Court Opinion

ID: 4207384
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-28 23:02:55.351289+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:03.466710
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/28/17
                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                              FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION FIVE

 LIVING RIVERS COUNCIL,
          Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                   A148400
 v.
 STATE WATER RESOURCES                             (Alameda County
 CONTROL BOARD,                                    Super. Ct. No. RG-14-717629)
          Defendant and Respondent.

        Appellant Living Rivers Council (Living Rivers) appeals from a judgment denying
its petition for writ of mandate to compel respondent the State Water Resources Control
Board (Board) to rescind its approval of a policy designed to maintain instream flows in
coastal streams north of San Francisco. Living Rivers alleges several violations of the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA; Public Res. Code, § 21000 et seq.)
relating to the indirect environmental effects of surface water users switching to
groundwater pumping as a result of the policy. We affirm.
                                     I. BACKGROUND
        A. The Board
        The Board was created by the State Water Commission in 1913 to administer the
appropriation of water for beneficial purposes. (Light v. State Water Resources Control
Bd. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1463, 1481 (Light).) Its enabling statute describes its
function as providing for “the orderly and efficient administration of the water resources
of the state” and grants it the power to “exercise the adjudicatory and regulatory functions
of the state in the field of water resources.” (Wat. Code, § 174, subd. (a); former Wat.
Code, § 174.)

                                             1
       The Board’s permitting authority is limited to surface water and to “subterranean
streams flowing through known and definite channels.” (Wat. Code, § 1200; see North
Gualala Water Co. v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1577,
1580, 1581 & fn. 1, 1590–1591 (North Gualala).) It does not have permitting authority
over “percolating groundwater,” i.e., “subsurface water that is not part of a subterranean
stream,” which is instead regulated by local agencies. (North Gualala, at p. 1582, fn. 1;
see Baldwin v. County of Tehama (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 166, 182; Wat. Code, §§ 10720
et seq., 10750.) The Board does have the authority to prevent the unreasonable or
wasteful use of water regardless of its source. (Cal. Const., art. 10, § 2; Wat. Code,
§§ 100, 275; Light, at p. 148.)
       B. Original Policy and SED
       Water Code section 1259.4, enacted in 2004, requires the Board to “adopt
principles and guidelines for maintaining instream flows” of Northern California coastal
streams “for the purposes of water right administration.” In response, the Board noticed
and distributed a draft “Policy for Maintaining Instream Flows in Northern California
Coastal Streams” (Policy) and Substitute Environmental Document (SED). The draft
Policy and SED focused on measures to protect native fish populations, particularly
anadromous salmonids (steelhead trout, coho salmon and chinook salmon) by
maintaining instream flows necessary to support those populations in the Policy areas
(Marin and Sonoma Counties, and parts of Mendocino, Humboldt and Napa counties). In
furtherance of this goal, the draft Policy established five principles to be followed in
administering water rights: “1. Water diversions shall be seasonally limited to periods in
which instream flows are naturally high to prevent adverse effects to fish and fish habitat;
[¶] 2. Water shall be diverted only when the streamflows are higher than the minimum
instream stream flows needed for fish spawning, rearing, and passage; [¶] 3. The
maximum rate at which water is diverted in a watershed shall not adversely affect the
natural flow variability needed for maintaining adequate channel structure and habitat for
fish; [¶] 4. The cumulative effects of water diversions on instream flows needed for the

                                              2
protection of fish and their habitat shall be considered minimized; and [¶] 5. Construction
or permitting of new onstream dams shall be restricted. . . .”
       According to the SED, its assessment of the Policy’s environmental effects “was
conducted at a programmatic level, which is more general than a project-specific
analysis. The assessment was also conservative, in that if any reasonably foreseeable
outcome of implementing the Policy for any one water diversion project could
conceivably have a significant indirect effect on an environmental resource, then the
effect was judged to be significant in all cases. [¶] Potential effects on environmental
resource areas were considered in terms of the possible responses of affected persons.
The assessment was also conducted by defining categories of actions that people might
take in response to implementation of the Policy that could have indirect environmental
impacts. In particular, instead of pursuing a water right application under the Policy,
people may choose to develop water diversion projects under other bases of right. How
people will respond to the implementation of the Policy, and where and when these
actions may occur, cannot be predicted with certainty; however, for purposes of this
assessment, the following actions that may be taken by people to develop diversions of
water under other bases of right are defined in terms of: [¶]  increasing groundwater
extraction and use. . . .”
       Appendix D of the SED was a report prepared by Stetson Engineers, Inc. (Stetson)
entitled “Potential Indirect Impacts on Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural Water Use
and Related Impacts on Other Environmental Resources.” The report noted that the
proposed Policy’s restrictions on surface water diversions could lead some users to divert
water from other sources, including groundwater pumping, and estimated the demand for
future diversions in the Policy area and the indirect environmental impacts of such
diversions. Table 18 of the report, “Assessment of Potential Indirect Environmental
Impacts of Policy Restrictions,” summarized the potential actions by water users in
response to the Policy on a county-by-county basis. With respect to groundwater
pumping as a possible action, Table 18 stated that “[d]epletion of groundwater” was a
potential indirect environmental effect of groundwater pumping. A potential secondary

                                             3
indirect effect was the “[r]eduction in [stream] flows, particularly summer flows which
may harm riparian vegetation or degrade habitat for sensitive riparian and aquatic
wildlife.”1 Table 18 assumed “the total future diversion demand . . . would not be
available due to Policy restrictions and that all future diversion demand would have to be
supplied from alternative water supplies or, if inadequate, not supplied at all.” This
assumption represented “a very conservative (highest; most severe) estimate of the
potential actions and the indirect environmental impacts as appropriative surface water
may be available to satisfy some future diversion demands. In addition, surface water
supplies may already be insufficient to meet all future demands regardless of the Policy.”
       At the Board’s request, Stetson prepared maps delineating subterranean streams in
the Policy area (Subterranean Stream Delineations or Delineations). Because the Board
has jurisdiction over subterranean streams flowing in known and definite channels (Wat.
Code, § 1200), the Delineations had the potential to improve the Policy’s effectiveness by
identifying locations where the Board would have permitting authority over groundwater
pumping. In addition to the maps themselves, the technical report prepared by Stetson
provided a methodology to identify subterranean streams where groundwater use could
deplete stream flows. The Board did not disclose the Delineations or the related
regulatory concept in the draft SED, although it did disclose that the mapping information
was available in its January 2010 response to public comments. The draft Policy did not
incorporate the Subterranean Stream Delineations or require their use.
       On May 4, 2010, the Board passed a resolution certifying the SED and adopting
the Policy.
       C. CEQA Challenge to Original Policy
       In October 2010, Living Rivers filed a petition for writ of mandate seeking to
vacate the Policy based on alleged CEQA violations. The trial court rejected most of the

1
        Table 18 also summarized the potential effects of other possible actions by water
users in response to the Policy: Diversions under riparian rights, water conservation
efforts, the development of recycled or desalinated water, and the development and use of
imported water.

                                             4
CEQA claims, but found the SED had been deficient in two respects: (1) it failed to
disclose the Subterranean Stream Delineations as a potential mitigation measure for the
anticipated increased use of groundwater pumping; and (2) it failed to disclose there
would likely be no CEQA review of the anticipated increase in groundwater pumping in
certain counties due to the Board’s lack of permitting authority over percolating
groundwater and the lack of permitting requirements at the county level. The court
issued a writ directing the Board to vacate the Policy and (1) “evaluate the [] Delineations
as a potentially feasible mitigation measure for the anticipated increased use of
percolating groundwater and make appropriate disclosures regarding that evaluation and
resulting decision;” and (2) “present sufficient information to enable the decision makers
and the public to understand and to consider meaningfully the limited legal options facing
the Board to mitigate the expected increase in the use of percolating groundwater and the
implications for the effectiveness of the vacated Policy.”
       D. Revised SED and Policy
       In response to the trial court’s ruling, the Board vacated the Policy and obtained
additional CEQA documentation to comply with the writ. On February 22, 2013, it
circulated revisions to the original SED, consisting of (1) revisions to sections 6.2
(Effects of Increased Groundwater Extraction and Use), 6.9 (Cumulative Impacts) and 7
(Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Policy-Based Reviews of Pending and
Future Water Rights Applications); (2) a “Supplement to Appendix D” (Analysis of the
Potential Impacts of Groundwater Pumping as an Alternative Source Due to Policy
Adoption); and (3) revisions to portions of the Board’s responses to public comments.
We refer to these documents collectively as the Revised Substitute Environmental
Document (RSED).
       The RSED evaluated the Subterranean Stream Delineations as a mitigation
measure and concluded they would not be feasible because (1) the likelihood of affected
persons switching to groundwater pumping was uncertain; (2) the potential shift from
surface water diversions to groundwater pumping that might be caused by the Policy was
unlikely to cause a significant reduction in surface water flows; (3) adoption of the

                                              5
Delineations would not assist the Board in regulating pumping outside the mapped areas,
which represented just a small portion of the watersheds in the Policy area; (4) the
Delineations were based on the information available at the time they were prepared and
field inspections had not been conducted; accordingly, the maps did not purport to
represent all subterranean streams within the Policy area and specific site inspections
would be needed to verify the existence of subterranean streams and stream depletion
areas; (5) the Board could consider the Delineations on a case-by-case basis even if they
were not adopted as part of the Policy; and (6) the Board could regulate unacceptable
impacts associated with groundwater pumping based on its authority to prohibit the
unreasonable use of water.
       The Supplement to Appendix D explained that while the original Appendix D
provided useful information regarding future water demands and the adequacy of
alternative supplies, “the analysis in Appendix D concerning the potential impact of
groundwater pumping on surface water flows (and the potential indirect impacts resulting
from a reduction in surface water flows) is misleading because it does not explain why a
shift from surface water diversions to groundwater pumping that could be caused by the
Policy is unlikely to cause a significant reduction in surface water flows. . . . [¶] [The
adoption of the Policy] will not cause water diversions to occur. . . . [T]he policy will not
operate to approve (or disapprove) any individual surface water diversion
projects. . . .The Policy will not cause any more projects to be approved, or authorize
projects to be approved subject to conditions that are less protective of the environment
than would otherwise be imposed. To the contrary, the Policy will impose additional
restrictions on pending and future surface water diversion projects in order to protect
instream flows. . . .”
        Acknowledging that the Policy did have the potential to affect the source of any
water diverted, the Supplement to Appendix D analyzed the effect of “persons switching
to groundwater extraction and use in order to avoid complying with the Policy” and
“those impacts attributable to the change in source of water supply.” Such potential
impacts included “impacts to agricultural resources due to a lowering of the groundwater

                                              6
table and impacts to the production rates of nearby wells” and “reduced surface flows.”
“The 2008 SED did not explain, however, that the potential reduction in surface flows is
unlikely. In fact, a switch to groundwater pumping will not ordinarily deplete
hydraulically connected surface water flows on a one-to-one basis, and in some cases the
groundwater and surface water may lack hydraulic connection entirely, or the hydraulic
connection may be indiscernible. A switch to groundwater pumping could cause a delay
in surface flow depletion, which could in turn cause a significant adverse environmental
impact, particularly if the delayed reduction in flows occurs during the summer months,
but this potential impact is speculative and unlikely to occur in the Policy area.”
       The Supplement to Appendix D explained that at the onset of groundwater
pumping, the groundwater in the vicinity of the pumped well is lowered within the so-
called “cone of depression,” which will continue to enlarge until the amount of
groundwater pumped is recharged or replenished. When a river or stream serves as a
source of recharge for the aquifer, pumping can reduce surface water flow. The amount
of this reduction will vary, affected by impediments to hydraulic connectivity, the
availability of water in other parts of the aquifer, the hydraulic gradient due to the slope
of the water table, and the availability of other sources (precipitation, return flow from
irrigation) to recharge water. While surface water diversions had a one-to-one impact on
surface water flows, switching to groundwater pumping would result in an equal or lesser
rate of depletion. More detailed analyses were required to precisely determine a
particular well’s depletion of surface flow. Currently the Board was aware of only one
prospective surface water diverter switching to pumping as a result of the Policy, and due
to a lack of connectivity between the diverter’s well and the aquifer, “pumping of the
well is highly unlikely to reduce surface water flows.”
       The Board prepared a statement of overriding considerations stating that while
adoption of the Policy could have potentially significant indirect environmental effects if
affected persons responded by increased groundwater pumping, that outcome was
“entirely speculative” and was “unlikely to cause a significant reduction in surface
flows.” The statement also noted that project-level CEQA review and other regulatory

                                              7
mechanisms could minimize or avoid the reduction in stream flow, though such measures
would not reduce all such impacts to less than significant levels. “To the extent that
implementation of regulatory requirements and mitigation measures do not fully mitigate
indirect impacts, or are not deemed feasible or are not imposed by the agencies
implementing or approving individual projects, the economic, social, and environmental
benefits of the Policy outweigh any unavoidable adverse environmental effects.”
       On October 22, 2013, the Board certified the RSED, made new CEQA findings
based on the RSED, adopted the statement of overriding considerations, and readopted
the Policy without significant amendments. The Policy did not incorporate the
Subterranean Stream Delineations as a mitigation measure.
       E. The Instant Action: Challenge to RSED and 2013 Policy
       Living Rivers filed a petition for writ of mandate on March 17, 2014, alleging
CEQA violations related to the RSED’s analysis of the environmental effects of increased
groundwater pumping as a result of the Policy. The trial court denied the petition after
issuing a detailed and thorough statement of decision discussing the issues raised in
Living Rivers’s briefing. As relevant to this appeal, the trial court rejected Living
Rivers’s claim that the RSED gave conflicting signals regarding the Board’s previous
finding that Policy-induced groundwater pumping would lead to significant impacts on
stream surface flow. The court also rejected claims relating to the Board’s decision not to
adopt the Subterranean Stream Delineations as a mitigating measure. This appeal
follows.
                                     II. DISCUSSION
       Living Rivers contends the case must be remanded with directions to grant its
petition for writ of mandate because (1) the RSED’s conclusion that increased
groundwater pumping was uncertain or unlikely was in conflict with the Board’s finding
that groundwater pumping could have significant effects on the environment; (2) the
RSED did not adequately describe or discuss the adoption of the Subterranean Stream
Delineations as a mitigation measure; (3) the RSED’s stated reasons for finding the
Subterranean Stream Delineations infeasible were erroneous as a matter of law.

                                              8
       A. General Principles and Standard of Review
       The Policy adopted by the Board is a certified regulatory program. (See Cal.
Public Res. Code, § 21080.5; 14 Cal. Code Regs., §§ 15250–15252.) Such programs are
exempt from the requirement of an environmental impact report (EIR), but are still
“subject to the broad policy goals and substantive standards of CEQA.” (City of Arcadia
v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1392, 1422.) Certification
of a program is effectively a determination that the agency’s regulatory program includes
procedures for environmental review that are the functional equivalent of CEQA.
(Californians for Alternatives to Toxics v. Department of Pesticide Regulation (2006) 136
Cal.App.4th 1049, 1059.) “The document used as a substitute for an EIR must include a
description of the proposed activity with alternatives to the activity and mitigation
measures as well as written responses to significant environmental points raised during
the evaluation process.” (Conway v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2015) 235
Cal.App.4th 671, 680.)
       In reviewing an agency’s compliance with CEQA during the course of its
legislative or quasi-legislative actions, the trial court’s inquiry during a mandamus
proceeding “ ‘shall extend only to whether there was a prejudicial abuse of discretion,’ ”
which is established “ ‘if the agency has not proceeded in a manner required by law or if
the determination or decision is not supported by substantial evidence.’ ” (Vineyard Area
Citizens for Responsible Growth Inc. v. City of Rancho Cordova (2007) 40 Cal.4th 412,
426 (Vineyard), citing Pub. Resources Code, § 21168.5.) We apply the same standard
when reviewing a substitute environmental document for a certified regulatory program.
(POET, LLC v. State Air Resources Board (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 681, 712–713
(POET); California Sportfishing Protection Alliance v. State Water Resources Control
Bd. (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1625, 1644 (California Sportfishing).)
       “In evaluating an EIR [or substitute environmental document] for CEQA
compliance, . . . a reviewing court must adjust its scrutiny to the nature of the alleged
defect, depending on whether the claim is predominantly one of improper procedure or a
dispute over the facts.” (Vineyard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 435.) When the claim is

                                              9
predominantly one of procedure, courts conduct an independent review of the agency’s
action, but when a challenge is made to a factual finding of the agency, we will review
the record to determine whether the finding is supported by substantial evidence. (POET,
supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 713.) When the informational requirements of CEQA have
not been met, an agency has failed to proceed in a manner required by law and has
therefore abused its discretion. (California Sportfishing, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p.
1644.) In assessing such a claim, courts apply an independent or de novo standard of
review to the agency’s action. (Communities for a Better Environment v. City of
Richmond (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 70, 83 (Communities).)
       On appeal, we review the agency’s action rather than the trial court’s ruling,
applying the same standard as the trial court. (Vineyard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 427.)
“We therefore resolve the substantive CEQA issues . . . by independently determining
whether the administrative record demonstrates any legal error by the [agency] and
whether it contains substantial evidence to support the [agency’s] factual
determinations.” (Ibid.)
       B. The RSED Was Not Misleading With Respect to Groundwater Pumping
       Living Rivers contends the Policy should be vacated because the RSED
supporting it “sen[t] conflicting signals regarding whether [P]olicy-induced increases in
groundwater use will cause significant impacts.” It notes that both the SED and the
RSED found the Policy could cause more people to pump groundwater, and additionally
found the impacts on groundwater resources and surface flows would be “significant.”
Yet, Living Rivers argues, the RSED “equivocates” by asserting these significant impacts
are uncertain or unlikely. Having independently reviewed this claim that the
informational requirements of CEQA were not satisfied (Communities, supra, 184
Cal.App.4th at p. 83), we conclude it is lacking in merit.
       The Policy did not approve any particular project and was based on an
environmental review conducted at a programmatic level. The 2010 SED identified
increased groundwater pumping as a potential reaction to the Policy, although it stated it
was “impossible to predict” who or how many persons would take this action. “[W]hen

                                             10
the nature of future development is nonspecific and uncertain, an EIR need not engage in
‘sheer speculation’ as to future environmental consequences.” (Marin Mun. Water Dist.
v. KG Land California Corp. (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1652, 1662 (KG Land.)
Nonetheless, because of the possibility that the Policy would result in increased
groundwater pumping, which could cause significant secondary environmental impacts,
the 2010 SED evaluated those impacts as part of its analysis.
       After the case was remanded to the Board following the issuance of a writ in the
first proceeding brought by Living Rivers, the Board revisited the subject of groundwater
pumping and related mitigation measures, particularly the Subterranean Stream
Delineations. The 2013 RSED explained that the 2010 SED’s environmental analysis
was misleading in part because it failed to explain that a potential shift from surface
water diversions to groundwater pumping was unlikely to cause a net reduction in surface
water flows for various reasons, including the logistical challenges of extracting
groundwater in certain areas, the availability of other sources of water and the lack of
connectivity between groundwater and surface water in many areas. The drafters of the
RSED explained their reasoning in some detail and made clear the extent to which the
analysis in the RSED differed from that in the original SED. The RSED “fulfilled its
informational purpose” on the subject of groundwater pumping as a potential significant
effect. (Napa Citizens for Honest Government v. Napa County Bd. of Supervisors (2001)
91 Cal.App.4th 342, 361–363 (Napa Citizens) [evolution of traffic analysis through three
drafts of EIR was not misleading when it explained the drafters’ theories and made no
attempt to hide that mitigation measures proposed in initial draft were being deleted].)
       We find inapposite the cases cited by Living Rivers in support of its claim the
RSED gives conflicting signals when analyzing the environmental effects of increased
groundwater pumping. In Vineyard, supra, 40 Cal.4th at pages 439–442, the Final EIR
provided conflicting figures concerning both expected water supply and expected water
demand, and gave estimates contrary to a related environmental report. In San Joaquin
Raptor Rescue Center v. County of Merced (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 645, 655, the EIR on
a proposed project to expand the acreage of a mine and its nighttime operations stated

                                             11
that production would increase while at the same time assuring there would be no
increase in production. The RSED, by contrast, revised and clarified certain conclusions
made in the earlier SED, but explained the basis for those changes and was internally
consistent. (Cf. Napa Citizens, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 363.)
          A stakeholder wishing to comment on any issue relating to groundwater diversions
in connection with the Policy would have understood from the RSED that while such
diversions could potentially reduce stream flow, a significant net reduction in flows was
unlikely given the information available. The uncertainty regarding the number of water
users likely to resort to groundwater diversion as a result of the Policy arises from the
situation analyzed by the RSED, not from omissions or inconsistencies in the RSED
itself.
          C. The RSED Adequately Described Subterranean Stream Delineations as a
Potential Mitigation Measure
          The Board considered and rejected the Subterranean Stream Delineations as a
mitigation measure for the reasons outlined above. Living Rivers contends the RSED did
not clearly describe what was meant by “adopting subterranean stream delineations,” and
argues this lack of clarity precluded intelligent public comment. We assume, without
deciding, that the alleged defect is an informational deficiency subject to our independent
review. (Communities, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at p. 83.)2
          The RSED described in some detail the ways in which groundwater pumping has
the potential to affect the flow of surface waters. It explained that the Board’s permitting

2
       “ ‘An EIR will be found legally inadequate—and subject to independent review
for procedural error—where it omits information that is both required by CEQA and
necessary to informed discussion.’ But CEQA challenges concerning the amount or type
of information contained in the EIR [or] the scope of the analysis . . . are factual
determinations reviewed for substantial evidence.” (Santa Monica Baykeeper v. City of
Malibu (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1546.) A strong argument can be made that Living
Rivers’s challenge to the RSED’s description of the Subterranean Stream Delineations
concerns the scope of the Board’s analysis and should be reviewed under the deferential
substantial evidence standard.

                                             12
jurisdiction extended to subterranean streams, and that the Board had “directed its
consultant, Stetson Engineers Inc., to prepare maps delineating subterranean streams
(delineation maps) to potentially improve the effectiveness of the Policy by identifying
locations where the State Water Board’s permitting authority could be applicable.” The
RSED provided several reasons for the Board’s decision to forego the adoption of the
maps as part of the Policy as a mitigation measure. While reasonable minds can differ as
to whether the Subterranean Stream Delineations should have been adopted as part of the
Policy, their description in the RSED was adequate to enable informed public comment
on that issue. (See Save our Peninsula Committee v. Monterey County Bd. of Supervisors
(2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 99, 133.)
       D. The Board’s Conclusion that Subterranean Stream Delineations Were
Infeasible as a Mitigation Measure Was Not Erroneous
       As part of its report regarding the Subterranean Stream Delineations, which
attempted to chart the groundwater over which the Board would have permitting
jurisdiction, Stetson proposed that its maps be used to designate “Administrative
Pumping Zones” in which well owners would be required to apply to the Board for a
permit when the groundwater extracted was from a subterranean stream and was likely to
reduce surface water flows. The RSED concluded the adoption of the maps was not
feasible as a mitigation measure because their inclusion in the Policy “would be
ineffective and inefficient as a mitigation measure for the potential increase in
groundwater pumping.” Living Rivers contends the Board’s reasons for failing to
incorporate the Subterranean Stream Delineations into the Policy as a mitigation measure
were legally invalid and require the issuance of a writ to vacate the Policy. We disagree.
       Where an EIR or substitute environmental document has identified significant
environmental effects that have not been mitigated or avoided, the agency may not
approve the project unless it first finds that “[s]pecific economic, legal, social,
technological, or other considerations . . . make infeasible the mitigation measures or
alternatives identified in the environmental impact report.” (Cal. Pub. Res. Code, §
21081, subd. (a)(3); Cal. Code Regs., § 15091, subd. (a)(3).) “ ‘Feasible’ means capable

                                              13
of being accomplished in a successful manner within a reasonable period of time, taking
into account economic, environmental, social, and technological factors.” (Cal. Pub. Res.
Code, § 21061.1; see also, Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15364 [same definition with
addition of “legal” factors].) “Mitigation measures are suggestions which may or may
not be adopted by the decisionmakers. There is no requirement in CEQA that mitigation
measures be adopted. The adoption of mitigations depends, among other matters, upon
economic and technological feasibility and practicality.” (No Slo Transit, Inc. v. City of
Long Beach (1987) 197 Cal.App.3d 241, 256.) When identified mitigation measures are
infeasible, the project may be approved upon a finding that unavoidable impacts are
acceptable because of overriding considerations. (Cal. Pub. Res. Code, § 21081,
subds. (a)(3), (b); Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, §§ 15043, 15091, 15093; California Native
Plant Society v. City of Santa Cruz (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 957, 982 (Native Plant).)
         Living Rivers argues that in finding the adoption of the Subterranean Stream
Delineations infeasible as a mitigation measure, the Board relied on two factors that were
legally irrelevant to that determination: (1) the uncertainty that surface water users would
switch to groundwater pumping as a result of the Policy; and (2) the unlikelihood that any
switch to groundwater pumping would deplete surface water flows. Living Rivers
contends that while the likelihood and severity of an indirect impact are relevant to the
initial determination of whether it is reasonably foreseeable and must therefore be
analyzed in an EIR or equivalent environmental document (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14,
§ 15064, subd. (d)), those factors may not be considered when evaluating the feasibility
of an identified mitigation measure. Having independently reviewed this claim as a
challenge to the Board’s interpretation of CEQA provisions (Robinson v. City and County
of San Francisco (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 950, 955–956), we conclude it is lacking in
merit.
         To be feasible, a mitigation measure must be “capable of being accomplished in a
successful manner” (Pub. Res. Code, § 21061.1), i.e., it must actually be effective in
mitigating the identified environmental effect. The likelihood that an indirect effect
(such as increased groundwater pumping) will materialize, and the severity of the effect if

                                             14
it does materialize, are relevant to assessing a proposed mitigation measure’s likely
success in achieving the goal of protecting the environment. Living Rivers suggests that
“considering the relative severity of a significant impact in determining the feasibility of
a mitigating measure is unprecedented and wrong.” But while the question of an effect’s
significance is binary in nature, in the sense that a significant environmental effect must
be analyzed regardless of how significant it is, we see nothing wrong with an agency
considering the likelihood or severity of an indirect effect when determining whether a
proposed mitigation measure will be successful in ameliorating that effect.
       Moreover, “ ‘ “feasibility” under CEQA encompasses “desirability” to the extent
that desirability is based on a reasonable balancing of the relevant economic,
environmental, social, and technological factors.’ ” (Native Plant, supra, 177
Cal.App.4th at p. 1001, citing City of Del Mar v. City of San Diego (1982) 133
Cal.App.3d 401, 417.) The likelihood and severity of an indirect significant effect may
render a potential mitigating measure either desirable or undesirable when balanced
against its cost and the difficulty of its implementation.3
       Living Rivers suggests that by treating effectiveness as an element of feasibility,
the Board conflated the two concepts and ran afoul of the rule that “CEQA does not
authorize an agency to proceed with a project that will have significant, unmitigated
effects on the environment, based simply on a weighing of those effects against the
project’s benefits, unless the measures necessary to mitigate those effects are truly
infeasible.” (City of Marina v. Board of Trustees of the California State University
(2006) 39 Cal.4th 341, 368 (Marina).) We disagree. The “feasibility” of a mitigation
measure depends on its capability of being “accomplished in a successful manner” within
the meaning of Public Resources Code section 21061.1. Nothing in our review of the

3
       This balancing of factors is distinct from (and precedes) the balancing test
conducted when adopting a statement of overriding considerations, in which the agency
determines whether the benefits of a project with unmitigated significant environmental
effects outweigh those unavoidable environmental effects. (Native Plant, supra, 177
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1002–1003.)

                                              15
case law precludes a consideration of a measure’s effectiveness when determining its
feasibility; indeed, the statute seems to require it. (See Native Plant, supra, 177
Cal.App.4th at p. 1000 [substantial evidence supported rejection of project alternatives as
infeasible because they failed to achieve primary objectives of master plan].)
       Even if we assume the likelihood of an impact’s occurrence is not a circumstance
affecting the feasibility of a measure to mitigate that impact should it occur, the Board’s
consideration of that factor in this case cannot be viewed in a vacuum. The Board did not
simply conclude that adoption of the Delineations was unnecessary because increased
groundwater pumping was unlikely. Its remaining reasons for finding the measure
infeasible were that (1) the Delineations included only a small portion of the watersheds
in the Policy area and would not assist the Board in regulating subterranean streams
outside the mapped areas; (2) the Delineations had not been based on field inspections,
making additional review necessary; (3) refinement of the Delineations could take
between 3.5 years and 12.8 years to complete, and would cost between $1.3 million and
$5 million; (4) it was likely water users would raise legal challenges if the Delineations
were formally adopted as part of the policy and given a regulatory effect over certain
areas; (5) if not adopted as a regulation, with the attendant legal challenges, the
Delineations could nonetheless be used by the Board to determine whether a particular
groundwater well was within its permitting authority; and (6) even without the
Delineations, the Board could regulate unacceptable impacts of increased groundwater
pumping based on its authority to prohibit the unreasonable use of water.4
       Living Rivers challenges each of these determinations as either legally erroneous
or unsupported by substantial evidence. (Mira Mar Mobile Community v. City of
Oceanside (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 477, 486 [claims concerning feasibility of mitigation

4
        In its response to public comments, the Board emphasized that while it had
jurisdiction over subterranean streams, the hydraulic connections between surface
streams, percolating groundwater and subterranean streams did not correlate to the legal
distinctions between those categories of water, and would be of limited use as an
enforcement tool. (See North Gualala, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1585, 1606.)

                                             16
measures reviewed for substantial evidence]; Masonite Corporation v. County of
Mendocino (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 230, 238 [legal feasibility of mitigation measures
subject to de novo review].) We disagree.
       As already discussed, the effectiveness of the Delineations was a proper
consideration when determining their feasibility. Living Rivers’s argument that the
Delineations would in fact be effective amounts to a policy disagreement that does not
vitiate the RSED’s factual conclusions. (See Defend the Bay v. City of Irvine (2004) 119
Cal.App.4th 1261, 1270.) The delay and cost associated with the future review necessary
to make the Delineations complete were properly considered by the Board when
assessing the feasibility of adopting the Delineations. (See ibid.) The prospect of
litigation if the Delineations were given regulatory effect was, similarly, an economic
factor relevant to feasibility. Considering the Board could use the Delineations to assert
jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis even if they were not adopted as part of the Policy, it
could reasonably conclude their formal adoption was too costly in light of their limited
effectiveness, making the proposed mitigation measure infeasible.
                                    III. DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. Costs are awarded to respondent.

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                           NEEDHAM, J.

We concur.

SIMONS, ACTING P.J.

BRUINIERS, J.

(A148400)

                      18
Superior Court of Alameda County, No. RG-14-717629, Evelio Grillo, Judge.

Law Offices of Thomas N. Lippe, Thomas N. Lippe for Plainiff and Appellant.

William Jenkins, Anita Rudd Deputy Attorneys General; Kathleen A. Kenealy, Acting
Attorney General of California; Robert W. Byren, Senior Assistant Attorney General;
Gavin G. McCabe, Supervising Deputy Attorney General for Defendants and
Respondents.

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