Court Opinion

ID: 4521981
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-02 19:02:31.070965+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:41:48.765253
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/23/20; Certified for Partial Publication 4/2/20 (order attached)

         IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                               DIVISION ONE

 LINDSAY KELLY, as Executor, etc.,
      Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and
 Respondent,                                                               A153735 & A153184

 v.                                                                        (Solano County
 GREGORY HOUSE et al.,                                                     Super. Ct. No. FCS029760)
      Defendants, cross-complainants and
 Appellants.

         Defendants, cross-complainants, and appellants Gregory and Jennifer
House successfully sued respondent Lindsay Kelly’s predecessors in interest,
decedents Edward and Dana Foss, for interfering with the Houses’
contractual option to purchase an agricultural parcel. In these consolidated
appeals,1 the Houses challenge the trial court’s denial of statutory and
contractual attorney fees. They also contend the court undervalued their
damages for lost profits. We conclude the lower court erred in failing to
award statutory attorney fees but properly denied the Houses’ claim for
contractual attorney fees. We also conclude the damages award is supported

        Kelly dismissed her appeal of the judgment in appeal No. A153184,
         1

after the Houses filed a cross-appeal in that action. We consolidate on our
own motion that cross-appeal with the Houses appeal No. A153735.

                                                           1
by substantial evidence. Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand for a determination of reasonable attorney fees under Code of Civil
Procedure section 1021.9 (section 1021.9)
            FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Under well-established appellate principles, we recite the facts in the
light most favorable to the judgment. (People v. Bogle (1995) 41 Cal. App. 4th
770, 775.) The Houses own and operate a 40-acre organic farm in Dixon,
adjacent to a 47-acre property (the Property) formerly owned by Paul Moller.
The farm’s primary crop is Gala apples. The Houses also maintain an
agricultural consulting business and teach organic farm management at the
University of California at Davis.
      In 2002, the Houses entered into a six-year agricultural lease with
Moller for 35 farmable acres of the Property. These acres included a large
field, a small field, and a corral area. The lease was set to expire in
December 2007. Under the lease, the Houses agreed to transition the
farmable parcel to certified organic status over a three-year period. The lease
included an option for a six-year extension “provided Lessor and Lessee agree
to any modifications of terms requested by either party.” The lease also gave
the Houses the right of first refusal of any offer to sell the Property during
the term of the lease or any lease extension. Over time, the Houses
successfully converted the farmable acreage to certified organic status. The
farmable parcel became an integral part of their own farm operation and they
had every expectation that they would continue to farm the land into the
future. They were on good terms with Moller and were never delinquent on
their rent payments.
      In Spring 2007, Moller was facing a judgment lien of around $250,000.
With no notice to the Houses he decided to sell the Property, entering into a

                                        2
purchase agreement with Dana and Edward Foss for $1.25 million. The
transaction was a “cash out sale” requiring an initial deposit of $1,000, with
an additional deposit of $224,000 to be paid on or before May 1, 2007. The
“down payment” would be secured by a third deed of trust on the Property.
After transferring the deposits to Moller, the Fosses recorded the deed of
trust. The trial court later found that the $225,000 payment to Moller was a
loan, and not a down payment on the Property.
      The Fosses were both California real estate licensees. Moller had
initially asked Dana Foss to help him find a buyer. When a potential buyer
pulled out, the Fosses offered to buy the Property. Dana Foss prepared the
purchase agreement, designating herself as the agent for both buyer and
seller. The purchase agreement made the sale contingent on the sale of the
Fosses’ residence, which was reportedly “in escrow.” At trial, however, Foss
admitted her residence had never been placed in escrow. Effectively, then,
the purchase agreement did not contain a fixed closing date.
      In May 2007, Gregory House received a voicemail from Moller notifying
him of the decision to sell the Property. House called Moller and reminded
him that the lease contained a right of first refusal. Moller stated he had
forgotten about that provision. He indicated he would be out of the country
for the next three weeks. Moller then called Dana Foss to tell her about the
Houses’ right of first refusal. By this time, the Fosses had already
transferred $225,000 to Moller.
      House then called Dana Foss. She denied that she was Moller’s agent
and demanded to see the original copy of the lease. She faxed him a copy of
the purchase agreement and told him in a cover letter that he would have one
day to accept the offer and three weeks to make the $225,000 down payment.
The purchase agreement she forwarded to House contained the requirement

                                       3
that closing was contingent upon the sale of the Fosses’ residence. She had
not prepared a new purchase agreement with terms applicable to the Houses.
Foss did not include any of the required supplemental statutory disclosures,
and House was not offered the right to conduct a walk-through inspection.
      Foss’s cover letter contained several omissions and misrepresentations
about the Fosses’ agreement with the Mollers. For example, Foss asserted
that Moller had been given only one day to accept the purchase agreement
when in fact he was given a week. The cover letter represented that there
was a three-week deadline to perform on the deposit when the purchase
agreement provided for 30 days. She also suggested that the Houses would
be unable to exercise their right of first refusal because the Fosses had
already loaned money to Moller and taken out a deed of trust against the
Property.
      Four days later, the Houses sent a letter to Moller declaring their
intent to exercise their contractual right to purchase the Property. They
indicated they were working to secure financing to match the Fosses’ offer.
The Houses intended to acquire the Property to expand their apple
production from their neighboring farm. Later, after seeing the Fosses move
into a residence on the Property, Gregory House left two phone messages for
Moller reiterating the Houses’ intent to exercise their right of first refusal.
He requested a meeting and asked for clarification regarding certain
confusing terms contained in the purchase agreement. Moller did not
respond.
      On June 13, 2007, Jennifer House went to see Moller. He said he could
not talk to her but revealed that the Fosses’ attorneys were working on a
strategy. Moller predicted there would be a lawsuit between the Fosses and
the Houses over the right to purchase the Property. He indicated the Fosses

                                        4
intended to offer things that the Houses could not match in order to prevent
the Houses from acquiring the Property.
      Five days later, Jennifer hand-delivered a letter exercising the right of
first refusal provision along with a check for the initial $1,000 deposit called
for in the purchase agreement. The Houses did not give Moller $225,000
because they understood only $1,000 was necessary to start the process and
they were not going to risk that amount of money with no contract. However,
they were taking steps to acquire all the necessary funds to complete the
purchase. Moller rejected the Houses’ offer in writing, stating that the
required deposit was $225,000 per his agreement with the Fosses. The
Houses filed a lawsuit against Moller for specific performance, breach of
contract, and declaratory relief.
      While the Houses’ lease remained in effect, the Fosses entered the
Property and sprayed nonorganic herbicides in the corral area of the
farmable parcel, cut down several trees, and altered the corral fencing with
prohibited paints. Edward Foss drove his pickup onto the large field and
fenced off a one-acre portion. The Houses’ attorney wrote to the Fosses
warning them about the fragility of organic certification and insisting they
not trespass on ground controlled by the Houses.
      In June 2007, the Fosses filed suit against Moller and the Houses
alleging claims for specific performance, negligent misrepresentation,
declaratory relief, and to quiet title. In November 2008, the Houses filed a
first amended cross-complaint against Moller and the Fosses, alleging claims
for intentional interference with contractual economic relations, intentional
interference with prospective economic advantage, trespass to land,
conversion, and negligence. Moller later filed for bankruptcy and the case
was removed to federal district court.

                                         5
      Following bankruptcy proceedings, the district court remanded the case
to the superior court in April 2014. The Property was foreclosed on and sold
to a third party in March 2015. Moller and the Houses settled their lawsuit.
      After a bench trial, the trial court issued a tentative statement of
decision finding the Fosses liable for inducing a breach of contract by
improperly interfering with the Houses’ right of first refusal. The court also
found the Fosses had intentionally interfered with the Houses’ prospective
economic advantage by thwarting their plans to cultivate organic apples on
the farmable parcel. The Houses also prevailed on their claims for
conversion, trespass, and negligence.
      The Houses sought $2,558,173 in total damages, primarily consisting of
lost apple profits that would have accrued had they begun planting apple
trees in Spring 2008. Relying on “all of the evidence presented during the
trial,” including a damages estimate prepared by Gregory House, the trial
court found the Houses would have planted apple trees on the farmable
acreage by 2009 and would have accrued $1.4 million in profits by 2016 had it
not been for the Fosses’ interference. Judgment was entered based on the
tentative statement of decision. The Houses were awarded total
compensatory damages of $1,669,705 and $1,000 in punitive damages.
      The Houses filed a motion for attorney fees and costs. By then, the
original trial judge had retired and the motion was heard by a successor
judge. The court denied the motion, concluding the Houses had not
demonstrated any right to statutory or contractual attorney fees. As to
contractual fees, the court found the Houses were not signatories or intended
third-party beneficiaries to the purchase agreement and they could not
establish that the Fosses would have been entitled to attorney fees against
them had the Fosses prevailed, a prerequisite for reciprocal application of

                                        6
Civil Code section 1717. As for statutory fees, the court found section 1021.9,
which authorizes attorney fees in agricultural trespass cases, inapplicable
because they had not demonstrated that the trespass caused tangible harm to
personal or real property. The Houses appeal in case No. A153735 from the
denial of their request for attorney fees, and their cross-appeal in case
No. A153184 challenges the trial court’s calculate on of lost profits.
                                 DISCUSSION
I.    Timeliness Challenge is Forfeited
      Before we turn to the merits of the Houses’ attorney fee claim, we
address Kelly’s contention that the motion for attorney fees was untimely.
She notes that California Rules of Court, rule 3.1702(b), provides that a
motion for statutory attorney fees must be filed within the time allowed to
file an appeal, i.e., generally within 60 days of notice of entry of the order,
and asserts the Houses filed their motion a day late. The Houses counter
that the Fosses did not raise this argument below and urge the contention
has been waived on appeal. We agree. “ ‘An appellate court will not consider
procedural defects or erroneous rulings where an objection could have been,
but was not, raised in the court below.’ ” (Children’s Hospital and Medical
Center v. Bontá (2002) 97 Cal. App. 4th 740, 776.)
II.   Standard of Review
      “ ‘ “On review of an award of attorney fees after trial, the normal
standard of review is abuse of discretion. However, de novo review of such a
trial court order is warranted where the determination of whether the
criteria for an award of attorney fees and costs in this context have been
satisfied amounts to statutory construction and a question of law.” ’ ”
(Conservatorship of Whitley (2010) 50 Cal. 4th 1206, 1213; accord, Serrano v.
Stefan Merli Plastering Co., Inc. (2011) 52 Cal. 4th 1018, 1025–1026; see

                                         7
Blickman Turkus, LP v. MF Downtown Sunnyvale, LLC (2008)
162 Cal. App. 4th 858, 894 [“the ‘determination of the legal basis for an award
of attorney fees’ is a ‘question of law’ which the reviewing court will examine
de novo”].)
III.   The Denial of Section 1021.9 Attorney Fees Was Error
       A. Relevant Authorities
       Section 1021.9 provides: “In any action to recover damages to personal
or real property resulting from trespassing on lands either under cultivation
or intended or used for the raising of livestock, the prevailing plaintiff shall
be entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees in addition to other costs, and in
addition to any liability for damages imposed by law.” The statute is
intended to ensure that farmers are able to protect their land from
trespassers through civil litigation. (Quarterman v. Kefauver (1997)
55 Cal. App. 4th 1366, 1370.) We conclude the Houses are entitled to attorney
fees under this statute.
       At trial below, the Houses prevailed on all of their claims and were
awarded damages for trespass and conversion. The Fosses’ trespasses
included boarding their own animals on the farmable parcel, painting the
corrals, disk-plowing the fields, applying prohibited pesticides, and cutting
down oak and buckeye trees cultivated by the Houses. These incursions
resulted in the loss of the Houses’ certified organic status. The trial court
awarded damages for the trespass, including $65,730 in lost corral rental
income, $7,725 in lost small field rental income, $10,000 in lost sheep forage,
and $1,500 for organic recertification. However, following the entry of
judgment, the successor trial court judge concluded the Houses were not
entitled to attorney fees because they had not shown any “tangible harm to
personal or real property caused by the trespass” as required under Belle

                                        8
Terre Ranch, Inc. v. Wilson (2015) 232 Cal. App. 4th 1468, 1477 (Belle Terre).
The trial court erred.
      Belle Terre concerned a boundary dispute between a vineyard and a
neighboring winery. The rear of the winery’s building backed up to the
vineyard, with a pathway in between. (Belle Terre, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1470.) The winery’s owners regularly used the pathway to access the
building during renovations. The vineyard’s owner initially did not object to
the use but became concerned when a cement truck kicked up dust that
settled on his grape vines. The parties could not agree on the boundary
between their properties and the vineyard’s owner filed a complaint to quiet
title as to the disputed strip of land and for trespass. The complaint did not
seek damages. (Id. at p. 1472.) After trial, the trial court entered judgment
quieting title. It permanently enjoined the winery from trespassing on the
vineyard’s property and awarded the vineyard $1 in nominal damages for
trespass and $116,920 in attorney fees under section 1021.9. (Belle Terre, at
p. 1475.) The winery appealed.
      In reversing the attorney fee award, the appellate court noted the trial
court had awarded only nominal damages because the vineyard had not
offered proof of actual injury. (Belle Terre, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1476.) The court concluded this type of award did not support the recovery
of attorney fees under section 1021.9. While the winery was the prevailing
party, nominal damages did not qualify as “damages to personal or real
property.” (Belle Terre, at pp. 1476–1477.) The court explained: “In cases
falling within the intent of the statute, there must be some tangible harm
done to real or personal property as a result of the trespass. The phrase
‘damages to personal or real property’ is most reasonably read as requiring
proof of some actual, compensable injury to real or personal property before

                                       9
an attorney fee award may be made.” (Id. at p. 1477.) Because the winery
had not presented any evidence of damages to personal or real property and
had not prayed for any compensatory damages, attorney fees were not
obtainable under section 1021.9. (Belle Terre, at p. 1476.)
      Belle Terre is readily distinguishable from the present case. Unlike the
vineyard, the Houses prayed for compensatory damages in their amended
cross-complaint and were awarded $83,455 in damages for trespass. While a
portion of the damages award consisted of lost rental income, the Houses
offered evidence of tangible harm to the farmable parcel, including the
removal of trees, the Fosses’ use of prohibited chemicals, and other trespasses
that resulted in the destruction of the farmable acreage’s organic certification
status and the destruction of animal forage. Accordingly, unlike the facts of
Belle Terre, the Houses demonstrated concrete injury to real or personal
property. The Houses were entitled to attorney fees under a plain reading of
section 1021.9.
      Kelly challenges the factual basis for the trial court’s award of damages
for trespass, characterizing them as speculative and asserting it is
undisputed the Houses did not suffer any actual damage to real or personal
property during the term of the lease. She contends, for example, that the
$10,000 award for lost sheep forage constituted only “nominal” damages. We
disagree. The Houses suffered tangible economic harm—as reflected in a
damages award of $83,455—due to trespasses which destroyed their organic
certification status and animal forage and deprived the Houses of their use of
the corral and small field. And, having abandoned her appeal of the
judgment, Kelly is in no position to question the sufficiency of the evidence to
support the trial court’s damages findings or its determination that the
Fosses had no legal right to possess the Property. (See In re Marriage of

                                       10
Arceneaux (1990) 51 Cal. 3d 1130, 1133 (Arceneaux) [the court’s judgment is
presumed correct on appeal and all intendments and presumptions are
indulged in favor of its correctness].)
      Kelly also asserts there was no evidence that the Houses were utilizing
the land as they had never rented the corral and only intended to graze sheep
in the future. She ignores the plain language of section 1021.9, which
provides that statutory attorney fees may be recovered for trespass “on lands
either under cultivation or intended or used for the raising of livestock . . . .”
(italics added; see Kelly v. CB & I Constructors, Inc. (2009) 179 Cal. App. 4th
442, 465, disapproved on other grounds in Sholes v. Lambirth Trucking Co.
(Feb. 20, 2020, S421825) ___ Cal.5th __ [2020 Cal. Lexis 948 at p. *39]
[“[T]here is no requirement in [section 1021.9] that the property be used at
the time of the wrong for raising livestock—the statute [provides] that the
property be ‘intended’ for such use.”].)
      We reject for similar reasons Kelly’s contention that statutory fees are
not recoverable because the Fosses’ trespass did not disrupt existing
agricultural operations. Hoffman v. Superior Ready Mix Concrete, L.P. (2018)
30 Cal. App. 5th 474 is instructive. In Hoffman, the plaintiffs owned a
landlocked parcel on which they maintained a sizeable inventory of plants,
intending to open a commercial nursery. The defendant trespassed and
damaged five areas of the plaintiffs’ parcel by constructing dirt berms that
caused erosion and silt runoff onto the Hoffmans’ property. (Id. at p. 479.) It
was undisputed that the trespass did not disrupt any existing agricultural
cultivation. (Id. at p. 481.) The trial court nevertheless awarded $16,178 in
compensatory damages and $289,153 in attorney fees under section 1021.9.
(Hoffman, at p. 481.) The appellate court affirmed, holding that “fees may be
awarded under section 1021.9 for trespass on agricultural land being

                                           11
cultivated, even where the defenAdanppAt did not damage crops themselves
or interfere with agricultural operations.” (Hoffman, at p. 484.) Here, the
record establishes that the Fosses trespassed on the farmable parcel held
under the Houses’ lease and damaged land that was under cultivation and
intended for animal foraging. That the trespass did not interfere with an
active agricultural operation is not a bar to recovery of fees under section
1021.9.
      B. The Houses Did Not Forfeit Their Claim
      Kelly also maintains that the Houses forfeited their claim for attorney
fees under section 1021.9 because they sought to recover all of their attorney
fees generated in this matter rather than limiting their request for fees
incurred in connection with their trespass claim. Kelly further asserts that if
the Houses are entitled to statutory fees, the award is subject to allocation
because the vast majority of the issues addressed at trial did not relate to
trespass but rather to the Fosses’ interference with the right of first refusal.
      “ ‘When a cause of action for which attorney fees are provided by
statute is joined with other causes of action for which attorney fees are not
permitted, the prevailing party may recover only on the statutory cause of
action. However, the joinder of causes of action should not dilute the right to
attorney fees.’ [Citation.] . . . Such fees need not be apportioned when
incurred for representation on an issue common to both causes of action in
which fees are proper and those in which they are not. [Citation.]
Apportionment is not required when the claims for relief are so intertwined
that it would be impracticable, if not impossible, to separate the attorney’s
time into compensable and noncompensable units.” (Bell v. Vista Unified
School Dist. (2000) 82 Cal. App. 4th 672, 686–687.)

                                       12
      We need not address Kelly’s forfeiture claim as the trial court found the
Houses ineligible for attorney fees and did not address apportionment. Given
the relatively small percentage of overall damages attributable to the Fosses’
trespass, it is conceivable that not all of the attorney fees incurred in this
matter are recoverable under section 1021.9. However, resolution of this
question is best left to the trial court to determine in the first instance
whether fee apportionment is appropriate under the circumstances. On
remand, the Houses bear the burden of demonstrating the amount and
reasonableness of their attorney fees and costs recoverable for trespass under
section 1021.9. (See Christian Research Institute v. Alnor (2008)
165 Cal. App. 4th 1315, 1320.)
IV.   No Entitlement to Contractual Attorney Fees
      The Houses assert that they are also entitled to attorney fees under a
fee-shifting clause in the purchase agreement entered into by the Fosses and
Moller. The trial court correctly found otherwise.
      Civil Code section 1717, subdivision (a) provides, in part: “In any
action on a contract, where the contract specifically provides that attorney’s
fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce that contract, shall be awarded
either to one of the parties or to the prevailing party, then the party who is
determined to be the party prevailing on the contract, whether he or she is
the party specified in the contract or not, shall be entitled to reasonable
attorney’s fees in addition to other costs.” The statute “was enacted to
establish mutuality of remedy where contractual provision makes recovery of
attorney’s fees available for only one party [citations], and to prevent
oppressive use of one-sided attorney’s fees provisions.” (Reynolds Metals Co.
v. Alperson (1979) 25 Cal. 3d 124, 128.)

                                        13
      As a general rule, only parties to a contract containing an attorney fee
provision are entitled to fees. “However, under some circumstances, the Civil
Code section 1717 reciprocity principles will be applied in actions involving
signatory and nonsignatory parties.” (Cargill, Inc. v. Souza (2011)
201 Cal. App. 4th 962, 966; accord, Mepco Services, Inc. v. Saddleback Valley
Unified School Dist. (2010) 189 Cal. App. 4th 1027, 1046.) “ ‘ “[I]n cases
involving nonsignatories to a contract with an attorney fee provision, the
following rule may be distilled from the applicable cases: A party is entitled
to recover its attorney fees pursuant to a contractual provision only when the
party would have been liable for the fees of the opposing party if the opposing
party had prevailed.” ’ ” (Loduca v. Polyzos (2007) 153 Cal. App. 4th 334, 341;
see Hsu v. Abbara (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 863, 870; Reynolds Metals Co. v. Alperson,
supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 128.) Civil Code section 1717 “is meant to prevent
‘oppressive use of one-sided attorney’s fees provisions’ [citation], not to
abolish the general rule that each party pay its own attorney fees.”
(Diamond Heights Village Assn., Inc. v. Financial Freedom Senior Funding
Corp. (2011) 196 Cal. App. 4th 290, 308.)
      “Two situations may entitle a nonsignatory party to attorney fees.
First is where the nonsignatory party ‘stands in the shoes of a party to the
contract.’ [Citation.] Second is where the nonsignatory party is a third party
beneficiary of the contract.” (Cargill, Inc. v. Souza, supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at
p. 966; see Apex LLC v. Korusfood.com (2013) 222 Cal. App. 4th 1010, 1017–
1018 [a “nonsignatory will be bound by an attorney fees provision in a
contract when the nonsignatory party ‘ “stands in the shoes of a party to the
contract” ’ ”]; Blickman Turkus, LP v. MF Downtown Sunnyvale, LLC, supra,
162 Cal.App.4th at p. 897 [“where a nonsignatory is sued on the ground that
he stands in the shoes of a party to the contract, and where he would be liable

                                        14
for fees if that claim succeeded, he may recover fees under [Civil Code]
section 1717 if he defeats the claim”].)
      The Houses’ request for contractual attorney fees fails for several
reasons. They do not contend, nor can they demonstrate, that they are
third-party beneficiaries to the purchase agreement. The purchase
agreement does not reference the Houses, much less contain terms that
reflect an intent by the parties to benefit the Houses. (See Harper v. Wausau
Ins. Corp. (1997) 56 Cal. App. 4th 1079, 1087.) In particular, the attorney fee
provision states that “in any action . . . involving a dispute between Buyer
and Seller arising out of the execution of the Agreement or the sale . . . the
prevailing party will be entitled to receive” reasonable attorney fees and
costs. This provision clearly applies only to disputes between the buyer and
seller arising out of the enforcement of the purchase agreement and does not
confer any rights or benefits to third parties. In addition, the Houses have
not demonstrated that the Fosses could have recovered attorney fees from
them had the Fosses prevailed below. (See Reynolds Metals Co. v. Alperson,
supra, 25 Cal.3d at pp. 128–129; Sessions Payroll Management, Inc. v. Noble
Construction Co. (2000) 84 Cal. App. 4th 671, 679 [signatory cannot recover
fees from nonsignatory unless nonsignatory could have recovered fees from
signatory].)
      Instead, they rely on Lewis v. Alpha Beta Co. (1983) 141 Cal. App. 3d 29
(Lewis) for the proposition that an obligation to pay attorney fees to the
prevailing party may arise where the two adverse parties have entered into
separate agreements with a third party. In Lewis, Alpha Beta entered into a
lease with a shopping center landlord. Because Alpha Beta did not sell
alcoholic beverages at the time, the lease required that a liquor store
operated by third parties should adjoin Alpha Beta’s building. (Id. at p. 31.)

                                       15
The Lewises entered into a separate lease with the landlord granting them
the exclusive right to sell alcoholic beverages within the shopping center.
Both leases contained attorney fee provisions. (Ibid.) When Alpha Beta
posted a notice of intention to sell alcoholic beverages, the Lewises sued
Alpha Beta and the landlord. The trial court enjoined Alpha Beta and
allowed the Lewises to recover attorney fees from Alpha Beta based on the
parties’ leases. (Id. at pp. 31–32.)
      In affirming the award, the Lewis court stated, “We believe [Civil Code
section 1717’s] provisions should also provide a remedy to individuals, such
as the Lewises, who on the basis of their own lease, sue their landlord and a
cotenant to enforce a restrictive covenant assumed by the cotenant for their
benefit in its lease, when each such lease specifically provides for attorney’s
fees.” (Lewis, supra, 141 Cal.App.3d at p. 33, italics added.) Lewis is
distinguishable. The prevailing tenants were entitled to attorney fees from
Alpha Beta where they successfully sued to enforce a restrictive covenant
present in both leases—a covenant granting them the exclusive right to sell
alcoholic beverages and entered expressly for their benefit. (See ibid.) As
discussed above, no evidence has been presented here that the Houses were
intended third-party beneficiaries under the purchase agreement.
      The Houses also assert they are eligible for contractual attorney fees
because in order to purchase the Property they would have had to perform
under the written terms of the purchase agreement. But that is manifestly
not the case. At trial, Gregory House was asked: “Did it ever cross your
mind to simply create a document and attach the Moller-Foss agreement to it
and just put, ‘We accept,’ and sign it? You and your wife?” Answer: “No.”
While it appears that the right of first refusal contemplated that the Houses
would have to match certain terms in the purchase agreement, such as the

                                       16
purchase price and initial deposit, the trial court never found that the Houses
were under a legal obligation to perform under the purchase agreement.
Indeed, certain terms, such as the requirement that the Fosses’ residence be
in escrow to consummate the sale, would have made no sense. In short, no
authority supports their position that simply by exercising their right of first
refusal and matching material terms and conditions of the Moller-Foss
purchase agreement, the Houses were entitled to benefit from the purchase
agreement’s attorney fee provision.
V.    Substantial Evidence Supports Damages Award for Lost Profits
      In their cross-appeal, the Houses contend the trial court erred in
calculating their damages for lost profits.2 The court awarded $1,669,705 in
damages, finding that the Houses “would have planted apple trees by 2009,
resulting in harvestable organic apple crops beginning in 2011 and
continuing annually, resulting in lost profits of $1,400,000. At trial, the
Houses asserted they would have planted the trees in the Spring of 2008,
resulting in harvests beginning in 2010. They claim the court’s finding that
they would have waited until 2009 is “inexplicable.”
      Our inquiry on appeal is whether the award is supported by substantial
evidence, and the appellant bears the burden of demonstrating error in the
trial court’s determination. (City of Salinas v. Souza & McCue Construction
Co. (1967) 66 Cal. 2d 217, 225.) Substantial evidence in this context means
such evidence as a reasonable fact trier might accept as adequate to support
a conclusion; evidence which has ponderable legal significance, which is
reasonable in nature, credible, and of solid value. (United Professional

      2 Kelly has not filed a respondent’s brief in the Houses’ cross-appeal, so
we “decide the appeal on the record, the opening brief, and any oral argument
by the appellant.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.220(a)(2).) The Houses waived
oral argument on their cross-appeal.

                                       17
Planning, Inc. v. Superior Court (1970) 9 Cal. App. 3d 377, 393; Estate of Teed
(1952) 112 Cal. App. 2d 638, 644.)
      While the trial court’s statement of decision does not disclose why it
found that the Houses would have waited until 2009 to plant the apple
orchard, we must infer that the trial court impliedly made every factual
finding necessary to support its decision. (Fladeboe v. American Isuzu Motors
Inc. (2007) 150 Cal. App. 4th 42, 48; see Arceneaux, supra, 51 Cal.3d at
p. 1133.) “ ‘Appellate courts, . . . if there be any reasonable doubt as to the
sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a finding, should resolve[] that doubt in
favor of the finding.’ ” (Brewer v. Simpson (1960) 53 Cal. 2d 567, 583.)
      The occurrence and extent of lost profits may be ascertained with
reasonable certainty from the working experience of the business, from its
past volume and from other data reflecting probable future volume. (Natural
Soda Products Co. v. Los Angeles (1943) 23 Cal. 2d 193, 199; Lucky Auto
Supply v. Turner (1966) 244 Cal. App. 2d 872, 882.) “In these situations, trial
courts must do the best they can and use all available facts to approximate
the fair and reasonable damages under all of the circumstances.” (Green v.
Superior Court (1974) 10 Cal. 3d 616, 639.) Our review of the record discloses
that while there was sufficient evidence that the Houses would have realized
profits from their proposed apple orchard, the evidence was mixed as to when
the orchard would have been planted. The potential for delay was suggested
by the amount of weeds growing on the land and the time needed to repair
the parcel’s broken deep-water well pump.
      William P. Denevan testified for the Houses as an expert on the
production and marketing of Gala apples. He said that apple orchards start
generating income in the fourth year after planting, and generally speaking,
it takes between seven to nine years for a grower to turn a profit. In order to

                                        18
plant a new large apple orchard, a farmer will first test the soil and then
plant a cover crop to naturally fumigate the soil and increase organic matter
before the orchard is planted. Cover crops are seeded plants that tend to
grow in a uniform pattern because of how the seeds are spread. One purpose
of cover crops is to reduce weeds. If weeds are present a cover crop can be
planted to choke them out, allowing an orchard to be planted the following
year.
        Gregory House testified that he used ripgut and downy brome as the
cover crop for the farmable parcel. He did not consider them to be noxious
weeds. When he learned the Property was for sale in May 2007, he planned
to acquire it to expand his apple orchard. If he had secured ownership that
fall, he would have been able to plant apple trees the following spring.
Rather than using a seeded cover crop, he would have allowed his sheep to
graze the existing vegetation and fertilize the soil in preparation for planting
apple trees.
        Notwithstanding House’s optimistic timetable, evidence was admitted
that by March 2008, over 90 percent of the farmable land was occupied by
noxious weeds, including ripgut brome and downy brome. Paul Moller
testified there was a serious weed problem on the land, and that according to
his consultants, it was impossible to do much with the property because of
the weed infestation. Photographs taken by Dana Foss in April 2007 showed
the arable field was covered with weeds. Dana Foss testified that the weeds
had matured to where they could not be ingested by livestock. She had the
field disked after being advised that this was the only way to begin curtailing
the weeds. Thus, evidence supported the trial court’s finding that dealing
with the weed situation and installing an apple orchard would have taken
longer than Gregory House estimated.

                                       19
      Denevan also testified that a functioning water pump and an irrigation
system would need to be in place to achieve the desired apple yields. The
Houses had never used the farmable parcel’s deep-water well. The well’s
pump had not been used for many years and it had to be fixed and
reconnected to electricity before it could be used. After the Fosses acquired
the leasehold in March 2008, they contacted PG&E to have the electricity
turned on. The wiring had to be upgraded and the pump did not become
operational until the fall of 2008, after the growing season was over.
      The Houses assert that Dana Foss’s testimony regarding the well is not
determinative because the Fosses did not secure a lease until the Spring of
2008 and were on a different timetable. However, our task is not to resolve
conflicts in the evidence, but rather to determine if the damages award is
supported by substantial evidence. (Huang v. Board of Directors (1990)
220 Cal. App. 3d 1286, 1294.) The trial court could have reasonably concluded
from the testimony that House’s proposed schedule—acquiring ownership in
the fall of 2007 and planting apple orchards the following spring—was
unrealistic in light of the expansive growth of mature and noxious weeds
throughout the farmable acreage and a nonoperational water pump that
required electrical upgrades. We conclude the court’s computation of
damages for lost profits is supported by substantial evidence.
                               DISPOSITION
      The order denying the Houses attorney fees under section 1021.9 is
reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court to calculate a reasonable
attorney fee award under this provision. In all other respects, the judgment
is affirmed. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.

                                      20
                                      _________________________
                                      Sanchez, J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________
Humes, P.J.

_________________________
Banke, J.

A153735/A153184 House v. Kelly

                                 21
Filed 4/1/20
                 CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

         IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                          FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                  DIVISION ONE

    LINDSAY KELLY, as Executor, etc.,            A153735 & A153184
         Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and
    Respondent,                                  Super. Ct. No. FCS029760)
    v.                                           ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION
                                                 FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
    GREGORY HOUSE et al.,
                                                 AND MODIFYING OPINION
         Defendants, Cross-complainants
                                                 [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
    and Appellants.

THE COURT:
         The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed on March 23, 2020, was
not certified for publication in the Official Reports. After the court’s review of
a request under California Rules of Court, rule 8.1120, and good cause
established under rule 8.1105, it is hereby ordered that the opinion should be
published in the Official Reports.
         The first line at the top of page 12 should be changed to read:
“cultivated, even where the defendant[s] did not damage crops themselves”.
The remainder of that paragraph is unchanged.
         There is no change in the judgment.

Dated:                                 ___________________________
                                       Humes, P.J.

*Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this
opinion is certified for publication with the exception of sections I, II, IV, and
V of the Discussion.
Trial Court:     Solano County Superior Court

Trial Judge:     Hon. D. Scott Daniels

Counsel:

Black Rice & Luna LLP, Robert N. Black, Autumn E. Luna for Plaintiffs,
Cross-complainants, and Appellants.

Hayes, Scott, Bonino, Ellingson, Guslani, Simonson & Clause, LLP, Mark G.
Bonino, for Plaintiff, Cross-defendant, and Respondent.

                                    2