Court Opinion

ID: 212504
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-03-16 19:34:47+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:07:44.684395
License: Public Domain

Filed:   March 16, 2011

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                            No. 09-1383(L)
                         (8:00-cv-03491-WDQ)

HILDA L. SOLIS, Secretary of Labor, United States Department
of Labor,

                Plaintiff – Appellee,

CLARK CONSULTING,

                Party-in-Interest – Appellee,

           v.

ROMA   P.   MALKANI;   INFORMATION   SYSTEMS   AND   NETWORKS
CORPORATION EMPLOYEES’ PENSION PLAN; INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS   CORPORATION  PROFIT   SHARING  PLAN;   INFORMATION
SYSTEMS & NETWORKS CORPORATION,

                Defendants - Appellants.

                              O R D E R

     Upon motion of the Secretary of Labor for publication of

the court’s opinion,

     IT IS ORDERED that the motion to publish is granted.

     The Court amends its opinion filed February 4, 2011, as

follows:

     On the cover sheet, section 1 -- the status is changed from

“UNPUBLISHED” to “PUBLISHED.”
     On the cover sheet, section 6 -- the status line is changed

to read “Affirmed by published opinion.”

     On   page   2    -–    the    reference    to   the    use   of   unpublished

opinions as precedent is deleted.

     On   page   11    of    the    published    slip      opinion,    first   full

paragraph, line 10 -- the case number “No. 1:07-CV-1259-JOF” is

inserted in the citation to Chao v. Wagner.

                                               For the Court – By Direction

                                                     /s/ Patricia S. Connor
                                                               Clerk

                                         2
                        PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
              FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

HILDA L. SOLIS, Secretary of            
Labor, United States Department
of Labor,
                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
CLARK CONSULTING,
         Party-in-Interest-Appellee,
                 v.
ROMA P. MALKANI; INFORMATION               No. 09-1383
SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
CORPORATION EMPLOYEES’ PENSION
PLAN; INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS CORPORATION PROFIT
SHARING PLAN; INFORMATION
SYSTEMS & NETWORKS
CORPORATION,
            Defendants-Appellants.
                                        
2                      SOLIS v. MALKANI

HILDA L. SOLIS, Secretary of            
Labor, United States Department
of Labor,
                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
CLARK CONSULTING,
         Party-in-Interest-Appellee,
                 v.
ROMA P. MALKANI; INFORMATION
SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
CORPORATION EMPLOYEES’ PENSION
PLAN; INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND
                                            No. 10-1061
NETWORKS CORPORATION PROFIT
SHARING PLAN; INFORMATION
SYSTEMS & NETWORKS
CORPORATION,
            Defendants-Appellants,
                and
SALOMON SMITH BARNEY,
INCORPORATED,
               Defendant-Appellee.
                                        
       Appeals from the United States District Court
        for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt.
          William D. Quarles, Jr., District Judge.
                  (8:00-cv-03491-WDQ)

                  Argued: October 27, 2010

                 Decided: February 4, 2011

      Before WILKINSON, GREGORY, and WYNN,
                   Circuit Judges.
                       SOLIS v. MALKANI                      3
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Gregory wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Wynn joined.

                         COUNSEL

ARGUED: Norman Henry Singer, SINGER & ASSO-
CIATES, PC, Bethesda, Maryland, for Appellants. Edward D.
Sieger, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
Washington, D.C., for Appellee Secretary of Labor; Gregory
L. Skidmore, KIRKLAND & ELLIS, LLP, Washington, D.C.,
for Appellee Clark Consulting. ON BRIEF: M. Patricia
Smith, Solicitor of Labor, Timothy D. Hauser, Associate
Solicitor for Plan Benefits Security, Nathaniel I. Spiller,
Counsel for Appellate and Special Litigation, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Washington, D.C.,
for Appellee Secretary of Labor. Christopher Landau, KIRK-
LAND & ELLIS, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee Clark
Consulting.

                         OPINION

GREGORY, Circuit Judge:

   This appeal arises out of a successful enforcement action
brought under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
of 1974 ("ERISA") by the Secretary of Labor (hereinafter the
"Secretary") against the defendant-appellants, Information
System and Networks and Roma Malkani, its president and
sole owner (hereinafter, collectively, "ISN").

   On appeal, ISN asks us to reverse several district court
orders, wherein the court ruled in favor of the Secretary, the
appellee-plaintiff, and Clark Consulting (hereinafter "Clark"),
the appellee-party-in-interest. We must decide (1) whether
ISN waived its objections to a magistrate judge report by fail-
4                      SOLIS v. MALKANI
ing to appeal for district court review within the statutorily
prescribed ten day period; (2) whether the court abused its
discretion by authorizing the independent fiduciary who
replaced Clark to terminate the pension plan; and (3) whether
ISN’s objections to the refusal of the district court to stay its
order requiring ISN to pay the replacement fiduciary are now
moot. For the forgoing reasons, we affirm the decisions of the
district court.

                               I.

   In November 2000, the Secretary initiated an ERISA law-
suit against ISN on behalf of the beneficiaries of ISN’s
defined contribution pension and profit sharing plan. The law-
suit alleged that ISN had violated its fiduciary duty to prop-
erly administer the plan. See generally Chao v. Malkani, 216
F. Supp. 2d 505, 508 (D. Md. 2000), aff’d., 452 F.3d 290 (4th
Cir. 2006).

   In July 2002, the district court granted partial summary
judgment in favor of the Secretary. The court specifically held
that ISN, at Malkani’s instruction, had violated section
406(a)(1)(D) of ERISA when it had monies totaling
$62,888.05 transferred from the plan to it, ostensibly to pay
for "plan administration expenses." 216 F. Supp. 2d at 518.
The court also noted that, both before and after that illegal
transfer, ISN had similarly attempted to have $435,761.52 and
$706,264.54 transferred from the plan to it. Id. at 509. The
court therefore ordered that ISN be removed as the adminis-
trative fiduciary of the plan; and asked the Secretary to name
a replacement independent fiduciary, with all of the costs and
expenses incurred by that fiduciary to be paid by ISN. Id. at
518-19.

                               A.

  In March 2003, the Secretary filed a motion asking that
Clark be appointed as the independent fiduciary for the pen-
                       SOLIS v. MALKANI                       5
sion plan. Attached to the motion was a proposal outlining
Clark’s expertise, the work to be performed, and the condi-
tions under which Clark could terminate the agreement (here-
inafter the "Proposal"). In May 2003, over the objections of
ISN, the court appointed Clark as the independent fiduciary,
and again confirmed that ISN would be liable for all costs
incurred by Clark.

   In October 2004, the district court held a three-day bench
trial to determine whether ISN had violated ERISA. On
March 30, 2005, the court issued a decision that found ISN
liable for breaching its fiduciary duties under ERISA and
ordered ISN to reimburse the pension plan. After ISN
appealed that decision to this Court, we wholly affirmed the
district court. We held that "defendants’ repeated and ques-
tionable conduct established their breach of ERISA’s stan-
dards;" and that ISN had "continually acted in an objectively
unreasonable manner that conflicted with their duties of loy-
alty and care." 452 F.3d at 298.

                              B.

   On July 24, 2006, following this Court’s decision uphold-
ing the merits of the underlying action, the Secretary filed an
unopposed motion asking the district court to refer Clark’s
pending fee request to a magistrate judge. Three days later, on
July 27, the district court granted the referral request. The
order did not specify whether the referral called for the magis-
trate judge to issue recommendations on a dispositive motion
or a formal order on a non-dispositive motion.

   On July 11, 2007, the magistrate judge found that ISN
owed Clark approximately $498,116 in fees and costs. The
findings of the magistrate judge were entered on the docket as
an "order of the Court." Joint Appendix ("J.A.") 410. Rather
than bringing its objections to these findings before the dis-
trict court, ISN instead immediately appealed the "order" to
this Court.
6                         SOLIS v. MALKANI
   On June 5, 2008, we dismissed ISN’s appeal for lack of
appellate jurisdiction. We held that the "order" was not
directly appealable because it was issued as a recommenda-
tion under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b). We further held that, before
appealing to this Court, ISN should have first challenged the
recommendation in the district court. We declined to rule on
whether ISN had waived its right to district court review by
not seeking review within ten days,1 and remanded the case
for further proceedings.

   On remand, the district court issued a February 25, 2009
opinion, which addressed whether ISN had waived district
court review of the findings of the magistrate judge. Consis-
tent with our ruling, the district court found that the issue of
fees had been referred to the magistrate judge as a dispositive
motion and that, although not styled as such, the "order" was
in fact a recommendation under § 636(b). Further, the district
court found that, by failing to object to the recommendation
within ten days, ISN had waived its right to district court
review of these recommendations. For these reasons, the court
wholly adopted the recommendations of the magistrate judge
without modification.

                                   C.

   On April 23, 2009, Clark filed a motion to withdraw as the
independent fiduciary. Clark had recently restructured its
business, and was no longer able or willing to act as an inde-
pendent fiduciary. Clark noted that the Proposal permitted it
to terminate its engagement at any time with sixty days prior
notice and preapproval by the court. In response, the Secre-
tary requested that the court not release Clark until the
appointment of a proper replacement. Given Clark’s continu-
    1
   The current version of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b), which became effective on
December 1, 2009, provides a party with fourteen days to file written
objections to the recommendations issued by a magistrate judge for review
by the district court.
                       SOLIS v. MALKANI                      7
ing struggles to receive payment from ISN, the Secretary
requested that ISN pay all of the costs of the replacement
fiduciary upfront. The Secretary also asked the court to termi-
nate the now-effectively defunct plan.

   On October 16, 2009, the district court issued a memoran-
dum and order allowing Clark to withdraw within thirty days,
pending the appointment of its replacement, and denied the
Secretary’s request that the pension plan be terminated. ISN
was also ordered to "advance the successor trustee’s annual
fee and estimated expenses" within sixty days. J.A. 72.

   On November 16, 2009, the Secretary offered Nicholas
Saakvitne as the replacement fiduciary. A month later, on
December 16, 2009, the court accepted the replacement fidu-
ciary. In its December 16, 2009 order, the court directed ISN
to pay Saakvitne within fifteen days an upfront fee, plus the
expected costs of the 2009 and 2010 audits of the pension
plan. The court conditioned the concurrent appointment of
Saakvitne and the withdrawal of Clark on the payment by ISN
of the upfront fee. The court also adopted the proposed fidu-
ciary agreement for Saakvitne, which gave him the exclusive
power to terminate the pension plan.

  ISN failed to pay Saakvitne within fifteen days. Instead, a
week after the deadline passed, ISN appealed the December
16, 2009 order of the district court. ISN asked the court to
approve a stay of the order upon the posting by ISN of a
supersedeas bond pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
62(d).

   On January 15, 2010, in response to the motion for a stay,
Clark filed an emergency motion for contempt against ISN.
The same day, the district court ordered that ISN be held in
civil contempt and fined $250 a day until it paid Saakvitne’s
fees and expenses. The court explained that ISN could not
suspend its payment of expenses through a supersedeas bond
because the December 2009 order was not a final judgment,
8                      SOLIS v. MALKANI
but an "injunctive type" of remedy enforceable by contempt.
Supplemental Appendix ("S.A.") 185-86. The court also noted
that the bond posted by ISN "may protect Saakvitne from
non-payment; but, it does not relieve the current fiduciary,
Clark, who [only] may be removed as trustee following the
appointment of its replacement." S.A. 186.

   ISN did not appeal the January 15, 2010 order where the
court found ISN in contempt. Instead, ISN paid Saakvitne on
January 29, 2010; thereby, simultaneously confirming both
the withdrawal of Clark as the independent fiduciary and the
appointment of Saakvitne as the same.

                               II.

   Here, we are called upon to address three issues: (1)
whether the district court erred in wholly adopting the recom-
mendations of the magistrate judge without review; (2)
whether the district court erred in issuing its December 2009
order requiring ISN to pay Saakvitne; and (3) whether the dis-
trict court abused its equitable powers under ERISA by
extending to Saakvitne the power to terminate the plan.

                               A.

   Whether ISN waived its right to challenge the findings of
the magistrate judge by failing to file its objections with the
district court within ten days is a question of law subject to
de novo review. See United States v. Schronce, 727 F.2d 91,
93-94 (4th Cir. 1984); see also United States v. General, 278
F.3d 389, 399 (4th Cir. 2002) ("Whether a defendant has
effectively waived his statutory right to appeal . . . is a ques-
tion of law subject to de novo review.").

   ISN waived its right to full district court review of the rec-
ommendations when it failed to object within ten days of their
issuance by the magistrate judge. In the last appeal, we deter-
mined that the fees issue had been referred to the magistrate
                        SOLIS v. MALKANI                         9
judge under § 636(b)(1)(B), and, as such, had been issued by
the magistrate judge as a recommendation. Although we
declined to decide whether ISN had waived its right to review
of the recommendations by failing to file any objections with
the district court within ten days of the issuance of the recom-
mendations, the law at the time was clear: ISN had only ten
days to request further review. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)
(West 2008) ("Within ten days after being served with a copy,
any party may serve and file written objections to such pro-
posed findings and recommendations . . . ."). Moreover, we
note that a party’s failure to object to a magistrate judge’s rec-
ommendations within ten days in either a nondispositive, Fed.
R. Civ. P. 72(a), or a dispositive matter, Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b),
waives further review. "In this circuit, as in others, ‘a party
"may" file objections within ten days or he may not, as he
chooses, but he "shall" do so if he wishes further consider-
ation.’" Wells v. Shriners Hospital, 109 F.3d 198, 199 (4th
Cir. 1997) (quoting Park Motor Mart v. Ford Motor Co., 616
F.2d 603, 605 (1st Cir. 1980)).

    ISN also argues that the district court erred by failing to
inform ISN that it had ten days to request further review.
However, this Court has clearly stated that, although pro se
litigants are entitled to such a warning, the rule is different for
counseled parties:

    A court is under no obligation to advise every lawyer
    of every deadline for every proceeding – much less
    every consequence should the deadline be missed or
    ignored. The 10 day deadline is hardly obscure . . . .
    [T]he Magistrates Act, the Federal Rules, and Fourth
    Circuit precedent provide[ ] more than sufficient
    notice . . . .

Wells, 109 F.3d at 200. Counsel for ISN chose not to file any
objections, and, instead, injudiciously appealed to this Court.
Counsel should have known that their failure to act waived
the right of their clients to district court review of the recom-
10                     SOLIS v. MALKANI
mendations, and that, thereafter, the court would be free to
adopt the recommendations wholesale. See Camby v. Davis,
718 F.2d 198, 200 (4th Cir. 1983) ("Absent objection, we do
not believe any explanation need be given before adopting the
[magistrate judge’s] report.").

   Therefore, there was no error when—in accordance with
our earlier decision, which declared that the magistrate judge
had issued a recommendation –- the district court found that
ISN had only ten days to raise its objections, and, by failing
to do so, it had waived its right to any further review.

                              B.

   "We review a district court’s award of equitable relief for
abuse of discretion, accepting the court’s factual findings
absent clear error, while examining issues of law de novo."
Dixon v. Edwards, 290 F.3d 699, 710 (4th Cir. 2002) (cita-
tions omitted).

   "A federal court enforcing fiduciary obligations under
ERISA is . . . given broad equitable powers to implement its
remedial decrees." Delgrosso v. Spang & Co., 769 F.2d 928,
937 (3d Cir. 1985). These necessarily include the power to
order the termination of a plan. Indeed, § 1109(a) of ERISA
states that:

     Any person who is a fiduciary with respect to a plan
     who breaches any of the responsibilities, obligations,
     or duties imposed upon fiduciaries by this subchap-
     ter shall be . . . subject to such other equitable or
     remedial relief as the court may deem appropriate,
     including removal of such fiduciary.

29 U.S.C. § 1109(a). In cases initiated by the Secretary, a
court is further authorized to provide other "appropriate
relief" where necessary. 29 U.S.C. §§ 1132(a)(2), 1132(a)(5).
Thus, in certain narrow circumstances, it is wholly appropri-
                           SOLIS v. MALKANI                             11
ate for a court to provide an appointed independent fiduciary
with the power to terminate a plan. Delgrosso, 769 F.2d at
937-38 & n.12.

   Here, in light of the deteriorating state of the pension plan,
the district court did not err in using its equitable powers to
extend to the replacement fiduciary, Saakvitne, the authority
to terminate the plan. Importantly, the pension plan is now
almost completely dormant, as only seven of its original 309
participants remain active. S.A. 47. See, e.g., Solis v. Vigi-
lance, Inc., No. C 08-05083 JW, 2009 WL 2031767, at *3
(N.D. Cal. July 9, 2009) (removing employer-fiduciaries who
abandoned plan and authorizing independent fiduciary to ter-
minate the plan); Chao v. Wagner, No. 1:07-CV-1259-JOF,
2009 WL 102220, at *3 (N.D. Ga. Jan. 13, 2009) (similar). In
the event that the pension plan is formally terminated, the
statute requires that participants have their contributions
returned, with any surplus assets allocated by the independent
fiduciary to the appropriate participants. See 29 U.S.C.
§ 1344(a); Delgrosso, 769 F.2d at 937-38.

   Notably, nowhere in its briefing and at no time during oral
argument could ISN articulate why it insisted on continuing
the pension plan. Indeed, given the unfortunate history of
ISN’s mismanagement of the plan and repeated attempts to
misappropriate its funds, see Malkani, 216 F. Supp. 2d at 509,
518, further continuation of the plan would likely only per-
versely benefit ISN.

   Therefore, given these circumstances, the court acted
within its discretion when it allowed the replacement fidu-
ciary to formally terminate the plan.2
  2
   Despite arguments by ISN to the contrary, as a defined contribution
plan, Malkani, 452 F.3d at 291, the pension plan is not covered by § 1341.
See 29 U.S.C. § 1321(b)(1) (individual account plans are not covered); 29
U.S.C. § 1002(34) (individual account plan is a defined contribution).
Nonetheless, even if § 1341 were applicable here, so long as the proper
procedures are followed, that section also permits a fiduciary to terminate
a plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1341(b).
12                       SOLIS v. MALKANI
                                C.

   The issue of whether ISN’s request for a stay is moot is a
question of law to be reviewed de novo. Green v. City Of
Raleigh, 523 F.3d 293, 298 (4th Cir. 2008). Similarly,
whether the district court order requiring ISN to pay Saak-
vitne was one for injunctive or monetary relief is also subject
to de novo review.

   Because ISN has already paid Saakvitne and ISN did not
appeal the district court’s denial of its request for a stay under
Fed. R. App. P. 8(a)(2), ISN’s appeal of the earlier December
2009 order is now moot. See, e.g., Koger v. United States, 755
F.2d 1094, 1096-98 (4th Cir. 1985) (holding that an appeal by
taxpayers in a lawsuit seeking to enjoin the government from
collecting income tax deficiencies was mooted because the
taxpayers had paid the deficiencies pending the appeal).

   Furthermore, the posting of a supersedeas bond may only
stay a monetary judgment pending an appeal, Fed. R. Civ. P.
62(d), and does not permit a party to stay injunctive relief, see
Illinois Bell Tel. Co. v. WorldCom. Techs., Inc., 157 F.3d 500,
502 (7th Cir. 1998) (where a court issues "an order to do,
rather than an order to pay, . . . the rationale as well as the text
of Rule 62(d) is inapplicable" (citation and internal quotations
omitted)). And, as the district court correctly recognized:

        The bond posted by [ISN] may protect Saakvitne
     from non-payment; but it does not relieve the current
     fiduciary, Clark, who may be removed as trustee
     [only] following the appointment of its replacement
     . . . . [T]he bond does not serve [Federal Rule of
     Civil Procedure] 62(a)(1) by relieving Clark of its
     duties during the pendency of the appeal.

         The Court’s order for prepayment of Saakvitne is
     . . . an "affirmative injunction" because it is directed
     to [ISN], is enforceable by contempt, and was
                            SOLIS v. MALKANI                              13
      designed to protect the beneficiaries of the Plan for
      the next year. Because the order to prepay Saakvitne
      was injunctive relief, it was not stayed by the filing
      of a supersedeas bond . . . .

S.A. 186-187. The court properly exercised its equitable pow-
ers to force ISN to pay Saakvitne. Thus, despite ISN’s pay-
ment of a bond, the court committed no error in denying the
stay.3

                                    III.

   We hold that—by failing to object to the recommendations
of the magistrate judge regarding payment of fees to Clark
within ten days as then required by 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) — ISN
waived its right to further review of the recommendations.
Similarly, under these circumstances, the district court was
within its equitable powers to authorize the replacement fidu-
ciary, Saakvitne, to terminate the pension plan. Finally, the
motion by ISN seeking to stay the payment of fees to Saak-
vitne is moot. Accordingly, the decisions of the district court
are

                                                             AFFIRMED.

  3
   Notably, Saakvitne is also not a party in this appeal, nor was the initial
enforcement action brought for his monetary benefit. Under these circum-
stances, it is patently absurd of ISN to argue that the court’s order was
anything other than an exercise of its equitable powers.