Court Opinion

ID: 9570228
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 20:21:18.433653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:05:10.350003
License: Public Domain

RUSSELL, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this appeal from an award of death benefits by the Industrial Commission, the sole question is whether claimants’ decedent died “in the course of the employment,” a prerequisite for compensation under Code § 65.1-7. The appellant employer concedes that decedent’s death “arose out of the employment” and was the result of an “accident,” thus meeting the remaining two statutory tests of compensability.
*142The deceased, Ronnie M. Bynum, was manager of the Big Star Supermarket, owned by Grand Union Company, on Wickham Avenue in the City of Newport News. He lived with his family in the City of Chesapeake and commuted to work daily.
After the close of business at 7:00 p.m. on March 8, 1981, Bynum remained in the store for nearly an hour to admit some workmen. After calling his wife to tell her that he would be home soon, he drove a fellow employee, Elmore Hall, home and then stopped at the home of a friend, Jerry Sheridan. Bynum parked his car in Sheridan’s driveway and entered the Sheridan home where the two men visited for a time. Sheridan was not employed by Grand Union. While there, Bynum called Frieda Barner, a fellow employee who lived nearby, and suggested that she meet him. She agreed to meet him in ten minutes. Although she was a fellow employee, Bynum’s plan to see her was entirely social that evening. She testified that they were social friends and would occasionally ride around together and talk. Bynum carried the keys to the store with him at the time, as he did every evening after closing, but there is no indication in the evidence that he intended to perform any further work-related duties that day, or that any such activities were expected of him.
Bynum left Sheridan’s house and reentered his car in the driveway. Before he could start it, he was approached by Elbert P. Watson, who had been waiting with two accomplices in a parked car nearby. Watson shot Bynum fatally through the car window with a .38 caliber pistol, took the supermarket keys from the dashboard, and picked up two medicine bottles which he thought might contain drugs.
Watson, who has been convicted of Bynum’s murder, gave a written statement which was admitted into evidence and also testified before the deputy commissioner. He stated that he and his accomplices were looking for money to buy drugs. They parked outside the Big Star, planning a robbery, but decided to wait until Bynum, whom they knew to be the manager, emerged after closing time. They planned to force him at gunpoint to reenter the store and open the safe. When Bynum emerged with Hall, they followed him, watched him drop Hall off, and then waited for him to emerge from Sheridan’s house. They hoped to find drugs on Bynum’s person or in his car and to obtain access to the store by means of his keys. Watson testified that the actual shooting was accidental, caused by Bynum’s attempt to slam the car door on *143Watson’s hand which held the pistol. They found no drugs, left Bynum’s body in his car, returned to the store, entered it with Bynum’s keys, and found $166.00 which they used to buy drugs.
The deputy commissioner found that Bynum died “in the course of’ his employment and awarded death benefits to his dependents. The award was affirmed by the full commission on the basis of Graybeal v. Montgomery County, 216 Va. 77, 216 S.E.2d 52 (1975). The employer appeals.
In Graybeal, the Commonwealth’s Attorney of Montgomery County was severely injured by the explosion of a bomb placed on his car by a vengeful criminal he had prosecuted. The explosion occurred in the driveway of his home after he had driven home from his office in the courthouse. He had worked there until 11:30 p.m. in preparation for the next day’s trial. He had no fixed hours of employment and no identifiable workplace. His public duties required him to exercise his authority at any place within his jurisdiction, including his home, at any hour of the day or night. His exposure to the risk of injury by a vengeful criminal was unlimited as to time or place. We adopted a special rule, limited in application to such atypical situations, to recognize the realities of such a case.
We restated the fundamental applicable principles in Baggett & Meador Cos. v. Dillon, 219 Va. 633, 637, 248 S.E.2d 819, 822 (1978):
The expressions “arising out of’ and “in the course of’ are not synonymous and are used conjunctively; both conditions must be present before compensation will be awarded and the burden is on the claimant to prove them by a preponderance of the evidence.
The words “arising out of’, as used in the Act, refer to the origin or cause of the injury while the phrase “in the course of’ pertains to the time, place and circumstances under which the accident occurred. An accident occurs during the course of the employment if it takes place within the period of the employment, at a place where the employee may reasonably be expected to be, and while he is reasonably fulfilling the duties of his employment or is doing something which is reasonably incidental thereto.
*144Unlike the public officer in Graybeal, Bynum had an identifiable place of employment and identifiable work hours. His duties might require occasional departure or deviation from them, but there is no evidence that he was so engaged at the time of his death. Rather, the evidence points to a time after he had completed his work for the day, was engaged in a series of social visits, and was neither “at a place where the employee may reasonably be expected to be” nor “reasonably fulfilling the duties of his employment.”
It is true, as claimant argues, that the murderer’s motive was directly related to Bynum’s employment as a store manager and that Bynum would not have been stalked and,assaulted if he had not held that position. That evidence, however, tends only to prove causation. It satisfies the “arising out of the employment” requirement, which the employer concedes, but does not go to the dispositive question here.
In Graybeal, we held, in the context of the atypical circumstances of a public officer’s employment, that the “in the course of’ requirement could be met by “a showing of an unbroken course beginning with work and ending with injury under such circumstances that the beginning and the end are connected parts of a single work-related incident.” 216 Va. at 80, 216 S.E.2d at 54. But as we pointed out in Graybeal, those circumstances were based upon the premise that the Commonwealth’s Attorney’s duties were performed at no fixed time or location, and that it would have been immaterial to his claim whether he were injured at his home, his office, or the courtroom. An extension of the Graybeal rule to typical employer-employee relationships would include within the “course of the employment” requirement all workers who are homeward bound after the end of the working day.* We are unwilling so to . extend the coverage of the Act.
*145Finding that Bynum did not die in the course of his employment, we will reverse the award made by the Commission and enter final judgment dismissing the claimants’ application.

Reversed and final judgment.

As to employees having fixed hours and places of employment, subject to limited exceptions not applicable here, injuries sustained off the employer’s premises while going to or from work are not within the “course of employment” and are therefore not compensable under the Act. Kent v. Vir.-Car. Chem. Co.. 143 Va. 62, 66, 129 S.E. 330, 331-32 (1925), 1 A. Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law § 15.00, “Going to and from work,” p. 4-3 et seq. cf. 1A A. Larson § 29.21 “Delayed-action injuries,” p. 5-359 et seq. (criticism of the conjunctive application of the “arising out of ” and the “in the course of ” tests to cases of this kind).