Court Opinion

ID: 2644005
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-11-25 22:51:45.049113+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:30:56.512477
License: Public Domain

2013 IL App (4th) 121144                          FILED
                                                                                     November 25, 2013
                                              NO. 4-12-1144                              Carla Bender
                                                                                     4th District Appellate
                                     IN THE APPELLATE COURT                                Court, IL

                                               OF ILLINOIS

                                          FOURTH DISTRICT

In re: RUBY KANFER, a Disabled Adult,                              )        Appeal from
LAWRENCE KANFER and RUTH KANFER,                                   )        Circuit Court of
Coexecutors Under the Last Will and Testament of                   )        Champaign County
Ruby Kanfer, Deceased,                                             )        No. 05P52
              Plaintiffs-Appellants,                               )
              v.                                                   )
BUSEY TRUST COMPANY, Former Guardian of the                        )        Honorable
Estate of Ruby Kanfer, a Disabled Adult,                           )        Brian L. McPheters,
              Defendant-Appellee.                                  )        Judge Presiding.

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                                                OPINION

                JUSTICE APPLETON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                Justices Pope and Holder White concurred in the judgment and opinion.

¶1              Plaintiffs, Lawrence Kanfer and Ruth Kanfer, are the coexecutors of Ruby

Kanfer's will. She was their mother. During the final 2 1/2 years of her life, Main Street Bank

and Trust Company (Main Street) and, later, its successor, Busey Trust Company (Busey), were

the guardians of her estate. Plaintiffs seek to surcharge Busey for mismanaging the estate. On

Busey's motion (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2012)), the trial court struck some of the paragraphs

of the second amended petition for surcharge. The court made a finding pursuant to Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), and plaintiffs appeal.

¶2              We affirm the trial court's judgment in part and reverse it in part, and we remand

this case for further proceedings. We agree that section 24-11(b) of the Probate Act of 1975

(Probate Act) (755 ILCS 5/24-11(b) (West 2012)) and res judicata bar plaintiffs from recovering
management fees, the hourly charges for work a contractor did on a condominium in Champaign,

and losses from the failure to implement an investment model.         Plaintiffs are not barred,

however, from recovering any losses that resulted from failing to keep Ruby Kanfer's

condominiums in adequate repair.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶4                             A. The Appointments of Guardians

¶5            On February 23, 2005, Lawrence Kanfer petitioned the trial court to appoint him

as Ruby Kanfer's personal guardian and to appoint Main Street as the guardian of the estate. He

alleged that Ruby Kanfer had been diagnosed with depression, memory disturbance, and diabetes

and that she had deteriorated mentally and physically to the point that she no longer could use

sound judgment regarding her personal care, medical needs, and financial affairs.

¶6            On February 28, 2005, the trial court appointed an attorney, Andrew Bequette, as

guardian ad litem.

¶7            On March 2, 2005, Ruth Kanfer filed a counterpetition to be appointed the

guardian of Ruby Kanfer's person and estate.

¶8            On March 2, 2005, the trial court appointed Lawrence Kanfer as the temporary

guardian of the person of Ruby Kanfer and Main Street as the temporary guardian of her estate.

Main Street accepted the appointment.

¶9            On March 17, 2005, Ruby Kanfer and an attorney, Arthur M. Lerner, petitioned

that the trial court "confirm and allow Ruby Kanfer to employ Lerner Law Offices as her

attorney to defend her" in this matter. On March 22, 2005, the court authorized the hiring of

                                               -2-
Lerner as Ruby Kanfer's attorney while keeping in force the appointment of Bequette as the

guardian ad litem.

¶ 10           On May 9, 2005, the trial court appointed Lawrence Kanfer as the permanent

guardian of Ruby Kanfer's person.

¶ 11           On May 10, 2005, the trial court entered an "Interim Order for Guardianship of

the Estate," in which the court found that although Ruby Kanfer still was disabled by moderate

dementia, it was in her best interest "that she be allowed to continue to trade securities on a

limited basis." Therefore, the court authorized Main Street to "set up a trading account for Ruby

Kanfer at Wachovia with a beginning balance of $100,000.00." Ruby Kanfer was to be allowed

to "use the funds within this account to make securities trades as she wishe[d]," but she would

not be allowed to make withdrawals from the account without further court order. Main Street

would have no fiduciary duty with respect to the account. For the time being, until the court

made a final decision as to who was to be the permanent guardian of Ruby Kanfer's person, the

court prohibited Main Street, without the prior approval of all parties, from moving any of her

funds from the institutions where they currently were located. (Even though, on May 9, 2005,

the court appointed Lawrence Kanfer as the permanent guardian of Ruby Kanfer's person,

apparently the permanency of his appointment was in question.) Main Street could, however,

move funds into different accounts within the same institutions.

¶ 12           On May 19, 2005, Ruby Kanfer, through her attorney, Lerner, moved to set aside

the order appointing Lawrence Kanfer as the permanent guardian of her person.

¶ 13           On July 13, 2005, the trial court found that Ruby Kanfer was "not totally lacking

in the capacity to make or communicate responsible decisions regarding the care of her person."

                                              -3-
The court further found it was in Ruby Kanfer's best interest that Ruth Kanfer be appointed the

guardian of her person. Therefore, the court revoked its order appointing Lawrence Kanfer as

the guardian of the person, and the court appointed Ruth Kanfer as the limited guardian of the

person, ordering her to "exercise her statutory power of guardianship only to the extent

necessitated by [Ruby] Kanfer's actual mental, physical and adaptive limitations."         At its

conclusion, the order added: "The appointment of the GAL is to continue until further order as is

the attorney-client relationship between the ward and Mr. Lerner." Joseph Pavia later replaced

Lerner as Ruby Kanfer's personal attorney.

¶ 14            On September 23, 2005, in view of the appointment of Ruth Kanfer as the

permanent guardian of Ruby Kanfer's person, Main Street filed a motion to lift the restrictions on

its authority as guardian of the estate. Main Street explained that "[t]he Ward [was] anxious to

move funds which exceeded FDIC [(Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)] limits from banks

and to have additional funds added to her Court authorized trading account" and that, without the

full powers of a guardian of the estate, Main Street was unable to "respond to the requests of the

Ward or to adequately manage her Estate."

¶ 15            In a hearing on October 27, 2005, attended by Bequette, Ruth Kanfer, Lawrence

Kanfer, and the attorneys for Ruth, Ruby, and Lawrence Kanfer, the trial court granted Main

Street's motion, lifting the restrictions on its authority as guardian of the estate.

¶ 16            The trial court directed Main Street to continue charging an hourly fee for its

work until all of Ruby Kanfer's assets were consolidated at Main Street. After the consolidation,

Main Street would be paid monthly in the amount of ".85% of assets managed with all additional

work being charged hourly.        Additional work [would] include but not be limited to work

                                                  -4-
associated with the real property of the Ward, the Frederick Kanfer Estate, work investigating the

stock certificates, bonds, and disclaimed certificates of deposit found in the inventory of the safe

deposit box at Main Street Bank & Trust and any additional meetings, phone calls, and/or other

services provided to the account."

¶ 17           In addition, the docket entry for October 27, 2005, reads: "By agreement the

estate guardian is relieve[d] of the burden at this time of making any inspections of the ward's

property in Florida. No written order required."

¶ 18                                 B. The Approved Accounts

¶ 19                                   1. The First Accounting

¶ 20           On May 3, 2006, Busey, the successor of Main Street, filed a "Petition To

Approve [the] Annual Accounting" for the period of March 1, 2005, to March 31, 2006. The

petition notes: "The Annual Report and Accounting reflects the numerous accounts and holdings

in this Estate[,] and since the assets have not yet been combined in one wealth management

account, it contains Exhibits showing the status of accounts at different banks." This account,

which was more than 400 pages long, listed the disbursements and receipts and identified all of

Ruby Kanfer's assets, including bank accounts, stocks, and bonds.

¶ 21           In a verified narrative prefacing the account, Kathleen Moore, a trust officer,

explained that Busey had maintained many of Ruby Kanfer's assets in liquid form "in case it

became necessary to fund the trusts" that Ruby Kanfer's deceased husband, Fred Kanfer, had

created.

¶ 22           In its brief, Busey describes the hundreds of pages of documentation attached to

Moore's narrative, a description that plaintiffs do not appear to dispute:

                                                -5-
                     "Attached     to   Moore's     narrative   were   documents

              identifying: (1) the Initial Balances of Kanfer's accounts at various

              banking institutions; (2) the Estate Summary as of March 31, 2006

              (including the identity of banks where funds were located and the

              type of asset held (i.e. checking account, savings account,

              [individual retirement account (IRA)], bonds)); (3) disbursements

              paid from, deposits into, and interest earned on, various accounts

              by account and date; (4) appraisals of coins and jewelry; (5)

              inventory of stock certificates in Ruby's safe deposit box #18; (6)

              account holdings as of March 31, 2006; (7) statement of

              transactions, by date; (8) monthly account statements from TD

              Waterhouse, showing investment by stock and market value; (9)

              monthly account statements from Wachovia Securities, showing

              investment by stock and market value; and (10) the blue book

              value for Ruby's 1999 Chevrolet Malibu."

¶ 23          On May 4, 2006, Busey served a copy of the petition and accounting on Bequette

as well as on the attorneys for Ruth, Lawrence, and Ruby Kanfer. On May 11, 2006, Busey

served upon them a notice of hearing. The notice informed them that the hearing on the account

was scheduled for May 26, 2006.

¶ 24          The trial court held the scheduled hearing. Finding that the account "show[ed]

Mrs. Kanfer's original and current assets, holdings, and expenditures made on her behalf," the

                                              -6-
court approved the account, without objection by any party. Bequette and the attorneys for Ruth,

Lawrence, and Ruby Kanfer added their signatures to the court's order, approving it as to form.

¶ 25                               2. The Second Accounting

¶ 26           On January 29, 2007, Busey filed its second accounting, which covered the period

of April 1, 2006, to December 31, 2006. Busey served a copy of the accounting, over 300 pages

long, on Bequette, on the attorneys for Ruth and Lawrence Kanfer, and on Ruby Kanfer

personally. (On November 15, 2006, the trial court granted Pavia permission to withdraw from

representing Ruby Kanfer. An attorney named Weaver replaced Pavia, and on December 18,

2006, to quote from the docket entry for that date, "[s]tipulation for the withdraw[al] of Mr.

Weaver as counsel for Ms. Kanfer [was] entered." The court directed that until it ordered

otherwise, all notices were to be sent to Ruby Kanfer personally at her Urbana address.)

¶ 27           On March 29, 2007, Busey served a notice of hearing on Bequette, on the

attorneys for Ruth and Lawrence Kanfer, and on Ruby Kanfer. The notice informed them that a

hearing on the second account was scheduled for April 10, 2007.

¶ 28           As before, Moore prefaced the account with a verified narrative. She explained

that during 2006 Busey succeeded in transferring and consolidating most of Ruby Kanfer's

accounts into the "Main Street Wealth Management Account." Because her accounts held "over

340 equity positions," evaluating the individual investments would be time-consuming. Busey

decided "not [to] start this process until the consolidation was completed in order to have the

work be part of the percentage fee that [was] charged, rather than billed at an hourly rate." As

before, Busey was holding a greater than normal amount of Ruby Kanfer's assets in cash because

of the possibility that the Fred Kanfer trusts would have to be funded.

                                               -7-
¶ 29           Again, we quote from Busey's brief for a description of the documentation

attached to Moore's narrative, a description that plaintiffs do not appear to dispute:

                       "Attached     to   Moore's     narrative   were     documents

               identifying:   (1) the Estate Summary as filed May 25, 2006

               (including the identity of banks where funds were located and the

               type of asset held (i.e. checking account, savings account, IRA,

               bonds)); (2) the Estate Summary as of December 31, 2006

               (including the identity of banks where funds were located and the

               type of asset held); (3) disbursements paid from, deposits into, and

               interest earned on, various accounts by account and date; (4)

               account statement for account # 1025000015 as of December 31,

               2006; (5) statement of transaction for account # 31 00 4827 06 4;

               (6) asset schedule between July 1, 2006 and December 31, 2006 in

               account    1025000015;     (7)   account    statement     for   account

               # 1060001119 as of December 31, 2006; (8) statement of

               transactions, by date for account 14 01 4827 06 8; (9) asset

               schedule between July 1, 2006 and December 31, 2006 in account

               10600001119; (10) credit union account and interest from that

               account; (11) monthly account statements from TD Waterhouse,

               showing investment by stock and market value; (12) account

               statements from Wachovia Securities, showing investment by

                                                -8-
               stock and market value; and (13) the blue book value for Ruby's

               1999 Chevrolet Malibu."

¶ 30           On April 10, 2007, the trial court held the scheduled hearing on the second

accounting. Bequette, Lawrence Kanfer, Ruby Kanfer, and the attorneys for Lawrence and Ruth

Kanfer attended the hearing. Finding that "[t]he Report show[ed] Ms. Kanfer's original and

current asset holdings and expenditures made on her behalf," the court approved the report.

Bequette was the only person who signed the court's order under the language "Approved as to

Form." Next to his signature, he wrote: "Mrs. Kanfer objected after I discussed it with her. I do

not object."

¶ 31           Ruby Kanfer died on November 7, 2007, whereupon the guardianships ended (see

In re Estate of Gebis, 186 Ill. 2d 188, 193 (1999)).

¶ 32                                 3. The Final Accounting

¶ 33           On December 10, 2007, Busey filed its final accounting.

¶ 34                                 C. The Petitions for Fees

¶ 35           From May 2005 to June 2007, Busey periodically petitioned the trial court for

permission to collect its attorney fees, guardianship fees, and costs from the ward's estate.

Specifically, Busey filed the following petitions.

¶ 36           On May 11, 2005, Busey's attorney filed a petition for fees and costs in the

amount of $10,620.25. On June 1, 2005, the trial court held a hearing on this petition. Bequette

and the attorneys for Ruth, Lawrence, and Ruby Kanfer attended the hearing. No one objected to

the petition, and the court approved it.

                                                -9-
¶ 37           On July 22, 2005, Busey's attorney filed a petition for attorney fees and costs in

the amount of $6,948 and for guardianship fees and costs in the amount of $9,295, which

included the hourly fees that a contractor, Philip Hoggatt, had been charging for making repairs

to Ruby Kanfer's condominium in Champaign. On August 5, 2005, the trial court held a hearing

on this petition. Bequette and the attorneys for Ruth, Lawrence, and Ruby Kanfer attended the

hearing. No one objected to this petition, and the court approved it.

¶ 38           On September 15, 2005, Busey's attorney filed a petition for attorney fees and

costs in the amount of $2,409.50 and for guardianship fees and costs in the amount of $5,683.75,

which again included the expense of Hoggatt's work. On October 27, 2005, the trial court held a

hearing on this petition. Bequette as well as Ruth Kanfer, Lawrence Kanfer, Ruby Kanfer, and

their attorneys attended the hearing. No one objected to the petition, and the court approved it.

¶ 39           On October 25, 2005, Busey's attorney filed a supplemental petition for attorney

fees and costs and a supplemental petition for guardian fees and costs.           He served these

supplemental petitions on Bequette as well as on the attorneys for Ruth, Lawrence, and Ruby

Kanfer. On November 10, 2005, the trial court entered an order granting these petitions. This

order noted that in the hearing of October 27, 2005, the court reserved ruling on the supplemental

petitions and gave the parties five days to file any objection to them. Because no objection was

filed, the court granted the supplemental petitions.

¶ 40           On January 4, 2006, Busey's attorney filed a petition for attorney fees and costs in

the amount of $3,738.50 and a petition for guardian fees and costs in the amount of $7,873.80.

On January 20, 2006, the trial court held a hearing on these petitions. Bequette, Ruby and

                                               - 10 -
Lawrence Kanfer, and the attorneys for Ruby, Lawrence, and Ruth Kanfer attended the hearing.

Without objection by any party, the court approved the petitions.

¶ 41           On May 11, 2006, Busey's attorney filed a petition for attorney fees and costs in

the amount of $7,360 and a petition for guardian fees and costs in the amount of $14,342.71,

which included the expense of Hoggatt's work. On May 26, 2006, the trial court held a hearing

on these petitions. Bequette as well as Ruby Kanfer, Lawrence Kanfer, Ruth Kanfer, and their

attorneys attended the hearing. No one objected to the petitions, and the court approved them.

¶ 42           On July 11, 2006, Busey's attorney filed a petition for attorney fees and costs in

the amount of $4,700 and a petition for guardian fees and costs in the amount of $5,757.75.

These petitions were served on Bequette and on the attorneys for Ruby, Lawrence, and Ruth

Kanfer. By their signatures, the attorneys signified their assent to the petitions, which the trial

court approved on July 21, 2006.

¶ 43           On November 9, 2006, Busey's attorney filed an amended petition for attorney

fees and costs in the amount of $5,512.50 (the original petition requested $2,432.50). On

November 15, 2006, the trial court held a hearing on the amended petition. Bequette, Ruby

Kanfer, Lawrence Kanfer, and the attorneys for Ruby, Lawrence, and Ruth Kanfer attended the

hearing. No one objected to the amended petition, and the court approved it.

¶ 44           On February 5, 2007, Busey's attorney filed a petition for attorney fees and costs

in the amount of $7,579.55, and on February 7, 2007, the firm of Erwin, Martinkus, and Cole

filed a petition for attorney fees in the amount of $5,964 for tax advice it had provided. At this

time, Ruby Kanfer had no personal attorney, although there still was a guardian ad litem,

Bequette. On April 10, 2007, the trial court held a hearing on the petitions. Bequette, Ruby

                                              - 11 -
Kanfer, Lawrence Kanfer, and the attorneys for Ruth and Lawrence Kanfer attended the hearing.

No one objected to the petitions, and the court approved them.

¶ 45           On June 12, 2007, Busey's attorney filed a petition for attorney fees and costs in

the amount of $1,785. He served a notice of the hearing on Bequette, Ruby Kanfer, and the

attorneys for Ruth and Lawrence Kanfer. On June 26, 2007, the trial court held a hearing on the

petition. Bequette and the attorneys for Ruth and Lawrence Kanfer attended the hearing. No one

objected to the petition, and the court approved it.

¶ 46                     D. The Second Amended Petition for Surcharge

¶ 47           On January 27, 2011, plaintiffs, in their capacity as coexecutors of Ruby Kanfer's

will, filed a second amended petition for surcharge against Busey. In paragraph 4(C) of the

second amended petition, plaintiffs alleged that Busey should be surcharged (that is, should have

to pay damages) because Busey (1) failed to implement an investment model that it had proposed

for the ward's estate; (2) allowed $2 million to remain in a Goldman Fed Fund; (3) failed to place

cash equivalents in a tax-exempt fund; (4) allowed $900,000 to remain in investments made by

Ruby Kanfer; (5) left two condominiums, one in Florida and the other in Champaign, in a

condition of disrepair; (6) collected hourly charges for Hoggatt's work on the Champaign

condominium while simultaneously collecting a management fee of 0.85%; and (7) collected a

management fee of 0.85% for managing IRA funds while doing nothing at all with them.

¶ 48           Plaintiffs took Bequette's deposition. An attorney asked him:

                       "Q. The bank was appointed as permanent plenary guardian

               of the estate with the exception of the trading account that Ruby

               held. Correct?

                                                - 12 -
         A. Yes.

         Q. And you're indicating that you were aware that the bank

had a model for investments, in other words, the type of stocks and

funds that it would hold in an account of this size. Is that correct?

         A. Yes.

         Q. And that the bank did not proceed to change the

investments from where Ruby had started, basically, into its

model?

         A. I believe some changes were made. I believe Ruby was

angry and upset with all of them. There may even be times when

Joe Pavia tried to raise some of them to the court, but you're

absolutely correct. The bank never completely got Ruby's assets

into their model.

         Q. Was this ever presented to the court in any report or

request for directions from the court?

         A. Not that I remember.

         Q. Not from you, not from the bank?

         A. No, although I can't speak for the bank. I wouldn't have

made that recommendation because I did not believe that this was

the case where the goal was let's make Ruby Kanfer as much

money as possible.

                                - 13 -
                      This was the case of let's let Ruby maintain her dignity and

              have her preferences as much as they are feasible, and I think that's

              what the Probate Act says, and I don't believe that by the time

              they're passed away there was ever an instance where Ruby ever

              wanted for anything because she didn't have enough money."

¶ 49          On February 25, 2011, Busey filed a motion to dismiss the second amended

petition as legally insufficient (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2012)) and as barred by an affirmative

matter (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012)). See 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2012) (combined

motions).

¶ 50          The trial court entered a memorandum of opinion on August 22, 2011. On

September 12, 2011, Busey filed a motion for clarification and reconsideration. On November

19, 2012, the court issued an amended memorandum of opinion, and on January 8, 2013, it

issued another order of clarification. Ultimately, the court granted Busey's motion in part and

denied it in part, striking some but not all the paragraphs of the second amended petition. The

paragraphs stricken pursuant to section 2-615 were stricken with prejudice.           Certain other

paragraphs were stricken pursuant to section 2-619. The court made a finding pursuant to

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010).

¶ 51          This appeal followed.

¶ 52                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 53         A. The Discrepancy Between the Issues That Plaintiffs Raise in Their
             Brief and the Relief That They Seek at the Conclusion of Their Brief

¶ 54          In their brief, plaintiffs raise two issues:

                                                - 14 -
                       "1. Whether the accounts approved during pending

               guardianship foreclose all issues that might be raised at the time of

               the filing of the accounting and prior thereto.

                       2. Whether participation in guardianship proceeding as

               Guardian of the Person binds individuals later acting as decedent's

               Coexecutors in regard to approval of accounts filed by Guardian of

               the Estate."

Essentially, plaintiffs challenge the preclusive effect of the accounts approved by the trial court.

¶ 55           But the approved accounts were not the only reason why the trial court dismissed

(or struck) paragraphs of the second amended petition. Some dismissals were pursuant to section

2-615, for failure to state a cause of action. Other dismissals were pursuant to section 2-619, and

the affirmative matter was not all the same. The two issues quoted above are relevant to only

some of the dismissals: the section 2-619 dismissals in which the affirmative matter was the

approved accounts. See 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4) (West 2012) ("[T]he cause of action is barred

by a prior judgment.").

¶ 56           Even though the issues that plaintiffs raise in their brief are irrelevant to the

dismissals pursuant to section 2-615 and to the dismissals pursuant to section 2-619 that were

based on an affirmative matter other than the approved accounts, plaintiffs, in the conclusion of

their brief, request the reversal of the trial court's order in its entirety. They do not identify the

particular dismissed paragraphs that correspond to the issues they raise. They just request a

reversal in toto. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(8) (eff. July 1, 2008) ("A short conclusion stating the

precise relief sought ***." (Emphasis added.)).

                                                - 15 -
¶ 57           Given the inexplicably broad relief that plaintiffs request, it is necessary for us to

specify, on the one hand, the dismissals to which they have forfeited any challenge (see Ill. S. Ct.

R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008) ("Points not argued are waived," that is, forfeited)) and to

specify, on the other hand, the dismissals that are implicated by the issues they raise in their

brief.

¶ 58                             1. The Forfeited Paragraphs

¶ 59           The trial court dismissed paragraphs 3(A) to (D) of the second amended petition

for failing to allege any damages.      These dismissals were pursuant to section 2-615, and

plaintiffs have forfeited any challenge to them.

¶ 60           The trial court dismissed paragraphs 3(E) and (F) and 5(P) because they sought

compensation for the coexecutors' time, which, the court held, was not a compensable item in

this proceeding. These dismissals were pursuant to section 2-615, and plaintiffs have forfeited

any challenge to them.

¶ 61           The trial court dismissed paragraph 4(B) because it was inconsistent with a prior

verified pleading. See Montgomery Ward & Co v. Wetzel, 98 Ill. App. 3d 243, 251 (1981)

("Once an admission is made in a verified pleading, it remains binding upon the pleader even

after a superseding amendment unless the amendment discloses that the earlier admissions were

made through mistake or inadvertence."). Supposedly, the dismissal of this paragraph was

pursuant to section 2-615, but perhaps section 2-619(a)(9) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012))

was the applicable section, considering that the prior verified pleading was a matter outside the

four corners of the second amended petition. See Krueger v. Lewis, 342 Ill. App. 3d 467, 471-72

(2003). In any event, plaintiffs have forfeited any challenge to this dismissal.

                                               - 16 -
¶ 62           The trial court dismissed paragraphs 4(C)(1)(ii) and (1)(iv) for failure to plead

specific damages. These dismissals were pursuant to section 2-615, and plaintiffs have forfeited

any challenge to them.

¶ 63           The trial court dismissed paragraph 4(C)(1)(iii) because it conflicted with exhibit

B of the second amended petition. See Holubek v. City of Chicago, 146 Ill. App. 3d 815, 817

(1986) ("A [section] 2-619 motion to dismiss admits all facts well pleaded as well as all

reasonable inferences therefrom favorable to plaintiff. However, if an exhibit is attached to the

complaint, the exhibit controls and a motion to dismiss does not admit allegations in conflict

with facts disclosed in the exhibit."). Plaintiffs have forfeited any challenge to this dismissal.

¶ 64           The trial court dismissed paragraph 5(H) to the extent that it sought compensation

for "other related items of damages." The reason for this dismissal was that plaintiffs had

pleaded no specific facts. This dismissal was pursuant to section 2-615, and plaintiffs have

forfeited any challenge to it.

¶ 65                              2. The Relevant Paragraphs

¶ 66           We infer that paragraphs 4(C)(1)(i), (1)(v), (1)(vi), (1)(vii), and 6 of the second

amended petition are the paragraphs under consideration in this appeal, since the trial court

dismissed them pursuant to section 2-619, on the ground that the approved accounts barred them.

See 755 ILCS 5/24-11(b) (West 2012). These paragraphs read as follows:

                       "4. In violation of its fiduciary duties to Ruby Kanfer, the

               Guardian of the Estate failed to properly manage Ruby's

               investments and tax liability in the following respects:

                                               ***

                                                - 17 -
       C. Main Street Bank & Trust Company

agreed to accept the appointment as Permanent

Guardian of the Estate of Mrs. Ruby Kanfer under

the following conditions:

                1. All financial assets must be

       transferred to an account that will be

       established at [M]ain Street Wealth

       Management. A separate account for

       IRAs will be established at Main

       Street Wealth Management. Stocks,

       bonds, mutual funds and Real Estate

       Investment       Trusts    would     be

       transferred in kind to these accounts.

       Evaluation will be made by the Main

       Street         Wealth      Management

       Investment Team as to the best

       practice to get to the agreed upon

       asset allocation. Financial soundness

       of current holdings, in conjunction

       with     tax      considerations    and

       appropriateness      for   Mrs.    Ruby

       Kanfer's current and long term

                         - 18 -
financial needs will dictate whether

or not specific investments already in

place will be kept.              All future

investment decisions would be made

by Main Street Wealth Management

in   accordance       with       established

criteria.

Following its appointment in May 2005 by

the Court as Permanent Plenary Guardian of

Estate, this Court authorized payment for

management of assets at .85%.

                  (i) A full and

        complete examination

        of the assets and their

        investments          reflect

        that      although        an

        investment model was

        established         by   the

        Guardian                  in

        preparation     for      the

        hearing        on        the

        Petition                 for

                   - 19 -
Termination                 of

Guardianship in July

2006, a copy of which

is attached at Exhibit

A, and although sound

fiduciary       principles

require                      a

diversification       in     a

conservative portfolio

pursuant         to        the

Prudent Investor Rule

as reflected in this

investment model, the

Guardian of the Estate

took   no       action      to

implement                  any

investment model on

the Guardianship of

Ruby Kanfer;

          ***

          (v)       Leaving

two             significant

           - 20 -
parcels        of       real

estate—one                in

Champaign,          Illinois,

and one in the State of

Florida—in          various

states of repair [sic]

without                 even

inspecting on site the

Florida condominium

which it had been

placed on notice had

incurred       significant

property damage, a

copy      of   which       is

attached       hereto     as

Exhibit C, and yet

continued to assess

and obtain .85% fee

for management over

said properties;

          (vi) Collecting

in addition to the

           - 21 -
        .85% for Champaign

        property             hourly

        charges      for     Philip

        Hoggatt for work on

        said property, and;

               (vii) collecting

        the   .85%         fee   for

        management of the

        IRA funds in which

        the          investments

        remained in the same

        30 stocks which had

        been selected by the

        Ward over the period

        of the Guardianship.

               ***

        6. Paragraph N of the Order

entered October 27, 2005, provides

that:

        The Guardian is ordered to

file an annual report with the Clerk's

office and serve it upon all parties

                   - 22 -
and    the   Guardian        ad      Litem

containing the following:

       Guardian      of     the     Estate:

verified accounting of the estate

               (a)        Assets.

       List any asset and

       property,     including

       bank accounts; where

       located, value, type of

       account, any trusts,

       real estate or personal

       property of value;

               (b)        Income.

       List any income and

       its source, including

       interest earned.

               (c)

       Expenditures.         List

       any      disbursements

       and property disposed

       of, value, date, nature

       of transaction, parties

                - 23 -
         involved, and reason

         for expenditure.

         Attach all copies of any

relevant supporting documents. Said

report is to be filed no later than May

4, 2006 and a like month and day of

each year thereafter, with a copy to

all parties and Guardian ad Litem.

         Each of the interim Orders

address approval of hours and in

regard    to   periodic        accountings,

approval of original and current asset

holdings, expenditures made on her

behalf. The Reports and Accounts or

other court pleadings or transcripts

do not reflect any examination or

disclosure within the reports or

accountings      as       to      property

management,                     investment

management,      and      are     a   strict

approval of the accuracy of receipts

and disbursements. They are limited

                 - 24 -
to that specific approval.             These

interim Orders do not address the

propriety of the investments or

investment strategy or the property

management        or      the        property

management strategy.

       The      Guardian        ad     Litem

confirms the limited scope of review

and exclusion from the Court and

parties as to investment property

management        in      the        attached

statements made in his discovery

deposition, attached hereto as Group

Exhibit F.

       Ruth Kanfer was present

solely as Guardian of the Person.

Coexecutors also currently represent

the grandchildren of Ruby Kanfer

who   were      not    present       in   the

guardianship.

       The      Guardian         had      an

investment model, the Guardian had

                 - 25 -
                              a significant property damage report

                              and willfully failed to disclose these

                              documents from [sic] the Court and

                              the parties.

                                      By virtue of all of the

                              aforesaid breach of fiduciary duties

                              by the Guardian of the Estate, the

                              Guardian of the Estate has collected

                              fees for services that have not been

                              rendered and to which [it] is not

                              entitled to be paid, said fees in the

                              approximate          amount          of

                              $108,873.00."         (Emphases      in

                              original.)

¶ 67           These paragraphs, quoted immediately above, raise essentially four claims: (1)

Busey collected management fees that it had not earned, (2) Busey collected hourly charges for

Hoggatt's work on the Champaign property while simultaneously collecting the management

fees, (3) Busey failed to implement an investment model, and (4) Busey failed to make repairs to

real estate. We will discuss each of these claims in turn, considering to what extent each is barred

by the prior judgments in the accounting proceedings. See 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4) (West 2012);

755 ILCS 5/24-11(b) (West 2012); Ill. S. Ct. R. 304(b)(1) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010).

¶ 68                                B. The Management Fees

                                               - 26 -
¶ 69           Section 24-11(a) of the Probate Act (755 ILCS 5/24-11(a) (West 2012)) requires a

guardian to file an annual account, interim accounts, and a final account. Section 24-11(b) says

that once the trial court approves an annual account or interim account ("any account except the

final account"), the account is binding on the ward if a guardian ad litem represented the ward in

the hearing on the account and if 10 days' advance notice of the hearing was given.

¶ 70           Sections 24-11(a) and (b) read as follows:

               "(a) The representative of a ward's estate shall present a verified

               account of his administration to the court which issued his letters

               within 30 days after the expiration of one year after the issuance of

               letters or within such further time as the court allows; within 30

               days after the termination of his office or within such further time

               as the court allows, and whenever required by the court until the

               office is terminated; provided however, if no time is set by the

               court, the representative shall present a verified account within 30

               days after the expiration of 3 years from the date of the preceding

               account or within such further time as the court allows.         The

               account shall state the receipts and disbursements of the

               representative since his last accounting and all personal estate

               which is on hand, and shall be accompanied by such evidence of

               the disbursements as the court may require. On every accounting

               the court may require the representative to produce satisfactory

                                              - 27 -
               evidence that he has in his possession or control the personal estate

               shown by the account to be on hand.

                       (b) If the estate of a ward is derived in whole or in part

               from payments of compensation, adjusted compensation, pension,

               insurance or other similar benefits made directly to the estate by

               the Veterans Administration, notice of the hearing on any account

               filed in the ward's estate and a copy of the account must be given

               to the Veterans' Administration Regional Office at least 10 days

               before the hearing. If notice of the hearing on any account except

               the final account of a representative is served at least 10 days

               before the hearing on the account and the court appoints a guardian

               ad litem to represent the ward at the hearing, in the absence of

               fraud, accident or mistake the account as approved is binding upon

               the ward.     Notice of the hearing on any final account of a

               representative must be given to the ward if he is living and to such

               other persons and in such manner as the court directs." 755 ILCS

               5/24-11(a), (b) (West 2012).

¶ 71           The management fees are indeed "disbursements" within the meaning of section

24-11(a) (755 ILCS 5/24-11(a) (West 2012)). But whenever Busey requested authorization to

charge these fees, it did so in a hearing on a petition for fees, not in a hearing on an account. The

fees were not in the accounts but instead were in separate fee petitions. And the fee petitions

themselves were not accounts. An account states not only the disbursements but also the receipts

                                               - 28 -
and the personal estate on hand. 755 ILCS 5/24-11(a) (West 2012). The fee petitions did not

address the latter two items and hence were not accounts. By approving the accounts, the trial

court did not approve the management fees, because, again, the management fees were not in the

accounts; they were in the fee petitions, specifically the petitions for guardianship fees.

Therefore, section 24-11(b) is, by its terms, inapplicable to the management fees.

¶ 72           In its motion for dismissal, however, Busey invoked not only section 24-11(b) but

also Rule 304(b)(1). By invoking Rule 304(b)(1) and by pointing out the lack of any appeal

pursuant to that rule, Busey effectively raised the common-law defense of res judicata (see Baird

& Warner, Inc. v. Gary-Wheaton Bank, 122 Ill. App. 3d 136, 138-39 (1984); State Farm Illinois

Federal Credit Union v. Hayes, 92 Ill. App. 3d 1127, 1128 (1981)).

¶ 73           Rule 304(b)(1) provides in part as follows:

               "The following judgments and orders are appealable without the

               finding required for appeals under paragraph (a) of this rule:

                      (1)   A    judgment    or    order   entered   in   the

               administration of a[] *** guardianship *** which finally

               determines a right or status of a party."      Ill. S. Ct. R.

               304(b)(1) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)

¶ 74           Busey was a party in the guardianship proceeding, and the orders granting the

petitions for guardianship fees finally determined Busey's right to the management fees. It

follows that under Rule 304(b)(1), each of the orders granting management fees was immediately

appealable without a finding pursuant to Rule 304(a). See In re Trusts of Strange, 324 Ill. App.

                                                - 29 -
3d 37, 42 (2001); Lampe v. Pawlarczyk, 314 Ill. App. 3d 455, 469-70 (2000); In re Estate of

Kime, 95 Ill. App. 3d 262, 268 (1981).

¶ 75           Not only was there a guardian ad litem, but the ward also was personally

represented by an attorney throughout the period when Busey petitioned for management fees.

Her attorney attended every hearing in which the trial court granted management fees, and the

ward never appealed from any of the orders granting management fees. (In the hearings of April

10 and June 26, 2007, when Ruby Kanfer lacked a personal attorney, the trial court heard

petitions only for attorney fees and costs, not management fees. In any event, Bequette, the

guardian ad litem, attended all hearings on fee petitions, including the hearings on management

fees.) Each of these orders is more than 30 days old. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(a)(1) (eff. June 4,

2008). Therefore, we must consider whether res judicata bars the present challenge to the

management fees. See Baird, 122 Ill. App. 3d at 138-39; State Farm, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 1128.

¶ 76           Res judicata has three elements (1) a court of competent jurisdiction rendered a

final judgment on the merits, (2) the cause of action in the present proceeding is the same as the

cause of action in the previous proceeding, and (3) the party asserting res judicata and the party

against whom res judicata is asserted were parties to the previous action in which the judgment

was entered, or else they are in privity with parties to the previous action. River Park, Inc. v.

City of Highland Park, 184 Ill. 2d 290, 302 (1998); 23A Ill. L. and Prac. Judgments § 220

(2008).

¶ 77           We have held that an order described in Rule 304(b) is a final judgment for

purposes of res judicata. State Farm, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 1128; see also Piagentini v. Ford Motor

Co., 387 Ill. App. 3d 887, 893-94 (2009) ("A final order is one which either terminates the

                                              - 30 -
litigation between the parties on the merits or disposes of the rights of the parties, either on the

entire controversy or a separate branch thereof." (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). The

orders granting management fees were orders described in Rule 304(b)(1) and hence were final

judgments for purposes of res judicata. See State Farm, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 1128. The trial

court's jurisdiction is unquestioned. Therefore the first element of res judicata is fulfilled. See

River Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 302.

¶ 78           As for the second element of res judicata, the cause of action is the same:

Busey's entitlement to management fees. See id.

¶ 79           As for the third element, the parties are not the same. See id. In the hearings on

the fee petitions, Lawrence Kanfer appeared in his individual capacity, and Ruth Kanfer

appeared as the ward's personal guardian, not as the guardian of her estate. "A party appearing in

an action in one capacity, individual or representative, is not thereby bound by or entitled to the

benefits of the rules of res judicata in a subsequent action in which he appears in another

capacity." Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 36(2) (1982). Because plaintiffs were neither

guardians of the estate nor guardians ad litem, and because they had no vested interest in the

ward's property while she was alive, they lacked standing to object to the management fees or to

any other disposition of the ward's property. See In re Estate of Henry, 396 Ill. App. 3d 88, 94

(2009); In re Guardianship of Austin, 245 Ill. App. 3d 1042, 1047 (1993); In re Guardianship of

Walkup, 799 P.2d 145, 146-47 (Okla. Civ. App. 1990).           Considering that, in the previous

proceeding, plaintiffs lacked standing to speak on the question of Busey's entitlement to fees,

they cannot fairly be regarded as the same parties in the two proceedings. See Henry, 396 Ill.

App. 3d at 99-100.

                                               - 31 -
¶ 80           The ward, however, was a party to the proceedings in which the trial court

approved the management fees, and plaintiffs, as the ward's coexecutors, are in privity with the

ward. See River Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 302; People ex rel. James v. Seaman, 239 Ill. 611, 615

(1909).   As coexecutors, plaintiffs stand in her shoes.      See People v. Continental Illinois

National Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago, 360 Ill. 454, 458 (1935). Therefore, we find all three

elements of res judicata to be fulfilled, and in our de novo review (Halverson v. Stamm, 329 Ill.

App. 3d 1206, 1215 (2002)), we hold that res judicata now bars plaintiffs, as the ward's

coexecutors, from recovering the management fees. See 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4) (West 2012);

Baird, 122 Ill. App. 3d at 138-39; State Farm, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 1128.

¶ 81                        C. The Hourly Charges For Hoggatt's Work

¶ 82           This reasoning also applies to the hourly charges for Hoggatt's work. In the same

petitions in which Busey sought permission to collect its management fees out of the ward's

estate, it sought permission to pay Hoggatt out of the ward's estate for the work he had done on

the Champaign property.

¶ 83           Presumably, Busey itself was contractually obligated to Hoggatt. Busey had no

power to bind the ward's estate to a contract with Hoggatt or any other third party. See In re

Estate of Wagler, 217 Ill. App. 3d 526, 530 (1991). Whenever a guardian enters into a contract

with a third party, the contract personally binds the guardian—even if the contract is for the

ward's benefit and even if the contract identifies the guardian as the ward's representative. Id. at

529-30.   The guardian can only hope that the trial court will grant permission to pay the

contractual obligation out of the ward's estate. See Cheney v. Roodhouse, 135 Ill. 257, 265-66

(1890); Parsons v. Estate of Wambaugh, 110 Ill. App. 3d 374, 378 (1982). (A guardian averse to

                                               - 32 -
this risk can seek judicial approval ahead of time, before incurring the contractual obligation

(id.), or, if possible, the guardian can obtain the third party's agreement to look only to the estate

for payment (Wagler, 217 Ill. App. 3d at 529).)

¶ 84           It follows that when the trial court approved the petitions containing Hoggatt's

hourly charges, the court effectively granted indemnity to Busey out of the ward's estate. See id.

In that respect, the orders determined a right of a party to a guardianship proceeding—namely,

Busey's right to indemnity—and thus the orders were immediately appealable under Rule

304(b)(1). Because the ward never appealed from any of these orders, res judicata now bars

plaintiffs, as the ward's coexecutors and privies, from recovering the charges for Hoggatt's work.

See 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4) (West 2012); Baird, 122 Ill. App. 3d at 138; State Farm, 92 Ill.

App. 3d at 1128.

¶ 85                  D. Busey's Failure To Implement the Investment Model

¶ 86           In paragraph 4(C)(1)(i) of their second amended petition, plaintiffs allege that

even though Busey prepared an investment model for the ward's assets and even though "sound

fiduciary principles require[d] a diversification in a conservative portfolio pursuant to the

Prudent Investor Rule as reflected in this Investment Model," Busey never implemented the

investment model. Likewise, in paragraph 4(C)(1)(vii), plaintiffs allege that "the IRA funds"

have "remained in the same 30 stocks *** selected by the Ward."

¶ 87           We take these factual allegations to be true, and because the remedy clause of the

second amended petition seeks $444,390.67—a sum greater than merely the $108,873 in

management fees—we will infer that the failure to implement the investment model caused

financial harm to the ward's estate over and above the allegedly unearned management fees

                                                - 33 -
(which, we have held, res judicata bars plaintiffs from recovering). See Fink v. Banks, 2013 IL

App (1st) 122177, ¶ 18.

¶ 88           The question, then, is whether plaintiffs are barred from seeking compensation for

other financial harm as well, over and above the management fees: the loss of opportunities to

earn income, the diminishment of principal, or the increased tax liability (whatever the case may

be) that resulted from Busey's alleged failure to implement the investment model.

¶ 89           Again, we refer to the three elements of res judicata, starting with the first

element: the rendition of a final judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction

(River Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 302). Each order approving an account was appealable under Rule

304(b)(1). See In re Estate of Neisewander, 130 Ill. App. 3d 1031, 1033 (1985). Each time a

court of competent jurisdiction issued such an order, it issued a final judgment on the merits for

purposes of res judicata. See State Farm, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 1128. (More precisely, each

judgment became final when the possibility of appellate review was exhausted. See Fidelity

National Title Insurance Co. of New York v. Westhaven Properties Partnership, 386 Ill. App. 3d
201, 211 (2007).) Therefore, the first element of res judicata is fulfilled.

¶ 90           The second element of res judicata is that the cause of action in the first

proceeding is the same as the cause of action in the previous proceeding. River Park, 184 Ill. 2d

at 302. The accounts presented, on their face, the same "group of [operative] facts" that was

before the trial court in this action, namely, the discrepancy between the investment model and

the investments that Busey still was holding. Id. at 310. Res judicata bars not only claims that

were raised in the previous action but also claims that, in the exercise of due diligence, could

have been raised in the previous action. Kasny v. Coonen & Roth, Ltd., 395 Ill. App. 3d 870, 874

                                                - 34 -
(2009). In the hearings on the accounts, nothing prevented Bequette or the ward's attorney from

objecting to Busey's evident failure to implement the investment model. For them to be able to

do that, they would not have had to perform an exhaustive, in-depth analysis of the ward's

financial affairs. According to plaintiffs, Bequette spent little time examining the accounts; and

yet, in his deposition, he testified he had been aware "the bank had a model for [the ward's]

investments" and that "[t]he bank never completely got [her] assets into their model." It seems,

then, that he did not have to perform a long, elaborate audit to become aware of those facts.

Therefore, the second element of res judicata is fulfilled: the causes of action are the same in

that the present claim of failure to implement the investment model could have been raised in the

accounting proceedings. See River Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 302; Kasny, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 874.

¶ 91           The third and final element of res judicata is an identity of the parties. See River

Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 302. As we have explained, the ward was a party to the accounting

proceedings, and plaintiffs are in privity with her because they are her coexecutors.          See

Continental, 360 Ill. at 458; Seamen, 239 Ill. at 615. It follows that res judicata bars plaintiffs

from raising the claim of Busey's failure to implement the investment model. See In re Estate of

Hunter, 775 N.Y.S.2d 42, 45 (N.Y. App. Div. 2004).

¶ 92                       E. Approvals of Annual and Interim Accounts
                           Are No Longer "Ex Parte" and "De Bene Esse"

¶ 93           Plaintiffs cite Marshall v. Coleman, 187 Ill. 556, 569 (1900), for the proposition

that "a partial or annual account is only a judgment de bene esse [([a]s conditionally allowed for

the present (Black's Law Dictionary 408 (7th ed. 1999)))], often rendered ex parte, and only

prima facie correct." (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

                                              - 35 -
¶ 94           This holding in Marshall is inapplicable because in 1900, when the supreme court

decided Marshall, there was no statute analogous to section 24-11(b) of the Probate Act (755

ILCS 5/24-11(b) (West 2012)). Before the enactment of the Probate Act, "interim accounts

could be set aside or modified at the final accounting" (In re Estate of Aschauer, 188 Ill. App. 3d
63, 68 (1989)) because no hearing on an interim account was required; all the representative had

to do was file interim accounts, and notice, hearing, and approval were reserved for the final

account (1871-72 Ill. Laws 77 (§ 112). Now section 24-11(b) provides for notice, hearing, and

approval whenever the representative files an annual account or an interim account. Therefore,

in Aschauer (a case plaintiffs do not cite), we expressly declined to follow the older, superseded

cases that regarded interim accounts as nonbinding. In the present state of the law, "the approval

of an account by the court is binding on all parties who had notice and is res judicata."

Aschauer, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 68. We adhere to Aschauer and decline to follow the contrary

holdings in In re Estate of Berger, 166 Ill. App. 3d 1045, 1064 (1987) (First District), and In re

Estate of Moeller, 133 Ill. App. 2d 327 (1971) (abstract of op.) (First District).

¶ 95                            F. The Right Under Section 24-18
                     To Initiate an Action for Mismanagement of the Estate

¶ 96           Plaintiffs argue that under section 24-18 of the Probate Act (755 ILCS 5/24-18

(West 2012)), they have a right, as successor representatives, to "institute and maintain an action

against the [previous] representative," Busey, "for all money and property which may have come

into [its] possession and *** may have been wasted *** or misapplied and no satisfaction made

therefor."

¶ 97           We must give effect, however, to both section 24-18 and section 24-11(b) (see

Chavda v. Wolak, 188 Ill. 2d 394, 402 (1999)), and section 24-11(b) provides an affirmative

                                                - 36 -
defense to an action for mismanagement of an estate if, in a hearing on an annual or interim

account, preceded by 10 days' notice, the trial court approved the alleged mismanagement of the

estate and there was no "fraud, accident or mistake." 755 ILCS 5/24-11(b) (West 2012). Also,

section 24-18 is subject to the common-law doctrine of res judicata, considering that, under

section 2-619(a)(4) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4) (West 2012)), a

defendant may move to dismiss an action on the ground that "the cause of action is barred by a

prior judgment."

¶ 98                     G. The Suggested Impracticality of Examining
                      the Annual and Interim Accounts as They Are Filed

¶ 99          Plaintiffs are concerned that if we interpret section 24-11(b) as barring their

actions, the measures guardians ad litem will have to take to avoid waiver or estoppel will make

accounting proceedings extremely complicated and cumbersome. They write:

                      "To deem that every current account must be fully

              examined and fully litigated with complete examination of

              investment, taxes, property management and all relevant issues

              raised and litigated at the time of each annual account of a

              guardianship will place an unbelievable challenge on the time of

              the courts and place significant additional fees and costs on the

              ward. What guardian ad litem could ever not proceed to fully and

              completely analyze each accounting and all actions of the guardian

              of the estate whether reflected in the account or purposely

              concealed from the Court or the guardian ad litem?" (Emphasis in

              original.)

                                             - 37 -
¶ 100          We do not say that, in an accounting proceeding, the guardian ad litem must

perform a wide-ranging audit of the ward's financial affairs (a "complete examination of

investment, taxes, property management"). We merely say the guardian ad litem should read the

account and if there is anything questionable or enigmatic on the face of the account, the

guardian ad litem should object. All the guardian ad litem has to do is object to whatever is

potentially problematic in the account, and the objection will cast the burden on the guardian of

the estate to prove that the objected-to item is "just and proper." Altieri v. Estate of Snyder, 262
Ill. App. 3d 427, 434 (1992). The position of guardian ad litem in an accounting proceeding is

not pro forma. The guardian ad litem is supposed to represent the best interests of the ward

rather than accede to whatever the ward wants. In re Guardianship of Mabry, 281 Ill. App. 3d
76, 88 (1996). If the estate is large and complicated, the trial court should appoint a guardian ad

litem with relevant expertise, someone who, by training and experience, is able to subject the

account to a meaningful critique.

¶ 101          Just because a guardian ad litem misses a potential issue in an annual or interim

account, it does not necessarily follow, under section 24-11(b), that the issue is forfeited. The

statute contains an exception for fraud, accident, or mistake: "in the absence of fraud, accident

or mistake the account as approved is binding upon the ward." 755 ILCS 5/24-11(b) (West

2012). We have interpreted the phrase "fraud, accident or mistake" as a duplication of the

grounds for relief under section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401

(West 2012)). In re Estate of Moore, 175 Ill. App. 3d 926, 930-31 (1988); see also Smith v.

Airoom, Inc., 114 Ill. 2d 209, 222 (1986) ("[A] party relying on section 2-1401 is not entitled to

relief unless he shows that through no fault or negligence of his own, the error of fact or the

                                               - 38 -
existence of a valid defense was not made to appear to the trial court." (Internal quotation marks

omitted.)); Physicians Insurance Exchange v. Jennings, 316 Ill. App. 3d 443, 458 (2000) ("We

note that the due diligence requirement [of section 2-1401] may be relaxed if actual fraud or

unconscionable conduct played a part in the trial court's judgment."); American Ambassador

Casualty Co. v. Jackson, 295 Ill. App. 3d 485, 489 (1998); Stoller v. Holdren, 47 Ill. App. 2d 81,

82-83 (1964) ("To vacate a valid judgment after 30 days from its entry under Sec 72 of the Civil

Practice Act [(Ill. Rev. Stat. 1963, ch. 110, § 72) (now section 2-1401)] defendants must show

reasonable excuse for failure to defend within the appropriate time or that they were prevented

from so doing by the fraud, act or concealment of the opposing party, accident, excusable

mistake or one or more of the grounds traditionally relied upon for equitable relief from

judgments."). Section 2-1401 requires only "reasonable diligence," not extraordinary diligence.

Juszczyk v. Flores, 334 Ill. App. 3d 122, 128 (2002). We are aware of no fraud, accident, or

mistake in this case.

¶ 102                            H. The Bare Allegation of Fraud

¶ 103          At the conclusion of their brief, plaintiffs assert that by doing such things as

"putting an inexperienced trust administrator in charge of an account of several million dollars,"

"allowing approximately $1 million to sit in the same account," and "discussing [an] investment

strategy only in regard how to block a Petition To Terminate the Guardianship filed by the

ward," Busey committed "a fraud on the ward and the Court." Plaintiffs do not explain how such

acts or omissions conform to the definition of fraud.         Broken promises and unfulfilled

obligations are not fraud. Ault v. C.C. Services, Inc., 232 Ill. App. 3d 269, 271 (1992); see also

Avery v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 216 Ill. 2d 100, 169 (2005).

                                              - 39 -
¶ 104                          I. The Failure To Make Repairs

¶ 105          In paragraph 4(C)(1)(v) of their second amended petition, plaintiffs accuse Busey

of "[l]eaving two significant parcels of real estate—one in Champaign, Illinois, and the other in

the State of Florida— in various states of repair without even inspecting on site the Florida

condominium which it had been placed on notice had incurred significant property damage."

¶ 106          Busey points out that at the hearing of October 27, 2005, it was agreed that Busey

would not have to make any inspection of the Florida property. The trial court made the

following docket entry: "By agreement the estate guardian is relieve[d] of the burden at this time

of making any inspections of the ward's property in Florida. No written order required."

¶ 107          Five parties appeared in that hearing: Lawrence Kanfer in his individual capacity,

Ruth Kanfer in her capacity as the guardian of the person, Ruby Kanfer, Busey, and Bequette.

Only two of those parties held a position entitling them to address the handling of the ward's

property: the guardian of the estate (Busey) and the guardian ad litem (Bequette). Busey sought

to be released of any obligation to inspect the Florida condominium, and Bequette agreed that

Busey should be released from that obligation. That agreement is unenforceable. A guardian ad

litem is powerless to waive any right of the ward. Ortman v. Kane, 389 Ill. 613, 624 (1945);

Cartwright v. Wise, 14 Ill. 417, 418 (1853); Mabry, 281 Ill. App. 3d at 86; Leonard v. Chicago

Title & Trust Co., 287 Ill. App. 397, 400-01 (1936); 39 Am. Jur. 2d Guardian & Ward § 117

(2008). That includes the ward's right to have her real estate inspected to ensure it is in adequate

repair, something a prudent owner of real estate normally would do. See Parsons, 110 Ill. App.
3d at 377 ("[T]he defendant as guardian had the duty to manage the ward's property with the

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same degree of vigilance, diligence and prudence as a reasonable man would use in managing his

own property.").

¶ 108          The agreement of October 27, 2005, said nothing about the Champaign property.

Even though Busey hired Hoggatt to do work on the Champaign property, it does not necessarily

follow that Busey succeeded in putting that property in an adequate state of repair. See G.M.

Fedorchak & Associates, Inc. v. Chicago Title Land Trust Co., 355 Ill. App. 3d 428, 432 (2005)

("Dismissal pursuant to section 2-619 is warranted only where it is clear that no set of facts can

be proved that would entitle the plaintiff to recover.").

¶ 109          By approving the accounts, the trial court cannot reasonably be understood as

approving Busey's upkeep of the real estate.

¶ 110          Therefore, we reverse the dismissal order insomuch as it holds plaintiffs to be

barred from recovering losses resulting from the failure to keep the Florida property and the

Champaign property in an adequate state of repair. See Parsons, 110 Ill. App. 3d at 377.

Otherwise, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

¶ 111                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 112          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court's judgment in part and reverse

it in part and remand this case for further proceedings.

¶ 113          Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

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