Court Opinion

ID: 4582850
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-02 16:03:10.484325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:17.876226
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

R. KEATING & SONS, INC.,                        )
               Plaintiff,                       )
                                                )
         v.                                     )
                                                )
CHISELCREEK DEVELOPMENT, LLC, ET                )
AL.,                                            )
              Defendants.                       )
                                                )
CHISELCREEK DEVELOPMENT, LLC,                   )
              Crossclaim Plaintiff,             )
                                                )
         v.                                     ) C.A. No. N17C-05-195 VLM
                                                )
DARYL HUBER and NANCY HUBER,                    )
              Crossclaim Defendants.            )
                                                )
NANCY FORSHA-HUBER and DARYL                    )
HUBER,                                          )
             Counterclaim Plaintiffs,           )
                                                )
         v.                                     )
                                                )
CHISELCREEK DEVELOPMENT, LLC, a                 )
Delaware limited liability company,             )
                    Counterclaim Defendant,     )
                                                )
         v.                                     )
                                                )
SARDO PROPERTIES, LLC, a Delaware               )
limited liability company and DAVID D.          )
SARDO, individually,                            )
                     Third Party Counterclaim   )
                     Defendants.                )

                                       1
                                   ORDER

                           Submitted: July 10, 2020
                          Decided: October 30, 2020

      Upon Consideration of Counterclaim Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss,
                                  DENIED.

Jonathan M. Stemerman, Esquire of Elliot Greenleaf, P.C., Wilmington, Delaware.
Attorney for Defendants, Crossclaim Defendants and Counterclaim Plaintiffs.

Nicholas Kondraschow, Esquire of Rhodunda, Williams & Kondraschow,
Wilmington, Delaware. Attorney for Counterclaim Defendants.

MEDINILLA, J.

                                       2
       AND NOW TO WIT, this 30th day of October, 2020, upon consideration of

Counterclaim Defendants Chiselcreek, LLC, Sardo Properties, and David D. Sardo’s

Motion to Dismiss, Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ Response in Opposition, oral

arguments, and supplemental briefing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that

Counterclaim Defendants’ Motion is DENIED for the following reasons:

                                     Factual Background

       1.      On or about October 2, 2014, Nancy and Daryl Huber (the Hubers)

entered into a written agreement with Chiselcreek Development LLC (Chiselcreek)1

through its President David D. Sardo (Sardo), to construct their new house in

Kennett Square, Pennsylvania,2 at a contract price of $746,475.00.3

       2.      Sardo is a Pennsylvania resident, the named president of Chiselcreek,

and a managing member of Sardo Properties. Chiselcreek and Sardo Properties are

Delaware limited liability companies with principal places of business in Delaware.

Both operated and provided invoices to the Hubers under the name Chisel Creek

Construction Company.4

       3.      In September of 2014, Sardo Properties and Sardo presented a Builder

Information Sheet to the Hubers’ lender, Fulton Bank, indicating that there were no

1
   Though exhibits presented provide a different spelling for Chiselcreek (i.e., Chisel Creek), the
Court will use the spelling in the court caption as provided by the parties.
2
  Counterclaim Defendants’ Second Motion to Dismiss, D.I. 61, at 1-2 [hereinafter D.I. 61].
3
  See Counterclaim Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint, D.I. 44, at Ex. A [hereinafter D.I. 44].
4
  Chisel Creek Construction is not a named Counterclaim Defendant.
                                                 3
outstanding judgments against either Sardo or Sardo Properties.5 Unbeknownst to

the Hubers, a judgment had been entered against Sardo Properties on July 18, 2014,

in the amount of $295,584.27.6

        4.         On November 10, 2014, building permits were issued, and work began

for a contract completion date of August 7, 2015.7 Chiselcreek or Sardo Properties

enlisted the services of Plaintiff Keating & Sons, Inc. (Plaintiff), as well as other

subcontractors.8 The work was not completed as planned.9 Chiselcreek abandoned

the project in November 201510 and ordered its subcontractors, including Plaintiff to

cease work—uncompensated for the work performed.11 The Hubers attempted to

enter into agreements with the subcontractors to finish the construction but contend

that Defendants prevented them from doing so.

        5.         When Defendants abandoned the project in November 2015, the

Hubers and Fulton Bank had already paid Defendants a sum of $741,254.00 under

the contract.12 Coincidentally, the Sardo Properties judgment was satisfied by

February 4, 2016. However, the subcontractors were not paid and they filed liens

5
  D.I. 44, ¶ 12.
6
Id. ¶ 10.
7
 Id. ¶ 20.
8
Id. ¶ 19.
9
Id. ¶ 21.
10
Id.
11
 Id. ¶ 33.
12
Id. ¶ 23.
                                             4
against the Hubers’ property.13 This caused the Hubers to default on the mortgage

they owed to Fulton Bank.14 In addition, Plaintiff filed this civil action against the

Hubers.

        6.         To add insult to injury, in 2016, the Hubers learned that the work

performed by Defendants was defective.15 Among those defects were plumbing

issues, failure to install insulation for the HVAC unit as was required by the contract,

the exhaust from the fan in the kitchen directed the exhaust into the basement, and

the electrical, soil erosion, and control work did not pass inspection. 16 As a result,

the Hubers were unable to obtain a certificate of occupancy (CO).17 They claim they

incurred additional costs to obtain a CO and complete the construction of their house

as intended under the contract.

                                 Relevant Procedural Background

        7.         As stated, on May 17, 2017, Plaintiff filed its suit against the Hubers

and Chiselcreek. Chiselcreek filed its Answer and Cross-Claimed the Hubers. The

Hubers also filed their Answer to Plaintiff’s Complaint and Chiselcreek’s Cross-

13
Id. ¶¶ 33-34.
14
 Id. ¶ 34.
15
 Id. ¶ 41.
16
 Id.
17
 Id. ¶ 42.
                                               5
Claim. In their Answer, the Hubers asserted Counterclaims against Chiselcreek and

filed a Third Party Complaint against Sardo Properties and Sardo.18

       8.      On July 20, 2018, Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the Original

Counterclaim seeking dismissal of all claims minus the breach of contract claim. 19

On October 7, 2019, the Court entered an Order granting Defendants’ Motion to

Dismiss (Order) as unopposed,20 and later allowed the Amended Counterclaim21 to

proceed.22

       9.      The Amended Counterclaim alleges breach of contract against

Chiselcreek (Count I), Fraudulent Inducement against Defendants (Count II),

Fraudulent Misrepresentation against Chiselcreek and Sardo (Count III), Negligence

against Chiselcreek (Count IV), Breaches of Implied Warranty of Workmanship and

Habitability against Chiselcreek (Count V and VI). Against all Defendants, the

Hubers allege Tortious Interference (Count VII), Conversion and/or violation of 10

18
   The Hubers’ Counterclaims and Third Party Complaint made claims for breach of contract,
fraudulent inducement, fraudulent misrepresentation, negligence, breach of implied warranty of
workmanship and habitability, tortious interference, conversion, intentional infliction of emotional
distress, and loss of consortium (the Original Complaint).
19
   The Honorable John A. Parkins was the assigned judicial officer and scheduled a hearing for
October 15, 2018. After a series of continuances sought by the parties, and the passing of J.
Parkins, the matter was assigned to this Court on April 15, 2019. See D.I. 60 for additional
procedural history.
20
   See D.I. 60 for additional procedural history.
21
   The Amended Counterclaim replaced the claims for loss of consortium and intentional
infliction of emotional distress with claims under the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and
Consumer Protection Law (UTPCPL) and the Delaware Consumer Fraud Act.
22
   See R. Keating & Sons, Inc. v. Huber, 2020 WL 975435 (Del. Super. Feb. 27,
2020)(ORDER)(clarifying that although the Original Counterclaim was dismissed, the Hubers
could pursue their claims under the Amended Counterclaim).
                                                 6
Del. C. § 3501 et seq. (Count VIII), and violations under the Pennsylvania Unfair

Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law (UTPCPL), 73 P.S. § 201 et seq.

(Count IX), and the Delaware Consumer Fraud Act under 6 Del. C. § 2513 et seq.

(Count X). Through these various legal theories, they seek to hold Defendants liable

for damages of over $250,000 to include legal fees.

       10.    On March 10, 2020, Counterclaim Defendants filed this Motion to

Dismiss.23 The Hubers filed a Response in Opposition24 with oral arguments heard

on June 17, 2020. The Court reserved its decision on the matter and requested

supplemental briefing on the issue.          On July 10, 2020, supplemental briefing

concluded. The matter is ripe for review.

                                   Contentions of the Parties

       11.    Maintaining that this is a straight-forward breach of contract claim,

Defendants argue the remaining claims should be dismissed as duplicative of the

breach of contract claim, redundant, barred by the economic loss doctrine, and/or

fail to state a claim.25 They assert that the Hubers’ fraud claims fail to satisfy the

particularity requirements of Superior Court Civil Rule 9(b),26 or are barred by the

Statute of Limitations.27 Finally, Defendants argue the Hubers fail to allege facts that

23
   D.I. 61.
24
   Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ Response to Counterclaim Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, D.I. 63
[hereinafter D.I. 63].
25
   D.I. 61 at 3.
26
Id. at 5.
27
 Id.
                                              7
satisfy the requirements of personal jurisdiction over Sardo,28 or to state a claim that

Sardo acted outside the scope of his employment.29

       12.     Defendants concede that the economic loss doctrine does not bar the

Hubers’ negligence claim under 6 Del. C. § 3652.30 Accordingly, they acknowledge

that the negligence claim is not duplicative of the Hubers’ breach of contract claim. 31

Therefore, the Court does not consider dismissal of the breach of contract (Count I)

or negligence (Count IV) claims.

       13.     The Hubers argue that in Delaware and Pennsylvania, the economic

loss doctrine does not bar claims for fraudulent inducement of contract,32 fraudulent

misrepresentation,33 tortious contract interference,34 negligent misrepresentation,35

or implied warranties of workmanship and habitability. 36 They also suggest that the

doctrine does not bar conversion claims in Delaware,37 is inapplicable to private

actions under the Pennsylvania UTPCPL, and that the same rule should apply to the

Delaware Consumer Fraud Act.38 Moreover, the homeowners argue that their claims

28
Id. at 6.
29
 Id.
30
   Defendants’ Letter dated June 30, 2020, D.I. 67 [hereinafter D.I. 67].
31
Id.
32
   D.I. 63 at 2.
33
Id. at 3.
34
Id. at 4.
35
Id. at 3.
36
 Id. at 4-5.
37
Id. at 4.
38
 Id. at 1-2.
                                                 8
are not statutorily barred,39 and that the Court has personal jurisdiction over Sardo.40

In the alternative, they request jurisdictional discovery.41

                                       Standard of Review

       14.    On a Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a claim under Superior Court

Civil Rule 12(b)(6), all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint must be accepted

as true.42 Even vague allegations are considered well plead if they give the opposing

party notice of a claim.43 The Court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of

the non-moving party.44         However, it will not “accept conclusory allegations

unsupported by specific facts,” nor will it “draw unreasonable inferences in favor of

the non-moving party.”45 The Court will grant the motion to dismiss “only if it

appears with reasonable certainty that the plaintiff could not prove any set of facts

that would entitle [the plaintiff] to relief.”46

39
Id. at 5-6.
40
 Id. at 6.
41
 Id.
42
   Spence v. Funk, 396 A.2d 967, 968 (Del. 1978).
43
   In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006) (quoting Savor,
Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896–97 (Del. 2002)).
44
Id.
45
   Price v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 26 A.3d 162, 166 (Del. 2011) (citation omitted).
46
   Sliney v. New Castle Cty., 2019 WL 7163356, at *1 (Del. Super. Dec. 23, 2019).
                                               9
                                             Discussion

         A. The Fraud Claims (Inducement and Misrepresentation)

                I.     The Fraud claims are not duplicative

         15.    To be clear, the breach of contract claim against Chiselcreek focuses on

its failure to complete construction of the house, missing delivery dates, not

constructing to the specification of drawings and not obtaining the documentation

necessary to obtain a CO.47

         16.    The allegations of fraud, on the other hand, are not only against

Chiselcreek but rather all three Defendants and involve a different set of facts. These

claims focus on false statements memorialized in the Builder Information Sheet that

allegedly led the Hubers to enter into the contract. It is alleged that Defendants,

individually or combined, further falsely represented that payments made by the

Hubers would be applied to construct their house, and were used instead to satisfy

Defendants’ unrelated debts.

         17.    Defendants’ reliance on Khushaim v. Tullow Inc.48 is misplaced. The

Khushaim Court determined that plaintiff’s claims were barred by the economic loss

doctrine because plaintiff failed to claim a duty independent of the duties imposed

47
     D.I. 44, ¶ 56.
48
     Khushaim v. Tullow Inc., 2016 WL 3594752 (Del. Super. June 27, 2006).
                                               10
by the contract.49 Further, the economic loss doctrine does not always bar fraud

claims, even where purely economic losses are asserted.50 A plaintiff must allege

the defendant’s breach of duty independent from the contract in order to assert both

contract and tort claims in an action.51

       18.     Here, as to the fraudulent inducement claim, it is neither redundant nor

barred by the economic loss doctrine. Claiming Defendants breached the duty

independent of the duties imposed by the contract in their counterclaims, i.e, that

Defendants had a duty to be truthful in the Builder Information Sheet,52 these

allegations directly relate to the inducement of the contract, instead of the

performance of the contract, and thus establish an independent tort claim.53

Pennsylvania has similarly held that the economic loss doctrine may not be applied

to fraudulent inducement claims.54 Therefore, dismissal is not appropriate.

49
Id. at *4-5, 7-8 (applying the economic loss doctrine for negligence and conversion). Though
“[t]he economic loss doctrine was adopted to prohibit a plaintiff from bringing a tort claim where
overlapping claim based in contract adequately address the injury alleged,” the Court made clear
that “a tort and contract claim might co-exist if the defendant breached a duty that is independent
of the duties imporsed by the contract. Id. at *4 (internal quotations omitted) (emphasis in
original).
50
   See Brasby v. Morris, 2007 WL 949485, at *6-7 (Del. Super. Mar. 29, 2007); see also Kuhn
Constr. Co. v. Ocean & Coastal Consultants, Inc., 844 F. Supp. 2d 519, 529 (D. Del. 2012); Cavi
v. Evolving Sys., Inc., 2017 WL 658470, at *7 (D. Del. Feb. 17, 2017).
51
   Brasby, 2007 WL 949485, at *7; McKenna v. Terminex Int’l Co., 2006 WL 1229674, at *2
(Del. Super. Mar. 13, 2006).
52
   See D.I. 44, ¶¶ 60-62.
53
Id.
54
   See Price v. Freeze & Fizz Inc., 11 Pa. D. & C.5th 486, 492 (Pa. Com.Pl. 2009).
                                                11
       19.    On the fraudulent misrepresentation claim, the Court reaches the same

conclusion and remains unpersuaded by the Khushaim decision. There, the Court

found against the plaintiff where “the [c]omplaint support[ed] its fraud claim with

nothing more than [the defendant]’s alleged intention not to follow through with its

contractual obligations under the [contract].”55 “Merely stating that [the defendant]

never intended to comply with the [contract] when the parties entered into it does

not satisfy fraud’s pleading requirement.”56 Noting that the alleged damages for the

fraud claim were identical to the breach of contract claim, 57 the Khushaim Court

dismissed the fraud claim.58 Again, this case is distinguishable.

       20.    Notably, the Hubers allege fraudulent misrepresentation against all

three Defendants. They do not allege breach of contract claims against Sardo or

Sardo Properties. Therefore, any alleged damages for the fraud claim, if identical,

would only apply to Chiselcreek since the breach of contract claim is only against

this entity. Perhaps with further discovery, the economic loss doctrine will bar a

fraudulent misrepresentation claim against Chiselcreek. However, the Court must

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. The Hubers allege

that Chiselcreek and Sardo Properties operated and provided invoices to the Hubers

55
   Khushaim v. Tullow Inc., 2016 WL 3594752, at *6 (Del. Super. June 27, 2006).
56
Id.
57
Id.
58
 Id. at *7.
                                             12
under the name Chisel Creek Construction Company. At this juncture, it is unclear

what role Sardo or Sardo Properties played in the alleged misrepresentations,

independent or in conjunction with Chiselcreek.

       21.     In sum, the fraud claims are not barred by the economic loss doctrine

because the inducement claims are independent from the breach of contract claims

under either Delaware or Pennsylvania law, and no claims for breach of contract

exist to trigger the doctrine for the misrepresentation claims as to Sardo or Sardo

Properties. Therefore, dismissal is not appropriate. Defendants may seek to move

for summary judgment after discovery has provided more information as to

Defendants.

               II.     The Fraud claims are stated with particularity.

       22.     Under Superior Court Civil Rule 9(b), claims of fraud must “be stated

with particularity.”59 The claim must also “detail the ‘time, place and content’ of

the alleged misconduct and the identity of the alleged bad actor.”60 The Hubers

allege that Defendants knew that the Hubers would only agree to contract with

59
  DEL. SUPER. CT. CIV. R. 9(b).
60
  Khushaim, 2016 WL 3594752, at *5 (quoting Universal Capital Mgmt. v. Micco World, Inc.,
2012 WL 1413598, at *4 (Del. Super. Feb. 1, 2012)). Noting, a plaintiff should plead facts showing
an inference that:
        (1) [the defendant] falsely represented or omitted facts that it had a duty to disclose; (2)
        [the defendant] knew or believed that the representation was false or made the
        representation with a reckless indifference to the truth; (3) [the defendant] intended to
        induce [the plaintiff] to act or refrain from acting; (4) [the plaintiff] acted in justifiable
        reliance on the representation; and (5) [the plaintiff] was injured by his reliance.
                                                 13
Chiselcreek if the Builder Information Sheet submitted satisfied the lender.61 The

Hubers allege Defendants had a duty to provide true facts in a Builder Information

Sheet;62 they knowingly or recklessly put false representations in the sheet in

September of 2014 to induce the Hubers into entering into the contract on October

2, 2014;63 they justifiably relied on the representation; and were injured by the

reliance.64 This Court finds the claim is particular under Rule 9(b) demonstrating

details of time, place, and content of the alleged wrongful act.65 Dismissal is not

appropriate.

               III.   The Fraud claims are not barred by the Statute of Limitations

       23.     Defendants contend that the fraudulent inducement claim is barred by

the statute of limitations66 under 10 Del. C. § 8106. Accordingly, under 10 Del. C.

§ 8106, the statute of limitations for fraud is three years, and it begins to run when a

plaintiff’s claim accrues, which occurs at the moment of the wrongful act.67

       24.     Though the statute may be tolled, it is plaintiff’s burden to plead facts

to establish a basis to do so.68 The statute of limitations can only be tolled until the

61
   D.I. 44, ¶ 60.
62
   See id. ¶¶ 60-62.
63
Id. ¶¶ 12, 14.
64
Id. ¶ 63.
65
 Id. ¶¶ 61-63.
66
   D.I. 61, at 5.
67
   Van Lake v. Sorin CRM USA, Inc., 2013 WL 1087583, at *6 (Del. Super. Feb. 15, 2013); see
also 10 Del. C. § 8106(a).
68
   Van Lake, 2013 WL 1087583, at *7.
                                             14
plaintiff “discovers the facts constituting a basis for the cause of action, or knows

facts sufficient ‘to put a person of ordinary intelligence . . . on inquiry, which, if

pursued, would lead to the discovery of such facts.’”69 “Inquiry notice does not

require a plaintiff to have actual knowledge of a wrong, but simply an objective

awareness of the facts giving rise to the wrong.”70 The Court must see if there were

any “red flags that clearly and unmistakably would have led a prudent person of

ordinary intelligence to inquire and if pursued, would have led to discovery of the

elements of the claim being asserted.”71

       25.    It is true that if the alleged fraudulent inducement occurred on

September 2, 2014, and the Hubers filed their original complaint on June 12, 2018,

they are outside of the three-year statutory timeframe after the alleged wrongful act

occurred.72 The Hubers made payments of over $740,000 in 2015. Yet, it was not

until 2016 that the Hubers learned that Defendants had not paid the subcontractors

despite having received all disbursements for the work completed.73 This appears to

be the first “red flag.” Following this information, they obtained the Builder

Information Sheet from Fulton Bank in October of 2017 and discovered that Sardo’s

69
Id. (quoting Russum v. Russum, 2011 WL 4731120, at *2 (Del. Super. Sept. 28, 2011)).
70
Id. (quoting E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co. v. Medtronic Vascular, Inc., 2013 WL 261415, at
*11 (Del. Super. Jan. 18, 2013)).
71
Id. (quoting Coleman v. Price Waterhouse Coopers LLC, 854 A.2d 838, 842 (Del. 2004))
(internal quotations omitted).
72
   D.I. 61, at 5.
73
   D.I. 44, ¶ 33.
                                             15
statements were false.74      Accepting they were first placed on notice in 2016, the

Hubers timely filed their claims. Dismissal on this basis is not appropriate.

       B. The Breach of Implied Warranty Claims (Workmanship and
       Habitability)

       26.    No authority is provided to support Defendants’ request for dismissal

of the implied warranty claims based solely because it is duplicative of a breach of

contract claim.75 Moreover, the Hubers claim that Delaware and Pennsylvania

courts require construction contractual privity between the parties for a plaintiff to

claim implied warranties.76

       27.    At this juncture, the Court accepts the reasoning in Ellixson v. O’shea

against dismissal.77 There, the Court of Common Pleas ruled in favor of plaintiffs

finding that the defendants breached the sales contract, the implied warranty of good

quality and workmanship, and the express warranty contained in the contract.78

Following Malinak v. Kramer, the court noted there must exist a builder-customer

contractual relationship between the parties for an implied warranty to bind. 79 And

in Pennsylvania, the Supreme Court in Conway v. Cutler Group, Inc. established the

requirement of a builder-customer contractual relationship between parties to permit

74
Id. ¶¶ 13, 64.
75
   Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ Letter dated July 20, 2020, D.I. 71, at 2.
76
Id. at 3.
77
   See Ellixson v. O’Shea, 2003 WL 22931339, at *1 (Del. Com. Pl. Nov. 20, 2003).
78
Id. at *4.
79
   Malinak v. Kramer, 2012 WL 174958, at *2 (Del. Com. Pl. Jan 5, 2012).
                                             16
a breach of an implied warranty claim action.80 Thus, where in both Delaware and

Pennsylvania, implied warranty arises by operation of law, not by a contract,81

dismissal of the implied warranty claims is not appropriate.

       C. The Tortious Interference Claim

       28.    In Delaware, tortious interference with contractual relations is an

exception to the economic loss doctrine.82 If the claimed duty is independent from

the duties imposed by the contract, the tortious interference claim should survive. In

Pennsylvania, the economic loss doctrine will not bar a claim for tortious

interference if the interference was intentional.83

       29.    Here, after Chiselcreek told the Hubers that it would not complete the

construction work, the homeowners attempted to enter into a contract with the

subcontractors.84 If the Hubers can establish that Defendants took actions to prevent

the subcontractors from agreeing to complete the construction work and suffered

damages as a result, these claims would be independent of the contract.

       30.    In other words, if a duty existed for Defendants not interfere with the

possible contract between the subcontractor and the Hubers, it did not arise from any

80
   Conway v. Cutler Group, Inc., 99 A.3d 67, 69 (Pa. 2014).
81
   Marcucilli v. Boardwalk Builders, Inc., 2002 WL 1038818, at *4 (Del. Super. May 16, 2002);
Tyus v. Resta, 476 A.2d 427 (Pa. Super. 1984).
82
   Commonwealth Constr. Co. v. Endecon, Inc., 2009 WL 609426, at *5 (Del. Super. Mar. 9,
2009).
83
   Paola Amico v. Radius Commc’n, 2001 WL 1807924, at *3 (Pa. Com. Pl. Jan. 9, 2001).
84
   D.I. 44, ¶ 97.
                                              17
duty owed under the contract. This alleged duty is independent and not barred by

the economic loss doctrine. Of course, if Pennsylvania law applies, the economic

loss doctrine does not bar intentional tortious interference, as alleged in the

Amended Complaint. Dismissal of the tortious interference claim under Rule

12(b)(6) is inappropriate.

       D. The Conversion Claim

       31.    To plead conversion, a plaintiff must show “any distinct act of

dominion wrongfully exerted over the property of another, in denial of a plaintiff’s

right, or inconsistent with it.”85

       32.    Here, the Hubers claim that the conversion is based on the rights from

a statute, specifically 6 Del. C. § 3501 et. seq.86 Specifically, the Hubers point to §§

3502 and 3503 of the statute.87 Section 3502 states that all funds received by a

contractor for the construction of a building are “trust funds in the hands of the

contractor.”88 Section 3503 states that a contractor who receives funds under § 3502

must first be used to pay “the full amount of all moneys due and owing by the

85
   Khushaim v. Tullow, Inc., 2016 WL 3594752, at *7 (Del. Super. June 27, 2016) (quoting Data
Mgmt. Internationale, Inc. v. Saraga, 2007 WL 2142848, at *3 (Del. Super. July 25, 2007))
(internal quotations omitted).
86
   Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ Letter dated July 2, 2020, D.I. 68, at 3-4.
87
Id.
88
   6 Del. C. § 3502.
                                             18
contractor to all persons . . . furnishing labor or material” for the construction of any

building.89

       33.    The Hubers allege Defendants committed a statutory violation when

they used funds from the Hubers and Fulton Bank to pay unrelated debts instead of

the subcontractors.90 The claim for conversion arises from an independent duty other

than the duty under the contract where Defendants allegedly divested or

misappropriated funds held in trust in violation of the statutory provisions under 6
Del. C. § 3501 et. seq. Therefore, the conversion claim survives.

       E. The UTPCPL Claim

       34.    The      Pennsylvania       UTPCPL     prohibits    “[m]aking      repairs,

improvements, replacements on . . . real or personal property, of a nature or quality

inferior to or below the standard of that agreed to in writing[,]”91 and “[e]ngaging in

any other fraudulent or deceptive conduct which creates a likelihood of confusion or

of misunderstanding.”92

       35.    The claims are that Defendants’ plumbing, HVAC equipment, exhaust

for the fan, and certain control work were inferior to the standard agreed to in

writing.93    The Hubers also claim that Defendants engaged in fraudulent

89
Id. § 3503.
90
   D.I. 44, ¶¶ 109-113.
91
   73 PA. STAT. ANN. § 201-2(4)(xvi) (West).
92
Id. § 201-2(4)(xxi).
93
   D.I. 44, ¶ 123.
                                               19
misrepresentations on the Builder Information Sheet, which created “a likelihood of

misunderstanding that the Defendants were in compliance with the requirement for

the lender to make disbursements.”94 Further, that these misrepresentations created

“a likelihood that the Hubers would believe that their house would qualify for a

[certificate of occupancy].”95 Lastly, Defendants allegedly falsely represented how

they would use the funds, misusing them to pay debts not relevant to the contract.96

Any argument that these claims are barred by the economic loss doctrine is

unpersuasive for the reasons previously stated.

       36.    Further, in Toth v. Northwest Savings Bank, the Pennsylvania Court of

Common Pleas held that the economic loss doctrine does not apply to private action

under the Pennsylvania UTPCPL.97 The court explained that while the economic

loss doctrine is case law, the UTPCPL contains the Legislature’s will.98 Unless

legislation violates the Constitution, Court-created law may not interfere with

legislation.99 The Toth court acknowledged that the clear language of the law

“provide[d] for any victims of consumer fraud to recover, not only actual damage,

but also punitive damages and counsel fees.”100

94
Id. ¶ 124.
95
 Id. ¶ 125.
96
 Id. ¶ 126.
97
   Toth v. Northwest Sav. Bank, 2013 WL 8538695, at *3-4 (Pa. Com. Pl. Mar. 1, 2013).
98
Id. at *4.
99
Id.
100
Id. at *3.
                                             20
       37.      The Hubers have made out a viable claim under the Pennsylvania

UTPCPL. As noted in Toth, the economic loss doctrine does not bar a claim under

the Pennsylvania UTPCPL. This claim survives.

       F. The Delaware Consumer Fraud Act Claim

       38.      For the same reasons above, this Court will not dismiss the claim

alleging violations of Delaware Consumer Fraud Act. The Act states that:

             “[t]he act, use or employment by any person of any deception,
             fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation, or the
             concealment, suppression, or omission of any material fact with
             intent that others rely upon such concealment, suppression or
             omission, in connection with the sale, lease or advertisement of
             any merchandise, whether or not any person has in fact been
             misled, deceived or damaged thereby, is an unlawful practice.”101

       39.      Defendant offers no Delaware authority to support their argument for

dismissal. The Court in Bromwich v. Handy noted that “[t]he Consumer Fraud Act

parallels common law fraud but does not require proof of (1) intent to make a

deceptive or untrue statement, (2) actual reliance by the plaintiff, or (3) intent to

induce reliance.”102 Since the fraudulent inducement claim is not barred by the

economic loss doctrine, and where the Consumer Fraud Act is parallel to common

law but with less proof requirements, the same result is reached here. This Court

agrees with the reasoning of the Toth court. Like the UTPCPL, the Delaware

101
   6 Del. C. § 2513.
102
   Bromwich v. Hanby, 2010 WL 8250796, at *7 (Del. Super. July 1, 2010) (citing Pack &
Process, Inc. v. Celotex Corp., 503 A.2d 646, 658 (Del.Super.1985)).
                                            21
Consumer Fraud Act is a legislative creation whereas the economic loss doctrine is

judicially created.103 Absent a constitutional violation, and in the absence of any

authority, the Court will not apply a judicially created doctrine over legislation.104

This claim also survives.

       G.      Personal Jurisdiction over Sardo

       40.     Finally, the Court turns to the individual claims against Sardo. The

principal place of business for both Chiselcreek and Sardo Properties is Delaware.

Sardo is the president and the managing member of those entities, respectively.

Defendants assert that the Amended Complaint fails to allege facts that satisfy the

requirements of personal jurisdiction over Sardo that requires dismissal under Rule

12(b)(2).105    Specifically, that being a president or a managing member of a

Delaware entity, without more, does not provide a basis for jurisdiction under

Delaware’s long-arm statute.106

       41.     When determining whether to dismiss an action for lack of personal

jurisdiction under Superior Court Civil Rule 12(b)(2), the Court performs a two-

prong analysis.107 The Court first considers “whether Delaware’s long-arm statute

103
    See Brasby v. Morris, 2007 WL 949485, at *6 (Del. Super. Mar. 29, 2007) (stating that the
economic loss doctrine is judicially created).
104
    See Schoon v. Smith, 953 A.2d 196, 205 (Del. 2008) (implying that judicially created law may
not overrule a statute).
105
    See D.I. 61, at 5-6.
106
Id. at 6.
107
    Sparebank 1 SR-Bank ASA v. Wilhelm Maass GMBH, 2019 WL 6033950, at *2 (Del. Super.
Nov. 5, 2019).
                                              22
is applicable, recognizing that 10 Del. C. § 3104(c) is to be broadly construed to

confer jurisdiction to the maximum extent possible under the Due Process

Clause.”108 The Court then must “evaluate whether subjecting the nonresident

defendant to jurisdiction in Delaware violates the Due Process Clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment (the so-called ‘minimum contacts’ requirement).”109 The

burden of showing a basis for a trial court’s personal jurisdiction over a nonresident

defendant rests with a plaintiff.110 Where the defendant does not have minimum

contacts with Delaware, the Court may only assert personal jurisdiction if the State’s

implied consent statute allows.111          The Hubers assert implied consent confers

jurisdiction over Sardo. This Court agrees.

       42.     Defendants cite to Harstel v. Vanguard Group., Inc., where the Court

of Chancery granted dismissal of individual defendants112 and noted “[t]he mere fact

that [the individual defendants] are employed by a Delaware entity does not, without

more, provide a basis for jurisdiction under § 3104(c)(3).”113 However, this case is

108
    Hercules Inc. v. Leu Tr. and Banking (Bahamas) Ltd., 611 A.2d 476, 480 (Del. 1992) (citation
omitted).
109
    AeroGlobal Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Cirrus Indus., 871 A.2d 428, 438 (Del. 2005).
110
Id. at 437.
111
    Assist Stock Mgmt. LLC, v. Roshem, 753 A.29 974, 978 (Del. Ch. 2000).
112
    Hartsel v. Vanguard Grp., Inc., 2011 WL 2421003, at *28 (Del. Ch. June 15, 2011), aff'd, 38
A.3d 1254 (Del. 2012).
113
Id., at *14 n.85; 10 Del. C. § 3104. 10 Del. C. § 3104 is Delaware’s long-arm statute. In
subsection (c)(3), it is written that “(c) As to a cause of action brought by any person arising
from any of the acts enumerated in this section, a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over
any nonresident, or a personal representative, who in person or through an agent: . . . (3) Causes
tortious injury in the State by an act or omission in this State[.]”
                                               23
in line with Assist Stock Management L.L.C. v. Rosheim,114 where the Court of

Chancery denied dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction. There, both parties

agreed that the manager defendant had no contact with Delaware other than his

involvement as founder and manager of the Delaware limited liability company.115

Under the “implied consent” statute, 6 Del. C. § 18-109, Delaware courts had

jurisdiction over the manager defendant in an action properly alleging a breach of

fiduciary duty in his managerial capacity.116

       43.    The “implied consent” statute reads:

       A manager . . . of a limited liability company may be served with process . . .
       in all civil actions or proceedings brought in the State of Delaware involving
       or relating to the business of the limited liability company or a violation by
       the manager . . . of a duty to the limited liability company. . . .117

       44.    Here, the Hubers allege that Chiselcreek entered into the contract with

the Hubers through Sardo. He is the common denominator and at the center of the

agreement in dispute. As president of Chiselcreek and a managing member of Sardo

Properties,118 he played an instrumental role. Under both LLC’s, he represented that

Sardo Properties had no outstanding judgments against it or himself, as its principal

owner.119

114
    Assist Stock Mgmt, L.L.C., 753 A.2d at 983.
115
Id. at 978.
116
Id. at 981.
117
 Id. at 978 (citing 6 Del. C. § 18-109).
118
    D.I. 44, ¶ 5.
119
    See id. ¶¶ 60-63.
                                                  24
       45.    Delaware has a strong interest in providing a forum for disputes relating

to the managers of Delaware LLCs. The instant civil suit is related to the business

of the limited liability company under the provisions of 6 Del. C. § 18-109. In his

capacity of the Delaware LLCs, he impliedly consented to being sued in a Delaware

court regarding the companies’ civil suits when he personally engaged in the

wrongful conduct as alleged by the Hubers.120 Thus, Delaware courts have personal

jurisdiction over Sardo. Dismissal on jurisdictional grounds is denied.

        H. The Sardo Claims

       46.    Defendants lastly move under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim

against Sardo in his individual capacity because the Amended Complaint fails to

show that he acted outside the scope of his employment.121

       47.    The Restatement (Third) of Agency § 7.01, followed by our courts,122

states that “[u]nless an applicable statute provides otherwise, an actor remains

subject to liability although the actor acts as an agent or an employee, with actual or

120
    Defendants cited to Amaysing Techs. Corp. v. Cyberair Comm’ns, Inc., 2005 WL 578972,
(Del. Ch. Mar. 3, 2005) arguing that the implied consent statute would not apply. There, the
court reasoned that the third-party defendant, a corporate officer, in that case had signed two
previous agreements, but had not signed the agreement in dispute where the third-party plaintiff
alleged the fraudulent misrepresentation. The court found that because the third-party defendant
was not involved with the actual agreement in dispute, the nexus between him and the alleged
fraudulent misrepresentation was “tenuous at best.” The Court finds Defendants case is
distinguishable.
121
    D.I. 61, at 5-6.
122
    See Hughes v. Imperial Home Remodeling LLC, 2018 WL 2264413, at *1 (Del. Super. May
17, 2018).
                                               25
apparent authority, or within the scope of employment.”123 Thus, while a limited

liability company’s corporate veil may shield a managing member or officer from

individual liability for damages caused by the company, it will not shield the

managing member “from his own torts, whether committed in his individual capacity

or as an agent for his . . . company.”124

       48.    The claims against Sardo may go beyond his role as president of

Chiselcreek and a managing member of Sardo Properties. They allege individual

liability for his conduct: that he fraudulently misrepresented that neither he nor

Sardo Properties had outstanding judgments against them;125 that he, along with both

limited liability companies, kept the subcontractors from agreeing to the possible

contract between the Hubers and the subcontractors;126 and diverted payments

received from the Hubers and/or the lender.127 Therefore, the Hubers have made out

a viable claim against Mr. Sardo, whether he was acting as an agent or in an

individual capacity. For the reasons stated above, dismissal is also not appropriate.

123
    RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 7.01 (AM. LAW INST. 2006).
124
    Hughes, 2018 WL 2264413, at *1; see, e.g., State ex rel. Brady v. Preferred Florist Network,
Inc., 791 A.2d 8, 21-22 (Del. Ch. 2001) (finding defendant was not shielded from liability
“simply because he was acting in a corporate capacity” when engaged in alleged deceptive
business practices).
125
    See D.I. 44, ¶¶ 60-63.
126
    See id. ¶¶ 97-102.
127
    See id. ¶¶ 110-114.
                                               26
                                 Conclusion
     For all of the foregoing reasons, Counterclaim Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss

is DENIED.

                                                 /s/ Vivian L. Medinilla
                                                 Judge Vivian L. Medinilla

                                      27