Court Opinion

ID: 9375505
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-27 22:02:29.666194+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:58.576508
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/27/23 In re D.S. CA2/5
   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                        DIVISION FIVE

 In re D.S., a Person Coming                                     B316477
 Under the Juvenile Court Law.

 THE PEOPLE,                                                     (Los Angeles County
                                                                 Super. Ct.
           Plaintiff and Respondent,                             No. NJ29036)

           v.

 D.S.,

           Defendant and Appellant.

      APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los
Angeles County, J. Christopher Smith, Judge. Reversed.
      Elana Goldstein, under appointment by the Court of
Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
      Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant
Attorney General, Idan Ivri and Gabriel Bradley, Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
      Following a contested hearing, the juvenile court sustained
a Welfare and Institutions Code1 section 602 petition, finding
that minor D.S. committed murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a))
and attempted murder (Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a) & 664) under
the theory that he directly aided and abetted the crimes by acting
as a getaway driver. The court found that the murder and
attempted murder were willful, deliberate, and premeditated.
D.S. was declared a ward of the court and placed on probation.
He was permitted to remain in his parents’ home.2
       D.S. appeals from the juvenile court’s order sustaining the
section 602 petition. He contends that there was insufficient
evidence to establish that he knew of any plan to commit the
shooting, shared in the shooters’ intent to kill, or acted in any
way to assist in the shooting. He further contends that the trial
court abused its discretion by admitting the testimony of an
investigating officer identifying D.S. as the person depicted in
surveillance videos, when that investigating officer had no
personal familiarity with D.S.
       We agree with D.S. that the evidence was insufficient to
support his convictions, and we reverse the trial court’s order. In
light of our disposition, we need not reach the issue of whether

      1All further references are to the Welfare and Institutions
Code unless otherwise indicated.
      2 Prior to being tried for the murder and attempted
murder, D.S. admitted to a petition for a burglary committed
after those crimes. Because the burglary was his most recent
offense, D.S. was ineligible for commitment to the Division of
Juvenile Justice.

                                 2
the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the officer’s
testimony regarding identity.

                              FACTS

Prosecution Evidence

      The Shooting

      At 1:44 a.m. on July 29, 2018, police officers responded to a
report of a shooting in front of a house located at 1037 West 43rd
Street in Los Angeles, within the gang territory of the Rollin’ 40’s
Neighborhood Crips (Rollin’ 40’s). When officers arrived, they
saw people yelling and a deceased male lying on the sidewalk.
The male victim had a gunshot wound above his left nipple, and
another on his left shoulder, which were later determined to be
the cause of his death. There were numerous spent cartridge
casings and bullet fragments from a .40-caliber firearm and nine-
millimeter handgun in the immediate vicinity. Multiple cars in
the area had been shot, and the ground was littered with
shattered glass. Police officers encountered a second victim,
minor C.D., inside a nearby house. C.D. was bleeding from a
wound in her left hand. She was crying and seemed shocked and
in pain. C.D. told officers she was shot outside the house.

      The Investigation

      Los Angeles Police Department Officer Robert Fraga
investigated the incident. Officer Fraga recognized the dead man
at the scene as Jasuan Hall. The officer had multiple prior

                                  3
contacts with Hall, who had admitted to the officer that he was a
member of the Rollin’ 40’s.
      Police obtained video footage from multiple surveillance
cameras near the scene of the shooting and near 5-Duce Hoover3
gang member Casey Hervey’s house, located at 606 53rd Street in
Los Angeles.4 Officer Fraga testified regarding what the videos
depicted and identified D.S. as appearing in some of them.
       Officer Fraga testified that he did not use booking photos or
a driver’s license to identify D.S. The officer compared video
recorded at 608 West 53rd Street to photographs posted on social
media. Officer Fraga had never personally seen D.S. before
identifying him, and had not met him prior to trial. The social
media photos Officer Fraga used to identify D.S. were not
identified, described, authenticated, or offered as evidence at
trial. Officer Fraga did not recall how many social media photos
he had reviewed. The officer testified that, in the surveillance
videos that did not clearly show D.S.’s face, he was able to
identify D.S. through his clothing. Officer Fraga described D.S.
as wearing long pants with stripes along the outside of the legs

      3  We use the spelling of 5-Duce as reflected in the reporter’s
official transcript.
      4 Officer Fraga referred to Hervey’s house as 606/608 West
53rd Street throughout the testimony. The 606 and 608 West
53rd Street addresses are for two separate residences located on
the same lot. Video was recovered from 608 West 53rd Street.
The residence faces the street and is not associated with Hervey.
Hervey’s residence, 606 West 53rd Street, is located to the south,
directly behind 608 West 53rd Street. It is accessed by a
driveway that runs along the east side of both residences and
provides parking next to 606 West 53rd Street.

                                 4
and a reflective logo consistent with Adidas-style sweatpants.
D.S. wore a long-sleeved jacket or windbreaker with a hood that
had stripes down the sleeves.
      Officer Fraga testified that he reviewed surveillance
footage that showed D.S. arriving at Hervey’s house in a white,
four-door sedan on July 28, 2018, around 9:30 p.m.5 The officer
viewed video of multiple people and cars coming to and leaving
the house all night. D.S. came and went in the white sedan
several times before 11:47 p.m. Officer Fraga reviewed video
showing that Joshua Bly and Destaney Tillis arrived at Hervey’s
house between 9:30 p.m. and 11:45 p.m.6 Both Bly and Tillis
were members of the 5-Duce Hoover.

      5 Officer Fraga was not a percipient witness. His testimony
regarding the period from 9:30 p.m. to 11:47 p.m. was based upon
his review of video recordings that were not admitted into
evidence.
      6  When asked how he identified people who were “involved
in this incident,” Officer Fraga testified that he was able to
“identify suspects” based on “the totality of [the] investigation”
and from there develop a “suspect pool.” At trial, he identified
D.S., Hervey, Bly, and Tillis in the videos depicting the areas
outside 606 and 608 West 53rd Street. Neither Officer Fraga, nor
any other witness, identified any of these individuals in videos
taken at other locations. None of these individuals were
identified as shooters by any witness, and no witness offered any
testimony as to the identity of the shooters. Other than
identifying Hervey, Bly, and Tillis as persons in the suspect pool,
there was no evidence or argument presented by the prosecution
regarding their alleged roles in the crimes. Numerous other
individuals depicted in the videos taken of the area outside 606
and 608 West 53rd Steet were not identified.

                                5
       The video depicted D.S. and Bly walking out of Hervey’s
house, with a group of males whom Officer Fraga could not
identify, at 11:43 p.m. D.S. and several other men walked past a
white sedan parked next to Hervey’s house and continued
northbound up the driveway toward West 53rd Street. D.S., Bly,
and several of the men then turned and walked back down the
driveway in the direction from which they came. The white
sedan is briefly illuminated when D.S. uses a remote key to open
it. Around 11:48 p.m., the white sedan backs out of the driveway
and travels east on West 53rd Street, followed by a Honda
Accord.
       Officer Fraga testified that there was no evidence
regarding where the white sedan and the Accord went prior to
12:38 a.m., when they were next captured on video. At
12:38 a.m., the video footage shows a white four-door sedan and
an older tan car that appears to be a Honda Accord, driving
westbound past 1037 West 43rd Street. The video captures the
shooting, which took place at 1037 West 43rd Street at
12:41 a.m., three minutes later. In Officer Fraga’s opinion, the
three people moved surreptitiously toward the victims, hunching
over and using parked cars to conceal themselves. The video
then shows “muzzle flashes” and two unidentified people appear
to be firing guns. All three people then flee from the scene,
running west on West 43rd Street toward Kansas Avenue.
       Officer Fraga next testified that shortly after the shooting,
the video depicts the white and tan cars driving southbound on
Kansas Avenue.7 The two cars then separate and go in different

      7
      The video depicts two cars approaching the intersection of
Kansas Avenue and Vernon Avenue. It is impossible to identify

                                 6
directions. The white car turns east onto 51st Street and
continues to Vermont Avenue. Because none of the video that
Officer Fraga reviewed showed the white car traveling south on
Vermont Avenue past 54th Street, he deduced that the sedan
must have turned east or west onto West 53rd Street. At
approximately 12:45 a.m., the video shows a white sedan turning
into the driveway at 608 West 53rd Street. The driver parks next
to the residence at 606 West 53rd Street and exits the vehicle.
The driver is wearing a sweat suit with the hood pulled up and no
visible stripes or Adidas logo. His face cannot be seen. He walks
into Hervey’s house. Officer Fraga opined that the driver was
D.S. He explained, “The basis of that is comparing images from
[D.S.] to the image in the video. And on that video . . . there’s
this individual, [D.S.’s] face is recognizable on that video.”8
       D.S. returned to the white sedan several times, beginning
at approximately 1:11 a.m. Before he returns to the vehicle the
video does not depict a license plate on the white sedan. D.S.
returns to the vehicle, opens the trunk, and appears to put a
license plate on the sedan. D.S. later closes the trunk, and a
reflective license plate is visible.

the first vehicle. The second vehicle appears to be a white sedan
consistent with the vehicle that passed the scene prior to the
shooting.
      8 Officer Fraga did not explain how he was able to identify
D.S. without seeing his face. Our review of the video reveals that
three to four different males present at Hervey’s house that night
were wearing light-colored sweat suits similar to the sweat suit
that the driver is wearing when he exits the white sedan in the
video.

                                7
       The video shows D.S. walking over to Bly and Tillis, who
are standing in the driveway, at approximately 1:16 a.m. D.S. is
depicted shaking hands with Hervey in the driveway at 1:21 a.m.
       On the afternoon of July 31, 2018, Los Angeles Police
Department Officer Albert Vasquez of the gang enforcement unit
observed Hervey and Tillis pulling a black bag from shrubs on
the side of Hervey’s house. Hervey and Tillis ran when they saw
the officers. The officers started to give chase, but then they saw
Hervey’s mother trying to get rid of the black bag. The officers
confiscated the bag, which had a black nine-millimeter Beretta
inside it. The officers searched the area and found two more
pistols inside a cinderblock wall next to the driveway: a .40-
caliber Springfield and a nine-millimeter Smith & Wesson. A
firearms examiner test fired the nine-millimeter Beretta and
determined that the gun was used to discharge a .40-caliber
spent shell casing found near the scene of Hall’s death. Officer
Vasquez testified that he did not know D.S. and had never met
him.

      The Motive

       On July 28, 2018, several hours before the instant crimes
took place, Marquis Ford, a member of the 5-Duce Hoover gang,
was shot at 88th Street and Vermont Avenue in Los Angeles.
Ford survived, but another person, who was not a member of a
gang, was struck by gunfire and killed. There was no evidence
presented regarding the shooter’s identity or gang affiliation, if
any.
       Los Angeles Police Department Officer Walter Lawetzki
testified as a gang expert for the prosecution. Officer Lawetzki

                                 8
was a member of the gang enforcement detail assigned to monitor
the 5-Duce Hoover gang and other gangs. The 5-Duce Hoover
gang has several rivals. The Rollin’ 40’s are their main rivals,
and they control 43rd Street between Kansas and Vermont
Avenues. Officer Lawetzki testified that there were shootings
and assaults between the gangs. If a 5-Duce Hoover member was
shot, the gang would retaliate with like or greater force. Officer
Lawetzki was not familiar with D.S.

Defense Evidence

      D.S. did not present evidence in his defense.

Juvenile Court’s Decision

      The juvenile court stated:
      “So from the evidence I heard during the trial I heard from
Detective Fraga who’s the lead detective. And he explained that
earlier in the day and the time of this shooting took place—I’m
assuming that would be July 28—that there was a 5-Duce Hoover
Crip by the name of Mark Keyford who had been shot and a
bystander had been killed. We know from Officer Lawetzki,
who’s the gang expert who testified, that retaliation is part of the
gang culture.
      “Additionally we heard from Officer Lawetzki that Rollin’
40’s Neighborhood Crips are bitter rivals of the 5-Deuce Crips.
There was evidence that came out that from the array of photos
that started with, associated with that those individuals were
known 5-Duce Hoover Crip gang members. Evidence was also
presented that the decedent in our case, Jasuan Hall, was a

                                 9
known 40 Neighborhood Crip. And we know Detective Fraga had
multiple encounters with Hall prior to the date of the shooting,
knew him to be a 40’s Neighborhood Crip gang member through
his tattoos and associations with a moniker known as Hard Head.
And, also, we know from Officer Lawetzki that the location of this
shooting occurred in Rollin’ 40’s gang territory.
       “And so it’s clear to me the homicide was motivated out of
retaliation based on a conflict between these two gangs.”
       The juvenile court recounted that a shell casing found in
the area where the shooters had been matched a .40-caliber
firearm that was recovered from a wall at Hervey’s residence.
       The juvenile court continued:
       “Then we have the surveillance footage. I know that the
defense has raised the argument that the surveillance footage
was not efficient in which to identify her client, but I wanted to
take an additional look at that evidence again, because during
the course of the trial it appears to me that was, in fact, [D.S.].
       “I have seen [D.S.] for the last two years. I’ve looked at the
photographs that were presented during this trial. His hair is
different today than it was back then. I see the body. I see the
hairline and all of that, and I’m convinced beyond a reasonable
doubt that the individual in the video is, indeed, in fact [D.S.].”
       The juvenile court acknowledged that the video was often of
poor quality, but stated that the court could identify D.S. in the
video through the distinctive Adidas clothing he wore, and
because “the stature is specific.”
       The court stated that it was clear D.S. was the driver of the
white car when it left Hervey’s house, and acknowledged, “I know
there was a period of time between when they leave that location
and when they, when the shooting actually occurs. Some of that

                                 10
is not captured from the evidence in this case.” Nonetheless, the
court found that the white car was in the area at the time of the
shooting and that D.S. exited the car “shortly thereafter” when it
arrived at Hervey’s house.
        The court continued:
        “It’s also clear to me from the evidence that at some point
[D.S.] comes back out of the house, and he pops the trunk to the
car. And I’m not sure if he puts on a plate or removes a plate, but
it’s clear to me that once the trunk was closed there was a
reflective item on the trunk of the car which appears to be a
license plate that wasn’t there before. And so that further
informs me of his intent.
        “I believe that the evidence affords the fact that they
gathered together and he, in efforts to retaliate against the
shooting and that he was all part of it, that he was the driver of
the vehicle, that he dropped them off, that he waited for them to
run back after the shooting and to transport them back out of the
location, so that they would not be caught or arrested.
        “And, so, I think the People have put on sufficient evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt.”

                          DISCUSSION

Legal Principles

       “The standard of review in juvenile proceedings involving
criminal behavior is the same as that required in adult criminal
trials: We review the entire record in the light most favorable to
the judgment to determine whether substantial evidence
supports the charge, so that a reasonable trier of fact could find

                                11
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (In re M.V. (2014)
225 Cal.App.4th 1495, 1518.) “ ‘[S]ubstantial evidence,’ that is,
evidence that is ‘ “ ‘reasonable . . . , credible, and of solid value’ ” ’
is required, not just any evidence. [Citation.] In particular, a
reasonable inference from the evidence ‘ “ ‘may not be based on
suspicion alone, or on imagination, speculation, supposition,
surmise, conjecture, or guess work. [¶] . . . A finding of fact must
be an inference drawn from evidence rather than . . . a mere
speculation as to probabilities without evidence.’ ” ’ ” (People v.
Sanford (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 84, 91–92.) “ ‘[W]hen a reversal
rests upon the ground that the prosecution has failed to produce
sufficient evidence . . . , the Double Jeopardy Clause bars the
prosecutor from making a second attempt at conviction.’
[Citation.] When the evidence is legally insufficient, it means
that ‘ “the government’s case was so lacking that it should not
have even been submitted to the [trier of fact].” ’ ” (People v.
Eroshevich (2014) 60 Cal.4th 583, 591.)
       A “ ‘person aids and abets the commission of a crime when
he or she, acting with (1) knowledge of the unlawful purpose of
the perpetrator; and (2) the intent or purpose of committing,
encouraging, or facilitating the commission of the offense, (3) by
act or advice aids, promotes, encourages or instigates, the
commission of the crime.’ [Citation.] ‘ “Mere presence at the
scene of a crime which does not itself assist its commission or
mere knowledge that a crime is being committed and the failure
to prevent it does not amount to aiding and abetting.”
[Citations.] “To be liable for a crime as an abettor, the accused
must have instigated or advised the commission of the crime or
have been present for the purpose of assisting the crime. He
must share the criminal intent with which the crime was

                                    12
committed. Neither his mere presence at the scene of the crime
nor his failure, through fear, to prevent a crime establishes,
without more, that an accused was an abettor.” ’ ” (People v.
Burgos (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 550, 559–560.)

Analysis

      We begin with the observation that there was gang
evidence introduced in this case that had little, if any, relevance
to D.S.’s personal motive or intent. It has been repeatedly
emphasized by our courts that such evidence may be highly
prejudicial to a defendant. (See People v. Albarran (2007)
149 Cal.App.4th 214, 230–232.)
      The People theorized that earlier on the day of the
shooting, a 5-Duce Hoover gang member was shot, and that the
instant shooting was committed in retaliation for that earlier
shooting. The People postulated that 5-Duce Hoover gang
members gathered at Hervey’s house, planned a retaliatory
shooting, and then left in a caravan to kill a Rollin’ 40’s member
on West 43rd Street, within Rollin’ 40’s territory.
      Evidence was presented that the earlier shooting occurred,
and that one of the people who was shot was a 5-Duce Hoover
gang member. An officer testified that Hervey, Bly, and Tillis
were also 5-Duce Hoover gang members, and that they were all
present at Hervey’s house on the night of the shooting. A gang
expert testified that the 5-Duce Hoovers and the Rollin’ 40’s were
major rivals, and that the 5-Duce Hoovers would retaliate in kind
for the earlier shooting of their fellow gang member.
      However, even if we assume that D.S. was correctly
identified as being the driver of the white car parked at Hervey’s

                                13
house that night, there was no evidence presented that D.S.
himself was a member of any gang, or that he associated with
gang members outside of the evening in question. Notably,
neither Officer Lawetzki, who was part of the gang enforcement
detail assigned to monitor the 5-Duce Hoovers, nor any other
officer who testified, had ever met D.S. Additionally, the
evidence did not establish that more than three of the many
people at Hervey’s house that night were 5-Duce Hoover gang
members. Officer Fraga testified, and the video evidence showed,
that there were numerous people going in and out of Hervey’s
house all evening (including D.S.), most of whom the officer was
unable to identify. Of the individuals present, Officer Fraga
identified only Hervey, Tillis, and Bly as 5 Deuce gang members.
None of the shooters depicted in the video were identified as
members of the 5-Duce Hoover or any other gang. There was no
expert testimony to explain why non-gang members would be
involved in a retaliatory shooting. From this evidence, ascribing
a gang motive to D.S. is speculative.
       There was also no evidence that D.S. met with gang
members at Hervey’s house to plan the shooting. Officer Fraga
testified that people and cars were coming and going all night,
and that D.S. left and came back several times. There was no
testimony that Hervey was present at the house before the
shootings, and the testimony regarding Tillis and Bly was that
they arrived sometime between 9:30 p.m. and 11:45 p.m., based
on Officer Fraga’s review of video that was not admitted into
evidence. There was no evidence regarding how long Tillis and
Bly were at Hervey’s house, or if they were ever present in the
house at the same time that D.S. was, or that D.S. was in the
same room in the house as the alleged gang members, or what, if

                               14
anything, anyone in the house discussed with anyone else. In
short, there was no evidence that a meeting of 5-Duce Hoover
gang members took place at Hervey’s house or that D.S. attended
it. At most, the video shows that D.S. and Bly talked briefly
before the white sedan pulled out of the driveway at 11:47 p.m.
       Additionally, there was no evidence that the earlier
shooting was committed by a Rollin’ 40’s member, or that anyone
at Hervey’s house that night believed that to be the case. There
was no evidence that the earlier shooting took place in either
gang’s territory. The testimony established that the shooting
took place on 88th Street and Vermont Avenue, which is over 40
blocks away from the instant shooting and more than 30 blocks
away from Hervey’s home. In fact, there was no evidence
presented regarding the motive behind the earlier shooting, of
which a non-gang member was also a victim.
       Finally, there was no evidence presented that the shooters
in the instant case were 5-Duce Hoover gang members. No one
testified to their identities, and there was no suggestion that the
three people depicted in the video recording of the shooting could
also be seen in the video recordings of the area around Hervey’s
house before or after the shootings that night. No witness
identified anyone other than D.S. and Bly in either of the cars
that were purported to have transported the shooters to and from
the scene.
       At most, all of this evidence may have supported the
inference that Hervey, Bly, and Tillis had a motive to kill Hall,
who was a Rollin’ 40’s member, in retaliation, but even that
inference is tenuous absent evidence that the Rollin’ 40’s were
responsible for the earlier shooting or that 5-Duce Hoovers
committed the shooting. The strongest evidence connecting the

                                15
5-Duce Hoovers to the murder was the single shell casing that
matched the firearm found in the cinderblock wall at Hervey’s
home. That evidence supported the inference that Hervey and
Tillis, who were attempting to conceal another firearm, were
connected to the murder. However, there is no evidence that D.S.
or Bly spoke with either Hervey or Tillis before the white sedan
left Hervey’s house 45 minutes prior to the shooting. There is no
evidence connecting D.S. to the gun.
       The People did not allege that D.S. was one of the shooters
or that he was present at the scene of the shooting—nor could
they because there was no evidence to support either conclusion.
The prosecution theorized that D.S. was a getaway driver or a
lookout, but there is no evidence that this was the case, either.
There was no evidence that D.S. transported any of the shooters
to or from the scene. There is no footage of anyone leaving or
entering the white sedan in the vicinity of the shooting. The only
video of anyone entering or leaving the sedan was recorded at 608
West 53rd Street, approximately 10 blocks away, and none of the
people who entered or exited the vehicle were identified as
shooters. There is no evidence that D.S. was close enough to the
scene to act as a lookout or that he had any means of
communication to warn the shooters as a lookout. The video of
the white sedan and the Accord driving on West 43rd Street ends
after the cars reach the corner or West 43rd Street and Kansas
Avenue, so it is impossible to tell what route the white sedan
traveled after that, even if we assume that the car captured on
video at the corner of Kansas and Vernon Avenues five minutes
later is the same white sedan.
       The white sedan was described only as a white, four-door
sedan. Although the video shows that the white sedan that

                               16
backed out of Hervey’s driveway at 11:45 p.m. was a KIA, no
model or license plate number can be discerned from the video.
There was no evidence offered regarding who owned the vehicle,
or whether D.S. owned or had access to a similar vehicle. Even
assuming that the video recordings depict D.S. leaving Hervey’s
house at approximately 11:45 p.m. in the white sedan, that
occurred approximately 50 minutes before the shooting. There is
no evidence regarding where D.S. or the white sedan were during
that 50-minute period. The video does not establish that D.S.
was the driver of the white sedan depicted near the scene of the
crimes, as it is impossible to see the driver of that vehicle in the
surveillance video. It is also not possible to identify who drove
the white sedan to Hervey’s house after the shooting. The driver
is depicted briefly, wearing a full sweat suit with the hood up.
The sweat suit has no defining characteristics that could link it to
D.S., such as the striping or the reflective logo shown in other
video where D.S.’s face is captured by the camera. Multiple
people wearing full sweat suits are depicted in the videos
recorded at 608 West 53rd Street.
       The most probative evidence of a connection to the charged
crimes is video of D.S. putting what appears to be a license plate
on the white sedan at 606 West 53rd Street approximately
30 minutes after the shootings, and the video of D.S. shaking
hands with Hervey in the driveway. But this, even in conjunction
with the evidence that D.S. spent time at Hervey’s house when
people linked to the shooters may also have been present, is not
enough to raise more than a suspicion of D.S.’s involvement in
the crimes. There is no evidence that any of the shooters was
ever in a white car, or in any car. If the shooters were not in the
sedan, D.S. could not aid them in evading capture by changing

                                17
the license plate. It is an equally plausible inference that D.S.
changed the license plate to avoid implication in crimes in which
he was not personally involved, and was friendly with Hervey to
forestall trouble between them. There is no evidence to support
one inference over the other, beyond mere speculation.
       We find the People’s arguments to the contrary
unpersuasive. The People compare the instant case to People v.
Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800. In Hill, three men approached a car,
spreading out to surround it. (Id. at p. 851.) The defendant
robbed the driver and attempted to murder him, while one of the
other men took the passenger’s purse. (Ibid.) Our Supreme
Court held this evidence was sufficient to establish that the
defendant and the man who robbed the passenger were working
together and that the defendant aided and abetted the robbery of
the passenger whose purse was taken. (Id. at pp. 851–852.)
       The present case is distinguishable. In People v. Hill,
supra, 17 Cal.4th 800, the defendant and the man who took the
passenger’s purse arrived at the scene together, remained at the
scene together, and simultaneously committed robbery—
defendant of the driver and the other man of the passenger.
Here, there is no substantial evidence that D.S. was at the scene
of the shooting, and it was not alleged that he was among the
shooters. The defendant in Hill was at the scene engaging in the
identical crime, whereas D.S. was removed from the scene, and
engaged in the otherwise legal activity of driving a car. D.S.’s
participation was speculative.
       This case is also distinguishable from People v. Miranda
(2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 398. In Miranda, the evidence
established that the victim was smoking marijuana in his SUV at
a gas station. Four males, one of whom was later identified as

                               18
the defendant, parked nearby. While one of the individuals went
into the gas station’s convenience store; two others approached
the open driver’s side door of the victim’s SUV while the
defendant stood in front of the SUV. One of the men asked the
victim where he was from, which the victim understood as asking
whether he had a gang affiliation. The victim indicated that he
was not a gang member. The man identified himself as being
from a gang, and pulled a chain off the victim’s neck. As the
victim chased after the man who took his necklace, he heard gun
shots. Turning in the direction of the shots, the victim saw the
defendant firing a handgun at him; the victim was shot twice.
(Id. at pp. 403–404.) A gang expert testified that gang members
commit crimes together to make a greater showing of force, and
that they support each other in committing crimes. (Id. at
p. 409.) Based on the victim’s account of events and
identification of the defendant as the shooter, the appellate court
held “that defendant was the direct perpetrator of the attempted
premeditated murder, robbery, assault with a firearm and
possession of a firearm by a felon” (id. at p. 407), despite the
jury’s “ ‘not true’ ” finding on gun use allegations, because
substantial evidence supported the inconsistent verdicts (id. at
pp. 405–406).
       Alternatively, the court in People v. Miranda, supra,
192 Cal.App.4th at page 409, held that substantial evidence
supported a finding that the defendant aided and abetted the
robbery as a backup or lookout, even discounting the victim’s
identification of the defendant as the shooter. The court observed
that the defendant was with the men that he personally claimed
to be the robbers before, after, and during the robbery and
shooting. (Ibid.) The defendant was a former gang member and

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was associating with the perpetrators who he knew to be current
members or affiliates of the same gang. (Ibid.) The defendant
also admitted that he got out of the vehicle with the others to get
some marijuana from the victim. (Ibid.)
       In the instant case, D.S. was not with the shooters during
the shootings and did not identify the shooters. No evidence was
presented that D.S. was a gang member or that he had some
other motive to assist in the shooting. He did not approach the
victims and did not attempt to prevent their escape or otherwise
facilitate the shooting.
       Finally, People v. McDaniels (1980) 107 Cal.App.3d 898,
also differs from this case. There, the appellate court held the
evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the defendant,
who had been positively identified as the shooter at trial, was the
perpetrator. (Id. at pp. 901, 903.) Alternatively, the court held
that substantial evidence supported the finding that the
defendant aided and abetted first degree murder. (Id. at p. 903.)
The court recounted that the victim was “kneeling with his hands
in the air. . . . [when] the gunman squeezed off five shots; the
first two knocked [the victim] to the ground, the third came in
response to [the victim’s] violent kicking, and two final shots to
the head, fired from the distance of about a foot, were added even
as the gunman’s friends had turned away.” (Id. at p. 901, fn.
omitted.) “[F]our witnesses placed defendant among the persons
who cornered and stood over [the victim] before he was shot.” (Id.
at p. 904.) The appellate court stated that regardless of whether
the defendant pulled the trigger he “was one of those present at
the discussions held by the [gang] immediately before their
venture was undertaken, and . . . along with the others, he

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departed the murder scene as soon as the shooting had occurred.
Further, he later falsely denied his presence at the event.” (Ibid.)
       Here, there was no evidence that D.S. stood over either of
the victims when they were shot, let alone that he loomed over a
victim watching as the victim was shot multiple times while on
his or her knees. It was not alleged that he was present at the
scene of the shootings. There was no evidence that D.S. was
privy to any discussions about the shootings before they occurred,
or that he lied regarding his whereabouts afterward. The
circumstances are not analogous.
       For all of these reasons, we conclude that there is not
sufficient evidence that D.S. intended to kill anyone who was shot
on the night of the crimes, or that he did anything to facilitate
the crimes. His convictions for murder and attempted murder
are reversed.

                         DISPOSITION

      The juvenile court’s order is reversed.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

                                     MOOR, J.

We concur:

             RUBIN, P. J.            KIM, J.

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