Court Opinion

ID: 9640257
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 17:01:56.1236+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:38.918219
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 22 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    21-30189

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:18-cr-00016-TSZ-1
 v.

CLYDE LEE MCKNIGHT, AKA Pizza,                  MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Washington
                    Thomas S. Zilly, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted August 17, 2023**
                               Anchorage, Alaska

Before: MURGUIA, Chief Judge, and PAEZ and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

      Clyde McKnight was convicted at trial of possessing drugs with the intent to

distribute and being a felon in possession of a firearm. McKnight contends that the

district court erred by denying his motion to suppress and his motion to reopen his

Franks hearing. McKnight also challenges the district court’s application of a

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
four-level aggravating role enhancement at sentencing. We have jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742, and we affirm.

      1.     The district court properly denied McKnight’s motion to suppress.

We review the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress de novo and its

factual findings for clear error. United States v. Hylton, 30 F.4th 842, 846 (9th Cir.

2022). The Fourth Amendment requires suppression where the defendant shows,

by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) a warrant affidavit contains a false

statement made knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the

truth; and (2) the “allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of probable

cause.” Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155–56 (1978).

      The district court did not clearly err in finding that Agent Palermo made no

deliberately false statements to secure the warrants, nor did he act in reckless

disregard for the truth. McKnight contends that Palermo’s affidavit falsely stated

that police officers observed McKnight engaging in hand-to-hand transactions,

since the officers’ written reports did not expressly record any hand-to-hand

transactions by McKnight. See United States v. Baker, 658 F.3d 1050, 1053 (9th

Cir. 2011) (finding it reasonable to infer that police did not see incriminating

conduct where police report did not mention incriminating conduct), overruled on

other grounds by United States v. King, 687 F.3d 1189, 1189 (9th Cir. 2012). But

the district court credited Palermo’s testimony that police officers reported

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McKnight’s hand-to-hand transactions to him orally. McKnight presents no

evidence that undermines the district court’s finding that Palermo testified credibly

about the hand-to-hand statement. See United States v. Jordan, 291 F.3d 1091,

1100 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[We] give great deference to district court findings relating

to credibility.”). Indeed, Palermo’s contemporaneous handwritten notes

corroborate his testimony. At best, McKnight has pointed to conflicting evidence

as to the hand-to-hand statement. But “[c]lear error is not demonstrated by

pointing to conflicting evidence in the record.” United States v. Yi, 704 F.3d 800,

805 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted).

      And even if the statement about hand-to-hand transactions demonstrated an

intentional or reckless disregard for the truth, the statement is not material. See

United States v. Ruiz, 758 F.3d 1144, 1148 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding that an

omission or misstatement is material only if the affidavit otherwise fails to

establish probable cause). Palermo set forth sufficient additional evidence in his

affidavit to establish probable cause for the two challenged warrants, even absent

the challenged statement.

      2.     The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying McKnight’s

motion to reopen his Franks hearing. McKnight contends that, because a

deliberate or reckless statement by a government official who is not the affiant can

be the basis for suppression under Franks, he has the right to examine the police

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officers whose statements were incorporated into the warrant affidavit. See United

States v. DeLeon, 979 F.2d 761, 764 (9th Cir. 1992). But the district court never

denied McKnight this right. Rather, McKnight himself chose not to call the

officers whose statements provided the basis for the warrant affidavit.

      Moreover, any error in declining to reopen the Franks hearing was harmless.

McKnight adduces no evidence that any officer would have contradicted Palermo’s

testimony. Indeed, the district court solicited declarations from the officers before

ruling on the motion to reopen, and the officers’ declarations were consistent with

Palermo’s testimony. Thus, there was no realistic possibility that reopening the

hearing would result in suppression.

      3.     The district court did not err in applying a four-level sentencing

enhancement based on McKnight’s role as “an organizer or leader of a criminal

activity.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). A preponderance of evidence demonstrates that

McKnight “exercised some control over others involved in the commission of the

offense or was responsible for organizing others for the purpose of carrying out the

crime.” United States v. Ingham, 486 F.3d 1068, 1074 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation

omitted).

      Before sentencing, McKnight did not make any factual challenges to the

presentence report. The evidence indicates that McKnight profited far more than

his fellow co-defendants. See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. 4 (explaining that a “claimed

                                          4
right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime” indicates leadership). And

McKnight possessed significantly higher quantities of drugs than his co-

defendants—quantities that the government’s expert described as “wholesale” or

“dealer to another dealer” amounts—indicating that McKnight held a higher

position in the drug-trafficking organization. Accordingly, the district court

properly applied the aggravating role enhancement.

      AFFIRMED.

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