Court Opinion

ID: 4706002
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-23 14:00:32.629676+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:33.990121
License: Public Domain

20-2748
DDK Hotels, LLC v. Williams-Sonoma, Inc.

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                           August Term, 2020
                   (Argued: May 27, 2021               Decided: July 23, 2021)
                                       Docket No. 20-2748-cv

               DDK HOTELS, LLC, DDK/WE HOTELS MANAGEMENT, LLC,
                                Plaintiffs-Appellees,

                            DDK/WE HOSPITALITY PARTNERS, LLC,
                             Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant-Appellee,

                                                  v.

               WILLIAMS-SONOMA, INC., WILLIAMS-SONOMA STORES, INC.,
                      Defendants-Counter-Claimants-Appellants. *

Before:         SACK, LYNCH, and PARK, Circuit Judges.

         Plaintiffs-appellees DDK Hotels, LLC ("DDK Hotels"), DDK/WE

Hospitality Partners, LLC ("DDK Hospitality"), and DDK/WE Hotels

Management, LLC ("DDK Management") entered into a joint venture with the

defendants-appellants Williams-Sonoma, Inc. ("Williams-Sonoma") and

Williams-Sonoma Stores, Inc. ("West Elm"). Despite a promising start,

disagreements over the vision for the project soon arose. West Elm allegedly

then began seeking other business partners for the same project, in violation of

*   The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
the parties' joint venture agreement. The plaintiffs-appellees subsequently filed

suit against the defendants-appellants in the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of New York, asserting claims for breach of contract, breach of

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty,

aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and unjust enrichment.

      West Elm then brought an action in the Delaware Court of Chancery,

seeking to dissolve the joint venture. The Delaware court dismissed the action,

concluding that dissolution of the joint venture was not warranted. Following

the dismissal of the Delaware action, the plaintiffs-appellees filed a supplemental

complaint in the Eastern District of New York, asserting an additional claim

against the defendants-appellants for breach of the prevailing party provision of

Section 21(h) of the joint venture agreement, which provides that the non-

prevailing party is responsible for reasonable costs, charges and expenses

incurred by the prevailing party in enforcing the terms of the agreement. The

defendants-appellants subsequently moved to compel arbitration of the claim for

breach of the prevailing party provision. The district court (I. Leo Glasser, Judge)

denied the motion to compel arbitration, and the defendants-appellants now

appeal, arguing that the district court erred because the joint venture agreement

                                         2
delegates questions of arbitrability to the arbitrator. We conclude that the joint

venture agreement does not "clearly and unmistakably" delegate arbitrability to

the arbitrator and that the district court therefore correctly ruled on the scope of

the arbitration agreement.

      AFFIRMED.

                                       P. CRAIG CARDON (Kari M. Rollins, Tyler E.
                                       Baker, on the brief), Sheppard, Mullin,
                                       Richter & Hampton LLP, for Defendants-
                                       Counter-Claimants-Appellants;

                                       THOMAS S. FITZPATRICK, Davis, Malm &
                                       D'Agostine, P.C., for Plaintiffs-Appellees and
                                       Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant Appellee.

SACK, Circuit Judge:

      This action is about a business venture gone awry. The plaintiffs-appellees

DDK Hotels, LLC ("DDK Hotels"), DDK/WE Hospitality Partners, LLC ("DDK

Hospitality"), and DDK/WE Hotels Management, LLC ("DDK Management")

entered into a joint venture with the defendants-appellants Williams-Sonoma,

Inc. ("Williams-Sonoma") and Williams-Sonoma Stores, Inc. ("West Elm") in the

hopes of developing a line of boutique hotels that would complement West Elm's

home furnishing business. To that end, DDK Hospitality and West Elm executed

a Limited Liability Company Agreement (the "Joint Venture Agreement" or "JV
                                          3
Agreement"). Eventually, disagreement over the vision for the project led West

Elm to seek other potential business partners, allegedly in violation of the JV

Agreement. The plaintiffs filed suit in the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of New York, asserting claims for, inter alia, breach of contract,

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary

duty, and unjust enrichment. West Elm subsequently filed suit against the

plaintiffs in the Delaware Court of Chancery, seeking to dissolve the joint

venture on the basis of "decisional deadlock." The Delaware court dismissed the

suit without prejudice, concluding that the allegations in the complaint, taken as

true, were insufficient to warrant dissolution at that time.

      Following the dismissal of West Elm's claim for dissolution, the plaintiffs

demanded, pursuant to Section 21(h) of the JV Agreement, that West Elm

reimburse them for the costs and expenses that they had incurred in defending

the Delaware action. West Elm refused. The plaintiffs then returned to the

Eastern District of New York, where they filed a supplemental complaint

asserting a claim for breach of the prevailing party provision of Section 21(h).

The defendants moved to dismiss the supplemental complaint and to compel

arbitration of the claim for breach of Section 21(h), arguing that the JV

                                          4
Agreement delegated the question of the supplemental claim's arbitrability to the

arbitrator.

      The district court (I. Leo Glasser, Judge) denied the motion to compel,

rejecting the defendants' assertion that the JV Agreement's incorporation of the

American Arbitration Association ("AAA") Commercial Rules was alone

sufficient to evince the parties' clear and unmistakable intent to delegate

questions of arbitrability to the arbitrator. The district court reasoned that the JV

Agreement provides that the only arbitrable issues are "Disputed Matters," which

the agreement defines narrowly, and that this language rendered the parties'

intent to delegate arbitrability to the arbitrator "neither clear nor unmistakable."

DDK Hotels, LLC v. Williams-Sonoma, Inc., No. 19-CV-00226, 2020 WL 4194195, at

*12, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 127593, at *32 (E.D.N.Y. July 20, 2020). Having

concluded that the agreement did not clearly delegate the issue of arbitrability to

the arbitrator, the district court decided that the plaintiffs' supplemental claim

did not fall within the scope of the agreement's alternative dispute resolution

procedures and therefore denied the motion to compel arbitration.

      The defendants now appeal. They contend that the district court erred in

denying the motion to compel arbitration because the JV Agreement expressly

                                          5
delegates questions of arbitrability to the arbitrator. The central question

presented in this appeal is thus whether the arbitration agreement delegates the

question of arbitrability to the arbitrator rather than the court. For the reasons

that follow, we conclude that the arbitration agreement did not "clearly and

unmistakably" delegate arbitrability to the arbitrator. We therefore affirm the

district court's order denying the defendants' motion to compel arbitration.

                                 BACKGROUND

      Factual Background

          A. The Joint Venture

      In 2015, West Elm, a substantial presence in the retail business of home

furnishings, decided to develop a chain of hotels to complement that business.

As part of that strategy, West Elm's President, James Brett, sought a joint venture

partner with expertise in hotel management. Williams-Sonoma, West Elm's

parent company and the owner of the West Elm trademark, assisted in the

search.

      West Elm and Williams-Sonoma eventually selected DDK Hotels to be

their joint venture partner and the exclusive operator of the West Elm hotels that

would be developed pursuant to the joint venture. In order to effectuate the joint

                                          6
venture, DDK Hotels formed two subsidiaries, DDK Hospitality and DDK

Management. Following many months of negotiations, DDK Hospitality and

West Elm executed the JV Agreement, which is the operating agreement

pursuant to which West Elm Hotels, LLC (the "Company") would carry on its

affairs.

       DDK Hospitality and West Elm each own 50% of the Company. The JV

Agreement refers to each entity as a "member" of the Company. Although the

Company is member-managed, under the JV Agreement, the members must act

through a six-person board of directors, to which DDK Hospitality and West Elm

each appoint three directors. Where board approval is required, both groups of

appointees must vote in the affirmative.

       This arrangement presented the obvious risk that the board might

deadlock on business decisions. The parties therefore agreed to a procedure to

address such deadlocks in Section 16 of the JV Agreement, which provides:

       16. Deadlock.

       (a) Mediation. If the Members (acting through the Board) are unable to
       agree on a matter requiring Board or Member approval (a "Deadlock"),
       except as provided in Section 16(c) [below], any Member may serve on the
       other Member a notice (a "Deadlock Notice") specifying the matter in
       dispute (the "Disputed Matter"). Promptly following the issuance of a
       Deadlock Notice, the Members shall set a date, being no later than 20 days

                                           7
after the date on which the Deadlock Notice was issued, for a meeting, at
which the Disputed Matter shall be considered. If at the meeting, the
Members have still not been able to pass a resolution or reach an
agreement regarding the Disputed Matter, then a senior executive of West
Elm and a senior executive of DDK [Hospitality] shall promptly meet and
use their good faith efforts to resolve as soon as possible the Disputed
Matter. If, on the date that is 15 days after the date on which such senior
executives first meet pursuant to this Section (the "Resolution Period"), the
Disputed Matter remains unresolved, any Member may serve on the other
Members a written notice (the "Mediation Notice") referring the parties to a
non-binding mediation process under the auspices of the American
Arbitration Association, such process to take place in New York, New
York, with a mediator selected by the Members in accordance with this
Section, and with expenses of the mediator borne pro rata by the
Members. . . . All Members shall participate in the mediation process in
good faith.

(b) Arbitration. The parties unconditionally and irrevocably agree that,
with the exception of injunctive relief as provided herein, and except as
provided in Section 16(c), all Disputed Matters that are not resolved
pursuant to the mediation process provided in Section 16(a) may be
submitted by either Member to binding arbitration administered by the
American Arbitration Association ("AAA") for resolution in accordance
with the Commercial Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures of the
AAA then in effect, and accordingly they hereby consent to personal
jurisdiction over them and venue in New York, New York. The demand
for arbitration shall be made within a reasonable time after the conclusion
of the mediation process by delivery of a written notice (an "Arbitration
Notice") by the electing Member to the other, and in no event shall it be
made after two years from the conclusion of the mediation process. . . .

(c) Fundamental Decisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing to the
contrary:

                                   8
      (i)     a Disputed Matter with respect to any Fundamental Decision shall
              not be subject to mediation in accordance with Section 16(a) or
              subject to arbitration in accordance with Section 16(b) . . . .

SA.15-16. 1

      Exhibit C to the JV Agreement provides a "nonexclusive list of matters and

decisions that require Board approval," which are subject to Section 16's

mediation and arbitration requirements in the event of disagreement amongst

the board – i.e., "Disputed Matters." SA.15-16; SA.33-34. These matters include:

selecting hotels or hotel projects; approving hotel owners and any transferees or

assignees of a hotel owner; approving term sheets (and modifications thereto);

issuing or releasing any press statement or marketing materials regarding the JV

Agreement; determining the amount and purpose of reserves; approving the

terms of any hotel management agreements and technical services agreements;

approving any merger or consolidation; authorizing the sale, mortgage,

assignment, or transfer of any or all of the Company's assets; causing the

Company to enter into another partnership, company, or venture; changing the

scope of the Company's business; determining who to hire or terminate for the

Company; acting in contravention of the Agreement; engaging in any act that

1As cited herein, "JA" refers to the Joint Appendix and "SA" refers to the Sealed
Appendix.
                                            9
would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of the company; and

establishing a subsidiary. SA.33-34.

         B. The Demise of the Joint Venture, the Delaware Dissolution Action, and the
            Plaintiffs' Demand for "Prevailing Party" Fees

      The business venture between West Elm and Williams-Sonoma and DDK

Hotels, DDK Hospitality, and DDK Management quickly soured. In 2017, West

Elm's President, James Brett, left West Elm; Alex Bellos replaced him. Bellos did

not share Brett's vision for developing boutique hotels through the joint venture.

Disagreement over Bellos's approach created a rift between the parties, and West

Elm allegedly began soliciting new projects with other hospitality companies in

violation of the JV Agreement.

      Eventually, relations between the members became so strained that on

December 12, 2018, the plaintiffs filed suit against the defendants in New York

Supreme Court, Kings County, asserting various claims for breach of contract,

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary

duty, and unjust enrichment. The defendants removed the case to the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.

      On January 18, 2019, West Elm filed a complaint in the Delaware Court of

Chancery, seeking to dissolve the joint venture on the grounds of a lack of viable

                                         10
purpose and decisional deadlock amongst the members (the "Delaware

Dissolution Action"). 2 On February 11, 2019, DDK Hospitality moved to dismiss

the action, arguing that West Elm failed to plead a claim for dissolution.

      On June 27, 2019, following oral argument, the Delaware Court of

Chancery dismissed West Elm's complaint without prejudice, concluding that

there were insufficient facts alleged in the complaint to establish deadlock or that

the joint venture lacked a viable purpose. The court noted that DDK Hospitality

had filed a lawsuit against the defendants and found it possible that the "lawsuit

could spiral into enough problematic conduct to result in a need for dissolution,"

but concluded that it was "simply at too early a stage for it to be reasonably

conceivable that that is the result that would obtain." JA.99. The court also

pointed out that there were specific provisions in the JV Agreement that seemed

to suggest that certain threshold events needed to occur before dissolution would

be necessary. Lastly, the court pointed to the dispute resolution provisions in

Section 16 of the JV Agreement. The court reasoned that, in the event of

deadlock, the parties should avail themselves of these dispute resolution

2The JV Agreement is governed by Delaware law. SA.21 ("This Agreement shall be
governed by, and construed under, the laws of the State of Delaware, all rights and
remedies being governed by said laws.").
                                          11
mechanisms before proceeding with a dissolution proceeding. The court

explained that "a petition for dissolution should not be the path of first resort."

JA.103.

      Following the Delaware court's ruling, on July 31, 2019 and August 8, 2019,

counsel for DDK Hospitality demanded – pursuant to Section 21(h) of the JV

Agreement – that West Elm pay DDK Hospitality $67,594.31 for its reasonable

costs, charges and expenses incurred in the Delaware Dissolution Action.

Section 21(h) of the JV Agreement provides:

      Prevailing Party. The non-prevailing Member shall pay upon demand all
      of the reasonable costs, charges and expenses including the court costs and
      fees and out-of-pocket expenses of counsel, agents and others retained by
      the prevailing Member incurred by the prevailing Member in enforcing the
      terms of the Agreement. A Member shall be deemed a "prevailing party"
      only after all rights of appeal from a favorable adjudication shall have
      expired or been waived.

SA.21. On August 15, 2019, West Elm's counsel responded by letter, stating that

DDK Hospitality was not entitled to payment of costs because it was not a

prevailing party as contemplated by the JV Agreement, construed under

Delaware law.

                                         12
         C. The Supplemental Claim for Prevailing Party Fees and West Elm's Motion
            to Compel Arbitration

      On September 3, 2019, the plaintiffs sought leave to file a supplemental

complaint in the action in the Eastern District of New York to add a new claim

for breach of the prevailing party provision of Section 21(h) of the JV Agreement.

West Elm opposed the motion, arguing that the "dispute over the payment of

prevailing party fees is a dispute that falls squarely within the list of matters

requiring adjudication according to the JV Agreement's mandatory and specific

alternative dispute resolution [] procedures." JA.77.

      On March 12, 2020, Magistrate Judge Cheryl L. Pollak granted the

plaintiffs leave to file their supplemental complaint. The magistrate judge

explained that

      [h]aving reviewed the respective provisions of the JV Agreement, the
      [c]ourt concludes that Section 21(h) of the JV Agreement is the operative
      provision governing this fee dispute, and that the dispute does not trigger
      the Section 16 requirement of Board approval. At this stage, looking solely
      at the allegations in the First Supplemental Complaint, there is no basis for
      this [c]ourt to conclude that the parties contemplated that this type of
      dispute would be subject to approval of the joint venture's Board or subject
      to the alternative dispute resolution provision.

JA.201. On March 13, 2020, the plaintiffs filed their first supplemental complaint,

which added a claim alleging that West Elm breached the prevailing party

                                          13
provision of Section 21(h) when it rejected the plaintiffs' demand that it pay them

fees and costs related to the Delaware Dissolution Action.

      On March 27, 2020, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the plaintiffs'

supplemental complaint and to compel arbitration of the claim for breach of the

prevailing party provision. On July 20, 2020, U.S. District Judge I. Leo Glasser

issued a Memorandum and Order denying the defendants' motion. The court

explained that

      [w]hile West Elm is correct that incorporating AAA rules typically evinces
      clear and unmistakable intent to delegate questions of arbitrability, such
      provisions do not exist in a vacuum. Instead, they must be read in the
      contexts in which they appear. Here, that is Section 16 of the JV
      Agreement, which provides that the only arbitrable issues are "Disputed
      Matters" – instances where "the [JV] Members (acting through the Board)
      are unable to agree on a matter requiring Board or Member approval." (JV
      Agreement § 16(a)). As West Elm itself concedes, Section 16 does not
      submit to arbitration "any" or "all" disputes related to the JV Agreement.
      (ECF No. 72 at 18). Instead, the JV Agreement explicitly limits the scope of
      arbitrable issues to "Disputed Matters." That same limitation renders the
      parties' intent to delegate arbitrability of the supplemental claim neither
      clear nor unmistakable.

      Having determined that the JV Agreement does not clearly or
      unmistakably delegate the issue of arbitrability, the [c]ourt finds, as Judge
      Pollak did, that DDK Hospitality's supplemental claim is not subject to
      Section 16's dispute resolution procedures. In seeking to compel
      arbitration, West Elm relies on the same argument that Judge Pollak
      previously rejected, namely, that a demand for fees under Section 21(h) is
      subject to approval by the JV’s board. The [c]ourt cannot endorse that
      strained reading of Section 21(h), which imposes no obligation on the JV

                                        14
          and requires no action by its board. Therefore, the motion to dismiss and
          compel arbitration is denied.

DDK Hotels, LLC, No. 19-CV-00226, 2020 WL 4194195, at *12, 2020 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 127593, at *32-33 (first alteration in original) (footnotes omitted).

          The defendants now appeal.

                                     DISCUSSION

    I.       Standard of Review

          "We review de novo the denial of a motion to compel arbitration[,]" Meyer v.

Uber Techs., Inc., 868 F.3d 66, 72 (2d Cir. 2017), and the "issue of [whether]

arbitrability is for the court or for the arbitrator[,]" Contec Corp. v. Remote Sol. Co.,

398 F.3d 205, 208 (2d Cir. 2005).

    II.      Arbitrability

          The defendants argue on appeal that the JV Agreement expressly delegates

arbitrability questions to the arbitrator and that the district court therefore

erroneously resolved the question of whether the supplemental claim falls within

the scope of the arbitration agreement when that question should have instead

been resolved by the arbitrator. 3 We conclude, as did the district court, that the

3 The defendants do not separately challenge the district court's holding that the
plaintiffs' supplemental claim for breach of the prevailing party provision of the JV
Agreement does not fall within the scope of the arbitration provision. Their arguments
                                           15
arbitration agreement does not evince the parties' clear and unmistakable intent

to submit arbitrability disputes to arbitration. The question concerning the

arbitrability of the supplemental claim – whether the supplemental claim for

breach of the prevailing party provision constitutes a "Disputed Matter" within

the meaning of Section 16 of the JV Agreement – was accordingly one for the

district court, not the arbitrator, to decide.

          A. Legal Standard

       Arbitration is "a matter of contract between the parties; it is a way to

resolve those disputes – but only those disputes – that the parties have agreed to

submit to arbitration." First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943 (1995).

"Just as the parties may elect through their contract to have arbitrators (rather

than a court) resolve categories of disputes between them, they may similarly

contract to have arbitrators (rather than a court) decide whether a particular

on appeal are instead limited to contesting the district court's conclusion as to who
should resolve the question of arbitrability (the arbitrator or the court). In other words,
the defendants challenge only the district court's determination that it (rather than the
arbitrator) was entitled to decide the arbitrability question; they provide no briefing or
argument challenging the district court's determination on the merits that the
supplemental claim did not constitute a "Disputed Matter." The defendants have
therefore waived any such argument. See Norton v. Sam's Club, 145 F.3d 114, 117 (2d
Cir. 1998) ("Issues not sufficiently argued in the briefs are considered waived and
normally will not be addressed on appeal.").
                                            16
dispute is to be arbitrated under the terms of the contract." Metro. Life Ins. Co. v.

Bucsek, 919 F.3d 184, 189-90 (2d Cir. 2019). "[A]n agreement to arbitrate a

gateway issue is simply an additional, antecedent agreement the party seeking

arbitration asks the federal court to enforce, and the [Federal Arbitration Act

("FAA")] operates on this additional arbitration agreement just as it does on any

other." Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 529 (2019)

(internal quotation marks omitted). "When the parties' contract delegates the

arbitrability question to an arbitrator, the courts must [therefore] respect the

parties' decision as embodied in the contract." Id. at 528.

      We have recognized, however, that "threshold questions of arbitrability,"

such as whether the arbitration agreement applies to a particular dispute,

"presumptively should be resolved by the court and not referred to the

arbitrator." Doctor's Assocs., Inc. v. Alemayehu, 934 F.3d 245, 250-51 (2d Cir. 2019).

"Courts should not assume that the parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability unless

there is 'clea[r] and unmistakabl[e]' evidence that they did so." First Options, 514

U.S. at 944 (alterations in original) (quoting AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc'ns

Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986)); see also NASDAQ OMX Grp., Inc. v. UBS

Sec., LLC, 770 F.3d 1010, 1032 (2d Cir. 2014) (The party seeking to compel

                                          17
arbitration of arbitrability bears the burden of establishing "clear and

unmistakable expression of the parties' intent to submit arbitrability disputes to

arbitration."). We "apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation

of contracts" in conducting this inquiry into the parties' intent. First Options, 514

U.S. at 944. "[I]n the absence of an arbitration agreement that clearly and

unmistakably elects to have the resolution of the arbitrability of the dispute

decided by the arbitrator, the question whether the particular dispute is subject

to an arbitration agreement 'is typically an issue for judicial determination.'"

Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 191 (quoting Granite Rock Co. v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S.

287, 296 (2010)).

      This "clear and unmistakable evidence" requirement reflects a departure

from the manner in which we treat silence or ambiguity when interpreting

whether a particular merits-related dispute falls within the scope of an

arbitration agreement. First Options, 514 U.S. at 944-45. Where the question is

whether a given dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement (and

is therefore arbitrable), "[a]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues

should be resolved in favor of arbitration." Id. (internal quotation marks

                                          18
omitted). Where, by contrast, the question is who should decide arbitrability,

there is a presumption that the question should be resolved by the court. See id.

      [W]hen the parties have a contract that provides for arbitration of some
      issues[,] . . . the parties likely gave at least some thought to the scope of
      arbitration. And, given the law's permissive policies in respect to
      arbitration, one can understand why the law would insist upon clarity
      before concluding that the parties did not want to arbitrate a related
      matter. On the other hand, the [other] question – the "who (primarily)
      should decide arbitrability" question – is rather arcane. A party often
      might not focus upon that question or upon the significance of having
      arbitrators decide the scope of their own powers. And, given the principle
      that a party can be forced to arbitrate only those issues it specifically has
      agreed to submit to arbitration, one can understand why courts might
      hesitate to interpret silence or ambiguity on the "who should decide
      arbitrability" point as giving the arbitrators that power, for doing so might
      too often force unwilling parties to arbitrate a matter they reasonably
      would have thought a judge, not an arbitrator, would decide. . . .

Id. at 945 (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). "This rule is designed to

guard against 'the risk of forcing parties to arbitrate a matter that they may well

not have agreed to arbitrate.'" Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 190 (quoting Howsam v. Dean

Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 83-84 (2002)). It reflects the "fundamental tenet

of law that only by agreeing to arbitrate does a person surrender the right of

access to a court for the resolution of a legal dispute that is subject to

adjudication." Id.

                                          19
      In determining whether the arbitrability of a dispute is to be resolved by

the court or the arbitrator, the arbitration agreement is determinative. First

Options, 514 U.S. at 943 ("[T]he question 'who has the primary power to decide

arbitrability' turns upon what the parties agreed about that matter." (emphasis

omitted)); Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 189 ("[W]hat is determinative for deciding whether

the arbitrability of a dispute is to be resolved by the court or by the arbitrator is

the arbitration agreement."). "[R]arely," however, "do arbitration agreements

directly state whether the arbitrator or the court will decide the issue of

arbitrability." Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 191. In the absence of such clear language,

"courts must look to other provisions of the agreements to see what contractual

intention can be discerned from them." Id.

      Where the parties explicitly incorporate procedural rules that empower an

arbitrator to decide issues of arbitrability, that incorporation may serve "as clear

and unmistakable evidence of the parties' intent to delegate arbitrability to an

arbitrator." Contec, 398 F.3d at 208. AAA Commercial Arbitration Rule 7(a)

"states with respect to jurisdiction that '[t]he arbitrator shall have the power to

rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the

existence, scope or validity of the arbitration agreement.'" Id. (quoting AAA

                                          20
Commercial Arbitration Rule 7(a)). Because the AAA Commercial Arbitration

Rules (the "AAA Rules") explicitly empower an arbitrator to resolve questions of

arbitrability, we have found incorporation of these rules into an arbitration

agreement to be relevant in evaluating whether there is clear and unmistakable

evidence of the parties' intent to delegate the question of arbitrability to the

arbitrator. See id.; Doctor's Assocs., LLC v. Tripathi, 794 F. App'x 91, 94 (2d Cir.

2019) (summary order).

      We have also advised, however, that in evaluating the import of

incorporation of the AAA Rules (or analogous rules) into an arbitration

agreement, context matters. Incorporation of such rules into an arbitration

agreement does not, per se, demonstrate clear and unmistakable evidence of the

parties' intent to delegate threshold questions of arbitrability to the arbitrator

where other aspects of the contract create ambiguity as to the parties' intent. See

Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 192-95 (incorporation of National Association of Securities

Dealers ("NASD") rules, which require arbitration of arbitrability disputes, did

not constitute clear and unmistakable evidence of intent to arbitrate arbitrability

where the arbitration agreement did not cover disputes arising years after both

parties terminated their relationship with the NASD); NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d

                                           21
at 1031-32 (incorporation of AAA Rules did not constitute clear and

unmistakable evidence of intent to arbitrate arbitrability where the arbitration

clause was subject to a qualifying provision that created ambiguity as to the

parties' intent to delegate arbitrability to the arbitrator); cf. Katz v. Feinberg, 290

F.3d 95, 97 (2d Cir. 2002) (concluding that arbitrability was for the district court,

rather than the arbitrator, to decide where the contract contained "both a broadly

worded arbitration clause and a specific clause assigning a certain decision to an

independent accountant," because the presence of both clauses created ambiguity

as to the parties' intent to arbitrate questions of arbitrability).

      Accordingly, where the arbitration agreement is broad and expresses the

intent to arbitrate all aspects of all disputes, this – coupled with incorporation of

rules that expressly empower an arbitrator to decide issues of arbitrability –

constitutes clear and unmistakable evidence of the parties' intent to delegate the

question of arbitrability to the arbitrator. See, e.g., Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 191 ("Broad

language expressing an intention to arbitrate all aspects of all disputes supports

the inference of an intention to arbitrate arbitrability[.]"); Contec, 398 F.3d at 208

(arbitration clause agreeing to submit to arbitration "any controversy arising with

respect to" the agreement, read in conjunction with incorporation of AAA Rules,

                                            22
constituted clear and unmistakable evidence of intent to arbitrate arbitrability);

Shaw Grp. Inc. v. Triplefine Int'l Corp., 322 F.3d 115, 118, 120-22 (2d Cir. 2003)

(arbitration agreement providing for "all disputes" to be referred to arbitration,

coupled with incorporation of rules that delegated arbitrability to the arbitrator,

constituted clear and unmistakable evidence of intent to arbitrate arbitrability).

Moreover, "the clearer it is from the agreement that the parties intended to

arbitrate the particular dispute presented, the more logical and likely the

inference that they intended to arbitrate the arbitrability of the dispute." Bucsek,

919 F.3d at 191.

      Where, by contrast, the arbitration agreement is narrower, vague, or

contains exclusionary language suggesting that the parties consented to arbitrate

only a limited subset of disputes, incorporation of rules that empower an

arbitrator to decide issues of arbitrability, standing alone, does not suffice to

establish the requisite clear and unmistakable inference of intent to arbitrate

arbitrability. See id. ("[T]he clearer it is that the terms of the arbitration

agreement reject arbitration of the dispute, the less likely it is that the parties

intended to be bound to arbitrate the question of arbitrability, unless they

included clear language so providing, and vague provisions as to whether the

                                           23
dispute is arbitrable are unlikely to provide the needed clear and unmistakable

inference of intent to arbitrate its arbitrability."); NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d at 1031

("[W]here a broad arbitration clause is subject to a qualifying provision that at

least arguably covers the present dispute . . . we have identified ambiguity as to

the parties' intent to have questions of arbitrability . . . decided by an arbitrator.").

          B. Application

      Here, Section 16 of the JV Agreement sets forth an alternative dispute

resolution procedure in the event that the board deadlocks on business decisions.

Consistent with this overriding purpose, the provision is narrow in scope. As

noted above and relevant here, Section 16 provides:

      16. Deadlock.

      (a) Mediation. If the Members (acting through the Board) are unable to
      agree on a matter requiring Board or Member approval (a "Deadlock"), except as
      provided in Section 16(c), any Member may serve on the other Member a
      notice (a "Deadlock Notice") specifying the matter in dispute (the "Disputed
      Matter").
             ....
      (b) Arbitration. The parties unconditionally and irrevocably agree that,
      with the exception of injunctive relief as provided herein, and except as
      provided in Section 16(c), all Disputed Matters that are not resolved pursuant
      to the mediation process provided in Section 16(a) may be submitted by either
      Member to binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration
      Association ("AAA") for resolution in accordance with the Commercial
      Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures of the AAA then in effect . . . .

                                           24
SA.15-16 (emphases added). The alternative dispute resolution procedure

outlined in Section 16 does not apply to "any controversy," "all claims," or "all

disputes." Rather, the "Deadlock" section is a corporate governance mechanism

that applies only to "Disputed Matters," which are defined as matters "requiring

Board or Member approval" on which the board is unable to reach agreement.

SA.15. The limited scope of this provision creates ambiguity as to whether the

parties clearly and unmistakably intended to delegate the question of

arbitrability to the arbitrator, particularly where, as here, it is arguable that the

dispute over prevailing party fees does not qualify as a "Disputed Matter." See

Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 191; NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d at 1031.

      Indeed, Exhibit C to the JV Agreement provides a nonexclusive list of

matters and decisions that require board approval. Payment of prevailing party

fees pursuant to Section 21(h) is not on that list, suggesting that disputes under

Section 21(h) may very well fall outside the scope of Section 16. And Section

21(h) provides that

      [t]he non-prevailing Member shall pay upon demand all of the reasonable
      costs, charges and expenses including the court costs and fees and out-of-
      pocket expenses of counsel, agents and others retained by the prevailing
      Member incurred by the prevailing Member in enforcing the terms of the
      Agreement.

                                          25
SA. 21 (emphasis added). Nothing in this provision suggests that such relief is

contingent upon board approval; to the contrary, it unambiguously directs the

non-prevailing member to pay such costs and fees "upon demand." Id.

Moreover, the payment of prevailing party fees following litigation between

members of the Company is quite removed from the Company and its board.

The Company did not initiate the Delaware Dissolution Action, did not cause

DDK Hospitality to incur litigation costs, did not violate the JV Agreement, is not

obligated to pay either member's legal fees, and has no say in deciding whether

or what amount of fees should be paid. Rather, Section 21(h) creates a

freestanding right for the prevailing party to recover reasonable costs and fees

incurred in enforcing the terms of the JV Agreement. Because the Company has

no role to play in this dispute, its board has no decision to make on behalf of the

Company with respect to prevailing party fees. The matter of prevailing party

fees therefore (at the very least) arguably does not fall within the scope of the

arbitration agreement, "making it far from 'clear and unmistakable' that the

[arbitration agreement] provides [the defendants] with an arbitrable claim," let

alone "that [the parties] clearly and unmistakably committed questions of

arbitrability to an arbitrator rather than the court." NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d at

                                         26
1031-32; see Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 195 (The fact that the arbitration agreement

"cannot be reasonably interpreted to provide for arbitration of the dispute . . . is a

substantial makeweight against [construing the agreement to provide for

arbitration of arbitrability] unless counterbalanced by clear language

contradicting the logical inference that parties who clearly agree not to arbitrate a

particular type of dispute are unlikely to intend to arbitrate the arbitrability of

such a dispute.").

      While the arbitration agreement does indeed incorporate the AAA Rules,

which empower the arbitrator to resolve questions of arbitrability, Section 16(b)

provides that the AAA Rules "apply to such arbitrations as may arise under the

[JV] Agreement." See NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d at 1032; SA.16. Because Section

16(b)'s arbitration clause applies only to "Disputed Matters" not resolved

pursuant to the mediation process outlined in Section 16(a), the AAA Rules do

not apply "until a decision is made as to whether [DDK Hospitality's

supplemental claim] does or does not fall within the intended scope of

arbitration[.]" NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d at 1032. In other words, whether the

AAA Rules, including Rule 7(a), apply turns on the conditional premise that the

dispute falls within the definition of "Disputed Matter." If it does not, then the

                                          27
AAA Rules do not govern and no delegation of authority to the arbitrator to

resolve questions of arbitrability arises. The narrow scope of the arbitration

provision therefore obscures the import of the incorporation of the AAA Rules

and creates ambiguity as to the parties' intent to delegate arbitrability to the

arbitrator. 4

       This conclusion is supported by our decision in NASDAQ OMX, which

involved a set of facts similar to those presented here. There, the NASDAQ OMX

Group, Inc., and NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (collectively, "NASDAQ") initiated

an action to preclude UBS from pursuing arbitration, and the district court

entered a preliminary injunction awarding NASDAQ its requested relief. See

NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d at 1012-13. UBS appealed, arguing that the district

court "erred in concluding that it, rather than an arbitrator, should decide

whether UBS's claims" were arbitrable. Id. at 1031. UBS contended that the

4 It is for this reason that Contec, which the defendants rely on for support, does not
compel a different result. In Contec, we found that incorporation of the AAA Rules
evinced clear and unmistakable intent to delegate the question of arbitrability to the
arbitrator where the arbitration agreement provided that the parties would submit "any
controversy arising with respect to this Agreement" to arbitration. 398 F.3d at 208.
Unlike the parties in Contec, West Elm and DDK Hospitality have no "agreed-to
obligation to arbitrate all disputes, including the question of arbitrability." Id. at 211
(emphasis omitted). Instead, they agreed to arbitrate only "Disputed Matters," and the
AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules (and its delegation of arbitrability) thus apply only
to Disputed Matters.
                                            28
arbitration agreement's incorporation of the AAA Rules provided clear and

unmistakable evidence of the parties' intent to delegate the question of

arbitrability to the arbitrator. Id. at 1032. We rejected this argument, explaining

that:

        We have found the "clear and unmistakable" provision satisfied where a
        broad arbitration clause expressly commits all disputes to arbitration,
        concluding that all disputes necessarily includes disputes as to
        arbitrability. But we have not reached the same conclusion where a broad
        arbitration clause is subject to a qualifying provision that at least arguably
        covers the present dispute. In such circumstances, we have identified
        ambiguity as to the parties' intent to have questions of arbitrability – which
        would include whether a dispute falls within or outside the scope of the
        qualifier – decided by an arbitrator. Here, the broad arbitration clause in
        the parties' Services Agreement is subject to qualification: "Except as may be
        provided in the NASDAQ OMX Requirements, all claims, disputes,
        controversies and other matters in question between the Parties to this
        Agreement . . . shall be settled by final and binding arbitration." . . . [O]ne
        of the provisions of the NASDAQ OMX Requirements at least arguably
        immunizes NASDAQ from liability for the type of claim asserted by UBS,
        making it far from "clear and unmistakable" that the Services Agreement
        provides UBS with an arbitrable claim. Thus, we cannot conclude that
        UBS and NASDAQ clearly and unmistakably committed questions of
        arbitrability to an arbitrator rather than the court.

Id. at 1031-32 (emphases and first alteration in original) (citations omitted). We

further explained that while the arbitration agreement incorporated the AAA

Rules, it did "not clearly and unmistakably direct that questions of arbitrability

be decided by AAA [R]ules; rather, it provides for AAA [R]ules to apply to such

arbitrations as may arise under the Agreement." Id. at 1032. In other words, the
                                           29
AAA Rules could not apply to a given dispute "until a decision [wa]s made as to

whether a question does or does not fall within the intended scope of arbitration,

in short, until arbitrability is decided." Id. We therefore concluded that the

district court (rather than the arbitrator) should resolve arbitrability. Id.

      The defendants argue that NASDAQ OMX is inapposite because it

involved an express carve-out from the arbitration agreement that arguably

applied to the dispute before the court. The defendants point out that Section

16's dispute resolution provisions contain two express exceptions for injunctive

relief and "Fundamental Decisions" and contend that, because both parties agree

that the present dispute does not fall within either of those categories, NASDAQ

OMX does not apply here. But the defendants' reading of NASDAQ OMX is

inconsistent with the principles articulated in that decision. Section 16 of the JV

Agreement acts as a carve-in or qualifying provision that provides for arbitration

of only a limited subset of controversies – namely, "Disputed Matters," which are

defined as matters requiring board approval upon which the board is unable to

agree. There is no functional difference between an express carve-out or carve-in

provision – both limit the scope of the matters the parties agreed to arbitrate.

The critical inquiry in NASDAQ OMX was whether the plain language of the

                                          30
arbitration agreement clearly and unmistakably delegated arbitrability to the

arbitrator; where there is a qualifying provision (whether described as a carve-

out or carve-in) that arguably excludes the present dispute from the scope of the

arbitration agreement, that provision creates ambiguity regarding the parties'

intent to delegate arbitrability to the arbitrator. See id. at 1031.

      We reaffirmed the principles that we articulated in NASDAQ OMX in

Bucsek. There, we explained that it is necessary to look to the plain language of

the arbitration agreement to discern whether the parties clearly and

unmistakably intended to delegate the arbitrability determination to the

arbitrator. See Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 190-92. We instructed that

      [i]n the absence of language that directly addresses the issue, courts must
      look to other provisions of the agreements to see what contractual
      intention can be discerned from them. Broad language expressing an
      intention to arbitrate all aspects of all disputes supports the inference of an
      intention to arbitrate arbitrability, and the clearer it is from the agreement
      that the parties intended to arbitrate the particular dispute presented, the
      more logical and likely the inference that they intended to arbitrate the
      arbitrability of the dispute.
      ....
      In contrast, the clearer it is that the terms of the arbitration agreement
      reject arbitration of the dispute, the less likely it is that the parties intended
      to be bound to arbitrate the question of arbitrability, unless they included
      clear language so providing, and vague provisions as to whether the
      dispute is arbitrable are unlikely to provide the needed clear and
      unmistakable inference of intent to arbitrate its arbitrability.

                                           31
Id. at 191. 5

       In light of the narrow arbitration provision in the JV Agreement and the

fact that disputes relating to Section 21(h)'s prevailing party provision arguably

do not qualify as a "Disputed Matter," the defendants have failed to carry their

burden of establishing clear and unmistakable evidence of the parties' intent to

delegate arbitrability to the arbitrator. See NASDAQ OMX, 770 F.3d at 1032. The

parties could have unambiguously delegated arbitrability to the arbitrator by

including a provision expressly stating that all disputes concerning arbitrability

would be resolved by the arbitrator. They did not do so. We "are not

empowered to re-write their agreement." Archer & White Sales, Inc. v. Henry

5 The defendants argue that Bucsek has no application here because it involved
incorporation of the National Association of Securities Dealers ("NASD") code and
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") code as opposed to the AAA Rules.
But in Bucsek, we expressly noted that both the NASD and FINRA codes – like the AAA
Rules – provide the arbitrator with "authority to interpret and determine the
applicability of all provisions of the Code." Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 189, 193-94. There is no
meaningful difference between the delegation provision in the NASD and FINRA codes
and the AAA Rules. In Bucsek, the arbitration agreement's incorporation of rules that
empower an arbitrator to decide issues of arbitrability, standing alone, was insufficient
to evince the parties' clear and unmistakable intent to delegate arbitrability to the
arbitrability because "other aspects of the agreement argue[d] powerfully against that
inference." Id. at 195. That is exactly the situation presented here.

In addition, Bucsek announced broad rules regarding how to interpret agreements to
determine whether they delegate arbitrability to the arbitrator. See id. at 191. Nothing
in Bucsek suggests that these principles should be limited to the facts presented in that
case.
                                            32
Schein, Inc., 935 F.3d 274, 282 (5th Cir. 2019). The district court therefore correctly

determined that it, rather than the arbitrator, should decide whether the

supplemental claim was arbitrable. 6

    III.   DDK Hospitality's Request for Prevailing Party Fees

       DDK Hospitality contends that "[s]ince prevailing in the Delaware

Dissolution Action, and incurring $67,594.31 in fees, [it] has been forced to bring

6 The defendants object to this outcome (as well as our reasoning that underlies it) as
inconsistent with the Supreme Court's decision in Henry Schein. But we already
considered, and rejected, this argument in Bucsek. See Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 195-96. As we
explained there, see id., Henry Schein concerned the validity of a judicially-crafted
exception to arbitrability, which allowed courts to override an arbitration agreement's
delegation of arbitrability to the arbitrator where they found that the argument for
arbitrability of the claim was "wholly groundless." See Henry Schein, 139 S. Ct. at 529.
The Supreme Court concluded that this exception was inconsistent with both the text of
the FAA and its precedent, and remanded the case for a determination of whether the
contract had, in fact, delegated the question of arbitrability to the arbitrator. Id. at 529-
31.

Our conclusion that the JV Agreement does not delegate arbitrability to the arbitrator in
this case flows from an analysis of the language of the arbitration agreement consistent
with the Supreme Court's directive that courts "not assume that the parties agreed to
arbitrate arbitrability unless there is 'clea[r] and unmistakabl[e]' evidence that they did
so," First Options, 514 U.S. at 944, not the application of a "wholly groundless" exception
to what the parties have contracted for, see Bucsek, 919 F.3d at 195-96. The JV
Agreement contains no express delegation of authority to the arbitrator to resolve
questions of arbitrability. While the JV Agreement incorporates the AAA Rules, the
import of these rules is rendered ambiguous by the narrow arbitration provision which
suggests that the parties did not contemplate a delegation of arbitrability in this case.
We therefore reject the defendants' argument that they are entitled to arbitrate
arbitrability "because, upon consideration of all evidence of the intentions of the
arbitration agreement . . . the agreement does not clearly and unambiguously provide
for arbitration of the question of arbitrability." Id. at 196.
                                             33
a contested motion to file a supplemental complaint to assert its claim for West

Elm's breach of Section 21(h) of the JV Agreement, oppose [W]est Elm's motion

to dismiss or compel arbitration and now respond to this appeal." Pl. Br. at 39.

DDK Hospitality accordingly requests that this Court "direct DDK Hospitality to

submit an application, either to this Court or to [the] district court, for prevailing

party fees incurred in this appeal, pursuant to Section 21(h) of the JV

Agreement." Id.

      DDK Hospitality's request for such fees, directed to us, is improper. If

DDK Hospitality is asserting that West Elm has breached the JV Agreement by

failing to pay fees it owes in connection with the litigation arising out of DDK's

supplemental claim, DDK would appear to be free – in the district court – to

amend its complaint, supplement its allegations for breach of contract, or assert a

new claim for breach of contract of Section 21(h) of the JV Agreement, or some

combination thereof. DDK Hospitality may then seek relief from the district

court in the form of costs or fees that it contends it is owed. DDK Hospitality

cannot request such relief on appeal, though, when the question of whether DDK

Hospitality is or should be entitled to such fees has not yet been resolved by the

district court in the first instance, has not been briefed by the parties either there

                                          34
or on appeal, and would require further fact-finding to resolve. See, e.g., Dague v.

City of Burlington, 976 F.2d 801, 803-04 (2d Cir. 1991) ("Determining the amount of

a reasonable attorney's fee, ultimately a decision that may combine extensive fact

finding with a large amount of discretion, is a process well suited to the usual

functions and operations of the trial court . . . . An appellate panel is simply not

equipped to give proper consideration to the many-faceted factual disputes that

may affect a claim for attorney's fees."); Oldcastle Precast, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins.

Co., 838 F. App'x 649, 652 (2d Cir. 2021) (summary order) (rejecting, for the same

reasons, the plaintiff's request for attorney's fees and costs for defending the

appeal). We therefore reject DDK Hospitality's fee application. DDK Hospitality

may pursue its request for fees on remand.

                                   CONCLUSION

      We have considered the defendants' remaining arguments on appeal and

conclude that they are without merit. We therefore AFFIRM the order of the

district court denying the defendants' motion to compel arbitration.

                                           35