Court Opinion

ID: 4582946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-02 20:15:19.976959+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:21.683849
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                September 2020 Term
                                                                         FILED
                                                                     November 2, 2020
                                     No. 19-0228                           released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                       EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                       SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            OF WEST VIRGINIA

                      MONONGAHELA POWER COMPANY,
                          Defendant Below, Petitioner

                                          v.

              MICHAEL A. BUZMINSKY and VICKIE BUZMINSKY,
                        Plaintiffs Below, Respondents

           Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, West Virginia
                      The Honorable Carrie L. Webster, Judge
                             Civil Action No. 18-C-500

                                     AFFIRMED

                             Submitted: October 7, 2020
                              Filed: November 2, 2020

E. Taylor George, Esq.                         Stephen B. Farmer, Esq.
Arden J. Cogar, Jr., Esq.                      Robert A. Campbell, Esq.
MacCorkle Lavender, PLLC                       Brian E. Bigelow, Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia                      Jennifer D. Roush, Esq.
Attorneys for Petitioner                       Farmer, Cline & Campbell, PLLC
                                               Charleston, West Virginia
                                               Attorneys for Respondents

JUSTICE WORKMAN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE JENKINS, deeming himself disqualified, did not participate in the decision of
this case.
JUDGE MICHAEL J. OLEJASZ, sitting by temporary assignment.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.      “A circuit court’s denial of summary judgment that is predicated on

[] immunity is an interlocutory ruling which is subject to immediate appeal under the

‘collateral order’ doctrine.” Syl. Pt. 2, Robinson v. Pack, 223 W. Va. 828, 679 S.E.2d 660

(2009).

              2.     “Appellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a motion to

dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac–

Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995).

              3.     “Judicial interpretation of a statute is warranted only if the statute is

ambiguous and the initial step in such interpretative inquiry is to ascertain the legislative

intent.” Syl. Pt. 1, Ohio Cty. Comm’n v. Manchin, 171 W. Va. 552, 301 S.E.2d 183 (1983).

              4.     The immunity established for “duly qualified emergency services

workers” pursuant to West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a) (2006) applies only to individual

employees and does not extend to such employee’s private employer or corporate entity.

              5.      “In a joint action of tort against master and servant, the plaintiff may

dismiss the servant for a reason not going to the merits, without impairing his right to

proceed against the master, although the latter is liable only under the doctrine of

                                              i
respondeat superior.” Syl. Pt. 1, O’Dell v. Universal Credit Co., 118 W. Va. 678, 191 S.E.
568 (1937).

                                            ii
WORKMAN, Justice:

                This is an appeal of the Circuit Court of Kanawha County’s denial of

petitioner Monongahela Power Company’s (“Mon Power”) motion to dismiss on the basis

of statutory immunity. Mon Power argued that it is immune from liability for the

allegations contained in respondents Michael and Vickie Buzminsky’s (“respondents”)

complaint because the allegations involve emergency services undertaken by a duly

qualified emergency services worker, which acts are immune pursuant to West Virginia

Code § 15-5-11(a) (2006). The circuit court denied the motion, finding that 1) the statutory

immunity does not extend to corporate entities; 2) respondents sufficiently alleged willful

misconduct, an exception to the immunity; and 3) disputed issues of fact precluded

dismissal at this stage.

              Upon careful review of the briefs, the appendix record, the arguments of the

parties, and the applicable legal authority, we conclude that the circuit court correctly

determined that a private corporate entity or employer is not entitled to immunity under

West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a) and therefore affirm its June 28, 2019, order.

                      I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              On June 23, 2016, the Greenbrier River flooded, prompting a declaration of

a state of emergency by then-Governor Earl Ray Tomblin. The City of Ronceverte’s

(“City”) wastewater treatment plant was flooded, causing an interruption in electrical

service. After the floodwaters abated, on June 29, 2016, Mon Power restored power to the

                                             1
plant, allegedly upon request of a City employee. After the initial restoration of power, the

plant experienced a “loss of phase on the power service.” This loss of phase prompted

Mon Power to inspect, determining that the loss of phase was the result of a problem with

the City’s equipment and not Mon Power’s. In their complaint, respondents allege that,

despite its knowledge of the continued electrical issues, Mon Power left the plant

energized. The City then hired HSC LLC (defendant below) to repair the equipment and

it sent its employee, respondent Michael Buzminsky, to perform the repairs. Allegedly

wearing no appropriate personal protective equipment, Mr. Buzminsky contacted a live bus

bar, causing him to be electrocuted and injured.

              Respondents filed a complaint against Mon Power and its parent company,

First Energy, the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”) and one

of its agents, 1 and HSC LLC. Respondents pled negligence 2 against Mon Power, alleging

that it “negligently, carelessly and/or recklessly failed to exercise the appropriate care and

follow the applicable company and industry standards in restoring power [to] the Plant.”

       1
         Respondents alleged that the DEP “threatened the City with fines” if it did not
restore service to the plant and did so despite being warned that it was unsafe without a
more thorough inspection of the electrical components that were submerged in the
floodwaters.
       2
        In contrast, respondents alleged “willful, oppressive, and/or malicious conduct”
against DEP and its agent.

                                              2
              Mon Power filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,

asserting the court had no jurisdiction over it because it was statutorily immune. Citing the

immunity extended to emergency services workers pursuant to West Virginia Code § 15-

5-11(a), it argued that since the City “order[ed]” it to restore power to the plant, it was

acting at the City’s direction in providing emergency services and was therefore immune

under the statute. The circuit court denied the motion via email from its law clerk, which

ostensible ruling was immediately appealed. However, an order incorporating the ruling

set forth in the email was not entered by the court until approximately two months later, on

June 28, 2019.

              In denying the motion, the circuit court found that a corporate entity such as

Mon Power does not qualify as an “emergency service worker” under the statute, as that

term is defined as including only an “employee” and not the corporate employer. 3 The

court alternatively found that the statutory immunity asserted by Mon Power is subject to

an exception for “willful misconduct” and that respondents had sufficiently alleged facts

to support such an allegation, but also granted further leave to amend their complaint in

that respect. Notwithstanding these rulings which were first set out by email, in its order—

entered after Mon Power had filed its notice of appeal—the court additionally found that

       3
         The court further found that Mon Power was not acting as an employee of the City
at the time of the underlying incident. However, we do not perceive of any such argument
below or before this Court.

                                             3
there were material facts which “hinder[] and make[] any dispositive ruling on the issue of

immunity premature at this early stage in discovery.” 4

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

              This Court has held that “[a] circuit court’s denial of summary judgment that

is predicated on [] immunity is an interlocutory ruling which is subject to immediate appeal

under the ‘collateral order’ doctrine.” Syl. Pt. 2, Robinson v. Pack, 223 W. Va. 828, 679
S.E.2d 660 (2009). Moreover, “[a]ppellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a

motion to dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan

Pontiac–Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995).

                                    III. DISCUSSION

              This appeal requires us to determine whether a private corporate entity or

employer is statutorily immune from liability under West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a) for

acts which constitute “emergency services” or, alternatively, whether it may vicariously

benefit from the immunity of its employees acting as “duly qualified emergency services

workers.” 5 We begin with a review of the applicable statutory language.

       4
         The circuit court preemptively denied a stay pending this appeal in its email ruling,
citing a litany of discovery issues and deadlines. However, on April 11, 2019, this Court
granted Mon Power’s motion for stay.
       5
         In addition to the immunity granted to “duly qualified emergency service
workers,” West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a) grants immunity to the state, political
subdivisions, and agencies of the state or political subdivisions for emergency services.
(continued . . .)
                                              4
EMERGENCY SERVICES IMMUNITY

              Chapter 15, article 5 of the West Virginia Code governs the “Division of

Emergency Management” and section 11 establishes “[i]mmunity and exemption,”

providing, in pertinent part:

              (a) All functions hereunder and all other activities relating to
              emergency services are hereby declared to be governmental
              functions. Neither the state nor any political subdivision nor
              any agency of the state or political subdivision nor, except in
              cases of willful misconduct, any duly qualified emergency
              service worker complying with or reasonably attempting to
              comply with this article or any order, rule, regulation or
              ordinance promulgated pursuant to this article, shall be liable
              for the death of or injury to any person or for damage to any
              property as a result of such activity. This section does not
              affect the right of any person to receive benefits or
              compensation to which he or she would otherwise be entitled
              under this article, chapter twenty-three of this code, any Act of
              Congress or any other law.

(emphasis added). Subsection (c)(1) defines “duly qualified emergency service worker” 6

as:

              Any duly qualified full or part-time paid, volunteer or auxiliary
              employee of this state, or any other state, territory, possession
              or the District of Columbia, of the federal government, of any
              neighboring country or political subdivision thereof or of any

This opinion does not purport to speak to these entities and any references herein to
“employers” or “corporate entities” specifically exclude the governmental entities
identified in the statute.
       6
        There are two additional subcategories of definitional “emergency services
worker”—dealing with instructors and students in emergency services educational
programs and mine rescue teams— neither of which are applicable here. See W. Va. Code
§ 15-5-11(c)(2) and (3).

                                             5
              agency or organization performing emergency services 7 in this
              state subject to the order or control of or pursuant to the request
              of the state or any political subdivision thereof.

       7
        West Virginia Code § 15-5-2(a) (2020) defines “emergency services,” in part, as
“the preparation for and the carrying out of all emergency functions . . . to protect, respond,
and recover, . . . to minimize and repair injury and damage resulting from disasters or other
event caused by flooding, terrorism, enemy attack, sabotage, or other natural or other man-
made causes.” (emphasis added). These broad categories of “emergency functions” are
more specifically defined as including, “without limitation”:

              firefighting services, police services, medical and health
              services, communications, emergency telecommunications,
              radiological, chemical, and other special weapons defense,
              evacuation of persons from stricken areas, emergency welfare
              services, emergency transportation, existing or properly
              assigned functions of plant protection, temporary restoration
              of public utility services and other functions related to the
              health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of this state, together
              with all other activities necessary or incidental to the
              preparation for and carrying out of these functions. . . .
Id. (emphasis added).

        Mon Power, without discussion or challenge, asserts that its restoration of power to
the plant falls under the category of “minimiz[ing] and repair[ing] injury and damage” and
specifically constituted “temporary restoration of public utility services.” Id. (emphasis
added). It fails to articulate how the restoration of power service to the City constituted
“temporary” restoration of service. The only reference to this requirement in Mon Power’s
brief states that respondents have “admitted” that Mon Power “was working to temporarily
restore public utility services caused by flooding.” Its citation to the record in support of
this statement, however, is merely a reference to the complaint describing the restoration
of power—nowhere does the complaint admit a “temporary” restoration of power. In fact,
by way of contrast, the complaint details the use of generators to temporarily power specific
equipment in the plant until such time as the electrical panels could dry out and unknown
damage could be ascertained. In their brief, respondents momentarily speak to this issue
stating “Mon Power’s acts in restoring power to the Plant were not the result of a
coordination of state and city resources, facilities, and funding. Mon Power was at the
Plant as a business that was servicing a customer’s account.”

       However, because respondents did not challenge this characterization of Mon
Power’s conduct as constituting “emergency services,” we do not reach the issue of how
(continued . . .)
                                              6
(emphasis and footnote added).

              Mon Power argues that, despite the statutory language limiting the definition

of “emergency services worker” to an “employee,” the statute’s purpose supports the

conclusion that a corporate entity or employer is not necessarily expressly excluded from

this immunity and, in fact, should fall within its ambit. In particular, Mon Power points to

the opening statement of the immunity provision which provides that “[a]ll functions

hereunder and all other activities relating to emergency services are hereby declared to be

governmental functions.” Id. § 15-5-11(a). It argues that it is the emergency function

which is immunized under the statute, which immunity should extend to anyone—natural

person or corporate entity—involved in such functions.

              Mon Power further cites the statement of “policy and purpose” set forth in

West Virginia Code § 15-5-1 (2014), providing that it is the purpose of the article to

“coordinate[] to the maximum extent”

              with the Secretary of the Department of Military Affairs and
              Public Safety and with the comparable functions of the federal
              government including its various departments and agencies, of
              other states and localities and of private agencies of every type,
              so that the most effective preparation and use may be made of
              the nation's and this state’s manpower, resources and facilities

the broad “recovery” and “repair” language contained within the statutory definition of
“emergency services” interrelates with the more specific acts expressly delineated therein.
Instead, we limit our analysis to whether Mon Power, as a private corporate entity and
employer, is immune.

                                              7
              for dealing with any disaster or large-scale threat that may
              occur.

(emphasis added). In that regard, Mon Power argues that the intent of the statutory scheme

is to coordinate all emergency response activities, characterize them as actions of the

government, and bestow immunity upon their actors—both corporate and individual. It

urges that the statute and the immunity it grants must be construed in light of the “structure

and purpose of the Act in which it occurs” and that to exclude corporate entities from the

scope of its immunity would thwart the very collaborative efforts it intends to encourage

by leaving those entities potentially more concerned with liability than cooperation. See

W. Va. Health Care Cost Review Auth. v. Boone Mem’l Hosp., 196 W. Va. 326, 338, 472
S.E.2d 411, 423 (1996) (“The language of the statute is only the beginning point. To

determine legislative intent, we start with the text of the statute in question and then move

‘to the structure and purpose of the Act in which it occurs.’” (quoting N. Y. State

Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 655

(1995))).

              Respondents counter that the statute is clear and unambiguous and grants

immunity only to individual employees and not their corporate employers. They contend

that had the Legislature wished to extend the immunity to a corporate entity, instead of

using the term “employee,” it easily could have used the term “person” which is defined in

the same article as including both individuals and corporations or entities: “‘Person’ means

any individual, corporation, voluntary organization or entity, partnership, firm, or other

                                              8
association, organization, or entity organized or existing under the laws of this or any other

state or country[.]” 8 W. Va. Code § 15-5-2(k) (emphasis added). Respondents further note

the use of the terms “his,” “her,” “he,” and “she” in the following subsection regarding

workers performing under an agreement or mutual aid, as reinforcing its exclusive

applicability to natural persons. See id. § 15-5-11(d) (“A duly qualified emergency service

worker performing his or her duty in this state . . . shall possess the same powers, duties,

immunities and privileges he or she would possess if performing the same duties in his or

her own state[.]”). 9

               It is well-established that “[j]udicial interpretation of a statute is warranted

only if the statute is ambiguous[.]” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, Ohio Cty. Comm’n v. Manchin, 171
W. Va. 552, 301 S.E.2d 183 (1983). Accordingly, Mon Power’s urging for this Court to

review the “structure and purpose of the Act” in deciding the issue is misplaced. Only

       8
         Respondents further observe that the Legislature did precisely that in the next
section, providing immunity to “[a]ny person owning or controlling real estate” who allows
the property to be used for shelter during an emergency. W. Va. Code § 15-5-12 (1973)
(emphasis added).
       9
         Respondents assert that when the Legislature intends to extend immunity to an
individual’s employer, it says so, and when it chooses not to, it makes deliberate omissions
of those entities. Compare W. Va. Code § 55-7-26(a) (2011) (granting immunity to first
responders and “his or her supervisor, agency, employer, or supervising entity”); W. Va.
Code § 23-2C-21 (2009) (granting immunity to both third-party administrator or private
carrier and their employees or agents) with W. Va. Code § 23-4-2(d)(2)(A) and (B) (2015)
(stripping workers compensation immunity for two categories of deliberate intent, one of
which may be had against “employer or person,” the second allowing an action only against
the “employer”).

                                               9
when a statute is ambiguous may the Court inquire as to a statute’s purpose and otherwise

employ the canons of statutory construction. Instead, “[w]hen this Court finds the terms

of a statute unambiguous, judicial inquiry is complete. In such a case, the statutory

language must be regarded as conclusive. Thus, our interpretive task begins by examining

the language of the statute.” W. Va. Health Care Cost Review Auth., 196 W. Va. at 337,

472 S.E.2d at 422.

              The language of the statute in this instance is unmistakably clear: the

immunity prescribed in West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a) for “duly qualified emergency

services workers” extends only to “employees,” i.e., individuals or natural persons

performing emergency services. There simply is no language in the statute purporting to

make the employee’s private employer or corporate entity similarly immune, despite the

availability of a defined term within the statutory scheme—“person”—which would have

brought corporations or other entities within the scope of the immunity. Compare Regester

v. Cty. of Chester, 797 A.2d 898, 905 (Pa. 2002) (“[T]he defined term ‘providers of

emergency medical services,’ . . . includes facilities and life support services. . . . The term

‘personnel’ (as opposed to ‘providers’) plainly signifies the statute’s general applicability

to individuals or natural persons.”). We must conclude this choice was knowing and

evidences the Legislature’s intention regarding the reach of the immunity provided. See

State ex rel. Frazier v. Meadows, 193 W. Va. 20, 24, 454 S.E.2d 65, 69 (1994) (“Courts

are not free to read into the language what is not there, but rather should apply the statute

as written.”); Syl. Pt. 1, Consumer Advocate Div. v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 182 W. Va. 152,

                                              10
386 S.E.2d 650 (1989) (“A statute, or an administrative rule, may not, under the guise of

‘interpretation,’ be modified, revised, amended or rewritten.”).

               We therefore hold that the immunity established for “duly qualified

emergency services workers” pursuant to West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a) applies only to

individual employees and does not extend to such employee’s private employer or

corporate entity. Accord Regester, 797 A.2d at 902 (affirming conclusion that statutory

emergency services immunity provisions “unambiguously operated in favor of individual

actors but not their institutional, organizational, or corporate principals”). This conclusion

is further reinforced by our general rules of construction regarding immunity. See Syl. Pt.

2, Marlin v. Bill Rich Const., Inc., 198 W. Va. 635, 482 S.E.2d 620 (1996) (“The general

rule of construction in governmental tort legislation cases favors liability, not immunity.

Unless the legislature has clearly provided for immunity under the circumstances, the

general common-law goal of compensating injured parties for damages caused by negligent

acts must prevail.”). 10

       10
           Because we conclude that a corporate entity/employer like Mon Power is not
entitled to the immunity afforded by West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a), we need not address
the circuit court’s alternative conclusion that, even if Mon Power were immune under the
statute, respondents alleged “willful misconduct” sufficient to strip it of such immunity.

                                             11
VICARIOUS IMMUNITY

              Failing direct application of the statutory immunity provided under West

Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a), Mon Power alternatively argues that, as an employer, it derives

immunity vicariously through the immunity which its employees enjoy under the statute.

Citing a phrase from syllabus point 12 of Dunn v. Rockwell, 225 W. Va. 434, 689 S.E.2d
255 (2009), Mon Power argues that since an “employer may only be held liable to the

extent that the employee can be held liable,” where its employees are immune, it is likewise

immune in effect. Mon Power asserts that the Legislature recognized that by providing

immunity to the employee, such immunity would necessarily extend to the employer,

making specific reference to the employer unnecessary and explaining its absence from the

statute.

              Respondents counter that West Virginia has long rejected the concept of

vicarious immunity in general, but comparable, terms. They contend West Virginia

implicitly follows the Restatement view of vicarious immunity which provides: “In an

action against a principal based on the conduct of a servant in the course of employment .

. . . [t]he principal has no defense because of the fact that . . . the agent had an immunity

from civil liability as to the act.” Restatement (Second) of Agency § 217 (1958). 11 They

argue that this position is consistent with our long-standing principles of joint and several

       11
           See also Restatement, § 217 supra, cmt. b (“[W]here the principal directs an agent
to act, or the agent acts in the scope of employment, the fact that the agent has an immunity
from liability does not bar a civil action against the principal.”).

                                             12
liability as between master and servant which provide that even where an action may not

be had against a servant or agent, an injured plaintiff may still proceed against the master

or principal. Therefore, Mon Power’s employees’ immunity from suit notwithstanding,

respondents maintain they may pursue their case against Mon Power directly. 12

              The Court long ago established that “[i]n a joint action of tort against master

and servant, the plaintiff may dismiss the servant for a reason not going to the merits,

without impairing his right to proceed against the master, although the latter is liable only

under the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Syl. Pt. 1, O’Dell v. Universal Credit Co., 118
W. Va. 678, 191 S.E. 568 (1937); see also Syl. Pt. 8, in part, State ex rel. Bumgarner v.

Sims, 139 W. Va. 92, 79 S.E.2d 277 (1953) (“[T]he relation between the master and servant

. . . is joint and several in the sense that both master and servant are liable for injuries

caused by the negligent wrongdoing of the servant . . . and liability for such injuries may

       12
           Respondents reiterate that their complaint states a direct action against Mon
Power and does not purport to state Mon Power’s liability strictly in terms of respondeat
superior. To combat this perceived “loophole” to the employee immunity granted under
West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a), Mon Power emphasizes that a corporation acts only
through its agents, castigating respondents for their alleged belief “that Mon Power is a
corporation incarnate, a living being capable of taking action on its own[.]” Obviously,
however, it does not follow that a corporate entity cannot also be liable for independently
actionable negligence on an institutional level or for the acts of any number of other
employees. See Harless v. First Nat’l Bank in Fairmont, 169 W. Va. 673, 684, 289 S.E.2d
692, 699 (1982) “[A]n employer might have liability independent of his employee if such
liability arose from acts of the employer or another employee[.]” (emphasis added)); Syl.
Pt. 4, Humphrey v. Virginian Ry. Co., 132 W. Va. 250, 54 S.E.2d 204 (1948) (recognizing
direct action against corporation or entity for “the negligence of another employee, or that
of the employer himself” (emphasis added)).

                                             13
be asserted in an action at law against the master and servant jointly or against each of them

in a separate action at law.”).

               This concept has remained undisturbed throughout the years. In Woodrum

v. Johnson, 210 W. Va. 762, 768, 559 S.E.2d 908, 914 (2001), the Court permitted an

action to proceed against an employer after the employee was released by the plaintiff. The

Court stated that it “has consistently . . . tak[en] the position that a plaintiff is permitted to

sue the principal either alone or together with the agent.” It further observed that, as a

result of that well-understood position, “had they chosen, the plaintiffs could have

appropriately brought an action solely against the [employer.]” Id. at 769, 559 S.E.2d at

915. Accordingly, allowing the plaintiff to proceed against the employer despite having

released the employee was “therefore not materially different from what would result if

plaintiffs had chosen to utilize procedures that have long been permitted under West

Virginia law.” Id. 13

       13
           The foregoing notwithstanding, Mon Power accuses respondents of conflating the
concepts of respondeat superior and joint tortfeasors. This same accusation of conflation
was attempted in Woodrum: “The [employer] . . . emphatically argues that ‘the issue before
this Court is one of the law of vicarious liability, not of joint tortfeasors[.]’” Woodrum,
210 W. Va. at 767, 559 S.E.2d at 913. The Woodrum court rejected this distinction as
necessitating a different result, stating that while “there is a technical difference between
joint tortfeasors and those whose liability is derivative or vicarious . . . we have never used
this difference to make a practical distinction between the two in the current context.” Id.
at 768, 559 S.E.2d at 914.

                                               14
              Closely approximating the issue presented herein, the Court has also

reiterated the independence of an action against a principal when addressing the immunity

of his agent. In Smith v. Smith, 116 W. Va. 230, 179 S.E. 812 (1935), the Court concluded

that while an injured parent could not bring action against his child as driver of a vehicle

due to parent-child immunity, the parent could still sustain an action against the

child/driver’s principal, the owner of the vehicle. The defendant in Smith made the same

argument Mon Power advances here, claiming that “the owner’s liability is dependent upon

the agent’s susceptibility to an action by the plaintiff. And that, the child not being liable

to suit, the principal, under the doctrine of respondeat superior, likewise enjoys immunity.”
Id. at 231, 179 S.E. at 812. The Court rejected that position, concluding that “the right of

action against the principal is separate from that of the act of the agent, and if the act was

negligent, the principal is liable although the agent may not, under the law, be held

accountable.” Id.

              Despite the foregoing, Mon Power relies heavily on a factually similar case

from Indiana—Sharp v. Town of Highland, 665 N.E.2d 610 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996)—as

support for the use of vicarious immunity to extend the reach of the specific emergency

services immunity at issue. In Sharp, the Indiana Court of Appeals granted immunity to

the employer/utility for acts performed by its employee during flood relief efforts. Citing

Indiana’s nearly-identical emergency services immunity statute—which likewise limits

immunity to a “worker”—the court summarily concluded that if the employee was

immune, such immunity would extend to his employer. Id. at 615. This conclusory

                                             15
determination has been criticized as lacking appropriate analysis or support. See Garcia v.

Estate of Arribas, 363 F. Supp. 2d 1309, 1320 (D. Kan. 2005) (“[T]he [Sharp] court failed

to cite a single authority for its proposition, and gave the matter no serious discussion.”).

                More importantly, however, Indiana has recently distanced itself from the

result in Sharp, expressly adopting a stance aligned with the Restatement view regarding

the delegability of immunities. In Estate of Mayer v. Lax, Inc., 998 N.E.2d 238, 255 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2013), the Indiana Court of Appeals held that an agent-tortfeasor’s death did not

defeat an action against his principal. The Mayer Court held that non-survivability of the

action against the agent was distinguishable from an “exoneration” of the agent or a

“merits”-based defense to his liability—both of which inure to the benefit of the vicariously

liable principal. Id. at 254. Citing section 217 of the Restatement, supra, the court found

that non-survivability was “instead a form of personal immunity from suit, which is not

transferable to others.” Id.

                Mon Power further contends—despite the Court’s holding in Smith—that the

transferability of immunity from employee to employer was implicitly established by this

Court in certain language contained in syllabus point 12 of Dunn, 225 W. Va. 434, 689
S.E.2d 255. Dunn holds that where an employer’s liability is vicarious, the applicable

statute of limitations is determined by the employee’s tortious act. 14 Id. In articulating this

       14
            Syllabus point 12 of Dunn, in its entirety, reads:

(continued . . .)
                                               16
holding, the Court stated, in part, “[b]ecause the employer may only be held liable to the

extent that the employee can be held liable . . . the applicable statute of limitation is

determined by the tortious act of the employee.” Id. (emphasis added). Mon Power insists

that this phrasing implicitly recognizes the adoption of vicarious immunity in West

Virginia and establishes employer liability which moves in unwavering lockstep with any

defenses or immunities of the employee.

              The practical effect of the language in Dunn was simply to establish that the

vicariously liable employer may avail itself of this particular procedural defense—the

statute of limitations—applicable to its employee. By no means did Dunn or its syllabus

point purport to speak to whether an employer benefits from statutory immunity bestowed

on its employee. In fact, the Court’s discussion of similar issues in the context of qualified

immunity suggests quite the contrary: “[I]t is clear in our jurisprudence that the immunity

of the State and/or its agency is not necessarily circumscribed by the extent of the public

official’s immunity or lack thereof.” W. Va. Reg’l Jail & Corr. Facility Auth. v. A. B., 234
W. Va. 492, 502, 766 S.E.2d 751, 761 (2014). Accord W. Va. Code § 29-12A-5(c) (1986)

                     The doctrine of respondeat superior imposes liability
              on an employer for the tortious acts of its employees, not
              because the employer is at fault, but merely as a matter of
              public policy. Because the employer may only be held liable to
              the extent that the employee can be held liable, and only for
              acts committed by the employee in the course of his or her
              employment, the applicable statute of limitation is determined
              by the tortious act of the employee.
                                             17
(stating that statutory immunity of employee of a political subdivision “does not affect or

limit any liability of a political subdivision for an act or omission of the employee.”).

              Moreover, the wording of the “to the extent” language in Dunn reflects a

critical distinction—its syllabus point is phrased in terms of the employer’s liability. This

Court has previously explained that immunity is conceptually different than a defense to

liability: “Qualified immunity is, quite simply, immunity from suit,” whereas “[t]he public

duty doctrine is a defense to negligence-based liability, i.e. an absence of duty.” W. Va.

Dept. of Health & Hum. Res. v. Payne, 231 W. Va. 563, 568 n.10, 746 S.E.2d 554, 559

n.10 (2013) (emphasis added). In that regard, Dunn’s “to the extent” phrasing is nothing

more than an expression of the equal availability of certain “merits-based” defenses to a

vicariously liable employer, as the Mayer court discussed, and Dunn acknowledges. See

Dunn, 225 W. Va. at 62, 689 S.E.2d at 274 (“‘If an employee is not liable, the employer

cannot be liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior. The principal’s liability is

derived solely from that of its agent.’” (quoting Kocsis v. Harrison, 543 N.W.2d 164, 169

(Neb. 1996))).

              Stated differently, the fact that an individual or entity is immune does not

necessarily connote an absence of otherwise actionable tortious conduct; tortious conduct

theoretically may have occurred for which an individual or entity has simply been granted

immunity from its effects. See W. Va. Code § 29-12A-5(a) and (b) (delineating scenarios

where political subdivisions or its employees are “immune from liability”); Williams v.

                                             18
State of California, 664 P.2d 137, 139 (Cal. 1983) (“‘Conceptually, the question of the

applicability of a statutory immunity does not even arise until it is determined that a

defendant otherwise owes a duty of care to the plaintiff and thus would be liable in the

absence of such immunity.’” (quoting Davidson v. City of Westminster, 649 P.2d 894, 896

(Cal. 1982)) (emphasis added)); Wallace v. Dean, 3 So. 3d 1035, 1045 (Fla. 2009) (“[T]he

presence of [] immunity does not render the State’s actions nontortious []it simply means

that the State has not consented to suit in its courts with regard to certain claims[.]”

(emphasis removed)). Accordingly, an agent’s immunity from suit negates neither his

tortious conduct nor the vicarious liability of his principal which results—it merely renders

him personally beyond the reach of the courts to answer for it. See Davis v. Harrod, 407
F.2d 1280, 1284 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (“[A]n immunity from liability does not mean that a

person did not commit a negligent, harmful act. It only means that for certain policy

reasons liability is precluded against that person.”). An agent’s immunity does not nullify

his principal’s separate liability for that conduct under respondeat superior principles.

              We therefore conclude that Mon Power has failed to establish that this Court

has endorsed the concept of vicarious immunity such as to permit extension of the

immunity afforded its employees under West Virginia Code § 15-5-11(a) to itself. Rather,

we find that our historical treatment of joint tortfeasors in the context of respondeat

superior suggests that West Virginia is in accord with the Restatement view that, unless

                                             19
otherwise provided by law, 15 “[i]mmunities, unlike privileges, are not delegable and are

available as a defense only to persons who have them.” Restatement, supra § 217 cmt. b.

We likewise concur with the policy ramifications of this conclusion as stated by the District

Court in Garcia:

              The court finds this result is consistent with the policies
              undergirding the doctrine of respondeat superior. If societal
              goals require the employer to bear the risk that its tortfeasor-
              employee is judgment proof, then, in the absence of a clear
              legislative statement to the contrary, the employer should also
              bear the similar risk that its tortfeasor-employee is immune
              from suit.
363 F. Supp. 2d at 1321.

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

              For the reasons set forth hereinabove, we affirm the June 28, 2019, order of

the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, West Virginia, denying Mon Power’s motion to

dismiss.

                                                                                  Affirmed.

       15
         Of course, lockstep immunity between principal and agent may, under certain
circumstances, be otherwise provided by the law of this Court or statutory enactment, as
noted herein. See, e.g., A. B., 234 W. Va. 492, 766 S.E.2d 751 and n.9, supra.
                                             20