Court Opinion

ID: 4548362
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-15 15:03:44.429649+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:29:42.181731
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                       Jul 15 2020, 8:29 am

                                                                               CLERK
                                                                           Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                              Court of Appeals
                                                                                and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Lierin A. Rossman                                          John B. Powell
Stucky, Lauer & Young, LLP                                 Shambaugh Kast Beck & Williams,
Fort Wayne, Indiana                                        LLP
                                                           Fort Wayne, Indiana

                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Russell G. Berg,                                           July 15, 2020
Appellant-Respondent,                                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                           19A-DC-3038
        v.                                                 Appeal from the Allen Circuit
                                                           Court
Stacey L. Berg,                                            The Honorable Thomas J. Felts,
Appellee-Petitioner.                                       Judge
                                                           The Honorable John D. Kitch, III,
                                                           Magistrate
                                                           Trial Court Cause No.
                                                           02C01-1709-DC-1268

Bailey, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                                  Page 1 of 19
                                               Case Summary
[1]   Amid proceedings to dissolve their marriage, Russell G. Berg (“Husband”) and

      Stacey L. Berg (“Wife”) entered a mediated settlement agreement (the

      “Settlement Agreement”) concerning the disposition of marital property, inter

      alia. The trial court adopted the Settlement Agreement in its dissolution decree.

      Wife later filed a Trial Rule 60(B) motion, alleging that an account was omitted

      from a balance sheet used at mediation. Wife raised alternative grounds for

      relief. On the one hand, Wife sought to avoid the Settlement Agreement by

      alleging fraud, constructive fraud, misrepresentation, mutual mistake, or other

      misconduct. On the other hand, Wife sought to enforce the Settlement

      Agreement by alleging that Husband breached a warranty contained therein.

      Upon a motion to correct error, the trial court entered sua sponte findings and

      awarded Wife half of the value of the account. Husband appeals, arguing that

      the judgment depends on inadmissible evidence of what occurred at mediation.

[2]   We agree that the judgment granting Wife relief under Trial Rule 60(B) relies

      on mediation evidence. As to admissibility, we conclude that the mediation

      evidence is admissible only to enforce the Settlement Agreement—an issue

      collateral to the mediated dispute. Moreover, although the mediation evidence

      is admissible for this purpose, we ultimately discern no proper basis to uphold

      the judgment. We therefore reverse.1

      1
          Because this issue is dispositive, we need not address Husband’s other appellate issues.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                              Page 2 of 19
                             Facts and Procedural History
[3]   Husband and Wife participated in mediation and negotiated the Settlement

      Agreement. Under the Settlement Agreement, each party retained all stock

      accounts held in his or her own name and Husband retained all stock accounts

      the parties jointly held. The Settlement Agreement disposed of other property

      and obligated Husband to make a property-equalization payment to Wife. At

      one point, the parties made mutual representations and warranties: “Each of

      the parties . . . represent and warrant one to the other that all assets and debts

      owned or owed by the parties, either individually or jointly, have been correctly

      and truly revealed to the other and reflected within this [Settlement

      A]greement.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 22. The Settlement Agreement also

      stated that, “[i]n consideration of the promises, mutual covenants and

      agreements herein contained, the payments herein made and the property

      herein to be transferred,” the parties “each declare[d that] there has been a full

      disclosure of all their assets and liabilities and that this [Settlement A]greement

      is a final and complete settlement of all of their property rights[.]” Id. at 18-19.

[4]   On April 16, 2018, the trial court approved the Settlement Agreement and

      incorporated its terms into a dissolution decree. On April 15, 2019, Wife filed a

      verified Trial Rule 60(B) motion focused on a stock account Husband held,

      which was valued at about $122,000. Wife alleged that the Settlement

      Agreement “did not reference and therefore omitted” the stock account.

      Appellee’s App. Vol. 2 at 2. Wife noted that Husband’s counsel had disclosed

      the account to her lawyer. Wife alleged that her lawyer inadvertently omitted

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020          Page 3 of 19
      the account from a marital balance sheet and that the parties used that balance

      sheet at mediation. Wife attached several exhibits, including two purported

      marital balance sheets that her lawyer had prepared. Wife also attached an

      affidavit in which she averred that “[a]t no time before or during the

      mediation . . . did [she] learn of the existence of the [account]” and that, had

      she been aware of the account, she “would not have agreed to the property

      disposition” set forth in the Settlement Agreement. Id. at 72.

[5]   Husband filed a motion to strike, challenging the admissibility of the evidence

      attached to Wife’s motion.2 At a hearing on Wife’s motion, Husband objected

      to “everything that is going to go into the record as all of this was information

      that was discussed and done during mediation.” Tr. at 5. He argued that any

      evidence concerning “what went on during mediation, what became part of the

      mediated agreement” is inadmissible. Id. at 6. The trial court overruled

      Husband’s objection. The trial court eventually entered an order summarily (1)

      denying Husband’s motion to strike and (2) declining to grant Wife relief.

[6]   Wife filed a motion to correct error. Although neither party had requested

      special findings, Wife later submitted proposed findings that the court adopted

      verbatim. In its written order, the court found that Wife’s balance sheet “was

      utilized during mediation” and did not contain Husband’s account. Appellant’s

      2
       The motion to strike is not included in either appendix. However, the parties do not dispute that the
      motion focused on the admissibility of such evidence. See Br. of Appellant at 7; Br. of Appellee at 7, 10, 18.
      Moreover, pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 49(B), “[a]ny party’s failure to include any item in an
      Appendix shall not waive any issue or argument.”

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                                  Page 4 of 19
      App. Vol. 2 at 46. The court found that (1) fraud, constructive fraud, mutual

      mistake, or misrepresentation had occurred and (2) Husband had breached a

      warranty. The court ultimately awarded Wife half of the value of the account.

[7]   Husband now appeals.3

                                  Discussion and Decision
                                         Standard of Review
[8]   In general, we review a ruling on a motion to correct error for an abuse of

      discretion. State v. Reinhart, 112 N.E.3d 705, 709-10 (Ind. 2018). However, to

      the extent the ruling turns on a question of law, our review is de novo. See id.

      Here, the motion to correct error involved a motion for relief under Trial Rule

      60(B). The party moving for Trial Rule 60(B) relief bears the “burden . . . to

      demonstrate affirmatively that relief is necessary and just.” Fairrow v. Fairrow,

      559 N.E.2d 597, 599 (Ind. 1990); see also Gipson v. Gipson, 644 N.E.2d 876, 877

      (Ind. 1994). Ordinarily, “the propriety of relief under . . . Trial Rule 60(B) is a

      matter entrusted to the trial court’s equitable discretion.” Citimortgage, Inc. v.

      Barabas, 975 N.E.2d 805, 812 (Ind. 2012). However, where—as here—a Trial

      Rule 60(B) motion is directed toward a marital settlement agreement, the court

      must approach the matter “as a contract dispute, subject to the rules of contract

      3
       Husband’s brief contains an argumentative Statement of Facts. We remind counsel that the Statement of
      Facts should be in narrative form and stated in accordance with the standard of review. See Ind. Appellate
      Rule 46(A)(6); In re Paternity of C.B., 112 N.E.3d 746, 750 n.1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                               Page 5 of 19
       law.” Ryan v. Ryan, 972 N.E.2d 359, 370-71 (Ind. 2012) (noting that “a court’s

       exercise of power under Trial Rule 60(B) is subject to the limitations of the

       substantive law” and that provisions of the Indiana Code limit a court’s power

       to modify a marital settlement agreement); cf. Snow v. England, 862 N.E.2d 664,

       668 (Ind. 2007) (“As with other contracts, a division of property may only be

       modified according to the terms of the agreement, if the parties[] consent, or if

       fraud or duress occurs.” (citing Ind. Code §§ 31-15-2-17(c) & 31-15-7-9.1)).4

[9]    Further, where, as here, a court enters findings without a timely written request,

       the findings control only the issues they cover, Ind. Trial Rule 52(D), and we

       will disturb the judgment only if clearly erroneous, T.R. 52(A). A judgment is

       clearly erroneous if the evidence does not support the findings and the findings

       do not support the judgment. See S.H. v. D.W., 139 N.E.3d 214, 220 (Ind.

       2020). To the extent an issue is not covered by the findings, we apply a general-

       judgment standard under which we “affirm based on any legal theory supported

       by the evidence.” Steele-Giri v. Steele, 51 N.E.3d 119, 123-24 (Ind. 2016).

[10]   As to the findings, Husband points out that the court adopted Wife’s proposed

       findings verbatim. We note that a trial court is not prohibited from adopting a

       party’s proposed findings, however, the practice “‘weakens our confidence’ that

       those findings were ‘the result of considered judgment.’” River Ridge Dev. Auth.

       4
        Thus, to the extent the parties focus on Trial Rule 60(B)—including provisions permitting relief for mistake,
       misrepresentation, fraud, or other misconduct—we address their arguments under the rules of contract law.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                                 Page 6 of 19
       v. Outfront Media, LLC, No. 19S-PL-645, 2020 WL 2781884, at *6 (Ind. May 29,

       2020) (quoting Cook v. Whitsell-Sherman, 796 N.E.2d 271, 273 n.1 (Ind. 2003)).

                                                     Mediation
[11]   Husband argues that the court “relied on inadmissible evidence in granting”

       Wife relief under Trial Rule 60(B). Br. of Appellant at 13. Specifically,

       Husband asserts that mediation evidence—i.e., evidence of what transpired at

       mediation—“is subject to the [Indiana Rules for] Alternative Dispute

       [Resolution] and is deemed confidential, and not admissible[.]” Id. at 16.5

[12]   Mediation is a “confidential process” during which a neutral person—a

       mediator—“assists the litigants in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement.”

       Ind. Alternative Dispute Resolution Rule 2.1. “Evidence discoverable outside

       of mediation shall not be excluded merely because it was discussed or presented

       in the course of mediation.” A.D.R. 2.11(B)(2). However, mediation itself

       “shall be regarded as settlement negotiations governed by Indiana Evidence

       Rule 408.” A.D.R. 2.11(B)(1). As to Evidence Rule 408, the rule provides that

       5
         The dissent asserts that Husband waived this issue by failing to make cogent argument as required by
       Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a). However, Husband framed the issue, quoted the applicable rules, and
       directed us to caselaw concerning the admissibility of mediation evidence. We discern no waiver here. In
       any case, “‘we prefer to resolve cases on the merits’ instead of on procedural grounds like waiver.” Pierce v.
       State, 29 N.E.3d 1258, 1267 (Ind. 2015) (quoting Roberts v. Cmty. Hosps. of Ind., Inc., 897 N.E.2d 458, 469 (Ind.
       2008)). As our Supreme Court explained, “unless we find a party’s ‘non-compliance with the rule sufficiently
       substantial to impede our consideration of the issue raised,’ we will address the merits of his claim.” Id.
       (quoting Guardiola v. State, 375 N.E.2d 1105, 1107 (1978)). In this case, our review has not been impeded.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                                   Page 7 of 19
               [e]vidence of the following is not admissible . . . to prove or
               disprove the validity or amount of a disputed claim . . . :

               (1) furnishing, promising, or offering, or accepting, promising to
               accept, or offering to accept a valuable consideration in order to
               compromise the claim; and

               (2) conduct or a statement made during compromise negotiations
               about the claim.

[13]   Notably, Indiana Evidence Rule 408 has an exception that allows such

       evidence to be admitted “for another purpose, such as proving a witness’s bias

       or prejudice, negating a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to

       obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution.” Ind. Evidence Rule 408(b).

       The Indiana Supreme Court has explained that this exception allows mediation

       evidence to be used “in collateral matters unrelated to the dispute that is the

       subject of the mediation.” Horner v. Carter, 981 N.E.2d 1210, 1212 (Ind. 2013).

       For example, in Gast v. Hall, this Court applied the exception in Rule 408 where

       the mediation evidence—i.e., a person’s unusual statements at mediation—was

       offered to prove that the person later lacked testamentary capacity. 858 N.E.2d
154, 161-62 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. The exception applied in Gast

       because the issue of testamentary capacity was collateral to the mediated

       dispute. See id. In contrast, in Horner, our Supreme Court concluded that the

       exception did not apply when the mediation evidence—i.e., what was said at

       mediation—was offered to prove what the parties meant by an ambiguous

       provision in their mediated agreement. 981 N.E.2d at 1212 (noting that the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020            Page 8 of 19
       proffered mediation evidence was “akin to the offer or acceptance of a

       compromise on a claim of disputed liability or validity”). The exception did

       not apply in Horner because the issue was not collateral; the proponent was

       trying to prove up the very compromise the parties reached at mediation. See id.

[14]   In deciding Horner, our Supreme Court explained that “Indiana policy strongly

       favors the confidentiality of all matters that occur during mediation.” 981
N.E.2d at 1211. Moreover, the Court reiterated that “Indiana judicial policy

       strongly urges the amicable resolution of disputes and thus embraces a robust

       policy of confidentiality of conduct and statements made during negotiation

       and mediation.” Id. at 1212. While acknowledging competing policy concerns,

       the Court emphasized the value of dispute resolution: “The benefits of

       compromise settlement agreements outweigh the risks that such policy may on

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020        Page 9 of 19
       occasion impede access to otherwise admissible evidence on an issue.” Id. at

       1212.6 With Horner’s policy concerns in mind, we turn to the matter at hand.7

[15]   Wife offered evidence of what transpired at mediation, contending that the

       parties relied on an incomplete marital balance sheet. Husband argues that the

       judgment cannot stand without evidence of what occurred at mediation. We

       6
         It seems that this policy preference animates Indiana Evidence Rule 408, mandating the exclusion of more
       evidence than our sister courts would exclude under the substantially similar federal rule. Compare Evid. R.
       408 with Fed. R. Evid. 408. In Horner, our Supreme Court concluded that our Evidence Rule 408—
       incorporated by the Indiana Rules for Alternative Dispute Resolution—prohibited admitting statements
       made during settlement negotiations to resolve ambiguity in a mediated settlement agreement. 981 N.E.2d at
       1212-13. However, in Coakley & Williams Constr., Inc. v. Structural Concrete Equip., Inc., the Fourth Circuit
       determined that a settlement offer could be admitted to resolve ambiguity, reasoning that the evidence was
       not offered to prove liability or damages but instead “offer[ed] as evidence of the parties’ intent” in entering
       the non-mediated settlement agreement. 973 F.2d 349, 353-54 (4th Cir. 1992); cf. Thomas v. Thomas, 674
N.E.2d 23, 26 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (deciding, prior to Horner, that statements made during negotiations were
       admissible “to show [a] mistake” in a non-mediated marital settlement agreement), trans. denied.
       Moreover, under the federal approach, evidence of statements during negotiations would also be admissible
       to prove wrongful conduct. See, e.g., Fed R. Evid. 408 advisory committee’s note (noting that the
       exclusionary rule is “inapplicable” if the evidence is “offered to show that a party made fraudulent statements
       in order to settle a litigation”). Indeed, as the Sixth Circuit explained, the exclusionary rule is “inapplicable
       when the claim is based upon some wrong that was committed in the course of the settlement discussions” in
       that the rule “does not prevent the plaintiff from proving his case; wrongful acts are not shielded because they
       took place during compromise negotiations.” Uforma/Shelby Bus. Forms, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 111 F.3d 1284, 1293
       (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting 23 Charles Alan Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., Federal Practice and
       Procedure: Evidence § 5314 (1st ed. 1980)); accord Flood v. Katz, 294 S.W.3d 756, 763 (Tex. Ct. App. 2009)
       (reaching a similar conclusion when applying an analogous state evidentiary rule), review denied. However,
       under Horner, it does not appear that proving that (1) a wrong occurred during mediation (2) ultimately
       affecting the settlement agreement would be proving a “collateral matter[] unrelated to the dispute that is the
       subject of the mediation.” 981 N.E.2d at 1212. It could be that the confidential nature of mediation confers
       additional protection and Indiana would follow the federal approach when negotiations occurred outside of
       mediation. But cf. Loparex, LLC v. MPI Release Techs., LLC, 964 N.E.2d 806, 821 (Ind. 2012) (expressing
       concern about “chill[ing] the negotiating process” and noting that “it seem[ed] inappropriate to consider
       statements made in the context of settlement negotiations” concerning a prior—ultimately unsuccessful—
       lawsuit between parties “as proof of whether one party committed blacklisting” by filing that prior lawsuit).
       Regardless, the instant case involves a mediated settlement agreement and so it falls squarely within Horner.
       7
        We observe that neither party has cited Horner. To the extent the dissent suggests that it is improper to
       discuss and apply Horner to the issues presented in this case, we note that this Court is tasked with analyzing
       whether (1) the evidence supports the findings and the findings support the judgment or (2) whether the
       evidence supports affirming on any other basis. See T.R. 52(A) & 52(D); Steele-Giri, 51 N.E.3d at 123-24.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                                  Page 10 of 19
       agree with Husband. Although Wife directs us to evidence of two incomplete

       balance sheets, that evidence—standing alone—does not indicate that the

       parties actually relied on an incomplete balance sheet. In other words, even if

       Wife proves that a balance sheet at one point omitted the account, Wife may

       feasibly recover only if that omission was not later remedied at mediation.8

       Thus, mediation evidence is essential to the judgment. Having concluded as

       much, we must consider whether the evidence is admissible under Rule 408.

       As to admissibility, we generally review an evidentiary ruling for an abuse of

       discretion. Patchett v. Lee, 60 N.E.3d 1025, 1028 (Ind. 2016). However, when

       the ruling “depends on the interpretation of a statute, case law, or a rule of

       evidence,” the ruling “presents a legal question [that] we review de novo.” Id.

[16]   Here, Wife offered the evidence to either (1) avoid the Settlement Agreement or

       (2) enforce the Settlement Agreement. The trial court admitted the evidence for

       both purposes, finding that Wife was entitled to relief under either approach.

                                                    Avoidance
[17]   The trial court found that, under the circumstances, Wife could avoid the

       Settlement Agreement due to fraud, constructive fraud, mutual mistake,

       8
         The dissent asserts that “Husband has never disputed that the omission was not remedied at mediation.”
       Infra at 19 n.13. Critically, however, it is Wife who bore the “burden . . . to demonstrate affirmatively” her
       entitlement to relief under Trial Rule 60(B). Fairrow, 559 N.E.2d at 599. Below, Husband argued that Wife’s
       motion involved inadmissible mediation evidence. Without such evidence, Wife could not prevail on her
       motion. Husband had no obligation to offer controverting evidence and to require such evidence would be to
       improperly shift a burden to the non-movant. See id. Ultimately, Husband should prevail on appeal if his
       evidentiary challenge is meritorious. See id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                               Page 11 of 19
       misrepresentation, or other misconduct. Regarding those various grounds for

       relief, the mediation evidence was used to shed light on why Wife agreed to the

       disposition of assets in the Settlement Agreement. We conclude that, under our

       Supreme Court’s binding precedent in Horner, mediation evidence cannot be

       admitted for that non-collateral purpose. As in Horner, the evidence is “akin to

       the offer or acceptance of a compromise on a claim of disputed liability or

       validity.” 981 N.E.2d at 1212. Thus, the evidence must be excluded under

       Evidence Rule 408 in light of Indiana’s “robust policy of confidentiality of

       conduct and statements made during negotiation and mediation.” Id.

[18]   Without the mediation evidence, there is insufficient evidence to find that Wife

       could avoid the Settlement Agreement.9 Thus, to the extent the judgment in

       favor of Wife is based on principles of contract avoidance, the trial court erred.10

                                                   Enforcement
[19]   The court also found that Wife was entitled to relief because Husband breached

       a warranty in the Settlement Agreement. Under Horner, discussions involved in

       negotiating and reaching a final settlement agreement are excluded from

       9
           We therefore do not address Wife’s caselaw regarding grounds for avoiding the Settlement Agreement.
       10
         We note, as our Supreme Court noted in Horner, that the Uniform Mediation Act “would permit disclosure
       and discovery of conduct and statements during mediation if not otherwise available, . . . subject to a
       cautious balancing to ascertain whether the need for such evidence substantially outweighs the interest in
       protecting confidentiality.” 981 N.E.2d at 1212 n.1; see Uniform Mediation Act § 6(b) (setting forth a
       balancing test for admitting mediation evidence in “a proceeding to prove a claim to rescind or reform or a
       defense to avoid liability on a contract arising out of the mediation”). However, “Indiana has not adopted
       the [Uniform Mediation Act.]” Horner, 981 N.E.2d at 1212 n.1.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                              Page 12 of 19
       subsequent disputes unless the dispute involves a distinct collateral matter. 981
N.E.2d at 1212. Enforcement of the terms of the Settlement Agreement would

       be such a collateral matter. See id.; accord Cates v. Morgan Portable Bldg. Corp.,

       780 F.2d 683, 691 (7th Cir. 1985) (determining that the analogous federal rule

       would not bar evidence from settlement negotiations offered to prove breach

       (citing Cent. Soya Co., Inc. v. Epstein Fisheries, Inc., 676 F.2d 939 (7th Cir. 1982)).

       Thus, the exception in Rule 408 would allow the admission of mediation

       evidence for the collateral purpose of enforcing the Settlement Agreement. See

       Horner, 981 N.E.2d at 1212 (noting that mediation evidence is admissible “in

       collateral matters unrelated to the dispute that is the subject of the mediation”).

[20]   Having resolved the evidentiary issue, we turn to whether the trial court

       properly granted relief based on a breach of a warranty. We observe that the

       meaning of a contract is a question of law. Heraeus Med., LLC v. Zimmer, Inc.,

       135 N.E.3d 150, 152 (Ind. 2019). Clear and unambiguous provisions are

       “deemed conclusive” and, when they are present, “we will not construe or look

       to extrinsic evidence” and will instead apply the provisions. AM Gen. LLC v.

       Armour, 46 N.E.3d 436, 440 (Ind. 2015) (quoting Ryan, 972 N.E.2d at 364).

[21]   A warranty is a promise about a fact, e.g., “I warrant that the river will not run

       dry.” See 1 Timothy Murray, Corbin on Contracts § 1.14 (rev. ed. 1993)

       (“Corbin”) (“A promise may be expressed in the form of a warranty . . . . [A

       party] may warrant that a horse is sound and free from defects, or that a steel

       rail is free from internal and invisible flaws, or that the ship “Peerless” arrived

       in Amsterdam the day before yesterday.”). When a party makes a warranty,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020            Page 13 of 19
       the party is guaranteeing that the factual assertion is true. See Black’s Law

       Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining the verb “warrant” as “[t]o promise or

       guarantee”); see also 13 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 38:19 (4th ed.

       2013) (noting that “warranty” has a “primary meaning of obligation”).

[22]   As Judge Learned Hand explained:

               A warranty is an assurance by one party to a contract of the
               existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely. It is
               intended precisely to relieve the promisee of any duty to ascertain
               the fact for himself; it amounts to a promise to indemnify the
               promisee for any loss if the fact warranted proves untrue[.]

       Metro. Coal Co. v. Howard, 155 F.2d 780, 784 (2d Cir. 1946). In other words,

       when a promisor makes a warranty, “the promisor has assumed responsibility

       for [the] fact.” Corbin, § 1.14. Thus, if the fact is untrue or becomes untrue, the

       promisor is in breach and liable for damages. See, e.g., Restatement (First) of

       Contracts § 327 (Am. Law. Inst. 1932) (stating that, in general, “a judgment for

       damages will be given for any breach of contract, unless the right of action has

       been suspended or discharged”). There is a useful example in the Restatement

       (Second) of Contracts: “A, the builder of a house, or the inventor of the

       material used in part of its construction, says to B, the owner of the house, ‘I

       warrant that this house will never burn down.’ This includes a promise to pay

       for harm if the house should burn down.” § 2 cmt. d (Am. Law Inst. 1981).

[23]   Here, the court quoted the following language from the Settlement Agreement,

       identifying a breach of the first warranty: “Each of the parties . . . represent and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020         Page 14 of 19
       warrant one to the other that all assets and debts owned or owed by the parties,

       either individually or jointly, have been [1] correctly and truly revealed to the

       other and [2] reflected within this [Settlement A]greement.” Id. at 21-22.11

[24]   Critically, both warranties are mutual. That is, Husband and Wife assumed

       responsibility for the factual assertions. Therefore, assuming arguendo that the

       factual assertions in both warranties were untrue, both Husband and Wife

       breached the warranties. It is also notable that Husband and Wife made similar

       factual assertions when they “declar[ed that] there has been a full disclosure of

       all their assets and liabilities and that this [Settlement A]greement is a final and

       complete settlement of all of their property rights and payments[.]” Id. at 18.

[25]   “In the absence of fraud, accident, or mistake, parties to a contract and their

       privies are estopped to deny facts agreed on or assumed in the making of the

       contract.” 31 C.J.S. Estoppel and Waiver § 72. Indeed, “[i]f, in making a

       contract, the parties agree on or assume the existence of a particular fact as the

       basis of their negotiations, they are estopped to deny the fact of the contract.”
Id. Ultimately, “[p]arties who have expressed their mutual assent are bound by

       11
          The quotation contains both representations and warranties. We focus on the warranties because, unless a
       contract provides otherwise, a factual assertion set forth in a representation is not an enforceable promise;
       rather, a misrepresentation provides a contract defense that might (1) vitiate mutual assent; (2) make the
       contract voidable; or (3) justify reformation. See generally Restatement (Second) of Contracts §§ 159, 163,
       164, & 166 (Am. Law. Inst. 1981). Of course, a misrepresentation might also be tortious. See Doe #1 v. Ind.
       Dep’t of Child Servs., 81 N.E.3d 199, 207 n.5 (Ind. 2017) (discussing fraudulent misrepresentation, both actual
       and constructive); Passmore v. Multi-Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 810 N.E.2d 1022, 1025 (Ind. 2004) (discussing
       negligent misrepresentation). In any case, as earlier discussed, mediation evidence is inadmissible to prove a
       ground for avoidance. Moreover, assuming arguendo that the evidence is admissible, for the reasons hereafter
       discussed, Wife is estopped from obtaining relief because Wife is disputing the truth of her own assertions.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                                Page 15 of 19
       the contents of the instrument they have signed, and may not thereafter claim

       that its provisions do not express their intentions or understanding.” Id.; cf.

       Stevens v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 929 S.W.2d 665, 672 (Tex. Ct. App. 1996)

       (noting that “[e]stoppel by contract is a form of quasi estoppel” in that “[t]he

       rule . . . is just another way of saying that a party is bound by the terms of his

       contract unless it is void or is annulled or set aside in some way”), writ denied.

[26]   As earlier discussed, Wife may not avoid the Settlement Agreement. Therein,

       Wife asserted that all assets had been disclosed and reflected in the terms. Wife

       is estopped from claiming that her assertions are untrue.12 See id.; cf. Gray v.

       State, 78 Ind. 68, 71-72 (1881) (determining that parties to an instrument were

       estopped from disputing the truth of a recital in the instrument); Lebo v. Bowlin,

       189 N.E. 397, 399 (Ind. Ct. App. 1934) (en banc) (“[I]t is the law that a recital

       of a particular fact is the basis for an estoppel.”). Thus, we discern no proper

       basis to uphold the judgment on a theory that Husband breached a warranty.

                                                 Conclusion
[27]   Because the proffered mediation evidence is inadmissible to prove a ground for

       contract avoidance, Wife is bound by the terms of the Settlement Agreement.

       Moreover, although mediation evidence potentially can be used to address

       12
         Regardless of estoppel, Wife is not entitled to relief based on the warranty regarding disclosure. Although
       Wife maintains that she was unaware of the account, Wife alleged that Husband’s counsel disclosed the
       account to her lawyer. That knowledge is imputed to Wife. See Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Winans, 325
N.E.2d 204, 206 (Ind. 1975) (noting that the knowledge of an agent is generally imputed to his principal).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                               Page 16 of 19
       collateral issues, in this case, Wife is estopped from pursuing such an action.

       Thus, we conclude that the trial court erred in granting the motion to correct

       error and awarding Wife half of the value of the account.

[28]   Reversed.

       Altice, J., concurs.
       Crone, J., dissents with opinion.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020       Page 17 of 19
                                                    IN THE
           COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

       Russell G. Berg,                                           Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                  19A-DC-3038
       Appellant-Respondent,

               v.

       Stacey L. Berg,
       Appellee-Petitioner.

       Crone, Judge, dissenting.

[29]   In support of her motion for relief from judgment, Wife submitted ten exhibits

       to substantiate her claim that Husband’s stock account had been omitted from

       the marital estate – a fact that Husband does not dispute – as a result of either

       mutual mistake or fraud. The trial court’s order granting Wife’s motion to

       correct error references and relies on several of those exhibits. Husband makes

       the following argument that the exhibits are inadmissible pursuant to Evidence

       Rule 408:

               All of the information contained in paragraph four of the Order,
               including all subparagraphs, were alleged discussions and
               communications had in anticipation of mediation. Paragraph
               five of said order further contemplates additional discussions had
               between counsel in anticipation of mediation. Paragraphs six
               and seven contemplate information that occurred during the
               mediation setting itself.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                      Page 18 of 19
       Appellant’s Br. at 13. In my view, this argument falls far short of establishing

       that the trial court abused its discretion in relying on Wife’s exhibits. Husband

       cites no authority for the proposition that “discussions and communications

       had in anticipation of mediation” are inadmissible pursuant to Evidence Rule 408.

       And, as Wife points out, the handwritten marital balance sheet mentioned in

       paragraph six, which was prepared during mediation, is essentially cumulative

       of her counsel’s notes mentioned in paragraph seven, which were prepared

       before mediation, as neither exhibit includes Husband’s stock account among

       the parties’ assets.13

[30]   Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) provides that an appellant’s argument

       “must contain the contentions of the appellant on the issues presented,

       supported by cogent reasoning” and citation to relevant authorities. “Failure to

       present a cogent argument results in waiver of the issue on appeal.” Martin v.

       Hunt, 130 N.E.3d 135, 137 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019). I would find Husband’s

       argument on this issue waived for lack of cogency.14 I find no merit in his

       remaining arguments, and therefore I would affirm the trial court. 15

       13
         The majority asserts that “even if Wife proves that a balance sheet at one point omitted the account, Wife
       may feasibly recover only if that omission was not later remedied at mediation.” Slip op. at 11. Husband has
       never disputed that the omission was not remedied at mediation.
       14
          Husband’s failure to include his motion to strike Wife’s exhibits in his appellant’s appendix is inexcusable.
       If the arguments made in that motion are as lacking in cogency as the arguments made in his appellant’s
       brief, I would find waiver on the basis that he had failed to preserve the issue for appeal.
       15
          The majority’s analyses regarding Horner, avoidance, enforcement, and warranty go far beyond the scope
       of any argument raised by Husband.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-DC-3038 | July 15, 2020                                  Page 19 of 19