Court Opinion

ID: 9908695
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-11 17:09:43.322372+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:26.981889
License: Public Domain

J-A22016-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    ROBERT FLYNN                               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 804 WDA 2022

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 9, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-02-CR-0006288-2021

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                           FILED: DECEMBER 11, 2023

       Appellant, Robert Flynn, appeals from the judgment of sentence entered

on June 9, 2022, following his jury trial convictions for aggravated indecent

assault, indecent assault, unlawful restraint, and stalking.1 We affirm.

       The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

       [O]n August 4, 2021, the [adult female] victim in this case decided
       to go for a walk. At the time of the incident, she was pregnant.
       She left her home on the North[side] of the City of Pittsburgh and
       started to walk along the River Trail. During that walk she was
       grabbed from behind. Her assailant grabbed her buttocks multiple
       times and [tackled] her to the ground. [The victim] turned around
       as she was grabbed but she did not recognize her attacker. Her
       attacker pulled her pants down and while the victim was on her
       back he reached between her buttocks and touched her in her
       vaginal area with his fingers. The victim began screaming and
       kicking. She believed that she was going to be raped. While she
       was screaming and kicking, [Appellant] got up and fled the area.

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3125(a)(1), 3126(a)(1), 2902(a)(1), and 2709.1(a)(1),
respectively.
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      The victim got up, dressed and took a photograph of [Appellant]
      with her cellular [tele]phone as he fled. She then called 911 and
      police officers responded. Based on the photograph and the
      description provided by the victim, [Appellant] was apprehended
      nearby very shortly thereafter. The victim identified [Appellant]
      as her attacker.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/2/2022, at 1-2.

      Appellant proceeded to a jury trial that commenced in February 2022.

Prior to trial on December 27, 2021, however, the Commonwealth filed notice

of its intention to present evidence of other crimes pursuant to Pa.R.E. 404(b).

Specifically, the Commonwealth sought to introduce evidence of Appellant’s

prior convictions involving five different victims to establish a common

scheme, modus operandi, intent, identity and absence of mistake or accident.

Following a pretrial hearing, the trial court, pursuant to Rule 404(b), agreed

to   admit   evidence   of   Appellant’s   prior   convictions   but   limited   the

Commonwealth to only two prior incidents. At trial, two witnesses testified

that Appellant pled guilty to various crimes for sexually assaulting them in

2014 by grabbing them from behind, pulling down their pants, and groping

their buttocks before fleeing. The incidents happened along the same river

trail in Pittsburgh and at a similar time of day.        Following trial, the jury

convicted Appellant of the aforementioned crimes. On June 9, 2022, the trial

court imposed a mandatory term of 25 to 50 years of imprisonment for

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aggravated indecent assault, with no further penalty for the remaining

charges.    This timely appeal resulted.2

       On appeal, Appellant presents the following issue3 for our review:

       Did the trial court err when it permitted the Commonwealth [] to
       introduce evidence about Appellant’s two prior convictions
       [because such evidence] was not admissible as a signature crime
       showing identity, and [where the] probative value outweighed its
       potential for prejudice?

Appellant’s Brief at 3.

       In sum, Appellant posits:

       Appellant’s jurors heard [from two prior victims] – the first two
       witnesses in the case – who discussed their interactions with
       Appellant over six-and-a-half years before. The first reported that
       she had, on September 2, 2014, been running on the same
       walking/running trail [as the victim in this case] when Appellant
       snuck up behind her, pulled her running shorts to the ground, and
       groped her buttocks before running off. (Appellant pled guilty to
       that crime.) A second witness testified that, almost four months
       later, on December 29, 2014, Appellant had snuck up behind her
       as she was out for a walk, pulled down the trousers and
       undergarments that she wore, inserted his finger into her
       intergluteal cleft, and groped her buttocks before running off.
       (Appellant pled guilty to that crime too.) Appellant objected to
____________________________________________

2   Appellant filed a notice of appeal on July 8, 2022. On July 18, 2022, the
trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained
of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant complied timely after
an expressly granted extension. The trial court issued an opinion pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) on December 2, 2022.

3 We note that in his Rule 1925(b) statement Appellant also averred that the

trial court erred by imposing a mandatory sentence pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9718.2. Appellant has failed to develop this issue on appeal and, therefore,
we find it waived. Commonwealth v. Heggins, 809 A.2d 908, 912 n.2 (Pa.
Super. 2002) (“[A]n issue identified on appeal but not developed in the
appellant's brief is abandoned and, therefore, waived.”).

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       the introduction of this testimony prior to trial, to no avail. He
       now challenges that ruling in this appeal.

       Appellant’s contention is twofold. First, he submits that the
       evidence was not admissible as proof of identity since his prior
       crimes did not constitute signature crimes. The mere fact that
       there were some similarities between Appellant’s prior conduct
       and the crimes for which he stood trial does not establish the
       requisite modus operandi to permit admission.[4] The blunt and
       sorry fact is that men, all over the country, oftentimes assault
       women in this manner. The[y] grab them as they are out running
       or walking, they pull at or remove or tear at their clothing, and
       they grab their private areas. To say that a man [who] has done
       this in the past has committed a signature crime is to treat the
       commonplace as uncommon. For prior crimes evidence to be
       admissible as a signature crime, the conduct of the perpetrator
       must be unique to that sort of crime. The mere fact that he’s
       engaged in that sort of conduct before is merely propensity
       evidence – precisely what Rule 404 excludes.

       Moreover, even if the evidence of Appellant’s prior assaults
       qualified as evidence of a signature style, the probative value of
       the evidence did not outweigh its potential for prejudice. Prior
       crimes evidence is itself inherently prejudicial, and that danger is
       heightened when, as here, the crime charged is the same, or
       nearly the same as, the prior conviction.

       Appellant submits that he should be granted a new trial.

Id. at 14-15.

       We adhere to the following standards:

____________________________________________

4    Appellant emphasizes the dissimilarities between the three cases. For
example, Appellant claims that in this case the victim was walking, not running
like one of the prior victims. Appellant’s Brief at 23. Appellant further claims
that this case took place in the summer, whereas one of the other victims was
assaulted in the winter. Id. Finally, Appellant posits that “in this case, the
victim’s labia was digitally penetrated, whereas with [one of the testifying
prior victims] it was her intergluteal cleft that was digitally assaulted, and with
[the other testifying witness] no digital penetration occurred at all.” Id.

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     When reviewing a claim concerning the admissibility of evidence,
     and specifically evidence of other crimes or bad acts by a
     defendant, we note:

        The admission of evidence is a matter vested within the
        sound discretion of the trial court, and such a decision shall
        be reversed only upon a showing that the trial court abused
        its discretion. In determining whether evidence should be
        admitted, the trial court must weigh the relevant and
        probative value of the evidence against the prejudicial
        impact of that evidence. Evidence is relevant if it logically
        tends to establish a material fact in the case or tends to
        support a reasonable inference regarding a material fact.
        Although a court may find that evidence is relevant, the
        court may nevertheless conclude that such evidence is
        inadmissible on account of its prejudicial impact.

     An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but is
     rather the overriding or misapplication of the law, or the exercise
     of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias,
     prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the evidence of record.
     Further, an abuse of discretion may result where the trial court
     improperly weighed the probative value of evidence admitted
     against its potential for prejudicing the defendant. When a trial
     court indicates its reason for its ruling, our scope of review is
     limited to an examination of that stated reason.

     Jurisprudence regarding the admission of other crimes and bad
     acts is as follows:

        Evidence of distinct crimes is not admissible against a
        defendant being prosecuted for another crime solely to show
        his bad character and his propensity for committing criminal
        acts. See Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1). However, evidence of other
        crimes and/or violent acts may be admissible in special
        circumstances where the evidence is relevant for some
        other legitimate purpose and not merely to prejudice the
        defendant by showing him to be a person of bad character.

     These other purposes include, inter alia, proving the identity of
     the person charged with the commission of the crime on trial.

     Identity as to the charged crime may be proven with evidence of
     another crime where the separate crimes share a method so
     distinctive and circumstances so nearly identical as to constitute
     the virtual signature of the defendant. Required, therefore, is

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     such a high correlation in the details of the crimes that proof that
     a person committed one of them makes it very unlikely that
     anyone else committed the others.

     In comparing the methods and circumstances of separate crimes,
     a court must necessarily look for similarities in a number of
     factors, including: (1) the manner in which the crimes were
     committed; (2) weapons used; (3) ostensible purpose of the
     crime; (4) location; and (5) type of victims. Remoteness in time
     between the crimes is also factored, although its probative value
     has been held inversely proportional to the degree of similarity
     between crimes.

Commonwealth v. Weakley, 972 A.2d 1182, 1188–1189 (Pa. Super. 2009)

(internal case citations, quotations, and original brackets omitted).   “[T]he

importance of a temporal nexus between crimes declines as the similarity of

the crimes increases.” Id. at 1190. Furthermore, we have opined that “Rule

404(b)(1) and relevant jurisprudence shows the other crime need not match

every fact and circumstance of the charged crime before it may be used to

prove identity.” Id. Finally, we have stated:

     The inquiry into admissibility of “other crimes” evidence does not
     end with confirming a permissible 404(b) purpose such as proving
     identity, but proceeds to ask whether the probative value of the
     “other crimes” evidence outweighs its presumptive prejudice. In
     conducting the probative value/prejudice balancing test, courts
     must consider factors such as the strength of the “other crimes”
     evidence, the similarities between the crimes, the time lapse
     between crimes, the need for the other crimes evidence, the
     efficacy of alternative proof of the charged crime, and the degree
     to which the evidence probably will rouse the jury to
     overmastering hostility.

Id. at 1191 (internal citations and most quotations omitted). “Additionally,

[this Court has held that] when examining the potential for undue prejudice,

a cautionary jury instruction may ameliorate the prejudicial effect of the

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proffered evidence.... Jurors are presumed to follow the trial court's

instructions.”   Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 360 (Pa. Super.

2015) (en banc), citing Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 666 (Pa.

2014) (holding extraneous offense of arson was admissible under Rule 404(b)

in prosecution for murder; trial court's instruction on how arson evidence

should be considered minimized likelihood that arson evidence would inflame

jury or cause it to convict defendant on improper basis).

      In this case, the trial court explained that it “permitted the

Commonwealth to introduce the challenged evidence because it believed that

the evidence [was] probative of [Appellant’s] identity because, by inference,

[Appellant] committed the prior assaults under vastly similar circumstances.”

Trial Court Opinion, 12/2/2022, at 4-5. More specifically, the trial court found:

      The Commonwealth sought to admit testimony regarding five
      prior incidents in which [Appellant] attacked and assaulted
      females under circumstances very similar to the incident for which
      [Appellant] was charged in this case. [The trial c]ourt believed
      that the admission of all five [prior victims] was overly prejudicial
      and it limited the Commonwealth to the admission of only two of
      the prior incidents. The testimony of the two permitted witnesses
      demonstrated that [Appellant’s] prior attacks occurred in the
      same geographical area the attack in this case occurred, the
      Northside section of the City of Pittsburgh. In each instance,
      [Appellant] grabbed the victim from behind, pulled the victims’
      shorts down and touched the victims’ buttocks. [Appellant] then
      fled each scene. This evidence was markedly similar to the
      circumstances of the instant offense and it was probative of the
      identity of [the] assailant in this case. [The trial c]ourt read a
      cautionary instruction to the jury advising that the jury could not
      consider this evidence as propensity evidence and that the
      permissible purpose for the admission of evidence was to
      determine if the identification of [Appellant] was accurate. [The
      trial c]ourt believe that the admission of the evidence was proper.

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Id. at 5.

      Upon review of the certified record and applicable law, we agree with

the trial court’s assessment.    Here, in examining the facts of the previous

assaults with the instant matter, all of the occurrences share a method so

distinctive and circumstances so nearly identical as to constitute the virtual

signature of Appellant.       The trial court compared the methods and

circumstances of the separate crimes, and noted similarities in a number of

factors, including the manner in which the crimes were committed, the

location of the incidents, and the type of victims. Appellant attacked unaware

female strangers from behind, while they were walking or running alone along

the River Trail on Pittsburgh’s Northside. The assaults all took place during

the daytime, and, in each instance, Appellant pulled the victims’ pants down

and groped them from behind before running away.           Moreover, we reject

Appellant’s attempt to show slight factual distinctions between the offenses,

because the other crimes need not match every fact and circumstance of the

charged     crime   before   being   deemed   admissible   to   prove   identity.

Furthermore, upon review, the trial court weighed the probative value of the

Rule 404(b) evidence with the potential for prejudice as required. Ultimately,

the court denied the Commonwealth’s request to present five prior victims as

witnesses at trial and limited the testimony to just two prior victims. The trial

court also instructed the jury that the evidence was presented for the limited

purpose of confirming Appellant’s identity and we presume that the jury

followed the trial court’s directives. Hence, for all of the foregoing reasons,

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we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion or err as a matter

of law in permitting Rule 404(b) evidence of other crimes.         Accordingly,

Appellant is not entitled to relief on his sole appellate claim.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

DATE: 12/11/2023

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