Court Opinion

ID: 9881900
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-04 16:28:25.993199+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:23.302441
License: Public Domain

J-S17032-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
  RAYMOND HOCKMAN AIDOO                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :      No. 1381 WDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 26, 2022
           In the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-65-CR-0002397-2018

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                               FILED: October 4, 2023

       Appellant, Raymond Hockman Aidoo, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered in the Westmoreland County Court of Common Pleas,

following his bench trial conviction for indecent assault.1 We affirm.

       The trial court set forth the relevant facts and procedural history of this

case as follows:

          In 2017, [Victim] and [Appellant] were in a six-to-seven-
          month relationship with the two living together at her
          apartment     in    Greensburg,    Westmoreland     County,
          Pennsylvania. On the morning of April 24, 2017, [Victim]
          broke off their relationship. As she was getting dressed for
          a conference at her school, [Appellant] held her [arms] and
          began kissing her on the neck, chest and lips. He directed
          her movements to the bedroom and pushed her onto the
          bed. He the[n] attempted to perform oral sex on [Victim]
          and she told him to stop. After [Victim] managed to get
          [Appellant] to leave the bedroom, she called a friend who
____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a).
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         came to the apartment and made [Appellant] leave.
         [Victim] then called her parents and the police.

         [That same day], Trooper Brandon Yeager, of the
         Pennsylvania State Police, met with [Victim] at the state
         police barracks. [Victim] was visibly upset and distraught.
         She reported that she had been sexually assaulted by her
         ex-boyfriend, [Appellant].   At the direction of Trooper
         Yeager, [Victim] went to the hospital where they collected
         her underwear and did a rape examination.

         On May 5, 2017, Trooper Yeager interviewed [Appellant] at
         the state police barracks. [Appellant] did not have counsel
         and was not in custody at the time of the interview.
         [Appellant] confirmed everything that [Victim] had reported
         but denied that he had kissed her or touched her in any
         sexual manner. On December 7, 2017, Trooper Yeager
         approached [Appellant] in order to collect a DNA sample
         from him. After [Appellant] signed a written consent to
         collect the evidence … he confessed that he had sexually
         assaulted [Victim]. The DNA evidence was submitted for
         analysis and it was determined that [Appellant] could not be
         excluded as a contributor of DNA found on [Victim’s]
         underwear and genital area[.]

(Trial Court Opinion, filed 12/8/22, at 2-3) (unpaginated).

      The court held a bench trial on August 27, 2021. At the close of the

Commonwealth’s case, Appellant moved for a judgment of acquittal and the

trial court denied the motion. At the conclusion of the evidence, the court

found Appellant guilty of indecent assault and not guilty of involuntary deviate

sexual intercourse and simple assault. On May 26, 2022, the court sentenced

Appellant to two years of probation. Appellant timely filed a post-sentence

motion on Monday June 6, 2022, which the court denied on October 31, 2022.

On November 28, 2022, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. The court

ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

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pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) on December 1, 2022, and Appellant complied

on December 8, 2022.

      Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

         I. Did the trial court err when it denied Appellant’s Motion
         for Judgment of Acquittal where the Commonwealth failed
         to meet its burden of proof because evidence of record
         demonstrated that the sexual contact between Appellant
         and [Victim] was consensual and where the Commonwealth
         failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant
         acted with the mens rea necessary to commit the crime of
         indecent assault?

         II. Did the trial court err when it denied Appellant’s Motion
         for a New Trial where the verdict so shocked one’s sense of
         justice because evidence of record, while showing that
         sexual contact did take place, showed that said conduct was
         with the consent of [Victim] and where evidence of record
         demonstrated that Appellant lacked the mens rea necessary
         to commit the crime of Indecent Assault?

(Appellant’s Brief at 8).

      In his issues combined, Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed

to present sufficient evidence to demonstrate that Appellant knowingly or

recklessly touched Victim without her consent. Appellant asserts that Victim

testified that she did not physically resist Appellant’s efforts to guide her to

the bedroom, and Appellant was merely expressing his love for her and trying

to convince her to stay in the relationship during the incident. Appellant insists

“the Commonwealth failed to prove that Appellant’s mens rea was that of a

man forcing a non-consenting party into a bedroom as opposed to a man who

said ‘I love you’ and received a reply of ‘stop’ or ‘no.’” (Appellant’s Brief at

15). Appellant contends that Victim’s words in this context could easily be

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interpreted as a refusal to continue to work on the relationship. Appellant

maintains that once he realized that Victim wanted him to stop in the

bedroom, Appellant immediately stopped. Appellant asserts that the evidence

adduced at trial was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

Appellant knew Victim was not consenting to his intimate gestures.

      Further, Appellant argues that the testimony of Victim and Trooper

Yeager was entirely unreliable.     Appellant contends that Trooper Yaeger’s

testimony that Appellant admitted that he had sexually assaulted Victim is not

credible because Trooper Yaeger failed to note this admission in his report.

Appellant asserts that Trooper Yeager mischaracterized Appellant’s expression

of remorse and concern over possible immigration consequences as an

admission of guilt. Appellant claims that Victim’s testimony is also unreliable

because she testified at the preliminary hearing that the entire incident took

only five to ten seconds but stated at trial that the incident lasted two to three

minutes. Appellant suggests that Victim wanted to remove Appellant from her

apartment as fast as possible so that she could resume her relationship with

a man that she dated before Appellant, rendering her testimony inherently

unreliable. Appellant concludes that the court erred in denying his motion for

judgment of acquittal and motion for new trial because the Commonwealth

failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict and the verdict was

against the weight of the evidence. We disagree.

      When examining a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence, our standard

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of review is as follows:

         The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
         evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
         trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
         is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In
         applying the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and
         substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we
         note that the facts and circumstances established by the
         Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
         innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may
         be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
         and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
         fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
         Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
         of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
         above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
         evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
         [finder] of fact while passing upon the credibility of
         witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is free
         to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 805-06 (Pa.Super. 2008),

appeal denied, 602 Pa. 663, 980 A.2d 606 (2009) (quoting Commonwealth

v. Andrulewicz, 911 A.2d 162, 165 (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal denied, 592

Pa. 778, 926 A.2d 972 (2007)) (emphasis omitted). “A motion for judgment

of acquittal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction

on a particular charge, and is granted only in cases in which the

Commonwealth has failed to carry its burden regarding that charge.”

Hutchinson, supra at 805.

      Additionally:

            The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder
            of fact who is free to believe all, part, or none of the

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            evidence and to determine the credibility of the
            witnesses. An appellate court cannot substitute its
            judgment for that of the finder of fact. Thus, we may
            only reverse the…verdict if it is so contrary to the
            evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice.

         Commonwealth v. Small, 559 Pa. 423, [435,] 741 A.2d
         666, 672-73 (1999). Moreover, where the trial court has
         ruled on the weight claim below, an appellate court’s role is
         not to consider the underlying question of whether the
         verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Rather,
         appellate review is limited to whether the trial court palpably
         abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim.

Commonwealth v. Champney, 574 Pa. 435, 444, 832 A.2d 403, 408

(2003), cert. denied, 542 U.S. 939, 124 S.Ct. 2906, 159 L.Ed.2d 816 (2004)

(most internal citations omitted). Additionally,

         When the challenge to the weight of the evidence is
         predicated on the credibility of trial testimony, our review of
         the trial court's decision is extremely limited. Generally,
         unless the evidence is so unreliable and/or contradictory as
         to make any verdict based thereon pure conjecture, these
         types of claims are not cognizable on appellate review.

Commonwealth v. Trippett, 932 A.2d 188, 198 (Pa.Super. 2007) (internal

citation omitted).

      The Crimes Code defines indecent assault in relevant part as follows:

         § 3126. Indecent assault

         (a) Offense defined.—A person is guilty of indecent
         assault if the person has indecent contact with the
         complainant, causes the complainant to have indecent
         contact with the person or intentionally causes the
         complainant to come into contact with seminal fluid, urine
         or feces for the purpose of arousing sexual desire in the
         person or the complainant and:

            (1) the person does so without the complainant’s

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            consent[.]

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(1).

      Indecent contact is defined as “[a]ny touching of the sexual or other

intimate parts of the person for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual

desire, in any person.”    18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3101.       The term sexual or other

intimate body parts “is not limited to only sexual body parts, but rather, was

also intended to mean a body part that is personal and private, and which the

person ordinarily allows to be touched only by people with whom the person

has a close personal relationship, and one which is commonly associated with

sexual relations or intimacy.” Commonwealth v. Gamby, ___ Pa. ___, 283

A.3d 298, 313-14 (2022) (concluding that grabbing and kissing victim’s neck

constituted indecent contact as defined in indecent assault statute).

      The statute defining indecent assault (lack of consent) does not

specifically delineate the mens rea required to establish culpability. For such

offenses,   the   Commonwealth    must    prove   that   the   defendant   acted

intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly with respect to material elements of the

offense. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(c) (stating: “When the culpability sufficient

to establish a material element of an offense is not prescribed by law, such

element is established if a person acts intentionally, knowingly or recklessly

with respect thereto”).

      Regarding the different kinds of culpability:

         (1) A person acts intentionally with respect to a material
         element of an offense when:

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           (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or a
           result thereof, it is his conscious object to engage in
           conduct of that nature or to cause such a result; and

           (ii) if the element involves the attendant circumstances,
           he is aware of the existence of such circumstances or he
           believes or hopes that they exist.

        (2) A person acts knowingly with respect to a material
        element of an offense when:

           (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or
           the attendant circumstances, he is aware that his
           conduct is of that nature or that such circumstances
           exist; and

           (ii) if the element involves a result of his conduct, he is
           aware that it is practically certain that his conduct will
           cause such a result.

        (3) A person acts recklessly with respect to a material
        element of an offense when he consciously disregards a
        substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element
        exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of
        such a nature and degree that, considering the nature and
        intent of the actor’s conduct and the circumstances known
        to him, its disregard involves a gross deviation from the
        standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe
        in the actor’s situation.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(b)(1-3). “The Commonwealth is not required to prove

mens rea by direct evidence. Frequently such evidence is not available. In

such cases, the Commonwealth may rely on circumstantial evidence.”

Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39, 48 (Pa.Super. 2016), appeal

denied, 639 Pa. 579, 161 A.3d 791 (2016) (internal citation omitted).

Additionally, “[i]n a prosecution for sex offenses, a verdict may rest on the

uncorroborated testimony of the victim.” Commonwealth v. Cody, 584 A.2d

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992, 993 (Pa.Super. 1991), appeal denied, 527 Pa. 622, 592 A.2d 42 (1991)

(internal citation omitted). Further, a sexual offense victim is not required to

resist the perpetrator. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3107.

      Instantly, the trial court found that the evidence was sufficient to

establish that Appellant knowingly, or at the very least, recklessly initiated

indecent contact with Victim without her consent. The court explained:

         In this case, the [c]ourt, acting as the fact-finder, was able
         to observe the victim as she testified and found her to be
         believable in her description of [Appellant]’s actions. The
         credible evidence proved that [Appellant] kissed [Victim]’s
         neck, chest and lips without her consent. Indeed, the
         evidence was that [Victim] directly told [Appellant] no and
         to stop kissing her. The evidence further establishes that
         [Appellant] attempted to perform oral sex on her and only
         stopped after she repeatedly demanded that he do so.
         [Victim] testified clearly about [Appellant]’s kissing and
         touching her on intimate parts of her body. She further
         testified that she expressed to [Appellant] that his advances
         were not welcomed or wanted. This evidence is sufficient to
         establish that [Appellant] engaged in indecent contact with
         the victim without her consent.

                                  *    *    *

         [Appellant] appears to argue that he was justified in a belief
         that [Victim] consented to his actions because she did not
         physically resist him. It is well recognized that a sexual
         offense victim is not required to resist the perpetrator. The
         law, therefore, does not require a victim of sexual assault to
         offer physical resistance—a victim’s verbal expression that
         the conduct is unwanted is enough to evidence her lack of
         consent. [Victim] testified that she resisted [Appellant]’s
         actions by repeatedly telling him that she did not want him
         to kiss her or touch her. The evidence, thus, was patent
         that [Victim] made clear to [Appellant] that she did not
         welcome his sexual advances and that his conduct was not
         wanted. This was sufficient to establish that [Appellant]
         acted at least recklessly and at his own peril when he did

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           not heed [Victim]’s protests. Rather than constituting
           actions “to save his relationship,” [Appellant]’s conduct
           disregarded completely [Victim]’s words and actions
           expressing her lack of consent and crossed the line into
           commission of a crime.

(Trial Court Opinion at 6-8) (unpaginated) (citations omitted).     The record

supports the court’s analysis.    Additionally, the record does not support

Appellant’s claim that he was unaware that Victim was refusing his touch

because he believed her verbal refusals were directed at Appellant’s attempts

to change her mind about their relationship. Appellant’s actions did not occur

while they were actively engaged in conversation about their relationship.

Rather, Victim testified that she broke up with Appellant on the morning of

the assault. Although they had lengthy conversations about their relationship,

Victim stood firm on her decision.    Hours after Victim informed him of her

decision and immediately after she got out of the shower, Appellant began

kissing her on her neck, chest, and lips. Victim verbalized her non-consent

by stating “no,” “stop it,” and “don’t” at least ten to fifteen times. Appellant

disregarded her objections and pushed her towards the bedroom where he

initiated oral sex despite Victim’s continued protests.

      Thus, Victim was clear that she wanted to end their relationship, did not

in any way indicate that she welcomed Appellant’s advances, and verbally

protested multiple times when Appellant initiated contact.        Under these

circumstances, there was no ambiguity or room to misinterpret Victim’s

refusal.   Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the

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verdict winner, the evidence shows Appellant knowingly or recklessly touched

Victim without her consent. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(b)(2) and (3); Beasley,

supra; Cody, supra.       Therefore, the Commonwealth presented sufficient

evidence to prove indecent assault. See Hutchinson, supra.

      Regarding Appellant’s weight claim, the court did not find that either

Trooper Yaeger or Victim’s testimony was so inconsistent as to be entirely

unreliable.   Trooper Yaeger testified that Appellant initially denied kissing

Victim but during a subsequent interview, after Trooper Yaeger collected a

DNA swab from Appellant, Appellant admitted that the assault occurred as

Victim reported.    Trooper Yaeger stated that Appellant was crying and

remorseful during this exchange and was concerned about his immigration

status. The fact that Trooper Yaeger did not memorialize the details of this

exchange in his report does not render the testimony so unreliable as to render

the verdict against the weight of the evidence.         See Trippett, supra.

Additionally, even if Trooper Yaeger’s testimony was unreliable, Victim’s

testimony alone is sufficient to support the verdict. See Cody, supra.

      Similarly, Appellant takes issue with Victim’s testimony because Victim

initially stated at the preliminary hearing that the oral sex lasted for five to

ten seconds after she asked Appellant to stop but stated at trial that it lasted

for two to three minutes. When questioned further, Victim stated that it was

difficult for her to pinpoint an exact time because it felt like it lasted a long

time to her due to the traumatic nature of the incident. This inconsistency

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does not undermine her whole testimony as to render the verdict against the

weight of the evidence.      See Trippett, supra.        Additionally, Victim’s

uncertainty about the time frame does not undermine Appellant’s conviction

because even if Appellant had stopped the oral sex immediately after Victim

had asked him to stop, Victim’s testimony that Appellant continued to kiss her

neck, chest, and lips after she repeatedly asked him to stop would be sufficient

to sustain his indecent assault conviction.    See Gamby, supra.       Further,

Appellant fails to explain why Victim’s wish for Appellant to move out of her

apartment after she broke up with him renders her testimony untrustworthy.

Based on the foregoing, we discern no abuse of discretion in the court’s

determination that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence.

See Champney, supra. Accordingly, we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

  Date: 10/4/2023

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