Court Opinion

ID: 9963913
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-26 15:07:14.937075+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:04.018195
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                              No. 126,112

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                          STATE OF KANSAS,
                                              Appellee,

                                                     v.

                                         JOSE ISAAC BREWER,
                                              Appellant.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; JEFFREY SYRIOS, judge. Oral argument held March 5,
2024. Opinion filed April 26, 2024. Affirmed.

        David L. Miller, of The Law Office of David L. Miller, of Wichita, for appellant.

        Kristi D. Allen, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Kris W. Kobach,
attorney general, for appellee.

Before GARDNER, P.J., MALONE, J., and TIMOTHY G. LAHEY, S.J.

        PER CURIAM: Jose Isaac Brewer appeals the district court's denial of his
postsentencing motion to withdraw his guilty plea to aggravated battery. Having
reviewed the record, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

        On September 9, 2017, Brewer was at Champs Bar and Grill in Wichita. While
there, he struck Gregory Jordan, leaving Jordan hospitalized in critical condition for

                                                     1
"some time." As a result, the State charged Brewer with reckless aggravated battery, a
severity level 5 person felony.

       After Brewer's preliminary hearing, the district court bound him over on a severity
level 4 aggravated battery charge, which carried the elevated culpable mental state of
"knowingly" rather than the originally charged mental state of "recklessly." The State
amended its complaint accordingly.

       In July 2018, the district court appointed a new attorney to represent Brewer—
Stephen House. In January 2019, House moved for immunity from prosecution under
K.S.A. 21-5231(a), claiming that Brewer's use of force against Jordan was justified
because Brewer believed such force was necessary to defend himself.

       But rather than proceed with the immunity motion, in April 2019, Brewer entered
a plea agreement. Brewer pleaded guilty to the originally charged severity level 5
aggravated battery, a decreased severity level from the amended charge. And although
Brewer's presumptive sentence was prison, under Brewer's plea agreement both parties
agreed to recommend the low number in the sentencing grid box, and to ask the court to
grant Brewer's request for a downward dispositional departure from imprisonment to
probation.

       Sentencing, Probation, and Probation Revocation

       At his sentencing in May 2019, the district court granted the dispositional
departure the parties had agreed to in the plea agreement and sentenced him to prison for
114 months. It then suspended Brewer's prison sentence and placed him on probation for
36 months.

                                             2
       But soon after the district court placed Brewer on probation, the State filed a
warrant alleging that Brewer had violated the terms of his probation by

       •      failing to attend his new client orientation;
       •      driving without a valid driver's license; and
       •      committing new crimes—"Driving Under the Influence with Law
              Enforcement Officer/Obstruct," driving while suspended, criminal damage
              to property, and other driving offenses.

       A different attorney represented Brewer for these probation violations, which
Brewer did not contest. Thus, in September 2019, the district court found that Brewer had
violated his probation by failing to attend his probation orientation meeting and by
committing new crimes and ordered him to serve his original 114-month prison sentence.

       Brewer's Motion to Withdraw Plea

       Eight months later, in May 2020, Brewer moved pro se to withdraw his plea under
K.S.A. 22-3210. In this motion, Brewer first argued the district court should permit him
to withdraw his plea because he was actually innocent—he had acted in self-defense
during the altercation. He argued the victim was the initial aggressor and that his self-
defense training kicked in when the victim, who was much larger than Brewer, flinched
in Brewer's direction. Second, Brewer argued that his attorney had provided ineffective
assistance of counsel by not properly investigating Brewer's innocence. House failed to:
(1) investigate text messages containing threats against Brewer that Brewer thought could
have been linked to Jordan; and (2) get copies of videos that House could have played at
the hearing on his immunity motion. Third, Brewer asserted his plea was not knowingly
made because he had not received reasonable, competent advice. And House had not
provided him sufficient advice about the plea offer because: (1) House failed to gather
all the facts and analyze them before advising Brewer to plead guilty; and (2) House did
                                              3
not advise Brewer if he should accept the plea offer. Finally, Brewer argued that he did
not have enough time to decide whether to plead guilty because the plea offer was only
valid for two days—until the immunity hearing began.

       Brewer added that he was prejudiced by House's allegedly deficient performance
because House did not investigate the facts of the case and thus could not adequately
advise Brewer so that he could make an informed decision about whether to accept the
plea offer. Brewer claimed that if a proper investigation had been done, House would
have collected the facts necessary to present an immunity defense, and even if immunity
from prosecution were denied, sufficient evidence would have supported his self-defense
theory at trial for a jury to find reasonable doubt and acquit Brewer.

       The State responded, raising multiple arguments to refute Brewer's claims.

       Evidentiary Hearing on the Motion to Withdraw Plea

       The district court held an evidentiary hearing on Brewer's motion to withdraw his
plea, lasting four days. Five individuals testified at those hearings, including House and
Brewer. Because their testimonies contradict each other, we set it out at length.

       House's Testimony

       House testified at length. He had been an attorney since 1984 and specialized in
criminal and private defense. He was appointed to represent Brewer in his aggravated
battery case about 10 months after the case was filed. He requested and reviewed all the
case's discovery, including police reports, body cam videos, surveillance video from the
bar where the incident occurred, transcripts of police interviews, and the transcript from
the preliminary hearing in the case. He discussed with Brewer the evidence provided in
discovery, both positive and negative, and showed him the written discovery.

                                             4
       House was aware of the threatening text messages and he and Brewer discussed
whether they would be relevant. Brewer did not tell House who had sent the messages,
and because the messages did not relate specifically to Jordan, House asked Brewer to
determine who had sent them and how they related to Jordan. According to House,
Brewer never gave him the text messages or their associated phone numbers.

       House then testified about the defense strategy. The theory of their case was self-
defense. To accomplish this defense, House moved for immunity from prosecution after
reviewing all the police reports, watching the videos of the incident "over and over,"
reviewing the transcript of the preliminary hearing, and speaking with Brewer. House
discussed the Kansas statutes and caselaw about immunity with Brewer and explained
that at the hearing on the motion, the State would have the burden to prove Brewer was
not acting in self-defense.

       House recognized that some evidence was potentially helpful to Brewer's claim of
immunity, such as statements from the bartender and server the night of the altercation—
both said Jordan was the person who was loud and angry. And Jordan's own testimony
during the preliminary hearing was that he had started and participated in fights when he
was younger. But other evidence was neutral for Brewer's immunity claim, and other
evidence was not helpful, including the videos of Brewer and Jordan moving through the
bar before Brewer punched Jordan. House discussed with Brewer the evidence for the
immunity hearing, both helpful and unhelpful.

       The State had asked the court to decide Brewer's immunity motion without a
hearing, based solely on the preliminary hearing transcript. But House objected to this
request because he had not been Brewer's attorney at the time of the preliminary hearing
and wanted the opportunity to cross-examine witnesses. House planned to play some of
the bar's surveillance video and to have Brewer testify at the immunity hearing. He knew
the State had subpoenaed the bartender, server, and bouncer who were working that

                                             5
night, and an off-duty employee of the bar who was also present, and he planned to cross-
examine them.

       House told Brewer he did not know what the outcome of the immunity hearing
would be, and explained the decision on whether he would get immunity would be
decided by the district court judge. House informed Brewer that even if the judge denied
immunity, they could still get a jury trial and argue the self-defense claim there. He
explained to Brewer the requirement of a successful self-defense claim and that Brewer
had no duty to retreat. House was prepared to go forward with the immunity hearing and,
if that motion were denied, he would have represented Brewer at a jury trial.

       House then testified to the plea offer and the circumstances of it. House called the
prosecutor while Brewer was in his office to request a plea offer. Brewer had asked for a
plea offer but House did not remember when, other than it was before the immunity
hearing. The State's first offer was for Brewer to plead guilty as charged and the State
would agree to recommend a departure to probation. The second offer was for Brewer to
plead to a severity level 5 offense and the State would agree to recommend probation.
House discussed the second offer with Brewer two days before the scheduled immunity
hearing and read him the offer over the phone. That plea offer was valid until the hearing
on Brewer's immunity motion. House and Brewer discussed the risk of accepting the plea
agreement as well as the risk of going forward with the immunity hearing. Brewer did not
want to accept the plea offer immediately and said that he wanted to speak with his
family before deciding.

       When the morning of the immunity hearing arrived, Brewer had not yet accepted
the plea offer, and did not decide to do so until he and his parents were sitting in the
courtroom. Brewer's father advised him not to accept the plea and to continue with the
immunity hearing, but Brewer stated he wanted to accept the offer. Brewer did not ask
House for a recommendation whether he should accept the offer, and House said it was

                                              6
Brewer's sole decision if he wanted to take the plea or to go forward with the immunity
hearing. House testified he did not threaten or coerce Brewer into accepting the plea and
did not suggest he would withdraw from the case if Brewer did not accept the plea.

       Throughout House's representation of Brewer, he discussed Brewer's rights with
him and prepared the acknowledgment of rights form with him once he decided to accept
the plea offer. On the day of the plea, House provided Brewer with a copy of the
acknowledgment of rights form for Brewer to read. They discussed it and if Brewer had
any questions House answered them. Brewer expressed no concerns about having
accepted or entered the plea before his sentencing hearing. The first time House learned
that Brewer was unhappy with his plea and wanted to withdraw it was after Brewer's
probation was revoked.

       Brewer's Testimony

       Next, Brewer testified. He informed the district court that he had showed House
threatening text messages, which had accused him of doing nothing but smoking,
drinking, and neglecting his family. Jordan had accused him of the same during their
altercation, so Brewer reasoned that the text messages must be linked to Jordan and were
thus relevant. Brewer told House that he could get transcribed copies of the texts from his
previous attorney at the public defender's office. Yet House never got copies of the texts
and did not discuss the messages with him before Brewer had to decide about the plea
offer. Brewer testified that the night of the altercation he did not think Jordan was linked
to the individuals who sent him the threatening text messages. But in retrospect, he
believed there was a connection.

       Brewer testified House did not give him discovery and did not discuss any of the
evidence with him. House did not discuss the transcript of the preliminary hearing with

                                              7
him, nor did he explain the law about immunity and self-defense. Nor did House explain
what would happen at the immunity hearing or prepare him for his testimony there.

       Brewer claimed he did not learn of the plea offer until the night before the
immunity hearing, when he was told the offer would not be available after the immunity
hearing. Brewer was fine with that limitation. Brewer stated he accepted the plea offer
because the State bullied him and hindered his defense by changing his lawyer and judge
after the preliminary hearing. And House had threatened and coerced him into taking the
plea offer by telling him that he would get 15 to 20 years in prison if he refused to take it.

       Brewer acknowledged that his father had told him not to accept the plea offer, but
he was overwhelmed and scared once House had told him his likely prison sentence if he
were found guilty. Brewer also acknowledged that his pro se motion to withdraw his plea
alleged that House did not advise him whether to accept the plea. Even so, Brewer
testified that House had told him to take the plea, and House then refused to answer any
further questions Brewer asked him.

       Brewer testified he did not see a copy of the plea agreement or the
acknowledgment of rights form until the day of the plea hearing. True, his signature was
on the bottom of the form, but he had not read the forms before signing them. House did
not read or review the forms or plea with him but just told Brewer to sign the documents
in the courtroom.

       Still, Brewer agreed that:

       •      He was present in court when entering his plea;
       •      he had signed the acknowledgment of rights and plea agreement forms;
       •      at the plea hearing he told the district court that House had explained the
              forms and that he understood the documents and the terms of his plea;
                                              8
       •      he told the district court that he was satisfied with House's service;
       •      he did not tell the court that he did not want to enter the plea;
       •      it was his choice to enter the plea, but he chose to do so only because he did
              not want to make the State or the district court judge angry;
       •      he told the district court he was happy with House's services, but only
              because House had told him to say "yes" to all the judge's questions during
              the plea hearing.

       Finally, Brewer testified that he acted only in self-defense as Jordan "rushed up on
[him]" and flinched toward him right before Brewer punched him. Brewer testified that if
he had all the information, he would have rejected the plea offer because too much
evidence showed Jordan was the aggressor. Brewer maintained that because he had no
duty to retreat, he was innocent.

       The District Court's Decision

       In December 2022, the district court denied Brewer's motion to withdraw his plea.
It found that a "fair assessment of Mr. House's representation, undistorted by the passage
of time and the fragmentary criticisms levied by [the] defense," led it to conclude that
House had provided good and effective representation to Brewer that led to a good result.
Brewer had suffered no prejudice because of any of the alleged deficiencies in House's
representation, and Brewer had failed to show he was misled, coerced, mistreated, or
unfairly taken advantage of in choosing to withdraw his immunity motion and enter his
guilty plea. The district court thus found his plea was fairly and understandably made.
Brewer now appeals.

                                              9
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Brewer's Postsentencing Motion
to Withdraw His Guilty Plea?

       Brewer argues the district court abused its discretion in denying his postsentencing
motion to withdraw his guilty plea to aggravated battery. He argues that he did not
receive competent representation, that his plea was not fully advised, and that he would
not have pleaded guilty if properly represented. He also alleges that manifest injustice
warrants the withdrawal of his plea because he was misled, coerced, mistreated, or
unfairly taken advantage of. Finally, he argues that manifest injustice permits him to
withdraw his plea because he is actually innocent. The State denies each of these claims.

Standard of Review

       Generally, appellate courts review a trial court's decision to deny a postsentence
motion to withdraw a guilty plea for an abuse of discretion. State v. Cott, 311 Kan. 498,
499, 464 P.3d 323 (2020). A judicial action constitutes an abuse of discretion only if:(1)
it is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable; (2) it is based on an error of law; or (3) it is
based on an error of fact. State v. Ingham, 308 Kan. 1466, 1469, 430 P.3d 931 (2018).
The movant, here Brewer, bears the burden to prove the district court erred in denying the
motion. State v. Fox, 310 Kan. 939, 943, 453 P.3d 329 (2019).

       K.S.A. 22-3210 "distinguishes between withdrawing a plea before sentence, which
requires 'good cause,' and withdrawing a plea after sentence, which may be done only to
correct 'manifest injustice.'" Cott, 311 Kan. at 500; see K.S.A. 22-3210(d)(1), (2). The
Kansas Supreme Court has defined manifest injustice in this context to mean something
"'obviously unfair'" or "'shocking to the conscience.'" White v. State, 308 Kan. 491, 496,
421 P.3d 718 (2018).

                                                10
       When considering whether a defendant has shown the manifest injustice necessary
to withdraw a plea after sentencing, a court generally considers three factors: (1) whether
the defendant was represented by competent counsel; (2) whether the defendant was
misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly taken advantage of; and (3) whether the plea was
fairly and understandingly made. State v. Hutto, 313 Kan. 741, 745, 490 P.3d 43 (2021);
State v. Frazier, 311 Kan. 378, 381, 461 P.3d 43 (2020). These "Edgar factors" should
not "be applied mechanically and to the exclusion of other factors." State v. Fritz, 299
Kan. 153, 154, 321 P.3d 763 (2014); see State v. Schow, 287 Kan. 529, 542-43, 197 P.3d
825 (2008) (referring to these three factors as "Edgar factors"). Brewer asserts all three
factors apply to him. He also asserts actual innocence, which is another factor a court
may sometimes consider when determining whether manifest injustice permits the
withdrawal of a plea. See State v. Garcia, 295 Kan. 53, 63, 283 P.3d 165 (2012).

1.     Brewer Was Represented by Competent Counsel

       In determining whether Brewer had competent counsel, we use the constitutional
test for ineffective counsel.

               "'"When a postsentence motion to withdraw a plea alleges ineffective assistance
       of counsel, the constitutional test for ineffective assistance must be met to establish
       manifest injustice." That test asks: "(1) whether the attorney's performance fell below an
       objective standard of reasonableness and (2) whether there is a reasonable probability
       that, but for the attorney's errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different."
       There is a "strong presumption" that counsel provided "'adequate assistance'" and "'made
       all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.'" Prejudice
       means "a reasonable probability that, but for the deficient performance, the defendant
       would have insisted on going to trial instead of entering the plea." A reasonable
       probability is a "'probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.'"
       [Citations omitted.]'" State v. Shields, 315 Kan. 131, 141, 504 P.3d 1061 (2022) (quoting
       State v. Johnson, 307 Kan. 436, 447, 410 P.3d 913 [2018]).

                                                    11
So to sustain his claim that manifest injustice permits the withdrawal of his plea because
of his counsel's ineffectiveness, Brewer must show, first, that House's performance fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness and, second, that he was prejudiced by this
ineffective assistance. See 315 Kan. at 141.

       Reasonableness of Counsel's Performance

       "'A court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance.'" State v. Bricker, 292 Kan. 239, 252,
252 P.3d 118 (2011).

       Brewer's argument that House's representation was ineffective centers on three
main complaints: the video evidence, how long House spent in person with Brewer
explaining the evidence and law about self-defense, and the threatening text messages.

       First, as to the video evidence, Brewer argues that House's "ambivalence" towards
the bar surveillance video and House's failure to investigate enhancement of the video
was "objectively unreasonable." Jerry Hawkins, a Wichita attorney, had enhanced the
video by reviewing the surveillance video from the bar, zooming in on parts of it, and
splicing sections together. Brewer argues that the video shows Jordan flinching toward
Brewer and that House should have treated this evidence more seriously.

       But Brewer presented the enhanced video to the district court. Our review of the
video shows it is not as clear as Brewer alleges. The two men are having a discussion and
there is some body movement before Brewer punches Jordan, but that movement is
minimal and is from both men. In fact, what Brewer describes as Jordan's "flinch" might
reasonably be viewed as shifting one's body weight from one foot to another.

                                               12
       The testimony at the evidentiary hearing that the district court found credible was
that House was prepared to argue at the immunity hearing that Jordan flinched at Brewer,
causing Brewer to defend himself by punching the victim, and to play the bar
surveillance video (without the need for video enhancement). House discussed with
Brewer the evidence against him, how persuasive the video and witness testimony would
be to the court, and how beneficial it would be to Brewer's request for immunity and
claim of self-defense. House confirmed some evidence was helpful and other evidence
was detrimental. And although Brewer testified that House never showed him the
surveillance video, House testified to the contrary and the district court found House's
testimony more credible. Brewer complains on appeal that House did not treat the video
evidence seriously enough when preparing for Brewer's defense, but the district court
made a factual finding otherwise and found that House intended to use the video at the
immunity hearing and, if necessary, at trial. Essentially, Brewer asks us to perform a task
we cannot do as an appellate court—reweigh the evidence and step in the place of the
district court as the fact-finder. See State v. Anderson, 291 Kan. 849, 855, 249 P.3d 425
(2011). The evidence supports the district court's factual conclusions about House in
relation to the surveillance video.

       Second, Brewer complains House's representation was inadequate because he did
not properly investigate the threatening text messages Brewer received from persons
other than Jordan before the altercation. Brewer complains that House's failure to
investigate the text messages prevented him from exercising his right to fully present his
defense.

Beyer's Testimony

       Brewer relies on the testimony of Zachary Beyer, a licensed private investigator
employed by Brewer's appointed counsel for his motion to withdraw his plea. Before his
altercation with Jordan, Brewer had received some threatening text messages, and

                                            13
Brewer's motion counsel had asked Beyer to find out whether the phone numbers that had
sent the texts were from known associates of Jordan. But Beyer could not link the senders
of the threatening texts to any individuals associated with the case. Four years ago,
however, when the incident occurred, Beyer might have been able to do so. Beyer also
ran a background check on the victim and found that Jordan had been convicted of a drug
offense in 1992, disorderly conduct in 2002, criminal deprivation of a motor vehicle in
2004, disorderly conduct/fighting in 2004, criminal trespass and assault in 2010, and a
traffic offense in 2013.

       When Brewer accepted the plea he knew of the text messages, and House testified
that he had asked Brewer to "provide me something to go investigate." House testified
that he could not figure out whether the texts were linked to the case without some
knowledge of whom the texts were from. So House asked Brewer to give him an
indication of whom they were from (even if by just providing him with phone numbers)
because Brewer had them saved as contacts in his phone. Still, Brewer never informed
House who had sent the texts, which numbers they were sent from, or how they might be
connected to the altercation. Given those facts, and Beyer's inability to link the senders of
the threatening texts to any individuals associated with the case, House's investigation
was sufficient.

       But even if House's investigation were less than complete, Brewer fails to show
that House's judgments were unreasonable. "Strategic choices made after thorough
investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable,
and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely
to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on
investigation." State v. Gleason, 277 Kan. 624, 644, 88 P.3d 218 (2004) (citing Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 690-91, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 [1984]).

                                             14
       House took his investigation as far as he could with the information Brewer gave
him about the texts. He looked at the texts and asked Brewer for a list of numbers or
people who had sent the texts because Brewer had that information stored in his phone.
Yet House never received that information. And not until eight months later, after Brewer
moved to withdraw his plea, did Brewer question House's professional judgment as to the
texts. Sufficient evidence supports the district court's finding that House's investigation
into the texts was adequate.

       Third, Brewer argues that he spent under one hour in person with House over the
two days right before the immunity hearing. He asserts that this was not enough time for
House to go over all the discovery, discuss the law of self-defense and immunity, prepare
Brewer's testimony for the immunity hearing, and discuss the other evidence and
witnesses that would be introduced at the hearing. Brewer arrives at this amount of time
by looking at House's appointed counsel claim form that House submitted at the end of
his representation to account for his work. It shows that House had three in-person
meetings with Brewer: .8 tenths of an hour, .6 tenths of an hour, and .4 tenths of an hour
which included a call to the district attorney. Beyond those in-person meetings, before the
plea hearing, House recorded taking one phone call from Brewer, at .1 tenth of an hour,
and one call that was included with reading the plea agreement and calling the district
attorney for a total of .2 tenths of an hour. Beyond these encounters, House testified that
he and Brewer discussed the case when they met for court appearances, which occurred
at least twice before the plea hearing.

       Yet logic dictates that just because an attorney and client are not meeting in person
it does not mean they are not communicating with each other. And here, there were
phone calls between House and Brewer. Thus Brewer's focus solely on the in-person
meetings and solely on the two days before the immunity hearing is too narrow.

                                             15
          Brewer cites Aldrich v. State, No. 109,326, 2014 WL 1707579, at *6-7 (Kan. App.
2014) (unpublished opinion), in support. There, another panel of this court held that
defense counsel's representation of a client charged with first-degree murder was
insufficient because the attorney had spent only three hours in person with the client
before trial. The Aldrich panel found sufficient evidence supporting the district court's
conclusion that the time the attorney invested in the case was not commensurate with the
seriousness of the charges against the defendant. 2014 WL 1707579, at *7. But that panel
also noted that "inadequate time spent preparing for trial must be combined with actual
errors that prejudiced the defense to constitute ineffective assistance of counsel." 2014
WL 1707579, at *7 (citing State v. Cheatham, 296 Kan. 417, 433-34, 292 P.3d 318
[2013]). Because the district court in the case had "attributed the trial errors that occurred
to the lack of time that [trial counsel] spent investigating the case," the panel affirmed the
district court's finding that counsel provided ineffective assistance. 2014 WL 1707579, at
*7, 16.

          Brewer claims that House erred by not fully explaining and preparing Brewer for
his self-defense theory. Brewer argues that House did not take the time to explain the law
and evidence to him, including beneficial evidence such as transcripts of interviews
describing Jordan's angry behavior before the altercation.

          No bright line rule dictates how much time counsel needs to spend in person with
a client when preparing a case. The time spent needs to fit the seriousness of the crime.
See 2014 WL 1707579, at *7. House spent 39.20 hours preparing Brewer's case. His time
log shows that he spent time reviewing all the discovery, doing legal research, preparing
motions and legal filings, and discussing the case with the State and Brewer in person,
over the phone, and via letter. Brewer argues that it is "simply not credible or frankly
believable" that House did everything necessary to prepare Brewer for the immunity
hearing and reviewed all the discovery with him in under an hour. But House testified
that he had made copies of all the written reports and gave those to Brewer, that he had

                                              16
also given him the videos to watch, and the district court credited that testimony. Because
Brewer could have reviewed the potential evidence independently, a complete review of
that evidence during House's meetings with him was unnecessary.

       Resolution of this issue comes down to a credibility determination. House testified
that he discussed the law on self-defense with Brewer and reviewed the discovery and
evidence to be used at the immunity hearing and possibly trial during their in-person
meetings and their phone calls. And Brewer signed the plea acknowledgment that stated
he understood he was forfeiting his right to present a defense, and self-defense falls into
that category. True, Brewer testified that House never discussed the discovery with him
and did not discuss the law surrounding self-defense, but the district court did not find
Brewer's testimony credible. But "[a]ppellate courts do not reweigh the evidence or
assess witness credibility. Instead, appellate courts give deference to the trial court's
findings of fact. State v. Appleby, 289 Kan. 1017, 1038, 221 P.3d 525 (2009)." Anderson,
291 Kan. at 855. Asking us to credit Brewer's testimony about this matter asks us to
reweigh the evidence, which we cannot do.

2.      Brewer Was Not Coerced

       Brewer also asserts that he was misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly taken
advantage of. Brewer relies on his testimony that he did not learn of the plea offer until
the night before the immunity hearing, that he did not see a copy of the plea agreement or
the acknowledgment of rights form until the day of the plea hearing, and that he had not
read the forms before signing them. He also contends that the State bullied him by
changing his lawyer and judge after the preliminary hearing, and that House had
threatened and coerced him into taking the plea offer by telling him that he would get 15
to 20 years in prison if he refused to take it. Brewer was overwhelmed and scared once
House told him this potential sentence, and House failed to advise him whether to accept
the plea.

                                              17
        Brewer also relies on testimony by Denzale De Berry to confirm that Brewer did
not want to take the plea offer. Brewer was an independent contractor who worked for De
Berry's property management company. He testified that in April 2019, he and Brewer
were together when Brewer received a phone call. De Berry heard Brewer giving "a
negative response" to the other person. After Brewer got off the phone, Brewer told De
Berry that the call was from his attorney who had told him that he needed to take the plea
offer. Brewer told De Berry that he did not want to plead, and he planned to call his
parents to talk with them about his options.

        Although we do not accept Brewer's characterization of these events, we find no
sharp contradiction between his recitation of these events and House's testimony about
them. Still, Brewer's testimony about this is internally inconsistent, as he both agreed and
denied that he had read the plea agreement and the acknowledgment of rights forms
before signing them, and both asserted and denied that House had advised him to take the
plea.

        The matters that Brewer alleges are coercion are no more than the stressors
attendant to the ordinary course of criminal litigation. We find nothing unusual or
coercive in the swiftness of the State's deadline for its plea offer, the change of a judge or
an attorney during pretrial proceedings, an attorney's informing his client what his
possible sentence could be, or a defendant's changing his mind about taking a plea offer.
Brewer fails to show that the government misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly took
advantage of him.

3.      Brewer's Plea Was Fairly and Understandably Made

        In arguing that House failed to properly inform Brewer of the law, Brewer weaves
in the third factor of manifest injustice—whether his plea was fairly and understandingly

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made. He vaguely asserts that his plea was not so because he did not understand self-
defense law.

       Brewer is correct, of course, that any waiver of his rights and entry of a plea had to
be done freely, knowingly, and voluntarily.

               "'The question of whether a plea is understandingly made must be weighed in
       light of certain constitutional and statutory requirements which attach to a defendant's
       plea. United States constitutional due process requirements relating to pleas of guilty or
       nolo contendere were imposed upon the States in Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242-
       44, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969). To be constitutionally valid, guilty pleas and
       their resulting waiver of rights 'not only must be voluntary but must be knowing,
       intelligent acts done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely
       consequences."' Edgar, 281 Kan. at 36-37. [Citation omitted.]" State v. Adams, 311 Kan.
       569, 575, 465 P.3d 176 (2020).

       But the district court reviewed the plea hearing transcript and held that it showed
that Brewer understood the consequences of his plea and freely, knowingly, and
voluntarily waived his rights and entered the plea. The district court found that "[a]s the
court inquired at the plea hearing, defendant knowingly and intelligently waived all of his
defenses in order to secure a favorable plea agreement."

       Our review of the plea transcript supports the district court's finding. At the plea
hearing, Brewer told the court:

       •       He read and signed both the three-page written plea agreement and the five-
               page acknowledgment of rights and entry of plea form;
       •       House had explained to him the meaning, nature, and consequences of
               signing these documents;
       •       he understood what the documents said and what the documents meant;

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       •      he did not have any questions;
       •      he was not under the influence of any substance or medication that would
              affect his cognitive ability; and
       •      he was satisfied with the services of his attorney.

And the district court credited House's testimony that he had explained the immunity
discovery, the hearing, self-defense law, and that Brewer could raise self-defense at trial
even absent immunity.

       We find no error in the plea process, and Brewer has given us no persuasive
reason to doubt the truth of his answers in that proceeding. And the judge who took
Brewer's plea was the same judge who decided his motion to withdraw his plea, so he
was in the best position to make that determination. The evidence supports the district
court's findings that Brewer's plea was knowingly and intelligently entered. We find no
manifest injustice permitting Brewer to withdraw his plea on this basis.

4.     Brewer Fails to Show Actual Innocence

       Lastly, we briefly address Brewer's claim that he is actually innocent. It is proper
for a court to consider other factors besides the three in Edgar in deciding a motion to
withdraw a plea. See State v. Aguilar, 290 Kan. 506, 512-13, 231 P.3d 563 (2010). And a
colorable claim of innocence may be another factor a court can consider when
determining whether manifest injustice permits the withdrawal of a plea. See Garcia, 295
Kan. at 63 (judge may consider whether defendant is claiming innocence to show good
cause as for motion to withdraw plea before sentencing). Here, the question is more
complex, as Brewer raises this claim neither in a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, nor in a pre-
sentencing motion to withdraw a plea. And as the State contends, Brewer fails to show us
a case in a similar procedural posture which has considered a claim of actual innocence.
See, e.g., Woods v. State, 52 Kan. App. 2d 958, 379 P.3d 1134 (2016) (defendant who
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had lost motion to withdraw his voluntary and intelligent plea of guilty and motion under
K.S.A. 60-1507 for ineffective assistance of counsel could not collaterally attack his plea
on grounds of actual innocence).

       Brewer raised his claim of actual innocence in his proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law in support of his motion to withdraw his plea. He now argues that a
claim of actual innocence can be based on factual or legal innocence, that immunity
based on self-defense would make him legally innocent of aggravated battery, and that
the evidence from the evidentiary hearing, the videos showing the altercation, and other
evidence of record proves he acted in self-defense and was thus immune.

       But the district court did not make any findings on this issue or address Brewer's
claim of actual innocence, and Brewer never called this omission to the district court's
attention. "[L]itigants and their counsel bear the responsibility for objecting to inadequate
findings of fact and conclusions of law in order to give the trial court the opportunity to
correct such inadequacies, and, when there is no objection, omissions in findings are not
considered on appeal." McIntyre v. State, 305 Kan. 616, 618, 385 P.3d 930 (2016).
Accordingly, Brewer has not preserved any argument about the district court's findings,
or lack thereof, on this issue. See State v. Jones, 306 Kan. 948, 959, 398 P.3d 856 (2017).

       We would have benefitted from the district court's findings on this issue. For
example, does the same rule apply to Brewer in our review of his motion to withdraw his
plea as applies to a defendant's attempt to make a colorable showing of actual innocence
to bypass the bar for an untimely K.S.A. 60-1507 motion? See, e.g., Beauclair v. State,
No. 123,671, 2022 WL 17546264 (Kan. App. 2022) (unpublished opinion) (examining
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion). Does federal law apply here—that to establish the requisite
probability that one was actually innocent, the petitioner must support the allegations
with new, reliable evidence that was not presented at trial and must show that it was
"more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of

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the new evidence"? Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327, 115 S. Ct. 851, 130 L. Ed. 2d 808
(1995); Blacklock v. Schnurr, No. 23-3253-JWL, 2024 WL 359330, at *5-6 (D. Kan.
2024) (unpublished opinion). And if so, does that actual innocence standard extend to
affirmative defenses such as Brewer's theory of self-defense on which he asserted
immunity? See Pacheco v. Habti, 62 F.4th 1233, 1243 n.8 (10th Cir. 2023) ("the circuits
appear to agree that when an affirmative defense negates all guilt, it can support a claim
of actual innocence," listing cases), cert. denied 143 S. Ct. 2672 (2023). And lastly, did
Brewer present new, reliable evidence that would have showed no reasonable juror would
have convicted him? We are a court of review, not a fact-finding court, and cannot
resolve this issue in the first instance. Brewer has not properly preserved his claim of
actual innocence for appeal.

       Our review of the record shows nothing "'obviously unfair'" or "'shocking to the
conscience'" about Brewer's plea. See White, 308 Kan. at 496. Finding no abuse of
discretion in the district court's denial of Brewer's postsentence motion to withdraw his
plea, we affirm.

       Affirmed.

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