Court Opinion

ID: 9351162
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-29 16:08:08.513688+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:58:16.949044
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Plishka v. Skurla, 2022-Ohio-4744.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

RICHARD PLISHKA,                                     :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant/                :
                 Cross-Appellee,                              No. 111122
                                                     :
        v.
                                                     :
WILLIAM SKURLA, ET AL.,
                                                     :
                 Defendants-Appellees/
                 Cross-Appellants.                   :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 29, 2022

             Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                      Case Nos. CV-18-891709 and CV-18-896359

                                               Appearances:

                 Robinson Law Firm LLC and Emmett E. Robinson, for
                 appellant/cross-appellee.

                 Sutter O’Connell Co., Denise A. Dickerson, and Robert E.
                 Cahill, for appellee/cross-appellant William Skurla.

                 Hahn Loeser & Parks LLP, Steven E. Seasly, and Andrew
                 J. Wolf; Frantz Ward LLP, James B. Niehaus, and Klevis
                 Bakiaj, for appellee/cross-appellant Byzantine Catholic
                 Diocese of Parma.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:

            Plaintiff-appellant and cross-appellee, Richard Plishka (“Fr. Plishka”),

appeals from the denial of his motion for partial summary judgment and the trial

court’s judgment entering a directed verdict in favor of defendants-appellees and

cross-appellants, William Skurla (“Archbishop Skurla”) and the Byzantine Catholic

Diocese of Parma (the “Diocese”) (collectively the “defendants”). Fr. Plishka raises

the following assignments of error for review:

      1. The trial court reversibly erred with it denied Fr. Plishka’s motion
      for partial summary judgment.

      2. The trial court reversibly erred when it barred Fr. Plishka from
      introducing any evidence related to the “ulterior purpose” element of
      his abuse-of-process claim.

            In turn, the defendants appeal from the trial court’s denial of their

motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. They raise the following

cross-assignment of error for review:

      1. The trial court erred when it denied defendants’ motion to dismiss
      for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

            After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we reverse the

trial court’s judgment denying the defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction. Fr. Plishka’s assignments of error are rendered moot.
                         Procedural and Factual History1

                              A. Statement of the Facts

              In November 2008, Fr. Plishka was ordained as a priest within the

Diocese. In June 2012, Bishop John M. Kudrick (“Bishop Kudrick”), now retired,

formally appointed Fr. Plishka as the Director of the Byzantine Catholic Cultural

Center (the “Cultural Center”). (Tr. 1160.) Prior to Fr. Plishka’s appointment, the

Cultural Center was located at the Diocesan Cathedral Complex in Parma, Ohio. At

Fr. Plishka’s urging, however, the Cultural Center was moved into the rectory of a

nonactive parish owned by the Diocese, the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church

(the “Holy Ghost Church”) located in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.

             According to Bishop Kudrick, the Cultural Center’s mission was to

increase the presence of the Byzantine Catholic Church in the local community, to

become a house of prayer, and to serve as the “springboard” to form a men’s

monastery. (Bishop Kudrick Aff. ¶ 3.) To facilitate the goals of the Cultural Center,

Fr. Plishka organized men’s and women’s retreats, sponsored camps for children,

participated in Tremont community activities, displayed church-related exhibits,

       1  On April 23, 2019, the trial court granted an agreed-upon protective order that
required Fr. Plishka and the defendants to file confidential documents under seal. In this
case, various pleadings, briefs, and memorandums were filed under seal in the trial court
because they contained explicit references to confidential information. On appeal,
however, the parties have not elected to file their appellate briefs under seal. Under these
circumstances, this court finds that it is appropriate to reference portions of the record
cited in the parties’ competing briefs to the extent it is necessary to resolve the arguments
presented on appeal.
and held worship services. (Tr. 816, 823.) The Cultural Center actively operated in

the Tremont community for the majority of 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015.

             However, in a letter dated June 30, 2015, Bishop Kudrick informed Fr.

Plishka that the Cultural Center would be closed due to alleged funding issues.2 (Tr.

1488.) At that time, Bishop Kudrick directed Fr. Plishka to transfer “any and all

items [from the Cultural Center], other than those personally owned, to the

Cathedral Complex so the real property may be prepared for alienation.” (Tr. 1086-

1087, 1489; Bishop Kudrick depo., exhibit E.) On September 4, 2015, Bishop

Kudrick issued a decree, formally relieving Fr. Plishka of his duties at the Cultural

Center. (Tr. 1088; Bishop Kudrick depo., exhibit F.)

             Following various disagreements concerning Fr. Plishka’s next

assignment and the terms of his request for a leave of absence, Fr. Plishka was

instructed to remove his belongings from the Holy Ghost Church by February 14,

2016. (Bishop Kudrick depo. at 126.) Ultimately, Fr. Plishka vacated the Holy Ghost

rectory on May 31, 2016. (Bishop Kudrick depo., exhibit No. 46; tr. 1498-1499,

1560.)

             On May 4, 2016, Archbishop Skurla was appointed the Apostolic

Administrator of the Parma Diocese. Upon his appointment, Archbishop Skurla was

notified that certain property belonging to the Diocese was removed from the

         2At the time of his deposition, however, Bishop Kudrick testified that the Diocese
directed him to transfer Fr. Plishka from the Cultural Center “in response to numerous
and preoccupying complaints” regarding Fr. Plishka’s conduct. (Bishop Kudrick depo. at
47.) Bishop Kudrick conceded that he did not share this information with Fr. Plishka.
(Id. at 78-80.)
Cultural Center when Fr. Plishka vacated the Holy Ghost Church. (Archbishop

Skurla Aff. ¶ 11.) The items taken from the rectory included various pieces of

furniture and relics of the Blessed Pavel Gojdich and Blessed Basil Hokko, which

“are small pieces of bone of the particular saint.” (Tr. 654-658, 849.)

             Archbishop Skurla testified that he immediately directed Father James

Batcha (“Fr. Batcha”), the Diocesan finance officer, and John Popp (“Popp”), who

was assigned the new director of the Cultural Center, to investigate the allegations

levied against Fr. Plishka by his colleagues. (Archbishop Skurla Aff. ¶ 12; tr. 658-

659.) At the conclusion of his investigation, Popp generated an inventory of all items

missing from the Cultural Center. The inventory list and corresponding receipts

were then forwarded to Fr. Nicholas Rachford, the Diocese’s Judicial Vicar, who

shared the list with Fr. Plishka’s legal representatives. (Archbishop Skurla Aff. ¶ 20.)

              After numerous attempts to recover the Diocese’s property from Fr.

Plishka, including an in-person meeting held on December 12, 2016, the Diocese

engaged civil counsel. (Archbishop Skurla Aff. ¶ 26; tr. 701.) On March 28, 2017,

counsel for the Diocese sent a letter to Fr. Plishka demanding that he identify the

location of the Diocese’s property and make arrangements for the Diocese to retrieve

the property by April 7, 2017. (Archbishop Skurla Aff. ¶ 28; tr. 702.) When Fr.

Plishka did not comply with the Diocese’s initial demands, a second letter, dated

April 13, 2017, was sent to Fr. Plishka, requesting an immediate response to the

March 28, 2017 demand letter. (Archbishop Skurla Aff. ¶ 29; tr. 726.) Again, no

response was received. (Tr. 728.)
   B. The Diocese’s Original Complaint for Conversion and Replevin

              On May 31, 2017, the Diocese filed a complaint against Fr. Plishka in

Cuyahoga C.P. No. CV-17-881086, asserting claims for conversion and replevin. In

the complaint, the Diocese alleged that Fr. Plishka was unlawfully in possession of

the Diocese’s property, including “religious, spiritual, and liturgical items; religious

relics and reliquary boxes; and furnishings of the [Byzantine Catholic Cultural

Center].” The complaint sought damages and an order requiring Fr. Plishka to

return the subject property to the Diocese.

              During the pendency of Case No. CV-17-881086, the Diocese issued a

decree (the “Suspension Decree”), dated July 20, 2017, suspending Fr. Plishka from

ministry. The Suspension Decree stated, in pertinent part:

      Whereas canon 1517 § 1 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
      states “before issuing an extrajudicial decree, an authority is to seek out
      the necessary information and proofs, hear or consult those whom the
      decree directly touches and especially those whose rights can be
      injured,” and;

      Whereas the undersigned has sought and received the necessary
      information and proofs, and; whereas civil lawsuits have been lodged
      in the civil court of the United States against the Reverend Richard
      Plishka, in which Reverend Plishka has been accused to have violated
      the norm of canon 1449 (“a person who alienated ecclesiastical goods
      without the prescribed consent or permission is to be punished with an
      appropriate penalty”), and;

      Whereas such an accusation is of such a serious nature and has caused
      scandal so as to question suitability of Reverend Plishka’s ministry in
      the local church to which the undersigned has been entrusted;

      The undersigned decrees that:
      The Reverend Richard Plishka is to be suspended from the exercise of
      his priestly ministries, including the celebration of the Divine Liturgy
      depending on the outcome of the resolution of said civil lawsuits.

              On July 30, 2017, the Diocese notified its parishioners that it had

suspended Fr. Plishka through the Diocesan newspaper, Horizons. The public

notification stated that “Father Richard Plishka was suspended from priestly

ministries, including the celebration of Divine Liturgy, effective July 20, until

further notice.” The publication did not state the grounds supporting Fr. Plishka’s

suspension.

              On July 21, 2017, Bishop Milan Lach (“Bishop Lach”) succeeded

Archbishop Skurla as the Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of Parma. (Lach

depo. at 6-7.) On August 7, 2017, Bishop Lach temporarily lifted Fr. Plishka’s

suspension. (Bishop Lach depo. at 46; tr. 1805.) On August 14, 2017, Bishop Lach

rescinded the suspension in its entirety and clarified that Fr. Plishka “continues to

be a priest in good standing * * * and is entitled to exercise priestly ministry.”

(Bishop Lach depo. at 53, exhibit No. 6; tr. 1806.)

              On September 7, 2017, the Diocese voluntarily dismissed Case No. 17-

CV-881086, purportedly to “help [Fr. Plishka],” and to “resolve things with him

other than through judicial means.” (Bishop Lach depo. at 57; tr. 428.)

              C. Fr. Plishka’s Complaint for Abuse-of-Process

              On January 17, 2018, Fr. Plishka filed a complaint against the Diocese

and Archbishop Skurla in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CV-18-891709. The complaint set

forth a single claim for abuse-of-process, alleging
      [t]he defendants did not file their [original] complaint against plaintiff
      for its stated purpose — to recover allegedly converted property and/or
      to receive just compensation. Instead, the defendants misused, and
      misapplied, the lawsuit to accomplish an end other than that which it
      was purportedly assigned to accomplish — to summarily and
      unilaterally suspend plaintiff and harm his credibility and reputation
      as a Byzantine priest.

             The complaint further asserted that the defendants initiated their

lawsuit in Case No. CV-17-881086 to avoid the Diocese’s own internal procedures,

which would have entitled Fr. Plishka to notice and the opportunity to be heard

before an objective body of the Byzantine Catholic Church.

                     D. The Diocese’s Second Complaint

             On April 17, 2018, the Diocese filed a second complaint against Fr.

Plishka in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CV-18-896359, asserting claims for conversion, theft,

and unjust enrichment.      Consistent with the original complaint, the second

complaint alleged that Fr. Plishka exercised wrongful dominion and control over

Diocesan property by removing valuable property and relics from the Cultural

Center without authorization. The second complaint further alleged that Fr. Plishka

misused the Diocesan credit card to pay for his own personal expenses, including

“over $1,o00 worth of clothing for his personal use,” and “over $8,000 worth of

personal restaurant expenses for dinners at restaurants[.]” The second complaint

sought judgment for the value of the property wrongfully taken, “including the value

of all personal expenses charged to the Diocesan credit card and all property

wrongfully taken from the Cultural Center.” The second complaint also sought
treble damages, punitive damages, and attorney fees pursuant to R.C. 2307.60 and

2307.61.

              On July 11, 2018, the trial court consolidated Case Nos. CV-18-891709

and CV-18-896359.

      E. Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

              On April 23, 2019, the defendants filed a joint motion to dismiss Fr.

Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The motion,

which was filed under seal, argued that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider

Fr. Plishka’s claim under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution because the claim would require the court to intervene in an

ecclesiastical matter. Fr. Plishka opposed the motion, arguing that his abuse-of-

process claim is inherently secular and “does not require interpretation of church

documents or a determination of the merits of [his] suspension.”

              On May 22, 2019, the trial court denied the motion to dismiss, stating,

in pertinent part:

      Plaintiff’s claim for an abuse-of-process stems from Defendants’ initial
      filing of a conversion and replevin action. The court finds that a claim
      for abuse-of-process is independent of any ecclesiastical matters and
      does not require interpretation of the church documents, internal
      church procedures, or a determination of the merits of Fr. Plishka’s
      suspension.

      Having construed the material allegations in the pleadings with
      reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in favor of the non-
      moving party, the court finds that Plaintiff’s complaint states facts
      demonstrating a viable claim for relief for abuse-of-process. As such,
      the court finds that dismissal of Plaintiff’s complaint is not proper and
      movants are not entitled to judgment as a matter of law pursuant to
      Civ.R. 12(B)(1).

              On June 21, 2019, the defendants filed an application for a writ of

prohibition in the Ohio Supreme Court, requesting the court to prevent the trial

court “from exercising judicial power in a lawsuit over which the Cuyahoga County

Court of Common Pleas lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.”             The defendants

reiterated their position that Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim amounted to an

attempt to challenge the Diocese’s decision to suspend him from priestly ministry —

an issue that would require the trial court to intervene in an ecclesiastical dispute.

              On December 24, 2019, the Ohio Supreme Court dismissed the

application without an opinion. State ex rel. Skurla v. Miday, 157 Ohio St.3d 1516,

2019-Ohio-5289, 136 N.E.3d 516.

               F. Competing Motions for Summary Judgment

              On May 1, 2020, Fr. Plishka filed a motion for partial summary

judgment on his abuse-of-process claim, arguing that “the pleadings, and

defendants’ own testimony, established that [he] is entitled to summary judgment

on the issue of liability — the first two elements of abuse-of-process.” Specifically,

Fr. Plishka argued that the evidence attached to his motion unequivocally

established that the defendants perverted the abusive lawsuit by using it to

accomplish an ulterior purpose. In support of his position, Fr. Plishka asserted that

the evidence unambiguously confirmed that (1) “the Diocese had used the pendency

of the abusive lawsuit to summarily suspend Fr. Plishka from priestly ministry
without the otherwise-required canonical hearing and proofs,” (2) Fr. Plishka’s

summary suspension “was ulterior to the abusive lawsuit,” and (3) “the suspension

from priestly duties was a remedy which the court itself was powerless to order.”

              Fr. Plishka’s motion incorporated copies of (1) his own affidavit; (2)

the affidavits of Bishop Kudrick; (3) the deposition testimony of Archbishop Skurla,

Bishop Kudrick, Bishop Lach, and John Popp; and (4) a copy of the July 20, 2017

Suspension Decree.3

               On July 1, 2020, the defendants filed separate motions for summary

judgment as to the abuse-of-process claim. Specifically, the Diocese argued that “the

undisputed evidence demonstrates that Fr. Plishka’s claim fails as a matter of law

because he cannot demonstrate that the Diocese perverted its original lawsuit to

accomplish an ulterior purpose, and Fr. Plishka cannot demonstrate that he suffered

any damages as a direct result of the Diocese’s use of process.” The Diocese

maintained that the evidence clearly establishes that they filed the original

complaint against Fr. Plishka to facilitate a legal remedy that only the common pleas

court was empowered to give – an order requiring Fr. Plishka to return the Diocesan

property in his possession. Alternatively, the Diocese restated its position that the

trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to consider Fr. Plishka’s claim because

      3   On August 3, 2020, the defendants filed separate briefs in opposition to Fr.
Plishka’s motion for partial summary judgment on his abuse-of-process claim.
Collectively, the opposition briefs reiterated arguments set forth in the defendants’ own
motions for summary judgment.
“Fr. Plishka’s suspension, a form of ecclesiastical discipline, lies at the heart of his

claim.”

              Archbishop Skurla similarly argued that he was entitled to summary

judgment “because no judicial process was abused, Fr. Plishka’s suspension was

proper under canon law, and the propriety of Fr. Plishka’s suspension is an

ecclesiastical matter governed by the Catholic Church’s canon law and the

ecclesiastical abstention doctrine precludes this court from exercising jurisdiction

over this matter.”

              In support of their separate motions for summary judgment, the

defendants attached (1) the affidavits of Archbishop Skurla and Reverend

Monsignor Frederick C. Easton (“Monsignor Easton”); (2) an inventory of property

missing from the Cultural Center following Fr. Plishka’s departure on May 31, 2016;

(3) demand letters sent to Fr. Plishka; (4) a report authored by Fr. Rachford

following his meeting with Fr. Plishka on December 12, 2016; (5) a copy of the

July 20, 2017 Suspension Decree; and (6) the depositions of Fr. Plishka, Fr. Steven

Titko, Bishop Milan Lach, John Popp, and Archbishop Skurla.4

              The parties also filed competing motions for summary judgment as to

the Diocese’s claims against Fr. Plishka. In its motion for partial summary judgment

“on liability for all claims against Fr. Plishka,” the Diocese argued as follows:

      There are no disputed issues of material fact that Fr. Plishka converted
      Diocesan property by exercising wrongful domination and control over

      4On August 3, 2020, Fr. Plishka filed a consolidated brief in opposition to the
defendants separate motions for summary judgment on his abuse-of-process claim.
      relics and furniture, and charging Diocesan credit cards for many
      personal purchases without any substantiation as to their potential
      legitimate Diocesan purpose. Moreover, because Fr. Plishka misused
      the Diocesan credit card and wrongfully took Diocesan property and
      relics, this constitutes a theft offense pursuant to R.C. 2913.01(K), and
      the Diocese is entitled to recover treble damages, along with punitive
      damages and attorneys’ fees pursuant to R.C. 2307.60(A) and 2307.61.
      Lastly, because Fr. Plishka wrongfully retained the benefit of the
      Diocesan property and credit card, he has been unjustly enriched.

              In support of its motion for partial summary judgment, the Diocese

attached (1) the affidavits of Bishop Kudrick and Fr. Dennis Hrubiak; (2) the

depositions of Fr. Plishka, Fr. Steven Titko, John Popp, and Bishop Kudrick (3) a

June 28, 2010 memo to all pastors/administrators; (4) an inventory list of credit-

card transactions; (5) a letter from Cardinal Leonardo Sandri, dated June 26, 2013;

and (6) various correspondences between Fr. Plishka and Bishop Kudrick.

              In turn, Fr. Plishka filed his own motion for partial summary

judgment on the Diocese’s conversion claims, arguing “the Diocese’s claims of

conversion, theft, and unjust enrichment based on [his] purported unauthorized use

of his Diocesan credit card fail as a matter of law.” Fr. Plishka asserted that the

Diocese categorically failed to produce any evidence that a single credit-card

transaction was unauthorized. In support of his motion for partial summary

judgment, Fr. Plishka attached (1) his own affidavit; (2) the affidavits of Bishop

Kudrick and Fr. Steven Titko; (3) the affidavits of Bishop Kudrick; (3) the deposition

testimony of Archbishop Skurla, Bishop Kudrick, Bishop Milan Lach, and John

Popp; (4) a redacted inventory of credit-card transactions made by Fr. Plishka
between 2012 and 2o16; (5) a letter from counsel for the Diocese, dated August 15,

2018; and (6) various copies of discovery filings.

              On October 19, 2020, the trial court issued a four-page judgment entry

denying the parties’ competing motions for summary judgment. Regarding the

abuse-of-process claim, the trial court stated as follows:

      In viewing the facts and construing the evidence in the light most
      favorable to the non-moving parties, the court finds that Fr. Plishka is
      not entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law as to the abuse-
      of-process claim. The court finds that there are genuine issues of
      material fact concerning the Diocese’s claims for conversion, and why
      the Diocese dismissed the first action for conversion and replevin and
      filed another lawsuit against Fr. Plishka.

      In viewing the facts and construing the evidence in a light most
      favorable to Fr. Plishka as the non-moving party, the court finds that
      William Skurla and the Diocese are not entitled to summary judgment
      as a matter of law regarding the liability on Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-
      process claim and damages. As stated by the court in the ruling on the
      motion for judgment on the pleadings, Fr. Plishka’s claim for abuse-of-
      process is based upon much more than the mere filing of a complaint
      and Fr. Plishka’s complaint sets [forth] operative facts to support its
      claims. There are genuine issues of material fact concerning whether
      the Diocese or Skurla perverted an element of process to accomplish an
      ulterior purpose. Furthermore, as stated by this court in the ruling on
      the motion to dismiss, Fr. Plishka’s claim for abuse-of-process stems
      from the Diocese’s initial filing of the conversion and replevin action,
      thus, a claim for abuse-of-process is independent of any ecclesiastical
      matters and does not require interpretation of church
      documents/procedures.

              Similarly, the trial court found there remained genuine issues of

material fact as to the conversion claims, stating:

      In viewing the facts and construing the evidence in a light most
      favorable to the Diocese as the non-moving party, the court finds
      Richard Plishka is not entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law
      as to the conversion claims. There are genuine issues of fact concerning
      whether any of the credit card transactions at issue were made for
      Richard Plishka’s personal benefit.

      In viewing the facts and construing the evidence in a light most
      favorable to Richard Plishka as the non-moving party, the court finds
      that the Diocese is not entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law
      as to the conversion claims. There are genuine issues of material fact
      concerning whether certain credit card transactions were authorized or
      made in furtherance of Fr. Plishka’s work for the Diocese, and whether
      any of the property at issue and/or relics were entrusted to Fr. Plishka.

                              G. Motions in Limine

              On July 6, 2021, Fr. Plishka filed a motion in limine, requesting the

trial court “to preclude at trial any testimony regarding, reference to, and/or

documents relating to church proceedings, as they are irrelevant to this lawsuit, they

are unduly prejudicial, and they will confuse the jury.” Fr. Plishka further requested

“that the characterization of the reason/basis for [his] claim of abuse-of-process be

limited to a phrase such as ‘defendants’ filing of this lawsuit for church-related

reasons, rather than for return of property,’ without going into specifics.” In the

memorandum in support of the motion, Fr. Plishka argued that the trial court was

required to preclude all references to ecclesiastical matters in this case because his

claim for abuse-of-process is strictly secular. He emphasized his position as follows:

      A good deal of irrelevant matter and material have been discussed and
      litigated in this case – matters and materials involving the Catholic
      Church’s discipline, internal organization, ecclesiastical rule, and
      laicization process. Such matters are beyond this court’s jurisdiction
      and thus the jury’s purview due to the ecclesiastical abstention
      doctrine.

      For example, specific references to church processes, suspensions from
      church related duties, and/or reinstatement to church related duties,
      are not only irrelevant, but also deal directly with the Catholic Church’s
      discipline, internal organization, and ecclesiastical rule, and as such,
      are beyond this court’s jurisdiction and the jury’s purview.

(Emphasis added.)

              On the same day, the defendants filed a motion in limine, seeking to

exclude any reference to the July 20, 2017 Suspension Decree and the ongoing

administrative penal process. The defendants argued that the Suspension Decree

and the ongoing administrative process “are ecclesiastical actions and * * * are not

the proper subject of review by the jury.”

              On July 13, 2021, Fr. Plishka filed a brief in response to the

defendants’ motion in limine. In pertinent part, Fr. Plishka expressed that he did

not oppose their request “to exclude evidence of the July 20, 2017 [Suspension

Decree], or the canonical-related events that have followed, as long as the court

granted his motion to preclude all references to all testimony * * * relating to church

proceedings/matters.”

              In turn, the defendants’ filed a response to Fr. Plishka’s motion in

limine, agreeing that it was appropriate to exclude all references to “church related

proceedings/matters,” including Fr. Plishka’s July 20, 2017 suspension.

              On September 22, 2021, the trial court issued an order (the “Exclusion

Order”), granting the Diocese’s “motion in limine to exclude evidence of Fr. Plishka’s

July 20, 2017 suspension and his administrative appeal process.” The court further

granted, in part, Fr. Plishka’s “motion to preclude all references to, all testimony
regarding, and all documents relating to church proceedings/matters.” The trial

court’s order provides, in pertinent part:

         No party or counsel shall offer any evidence of, or reference in any way,
         Fr. Plishka’s July 20, 2017 suspension, the publication of such
         suspension, Fr. Plishka’s Administrative Penal Process or matters and
         materials involving the Catholic Church’s discipline, internal
         organization, ecclesiastical rule, and laicization process. The parties
         and counsel may characterize the basis for Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-
         process claim in any accurate way that is not inconsistent with the
         foregoing limitation.

                The trial court further determined that it was appropriate to preclude

canon-law expert, Monsignor Easton, from testifying on behalf of the defendants at

trial.

                    H. Motion to Amend the Exclusion Order

                 On the day of trial, Fr. Plishka filed “a motion to amend court’s [July

13, 2021] ruling precluding mention of Plishka’s [July 20, 2017] suspension,

Plishka’s administrative panel process, etc.” In the motion to amend, Fr. Plishka

acknowledged that his own motion in limine sought to preclude “specific references

to [his] suspension from church related duties.” However, having recognized the

evidentiary implications of the language used in the motion in limine, Fr. Plishka

attempted to clarify his position by arguing that he should be permitted to introduce

a redacted version of the July 20, 2017 Suspension Decree given its direct relevancy

to his abuse-of-process claim. Fr. Plishka reiterated his position that the original

lawsuit was only filed to improperly effectuate his suspension and that any reference
to the fact of his suspension would not require the trier of fact to interpret canon or

ecclesiastical law.

              The substance of the motion to amend was debated extensively on the

record. In pertinent part, counsel for Fr. Plishka argued that it was inappropriate to

bar any mention of his July 20, 2017 suspension because the term “suspension” is

not an ecclesiastical word or phrase. Counsel indicated that she did not intend to

argue at trial whether the suspension “was appropriate or not” under canon law and

procedure. (Tr. 221.) Rather, she intended to introduce evidence of Fr. Plishka’s

suspension only to show that “the lawsuit was filed on May 31, 2017, so that

canonical proceedings could be started against [Fr. Plishka].” (Tr. 221.)

               In response, counsel for the Diocese argued that the trial court’s

decision to preclude any reference to Fr. Plishka’s suspension from the ministry was

expressly premised on Fr. Plishka’s own motion in limine and his request to exclude

“specific references to church processes, suspensions from church related duties,

and/or reinstatement to church related duties.” Thus, counsel for the Diocese

asserted that Fr. Plishka invited the trial court’s ruling and that the Diocese would

be prejudiced if the trial court amended its judgment on the day of trial. Counsel

indicated that “the defense certainly relied on the rulings” in preparation for trial,

and that if the trial court permitted Fr. Plishka to “get into the suspension, * * * it

opens the door to [canonical issues].” (Tr. 221.)

               After careful consideration, the trial court denied Fr. Plishka’s motion

to amend the September 22, 2021 order, and the matter proceeded to trial on
October 26, 2021. The court later reiterated that the Exclusion Order stands,

stating,

      I’m not going back on a motion that does affect the entire trial strategy
      for one of the parties. I can’t do that. I’m not going to do it.

(Tr. 347.)

                         I. Trial and Directed Verdict

              At trial, Fr. Plishka provided extensive testimony concerning the

circumstances that led to his placement at the Cultural Center, his specific

responsibilities as the director of the Cultural Center, and the efforts he took to

furnish the Holy Ghost Church, expand the Cultural Center’s programming, and

develop relationships in the community. Fr. Plishka confirmed that in the spring of

2012, the Diocese granted him access to a credit card that was intended to be used

to facilitate business on behalf of the Diocese. During his direct-examination, Fr.

Plishka was questioned about various charges on the Diocese’s credit card, including

extravagant meals purchased at local restaurants, travel expenses, purchases of

furniture or household items, purchases at area grocery stores, and purchases at

various retail stores. Fr. Plishka vehemently denied ever using the Diocese’s credit

card for personal reasons and maintained that all purchases were related to

legitimate business operations and his efforts to facilitate donations, develop

church-related programs, and entertain visitors of the Cultural Center.

              Regarding the property allegedly taken from the Cultural Center

without authorization, Fr. Plishka maintained that many of the items listed in the
inventory list were either purchased by Fr. Plishka with his own money or was

donated to him personally by other members of the church. Fr. Plishka did,

however, concede that he gave away certain property belonging to the Diocese,

including (1) four outdoor space heaters, (2) an outdoor umbrella, (3) a “red and

white enamel table,” and (4) pieces of dinnerware. (Tr. 888.) Fr. Plishka indicated

that he believed it was appropriate to give the foregoing furniture away to

individuals who had volunteered their time and effort to the Cultural Center. (Tr.

888.) Fr. Plishka further conceded that he was in possession of certain property

purchased with Diocesan funds, including (1) five icon stands, (2) one York sofa, and

(3) a desk pedestal.

              Finally, Fr. Plishka did not dispute that he had possession of two relics

that were sent to the Cultural Center by Archbishop Jan Babjak (“Archbishop

Babjak”) of Slovakia in 2012. Fr. Plishka maintained, however, that the Diocese did

not own the relics and that he was the intended guardian of the relics. According to

Fr. Plishka, the relics “are properly in my guardianship, so the Eparchy doesn’t have

any right to demand them.” (Tr. 1033.) Fr. Plishka further stated that he was “given

permission to keep possession of the relics” by Bishop Kudrick. (Tr. 1154-1155.) Fr.

Plishka conceded, however, that Bishop Kudrick was not serving as the acting

Bishop at the time Fr. Plishka moved out of the Cultural Center and, therefore, did

not have the authority to grant Fr. Plishka ownership of church property.

              On cross-examination, Fr. Plishka agreed that it was his responsibility

as the director of the Cultural Center to keep accurate financial records and “make
sure the money was spent properly.” (Tr. 1163.) Despite this obligation, however,

Fr. Plishka confirmed that he could not produce any of the receipts for the “over

$22,000” worth of purchases made “during the time period while [he was] in charge

of the finances at the Cultural Center.” (Tr. 1167; 1262.). Fr. Plishka further agreed

that the financial records kept at the Cultural Center were often vague and did not

indicate the business purpose of each expense. For instance, the documentation

supporting many of the meals purchased at local restaurants did not list who

accompanied Fr. Plishka at the restaurant or the express purpose of the dinner

meeting. Nevertheless, Fr. Plishka remained adamant that the purchases made with

the Diocese credit card were business related, although he was unable to recall the

purpose of each purchase in the absence of corresponding receipts.

               Regarding the relics, Fr. Plishka testified that he did not respond to

formal requests made at the behest of Archbishop Skurla to return the relics to the

Diocese.     In addition, Fr. Plishka confirmed that he received a letter from

Archbishop Babjak, dated October 25, 2021, wherein Archbishop Babjak asked Fr.

Plishka to honor his original intentions and return the relics to the Eparchy of

Parma. Despite Archbishop Babjak’s request, however, Fr. Plishka testified that he

was not required to return the relics to the Diocese, stating,

      The Archbishop gave [the relics] to me and to Bishop Kudrick. Bishop
      Kudrick entrusted them to me. You don’t give someone something and
      then ask for it back.

(Tr. 182.)
              In the midst of Fr. Plishka’s testimony, the parties continued to debate

the scope and breadth of the trial court’s Exclusion Order. In an effort to set forth

the grounds supporting the abuse-of-process claim, counsel for Fr. Plishka

reiterated her argument that it was appropriate to question Fr. Plishka about his

suspension without delving into ecclesiastical issues, such as whether the

suspension was right or wrong under canon law. Alternatively, counsel argued that

it was appropriate, at the very least, to question Fr. Plishka about the defendants’

“ulterior purpose” in filing the original lawsuit without the term “suspension.”

              In each instance, the trial court denied counsel’s proposed line of

questioning and emphasized that Fr. Plishka was not permitted to answer any

questions relating to his suspension or other church proceedings.          The court

explained its evidentiary rulings as follows:

      This is where we’re going to have an issue. Any evidence or reference
      in any way — to the suspension. So when you say a church matter or
      you say another process or whatever — however you characterize it, it
      is a reference to the suspension, the publication or any of the other
      processes.

(Tr. 945-946; 950-951.) The court further reasoned that the defense would be

unable to cross-examine Fr. Plishka about the proposed references to the

suspension or church proceedings without violating the Exclusion Order and that

the vagueness of the proposed lines of questioning would lead to jury confusion. (Tr.

977; 980; 998.)
             Finally, the court reiterated that the limitations placed on the

introduction of evidence stemmed directly from Fr. Plishka’s own motion in limine,

stating:

      So until [your motion in limine] was filed, certain information could
      have come in. I granted the motion. The defense agreed with that
      motion that you filed. And we’re at the point right now where we can’t
      unwind that. We can’t. I can’t change the meaning and the — I can’t
      reinterpret the order that I put on the docket leading up to this trial.
      * * * And what precipitated all of this was the motion in limine filed by
      Father Plishka.

      ***

      [Plaintiff’s counsel], you prevented yourself by filing that motion in
      limine. That’s — bottom line — it is what it is.

      ***

      [Plaintiff’s counsel], you keep losing sight of the overarching issue here;
      but for the motion in limine you could have made references.

(Tr. 950-951; 970; 980.)

              At the conclusion of Fr. Plishka’s case, the defendants jointly moved

for a directed verdict on Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim pursuant to Civ.R.

50(a). The defendants’ argued that

      [a]fter nearly three weeks of trial, Fr. Plishka has failed to offer any
      admissible evidence to establish the required elements of the abuse-of-
      process claim. Specifically, Fr. Plishka has failed to offer admissible
      evidence to establish how the process was perverted during the
      underlying lawsuit, and he has failed to offer any evidence — any
      admissible evidence of direct damages arising from the alleged abuse-
      of-process.

(Tr. 2054-2055.)

              In response, counsel for Fr. Plishka asserted that
      [a reasonable jury] can find that when the — lawsuit was filed, it was
      filed for proper purposes, but it was perverted for the ulterior purpose
      of harming Richard’s reputation, because Archbishop Skurla had a
      vendetta against Richard.

(Tr. 2063.)

              Following an extensive discussion on the record, the trial court

granted the motion for a directed verdict, stating, in relevant part:

      As to the first element [of an abuse-of-process claim], the initial
      conversion lawsuit that was dismissed was filed in good form and with
      probable cause.

      As to the second element, plaintiff is unable to meet the second prong,
      that is whether the legal proceeding was perverted in order to achieve
      an ulterior motive for which it was not designed.

      The 8th District Court of Appeals has held that there must be some
      further action taken involving the use of process in order to establish
      an abuse-of-process claim.

      ***

      Fr. Plishka has not established the second element to show the ulterior
      motive, whether it be the suspension or reputational harm arising from
      a perceived animus by the defendants.

      Direct damages must result from the wrongful use of process. Since
      that element has not been established, no damages can be awarded.

      The defendants’ renewed motion for a directed verdict pursuant to Civil
      Rule 50(a) is granted.

(Tr. 2073-2074.)

              On November 19, 2021, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the

Diocese, finding that the Diocese was entitled to possession of the missing relics and

damages in the amount of zero dollars. (Tr. 2314-2315.)

              The parties now bring this appeal and cross-appeal.
                                 Law and Analysis

              For the purposes of this appeal, we begin by addressing the arguments

set forth in the defendants’ cross-appeal. In their sole cross-assignment of error, the

defendants argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion to dismiss Fr.

Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Relying on

the mandates of the ecclesiastical abstention doctrine, the defendants contend that

the record clearly establishes that Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim challenges (1)

the propriety of his suspension from ministry, (2) the ecclesiastical procedure by

which the suspension was entered, and (3) the damages arising from the publication

of his suspension from priestly ministry.

                              A. Standard of Review

               Civ.R. 12(B)(1) provides for the dismissal of a complaint for “lack of

jurisdiction over the subject matter.” The issue of subject-matter jurisdiction

involves “a court’s power to hear and decide a case on the merits and does not relate

to the rights of the parties.” Vedder v. Warrensville Hts., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

81005, 2002-Ohio-5567, ¶ 14, citing State ex rel. Tubbs Jones v. Suster, 84 Ohio

St.3d 70, 75, 701 N.E.2d 1002 (1998). A lack of subject-matter jurisdiction can be

raised at any time, because “jurisdiction is a condition precedent to the court’s ability

to hear the case. If a court acts without jurisdiction, then any proclamation by that

court is void.” Suster at 75, citing Patton v. Diemer, 35 Ohio St.3d 68, 518 N.E.2d

941 (1988).
              We review a Civ.R. 12(B)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction de novo. Rheinhold v. Reichek, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99973,

2014-Ohio-31, ¶ 7. When ruling on a Civ.R. 12(B)(1) motion, the trial court must

determine whether a plaintiff has alleged any cause of action that the court has

authority to decide. Id. “The trial court is not confined to the allegations of the

complaint when determining its subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to a Civ. R.

12(B)(1) motion to dismiss, and it may consider material pertinent to such without

converting the motion into one for summary judgment.” Southgate Dev. Corp. v.

Columbia Gas Transm. Corp., 48 Ohio St.2d 211, 358 N.E.2d 526 (1976), paragraph

one of the syllabus.

                  B The Ecclesiastical Abstention Doctrine

               It is well established that civil courts lack jurisdiction to hear

ecclesiastical disputes within a church, although courts may hear church disputes

that are secular in nature. Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. 679, 20 L.Ed. 666 (1871);

Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696, 96 S.Ct. 2372, 49

L.Ed.2d 151 (1976).     This is known as the ecclesiastical abstention doctrine.

Harrison v. Bishop, 2015-Ohio-5308, 44 N.E.3d 350, ¶ 19 (6th Dist.). The doctrine

is a recognition that all who unite themselves to such a body, i.e., a church, do so

with an implied consent to its government and are bound to submit to it. Ohio Dist.

Council, Inc. v. Speelman, 2016-Ohio-751, 47 N.E.3d 954, ¶ 19 (12th Dist.). “It is of

the essence of these religious unions, and of their right to establish tribunals for the

decision of questions arising among themselves, that those decisions should be
binding in all cases of ecclesiastical cognizance, subject only to such appeals as the

organism itself provides for.” Id.

              “Generally, the question of who will preach from the pulpit of a church

is an ecclesiastical question, review of which by the civil courts is limited by the First

and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.” Tibbs v. Kendrick,

93 Ohio App.3d 35, 41, 637 N.E.2d 397 (8th Dist.1994), citing Kedroff v. St. Nicholas

Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in N.A., 344 U.S. 94, 73 S.Ct. 143, 97 L.Ed.

120 (1952). Thus, Ohio courts have often refrained from intervening in cases

involving the discipline of a clergy member.           See Smith v. White, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 25622, 2014-Ohio-130; Sacrificial Missionary Baptist Church v.

Parks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 71608, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 5308 (Nov. 26, 1997);

Early Church of God in Christ, Inc. v. Jackson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-220115,

2022-Ohio-4034, ¶ 15; Doe v. Pontifical College Josephinum, 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 16AP-300, 2017-Ohio-1172, ¶ 9; Turner v. Tri-County Baptist Church of

Cincinnati, 2018-Ohio-4658, 122 N.E.3d 603, ¶ 18 (12th Dist.), citing Hutchison v.

Thomas, 789 F.2d 392, 396 (6th Cir.1986) (dismissing complaint with breach of

contract and defamation claims because the claims “concern[ed] church discipline,

faith, and organization, all of which are governed by ecclesiastical rule, custom, and

law.”). Courts have similarly declined to exercise jurisdiction over disputes relating

to the interpretation or compliance with internal church procedures. Jones v.

Wilson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88890, 2007-Ohio-6484, ¶ 26 (concluding that the

trial court properly refrained from resolving a dispute as to whether a church
followed a 150-person quorum rule set forth in its constitution because resolution

of the dispute would “inextricably require an examination of internal church

discipline, which is governed by ecclesiastical rule, custom, and law”); Turchyn v.

Nakonachny, 157 Ohio App.3d 284, 288, 811 N.E.2d 119 (8th Dist.2004); Howard

v. Covenant Apostolic Church, 124 Ohio App.3d 24, 29, 705 N.E.2d 385 (1st

Dist.1997).

              “Ohio appellate courts have fashioned the ecclesiastical abstention

doctrine into a two-part test to determine whether a court has subject-matter

jurisdiction over a church dispute.” Harrison at ¶ 41, citing Bhatti v. Singh, 148

Ohio App.3d 386, 2002-Ohio-3348, 773 N.E.2d 605, ¶ 25 (12th Dist.). First, the

court must determine whether the church is hierarchical or congregational. Slavic

Full Gospel Church, Inc. v. Vernyuk, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97158, 2012-Ohio-

3943, ¶ 17. If the church is hierarchical, civil courts generally lack jurisdiction to

hear the dispute. Tibbs at 42. In a hierarchical system, the congregation is

subordinate to a general organization, typically consisting of clerics or tribunals,

which controls religious or doctrinal policy and makes decisions for the entire

membership. Shariff v. Rahman, 152 Ohio App.3d 210, 2003-Ohio-1336, 787

N.E.2d 72, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.).

              In contrast, in a congregational system, the congregation governs

itself; it is subservient to no other body. Tibbs at 42, citing State ex rel. Morrow v.

Hill, 51 Ohio St.2d 74, 76, 364 N.E.2d 1156 (1977). If the church is congregational, a

civil court has jurisdiction only to determine a narrow issue—whether the proper
church authority made the decision regarding an ecclesiastical dispute. Id. The

ultimate arbiter of the bylaws is the highest authority within the organization, and

the court’s role is limited to identifying that authority, not reviewing its decision.

Shariff at ¶ 15.

               Second, courts determine whether the nature of the dispute is

ecclesiastical or secular. Slavic Full Gospel Church at ¶ 18. This determination

involves review of the complaint and counterclaims to identify whether the

controversies in each count involve ecclesiastical or secular issues. Tibbs at 43.

Ecclesiastical matters include decisions about faith, doctrine, and selection of the

clergy as well as matters of church government. Parks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

71608, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 5308, *5-6 (Nov. 26, 1997).

               In this case, there is no dispute that the Diocese is a hierarchical

system. Nevertheless, this court has clarified that civil courts retain jurisdiction over

purely secular issues, whether the church is hierarchical or congregational. See

Parks at 6-7 (“Purely secular matters, those not involving church doctrine or church

policy, however, are not beyond the jurisdiction of a civil court.”), citing Tibbs, 93

Ohio App. at 42, 637 N.E.2d 397; Salzgaber v. First Christian Church, 65 Ohio

App.3d 368, 372, 583 N.E.2d 1361 (4th Dist.1989). This is true of hierarchical

churches, those churches with an outside governing body, as well as congregational

churches that do not have any such outside governing body. Accordingly, we must

assess the allegations set forth in Fr. Plishka’s complaint and determine whether the

nature of Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim involves purely secular issues.
                        C. The Abuse-of-Process Claim

              “The tort action termed ‘abuse-of-process’ has developed for ‘cases in

which legal procedure has been set in motion in proper form, with probable cause,

and even with ultimate success, but nevertheless has been perverted to accomplish

an ulterior purpose for which it was not designed.’” Yaklevich v. Kemp, Schaeffer &

Rowe Co., L.P.A., 68 Ohio St.3d 294, 297, 626 N.E.2d 115 (1994), quoting Keeton,

Dobbs, Keeton & Owen, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts, Section 121, 897

(5th Ed.1984). To establish a claim for abuse-of-process, a party must prove “(1)

that a legal proceeding has been set in motion in proper form and with probable

cause; (2) that the proceeding has been perverted to attempt to accomplish an

ulterior purpose for which it was not designed; and (3) that direct damage has

resulted from the wrongful use of process.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.

              As previously stated, the sole cause of action set forth in Fr. Plishka’s

complaint alleged that the defendants “misused” the Diocese’s original lawsuit “to

“summarily and unilaterally suspend [Fr. Plishka] and harm his credibility and

reputation as a Byzantine Priest.” (Fr. Plishka’s complaint at ¶ 8.) Relevant to this

appeal, the complaint further alleged that the Diocese filed the original lawsuit

specifically to avoid its own internal church procedures, which would have entitled

Fr. Plishka to notice and the opportunity to be heard before an objective body of the

Byzantine Catholic church. (Id. at ¶ 12.) Fr. Plishka states that

      had the defendants chosen to use these intended procedures, they
      would have discovered that the property at issue actually belonged to
      plaintiff, or remained at the Cultural Center. [Fr. Plishka] never would
       have been publicly accused of theft.        He never would have been
       suspended.

(Id. at ¶ 13.)

                 On appeal, the defendants reiterate their position that the trial court

lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the merits of the abuse-of-process claim because it

“could not enter judgment on Fr. Plishka’s claim without opining on the underlying

ecclesiastical discipline.” According to the defendants, the abuse-of-process claim

is a “thinly veiled” challenge to the propriety of the Diocese’s decision to suspend

him from the ministry. Alternatively, the defendants argue that even if Fr. Plishka

is not directly challenging his suspension, the abuse-of-process claim is “inextricably

entangled with ecclesiastical concerns regarding disciplinary procedures.” They

suggest that various ecclesiastical issues would have to be navigated to determine

whether Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim is meritorious, including:

       1. Whether canon law required the defendants to provide Fr. Plishka
       with certain due process before it authorized [the Diocese] to suspend
       him;

       2. Whether canon law authorized the defendants to do an “end-around”
       their own internal procedures by filing a civil lawsuit to summarily and
       unilaterally suspend Fr. Plishka; [and]

       3. Whether the Diocese had grounds to suspend Fr. Plishka under
       canon law without first suing him, such that it was irrelevant that the
       defendants allegedly did an end-around their own internal
       procedures[.]

                 Contrarily, Fr. Plishka argues that his abuse-of-process claim is purely

secular and can be resolved without consideration of ecclesiastical issues. Fr.

Plishka states that his abuse-of-process claim “did not challenge the propriety of his
suspension in the civil courts nor does he ask the civil courts to reinstate him.”

Rather, his claim merely “asked the civil courts to adjudicate the propriety of [the

defendants’] decision to commandeer the civil courts in order to achieve that which

those courts could not order — his suspension and publication of the same.” He

summarizes his position as follows:

       The complaint — and Fr. Plishka’s consistent position throughout this
       litigation cannot be clearer: This case is about [the defendants’] misuse
       of civil process for the purpose of effecting an ulterior purpose. * * * Fr.
       Plishka does not now — and has not ever — asked the trial court or this
       court to weigh in on the validity of his suspension from ministry. * * *
       Resolution of that issue belongs solely to the authority of ecclesiastical
       courts.5

               After careful review of the record and the materials attached to the

defendants’ various motions, we find Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim is

inextricably entangled with ecclesiastical concerns. Even accepting Fr. Plishka’s

contention that his complaint does not directly challenge the propriety of his

       5  Fr. Plishka alternatively argues for the first time on appeal that the ecclesiastical
abstention doctrine does not deprive the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction. His
argument is premised on the decision rendered in Winkler v Marist Fathers of Detroit,
Inc., 500 Mich. 327, 333, 901 N.W.2d 566 (2017) (“[T]he ecclesiastical abstention
doctrine informs how civil courts must adjudicate claims involving ecclesiastical
questions; it does not deprive those courts of subject-matter jurisdiction over such
claims.”); St. Joseph Catholic Orphan Soc. v. Edwards, 449 S.W.3d 727, 736-737
(Ky.2014) (“We, therefore, conclude that ecclesiastical abstention does not divest
Kentucky courts of subject-matter jurisdiction because it does not render our courts
unable to hear types of cases, only specific cases pervaded by religious issues.”); and
Brazauskas v. Fort Wayne-South Bend Diocese, Inc., 796 N.E.2d 286, 290 (Ind.2003)
(“A court with general authority to hear matters like employment disputes is not ousted
of subject matter or personal jurisdiction because the defendant pleads a religious
defense.”). After careful consideration, we decline to divert from the controlling
precedent of this court. See Tibbs, 93 Ohio App.3d at 42-45, 637 N.E.2d 397 (affirming
the trial court’s judgment granting appellees’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(1).).
suspension, we find the abuse-of-process claim necessary requires inquiry into

ecclesiastical matters, including whether the Diocese’s internal procedures

permitted it to suspend Fr. Plishka based on the nature of his alleged conduct and

the initiation of civil proceedings against him. In this regard, we find the evidence

required to establish the second element of the abuse-of-process claim to be

instructive.

               It is well settled that to establish the second element of an abuse-of-

process claim,

      “a claimant must show that one used process with an ‘ulterior motive,’
      as the gist of [the] offense is found in the manner in which process is
      used.”

Omran v. Lucas, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 21 MA 0031, 2021-Ohio-4592, ¶ 41,

quoting Clermont Environmental Reclamation Co. v. Hancock, 16 Ohio App.3d 9,

11, 474 N.E.2d 357 (12th Dist.1984). Thus,

      [t]he gravamen of the misconduct for which the liability * * * is imposed
      is not the wrongful procurement of legal process or the wrongful
      initiation of criminal or civil proceedings; it is the misuse of process, no
      matter how properly obtained, for any purpose other than that which it
      was designed to accomplish.

(Emphasis added.) Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, Section 682, Comment a.

               As recognized by this court, “‘“the ulterior motive contemplated by an

abuse-of-process claim generally involves an attempt to gain an advantage outside

the proceeding, using the process itself as the threat.”’” Carson v. Carrick, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 108129, 2019-Ohio-4260, ¶ 15, quoting Mills v. Westlake, 2016-Ohio-

5836, 70 N.E.3d 1189, ¶ 38 (8th Dist.) quoting Sivinski v. Kelley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 94296, 2011-Ohio-2145, ¶ 36, (“noting typical ulterior purposes as ‘extortion of

money, prevention of a conveyance, compelling someone to give up possession of

something of value, when these things were not the purpose of the suit [,]’” quoting

Wolfe v. Little, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18718, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 1902, 10

(Apr. 27, 2001)). In other words, “[t]he key factor in an abuse-of-process lawsuit ‘is

whether an improper purpose was sought to be achieved by the use of a lawfully

brought previous action.” (Emphasis added.) Carson at ¶ 16, quoting Yaklevich, 68

Ohio St.3d at 300, 626 N.E.2d 115.

              “Conversely, abuse-of-process does not occur when a party uses the

court to pursue a legal remedy that the court is empowered to give.” Sivinski at ¶ 37,

citing Ruggerio v. Kavlich, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92909, 2010-Ohio-3995;

Havens-Tobias v. Eagle, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19562, 2003-Ohio-1561; see also

Stout v. Columbia Gas of Ohio, Inc., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2020-CA-42, 2021-Ohio-

609, ¶ 66.    Similarly, “‘“there is no liability [for abuse-of-process] where the

defendant has done nothing more than carry out the process to its authorized

conclusion, even though with bad intentions.”’” Hershey v. Edelman, 187 Ohio

App.3d 400, 2010-Ohio-1992, 932 N.E.2d 386, ¶ 41 (10th Dist.), quoting Yaklevich

at 298, quoting Prosser & Keeton, The Law of Torts, Section 121, 898 (5th Ed.1984).

              Pursuant to the foregoing caselaw, it is evident that an essential

element of an abuse-of-process claim requires the plaintiff to establish that a legal

process was misused or improperly used to achieve a result the trial court was not

authorized to grant. In other words, a critical component of the tort is the improper
use of the legal process. With respect to this issue, the parties have greatly contested

one another’s interpretation of ecclesiastical text and whether Fr. Plishka’s

suspension was authorized, and thereby proper, under canon law and the Diocese’s

internal procedures.

                As previously stated, Fr. Plishka’s complaint alleged that the original

lawsuit was not filed for its stated purpose and that the Diocese intentionally failed

to comply with its own internal procedures before issuing the Suspension Decree.

Fr. Plishka expanded upon his position during his deposition, stating that

Archbishop Skurla was not permitted to “circumvent the [canonical] process” by

citing the original lawsuit as justification for the suspension. (Fr. Plishka depo. at

490.) According to Fr. Plishka’s interpretation of canon law, Archbishop Skurla

could only effectuate his suspension by initiating the appropriate canonical

proceedings. (Id.) He explained:

      A priest can never be suspended for being suspected of anything. That’s
      why we have the code of canons that has process associated with it. You
      can only have a penalty imposed on you if you’re found guilty of delict.

(Fr. Plishka depo. at 540.) Thus, Fr. Plishka opined that “the suspension itself was

improper” and “not supported by fact and not supported by law.” (Fr. Plishka depo.

at 509, 527.)

                In contrast, Archbishop Skurla testified that he was permitted to

suspend Fr. Plishka from the ministry before conducting a canonical hearing

pursuant to the Diocese’s interpretation of “Canon 1517.” (Archbishop Skurla depo.

at 104, 171, 175-176, 179-180, 182-183.) Archbishop Skurla explained that Fr.
Plishka’s suspension constituted an “extraordinary decree” that was issued

following extensive conversations with canon lawyers regarding their interpretation

of canon law and church procedures.         (Archbishop Skurla depo. at 174-175;

Archbishop Aff. ¶ 33-34.)

              Popp, the current director of the Cultural Center, offered similar

sentiments, testifying that the Suspension Decree was proper, stating,

      Because of the removal of ecclesiastical goods, church goods, the
      archbishop had the ability and the right to give a penalty, which was to
      suspend him of his priestly ministries.

(Popp depo. at 181.) Finally, Monsignor Easton averred that “it was canonically

proper for Archbishop Skurla to suspend appellant using an extrajudicial or

administrative suspension decree pursuant to Canon 1517” once appellant failed to

return the Diocese’s property as requested. (Monsignor Easton Aff. ¶ 22-23.)

Monsignor Easton further averred that “as a matter of canon law, the suspension

decree issued by Archbishop Skurla to appellant on July 20, 2017, was not

dependent upon a civil suit being filed.” (Monsignor Easton Aff. ¶ 29.)

              Contrary to the conclusions rendered by the trial court, we find

resolution of the parties’ competing interpretations of the foregoing ecclesiastical

issues is critical to Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim. This case does not present

factual circumstances that are analogous to traditional examples of an abuse-of-

process. For instance, there is no allegation that the original lawsuit was used to

coerce or otherwise compel Fr. Plishka to do something the court was not permitted

to order. Rather, it has been alleged that the civil process was improperly used to
effectuate Fr. Plishka’s suspension without affording him internal and timely

canonical hearings. In our view, such an allegation requires a determination of

whether canon law and/or the Diocese’s internal procedures did or did not permit

the Diocese to suspend Fr. Plishka in the fashion employed in this case. If the

suspension was authorized under the applicable canon law and internal procedures

of the church, it cannot be said that the civil process was misused or improperly

used. Instead, the suspension would merely constitute a permissible consequence

envisioned under applicable canon or ecclesiastical laws.

              We further note that the required analysis would inevitably require

the trial court to assess the correctness of the defendants’ interpretation of canonical

text and church policies — an inquiry the trial court is equally prevented from

considering. See Paul v. Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc. of N.Y., Inc., 819 F.2d 875,

(9th Cir.1987) (“Ecclesiastical abstention thus provides that civil courts may not

redetermine the correctness of an interpretation of canonical text or some decision

relating to government of the religious polity. Rather, we must accept as a given

whatever the entity decides.”). Evidence relating to these issues likely would have

required testimony from Archbishop Skurla and Monsignor Easton regarding their

interpretations of the applicable canon law and the provisions alleged to have

justified Fr. Plishka’s suspension, i.e., evidence that was properly barred by the trial

court pursuant to its Exclusion Order.

               Under the foregoing circumstances, we find the question of whether

the defendants misused or improperly used the original lawsuit in this case is not
limited to the interpretation of secular law. Resolving this dispute would require an

examination of the disputed canon laws and internal church procedures — matters

that civil courts are prohibited from adjudicating. Because the trial court lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction to resolve Fr. Plishka’s abuse-of-process claim, we find

the trial court erred in denying the defendants’ motion to dismiss.

              The defendants’ sole cross-assignment of error is sustained. Our

resolution of the cross-assignment of error renders Fr. Plishka’s assigned errors

moot. The judgment entered in favor of the Diocese in Case No. CV-18-896359 is

not altered by this decision.

              Judgment reversed and remanded.

      It is ordered that appellees/cross-appellants recover from appellant/cross-

appellee the costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J., CONCUR