Court Opinion

ID: 8190550
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:13:29.387263+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:35.715797
License: Public Domain

Tbe following opinion was filed January 30, 1912:
BaeNes, J.
This is an action for libel, based on two letters written by tbe defendant, who was United States consul at Geneva, Switzerland, to one Smith, and in which numerous charges derogatory to tbe character of one Louis Hite were made. One of these letters was written in December, 1905, and tbe other in January, 1906. Tbe contents of tbe letters were communicated to Hite in January, 1906, and tbe letters were delivered to him in April of tbe same year. This action was commenced in July, 1907. Mr. Keene was a resident of Milwaukee before bis appointment to a consular office, and still claims that city as bis place of legal residence. Mr. Hite was a citizen of Louisville, Kentucky, although at *210one time be took some steps toward becoming a citizen of Switzerland. Tbe trial of tbe action resulted in a verdict in favor of plaintiff for $2,000 compensatory and $5,000 puni-tory damages. Tbe defendant moved for judgment notwithstanding tbe verdict, and, in tbe alternative, if that motion were denied, for a new trial because of errors committed on tbe trial. Tbe motion for judgment notwithstanding tbe verdict was granted, and from a judgment in defendant’s favor this appeal is taken. Plaintiff died after tbe verdict was rendered, and tbe executor of bis estate prosecutes this appeal.
Tbe circuit court awarded tbe defendant judgment notwithstanding tbe verdict because in its opinion tbe action was barred by tbe Swiss statute of limitations applicable to such an action, and further because it was of tbe opinion that such statute operated to extinguish tbe plaintiff’s right as well as bis remedy. Appellant contends that tbe court erred on both propositions. If it erred on either, tbe judgment entered is erroneous.
Art. 308 of tbe Swiss Penal Code, translated from tbe French into English, reads as follows:
“Every allegation or imputation of a precise fact (fait precis) which injures tbe honor or respect of tbe person or set of men to whom tbe fact is charged, or which might expose him, either to criminal or correctional suits, or only to public hatred and contempt, is called defamation.”
Art. 305 reads’as follows: “Every contumelious expression, term of contempt or invective which does not comprise tbe charge of any precise fact is called abusive language.”
Art. 312 reads as follows: “Every abuse which shall not have been uttered in public places or meetings, or which shall not comprise tbe charge of a definite fact, shall not cause anything but police penalties.”
It is conceded that the Swiss statute of limitations applicable to art. 303 above quoted is three years, and that if the letters of the defendant imputed a “precise fact” which injured “the honor or respect of the person or set of men to whom the *211fact is charged, or which might expose him either to criminal or correctional suits, or only to public hatred and contempt,” the statute of limitations had not run on the plaintiffs action at the time suit was brought. On the other hand, it is conceded that if the letters simply contained abusive language and did not charge a “fait precis'" within the meaning of said art. 303, the action would be barred after one year under .the law of the canton of Geneva.
The decision of the question depends on the meaning of the words “fait precis ” which have been interpreted as meaning ‘‘precise fact” or “definite act.” If the words mean that an act must substantially be charged with the preciseness and definiteness that should be used in a criminal pleading, then it is apparent that 'Keene did not state a “precise fact” in his letters. If they mean that the term should be interpreted according to the ordinary meaning of the equivalent English words, then it might well be that “precise facts” or “definite acts” are charged in the letters in general terms. The situation was one where expert testimony as to what the words meant would be peculiarly helpful, because they might have a meaning to the Swiss or Erench lawyer very different from the one that would be conveyed to the American lawyer or layman by the English words into which they were translated. Three Swiss lawyers were sworn as experts. The Keene letters, which were written in English, were shown to and were read by them, and they were ashed to state whether these letters contained any averment of a “precise fact” or of a “definite act,” within the meaning of art. 303 of the Swiss Penal Code, and each answered in the negative. No evidence to the contrary was offered. The evidence, if competent, was not conclusive, because the court or jury might consider the Swiss law, and the letters, in connection with this evidence and reach an opposite conclusion. But if the court was right in admitting the evidence and in assuming that the question was one with which the jury were not concerned, its conclusion of fact *212thereon should, not be disturbed by this court. The meaning of the act is not so clear that it can be said that considerable weight should not be accorded to the testimony of the experts, and we would be unable to say that the finding of the trial court was against the clear preponderance of the entire evidence.
The witnesses were asked to pass upon the ultimate question of fact to be decided by the court or jury, and it is said that this they may not do. It has been held that expert evidence which covers the ultimate facts to be decided by the jury and which is not based on a hypothetical case is not competent. Baker v. Madison, 62 Wis. 137, 22 N. W. 141, 583; Maitland v. Gilbert P. Co. 97 Wis. 476, 72 N. W. 1124; Benson v. Superior Mfg. Co. 147 Wis. 20, 132 N. W. 633. It has also been held that opinion evidence as to the ultimate fact may be given by experts in regard to matters of science, art, or skill in some particular calling, when based on a hypothetical question made up of facts that are not in dispute. Maitland v. Gilbert P. Co., supra, pp. 476, 484; Green v. Ashland W. Co. 101 Wis. 258, 77 N. W. 722; Daly v. Milwaukee, 103 Wis. 588, 79 N. W. 752; Innes v. Milwaukee, 103 Wis. 582, 79 N. W. 783. We do not understand that these cases have been overruled by what is said in Lyon v. Grand Rapids, 121 Wis. 609, 99 N. W. 311. In the case before us we can see no practical difference between asking the witnesses to read the letters and then say whether they contain a charge of a “precise fact,” and calling for the same kind of an answer to a hypothetical question which embodied the facts stated in the letters. We must assume from the evidence that the witnesses were competent to read the English language as well as to understand it when spoken, and unless they could absorb its purport and meaning through the ear better than through the eye, no prejudice could result from pursuing the method of examination which was followed. Generally speaking, it would be advantageous to a witness to be permitted to *213examine tbe letters rather than to attempt to absorb their contents while a hypothetical question was being read to him. So we conclude that no error was committed in admitting the letters.
It may be remarked in passing that four members of the court are of the opinion that if the expert evidence had been rejected and the statute only was considered, the letters did not charge a “fait precis.” Whether the court should have taken this question from the jury will be discussed later. There is no apparent conflict in the evidence itself, unless the parol evidence is in conflict with the obvious meaning of the statute. There was an inherent weakness in the parol testimony in that none of the witnesses claimed that any Swiss court had placed any interpretation on the meaning of the statute we are considering.
We get very little aid from reading the Swiss statute of limitation on the question whether the statute destroys the right as well as abolishes the remedy. The statute as translated reads as follows:
“An action for damages is lost by limitation after one year, dating from the day when the injured party had knowledge of the wrong and of the person who is the author of it, and in every case after’ten years from that day the wrongful act was done.
“If, however, the injuries result from a punishable act subject by penal legislation to a limitation of longer duration, the same limitation applies to the civil action.”
This court, as well as some others, has held that a statute of limitation taires away the right as well as the remedy. Eingartner v. Ill. S. Co. 103 Wis. 373, 376, 79 N. W. 433, and cases cited. American courts generally, and among them the supreme court of the United States, hold the contrary rule. Our decisions are apparently grounded on the proposition that a right acquired by such a statute is a vested property right and that it would violate the “due process” clause of the federal constitution to take away the right after it had accrued. *214According to the evidence there is no sncb provision in the Swiss constitution or in the constitution of the canton of Geneva. So it is argued by appellant that no presumption should be indulged in that the Swiss law is like our own, because it is shown that the reasoning on which our decisions are based is not applicable to a Swiss statute. It is further said that as to laws of foreign countries operating under the civil law, we cannot indulge in any presumption that the foreign law is the same as our own, and the weight of authority seems to be in favor of this contention. St. Sure v. Lindsfelt, 82 Wis. 346, 350, 52 N. W. 308; Lawson, Presumptive Ev. 435-439; Jones, Ev. (2d ed.) §§ 83, 84 (81-83) ; 5 Ency. of Ev. 819, and cases cited in note 36.
It is unnecessary to decide either of the two questions last suggested. The presumption, if one exists, is at best a mild one and not of any great value except where the proof is about evenly balanced or where there is no proof at all. The wording of the statute furnishes us practically no aid upon the subject. The three Swiss lawyers before referred to testified in reference to the matter, and if their evidence is entitled to credence it should settle the question one way or the other. One of them testified that the statute took away the remedy as well as the right. Some of his evidence would indicate that he had no very clear conception of the difference between right and remedy. The other two testified that the right was not taken away, but they too seemed to have no clear idea of what counsel were driving at. The depositions were taken on written interrogatories, and it is unfortunate that the witnesses could not have been examined orally. But in any event we have the asseveration of one witness that the right was gone as well as the remedy under the Swiss law, and of two who said that the contrary was true. Counsel for appellant argue that the court reached a wrong conclusion on this point, and we agree with counsel, because we think the court was wrong in reaching or in attempting to reach any conclu*215Sion, upon it. The question of wbat a foreign law is, is always a question of fact. Where the only proof of a foreign law is some statute which has been offered in evidence, a number of courts hold that its construction is for the court. But where, as here, oral testimony is taken in which there is a ■sharp conflict and where the case must practically be decided upon this oral testimony, the authorities are well nigh harmonious to the effect that the disputed question of fact presents a jury question in a case triable by a jury, and not one that can be taken from the jury and be decided by the court. This question is not argued in the briefs of either counsel, but is directly involved in the case, and we do not see how we can •escape passing upon it. Story, in his Conflict of Laws (7th ed.) § 638, states the rule as follows:
“The courts are therefore to decide what is the proper evidence of the laws of a foreign country; and, when evidence is .given of those laws, the courts are to judge of their applicability, when proved, to the case in hand. . . . But when the evidence consists of parol testimony of experts as to the existence ■or prevailing construction of a statute, or as to any point of unwritten law, the jury must determine what the foreign law as, as in the case of any controverted fact depending upon like testimony. . . . And when the evidence admitted consists entirely of a written document, statute, or judicial opinion, the •question of its construction and effect is for the court alone.”
The supreme court of Massachusetts, in Kline v. Baker, 99 Mass. 253, 254, said:
“As foreign laws can only be known so far as they are proved, no evidence of them can be admitted at the argument Lefore this court, which was not offered at the trial or otherwise made part of the case reserved. . . . When the evidence consists of the parol testimony of experts as to the existence ■or prevailing construction of a statute, or as to any point of unwritten law, the jury must determine what the foreign law is, as in the case of any controverted fact depending upon like-•testimony.”
*216Tbe court in tbe above decision followed a former decision in Holman v. King, 7 Met. 384. And in Ufford v. Spaulding, 156 Mass. 65, 66, 30 N. E. 360, tbe court again says:
“It is a general rule, that laws of other states must be-proved as facts, and ordinarily, in a trial by jury, tbe question must be left to tbe jury to decide as a fact wbat tbe law of another state is, if it becomes material to be determined.”'
To tbe same effect is Ames v. McCamber, 124 Mass. 85.
Without carrying this opinion to unnecessary length by indulging in repeated quotations, we call attention to tbe following additional authorities which bold that tbe evidence here-offered presented a question of fact which tbe jury should have been permitted to pass upon: State v. Looke, 7 Oreg. 54; De Sobry v. De Laistre, 2 Har. & J. 191, 3 Am. Dec. 535; Trasher v. Everhart, 3 Gill & J. 234; Charlotte v. Chouteau, 25 Mo. 465, 475; Ingraham v. Hart, 11 Ohio, 255; Byer v. Smith, 12 Conn. 384; Moore v. Gwynn, 5 Ired. (27 N. C.) 187; Hooper v. Moore, 50 N. C. 130, 134; Francis v. Ocean Ins. Co. 6 Cow. 404, 429; 5 Ency. of Ev. 382; Mostyn v. Fabrigas, 1 Cowp. 161, op. by Lord MaNsbield.
There are a number of cases which hold that the matter of' determining the qualifications of experts or other questions bearing on the competency of witnesses and evidence must be-passed on by the court, and that where the evidence admitted consists entirely of 'written documents, statutes, or judicial opinions, the question of their construction and effect is for-the court alone. Church v. Hubbart, 2 Cranch, 187; Ennis v. Smith, 14 How. 400; Owen v. Doyle, 15 Me. 147; State v. Jackson, 2 Dev. (13 N. C.) 563; People v. Lambert, 5 Mich. 349 ; Bremer v. Freeman, 10 Moore P. C. Cas. 306; Di Sora v. Phillipps, 10 H. L. Cas. 624; Hooper v. Moore, supra.
Our own statute, sec. 4139, provides that the existence and the tenor or effect of all foreign laws may be proved as facts-by parol, but if it shall appear that the law in question is contained in a written statute or code, the courts may, in their-*217discretion, reject any evidence of such law that is not accompanied by a copy thereof.
Where, as here, there is conflicting parol testimony as tc what the effect of the Swiss limitation statute is, and where no satisfactory inference can be drawn from the statute itself, we have found no case which does not hold that the fact must be determined by the jury, except Hall v. Costello, 48 N. H. 176. A number of cases are cited by that court to sustain its decision, but they fail to do so; and one of them, Francis v. Ocean Ins. Co., supra, is directly to the contrary. All the authorities hold that a foreign law must be proved as any other fact in a case, and when that proof is made by oral testimony in reference to which there is a conflict, we see no reason why its weight and credibility should not be determined by the jury under proper instructions, like any other material fact. A majority of the court is of the opinion that there is no such preponderance of the evidence against the finding of the trial court on this question, if there is any such finding, that its conclusion should be set aside if the question were a proper one for it to decide. The question is treated by the circuit judge as though it were one of law instead of one of fact. The verdict was a general one in form, and ordinarily we would have to assume that all questions of fact had been resolved in favor of the successful party. That assumption cannot be indulged in here, because the court directed a verdict in plaintiff’s favor and instructed the jury that a verdict must be returned for the plaintiff in some amount and that their only function in the ease was to make an assessment, of damages. So the jury was expressly prohibited from passing upon the question under discussion. It follows from what has been said that the trial court committed an error against the respondent in the first instance in directing a verdict against him, because it should have been left to the jury to say upon the testimony offered whether the Swiss statute of limitation extinguished the right as well as the remedy. It necessarily follows that *218tbe trial' court committed error against the appellant when it ordered judgment for the defendant notwithstanding the verdict. In each instance the court assumed to decide what was clearly a jury question. Instead of entering judgment in defendant’s favor the court should have granted a new trial. The judgment must therefore be reversed. As it is apparent that the plaintiff is not entitled to judgment on the verdict, the circuit court should order a new trial. Sec. 3071, Stats. (1898).
By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause is remanded with directions to the circuit court to grant a new trial.
The respondent moved for a rehearing. The appellant moved that the mandate be modified so as to direct the circuit court to cause judgment to be entered upon the verdict.
The following opinion was filed April 5, 1912:
BaeNes, J.
The bill of exceptions in this case contained the following colloquy between counsel and the court:
“Mr. Hoyt: We might just as well offer these other depositions. They relate to the legal point. We offer the deposition of Mr. Privat.
Court: That is as to the law ?
Mr. Hoyt: Yes.
Court: Mr. Pawsett and Mr. Flanders, now just a moment.
(The court and counsel thereupon consulted in an undertone out of the hearing of the reporter.)
Mr. Hoyt: It is stipulated that this question of the statute of limitations and the evidence is purely a matter of law to be decided by the court.
Court: Gentlemen of the Jury — Some matters are coming up now which are purely matters of law and you certainly would not be interested in it and there is no good reason why you should be kept here. You may be excused until tomorrow morning at half past 9. Please report at that time.”
*219This colloquy was not printed in .tbe case, but it did contain tbe following:
“It is stipulated that tbe question of tbe statute of limitations and tbe evidence about to be offered in relation thereto were purely matters of law to be decided by tbe court.”
No reference to tbe stipulation was made in tbe briefs or on tbe oral argument, and no assertion was made that tbe parties bad agreed that some of tbe issues of fact should be tried by tbe court and tbe remaining issues only passed upon by tbe jury. We bad before us only what tbe reporter beard. We do not -regard that part of tbe colloquy as meaning anything more than that certain questions of law were involved in relation to tbe admission of tbe evidence contained in tbe depositions which defendant proposed to offer, and that, inasmuch as these questions would have to be decided by tbe court, tbe presence of tbe jury was unnecessary while they were being passed upon.
However, since tbe case was decided, counsel have filed a stipulation in this court, in which they recite that they agreed that “all questions whether of fact or law involved in such issue [that arising on tbe statutes of limitation which were pleaded] should be determined by tbe court,” and we have concluded to treat tbe same as part of tbe record. Tbe appellant moved to modify tbe mandate so as to order judgment on tbe verdict for tbe plaintiff. Tbe respondent moved for a rehearing because be conceived that be was entitled to an af-firmance of tbe judgment, under tbe stipulation, on the decision of tbe circuit judge, and further, because prejudicial error was committed against him on tbe trial which would entitle him to a new trial, and, inasmuch as tbe causes of action sued on did not survive, all right of action was lost.
Tbe appellant’s motion cannot be granted. We held in tbe former opinion that there was sufficient evidence in tbe record to sustain a finding by tbe trial court that tbe Swiss statute *220of limitations destroyed the right as well as the remedy, and we see no reason for receding from that position. The circuit court has not made any findings of fact favorable to the plaintiff on that point. The court submitted nothing to the jury except the assessment of damages. Under the stipulation, it may be that no other question should have been submitted. There is language in the charge which would indicate that at the time it was given the court was of the opinion that the plaintiff was not barred from recovery by the statute of limitations. There was nothing to preclude the court from changing its mind before the entry of judgment. By virtue of the stipulation the judgment was to be based on the verdict of the jury supplemented by the findings of fact by the court on the questions reserved from the jury and the conclusions of law drawn therefrom.
Whether the court has found sufficient facts to warrant the entry of a judgment against the plaintiff is far from being clear. -Inasmuch as the issues of fact were parceled out between the court and the jury, the court should have made specific findings of fact on the material issues which it was agreed it should try. Instead, we have an opinion of the court covering fifteen pages of printed matter in which is discussed the various legal questions raised on the motions after verdict and incidentally some questions of fact. In that opinion the court definitely decides that he is satisfied from the evidence that the one-year statute of limitations was applicable to the case.
On the other question we have no finding of fact. The court discusses the evidence of the three Swiss lawyers and concludes: “I incline to think that the greater weight of testimony as a whole is to the effect that the Swiss statute extinguishes the claim itself.” The court then very properly considers the statute itself and concludes that its wording, in a measure at least, supports the view that the right is extinguished thereby. The court then treats the question on the *221theory that the evidence does not satisfactorily show what, the Swiss law on the point is, and proceeds to argue that the law of the forum should govern, and that applying that law the right was extinguished as well as the remedy. The questions whether the law of the forum should apply in any event, and what that law is, are legal ones. How far they influenced the court in reaching its ultimate conclusion we do not know. The question of what the foreign law was in the instant case was one of fact to be determined from a reading of the Swiss statute, from the evidence of the experts, and from any other competent evidence in the case. If this evidence was such that the court could not reach a conclusion thereon, then the court should have so found. The case might then have to be decided on certain presumptions, but the decision of the circuit judge thereon would carry no such weight as would his conclusion on a disputed question of fact.
We think on the whole the case should be sent back to the trial court to make formal findings of fact and conclusions of law on the issues submitted to it for determination. If these findings and conclusions entitle the defendant to judgment, he will have secured what he desires. If they are favorable to the plaintiff, the defendant is entitled to have his motion for a new trial considered and decided on the'merits. It has been held that the statute (sec. 3070, Stats. 1898) which permits this court to consider exceptions taken by a respondent in support of a judgment applies only to actions tried by the court. Hacker v. Horlemus, 69 Wis. 280, 34 N. W. 125. There may be exceptions to this general rule, but this case does not fall within them. The exceptions here urged by respondent relate to the part of the action that was tried by jury. This court has never adopted the rifle that a motion for a directed verdict by both parties is equivalent to a stipulation that all the issues therein be disposed of by the court, and has no disposition to do so now. We have not passed upon the question whether the right of action became extin-*222guisbed by tbe death of tbe former plaintiff. That issue is left open for litigation in tbe lower court in tbe event of a new trial being granted.
By the Court. — Tbe former mandate is modified by directing tbe trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law as herein indicated and to enter judgment thereon, unless of tbe opinion that a new trial should be granted. Tbe motion for a rehearing is denied. No costs are allowed on either motion.