Court Opinion

ID: 6800370
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-21 16:10:08.681642+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:03:09.522892
License: Public Domain

J-A10034-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
    NNAEMEKA RAPHAEL ANI                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :       No. 465 MDA 2021

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 13, 2020
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-14-CR-0000210-2019

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., KUNSELMAN, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                  FILED: JULY 21, 2022

       Appellant, Nnaemeka Raphael Ani, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered in the Centre County Court of Common Pleas, following his

jury trial convictions for rape by forcible compulsion, sexual assault,

aggravated indecent assault without complainant’s consent, aggravated

indecent assault by forcible compulsion, criminal trespass, indecent assault by

forcible compulsion, and indecent assault without complainant’s consent.1 We

affirm.

       The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows. On

October 18, 2017, E.R. reported that an individual broke into her apartment

at 1003 West Aaron Drive and raped her. She stated that she was sleeping

____________________________________________

1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121, 3124.1, 3125(a)(1), 3125(a)(2), 3503,
3126(a)(2), and 3126(a)(1), respectively.
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when she was awoken by someone entering her room. The assailant took off

her sweatpants and underwear and penetrated her with both his penis and

fingers. After the attack, he got off the bed and dropped a very large wallet

while putting his pants on. The assailant picked up the wallet and ran out the

door. E.R. screamed for her roommate and the two women called the police

and described the assailant as an unknown black male, approximately 5’ 8”

tall, wearing grey sweatpants and a blue shirt. E.R. was taken to the hospital

where she underwent a sexual assault examination and physical exam.

      After responding to E.R.’s apartment, police collected evidence including

E.R.’s clothing and sheets, a used condom, an open condom wrapper, and a

box of condoms. Officers also collected DNA swabs from E.R.’s consensual

sexual partner. The case went unsolved for over a year.

      Over the next couple years police received multiple reports of break-ins

in the West Aaron Drive apartment complex. On December 15, 2018, police

received information that a male intruder had entered a female’s apartment.

Upon responding, police discovered a footprint was left by the intruder. Later

that morning, police received a call from Cheyenne Chandler, stating that she

saw a person enter her bedroom in dark clothing; however, the individual was

scared off by Ms. Chandler’s dog.

      Two days later, on December 17, 2018, at about 6:45 a.m., Ms.

Chandler and her friend again noticed a person attempting to break into her

apartment, and immediately called the police.     Ms. Chandler described the

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suspect as an African American male, average height and build, who was

wearing a dark hoodie. Sergeant Devon Moran, the responding officer, was

aware of previous incidents of criminal trespass, sexual assault, and burglary

in the West Aaron Drive apartment complex. He arrived at the complex within

five minutes of the complaint. Sergeant Moran observed Appellant, who was

of average height and thin build, wearing a dark hoodie, walking on the

sidewalk about 200 feet from the apartment. When Sergeant Moran doubled

back, Appellant took an evasive hard right turn, exited a common entrance to

one of the buildings, and began to jog away from the officer. Sergeant Moran

caught up with Appellant and identified himself as police.

      Appellant told Sergeant Moran that he had been out jogging; however,

the sergeant stated that Appellant’s explanation did not make sense because

Appellant was wearing pajama pants and a heavy hooded sweatshirt and had

a very thick wallet in his left pocket. Sergeant Moran asked for Appellant’s

identification and informed him that there were reports of recent break-ins in

the area. Appellant had a very thick wallet with him, with many cards in it.

Appellant could not produce identification, but he agreed to return to his

apartment with the officer to get his ID. As they walked back, Sergeant Moran

observed Appellant’s footprint on the pavement and believed it was a likely

match to the footprint left by the intruder in the December 15, 2018 trespass.

      Detective Caleb Clouse, who was one of the lead investigators of the

October 2017 rape of E.R., was at the police station on December 17, 2018,

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heard the call come in about another trespass on West Aaron Drive, and

responded to the scene.          Detective Clouse accompanied Appellant to his

apartment so that Appellant could find his ID. At this point, Detective Clouse

had already concluded that probable cause existed to obtain a warrant for a

DNA sample from Appellant to compare it to the unsolved rape case. The

detective based this conclusion on the location (the trespass occurred within

100 yards of the rape victim’s apartment), and the fact that Appellant matched

the physical description that E.R. had provided to police and was carrying a

large wallet similar to that which E.R. reported her attacker had dropped.

Furthermore, Appellant’s statement that he had been jogging was not

consistent with his attire and the thick wallet he was carrying.

        After Appellant retrieved his ID, Detective Clouse told him that there

had been a sexual assault in the area and asked if Appellant would give a DNA

sample so police could compare it with the DNA that they had from the

perpetrator. Appellant refused. Officers then proceeded to question Appellant

for over an hour. Detective Clouse left the apartment at this time to apply for

a search warrant for Appellant’s DNA, clothing, and cell phone. The officers

did not issue Appellant Miranda2 warnings at any time during the apartment

questioning.

        Police then escorted Appellant to the station where officers read him

____________________________________________

2   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

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Miranda warnings and then continued questioning him.          Appellant initially

stated that he felt pressured and was given a short break, but then

questioning resumed despite Appellant requesting an attorney. During his

time at the police station, Appellant asked for an attorney at least three times,

but he was informed that he could not call a private attorney.

       Later that afternoon, police obtained and executed a search warrant for

Appellant’s DNA and to recover Appellant’s clothing and cell phone.3 Police

subsequently obtained a search warrant for Appellant’s records from a

counseling and psychological services (CAPS) program at Penn State

University.

       On March 1, 2019, the Commonwealth filed an information charging

Appellant with rape, sexual assault, two counts of aggravated indecent

assault, criminal trespass, and two counts of indecent assault, based on the

October 18, 2017 rape of E.R.4 On April 4, 2019, Appellant filed an omnibus

pre-trial motion seeking, inter alia, suppression of all statements he made

before he was taken to the police station, statements he made at the police

____________________________________________

3  The Pennsylvania State Police Bureau of Forensic Services lab reported
findings on January 11, 2019. It found that Appellant’s DNA matched the DNA
profile obtained from swabs of sperm taken from the victim and from a
condom found at the scene.

4 On February 27, 2019, the Commonwealth filed notice of consolidation of
the rape case with the two criminal trespass cases. Appellant filed a motion
to sever the rape case from the criminal trespasses, which the trial court
granted on November 15, 2019.

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station, and all evidence collected following the making of these statements,

including the DNA evidence. Appellant also sought authorization to hire an

expert in DNA analysis. He filed a supplemental omnibus motion on May 7,

2019, seeking suppression of the CAPS reports from Penn State University.

       The court conducted a suppression hearing on May 10, 2019, and May

23, 2019. On November 15, 2019, the trial court entered an opinion and order

granting the omnibus pretrial motion in part and denying it in part.

Specifically, the court found that Appellant’s encounter with police on

December 17, 2018, became custodial soon after entering the apartment, and

that he was subject to interrogation during the time he was in the apartment.5

(Trial Court Opinion, 11/15/19, at 20-22). Therefore, the court suppressed

any incriminating statements made by Appellant while in the apartment. The

court also suppressed incriminating statements Appellant made while

interrogated at the police station. The court decided that after officers read

Appellant his Miranda rights, Appellant requested an attorney and was not

provided one.       (Id. at 25-26).        The court noted that “contrary to the

Commonwealth’s argument, [Appellant] was not told he could call a private

attorney if he chose; quite the opposite, he was informed he did not have the

right to a phone call when asked about being able to do so.”         (Id. at 26)

____________________________________________

5 The court noted that Appellant did not challenge the initial stop and
questioning on the street by Sergeant Moran. (Trial Court Opinion, 11/15/19,
at 20 (citing Def.’s Resp. Br. Supp, Omnibus Mot., 8-6-19, at 1)).

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(emphasis and footnote omitted).

      Nevertheless, the court found that the material facts supporting the

warrant for a DNA sample (namely, Appellant’s clothing and his cellphone)

had been established before the interrogation in Appellant’s apartment.

Therefore, the court did not suppress the DNA evidence collected pursuant to

this warrant. (Id. at 28-29). Furthermore, the court found that looking at

the totality of the circumstances set forth in the affidavit for the warrant, the

information sufficiently established a fair probability that Appellant’s DNA,

clothing, and cell phone would yield evidence related to the 2017 rape

investigation, and therefore denied Appellant’s motion to suppress based on

lack of probable cause. (Id. at 35). The court granted Appellant’s motion

seeking funds for a DNA expert.

      Regarding the supplemental omnibus motion, the court granted

suppression of Appellant’s records from CAPS, finding that it constituted “fruit

of the poisonous tree,” because police would not have known Appellant was

seeing a counselor at CAPS absent the unlawful interrogation. (Id. at 31).

      While this case was pending, police received another report of a criminal

trespass similar in nature to those that occurred at the West Aaron Drive

apartment complex.       This incident occurred at the University Terrace

Apartments, where Appellant was residing at the time. The incident occurred

on November 2, 2019, at about 7:40 a.m. Complainant N.B. was in bed and

heard her bedroom door creak open and someone turn a phone flashlight on.

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N.B. realized that she did not know the person and pretended to be asleep.

She then slowly turned toward the door, at which point the intruder turned

and ran away. N.B. then called the police. Police were able to obtain a copy

of a surveillance video from the University Terrace Apartments, which

revealed an individual identified by police as Appellant entering N.B.’s

apartment.

      On June 24, 2020, Appellant filed a motion to produce any evidence

allegedly containing DNA from the alleged perpetrator for the purpose of

independent DNA testing at a facility of Appellant’s choosing. After a hearing,

the court denied the motion on August 3, 2020, as untimely.

      On August 5, 2020, and August 14, 2020, the Commonwealth filed

motions in limine to introduce at Appellant’s rape trial “prior bad act” evidence

per Pa.R.E. 404(b) concerning the criminal trespasses from 2018 (regarding

Ms. Chandler’s apartment) and 2019 (regarding N.B.’s apartment). On August

14, 2020, the Commonwealth filed a motion to permit N.B. to testify via two-

way simultaneous audio-visual communication, about the 2019 criminal

trespass.    The court conducted a pre-trial motions hearing on August 21,

2020. On August 27, 2020, the court granted the Commonwealth’s motions

to introduce prior bad acts, and to permit N.B. to testify via advanced

communications.

      Following a four-day trial, the jury convicted Appellant of the above-

mentioned offenses on September 3, 2020. On October 13, 2020, the court

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sentenced Appellant to five and one half to eleven years’ imprisonment,

followed by three years of probation for rape, and imposed a consecutive three

to six years’ imprisonment followed by three years of probation for aggravated

indecent assault. The court imposed no separate sentence on the remaining

counts.6 The sentence imposed was a standard range sentence.

       Appellant timely filed a post-sentence motion on October 22, 2020, and

a supplemental post-sentence motion on February 2, 2021. After argument,

the court denied the motions on March 19, 2021. Appellant filed a timely

notice of appeal on April 15, 2021.            On April 16, 2021, the court ordered

Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant filed his concise statement on May

4, 2021.

       Appellant raises five issues on appeal.

           I. Whether the trial court committed reversible error in
           failing to suppress the DNA evidence, clothing, cell phone,
           and other fruit of the poisonous tree since this evidence was
           obtained as a result of an unlawful detention because the
           officer lacked reasonable suspicion and/or probable cause to
           justify the detention in violation of Article I, Section 8 of the
           Pennsylvania Constitution as well as the Fourth and
           Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution?

           II. Whether the trial court committed reversible error in
           failing to suppress the DNA evidence, clothing, cell phone,
           and other fruit of the poisonous tree since there was no
           probable cause to support the issuance of the underlying
           search warrant pertaining to the rape case in contravention
____________________________________________

6 Some of the convictions merged for sentencing purposes, and the court
imposed no further penalty for criminal trespass.

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         of Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution as
         well as the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the
         United States Constitution?

         III. Whether the trial court committed legal error in denying
         [Appellant’s] motion to produce evidence in the nature of
         the material that was available for testing for the presence
         of DNA since the production of the remaining DNA sample
         was mandatory, the Commonwealth’s discovery obligations
         were continuing, and there are no time limits when the
         production is in the interests of justice?

         IV. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and
         committed reversible error by admitting into evidence at
         trial prior bad acts in the nature of other subsequent
         trespasses, which allegedly occurred more than a year and
         two years after the alleged rape reportedly occurred since
         this later ruling violated the coordinate jurisdiction rule, the
         evidence lacked any unique signature, and was more
         prejudicial than probative of any fact of consequence?

         V. Whether the trial court erred by permitting the testimony
         of N.B. to be presented via two-way simultaneous audio-
         visual communications where there was no compelling or
         legally permissible reason to do so, which was a violation of
         [Appellant’s] Sixth Amendment and Article I, Section 9 right
         to confront witnesses against him at trial?

(Appellant’s Brief at 6-8).

      In his first issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his

motion to suppress the DNA from his buccal swab, his clothing, and his

cellphone, claiming Sergeant Moran lacked reasonable suspicion and/or

probable cause to justify the initial detention of Appellant on the street. As a

preliminary matter, however, we must decide whether Appellant preserved

this issue for appeal.

      Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 581 governs the suppression

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of evidence, and provides in pertinent part:

           Rule 581. Suppression of Evidence

                                       *       *    *

              (B) Unless the opportunity did not previously exist, or
           the interests of justice otherwise require, such motion shall
           be made only after a case has been returned to court and
           shall be contained in the omnibus pretrial motion set forth
           in Rule 578. If timely motion is not made hereunder, the
           issue of suppression of such evidence shall be deemed to be
           waived.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(B). “It is therefore quite clear that under the imperative

language of this rule, a motion to suppress evidence must be made pretrial,

unless the opportunity did not previously exist, or the interests of justice

otherwise require.” Commonwealth v. Long, 753 A.2d 272, 279 (Pa.Super.

2000) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).            “Whether the

opportunity did not previously exist or the interests of justice otherwise

require is a matter for the discretion of the trial judge.”        Id. (quoting

Commonwealth v. Cooke, 394 A.2d 1271, 1274 (Pa.Super. 1978)).

        Instantly, the record shows that in his April 4, 2019 motion to suppress,

Appellant challenged the initial stop by Sergeant Moran. (Motion to Suppress,

4/4/19, at 3-5). Appellant later abandoned his challenge. (See Def.’s Resp.

Br. Supp, Omnibus Mot., 8/6/19, at 1) (stating: “[Appellant] is not contesting

that Sergeant Moran would have been able to perform a Terry[7] stop for

____________________________________________

7   Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).

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further investigation”). When it issued its suppression ruling opinion, the trial

court observed that Appellant did not contest the initial stop.8

       Because Appellant expressly abandoned his challenge to the legality of

the initial stop prior to the trial court ruling on his suppression motion, he did

not adequately preserve his claim as required by Rule 581. See Pa.R.Crim.P.

581(B). Therefore, Appellant’s first issue is waived.

       Moreover, even if he had preserved his challenge to the legality of the

initial stop, Appellant’s claim would fail on the merits. Appellant argues that

the general description of the suspects in the prior incidents, including the

description from the 2017 rape, was not sufficiently similar to that of Appellant

to create the reasonable suspicion necessary to detain Appellant. (Appellant’s

Brief at 30-32). We disagree.

       “Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial court’s denial

of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the factual findings

are supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from

those facts are correct.” Commonwealth v. H. Williams, 941 A.2d 14, 26

(Pa.Super. 2008) (en banc) (internal citations omitted).

          [W]e may consider only the evidence of the prosecution and
          so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
          uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a
____________________________________________

8 Moreover, the court stated in a footnote that “[b]ased on the facts as
established at the suppression hearings, it is clear Sergeant Moran had
reasonable suspicion that [Appellant] was involved in criminal activity so as
to justify an investigatory detention of [Appellant].” (Trial Court Opinion,
11/15/19, at 20 n.1).

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          whole. Where the record supports the findings of the
          suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may
          reverse only if the court erred in reaching its legal
          conclusions based upon the facts.

Id. at 27 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).      The reviewing

court’s scope of review is limited to the evidentiary record of the pre-trial

hearing on the suppression motion. In re L.J., 622 Pa. 126, 79 A.3d 1073

(2013).

      Contacts between the police and citizenry fall within three general

classifications:

          The first [level of interaction] is a “mere encounter” (or
          request for information) which need not be supported by
          any level of suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to
          stop or to respond. The second, an “investigative detention”
          must be supported by a reasonable suspicion; it subjects a
          suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does not
          involve such coercive conditions as to constitute the
          functional equivalent of an arrest. Finally, an arrest or
          “custodial detention” must be supported by probable cause.

Commonwealth v. Goldsborough, 31 A.3d 299, 305 (Pa.Super. 2011),

appeal denied, 616 Pa. 651, 49 A.3d 442 (2012) (quoting Commonwealth

v. Bryant, 866 A.2d 1143, 1146 (Pa.Super. 2005), appeal denied, 583 Pa.

668, 876 A.2d 392 (2005)). Police must have reasonable suspicion that a

person seized is engaged in unlawful activity before subjecting that person to

an investigative detention.    Commonwealth v. Cottman, 764 A.2d 595

(Pa.Super. 2000).

      An “investigative detention” is interchangeably labeled as a “stop and

frisk” or a “Terry stop.”      Commonwealth v. Brame, 239 A.3d 1119

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(Pa.Super. 2020), appeal denied, ___ Pa. ___, 251 A.3d 771 (2021).

         An investigative detention, unlike a mere encounter,
         constitutes a seizure of a person and thus activates the
         protections of Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
         Constitution. To institute an investigative detention, an
         officer must have at least a reasonable suspicion that
         criminal activity is afoot. Reasonable suspicion requires a
         finding that based on the available facts, a person of
         reasonable caution would believe the intrusion was
         appropriate.

                                  *     *      *

         Reasonable suspicion exists only where the officer is able to
         articulate specific observations which, in conjunction with
         reasonable inferences derived from those observations, led
         him reasonably to conclude, in light of his experience, that
         criminal activity was afoot and that the person he stopped
         was involved in that activity.

Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa.Super. 2005) (internal

citations omitted).

      “[T]he question of whether reasonable suspicion existed at the time of

an investigatory detention must be answered by examining the totality of the

circumstances to determine whether there was a particularized and objective

basis for suspecting the individual stopped of criminal activity.” Cottman,

supra at 598-99 (quoting Commonwealth v. Beasley, 761 A.2d 621, 625-

26 (Pa.Super. 2000), appeal denied, 565 Pa. 662, 775 A.2d 801 (2001)).

         In making this determination, we must give due weight...to
         the specific reasonable inferences the police officer is
         entitled to draw from the facts in light of his experience.
         Also, the totality of the circumstances test does not limit our
         inquiry to an examination of only those facts that clearly
         indicate criminal conduct. Rather, even a combination of
         innocent facts, when taken together, may warrant further

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         investigation by the police officer.

Commonwealth v. Young, 904 A.2d 947, 957 (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal

denied, 591 Pa. 664, 916 A.2d 633 (2006) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted). “These circumstances are to be viewed through the eyes of

a trained officer.”    Commonwealth v. Jackson, 907 A.2d 540, 543

(Pa.Super. 2006).

      Instantly, Sergeant Moran testified at the suppression hearing that he

worked as a patrol sergeant for the Ferguson Township Police Department.

(N.T. Suppression Hearing, 5/10/19, at 9). He explained that he was on duty

on December 17, 2018 and responded to the call that came in about a possible

criminal trespass involving a college-aged African American male wearing a

dark sweatshirt or coat, and who was thin to average build and average

height, who was on the individual’s back porch trying to gain entry using a

flashlight. (Id. at 11-12). Sergeant Moran had responded to the 2017 rape,

and he was familiar with some of the other calls for criminal trespass and

burglaries in the area, including the call from the same apartment two days

prior. (Id. at 12).

      Sergeant Moran testified that when he arrived on scene, he saw

Appellant who matched the physical description of the intruder. (Id. at 15,

17). Sergeant Moran doubled back to take a better look at him, at which point

Appellant made an “unnatural” very hard right turn and started running. (Id.

at 16). Sergeant Moran then stated that “based off of my observations, based

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off of the known facts, the walking and changing direction and him running

away from me, I believe I needed and had reasonable suspicion to identify

him.” (Id. at 17).

      The record supports the trial court’s decision that Sergeant Moran had

reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory detention. Under the totality

of the circumstances, Sergeant Moran had articulable specific observations

including Appellant’s location, appearance, and actions that led Sergeant

Moran reasonably to conclude, in light of his experience, that criminal activity

was afoot and that Appellant was involved in that activity. See Jones, supra;

Cottman, supra; Young, supra. Therefore, Appellant’s first issue is waived,

but would not merit relief even if properly preserved.

      In his second issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it

denied suppression of the DNA evidence, clothing, and cell phone where police

lacked probably cause to support the search warrant. Appellant contends that

the affidavit of probable cause was vague concerning the description of the

individual who reportedly committed the rape, and the individual who

committed the criminal trespasses.        Appellant claims that “[c]ountless

individuals within the State College area…match the sweeping description of

a dark-skinned black male, slender/muscular built with short black hair.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 36) (record citation and quotation marks omitted).

Appellant further asserts that the type of clothing worn by the suspected rapist

is not unique for the average college student, and that the dark coat or jacket

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worn in several of the trespassing incidents was not mentioned in the rape

case.    Appellant insists that there was no DNA evidence recovered in the

trespassing cases, so the only purpose of the request for a buccal swab was

for the rape case, and the affidavit did not establish a fair probability that

Appellant’s DNA would match the DNA collected from the rape. (Id. at 37).

Appellant concludes the court improperly denied his suppression motion, and

this Court must grant relief. We disagree.

        “In this jurisdiction, in determining whether probable cause for issuance

of a warrant is present, the ‘totality of the circumstances’ test set forth in

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), was

adopted in Commonwealth v. Gray, 509 Pa. 476, 503 A.2d 921 (1985).”

Commonwealth v. Murphy, 916 A.2d 679, 681-82 (Pa.Super. 2007), appeal

denied, 593 Pa. 739, 929 A.2d 1161 (2007). “Under such a standard, the task

of the issuing authority is to make a practical, common sense assessment [of]

whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit, there is a fair

probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular

place.” Id. at 682. “A magistrate’s finding of probable cause ‘must be based

on facts described within the four corners of the [supporting] affidavit[.]”

Commonwealth v. Smith, 784 A.2d 182, 185 (Pa.Super. 2001) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Stamps, 493 Pa. 530, 536, 427 A.2d 141, 143 (1981)).

        “Under our law, the focus is on the information provided to the issuing

authority and its response to that information.”           Commonwealth v.

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Huntington, 924 A.2d 1252, 1256 (Pa.Super. 2007), appeal denied, 593 Pa.

746, 931 A.2d 656 (2007) (emphasis omitted).

         The role of the reviewing court and the appellate court is to
         ascertain whether the issuing magistrate appropriately
         determined that probable cause existed for the issuance of
         the warrant. Probable cause is based on a finding of
         probability and does not require a prima facie showing of
         criminal activity. Both the reviewing court and this Court
         must accord deference to a magistrate’s finding of probable
         cause.

Id. (internal citations omitted).

      Instantly, in addressing Appellant’s suppression issue, the trial court

explained:

         In the case at bar, looking to the affidavit for [Appellant’s]
         DNA, cellphone and clothing…the affidavit of probable cause
         accompanying the warrant application for these items
         consists of six type-written pages describing the numerous
         criminal trespass cases that had occurred in the West Aaron
         Drive Apartment Complex, the sexual assault that occurred
         in the same area in October of 2017, and several burglary
         cases from the area. The affidavit sets forth a description
         of ten different criminal incidents or incidents of suspicious
         activity (ending with the December 17, 2018 incident) which
         had been linked by the FTPD as possibly related “because of
         their nature, the location of the incidents, and the
         description of the perpetrator.” (See Aff. Probable Cause,
         at 3). The description of the perpetrator in most all of the
         incidents was of a black male, slender build, between 5’8”
         and 6’1” in height. Several of the descriptions included that
         the suspect had short hair. The perpetrator in most of the
         incidents was described as wearing sweatpants, dark baggie
         pants or flannel pajama pants; he was described as wearing
         a puffy coat in two of the incidents, and a hooded coat or
         sweatshirt in two others. One account included the detail
         that he had a small amount of facial hair. The affidavit
         recites that footprints had been found at one of the crime
         scenes. (See id. at 5-6).

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       The October 2017 rape case being investigated by Detective
       Clouse was described in detail in the affidavit. The affidavit
       recites that the complainant in that case reported being
       sexually assaulted by an unknown black male,
       approximately 5’8” in height, who was wearing grey
       sweatpants and a blue shirt. The victim’s account of the
       incident is described in detail, including that she was not
       certain whether the suspect had ejaculated in her vagina or
       in a condom. She described having seen her attacker when
       he got up. She described a dark skinned black male with a
       slender/muscular build and short black hair. She recalled
       he had dropped a brown or black wallet, which he picked up
       before fleeing. Evidence collected at the crime scene
       included a used condom, a box of condoms, and an opened
       condom wrapper. The affidavit further notes that, on
       February 15, 2018, Detective Clouse was advised by PSP
       laboratories that a CODIS-eligible DNA profile was present
       in the sample submitted from the October 2017 sexual
       assault case.

       All of the cases involved trespasses in the West Aaron Drive
       Apartment Complex, a relatively small geographical area,
       and none of the cases involved forced entry. Several of the
       victims observed the suspect with a flashlight or cellphone
       light looking into apartments.

       In addition to the previous incidents of potentially related
       unresolved crimes and criminal activity, the affidavit of
       probable cause described the encounter with [Appellant] on
       December 17, 2018. The affidavit notes that Sergeant
       Moran arrived at the West Aaron Drive Apartment Complex
       shortly after receiving the complaint of suspicious activity in
       which a person had attempted to enter Apartment A6 at
       1100 West Aaron Drive and had been shining a light into the
       apartment. Two trespass incidents from December 15 were
       noted to have occurred in the same Complex, as well as
       previous crimes, and the affidavit stated Sergeant Moran
       believed the suspect might still be in the area. One of the
       December 15 incidents involved the victim awakening to
       find an unknown male, less than 6’ tall, of thin build and
       wearing a hooded sweatshirt, in her bedroom.

       The suspect for the December 17, 2018 incident was
       described as a male of average height and thin build,

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        wearing a hooded shirt or coat. The affidavit described how
        Sergeant Moran encountered an individual potentially fitting
        the description when he arrived at the West Aaron Drive
        Apartment Complex, and that [Appellant] appeared to take
        evasive action and then fled from Sergeant Moran. The
        encounter with Sergeant Moran after [Appellant] stopped is
        described, and [Appellant] is described as having worn a
        dark colored jacket with a hood and multicolored night
        pants. He had a wallet with many cards in it but claimed to
        have no identification. He lived in the West Aaron Drive
        Apartment Complex. The affidavit recites having observed
        [Appellant’s] shoeprint on the sidewalk that morning, and
        that it had a triangular pattern in the heel with multiple
        rectangular patterns running up the front. The affidavit
        states that Sergeant Moran believed the shoeprint to be the
        same as the print from the prior criminal incident days
        earlier. Shoeprints were also noted to have been observed
        at the rear deck of 1100 West Aaron Drive, Apartment A6,
        the apartment where the December 17, 2018 incident
        occurred. One of those prints had the same pattern.

        In addition to the details of each of the potentially related
        incidents, the affidavit summarizes the similarities among
        the incidents and the description of the perpetrator in each,
        and describes the suspected relationship to [Appellant].

(Trial Court Opinion, 11/15/19, at 32-35).

     The court determined that probable cause supported the issuance of the

warrant, stating:

        Looking at the affidavit through the non-technical lens of
        common sense, the totality of the circumstances involved
        the close proximity of all of the unsolved crimes and also of
        [Appellant’s] apartment, the similarity in the numerous
        trespasses occurring over the course of more than one year
        in the area, the similarity of [Appellant’s] appearance and
        clothing to the descriptions given relative to the
        perpetrators of the crimes, the apparent match of
        [Appellant’s] shoeprint to a print from a prior trespass
        involving entry into a bedroom, [Appellant’s] presence in
        the area where the December 17, 2018 crime occurred on
        arrival of the police that morning, and his apparent attempt

                                   - 20 -
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         to flee from Sergeant Moran that morning. The [c]ourt
         concludes this information is sufficient to establish a fair
         probability that [Appellant’s] DNA, clothing and cell phone
         would yield evidence related to the 2017 sexual assault
         under investigation and the various other criminal
         trespasses that had occurred in the same general area over
         the course of a little more than one year, including the
         trespass from December 17, 2018. Accordingly, the [c]ourt
         finds no merit in [Appellant’s] motion to suppress based on
         lack of probable cause for the warrant.

(Id. at 35). Our review of the record supports the court’s determination that

there was a fair probability that a search of Appellant’s DNA, clothing, and cell

phone would provide evidence related to the 2017 rape. See Murphy, supra.

On this record, Appellant is not entitled to relief. See H. Williams, supra.

      In his third issue, Appellant argues that the court erred when it denied

his discovery motion requesting production of the remaining DNA sample.

Appellant claims that the trial court’s denial of his motion as untimely “wholly

denied [him] a fair [t]rial,” and without access to the DNA sample, he was

denied the ability to present competent evidence in his defense. (Appellant’s

Brief at 44). Appellant asserts that production of the remaining DNA evidence

was mandatory, and the motion was timely in light of the notice exceptions

set forth in Rule 579. Appellant concludes the court was obligated to compel

production of the DNA evidence and the court abused its discretion by not

doing so. (Id. at 46). We disagree.

      We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to produce evidence for an

abuse of discretion.    Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 357-58

(Pa.Super. 2015), appeal denied, 633 Pa. 787, 128 A.3d 220 (2015) (internal

                                     - 21 -
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citations omitted). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,

but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the law, or the exercise of

judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-

will or partiality, as shown by the evidence of record.” Id. (citation omitted).

“We will reverse [the] trial court’s decision...only if the appellant sustains the

heavy burden to show that the trial court has abused its discretion.”

Commonwealth v. Christine, 633 Pa. 389, 397, 125 A.3d 394, 398 (2015)

(citation omitted).

        Instantly, the court denied Appellant’s motion to produce DNA evidence

as untimely. The court found that the motion was filed more than 14 months

after the original omnibus pretrial motion deadline 9 and at least seven months

after the court issued its decision on the original omnibus pretrial motion.

(Order, 5/4/21). The court explained:

           On November 15, 2019, [Appellant] was awarded $1,500 to
           hire a DNA expert. The funds were made available to him
           on November 18, 2019. [Appellant] filed a motion to
           produce evidence on June 24, 2020 seeking “the condom,
           condom swabs, thigh swabs, vaginal swabs, vulva swabs,
____________________________________________

9   Rule of Criminal Procedure 579 sets forth that

           the omnibus pretrial motion for relief shall be filed and
           served within 30 days after arraignment, unless opportunity
           therefor did not exist, or the defendant or defense attorney,
           or the attorney for the Commonwealth, was not aware of
           the grounds for the motion, or unless the time for filing has
           been extended by the court for cause shown.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 579(A).

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         and any other items or swabs that allegedly contained DNA
         from the alleged perpetrator” for the purpose of
         “independent testing [at] a facility or laboratory of
         [Appellant’s choosing].” [The trial] court’s order, dated
         August 3, 2020, denied [Appellant’s] motion to produce
         evidence on the grounds that [Appellant’s] motion was filed
         more than fourteen (14) months after the original omnibus
         pretrial motion deadline, and at least seven (7) months after
         the court issued its decision on the original omnibus pretrial
         motion. [Appellant] failed to file any motion, or in any way
         bring to the court’s attention, that he was in need of more
         funds. Given [Appellant’s] indigency, had he done so, this
         court could have provided [Appellant] with financial
         assistance. The record reflects numerous instances in this
         multi-year case where [Appellant] acknowledged the need
         for independent DNA analysis. Despite this, [Appellant] did
         not file any type of motion for access to the evidence until
         two (2) months prior to trial. The court felt [Appellant’s]
         motion was an attempt to procure postponement of the trial.

(Trial Court Opinion, 3/19/21, at 3) (some capitalization omitted).

      The record supports the trial court’s decision. Appellant was aware of

the significance of the DNA evidence as early as his April 4, 2019 omnibus

pretrial motion; however, he did not file a motion to produce that evidence

until June 24, 2020, less than two months prior to the start of the jury trial.

Therefore, we see no abuse of discretion by the court in deciding that

Appellant’s late filing of the motion to produce DNA evidence wan an attempt

to delay trial. Appellant’s third issue merits no relief.

      In his fourth issue, Appellant argues the court erred by granting the

Commonwealth’s motion in limine to admit evidence of the other criminal

trespasses at his rape trial.   Appellant asserts two different bases for the

court’s error, first that it violated the coordinate jurisdiction rule, and second

                                      - 23 -
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that it was a misapplication of Rule of Evidence 404(b).

      Appellant claims that the court’s ruling violated the coordinate

jurisdiction rule because the court admitted evidence from the trespasses

despite the cases having been severed from the rape trial.         Specifically,

Appellant contends that the trial court should have been bound by the

suppression court’s finding that prejudice would inure if the criminal trespass

information was admitted at trial. (Appellant’s Brief at 51).

      Regarding the Rule 404(b) analysis, Appellant insists that admission of

evidence of other criminal trespasses at Appellant’s rape trial was an abuse of

discretion. Appellant contends that Rule 404(b) permits admission of bad acts

evidence only upon a showing of a distinct and unique methodology. Appellant

claims that the act of entering a building on multiple occasions is not a unique

methodology as related to an alleged rape that occurred in a different year.

(Id. at 54). Appellant further avers that the probative value of this evidence

is outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice. (Id. at 55-56). For all of

these reasons, Appellant concludes the court erred by granting the

Commonwealth’s motion in limine. We disagree.

      Our standard of review of a trial court’s admission or exclusion of

evidence is well established and very narrow:

         Admission of evidence is a matter within the sound
         discretion of the trial court, and will not be reversed absent
         a showing that the trial court clearly abused its discretion.
         Not merely an error in judgment, an abuse of discretion
         occurs when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the
         judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the

                                     - 24 -
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         result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by
         the evidence on record.

Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 604 Pa. 386, 403, 986 A.2d 84, 94 (2009),

cert. denied, 562 U.S. 857, 131 S.Ct. 127, 178 L.Ed.2d 77 (2010) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted). Our scope of review in cases where

the trial court explains the basis for its evidentiary ruling is limited to an

examination of the stated reason. Commonwealth v. Stephens, 74 A.3d

1034, 1037 (Pa.Super. 2013). “We must also be mindful that a discretionary

ruling cannot be overturned simply because a reviewing court disagrees with

the trial court’s conclusion.” Commonwealth v. O’Brien, 836 A.2d 966, 968

(Pa.Super. 2003), appeal denied, 577 Pa. 695, 845 A.2d 817 (2004).

      “Pennsylvania’s well-established Law of the Case Doctrine bars a judge

from revisiting rulings previously decided by another judge of the same court,

absent exceptional circumstances.”     Commonwealth v. Lancit, 139 A.3d

204, 206-07 (Pa.Super. 2016), appeal denied, 640 Pa. 543, 164 A.3d 465

(2016) (citing Commonwealth v. Starr, 541 Pa. 564, 664 A.2d 1326

(1995)). The “coordinate jurisdiction rule falls squarely within the ambit of a

generalized expression of the ‘law of the case’ doctrine.” Starr, supra at 574,

664 A.2d at 1331. This rule provides that “judges of coordinate jurisdiction

sitting in the same case should not overrule each others’ decisions.” Id. at

573, 664 A.2d at 1331 (citation omitted). Nevertheless, “the rule does not

apply where two motions differ in kind[;] then a second judge is not precluded

from granting relief though another judge has denied an earlier motion.”

                                     - 25 -
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Commonwealth v. Taylor, ___ A.3d ___, 2022 PA Super 103, 2022 WL

1815527 at *4 (Pa.Super. 2022). “In deciding whether to apply the coordinate

jurisdiction rule, the court must look to where the rulings occurred in the

context of the procedural posture of the case.” Id. at *3.

       Here, the court initially granted Appellant’s motion to sever the rape

case from the 2018 criminal trespass cases. Later in the proceedings, the

court granted the Commonwealth’s motion in limine to admit evidence of the

criminal trespass cases in the rape case. Importantly, the two motions were

different in kind, with different legal standards governing a decision on those

motions. Compare Pa.R.Crim.P. 583 (stating court may order separate trials

of offenses or defendants, or provide other appropriate relief, if it appears that

any party may be prejudiced by offenses or defendants being tried together)

with Pa.R.E. 404(b) (permitting evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts to

prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,

absence of mistake, or lack of accident, so long as probative value of evidence

outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice). Thus, the rule does not apply

because the court’s earlier ruling involved a motion for separate trials, not the

admission of evidence at those trials.             See Taylor, supra.   See also

Commonwealth v. Bibbs, No. 356 WDA 2021 (Pa.Super. Apr. 8, 2022)

(unpublished memorandum)10 (holding coordinate jurisdiction rule was not

____________________________________________

10See Pa.R.A.P. 126(b) (stating we may rely on unpublished decisions of this
Court filed after May 1, 2019).

                                          - 26 -
J-A10034-22

implicated where one trial judge decided issue of motion for separate trials,

not admission of evidence at those trials).

      With respect to the Rule 404(b) analysis, in general, evidence is

admissible if it is relevant, that is, “if it logically tends to establish a material

fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or

supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.”

Commonwealth v. J. Williams, 586 Pa. 553, 581, 896 A.2d 523, 539 (2006)

(citation omitted); Pa.R.E. 402.

      Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides as follows:

         Rule 404. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts

                                     *     *      *

         (b) Crimes, Wrongs or Other Acts.

         (1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other
         act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order
         to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
         accordance with the character.

         (2) Permitted Uses. This evidence may be admissible for
         another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity,
         intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of
         mistake, or lack of accident. In a criminal case this evidence
         is admissible only if the probative value of the evidence
         outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.

Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1)-(2).

      This Court has explained:

         It is settled law in this Commonwealth that other bad acts
         evidence is inadmissible to prove a defendant’s propensity
         to commit crime. Commonwealth v. Brookins, 10 A.3d

                                         - 27 -
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         1251, 1256 (Pa.Super. 2010), appeal denied, 610 Pa. 625,
         22 A.3d 1033 (2011). Nonetheless, bad acts evidence may
         be introduced for other limited purposes, including, but not
         limited to, establishing motive, opportunity, intent,
         preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of
         mistake or accident, common scheme or design, modus
         operandi, and the natural history of the case. Id.; Pa.R.E.
         404(b)(2). This evidence is admissible only if the probative
         value of the evidence outweighs its potential for unfair
         prejudice.

            It has been succinctly stated that (t)he purpose of this
            rule is to prevent the conviction of an accused for one
            crime by the use of evidence that he has committed
            other unrelated crimes, and to preclude the inference
            that because he has committed other crimes he was
            more likely to commit that crime for which he is being
            tried. The presumed effect of such evidence is to
            predispose the minds of the jurors to believe the
            accused guilty, and thus effectually to strip him of the
            presumption of innocence.

         Commonwealth v. Spruill, 480 Pa. 601, 604–05, 391 A.2d
         1048, 1049 (1978).

Commonwealth v. Kinard, 95 A.3d 279, 284 (Pa.Super. 2014). “The ‘res

gestae exception’ to the general proscription against evidence of other crimes,

is also known as the ‘complete story’ rationale, i.e., evidence of other criminal

acts is admissible to complete the story of the crime on trial by proving its

immediate context of happenings near in time and place.” Commonwealth

v. Brown, 52 A.3d 320, 326 (Pa.Super. 2012), appeal denied, 619 Pa. 676,

62 A.3d 377 (2013) (internal citation omitted).

      Instantly, the trial court agreed with the Commonwealth that evidence

regarding the trespass incidents on December 15 and 17, 2018 was admissible

in the rape case “to complete the story” so that the jury would understand

                                     - 28 -
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why police stopped Appellant on December 17, 2018. Further, the court found

that evidence in the December trespass cases demonstrated Appellant’s

surreptitious entry/attempted entry into a female’s apartment such that the

“evidence will tend to show how [Appellant] planned or executed the criminal

act at issue in this [rape] case as part of his common plan or scheme.” (Trial

Court Opinion, 8/27/20, at 8). Finally, the court granted the Commonwealth’s

motion in limine seeking to admit evidence of Appellant’s alleged trespass at

N.B.’s apartment in 2019 because Appellant’s actions were similar to those

addressed in the December 15 and 17, 2018 trespasses as well as the present

rape case, all tending to show his common, distinctive scheme of trespassing

and entering female apartment residences in close proximity to his residence.

(Id. at 8-9). Under the facts of this case, we cannot say the court abused its

discretion in concluding that the evidence tended to show a common plan or

scheme. See Kinard, supra; Brown, supra.

      Further, we note that “when examining the potential for undue

prejudice, a cautionary jury instruction may ameliorate the prejudicial effect

of the proffered evidence.” Commonwealth v. Hairston, 624 Pa. 143, 160,

84 A.3d 657, 666 (2014). See also Commonwealth v. Sherwood, 603 Pa.

92, 115, 982 A.2d 483, 497-98 (2009) (holding that cautionary instructions

were sufficient to ameliorate undue prejudice caused by introduction of bad

acts evidence). “Jurors are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions.”

Hairston, supra (citing Commonwealth v. Baker, 531 Pa. 541, 614 A.2d

                                    - 29 -
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663 (1992)). Here, prior to introduction of the evidence of the trespasses,

the court provided a limiting instruction to the jury concerning how the

evidence should be considered. (See N.T. Trial, 8/31/20, at 136-37). Thus,

the court’s cautionary instruction ameliorated any undue prejudice caused by

introduction of the prior bad acts. See Hairston, supra; Sherwood, supra.

Accordingly, Appellant’s fourth issue merits no relief.

      In his final issue on appeal, Appellant argues the trial court erred when

it granted the Commonwealth’s motion in limine to permit N.B. to testify via

two-way simultaneous audio-visual communication, rather than in person.

Appellant asserts that this method of presenting N.B.’s testimony violated his

constitutional rights under the Confrontation Clause. We disagree.

      “When reviewing a question of law, our standard of review is de novo,

and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Atkinson, 987 A.2d

743, 749 (Pa.Super. 2009), appeal denied, 608 Pa. 614, 8 A.3d 340 (2010).

         The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
         provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
         enjoy the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses
         against him ...” Article 1, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania
         Constitution provides: “In all criminal prosecutions the
         accused hath a right ... to be confronted with the witnesses
         against him....” With regard to the Confrontation Clause,
         the Pennsylvania Constitution provides a criminal defendant
         with the same protection as the Sixth Amendment; thus, we
         will address Appellant’s challenges under each Constitution
         simultaneously.

Id. at 745 (footnotes and citation omitted).

      The United States Supreme Court considered the issue of whether use

                                     - 30 -
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of one-way video testimony for child victims violated the Confrontation Clause

in Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 845-46, 110 S.Ct. 3157, 111 L.Ed.2d

666 (1990). There, the Court stated that “the Confrontation Clause reflects a

preference for face-to-face confrontation at trial, a preference that must

occasionally give way to considerations of public policy and the necessities of

the case.” Id. at 849, 110 S.Ct. at 3165 (citations and internal quotation

marks omitted; emphasis in original). The Court continued:

          That the face-to-face confrontation requirement is not
          absolute does not, of course, mean that it may easily be
          dispensed with. …[A] a defendant’s right to confront
          accusatory witnesses may be satisfied absent a physical,
          face-to-face confrontation at trial only where denial of such
          confrontation is necessary to further an important public
          policy and only where the reliability of the testimony is
          otherwise assured.

Id. at 850, 110 S.Ct. at 3166, 111 L.Ed.2d 666 (citations omitted). Finally,

the court emphasized the importance of making an individualized, case-

specific determination of whether the denial of physical, face-to-face

confrontation is necessary to further an important public policy.11 Id.

       In the present case, the trial court stated:

          In the instant matter, the [c]ourt found important state
          interests excusing N.B.’s personal appearance in light of the
          COVID-19 pandemic.         As discussed in this [c]ourt’s
          [o]pinion, filed August 27, 2020, N.B. was permitted to
          testify at trial via two-way simultaneous audio-visual
          communication because she suffered from a particular
____________________________________________

11 The Court also provided that face-to-face confrontation shall only be
dispensed with where the reliability of the testimony is otherwise assured.
Craig, supra at 850, 110 S.Ct. at 3166.

                                          - 31 -
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         susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus. Further, this [c]ourt
         found that because N.B. would have to travel from a COVID-
         19 “hotspot” in Florida, in person attendance of N.B. would
         potentially expose those in the Courtroom to the COVID-19
         virus, as well as those in the surrounding community.

(Trial Court Opinion, 3/19/21, at 4-5) (citation formatting altered).

      Upon review, we agree that given the circumstances of this matter,

considerations of public policy and the necessities of the case justify

overcoming the preference for face-to-face confrontation. Because N.B. was

particularly susceptible to COVID-19, traveling to trial would have posed a

severe health risk. Further, great care was taken to preserve Appellant’s right

to confront the witness—the jury could view her demeanor and she was

subject to cross-examination. See Atkinson, supra at 748. In addition, as

the court noted, there was an important public policy interest in not exposing

those in the courtroom to an increased risk of COVID-19, where N.B. resided

in a COVID “hot spot.”      Therefore, we hold that based on the specific

circumstances of this case, Appellant’s right to confront N.B. was not violated

when the court permitted her to testify via simultaneous two-way audio-visual

communication. See Craig, supra; Atkinson, supra. Appellant’s final issue

does not merit relief. Accordingly, we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/21/2022

                          - 33 -