Court Opinion

ID: 9951017
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-15 15:18:24.900377+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:04.048446
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MARCH 8, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals

                              NO. 2023-CA-0078-MR

DENNIS MASON                                                        APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM KENTON CIRCUIT COURT
v.                HONORABLE MARY K. MOLLOY, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 21-CR-01286

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: COMBS, JONES, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

JONES, JUDGE: Dennis Mason appeals from the Kenton Circuit Court’s

amended final judgment entered on January 19, 2023, following the trial court’s

denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. After our review of the facts and

the law, we affirm.
                                          I. BACKGROUND

                On October 7, 2021, the Kenton County grand jury indicted Mason on

one count of first-degree rape1 and three counts of first-degree sexual abuse2

against V.R., a minor under twelve years of age. The indictment further alleged

that all counts in the indictment occurred between April 1 and April 30, 2021.

Following the indictment, during subsequent interviews with the victim, the

Commonwealth discovered that the alleged abuse began approximately two years

earlier than previously believed. As a result, during a pretrial hearing on June 28,

2022, the Commonwealth signaled its intent to amend the indictment to reflect the

extended period of victimization.

                Sometime shortly thereafter, Mason negotiated a guilty plea pursuant

to North Carolina v. Alford,3 whereby the Commonwealth would amend the

1
    Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 510.040(2), a Class A felony.
2
    KRS 510.110, a Class C felony.
3
  North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970). As we noted
previously in Skaggs v. Commonwealth, 488 S.W.3d 10, 13 n.2 (Ky. App. 2016):

                An Alford plea “permits a conviction without requiring an
                admission of guilt and while permitting a protestation of
                innocence.” Wilfong v. Commonwealth, 175 S.W.3d 84, 103 (Ky.
                App. 2004). “The entry of a guilty plea under the Alford doctrine
                carries the same consequences as a standard plea of guilty. By
                entering such a plea, a defendant may be able to avoid formally
                admitting guilt at the time of sentencing, but he nonetheless
                consents to being treated as if he were guilty with no assurances to
                the contrary.” Wilfong, 175 S.W.3d at 102 (internal quotation
                marks omitted).

                                                -2-
charges in the indictment to reflect only two counts of first-degree sexual abuse,

dismissing the remaining charges, and with the Commonwealth recommending a

concurrent sentence of ten-years’ incarceration. On July 28, 2022, the trial court

gave Mason an exceedingly thorough colloquy on the negotiated plea. When

asked about his level of education, Mason stated he had attended college and

affirmed he could read and write. The court then reviewed Mason’s constitutional

rights with him and asked Mason whether his plea was voluntary, and Mason

affirmed that it was. Mason also affirmed that he was not under the influence of

alcohol or drugs. Mason denied that anyone had promised him any benefit or

threatened him in any way regarding entry of his guilty plea.

                Most notably for the purposes of this appeal, the trial court asked

whether Mason had been given enough time to consider the guilty plea. Mason

responded that he had been reviewing the guilty plea from the Commonwealth

since the previous November, and that he had “pondered it quite often.” In the

same vein, when questioned about whether he had enough time to consult with his

attorney about the guilty plea, Mason laughed as he replied, “I think a year is

enough.” Mason also affirmed that he was satisfied with the services provided by

his attorney.

                Following this extensive questioning, the trial court accepted Mason’s

guilty plea, finding it was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made. Mason

                                            -3-
signed the plea agreement with the Commonwealth, and the trial court set the

matter for sentencing on October 10, 2022. However, on September 28, 2022, the

trial court received a handwritten letter from Mason in which he asked to withdraw

his guilty plea. Mason complained that his attorney did not follow up on “newly

aquired [sic] evidence,” and that he had signed his plea agreement “while in

duress.” (Record (R.) at 156.) Mason claimed the source of his duress was that he

felt “rushed about the situation.” Id.

             The trial court arranged for Mason to obtain conflict counsel on the

issue of withdrawing his guilty plea. Despite its belief that an evidentiary hearing

was unnecessary, the trial court conducted a hearing on November 22, 2022, to

give the parties an opportunity to argue whether a further evidentiary hearing

would be required. Mason’s conflict counsel appeared to acquiesce to this process,

stating, “Mr. Mason would appreciate at least his position being put into the

record.” Counsel admitted that Mason, consistent with his statements at the plea

colloquy, had the plea agreement paperwork in his possession for about nine

months to a year before he signed them. Nonetheless, he argued Mason felt he was

under pressure from the upcoming trial date when he agreed to the plea. Regarding

the newly acquired evidence to which Mason had alluded in his letter, counsel

stated that Mason had reflected on the matter following his plea colloquy, and he

believed there was evidence in his favor which he had not previously considered.

                                         -4-
Specifically, Mason asserted he had suffered a motorcycle accident somewhere

around the same time that the Commonwealth sought to include the extended

period of victimization as part of its proposed amendment, and Mason believed the

physical injuries he suffered during the accident would have rendered him

incapable of abusing V.R. thereby providing him with a defense.

               The trial court pointed out that Mason had previously known of the

proposed enlargement of the timeline in the indictment, as it was discussed in open

court during the plea colloquy. For its part, the Commonwealth contended that

Mason’s arguments never actually amounted to a claim that his plea was

involuntary, and that the only change in the plea offer, from November 2021 until

it was signed on July 28, 2022, was the addition of the Alford portion requested by

the defense.

               At the conclusion of these arguments, the trial court found that there

was no need for any further evidentiary hearing because, based on the plea

colloquy and the totality of the circumstances surrounding the plea, Mason’s guilty

plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. The trial court also determined

Mason’s previous counsel was professional and competent, based on his

representation of Mason in multiple hearings and the fact that counsel had obtained

a very favorable plea agreement. The trial court then denied Mason’s request to

withdraw his guilty plea. The trial court subsequently sentenced Mason to a

                                           -5-
concurrent term of ten-years’ imprisonment, in conformity with his plea

agreement. This appeal followed.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

                RCr4 8.10 provides, in relevant part, as follows: “At any time before

judgment the court may permit the plea of guilty or guilty but mentally ill, to be

withdrawn and a plea of not guilty substituted.” The Kentucky Supreme Court

provides the following standard of review for denial of a motion to withdraw a

plea:

                       To be valid, a plea must be knowing, intelligent
                and voluntary, and a trial court shall not accept a plea
                without first determining that it is made voluntarily with
                understanding of the nature of the charge. . . . A motion
                to withdraw a plea of guilty under RCr 8.10 is generally
                addressed to the sound discretion of the court; however,
                where it is alleged that the plea was entered involuntarily
                the defendant is entitled to a hearing on the motion. If
                the plea was involuntary, the motion to withdraw it must
                be granted; if it was voluntary, the trial court may, within
                its discretion, either grant or deny the motion. A trial
                court abuses its discretion when it renders a decision
                which is arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair or unsupported
                by legal principles. The inquiry into the circumstances of
                the plea as it concerns voluntariness is inherently fact-
                sensitive. Accordingly, the trial court’s determination as
                to whether the plea was voluntarily entered is reviewed
                under the clearly erroneous standard.

Williams v. Commonwealth, 229 S.W.3d 49, 50-51 (Ky. 2007) (citations omitted).

4
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                               -6-
             Ordinarily, our standard of review would be for clear error or an abuse

of discretion, as outlined in Williams. However, Mason admits his issues are

unpreserved and requests that we review for palpable error under RCr 10.26. “A

palpable error which affects the substantial rights of a party may be considered . . .

by an appellate court on appeal, even though insufficiently raised or preserved for

review, and appropriate relief may be granted upon a determination that manifest

injustice has resulted from the error.” Pons v. Commonwealth, 673 S.W.3d 813,

817-18 (Ky. App. 2023) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 207 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Ky.

2006) (emphasis added in Martin) (quoting RCr 10.26)). “‘[M]anifest injustice’ is

a relatively high threshold for an appellant to clear. . . . ‘To discover manifest

injustice, a reviewing court must plumb the depths of the proceeding . . . to

determine whether the defect in the proceeding was shocking or jurisprudentially

intolerable.’” Id. at 818 (quoting Martin, 207 S.W.3d at 4).

             Mason argues the trial court erred in two respects when it denied his

motion to withdraw his guilty plea. First, Mason contends the trial court

erroneously evaluated the voluntariness of his plea. He argues there was “a

whirlwind of negotiations between defense counsels and prosecutors, complete

with defense misunderstandings on the key issue of parole eligibility, leaving [him]

feeling pressured to enter a plea.” (Appellant’s Brief at 13.) In addition, as

previously noted, Mason believes his defense counsel had missed his motorcycle

                                          -7-
accident as a possible defense against allegations in the proposed amended

indictment. Taken together, Mason believes these allegations “implicate some

improper conduct on behalf of the defense counsel . . . render[ing] the guilty plea

involuntarily [sic].”

               On the day of the plea colloquy, defense counsel explained to the trial

court that discussions with the Commonwealth had revealed that sentences for

first-degree sexual abuse were subject to twenty percent parole eligibility, not

eighty-five percent, as defense counsel had previously believed.5 Defense

counsel’s error cannot reasonably be said to have caused Mason a reluctance to

take the guilty plea. On the contrary, the reduction from eighty-five percent to

twenty percent parole eligibility made the negotiated guilty plea better than the one

Mason initially believed he was getting. His assertion that this misunderstanding

rendered his decision involuntary lacks credibility.

               Next, Mason’s belief that the motorcycle accident could have

provided a possible defense at trial does not change the voluntariness of his guilty

plea. As the trial court recognized, Mason was aware of both his motorcycle

accident and the Commonwealth’s intent to amend the indictment on the day he

5
  See KRS 439.3401(3)(a) and 501 Kentucky Administrative Regulations (KAR) 1:030.
Although the statute defines first-degree sexual abuse as a violent offense, it is classified as
either a Class D felony or, when the victim is under twelve years of age, as a Class C felony.
Eighty-five percent parole eligibility applies to violent offenses charged as Class A or Class B
felonies.

                                               -8-
entered his guilty plea. “A guilty plea is involuntary if the defendant lacked full

awareness of the direct consequences of the plea or relied on a misrepresentation

by the Commonwealth or the trial court.” Bains v. Commonwealth, 568 S.W.3d 7,

13 (Ky. App. 2018) (quoting Edmonds v. Commonwealth, 189 S.W.3d 558, 566

(Ky. 2006) (citing Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 755, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 1472,

25 L. Ed. 2d 747 (1970))). The record reflects the trial court took great care to

ensure Mason was fully aware of the direct consequences of his guilty plea, and

there was no misrepresentation by the trial court or the Commonwealth. Mason’s

recognition of a possible defense after the fact does not constitute “newly acquired

evidence,” let alone affect the voluntariness of his guilty plea.

             Second, Mason contends the trial court prevented his conflict counsel

from representing him adequately when it determined that a full evidentiary

hearing on his motion was unnecessary, resulting in a violation of his right to due

process. While the trial court’s process was somewhat truncated, it does not rise to

the level of a due process violation as Mason was provided with an opportunity to

be heard prior to a ruling on his motion.

             We considered a similar claim of unorthodox procedure in Rigdon v.

Commonwealth, 144 S.W.3d 283 (Ky. App. 2004). In Rigdon, we noted that the

defendant and his counsel “were both given the opportunity to speak about the

allegations . . . raised in his motion to withdraw his guilty plea at the sentencing

                                            -9-
hearing, although neither was placed under oath or subjected to cross-

examination.” Id. at 290. We then pointed out that the informal hearing in Rigdon

“was sufficient under these circumstances for the circuit court to determine the

totality of circumstances surrounding [the defendant’s] guilty plea[,]” although “an

evidentiary hearing would have been the more prudent course since Rodriguez [v.

Commonwealth, 87 S.W.3d 8 (Ky. 2002)] indicates that such a hearing is generally

necessary.” Id.

             “The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be

heard ‘at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’” Mathews v. Eldridge,

424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S. Ct. 893, 902, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976) (quoting Armstrong

v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552, 85 S. Ct. 1187, 1191, 14 L. Ed. 2d 62 (1965)).

Although unsworn, the trial court permitted Mason’s conflict counsel an

opportunity to argue Mason’s position during this hearing. As in Rigdon, the

essential question is whether the hearing, no matter how informal, was sufficient

for the trial court to determine the voluntariness surrounding his guilty plea.

             “Like the Supreme Court in Fontaine v. United States[, 411 U.S. 213,

215, 93 S. Ct. 1461, 1462, 36 L. Ed. 2d 169 (1973)], we recognize that a defendant

who expressly represents in open court that his guilty plea is voluntary may not

ordinarily repudiate his statements to the sentencing judge.” Edmonds v.

Commonwealth, 189 S.W.3d 558, 568 (Ky. 2006) (quoting United States v.

                                         -10-
Todaro, 982 F.2d 1025, 1030 (6th Cir. 1993)). Nonetheless, “[t]he validity of a

guilty plea must be determined not from specific key words uttered at the time the

plea was taken, but from considering the totality of circumstances surrounding the

plea.” Centers v. Commonwealth, 799 S.W.2d 51, 54 (Ky. App. 1990). The

fundamental flaw in Mason’s argument, as the Commonwealth correctly pointed

out during the hearing, was his failure to make any colorable claim of

involuntariness. Mason’s conflict counsel argued Mason felt pressure from his

upcoming trial date, and Mason has attempted to link that external stressor to a

claim of “duress.” It is true that duress will render the entry of a guilty plea

involuntary; see Adams v. Tuggle, 300 Ky. 751, 754, 189 S.W.2d 601, 602 (1945).

However, the ordinary pressures of a trial calendar are insufficient to support a

claim of duress. Cf. Blanton v. Commonwealth, 516 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Ky. App.

2017) (holding that a defendant’s external stress from a desire to visit his ailing

mother did not make his decision to plead guilty involuntary).

             At best, Mason has evinced a claim that he may have had a valid

defense to the offenses in the proposed amended indictment. Nevertheless, this

does not amount to duress, but merely regret. “Regrets after entering a plea are not

uncommon, especially when the plea bargain includes the recommendation for a

substantial sentence (as was the case herein). However, regrets alone do not

require that a trial court allow a defendant to withdraw his guilty plea.” Zapata v.

                                         -11-
Commonwealth, 676 S.W.3d 390, 398 (Ky. 2020). Furthermore, “[a] change of

heart – even a ‘good faith change of heart’ – is not a fair and just reason that

entitles [one] to withdraw his plea.” Commonwealth v. Pridham, 394 S.W.3d 867,

885 (Ky. 2012) (citation omitted).

             Although, as in Rigdon, we believe it may have been more prudent for

the trial court to conduct a full evidentiary hearing where Mason and his counsel

were placed under oath, we cannot discern any manifest injustice arising from the

trial court’s denial of Mason’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Mason, through

his appointed conflict counsel, was provided an opportunity to address the

substance of his motion to withdraw in open court. Based on the record, it appears

that conflict counsel adequately explained the basis of Mason’s motion, and the

trial court evaluated the motion appropriately. The trial court’s plea colloquy was

exceedingly thorough, and its decision to find the plea knowing, intelligent, and

voluntary under a totality of the circumstances was not clearly erroneous.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the amended final judgment of

the Kenton Circuit Court.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                         -12-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:    BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Jennifer Wade            Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky      Attorney General of Kentucky

                         Stephanie L. McKeehan
                         Assistant Attorney General
                         Frankfort, Kentucky

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