Court Opinion

ID: 9619697
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 05:31:44.402971+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:04:43.490496
License: Public Domain

WILLIAMS, Justice.
Parties are referred to herein as in the trial court.
Plaintiff, administrator of the estate of Albert Harting, sued defendants, Oklahoma Natural Gas Company and Bob Terry, for damages for the wrongful death of Albert Harting.
Plaintiff’s petition alleged that defendant Oklahoma Natural did not fulfill the following, duties owed to plaintiff’s deceased : to furnish to him a reasonably safe place in which to work; to furnish reasonably safe, competent and qualified employees with whom to perform the work; to warn him of hidden, unknown traps, dangers and hazards; and to provide or to see that such work was performed in such a manner as to prevent great bodily harm, injury and death; that the violation of these duties was the proximate cause of death.
Defendant Oklahoma Natural had a certain pipe line near a creek; said line was endangered by the erosion of the creek bank and it was decided to straighten the creek bed by digging a' new channel'and putting up a levee or dike. For this purpose Oklahoma Natural hired a bulldozer-belonging to Bob Terry, and hired John Place, ordinarily Terry’s employee, tó operate' the dozer. Harting, the deceased, was transmission superintendent for Oklahoma Natural, and the location of this job was in his district.
In its answer, Oklahoma Natural- made a general denial and alleged that Bob Terry was an independent contractor and solely responsible for the accident. Immediately before trial, the court allowed Oklahoma Natural to amend its answer by pleading in the alternative that the accident was caused by the negligence of a fellow-servant, that it was due solely, to an act of God, and that it was an unavoidable accident.' The answer could also be.construed as pleading contributory negligence.
The’evidence showed that on the morning when the work was to start, Harting, Terry, W. A. Hazard, District Superintendent for Oklahoma Natural 'and Harting5 s immediate superior, and John Place, the bulldozer operator, all met at the job site. Harting, Terry and Hazard talked over the proposed work. Hazard told Harting “where he wanted the work started and how he wanted it done.” Hazard then left and did not come back to the site. Harting and Terry relayed the instructions to Place, who started the work. Harting did not stay at the job site, but would come back two or three times per day to look it over.
The plan was for the dozer to cut the new channel and build the levee or dike to a point where a-drag line could be brought in over it, the drag line then to move some clay. When the drag line was brought in, it could not do the job, and Harting asked Place if he could do it, with the dozer; Place said that he could and started doing so. On the third'day after the job started, Harting came out to the site; Place saw him coming and stopped his dozer in the creek bed about 6 or 7 feet from a steep bank about IS feet high. Harting' came around to a point between the dozer and the bank, looked at the bank and said “Reckon that would fall on a fellow ?”; Place said “It might, some does” and at that moment *330the bank started to crumble; it crushed Harting against the dozer, almost covering him up, and inflicted injuries from which he died four days later.
At the bottom of the creek bank above referred to was some clay which the dozer had been moving. The method employed was to cut into the bottom of the bank with the dozer blade; this would occasionally cause the bank to cave in, at which times the dozer operator would move the loose dirt which had fallen, on to the dike. The clay he would place in washed out portions of a previously existing levee.
An engineer who qualified as an expert witness testified that tests showed that the creek bank in question, although having a reddish color like clay, contained only about 9 percent clay; that the remainder was sand and silt; that a clay bank would be far less likely to crumble; that to an ordinary observer, without special training or experience, the bank would look like a clay bank. He also testified that the usual custom and practice in the excavation business was to start at the top of any bank more than about S feet high and cut it at an angle of about 30 degrees, instead of starting at the bottom and purposely causing it to cave in, the rule of thumb being that the head of the man working in the cut (or creek bed, as in the case at bar) should be above any dirt that might possibly cave in.
The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff and against Oklahoma Natural, awarding a substantial amount of damges. The jury found for Terry and against plaintiff, as to such defendant.
Defendant Oklahoma Natural has appealed to this court from the judgment on such verdict, and from the order overruling its motion for new trial.
Petition in error alleges 25 errors in the court below, and they are discussed under 11 different propositions in the brief filed by Oklahoma Natural.
The first one is that Bob Terry was an independent contractor, and that the injury was caused by his negligence, and defendant is therefore not liable. However, the record before us shows that Oklahoma Natural plainly and unequivocally abandoned this defense in the presence of the jury; consequently it cannot be presented here. See Wester v. Lucas, 177 Okl. 147, 57 P.2d 1179, wherein the court said:
“Admissions of counsel, made deliberately and intelligently during trial, in court’s presence and reduced to writing, constitute high species of evidence, and parties may not be permitted at their pleasure to retract such admissions, absent some showing of fraud, mistake, or lack of authority to make them.”
The second proposition is that the deceased was either (a) a supervising superintendent or vice principal over Terry and Place or (b) a fellow servant of Place; that the accident was due solely to the negligence of Terry or Place, and defendant is therefore not liable. In support of (a) above Oklahoma Natural cites City of Edmond v. Washam, 190 Okl. 140, 121 P.2d 300, 302, to the effect that the rule imposing upon the master the duty to furnish a reasonably safe place to work, reasonably competent fellow servants, and reasonably safe tools and appliances, does not apply to a “skilled and experienced superior servant or vice principal intrusted by the employer with the complete control and supervision of the work and the method of doing it”. (Emphasis supplied.) But the evidence in this case does not show that Harting had “complete control and supervision of the work and the method of doing it”. Witness Terry testified as follows :
“Well, he (meaning Hazard) just told him where to go to work and how to cut it. He wanted it cut straight through, or one blade wide, in order to open up * * *. Well, the reason they was doing that, they didn’t want to spend too much money, and that — they didn’t want to spend too much money on that particular job; that was the words they said while I was standing there with them.”
With regard to the change in plans (to move the clay from the bank with the dozer instead of the dragline) Terry testified:
“Well, that was the first job was done. See, we were going to get it started where they could make the levee to the north where they could get the dragline in and *331start moving the clay. Of course, after they couldn’t do it with the dragline, they wanted to use the cat and put it in. * * * Mr. Harting told him that, or Mr. Hazard told us that. It was when they was over on the bank.”
All of the above is competent evidence from which the jury would have been justified in believing that Hazard was in charge and that Harting was not a vice principal or superior servant as contended by Oklahoma Natural.
As to the second part of this proposition (that Harting was a fellow servant of Terry and Place, that the accident was caused solely by their negligence, and that Oklahoma Natural was therefore not liable, under the fellow-servant rule), there was competent evidence reasonably tending to show that the accident was caused by the combined negligence of Place (who was experienced in the excavation business and knew that the creek bank had been caving but did not warn Harting of the danger) and of Hazard (who gave specific instructions as to how the work should be done and failed to warn Harting of the danger involved). See 35 Am.Jur., Master and Servant, sec. 340, which reads in part as follows:
“ * * * it is an equally well-settled and generally recognized rule that if the negligence of the employer combines and concurs with the negligence of the fellow employee, and the acts of both thus contribute to produce the injury, the employer may be field liable * * *
The fellow-servant rule is therefore inapplicable in the case at bar. Hazard’s failure to warn will be more fully discussed under proposition six below.
The third proposition of Oklahoma Natural was that Harting assumed all of the risks incident to his employment, and Oklahoma Natural was therefore not liable. Twelve cases are cited in support of this contention; all of them are from other jurisdictions. In the case at bar, the engineer who qualified as an expert witness said:
“No, the presence of clay in it is, I would say, the betraying menace in soils, unless he is familiar with the other materials that go to make it up — the high sand content m the soil kills the clay, and therefore the col- or of it, if a man works at that bank, just at a distance he would think it had a high cohesive ability, but the sand cuts the clay and reduces the ability to adhere together. * * * I would say that it would take an engineer to tell that that material might collapse.”
The above was competent evidence from which the jury would have been justified in finding that the danger was not apparent to Harting. See Frederick Cotton Oil & Mfg. Co. v. Traver, 36 Okl. 717, 129 P. 747, 748, wherein the court said that the servant “does not, however, assume such risks as are created by the master’s negligence, nor such as are latent or are only discovered at the time of the injury.”
Propositions four, six, and seven all rest on the assumption that Harting had notice of the danger to which he was exposed; since we have already shown that he had no such notice, such propositions are without merit. In connection with proposition six, however (“there is no duty to warn an employee of a danger as obvious to the employee as to the employer”), we call attention to 56 C.J.S., Master and Servant, §§ 247, 248 and 284, respectively, which read in part as follows:
“An employer is not responsible for injuries to his servant resulting from latent dangers or defects unless he knew or should have known thereof.”
“Generally speaking an employer is chargeable with notice or constructive knowledge of any danger or defect which he should have discovered by the exercise of reasonable diligence.”
“It is the duty of the master to warn and instruct his servant as to defects and dangers of which he knows, or ought, in the exercise of reasonable care and diligence, to know, and of which the servant has no knowledge, actual or constructive; prima facie this duty requires the master to warn and instruct the servant with reference to all abnormal or unusual, peculiar or extraordinary risks or hazards of the emplo-y-ployment * *
*332We have said that there was evidence reasonably tending to show that the danger which existed by reason of the . deceptive appearance of the c'reek bank was a hidden and latent danger. We also believe it was one of the “abnormal or unr usual, peculiar or extraordinary risks or hazards of the employment” with regard to the excavation business to which the above quoted rules of law are applicable. The general verdict of the jury herein for plaintiff implies a finding against defendant on the particular issue of negligence in failure to warn; it also implies a finding that the danger in the case at hand was a danger of which the master should have known, in the exercise of reasonable care and diligence. Since Harting had no knowledge, either actual or constructive, of the danger, and since the master had constructive notice of such danger, it follows that defendant’s failure to warn constituted negligence. See also Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp. v. Jamison, 197 Okl. 387, 171 P.2d 976, with regard to the duty of the master .to warn and instruct a servant inexperienced in the work for which he is employed. Another and shorter answer to these three propositions is that they amount to a contention that deceased was, upon the occasion of his fatal injury, guilty of negligence which contributed to the causing thereof, but that such contention was fully and finally resolved against defendant by the verdict of the jury based upon evidence reasonably substantiating same.
Defendant’s propositions five and nine concern matter of which no proper complaint was made at the time of trial. Proposition five was error of the court in defining proximate cause in his instructions to the jury, and proposition nine concerned alleged misconduct of opposing counsel. The instruction given on proximate cause is a fair and adequate statement of the law relative thereto and no objection was made thereto. No substitute definition of proximate cause was offered by way of a requested instruction, and no objection was made to the alleged misconduct of opposing counsel. The following rule therefore applies :
"An assignment of error on a question not raised in the trial court will not be considered by this court on appeal.” Hendrix v. Ward, 203 Okl. 173, 219 P.2d 203.
The eighth proposition of Oklahoma Natural is that there is no duty on the part of the master to make rules, regulations or provisions for the method of doing a perfectly simple operation such as was involved in this case. Sole authority cited is 35 Am.Jur. page 584, Master and Servant, which supports generally the rule of law as above stated. This line of argument of course assumes that the work here involved was “a perfectly simple operation”. Whether it was such.was a question of fact for the jury, and the jurys’ general finding for plaintiff implies a finding against defendant on this particular question.
The tenth proposition is that the verdict of the jury was so excessive as to “strike mankind at first blush as being influenced by passion and prejudice or sympathy, or all three.” In this connection we note that the deceased was 48 years old at the time of his death; that he was earning almost $400 per month; and that he had a life expectancy of about 22 years, according to the actuary who testified. Oklahoma Natural complains that the jury awarded plaintiff an amount equal to the highest figure shown on the chart used by the actuary for loss of probable earnings. In this, counsel is mistaken. The highest figure on the actuary’s chart was over $12,000 above the amount of the award on this cause of action. We note that the trial court instructed the jury that the testimony of the actuary should not be used as an absolute basis of calculation, but only as a guide, in determining the amount of damages, if any, suffered by plaintiff. In this.connection, it is elementary that the jury was not bound by the testimony of the actuary, and could have awarded damages less than or in excess of the amount named in this testimony. See Poston v. Alexander, 191 Okl. 653, 132 P.2d 343, the second syllabus of which is as follows:
“The credibility of witnesses and the weight and value of their testimony, in ac*333tions of legal cognizance, are questions .exclusively for the jury to pass upon.”
Defendant also complains of the jury’s award of $10,000 for pain and suffering during the four days between his- injury and his death. The only testimony on this point was by a physician, and such testimony was not denied. It is sufficient to say that the physician’s testimony established the fact that the deceased was conscious for a good part of the last four days of his life, and that he did suffer excruciating pain. It is undenied that the amount of damages to be awarded for pain and' suffering is peculiarly a question of fact for the jury; in the case at bar, there was competent testimony tending to support the verdict in this regard. Under these circumstances, such verdict will not be disturbed on appeal.
The last proposition of Oklahoma'Natural is that “the verdict of the jury in this case in itself destroys legally the plaintiff’s hope of recovery.” The line of argument followed is that the verdict was in effect a finding that Place, the bulldozer operator, was not guilty of negligence; that if he was guilty of no negligence, then there was no need for any rules or regulations as to the method of work used; that therefore the master’s negligence in not furnishing such rules and regulations could not have affected the result because it is determined, that the method of work was proper. ■
It is perhaps unnecessary to point out that'the jury was not required to find Place guilty of negligence in order to find for plaintiff in the court below. In that connection, we are unable to see how counsel can-read into the jury’s verdict for plaintiff a finding that Place was not negligent, since Place was admittedly an employee of Oklahoma Natural.
By way of a summary, we think there is competent evidence reasonably tending to show: that Hazard, the district superintendent, gave specific instructions as to how. the job should be done; that Harting, the deceased, merely relayed these instructions to Place; that the creel: bank looked like clay, but was not, and was therefore more likely to cave in than would appear to an ordinarily prudent observer; that because Oklahoma Natural had placed itself in the position, of-a master engaging, in the excavation business, it should have known of-the “abnormal or unusual, peculiar or extraordinary” danger existing because of the deceptive appearance of the creek bank; that it therefore had a duty to warn Hart-ing, -who was inexperienced in the excavation business, of the latent danger existing; that it did not perform such duty; and that Harting, as a proximate result thereof, and of the negligence of Place, as treated in proposition 2(b) above, combining and concurring therewith, lost his life.
Assuming the jury found such facts to be true, the negligence of Oklahoma .Natural consisted of Hazard’s instructions to Harting to have the job done in a dangerous way, and in the failure to warn Harting of the existence of “an abnormal or unusual, peculiar or extraordinary” danger of which Harting, as an ordinarily prudent person with no special training or experience in such matters, had no notice, actual or constructive. The verdict of the jury negatives the existence of any contributory negligence upon, the part of Harting. • . .
In considering the evidence in this case, we have followed the well settled rule of law that where there is competent evidence reasonably tending to support the verdict of the jury,'the same will not be disturbed on appeal. See Loveland v. Loafman, 92 Okl. 133, 218 P. 851, wherein the court said (Syllabus 4):
“The jury is the exclusive judge of the-facts, and where there is' competent 'evidence upon which the verdict ⅛ found, the court will not disturb the verdict so found.” ‘
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
CORN, DAVISON, ARNOLD and BLACKBIRD, JJ., concur.'
HALLEY, C. J., JOHNSON, V. C. J., and WELCH and O’NEAL, JJ., dissent. ■ : -