Court Opinion

ID: 2723501
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-03 22:03:11.410523+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:39:48.692856
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court

                             Xeniotis v. Satko, 2014 IL App (1st) 131068

Appellate Court              FROSINI XENIOTIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CYNTHIA SATKO,
Caption                      D.D.S., M.S., P.C., d/b/a Satko Oral Surgery, and CYNTHIA
                             SATKO, D.D.S., Defendants-Appellees.

District & No.               First District, Third Division
                             Docket No. 1-13-1068

Filed                        June 30, 2014

Held                         In a dental malpractice action alleging that defendant was negligent in
(Note: This syllabus         performing a dental implant surgery, the trial court properly denied
constitutes no part of the   plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment where she failed to
opinion of the court but     present the required expert medical testimony necessary to support her
has been prepared by the     claim that her informed consent was not obtained for the procedure
Reporter of Decisions        and a question of fact existed as to the nature of the discussions
for the convenience of       plaintiff had with defendant with regard to the risks and alternatives
the reader.)                 involved, and the trial court properly struck the affidavit of plaintiff’s
                             expert and properly entered summary judgment for defendant, since
                             the expert’s affidavit contradicted his deposition testimony that he had
                             no opinion on the informed consent claim, and without the affidavit,
                             there was no expert testimony on the informed consent claim and
                             defendant had the right to summary judgment as a matter of law.

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-L-9078; the
Review                       Hon. Kathy M. Flanagan, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                     Affirmed.
     Counsel on               Peter R. Coladarci, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.
     Appeal

                              Julie A. Teuscher, Marc F. Benjoya, and Robin B. Levin, all of
                              Cassiday Schade, LLP, of Chicago, for appellees.

     Panel                    PRESIDING JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court,
                              with opinion.
                              Justices Pucinski and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         This appeal involves two summary judgment rulings resolving the issue of informed
       consent in a dental malpractice suit. Frosini Xeniotis sued Dr. Cynthia Satko and her
       corporation for damages resulting from allegedly negligent dental implant surgery, which
       Xeniotis claims Dr. Satko performed without informed consent.
¶2         The trial court denied Xeniotis’s motion for partial summary judgment on her informed
       consent allegation, and later granted Dr. Satko’s motion for summary judgment on the same
       issue. Xeniotis dismissed the remaining counts of her complaint and filed this appeal.
¶3         On Xeniotis’s motion, the court held: (i) neither the standard of disclosure nor expert
       medical evidence of Dr. Satko’s failure to conform to that standard was established; and (ii) a
       factual issue existed as to whether the nature of the discussions between Dr. Satko and
       Xeniotis met the standard of care for disclosure and informed consent. We find both bases
       support the trial court’s denial of Xeniotis’s motion for partial summary judgment.
¶4         On Dr. Satko’s motion for summary judgment, the trial court struck Xeniotis’s expert’s
       affidavit as an improper attempt to change his deposition testimony. The trial court then
       found that without expert testimony, Xeniotis could not establish the professional standard of
       disclosure for dental implant procedures or that Dr. Satko failed to conform to the
       professional standard of disclosure. Again, we agree with the trial court in striking the
       affidavit and granting Dr. Satko’s motion for summary judgment on the issue of informed
       consent.

¶5                                        BACKGROUND
¶6         In August 2008, Xeniotis’s general dentist referred her to Dr. Cynthia Satko, an oral
       surgeon, for an evaluation. Xeniotis sought treatment because of a unique configuration,
       which had no functional impact, but was not esthetically pleasing to her. Xeniotis’s left upper
       permanent tooth came in behind her primary (baby) tooth, which never fell out.

                                                  -2-
¶7         Xeniotis understood that to address her concerns, an oral surgeon would have to remove
       both her permanent tooth and the baby tooth. The issue was how the space left by their
       removal would be filled. Dr. Satko recommended an implant during the initial consultation
       with Xeniotis on August 7, 2008. An implant involves surgically inserting a titanium
       screw–the implant–into the supporting bone and attaching a small fake tooth, followed by a
       crown once the posts have integrated into the patient’s jaw.

¶8                                         Implant Procedure
¶9        The next day, Dr. Satko extracted tooth number 6 (Xeniotis’s permanent canine) and
       baby tooth designated “C.”Dr. Satko then placed the implant next to the extraction site, as
       well as a bone graft.
¶ 10      Over the next year and a half, the implant posts failed to integrate into Xeniotis’s jaw.
       Several attempts to replace the posts failed. Xeniotis contends that as a result, she suffered a
       permanent defect and injury to her upper jaw.

¶ 11                                         Procedural History
¶ 12       On August 6, 2010, Xeniotis filed a dental malpractice action against Dr. Satko and her
       practice. Xeniotis alleged that Dr. Satko failed to obtain her informed consent before
       performing the procedure, failed to perform the implant procedure in stages, negligently
       performed the implant surgery, and failed to recommend conservative measures. Xeniotis’s
       counsel attached an affidavit pursuant to section 2-622 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code)
       to the complaint attesting that a consulting dentist, Dr. Arnold Gorchow, opined that Xeniotis
       received negligent care and that there was a reasonable and meritorious cause for filing the
       lawsuit. 735 ILCS 5/2-622 (West 2010). The affidavit contained no certification that as the
       consulting dentist Dr. Gorchow concluded that a reasonable health professional would have
       informed Xeniotis of the consequences of the dental implant procedure. Also attached to the
       complaint was Dr. Gorchow’s report in which he opined that Xeniotis’s care should have
       been performed in several stages.
¶ 13       In her complaint, Xeniotis alleges Dr. Satko persuaded her during their initial
       consultation that she would be an excellent candidate for an implant and failed to disclose the
       realistic probability that the implant might fail.
¶ 14       Xeniotis ended her patient relationship with Dr. Satko in February 2010 and sought a
       second opinion from Dr. Gorchow at that time. Dr. Gorchow examined Xeniotis and
       identified a defect in her upper jaw as one of the largest he had ever seen.
¶ 15       During the litigation, Dr. Gorchow was deposed as a treating dentist under Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 213(f)(2). Ill. S. Ct. R. 213(f)(2) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). Xeniotis reserved
       the right to engage and retain Dr. Gorchow as a Rule 213(f)(3) expert witness. Ill. S. Ct.
       R. 213(f)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).

¶ 16                                    Xeniotis’s Deposition
¶ 17       At her deposition, Xeniotis acknowledged that since 2004, she had been continuously
       under medical care, had been hospitalized three times for her medical condition, and was
       taking medication.

                                                  -3-
¶ 18        During the summer of 2008, Dr. Kula recommended an implant procedure to Xeniotis.
       Xeniotis testified Dr. Kula explained the procedure and told her she would not have to worry
       about the implant becoming loose or falling apart. Dr. Kula referred Xeniotis to Dr. Satko.
¶ 19        On August 7, 2008, Xeniotis met with Dr. Satko. During this initial consultation, Xeniotis
       filled out and signed an information sheet. Immediately above Xeniotis’s signature, the form
       stated that the patient certified that he or she consented to the performance of whatever
       operation or treatment was deemed necessary or advisable. Xeniotis did not disclose that she
       was taking medication or under medical care.
¶ 20        Dr. Satko met with Xeniotis that day and discussed Xeniotis’s goals, as well as the
       implant procedure. Xeniotis testified that Dr. Satko advised her that the implant would look
       good, be stable and last forever. Although Xeniotis remembered Dr. Satko discussing the
       implant procedure, as well as describing what she was going to do and her plan for the
       implant, Xeniotis could not recall the conversations. Xeniotis was unsure whether Dr. Satko
       provided information about possible complications of the implant procedure, but nevertheless
       denied that Satko informed her that the implant might fail.
¶ 21        Dr. Satko performed the extraction and implant surgery the following day.
¶ 22        Later, Dr. Kula advised Xeniotis that due to shifting, the implant would need to be
       removed. In October 2008, Dr. Satko removed Xeniotis’s first implant. Satko advised
       Xeniotis that she would pack the area until it healed, about six months, and then insert
       another implant. Satko placed the second implant in 2009. Xeniotis did not recall anything
       Satko told her that day. Following the second implant, Dr. Kula again informed Xeniotis that
       the implant had shifted. Kula advised Xeniotis that the second implant would need to be
       removed as well and recommended putting in a bridge.

¶ 23                                      Dr. Satko’s Deposition
¶ 24        Dr. Satko testified that she met Xeniotis on a referral from Dr. Kula. Xeniotis was
       concerned about her appearance and wanted an implant as quickly as possible. Satko testified
       her customary practice involved discussing all of the treatment options with a patient before
       deciding on a course of treatment. She recalled talking with Xeniotis about the alternatives to
       an implant, including a resin-bonded bridge, placement of a fake tooth, and braces. Xeniotis
       wanted the implant.
¶ 25        Satko testified her custom and practice was to fully inform patients about all aspects of
       their care before getting their consent. Satko gave Xeniotis a brochure referencing that Satko
       would explain “what you can expect from the surgery, as well as long term risks, benefits,
       care options and complications so that you can make an informed decision regarding implant
       treatment.” Satko would advise patients about what an implant is, how it will be placed, and
       the risks, complications, and alternatives to treatment. Also, she always provides her patients
       with an opportunity to ask questions and gave Xeniotis an opportunity to ask questions.
       Satko testified that after being fully informed, Xeniotis accepted the plan to move forward
       with the implant.
¶ 26        Satko recalled that during the initial consultation, Xeniotis completed and signed a
       patient information form seeking details of any medications being taken and the identity of
       all treating physicians. Xeniotis disclosed neither.

                                                  -4-
¶ 27       On August 8, 2008, Dr. Satko performed the extraction and implant surgery. She saw
       Xeniotis for a postoperative checkup on August 14. At that time, the site appeared fine.
       When Xeniotis returned on August 28, Satko did not like the way the site looked and advised
       Xeniotis of her concerns and of the possibility of a second procedure.
¶ 28       On October 7, 2008, Dr. Satko concluded Xeniotis’s implant was failing. Dr. Satko
       removed the implant and replaced the graft. She advised Xeniotis that implants can fail at six
       to eight weeks. Satko could not determine why the implant failed and believed a second
       implant would be risky. Dr. Satko discussed the second implant with Xeniotis and asked
       Xeniotis what she wished to do. Xeniotis chose to proceed with the second implant.
¶ 29       After the first implant had been removed, the site looked “pretty good” and the soft tissue
       seemed to be healing. On January 30, 2009, Dr. Satko noted the bone graft at the location
       where the implant used to be was not taking. Xeniotis had chronic inflammation. Satko
       explained the options to Xeniotis–regrafting or giving the area more time to heal before
       placing the second implant.
¶ 30       Dr. Satko placed a second implant on March 13, 2009. At a follow-up appointment in
       April, Satko noted a fistulous tract, which indicated the implant area was not healing.
       Between May and August, measures were taken to help the area heal and save the second
       implant. In September, Dr. Satko was in touch with Dr. Kula to figure out why the implant
       was failing and the best course of action. During two office visits in October, Dr. Satko noted
       the area was still not healing. Satko recalled that on November 5, she discussed the second
       implant failure at length with Xeniotis. Satko removed the second implant in January 2010.
¶ 31       Satko testified that she fully complied with the standard of care throughout her treatment
       of Xeniotis. She opined that her treatment did not cause or contribute to Xeniotis’s claimed
       injuries. According to Satko, even when a reasonably careful oral surgeon complies with the
       standard of care, a percentage of patients experience implant failure caused by an infection, a
       lack of blood supply to the area, nonintegration or healing of the implant, interference by
       medications with the implant integration, immune-compromised medical conditions, or poor
       nutrition.
¶ 32       Satko testified that if Xeniotis had informed her about the medications she was taking,
       Satko would not have found her to be a good candidate for implant surgery and would not
       have performed the procedure. The medications Xeniotis was taking were known to
       contribute to a lack of blood supply and lack of healing. And, she testified that had she
       known about Xeniotis’s medical conditions, it is unlikely she would have recommended the
       procedure.

¶ 33                              Dr. Arnold Gorchow’s Deposition
¶ 34       Dr. Gorchow testified at his deposition that he is a general dentist who performs implant
       surgery. Gorchow saw Xeniotis on February 23, 2010, and inserted a partial denture.
       Gorchow reviewed Dr. Satko’s records concerning her care of Xeniotis. Because he did not
       see the preoperative condition of Xeniotis, he could not opine whether Satko breached the
       standard of care. He agreed, however, that implants can fail absent a breach of the standard
       of care.
¶ 35       Gorchow stated that a clinical examination is vital in determining the reasonableness of a
       certain course of treatment. He could not give an opinion on whether Satko’s treatment

                                                  -5-
       breached the standard of care because he did not know how much of a defect was present at
       the time she removed the two teeth. If there had not been a substantial defect, placing the
       implant at the same time would have been reasonable.

¶ 36                                   Summary Judgment Motions
¶ 37                        Xeniotis’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
¶ 38       Xeniotis filed a motion for partial summary judgment on subparagraph 8(p) of her
       complaint, in which she alleged a lack of informed consent. In response, Dr. Satko argued
       that the report of the reviewing professional, as required under section 2-622(d) of the Code,
       did not support a claim based on the failure to obtain informed consent and, thus, that claim
       should be dismissed. Satko further contended summary judgment should be denied because:
       (i) there was no expert testimony to establish that Dr. Satko failed to conform to the
       professional standard for disclosure for dental implant procedures; (ii) there is a question of
       fact as to whether informed consent was obtained; (iii) Xeniotis provided inaccurate
       historical information creating a question of fact as to whether Dr. Satko could have obtained
       informed consent; and (iv) the alleged failure to disclose did not cause injury to Xeniotis.
       Xeniotis replied that no expert witness was required because the procedure was cosmetic.
¶ 39       The trial court concluded that the attorney’s affidavit and physician’s report violated
       section 2-622(d), in that Gorchow provided no criticisms of Satko’s duty to disclose or her
       failure to do so. Nonetheless, because Dr. Satko answered the complaint, the court held she
       could not challenge Xeniotis’s pleading for failure to state a cause of action.
¶ 40       The trial court denied Xeniotis’s motion for partial summary judgment, holding that
       questions of fact existed as to what information regarding the risks of and alternatives to the
       implant procedure were given to Xeniotis and whether any information could be considered
       sufficient to meet the standard of care for disclosure. The court also ruled that the standard of
       care of informed consent and the adequacy of Dr. Satko’s disclosure had to be shown by
       expert evidence.

¶ 41                           Dr. Satko’s Motion for Summary Judgment
¶ 42       On September 4, 2012, Dr. Satko, in a motion for summary judgment, argued: (i)
       Xeniotis’s section 2-622 report did not support a claim for lack of informed consent; (ii)
       Xeniotis failed to establish the standard for disclosure through expert testimony; and (iii) the
       facts presented during the depositions showed that informed consent had been obtained.
¶ 43       Xeniotis responded by attaching the affidavit of Dr. Gorchow. In his affidavit,
       Dr. Gorchow attested he was now of the opinion that Dr. Satko breached the standard of care
       because her records failed to describe “the risks of failure or other complications of the
       implant procedure.” Dr. Satko replied and included a motion to strike Dr. Gorchow’s
       affidavit as an improper attempt to change his deposition testimony.
¶ 44       The trial court struck Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit, in part, because it contradicted his
       deposition testimony. The court found significant Dr. Gorchow’s review of Dr. Satko’s
       records on Xeniotis’s care at the time of his deposition and that “despite that review,
       [Gorchow] did not have an opinion regarding informed consent.”

                                                   -6-
¶ 45       The court held that without Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit, Xeniotis had no support for the
       failure to obtain informed consent claim. Accordingly, the trial court granted summary
       judgment in favor of Dr. Satko on the issue of informed consent.
¶ 46       On February 14, 2013, Xeniotis filed a motion to vacate the court’s order granting
       summary judgment in favor of Dr. Satko and a motion to reconsider and clarify. Xeniotis
       requested an opportunity to be heard on Dr. Satko’s motion to strike. Xeniotis argued the trial
       court erroneously concluded that copies of deposition transcripts had not been attached to
       Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit. In her motion to reconsider, Xeniotis did not challenge the other
       bases for the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Dr. Satko. That same day,
       Xeniotis requested a voluntary dismissal of her action.
¶ 47       The trial court denied Xeniotis’s motion to vacate, but granted her motion to clarify. In its
       order, the trial court acknowledged it had full deposition transcripts of Xeniotis and Dr. Satko
       when it considered the parties’ briefs on Dr. Satko’s motion for summary judgment. The
       court voluntarily dismissed the case without prejudice.

¶ 48                                           ANALYSIS
¶ 49        Summary judgment is proper where there are no genuine issues of material fact and the
       moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (West 2010). The
       trial court may grant summary judgment after considering “the pleadings, depositions,
       admissions, exhibits, and affidavits on file in the case” and construing that evidence in favor
       of the nonmoving party. Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 240 (1986). Summary judgment aids
       in the expeditious disposition of a lawsuit, but it is a drastic measure that should be allowed
       only “when the right of the moving party is clear and free from doubt.”Id. If the plaintiff fails
       to establish any element of his or her claim, summary judgment is appropriate. Pyne v.
       Witmer, 129 Ill. 2d 351, 358 (1989). We review the trial court’s decision to grant summary
       judgment de novo. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90,
       102 (1992).
¶ 50        In Illinois, before obtaining a patient’s consent, doctors have a common law duty to
       inform the patient of the foreseeable risks and results of a surgical procedure, and the
       reasonable alternatives to that procedure. See Davis v. Kraff, 405 Ill. App. 3d 20, 28-29
       (2010) (citing Coryell v. Smith, 274 Ill. App. 3d 543, 546 (1995)). A doctor must disclose the
       risks that a reasonable medical professional would have disclosed under similar
       circumstances. Guebard v. Jabaay, 117 Ill. App. 3d 1, 6 (1983).
¶ 51        In a malpractice action based on the doctrine of informed consent, the plaintiff must
       plead and prove four essential elements: “(1) the physician had a duty to disclose material
       risks; (2) he failed to disclose or inadequately disclosed those risks; (3) as a direct and
       proximate result of the failure to disclose, the patient consented to treatment she otherwise
       would not have consented to; and (4) plaintiff was injured by the proposed
       treatment.”Coryell, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 546. The failure of the physician to conform to the
       professional standard of disclosure must be proven by expert medical evidence and the
       failure to disclose must have proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury. Guebard, 117 Ill. App.
3d at 6.

                                                   -7-
¶ 52                   Denial of Xeniotis’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
¶ 53       The trial court denied Xeniotis’s motion on two bases. Dr. Satko contends that either of
       those two bases, standing alone, was sufficient to deny Xeniotis’s motion for partial
       summary judgment. We agree.

¶ 54                             Failure to Offer Expert Medial Testimony
                                          as to the Standard of Care
¶ 55       The trial court held that Xeniotis failed to support her informed consent claim with expert
       medical testimony as required by law.
¶ 56       In her brief, Xeniotis contends that “expert testimony is not required to prove proximate
       cause in a case involving an elective, cosmetic procedure.” Xeniotis cites two cases, Zalazar
       v. Vercimak, 261 Ill. App. 3d 250 (1993), and Smith v. Marvin, 377 Ill. App. 3d 562 (2007),
       as support for her position.
¶ 57       As Dr. Satko points out, however, that was not a basis on which the trial court denied
       Xeniotis’s motion. Rather, the trial court specifically agreed with Xeniotis’s position that
       expert testimony is not required to prove proximate cause in an informed consent case.
¶ 58       The court ruled, however, that expert medical testimony was required to establish the
       standard of care with respect to the necessary disclosures and Dr. Satko’s beach of that
       standard. Xeniotis does not challenge this basis for the trial court’s decision and, therefore,
       under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341, she has forfeited her right to do so. Ill. S. Ct.
       R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008) (“Points not argued are waived and shall not be raised in the
       reply brief, in oral argument, or on petition for rehearing.”).
¶ 59       The trial court’s determination that the required disclosure, and whether that disclosure
       was adequate, must be shown by expert evidence conforms to well-settled law on the burden
       of proof in an informed consent claim. See Guebard v. Jabaay, 117 Ill. App. 3d 1, 6 (1983)
       (physician’s failure to conform to standard of care must be proven by expert evidence; absent
       such evidence, no liability); see also Magana v. Elie, 108 Ill. App. 3d 1028, 1032 (1982);
       Taber v. Riordan, 83 Ill. App. 3d 900, 904 (1980).
¶ 60       Xeniotis failed to offer expert evidence establishing the standard of care against which
       Satko’s disclosure of the risks and alternatives to treatment was to be measured and,
       therefore, as a matter of law, she has no right to present her allegations of medical negligence
       to a jury. See McWilliams v. Dettore, 387 Ill. App. 3d 833, 845 (2009) (“Before a medical
       negligence case *** can reach a jury, a plaintiff must [establish] *** the standard of care
       against which the conduct of the defendant doctor may be measured.” (citing Walski v.
       Tiesenga, 72 Ill. 2d 249, 255 (1978))).

¶ 61                                 Existence of a Question of Fact
¶ 62       As a second basis to deny Xeniotis’s motion for partial summary judgment, the trial court
       held that a question of fact existed as to the nature of the discussions between Satko and
       Xeniotis concerning the risks and alternatives of the implant procedure.
¶ 63       The record supports the trial court’s conclusion. Xeniotis testified at her deposition that
       Dr. Satko discussed the implant procedure with her. She could not recall the substance of her
       conversation with Dr. Satko, but acknowledged that she spoke with Dr. Satko about her
       treatment plan. Satko testified she gave Xeniotis a patient brochure and explained the various

                                                  -8-
       treatment options, risks, complications, and alternatives to an implant procedure. Dr. Satko
       testified it was her practice to fully inform patients about the care and treatment she planned
       before getting their consent. Dr. Satko recalled discussing the treatment options with
       Xeniotis, including a resin-bonded bridge, the placement of a fake tooth, or braces. Dr. Satko
       testified she “spent a long time talking to [Xeniotis] about the different options and[ ] then
       *** let her talk and see what she wanted.”
¶ 64       The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that a question of fact exists concerning
       whether Dr. Satko informed Xeniotis of the risks and alternatives of the implant procedure.
       Hence, the trial court properly denied Xeniotis’s request for partial summary judgment.
¶ 65       Although Xeniotis failed to challenge either of these bases on which the trial court denied
       her motion for partial summary judgment and, therefore, forfeited her right to do so, even had
       she challenged the merits, as we have explained, she would not prevail. The trial court
       properly denied her motion for partial summary judgment.

¶ 66                       Grant of Dr. Satko’s Motion for Summary Judgment
¶ 67       With respect to Dr. Satko’s summary judgment motion, Xeniotis only takes issue with
       one basis for the court’s ruling–the court’s order striking Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit.
¶ 68       There is a split of authority on the question of what standard of review to apply to a trial
       court’s ruling on a motion to strike an affidavit. This court applied a de novo standard in
       reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to strike an affidavit in conjunction with a motion
       for summary judgment (Collins v. St. Paul Mercury Insurance Co., 381 Ill. App. 3d 41, 46
       (2008)), whereas our supreme court applied an abuse of discretion standard in the same
       circumstances (In re Estate of Hoover, 155 Ill. 2d 402, 420 (1993)). Our supreme court
       considered the trial court’s ruling to be an evidentiary one, subject to its discretion. Hoover,
155 Ill. 2d at 420. In Jackson v. Graham, 323 Ill. App. 3d 766, 774 (2001), the Fourth
       District acknowledged this split and held, “when the trial court rules on a motion to strike a
       Rule 191 [(Ill. S. Ct. R. 191 (eff. Aug. 1, 1992))] affidavit in conjunction with a summary
       judgment motion, we review de novo the trial court’s ruling on the motion to strike.”
¶ 69       Under either standard, the trial court appropriately struck Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit.
¶ 70       The trial court’s decision to strike Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit as a change in testimony
       complies with Illinois law. See Morris v. Margulis, 197 Ill. 2d 28, 37 (2001) (submission of
       affidavit inconsistent with individual’s earlier deposition testimony will not prevent summary
       judgment); see also Vesey v. Chicago Housing Authority, 145 Ill. 2d 404, 421-22 (1991)
       (nonmovant cannot use affidavit to contradict earlier deposition testimony to place material
       facts in issue).
¶ 71       The trial court properly struck Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit as an improper attempt to change
       his deposition testimony. At the time of his deposition, Gorchow testified he had no opinion
       regarding whether Dr. Satko informed Xeniotis of the foreseeable risks and results of an
       implant procedure before obtaining her consent. He said he had reviewed Xeniotis’s dental
       records and could not say if Dr. Satko breached the standard of care because he did not see
       Xeniotis before the procedure. Gorchow testified that a clinical examination before the
       procedure was necessary to make this determination.
¶ 72       Xeniotis contends that Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit was a “supplementation” to the
       deposition, but it is no such thing. Actually, the affidavit is an alteration of Dr. Gorchow’s

                                                  -9-
       earlier opinion because he still had no knowledge about Xeniotis’s preoperative condition, a
       fact he testified was necessary before he could opine about the care she received.
¶ 73       Moreover, in his affidavit, Dr. Gorchow never opined that Dr. Satko deviated from the
       standard of care in her disclosures to Xeniotis about the risks and alternatives to the
       procedure. His opinion addresses only the care Xeniotis received, not what she was told
       before she elected to proceed with the implant procedure.
¶ 74       The record supports the trial court’s determination that Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit fails to
       raise a question of fact with respect to Dr. Satko’s motion for summary judgment.
¶ 75       After the trial court struck Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit, Xeniotis had no expert testimony on
       the informed consent claim. Because the alleged failure of a medical professional to conform
       to the standard of disclosure in an informed consent case must be proven by expert medical
       evidence (Jabaay, 117 Ill. App. 3d at 6), Xeniotis’s failure to provide this evidence entitled
       Dr. Satko to summary judgment as a matter of law.
¶ 76       Xeniotis contends she was improperly denied an opportunity to respond to Dr. Satko’s
       motion to strike Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit. In support, she cites Silverstein v. Brander, 317 Ill.
       App. 3d 1000 (2000), and Peterson v. Randhava, 313 Ill. App. 3d 1 (2000).
¶ 77       Silverstein is factually distinct. There, the defendant moved verbally on the day of trial to
       bar the plaintiff’s expert from testifying. Silverstein, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 1003. The next day,
       the plaintiff filed a written response. Id. After that, the defendant filed a written motion for
       summary judgment. Id. The trial court denied the plaintiff’s request for additional time to
       respond to the defendant’s motion for summary judgment and set the motion for hearing less
       than one day after the defendant presented it. Id. at 1003-04. On appeal, this court held that
       the defendant failed to comply with Cook County Circuit Court Rule 2.1(e) (eff. July 1,
       1976), which prohibits a hearing on a motion for summary judgment until 10 days after
       service of the motion. Id. at 1005, 1008.
¶ 78       Peterson, the second case Xeniotis relies on, is also factually distinct. In Peterson, the
       plaintiff argued the trial court erred by sua sponte changing the defendant’s motion for
       sanctions into a motion for summary judgment. Peterson, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 13. On appeal,
       this court determined, just as we did in Silverstein, that the trial court’s procedure failed to
       comply with Cook County Circuit Court Rule 2.1(e). Id. at 11.
¶ 79       Xeniotis, on the other hand, was given sufficient notice of Dr. Satko’s motion for
       summary judgment. She had nearly three months to respond to the motion with an expert’s
       supporting affidavit. Xeniotis chose to attach the affidavit of Dr. Gorchow, an affidavit that
       contradicted his deposition testimony. Her decision to file Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit rather
       than an affidavit of a health professional whose opinion would not be subject to a motion to
       strike does not support a finding that she was denied an opportunity to respond. Just because
       her response was ineffective does not mean she was not afforded the opportunity to respond.
¶ 80       Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit was first filed in response to Dr. Satko’s motion for summary
       judgment. Dr. Satko challenged the propriety of Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit in her reply in
       support of her motion for summary judgment. This was Dr. Satko’s first opportunity to
       challenge the affidavit. Dr. Satko challenged the affidavit because Dr. Gorchow was
       attempting to alter his earlier deposition testimony through the contradictory affidavit.
       Because this basis was incurable by Xeniotis, she cannot claim prejudice based on the
       alleged denial of an opportunity to cure the defect.

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¶ 81                                          CONCLUSION
¶ 82       As a matter of law, Xeniotis failed to state a claim for lack of informed consent.
¶ 83       The trial court properly struck Dr. Gorchow’s affidavit as an improper attempt to change
       his deposition testimony. In a medical malpractice case, the plaintiff bears the burden of
       proving the elements of her cause of action, including the proper standard of care against
       which to measure the physician’s conduct. Xeniotis’s unsupported allegation that Dr. Satko
       failed to disclose the risks and alternatives of the implant surgery in violation of the standard
       of care could not support her motion for summary judgment or defeat Dr. Satko’s where
       Xeniotis failed to offer any expert evidence as to the standard of care.

¶ 84      Affirmed.

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