Court Opinion

ID: 3169301
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-13 20:01:48.918493+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:52:41.705816
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/13/16 Melrose Quality Pain Relief v. City of Los Angeles CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT

MELROSE QUALITY PAIN RELIEF et al.,                                     B257789

                   Plaintiffs and Appellants,                           (Los Angeles County
                   v.                                                   Super. Ct. No. BC440036)

CITY OF LOS ANGELES et al.,

                   Defendants and Respondents.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Amy Hogue, Judge. Affirmed.

         Law Offices of Stanley H. Kimmel and Stanley H. Kimmel for Plaintiffs and
Appellants.

         Michael N. Feuer, City Attorney, Carlos de la Guerra and Jess J. Gonzalez,
Assistant City Attorneys and Steven N. Blau, Deputy City Attorney, for Defendants and
Respondents.

                                       __________________________
       This is the second of two related appeals challenging the medical marijuana
ordinances in the City of Los Angeles (the City). In the first case, Safe Life Caregivers v.
City of Los Angeles (_______, 2015, B257809) ___ Cal.App.4th ___ (Safe Life), we
considered, and rejected, numerous challenges to the City’s current medical marijuana
ordinance, Proposition D (Prop D). In the current case, the appellants – a single medical
marijuana collective and five affiliated individuals – challenge the enactment and
enforcement of Prop D as well as a search of the collective and related arrests. Due to
overlap in the arguments raised by appellants in both cases, the cases were consolidated
for the purposes of oral argument only. Although we resolve the cases in separate
opinions, our resolution of many issues in the Safe Life appeal applies equally to this
case. Accordingly we cite freely to our opinion in Safe Life.
       The medical marijuana dispensary appellant in this case is Melrose Quality Pain
Relief, Inc. (Melrose).1 The individual appellants are the two co-owners of Melrose,
Abdul Ala Ahmed and Robina Bashir; and three members of the collective who were
present at the time of the police search, Manuel Kebabjian, Hovannes Kebabjian, and
Astkhik Panadzhyan. The respondents are the City and a lengthy list of City officers and
employees, sued in their official and/or individual capacities, including the current
mayor, the current and former city attorney, various attorneys in the city attorney’s office,
other city officials and approximately ten members of the Los Angeles Police Department
(LAPD). Appellants allege the LAPD and several city attorney respondents are
responsible for the search of Melrose, and the detention and/or arrest of several of the
individual appellants. Appellants allege that the remaining non-LAPD individual

1      In this opinion, we use the terms “dispensary” and “collective” interchangeably.
There are two reasons for this. First, in Safe Life, we rejected the argument that the
City’s use of the two different terms related to different types of medical marijuana
businesses. (Safe Life, at p. 25.) Second, in appellants’ complaint, they assert that the
appellant entity is a “dispensing collective.”

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respondents are responsible, in one way or another, for the enactment and enforcement of
the City’s medical marijuana ordinances.2
       The trial court sustained respondents’ demurrers to appellants’ complaint, with
leave to amend a single cause of action, the tenth. Appellants declined to amend. On
appeal, appellants argue that the tenth cause of action sufficiently stated a cause of action
and no amendment was necessary. As to nearly every other cause of action, however,
appellants argue that they should be granted leave to amend to allege what amounts to a
completely different cause of action. We reject all of appellants’ arguments and affirm.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       To properly understand the arguments appellants make on appeal – and how those
arguments differ from the causes of action alleged in the complaint – a general
understanding of the history of medical marijuana laws in California, and ordinances in
the City, is necessary. We assume familiarity with the discussion of these statutes and
ordinances found on pages 3 to 8 of our slip opinion in Safe Life.

1.     Original Complaint

       Appellants’ original complaint was filed on June 21, 2010. By this time, the City
had made its first two attempts to regulate marijuana dispensaries: the Interim Control
Ordinance and the Grandfather Prior Registrant Ordinance. Appellants had previously
attempted to register Melrose under the Interim Control Ordinance, but the City did not
consider Melrose to be properly registered.3 Indeed, on May 4, 2010, the City sent a

2       Appellants’ allegations against these respondents rise and fall with their
challenges to the merits of Prop D.

3       This is an oversimplification of a rather complicated factual scenario. This much
is clear: On the last day of registration, November 13, 2007, the collective’s prior owner
filed some documents in Melrose’s name. The City accepted the filing conditionally
pending action by the City to review the documents and determine whether registration
was complete. A few days later, counsel for Melrose wrote the City stating, “it appears
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form letter to Melrose indicating that the Grandfather Prior Registrant Ordinance would
become operative on June 7, 2010, and stating that, as Melrose had not registered under
the Interim Control Ordinance, it “must therefore immediately cease its operations.”
(The May 2010 Shutdown Letter.) On June 6, 2010, Melrose shut down indefinitely.
       Melrose’s complaint stated nine causes of action seeking declaratory or injunctive
relief relating to the two ordinances and the City’s refusal to consider Melrose as
grandfathered due to its apparently insufficient registration. Melrose was not the only
collective to challenge the Grandfather Prior Registrant Ordinance; collectives in this and
other related cases sought a preliminary injunction against the ordinance.4

2.     Melrose Reopens

       A hearing was held on July 8, 2010, apparently on Melrose’s ex parte application
for a temporary restraining order to prevent enforcement of the ordinance, prior to the
upcoming hearing on the preliminary injunction. At the hearing, the trial court
questioned if there might be some “informal basis” by which the City would agree not to
shut down dispensaries “assuming that they’re not the recipient of complaints and
assuming that they are not in violation of any law other than arguably” the Grandfather
Prior Registrant Ordinance. The court wanted both sides “to try to come to some sort of

as though additional documentation is necessary to complete your registration process,”
and promising the necessary documents shortly. In December 2008, Melrose filed a
hardship application with the City Council, to receive an exemption from the Interim
Control Ordinance. In July 2009, Melrose submitted further documents in connection
with its exemption application. As of September 10, 2009, it appears that the hardship
application was still pending. On September 12, 2009, appellants Ahmed and Bashir
purchased Melrose. The record does not indicate the ultimate disposition of Melrose’s
hardship application. In light of the arguments made by appellants here and in the trial
court, we assume the hardship application was not approved. Nothing in the record
suggests that Melrose ever challenged the failure to grant it a hardship exemption by
petition for administrative mandate or otherwise. We treat Melrose as unregistered under
both the Interim Control Ordinance and the Grandfather Prior Registrant Ordinance.

4      The collectives in the related cases are the appellants in Safe Life.

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an understanding” on the issue. Although the court suggested that if dispensaries were
subject to police raids solely because of violation of the Grandfather Prior Registrant
Ordinance, the court would “certainly look very seriously at that,” the court also stated
that it was not indicating in advance how it would rule if the issue formally came before
it. The court hoped that the parties would come to “some sort of accommodation” to deal
with the period prior to its ruling on the motion for preliminary injunction. The City
showed little interest, stating its belief that “the vast majority of plaintiff dispensaries in
this litigation should be closed,” as they are in violation of the ordinance. The court
made no orders, and the parties reached no accord.
       Although there had been no agreement to refrain from enforcement, nor any court
order, appellants apparently took solace in the court’s comments and reopened Melrose
the very next day.

3.     The Raid on Melrose

       The City took a somewhat different view. On the morning of the July 8 hearing,
Deputy City Attorney Colleen Courtney (who is not a defendant in this case) wrote an e-
mail to respondents Assistant City Attorney Asha Greenberg and Deputy City Attorney
Mary Claire Molidor, stating, “we need your and LAPD’s help.” Deputy City Attorney
Courtney stated, “If possible, we would like to secure a LAPD declaration by 7/15 to
support the City’s claim of unclean hands in the Melrose matter, i.e., that the site is still
doing business, that the daily operations are illegal (illegal sales, transport, etc.).” She
also stated that “Jane” (unidentified) had received a complaint from a community
member regarding Melrose, stating that they have large illegal signs, a row of “fire
hazard bootleg sheds,” and “did a great business all weekend.” Deputy City Attorney
Greenberg agreed that “we have received those complaints also about this location.” She
suggested that Deputy City Attorney Molidor “talk to LAPD about enforcement at this
location. It is definitely one of our complained of locations.” Deputy City Attorney
Molidor did so, inquiring if LAPD’s enforcement could be scheduled by July 14.

                                                5
      On July 12, Deputy City Attorney Molidor sent an e-mail to LAPD Lieutenant
John King, saying that based on community complaints, “we have prioritized” Melrose
for enforcement. The e-mail stated, “I assume that LAPD will follow its protocol utilized
at other [dispensaries] which have been the subject of enforcement – in other words,
undercover buys followed by a search warrant based on the [probable cause] of illegal
sales of [marijuana] in violation of [Health and Safety Code section 11360] and
violations of [the City’s Grandfather Prior Registrant Ordinance] which also prohibits the
cultivation, distribution, possession, or giving away of [medical marijuana] without
having complied with [the ordinance].”
      The LAPD did exactly that. On July 20, 2010, at 3:15 p.m., LAPD Officers
Jackson and Walden went to Melrose with fake IDs and physician recommendations for
medical marijuana. They knocked on the front door and were let in by Hovannes
Kebabjian. Hovannes Kebabjian asked if they were first time customers; they both said
yes. They were asked for, and produced, identification and their physician
recommendations. They were each given a three-page form to sign. The form indicated
that they were joining Discount Patient Access Center as members. While they signed
and initialed the necessary paperwork, Hovannes Kebabjian called the doctor’s office
listed on their recommendations to verify their authenticity. They were then individually
taken into the back room, where they met Manuel Kebabjian. In the back room, they saw
multiple jars containing marijuana, and were asked which strain they wanted. There was
a dry erase board with the names of different types of marijuana with dollar amounts next
to them “much like a menu with prices.” When they asked about prices, Manuel
Kebabjian told them that, as first time customers, they would each receive a 10 percent
discount. They each purchased a small quantity of marijuana with cash.
      After they left, Officer Jackson prepared a search warrant affidavit that set out the
above facts. He formed the opinion that Melrose was not in compliance with the CUA
and MMPA, and that, instead, Melrose was simply selling marijuana for money. He also
concluded that Melrose was in violation of the Grandfather Prior Registrant Ordinance
for not having registered. A search warrant issued just before 7:00 p.m.

                                            6
       The warrant was executed later that evening. The operative complaint does not
provide detailed circumstances of the execution of the warrant. It states that police
“searched and destroyed property at the premises [of Melrose] and arrested” appellants
Abdul Ala Ahmed and Manuel Kebabjian.5 The complaint further alleges that LAPD
respondents “unlawfully detained, questioned, and arrested” appellants Hovannes
Kebabjian and Panadzhyan, although Panadzhyan was not taken into custody.
       Thereafter, Deputy City Attorney Courtney filed the declarations of two LAPD
officers in opposition to Melrose’s request for injunctive relief. A preliminary injunction
was eventually granted against certain elements of the Grandfather Prior Registrant
Ordinance in all of the related cases. In order to continue to regulate medical marijuana
collectives while its appeal of the preliminary injunction was pending, the City enacted
the Grandfather/Lottery Ordinance.
       In January 2011, the City Attorney’s office sent a letter to Melrose’s landlord.
The letter stated that illegal drug activity had occurred on the premises on July 20, 2010,
and informed the landlord that the City Attorney was authorized to bring an eviction
action if the property owner failed to evict any person who was using the premises for an
illegal purpose related to a controlled substance (The January 2011 Landlord Letter).

4.     A Series of Amended Complaints and Demurrers

       Appellants filed a first amended complaint, adding causes of action relating to the
raid. Respondents demurred. There followed a series of amended complaints and
demurrers – although it appears the first demurrer that proceeded to a full hearing was the
one to the seventh amended complaint.

5     According to the City, criminal charges were filed against the arrested appellants.
Charges were ultimately dismissed.

                                             7
5.     The Seventh Amended Complaint

       The seventh amended complaint was filed on August 22, 2013. Many things had
occurred in the interim. The City’s marijuana regulatory scheme had been replaced by
Prop D, and Melrose had lost its lease and permanently closed in November 2012.
       While the lengthy “common factual allegations” section of the operative complaint
briefly acknowledged the enactment of Prop D, the actual causes of action were not
framed in the context of either the new law or Melrose having ceased operations.
Instead, appellants’ operative complaint still sought declaratory and injunctive relief
against the operation of the Interim Control Ordinance and the Grandfather Prior
Registrant Ordinance, with no mention of then-effective Prop D. The seventh amended
complaint alleged causes of action for:
       First Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief that the Interim Control
Ordinance expired on September 15, 2007;
       Second Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief that the Grandfather
Prior Registrant Ordinance is of no force and effect;
       Third Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief that the Interim Control
Ordinance is unconstitutionally vague, uncertain, unreasonable, discriminatory, and
overbroad;
       Fourth Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief that the Grandfather
Prior Registrant Ordinance is unconstitutionally vague, uncertain, unreasonable,
discriminatory, and overbroad;
       Fifth Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief to prevent the immediate
closure of Melrose;
       Sixth Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief to prevent the immediate
closure of Melrose without notice and a hearing;
       Seventh Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief to prevent closure of
Melrose by enforcing the Interim Control Ordinance, the Grandfather Prior Registrant
Ordinance, and the Grandfather/Lottery Ordinance;

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       Eighth Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief to prevent immediate
closure by refusing to accept notice of intention to register under the Grandfather Prior
Registrant Ordinance and Grandfather/Lottery Ordinance;
       Ninth Cause of Action: declaratory and injunctive relief regarding deprivation of
equal protection and due process;
       Tenth Cause of Action: violation of Civil Code section 52.1 (interference with
constitutional or statutory rights by threat, intimidation or coercion) by the May 2010
Shutdown Letter, the January 2011 Landlord Letter, and the July 2010 unreasonable
search, seizure, and false arrest;
       Eleventh Cause of Action: declaratory relief under Civil Code section 52.1;
       Twelfth Cause of Action: injunctive relief under Civil Code section 52.1;
       First Thirteenth Cause of Action: injunctive relief in a taxpayer action for use of
taxpayer dollars to violate state law;6
       Second Thirteenth Cause of Action: injunctive relief in a taxpayer action for use
of taxpayer dollars to investigate dispensaries and, once the City learned it could not shut
them down, by attempting to force their landlords to evict them or inviting the federal
government to shut them down; and
       Fourteenth Cause of Action: declaratory relief on whether the Grandfather Prior
Registrant Ordinance was enforceable.

6.     Demurrer and Dismissal

       Because the substantive arguments on appeal bear little relation to the causes of
action as alleged in the complaint, we summarize the basis for the City’s demurrer.
Suffice it to say that the City argued appellants’ challenges to all ordinances prior to

6       This cause of action is somewhat incomprehensible. It refers to cross-
complainants, although there is no cross-complaint. It alleges both that Melrose had a
“tax permit which is equivalent to a business license” from the City and the “denial of the
aforementioned business license . . . .” We also observe there were two causes of action
entitled “Thirteenth Cause of Action.”

                                              9
Prop D were mooted by Prop D, and meritless due to intervening court authority. The
individual respondents relied on governmental immunities.
       Appellants opposed the demurrer, arguing that although the prior ordinances had
been superseded, they “live[] on.” Appellants asserted that they faced a legitimate threat
of closure under Prop D, and so could pursue injunctive relief. They sought declaratory
relief against “whatever incarnation of the [City] Ordinance exists at the time of trial.”
Appellants disagreed with the individual respondents’ assertions of governmental
immunities.
       The court issued a tentative ruling, which is not in the record but apparently was in
respondents’ favor. At the hearing on the demurrer, appellants’ counsel sought leave to
amend, and argued solely for permission to amend the tenth cause of action, asserting
violation of rights under Civil Code section 52.1. Appellants’ counsel represented that he
had evidence of threats, coercion and intimidation in the conduct of the search beyond
what was alleged in the complaint – specifically, evidence that the door was broken,
officers pointed guns at individuals present, and asked questions despite requests for
counsel. The court agreed that leave to amend was appropriate. The court noted that the
cause of action appellants were attempting to allege required allegations of threats and
intimidation beyond that which is normally required in ordinary police action. The court
granted leave to amend, but only with respect to those officers present at the scene of the
search. In all other respects, the demurrer was sustained without leave to amend.
       Despite having been granted leave to amend the Civil Code section 52.1 cause of
action at appellants’ specific request, appellants did not amend their complaint in the time
allotted.7 Judgment of dismissal was entered. Appellants filed a timely notice of
appeal.8

7      On appeal, appellants argue they suffered “substantial prejudice” by being given
leave to amend only the tenth cause of action because it forced them to choose between
amending as to the officers and losing all other causes of action “as to which denial of
leave to amend was reversible error” or decline to amend and “risk dismissal against the
officers, as to whom sufficient facts were already pleaded . . . .” The anomaly of being
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                                      DISCUSSION

       On appeal, appellants seek to recast all of their causes of action – with the
exception of the tenth cause of action under Civil Code section 52.1 – as challenges to
Prop D. They seek leave to amend to assert causes of action based on the process by
which Prop D was adopted, raising arguments that we have rejected in the companion
case, Safe Life. As to the cause of action under Civil Code section 52.1, appellants’
failure to amend after having been granted leave to do so leaves them with two
arguments: that the cause of action was sufficiently pleaded in the operative complaint,
and that the leave to amend granted was too narrow. Because we have already addressed
Prop D in Safe Life, we first summarily consider, and reject, appellants’ challenges to
Prop D. We then turn to the heart of the matter -- Civil Code section 52.1.
       Preliminarily, we observe the deficiencies in appellants’ briefing. California Rules
of Court, rule 8.204(2)(C) mandates that an appellant’s opening brief “[p]rovide a
summary of the significant facts limited to matters in the record.” Appellants’ brief
provides no such summary. The brief also argues that sufficient facts were alleged
supporting its tenth cause of action, but does not support these references by record
citations, which is also required. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(C).) Several of
appellants’ arguments are only cursorily made. “It is the responsibility of the
appellant[s], here to support claims of error with meaningful argument and citation to
authority. [Citations.] When legal argument with citation to authority is not furnished on
a particular point, we may treat the point as forfeited and pass it without consideration.
[Citations.]” (Allen v. City of Sacramento (2015) 234 Cal. App. 4th 41, 52 (Allen).)

prejudiced by the granting of one’s own request aside, we see no prejudice; as we
explain, the court’s ruling was entirely correct.

8     On appeal, the City filed a request for judicial notice of numerous City ordinances,
Charter provisions, municipal code provisions, and other legislative materials.
Appellants filed no opposition. We grant the request.

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1.     Appellants’ Challenges to Prop D (All Causes of Action except the Tenth)

       Appellants’ principal Prop D argument is that the ordinance was adopted in
violation of Government Code section 68504. We rejected this argument in Safe Life, at
pages 13-17. Appellants also argue that the May 2010 Shutdown Letter was an improper
order to close. In our earlier appeal involving many of these issues, we concluded that
the May 2010 Shutdown Letter was merely an advisory letter, not part of the enforcement
procedure. (420 Caregivers, LLC v. City of Los Angeles (2012) 219 Cal. App. 4th 1316,
1343 (420 Caregivers).)9 Allegations regarding the January 2011 Landlord Letter are
barred by the same analysis.
       Appellants pursue an additional argument that their Business Tax Registration
Certificate established their right to operate a dispensary. The argument is without merit.
The Municipal Code provides that no registration certificate shall be construed as
authorizing the registrant to conduct or continue any illegal business or a legal business in
an illegal manner. (L.A. Mun. Code, § 21.01.) Indeed, pursuant to L.A. Municipal Code
section 21.08, subdivision (b), every Business Tax Registration Certificate is emblazoned
with a warning that it “DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A PERMIT.” As such, the certificate
does not establish any right in appellants to operate a dispensary in violation of the City’s
medical marijuana ordinances.
       Appellants also continue pursuit of their causes of action to prevent immediate
closure of their dispensary without due process of law; appellants closed their dispensary
three years ago because they lost their lease. No injunctive relief could be granted and
those causes of action are therefore moot. “A change in circumstances, rendering
injunctive relief moot or unnecessary, justifies the denial of an injunction.” (Donald v.
Cafe Royale, Inc. (1990) 218 Cal. App. 3d 168, 184.) A matter is considered moot if, as a
result of changed circumstances, its determination by declaratory relief will no longer

9       Appellants’ citation of the trial court’s order which we reversed in 420 Caregivers
is disingenuous at best.

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significantly affect the legal relations of the parties. (Carson Citizens for Reform v.
Kawagoe (2009) 178 Cal. App. 4th 357, 364.)
          In their reply brief, appellants argue for the first time that Prop D cannot be
enforced criminally when the City Attorney treats it as a strict liability offense.
Appellants argue that Prop D was written to deprive an innocent potential defendant, such
as a landlord, of the defense of mistake. This hypothetical scenario will be adjudicated if
and when the City Attorney seeks to pursue Prop D criminal charges. As to notice, the
May 2010 Shutdown Letter – which appellants concededly received long before any of
them were arrested – alerted them to the then-existing Grandfather Prior Registrant
Ordinance and the possibility of enforcement if they continued to operate in violation of
the law.

2.        The Tenth Cause of Action For Violation of Civil Code Section 52.1

          Once we separate the issues already decided by our other appeals, we have left for
adjudication only those of appellants’ arguments concerning whether the trial court erred
in sustaining the demurrer to the tenth cause of action and by only allowing amendment
to allege additional facts establishing that the on-scene arresting officers engaged in
threatening, intimidating, or coercive conduct over and above that inherent in the arrest
itself.

          A.     Standard of Review
          “ ‘It is well established that the allegations of a complaint must be liberally
construed with a view to attaining substantial justice between the parties [citations]. We
have also held that, “in governmental tort cases ‘the rule is liability, immunity is the
exception’ . . . . Unless the Legislature has clearly provided for immunity, the important
societal goal of compensating injured parties for damages caused by willful or negligent
acts must prevail.” [Citation.]’ Because the present case involves claims against public
employees and is controlled by the California Tort Claims Act, the following rules apply:
‘However, because under the Tort Claims Act all governmental tort liability is based on

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statute, the general rule that statutory causes of action must be pleaded with particularity
is applicable. Thus “to state a cause of action against a public entity, every fact material
to the existence of its statutory liability must be pleaded with particularity.” [Citations.]’
[Citation.] It is a plaintiff’s responsibility to plead ‘ “facts sufficient to show [his or her]
cause of action lies outside the breadth of any applicable statutory immunity.”
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Gates v. Superior Court (1995) 32 Cal. App. 4th 481, 493-494.)

       B.     Civil Code Section 52.1

       Civil Code section 52.1 provides injunctive and monetary remedies in situations
where “a person or persons, whether or not acting under color of law, interferes by threat,
intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere by threat, intimidation, or coercion,
with the exercise or enjoyment by any individual or individuals of rights secured by the
Constitution or laws of the United States, or of the rights secured by the Constitution or
laws of this state, . . .” By its plain language, the statute’s provisions “are limited to
threats, intimidation, or coercion that interferes with a constitutional or statutory right.”
(Venegas v. County of Los Angeles (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 820, 843.)
       Appellants alleged respondents’ conduct interfered with several different
constitutional and statutory rights: (1) their rights to be free from unreasonable searches
and seizures; (2) their right to be free from false arrest; and (3) their alleged right to
operate a dispensary free from criminal prosecution. As we discussed in Safe Life, the
last “right” does not exist -- there is no constitutional or statutory right to possess or
collectively cultivate medical marijuana. (Safe Life, at pp. 21-22.) Thus, appellants
cannot rely on violations of this claimed right to support their Civil Code section 52.1
cause of action whether based on the enactment or enforcement of Prop D, the May 2010
Shutdown Letter and the January 2011 Landlord Letter, or the police conduct at the
Melrose location. We therefore consider appellants’ Civil Code section 52.1 cause of
action to the extent it is based on appellants’ rights to be free from unreasonable searches
and seizures, and false arrest. The conduct on which this cause of action is based is the

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purchase of marijuana at Melrose by the two undercover officers, the subsequent search
pursuant to warrant, and the arrests in conjunction with that search.
       The City and the individual respondents primarily defend against the Civil Code
section 52.1 claim by arguing that appellants have for the most part alleged malicious
prosecution, against which respondents have statutory immunity. Respondents are only
partially correct. The cause of action has elements of both malicious prosecution and
false arrest. We discuss each in turn.

       C.     Malicious Prosecution: Respondents are Statutorily Immune

       Government Code section 821.6 provides a broad immunity “for injury caused by
[a public employee] instituting or prosecuting any judicial or administrative proceeding
within the scope of his employment, even if he acts maliciously and without probable
cause.” The statute “is given an ‘expansive interpretation’ in order to best further the
rationale of the immunity, that is, to allow the free exercise of the prosecutor’s discretion
and to protect public officers from harassment in the performance of their duties.
[Citations.]” (Ingram v. Flippo (1999) 74 Cal. App. 4th 1280, 1292.) It extends not
merely to the institution of proceedings, but to “[a]cts taken during an investigation prior
to the institution of a judicial proceeding . . . .” (County of Los Angeles v. Superior Court
(2009) 181 Cal. App. 4th 218, 229.) It extends not only to prosecutors, but police officers
as well. (Asgari v. City of Los Angeles (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 744, 756 (Asgari).) It applies
even if the officers involved abused their authority and if charges are never filed.
(County of Los Angeles v. Superior Court, at p. 229.) If the public employee is immune,
the public entity by which he or she was employed is likewise immune, unless otherwise
provided by statute. (Gov. Code, § 815.2, subd. (b).)
       Appellants’ tenth cause of action alleged that the raid on Melrose was the result of
individuals in the City Attorney’s office seeking police assistance in order to gain
evidence that could be used to the respondents’ advantage in an upcoming hearing in this
case. But these allegations, if true, are those of malicious prosecution. The purportedly
malicious attempt to investigate Melrose, obtain a warrant, search the premises and seize

                                             15
marijuana as part of a scheme to gain an advantage in a civil action constitutes malicious
prosecution and is therefore subject to immunity. To the extent appellants’ Civil Code
section 52.1 cause of action is based on this conduct, all of the conduct is immune under
Government Code section 821.6. The demurrer was properly sustained without leave to
amend to this extent.

       D.     False Arrest: No Immunity but No Cause of Action Properly Pled

       Whether governmental immunity also extends to the act of arresting the individual
appellants as part of the execution of the search warrant requires further analysis.
Immunity for malicious prosecution does not extend to claims of false arrest. (Asgari,
supra, 15 Cal.4th at pp. 753-753 & fns. 3-6.) But the line between malicious prosecution
and false arrest is not always clear. (Harden v. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit
Dist. (1989) 215 Cal. App. 3d 7, 16-17.) The difference often turns on whether proper
formal process was used. Malicious prosecution is the act of initiating or procuring the
arrest and prosecution of another under lawful means, but out of malicious motives and
without probable cause. (Asgari, at p. 757.) If, for example, a valid arrest warrant was
obtained for purely malicious reasons, and the person is arrested, the wrong is malicious
prosecution, not false arrest. (Collins v. City and County of San Francisco (1975)
50 Cal. App. 3d 671, 676-677.) In contrast, a false arrest occurs when a police officer
knowingly and recklessly gives false information to other officers with the intent to
induce an arrest. (Harden at p. 15.) Appellants’ complaint alleges that respondents
unlawfully arrested Ahmed and Manuel Kebabjian without a warrant and without
probable cause. Based on this allegation, it appears that appellants have purported to
state a cause of action for false arrest that is not subject to governmental immunity. We
consider appellants’ Civil Code Section 52.1 claim in that light.
       Civil Code section 52.1 does not provide a remedy for violation of constitutional
or statutory rights alone; it provides a remedy when those rights are violated by threat,
intimidation, or coercion. When a plaintiff bases a cause of action for violation of Civil
Code section 52.1 on an alleged false arrest, the question becomes whether the plaintiff

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must allege threats, intimidation or coercion over and above the threats, intimidation or
coercion inherent in a false arrest itself. California case law has concluded that threats,
intimidation or coercion beyond that inherent in the false arrest itself are necessary for a
cause of action under Civil Code section 52.1. (Allen, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 69;
Shoyoye v. County of Los Angeles (2012) 203 Cal. App. 4th 947, 959; see also Bender v.
County of Los Angeles (2013) 217 Cal. App. 4th 968, 978.) While some federal district
courts have disagreed, (e.g., D.V. v. City of Sunnyvale (N.D. Cal. 2014) 65 F. Supp. 3d
782, 789), the Ninth Circuit has recently concluded that threats, intimidation or coercion
beyond that inherent in the false arrest are necessary to state a claim under Civil Code
section 52.1. (Lyall v. City of Los Angeles (9th Cir. 2015) 807 F.3d 1178, 1196.)
       The trial court granted leave to amend on the basis that appellants had not pleaded
threats, intimidation or coercion beyond that inherent in a false arrest itself, although
appellants’ counsel had represented at the hearing that he could amend the complaint to
do so. On appeal, appellants argue: (1) that they had, in fact, pleaded additional threats,
intimidation and coercion, such that amendment was unnecessary; and (2) the court erred
in limiting leave to amend to the officers who were on scene at the time of the search.
We disagree.
       As to whether appellants’ complaint sufficiently pleaded threats, intimidation and
coercion over and above that inherent in a false arrest, appellants point to introductory
paragraphs of the complaint in which they mention some respondents were liable for
“entry destruction.” At one point it is alleged that respondents “searched and destroyed
property” at the premises. The tenth cause of action itself states that appellants were
“subjected to handcuffing, fingerprinting, booking, strip searching, visual inspection of
body cavities, and the creation of an arrest record.” These allegations do not meet the
“pleaded with particularity” standard necessary in this context. The allegation of “entry
destruction,” for example, does not allege a use of force beyond that necessary to execute
a search warrant. (Pen. Code, § 1531 [police may break a door of a house to execute a
search warrant if after notice of authority and purpose, they are denied admittance].)
That appellants were fingerprinted and strip searched similarly does not allege anything

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beyond what is permissible incident to an arrest. (Pen. Code, § 4030, subd. (f) [pre-
arraignment detainees arrested for misdemeanor controlled substance offenses may be
strip searched].) While appellants allege they suffered damages in certain amounts, there
is no specific description of any threats, intimidation, or coercion in the complaint over
and above that incident to the execution of a search warrant and an arrest. The trial court
was therefore correct to sustain the demurrer, and acted within its discretion to grant
leave to amend to add such allegations.10
       Nor did the trial court err by restricting leave to amend to the officers who were on
the scene at the time of the search and arrest. Appellants argue that several of the
individual respondents – who were not on scene – took part in a conspiracy to conduct an
unreasonable warrantless search, and to use the coercive power of the LAPD to obtain
evidence for use in this civil action. This conduct is subject to the malicious prosecution
immunity of Government Code section 821.6, and leave to amend was properly denied.
More importantly, appellants have not indicated in what manner they could allege that
any respondent who was not present at the time of the arrest participated in any acts of
threats, intimidation or coercion under Civil Code section 52.1.
       On appeal, appellants suggest, for the first time, that the complaint was sufficient
because – regardless of Civil Code section 52.1 – it sufficiently alleged a cause of action
for false arrest. Appellants make this argument superficially at best, quoting the
applicable jury instruction in a footnote, but failing to identify the facts in the operative

10     Appellants did use Civil Code section 52.1-type language in parts of their
complaint; for example “deprivation of rights by coercion in the enforcement of
preempted portions of the [Municipal Code].” To the extent that appellants were
attempting to allege the enforcement activity was itself coercive, the conclusory
allegation is inadequate. (Allen, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 69.) To the extent that
appellants were attempting to imply coercion by the purported fact that the law being
enforced was preempted, state law does not preempt local regulation of medical
marijuana. (City of Riverside v. Inland Empire Patients Health and Wellness Center, Inc.
(2013) 56 Cal. 4th 729, 759.)

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complaint that purportedly satisfy each element of the cause of action. We therefore
consider the argument waived.11

                                     DISPOSITION

      The judgment of dismissal is affirmed. Respondents are to recover their costs on
appeal.

                                                 RUBIN, J.
WE CONCUR:

             BIGELOW, P. J.

             FLIER, J.

11    The same is true with appellants’ argument that they satisfactorily alleged the
elements of a cause of action for conspiracy to violate privacy rights.
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