Court Opinion

ID: 9852900
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-24 05:38:40.679386+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:36.982141
License: Public Domain

Benton, X,
dissenting.
In “a close case,” Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325 (1990), the Supreme Court concluded that:
[T]he independent corroboration by the police of significant aspects of the informer s predictions imparted some degree of reliability to the other allegations made by the caller.
[It is] also important that, as in [Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)], “the anonymous [tip] contained a range of details relating not just to easily obtained facts and conditions existing at the time of the tip, but to future actions of third parties ordinarily not easily predicted.” Id., at 245.
Id. at 332 (emphasis added).
The information that the Sheriff received in this case cannot be described as containing a range of details indicating the informant had knowledge of the type that might be deemed reliable. The Sheriff testified:
The information that the caller gave me was that Mr. Bulatko was operating a vehicle heading towards Mount Jackson, and that he did not have a driver’s license....
The caller also advised that he was driving a specific type of car, which was a Dodge, and a specific color, with the exact tag information that he gave me.
The information does not predict future conduct. The informant merely made a statement of a then-present existing condition. Moreover, the substance of the anonymous informant’s information demonstrated no special knowledge that imparted a degree of reliability to the informant. “Anyone could have “predicted’ [those] fact[s] because [they were] a condition presumably existing at the time of the *139call.” Id. at 332. In contrast to White and Gates, the informant in this case merely related “easily obtained facts and conditions existing at the time of the tip.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 245.
When the Sheriff stopped the automobile in the Town of Mount Jackson forty-five minutes after receiving the telephone call from the anonymous informant, he had determined that Bulatko was an habitual offender. He had also verified that the color and model of the automobile conformed to the numbers registered on the automobile plates. However, verification of these facts has no bearing upon the informant’s veracity and basis of knowledge. These verifications did not corroborate any detail that was significantly related to the happening of a criminal offense. See Hardy v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 433, 436, 399 S.E.2d 27, 29 (1990). They are no more significant than, for example, verifying a statement by the informant that the sky was dark at 5:45 p.m. on January 11 when the telephone call was received by the Sheriff.
What is significant about the reported statements is the lack of detail and prediction of future conduct that would evince reliability once the assertions were verified. None of the information in the statements “contained a range of details relating not just to easily obtained facts and conditions existing at the time of the tip, but to future actions of third parties ordinarily not easily predicted.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 245 (emphasis added). The informant did not state, for example, whether the automobile was then forty miles or one block away from the Town of Mount Jackson. Moreover, the Sheriff did not verify that the automobile had been outside the town and was driven into the town. Fortyfive minutes after receiving the tip, the Sheriff saw the described automobile in Mount Jackson.
The record contains no proof concerning whether the automobile was registered to someone who lived in Mount Jackson. The evidence only proved that the automobile was registered to someone other than Bulatko. Thus, the record fails to prove that the automobile was not usually located in Mount Jackson. Because the Sheriff failed to verify that forty-five minutes prior to the stop the automobile was heading toward the Town of Mount Jackson, the absence of evidence in the record concerning the place of registration of the automobile negates any basis upon which this Court could conclude that the Sheriff had an articulable reason to know that the automobile may have come from a place out of the Town.
*140Verification of Bulatko’s driving status and the identity of the automobile did not provide sufficient corroboration to establish reasonable suspicion that Bulatko was the driver of the automobile that was not registered to him. When the Sheriff stopped the described automobile, he did not see the driver and was unable to determine if Bulatko was one of the three persons in the automobile. Thus, the Sheriff did not have “independent corroboration ... of significant aspects” of the informant’s tip. White, 496 U.S. at 332 (emphasis added). The verifications were of facts that were so independent of each other and so tangential to the identity of the driver of the automobile as to be unrelated to a reasonable belief that Bulatko was in fact the driver of the vehicle forty-five minutes after the tip was received. “Thus, the officer could not have subsequently developed a well founded suspicion through his own independent investigation.” Campbell v. State of Washington Dep’t of Licensing, 31 Wash. App. 833, 836, 644 P.2d 1219, 1221 (1982). The automobile was stopped solely because it bore the number on its license plate reported by the informant. ‘ ‘Manifestly, this conduct falls below activity necessary to justify a reasonable suspicion that a violation of law had occurred or was occurring.” Zimmerman v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 609, 612, 363 S.E.2d 708, 710 (1988).
I dissent.