Court Opinion

ID: 9372041
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-17 17:07:51.110801+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:31.938157
License: Public Domain

J-S35005-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    CAINE SHEPPARD PELZER                      :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1670 MDA 2021

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 15, 2021
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-40-CR-0001989-2001

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                       FILED FEBRUARY 17, 2023

        Appellant, Caine Sheppard Pelzer, appeals pro se from the judgment of

sentence of 17 to 34 years of incarceration entered following our remand for

resentencing in Commonwealth v. Pelzer, No. 1279 MDA 2019, unpublished

memorandum (Pa. Super. filed May 26, 2021). We affirm.

        We previously summarized the basic factual history as follows:

        Appellant was arrested in connection with an incident at the home
        of Mr. Joseph Banaszek on February 17, 2001. On that night[,]
        Appellant and two other males, all of whom were wearing masks,
        entered Mr. Banaszek’s home without permission. The intruders
        threatened him with their guns and also used physical force before
        tying him up with tape, as they stole various items from the
        apartment. During the robbery, three friends of Mr. Banaszek also
        arrived and were similarly subdued. The masked men left with
        several items belonging to Mr. Banaszek including an ATM banking
        card, as well as the wallets and credit cards of his three friends.

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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      The victims were able to identify Appellant because all of them
      were involved with the same semi-professional football team,
      either as players or fans, and knew Appellant as the quarterback.
      When Appellant was arrested[,] he had several bank cards in his
      possession which belonged to Mr. Banaszek and his friends.

Id. at 1-2 (footnote omitted).

      Appellant was charged with thirty-one separate counts. As relevant to

the challenges herein, Appellant was charged with four counts of recklessly

endangering another person, one for each of the victims. 18 Pa.C.S. § 2705

(“REAP”).   The Commonwealth also charged Appellant with violating the

following subsections of the robbery statute as to each victim, for a total of

sixteen counts of robbery.

      (a) Offense defined.--

      (1) A person is guilty of robbery if, in the course of committing a
      theft, he:

                                    ....

         (ii) threatens another with or intentionally puts him in fear
         of immediate serious bodily injury;

         (iii) commits or threatens immediately to commit any felony
         of the first or second degree;

         (iv) inflicts bodily injury upon another or threatens another
         with or intentionally puts him in fear of immediate bodily
         injury;

         (v) physically takes or removes property from the person of
         another by force however slight; ….

18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(ii)-(v).

      The parties proceeded to a jury trial, where Appellant presented an alibi

defense. Appellant’s motion for judgment of acquittal as to two counts was

granted. At count fourteen, the trial court granted the motion with respect to

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violating 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(a)(1), because the Commonwealth failed to

provide evidence that Appellant was previously convicted of a crime that

barred his possession of a firearm.     See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105 (pertaining to

“[p]ersons not to possess, use, manufacture, control, sell or transfer

firearms”). At count fifteen, which charged Appellant with carrying a firearm

without a license in violation of 18 Pa.C.S. § 6106, the trial court stated that

there was no evidence that Appellant ever concealed the firearm at any point.

      Appellant was ultimately convicted of twenty-two counts and sentenced

on April 15, 2002, to an aggregate term of 22 to 44 years’ imprisonment,

which included the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence pursuant to

42 Pa.C.S. § 9712(a) for visibly possessing a firearm during the robbery. That

statute was later held unconstitutional in Commonwealth v. Valentine, 101

A.3d 801, 812 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citing Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S.

99 (2013) (holding that any fact that increases the mandatory minimum

sentence is an element that must be submitted to the jury and found beyond

a reasonable doubt)).

      Appellant filed a notice of appeal, seeking to raise one claim: that his

trial counsel ineffectively failed to present additional alibi witnesses, as well

as obtaining phone records to support the offered alibi defense. During the

pendency of that appeal, our Supreme Court decided Commonwealth v.

Grant, 813 A.2d 726 (Pa. 2002), which held that ineffective assistance of

counsel claims should generally not be addressed on direct appeal. We were

constrained to affirm the judgment of sentence without prejudice to

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Appellant’s ability to pursue the claim in collateral proceedings. Appellant did

not petition for further review with our Supreme Court, and his judgment of

sentence became final on June 6, 2003.

      The matter returned to our Court several times over the next 16 years.

Appellant did not seek collateral relief until April 1, 2008, arguing that his

petition met a timeliness exception based on attorney abandonment.           The

PCRA court held an evidentiary hearing and deemed the petition untimely. We

remanded for the court to reevaluate the petition due to new evidence.

Commonwealth v. Pelzer, No. 940 MDA 2009, unpublished memorandum

(Pa. Super. filed May 18, 2011). The PCRA court denied relief on remand and

reinstated its original order, and we affirmed by memorandum decision issued

July 14, 2014. Commonwealth v. Pelzer, No. 1445 MDA 2013, unpublished

memorandum (Pa. Super. filed July 14, 2014). Appellant filed a petition for a

writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District

of Pennsylvania on January 30, 2015. See Pelzer v. Mahally, 388 F. Supp.3d

366, 371 (M.D. Pa. 2019).      The district court issued a conditional writ of

habeas corpus, directing the Commonwealth to release Pelzer unless it

reinstated his appellate and post-conviction rights.

      Following reinstatement of his rights, Appellant pursued his direct

appeal. On May 26, 2021, we affirmed Appellant’s convictions but vacated

the judgment of sentence since Appellant’s mandatory minimum sentence was

unconstitutional, as the reinstatement of appellate rights entitled Appellant to

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the benefit of the Valentine decision. We thus remanded for resentencing.

Pelzer, No. 1279 MDA 2019, supra.

     On remand, Appellant waived his right to an attorney and chose to

represent himself. He was thereafter resentenced to an aggregate term of 17

to 34 years’ imprisonment. As relevant to Appellant’s claims, the trial court

imposed sentences     on the    four   violations   of Section 3701(a)(1)(ii),

determining that the sentences for all other robbery convictions merged.

Additionally, the trial judge imposed a sentence on some of the REAP and

unlawful restraint counts, rejecting Appellant’s claims that the crimes merged

with Section 3701(a)(1)(ii).   Appellant now appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered on remand, raising the following issues for our review:

     1. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred when it imposed consecutive
     sentences upon [Appellant] for convictions of multiple counts of
     reckless[ly] endangering another person and unlawful restraint[,]
     which were included in the robbery offenses as charged and
     subsumed within the other, constituting an illegal sentence?

     2. Whether [Appellant] could be convicted under all grades of
     robbery, and if so, whether all other felonies of the first and
     second degree would be subsumed under the robbery charge
     3701(iii) [sic] by the plain language of the elements which calls
     for merging any and all felonies of the first degree at sentencing?

     3. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred and abused its discretion in
     violation of the double jeopardy clause to the Pa. and U.S.
     Constitutions as well as 204 Pa Code subsection 303.10[,] when
     it enhanced [Appellant]’s sentence by allowing the Commonwealth
     to change its position to utilize the Deadly Weapon Enhancement
     “USED” sentencing guidelines as opposed to the Deadly Weapon
     Enhancement “POSSESSED” [sentencing guidelines,] which was
     previously rejected when [Appellant] was acquitted of various
     firearms charges [and] ultimately increased every sentence
     [Appellant] received?

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Appellant’s Brief at 4.

      Appellant’s first issue argues that the sentences for REAP and unlawful

restraint should have merged with the robbery convictions. We disagree.

      Our General Assembly has directed that crimes do not merge for

sentencing purposes “unless the crimes arise from a single criminal act and

all of the statutory elements of one offense are included in the statutory

elements of the other offense.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9765 (emphasis added). That

statute was enacted in 2002, and as our Supreme Court explained in

Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 985 A.2d 830 (Pa. 2009), the “pre-Section

9765 jurisprudence characterized the merger doctrine as, first and foremost,

a rule of statutory construction.” Id. at 835. Under the former approach,

courts would ask “whether the legislature intended for the punishment of one

offense to encompass that for another offense arising from the same criminal

act or transaction.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Anderson, 650 A.2d

20, 21 (Pa. 1994)). Courts would find that sentences merge where “the same

facts show that practically speaking there was only one offense against the

Commonwealth ... despite the number of chargeable offenses arising out of

the transaction.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 496 A.2d 31, 40 (Pa. Super.

1985) (citations omitted). Section 9765, however, “makes the legislature’s

intent with respect to merger manifest.   That intent focuses solely on the

elements of the offenses for which a criminal defendant has been convicted.”

Baldwin, 985 A.2d at 835.

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     Appellant largely relies upon Commonwealth v. Eberts, 422 A.2d

1154 (Pa. Super. 1980), a case that predates Section 9765. There, this Court

determined that REAP and robbery charged under Section 3701(a)(1)(ii), the

same subsection at which Appellant was sentenced herein, merged for the

following reasons:

     In the course of committing a theft, herein stealing money from
     the dairy bar, the appellant threatened Mrs. Bibby with immediate
     serious bodily harm, specifically by use of a firearm. The above
     facts establish the necessary elements for the offense of robbery
     as stated infra. In order to prove that appellant engaged in
     conduct which recklessly placed another in danger of death or
     serious bodily injury, these exact same facts must be considered.
     No additional facts exist, or are necessary, to prove that appellant
     recklessly endangered another’s life.

Id. at 1156.

     Similarly, Appellant contends that the acts which support his robbery

convictions are the same facts used to support his REAP convictions. Eberts’

focus on whether the “same facts” supported both convictions is inconsistent

with the elements test demanded by Section 9765. The crimes of REAP, and

robbery–threatening or causing serious bodily injury, each contain an element

that the other does not, as explained by Commonwealth v. Martinez, 153

A.3d 1025 (Pa. Super. 2016):

     In reviewing whether Appellant’s conviction for REAP merges with
     his conviction for robbery, however, a comparison of the
     respective statutes leads to the conclusion that each offense
     requires proof of an element that the other does not, and,
     therefore, cannot merge for sentencing purposes. Indeed, among
     the elements of REAP is the requirement that the defendant
     possessed the “actual present ability to inflict harm.”     This
     evidentiary burden exceeds that required for robbery under

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      Section 3701(a)(1)(ii), which only requires proof that the
      defendant threatened another with, or intentionally placed a
      person in fear of, immediate serious bodily injury whether or not
      the ability to cause such injury was actual. Moreover, REAP does
      not concern itself with the victim’s state of mind, while robbery
      under Section 3701(a)(1)(ii) requires proof that the victim was
      placed in fear of serious bodily injury. [The a]ppellant’s merger
      argument with respect to REAP and robbery is, therefore,
      unavailing.

Id. at 1033 (citation omitted).

      The Martinez analysis follows the Section 9765 statute, and as a result,

Appellant’s convictions for REAP and robbery do not merge.

      We similarly reject Appellant’s contention that unlawful restraint merges

with robbery, as it appears Appellant relies on the former law. Under Section

9765, the crimes do not merge.       Appellant was convicted of violating the

following subsection of unlawful restraint:

      (a) Offense defined.--Except as provided under subsection (b)
      or (c), a person commits a misdemeanor of the first degree if he
      knowingly:

         (1) restrains another unlawfully in circumstances exposing
         him to risk of serious bodily injury[.]

18 Pa.C.S. § 2902.

      The Section 3701(a)(1)(ii) subsection of robbery references serious

bodily injury but does not require any proof that the victim was restrained.

Section 2902(a)(1) does not require any proof that the actor threatened

serious bodily injury or inflicted such injury, only that the restraint risked

exposure to serious bodily injury.    Thus, each crime requires proof of an

element that the other does not, and the crimes do not merge for sentencing

purposes.

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       Appellant’s second issue is somewhat difficult to parse.1 He observes

that “all of the grades of the robbery statutes are inconsistent with one

another,” because they “all are comprised of different elements.” Appellant’s

Brief at 15. Appellant discusses the different elements and asserts that “a

guilty verdict on a lesser included offense is an acquittal of the higher offense.”

Id. at 16. The basis for this claim is 18 Pa.C.S. § 109(1), which states:

       When a prosecution is for a violation of the same provision of the
       statutes and is based upon the same facts as a former
       prosecution, it is barred by such former prosecution under the
       following circumstances:

          (1) The former prosecution resulted in an acquittal. There
          is an acquittal if the prosecution resulted in a finding of not
          guilty by the trier of fact or in a determination that there
          was insufficient evidence to warrant a conviction. A finding
          of guilty of a lesser included offense is an acquittal of the
          greater inclusive offense, although the conviction is
          subsequently set aside.

18 Pa.C.S. § 109.

       Even if Appellant were correct that the least serious robbery offense is

a lesser included offense of all the other subsections, Section 109 does not

____________________________________________

1 The Commonwealth claims that Appellant’s claim is waived. While the
precise nature of Appellant’s claim is difficult to discern, we will review the
challenges to his sentence as a challenge to the legality of his sentence
pursuant to Commonwealth v. Hill, 238 A.3d 399, 408 (Pa. 2020) (holding,
in the double jeopardy context, that challenge to validity of conviction was
waived but “challenge to his second sentence for DUI implicates the legality
of his sentence, rendering that part of his claim non-waivable”). We agree
with the Commonwealth that any challenge to the convictions themselves is
waived. Id. Moreover, as the matter was remanded to the trial court for
resentencing, only issues germane to sentencing may be raised at this
juncture.

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support the notion that a sentence must be imposed only on the least-serious

offense. This case does not involve a former prosecution followed by a later

prosecution, and thus the statute has no applicability.

      Appellant’s final claim concerns the application of the Deadly Weapon

Enhancement (used) matrix. Appellant argues that the determination that he

used a deadly weapon constituted judicial fact-finding that increased his

minimum sentence and therefore violates the holding announced in Alleyne,

supra, and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000) (holding that any

fact that increases the maximum sentence must be submitted to the fact-

finder and proven beyond a reasonable doubt). Those claims implicate the

legality of the sentence. See Commonwealth v. Newman, 99 A.3d 86, 90

(2014) (en banc). Appellant also claims that, because the trial judge acquitted

him of the firearms offense, there was no basis to conclude that he possessed

a firearm.

      Appellant notes that the Commonwealth originally submitted guidelines

showing the Deadly Weapon Enhancement (possessed) matrix, which

recommends a lower sentence than the “used” matrix. See 204 Pa.Code §

303.17(a).   For example, robbery–threatening serious bodily injury has an

offense gravity score of 10.    204 Pa.Code § 303.15.        When paired with

Appellant’s prior record score of three, the recommended standard range

sentence without any enhancement is a minimum of 42 to 54 months’

imprisonment.      204   Pa.Code   §   303.16(a).     With    the   “possessed”

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enhancement, the recommendation increases to 51 to 63 months; for “used,”

it increases to 60 to 72 months. 204 Pa.Code § 303.17(b).

      Both of Appellant’s claims fail. Beginning with the acquittal, the trial

judge granted that motion on the basis that the Commonwealth failed to

present evidence to satisfy the elements of the respective crimes. That does

not serve as a finding that Appellant did not possess the firearm, and Appellant

does not explain how the judge could usurp the jury’s fact-finding role in that

regard. The court did not find that the Commonwealth failed to offer any

evidence that Appellant possessed a firearm, and several witnesses testified

that Appellant wielded a firearm during the criminal episode. In any event,

even if the jury had acquitted Appellant of the specific firearm crimes, the

outcome would not change. Generally speaking, “jury acquittals should not

be interpreted as specific factual findings arising from the evidence; rather,

an acquittal may merely show lenity on the jury’s behalf, or that the verdict

may have been the result of compromise, or of a mistake on the part of

the jury.” Commonwealth v. Baker-Myers, 255 A.3d 223, 231 (Pa. 2021).

      It is also clear that the deadly weapon enhancement does not constitute

impermissible judicial fact-finding, because the judge’s finding does not

increase the sentence nor does it impose a mandatory minimum.                In

Commonwealth v. Buterbaugh, 91 A.3d 1247 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc),

this Court analyzed whether an automobile constitutes a deadly weapon for

purposes of the deadly weapon enhancement at issue here. In a footnote, we

observed:

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       Alleyne and Apprendi dealt with factors that either increased the
       mandatory minimum sentence or increased the prescribed
       sentencing range beyond the statutory maximum, respectively.
       Our case does not involve either situation; instead, we are dealing
       with a sentencing enhancement. If the enhancement applies, the
       sentencing court is required to raise the standard guideline range;
       however, the court retains the discretion to sentence outside the
       guideline range. Therefore, neither of the situations addressed in
       Alleyne and Apprendi are implicated.

Id. at 1270 n.10.

       Accordingly, the trial court did not illegally determine that Appellant

used a firearm during the commission of these crimes, and the application of

the enhancement was proper.2

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

       PJE Stevens joins this memorandum.

       Judge McLaughlin concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 02/17/2023

____________________________________________

2 The fact that the Commonwealth submitted guidelines for Appellant’s initial
sentencing that used the deadly weapon (possessed) enhancement is
irrelevant. Ultimately, the trial court must determine which guideline applies.
We add that the Commonwealth’s brief offers a plausible explanation for its
error. “[T]here was little to no discussion whether that matrix was the correct
one to use since [Appellant] was sentenced pursuant to the then-applicable
mandatory minimum sentence.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 14.

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