Court Opinion

ID: 4538984
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-04 18:00:37.258803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:45:24.044118
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-50324      Document: 00515440544         Page: 1    Date Filed: 06/04/2020

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals

                                      No. 19-50324
                                                                                 Fifth Circuit

                                                                               FILED
                                                                            June 4, 2020

RACHEL ESCAMILLA,                                                         Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                               Clerk
              Plaintiff - Appellant
v.

PAMELA ELLIOTT; EDWARDS COUNTY, TEXAS,

              Defendants - Appellees

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                                  2:16-CV-121

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, STEWART, and ENGELHARDT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Plaintiff-Appellant Rachel Escamilla appeals the district court’s
summary judgment dismissal of her claims and denial of her motion seeking
leave to amend her complaint. We AFFIRM in part, and REVERSE and
REMAND in part.
                                             I.
       From October 2012 to early August 2014, Plaintiff-Appellant Rachel
Escamilla (hereinafter, “Plaintiff” or “Escamilla”), a Hispanic woman, was
employed by the Edwards County Sheriff’s Department, working as a jailer

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                      No. 19-50324
and dispatcher at the county jail. 1 On August 5, 2014, Sheriff Elliott
dishonorably discharged Escamilla from employment, contending she had
unlawfully “looked up a license plate without a valid reason.” 2 Denying any
wrongdoing, Escamilla appealed her termination to the Texas Commission on
Law Enforcement (TCOLE). Finding insufficient evidence of misconduct, the
TCOLE ordered that Escamilla’s discharge status be changed from
dishonorable to honorable. In addition to terminating her employment,
Escamilla alleges that Sheriff Elliott unsuccessfully pursued criminal charges
against her on two occasions. With the latter attempt, in spring 2016, Sheriff
Elliott herself presented her claims to the grand jury, which issued a “no bill.”
       Believing herself to have been terminated, and subject to possible
indictment, because she had engaged in constitutionally protected speech and
is Hispanic, Escamilla filed suit against Sheriff Elliott, in the sheriff’s
individual and official capacities,              and Edwards      County (collectively
“Defendants”), on August 4, 2016. She claims Sheriff Elliot, a white female,
“has a history of using her position in law enforcement to target Hispanic
females and accuse them of crimes with little or no evidence,” in addition to
discriminating against the Hispanic women who work in the Sheriff’s
Department. Escamilla’s complaint alleges original jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1331—with her action “being brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and

       1  The Sheriff’s Department employees included 5 deputies, as well as the 10
jailer/dispatchers, and a jail administrator. The jailers’ duties are widespread, apparently
including everything from jail security and maintenance to booking, feeding, and dispensing
medicine to prisoners. Although the jail occasionally had 10–15 inmates at a given time, the
usual occupancy, during Escamilla’s tenure was 7–10. In addition to working at the jail,
Escamilla also worked as an EMT for the Edwards County EMS. Tamara Whitworth, who
worked as the jail administrator prior to being demoted to jailer/dispatcher, did the same.
Thus, Escamilla and Whitworth were co-workers both at the County jail and with County
EMS.
        2 Apparently jail personnel (presumably those handling dispatch duties) were

supposed to obtain this information only upon request from a deputy.
                                             2
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                                  No. 19-50324
§1983”—and supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 over Texas law
claims. The complaint also enumerates four “causes of action”: (1) 42 U.S.C.
§ 1981 violations (denial of “equal rights and benefits because of her race”); (2)
First Amendment violations; (3) Texas Constitutional Violations; and (4)
Malicious Prosecution; and seeks injunctive and monetary relief, including
actual and punitive damages, and attorney’s fees.
       On December 29, 2017, Defendants filed a summary judgment motion
seeking dismissal of Escamilla’s claims. On September 6, 2018, the assigned
magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation (“R&R”) that all of
Escamilla’s claims, except for her request for injunctive relief under the Texas
Constitution, be dismissed. Having considered the parties’ objections to the
R&R, the district court approved and adopted it on September 28, 2018,
granting summary judgment in Defendants’ favor relative to Escamilla’s
federal law claims and her claim for monetary relief under the Texas
Constitution.    Thereafter, on March 18, 2019, considering that all of
Escamilla’s federal law claims had been dismissed and numerous criminal
matters remained pending on its docket, the district court exercised its
discretion, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, to dismiss without prejudice the
single remaining state law claim. In that same order, the district court also
denied the motion for leave to file an amended complaint that Escamilla had
filed, on September 19, 2018, seeking to remedy pleading deficiencies noted in
the September 6, 2018 R&R. This appeal followed.
                                       II.
      On appeal, Escamilla contends the district court erred in dismissing her
42 U.S.C. § 1981 claim based on a determination that it was improperly
pleaded as a “freestanding § 1981 damages claim,” rather than as a § 1981
claim asserted against a state actor “through” the damages remedy provided

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by 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 3 Considering the record before us, we agree. In Jett v.
Dallas Indep. School Dist., 491 U.S. 701 (1989), the Supreme Court held that
the “action at law” provided by § 1983 (for the “deprivation of any rights,
privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws”) is the
exclusive federal damages remedy for a violation of the rights guaranteed
by § 1981 when the claim is pressed against a local government actor. 4 Thus,

       3  Regarding the discrimination prohibited by § 1981, the Supreme Court has
concluded, based on the statute’s history, that “Congress intended to protect from
discrimination identifiable classes of persons who are subjected to intentional discrimination
solely because of their ancestry or ethnic characteristics.” Saint Francis Coll. v. Al-Khazraji,
481 U.S. 604, 613 (1987).

       4   42 U.S.C. § 1981 and § 1983 provide, in pertinent part:

               § 1981. Equal rights under the law
                   (a) Statement of equal rights
                        All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States
                shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make
                and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to
                the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the
                security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens,
                and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes,
                licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.

                  (b) “Make and enforce contracts” defined
                        For purposes of this section, the term “make and enforce
                contracts” includes the making, performance, modification, and
                termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits,
                privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.

                  (c) Protection against impairment
                        The rights protected by this section are protected against
                impairment      by    nongovernmental       discrimination    and
                impairment under color of State law.

               § 1983 Civil action for deprivation of rights
                   Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance,
                regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the
                District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any
                citizen of the United States or other person within the
                jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges,
                or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be
                                                4
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                                       No. 19-50324
plaintiffs must assert causes of action against local government actors under
§ 1983 in order to obtain a monetary remedy for violations of civil rights
protected by § 1981. In other words, plaintiffs cannot assert an independent
cause of action under § 1981 against state actors; the § 1981 right must instead
be asserted by means of the § 1983 procedural remedy. 5
       Jett’s holding has resulted in the dismissal of claims asserting violations
of § 1981 by local government actors when the pertinent provisions of the
complaint alleging that violation do not clearly and expressly also allege
§1981’s requisite linkage with § 1983 by citing to § 1983. See Meyers v. La
Porte Indep. Sch. Dist., 277 F. App'x 333, 335 (5th Cir. 2007) (“Because Meyers
brought her § 1981 claim independently of her § 1983 claim, the district court
did not err by granting summary judgment to LPISD.”); Felton v. Polles, 315
F.3d 470, 482 (5th Cir. 2002) (where Count Three’s § 1983 claim asserted only
Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment violations, and Count One’s § 1981 claim
was independent and did not include § 1983, Count One failed to state a claim).
       In the instant appeal, the district court—citing this court’s decisions in
Oden v. Oktibbeha Cty., Miss., 246 F.3d 458, 464 (5th Cir. 2001) (Oden could
not maintain an independent cause of action under § 1981 against county and
sheriff in his official capacity), Meyers, and Felton—found the allegations of
Escamilla’s complaint insufficient to allow monetary relief to be sought against
a government actor for a violation of the rights provided by § 1981.

              liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or
              other proper proceeding for redress[.]

       In the context of § 1981 violations by private actors, the Supreme Court has implied
       5

a damages remedy to effectuate the declaration of rights contained in that provision because
Congress has not established a remedial scheme by statute. Jett, 491 U.S. at 731.

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Accordingly, it dismissed Escamilla’s § 1981 claim, identified as the first cause
of action, without further discussion.
         Escamilla argues the district court erred in doing so because paragraph
43 of her complaint incorporates paragraphs 1–42 and paragraph 4 states that
the action is “brought under 1981 and 1983.” 6 Moreover, Escamilla argues, the

6   The pertinent provisions of the original complaint state:
                                                  III.
                                     JURISDICTION AND VENUE

               4. This Court has original jurisdiction to hear this complaint under 28 U.S.C.
         § 1331, this action being brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 a n d § 1983.

                                                    V.
                  FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION: 42 U.S.C. § 1981 VIOLATIONS

             43. Plaintiff incorporates paragraphs 1–42 as if restated herein.

             44. Plaintiff was denied equal rights and benefits under § 1981 because of her
         race.

             45. Defendants denied Plaintiff equal rights when, among other things, they
         terminated Plaintiff and sought criminal indictment against her.

                                                   VI.
                  SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION: FIRST AMENDMENT VIOLATIONS

            46. Plaintiff incorporates paragraphs 1-42 as if restated herein.

            47. Plaintiff engaged in protected speech as a citizen concerning a matter of public
         concern when she complained about misconduct and falsification of documents by
         Tammy Whitworth to Sheriff Elliott.

            48.   Defendants were motivated by Plaintiff’s speech to terminate her.

             49. Sheriff Elliott is individually liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because free speech
         is a clearly established constitutional right, which precludes qualified immunity.

            50. Edwards County is liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because it officially adopted
          and promulgated the decision to terminate Ms. Escamilla for engaging in protected
          speech. The County is also liable because the decision to terminate Ms. Escamilla
          was made by official to whom the County had delegated policy-making authority.

             51. Defendants violated the United States Constitution when it terminated
         Plaintiff and sought criminal indictments for engaging in protected speech.
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Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. City of Shelby, 574 U.S. 10, 10–12
(2014) (overturning Fifth Circuit precedent requiring plaintiffs to specifically
invoke § 1983 in asserting a Fourteenth Amendment violation), as well as this
court’s unpublished decision in Graham v. Bluebonnet Trails Co., 587 F. App’x
205 (5th Cir. 2014), have cast doubt on the formalistic approach taken by
earlier cases in this circuit. In Graham, the panel, though affirming on
different grounds, expressed its “doubts about the district court’s denial of [the
plaintiff's] section 1981 claim on the ground that she did not cite section 1983
as the procedural vehicle for asserting such a claim, particularly after the
Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. City of Shelby.” 587 F. App’x at 206
(internal citations omitted). In Johnson v. City of Shelby, the Graham panel
explained, “the [Supreme] Court noted that the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure do not countenance dismissal of a complaint for imperfect statement
of the legal theory supporting the claim asserted.” Id.
       Escamilla’s complaint certainly is not a model of clarity. 7 For instance,
although § 1983 is expressly cited within the “Second Cause of Action: First
Amendment Violations” section, the same is not true for the “First Cause of
Action: 42 U.S.C. § 1981 Violations” section. Nevertheless, paragraph 4
identifies the “action,” not simply a single “claim” or “cause of action,” as “being
brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and § 1983.” Furthermore, the asserted factual
bases of the alleged § 1981 equal rights violations are sufficiently clear, and

       7  Rules 8 and 12 of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require only that a complaint
include sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Nevertheless, litigants are, of course, encouraged to plead that
which is appropriate, pertinent, and clarifying, relative to their claim, rather than merely
providing only the bare minimum required by law.
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the law is well-settled that § 1983 provides the only federal damages remedy
against local government actors for violations of § 1981. Thus, considering
Escamilla’s complaint against the backdrop of Johnson v. City of Shelby, we
reverse the district’s court’s dismissal with prejudice of Escamilla’s claim
seeking relief for alleged violations of her § 1981 rights. See also Smith v.
Barrett Daffin Frappier Turner & Engel, LLP, 735 F. App’x 848, 854 (5th Cir.
2018) (citing Johnson v. City of Shelby) (“It bears emphasizing that factual
allegations alone may state a claim for relief—even without referencing the
precise legal theory (or statute) upon which the plaintiff seeks relief.”). 8
Nevertheless, although we find reversal warranted in this instance, we
emphasize that we have not determined that Escamilla’s allegations
necessarily otherwise state a plausible claim for relief or are sufficient to
survive summary judgment. That will be for the district court to decide on
remand. Rather, our narrow ruling regarding this claim is limited solely to the
district court’s application of this pleading formality in the instant matter.
                                             III.
       As her second cause of action, Escamilla contends that her termination
(dishonorable discharge) from employment was, in part, retaliation for having
exercised her First Amendment free speech rights. On appeal, Escamilla

       8   We note this court’s April 2020 unpublished decision in Montgomery-Smith v.
Louisiana Dep’t of Health & Hosps., No. 18-30987, 2020 WL 1907546 at *3 (Apr. 17, 2020),
wherein another panel of this court, citing Felton v. Polles, 315 F.3d 470, 482-83 (5th Cir.
2002), affirmed the district court’s dismissal of that plaintiff’s § 1981 cause of action. The
panel reasoned that the § 1983 claim asserted there lacked language incorporating the § 1981
claim, and the § 1981 claim otherwise failed because it was pleaded independently of the
§ 1983 cause of action. Montgomery-Smith is distinguishable and, as an unpublished opinion,
does not constitute controlling precedent under our rule of orderliness. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4;
United States v. Alcantar, 733 F.3d 143, 145 (5th Cir. 2013) (“Under our rule of orderliness,
only an intervening change in the law (such as by a Supreme Court case) permits a
subsequent panel to decline to follow a prior Fifth Circuit precedent.”)

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maintains the district court erred in dismissing her First Amendment
retaliation claim, asserted pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, based on a
determination that the statements in question were not made in Escamilla’s
capacity as a “private citizen on a matter of public concern” and were not
constitutionally protected speech.
       It is well settled that “public employees do not surrender all First
Amendment rights by reason of their employment.” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547
U.S. 410, 417 (2006). Rather, some speech, even if it “concerns information
related to or learned through public employment,” deserves protection because
“[g]overnment employees are often in the best position to know what ails the
agencies for which they work.” Lane v. Franks, 573 U.S. 228, 236 (2014). Yet,
“[g]overnment employers, like private employers, need a significant degree of
control over their employees’ words and actions; without it, there would be
little chance for the efficient provision of public services.” Malin v. Orleans
Par. Commc’ns Dist., 718 F. App’x 264, 268 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Garcetti,
547 U.S. at 418).    In determining whether a public employee’s speech is
protected by the First Amendment, courts must balance these countervailing
interests.
       The Supreme Court has enunciated a two-step process to guide this
inquiry:
             The first step requires determining whether the
             employee spoke as a citizen on a matter of public
             concern. If the answer is no, the employee has no First
             Amendment cause of action based on his or her
             employer’s reaction to the speech. If the answer is yes,
             then the possibility of a First Amendment claim arises.
             The question becomes whether the relevant
             government entity had an adequate justification for
             treating the employee differently from any other
             member of the general public. This consideration
             reflects the importance of the relationship between the

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              speaker’s expressions and employment. A government
              entity has broader discretion to restrict speech when
              it acts in its role as employer, but the restrictions it
              imposes must be directed at speech that has some
              potential to affect the entity’s operations.

Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 418.
      The district court ended its inquiry at the first step upon finding that
“Plaintiff’s speech was not ‘made by a private citizen about a matter of public
concern.’” As explained by the district court, the controlling factor in this first
step is whether Escamilla’s speech was made “pursuant to [her] duties” as a
“jailer/dispatcher” for Edwards County. Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421. While
relevant, Escamilla’s “formal job description” and “the fact that the speech
relates tangentially to the subject matter of [her] employment” are not
dispositive. Davis v. McKinney, 518 F.3d 304, 312 (5th Cir. 2008). 9
          Escamilla contends that her termination was, in part, retaliation for
having exercised her First Amendment free speech rights on four particular
occasions:
               (1) On June 4, 2014, Plaintiff spoke on the phone to
              Joanna Reyes, a fellow jailer/dispatcher, and related
              that [then-Jail Administrator Tamara] Whitworth
              was not doing what she was supposed to be doing to
              book an inmate in the jail, particularly with respect to
              one inmate who was booked in the jail without a
              commitment (“the Booking Statement”)

      9   According to Defendants’ interrogatory responses:
             The duties of a jailer include booking, maintaining order in the jail,
      conducting observations of inmates, feed[ing] the inmates, assist[ing] with
      inmate medications, clean[ing] cells and other related duties. The duties of
      telecommunicators [dispatchers] receive and dispatch emergency and non-
      emergency police, fire and ambulance personnel. They answer emergency and
      non-emergency calls, gather information, and dispatch appropriate emergency
      services.

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            (2) The next day, on June 5, 2014, Plaintiff talked
            about “Sheriff’s office information” [the same matter
            discussed on June 4] to Joanna Reyes (“the Office
            Information Statement”)

            (3) On July 12, 2014, Plaintiff complained to Sheriff
            Elliott that Whitworth was circumventing jail
            procedures and falsifying documents to obtain medical
            treatment for her son who was an inmate in the jail at
            the time (“the Medical Treatment Statement”)

            (4) On July 31, 2014, while working an EMS shift,
            Plaintiff told Whitworth how surprised she was that
            no one had been arrested for assaulting Deputy Jason
            Reed in an incident where Reed’s gun had been taken
            by the assailant and that Sheriff Elliott was “keeping
            it quiet” (“the Assault Statement”).

Examining these statements under applicable legal principles, we find no error
in the district court’s determination.
  June 4-5, 2014—"Booking Statement” and “Office Information Statement”
      Escamilla’s June 4, 2014 and June 5, 2014 statements are telephone
conversations that she had, while on duty at the jail, with fellow
jailor/dispatcher,   Joanna   Reyes.     The   statements   concerned   apparent
discrepancies that Escamilla alleged she had observed in Whitworth’s
handling of booking duties and related paperwork, in her role of job
administrator, that could impact Escamilla’s and Reyes’ duties as jailers. The
conversation occurred while Reyes was at home, off-duty, because she was not
scheduled to work a shift on those days. According to Escamilla, two persons
(two jailer/dispatchers or one jailer/dispatcher and the jail administrator
(Whitworth)) worked each shift. Thus, it is logical that Escamilla apprised
Reyes of ongoing work matters at a time when Escamilla was on duty but Reyes
was not.

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      Under these circumstances, the district court did not err in concluding
that Escamilla had spoken to Reyes, a co-worker, as an employee, rather than
as a private citizen. Although Escamilla’s job did not necessarily demand that
she make such complaints, the subject of the statements bore on her (and
Reyes’) ability to carry out the duties that her job did require—booking and
processing inmates. See Williams v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 480 F.3d 689,
693–94 (5th Cir. 2007) (“Simply because [the plaintiff] wrote memoranda,
which were not demanded of him, does not mean he was not acting within the
course of performing his job.” Rather, because his speech was related to
“information so that he could properly execute his duties,” it was not
protected). Furthermore, that the subject of the conversation concerned a
public employee’s job performance does not automatically make it a matter of
“public concern.” See Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 149 (1983) (“To presume
that all matters which transpire within a government office are of public
concern would mean that virtually every remark—and certainly every
criticism directed at a public official—would plant the seed of a constitutional
case.”)
                     July 12, 2014—“Medical Treatment Statement”
      Escamilla’s third alleged instance of protected speech is her July 12,
2014 complaint to Sheriff Elliott regarding Whitworth’s proclaimed
misconduct in administering medicine to inmates, i.e., that Whitworth was
circumventing jail procedures and falsifying documents to obtain medical
treatment for her son, who was an inmate of the jail at the time, rather than
other inmates. The district court properly concluded that medical treatment
of inmates is undoubtedly a topic of public concern, particularly when it
involves allegations of corruption and misconduct. See Anderson v. Valdez,
845 F.3d 580, 595 (5th Cir. 2017) (“Speech which discloses any evidence of
corruption, impropriety, or other malfeasance on the part of . . . officials, in
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terms of content, clearly concerns matters of public import”) (internal citations
omitted). Even so, the First Amendment does not protect speech made in the
course of a public employee’s duties. Anderson, 845 F.3d at 595–98.
Accordingly, the district court properly considered that this speech was:
            [O]n-duty during her regular work hours, concerning
      information she learned at work, the situation reported affected
      Plaintiff’s ability to perform her official work duties [e.g., assist
      with inmate medications] as a jailer, and the information initially
      was reported privately, one-on-one, within her chain of-command,
      to the Sheriff who is the ultimate responsible authority for the
      administration of the jail in Edwards County.

      Furthermore, “when a public employee raises complaints or concerns up
the chain of command at his workplace about his job duties, that speech is
undertaken in the course of performing his job.” Davis, 518 F.3d at 313. But
id. (If job concerns are also reported outside the workplace, the external
communications are ordinarily made as a citizen rather than employee). As
the district court noted, Escamilla “did not make an effort to illuminate the
public of this conduct by reporting it to a person outside her chain of command,
and therefore, they were not made . . . as a private citizen.”

                         July 31, 2014—"Assault Statement”
      Finally, the district court did not err in finding that Escamilla’s fourth
alleged instance of protected speech—her comments to Whitworth concerning
Sheriff Elliott’s handling of an assault of a deputy whose gun had been taken
by the assailant—was not made as a private citizen on a matter of public
concern. While public safety undoubtedly is a matter of public concern, other
factors preclude these communications from being protected speech offered by
a private citizen. Although the conversation occurred when both Escamilla and
Whitworth were off-duty from the jail, and instead working an EMS shift, it
remained a conversation between Sheriff’s Department co-workers regarding

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their boss’s job performance, rather than a conversation with a member of the
public. Lastly, the statement was not bolstered by any accompanying factual
information, and thus constituted little more than a statement of unsupported
personal opinion or speculation.

                                            IV.

       Escamilla likewise appeals the district court’s dismissal of her malicious
prosecution claim, as well as the district court’s denial of her motion requesting
leave to amend her complaint relative to that claim. 10 We find no error in
either ruling.
       The United States Constitution does not provide a “freestanding” right
of freedom from malicious prosecution. Castellano v. Fragozo, 352 F.3d 939,
942 (5th Cir. 2003). Thus, “causing charges to be filed without probable cause
will not without more violate the Constitution.” Id. at 953. Instead, stating a
malicious prosecution claim under federal law requires officials to have
violated specific constitutional rights in connection with a malicious
prosecution. Cuadra v. Houston Indep. School. Dist., 626 F.3d 808 (5th Cir.
2010). As set forth in paragraphs 57–63 of her complaint, Escamilla’s malicious
prosecution allegations fail to assert a federal constitutional violation.
       Attempting to avoid dismissal of her claim, Escamilla emphasizes that
paragraph 57 of her complaint incorporates paragraphs 1–56 by reference, and
that paragraphs 37 and 38 allege that of the four persons terminated from the
Sheriff’s Department for the same crime of (allegedly) unlawfully releasing
confidential information, “Sheriff Elliott only pursued criminal charges against

       10  Escamilla’s appeal of the district court’s denial of her motion seeking leave to
amend her complaint includes a proposed amendment of her § 1981 claim. Specifically,
Escamilla sought to amend her complaint to include an express statement confirming that
her § 1981 claim was asserted pursuant to § 1983’s procedural vehicle. Given our reversal
of the district court’s dismissal of Escamilla’s § 1981 claims on grounds that it lacked the
necessary linkage with § 1983, this aspect of her appeal is moot.
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the Hispanic female, Ms. Escamilla.” She adds: “The Sheriff’s actions were
based on race. . . .” Referencing these allegations, Escamilla contends that the
pleading alleges a “class-of-one” Fourteenth Amendment equal protection
claim of the sort recognized in Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562,
563 (2000), thus providing the requisite federal constitutional violation
necessary for a federal malicious prosecution claim. In Village of Willowbrook,
the plaintiff stated a viable equal protection constitutional claim based on
allegations that the Village demanded a 33-foot easement from the plaintiff,
but only a 15-foot easement from everyone else, and that the demand was
“irrational and wholly arbitrary.”
      The district court rejected this argument, first urged in response to
Sheriff Elliott’s summary judgment motion, concluding the malicious
prosecution allegations of the complaint fall short of providing adequate notice
of Escamilla’s avowed “equal protection” constitutional claim. The district
court additionally concluded that Escamilla had not timely sought to remedy
the claim’s constitutional deficiencies by amendment, and thus denied
Escamilla’s motion requesting leave to amend her complaint.
      The parties dispute whether the proposed amendment is governed by
Rule 15 or Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Dussouy v. Gulf
Coast Inv. Corp., 660 F.3d 595, 597–98 (5th Cir. 1981) (Rule 15(a)
amendments); S&W Enterprises, L.L.C. v. SouthTrust Bank of Alabama, NA,
315 F.3d 533, 536 (5th Cir. 2003) (Rule 16(b) governs amendment of pleadings
after a scheduling order deadline has expired). Nevertheless, they agree that
we review the district court’s denial of leave to amend for an abuse of
discretion. Dussouy, 660 F.3d at 597; S&W Enterprises, L.L.C., 315 F.3d at
535. They likewise agree that leave to amend a pleading may be justified
where the party seeking amendment has engaged in undue delay. Dussouy,
660 F.3d at 598. Here, in denying the motion, the district court emphasized
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                                   No. 19-50324
the “lengthy delay between filings” and that “[p]laintiffs should not await a
court’s decision prior to attempting to amend a faulty complaint.” On the record
before us, we find no abuse of discretion.
        As noted by the district court, the motion for leave to amend was not filed
until September 2018—two years after the original complaint was filed in
August 2016. In this instance, a fair reading of the malicious prosecution cause
of action described in paragraphs 57–63 of the complaint suggests nothing
more at issue than an assertion of prosecution without probable cause. Indeed,
it is not even readily apparent from the August 2016 pleading that Escamilla
intended to assert a federal malicious prosecution claim, as opposed to one
asserted under state tort law.
        In any event, given that Sheriff Elliott’s narrow assessment of the scope
of the claim was revealed in the December 2017 summary judgment motion,
and     acknowledged     by   Escamilla    in   her   February   2018   opposition
memorandum, we cannot fault the discretionary decision of the district court
to deny a motion to amend not filed until seven months later in obvious
response to the magistrate judge’s issuance of a report and recommendation
for dismissal thirteen days earlier. See Reliance Ins. Co. v. Louisiana Land &
Expl. Co., 110 F.3d 253, 258 (5th Cir. 1997) (“District judges have the power to
control their dockets by refusing to give ineffective litigants a second chance to
develop their case.”) Had Escamilla promptly sought to amend her claim in
response to deficiencies raised nine months earlier in Sheriff Elliott’s summary
judgment motion, the issues in dispute might have been streamlined, resources
likely would have been conserved, and final resolution might have been

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                                        No. 19-50324
expedited. 11 Furthermore, Escamilla’s motion for leave to amend offered no
explanation for (or even acknowledgement of) the delay.
       Finally, even if amendment had been allowed, dismissal of the malicious
prosecution still would have been warranted. As noted by the district court’s
order, Escamilla has never alleged (or sought to allege) that she was arrested
or formally charged with a crime. Sheriff Elliott’s attempts to convince the
grand jury to issue an indictment failed and Escamilla was never charged by
bill of information. Thus, it is not apparent that the “institution of prosecution”
element of a malicious prosecution claim could have been satisfied.
                                               V.
       As stated herein, we conclude that Plaintiff-Appellant Escamilla’s
August 2016 complaint sufficiently links her allegations of a violation of the
rights protected by 42 U.S.C. § 1981 to the procedural remedy provided by 42
U.S.C. § 1983. Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND that portion of the
district court’s judgment for further proceedings consistent with this ruling.
We otherwise AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

       11  To be sure, the “more than 1,800 pending criminal defendants on its docket that
take priority over all civil matters” referenced by the district court in explaining the decision
to dismiss the single remaining state law claim without prejudice, rather than continuing to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction, more than adequately demonstrate the importance of
efficient use of judicial resources.
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