Court Opinion

ID: 4224397
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-29 17:12:34.574803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:52.494866
License: Public Domain

1      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: ___________

 3 Filing Date: November 27, 2017

 4 NO. A-1-CA-34747

 5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 6        Plaintiff-Appellee,

 7 v.

 8 DENNIS SAMUEL MIERA,

 9        Defendant-Appellant.

10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
11 Benjamin Chavez, District Judge

12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
13 Maris Veidemanis, Assistant Attorney General
14 Santa Fe, NM

15 for Appellee

16   Assed & Associates
17   Richard J. Moran
18   Ahmad Assed
19   Albuquerque, NM

20 for Appellant

21
 1                                        OPINION

 2 VARGAS, Judge.

 3   {1}   Defendant appeals his conviction for two counts of criminal sexual penetration

 4 of a minor (CSPM) (Child under 13), one count of criminal sexual contact of a minor

 5 (CSCM) (Child under 13), and one count of bribery of a witness, claiming that the

 6 district court erred when it allowed the State to impeach him with a psychological

 7 evaluation prepared as part of plea negotiations, that he was entitled to a new trial

 8 because the State suppressed evidence, that his counsel was ineffective, and

 9 alternatively, that all of these errors, taken together, denied him of his right to a fair

10 trial. While we conclude that the admission of the psychological evaluation does not

11 rise to the level of plain error, and the district court did not abuse its discretion by

12 denying Defendant’s motion for a new trial, the district court did err by allowing the

13 State to impeach Defendant with the evaluation. This error, coupled with numerous

14 errors by defense counsel, denied Defendant a fair trial. We reverse and remand for

15 a new trial.

16 I.      BACKGROUND

17   {2}   Defendant Dennis Miera met Margarita Burciaga (Margarita) in 2000. The two

18 began dating, and eventually moved in together. When the relationship ended in the

19 spring of 2003, the couple split amicably, and Defendant continued to babysit
 1 Margarita’s children. In the summer of 2006, Defendant had agreed to watch G.M.,

 2 Margarita’s eight-year-old daughter. Before the visit took place, however, Margarita’s

 3 six-year-old son and G.M. both told her that Defendant had sexually molested G.M.

 4 during previous visits. Margarita reported her discovery to the police, and G.M. was

 5 taken to a safehouse for an interview, where she gave details regarding the alleged

 6 sexual abuse. Defendant was arrested and indicted in April 2008. Defendant was

 7 initially represented by Joseph Riggs II (Attorney Riggs), who was replaced by Rafael

 8 Padilla (Attorney Padilla) in October 2013.

 9   {3}   Prior to trial, Defendant attempted to negotiate a plea agreement with the State.

10 In hopes of negotiating a more favorable plea, Defendant met several times with

11 forensic and clinical psychologist, Dr. William Foote, and underwent an evaluation

12 by Dr. Foote (the evaluation). The results of that evaluation were eventually turned

13 over to the State in furtherance of plea negotiations. The negotiations proved

14 unsuccessful, however, and Defendant’s case went to trial in December 2014.

15   {4}   The jury found Defendant guilty on all counts charged in the indictment. Three

16 months later in March 2015, Defendant filed a motion for new trial alleging a lack of

17 disclosure of material evidence pursuant to Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).

18 The district court denied the motion and sentenced Defendant. Defendant appeals the

19 judgment against him as well as the denial of his motion for new trial. Defendant’s

                                               2
 1 appellate counsel submitted this appeal and filed a substitution of counsel later, in

 2 April 2015.

 3 II.     DISCUSSION

 4 A.      Plain Error

 5   {5}   Defendant asserts that the district court committed plain error when it allowed

 6 the State the evaluation as impeachment evidence because the evaluation was created

 7 as part of plea negotiations. While we agree that the district court’s ruling allowing

 8 the State to impeach Defendant with the evaluation was in error, we cannot conclude

 9 that the State’s use of the evaluation, alone, raises grave doubts about the validity of

10 the verdict.

11 1.      Use of Evaluation at Trial

12   {6}   The record is clear that the parties agreed at trial that the evaluation was created

13 and given to the State as part of plea negotiations. The evaluation is “a psychological

14 evaluation of [Defendant, created] to provide the court information regarding his

15 sentencing relative to charges he is facing” and details Defendant’s personal history,

16 past occupations, and relationships.

17   {7}   The evaluation contains two damaging components to Defendant’s defense.

18 First, the evaluation contains a statement indicating that Defendant admitted that he

19 continued to have overnight visits with G.M. and her brother through the date of the

                                                3
 1 offenses, a fact that Defendant claimed he did not remember during direct

 2 examination. Further, the evaluation contains a section entitled “Sex Offender

 3 Assessment,” in which Dr. Foote appears to recount a series of admissions made by

 4 Defendant seeming to admit that he committed the alleged acts and excusing his

 5 conduct. Specifically, the evaluation states:

 6         [Defendant] used a number of different excuses to defend against the
 7         accusation he committed the sex offense. For example, he responded in
 8         the affirmative to responses such as “a little bit of sex play that
 9         happened between that person who accused me was because I’m not
10         perfect” and he reported “the sex play that happened between me and the
11         person who accused me was an accident.” He also indicated that he
12         believes that the allegations against him have been exaggerated and no
13         one was hurt by what happened. Also, he indicated that this was an
14         accident, that he slipped one time and made a mistake which he regrets.

15   {8}   After the State rested its case but before Defendant testified, the State notified

16 the district court that it intended to use the evaluation to impeach Defendant,

17 conceding that because it was created to assist with sentencing, “it would be

18 inappropriate” to introduce the evaluation during the State’s case in chief. Citing

19 State v. Watkins, 1979-NMCA-003, 92 N.M. 470, 590 P.2d 169, the State argued that

20 the evaluation was appropriate impeachment evidence. Defense counsel had no

21 immediate response to the State’s argument, advising the district court that he had not

22 seen the evaluation.

                                               4
 1   {9}   Noting the general inadmissibility of plea negotiations and the possibility of

 2 a doctor/patient privilege or waiver of the privilege related to the evaluation, the

 3 district court gave the parties a brief recess to gather “written authorities for use or

 4 nonuse of the material if [D]efendant contradicts those statements [in the

 5 evaluation.]” After the recess, defense counsel advised the Court that he had no

 6 authority to support the exclusion of the evaluation to impeach Defendant and

 7 stipulated to its use for that purpose, stating:

 8         [A]fter reviewing the [evaluation] and also the case that was provided,
 9         . . . Watkins, my initial reaction to the [c]ourt was since this was
10         submitted to the State as part of plea negotiations, I would have argued
11         that, you know, since it’s part of plea negotiations, that that evidence
12         would not be admissible in the evidence. But given the case, I can see
13         where the State’s arguing for its admissibility if it is going to impeach
14         [Defendant] on the statements that are anticipated to be made, so we feel
15         that it’s probably going to be, you know, used for impeachment
16         purposes. . . . [G]iven the case of . . . Watkins[, u]nless that case has
17         been reversed, it seems to me that, you know, the statement could be
18         used for impeachment.

19 The district court clarified, “so I understand that right now you don’t have any

20 authority to support opposition of the use of this information for impeachment

21 purposes, and, therefore, you’re submitting none; is that right?” Defense counsel

22 answered in the affirmative, noting that he “had very little knowledge of this report,

23 and [he] certainly didn’t have a copy of it[.]” The district court ruled that the

24 evaluation could be used to impeach the Defendant, and offered to “give a limiting

                                               5
 1 instruction, telling the jury that they can only use [the evaluation] for the purposes of

 2 credibility and impeachment.” Defense counsel never indicated a desire for, nor

 3 requested such an instruction.

 4   {10}   Following the district court’s ruling that the evaluation could be used to

 5 impeach Defendant, Defendant took the stand and testified on direct examination that

 6 he had no recollection of the children staying overnight at his home and reiterated

 7 that testimony on cross-examination, testifying that he did not recall telling Dr. Foote

 8 that the children stayed overnight with him. The State attempted to refresh

 9 Defendant’s memory during cross-examination by allowing him to review the

10 evaluation. Defense counsel did not object, and after reading the document to himself,

11 Defendant stated, “I saw what I read, but to be honest with you, I don’t remember

12 stating that. I mean, it’s written there, but that doesn’t mean that I said it.”

13   {11}   Defendant testified on cross-examination that he had never admitted the

14 allegations to anyone. Following Defendant’s denial, the State questioned Defendant

15 regarding specific responses Dr. Foote reported Defendant had made to a sex offender

16 assessment completed as part of the evaluation. In doing so, the following exchange

17 occurred:

18          Q:       In your meetings with Dr. Foote, did you answer in the affirmative
19          . . . to the following statement: “A little bit of sex play that happened
20          between that person who accused me was because I’m not perfect?”

                                                6
 1   A:    There was a lot more to that statement.

 2   Q:    Respectfully, it’s a yes or no question. Did you answer[?]

 3   A:    Well, then, yes. That wasn’t a question, that was an answer.

 4   Q:    Did you answer in the affirmative to another—to the next
 5   following statement: “The sex play that happened between me and the
 6   person who accused me was an accident?”

 7   A:    Yes.

 8   Q:    Did you respond in the affirmative or otherwise indicate that you
 9   believed that the allegations against you have been exaggerated?

10   A:    Yes.

11   Q:    Did you respond in the affirmative or otherwise indicate that you
12   believed that no one was hurt by what happened?

13   A:    Yes.

14   Q:    Did you respond in the affirmative or otherwise indicate that this
15   was an accident?

16   A:    Yes.

17   Q:    Did you respond in the affirmative or otherwise indicate that you
18   slipped one time?

19   A:    Yes.

20   Q:   Did you respond in the affirmative or otherwise indicate that you
21   made a mistake which you regret?

22   A:    Yes.

                                        7
 1   {12}   On redirect, Defendant described the format of the evaluation and explained

 2 that the statements quoted from the report represented answers that Defendant had

 3 chosen from a set of multiple-choice answers. Defendant testified that he completed

 4 the sex offender assessment twice, with each assessment taking about four hours to

 5 complete. The first time he took the test, Defendant explained, he did not answer the

 6 multiple choice questions the State had inquired about because he “felt they led to

 7 admitting guilt.” Defendant testified that the second time he took the test, “[he]

 8 answered the questions the best that [he] could, because [Dr. Foote] said he couldn’t

 9 do the evaluation . . . . He said he couldn’t do the—finish the evaluation without

10 those questions being answered.” Defendant explained, “I was asked a question, and

11 then you have a choice of A, B, C and D. And in my opinion, none of them were

12 good, but he said . . . to be able to evaluate me, to evaluate where I was coming from

13 and where I was at in my life, he said you have to answer one of those questions.”

14 While the State pressed Defendant to admit on re-cross-examination, that the test was

15 actually in a “true/false” rather than multiple choice format, Defendant insisted that

16 was not the case.

17 2.       Standard

18   {13}   Defendant concedes that his counsel did not object to the State’s use of the

19 evaluation as impeachment evidence at trial. Appellate courts review unpreserved

                                              8
 1 evidentiary questions for plain error. See Rule 11-103(E) NMRA; State v. Montoya,

 2 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 46, 345 P.3d 1056. Plain error applies only where the substantial

 3 rights of the accused are affected, and exists where the admission of the testimony

 4 “constituted an injustice that created grave doubts concerning the validity of the

 5 verdict.” Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 46 (internal quotation marks and citation

 6 omitted). It is intended to be used sparingly as an exception to the rule requiring

 7 objections, which promotes efficient and fair proceedings. See State v. Paiz, 1999-

 8 NMCA-104, ¶ 28, 127 N.M. 776, 987 P.2d 1163. “[I]n determining whether there has

 9 been plain error, we must examine the alleged errors in the context of the testimony

10 as a whole.” Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 46 (omission, internal quotation marks,

11 and citation omitted).

12   {14}   Rule 11-410(A)(5) NMRA prohibits “a statement made during plea

13 discussions” from being admitted against the defendant where the discussions did not

14 ultimately result in a guilty plea. According to our Supreme Court, the rule prohibits

15 the admission of statements made during plea negotiations “as evidence at trial for

16 either substantive or impeachment purposes.” State v. Trujillo, 1980-NMSC-004,

17 ¶ 19, 93 N.M. 724, 605 P.2d 232.

                                             9
 1 3.       Use of Evaluation for Impeachment

 2   {15}   The State points to Watkins as support for its position that its impeachment of

 3 Defendant using the evaluation was proper. In Watkins, the prosecutor used portions

 4 of taped interviews to impeach the defendant during cross-examination after the

 5 defendant had introduced the tapes on direct examination in his own case in chief.

 6 1979-NMCA-003, ¶¶ 15-17, 20. This Court concluded that, “[h]aving interjected the

 7 tapes into the trial for his own purposes, [the] defendant cannot properly complain of

 8 the prosecutor’s use of the tapes, on cross-examination, to attack the credibility of

 9 [the] defendant’s trial testimony.” Id. ¶ 21. We explicitly limited our holding in

10 Watkins to the circumstances of that case. Id. Using a previous version of Rule 11-

11 410, which similarly barred the use of statements made in connection with pleas, the

12 defendant asked us to determine whether the tape “was improperly used for

13 impeachment because the statements used were part of plea bargain negotiations.” Id.

14 ¶ 18. We explicitly declined to address the issue, stating, “We do not decide whether,

15 in the ordinary case, this rule prohibits use of such statements for impeachment

16 purposes.” Id. Instead, we reiterated the limited the scope of our decision, concluding

17 that “[u]nder the circumstances of th[at] case, the rule did not bar the cross

18 examination.” Id. (emphasis added).

                                              10
 1   {16}   The State suggests that, like the defendant in Watkins, Defendant’s blanket

 2 statement of denial opened the door to the State’s impeachment of that denial.

 3 Watkins carries minimal weight in our analysis of this issue; not only did Watkins

 4 specifically decline to address the issue presented in this case, it is factually

 5 distinguishable. Unlike Watkins, Defendant did not offer the evaluation into evidence

 6 in his case in chief, requiring that the prosecution respond. The statements set out in

 7 the evaluation and attributed to Defendant came in solely as impeachment evidence

 8 through cross-examination. We therefore decline the State’s invitation to apply

 9 Watkins here.

10   {17}   This case is more analogous to Trujillo. In Trujillo, the defendant identified,

11 as part of plea negotiations, a police officer as the person to whom he had sold heroin.

12 1980-NMSC-004, ¶ 4. During his trial testimony, however, the defendant denied

13 having made the sale entirely. The state used the identification made during plea

14 negotiations to impeach the defendant, but did not proffer it as evidence in its case

15 in chief. Id. ¶ 5. Our Supreme Court applied the precursor to Rule 11-410, which

16 prohibited introduction of evidence drawn from plea negotiations. See Trujillo, 1980-

17 NMSC-004, ¶ 6. The Court reasoned that the rule’s purpose and importance in the

18 justice system was to embody “the public interest in encouraging negotiations

19 concerning pleas between the criminal defendant and the [s]tate.” Id. ¶ 18. The Court

                                              11
 1 described guilty pleas as “an essential part of our criminal justice system,” and

 2 explained that “candor in plea discussions aids greatly in the reaching of agreements

 3 between the defendant and the [s]tate.” Id. ¶ 18. The Court reasoned that the parties

 4 “need to feel free to discuss the merits of the case, the alternatives for disposition, and

 5 the possible concessions each is willing to make.” Id. ¶ 19. Concluding that Rule 11-

 6 410 “clos[es] the door on the admissibility of all these matters as evidence at trial for

 7 either substantive or impeachment purposes[,]” id., the Court acknowledged the

 8 danger that some individuals may use the rule to testify inconsistently, but ultimately

 9 decided that “a weighing of conflicting policies demonstrates that the balance is

10 tipped in favor of interpreting [the rule] as the cloak of privilege around plea

11 negotiation discussions.” Id. ¶ 21.

12   {18}   In light of Rule 11-410’s prohibition against using statements made during plea

13 discussions and Trujillo’s application of the rule to statements used for impeachment

14 purposes, the district court erred in allowing the evaluation to be used as

15 impeachment evidence at trial. Nonetheless, while the wrongful admission of the

16 evaluation causes us concern, the error in allowing the State to use the evaluation did

17 not, in our view, rise to the level of plain error requiring reversal. Defendant had an

18 opportunity to explain the answers contained in the evaluation and used to impeach

19 his testimony. Furthermore, while the State read statements attributed to Defendant

                                               12
 1 from the evaluation, the evaluation itself was not introduced as an exhibit and was not

 2 provided to the jury. We are mindful that plain error is intended to be used sparingly,

 3 see Paiz, 1999-NMCA-104, ¶ 28, and cannot conclude that this error alone creates

 4 “grave doubts” about the validity of the verdict against Defendant. Montoya, 2015-

 5 NMSC-010, ¶ 46 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

 6 B.       Motion for a New Trial Based on Newly Discovered Evidence

 7   {19}   Defendant filed a motion for new trial after the guilty verdict was entered

 8 against him. In that motion, Defendant claimed that following the completion of his

 9 trial, his appellate counsel discovered the State had filed sexual abuse charges against

10 Esteban Burciaga (Burciaga), Margarita’s husband and G.M.’s stepfather, based on

11 allegations G.M. made while Defendant’s case was pending. G.M. later recanted

12 those accusations, and the State entered a nolle prosequi dismissal of the case.1

13 Defendant asserted that G.M.’s recantation constituted impeachment evidence under

14 Brady and asked the district court to grant a new trial based on the State’s failure to

15 disclose the allegations against Burciaga and G.M.’s subsequent recantation. In light

16 of the district court’s conclusion that defense counsel was aware of the Burciaga case,

17 we affirm the district court’s denial of Defendant’s motion for a new trial.

         1
18         The filed document contains the following language: “[T]he State of New
19 Mexico . . . enters a [n]olle [p]rosequi in the above-captioned cause because the
20 alleged victim recanted the statements made concerning allegations regarding this
21 defendant.”

                                              13
 1 1.       Evidence of the State’s Disclosure of the Burciaga Case Prior to Trial

 2   {20}   At the hearing on the motion, Defendant called his two previous attorneys as

 3 witnesses. Attorney Riggs, Defendant’s first attorney, testified that, while the State

 4 had never turned over any information to him regarding Burciaga, Defendant had

 5 alerted him that Burciaga was suspected of molesting G.M. Attorney Riggs stated that

 6 he conducted a background check on Burciaga in 2009, but because that investigation

 7 predated Burciaga’s indictment, he found nothing regarding sexual assault,

 8 molestation, abuse, or neglect. Attorney Riggs did not investigate the allegations

 9 against Burciaga any further.

10   {21}   Defendant’s second attorney, Attorney Padilla, testified that he could not

11 remember the State ever informing him of an incident, nolle prosequi, or recantation

12 involving Burciaga, but did acknowledge that he had gotten some “[l]imited”

13 information regarding Burciaga from Defendant, specifically that Burciaga may have

14 gotten into trouble because of his behavior toward G.M. Attorney Padilla had no

15 recollection of having questioned G.M. regarding lying or being molested by

16 Burciaga, and he could not remember questioning Margarita about G.M.’s allegations

17 against Burciaga. Furthermore, Attorney Padilla never investigated pending cases

18 against Burciaga. Attorney Padilla testified, however, that he believed the existence

19 of a similar case against Burciaga was critical to Defendant’s case because the State

                                             14
 1 presented no physical evidence, Defendant’s guilt was decided based on the

 2 credibility of the witnesses, and G.M. recanting similar allegations against a similarly

 3 situated individual was relevant to her credibility.

 4   {22}   In response to Attorney Riggs’ and Attorney Padilla’s testimony, the State

 5 called Jacob Payne, the prosecutor of both Defendant and Burciaga. Payne testified

 6 to a vague memory of a discussion of the nolle prosequi with Attorney Riggs, but

 7 could not provide any details regarding that conversation. Payne did, however, have

 8 a specific memory of discussing the nolle prosequi informally with Attorney Padilla

 9 in the courthouse, in the aisle of a courtroom gallery. During that conversation, Payne

10 testified that Attorney Padilla asked whether Defendant’s case would be dismissed

11 as a result of G.M.’s recantation in the Burciaga case. Payne responded that it would

12 not, asking about the feasibility of a plea agreement. Payne acknowledged that he had

13 no written record of notifying defense counsel regarding the recantation. Payne stated

14 that he had no recollection as to whether he discussed the existence of a tape

15 recording of G.M.’s recantation with defense counsel but admitted that he never sent

16 the tape to defense counsel. After viewing G.M.’s taped recantation, the district court

17 summarized her statement as follows:

18          [T]he alleged victim stated that . . . Burciaga’s actions were an accident,
19          that they occurred while talking, that he had been tickling her, and that
20          he never touched her in the wrong way, essentially. Also that she said

                                                15
 1          that he had done otherwise because she was mad that he was mad at her
 2          about some sort of an incident involving nail polish and furniture[.]

 3   {23}   At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court found that Attorney Riggs

 4 acted with due diligence by conducting a background check on Burciaga in 2009 but

 5 was not aware of G.M.’s recantation while representing Defendant. The district court

 6 found Attorney Padilla’s testimony to be truthful in that he had no recollection of

 7 discussing the nolle prosequi and recantation with Payne, but characterized Attorney

 8 Padilla’s recollection as “attenuated and conditional[,]” noting that it was based not

 9 on actual memory but on the absence of actions he believed he would have taken if

10 presented with that information. Payne’s testimony, on the other hand, the district

11 court found more persuasive, crediting the “detail, specificity, and exactitude of . . .

12 Payne’s memory[.]” Based on these findings, the district court concluded that “the

13 defense was aware of the Burciaga case, the nolle [prosequi], and the recantation.”

14 The district court emphasized that it was “confined to review the case as an issue of

15 newly-discovered evidence” and concluded that Defendant had not met four of the

16 six factors necessary to receive a new trial under State v. Fero, 1988-NMSC-053,

17 ¶ 12, 107 N.M. 369, 758 P.2d 783 (requiring a showing that the newly discovered

18 evidence: (1) will probably change the result if a new trial is granted; (2) was

19 discovered since the trial; (3) could not have been discovered before the trial by the

20 exercise of due diligence; (4) is material; (5) is not merely cumulative; and (6) is not

                                              16
 1 merely impeaching or contradictory). As a result, the district court denied

 2 Defendant’s motion for new trial.

 3 2.       Defendant’s Motion

 4   {24}   Despite characterizing his motion before the district court as a “Brady motion”

 5 and focusing his appellate arguments on an analysis under Brady, Defendant

 6 challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for new trial. We review both

 7 issues—Brady claims and judgments on a motion for new trial—for an abuse of

 8 discretion. See State v. Moreland, 2008-NMSC-031, ¶ 9, 144 N.M. 192, 185 P.3d 363

 9 (“We will not disturb a trial court’s exercise of discretion in denying or granting a

10 motion for a new trial unless there is a manifest abuse of discretion.” (alteration,

11 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)); Case v. Hatch, 2008-NMSC-024,

12 ¶ 47, 144 N.M. 20, 183 P.3d 905 (stating that Brady challenges are akin to an

13 allegation of prosecutorial misconduct, which is reviewed for an abuse of discretion).

14 “An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is clearly against the logic and effect

15 of the facts and circumstances of the case. We cannot say the trial court abused its

16 discretion by its ruling unless we can characterize it as clearly untenable or not

17 justified by reason.” State v. Layne, 2008-NMCA-103, ¶ 6, 144 N.M. 574, 189 P.3d

18 707 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In determining whether the

19 district court abused its discretion, we defer to the district court’s findings of fact if

                                               17
 1 substantial evidence exists to support those findings, but we review the application

 2 of the law to the facts de novo. See State v. Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 5, 146 N.M.

 3 70, 206 P.3d 579.

 4   {25}   The district court analyzes a Brady claim differently from a motion for new

 5 trial based on newly discovered evidence. Compare Case, 2008-NMSC-024, ¶ 44

 6 (requiring a defendant seeking to overturn a conviction under Brady to prove three

 7 elements: the evidence was suppressed by the prosecution; the suppressed evidence

 8 was favorable to the defendant; and the suppressed evidence was material to the

 9 defense), with Fero, 1988-NMSC-053, ¶ 12 (setting out six requirements to succeed

10 on a motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence). Regardless of

11 whether we analyze Defendant’s argument through the lens of a Brady challenge or

12 a motion for new trial, he fails to demonstrate an abuse of discretion.

13 a.       Defendant’s Brady Claim

14   {26}   Defendant did not demonstrate to the district court that the State suppressed

15 evidence, as required under Brady. The district court weighed Attorney Padilla’s

16 “attenuated, indistinct, and conditional recollective opinion[,]” against the “detail,

17 specificity, and exactitude” of Payne’s testimony to conclude that “the defense was

18 aware of the Burciaga case, the nolle [prosequi], and the recantation.” The district

19 court’s findings are supported not only by the testimony of Attorney Padilla and

                                              18
 1 Payne themselves, but also by the trial transcript, in which the State mentions the

 2 nolle prosequi of Burciaga in Attorney Padilla’s presence. Prior to Defendant’s

 3 commencement of his case in chief, the court questioned the parties, asking “was the

 4 stepfather ever investigated for child abuse against [G.M.] or sexual abuse of [G.M.]

 5 that anyone knows of?” The State responded, “he was, years later. . . . those charges

 6 were dropped; they were nolle’d by the [d]istrict [a]ttorney’s [o]ffice. I believe it was

 7 in 2010. And, again, they were dropped.” Attorney Padilla expressed no surprise and

 8 made no indication that he was previously unaware of this information. Payne’s

 9 testimony and the State’s representations regarding the investigation and subsequent

10 nolle prosequi of Burciaga are sufficient to support the district court’s factual findings

11 that defense counsel was aware of the Burciaga case. Brady does not impose a

12 disclosure obligation where, like here, a defendant already has access to the

13 information or can access it by exercising due diligence. See State v. Huber, 2006-

14 NMCA-087, ¶ 32, 140 N.M. 147, 140 P.3d 1096 (citing State v. Altgilbers, 1989-

15 NMCA-106, ¶ 31, 109 N.M. 453, 786 P.2d 680 (acknowledging a lessened obligation

16 to disclose where knowledge of recantation “was as available to the defense as it was

17 to the prosecution”)); but see State v. Huerta-Castro, 2017-NMCA-026, ¶ 36, 390

18 P.3d 185 (stating that disclosure during trial requires us to examine whether the late

19 tender “impeded the effective use of evidence in such a way that impacts the

                                               19
 1 fundamental fairness of the proceedings”). This is not a case where the defendant did

 2 not have access to a witness or did not know the recantation existed. Here, the district

 3 court found that Defendant knew that G.M. had made accusations similar to those

 4 made in his case and knew the subject of those accusations. Defense counsel could

 5 have inquired into the status of the Burciaga case and easily learned of the recantation

 6 through the nolle prosequi document itself. Nonetheless, defense counsel neither

 7 requested further information, nor sought additional time to look into the matter.

 8 Because Defendant did not demonstrate that the State suppressed evidence

 9 throughout the trial, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in

10 denying Defendant’s motion. See State v. Rondeau, 1976-NMSC-044, ¶ 40, 89 N.M.

11 408, 553 P.2d 688 (interpreting Brady “to mean that a convicted defendant would be

12 entitled to a retrial where the prosecution suppressed, throughout the whole trial,

13 exculpatory evidence material to the guilt or punishment of the defendant” (emphasis

14 added)).

15 b.       Motion for New Trial—Newly Discovered Evidence

16   {27}   Defendant’s argument that the district court abused its discretion under the

17 standards set forth for a motion for new trial fails because Defendant has failed to

18 demonstrate that defense counsel could not have discovered the recantation until after

19 trial. To succeed on a motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence, a

                                              20
 1 defendant must demonstrate, among other things, that the evidence was discovered

 2 after trial and that the evidence could not have been discovered before trial by the

 3 exercise of due diligence. Fero, 1988-NMSC-053, ¶ 12. According to the district

 4 court’s findings, defense counsel had knowledge of the recantation before the trial

 5 ended, and as discussed above, the district court’s findings are supported by the

 6 evidence and are entitled to deference.

 7   {28}   Indeed, nothing in the record suggests the recantation “could not have been

 8 discovered before trial by the exercise of due diligence[.]” Id. Burciaga was indicted

 9 February 10, 2011, and the nolle prosequi was filed July 31, 2012. The nolle prosequi

10 specifically states that “the alleged victim recanted the statements made concerning

11 allegations regarding [Burciaga.]” Defendant’s trial counsel, Attorney Padilla, who

12 was retained by Defendant in 2013 after the Burciaga matter had been concluded,

13 acknowledged that Defendant had informed him that G.M. may have made

14 accusations against Burciaga, but admitted to not having done any investigation as

15 to whether charges had been filed. Defendant was not tried until December 2014;

16 Attorney Padilla therefore had ample time between the time he was retained and the

17 trial in December 2014 to investigate the allegations against Burciaga. Doing so

18 would have revealed the indictment, the nolle prosequi, and recantation. The district

19 court’s decision was therefore in accord with the facts of the case. The district court

                                             21
 1 did not abuse its discretion in concluding Defendant did not meet the requirements

 2 to prevail on his motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence.

 3 C.       Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

 4   {29}   Defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective by failing to adequately

 5 apprise himself of the applicable legal standards to effectively argue for the exclusion

 6 of the evaluation and by failing to investigate G.M.’s allegations against Burciaga.

 7 Our review of the record raised additional unexplained incidents that are a source of

 8 concern. Taken together, we believe Defendant has presented a prima facie case of

 9 ineffective assistance.

10 1.       Standard

11   {30}   The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution

12 guarantee criminal defendants the right to effective assistance of counsel. Patterson

13 v. LeMaster, 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 16, 130 N.M. 179, 21 P.3d 1032. To establish

14 ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that: “(1) counsel’s

15 performance fell below that of a reasonably competent attorney; (2) no plausible,

16 rational strategy or tactic explains counsel’s conduct; and (3) counsel’s apparent

17 failings were prejudicial to the defense.” State v. Bahney, 2012-NMCA-039, ¶ 48,

18 274 P.3d 134. Whether we address a claim of ineffective assistance through direct

19 appeal depends on the completeness of the record. See State v. Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-

                                               22
 1 112, ¶ 48, 289 P.3d 238. Where the facts necessary to a full determination of

 2 ineffective assistance are not part of the record, but an appellant nonetheless makes

 3 a prima facie showing of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellate court may

 4 remand for an evidentiary hearing. See State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 25, 132

 5 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61; State v. Cordova, 2014-NMCA-081, ¶ 7, 331 P.3d 980.

 6 Because the trial court’s record “may not adequately document the sort of evidence

 7 essential to a determination of trial counsel’s effectiveness[,]” ineffective assistance

 8 of counsel claims are often better adjudicated through habeas corpus proceedings.

 9 State v. Grogan, 2007-NMSC-039, ¶ 9, 142 N.M. 107, 163 P.3d 494 (internal

10 quotation marks and citation omitted); Duncan v. Kerby, 1993-NMSC-011, ¶ 4, 115

11 N.M. 344, 851 P.2d 466 (acknowledging that habeas corpus proceedings are the

12 “preferred avenue for adjudicating ineffective assistance of counsel claims”). “We

13 review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo.” State v. Dylan J., 2009-

14 NMCA-027, ¶ 33, 145 N.M. 719, 204 P.3d 44.

15 2.       Reasonably Competent Attorney Standard

16   {31}   In determining whether counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard

17 of reasonableness, we “indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls

18 within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance[.]” State v. Paredez,

19 2004-NMSC-036, ¶ 14, 136 N.M. 533, 101 P.3d 799 (internal quotation marks and

                                              23
 1 citation omitted). In order to overcome the presumption that counsel acted reasonably,

 2 Defendant must show that the challenged action could not be considered “sound trial

 3 strategy.” State v. Hunter, 2006-NMSC-043, ¶ 13, 140 N.M. 406, 143 P.3d 168

 4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

 5 a.       Duty to Apprise Oneself of Legal Standard

 6   {32}   It is beyond dispute that “no lawyer should approach any task without

 7 knowledge of the applicable statutes, court rules, and case law[.]” Garcia v. State,

 8 2010-NMSC-023, ¶ 40, 148 N.M. 414, 237 P.3d 716 (alteration, internal quotation

 9 marks, and citation omitted); State v. Lopez, 1996-NMSC-036, ¶ 9 n.1, 122 N.M. 63,

10 920 P.2d 1017 (expressing dismay at the trial court’s, prosecutor’s, and defense

11 counsel’s failure to apprise themselves of the current state of the law three years after

12 case law altered the legal standard, noting that “[a]ttorneys and judges have an

13 obligation to keep abreast of current changes in the law”). In this instance, defense

14 counsel apparently failed to apprise himself of the applicable legal authority

15 governing the admissibility of the evaluation. It is clear from the record that

16 Defendant intended to testify; and, in anticipation of Defendant’s testimony, the State

17 alerted the district court and defense counsel of its intent to use the evaluation for

18 impeachment purposes. Notwithstanding the State’s notice of its intent to impeach

19 Defendant with the evaluation, Defendant’s counsel apparently never took steps to

                                              24
 1 obtain a copy of the evaluation and did not even review it until moments before

 2 Defendant took the stand to testify. Though he knew the State considered the

 3 evaluation to be inadmissible in its case in chief, defense counsel apparently did no

 4 research into the question of whether information gathered through plea negotiations

 5 could be used as impeachment evidence. A cursory investigation into Rule 11-410

 6 and its relevant case law leads to Trujillo, 1980-NMSC-004,2 which is directly

 7 contradictory to the State’s position. Even after the district court recessed specifically

 8 to allow him an opportunity to address the State’s argument and case law, defense

 9 counsel presented no argument to distinguish Defendant’s case from Watkins, 1979-

10 NMCA-003, and apparently did not seek to ascertain whether Watkins had been

11 overruled or limited by subsequent case law. Instead, it appears from the record that

12 defense counsel simply accepted the State’s representation that no contrary authority

13 existed.

14   {33}   We next look to whether a “plausible, rational strategy or tactic explains

15 [defense] counsel’s conduct[.]” Bahney, 2012-NMCA-039, ¶ 48. The statements from

16 the evaluation used by the State to impeach Defendant were tantamount to his

17 repeated admission of guilt. Indeed, the State pointed this out during its argument to

          2
18          We note that annotations of Rule 11-410 reveal clear, unequivocal statements
19 that information gathered during plea negotiations may not be used as impeachment
20 evidence.

                                              25
 1 the district court. Acknowledging the detrimental nature of the evaluation, the district

 2 court offered defense counsel an opportunity to limit the jury’s consideration of those

 3 statements to impeachment and credibility. Defense counsel did not, however, avail

 4 himself of this opportunity or seek to limit the use of the evaluation in any way. We

 5 see no reasonable professional calculation that could support Attorney Padilla’s

 6 failure to conduct any pre-trial investigation into the existence and content of the

 7 evaluation. Furthermore, it is inconceivable that defense counsel’s total failure to

 8 apprise himself of the law governing the use of information gathered during plea

 9 negotiations for impeachment might be considered sound trial strategy. See Garcia,

10 2010-NMSC-023, ¶ 40 (concluding counsel did no research to discover an

11 amendment to statute, stating, “[w]e cannot conceive of a strategic reason for [defense

12 counsel’s actions]. . . . It is of little comfort that both the prosecution and the trial

13 court appear to have labored under a similar misapprehension of the law”).

14 b.       Failure to Investigate Burciaga Case

15   {34}   In addition to apprising himself of the relevant law, counsel has a duty to

16 investigate. See State v. Barnett, 1998-NMCA-105, ¶ 30, 125 N.M. 739, 965 P.2d 323

17 (“Failure to make adequate pretrial investigation and preparation may . . . be grounds

18 for finding ineffective assistance of counsel.” (internal quotation marks and citation

19 omitted)). Courts may find counsel’s performance deficient where he “fail[s] to

                                              26
 1 investigate a significant issue raised by the client.” State v. Hunter, 2006-NMSC-043,

 2 ¶ 14. However, a “general claim of failure to investigate is not sufficient to establish

 3 a prima facie case if there is no evidence in the record indicating what information

 4 would have been discovered.” Cordova, 2014-NMCA-081, ¶ 10.

 5   {35}   In this case, defense counsel admitted he had received information from his

 6 client that Burciaga had gotten in some trouble because of his behavior toward G.M.

 7 but failed to investigate that information. Undoubtedly, allegations of sexual

 8 molestation of the victim by another individual around the same time period raise

 9 questions about the identity of the actual perpetrator of the molestation. We cannot

10 conceive of a plausible rational strategy or tactic that would explain defense counsel’s

11 failure to investigate another possible abuser of G.M.

12   {36}   Defense counsel also made it clear that if he had known of G.M.’s recantation,

13 he would have used it to impeach her credibility during his cross-examination.

14 Indeed, defense counsel stressed the importance of the recantation, stating that it

15 “would have changed the course of the trial.” Considering the importance that

16 defense counsel himself assigned to G.M.’s recantation, it is difficult to imagine that

17 defense counsel’s failure to discover that information was the result of a tactical

18 decision. Indeed, in a trial involving allegations of sexual abuse, there can be little

19 more probative evidence than that which suggests the possibility that the allegations

                                              27
 1 made by the alleged victim are false; and, evidence of the falsity of prior similar

 2 allegations are significant indicia of innocence that any effective attorney knows to

 3 pursue.

 4 c.       Additional Competence Issues

 5   {37}   The record also reveals unexplained instances in which defense counsel’s

 6 actions may warrant additional evidentiary inquiry. For example, on cross-

 7 examination, defense counsel asked one of the investigating officers what information

 8 he had gathered that had led him to arrest Defendant. The officer responded that,

 9 “based on his sexual desires, it all fits in with the sexual deviant nature of the

10 individual.” To that point, there had been no testimony about Defendant’s sexual

11 desires or sexually deviant nature. The officer’s response was given without

12 explanation, support or context. Rather than defense counsel moving to strike the

13 officer’s statement, it was the State who objected to its own witness’s testimony

14 arguing that it was “going to essentially irrelevant consensual sex acts between two

15 adults that don’t really bear on this particular issue at all” and that continuing with

16 the line of questioning was likely to result in reversible error. Though the State’s

17 objection was sustained, the characterization of Defendant as a sexual deviant went

18 unexplained, and was never limited or stricken from the record. While this line of

19 questioning appears to have been a tactic of defense counsel, one must question the

                                             28
 1 wisdom of pursuing a line of questioning so objectionable that the State intervenes

 2 in an attempt to save its case from reversal on appeal.

 3   {38}   Defense counsel also sought to admit a Children, Youth, and Families

 4 Department (CYFD) report about an incident involving G.M. that was reported

 5 around the time of Defendant’s arrest. It appears defense counsel did not, however,

 6 investigate the circumstances surrounding the report, research its admissibility, or

 7 even thoroughly review it before proffering it to the district court. The report resulted

 8 from an altogether separate claim made by G.M. that her mother and Burciaga had

 9 physically abused her. Defense counsel initially argued to the district court that the

10 report should be admitted to attack G.M.’s credibility because “the report by the

11 alleged victim in this case was found unsubstantiated when she was complaining of,

12 you know, physical abuse by her stepfather and mother.” After inquiring as to

13 whether the complaint included allegations of sexual abuse, to which defense counsel

14 responded, “[n]o,” the district court denied Defendant’s request to admit the CYFD

15 report for the requested purpose.

16   {39}   Following a break, defense counsel later renewed his request to introduce the

17 CYFD report, stating, “But I was looking at the report, and I know the [c]ourt

18 indicated it was not relevant, but I was reading a part of the report, especially one part

19 of it.” According to the record, the report stated that during the CYFD investigation,

                                               29
 1 G.M. had been questioned about “good touch and bad touch[,]” that she “was able to

 2 give at least two examples of each[,]” and that “she denie[d] that she has ever had a

 3 bad touch with anyone.” Despite the district court twice asking for authority to

 4 support the report’s admission, defense counsel offered none. Nothing in the record

 5 indicates defense counsel interviewed the caseworker who wrote the report or made

 6 arrangements to call any appropriate witnesses to introduce the report or testify about

 7 G.M.’s admission that she had never experienced “bad touch.” In fact, it appeared that

 8 the break in the trial was the first time he had read the portion of the report related to

 9 CYFD’s investigation into whether G.M. had been touched inappropriately. In a case

10 in which the credibility of one particular witness is of paramount importance, G.M.’s

11 admission to CYFD that she had never experienced “bad touch” was certainly an

12 important piece of evidence that should not, as it appears, have been first considered

13 in the midst of trial.

14   {40}   This is not a case where a defendant makes a vague assertion that his attorney

15 failed to investigate some undisclosed yet pivotal issue. Defendant placed evidence

16 in the record that defense counsel failed to pursue a specific lead given to him by his

17 client that either suggested Burciaga as an alternate perpetrator or called into question

18 G.M.’s credibility. The record further reveals a report in defense counsel’s possession

19 prior to trial containing an important admission by the victim that she had not, in fact,

                                               30
 1 been touched inappropriately. Defendant points, with particularity, to the evidence

 2 that would have been discovered as a result of thorough investigation of the claims

 3 against Burciaga and specifies that the evidence was probative of a key witness’s

 4 credibility. These matters, along with defense counsel’s lack of preparation regarding

 5 other substantive and legal issues cannot be construed as plausible or rational

 6 strategy. We are satisfied that Defendant has made a prima facie case that defense

 7 counsel’s performance fell below that of a reasonably competent attorney. See

 8 Bahney, 2012-NMCA-039, ¶ 48.

 9 3.       Prejudice

10   {41}   In addition to showing that defense counsel’s performance fell below that of

11 a reasonably competent attorney, Defendant must show that “there is a reasonable

12 probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

13 would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

14 undermine confidence in the outcome.” Cordova, 2014-NMCA-081, ¶ 9 (internal

15 quotation marks and citations omitted). In deciding whether Defendant was

16 prejudiced by defense counsel’s failures, “we must compare the weight of [the]

17 prejudice against the totality and strength of the evidence of [a d]efendant’s guilt and

18 determine if the outcome of the trial has been rendered unreliable.” Roybal, 2002-

19 NMSC-027, ¶ 26.

                                              31
 1   {42}   Often in ineffective assistance cases, the defendant is not prejudiced by defense

 2 counsel’s ineffectiveness because the totality and strength of the evidence of the

 3 defendant’s guilt restores our confidence in the outcome of the trial. See, e.g., id. ¶ 28.

 4 The State asserts that is the case here. We are not convinced, as the evidence is not

 5 so overwhelming or persuasive that it reassures us Defendant received a fair trial.

 6   {43}   This case involved competing credibility determinations. No physical evidence

 7 was ever presented. Aside from Defendant and G.M., both of whose testimony was

 8 tainted by the irregularities discussed above, five people testified—G.M.’s brother,

 9 Margarita, two investigating officers, and the safehouse interviewer. Each witness

10 reiterated the allegations of abuse described to them by G.M., or explained the series

11 of events immediately after G.M. made the allegations against Defendant. G.M.’s

12 brother was the only witness to testify to events that were not based entirely on

13 G.M.’s memory and recitations. Although he testified he had walked in on Defendant

14 and G.M. shirtless and under the covers, G.M.’s brother admitted that he had never

15 “seen them together doing it[.]” Furthermore, prior to testifying at trial, G.M.’s

16 brother had never told anyone that he had seen G.M. and Defendant under the covers

17 in the almost seven years between the time of Defendant’s arrest and the trial.

18   {44}   This court is reluctant to decide ineffective assistance of counsel claims

19 without first having before us all of the required facts to make an informed decision.

                                               32
 1 See State v. Swavola, 1992-NMCA-089 ¶ 3, 114 N.M. 472, 840 P.2d 1238 (“Recent

 2 decisions by this [C]ourt have expressed our reservations about deciding claims of

 3 ineffective assistance of counsel in the absence of a district court evidentiary hearing

 4 on the matter.”). “We read our Supreme Court jurisprudence as acknowledging this

 5 Court’s discretion to remand a case for an evidentiary hearing where a defendant has

 6 made a prima facie case of ineffective assistance.” Dylan J., 2009-NMCA-027, ¶ 42.

 7 The number, as well as the nature of the errors and irregularities discussed above

 8 appear to have had a considerable impact on this case, as they dealt mostly with the

 9 credibility of G.M. and Defendant, upon which this case turns. See State v. Ortiz-

10 Burciaga, 1999-NMCA-146, ¶ 9, 128 N.M. 382, 993 P.2d 96 (acknowledging that

11 child abuse cases “turn[] on the jury’s determination of the credibility of the

12 defendant and the young victim”). The evidence of Defendant’s guilt in this instance

13 is not so overwhelming as to alleviate our concerns regarding the prejudicial effect

14 of defense counsel’s deficiencies. We therefore conclude Defendant has demonstrated

15 a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel. Because we find cumulative

16 error, as discussed below, however, it is unnecessary to remand this case for an

17 evidentiary hearing on ineffective assistance of counsel at this time.

                                              33
 1 D.       Cumulative Error

 2   {45}   “Cumulative error requires reversal of a defendant’s conviction when the

 3 cumulative impact of errors which occurred at trial was so prejudicial that the

 4 defendant was deprived of a fair trial.” State v. Martin, 1984-NMSC-077, ¶ 17, 101

 5 N.M. 595, 686 P.2d 937 (“We must reverse any conviction obtained in a proceeding

 6 in which the cumulative impact of irregularities is so prejudicial to a defendant that

 7 he is deprived of his fundamental right to a fair trial.”). The doctrine is strictly

 8 applied, however, and “cannot be invoked when the record as a whole demonstrates

 9 that the defendant received a fair trial.” State v. Salas, 2010-NMSC-028, ¶ 39, 148

10 N.M. 313, 236 P.3d 32 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

11   {46}   Although the admission of the evaluation alone does not rise to the level of

12 plain error, we do note that it contained information that was tantamount to an

13 admission of guilt by Defendant. The prejudice of an erroneously admitted apparent

14 admission of guilt by a criminal defendant is obvious, regardless of whether

15 Defendant is given the opportunity to explain his answer. This error, coupled with the

16 numerous errors by Defendant’s counsel, including his failure to investigate the

17 sexual molestation charges against G.M.’s stepfather, Burciaga, his failure to discover

18 G.M.’s recantation of her allegations against Burciaga, his failure to move to strike

19 or otherwise remedy the characterization of his client as a sexual deviant, and his

                                             34
 1 failure to review and take steps to properly introduce the CYFD report containing

 2 G.M.’s admission that she has never experienced “bad touch” are so numerous and

 3 egregious that we are persuaded that Defendant was denied his right to a fair trial.

 4 See, e.g., State v. Wilson, 1990-NMSC-019, ¶¶ 25, 31, 109 N.M. 541, 787 P.2d 821

 5 (concluding that cumulative error denied defendant fair trial when prosecutor

 6 engaged in misconduct, and the trial judge communicated with a juror during trial

 7 about an issue in the case without the defendant’s participation); see also Martin,

 8 1984-NMSC-077, ¶¶ 17-18, 22, 25-26, 30 (concluding that unchallenged

 9 inappropriate comments and gestures from the trial judge, along with the defendant’s

10 improperly admitted criminal history and the court’s refusal to admit films to

11 corroborate the defendant’s claim of victim’s tendencies toward violent sexual

12 conduct constituted cumulative error requiring a new trial). Although none of the

13 errors discussed above constitute grounds for reversal standing alone, together they

14 deprived Defendant of a fair trial. We therefore reverse.

15 E.       Sufficiency of the Evidence

16   {47}   Having determined that the cumulative error in this case warrants reversal, we

17 next determine whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support Defendant’s

18 conviction. See State v. Post, 1989-NMCA-090, ¶ 22, 109 N.M. 177, 783 P.2d 487

19 (requiring consideration of sufficiency of the evidence to prevent courts from running

                                              35
 1 afoul of double jeopardy principles when remanding for retrial). When considering

 2 whether sufficient evidence exists to support retrial, we consider all evidence—even

 3 that which was wrongfully admitted. See id. In reviewing for sufficiency, “we view

 4 the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and draw all inferences in favor

 5 of the verdict to determine whether substantial evidence of either a direct or

 6 circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilty” as to each element of the

 7 offense. State v. Suazo, 2017-NMSC-011, ¶ 32, 390 P.3d 674 (internal quotation

 8 marks and citation omitted).

 9   {48}   Defendant was convicted of CSPM, CSCM, and bribery of a witness. CSPM

10 is defined as unlawful and intentional “causing of a person to engage in sexual

11 intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio or anal intercourse or the causing of penetration, to

12 any extent and with any object, of the genital or anal openings of another[.]” NMSA

13 1978, § 30-9-11(A) (2009). When perpetrated on a minor under the age of thirteen,

14 CSP is a first degree felony. NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11(D)(1). CSCM is an unlawful and

15 intentional “touching or applying force to the intimate parts of a minor” or the

16 “causing of a minor to touch one’s intimate parts” including “the primary genital area,

17 groin, buttocks, anus or breast.” NMSA 1978, § 30-9-13(A) (2003). Bribery of a

18 witness consists of knowingly “intimidating or threatening any person or giving or

19 offering to give anything of value to any person with the intent to keep the person

                                              36
 1 from truthfully reporting . . . information relating to the commission . . . of a

 2 felony[.]” NMSA 1978, § 30-24-3(A)(3) (1997).

 3   {49}   During trial, G.M. labeled two drawings as Defendant and herself, marked

 4 where the penis and vagina were on the corresponding images, and testified that

 5 Defendant’s penis touched her vagina, and G.M. testified that Defendant had put his

 6 penis in her mouth. G.M. also testified that Defendant would sometimes shower with

 7 G.M. and G.M.’s brother and that during those showers, she would touch Defendant’s

 8 penis. G.M. testified that during one of those episodes, Defendant told her “not to tell

 9 no one or else he would go to jail.” In light of this testimony, and indulging any

10 inferences in favor of the verdict, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to

11 support a guilty verdict as to each charge.

12 III.     CONCLUSION

13   {50}   We reverse Defendant’s conviction, and remand for retrial. Because we remand

14 for retrial, it is unnecessary at this time to order an evidentiary hearing on

15 Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

16   {51}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

17
18                                         JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge

                                              37
1 WE CONCUR:

2
3 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

4
5 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge

                             38