Court Opinion

ID: 4634214
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 03:15:33.730255+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:11.188953
License: Public Domain

HAROLD S. DENNISTON AND MRS. FLORENCE F. DENNISTON, HUSBAND AND WIFE, PETITIONERS, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Denniston v. CommissionerDocket No. 91728.United States Board of Tax Appeals37 B.T.A. 834; 1938 BTA LEXIS 978; May 12, 1938, Promulgated *978  Petitioner Harold S. Denniston owned a note secured by a mortgage on real estate.  In 1934 he surrendered the note and mortgage security thereon in consideration of the receipt of Home Owners' Loan Corporation bonds and a new note for the difference between the value of the bonds received and the amount of the debt.  During the year he ascertained that the balance of the old debt included in the principal of the new note was worthless and charged it off on his books of account, and claimed the amount as a deduction from his gross income.  Held, that the debt in the amount of $8,602.16 charged off in 1934 is a legal deduction from gross income.  George E. H. Goodner, Esq., for the petitioners.  Francis S. Gettle, Esq., for the respondent.  SMITH *835  This is a proceeding for the redetermination of a deficiency in income tax for the calendar year 1934 in the amount of $422.75.  The petition alleges that in the determination of the deficiency the respondent has erroneously disallowed the deduction of a bad debt in the amount of $8,602.16.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioners are husband and wife, residents of Mobile, Alabama.  They filed a*979  joint income tax return for 1934 with the collector at Birmingham, Alabama, on March 12, 1935.  In 1925 Harold S. Denniston, hereinafter referred to as the petitioner, purchased a residential property at Great Neck, Long Island, New York, for $28,000.  In 1927 he sold the property to Lawrence S. Love and Emma L. B. Love, his wife, for the same amount which he had paid for it, receiving $7,500 in cash and the purchasers' note for the balance, $20,500.  The note bore interest at 6 percent per annum and was secured by a first mortgage on the property.  For some time after the sale the petitioner received regular interest payments on the note, but later on the purchasers began making payments of $50 per month to apply on the interest account.  These payments were made intermittently from December 1932 until March 1934.  Since the payments of $50 per month amounted to only about half of the interest due, a large amount of unpaid interest accumulated.  Taxes also were in arrears in 1934.  About March 1934, at the petitioner's request, the purchasers made application to the Home Owners' Loan Corporation for a loan on the property.  The application was approved a little later for a loan*980  in the total amount of $12,784.  As a condition to the granting of the loan the petitioner was required to release his mortgage upon the property.  This he agreed to do on the consideration that he should receive the net amount of the loan to be applied against the purchase money note for $20,500, plus accrued interest, and that the Loves would give him an unsecured promissory note for the balance thereof.  This was agreed to by all the parties concerned and the transaction was carried out accordingly.  On May 24, 1934, the petitioner received $11,875 of HOLC bonds and $22.84 cash, which was the balance of the $12,784 loan after the payment of back taxes, and a demand note bearing interest at 6 percent, executed jointly by Lawrence S. Love and Emma L. B. Love in the principal amount of $11,492.16, representing the unpaid balance of the principal of the old note, $8,602.16, plus accrued interest thereon of $2,890.  *836  During the remainder of the year 1934 the Loves defaulted in their interest payments on the new note which they had given the petitioner.  Near the end of the year the petitioner made an investigation and learned that the Loves were unable to make any payment*981  either of interest or principal on the note; that they had a family of seven small children and only a small income.  On November 28, 1934, the petitioner wrote to the Loves stating: * * * I would appreciate it very much if you would give me an expression as to what you think you can do in connection with the payment of the interest on the note which I took to cover the remaining portion of the mortgage on your home, which I held and accepted HOLC bonds for.  In reply to this letter Lawrence S. Love wrote the petitioner in part on December 16, 1934: I have been hoping that the durable goods industries would start to pick up, so that I might be able to get some share of the alleged improvement.  So far, I have seen none of it.  In fact, my personal situation this minute is worse than it has been at any time since 1929.  * * * The petitioner, in December 1934, ascertained that the debt represented by the Loves' note in the principal amount of $11,492.16, plus accrued interest, was worthless.  Accordingly, the petitioner charged it off in his ledger accounts at or about the close of the taxable year.  The petitioner has never received any further payments on the indebtedness. *982  In the joint income tax return filed for 1934 the petitioner claimed the deduction, as a bad debt ascertained to be worthless and charged off during the taxable year, of $8,602.16 of the indebtedness represented by the Loves' note.  This amount was the portion of the principal amount of the note which represented the unpaid principal of the old note.  He did not claim any deduction for interest on either of the notes because the interest had not been taken into income account or reported in his income tax returns.  In his deficiency notice herein the respondent disallowed the deduction claimed, stating: It was held in I.T. 2773, published in Cumulative Bulletin XIII-1, page 78, as modified by G.C.M. 15766, published in Cumulative Bulletin XV-1, page 128, that the exchange of a mortgage for home Owners Loan Corporation bonds results in a capital gain or loss subject to the limitation imposed by section 117 of the Revenue Act of 1934.  * * * The debt acquired on May 24, 1934, evidenced by the unsecured demand note, being a new and distinct indebtedness, only its value when acquired may be deducted as a bad debt when determined to be worthless and charged off. *983  (Kinkead v. Commissioner, 71 Fed.(2d) 522; Russo Fruit Company, Inc.,23 B.T.A. 1381">23 B.T.A. 1381; Charles F. Ayer,7 B.T.A. 324">7 B.T.A. 324, affirmed 26 Fed.(2d) 547). From the available evidence it is clear that the demand note had no value at the time it was given.  *837  The amount in question was a debt ascertained to be worthless and charged off by the petitioner within the taxable year 1934.  OPINION.  SMITH: The position of the respondent on the issue presented was stated by his counsel at the hearing as follows: * * * Our position is that the note was worthless when he got it on May 24, 1934, and it was worthless at the end of the year.  Really there was no loss sustained on the note.  Our contention is that on May 24, 1934, when Mr. Denniston exchanged his mortgage for Home Owners Loan Corporation's bonds, there was an exchange from one property to another, which resulted in a taxable transaction.  Now he got less than the face of the mortgage.  If there was any loss, it was sustained at that moment.  The evidence shows that the bonds came direct to Mr. Denniston, and never went to the mortgagors.  * * * We think*984  that respondent's position is untenable.  In the first place, we do not agree with respondent that our question here is limited to whether the petitioner sustained a deductible loss upon the exchange of his mortgage for HOLC bonds, cash, and the new note of the Loves.  The statutory grants of deductions of business losses and of bad debts are separate and distinct and, it has been ruled, are mutually exclusive.  Lewellyn v. Electric Reduction Co.,275 U.S. 243">275 U.S. 243; Spring City Foundry Co. v. Commissioner,292 U.S. 182">292 U.S. 182. Money due on a note is a debt within the meaning of the revenue acts.  Porter v. United States, 27 Fed.(2d) 882. The amount owing to the petitioner as principal on the Loves' note, $20,500, and the accrued interest thereon was a debt; and the nature of the debt was not changed by the fact that it was secured by a mortgage.  The distinction required by the statute between deductions of bad debts and business losses does not arise so long as the debt or the asset is passively held by the taxpayer.  The distinction becomes operative when the property is disposed of or the debt becomes worthless and the taxpayer*985  seeks to account for the result in the computation of his income tax.  For instance, if a debt, whether secured by a mortgage or not, is purchased for investment purposes and is sold thereafter for a lesser amount, the difference is deductible as a business loss, subject to the statutory limitation on capital losses.  If, on the other hand, the debt is not sold but becomes worthless in the hands of the purchaser, his investment therein is deductible as a bad debt if he ascertains the debt to be worthless within the taxable year and charges it off in his accounts or in his income tax return.  This dual nature of debts, and specifically "mortgages", was commented on by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third *838  Circuit recently in Brown v. United States, 95 Fed.(2d) 487, in the following language: Incidentally much time and space has been devoted in the oral argument and printed Briefs to the question whether the failure of the taxpayer to realize on this mortgage investment resulted in a bad debt or a loss.  The truth is that a mortgage is amphibious.  When given, as is usual and as here, to secure the payment of a bond, the bond is a debt, and if*986  worthless is a had debt.  On the other hand, a mortgage is a conveyance.  It is conditional but none the less a conveyance, which becomes absolute if the grantor does not pay his bond.  This right to redeem is called the mortgagor's equity of redemption which may be foreclosed and in consequence gone.  The very purpose of a foreclosure proceeding is to put an end to the right to redeem and thus to make the conveyance to the mortgagee absolute and unconditional.  In this view a mortgage is an investment in real estate.  It is idle, however to spend time over this question because the Regulations classify cases such as this as "bad debts," and the District Court so ruled it to be.  It is a "bad debt" loss.  The sole question is whether it was "ascertained and charged off" within the taxable year.  The court there held that the uncollectible portion of a foreclosed mortgage which the taxpayer had purchased for investment was deductible as a bad debt.  The respondent is in error, we think, in regarding the transaction by which the petitioner surrendered his mortgage and received the bonds of the HOLC as an exchange of property which finally determined the petitioner's tax liability*987  in respect of his entire interest in the indebtedness of the purchasers for the unpaid purchase price of the property.  The facts clearly show that the petitioner did not exchange his mortgage for HOLC bonds.  A mortgage on real estate is regarded in most jurisdictions merely as a security for the debt.  Carpenter v. Longan,16 Wall. 271">16 Wall. 271; 83 U.S. 271">83 U.S. 271. The dominant attribute of a mortgage is the security for the debt.  United States v. Commonwealth Title Insurance & Trust Co.,193 U.S. 651">193 U.S. 651. "A mortgage is always regarded as an accessory to the principal thing." Barry v. Snowden,106 Fed. 571. See also First Trust Co. v. Crooked Creek & Coal Co.,243 Fed. 450; Sexton v. Breese,135 N.Y. 387">135 N.Y. 387; 32 N.E. 133">32 N.E. 133; In re Cossitt's Estate,204 App.Div. 545; 198 N.Y.S. 560">198 N.Y.S. 560. A mortgage can not be transferred or assigned separate from the debt which it secured.  Carpenter v. Longan, supra;*988 In re Pirie,199 N.Y. 524">199 N.Y. 524; 91 N.E. 1144">91 N.E. 1144; Goettlicker v. Wille,156 App.Div. 392; 134 N.Y.S. 977">134 N.Y.S. 977. In Carpenter v. Longan, supra, the Supreme Court said: The note and mortgage are inseparable; the former as essential, the latter as an incident.  An assignment of the note carries the mortgage with it, while an assignment of the latter alone is a nullity.  * * * All the authorities agree that the debt is the principal thing and the mortgage an accessory.  * * * The mortgage can have no separate existence.  * * * *839  Since the petitioner here did not transfer or assign the entire debt of the Loves he did not transfer and could not have transferred the mortgage securing the debt.  What he did, actually, was to surrender his mortgage in consideration for a partial payment of the debt in the form of the HOLC bonds and a small amount of cash.  The balance of the debt remained unsatisfied, as all of the interested parties understood and agreed, and was evidenced by the new unsecured note which the Loves gave the petitioner.  This note was not received in exchange for any other property and we are*989  not concerned with its cost or value at the time of its receipt.  It merely represented the unpaid portion of the old indebtedness.  If this note or the amount of the indebtedness which it represented was reasonably ascertained to be worthless and charged off by the petitioner within the taxable year, it is deductible as a bad debt in his income tax return.  The respondent relies upon Josephine C. Bowen,37 B.T.A. 412">37 B.T.A. 412. It was there held that where a taxpayer mortgagee in 1934 accepted bonds of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation of less face value than her interest in certain mortgages which she had held for more than five years, but less than ten years, the transaction constituted an exchange of capital assets and that her deductible loss was limited by the provisions of section 117 of the Revenue Act of 1934.  The facts here, however, are materially different from those in the Bowen case.  There the taxpayer exchanged her mortgage note, that is, the entire indebtedness, for the HOLC bonds.  Nothing of the old indebtedness remained after this exchange.  It does not appear, either, that the taxpayer there claimed and bad debt loss in respect of the balance of the*990  purchase money mortgage, nor was there any discussion of this question.  The simple facts in this case are that at the beginning of the year the Loves owed the petitioner a debt in the amount of $20,500.  No part of this debt was ascertained to be worthless and charged off prior to the beginning of the taxable year.  If the entire amount of the debt had been ascertained to be worthless and had been charged off during the year there could be no question but that the petitioner would have been entitled to deduct from his gross income of 1934 the full amount of $20,500.  By the payment of $11,875 of HOLC bonds and $22.84 cash the debt was reduced to the amount of $8,602.16.  This debt was ascertained to be worthless and was charged off the petitioner's books of account in 1934.  We are of the opinion that there can be no question but that the petitioner is entitled to deduct from his gross income of 1934 as a bad debt the amount of $8,602.16.  *840  Since it appears that the deficiency was determined solely upon the ground that the petitioner was not entitled to the deduction of a bad debt in the amount of $8,602.16, and since we have held that he is entitled to such deduction, *991  there is no deficiency due from the petitioner for 1934.  These findings of fact and opinion supersede the memorandum opinion in this proceeding entered March 15, 1938.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment of no deficiency will be entered.