Court Opinion

ID: 4684913
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-07 14:12:32.981609+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:25.002482
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                            APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
     This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
  internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                     SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                     APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                     DOCKET NO. A-3524-19

IN THE MATTER OF
THE APPLICATION OF
RICHARD ANDREW MILLER
FOR A PERMIT TO CARRY
A HANDGUN
___________________________

                Submitted March 10, 2021 – Decided May 7, 2021

                Before Judges Sumners and Mitterhoff.

                On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                Division, Sussex County, Docket No. GPA-10-2020.

                Castano Quigley, LLC, attorneys for                                  appellant
                (Gregory J. Castano, Jr., on the briefs).

                Francis A. Koch, Sussex County Prosecutor, attorney
                for respondent (Shaina Brenner, Assistant Prosecutor,
                of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

       Richard Andrew Miller appeals the Law Division's order following an

evidentiary hearing denying his application for a limited-type permit to carry a
handgun when working security at religious services at his synagogue. Having

considered the arguments and applicable law, we affirm.

                                        I

      Miller is a ten-year member of a Chabad synagogue, Congregation Levi

Yitzchok (Congregation), located in Morristown, and volunteers on the

Congregation's security team during its religious services. On or about June 13,

2019, he filed an application with the New Jersey State Police to obtain a

concealed carry permit.

      In accordance with N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(c), the application had to be

            accompanied by a written certification of justifiable
            need to carry a handgun, which shall be under oath and,
            in the case of a private citizen, shall specify in detail
            the urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by
            specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate
            a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be
            avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to
            carry a handgun.

To comply, Miller's application referenced deadly and violent acts directed at

Jewish congregations in Pittsburgh, Boston, and Poway, CA, and stated that the

Congregation wanted him to legally carry a handgun "to protect the

[worshippers] of our synagogue while prayer services are under way."

      The State Police approved Miller's application; thus, the trial court had to

determine if Miller had a "justifiable need" for a permit. N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(d).

                                                                            A-3524-19
                                        2
            The court shall issue the permit to the applicant if, but
            only if, it is satisfied that the applicant is a person of
            good character who is not subject to any of the
            disabilities set forth in subsection c. of N.J.S.A. 2C:58-
            3, that he is thoroughly familiar with the safe handling
            and use of handguns, and that he has a justifiable need
            to carry a handgun in accordance with the provisions of
            [N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(c)]. The court may at its discretion
            issue a limited-type permit which would restrict the
            applicant as to the types of handguns he may carry and
            where and for what purposes the handguns may be
            carried.

            [N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(d).]

      At the February 19 evidentiary hearing, Miller declined the opportunity to

obtain counsel afforded by the court and decided to represent himself. In

addition to the deadly attacks on synagogues noted in his application, Miller

testified that anti-Semitic attacks in Brooklyn, Jersey City, Houston, and

Monsey, NY justified his need for a limited-type permit to provide his security

to the Congregation. According to Miller, the Congregation could not afford to

hire armed guards, and local police protection was limited to the occasional

parking of an empty patrol car at the synagogue. Upon the court's inquiry, Miller

stated that during the ten years he has been a member of the Congregation, there

have not been any threats of physical harm against the synagogue or its

worshippers.   There were, however, regular occurrences of Jewish people

walking in the area being berated with the word, "Jew." Miller acknowledged

                                                                           A-3524-19
                                        3
there were no synagogue members threatened "through social media or any other

[similar] form of communication."

      Miller also recounted two personal threats occurring at his home in Sussex

County. One time, an angry neighbor came onto his property but left after being

told to do so. Another time, he received phone calls from blocked numbers

stating, "We’re coming for you too."

      In conclusion, Miller testified he wanted a carry permit due to the "very

large increase in the number of anti-Semitic actions taken to Jewish people in

the [recent two] years" and that he did not "feel like being a guinea pig” while

he is praying.

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the court denied the application. In its

oral decision, the court initially noted that Miller's application was considered

based on the current law, not on the pending legislation he cited in an effort to

demonstrate there was a change in public sentiment towards guns. The court

determined "the [s]tandard of [j]ustifiable [n]eed [under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(d)] is

strict[;]" thus, there must be "specific threats . . . or previous attacks

demonstrating a special danger to the applicant’s life that cannot be avoided by

other means" to be granted a limited-type permit.         Recognizing Miller's

application was based on the Congregation's request to have a security team

                                                                           A-3524-19
                                       4
member "possess a firearm while the religious services are taking place for

security[,]" the court held that in considering the application, there was no

"history of specific threats to this particular [s]ynagogue." The court expressed

concern regarding the numerous recent anti-Semitic tragic attacks but ruled that

because they did not occur at the Congregation or involve its worshippers, they

did not substantiate Miller's justifiable need.

                                         II

      In this appeal, Miller contends that because his application "is specifically

limited to a particular time and place and its purpose is to protect religious

worshippers from potential harm while they peaceably assemble, it qualifies for

approval" under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(d). He argues that "the ancient interpretation

of 'justifiable need' [articulated in Siccardi v. State, 59 N.J. 545, 557 (1971)]

must be re-examined and expanded to conf[o]rm to the realities of life in the 21 st

century."   To support his argument, he again points to pending legislation

Assembly Bill No. 1255, which would allow a place of worship to have "one

person . . . carry [a] handgun during religious services" for security purposes.

      "The permit to carry a gun is the most closely-regulated aspect" of the

"careful grid" of New Jersey's gun-control laws. In re Preis, 118 N.J. 564, 568

(1990) (quoting State v. Ingram, 98 N.J. 489, 495 n.1, (1985)). Under the rule

                                                                             A-3524-19
                                         5
established by our Supreme Court in Siccardi, 59 N.J. at 557, and reaffirmed in

Preis, 118 N.J. at 571, an applicant must "establish an urgent necessity for

carrying guns for self-protection" under the statute. "The requirement is of

specific threats or previous attacks demonstrating a special danger to the

applicant's life that cannot be avoided by other means." Preis, 118 N.J. at 571

(citations omitted). The law is well settled that "[g]eneralized fears for personal

safety are inadequate[]" to establish the need for a carry-permit in this State.

Ibid.; see also In re Wheeler, 433 N.J. Super. 560, 614 (App. Div. 2013). The

applicant must show an objective need for the defensive use of a handgun to

obtain a carry permit. Wheeler, 433 N.J. Super. at 614. The court must consider

justifiable need on a case-by-case basis.      Id. at 579. The justifiable need

requirement of N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(d) has been found constitutional by the federal

court in Drake v. Filko, 724 F.3d 426, 439 (3d Cir. 2013), and by this court in

Wheeler, 433 N.J. Super. at 615-16.

      A trial court's findings regarding the denial of an application to carry a

handgun in public are binding on appeal when supported by adequate,

substantial, credible evidence. In re Application of Borinsky, 363 N.J. Super.

10, 23 (App. Div. 2003). Our review of the trial court's legal conclusions, of

course, is plenary. In re Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997).

                                                                             A-3524-19
                                        6
However, we are not bound by the court's evaluation of whether an applicant

met the "justifiable need to carry a handgun" standard of N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4,

which we review de novo. Borinsky, 363 N.J. Super. at 23-24.

      Considering these standards, we find no basis to question the trial court's

conclusion that Miller failed to establish justifiable need for a limited-type

permit. Miller's reliance upon anti-Semitic attacks in other communities to

justify his application is insufficient. He failed to show that there were specific

threats indicating a special danger to the Congregation's worshippers during

their services. We place no significance on his reference to pending legislation

that may in the future allow him to receive a gun permit to provide security.

Based upon the current law, Miller's application was properly denied.

      Affirmed.

                                                                             A-3524-19
                                        7