Court Opinion

ID: 2487451
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 09:53:10.708061+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:33:52.818875
License: Public Domain

480 F. Supp. 2d 1198 (2007)
Jose HERNANDEZ, individually on, behalf of others similarly situated, Plaintiff,
v.
Leo BALAKIAN, Anthony Balakian, and Vince Balakian, Defendant.
No. CV-F-06-1383 OWW/DLB.
United States District Court, E.D. California.
March 27, 2007.
*1199 *1200 Nicholas J.P. Wagner, Law Offices of Wagner & Jones, Michael Goldberg, The Goldberg Law Firm, Fresno, CA, Howard W. Foster, Pro Hac Vice, Johnson & Bell Ltd., Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff.
Christine M. Cooper, Pro Hac Vice, Monte B. Lake, Pro Hac Vice, McGuiness Norris & William, LLP, Washington, DC, Jan Leslie Kahn, Kahn, Soares & Conway, LLP, Hanford, CA, for Defendant.
ORDER DENYING IN PART AND GRANTING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS (Doc. 17) AND DENYING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS (Doc. 25)
WANGER, District Judge.
Plaintiff Jose Hernandez has filed a class action Complaint against defendants Leo Balakian, Anthony Balakian, and Vince Balakian, owners of Fruit Patch, Inc. The Complaint alleges that "Leo Balakian and his sons, Anthony and Vince Balakian . . . have conspired to operate Fruit Patch Inc. and other agricultural growing businesses they own or operate (hereinafter the other entities') through a pattern of racketeering activity, the Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme." ¶ 4 The Complaint is brought on behalf of all legal hourly-paid workers who have been employed by an entity owned or operated by the Defendants. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants "have depressed his wages as an agricultural worker at Fruit Patch, Inc. by knowingly employing vast numbers of illegal immigrants there for the express purpose of depressing the market price for unskilled labor." Plaintiff refers to this as "the Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme" or "the Scheme". The Complaint alleges:
2. The Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme violates the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. It is perpetrated every day, as an integral part of the Balakian's regular manner of staffing their orchards, and will continue unabated, victimizing every legal worker, until halted by judicial intervention.
The Complaint further alleges:
14. The Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme saves Fruit Patch Inc. and the other entities millions of dollars per year in labor costs. This is so because illegal immigrants will work for starvation *1201 wages and in deplorable working conditions, a form of modern-day indentured servitude. Such hiring practices are in direct violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act and RICO, which makes the employment of illegal immigrants a predicate offense. Thus, if the Balakians were not hiring large numbers of illegal immigrants, their businesses would have to pay the Plaintiff Class significantly higher wages, and their profits would be sharply reduced.
15. All three of the Balakians have approved the following hiring criteria for Fruit Patch Inc. and the other entities. These criteria subvert the law against hiring illegal immigrants and effectively turn a blind eye to factors which any reasonable employer would know indicate job applicants are unauthorized for employment in the U.S.: 1) hiring workers who cannot speak English while claiming to be U.S. Citizens or Lawful Permanent Residents; 2) hiring workers who do not have housing and are recent arrivals to the U.S. and claim to be U.S. Citizens or Lawful Permanent Residents; 3) hiring workers who present authorization documents which are invalid on their face because the pictures are of a different person, are upside down, are on poor quality paper, etc.; 4) hiring workers who are personally known to them and their co-conspirators to be in the U.S. illegally and are using false documents; and 5) hiring workers who have previously been employed under different identities. A majority of the hourly workforce of Fruit Patch Inc. and the other entities fall into one of more of these categories.
16. Additionally, Fruit Patch Inc. and the other entities are often informed that large numbers of their workers are using false social security numbers by the Social Security Administration. Most of these workers then simply assume new identities and continue to be employed, pursuant to policies set by the Balakians.
. . . . .
17. The Balakians have personally approved the hiring procedures detailed above. They have also directed their hiring personnel, including Robero Olivarez, who has hired hundreds of illegal immigrants for Fruit Patch Inc. to follow these procedures, i.e., in ways that ensure the employment of a largely illegal workforce.
18. In addition, the Balakians facilitate the hiring of many of these illegal immigrants by directing their hiring-personnel [sic] to obtain housing for them, which Roberto Olivarez, among others, has done for illegal workers at Fruit Patch Inc.
19. Therefore, Mr. Hernandez alleges that the Balakians and their co-conspirators have facilitated the Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme, thereby causing Fruit Patch Inc. and the other entities they operate to hire more than 100 illegal workers per year during the last four years.
The Complaint alleges that the Balakian's Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme violates the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B)(3)(A),[1] as they have conspired "to employ more than 10 undocumented, illegal aliens in each of the last four years, knowing each was smuggled into the country and/or harbored once they arrived here." ¶ 21. [Emphasis added] The Complaint alleges that "by knowingly employing illegal immigrants and . . . conspiring *1202 to provide them with housing, the Balakians have conspired to violate 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A) (iii), which makes it a federal crime for anyone who `knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact that an alien has come to, entered, or remains in the United States in violation of law, conceals, harbors, or shields from detection, or attempts to conceal, harbor, or shield from detection, such alien in any place, including any building or any means of transportation.'" ¶ 22. [Emphasis added].
The Complaint alleges that "[t]hese are provisions of § 274 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which is a RICO predicate offense" pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(F); that Fruit Patch Inc. is a corporation affecting interstate commerce and is therefore a RICO enterprise pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4); that the other entities are each RICO enterprises affecting interstate commerce; and that all three of the Balakians operate and manage each of these enterprises and have implemented the Illegal. Immigrant Hiring Scheme at each by virtue of their roles as managers, officers and owners. The Complaint alleges:
25. The conspiracy to perpetrate the Scheme is a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), an agreement among the Balakians and co-conspirators to violate § 1962(c), by participating in the affairs of Fruit Patch Inc. and the other entities through a pattern of racketeering activity. The Scheme is on-going, open-ended, and has been perpetrated continuously for the last four years. It will not stop without judicial intervention.
. . . . .
26. The Balakians' Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme, by itself, was a substantial factor in causing the depressed wages about which Hernandez and the Class complain. No other party has been damaged by the Scheme.
27. Each defendant is subject to joint and several liability for all of the damage caused by all the racketeering acts committed by any of the conspirators.
Defendants move to dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Rules 8 and 12(b) (6), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
In addition to opposing the Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff has filed a Motion for Sanctions pursuant to Rule 11, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, against Defendants and their counsel, Monte B. Lake, because of the failure to cite Mendoza v. Zirkle Fruit Co., 301 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2002), in the Motion to Dismiss. The Motion for Sanctions seeks an order striking Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and an award of attorneys' fees incurred by Plaintiff in opposing the Motion to Dismiss and for preparing the Motion for Sanctions.
A. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss.
In moving to dismiss, Defendants contend that the Complaint fails to adequately plead the necessary elements of a RICO predicate Act under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) and underlying crimes defined by the Immigration and Nationality Act; that Plaintiffs failure to state a Section 1962(c) claim results in the failure to state a claim under Section 1962(d); and that Plaintiff fails to adequately plead the necessary elements of a RICO conspiracy under Section 1962(d).
1. Governing Standards.
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the sufficiency of the complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir.2001). Dismissal of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where "it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley *1203 v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S. Ct. 99, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1957). Dismissal is warranted under Rule 12(b)(6) where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or where the complaint presents a cognizable legal theory yet fails to plead essential facts under that theory. Robertson v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 749 F.2d 530, 534 (9th Cir.1984). In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must assume the truth of all factual allegations and must construe all inferences from them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Thompson v. Davis, 295 F.3d 890, 895 (9th Cir.2002). However, legal conclusions need not be taken as true merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations. Ileto v. Glock, Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2003). When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint, documents relied upon but not attached to the complaint when authenticity is not contested, and matters of which the court takes judicial notice. Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 705-706 (9th Cir.1998).
2. Failure to Plead Racketeering Activity.
"A civil RICO complaint must at least allege: `(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity (known as "predicate acts") (5) causing injury to plaintiffs "business or property."'" Flores v. Emerich & Fike, 416 F. Supp. 2d 885, 911 (E.D.Cal.2006). Defendants do not challenge the sufficiency of the Complaint as to the conduct, enterprise, pattern, or causation and injury elements of a RICO charge.
RICO prohibits engaging in a pattern of "racketeering activity," defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1) as violating certain laws. Included as racketeering activity is "any Act which is indictable under the Immigration and Nationality Act, section 274 (relating to bringing in or harboring certain aliens). . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(F). A "pattern of racketeering activity" is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5) as "at least two acts of racketeering activity" within a ten year period.
a. 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(3).
Defendants argue that the Plaintiff has not and cannot plead a pattern of racketeering activity because Plaintiff fails to plead sufficient facts to allege a violation of Section 274 of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(3) provides in pertinent part:
(A) Any person who, during any 12-month period, knowingly hires for employment at least 10 individuals with actual knowledge that the individuals are aliens described in subparagraph (B) shall be fined under Title 18 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.
(B) An alien described in this subparagraph is an alien who 
(i) is an unauthorized alien (as defined in section 1324a(h)(3) of this title), and
(ii) has been brought into the United States in violation of this title.
8 U.S.C. § 1324a(h)(3) defines an "unauthorized alien" by stating that the term means "with respect to the employment of an alien at a particular time, that the alien is not at that time either (A) an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, or (B) authorized to be so employed by this chapter or by the Attorney General."
Defendants argue that the Complaint's allegations that Defendants violated this provision are "wholly conclusory". Defendants contend that the Complaint merely uses the terms "knowingly" and "knowing", which allegations do not satisfy the "actual knowledge" requirement of Section *1204 1324(a)(3)(A). Because the Complaint does not allege that Defendants brought illegal aliens into the United States with actual knowledge that they were illegal aliens to employ them, Defendants further argue that the Complaint fails to allege facts satisfying Section 1324(a)(3)(B).
Defendants rely on System Management, Inc. v. Loiselle, 91 F. Supp. 2d 401 (D.Mass.2000), rev'd on other grounds, 303 F.3d 100 (1st Cir.2002). In Loiselle, the Complaint alleged the repeated and knowing hiring of at least ten unauthorized aliens per year since such hiring activity became racketeering activity. In dismissing the claim, the district court held in pertinent part:
The statute also requires the defendant, however, to have actual knowledge that the aliens have `been brought into the country in violation of [§ 1324(a)(3)].' 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(3)(B)(ii). This clause is self-referential and thus difficult to interpret, but in this case it seems to require, in order for liability to attach, that the aliens have, been brought into the country by an employer for the purpose of illegal employment. Thus, to state a civil RICO claim on the basis of a violation of this subsection of Title 8, the Plaintiffs must allege that Loiselle had knowledge of how the aliens had been brought into the United States and that they were brought into the United States in violation of this employment provision. Although the Plaintiffs have alleged that Loiselle had knowledge of the aliens' illegal status, they have not set forth any factual allegation as to how the aliens entered the country or whether Loiselle had any knowledge of the purpose for which they entered. The text of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(3) therefore compels the conclusion that the RICO claim brought on the ground of employment of aliens must be dismissed.
This conclusion is supported by other indicia. Section 1324 (Section 274 of the Immigration and Nationality Act) bears the title `Bringing in and harboring certain aliens.' It thus seems targeted against individuals who smuggle, conceal, or transport illegal aliens into the United States. In contrast, Section 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which is distinct from 274, is entitled `Unlawful employment of aliens' and contains a variety of prohibitions on employment of illegal aliens in the United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1324a. Indeed, Section 274A, codified as 8 U.S.C. § 1324a, provides that it is unlawful for a person or other entity `to hire, or to recruit or refer for a fee, for employment in the United States an alien knowing the alien is an unauthorized alien . . . with respect to such employment.' 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(a) (1)(A). This is the appropriate statute to capture Loiselle's alleged conduct, but the Plaintiffs are unable to use it because a violation of § 1324a is not listed as a predicate Act of `racketeering activity' under RICO. See 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(F). The original Complaint . . . appears to use Section 274A as a predicate Act for the RICO claim. The Plaintiffs perhaps realized their inability to use Section 274A as a predicate Act when they filed the Amended Complaint, and changed their count to one under Section 274, trying improperly to fit the alleged employment activity into a statute related to bringing in and harboring aliens. The RICO claim premised on racketeering activity defined at 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(F) must therefore be dismissed.
91 F.Supp.2d at 408-409.
Defendants argue that the Complaint fails to allege that Defendants had actual knowledge of whether the aliens were "brought" into the United States, fails to allege any facts evidencing that Defendants had actual knowledge of the purpose *1205 for which the aliens entered the United States, and fails to allege any facts as to the individual Defendants' violations of Section 1324(a) (3). Defendants assert that the "scant facts alleged in the Complaint all relate to hiring":
Assuming, arguendo, that the allegations regarding the hiring of undocumented workers are true and plead with sufficient factual specificity, the Complaint fails to allege sufficient facts to satisfy the requirements of Section 1324(a)(3)(B).
Plaintiff responds that Defendants' reliance on Loiselle is misplaced, referring to the allegations in Paragraph 21 that Defendants knew that each alien "was smuggled into the country and/or harbored once they arrived here." Plaintiff argues that the requirement that a Complaint allege that defendants brought the aliens into the United States finds no support from any court. Plaintiff cites Williams v. Mohawk Industries, Inc., 314 F. Supp. 2d 1333, 1345-1346 (N.D.Ga.2004), aff'd in relevant part, 411 F.3d 1252 (11th Cir. 2005). In Williams, the defendant, relying on Loiselle, argued that the Complaint must allege that defendant itself brought the illegal aliens into the United States. In rejecting this argument, Williams concluded:
. . . Loiselle holds that simple allegations that the defendant knowingly hired undocumented aliens are insufficient to state a claim under § 1324(a)(3); rather, a plaintiff must additionally allege that the defendant knew that the aliens were brought into the United States for the purpose of illegal employment. Loiselle, however, did not hold that the employer itself must have brought the aliens into the United States for a claim to arise under § 1324(a)(3). Accordingly, the Court concludes that for a plaintiff to plead a violation of § 1324(a)(3) adequately, the plaintiff must simply allege that the aliens were brought into the United States in violation of subsection (a), but there is no requirement that the employer must have brought the aliens into this country.
Plaintiff further argues that the Complaint adequately pleads that Defendants violated Section 1324(a)(3) and that Defendants' assertion that the allegations are "conclusory" are unsupported by any authority. Plaintiff relies on Mendoza v. Zirkle Fruit Co., supra, 301 F.3d 1163.
At issue in Mendoza was the standing of legally documented workers to sue their employers under RICO, whom they alleged depressed their salaries by conspiring to hire undocumented workers and the constitutionality of supplemental subject matter jurisdiction involving a party over whom there is no independent basis for federal court jurisdiction. 301 F.3d at 1166. However, before discussing the substantive merits of these issues, the Ninth Circuit, noting that the district court dismissed the action on the pleadings on the basis of RICO standing and supplemental jurisdiction, addressed "one proffered alternative ground for affirming the dismissal for failure to state a claim":
. . . In the RICO context, `[a]t the pleading stage, general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant's conduct may suffice, for on a motion to dismiss we presume that general allegations embrace those specific facts that are necessary to support a claim.' NOW v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249, 256, 114 S. Ct. 798, 127 L. Ed. 2d 99 . . . (1994) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 119 L. Ed. 2d 351 . . . (1992)).
. . . The district court held that the `Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme' as pleaded involved a predicate RICO Act, knowingly hiring undocumented workers in violation of Immigration and Naturalization Act § 274, 8 U.S.C. § 1324. *1206 We are unpersuaded by the growers' argument that the district erred in this respect. Their argument rests on a hypertechnical reading of the complaint inconsistent with the general notice pleading requirement. See. Swierkiewicz, 122 S.Ct. at 999. The complaint alleges that the defendants had knowledge of illegal harboring `and/or' smuggling. Even if knowledge of smuggling were required by the statute, an issue about which we express no opinion, the complaint easily contains this allegation. We affirm the district court's analysis and reasoning on this issue. . . .
301 F.3d at 1168.
Although the above-quoted language in Mendoza is dicta, it does suggest that the Ninth Circuit will not require the specific pleading mandated by Loiselle with regard to pleading the predicate act set forth in Section 1324(a)(3). Combining Mendoza's dicta with the requirements of notice pleading, Defendants' motion to dismiss on this ground is DENIED.
Defendants further argue that the allegations in the Complaint described in Paragraph 15 do not constitute violations of Section 1324(a)(3). Defendants contend that these facts, if established, at best state violations under the amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 8 U.S.C. § 1324a, which violations are not listed as "racketeering activity" for purposes of RICO.
8 U.S.C. § 1324a makes employment or continued employment of unauthorized aliens unlawful.
However, United States v. Zheng, 306 F.3d 1080, 1085 (11th Cir.2002) and United States v. Kim, 193 F.3d 567, 573 (2nd Cir.1999), establish that proof of the practices alleged in paragraph 15 may also demonstrate a violation of Section 1324(a)(3) even if they also are violations of Section 1324a, because the same facts may establish more than one violation of law. Defendants' contentions are germane to proof rather than to the adequacy of the pleading.
It is arguable that the allegations in paragraphs 15 and 16 of the Complaint, if proven, may be sufficient circumstantial evidence to show that Defendants had actual knowledge for purposes of Section 1324(a)(3). See United States v. Mills, 597 F.2d 693, 697 (9th Cir.1979) (jury can infer actual knowledge from circumstantial evidence); see also Mester Mfg. Co. v. INS, 879 F.2d 561, 562-563 (9th Cir.1989). As to the requirement of knowledge, Defendants know exactly what alleged violations of Section 274 are charged.
Plaintiff rejoins that the allegations in paragraph 15 can be inferred to allege constructive knowledge by Defendants that the persons were illegal aliens for purposes of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(3).
In so arguing, Plaintiff refers to McAllister, a criminal prosecution for violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324 for transportation of aliens who had illegally entered the United States. To establish the violation, the United States had to prove that McAllister transported an alien "knowing that he [was] in the United States in violation of law, and knowing or having reasonable grounds to believe that his last entry in the United States occurred less than three years prior thereto." 747 F.2d at 1275. The United States proposed to carry its burden of proof by showing that McAllister made a conscious effort to avoid acquiring the knowledge and requested a jury instruction based on United States v. Jewell, 532 F.2d 697 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 951, 96 S. Ct. 3173, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1188 (1976). Over McAllister's objection, the district court read to the jury the proposed Jewell instruction. On appeal, McAllister argued that there was insufficient evidence to give the Jewell instruction. *1207 The Ninth Circuit disagreed with McAllister:
A Jewell instruction is properly given only when a defendant claims a lack of guilty knowledge and there are facts in evidence that support an inference of deliberate ignorance . . . As we emphasized in Murietta-Bejarano, the cases in which the facts point to deliberate ignorance are comparatively rare, and they must be carefully distinguished from instances where the defendant was merely negligent. The Government may not carry its burden by demonstrating that the defendant was mistaken, recklessly disregarded the truth, or was negligent in failing to inquire . . . Instead, the facts must support the inference that the defendant was aware of a high probability of the existence of the fact in question. . . . An instruction given without an adequate factual basis may improperly lead the jury to infer guilty knowledge without proof of conscious avoidance of the truth. . . .
The evidence in this case was sufficient to support the inference of deliberate ignorance. Several factors suggested a high probability that McAllister knew he was engaged in transporting aliens who had illegally entered within the last three years. These included the suddenness of the trip, the fact that it was made at 2:00 a.m., the lack of a specific destination, and the fact that Danny was traveling to Los. Angeles also, but would not accompany the truck. McAllister testified he neither looked in the back of the truck nor asked what it contained. He stated he did not know or attempt to learn Danny's last name. He did not ask where he was going in Los Angeles or how he would return to San Diego. McAllister drove through the truck scales area that was closed, which avoided passing the normal border checkpoint where any aliens who had illegally entered could be discovered. His testimony concerning his reason for doing so was inconsistent and implausible and justified a reasonable inference that he did so because he believed illegal aliens were in the truck. These facts all indicate the defendant tried to close his eyes or ears to what was happening.' . . . The inference is strengthened by the agents' observation that McAllister did not appear surprised to see the aliens when the back of the truck was opened. The use of the Jewell instruction thus was not error.
747 F.2d at 1275-1276.[2]
In their reply brief, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs reliance on McAllister is misplaced, in contending that the allegations in paragraph 15 suffice to establish Defendants' constructive knowledge that the persons being hired were illegal aliens. Reiterating that Section 1324(a)(3)(A) requires "actual knowledge that the individuals are aliens", Defendants argue that Plaintiff cites no case stating that "so-called willful blindness meets the `actual knowledge' standard of [Section 1324(a)(3)]." Defendants contend:
Violations of Section 274 were added predicate acts under the RICO statute (18 U.S.C. § 1961(a)) in 1996, nearly ten years after the enactment of Section 274A, the administratively enforced employer sanctions provision of IRCA, P.L. 104-132, section 433. At the time Congress added section 274(a)(3) with an actual knowledge standard, it knew that section 274A existed with a lesser `knowing' *1208 standard. See P.L. 104-208, § 202; see also Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., 498 U.S. 19, 32, 111 S. Ct. 317, 112 L. Ed. 2d 275 (1990) (`we assume the Congress is aware of existing law when it passes legislation.'); United States v. Gonzalez-Mendez, 150 F.3d 1058, 1060 (9th Cir.1998) (`we presume that Congress enacts statutes with full knowledge of existing law.').
Defendants' argument goes to the adequacy and extent of proof of knowledge, not the adequacy of pleading. Whether or not Plaintiff will be able to produce evidence to satisfy the actual knowledge requirement for the predicate act is an issue for summary judgment or trial. Whether or not Plaintiff will be entitled to rely on the Jewell standard of proof will depend on the development of the facts and presents an issue that it is premature to resolve on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.[3] No more is required to meet Defendants' objection than to insert the word "actual" or "actually" before the words "knowledge" or "knowing" in the Complaint.
Defendants go on to argue that the allegations in Paragraph 15 do not constitute illegal conduct. Defendants contend:
Implicit in the allegation in paragraph 15 of the Complaint is that persons who provide documents indicating that they are U.S. citizens or permanent residents at the time of hire must speak English to have attained either status.
Defendants assert that "such conclusory profiling" has been rejected by the Ninth Circuit, citing United States v. Camacho-Davalos, 468 F.2d 1382 (9th Cir.1972).
In Camacho-Davalos, defendants were convicted for conspiracy to smuggle and transport aliens into the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and 8 U.S.C. § 1324, and for transporting three aliens in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2). In reversing these convictions, the Ninth Circuit held:
The Government did not prove that any of the three persons named in the indictment as those whom Appellant transported were aliens. None of the alleged aliens were called as a witness. The evidence that bears on the issue was the testimony of Agent Ainscoe that all of the people in the truck were `Mexican appearing,' spoke Spanish, and did not produce immigration papers on request. The description fits thousands of American citizens. The failure to prove alienage defeated the Government's case on the three substantive counts.
468 F.2d at 1383. This addresses proof of alienage, not the charge that the individuals transported were aliens. Defendants mistakenly contend, had they imposed an English-speaking job criterion on applicants for employment to validate their work authorization status, they would have run the risk of violating the national origin discrimination provisions of Title VII.
The Ninth Circuit has specifically held that the inability to speak English is a factor, among others, which may be considered in determining a defendant's knowledge that a person is in the United States illegally. See United States v. Holley, 493 F.2d 581, 582-583 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 861, 95 S. Ct. 112, 42 L. Ed. 2d 96 (1974).[4] An inability to speak English, if combined with other evidence, may allow the inference that Defendants had knowledge that an applicant was an illegal alien. Furthermore, Plaintiff cites, Robison Fruit Ranch, Inc. v. United *1209 States, 147 F.3d 798, 799 (9th Cir.1998), which notes that the general anti-discrimination provision in Section 1324b(a)(1) "prohibits discrimination on the basis of national origin or citizenship status, except, of course, against an alien who is not authorized to work."
Defendants further argue that the allegation in Paragraph 15 that hiring workers who do not have housing indicates, that the workers are illegal aliens "is absurd on its face, and without any, legal foundation, regardless of whether the workers claimed U.S. citizen or permanent resident or some other legal status."
Because actual knowledge may be proved by circumstantial evidence, the provision of housing may, if combined with other proof, support the inference that Defendants had actual knowledge. This is a matter of proof, not pleading.
Defendants argue that the allegation in paragraph 15 that they have approved hiring criteria allowing "hiring of workers who present authorization documents which are invalid on their face because the pictures are of a different person, are upside down, are on poor quality paper, etc." does not suffice to allege "illegal conduct". Defendants contend that by asking for more or different work authorization documents or by refusing to accept the documents proffered by applicants that appeared to be facially genuine, they would have violated the "unfair-immigration employment practice provisions of IRCA", citing 8 U.S.C. § 1324b(b)(6).[5] 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(b)(1)(A) provides that an employer satisfies its verification obligation by examining a document which "reasonably appears on its face to be genuine". See Collins Foods Intern., Inc. v. U.S.I.N.S., 948 F.2d 549, 553 (9th Cir.1991).
Defendants' argument with regard to this allegation is without merit as it quibbles about evidentiary facts that, the law does not require to be pleaded.. The allegation in paragraph 15 is that the documents are invalid on their face. Whether or not this was true arid to what extent is a matter of proof, not a pleading requirement.
With regard to the allegations in paragraph 15 that Defendants hire persons whose documents are invalid on their face; that Defendants hire persons personally known to them to be in the United States illegally and using false documents; and that Defendants hire persons who have previously been employed under different identities, Defendants contend that these actions represent violations of Section 1324a and do not serve as a basis for violation of the predicate Act of racketeering specified in RICO.
Defendants' contention again is an argument of the efficacy of evidentiary facts, not pleading. See United States v. Zheng, supra; United States v. Kim, supra.
Finally, with regard to the allegation in paragraph 16, that Defendants "are often informed that large numbers of their workers are using false social security numbers by the Social Security Administration" but that "[m]ost of these workers then simply assume new identities and continue to be employed, pursuant to policies set by, the Balakians", Defendants seek dismissal because the allegations are "conclusory and unsubstantiated" and, furthermore, can only be argued to be evidence of knowledge of employment of undocumented workers in violation of Section 1323a(a).
The allegation in Paragraph 16 satisfies the notice pleading requirements of Rule 8. It provides factual detail to infer how Defendants actually knew their employees are illegal aliens. The facts, if established *1210 proved, may suffice to constitute "actual knowledge". Again, Defendants' argument goes to proof, not pleading.
Defendants' motion to dismiss on the ground that the Complaint fails to adequately allege violation of the predicate act, Section 1324(a)(3) is DENIED.
b. 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii).
Defendants further argue that the Complaint does not adequately plead the predicate Act of violating 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A) (iii).
Section 1324 (a)(1)(A)(iii) imposes criminal penalties on any person who:
knowingly or in reckless disregard of the fact that an alien has come to, entered, or remains in the United States in violation of law, conceals, harbors, or shields from detection, or attempts to conceal, harbor, or shield from detection, such alien in any place, including any building or any means of transportation. . . .
Defendants argue that the Complaint fails to allege that they knew that aliens came to, entered or remained in the United States in violation of law, fails to plead any facts from which it may be inferred that Defendants knew or demonstrated reckless disregard of facts related to the illegal entry or presence of undocumented aliens in the United States, and fails to adequately plead facts as to the individual defendants' violations of Section 1324(a)(1)(A) (iii).
Defendants further argue the allegations in paragraphs 18 that "the Balakians facilitate the hiring of many of these illegal immigrants by directing their hiring-personnel [sic] to obtain housing for them" and in paragraph 22 that Defendants "conspir[ed] to provide them with housing" do not suffice to state a claim of harboring under Section 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii).
Defendants cite Zavala v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 393 F. Supp. 2d 295, 306-307 (D.N.J.2005):
Where, as here, the statute does not define certain of its terms, courts rely on the ordinary definitions of those terms . . . Thus, to `harbor' is to `give shelter or refuge to' or `to be the home or habitat of'; to `conceal' is `to prevent disclosure or recognition of' or `to place out of sight'; and to `shield' is to `protect with or as if with a shield' or `provide with a protective cover or shelter' or `to cut off from observation' or `hide.' See Merriam-Webster On-Line Dictionary . . . None of the allegations sufficiently allege these acts.
It is difficult to determine which allegations address concealment or shielding. The relevant allegations concerning harboring, however, relate to the facts surrounding the conviction of a former Wal-Mart contractor . . . and to Plaintiff Kunc, who was `lodged' and then `put to work' by another Wal-Mart contractor. . . .
These allegations are insufficient. For example, providing housing and employment may constitute `harboring' for `financial gain,' but this is not what has been alleged against Wal-Mart. Zheng, 306 F.3d at 1083 (involving undocumented aliens who lived in the defendant's house, without paying rent, and worked at the defendant's restaurant six days a week, twelve hours a day). Harboring also might be alleged where, in addition to employing undocumented aliens, a store owner, for example, also provides a back room of the store as a residence. See United States v. Singh, 261 F.3d 530, 533 (5th Cir.2001). Here, however, Plaintiffs allege that Wal-Mart hired, and continued to employ, Kunc, despite its knowledge that Kunc was not authorized to work in the United States, not that Wal-Mart harbored illegal *1211 aliens. A contractor's `lodging' of an undocumented worker and `putting him to work' falls short of alleging that Wal-Mart sheltered undocumented aliens for the purpose of concealing them and avoiding their detection by immigration authorities. While this Court might infer from the allegations in the complaint that Wal-Mart recklessly disregarded the illegal status of Plaintiffs when it employed them as janitorial or maintenance workers at their various retail locations, it is unclear what alleged conduct by Wal-Mart might constitute the concealing, harboring or shielding of illegal aliens from detection.
Defendants argue from Zavala that the allegations that Defendants conspired to provide housing to illegal aliens and directed their hiring personnel to obtain such housing does not suffice to allege violation of the predicate Act set forth in Section 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii). Defendants assert that there must be allegations that the housing was provided to illegal aliens to conceal them and avoid their detection by immigration authorities. In so arguing, Defendants cite United States v. Belevin-Ramales, 458 F. Supp. 2d 409 (E.D.Ky.2006) (rejecting United States' jury instruction for a violation of Section 1324(a)(1)(A) (iii) that the government does not have to prove that the Defendant harbored the alien with the intent to assist the alien's attempt to evade or avoid detection by law enforcement) and United States v. Kim, supra, 193 F.3d at 574 (evidence at trial was sufficient to establish that Kim knew or recklessly disregarded Farfan's status as an illegal alien and took steps designed to help her remain in his employ).
Zavala does not support dismissal of this claim because of the allegation that Defendants directed their hiring personnel to obtain housing for them, something that is not alleged in Zavala. Furthermore, Ninth Circuit precedent in United States v. Aguilar, 883 F.2d 662, 689 (9th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1046, 111 S. Ct. 751, 112 L. Ed. 2d 771 (1991) negates Defendants' argument.[6] In Aguilar, the district court instructed the jury that acts of concealing or shielding consisted of conduct "tending to directly or substantially facilitate an alien's remaining in the United States unlawfully with the intent to prevent detection by the Immigration and Naturalization Service" and while harboring included "conduct tending to directly or substantially facilitate the alien's remaining in the United States in violation of law". However, the district court did not require an intent to aid the unlawful alien for the purpose of evading INS detection. On appeal, the defendants contended that it was reversible error to strip "harboring" of an intent to evade detection. Id. at 689. The Ninth Circuit held in pertinent part:
In United States v. Acosta de Evans, 531 F.2d 428 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 836, 97 S. Ct. 103, 50 L. Ed. 2d 101 . . . (1976), this court rejected the very claim that appellants are making in this case. The court examined the legislative history of section 1324(a) and case law from other circuits that already had addressed this issue, concluding that the word `harbor' means `to afford shelter to' and does not require an intent to avoid detection. Id. at 430. Appellants enumerate several reasons why we should `reconsider' Acosta de Evans.

*1212 Id. at 690. After noting that a panel not sitting en banc has no authority to overturn Ninth Circuit precedent, the Ninth Circuit concluded that even if Acosta de Evans were incorrectly decided, the evidence established that the defendants intended to help the two aliens in question to avoid INS detection. Id.
Defendants' contention that Aguilar is not controlling because it was not a pleading case and further argument that the term "housing" does not fall within the ordinary definition of "harbor", again relying on Zavala, is without merit. Aguilar is controlling because the alleged racketeering predicate acts for purposes of RICO is "any Act which is indictable under the Immigration and Nationality Act, section 274 (relating to bringing in or harboring certain aliens). . . ." If an element is not required for the criminal prosecution, it cannot be required as an element for a racketeering act under RICO.
Defendants' motion to dismiss on the ground that the Complaint does not adequately plead the predicate act of violating 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii) is DENIED.
3. Failure to Adequately Plead Elements of RICO
Conspiracy.
Defendants contend that the elements of a RICO conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d) are not adequately plead. In addition, Defendants appear to argue that the allegations concerning the alleged RICO enterprise are also deficiently pleaded.
In Baumer v. Pachl, 8 F.3d 1341 (9th Cir.1993), the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal for failure to state a claim of an alleged RICO conspiracy. Although the Ninth Circuit specifically was addressing whether an allegation of aiding and abetting sufficed to state a claim for conspiracy under Section 1962(d), id. at 1347, the Ninth Circuit cited with approval cases holding an agreement is vital to a RICO conspiracy claim and that a RICO conspiracy requires the assent of each defendant, although it is not necessary that each conspirator know all of the details of the conspiracy. Id. at 1346-1347. The illegal agreement need not be express as long as its existence can be inferred from the words, actions, or interdependence of activities and persons involved. Oki Semiconductor Co. v. Wells Fargo Bank, 298 F.3d 768, 775 (9th Cir.2002). In Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 118 S. Ct. 469, 139 L. Ed. 2d 352 (1997), the Supreme Court, reviewing a criminal RICO conviction, rejected the contention that there can be no conspiracy offense unless the defendant himself committed or agreed to commit the two predicate acts requisite for a substantive RICO offense under Section 1962(c), holding in pertinent part:
A conspirator must intend to further an endeavor which, if completed, would satisfy all of the elements of a substantive criminal offense, but it suffices that he adopt the goal of furthering or facilitating the criminal endeavor. He may do so in any number of ways short of agreeing to undertake all of the acts necessary for the crime's completion; One can be a conspirator by agreeing to facilitate only some of the acts leading to the substantive offense. It is elementary that a conspiracy may exist and be punished whether or not the substantive crime ensues, for the conspiracy is a distinct evil, dangerous to the public, and so punishable in itself. . . .
It makes no difference that the substantive offense under § 1962(c) requires two or more predicate acts. The interplay between subsections (c) and (d) does not permit us to excuse from the reach of the conspiracy provision an actor who does not himself commit or agree to commit the two or more predicate acts requisite to the underlying offense. True, though an `enterprise' under *1213 § 1962(c) can exist only with one actor to conduct it, in most instances it will be conducted by more than one person or entity; and this in turn may make it somewhat difficult to determine just where the enterprise ends and the conspiracy begins, or, on the other hand, Whether the two crimes are coincident in their factual circumstances. In some cases the connection the defendant had to the alleged enterprise or to the conspiracy to further it may be tenuous enough so that his own commission of two predicate acts may become an important part of the Government's case. Perhaps these were the considerations leading some of the Circuits to require in conspiracy cases that each conspirator himself commit two or more predicate acts. Nevertheless, that proposition cannot be sustained as definition of the conspiracy offense, for it is contrary to the principles we have discussed.
522 U.S. at 65-66, 118 S. Ct. 469. In Howard v. America Online, Inc., 208 F.3d 741, 751 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 828, 121 S. Ct. 77, 148 L. Ed. 2d 40 (2000), the Ninth Circuit applied Salinas to review of a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal of a civil RICO conspiracy claim:[7]
`A conspirator must intend to further an endeavor which, if completed, would satisfy all of the elements of a substantive criminal offense, but it suffices that he adopt the goal of furthering or facilitating the criminal endeavor.' Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 65, 118 S. Ct. 469, 139 L. Ed. 2d 352 . . . (1997). A defendant must also have been `aware of the essential nature and scope of the enterprise and intended to participate in it. Baumer v. Pachl, 8 F.3d 1341, 1346 (9th Cir.1993) . . . To establish a violation of section 1962(d), Plaintiffs must allege either an agreement that is a substantive violation of RICO or that the defendants agreed to commit, or participated in, a violation of two predicate offenses. . . .
In United States v. Fernandez, 388 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir.2004), the Ninth Circuit followed the rationale in Smith v. Berg, 247 F.3d 532 (3rd Cir.2001):
We adopt the Third Circuit's Smith test, which retains Reves' operation or management test in its definition of the underlying substantive § 1962(c) violation, but removes any requirement that the defendant have actually conspired to operate or manage the enterprise itself. Under this test, a defendant is guilty of conspiracy to violate § 1962(c) if the evidence showed that she `knowingly agree[d] to facilitate a scheme which includes the operation or management of a RICO enterprise.' Smith, 247 F.3d at 538.
388 F.3d at 1230.
In moving for dismissal, Defendants contend that the Complaint's allegations of conspiracy are conclusory and preclude them from knowing who the conspirators are, what conduct they carried out as part of the alleged conspiracy, and whether there was a common economic purpose or benefit derived.
Plaintiff responds that the Complaint adequately alleges a Section 1962(d) conspiracy. Plaintiff points to the allegation that the Balakians "have personally approved the hiring procedures" alleged in paragraphs 15-16, which are alleged to ensure the employment of "vast numbers" of illegal aliens and that the Balakians have carried out the Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme for the last four years. *1214 Plaintiff contends that these allegations adequately allege an agreement among the Balakians to commit well over two predicate acts of hiring and harboring illegal aliens.[8]
Plaintiff also refers to the allegations at paragraphs 24-25 that the "agreement was further to commit these racketeering acts through the Fruit Patch enterprise (and other unnamed entities the Balakians own and operate in the same manner)." With regard to Defendants' assertion that the Complaint fails to allege the identities of the conspirators or how Defendants and the alleged conspirators participated the alleged conspiracy, Plaintiff contends:
The Complaint . . . describes in as much detail as Plaintiffs have prior to discovery, about how the Balakians carry out the Illegal Immigrant Hiring Scheme. The, names of all co-conspirators need not be, pled, nor must the Complaint spell out what each conspirator `did to participate in the conspiracy,' as the Salinas court specifically held. All that is required is that the Complaint alleges each conspirator `know about and facilitate the scheme,' which is plainly alleged.
The Complaint does not adequately allege a conspiracy under Section 1962(d). Although the allegations concerning the alleged conspiracy by the Balakians and Roberto Olivarez in connection with Fruit Patch Inc. suffice to withstand Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal given the requirements of notice pleading, the allegations of conspiracy with unnamed entities and unnamed conspirators involved with those unnamed entities does not comply with notice pleading and essentially allows Plaintiff to conduct a fishing expedition to substantiate these allegations. A conspiracy is an agreement to commit an unlawful act, coupled with an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy.
Therefore, to the extent that the Complaint purports to allege a RICO conspiracy by unnamed entities and unnamed conspirators involved with those entities, Defendants' motion to dismiss is GRANTED with leave to amend.[9]
*1215 B. Plaintiff's Motion for Sanctions.
Plaintiff moves for sanctions against Defendants and their counsel, Monte B. Lake, pursuant to Rule 11(b)(2), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, for filing the Motion to Dismiss without citing Mendoza v. Zirkle Fruit Co., supra, 301 F.3d 1163. The Motion for Sanctions seeks an order striking Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and an award of attorneys' fees incurred by Plaintiff in opposing the Motion to Dismiss and for preparing the Motion for Sanctions.
Rule 11(b)(2) provides in pertinent part:
By presenting to the court (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a . . . written motion . . ., an attorney .. is certifying that to the best of the person's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,
. . . . .
(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law. . . .
Rule 11(c) provides in pertinent part:
If . . . the court determines that subdivision (b) has been violated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subdivision (b) or are responsible for the violation.
In United States v. Stringfellow, 911 F.2d 225, 226 (9th Cir.1990), the Ninth Circuit held:
The failure to cite relevant authority, whether it be case law or statutory provisions, does not alone justify the imposition of sanctions. `[N]either Rule 11 nor any other rule imposes a requirement that the lawyer, in addition to advocating the cause of his client, step first into the shoes of opposing counsel to find all potentially contrary authority, and finally into the robes of the judge to decide whether the authority is indeed contrary or whether it is distinguishable.' Golden Eagle Distrib. Corp. v. Burroughs Corp., 801 F.2d 1531, 1542 (9th Cir.1986).
However, if the omitted case law and statutory provisions would render the attorney's argument frivolous, he or she `should not be able to proceed with impunity in real or feigned ignorance of [them]; id., and sanctions should be upheld. An argument contained in a motion is frivolous under Rule 11 if it is unreasonable when viewed from the perspective of `a competent attorney admitted to practice before the district court' Zaldivar v. City of Los Angeles, 780 F.2d 823, 830 (9th Cir.1986); see also Eastway Constr. Corp. v. City of New York, 762 F.2d 243, 254 (2nd Cir.1985) (`[W]here it is patently clear that a claim has absolutely no chance of success under the existing precedents, and where no reasonable argument can be advanced to extend, modify, or reverse the law as it stands, Rule 11 has been violated.').
Plaintiff argues that the Complaint in this action "makes precisely the same allegations as were made in Mendoza; that *1216 the defendants knowingly employ large numbers of illegal immigrants in violation of sec. 274 of the Immigration and Nationality Act which is a RICO predicate offense" and that no reasonable lawyer could assert that the Complaint fails to state a claim and omit citing Mendoza. Plaintiff contends that Mendoza directly applies and has not been modified by any other Ninth Circuit authority.
Plaintiff's motion is DENIED. Defendants have not violated have not violated Rule 11 as interpreted by Stringfellow by omitting to cite Mendoza in their opening brief. There are substantial differences between the Complaint at issue in Mendoza and the Complaint in this action. The basis of Defendants' motion to dismiss includes that Plaintiff has not and cannot plead the necessary elements of the RICO predicate acts upon which he intends to rely and because Plaintiff provides insufficient factual notice to Defendants of the basis for these claims. Finally, the issues before the Ninth Circuit in Mendoza involved standing, an issue not raised in this action.
C. Conclusion.
For the reasons set forth above:
1. Defendants' motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART WITH LEAVE TO AMEND AND DENIED IN PART.
2. Plaintiff shall file a First Amended Complaint in compliance with this Order within 30 days of the filing date of this Order.
3. Plaintiffs motion for sanctions is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  Defendants assert that no such provision exists and that Plaintiff intended to allege violations of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(3) (A).
[2]  Plaintiff cites United States v. Shannon, 137 F.3d 1112, 1117-1118 (9th Cir.1998), which acknowledged that a Jewell instruction is improper if the evidence demonstrates no knowledge or actual knowledge, but affirmed the giving of the instruction because the evidence was in dispute.
[3]  No opinion is expressed whether the willful blindness standard will be applicable to satisfy the actual knowledge element of the predicate act.
[4]  Whether the inability to speak English alone is an issue of proof, not an issue which must be resolved at this stage of the case.
[5]  The correct citation is to 8 U.S.C. § 1324b(a)(6).
[6]  Not relevant to resolution of the motion to dismiss is the Ninth Circuit's discussion in Aguilar concerning defendants' conviction of smuggling in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2)(B) (iii). That aspect of the Aguilar decision has been superseded by statute. See United States v. Gonzalez-Torres, 309 F.3d 594 (9th Cir.2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 969, 123 S. Ct. 1768, 155 L. Ed. 2d 526 (2003).
[7]  Defendants contend that Salinas is inapplicable because it involved a challenge to jury instructions in a criminal case, not the pleading requirements for a civil RICO Section 1962(d) conspiracy. However, Ninth Circuit authority applies Salinas to civil RICO conspiracies.
[8]  Plaintiff, citing Norfolk Monument Co., Inc. v. Woodlawn Mem. Gardens, Inc., 394 U.S. 700, 704, 89 S. Ct. 1391, 22 L. Ed. 2d 658 (1969), contends that "[i]n RICO and antitrust cases, conspiracies are typically proven not by direct evidence of agreement, which seldom exists, but of `[b]usiness behavior. . . . '."

In Norfolk, the Supreme Court reversed summary judgment for defendants in an antitrust case, holding in pertinent part:
Nor do the other findings of the District Court necessarily dispel the inferences which the jury would be asked by the petitioner to draw. The District Court found, for example, that there was "a wide divergence of prices" charged for installation "which would completely negative any systematic scheming or conscious parallelism." . . . The petitioner's complaint, however, was not that the respondent cemeteries were charging uniform fees but that they were charging deliberately "excessive and unreasonable" fees for the purpose of injuring the petitioner. The fact that the District Court appeared to consider dispositive of the conspiracy allegations was that the petitioner's principal officer "admitted that he has no letters, agreements, correspondence, or any other testimonials to a conspiracy among the several defendants . . ." ... But it is settled that "[n]o formal agreement is necessary to constitute an unlawful conspiracy," . . . and that "business behavior is admissible circumstantial evidence from which the fact finder may infer agreement.". . . .
394 U.S. at 703-704, 89 S. Ct. 1391.
Plaintiff's citation to Norfolk is not relevant to the determine the adequacy of pleading the agreement for purposes of a Section 1962(d) conspiracy under RICO. Norfolk involved antitrust, not RICO. Although Plaintiff asserts that Norfolk's holding applies to RICO cases, he cites no specific authority supporting that position.
[9]  Defendants, citing Chang v. Chen, 80 F.3d 1293 (9th Cir.1996), contend that it is impossible to determine if the alleged RICO enterprise has an ascertainable structure separate and apart from the structure inherent in the conduct of the pattern of racketeering activity when no facts are provided regarding the co-conspirators. Chang v. Chen, addressed "the minimum requirements for an associated-in-fact enterprise." Id. at 1297. As Plaintiff notes, an "association-in-fact" enterprise is not alleged in the Complaint. Fruit Patch, Inc. and the other unnamed Balakian owned and operated entities are alleged to be the enterprise(s).