Court Opinion

ID: 9906073
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-30 20:09:03.358456+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:05.395967
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re L.M., 2023-Ohio-4326.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                :
In the Matter of:                                             No. 21AP-580
L.M. et al.,                                    :          (C.P.C. No. 16JU-2089)

(P.M., Mother,                                  :             No. 21AP-581
                                                           (C.P.C. No. 16JU-2090)
                 Appellant).                    :
                                                              No. 21AP-582
                                                :          (C.P.C. No. 17JU-15666)

                                                :       (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                                                :

                                        D E C I S I O N

                                  Rendered on November 30, 2023

                 On brief: Yeura R. Venters, Public Defender, and Robert D.
                 Essex for appellant.

                 On brief: Tyler W. Dunham for Franklin County Children
                 Services.

                 APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
                     Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch

MENTEL, J.
        {¶ 1} Appellant, P.M., mother, appeals from the November 5, 2021 decision and
judgment entry of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic
Relations, Juvenile Branch, terminating her parental rights and granting permanent
custody of the minor children, L.M., A.P., and M.P. (“children”) to appellee, Franklin
County Children Services (“FCCS”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} P.M. is the mother to the three minor children at issue in this case: L.M.
(d.o.b. 1/17/2014); A.P. (d.o.b. 4/20/2015); and M.P. (d.o.b. 9/30/2017).
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                       2

       {¶ 3} On December 4, 2015, FCCS initiated cases 15JU-14363 and 15JU-14364
alleging minor     children T.P., L.M.,     and A.P., were neglected, pursuant to
R.C. 2151.03(A)(2), and dependent, pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(C), children. On December 4,
2015, the juvenile court granted temporary custody of the children to FCCS until further
order of the court. The initial complaints were dismissed by operation of law after new
complaints (16JU-2089 and 16JU-2090) were filed on February 18, 2016. On February 22,
2016, FCCS was granted temporary orders of custody of the children.
       {¶ 4} On March 16, 2016, the cases proceeded to an adjudicatory hearing on the
neglect and dependency causes of action. The parties did not dispute an adjudication as to
dependency. The magistrate, without objection from counsel or the Guardian ad Litem
(“GAL”), then dismissed the first cause of action. The juvenile court issued temporary court
commitments to FCCS as to L.M. and A.P., and protection supervision to FCCS as to T.P.
The father, J.P., was permitted temporary custody of T.P. until further order of the court.
On June 23, 2017, FCCS filed motions for permanent custody of L.M. and A.P. for purposes
of adoption. On July 12, 2017, FCCS filed a motion to terminate the court order of
protective supervision as to T.P. The matter was heard by the juvenile court on April 11,
2018. At the conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court granted FCCS’ motion and
terminated T.P.’s involvement in this matter.
       {¶ 5} On December 28, 2017, FCCS filed a new case involving minor child, M.P.,
alleging he was a dependent child, pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(C) and (D)(1)(2).           On
January 2, 2018, the juvenile court held a hearing and granted temporary order of custody
to FCCS. On February 21, 2018, the juvenile court held an adjudicatory hearing, in which
the parties did not contest that M.P. was a dependent minor child. The juvenile court
terminated the temporary order of custody and ordered temporary court custody to
continue until further order of the court. On March 9, 2018 and May 27, 2020, FCCS filed
a motion for permanent custody of M.P. The motions concerning M.P. were set to be heard
with the prior motions for permanent custody for L.M. and A.P. On June 1, 2021, the
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                                             3

juvenile court commenced a hearing on the outstanding motions for permanent custody of
the children. The following evidence was adduced at the hearings.1
        {¶ 6} P.M. is the mother of the three children at issue in this case, L.M., A.P., and
M.P. (June 1, 2021 Tr. at 54.) None of the children have lived with her over the last five
years. (Tr. at 58.) According to P.M., the children do not live with her primarily because
she has a guardian. (Tr. at 65.) P.M. testified that she has had an Advocacy & Protective
Services, Inc. (“APSI”) guardian since she was 18 years old. (Tr. at 66.) P.M. has attempted
on several occasions to get the guardianship terminated but has been denied. (Tr. at 69-
71.)
        {¶ 7} P.M. testified that she is familiar with her case plan. According to P.M., she
was to complete parenting and domestic violence classes. (Tr. at 65.) P.M. stated that she
took parenting and domestic violence classes, but she does not know the exact date they
were completed or what the location was called. (Tr. at 99, 101.) According to P.M., the
parenting course was for one month and met a total of four to five times. P.M. described
the topics covered in the class, but she testified that she did not learn anything from the
parenting classes as she already knew the information. (Tr. at 103.) P.M. stated that she
did not change her parenting at all from the classes because “[t]here was nothing to
change.” (Tr. at 103.)
        {¶ 8} P.M. is not employed, but she has worked at various times through a “temp
agency.” (Tr. at 105.) According to P.M., she has worked a total of two to three months this
year. (Tr. at 107.) P.M. did not know how much money she has earned but estimates she
has made approximately $900 dollars in 2021. (Tr. at 108.) The longest period she has
ever had one job was six months as a cleaner for Nationwide Arena. P.M. quit the job
purportedly because of health concerns with her back. (Tr. at 108.) P.M. receives a monthly
check of $1,500 from Social Security. P.M. lives in a four-bedroom home with her
boyfriend, Carlos, and his two teenage children. (Tr. at 110-11, 118.) P.M. does not know
Carlos’ last name. (Tr. at 110.) “I never asked. But I can find out.” (Tr. at 111.) P.M. pays

1 The permanent custody hearing continued on June 2, August 25, and August 26, 2021. The hearing also

concerned the termination of the parental rights of the father, J.P. As the father has not filed an appeal in this
matter, however, our recitation of the facts and analysis with focus on P.M.
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          4

$900 a month for rent and utilities. (Tr. at 112.) According to P.M., her home health aide
provides transportation for groceries and medical appointments. (Tr. at 120.)
       {¶ 9} P.M. testified that she cleans the house daily, but she conceded that people
have helped her clean the house in the past. (Tr. at 129.) P.M. also acknowledged that FCCS
has had concerns about the cleanliness of her home but stated “that’s normal” when you
have multiple children in your house. (Tr. at 129.) P.M. testified that J.P., the father of
L.M. and A.P., resides with his mother and their daughter that is not at issue in this case,
T.P. (Tr. at 126.) P.M. testified that J.P. takes adequate care of T.P. (Tr. at 132.) P.M. was
told to stay away from T.P. and is not permitted to visit. (Tr. at 133.) P.M. resided with J.P.
for a short period of time, but she was asked to leave. (Tr. at 137.) P.M. testified that on
one occasion when J.P.’s mother tried to hit her child, she threatened the mother. “I would
smack her back if she ever hit on my kid like that again.” (Tr. at 135.)
       {¶ 10} P.M. testified that she does not believe A.P. has any special needs or
participates in therapy or counseling. (Tr. at 138.) P.M. said that A.P. does not have any
prescription medications or behaviors that are hard to manage. (Tr. at 141.) P.M. last went
to a medical appointment of A.P. about a year ago. (Tr. at 140.) According to P.M., she is
permitted to go to medical appointments but the children are placed in Newark so it is
difficult to attend. P.M. testified that L.M. has autism and ADHD and has been in a
residential facility for several months. (Tr. at 143-44.) According to P.M., she has not seen
L.M. in a year. (Tr. at 146.) P.M. has not spoken to any of his therapists. “I wasn’t aware
that he had a therapist.” (Tr. at 150.) P.M. also does not know if L.M. is on any prescription
medications. (Tr. at 151.) P.M. testified that M.P. does not have any special needs or
medical problems. P.M. testified that she speaks to the foster parents on a daily basis. (Tr.
at 152.)
       {¶ 11} According to P.M., she “just started the visits up.” (Tr. at 154.) Since
restarting visitation, P.M. has attended one visit, one visit was canceled due to weather, and
the other was canceled because she had a “family emergency.” (Tr. at 156.) According to
P.M., she had not been visiting the children because “in the past we had stuff comin’ (sic)
up and had stuff come up and this and that, and we had missed a couple.” (Tr. at 157.)
Because of the missed visits, P.M.’s visitation with the children was suspended. During the
most recent visit, she let the children watch cartoons and took pictures. (Tr. at 158.) While
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                              5

M.P. has been in foster care since birth, A.P. has been in foster care for approximately four
and a half years. (Tr. at 162.) P.M. believes that the foster parents are “good people” and
take “good care” of the children. (Tr. at 163.) P.M. testified that L.M. probably should not
live with the other siblings and believes that “one of the other parents probably should have
him.” (Tr. at 165-66.) P.M., however, would still want all three children returned to her
care. (Tr. at 167.) P.M. testified that because she does not work, she could take care of the
kids all the time. (Tr. at 168.) “I don’t have a job. I don’t need one.” (Tr. at 168.)
       {¶ 12} According to P.M., she has had four to five different residences since 2016.
(Tr. at 176.) P.M. stated that her current home has beds for all the children. (Tr. at 190.)
P.M. testified that she has two dogs, a husky and a lab. (Tr. at 177.) While P.M. contests
that her residence has ever been dirty with animal feces, she acknowledges FCCS has been
concerned about the issue in the past. (Tr. at 178-79.) P.M. cannot see T.P. because of the
“stuff that was lied on me * * * about.” (Tr. at 180.) According to P.M., J.P.’s mother abused
T.P., but she was blamed for it. (Tr. at 188.)
       {¶ 13} J.P. testified that he is the biological father of T.P., A.P., and L.M. (Tr. at 194.)
J.P. denies that he is the biological father of M.P., but he is listed as the father on the birth
certificate. (Tr. at 194.) J.P. testified that he lives with his mother and daughter, T.P. The
children at issue in this case, L.M., A.P., and M.P. have never lived with J.P.
       {¶ 14} J.P. does not really know what the case plan entails. (Tr. at 196.) T.P. receives
assistance from a service coordinator who helps with transportation.                (Tr. at 197.)
According to J.P., he took parenting classes a long time ago. (Tr. at 200-01.) J.P. has
worked at the Home Depot warehouse for the last three years. (Tr. at 203.) J.P. earns $252
every two weeks after child support is removed from his paycheck. (Tr. at 204-05.) J.P.
also receives $139 per month of food stamps. J.P. testified that his mother pays the entirety
of the $790 monthly rent. (Tr. at 213.) J.P. acknowledged that he has an arrearage of over
$3,000 on his water bill. J.P. was not sure how the arrearage accumulated. (Tr. at 211-12.)
       {¶ 15} J.P. testified that T.P. was taken by FCCS in the summer of 2020. (Tr. at 231.)
According to J.P., T.P. said that P.M. had hit her. (Tr. at 231.) J.P. has concerns that P.M.
would hit T.P. if they were left alone. (Tr. at 234.) “She just might do it again and if she
don’t be watched.” (Tr. at 234.) J.P. described another incident where P.M. knocked down
his mother. (Tr. at 235.)
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          6

       {¶ 16} J.P. testified that L.M. has autism. (Tr. at 251-54.) J.P. does not know if L.M.
or A.P. are in counseling or on prescription medication. (Tr. at 256.) J.P. believes A.P.’s
and M.P.’s foster parents are doing a good job. (Tr. at 258.) J.P. visited with A.P. and M.P.
only once in 2021. (Tr. at 259.) J.P. stated that he was under the impression that he could
not have custody of L.M. because L.M. would hurt the other children. (Tr. at 261.)
According to J.P., it would not be a good idea for the children to be placed with P.M. (Tr.
at 267.)
       {¶ 17} Richard Furnish testified that he is an attorney and has been the GAL in this
case since 2016. (Tr. at 274.) Furnish testified to his training and experience as a GAL. (Tr.
at 274.) According to Furnish, he has stayed current in the case through updates from the
various caseworkers, SARs, and, outside L.M.’s most recent placement, visiting with all the
children in the foster homes. (Tr. at 275.) Furnish has had regular contact with the
caregivers of the children and receives updates on their care. In 2019, Furnish supervised
visitation on two occasions with P.M., father, and the minor children. (Tr. at 276.)
       {¶ 18} Furnish explained that based on the special medical needs of the children and
the parties, a case plan would not fix the underlying issues. (Tr. at 286.) Furnish testified
that L.M. has microdeletion syndrome, autism, and ADHD. (Tr. at 286.) L.M. is currently
placed in a residential facility in South Carolina. L.M. was placed in the residential facility
for violent behavior, unsolicited anger, leaving the home without permission, general
defiance of any kind of authority, and having to be physically restrained. (Tr. at 289.)
Furnish believes that A.P. has some behavioral issues such as unprovoked aggression. (Tr.
at 291.) Furnish testified the M.P. is too young to have a formal diagnosis at this point. (Tr.
at 291.)
       {¶ 19} Furnish testified as to concerns with P.M.’s parenting ability. Furnish stated
that P.M. has had five addresses and has consistently allowed friends or family members to
stay in her home. (Tr. at 295.) Furnish described P.M.’s previous issues regarding the care
of animals, domestic violence, missed visitation, food shortage in the home, and her ability
to make medical appointments.         (Tr. at 296.)    Furnish testified that based on his
observations of P.M., he does not believe she is able to understand the children’s issues.
(Tr. at 297.) “I don’t believe that she’s able to fully comprehend the special needs that her
children have, and to be able to meet those needs.” (Tr. at 297.) By way of example, Furnish
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          7

noted one of the prior issues in this case concerned the cleanliness of the home with various
cats and dogs and, upon his home visit, there were pets still in the home. (Tr. at 298.)
Furnish noted that P.M. has a caseworker at the Board of Developmental Disabilities, and
she is not her own legal guardian. (Tr. at 298.) Furnish testified that despite access to
various services, he does not feel that P.M. is able to parent the children. (Tr. at 299.)
        {¶ 20} Furnish last observed the parents interacting with the children in 2019.
Furnish described the visit as “utter chaos.” (Tr. at 301.) According to Furnish, the parents
were not able to redirect the children. The children were running around, not listening,
throwing things at each other, and displayed “general defiance.” (Tr. at 302.) At one point,
L.M. bit J.P. requiring him to physically restrain L.M. with his arms behind his back. (Tr.
at 302.) During the visit, P.M. was consistently on her phone and would come and go out
of the room.     (Tr. at 303.)   P.M. attempted to interact with the children but was
unsuccessful. (Tr. at 303.) Furnish described concerns with P.M.’s home on his last visit
in 2018. At that time, P.M. had a cousin or family member staying at the residence. (Tr. at
305.) Furnish did not report concerns about the cleanliness of the home. (Tr. at 306.)
        {¶ 21} According to Furnish, L.M. is “not very verbal.” (Tr. at 307.) Furnish does
not believe L.M. is able to articulate his wishes regarding custody. (Tr. at 308.) Furnish
also visited A.P. and M.P. in their foster placement. Furnish does not believe either A.P. or
M.P. are able to understand what permanent custody would entail or express their wishes
as to permanent custody. (Tr. at 309.) Furnish testified that the foster parents were open
to becoming adoptive parents. Furnish has no concerns about the foster parents, and the
children appeared comfortable in the home. (Tr. at 308.) Furnish concluded that it would
be in all of the three children’s best interests for permanent custody to be granted. (Tr. at
310.)
        {¶ 22} On cross-examination, Furnish testified that the parents’ visitation had been
suspended at different points in the case based on the parents missing visits. (June 2, 2021
Tr. at 61.) Furnish noted that his concerns about transportation stem from missed
visitation. “[I]f they can’t make it to visitation, what’s for me to think that they’re gonna
(sic) be able to make it to other things that are necessary, like medical appointments.”
(June 1, 2021 Tr. at 320.) According to Furnish, there has not been any change in the
parental function over the life of the case. (June 2, 2021 Tr. at 59.)
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                           8

       {¶ 23} Elizabeth Blakley testified that she has been P.M.’s caseworker with FCCS for
the last year and one half. (Tr. at 66.) Blakeley testified that part of her responsibilities is
to assist the clients in executing the case plan by providing referrals to services or contact
information for organizations. (Tr. at 69.) According to Blakely, when she was assigned to
this matter, she familiarized herself with the family by speaking with the prior caseworker,
reviewing the case summary and case logs, activity logs, and visiting with the family
members. (Tr. at 70.)
       {¶ 24} Blakely testified that FCCS became involved in this matter in 2014 after
concerns that P.M. was unable to receive services based on the behavior of her roommate.
The roommate had “explosive behaviors” and sent inappropriate text messages to P.M.’s
in-home workers. (Tr. at 71.) At that time, P.M. was receiving six hours of daily in-home
care from the Franklin County Board of Developmental Disabilities. (Tr. at 72.) There were
also concerns over inadequate food, lack of diapers, and formula in the home for the
children. (Tr. at 72.) According to Blakely, P.M. had to be prompted to clean the apartment
and clean spit up off L.M.’s face. (Tr. at 72.) There was a subsequent report of P.M. leaving
T.P. and L.M., a toddler and infant at the time, unsupervised in the home for 30-45 minutes.
(Tr. at 73.) On July 11, 2014, T.P. had two bruises after returning from a visit with P.M. (Tr.
at 73.) After P.M. engaged in a voluntary period with FCCS, L.M. and A.P. were removed
in December 2015. According to Blakley, the children were removed after ongoing concerns
that the children were “bruised, dirty, and hungry.” (Tr. at 78.) Blakely also stated the
home had a strong smell of urine and animal feces on the floor. (Tr. at 78.) M.P. was later
removed on October 10, 2017. (Tr. at 76-77.) Blakely testified that P.M. is not her own
guardian, and P.M. is not able to safely parent the children on her own. (Tr. at 77.)
       {¶ 25} Blakely testified that L.M. and A.P. have been in the care of FCCS since
December 5, 2015.       (Tr. at 79.)   M.P. has been in FCCS’ continuous custody since
October 10, 2017.     (Tr. at 79-80.)      Blakely testified that L.M. is diagnosed with
microdeletion syndrome and autism. (Tr. at 81.) According to Blakely, L.M.’s prior
placement was disrupted when his foster father reported that L.M.’s needs were too severe.
Based on L.M.’s severe needs, FCCS was unable to find an in-state placement or foster
family that would accept him. (Tr. at 80.) After emergency shelter care for two months, it
was determined that L.M.’s needs were too significant for them to provide treatment. Pine
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          9

Grove in South Carolina, a residential facility, was able to accept him. Blakely testified that
in the transporting process down to South Carolina, L.M. attempted to escape requiring
police involvement, and L.M. bit and punched her and her supervisor. (Tr. at 82.) A.P. has
remained in her foster placement since June 6, 2016. (Tr. at 92.) M.P. has been placed
with the foster family since his birth. (Tr. at 93-94.)
       {¶ 26} Blakely stated that the case plan was adopted by the court with the goal of
reunification. (Tr. at 94.) Blakely has had monthly meetings with the parents and has gone
over aspects of the case plan at each meeting. (Tr. at 95.) Blakely testified that she has been
concerned that the parents did not understand the case plan. Regarding the case plan,
Blakely testified that P.M. and J.P. were both asked to complete a psychological assessment
and follow through with all recommendations, complete a domestic violence assessment
and follow all recommendations, complete parenting classes, and provide stable housing
and income sufficient to meet the needs of the children. (Tr. at 96-97.) Both P.M. and J.P.
completed the psychological evaluation and are linked to services. P.M. completed the
parenting program through Directions for Youth. (Tr. at 100.) Blakely still has concerns
about P.M.’s parenting skills because she requires a legal guardian. “I would be very
concerned about her ability to meet the needs of others as well as herself.” (Tr. at 101.) P.M.
has moved homes twice since Blakely has been assigned to the case, and FCCS has had ten
different addresses during the life of the case. (Tr. at 103.) While Blakely does not have
any concerns with the new residence, she acknowledged that she had not met Carlos.
Blakely stated that P.M. has previously had friends or family members residing in the home
who have not completed fingerprints or background checks through FCCS. (Tr. at 104.)
Blakely did not have concerns about the adequacy of the food in the home.
       {¶ 27} Blakely does not believe P.M. understands the full scope of the children’s
needs. Blakely noted that there was no specific plan for how P.M. would handle L.M.’s
behavior with his siblings. According to Blakely, P.M. has been asked to leave residences
over issues with the landlord and due to her home being in “deplorable” condition. (Tr. at
110.) Blakely stated that P.M.’s overall functioning has not changed since she took over the
case. (Tr. at 110.) Blakely testified that A.P. is “relatively aggressive” but not as severe as
L.M. (Tr. at 147.) A.P. has struggled with impulse control and behavior in school
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          10

concerning hitting other children. (Tr. at 147.) The foster parents have special training to
cope with children who have behavior issues and additional counseling staff. (Tr. at 148.)
       {¶ 28} According to Blakely, visitation has been available to the parents, outside a
temporary suspension due to COVID-19 from March to June 2020, during the life of the
case. Blakely testified that prior to March 2020, P.M. did not regularly attend visits. (Tr.
at 157.) P.M. had her visits suspended on multiple occasions due to “no call, no shows.”
According to Blakely, from September 2019 to September 2020, P.M. missed 18 visits. (Tr.
at 157-58.) When visits resumed in June 2020, P.M., after being informed that visits had
returned, failed to appear, and did not call to cancel. (Tr. at 150.) In the summer of 2020,
P.M.’s visitations were suspended after three no call, no shows. (Tr. at 152.) In March 2021,
nearly a year after her visitations were suspended, P.M. requested visitation to resume.
According to Blakely, P.M. went a year without seeing her children in person. (Tr. at 153.)
P.M. attended one visit on May 15, 2021. (Tr. at 154.) On May 22, 2021, P.M. did not show
up for her next visit and did not call Blakely to cancel. P.M. did notify the foster parents
that she would not be able to make the visitation because “she was going to King’s Island.”
(Tr. at 154.) FCCS canceled the next visit due to the weather. Regarding the May 15 visit,
Blakely testified that P.M. was very engaged with the children and testified that there was
a bond between P.M. and the children. (Tr. at 156.)
       {¶ 29} Blakely testified that she has visited A.P. and M.P. with their foster parents
two times per month. (Tr. at 174.) Blakely believes that the children are bonded with the
foster parents. A.P. and M.P. call them “mommy” and “daddy,” they spend time in the same
area as the foster parents, and they go to the foster parents for comfort. (Tr. at 175.) Blakely
believes that it would be “[e]xtremely” detrimental to separate A.P. and M.P. (Tr. at 177.)
According to Blakely, the foster parents are interested in adoption. (Tr. at 177.) Blakely
testified that the children are all in need of legally secure placement and would recommend
that FCCS be granted permanent custody of the children. (Tr. at 178.)
       {¶ 30} Melanie Domyan testified that she is the protective service representative
supervisor for APSI. (Tr. at 181.) APSI is a statewide agency that provides services for
adults with developmental disabilities. “[APSI] is considered probably for an individual
with developmental disabilities * * * we’re kinda (sic) the Agency to go to. We have a very
fine history of training and so, we service individuals who have a very high need. These are
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                         11

individuals that may have * * * non-compliance issues, they may have mental health issues.”
(Tr. at 194.) In 2009, APSI was referred to act as a protective services representative for
P.M. (Tr. at 188.) Domyan has supervised P.M.’s case for approximately seven years. (Tr.
at 190.)
       {¶ 31} Domyan stated that P.M. has gone “AWOL” when there is a concern or
incident, and she would just “take off and leave.” (Tr. at 200-01.) Domyan went on to
describe P.M.’s pattern of allowing people to stay in her home. (Tr. at 201.) Domyan
testified that P.M. has had trouble maintaining her housing and described severe damage
to one of her prior residences. (Tr. at 202.) Domyan described other instances where P.M.
was asked to leave rental properties because of refusing to get rid of animals. (Tr. at 204-
05.) Domyan testified that P.M.’s behavior has resulted in her living on the street for several
months. (Tr. at 205.) P.M. is no longer eligible for a residential subsidy because of damage
to two prior rental properties. (Tr. at 206.) P.M. has a social security payee and has not
taken care of her own finances since she was 18 years old. (Tr. at 207-08.) According to
Domyan, P.M. has attempted on multiple occasions to have her guardianship terminated.
(Tr. at 210.) Domyan noted there have been 18 different status hearings since 2011. (Tr. at
210.) Domyan testified, “[i]t’s just that non-compliance part of it that she has that -- that
really rules her life sometimes. She has -- she wants to do the right thing for -- for herself
and for her children, but she doesn’t understand that when -- when the landlord says you
can’t have a dog, you can’t have a dog.” (Tr. at 212.) Domyan described an incident where
a provider agency discovered an animal that had been locked in a cage for a week or more.
(Tr at 213.) The animal was removed from P.M.’s care at that time. (Tr. at 214.)
       {¶ 32} Jeannie Chai testified that she is a service coordinator at the Franklin County
Board of Developmental Disabilities. (Aug. 25, 2021 Tr. at 56-57.) Chai testified as to the
services her office provides J.P. and their interactions over the course of his case. (Tr. at
58-77.) Chai provided testimony as to issues concerning J.P.’s social security benefits,
employment history, and current work at Home Depot. (Tr. at 119.)
       {¶ 33} Julia Grant testified that she has worked as P.M.’s service coordinator with
the Board of Developmental Disabilities for the last two years. (Tr. at 147.) According to
Grant, P.M. requires “a lot of support” (Tr. at 150). P.M. has a payee and a homecare
personal care plan, which is “staff to ensure she[] [is] safe in the community.” (Tr. at 150.)
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                        12

According to Grant, a staff member is in P.M.’s home for 12 hours per day. (Tr. at 151.)
“[They] make sure [P.M. is] safe in her home, not getting into any police involvement risks,
making sure she’s going to her appointments, making sure she * * * has food.” (Tr. at 151-
52.) The staffer also helps with transportation, keeping a clean home, and grocery
shopping. (Tr. at 152-53.) According to Grant, P.M. lives with an older woman, her
boyfriend, and his two children. (Tr. at 154.) Grant testified that yesterday she received an
email that P.M.’s boyfriend “rais[ed] a gun” to her and tried to assault her. (Tr. at 155.)
Grant stated that the police became involved and the individual is no longer in the home.
(Tr. at 155.) Grant testified that P.M. has been asked to leave three of her last four
residences based on noncompliance with the lease for either having dogs, cleanliness,
disputes with neighbors, or having various visitors. (Tr. at 158-60.) According to Grant,
P.M. has refused assistance from staff at different points. (Tr. at 161.) Grant testified that
P.M. has had several jobs but nothing permanent. (Tr. at 164.) P.M. has also had dogs
removed based on neglect and abuse. (Tr. at 170.) Grant testified, “I feel like [P.M.] still
needs assistance and guidance in mak[ing] the correct choices sometimes.” (Tr. at 173.)
Grant recalled an issue between P.M. and her payee when she bought tennis shoes but then
did not have enough money for food. (Tr. at 176.) Grant tried to set P.M. up with a
permanent job through Opportunities Ohioans for Disabilities, but she refused. (Tr. at
178.) Grant has also attempted to get P.M. enrolled in a day program to keep up her social
interactions, but P.M. has refused to participate. (Tr. at 179.) Grant testified that P.M. has
been involved in approximately six incidents with police involving assaults as either the
victim or the perpetrator. (Tr. at 180.) Regarding changes to P.M.’s day-to-day case
management, Grant testified that she has had to modify P.M.’s individual service plan to
reduce staff because P.M. has been noncompliant. “[The] staff did not feel safe in some of
the environments and some of the people that she had coming in the home.” (Tr. at 182.)
       {¶ 34} On cross-examination, Grant stated that P.M. has refused medication and
counseling. (Tr. at 185, 210.) Grant testified the payee pays P.M.’s bills like utilities and
rent, but P.M. pays her own cell phone. (Tr. at 193.) Grant testified the P.M. has previously
refused to go on her visits with her children. (Tr. at 195.) Grant acknowledged that P.M.
has not been criminally charged with anything since she has been on her case. (Tr. at 206.)
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                                      13

Grant conceded that P.M. has been able to find her own housing and find her own
employment. (Tr. at 209.)
        {¶ 35} Blakely was recalled to provide additional testimony in this case. (Aug. 26,
2021 Tr. at 8.)2 Blakely testified that she discusses the case plan with P.M. and J.P. and
does her best to alleviate any concerns or barriers. (Tr. at 14.) Blakely testified that A.P.
has displayed aggressive behavior in the home as she has some impulse control issues. (Tr.
at 51-52.) A.P. is in counseling and has begun ADHD medication. (Tr. at 52.) Blakely
testified that P.M. has mental impairments that compromise her thought process. (Tr. at
62-63.) Blakely has made three unannounced attempts to visit P.M.’s home. (Tr. at 73.)
The last time Blakely met with P.M. was in April 2021. (Tr. at 75.) The meeting “was on
her porch as she was not comfortable with letting me into the home at that time.” (Tr. at
74.) Later in the visit, Blakely was allowed to assess the initial living space, but she was not
allowed to do a full walk-through. (Tr. at 75.) Blakely testified that she has not been able
to do a background check on the individuals in the home to see if they are safe to be around
the children. (Tr. at 76.) Blakely was not permitted to walk through P.M.’s home so she
could not assess if the home was suitable. (Tr. at 95.)
        {¶ 36} Blakely testified that P.M. has more services in the home than J.P. (Tr. at 79.)
P.M. has completed a psychological evaluation and stayed connected with the Board of
Developmental Disabilities. P.M. has also completed a domestic violence assessment and
two parenting classes. (Tr. at 81, 83.) Blakely stated that while P.M. has substantially
completed her case plan, she still would not recommend placement of the children with
P.M. (Tr. at 85-86.) Blakely observed visitation on May 15, 2021, and she conceded that
she did not see any concerns during that observation.                     (Tr. at 90.)      Blakely also
acknowledged that P.M. is committed to her children. (Tr. at 94.) At the conclusion of the
hearing, the juvenile court took the matter under advisement.
        {¶ 37} On November 5, 2021, the juvenile court awarded FCCS permanent custody
of the children and divested P.M. and J.P. of their parental rights as to L.M., A.P., and M.P.
        {¶ 38} P.M. filed a timely appeal in this matter.

2 The juvenile court noted that P.M. was not present for the August 26, 2021 hearing. According to her

attorney, she was ill and had intended to show up. Counsel said the communication with P.M. “was not clear.”
(Tr. at 4.)
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          14

II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
       {¶ 39} P.M. submits the following assignment of error:
       The trial court committed reversible error by terminating the appellant-
       mother’s parental rights when the decision was against the manifest weight
       of the evidence.

III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
       A. Appellant’s Sole Assignment of Error
       {¶ 40} In P.M.’s sole assignment of error, she alleges that the juvenile court’s
decision to terminate her parental rights was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
       {¶ 41} The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and Article I, Section 16, of the Ohio Constitution ensure an individual’s right
to parent one’s child. In re T.N., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-429, 2022-Ohio-2784, ¶ 45, citing In
re H.S., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-190, 2022-Ohio-506, ¶ 47, citing In re L.W., 10th Dist. No.
17AP-586, 2018-Ohio-2099, ¶ 6. The Supreme Court of Ohio has found that it is an essential
and basic right of a parent to raise their own child. In re B.H., 10th Dist. No. 22AP-670,
2023-Ohio-3491, ¶ 22, citing In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157 (1990). “Permanent
termination of parental rights has been described as ‘the family law equivalent of the death
penalty in a criminal case.’ * * * Therefore, parents ‘must be afforded every procedural and
substantive protection the law allows.’ ” In re Hayes, 79 Ohio St.3d 46, 48 (1997), quoting
In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16 (6th Dist.1991).
       {¶ 42} The right of a parent to raise their own child, however, is not absolute as a
parent’s natural rights are always subject to the ultimate welfare of the child. B.H. at ¶ 23,
citing In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538, 2008-Ohio-4825, ¶ 40-41. “In certain circumstances,
therefore, the state may terminate the parental rights of natural parents when such
termination is in the best interest of the child.” (Further citation omitted.) In re K.R., 10th
Dist. No. 22AP-51, 2023-Ohio-359, ¶ 11, citing In re H.D., 10th Dist. No. 13AP-707, 2014-
Ohio-228, ¶ 10.
       {¶ 43} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1), a juvenile court may grant permanent
custody of a child to a public children services agency “if the court determines * * *, by clear
and convincing evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child to grant” the agency’s
motion for permanent custody of the child and that any one of the circumstances set forth
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                                           15

in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (e) are applicable.3 R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (e)
provides:
        (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the temporary
        custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child
        placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-
        month period, or has not been in the temporary custody of one or more public
        children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more
        months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as described in division
        (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the
        temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state, and the child
        cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time
        or should not be placed with the child’s parents.

        (b) The child is abandoned.

        (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who are able
        to take permanent custody.

        (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
        children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more
        months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *.

        (e) The child or another child in the custody of the parent or parents from
        whose custody the child has been removed has been adjudicated an abused,
        neglected, or dependent child on three separate occasions by any court in this
        state or another state.

        {¶ 44} If the juvenile court finds that any of the above circumstances are applicable,
the court then must examine R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) to determine whether granting permanent
custody is in the best interest of the child. When resolving whether granting a motion for
permanent custody is in the child’s best interest, the juvenile court “shall consider all
relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the following”:
        (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parents,
        siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and any other
        person who may significantly affect the child;

3 “ ‘Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere
“preponderance of the evidence,” but not to the extent of such certainty as is required “beyond a reasonable
doubt” in criminal cases, and which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as
to the facts sought to be established.’ ” In re L.B., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-644, 2020-Ohio-3045, ¶ 24, quoting
Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                                       16

        (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through the
        child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child;

        (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has been in
        the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
        private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
        twenty-two-month period * * *;

        (d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether
        that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody
        to the agency;

        (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section apply
        in relation to the parents and child.4

R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) through (e).
        {¶ 45} While a juvenile court is not obligated to specifically examine each
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) factor, it must make some indication on the record that all the factors
were considered in its analysis. In re T.W., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-700, 2020-Ohio-4712, ¶ 12,
citing In re C.C., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-883, 2005-Ohio-5163, ¶ 53. Under the statute, no

4 R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11) provide additional factors such as:

        (7) The parent has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to one of [a list of criminal offenses].

        (8) The parent has repeatedly withheld medical treatment or food from the child when the
        parent has the means to provide the treatment or food, and, in the case of withheld medical
        treatment, the parent withheld it for a purpose other than to treat the physical or mental
        illness or disability of the child by spiritual means through prayer alone in accordance with
        the tenets of a recognized religious body.

        (9) The parent has placed the child at substantial risk of harm two or more times due to
        alcohol or drug abuse and has rejected treatment two or more times or refused to participate
        in further treatment two or more times after a case plan issued pursuant to section 2151.412
        of the Revised Code requiring treatment of the parent was journalized as part of a
        dispositional order issued with respect to the child or an order was issued by any other court
        requiring treatment of the parent.

        (10) The parent has abandoned the child.

        (11) The parent has had parental rights involuntarily terminated with respect to a sibling of
        the child pursuant to this section or section 2151.353 or 2151.415 of the Revised Code, or
        under an existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is
        substantially equivalent to those sections, and the parent has failed to provide clear and
        convincing evidence to prove that, notwithstanding the prior termination, the parent can
        provide a legally secure permanent placement and adequate care for the health, welfare, and
        safety of the child.
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                                17

single factor warrants more weight than the other factors. In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d
498, 2006-Ohio-5513, ¶ 56.
       {¶ 46} A juvenile court’s determination that it is in the best interest of the children
to grant a motion for permanent custody will not be reversed by a reviewing court absent a
determination that the decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re
R.M.A.L.O., 10th Dist. No. 22AP-425, 2023-Ohio-3695, ¶ 40, citing In re Andy-Jones, 10th
Dist. No. 03AP-1167, 2004-Ohio-3312, ¶ 28. “ ‘Weight of the evidence concerns “the
inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side
of the issue rather than the other. * * * Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends
on [the evidence’s] effect in inducing belief.” ’ ” (Emphasis deleted.) Eastley v. Volkman,
132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387 (1997), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th Ed.1990). When reviewing a juvenile
court’s judgment granting permanent custody to FCCS, an appellate court must make every
reasonable presumption in favor of the judgment and the juvenile court’s findings of fact.
(Citations omitted.) R.M.A.L.O. at ¶ 40. A juvenile court’s grant of permanent custody is
not against the manifest weight of the evidence when all material elements are supported
by competent, credible evidence. In re J.J., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-166, 2022-Ohio-907, ¶ 18,
citing In re J.T., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-1056, 2012-Ohio-2818, ¶ 9.
       1. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (e)
       {¶ 47} Concerning, R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), the juvenile court concluded that L.M.
and A.P. were in the continuous custody of FCCS from December 4, 2015 to the date of
filing of the motions for permanent custody, June 23, 2017. (Nov. 5, 2021 Decision at 15,
23.) The juvenile court determined this period exceeded 12 months of a consecutive 22-
month period. The juvenile court went on to note that M.P. was in the continuous custody
of FCCS from October 10, 2017 to May 27, 2020, the date of the second motion for
permanent custody, a period which also exceeded 12 months of a consecutive 22-month
period. P.M. does not dispute that the first part of the permanent custody analysis is met
under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d).5 Accordingly, we find that the statutory requirements of
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) are satisfied, and we will focus our analysis on whether there was

5 The juvenile court alternatively found that R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) was satisfied because one or more
R.C. 2151.414(E) factors were proven by clear and convincing evidence.
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                                           18

competent, credible evidence that the grant of permanent custody was in the best interest
of the children. In reaching this determination, we review the juvenile court’s findings of
all relevant factors, including the five enumerated factors set forth in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)
through (e).
        2. Best Interest Analysis (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) through (e))
        a. Children’s Interactions and Relationships (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a))6
        {¶ 48} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a), the first factor in determining whether
permanent custody is in the children’s best interest requires the court to examine the
children’s interactions and relationships with the parents, siblings, foster caregivers, and
others.
        {¶ 49} The evidence in the form of testimony favors FCCS. Blakely testified as to
P.M.’s lack of participation in visitation with the children. Blakely testified that prior to
COVID-19, P.M. did not regularly attend visits and has had visitation suspended on
multiple occasions. (June 2, 2021 Tr. at 157.)7 According to Blakely, from September 2019
to September 2020, P.M. missed 18 visits. (Tr. at 157-58.) Grant was able to confirm that
P.M. has previously refused to go on scheduled visits with her children. (Tr. at 195.) After
visitation resumed, P.M. attended one visit on May 15, 2021. (Tr. at 154.) On May 22, 2021,
P.M. did not show up for her visit and did not call Blakely to cancel. According to Blakely,
P.M. did notify the foster parents that she would not be able to make the visitation because
“she was going to King’s Island.” (Tr. at 154.) FCCS canceled the next visit due to the
weather.
        {¶ 50} Regarding the May 15 visit, Blakely acknowledged that P.M. was very engaged
with the children and testified that there was a bond between the children and P.M. (Tr. at
156.) However, P.M. has had other visits that have not been nearly as successful. Furnish
observed the parents interacting with the children in 2019. Furnish described the visit as
“utter chaos.” (June 1, 2021 Tr. at 301.) According to Furnish, the children were running
around, not listening, throwing stuff at each other, and “general defiance.” (Tr. at 302.)

6 FCCS contends that P.M. failed to contest the juvenile court’s findings under R.C. 2151.414(D)(2), and

therefore, the juvenile court’s judgment should be affirmed on that basis alone. However, we decline to
address this argument as we find the juvenile court’s analysis under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) was not against the
manifest weight of the evidence.
7 Furnish also testified that the parents’ visitation had been suspended at different points in the case based on

the parents missing visitations. (Aug. 25, 2021 Tr. at 61.)
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                       19

During the visit, P.M. was consistently on her phone and would come and go out of the
room. (Tr. at 303.) P.M. attempted to interact with the children but was unsuccessful. (Tr.
at 303.)
       {¶ 51} Concerning the foster parents, Blakely has visited A.P. and M.P. in their
foster home twice monthly. (Tr. at 174.) Blakely believes that the children are bonded with
the foster parents. Blakely stated that A.P. and M.P. call them “mommy” and “daddy,” they
spend time in the same area as the foster parents, and they go to the foster parents for
comfort. (Tr. at 175.) Blakely testified that it would be “[e]xtremely” detrimental to
separate A.P. and M.P. (Tr. at 177.) According to Blakely, the foster parents are interested
in adoption. (Tr. at 177.) Furnish also visited A.P. and M.P. in their foster placement and
had no concerns as the children appeared comfortable in the foster home. (Tr. at 308.)
P.M. acknowledged that the foster parents are “good people” and take good care of the
children. (Tr. at 163.)
       b. Children’s Wishes (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b))
       {¶ 52} Next, we consider the custodial wishes of the children. Furnish testified that
he does not believe L.M. can articulate his wishes regarding custody as L.M. is “not very
verbal.” (Tr. at 307.) Furnish also does not believe either A.P. or M.P. are able to
understand what permanent custody would entail or express their wishes as to permanent
custody. (Tr. at 309.) Furnish concluded that it would be in all of the three children’s best
interests for permanent custody to be granted. (Tr. at 310.)
       {¶ 53} P.M. argues that the GAL’s testimony should have been discounted. “While
performing many of the tasks required under the GAL rules, the GAL indicated he primarily
relied on records he received during the discovery process. He had not contacted the
appellant’s legal guardian or any members of her Development Disabilities team. He had
not contacted any teachers regarding the children’s development nor had he obtained any
academic records.” (Appellant’s Brief 23.) We are unpersuaded. The GAL’s testimony was
informed by his years of experience in this case and provided adequate basis to determine
the children were not able to express their custodial wishes in this matter. The age of the
children must also be considered. At the time of the hearing, L.M. was seven-years old, A.P.
was six-years old, and M.P. was three-years old. Moreover, there was ample testimony as
to the behavioral issues of L.M. and, while less severe, similar concerns with A.P. Multiple
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                        20

witnesses testified that L.M.’s behavioral issues were so significant that he was moved to a
residential facility in South Carolina. Given the age and behavioral concerns of the children,
it is reasonable to conclude that they could not understand what permanent custody would
mean or be able to directly express their wishes. (Tr. at 309.) In any case, nothing
prevented P.M. from requesting an in-camera interview of the children to address their best
wishes if they believed that they could have provided probative testimony on the subject.
       c. Custodial History (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c))
       {¶ 54} The third factor in determining the children’s best interest is examining the
children’s custodial history. Here, the juvenile court extensively discussed the various
placements of the children as well as the amount of time the children have been in the
custody of FCCS. The juvenile court concluded the children have been in the temporary
custody of FCCS for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period.
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c). (Nov. 5, 2021 Decision at 25.) In P.M.’s brief, she effectively
conceded that this factor favored FCCS. (See Appellant’s Brief at 23-24) (“The children had
been in FCCS custody for the requisite time periods.”).
       d. The Children’s Need for a Legally Secure Permanent Placement
       (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d))
       {¶ 55} The fourth factor considers the children’s need for legally secure placement
and whether the type of placement can be achieved without granting permanent custody to
FCCS. The juvenile court found that the children were in desperate need of secure
placement and that the evidence supports the agency’s claim that a secure placement could
not be achieved without granting permanent custody to FCCS. The juvenile court wrote
that returning the children to the care of their parents “would create a significant risk to
their health, that attempting to return [L.M.], [A.P.], and/or [M.P.] to either Parent would
be unsuccessful and contrary to their best interest.” (Nov. 5, 2021 Decision at 27.) The
juvenile court concluded that there is “no doubt” that P.M. cannot meet the needs of the
children and there was a need for the children to be in legally secure permanent placement.
(Nov. 5, 2021 Decision at 26.)

       {¶ 56} P.M. argues that while the stated goal was reunification, it appears that “was
never going to happen.” (Appellant’s Brief at 26.) P.M. contends that she has substantially,
if not fully, complied with the case plan.
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                           21

       {¶ 57} Upon review, we cannot say that the juvenile court’s decision was not based
on competent, credible evidence. While P.M. is correct that she complied with aspects of
the case plan, the matter requires further examination. Blakely testified that P.M. was
asked to complete a psychological assessment and follow through with all
recommendations, complete a domestic violence assessment and follow recommendations,
complete a parenting class, and provide stable housing and income sufficient to meet the
needs of the children. (Tr. at 96-97.) P.M. completed the psychological evaluation and is
linked to services.     P.M. has also completed the parenting and domestic violence
requirements of the case plan. However, as this court has stated, completion of some or all
of the case plan is not a guarantee that parental rights will be restored. In re B.R., 10th Dist.
No. 18AP-903, 2019-Ohio-2178, ¶ 47, citing In re E.B., 12th Dist. No. CA2009-10-139,
2010-Ohio-1122, ¶ 30; See also In re Conn, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-348, 2003-Ohio-5344, ¶ 19
(“Substantial completion of case plan requirements does not preclude a grant of permanent
custody to a social services agency * * * we must consider whether the parent has
substantially remedied the conditions that caused the child’s removal.”). Thus, the central
focus becomes whether P.M. has substantially remedied the conditions that caused the
children’s removal and ability to meet the children’s basic needs.
       {¶ 58} Blakely testified that FCCS became involved in this case in 2014. After P.M.
engaged in a voluntary period with FCCS, L.M. and A.P. were removed in December 2015.
According to Blakley, the children were removed after ongoing concerns that they were
“bruised, dirty, and hungry.” (Tr. at 78.) Blakely stated the home had a strong smell of
urine and animal feces on the floor. (Tr. at 78.)
       {¶ 59} To be sure, a parent requiring the services of a guardian is not dispositive as
to whether it would be in a child’s best interest to grant FCCS permanent custody. In the
case of P.M., however, her behavior during the course of this case supports the juvenile
court’s determination. Blakely explained that one of the goals is to provide the basic needs
of the children, and Blakely did not necessarily see that P.M. could meet this objective. (Tr.
at 96.) “I would be very concerned about her ability to meet the needs of others as well as
herself.” (Tr. at 101.) Blakely stated that she does not believe P.M. grasps the full scope of
the children’s needs. Blakely testified that there was also no identifiable plan as to how she
would handle L.M.’s behavior with his siblings and that P.M.’s overall functioning has not
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                             22

changed since she took over the case. (Tr. at 110.) Furnish provided similar testimony as
to P.M.’s capacity to parent these children. Furnish testified that based on his observations
of P.M., he does not believe she is able to understand the children’s issues. (Tr. at 297.) “I
don’t believe that she’s able to fully comprehend the special needs that her children have,
and to be able to meet those needs.” (Tr. at 297.) Blakely’s assessment is bolstered by P.M.’s
testimony at the hearing. P.M. continually understated the major undertaking of parenting
three children and was dismissive of her prior shortcomings when caring for her children.
P.M. stated that she did not change her parenting at all from the classes because “[t]here
was nothing to change.” (Tr. at 103.)
       {¶ 60} P.M. has also refused efforts to maintain full-time employment. Grant
testified that she had tried to set P.M. up with a permanent job from Opportunities Ohioans
for Disabilities, but she refused. (Tr. at 178.) Grant has also tried to get P.M. enrolled in a
day program to keep up her social interactions, but she has refused to participate. (Tr. at
179.) According to P.M., she has worked a total of two to three months and estimates that
she has made around $900 dollars in 2021. (Tr. at 108.) P.M. gets a monthly check from
Social Security of $1,500. P.M. testified that because she does not work, she could take care
of the kids all the time. (Tr. at 168.) “I don’t have a job. I don’t need one.” (Tr. at 168.)
       {¶ 61} Moreover, despite P.M.’s prior issues with caring for her animals, P.M.
testified that she has two dogs, a husky and a lab, in her care. (Tr. at 177.) As explained by
Domyan,“[i]t’s just that non-compliance part of it that she has that -- that really rules her
life sometimes. She has -- she wants to do the right thing for -- for herself and for her
children, but she doesn’t understand that when -- when the landlord says you can’t have a
dog, you can’t have a dog.” (Tr. at 212.) At the hearing, while P.M. conceded that there
have been concerns about the cleanliness of her house, but she believes “that’s normal”
when you have multiple children in your house. (Tr. at 129.) While the removal of animals
was not part of the case plan, P.M.’s insistence on keeping animals in the home goes to
P.M.’s efforts to remedy the prior issues that led to the initial removal.
       {¶ 62} There was also substantial testimony as to P.M.’s difficulty in maintaining
stable housing. Furnish testified that P.M. had five addresses and has consistently allowed
friends or family members to stay in her home. (Tr. at 295.) Blakely stated that P.M. has
moved twice since Blakely has been assigned to the case, and they have ten different
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                         23

addresses during the life of the case. (Tr. at 103.) Domyan described instances where P.M.
was asked to leave multiple rental properties because of repeated refusals to get rid of
animals. (Tr. at 204-05.) Similarly, Grant testified that P.M. has been asked to leave three
of her last four residences based on noncompliance with the lease for either having dogs,
cleanliness, an altercation with neighbors, or having various visitors. (Tr. at 158-60.)
Domyan testified these issues with the various rental properties resulted in P.M. living on
the street for several months. (Tr. at 205.) According to Domyan, P.M. is no longer eligible
for a residential subsidy because of damage to two prior rental properties. (Tr. at 206.)
Similarly, Domyan stated that P.M. would go “AWOL” when there was a concern or
incident, and she would just “take off and leave.” (Tr. at 200-01.)
       {¶ 63} Regarding P.M.’s current residence, while there was testimony that the size
of the home was suitable for the children, there were concerns as to whether it was
appropriate to bring the children into the home. During Blakely’s most recent visit, she met
with P.M. “on her porch as she was not comfortable with letting me into the home at that
time.” (Tr. at 74.) According to Blakely, she was not able to determine whether the home
was suitable based on her inability to walk through the residence. (Tr. at 95.)
       {¶ 64} P.M. has repeatedly allowed other people to stay in her home. Blakely noted
that during the life of the case, there have been friends or family members residing in the
home who have not provided fingerprints or background checks through FCCS. (Tr. at
104.) Throughout the hearing, this issue was most prevalent concerning P.M.’s boyfriend,
Carlos. During P.M.’s testimony, she acknowledged that she did not know Carlos’ last
name. (Tr. at 110.) “I never asked. But I can find out.” (Tr. at 111.) During the first part of
the hearing conducted in June, Blakely and Furnish testified that they had concerns about
Carlos as they did not know anything about him. (Tr. at 296.) This initial concern was
validated when the case resumed in August. Grant testified that she received an email that
the boyfriend “rais[ed] a gun” and tried to assault P.M. (Tr. at 155.) Grant stated that the
police became involved, and the individual was no longer in the residence. (Tr. at 155.)
While the boyfriend appears to be out of the home, the incident confirmed many of the
prior concerns over P.M.’s pattern of allowing individuals in the home without being
properly vetted.
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          24

       {¶ 65} Again, while an individual who requires a guardian is not necessarily unable
to successfully parent a child, the level of care and support that P.M. requires must be
considered. Domyan testified that P.M. has a social security payee, and she has not taken
care of her own finances since she was 18 years old. (Tr. at 207-08.) According to Grant,
P.M. requires “a lot of support” (Tr. at 150). P.M. has a payee and a homecare personal care
plan, which is “staff to ensure she[] [is] safe in the community.” (Tr. at 150.) Grant testified
as to an issue between P.M. and her payee when she bought tennis shoes but then did not
have enough money for food. (Tr. at 176.) The staff member is in the home for 12 hours
per day. (Tr. at 151.) “[They] make sure she’s safe in her home, not getting into any police
involvement risks, making sure she’s going to her appointments, making sure she * * * has
food.” (Tr. at 151-52.) Grant testified, “I feel like [P.M.] still needs assistance and guidance
in mak[ing] the correct choices sometimes.” (Tr. at 173.) P.M. had a recent reduction in
her staff because “[P.M.’s] staff did not feel safe in some of the environments and some of
the people that she had coming in the home.” (Tr. at 182.) Despite the significant amount
of support already provided, P.M. has refused support in other areas that the service
providers deemed appropriate. By way of example, Grant stated that P.M. has refused
counseling and medication. (Tr. at 186, 210.)
       {¶ 66} There was also substantial testimony as to the significant behavioral needs of
the children in this case. Furnish testified that L.M. has microdeletion syndrome, autism,
and ADHD. (Tr. at 286.) L.M. is currently placed in South Carolina in a residential facility
for violent behavior, unsolicited anger, leaving the home without permission, general
defiance of any kind of authority, and having to be physically restrained. (Tr. at 289.)
Blakely testified that while transporting L.M. to South Carolina, L.M. attempted to escape
requiring police involvement. (Tr. at 82.) Both Furnish and Blakely testified A.P. exhibits
behavioral issues such as unprovoked aggression and impulse control issues. (Tr. at 51-52.)
A.P. is in counseling and has begun ADHD medication. (Tr. at 52.) Furnish testified the
M.P. is too young to have a formal diagnosis at this point. (Tr. at 291.) The foster parents
are uniquely qualified to handle these issues as they have special training to deal with
children who have behavior issues and additional counseling staff. (Tr. at 148.) Given the
behavior needs at play, the children are in need of legally secure permanent placement.
Nos. 21AP-580, 21AP-581, & 21AP-582                                                          25

       e. Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (E)(11) apply in
       relation to the parents and child (R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e))

       {¶ 67} Finally, we look at whether any of the factors provided in divisions (E)(7) to
(E)(11) are applicable. The juvenile court found that no evidence was offered as to these
factors. (Nov. 5, 2021 Decision at 27.) P.M. does not contest the juvenile court’s finding as
to this factor. (Appellant’s Brief at 26.)
       f. Conclusion of Best Interest Analysis
       {¶ 68} In sum, the record demonstrates that the juvenile court properly reviewed
and weighed the evidence regarding all the factors relevant to determining whether a grant
of permanent custody to FCCS was in the children’s best interest. After careful review of
the evidence and testimony presented at the hearing, there was competent, credible
evidence to support the juvenile court’s conclusion that terminating P.M.’s parental rights
was in the children’s best interest. “The ‘overriding concern’ in any child custody case is to
reach a disposition that is in the child’s best interests.” In re B.B., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-488,
2021-Ohio-2299, ¶ 69, quoting In re Hitchcock, 120 Ohio App.3d 88, 102 (8th Dist.1996).
Accordingly, we cannot find that the juvenile court’s determination was against the
manifest weight of the evidence.
       {¶ 69} For the forgoing reasons, P.M.’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
IV. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 70} Having overruled P.M.’s sole assignment of error, we affirm the judgments of
the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile
Branch, as to the termination of her parental rights and permanently divesting her of any
and all parental rights, privileges, and obligations.
                                                                        Judgments affirmed.

                      BEATTY BLUNT, P.J. and JAMISON, J. concur.
                                      _____________