Court Opinion

ID: 5120594
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-22 18:12:12.35629+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:18.238981
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Neff, 2021-Ohio-3766.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     OTTAWA COUNTY

State of Ohio                                    Court of Appeals No. OT-20-004

        Appellee                                 Trial Court No. 2018-CRI-295

v.

Rosco G. Neff                                    DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                Decided: October 22, 2021

                                           *****

        James J. VanEerten, Ottawa County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Barbara Gallé Rivas, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Kimberly Kendall Corral, Megan Patituce, and
        Mallorie Thomas, for appellant.

                                           *****

        OSOWIK, J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a judgment of the Ottawa County Court of Common

Pleas, which sentenced appellant to a total prison term of 25 years after a jury convicted

him of 27 of 44 felony and misdemeanor offenses. For the reasons set forth below, this

court affirms the judgment of the trial court.
                                       I. Background

       {¶ 2} This appeal originated from 49 felony and misdemeanor theft ring

indictments against appellant Rosco G. Neff issued on December 6, 2018, by an Ottawa

County Grand Jury that resulted in two jury mistrials, one completed jury trial, guilty

verdicts for 27 offenses, and a prison sentence totaling 25 years.

                                   A. First Jury Mistrial

       On the morning of trial, appellee, state of Ohio, dismissed five of the 49 charges.

The first jury trial commenced on July 15, 2019, and appellee presented to the jury four

victim witnesses and four witnesses from law enforcement who investigated the offenses.

The trial court admitted into evidence a lengthy set of stipulations of facts for 38 of the

44 offenses deemed to conclusively establish those facts beyond a reasonable doubt. The

stipulations included disclosures that each of three codefendants from appellant’s alleged

theft ring were required to provide truthful testimony “in all trials relating to all

codefendants” in exchange for individual plea deals. The next day appellant requested,

and the trial court granted, a mistrial because the first codefendant to testify was

hospitalized the previous night after being severely beaten in the Ottawa County

Detention Facility.

                                  B. Second Jury Mistrial

       The second jury trial commenced on October 29, 2019, and appellee presented to

the jury 13 witnesses: four victim witnesses, four witnesses from law enforcement who

investigated the offenses, four witnesses who were codefendant informants, and one

2.
additional informant who was not a codefendant. The trial court admitted into evidence

19 state exhibits and the stipulations of facts for 38 offenses. After appellee rested its

case appellant testified in his defense. Appellant testified his lengthy criminal past began

as a juvenile and during this time he preferred to avoid jury trials by seeking the best

possible plea offers. Appellant then falsely testified about an alleged plea offer in this

case. Appellee moved for a mistrial, and over appellant’s objection, the trial court

declared a second mistrial and found appellant in direct contempt for openly and falsely

testifying about plea negotiations. The trial court then dismissed the jury.

       {¶ 3} In open court and prior to the trial court declaring the second mistrial,

appellee objected to appellant’s plea offer testimony; appellant’s trial counsel confirmed

he advised his client not to testify about any plea negotiations; and the trial court

instructed the jury “to disregard that answer. I know that is hard to do, but you are

instructed to do so.” Then the trial court held a sidebar discussion outside of the jury’s

hearing. The trial court considered and rejected, after hearing arguments, whether to

make an additional attempt at a curative instruction that “‘Mr. Neff’s testimony about the

two-year offer is, in fact, inaccurate.’” The trial court also considered and rejected, after

hearing further arguments, whether to directly question jurors regarding separating

appellant’s testimony from their deliberations while somehow avoiding making it “a too

big a deal.”

       {¶ 4} The sidebar ended, and the jury trial resumed. Appellee moved for a

mistrial, arguing appellant disregarded his attorney’s instruction and referenced

3.
prohibited plea negotiations while also falsely asserting a favorable plea that appellee

never offered. Appellee further argued appellant’s misconduct at trial could not be cured

with a jury instruction and moved for direct contempt of court. In response, appellant’s

trial counsel argued against a mistrial because the jury could disregard the offending

portion of appellant’s testimony stating, “As soon as my client got off the stand, he

apologized. It was not his intention to mislead the jury. He was telling things from his

point of view.”

       {¶ 5} After hearing all arguments in open court, the trial court decided, “Well, a

mistrial is going to be the order of the day, and I will find Mr. Neff in direct contempt for

speaking out about pre-trial issues that he should not have spoken of and was warned not

to speak of them and, in fact, did not properly state even what settlement offer was made.

That was inaccurate as well.”

       {¶ 6} Sentencing for the contempt offense occurred the next day. In its October

31, 2019 judgment entry, the trial court reviewed the misconduct by appellant from the

second mistrial and stated, “The Court finds beyond a reasonable doubt that this Judge

personally observed the actions constituting Defendants contempt and that summary

action is necessary as Defendant’s actions pose an imminent threat to the administration

of justice.” At the contempt sentencing hearing, appellant stated on his own behalf, “I

didn’t say that in intention to put anything in the jury’s head. My point was to flat get out

that I don’t care what any kind of plea bargain they were trying to give or anything. That

was my point. I felt my innocence was proven, period.” The trial court responded that

4.
what appellant “said about a plea deal was a flat-out fabrication. That is perjury. I take a

very dim view of that.” The trial court explained:

              Well, my perspective of it was that you were seeing a trial go very

       bad, you were seeing that witnesses were testifying about you in a very

       damaging way. I suspect that you saw that you didn’t have much hope.

       Your counsel has said that he warned you not to say what you said. You

       did it in order to get a mistrial. That is my impression. * * * You have

       seen, I think, by the course of that trial the last two, three days that it is

       highly likely you are going to be convicted. It is highly likely you are

       going to spend a lot of time in prison.

                                     C. Third Jury Trial

       {¶ 7} The third jury trial commenced on December 17, 2019, and continued for

three days. Appellee presented to the jury 14 witnesses: four victim witnesses, five

witnesses from law enforcement who investigated the offenses, four witnesses who were

codefendant informants, and one additional informant who was not a codefendant. The

trial court admitted into evidence 18 state exhibits and the stipulations of facts for 38

offenses. After appellee rested its case, appellant moved for acquittal pursuant to

Crim.R. 29(A), which the trial court denied. Appellant testified for his defense, in

addition to a codefendant’s spouse. After jury deliberations, the jury convicted appellant

of the following 27 offenses:

5.
       {¶ 8} Count 1, engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, a violation of R.C.

2923.32(A)(1) and a first-degree felony, R.C. 2923.32(B)(1). There were no stipulations

for Count 1. According to the record, between January 9 and September 15, 2018,

appellant was employed by or associated with an enterprise through a pattern of corrupt

activity. During that period about 20 break-ins and thefts from hunting cabins, boats,

barns and commercial properties occurred in Ottawa, Erie and Sandusky counties.

Appellant, as the leader of the theft ring, coordinated others to engage in the criminal

enterprise, which involved the planning of the break-ins and thefts, the actual break-ins

and thefts, the acquisition of stolen property, the distribution of the stolen items among

the theft ring, and the sale of the stolen items through private sales and flea markets.

       {¶ 9} Different combinations of codefendants formed for each theft, and not all

codefendants involved in the theft ring testified at appellant’s trial. In addition, not all

codefendants that testified at appellant’s trial had plea deals.

       {¶ 10} Cody Brentgartner testified at trial he was a codefendant with a plea deal.

Mr. Brentgartner conducted all of the break-ins and thefts with different combinations of

codefendants and, on one occasion, with appellant. Mr. Brentgartner also planned the

incidents with appellant’s guidance, such as identifying the victims to target, explaining

methods to evade security measures, or commissioning the type of stolen property to

acquire. Two victims of the theft ring testified at trial. Mr. Brentgartner also disposed of

the stolen items by primarily selling them to appellant who resold them at a substantial

markup. In some instances, Mr. Brentgartner sold stolen items to Ron Royster, who then

6.
resold them at flea markets knowing the items were stolen. Mr. Royster, a co-defendant,

did not testify at appellant’s trial.

       {¶ 11} Dakota Siefke and Jonathan Torres were two codefendants with plea deals

and testified at trial. Each participated in some of the break-ins and thefts, and identified

the property stolen and the people, including appellant, involved with those theft ring

incidents. Taylor Gobmeier was a codefendant without a plea deal who participated in

some of the break-ins and thefts as a drop off and getaway driver. Ms. Gobmeier testified

at trial and identified the property stolen and the people, including appellant, involved

with those theft ring incidents. Dava Neff is appellant’s sister-in-law and the mother of

another codefendant, Zachary Neff, who was convicted for his involvement in the theft

ring, but who did not testify at trial. Mrs. Neff testified at appellant’s trial as to what she

heard and saw of appellant’s participation in the theft ring and influence over her son.

       {¶ 12} Joseph Leroux, a detective from the Ottawa County Sheriff’s Office,

testified at trial about his investigation of the theft ring. Mr. Brentgartner provided the

initial information about appellant’s involvement as “the leader of the crew * * * [who

would] tell them what to target and where to target.” In the course of Detective Leroux’s

investigation, he uncovered the scope of the theft ring and corroborated Mr.

Brentgartner’s information with witnesses who testified at trial and with witnesses who

did not. Tiffany Soboslay from the Lorain police department, Matt Scheerer from the

Erie County sheriff’s office, John Gangway from the Catawba Island Township police

department, and Joel Scherer from the Ottawa County prosecutor’s office each testified at

7.
trial about their separate investigations of the break-ins and thefts that led to

corroborating evidence of appellant’s theft ring activities.

       {¶ 13} Count 2, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F), and Count 3, complicity to theft from person in a protected class, a violation

of R.C. 2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fourth-degree

felony, R.C. 2923.03(F), concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about

August 24, 2018, a trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night an unoccupied

structure, a boat located at Dock F-14 at Shrock’s Marina in Ottawa County, with the

purpose to commit theft of fishing equipment valued between $1,000 and $7,500 and

without the consent of the owner, Larry Loeckel, who is over 65 years old. The evidence

at trial established that appellant solicited or procured three codefendants to commit the

trespass and theft.

       {¶ 14} Count 4 is for complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F). The parties stipulated that on or about August 24, 2018, a trespass by force,

stealth or deception occurred at night of an unoccupied structure, a boat owned by Dennis

Bednarski, located at Dock F-11 at Shrock’s Marina in Ottawa County to commit a theft.

The evidence at trial established that appellant solicited or procured the same three

codefendants to commit the trespass.

8.
       {¶ 15} Count 5, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F), and Count 6, complicity to theft, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(1) of the

principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F),

concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about August 23, 2018, a

trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night of an unoccupied structure, a boat

located at Dock F-12 at Shrock’s Marina in Ottawa County, with the purpose to commit

theft of fishing equipment valued between $1,000 and $7,500 and without the consent of

the owner, Greg Ammons. The evidence at trial established that appellant solicited or

procured the same three codefendants to commit the trespass and theft.

       {¶ 16} Count 7, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F), and Count 8, complicity to theft from person in a protected class, a violation

of R.C. 2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fourth-degree

felony, R.C. 2923.03(F), concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about

August 24, 2018, a trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night of an

unoccupied structure, a boat located at Dock F-10 at Shrock’s Marina in Ottawa County,

with the purpose to commit theft of fishing equipment valued between $1,000 and $7,500

and without the consent of the owner Kevin McCray, who is over 65 years old. The

evidence at trial established that appellant solicited or procured the same three

codefendants to commit the trespass and theft.

9.
       {¶ 17} Count 9, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F), and Count 10, complicity to theft from person in a protected class, a violation

of R.C. 2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fourth-degree

felony, R.C. 2923.03(F), concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about

August 22 through 27, 2018, a trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night of

an unoccupied structure, a boat docked at Shrock’s Marina in Ottawa County, with the

purpose to commit theft of fishing equipment valued between $1,000 and $7,500, and

without the consent of the owner, Robert Tackett, who is over 65 years old. The

evidence at trial established that appellant solicited or procured the same three

codefendants to commit the trespass and theft.

       {¶ 18} Count 11, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(2) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F), and Count 12, complicity to theft, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) of the

principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a first-degree misdemeanor, R.C. 2923.03(F)

concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about August 19 through 24,

2018, a trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night of an unoccupied

structure, a boat located at Dock G-6 at Foxhaven Marina in Ottawa County, with the

purpose to commit a theft of fishing equipment valued under $1,000 and without the

consent of the owner David Vargo. The evidence at trial established that appellant

10.
solicited or procured a different combination of three codefendants to commit the trespass

and theft.

       {¶ 19} Count 13, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(2) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F) and Count 14, complicity to theft from person in a protected class, a violation

of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) of the principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fourth-degree

felony, R.C. 2923.03(F), concern the same victims. The parties did not stipulate to these

counts. The evidence at trial established that on or about August 20 to 21, 2018,

appellant aided or abetted three codefendants, each with a plea deal, to commit the

offense of breaking and entering at night of an unoccupied structure, a boat owned by

Donald Ralph, who is over 65 years old, at Foxhaven Marina in Ottawa County, and to

commit a theft of eight fishing poles valued between $1,000 and $7,500. Jacob Geiss

testified at trial that he innocently purchased from appellant some of the stolen fishing

poles, and through law enforcement investigations, the identifiable stolen property was

seized and returned to the owner.

       {¶ 20} Count 17, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(2) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F), and Count 18, complicity to theft, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) of the

principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F),

concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about August 18 through

September 15, 2018, a trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night of an

11.
unoccupied structure, a boat located at Dock A-12 at Foxhaven Marina in Ottawa

County, with the purpose to commit a theft of fishing equipment valued between $1,000

and $7,500 and without the consent of the owner Jeffrey Martin. The evidence at trial

established that appellant solicited or procured three codefendants to commit the trespass

and theft.

       {¶ 21} Count 34, possession of weapons under disability, a violation of R.C.

2923.13(A)(3) and a third-degree felony, R.C. 2923.13(B). The parties stipulated that on

or about June 19, 2018, a 12-guage Beretta shotgun, a 20-gauge Beretta shotgun, and a 9-

milimeter Glock handgun, each in operable condition, were taken from 3500 West

Willow Beach Road, Lot 4, in Ottawa County. The parties further stipulated that

appellant was convicted of a felony-level possession of drugs on March 12, 2004, and has

not been relieved of that R.C. 2923.14 disability. The evidence at trial established that

two codefendants stole the foregoing and delivered the shotguns to appellant, who

received them while under the weapons disability.

       {¶ 22} Count 35, complicity to burglary, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) of the

principle offense of R.C. 2911.12(A)(3) and a third-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F), and

Count 36, complicity to theft, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) of the principle offense

of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F), concern the same

victim. The parties stipulated that on or about August 14 to 15, 2018, a trespass by force,

stealth or deception occurred at night of an occupied structure, a hunting lodge located at

6529 West Lakeshore Drive, Ottawa County, with the purpose to commit a theft of a

12.
chainsaw, hunting equipment, an electric golf cart and a television valued between

$1,000 and $7,500 and without the consent of the owner, Jim Cornell. The evidence at

trial established that appellant aided or abetted three codefendants to commit the trespass

and theft.

       {¶ 23} Count 39, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

2923.03(F), and Count 40, complicity to theft, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(1) of the

principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fourth-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F),

concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about June 25 to 26, 2018, a

trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night of an unoccupied structure, a

storage container located at 801 State Route 269, Martins Point Road, Erie County, with

the purpose to commit a theft of a side-by-side ATV, tools and hunting equipment valued

between $7,500 and $150,000 and without the consent of the owner, Standing Rush,

LLC. The evidence at trial established that appellant solicited or procured two

codefendants to commit the trespass and theft.

       {¶ 24} Counts 41 to 43 concern the same victim: complicity to breaking and

entering, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A)

and a fifth-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F); complicity to theft, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(1) of the principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a first-degree

misdemeanor, R.C. 2923.03(F); and receiving stolen property, a violation of R.C.

2913.51(A) and a first-degree misdemeanor, R.C. 2913.51(C). The parties did not

13.
stipulate to these counts. The evidence at trial established that on or about July 14

through 16, 2018, appellant solicited or procured four codefendants to commit the offense

of breaking and entering at night of an unoccupied structure, storage containers, owned

by Joseph Brunkhorst located at 7000 Barrett Road, Erie County, to commit a theft of

duck decoys valued under $1,000. In addition, appellant received, retained or disposed of

the duck decoys obtained through theft as part of a continuing course of criminal conduct

pursuant to R.C. 2901.12(H). Appellant paid two codefendants for their “cut” of the

stolen duck decoys, picked up the stolen duck decoys from the codefendant temporarily

storing them, and then proceeded to sell some of them to Rod Wozniak, a buyer victim,

who testified at trial. Through law enforcement investigations, Mr. Wozniak identified

the stolen property.

       {¶ 25} Count 47 is for complicity to theft, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) of the

principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fourth-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F).

The parties stipulated that on or about July 27, 2018, a theft occurred from a construction

site near the intersection of State Route 523 and County Road 184 of an industrial-sized

water pump on a trailer valued between $7,500 and $150,000 without the consent of the

owner, Ohio CAT. The evidence at trial established that appellant aided or abetted three

codefendants to commit the theft and that appellant sought to sell the pump to a co-

defendant who owned a construction business that dredges wetlands.

       {¶ 26} Count 48, complicity to breaking and entering, a violation of R.C.

2923.03(A)(2) of the principle offense of R.C. 2911.13(A) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C.

14.
2923.03(F), and Count 49, complicity to theft, a violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) of the

principle offense of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and a fifth-degree felony, R.C. 2923.03(F),

concern the same victim. The parties stipulated that on or about July 12 through 16,

2018, a trespass by force, stealth or deception occurred at night of an unoccupied

structure, a barn located at 6105 O’Neal Road, Ottawa County, with the purpose to

commit a theft of large water pumps, weed whackers, and a metal cart valued between

$1,000 and $7,500 and without the consent of the owner, Westlake Sportsman

Association. The evidence at trial established that appellant aided or abetted two

codefendants to commit the trespass and theft.

                                        D. Sentencing

       {¶ 27} Sentencing occurred on January 10, 2020, and for sentencing purposes

pursuant to RC. 2941.25 the trial court merged Counts 2 and 3, Counts 5 and 6, Counts 7

and 8, Counts 9 and 10, Counts 11 and 12, Counts 13 and 14, Counts 17 and 18, Counts

35 and 36, Counts 39 and 40, Counts 41, 42 and 43, and Counts 48 and 49. The

unmerged counts remained Counts 1, 4, 34, and 47. Appellee elected the following

merged counts for sentencing: Counts 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 18, 35, 40, 41 and 49. The trial

court then sentenced appellant to consecutive prison terms totaling 25 years as follows:

ten years for Count 1; 30 months each for Counts 34 and 35; 14 months each for Counts

3, 8, 10, 14, 40 and 47; and six months each for Counts 4, 6, 11, 18, 41 and 49.

       {¶ 28} Appellant stated at sentencing, “I am innocent. That is all I got (sic.) to

say. I have had enough of this crap.”

15.
       {¶ 29} Appellant’s trial counsel presented mitigating evidence at sentencing,

including appellant’s honesty about his prior criminal record with guilty pleas, the glaring

lack of physical evidence linking appellant to the crimes, and questioning the motives of

adverse witnesses who received plea deals. In frustration, appellant’s trial counsel

pointed out, “We know the Court is going to issue a lengthy sentence. His record speaks

for itself.” Appellant’s trial counsel also pointed out that appellant’s mother, wife and

others said that, “Rosco from the past is not who he is now.” To emphasize how

appellant has changed from the past, appellant’s trial counsel explained appellant’s

unwavering claim of his innocence, “Even today, he could mitigate his sentence by

apologizing, saying he did something he didn’t do, to that extent because that is one of

the factors this Honorable Court has to consider. He maintains his innocence, Judge.”

       {¶ 30} Prior to announcing the sentence, the trial court stated, “I have considered

your statements here today. I have considered those facts and circumstances learned

throughout the course of the trial or trials. I have certainly considered the decision of the

jury in their finding of guilt in this matter.” As further mitigation, appellant’s trial

counsel asked the trial court to reconsider imposing consecutive sentences after the trial

court determined that consecutive sentences were “necessary to protect the public from

future crime or punish the offender, and * * * consecutive sentences are not

disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and the danger he poses to

the public.”

16.
       {¶ 31} Appellant sets forth six assignments of error in this appeal:

              I. Whether defendant-appellant’s double jeopardy protections were

       violated when it proceeded to a subsequent trial after a mistrial.

              II. Defendant-appellant’s Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendment

       rights were violated when trial counsel’s performance was so deficient as to

       deny defendant-appellant of his Constitutional rights under the federal and

       Ohio state constitutions.

              III. The trial court erred in sentencing defendant-appellant to a

       twenty-five year term of incarceration.

              IV. The trial court erred when it sentenced defendant-appellant to a

       term of incarceration grossly disproportionate to the conduct.

              V. Defendant-appellant’s conviction was against the manifest

       weight of the evidence.

              VI. The state failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain a

       conviction against defendant-appellant.

                                   II. Double Jeopardy

       {¶ 32} In support of his first assignment of error, appellant argues his 27

convictions must be reversed because his federal double jeopardy protections were

violated by a third jury trial where appellee failed to show manifest necessity for a

mistrial, as required by State v. Gunnell, 132 Ohio St.3d 442, 2012-Ohio-3236, 973

N.E.2d 243, ¶ 25. Appellant argues the trial court failed to adequately reflect on and

17.
inquire about the existence of juror bias prior to declaring the second mistrial. In

response, appellee argues appellant waived his defense of double jeopardy when he failed

to raise it prior to the third trial.

        {¶ 33} “The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States

Constitution ensures that a state may not put a defendant in jeopardy twice for the same

offense.” Id. The Double Jeopardy Clause “protect[s] against three abuses: (1) ‘a second

prosecution for the same offense after acquittal,’ (2) ‘a second prosecution for the same

offense after conviction,’ and (3) ‘multiple punishments for the same offense.’” State v.

Mutter, 150 Ohio St.3d 429, 2017-Ohio-2928, 82 N.E.3d 1141, ¶ 15, quoting North

Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969), overruled

on other grounds. It is undisputed in the record that prior to the commencement of the

third trial, appellant had not been acquitted, convicted, or punished on the merits for the

same 27 offenses.

                                        A. Waiver

        {¶ 34} We will first address whether appellant waived his double jeopardy

defense. The Ohio Supreme Court “has held many times that the plea of double jeopardy

is [a] matter of defense which must be raised in the trial court or it is waived.” Neal v.

Maxwell, 175 Ohio St. 201, 202, 192 N.E.2d 782 (1963). Appellant’s failure to raise

before the trial court his double jeopardy defense is subject to plain error review. State v.

Body, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109388, 2021-Ohio-703, ¶ 23; see State v. Foust, 105 Ohio

St.3d 137, 2004-Ohio-7006, 823 N.E.2d 836, ¶ 139.

18.
       {¶ 35} “An appellate court need not consider an error that was not called to the

attention of the trial court at a time when such error could have been avoided or corrected

by the trial court.” State v. Tuggle, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-07-1284, 2008-Ohio-5020, ¶

75, citing State v. Williams, 51 Ohio St.2d 112, 364 N.E.2d 1364 (1977), paragraph one

of the syllabus, overruled on other grounds. “As a result, such error is waived absent

plain error.” Id., citing State v. Moreland, 50 Ohio St.3d 58, 62, 552 N.E.2d 894 (1990).

“Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not

brought to the attention of the court.” Crim.R. 52(B). We take notice of the Crim.R.

52(B) plain error doctrine “with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and

only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372

N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 36} The party asserting plain error has the burden to provide evidence

supporting three determinations: (1) an actual error, i.e., a deviation from the legal rule,

(2) the error was plain within the meaning of Crim.R. 52(B), i.e., an obvious defect in the

trial proceedings, and (3) the error must have affected substantial rights, i.e., affected the

outcome of the trial. State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d

306, ¶ 16-17. Our plain error analysis of Crim.R. 52(B) will not warrant a reversal of

appellant’s convictions unless appellant establishes “that the outcome of the trial would

clearly have been different but for the trial court’s plain error.” State v. Waddell, 75 Ohio

St.3d 163, 166, 661 N.E.2d 1043 (1996), citing Moreland at 63.

19.
         {¶ 37} We reviewed the record and do not find appellant points to evidence

supporting the first and second elements for a claim of plain error. Even if appellant had

met his burden for the first two elements, we will next review why appellant also fails on

the third element: whether appellant’s substantial rights were violated if there was no

“manifest necessity” for the second mistrial.

                    B. Manifest Necessity or High Degree of Necessity

         {¶ 38} “The Double Jeopardy Clause deals specifically with the issue whether a

defendant may be retried after a trial court has declared a mistrial.” State v. Anderson,

148 Ohio St.3d 74, 2016-Ohio-5791, 68 N.E.3d 790, ¶ 29. The Ohio Supreme Court has

found, “the Double Jeopardy Clause is not offended when the state seeks to retry a

defendant after a series of properly declared mistrials.” Id. at ¶ 46. Double jeopardy will

not bar a retrial over a defendant’s objection to a mistrial if: (1) there was a “manifest

necessity” or “high degree” of necessity for ordering a mistrial, or (2) “the ends of public

justice would otherwise be defeated.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Widner, 68 Ohio

St.2d 188, 189-90, 429 N.E.2d 1065 (1981). Appellant does not contest the second

prong.

         {¶ 39} We review a trial court’s determination of “manifest necessity” to declare a

mistrial for “sound discretion.” Gunnell, 132 Ohio St.3d 442, 2012-Ohio-3236, 973

N.E.2d 243, at ¶ 26 and 28; State v. Gonzalez, 6th Dist. Huron No. H-99-002, 1999 WL

1101976, *5 (Dec. 3, 1999); State v. Schmidt, 65 Ohio App.2d 239, 244-45, 417 N.E.2d

1264 (6th Dist.1979). The Ohio Supreme Court has determined that a trial court

20.
exercises “sound discretion” if the record demonstrates that “the trial court acted with

deliberateness” when reaching its decision to declare a mistrial. Gunnell at ¶ 33.

However, “a trial judge declaring a mistrial is not required to make explicit findings of

‘“manifest necessity”’ nor to ‘articulate on the record all the factors which informed the

deliberate exercise of his discretion.’” Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 775, 130 S.Ct. 1855,

176 L.Ed.2d 678 (2010), quoting Arizona at 517.

       {¶ 40} “Manifest necessity” balances a defendant’s right to have the trial

concluded by a particular tribunal with the public interest in affording the prosecutor one

full and fair opportunity to present the evidence to an impartial jury. Arizona v.

Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 717 (1978). Appellee’s burden

to show “manifest necessity” for a mistrial remains even where the problem of possible

juror bias was created by the defendant’s own misconduct. Id. at 510-511; State v.

Malloy, 2d Dist. Clark No. 09CA0092, 2011-Ohio-30, ¶ 25; State v. Swanson, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 89AP-199, 1989 WL 99410, *1-3 (Aug. 29, 1989).

       {¶ 41} We extend great deference to the trial court’s evaluation of the likelihood

that the impartiality of one or more jurors may have been affected by appellant’s

improper testimony because the extent of the possible jury bias cannot be measured.

Arizona at 511. However, we recognize that such deference does not end our inquiry

under our obligation to determine the trial court exercised “sound discretion” and not

acted “irrationally or irresponsibly” when it declared the second mistrial. Id. at 514. A

trial court does not act “precipitately in response to the prosecutor’s request for a

21.
mistrial” where there is evidence in the record the trial court gave full opportunity to the

parties to explain their positions on the propriety of the second mistrial. Id. at 515-16.

       {¶ 42} There is nothing in Gunnell to suggest that an inquiry of jury members was

required where, as here, improper evidence or argument was interjected into the trial

itself. In those situations, a trial court relies upon its own personal observations of the

entire proceeding – including, but not limited to, its personal assessment of the

prejudicial impact of the improper evidence or argument -- to determine whether a fair

trial is still possible. Although a trial court may conduct an additional inquiry of jury

members in those situations, the failure to conduct such an inquiry does not, in and of

itself, demonstrate the lack of sound discretion.

       {¶ 43} We find the trial court did not act irrationally or irresponsibly just because

it failed to conduct an individual inquiry with jury members regarding the prejudicial

impact of appellant’s improper testimony. To the contrary, the record demonstrates that

the trial court acted rationally, responsibly, and deliberately when it considered appellee’s

motion for mistrial. The trial court listened to the arguments of both sides and considered

other plausible alternatives, including the possibility of a curative instruction. The court

took a recess and came back on the record. The trial court then allowed the defense

counsel and the prosecutor another opportunity to argue their respective positions before

making its ruling. We further find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding a

“manifest necessity” or “high degree” of necessity for the second mistrial.

       {¶ 44} Appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-taken.

22.
                          III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶ 45} In support of his second assignment of error, appellant argues that his trial

counsel was ineffective for three reasons: (1) failing to object to the inclusion of a

complicity jury instruction, (2) failing to file a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy

grounds prior to the third jury trial, and (3) failing to present mitigating circumstances at

his sentencing and conceding aggravating factors.

       {¶ 46} An ineffective assistance of counsel claim must overcome the strong

presumption that a properly licensed Ohio lawyer is competent. State v. Hamblin, 37

Ohio St.3d 153, 155-56, 524 N.E.2d 476 (1988). The record does not show appellant

questioned the licensure of his trial counsel, so his competence is presumed.

       {¶ 47} To overcome this presumption of competence, appellant has the burden to

show both: (1) deficient performance by his trial counsel below an objective standard of

reasonable representation, and (2) a reasonable probability of prejudice that but for his

trial counsel’s errors, he would not have been convicted of 27 offenses. State v. Bradley,

42 Ohio St.3d 136, 137, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraphs two and three of the syllabus.

Appellate scrutiny of trial counsel’s performance is highly deferential. Id. at 142.

“Debatable trial tactics generally do not constitute a deprivation of effective counsel.”

State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 85, 656 N.E.2d 643 (1995).

                             A. Complicity Jury Instruction

       {¶ 48} Appellant declares, “In this case, trial counsel’s failure to object to the

inclusion of a complicity jury instruction was ineffective,” but provides no specific

23.
evidence of an error for our consideration. App.R. 12(A)(2). Nevertheless, we construe

appellant’s argument relates to R.C. 2923.03(D), which requires the trial court to

substantially give the following instruction where an alleged accomplice of the defendant

testifies in a case in which the defendant is charged with complicity in the commission of

or an attempt to commit an offense:

              “The testimony of an accomplice does not become inadmissible

       because of his complicity, moral turpitude, or self-interest, but the admitted

       or claimed complicity of a witness may affect his credibility and make his

       testimony subject to grave suspicion, and require that it be weighed with

       great caution. It is for you, as jurors, in the light of all the facts presented to

       you from the witness stand, to evaluate such testimony and to determine its

       quality and worth or its lack of quality and worth.”

       {¶ 49} “After arguments are completed, a trial court must fully and completely

give the jury all instructions which are relevant and necessary for the jury to weigh the

evidence and discharge its duty as the fact finder. (Crim.R. 30 [A], construed.)” State v.

Comen, 50 Ohio St.3d 206, 553 N.E.2d 640 (1990), paragraph two of the syllabus. After

both sides rested and gave closing arguments, the trial court read to the jury 187-pages of

instructions for its deliberations. We find the instructions were full and complete,

including the verbatim instructions mandated by R.C. 2923.03(D). State v. Newman, 6th

Dist. Erie No. E-11-065, 2013-Ohio-414, ¶ 78.

24.
       {¶ 50} We do not find appellant’s trial counsel’s failure to object to the inclusion

of the R.C. 2923.03(D) jury instruction resulted in any reversible error. State v. Williams,

6th Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1186, 2019-Ohio-2657, ¶ 50. “The effect of [R.C. 2923.03(D]

is to leave the assessment of an accomplice’s credibility to a jury after it has been

properly instructed concerning the treatment of that testimony.” State v. O’Dell, 45 Ohio

St.3d 140, 145, 543 N.E.2d 1220 (1989). The record shows the jury performed its duty

after receiving the required instructions, and we do not find appellant showed his trial

counsel’s assistance was ineffective.

                  B. Motion to Dismiss on Double Jeopardy Grounds

       {¶ 51} Appellant argues, “The failure to object to the retrial of defendant after the

empaneling of a jury, the complete presentation of the state’s case, and the granting of a

mistrial over state’s objection is, per se, deficient.” Appellant further argues, “Had

counsel’s performance not been so deficient as to deny Appellant of his constitutional

rights, the outcome of the case would have necessarily been different.”

       {¶ 52} Appellant’s trial counsel is not required to perform futile acts. Foust, 105

Ohio St.3d 137, 2004-Ohio-7006, 823 N.E.2d 836, at ¶ 125. In light of our decision on

appellant’s first assignment of error, we do not find that appellant’s trial counsel’s failure

to file a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds was ineffective.

                                 C. Sentencing Mitigation

       {¶ 53} Appellant argues his trial counsel was ineffective because at sentencing his

trial counsel merely acknowledged appellant “could have apologized but did not” and

25.
acquiesced that “we know that the court is going to issue a lengthy sentence, his record

speaks for itself.” Appellant argues his age at forty-one years and his four prior

convictions -- “of which he took responsibility for by means of a plea” -- were mitigation

factors his trial counsel should have raised.

       {¶ 54} The presentation of mitigating evidence at sentencing is a matter of trial

strategy based on the totality of the circumstances. State v. Taft, 6th Dist. Huron No. H-

18-003, 2019-Ohio-1565, ¶ 50. The failure to present mitigating evidence at the penalty

stage does not in itself constitute proof of ineffective assistance of counsel or deprive the

defendant of a fair trial. Hamblin, 37 Ohio St.3d at 157, 524 N.E.2d 476.

       {¶ 55} The record contains substantial mitigation evidence presented by

appellant’s trial counsel for the trial court’s consideration for mercy and leniency. We

find the record shows the trial court was aware of both appellant’s age and his prior guilty

pleas at the time of sentencing. Even if the trial court was not aware of those factors,

“there is no prejudice when the new mitigating evidence ‘would barely have altered the

sentencing profile presented’ to the decisionmaker.” Sears v. Upton, 561 U.S. 945, 954,

130 S.Ct. 3259, 177 L.Ed.2d 1025 (2010), quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 700, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Appellant’s speculations do not

support a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. Taft at ¶ 51.

       {¶ 56} We reviewed the entire record and do not find that appellant’s trial

counsel’s performance was ineffective. We do not find both deficient performance by his

trial counsel below an objective standard of reasonable representation and a reasonable

26.
probability of prejudice that but for his trial counsel’s alleged errors, appellant would not

have been sentenced to 25 years in prison for his 27 convictions.

       {¶ 57} Appellant’s second assignment of error is not well-taken.

                                  IV. Felony Sentencing

       {¶ 58} In support of his third and fourth assignments of error, appellant argues the

trial court erred in sentencing him to 25 years in prison for three reasons: (1) the trial

court impermissibly relied on appellant’s testimony from the prior mistrial; (2)

consecutive sentences were unwarranted by, and inconsistent with, the facts in the record;

and (3) the total sentence was “grossly disproportionate” to his conduct.

       {¶ 59} We review a challenge to felony sentencing pursuant to R.C.

2953.08(G)(2), which states, in part:

              The appellate court’s standard for review is not whether the

       sentencing court abused its discretion. The appellate court may take any

       action authorized by this division if it clearly and convincingly finds either

       of the following:

              (a) That the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings

       under division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of

       section 2929.14, or division (I) of section 2929.20 of the Revised Code,

       whichever, if any, is relevant;

              (b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

27.
       {¶ 60} Although “contrary to law” is an undefined term, the Ohio Supreme Court

guides us that, “R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b) * * * does not provide a basis for an appellate

court to modify or vacate a sentence based on its view that the sentence is not supported

by the record under R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12.” State v. Jones, 163 Ohio St.3d 242,

2020-Ohio-6729, 169 N.E.3d 649, ¶ 39.

                              A. Prior Mistrial Testimony

       {¶ 61} Appellant argues the trial court erred by relying on testimony from the

second mistrial: “In its analysis of R.C. 2929.12, the trial court stated, ‘I have considered

your statements here today. I have considered those facts and circumstances learned

throughout the course of the trial or trials.’ Sentencing T. 10 (emphasis added.).” We

lack the authority to grant the relief appellant seeks by reviewing if the record supports

the sentence under R.C. 2929.12. Id.; State v. Orzechowski, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-20-

029, 2021-Ohio-985, ¶ 13.

                                B. Consecutive Sentences

       {¶ 62} Appellant argues consecutive sentences were unwarranted by, and

inconsistent with, the facts in the record. The jury convicted appellant for one first-

degree felony offense, two third-degree felony offenses, six fourth-degree felony

offenses, 15 fifth-degree felony offenses, and three first-degree misdemeanor offenses.

The trial court merged 23 offenses down to 11 felony offenses for sentencing purposes

and ordered each individual prison term to be served consecutively for a total of 25 years.

Appellant does not dispute the merger of offenses at sentencing.

28.
       {¶ 63} When sentencing prison terms, the trial court is required “to adhere to R.C.

2929.14(C)(4) and 2929.41(A) in imposing consecutive sentences and to make the

required findings.” State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d

659, ¶ 35. R.C. 2929.41(A) states a presumption for concurrent sentencing, except as

provided for in R.C. 2929.14(C). The trial court is required to make the findings

mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) both at the sentencing hearing and incorporate them

into its sentencing entry, “but it has no obligation to state reasons to support its findings.

Nor is it required to give a talismanic incantation of the words of the statute, provided

that the necessary findings can be found in the record and are incorporated into the

sentencing entry.” Id. at ¶ 37.

       {¶ 64} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(c) requires a three-step analysis by the trial court: (1)

finding that the consecutive service is necessary to protect the public from future crime or

to punish the offender; (2) finding that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to

the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the

public; and (3) finding the offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that

consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the

offender. State v. Banks, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1095, 2014-Ohio-1000, ¶ 11.

       {¶ 65} We reviewed the record and find clear and convincing evidence supporting

the imposition of consecutive sentences pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(c). Both the

sentencing hearing transcript and the subsequent judgment entry reflect the trial court

engaged in the required analysis and explicitly made the required findings in the record.

29.
                        C. “Grossly Disproportionate” Sentence

       {¶ 66} Appellant next argues his 25-year incarceration “does not, in any manner,

fit the crime” of non-violent theft offenses of “faux ducks, fishing poles, two sport

weapons, and two handguns.” Appellant argues that the “egregiousness of the length of

sentence is shocking to common concepts of fundamental fairness” where 25 years is

“equivalent to the statutory minimum sentence for aggravated murder with capital

specifications.”

       {¶ 67} The trial court sentenced appellant to prison terms by following the

applicable sentencing statutes for the merged offenses as follows: 10 years for Count 1, a

first-degree felony, which is within the statutory range and less than the maximum period

pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(A)(1)(b); 30 months each for Counts 34 and 35, third-degree

felonies, which is within the statutory range and less than the maximum period pursuant

to R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(b); 14 months each for Counts 3, 8, 10, 14, 40 and 47, fourth-

degree felonies, which is within the statutory range and less than the maximum period

pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(A)(4); and six months each for Counts 4, 6, 11, 18, 41 and 49,

fifth-degree felonies, which is the statutory minimum period pursuant to R.C.

2929.14(A)(5). Each of appellant’s individual prison terms is within the statutory range

authorized by the Ohio General Assembly for the particular offense. State v. Hairston,

118 Ohio St.3d 289, 2008-Ohio-2338, 888 N.E.2d 1073, ¶ 21.

       {¶ 68} Appellant does not dispute that the sentence for any particular offense is

outside of the statutory guidelines, and we do not find any trial court error in adhering to

30.
them. “Because the individual sentences imposed by the court are within the range of

penalties authorized by the legislature, they are not grossly disproportionate or shocking

to a reasonable person or to the community’s sense of justice and do not constitute cruel

and unusual punishment.” Id. at ¶ 23. The 25-year aggregate prison term, resulting from

consecutive imposition of reasonable individual sentences, is also not grossly

disproportionate. Id.

       {¶ 69} We find clear and convincing evidence in the record supporting the felony

sentences imposed by the trial court. Appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error

are not well-taken.

                           V. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶ 70} In support of his fifth assignment of error, appellant argues his complicity

convictions should be vacated because the “quality of evidence offered in support of the

conviction in this matter is against the manifest weight of the evidence. The evidence

here is not credible.” Appellant argues the jury lost its way when it convicted him

because the witnesses who testified against him were criminals who received “extreme

leniency” in their own criminal cases for the same conduct. “Without their testimony,

there is no evidence linking Neff to the property or the thefts.”

       {¶ 71} A challenge, based on the manifest weight of the evidence to a jury,

questions its effect in inducing belief of appellant’s guilt; it questions whether the jury

could find the inclination of a greater amount of credible evidence was admitted at trial to

sustain that decision than not. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d

31.
541 (1997). Judgments supported by some competent and credible evidence going to all

the essential elements of the offense will not be against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984).

       {¶ 72} This court has repeatedly stated that in determining whether a verdict is

against the manifest weight of the evidence, we review the entire record, weigh the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and

determine whether the trier of fact clearly lost its way to create such a manifest

miscarriage of justice as to require a new trial. State v. Reynolds, 2017-Ohio-1478, 89

N.E.3d 235, ¶ 47 (6th Dist.). A conviction will be overturned only in exceptional cases.

Id. The unanimous concurrence of all three judges of a court of appeals panel is required

to overturn a judgment that results from a jury. Thompkins at 389.

       {¶ 73} The crime of complicity is governed by R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), which states,

“No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the commission of an offense,

shall do any of the following: * * * (2) Aid or abet another in committing the offense.”

The Ohio Supreme Court defines “aid or abet” as assisting or facilitating the commission

of a crime or promoting its accomplishment. State v. McFarland, 162 Ohio St.3d 36,

2020-Ohio-3343, 164 N.E.3d 316, ¶ 27. The complicit party must also share the criminal

intent of the principal, which may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the

crime, including the complicit party’s presence, companionship, and conduct before and

after the principal offense is committed. Id. at ¶ 39. “Aiding and abetting has been

characterized as a substantive and independent offense so that aiders and abettors may be

32.
prosecuted and convicted as principals without the trial or conviction of the principal

offender.” State v. Henderson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-80-330, 1981 WL 5775, *2 (Sept.

4, 1981).

       {¶ 74} The witnesses collectively testified at trial about their individual roles in the

theft ring and about the role they saw, heard and knew appellant played in the theft ring.

Although appellant attacks the credibility of the witnesses because of their plea deals,

only 3 of the 14 witnesses who testified at trial had such plea deals, and the jury was

instructed pursuant to R.C. 2923.03(D) to cautiously weigh their testimony. After

receiving all of the evidence, the jury evaluated the credibility of the evidence presented

during trial and found appellant not guilty of 17 of the 44 offenses.

       {¶ 75} We find the record shows some competent and credible evidence going to

all the essential elements of the 27 offenses of which the jury convicted appellant.

Despite appellant’s assertions to the contrary, we do not find the trier of fact clearly lost

its way to create such a manifest miscarriage of justice as to require a new trial.

       {¶ 76} Appellant’s fifth assignment of error is not well-taken.

                             VI. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       {¶ 77} In support of his sixth assignment of error, appellant argues that when the

evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to appellee, “there was insufficient

evidence to prove that Defendant-Appellant Neff committed these offenses or was

complicit in the thefts.”

33.
       {¶ 78} The record shows that after appellee rested its case, appellant moved for

acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A). Crim.R. 29(A) states, “The court on motion of a

defendant * * *, after the evidence on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a

judgment of acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment * * *, if the

evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses.” After

hearing each party’s arguments, the trial court denied appellant’s Crim.R. 29(A) motion.

       {¶ 79} Appellant’s Crim.R. 29(A) motion was governed by the same standard as a

challenge to the sufficiency of evidence to sustain a verdict at trial. State v. Tenace, 109

Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386, ¶ 37. We review de novo as a

question of law a challenge whether the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a verdict.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380 at 386, 678 N.E.2d 541. Appellant’s argument on appeal

mirrors his arguments for acquittal during trial: (1) “there’s absolutely no physical

evidence”; (2) “there’s no corroborating evidence whatsoever on any of these charges”;

and (3) “It is all the testimony of co-defendants.”

       {¶ 80} Appellate courts do not evaluate the credibility of the evidence when

determining its sufficiency because our role is to decide whether the evidence, if

believed, can sustain the verdict as a matter of law. State v. Myers, 154 Ohio St.3d 405,

2018-Ohio-1903, 114 N.E.3d 1138, ¶ 132. “‘The relevant inquiry is whether, after

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

(Citation omitted.) McFarland, 162 Ohio St.3d 36, 2020-Ohio-3343, 164 N.E.3d 316, at

34.
¶ 24. All admissible evidence may be considered on a claim of insufficient evidence.

State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, ¶ 80.

       {¶ 81} Upon review of all admissible evidence in the record we find appellant’s

challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence are without merit. We find, after viewing

the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, there was sufficient evidence in

the record, if believed by any rational trier of fact, to find the essential elements of the 27

offenses were proven beyond a reasonable doubt and support the verdicts as a matter of

law.

       {¶ 82} Appellant’s sixth assignment of error is not well-taken.

                                      VII. Conclusion

       {¶ 83} On consideration whereof, we find that substantial justice has been done in

this matter. The judgment of the Ottawa County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.

                                                                         Judgment affirmed.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                         _______________________________
                                                             JUDGE
Thomas J. Osowik, J.
                                                 _______________________________
Christine E. Mayle, J.                                       JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                                 _______________________________
                                                             JUDGE

35.
           This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
      Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
           version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                    http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.

36.