Court Opinion

ID: 4271372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-01 14:00:16.458807+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:48.504658
License: Public Domain

17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1                                                     In the
 2                         United States Court of Appeals
 3                                      For the Second Circuit
 4
 5
 6                                             August Term 2017
 7
 8                                                  No. 17-1251-cv
 9
10      PROGRESSIVE CREDIT UNION, TAXI MEDALLION OWNER DRIVER
11     ASSOCIATION, INC., LEAGUE OF MUTUAL TAXI OWNERS, INC., KL
12    MOTORS, INC., SAFINI TRANSPORT, INC., WHITE & BLUE GROUP CORP.,
13     FIMA SERVICE CO., INC., CARL GINSBERG, and JOSEPH ITZCHAKY,
14
15                                                                   Plaintiffs-Appellants,
16
17            MELROSE CREDIT UNION, LOMTO FEDERAL CREDIT UNION,
18
19                                                                   Plaintiffs,
20
21                                                        v.
22
23    CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK CITY TAXI & LIMOUSINE COMMISSION,
24   and CHAIR MEERA JOSHI, in her official capacity as Chair of the New York City
25                       Taxi & Limousine Commission,
26
27                                                                   Defendants-Appellees.
28
29
30                        Appeal from the United States District Court
31                           for the Southern District of New York
32             No. 15 Civ. 9042 (AJN), Alison J. Nathan, District Judge, Presiding.
33                      (Argued October 24, 2017; Decided May 1, 2018)
34
35

                                                          1
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1
 2   Before:          JACOBS, SACK, and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
 3
 4          Plaintiffs, various entities and individuals associated with the New York
 5   City medallion taxicab industry, brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
 6   against the City of New York, the New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission,
 7   and the Commission’s Chair, Meera Joshi, asserting violations of various federal
 8   constitutional rights. Plaintiffs alleged that defendants’ regulatory scheme
 9   applicable to the ground transportation market in New York City violated their
10   equal protection and due process rights and that they suffered a taking. The
11   district court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil
12   Procedure 12(b)(6), on the ground that plaintiffs did not adequately allege that
13   defendants’ regulatory scheme failed rational basis review or that they suffered a
14   deprivation of a constitutionally-cognizable property right without adequate
15   procedural protections. The district court also dismissed plaintiffs’ takings claim
16   without prejudice, concluding it was unripe for review in federal court because
17   plaintiffs failed to avail themselves of state procedures for seeking compensation.
18   We affirm.
19
20                                                      Todd A. Higgins, Crosby & Higgins
21                                                      LLP, New York, N.Y., for appellants
22                                                      Progressive Credit Union, Taxi
23                                                      Medallion Owner Driver Association,
24                                                      Inc., League of Mutual Taxi Owners,
25                                                      Inc., KL Motors, Inc., Safini Transport
26                                                      Inc., White & Blue Group Corp., FIMA
27                                                      Service Co., Inc., Carl Ginsberg, and
28                                                      Joseph Itzchaky.
29
30                                                      MacKenzie Fillow (Scott Shorr,
31                                                      Richard Dearing, on the brief), for
32                                                      Zachary W. Carter, Corporation
33                                                      Counsel of the City of New York,
34                                                      New York, N.Y., for appellees City of
35                                                      New York, New York City Taxi &
36                                                      Limousine Commission, and Chair

                                                    2
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1                                                      Meera Joshi, in her official capacity as the
 2                                                      Chair of the New York City Taxi &
 3                                                      Limousine Commission.
 4
 5   BARRINGTON D. PARKER, Circuit Judge:

 6           This appeal requires us to decide whether New York City’s regulatory

 7   regime for the for-hire ground transportation industry violates the United States

 8   Constitution by subjecting yellow medallion taxicabs to different regulatory

 9   requirements than those imposed upon “for-hire vehicles,”such as services like

10   Uber and Lyft.

11           Plaintiffs, credit unions, trade associations, and individuals affiliated with

12   the medallion taxi industry in New York City, brought this lawsuit against

13   defendants the City of New York, the New York City Taxi & Limousine

14   Commission (the “TLC”), and the Chair of the TLC, Meera Joshi. As relevant to

15   this appeal, plaintiffs brought, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, three constitutional claims.

16   They alleged: (1) that the City violates the Equal Protection Clause by imposing

17   disparate regulatory requirements on medallion taxicabs and for-hire vehicles

18   because the two categories of transportation are similarly situated; (2) that the

19   City’s manner of formulating and imposing regulations regarding taxicab and

20   for-hire vehicle accessibility for persons with disabilities violated procedural due

                                                    3
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   process by severely diminishing the value of plaintiffs’ medallions without

 2   affording them notice and an opportunity to be heard; and (3) that the City’s

 3   regulatory framework resulted in a taking of their property interests in their

 4   medallions without just compensation.

 5           The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

 6   (Alison J. Nathan, District Judge) granted defendants’ motion under Federal Rule

 7   of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), dismissing plaintiffs’ federal claims on various

 8   grounds and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over their state-law

 9   claims. See Melrose Credit Union v. City of New York, 247 F. Supp. 3d 356 (S.D.N.Y.

10   2017). Plaintiffs appeal and we affirm.

11                                              BACKGROUND

12           This lawsuit arises out of the technology-driven changes to the for-hire

13   ground transportation market brought about by the entry into that market of

14   companies such as Uber and Lyft, and the regulatory regime that the City has put

15   in place in response to these changes. This regulatory framework generally

16   divides the City’s for-hire ground transportation industry into two groups. One

17   group consists of the holders of traditional New York City taxicab medallions for

18   yellow taxicabs. A medallion is a license issued by the TLC that permits the

                                                    4
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   holder to operate a yellow taxicab in New York City, use the medallion as

 2   security for loans, and lease the medallion to other taxicab operators. Medallion

 3   taxicabs are the only vehicles that may pick up passengers who hail a vehicle,

 4   and may do so anywhere on the streets of the City.1

 5           The other group of industry participants is for-hire vehicles (“FHVs”),

 6   which the N.Y.C. Administrative Code defines in § 19-502(g) as vehicles “other

 7   than a taxicab.” This group includes car services and carriers such as Uber and

 8   Lyft that do not possess TLC medallions but are permitted to transport

 9   passengers so long as they do so “only on the basis of telephone contract or

10   prearrangement.” N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 19-516(a); see also 35 R.C.N.Y. § 51-03

11   (Definitions) (defining “For-Hire Vehicle” as “a motor Vehicle licensed by the

12   [TLC] to carry Passengers for-hire in the City, which: . . . (3) is not a Taxicab”).

13           The TLC imposes different regulatory requirements on the two groups.

14   Medallion taxicab operators must comply with regulations regarding fare rates

     1
      The City’s regulations provide as follows: “Taxicab means a motor vehicle,
     yellow in color, bearing a Medallion . . . and authorized to accept hails.”). See 35
     Rules of the City of New York (“R.C.N.Y.”) § 51-03 (Definitions). Further, the
     TLC’s regulations define a “hail” as “a request, either through a verbal (audio)
     action such as calling out, yelling, or whistling, and/or a visible physical action
     such as raising one’s hand or arm, or through an electronic method such as an E-
     Hail App, for on demand Taxicab or Street Hail Livery Service at the metered
     rate of fare . . . by a person who is currently ready to travel.” Id.
                                                    5
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   and surcharges, see, e.g., 35 R.C.N.Y. §§ 58-26 (Operations–Rates and Tolls), 58-

 2   16(g) (Taxicab Improvement Fund), and must follow numerous rules covering

 3   such matters as car model, color, roof lights, distress signal lights, and rooftop

 4   advertising, id. at §§ 67-04 to 67-19.2 The regulations also control other matters

 5   such as the amount of time and money for which a medallion can be leased. Id.

 6   at § 58-21 (Leasing a Taxicab or Medallion).

 7           While the City imposes these and certain other regulatory burdens only on

 8   medallion taxicabs, the City also provides them significant benefits, most

 9   importantly the exclusive right to pick up passengers by street hail anywhere in

10   the City. The New York City Administrative Code provides that “[n]o motor

11   vehicle other than a duly licensed taxicab shall be permitted to accept hails from

12   passengers in the street.” N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 19-504(a)(1).

13           Notwithstanding these benefits, plaintiffs alleged in their amended

14   complaint that FHVs are subjected to far fewer regulatory burdens than those

15   imposed on medallion taxicabs. For example, while medallion taxicabs must

16   charge fare rates set by the TLC, FHVs must instead only file a rate schedule with

17   the TLC. Joint Appendix (“App’x”) at A-620. And, plaintiffs alleged, while

     2
     Other regulated subjects include upholstery, seats, windows, air conditioning,
     partitions, camera systems, placement of credentials, and payment systems. Id.
                                                    6
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   medallion taxis must use a vehicle approved by the TLC, FHVs “are not limited

 2   to any particular vehicle model set by the TLC, thereby unfairly allowing

 3   companies such as Uber to permit drivers to use newer and higher quality

 4   vehicles, giving riders a better overall experience.” Id. at A-621. FHVs are also

 5   not required to comply with numerous other regulations applicable to medallion

 6   taxicabs, such as those requiring partitions or that the vehicle be painted a

 7   particular shade of yellow.

 8           Although the City’s regulations permit only medallion taxicabs to pick up

 9   passengers who hail a taxi from the street, plaintiffs alleged that recent

10   regulations promulgated by the TLC have had the effect of rendering medallion

11   holders’ right to “hail exclusivity” meaningless because they permit the use of

12   “e-hail” technology. An “e-hail” is when a passenger uses a smartphone app,

13   such as Uber or Lyft, to arrange transportation. Through this technology,

14   plaintiffs alleged, rides in FHVs can be obtained by a passenger in functionally

15   the same way as a traditional hail.

16           Around 2011, the City determined that the use of a smartphone app to

17   arrange transportation fits within the TLC’s regulations’ existing definition of a

18   “prearrangement” and that FHVs could use smartphone apps to arrange rides for

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     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   passengers so long as they complied with TLC regulations. In January 2015, the

 2   TLC promulgated the “E-Hail Rules,” which, according to plaintiffs, enable

 3   companies to furnish passengers with electronic, smartphone-based applications

 4   that enable them to arrange ground transportation through companies such as

 5   Uber and Lyft. See, e.g., App’x at A-629–30.

 6           Because the City permits FHVs to use e-hail smartphone applications,

 7   plaintiffs alleged that no material differences now exist between a traditional

 8   street hail and an e-hail. Consequently, plaintiffs alleged, a significant benefit

 9   medallion holders once enjoyed—the exclusive ability to pick up customers who

10   hail a taxi on the street—has effectively disappeared. The result is that medallion

11   taxicabs and companies like Uber or Lyft operate on the same business models,

12   and serve the same “on demand transportation” passengers, and compete for the

13   same drivers. Id. at A-635, 648. These developments mean that “passenger wait

14   times for Uber E-Hails have all but disappeared” and that soon “response times

15   to Uber’s E-Hails” will be “virtually instantaneous.” Id. at A-643. In the end,

16   plaintiffs alleged, the effect of these market changes has been to dramatically

17   decrease medallions’ market value, leasing value, and the number of trips taken

18   by passengers in medallion taxicabs and the corresponding meter revenue. Id. at

                                                    8
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   A-644–45, A-649. Plaintiffs plausibly alleged that these developments have

 2   resulted in “catastrophic harm” to the New York City taxicab industry. Id. at A-

 3   589.

 4           Another important regulatory difference that plaintiffs emphasize arises

 5   from recently promulgated regulations, known as the “Accessible Conversion

 6   Rules,” 35 R.C.N.Y. § 58-50 (Accessible Vehicle Conversion). These Rules, which

 7   are the focus of plaintiffs’ due process claim, were intended to increase

 8   significantly the availability of vehicles accessible to persons with disabilities,

 9   especially those who use wheelchairs. In 2015, the TLC adopted the Accessible

10   Conversion Rules, which apply exclusively to medallion taxicabs and not to

11   FHVs. The City’s goal in formulating the Rules is to make at least 50% of

12   medallion taxicabs accessible to persons with disabilities by the year 2020. This

13   goal is to be achieved through a multi-tiered lottery process administered by the

14   TLC, under which randomly selected medallions are to be required to convert,

15   according to particular timetables, the vehicle associated with the medallion to a

16   vehicle that is accessible. App’x at A-623.3

     3
      A medallion selected in the lottery is, however, only presumptively required to
     convert the associated vehicle to an accessible vehicle, as the owner of a selected
     medallion may transfer the conversion obligation to another medallion holder,
     such as for consideration, and thereby delay the conversion requirement,
     potentially permanently. See 35 R.C.N.Y. § 58-50(e).
                                                    9
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1           Plaintiffs alleged that the Accessible Conversion Rules, insofar as they

 2   require the gradual replacement of inaccessible taxi vehicles with accessible

 3   vehicles, effectively converted their “unrestricted” medallions into “restricted”

 4   medallions, which is a form of medallion the TLC issues that may be used only

 5   with an accessible vehicle. Plaintiffs alleged that these “accessible medallions”

 6   are “far less valuable than unrestricted medallions” because disability-accessible

 7   vehicles are more expensive to operate than inaccessible ones. App’x at A-624.

 8           Plaintiffs also challenge the manner in which the Rules were promulgated

 9   by the TLC. Plaintiffs alleged that they were adopted as the result of a

10   rulemaking the TLC undertook as part of a settlement of a class action lawsuit

11   filed against the TLC by disability-rights organizations and persons with

12   disabilities who contended that the TLC violated the Americans with Disabilities

13   Act and the New York City Human Rights Law because the TLC failed to

14   provide for appropriate access to taxi service by persons with disabilities. See

15   Noel v. N.Y.C. Taxi & Limousine Comm’n, 837 F. Supp. 2d 268 (S.D.N.Y. 2011),

16   vacated, 687 F.3d 63 (2d Cir. 2012).

17           During the pendency of that lawsuit, the parties entered into a

18   memorandum of understanding that provided, among other things, that the TLC

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     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   would propose rules leading to an increase in the number of accessible vehicles.

 2   The TLC later proposed such rules, and, following public hearings and the

 3   solicitation of public comments, the proposed rules were revised and eventually

 4   adopted as the Accessible Conversion Rules.

 5           In November 2015, plaintiffs brought this lawsuit, and, in March 2016, after

 6   the district court denied a motion for a preliminary injunction, the plaintiffs filed

 7   an amended complaint bringing federal and state-law claims. Defendants then

 8   moved under Rule 12(b)(6) to dismiss the amended complaint. The district court

 9   granted the motion, concluding that plaintiffs failed to adequately allege

10   violations of the Equal Protection Clause or the Due Process Clause and that their

11   takings claim was unripe because the plaintiffs had not availed themselves of

12   available state remedies to attempt to obtain compensation. This appeal

13   followed.

14                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

15           We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under Rule

16   12(b)(6) and accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint and draw all

17   reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. E.g., Tongue v. Sanofi, 816 F.3d 199,

18   209 (2d Cir. 2016). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must plead

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     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp.

 2   v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible “when the

 3   plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable

 4   inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v.

 5   Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Because ripeness is typically a jurisdictional

 6   inquiry, Vandor, Inc. v. Militello, 301 F.3d 37, 38 (2d Cir. 2002) (per curiam), and a

 7   legal determination, we also review de novo a district court’s determination that a

 8   claim is unripe, Connecticut v. Duncan, 612 F.3d 107, 112 (2d Cir. 2010).

 9                                                  DISCUSSION

10           Plaintiffs alleged in their amended complaint that, (1) defendants violated

11   the Equal Protection Clause by imposing different regulatory burdens on

12   medallion taxicabs and FHVs, because those industry participants are similarly

13   situated and the regulatory differences are not supported by a rational basis; (2)

14   defendants’ promulgation of the Accessible Conversion Rules violated the

15   procedural requirements of the Due Process Clause because it deprived them of a

16   property right in their unrestricted medallions without adequate notice or an

17   opportunity to be heard; and (3) the TLC’s regulatory regime, by permitting

18   FHVs to pick up passengers through smartphone applications, constitutes a

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     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   taking without just compensation of medallion holders’ exclusive right to pick up

 2   passengers who hail a taxicab on the streets.

 3           The district court dismissed these claims, concluding that plaintiffs failed

 4   to state an equal protection violation because medallion taxicabs and FHVs were

 5   not similarly situated and the different regulations were supported by rational

 6   bases. It further concluded that plaintiffs failed to state a violation of procedural

 7   due process because the only effect on plaintiffs of defendants’ permitting FHVs

 8   to operate in New York City and their promulgation of the Accessible

 9   Conversion Rules was some diminution in the value of a medallion, which is not

10   a protected property interest. And, further, even assuming the plaintiffs had

11   suffered a deprivation of a cognizable property interest, they failed to plead facts

12   to support their claim that they were denied a meaningful opportunity to be

13   heard prior to the promulgation of the Rules. Finally, the district court

14   concluded that plaintiffs’ takings claim was unripe because plaintiffs failed to

15   seek compensation through the adequate state procedures that were available.

16   Because the district court’s conclusions were correct, we affirm the judgment.

17

18

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     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   I.      Equal Protection Claim

 2           Plaintiffs’ equal protection claim is that medallion taxicabs are similarly

 3   situated to FHVs and that the regulatory regime’s different treatment of the two

 4   groups is not supported by a rational basis. But, as the district court properly

 5   concluded, because the two groups are not similarly situated a rational basis

 6   exists for treating them differently.

 7           When a plaintiff alleges an equal protection violation (without also

 8   alleging discrimination based upon membership in a protected class), the

 9   plaintiff must plausibly allege that he or she has been intentionally treated

10   differently from others similarly situated and no rational basis exists for that

11   different treatment. Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000). Such

12   a claim, often referred to as a “class of one” equal protection claim, stems from

13   the Equal Protection Clause’s requirement that the government treat all similarly

14   situated people alike. Neilson v. D’Angelis, 409 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 2005),

15   overruled on other grounds, Appel v. Spiridon, 531 F.3d 138, 140 (2d Cir. 2008).

16           To succeed on such a claim, plaintiffs “must show an extremely high

17   degree of similarity between themselves and the persons to whom they compare

18   themselves.” Clubside, Inc. v. Valentin, 468 F.3d 144, 159 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing

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     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   Neilson, 409 F.3d at 104). Specifically, such a plaintiff must be “prima facie

 2   identical” to the persons alleged to receive irrationally different treatment.

 3   Neilson, 409 F.3d at 105. The existence of highly similar circumstances can then

 4   provide an inference that the difference in treatment “lack[s] any reasonable

 5   nexus with a legitimate governmental policy. . . .” Id. Overall, “to succeed on a

 6   class-of-one claim, a plaintiff must establish that (i) no rational person could

 7   regard the circumstances of the plaintiff to differ from those of a comparator to a

 8   degree that would justify the differential treatment on the basis of a legitimate

 9   government policy; and (ii) the similarity in circumstances and difference in

10   treatment are sufficient to exclude the possibility that the defendants acted on the

11   basis of a mistake.” Ruston v. Town Bd. for Skaneateles, 610 F.3d 55, 59–60 (2d Cir.

12   2010) (quotation omitted).

13           When a statute or regulatory regime imposes different classifications or

14   regulatory burdens on groups of regulated participants, rational basis review

15   contemplates “a strong presumption of validity, and those attacking the

16   rationality of the legislative classification have the burden to negative every

17   conceivable basis which might support it.” F.C.C. v. Beach Commc’ns, 508 U.S.
18   307, 314-15 (1993) (quotation omitted). Indeed, “a statutory classification that

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     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   neither proceeds along suspect lines nor infringes fundamental constitutional

 2   rights must be upheld against equal protection challenge if there is any

 3   reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the

 4   classification.” Id. at 313. Rational basis review is “indulgent and respectful”

 5   though it is “not meant to be ‘toothless.’” Windsor v. United States, 699 F.3d 169,

 6   180 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Schweiker v. Wilson, 450 U.S. 221, 234 (1981)). And,

 7   whether a conceivable reason for enacting a statute actually motivated or was

 8   considered by the legislature is “entirely irrelevant for constitutional purposes,”

 9   because legislatures are not required to articulate their reasons for enacting

10   statutes and a “legislative choice is not subject to courtroom fact-finding and may

11   be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data.”

12   Beach Commc’ns, 508 U.S. at 315.

13           To withstand a motion to dismiss such a claim, a plaintiff must plead

14   sufficient facts that, treated as true, overcome the presumption of rationality that

15   applies to government classifications.4 A court is not confined to the particular

     4
      This approach follows other Circuits. See, e.g., Flying J. Inc. v. City of New Haven,
     549 F.3d 538, 546 (7th Cir. 2008) (“[T]o get past a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss
     on a class of one equal protection claim, ‘a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to
     overcome the presumption of rationality that applies to government
     classifications.’” (quoting Wroblewski v. City of Washburn, 965 F.2d 452, 460 (7th
     Cir. 1992)); Teigen v. Renfrow, 511 F.3d 1072, 1083 (10th Cir. 2007); Giarratano v.
     Johnson, 521 F.3d 298, 303-04 (4th Cir. 2008); Dixon v. District of Columbia, 666 F.3d
16
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   rational or irrational purposes that may have been raised in the pleadings.

 2   Johnson v. Baker, 108 F.3d 10, 11-12 (2d Cir. 1997) (noting that equal protection

 3   rational basis review is appropriate in a motion to dismiss at the pleadings stage

 4   and that the court may hypothesize a legitimate, rational governmental purpose);

 5   see also Mahone v. Addicks Utility Dist., 836 F.2d 921, 936 (5th Cir. 1988) (“Going

 6   outside the complaint to hypothesize a purpose will not conflict with the

 7   requirement that, when reviewing a complaint dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6), we

 8   accept as true all well-pleaded facts.”). The amended complaint does not meet

 9   these exacting standards.

10           The amended complaint itself reflects numerous differences between

11   medallion taxicabs and FHVs. Medallion taxicabs are the only vehicles that are

12   permitted to pick up a passenger who hails a taxicab on the street, by, for

13   example, raising a hand to seek transportation. Medallion taxicabs have a

14   legally-sanctioned monopoly on these passengers as well as those who might hail

15   a taxi because they do not own a smartphone or have not downloaded a ground

16   transportation app. By contrast, FHVs are, by law, not permitted to serve these

17   street-hail customers or customers who might only be able to pay with cash,

18   customers that medallion taxicabs are required to accept. See 35 R.C.N.Y. § 80-

     1337, 1342 (D.C. Cir. 2011); In re City of Detroit, 841 F.3d 684, 701 (6th Cir. 2016).
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 1   17(c)-(d). While medallion taxicabs may serve anyone who hails a taxi, FHVs are

 2   limited to customers who have made a phone call, downloaded an app, or

 3   otherwise entered into a customer relationship with a FHV company. This

 4   relationship typically involves an exchange of information or the use of

 5   smartphone apps such as Uber or Lyft. These relationships often require users to

 6   share information, such as their names, payment methods, and pick up and drop

 7   off locations. In contrast, a person who hails a medallion taxi has no prior

 8   relationship with the taxi company or driver.

 9           These different circumstances have led the TLC to impose various

10   regulations on medallion taxicabs that are not imposed on FHVs. Notable

11   among those regulations are vehicle attributes, such as a distinctive yellow color,

12   overhead lights, air conditioning, and a uniform rate structure. These regulations

13   conceivably promote safety, convenience, easy identification, comfort, and

14   uniformity of service for customers who hail a taxicab on the street and have had

15   no prior dealings with the driver or the taxicab company. Moreover, other

16   regulations, such as the requirement of a partition between a driver and a

17   passenger or an emergency warning light, may promote driver safety when

18   picking up customers who have no prior relationship with the taxicab company.

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     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   As for the Accessible Conversion Rules, the TLC’s decision to impose increased

 2   accessibility fleet requirements on medallion taxicabs and not also on FHVs

 3   rationally serves the City’s legitimate object of making it easier for disabled

 4   persons to obtain transportation via street hail.5

 5           We conclude these differences mean that medallion taxicabs and FHVs are

 6   not prima facie identical for “class of one” purposes and that they provide a

 7   rational basis for the different regulatory treatment applied to each group. As

 8   another court has observed, “[t]here are enough differences between taxi service

 9   and [FHV] service to justify different regulatory schemes, and the existence of

10   such justification dissolves the plaintiffs’ equal protection claim. Different

     5
      Defendants note that passengers seeking accessible service through FHVs have
     options for accessible vehicles, that the TLC has an accessible dispatch program,
     and that there are FHV companies that specialize in serving persons with
     disabilities. In contrast, before the adoption of the Accessible Conversion Rules,
     persons with disabilities had few options when seeking a taxicab by street hail.
     Defendants also note that the TLC has considered and is considering how best to
     improve accessibility in the FHV market, and that, in 2017, the TLC proposed
     rules that would, in general, require FHV companies to dispatch 25% of all FHV
     trips in wheelchair-accessible vehicles by July 1, 2022. Following an
     administrative rulemaking, these rules were promulgated in December 2017, and
     are set to go into effect on July 1, 2018. See 35 R.C.N.Y. § 59B-17(c). In March
     2018, various FHV industry participants filed a lawsuit to block these rules, and,
     on April 18, 2018, the Southern District of New York denied their bid for a
     preliminary injunction to enjoin the implementation of the rules. See Livery
     Round Table, Inc. v. N.Y.C. Taxi & Limousine Comm’n, No. 18 Civ. 2349 (JGK), 2018
WL 1890520 (S.D.N.Y. April 18, 2018). The plaintiffs then withdrew their lawsuit.
     See Dkt. 48, No. 18 Civ. 2349 (JGK) (S.D.N.Y. April 20, 2018).
                                                    19
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   products or services do not as a matter of constitutional law, and indeed of

 2   common sense, always require identical regulatory rules.” Ill. Trans. Trade Ass’n

 3   v. City of Chicago, 839 F.3d 594, 598 (7th Cir. 2016). For these reasons, we affirm

 4   the district court’s grant of defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ equal

 5   protection claim.

 6   II.     Procedural Due Process Claim

 7           Plaintiffs argue that the Accessible Conversion Rules deprived them of

 8   property and that the nature of the rulemaking process used to adopt the Rules

 9   deprived them of notice and of a meaningful opportunity to be heard prior to the

10   promulgation of the Rules. The district court concluded that plaintiffs failed to

11   adequately allege a constitutionally-cognizable property interest or that the

12   Rules were promulgated through constitutionally deficient processes. We agree.

13           To succeed on a procedural due process claim, “a plaintiff must ‘first

14   identify a property right, second show that the state has deprived him [or her] of

15   that right, and third show that the deprivation was effected without due

16   process.’” Local 342, Long Island Pub. Serv. Emps., UMD, ILA, AFL-CIO v. Town

17   Bd. of Huntington, 31 F.3d 1191, 1194 (2d Cir. 1994) (quoting Mehta v. Surles, 905

18 F.2d 595, 598 (2d Cir. 1990) (per curiam)). “In a § 1983 suit brought to enforce

                                                    20
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   procedural due process rights, a court must determine (1) whether a property

 2   interest is implicated, and, if it is, (2) what process is due before the plaintiff may

 3   be deprived of that interest.” Nnebe v. Daus, 644 F.3d 147, 158 (2d Cir. 2011).

 4           To determine whether a constitutionally cognizable property right is

 5   implicated, we look to whether the interest involved would be protected under

 6   state law and then we weigh the importance to the holder of the right.

 7   Ciambriello v. Cty. of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 317 (2d Cir. 2002). Whether a particular

 8   property interest rises to the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment is a

 9   constitutional inquiry, because “[w]hile state law defines the underlying

10   substantive interest, ‘federal constitutional law determines whether that interest

11   rises to the level of a legitimate claim of entitlement protected by the Due Process

12   Clause.’” Ezekwo v. N.Y.C. Health & Hosps. Corp., 940 F.2d 775, 782 (2d Cir. 1991)

13   (quoting Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 9 (1978)); see also

14   Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756-57 (2005) (noting that the

15   determination of whether state law creates a property interest within the

16   meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment, “despite its state-law underpinnings, is

17   ultimately one of federal constitutional law,” although “[r]esolution of the

                                                    21
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   federal issue begins . . . with a determination of what it is that state law

 2   provides”).

 3           As to the second inquiry, whether constitutionally adequate procedures

 4   were used to undertake the constitutionally-cognizable deprivation, it is settled

 5   that prior to such a deprivation, the state must use procedures that appropriately

 6   balance the interests involved in the deprivation. The interests to be balanced are

 7   (1) “the private interest that will be affected by the official action,” (2) “the risk of

 8   an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the

 9   probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards,” and (3)

10   “the Government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and

11   administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement

12   would entail.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976). In evaluating such a

13   process, “substantial weight must be given to the good-faith judgments of the

14   individuals charged with” administering government programs as to the process

15   that should be due, id. at 349, but, overall, “[t]he fundamental requirement of due

16   process is the opportunity to be heard ‘at a meaningful time and in a meaningful

17   manner.’” Id. at 333 (quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965)).

                                                    22
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1           These principles foreclose plaintiffs’ procedural due process claim. The

 2   district court properly concluded that plaintiffs failed to adequately allege that

 3   they possess a constitutionally cognizable property interest that was impaired by

 4   the imposition of the Accessible Conversion Rules. Further, the district court

 5   properly concluded that plaintiffs’ amended complaint was devoid of plausible

 6   allegations that the rulemaking process was tainted by the absence of

 7   appropriate notice or a meaningful opportunity to be heard.

 8           As to the alleged deprivation of property, plaintiffs alleged, at best, a

 9   decrease in the value of their medallions. They did not allege that their

10   medallions were voided or confiscated or that they can no longer be used.

11   Instead, they contend that the Accessible Conversion Rules effected a deprivation

12   of their “full-fledged property interest in their unrestricted medallion” and that

13   the Rules constitute an unconstitutional “conversion of their unrestricted

14   medallions to accessible medallions.” Appellants’ Br. at 44. Plaintiffs’ argument

15   is in essence that the Rules forced a conversion of their “unrestricted

16   medallions,”which need not be associated with an accessible vehicle, to the less

17   valuable “accessible medallions,” that must be used with an accessible vehicle

                                                    23
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   and that, as a result, command a lower value. Plaintiffs’ claim is that this

 2   diminution constitutes a constitutionally-cognizable deprivation of property.

 3           We disagree. The Accessible Conversion Rules, by requiring the

 4   conversion to accessible vehicles, did not impair plaintiffs’ property rights.

 5   Medallions do not give plaintiffs vested, constitutionally protected property

 6   rights in any particular taxicab configuration. Medallion taxicabs operate in New

 7   York in a regime that is heavily regulated. City and state law affords wide

 8   administrative discretion to the TLC to regulate taxicabs and to other City and

 9   state agencies to regulate transportation generally. New York State law, through

10   the New York City Charter, grants the TLC extremely broad authority to enact

11   rules governing the taxicab industry, rules that have been upheld in the courts.

12   The TLC was created with the stated purposes of “continuance, further

13   development and improvement of taxi and limousine service in the city of New

14   York.” Greater N.Y. Taxi Ass’n v. N.Y.C. Taxi & Limousine Comm’n, 36 N.E.3d 632,

15   637 (N.Y. 2015) (quoting N.Y.C. Charter § 2300). In Greater New York, the New

16   York Court of Appeals upheld, against a separation of powers challenge and a

17   challenge to the TLC’s rulemaking authority, the TLC’s power to enact the “Taxi

18   of Tomorrow” rules. Id. at 640. Those rules established a particular vehicle make

                                                    24
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   and model as the City’s “official taxicab” and, generally “require[d] each taxi

 2   owner to purchase [that specific vehicle] to replace an existing vehicle when it is

 3   retired.” Id. at 635. Our court has recognized that “[b]ecause taxis are an

 4   important part of the public life of the City and have a City-granted monopoly on

 5   providing a crucial service, the taxi industry is pervasively regulated by the

 6   [TLC]. . . . [T]he [TLC] has been given broad authority to promulgate rules

 7   dealing with every aspect of the industry.” Statharos v. N.Y.C. Taxi & Limousine

 8   Comm’n, 198 F.3d 317, 324 (2d Cir. 1999).

 9           Any or a combination of the regulatory requirements imposed by

10   defendants could theoretically decrease the value of a medallion by increasing

11   operating costs. Other government-mandated changes such as increased subway

12   or bus service could also decrease the value of a medallion by decreasing the size

13   of the ground transportation market. With the Accessible Conversion Rules, the

14   TLC has imposed a regime intended to increase the number of accessible

15   vehicles, a legislative purpose that is indisputably legitimate. Because we see no

16   constitutionally-cognizable difference between this regulatory requirement and

17   the myriad others the TLC imposes, we see no unlawful deprivation of property.

                                                    25
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1           We readily acknowledge that the plaintiffs may have suffered a decrease in

 2   the value of their medallions as a consequence of regulations imposed by the

 3   TLC. But this decrease is not something that violates the Due Process Clause.

 4   The Fifth Circuit recently noted that there is no cognizable property interest in

 5   the market value of taxi licenses because “whatever interest Plaintiffs hold in

 6   their [taxi licenses] is the product of a regulatory scheme that also vests the City

 7   with broad discretion to alter or extinguish that interest.” Dennis Melancon, Inc. v.

 8   City of New Orleans, 703 F.3d 262, 274 (5th Cir. 2012); see also Minneapolis Taxi

 9   Owners Coalition, Inc. v. City of Minneapolis, 572 F.3d 502, 508–10 (8th Cir. 2009)

10   (“[t]he taxicab licenses themselves do not carry an inherent property interest

11   guaranteeing the economic benefits of using the taxicab license,” leaving license

12   holders without “protected property interests in the market value of their

13   licenses” such that an ordinance that removed a city’s cap on the number of

14   licenses issued by the city and thereby damaging the market value of these

15   licenses “does not implicate the holders’ property interests or, it follows, their

16   due process rights”); cf. Ill. Trans. Trade Ass’n, 839 F.3d at 596-97 (“‘Property’ does

17   not include a right to be free from competition. . . . Taxi medallions authorize the

                                                    26
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   owners to own and operate taxis, not to exclude competing transportation

 2   services.”). We agree with these conclusions.

 3           Plaintiffs also did not adequately allege the other required element of a

 4   procedural due process claim: denial of an adequate opportunity to be heard.

 5   Plaintiffs do not contend that the Accessible Conversion Rules were adopted

 6   without affording them and other interested parties any opportunity to be heard.

 7   Indeed, the TLC’s rulemaking process leading to the promulgation of the

 8   Accessible Conversion Rules involved the posting of notices, two public

 9   hearings, and the solicitation of public comments at those hearings, by mail, fax,

10   email, and through the City’s rulemaking website.

11           The sole specific opportunity-to-be-heard deficiency identified by plaintiffs

12   in their amended complaint is that the rulemaking “arose out of the Noel

13   settlement.” App’x at A-623, ¶ 145 & n.8. Plaintiffs argue that they were

14   deprived of their property because the “conclusion of the rulemaking process

15   was pre-ordained as a result of the Noel settlement.” Appellants’ Br. at 44-45.

16   We are not persuaded by this argument. The memorandum of understanding in

17   the Noel litigation merely required the City to propose rules to increase the

18   availability of accessible taxicabs. Those rules might not have been adopted.

                                                    27
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   And, regardless, plaintiffs did not allege that the TLC’s rulemaking process was a

 2   sham process or failed in any way to comply with applicable administrative

 3   procedures. See Liberty Cable Co. v. City of New York, 60 F.3d 961, 964 (2d Cir.

 4   1995) (“A party’s due process rights are not violated when it may participate

 5   fully in an administrative agency proceeding and later seek state-court review.”).

 6           To the contrary, the plaintiffs received the process they were due: the

 7   legislative process, in the form of an administrative rulemaking. That the process

 8   was triggered by a settlement is of no constitutional significance. A rulemaking

 9   process is not constitutionally deficient because it was undertaken in response to

10   civil rights litigation. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of

11   plaintiffs’ procedural due process claim.

12   III.    Federal Takings Claim

13           Plaintiffs also brought a takings claim, alleging that the TLC’s institution of

14   the E-Hail Rules, which permit the operation of smartphone-based FHV service

15   in New York City, deprived plaintiffs of property—“their statutory right to hail

16   exclusivity”—without just compensation in violation of the Fifth Amendment.

17   The district court dismissed this claim, without prejudice, concluding that

18   because plaintiffs had failed to allege that they had sought compensation

                                                    28
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   through available state procedures, they had failed to exhaust their takings claim

 2   and it was unripe

 3           These exhaustion requirements are grounded in the two-pronged

 4   framework for evaluating a takings claim announced in Williamson County

 5   Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, 473 U.S. 172 (1985).

 6   Williamson County stands for the proposition that “[t]he Fifth Amendment does

 7   not proscribe the taking of property; it proscribes taking without just

 8   compensation.” 473 U.S. at 194. Consequently, “a Fifth Amendment claim is

 9   premature until it is clear that the Government has both taken property and

10   denied just compensation.” Horne v. Dep’t of Agric., 569 U.S. 513, 525-26 (2013).

11   Under this doctrine, for a takings claim to be ripe, “the plaintiff must show that

12   (1) the state regulatory entity has rendered a ‘final decision’ on the matter, and

13   (2) the plaintiff has sought just compensation by means of an available state

14   procedure.” Sherman v. Town of Chester, 752 F.3d 554, 561 (2d Cir. 2014)

15   (quotation omitted). For these procedures to be “available,” the state must have

16   provided a “reasonable, certain and adequate provision for obtaining

17   compensation” at the time of the taking. Williamson Cty., 473 U.S. at 194

18   (quotation omitted). “Relief under a state compensation procedure must be

                                                    29
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1   attempted even where it remains unsure and undeveloped.” Villager Pond, Inc. v.

 2   Town of Darien, 56 F.3d 375, 380 (2d Cir. 1995) (quotation omitted).

 3           This Court has observed that “[i]t is well-settled that New York State has a

 4   reasonable, certain and adequate provision for obtaining compensation.” Kurtz

 5   v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 758 F.3d 506, 514 (2d Cir. 2014). The New York State

 6   Constitution provides that “[p]rivate property shall not be taken for public use

 7   without just compensation.” N.Y. Const. Art. I., § 7(a). The New York Court of

 8   Appeals has recognized that this “just compensation” provision applies to

 9   takings through agency regulation or through legislative action. See Rochester Gas

10   & Elec. Corp. v. Public Serv. Comm’n of N.Y., 520 N.E.2d 528, 533 (N.Y. 1988)

11   (“While it is clear that government regulation may permissibly effect economic

12   interests or expectations, if the regulation goes too far the government’s action

13   will be treated as a public taking for which just compensation is required.”); 520

14   East 81st Street Assocs. v. State of New York, 780 N.E.2d 518, 518 (N.Y. 2002)

15   (recognizing the applicability of the takings clause of the New York State

16   Constitution to a “regulatory taking of property by the State”). It is also clear

17   that takings claims may be asserted against local governments, such as New York

18   City. See, e.g., Kim v. City of New York, 681 N.E.2d 312, 313–14 (N.Y. 1997).

                                                    30
     17-1251-cv
     Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

 1           It is not disputed that plaintiffs have failed to avail themselves of these

 2   procedures. In their bid to satisfy the second Williamson County prong, plaintiffs

 3   point to a special proceeding that the credit union plaintiffs (a subset of the

 4   plaintiffs in this lawsuit) filed against the City, the TLC, and other respondents,

 5   under Article 78 of the New York State Civil Practice Law and Rules. But, in that

 6   Article 78 action, the plaintiffs sought only equitable and declaratory relief, such

 7   as a writ of mandamus to compel the City, the TLC, and the other respondents to

 8   promulgate rules and regulations “upholding and enforcing the taxicab

 9   medallion owners’ exclusive right to hails, particularly in light of recent E-

10   Hailing activities by certain FHVs, including Uber.” App’x at A-209-10, ¶¶ 139-

11   43. Critically, plaintiffs did not seek monetary compensation. Indeed, they

12   specifically alleged that they were not seeking compensation because they

13   intended to file a takings claim in another lawsuit at some future point. Id. at A-

14   185 n.4. The Supreme Court of the State of New York, Queens County, dismissed

15   that action, on the ground that the City and the TLC were within their rule- (and

16   policy-) making authority in enacting the E-Hail rules and in permitting FHVs to

17   operate with smartphone applications. See id. at A-225-27.

                                                    31
    17-1251-cv
    Progressive Credit Union v. City of New York

1            Thus, because plaintiffs have not yet asked the state for compensation, the

2   state has not had the occasion to determine whether to award or deny

3   compensation, making plaintiffs’ takings claim not ripe for review in federal

4   court.

5                                                  CONCLUSION

6            For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is

7   AFFIRMED.

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