Court Opinion

ID: 9644805
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 21:05:21.621411+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:13:32.245404
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except
             in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

                                           2023 IL App (3d) 200054-U

                                  Order filed August 21, 2023
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                      IN THE

                                      APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                                THIRD DISTRICT

                                                       2023

      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                          )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
      ILLINOIS,                                           )       of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
                                                          )       Peoria County, Illinois,
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                         )
                                                          )       Appeal No. 3-20-0054
              v.                                          )       Circuit No. 19-CF-209
                                                          )
      JERMAINE LAWSON,                                    )       Honorable
                                                          )       Katherine S. Gorman,
              Defendant-Appellant.                        )       Judge, Presiding.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE DAUGHERITY delivered the judgment of the court.
            Justices Hauptman and McDade concurred in the judgment.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                    ORDER

¶1           Held: (1) The evidence was sufficient to prove defendant guilty of armed habitual
                   criminal. (2) The State did not violate defendant’s due process right to a fair trial.

¶2           Defendant, Jermaine Lawson, appeals his conviction for armed habitual criminal.

     Defendant argues the State (1) failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of armed

     habitual criminal; and (2) violated his due process right to a fair trial by failing to correct false

     testimony and adopting that false testimony in closing argument. We affirm.
¶3                                           I. BACKGROUND

¶4          Prior to the charges in this case, a jury acquitted defendant of unlawful possession of a

     controlled substance and unlawful possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance in case

     No. 18-CF-501. At the conclusion of that trial, defense counsel, referring to the instant case,

     asked the State, “You’re still waiting on the DNA on that one, right?” To which the State

     answered, “[y]ep.”

¶5          In the instant case, the State charged defendant with armed habitual criminal (720 ILCS

     5/24-1.7(a) (West 2018)) and unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon (id. § 24-1.1(a)).

¶6          Prior to trial, the State filed a motion to compel defendant to permit the taking of buccal

     swabs for DNA testing. The circuit court granted the State’s motion. Defendant proceeded to

     trial with the same counsel who represented him in the prior case.

¶7          At defendant’s jury trial, Deputy Cody Meeks testified that he stopped a vehicle driven

     by defendant because of a broken left taillight. Meeks noted defendant’s hand was shaking as he

     removed his driver’s license from his wallet, however; this is not apparent on Meeks’s body

     camera footage. Meeks described defendant as nervous and called for a canine unit due to

     defendant’s behavior. Following Meeks’s call, Deputy Aaron Witt, Deputy Justin Oberholtzer,

     and Deputy Austin Griggs arrived at the scene. Griggs operated a canine unit, and after he

     arrived, defendant fled the scene.

¶8          Officers pursued defendant to a dead end where defendant then fled on foot. Defendant

     ran behind an apartment complex and Meeks followed. Meeks and Witt described the area

     behind the apartment complex as not highly trafficked and a yard that was not accessible by a

     sidewalk. Additionally, a hill that descended to a wooded area was located a few feet from the

     back of the apartments. There was a fence near the wooded area.

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¶9              Meeks initially lost sight of defendant behind the apartments but shortly thereafter

       located defendant at the base of the hill on his hands and knees. Meeks believed that defendant

       may have fallen. Defendant tried to climb the fence and a brief struggle ensued between Meeks

       and defendant. Meeks pushed defendant away and deployed his taser. Meeks reloaded his taser

       with another cartridge. Defendant climbed over the fence. Meeks deployed his taser again.

       Meeks maintained sight of defendant and informed the other officers of the direction defendant

       was traveling and his description. Meeks returned to defendant’s vehicle to help officers with the

       remaining occupants.

¶ 10            Deputy Joseph Harris found defendant behind a tree and took him into custody. After

       Harris apprehended defendant, Meeks told Witt where his taser cartridges were located. Witt

       searched the path that Meeks had chased defendant. Officers found a firearm with one bullet in

       the chamber and a separated magazine within a couple feet of Meeks’s taser cartridge. Meeks

       described the firearm as “clean,” stating that there was no debris and minimal condensation on

       the firearm, and it had been raining for some time. Photographs taken of the firearm when it was

       found showed it covered in minimal condensation and no debris. Meeks testified the firearm

       appeared to have not been there long.

¶ 11            On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Meeks, “[b]ut there was no testing that was

       done to see even if any DNA was available; correct?” To which Meeks answered, “[t]o my

       knowledge, no, there wasn’t any done.”

¶ 12            During closing arguments, defense counsel argued that the State did not test the firearm

       for DNA evidence. In response, the State argued that DNA evidence was not necessary. The jury

       found defendant guilty of armed habitual criminal and unlawful possession of a weapon by a

       felon.

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¶ 13                                              II. ANALYSIS

¶ 14                                      A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 15          On appeal, defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty

       beyond a reasonable doubt of armed habitual criminal.

¶ 16          When a defendant makes a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “ ‘the relevant

       question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

       any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

       reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985)

       (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “In weighing evidence, the trier of fact

       is not required to disregard inferences which flow normally from the evidence before it, nor need

       it search out all possible explanations consistent with innocence and raise them to a level of

       reasonable doubt.” People v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 281 (2009). “When presented with a

       challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, it is not the function of this court to retry the

       defendant.” Collins, 106 Ill. 2d at 261. Thus, “the reviewing court must allow all reasonable

       inferences from the record in favor of the prosecution.” People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274,

       280 (2004). “A conviction will be reversed only where the evidence is so unreasonable,

       improbable, or unsatisfactory that it justifies a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” People

       v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 67. We apply this standard of review “regardless of whether the

       evidence is direct or circumstantial.” People v. Norris, 399 Ill. App. 3d 525, 531 (2010)

¶ 17          A person commits the offense of being an armed habitual criminal when “he or she

       receives, sells, possesses, or transfers any firearm after having been convicted a total of 2 or

       more times of” certain enumerated offenses. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2018). In this case, the

       parties stipulated that defendant was convicted of two qualifying felony offenses so the only

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       element at issue is whether defendant possessed the firearm. Defendant argues that since there

       was no physical evidence connecting him to the firearm and no witnesses observed defendant in

       possession of the firearm, the evidence is insufficient to prove that defendant possessed the

       firearm.

¶ 18          “Criminal possession may be actual or constructive.” People v. Nesbit, 398 Ill. App. 3d

       200, 209 (2010). “ ‘[C]onstructive possession of a firearm may be shown where the person has

       knowledge of the presence of the weapon and exercises immediate and exclusive control over the

       area where the firearm is found.’ ” People v. Wise, 2021 IL 125392, ¶ 25 (quoting People v.

       Brown, 2020 IL 124100, ¶ 11). “Whether there is knowledge and whether there is possession or

       control are questions of fact to be determined by the trier of fact.” People v. Schmalz, 194 Ill. 2d

       75, 81 (2001). “Constructive possession is frequently proven through circumstantial evidence

       alone.” People v. Bogan, 2017 IL App (3d) 150156, ¶ 27. “ ‘Knowledge may be proven by

       evidence of a defendant’s acts, declarations or conduct from which it can be inferred he knew the

       contraband existed in the place where it was found.’ ” People v. Faulkner, 2017 IL App (1st)

       132884-B, ¶ 39 (quoting People v. Ross, 407 Ill. App. 3d 931, 936 (2011)).

¶ 19          Furthermore, a defendant’s proximity to the weapon is relevant when determining

       constructive possession. Wise, 2021 IL 125392, ¶ 29. With regard to constructive possession, our

       supreme court in Wise recently noted that a weapon must be “ ‘in such close proximity that it can

       be readily used as though on the person.’ ” Id. ¶ 33 (quoting People v. Liss, 406 Ill. 2d 419, 422

       (1950)). The Wise court stated that the firearm offense statutes were implemented to serve a

       specific deterrent purpose. Id. ¶ 31. To satisfy this purpose, “ ‘it would be necessary that the

       defendant have some type of immediate access to or timely control over the weapon.’ ”

       (Emphases in original.) Id. (quoting People v. Condon, 148 Ill. 2d 96, 110 (1992)).

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¶ 20          Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence in this case established that

       defendant constructively possessed the firearm found near the area where Meeks attempted to

       apprehend defendant. Before this discovery, defendant exhibited a consciousness of guilt, as

       defendant, an individual with two prior felony convictions, fled a traffic stop involving a broken

       taillight when a canine unit arrived. See People v. Harris, 52 Ill. 2d 558, 561 (1972) (holding that

       evidence of flight is admissible as a circumstance tending to show consciousness of guilt).

       Meeks believed that defendant fell while fleeing, and defendant was on his hands and knees in

       the location where officers found a firearm. Defendant’s actions inferentially indicated that he

       had knowledge of the firearm. Moreover, defendant’s position gave him immediate access and

       timely control over the firearm. This positioning enabled defendant to make an instantaneous

       decision to use the firearm. Compare People v. Sams, 2013 IL App (1st) 121431, ¶ 13 (evidence

       was insufficient to establish constructive possession where defendant was never seen in

       proximity to firearm).

¶ 21          Additionally, the remote nature of the area where the firearm was found and condition of

       the firearm inferentially established that defendant had possessed it instead of another individual.

       Officers described the area in which Meeks’s confrontation with defendant took place as an

       isolated backyard behind apartments. Meeks described the firearm as “clean,” pointing out that

       while it had been raining for some time there was not much condensation, or anything else for

       that matter, covering the firearm. Photographs of the firearm corroborate Meeks’s description.

       Meeks believed that the firearm had not been there for a long time. There is no evidence in the

       record to refute Meeks’s description of the firearm nor is there evidence indicating that anyone

       other than defendant was in the area in which officers found the firearm. Compare People v.

       Wright, 2013 IL App (1st) 111803, ¶ 26 (evidence was insufficient to prove constructive

                                                        6
       possession where police found a firearm near defendant in area in which there was already three

       other individuals). Therefore, the evidence inferentially proved that defendant constructively

       possessed the firearm.

¶ 22                                           B. False Testimony

¶ 23           Defendant argues the State violated his due process rights by failing to correct false

       testimony. Specifically, defendant argues Meeks’s answer on cross-examination was false based

       on a prior conversation between defense counsel and the State that proves the State tested the

       firearm for DNA. Further, the State was aware that the testimony was false and rather than

       correcting it, the State adopted the false testimony in their closing argument. The State argues

       defendant forfeited review of this issue by failing to object to it and raise it in a posttrial motion.

       See People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). Defendant responds that this issue violates his

       right to due process, and therefore, is not subject to forfeiture. See People v. Bolton, 10 Ill. App.

       3d 902, 907 (1973) (citing People v. Lueck, 24 Ill. 2d 554 (1962), for the holding that a

       prosecutor’s failure to correct witness testimony which he knew to be false denied defendant of

       his right to due process). In the alternative, defendant makes an ineffective assistance of counsel

       argument relating to testing the firearm for DNA.

¶ 24           Initially, we find that despite defense counsel’s failure to properly preserve this issue for

       appellate review, forfeiture does not preclude our review. Bolton and Lueck remain good law and

       except this particular due process violation from the normal forfeiture principals. See id.

       Therefore, we proceed to determine whether error occurred.

¶ 25           The State’s knowing use of perjured testimony to obtain a conviction violates a criminal

       defendant’s due process rights. People v. Barrow, 195 Ill. 2d 506, 529-30 (2001). In addition, the

       State has an obligation to correct false testimony, even when the State did not solicit the

                                                          7
       testimony. People v. Lucas, 203 Ill. 2d 410, 416-24 (2002). “A conviction obtained by the

       knowing use of perjured testimony must be set aside if there is any reasonable likelihood that the

       false testimony could have affected the jury’s verdict.” People v. Olinger, 176 Ill. 2d 326, 345

       (1997). The standard “ ‘any reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could have affected

       the judgment of the jury’ ” is equivalent to the harmless error standard. Lucas, 203 Ill. 2d at 422

       (quoting People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 392 (1998)). “The same principles also apply when

       the State, although not soliciting the false testimony, permits it to go uncorrected when it

       occurs.” Barrow, 195 Ill. 2d at 530.

¶ 26          The record establishes that the State did not fail to correct false testimony regarding the

       DNA testing, because the record establishes that Meeks’s testimony that, to his knowledge, DNA

       testing was not done on the firearm was not false. Although the State initially began the process

       to test the firearm for DNA, it is clear that the DNA testing was not completed before the end of

       the trial. The DNA testing was not mentioned after the court granted the State permission to

       obtain a buccal swab from defendant, and no DNA test results were provided during the pretrial

       proceedings or introduced into evidence at trial. Therefore, Meeks’s testimony was consistent

       with the incomplete testing indicated by the record.

¶ 27          Even if Meeks’s testimony was false, there is no reasonable likelihood that this testimony

       regarding DNA testing on the firearm affected defendant’s conviction. See Olinger, 176 Ill. 2d at

       345. Meeks’s mention of the DNA testing came up on cross-examination well after the State had

       presented significant evidence that established that defendant fled a traffic stop and was in close

       proximity to a firearm. Moreover, the State did not need direct evidence to prove defendant’s

       guilt as it needed only to show that defendant constructively possessed the firearm which could

       be done through circumstantial evidence. See Bogan, 2017 IL App (3d) 150156, ¶ 27. As

                                                        8
       discussed above, the trial evidence established beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant

       constructively possessed a firearm after. Supra ¶¶ 20-21.

¶ 28          In the alternative, defendant argues that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance

       by failing to: (1) elicit testimony that swabs of the gun were sent to the crime laboratory prior to

       trial; (2) argue that the State’s failure to present evidence concerning results of the crime

       laboratory analysis of the swabs should lead the jury to conclude that the analysis of the swabs

       did not tie defendant to the gun; and/or (3) object to the State’s failure to correct Meeks’s

       testimony regarding DNA testing of the gun or the State’s closing argument adoption of Meeks’s

       false testimony and include these errors in a posttrial motion.

¶ 29          “To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate

       that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the

       defendant.” People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466

       U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). “More specifically, a defendant must show that counsel’s performance

       was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and that there is a ‘reasonable

       probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have

       been different.’ ” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

¶ 30          First, all of these claims necessarily assume that the State tested the gun for DNA and/or

       submitted it to the crime laboratory for testing. However, since the record does not establish the

       State submitted swabs to the crime laboratory or completed the DNA testing, we cannot say

       defense counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. See

       Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361, 377 (2000) (“The failure to satisfy

       either the deficiency prong or the prejudice prong of the Strickland test precludes a finding of

       ineffective assistance of counsel.”). Second, defense counsel’s decision not to pursue these issues

                                                         9
       is attributable to reasonable trial strategy. See People v. Jackson, 2014 IL App (1st) 123258, ¶ 34

       (attributing defense counsel’s decision not to conduct DNA analysis to reasonable trial strategy

       not subject to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel). If counsel had further inquired into or

       objected to this issue, counsel would have run the risk of the State completing the DNA testing

       which could have directly indicated that defendant possessed the firearm. Thus, defendant’s

       ineffective assistance of counsel claims fail.

¶ 31                                           III. CONCLUSION

¶ 32          The judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County is affirmed.

¶ 33          Affirmed.

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