Court Opinion

ID: 4245552
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-15 20:29:16.823064+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:52:17.835875
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA 

                                 January 2018 Term
                                                                       FILED 

                                                                  February 15, 2018 

                                    No. 16-1179                           released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                      EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

                                                                      SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                           OF WEST VIRGINIA

                        LAWYER DISCIPLINARY BOARD, 

                                 Petitioner 

                                         v.

                             TIMOTHY M. SIRK,

                             A MEMBER OF THE 

                          WEST VIRGINIA STATE BAR, 

                                  Respondent 

                           Lawyer Disciplinary Proceeding 

                              SANCTIONS IMPOSED 

                            Submitted: January 24, 2018
                             Filed: February 15, 2018

Andrea J. Hinerman, Esq.                      Timothy M. Sirk, Esq.
Senior Lawyer Disciplinary Counsel            Keyser, West Virginia
Office of Lawyer Disciplinary Counsel         Respondent
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorney for Petitioner

JUSTICE WORKMAN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                             SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 

              1.     “A de novo standard applies to a review of the adjudicatory record

made before the [Lawyer Disciplinary Board] as to questions of law, questions of

application of the law to the facts, and questions of appropriate sanctions; this Court

gives respectful consideration to the [Board’s] recommendations while ultimately

exercising its own independent judgment. On the other hand, substantial deference is

given to the [Board’s] findings of fact, unless such findings are not supported by reliable,

probative, and substantial evidence on the whole record.” Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal

Ethics v. McCorkle, 192 W.Va. 286, 452 S.E.2d 377 (1994).

              2.     “This Court is the final arbiter of legal ethics problems and must

make the ultimate decisions about public reprimands, suspensions or annulments of

attorneys’ licenses to practice law.” Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics of the W.Va. State

Bar v. Blair, 174 W.Va. 494, 327 S.E.2d 671 (1984).

              3.     “A person named in a disciplinary proceeding before this Court,

who, after the Hearing Panel Subcommittee has filed its Report with the recommended

sanctions, commits a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct related to the facts in

the underlying complaint may be subject to an increased degree of discipline. Such

subsequent misconduct may be relied upon by this Court as an aggravating factor that

justifies enhancement of the recommended sanctions of the Hearing Panel

                                             i
Subcommittee.” Syl. Pt. 7, Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Grafton, 227 W.Va. 579, 712
S.E.2d 488 (2011).

             4.      “In deciding on the appropriate disciplinary action for ethical

violations, this Court must consider not only what steps would appropriately punish the

respondent attorney, but also whether the discipline imposed is adequate to serve as an

effective deterrent to other members of the Bar and at the same time restore public

confidence in the ethical standards of the legal profession.” Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal

Ethics of the W.Va. State Bar v. Walker, 178 W.Va. 150, 358 S.E.2d 234 (1987).

             5.      “Rule 3.16 of the West Virginia Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary

Procedure enumerates factors to be considered in imposing sanctions and provides as

follows: ‘In imposing a sanction after a finding of lawyer misconduct, unless otherwise

provided in these rules, the Court [West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals] or Board

[Lawyer Disciplinary Board] shall consider the following factors: (1) whether the lawyer

has violated a duty owed to a client, to the public, to the legal system, or to the

profession; (2) whether the lawyer acted intentionally, knowingly, or negligently; (3) the

amount of the actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer’s misconduct; and (4) the

existence of any aggravating or mitigating factors.’” Syl. Pt. 4, Office of Disciplinary

Counsel v. Jordan, 204 W.Va. 495, 513 S.E.2d 722 (1998).

                                            ii
             6.     “Mitigating factors in a lawyer disciplinary proceeding are any

considerations or factors that may justify a reduction in the degree of discipline to be

imposed.” Syl. Pt. 2, Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Scott, 213 W.Va. 209, 579 S.E.2d 550

(2003).

             7.     “Mitigating factors which may be considered in determining the

appropriate sanction to be imposed against a lawyer for violating the Rules of

Professional Conduct include: (1) absence of a prior disciplinary record; (2) absence of a

dishonest or selfish motive; (3) personal or emotional problems; (4) timely good faith

effort to make restitution or to rectify consequences of misconduct; (5) full and free

disclosure to disciplinary board or cooperative attitude toward proceedings; (6)

inexperience in the practice of law; (7) character or reputation; (8) physical or mental

disability or impairment; (9) delay in disciplinary proceedings; (10) interim

rehabilitation; (11) imposition of other penalties or sanctions; (12) remorse; and (13)

remoteness of prior offenses.” Syl. Pt. 3, Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Scott, 213 W.Va.

209, 579 S.E.2d 550 (2003).

             8.     “Aggravating factors in a lawyer disciplinary proceeding are any

considerations or factors that may justify increase in the degree of discipline to be

imposed.” Syl. Pt. 4, Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Scott, 213 W.Va. 209, 579 S.E.2d 550

(2003).

                                           iii
WORKMAN, Justice:

              This lawyer disciplinary proceeding against Respondent Timothy M. Sirk

was brought to this Court by the Office of Disciplinary Counsel (“ODC”) on behalf of the

Lawyer Disciplinary Board (“Board”). The Board’s Hearing Panel Subcommittee

(“HPS”) determined that Mr. Sirk committed multiple violations of the West Virginia

Rules of Professional Conduct (“Rules”) and recommended that this Court suspend his

law license for a period of one year, in addition to other sanctions. Based upon our review

of the record submitted, ODC’s brief and argument,1 and the applicable legal precedent,

we find Mr. Sirk committed numerous violations of the Rules. We disagree, however,

with the HPS’s recommendation that a one-year suspension is sufficient discipline. We

find, instead, that Mr. Sirk’s egregious misconduct warrants a three-year suspension from

the practice of law and adopt the HPS’s remaining recommended sanctions in full.

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              Mr. Sirk is a lawyer practicing in Keyser, West Virginia. He was admitted

to the West Virginia State Bar in 1983. Prior to these proceedings, he had no disciplinary

history.

       1
        Mr. Sirk failed to file a responsive brief in this matter, despite being ordered to
do so by this Court in its briefing schedule. On or about December 27, 2017, Mr. Sirk
submitted an “Answer to the Lawyer Disciplinary Board.” However, this document did
not comply with Rule 10 of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure. Therefore,
we decline to consider it.

                                            1

             This matter involves two formal charges filed against Mr. Sirk that

proceeded to hearing before the HPS in May 2017; several witnesses testified, including

the two complainants, as well as Mr. Sirk who appeared pro se. In addition, ODC

submitted several exhibits and the parties submitted Stipulated Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law.2 Based upon this evidence, the HPS filed its report with this Court

in September 2017. The following is a brief summary of the complaints.

                               A. Complaint of Client #1

             Client #1 3 and Mr. Sirk have been friends for more than fifty years; he

previously retained Mr. Sirk to represent him in a variety of legal matters. When Client

#1 became the executor of his mother’s estate, he retained Mr. Sirk to represent him.

Following the sale of Client #1’s mother’s home, Mr. Sirk opened a trust account at

M&T Bank in Keyser, West Virginia, and deposited $30,068 from the sale of the home in

August 2013. Client #1 and Mr. Sirk had a verbal agreement at the time the account was

opened that Mr. Sirk could borrow from this account as long as he repaid the money.

However, they never discussed the specific terms of this agreement, Mr. Sirk did not

advise Client #1 to seek legal counsel, nor did Client #1 provide written consent for Mr.

Sirk to withdraw funds.

      2
       At the hearing, Mr. Sirk acknowledged signing the Stipulated Findings of Fact
and Conclusions of Law; nevertheless, he noted exceptions to several paragraphs.
      3
       Client #1 is Mr. George F. Wilson. He filed a complaint against Mr. Sirk in
August 2014.

                                           2

                Client #1 visited the bank in January 2014 and inquired about the balance

of this trust account. He was shocked to learn that Mr. Sirk had withdrawn approximately

$16,800. After leaving the bank, Client #1 went to Mr. Sirk’s law office to confront him.

Mr. Sirk stated that he would repay the money, but it would take some time because he

was experiencing financial problems and would need to take a second mortgage out on

his home. Mr Sirk explained that he was dealing with personal problems, including

children battling drug addictions. In July 2014, Mr. Sirk returned $16,000 to Client #1

and approximately a month later, he paid the remaining $800.

                At the hearing held before the HPS, Mr. Sirk expressed remorse and

apologized to Client #1. Mr. Sirk explained that he was suffering severe financial

problems when he was supporting his grown son who is a heroin addict and was trying to

secure drug rehabilitation. During this time, he learned that his other son was also a drug

addict. Mr. Sirk testified that he was also caring for his elderly parents who were both

very ill and dealing with his own personal health problems. Mr. Sirk stated that he turned

to gambling and contemplated divorce.4

       4
           Mr. Sirk testified:

                      I just had too much and my life just kind of got out of
               control, and then just as a way of relaxing, I would sit at the
               hotdog stand and play the poker machines for an hour or two
               a day, but the amount of money I spent there was, . . . nothing
               at all compared to what I was spending on paying my
               children’s bills and enabling them, and then trying to get them
(continued . . .)
                                             3

               In the matter involving Client #1, the HPS found that Mr. Sirk violated

several of the Rules.5 Specifically, the HPS concluded that Mr. Sirk violated Rule 1.8(a)6

because Mr. Sirk withdrew money from a trust account containing money belonging to

               into rehab. And I just – since that point in time, I’ve gotten
               things together somewhat. My – both of my children are
               doing much better. My wife and I have worked out all of our
               issues and are happily back living together again, but I still
               don’t have a lot of time to work because my parents are – I
               live next door to them and I’m their primary caretaker.

                       And so I have limited my practice pretty much for the
               last year or so to just court appointed cases and occasional
               deeds, DUI’s, you know no real civil litigation of any kind.
               And I’m making enough money that I’m paying my bills and
               getting by again. Things are better. I don’t know that I’ll ever
               be able to go back to a full-time practice of law. I’d certainly
               like to, but I just don’t know that I am ever going to be able to
               do that.
      5
          By order entered September 29, 2014, this Court approved comprehensive
amendments to the West Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct. While the amendments
became effective January 1, 2015, this Opinion applies the version of the Rules that was
in effect at the time of Mr. Sirk’s misconduct. However, we note that the substance of the
new Rules would not have resulted in a different disposition of this case.
      6
          Rule 1.8(a) provides,

                       (a) A lawyer shall not enter into a business transaction
               with a client or knowingly acquire an ownership, possessory,
               security or other pecuniary interest adverse to a client unless:
                       (1) the transaction and terms on which the lawyer
               acquires the interest are fair and reasonable to the client and
               are fully disclosed and transmitted in writing to the client in a
               manner which can be reasonably understood by the client;
                       (2) the client is given a reasonable opportunity to seek
               the advice of independent counsel in the transaction; and
                       (3) the client consents in writing thereto.

                                              4

his client but did not disclose the transaction and terms in writing, did not advise the

client to seek independent counsel, and did not obtain written consent to the various

transactions. The HPS further found that Mr. Sirk violated Rule 8.4(c) and Rule 8.4(d)7

because he wrongfully misappropriated and converted funds belonging to his client

and/or to a third person to his own personal use.

                                B. Complaint of Client #2

              In September 2013, Client #2 8 retained Mr. Sirk to file a bankruptcy

petition and paid him a $2,500 retainer fee. For nearly a year, Client #2 contacted his

office regularly to inquire about the status of her case and was told either that Mr. Sirk

was still working on the matter or that there were cases ahead of hers and he would get to

it soon. Client #2 met with Mr. Sirk in September 2014, and he assured her that they were

ready to “go to court” and would receive a court date in the mail within the next month.

              However, in October 2014, Client #2 received a form letter from Mr. Sirk

advising that he was “winding down” his practice of law and would be closing the office

soon. In this letter, Mr. Sirk assured his clients that he would continue to work on

pending cases for as long as possible until they were completed but that he was not

       7
        Rules 8.4(c) and 8.4(d) provide, “[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to: .
. . (c) Engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation. (d)
Engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.”
       8
         Client #2 is Ms. Carrie E. Wolford-Watson. She filed a complaint against Mr.
Sirk in December 2014.

                                             5

accepting any new clients. The closure of Mr. Sirk’s law office was sudden and the result

of several reasons, primarily financial and health related; after the office closed, he no

longer had access to the bankruptcy software or electronic filing, but he did not share this

information with Client #2.

              In December 2014, Client #2 texted Mr. Sirk to inform him that if she did

not hear back from him soon regarding her bankruptcy matter that she would file a civil

suit against him. She received a voicemail the following day from Mr. Sirk who

responded that he was “broke due to an illness, . . . did not file bankruptcy for [her] and

did not have [her] money to give back to [her] at this time.” Mr. Sirk acknowledged that

he owed her the $2,500 retainer fee, and suggested that she sue him and file a judgment

lien against his house. Client #2 did file suit against Mr. Sirk in magistrate court and he

simply confessed judgment. Mr. Sirk eventually returned half of Client #2’s retainer fee,

$1,250, in December 2014, but he failed to return her file timely and then failed to

answer her telephone calls. Client #2 feared that her creditors could come after her home

because of the delay in the bankruptcy action. She borrowed money from her parents to

pay a retainer fee for another lawyer to file the bankruptcy petition.

              At the hearing held before the HPS, Client #2 testified that she felt “very

degraded by the system as well as taken advantage of by a man who knows he can get

away with whatever he wishes to do.” Mr. Sirk testified that he performed work on Client

                                              6

#2’s bankruptcy petition; but he failed to itemize his work on the case to justify

withholding the remainder of the retainer fee.

                In the matter involving Client #2, the HPS concluded that Mr. Sirk violated:

Rule 1.39 for failing to act with reasonable diligence by failing to file the bankruptcy

petition even though he received a retainer fee to do so; Rule 1.4(a) and 1.4(b)10 for

failing to keep Client #2 reasonably informed about the status of the case and failing to

promptly comply with her reasonable requests for information; Rule 1.1511 for failing to

produce an accounting and/or itemized statement detailing her account when he claimed

to have earned $1,250 of the $2,500 retainer fee; Rule 1.16(d)12 for failing to provide a

       9
       Rule 1.3 provides that “[a] lawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and
promptness in representing a client.”
       10
         Rules 1.4(a) and 1.4(b) provide, “(a) A lawyer shall keep a client reasonably
informed about the status of a matter and promptly comply with reasonable requests for
information. (b) A lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to
permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation.”
       11
            The relevant portion of Rule 1.15 provides,

                       (c) When in the course of representation a lawyer is in
                possession of property in which both the lawyer and another
                person claim interests, the property shall be kept separate by
                the lawyer until there is an accounting and severance of their
                interests. If a dispute arises concerning their respective
                interests, the portion that is in dispute shall be kept separate
                by the lawyer until [the] dispute is resolved.
       12
          Rule 1.16(d) provides, in relevant part: “(d) Upon termination of representation,
a lawyer shall take steps to the extent reasonably practicable to protect a client’s interests,
such as . . . surrendering papers and property to which the client is entitled[.]”

                                               7

full refund of the retainer fee after he failed to file the bankruptcy petition; and Rules

8.4(c) and 8.4(d)13 for wrongfully misappropriating and converting client funds to his

own personal use.

                                C. Factors Considered by the HPS

               In addition to the findings made by the HPS in each complaint, the HPS

further concluded that Mr. Sirk violated duties to his clients, to the public, to the legal

system, and to the legal profession. The HPS found he acted both knowingly and

intentionally and the amount of real and potential injury to his clients was great. The HPS

found several aggravating factors were present: dishonest or selfish motive; a pattern of

misconduct; multiple offenses; and substantial experience in the practice of law. It also

determined the following mitigating factors were present: an absence of a prior

disciplinary record; personal or emotional problems; and remorse.

                          D. The HPS’s Recommended Sanctions

               To this Court, the HPS recommended that Mr. Sirk’s law license be

suspended for one year. It further recommended that Mr. Sirk: be required to refund

Client #2 the remaining $1,250 of the $2,500 retainer fee; complete an additional six

hours of continuing legal education, including an additional three hours in the areas of

ethics and office management above that which is already required; upon reinstatement,

      13
           See note 7, supra.

                                               8

be placed on one year of supervised practice by an active attorney should he be

reinstated; comply with the mandates of Rule 3.28 of the Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary

Procedure; and pay the costs of these proceedings pursuant to Rule 3.15 of the Rules of

Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure.

                           E. ODC’s Motion to Enhance Sanctions

                This Court scheduled this matter for argument and ordered the parties to

file briefs. ODC filed its brief on November 22, 2017, and agreed with the HPS’s

recommended sanctions. Though ordered to do so by this Court, Mr. Sirk failed to file a

brief.14 On January 10, 2018, ODC moved this Court to enhance the previously requested

sanctions because, in its opinion, Mr. Sirk committed an additional aggravating factor

when he failed to file a brief in this case; ODC moved to enhance his suspension to

practice law for a period of three years, along with other penalties.

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

                In lawyer disciplinary proceedings, this Court reviews de novo the

recommended decision of the HPS:

                       A de novo standard applies to a review of the
                adjudicatory record made before the [Lawyer Disciplinary
                Board] as to questions of law, questions of application of the
                law to the facts, and questions of appropriate sanctions; this
                Court gives respectful consideration to the [Board’s]

       14
            See note 1, supra.

                                              9

             recommendations while ultimately exercising its own
             independent judgment. On the other hand, substantial
             deference is given to the [Board’s] findings of fact, unless
             such findings are not supported by reliable, probative, and
             substantial evidence on the whole record.

Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. McCorkle, 192 W.Va. 286, 452 S.E.2d 377 (1994).

While affording deference to the HPS, this Court is responsible for determining the

ultimate resolution of lawyer disciplinary proceedings. As such, “[t]his Court is the final

arbiter of legal ethics problems and must make the ultimate decisions about public

reprimands, suspensions or annulments of attorneys’ licenses to practice law.” Syl. Pt. 3,

Comm. on Legal Ethics of the W.Va. State Bar v. Blair, 174 W.Va. 494, 327 S.E.2d 671

(1984). With these standards in mind, we proceed to the merits of this matter.

                                     III. DISCUSSION

             In lawyer disciplinary matters, ODC has the burden “to prove the

allegations of the formal charge by clear and convincing evidence.” Syl. pt. 1, in part,

Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. McGraw, 194 W.Va. 788, 461 S.E.2d 850 (1995). Based on

the record before us, this Court finds no reason to disturb the underlying determination by

the HPS that Mr. Sirk violated various provisions of the Rules.

             ODC initially urged this Court to accept the HPS’s recommendations,

including the one-year suspension. Ultimately, however, ODC maintained that Mr. Sirk

engaged in additional misconduct after the HPS completed its report and argued that his

law license should be suspended for three years in addition to other sanctions. ODC

                                            10 

asserted that Mr. Sirk violated duties to his clients, to the public, to the legal system, and

to fellow members of the legal profession.

              Further, in ODC’s motion to consider an additional aggravating factor and

to enhance the sanctions against Mr. Sirk, the evidence shows that Mr. Sirk ignored a

directive of this Court when he failed to file a responsive brief. Not only does this

behavior evince a disturbing pattern of misconduct, but it also shows a failure to obey an

obligation imposed by a tribunal. As set forth in syllabus point seven of Lawyer

Disciplinary Board v. Grafton, 227 W.Va. 579, 712 S.E.2d 488 (2011),

                      [a] person named in a disciplinary proceeding before
              this Court, who, after the Hearing Panel Subcommittee has
              filed its Report with the recommended sanctions, commits a
              violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct related to the
              facts in the underlying complaint may be subject to an
              increased degree of discipline. Such subsequent misconduct
              may be relied upon by this Court as an aggravating factor that
              justifies enhancement of the recommended sanctions of the
              Hearing Panel Subcommittee.

              We now turn our focus to the appropriate sanctions for Mr. Sirk’s

misconduct. This Court has emphasized that “[a]ttorney disciplinary proceedings are not

designed solely to punish the attorney, but rather to protect the public, to reassure it as to

the reliability and integrity of attorneys and to safeguard its interest in the administration

of justice.” Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Taylor, 192 W.Va. 139, 144, 451 S.E.2d 440, 445

(1994). Furthermore, we are mindful of this Court’s holding in syllabus point three of

                                             11 

Committee on Legal Ethics of the West Virginia State Bar v. Walker, 178 W.Va. 150, 358
S.E.2d 234 (1987):

                     In deciding on the appropriate disciplinary action for
             ethical violations, this Court must consider not only what
             steps would appropriately punish the respondent attorney, but
             also whether the discipline imposed is adequate to serve as an
             effective deterrent to other members of the Bar and at the
             same time restore public confidence in the ethical standards
             of the legal profession.

             With these principles in mind, we proceed to the relevant factors set forth in

Rule 3.16 of the Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure. In syllabus point four of Office

of Disciplinary Counsel v. Jordan, 204 W.Va. 495, 513 S.E.2d 722 (1998), this Court

held:

                    Rule 3.16 of the West Virginia Rules of Lawyer
             Disciplinary Procedure enumerates factors to be considered in
             imposing sanctions and provides as follows: “In imposing a
             sanction after a finding of lawyer misconduct, unless
             otherwise provided in these rules, the Court [West Virginia
             Supreme Court of Appeals] or Board [Lawyer Disciplinary
             Board] shall consider the following factors: (1) whether the
             lawyer has violated a duty owed to a client, to the public, to
             the legal system, or to the profession; (2) whether the lawyer
             acted intentionally, knowingly, or negligently; (3) the amount
             of the actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer’s
             misconduct; and (4) the existence of any aggravating or
             mitigating factors.”

             Beginning with the first Jordan factor, Mr. Sirk violated several Rules that

encompass ethical duties that he owed to the public and the legal system. However, the

most important duty he violated was that owed to his clients. The clients sought his

                                           12 

counsel, trusted his judgment, and expected that he would handle their legal affairs and

proceeds accordingly. As discussed more fully below, Mr. Sirk’s failure to act with

integrity when dealing with client funds was especially egregious.

              The second Jordan factor—the lawyer’s mental state—is easy to discern.

Mr. Sirk acted both knowingly and intentionally. In the matter involving Client #1, he

made repeated withdrawals from the client’s bank account for his own personal use.

Notably, he continued to make withdrawals from this account even after Client #1

confronted him in January of 2014 and demanded repayment. In the matter involving

Client #2, Mr. Sirk accepted the retainer fee in September 2013, then made little to no

progress in the case for over a year, failed to keep her reasonably informed about the

matter, and misinformed her about the true status of the case.

              Applying the third Jordan inquiry—the injury or potential injury caused—

it is obvious that Mr. Sirk’s misconduct caused actual monetary damage to both clients.

While Mr. Sirk eventually repaid Client #1, he still suffered injury at the time when

deprived of his funds for several months. Moreover, the potential for such misconduct to

cause serious injury was enormous considering Mr. Sirk’s precarious financial situation;

the loans were not subject to a written loan agreement or security, payment of interest,

penalties or fees, or a schedule for repayment. Without proper documentation, Client #1

was completely vulnerable to losing this money. Likewise, Client #2’s bankruptcy

petition was delayed and she was frustrated when Mr. Sirk ignored her attempts to speed

                                            13 

things along. After Mr. Sirk failed to file the bankruptcy petition, he never paid the

remainder of the retainer fee and Client #2 was forced to obtain a judgment against him

in magistrate court. Finally, she had to borrow additional money from her parents to pay

another lawyer’s retainer fee and remained financially vulnerable to creditors.

              We now turn to the final Jordan factor and consider Mr. Sirk’s conduct in

light of both mitigating and aggravating factors. This Court has held that “[m]itigating

factors in a lawyer disciplinary proceeding are any considerations or factors that may

justify a reduction in the degree of discipline to be imposed.” Syl. Pt. 2, Lawyer

Disciplinary Bd. v. Scott, 213 W.Va. 209, 579 S.E.2d 550 (2003).

                     Mitigating factors which may be considered in
              determining the appropriate sanction to be imposed against a
              lawyer for violating the Rules of Professional Conduct
              include: (1) absence of a prior disciplinary record; (2) absence
              of a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) personal or emotional
              problems; (4) timely good faith effort to make restitution or to
              rectify consequences of misconduct; (5) full and free
              disclosure to disciplinary board or cooperative attitude toward
              proceedings; (6) inexperience in the practice of law; (7)
              character or reputation; (8) physical or mental disability or
              impairment; (9) delay in disciplinary proceedings; (10)
              interim rehabilitation; (11) imposition of other penalties or
              sanctions; (12) remorse; and (13) remoteness of prior
              offenses.

Id. at 210, 579 S.E.2d at 551, Syl. Pt. 3. By contrast, “[a]ggravating factors in a lawyer

disciplinary proceeding are any considerations or factors that may justify increase in the

degree of discipline to be imposed.” Id. at 217, 579 S.E.2d at 558, Syl. Pt. 4. A pattern of

conduct and multiple offenses may be considered as aggravating factors. Id.

                                            14 

              The HPS found the remorse shown by Mr. Sirk constituted a mitigating

factor as well as the absence of a prior disciplinary record, and his personal/emotional

problems. Conversely, several aggravating factors were also present including Mr. Sirk’s

dishonest or selfish motive, pattern of misconduct, multiple offenses, and his substantial

experience in the practice of law. Courts have applied the aggravating factor of dishonest

or selfish motives in cases where the lawyer intends to benefit financially from prohibited

transactions. “For example, an attorney who solicits loans from a client because he is

unable to find funding elsewhere acts selfishly because the attorney seeks to benefit

directly from the client.” In re Disciplinary Proceeding Against Trejo, 185 P.3d 1160,

1174 (Wash. 2008).

              There is no “magic formula” for this Court to determine how to weigh the

host of mitigating and aggravating circumstances to arrive at an appropriate sanction;

each case presents different circumstances that must be weighed against the nature and

gravity of the lawyer’s misconduct. Considering all the relevant factors in this case, we

conclude that the one-year suspension recommendation submitted by the HPS is too

lenient a punishment for serious behavior that has become a pattern of continued

wrongdoing.

              This Court is not unsympathetic to Mr. Sirk’s personal problems that

contributed to his professional misconduct. Nevertheless, the severity of his misconduct

cannot be overstated. When a lawyer violates Rules 8.4(c) and 8.4(d) by misappropriating

                                            15 

property belonging to a client, that lawyer breaches one of the fundamental duties of this

profession. The New Jersey Supreme Court eloquently explained why this breach,

perhaps more than any other, sullies the reputation of the entire legal profession and not

merely the errant practitioner.

                      Like many rules governing the behavior of lawyers,
              this one has its roots in the confidence and trust which clients
              place in their attorneys. Having sought his advice and relying
              on his expertise, the client entrusts the lawyer with the
              transaction—including the handling of the client’s funds.
              Whether it be a real estate closing, the establishment of a
              trust, the purchase of a business, the investment of funds, the
              receipt of proceeds of litigation, or any one of a multitude of
              other situations, it is commonplace that the work of lawyers
              involves possession of their clients’ funds. That possession is
              sometimes expedient, occasionally simply customary, but
              usually essential. Whatever the need may be for the lawyer’s
              handling of clients’ money, the client permits it because he
              trusts the lawyer.

                     It is a trust built on centuries of honesty and
              faithfulness. Sometimes it is reinforced by personal
              knowledge of a particular lawyer’s integrity or a firm’s
              reputation. The underlying faith, however, is in the legal
              profession, the bar as an institution. No other explanation can
              account for clients’ customary willingness to entrust their
              funds to relative strangers simply because they are lawyers.

                      Abuse of this trust has always been recognized as
              particularly reprehensible: “(T)here are few more egregious
              acts of professional misconduct of which an attorney can be
              guilty than misappropriation of a client’s funds held in trust.”
              [In re Beckman, 79 N.J. 402, 404-05, 400 A.2d 792, 793
              (1979)].

Matter of Wilson, 409 A.2d 1153, 1154-55 (N.J. 1979). Consequently, the fact that Mr.

Sirk had no prior disciplinary record is of small significance; an attorney cannot shield

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himself from the consequences of committing a serious ethical violation simply because

it was his first offense.

               Finally, an important factor that weighs heavily in our decision is our duty

to maintain the integrity of the State Bar. In other words, “[u]nless we keep clean our

own house . . . we cannot expect the public to have confidence in . . . our system of

justice.” In re Goldman, 588 P.2d 964, 985 (Mont. 1978) (Harrison, J., dissenting)).

“Society allows the legal profession the privilege of self-regulation. Thus, it is of the

utmost importance that the public have confidence in the profession’s ability to discipline

itself—lest the privilege be withdrawn.” Disciplinary Matter Involving Buckalew, 731
P.2d 48, 55 (Alaska 1986).

               This Court has increased the HPS’s recommended sanction of a one-year

suspension to a three-year suspension in lawyer disciplinary proceedings under factually

similar circumstances. In Lawyer Disciplinary Board v. Rossi, 234 W.Va. 675, 769
S.E.2d 464 (2015), we found the lawyer’s substantial misconduct warranted a three-year

suspension from the practice of law when he failed to act with reasonable diligence in

representing clients, failed to communicate with clients, failed to return client files in a

timely fashion, engaged in conduct that was deceitful, and engaged in conduct that was

prejudicial to the administration of justice. Id. at 686, 769 S.E.2d at 475. Mr. Rossi had

comparable aggravating and mitigating factors as Mr. Sirk including a pattern of

misconduct, multiple offenses, and substantial experience in the practice of law. Id. at

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685, 769 S.E.2d at 474. This Court considered an additional aggravating factor of

dishonest or selfish motive based on Mr. Rossi’s deceitful behavior when he lied to a

client, accepted a retainer fee and then failed to perform work on the case. Id.; see also

Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Hart, 235 W.Va. 523, 538, 775 S.E.2d 75, 90 (2015)

(rejecting HPS’s recommendation of one-year suspension and imposing three-year

suspension when lawyer failed to perfect appeals, violated his duty of communication,

and agreed to perform certain legal services but failed to perform those services and,

additionally, retained unearned fees after being discharged by clients); Lawyer

Disciplinary Bd. v. Aleshire, 230 W.Va. 70, 79-80, 736 S.E.2d 70, 79-80 (2012)

(disagreeing with HPS’s recommendation of one-year suspension, finding “Mr. Aleshire

was completely unresponsive to his clients in these two matters and caused both of them

actual monetary damage. Additionally, Mr. Aleshire has shown a consistent

unwillingness to respond to opposing counsel, court orders, and the ODC. Therefore, we

believe a three-year suspension [is warranted].”).

              Consistent with this precedent, we impose a three-year suspension on Mr.

Sirk’s law license. Further, we adopt the remaining recommendations made to this Court

by the HPS. We believe these sanctions will accomplish the goals of our disciplinary

system by punishing Mr. Sirk, restoring public confidence in the ethical standards of our

profession and serving as a deterrent to other members of the State Bar.

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                                  IV. CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, this Court imposes the following sanctions: Mr.

Sirk’s law license is suspended for three years;15 he must refund Client #2 the remaining

$1,250 of her retainer fee; he must complete an additional six hours of continuing legal

education, including an additional three hours in the area of ethics and office

management above that which is already required; upon reinstatement, Mr. Sirk will be

placed on one year of supervised practice by an active attorney in his geographic area in

good standing with the West Virginia State Bar and agreed upon by ODC; and he is

ordered to pay the costs of these proceedings.

                                                                     Sanctions Ordered.

      15
         Mr. Sirk is required to comply with the provisions of Rule 3.28 of the Rules of
Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure regarding the duties of suspended lawyers. Moreover,
pursuant to Rule 3.32 of those Rules, Mr. Sirk will be required to petition for the
reinstatement of his law license.

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