Court Opinion

ID: 203279
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-02-07 06:12:30+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:15:08.697463
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                        For the First Circuit

No. 05-1402

                      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                              Appellee,

                                  v.

                         OMAR GENAO-SÁNCHEZ,

                        Defendant, Appellant.

             APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

         [Hon. José Antonio Fusté, U.S. District Judge]

                                Before

                        Torruella, Circuit Judge.
                     Selya, Senior Circuit Judge,
                       and Lynch, Circuit Judge.

          Lydia Lizarribar-Masini on brief for appellant.
          Omar Genao-Sánchez, pro se, on supplemental brief for
appellant.
          Nelson Pérez-Sosa, Assistant United States Attorney
(Chief, Appellate Division), and Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Veléz,
United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.

                             May 7, 2008
          SELYA, Senior Circuit Judge.      Defendant-appellant Omar

Genao-Sánchez (Genao) challenges the district court's refusal to

conduct a sentencing hearing after vacation of some, but not all,

of the original counts of conviction.             See United States v.

Rodríguez-Marrero, 390 F.3d 1, 32 (1st Cir. 2004).1       He contends,

among other things, that the failure to resentence him contravened

this court's mandate.   Concluding, as we do, that the lower court

erred, we remand for resentencing.

          We rehearse here only those facts necessary to place this

appeal into perspective.   The reader who hungers for more exegetic

detail may consult our earlier opinion.     See id. at 5-11.

          On December 17, 1997, a federal grand jury charged the

appellant with conspiracy to possess more than five kilograms of

cocaine and other drugs with intent to distribute, in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1).     The grand jury twice superseded

the indictment.   Pertinently, in July 2000 it handed up a second

superseding   indictment   that   charged   the    appellant   with   two

additional crimes: conspiring to use a firearm in furtherance of

the aforementioned drug conspiracy, death resulting, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 924(o), and aiding and abetting the commission of

that crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 924(j).                For

simplicity's sake, we shall refer to these counts sequentially as

     1
      Rodríguez-Marrero was one of two codefendants tried with the
appellant.   Neither of those codefendants is a party to this
appeal.

                                  -2-
count one (the drug conspiracy count), count two (the firearms

count), and count three (the aiding and abetting count).     After a

protracted trial, a jury pronounced the appellant guilty on all

three counts.

          The district court convened a disposition hearing on

March 18, 2002.     Working under the then-mandatory sentencing

guidelines, the court grouped the three counts of conviction.      See

USSG §3D1.2 (authorizing grouping, for sentencing purposes, of

counts that involve the same harm).     The sentencing guidelines

directed the court to use the offense level for the most serious of

the grouped counts in fixing the base offense level (BOL).   See id.

Because counts two and three involved the death of a person, those

counts triggered a BOL of 43.   See id. §2A1.1.   Using that BOL for

the grouped counts, the court sentenced the appellant to life

imprisonment on each count of conviction.         The court ran the

sentences concurrently.

          On direct review, we vacated the appellant's convictions

on counts two and three due to errors in the admission of evidence.

See Rodríguez-Marrero, 390 F.3d at 15-21.    At the same time, we

affirmed the appellant's conviction on count one.     Id. at 21.   We

concluded:

          For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE Genao's
          convictions on counts two and three of the
          second superseding indictment and REMAND to
          the district court for a new trial on those
          charges if the government wishes to so

                                -3-
            proceed, and for resentencing.     We AFFIRM
            Genao's conviction on count one . . . .

Id. at 32.

            Following remand, the government eschewed a retrial on

either count two or count three.           However, it urged the district

court to allow the life sentence previously imposed on count one to

stand without conducting a new sentencing hearing.               The appellant

opposed    this   suggestion,     expostulating    that    our    decision   in

Rodríguez-Marrero mandated the holding of a new sentencing hearing.

            The government convinced the district court.              Pointing

out that the Rodríguez-Marrero panel had affirmed the appellant's

conviction on count one, the court opted to "trash out" the

sentences on counts two and three but to leave intact the existing

sentence on count one.          The court accomplished this result by

entering an amended judgment, without convening a new sentencing

hearing.    This timely appeal ensued.

            Before us, the appellant asserts that the district court

committed    reversible   error    when    it   indulged   the    government's

preference and trimmed the original judgment without sentencing him

anew. He reasons that eschewing a fresh sentencing hearing was not

only contrary to this court's mandate but also prejudicial because,

given the vacation of the convictions on counts two and three and

the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.

220 (2005), he was no longer subject to an automatic life sentence.

                                     -4-
          The    government   counters     that   the   district   court's

decision to leave the sentence on count one intact was a proper

exercise of its discretion because, notwithstanding the vacation of

the convictions on counts two and three, the court could have

cross-referenced      the   first-degree     murder     guideline,        USSG

§2D1.1(d)(1), and meted out a life sentence on count one alone — a

sentence that would have been within the statutory maximum. See 21

U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A).

          In the first instance, our analysis must turn on an

interpretation   of   the   mandate   in   Rodríguez-Marrero.        If   the

opinion, fairly read, called for resentencing, then the outcome of

this appeal is dictated by the law of the case.                 This is a

quintessentially legal question, so our review is plenary.                See

Conley v. United States, 323 F.3d 7, 22 (1st Cir. 2003).

          The law of the case doctrine contains two branches.             One

branch, not implicated here, deals with when a legal determination

made by a court in a civil or criminal case establishes the law of

that case throughout the balance of litigation in that court. See,

e.g., Ellis v. United States, 313 F.3d 636, 646 (1st Cir. 2002).

          This appeal implicates the second branch of the doctrine:

the so-called "mandate rule."     That rule "prevents relitigation in

the trial court of matters that were explicitly or implicitly

decided by an earlier appellate decision in the same case." United

States v. Moran, 393 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2004).          In interpreting

                                  -5-
the mandate, the district court "must implement both the letter and

the spirit of the mandate, taking into account the appellate

court's opinion and the circumstances it embraces."           United States

v. Connell, 6 F.3d 27, 30 (1st Cir. 1993) (quoting United States v.

Kikumura, 947 F.2d 72, 76 (3d Cir. 1991)).

           This branch of the law of the case doctrine has obvious

pertinence here. If, as the appellant insists, our earlier opinion

directs resentencing on count one, the mandate rule would require

the district court to hold a new sentencing hearing — and a failure

to abide by that imperative would be error.          We therefore parse the

operative language of our prior opinion to discern the contours of

its mandate.

           Such an exercise makes pellucid that we remanded this

case to the district court to resentence the appellant on count

one.      The   district   court    was    instructed    to   "vacate    [the

appellant's] convictions on counts two and three."               Rodríguez-

Marrero, 390 F.3d at 32.     It was told that it would re-acquire the

case "for a new trial on those charges if the government wishes to

so proceed, and for resentencing."           Id.     This language clearly

conveys two distinct commands.        First, it instructs the district

court to wipe out the judgments on counts two and three and to

retry those counts if the government elects to press forward.

Second,    it   independently      instructs   the    district   court     to

"resentenc[e]" the appellant.          Since the only conviction left

                                     -6-
standing in the wake of our earlier opinion was the conviction on

count one, the directive to resentence necessarily referred to that

count.   A mandate, like a statute, should be read so that to the

maximum extent practicable every word and phrase has meaning; and

any other reading of Rodríguez-Marrero would render superfluous our

instruction to "resentenc[e]" the appellant.

          Were there some ambiguity about this point — and we do

not think that there is — the very next sentence in the concluding

paragraph of the Rodríguez-Marrero opinion eliminates any vestige

of a doubt.    Although we affirmed "the convictions and sentences"

of the appellant's codefendants on count one, we affirmed only the

appellant's "conviction" on that count.           Id.   Conspicuously absent

was any language presuming to affirm the appellant's sentence.

That omission can only be viewed as deliberate.

          We    add    a    coda.     The    prosecution,    which   urged   a

misconstruction   of       our   mandate   on   the   district   court,   bears

considerable responsibility for what ensued.              In all events, the

failure to resentence the appellant as the Rodríguez-Marrero panel

had directed was not harmless.         We explain briefly.

          To begin, the appellant's guideline sentencing range

(GSR) may or may not differ from the GSR originally calculated by

the district court.         With the grouped counts dropped out of the

equation, the appellant's GSR will now depend on the district

                                      -7-
court's factfinding.2             See, e.g., United States v. O'Brien, 435

F.3d 36, 41 (1st Cir. 2006); United States v. Vega Molina, 407 F.3d

511, 535 (1st Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Phillips, 219

F.3d 404, 420 (5th Cir. 2000) (vacating entire sentence on all

counts of conviction because the sentence was calculated through a

grouping that contained vacated counts).

                Even apart from changes in the GSR, the dropped counts

alter        the     dimensions    of   the     sentencing    "package."     That

circumstance, in and of itself, may lead a sentencing court to

impose a different sentence.                   See United States v. Pimienta-

Redondo, 874 F.2d 9, 17 (1st Cir. 1989) (en banc) (affirming a

different sentence given by the district court at resentencing on

a single count of conviction after vacation of a conviction on a

parallel count).

                Perhaps most important, the sentencing guidelines, which

were        viewed    as   mandatory    when    the   appellant   was   originally

sentenced, are now interpreted as advisory.                  See Booker, 543 U.S.

at 240-41.           This means that whether or not the GSR remains the

same, the sentencing court has much greater latitude in shaping a

particular sentence.           See Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586,

        2
      In the absence of some upward adjustment, the conviction for
conspiring to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine would
carry a BOL of 32. With a criminal history category of III, the
GSR under the advisory guidelines would be 151-188 months. See
USSG ch. 5, pt. A (sentencing table) (2002).

                                          -8-
591 (2007); United States v. Martin, 520 F.3d 87, 91 (1st Cir.

2008).

          To be sure, the government is correct when it insists

that the district court could still sentence the appellant to life

imprisonment if it found that a murder had been committed during

and in furtherance of the drug conspiracy.   See USSG §2D1.1(d)(1).

But the district court has never made such a finding — and the

appellant, whose right of allocution must be held sacrosanct, was

entitled to contest that point at a new sentencing hearing.3   See

United States v. De Alba Pagán, 33 F.3d 125, 129 (1st Cir. 1994)

(explaining that "[t]he right of allocution affords a criminal

defendant the opportunity to make a final plea to the judge on his

own behalf prior to sentencing"); see also id. at 130 (warning that

"if the trial court fails to afford a defendant either the right of

allocution . . . or its functional equivalent, vacation of the

ensuing sentence must follow automatically").

          To sum up, the failure to convene a new sentencing

hearing deprived the appellant of the opportunity to argue his

position both as to matters of fact relevant to sentencing and as

     3
      The district court did say, subsequent to the order of
remand, that it had made the necessary factual findings at the
original disposition hearing. However, close perscrutation of the
record reveals no such factfinding. To the contrary, the court
relied on the now-vacated convictions (counts two and three) to
overrule the appellant's objection to use of murder as an integer
in the sentencing calculus.

                               -9-
to the appropriate sentence to be imposed.    The error, therefore,

was prejudicial.

          We need go no further.4   Because the district court erred

in failing to resentence the appellant on the sole remaining count

of conviction, we vacate the amended judgment and remand to the

district court with instructions to hold a resentencing hearing on

count one.    We take no view as to the appropriate sentence to be

imposed; in the first instance, that is for the district court to

decide.

So Ordered.

     4
      In a pro se brief, the appellant argues that his life
sentence violates the rule of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466,
490 (2000).   But "Apprendi error arises only if the defendant
receives a sentence beyond the default statutory maximum for the
offense of conviction." United States v. Jiminez, 498 F.3d 82, 87
(1st Cir. 2007).    In this case, a life sentence is within the
statutory maximum. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).

                               -10-