Court Opinion

ID: 3148415
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:48:48.863894+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:06:29.039267
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                        Appellate Court

    West American Insurance Co. v. Midwest Open MRI, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 121034

Appellate Court            WEST AMERICAN INSURANCE CO., Plaintiff and Counterdefendant-
Caption                    Appellee, v. MIDWEST OPEN MRI, INC., Defendant and
                           Counterplaintiff-Appellant.

District & No.             First District, Second Division
                           Docket No. 1-12-1034

Filed                      April 16, 2013

Held                       Judgment on the pleadings was properly entered for plaintiff insurer in its
(Note: This syllabus       action seeking a declaration that it had no duty to defend or indemnify
constitutes no part of     defendant in an underlying action alleging that defendant was engaged in
the opinion of the court   “kickback” schemes under which defendant paid physicians for referring
but has been prepared      patients to defendant for MRI services, since the underlying complaints
by the Reporter of         did not fall within the scope of the policy plaintiff issued to defendant.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)

Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 09-CH-26140; the
Review                     Hon. Lee Preston, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                   John L. Leonard and Michael H. Erdman, both of Teeple Leonard &
Appeal                       Erdman, of Chicago, for appellant.

                             Joshua G. Vincent and Cecilia A. Horan, both of Hinshaw & Culbertson
                             LLP, of Chicago, for appellee.

Panel                        JUSTICE CONNORS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                             Presiding Justice Harris and Justice Quinn concurred in the judgment and
                             opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1          This appeal arises out of a dispute over whether an insurer, West American Insurance
        Company, owed its insured, Midwest Open MRI, a duty to defend or indemnify in a lawsuit
        brought against Midwest by one of its competitors. West American filed a declaratory
        judgment action seeking a declaration that it had no duty to defend or indemnify Midwest
        in the underlying lawsuit and Midwest filed a counterclaim seeking a declaration of
        coverage. The parties filed cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings. The circuit court
        granted West American’s motion and denied Midwest’s motion, finding that: (1) the
        underlying claim alleged an economic loss that was not covered under the policy; (2) the
        underlying lawsuit contained no discrimination claims; and (3) West American was not
        estopped from raising defenses to coverage. Following Midwest’s timely appeal of the
        judgment, we affirm.

¶2                                         BACKGROUND
¶3           Midwest provides magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) services to patients. It was sued
        by one of its competitors, Advanced Physicians, for allegedly violating section 2 of the
        Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act) (815
        ILCS 505/2 (West 2010)). Advanced Physicians and its principals, Richard and Dana
        Vallandigham, filed a series of amended complaints which, for the purposes of this appeal,
        are all substantially similar in their allegations.1 The following allegations are taken from

                1
                  Richard and Dana Vallandigham, in their individual capacities, initially filed suit against
        Midwest and a number of other MRI facilities, jointly. Vallandigham v. Future Diagnostic Group,
        LLC, No. 07 CH 13689 (Cir. Ct. Cook Co.). The Vallandighams were found to have improperly
        joined the defendants and later refiled their claims against Midwest and others separately in new
        actions. See Vallandigham v. Midwest Open MRI, Inc., No. 09 CH 24155 (Cir. Ct. Cook Co.). They
        amended their complaint to substitute Advanced Physicians as plaintiff. Advanced Physicians
        subsequently amended the substance of its complaint several times.

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     Advanced Physicians’ verified fourth amended complaint, the last complaint filed.
¶4       Generally, Advanced Physicians alleged that Midwest engaged in “widespread
     solicitation and conspiracy to engage in kickback[-]for[-]referral arrangements” with certain
     physicians or clinics and submitted false and deceptive billing records to patients and third-
     party payors. Advanced Physicians claimed that it has been “restrained from capturing much
     of the outside MRI business in [the region] *** because a substantial part of that market has
     been and is being illegally monopolized by [Midwest]” in conspiracy with those referring
     physicians and clinics.
¶5       Specifically, Advanced Physicians alleged that Midwest contracts with certain physicians
     who refer patients to it for MRI scans, and in return, these referring physicians share in the
     medical billing revenues. The alleged scheme is conducted in one of two ways. In the first
     scenario, a physician would refer a patient to Midwest’s facility. Midwest’s technicians
     would perform MRI scans on the referred patients and its radiologists would read the MRI
     studies as well. Midwest would forego billing the patients and their insurers for the costs of
     performing these procedures and instead allow the referring physicians to bill for and collect
     those payments, even though the physicians did not perform those services. In exchange, the
     referring physician allegedly would pay Midwest $350 to $450 for each scan, which is “well
     below the usual and customary charge,” and call the payment a “lease payment or equipment
     rental” fee. According to Advanced Physicians, this practice guaranteed Midwest “a
     substantial contracted stream of referred patients.”
¶6       In the second scenario, Advanced Physicians again alleged that Midwest would perform
     the MRI scans on patients referred to it by a referring physician. But in this scenario,
     Midwest would bill the patients and their insurers the usual and customary fee for MRI
     services and collect those fees directly. Midwest then would pay the referring physician
     approximately $450 per referral, often pursuant to the terms of a written management
     services agreement. Significantly, Advanced Physicians alleged that under these referral
     arrangements, the amount Midwest collected from referring physicians for performing these
     services was “designed to price other non-participating MRI facilities out of the market or
     drastically reduce competition in the diagnostic testing market,” which constitutes a
     “predatory pricing scheme[ ] *** used to monopolize the pool of [r]eferring [p]hysicians”
     in the region.
¶7       Dr. Richard Vallandigham, the principal of Advanced Physicians, discovered this alleged
     scheme in 2005, when he began marketing his new “state of the art” MRI facility to local
     physicians in an effort to obtain business. He claimed that many of the physicians he met told
     him that they had contractual referral agreements with Midwest, “pursuant to which they
     received compensation for referred MRI scans and for which they did no work.”
     Consequently, the physicians declined to refer patients to Advanced Physicians.
     Vallandigham was advised that this contractual referral system among physicians and
     Midwest, among others, was the “usual and customary procedure in the industry.”
¶8       Vallandigham was also told that these physicians entered into “sham lease agreements”
     with Midwest, which purported to show that physicians leased space at Midwest to attend
     to their patients, although they did not in fact see any patients at Midwest’s facility. The

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       “sham lease agreements” allowed Midwest and the physicians to submit false billings to
       patients and their insurers. Vallandigham alleged that he had a telephone conversation with
       Dr. Niranjana Giri, president and chief executive officer of Midwest, during which Dr. Giri
       allegedly admitted that she participated in the referral arrangements and lease agreement
       schemes with the referring physicians. Dr. Giri agreed to meet with Vallandigham to discuss
       the details of these schemes with him, but the meeting never occurred.
¶9         As a result of these arrangements between Midwest and the referring physicians, Midwest
       is believed to perform 300 to 400 scans per month at the below-market contracted rate for
       services. On the other hand, Advanced Physicians claimed it charged its patients the usual
       and customary rate but performed less than half as many scans, despite its capacity to
       perform 750 scans per month. Furthermore, of its 145 monthly scans, only 20 of them
       resulted from “open market referrals.” Advanced Physicians alleged that Midwest’s
       “wrongful conduct interfere[d] with the market competition, doctor-patient relationships[,]
       and the public’s right to choose their own physician and is a direct impediment to [Advanced
       Physicians’] ability to provide quality healthcare” in the region.
¶ 10       Advanced Physicians specifically alleged that the physicians’ refusal to do business with
       it is a result of the “contracting conspiracy involving [Midwest] and the [r]eferring
       [p]hysicians, *** which has operated and continues to operate to deny [Advanced
       Physicians] access to essential referral sources in order to fairly compete” in this region.
       Additionally, Midwest has allegedly attained an “overwhelming” share of the market for
       MRI services through its “predatory price fixing.”
¶ 11       Advanced Physicians alleged that Midwest violated section 2 of the Consumer Fraud Act
       by “knowingly ma[king] its kickback offers to dozens of potential [r]eferring [p]hysicians”
       and “actually pa[ying]” them for patient referrals. 815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2010). It alleged
       that Midwest “has cultivated a business practice of inducing, conspiring[,] and rewarding
       fraud in order to increase business, limit competition[,] and/or drive entities like [Advanced
       Physicians] out of business.” It further alleged that Midwest has “solicited and accomplished
       widespread fraud in the diagnostic imaging marketplace, harming *** competitors such as
       [Advanced Physicians] as it is unable to compete because it is unwilling to participate in
       fraud.” Midwest’s conduct was alleged to be “willful, intentional, [and] evidence of an evil
       motive and constitutes reckless indifference to the rights of medical consumers and
       competitors, including [Advanced Physicians].” As a result of Midwest’s actions, Advanced
       Physicians alleged that it “suffered and continues to suffer substantial monetary damages.”
       Advanced Physicians sought the following relief: a declaration that Midwest’s conduct
       violated the Consumer Fraud Act, a permanent injunction to prevent Midwest from engaging
       in the unlawful conduct described, monetary damages and restitution, penalties awarded
       under the Consumer Fraud Act, and attorney fees.
¶ 12       Midwest tendered each version of the Vallandigham and Advanced Physicians
       complaints to West American pursuant to the terms of its general liability insurance policy.
       Shortly after Midwest tendered the first Vallandingham complaint, which included multiple
       MRI facility defendants to West American, the court determined that the defendants had been
       improperly joined. The precise disposition of that complaint is unclear from the record and
       the order itself is not included in the record on appeal. Midwest represented in its filings here

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       and in the court below that it filed a motion to sever and the court, “by striking the complaint,
       in fact dismissed the case.” However, “[l]eave to amend was allowed but only by the filing
       of a new case, without joining the other defendants.” Nevertheless, West American filed a
       declaratory judgment action seeking a declaration that it had no duty to defend or indemnify
       Midwest in the underlying action, but it was filed after the disposition of the first
       Vallandigham complaint. West American amended its declaratory judgment complaint each
       time Midwest tendered an amended complaint filed by the Vallandighams or Advanced
       Physicians in the underlying lawsuits.
¶ 13       West American challenged coverage on several grounds. First, it alleged that the
       Vallandigham and Advanced Physicians complaints failed to allege an “occurrence” or
       “Bodily Injury,” “Property Damage,” or “Personal and Advertising Injury” as defined by the
       policy. West American also asserted several policy exclusions for intentional and criminal
       behavior and alleged that the claimed injuries suffered by Advanced Physicians occurred
       before the effective date of the policy pursuant to the known loss doctrine.
¶ 14       Midwest filed a counterclaim against West American seeking a declaration of coverage,
       a duty to defend and indemnify Midwest in the underlying actions, and reimbursement for
       attorney fees already expended in defending against the underlying complaints. Midwest also
       asserted that West American was estopped from denying that it owed Midwest a duty to
       defend or indemnify in the underlying action because West American filed its declaratory
       judgment action after the initial Vallandigham complaint had been dismissed.
¶ 15       The relevant provisions of Midwest’s insurance policy are as follows.
           “SECTION I - COVERAGES
           COVERAGE A BODILY INJURY AND PROPERTY DAMAGE LIABILITY
                1. Insuring Agreement
                    a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as
                damages because of ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ to which this insurance
                applies. We will have the right and duty to defend the insured against any ‘suit’
                seeking those damages. However, we will have no duty to defend the insured against
                any ‘suit’ seeking damages for ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ to which this
                insurance does not apply. We may, at our discretion, investigate any ‘occurrence’ and
                settle any claim or ‘suit’ that may result.
                    ***
                    b. This insurance applies to ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ only if:
                        1. The ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ is caused by an ‘occurrence’ that
                    takes place in the ‘coverage territory’;
                        2. The ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ occurs during the policy period;
                    and
                        3. Prior to the policy period, no insured *** knew that the ‘bodily injury’ or
                    ‘property damage’ had occurred, in whole or in part. If such a listed insured ***
                    knew, prior to the policy period, that the ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’
                    occurred, then any continuation, change or resumption of such ‘bodily injury’ or

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        ‘property damage’ during or after the policy period will be deemed to have been
        known prior to the policy period.
    ***
    2. Exclusions
    This insurance does not apply to:
        a. Expected Or Intended Injury
        ‘Bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ expected or intended from the standpoint
    of the insured.
        ***
COVERAGE B PERSONAL AND ADVERTISING INJURY LIABILITY
    1. Insuring Agreement
        a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as
    damages because of ‘personal and advertising injury’ to which this insurance applies.
    We will have the right and duty to defend the insured against any ‘suit’ seeking those
    damages. However, we will have no duty to defend the insured against any ‘suit’
    seeking damages for ‘personal and advertising injury’ to which this insurance does
    not apply. We may, at our discretion, investigate any offense and settle any claim or
    ‘suit’ that may result.
        ***
    2. Exclusions
    This insurance does not apply to:
        a. Knowing Violation Of Rights Of Another
        ‘Personal and advertising injury’ caused by or at the direction of the insured with
    the knowledge that the act would violate the rights of another and would inflict
    ‘personal and advertising injury.’
                                     ***
        d. Criminal Acts
        ‘Personal and advertising injury’ arising out of a criminal act committed by or at
    the direction of the insured.
        ***
SECTION V - DEFINITIONS
                                     ***
    13. ‘Occurrence’ means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to
substantially the same general harmful conditions.
    14. ‘Personal and advertising injury’ means injury *** arising out of one or more of
the following offenses:
                                     ***
        h. Discrimination or humiliation that results in injury to the feelings or reputation
    of a natural person, but only if such discrimination or humiliation is:

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                        (1) Not done intentionally by or at the direction of:
                            (a) An insured; or
                            (b) Any ‘executive officer’ director, stockholder, partner or member of
                        the insured; and
                        (2) Not directly or indirectly related to the employment, prospective
                    employment or termination of employment of any person or persons by any
                    insured.
                                                 ***
                17. ‘Property damage’ means:
                    a. Physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that
                property. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the physical
                injury that caused it; or
                    b. Loss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured.
           All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the ‘occurrence’ that caused
           it.”
¶ 16       West American and Midwest filed cross-motions for judgment on their respective
       pleadings. The circuit court granted West American’s motion and denied Midwest’s motion,
       ruling that West American had no duty to defend or indemnify Midwest against any of the
       underlying complaints. The court concluded that the harm alleged by the Vallandighams and
       Advanced Physicians did not constitute a “loss of use of tangible property that is not
       physically injured,” as contemplated by the policy; rather, it was an ordinary economic loss
       that was not covered by Midwest’s policy. Furthermore, it found that the underlying
       complaints did not allege a “personal or advertising injury.” Specifically, such coverage only
       applied to personal injuries to a natural person and, therefore, could not apply to Advanced
       Physicians. Additionally, the complaints brought by the Vallandighams did not allege any
       discrimination, as Midwest argued. The court also found that based on these findings, it need
       not address West American’s contention that the allegations in the underlying complaints
       failed to allege an “occurrence.”
¶ 17       The court further found that West American was not estopped from denying coverage
       even though its declaratory judgment action was filed after the first Vallandigham complaint
       had been dismissed for improper joinder. The court concluded that although the dismissal
       was a final order, the dispute had not been finally resolved by “judgment or settlement” such
       that estoppel should apply because the matter continued under a different civil docket
       number after being refiled against Midwest as a single defendant. Midwest then filed this
       timely appeal.

¶ 18                                      ANALYSIS
¶ 19       Midwest appeals from the court’s entry of judgment on the pleadings, which we review
       de novo. State Bank of Cherry v. CGB Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 65. Like a motion
       for summary judgment, “[j]udgment on the pleadings is properly granted if the pleadings
       disclose no genuine issue of material fact and *** the movant is entitled to judgment as a

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       matter of law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836,
       ¶ 65. In deciding on cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings, the court must accept all
       well-pleaded facts as set forth in those pleadings and the fair inferences drawn therefrom.
       State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 65; L.E. Myers Co. v. Harbor Insurance Co., 67 Ill.
       App. 3d 496, 497 (1978).
¶ 20       Additionally, this appeal concerns whether the insurer has a duty to defend, which
       involves the construction of an insurance contract. Pekin Insurance Co. v. Wilson, 237 Ill.
2d 446, 455 (2010). We apply a de novo standard of review to that question as well. Pekin
       Insurance Co., 237 Ill. 2d at 455. In evaluating an insurer’s duty to defend, we first look to
       the allegations in the underlying complaint and compare them to the relevant provisions of
       the insurance policy. Pekin Insurance Co., 237 Ill. 2d at 455. If the alleged facts fall within
       or potentially within the scope of coverage under the insurance policy, the insurer has a duty
       to defend the insured. Pekin Insurance Co., 237 Ill. 2d at 455.
¶ 21       Midwest’s appeal primarily challenges the court’s determination that the allegations of
       the underlying complaint did not allege a “loss of use” as defined by the policy. However,
       we conclude that the underlying complaint failed to allege an “occurrence” under the terms
       of the policy. Although the circuit court did not address that contention in its order, it was
       argued by the parties and we may affirm the trial court’s order on any basis supported by the
       record. Rodriguez v. Sheriff’s Merit Comm’n, 218 Ill. 2d 342, 357 (2006).
¶ 22       The insurance policy applies to losses caused by property damage only if the property
       damage is caused by an “occurrence.” The policy defines an “occurrence” as “an accident,
       including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful
       conditions.” Although the policy does not define the term “accident,” this court has long
       recognized that for purposes of insurance coverage claims, an accident is “ ‘an unforseen
       occurrence, usually *** an undesigned sudden or unexpected event of an inflictive or
       unfortunate character.’ ” State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Young, 2012 IL App (1st)
103736, ¶ 26 (quoting Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Freyer, 89 Ill. App. 3d 617, 619
       (1980)). Furthermore, whether an occurrence is an accident depends on “ ‘whether the injury
       is expected or intended by the insured, not whether the acts were performed intentionally.’ ”
       (Emphases in original.) United National Insurance Co. v. Faure Brothers Corp., 409 Ill.
       App. 3d 711, 717 (2011) (quoting Lyons v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 349 Ill. App.
3d 404, 409 (2004)).
¶ 23       Our review of the underlying complaint leads us to the unavoidable conclusion that it
       does not allege an occurrence because it makes no allegations of accidental conduct or
       consequences. Advanced Physicians alleged that Midwest engaged in a “conspiracy” with
       certain physicians to “illegally monopolize” the market for MRI services in south suburban
       Chicagoland. According to Advanced Physicians, Midwest operated its scheme in one of two
       ways. Midwest allegedly accepted a below-market flat fee from the referring physicians to
       conduct MRI scans and allowed the physicians to submit false billings to the patient and his
       insurer. Advanced Physicians claimed that the fee Midwest collected was “well below the
       usual and customary charge” for MRI services. Alternatively, Midwest allegedly performed
       MRI scans and collected full payment from the patient’s insurer and then paid the referring
       physician a kickback. Advanced Physicians alleged that Midwest and the referring physicians

                                                -8-
       engaged in “predatory pricing schemes” that had the effect of “pric[ing] other non-
       participating MRI facilities out of the market” and “drastically reducing competition in the
       diagnostic testing market.” Consequently, Midwest has allegedly amassed an
       “overwhelming” share of the market for MRI services through this scheme and Advanced
       Physicians has suffered “substantial monetary damages” as a result. Advanced Physicians
       asserted that Midwest’s conduct was “willful, intentional, [and] evidence of an evil motive”
       that has harmed Advanced Physicians.
¶ 24       Significantly, according to the complaints, Midwest engaged in these schemes with the
       express purpose of “driv[ing] entities like [Advanced Physicians] out of business.” Advanced
       Physicians and the Vallandighams explicitly and repeatedly alleged that Midwest’s
       fraudulent and deceptive scheme was designed to price other MRI facilities out of the
       market. According to the complaints, Midwest intended to put its competitors out of business
       so that it could dominate the diagnostic testing market in the region, which constituted a
       violation of the Consumer Fraud Act. Thus, the underlying complaints did not allege
       accidental conduct or consequences and, thus, did not allege an “occurrence” as defined by
       the policy. See Young, 2012 IL App (1st) 103736, ¶ 31; West Bend Mutual Insurance Co. v.
       People, 401 Ill. App. 3d 857, 866 (2010). See also Steadfast Insurance Co. v. Caremark Rx,
       Inc., 359 Ill. App. 3d 749, 757-61 (2005) (concluding, in the context of a specific policy
       exclusion, that claims involving price fixing, kickbacks, and conspiracy to control a market
       allege intentional acts). Accordingly, West American had no duty to defend Midwest on the
       claims asserted in the underlying actions. Our conclusion on this issue obviates the need to
       address whether the complaints asserted a “loss of use” claim under the policy.
¶ 25       Midwest also argues that the underlying complaints alleged a discrimination claim that
       triggered a duty to defend under the personal and advertising injury clause. We disagree. The
       policy provides coverage for personal injury claims asserting “discrimination or humiliation
       that results in injury to the feelings or reputation of a natural person,” but only if the act was
       “not done intentionally by or at the direction of an insured.” Furthermore, the policy
       specifically excludes coverage for “ ‘personal and advertising injury’ caused by or at the
       direction of the insured with the knowledge that the act would violate the rights of another
       and would inflict ‘personal and advertising injury.’ ”
¶ 26       First, because Advanced Physicians is a corporate entity and not a natural person, the
       complaints filed by it cannot trigger coverage under the policy. As to the Vallandigham
       complaints, there are simply no facts alleged therein to bring them within personal injury
       coverage. Despite Midwest’s claims to the contrary, there are no allegations of discrimination
       contained in the complaints. The Vallandigham complaints allege price fixing, restraints on
       trade, interference with market competition, and interference with business interests
       generally. They make no allusions to discrimination against or reputational harm suffered by
       the Vallandighams. We decline to accept Midwest’s interpretation that because some of the
       referring physicians refused to allow the Vallandighams to leave promotional literature at
       their offices, the Vallandighams were the target of discrimination. Thus, none of the
       complaints allege a personal injury that triggers coverage under the policy.
¶ 27       Finally, Midwest argues that West American was estopped from denying coverage
       because it filed its declaratory judgment action after the disposition of the first Vallandigham

                                                  -9-
       complaint. Generally, the estoppel doctrine provides that “an insurer which takes the position
       that a complaint potentially alleging coverage is not covered under a policy that includes a
       duty to defend may not simply refuse to defend the insured.” Employers Insurance of
       Wausau v. Ehlco Liquidating Trust, 186 Ill. 2d 127, 150 (1999). Rather, the insurer must
       either defend the suit under a reservation of rights or seek a declaration that there is no
       coverage. Ehlco, 186 Ill. 2d at 150. If the insurer fails to do either, and is later found to have
       wrongfully denied coverage, the insurer is estopped from raising policy defenses to coverage.
       Ehlco, 186 Ill. 2d at 150-51. However, the estoppel doctrine only applies where an insurer
       has breached its duty to defend. Ehlco, 186 Ill. 2d at 150-51. Where the insurer has no duty
       to defend because there was no coverage or potential for coverage under the policy, we will
       not apply the estoppel doctrine. Ehlco, 186 Ill. 2d at 150-51; United National Insurance Co.
       v. 200 North Dearborn Partnership, 2012 IL App (1st) 100569, ¶ 19. Thus, whether estoppel
       applies necessarily depends on whether the insurer had and breached a duty to defend. United
       National Insurance, 2012 IL App (1st) 100569, ¶ 19.
¶ 28       As we have discussed, the underlying complaints do not contain allegations that bring
       it within the scope of the policy and West American did not have a duty to defend. Thus, the
       estoppel doctrine does not prevent West American from asserting policy defenses to
       coverage in this case. Ehlco, 186 Ill. 2d at 150-51; Steadfast Insurance Co., 359 Ill. App. 3d
       at 761 (“[b]ecause we have concluded that [the insurer] owes no duty to defend [the insured]
       in the underlying actions, the doctrine of estoppel is inapplicable”).
¶ 29       For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 30       Affirmed.

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