Court Opinion

ID: 4283701
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-12 18:45:58.319874+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:19.429418
License: Public Domain

J-S16038-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF                        :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 PENNSYLVANIA                           :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                    Appellee            :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
 TYLER DAVID FIX                        :
                                        :       No. 1355 MDA 2017
                    Appellant           :

                  Appeal from the PCRA Order July 25, 2017
                in the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County
              Criminal Division at No.: CP-06-CR-0000216-2014

BEFORE:    BOWES, J., MURRAY, J., and PLATT*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.:                              FILED JUNE 12, 2018

      Appellant, Tyler David Fix, appeals, pro se, from the order of July 25,

2017, which dismissed, without a hearing, his first petition brought under the

Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.

      We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter from

this Court’s June 12, 2015 opinion on direct appeal, the PCRA court’s June 19,

2017 order and notice of intent to dismiss, and our independent review of the

certified record.

           Appellant, Tyler David Fix, appeals from the August 25,
      2014 judgment of sentence imposed after he was convicted of
      persons not to possess a firearm, 18 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 6105(a)(1),
      and possession of a controlled substance, 35 P.S. § 780–
      113(a)(16). . . .

           Appellant was charged with the above-stated offenses and
      proceeded to a non-jury trial on July 31, 2014. The trial court
____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S16038-18

     summarized the evidence presented at Appellant’s trial, as
     follows:

                  [T]he record reflects that Chief John Pontician
           of the Womelsdorf Borough Police Department
           proceeded to 20 East High Street in Womelsdorf,
           Berks County, Pennsylvania after being informed by
           Nancy Ruth, [Appellant’s] Aunt, that [Appellant] was
           living at that address. There was an active warrant
           for [Appellant’s] arrest due to a parole violation.
           Moreover, Ms. Ruth did not want [Appellant] living at
           her parents’ home because they were elderly and she
           believed his presence would have a negative impact
           on their health.

                  On the afternoon of November 6, 2013, Chief
           Pontician found [Appellant] illegally burning items in
           a barrel at the residence. As Chief Pontician was
           taking [Appellant] into custody, he noticed a firearm
           magazine and [a] number of .22 caliber long rifle
           cartridges at [Appellant’s] feet. Also, Chief Pontician
           observed a Mossberg semiautomatic .22 long rifle
           nearby.[a] The magazine and ammunition contained
           in the rifle were identical to the magazine and
           ammunition discovered at [Appellant’s] feet.         In
           addition, Nancy Ruth testified that only her father and
           [Appellant] had keys to the garage where the gun was
           located and that she had never known her father to
           keep firearms in the house.

     [(]Trial Court Opinion ([]), 11/14/14, at 3–4 (citations to the
     record omitted)[)].

           [a] Chief Pontician testified that Appellant was standing
           close to an open door leading into the garage and, just
           inside the garage, the chief could “see the butt of a
           rifle stock.” [(]N.T. Trial, 7/31/14, at 23-24[)]. Chief
           Pontician stated that Appellant was standing
           approximately 6 to 7 feet from the gun. [(See i]d. at
           29[)].

           Based on these facts, the trial court found Appellant guilty
     of persons not to possess a firearm. Additionally, at the time of
     Appellant’s arrest, he was found to be in possession of the

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       prescription drug Benzodiazepine, for which he did not have a
       prescription. [(See] N.T. Trial, 7/31/14, at 30–31[)]. Accordingly,
       the court also convicted Appellant of possession of a controlled
       substance.

             On August 25, 2014, the court sentenced Appellant to an
       aggregate term of [not less than] five [nor more than] ten years’
       incarceration, followed by three years’ probation. Appellant filed
       a timely post-sentence motion, which the court denied. He then
       filed a timely notice of appeal, as well as a timely Pa.R.A.P.
       1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. . .
       .

(Commonwealth v. Fix, 2015 WL 7077191, at *1 (Pa. Super. filed Jun. 12,

2015) (unpublished memorandum)).

       On June 12, 2015, this Court affirmed Appellant’s judgment of sentence.

(See id. at *5). Appellant did not seek leave to appeal to the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court.

       On April 6, 2016, Appellant, acting pro se, filed a timely PCRA petition.

The PCRA court subsequently appointed counsel. On June 19, 2017, PCRA

counsel submitted a Turner/Finley1 letter. On June 7, 2017, Appellant filed

a response to the Turner/Finley letter.2 On June 19, 2017, the PCRA court

granted PCRA counsel’s request to withdraw and issued notice of its intent to

dismiss the petition pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure

____________________________________________

1 See Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa. 1988);
Commonwealth v. Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa. Super. 1988) (en banc).

2 We decline to speculate why Appellant’s response preceded the filing of
Counsel’s Turner/Finley letter other than to note that both the letter and the
PCRA court’s response were filed on the same date.

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907(1). Appellant filed a response on July 13, 2017. On July 25, 2017, the

court dismissed Appellant’s PCRA petition.

       On August 24, 2017, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. On August

28, 2017, the PCRA court directed Appellant to file a concise statement of

errors complained of on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant filed a

timely Rule 1925(b) statement on September 13, 2017.               See id.     On

September 18, 2017, the PCRA court issued an opinion referencing its June

19, 2017 notice of intent to dismiss. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

       On appeal, Appellant raises the following questions for our review.3

       1.     Did the PCRA [c]ourt err in finding the Appellant’s claims “do
       not involve the truth determining process” and are those not
       cognizable under the PCRA, although standing case law dictates
       that the “truth determining process” language of the PCRA statute
       is to be construed broadly?

       2.    Did the PCRA [c]ourt err in allowing PCRA [c]ounsel to
       withdraw even though counsel did not address the issues
       contained in Appellant’s [p]ro [s]e PCRA [p]etition, in
       contravention of the [h]igher [c]ourt’s holding’s (sic) in [Finley,
       supra]; [Turner, supra]; [Commonwealth v.] Glover, 738
       A.2d 460 (Pa. Super. 1999)?

       3.      Did the PCRA [c]ourt err in dismissing Appellant’s PCRA
       [p]etition without a hearing finding counsel was not ineffective for
       failing to raise the claims herein?
____________________________________________

3 Appellant’s argument section does not match his statement of the questions
involved. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 5-6, 14–38); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a)
(“The argument shall be divided into as many parts as there are questions to
be argued[.]”). Nonetheless, we will address his issues to the extent that we
can determine them, because this discrepancy does not hamper our review.
See Donahue v. Fed. Express Corp., 753 A.2d 238, 241 n.3 (Pa. Super.
2000).

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     4.     Did the PCRA [c]ourt err by denying Appellant’s PCRA
     [p]etition alleging counsel is ineffective for failing to file a
     suppression     motion     arguing    the   firearm    was    seized
     unlawfully/illegally in violation of Appellant’s [s]tate, [n]ational,
     and [f]ederal [c]onstitutional rights to be free from unreasonable
     searches and seizures?

     5.    Did the PCRA [c]ourt err in finding “no-merit” in that [Chief]
     Pontician lied under oath (perjury) to cover up the fact that he
     saw the gun the day before, thus proving he “knew in advance”
     the location of the gun, and finding counsel effective in not
     impeaching the officer with his contradictory “Call for Service
     Report”?

     6.     Did the PCRA [c]ourt err by denying Appellant’s PCRA
     [p]etition alleging counsel is ineffective by failing to file a motion
     in limine citing Pa. R.E. 403 arguing the clip evidence should have
     been excluded as its probative value was outweighed by its
     prejudicial effect it introduced (sic), as well as it being “too remote
     in time” and opening the door for the Commonwealth to present
     two additional witnesses to damage the character and credibility
     of the Appellant with uncharged acts?

     7.      Did the PCRA [c]ourt err by denying Appellant’s PCRA
     [p]etition alleging counsel is ineffective by not raising the claim of
     falsified and omitted facts in the [a]ffidavit of [p]robable [c]ause
     submitted to the [m]agistrate by [Chief] Pontician?

     8.      Did the PCRA [c]ourt err by denying Appellant’s PCRA
     [p]etition alleging counsel is ineffective by not objecting to the
     Commonwealth’s introduction of the clip evidence as the
     Commonwealth did not submit a [Pa.R.E.] 404(b) statement
     stating how the clip, recovered eight months prior to the incident
     at hand, was relevant to its case and how it intended to use the
     evidence at trial?

     9.     Did the PCRA [c]ourt err in not finding the “waiver of jury
     trial [c]olloquy” deficient in information and facts in order for the
     Appellant to make a fully informed, knowing and voluntary
     decision to waive his right to a jury trial?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 5-6) (unnecessary emphases omitted).

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      Appellant appeals from the denial of his PCRA petition. Our standard of

review is settled.   We review the denial of a post-conviction petition to

determine whether the record supports the PCRA court’s findings and whether

its order is otherwise free of legal error. See Commonwealth v. Faulk, 21

A.3d 1196, 1199 (Pa. Super. 2011). To be eligible for relief pursuant to the

PCRA, Appellant must establish, inter alia, that his conviction or sentence

resulted from one or more of the enumerated errors or defects found in 42

Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2).     See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2).         He must also

establish that the issues raised in the PCRA petition have not been previously

litigated or waived. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(3). An allegation of error “is

waived if the petitioner could have raised it but failed to do so before trial, at

trial, during unitary review, on appeal or in a prior state postconviction

proceeding.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9544(b). Further,

            . . . a PCRA petitioner is not automatically entitled to an
      evidentiary hearing.     We review the PCRA court’s decision
      dismissing a petition without a hearing for an abuse of discretion.

                   [T]he right to an evidentiary hearing on a post-
            conviction petition is not absolute. It is within the
            PCRA court’s discretion to decline to hold a hearing if
            the petitioner’s claim is patently frivolous and has no
            support either in the record or other evidence. It is
            the responsibility of the reviewing court on appeal to
            examine each issue raised in the PCRA petition in light
            of the record certified before it in order to determine
            if the PCRA court erred in its determination that there
            were no genuine issues of material fact in controversy
            and in denying relief without conducting an
            evidentiary hearing.

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Commonwealth v. Miller, 102 A.3d 988, 992 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations

omitted).

      In his first claim, Appellant takes issue with the PCRA court’s finding

that several of his claims were not cognizable under the PCRA.             (See

Appellant’s Brief, at 5). However, Appellant waived this claim. While he raises

this issue in his statement of the questions involved, he abandons the

argument in the body of the brief. (See id. at 5, 14-38). Therefore, we find

Appellant’s first claim waived. See Commonwealth v. Jones, 815 A.2d 598,

604 n.3 (Pa. 2002) (claims raised in statement of questions involved, but not

pursued in body of brief are waived).

      In Appellant’s second issue, he contends that PCRA counsel filed a faulty

Turner/Finley letter. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 14). He specifically contends

that counsel did not address all of the claims raised in his myriad pleadings.

(See id.). We disagree.

      Prior to addressing the merits of this claim, we must determine whether

it has been properly preserved for our review. In Commonwealth v. Pitts,

981 A.2d 875, 879 n.3 (Pa. 2009), our Supreme Court held that a PCRA

appellant “waive[s] any issue pertaining to the adequacy of PCRA counsel’s

no-merit letter by failing to raise it during Rule 907’s 20–day response period.”

Pitts, supra at 879 n.3.     Instantly, Appellant has preserved his claim by

mailing a response to counsel’s Turner/Finley letter. (See Pro Se Objection

to Motion to Withdraw, 6/07/17, at 1). In this response, Appellant complained

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that counsel had failed to adhere to the requirements of Turner/Finley. (See

id. at 1, 10).    Thus, we conclude Appellant has properly preserved his

challenge to adequacy of the no-merit letter.

             We note that counsel may withdraw at any stage of
      collateral proceedings if, in the exercise of his or her professional
      judgment, counsel determines that the issues raised in those
      proceedings are meritless and if the post-conviction court concurs
      with counsel’s assessment. The post-conviction petitioner then
      may proceed pro se, by privately retained counsel, or not at all.

Glover, supra at 463 (citation omitted).

      In Commonwealth v. Merritt, 827 A.2d 485, 487 (Pa. Super. 2003),

this Court reiterated the level of review necessary to secure permission to

withdraw from representation pursuant to Turner, supra and Finley, supra.

The Merritt Court stated that the PCRA court’s determination is subject to

appellate scrutiny to assure that the following constraints have been adhered

to:

      1. PCRA counsel, in a “no-merit” letter, has detailed the nature
      and the extent of his review;

      2. PCRA counsel, in the “no-merit” letter, lists each issue the
      petitioner wishes to have reviewed;

      3. PCRA counsel must explain, in the “no-merit” letter, why
      petitioner’s issues are meritless;

      4. The PCRA court must conduct its own independent review of
      the record; and

      5. The PCRA court must agree with counsel that the petition is
      meritless.

      The PCRA Court’s decision is then subject to appellate scrutiny to
      assure that these constraints have been followed.

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Id. at 487 (citation omitted). “Counsel must also send to the petitioner: (1)

a copy of the ‘no-merit’ letter/brief; (2) a copy of counsel’s petition to

withdraw; and (3) a statement advising petitioner of the right to proceed pro

se or by new counsel.” Commonwealth v. Wrecks, 931 A.2d 717, 721 (Pa.

Super.   2007)   (citation   omitted).   Substantial   compliance    with   these

requirements is sufficient. See Commonwealth v. Widgins, 29 A.3d 816,

819 (Pa. Super. 2011).

      Here, the PCRA court specifically stated in its notice of intent to dismiss,

that counsel “reviewed the entire official file, including notes of testimony, as

well as [Appellant’s] plentiful correspondence. . . . [C]ounsel expressed that,

after a careful review of the record, . . . [Appellant’s] PCRA [p]etition fails to

establish any grounds upon which relief may be granted. . . .” (PCRA Court

Opinion, 6/19/17, at 3). The PCRA court agreed with counsel’s assessment.

(See id.).

      PCRA counsel filed a motion to withdraw as counsel with the PCRA court.

He stated that he corresponded with Appellant and reviewed Appellant’s case

file and notes of testimony. (See Turner/Finley Letter, 6/19/17, at 2).

Counsel also listed the ineffective assistance of trial claims Appellant raised in

his PCRA petition, in an attachment to the PCRA petition, and in Appellant’s

correspondence. (See id. at 3-7). He then engaged in a ten-page analysis

of those claims. (See id. at 7-17). Counsel attached a copy of the letter he

sent to Appellant, which notified Appellant of his request to withdraw and

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provided an explanation of Appellant’s right to proceed pro se or with private

counsel. Thus, PCRA counsel substantially complied with the Turner/Finley

requirements.    See Merritt, supra at 487.       Appellant’s second claim is

without merit. See Widgins, supra at 819.

      In his third claim, Appellant contends that the PCRA court erred in

dismissing his petition without an evidentiary hearing. (See Appellant’s Brief,

at 5, 40). The Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure provide the PCRA

court with the discretion to dismiss a PCRA petition without an evidentiary

hearing if it is patently without merit. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 907. Because, for

the reasons discussed below, Appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel

claims lack merit, he was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing. See Miller,

supra at 992. Accordingly, Appellant’s third claim must fail.

      In his next five claims, Appellant contends that he received ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. He alleges that counsel failed to: (1) move to

suppress the seizure of the weapon; (2) impeach Chief Pontician’s allegedly

perjured testimony; (3) file a motion in limine to exclude testimony that police

found Appellant in possession of a clip for the gun some eight months prior to

the instant incident; (4) move to suppress based upon inconsistencies in the

affidavit of probable cause; and (5) object to the Commonwealth’s failure to

file a Rule 404(b) statement. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 5-6, 15-36).

      To obtain relief under the PCRA on a claim that counsel was ineffective,

a petitioner must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel’s

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ineffectiveness “so undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable

adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place.” Commonwealth

v. Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 532 (Pa. 2009) (quoting 42 Pa.C.S.A. §

9543(a)(2)(ii)).   “Generally, counsel’s performance is presumed to be

constitutionally adequate, and counsel will only be deemed ineffective upon a

sufficient showing by the petitioner.” Id. (citation omitted). This requires the

petitioner to demonstrate that: (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit;

(2) counsel had no reasonable strategic basis for his or her action or inaction;

and (3) petitioner was prejudiced by counsel’s act or omission. See id. at

533; see also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

      A finding of “prejudice” requires the petitioner to “show that there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result

of the proceeding would have been different[.]” Strickland, supra at 703

(citations omitted). In assessing a claim of ineffectiveness, when it is clear

that appellant has failed to meet the prejudice prong, the court may dispose

of the claim on that basis alone, without a determination of whether a

petitioner met the first two prongs. See Commonwealth v. Travaglia, 661

A.2d 352, 357 (Pa. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1121 (1996).         “Counsel

cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to pursue a meritless claim.”

Commonwealth v. Loner, 836 A.2d 125, 132 (Pa. Super. 2003) (en banc),

appeal denied, 852 A.2d 311 (Pa. 2004) (citation omitted).

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       In his fourth claim, Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to move to suppress the firearm. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 5, 15-

27). We disagree.

       Appellant first contends that a document entitled Call for Service Report

(CSR)4 demonstrates that Chief Pontician was aware, as of November 5, 2013,

the day before he arrested Appellant, that Appellant was in possession of a

weapon, and thus, his finding of the weapon in plain view was a pretext. (See

id. at 15-16).     However, we conclude that there is no underlying merit to

Appellant’s contention that the firearm found near him should have been

suppressed, and thus, trial counsel cannot be found ineffective for failing to

pursue this meritless claim.

       “The Fourth Amendment of the [United States] Constitution and Article

I, Section 8 of [the Pennsylvania] Constitution protect citizens from

unreasonable searches and seizures.” Commonwealth v. McAdoo, 46 A.3d

781, 784 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal denied, 65 A.3d 413 (Pa. 2013). “A search

conducted without a warrant is deemed to be unreasonable and therefore

____________________________________________

4The CSR is an unsigned form, presumably authored by Chief Pontician, which
details his unsuccessful attempt to locate Appellant on November 5, 2013.
(See CSR, 11/05/13, at unnumbered page 1). In the narrative section, the
author describes looking into a “secure rear garage through, window I did see
what appeared to b[e] a rifle lying on against (sic) a work bench[.]” (Id.).
The CSR was not entered into the record at trial, and appears for the first time
as an exhibit attached to Appellant’s PCRA petition. (See PCRA Petition,
4/06/16, at Exhibit [4]). Appellant has not proven that trial counsel was even
aware of its existence.

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constitutionally impermissible, unless an established exception applies.”

Commonwealth v. Strickler, 757 A.2d 884, 888 (Pa. 2000) (citation

omitted). “Exceptions to the warrant requirement include the consent

exception, the plain view exception, the inventory search exception, the

exigent circumstances exception, the automobile exception, . . , the stop and

frisk    exception,   and   the   search     incident   to   arrest   exception.”

Commonwealth v. Dunnavant, 63 A.3d 1252, 1257 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(emphasis added), affirmed by an equally divided court, 107 A.3d 29 (Pa.

2014).

        Here, Appellant relies on this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v.

Daniels, 593 A.2d 895, 898 (Pa. Super. 1991), appeal denied, 600 A.2d 533

(Pa. 1991), for the proposition that, “[t]he plain view exception cannot be

used as a pretext when police officers know in advance the location of an item

and intend to seize it.” Daniels, supra at 898; (see also Appellant’s Brief,

at 15). Thus, Appellant argues that because Chief Pontician first saw the gun

on November 5, 2013, his actions on November 6, 2013, constituted a mere

pretext.   (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15).    However, Appellant’s reliance on

Daniels is misplaced.

        In Daniels, the victim told police that she had been raped by her ex-

boyfriend at gunpoint earlier that day.      See Daniels, supra at 896.      The

police took the victim to the boyfriend’s residence, when they rang the bell,

he answered the door and stepped outside; the police handcuffed him and

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showed him to the victim, who identified him as her assailant. See id. The

defendant requested permission to get his keys and lock his door before being

transported to the police station; the police stated that he had to be

accompanied by an officer while retrieving them. See id. The police officers

followed Appellant to a bedroom wherein they seized a gun in plain view on a

dresser. See id. The trial court granted the defendant’s motion to suppress;

on appeal, we reversed. See id. at 896-97. In so doing, we stated:

            Because we have concluded that the police officers were
      lawfully in [defendant’s] house, we must determine whether the
      observation of the guns was inadvertent. The plain view exception
      cannot be used as a pretext when police officers know in advance
      the location of an item and intend to seize it. [Commonwealth
      v.] Kendrick, [490 A.2d 923, 926 (Pa. Super. 1985)] (citing
      Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29
      L.Ed.2d 564 (1971)[)]. In Kendrick, the court noted that
      although the police officers were aware of the possibility that a
      drug sale might be in progress when they lawfully entered the
      defendant’s home, there was nothing to indicate that they had
      anything more than a general expectation. Similarly, in the
      present case, the police officers were aware that the victim had
      been raped at gunpoint. However, they did not enter the house
      knowing the location of the guns and intending to seize them. We
      therefore conclude that the observation of the guns was
      inadvertent.

Id. (footnote omitted).

      Here, as discussed above, Chief Pontician went to              Appellant’s

grandparents’ residence to arrest him for a parole violation, not to seize a gun.

At most, the CSR demonstrates that, the day before, the house was deserted

and Chief Pontician saw what appeared to be a gun in a secure, locked

outbuilding. (See CSR, supra at unnumbered page 1). He had no way of

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knowing that, when they returned the next day, Appellant would even be at

the residence, let alone that he would be burning items next to the open

garage with cartridges and ammunition at his feet and the gun some six feet

away from him. Thus, because Appellant has failed to demonstrate that Chief

Pontician had more than “a general expectation” that there would be a gun

present on November 6, 2013, or that his arrest of Appellant pursuant to the

parole violation warrant was a pretext for seizing the gun, counsel had no

reason to move for suppression based upon Daniels. Daniels, supra at 897.

     Appellant next claims that the PCRA court erred in finding that there was

no basis for suppression based upon the plain view doctrine. (See Appellant’s

Brief, at 17-20). We disagree.

     . . . [T]he plain view doctrine, permits the warrantless seizure of
     an object when: (1) an officer views the object from a lawful
     vantage point; (2) it is immediately apparent to him that the
     object is incriminating; and (3) the officer has a lawful right of
     access to the object.

Commonwealth v. Hudson, 92 A.3d 1235, 1241 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal

denied, 106 A.3d 724 (Pa. 2014) (citation omitted).

     Here, Appellant concedes that the police “had a valid reason to be on

the premises and, thus, saw the gun from a lawful vantage point.”

(Appellant’s Brief, at 17) (internal quotation marks omitted).       He also

concedes that the incriminating nature of the object was immediately

apparent.   (See id.).   However, he argues that because Chief Pontician

arrested him outside the garage and the gun was in plain view inside the

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garage, he did not have a lawful right of access to the gun. (See id.). We

disagree.

       Here, when Chief Pontician arrived at the residence, he observed

Appellant walking back and forth between the corner of the garage and an

open burn barrel. (See N.T. Trial, 7/31/14, at 21-22). Chief Pontician saw a

magazine and loose rounds of ammunition for a .22 long rifle at Appellant’s

feet. (See id. at 23). The door to the garage was open and Chief Pontician

noticed the stock of a rifle in the immediate area. (See id. at 23-24, 29).

This was clearly sufficient to give Chief Pontician a lawful right of access to the

gun. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 73 A.3d 609, 616-17 (Pa. Super.

2013), appeal denied, 87 A.3d 320 (Pa. 2014) (police lawfully seized receipt

under plain view exception where defendant, who had record for theft, was in

area known for pick-pocket activity, placed shopping bags on ground, and

receipt was on top of bag); Commonwealth v. Winfield, 835 A.2d 365, 369-

70 (Pa. Super. 2003) (after police lawfully entered hotel room, warrantless

seizure of bag of cocaine was permissible under plain view doctrine); Daniels,

supra at 896-97. As there is no merit to Appellant’s underlying claim, 5 we

will not fault counsel for failing to file a motion to suppress. See Loner, supra

at 132. Appellant’s fourth claim must fail.

____________________________________________

5Because the police lawfully seized the gun under the plain view doctrine, we
decline to address Appellant’s contentions regarding searches incident to
arrest and exigent circumstances. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 20-25).

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       In his fifth claim, Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective

for not using the CSR to impeach Chief Pontician’s allegedly perjured

testimony that he did not see the gun until the morning of November 6. (See

Appellant’s Brief, at 5, 28-29). We disagree.

       Here, Appellant has failed to show how trial counsel’s alleged failure to

use the CSR to impeach Chief Pontician prejudiced him.           At trial, Chief

Pontician testified that, on November 5, he looked through the garage window

but saw nothing out of the ordinary. (See N.T. Trial, at 20). As noted above,

the CSR, allegedly prepared by Chief Pontician, indicates that he saw

something that looked like a rifle lying against a workbench. Appellant fails

to explain how this minor discrepancy prejudiced him or was in any way

relevant to the events that occurred the next day. Because Appellant has not

shown that counsel’s failure to use the CSR to impeach Chief Pontician

prejudiced him, Appellant’s claim is without merit. See Strickland, supra at

687; see Travaglia, supra at 357.

       Appellant’s sixth claim contends that counsel was ineffective for failing

to file a motion in limine to exclude testimony concerning a March 29, 2013

incident.6 (See Appellant’s Brief, at 30-31, 36). We disagree.

____________________________________________

6 We note that while counsel did not file a motion in limine, he did object to
the admission of this evidence and his objection was overruled. (See N.T.
Trial, at 32-33).

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      At trial, Womelsdorf Patrol Officer, Bernard Caraballo, testified that on

March 29, 2013, he was called to a scene wherein Appellant was “visibly

intoxicated”, on a public street. (N.T. Trial, at 48; see id. at 46-47). Officer

Caraballo placed Appellant under arrest; while doing a search incident to the

arrest, Officer Caraballo discovered a small magazine filled with .22 caliber

rounds.     (See id. at 47-48).      This magazine and rounds “match[ed]” the

weapon recovered in the instant matter. (Id. at 49).

            A motion in limine is a procedure for obtaining a ruling on
      the admissibility of evidence prior to or during trial, but before the
      evidence has been offered. A trial court’s decision to grant or
      deny a motion in limine is generally subject to an evidentiary
      abuse of discretion standard of review.

Commonwealth v. Williams, 91 A.3d 240, 248 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc)

(quotation marks and citations omitted). Further, evidence is relevant if it has

“any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without

the evidence[.]” Pa.R.E. 401. “Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency

to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence;

and   (b)    the   fact   is   of   consequence   in   determining   the   action.”

Commonwealth v. Radecki, 180 A.3d 441, 462 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations

omitted). This Court has stated:

            Relevant evidence may nevertheless           be excluded if its
      probative value is outweighed by the danger        of unfair prejudice,
      confusion of the issues, or misleading              the jury, or by
      considerations of undue delay, waste of            time, or needless
      presentation of cumulative evidence.

            Because all relevant Commonwealth evidence is meant to
      prejudice a defendant, exclusion is limited to evidence so

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      prejudicial that it would inflame the jury to make a decision based
      upon something other than the legal propositions relevant to the
      case. As this Court has noted, a trial court is not required to
      sanitize the trial to eliminate all unpleasant facts from the jury’s
      consideration where those facts form part of the history and
      natural development of the events and offenses with which [a]
      defendant is charged.

Commonwealth v. Broaster, 863 A.2d 588, 592 (Pa. Super. 2004), appeal

denied, 876 A.2d 392 (Pa. 2005) (quotation marks, footnote, and citations

omitted).

      As noted above, Appellant argues that evidence was improperly

admitted under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404, which provides in

pertinent part:

      (b) Crimes, Wrongs or Other Acts.

      (1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is
      not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that
      on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the
      character.

      (2) Permitted Uses. This evidence may be admissible for another
      purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
      plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.
      In a criminal case this evidence is admissible only if the probative
      value of the evidence outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.

Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1)-(2).

      This was a case of constructive possession. The police found the rifle in

the garage six or seven feet away from Appellant. (See N.T. Trial, at 23-24,

29). The garage was owned by Appellant’s grandparents; Appellant’s father

owned the gun. (See id. at 8-9, 30). At the time of arrest, the police found

a magazine and ammunition matching the gun at Appellant’s feet. (See id.

                                     - 19 -
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at 23). However, at trial, Appellant’s father testified that the gun was his and

that he was merely storing it at the garage while he ran errands. (See id. at

56-58). Because of this defense and because none of the items were found

on Appellant’s person, evidence that Appellant was in possession of a

magazine and ammunition that matched the gun several months before this

incident was relevant to establish intent to possess the rifle.      Moreover,

because this was a bench trial, not a jury trial, the possibility of undue

prejudice was much less of an issue. Further, we do not find the less than

eight-month gap between the incident with Officer Caraballo and the finding

of the gun to be particularly remote in time.        Thus, the evidence was

admissible. See Commonwealth v. Weakley, 972 A.2d 1182, 1190 (Pa.

Super. 2009), appeal denied sub nom, Commonwealth v. Selenski, 986

A.2d 150 (Pa. 2009) (eight month lapse of time between crimes did not render

other crimes evidence too tenuous for admission); see also Commonwealth

v. Shoatz, 366 A.2d 1216, 1226 (Pa. 1976) (possession of same type of

military weapons used in murder was admissible to connect defendant to

crime that occurred one and one-half years after incident and viewing time

interval between two events as bearing on weight of evidence, not its

competency).     Again, we will not fault counsel for failing to file a non-

meritorious motion; Appellant’s sixth claim lacks merit. See Loner, supra at

132.

                                     - 20 -
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      In his seventh claim, Appellant argues that counsel was ineffective for

not challenging the “false, misleading, and omitted statements made in the

affidavit of probable cause[.]”      (Appellant’s Brief, at 32 (unnecessary

capitalization omitted); see also Appellant’s Brief, at 32-35). To the extent

it can be determined from Appellant’s somewhat incoherent argument on this

issue, he appears to claim that counsel should have moved to suppress his

arrest on the basis of a faulty warrant. (See id. at 32-35).

      Firstly, we note that the police arrested Appellant based on a parole

violation, not based upon evidence obtained via a search warrant. (See N.T.

Trial, at 19). Moreover, challenges to the sufficiency of a warrant must be

determined by matters contained within the four corners of the warrant, not

by using extrinsic evidence such as the CSR. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 203; see also

Commonwealth v. Galvin, 985 A.2d 783, 796 (Pa. 2009), cert. denied, 559

U.S. 1051 (2010). Further, this Court has held that “misstatements of facts

will invalidate a search warrant and require suppression of the fruits of the

search only if the misstatements of fact are deliberate and material.”

Commonwealth v. Baker, 24 A.3d 1006, 1017 (Pa. Super. 2011), affirmed,

78 A.3d 1044 (Pa. 2013) (citations omitted, emphasis in original. In other

words, not “every inaccuracy will justify an exclusion of evidence obtained as

a result of the search.” Id. (citation omitted).

      Here, Appellant’s contentions are either based upon extrinsic evidence

such as the CSR, are unsupported by the record, or based upon viewing the

                                     - 21 -
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facts in the light most favorable to him. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 33-35).

Further, as the Commonwealth correctly notes, none of the alleged

misstatements highlighted by Appellant were material to a finding of probable

cause. (See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 14-15). As discussed above, Chief

Pontician arrested Appellant based upon an outstanding parole violation

warrant.   At the time of his arrest, he observed a rifle magazine and

ammunition at Appellant’s feet.     Chief Pontician saw a rifle matching this

magazine in plain view within six to seven feet of Appellant. Appellant was

not allowed to possess a firearm.      All of this was more than sufficient to

support a finding of probable cause. We will not fault counsel for failing to file

a non-meritorious motion to suppress. Appellant’s seventh claim lacks merit.

See Loner, supra at 132.

      In his eighth claim, Appellant claims that counsel was ineffective for not

objecting to the Commonwealth’s failure to file a Rule 404(b) statement. See

Pa.R.E. 404(b)(3); (Appellant’s Brief, at 6, 36). Appellant claims that this

failure resulted in his being “blindsided at trial[.]” (Appellant’s Brief, at 36).

However, Appellant’s argument on this issue is undeveloped. Appellant fails

to point to any legal support that either written or formal notice of the

introduction of Rule 404(b) evidence is required. To the contrary, this Court

has found that there is no such requirement.          See Commonwealth v.

Mawhinney, 915 A.2d 107, 109-10 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 932

A.2d 1287 (Pa. 2007) (finding reasonable notice of intent to introduce Rule

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404(b) evidence, where prosecution and defense counsel discussed evidence

during off-record pre-trial conference).

      Moreover, Appellant does not cite to anything in the record that confirms

his claim that counsel was “blindsided” by this evidence. Rather, the record

shows that this information was included in the affidavit of probable cause

attached to the criminal complaint.         (See Affidavit of Probable Cause,

12/16/13, at 1). Further, when the Commonwealth initially introduced this

evidence during the testimony of Chief Pontician, counsel calmly and

successfully objected to Chief Pontician’s testimony about what another officer

told him as hearsay. (See N.T. Trial, 7/31/14, at 32). The Commonwealth

was then able to introduce a report regarding the incident under the business

record exceptions. (See id. at 33). Again, there is nothing of record that

demonstrates    that   counsel   was     surprised   by   this   evidence.   The

Commonwealth also brought up the March 2013 incident during the testimony

of patrol officer Evan Reber. (See id. at 43-44). Counsel objected, but on

the grounds of relevancy and repetition, not unfair surprise or lack of notice.

(See id. at 44).   When Officer Caraballo testified, counsel was prepared and

cross-examined him, stressing that Officer Caraballo had not found Appellant

in possession of a weapon. (See id. at 49-50). Thus, there is simply no

record support for Appellant’s claim that the Commonwealth did not notify

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counsel about its intent to introduce Rule 404(b) evidence. Appellant’s eighth

claim lacks merit.7

       In his final claim, Appellant argues that his waiver of a jury trial colloquy

was deficient.     (See Appellant’s Brief, at 37-38).     Prior to addressing the

merits of this claim, we must decide if it is properly before us. As we stated

above, in order to be eligible for PCRA relief, a petitioner must demonstrate

that the issues raised in his PCRA petition have not been waived. See 42

Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(3). A claim is waived if “the petitioner could have raised

it but failed to do so before trial, at trial, during unitary review, on appeal or

in a prior state post-conviction proceeding.”           42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9544(b)

(emphasis added).

____________________________________________

7 Appellant claims that the above-cited errors by trial counsel cumulatively
deprived him of an adequate defense at trial. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 39).
However, our Supreme Court has stated, “that no number of failed
ineffectiveness claims may collectively warrant relief if they fail to do so
individually. . . . if multiple instances of deficient performance are found, the
assessment of prejudice properly may be premised upon cumulation.”
Commonwealth v. Reid, 99 A.3d 470, 520 (Pa. 2014) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).

      Here, the trial court found that none of Appellant’s individual ineffective
assistance of counsel allegations merited relief. (See PCRA Ct. Op., 9/18/17,
at 1). We have, as discussed above, thoroughly reviewed the record, and
agree with the PCRA court that Appellant’s individual claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel are meritless. Thus, there is no basis to upset the PCRA
court’s finding that Appellant was not entitled to PCRA relief on this basis. See
Reid, supra at 520.

                                          - 24 -
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      The record in the case sub judice establishes that Appellant did not raise

this claim on direct appeal. Thus, Appellant waived it. See Commonwealth

v. Ligons, 971 A.2d 1125, 1137 (Pa. 2009).

      Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, we affirm the PCRA court’s

dismissal of Appellant’s PCRA petition without a hearing.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 06/12/2018

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