Court Opinion

ID: 9840661
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-19 18:00:44.454219+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:10:38.943225
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                          FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        SEP 19 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ALMA TORRES-SANCHEZ,                            No. 21-1312
                                                Agency No.
             Petitioner,                        A205-147-465
 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

             Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                           Submitted September 15, 2023**
                                 Phoenix, Arizona

Before: HURWITZ, BUMATAY, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

      Alma Torres-Sanchez (“Torres”), a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for

review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision dismissing her appeal

from an order of an immigration judge (“IJ”) denying withholding of removal,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
protection under the Convention Against Torture, and voluntary departure.

Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we grant the petition in part and deny

it in part.

       1. Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Torres established

neither past persecution nor a clear probability of future persecution based on her

membership in a social group of “lesbian women in Mexico.” See Sharma v.

Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1063–66 (9th Cir. 2021). Torres did not identify as a lesbian

when she was sexually assaulted by a taxi driver in 2008, nor is there any evidence

that her assailant perceived her as such. As to feared future persecution, the IJ cited

evidence that same-sex marriage has been legal in Mexico City since 2010 and is

also legal in at least 10 other states. The IJ further noted a variety of measures

initiated by the Mexican government in 2016 to protect same-sex couples and recent

steps taken “to establish legal protections against sexual and gender-based violence.”

Moreover, Torres only claimed a general fear of return because she has “heard from

unspecified sources that lesbian individuals are mistreated in Mexico.”           The

evidence Torres submitted about violence against gay, lesbian, and transgender

individuals in Mexico does not compel a finding of persecution. See Duran-

Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019).

       2. Substantial evidence also supports the IJ’s finding that Torres failed to

establish a clear probability of torture by or with the “acquiescence of a public

                                         2                                   21-1312
official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1);

Zheng v. Ashcroft, 332 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003). Torres never suggested that

her 2008 assailant acted by or with the consent of Mexican officials, and her

testimony otherwise does not establish a personal risk of future torture.

      3. Torres also challenges the BIA’s denial of voluntary departure, arguing

that, by the time the BIA rendered its decision, her 2016 conviction fell outside the

five-year period during which a voluntary departure applicant must show good moral

character. 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(b)(1). The Attorney General argues that this claim is

unexhausted. A non-constitutional claim in a petition for review must first have

been raised before the BIA. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Bare v. Barr, 975 F.3d 952, 960

(9th Cir. 2020) (citing Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 678 (9th Cir. 2004)). Torres

argued before the BIA that “the IJ failed to consider that the majority of

Respondent’s convictions were several years ago when he denied Respondent

Voluntary Departure.” Although this argument is not precisely the one raised in the

petition for review, it suffices for purposes of exhaustion. A “petitioner may raise a

general argument in the administrative proceeding and then raise a more specific

legal issue on appeal.” Bare, 975 F.3d at 960. Torres’s assertion put the BIA on

notice of her challenge to the voluntary departure determination based on the age of

her 2016 conviction. See Zhang v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 713, 721 (9th Cir. 2004);

Moreno-Morante v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 1172, 1173 n.1 (9th Cir. 2007).

                                        3                                   21-1312
      4. The BIA did not squarely address the argument raised in the petition for

review—whether the 2016 conviction disqualifies her from voluntary departure even

though it occurred more than five years before the BIA’s final decision. We

therefore remand for the agency to address the contention in the first instance.

      PETITION DENIED IN PART AND GRANTED IN PART.

                                        4                                   21-1312