Court Opinion

ID: 7622595
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-29 17:02:53.787684+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:25:05.265965
License: Public Domain

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           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

MATTHEW FOY,
                                                      Court of Appeals No. A-13454
                           Appellant,                Trial Court No. 2NO-18-00072 CI

                    v.
                                                                OPINION
STATE OF ALASKA,

                           Appellee.                     No. 2728 — July 29, 2022

            Appeal from the Superior Court, Second Judicial District,
            Nome, Romano D. DiBenedetto, Judge.

            Appearances: Megan R. Webb, Assistant Public Defender, and
            Samantha Cherot, Public Defender, Anchorage, for the
            Appellant. Elizabeth T. Burke, Assistant Attorney General,
            Office of Criminal Appeals, Anchorage, and Treg R. Taylor,
            Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.

            Before: Allard, Chief Judge, and Wollenberg and Harbison,
            Judges.

            Judge ALLARD.

            In 2016, the State charged Matthew Foy with two counts of first-degree
assault and two counts of third-degree assault for conduct against two women that
occurred in 2012 and 2014.1 Foy later pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to
a single count of third-degree assault, receiving 2 years to serve. In exchange for his
plea, the State dismissed the two first-degree assault charges and the other third-degree
assault charge.
              After Foy was sentenced on his guilty plea, Foy filed an application for
post-conviction relief, alleging for the first time that he was the victim of vindictive
prosecution. According to Foy, the prosecuting attorney brought the assault charges in
retaliation for Foy filing a bar complaint against the attorney in a different case. (Foy
also alleged that the prosecutor was punishing him for having asserted his speedy trial
rights in the other case.) Foy provided no explanation for why this claim was only now
being raised after his guilty plea. Foy did not argue that his attorney was ineffective for
failing to raise this issue nor did he seek to withdraw from his plea.
              The State moved to dismiss Foy’s claim on two grounds: that it was
untimely and that Foy had failed to state a prima facie case for relief. The superior court
dismissed the application for failure to state a prima facie case and did not directly rule
on the timeliness issue.
              On appeal, the State asks us to affirm on the grounds that Foy’s application
was untimely; the State also argues that the superior court correctly ruled that Foy failed
to state a prima facie case. We agree with the State that Foy’s application was properly
dismissed. Because resolution of the timeliness issue requires us to partially correct dicta
in an unpublished concurrence, we address the timeliness issue in detail here.

   1
       AS 11.41.200(a)(1) and AS 11.41.220(a)(1)(A), respectively.

                                           –2–                                         2728
       Why we uphold the dismissal of Foy’s application for post-conviction relief
       on timeliness grounds
              The State argues that Foy’s prosecutorial vindictiveness claim is untimely
because Foy did not raise the claim prior to the entry of his guilty plea.
              A claim of prosecutorial vindictiveness is an objection based on a defect in
the prosecution.2 Under Alaska Criminal Rule 12(b)(1), “[d]efenses and objections
based on defects in the institution of the prosecution” must be raised before trial.
Likewise, under Criminal Rule 12(b)(2), “[d]efenses and objections based on defects in
the indictment or information” must be raised before trial — unless the objection alleges
“a failure to show jurisdiction in the court or to charge an offense,” which are claims that
can be raised “at any time.”3
              Under Criminal Rule 12(e), the “[f]ailure by the defendant to raise defenses
or objections . . . which must be made prior to trial . . . shall constitute waiver thereof,
but the court for cause shown may grant relief from the waiver.” In other words, under
Criminal Rule 12, a defendant who fails to timely bring a prosecutorial vindictiveness
claim prior to trial waives that claim unless the defendant can show “good cause” for
why it was not brought earlier.4 In addition, it is well established that “a defendant who

   2
        Cf. Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(A)(iv) (identifying selective or vindictive prosecution
as a defect in instituting the prosecution and requiring defenses and objections based on such
defects to be raised before trial).
   3
       See, e.g., Gudmundson v. State, 822 P.2d 1328, 1331 (Alaska 1991) (holding that
constitutional challenge to statute as violating due process could be brought for first time in
post-conviction relief application because “it involves a claim that the complaint ‘does not
charge a crime’”).
   4
       See, e.g., United States v. Bowline, 917 F.3d 1227, 1229 (10th Cir. 2019) (“We hold
that we cannot review an untimely motion claiming vindictive prosecution absent a showing
of good cause.”); United States v. Scrushy, 721 F.3d 1288, 1305-06 (11th Cir. 2013) (“If the
                                                                              (continued...)

                                            –3–                                           2728
pleads guilty or no contest waives all non-jurisdictional defects,” unless the parties have
agreed to a Cooksey plea that allows the defendant to appeal a dispositive ruling by the
trial court.5
                In the present case, Foy’s plea agreement was not a Cooksey plea.
Additionally, he has not alleged — either in the post-conviction relief proceeding or on
appeal — that there was “good cause” for his failure to timely raise his prosecutorial
vindictiveness claim prior to his guilty plea. Instead, Foy argues that his prosecutorial
vindictiveness claim qualifies as a “jurisdictional” claim for which the timeliness
requirements of Criminal Rule 12 do not apply.
                But Foy’s only support for his claim that prosecutorial vindictiveness is
“jurisdictional” is his citation to a concurrence in a 2000 unpublished memorandum

   4
        (...continued)
defendant fails to raise the [selective prosecution] defense before trial, he waives the defense.
Waiver may be excused, though, if the defendant shows cause for his delay in presenting the
defense.” (internal citations omitted)); United States v. Choi, 818 F. Supp. 2d 79, 89-90
(D.D.C. 2011) (trial court was prohibited from considering a motion to dismiss for vindictive
prosecution that was not filed prior to trial where no “good cause” existed); see also United
States v. Walden, 625 F.3d 961, 965 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding that “good cause” is a flexible
standard that is “heavily dependent on the facts of the particular case,” but, at minimum, it
requires the moving party to articulate some legitimate explanation for the failure to timely
file); cf. State v. Branham, 501 S.W.3d 577, 590 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2016) (holding that
defendant waived claim of vindictive prosecution by failing to raise it before trial).
   5
        Chandler v. State, 487 P.3d 616, 621 (Alaska App. 2021); see also Cooksey v. State,
524 P.2d 1251, 1255-56 (Alaska 1974) (holding that parties can agree that defendant will
plead no contest on condition that defendant be allowed to pursue an issue on appeal, as long
as the issue was litigated in the trial court and its resolution is dispositive to the case).

                                             –4–                                            2728
opinion by this Court, Stough v. State.6 And, as we explain, this reliance on dicta from
an unpublished concurrence is misplaced.
              In Stough, the defendant timely raised and litigated a motion to dismiss his
indictment.    The defendant subsequently pleaded no contest pursuant to a plea
agreement. After unsuccessfully moving to withdraw his plea, the defendant filed an
appeal challenging, inter alia, the trial court’s ruling on his motion to dismiss
indictment.7 This Court refused to review the trial court’s ruling on the ground that a “no
contest plea waives all non-jurisdictional defects in the trial court unless the defendant
enters a Cooksey plea.”8
              Judge Mannheimer filed a separate concurrence in which he addressed what
types of claims may qualify as “jurisdictional” for purposes of surviving a guilty or no
contest plea. The concurrence cited to Professor Charles Wright’s seminal treatise on
federal procedure, which recognizes the following claims as surviving a guilty plea:
(1) contentions that the indictment or information fails to state an offense; (2) contentions
that the statute under which the defendant was charged is unconstitutional; and
(3) contentions that the prosecution is barred by double jeopardy but only “if [this] defect
appears on the face of the indictment.”9 The concurrence then stated that “[t]o this list
must be added the claims that the defendant was the victim of prosecutorial

   6
     Stough v. State, 2000 WL 1124506, at *5-9 (Alaska App. Aug. 9, 2000) (unpublished)
(Mannheimer, J., concurring).
   7
       Id. at *1-2 (majority opinion).
   8
       Id. at *4 (citing Cooksey, 524 P.2d at 1255).
   9
      Id. at *7 (Mannheimer, J., concurring) (alteration in original) (citing 1A Charles Alan
Wright, Federal Prac. and Proc.: Criminal § 175, at 226-29 (3rd ed. 1999)).

                                            –5–                                         2728
vindictiveness or that the defendant was unlawfully deprived of counsel.”10 In support
of the assertion that prosecutorial vindictiveness claims are “jurisdictional” claims that
survive a guilty plea, the concurrence cited to a 1974 decision by the United States
Supreme Court, Blackledge v. Perry.11 But Blackledge does not support the broad
proposition that all prosecutorial vindictiveness claims survive a guilty plea.12
               The prosecutorial vindictiveness claim at issue in Blackledge was unusual
because the vindictiveness was apparent on the face of the record at the time the trial
court accepted the defendant’s guilty plea. Blackledge involved a defendant who was
originally charged with misdemeanor assault with a deadly weapon.13 Blackledge was
convicted of the charge and later successfully appealed and obtained a trial de novo.14
After Blackledge won his appeal, the State indicted him on felony assault with a deadly
weapon. Blackledge pleaded guilty to the higher charge and filed a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus alleging prosecutorial vindictiveness.15 The State argued that Blackledge
had waived his claim by pleading guilty. The United States Supreme Court disagreed
and held that the defendant’s claim of apparent prosecutorial vindictiveness was not

   10
        Id. (internal citations omitted).
   11
       Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21, 30 (1974). The concurrence also cited to Haring
v. Prosise, 462 U.S. 306, 320 (1983), which includes a discussion of Blackledge but adds
nothing to its analysis.
   12
       See United States v. De Vaughn, 694 F.3d 1141, 1147-52 (10th Cir. 2012) (noting that
Blackledge does not “speak[] in terms of jurisdiction” and instead “merely carved out [an]
exception[] for [a] type[] of constitutional claim[]”).
   13
        Blackledge, 417 U.S. at 22.
   14
        Id. at 22-23.
   15
        Id. at 23.

                                            –6–                                       2728
extinguished by his guilty plea because it “went to the very power of the State to bring
the defendant into court to answer the charge brought against him.”16
              Subsequent United States Supreme Court case law has made clear that the
holding in Blackledge is limited to its facts — i.e., limited to claims of prosecutorial
vindictiveness that are apparent on the face of the record at the time the defendant enters
their plea. In the 1989 decision United States v. Broce, the Court emphasized that the
defendant in Blackledge did not seek “further proceedings at which to expand the record
with new evidence.”17 And the Court explained that Blackledge was entitled to relief
because “the determination that the second indictment could not go forward should have
been made by the presiding judge at the time the plea was entered on the basis of the
existing record.”18 Later federal case law has emphasized this limitation of the
Blackledge holding.19

   16
       Id. at 30 (“Having chosen originally to proceed on the misdemeanor charge in the
District Court, the State of North Carolina was, under the facts of this case, simply precluded
by the Due Process Clause from calling upon the respondent to answer to the more serious
charge in the Superior Court.”).
   17
        United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 575 (1989).
   18
        Id.
   19
        See, e.g., Class v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 798, 804 (2018) (emphasizing that
Blackledge is limited to prosecutorial vindictiveness claims that were apparent on the face
of the existing record at the time the plea was accepted); United States v. Muratella, 843 F.3d
780, 783 (8th Cir. 2016) (distinguishing Blackledge and holding that guilty plea waived
prosecutorial vindictiveness claim); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 552-53 (9th Cir.
1989) (distinguishing Blackledge and holding that guilty plea waived government misconduct
claim because, although the record at the time of the plea contained allegations of
unconstitutional behavior, establishing their truth required further proceedings), amended on
other grounds by 907 F.2d 115 (9th Cir. 1990).

                                            –7–                                           2728
              Subsequent federal case law has also cast significant doubt on the
concurrence’s use of the word “jurisdictional” to describe prosecutorial vindictiveness
claims — at least for purposes of federal law.20 In 2002, two years after the unpublished
concurrence in Stough, the United States Supreme Court issued Cotton v. United States,
which definitively rejected its previous “elastic” definitions of jurisdiction, and clarified
that “jurisdiction” refers narrowly to “the courts’ statutory or constitutional power to
adjudicate the case” — i.e., the court’s subject matter jurisdiction.21 Thus, under federal
law, prosecutorial vindictiveness claims cannot be considered “jurisdictional” because
they do not directly implicate a court’s subject matter jurisdiction. The federal courts are
also seemingly uniform in treating guilty pleas as extinguishing prosecutorial
vindictiveness claims, except in very narrow circumstances.22

   20
       We express no opinion as to whether state law may be different as that issue has not
been briefed to us and the only authority Foy cites — the unpublished concurrence in Stough
— explicitly relies only on federal law.
   21
       United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 629-30 (2002) (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens
for Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 89 (1998)).
   22
        See, e.g., Class, 138 S. Ct. at 805 (“A valid guilty plea also renders irrelevant — and
thereby prevents the defendant from appealing — the constitutionality of case-related
government conduct that takes place before the plea is entered.”); United States v. Hott, 866
F.3d 618, 620-21 (5th Cir. 2017) (holding that defendant waived claim of prosecutorial
vindictiveness by entering an unconditional guilty plea); Muratella, 843 F.3d at 783 (holding
that guilty plea waived prosecutorial vindictiveness claim); United States v. Cothran, 302
F.3d 279, 285-86 (5th Cir. 2002) (explaining that a guilty plea “waives claims of
governmental misconduct during the investigation and improper motives for prosecution”);
see also Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973) (holding that a defendant may not
raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred prior
to the entry of the guilty plea); cf. Adamson v. Ricketts, 865 F.2d 1011, 1019-20 (9th Cir.
1988) (defendant entitled to evidentiary hearing on claim of prosecutorial vindictiveness after
entry of guilty plea where alleged vindictiveness occurred after the guilty plea).

                                             –8–                                            2728
             Here, unlike in Blackledge, Foy’s claimof prosecutorial vindictiveness was
not apparent on the face of the record at the time Foy entered his plea. To the contrary,
Foy filed his application for post-conviction relief precisely so that he could try to
supplement the record and litigate a prosecutorial vindictiveness claim that he failed to
raise prior to his guilty plea. In his briefing on appeal, Foy does not cite any cases in
which courts have permitted such untimely claims to go forward under these
circumstances. Nor has he articulated any reason why he should be allowed to do so in
this case.
             Thus, given the briefing and the record before us, we agree with the State
that Foy’s application for post-conviction relief was properly dismissed.

       Conclusion
             The judgment of the superior court is AFFIRMED.

                                          –9–                                       2728