Court Opinion

ID: 9556950
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-20 13:00:32.919299+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:04:41.886292
License: Public Domain

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                                                  PUBLISHED

                                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                                   No. 22-1248

        MARK ANTHONY GUTHRIE,

                       Plaintiff – Appellant,

        v.

        PHH MORTGAGE CORPORATION,

                       Defendant – Appellee,

        and

        TRANS UNION, LLC; EQUIFAX, INC.; EQUIFAX INFORMATION
        SERVICES, LLC; EXPERIAN INFORMATION SOLUTIONS, INC.,

                       Defendants.

        ------------------------------

        ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER; THE NATIONAL
        CONSUMER LAW CENTER,

                       Amici Supporting Appellant.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
        Wilmington. Terrence W. Boyle, District Judge. (7:20−cv−00043−BO)

        Argued: May 4, 2023                                               Decided: August 18, 2023

        Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, and WYNN and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.
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        Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by published opinion. Judge Quattlebaum
        wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge Diaz joined and Judge Wynn wrote an opinion
        concurring in part and dissenting in part.

        ARGUED: Matthew William Buckmiller, BUCKMILLER, BOYETTE & FROST, PLLC,
        Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. John Curtis Lynch, TROUTMAN PEPPER
        HAMILTON SANDERS LLP, Virginia Beach, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Blake
        Boyette, BUCKMILLER, BOYETTE & FROST, PLLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, for
        Appellant. Ethan G. Ostroff, Carter R. Nichols, Virginia Beach, Virginia, Elizabeth Holt
        Andrews, TROUTMAN PEPPER HAMILTON SANDERS LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina,
        for Appellee. Megan Iorio, Christopher Frascella, ELECTRONIC PRIVACY
        INFORMATION CENTER, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.

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        QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge:

               Mark Anthony Guthrie appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

        PHH Mortgage Corporation on numerous federal and state law claims. A complicated set

        of facts underlies these claims—complicated enough to make an excellent hypothetical for

        a law school exam. For our purposes though, this appeal can be boiled down to two issues.

        First, does the Bankruptcy Code preempt state law causes of action for a creditor’s

        improper collection efforts related to debt that has been discharged in bankruptcy? Second,

        are there genuine disputes of material fact with respect to Guthrie’s federal and state

        claims?

                                                     I.

               Guthrie filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy and was granted a discharge order in 2016.

        PHH, for its part, holds an interest in a property for which Guthrie’s personal liability was

        discharged in the bankruptcy proceeding. Guthrie sued PHH 1 for improper collection

        attempts on the discharged debt, as well as misreporting his credit status. We begin by

        summarizing Guthrie’s bankruptcy proceedings and the subsequent district court

        proceedings.

               1
                 Guthrie also sued TransUnion, Equifax and Experian, but he resolved his claims
        against those parties out of court and voluntarily dismissed them from the case.

                                                     3
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                                                    A.

               In 2009, Guthrie and his then-wife, Tonia, took out a loan to purchase a home (the

        “Property”) in Jacksonville, North Carolina. Guthrie and Tonia subsequently separated

        and, eventually, divorced. Following the separation, in April 2011, Guthrie filed for

        Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Both Guthrie and Tonia’s names are listed on the deed for the

        Property, and Tonia’s name remains on the loan. But Tonia did not and has not ever filed

        for bankruptcy.

               In August 2011, after the divorce, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the

        Eastern District of North Carolina entered an order confirming Guthrie’s Chapter 13

        Bankruptcy Plan. Under the plan, Guthrie had to make 60 monthly payments of $1,825 and

        would continue living at the Property with his and Tonia’s two children.

               But in January 2013, Guthrie—a Marine Corps officer and pilot—and his children

        relocated from the Property to base housing. In connection with that relocation, Guthrie

        moved the bankruptcy court to allow surrender of the Property and modification of the

        Plan. The court granted the motion, which also reduced his overall repayment obligations

        to 21 monthly payments of $1,825 followed by 39 monthly payments of $825.

               In May 2016, after Guthrie had made all plan repayments, the bankruptcy court

        issued an order that discharged Guthrie’s obligations for the debt. Discharging an

        obligation is bankruptcy-speak for ruling Guthrie had no further obligation for the debt. 11

        U.S.C. § 1328. His bankruptcy case was closed in August 2016.

               The discharge order left an unusual situation concerning the Property and the debt

        on it. Because PHH did not foreclose on the Property after Guthrie surrendered it in 2013,

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        both Guthrie and Tonia’s names remained on the deed. Guthrie—one joint owner—had

        received a bankruptcy discharge order on the debt. Tonia—the other joint owner—was still

        obligated on the debt, never having filed for bankruptcy.

                                                      B.

               Following a long chain of assignments, in May 2013, PHH obtained its interest in

        the Property. 2 Guthrie sued PHH in 2020, asserting two general categories of improper

        actions regarding the debt—(1) improperly contacting him and attempting to collect the

        debt and (2) misreporting of his credit status. 3

               Guthrie alleges that, beginning around November 2013, PHH “began harassing

        [him] by placing collection telephone calls to [him] in connection with the Loan on a

        weekly basis,” an average of 1 to 3 times per week, persisting through January 2016. J.A.

        729. He says that he repeatedly asked PHH to stop contacting him and informed its

        employees that he was no longer liable on the loan. According to Guthrie, he told them to

        “contact his ex-wife for payment.” J.A. 701.

               Guthrie enlisted the help of his bankruptcy attorney, who sent PHH “at least two

        separate warning letters” in 2014, stating that PHH could not collect or attempt to collect

               2
                The original loan was an adjustable rate note that Guthrie and Tonia took out with
        Gateway Funding Diversified Mortgage Services L.P. In November 2011, Gateway
        assigned its interest in the Property to GMAC Mortgage, LLC. Then, in May 2013, GMAC
        assigned its interest in the Property to Ocwen Loan Servicing. Finally, Ocwen merged with
        PHH in January 2019. For simplicity, we refer to Ocwen as PHH throughout, given that
        PHH and Ocwen are the same entity for purposes of Guthrie’s lawsuit.
               3
                Guthrie sued in North Carolina state court. PHH removed the action to the United
        States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.

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        amounts owed on the loan from Guthrie. J.A. 702. PHH responded, acknowledging that

        Guthrie was represented by counsel and stated that “all communications including verbal,

        mail, and email” to Guthrie would cease and would instead be forwarded directly to

        Guthrie’s attorney. J.A. 757. Despite this, Guthrie alleges that PHH continued to contact

        him directly until 2020.

               In May 2016, the bankruptcy court sent the discharge order to PHH. When a debt is

        discharged, the bankruptcy court enters a discharge injunction that prevents creditors from

        seeking to obtain payment on that debt. 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2) (“A discharge in a case under

        this title [] operates as an injunction against the commencement or continuation of an

        action, the employment of process, or an act, to collect, recover or offset any such debt as

        a personal liability of the debtor, whether or not discharge of such debt is waived[.]”). As

        the discharge order explained, “[c]reditors cannot contact the debtors by mail, phone, or

        otherwise in any attempt to collect the [discharged] debt personally.” J.A. 760. It also

        explained that “[c]reditors who violate th[e] order can be required to pay debtors damages

        and attorney’s fees.” J.A. 760.

               Despite the discharge injunction, Guthrie alleges that PHH continued to contact him

        about the loan through telephone calls and mail. Guthrie also alleges that PHH misreported

        his credit status by reporting that, despite the discharge, he remained liable on the loan,

        was in default under the terms of the loan and was more than 120 days delinquent on the

        loan. He alleges that PHH’s actions caused physical, emotional and professional damages,

        as well as prevented him from obtaining favorable credit.

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               Guthrie brought ten claims against PHH based on these actions for violations of

        various state and federal laws. Following discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for

        summary judgment on all claims. The district court granted PHH’s motion in full and

        denied Guthrie’s.

               Guthrie timely appealed but addressed just five of his claims. 4 Three are state law

        claims—negligent infliction of emotional distress (“NIED”), intentional infliction of

        emotional distress (“IIED”) and violation of the North Carolina Debt Collection Act

        (“NCDCA”). Two are federal—violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) and

        the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”). 5

               Guthrie’s appeal primarily involves three holdings by the district court. First, the

        court held that, to the extent they were premised on improper debt collection attempts, the

        Bankruptcy Code preempted Guthrie’s NIED, IIED and his NCDCA claims (collectively,

        “state law claims”). 6 Second, it held that, to the extent it was not otherwise preempted,

        there was no genuine dispute of material fact as to Guthrie’s NCDCA claim. 7 Finally, it

        held there was no genuine dispute of material fact as to his FCRA and TCPA claims.

               4
                   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
               5
                Guthrie also sued under common law negligence, North Carolina’s Unfair and
        Deceptive Trade Practices Act and Collection Agency Act and the federal Real Estate
        Settlement Procedures Act and Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. He does not appeal
        summary judgment on those claims.
               6
                 It also held that, to the extent Guthrie’s state law claims were premised on
        misreporting his credit status, the FCRA preempted his claims. Guthrie does not appeal
        this holding.
               7
                   The district court did not address the merits of Guthrie’s NIED and IIED claims.

                                                      7
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                                                     II.

               We begin by addressing preemption 8 before turning to whether Guthrie has

        established a genuine dispute of material fact on his NCDCA, FCRA and TCPA claims.

                                                     A.

               The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution dictates that “the Laws of the United

        States” are “the supreme Law of the Land.” U.S. Const. art. VI. Practically speaking, this

        means that federal law preempts—or bars—claims under state law that either interfere with

        or are contrary to federal law. S. Blasting Servs., Inc. v. Wilkes Cnty., 288 F.3d 584, 589

        (4th Cir. 2002).

               But we must not presume federal law preempts state law. In fact, any analysis of

        preemption begins “with the basic assumption that Congress did not intend to displace state

        law.” Id. (quoting Maryland v. Louisiana, 451 U.S. 725, 746 (1981)). This assumption can

        be overcome in one of three ways. First, Congress may explicitly state an intention to

        preempt certain state laws. Id. at 590. This is called express preemption. Second, “federal

        law [may] so thoroughly occup[y] a legislative field as to make reasonable the inference

        that Congress left no room for the States to supplement it.” Id. (quoting Cipollone v. Liggett

        Group, Inc., 505 U.S. 504, 516 (1992)). This is called field preemption. Finally,

        “compliance with both federal and state regulations [may be] a physical impossibility,”

        which creates “direct conflict” preemption. Id. (quoting Hillsborough Cnty. v. Automated

               We review whether state law is preempted by federal law de novo. Decohen v.
               8

        Cap. One, N.A., 703 F.3d 216, 222 (4th Cir. 2012).

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        Med. Lab’ys., Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 713 (1985)). Similarly, “state law [may] stand[] as an

        obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of

        Congress,” which is known as “obstacle preemption.” Id. Direct conflict preemption and

        obstacle preemption fall under the broader category of conflict preemption.

               Guthrie’s state law claims that remain on appeal sound in consumer protection and

        stem from alleged improper contact and collection attempts. Adopting PHH’s arguments,

        the district court held that, because these claims “require[d] proof of violation of the

        discharge injunction,” they were preempted. J.A. 1606. It reasoned that, for any improper

        debt collection contact that “would not be wrongful absent the existence of [the discharge

        injunction] imposed by the Bankruptcy Code,” Guthrie is limited to the Code’s remedies.

        J.A. 1607. Those remedies, the district court explained, were not expressly provided for in

        the Bankruptcy Code. But a bankruptcy court may exercise its power under 11 U.S.C.

        § 105 “to hold a creditor in civil contempt, and impose contempt sanctions, for violating

        the discharge injunction.” J.A. 1606 (quoting In re Williams, 612 B.R. 682, 690 (Bankr.

        M.D.N.C. 2020)).

               The district court did not specify under which theory of preemption—express, field

        or conflict—it based its decision. Express preemption does not apply, as the Bankruptcy

        Code provisions pertaining to chapter 13 bankruptcy and discharge injunctions do not

        include language preempting related state law. 11 U.S.C. §§ 524, 1301–1330. And, on

        appeal, PHH explicitly waived any argument about field preemption. That leaves conflict

        preemption as the only potential viable theory. Thus, we are left with the following

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        question: does conflict preemption bar Guthrie’s state law claims for improper debt

        collection attempts, which hinge on PHH’s violation of the discharge injunction?

               Recall that conflict preemption has two subsets—direct conflict preemption and

        obstacle preemption. Under direct conflict preemption, we ask whether compliance with

        federal and state laws is impossible. S. Blasting Servs., Inc., 288 F.3d at 591. The answer

        to that question is easy—it is not. A creditor can comply with both the discharge injunction

        and the state law on which Guthrie’s claims are based by not seeking to improperly collect

        debts discharged in bankruptcy. So, direct conflict preemption does not apply.

               Under obstacle preemption, we ask whether Guthrie’s state law claims “stand[] as

        an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of

        Congress” in enacting the Bankruptcy Code. Id. at 590. While trickier, the answer to the

        obstacle preemption question is also no.

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                                                      1.

               Neither our court nor our sister circuits has addressed this issue, 9 and district and

        bankruptcy courts that have done so are split. 10 So we turn to the basic principles of obstacle

        preemption. “Determining whether a state law ‘stands as an obstacle’ to federal law is a

        two-step process. First, we determine Congress’s ‘significant objectives’ in passing the

        federal law. We then turn to whether the state law stands ‘as an obstacle to the

        accomplishment of a significant federal regulatory objective.’” Va. Uranium, Inc. v.

        Warren, 848 F.3d 590, 599 (4th Cir. 2017) (quoting Williamson v. Mazda Motor of Am.,

        Inc., 562 U.S. 323, 330 (2011)) (cleaned up), aff’d, 139 S. Ct. 1894 (2019).

               9
                 Some of our sister circuits have addressed preemption in analogous contexts. For
        example, in Pertuso v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 233 F.3d 417, 426 (6th Cir. 2000), the Sixth
        Circuit held that the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code preempted state law
        claims that presupposed violations of those same provisions. The Sixth Circuit relied on
        both obstacle and field preemption in reaching that conclusion. Id. at 426. However, the
        automatic stay is in place during a bankruptcy proceeding, while the discharge injunction
        is entered after it has been closed. As such, we do not find Pertuso persuasive. And the
        First Circuit has held that state claims for unjust enrichment involving a discharge
        injunction are preempted based on field preemption. Bessette v. Avco Fin. Servs., Inc., 230
        F.3d 439, 447 (1st Cir. 2000). But because PHH waived that issue, we do not address it
        here.
               10
                  For example, in In re Waggett, No. 09-4152-8-SWH, 2015 WL 1384087 (Bankr.
        E.D.N.C. Mar. 23, 2015), the bankruptcy court held that state law consumer protection
        claims based on efforts taken after the close of the bankruptcy case to collect debts covered
        by the bankruptcy discharge were not preempted. It reasoned that “[t]here is little risk that
        allowing the state law claims to go forward will disrupt the uniform application of the
        bankruptcy laws or contravene congressional purpose.” Id. at *8. In contrast, in In re
        Johnston, 362 B.R. 730, 737 (Bankr. N.D.W. Va. 2007), the bankruptcy court held that
        “state law causes of action that would allow a debtor to collect damages for a violation of
        the discharge injunction are foreclosed by the remedies provided” in the Bankruptcy Code.

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               As to the federal objectives, the Supreme Court has explained that “[t]he principal

        purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to grant a ‘fresh start’ to the ‘honest but unfortunate

        debtor.’” Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Mass., 549 U.S. 365, 367 (2007) (citation omitted).

               However, the Bankruptcy Code is not “focused on the unadulterated pursuit of the

        debtor’s interest.” Bartenwerfer v. Buckley, 143 S. Ct. 665, 675 (2023). Instead, it

        “balances multiple, often competing interests.” Id. Namely, it also seeks to protect creditors

        by providing equitable distribution of a debtor’s assets, limiting what debts are

        dischargeable and providing a “prompt and effectual administration and settlement of the

        debtor’s estate.” Moses v. CashCall, Inc., 781 F.3d 63, 72 (4th Cir. 2015) (quoting Katchen

        v. Landy, 382 U.S. 323, 328 (1966)). And related to the goal of prompt and effectual

        administration, the Bankruptcy Code “centralize[s] disputes over the debtor’s assets and

        obligations in one forum [to] protect[] both debtors and creditors from piecemeal litigation

        and conflicting judgments.” Id. In other words, “ease and centrality of administration are

        [] foundational characteristics of bankruptcy law.” Id.

               Considering those objectives, Guthrie’s state law claims create no obstacle to

        providing him with a fresh start. The claims, if successful, provide remedies for violating

        the discharge injunction—perhaps the central Bankruptcy Code feature allowing debtors a

        fresh start.

               But as the Supreme Court has told us, the Bankruptcy Code is not solely to benefit

        debtors. The objectives pertaining to creditors must also be considered. Even so, it is not

        clear to us how allowing a debtor to pursue state-law remedies for violation of the discharge

        injunction stands as an obstacle to those objectives. Permitting Guthrie’s state law claims

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        would not result in the inequitable distribution of his assets, would not increase the debts

        that are dischargeable and would not slow down or negatively affect the administration or

        settlement of his estate.

               Perhaps the best argument that Guthrie’s claims conflict with the purpose of the

        Bankruptcy Code is that they create “piecemeal litigation” and detract from the “centrality

        of administration” of bankruptcy law. However, Guthrie’s claims are almost exclusively

        based on events which took place after the bankruptcy case was closed. And they are not

        inconsistent with, nor do they have any impact on, any order issued during the case. So, we

        cannot see how they detract from the ease or centrality with which the federal bankruptcy

        system operates.

               Another potential argument in favor of obstacle preemption is that allowing

        Guthrie’s state law claims would upset the balance the Bankruptcy Code struck as to the

        rights of debtors and creditors by allowing only contempt of court relief for violating the

        discharge injunction. And to be sure, comprehensive federal statutory or regulatory

        schemes may signal a balance of interests that preempts state law claims providing

        additional relief.

               For example, in Columbia Venture, LLC v. Dewberry & Davis, LLC, we held that

        the National Flood Insurance Act (“NFIA”) obstacle preempts claims against independent

        contractors hired by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”). 604 F.3d

        824, 832 (4th Cir. 2010). FEMA hired Dewberry & Davis as an independent contractor to

        help remap the flood zones where Columbia Venture owned a large parcel of property. Id.

        at 827. Dewberry & Davis designated a large portion of Columbia Venture’s property as

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        part of a floodway, greatly reducing the value of the property. Id. Columbia Venture sued

        Dewberry & Davis for professional malpractice, among other state law claims.

               In holding that such state law claims were obstacle preempted by the NFIA, we

        explained that Congress passed the NFIA to make federally subsidized flood insurance

        available where private insurers were unwilling to offer insurance. Id. at 830. Critically,

        the NFIA lays out a comprehensive scheme for challenging FEMA flood-map

        determinations—a scheme that expressly limits both the grounds for appeal and the relief

        available. Id. at 831. Based on that scheme and the legislative history surrounding it, we

        reasoned that the NFIA’s primary purpose was to “strike a balance between protecting

        property owners’ right to appeal flood elevation determinations and the government’s

        interest in minimizing the costs inherent in updating flood maps in order to provide flood

        insurance.” Id. at 831. Thus, we held that allowing Columbia Venture’s state law claims to

        go forward presented an obstacle to this balance.

               At first blush, it might seem like we have a similar situation here. Guthrie’s state

        law claims overlap closely with claims for violations of the Bankruptcy Code’s discharge

        injunction. And the Code limits the relief available for such violations to contempt of court

        sanctions. But while Columbia Venture involved a comprehensive federal scheme for

        challenging flood map determinations, the Code’s treatment of violations of the discharge

        injunction is scant at best. As the district court noted, there is no express provision

        addressing such violations. And while § 105 allows for contempt of court relief, it simply

        permits a bankruptcy court to “issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or

        appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title.” 11 U.S.C. § 105(a). Since § 105(a) is

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        neither specific to discharge injunction violations nor comprehensive, it is not the type of

        Congressionally designed balance that implicates obstacle preemption. 11

               This case is closer to College Loan Corp. v. SLM Corp., 396 F.3d 588 (4th Cir.

        2005). There, we explained that the Higher Education Act (“HEA”) did not preempt state

        law claims for breach of contract and tortious interference, even though those state law

        claims “rel[ied] in part on violations of the HEA or its regulations.” Id. at 598–99.

               The HEA created the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”), which

        authorized consolidation loans. Id. at 590. College Loan Corporation sued Sallie Mae for

        breach of contract and tortious interference under state law, alleging violations of the

        FFELP regulations surrounding consolidation loans. Id. at 593. Sallie Mae moved to

        dismiss the claims, arguing that College Loan Corporation was impermissibly using its

        state claims to assert a private right of action not provided by the HEA. Id.

               11
                   Even a more comprehensive remedial scheme may not guarantee obstacle
        preemption. In Anderson v. Sara Lee Corp., we explained that “the mere existence of a
        federal regulatory or enforcement scheme—even if the scheme is an appreciably detailed
        one—does not by itself imply preemption of state remedies.” 508 F.3d 181, 193 (4th Cir.
        2007) (cleaned up). While we held that the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) preempted
        state contract and tort claims for FLSA violations, we focused on the exclusivity of the
        FLSA’s remedial scheme. Id. at 182. We concluded that “Congress manifested a desire to
        exclusively define the private remedies available to redress violations of the [FLSA’s]
        terms [because] the FLSA mandates that the commencement of an action by the Secretary
        of Labor terminates an employee’s own right of action.” Id. at 194. And we explained that
        this was a “special feature of the FLSA’s enforcement scheme [which] would be rendered
        superfluous if workers were able to circumvent that scheme while pursuing their FLSA
        rights.” Id. The Bankruptcy Code contains no such special features manifesting Congress’s
        desire for exclusivity.

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               Rather than focusing directly on Sallie Mae’s private-cause-of-action argument, the

        district court turned to the related issue of preemption, finding “the HEA impliedly

        preempts any state law action that utilizes the HEA to satisfy an element of the state law

        claim.” Id. It concluded that allowing the state law claims to go forward would pose an

        obstacle to Congress’s objectives in enacting the HEA, which provided a “comprehensive

        administrative enforcement” scheme but not a private cause of action. Id. at 595–97.

               We reversed, noting that the district court failed to explain “how the[] [statutory

        purposes of the HEA] would be compromised by a lender, such as College Loan, pursuing

        breach of contract or tort claims.” Id. at 597. We concluded that neither the “existence of

        comprehensive federal regulations” nor the Secretary of Education’s exclusive

        enforcement power over the HEA was sufficient to establish obstacle preemption. Id. at

        598. We explained that “courts have generally authorized state tort claims to be pursued in

        areas where the federal government has regulated, even when such claims are in some

        manner premised on violations of federal regulations.” Id. at 598–99. And we rejected the

        argument that the plaintiff’s state law claims were “an impermissible effort to assert private

        rights of action” under a federal statute. Id. at 593. We explained that “the Supreme Court

        (and this Court as well) has recognized that the availability of a state law claim is even

        more important in an area where no federal private right of action exists.” Id. at 599.

               True, unlike in College Loan Corp., the Bankruptcy Code provides remedies for

        violating the discharge injunction. While there is not a private cause of action for violating

        the injunction, a bankruptcy court may, under § 105, impose contempt of court sanctions.

        Admittedly, Guthrie’s state law claims provide greater remedies than those available under

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        the Bankruptcy Code for the same conduct. Even so, we see no reason why the mere fact

        that state law claims provide broader remedies than federal law means the state claims are

        preempted. Unlike in Columbia Venture, there are not indications that Congress sought to

        limit remedies to facilitate a certain public-policy outcome. Rather, the remedies Guthrie

        seeks further one of the primary goals of the Bankruptcy Code and the discharge

        injunction—a fresh start for debtors. And, as described above, they do not obstruct any

        other significant federal objective of the Bankruptcy Code.

                                                     2.

                PHH argues that another congressional purpose is revealed in article I, section 8,

        clause 4 of the Constitution—which provides that Congress shall have the power to

        establish “uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States.”

        This Bankruptcy Clause, PHH argues, reflects that one Congressional purpose for the

        Bankruptcy Code must be uniformity. PHH says allowing each state’s laws to be used to

        enforce a bankruptcy discharge stands as an obstacle to this constitutionally supported

        congressional purpose.

                But this clause is not about ensuring uniformity in state laws whenever they happen

        to intersect with bankruptcy. It is about empowering Congress to enact bankruptcy laws

        and ensuring that federal bankruptcy laws themselves do not vary impermissibly from state

        to state. See Siegel v. Fitzgerald, 142 S. Ct. 1770, 1781 (2022) (describing the uniformity

        clause as a limitation on Congress’s ability to enact bankruptcy laws that vary from state

        to state).

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               The Supreme Court has explained that state laws “on the subject of bankruptcies are

        suspended” if they conflict with federal bankruptcy law. Butner v. United States, 440 U.S.

        48, 54 n.9 (1979). But the Court has also emphasized that preemption depends on an actual

        conflict, and not all state-levels differences frustrate the Constitution’s uniformity

        principle. Congress even may structure bankruptcy law to incorporate those differences:

               Notwithstanding this requirement as to uniformity, the bankruptcy acts of
               Congress may recognize the laws of the state in certain particulars, although
               such recognition may lead to different results in different States. For
               example, the Bankruptcy Act recognizes and enforces the laws of the states
               affecting dower, exemptions, the validity of mortgages, priorities of payment
               and the like. Such recognition in the application of state laws does not affect
               the constitutionality of the Bankruptcy Act, although in these particulars the
               operation of the act is not alike in all the states.

        Id. (citation omitted). Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, the existence of the

        uniformity clause does not mean that Guthrie’s state law claims contravene the purpose

        and intent of either article I, section 8, clause 4 of the Constitution or the Bankruptcy Code.

               In sum, Guthrie’s state law claims—which require, in part, proof that PHH violated

        a discharge injunction issued under the Bankruptcy Code—do not create an obstacle to the

        goals of the Bankruptcy Code. States are separate sovereigns that should have the freedom,

        at least generally, to create causes of action as they see fit. While preemption limits this

        freedom, we do not presume preemption. And we likewise should not “seek[] out conflicts

        between state and federal regulation where none clearly exists.” English v. Gen. Elec. Co.,

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        496 U.S. 72, 90 (1990). Here there is no conflict. Thus, Guthrie’s state law claims are not

        preempted. 12

                                                     B.

               Having determined that conflict preemption does not bar Guthrie’s state law claims,

        we next must determine whether Guthrie established a genuine dispute of material fact to

        survive summary judgment on his NCDCA, FCRA and TCPA claims. 13 We review a

        district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Sedar v. Reston Town Ctr. Prop., LLC,

        988 F.3d 756, 761 (4th Cir. 2021). A court may only grant summary judgment if there are

        no genuine disputes as to any material fact. Id. A fact is material if “proof of its existence

        or non-existence” would impact the outcome under the applicable law. Id. And a dispute

        is genuine if “the evidence offered is such that a reasonable jury might return a verdict for

        the non-movant.” Id. We note that a court cannot base a grant of summary judgment merely

        on the belief “that the movant will prevail if the action is tried on the merits.” Id. Rather,

        the standard requires the court to conclude that “the evidence could not permit a reasonable

        jury to return a favorable verdict” to the nonmovant. Id.

               12
                  Our colleague in dissent would affirm the district court on preemption. While we
        appreciate his thoughtful opinion, it would be more persuasive to us were we considering
        field preemption. But as already noted, PHH expressly disavowed field preemption and our
        decision today does not address the merits of that issue. Further, Guthrie disclaims any
        reliance on violations of the automatic stay, so we do not address whether such claims are
        preempted by the Bankruptcy Code.
               13
                  Because the district court made no determination as to the merits of Guthrie’s
        NIED and IIED claims, we need not determine whether he has established a genuine
        dispute of material fact and remand these claims for further proceedings consistent with
        this opinion.

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                                                      1.

               Beginning with his NCDCA claim, the Act prohibits debt collectors from engaging

        in certain practices. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 75-50 to -56. Guthrie alleges that PHH violated this

        statute primarily by misrepresenting that he owed a debt when the debt had been

        discharged, in violation of § 75-54(4), which prohibits debt collectors from “falsely

        representing the creditor’s rights.” He also contends PHH violated the statute by contacting

        him directly after his attorney told PHH that he was represented by counsel, in violation of

        § 75-55(3), which prohibits debt collectors from “[c]ommunicating with a consumer (other

        than a statement of account used in the normal course of business) whenever the debt

        collector has been notified by the consumer’s attorney that he represents said consumer.”

               In holding that—to the extent his claims were not otherwise preempted—there was

        no dispute of material fact, the district court found critical the fact that Guthrie remained

        on the deed to the Property. It noted that “surrender of property in bankruptcy ‘does not

        serve to pass ownership of the residence to a lender; nor does it require the lender to

        foreclose its mortgage.’” J.A. 1608 (citing In re Rose, 512 B.R. 790, 793 (Bankr. W.D.N.C.

        2014)). And because Guthrie and his former wife’s names remained on the deed, the court

        noted that they were required “to maintain hazard insurance, pay taxes on the [P]roperty,

        and pay for maintenance and preservation of the Property.” J.A.1609. Further, the district

        court pointed out that all letters sent to Guthrie “disclaimed any attempt to collect on a debt

        discharged in bankruptcy.” J.A. 1609.

               Based on those facts, the court held “it was not unconscionable or improper for

        [PHH] to contact [Guthrie], especially as all written communication contained a disclaimer

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        that, if the debt had been discharged in bankruptcy, the contact was for informational

        purposes only.” J.A. 1609. Also, relying on our unpublished decision in Lovegrove v.

        Ocwen Home Loans Servicing, L.L.C., 666 F. App’x 308 (4th Cir. 2016), it reasoned that

        including such disclaimer language in correspondence means that the correspondence is

        not considered an attempt to collect a debt. And the district court reasoned that the NCDCA

        did not prevent PHH from contacting Guthrie to try to reach his ex-wife Tonia, who had

        not filed for bankruptcy protection. Thus, the court determined, as a matter of law, that

        PHH’s contacts with Guthrie did not violate the NCDCA.

               We agree that the facts on which the district court relied support PHH’s defenses.

        But that does not mean there are no genuine disputes of material fact as to the NCDCA

        claim. Take PHH’s phone calls to Guthrie. Guthrie states that each time PHH called, it

        sought to collect the full amount of the loan from him, even if the caller also mentioned

        Tonia. And while the record contains but a few transcripts of those calls, none contain

        disclaimer language. Likewise, those same transcripts reveal that even when the caller

        stated he was attempting to reach Mark and Tonia Guthrie, once the caller confirmed he

        was speaking to Mark Guthrie, he explained he was calling about a loan balance that

        appears to be the full amount of the loan. We must construe the evidence in the light most

        favorable to Guthrie. And when we do that, a reasonable jury could conclude that PHH was

        attempting to collect a debt in a manner that violates § 75-54 by misrepresenting its right

        to collect the debt from Guthrie.

               Guthrie also submitted evidence that on March 13, 2014, after receiving

        correspondence from his attorney, PHH recognized that he was represented by an attorney.

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        In fact, based on its knowledge that Guthrie was represented by counsel, PHH stated that

        “all communications including, verbal, mail, and email will be stopped. All

        correspondence, including monthly account statements, will be forwarded directly to your

        attorney.” J.A. 757. Despite that, Guthrie proffered evidence that PHH called Guthrie

        directly after the March 2014 letter about the debt on the Property. Construing the evidence

        in the light most favorable to Guthrie, a reasonable jury could conclude that PHH violated

        § 75-55(3). As such, Guthrie has established a genuine dispute of material fact that PHH

        violated that provision of the NCDCA. 14

                                                      2.

               We next turn to Guthrie’s FCRA claims. The FCRA imposes liability on “furnishers

        of information” for failing to reasonably investigate consumer disputes. 15 U.S.C.

        § 1681s-2. When a consumer initiates a dispute with a credit reporting agency, the credit

        reporting agency must notify the furnisher and the furnisher, in turn, must:

               (A) conduct an investigation with respect to the disputed information;

               (B) review all relevant information provided by the consumer reporting
               agency pursuant to section 1681i(a)(2) of this title;

               (C) report the results of the investigation to the consumer reporting agency;

               (D) if the investigation finds that the information is incomplete or inaccurate,
               report those results to all other consumer reporting agencies to which the
               person furnished the information and that compile and maintain files on
               consumers on a nationwide basis; and

               14
                 Mortgage statements with the disclaimer sent to Guthrie after March 2014 would
        likely be considered “a statement of account used in the normal course of business” and
        thus not give rise to a NCDCA violation under § 75-55(3). See J.A. 775–979.

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               (E) if an item of information disputed by a consumer is found to be inaccurate
               or incomplete or cannot be verified after any reinvestigation under paragraph
               (1), for purposes of reporting to a consumer reporting agency only, as
               appropriate, based on the results of the reinvestigation promptly--
                       (i) modify that item of information;
                       (ii) delete that item of information; or
                       (iii) permanently block the reporting of that item of information.

        15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b)(1).

               The “FCRA imposes liability for negligent noncompliance with the Act, and it

        allows for enhanced penalties for willful violations.” Dalton v. Cap. Ass’d Indus., Inc., 257

        F.3d 409, 417 (4th Cir. 2001). For negligent violations of this requirement, a consumer is

        entitled to “any actual damages sustained . . . as a result of the [information furnisher’s]

        failure[.]” 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(1). For willful violations, a consumer may also seek

        punitive damages and, instead of actual damages, may seek statutorily defined damages

        between $100 and $1,000 per violation. Id. § 1681n(a).

               Guthrie’s complaint alleges both negligent and willful violations of the FCRA. The

        district court determined there was no genuine dispute of material fact for either basis of

        liability. With respect to his negligent violation claim, the district court ruled that Guthrie

        failed to demonstrate actual damages traceable to any failure on the part of PHH. And with

        respect to his willful violation claim, the district court ruled that nothing in the record could

        “support a reasonable juror in concluding [PHH] knowingly and intentionally acted in

        conscious disregard of [Guthrie’s] rights.” J.A. 1615.

                                                       a.

               In ruling on Guthrie’s negligence claim, the district court divided Guthrie’s alleged

        actual damages into three general categories: (i) denials of credit, (ii) emotional and

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        medical damages, and (iii) professional damages. All three represent actionable damages

        under the FCRA. Sloane v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 510 F.3d 495, 500 (4th Cir. 2007)

        (“Actual damages [under the FCRA] may include not only economic damages, but also

        damages for humiliation and mental distress.”). But the district court held either that

        Guthrie failed to prove the existence of these damages or that he failed to prove the

        damages were attributable to PHH’s actions. We address each of these categories.

                                                      i.

               In his complaint, Guthrie alleged a violation of the FCRA based on PHH’s alleged

        failure to reasonably respond to disputes submitted to credit reporting agencies

        TransUnion, Experian and Equifax in early 2019. And he alleged two credit denials that

        occurred due to those failures—one from SunTrust and one from Navy Federal. Despite

        that, the district court found that Guthrie’s credit denials did not result from any failure on

        PHH’s part to reasonably investigate a credit dispute.

               We agree with the district court’s dismissal of the claims related to the disputes

        submitted to Experian and Equifax. 15 But there exists a genuine dispute of material fact as

        to Guthrie’s dispute submitted to TransUnion. In granting summary judgment, the district

        court relied on PHH’s representative testimony that PHH responded to Guthrie’s dispute

               15
                 The court dismissed the claim regarding Equifax because the record reflected that
        PHH never received notice of Guthrie’s dispute filed with Equifax. Because PHH did not
        receive notice of this dispute, there was no requirement that it conduct a reasonable
        investigation. And as to the Experian dispute, the district court found that Guthrie’s credit
        denials occurred before PHH responded to the dispute and, as such, could not have
        occurred due to PHH’s actions.

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        to TransUnion by reporting his discharged loan was current with $0 past due. And it is true

        that this response appears to have fixed the incorrect reporting issue for some of the later

        months of 2018. But Guthrie introduced evidence that PHH’s response to his dispute did

        not rectify all major errors in his credit report. Following PHH’s response, his credit report

        continued to show a delinquent balance from May 2016 to August 2018. And since he had

        complied with his obligations under the bankruptcy plan, he had no delinquent status at

        that time. Guthrie also introduced evidence that SunTrust Bank denied his application for

        credit for the following reasons: “[s]erious delinquency,” “[l]ength of time since account

        not paid as agreed,” “[p]roportion of loan balances to loan amounts is too high,” and

        “[a]mount past due on accounts.” J.A. 1004.

               PHH’s evidence did not clearly establish that its response addressed any errors in

        past delinquency. While it may have responded to inaccuracies in Guthrie’s credit report

        as to whether he was currently delinquent, the FCRA requires creditors to also determine

        whether information they have provided in the past is inaccurate. Saunders v. Branch

        Banking & Tr. Co. of VA, 526 F.3d 142, 148 (4th Cir. 2008). And a credit report is

        inaccurate if it “provides information in such a manner as to create a materially misleading

        impression.” Id. Construing this evidence in the light most favorable to Guthrie, a

        reasonable jury could conclude that PHH failed to appropriately respond to errors showing

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        a delinquent balance for prior reporting periods. Thus, Guthrie created a genuine dispute

        of material fact as to whether this failure led to Guthrie’s credit denial from SunTrust. 16

               Guthrie also appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment on his

        FCRA claims based on credit disputes initiated in 2015 and 2018. He argues he provided

        evidence of those disputes during discovery. The district court held that Guthrie could not

        “identify additional disputes” to base his FCRA claim on at the summary judgment stage

        without amending his complaint. J.A. 1612.

               Guthrie argues that under the standard of notice pleading, he need only provide a

        “short and plain statement” of his claim. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. And it is true that it would have

        been sufficient for Guthrie to state in his complaint that he had initiated credit disputes,

        without providing detailed information on when those disputes occurred. However,

        “although notice pleading does not require a plaintiff to plead particulars, ‘if a plaintiff

        chooses to do so, and they show that he has no claim, then he is out of luck.’” Bender v.

        Suburban Hosp., Inc., 159 F.3d 186, 192 (4th Cir. 1998); E.E.O.C. v. Browning Ferris,

        Inc., 225 F.3d 653 (4th Cir. 2000) (unpublished table decision). Guthrie does not argue that

        he moved to amend his complaint. And without doing that, we find no error in the district

        court’s order granting summary judgment on the 2015 and 2018 credit disputes.

               16
                 As part of its summary-judgment pleadings, PHH submitted what appears to be a
        database entry capturing correspondence between TransUnion and PHH regarding
        Guthrie’s 2019 dispute. See J.A. 357. While this largely inscrutable document appears to
        support the testimony of PHH’s representative, the parties have not explained or
        contextualized the document, and it is unclear if the district court relied on it. At this stage,
        we are unwilling to say, as a matter of law, that PHH’s response was not the cause of
        Guthrie’s SunTrust denial.

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                                                     ii.

               The district court next rejected Guthrie’s alleged emotional and medical damages,

        explaining that he relied “only on his own affidavit to establish the existence of his

        emotional damages” and provided no evidence from a medical provider that his physical

        or mental symptoms were caused or exacerbated by PHH’s actions. J.A. 1613–14. While

        the district court noted that Guthrie’s own testimony could support damages for emotional

        distress, it held that his “conclusory and vague statements regarding his emotional state are

        insufficient at [the summary judgment] stage of the proceeding.” J.A. 1614.

               The district court correctly noted that to support damages for emotional distress, a

        plaintiff must “reasonably and sufficiently explain the circumstances of the injury and not

        resort to mere conclusory statements.” Sloane, 510 F.3d at 503 (cleaned up). Stated

        differently, the testimony must “sufficiently articulate true demonstrable emotional

        distress.” Id. (cleaned up).

               To illustrate this requirement, we describe two cases. In Sloane, we found the

        following evidence to be “substantial, if not overwhelming, objective evidence

        support[ing] an emotional distress award” in the FCRA context. Id. at 504. The plaintiff

        (1) provided “an objective and inherently reasonable ‘factual context’ for her resulting

        claims of emotional distress,” (2) “offered ‘sufficiently articulated’ descriptions of her

        protracted anxiety through detailed testimony of specific events and the humiliation and

        anger she experienced,” (3) “provided evidence that the distress was apparent to others,”

        (4) provided “substantial trial evidence attest[ing] to the direct ‘nexus’” between

        defendant’s violations and her distress, (5) her emotional distress “manifested itself in

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        terms of physical symptoms, particularly insomnia,” and (6) she provided evidence that the

        stress impacted her marriage. Id. at 503.

               In contrast, in Doe v. Chao, 306 F.3d 170 (4th Cir. 2002), aff’d, 540 U.S. 614 (2004),

        we reached a different result. There, the plaintiff offered testimony that as a result of the

        defendant’s conduct, he felt “greatly concerned and worried” and was “torn to pieces.” Id.

        at 181. But he conceded he did not seek any medical or psychological treatment or

        medication. Id. He likewise offered no testimony about any impact of the defendant’s

        conduct on his behavior or physical consequences of defendant’s conduct. Id. We held this

        evidence failed to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to emotional distress

        damages. Id.

               The evidence offered by Guthrie is much more like the evidence presented in Sloane

        than that presented in Doe. While it is true that Guthrie has not provided corroborating

        evidence from medical professionals for his alleged anxiety resulting from PHH’s actions,

        Guthrie has alleged more than “conclusory statements” about his emotional distress. He

        testified that he began having chest pains in 2018 and has been to the emergency room

        several times. He specified symptoms he attributes to PHH’s conduct—high blood

        pressure, a general feeling of being on edge, being overly worrisome, having an elevated

        heart rate, experiencing a lack of sleep and waking up in the middle of the night gasping

        for air. Id. He also testified that he is seeing a psychologist. Id. He attributes his anxiety

        and stress to PHH’s collection attempts and testified that he is not allowed to fly at his job

        based on his anxiety diagnosis. Id.

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               While perhaps not as “overwhelming” as the evidence in Sloane, we find that

        Guthrie has asserted more than “conclusory statements” and has sufficiently articulated

        demonstrable emotional distress. And he has presented an “objective and inherently

        reasonable ‘factual context’ for [his] resulting claims of emotional distress.” Sloane, 510

        F.3d at 504. In sum, there exists a genuine dispute of material fact for the jury on the issue

        of emotional distress.

                                                        iii.

               The district court also ruled that Guthrie failed to establish professional damages

        attributable to PHH. Guthrie’s alleged professional damages related to his Top

        Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) security clearance required for his

        job. J.A. 588. In May 2019, a government contractor conducted a routine scan of Guthrie’s

        credit reports and discovered delinquent debt owed to PHH from a TransUnion credit

        report. As a result, in November 2019, the Department of Defense requested information

        about the delinquency from Guthrie within 30 days. Guthrie alleges that he did not receive

        the request for information until early January 2020 because it was sent to his prior duty

        station rather than his current duty station.

               The Department of Defense paused Guthrie’s security clearance on January 17,

        2020, when it issued a “No Determination Made” adjudication as to his delinquent account.

        J.A. 599. As a result, Guthrie testified that his “job duties were ground to a virtual halt.”

        J.A. 742. On February 5, 2020, shortly after Guthrie filed his complaint, his security

        clearance was reinstated.

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               The district court held that the record did not support that “the information

        [Guthrie’s employer] inquired about” was related to credit disputes. J.A. 1614. But the

        record shows that the delinquent debt owed to PHH, which was found on a TransUnion

        credit report, caused the investigation into Guthrie’s security clearance.

               Further, the district court also reasoned that Guthrie “did not lose his security

        clearance, [] received no demotion or discipline, and his pay was not docked” because of

        the investigation. J.A. 1614. True. But his security clearance was paused, preventing him

        from performing his job duties. 17 And Guthrie alleges professional embarrassment because

        of having to explain why he was unable to participate in his job duties while his clearance

        was paused, which qualifies as actionable damages under the FCRA. Robinson v. Equifax

        Info. Servs., LLC, 560 F.3d 235, 239 (4th Cir. 2009) (“Actual damages [under the FCRA]

        may include . . . damages for humiliation and mental distress.”). While a jury might reject

        this argument, it is nonetheless a cognizable damage category under the FCRA. Thus, there

        is a genuine dispute of material fact as to Guthrie’s professional damages.

                                                     b.

               Turning to Guthrie’s claim for a willful violation, the district court ruled that to

        succeed on such a claim, Guthrie was required to show that PHH “knowingly and

        intentionally committed an act in conscious disregard” of his rights. J.A. 1614. (citing

               17
                  PHH argued below that if Guthrie had responded to the request for information
        within the requested 30-day period, his clearance may not have been paused. Maybe so.
        But there was not conclusive evidence on this point. And since the investigation occurred
        due to an outstanding PHH loan balance, there is still a genuine dispute of material fact on
        this point.

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        Dalton, 257 F.3d at 418). While noting that summary judgment is typically not appropriate

        on whether a defendant acted with a particular state of mind, the court nonetheless held

        that nothing in the record supported that PHH acted with a knowing and intentional

        disregard of Guthrie’s rights.

               But in Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47 (2007), the Supreme Court

        clarified that a defendant can also willfully violate the FCRA by acting with “reckless

        disregard” of its statutory duty. Id. at 71. And we find that the record—considering

        Guthrie’s repeated attempts to inform PHH of his bankruptcy rights and years-long effort

        to correct his credit reports through formal disputes—establishes a genuine dispute of

        material fact as to whether PHH acted with reckless disregard of its duty.

               In sum, Guthrie has established a genuine dispute of material fact as to both his

        claims for a negligent violation of the FCRA and a willful violation of the FCRA.

                                                     3.

               Lastly, we affirm the district court’s holding that there exists no genuine dispute of

        material fact with respect to Guthrie’s TCPA claim.

               The TCPA governs the usage of “automatic telephone dialing system[s].” 47 U.S.C

        § 227. The Supreme Court has clarified that, “[t]o qualify as an ‘automatic telephone

        dialing system,’ a device must have the capacity to either store a telephone number using

        a random or sequential generator or to produce a telephone number using a random or

        sequential number generator.” Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid, 141 S. Ct. 1163, 1167 (2021).

               Guthrie’s sole evidence that PHH used an automatic telephone dialing system to

        contact him comes from his own testimony, in which he states that two callers from PHH

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        told him they used an “auto dialer” to reach him. However, in response, a PHH

        representative testified that “PHH never used a random or sequential number generator to

        generate and then dial a telephone number when calling Plaintiff or any other individual in

        connection with the Loan.” J.A. 1638. And the evidence offered by Guthrie failed to create

        a genuine issue of material fact that references to “auto dialer” referred to an “automatic

        telephone dialing system.”

               Guthrie has provided no evidence that PHH used an “automatic telephone dialing

        system” as defined in the TCPA. So, even construing the evidence in his favor, a reasonable

        jury could not conclude that PHH violated the TCPA. Thus, we affirm the district court’s

        summary judgment on this claim.

                                                    III.

               As explained above, we hold that the Bankruptcy Code does not preempt Guthrie’s

        state law claims arising from alleged improper collection attempts of a discharged debt.

        We also hold that Guthrie has established a genuine dispute of material fact with respect to

        his NCDCA and FCRA claims. However, he has failed to establish a genuine dispute of

        material fact with respec to his TCPA claim. As such, the district court’s order granting

        summary judgment to PHH is

                                  AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED.

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        WYNN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

               In my view, Mark Guthrie’s remaining state-law claims, to the extent they are

        premised on a violation of the automatic stay or discharge injunction issued by the

        bankruptcy court, are preempted by the Bankruptcy Code. While it is true that we do not

        lightly infer preemption, Majority Op. at 8, 18, several aspects of the Code establish that it

        was Congress’s intent to preempt these types of claims. See Anderson v. Sara Lee Corp.,

        508 F.3d 181, 192 (4th Cir. 2007) (noting that congressional purpose is the “ultimate

        touchstone” of preemption analysis (citation omitted)). 1

               One is the comprehensive and particularly federal nature of bankruptcy law. The

        Constitution grants Congress the express power to enact “uniform Laws on the subject of

        Bankruptcies.” U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 4. And it has. “Congress has wielded [its

        bankruptcy] power by creating comprehensive regulations on the subject and by vesting

        exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy matters in the federal district courts.” Pertuso v.

        Ford Motor Credit Co., 233 F.3d 417, 425 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a)).

        The Bankruptcy Code is incredibly detailed, “provid[ing] a comprehensive federal system

        of penalties and protections to govern the orderly conduct of debtors’ affairs and creditors’

        rights.” E. Equip. & Servs. Corp. v. Factory Point Nat’l Bank, 236 F.3d 117, 120 (2d Cir.

        2001) (per curiam). In these enactments, Congress has attempted to balance the competing

               1
                Like the parties and the majority opinion, Majority Op. at 9–10, I analyze this issue
        through the lens of conflict preemption.

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        aims of giving the debtor a “fresh start” while protecting creditors’ rights to repayment.

        Moses v. CashCall, Inc., 781 F.3d 63, 72 (4th Cir. 2015).

               Two provisions of the Code are relevant here: those governing the automatic stay

        and the discharge injunction. After Guthrie filed his Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition, all

        claims against his assets were automatically stayed pending resolution of the bankruptcy

        proceeding. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(a). Then, Guthrie having complied with the terms his

        Chapter 13 plan, the bankruptcy court entered a discharge order relieving Guthrie of

        personal liability on the discharged debts and preventing his creditors from any attempt to

        collect on such debts. See id. § 524(a).

               Now, Guthrie seeks to use state law to remedy a supposed violation of that discharge

        injunction. Although we have not addressed the question, our sister circuits appear to be

        unanimous in holding that state-law claims alleging violations of the automatic-stay

        provision of the Code are preempted. See E. Equip., 236 F.3d at 121 (2d Cir.) (“Courts that

        have examined this issue have held that the federal Bankruptcy Code preempts any state

        law claims for a violation of the automatic stay . . . . Any relief for a violation of the stay

        must be sought in the Bankruptcy Court.”); Pertuso, 233 F.3d at 425–26 (6th Cir.); MSR

        Expl., Ltd. v. Meridian Oil, Inc., 74 F.3d 910, 911 (9th Cir. 1996). 2

               2
                 The majority does not expressly address whether state-law claims alleging
        violations of the automatic stay are preempted, although it is possible its analysis may be
        different in that case. See Majority Op. at 11 n.9. Although the parties have focused
        primarily on the question of preemption and the discharge injunction, Guthrie’s complaint
        alleges violations that occurred during the automatic stay as well, and at oral argument
        Guthrie’s counsel refused to limit the allegations to just post-discharge conduct by PHH,
        saying he complained of “both” pre- and post-discharge conduct. Oral Arg. at 1:15–1:25,

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               I see no reason why state-law claims alleging violations of a discharge injunction

        should be treated differently. As one leading bankruptcy authority has stated, the discharge

        injunction is “broad,” prohibiting “not only legal proceedings, but also any other acts to

        collect a discharged debt as a personal liability of the debtor.” 4 Collier on Bankruptcy

        ¶ 524.02 (Richard Levin & Henry J. Summer eds., 16th ed.) (emphasis added). As with any

        injunction, a bankruptcy court enjoys the usual contempt authority to remedy a violation.

        See id. (“[T]he discharge injunction is the equivalent of a court order. Therefore, a violation

        of the injunction may be sanctioned as contempt of court.”); In re Walters, 868 F.2d 665,

        669 (4th Cir. 1989) (explaining that bankruptcy court “has authority to issue any order

        necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of the bankruptcy code,” including

        contempt); Bessette v. Avco Fin. Servs., Inc., 230 F.3d 439, 445 (1st Cir. 2000) (observing

        that bankruptcy courts “have appropriately used their statutory contempt power to order

        monetary relief . . . when creditors have engaged in conduct that violates” the discharge

        injunction), amended on denial of reh’g (Dec. 15, 2000). Indeed, a contempt proceeding is

        the “normal sanction” for violations of the discharge injunction. Collier, supra, at ¶ 524.02.

               This wasn’t always the case. Before 1970, a bankruptcy court’s discharge order

        merely provided the debtor with an affirmative defense if he was later sued by the holder

        of a discharged debt. The apparent practice was for a creditor to sue in state court to collect

        on a discharged debt, and if the debtor, relying on the discharge, failed to respond, a default

        available at https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/OAarchive/mp3/22-1248-20230504.mp3. For
        the reasons given, I would find Guthrie’s state-law claims, to the extent they are premised
        on a violation of either the automatic stay or discharge injunction, preempted.

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        judgment was entered against him. See Cox v. Zale Del., Inc., 239 F.3d 910, 915 (7th Cir.

        2001); Collier, supra, at ¶ 524.LH (tracing this history).

               But in 1970, Congress amended the Code to enjoin any such collection attempts.

        See An Act to Amend the Bankruptcy Act, Pub. L. No. 91-467, § 3, 84 Stat. 990, 991

        (1970) (codified as amended at 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)). The change was debtor-protecting, a

        goal it advanced by actively prohibiting any attempt to collect on a discharged debt and by

        funneling disputes over discharges back into the bankruptcy courts. In other words,

        Congress chose to give the discharge order the force of an injunction, replete with the

        traditional contempt remedy. This choice, I believe, is highly instructive as to congressional

        intent on the available remedies for violations of the discharge order.

               The majority argues that because Guthrie’s bankruptcy case has been closed since

        2016, his state-law claims will not present any great obstacle to the orderly administration

        of the underlying bankruptcy proceeding. See Majority Op. at 13. But although a

        bankruptcy case may be closed, that does not mean it is closed for good, and the Code

        envisions situations in which there can be a dispute post-discharge. For example, a

        bankruptcy proceeding can be reopened, see 11 U.S.C. § 350(b); a debtor can elect to make

        voluntary payments even on a discharged debt, see id. § 524(f); In re Boyd, 562 B.R. 324,

        329 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2016) (in contempt proceeding sanctioning creditor’s violation of

        discharge injunction, holding that debtor may not recover certain mortgage payments

        voluntarily made post-discharge); and there can be a dispute over whether a particular debt

        was even discharged, see, e.g., In re Johnston, No. 05-6288, 2007 WL 3166941, at *3–7

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        (Bankr. N.D. W. Va. Oct. 25, 2007) (in contempt proceeding alleging violation of

        discharge injunction, analyzing whether creditor received notice of a discharged debt).

               The last scenario is especially illustrative. Imagine a situation in which a creditor

        attempted to collect on a debt that the creditor did not realize was discharged in Guthrie’s

        bankruptcy, and Guthrie filed the same action alleging a violation of the North Carolina

        Debt Collection Act. Adjudication of that claim in a North Carolina state court would

        undoubtedly stand as an obstacle to what we have referred to as “a principal purpose” of

        the Code: “centraliz[ing] disputes over the debtor’s assets and obligations in one forum.”

        Moses, 781 F.3d at 72; see MSR Expl., 74 F.3d at 914 (noting that “disputes over discharge”

        brought as state tort claims “might gravely affect the already complicated processes of the

        bankruptcy court”).

               Here, Guthrie’s remaining state-law claims are expressly premised on PHH’s

        alleged failure to acknowledge the effect of his discharge. For example, he complains of

        PHH’s “refusal or inability to acknowledge that the Discharge excused [him] from paying

        any amount in connection with the Loan” and of PHH’s “continued refusal to recognize

        the legal effect of the Discharge.” J.A. 59, 61. 3

               Such claims clearly “presuppose” a violation of the Bankruptcy Code. Pertuso, 233

        F.3d at 426. That is, as the district court correctly observed, PHH’s actions are only

        allegedly unlawful under state law because of the discharge—but for the discharge, PHH

               3
                   Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this appeal.

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        would be entitled to attempt to collect on its debt via the calls and letters that Guthrie says

        are unlawful.

               This is important, because to resolve such claims, a state court would necessarily

        have to wade into the underlying bankruptcy proceeding, including determining which

        debts were discharged. That may be straightforward in this case, but it may not be in others.

        In any event, I do not believe Congress—concerned as it was under the Code with

        centralizing a debtor’s bankruptcy into a single, federal forum—would wish for state courts

        to adjudicate such matters. Accordingly, in a case like this where the debtor seeks to

        enforce his discharge injunction via state-law claims, I believe the state claims are

        preempted and the proper remedy is a contempt proceeding in the bankruptcy court.

               Indeed, Guthrie enjoyed the protections and benefits of the bankruptcy system,

        including the discharge of his debts and a court-issued injunction barring his creditors from

        attempting to collect on those debts. To the extent he now believes that PHH has violated

        that injunction by attempting to unlawfully collect on discharged debts, he is not without

        recourse. His remedy is a contempt proceeding in the same court that oversaw his

        bankruptcy, where he would be eligible for traditional damages and attorneys’ fees. See

        J.A. 135 (Guthrie’s discharge order stating “[c]reditors who violate this order can be

        required to pay debtor[’]s damages and attorney’s fees”).

               A contempt remedy has the practical advantage of “placing responsibility for

        enforcing the discharge order in the court that issued it,” Cox, 239 F.3d at 916, and keeps

        state courts from wading into potentially thorny issues of bankruptcy law. More

        importantly, this approach reflects Congress’s intent that a contempt proceeding be the sole

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        remedy for violations of the discharge injunction. Permitting state-law causes of action to

        redress purported violations of the injunction would “undermine the uniformity the Code

        endeavors to preserve” and “stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of

        the full purposes and objectives of Congress.” Pertuso, 233 F.3d at 426 (cleaned up).

               Accordingly, because I believe that Guthrie’s state-law claims, to the extent they

        are premised on a violation of the automatic stay or discharge injunction, are preempted by

        the Bankruptcy Code, I respectfully dissent as to those parts of the majority opinion holding

        otherwise. 4

               4
                I concur in the remainder of the opinion, including the majority’s holding that there
        is a genuine dispute of material fact to survive summary judgment as to Guthrie’s North
        Carolina Debt Collection Act claim (to the extent it is not preempted) and federal Fair
        Credit Reporting Act claim, but that there is no genuine dispute and the district court
        properly granted PHH summary judgment on Guthrie’s federal Telephone Consumer
        Protection Act claim.

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