law enforcement officials “would * * *
        depriv[e] the general public of news to which they are entitled and
        to place intolerable burdens and costs upon a publisher.” * * *
        Because plaintiffs have not demonstrated by clear and convincing
        evidence that WBNS acted negligently, summary judgment in
        WBNS’ favor is proper on [the Andersons’] defamation count.

(First ellipsis and second set of brackets sic.)
        {¶ 35} The Andersons’ second theory of negligence was that WBNS was
negligent in altering the characterization of Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron from
“suspects” in the Media Information Sheet to “robbers” in WBNS’s stories. In
analyzing this theory, the trial court focused on two issues: whether a case cited by
the Andersons supported their claim and whether the alteration caused the
publications to be defamatory. The Andersons offered no evidence on the issue of
negligent alteration—no expert opinion that WBNS had acted unreasonably by
industry standards; the only evidence the court had before it was the publications
themselves and the CPD-provided materials.
        {¶ 36} In support of their argument, the Andersons cited Young v. Morning
Journal, 76 Ohio St. 3d 627, 669 N.E.2d 1136 (1996). But the trial court held that
Young was inapposite because it is premised on the fair-reporting privilege and that
privilege was not at issue in the case.
        {¶ 37} The trial court then—pursuant to Lansdowne’s instruction to
determine whether the publisher of the material reasonably attempted to discover
the defamatory character of the publication—specifically addressed whether the

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publications were defamatory.      Noting that courts do not look at allegedly
defamatory statements in a vacuum, the trial court held as a matter of law that the
material published by WBNS was not defamatory. In reaching that determination,
the trial court correctly identified the standard set forth in Am. Chem. Soc., 133
Ohio St. 3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, at ¶ 79, and quoted the following
language from that case:

               “In determining whether a statement is defamatory as a
       matter of law, a court must review * * * the totality of the
       circumstances” and by “read[ing] the statement[] * * * in the context
       of the entire [publication] to determine whether a [reasonable]
       reader would interpret [it] as defamatory.” Mann v. Cincinnati
       Enquirer, 1st Dist. No. C-090747, 2010-Ohio-3963, ¶ 12.

(Ellipses and brackets sic.) Id.
       {¶ 38} The trial court then applied that standard and made a specific legal
determination. In accord with Am. Chem Soc., the court turned to the publications
themselves, the only evidence it had before it regarding the claim for negligence
in altering the CPD information:

       It is true that the broadcast contained the word “robbers” and the
       internet story had “robbers” in the headline. However, the morning
       show used both the Parking Lot and Hall Photographs. It also
       characterized plaintiffs as suspects while showing the Hall
       Photograph. And, the posting also used “suspects” throughout the
       body of the story. Within this complete context, the Court cannot
       conclude that a reasonable reader or viewer would interpret the
       stories as defamatory.

                                        16
                                January Term, 2019

       {¶ 39} The trial court therefore concluded that WBNS was entitled to
judgment as a matter of law on the theory of negligence premised on WBNS’s
alteration of “suspects” in the CPD-provided information to “robbers” in WBNS’s
reports because the alterations did not make the publications defamatory when the
alterations were viewed in the context of the whole publication in accord with Am.
Chem. Soc. The trial court held:

               In sum, plaintiffs failed to sustain their burden of
       establishing a genuine issue of material fact as to WBNS’
       negligence. The Court thus concludes that: (1) there is no genuine
       issue as to any material fact; (2) WBNS is entitled to judgment as a
       matter of law; and (3) reasonable minds can come to but one
       conclusion, and that conclusion is adverse to the plaintiffs.

       {¶ 40} The Lansdowne standard requires the plaintiff to “prove by clear and
convincing evidence that the defendant failed to act reasonably in attempting to
discover the truth or falsity or defamatory character of the publication.” (Emphasis
added.) Id., 32 Ohio St.3d at 180, 512 N.E.2d 979. The trial court based its decision
on its conclusion that the Andersons had failed to sustain their burden to
demonstrate that the published material was defamatory. And if a plaintiff cannot
prove defamatory content, his or her claim for defamation fails. The trial court’s
holding on the defamatory nature of the publications was therefore not dictum—
“[a] judicial comment * * * that is unnecessary to the decision in the case * * *,”
Black’s at 1240. To the contrary, it was the very basis of the court’s decision on
the defamation claim and the opposite of dictum.

                                         17
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

            The appellate court’s determination that the publications
                          were defamatory is not dictum
       {¶ 41} The appellate court realized the import of the trial court’s
determination that the publications were not defamatory, and it reversed that ruling
and held that the publications were defamatory before moving on to the next
inquiry—whether WBNS had acted negligently. It simply held, “There is no
question that WBNS defamed some of the Andersons,” and then moved on. 2018-
Ohio-761 at ¶ 8. The appellate court’s determination that the publications are
defamatory was crucial to its holding and thus was not dictum. Without that
determination, the appellate court’s application of Lansdowne would have been a
meaningless exercise.
       {¶ 42} The Andersons appealed the trial court’s judgment, asserting one
assignment of error: the trial court improperly granted WBNS summary judgment
on the defamation claim because the Andersons had provided clear and convincing
evidence of WBNS’s negligence. The Andersons supported that assignment of
error with two arguments acknowledging that the CPD was a reliable source and
asserting that it was WBNS’s “significant alteration” or “significant changes” of
the information received from the CPD that constituted clear and convincing
evidence of negligence.
       {¶ 43} At first blush—just reading the single assignment of error—one
might conclude that the Andersons abandoned an appeal of the trial court’s
determination that WBNS was entitled to summary judgment because the alteration
of “suspects” to “robbers” when read in the context of the whole publication could
not be interpreted as defamatory by a reasonable reader or viewer; however, such a
conclusion would be inconsistent with our precedent.
       {¶ 44} Although the general rule is that “this court will not consider
arguments that were not raised in the courts below,” Belvedere Condominium Unit
Owners’ Assn. v. R.E. Roark Cos., Inc., 67 Ohio St. 3d 274, 279, 617 N.E.2d 1075

                                        18
                                January Term, 2019

(1993), modified in part on other grounds, Dombroski v. WellPoint, Inc., 119 Ohio
St.3d 506, 2008-Ohio-4827, 895 N.E.2d 538, syllabus, this court has stated, “When
an issue of law that was not argued below is implicit in another issue that was
argued and is presented by an appeal, we may consider and resolve that implicit
issue,” id.
        {¶ 45} The Andersons alleged in their appellate-court brief that “[t]his case
involves an undisputed defamatory statement, about private individuals, that was
negligently altered prior to publication.” Implicit in the Andersons’ argument is
that it was WBNS’s alteration of the CPD-provided information that made it
defamatory. The Andersons further alleged, “This alteration is the difference
between the police knowing Appellants committed a robbery but not knowing their
identity, versus the police suspecting Appellants involvement in a robbery. The
former leaves little room for the potential innocence of Appellants.” (Emphasis
sic.) The issue whether the alteration was defamatory was squarely before the
court, and only if the alteration made the character of the publication defamatory
could the negligence issue be addressed. Therefore, the Andersons’ only chance
for relief would require a determination that the alteration made the reported
information defamatory.
        {¶ 46} The appellate court provided that chance; its first step in reversing
the trial court was to declare the publications defamatory:

               There is no question that WBNS defamed some of the
        Andersons. It accused members of the family of being armed
        robbers. * * * [T]his is not a case involving public figures, so
        merely publishing a false, defamatory statement is sufficient to
        establish a traditional defamation claim.

                                         19
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 8. However, unlike the trial court, which applied Am. Chem.
Soc., 133 Ohio St. 3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, in reaching the
determination that the publications were not defamatory, the appellate court did not
consider whether a reasonable reader or viewer construing each publication as a
whole would interpret it as defamatory. Nonetheless, its determination, too, was
critical to its holding. Thereafter, the appellate court applied the fault standard in
Lansdowne, 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979. In doing so, the appellate court
revived the Andersons’ claims for defamation.
        {¶ 47} And because the majority here remands the case to the appellate
court to apply the fault standard established in Lansdowne without addressing
WBNS’s fifth proposition of law—the proposition concerning the defamatory
nature of the publications—it leaves undisturbed the appellate court’s
determination that the publications are defamatory. That portion of the appellate
decision becomes the law of the case. Pursuant to the law-of-the-case doctrine,

        a trial court is without authority to extend or vary the mandate issued
        by a superior court, [Nolan, 11 Ohio St.3d] at 4, 462 N.E.2d 410,
        and “where at a rehearing following remand a trial court is
        confronted with substantially the same facts and issues as were
        involved in the prior appeal, the court is bound to adhere to the
        appellate court’s determination of the applicable law,” id. at 3.

Giancola v. Azem, 153 Ohio St. 3d 594, 2018-Ohio-1694, 109 N.E.3d 1194, ¶ 16.
This court has not reversed the appellate court’s holding that WBNS’s publications
are defamatory, and that holding, pursuant to the law-of-the-case doctrine, should
be binding on the court of appeals and the trial court upon remand.
        {¶ 48} But the majority concocts from thin air a way around that holding’s
being the law of the case: it proclaims that the trial court’s and the appellate court’s

                                          20
                                January Term, 2019

holdings regarding the defamatory nature of the publications are dicta. This
conclusion is based upon no authority; it is merely what the majority desires to be
true. Such a holding should come by way of precedent and reason, not judicial
diktat. But there is no precedent that says that a court’s holding on an essential
element of a claim is dictum, and there is no reasonable way to argue that it can be.
     The “stronger duty” language in the appellate opinion is obiter dictum
       {¶ 49} But the majority’s misguided analysis of this case gets worse. When
it comes to the application of the Lansdowne test, the majority attacks a straw
man—the lower court establishes no new standard and announces no new test for
determining fault in private-figure defamation cases involving media defendants.
However, the majority determines that the “stronger duty” language in the appellate
opinion does establish a new fault standard in private-figure defamation cases, and
it remands the case for further proceedings consistent with Lansdowne.
       {¶ 50} Pursuant to Lansdowne, “the plaintiff must prove by clear and
convincing evidence that the defendant failed to act reasonably in attempting to
discover the truth or falsity or defamatory character of the publication.” Id., 32
Ohio St.3d at 180, 512 N.E.2d 979. The appellate court set forth the Lansdowne
standard as follows: “The Supreme Court of Ohio has provided some protection
from liability for media outlets by requiring that persons defamed by the media
show some fault on the part of the media and make that showing by clear and
convincing evidence.” 2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 9. The court then distilled the case to
the following issue, consistent with Lansdowne:

       For purposes of the lawsuit filed by the Andersons, the question
       becomes whether or not broadcasting an accusation that the
       Andersons were robbers without investigation by WBNS and based
       on a set of police documents which claimed only that some of the
       Andersons were suspects is sufficient proof of a violation of a duty

                                         21
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       of care to allow the lawsuit to survive a motion for summary
       judgment.

2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 11. In the next sentence, the court provided its holding: “We
find that the lawsuit at least presents a genuine issue of material fact which allows
the lawsuit to proceed past the motion for summary judgment filed by WBNS.” Id.
       {¶ 51} It is after this pronouncement that the “stronger duty” language
appears in the opinion, along with other nonessential extras that seem to question
WBNS’s professionalism rather than its liability. The court of appeals opined that

       putting such false claims on a website means that the falsely accused
       have the accusation available to anyone who chooses to do a search
       of the internet forever. WBNS has not printed a story correcting its
       false accusations or put notice on the internet that it falsely accused
       the family. Frankly, a media outlet has a stronger duty to research
       the facts in such cases than it did when the Lansdowne case was
       decided. False stories on the internet do not simply disappear
       because the truth is later discovered.

(Emphasis added.) Id.
       {¶ 52} This passage in the opinion appears well after the appellate court’s
determination that “[t]here is no question that WBNS defamed some of the
Andersons.” Id. at ¶ 8. And it appears after the appellate court’s recognition of the
limited question before it: “The assignment of error filed on behalf of the Andersons
refers to negligence on behalf of WBNS as now required by the Supreme Court of
Ohio.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 10.
       {¶ 53} “Obiter dictum” is defined as “ ‘an incidental and collateral opinion
uttered by a judge, and therefore (as not material to his decision or judgment) not

                                         22
                                January Term, 2019

binding. * * * Hence, any incidental remark, reflection, comment, or the like.’ ”
State ex rel. Gordon v. Barthalow, 150 Ohio St. 499, 505-506, 83 N.E.2d 393
(1948), quoting Webster’s New International Dictionary (2d Ed.). The appellate
court signaled that its commentary was merely an aside when it used the word
“frankly” to introduce what it was about to say about a “stronger duty.” 2018-Ohio-
761 at ¶ 11. What followed was mere gavel-rattling.         The appellate court’s
editorializing and commentary, while eye-catching, does not carry with it any
weight of authority overruling our precedent in Lansdowne or creating a new duty
or fault standard in private-figure defamation cases. See Interstate Sash & Door
Co. v. Cleveland, 148 Ohio St. 325, 74 N.E.2d 239 (1947) (obiter dictum has no
weight of authority). The court of appeals set forth the issue before it, quickly
established its holding, and then began pontificating. The majority has now
attached jurisprudential significance to bloviation.
           What the “stronger duty” language in the appellate opinion
                              addresses is not at issue
       {¶ 54} Moreover, the “stronger duty” phrase relates to the word “research”:
“Frankly, a media outlet has a stronger duty to research the facts in such cases
* * *.” (Emphasis added.) 2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 11. However, the Andersons did
not appeal from the trial court’s determination that WBNS could rely on the
information from the CPD as information from a trusted source and that WBNS
had no duty to investigate the information. There was only one assignment of error
before the appellate court—“ ‘The trial court erred in granting [WBNS’s] motion
for Summary Judgment on [the Andersons’] defamation claim where [the
Andersons’] provided clear and convincing evidence of [WBNS’s] negligence.’ ”
See 2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 1, quoting the Andersons’ brief.
       {¶ 55} The Andersons supported that assignment of error with two
arguments. Each of the arguments acknowledges that the CPD was a reliable
source and asserts that it was WBNS’s “significant alteration” or “significant

                                         23
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

changes” of the information received from the CPD that constitute clear and
convincing evidence of negligence. The headings of these arguments read:

               In [the Andersons’] private defamation claim, [WBNS’s]
       significant alteration of reliable source information is clear and
       convincing evidence of negligence.
               Authority advanced by [WBNS] fails to address liability for
       significant changes in reliable source information prior to
       publication.

(Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 56} Therefore, the court of appeals stated that the issue before it was
“[w]hether [WBNS’s] alteration in referring to [the Andersons] as ‘robbers,’ when
the [CPD had] supplied information referring to ‘suspects,’ is clear and convincing
evidence sufficient to raise a jury question as to the fault element of [the
Andersons’] claim for defamation.” 2018-Ohio-761 at ¶ 2. Accordingly, the
appellate court’s words regarding WBNS’s duty to investigate were not material to
the judgment and were therefore dicta.
            The court of appeals left no doubt in its subsequent opinion
                        that it had not modified Lansdowne
       {¶ 57} Moreover, in addressing WBNS’s application for rehearing en banc,
the appellate court specifically stated that it had created no new law in its decision
and that it had relied on Lansdowne, 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512 N.E.2d 979, only.
WBNS’s application for rehearing alleged that the appellate court had failed to
apply the private-figure fault standard announced in Lansdowne. The appellate
court denied the application for rehearing en banc, holding that it had not failed to
follow Lansdowne (“We do not view our decision in this case as in any way failing
to follow the Lansdowne case,” 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-660 (Apr. 24, 2018),

                                         24
                                 January Term, 2019

¶ 3) and that its decision was not in conflict with its prior decisions that had applied
Lansdowne. The court of appeals made clear in its denial of the rehearing motion
what was apparent from the face of its original decision: it was not making the
Tenth Appellate District an outlier in the state and in the nation regarding
defamation law. Rather, it had been editorializing, and there could be no danger
that the trial court would apply the wrong fault standard upon remand.
                   Remand to the appellate court is unnecessary
       {¶ 58} Even the Andersons, in their brief filed in this court, characterize the
“stronger duty” language as evidence of the “judge[’s] outrage[] at the
egregiousness” of WBNS’s violation of the negligence standard and as an
admonition to media outlets regarding “their responsibility in light of the internet,”
and assert that the offending passage is merely dicta.
       {¶ 59} The Andersons also assert that they have “never argued” for a
heightened standard of fault for Internet publications or for the abrogation of
Lansdowne. (Emphasis sic.) Moreover, the Andersons agree that the standard of
fault in a private-figure defamation claim is controlled by Lansdowne. Therefore,
the superfluous commentary from the appellate court in its opinion should not stop
this court from resolving the discretionary appeal we accepted.
       {¶ 60} Civ.R. 56 authorizes courts to grant summary judgment. The rule
was created to promote “judicial economy through elimination of needless trials in
circumstances where there are no genuine issues of material fact.” State ex rel.
Celebrezze v. Tele-Communications, Inc., 62 Ohio Misc.2d 446, 448, 601 N.E.2d
260 (Ct. of Cl.1991). Rather than decide whether summary judgment is appropriate
and possibly resolve this case, the majority instead remands this case for a
superfluous additional level of appeal, to the detriment of judicial economy.
       {¶ 61} Affording the appellate court’s dicta its proper authoritative value,
none, I would reject WBNS’s second proposition of law—alleging that the
appellate court created a new “stronger duty” fault standard—and turn to a review

                                          25
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

of the appellate court’s determination that the publications at issue here are
defamatory.
                                         Facts
       {¶ 62} These facts are not in dispute. On January 20, 2016, at 11:02 p.m.,
Luella Miller of the CPD sent a Media Release e-mail containing a Media
Information Sheet and two pictures to a host of individuals and media outlets. The
information contained in the Media Release e-mail and its attachments had been
submitted by a detective of the robbery unit and had been approved for release by
a sergeant prior to its dissemination.
       {¶ 63} The subject line of the Media Release e-mail reads: “FW: Media
Release – Robbery – Fort Rapids-4565 Hilton Corporation Drive.” The attachment
line of the Media Release e-mail reads: “09 Leaving Waterpark.png; 08 Two Guy
[sic] Rob Kid in front of Parents.png; Media Release – Robbery * * *.” The
attached Media Information Sheet is dated January 10, 2016, and lists the offense
or incident type as “Robbery.” The Media Information Sheet also describes the
incident and asks for help in identifying the people in the photographs:

       The victims were walking in the parking lot of Fort Rapids
       waterpark watching their eight year old daughter ride her
       “hoverboard.” The suspects approached on foot, put a gun to the
       eight-year-old’s head and demanded the hoverboard. The suspects
       then ran to a white PT cruiser and fled out of the parking lot.
               Anyone that can help identify the persons in the attached
       photographs who may have been involved are asked to contact the
       Columbus Police Robbery Unit at 614-645-4665. If they wish to
       remain anonymous [they] can contact Central Ohio Crime Stoppers
       at 614-645-TIPS (8477).

                                          26
                               January Term, 2019

       {¶ 64} One of the pictures disseminated with the Media Release e-mail is
grainy and depicts the parking lot of the Fort Rapids indoor waterpark at the time
of the robbery (“parking-lot photograph”). In that photograph, there are several
people standing under a light, but the image is not clear, and the people are not
identifiable. The parking-lot photograph is dated and time-stamped November 26,
2015, 9:47:19 p.m.
       {¶ 65} The second picture, which is a still shot taken from a surveillance
video, is an interior view of the Fort Rapids indoor waterpark and it shows three
people, two males and one female, walking in a hallway (“interior photograph”).
This interior photograph is clear enough that the people are identifiable. The three
people in the interior photograph are Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron Anderson. The
picture is dated and time-stamped November 26, 2015, 9:25:44 p.m.
       {¶ 66} Michael Gravely, the assignment manager in the news department
of WBNS, testified by affidavit that the CPD did not provide any names for the
people in the interior photograph and no one on staff at WBNS had information
about their identity. The WBNS news staff reviewed the Media Release e-mail and
the attachments and rewrote the information as a news story for WBNS’s regular
“CrimeTracker 10” news feature to air the next morning. The stories aired during
the 5:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. broadcasts on January 21, 2016. A written story was
also posted on WBNS’s webpage and Facebook page (“Web reports”).
       {¶ 67} The record does not contain recordings of the broadcasts but does
contain copies of the scripts for the broadcasts. The script for the 5:00 a.m.
broadcast reads:

               New this morning
               ***
               An 8-year-old girl robbed at gunpoint—for a popular toy.

                                        27
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                 The robbery happened in the parking lot of Fort Rapids
      indoor waterpark back in November.
                 You can see the scene in these just-released surveillance
      images.
                 The girl was riding her hoverboard when robbers went up to
      her, put a gun to her head and took it. Columbus Police say
      suspects—seen here—took off in a PT cruiser.

The picture displayed when the newscaster said “seen here” was the interior
photograph.
      {¶ 68} The script for the later broadcast reads:

                 IN CRIMETRACKER 10,
                 * * * [Notes: show suspect pic]
                 Columbus Police hope you recognize these two men who
      robbed an 8-year-old girl at gunpoint!
                 It happened in the parking lot of Fort Rapids indoor
      waterpark in Columbus. [Notes: show parking lot photo]
                 Robbery detectives just released surveillance images from
      the November crime.
                 The girl was riding her hoverboard in the parking lot with
      her family when they say two men pointed a gun at her head, taking
      it. .
                 [Notes: show suspect pic]
                 Columbus Police say suspects—seen here—took off in a PT
      cruiser.

                                         28
                                  January Term, 2019

(Capitalization and brackets sic.) Again, the picture displayed at the beginning of
the broadcast and during the “seen here” portion was the interior photograph.
       {¶ 69} The written publication was posted on WBNS’s webpage and
Facebook page with the headline, “Robbers Put Gun To Child’s Head And Steal
Hoverboard.” (Boldface deleted.) The body of the story stated:

                  Columbus police are searching for two men who robbed a
       child at gunpoint in east Columbus.
                  It happened Sunday, November 26, 2015 outside Fort Rapids
       Water Park around 10 PM.
                  Police say the victim was riding her hoverboard while in the
       parking lot with her family when they were approached by two men.
       The suspects put a gun to the 8-year-old-girl’s head and demand[ed]
       the toy.
                  When she handed it over, the two men ran to a white PT
       Cruiser and took off.
                  Investigators say there was a woman with the two male
       suspects. They are not sure how she is connected to the robbery.
                  No one was injured during the robbery.
                  If you have any information about this incident, call
       Columbus Police at 614-645-4665 or make an anonymous tip to
       Central Ohio Crime Stoppers at 614-645-TIPS (8477).

       {¶ 70} When the online publication was originally posted, the interior
photograph was displayed with it.
       {¶ 71} On January 21, 2016, at 5:15 a.m., Willie Anderson received a call
at work from his wife, Nanita Williams, about the newscast. Mr. Anderson left

                                           29
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

work and took his wife and children (Aaron, Aaronana, and Arron) to the police
station.
           {¶ 72} As a result of the CPD’s follow-up investigation, including
interviewing the Anderson family, Carmel Wilson of the CPD sent an e-mail with
the subject line “Important Update.” Attached to the e-mail was an Updated Media
Information Sheet on the robbery. It contained the same information concerning
the robbery itself, but included the following:

                    Follow-Up and Update: Following the news coverage, the
           individuals in the video immediately came into Columbus Police
           Headquarters. The individuals in the video spoke to detectives, and, after
           further investigation, were found to not be the suspects in the robbery.
           Please discontinue the use of this video for any further reporting of this
           crime.

           {¶ 73} WBNS received the investigation update on January 21, 2016, at
approximately 12:25 p.m. Gravely immediately removed the interior photograph
from the Web reports and replaced it with the grainy parking-lot photograph. After
the original broadcasts, WBNS did not make any further on-air broadcasts about
the waterpark robbery. On August 5, 2016, counsel for the Andersons sent WBNS
a letter asking for a correction/retraction of the photograph.
                                  Procedural History
           {¶ 74} In October 2016, the Andersons filed in the Franklin County Court
of Common Pleas a complaint against WBNS alleging invasion of privacy/false
light, defamation of character, intentional infliction of emotional distress, violation
of R.C. 2739.14 (which requires newspaper companies that have published false
statements to publish corrections when requested by the people affected by the
statement), and loss of consortium. WBNS’s motion for summary judgment was

                                           30
                               January Term, 2019

granted as to all five claims. The Andersons appealed only the judgment on their
defamation claim, and the court of appeals reversed.
       {¶ 75} This court accepted jurisdiction over all six of WBNS’s propositions
of law, including one asserting that the publications were not defamatory. As stated
above, I would reject WBNS’s second proposition of law; WBNS’s remaining
propositions of law are as follows:

               1. First Amendment protections and jurisprudence extend to
       speech published on the Internet, and, specifically, this Court’s
       decision in Lansdowne * * *, which set the fault standard in private-
       figure defamation cases, applies equally to statements published on
       the Internet.
               3. The law does not require the news media to conduct their
       own investigation or withhold publishing the news until they are
       able to contact the persons implicated or otherwise inquire into and
       corroborate official information supplied by law enforcement.
               4. Persons are not liable under the law of defamation for
       statements that they do not publish or authorize another to publish.
               5. In determining whether a statement is defamatory, a court
       must review the totality of the circumstances and by reading the
       statement in the context of the entire publication to determine
       whether a reasonable reader would interpret it as defamatory.
               6. The essential elements of a defamation claim do not turn
       on the relative financial condition of the plaintiff and defendant.

       {¶ 76} Because this case can and should be resolved by addressing WBNS’s
fifth proposition of law, which requires a straightforward application of Am. Chem.

                                         31
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Soc., 133 Ohio St. 3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, to the publications at
issue here, I would decline to address the remaining propositions of law.
                                 Law and Analysis
                                 Standard of review
       {¶ 77} When reviewing a ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the
court applies a de novo standard of review. Esber Beverage Co. v. Labatt USA
Operating Co., L.L.C., 138 Ohio St. 3d 71, 2013-Ohio-4544, 3 N.E.3d 1173, ¶ 9.
Summary judgment is appropriate when

       “(1) [n]o genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated;
       (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and
       (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to
       but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in
       favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment
       is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party.”

M.H. v. Cuyahoga Falls, 134 Ohio St. 3d 65, 2012-Ohio-5336, 979 N.E.2d 1261,
¶ 12, quoting Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St. 2d 317, 327, 364 N.E.2d 267
(1977), citing Civ.R. 56(C).
                          Elements of a defamation claim
       {¶ 78} To establish defamation, the plaintiff must demonstrate

       “(1) that a false statement of fact was made, (2) that the statement
       was defamatory, (3) that the statement was published, (4) that the
       plaintiff suffered injury as a proximate result of the publication, and
       (5) that the defendant acted with the requisite degree of fault in
       publishing the statement.”

                                         32
                                January Term, 2019

Am. Chem. Soc. At ¶ 77, quoting Pollock v. Rashid, 117 Ohio App. 3d 361, 368,
690 N.E.2d 903 (1996).
       {¶ 79} Defamation includes both libel and slander. Lawson v. AK Steel
Corp., 121 Ohio App. 3d 251, 256, 699 N.E.2d 951 (1997). Defamation by a
television broadcast is libel, whether or not it is read from a manuscript. 3
Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, Section 568A (1977); see Perez v. Scripps-
Howard Broadcasting Co., 35 Ohio St. 3d 215, 520 N.E.2d 198 (1988).
       {¶ 80} A publication is defamatory if it “reflect[s] injuriously on a person’s
reputation, or expos[es] a person to public hatred, contempt, ridicule, shame or
disgrace, or affect[s] a person adversely in his or her trade, business or profession.”
A&B—Abell Elevator Co., Inc. v. Columbus/Cent. Ohio Bldg. & Constr. Trades
Council, 73 Ohio St. 3d 1, 7, 651 N.E.2d 1283 (1995). In regard to whether a
publication is defamatory, “it is for the court to decide as a matter of law whether
certain statements alleged to be defamatory are actionable or not.” Yeager v. Local
Union 20, Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., 6 Ohio St. 3d
369, 372, 453 N.E.2d 666 (1983). In making that determination, a court must
review the totality of the circumstances and view the statement in the context of the
entire publication in order to determine whether a reasonable person would interpret
the statement as defamatory. Am. Chem. Soc. at ¶ 79.
       {¶ 81} The appellate court, in determining that the publications are
defamatory, focused on WBNS’s use of the term “robbers” instead of “suspects”
without applying the totality-of-the-circumstances standard set forth in Am. Chem.
Soc. As the Andersons succinctly stated in their brief before this court, “The only
issue becomes whether, considering the entire context of the publication, ‘a
[reasonable] reader would interpret [the publication] as defamatory.’ Am. Chem.
Soc., 133 Ohio St. 3d 366, 2012-Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, at ¶ 79.” (Brackets
sic.) In holding that the publications are defamatory, the appellate court focused

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                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

on WBNS’s use of the term “robbers” instead of “suspects.” I limit my review to
that determination.
              No genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether
                             the publications are defamatory
       {¶ 82} In a libel action, the publication “ ‘claimed to be defamatory must
be read and construed in the sense which the readers to whom it is addressed would
ordinarily understand it.’ ” Washington Post Co. v. Chaloner, 250 U.S. 290, 293,
39 S. Ct. 448, 63 L. Ed. 987 (1919), quoting Commercial Publishing Co. v. Smith,
149 F. 704, 706 (6th Cir.1907). A reviewing court should consider

       not only the plain text of the publication, but also the composition
       of the story; its syntax and context; its timing; the prominence the
       [publication was] accorded * * *; the neutral, positive or negative
       thrust of the [publication]; material factual omissions or distortions;
       the image of the subject that the publication seeks to project and all
       other facts that may reflect upon the publisher’s intent and purpose
       to publicly disseminate the information * * *. [Moreover, a court
       should be] always mindful of the caveat that the words of the
       publication should not be considered in isolation, but rather within
       the context of the entire [publication] and the thoughts that the
       [publication] through its structural implications and connotations is
       calculated to convey to the [viewer] to whom it is addressed.

Connaughton v. Harte Hanks Communications, Inc., 842 F.2d 825, 840 (6th
Cir.1988), aff’d 491 U.S. 657, 109 S. Ct. 2678, 105 L. Ed. 2d 562 (1989). This court
has similarly determined that a court must review the totality of the circumstances
and view the statement in the context of the entire publication in order to determine

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                                      January Term, 2019

whether a reasonable person would interpret the statement as defamatory. Am.
Chem. Soc. at ¶ 79.
         {¶ 83} The publications at issue in this case were presented to viewers as
crime-stoppers reports—reports produced when the police enlist the media to
publicize the details of a crime in the hope that the viewing public can provide
information that will help solve the crime.5 Therefore, the alleged defamatory
publications must be viewed and construed from the perspective of a viewer
watching or reading a crime-stoppers report.
         {¶ 84} A viewer watching or reading the crime-stoppers reports at issue
here would understand that the information being viewed was about an ongoing
police investigation into an unsolved crime and that the CPD was turning to the
community to obtain tips or information about the robbery and the identity of
unknown robbery suspects. The reports themselves make clear that they result from
uncertainty.
         {¶ 85} Viewers would not mistake these crime-stoppers reports for news
reports about an arrest or conviction of a robber and would understand that persons
of interest or suspects were being sought for questioning in the robbery. Moreover,
viewers would understand that the dissemination of the publications was a public
service for the protection of the community as a whole.
         {¶ 86} With this understanding, I turn to the 5:00 a.m. news broadcast:

                  New this morning
                  ***
                  An 8-year-old girl robbed at gunpoint—for a popular toy.

5. Central Ohio Crime Stoppers is an entity that offers rewards for anonymous tips. I use the term
“crime-stoppers reports” generically to refer to publications that result from the police soliciting
media outlets to release the facts of crimes to the public and to ask for the public’s help in solving
the crimes.

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                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                 The robbery happened in the parking lot of Fort Rapids
          indoor waterpark back in November.
                 You can see the scene in these just-released surveillance
          images.
                 The girl was riding her hoverboard when robbers went up to
          her, put a gun to her head and took it. Columbus Police say
          suspects—seen here—took off in a PT cruiser.

When the entire broadcast is construed from the perspective of a reasonable viewer
watching a crime-stoppers report, the broadcast is not defamatory.
          {¶ 87} The publication is an accurate reflection of the information that
WBNS received from the CPD: an eight-year-old girl was robbed at gunpoint for a
hoverboard; during the commission of the robbery, the robbers placed a gun against
the child’s head; when the robbery was complete, the robbers left in a PT Cruiser.
          {¶ 88} Viewing the entire publication—its plain text, its composition, its
neutral thrust, its factual accuracy, its intent and purposes, and its implications and
connotations—reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that
conclusion is that the publication is not defamatory.
          {¶ 89} The 6:00 a.m. news broadcast also included the crime-stoppers
report:

                 IN CRIMETRACKER 10,
                 * * * [Notes: show suspect pic]
                 Columbus Police hope you recognize these two men who
          robbed an 8-year-old girl at gunpoint!
                 It happened in the parking lot of Fort Rapids indoor
          waterpark in Columbus. [Notes: show parking lot photo]

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                                 January Term, 2019

                  Robbery detectives just released surveillance images from
       the November crime.
                  The girl was riding her hoverboard in the parking lot with
       her family when they say two men pointed a gun at her head, taking
       it.
                  [Notes: show suspect pic]
                  Columbus Police say suspects—seen here—took off in a PT
       cruiser.

(Capitalization and brackets sic.) Construing this publication from the perspective
of a viewer watching a crime-stoppers report, it is clear that the CPD was seeking
information from the community about the robbery or the suspects.
       {¶ 90} Like the first publication, this publication would not be mistaken as
a publication about an arrest or conviction of a robber. A viewer would understand
that the information being viewed was about an ongoing police investigation into
an unsolved crime. Given the context of the publication, a reasonable viewer would
not view the report as defamatory.
       {¶ 91} The Andersons argue that this publication declares that the two
unknown men depicted in the interior photograph are the robbers, thereby making
the publication defamatory. However, this argument is sustainable only if portions
of the publications are considered in isolation.
       {¶ 92} Both parties agree, citing Am. Chem. Soc., 133 Ohio St. 3d 366, 2012-
Ohio-4193, 978 N.E.2d 832, at ¶ 79, that we must consider the entire context of the
publication in determining whether a reasonable viewer would interpret the
publication as defamatory. The Andersons’ argument that WBNS’s publication
was defamatory because it referred to the men in the interior photograph (Aaron
and Arron) as “robbers” rather than “suspects” is based on textual isolation.
“[C]ourts do not look at an allegedly defamatory statement in a vacuum.” Sabino

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                                SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

v. WOIO, L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-491, 56 N.E.3d 368, ¶ 47 (8th Dist.). Unlike in Sullins
v. Raycom Media, Inc., 2013-Ohio-3530, 996 N.E.2d 553, ¶ 19 (8th Dist.), a case
in which it was reported in a television program that Sullins was one of
“Cleveland’s 25 Most Wanted Fugitives” when he was not a wanted fugitive, here,
both words, “robbers” and “suspects,” appear in the publication. The report begins,
“Columbus Police hope you recognize,” which is the purpose of a crime-stoppers
report: garnering tips and information about suspects in a crime. The script in the
short broadcast accurately reports that two men robbed a girl at gunpoint; it also
characterizes the two pictured men as “suspects”; and the publication ends with the
statement “suspects—seen here—” and the interior photograph.
        {¶ 93} The overriding conclusion to be drawn from the story is that the two
men were suspects. Viewing the entire publication—its plain text, its composition,
its neutral thrust, its factual accuracy, its intent and purposes, and its implications
and connotations—reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that
conclusion is that the publication is not defamatory.
        {¶ 94} The last CrimeTracker 10 report complained of was posted on
WBNS’s webpage and Facebook page. The headline read, “Robbers Put Gun To
Child’s Head And Steal Hoverboard.” (Boldface deleted.) The body of the article
read:

                   Columbus police are searching for two men who robbed a
        child at gunpoint in east Columbus.
                   It happened Sunday, November 26, 2015 outside Fort Rapids
        Water Park around 10 PM.
                   Police say the victim was riding her hoverboard while in the
        parking lot with her family when they were approached by two men.
        The suspects put a gun to the 8-year-old-girl’s head and demand[ed]
        the toy.

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                                January Term, 2019

               When she handed it over, the two men ran to a white PT
       Cruiser and took off.
               Investigators say there was a woman with the two male
       suspects. They are not sure how she is connected to the robbery.
               No one was injured during the robbery.
               If you have any information about this incident, call
       Columbus Police at 614-645-4665 or make an anonymous tip to
       Central Ohio Crime Stoppers at 614-645-TIPS (8477).

A reasonable person reading the entire report and construing the report from the
perspective of a crime-stoppers reader would not interpret the publication to be
defamatory.
       {¶ 95} The Web reports are accurate: the CPD was searching for two men
who had robbed a child at gunpoint in the parking lot of the Fort Rapids indoor
waterpark; the crime did happen on November 26, 2015, at approximately 10:00
p.m.; the girl was riding her hoverboard when she was robbed; and her parents were
with her at the time of the robbery. After the commission of the robbery, the two
men were seen fleeing the scene in a white PT Cruiser.
       {¶ 96} Despite the fact that the online report accurately reflected the
information WBNS received from the CPD, the Andersons nevertheless argue that
the entire content cannot negate the defamatory content of the headline, “Robbers
Put Gun To Child’s Head And Steal Hoverboard.” (Boldface sic.) The only
question is, does the inclusion of the interior photograph with the headline convert
the publication to a defamatory publication? It does not.
       {¶ 97} A headline of an article cannot be read in isolation, it must be read
in the context of the article following it. See Crall v. Gannett Satellite Information
Network, Inc., S.D. Ohio No. C-2-92-233, 1992 WL 400713, *3 (Nov. 6, 1992)
(When considering whether a statement is defamatory, the court must not look

                                         39
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

solely to the allegedly defamatory statements but must also consider the statements
in the context of the entire article; therefore, the headline at issue must be construed
along with the ensuing article).
        {¶ 98} The publication ends with a plea for help: “If you have any
information about this incident, call Columbus Police * * * or make an anonymous
tip to Central Ohio Crime Stoppers * * *.”
        {¶ 99} A reasonable person reading the Web reports in their entirety and
considering their context—crime-stoppers reports—would not interpret the
publications to be defamatory. The overriding conclusion to be drawn from the
story is that the two men were suspects. Viewing the entire publication—its plain
text, its composition, its neutral thrust, its factual accuracy, its intent and purposes,
and its implications and connotations—reasonable minds can come to but one
conclusion and that conclusion is that the publication is not defamatory.
        {¶ 100} Therefore, I would conclude that WBNS’s publications at issue in
this case were not defamatory as a matter of law. Consequently, it is unnecessary
to consider the fault standard established in Lansdowne, 32 Ohio St. 3d 176, 512
N.E.2d 979.
                                   The Bigger Picture
        {¶ 101} In the end, the CrimeTracker 10 reports yielded exactly what they
were expected to—community tips to obtain information about the identity of the
two unknown males in the only clear photograph the CPD had in order for the CPD
to find them, interview them, and determine whether they were connected to the
armed robbery of an eight-year-old child. That happened, and the Andersons were
cleared of any wrongdoing.
        {¶ 102} The state of Ohio, as an amicus curiae in support of WBNS, argues
that media outlets provide an invaluable service to the general public and law
enforcement by publicizing requests for tips. I agree.

                                           40
                                   January Term, 2019

       {¶ 103} Crime-stoppers news features have been an invaluable tool of law
enforcement since 1976. Briseno, APD detective started Crime Stoppers program
40      years       ago           in    Albuquerque      (Oct.      16,      2016),
https://www.abqjournal.com/867864/on-a.html (accessed July 15, 2019). In July
1976, hoping to get a lead in the investigation of the homicide of Michael Carmen,
a young college student, Detective Greg MacAleese turned to the eyes and ears of
the citizens of Albuquerque, New Mexico, to ask for help in solving the murder.
Id. Since that time, according to the article, crime-stoppers programs have aided in
the arrest of more than one million criminals and the recovery of more than $2
billion in stolen property. Id.
       {¶ 104} And while some of the comments posted by the public to WBNS’s
webpage were horrendous, offensive, hurtful, and deplorable, those comments are
not a result of the CrimeTracker 10 publication. Those comments are a sad
commentary on the lack of civility in the electronic world: some people enjoy the
ability to anonymously post ugly comments and pass judgment as to the guilt or
innocence of the people depicted in a photograph in a crime-stoppers report asking
for help identifying them.
                                       Conclusion
       {¶ 105} We should address the threshold issue whether the publications are
defamatory; the determinations of the trial court and appellate court on that issue
were essential to their holdings and thus were not dicta. Moreover, I disagree with
the majority’s determination that the court of appeals’ “stronger duty” language is
meaningful; it is not a holding and is nothing more than dicta.
       {¶ 106} Regarding the defamatory nature of the publications, I conclude,
after reviewing each publication as a whole and construing each publication from
the perspective of a viewer watching or reading a crime-stoppers report seeking
information about unknown suspects who may be connected to a robbery, that a
reasonable viewer or reader would not interpret the “CrimeTracker 10” publications

                                           41
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

as defamatory. Therefore, I would reverse the Tenth District Court of Appeals’
judgment and reinstate the trial court’s judgment in favor of WBNS.
       {¶ 107} Instead, this court remands this matter to an appellate-court panel
that no longer exists (two-thirds of the judges on the original panel are no longer
on the bench) to resolve an issue that does not exist. Perhaps that court will remand
the cause to the trial court, and since the trial judge who granted summary judgment
is no longer a common pleas court judge, a new trial judge will begin considering
the case.
       {¶ 108} It has been two years since the Andersons filed their first appellate
brief. How many more months or years have been added to the litigation process
today? Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution does more than guarantee a
citizen’s right to seek a remedy by due course of law “for an injury done him in his
* * * reputation,” it also provides that justice shall be “administered without denial
or delay.” This court falls far short of that mandate today.
                               _________________
       Calig Law Firm, L.L.C. and Sonia T. Walker; Jones Law Group, L.L.C.,
Eric A. Jones, and Nicholas Kolitsos, for appellees.
       Zeiger, Tigges & Little, L.L.P., Marion H. Little Jr., and Kris Banvard, for
appellant.
       Dave Yost, Attorney General, Benjamin M. Flowers, State Solicitor, and
Michael J. Hendershot, Chief Deputy Solicitor, urging reversal for amicus curiae
the state of Ohio.
       Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, L.L.P., John J. Kulewicz, Thomas E.
Szykowny, Daniel E. Shuey, and Arryn K. Miner, urging reversal for amici curiae
The Ohio Association of Broadcasters, Ohio News Media Association, American
Society of News Editors, Associated Press Media Editors, Radio Television Digital
News Association, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, and Society for
Professional Journalists.

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January Term, 2019

_________________

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