Court Opinion

ID: 8482875
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-10 16:00:24.397337+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:42.503761
License: Public Domain

22-869-cv
    Pucilowski v. Spotify USA, Inc.

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                       SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

           At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
    the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
    on the 10th day of November, two thousand twenty-two.

    PRESENT:
                     REENA RAGGI,
                     JOSEPH F. BIANCO,
                     SARAH A. L. MERRIAM,

                      Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    Valerie Pucilowski,
                              Plaintiff-Appellant,

                     v.                                                    22-869-cv

    Spotify USA, Inc.,
                      Defendant-Appellee.
    _____________________________________

    FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                         DAVID S. SCHWARTZ, David S. Schwartz Law,
                                                     PLLC, New York, NY.

    FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE:                          MICHAEL E. DELARCO (David J. Baron, on the
                                                     brief), Hogan Lovells US LLP, New York, NY
          Appeal from the judgment and order of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Edgardo Ramos, J.).

          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court entered on March 22, 2022 is AFFIRMED.

          Plaintiff Valerie Pucilowski, who sued defendant Spotify USA, Inc. (“Spotify”) for

terminating her employment in alleged violation of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

(“FMLA”), Pub. L. No. 103-3, 107 Stat. 6 (codified in scattered sections of 5 and 29 U.S.C.), and

the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”), N.Y.C. Admin. Code §§ 8-101 et seq.,

appeals from the dismissal of her claims under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. Pucilowski argues that the district court erred in (1) concluding that her claims are

barred by the release provision of her separation agreement with Spotify and (2) denying her leave

to amend. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of

the case, and the issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to

affirm.

                                           DISCUSSION

          We review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), Nunes v. Cable

News Network, Inc., 31 F.4th 135, 140 (2d Cir. 2022), assuming the truth of facts alleged in the

complaint and drawing all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor, Biro v. Condé Nast, 807 F.3d 541,

544 (2d Cir. 2015). We may also consider documents attached to the complaint as exhibits,

incorporated by reference therein, or integral to the complaint. United States ex rel. Foreman v.

AECOM, 19 F.4th 85, 106 (2d Cir. 2021), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 2679 (2022). To survive

dismissal, the pleadings must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007), i.e. the pleaded facts allow the court

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reasonably to infer that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged, see Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). In making that assessment, we “are not bound to accept as true a legal

conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain,

478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)), and “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

   A. The Release
       Pucilowski submits that the district court engaged in impermissible factfinding in

concluding that her release of federal discrimination claims was knowing and voluntary. We

disagree.

       The parties agree that the factors relevant to this issue are set forth in Bormann v. AT & T

Communications, Inc., 875 F.2d 399, 403 (2d Cir. 1989). Pucilowski’s own pleading demonstrates

that these factors compel the conclusion that Pucilowski’s release of claims was knowing and

voluntary. First, the complaint alleges that Pucilowski’s work as a user researcher at Spotify

received high praise from coworkers and supervisors. This precludes any finding that she lacked

the education or business experience to understand the release. Second, Pucilowski was given

fourteen days to consider the agreement (but took only eleven days to sign it), was given seven

additional days to revoke the agreement once it was signed, and agreed to the agreement’s

statement that she had “consulted counsel or had the opportunity to consult counsel about this . . .

agreement.” App’x at 23. These circumstances preclude any finding that she was not given

sufficient time to knowingly and voluntarily release her claims. Third, the language of the release

provision demonstrates the requisite clarity, unambiguously stating that Pucilowski releases

Spotify “from any and all claims . . . including, without limitation, those arising out of or in any

way connected with [her] employment or . . . termination” and further specifically releases claims

under the FMLA and the NYCHRL. App’x at 22. Fourth, Pucilowski received two months’ salary
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in exchange for executing the separation agreement, a benefit exceeding what she was entitled to

by law or contract. While Pucilowski was not represented by counsel in connection with the

signing of the separation agreement and is not alleged to have had any role in deciding the terms

of the agreement, under the totality of the circumstances pleaded by Pucilowski, we conclude, as

the district court did, that Pucilowski’s execution of the separation agreement can only be deemed

knowing and voluntary and, therefore, that the release is enforceable, precluding her claims. See,

e.g., Bormann, 875 F.2d at 403 n.1 (holding that releases were enforceable even though there was

no opportunity for plaintiffs to negotiate their terms).

       In urging otherwise, Pucilowski faults the district court for ignoring the fact that she signed

the release on March 8, 2019 shortly after returning to work from a medical leave following a

November 2018 head injury suffered on the job. But as Pucilowski alleges, on February 7, 2019,

her physician stated in a letter that “her prognosis is quite good” and that “she could likely return”

to her “usual potential” in two weeks. App’x at 8. In these circumstances and in the absence of

any allegations that Pucilowski’s head injury was still adversely affecting her when she signed the

separation agreement a month after the physician letter, the district court was not required to accept

the complaint’s conclusory assertion that Pucilowski “lacked the requisite mental capacity to enter

into the agreement and/or understand the terms and obligations of the agreement due to her mental

health conditions.” App’x at 9; see Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (“[C]ourts ‘are not bound to accept

as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.’” (quoting Papasan, 478 U.S. at 286)).

       As for Pucilowski’s claim of fraudulent inducement, Pucilowski concedes that she was

required to satisfy the heightened pleading standard for fraud under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 9(b). See Loreley Fin. (Jersey) No. 3 Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Sec., LLC, 797 F.3d 160, 171

(2d Cir. 2015). Like the district court, we conclude that Pucilowski’s pleadings do not come close

                                                  4
to meeting this standard. The complaint, inter alia, does not identify the individual at Spotify who

made the allegedly fraudulent statement, see Luce v. Edelstein, 802 F.2d 49, 54 (2d Cir. 1986);

Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir. 1993), nor does it allege how that

statement was false, see Luce, 802 F.2d at 54. On this record, Pucilowski’s conclusory repetition

of the elements of fraudulent inducement is insufficient to plausibly assert that her release of claims

was not knowing and voluntary. Accordingly, the district court correctly dismissed the FMLA

claims. 1

    B. Repleading
        Finally, on de novo review, we identify no error in the district court’s denial of leave to re-

plead as futile. In re Trib. Co. Fraudulent Conv. Litig., 10 F.4th 147, 159 (2d Cir. 2021), cert.

denied sub nom. Kirschner v. FitzSimons, 142 S. Ct. 1128 (2022). In opposing dismissal,

Pucilowski requested leave to amend in only two ways: to include allegations regarding (1) her

non-involvement in setting the terms of the separation agreement, and (2) her attempt to repudiate

the separation agreement in a January 11, 2021 letter offering the return money received under the

agreement. We conclude that these particular amendments would be futile because (1) the

Bormann factors overwhelmingly weigh in favor of the release’s enforcement, and (2) any alleged

1
   On appeal, Pucilowski did not specifically challenge the dismissal of the NYCHRL claims and thus
appears to have abandoned those claims. See LoSacco v. City of Middletown, 71 F.3d 88, 92–93 (2d Cir.
1995). In any event, under New York law, the enforceability of the release is governed by ordinary
principles of contract law. See Albany Sav. Bank, FSB v. Halpin, 117 F.3d 669, 672 (2d Cir. 1997).
Therefore, “a release that is clear and unambiguous on its face and which is knowingly and voluntarily
entered into will be enforced.” Pampillonia v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 138 F.3d 459, 463 (2d Cir. 1998). As
discussed above with respect to the federal claims, the unambiguous terms of the release also require
dismissal of the NYCHRL claims. See, e.g., New York City Sch. Constr. Auth. v. Koren-DiResta Constr.
Co., 671 N.Y.S.2d 738, 739 (App. Div. 1998) (“[P]laintiff’s conclusory allegations of fraudulent
inducement are insufficient to overcome the unambiguous language of the termination agreement and
particularly of its release.”); Blatt v. Manhattan Med. Grp., P.C., 519 N.Y.S.2d 973, 976 (App. Div. 1987)
(“The fact that [plaintiff] was in a severely depressed emotional state is scarcely sufficient indication that
he did not have either the necessary understanding to execute a contract or that he was unable to control his
behavior.”).

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repudiation of the separation agreement in 2021 has no impact on the Bormann analysis.

Accordingly, because leave to amend these allegations would be futile, the district court did not

err in dismissing the claims with prejudice.

                                               *   *   *

       We have considered all of Pucilowski’s remaining arguments and find them to be without

merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                                FOR THE COURT:
                                                Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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