Court Opinion

ID: 5119281
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-19 14:09:51.50634+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:11.785381
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-4417-19

SUMAN GARLAPATI and
3R BIO PHARMA, LLC,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

PRANEETH KUMAR
KAMISHETTY,

     Defendant-Respondent.
_________________________

                   Submitted September 22, 2021 – Decided October 19, 2021

                   Before Judges Gooden Brown and Gummer.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                   Chancery Division, Middlesex County, Docket No.
                   C-000036-20.

                   Archer & Greiner, PC, attorneys for appellants (Patrick
                   Papalia and Michael J. Forino, on the briefs).

                   Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, LLP, attorneys for
                   respondent (Jonathan M. Preziosi and Afsha Noran, of
                   counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM
       Plaintiffs Suman Garlapati and 3R Bio Pharma, LLC (3R) appeal from the

June 25, 2020 Chancery Division order dismissing their complaint against

defendant Praneeth Kumar Kamishetty for failure to join an indispensable party

in accordance with Rule 4:28-1. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

       We glean these facts from the record. Garlapati and Kamishetty are both

members of 3R, a biopharmaceutical consulting limited liability company with

its principal place of business in North Brunswick, New Jersey. 3R provides

"services to customers in the areas of drug safety, pharmacovigilance, regulatory

affairs, quality, and clinical and non-clinical developments, among other

things." 3R is organized under a partnership agreement 1 executed by Garlapati

and Kamishetty, with Garlapati holding a forty percent ownership interest and

Kamishetty holding a thirty-five percent ownership interest in 3R.2 Both serve

as "[m]anaging [p]artners" under the partnership agreement.

       Vigilare Biopharma Private Limited (Vigilare), a private limited company

located in Telangana, India, is 3R's global implementation partner under a

business outsourcing agreement providing that 3R should "explore" projects at

1
   Although 3R's organizing agreement is an operating agreement pursuant to
N.J.S.A. 42:2C-2, the parties refer to it as a partnership agreement, so we use
their terminology to avoid confusion.
2
    The remaining member of 3R is not a party to this appeal.
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                                        2
the "[g]lobal level" and Vigilare "shall execute those projects in Hyderabad,

[India]."   Vigilare's operations include "[b]usiness [p]rocess [o]utsourcing,

[m]edical [p]rocess outsourcing, [p]harmacovigilance," and other technical-

based services in the biopharma, microbiology, medical, and biotechnology

fields. Garlapati and Kamishetty each hold a forty percent membership interest

in Vigilare, with Kamishetty acting as the managing director.

      The outsourcing agreement governing the relationship between 3R and

Vigilare includes a choice of law and forum selection clause that provides "all

actions, proceedings or litigation relating to th[e] agreement shall be instituted

and prosecuted solely within . . . India" and "all matters or issues collateral [to

the agreement] shall be exclusively governed and construed and interpreted in

accordance with the laws of . . . India." Additionally, the agreement contains a

"[m]ediation/[a]rbitration" clause specifying that "[a]ny controversy or claim

arising out of or relating to th[e a]greement or the [s]ervices (including any such

matter involving any . . . agent of [3R]) shall be submitted first to voluntary

mediation, and if mediation is not successful, then to binding arbitration."

      On February 11, 2020, plaintiffs filed a seven-count complaint against

Kamishetty in the Middlesex County Superior Court.           Generally, plaintiffs

alleged Kamishetty "diverted customers and prospective customers of 3R" to

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                                        3
"an Indian company owned by [his] brother-in-law," "allowed Vigilare to issue

false and fraudulent invoices to 3R" and converted the payments to "non-

business-related expenses," and caused Vigilare to deliver "substandard" work,

resulting in 3R losing a significant amount of its annual revenue.

      The complaint, which did not name Vigilare as a party, contained causes

of action for: (1) breach of fiduciary duties based on Kamishetty causing

Vigilare "to issue false and fraudulent invoices to 3R," "converting" and

"misusing" the payments, and "driving clients away from 3R" (count one); (2)

member oppression in violation of N.J.S.A. 42:2C-48 by virtue of Kamishetty

acting "abusively, oppressively, and unfairly toward [p]laintiffs," frustrating

"Garlapati's reasonable expectations as a minority member and plac[ing] his

investment in 3R . . . at serious risk" (count two); (3) conversion and

disgorgement based on Kamishetty "fraudulently" inducing 3R to pay Vigilare

invoices "for services that were never rendered," and then utilizing the proceeds

"for personal and non-business reasons" (count three); (4) tortious interference

by Kamishetty "driving away" customers and diverting business from 3R (count

four); (5) unjust enrichment by Kamishetty misusing funds paid by 3R to

Vigilare "on false and fraudulent invoices" (count five); (6) unfair competition

by Kamishetty "diver[ting] . . . projects" and "driv[ing] customers and business

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away from 3R" (count six); and (7) fraud and misrepresentation by Kamishetty

causing Vigilare "to issue false and fraudulent invoices to 3R" and induce

reliance on the misrepresentations (count seven).

      Kamishetty moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rule 4:6-2(f) for

failure to join Vigilare as an indispensable party as provided by Rule 4:28-1.

Kamishetty asserted further that because the claims against him allege he acted

wrongfully in his capacity as Director of Vigilare, the claims are subject to the

choice of law, forum selection, and mediation/arbitration clauses in the

outsourcing agreement. Plaintiffs opposed the motion and cross-moved for

leave to file an amended complaint "reasserting the initial claims against

Vigilare and Kamishetty," adding Vigilare as a defendant, and adding non-

contract-based claims. According to plaintiffs, because the forum selection

clause bars only claims "arising out of or relating" to the contract or services

performed thereunder, by adding non-contract-based claims, the forum selection

clause would not apply. Further, plaintiffs asserted the forum selection clause

is inapplicable to Kamishetty "because he is not an individual party to the

[outsourcing a]greement."

      In a written opinion, the motion judge rejected plaintiffs' contentions,

agreed Vigilare was "an indispensable party to this litigation" as defined under

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Rule 4:28-1, and determined "the mediation/arbitration clause" which, "on its

face [was] enforceable," controlled. Accordingly, the judge dismissed plaintiffs'

initial complaint "without prejudice to allow . . . the matter[] to proceed to

mediation/arbitration [in India] pursuant to the terms of the [o]utsourcing

[a]greement." The judge also determined because the "[a]mended [c]omplaint

allegations [were] within the terms of the mediation/arbitration clause," it

"would be futile to permit the filing of an amended complaint." The judge

entered a memorializing order on June 25, 2020.

      In this ensuing appeal, plaintiffs do not contest the "court's dismissal of

claims between 3R . . . and . . . Vigilare . . . or its ruling that such claims should

be litigated in India under the arbitration and jurisdiction clause[s] contained in

the agreement." Additionally, plaintiffs do not contest the denial of their cross-

motion for leave to amend the complaint. However, plaintiffs maintain the

entire complaint should not have been dismissed and raise the following points

for our consideration:

             POINT I: THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN
             DISMISSING      GARLAPATI’S        CLAIMS
             REGARDING THE OPPRESSIVE AND DISLOYAL
             TORTIOUS ACTIONS THAT KAMISHETTY
             UNDERTOOK IN HIS PERSONAL CAPACITY,
             AND IN DISMISSING GARLAPATI’S CLAIM FOR
             RELIEF UNDER THE NEW JERSEY REVISED
             UNIFORM LIMITED LIABILITY ACT, N.J.S.A.

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                                          6
            42:2C-48(5), AS SUCH CLAIMS CAN ONLY BE
            DECIDED IN NEW JERSEY.

            POINT    II:   THE    INDIA   MEDIATION,
            ARBITRATION     AND    FORUM   SELECTION
            CLAUSES IN THE CONTRACT BETWEEN 3R BIO
            PHARMA, LLC AND VIGILARE BIOPHARMA
            PRIVATE LTD. ARE INAPPLICABLE TO
            KAMISHETTY’S PERSONAL MISCONDUCT AND
            HIS FAILURE TO FULFILL THE DUTIES THAT HE
            OWED TO 3R BIO PHARMA, LLC AND
            GARLAPATI AS A MEMBER OF THIS DOMESTIC
            COMPANY.

            POINT III: THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN
            DISMISSING      GARLAPATI’S    CLAIMS
            REGARDING     RESPONDENT’S   PERSONAL
            MISCONDUCT UNDER RULE 4:28-1, AS
            VIGILARE BIOPHARMA PRIVATE LTD. IS NOT
            AN INDISPENSABLE PARTY WITH REGARD TO
            THOSE CLAIMS.

            POINT IV: THE TRIAL COURT OVERLOOKED
            GARLAPATI’S     CLAIMS     CONCERNING
            KAMISHETTY’S PERSONAL MISCONDUCT AND
            DREW ILLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM
            EXTRINSIC FACTS ALLEGED IN GARLAPATI’S
            UNFILED PROPOSED AMENDED COMPLAINT.

      "Our review of the trial court's dismissal order in this context is de novo."

Flinn v. Amboy Nat'l Bank, 436 N.J. Super. 274, 287 (App. Div. 2014). We

"'apply a plenary standard of review from a trial court's decision to grant a

motion to dismiss'" and "'[owe] no deference to the trial court's conclusions.'"

Gonzalez v. State Apportionment Comm'n, 428 N.J. Super. 333, 349 (App. Div.

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                                        7
2012) (quoting Rezem Fam. Assocs., LP v. Borough of Millstone, 423 N.J.

Super. 103, 114 (App. Div. 2011)).

      A dismissal motion under Rule 4:6-2(f) for "failure to join a party without

whom the action cannot proceed" is governed by Rule 4:28-1(a). Under Rule

4:28-1(a),

             [a] person who is subject to service of process shall be
             joined as a party to the action if (1) in the person's
             absence complete relief cannot be accorded among
             those already parties, or (2) the person claims an
             interest in the subject of the action and is so situated
             that the disposition of the action in the person's absence
             may either (i) as a practical matter impair or impede the
             person's ability to protect that interest or (ii) leave any
             of the persons already parties subject to a substantial
             risk of incurring double, multiple, or other inconsistent
             obligations by reason of the claimed interest.

      "If a person should be joined . . . but cannot be served with process, the

court shall determine whether it is appropriate for the action to proceed among

the parties before it, or should be dismissed, the absent person being thus

regarded as indispensable." R. 4:28-1(b). In making the determination, the

court should consider "the extent to which a judgment rendered in the person's

absence might be prejudicial to that person or those already parties"; "the extent

to which, by protective provisions in the judgment, by the shaping of relief, or

other measures, the prejudice can be lessened or avoided"; "whether a judgment

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                                         8
rendered in the person's absence will be adequate"; and "whether the plaintiff

will have an adequate remedy if the action is dismissed for nonjoinder." Ibid.

"Indispensability is usually determined from the point of view of the absent

party and in consideration of whether or not his rights and interests will be

adversely affected." Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 3.1 on

R. 4:28-1 (2021).

      Based on our de novo review, we conclude the judge's dismissal of

plaintiffs' complaint in its entirety was premature, overbroad, and overlooked

the implications of pertinent provisions of the New Jersey Revised Uniform

Limited Liability Company Act (NJ RULLCA), N.J.S.A. 42:2C-1 to -94. The

NJ RULLCA provides judicial recourse for minority members who have been

"oppressed" by the majority members. See N.J.S.A. 42:2C-48(a)(5). Under

New Jersey law, "oppression has been defined as frustrating a [member's]

reasonable expectations" and "is usually directed at a minority [member]

personally." Brenner v. Berkowitz, 134 N.J. 488, 506 (1993). Thus, where a

minority member's reasonable expectations have been frustrated by the majority

members, the minority member has been oppressed and has a genuine claim for

judicial recourse under the NJ RULLCA.

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                                      9
       Furthermore, the NJ RULLCA permits a member to "maintain a direct

action against another member, a manager, or the limited liability company to

enforce the member's rights and otherwise protect the member's interests."

N.J.S.A. 42:2C-67(a). The NJ RULLCA also allows, in certain circumstances,

members to maintain derivative actions "to enforce a right of a limited liability

company." N.J.S.A. 42:2C-68. Additionally, under the NJ RULLCA, members

of a member-managed limited liability company (LLC) owe the company and

other members fiduciary duties of loyalty and care. N.J.S.A. 42:2C-39(a). The

duty of loyalty includes duties "to account to the company" for benefits derived

"from the appropriation of a company opportunity; to refrain from dealing with

the company . . . on behalf of a person having an interest adverse to the company;

and to refrain from competing with the company." 3 N.J.S.A. 42:2C:39(b). The

duty of care in a member-managed LLC is "to refrain from engaging in grossly

negligent or reckless conduct, intentional misconduct, or a knowing violation of

law." N.J.S.A. 42:2C-39(c). And although an LLC's operating agreement may

alter these fiduciary duties, it may not eliminate them. N.J.S.A. 42:2C-11(d)(2),

(3).

3
   Notably, 3R's partnership agreement permits each partner to "have other
business interests" and "engage in any other business" "whether competitive
with the [p]artnership or otherwise."
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                                       10
      Plaintiffs concede the judge's dismissal of the contract-related claims

between 3R and Vigilare was proper and agree the outsourcing agreement

governs the dispute between 3R and Vigilare and, thus, should be resolved in

India in accordance with the forum selection and mediation/arbitration clauses.

Indeed, the claims contained in counts three, five, and seven each stem from 3R

allegedly paying fraudulent invoices at Kamishetty's behest for services never

rendered by Vigilare and Kamishetty misappropriating the proceeds. Under

Rule 4:28-1, Vigilare is an indispensable party whose presence is necessary to

protect its interests, but joinder is not feasible due to the forum selection and

mediation/arbitration clauses in the outsourcing agreement.

      On the other hand, plaintiffs contend the judge erred in concluding

Vigilare was an indispensable party for the purpose of adjudicating their

"[p]ersonal and NJ RULLCA [c]laims" against Kamishetty, leaving them

"without legal recourse" to have such claims adjudicated in New Jersey as

provided under the NJ RULLCA.           According to plaintiffs, some claims

concerned "Kamishetty's personal misconduct," acting in his individual capacity

as a member of 3R. Specifically, plaintiffs assert Kamishetty breached his

fiduciary duties and engaged in member oppression under the partnership

agreement by virtue of his "diversion of customers and prospective customers."

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                                      11
Additionally, according to plaintiffs, Kamishetty's actions "also give rise to [the]

common-law claims . . . [of] tortious interference and unfair competition" with

3R's business relationships. Plaintiffs contend "Vigilare need not be involved"

for an adjudication of "these claims . . . under the NJ RULLCA" because

"Vigilare has no ownership interest in 3R . . . and no right to assert an interest

in disputes among its members."

      Plaintiffs' argument has some merit.        Although the judge correctly

determined several of plaintiffs' claims were against Kamishetty in his capacity

as managing director of Vigilare, some arguably were not.           In addition to

Kamishetty's position as managing director of Vigilare, he also had a separate

relationship with plaintiffs, which was governed by the partnership agreement.

However, on this limited record, we cannot determine whether these claims

derive from Kamishetty's separate relationship under the partnership agreement

or his relationship as a managing director or agent of Vigilare under the

outsourcing agreement.

      Without deciding the merits of the allegations, it is plausible plaintiffs

asserted these claims against Kamishetty in his capacity as a member-manager

of 3R and not as the managing director of Vigilare. If so, Vigilare would not be

an indispensable party to these claims, and the claims would not be subject to

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                                        12
the forum selection and mediation/arbitration clauses of the outsourcing

agreement.   Therefore, we remand the matter to the Chancery Division to

determine whether these claims are exclusively related to contractual dealings

between 3R and Vigilare or survive dismissal based on Kamishetty's role as a

member-manager of 3R and the attendant application of the NJ RULLCA. These

issues, and any other relevant questions the judge identifies on remand, should

be determined on an expanded record developed, at the judge's discretion, with

additional submissions from the parties, including clarification from plaintiffs

as to which parts of the complaint they believe survive dismissal .

      Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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