Court Opinion

ID: 4889754
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-02 23:48:17.968586+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:07:00.826629
License: Public Domain

Wheeler, C. J.
The express affirmation by the statute, of the right of a party to use the depositions of the adverse party, when he has filed cross-interrogatories which have been answered, impliedly negatives the right where the party has not propounded cross-interrogatories. (Hart. Dig., Art. 731.) This seems to be the case of an affirmative statute which implies a negative; that is, that the party who has declined or neglected to file cross-interrogatories, shall be deemed not to have an interest in the depositions, and shall not have the right to use them, if the party taking them does not see proper to use them, and objects to the use of them by his adversary; and such has been the construction heretofore given to the statute. (Sayles’ Practice, § 393, and cases cited.) The court therefore did not err in excluding the deposition of the witness Pressler.
The court instructed the jury, that the act of the 1st of February, 1842, and other ■ previous acts, were sufficient to vest in the defendants a title superior to the plaintiff’s. Under this view of the case, the defendants can not complain that the court declined to charge that a paper title was not essential to support the right of the town; or that the instructions asked as to the effect of possession to bar the action, or afford the basis for presuming a grant, were refused. The defendants could not ask more, upon the question of title, than that the jury should be instructed that theirs was the superior title. The instruction given by the court upon this point embraced, substantially, all that was asked, in terms more decisive of the question for the defendants than their instructions which were refused. It was stating the case too strongly, perhaps, for the defendants, where the evidence of their title did not consist wholly in the legislative *198acts referred to, or in written muniments of title. But of this they can not complain.
But the court further instructed the jury, that if they could not find what the boundary of the town was, they should find for the plaintiff. This, it is conceived, Avas not the true issue; and there is reason to apprehend" it may have misled the jury. Considering the evidence upon the question of boundary, it can not he doubted that the charge in question was calculated to have a controlling, effect upon the verdict. In the terms in which it was propounded, it was calculated to induce the belief on the part of the jury that, to warrant a verdict for the defendants, they must be able to identify the true boundary line of the town—in the-language of the charge, to “find what the boundary of the town is;” whereas it was not essential that they should ascertain the boundary "with exactness, or be able to find with certainty where it was. That was not the question; but it was whether the defendants were "within the boundary of the town—assuming, as the court did, that the title of the tcwn was the paramount title. It was essential to the validity of the title, that the boundary should be capable of being ascertained, at least proximately; and that may be what was meant by the instruction; but it was not likely to be so understood by the jury. We think the charge was calculated to mislead. The evidence places it beyond doubt, that the town tract was surveyed in 1834 by competent authority. The known centre of the survey, the natural and artificial objects testified to by the witnesses, and the adjoining surveys calling to bound upon the toAvn- tract, leave little room to doubt that the boundary of the town is capable of being ascertained, with sufficient certainty; and the evidence leaves as little room to doubt that most of the defendants are within it. If, as the jury were instructed, the title of the town was paramount, the verdict was certainly contrary to the evidence, and a new trial ought to have been granted.
It is insisted for the appellee, that a new trial was properly refused, on the ground that the verdict is right upon the law; because, it is said, the town had no title; and the instructions to *199that effect, asked by the plaintiff, ought to have been given, and the same final result thus obtained.
This brings us to consider whether there is evidence of title in the town, proper to be submitted to a jury; for, unless we can affirm that the town has no title, it is the right of the defendants to have the judgment reversed for the error in the charge of the court, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
The act of the 1st of February, 1842, authorizes and requires the commissioner of the general land office to issue to the corporate authorities of the town, “a title to the town tract of the Mission of Refugio, on which said town noAY stands.” If this “town tract” is capable of being identified, it will not be denied that the act was a legislative grant, or confirmation of the title of the town to the land Avhich is the subject of the grant, or confirmation of title. But the act did not take effect until after the plaintiff’s right was acquired; and if this act was the origin of the title of the toAvn, the plaintiff’s is the elder and superior title. Was the act in question the origin of title? We incline to the opinion that it was not. It is in proof that the town was established by the express authorization of the executive in 1834, with its prescribed limits to include four leagues of land, in conformity with the 34th article of the colonization laAV, and the instructions to commissioners. It was surveyed, lots were distributed and titles issued to the inhabitants, in conformity to the provisions of the law. (Instructions to Com’rs of Sept., 4, 1827, Art. 11, 16, 17, et seq.) A municipal corporation was elected and organized, and the town completely established as the colonial town of the colony, as contemplated by the laws upon that subject. If it had not the proprietorship of the landi that appertained to it, it was because a paper title, or grant from the government, was necessary to invest it with the- property in the land.
In Landry v. Martin, (15 La. R., 1,) the Supreme Court of Louisiana held that the Spanish government recognized verbal as well as written grants to land; and that a verbal grant set off by the king’s surveyor passed all the right of the king to the domain, which could not be subsequently granted by any of Ms governors. But in De Armas v. New Orleans, (5 La., 132,) *200Judge Porter expresses the opinion that, by the law of Spain, a grant was necessary to render a place set apart for public use, common property of the city, not subject to future grant by the king; and that the principle extended to the dominions of the crown of Spain in America. (Ib., 202.) However this may have been, the question in the present case, it is conceived, must depend upon the colonization laws, under which the town was founded, and its limits and property assigned. And we find nothing in these laws which seems to contemplate a formal grant to the town of the four leagues which the law declares shall be designated for its site and foundation. (Art. 34, Decree 16.) The provisions of the law embraced in the instructions to commissioners, seem incompatible with the idea of such a grant. They charge the commissioner with the duty of selecting the site, of laying off the town, distributing the lots, and giving to the applicants their titles. (Art. 11 to 19 inclusive.) If a formal grant to the town had been contemplated, the title to the lots, it would seem, should have been made by the corporate authorities of the town, and not by the commissioner of the colony. Yet the law seems to contemplate the making of the titles by the latter, (Art. 19,) and such appears to have been the practice. The inference would seem to be, that a formal grant to the town was not contemplated, and that none other was necessary than that contained in the law, which provides for the founding of the towns, and declares that “four square leagues shall be designated for each;” and it would seem that, when the town was completely established, in the manner prescribed, and its municipal corporation organized, the law operated a dedication, reservation, or grant of the lands which appertained to it, for the purposes of its foundation. We are referred to the action of the commissioner of De Leon’s colony, produced in evidence by the plaintiff, to show that in other instances a paper title was extended to the colonial towns. But the paper introduced does not evidence a formal grant of the town lands to the town of Victoria; but only the superintendance of the commissioner in laying off and surveying the town, and his authorization and approval of the survey.
The lands were made appurtenant to the town by the law pro*201viding for its foundation and establishment. They constituted a part of it by the law of the grant, and may be supposed to have been in the contemplation of the several acts of - the congress of the republic, which recognize its continued existence. One of these was as early as the 29th of December, 1837, when, it seems from the evidence in this ease, the town was nearly depopulated. By another in May, 1838, the town was declared by the new government incorporated; and its continued corporate existence was recognized by several other acts prior to the act of the 1st of February, 1842.
If the town had an incipient or equitable title under the laws of the former government, it would seem that these repeated acts of recognition were sufficient to preserve its legal existence under the new government; and though it were but an equitable title prior to the act of 1842, the confirmation of it by that act would relate back to its inception, and give it precedence of the plaintiff’s title.
The decision of the ca'se was made to turn in the court below, .upon a question of boundary; and counsel have not argued the question of title as fully as, perhaps, they would otherwise have done, or as would be desirable before expressing a final opinion upon that question. At present it is only necessary to say we are not prepared to affirm that the town has no title; and think proper, therefore, to reverse the judgment and remand the case for a new trial.
The view we have taken of the case renders it unnecessary to consider how far the defendants were entitled to resist a recovery on account of the outstanding title in Anastacio Riojas, or to revise the ruling of the court refusing to give the instructions asked upon that subject. We do not think with the appellee that the defendants, by their pleadings, have precluded themselves from giving in evidence under their plea of not guilty, and relying on their outstanding title; or that the case comes within the rule stated in Rivers v. Foot, (11 Tex. Rep.) The defendants did not plead specially the title of the town as constituting, in itself, the defence relied on in their special plea, but as title or color of title to support the plea of the statute of limitations. Their special *202plea was but the plea of the statute; and this it was necessary for them to plead specially, if they would rely upon that defence. By pleading the statute they did not deprive themselves of any defence available under the plea of “ not guilty.”
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.