Court Opinion

ID: 9910847
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-18 18:06:34.320647+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:54:40.516764
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A23-0863

                                    State of Minnesota,
                                         Appellant,

                                             vs.

                                   Logan Hunter Vagle,
                                      Respondent.

                                Filed December 18, 2023
                                Reversed and remanded
                                       Ede, Judge

                               Anoka County District Court
                                 File No. 02-CR-22-916

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Brad R. Johnson, Anoka County Attorney, Kelsey R. Kelley, Assistant County Attorney,
Anoka, Minnesota (for appellant)

Anders J. Erickson, Johnson Erickson Criminal Defense, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for
respondent)

       Considered and decided by Ede, Presiding Judge; Bratvold, Judge; and Klaphake,

Judge. *

                                       SYLLABUS

       Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3) (2020), which prohibits the possession of a

firearm that is not identified by a serial number, is not unconstitutionally vague as applied

to respondent’s possession of a privately made firearm without a serial number.

*
 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                                         OPINION

EDE, Judge

       In this state pretrial appeal, appellant challenges the probable-cause dismissal of one

charge of possession of a firearm that is not identified by a serial number under Minnesota

Statutes section 609.667(3) (2020). Because we conclude that the statute is not

unconstitutionally vague as applied to respondent’s possession of a privately made firearm

without a serial number and that there is probable cause to support the section 609.667(3)

charge, we reverse and remand.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant State of Minnesota charged respondent Logan Hunter Vagle with

possession of a firearm that is not identified by a serial number, in violation of Minnesota

Statutes section 609.667(3), and possession of a firearm without a permit, in violation of

Minnesota Statutes section 624.714, subdivision 1a (2020). The complaint alleged that a

Minnesota State Patrol trooper responded to a single vehicle rollover in February 2022.

The driver, identified as Vagle, indicated he had a pistol in the automobile and did not have

a permit to carry it. During a search of the vehicle, the trooper located a black firearm that

was not marked with a serial number.

       Vagle moved to dismiss the section 609.667(3) charge for lack of probable cause.

At the contested omnibus hearing, the parties agreed to file written briefs and to submit the

matter to the district court based solely on documentary exhibits (i.e., police reports,

photographs of the firearm, a district court order in a separate case, and emails showing

                                              2
that Vagle “purchased all parts that made-up” the firearm). 1 In his memorandum supporting

his motion to dismiss, Vagle argued that his firearm, as a “ghost gun,” 2 was not required

to have a serial number under federal law—United States Code, title 26, section 5842,

which section 609.667 references—and thus the state did not establish probable cause.

Vagle also asserted that he did not have the mens rea to violate section 609.667(3) because

he “lawfully purchased all parts that made up the” firearm. Vagle attached the receipts for

the firearm parts as an exhibit to his memorandum.

       In the state’s memorandum opposing Vagle’s motion to dismiss, the state

maintained that it met its burden to show that Vagle knowingly possessed the firearm and

that it did not have a serial number. To establish probable cause, the state submitted

photographs of the firearm and the trooper’s report about the incident. According to the

report, Vagle told the trooper he had a pistol. Law enforcement found the firearm. “No

1
 At the hearing, Vagle stated that he was only challenging probable cause for the section
609.667(3) charge, not the constitutionality of that statute, and Vagle confirmed that he
was not challenging probable cause for the permit violation. The district court likewise
expressed its understanding that Vagle was challenging only probable cause for the section
609.667(3) offense.
2
  “Ghost gun” is a common term for a privately made firearm that is not identified by a
serial number. See, e.g., N.Y. State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n, Inc. v. Bruen, 142 S. Ct. 2111,
2180 (2022) (Breyer, J., dissenting) (discussing “‘ghost guns’ constructed with the aid of
a three-dimensional printer” and citing White House Briefing Room, FACT SHEET: The
Biden Administration Cracks Down on Ghost Guns, Ensures That ATF Has the Leadership
It Needs To Enforce Our Gun Laws (Apr. 11, 2022), https://whitehouse.gov/briefing-
room/statements-releases/2022/04/11/fact-sheet-the-biden-administration-cracks-down-
on-ghost-guns-ensures-that-atf-has-the-leadership-it-needs-to-enforce-our-gun-laws/
[https://perma.cc/P7PQ-XYYU] (defining “ghost guns” as “unserialized, privately-made
firearms that law enforcement are increasingly recovering at crime scenes in cities across
the country”)).

                                            3
serial number was located, printed or stamped” on the firearm, and “no serial number

appeared to be filed off” of the firearm.

       Although the district court found that “[i]t is undisputed that the [firearm] was a

firearm under Minnesota law and was not identified by a serial number[,]” the court granted

Vagle’s motion to dismiss the section 609.667(3) charge for lack of probable cause. In its

accompanying memorandum, the district court noted that section “609.667 is clear on its

face as to what conduct is prohibited” but nevertheless concluded that section 609.667(3)

is “void for vagueness” because “ordinary people cannot reasonably be expected to

understand what exactly is prohibited in light of the ambiguous language of United States

Code, title 26, section 5842 or how to gain compliance.”

       The state appeals.

                                            ISSUE

       Is Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3), as applied to Vagle’s possession of a

privately made firearm without a serial number, void for vagueness?

                                        ANALYSIS

       The state appeals the district court’s pretrial order granting Vagle’s motion to

dismiss the section 609.667(3) charge for lack of probable cause.

       In a state pretrial appeal, the state “must show clearly and unequivocally (1) that the

district court’s ruling was erroneous and (2) that the ruling will have a ‘critical impact’ on

the State’s ability to prosecute the case.” State v. Serbus, 957 N.W.2d 84, 87 (Minn. 2021)

(quoting State v. Underdahl, 767 N.W.2d 677, 683 (Minn. 2009)). In addition, the state

may not appeal a probable-cause dismissal unless it is based, at least in part, on a legal

                                              4
determination. See State v. Gray, 987 N.W.2d 563, 565 (Minn. 2023). Critical impact is

met here because the district court dismissed the charge. See Serbus, 957 N.W.2d at 87.

And the court’s probable-cause dismissal—premised on its interpretation of section

609.667(3) and determination that the statute is unconstitutionally vague as applied to

Vagle’s possession of a privately made firearm without a serial number—was based on a

legal determination. Accordingly, we begin with the merits of the state’s argument: that the

district court erred by concluding that Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3) is

unconstitutionally vague as applied to Vagle’s possession of a privately made firearm

without a serial number. 3

       Because determinations regarding the interpretation and constitutionality of a

statute concern issues of law, appellate courts review them de novo. In re Welfare of

B.A.H., 845 N.W.2d 158, 162 (Minn. 2014). “[O]ur power to declare a statute

3
  Citing In re Senty-Haugen for the proposition that “[i]t is well-settled law that courts
should not reach constitutional issues if matters can be resolved otherwise[,]” the state
contends that the district court erred by sua sponte ruling on the constitutionality of
Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3). In re Senty-Haugen, 583 N.W.2d 266, 269 n.3
(Minn. 1998). Although Senty-Haugen did note that “neither of the parties [in that case]
raise[d] the issue of the constitutionality of the statutes at issue[,]” the Minnesota Supreme
Court did not hold that a district court commits reversible error by sua sponte ruling on the
constitutionality of a statute. The state cites no other authority, and other appellate
decisions run contrary to the state’s argument. Cf. State v. Wicklund, 589 N.W.2d 793, 796-
97 (Minn. 1999) (considering state constitutional issues on appeal from “sua sponte” ruling
by the district court); State v. Dunson, 770 N.W.2d 546, 548, 552 (Minn. App. 2009)
(considering constitutional issues in state pretrial appeal after the district court, “sua sponte,
held that the use of initials to identify the alleged victims in the complaints violated the
Minnesota Rules of Criminal Procedure and the United States and Minnesota
Constitutions”). The district court ruled on the merits and both parties have fully briefed
the issues. As a result, we address the constitutionality of section 609.667(3) under the
federal and state Due Process Clauses on the merits.

                                                5
unconstitutional should be exercised with extreme caution and only when absolutely

necessary.” Id.

       The United States and Minnesota Constitutions provide that a person shall not be

deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. U.S. Const. amend. XIV,

§ 1; Minn. Const. art. I, § 7. A vague law may violate due process “for either of two

independent reasons: ‘First, if it fails to provide people of ordinary intelligence a

reasonable opportunity to understand what conduct it prohibits;’ and ‘[s]econd, if it

authorizes or even encourages arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.’” State v. Ness,

834 N.W.2d 177, 184 (Minn. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting Hill v. Colorado, 530

U.S. 703, 732 (2000)). “[V]agueness challenges that do not involve First Amendment

freedoms must be examined in light of the facts at hand.” State v. Becker, 351 N.W.2d 923,

925 (Minn. 1984) (citing United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 (1975)).

       The parties’ dispute relates to the first of the aforementioned reasons that a vague

law may violate due process: whether Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3) provides fair

warning that a person who possesses a privately made firearm without a serial number

violates the statute. See Ness, 834 N.W.2d at 184. The state argues that section 609.667(3)

clearly prohibits Vagle’s possession of such a firearm. Vagle responds that, because his

firearm is privately made, section 609.667(3) does not apply to his conduct. We agree with

the state.

       Our analysis starts with an examination of the statute’s plain language. See State v.

Robinson, 539 N.W.2d 231, 237 (Minn. 1995) (analyzing the “common and approved

                                             6
usage” of terms when evaluating whether a statute is void for vagueness). In full,

Minnesota Statutes section 609.667 provides:

                      Whoever commits any of the following acts may be
              sentenced to imprisonment for not more than five years or to
              payment of a fine of not more than $10,000, or both:
                      (1) obliterates, removes, changes, or alters the serial
              number or other identification of a firearm;
                      (2) receives or possesses a firearm, the serial number or
              other identification of which has been obliterated, removed,
              changed, or altered; or
                      (3) receives or possesses a firearm that is not identified
              by a serial number.
                      As used in this section, “serial number or other
              identification” means the serial number and other information
              required under United States Code, title 26, section 5842, for
              the identification of firearms.

Minn. Stat. § 609.667.

       Vagle acknowledges that section 609.667(3) “clearly states that it is a crime to

possess a firearm without a serial number.” Vagle also concedes, and the record reflects,

that he knowingly possessed a firearm that is not identified by a serial number. As a result,

Vagle’s conduct falls squarely within section 609.667(3)’s scope: “possess[ing] a firearm

that is not identified by a serial number.”

       Vagle’s position that Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3) does not apply to his

possession of a privately made firearm—and the district court’s conclusion that

section 609.667(3) is unconstitutionally vague—relies on section 609.667’s definition of

the term, “serial number or other identification[,]” which refers to United States Code, title

26, section 5842. Vagle contends that, because section 609.667 incorporates a provision of

the United States Code in defining the foregoing phrase, the prohibition in section

                                              7
609.667(3) is limited to firearms that are required to have a serial number under federal

law, and the state has not established that Vagle’s privately made firearm falls within that

scope. We are not persuaded.

       The phrase “serial number or other identification”—which Minnesota Statutes

section 609.667 defines by reference to United States Code, title 26, section 5842—appears

in both section 609.667(1) and section 609.667(2). Those subparts respectively criminalize

(1) the obliteration, removal, change, or alteration of “the serial number or other

identification of a firearm” and (2) the receipt or possession of a firearm with “the serial

number or other identification” obliterated, removed, changed, or altered. Minn. Stat.

§ 609.667(1)-(2). But section 609.667(3), under which the state charged Vagle, does not

use the phrase, “serial number or other identification.” Instead, section 609.667(3)

criminalizes the possession of “a firearm that is not identified by a serial number.” Nothing

in that unambiguous prohibition limits the purview of the serial number requirement set

forth in section 609.667(3) to the scope provided by section 5842. As a result,

section 609.667(3)’s plain language prohibits the possession of any firearm that is not

identified by a serial number, regardless of whether federal law would require a serial

number for a particular firearm. This prohibition encompasses privately made firearms,

including the firearm Vagle possessed in this case. 4

4
  We note that, in construing the language of section 609.667(2), this court has held that
“the legislature intended the firearm-without-a-serial-number statute to encompass all
firearms[,]” reasoning that “there is no need for case-by-case proof of a gun-specific serial-
number requirement because section 5842 requires all firearms to have a serial number.”
State v. Salyers, 842 N.W.2d 28, 36 (Minn. App. 2014), aff’d on other grounds, 858
N.W.2d 156 (Minn. 2015). Vagle asserts that this court’s opinion in Salyers was wrongly

                                              8
       As discussed above, it is undisputed that Vagle’s privately made firearm is a

“firearm” under Minnesota law and was not identified by a serial number, and that Vagle

knowingly possessed the firearm. That being the case, Vagle’s argument that the state did

not establish probable cause for the section 609.667(3) charge is unavailing. See State v.

Salyers, 858 N.W.2d 156, 161 (Minn. 2015) (explaining that a section 609.667(3) charge

requires proof that the defendant is knowingly in possession of a firearm that is not

identified by a serial number). Accordingly, the district court erred in granting Vagle’s

motion to dismiss for lack of probable cause. See State v. Lopez, 778 N.W.2d 700, 703-04

(Minn. 2010) (“A motion to dismiss for lack of probable cause should be denied where the

facts appearing in the record, including reliable hearsay, would preclude the granting of a

motion for a directed verdict of acquittal if proved at trial.” (quotation omitted)).

       Vagle alternatively asserts that, even if Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3) does

not incorporate federal law, section 609.667(3) does not give sufficient warning that

Vagle’s conduct is prohibited because the statute does not discuss privately made firearms.

As an initial matter, we again note that the district court and all parties agree that the firearm

Vagle possessed is a “firearm” under Minnesota law, notwithstanding that it was privately

made. That said, although section 609.667(3) does not define the term, “firearm,” the

decided. But we need not and do not rely on Salyers because it construed the language of
section 609.667(2), including the phrase, “serial number or other identification,” which
section 609.667 defines by citing “United States Code, title 26, section 5842.” Id. As
explained in the text, section 609.667(2) is not involved in this case, and section
609.667(3)—under which the state charged Vagle—does not use the phrase, “serial number
or other identification.” This court’s construction of the scope of section 5842’s serial-
number requirement in Salyers is therefore not relevant to our plain-language analysis of
section 609.667(3) in this case.

                                                9
Minnesota Supreme Court has “examined and defined the term . . . based on its plain and

ordinary meaning.” State v. Stone, 995 N.W.2d 617, 622 (Minn. 2023). In a possession

context, the supreme court has defined “firearm” as follows: “a weapon, that is, an

instrument designed for attack or defense, that expels a projectile by the action or force of

gunpowder, combustion, or some other explosive force.” Id. at 623 (quotation omitted).

Given that section 609.667(3) uses “firearm” in a possession context, we are bound by the

supreme court’s definition of the term based on its plain and ordinary meaning. See KSTP-

TV v. Ramsey Cnty., 806 N.W.2d 785, 790 n.9 (Minn. 2011) (declining to “abandon the

plain language” and accept an interpretation that “inserts” a limitation not otherwise

present). We therefore conclude that section 609.667(3) plainly applies to any firearm,

including those that are privately made.

       Finally, Vagle also argues that a reasonable person would not know how to comply

with the statute by obtaining a serial number for the privately made firearm he possessed

in this case. This argument misunderstands the void-for-vagueness doctrine, which requires

that a criminal statute “define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary

people can understand what conduct is prohibited.” B.A.H., 845 N.W.2d at 163 (quotation

omitted). Here, section 609.667(3) satisfies this requirement by clearly defining the

criminalized conduct in this case: possession of any firearm that is not identified by a serial

number. Although Vagle may disagree with that prohibition as a matter of public policy,

“the Legislature, not the judiciary, must be the reviser.” Axelberg v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety,

848 N.W.2d 206, 213 (Minn. 2014).

                                              10
       In sum, Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3) “provide[s] people of ordinary

intelligence a reasonable opportunity to understand what conduct it prohibits” through its

plain and unambiguous definition of the prohibited conduct. See Ness, 834 N.W.2d at 184

(quotation omitted). We therefore hold that, as applied to Vagle’s possession of a privately

made firearm without a serial number, section 609.667(3) is not unconstitutionally vague. 5

                                       DECISION

       Minnesota Statutes section 609.667(3), which prohibits the possession of a firearm

that is not identified by a serial number, is not unconstitutionally vague as applied to

Vagle’s possession of a privately made firearm without a serial number. The district court

erred by granting Vagle’s motion to dismiss the section 609.667(3) charge for lack of

probable cause.

       Reversed and remanded.

5
  Although the district court stated that, under these circumstances, the statute invaded a
constitutionally protected right under the Second Amendment, the court did so without
providing legal reasoning and ultimately did not rely upon a determination that the statute
was unconstitutional under the Second Amendment as an independent basis for dismissing
the charge. Instead, the district court determined that Minnesota Statutes section
609.667(3) was “void for vagueness” because “ordinary people cannot reasonably be
expected to understand what exactly is prohibited in light of the ambiguous language of
United States Code, title 26, section 5842 or how to gain compliance.” Moreover, although
the state’s appellate brief argues that we should reverse the district court on this point,
Vagle has not argued—either before the district court or on appeal—that the Second
Amendment provides an alternative basis for dismissing the charge. To the contrary, at oral
argument, Vagle’s counsel expressly asked this court not to rule on Second Amendment
grounds. Thus, we conclude that we need not consider or decide section 609.667(3)’s
constitutionality under the Second Amendment because the district court did not rely on it
in reaching its decision and the issue is not properly before us.

                                            11