Court Opinion

ID: 4108010
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-16 17:09:53.823477+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:28.765048
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Jirac, 2016-Ohio-8187.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                  :   Appellate Case No. 27003
          Plaintiff-Appellant                     :
                                                  :   Trial Court Case No. 15-CR-756
 v.                                               :
                                                  :   (Criminal Appeal from
 HASSAN O. JIRAC                                  :    Common Pleas Court)
                                                  :
          Defendant-Appellee                      :
                                                  :

                                             ...........
                                            OPINION
                           Rendered on the 16th day of December, 2016.
                                             ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHELE D. PHIPPS, Atty. Reg. No. 0069829, Montgomery
County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O.
Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

V. GAYLE MILLER, 130 West Second Street, Suite 1624, Dayton, Ohio 45402
     Attorney for Defendant-Appellee

                                            .............

FAIN, J.

        {¶ 1}     The State appeals from an order of the trial court suppressing evidence.

The State contends that the trial court erred by suppressing statements made to the
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police, based on an incorrect conclusion that the defendant was in custody at the time he

was questioned before being advised of his constitutional rights. Defendant-appellee

Hassan Jirac has not filed a brief.

       {¶ 2} We conclude that the trial court did not err in suppressing the evidence. The

State’s sole assignment of error is overruled, and the suppression order is Affirmed.

                I. Interception of UPS Package Leads to Interrogation

       {¶ 3} The trial court made the following findings in support of its decision to sustain

the motion to suppress:

              I note that on October 21, 2013, and really unexplained fashion, a

       large quantity of Cathinone, known by the nickname of khat, which I’m going

       to use throughout the rest of this decision. A large quantity of that Schedule

       I drug was intercepted in Lexington, Kentucky. In fact the amount of khat

       that we are dealing with is nine kilos. Upon the interception of the khat in

       Lexington, Kentucky, a decision was made to allow the khat to continue to

       its destination at the Centerville, Ohio UPS office, located on State Route

       725, here in Montgomery, Ohio, so that the person picking up the khat could

       be intercepted.

              In order to accomplish the interception, a group of officers was

       assembled and placed in and around the Centerville UPS location. Special

       Agent Richard Miller, who was, and perhaps still is, assigned to the range

       task force was the lead investigator. Agent Miller, along with Montgomery

       County Detective O’Connell were posted inside the UPS store to await the
                                                                                 -3-

person who was going to pick up the khat. Mr. Jirac did arrived [sic] to pick

up the package containing the khat. Mr. Jirac was allowed to obtain

possession of the package, and to walk towards the UPS exit. Mr. Jirac,

however, was not allowed to leave the UPS store, as Agent Miller and

Detective O’Connell intercepted him before he was able to exit the store.

Agent Miller informed Mr. Jirac why he was being detained. Mr. Jirac, after

being informed of the reason for the detention, was taken through the store

and out the back door, so that Agent Miller could talk to Mr. Jirac in a more

private setting.

       Mr. Jirac was informed that he was not under arrest, but as Agent

Miller conceded during examination, conducted by the Court, Mr. Jirac was

not free to leave. And had Mr. Jirac indicated he was not going to cooperate

and intended to simply walk away, Mr. Jirac would have been arrested.

       Agent Miller’s plan, in any event, and understandably, was to gain

Mr. Jirac’s cooperation, so that the person who had hired Mr. Jirac to pick

up the khat could be identified, with the obvious goal being to move up the

so-called food chain. And I note that Mr. Jirac informed Agent Miller of the

name of the person for whom he had picked up the khat, and that he had

been paid the sum of $300 for that particular service. All of that information

was obtained [by] Agent Miller as a result of Mr. Jirac being questioned

about the circumstances under which he had arrived at the UPS store to

pick up the khat. And I note that this interview occurred without Mr. Jirac

being provided Miranda warnings.
                                                                                -4-

       Mr. Jirac agreed to cooperate and he provided Agent Miller with

again the details of his involvement regarding the pick-up that had occurred.

Mr. Jirac, as part of his cooperation, made telephone calls to the person

who had hired him to pick up the khat, in the hope of creating a scenario so

that this person could be implicated and arrested. The attempt to do so,

however, failed primarily it seems because Agent Miller was not able to

obtain the cooperation of the Columbus Police Department. Evidently even

though we are dealing with nine kilos of this Schedule I drug, that was an

insufficient quantity for the Columbus Police Department to have sufficient

interest to be involved in the process.

       At one point we know, based upon that which I heard during my

review of the audio tape, we know that Mr. Jirac was in the back of a van

and they were proceeding towards Columbus. But ultimately that all came

to a halt because again the Columbus Police Department was not willing to

provide cooperation to Agent Miller. And so ultimately Mr. Jirac was brought

back to a Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office sub-station and it was at the

sub-station that Mr. Jirac was ultimately provided his Miranda warnings and

interviewed once again by Agent Miller.

       Agent Miller informed Mr. Jirac of his Miranda Rights using a pre-

interview form, which was marked and introduced into evidence at the

hearing as State’s Exhibit 1. Mr. Jirac waived his Miranda Rights and

provided a confirming statement of his involvement in the pick-up of the
                                                                                   -5-

khat. And when I say confirming statement, he simply reiterated that which

had already been revealed during the previous contact and the previous

interview conducted by Agent Miller in the effort to obtain Mr. Jirac’s

cooperation upon his interception at the UPS store. Agent Miller upon

obtaining Mr. Jirac’s Miranda waiver told Mr. Jirac we are going to go over

“stuff we already talked about.” Additionally, Mr. Jirac at one point during

the Miranda interview, deviated from what he had said in the non-

mirandized interview with Agent Miller pointing out the discrepancy and then

chastising Mr. Jirac for the indicated discrepancy.

       Ultimately, the interview ended. Mr. Jirac, it seems, at the end of the

interview complained of chest pains, resulting in his transport to the hospital.

Mr. Jirac obviously was released from the hospital. And upon his release

from the hospital he was not arrested. Agent Miller thereafter did contact

Mr. Jirac on an occasion or two concerning Mr. Jirac’s continued

cooperation. Evidently that did not lead to any further cooperation by

Mr. Jirac. And ultimately Mr. Jirac was indicted for the possession of the

khat. Again the nine kilograms that are at issue in this case.

       These facts raise the following issues. Was Mr. Jirac in custody when

he was initially interviewed without being provided Miranda warnings? And

number two, was the mirandized interrogation of Mr. Jirac a so-called

interview first, mirandized later scenario triggering the suppression of the

statements Mr. Jirac made during the second mirandized interview?

       Going into the first issue - - I want to go back to the facts just for a
                                                                                         -6-

       moment. I do want to note that as a final factual finding that between the

       time that Mr. Jirac was intercepted leaving the UPS store and when he was

       Mirandized and interviewed again by Agent Miller, that several hours had

       passed. And during that time Mr. Jirac had been in the presence of Agent

       Miller and other officers for a considerable period of time. It was also noted

       that when Mr. Jirac was interviewed outside the UPS store, outside the back

       door of the UPS store, we know that Agent Miller was there, and that there

       were several other officers nearby who were part of the operation, which

       led to Mr. Jirac being intercepted as he was attempting to leave the UPS

       store with the quantity of khat that he had picked up.

Transcript pgs. 55-59.

                             II. The Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 4} Jirac was indicted on one count of Aggravated Possession of a Controlled

Substance, a felony of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). Jirac moved to

suppress the statements he made before he was given the warnings required by Miranda

v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).             The trial court

conducted a hearing on the motion to suppress, at which Special Agent Richard Miller

testified as the only witness.

       {¶ 5} Based on the evidence presented, the trial court found that Jirac was in

custody at the time of the questioning and sustained the motion, after reviewing the

factors discussed in State v. Sell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26458, 2015-Ohio-1940, ¶¶

15-18, State v. Gaddis, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24007, 2011-Ohio-2822, and State v.
                                                                                           -7-

Estepp, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16279, 1997 WL 736501 (Nov. 26, 1997), including the

location of the questioning, whether the defendant was a suspect at the time of the

questioning, whether the defendant’s freedom to leave was restricted, whether the

defendant was told he was under arrest, whether threats or physical intimidation were

utilized, whether the police dominated the interrogation, the defendant’s reason for being

at the location where the questioning took place, and whether any neutral parties were

present at any point during the questioning. Applying these factors, the trial court found

that the questioning took place in surroundings where Jirac would not have been

comfortable or felt free to leave. At the time of questioning, Jirac was a suspect. Jirac’s

freedom of movement was restricted. Jirac was not handcuffed, was told he was not

under arrest, and no threats or physical intimidation were utilized. The court found that

the police did dominate the interrogation, with the goal of obtaining Jirac’s cooperation,

and no neutral parties were present. Jirac’s purpose of being at the UPS Store was to

pick up the package, and the purpose of going behind the store was to question Jirac

regarding the khat in his possession. The trial court further found that “though Mr. Jirac

was not tricked or coerced into making a statement, Agent Miller indicated to him that his

cooperation could be helpful regarding criminal charges relating to Mr. Jirac’s possession

off [sic] the khat.” T. at 65. This finding led the trial court to conclude that the officer’s

“statement regarding cooperation would have communicated to a reasonable person that

he was going to be arrested and charged for the possession of the controlled substance

he had just picked up.” T. at 65.

       {¶ 6} Based on these facts, the trial court concluded, “[t]he Estep factors, though

not all pointing to a custody determination, lead in the Court’s mind, to the conclusion that
                                                                                       -8-

when Agent Miller interviewed Mr. Jirac behind the UPS store, and as he interviewed him

throughout the course of the remaining hours until he was finally mirandized, a reasonable

person in Mr. Jirac’s situation would have concluded there was a restraint of his freedom

of movement to the extent associated with a formal arrest. He was in fact in custody, for

Miranda purposes.” T. at 65-66.

      {¶ 7} The trial court also reviewed the case law applicable to the issue of whether

in-custody non-Mirandized admissions taint admissions made subsequent to the

administration of Miranda warnings, including our opinion in State v. Cook, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24524, 2012-Ohio-111, citing Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 105 S.Ct.

1285, 84 L.Ed.2d 222 (1985), and Missouri v. Seibert , 542 U.S. 600, 124 S.Ct. 2601, 159

L.Ed.2d 643 (2004). The trial court explained its reasoning as follows:

             The Seibert Court identified a series of relevant factors that bear on

      whether Miranda warnings delivered midstream could be effective enough

      to accomplish their object. One, the completeness in detail of the questions

      and answers in the first round of interrogation. The overlapping content of

      the two statements. The timing and setting of the first and second. Four, the

      continuity of police personnel, and five, the degree to which the

      interrogator’s questions treated the second round as continuance with the

      first. Accordingly, in such a scenario, the post-Miranda warning statements

      are inadmissible because the earlier and later statements are realistically

      seen as part of a single unwarned sequence of questioning.

             And so I’m going to go through those factors in this case. And though

      we don’t know the full detail of Agent Miller’s pre-Miranda questioning, we
                                                                                   -9-

know the questions produced in admission from Mr. Jirac that he had

traveled from Columbus in his cab to the UPS store to pick up the khat for

a person identified by Mr. Jirac during the course of Agent Miller’s interview,

and that Mr. Jirac’s fee for this service was $300.00.

       Going to the second factor, the content of the two interrogations, the

pre-Miranda interrogation and the post-Miranda interrogation certainly

overlap. In fact as stated by Agent Miller in the mirandized portion of the

interview, he says basically we’re going to talk about the stuff we’ve already

talked about.

       Going to the third factor, the timing and setting of the two interviews

reveals in essence once [sic] continuous interview. By the time Mr. Jirac

was Mirandized, he had been with Agent Miller and the other officers for a

number of hours. There had already been an interview where the details of

Mr. Jirac’s possession of the khat had been revealed. There had been this

effort for cooperation which failed. And finally, when the mirandized

statement ultimately occurred, it was at the end of all of that, and part of one

continuous interaction with the officers.

       Going to the fourth factor, Agent Miller was the primary officer

involved in each interrogation.

       And finally going to factor five, Agent Miller by stating in the post-

Miranda interview that “we are going to go over the stuff we already talked

about”, and by pointing out to Mr. Jirac the discrepancy between his initial

statement and his statement that he gave post-Miranda, that certainly
                                                                                            -10-

       reveals that the two interviews were in essence not two interviews, but one

       continuous effort by Agent Miller, to obtain information from Mr. Jirac that

       was in essence one continuous interview.

              It is based upon this analysis concluded that Mr. Jirac’s post-Miranda

       statements are so tainted by his pre-Miranda statements that the post-

       Miranda statements must be suppressed. So all the statements will be

       suppressed.

Transcript pgs. 68-70.

       {¶ 8} From the order of the trial court suppressing Jirac’s statements, the State

appeals.

                                  III. Standard of Review

       {¶ 9} Appellate review of a trial court's decision regarding a motion to suppress

evidence involves mixed questions of law and fact. When ruling on a motion to suppress

evidence, a trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and is in the best position to resolve

questions of fact and to evaluate the credibility of witnesses. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio

St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. Consequently, an appellate court must

accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible

evidence. Id. Accepting the facts as true, the reviewing court then must independently

determine, without deference to the trial court, whether the trial court properly applied the

substantive law to the facts of the case. Id. Therefore, an appellate court reviews the

trial court’s application of the law to its factual findings based on a de novo standard of

review. State v. Belton, Ohio Supreme Court Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-1581, ¶ 100.
                                                                                          -11-

IV. Based Upon the Trial Court’s Findings, which Are Supported by Evidence in

   the Record, the Trial Court Did Not Err in Concluding that Jirac’s Statements

                     Were Made During a Custodial Interrogation

       {¶ 10} The State argues that Jirac’s statements were made during a consensual

encounter, and therefore no Miranda warnings were necessary prior to questioning. The

State claims that the trial court incorrectly determined that Jirac was in custody at the time

he was initially questioned at the UPS store. We agree with the findings of the trial court

that Jirac’s statements at the UPS store were made during a custodial interrogation,

before he was given Miranda warnings. We recently reviewed the factors to consider to

determine if a defendant is in custody for Miranda purposes as follows:

               “The procedural safeguards prescribed by Miranda apply only when

       persons are subjected to ‘custodial interrogation.’ ” State v. Thomas, 2d

       Dist. Montgomery No. 20643, 2005-Ohio-3064, ¶ 27, citing Miranda v.

       Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

       “ ‘Custodial interrogation’ means questioning initiated by the police after the

       person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom to

       the degree associated with a formal arrest.” (Citations omitted.) State v.

       Vineyard, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25854, 2014-Ohio-3846, ¶ 32.

               “In order to determine whether a person is in custody for purposes

       of receiving Miranda warnings, courts must first inquire into the

       circumstances surrounding the questioning and, second, given those

       circumstances, determine whether a reasonable person would have felt that
                                                                                  -12-

he or she was not at liberty to terminate the interview and leave.” State v.

Hoffner, 102 Ohio St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-3430, 811 N.E.2d 48, ¶ 27, citing

Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 112, 116 S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383

(1995). “Once the factual circumstances surrounding the interrogation are

reconstructed, the court must apply an objective test to resolve ‘the ultimate

inquiry’ of whether there was a ‘ “formal arrest or restraint on freedom of

movement” ’ of the degree associated with a formal arrest.” Id., quoting

California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 77 L.Ed.2d

1275 (1983), quoting Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495, 97 S.Ct.

711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714 (1977).

        “The factors a court should consider in applying this reasonable

person test include whether the encounter takes place in surroundings that

are familiar to the suspect; the number of law enforcement officers present,

as well as their conduct and demeanor; the degree of physical restraint

imposed; and the duration and character of the interrogation.” (Citation

omitted.) State v. Farrell, 2d Dist. Miami No. 99-CA-24, 1999 WL 812249,

*3 (Oct. 8, 1999). We note that “a police officer's subjective intent to arrest

a suspect is immaterial to the issue of whether the suspect is in custody for

Miranda purposes, unless and until that intent is communicated to the

suspect.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Cross, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

25838, 2014-Ohio-1534, ¶ 13. Rather, the issue is whether a reasonable

person in the suspect's situation would have understood that he was in

custody. Id.
                                                                                           -13-

               Individuals are not “in custody” for purposes of Miranda during a

       typical investigatory detention such as a routine traffic stop. State v. Cundiff,

       2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24171, 2011-Ohio-3414, ¶ 60, citing Berkemer v.

       McCarty, 468 U .S. 420, 440, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984). “An

       individual is subject to an investigatory detention when, in view of all the

       circumstances surrounding the incident, by means of physical force or show

       of authority, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free

       to leave or was compelled to respond to questions.” (Citations omitted.)

       State v. Hardy, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24114, 2011-Ohio-241, ¶ 34.

       During an investigatory detention, “the officer may ask the detainee a

       moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain

       information confirming or dispelling the officer's suspicions” without the

       need to first advise the detainee of his Miranda rights. Berkemer at 439–

       440. “However, if the individual is, during the course of the detention,

       ‘subjected to treatment that renders him “in custody” for practical purposes,

       he will be entitled to the full panoply of protections prescribed by Miranda.’ ”

       State v. Keggan, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2006 CA 9, 2006-Ohio-6663, ¶ 31,

       citing Berkemer at 440. (Other citation omitted.)

State v. Sell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26458, 2015-Ohio-1940, ¶¶ 15-18. See also State

v. Brown, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26937, 2016-Ohio-4973, ¶ 9.

       {¶ 11} We have also considered factors such as “ ‘the location of the interview

and the defendant's reason for being there, whether the defendant was a suspect,
                                                                                        -14-

whether the defendant was handcuffed or told he was under arrest or whether his freedom

to leave was restricted in any other way, whether there were threats or intimidation,

whether the police verbally dominated the interrogation or tricked or coerced the

confession, and the presence of neutral parties.’ ” State v. Zan, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

24600, 2013-Ohio-1064, ¶ 17, quoting State v. Hatten, 186 Ohio App.3d 286, 2010-Ohio-

499, 927 N.E.2d 632, ¶ 50 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 12} The trial did consider the totality of the circumstances, and reached its

conclusion based on the objective test whether a reasonable person, under similar

circumstances, would have understood that he was in custody at the time of the

interrogation. The trial court relied on evidence in the record to find that, by show of

authority, Jirac was detained from leaving the UPS Store, was told that the package

contained illegal substances, was directed to the back parking lot so that he could not

flee, and was then questioned about the drugs in the presence of multiple officers. We

agree that these factual findings are supported by competent, credible evidence and

support a conclusion that the statements made by Jirac were made during a custodial

interrogation, triggering his Miranda rights.

       {¶ 13} We also agree that the trial court properly applied the law applicable to

statements made after Miranda warnings are given that confirm statements made before

the Miranda warnings were given. In State v. Cook, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24524,

2012-Ohio-111, and State v. Zan, supra, we have discussed the precedent established

by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the admissibility of statements made

in successive interrogations when Miranda warnings are not given until the second phase

of the interrogation. Id., citing Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 105 S.Ct. 1285, 84 L.E.2d
                                                                                          -15-

222 (1985) and Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 124 S.Ct. 2601, 159 L.E. 2d 643 (2004).

       {¶ 14} As we explained in Cook, supra, “[t]he Elstad Court held that a suspect who

has once responded to unwarned yet uncoercive questioning is not thereby disabled from

waiving his rights and confessing after he has been given the requisite Miranda warnings.”

Cook at ¶ 23. However, in the more recent decision in Seibert, supra, the Supreme Court

held that post-warning statements are inadmissible when the Miranda warning does not

effectively advise the suspect that he has a real choice about giving an admissible

statement that he has essentially already given. Cook at ¶ 18. The Supreme Court of

Ohio has distinguished the two cases, finding that “Elstad and Seibert stand on opposite

sides of the line defining where prewarning statements irretrievably affect postwarning

statements. Still, that line cannot be said to be bright or sharply defined.” State v. Farris,

109 Ohio St.3d 519, 849 N.E.2d 985, 2006-Ohio-3255, ¶ 22.

       {¶ 15} In Farris, the court discussed factors to consider in making the decision

whether an intermediate Miranda warning can be sufficient, including “the completeness

and detail of the questions and answers in the first round of interrogation, the overlapping

content of the two statements, the timing and setting of the first and the second, the

continuity of police personnel, and the degree to which the interrogator's questions treated

the second round as continuous with the first.” Id. at ¶ 28. In Zan, supra, the determinative

factor for finding that the defendant’s post-Miranda statements were voluntarily given was

the consensual nature of the first interrogation. We conclude that the trial court properly

considered the evidence in the record that Jirac’s initial encounter with the police resulted

in a custodial interrogation at the UPS store, before any discussion of his Miranda rights,

that the same person conducted both pre- and post-Miranda interviews, and that the
                                                                                       -16-

interrogator treated the second interrogation as continuous with the first by asserting at

the outset that it was designed to review what had already been discussed, and by

clarifying any discrepancies in the two statements by asking Jirac to affirm the specific

statements he initially made in the first interrogation. Therefore, applying the elements

set forth in Farris, supra, we agree with the trial court that a defendant in similar

circumstances reasonably would not believe after being given a Miranda warning that he

had any other choice but to affirm the statements he had already made to the police

before that warning. Since Jirac’s post-warning statements were not the result of an

informed, voluntary choice to waive his rights, the statements are inadmissible, and the

trial court properly sustained the motion to suppress.

                                     V. Conclusion

      {¶ 16} The State’s sole assignment of error having been overruled, the order of the

trial court suppressing evidence is Affirmed.

                                     .............

FROELICH, J., concurs.

HALL, J., dissenting:

      {¶ 17} In my opinion, although the record supports the facts determined by the trial

court, the resulting legal conclusion should be that when Jirac was questioned at the UPS

store, a reasonable person in his situation would not believe he was in custody and the

encounter was not a custodial interrogation. Jirac was told he was not under arrest and

was not led to believe that he would be arrested, he was not in custody or restrained from

freedom of movement, and he had expressed his voluntary decision to cooperate, without
                                                                                        -17-

coercion or complaint. The trial court indicated that Special Agent Miller admitted Jirac

was not free to leave and would have been arrested had he attempted to flee. However,

the subjective intent of the officer is not relevant in determining whether a defendant was

in custody. State v. Cundiff, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24171, 2011-Ohio-3414, ¶ 57.

Because I conclude a reasonable person, under similar circumstances, would have

understood that he was not in custody at the time of the interrogation, Jirac was not

subjected to a custodial interrogation and Miranda rights were not required. Therefore,

the statements made by Jirac at the UPS store should not be suppressed.

      {¶ 18} Based on the conclusion that Jirac’s statements made at the UPS store

should not be suppressed, I believe we do not need to decide whether Jirac’s post-

Miranda statements were tainted by his pre-Miranda statements. If the pre-Miranda

statements were not unlawfully obtained, there is no taint to affect the post-Miranda

statements and they too should be admissible.

                                      ............

Copies mailed to:

Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Michele D. Phipps
V. Gayle Miller
Hon. Michael Tucker