Court Opinion

ID: 1070040
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:36:51.100568+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:42:15.106279
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                 February 14, 2002 Session

     RAY C. HALL, ET AL. v. TENNESSEE WORKERS CREDIT UNION

                   Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
                     No. 98-3798-III   Ellen Hobbs Lyle, Chancellor

                  No. M2001-01346-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 5, 2002

Husband and Wife obtained a loan from a credit union and pledged their home as security for the
note under a Deed of Trust. The Deed of Trust required Husband and Wife to maintain property
taxes and insurance on the property. The credit union foreclosed on the property after Husband and
Wife continuously failed to maintain the taxes and insurance. Husband and Wife filed suit against
the credit union, arguing that the agreement between the parties did not provide the remedy of
foreclosure for mere nonpayment of taxes and insurance. The trial court granted summary judgment
for the credit union. Because we find that the agreement between the parties provides the remedy
of foreclosure for breach of any promise made under the agreement, including the promise to pay
property taxes and insurance, we find that the trial court was correct in granting summary judgment
for the credit union and affirm that decision.

          Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right: Judgment of the Chancery Court
                                Affirmed and Remanded

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM B. CAIN , J. and
VERNON NEAL, SP . J., joined.

Harry W. Miller, III, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants, Ray C. Hall and Jacqueline S. Hall.

L. Gino Marchetti, Jr., A. Allen Smith, III, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee
Workers Credit Union.

                                            OPINION

        Ray and Jaqueline Hall (“Halls”), the debtors, sued their creditor, Tennessee Workers Credit
Union (“TWCU”), because TWCU foreclosed on the debtors’ house. The complaint alleged the
foreclosure was improper and made in bad faith because it was in breach of the Deed of Trust.
TWCU foreclosed on the property covered by the Deed of Trust because of the debtors’ repeated and
continuing failure to maintain insurance on the house and to pay taxes on it, both of which were
obligations set out in the Deed of Trust.
       The debtors’ argument is that the Deed of Trust did not authorize acceleration of the loan
amounts due, a declaration of default, or foreclosure for failure to maintain insurance and pay taxes
on the property. The trial court granted summary judgment to TWCU and considered other
documents which TWCU contends are part of the financial arrangement between it and the debtors.
The debtors argue that the trial court could not have considered documents outside the Deed of Trust.

        The facts are undisputed. In March of 1989, the Halls obtained a loan from TWCU for
approximately Sixty Thousand Dollars ($60,000.00). Their personal residence at One Breckenridge
was pledged as security for performance of their contractual obligations. The loan was secured by
a Deed of Trust which was duly recorded. The Halls signed various documents during the initial
loan application process. In addition, other documents had been executed by Mr. Hall a number of
years earlier when the relationship with the credit union was established.

        The Halls made an arrangement with TWCU wherein the mortgage amounts would be
deducted semi-monthly from their checking account in the amount of $432.50. The Deed of Trust
required the Halls to keep insurance on the property and to pay all taxes and assessments when due.
In the event that the Halls failed to fulfill these requirements, the Deed of Trust allowed TWCU to
secure insurance and/or pay taxes and assessments and charge the Halls for the amount expended
as part of the debt.

        The Halls, by their own admissions, failed to maintain insurance and pay taxes on the
property. They did not pay their county property taxes for 1992 and 1993, which resulted in liens
on the property in the amounts of $5,725.43 and $7,004.34.1 As a consequence of their failure to pay
taxes, the house was sold in 1994, but the Halls were able to redeem or repurchase the home.2

        Because of the Halls’ failure to pay taxes, TWCU determined that the Halls were in default.
On September 27, 1994, TWCU Trustee Paul White met with Mr. Hall,3 and the parties discussed
options in lieu of foreclosure. Mr. Hall assured TWCU that he would be receiving a substantial
distribution from the estate of Hobart Hall that would permit him to extinguish the debt owed to
TWCU. Mr. White sent Mr. Hall a letter confirming the agreements reached at the meeting: in
exchange for TWCU’s commitment to stay foreclosure, the Halls agreed to do several things: (1)
provide a copy of the recorded release of the federal tax lien; (2) provide proof of insurance for all
automobiles currently financed through TWCU; (3) provide evidence of payment of delinquent
property taxes; (4) provide a confirmation of the tax sale on the Breckenridge property; (5) provide

         1
             There was apparently also a federal tax lien on the property in the amount of $27,165.15.

         2
           The 1994 sale of the home is not at issue in this case. In addition, in 1990 and 1991, the Halls executed two
additional Deeds o f Trust on the property to Sovran B ank in amounts of $60,000.00 and $10,000.00. That bank had a
lien on the pro perty at the time o f the forec losure and w as paid with the proceed s of the foreclosure sale.

         3
          In their briefs, the parties appear to take differing positions on whether Mrs. Hall attended the meeting. The
record supports the Halls’ position that only Mr. Hall attended the me eting. Determination of this factual question,
however, is no t necessary to the resolution of the appeal.

                                                           -2-
a letter from attorney Gary Temple regarding the amount of Mr. Hall’s share in the estate of Hobart
Hall; and, (6) keep insurance on the residence and retire all debts with TWCU upon receipt of Mr.
Hall’s distribution from the estate. October 15, 1994, was set as the date for compliance.

        On March 20, 1995, and April 21, 1995, Mr. White again wrote to Mr. Hall regarding the
Halls’ failure to fulfill all of the commitments made at the September meeting. TWCU received no
response to either of these letters. TWCU then contacted attorney Gary Temple to inquire about the
distribution of Hobart Hall’s estate and learned that no distribution to Ray Hall would be made in
the near future. During this time, the 1994 and 1995 county property taxes went unpaid.

       On May 1, 1995, Mr. White wrote to Mr. Hall providing notice that TWCU intended to begin
foreclosure proceedings on May 31, 1995. The day the foreclosure proceedings were to begin, Mr.
Hall wrote to TWCU CEO, Kenneth Wiggins, asking for time to sell the property at One
Breckenridge in order to satisfy the debt owed to TWCU and conceding that the 1995 property taxes
were not paid.

        On June 9, 1995, Mr. White wrote a letter to Mr. Hall. The letter set ninety (90) days as a
deadline to either produce a contract of sale or refinance the home. The letter contained an
acknowledgment for Mr. Hall to sign and return to TWCU. The acknowledgment was executed by
Mr. Hall and returned to TWCU on June 18, 1995. At some point, the Halls listed their home with
a real estate agent for a list price in excess of $800,000.00.

        In late August 1995, TWCU learned that the insurance on the property was set to expire on
September 9, 1995. Upon learning this information, Mr. White wrote a letter to Mr. Hall on August
30, 1995, notifying him of the impending breach of the agreement for failure to maintain insurance
on the property. The Halls did not respond to this letter. On September 13, 1995, Mr. White again
wrote a letter to Mr. Hall notifying him of the default for failure to maintain insurance on the
property. TWCU began the foreclosure process at that time.

       On December 4, 1995, the property at One Breckenridge was sold at a foreclosure sale for
$425,000.00. At the time of the foreclosure, the 1994 and 1995 taxes were overdue and the 1995
insurance on the property had not been paid. The balance on the TWCU mortgage was $29,966.37.
After satisfaction of their debts, the Halls were issued a check for the proceeds of the sale in the
amount of $290,783.46. The Halls were current on their loan payments to TWCU. The last payment
was deducted from their bank account on November 30, 1995, just a few days prior to the foreclosure
sale.

       The Halls filed suit against TWCU in December of 1995. The original complaint alleged
breach of contract, bad faith, breach of fiduciary duty, and outrageous conduct. The Halls voluntarily
non-suited their complaint after the trial court denied a petition for a temporary injunction.

                                                 -3-
       The Halls filed a second verified complaint in Davidson County Chancery Court on
December 28, 1998, against TWCU. The Halls’ claims were based on the foreclosure and
subsequent sale of their property by TWCU in 1995.

        TWCU and the Halls both filed motions for summary judgment with the trial court. After
a hearing, the trial court granted TWCU’s motion for summary judgment and issued a final order on
July 9, 2001, awarding $9,022.32 in attorney’s fees and costs to TWCU based on the terms of the
contract between the parties. The Halls appeal that judgment.

       In ruling on the motion for summary judgment, the trial court concluded that there was no
genuine issue of material fact and that as a matter of law TWCU did not breach the parties’ contract.
The trial court additionally concluded that: (1) the parties’ contract permitted foreclosure for
nonpayment of taxes and insurance; and, (2) Mr. Hall conceded that he was in default, assented to
acceleration, and made an agreement with TWCU that he would pay off his obligation or submit to
foreclosure.

                                        I. Standard of Review

        The standards for reviewing summary judgments on appeal are well settled. Summary
judgments are proper in virtually any civil case that can be resolved on the basis of legal issues alone.
Fruge v. Doe, 952 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tenn. 1997); Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tenn. 1993);
Church v. Perales, 39 S.W.3d 149, 156 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). However, a summary judgment
should be granted only when the undisputed facts, and the inferences reasonably drawn from the
undisputed facts, support one conclusion - that the party seeking the summary judgment is entitled
to a judgment as a matter of law. Webber v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 49 S.W.3d 265, 269
(Tenn. 2001); Brown v. Birman Managed Care, Inc., 42 S.W.3d 62, 66 (Tenn. 2001); Goodloe v.
State, 36 S.W.3d 62, 65 (Tenn. 2001).

        Because summary judgment involves only questions of law or the application of the law to
certain facts, summary judgments enjoy no presumption of correctness on appeal. Scott v. Ashland
Healthcare Ctr., Inc., 49 S.W.3d 281, 285 (Tenn. 2001); Penley v. Honda Motor Co., 31 S.W.3d
181, 183 (Tenn. 2000). Accordingly, appellate courts must make a fresh determination that the
requirements of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56 have been satisfied. Hunter v. Brown, 955 S.W.2d 49, 50-51
(Tenn. 1997); Mason v. Seaton, 942 S.W.2d 470, 472 (Tenn. 1997). This court’s role in review of
the grant of summary judgment is to review the record and determine whether the requirements of
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56 have been met. Staples v. CBL & Assoc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 88 (Tenn. 2000). Our
perspective is the same as that of the trial court. Gonzales v. Alman Const. Co., 857 S.W.2d 42, 44-
45 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).

       There are no material facts in dispute in this case, and the question is purely one of law.
Questions relating to the interpretation of written contracts involve legal rather than factual issues,
Brandt v. Bib Enters., Ltd., 986 S.W.2d 586, 592 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998); Rapp Constr. Co. v. Jay
Realty Co., 809 S.W.2d 490, 491 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991); Woodmen of the World Life Ins. Soc’y v.

                                                  -4-
Bank of Waynesboro, 826 S.W.2d 915, 918 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) (citing 88 C.J.S. Trial § 217
(1955)), and the court’s role is to interpret the contract according to its plain terms. Hardeman
County Bank v. Stallings, 917 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) (citing Pearsall Motors, Inc.
v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tenn. 1975); Malone & Hyde Food Serv.
v. Parson, 642 S.W.2d 157, 159 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1982)); Estate of Haynes v. Braden, 835 S.W.2d
19, 21 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (citations omitted).

        The courts’ task in resolving contract disputes is to ascertain the intent of the parties based
upon the language of the agreement. Guilliano v. Cleo, Inc. 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn. 1999). This
determination of the intention of the parties is generally treated as a question of law because the
words of the contract are definite and undisputed, and the legal effect of those words requires no
resolution of a factual dispute. Planters Gin Co. v. Federal Compress & Warehouse Co., Inc., 78
S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002).

                                                 II. The Documents

       Although the parties do not explicitly or entirely concede the point, our interpretation of their
arguments is that the answer to the question of whether TWCU had a right to foreclose depends upon
which documents are considered part of the agreement between the parties. We agree.

        In granting summary judgment for TWCU, the trial court stated:

        The Court concludes that the parties’ contract does permit foreclosure for
        nonpayment of taxes and insurance. In arriving at this conclusion the Court has
        considered the parties’ contract to consist of not only the Deed of Trust but the credit
        agreement and the Loanliner application. When the provisions of those documents
        are read together, the Court concludes that the defendant [TWCU] was entitled to
        foreclose for nonpayment of taxes and insurance.

       The Halls contend that only the Deed of Trust and the Deed of Trust Note constitute the
mortgage contract or the agreement of the parties. TWCU, on the other hand, asserts that the written
agreement between the parties includes other documents, specifically the two other documents
referenced by the trial court. The record contains a series of documents, which we will examine
individually.

                       A. The Credit Agreement and Truth-in-Lending Disclosures

      On June 12, 1981, Mr. Hall signed a document titled “Credit Agreement and Truth-in-
Lending Disclosures” with TWCU.4 This document essentially establishes the terms and conditions

       4
           Mrs. Hall did no t sign this do cument.

                                                        -5-
of the relationship between the parties and of any future transactions.5 The terms set out in the
document are referred to as “the Plan” and specify that “each person who signs the Plan is
responsible for any advances made under it. . . .” In pertinent part, the document also states:

        After the credit union has approved your Loanliner Credit application, the credit
        union may lend you money from time to time. You promise to repay, to the credit
        union, all money loaned to you under this Plan . . . .

       The document describes the computation methods for finances charges, minimum payments,
and payment allocation. The Plan’s provision on default provides:

        You are in default if you are late in making any minimum payment, if you break any
        promise you made under this Plan, or if anyone garnishes your share and/or deposit
        account. You are also in default if you break any promise you made under a Security
        Agreement for an advance. When you are in default: The credit union may require
        immediate payment of all you owe. That means you will have to pay your entire
        unpaid balance plus any FINANCE CHARGE earned. The credit union need not
        notify you that immediate payment is being required unless state law requires notice
        to be given. State or federal law gives the credit union a lien on all present and future
        shares and the right to freeze in your share and/or deposit account(s) the amount you
        are in default. You are not permitted to withdraw money that is frozen in your
        account(s). You authorize the credit union to use the money you gave as security
        under the paragraph “Pledge of Shares” to pay off what you owe.

        By the terms of the Credit Agreement and Truth in Lending Disclosures, TWCU is given the
right to accelerate payment of any amount due when the debtor is in default. Default includes
“breaking any promise made under this Plan” as well as any promise “made under a Security
Agreement for an advance.” We note again that the Plan includes a requirement of insurance on
tangible property.

                          B. Loanliner Credit Application for First Mortgage

         The mortgage which is the subject of this lawsuit began with an application. Mr. and Mrs.
Hall applied for joint credit from TWCU in March of 1989 by requesting an advance of $50,000 for
a first mortgage on the property located at One Breckenridge. The application was signed by Mr.
and Mrs. Hall. Mr. Hall signed as “applicant” and Mrs. Hall did not check the box as to whether she
signed as “co-applicant” or “guarantor.”

       This credit application, specifically for the mortgage at issue, stated “You apply for credit
under the terms disclosed in the Loanliner Credit Agreement and Truth-in-Lending Disclosures.”

        5
          From the record, we were able to ascertain that the Halls procured several loans from TWC U from 1981
onward, inc luding two (2 ) autom obile loans and the mortgage at issue in the case herein.

                                                     -6-
Thus, the credit application specifically incorporated the terms and conditions set out in the credit
agreement previously signed by Mr. Hall. This conclusion is unavoidable due to the language of the
application. We also note that the earlier agreement was intended to establish terms and conditions
for all future transactions between the parties. Although Mrs. Hall did not sign the original credit
agreement, she signed the Loanliner Credit Application for the mortgage and agreed, therefore, that
the loan would be subject to the terms in the credit agreement.

                                          C. Deed of Trust

       The Deed of Trust was signed March 14, 1989 by Mr. and Mrs. Hall. The stated purpose of
the Deed of Trust was to:

       secure the payment of one note of even date herewith in the original principal
       monthly installments of $432.50 each, the first of which is due and payable on the
       16th day of April, 1989, and thereafter. . . .

The Deed of Trust further stated:

       If we fail to pay the said sum of money when due as aforesaid, or any part of said
       sum, according to the terms above expressed, then all of the indebtedness hereby
       secured shall, at the option of the owner thereof, and without notice, become
       immediately due and payable, and upon such default . . . the said Trustee . . . is
       hereby authorized and empowered . . . to sell said property at the Court house door
       . . . to the highest bidder . . . . And we agree to keep all the buildings on said property
       insured in some reliable fire insurance company . . . for the sum of insurable value
       until the sum herein secured is fully paid, . . . and to pay all taxes and assessments,
       and to pay them when due; and in case we fail to do either; then said Trustee, or the
       creditor herein secured, may do either, and charge and treat the amount so expended
       as a part or the debt herein secured.

       The Deed of Trust, therefore, requires the Halls to maintain insurance and pay taxes on the
property pledged as security for the mortgage. They admit that they failed to pay the insurance and
taxes on the property.

        The Halls assert that the Deed of Trust did not give TWCU the right to accelerate payment
or foreclose for failure to pay taxes or maintain insurance. They assert the Deed of Trust only gave
TWCU the option to obtain insurance and pay the taxes on the property and then charge that amount
to the principal owed by the Halls under the note.

                                               D. Note

        The note was signed on March 14, 1989, by Mr. and Mrs. Hall. The note refers internally
to the Deed of Trust, which is the “instrument securing this note.” The note states:

                                                  -7-
         Demand, notice and protest are expressly waived; and if not paid in full at the time
         and in the manner above specified, then all principal and accrued interest shall, at the
         option of the legal holder hereof, become at once due and payable without notice, .
         ...

        The note provides for acceleration as a result of default for failure to pay principal and
interest and does not specifically grant that right for failure to pay insurance and taxes. The Halls
were not in default on the principal and interest payments.

                              E. Truth in Lending Disclosure Statement of 1989

        The Truth-in-Lending Disclosure Statement signed March 14, 1989 lists Mr. Hall and Wife
as borrowers of Sixty Thousand Dollars ($60,000.00)6 and states that the interest rate is 12% and that
240 payments in the amount of $432.50 will be made beginning on April 16, 1989, and due on the
1st and 16th. The document states that “this obligation has a demand feature” and in the section
entitled property insurance states: “I may obtain property insurance from anyone I want that is
acceptable to the credit union. If I get the insurance from the credit union, I will pay $ _____.” In
the blank space on the form, the words “See DOT [Deed of Trust]” are handwritten. The security
section and the late charge section of the Truth-in-Lending Statement also refer to the DOT.

       The Truth-in-Lending Disclosure Statement also reads: “See your contract documents for any
additional information about nonpayment, default, any required repayment in full before the
scheduled date and prepayment refunds and penalties.” The Truth-in-Lending Disclosure Statement
was signed by both Mr. and Mrs. Hall. The Truth-in-Lending Disclosure Statement explicitly
references all other “contract documents.”

                                    III. The Agreement Between the Parties

       The terms of separate agreements forming integral parts of a single transaction may be
considered together. Where several documents are integral parts of the same transaction, we will
construe each of them in light of the other documents memorializing the transaction. McCall v.
Towne Square, Inc. 503 S.W.2d 180, 182-83 (Tenn. 1973); Oman Constr. Co. v. Tennessee Cent.
Ry., 212 Tenn. 556, 573-74, 370 S.W.2d 563, 570-71 (1963); The Realty Shop, Inc. v. RR
Westminster Holding, Inc., 7 S.W.3d 581, 599 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999); Stovall v. Dattel, 619 S.W.2d
125, 127 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981).7 In addition, the Tennessee Supreme Court has adopted the

         6
          There is no explanation in the record for the difference between the Fifty Thousand Dollars ($50,000)
requested on the Loanliner Credit Application and the Sixty Thousand Dollars ($60,000) on the Deed of Trust and the
Truth-in-Lending Disclosure given the Halls in 1989. Neither party, however, disputes the amount of the loan on appeal.

         7
          Further, it is a general rule of construction that a deed of trust and a note secured by it are deem ed to be parts
of one transaction and are to be construed together as such, with the intention of the parties to be determined from an
examination of bo th unless there is an irreconcilable difference betwe en the two do cuments. Fergeson v. Peo ples Nat’l
                                                                                                              (continued...)

                                                            -8-
following statement regarding the question of construing separate instruments together to establish
the total contract:

        Other writings, or matters contained therein, which are referred to in a written
        contract may be regarded as incorporated by reference as a part of the contract and
        therefore, may be properly considered in the construction of the contract. Where a
        written contract refers to another instrument and makes the terms and conditions of
        such other instrument a part of it, the two will be construed together as the agreement
        of the parties.

McCall, 503 S.W.2d at 180.

        Therefore, courts may consider several documents together in order to define the agreement
between the parties, even if those documents are not signed at the same time, if those documents are
integral to the transaction.

        In many instances, however, the terms of agreement may be expressed in two or more
        separate documents, some of these containing promises and statements as to
        consideration, and others, such as deeds, mortgages and trust indentures, embodying
        performances agreed upon rather than a statement of terms to be performed. In every
        such case, these documents should be interpreted together, each one assisting in
        determining the meaning intended to be expressed by the others.

        The Restatement (Second) of Contracts, after declaring, “A writing is interpreted as
        a whole,” adds in the same sentence, “and all writings that are part of the same
        transaction are interpreted together.”

                                                ....

        Of course, additional documents and other circumstances should also be used in this
        process [determining the agreement between the parties], so far as they are relevant
        to the issue, even though they are not included within the boundaries of a single
        transaction.

        Internal references in one document to another are often helpful in the processes of
        interpretation and adjudication, but the absence of such a reference does not make a
        document unusable in these processes or inadmissible in evidence.

                                                ....

        7
         (...continued)
Bank, 800 S.W .2d 181, 183 (Tenn. 1990 ).

                                                 -9-
       neither an accurate interpretation nor a just determination of legal effects [of a
       contract] can be reached without giving due consideration to all the parts of a
       contract and to all the elements of the transaction of which the contract is a part . . . .

MARGARET N. KNIFFIN , 5 CORBIN ON CONTRACTS, § 24.21 (Joseph M. Perillo, ed., rev. ed. 1998).

        Under these principles, we find that the entire agreement between the parties is reflected in
a series of documents starting with the 1981 credit agreement. The continuing relationship between
the Halls and TWCU began with that document, and it establishes the terms and conditions for future
loans. The initial Credit Agreement and Truth-in Lending Disclosures was a standard document
used by TWCU and its members to evidence their agreement regarding their future dealings. The
Loanliner Credit Application signed by both Halls was specific to the loan secured by their house
and was certainly integral to that transaction. That document specifically incorporates the earlier
credit agreement. By signing the application, the Halls acknowledged that the loan would be subject
to the terms of the credit agreement and agreed to those terms.

        Having defined the scope of the parties’ agreement, TWCU’s right to foreclose for the Halls’
failure to pay taxes and maintain insurance on the property is determined by the language of that
agreement. The cardinal rule for interpreting contracts is to ascertain the intention of the parties, and
to give effect to that intention, consistent with legal principles. Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal
Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tenn. 1975). The parties’ intention is found in the
language of the agreement, and the words within the contract must be given their usual, natural and
ordinary meaning. Guiliano, 995 S.W.2d at 95; American Nat’l Prop. & Cas. Co. v. Gray, 803
S.W.2d 693, 696 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). The rights and obligations of the parties to a written
contract are governed by the terms of the contract, Hillsboro Plaza Enters. v. Moon, 860 S.W.2d 45,
47 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). Thus, a court's role is to enforce an unambiguous contract as it is written
unless the contract is being challenged based on fraud or mistake. Wills & Wills, L.P. v. Gill, 54
S.W.3d 283, 286 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

        The initial credit agreement provides that the loan may be accelerated for default, which
includes the breaking of any promise made in that agreement or in any specific security agreement
for a future loan. The credit agreement includes a promise to maintain insurance on tangible
property used to secure a loan. In addition, the Deed of Trust securing the loan at issue requires the
Halls to maintain insurance and to pay taxes on the house. Consequently, we interpret the entire
agreement of the parties as authorizing TWCU to accelerate the loan herein and foreclose on
property securing that loan if the insurance and taxes provisions were breached. It is undisputed they
were breached.

        We also agree with the trial court’s conclusions regarding the interpretation of the agreement
to the effect that:

        Under the default provisions the credit union is entitled, without advance notice, to
        require immediate payment of any outstanding loan balance and take possession of

                                                  -10-
       the property. The agreement entitles the credit union, once it has possession of the
       property, to sell it and apply the money received to any amounts owed to the credit
       union.

                                         IV. Other Claims

        The trial court also found that TWCU acted properly when it held the Halls in default and
met with Mr. Hall in September of 1994 to determine how the default should be handled. Based
upon the parties correspondence after that meeting, the trial court found that Mr. Hall “conceded that
he was in default, assented to acceleration and made an agreement with the defendant that plaintiff
Hall would pay off the obligation or submit to foreclosure.” As the trial court found, the June 9,
1995 correspondence established that Mr. Hall agreed that TWCU would continue to deduct
mortgage payments from his account because the letter stated, “you should be further advised that
either of those 90 day options presupposes that you will keep the installment payments current on
this loan as you have done in the immediate past.”

        On appeal, the Halls make several arguments about the correspondence between them and
TWCU. First, they argue that the correspondence did not modify or amend the agreement between
the parties so as to create a right to foreclosure which did not exist in the original agreement, which
the Halls assert consists only of the Deed of Trust and Note. We have determined that the entire
agreement between the parties includes other documents and that the right to foreclose for failure
to pay taxes or maintain insurance is established in that agreement.

        The Halls also assert they were not given notice of acceleration of the debt secured by the
Deed of Trust. They describe the correspondence after the September 1994 meeting as forbearance
agreements. The also assert that even if TWCU gave notice of acceleration, the acceleration was
undone by TWCU’s actions in accepting, actually withdrawing from the Halls’ account, principal
and interest payments. The Halls assert that because TWCU continued to accept payments until a
few days before the foreclosure, TWCU was obligated to continue to accept payments and not
foreclose.

         The agreement between the parties allows TWCU to “require immediate payment of all you
owe” in the event of default. Acceleration clauses are generally valid and will by enforced according
to their terms. See Lively v. Drake, 329 S.W.2d 900, 904 (Tenn. 1982). The record demonstrates
that the Halls were given notice of TWCU’s acceleration of the payments due under the loan. The
September 27, 1994, letter sets out conditions, agreed to at the meeting, for waiving the default and
reinstating the installment loan payments. The letter concludes that if the conditions were not met,
proceedings would be instituted to foreclose. By letter dated June 9, 1995, after Mr. Hall’s request
for additional time to “sell the house and pay off the mortgage held by the TWCU,” he was informed
that he had ninety (90) days to pay the mortgage in full by either selling or refinancing the house or
else TWCU would proceed with foreclosure. Mr. Hall signed the acknowledgment on that letter
whereby he indicated “acceptance of the additional ninety (90) day extension afforded by the

                                                 -11-
Tennessee Workers Credit Union for payment in full on this mortgage.” Thus, we conclude that the
Halls were well aware that TWCU had accelerated the loan and that the total amount was due.

        With regard to the Halls’ argument that TWCU’s continued acceptance of regular monthly
payments constituted waiver of the default, we conclude TWCU did not waive its right to proceed
upon the Halls’ default. Acceptance of a partial payment after default does not generally preclude
foreclosure. Lively, 629 S.W.2d at 904. As the trial court found, TWCU granted the Halls additional
time to pay their full indebtedness, but an express condition of these extensions was that the Halls
continue making regular payments on the principal and interest. There is nothing about the course
of dealing between the parties or their express agreement which would justify a departure from the
general rule that partial payments do not constitute a waiver of default.

        The Halls also made claims of bad faith, stating that TWCU should have exercised its option
to pay the taxes and insurance and add that amount to the Halls’ indebtedness. The Halls assert that
TWCU, instead, made a deliberate decision to proceed with acceleration and foreclosure and, in so
doing, breached the Deed of Trust. Given the fact that TWCU had the right to foreclose, and given
the lengthy efforts of TWCU to seek the Halls’ voluntary compliance with the terms of the
agreements and its extensions of time for the Halls to secure other financing or sell the house, we
agree with the trial court that there was no evidence of breach of contract, outrageous conduct,
breach of fiduciary duty, or bad faith.

                                          V. Attorney’s Fees and Costs

        Finally, the Halls contest the award of attorney’s fees and costs to TWCU by the trial court
which found that the parties’ agreement required the Halls to pay “all expenses and costs, including
reasonable attorney’s fees, incident to collection, or enforcement or protection of any rights
pertaining to or growing out of the instruments securing this note.”8 The Halls argue that because
TWCU breached its agreement with the Halls and acted in bad faith by wrongfully foreclosing on
the house, “it cannot reasonably be argued that the Appellee is entitled to attorney’s fees and costs
to defend itself in litigation spawned by its wrongful acts.” We have previously determined that the
TWCU acted consistently with the agreement and not in bad faith. Consequently, the factual
predicate of the Halls objection to attorney’s fees is inaccurate. We affirm the portion of the trial
court’s decision ordering the Halls to pay $30.32 in expenses and $8,992.00 in attorney’s fees to
TWCU.

         8
          In determining that the Halls were required to pay the attorney’s fees, the trial court quoted the language from
the Note signed on M arch 1 4, 19 89, b y Mr. and Mrs. Hall.

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                                         VI. Conclusion

       After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the trial court’s decision granting summary
judgment for TWCU. Costs of the appeal are taxed to the Halls, for which execution may issue if
necessary.

                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE

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