Court Opinion

ID: 9865478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-25 18:01:16.693562+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:33.953300
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                           )
RENEE COBB,                                )
                                           )
              Plaintiff,                   )
                                           )
      v.                                   )         Case No. 20-cv-3015 (TSC)
                                           )
CARLOS DEL TORO,                           )
                                           )
              Defendant.                   )
                                           )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Renee Cobb has sued Defendant Carlos Del Toro 1 in his official capacity as

Secretary of the United States Department of the Navy (“Navy”), for unlawful employment

discrimination and hostile work environment on the bases of race, sex, color, and age, in

violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), and for retaliation in violation

of 42 U.S.C. § 1981. She also alleges that Defendant failed to comply with her Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”) request.

       Plaintiff filed this action pro se on October 18, 2020 and obtained counsel on June 30,

2021. See Notice of Appearance, ECF No. 21. On September 1, 2021, Defendant moved to

dismiss Plaintiff’s employment discrimination claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6) and for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s FOIA claim pursuant to Federal

1
 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), Del Toro substituted for his predecessor,
Thomas Harker, former Acting Secretary of the Navy. ECF No. 23 at 1 n.1.

                                               Page 1 of 17
Rule of Civil Procedure 56. Def. Mot., ECF Nos. 23, 24. 2 For reasons further explained below,

Defendant’s motion will be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

                                         I.      BACKGROUND

A.        Employment Discrimination Claims

          As it must at the motion to dismiss stage, the court accepts Plaintiff’s allegations as true.

          Plaintiff is a Black woman, born in 1965. Am. Compl., ECF No. 5 at 1. She began

working for the Navy as a GS-13 general engineer in April 2010. Id. at 4. In July 2013, she was

promoted to “GS-14 Senior Systems Engineer” and subsequently “assigned Environmental

Specialist” in September 2016. Id. At all relevant times, she worked at the Navy Yard in the

District of Columbia. Id.

     i.      Plaintiff’s First and Second Claims

          In her first and second claims, Plaintiff alleges that she was unlawfully discriminated

against from April 2010 through August 2019. In both claims, she seeks redress for disparate

treatment, hostile work environment, and retaliation. Id. at 9, 16.

          Beginning in April 2010, Plaintiff received “different compensation than a male who

started working the same day as she when they were supposed to have received the same pay.”

Id. at 9. In 2014, her supervisor did not select her for a position for which “she was certified as

qualified,” and in March 2015, she was “abandoned while on TDY in Hawaii.” Id. at 9–10.

Further, Plaintiff’s corporate credit card was suspended in 2015, and she was not allowed to

travel to Hawaii for work. Id. at 10.

2
 Defendant appears to have mistakenly filed in duplicate, so the court will refer only to
Defendant’s first filing: Def. Mot., ECF No. 23.

                                              Page 2 of 17
       Plaintiff claims that from 2011 through 2014, she was physically and verbally abused by

Matt Schmidt, a White male who was the former head of her branch. Id. at 11. Schmidt “poured

hot coffee” on Plaintiff in front of two male colleagues and “told her to take her head out of the

Virginia class bubble.” Id. After Plaintiff reported these incidents to Crawford Henderson, a

Director, Schmidt proceeded to cancel “almost every meeting” and “threatened . . . [to] make her

life at the navy yard miserable in several ways and then, he retired.” Id.

       Beginning in March 2015, Plaintiff was subjected to “constant” investigation and

interrogation for “government approved travel for a $200 differential, her extended TDY,

inappropriate conduct, and bad judgment;” in November 2015 she was accused—and later

exonerated—of sending a classified communication; in January 2016 she was accused of

“plugging in a NMCI computer into a NNPI computer port thus, destroying the port;” in 2016 a

White male employee conducted a classified investigation of her; and on March 13, 2019, she

was investigated “for loss of control of computer that became missing on air flight” that was

recovered within twenty-four hours. Id. at 11–12.

       Plaintiff also claims that between February 12, 2016, and June 17, 2019, she was “set up”

for security violations by her co-workers: Robert Basset, Branch Head, claimed that he found

“unsecured classified” materials at her cubicle, Amy Bryant left confidential materials at her

desk, “the loss of control of the NMCI computer was misnamed a classified computer to add a

level of security to the [Navy]’s investigation,” and the Navy assigned a White male with a

security background as her supervisor. Id. at 13. On April 19, 2016, Plaintiff received a letter of

reprimand for inappropriate conduct and failure to safeguard classified information. Id. at 13–

14. At some juncture, her first level supervisor Marc D’Angelis (a White male) told her, “I’m

                                           Page 3 of 17
going to make you pay for being a black female now that I have the authority to do so.” Id. at

14, 17.

          On January 11, 2017, the Navy suspended Plaintiff’s security clearance for not timely

responding to a security clearance removal notice even though she responded to it four days

early. Id. at 18. In addition, an employee took Plaintiff’s computer from her in a meeting, and

she received a “-1” evaluation on her 2016 year-end performance review. Id. at 19.

          On May 9, 2015 and August 8, 2019 Plaintiff was admitted to a hospital due to work

related stress, and in 2019 the Navy ordered her to return to work against her doctor’s

recommendation. Id. at 20. In 2016 and 2019, the Navy placed Plaintiff on administrative leave

and subsequently suspended her indefinitely. Id. at 21.

   ii.       Plaintiff’s Third Claim

          Plaintiff’s third claim stems from a March 2019 business trip to Jacksonville, Florida. Id.

at 24. While leaving the aircraft in Jacksonville, “she noticed that her carry-on bag which

contained her government issued laptop and several personal documents were not in the

overhead bin.” Id. She notified the airline and her supervisor that the items were missing. Id.

Sometime after the aircraft had departed from the Jacksonville airport, the airline located her

items on the aircraft. Id. at 24–25. But before Plaintiff was able to secure her items, the airline

informed her that her bag had been “released to federal agents from her workplace,” and her

supervisor told her that the incident was under investigation “as a violation of Agency security

policy and she was given notice of proposed suspension.” Id. at 25.

          Thereafter, Plaintiff was relieved of various responsibilities, and “a detail assignment”

was announced while she was on a scheduled vacation. Id. at 26–27.

   iii.      Plaintiff’s EEO Complaints

                                              Page 4 of 17
        Plaintiff filed two EEO complaints: the first on June 9, 2016 and the second on July 21,

2019.

        In her 2016 EEO complaint and subsequently filed amended EEO complaint, Plaintiff

claimed she was subjected to a hostile work environment and discriminated against because of

her sex, color, race, age, and protected activity, based on fourteen specified events. See Def. Ex.

1, ECF No. 23-1 at 1–3. Ultimately, the EEO office accepted eight claims for investigation:

   i.   On April 9, 2016, Bassett issued Plaintiff a Letter of Reprimand for Inappropriate
        Conduct and Failure to Safeguard Classified Information.
  ii.   From an unspecified time to the present, Plaintiff was not allowed to travel to
        Hawaii to perform her job.
 iii.   The Agency investigated the travel claim Plaintiff submitted regarding March
        2015 official travel to Hawaii and denied reimbursement for certain expenses
        related to the claim. This led to Plaintiff filing a claim against the agency before
        the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals for unreimbursed expenses, and a written
        decision by the Board in February 2016.
 iv.    On March 11, 2015, Director Henderson allowed mistreatment and unwarranted
        hostility toward Plaintiff to continue in relation to her March 2015 travel claim
        when he denied his involvement in approving extended travel.
  v.    In May 2015, at the conclusion of the investigation into Plaintiff’s government
        travel, her corporate credit card was suspended, which negatively impacted her
        work-related travel and performance evaluation.
 vi.    In March 2016, Plaintiff’s new Section and Branch Heads, DeAngelis and Bassett,
        continued the discriminatory practices and subjected Plaintiff to a hostile work
        environment that negatively impacted her performance rating.
vii.    On January 9, 2017, Plaintiff was placed on administrative leave.
viii.   On January 3, 2017, Plaintiff’s supervisor issued her FY 2016 performance
        appraisal noting performance discrepancies.
Id. at 2–3; see Def. Ex. 2, ECF No. 23-2 at 4–5. On July 9, 2020, an administrative judge

dismissed Plaintiff’s claims on the merits. See ECF No. 23-2 at 16.

        In her 2019 EEO complaint, Plaintiff alleged that she was harassed and subjected to a

hostile work environment because of her race, sex, age, and in reprisal for prior EEO activity

                                            Page 5 of 17
based on eight events. The EEO office found three claims untimely and accepted five for

investigation:

      i.   On July 11, 2019, Plaintiff was issued a five-day suspension notice and her first
           line supervisor yelled at her when she asked questions about the suspension.
    ii.    On July 30, 2019, Plaintiff received an email indicating she was suspended
           without pay.
    iii.   On August 20, 2019, Plaintiff was placed on Administrative Leave and required
           to call in daily.
    iv.    On September 9, 2019, Plaintiff was suspended without pay.
     v.    On October 7, 2019, Plaintiff received a Notice of Proposed Indefinite
           Suspension.
Def. Ex. 4, ECF No. 23-4 at 1–2; ECF No. 23 at 8–9.

B.         Plaintiff’s FOIA Request 3

           On October 26, 2016, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the Navy for “information

regarding Defendant’s travel investigation and reprimand.” ECF No. 5 at 8. On August 31,

2020, the Navy issued a letter noting its final response to Plaintiff’s FOIA request. See Def.

Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 23-12 at 1 (citing Def. Ex. 6, ECF No. 23-6). The Navy

stated that it had conducted an additional review of Plaintiff’s request and determined that

responsive records were under the control of the Department of Defense (“DoD”). Id. The Navy

then forwarded Plaintiff’s request to the DoD. Id. (citing Def. Ex. 10, ECF No. 23-10).

3
  Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7(h), Defendant filed a statement of material facts as to which it
asserts there is no genuine dispute. Def. Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 23-12. Plaintiff’s
opposition did not include such a statement. Given Plaintiff’s failure to comply with the local
rules, the court exercises its discretion and “assume[s] that facts identified by the [Defendant] in
its statement of material facts are admitted,” id., except where Defendant’s statement of material
facts is controverted by Plaintiff’s citation to her own exhibits. See Hudson v. Am. Fed’n of
Gov’t Emps., 630 F. Supp. 3d 214, 218 (D.D.C. 2022) (finding that the movant’s statement of
material facts was admitted by the non-movant, except to the extent “evidence provided by the
[non-movant] reveals genuine questions as to those facts”); see Arrington v. United States, 473
F.3d 329, 335 (D.C. Cir. 2006).
                                             Page 6 of 17
        On May 19, 2021, the DoD sent responsive documents to Plaintiff which she retrieved on

May 21, 2021. Id. at 2 (citing Def. Ex. 7, ECF No. 23-7).

                                      II.     LEGAL STANDARD

A.      12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss

        Rule 12(b)(6) permits a defendant to “test[] the legal sufficiency of a complaint,”

Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002), by moving for dismissal on the

grounds that the complaint fails “to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 12(b)(6). To withstand a motion to dismiss, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation omitted). A complaint only establishes a facially plausible

claim if it “pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Pro se complaints, “however unartfully

pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,”

Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106

(1976)), but the plaintiff must still “plead factual matter that permits the court to infer more than

the mere possibility of misconduct.” Atherton v. D.C. Office of Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681–82

(D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).

        In resolving a motion to dismiss, the court considers only “the facts alleged in the

complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of

which [the court] may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117

F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997). In an employment discrimination case, the court may take

judicial notice of exhaustion-related administrative documents. See Tyson v. Brennan, 277 F.

Supp. 3d 28, 34 (D.D.C. 2017), aff’d, No. 18-5033, 2018 WL 5927921 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 7, 2018);

                                             Page 7 of 17
see also Vasser v. McDonald, 228 F. Supp. 3d 1, 9–10 (D.D.C. 2016) (“In the context of

exhaustion, courts are willing to rely upon administrative orders and administrative complaints

without converting the motion into one for summary judgment when the documents are referred

to in the complaint, . . . are integral to [the plaintiff’s] exhaustion of administrative remedies, and

are public records subject to judicial notice”).

B.     FOIA

       In FOIA litigation, as in all civil cases, summary judgment is appropriate only when the

pleadings and declarations demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477

U.S. 242, 248 (1986); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “To successfully challenge an agency’s showing

that it complied with the FOIA, the plaintiff must come forward with ‘specific facts’

demonstrating that there is a genuine issue with respect to whether the agency has improperly

withheld . . . records.” Span v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 696 F. Supp. 2d 113, 119 (D.D.C. 2010)

(citing U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 (1989)). An agency’s decision to

“withhold or disclose information under FOIA are reviewed de novo.” Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S.

Postal Serv., 297 F. Supp. 2d 252, 256 (D.D.C. 2004).

                                          III.     ANALYSIS

       In her Amended Complaint, Plaintiff seeks redress for three “claims for relief” for

employment discrimination. See ECF No. 5 at 9–24. Each claim for relief includes numerous

legal claims, see e.g., id. at 9 (claim for relief 1 includes legal claims for hostile work

environment based on race, color, sex, and age, as well as retaliation and disparate treatment

claims), many of which are identical to legal claims in the rest of her Amended Complaint or are

based on the same or overlapping incidents. While Plaintiff’s legal claims, and the alleged

                                             Page 8 of 17
incidents that support them, are not clearly delineated, the court liberally construes her Amended

Complaint and relies on her opposition to Defendant’s motion, filed by her attorney, for

additional clarity.

A.       Employment Discrimination Claims

    i.   Timely Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

         The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has promulgated detailed regulations

establishing administrative procedures for resolving employment discrimination claims against

federal agencies. Title VII and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”), 4

require an aggrieved party to exhaust their administrative remedies before filing suit. See 42

U.S.C. § 2000e–16(c) (Title VII); 29 U.S.C § 633a(b)–(d) (ADEA). These limits are not

jurisdictional and “are subject to equitable tolling, estoppel, and waiver.” Bowden v. United

States, 106 F.3d 433, 437 (D.C. Cir. 1997). “Because untimely exhaustion of administrative

remedies is an affirmative defense, the defendant bears the burden of pleading and proving it. If

the defendant meets its burden, the plaintiff then bears the burden of pleading and proving facts

supporting equitable avoidance of the defense.” Id. (citations omitted).

         An employee who believes they have been discriminated against must consult an EEO

counselor within forty-five days of the alleged discriminatory act. In re James, 444 F.3d 643,

644 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citations omitted); 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). If the matter is not

resolved informally within thirty days, the employee then has fifteen days to file a formal

complaint with the agency. See 29 C.F.R. §§ 1614.105(d), 1614.106(a)–(b). Once an employee

has filed a formal complaint, the agency must “conduct an impartial and appropriate

investigation of the complaint within 180 days” of that filing, id. § 1614.106(e)(2), and the

4
    The court construes Plaintiff’s age discrimination claims as brought under the ADEA.

                                            Page 9 of 17
employee may subsequently sue in federal district court but must do so within ninety days of

receiving the agency’s final determination—or if the agency does not take final action, within

180 days of filing the complaint with the agency, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–16(c); 29 C.F.R.

§ 1614.407(b)–(c).

        Defendant argues that because Plaintiff failed to consult an EEO counselor within forty-

five days of numerous discriminatory incidents, claims based on those discrete actions are

unexhausted and must be dismissed. See ECF No. 23 at 15–17. These alleged incidents include:

   i.   In April 2010, Plaintiff received different compensation from a male, (citing ECF
        No. 5 ¶ 1(a)).
  ii.   In March 2015, Plaintiff was not selected for a position, (citing id. ¶ 1(b)).
 iii.   Plaintiff was abandoned while on TDY in Hawaii, (citing id. ¶ 1(c)).
 iv.    The Navy’s investigated Plaintiff, beginning in March 2015, for expenses, time
        away from the office, inappropriate conduct on her Hawaii trip, sending classified
        communications, computer use, her travel requests, and loss of a government-
        issued computer, (citing id. ¶ 3(a)–(f)).
  v.    Co-workers set Plaintiff up for security violations beginning in 2016, when a co-
        worker claimed he found unsecured classified material in her cubicle, and ending
        in 2019, when she lost a government-issued computer that was “misnamed a
        classified computer,” (citing id. ¶ 5(a)–(e)).
 vi.    Workplace hostility caused Plaintiff severe stress and subsequent hospitalization,
        (citing id. ¶ 10(i)).
vii.    Plaintiff was denied reasonable accommodations, (citing id. ¶ 10(j)).
viii.   Plaintiff was denied promotional opportunities, (citing id. ¶ 10(k)).

ECF No. 23 at 15.

        Plaintiff responds that she “timely reported the incidents” by filing an EEO complaint in

June 2015. Pl. Opp’n, ECF No. 26 at 10–11. She further contends that she “diligently pursued

her rights by participating in a management sponsored mediation” with Schmidt, and there are “a

litany of persons that she kept apprised of the discrimination and retaliation that she endured.”

Id. at 11–13.

                                            Page 10 of 17
        But Plaintiff does not claim that she consulted an EEO counselor within forty-five days

of any of the incidents listed above, and her 2016 and 2019 EEO complaints either do not

mention these incidents or they were rejected for investigation as untimely. Further, these claims

are not subject to equitable tolling because Plaintiff has not demonstrated that extraordinary

circumstances prevented her from timely seeking administrative remedies. See Holland v.

Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010). Because these discrete incidents were not reported within a

forty-five-day window, they are unexhausted and cannot support her discrimination claims.

        Given that Plaintiff’s unexhausted claims will be dismissed, the court construes her

Amended Complaint to include eleven remaining allegations of discrimination, retaliation, and

hostile work environment:

   i.      On April 9, 2016, Plaintiff was issued a letter of reprimand, ECF No. 5 at 19.
  ii.      Between 2011 and 2014, Schmidt insulted and physically abused Plaintiff,
           including by pouring hot coffee on her, id. at 11.
 iii.      Starting in March 2015, for an unspecified period, Plaintiff was not allowed
           to participate in official travel to Hawaii, id. at 10.
 iv.       In 2015, Plaintiff’s corporate credit card was suspended, id. at 10.
  v.       D’Angelis told Plaintiff, “I’m going to make you pay for being a Black female
           now that I have the authority to do so,” id at 14.
 vi.       On an unspecified date, Plaintiff’s access to classified information was
           revoked, id. at 21.
vii.       In 2016 and 2019, Plaintiff was placed on administrative leave, id. at 19, 21.
viii.      Plaintiff received a 2016 year-end performance evaluation of “-1”, id. at 19.
 ix.       On April 10, 2019, Plaintiff’s first line supervisor relieved her of
           responsibility for leading the “Drumbeat meeting,” id. at 26.
  x.       On July 11, 2019, Plaintiff’s first line supervisor proposed to suspend her for
           five days without pay, id. at 21; Def. Ex. 3, ECF No. 23-3 at 1.
 xi.       On November 4, 2019, Plaintiff was indefinitely suspended without pay, ECF
           No. 5 at 15.

                                          Page 11 of 17
Cf. ECF No. 23 at 18–19 (listing remaining allegations). Of the remaining allegations,

Defendant moves to dismiss only claims based on allegations (ii.) and (v.). 5

    ii.    Retaliation Claims Under § 1981

           Plaintiff brings her retaliation claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981, but Defendant is

correct that § 1981 does not provide a cause of action against the Navy for alleged employment

discrimination. See Torre v. Barry, 661 F.2d 1371, 1374 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (holding that an

employee covered by Title VII may not sue under 42 U.S.C. § 1981); Bozgoz v. James, Civ A.

No. 19-0239 (ABJ), 2020 WL 4732085, at *12–13 (D.D.C. Aug. 14, 2020) (“claims covered by

Title VII may not be brought under other federal statutes, including 42 U.S.C. § 1981”).

           Defendant also moved in the alternative to dismiss Plaintiff’s retaliation claims on the

grounds that she failed to allege that she was subject to a “materially adverse action.” ECF No.

23 at 18 (citing Burlington N. & Santa Re Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 64 (2006)).

    iii.   Adverse Employment Actions

           To sustain a discrimination action under either Title VII or the ADEA, a plaintiff must

allege that she suffered an “adverse employment action.” Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191,

1196 (D.C. Cir. 2008). An adverse employment action is one that results in “a significant change

in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly

5
  See id. at 19 (“Defendant will not dispute Plaintiff’s allegations of discrimination related to her
placement on administrative leave in 2017 and 2019 and indefinite suspension and will file a
motion for summary judgment with respect to those claims on a later date.”); Notice of
Withdrawal of Arg., ECF No. 36 at 3 (“Defendant respectfully withdraws the arguments in its
currently pending motion that the issuance of an April 9, 2016 letter of reprimand, disallowance
from official travel, suspension of a corporate card, the contents of a 2017 performance
evaluation, and a notice of a 5-day suspension are actionable under the now defunct ‘materially
adverse’ standard.”).
                                              Page 12 of 17
different responsibilities, or a decision causing significant change in benefits.” Burlington

Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998).

          Until recently, finding an adverse employment action required courts in this district to

conclude that “a reasonable trier of fact could find objectively tangible harm” based on

“materially adverse consequences affecting the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment or

future employment opportunities.” Forkkio v. Powell, 306 F.3d 1127, 1131 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

Then, in Chambers v. District of Columbia, the D.C. Circuit held that an employee’s forced

transfer or denial of a transfer request, because of that employee’s protected status, constitutes an

adverse employment action, regardless of whether the employee suffers an “objectively tangible

harm.” 35 F.4th 870, 874–75 (D.C. Cir. 2022) (en banc). “Once it has been established that an

employer has discriminated against an employee with respect to that employee’s terms,

conditions, or privileges of employment because of a protected characteristic, the analysis is

complete.” Id. But the Circuit acknowledged that “not everything that happens at a workplace

affects an employee’s ‘terms, conditions, or privileges of employment,’” id. at 874 (citation

omitted), and actionable retaliation claims are still limited to “materially adverse actions” that

“might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of

discrimination.” Ramos v. Garland, 77 F.4th 932, 938 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (quoting White, 548 U.S.

at 68).

          In light of the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Chambers, Defendant withdrew its arguments

that the April 9, 2016 letter of reprimand, restriction from official travel, credit card suspension,

negative 2017 performance evaluation, and proposed notice of five-day suspension are not

sufficiently adverse to sustain an employment discrimination claim. See ECF No. 36 at 3.

Defendant now argues that alleged insults and physical abuse—including that Schmidt poured

                                             Page 13 of 17
hot coffee on Plaintiff in front of their colleagues—do not qualify as adverse “personnel

action[s],” nor are they “beyond trivial.” Id. But Defendant did not raise this argument in its

motion to dismiss or for summary judgment and cannot now add new arguments by way of reply

brief. Moreover, even if it had timely made these arguments, the court is unconvinced that either

argument would be successful. Indeed, if Plaintiff’s allegations are true, this abuse could have

altered the conditions of her employment or reasonably dissuaded her from engaging in protected

EEO activity.

 iv.   Hostile Work Environment

       A plaintiff alleging a hostile work environment claim must plead enough facts to

establish that the “workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult

. . . sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create

an abusive working environment.” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (citations

omitted). “Conduct that is not severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or

abusive work environment—an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or

abusive—is beyond Title VII’s purview.” Id. Hostile work environment claims are “usually

characterized by a series of events that cumulatively give rise to a claim, although each

individual component might not be actionable on its own.” Craig v. District of Columbia, 881 F.

Supp. 2d 26, 32 (D.D.C. 2012) (citing Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 115

(2002)). And “it must be clear that the hostile work environment was the result of discrimination

based on a protected status.” Singh v. U.S. House of Representatives, 300 F. Supp. 2d 48, 56

(D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Lester v. Natsios, 290 F. Supp. 2d 11, 22 (D.D.C. 2003). “To determine

whether a hostile work environment exists, the court looks to the totality of the circumstances,

                                           Page 14 of 17
including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its offensiveness, and whether

it interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201 (citation omitted).

       Plaintiff has pleaded enough facts to meet the hostile work environment standard based

on her race and sex. She claims that Schmidt, a White male supervisor, subjected her to physical

abuse when he intentionally “poured hot coffee on [her]” in front of other male colleagues. ECF

No. 5 at 11. After she reported the incident to a director, Plaintiff alleges that Schmidt told her

that he would make her life “miserable in several ways.” Id. Plaintiff claims that following that

incident, D’Angelis, another White male, told her “I’m going to make you pay for being a Black

female now that I have the authority to do so.” Id. at 14.

       Taken together and viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, these actions show

“discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult” severe enough to establish a hostile work

environment based on her race and sex. Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 65

(1986) (citation omitted). However, Plaintiff has not alleged any facts that would permit a

factfinder to determine whether she was subjected to a hostile work environment because of her

age; consequently, her age-based hostile work environment claim will be dismissed.

  v.   Security Clearance Revocation Claim

       The Supreme Court’s decision in Dep’t of Navy v. Egan, 484 U.S. 518 (1988), barred

lawsuits directly challenging security clearance determinations, as well as employment

discrimination and retaliation actions alleging improper denial or revocation of a security

clearance. See Ryan v. Reno, 168 F.3d 520, 523 (D.C. Cir. 1999); Bennett v. Chertoff, 425 F.3d

999, 1001 (D.C. Cir. 2005). But the D.C. Circuit has recognized an exception to that general

prohibition to allow “judicial review of a revocation of an employee’s security clearance if that

employee brings a Title VII claim that is based on an allegedly false and discriminatory report or

                                           Page 15 of 17
referral to the securit[y] clearance authorities.” Horsey v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 170 F. Supp. 3d

256, 269 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing Rattigan v. Holder (“Rattigan II”), 689 F.3d 764, 767, 771 (D.C.

Cir. 2012)). A Rattigan-based Title VII claim must allege that “(1) the agency employee had a

discriminatory or retaliatory motive to report the plaintiff or to refer false information about him,

and (2) the reporting employee knew that the report or referral of information was false.” Id.

(citation omitted). Further, “the motive and knowing falsity must unite in the same person.” Id.

(citation omitted).

       Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s security clearance revocation claims should be

dismissed under Eagan, and Plaintiff argues that her allegations are within the Rattigan

exception.

       Plaintiff claims that just prior to revocation of her security clearance D’Angelis told her,

“I’m going to make you pay for being a Black female now that I have the authority to do so,”

and then reported several security violations. ECF No. 5 at 14, 17. These allegations permit an

inference that D’Angelis falsely blamed Plaintiff for a security violation because she is a Black

woman. Accordingly, the court will not dismiss Plaintiff’s race and sex-based security clearance

revocation claims at this juncture.

B.     FOIA Claim

       “FOIA provides a ‘statutory right of public access to documents and records’ held by

federal government agencies.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 602 F.

Supp. 2d 121, 123 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Pratt v. Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 413 (D.C. Cir. 1982)).

It requires federal agencies to comply with requests for records unless such “information is

exempted under [one of nine] clearly delineated statutory [exemptions].” Id. (citationomitted);

see also 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)–(b). An agency is entitled to summary judgment in a FOIA case if

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there are no disputed material facts, it has conducted an adequate search for responsive records,

and each responsive record has been produced to the plaintiff or is exempt from disclosure. See

Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 627 F.2d 365, 368 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

       Both parties agree that the Navy has released all documents responsive to Plaintiff’s

FOIA request, see ECF No. 26 at 18. Consequently, the court finds that there is no genuine

dispute of material fact, and Defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Plaintiff’s

FOIA claim.

                                     IV.     CONCLUSION

       Defendant’s motion to dismiss and for summary judgment will be GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part. A corresponding Order will accompany this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: September 25, 2023

                                                  Tanya S. Chutkan
                                                  TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                                  United States District Judge

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