Court Opinion

ID: 2880651
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Date Created: 2015-09-07 14:55:15.243176+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:35:59.964038
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AFFIRMED, Opinion Filed February 24, 1994

                                          In The

                                 (!l0urt at Appeals
                      Kitty Itstrtci at ©exas ai Salias
                                   No. 05-92-01586-CR

                            JIMMY DONALD BUIE, Appellant

                                             V.

                            THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 4
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. F91-44995-SK

                                      OPINION

                     Before Justices Maloney, Barber, and Whittington
                                 Opinion By Justice Barber

        Jimmy Donald Buie was convicted by ajury for the offense of aggravated robbery as
 alleged in the indictment. The jury also found that appellant used or exhibited adeadly
 weapon during the course of the commission of the offense. Appellant pleaded true to the
 enhancement paragraph contained in the indictment. The trial court sentenced appeUant
 to thirty years' confinement. On appeal, appellant asserts that the trial court erred in: (1)
admitting appellant's oral statements to Officer Mason; and (2) overruling appellant's

objection that he was deprived of his right to counsel in the taking of his oral statement.

We affirm the trial court's judgment.

                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On November 9, 1991, at about 10:00 p.m., William Harless (complainant) parked
his car on HaU Street, just off of Oak Lawn Street, in Dallas, Texas. After the complainant
got out of his car, he was approached by appeUant. Appellant put a gun to the
complainant's chest. The complainant then took money from his pocket and gave it to
appellant. AppeUant turned and ran down an alley, getting into the passenger side of acar.
The complainant returned to his car and followed appellant's car. After he got the Hcense
plate number of appeUant's car, the complainant pulled off to caU the poUce. Within fifteen
minutes after the robbery, DaUas poUce officer Penelope Mills, observed appeUant's vehicle
being driven erratically and speeding. MiUs stopped appellant's vehicle at Oak Lawn and
Stemmons and issued citations to the driver, Byron Fossett, and a citation to the passenger,
appellant, for faUure to appear on aprior ticket. After issuing the citations, MiUs released
Fossett and appeUant.

        After the complainant identified appellant in aphoto lineup, appeUant was indicted
 for the offense of aggravated robbery, arrested, and placed in jaU. WhUe in custody,
 appellant sent word through adeputy that he wished to speak to Detective Mason of the
 DaUas Police Department. Mason went to the jaU to speak to appeUant. The trial court's

                                             -2-
ruling with respect to statements made by appeUant during the conversation initiated by

appeUant form the basis of this appeal.

       Pursuant to Article 38.22, § 61 of the code of criminal procedure and Jackson v.

Denno, 378 U.S. 368 (1964), the trial judge held a hearing outside the presence ofthe jury

on appellant's oral motion to suppress his statement. At the hearing, Mason testified that
he went to speak to appeUant at appeUant's request. Ordinarily, he would not have gone
to speak to appeUant. Mason informed appellant that he was the detective who had filed
the case and gave appellant the Miranda2 warning. Appellant wanted to discuss the
aggravated robbery case with which he was charged. He told Mason that he loaned his car
to Byron Fossett and that appeUant attended aLuther Vandross concert that night. Mason
told appellant that the case had been filed and he could not discuss it with appellant.
       Mason wanted to discuss other robberies in which he thought appeUant might be
involved. He asked if appellant had done any other robberies. AppeUant replied "no," and
kept talking about the aggravated robbery for which he was charged. Mason again told
appellant that Mason could not discuss it with him. Mason asked the name of appellant's
attorney. Appellant gave Mason the name, but said his fanuly was getting another attorney
 for him and he did not know who it was at that time.

      All references to 38.22 are to Tex. Code Gum. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22 (Vernon 1979 and Vernon Supp. 1994).

      Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

                                                          -3-
      Mason testified that appeUant seemed "unsure" when he answered Mason's question

about other robberies. Therefore, Mason asked appeUant if it were possible that appeUant

could have been riding around with somebody, and that person might have committed a
robbery of which appellant was not aware, but appeUant might have been tied to the
robbery because he was in the car. AppeUant first said no, but then said "that might have
been that way that night for this offense."

              [MASON]: And I said, "well is it?" And he [appeUant] said,
              "weU, it might have been. I don't know." And that's where it
              ended. I didn't question him more about it.

              [PROSECUTOR]: Did he give you specifics, though as to what
              -- as to why he thought it might be that night or why it might
              have happened that way?

              [MASON]: He said that he was driving with a friend, they
              parked in an alley, the friend -- he said the friend had to get
              out and I believe is [sic] use the bathroom or something, but he
              walked out of the aUey, he came running back to the car or
              came back to the car, they got in and drove off.

               Q.     Okay. Would that friend's name have been a Byron
               Fossett?

               A.     I believe that's the name he said.

               Q.     Okay. What else as far as that interview?
               A.     He also said -- when I first got there he said he didn't do
               the robbery, that he had loaned the car that night to Byron
               Fossett. He said that he was at a concert that night and that's
               how he knew he didn't do the robbery.

        AppeUant objected to the admission of the statements on the basis that they were

                                              -4-
taken in violation of his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment3 and article I, section

10 of the Texas constitution and in violation of article 38.22 of the code of criminal

procedure. Overruling appellant's motion to suppress, the trial judge found that appeUant

initiated the conversation with Mason and concluded the statements were admissible on that

basis.4 The trial continued.

           Mason testified before the jury that several weeks after appeUant's arrest, appeUant

left word with a deputy sheriff that he wanted to talk to Mason. About a week later Mason
went to the jail, identified himself as the person who filed the aggravated robbery case on
appeUant, and asked appeUant if he wanted to talk to him. When appeUant said he did,
Mason read appellant the Miranda rights and asked him who his attorney was. AppeUant
said originally his counselor was Brashear, but his farmly did not want Brashear representing
him anymore and they were getting him new counsel.
                    Questions by the prosecutor to and answers by Mason:

                    PROSECUTOR: Okay. What happened from that point on?
                    MASON: He wanted to talk about the robbery that I'd filed on
                     the case he was in jaU on. I told him that I could not discuss
                     that case, the case had been filed, I cannot help you with it.
                     But he wanted to tell me that he didn't do the robbery, that he

      3
          U. S. Const, amend. VI.

      4The trial court dictated its findings and conclusions to the court reporter. These findings were transcribed and made part
 of the statement of facts which has been made part of the appellate record. Under theseM«, ^"™££""«£
 findings mandated by article 38.22 has been met. Perkins v. State, 779 S.W.2d 918, 925 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1989, no pet.), see
 also Parr v. State, 658 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983).

                                                               -5-
was at a concert that night and again I told him that -- that I
cannot discuss the case. What I was there to talk to him about
was other robberies that he might have been involved in and he
eventually told me a name of a person that he had loaned the
car to that night.

Q. Okay and that person's name?

A. Byron Fossett.

Q. Okay. What else -- what else was said?

A. We talked about --1 asked him if there was any chance he
might have been involved in some more robberies in that area
or anywhere else. Did -- he first said no, but then he was really
-- he sounded very unsure. He said, I don't think so, I don't
remember any.

        I said, Could it have been a case where you might have
been riding with some friends or somebody and they committed
a robbery but you didn't know at the time untU they got back
to the car or later on where you could have been seen, and he
said, well, that's possible. He said, that could have happened
that night.

Q. Okay. Which night?

 A. On November 9th --

 Q. Okay.

 A.   '91.

 Q. What did he say about that incident? Why did he say that
 that could have been possible?

 A. Because he was riding around with -- I beheve, if I
 remember right, he said Byron that night. It might not have
 been Byron, but that he was driving in the Oak Lawn area, he
               puUed into an aUey because Byron, I think he said, had to use
               the bathroom. That he sat in the car and Byron got out of the
               car, Byron came back to the car and they left.

                      I asked him again if this -- if he remembers being
               involved in any other robberies anywhere that might come back
               to effect [sic] him and he said not that he can remember and
               that's about the point where we ended it right there.

               Q. Okay. Had he -- during that conversation, then, had he
               previously denied being involved on November 9th, 1991?

               A.   Yes.

               Q. And then did he later indicate that it was possible that he
               had been riding around on that night?

               A. That's correct.

       Appellant did not testify during the suppression hearing. However, he testified
before the jury that Mason did not read him the Miranda warnings and did not tell him not
to talk about the aggravated robbery. He also denied telling Mason that he and Fossett
rode around together on November 9, 1991, and receiving acitation whUe apassenger in
the vehicle.

       AppeUant further testified that on November 9,1991, he attended aLuther Vandross
concert at Reunion Arena with his fiancee (now his wife). They arrived at Reunion Arena
at about 8:45 p.m. and the concert ended at about 12:30 a.m. AppeUant never left the
arena during that time period. AppeUant loaned his Thunderbird to Byron Fossett that
evening.

                                              -7-
          SheUa Buie, appeUant's wife, testified that she and appeUant attended a Luther

Vandross concert at Reunion Arena on November 9, 1991. The concert lasted from about

9:00 p.m. untU 12:15 a.m. AppeUant remained with her except for a short period during
intermission when he went to get her a drink. After the concert they went to appeUant's
sister's home where they remained the rest of the night. She further testified that Fossett
borrowed appellant's car that evening.

          Kimberly Jones testified that she had known appeUant approximately three and one-
half years. She saw appellant at the Luther Vandross concert between 10:30 p.m. and 10:45
p.m. on November 9, 1991.

          Byron Fossett testified that he and appeUant were involved in arobbery on November
9, 1991.5 Fossett pulled into an alley off HaU Street. Appellant got out of the car with a
gun and Fossett waited in the car. AppeUant returned to the car and told Fossett that he
"got some money." They left, driving down HaU to Oak Lawn. They were stopped by a
police officer and issued citations for failure to appear.
                                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

           In asuppression hearing, "the trial judge is the exclusive trier of fact and judge of the
    edibility of the witnesses as weU as the weight to be given their testimony." Romero v.
 crec

        SFossett testified on two prior occasions. The first time Fossett testified, he said he borrowed appellant's ™"^*«-
 November 9, 1991. He went to anightclub known as the Cliff Club. While he was there he, «,, .Jnend named T^ F«*ett
 rented "T" the Thunderbird for ten dollars. "T" was gone almost two hours, returnmg to the club at about 11.00 p.m. The secona
 toe FoLtftes^d he again claimed that he loaned the Thunderbird to TV He also denied recemng a^-^vem^r
 ?£?£•£. testified athird time after he was granted use immunity for the testimony and an agreement was made that no
 aggravated perjury charge would be filed against him.

                                                              -8-
State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). On appeal, we do not engage in our

own factual review. Id. We determine whether the trial judge's fact findings are supported

by the record. Id. We do not disturb the findings of fact if they are supported by the
record; we only address the question of whether the trial court improperly appUed the law
to the facts. Id. If the trial judge's decision is correct on any theory of law applicable to the
case, we will sustain it, even if the trial judge gave the wrong reason for his decision. Id.
                                       ARTICLE 38.22

       In his first point of error, appeUant claims that the trial court erred in admitting
appellant's oral statements to Mason. Article 38.22, § 3(a) of the code of criminal
procedure provides that unrecorded oral statements of the accused which are the product
of acustodial interrogation are inadmissible. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, §3(a)
(Vernon,Supp. 1994). However, article 38.22 does not bar the admission of statements
which are not the product of a custodial interrogation. Id. §5(Vernon 1979).
        "'Custodial interrogation' is questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a
 person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any
 significant way." Cannon v. State, 691 S.W.2d 664, 671 (Tex. Crim. APP. 1985), cert, denied,
 474 U.S. 1110 (1986). Appellant was clearly in custody when he made the statement to
 Detective Mason. Therefore, the question is whether the statement was the product of an
 interrogation.

         It is undisputed that appellant initiated the conversation with Mason and there was

                                                -9-
initiaUy no custodial interrogation. However, appeUant contends that Mason's questions
after the point appellant asserted his innocence of the aggravated robbery became a
custodial interrogation because appeUant was not initiating the conversation at that point.
Appellant argues that Mason's questions went further than inquiring about other offenses
and suggested that appellant was involved in the aggravated robbery with which he was
charged. The state argues that the statement was not the product of a custodial
interrogation.

       "'Interrogation' . . . must reflect a measure of compulsion above and beyond that
inherent in custody itself." Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300 (1980). Interrogation
refers to both express questioning and to any words or actions on the part of poUce that they
should know are reasonably likely to eUcit an incriminating response from the suspect. Id.
at 301; Henson v. State, 794 S.W.2d 385, 392 (Tex. App.-DaUas 1990, pet. refd).
       Reviewing the record before us, we conclude that Mason's questions regarding other
possible offenses did not amount to a custodial interrogation regarding the aggravated
 robbery for which appeUant was indicted and in custody. AppeUant initiated the
 conversation with Mason. Mason read appeUant the Miranda warning and appeUant told
 Mason that he wished to talk about the aggravated robbery. Mason twice told appeUant that
 he could not discuss the case; he only wanted to talk to appeUant about other robberies in
 which appeUant was possibly involved. However, appellant persisted in talking about the
 aggravated robbery and eventuaUy made inculpatory statements.

                                             -10-
        Assuming, without deciding, that Mason's questions regarding other offenses

amounted to a custodial interrogation regarding those offenses, we conclude that under

these circumstances, the questions were not such that Mason knew or should have known

he was likely to eUcit an incriminating response from appellant regarding the aggravated
robbery in issue. See Innis, 446 U.S. at 303. AppeUant's oral statements were admissible
under article 38.22, § 5.

         We overrule appellant's first point of error.

                                  APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO COUNSEL

         In his second point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in overruling
his objection that he was deprived of his right to counsel when his oral statement was taken.
AppeUant objected at trial on the grounds that he was deprived of his right to counsel under
the Sixth,Amendment and article I, section 10 of the Texas constitution.6 AppeUant did not
separately brief this point of error to teU us why his rights are different or greater under
article I, section 10 of the Texas constitution. Therefore, appeUant has waived this
argument and we will address only his Sixth Amendment claim. See Muniz v. State, 851
S.W.2d 238, 251-52 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert, denied, 114 S. Ct. 116 (1993).
          "Whatever else it may mean, the right to counsel granted by the Sixth and Fourteenth

      6AppeUant also argues in his brief that his Miranda rights were violated. AsappeUant did not raise aviolationof his m
 A^rightsattr^
 Amendment. To the extent that appellant asserts aviolation of has Fifth *™^^c^ to Gardner v. State, 733
Ohio App. 1981), cert, denied, 456 U.S. 910 (1982).

                                                            •11-
f   *

        Amendments means at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the

        time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him--'whether by way of formal
        charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.'" Brewer v. Williams,
        430 U.S. 387, 398 (1977)(quotingKlrby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682, 689 (1972)). Appellant was
        indicted on the aggravated robbery charge before he spoke to Mason. It is undisputed that
        appellant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel had attached to the instant offense at the time
        he made the statements to Mason.

               The State argues that appeUant never invoked his right to have counsel present
        during Mason's meeting with appeUant. However, this argument must faU in light of
        Holloway v. State, 780 S.W.2d 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). In Holloway, the court of
        criminal appeals held that where a defendant has been indicted and an attorney-chent
        relationship is established, authorities may initiate an interrogation with the defendant only
        through defense counsel. Id. at 795; see also Upton v. State, 853 S.W.2d 548, 553 (Tex.
        Crim. App. 1993). Although appellant was uncertain as to the status of his counsel at the
        time he spoke with Mason, the record reflects that appellant was represented by counsel.
        Therefore, any police initiated interrogation with appellant would be in violation of his Sixth
         Amendment right to counsel.

                However, Holloway does not control the disposition of appellant's case. First,
         appellant, unlike the situation in Holloway, initiated the contact with Mason. "[N]othing in
         the Sixth Amendment prevents asuspect charged with acrime and represented by counsel

                                                      -12-
from voluntarily choosing, on his own, to speak with poUce in the absence of an attorney."

Michigan v. Harvey, 110 S. Ct. 1176,1181 (1990). A defendant may initiate communication,

exchanges, or conversations with the pohce as long as there is a showing that he knowingly
and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. See Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1044
(1983). Initiation is an inquiry representing a desire on the part of an accused to open up
amore generalized discussion relating directly or indirectly to the investigation. Id. at 1045-
46.7

         The record reveals that appellant sent word that he wanted to talk to Mason. When
Mason asked appellant what he wanted, appellant said that he "wanted to talk about the
robbery case, he didn't do it." Clearly, this reflected adesire on the part of appellant that
he wished to open up a more generalized discussion relating directly or indirectly to the
investigation. This seems far more true of appellant's statement than the statement, "Well,
what is going to happen to me now?" that the Bradshaw court found to be an "initiation."
"Although a defendant may sometimes later regret his decision to speak with pohce, the
Sixth Amendment does not disable a criminal defendant from exercising his free wiU."
Harvey, 110 S. Ct. at 1182.

          Second, unlike the situation in Holloway, Mason did not dehberately eUcit
 incriminating information from appeUant. "DeUberate elicitation" is "intentionaUy creating

      7Although Bradsha* addresses waivers of adefendant's Fifth Amendment right to counsel, we see ~«~^£"£
 analysis cannot apply to defendant-initiated communications and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. See Harvey, 110 S. Ct.
 at 1182; see also Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625, 635 (1986).

                                                            -13-
a situation likely to induce [a person] to make mcriminating statements without the

assistance of counsel." United States v. Henry, 447 U.S. 264, 274 (1980). The deliberate

eUcitation test is satisfied either with proof that the officer intended to eUcit an mcriminating

response or must have known that his words or actions were likely to elicit an mcriminating
response from the accused. Lara v. State, 740 S.W.2d 823, 833 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st
Dist.] 1987, pet. refd), cert, denied, 493 U.S. 827 (1989); see also Maine v. Moulton, 474
U.S. 159, 176 (1985).

       The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is offense specific. McNeil v. Wisconsin, 111
S. Ct. 2204, 2207 (1991). The Sixth Amendment was not impUcated by Mason's questions
regarding other uncharged crimes in which appeUant may have been involved. See id. (Sixth
Amendment does not attach until initiation of adversary judicial criminal proceedings).
       This was not a situation in which the poUce used the investigation of other crimes to
circumvent appellant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Mason told appeUant twice that
he could not discuss appellant's case. Despite these warnings, appeUant continued to talk
about the aggravated robbery with which he was charged, eventually giving an inculpatory
statement. "[T]he Sixth Amendment is not violated whenever - by luck or happenstance -
 - the State obtains incriminating statements from the accused after the right to counsel has
 attached." Moulton, 474 U.S. at 176; Henry, 447 U.S. at 276 (PoweU, J., concurring). We
 cannot say that Mason intended or must have known that his questions regarding other
 crimes in which appellant was possibly involved would eUcit aresponse inculpating appeUant

                                               -14-
in the aggravated robbery with which he was charged.

      Additionally, this was not a situation in which the aggravated robbery was anelement

that would be used to aggravate the offenses for which appeUant's right to counsel had not
yet attached. See Upton, 853 S.W.2d at 555. The robberies about which Mason wished to
question appellant were unrelated to the aggravated robbery with which he was charged.
       Finally, the record supports the conclusion that appeUant knowingly and voluntarily
waived his right to have counsel present during his conversation with Mason. Waiver is the
intentional relinquishment of a known right. Robles v. State, 577 S.W.2d 699, 703 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1979). The State bears a heavy burden of showing a valid waiver as the
presumption is against waiver of afundamental constitutional right. Id. "[A]n expUcit
statement of waiver is not invariably necessary to support a finding that the defendant
waived his right... to counsel.. .." North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 375-76 (1979).
We determine whether appellant waived his right to counsel by the totaUty of the
circumstances. See Barefield v. State, 784 S.W.2d 38, 41 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), cert.
denied, 497 U.S. 1011 (1990).
        Appellant initiated the conversation with Mason. Mason read appeUant the Miranda
 warnings. When appeUant indicated that he wanted to discuss the aggravated robbery with
 which he was charged, Mason told him that he could not discuss it. AppeUant continued to
 talk about the aggravated robbery, and Mason again told him that he could not discuss it.
 AppeUant stUl talked about the aggravated robbery and eventuaUy gave an inculpatory

                                             -15-
statement. Reviewing the totality of the circumstances, we conclude appeUant knowingly

and voluntarily waived his right to counsel.

          We overrule appellant's second point of error.

                                     HARMLESS ERROR

          Finally, we conclude that error, if any, in admitting appeUant's statement was
harmless. See Tex. R. App. P. 81(b)(2). The United States Supreme Court permits a

harmless error analysis where the effect of a Sixth Amendment violation is limited to the
erroneous admission of particular evidence at trial. See Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249,
257 (1988); Young v. State, 820 S.W.2d 180, 189 (Tex. App.-DaUas 1991, no pet.). Error
is harmless if the State can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that aconstitutional error did
not contribute to the verdict or punishment. Satterwhite, 486 U.S. at 256.
          Appellant argues that the statements were not harmless because they directly
conflicted with his testimony that he was at a Luther Vandross concert on the night of the
aggravated robbery. However, other evidence presented by the State showed that appellant
was not at the concert and impUcated him in the aggravated robbery.
          The complainant testified at the outset that appellant robbed him at gunpoint on
 November 9, 1991. He identified appeUant three times as being the individual who robbed
 him: in aphoto lineup, during asuppression hearing, and in open court during appellant's
 trial.

           MUls testified that on November 9,1991, at 10:15 p.m., she stopped avehicle on Oak

                                               -16-
Lawn. Fossett was driving and appeUant was the passenger. The two men identified

themselves by their names and dates of birth. MiUs checked the two men through the

computer and learned of outstanding warrants for the two men for faUure to appear on

other citations. Mills issued citations to both men for faUure to appear on their prior

citations. MiUs identified appeUant in court as being the passenger in the vehicle.

       Fossett testified that he and appellant were involved in a robbery on November 9,

1991. Fossett pulled into an aUey off Hall Street. AppeUant got out of the car with a gun
and Fossett waited in the car. AppeUant returned to the car and told Fossett that he "got
some money." They left, driving down HaU to Oak Lawn. They were stopped by a police
officer and issued citations for failure to appear.

       Additionally, the State did not emphasize the statements. During closing argument,
the prosecutor only once referred to Mason's testimony regarding appellant's statements.
       We conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that any error in admitting the statements
did not contribute to appellant's conviction or punishment. See Satterwhite, 486 U.S. at 257;
Young, 820 S.W.2d at 190.

                                       CONCLUSION

        We conclude that the trial court did not err in aUowing the admission of appeUants
statements or in overruling appellant's objection that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel
was violated. We overrule appellant's two points of error.

                                              -17-
      We affirm the trial court's judgment.

                                                     tIM&ds-
                                                 WILL BARBER
                                                 JUSTICE

Do Not PubUsh
Tex. R. App. P. 90
921586F.U05

                                              -18-
                                                                 i^w

                             Court of Appeals
                     Jifttj Ststrtrt of Gkxas at Hallas
                                     JUDGMENT

JIMMY DONALD BUIE, Appellant                Appeal from the Criminal District Court
                                            No. 4 of Dallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No.
No. 05-92-01586-CR              V.          F91-44995-SK).
                                            Opinion delivered by Justice Barber,
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                Justices Maloney and Whittington also
                                            participating.

      Based on the Court's opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered February 24, 1994.

                                            WILL BARBER
                                                       iir
                                            JUSTICE
                                                        i   VI