Court Opinion

ID: 9391778
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-03 07:10:06.287225+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:10.838156
License: Public Domain

In the
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

                   No. 06-22-00026-CR

             REGINALD REECE, Appellant

                            V.

           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

          On Appeal from the 5th District Court
                 Bowie County, Texas
             Trial Court No. 21F0725-005

      Before Stevens, C.J., van Cleef and Rambin, JJ.
               Opinion by Justice van Cleef
                                                 OPINION

         A Bowie County jury convicted Reginald Reece of theft of property valued at $2,500.00

or more, but less than $30,000.00, a state jail felony.                         See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 31.03(e)(4)(A). Pursuant to the State’s enhancement allegations, the trial court sentenced

Reece to forty-five years’ imprisonment.                 On appeal, we sustain Reece’s point of error

complaining of an illegal sentence.1

I.       Statutory Construction Leads to the Result that Reece’s Sentence is Illegal

         This case involves statutory construction of punishment enhancement statutes found in

Chapter 12 of the Texas Penal Code. The question is whether Reece’s sentence is illegal under

the proper application of the rules of statutory construction. We conclude that it is.

         A.       Factual Background

         Reece stole property from an Atwoods Ranch & Home Goods store during the COVID-

19 pandemic. Because of the value of property stolen, Reece’s theft offense is a state jail felony.

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(4)(A). The State’s indictment alleged that the offense

was committed in a disaster area, which increased the punishment to “the punishment prescribed

for the next higher category of offense,” i.e., the range applicable to a third-degree felony. See

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.50(a), (b)(8) (Supp.). The indictment also alleged that Reece was

previously convicted of aggravated assault and third-degree-felony possession of a controlled

1
 Reece’s first appellate counsel claimed that there were no meritorious issues on appeal and, as a result, filed a brief
pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). Because our independent review revealed an arguable
ground for appeal, we granted counsel’s motion to withdraw and abated the case for the appointment of new
appellate counsel, who filed a new appellate brief raising meritorious issues on appeal.
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substance. The dispute in this case revolves around how those prior convictions were used

against Reece.

       The typical mechanism used to enhance state jail felonies due to prior convictions is

found in Section 12.425, titled “Penalties for Repeat and Habitual Felony Offenders on Trial for

State Jail Felony.” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.425. The State did not use that section.

Instead, the State argued that, because Section 12.50’s disaster area punishment enhancement

applied, it could rely on Section 12.42, titled “Penalties for Repeat and Habitual Felony

Offenders on Trial for First, Second, or Third Degree Felony.” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 12.42. Consequently, the State argued that Reece’s prior convictions increased his range of

punishment under Section 12.42(d), which has a minimum term of confinement of twenty-five

years. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d).

       Based on the State’s position, the trial court submitted a jury charge instructing the jury

that the applicable range of punishment, if it found the State’s enhancements true, was

“confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life or for any term of not more

than ninety-nine (99) years or less than twenty-five (25) years.” Due to the State’s theory and

the trial court’s instruction, the jury assessed a sentence of forty-five years’ imprisonment. We

determine that a proper reading of Sections 12.35, 12.42, 12.425, and 12.50 disallows such a

steep sentence for Reece’s state jail theft offense.

       B.        Standard of Review and the Rules of Statutory Construction

       “Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which we review de novo.” State v.

Kahookele, 640 S.W.3d 221, 225 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (citing Tapps v. State, 294 S.W.3d

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175, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). “When we interpret statutes, we focus on the literal text and

attempt to discern its fair, objective meaning.” Id. (citing Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). “We give effect to the plain meaning of the statutory text, reading it in

context and construing it according to the rules of grammar and common usage.” Id. (citing

Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785; Tapps, 294 S.W.3d at 177). “We assume that every word has been

used for a purpose, and we give effect to each word, phrase, clause, and sentence if reasonably

possible.” Id. (citing Tapps, 294 S.W.3d at 177). “Generally, a statute’s ‘expression of one

thing implies the exclusion of other, unexpressed things.’” Id. (quoting Chambers v. State, 580

S.W.3d 149, 156 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019)).

       “We look not only at the statute but also other provisions within the whole statutory

scheme.” Id. “When two statutes are in pari materia—that is, dealing with the same general

subject or having the same general purpose—we try to harmonize any conflict between them,

giving effect to each statute and allowing them to stand together.” Id. (citing Azeez v. State, 248

S.W.3d 182, 191–92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). “If a general provision conflicts with a special

provision, we construe the provisions so that effect is given to both if possible.” Id. (citing TEX.

GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.026(a)). “Titles or section headings do not limit or expand the meaning

of a statute.” Id. (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.024). “They are of use only when they

shed light on an ambiguous word or phrase.” Id. (citing Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen v. Balt. & Ohio

R.R., 331 U.S. 519, 528–29 (1947)).

       “A statute is unambiguous when it reasonably permits only one understanding.” Id.

(citing State v. Schunior, 506 S.W.3d 29, 35 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)). “We will not add to or

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subtract from such a statute.” Id. (citing Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785). “But if the language is

ambiguous or the plain language would lead to absurd consequences that the Legislature could

not possibly have intended, out of necessity we may consider extratextual factors such as

legislative history.” Id. (citing Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785–86).

        C.      The Statutory Scheme

        Our statutory analysis is first guided by the literal text of the statutory scheme. We begin

with Section 12.35, which sets forth the initial punishment for state jail felonies. In relevant part,

this Section states,

        (a)      Except as provided by Subsection (c), an individual adjudged guilty of a
        state jail felony shall be punished by confinement in a state jail for any term of not
        more than two years or less than 180 days.

        ....

        (c)     An individual adjudged guilty of a state jail felony shall be punished for a
        third[-]degree felony if it is shown on the trial of the offense that:

                (1)    a deadly weapon as defined by Section 1.07 was used or exhibited
                during the commission of the offense or during immediate flight following
                the commission of the offense, and that the individual used or exhibited
                the deadly weapon or was a party to the offense and knew that a deadly
                weapon would be used or exhibited; or

                (2)    the individual has previously been finally convicted of any felony:

                       (A)   under Section 20A.03 or 21.02 or listed in Article
                       42A.054(a), Code of Criminal Procedure; or

                       (B)    for which the judgment contains an affirmative finding
                       under Article 42A.054(c) or (d), Code of Criminal Procedure.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.35(a), (c).

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       As seen by its plain language, Section 12.35 creates a two-tiered system. The first tier,

found in Section 12.35(a), is regular state-jail-felony punishment. The second tier, found in

Section 12.35(c), creates a category known as “aggravated” state jail felonies, which increases

the initial range of punishment if a person (1) used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the

offense or (2) had previously been convicted of either (a) more serious crimes or (b) crimes

containing an affirmative deadly weapon finding. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 12.35(c),

20A.03, § 21.02 (Supp.); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42A.054(a), (c), (d) (Supp.). The

distinction between regular and aggravated state jail felonies affects how they can be enhanced

for punishment.

       Regular state jail felonies can be enhanced by Section 12.425(a) and (b), which state,

       (a)     If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony punishable under Section
       12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two state jail
       felonies punishable under Section 12.35(a), on conviction the defendant shall be
       punished for a felony of the third degree.

       (b)     If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony punishable under Section
       12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felonies
       other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a), and the second
       previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first
       previous conviction having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be
       punished for a felony of the second degree.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.425(a), (b) (emphasis added).

       Aggravated felonies can be enhanced by Section 12.425(c), which states,

       (c)     If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony for which punishment may
       be enhanced under Section 12.35(c) that the defendant has previously been finally
       convicted of a felony other than a state jail felony punishable under Section
       12.35(a), on conviction the defendant shall be punished for a felony of the second
       degree.

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TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.425(c) (emphasis added). Section 12.42 excludes state jail felonies

in its title. Even so, “[t]itles or section headings do not limit . . . the meaning of a statute,” and

the substance of Section 12.42(d) shows that it applies to aggravated state jail felonies but

excludes regular state jail felonies. Kahookele, 640 S.W.3d at 225, 227 (Section “12.42(d) by

implication speaks to the enhancement of SJFs, but only aggravated ones.”). Section 12.42(d)

states, in relevant part,

        [I]f it is shown on the trial of a felony offense other than a state jail felony
        punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally
        convicted of two felony offenses, and the second previous felony conviction is for
        an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous conviction having
        become final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished by imprisonment in
        the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life, or for any term of not more
        than 99 years or less than 25 years.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (emphasis added).

        The relevant part of the final section in play here, Section 12.50, states,

        (a)    Subject to Subsection (c), the punishment for an offense described by
        Subsection (b) is increased to the punishment prescribed for the next higher
        category of offense if it is shown on the trial of the offense that the offense was
        committed in an area that was, at the time of the offense:

                (1)     subject to a declaration of a state of disaster made by:

                        ....

                        (B)    the governor under Section 418.014, Government Code.

                        ....

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        (b)    The increase in punishment authorized by this section applies only to an
        offense under:

                 ....

                 (8)      Section 31.03.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.50(a)–(b) (Supp.).

        D.       The State’s Argument Based on the Statutory Scheme is Flawed

        In response to Reece’s brief, the State made the following argument:

        Here, the State charged Appellant with Theft with Priors under Section 31.03 +
        the Disaster Area enhancement under Section 12.50 to make the offense a third-
        degree felony, which is eligible for enhancement under Section 12.42(d). Then,
        the State filed a notice of enhancement under Section 12.42(d), which increased
        the punishment range from 25 years to LIFE. No caselaw has analyzed this
        particular habitual offender enhancement scheme with the disaster area
        enhancement.

The State’s theory is flawed for two main reasons.

        First, Section 12.50 does not “make the offense a third-degree felony.” Section 12.50

simply “increase[s] . . . the punishment prescribed [to] the next higher category.”2 TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 12.50 (Supp.). While Section 12.50 could be used to elevate Reece’s punishment

range, it did not change the degree of the underlying offense. See id.; Ford v. State, 334 S.W.3d

230, 234–35 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Bledsoe v. State, 480 S.W.3d 638, 642 n.11 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2015, pet. ref’d).

        Second, to the extent the State argues that Section 12.50 made Reece’s felony an

aggravated felony, the statutes do not support that conclusion. There are only two tiers of state

2
 The State argues that “the Legislature intended for this enhancement to [be] treated as a new offense—or at least
like Article 12.35(c).” Had the Legislature so intended, it would have expressly done so instead of specifying that
Section 12.50 only increased punishment.
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jail felonies. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.35. “Except as provided by Subsection (c),” state

jail felonies are classified in the regular category. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.35(a). Because

“a statute’s ‘expression of one thing implies the exclusion of other, unexpressed things’” and

Section 12.35(a) expressly refers only to Subsection (c), it cannot be meant to read, “Except as

provided by Subsection (c) or any other statute.” Kahookele, 640 S.W.3d at 225 (quoting

Chambers, 580 S.W.3d at 156).

       This concept is best illustrated by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ opinion in State

v. Webb, 12 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). “Webb was convicted on two counts of

possession of a controlled substance[—both] non-aggravated state jail felon[ies.]” Id. at 809.

The State’s first enhancement paragraph alleged two sequential prior felonies under former

Texas Penal Code language stating, “If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony punishable

under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felonies

. . . on conviction the defendant shall be punished for a second-degree felony.” Id. at 809, 810.

The State’s second enhancement paragraph alleged two other sequential prior felonies. Id. at

809.

       The State’s argument in Webb, similar to the argument made here, suggested that,

because the first enhancement paragraph increased Webb’s punishment to the second-degree

range, under Section 12.42(d), Webb’s “punishment could be further enhanced to a term between

twenty-five and ninety-nine years.” Id. After reviewing Section 12.35, the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals disagreed, noting that Section 12.42(d) begins with the words “[i]f it is shown

on the trial of a felony offense other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a).”

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Id. at 810; see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals found

that, “[r]egardless of the [first] enhancement [paragraph], appellee was tried for a state jail felony

punishable under § 12.35(a); that his punishment, as opposed to the offense itself, was then

subject to enhancement d[id] not change that fact.”3 Webb, 12 S.W.3d at 811; see State v. White,

959 S.W.2d 375, 377–78 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, pet. ref’d). Therefore, Section 12.42(d)

did not apply, and Webb’s punishment could not be enhanced beyond a second-degree felony.

See Webb, 12 S.W.3d at 811.

        E.       Because Section 12.42 Did Not Apply, Reece Received an Illegal Sentence

        The reasoning in Webb applies equally here. Section 12.42(d) applies only to “the trial of

a felony offense other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a).” TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 12.42(d). Reece’s theft offense was classified as a state jail felony. See TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(4)(a). Neither aggravated assault nor possession of a controlled

substance is listed among the more serious crimes contemplated by Section 12.35(c), and the

judgments of conviction for Reece’s prior offenses did not contain deadly weapon findings. As a

result, Reece’s theft offense was a regular state jail felony under Section 12.35(a), not an

aggravated state jail felony under Section 12.35(c). As explained by Webb, while Section 12.50

enhanced Reece’s punishment range to that of a third-degree felony, he remained on trial for a

3
 The State argues that Samaripas v. State, 454 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014), is instructive. We disagree.
Samaripas did not appeal a conviction from a state jail felony. Instead, that case involved the question of whether a
prior state jail felony could be used to enhance Samaripas’s offense for organized criminal activity under since-
amended language stating, “A previous conviction for a state jail felony punished under Section 12.35(a) may not be
used for enhancement purposes.” Id. at 1–2, 7. Because the applicable statutory language “at the time of
[Samaripas]’s offense . . . focused on how the previous state-jail felony was actually punished” and Samaripas had
received an enhanced sentence for his prior state-jail-felony offense, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
determined that the prior offense “was properly used for enhancement purposes.” Id. at 8. Neither the issue nor the
statutory language in Samaripas is before us today.
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regular state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a). Webb, 12 S.W.3d at 811. As a result,

Section 12.42(d) did not apply to Reece. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d); Kahookele,

604 S.W.3d at 227.

       The statute applicable to Reece was Section 12.425(b) and, under that section, Reece’s

prior convictions increased his punishment range to that of a second-degree felony. See TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.425(b). The maximum punishment for a second-degree felony is a term

of imprisonment for not more than twenty years and a fine not to exceed $10,000.00. TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.33. Because Reece received a forty-five-year sentence of imprisonment,

he was given an illegal sentence. Accordingly, we sustain Reece’s point of error complaining of

an illegal sentence, which is dispositive of this appeal.

II.    Conclusion

       We affirm Reece’s conviction, reverse the trial court’s judgment because it contains an

illegal sentence, and remand this case to the trial court for a new punishment trial.

                                               Charles van Cleef
                                               Justice

Date Submitted:        April 18, 2023
Date Decided:          April 27, 2023

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