Court Opinion

ID: 2831975
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-28 17:00:16.781265+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:50.231846
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 14-1665

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Appellee,

                               v.

                     JOSÉ M. PANTOJAS-CRUZ,

                      Defendant, Appellant.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

         [Hon. Francisco A. Besosa, U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                 Torruella, Lynch, and Thompson,
                         Circuit Judges.

     John H. Cunha, Jr., T. Michael McDonald and Cunha & Holcomb,
P.C., on brief for appellant.
     Nelson Pérez-Sosa, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief,
Appellate Division, and Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Vélez, United States
Attorney, on brief for appellee.

                         August 28, 2015
           TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.          Defendant-appellant José M.

Pantojas-Cruz ("Pantojas") pleaded guilty to being a prohibited

person in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 922(g)(3) and 924(a)(2).           He challenges the procedural and

substantive reasonableness of his upwardly variant sentence. After

careful consideration, we affirm.

                                I.   Background

           Because this appeal follows a guilty plea, we draw the

facts from the change-of-plea colloquy, the plea agreement, the

Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR"), and the transcript of the

sentencing hearing.       See United States v. King, 741 F.3d 305, 306

(1st Cir. 2014).

           On   August    18,    2013,   Puerto   Rico    Police   Department

("PRPD") officers responded to a murder scene at the Bellavista

sector in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.             While at the scene, officers

received information that a gray vehicle fled the area at a high

rate of speed after gunshots were heard.            Shortly after, a PRPD

officer observed a gray vehicle driving slowly in the vicinity of

the scene, and after noting that neither the driver nor the

passenger was wearing a seatbelt -- in violation of a Puerto Rico

Vehicle and Traffic Law -- the officer proceeded to initiate a

traffic stop.   During the stop, the officer noticed the passenger,

later   identified   to    be   Pantojas,    attempting    to   conceal   what

appeared to be a firearm in his groin area.              After ordering both

                                      -2-
individuals out of the vehicle, a pat-down search of Pantojas

revealed:   a    model   23    Glock    pistol   modified      to    fire       in   full

automatic    capacity     loaded   with       eight   rounds    of       .40    caliber

ammunition hidden in his groin area; and a .40 caliber Kahr pistol

concealed in his waistband.            A subsequent search of the vehicle

revealed three Glock magazines loaded with forty-five rounds of .40

caliber ammunition.       Later on that same date, Pantojas admitted to

Homeland    Security     Investigations        agents   that        he    had    smoked

marijuana on a daily basis for many years and that both weapons

belonged to him.

            On August 21, 2013, Pantojas was charged in a two-count

indictment.      Count One, the count of conviction, charged Pantojas

with being a prohibited person in possession of a firearm in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(3) and 924(a)(2).                            Count Two

charged    him   with    the   illegal    possession     of    a     machinegun        in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(o) and 924(a)(2).

            Pantojas pleaded guilty to Count One on October 23, 2013,

pursuant to a plea agreement.           In the plea agreement, the parties

calculated a total offense level of seventeen, which resulted from

a   base    offense      level     of     twenty      pursuant           to     U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(B) and a three-point reduction for acceptance of

responsibility pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), (b).                      The parties

agreed that Pantojas could request a sentence at the lower end of

the applicable Guidelines Sentencing Range ("GSR"), while the

                                        -3-
government would request a sentence within the GSR. The PSR, which

was disclosed to the parties on January 16, 2014, calculated the

same total offense level and, based on Pantojas's Criminal History

Category I, yielded a GSR of twenty-four to thirty months of

imprisonment, a fine range of $5,000 to $50,000, and a supervised

release term between one and three years. The PSR also stated that

the maximum term of imprisonment for the offense that Pantojas

pleaded guilty to was ten years.

            The sentencing hearing took place on May 28, 2014.              At

the hearing, Pantojas stated that he had no objections to the PSR,

and noted that he had filed a sentencing memorandum detailing

certain   sentencing   factors   he   wanted    the    court   to   consider,

including   his    upbringing,   "which   was    not    one    of   the   most

favorable," the lack of a positive father figure in his life, and

his susceptibility to peer pressure. Pantojas argued for a within-

the-Guidelines sentence, while the government recommended that

Pantojas be sentenced at the high end of the GSR, to thirty months

of imprisonment.

            After hearing the parties' arguments and Pantojas's

allocution, the district court began its consideration of the

sentence.    It calculated the same total offense level and GSR as

the PSR and the parties.     The district court then stated that it

had considered the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).               It

noted that although Pantojas had no prior convictions, he was

                                   -4-
arrested   previously   for   possession   of   marijuana,   had   smoked

marijuana since he was twenty years old,1 and a recent voluntary

sample provided by Pantojas yielded positive results to marijuana

and Percocet.     The district court also noted that Pantojas was

investigated for murder using one of the firearms for which he was

charged in this case and that a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico court

had found probable cause against him for the murder, for the

illegal possession of the weapon, and for pointing and firing the

weapon.    The court further stated:

            This is one of those cases of a young man with
            a pistol. The case is different from others
            because in this case Mr. Pantojas has been
            accused of murder using that pistol. It's but
            an example of how Puerto Rico has a homicide
            rate four times the national rate and two
            times that of virtually every other state.

            Violent crimes and murders are occurring at
            all hours of the day, at any place on the
            island, on congested public highways. We have
            drive-by shootings just about every day, in
            shopping centers, on public basketball courts
            and even at cultural events like the Fiesta de
            San Sebastián.    Firearms like the one Mr.
            Pantojas possessed are present everywhere,
            obtained by youngsters, like Mr. Pantojas, who
            have absolutely no training in the proper use
            of them and who appear not to have the means
            to purchase them.

            Thanks to the firearms initiative which the
            Department of Justice of Puerto Rico and the
            U.S. Attorney's Office have implemented, the
            number of murders has gone down since
            2011. . . .

1
    Pantojas was twenty-four years old at the time of sentencing.

                                  -5-
           I have to consider Puerto Rico's high firearms
           and violent crime rate to impose a sentence in
           this case, just like I have to consider the
           fact that probable cause was found against Mr.
           Pantojas for murder and weapons violations.

           . . .

           This is not a case of a gun crime being
           aberrational, as perhaps it would be in a
           community relatively free of that type of
           crime.     Gun crimes are, unfortunately,
           pervasive throughout the island. This is one
           of them.

           The district court ultimately sentenced Pantojas to sixty

months of imprisonment -- two times the top of his GSR -- to be

served consecutively with any sentence imposed on Pantojas by the

court of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in his murder case if

found guilty, followed by a term of supervised release of three

years.2   This appeal followed.3

                           II. Discussion

           Pantojas challenges both the procedural and substantive

reasonableness of his sentence.     Procedurally, he argues that the

district court improperly considered, and relied too heavily on,

Puerto Rico's violent crime rate.        Pantojas also asserts that,

2
  At the end of the sentencing hearing the district court granted
the Government's motion to dismiss Count Two.
3
   We note that even though Pantojas's plea agreement contained a
waiver-of-appeal clause, his appeal is properly before us because
he was not sentenced in accordance with the terms, conditions, and
recommendations set forth in the plea agreement. See United States
v. Murphy-Cordero, 715 F.3d 398, 400 (1st Cir. 2013) (holding that
a waiver-of-appeal clause only precludes appeals falling within its
scope).

                                   -6-
pursuant to Rule 32(h) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,

the district court was required to give him notice of the grounds

on which it was contemplating a "departure" from the applicable

GSR, and that it failed to do so by not including Puerto Rico's

violent crime rate either in the PSR or in the proceedings prior to

the sentencing hearing.      Furthermore, Pantojas argues that the

district court's justification for the sentence it imposed was not

proportionate to the degree of variance above the GSR.

           Substantively, Pantojas alleges that his sentence was

"greater than necessary" and that the district court abused its

discretion by not sentencing him to "the agreed-upon plea range."

He also claims that the district court gave too much weight to the

circumstances of the offense and not enough weight to his personal

history and characteristics. Finally, Pantojas claims that because

the district court took into consideration the circumstances of the

offense in imposing a sentence consecutive to any sentence that may

be imposed by the state court for murder, the district court abused

its   discretion   in   further   punishing   him   with   an   above-the-

Guidelines sentence.

           Reviewing the record as a whole, each of Pantojas's

claims fails, as his sentence is both procedurally sound and

substantively reasonable.

           We review sentencing decisions imposed under the advisory

Guidelines, whether outside or inside the applicable GSR, for

                                   -7-
reasonableness.     United States v. Turbides-Leonardo, 468 F.3d 34,

40 (1st Cir. 2006).        Generally, we apply the deferential abuse of

discretion standard in evaluating the reasonableness of a sentence.

Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); see also United

States v. Del Valle-Rodríguez, 761 F.3d 171, 176 (1st Cir. 2014).

If a defendant, however, "fails to preserve an objection below, the

plain error standard supplants the customary standard of review."

United States v. Dávila-González, 595 F.3d 42, 47 (1st Cir. 2010).

"Review for plain error entails four showings: (1) that an error

occurred (2) which was clear or obvious and which not only (3)

affected the defendant's substantial rights, but also (4) seriously

impaired the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings."     United States v. Medina-Villegas, 700 F.3d 580, 583

(1st Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Duarte, 246 F.3d 56, 60

(1st Cir. 2001)).     We will not reverse a district court's sentence

under this standard unless there is "a reasonable probability that,

but   for   the   error,   the   district    court   would   have    imposed   a

different, more favorable sentence."          Id. (citing United States v.

Mangual-García, 505 F.3d 1, 15 (1st Cir. 2007)).

            Our   review    of   sentences   imposed   under   the    advisory

Guidelines is a two-step process: "[w]e first examine whether the

district court committed any procedural missteps and, if the

sentence is procedurally sound, we then ask whether the sentence is

substantively reasonable."         United States v. Rossignol, 780 F.3d

                                     -8-
475, 477 (1st Cir. 2015).     Examples of procedural errors include

"failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines

range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider

the section 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly

erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen

sentence -- including an explanation for any deviation from the

Guidelines range." United States v. Trinidad-Acosta, 773 F.3d 298,

309 (1st Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Rivera-Moreno, 613
F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2010)).

          If we determine that the sentence imposed is procedurally

sound, we evaluate its "substantive dimension[, which] focuses on

the duration of the sentence in light of the totality of the

circumstances."   Del Valle-Rodríguez, 761 F.3d at 176 (citing

United States v. Martin, 520 F.3d 87, 92 (1st Cir. 2008)).   "There

is no one reasonable sentence in any given case but, rather, a

universe of reasonable sentencing outcomes."      United States v.

Clogston, 662 F.3d 588, 592 (1st Cir. 2011) (citing Martin, 520
F.3d at 92). Moreover, "[a] sentencing court is under a mandate to

consider a myriad of relevant factors, but the weighting of those

factors is largely within the court's informed discretion." Id. at

593; see also United States v. Flores-Machicote, 706 F.3d 16, 23

(1st Cir. 2013) ("There is no pat formula dictating how these

factors interrelate.   A sentencing court has broad discretion to

assay them and need not afford equal weight to each factor in a

                                 -9-
given case.").      Ultimately, "the linchpin of a reasonable sentence

is a plausible sentencing rationale and a defensible result."

United States v. Narváez-Soto, 773 F.3d 282, 288 (1st Cir. 2014)

(quoting Martin, 520 F.3d at 96).

A. Puerto Rico's Violent Crime Rate

              Pantojas challenges the district court's consideration of

Puerto Rico's violent crime rate as a factor in sentencing.

Specifically, he argues that the district court focused too much on

statistics of Puerto Rico's violent crime rate, and too little on

his personal circumstances.         Pantojas ultimately alleges that the

district court's reliance on such community-based considerations

amounted to an abuse of discretion.

              Because Pantojas failed to preserve this argument below,

we   review    it   for   plain   error.     United   States   v.   Fernández-

Hernández, 652 F.3d 56, 71 (1st Cir. 2011).             However, we find no

error, plain or otherwise.

              Contrary to Pantojas's contentions, in making sentencing

determinations, district courts may consider community-based and

geographic factors, including "the incidence and trend lines of

particular types of crime in the affected community."                 Flores-

Machicote, 706 F.3d at 22-23; see also Narváez-Soto, 773 F.3d at

286 ("In weighing the impact associated with a particular crime, a

sentencing court may consider the pervasiveness of that type of

crime in the relevant community.").           Indeed, this court has noted

                                      -10-
the important role of deterrence in the sentencing calculus, and

explained that "[c]ommunity-based considerations are inextricably

intertwined with deterrence, which aims to 'prevent[] criminal

behavior by the population at large and, therefore, incorporates

some consideration of persons beyond the defendant.'"                     Flores-

Machicote, 706 F.3d at 23 (citing United States v. Politano, 522
F.3d 69, 74 (1st Cir. 2008)).

              Although we have stated that "[i]t is possible for a

sentencing judge to focus too much on the community and too little

on    the    individual   and,   thus,    impose   a   sentence    that   cannot

withstand the test of procedural reasonableness," id. at 24, that

did    not    happen   here.     Though   the   district   court    considered

community-based factors at some length, it is clear from the record

that its primary consideration in imposing a sentence above the

applicable GSR was the fact that a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

court had found probable cause against Pantojas for a murder

committed with the weapon he was charged with possessing.                 This is

evident from the following district court statement:

              [C]onsidering   that    probable   cause   was
              determined that Mr. Pantojas committed a
              murder using the weapon for which he is
              charged in this case, [the court] will impose
              a sentence above the guideline range.     That
              sentence above the guideline range is the
              sentence that would reflect the seriousness of
              the offense, would promote respect for the
              law, would protect the public from further
              crimes by Mr. Pantojas and would address the
              issue of deterrence and punishment.

                                     -11-
          The record shows that the district court also gave

serious consideration to Pantojas's history and characteristics,

emphasizing his drug use and prior arrest for drug possession.

Thus, it is clear that the district court's sentencing rationale

was neither dominated nor improperly influenced by community-based

considerations.   See Narváez-Soto, 773 F.3d at 287 ("The analytic

centerpiece of the court's sentencing rationale was the crime of

conviction, and there is no satisfactory footing for a conclusion

that community-based considerations either dominated or improperly

influenced the fashioning of the sentence.").

          Pantojas's argument that the district court erred by

relying on crime statistics because crime has been decreasing

nationwide, as well as in Puerto Rico, fares no better.   See id. at

286 ("Even if certain types of violent crime are more prevalent in

other places than the court realized, that does not detract from

the court's reasoned determination, predicated on its experience,

that the incidence of violent crime -- and, particularly, gun-

related violent crime -- is an acute problem in Puerto Rico.").

          Accordingly, the district court committed no procedural

error -- let alone a plain one -- in considering community-based

factors and the prevalence of gun violence in sentencing Pantojas.

B. Lack of Notice

Pantojas's next procedural challenge -- that the district court

erred by failing to give him advance notice of its reliance on

                               -12-
Puerto Rico's violent crime rate as a basis for a "departure" from

the applicable GSR -- fails as well.                  Rule 32(h) of the Federal

Rules of Criminal Procedure states as follows:

               Before the court may depart from the
               applicable sentencing range on a ground not
               identified for departure either in the
               presentence report or in a party's prehearing
               submission, the court must give the parties
               reasonable notice that it is contemplating
               such a departure. The notice must specify any
               ground on which the court is contemplating a
               departure.

However, Rule 32(h) "does not apply to 18 U.S.C. § 3553 variances

by its terms."           Irizarry v. United States, 553 U.S. 708, 714

(2008); see also United States v. Adorno-Molina, 774 F.3d 116, 126

(1st    Cir.     2014)       ("[T]he    rule     applies    only     to    authorized

'departures'         under     the     Sentencing     Guidelines        and        not    to

'variances,'         non-Guidelines       sentences     that     result        from      the

sentencing      judge's       considerations     of   factors      under      18    U.S.C.

§   3553.").         Here,    the     district   court's    above-the-Guidelines

sentence was based explicitly on the § 3553(a) sentencing factors,

and was therefore a variance rather than a departure.                          Regarding

the need for notice before imposing a variant sentence, we have

held    that    "a    judge    must    provide    advance      notice     or    grant      a

continuance only in those cases where the district court 'proposed

to adopt a variance sentence relying on some ground or fact that

would    unfairly        surprise      competent      and   reasonably          prepared

counsel.'"       Politano, 522 F.3d at 75 (quoting United States v.

                                          -13-
Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2008) (en banc) (alteration and

emphasis in the original)).

          As described above, the district court in this case

relied primarily on three grounds for varying from the GSR: the

seriousness of the crime, the history and characteristics of the

defendant, and the need for deterrence.4            These grounds "fall

within the 'garden variety considerations'" which "should not

generally come as a surprise to trial lawyers who have prepared for

sentencing."    Id.   Thus, the district court did not have to give

Pantojas any notice of its consideration of Puerto Rico's violent

crime rate and did not commit any procedural error by failing to do

so.

C. Sufficiency of the Explanation for the Chosen Sentence

          Pantojas     also      challenges   the    district     court's

justification   for   imposing    an   above-the-Guidelines     sentence,

claiming that its explanation of the sentence is insufficient and

not proportionate to the magnitude of the variance from the GSR.

Under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c), a sentencing court must state in open

court the reasons for the particular sentence it chooses to impose.

See Medina-Villegas, 700 F.3d at 583.           A sentence above the

applicable GSR requires a greater justification than one within the

GSR.   See Del Valle-Rodríguez, 761 F.3d at 177; United States v.

4
   The district court mentioned the statistics to support its
discussion of community-based factors and the need for deterrence.

                                   -14-
Fernández-Cabrera, 625 F.3d 48, 53-54 (1st Cir. 2010) ("The level

of detail required varies depending on the circumstances.                    Thus,

'sentences   that    fall   inside     a    properly     calculated    guideline

sentencing range require a lesser degree of explanation than those

that fall outside.'" (citing Turbides-Leonardo, 468 F.3d at 41)).

Despite the greater justification required, "a sentence outside the

Guidelines carries no presumption of unreasonableness."                Irizarry,
553 U.S. at 713 (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).                   Furthermore, 18

U.S.C. § 3553(c)'s mandate "does not mean that the sentencing

court's explanation need be precise to the point of pedantry."

Turbides-Leonardo, 468 F.3d at 40.

           Here,     the    district        court     provided    a   sufficient

explanation and justification for its deviation above the GSR.                  At

the   sentencing     hearing,   the        district    court     explained    that

"considering that probable cause was determined that Mr. Pantojas

committed a murder using the weapon for which he is charged in this

case, [the court] will impose a sentence above the guideline

range."   The court explained that it would be an upwardly variant

sentence which would "reflect the seriousness of the offense, would

promote respect for the law, would protect the public from further

crimes by Mr. Pantojas and would address the issue of deterrence

and punishment."     Where a court deviates from the applicable GSR,

its reasons "should typically be rooted either in the nature and

circumstances   of    the   offense        or   the   characteristics    of    the

                                      -15-
offender."     Martin, 520 F.3d at 91.       Here, the district court

sufficiently   explained   its   chosen   sentence,     which   was    indeed

primarily grounded on the circumstances of the offense and the

defendant's history and characteristics. Accordingly, the district

court's explanation of the sentence it imposed did not amount to a

procedural error.

          In sum, a review of the record reveals that the district

court did not commit any procedural error. The district court

correctly calculated the GSR, which it did not treat as mandatory.

It also acknowledged that it had considered all of the sentencing

factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), which is entitled to

significant weight, see United States v. Torres-Landrúa, 787 F.3d
58, 69 n.12 (1st Cir. 2015), and sufficiently explained its chosen

sentence, which was grounded on the § 3553(a) sentencing factors.

Thus, Pantojas's sentence of sixty months of imprisonment was

procedurally sound.

D. Substantive Reasonableness of the Sentence Imposed

          Because we find no procedural error in the imposition of

Pantojas's sentence, we move on to consider whether the sentence

was substantively reasonable.      See Rossignol, 780 F.3d at 477.          A

review of the record and consideration of the totality of the

circumstances,   including   the    extent   of   the   district      court's

variance from the Guidelines, leads us to conclude that Pantojas's

is substantively reasonable.

                                   -16-
            First, we reject Pantojas's claim that the district court

erred in not sentencing him to the "agreed-upon plea range."

Assuming,   favorably   to   him,   that    abuse   of   discretion   review

applies, see United States v. Ruiz-Huertas, --- F.3d ---, No. 14-

1038, 2015 WL 4086319, at *4 (1st Cir. July 7, 2015), his challenge

fails, and for a simple reason.            As he correctly concedes, the

district court was not bound by the terms of the plea agreement

and, thus, was free to sentence him up to the statutory maximum.

Pantojas was aware of this when he entered his guilty plea.             See

United States v. Rivera-González, 626 F.3d 639, 643 (1st Cir.

2010).

            Next, we also reject Pantojas's claim that the district

court gave too much weight to the circumstances of the offense and

not enough weight to his personal history and characteristics.           We

have already concluded that the district court correctly considered

all the § 3553(a) sentencing factors, including Pantojas's personal

history and characteristics.        That the district court decided to

give more weight to some of those factors than to others does not

make the sentence unreasonable.        See Clogston, 662 F.3d at 593

("That the sentencing court choose not to attach to certain of the

mitigating factors the significance that the appellant thinks they

deserved does not make the sentence unreasonable."); United States

v. Innarelli, 524 F.3d 286, 292 (1st Cir. 2008) ("The district

court's discretion in determining a defendant's sentence is very

                                    -17-
broad: once the GSR is properly calculated . . . the court may

construct a sentence varying from the GSR 'based on a complex of

factors whose interplay and precise weight cannot even be precisely

described.'" (quoting Martin, 520 F.3d at 92)).

           Finally, we find no merit in Pantojas's claim that the

district court abused its discretion in sentencing him to two times

the top of his GSR based on the fact that probable cause had been

found against him on the state murder charges, because the district

court had already taken into consideration the pending murder

charges when it determined that his sentence would be consecutive

to any sentence that may be imposed by the state court for the

murder.   It was within the district court's discretion to sentence

Pantojas to an above-the-Guidelines sentence and to also make that

sentence consecutive to any sentence that could be imposed on him

at the state level for the murder charges.    The district court's

focus on the circumstances of the offense, as well the need for

deterrence and Pantojas's history and characteristics, constituted

a plausible rationale for Pantojas's sentence.    See United States

v. Carrasco-de-Jesús, 589 F.3d 22, 29-30 (1st Cir. 2009).

           Though Pantojas's sentence of sixty months is two times

the higher end of the applicable GSR, we note that the crime for

which Pantojas pleaded guilty to carries a maximum sentence of ten

years of imprisonment, and, given the totality of the circumstances

in this case, his sentence was no greater than necessary.      See

                                -18-
United States v. Santiago-Rivera, 744 F.3d 229, 234 (1st Cir. 2014)

("The decisive consideration is that the sentence the court chose,

though severe, was not outside the wide universe of reasonable

sentences for the offense[] of conviction."). Accordingly, we find

the district court's sentence to be substantively reasonable.

                         III. Conclusion

          Pantojas's sentence of sixty months of imprisonment is

both procedurally sound and substantively reasonable.     Thus, we

affirm his sentence.

          Affirmed.

                               -19-