Court Opinion

ID: 9693902
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 17:09:29.127196+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:10:53.434003
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: AUGUST 18, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2022-CA-0937-MR

MYRON THORNBERRY AND
PEGGY THORNBERRY                                                   APPELLANTS

               APPEAL FROM PENDLETON CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE JAY B. DELANEY, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 20-CI-00111

ASA WOLFE AND
NATALIE WOLFE                                                        APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; GOODWINE AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

GOODWINE, JUDGE: Myron and Peggy Thornberry appeal a June 30, 2022,

order of the Pendleton Circuit Court interpreting and enforcing a mediated

settlement agreement they entered with appellees Asa and Natalie Wolfe regarding

an easement bordering their respective properties. They argue that the circuit court
improperly construed the mediated agreement as providing for an appurtenant

easement rather than an easement in gross and incorrectly determined that the

easement in question could be used by any individuals lawfully going to and from

the Wolfes’ premises rather than only by Asa and Natalie. Upon careful review,

we affirm.

              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

             In the summer of 2020, the Wolfes and Thornberrys filed suit against

each other in Pendleton Circuit Court to establish their respective rights to use a

gravel road that begins at Knoxville Road and largely adheres to the boundary

between their adjoining properties in Pendleton County. The Thornberrys claimed

exclusive ownership of the road, asserting it was within the metes and bounds of

their deed, whereas the Wolfes claimed a prescriptive easement over the gravel

road, asserting they and their grantors had openly, continuously, and adversely

used it for several decades as the primary means of accessing their tract. On

March 1, 2021, immediately after mediating their dispute, the parties then entered a

settlement agreement that provided in relevant part:

             1. Surveyors Simpson and Hickle shall agree upon a
             valid description to encompass the gravel road which is
             the subject of this lawsuit. This survey as agreed shall
             include the common property line of the parties in the
             disputed area.

             2. Plaintiffs [the Wolfes] shall Quitclaim the disputed
             portion of / deed overlap gravel road as described above

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             to the Defendants [the Thornberrys] who in turn shall
             grant a permanent easement to run with the land to said
             gravel road to the Plaintiffs per the description agreed by
             the surveyors. The purpose of the easement shall be for
             ingress and egress to Plaintiffs’ property.

             The circuit court incorporated the parties’ agreement into an April 14,

2021, order. The following month, pursuant to the order, surveyors Simpson and

Hickle agreed upon a description encompassing the gravel road, and the Wolfes

tendered quitclaim and easement deeds to the Thornberrys, incorporating the

surveyors’ description. However, the Thornberrys did not execute the tendered

deeds and instead erected a fence over part of the gravel road – conduct that

prompted a contempt motion from the Wolfes and resulted in a July 19, 2021,

court order directing the Thornberrys to remove the offending portions of their

fence. Eventually, the Thornberrys removed their fence. They did not, however,

execute the deeds. As for why the Thornberrys persisted in refusing to do so, they

offered their explanation – for the first time – on March 14, 2022, in response to

yet another contempt motion from the Wolfes. In the relevant part of their filing to

that effect, the Thornberrys argued:

             Defendants assert that the proposed Easement does not
             reflect the terms of the parties’ Mediated Agreement.

             The terms of the proposed Easement state that it extends
             to anyone who needs to access the gravel roadway,
             including “guests, invitees, contractors, agents and all
             others using with the permission of the Grantors or
             the Grantees . . .” This could include the entire general

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             public. Nowhere in the Mediated Agreement are these
             terms stated. The Petitioners have conveniently
             expanded the terms of the Mediated Agreement.

             Lastly, the easement states that it will run with the land.
             That provision was not agreed on by Defendants. It was
             written in after the fact and was not initialed by
             Defendants. Therefore, it should be excluded.

             The circuit court conducted an evidentiary hearing regarding the

Wolfes’ latest contempt motion and the Thornberrys’ response. After considering

the language of the parties’ mediated settlement, the proffered deeds, and

testimony from Asa Wolfe and Peggy Thornberry, the circuit court entered a

dispositive order rejecting the Thornberrys’ interpretation and directing the

Thornberrys to execute the deeds. This appeal followed. Additional facts will be

discussed as necessary in our analysis.

                             STANDARD OF REVIEW

             A settlement, such as the parties’ mediated agreement incorporated

into the circuit court’s April 14, 2021, order, “is essentially a contract subject to the

rules of contract interpretation.” Cantrell Supply, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 94

S.W.3d 381, 384 (Ky. App. 2002). “The construction and interpretation of a

contract, including questions regarding ambiguity, are questions of law to be

decided by the court.” First Commonwealth Bank of Prestonsburg v. West, 55

S.W.3d 829, 835 (Ky. App. 2000). We review issues of contract construction de

novo. See Frear v. P.T.A. Indus., Inc., 103 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Ky. 2003). We review

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the circuit court’s factual findings under the “clearly erroneous” standard.

Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR) 52.01; Largent v. Largent, 643 S.W.2d

261, 263 (Ky. 1982).

                                     ANALYSIS

             The Thornberrys argue that the circuit court erred by interpreting the

mediated settlement agreement contrary to their previous position and

consequently directing them to execute the tendered deeds. As indicated at the

onset, this appeal focuses on the easement’s type and scope contemplated in the

parties’ mediated agreement.

             Regarding the type, the Thornberrys’ central assumption underlying

their position is that the easement expressly contemplated in the mediated

agreement was gross rather than appurtenant. Easements can be gross or

appurtenant, the distinction being that “in the first there is not, and in the second

there is, a dominant tenement to which it is attached.” Meade v. Ginn, 159 S.W.3d

314, 320 (Ky. 2004) (quoting 25 Am. Jur.2d Easements and Licenses in Real

Property § 11 (1996)). “[A]n easement in gross is a mere personal interest in or

right to use the land of another. It is attached to and vested in the person to whom

it is granted.” Id. On the other hand, an appurtenant easement is owned by the

dominant tenement, not the owner of the tenement. See Inter-County Rural Elec.

Co-op. Corp. v. Reeves, 294 Ky. 458, 171 S.W.2d 978, 983 (1943). Furthermore,

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an easement appurtenant inheres in the land. It cannot be “terminated by an act of

the parties (for example, abandonment, merger, or conveyance) or by operation of

law, as in the case of forfeiture or otherwise.” Scott v. Long Valley Farm

Kentucky, Inc., 804 S.W.2d 15, 16 (Ky. App. 1991).

             With that said, creating a private passway is never presumed to be

personal or gross when it can be construed to be appurtenant to some other estate

because the law favors such construction as will create a covenant running with the

land. See Riddle v. Jones, 191 Ky. 763, 231 S.W. 503, 505 (1921); Martin v.

Music, 254 S.W.2d 701, 703 (Ky. 1953). Furthermore, “[a] declaration in the

conveying instrument that restrictive covenants are to run with the land is a

significant factor in determining that the grantor intended the restriction to benefit

the land and not just his personal interests.” KL & JL Investments, Inc. v. Lynch,

472 S.W.3d 540, 546 (Ky. App. 2015) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks

and citations omitted).

             Here, the parties’ mediated settlement agreement provided that the

Thornberrys would grant the Wolfes a “permanent easement” that would “run with

the land” and serve the purpose of “ingress and egress to [the Wolfes’] property.”

The language contained in the mediated agreement is unambiguous and, fairly

interpreted consistently with the above principles, contemplated an appurtenant

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easement – with the Thornberrys’ property as the servient estate and the Wolfes’

property as the dominant estate.

             The Thornberrys also claim that the “run with the land” language

should not be part of the mediated agreement. To that end, they assert that it was

not part of the agreement when they signed it; and that their attorney wrote it in

afterward without their consent before tendering it to the Wolfes for their

signatures and permitting the circuit court to incorporate it into its order.

             The Thornberrys’ argument in this vein, as they described it below,

could objectively be taken two ways: (1) as an attempt to vary the language of the

mediated agreement through parol evidence of their intent; or (2) as an assertion

that the mediated agreement is void due to their own attorney’s mistake. If their

argument is the former, absent ambiguity in the contract – and here there is none –

the parties’ intentions must be discerned from the four corners of the instrument

without resorting to parol evidence. See Cantrell, 94 S.W.3d at 385. If their

argument is the latter, a judgment is presumed valid and cannot be collaterally

attacked unless it appears that it is void from the face of the record. See Spicer v.

Spicer, 314 Ky. 560, 236 S.W.2d 474, 476 (1951). However, a unilateral mistake

would, at most, render a judgment voidable. Indeed, even an unauthorized

settlement may be ratified by the client’s silence because “[i]t is the client’s duty,

having knowledge of the settlement, to express his disapproval within a reasonable

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time.” Combs’ Adm’r v. Virginia Iron, Coal & Coke Co., 236 Ky. 524, 33 S.W.2d

649, 651 (1930). As the circuit court noted below, the Thornberrys did not express

disapproval of this aspect of the mediated agreement until almost a year after it

was entered on the record. They have never invoked CR 60.02 or taken any action

to alter, amend, or vacate the April 14, 2021, order that incorporated their

agreement as written. As such, the April 14, 2021, order – and the parties’

agreement incorporated into that order – remain presumptively valid.

              The Thornberrys also claim that if the mediated agreement provided

for an appurtenant easement, it is “unconscionable.” However, the circuit court did

not address this claim in its dispositive order; in violation of our civil rules, the

Thornberrys do not indicate when or how they preserved this claim below; and

from all appearances of the record, the only time the Thornberrys have ever raised

the doctrine of unconscionability is in this appeal. As such, we lack the authority

to address this point. See Regional Jail Authority v. Tackett, 770 S.W.2d 225, 228

(Ky. 1989).

              Having resolved the type of easement contemplated in the parties’

mediated agreement, we now proceed to the Thornberrys’ remaining argument

regarding its scope. The circuit court held that “anyone legally coming to the

[Wolfes’] property can use the easement for ingress and egress with the same

limitations as the [Wolfes],” and that the language of the tendered easement deed –

                                           -8-
which permitted those other persons to utilize the easement – therefore “does not

expand the use of the easement beyond that of the mediated agreement.” The

Thornberrys assert the circuit court erred in this regard, arguing that even if the

easement contemplated in the mediated agreement is appurtenant, only Asa and

Natalie are permitted to use it because they are the only individuals holding title to

the dominant estate and because no other individuals were specified in in the

mediated agreement.

             We disagree. Addressing roughly the same argument posited by the

Thornberrys, our former High Court explained:

                    We are cited to no authority for the proposition
             that the use of an easement, for lawful purposes in
             connection with the dominant estate, may be made only
             by a person holding a legal title to the dominant estate.
             On the contrary, we find it to be generally recognized
             that a lessee of a dominant estate is entitled to the use of
             easements legally appurtenant to the demised premises
             and reasonably necessary to their enjoyment. 32 Am.Jur.,
             Landlord and Tenant, § 169, p. 164; 51 C.J.S., Landlord
             and Tenant, § 293, p. 946; 28 C.J.S., Easements, § 90, p.
             769.

                    The general rule, as stated in 28 C.J.S., Easements,
             § 90, p. 769, is:

                    ‘Where a way is appurtenant to an estate, it
                    may be used by those who own or lawfully
                    occupy any part thereof, and by all persons
                    lawfully going to or from such premises,
                    whether they are mentioned in the grant or
                    not[.’]

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                   We think it is immaterial whether Fitch’s interest
            in the dominant estate is a fee simple title, a leasehold
            interest or a mere license, so long as his use of the
            easement is appurtenant to the use of the dominant estate
            and is a character of use permitted by the easement.

Phelps v. Fitch, 255 S.W.2d 660, 662 (Ky. 1953) (emphasis added).

            In short, the circuit court’s interpretation of the scope of the easement

contemplated in the parties’ mediated agreement was not erroneous but rather

consistent with our jurisprudence.

                                 CONCLUSION

            The circuit court committed no error below. We therefore affirm.

            ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS:                    BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

John Fortner                             James W. Morgan, Jr.
Covington, Kentucky                      Covington, Kentucky

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