Court Opinion

ID: 4580888
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-27 15:05:50.002979+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:47:57.968605
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                                             Oct 27 2020, 8:51 am

                                                                                                  CLERK
                                                                                              Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                                                 Court of Appeals
                                                                                                   and Tax Court

      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
      James F. Groves                                            Ann Marie Waldron
      Lee, Groves and Zalas                                      Waldron Law, LLC
      South Bend, Indiana                                        Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                  IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      University of Notre Dame,                                  October 27, 2020
      Appellant-Defendant,                                       Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                 20A-CT-219
              v.                                                 Appeal from the
                                                                 St. Joseph Superior Court
      Carol H. Bahney,                                           The Honorable
      Appellee-Plaintiff                                         Steven L. Hostetler, Judge
                                                                 Trial Court Cause No.
                                                                 71D07-1612-CT-545

      Vaidik, Judge.

                                            Case Summary
[1]   Carol H. Bahney sued the University of Notre Dame after she fell at a

      basketball game. A jury found Bahney primarily at fault for the fall and

      returned a verdict for Notre Dame. Bahney then moved for a new trial under

      Indiana Trial Rule 60(B)(3) based primarily on Notre Dame’s failure to notify

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020                         Page 1 of 17
      her before trial that a Notre Dame employee had testified incorrectly at a

      deposition. The trial court granted Bahney’s motion and ordered a new trial.

      We reverse.

                             Facts and Procedural History
[2]   On December 13, 2014, Bahney and some friends were at the Purcell Pavilion

      on Notre Dame’s campus to watch a Notre Dame women’s basketball game.

      While walking on the wooden floor behind one of the baskets, Bahney tripped

      and fell onto a four-to-five-inch riser that was set up in front of the stands at the

      end of the court. As a result, she broke her shoulder.

[3]   Two years later, Bahney sued Notre Dame, alleging that it “negligently failed to

      maintain a safe and unobstructed floor” and “failed to warn plaintiff of the

      floor’s defective condition[.]” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 18. Shortly thereafter,

      Notre Dame’s attorney had photographs taken of the area of the fall and

      provided them to Bahney. The following photograph shows the riser (the white

      platform):

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020         Page 2 of 17
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020   Page 3 of 17
      Ex. 3. At a deposition in September 2017, Joyce Harmon—who was at the

      game with Bahney and who was walking in front of Bahney when she fell—was

      asked about the photograph. She testified that it accurately depicted the riser

      but that the tables and chairs were not on the riser at the time of the fall. She

      suspected that Bahney did not see the riser and tripped over it. (Bahney herself

      could not recall much about the incident, so Harmon was her primary liability

      witness.)

[4]   Trial was eventually scheduled to begin on November 20, 2019. At a deposition

      held two weeks before trial, Notre Dame Associate Athletic Director Monica

      Cundiff testified that she believed the tables and chairs were on the riser when

      Bahney fell, as depicted in the photograph. After the deposition, Notre Dame’s

      attorney ask Cundiff if there was any way she could confirm that there were

      tables and chairs on the riser when Bahney fell. Cundiff found video of the

      game on YouTube and saw “that the tables weren’t there.” Tr. Vol. III p. 39. At

      some point before trial, Cundiff relayed this information to Notre Dame’s

      attorney, explaining that “sometimes during a women’s game they don’t have

      the table” because “there aren’t as many press for a women’s game as for men.”

      Id.; see also Appellant’s Br. p. 7. However, Notre Dame’s attorney did not relay

      this information to Bahney.

[5]   The jury trial began as scheduled on November 20. Bahney’s theory (as detailed

      in her opening statement) was that

              the riser wasn’t marked other than having some little yellow tape
              around it. It’s very low to the ground, not very easily seen,

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020        Page 4 of 17
              nothing to draw attention to it, no signs, watch your step, no one
              there saying watch your step. Nothing to warn them that this
              riser is there and is a tripping hazard.

      Tr. Vol. II p. 41. Harmon again testified that there were no tables on the riser

      when Bahney fell. She clarified that there were some chairs but said they were

      “way back” on the riser (not at the front of the riser, as depicted in the

      photograph). Id. at 106. She also stated her belief that Bahney had tripped on

      the riser.

[6]   Notre Dame’s sole witness was Cundiff. To Bahney’s surprise, Cundiff testified

      that her deposition testimony was incorrect because the photograph actually

      depicted the setup for a men’s basketball game and, for the women’s game at

      issue, there were no tables where Bahney fell and “the chairs would have been

      pushed back.” Id. at 230. She acknowledged that the tables and chairs being on

      the riser as depicted in the photograph would provide “a visual cue three or four

      feet off the ground that someone walking in this area can’t just continue to walk

      forward, you’re going to have to go to around this riser[.]” Id. at 229.

      Nonetheless, the jury found Bahney 90% at fault and returned a verdict for

      Notre Dame.

[7]   A month later, Bahney filed a motion that was labeled as a motion to correct

      error under Indiana Trial Rule 59 but that was otherwise framed as a motion for

      relief from judgment under Indiana Trial Rule 60(B)(3), which allows a trial

      court to set aside a judgment based on “misconduct of an adverse party.”

      Bahney argued that Notre Dame was required by Trial Rule 26(E) to

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020          Page 5 of 17
       “seasonably” amend Cundiff’s incorrect deposition testimony. She alleged that

       had Notre Dame done so she “could have focused on other issues such as the

       markings on the risers or other warnings rather than wasting time on what were

       actually unnecessary issues” and “a supplemental request could have been

       made for accurate pictures of the set up for a women’s basketball game.”

       Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 44-45. Bahney asserted that “[t]his inability to

       focus on the true issues at trial prevented Bahney from ‘fully and fairly’

       presenting her case and did cause her prejudice.” Id. at 45.

[8]    After a hearing, the trial court issued an order granting Bahney’s motion and

       vacating the judgment. The court said it was “a very close call” but ultimately

       concluded that Notre Dame failed to comply with Trial Rule 26(E) and that this

       “noncompliance likely interfered to some extent with the case Ms. Bahney

       would otherwise have presented.” Id. at 15-16.

[9]    Notre Dame now appeals.

                                   Discussion and Decision
[10]   Notre Dame contends that the trial court erred by setting aside the judgment

       and ordering a new trial under Trial Rule 60(B)(3). It first argues that the trial

       court should have treated Bahney’s motion as a motion to correct error under

       Trial Rule 59, as Bahney labeled it, rather than as a motion for relief from

       judgment under Rule 60(B)(3), and that Bahney did not satisfy the requirements

       of Rule 59. But as noted above, notwithstanding the title and the first sentence,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020          Page 6 of 17
       the motion was in substance a motion under Rule 60(B)(3). See id. at 40-45.

       Rule 60(B)(3) provides that a trial court may relieve a party from a judgment

       based on fraud, misrepresentation, “or other misconduct of an adverse party[.]”

       Bahney’s motion accused Notre Dame of “misconduct,” expressly invoked

       “Trial Rule 60,” and relied extensively on our Supreme Court’s discussion of

       Rule 60(B)(3) in Outback Steakhouse of Florida, Inc. v. Markley, 856 N.E.2d 65

       (Ind. 2006). Id. at 43-44. The trial court properly treated the motion as one

       under Rule 60(B)(3).

[11]   Notre Dame argues in the alternative that Bahney was not entitled to relief

       under Rule 60(B)(3). “A grant of equitable relief under Indiana Trial Rule 60 is

       within the discretion of the trial court.” Outback Steakhouse, 856 N.E.2d at 72.

       Accordingly, we review a trial court’s ruling on a Rule 60 motion for an abuse

       of discretion. Id.1

[12]   A plaintiff seeking relief for misconduct under Rule 60(B)(3) must (1) show that

       the defendant engaged in misconduct, (2) show that the misconduct prevented

       the plaintiff from fully and fairly presenting her case at trial, and (3) make a

       prima facie showing that she has a meritorious claim. Cleveland v. Clarian Health

       Partners, Inc., 976 N.E.2d 748, 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), reh’g denied, trans.

       1
        Bahney asserts that “the Trial Court’s decision to award a new trial is cloaked with ‘a strong presumption of
       correctness.’” Appellee’s Br. p. 9. The case she cites for that proposition, however, says that the presumption
       applies when a trial court grants a new trial under Trial Rule 59. See Santelli v. Rahmatullah, 993 N.E.2d 167,
       173 (Ind. 2013), reh’g denied. Here, as we just explained, the trial court did not grant a new trial under Trial
       Rule 59. But even if the same presumption of correctness applies to the grant of a new trial under Rule
       60(B)(3), it has been rebutted in this case.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020                                Page 7 of 17
       denied. Notre Dame contends that Bahney failed to make any of the three

       required showings.

[13]   We agree with the trial court that Notre Dame’s failure to correct Cundiff’s

       deposition testimony before trial violated Trial Rule 26(E) and constituted

       “misconduct” under Rule 60(B)(3), even if it was not an intentional

       concealment. See Outback Steakhouse, 856 N.E.2d at 73 (holding that misconduct

       under Rule 60(B)(3) “can include both negligent and intentional violations of

       Indiana’s discovery rules”). However, we conclude that Bahney failed to show

       that this misconduct prevented her from fully and fairly presenting her case at

       trial. Such a showing is required because Rule 60(B)(3) “creates a limited

       exception to the general rule of finality of judgments.” Id. If a party cannot

       show that the misconduct “substantially prejudiced the party’s presentation of

       the party’s case, a court should not set aside an otherwise final judgment.” Id.

       (emphasis added).

[14]   In concluding that Bahney made this required showing, the trial court noted

       only that Notre Dame’s failure to correct Cundiff’s deposition testimony before

       trial “likely interfered to some extent with the case Ms. Bahney would

       otherwise have presented.” The court did not go into any further detail about

       what Bahney might have done differently. For her part, Bahney does not deny

       that it helped her case when Cundiff corrected herself and testified at trial that

       there were no tables on the riser when Bahney fell. Rather, she argues, as she

       did in the trial court, that had she learned earlier that Cundiff would be

       correcting her deposition testimony “she could have focused on other issues

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020          Page 8 of 17
       such as the markings on the risers or other warnings[.]” Appellee’s Br. p. 13.

       She contends that, instead, she was “forced to focus on reasons why the set up

       for that particular game was different than ‘normal.’” Id. There are two

       problems with this argument. First, nothing in the record suggests that Bahney

       was restricted in her ability to address the adequacy of “markings on the risers

       or other warnings” (such as the yellow and black warning tape shown in the

       photograph above), nor does Bahney identify what more she could have or

       would have done in that regard. Second, the record belies Bahney’s claim that

       she spent a large amount of time trying to establish that there were no tables on

       the riser. Her questioning of Harmon about the absence of tables takes up about

       two pages of the transcript, see Tr. Vol. II pp. 105-07, and the only other witness

       she questioned about tables was Cundiff—Notre Dame’s witness.

[15]   Bahney asserts that Notre Dame “focus[ed] on the fact that there were tables

       and chairs on the risers throughout the trial until Cundiff’s testimony.”

       Appellee’s Br. pp. 12-13. She cites nothing in the record to support that claim.

       And contrary to Bahney’s claim, Notre Dame’s attorney acknowledged in his

       opening statement that “during women’s basketball games the tables are not on

       the steps[.]” Tr. Vol. II p. 45. Bahney also alleges that Notre Dame’s attorney

       “questioned Joyce Harmon on cross-examination about the location of the

       tables and chairs, apparently attempting to question her memory of the event.”

       Appellee’s Br. p. 7. At no point during his cross-examination of Harmon did

       Notre Dame’s attorney challenge Harmon’s testimony that there were no tables

       on the riser when Bahney fell. See Tr. Vol. II pp. 123-35.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020         Page 9 of 17
[16]   Bahney also renews her argument that had she learned earlier that Cundiff’s

       deposition testimony was incorrect “a supplemental request could have been

       made for accurate pictures of the set up for a women’s basketball game.”

       Appellee’s Br. p. 13. But Harmon testified in her deposition in September

       2017—over two years before trial—that there were no tables on the riser when

       Bahney fell. Bahney gives no reason she could not have arranged at some point

       during those two years to get photographs showing what the riser looks like

       without tables. She had every incentive to do so and simply did not. And

       Bahney cannot blame that failure on Cundiff’s deposition testimony, which was

       not given until two weeks before trial.

[17]   For these reasons, Bahney did not establish that Notre Dame’s failure to correct

       Cundiff’s deposition testimony before trial “substantially prejudiced” her

       presentation of her case, and the trial court abused its discretion by ordering a

       new trial on this ground.

[18]   In addition to her argument about failing to correct Cundiff’s deposition

       testimony, Bahney contends that Notre Dame committed other discovery

       violations that make a new trial appropriate. She notes that “Notre Dame knew

       at some point prior to trial that the pictures it had provided” did not accurately

       depict the setup at the time of the fall and “did not inform Bahney’s counsel

       that the pictures were inaccurate.” Id. at 12. But this was not a discovery

       violation separate from Notre Dame’s failure to correct Cundiff’s deposition

       testimony. The two things are inextricably intertwined. That is, if Notre Dame

       had corrected Cundiff’s deposition testimony, Bahney would have known

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020      Page 10 of 17
       conclusively that the photographs did not accurately depict the scene.

       Therefore, our holding above that Notre Dame’s failure to correct Cundiff’s

       deposition testimony does not justify a new trial is fatal to Bahney’s argument

       about the photographs.

[19]   Bahney also takes issue with the fact that Notre Dame did not identify Cundiff

       as a person with relevant knowledge until July 2019—four months before trial

       and after discovery had closed. Bahney asserts, “If Cundiff had been disclosed

       as a witness earlier, Bahney could have deposed her sooner and had time to

       follow up in more depth regarding her testimony and any records she may have

       possessed.” Id. Bahney did not make this argument in her motion for a new

       trial. See Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 40-45. As such, she waived it for purposes

       of appeal. See Perez v. Mounce, 110 N.E.3d 404, 409-10 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018).

       Waiver notwithstanding, if Bahney thought she was prejudiced by the late

       disclosure of Cundiff, the proper remedy was not taking her chances at trial and

       then getting a new trial if things did not go her way. Rather, she could have

       asked to reopen discovery or to push back the trial, or both, and asked for

       sanctions for the late disclosure. As far as we know, Bahney did none of those

       things. Moreover, Bahney does not specify what she could have or would have

       done to “follow up in more depth” if she had more time. Therefore, we have no

       basis on which to conclude that the late disclosure of Cundiff prevented Bahney

       from fully and fairly presenting her case.

[20]   Finally, Bahney points out that Notre Dame failed to inform her that witness

       Gordon Martinczak would testify differently at trial than he did in his

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020       Page 11 of 17
deposition. The trial court rejected this as a basis for a new trial, and so do we.

Martinczak was employed by the Notre Dame Fire Department at the time of

Bahney’s fall and talked to her immediately after the fall. In his deposition, he

was asked if Bahney told him how she fell, and he answered, “She -- she fell on

some -- a riser, she told me.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 58. At trial, he testified

that Bahney did not say anything to him about how she fell. Tr. Vol. II p. 153.

The problem with Bahney’s argument in this regard is that she fails to explain

how Notre Dame’s failure to notify her of this change prevented her from fully

and fairly presenting her case. She says nothing about what she would have

done differently had she known earlier. She says only that she “was surprised

by this change in testimony and had to scramble to find the information in

[Martinczak’s] deposition to contradict his trial testimony.” Appellee’s Br. pp.

13-14. But even though Bahney had to “scramble” to do so, she confronted

Martinczak about this discrepancy in front of the jury. See Tr. Vol. II pp. 154-

56. As the trial court observed,

        [I]t is generally known that witnesses will, from time to time,
        testify differently at trial than they did during depositions. There
        are procedures for counsel to present such inconsistencies to the
        jury. Those procedures were followed in this case. The jury was
        fully informed that [Martinczak’s] deposition testimony was
        different from his trial testimony. The change in [Martinczak’s]
        testimony did not prevent Ms. Bahney from presenting her case
        at trial.

Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 13.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020        Page 12 of 17
[21]   These other discovery issues are not sufficient to merit the grant of a new trial

       under Trial Rule 60(B)(3).

[22]   Reversed.

       Weissmann, J., concurs.

       Bailey, J., dissents with opinion.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020      Page 13 of 17
                                                   IN THE
           COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

       University of Notre Dame,                                  Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                  20A-CT-219
       Appellant-Defendant,

               v.

       Carol H. Bahney,
       Appellee-Plaintiff.

       Bailey, Judge, dissenting.

[23]   “A grant of equitable relief under Indiana Trial Rule 60 is within the discretion

       of the trial court.” Outback Steakhouse of Florida, Inc. v. Markley, 856 N.E.2d 65,

       72 (Ind. 2006). Therefore, “[a] trial court’s decision to grant a new trial carries

       a strong presumption of correctness.” Nature’s Link, Inc. v. Przybyla, 885 N.E.2d

       709, 714 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). I respectfully dissent from the majority decision

       to reverse that of the trial court, which had boots on the ground, and was best

       positioned to evaluate the propriety of equitable relief. The photographic

       misrepresentation – presented early and often – would have left an indelible

       impression on the jury. Yes, the jury was verbally informed that the

       photograph did not precisely depict the site of the fall, but then again, a picture

       is worth a thousand words.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020                    Page 14 of 17
[24]   During her opening statement, Bahney claimed to have fallen on a metal riser,

       sight unseen, contending that there was nothing but yellow tape to warn her of

       the riser’s existence. Notre Dame immediately proceeded to fill any blanks in

       Bahney’s perception with the presentation of its centerpiece, the inaccurate

       photograph displaying an array of tables and chairs. Notre Dame’s counsel

       obtained the court’s permission to approach the jury during his opening

       statement, expressing his intent to “use some exhibits to explain some things”

       because Bahney “had no idea what caused her to trip and fall.” (Tr. Vol. II, pg.

       43.)

[25]   Defense counsel then held up for jury viewing the inaccurate photograph, that

       he variously “explained” as follows: “this photo is of Sections 14 and 15 ... at

       the time of her fall there were chairs that were on this step … this photograph,

       which I am putting into evidence, is the area where they believe she may have

       fallen … during women’s basketball, the tables are not on the steps but there are

       chairs left on the steps for spectators to sit in … this is a clearly visible riser and

       set of steps that accommodate these temporary tables and chairs … this

       condition has been there through thousands of people traversing.” (Id. at 43-

       46.)

[26]   Thus, in considering whether to grant equitable relief, it would be reasonable

       for the trial court to consider the human element associated with listening to

       counsel’s inconsistent description of the view and seeing a photograph that did

       not fairly and accurately depict the scene. Additionally, one would expect the

       trial court to consider whether the jury’s visual impression would be overcome

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020          Page 15 of 17
       by Bahney’s friend testifying that “this isn’t the way it looked.” (Id. at 106.)

       And, moreover, it is for the trial court to consider whether the jury gave any

       weight to the eventual “correction” by the assistant athletic director of her

       deposition testimony. As the final witness, she admitted that there were no

       tables and only chairs that were “pushed back.” (Id. at 216.) These

       considerations, among many, would be appropriate for the trial court to ponder

       in evaluating whether equitable relief should be granted. Here, the trial court

       ultimately determined that Bahney did not receive a fair trial and was entitled

       to relief.

[27]   Aware that its own witness was repudiating her deposition testimony, Notre

       Dame’s counsel was obligated under the tenets of Trial Rule 26(E) 2 to inform

       Bahney of this crucial development. Instead, the accuracy of the photograph,

       which was the centerpiece of the defense, would be contradicted by its witness

       2
           Trial Rule 26(E) governs supplementation of discovery responses, providing:

       “A party who has responded to a request for discovery with a response that was complete when made is
       under no duty to supplement his response to include information thereafter acquired, except as follows:
       (1) A party is under a duty seasonably to supplement his response with respect to any question directly
       addressed to:
       (a) the identity and location of persons having knowledge of discoverable matters, and
       (b) the identity of each person expected to be called as an expert witness at trial, the subject-matter on which
       he is expected to testify, and the substance of his testimony.
       (2) A party is under a duty seasonably to amend a prior response if he obtains information upon the basis of
       which
       (a) he knows that the response was incorrect when made, or
       (b) he knows that the response though correct when made is no longer true and the circumstances are such
       that a failure to amend the response is in substance a knowing concealment.
       (3) A duty to supplement responses may be imposed by order of the court, agreement of the parties, or at any
       time prior to trial through new requests for supplementation of prior responses.”

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020                                Page 16 of 17
at the eleventh hour. I have little difficulty believing that, had there been

discovery compliance, Bahney would have moved to exclude the photograph

from evidence and/or to introduce the video.3 The video of game day, if

authentic, would have been the best evidence of the metal riser configuration.

That said, we are not conducting a line item or de novo review of Notre

Dame’s Trial Rule 26(E) compliance or Bahney’s trial choices and strategy.

Rather, we are simply evaluating whether Bahney was entitled to equitable

relief. Because I cannot say as a matter of law that it was an abuse of

discretion, I respectfully dissent.

3
 Monica Cundiff, the assistant athletic director, testified that she had viewed a video of highlights of game
day but did not testify as to the source. Later, when defense counsel argued against a motion for mistrial, he
characterized the video as a YouTube video. His argument suggests an apparent effort to persuade the trial
court that the video was available and accessible to either party, as opposed to an official record in possession
and control of the Notre Dame Athletic Department and subject to discovery.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CT-219 | October 27, 2020                                Page 17 of 17