Court Opinion

ID: 2881953
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-07 16:06:32.594831+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:09.221323
License: Public Domain

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-03-00064-CR
______________________________

STERLING DAVID KUBECKA, Appellant
Â 
V.
Â 
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 

On Appeal from the 230th Judicial District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court No. 921131

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 

Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â In late April 2002, Sterling David Kubecka generated an overdraft on his Republic Bank
account by depositing insufficient funds checks to the account and then making withdrawals from
it.

  He was prosecuted for theft.  At trial, Kubecka's counsel tendered testimony from Martin Tellez, 
Kubecka's friend and business associate, to the effect that, in late June 2002, Kubecka had asked
Tellez to pay the bank money he owed Kubecka and thereby satisfy Kubecka's overdraft.  On the
State's relevance and hearsay objections, the trial court ruled the testimony was inadmissible hearsay
and excluded it.  From his conviction and sentence of twenty months' confinement and a $6,445.00
fine, Kubecka appeals, asserting only that the testimony should not have been excluded.  Though we
find the testimony was not hearsay, we find its exclusion was within the trial court's discretion
because of lack of relevance.  Therefore, we affirm the trial court's judgment.
Excluded Testimony Was Not Hearsay
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Kubecka's offer of proof contained Tellez' testimony that Kubecka directed him to pay
directly to the bankâfor payment of Kubecka's obligation thereâthe sum of $7,000.00, which
Tellez had available to pay toward an indebtedness he owed Kubecka.  We conclude that testimony
was not hearsay.
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Hearsay "is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted."  Tex. R. Evid. 801(d). The
admissibility of hearsay evidence is a question for the trial court, reviewable under an abuse of
discretion standard.  See Coffin v. State, 885 S.W.2d 140, 149 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The proffered testimony was not hearsay.  Kubecka's statement to Tellez was not offered to
show the truth of anything in Kubecka's utterance, but to show the directive to pay the bank rather
than Kubecka.  It was not primarily an assertion of a fact, but a directive or request of Tellez, offered
to show that Kubecka made an effort to pay the bank and thereby show that he did not intend to
deprive the bank of the $6,444.38 outstanding from the overdraft of his account.  See Norton v. State,
564 S.W.2d 714, 717 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (operative facts or verbal acts offered to prove
communication made, not to prove its truth, not hearsay); Burchfield v. State, 475 S.W.2d 275, 277
(Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (statement reported to show statement made, not truth of statement, not
hearsay); Franklin v. State, 992 S.W.2d 698, 704 (Tex. App.âTexarkana 1999, pet. ref'd) (operative
fact where words created agency, not hearsay); see also Ash v. Hack Branch Distrib. Co., 54 S.W.3d
401, 411 (Tex. App.âWaco 2001, pet. denied); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. McKenzie, 22 S.W.3d 566,
572 (Tex. App.âEastland 2000, pet. denied) (in employment discrimination suit, "We got rid of that
[racial slur]." not hearsay, but operative fact); $445.00 in United States Currency v. State, 856
S.W.2d 852, 853 (Tex. App.âFort Worth 1993, no pet.) ("dope notes" in vehicle not hearsay, as not
offered to prove contents, but to prove their presence in vehicle).
Exclusion Was Proper for Lack of Relevance
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â While we conclude the testimony was not hearsay, we find the evidence was properly
excluded since it was irrelevant and the State had also objected on the basis of irrelevance.  If a trial
court's ruling is correct under any theory of law, but the court so ruled for the wrong reason, the
ruling will stand, especially if the ruling admitted or excluded evidence.  Osbourn v. State, 92
S.W.3d 531, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Even relevant evidence can be excluded if "its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the danger of . . . confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury . . . ."  Tex. R. Evid. 403.
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â We review a trial court's exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion.  See Weatherred v.
State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 762 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1995).  A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to guiding rules and
principles; that is, arbitrarily or unreasonably, Lyles v. State, 850 S.W.2d 497, 502 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993), or, in other words, outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.  Montgomery v. State, 810
S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh'g).
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â While the issue of Kubecka's intent to deprive the bank of the funds was central to this case,
his intent was to be determined as of the latter part of April 2002, when the overdraft was created. 
By contrast, the excluded testimony recounted a conversation occurring in late June 2002, about two
months later.  While testimony about Kubecka's intent in late June might be argued to be somewhat
probative of his intent in April, the connection is very attenuated.  During the intervening time
period, the record reveals, there were numerous bank collection efforts.  We also cannot know from
the record before us what other attenuating events may have occurred during that time.  Because of
the two-month gap and the collection efforts during that time, and because possible other intervening
events further attenuated the two events, we cannot say the trial court would have been outside the
zone of reasonable disagreement if it had excluded the evidence based on relevance.  Therefore, it
would have been within the trial court's discretion to have excluded the testimony based on
relevancy.

Â 
Â 
Â 
Â 
Â 
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Because we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we affirm the judgment.
Â 
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Josh R. Morriss, III
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Chief Justice

Date Submitted:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â July 12, 2004
Date Decided:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â July 27, 2004

Do Not Publish

tatute of limitations began to run in 1992 when the Bank
foreclosed on the Tract and first became eligible under the 1989 Consent to make a demand for new
agreements.  In support of its contention, Northwest relies on Stevens v. State Farm Fire and
Casualty Co., 929 S.W.2d 665 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1996, writ denied).  In Stevens, Stevens
purchased an insurance policy from State Farm, insuring his home for $167,000.00 and his personal
property for $100,260.00.  Id. at 668.  On January 3, 1991, the home burned, and from February to
October 1991, State Farm paid a total of $133,522.47 for home repairs.  Id.  Over a year later,
Stevens made a demand for an additional $33,577.53.  State Farm refused this request, and Stevens 
sued.  Id.  State Farm argued that Stevens' claim was barred by the statute of limitations because it
came over a year after his home had been fully repaired.  Id. at 671.  However, Stevens argued that
the limitations period was tolled until he made his demand.  Id.  This Court held that, when a
demand is a condition precedent to bringing suit, the injured party may not, by failing to make a
demand, postpone the running of the statute.  Id.; see Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. State ex rel. City of
Dallas, 86 S.W.2d 826, 831 (Tex. Civ. App.-Fort Worth 1935, writ dism'd).  Further, when a
demand is a prerequisite, the injured party must make such a demand within a reasonable time after
his or her right arises.  Stevens, 929 S.W.2d at 671.  The reasonableness of the delay is normally a
fact question for the jury, but in the absence of mitigating circumstances, the law will ordinarily
consider that a reasonable time will coincide with the running of the statute of limitations, and an
action will be barred if a demand is not made within that time period.  Id.  Ultimately, the court did
not reach the reasonableness question because Stevens made his demand within the applicable
limitations period.  Id. at 672. 
	Notwithstanding the dicta in Stevens, it has been firmly established that, when demand is an
integral part of a cause of action, or demand is a condition precedent to the right to sue, the statute
of limitations does not begin to run until demand has been made unless the right to make a demand
was waived or unreasonably delayed.  Ocean Transp. v. Greycas, Inc., 878 S.W.2d 256, 267 (Tex.
App.-Corpus Christi 1994, writ denied); Intermedics, Inc. v. Grady, 683 S.W.2d 842, 845 (Tex.
App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Gabriel v. Alhabbal, 618 S.W.2d 894, 896-97 (Tex.
Civ. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.). 
	The present case is clearly distinguishable from Stevens.  In the present case, the parties
expressly agreed that, after foreclosure and on proper demand, new agreements would be executed
in favor of the Bank or its nominee for fueling and license rights.  In Stevens, Stevens' home had
been fully repaired for more than a year before he made his demand.  Stevens, 929 S.W.2d at 671. 
At that point, he had already been injured by paying more for the repair of his home, and he had
reason to make his demand.  Id.  The 1989 Consent did not require the Bank or its nominee to make
the demand within four years, or any period of time, after foreclosure.  Unlike Stevens, the Bank or
its nominee had no reason to make such a demand until it became necessary to exercise fueling
rights.  As a result, even though a demand was a prerequisite to filing suit, the cause of action did
not accrue until the demand was denied and the contract was breached in January 2001.  See Gabriel,
894 S.W.2d at 896-97.  Therefore, the trial court erred to the extent summary judgment was based
on Northwest's statute of limitations defense. 
Contract Interpretation

 1.  1993 License Agreement
	In its next point of error, Rolling Lands asserts the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment with respect to its claim to enforce the 1993 Agreement.  Northwest contended the 1993
Agreement was silent as to duration, making it terminable at will.  See Clear Lake City Water Auth.
v. Clear Lake Util. Co., 549 S.W.2d 385, 390-91 (Tex. 1977).  On the other hand, Rolling Lands
argued the agreement was expressly limited in duration, that it was still in effect at the time Rolling
Lands purchased the Tract, and the Bank assigned all licensing rights under the agreement to Rolling
Lands. 
	When parties disagree over the meaning of an unambiguous contract, the court must
determine the parties' intent by examining and considering the entire writing in an effort to give
effect to and harmonize all provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless.  Coker v. Coker,
650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983); First City Nat'l Bank v. Concord Oil Co., 808 S.W.2d 133, 136
(Tex. App.-El Paso 1991, no writ); KMI Cont'l Offshore Prod. Co. v. ACF Petroleum Co., 746
S.W.2d 238, 241 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, writ denied).  The intent of the parties must
be taken from the agreement itself, not from the parties' present interpretations, and the agreement
must be enforced as it is written.  Sun Oil Co. v. Madeley, 626 S.W.2d 726, 731-32 (Tex. 1981). 
	In support of its contention, Northwest relies on Clear Lake City Water Authority, 549
S.W.2d at 390-91.  In that case, Clear Lake Utilities entered into negotiations for water and sewer
service with Clear Lake City Authority, a conservation and reclamation district created pursuant to
statute.  Id. at 387.  The parties entered into an agreement on July 11, 1966, in which Authority
promised to furnish Utilities with water and sewage treatment service for a 100-acre tract.  Id.  In
return, Utilities agreed to construct and maintain a water and sewer pipeline system capable of
serving the tract.  Id. at 387.  This contract provided that Utilities "shall have the exclusive right, as
between the parties hereto, to furnish water and sanitary sewer service to parties within said tract."
Id. at 388.  The contract was silent as to its duration.  Id.  The court recognized that contracts
contemplating continuing performance (5) are indefinite in nature and can be terminated by any party
at will.  Id.  The court ultimately held the contract terminable at will for statutory reasons involving
the Texas Government Code, none of which are applicable in the present case. 
	When a contract limits duration by the happening of any one of several ascertainable
contingencies it is not terminable at will.  City of Big Spring v. Bd. of Control, 404 S.W.2d 810, 812
(Tex. 1966) (contract to continue while State operates hospital not terminable at will); Brittian v.
Gen. Tel. Co., 533 S.W.2d 886, 891 (Tex. Civ. App.-Fort Worth 1976, writ dism'd w.o.j.). 
	Unlike Clear Lake, the 1993 Agreement expressly provides for termination of the access
rights under certain circumstances.  Specifically, the 1993 Agreement provides in pertinent part:
	Term.  This Agreement shall become effective on the date hereinabove specified and
shall terminate upon the first to occur of the following events, to-wit:
	(a) Landowner defaults in the payment of the access and maintenance fee specified
in Paragraph 4 hereof and Airport Owner elects to terminate this Agreement as
therein provided; or 
	(b) Landowner violates one or more of the Restrictions referred to in Paragraph 7
hereof and Airport Owner elects to terminate this Agreement as therein provided; or 
	(c) The Airport is closed or its operations otherwise permanently cease, for whatever
reason, . . . .

	Since the 1993 Agreement is fixed and determinable with respect to duration, the trial court
erred to the extent summary judgment was granted based on the 1993 Agreement being terminable
at will.
 

	2.  1989 Agreement and Consent (Fueling Rights)
	In its next point of error, Rolling Lands contends the trial court erred by granting summary
judgment in favor of Northwest with respect to a new fueling rights agreement.  The dispute over
fueling rights originates from paragraph ten of the 1989 Consent, which provides, in pertinent part: 
 	[I]n the event of a foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure with respect to the Tract,
NW Airport agrees upon receipt of a certificate from an officer of the Lender
certifying that (i) the Lender has foreclosed its lien(s) on the Tract or acquired the
Tract through a deed in lieu of foreclosure, (ii) the Lender, its nominee or the
purchaser at said foreclosure sale is the new owner of the tract, and (iii) NW Jet no
longer has the right to occupy, manage or operate any facilities or operations in or
upon the tract; to execute and deliver to the Lender, its nominee, or said
purchaser of the Tract, new agreements containing, subject to the exceptions
hereinafter set forth, the same terms and provisions as the License Agreement
(as defined in the Security Agreement) and the Amended Fuel Agreement
(without regard to any additional amendments thereto), substituting the
Lender, its nominee, or said purchaser as the case may be, in place of NW Jet
as the party thereto.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, NW Airport, the Lender,
its nominee, or said purchaser, by entering into such agreements, acknowledges
and agrees that, as between NW Airport and the Lender, its nominee, or said
purchaser, the execution and delivery of such agreements by the Lender, its
nominee, or said purchaser, shall supercede any rights they may have under the
Contracts.  NW Airport further agrees that such agreements shall be effective
as of the date of their execution and delivery, unaffected and unimpaired by any
then present or future default under or other basis for voiding or terminating, the
Contracts, and that no amounts shall be payable thereunder, until, or for the
period prior to, such time as such person commences to exercise any of its rights
thereunder. 

(Emphasis added.)

	Rolling Lands contends the phrase "such agreements shall be effective as of the date of their
execution and delivery, unaffected and unimpaired by any then present or future default under or
other basis for voiding or terminating the Contracts" eliminated Northwest's termination rights. 
Rolling Lands contends that, on execution of the new agreements, Northwest would not be
empowered to give ninety days' notice of termination, and the fueling rights would thus be perpetual
under the new agreements, so long as pumping fees were paid. 
	On the other hand, Northwest contends paragraph ten of the 1989 Consent provided that,
unless the contracts expired by their terms, the Bank after a foreclosure would be able to execute new
agreements in its or its nominee's favor containing the same terms as the 1984 Agreement, and the
new agreements would not be affected or impaired by then-existing or future grounds for default
based on a grievance with Jet.  Further, Northwest contends that any new agreements executed in
favor of Rolling Lands would be subject to the same termination policy under the 1984 Agreement. 
Northwest argues that, because notice of termination was given on October 18, 2000, all fueling
rights would terminate on May 31, 2001, even if a new fueling rights agreement was executed. 
	Paragraph ten states that, after foreclosure and demand, Northwest is required to execute
agreements in favor of the Bank or its nominee containing the same terms as the "amended fuel
agreements." (6)  The 1984 Agreement expressly provides the fueling agreements would have a primary
term expiring on May 31, 1996, and, provided Rolling Lands' predecessor was not in default at the
time the primary term expired, the agreement would renew and extend automatically for successive
one-year extensions unless there was a default or Northwest gave notice of termination at least ninety
days before any prospective anniversary date.  Based on those terms, the underlying fueling rights
agreement was still in effect when Rolling Lands made its demand for a new fueling rights
agreement, and it was entitled to a new fueling rights agreement containing the same terms as the
1984 Agreement.  Additionally, under the 1989 Consent, that new agreement would be "unaffected
and unimpaired by any then present or future default under or other basis for voiding or terminating
the Contracts."  According to the terms of the Consent, the new agreement that should have been
executed was not subject to nonrenewal based on Northwest's notice in October 2000.  Rather,
Northwest was required to execute a new fueling rights agreement and, if it desired to keep that
contract from renewing, issue a new, timely notice of nonrenewal after its execution.  We conclude 
Northwest must execute a new fueling rights agreement in favor of Rolling Lands, containing the
same terms as the original 1984 Agreement, as amended.  If Northwest wishes to keep this new
agreement from renewing, it must give a new notice of nonrenewal at least ninety days before May
31, the anniversary date.
Antitrust and Anticompetition
 In its next point of error, Rolling Lands contends deed restriction J, prohibiting fuel sales
without permission from Northwest, is unenforceable because it is either a violation of the TFEAA
or an unreasonable restraint on competition.  That point of error raises three principal issues:
(1)Â whether the 1993 lawsuit bars the TFEAA claim being asserted by Rolling Lands under the
doctrine of res judicata, (2) whether deed restriction J constitutes a monopoly under TFEAA, and
(3) whether, if not a monopoly under TFEAA, the restriction is an unreasonable covenant not to
compete and thus is unenforceable under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. Ç§ 15.50-15.52 (Vernon
2002).
	As previously discussed, we have concluded Rolling Lands is not barred by res judicata from
asserting its claim that the fueling rights restriction is unenforceable.  See Barr, 837 S.W.2d at 631. 
Nonetheless, Rolling Lands fails in its assertions that deed restriction J is unenforceable because the
restriction is neither (1) a monopoly under TFEAA nor (2) an unreasonable covenant not to compete.
	First, in order to establish that a monopoly exists, there must be a showing the alleged
violator (1) obtained monopoly power in a relevant market and (2) willfully acquired or maintained
the power through means other than a superior product, business acumen, or historical accident. 
Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 15.05(b) (Vernon 2002).  Further, the Fifth Circuit has consistently
held that monopolization is rarely found when the defendant's share of the relevant market is below
seventy percent.  Dimmitt Agri Indus., Inc. v. CPC Int'l, Inc., 679 F.2d 516, 529 nn.11 & 12 (5th Cir.
1982); Cliff Food Stores, Inc. v. Kroger, Inc., 417 F.2d 203, 207 n.2 (5th Cir.1969). (7) 
	In the present case, the only evidence before the trial court regarding market share was
presented by Northwest.  Northwest introduced an affidavit from Jagit S. Gill, president of Gill
Aviation (the general partner of Northwest).  In his affidavit, Gill stated Northwest controlled "less
than one-half of one percent of the total aviation fueling market and approximately three and one-half percent of the general aviation market in the Houston area." Rolling Lands failed to present any
evidence controverting Gill's affidavit.  See Deaton v. United Mobile Networks, L. P., 926 S.W.2d
756, 767-77 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1996), aff'd in part & rev'd in part on other grounds, 939
S.W.2d 146 (Tex. 1997); Gen. Devices v. Bacon, 888 S.W.2d 497, 504 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1994,
writ denied) (summary judgment denied because movant failed to present evidence regarding
relevant market or effect on market).  Rolling Lands failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact
with respect to the possession of a monopoly in the relevant market.  See Perez, 819 S.W.2d at 471. 
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in concluding that deed Restriction J does not violate Tex.
Bus. & Com. Code Ann. Â§ 15.05(b). 
	But is the deed restriction an unenforceable covenant not to compete under Tex. Bus. &
Com. Code Ann. Â§Â§ 15.50-15.52.  The fueling rights restriction is a restraint on the use of a single
parcel of real property and thus should not be reviewed as a noncompetition contract.  See Ehler v.
B. T. Suppenas Ltd., 74 S.W.3d 515, 520-21 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2002, no pet.).  Rather, the deed
restriction is a covenant running with the land and should be analyzed as such.  See id.  In Texas, a
real property covenant runs with the land when it touches and concerns the land, it relates to a thing
in existence or specifically binds the parties and their assigns, it is intended by the parties to run with
the land, and the successor to the burden has notice.  Inwood N. Homeowners' Ass'n, Inc. v. Harris,
736 S.W.2d 632, 635 (Tex. 1987).  There must also be privity of estate between the parties when the
covenant was made.  Wayne Harwell Props. v. Pan Am. Logistics Ctr., Inc., 945 S.W.2d 216, 218
(Tex. App.-San Antonio 1997, writ denied). 
	The restriction at issue here does touch and concern the land because it limits the use to
which the land can be put.  The written restriction specifically binds the parties and their assigns, and
evidences an intent that the restriction run with the land.  It is undisputed that Rolling Lands had
actual and constructive notice of the deed restrictions before purchasing the Tract.  There was also
privity of estate when the covenant was established.  Thus, the covenant restricting fueling rights on
the Tract meets the requirements for a covenant running with the land and should be enforced.  See
Harris, 736 S.W.2d at 635.
Rolling Lands' Motion for Summary Judgment
 1.  Declaratory Relief and Specific Performance
	In its motion for summary judgment, Rolling Lands sought a declaratory judgment that the
1993 Agreement was valid and enforceable, and that Rolling Lands was entitled to the rights set
forth in that agreement.  Specifically, Rolling Lands contended that the agreement was assignable,
that the Bank assigned those rights to Rolling Lands, and that therefore, it is entitled to enforce the
Agreement.  The intent of the parties must be taken from the agreement itself, not from the parties'
present interpretation.  Madeley, 626 S.W.2d at 731-32.
	With respect to assignment, the 1993 Agreement provides in pertinent part:  "The license
given is personal to Landowner.  Landowner may assign or otherwise transfer this Agreement to a
subsequent purchaser so long as usage of the Tract at time of assignment is consistent with the deed
restrictions applicable to the tract."  Contemporaneously with selling the Tract to Rolling Lands, the
Bank generally assigned to Rolling Lands "all . . . intangible rights, titles, interests, privileges and
appurtenances of [Bank] related to or used in connection with the [Tract] and its operation."  Rolling
Lands is thus entitled to all of the Bank's rights under the 1993 Agreement, including access to the
airport and its facilities.
	In addition to the enforcement of the 1993 Agreement, Rolling Lands requested a declaratory
judgment that the 1989 Agreement and 1989 Consent were valid and enforceable.  As previously
discussed, Rolling Lands is entitled to a new fueling rights agreement containing the same terms as
the 1984 Agreement, and that new agreement is subject to the terms of duration set forth in the 1984
Agreement.      
 2.  Attorney's Fees
	In its motion for summary judgment, Rolling Lands sought an award of $100,000.00 for
attorney's fees pursuant to the Texas Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act.  That Act provides that
a court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees, provided they are equitable
and just.  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. Â§ 37.009 (Vernon 1997).  It has been well established
that a party who is awarded a declaratory judgment at a summary judgment proceeding is entitled
to attorney's fees.  Tex. River Barges v. City of San Antonio, 21 S.W.3d 347, 358 (Tex. App.-San
Antonio 2000, pet. denied); Chandler v. Chandler, 991 S.W.2d 367, 405-06 (Tex. App.-El Paso
1999, pet. denied).  Because Rolling Lands is entitled to declaratory relief in this summary judgment
proceeding, Rolling Lands is entitled to reasonable and necessary attorney's fees provided they are
equitable and just.  See Tex. River Barges, 21 S.W.3d at 358; FM Props. Operating Co., 22 S.W.3d
at 872. 
	Whether attorney's fees are reasonable and necessary is a question of fact, while equity and
justness are questions of law.  Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex. 1998).  In order to
determine reasonableness and necessity, courts are guided by the following factors: 
	(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved,
and the skill required to perform the legal service properly;

	(2) the likelihood . . . that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude
other employment by the lawyer;

	(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services; 

	(4) the amount involved and the results obtained; 

	(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances; 

	(6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; 

	(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the
services; and 

	(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent on results obtained or uncertainty of
collection before the legal services have been rendered.

Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof'l Conduct 1.04, reprinted in Tex. Gov't Code Ann., tit. 2, subtit. G
app. A (Vernon 1998) (Tex. State Bar R. art. X, Â§ 9); see Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d at 21 (referring
court to Rule 1.04).  In the present case, Rolling Lands submitted the uncontroverted affidavit of Rod
Hardie as summary judgment evidence in support of its request for attorney's fees.  In his affidavit,
Hardie states that he has practiced law since 1982, primarily in commercial and business litigation
matters; that he is familiar with the attorney's fees customarily charged to similarly situated clients;
and that fees are justified based on a list of services that "have been or will be rendered."  Without
more, Hardie concludes, "[i]n my opinion, taking into consideration the usual and customary
attorney's fees in Harris County, Texas, the amount in controversy, the legal questions involved, the
fee arrangement with the client, the benefits conferred, and the time required, a reasonable and
necessary attorney's fee . . . is $100,000."  
	In a summary judgment proceeding, the movant has the burden of showing there is no
genuine issue of material fact, and all doubts regarding a material fact are resolved in favor of the
nonmovant.  McNamara, 71 S.W.3d at 311.  Further, the basis of an expert witness' opinion may
settle a dispute as a matter of law, not the witness' credentials or their unsubstantiated opinions. 
Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex. 1999).  In the present case, Hardie's affidavit fails to set
forth sufficient evidence to form a basis for his conclusion.  The affidavit by its own terms states that
attorney's fees are based partly on services that have not even been performed, but only expect to be
performed.  The affidavit fails to set forth details about the representation that could guide this Court
in making a determination on the reasonableness and necessity of attorney's fees.  Therefore, even
though the affidavit was uncontroverted, Rolling Lands has failed to present sufficient summary
judgment evidence on which to decide this issue as a matter of law, and the case will be remanded
to determine the reasonableness and necessity of the attorney's fees.
Conclusion
 For the reasons stated, we (1) reverse Northwest's summary judgment; (2) reverse the denial
of Rolling Lands' motion for summary judgment and render judgment in favor of Rolling Lands that
the 1989 Agreement and Consent and the 1993 Agreement are valid and enforceable and that Rolling
Lands is entitled to the performance of those agreements, including Northwest's execution of a new
fueling rights agreement containing the same terms as the 1984 Agreement; provided that the new
fueling rights agreement shall have an initial term, and successive one-year renewal terms, carrying
the expiration/anniversary/renewal date of May 31, subject to future nonrenewal by written notice
of nonrenewal given to Rolling Lands at least ninety days before any future anniversary (renewal)
date; and (3) remand this cause to the trial court for a factual determination with respect to the
reasonableness of, and necessity for, Rolling Lands' attorney's fees.  See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2.

							Josh R. Morriss, III
							Chief Justice

Date Submitted:	February 19, 2003
Date Decided:		June 3, 2003

ON MOTION FOR REHEARING

	Appellee, Northwest Airport Management, L.P., d/b/a David Wayne Hooks Memorial
Airport, and Appellant, Rolling Lands Investments, L.C., each file a motion for rehearing herein. 
We have reviewed those motions, along with our original opinion and the law, and conclude we were
correct in our original opinion and disposition of this case as to all substantive matters we addressed. 
Accordingly, we overrule points one through three of Northwest's motion for rehearing.  We issue
this opinion on rehearing to address the clarifications requested by the parties in their respective
motions for rehearing, Rolling Lands' sole point and Northwest's points four and five.
	Rolling Lands points out that its motion for summary judgment in the trial court did not
exhaust all causes of action below, but left for later determination its claim for damages for breach
of contract.  When, as happened in this case, both parties file motions for summary judgment and
one is granted and the other denied by the trial court, this Court reviews both motions, determines
all questions presented, and renders the judgment the trial court should have rendered.  FM Props.
Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000). (8)  That is what we did.  Our
disposition necessarily left open for future disposition by the trial court any causes of action or issues
not covered by the competing motions for summary judgment, including Rolling Lands' breach of
contract cause of action in its entirety.
	Northwest, in point four of its motion for rehearing, asks that we clarify our judgment to
make clear deed restriction J (fueling rights) is enforceable.  That was stated in our opinion, and we
now clarify our judgment accordingly.
	Northwest, in the fifth and final point of its Motion for Rehearing, asks that we clarify our
opinion and judgment to make clear that the 1993 License Agreement is valid and binding on the
parties.  The 1993 lawsuit, cause number 93-28412 in the 334th Judicial District Court of Harris
County, Texas, was settled in 1993 by a "Release and Settlement Agreement," which called for, and
pursuant to which was executed, a separate 1993 agreement styled "David Wayne Hooks Memorial
Airport Access and Maintenance Agreement a/k/a License Agreement" (1993 License Agreement). 
Implicit in our opinion was our conclusion that the 1993 License Agreement continued to be valid
and binding on the parties to this litigation, without any further license agreement.  We now clarify
our judgment accordingly.

							Josh R. Morriss, III
							Chief Justice

Date:		July 3, 2003
1. Both banks are referred to hereafter as "Bank," as the distinction between them is
meaningless for the purposes of this opinion.
2. 	2Subject to amendments appearing on the face of the document, none of which are applicable 
in the present case.
3. Northwest contends that all claims arising out of an indivisible contract must be brought in
the same suit. 
4. A pertinent part of paragraph ten is quoted later in this opinion.
5. We note that the instant contract does not have as its principal purpose ongoing performance
by the parties, but principally provides specific rights relative to the Tract.  For that reason alone,
Clear Lake is distinguishable.  Clear Lake City Water Auth. v. Clear Lake Util. Co., 549 S.W.2d 385

(Tex. 1977).
6. It is undisputed that "amended fuel agreements" refers to the 1984 agreement. 
7. 7Section 15.04 of the Code provides that this Act "shall be construed in harmony with federal
judicial interpretations of comparable federal antitrust statutes . . . ."  Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann.
Â§ 15.04 (Vernon 2002). 
8. When the party against which summary judgment is improperly rendered by the trial court
has there sought only a partial summary judgment, ordinarily it is improper for the appellate court
which reverses that summary judgment to also render judgment for the appellant.  CU Lloyd's of Tex.
v. Feldman, 977 S.W.2d 568, 569 (Tex. 1998).  But, when that party's requested partial summary
judgment is for a declaratory judgment, a rendition is proper where it should have been the result in
the trial court.  Bowman v. Lumberton Indep. Sch. Dist., 801 S.W.2d 883, 889 (Tex. 1990); see Jones
v. Strauss, 745 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. 1988).  The rendition of judgment for Rolling Lands is a
declaratory judgment.