Court Opinion

ID: 3195616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-19 19:08:13.891288+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:08:49.820006
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Forman v. Kreps, 2016-Ohio-1604.]

                          STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY
                                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                      SEVENTH DISTRICT

JEFF J. FORMAN, et al.                         )
                                               )
        PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS/                 )
        CROSS-APPELLEES                        )           CASE NOS. 13 MA 0177
                                               )                     14 MA 0031
VS.                                            )
                                               )                   OPINION
ROGER R. KREPS                                 )
                                               )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLEE                     )
        CROSS-APPELLANT                        )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                      Civil Appeal from Court of Common
                                               Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio
                                               Case No. 11 CV 906

JUDGMENT:                                      Affirmed in part.
                                               Reversed in part; prejudgment interest
                                               award vacated.
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees      Attorney Marshall Buck
                                               100 Federal Plaza East, Suite 926
                                               Youngstown, Ohio 44503

For Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant         Attorney Brian Winchester
                                               123 West Prospect Avenue, Suite 250
                                               Cleveland, Ohio 44115

JUDGES:

Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Carol Ann Robb

                                               Dated: April 14, 2016
[Cite as Forman v. Kreps, 2016-Ohio-1604.]
DeGENARO, J.

        {¶1}    Plaintiffs-Appellants, Jeff F. Forman and Irene Forman, appeal the
judgment of the Mahoning County Court of Common Pleas against Defendant-
Appellee, Roger Kreps, in a personal injury action. On appeal, Forman asserts that
the trial court erred by failing to exclude expert testimony and for failing to give a jury
instruction on the issue of recklessness. Kreps assigns five cross-assignments of
error regarding jury instructions, premises owner immunity, discovery and evidentiary
errors and finally challenges the award of prejudgment interest. The assigned error
regarding prejudgment interest is meritorious. The damage award in favor of the
Formans is affirmed. However, the prejudgment interest award is reversed and
vacated.
                                Facts and Procedural History
        {¶2}    Forman, Kreps, and Dr. Charles Yourstowsky were golfing together at
Tippecanoe Country Club. After hitting their first shots from the 15th tee, the three
men drove two golf carts to their respective second shots. Forman and Yourstowsky
were sharing a cart, while Kreps followed behind in his own cart.
        {¶3}    Forman stopped at his ball and exited his cart to play his second shot.
Meanwhile, Kreps looked down at his scorecard but continued to operate his golf cart
and hit Forman from behind; Forman went through the double panel plexiglass
windshield of Kreps' cart and landed on the floor of the cart with his legs up.
Yourstowsky observed blood on Forman's head, but Forman insisted he was fine.
Yourstowsky and Kreps played a few more holes but Forman did not. Forman did not
seek treatment either at the golf course or after he left.
        {¶4}      Forman saw a physician several months later as he was experiencing
problems with his back. Forman informed Kreps of his injuries, and Kreps gave
Forman $5,000.00 for medical expenses. After physical therapy failed, Forman sent
his records to the Laser Spine Institute of Tampa, Florida to be evaluated for
minimally invasive spinal surgery by Dr. Zoltan Bereczki, who previously performed
four surgical procedures on Forman in 2011 and 2012.
        {¶5}    By agreement of the parties a magistrate presided over a jury trial,
                                                                               -2-

which returned a verdict in favor of Forman. The magistrate's decision recommended
that the trial court adopt the jury verdict in favor of the Formans. The jury awarded
$91,375.00 in past economic, non-economic, and future damages to the Formans.
Both parties filed objections to the magistrate's decision and motions for judgment
not withstanding the verdict and alternatively for a new trial. Finally, the Formans
filed a motion for prejudgment interest which the magistrate granted, and Kreps filed
objections to this decision as well.
       {¶6}   The trial court adopted the magistrate's decision and entered judgment
in accordance with the jury verdict in favor of the Formans, as well as adopting the
award of prejudgment interest. A notice of appeal was timely filed by Kreps but this
Court remanded the action for final decisions to be rendered on a multitude of
objections and motions filed by both parties. The trial court overruled all pending
motions and objections on remand. Forman then filed a timely notice of appeal, and
we consolidated both appeals.
       {¶7}   We will address the assignments of error raised by both parties out of
order and consolidated as necessary for clarity of analysis. Moreover, all of the
assigned errors are subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review. "An abuse
of discretion means an error in judgment involving a decision that is unreasonable
based upon the record; that the appellate court merely may have reached a different
result is not enough." Downie v. Montgomery, 7th Dist. No. 12 CO 43, 2013-Ohio-
5552, ¶ 50.
                      Medical Expert Testimony and Damages
       {¶8}    In the first of two assignments of error, Forman asserts:

              The trial court abused its discretion by permitting an expert to
       testify regarding the value of medical services since the expert
       possessed no knowledge of the type of medical care being provided or
       of medical billing for that type of procedure.

       {¶9}   A prevailing plaintiff is entitled to recover reasonable medical expenses.
                                                                                -3-

Jaques v. Manton, 125 Ohio St. 3d 342, 2010-Ohio-1838, 928 N.E.2d 434, ¶ 5.
"Proof of the amount paid or the amount of the bill rendered and of the nature of the
services performed constitutes prima facie evidence of the necessity and
reasonableness of the charges for medical and hospital services." Wagner v.
McDaniels, 9 Ohio St. 3d 184, 459 N.E.2d 561 (1984), syllabus. The defendant may
then present evidence that the proffered amount of medical bills is not reasonable.
Jaques v. Manton, supra, at ¶ 5 (citing Robinson v. Bates, 112 Ohio St. 3d 17, 2006-
Ohio-6362, 857 N.E.2d 1195, at ¶ 9)
       {¶10}   Ohio Rule of Evidence 702 governs expert testimony, which should
assist the trier of fact where the testimony is beyond the ken of the ordinary person.
Evid. R. 702, 1994 Staff Notes. The expert testimony must be reliable, which must be
"established either by testimony or judicial notice." However, the "trier of fact remains
free, of course, to make its own assessment of reliability and to accept or reject the
testimony accordingly once it has been admitted." Id. (internal citations omitted)
       {¶11}   Forman argues that the jury awarded a verdict significantly lower than
the $335,780.24 medical expenses incurred due to the testimony of Dr. Glazer, who
was Kreps' expert witness. Specifically, Forman contends that Dr. Glazer's testimony
should have been excluded because he stopped performing spinal surgeries in 1997,
was not certified or trained in the techniques used in the lumbar laminectomy, and
was not a specialist in medical coding.
       {¶12}   Dr. Glazer was qualified to testify as an expert on orthopedic surgery.
He testified as to his educational background and training as a medical doctor; he
practiced general orthopedic medicine from 1979 until 2009, and also covered the
emergency room and performed surgeries during that time. He was licensed in Ohio
and five other states and was certified by the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery.
       {¶13}   The magistrate and trial judge did not abuse their discretion in
determining that Dr. Glazer was qualified to testify as an expert about the reasonable
value of the laser surgeries performed on Forman. Dr. Glazer had extensive
experience as both a general orthopedic practitioner and spinal surgeon. The costs
                                                                                 -4-

of administering such procedures over the course of 18 years of practice would be
known to him, but beyond the knowledge of the average person. Forman's trial
counsel cross-examined Dr. Glazer about his experience and the procedures
performed on Forman. The weight of the testimony, rather than its admissibility is the
essence of Forman's argument.
       {¶14}   Forman further contends that because Dr. Glazer was allowed to
testify about the medical bills incurred from the Laser Spine Institute, the jury lost its
way and returned a verdict "against the manifest weight of the evidence."
       {¶15} The First District succinctly explained the requirements of setting aside
an award as inadequate: "a reviewing court must determine that the verdict is so
gross as to shock the sense of justice and fairness, cannot be reconciled with the
undisputed evidence in the case, or is the result of an apparent failure by the jury to
include all the items of damage making up the plaintiff's claim." Iames v. Murphy,
106 Ohio App. 3d 627, 631, 666 N.E.2d 1147 (1st Dist.1995). The "assessment of
damages is a matter within the sole province of the jury." Nevins v. Ohio Dept. of
Transp., 132 Ohio App. 3d 6, 20, 724 N.E.2d 433 (10th Dist.1998). Thus, judgments
supported by "some competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements
of the case will not be reversed by a reviewing court as being against the manifest
weight of the evidence." Dawson v. Sensenbaugher, 7th Dist. No. 98 CO 56, 2000
WL 310404, *2 (Mar. 23, 2000).
       {¶16} At trial, evidence was presented that Forman suffered from a
degenerative spine condition. Thus, the presence of Forman's previous spinal
condition allowed the factfinder to attribute some of the medical bills to the
preexisting condition. Dr. Glazer, based on his experience as a practicing physician,
routinely performed and billed for spinal surgeries and testified based on his
experience what reasonable medical bills would be for such a procedure.
       {¶17} It was within the province of the jury to determine what weight to give
Dr. Glazer's testimony as part of its evaluation of the amount of damages to award.
As there was an adequate foundation for allowing Dr. Glazer to testify as an expert
                                                                                 -5-

regarding the reasonableness of the amount of Forman's medical bills, it was not an
abuse of discretion by the magistrate to allow the testimony. Accordingly, Forman's
first assignment of error is meritless.
                                    Jury Instructions
       {¶18} Both parties argue that the magistrate erred when refusing to instruct
the jury on certain charges.
       {¶19} Forman's second of two assignments of error states:

               The trial court abused its discretion by refusing to instruct the
       jury on recklessness when the evidence established the defendant
       exhibited a conscious disregard for the rights and safety of the plaintiff.

       {¶20} Kreps' second of five cross-assignments of error asserts:

               The trial court abused its discretion when it failed to instruct the
       jury as to the affirmative defense of assumption of risk when
       participating in recreational activity.

       {¶21}    It is within the sound discretion of a trial court to refuse to admit
proposed jury instructions which are either redundant or immaterial to the case.
Bostic v. Connor, 37 Ohio St. 3d 144, 524 N.E.2d 881 (1988). A trial court will not
instruct a jury on a charge if there is no evidence to support the issue. Murphy v.
Carrollton Mfg. Co., 61 Ohio St. 3d 585, 591, 575 N.E.2d 828 (1991). "Ordinarily
requested instructions should be given if they are correct statements of the law
applicable to the facts in the case and reasonable minds might reach the conclusion
sought by the instruction." Id. (internal citations omitted).
                               Recklessness Instruction
       {¶22} Forman argues that the trial court should have used the definition of
recklessness as "a perverse disregard of a known risk. Recklessness, therefore,
necessarily requires something more than mere negligence. The actor must be
conscious that his conduct will in all probability result in injury." O'Toole v. Denihan,
                                                                               -6-

118 Ohio St. 3d 374, 2008-Ohio-2574, 889 N.E.2d 505, paragraph three of the
syllabus. Conversely, Kreps contends another definition applies, that recklessness is
"conduct characterized by the conscious disregard of or indifference to a known or
obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under the circumstances and is
substantially greater than negligent conduct." Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St. 3d
380, 2012-Ohio-5711, 983 N.E.2d 266, paragraph four of the syllabus.
      {¶23} Forman first argues that Kreps consented to recklessness, but this is a
misinterpretation of the record. Kreps's counsel argued for a recklessness instruction
in the context of a recreational activity. Neither Kreps' counsel nor the magistrate
agreed to the recklessness instruction advanced by Forman. Instead, the magistrate
informed the parties that a recklessness instruction would be given only if the
evidence warranted it.
      {¶24} Next, Forman contends that Kreps' admission of putting his head down
to check a scorecard when operating the cart warranted a recklessness instruction.
The evidence does not provide a sufficient basis to warrant a recklessness
instruction. While Kreps violated the duty to operate his golf cart using ordinary care,
the facts in this case do not amount to recklessness. There was no evidence that
Kreps recognized a substantially higher risk of injury and continued to engage in
conduct that under the circumstances demonstrated a conscious disregard to that
risk. Accordingly, the magistrate did not abuse his discretion when refusing to give a
recklessness instruction, and Forman's second assignment of error is meritless.
                          Assumption of Risk Instruction
      {¶25} When a personal injury occurs during the course of a recreational
activity, individual participants and spectators "assume the ordinary risks of the
activity and cannot recover for any injury unless it can be shown that the other
participant's actions were either 'reckless' or 'intentional' as defined in Section 500
and 8A of the Restatement of Torts 2d." Marchetti v. Kalish, 53 Ohio St. 3d 95, 559
N.E.2d 699 (1990), at syllabus. "Any recovery for injuries sustained in such activities
must by definition arise from something other than an ordinary risk." Byer v. Lucas,
                                                                               -7-

7th Dist. No. 08-NO-351, 2009-Ohio-1022, ¶ 20 (citing Marchetti.) "The risk must be
one that is so inherent to the sport or activity that it cannot be eliminated." Kelly v.
Roscoe, 185 Ohio App. 3d 780, 2009-Ohio-4279, 925 N.E.2d 1006, ¶ 20 (7th Dist.).
       {¶26} The Ohio Supreme Court has explained the limited application of
implied assumption of risk in recreational activities. "[T]here will be attendant
circumstances that raise questions of fact whether an injured party assumed the risk
in a particular situation. In that case, the doctrine of implied assumption of risk, not
primary assumption of risk, would be applicable.” Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns
Football Co., 74 Ohio St. 3d 427, 432, 1996-Ohio-320, 659 N.E.2d 1232.
       {¶27}      Kreps argues that since the club's customs are to use a cart, anyone
playing a round of golf there is aware of the ordinary risks of using a cart. To support
this argument, Kreps relies on Yourstowsky's deposition testimony that a cart was an
inherent part of the game of golf.
       {¶28} But during the course of trial, Yourstowsky testified that his opinion had
since changed, because he subsequently learned that the club does not require
golfers to use carts. James Grace also testified that the club does not require the use
of carts when playing at the course. Finally, Michael Spiech, the club golf
professional, testified in his video deposition that riding in a cart was not "a 100
percent policy in stone that you have to ride at Tippecanoe Country Club."
       {¶29}      In Coblentz v. Peters, 11th Dist. No. 2004-T-0017, 2005-Ohio-1102,
the Eleventh District considered whether the use of a cart was an inherent part of the
sport of golf.

                 We must stress that a golfer assumes the ordinary risks of the
       game, i.e., being struck by an errant golf ball or club. See McNeill and
       Biggin, supra. Thus, based on Marchetti, supra, where individuals
       engage in recreational or sports activities, they assume the ordinary
       risks of the game, and courts apply a recklessness standard in order to
       determine liability. In the instant matter, the trial court improperly
       applied a recklessness rather than a negligence standard.
                                                                                   -8-

               Although many golfers use motorized golf carts, a motorized golf
       cart, unlike a golf ball or club, is not incidental to the game of golf. As
       such, because a golf cart is not an actual part of the sport of golf,
       appellant had no reason to assume that he would be struck and injured
       by a golf cart since it is not an ordinary risk of the game. The incident at
       issue does not involve conduct that is a foreseeable, customary part of
       the sport of golf. Thus, a negligence standard should have been
       applied.

Id. at ¶ 20-21.
       {¶30}      The Eleventh District's analysis that risks which are considered
ordinary and foreseeable are those that will be present in any incarnation of the
recreational activity is consistent with our conclusion in Kelly, supra, where we held
that the risk "must be one that is so inherent to the sport or activity that it cannot be
eliminated." Kelly at ¶ 20.
       {¶31} As the nonuse of a cart does not prevent a person from engaging in
golf—while the nonuse of a ball or club would—it cannot be considered an inherent
part of the game. As such, the risk of being injured by a golf cart does not become
an ordinary and foreseeable risk. The magistrate did not abuse his discretion in
refusing to give an assumption of the risk jury instruction. Accordingly Kreps' second
cross assignment of error is meritless.
                                   Prejudgment Interest
       {¶32}      Kreps asserts in his first of five cross-assignments of error:

               The trial court abused its discretion when it failed to properly
       apply R.C. 1343.03(C) and awarded Appellants pre-judgment interest.

       {¶33}      The process for obtaining an award of pre-judgment interest is
statutorily described as follows in pertinent part:

               If, upon motion of any party to a civil action that is based on
                                                                                 -9-

      tortious conduct, that has not been settled by agreement of the parties,
      and in which the court has rendered a judgment, decree, or order for
      the payment of money, the court determines at a hearing held
      subsequent to the verdict or decision in the action that the party
      required to pay the money failed to make a good faith effort to settle the
      case and that the party to whom the money is to be paid did not fail to
      make a good faith effort to settle the case, interest on the judgment,
      decree, or order shall be computed as follows[.]

R.C. 1343.03(C)(1)
      {¶34} The lack of good faith is not the same as bad faith; it is the absence of
good faith that is determinative. Terrago-Snyder v. Mauro, 7th Dist. No. 08 MA 237,
2010-Ohio-5524, ¶ 92.

               A party has not "failed to make a good faith effort to settle" under
      R.C. 1343.03(C) if he has (1) fully cooperated in discovery proceedings,
      (2) rationally evaluated his risks and potential liability, (3) not attempted
      to unnecessarily delay any of the proceedings, and (4) made a good
      faith monetary settlement offer or responded in good faith to an offer
      from the other party. If a party has a good faith, objectively reasonable
      belief that he has no liability, he need not make a monetary settlement
      offer.

Kalain v. Smith, 25 Ohio St. 3d 157, 495 N.E.2d 572 (1986), syllabus.
      {¶35} Kreps claims that this Court's review of the motion is limited because
the hearing was not held on the record, thus there is no evidence demonstrating that
the Formans met their burden. The Formans counter that since there is no transcript,
this Court should presume the regularity of the proceedings below.
      {¶36}     Typically, it is the duty of the appellant to provide a transcript to the
reviewing court.    Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St. 2d 197, 199, 400
                                                                                 - 10 -

N.E.2d 384 (1980); App. R. 9(B). When no transcript is filed, the appellate court must
"presume the regularity of the proceedings and the validity of the trial court's
judgments. Consequently, arguments that could rely only on the record for support
would be deemed meritless in the absence of a record." Marsilio v. Brian Bennett
Constr., 7th Dist. No. 06 MA 180, 2008-Ohio-5049, ¶ 14. In circumstances where a
transcript is unavailable, App.R. 9(C) permits an appellant to submit a narrative
transcript of the proceedings, subject to objections from the appellee and approval by
the trial court. Knapp, supra, at 199-200.
         {¶37} At first blush the absence of a transcript in this matter significantly
constrains our review. The record demonstrates that the trial court held some type of
hearing; apparently after the parties filed their respective briefs, the matter was set
and the magistrate entertained counsels' arguments in chambers but no record was
made. It was error for the magistrate to grant, and the trial court to adopt, a
prejudgment interest award. Forman's motion for prejudgment interest was
unsupported by any "affidavits, depositions or evidence" to justify an award for
prejudgment interest. Pruszynski v Reeves, 117 Ohio St. 3d 92, 2008-Ohio-510, 881
N.E.2d 1230 ¶ 13. As Forman failed to attach any evidentiary materials to his motion
at the time of original filing and failed to file any supplemental pleadings, the
remaining option was to present evidence at a hearing capable of review by this
Court.
         {¶38} "[T]he issue of prejudgment interest pursuant to R.C. 1343.03(C) is akin
to those areas of law calling for factual determinations reviewable under an abuse-of-
discretion standard because it calls upon the trial court to make factual
determinations regarding the parties' good faith efforts to settle a case." Pruszynski v
Reeves, 117 Ohio St. 3d 92, 2008-Ohio-510, 881 N.E.2d 1230, ¶ 11, citing Miller v.
First Internatl. Fid. & Trust Bldg., Ltd., 113 Ohio St. 3d 474, 2007-Ohio-2457, 866
N.E.2d 1059, ¶ 7. Although the trial court may rely partly on its own participation
during the pretrial and trial proceedings to aid in its ruling on the motion, a motion for
prejudgment interest addresses facts and issues different from those submitted at
                                                                                 - 11 -

trial. Pruszynski at ¶ 11-12.
       {¶39} As Forman did not support his motion for prejudgment interest with any
evidentiary materials, nor create a record capable of review by this Court, the
prejudgment award must be vacated. Accordingly, Kreps' first cross-assignment of
error is meritorious and the award for prejudgment interest is vacated.
                          Section 1533.181 Owner Immunity
       {¶40}    Kreps asserts in his third of five cross-assignments of error:

               The trial court abused its discretion in finding that Appellee was
       not an 'owner' under R.C. §1533.181 entitled to immunity from the
       claims of Appellants.

       {¶41} Section 1533.181 defines the duty owed by an owner of a premises to a
recreational user. R.C. 1533.18(B) defines a recreational user as "a person to whom
permission has been granted, without the payment of a fee or consideration to the
owner, lessee, or occupant of premises, other than a fee or consideration paid to the
state or any agency of the state, or a lease payment or fee paid to the owner of
privately owned lands, to enter upon premises to hunt, fish, trap, camp, hike, or swim,
or to operate a snowmobile, all-purpose vehicle, or four-wheel drive motor vehicle, or
to engage in other recreational pursuits."
       {¶42} In order to determine if the statute applies, courts must first look to the
essential character of the property. Pauley v. Circleville, 137 Ohio St. 3d 212, 2013-
Ohio-4541, 998 N.E.2d 1083, ¶ 16 (2013), reconsideration denied, 137 Ohio St. 3d
1444, 2013-Ohio-5678, 999 N.E.2d 698, ¶ 16 (2013). The property must be held
open to the public for recreational use, free of charge. R.C. 1533.18. The character
of the property must embody "the true outdoors" because a majority of the activities
listed in R.C. 1533.18(B) are generally conducted in open spaces such as parks or
wilderness tracts. Pauley, ¶ 17 (internal citations omitted). This character must
include the typical elements of recreational areas "such as land, water, trees, grass,
and other vegetation." Miller v. Dayton, 42 Ohio St. 3d 113, 114, 537 N.E.2d 1294
                                                                                  - 12 -

(1989).
      {¶43}     "A person is not a 'recreational user,' as defined in R.C. 1533.18(B), if
he pays a fee or consideration to enter upon 'premises' to engage in recreational
pursuits." Moss v. Dept. of Natural Resources, 62 Ohio St. 2d 138, 404 N.E.2d 742
(1980), at syllabus. An entrance or admittance fee disqualifies users from being
defined as "recreational users" under the statute. Huth v. State, Dept. of Natural
Resources, 64 Ohio St. 2d 143, 145, 413 N.E.2d 1201 (1980).
      {¶44}     According to Kreps, because the club uses a corporate structure in
which members must buy shares, members of the club are shareholders and
therefore owners. Thus, he argues that he can personally avail himself of the club's
immunity here, which is at odds with the procedural posture of this case as the club
was not named as a party. However, the principle of piercing the corporate veil is not
used to protect shareholders from liability; rather it is used to impose liability on
shareholders.
      {¶45} Secondly, and more relevant, the golf course at the club charges a fee
for its use. Any use of a fee as a precursor to entry or admittance onto land to
engage in recreational pursuits destroys the applicability of recreational user
immunity. R.C. 1533.181. As Forman paid a fee for entry onto the premises in order
to golf, he cannot be deemed a recreational user. Accordingly Kreps' third cross-
assignment of error is meritless.
                      Pain and Suffering Deposition Testimony
      {¶46}     Kreps asserts in his fourth of five cross-assignments of error:

                The trial court abused its discretion in denying Appellee's Motion
      to Exclude all testimony and arguments regarding Appellant's claims for
      pain and suffering.

      {¶47} Pain and suffering damages are less quantifiable and more subjective.
Jordan v. Westfield Ins. Co., 7th Dist. No. 07 MA 18, 2008-Ohio-1542, ¶ 47. "Since
pain and suffering are subjective feelings, the injured person's testimony is the only
                                                                              - 13 -

direct proof of such damages." Youssef v. Jones, 77 Ohio App. 3d 500, 505, 602
N.E.2d 1176, (6th Dist.1991). Thus, "[t]he assessment of such damage is, however,
a matter solely for the determination of the trier of fact because there is no standard
by which such pain and suffering may be measured." Fantozzi v. Sandusky Cement
Prod. Co., 64 Ohio St. 3d 601, 612, 1992-Ohio-138, 597 N.E.2d 474 (1992).
      {¶48} Kreps argues that Forman's refusal to quantify his pain and suffering
damages is tantamount to a refusal to provide discovery concerning the evidence
used to calculate damages, relying on Brad Smith Roofing, Inc. v. Holian, 8th Dist.
No. 77270, 2000 WL 1513781, *3 (Oct. 12, 2000). In that case, the Eighth District
analyzed whether Smith's refusal to respond to discovery requests relating to
damages prejudiced Holian after having continually failed to produce the hourly rate
and amount of hours billed. Id. at *1. The court found that the defendant "was entitled
to discover the facts which appellant would use to calculate his damages," and the
plaintiff's failure to supply the figures prejudiced the defendant. Id. at *3. However,
Holian is distinguishable because Smith refused to provide an evidentiary basis for
the amount of objectively measurable damages.
      {¶49} There is neither statutory nor case law requiring a plaintiff to quantify
subjective damages such as pain and suffering. Further, Kreps does not show where
in the record Forman refused to state the basis of his pain and suffering damages.
Since pain and suffering damages are subjective and can only be proven by direct
testimony of the victim, and the determination of the amount of these damages is
within the sole province of the jury, Kreps has failed to demonstrate how the lack of a
specific dollar amount has prejudiced his defense of this action. Accordingly, Kreps'
fourth cross-assignment of error is meritless.
                                      Discovery
      {¶50} In his fifth and final cross-assignment of error, Kreps argues:

             The trial court abused its discretion in allowing Appellants to
      conduct a trial by ambush to the Appellee's prejudice.
                                                                                 - 14 -

       {¶51} Kreps argues several points under this general assignment of error and
each will be addressed in turn. First, he contends the magistrate erred by allowing
Spiech, the club golf professional, and Dr. Bereczki to testify as expert witnesses. He
bases this argument on the fact that no expert report was disclosed for either
witness.    Secondly, he argues the magistrate erred by allowing specific fact
witnesses to testify that had not been disclosed prior to the filing of Forman's final
witness list.
       {¶52} The purpose of the discovery rules is to avoid hampering the parties'
trial preparation as well as prevent a surprise at trial for either party. Huffman v. Hair
Surgeon, Inc., 19 Ohio St. 3d 83, 86, 482 N.E.2d 1248 (1985). "The existence and
effect of prejudice resulting from noncompliance with the disclosure rules is of
primary concern, not just the intent or motive involved." Sulenski v. Gen. Motors
Corp., 7th Dist. No. 86 C.A. 146, 1988 WL 6520, *4 (Jan. 20, 1988). A sanction as
severe as witness exclusion is only appropriate when the noncompliance results in
unfair surprise and prejudice. Trajcevski v. Bell, 115 Ohio App. 3d 289, 294, 685
N.E.2d 289 (9th Dist.1996). A trial court has broad discretion when imposing
discovery sanctions. Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp., 75 Ohio St. 3d 254, 1996-Ohio-
159, 662 N.E.2d 1 (1996), syllabus. However, this discretion is not without limits. A
"trial court must consider the posture of the case and what efforts, if any, preceded
the noncompliance and then balance the severity of the violation against the degree
of possible sanctions, selecting that sanction which is most appropriate." Woodruff v.
Barakat, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-351, 2002-Ohio-5616, ¶ 16 (internal citations omitted).
       {¶53}    Civ.R. 26(E)(1)(b) states: "A party is under a duty seasonably to
supplement his response with respect to any question directly addressed to * * * (b)
the identity of each person expected to be called as an expert witness at trial and the
subject matter on which he is expected to testify." This Court previously held that
"Civ.R. 26(E)(1)(b) does not require a party to provide detailed information
concerning the basis for an expert's opinion. Rather, the purpose of discovery is met
where * * * the opposing party is adequately informed as to the subject matter about
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which the expert is expected to testify." Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Tomchik, 134 Ohio
App.3d 765, 783, 732 N.E.2d 430 (7th Dist.1999).
       {¶54}   Spiech's credentials as a PGA-certified golf professional support his
designation as an expert witness and he testified regarding the rules and customs of
golf and swing technique. His knowledge of the game is beyond the ken of the
average layperson. No expert report by Spiech was ever provided. However, Kreps
does not establish how a lack of an expert report prejudiced his case. Spiech was
deposed approximately a month prior to trial and the parties knew that his video
deposition would be presented at trial as evidence. Kreps' counsel was present for
the deposition and was able to cross-examine Spiech at length. It is not apparent in
any manner how Kreps was prejudiced by Spiech’s testimony. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in refusing to exclude Spiech's testimony.
       {¶55}   Regarding Dr. Bereczki's expert testimony, Kreps argues that he was
prejudiced by not receiving the expert report until the day of the deposition.
       {¶56}   In Kolidakis v. Glenn McClendon Trucking Co., 7th Dist. No. 03 MA
64, 2004-Ohio-3638, ¶ 30, we affirmed the trial court's decision to prevent an expert
witness from testifying when the witness was disclosed seven days before trial.
However, Kolidakis is distinguishable from this case. The record demonstrates that
both parties identified their respective experts after the discovery cut-off, and both
notified the other of their intention to use the video deposition at trial as evidence.
Moreover, Dr. Bereczki's video deposition was taken a month before the trial was
held, whereas the video deposition of Kreps' expert Dr. Glazer was taken
approximately two weeks prior to trial. Kreps fails to assert, and it is not apparent,
how the untimeliness of the report affected his case. Kreps' counsel was able to
cross-examine Dr. Bereczki while referring to the report, and then subsequently take
the video deposition of his own expert, Dr. Glazer, in rebuttal. As Kreps has failed to
demonstrate any prejudice, this argument is meritless.
       {¶57} Kreps' final argument relative to the timing of witness disclosure
concerns certain fact witness that had not been identified until the Forman's filed their
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final witness list. In Trajcevski, supra, the issue was whether a typographical error in
a witness list prejudiced the opposing party. The witness to be called was John Lich
but the witness list stated John Lynch. Id. at 294. This Court has used a four-factor
test to determine prejudice in the testimony of an undisclosed witness: 1) the
complexity of the subject matter, 2) the ability of the allegedly prejudiced party to
have interviewed the witness, 3) the allegedly prejudiced party's knowledge of the
proposed testimony, and 4) whether that testimony is cumulative. Bernard v. Bernard,
7th Dist. No. 00 CO 25, 2002-Ohio-552, *3 (internal citations omitted).
       {¶58}    Kreps argues that it was unfair surprise and prejudice for the court to
allow the following witnesses to testify: "Brian Forman, Christian Mike, [sic] George
Patia [sic], Butch Palooga [sic] and James Grace." First, neither Kristen Mike nor
George Pintea were permitted to testify by the magistrate as their proffered testimony
was deemed to be cumulative. As to Brian Forman, Butch Paluga, and James Grace,
Kreps fails to make any factual or legal argument to this court demonstrating how his
case was prejudiced. As such, we cannot analyze this asserted error. Thus, Kreps'
fifth cross-assignment of error is meritless in its entirety.
       {¶59} In sum, only Kreps's cross-assignment of error regarding prejudgment
interest is meritorious. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part;
the damage award in favor of the Formans is affirmed. However, the prejudgment
interest award is reversed and vacated.

Waite, J., concurs.

Robb, J., concurs.