Court Opinion

ID: 4035655
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-21 18:03:53.27104+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:43.187072
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/21/16 P. v. Cornelius CA3

                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

THE PEOPLE,                                                                                  C073004

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                     (Super. Ct. Nos. 08F09791,
                                                                                   05F03667, 08F09027)
         v.

TOMMY BERNARDO CORNELIUS, JR., et al.,

                   Defendants and Appellants.

         On Halloween night 2008, a man (the victim) was at a Shell station across from
Arden Fair Mall to pump gas when one of the defendants here, George Christian, asked
where he was from. The victim answered, “ ‘San Francisco.’ ” This set off a group
beating of the victim by Christian and others in the Killa Mobb street gang that ended up
with the victim severely injured.

                                                             1
       One jury found Christian guilty of attempted murder, mayhem, assault with a
firearm, and grand theft from a person, a lesser included offense to the charged robbery.
A second jury found defendant Samuel Kemokai guilty of the same crimes. A third jury
found defendant Tommy Cornelius guilty of attempted murder, assault with a firearm,
and grand theft from a person, a lesser included offense to the charged robbery. And a
fourth jury found defendant Xavier Whitfield guilty of assault with a firearm. The juries
also found true gang enhancements and firearm enhancements for these defendants.
       The trial court sentenced Christian and Kemokai to 30 years each in prison,
Cornelius to 20 years, and Whitfield to 15 years.
       On appeal from the resulting convictions, defendants raise various contentions
relating to bifurcation of the gang enhancement, the gang expert testimony and other
evidence and instructions relating to the gang enhancement, admission of photographic
and bullet evidence, accomplice testimony, sufficiency of evidence supporting the
attempted murder convictions, cumulative prejudice, juror misconduct, and sentencing.
We reject these contentions except the last one, as we modify Cornelius’s sentence to
strike a 10-year firearm use enhancement.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                                            A
                                    Charged Offenses
       The victim and his friends were at the Shell station to pump gas after attending a
local party. At the gas station, one of the victim’s friends saw a black Dodge Charger
and a green Ford Taurus. Associated with the black Dodge Charger were two men --
Christian (wearing an orange shirt and white and orange hat) and Whitfield (wearing a
purple shirt with no other shirt underneath the purple one). Both men had guns, one of
which looked like a “.380.” Christian had a verbal altercation with the man sitting in the
green Taurus and then chased off the Taurus while waving a gun. One of the victim’s
friends heard Christian and Whitfield saying, “ ‘We Killas out here.’ ”

                                             2
      After the altercation between Christian and the occupant of the Taurus, the victim
(who had just finished paying for his gasoline), was walking back to his own car and was
approached by Christian. Christian asked where the victim was from, and the victim
responded, “ ‘San Francisco.’ ” Christian then said “his gang[’s] name,” which was two
syllables,1 and hit the victim “pretty hard” in the head, knocking him temporarily
unconscious.
      Within seconds, a group of people surrounded the victim and were attacking “like
a pack” of “hyenas on him.” The attackers included Christian, Kemokai, Whitfield,
Cornelius, Demetrius Royster, Drew Dotson,2 and Ravneel Atwaal, the latter who was
granted use immunity for his trial testimony. Atwaal was portrayed at trial by the defense
as a rich boy who lived in a nice suburban neighborhood and drove a Lexus. Another
Killa Mobb member, Richard Lee, also was in the group who surrounded the victim and
had a gun. Atwaal did not see Lee beat the victim or use the gun on the victim, although
one Rafael Simpson saw Lee beating the victim with Lee’s own gun.3

1    A friend of the victim, who was at the beating, recalled someone yelling out “Killa
Mobb” that night.
2      Royster and Dotson were charged with crimes relating to the beating of the victim
but neither of them are parties to this appeal.
3       Simpson had been a member of Killa Mobb and was with the attackers at the Shell
gas station. He denied hitting or kicking anybody that night. He saw Christian start the
fight by pistol whipping the victim in his face. When shown a video of the beating at
trial, Simpson identified Cornelius as the man with the purple short-sleeved shirt over a
long-sleeved white shirt. The man wearing that clothing can be seen on the video kicking
the victim in the head. Simpson had been jumped out of Killa Mobb at the time of the
Shell gas station beating. He left Killa Mobb because the gang was “[a]lways fighting”
and that lifestyle “wasn’t for [him].”

                                            3
       Part of the group beating that was captured on video was played at trial. Atwaal
also testified to what he saw on the video. At one point in the beating, Christian was
outside the circle of attackers, but then he worked his way back in by shoving others out
of the way. Christian lifted his arm over his head and swung downward toward the
victim. The victim tried to roll away from the attack, but Christian and Kemokai pursued
him. Christian slipped on the wet concrete but got back up and kicked the victim in the
head. After Whitfield repeatedly stomped on the victim and walked away, Kemokai hit
the victim in the upper body/head area with two overhead, heavy blows. Kemokai,
Christian, and Cornelius searched the victim. Christian pistol whipped the victim in the
head. Christian fled, leaving Cornelius and Kemokai with the victim.4 Cornelius kicked
the victim’s head and walked away, while Kemokai stood motionless over the victim.
Kemokai pulled out a firearm from his waistband or pants, raised the firearm over his
head, and delivered one blow to the victim’s head with the firearm. The victim’s body
jerked upward.
       As a result of the beating, the victim had multiple lacerations to his head and face,
a fracture to the upper jaw, and was at risk of a concussion and serious neck injury.
       Before the attack, the victim had on him his cell phone, a wallet, and a digital
camera. After the attack, he was missing his cell phone and camera.
                                             B
                      Investigation Of The Shell Gas Station Beating
       Metro PCS cell phone records were recovered from some Killa Mobb members
involved in the beating. Some text messages sent after the beating stated things like
“ ‘we shot up that shit, killa,’ ” “[t]hey got five people now,” “[s]top texting mother
fuckers. Stay focused.”

4      Christian’s hat came off during the beating, and Simpson picked it up.

                                              4
       Eleven days after the beating, police found Lee driving a car, and Lee correctly
told police that they would find his .380-caliber gun in the pouch behind the front
passenger seat. The gun was loaded and included one CCI brand round. Police went to
Whitfield’s house to conduct a search because police had overheard Whitfield telling
another suspect in a police interview room that they had hidden something in Whitfield’s
couch. That something turned out to be nine .380-caliber live ammunition rounds,
including four rounds of the CCI brand.
                                             C
                                      Gang Evidence
       Sacramento Police Department Detective Brian Bell was the lead investigator and
was also the People’s expert on street gangs in Sacramento’s north area. Killa Mobb’s
primary activities included “burglaries, robberies, shootings, [and] unlawful gun
possession.” He based this opinion on his eight and one-half years as a police officer,
two and one-half years as a gang detective, being the lead investigator in this case, being
the lead investigator on at least 30 other gang crimes, and assisting on 60 other gang
crime investigations, reviewing police data bases “for informational purposes to
gather . . . information about Killa Mobb,” being in daily contact with gang members,
including at least 15 members of Killa Mobb that included “conversations” with Killa
Mobb members and associates about that gang’s “culture and crimes,” and viewing
MySpace pages that included photographs of gang members with messages stating what
gang a certain person was in. Some of these MySpace pages included photographs of
Lee, Whitfield, Christian, Dotson, Cornelius, and Royster.
       According to certified documents, Killa Mobb member minor J. D. was charged
with burglary in December 2006 and admitted to battery in January 2007, “a reasonably
related offense” to the burglary. According to other certified documents, minor C. B.
admitted in November 2007 to possession of a concealable firearm by a minor. One of
his conditions of probation was not to knowingly associate with gangs and to tell the

                                             5
probation officer of his street moniker. During a conversation, C. B. told Detective Bell
he was a member of Killa Mobb at the time of this crime.
       The parties stipulated that Lee had been convicted of “assault with a firearm” that
occurred during the second half of 2008 and he admitted that crime was committed for
the benefit of or in association with Killa Mobb.
       In mid-October 2008, Atwaal and other Killa Mobb members shot at an occupied
car at an am/pm market in an incident in which Killa Mobb members were the
aggressors.
                                        DISCUSSION
                                                I
                    The Trial Court Acted Within Its Discretion When It
              Denied Defendants’ Motion To Bifurcate The Gang Enhancements
       Defendants Christian, Kemokai, and Whitfield contend the trial court erred in
denying their motion to bifurcate the gang enhancements from the trial on the substantive
offenses. The trial court denied the motion because “the entire motivation for the assaults
. . . in this case [is] gang related. It seems almost impossible to therefore sever the gang
allegations and to try the particular case without at least the cross-admissibility of the . . .
gang allegations.” The court acted well within its discretion in denying the motion based
on the facts available to the court at the time the motion to bifurcate was denied. (People
v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 1040, 1048 [standard of review]; People v. Avila (2006)
38 Cal. 4th 491, 575 [a court reviews the motion based on the facts as they appeared at the
time the court ruled on the motion].) We explain.
       “[T]he criminal street gang enhancement is attached to the charged offense and is,
by definition, inextricably intertwined with that offense. So less need for bifurcation
generally exists with the gang enhancement than with a prior conviction allegation.”
(People v. Hernandez, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1048.) Moreover, gang evidence is often
relevant to “identity, motive, modus operandi, specific intent, means of applying force or

                                               6
fear, or other issues pertinent to guilt of the charged crime.” (Id. at p. 1049.) When this
is the case, a defendant seeking bifurcation bears the burden “ ‘to clearly establish that
there is a substantial danger of prejudice requiring that the charges be separately tried.’ ”
(Id. at p. 1051.)
       Here, when the court denied bifurcation, the court had strong evidence before it
that the motive for the beating was gang related. At the preliminary hearing, Detective
Bell testified that prior to the beating, one of the attackers asked the victim where he was
from. The victim responded he was from the Bay Area and added, “you guys are some
suckas out here.” The attackers then began beating the victim, while one of them
“announc[ed] Killa Mob[b] gang.” The beating was a means of establishing respect for
Killa Mobb because if someone in the gang is disrespected and the gang does not act
upon that, the gang would be perceived as weak. Thus, the gang evidence was relevant to
explain motive and the violent reaction based on the victim’s verbal slight. The trial
court therefore acted within its discretion in denying the motion to bifurcate the gang
enhancement.
                                              II
     The Court Did Not Prejudicially Err In Its Rulings Regarding Admission Of The
          Gang Expert’s Testimony To Prove The Primary Activities Of A Gang,
            And Counsel Were Not Deficient In Their Reactions To The Court’s
                    Treatment Of This Evidence And Related Instructions
       In a number of related contentions, defendants raise issues relating to the court’s
admission of, the evidentiary proof of, and instructions relating to the gang
enhancements. We take each in turn, keeping in mind the following definition and
elements of the gang enhancement.
       The gang enhancement provides as follows: “[A]ny person who is convicted of a
felony committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any
criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal

                                              7
conduct by gang members, shall, upon conviction of that felony, in addition and
consecutive to the punishment prescribed for the felony or attempted felony of which he
or she has been convicted, be punished . . . .” (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) Under
this code section, the People must prove that a defendant committed a crime: (1) for the
benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang; and (2) with
“the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang
members.” (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) A “ ‘criminal street gang’ ” “means any
ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons . . . having as one of
its primary activities the commission of one or more of the [enumerated] criminal
acts . . . , having a common name or common identifying sign or symbol, and whose
members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal
gang activity.” (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (f).)
                                              A
         Defendants Forfeited Their Request For An Limine Hearing By Failing
           To Request One On The Subject Matter They Now Raise On Appeal
               And By Failing To Object During The Trial Testimony Itself
       Whitfield contends the trial court erred in denying his request for an in limine
hearing pursuant to Evidence Code section 402 (the procedure for determining
foundational and other preliminary facts) and Evidence Code section 352 to determine
whether at trial Detective Bell would rely on inadmissible and/or unduly prejudicial
hearsay to support his opinion that certain offenses constituted the primary activities of
Killa Mobb. Defendants Christian and Kemokai join in these contentions. As we explain
below, they have forfeited this contention because, one, the trial court never denied such
a request and two, defendants never objected when the testimony was proffered, as they
were required to do.
       One, Whitfield’s request in the trial court for a section 402 hearing was to
preclude Detective Bell from relying on hearsay statements to establish Killa Mobb’s

                                              8
predicate offenses. But on appeal, Whitfield’s argument is not about the predicate
offenses, but rather, about the primary activities of Killa Mobb, which goes to proving a
different aspect of the gang enhancement. Having not raised, in the trial court, the issue
he now puts forth on appeal, he has forfeited it. (Evid. Code, § 353; People v. Clark
(1992) 3 Cal. 4th 41, 127-128.)
       And two, Whitfield never got a ruling on his motion, even if it could have been
construed as raising an issue about precluding Detective Bell from testifying regarding
hearsay in forming his expert opinion about the primary activities of Killa Mobb.
Specifically, Whitfield initially raised in his trial brief the issue of precluding Detective
Bell from relying on hearsay statements to prove the predicate offense part of the gang
enhancement. The court deferred ruling on this motion and told Whitfield’s trial counsel
to raise objections during direct examination of the gang expert. During trial, Detective
Bell testified that Killa Mobb’s primary activities included “burglaries, robberies,
shootings, [and] unlawful gun possession.” Detective Bell also explained the basis for
his opinion. There was no objection during this testimony. Thus, Whitfield has forfeited
his contentions. (See People v. Jennings (1988) 46 Cal. 3d 963, 975, fn. 3 [after an in
limine motion, the party seeking exclusion must object at the time evidence is offered to
preserve the issue for appeal].)5
                                               B
                  Sufficient Evidence Supported The Gang Enhancement
       Whitfield contends there was insufficient evidence of the gang enhancement,
violating his federal rights to due process of law and proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
Specifically, he claims there was insufficient evidence Killa Mobb was a street gang

5       To the extent Whitfield claims his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
at the time of the trial testimony, we disagree because it was not objectionable, as we
explain in part IID below.

                                               9
because there was insufficient proof of its primary activities. Christian joins in this
contention.
        Whitfield’s sufficiency of evidence challenge goes to the element that Killa Mobb
has “as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the [enumerated]
criminal acts . . . .” (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (f).) The enumerated criminal acts
include (among other things) assault with a deadly weapon, robbery, shooting at an
occupied motor vehicle, burglary, mayhem, possession of a concealed firearm, and felon
in possession of a firearm. (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subds. (f), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(5), (e)(11),
(e)(16), (e)(23), (e)(31)-(e)(33).) “[E]vidence of either past or present criminal acts listed
in subdivision (e) of section 186.22 is admissible to establish the statutorily required
primary activities,” but is alone “[n]ot necessarily” “sufficient to prove the group’s
primary activities” because “[t]he phrase ‘primary activities’ . . . implies that the
commission of one or more of the statutorily enumerated crimes is one of the group’s
‘chief’ or ‘principal’ occupations.” (People v. Sengpadychith (2001) 26 Cal. 4th 316,
323.)
        Here, Detective Bell testified that in his expert opinion, the primary activities of
Killa Mobb included “burglaries, robberies, shootings, [and] unlawful gun possession.”
Detective Bell’s testimony was supported by evidence of specific criminal conduct.
Certified documents introduced by the People showed that Killa Mobb member minor
J. D. was charged with burglary in December 2006 and admitted to battery in January
2007, “a reasonably related offense” to the burglary. Certified documents also showed
that Killa Mobb member minor C. B. admitted in November 2007 to possession of a
concealable firearm by a minor.
        Detective Bell’s testimony was also supported by a stipulation that Lee had been
convicted of “assault with a firearm” that occurred during the second half of 2008 and he
admitted that crime was committed for the benefit of or in association with Killa Mobb.

                                              10
       Detective Bell’s testimony was also supported by Atwaal’s trial testimony that he
joined Killa Mobb in the summer 2008, that in mid-October 2008, he and other Killa
Mobb members were involved in a shooting at an occupied car at an am/pm market in
which Killa Mobb members were the aggressors, and were also involved in the current
Shell station beating during which they took the victim’s possessions.
       Finally, Simpson testified that he decided to get jumped out of Killa Mobb
because the gang was “[a]lways fighting” and that during the four months that he was
part of the gang, he was “involved in a lot of fights.”
       From this testimony there was sufficient evidence that from December 2006
through the time of the current attack at the Shell gas station in November 2008, the
primary activities of Killa Mobb included “burglaries, robberies, shootings, [and]
unlawful gun possession.”
                                              C
                      The Court’s Instruction On Primary Activities
                         Was Wrong But There Was No Prejudice
       Whitfield contends the trial court prejudicially erred in violation of his federal
constitutional rights in instructing the jury that for purposes of the gang enhancement, the
jury had to find that primary activities of Killa Mobb were “commission of possession of
a firearm, burglary or assault with a firearm.” (Italics added.) Defendants Christian and
Kemokai join in this contention. The court erred, but there was no prejudice. We
explain.
       For purposes of the gang enhancement, only “prohibited” possession of a firearm
qualifies as a primary activity. (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subds. (f), (e)(31)-(e)(33).) The
instruction here was wrong because it did not specify that only prohibited possession of a
firearm qualified. Nevertheless, there was no prejudice, under either the federal or state-
based standards of review. (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 [17 L. Ed. 2d
705, 710-711] [“before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must

                                             11
be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”]; People v.
Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836 [before a state error can be held harmless, the court
must be able to declare that it is not “reasonably probable that a result more favorable to
the appealing party would have been reached in the absence of the error”].) The only
possession of a firearm as an offense brought up by the prosecutor with respect to the
gang enhancement both at trial and in closing was that of C. B., namely, his illegal gun
possession as a minor. The prosecutor in closing stressed that he had introduced into
evidence certified copies of the juvenile record, showing what the juvenile was
“convicted of” so “[i]t’s just proof beyond anybody’s word, beyond any doubt because
it’s a certified court record.” As even Whitfield points out in his brief, C. B.’s “juvenile
unlawful firearm possession adjudication was the only legitimate evidence of an
enumerated firearm offense.” Thus, where the only evidence of gun possession that the
People relied on at trial and stressed in closing was unlawful gun possession for which
proof was a certified court record that the defense did not rebut, the error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.
                                              D
                      There Was No Confrontation Clause Violation
             Because The Gang Expert Did Not Rely On Testimonial Hearsay
       Whitfield contends the gang expert violated his Sixth Amendment right to
confront the witnesses against him when Detective Bell relied on testimonial hearsay to
explain his opinion regarding the primary activities of Killa Mobb.6 Defendants

6      Recently, in People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal. 4th 665, the California Supreme
Court held that “the case-specific statements related by the prosecution expert concerning
defendant’s gang membership constituted inadmissible hearsay under California law.
They were recited by the expert, who presented them as true statements of fact, without
the requisite independent proof. Some of those hearsay statements were also testimonial
and therefore should have been excluded.” (Sanchez, at pp. 670-671.) Here, as we

                                             12
Christian and Kemokai join in this contention. To the extent defendants did not raise this
contention during the trial testimony of Detective Bell and they contend their attorneys
were deficient, we find no deficient performance, as Detective Bell did not rely on or
convey testimonial hearsay when forming or relaying his opinion. (See Strickland v.
Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687 [80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693] [deficient performance is
the first prong of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim].) We explain.
       In Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36 [158 L. Ed. 2d 177], the United
States Supreme Court held that “the admission of testimonial out-of-court statements
violates a defendant’s confrontation rights unless the witness is unavailable to testify and
the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” (People v. Valadez (2013)
220 Cal. App. 4th 16, 30.) In Valadez, the gang expert’s opinions were based on written
information from the police department regarding gangs, conversations with other gang
officers, conversations with gang members, self-admissions by gang members, field
interview cards, the facts of the case, and the defendants’ tattoos. (Id. at pp. 27-29.) The
appellate court assumed the general out-of-court statements on which the gang expert
relied were offered for their truth, but nevertheless concluded there was no confrontation
clause violation because they were not testimonial. (Id. at p. 32.) “[U]nder any
definition of ‘testimonial’ the general background information [the officer] obtained from
gang members, other officers, and written materials on the history of the El Sereno and
Lowell Street gangs plainly does not qualify.” (Id. at p. 35.) The information the expert
received by talking with officers and gang members in consensual encounters may be
useful for expert testimony, but it “does not mean his primary purpose in obtaining this
information was to use it against appellants”; rather, “[d]ay in and day out such
information would be useful to the police as part of their general community policing

explain, the gang expert did not rely on testimonial hearsay and did not convey out-of-
court statements to the jury to form his expert opinion.

                                             13
responsibilities quite separate from any use in some unspecified criminal prosecution.”
(Id. at p. 36.) In a similar vein, business records such as police rap sheets are not
testimonial under Crawford. (People v. Morris (2008) 166 Cal. App. 4th 363, 372-373.)
       Here, as we have noted, Detective Bell testified that in his expert opinion, the
primary activities of Kill Mobb included “burglaries, robberies, shootings, [and] unlawful
gun possession.” He based his opinion on his eight and one-half years as a police officer,
two and one-half years as a gang detective, being the lead investigator in the current case,
being the lead investigator on at least 30 other gang crimes and assisting on 60 other gang
crime investigations, reviewing police data bases “for informational purposes to
gather . . . information about Killa Mobb,” being in daily contact with gang members,
including at least 15 members of Killa Mobb, that included “conversations” with Killa
Mobb members and associates about that gang’s “culture and crimes,” and viewing
MySpace pages that included photographs of gang members.
       Detective Bell did not convey any out-of-court statements to the jury, but rather,
relied on some hearsay evidence (for example, conversations with gang members and/or
other police offers) as well as his training and expertise to form his expert opinion. This
does not violate the confrontation clause. (See United States v. Kamahele (10th Cir.
2014) 748 F.3d 984, 1000 [“Introduction of opinion testimony does not violate the
Confrontation Clause when the experts rely on their independent judgment -- even when
this independent judgment is based on inadmissible evidence . . . , [b]ut if the expert is
simply ‘parrot[ing] “out-of-court testimonial statements of cooperating witnesses and
confidential informants directly to the jury in the guise of expert opinion,” ’ the testimony
would be inadmissible”]; United States v. Johnson (4th Cir. 2009) 587 F.3d 625, 635
[where “the expert is, in essence, giving an independent judgment,” “applying his
training and experience to the sources before him and reaching an independent
judgment,” and not “merely acting as a transmitter for testimonial hearsay,” “there will
typically be no Crawford problem”].) Nor did his viewing and testimony of the

                                             14
photographs on MySpace implicate confrontation clause concerns. MySpace pages are
not testimonial, lack all indicia of formality, and a person making statements on MySpace
would not have believed they were participating in the presenting of evidence for a
criminal trial.
       In sum, there were no out-of-court testimonial statements relied upon or parroted
by Detective Bell in reaching his independent judgment about what he considered were
the primary activities of Killa Mobb. As such, there was no confrontation clause
violation.
                                               E
    The Trial Court Had No Sua Sponte Duty To Instruct That Any Hearsay Evidence
    Repeated By The Gang Expert Could Not Be Used For The Truth Of The Matter;
         Trial Counsel Was Not Deficient For Failing To Request This Instruction
       Whitfield contends (with Christian and Kemokai joining) the trial court erred in
failing to give sua sponte CALCRIM No. 360, which reads as follows: “[Detective Bell]
testified that in reaching (his/her) conclusions as an expert witness, (he/she) considered
[a] statement[s] made by [_______]. [I am referring only to the statement[s]] [insert or
describe statements admitted for this limited purpose]. You may consider [that/those]
statement[s] only to evaluate the expert’s opinion. Do not consider (that/those)
statements as proof that the information contained in the statement[s] is true.”
       There is no sua sponte duty to give instructions limiting the purpose for which a
jury can consider evidence. (Evid. Code, § 355.) “When evidence is admissible . . . for
one purpose and is inadmissible . . . for another purpose, the court upon request shall
restrict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.” (Ibid.; see also
People v. Macias (1997) 16 Cal. 4th 739, 746, fn. 3 [“absent a request by defendant, the
trial court has no sua sponte duty to give a limiting instruction].) Here, no counsel asked
for this instruction, so there was no duty for the court to give it.

                                              15
       Whitfield’s backup contention (in which Christian and Kemokai join as well) is
that his trial counsel was ineffective for not requesting CALCRIM No. 360. Trial
counsel was not deficient because he could have had a tactical reason for not requesting
the instruction. (People v. Wright (1990) 52 Cal. 3d 367, 412 [reviewing courts defer to
counsel’s reasonable tactical decisions in examining a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel].) He may not have wanted to draw attention to any hearsay evidence on which
Detective Bell relied. This is so because then the jury could have had reason to focus its
attention on the certified documents that proved (without an evaluation of credibility)
existence of at least one offense committed by a Killa Mobb member that was evidence
of the primary activities (especially more so than hearsay that provided part of the basis
for the detective’s expert opinion) or on other nonhearsay evidence from others such as
Atwaal that he and other Killa Mobb members were involved in the am/pm shooting at an
occupied car and in the current crimes.
                                             III
                The Trial Court Acted Within Its Discretion In Excluding
               Photographic Evidence Of Atwaal’s Socio-Economic Status
       Whitfield contends the trial court abused its discretion in excluding from evidence
photographs depicting Atwaal’s neighborhood and the front door of his house (which
showed that he lived in a nice, suburban neighborhood) because it was relevant evidence
“to corroborate the theory that Killa Mobb was a party clique rather than a territorial,
criminal enterprise.” Christian and Kemokai join in this contention. The court excluded
this evidence because “the photographs are not particularly relevant,” they are
“redundan[t],” and raise a “security concern.”
       The trial court acted well within its discretion in excluding these photographs from
evidence. (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal. 4th 690, 717 [standard of review].) Evidence
that Atwaal lived in a nice neighborhood was not relevant because Whitfield cites no
binding or persuasive authority that an individual’s higher socio-economic status

                                             16
indicates a lower likelihood of being in a criminal street gang.7 In other words, we do not
accept the logic that Killa Mobb would be less likely to be a criminal street gang as
opposed to a party clique simply because one of its members lived in a nice house, in a
nice neighborhood. For this reason, the court was correct that “the photographs are not
particularly relevant.” The court was also correct that the pictures were “redundan[t]”
because Atwaal had already testified he lived in “a nice suburban neighborhood” and not
in “public housing.” Finally, the court was also correct that the pictures raised a “security
concern.” One of the pictures showed “an entire overview of [the] neighborhood [with]
street names” and another showed “detail[s] about things that are in front of [Atwaal’s]
house.” Atwaal was a cooperating witness who had been granted use immunity for
testifying here, and another cooperating witness had already received threats from an
unknown source. Thus, the court acted within its discretion to exclude these
photographs.
                                             IV
                  The Trial Court Acted Within Its Discretion To Admit
                      Evidence Of Bullets Found In Whitfield’s Sofa
       Whitfield contends the trial court abused its discretion to admit evidence that
police found nine .380-caliber live ammunition rounds hidden in his sofa that included
four rounds of the CCI brand because this evidence was only marginally relevant while at
the same time overly prejudicial. Christian and Kemokai join in this contention. We
disagree.
       Relevant evidence is broadly defined as that having a tendency in reason to prove
or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to resolving the case. (Evid. Code,

7       The authority Whitfield cites as he terms it is “scholarly work” from a law journal
article that states “the economic and social marginalization of low income and minority
communities is the major factor that leads many juveniles to join gangs.”

                                             17
§ 210.) The ammunition evidence was relevant because it tended to prove Whitfield was
part of the attack, knew about Lee’s gun, and was involved with actually hiding
something connected to that gun -- its ammunition. Lee and Whitfield were in the circle
of people attacking the victim, and Lee was using a gun to beat the victim. A .380-
caliber gun was being used by one of the perpetrators. Eleven days after the beating,
police found Lee driving a car and Lee correctly told police that they would find his .380-
caliber gun in the pouch behind the front passenger seat. The gun was loaded and
included one CCI brand round. Police then went to Whitfield’s house to do a search
because police overheard Whitfield telling another suspect in a police interview room that
they had hidden something in Whitfield’s couch. That something turned out to be nine
.380-caliber live ammunition rounds, including four rounds of the CCI brand.
       Against this backdrop of relevance, evidence of ammunition in a sofa was not
likely to provoke an emotional response with the jury, as Whitfield claims. Where there
was evidence that Lee possessed a loaded gun, was driving around with it, and thus, it
was likely he was beating the victim with a loaded gun earlier, evidence that Whitfield
was aware of ammunition hidden in the sofa would not be unduly prejudicial. Thus, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing in this evidence. (See People v. Nguyen
(2013) 212 Cal. App. 4th 1311, 1333 [where a trial court had admitted evidence of a
defendant’s rifle possession, it was not an abuse of discretion to also admit evidence he
possessed another rifle and ammunition].)
                                             V
                      The Trial Court Correctly Instructed The Jury
                            Regarding When An Assault Begins
       Whitfield contends the “trial court erred by failing to instruct that the charged
assault could not have begun with co-defendant Christian brandishing his firearm at the
green Taurus but could only have begun when he was in position to immediately strike
[the] victim.” (Bolding and capitalization omitted.) Whitfield argues the court’s

                                             18
instructions on this point “were incomplete and prejudicially misleading,” violating his
rights to due process of law and proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
       During deliberations, the jury asked the court, “We would like clarification of
when the crime of assault with a fire[]arm began. Did it begin when the car was chased
away with a gun or when the physical attack actually beg[a]n?” The court responded,
“You are the triers of fact in this matter. The timing of when the commission of a crime
begins and when it ends, if relevant, is for you to decide based upon the evidence
produced during the trial.”
       The court’s instruction was proper. It was for the jury, not the court, to be the
finder of fact and thus determine the beginning and ending of a crime. (Pen. Code,
§§ 1126 [“[i]n a trial for any offense, . . . questions of fact [are to be decided] by the
jury”], 1127 [“[t]he court shall inform the jury in all cases that the jurors are the exclusive
judges of all questions of fact submitted to them”].)
       In a related subargument, Whitfield contends, “the court[] erred by failing to
define generic assault” (bolding and capitalization omitted) because the offense of assault
by the principal (Christian) did not begin “(or begin to occur for aiding and abetting
purposes) until the principal had the present ability to immediately strike the victim.”
Specifically, Whitfield claims the court should have responded to the jury’s question by
providing a definition of simple assault and explaining that assault requires an immediate
ability to strike. The court, however, had already so instructed the jury in its standard
instructions on aiding and abetting principles (CALCRIM Nos. 400, 401) and on simple
assault (CALCRIM No. 915). These instructions told the jury that the crime of assault
requires that “when the defendant acted he had the present ability to apply force to a
person.” There was no need for the court to repeat these instructions. (See People v.
Hamilton (1989) 48 Cal. 3d 1142, 1180 [when a court has given correct and adequate
instructions on the point, the court has no sua sponte duty to repeat those instructions].)

                                              19
                                              VI
                   Sufficient Evidence Supported The Attempted Murder
                          Convictions Of Christian And Kemokai
       Christian and Kemokai contend insufficient evidence supported their convictions
for attempted murder because there was no evidence they intended to kill the victim. Not
so.
       The victim testified Christian instigated the beating by hitting him on the head,
rendering him temporarily unconscious. In addition, the part of the group beating
captured on video showed Christian and Kemokai actively involved in beating the victim
in vulnerable places on his body when he was on the ground and defenseless.
Specifically, Christian lifted his arm over his head and swung downward toward the
victim. The victim tried to roll away from the attack, but Christian and Kemokai pursued
him. Christian kicked the victim in the head. Kemokai hit the victim in the upper
body/head area with two overhead, heavy blows. Christian pistol-whipped the victim in
the head after he had been searched for his possessions. After Christian fled, Kemokai
pulled out a firearm, raised it over his head, and hit the victim’s head. As a result of all
this trauma, the victim had multiple lacerations to his head and face, a fracture to the
upper jaw, and was at risk of a concussion and serious neck injury.
       Christian’s and Kemokai’s repeated kicks, blows, and pistol whips to the victim’s
head, a vulnerable spot for death, at a time when he was defenseless were more than
sufficient to demonstrate they intended to kill the victim. (People v. Lasko (2000) 23
Cal. 4th 101, 112 [“the evidence strongly suggested an intent to kill” where the defendant
hit the victim multiple times on the head with extreme force, causing extensive and
multiple fractures to the head area].)

                                              20
                                             VII
                 The Jury Could Use Simpson’s Testimony To Corroborate
                 Atwaal’s Testimony, As Simpson Was Not An Accomplice
        Cornelius and Christian contend there was insufficient evidence to corroborate the
accomplice testimony of Atwaal. The premise of their contention rests on their argument
that Simpson, too, was an accomplice, so his testimony could not be used as
corroboration. We disagree that Simpson was an accomplice (although he may have been
an accessory after the fact). And because he was not an accomplice, his testimony could
be used to corroborate Atwaal’s testimony. We explain.
        “A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless it be
corroborated by such other evidence as shall tend to connect the defendant with the
commission of the offense . . . . An accomplice is hereby defined as one who is liable to
prosecution for the identical offense charged against the defendant on trial in the cause in
which the testimony of the accomplice is given.” (Pen. Code, § 1111.) “[O]ne
accomplice may not corroborate another.” (People v. Boyce (1980) 110 Cal. App. 3d 726,
737.)
        Here, the jury was instructed that “[i]f the crimes of attempted murder, assault
with a firearm, robbery, or mayhem were committed, then . . . Atwaal was an accomplice
to those crimes,” and it could not convict defendants of those crimes “based on the
testimony of an accomplice alone.” The instructions did not state Simpson was an
accomplice. Consistent with the instructions, the prosecutor argued in closing that
Simpson was not an accomplice because he could not be prosecuted for the charged
crimes, and the most he could be prosecuted for was being an accessory after the fact for
picking up Christian’s hat.
        The court’s instructions and the prosecutor were correct -- Simpson was not an
accomplice. When questioned at trial, Simpson admitted only to picking up the hat. He
denied hitting anybody, kicking anybody, or having a gun. Defense counsel asked him if

                                             21
at the beginning of the fight he “jumped on the [victim], hit him once or twice, and got
his blood flowing.” When Simpson denied all of this, defense counsel followed up with
asking him whether he told Detective Bell during an interview that he had jumped on the
victim. Simpson responded, “no.” When the prosecutor asked defense counsel for a
“[p]age reference,” defense counsel stated, “Judge, I will hold off on this. I need to see
the transcript.” There was no subsequent testimony that during the attack on the victim,
Simpson did anything other than pick up the hat after the fact, which as the prosecutor
argued, would have made him criminally liable only for being an accessory after the fact.
(See People v. Daniels (1991) 52 Cal. 3d 815, 867 [where the witness was present at the
crime and aided a defendant in the escape, he was at most an accessory after the fact and
no cautionary instruction was necessary that this witness’s testimony needed
corroboration].) Consistent with all of this, Simpson himself testified he was told by the
prosecution that he could be charged with being an accessory after the fact, facing three
years in prison, for picking up Christian’s hat and then he agreed to testify truthfully here
in exchange for “use immunity.”
       Cornelius argues that Simpson was criminally liable for the charged crimes,
however, because he was at the gas station to act as a lookout or provide backup.
However, there was no evidence Simpson was a lookout or provided backup. Other than
picking up Christian’s hat, he was not involved in the attack. Given his lack of
involvement, Simpson could not have been an accomplice, so the jury could use his
testimony to corroborate Atwaal’s.
                                            VIII
          Kemokai’s Trial Counsel Was Not Deficient For Failing To Object To
                Photos Showing Others Making Gang-Related Hand Signs
       Kemokai contends his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to what he
claims were unauthenticated photographs introduced into evidence during the testimony
of Detective Bell showing people other than Kemokai making gang-related hand signs.

                                             22
       Kemokai cannot prove his counsel was ineffective because counsel could have had
a tactical reason not to object: Kemokai was not identified as being in any of these
pictures. Counsel may have reasonably concluded that the pictures helped Kemokai’s
defense because the jury could have believed that Kemokai’s absence from all of these
pictures meant he was not actually a member or associate of Killa Mobb.
                                            IX
                           There Was No Cumulative Prejudice
       Defendants contend that the errors they have alleged must be evaluated for their
cumulative prejudicial effect and that together those errors violated their due process
right to a fair trial. We have found only one error (the instruction defining possession of
a firearm as a primary activity of Killa Mobb) that was harmless, so there are no multiple
errors to accumulate.
                                             X
                   The Trial Court Did Not Err In Denying Defendants
                         A New Trial Based On Juror Misconduct
       Defendants Whitfield and Cornelius contend the trial court erred in denying them
a new trial based on prejudicial juror misconduct. Christian and Kemokai join in this
contention.
       We take each of the seven misconduct allegations in turn, keeping in mind the
following standards:
       “When a party seeks a new trial based on juror misconduct, the trial court must
determine from admissible evidence whether misconduct occurred and, if it did, whether
the misconduct was prejudicial. [Citation.] Prejudice is presumed where there is
misconduct. This presumption can be rebutted by a showing no prejudice actually
occurred or by a reviewing court’s examination of the entire record to determine whether
there is a reasonable probability of actual harm to the complaining party.” (People v.
Loot (1998) 63 Cal. App. 4th 694, 697.) “The moving party bears the burden of

                                            23
establishing juror misconduct.” (Donovan v. Poway Unified School Dist. (2008) 167
Cal. App. 4th 567, 625.)
       “We review independently the trial court’s denial of a new trial motion based on
alleged juror misconduct. [Citation.] However, we will ‘ “accept the trial court’s
credibility determinations and findings on questions of historical fact if supported by
substantial evidence.” ’ ” (People v. Gamache (2010) 48 Cal. 4th 347, 396.)
                                             A
                          Juror No. 1’s Failure To Disclose That
                   His Brother-In-Law Was Killed By A Drunk Driver
       Whitfield contends that Juror No. 1 committed prejudicial misconduct by
“willfully conceal[ing]” that his brother-in-law was killed by a drunk driver. The trial
court found misconduct but was “not willing to jump to the conclusion that it was
intentional concealment designed to mislead.” As our court has noted, “[i]n evaluating
claims of intentional concealment by jurors during voir dire, ‘[w]e accept the trial court’s
credibility determinations and findings on questions of historical fact if supported by
substantial evidence.’ [Citations.] With these principles in mind, we consider
defendants’ claims of misconduct by Juror No. [1].” (People v. Tuggles (2009) 179
Cal. App. 4th 339, 371-372.)
       Here, there was substantial evidence that Juror No. 1 did not intentionally conceal
this information. The at-issue voir dire question to which Juror No. 1 answered “No” in
April 2010 was the following: “Have you, a close friend or relative ever been a victim of
a crime? If yes, state the nature of the crime(s).” On Juror No. 1’s Facebook page, there
was a post in May 2010 stating the following: “It’s been said that the first year following
the sudden death of a loved one is the most difficult, THAT’S WHY MY PAGE IS
DEDICATED TO MY SISTER ALICIA IN HONOR OF MOTHERS/FATHERS DAY,
my sister lost her husband by a selfish act [of] a DRUNK DRIVER rip Arnold . . . Alicia
you and you[]r[] five girls are SURVIVORS . . . THANK YOU GOD for giving them the

                                             24
strength…” In June 2012, Juror No. 1 posted, “me and Arnold good times . . . in my . . .
heart forever . . . rip.”
       These posts do not indicate the drunk driver who killed Juror No. 1’s brother-in-
law was ever charged with a crime. Thus, Juror No. 1 may have simply categorized this
incident as a traffic fatality or traffic accident instead of a criminal act. Thus, we agree
with the trial court there was no evidence that his failure to disclose the killing of his
brother-in-law by a drunk driver was an intentional concealment designed to mislead.
                                               B
                    Juror No. 1’s Postings On Facebook About This Trial
       During trial, the court instructed jurors, “do not talk about the case . . . with
anyone . . . . Do not share information about the case in writing, by e-mail or on the
Internet.”
       During trial, Juror No. 1 stated on Facebook that he was on jury duty with postings
such as the following: “Jury duty week three and we still don’t have all the panel
selected”; “After all the stupid excuses and people saying they hate police and black
people to get off jury duty hmmmm. . . . Maybe [I] should have c[o]me up with a lame
excuse also”; “my case was suppose[d] to last six weeks and we[’]re on week three now
and no end in sight[,] this sucks”; “[l]ooks like a two week stay for me @ jury duty . . .”;
“Fourth week of jury duty and six weeks to go LUCKY ME . . .”; “getting ready for jury
duty”; “Week 5 of jury duty”; “Jury duty week six . . .”; and “Back to jury duty can it get
any more BORING than going over metro pcs phone records . . . uuuggghhhhhh.”
       At a hearing about these Facebook entries, Juror No. 1 testified that when he made
these posts, he did not think “at the time” he was violating the court’s admonition
because he did not think he was talking about the case. He “really didn’t read the
comments” that people wrote in response to his posts. The court found that Juror No. 1
was “credible” and that he was “doing [his] best to be open and honest . . . .” The court

                                              25
nevertheless found misconduct, but also found no “actual bias” on the part of Juror No. 1
and no “inherent[] prejudice[] as a result of that misconduct.”
       “[T]he misconduct of discussing the case with nonjurors while the case is
pending” “raises the presumption of prejudice,” but “[t]his presumption of prejudice
‘ “may be rebutted by an affirmative evidentiary showing that prejudice does not exist or
by a reviewing court’s examination of the entire record to determine whether there is a
reasonable probability of actual harm to the complaining party [resulting from the
misconduct]. . . .” ’ ” (In re Hitchings (1993) 6 Cal. 4th 97, 119.)
       We agree with the trial court there was no prejudice on our de novo review. Most
of these postings were simply statements that Juror No. 1 was still on jury duty and
revealed nothing about the evidence or his thoughts on the case. One that was not
(expressing his boredom with the testimony about the phone records) actually cut against
the prosecution, who was the party who presented those records.
       Defendants claim that the other ones that went beyond simply stating he was on
jury duty “demonstrate[d] mockery and even contempt for the judicial process.” These
included “Maybe [I] should have c[o]me up with a lame excuse also” to get out of jury
duty, “no end in sight[,] this sucks,” and “six weeks to go LUCKY ME . . . .” Fairly
understood, these comments expressed frustration at the length of the case. There was no
evidence Juror No. 1 took out this frustration on defendants. Instead, quite the opposite.
The jury acquitted four defendants (three appellants and one codefendant) of various
charges, demonstrating there was no reasonable probability of actual harm based on his
Facebook postings.

                                             26
                                               C
       Juror No. 1 Discussing On Facebook Where The Trial Was Being Held And
                   “Arranging” For An Acquaintance To View The Trial
       Whitfield contends that Juror No. 1 “may have misled the Court” by arranging a
court visit for a nonjuror to watch the trial and then agreeing to lie about knowing the
nonjuror when she came to court.
       The facts behind the planned visit were these. On May 28, 2010, a female
acquaintance of Juror No. 1 initiated a Facebook conversation with him and asked him
the “address” of the trial and asked how long he had been on the case. Juror No. 1
responded “six weeks . . . the address is 720 9th street . . . Court house is closed until
Tuesday” and later added it was department 31 on level 4. The female acquaintance
responded, “Thank you. Can you talk about the case?” Juror No. 1 replied, “sorry [I]
can’t talk about the case . . . btw if u come to the courtroom [I] have [to] act like [I] don’t
know you. . . .” The female acquaintance responded, “That’s what I thought, I was
making sure :) Okay THANK YOU for the info! And don’t worry about it, I
understand!”
       The trial court found that Juror No. 1 had not misled the court, and that finding
was supported by substantial evidence. (See People v. Gamache, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p.
396 [standard of review].) Juror No. 1 told the acquaintance only where the trial was and
then correctly informed her that he could not talk about the case. In regard to Juror No. 1
having to act like he did not know her, Whitfield contends he “agreed to lie and, if
queried, to denying knowing [her].” There is no evidence this acquaintance ever came to
court and had any interaction with Juror No. 1.
       To the extent Whitfield points to the following testimony from Juror No. 1 that the
court solicited out of the presence of the jury and audience members on May 18, 2010,
about somebody Juror No. 1 knew in the audience, that audience member was male, so it
could not have been the same person as the Facebook acquaintance. In any event, the

                                              27
evidence about the male acquaintance provides additional support for the court’s
credibility determination about Juror No. 1. As to the male acquaintance who showed up
on May 18 and “approached [Juror No. 1],” the court found the situation “truly
innocuous.” Juror No. 1 testified this was somebody with whom he worked previously,
he did not know that his former coworker was in the audience until his former coworker
approached him, this was the first time he had seen his former coworker in three or four
years, he was not going to hold anything against anybody in this case, and that he would
be able to listen to the evidence here and decide the case just on that evidence.
                                               D
                  Juror No. 1 Discussing Postverdict Hearing Testimony
       Whitfield contends that Juror No. 1 committed misconduct by violating the trial
court’s admonition not to discuss any postverdict hearing testimony. We disagree.
       During the postverdict hearing on juror misconduct, jurors were separately
questioned, and Juror No. 1 was “admonish[ed] . . . not to discuss anything about our
conversation with anyone.” Whitfield contends Juror No. 1 defied this admonition.
       The fatal problem for Whitfield’s contention is it is based on inadmissible hearsay
statements made to the trial court by Christian’s trial counsel. Specifically, Christian’s
trial counsel told the court that Juror No. 5 had called someone in his office and told that
person Juror No. 1 had followed Juror No. 5 to her car, and “continually asked [Juror No.
5] what was going on and what kind of questions she received here in Court. [Juror No.
5] felt uncomfortable and told [Juror No. 1] that, The Judge specifically said we can’t talk
about this, and his response was that, It’s okay, [i]t’s all over, you can talk about it.”
These “[u]nsworn statements cannot be used to establish juror misconduct.” (People v.
Vallejo (2013) 214 Cal. App. 4th 1033, 1043.)

                                              28
                                               E
          Receipt Of Outside Information Regarding Killa Mobb By Juror No. 1
       Whitfield and Cornelius contend that Juror No. 1 committed misconduct by
concealing receipt of outside information regarding Killa Mobb. This contention is based
on a declaration signed by Juror No. 5 dated August 10, 2010. In it, Juror No. 5 stated as
follows: “after the jury verdict was delivered, the foreman, juror number 1, stated that a
co-worker had explained to him after the trial that he knew ‘Killa Mobb’ from high
school and that they were a gang and that the guys in this case were bad guys.”
       The fatal problem with this contention is that defendants speculate that Juror No. 1
received this information about Killa Mobb before or during trial. However, Juror
No. 5’s declaration states that the information about Killa Mobb was relayed to Juror No.
1 “after the trial.” A reasonable interpretation of the phrase “after the trial” is
postverdict. With this interpretation, there was no misconduct because Juror No. 1’s
receipt of this information postverdict “does not show bias during the trial, deliberations,
and verdict.” (In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal. 4th 634, 657.) As defendants acknowledge,
the trial court did not explore this topic (Juror No. 1’s receipt of information about Killa
Mobb) in the postverdict juror voir dire. “[T]he initial burden is on defendant to prove
the misconduct. [Citation.] We will not presume greater misconduct than the evidence
shows.” (In re Carpenter, at p. 657.) Here, defendants have not shown any misconduct
because they have not established that Juror No. 1 received outside information about
Killa Mobb at any time other than postverdict.
                                               F
                   Allegation That Juror No. 8 Concealed Her Inability
             To Abide By The Standard Of Proof Beyond A Reasonable Doubt
       Whitfield and Cornelius contend Juror No. 8 committed misconduct because she
was unable to follow the court’s instruction requiring the People prove defendants’ guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt and that she concealed her inability to follow that instruction.

                                              29
       Defendants have not carried their initial burden to prove misconduct because their
argument is not supported by the facts, and the trial court specifically found Juror No. 8
credible. (In re Carpenter, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 657.) We explain below.
       Juror No. 5 testified at a postverdict hearing that Juror No. 8 made a comment at
some point “towards the beginning or the middle of the trial” that her son had been a
juror in a DUI trial and those jurors had found the defendant guilty “because there was no
defense. Of course they had to find him guilty.” This comment made Juror No. 5
“uneasy.”
       Juror No. 8 then testified the comment she made was that the defendant in her
son’s case did not have a defense. This had nothing to do with the current case. She
“didn’t care if [the current defendants] testified or not. That was their right.” The court
found Juror No. 8 “credible” and it “did not get an impression . . . that there was an effort
to hide anything.”
       On our independent review, we find no misconduct, given the testimony of Juror
No. 8 that the court credited. (See People v. Gamache, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 396
[standard of review].) Juror No. 8’s comment about her son’s jury service had only to do
with that case, had no impact on her reasoning in this case, and she did not care whether
defendants here testified because that was their right.
                                             G
                           Juror No. 1 And Juror No. 8 Conferring
                 Regarding The Postverdict Hearing On Juror Misconduct
       Whitfield and Cornelius contend Jurors Nos. 1 and 8 committed misconduct by
conferring with one another after being notified about the postverdict hearing but before
they testified at that hearing.
       The evidence was that before the postverdict hearing, Juror No. 8 emailed
Juror No. 1 and told him she (Juror No. 8) had received a call from the court to come to

                                             30
the postverdict hearing and was wondering if Juror No. 1 had received the same call.
Juror No. 1 responded that he also got the call and was coming in. Juror No. 8 then
emailed Juror No. 1 that she had looked online that “they were requesting a retrial, but
[she] didn’t know why.”
       The fatal problem with defendants’ misconduct contention based on this testimony
is that there is no evidence either juror violated a court order or instruction that told them
not to communicate with the other jurors before the postverdict hearing.8 Thus, there is
no basis on which to find misconduct from this communication between the two jurors.
                                              XI
     The 10-Year Gun Use Enhancement For Defendant Cornelius Must Be Stricken
       Cornelius contends that his 10-year consecutive prison term for personal use of a
firearm must be stricken because he did not personally use a firearm. We agree. Under
Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(1) and (e)(2), a defendant’s use of a firearm
in the commission of a specified felony results in an additional 10-year prison term if
“the person personally used or personally discharged a firearm in the commission of the
offense.” As even the People agree, there was no evidence Cornelius personally used or
discharged a firearm in the assault of the victim, so the enhancement must be stricken.
                                       DISPOSITION
       As to defendant Cornelius only, the 10-year enhancement for personal use of a
firearm (Pen. Code, § 12022.53) is stricken. The trial court is directed to prepare an
amended abstract of judgment and transmit a copy of that amended abstract to the
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. As modified, his judgment is affirmed.

8      There is also no evidence Juror No. 8 lied to the court about the nature or contents
of the communication, as the trial court found Juror No. 8’s testimony credible.

                                              31
       As to defendants Christian, Kemokai, and Whitfield, their judgments are affirmed.

                                                /s/
                                                Robie, J.

We concur:

/s/
Hull, Acting P. J.

/s/
Butz, J.

                                           32