Court Opinion

ID: 4090232
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-18 14:33:57.052911+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:18.699605
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Chafin, Malveaux and Senior Judge Frank
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

              STEVEN CORNELIUS ROGERS
                                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.            Record No. 1056-15-1                                             JUDGE TERESA M. CHAFIN
                                                                                                OCTOBER 18, 2016
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                           FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                                          Timothy S. Wright, Judge

                                           Kathleen A. Ortiz, Public Defender (Dalton L. Glass, Assistant
                                           Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                                           Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                                           Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                            At the conclusion of a jury trial held in the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake,

              Steven Cornelius Rogers was convicted of possessing a firearm as a convicted felon in violation

              of Code § 18.2-308.2. On appeal, he challenges the relevance of certain portions of the court

              orders establishing his prior convictions. Rogers contends that the circuit court erred by

              allowing the Commonwealth to introduce prior conviction orders stating the sentences he

              received for each conviction. Citing Burke v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 489, 500 S.E.2d 225

              (1998), Rogers argues that the sentencing information contained in the conviction orders was not

              relevant to the charged offense. While we agree with Rogers’s argument concerning the

              relevance of the sentencing information, we conclude that the failure of the circuit court to redact

              this information from the conviction orders constituted harmless error under the circumstances of

              the present case.
                                                                          
                            *
                                Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                       I. BACKGROUND

       “In accordance with established principles of appellate review, we state the facts in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court[, and] accord

the Commonwealth the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.” Riner v.

Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601 S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004). So viewed, the evidence is as

follows.

       During the early morning hours of March 18, 2014, Officer Russell Keene of the

Chesapeake Police Department received a call from dispatch reporting gunfire at an apartment

complex located within the city. The dispatch officer informed Keene that a suspect had driven

away from the apartments in a dark-colored SUV. Shortly after receiving the call, Keene saw a

vehicle matching the description travelling away from the apartments. Keene activated the

emergency equipment of his patrol car and attempted to stop the vehicle.

       Although Keene activated both his emergency lights and siren, the vehicle did not stop

immediately. The SUV drove past a well-lit parking lot and continued down a less-illuminated

part of the street. The lights on Keene’s patrol car, including its high-beam headlights,

floodlights, and spotlight, allowed him to observe the SUV in the unlit portion of the street. The

SUV reduced its speed as it drove through the darker part of the street, and Keene observed a

“dark-colored, oblong-shaped” object come out of its passenger’s side window. The object left

the window travelling on an upward arc that carried it two or three feet above the roof of the

vehicle and landed in bushes beside the road. The SUV stopped at a convenience store shortly

after Keene saw the object leave the vehicle.

       When Keene approached the SUV, Rogers was sitting in its front passenger seat and his

girlfriend, Trebecca Battle, was sitting in its driver’s seat. They were the only occupants of the

vehicle. Although Rogers admitted that he and Battle had recently left the apartment complex
                                                   -2-
where the shooting had occurred, he denied that he had thrown anything from the window of the

SUV.1

              Other officers arrived at the convenience store to assist Keene shortly after he stopped the

SUV. With the help of a canine unit trained to locate objects with fresh human odors, an officer

found a .45 caliber pistol in the bushes where Keene saw the object come out of the SUV. It had

rained earlier that evening, and the pistol was partially covered in wet leaves. It was found eight

to ten feet away from the edge of the street. An additional loaded magazine that appeared to be

designed for use with a different .45 caliber firearm was found in the center console of the SUV,2

and a .45 caliber bullet casing was recovered near the scene of the reported gunfire at the

apartment complex. Neither DNA nor fingerprints were recovered from the pistol found by the

road, the additional magazine, or the casing found near the apartments. Forensic testing also

could not determine whether the casing found near the apartments had been fired from the pistol

found by the road.

              Another officer collected evidence from Rogers and Battle to determine whether gun

primer residue was on their hands. At Rogers’s trial, an expert testified that “primer residue can

be deposited on the hands by . . . firing a weapon, handling a weapon, being in the proximity of

the discharge of a weapon, or coming into contact with an object that has primer residue on it.”

Testing of the evidence collected from Battle revealed a single particle on her left hand that was

                                                            
              1
          Rogers explained that he and Battle lived at the apartment building and that they had
just returned from an evening at a local nightclub when they decided to visit the convenience
store to purchase cigarettes. Rogers claimed that he and Battle pulled into the parking lot of the
apartment building in the SUV, immediately turned around, and departed for the convenience
store without getting out of the vehicle.
              2
         While the police officers participating in this investigation testified that the additional
magazine found in the SUV did not appear to be designed for use with the pistol found beside the
road, the officers did not attempt to forcefully insert the magazine into that firearm.
                                                     -3-
“indicative” of primer residue. Testing of the evidence collected from Rogers, however,

revealed multiple particles that were “highly specific” for primer residue on both of his hands.3

              At Rogers’s trial for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon, the Commonwealth

introduced court orders establishing Rogers’s prior felony convictions. One order showed that

Rogers had been convicted of two counts of robbery and one count of the use of a firearm in the

commission of robbery. Another showed that he had been convicted of felonious assault and the

use of a firearm in the commission of that crime. Both orders showed the sentences that Rogers

received as a result of his convictions.4

              Rogers objected to the inclusion of his prior sentences in the orders. While Rogers did

not contest the actual convictions themselves, he argued that the sentences were not relevant to

the elements of the charged offense and were highly prejudicial.5 The circuit court initially noted

that it was inclined to sustain the objection, took the issue under advisement, and granted a short

recess to allow the Commonwealth to prepare redacted copies of the orders at issue. After the

recess, however, the circuit court advised the parties that it had decided to overrule the objection.

The Commonwealth then introduced unredacted certified copies of the orders showing Rogers’s

prior convictions and the sentences associated with them.

              After the jury retired for deliberation, the foreman submitted a written question to the

circuit court asking, “When was the defendant released from prison/still on probation?” With the

                                                            
              3
          The trace evidence expert testifying at Rogers’s trial explained that “highly specific”
particles contained three elements (lead, barium, and antimony) found in gun primer residue,
whereas “indicative” particles only contained two of those elements.
              4
         Rogers was sentenced to a total of sixty-three years of incarceration for his prior
convictions, with fifty-three of those years suspended, resulting in a ten-year period of active
incarceration.
              5
        The Commonwealth candidly stated that it did not object to redacting the prior
sentences from the orders.
                                              -4-
agreement of both parties, the circuit court responded: “[Y]ou’re not to concern yourself with

any matters touching on any possible previous incarceration or possible previous probation.

That’s simply not an issue that you should concern yourself with.”

       Following further deliberation, the jury convicted Rogers of the charged offense and

recommended a sentence of five years of incarceration. The circuit court imposed the jury’s

recommended sentence, and this appeal followed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       Code § 18.2-308.2 provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for . . . any

person who has been convicted of a felony . . . to knowingly and intentionally possess or

transport any firearm or ammunition for a firearm . . . .” Code § 18.2-308.2(A). Accordingly, a

conviction under this statute requires the Commonwealth to prove that the accused possessed a

firearm after having been convicted of a felony. Id. While Rogers agrees that the

Commonwealth was permitted to rely on court orders to establish the existence of his prior

felony convictions, he contends that the Commonwealth should not have been permitted to

include the sentences he received as a result of his prior convictions in the orders introduced into

evidence. We agree.

       When a charged offense requires proof of a prior conviction, “[p]roof of the punishment

imposed for [the] prior [conviction] is not relevant to the issue [of] whether the accused is guilty

of the offense.” Burke, 27 Va. App. at 493, 500 S.E.2d at 227. Therefore, sentencing

information should be redacted from orders establishing the prior convictions of the accused, and

the inclusion of such information in conviction orders introduced during the guilt determination

phase of a trial is erroneous. Id.; see also Martin v. Commonwealth, No. 0843-15-2, 2016

                                                    -5-
Va. App. LEXIS 84 (Va. Ct. App. Mar. 22, 2016) (applying Burke to violations of Code

§ 18.2-308.2).6

              On appeal, the Commonwealth concedes that the circuit court erred by overruling

Rogers’s objection concerning his prior sentences and agrees that the present case is controlled

by Burke.7 The Commonwealth notes, however, that Burke also held that harmless error

analysis is appropriate when a trial court erroneously permits the inclusion of sentencing

information in these situations. Burke, 27 Va. App. at 493, 500 S.E.2d at 227. Despite its

concession of the circuit court’s error in this case, the Commonwealth contends that the inclusion

of Rogers’s prior sentences in the orders establishing his convictions was harmless under the

facts and circumstances of the present case. We agree with the Commonwealth’s argument.

              As the error alleged in the present case involves the circuit court’s decision regarding the

relevance of certain evidence, we apply the statutory standard provided by Code § 8.01-678 to

determine whether the non-constitutional error was harmless. Code § 8.01-678 states, in

pertinent part, that “[w]hen it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at the trial

that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial justice has been reached, no

judgment shall be arrested or reversed.” Interpreting this standard, the Supreme Court has

reasoned that:

                             If, when all is said and done, the conviction is sure that the error
                             did not influence the jury, or had but slight effect, the verdict and
                             the judgment should stand . . . . But if one cannot say, with fair
                             assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the
                             erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not
                             substantially swayed by the error, it is impossible to conclude that
                                                            
              6
        While we acknowledge that unpublished decisions have no precedential value, we cite
Martin here as an informative decision pursuant to Rule 5A:1(f).
              7
         Although we are generally precluded from accepting concessions of law made on
appeal, see Copeland v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 529, 531-32, 664 S.E.2d 528, 529 (2008),
we agree with the Commonwealth’s concession based on our independent review of this case. 
                                                -6-
                 substantial rights were not affected. . . . If so, or if one is left in
                 grave doubt, the conviction cannot stand.

Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 260, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731-32 (2001) (quoting Kotteakos v.

United States, 328 U.S. 750, 764-65 (1946)).

        After reviewing the record in this case, we conclude that the inclusion of the sentencing

information on the orders establishing Rogers’s conviction did not influence the jury’s decision.

The circuit court instructed the jury to disregard the sentencing information contained in the

conviction orders, and overwhelming evidence supported the jury’s verdict. Furthermore, the

prejudicial effect of the sentencing information was limited by the procedural posture of this

case.

        “In determining whether [an] error could have affected the [jury’s] verdict, we must first

determine whether the trial court gave a curative instruction. If it gave a curative instruction to

the jury, the jury is presumed to have followed ‘an explicit cautionary instruction promptly

given’ unless the record shows otherwise.” Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003,

1007-08, 407 S.E.2d 910, 912 (1991) (quoting LeVasseur v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 564, 589,

304 S.E.2d 644, 657 (1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 (1984)); see also Seaton v.

Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 739, 750, 595 S.E.2d 9, 14 (2004) (applying the same principle to a

curative instruction given in response to a question from the jury after it had retired for

deliberation).

        Here, the circuit court essentially instructed the jury to disregard the sentencing

information on the conviction orders. In response to the jury’s question asking when Rogers was

released from prison and whether or not he was on probation, the circuit court instructed

members of the jury to “not concern” themselves with any matters regarding Rogers’s prior

                                                        -7-
sentences. Nothing in the record indicates that the jury failed to follow the circuit court’s

instruction concerning this evidence.

       Moreover, the Commonwealth presented ample evidence establishing Rogers’s guilt in

this case. “An error is harmless . . . if ‘other evidence of guilt is so overwhelming and the error

so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have affected the verdict.’” McLean v.

Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 200, 211, 527 S.E.2d 443, 448 (2000) (quoting Ferguson v.

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 9, 12, 427 S.E.2d 442, 444 (1993)). In the present case, substantial

circumstantial evidence linked Rogers to the pistol found beside of the road on the night in

question.

       On March 18, 2014, Rogers was a passenger in an SUV that matched the description of a

vehicle linked to a recent shooting. Keene observed the vehicle driving away from the scene of

the shooting shortly after he received a call from dispatch reporting gunfire in the area. When

Keene attempted to stop the SUV, its driver did not stop immediately and proceeded to a dark

area of the street. As the SUV drove through that area, Keene saw a dark-colored object thrown

from the passenger window of the vehicle. Rogers was sitting in the passenger seat of the SUV

when it stopped at a convenience store just beyond the unlit portion of the street.

       When a police canine unit searched the area where Keene saw the object come out of the

window of the SUV, it found a pistol in the bushes by the road. As the canine unit was trained to

find items that possessed a fresh human scent, the jury could have reasonably inferred that the

gun was recently placed in the bushes. An additional magazine of ammunition was found in the

SUV, and a cartridge casing matching the caliber of the pistol found by the road was recovered

by the police near the apartment building where the shooting occurred. Also, particles that were

“highly specific” to gun primer residue were found on both of Rogers’s hands, and the forensics

expert who testified at Rogers’s trial explained that those particles were commonly found on an
                                                    -8-
individual when he or she fires or handles a firearm, or is in close proximity to a firearm when it

is discharged.

              Although Battle testified that Rogers did not throw anything from the window of the

SUV on the night in question, “determining the credibility of the witnesses and the weight

afforded the testimony of those witnesses are matters left to the trier of fact.”8 Parham v.

Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 560, 565, 770 S.E.2d 204, 207 (2015). The jury could have

rejected Battle’s testimony in light of the other evidence presented by the Commonwealth.

Given the overwhelming evidence of guilt, we cannot conclude that the sentencing information

on the orders establishing Rogers’s prior convictions affected the jury’s decision.

              While we conclude that the admission of the sentencing information constituted harmless

error in light of the circuit court’s curative instruction and the evidence presented by the

Commonwealth, we also note that the prejudicial effect of the sentencing information was

lessened by the particular procedural circumstances of this case. As Rogers was charged with

possession of a firearm as a convicted felon, the Commonwealth was required to prove his prior

convictions. Thus, the jury was aware that Rogers had been convicted of violent crimes

involving firearms, and could have reasonably inferred that he had been incarcerated as a result

of those convictions. Given these circumstances, we cannot say that the introduction of Rogers’s

prior sentences had a significant prejudicial effect.

              Additionally, we note that the sentencing information did not affect the jury’s

recommended sentence in this case. The jury would have been informed of the sentences that

Rogers had received for his prior convictions during the sentencing portion of his trial. See Code

§ 19.2-295.1 (“[T]he Commonwealth . . . shall present the defendant’s prior criminal history,

                                                            
              8
        Although Rogers denied that he threw anything out of the SUV when he was questioned
by Keene after he stopped the vehicle, Rogers did not testify at his trial.
                                                               -9-
including prior convictions and the punishments imposed” at the defendant’s sentencing

proceeding.). Furthermore, we note that Code § 18.2-308.2 contains a mandatory sentencing

provision and that the jury sentenced Rogers to the mandatory minimum sentence required by

that statute. See Code § 18.2-308.2(A) (“[A]ny person who violates this section . . . who was

previously convicted of a violent felony as defined in [Code] § 17.1-805 shall be sentenced to a

mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of five years.”). As Rogers legally could not have

been sentenced to less than the mandatory minimum, we can say beyond all doubt that the circuit

court’s error did not affect his sentence.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       In conclusion, we hold that the circuit court erred by admitting the sentencing

information contained in the orders introduced by the Commonwealth to establish Rogers’s prior

convictions. Under Burke, the sentencing information was not relevant to prove the charged

offense. We conclude, however, that the introduction of the sentencing information constituted

harmless error under the circumstances of this case. The circuit court remedied its error through

a curative instruction to the jury, overwhelming evidence established Rogers’s guilt, and the

procedural posture of the case lessened the prejudicial effect of the sentencing information.

Accordingly, we affirm Rogers’s conviction.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

                                                  - 10 -