Court Opinion

ID: 4073925
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 04:28:49.06375+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:56.408496
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed October 5, 2015.

                                                       S
                                           Court of Appeals
                                                           In The

                                    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                     No. 05-14-01237-CV

                                             MICHAEL BLOOM, Appellant
                                                       V.
                                            SANDRA M. SWANGO, Appellee

                                       On Appeal from the Probate Court No. 3
                                                Dallas County, Texas
                                        Trial Court Cause No. PR-14-01380-3

                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    Before Justices Fillmore, Stoddart, and Richter 1
                                             Opinion by Justice Fillmore
          Michael Bloom appeals the probate court’s judgment declaring heirship, arguing in his

first two issues that the probate court did not have jurisdiction to make a determination of

heirship because Sandra M. Swango failed to allege and prove all the required statutory

elements. In his third issue, Bloom contends that, because the probate court did not have

jurisdiction, the probate court’s judgment is void. We affirm the probate court’s judgment

declaring heirship.

                                                        Background

          Bloom and Swango’s mother, Clarice Bloom (the Decedent), died on January 31, 2014.

Swango filed an application for letters of dependent administration and for a determination of

   1
       The Hon. Martin Richter, Justice, Assigned.
heirship. Bloom filed a motion to dismiss the application on May 29, 2014, asserting the probate

court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. Bloom specifically argued Swango failed to allege the

Decedent owned or was entitled to property in this state “at the time of death,” and the deficiency

could not be corrected because the Decedent “transferred all her assets before death.”

        On July 2, 2014, the day Swango’s application was set for hearing, Bloom filed an

“Opposition to Application for Dependent Administration and Issuance of Letters of

Administration.” “[I]n view of the efiling this morning” of the opposition to an administration,

the probate court continued Swango’s application for dependent administration and issuance of

letters of administration and transferred that matter to the court’s contested case docket. The

probate court proceeded to hear Swango’s application for a determination of heirship.

        The evidence at the hearing established the Decedent had been married only once, her

husband had predeceased her, Bloom and Swango were her only children, and she died without

having executed a will.      Swango answered affirmatively when asked if she contended the

Decedent’s estate owned both personal and real property and that an administration was

necessary to collect the assets of the estate and distribute them to the Decedent’s heirs. On cross-

examination, Swango testified the estate owned real property located at 6747 Hillwood in Dallas,

as well as personal property. Swango agreed she was told the Decedent had transferred her real

property to Bloom, but believed that “may not exactly be the case.” The probate court signed a

judgment, declaring Bloom and Swango to be the Decedent’s heirs and that each were entitled to

a fifty percent share of the property of the estate.

        Bloom filed a motion to set aside the judgment determining heirship and dismiss the case

or, alternatively, a motion for new trial, asserting the probate court did not have jurisdiction

because Swango had failed to allege, and the evidence at the hearing failed to establish, that the

Decedent owned or was entitled to property at “the time of death.” In a supplement to the

                                                  –2–
motion, Bloom provided the probate court with a May 6, 2013 deed and a May 6, 2013

conveyance and assignment of property, both made pursuant to section 5.041 of the property

code, signed by the Decedent that transferred all of her real and personal property, other than her

interest in a family trust, to Bloom upon her death. Swango responded that a determination of

heirship was a probate proceeding over which the probate court had jurisdiction and she had

pleaded and proved the Decedent owned property at the time of death. The probate court

overruled Bloom’s motion, and Bloom appealed the judgment declaring heirship. See TEX. EST.

CODE ANN. § 202.202 (West 2014) (judgment in proceeding to declare heirship is final judgment

that may be appealed within same time limits and in same manner as other judgments in probate

matters).

                                                        Standard of Review

           Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de

novo. Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494, 502 (Tex. 2010); Tex. Dep’t of Parks &

Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory

plea that challenges the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Heckman v. Williamson Cnty.,

369 S.W.3d 137, 149 (Tex. 2012); Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex.

2000). 2 It is used to defeat a cause of action without regard to whether the claims asserted have

merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at 554. The claimant has the burden to allege facts

that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court has subject matter jurisdiction. Heckman, 369
S.W.3d at 150; Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993);

Haga v. Thomas, 409 S.W.3d 731, 736 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). A

     2
        Although Bloom raised his jurisdictional challenge through a motion to dismiss and a motion for new trial, the standard of review is the
same regardless of the procedural vehicle used. See Bland Indep. Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at 554 (challenge to jurisdiction may be made through
plea to the jurisdiction or other procedural vehicle).

                                                                     –3–
plea to the jurisdiction can challenge the sufficiency of the claimant’s pleadings or the existence

of necessary jurisdictional facts. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–28.

       When the plea challenges the claimant’s pleadings, we determine whether the claimant

has pleaded facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction, construing the

pleadings liberally and in favor of the claimant. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226; Haga, 409 S.W.3d

at 736. If the pleadings affirmatively negate jurisdiction, the plea should be granted. Heckman,
369 S.W.3d at 150. If the pleadings do not contain enough facts to demonstrate the propriety of

jurisdiction, but do not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the claimant

should be afforded the opportunity to amend. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–27. But if the

pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, the plea may be granted without

giving the claimant an opportunity to amend. Id. at 227.

       The plea to the jurisdiction standard generally mirrors that of a traditional motion for

summary judgment. Id. at 228. When the plea challenges jurisdictional facts, we “‘consider

relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues

raised,’ even where those facts may implicate the merits of the cause of action.” City of Waco v.

Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. 2009) (quoting Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227). If the

evidence creates a fact question as to the jurisdictional issue, then the fact-finder will decide that

question. Id. (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28). “However, if the relevant evidence is

undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the

plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law.” Id. (quoting Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228). When

reviewing the evidence, we must “‘take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant’ and

‘indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.’” Id.

(quoting Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228).

                                                 –4–
                                                                 Analysis

           In his first two issues, Bloom contends the probate court did not have jurisdiction over

the application to determine heirship because Swango failed to adequately plead, and the

evidence failed to establish, that the Decedent owned or was entitled to property at the time of

death.      We construe Bloom’s arguments as challenging both Swango’s pleadings and the

jurisdictional facts.

                                                            Applicable Law

           The Texas Constitution does not specifically provide for probate courts, but generally

grants the Legislature authority to create courts and prescribe their jurisdiction. See TEX. CONST.

art. V, §§ 1, 8; Stauffer v. Nicholson, 438 S.W.3d 205, 214 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.).

Pursuant to this authority, the Legislature established the Dallas County Probate Court Number

3, the probate court in this case. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 25.0591(d)(3) (West 2004); see

also TEX. EST. CODE. ANN. § 22.007(c) (West 2014) (statutory probate court is a “court created

by statute and designated as a statutory probate court” under chapter 25 of government code).

Although a statutory probate court is a court of limited jurisdiction, see In re United Servs. Auto.

Ass’n, 307 S.W.3d 299, 302–03 (Tex. 2010), it has exclusive jurisdiction over all “probate

proceedings.” TEX. EST. CODE ANN. § 32.005(a) (West 2014). 3 A “probate proceeding” includes

the issuance of letters of administration and a determination of heirship. Id. § 31.001(2), (3).

The statutory probate court also has jurisdiction of all matters related to the probate proceeding,

id. § 32.001(a), including an action for trial of title to real property or for right of property that is

estate property. Id. § 31.002(a)(5), (6), (c)(1).

     3
      A statutory probate court has concurrent jurisdiction with the district court in certain actions not relevant to this appeal. See TEX. EST.
CODE ANN. § 32.007 (West 2014).

                                                                     –5–
        A statutory probate court is authorized to determine, through a proceeding to declare

heirship,

        (1) the persons who are a decedent’s heirs and only heirs; and

        (2) the heirs’ respective shares and interests under the laws of this state in the
        decedent’s estate or, if applicable, in the trust.

Id. § 202.001; see also id. § 22.007(a)(2) (the term “court” as used in estates code includes

statutory probate court). A statutory probate court may conduct a proceeding to declare heirship

when a person dies intestate owning or entitled to property in this state and there has been no

administration in this state of the person’s estate. Id. § 202.002(1). As relevant to Bloom’s

complaints on appeal, the application to declare heirship is required to state a general description

of all property belonging to the decedent’s estate or held in trust for the benefit of the decedent.

Id. § 202.005(7).

                                     Sufficiency of Pleadings

        In his first issue, Bloom asserts the probate court did not have jurisdiction because

Swango’s application for determination of heirship failed to allege the Decedent owned or was

entitled to property “at the time of death,” as required by section 202.002 of the estates code, and

failed to provide a general description of the property alleged to be owned by the Decedent, as

required by section 202.005 of the estates code.

        In her application for determination of heirship, Swango pleaded the Decedent “owned

real and personal property,” described the property “generally as real property, furniture,

personal effects, and other miscellaneous property with a probable value in excess of $10,000,”

and stated a necessity existed for an administration in order to partition the estate among the

distributees.   The application requested that the probate court determine “who are the heirs of

the Decedent” and appoint Swango as the administrator of the Decedent’s estate.

                                                –6–
           Bloom asserts Swango’s pleadings alleged only the Decedent owned property “at some

time,” rather than “at the time of death.” Texas follows a “fair notice” standard for pleading,

which looks to whether the opposing party can ascertain from the pleading the nature and basic

issues of the controversy, and what type of evidence might be relevant. Low v. Henry, 221
S.W.3d 609, 612 (Tex. 2007); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 45. 4 Pleadings must give fair notice of the

claim asserted and the relief sought to provide the opposing party with enough information to

enable him to prepare a defense. In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 590 (Tex. 2015). Pleadings are

sufficient if a cause of action may be reasonably inferred from what is specifically stated, even if

an element of the cause of action is not specifically alleged. Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d 593,

601 (Tex. 1993) (op. on reh’g); see also Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 590. In the absence of special

exceptions, the petition should be construed liberally in favor of the pleader. Boyles, 855 S.W.2d

at 601; Bever Props., LLC v. Jerry Huffman Custom Builder, L.L.C., No. 05-13-01519-CV, 2015
WL 4600347, at *14 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 31, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.). However, a court

may not use a liberal construction of the petition as a license to read into the petition a claim it

does not contain. Bever Props., LLC, 2015 WL 4600347, at *14; Holden v. Holden, 456 S.W.3d
642, 650 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, no pet.).

           Swango’s petition as a whole placed Bloom on notice that Swango was seeking a

declaration of heirship following the Decedent’s death in order to distribute property owned by

the Decedent to her heirs. We conclude that, construing the pleadings liberally and in favor of

Swango, Swango pleaded facts that affirmatively demonstrate the probate court’s jurisdiction

over the application for determination of heirship. See Estate of Maxey, 559 S.W.2d 458, 461

(Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana, 1977, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (pleadings seeking determination of

     4
       The rules of civil procedure apply in probate matters to the extent they do not differ from the procedure established by the estates code.
See Bank of Tex., N.A., Trustee v. Mexia, 135 S.W.3d 356, 362 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied); see also Thomas v. Whaley, 561 S.W.2d
526, 529 (Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1977, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (applying Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 45 to probate matter).

                                                                     –7–
heirship were sufficient when they “show[ed] such facts as would indicate that the cause of

action was one over which the county court had jurisdiction, that is, an action to declare

heirship); see also TEX. EST. CODE ANN. §§ 32.005, 31.001(3). We resolve Bloom’s first issue

against him.

                                                           Jurisdictional Facts

           In his second issue, Bloom contends Swango failed to establish the jurisdictional fact that

the Decedent owned or was entitled to property at the time of her death. In support of his

argument, Bloom relies heavily on Jansen v. Fitzpatrick, 14 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.), in which the court of appeals noted that “for a court to have

jurisdiction to determine heirship, the estate must own real property, or if there is none, personal

property, in that county.” Because we conclude, under the appropriate standard of review, there

was sufficient evidence to raise an issue of disputed fact regarding whether the Decedent owned

or was entitled to property at the time of her death, we need not determine if a decedent’s

ownership of or entitlement to property at the time of death is a jurisdictional fact on which the

claimant must offer evidence before a statutory probate court has jurisdiction to proceed with a

proceeding to declare heirship. See Estate of Maxey, 559 S.W.2d at 461. 5

           At the hearing on the application to determine heirship, Swango responded affirmatively

when asked if she contended the estate owned both personal and real property. She identified the

real property owned by the estate by address and added the estate also owned personal property.

     5
        In Estate of Maxey, the court of appeals concluded it was not necessary for the applicants seeking a determination of heirship to prove the
decedent owned or claimed an interest in property at the time of his death before the county court could declare the heirship of the decedent.
Estate of Maxey, 559 S.W.3d at 462. In Estate of Maxey, however, a trespass to try title suit involving the same real property as was at issue in
the proceeding to determine heirship was filed in the district court prior to the filing of the application to determine heirship in the county court.
Id. at 460. The district court, therefore, had jurisdiction to proceed not only with the trespass to try title action, but also with a determination of
heirship. Id. at 460. The party opposing the determination of heirship did not seek to abate the county court proceeding until the district court
concluded its proceedings. Id. at 461. The county court made a determination of heirship, but refused to find the decedent died owning or being
entitled to any real property. Id. The court of appeals concluded that, because the district court retained jurisdiction over the title dispute,
requiring the petitioners to prove title to the real property in the county court would be a “useless thing” and it was sufficient that the application
to determine heirship stated the petitioners were claiming to be the owners of the decedent’s estate and the decedent owned the property described
in the application. Id. at 462.

                                                                        –8–
When asked if she had previously acknowledged the Decedent had deeded her real property to

Bloom, Swango responded affirmatively, but stated she had learned additional information that

made her believe the information was not accurate. Bloom subsequently filed a motion for new

trial and provided the probate court with (1) a deed by which the Decedent conveyed the real

property at 6747 Hillwood Lane to Bloom at the time of her death, and (2) a conveyance and

assignment by which the Decedent conveyed her personal property, other than her interest in a

family trust, to Bloom at the time of her death. At the hearing on the motion for new trial, the

probate court indicated it understood the issue was whether the Decedent was competent to sign

the deed and the assignment and stated that issue would have to be litigated. See Jansen, 14
S.W.3d at 432 (right to set aside a deed based on grantor’s incompetency was a “chose in action”

constituting a personal property right of decedent sufficient to support an application for

declaration of heirship).

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Swango, and indulging every

reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in Swango’s favor, as the applicable standard of

review requires, we conclude there is sufficient evidence to raise a disputed issue of fact as to

whether the Decedent owned or was entitled to property at the time of her death. Accordingly,

the probate court did not err by finding it had jurisdiction over Swango’s application for

determination of heirship. We resolve Bloom’s second issue against him.

       Based on our resolution of his first two issues, we need not consider Bloom’s third issue

in which he argues the probate court’s judgment declaring heirship is void because the probate

court lacked jurisdiction over the application to determine heirship. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                               –9–
       We deny Swango’s request for sanctions pursuant to rule of appellate procedure 45 and

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                /Robert M. Fillmore/
                                                ROBERT M. FILLMORE
                                                JUSTICE

141237F.P05

                                           –10–
                                         S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

MICHAEL BLOOM, Appellant                             On Appeal from the Probate Court No. 3,
                                                     Dallas County, Texas,
No. 05-14-01237-CV         V.                        Trial Court Cause No. PR-14-01380-3.
                                                     Opinion delivered by Justice Fillmore,
SANDRA M. SWANGO, Appellee                           Justices Stoddart and Richter participating.

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

       It is ORDERED that appellee Sandra M. Swango recover her costs of this appeal from
appellant Michael Bloom.

Judgment entered this 5th day of October, 2015.

                                              –11–