Court Opinion

ID: 2670246
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-17 00:04:26.050408+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:34:23.805429
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                 January 24, 2014 Session

                    JOSEPH E. RICH, M.D. v. DAN WARLICK

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                       No. 08C1949     Ben H. Cantrell, Judge

                  No. M2013-01150-COA-R3-CV - Filed April 15, 2014

A doctor who became the subject of disciplinary proceedings by the Tennessee Medical
Examiners Board filed a complaint for legal malpractice against the attorney who had
represented him in those proceedings. The doctor asserted that the Board suspended his
medical license for one year as a result of numerous acts of professional negligence by the
attorney. The attorney filed a motion for summary judgment, denying that he was guilty of
any professional negligence and contending that in any case, the doctor’s complaint was
barred by the one-year statute of limitations for legal malpractice. The trial court granted
partial summary judgment to the attorney on the basis of the statute of limitations. The court
ruled that the doctor suffered a legally cognizable injury when the attorney failed to disclose
a list of proposed witnesses to the Administrative Law Judge assigned to conduct the
evidentiary hearing, which was more than one year earlier than the doctor’s filing of his legal
malpractice complaint. The court accordingly held that the attorney could not be held liable
for his failure to disclose the witnesses, or for any other acts that occurred more than one year
prior to the filing of the malpractice complaint. The court certified its judgment as final for
purposes of appeal under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02. We affirm.

   Tenn R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which F RANK G.
C LEMENT, J R. and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, JJ., joined.

G. Kline Preston, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Joseph E. Rich.

Byron K. Lindberg, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Dan Warlick.
                                               OPINION

                                 I. A D ISCIPLINARY P ROCEEDING

        Dr. Joseph Edward Rich became the subject of a disciplinary proceeding before the
Tennessee Board of Medical Examiners in June of 2005, for his allegedly unprofessional use
of chelation therapy, intravenous hydrogen peroxide therapy and for inappropriately
prescribing methadone to patients.1 He hired attorney Daniel Warlick to represent him before
the Board. The following account is largely derived from Dr. Rich’s subsequently-filed legal
malpractice complaint against Mr. Warlick. The dates of certain events are cited because they
are relevant to Mr. Warlick’s statute of limitations defense.

       On February 3, 2006, the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) assigned to conduct the
evidentiary hearing entered an order requiring Dr. Rich to disclose all his proposed witnesses,
including experts and proposed exhibits by April 24, 2006. Prior to February 3, Dr. Rich had
sent Mr. Warlick a thirteen page letter outlining his views on the upcoming proceedings and
including a list of exhibits that he wanted to have introduced, as well as a list of nine expert
witnesses to testify on his behalf. Mr. Warlick did not disclose any of the witnesses or exhibits
to the ALJ before the deadline.

        Dr. Rich cited several other failures by Mr. Warlick to protect his interests in the
disciplinary proceedings. For example, on July 13, 2006, the Board notified Mr. Warlick that
it intended to present the affidavit of Benjamin Johnson, M.D. to the court and that Mr.
Warlick was obligated to notify legal counsel if he wished to cross-examine Dr. Johnson. Mr.
Warlick did not depose Dr. Johnson or take any steps to compel his live testimony at the
upcoming hearing. Also, the Board served Mr. Warlick with its witness and exhibit list on July
19, 2006. He did not depose any of those witnesses.

       The case advanced through a series of evidentiary and dispositional hearings, beginning
on July 26, 2006. Although Dr. Rich has cited several other failures by Mr. Warlick to take
appropriate actions to protect his interests between and during those hearings, we need not
discuss them in any detail, for they are not directly relevant to the issues in this appeal.
However, Mr. Warlick’s failure to comply with the ALJ’s order to disclose Mr. Rich’s
witnesses by August 24, 2006, and the subsequent order resulting from that failure became

        1
          Chelation therapy involves the intravenous administration of a drug to bind to metals such as lead
or iron that are present in the tissues, so that they may be excreted through the urine. Hydrogen peroxide
intravenous therapy is administered to kill disease microorganisms, improve cellular function and promote
the healing of damaged tissues. Both of these therapies are apparently considered quite controversial in
medical circles.

                                                    -2-
central to the trial court’s decision in the legal malpractice case.

        On December 11, 2006, the Board filed a motion to exclude Mr. Warlick from calling
witnesses or presenting evidentiary exhibits on Dr. Rich’s behalf because of his failure to
disclose those witnesses. Mr. Warlick did not respond to the motion. On December 21, 2006,
the Administrative Law Judge entered an order granting the Board’s motion. Mr. Warlick did
not file a written motion to set aside the ALJ’s order. Accordingly, the only witness to testify
on Dr. Rich’s behalf was Dr. Rich himself.

       On April 23, 2007, Dr. Rich sent a letter to Mr. Warlick expressing his frustration and
concern with the manner in which Mr. Warlick conducted his defense. Among other things,
he complained that he made dozens of phone calls and sent “countless messages” to Mr.
Warlick’s office and never received a reply. He also complained that Mr. Warlick went ahead
with one hearing in Dr. Rich’s absence, despite his explicit instructions to reschedule that
hearing. Dr. Rich further informed Mr. Warlick that he had retained another attorney, and that
“I think we need to absolutely need to [sic] have a serious talk about where we go from here
. . .”
       On December 20, 2007, the ALJ entered a final order suspending Dr. Rich’s medical
license for one year and imposing certain conditions on its restoration, which order became the
order of the Board. Dr. Rich sought judicial review of the order suspending his license,
asserting that numerous irregularities in the Board proceedings warranted reversal, but the court
was not convinced. On March 17, 2009, the Chancery Court filed an extensive and detailed
memorandum and order, affirming the final order of the Board and upholding the suspension
of Dr. Rich’s license.2

                          II. A C OMPLAINT FOR L EGAL M ALPRACTICE

       On June 18, 2008, Dr. Rich filed a complaint for legal malpractice against Mr. Warlick
in the Circuit Court of Davidson County. He claimed that if it were not for Mr. Warlick’s
negligence, his medical license would not have been suspended. The alleged acts of negligence
included Mr. Warlick’s failure to disclose the names of Dr. Rich’s expert witnesses to the ALJ
in accordance with the ALJ’s order of February 3, 2006, his failure to move for relief from the
order of December 21, 2006 excluding the introduction by Dr. Rich of witnesses and additional

        2
         Dr. Rich appealed the Chancery Court’s order to the Court of Appeals. We affirmed the Medical
Board’s finding that Dr. Rich had violated several statutes regulating medical practice, but we found that the
Board had erred by failing to articulate the applicable standard of care, as required by Tenn. Code Ann. §
63-6-214(g). The Board appealed to the Supreme Court, which affirmed this court and remanded the matter
for the Board to make the statutory findings. Rich v. Tennessee Bd. of Med. Examiners, 350 S.W.3d 919
(Tenn. 2011).

                                                     -3-
evidence, his failure to depose the Board’s expert witnesses, and his failure to notify Dr. Rich
of the final hearing date of December 6, 2007.

        Mr. Warlick filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting two separate grounds for
the dismissal of Dr. Rich’s claim. First, he argued that the claim was barred by the one year
statute of limitations for legal malpractice. Second, he contended that even if Dr. Rich’s claim
was not barred by the statute of limitations, Mr. Warlick was not guilty of any professional
negligence because all the acts or omissions complained of were based on the honest exercise
of his professional judgment.

        Mr. Warlick submitted numerous documents in support of his motion, including his own
affidavit, which stated his opinion “based upon a reasonable degree of legal certainty” that none
of his actions were the proximate cause of Dr. Rich’s injuries. Dr. Rich opposed the motion by
filing the declaration of James Bradshaw, a Nashville attorney. Mr. Bradshaw (who represented
Dr. Rich in the underlying case after Mr. Warlick withdrew) discussed each of the negligent
acts and omissions alleged by Dr. Rich and declared that they all violated the standard of care
for attorneys in Tennessee, and that if not for those violations, “Dr. Rich could have received
a different result in his case before the Board.”

        The hearing on the motion was conducted on August 24, 2012. After extensive
arguments by both sides, the court ruled from the bench, and its ruling was memorialized in an
order filed on September 24, 2012. The court granted Mr. Warlick’s motion for summary
judgment in part and denied it in part. The court ruled that the affidavit of James Bradshaw
raised a genuine issue of disputed fact as to whether Mr. Warlick’s actions fell below the legal
standard of care for attorneys in the State of Tennessee, and thus that Mr. Warlick was not
entitled to summary judgment on that issue.

       On the remaining issue, the court held that the statute of limitations barred action on
some of the acts complained of in the complaint. The court ruled that the only alleged acts of
negligence by Mr. Warlick that could be considered by the court for the purpose of liability
were those that occurred one year before the filing of Dr. Rich’s legal malpractice complaint
on June 18, 2008. The court also declared its judgment to be final for purposes of appeal under
54.02 Tenn. R. Civ. P.

                                               -4-
                                         III. A NALYSIS

        Our decision on appeal turns entirely on the question of when Dr. Rich’s cause of action
for legal malpractice accrued. A trial court’s decision on a motion for summary judgment
enjoys no presumption of correctness on appeal. Martin v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co., 271
S.W.3d at 84; Blair v. West Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tenn. 2004). In our review, we
must consider the evidence presented at the summary judgment stage in the light most favorable
to the non-moving party, and we must afford that party all the reasonable inferences than can
be drawn from such evidence. Doe v. HCA Health Servs., Inc., 46 S.W.3d 191, 196 (Tenn.
2001); Memphis Housing Authority v. Thompson, 38 S.W.3d 504, 507 (Tenn. 2001).

       A. The Statute of Limitations for Legal Malpractice

        The statute of limitations for claims of professional malpractice is one year from the date
of the incident giving rise to the claim. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(2). When the claim
is for legal malpractice, it can be difficult to know when the cause of action has accrued and,
thus, when the statute of limitations has begun to run. In the leading case of Carvell v. Bottoms,
900 S.W.2d 23 (Tenn. 1995), the court stated that when a legal malpractice claim accrues
depends upon a specific formulation of the “discovery rule,” which developed through an earlier
series of decisions that were rendered in the 1980s’ and is described as follows:

        . . . the “legal malpractice discovery rule” is composed of two distinct
        elements: (1) the plaintiff must suffer, pursuant to the Ameraccount dicta, an
        “irremediable injury” as a result of the defendant’s negligence; and (2) the
        plaintiff must have known or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should
        have known that this injury was caused by defendant’s negligence.

Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d at 28.

        The court declared, however, that it could no longer approve of the adjective
“irremediable” in the above formulation, because it “caused confusion from its inception and
serves no useful purpose.” Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d at 30. The court reasoned that
litigation is a fluid enterprise, with multiple possibilities for reversals of seemingly firm
dispositions along the way. The court accordingly ruled instead that the terms “legally
cognizable injury” or “actual injury” should be used in that context.

        Thus, the two distinct elements of the discovery rule are that the plaintiff must suffer
a legally cognizable injury or an actual injury, and the plaintiff must know or in the exercise of
reasonable diligence should have known that this injury was caused by the defendant’s
negligent or wrongful conduct. Kohl v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977 S.W.2d 528, 532 (Tenn. 2008).

                                                -5-
“An actual injury occurs when there is a loss of a legal right, remedy or interest, or the
imposition of a liability. An actual injury may also take the form of the plaintiff being forced
to take some action or otherwise suffer ‘some actual inconvenience’ such as incurring an
expense, as a result of the defendant’s negligent or wrongful act.” Kohl v. Dearborn & Ewing,
977 S.W.2d at 532.

       In the case before us, the trial court made the following specific findings:

       The Court further finds that based on the undisputed material facts Plaintiff Rich,
       on April 23, 2007, knew or upon the exercise of reasonable diligence should
       have known that he suffered a legally cognizable injury as a result of the alleged
       wrongful acts or omissions of defendant Warlick as set forth in the Complaint.
       The Court finds that the December 21, 2006 Order of the Board precluding Dr.
       Rich from presenting proof, including expert and fact witnesses and exhibits, is
       a legally cognizable injury.

       The Court further finds that Plaintiff Rich, with the knowledge that he suffered
       a legally cognizable injury as a result of the alleged conduct of Mr. Warlick,
       failed to file the present lawsuit within the one-year statue of limitations period
       for legal malpractice claims. Rather, Plaintiff Rich filed the present lawsuit, in
       June 18, 2008.

       Accordingly, the Court holds that all of causes of action arising out of the acts or
       omissions of Mr. Warlick complained of by Plaintiff Rich in his Complaint that
       occurred prior to June 18, 2007 are barred by the statue of limitations, including
       [a list of allegations regarding acts occurring before the critical date].

       The Court finds that any causes of action arising out of the acts or omissions of
       Mr. Warlick complained of by Plaintiff Rich in his Complaint that occurred on
       or after June 18, 2007 are not barred by the statute of limitations.

       Mr. Warlick does not appeal the trial court’s decision to deny his motion for summary
judgment on the question of negligence. He argues, rather, that the trial court was correct to
find that Dr. Rich suffered a legally cognizable injury more than one year before he filed his
malpractice claim, thus barring the court from considering any allegedly negligent acts
committed by Mr. Warlick prior to June 18, 2007.3

        3
          Mr. Warlick does not take the position on appeal that Dr. Rich suffered an actual or legally
cognizable injury when he failed to submit his client’s list of expert witnesses to the ALJ. He argues, rather,
that the injury occurred on December 21, 2006, when the ALJ excluded the testimony of any such witnesses,

                                                      -6-
        For his part, Dr. Rich argues on appeal that he did not suffer a legally cognizable injury
as the result of his representation by Mr. Warlick until December 20, 2007, when the Board
entered its final order suspending his medical license, thereby rendering his legal malpractice
complaint timely for all the acts committed by Mr. Warlick during the period that he represented
Dr. Rich. He reasons that all earlier orders should be deemed interlocutory because they were
not final and the ALJ could have changed his mind at any time prior to the entry of its final
order about excluding the testimony of Dr. Rich’s expert witnesses.

        In a number of cases, however, our courts have found that a plaintiff in a legal
malpractice claim suffered a legally cognizable injury for the purposes of the statute of
limitations well before the entry of a final order against him in the underlying proceeding. For
example, the plaintiffs in Kohl v. Dearborn & Ewing acted on erroneous tax advice they
received from their attorney about a rollover from an individual retirement account. When the
Internal Revenue Service sent them a letter questioning their income tax return, they wrote to
the attorney who had given them the erroneous advice to inform him that they had retained a
different attorney to handle their tax work.

        Seventeen months after that letter was sent, the plaintiffs filed a legal malpractice
complaint against the attorney who gave them the bad advice. The trial court dismissed their
complaint on summary judgment because of the running of the statute of limitations. The
Supreme Court affirmed. The court found that the plaintiffs suffered a legally cognizable injury
when their accountant had to respond to the request for information from the IRS, reasoning
that “the plaintiffs suffered an actual injury for the purposes of the discovery rule when they
began to incur expenses, or at least had to take some action, as a result of the defendants’
negligent advice.” Kohl v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977 S.W.2d at 533.

        The court noted that when the plaintiffs received the letter from the IRS, no formal
action had yet been taken against them, but it stated that “[a] plaintiff may not delay filing suit
until all the injurious effects or consequences of the alleged wrong are actually known to the
plaintiff.” Kohl v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977 S.W.2d at 533 (citing Shadrick v. Coker, 963
S.W.2d 726, 733 (Tenn. 1998)). The court also found that the knowledge requirement of the
discovery rule was satisfied by the plaintiffs’ letter to the defendant attorney informing him of
the change of representation, because it showed that they knew that there was a potential
problem with the rollover. Thus, the statute of limitations began to run on the date the letter
was sent. Id.

and that Dr. Rich became aware of his injury no later than April 23, 2007, when he wrote a letter to Mr.
Warlick complaining about his conduct of the case, and informing him that Dr. Rich had retained another
attorney.

                                                  -7-
        The more recent case of Cardiac Anesthesia Services v. Jones, 385 S.W.3d 530 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2012), involved the drafting of a contract between an anesthesia practice group and
a medical center. The contract included a provision that could be read as requiring the splitting
of fees between the parties, which is prohibited by Tenn. Code Ann. § 63-6-225. The practice
group sued, alleging that the medical center breached the contract, and the medical center filed
a motion for summary judgment, contending that the contract was illegal, and therefore
unenforceable. Although the trial court ultimately ruled that Tenn. Code Ann. § 63-6-225 did
not apply to the contract at issue, the practice group incurred significant expense defending
against the motion.

        The practice group subsequently filed a legal malpractice complaint against the attorney
who had drafted the contract, and the attorney filed a motion for summary judgment on the basis
of the statute of limitations. The trial court granted the defendant attorney’s motion and this
court affirmed. We found, consistent with the Supreme Court’s holding in Kohl v. Dearborn
& Ewing, that the inconvenience and expense of defending against the medical center’s motion
for summary judgment constituted a legally cognizable injury, and that the filing of the motion
put the practice group on notice that there was a problem with the way the contract was drafted.
Cardiac Anesthesia Services v. Jones, 385 S.W.3d at 541.

        The case of Honeycutt v. Wilkes, W2007-00185-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2200285 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Aug. 2, 2007) (rule 11 perm. app. denied Dec. 27, 2007) involved a marital dissolution
agreement (MDA) drafted by the defendant attorney. The attorney told her client, Ms.
Honeycutt, that Tennessee law required the inclusion in the MDA of a provision that her former
husband’s alimony obligation would be terminated if she “cohabitates with a man not related
to her.” The attorney assured her, however, that the provision did not prevent her from having
a relationship with a man so long as she did not receive financial support from him and
maintained her home and driver’s license in Tennessee.

        When Ms. Honeycutt’s former husband subsequently learned that she had entered into
a romantic relationship with a man in Florida and shared his bed more than half the time, he
filed a petition in the Tennessee court to terminate his alimony obligation. Ms. Honeycutt then
discharged her attorney, and retained another attorney to defend her against the termination
petition. The trial court denied Mr. Honeycutt’s petition to terminate alimony, but this court
reversed. After the Tennessee Supreme Court denied Ms. Honeycutt’s petition to appeal, she
filed a complaint for legal malpractice.

       As in Kohl and Cardiac Anesthesia Services, the disposition of the malpractice case
turned on the question of the statute of limitations. Ms. Honeycutt contended that she did not
suffer an injury, and therefore her cause of action did not accrue, until this court reversed the

                                               -8-
trial court. The trial court found, however, that her cause of action accrued when she wrote the
letter discharging the defendant attorney. We affirmed. We reasoned that Ms. Honeycutt
suffered an actual injury when she was forced to hire another attorney and to incur the expenses
required to defend herself against Mr. Honeycutt’s petition to terminate his alimony obligation.
Honeycutt, 2007 WL 2200285 at *7.

        Dr. Rich offers us a counter-example in Cherry v. Williams, 36 S.W.3d 78 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2000), a case in which this court held that the filing of a final order in the trial court was
the legally cognizable injury that triggered the running of the statute of limitations. The
underlying proceeding in that case was a suit for breach of fiduciary duty against a financial
consultant, Mr. Cherry. The plaintiff in the underlying suit offered to settle for amounts
between $15,000 and $25,000. Mr. Cherry’s attorneys recommended against settlement, and
he followed their advice. The trial of the case resulted in a judgment of $75,000 against Mr.
Cherry, which included punitive damages. He appealed the judgment. On appeal, this court
affirmed the award of compensatory damages, but increased the punitive damages award,
resulting in a total judgment of $150,000.

       Mr. Cherry’s legal malpractice complaint against his attorneys was filed more than one
year after the entry of the order in the trial court, but less than a year after the entry of this
court’s opinion affirming it. He argued that he did not suffer a legally cognizable injury until
this court affirmed the trial court’s judgment. Both the trial court and this court rejected that
argument. We noted that “[i]n litigation, the most easily identifiable time when rights, interests,
and liabilities become fixed is when a court enters judgment,” and “[t]hus, when a judgment is
entered, a ‘legally cognizable injury’ occurs.” Cherry v. Williams, 36 S.W.3d at 84-85.

       None of the arguments raised by the parties in Cherry v. Williams suggested, however,
that Mr. Cherry had suffered a legally cognizable injury any earlier than the entry of the trial
court’s judgment. Further, to say that a legally cognizable injury occurs when a judgment is
entered is not the same as saying that it only occurs upon the entry of a judgment. In fact, Kohl
v. Dearborn & Ewing and the other cases we have cited stand for the opposite proposition.
Keeping these principles in mind, we now turn to the facts of the case before us.

       B. The Application of the Statute to the Present Case

       The record shows that the Administrative Law Judge entered an order requiring Dr. Rich
to disclose all his proposed witnesses by April 24, 2006. Dr. Rich had previously sent Mr.
Warlick a letter that included a list of nine expert witnesses that he wanted to testify on his
behalf. Mr. Warlick did not disclose any of the witnesses proffered by Dr. Rich or any other
witnesses to the ALJ before the deadline. Mr. Warlick does not assert that this failure
amounted, in itself, to an “actual injury” or a “legally cognizable injury.” We agree because Dr.

                                                -9-
Rich did not immediately lose any rights. At that point, his ability to utilize expert testimony
was only potentially threatened by Mr. Warlick’s failure to disclose his witnesses.

        In response to a motion by the Medical Board, however, the ALJ entered an order on
December 21, 2006, that prohibited Mr. Warlick from calling any expert witnesses on Dr.
Rich’s behalf because of his failure to meet the deadline. The ALJ’s order deprived Dr. Rich
of a legal right that tends to be of critical importance in proceedings involving professional
licensing - the right to defend oneself through the use of expert testimony. Thus, that order
satisfied the injury component of a claim for legal malpractice.

        On April 23, 2007, Dr. Rich sent a letter to Mr. Warlick in which he expressed deep
misgivings about the quality of the representation that Mr. Warlick was providing, including
his failure to provide the ALJ with his witness list. The content of that letter satisfied the
second element for the accrual of a cause of action for legal malpractice, that the plaintiff
knows, or should have known in the exercise of reasonable diligence, that an injury was caused
by defendant’s negligence. Dr. Rich’s letter details his knowledge of the failings of Mr.
Warlick in his representation, and the fact that he had consulted another lawyer gave him the
opportunity to inquire as to the potential consequences of those failings.

       Additionally, Dr. Rich announced in the letter that because of the many decisions Mr.
Warlick had made without his knowledge or agreement, he had retained another attorney, Al
Augustine, “in an effort to try and minimize this situation.” As we noted above, our Supreme
Court has declared that “[a]n actual injury may also take the form of the plaintiff being forced
to take some action or otherwise suffer ‘some actual inconvenience’ such as incurring an
expense, as a result of the defendant’s negligent or wrongful act.” Kohl v. Dearborn & Ewing,
977 S.W.2d at 532. Dr. Rich incurred additional expenses by his decision to hire another
attorney because of Mr. Warlick’s representation.

        Dr. Rich notes on appeal that his letter shows that despite his criticisms, he, unlike the
plaintiff in Kohl v. Dearborn & Ewing, continued to employ the services of Mr. Warlick. He
argues that it is nothing out of the ordinary for a party to hire another attorney to serve as the
“second chair” in a case important enough to warrant it. However, Dr. Rich’s letter shows he
was aware that Mr. Warlick’s actions and omissions had injured him, whatever his reasons for
not immediately discharging Mr. Warlick.

       We accordingly affirm the judgment of the trial court that the statute of limitations bars
a malpractice cause of action based on acts of alleged negligence that occurred more than one
year prior to the filing of the lawsuit.

                                               -10-
                                             IV.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. We remand this case to the Circuit Court of
Davidson County for any further proceedings necessary. Tax the costs on appeal to the
appellant, Dr. Joseph Rich.

                                                    ___________________________________
                                                    PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE

                                             -11-