Court Opinion

ID: 8047601
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 04:01:08.420571+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:37:34.074145
License: Public Domain

Foster, J.
For the purposes of this case only, it being conceded that the facts are truly represented by the demandant, the question arises whether a creditor of Asa Wesson is entitled to satisfaction of his debt out of the estate which the deceased held in his lifetime, under cover, and secure against lawful claims and obligations, while enjoying to the fullest extent the avails, profits, and advantages of the property. And if it shall be found that the demandant has any remedy, the further question is, whether it may be pursued in the courts of law, or whether he must resort to proceedings in chancery.
To determine these inquiries, it becomes necessary first to ascertain what was the legal status and position of Asa Wesson with regard to the demanded premises. The interest of Asa Wesson in the lands which were conveyed by Abel Wesson and by Hunking & Cross to0Samuel Wesson in 1834, was either a use or a trust, technically speaking.
Prior to the Statute of 27 Hen. VIII, chap. 10, the words “use” and “trust” were regarded as convertible terms. And although, even in that statute, the word “trust” is mentioned as well as the word “ use ” — for it classes “ trusts,” “ uses,” .and “ confidences ” in one category, and undertakes to apply the same remedy to all by uniting the legal with tlie equitable interest, and thus creating a new legal estate (see 1 Sand., Uses and Trusts, 70-84) —still the distinction between the two terms is practical, substantial, and important. A careful regard for that distinction will serve to relieve the present case from difficulty. And because in none of our *496reported cases this distinction is clearly presented, we propose briefly to illustrate it at this time. . '
The elementary writers call our attention to three things as essential to the effectual operation of the statute of uses: namely, a person seized to a use, a cestui'que use,.and a use in esse — 1 Cruise Dig. 349 ; 2 Washb. Real Prop. *113; and when these three things concur, the use is said tobe executed — Bac. Law Tracts 351; 1 Sand. 97,98; 2 Washb. Real Prop. *119 ; that is, “ the statute comes in and actually transfers the seisin and possession from the feoffee to use, to the cestui que use, to all intents and purposes, without any actual entry being necessary to give him the seisin. It is not merely a title, but an actual estate, which is thus created in the cestui que use, as effectually as if it had been done by a conveyance with livery of seisin at common law.” 2 Washb. R. P. 120; 1 Cruise Dig. 358; 4 Cruise Dig. 96-98; Bac. Law Tracts 338; 1 Sand., Uses and Trusts, 119; Co. Litt. 266 b.; Durant v. Ritchie, 4 Mason 45; Upham v. Varney, 15 N. H. 462; The New Parish in Exeter v. Odiorne, 1 N. H. 236.
When, therefore, the three elements referred to existed, the use was said to become executed, and full effect was given to the statute ; and thereupon only one interest or estate remained. J3ut a trust, technically speaking, was and is practically different.\ A trust may, and perhaps ordinarily does, exist only where the use is incapable of being thus executed ; and so the legal estate is necessarily left as at common law.j? Adams on Ejectment 82, et seq. .
In such case, says Mr. Washburn, “ equity, perceiving that to allow the holder of the legal estate to have the beneficial use of it was contrary to the intention of the parties, interposed to hold the tenant of the legal estate a trustee for him who was entitled to the beneficial use of it; and the consequence was, that while one party had a right to the seisin and possession of land as at common law, equity regarded him for whose use the land was designed as the rightful owner thereof; and in this way there early grew up a double ownership of lands thus situated — the legal and the equitable one. *
“ Thus it was held, that as a use was executed by uniting the seisin which was in one with the use which was in another, and as there could be no seisin, properly speaking, of a use, — if there were a feoffeement to A, to the use of B, to the use of C, the seisin in A passed to and was executed to the use in B. But as only a use was given to B, it was held that the seisin which the statute united to the use in B did not pass from him to C, and it consequently left the seisin in B, as the legal owner.
' “ In order,however, to give effect to the second part of the limitation, equity came in and required B (in whom, as to his relations with A, the use was executed) to hold the estate to the use of C, and called this a trust.” 2 Washb. Real Prop. 425, 426; Matthews v. Ward, 10 Gill & Johns. 443.
The following illustrations may be given: Lands are given to one to do certain acts in respect to*the same for the benefit .of a third person, a/eme covert for instance, which require him to hold the seisin and *497legal estate. In such a case, inasmuch as to execute the use in the one for whose benefit the land was granted or devised would defeat the purposes of the grant or devise, the seisin is held to remain in the grantee or devisee, while equity requires him to perform the duty or confidence imposed upon him under the name of a trust.
So, where land is given to A for a term of years in trust for B, it is a technical trust, since the statute of uses only executes a use in cases where a seisin is united with it. 2 Bl. Com. 338.
If the beneficial interest which one man has in land which in the eye of the common law belongs to another is a permanent enjoyment of the benefits or profits of the land, it is a use; if the interest is for a temporary purpose, as the raising of a sum of money out of the land, it is a trust.
Mr. Spence (Eq. Jur. 448) distinguishes the two estates as, the one being “ an use, or permanent trust,” the other, a “ temporary, special, or active trust,” — which is a tolerably clear distinction, notwithstanding the customary, though unnecessary, confusion of terms. See 2 Washb. Real Prop. (3d ed.) *168. Mr. Sanders defines a trust to be “ a right on the part of the cestui que trust to receive the profits and dispose of the lands in equity.” 1 Sand., Uses and Trusts, 267. A devise to trustees and their heirs for certain uses, and in trust to preserve contingent remainders, confers legal estates upon the eestuis que use, unless the performance of some duty by the trustees requires them to retain the legal estate. Webster v. Cooper, 14 How. 488. And so it is said, in Stanley v. Colt, 5 Wall. (U. S.) 119, where a trust is created by will, and the trustees have active duties to perform, the legal estate vests in them. Where it is necessary, to effect the object of the grantor or devisor, that the legal estate shall remain in the trustee, or where the trustee is vested with discretionary power as to the appropriation of the estate,,income, or beneficiary interest, the statute does not execute the use, but the siesin and legal estate remain in the trustee. The New Parish in Exeter v. Odiorne, 1 N. H. 236.
But, as we have seen, a technical, use, executed by operation of the statute, vests in the beneficiary an actual seisin and a legal estate ; and thus the purpose of the statute is effected, which is, says Mr. Cruise, “ entirely to abolish uses,” or, in the language of Lord Bacon, which is adopted by Mr. Sugden, “ to turn equitable into legal estates.” 1 Cruise Dig. 349 ; Bac. Law Tracts 332; Gilbert’s Uses (Sugd. ed.) 139, note.
Viewed in the light .of all these considerations, what was, in fact, the interest and estate of Asa Wesson in the demanded premises ? Ostensibly, it was nothing. Actually, it was the realization and enjoyment of the fruits of a successful fraud. In common parlance, it might be called a resulting trust; and so in fact it was, if the terms “ trust” and “ use” are legally convertible and synonymous. But no matter what you may call it: it was a use, and a use executed by the Statute of 27 Hen. VIII, chapter 10, which has been generally adopted in the New England and Middle States, and expressly recognized as the law of New Hampshire. The New Parish in Exeter v. Odiorne, 1 N. H. 237; French v. French, 3 N. H. 240; Wilcox v. Wheeler, 47 N. H. 490. And *498the title of Asa Wesson was a legal title and seisin in possession, of the estate.
A resulting trust, which has practically all the characteristics of a use executed, will generally be presumed, in favor of him who pays tire consideration, unless a different intention between the parties be disclosed. It is not an express creation by the terms of a conveyance or a devise, but an implication of law. Jenkins v. Pye, 12 Pet. 241; Hoxie v. Carr, 1 Sumner 174; Phillips v. Crammond, 2 Wash. C. C. 441; 2 Washb. Real Prop. (3d ed.) *172. But the implication of law will not be controlled nor avoided by a fraudulent intention of the parties, who may be silent .with regard to the facts, or seek to cloak them with deeeitful pretenses. Scoby v. Blanchard, 3 N. H. 170; Sugd. Vendors 416; Pritchard v. Brown, 4 N. H. 401. Such an estate is, of course, independent of and uncontrolled by the statute of frauds. Hilliard on Vendors 148; 2 Washb. Real Prop. (3d ed.) *172.
It appears from the case that Asa Wesson negotiated the exchange of farms with Ohesman; that with his own money he paid “ two hundred dollars and upwards, as boot between the places; ” that he provided all the funds for the purchase of the remainder of the property ; that he remained in actual possession till his death, about three years after the levy of Dewey’s execution ; that he paid all the taxes on the premises, and cultivated, improved, and used them as his own, taking the profits without restriction or interference ; and that the ostensible title was placed in his father and brother for no other purpose than to hinder, delay, and defraud his creditor’s.
This is not the case where the father and brother held the land by grant for a term of years: apparently they were seized in fee; and actually, the beneficial interest of Asa was without limitation of time ;— they did not hold it for the use or advantage of any one situated like a feme covert under any legal disability ; they did not hold it for a-temporary purpose, as for the raising of a sum of money out of the land or its proceeds ; no active duty was cast upon them; they were not vested with discretionary power as to the appropriation of the estate, income, or beneficiary interest-; it was not necessary, in order to effect the object of the grantors, that the legal estate should remain in the trustees, but it was only necessary and essential that it should so remain for the successful perpetration of a gross fraud ; it was not, to use the language of Mr. Spence, “ a temporary, special, or active trust,” but “ an use or permanent trust.” Therefore the statute took effect immediately upon the conveyance of the estate to the trustees, executed the use, and united the use with the possession, in an actual seisin and legal estate. In the words of Lord St. Leonard : “ When the statute of uses came, and made uses possessions, and gave to the equitable owner, to him who had the use or benefit, the legal estate, it was a simple transfer by force of the statute, of the legal estate, which we call the seisin, to serve those uses.” Egerton v. Brownlow, 4 House of Lords Cases 206.
If these deductions are correct, it would seem to follow, as a logical conclusion, that notwithstanding the extensive equity jurisdiction of *499this court, the redress which the demandant seeks does not belong, necessarily nor exclusively, nor even appropriately, to the jurisdiction of a court of equity, since there can be no need of resorting to equity where the l-emedy by the course and proceedings of the common law is full, complete, and adequate. 2 Washb. Real Prop. 160,164.
Sir Wm. Blackstone uses this language: “ The statute executes the use ; that is, it conveys the possession to the use and transfers the use into possession, thereby making cestuy que use complete owner of the lands, as well at law as in equity. The statute having thus not abolished the conveyance to uses, but only annihilated the intervening estate of the feoffee and turned the interest of cestuy que use into a legal instead of an equitable ownership, the courts of common law legan to take cognizance of uses, instead of sending the party to seek his relief in chancery.” 2 Bl. Com. 333.
As the cestui que use becomes the legal owner of the actual estate, it follows that he takes it cum onere; and as such legal estate is recognized in its protection, so it must be recognized with respect to legal claims against it.
“As the use and the land,” says Blackstone (2 Com. 333), “were now convertible terms, they became liable to dower, courtesy, and escheat.” It would not be contended that resort should be had to equity to recover dower in these lands.
In Pritchard v. Brown, 4 N. H. 397, the distinction between a use and a trust, as we. have declared it, does not seem to have been regarded. Practically, and properly speaking, that was the case of a resulting use, though the word “ trust ” seems to have been applied as a sort of generic and comprehensive term to the estate which would have been more appropriately described by the term “ use.” Nevertheless, the facts of the case, as to the situation and condition of the estate there denominated a trust, were in all essential particulars the same as in the present case. And it was there held that “ the interest of a cestui que trust in land will pass by the extent of an execution upon the land as his estate.”
Mr. Ch. J. Richardson goes so far as to say, that while the statute of Peb. 15,1791, “ has seemed to show that nothing less than an estate in fee simple was liable to 'an extent, yet, in practice, almost every species of interest which a man can have in land has been made so liable,” page 403.
It is common knowledge that estates for life, remainders, reversions, and even a mortgagor’s right in equity to redeem mortgaged land, have always been considered liable to an extent upon execution “ for a period running back beyond the memory of any who now belong to the^profession of the law.” «
The case of Pritchard v. Brown has been followed and affirmed in Upham v. Varney, 15 N. H. 462, where it is held that the interest of a cestui que trust in land will pass by the extent of an execution upon the land as his estate. In this case, also, Mr. J. Gilchrist uses the words “ use” and “trust” as convertible terms — declaring, at the close of the opinion of the court, “ the cestui que trust in this case had, in our *500opinion., the legal estate. The use was executed in him by the statute.” In that case, by the terms of the devise, the trustees were required “to permit the said Frederick and his wife, and the survivor of them, to occupy said land and receive the income thereof, they paying the expenses of carrying on the same, including the taxes.” The tenant claimed the demanded premises for the life of Frederick, by virtue of the levy of an execution on his interest in the land under this devise.
The learned judge remarks: “Where an estate is devised to trustees, with a requisition to do any act to which the seisin and possession of the legal estate are necessary, although they be directed to permit the rents and profits to be received by a third person, still that third person will only be entitled to a trust estate; for, otherwise, the trustee would not be able to execute the trust. 1 Cruise, title Trust, ch. 1, § 24. In this case, the seisin of the legal estate is not necessary to enable the trustee to execute the trust. The trustee was not to receive and pay over the rents, or to see to the application of the income. There is no occasion for his interfering to do any act whatever. His duty is not to interfere, but to permit the cestui que trust to receive the income. The latter has an estate assignable by his deed, and which vests in his assignees by his bankruptcy, and it undoubtedly passes by an extent of an execution. It may further be remarked upon this subject, that an interest of this description has, for a long period, been held to be a use executed by the statute of uses” — citing Broughton v. Langley, 2 Ld. Raym. 873, and other English cases.
The case of Ela v. Pennock, 38 N. H. 154, relied upon by the tenant, has no bearing, as it seems to us, upon the present case. The effort there was tó recover by writ of entry the supposed equitable estate of the tenant under an unexecuted agreement to convey lands. The right of the party to require a conveyance can only be determined upon proceedings in equity to compel specific performance of the contract to convey. Until that right shall in some way be determined, until the obligation of the trustee is recognized by his own acquiescence or the judgment of a court of equity, there can be no legal or equitable estate upon which the statute of uses can operate.
The distinctions between a trust and a use, as here expounded, are very plainly recognized in Hayes v. Tabor, 41 N. H. 521, 525, 526.
It was decided in this State, so long ago as 1825 (Scoby v. Blanchard), that a party who obtains a legal title by fraud is estopped to set it up as against an equitable title in a suit at law. The reason assigned by Richardson, C. J., is, because, as the law then stood, the defendant in that case might have been without remedy if he had not been allowed to defend on his equitable title in a suit at law, for there was then no general jurisdiction in equity to which he could resort.
And the same considerations controlled the decision in Hadduck v. Wilmarth, 5 N. H. 181 (1830).
The reason for the principle resorted to in those cases has ceased with the enlargement of equity powers.
And it might seem illogical and unscientific to place a decision solely upon grounds and reasons which were adopted ex necessitate, *501wlien those grounds and reasons are no longer required for the foundation of a decision, by reason of the new tribunal, so to speak, supplied for the occasion by the enlarged equity jurisdiction of the court.
But before this equity^ power was conferred, the rule was established; and though the reason has ceased, the rule has since been followed and adopted invariably (see Cutting v. Pike, 21 N. H. 347), and to such an extent that it would be unwise, impolitic, and unjust to depart from it now; for to do so would be to unsettle titles founded in and reposing upon the rule thus firmly fixed.
We are aware that the state of law and of the authorities upon the subject of the present consideration is not uniform, and that the cases cited by the defendant, in his very able argument, from the Massachusetts and New York reports, tend to sustain his view of the case ; but we regard the law as clearly settled in the opposite direction in this State.
The result of these considerations is, that if the facts conceded for the purposes of this case be established, the demandant is entitled to enforce her rights to the land in question, by writ of entry at common law.