Court Opinion

ID: 4538166
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-02 12:00:07.450351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:40:58.683944
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of --                                 )
                                             )
Alderman Building Company, Inc.              )      ASBCA No. 58082
                                             )
Under Contract No. N40085-09-D-5321          )

APPEARANCE FOR THE APPELLANT:                       Marilyn H. David, Esq.
                                                     D’Iberville, MS

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                     Craig D. Jensen, Esq.
                                                     Navy Chief Trial Attorney
                                                    Genifer M. Tarkowski, Esq.
                                                     Trial Attorney

                OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE YOUNGER

       In this sponsored appeal regarding a contract for the renovation and interior repair
of a building, Alderman Building Co., Inc. (Alderman), seeks unabsorbed home office
overhead on behalf of its electrical subcontractor relating to performance delays. The
issues are heavily fact-intensive, and we have previously denied motions for summary
judgment filed by both parties. After disposition of their summary judgment motions, the
parties elected to submit the appeal on the record pursuant to our Rule 11 and
supplemented the record with additional documents. Both entitlement and quantum are
before us for decision. We sustain the appeal in part.

                                 FINDINGS OF FACTS

       A. Contract and Subcontract

       1. By date of March 27, 2009, the Navy awarded a Task Order for supplies or
services under Contract No. N40085-09-D-5321 to Alderman for renovations of the
interior, repairs to building systems, and incidental related work, on building M403
at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina (R4, tab 1 at 1-7). The
Task Order provided that “[t]he entire work . . . shall be completed by 3/22/2010”
(id. at 7).

     2. The contract contained various standard clauses, including Federal Acquisition
Regulation (FAR) 52.233-1, DISPUTES (JUL 2002); FAR 52.242-14, SUSPENSION OF
WORK (APR 1984); and FAR 52.243-4, CHANGES (JUN 2007) (R4, tab 5.6 at 958).
       3. By date of April 8, 2009, Alderman entered into a subcontract with
Big John’s Electric Co., Inc. (Big John’s), for labor, equipment, materials, and
supplies for specified portions of the interior repairs to the building (R4,
tab 5.12 at 995). Big John’s was an electrical subcontractor that performed
approximately 90 percent of its work on Federal projects (ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶¶ 2-27).
The subcontract provided that “time is of the essence,” and that Big John’s was to
“begin work within 7 days after notification” by Alderman (R4, tab 5.12 at 996).

        B. Delays

       4. Approximately two months after award, by email dated May 27, 2009, the
Navy directed Alderman to “[c]ontinue to get all of your submittals approved and
ready to start construction and we will move the [contract completion date]”
accordingly when we have a nailed down work start date” (R4, tab 5.13). We find
that the Navy expected the work to be initiated with full force by all parties.

       5. While the solicitation provided that the contract start date would be
10 days after award (R4, tab 5.6 at 948), we find that contract performance was
characterized by repeated government-caused delays that aggregated to 263 days
and pushed the start work date into February 2010. The delays were chiefly caused
by the unavailability of new facilities for the existing tenants in building M403
(R4, tab 6 at 1107). The multiple delays to the start date were memorialized
as follows:

 Date                  Document               Start Date            Record Citation
 January 13, 2009      Solicitation           10 calendar days      R4, tab 5.6 at 948
                                              after award.
 March 10, 2009        Solicitation           “Work may not         R4, tab 1 at 21
                       Amendment              begin . . . until
                       No. 0003               01 June 2009.”
 May 27, 2009          Email, Navy            “Lets plan on         R4, tab 5.13
                       project engineer       starting” in mid-
                       to Alderman            July 2009 “time
                       Project Manager        period.”*
 June 19, 2009         Email, Navy            Afraid construction   R4, tab 5.14
                       project engineer       may be pushed
                       to Alderman            back to August
                       Project Manager        2009.

                                          2
 July 1, 2009         Email, Navy             “Lets set the new      R4, tab 5.15
                      project engineer        start date at 15
                      to Alderman             October” 2009.*
                      Project Manager
 July 7, 2009         CO Suspension           Suspension “until      R4, tab 5.16
                      Letter to               further notice.”
                      Alderman
 July 9, 2009         Email, Alderman         Project start date     R4, tab 5.17
                      Project Manager         “suspended until
                      to Subcontractors       October” 2009.*

 September 30, 2009 Email, Alderman           “[N]ew start date      R4, tab 5.18
                    Project Manager           for the project is
                    to Subcontractors         12/15/09.”
 November 18, 2009 Email, Navy                “We are still on for   R4, tab 5.20
                   project engineer           15 December
                   to Alderman                [2009] at this
                   Project Manager            point.”*

 December 8, 2009     Email, Navy             “[N]o earlier than     R4, tab 5.21
                      project engineer        the 1st of February
                      to Alderman             [2010] for
                      Project Manager         Starting.”

 December 8, 2009     Email, Alderman         “Project will not be   R4, tab 5.22
                      Project Manager         starting now until
                      to Subcontractors       February 1st
                                              [2010], at the
                                              earliest.”*
 February 2, 2010     Email, Navy             Some tenants not       R4, tab 5.28
                      project engineer        moving out “until
                      to Alderman             sometime, probably
                      Project Manager         after the 9th”;
                                              others will vacate
                                              on the 8th.

 *Underscoring in original.

       6. In his July 7, 2009 letter to Alderman, the contracting officer had advised
that, pursuant to the Suspension of Work clause (see finding 2), “you are hereby

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directed to suspend all work under the referenced contract,” with an exception not
relevant here, “until further notice.” The contracting officer’s cited reason was
“Government delays in vacating the premises.” (R4, tab 5.16 at 1004) The
contracting officer’s notice did not contain any explicit direction to Alderman to
place its work force on standby during the suspension period.

        7. After the delays set forth in finding 5, above, Alderman began contract
performance on February 19, 2010 (ex. A-1 at 2). Big John’s began performance
of its subcontract on the same date and completed work on October 28, 2010
(ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶¶ 4-5).

      8. In a three-part email string dated March 17, 2010, the Navy project
engineer agreed to submit Alderman’s requested 270-day time extension in the
contract completion date to the contracting officer (R4, tab 4.11).

      C. Claims Sponsorship Agreement

       9. By date of August 18, 2011, Alderman and Big John’s executed a
Claims Sponsorship Agreement (R4, tab 5.57). In the introductory paragraph of
that agreement at issue here, the two parties provided:

            WHEREFORE, pursuant to the terms of the
            Subcontract, and this Agreement, Contractor and
            Subcontractor agree that the Owner is the ultimate
            responsible party to pay for the Subcontractor’s and
            Contractors’ claims, and further agree that it is the
            intent of this Agreement to reserve and preserve to
            Subcontractor the right to have its claims prosecuted in
            Contractor’s name against the Owner, in accordance
            with this Agreement.

(R4, tab 5.57 at 1101) Consistent with that stated intent, the agreement provided
in paragraph 1 that “Contractor will pay any Subcontractor’s sums due
Subcontractor with respect to its claims promptly upon payment to Contractor by
the Owner” (id.). It also provided in paragraph 2(a) that “[t]he claims of
Subcontractor will be included in a claim to be presented by Contractor and
Subcontractor in the name of Contractor against the Owner before the
Contracting Officer . . .” (id.).

      10. We find no evidence in the record that Big John’s released Alderman
from liability to Big John’s for any costs of performing its subcontract.

                                        4
      11. By date of February 20, 2012, Alderman’s president executed a final
release under the prime contract providing that, in consideration of a specified
sum, Alderman:

             [D]oes, and by the receipt of said sum shall, for itself,
             its successors and assigns, remise, release and forever
             discharge the Government, its officers, agents, and
             employees, of and from all liabilities, obligations and
             claims whatsoever in law and in equity under or arising
             out of said contract.

(Respondent’s Motion for Summary Judgment and Motion to Dismiss for Lack of
Jurisdiction, dated August 31, 2012, attachment A) The release does not contain
any reservation of rights by Alderman (id.). In a March 13, 2015 stipulation, both
parties agreed that the release does not bar this appeal (ex. A-5).

      D. Claim and Appeal

12. By letter to the contracting officer dated August 18, 2011, Alderman
submitted a pass-through claim for $20,518, on behalf of Big John’s, for Eichleay
damages, and for attorney fees and expenses, breach of contract, and requested a
contracting officer’s final decision (R4, tab 5 at 869, 874, 884). In the course of
this litigation, Dr. Seals (see finding 14) calculated that the correct amount of the
claim should be $56,548 (ex. A-4, tab 7). We find no evidence that the claim
included an item for the direct costs of standby. We find that the contracting officer
received the claim on August 24, 2011 (R4, tab 5 at 868).

       13. By date of January 19, 2012, the contracting officer denied the claim in
its entirety (R4, tab 6). Alderman thereafter, brought this timely appeal.

       14. Alderman’s position in this appeal relies heavily on the expert opinion of
Roger K. Seals, Ph.D., P.E., a retired professor of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at Louisiana State University. Dr. Seals’ report has multiple iterations
in the record. The version that we understand to be authoritative is his 2nd
Supplemental Expert Report – Corrected Version, dated October 17, 2016. It
appears in the record as Exhibit A-27. Unless otherwise indicated, citations to the
Seals report are solely to this corrected version of the original report.

       15. We find that Dr. Seals is qualified as an expert in civil engineering. We
find no evidence, however, that he is qualified as an expert in cost accounting.

                                          5
      E. Standby

       16. We find that, during Delay 1, which ran from June 1, 2009 to February 11,
2010, the Navy did not explicitly require Alderman or Big John’s to place their
workforces on standby (ex. G-5 at 174).

        17. We find that it was the Navy’s practice to afford Alderman and Big John’s
little advanced notification of the delays in the project’s start dates. With his expert
report, Dr. Seals included a table showing both definite and indefinite start dates for
each delay (ex. A-1 at 3). Dr. Seals opined that “these notification periods were
inadequate for material acquisition and re-scheduling and/or rehiring employees” (id.
at 8). Mr. Michael Dougherty, Big Johns’ project manager, agreed regarding the
inadequacy of the periods with definite dates and stated that, with respect to the
remaining start date notices, which were sent on May 27, June 19, and July 7, 2009:

             [T]he Navy did not even give definite, revised start-dates
             that [Big John’s] could use for planning. Instead, the Navy
             gave indefinite, broad timeframes like “mid-July,”
             “August,” and “until further notice.” These indefinite dates
             prevented [Big John’s] from being able to schedule
             replacement work or to take its workers off of standby for
             the . . . job.

(Ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶ 26)

       18. The Navy points to three email exchanges that are said to show that it did
not require Alderman to resume work immediately and at full speed (Respondent’s
Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and Response in Opposition to Appellant’s
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Regarding (1) Unabsorbed Overhead Under
Alternative to Eichleay Formula and (2) Standby Labor Costs, dated September 27,
2013 at 9-10). We find that none are conclusive. The first cited exchange is dated
February 1, 2010 between Alderman, Big John’s, and the Navy. It was, by its terms,
technical in nature, initiated by the subcontractor’s expression of “a few concerns
with a partial turnover of the building” regarding “several circuits.” (R4, tab 4.5)
The second cited exchange is between the Navy project engineer and Alderman on
January 28 and February 2, 2010 regarding “New Developments.” It relates to
arrangements to have “temp. power going before the start date,” to avoid consuming
time on such arrangements when work ultimately began. (R4, tab 4.6) The third
cited exchange is between the project engineer and Alderman on February 1-2, 2010
regarding the cost of doing inside work while the building was partially occupied,
as well as tracking “contractual impacts . . . due to the government delays [for] a
revised cost proposal” (R4, tab 5.27).

                                           6
      19. By date of August 16, 2010, the Navy and Alderman executed
Modification No. 03 which, in pertinent part, increased the contract performance
time by 270 calendar days (R4, tab 3 at 847-48). We find that this modification,
executed seventeen months after contract award (see finding 1), was the first time
extension granted to Alderman by the Navy.

      20. With respect to standby, Dr. Seals set forth his conclusion that:

             [I]t was necessary for Big John’s to be prepared to
             commence work immediately when the delays were lifted,
             not as much as 7 days thereafter, because of the overriding
             factors of proper project coordination and prevention of
             liquidated damages.

(Ex. A-1 at 8)

       21. Dr. Seals conceded at his deposition that he never found a document in
which the Navy explicitly directed Big John’s to keep its workforce on standby,
ready to perform work immediately (ex. G-5 at 174). Dr. Seals also testified that
Big John’s kept its workforce on standby because of the Navy’s failure to issue a
time extension and the threat of liquidated damages:

             [T]he fact that they [Big John’s] were dealing with
             potential for liquidated damages, the fact that they were at
             this point, they had no extension for the completion date
             and, thus, they stood . . . the possibility of liquidated
             damages – I think that really drove the decision making on
             the part of Big John’s to ensure that they had standby so
             they could begin work immediately.

(Ex. G-5 at 175)

      22. Dr. Seals’ overall conclusion regarding standby as it affected Big John’s
was that:

             [C]ircumstances surrounding the short durations of time
             and indefinite new start dates after each postponement
             notification caused insufficient time for Big John’s to take
             its workers off of standby status during either Delay 1 or
             Delay 2. I conclude Big John’s keeping workers on
             standby was necessary and reasonable, in order to respond
             to the dwindling period of performance with no time
             extension, and due to [] other factors . . . .

                                          7
(Ex. A-27 at 51)

        23. Alderman has also tendered the affidavit of Mr. Dougherty, Big John’s
project manager. Mr. Dougherty’s background is in “residential, commercial and
light industrial construction, specifically electrical subcontracting” (ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶
1). In this first affidavit, he noted that “the project was delayed 8 times from the
original date of June 1, 2009 to February 19, 2010” (id. ¶ 6). With respect to the Navy
project engineer’s May 27, 2009 email regarding the first post-award delay (see finding
4), Mr. Dougherty stated that the email resulted from Alderman’s request for
clarification of the start date, but that the Navy “failed to give a definite date for
ending the delay” (ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶ 11).

       24. In his second affidavit in the record, Mr. Dougherty attested:

             22. Throughout both delay periods [June 1, 2009 –
             February 11, 2010 and February 17, 2010 - February 19,
             2010], Big John’s planning for the Bldg. M403 work was
             hampered by important uncertainties. These included the
             availability of qualified workers for rehire when the delays
             ended, the diminishing period of performance with no
             Navy time extension, the potential for liquidated damages
             that could be imposed by the Navy since there was no time
             extension, and the Navy’s pattern of issuing short-notice
             postponements which overruled each other and many of
             which had no clear or definite start-date.

             23. These uncertainties were not under Big John’s control.
             If Big John’s were to be able to start and complete the
             work on time, then Big John’s had to keep a sufficient
             workforce on standby during both delays.

(Ex. A-4, tab 45 ¶¶ 22-23)

       25. Mr. Daugherty also stated, and we find, that Big John’s “kept 2 workers
on standby as floated or nonproductive labor during the period from 3 June 2009
to 17 February 2010” (ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶ 31). These workers “would be a full crew
and would be able to commence work . . . immediately” (id. ¶ 33).

        26. The Navy points to several emails in 2010 which it says demonstrate
that it and Alderman “openly negotiated when to begin [building] M403 contract
performance” (gov’t br. at 13-14). We find these emails unpersuasive because, by
their own terms, they reflect little to no actual negotiation. Thus, while the Navy

                                            8
stated in its January 28, 2010 email that it wanted to reschedule a power outage in
building M403 to February 19, 2010, and inquired whether that rescheduling
would affect Alderman’s schedule (see R4, tab 4.6), this email pertained to one of
the last in a series of revisions to the contract start date (see finding 5). It did not
occur until Delay 1 (June 1, 2009 – February 11, 2010) was almost concluded,
and, in any event, the parties did not agree to the proposed February 19 revised
start date. We further find that the January 28, 2010 email, as late in the
performance period as it was, constituted the first time that the Navy asked
Alderman about the scheduling impact of a revised start date.

       27. The Navy also relies upon an email chain beginning on February 2,
2010 that is also said to show that the parties negotiated the start date for when
work would begin and “therefore the Navy did not require Alderman or Big John’s
to resume work immediately” (gov’t br. at 14). The Navy asserts that a February
2, 2010 email from Alderman requesting that the Navy reschedule the planned
February 19, 2010 power outage to an earlier date, stating that Alderman “would
like to get Big John’s to set the pole and have the temp. power going before the
start date of the project” (R4, tab 4.6; ex. A-27 at 28 ¶¶ 4-5).

      28. We find that Alderman and the Navy did not reach agreement on an
extension of the contract completion date until August 16, 2010, when they executed
Modification No. 03 (see finding 19).

       F. Replacement Work

       29. We find that in the period of June 4, 2009 through February 18, 2010,
Big John’s bid on 28 other contracts, from which it received five contract awards in
the total amount of $3,552,312 (R4, tab 5.53; ex. A-2 at 11). The Navy contends
that these five contracts constituted replacement contracts, by which it means that
Big John’s was able to bid on this work because it was not occupied in performing
the contract at issue, and that they were adequate to absorb overhead that would
otherwise have been paid by this contract. The five contracts pointed to as
replacement contracts are as follows:

       (a) a $505,000 contract for building 118 dated June 26, 2009 (ex. A-2
           at 11-13, section E; ex. A-2, attach. SR2B at 4);

       (b) a $1,046,500 contract for buildings 205 and 213 dated June 29, 2009
           (id.);

       (c) a $445,000 contract for building 19 dated July 15, 2009 (id.);

       (d) a $668,700 contract for building 730 (id.); and

                                             9
       (e) a $887,121 contract for P619 Tactical Van Pad dated January 26,
           2010 (id.).

       30. During Delay 1 and Delay 2, Big John’s received a total of $147,416 under
three replacement contracts on the following dates and in the following amounts:

       Date                        Amount               Replacement Contract
       January 6, 2010             $15,070              19B
       February 3, 2010            $43,310              19B
       February 22, 2010           $89,036              205, 213

(Ex. A-2 at 11-13, section E; ex. A-4, tab 12; ex. A-4, tab 24 at 168-69; ex. A-27 at 55 ¶ 8)

       31. During Delay 1, Big John’s posted actual labor charges on four replacement
contracts, as follows:

       (a) on October 14, 2009, to replacement contract 213 (ex. A-2, attach. SR2B at 4);

       (b) on November 11, 2009, to replacement contract 19 (id.);

       (c) on November 18, 2009, to replacement contract 118 (id.); and

       (d) on January 6, 2010, to replacement contract 730 (id.).

      32. During Delay 1, Big John’s submitted five invoices for a cumulative amount
of $188,452 under replacement contracts, as follows:

       (a) by date of October 26, 2009, Big John’s invoiced $60,000 for replacement
           contracts 205 and 213 (ex. A-2, attachment SR3 at 5; ex. A-2 at 11-13,
           section E; ex. A-4, tab 12; ex. A-4, tab 33C at 444-52);

       (b) by date of December 18, 2009, Big John’s prepared an invoice for $15,070 for
           replacement contract 19B (ex. A-2, attachment SR3 at 5; ex. A-2 at 11-13,
           section E; ex. A-4, tab 12; ex. A-4, tab 36C at 651-55);

       (c) by date of January 14, 2010, Big John’s prepared an invoice in the amount of
           $43,310 for replacement contract 19B (ex. A-2, attachment SR3 at 5; ex. A-2
           at 11-13, section E; ex. A-4, tab 12; ex. A-4, tab 36C at 656-59);

       (d) by date of January 25, 2010, Big John’s prepared an invoice in the amount of
           $89,036 for replacement contracts 205 and 213 (ex. A-2, attachment SR3 at 5;
           ex. A-2 at 11-13, section E; ex. A-4, tab 12; ex. A-4, tab 33C at 453-61); and

                                             10
      (e) by date of January 26, 2010, Big John’s prepared an invoice in the amount of
          $36,036 for replacement contract 118 (ex. A-2, attachment SR3 at 5; ex. A-2
          at 11-13, section E; ex. A-4, tab 12; ex. A-4, tab 31C at 318-22).

       33. Big John’s attributed home office overhead expenses to four replacement
contracts during Delay 1, as follows:

      (a) on July 15, 2009, Big John’s started home office overhead for replacement
          contract 205 (ex. A-2, attach. SR2B at 4);

      (b) on July 15, 2009, Big John’s started home office overhead for replacement
          contract 213 (id.);

      (c) on July 28, 2009, Big John’s started home office overhead for replacement
          contract 19B (id.); and

      (d) on July 30, 2009, Big John’s started home office overhead for replacement
          contract 118 (id.).

       34. Mr. Daugherty attested, and we find, that Big John’s was unable to obtain
sufficient replacement work during the delay periods to absorb the overhead that it
would have realized had it been performing its subcontract with Alderman during the
delay periods (ex. A-2 at 11, ¶ 2; ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶ 35).

      35. Mr. Daugherty attested that “Big John’s began seeking other work to
perform as soon as it learned that the Building M403 job would be delayed to June 1,
2009” (ex. A-1, tab 40 ¶ 34). Mr. Daugherty summarized:

             From June 4, 2009 – February 18, 2010, Big John’s
             submitted a total of 28 bids and received 5 contract awards
             for Federal jobs. . . . Big John’s submitted 10 of those 28
             bids during June 2009, and 10 during August and
             September 2009. The awards totaled $3,552,312 . . . .

(Id.) With respect to the process of seeking replacement work, Mr. Daugherty
identified the Navy’s notification policy as an obstacle to scheduling adequate
replacement work. He attested that “the Navy gave very short advance
notifications of when each delay was to end and work had to start” (id. ¶ 26;
see also finding 5). Some notification periods, Mr. Daugherty attested, “did not
allow Big John’s sufficient time for acquiring materials and re-scheduling

                                          11
and/or re-hiring employees.” With respect to other notification periods,
Mr. Daugherty attested that “the Navy gave indefinite, broad timeframes like
‘mid-July,’ ‘August,’ and ‘until further notice.’ These indefinite dates prevented
[Big John’s] from being able to schedule in replacement work or to take its workers
off standby . . . .” (Id. ¶ 26) Mr. Daugherty also attested that the short notification
periods posed an obstacle to Big John’s’ rescheduling of employees. “Re-hiring
qualified employees laid off due to lack of adequate work also requires time to
accomplish,’ he attested, and it “cannot be accomplished during notification periods
running from only 4 to 7 days, or when new definite start-dates are not provided”
(id. ¶ 27). We find this evidence from Mr. Daugherty credible.

      36. With respect to replacement work, Dr. Seals concluded:

             It is evident that Big John’s was active in seeking
             replacement work and was successful, as measured against
             the company’s previous bid-and-award history . . . . Despite
             this, the billings for replacement work were insufficient to
             compensate Big John’s for unabsorbed [home office
             overhead] as calculated [earlier in his report].

(Ex. A-27 at 71)

     37. We find that Big John’s substantially completed its subcontract work on
August 24, 2010 (ex. A-27 at 19, ¶¶ 6, 10).

       38. While the Navy asserts that Big John’s was “working on at least six
other contracts during the M403 Contract suspension period” (gov’t br. at 20),
we find the Navy’s contention, in and of itself unpersuasive because it does not
establish that billings for these replacement contracts were sufficient to
compensate Big John’s for its unabsorbed home office overhead.

       39. We find that, in computing the direct costs of standby labor, Dr. Seals
employed an equivalent hourly rate estimate. To arrive at this rate, Dr. Seals
explained that he took “the total labor cost for either floated or non-productive
labor during the delay periods divided by the respective number of labor hours.
These calculations yield hourly rates that are weighted averages of the actual range
of labor rates.” (Ex. A-27 at 79) We have found no credible evidence that
Dr. Seals is qualified to render opinions regarding cost accounting issues
(see finding 15).

                                           12
      G. Contracting Officer Authority

       40. In our 2013 decision denying summary judgment, we concluded that
there was an outstanding issue of fact regarding whether Meghan J. Hislop had
contracting officer authority. See Alderman Building Co., ASBCA No. 58082,
13 BCA ¶ 35,381 at 173,617. We now find, from the Navy’s subsequent
interrogatory response in the record, that, from the beginning of the contract, she
had a contracting officer’s warrant of $5,000,000, as well as authority over this
contract (exs. A-15 at 12 n.1, A-16 at 5, A-18 at 4).

       41. In our 2014 decision, we concluded that “there is no triable issue that
portions of the total delay period were of uncertain duration.” Alderman Building
Co., ASBCA No. 58082, 15 BCA ¶ 35,841 at 175,273.

                                      DECISION

        As indicated in our findings, we have previously rendered two decisions in
this Rule 11 appeal. See Alderman Building Co., ASBCA No. 58082, 15 BCA ¶
35,841 and Alderman Building Co., ASBCA No. 58082, 13 BCA ¶ 35,381. In those
decisions, we denied summary judgment on multiple issues of fact, concluding that
their resolution must await a fuller post-trial record trial. Nonetheless, following our
decisions, the parties elected Rule 11 disposition.

       In this decision, we first resolve outstanding legal issues relating to a release
said to bar the appeal; to the applicability of the Severin doctrine to the appeal; and to
our jurisdiction in light of the certification of the claim. We then consider the merits
of Alderman’s entitlement to Eichleay recovery on behalf of its subcontractor, Big
John’s.

      Alderman’s lengthy complaint is in 15 counts. Styling the counts as
Alderman does, we summarize the allegations regarding entitlement to Eichleay
recovery as follows:

      (a) Count I: Ordered and Constructive Suspensions of Work. In general,
Alderman alleges that the Navy “delayed the start of Big John’s work, by delaying
the Notice to Proceed and by successively revising the date the job site would be
available and work could start” (comp1. ¶ 27). Alderman then makes particular
allegations regarding the delays in the start date (see finding ¶ 5), and alleges that
the delays were unreasonable, that they were due to the Navy’s convenience, and
alleges entitlement to extended and unabsorbed home office overhead costs on
behalf of Big John’s (id. ¶¶ 28-46).

                                           13
      (c) Count III: Eichleay Claim and Prerequisites. In general, Alderman
          alleges that it meets the requirements for application of the Eichleay
          formula, “[e]ven with use of an alternate method of computation”
          (id. ¶ 79).

      Alderman also alleges entitlement to recovery of unabsorbed overhead using a
methodology other than the Eichleay formula, including the Changes clause (id. ¶ 125)
and quantum meruit (id. ¶¶131-35).

       In its present briefing, Alderman organizes its argument around the
elements for Eichleay recovery set forth in P.J. Dick, Inc. v. Principi, 324 F.3d
1364, 1369-70 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Alderman asserts that it satisfies those elements
for the two delay periods at issue, which it has denominated Delay 1 (June 1, 2009
through February 11, 2010) and Delay 2 (February 17, 2010 through February 19,
2010).

        In defending against entitlement, the Navy advances three broad arguments.
First, the Navy contends that we lack jurisdiction because, in the Claims
Sponsorship Agreement (see finding 9), Alderman and Big John’s agreed that
Alderman is not liable to Big John’s for the latter’s costs, which embraces home
office overhead costs incurred during the suspension period for Building M403
(gov’t br. at 11-12).

       Second, the Navy maintains that we also lack jurisdiction over the appeal
because Alderman has not executed a proper certification of the claim (id. at 12).
Third, addressing the merits of Eichleay entitlement, the Navy asserts that
Alderman has failed to prove the requisite elements of either an uncertain
suspension period or an extension of the time for contract performance (id.
at 12-21).

       The Navy urges that Alderman has failed to prove the merits of its
unabsorbed home office overhead claim. The Navy thus stresses, first, that it did
not instruct Alderman to place its workers on standby, or to begin work
immediately (gov’t br. at 13-15). The Navy also points out that the “time is of the
essence” provision in Big John’s subcontract (finding 3) does not translate into a
requirement imposed by the Navy to be on standby (gov’t br. at 15). The Navy
further urges that its exchanges with Alderman regarding modification of the
contract completion date (see finding 26-27) negate any claimed requirement that
Alderman keep its forces on standby (gov’t br. at 15-16). In addition, the Navy
dismisses as irrelevant the market conditions for Big John’s to hire qualified
workers, rejecting Dr. Seals’ conclusion that such conditions forced it to keep
workers on standby and asserts that the minimal number of hours that it actually
billed during February 2010 believed Alderman’s standby argument (id. at 16-17).

                                          14
      After carefully considering the parties’ submissions, we conclude that the
appeal must be sustained. We reach this conclusion for the reasons set forth below.

      A. Release

       Alderman first argues that the final release that Alderman and the Navy
executed on February 20, 2012 (see finding 11) does not bar the appeal (app. br.
at 8-9). In our 2013 decision, we concluded on summary judgment that the motion
papers raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding the finality of the release.
Alderman Building Co., ASBCA No. 58082, 13 BCA ¶ 35,381 at 173,618-19. In its
present brief, however, the Navy now agrees that the release does not serve as a bar.
The Navy admits that “Big John’s claim is not barred by the release signed by
Alderman . . . . The Contracting Officer who discussed the release as well as the
exception to the release has proper warrant and authority to preserve Alderman’s
rights to pursue this . . . appeal” (gov’t br. at 21).

       We accordingly conclude that there is no longer any issue between the parties
regarding whether the release bars the appeal. We accordingly reject Alderman’s
release argument as moot.

       B. Severin Doctrine

       Invoking Severin v. United States, 99 Cl. Ct. 435 (1943), cert. denied,
322 U.S. 733 (1944), the Navy argues that the appeal must be dismissed with
prejudice because “Alderman . . . avers that it is not responsible for the costs
allegedly incurred by . . . Big John’s” (resp. br. 11-12). In general, the Severin
doctrine “is based upon the principles of sovereign immunity and privity of contract.
It generally precludes a prime contractor from sponsoring a subcontractor claim
against the government if the prime contractor is not liable to the subcontractor for
the costs or damages in question.” Freedom Systems, LLC, ASBCA No. 59259,
15 BCA ¶ 36,103 at 176,266.

       According to the Navy, dismissal is required “because Alderman asserts it is
not responsible for the costs incurred by Big John’s during the Contract suspension
period” (gov’t br. at 11). The Navy focuses upon a portion of one of the introductory
paragraphs of the Claims Sponsorship Agreement between Alderman and Big John’s
(see finding 9) in which the parties “agree that the Owner is the ultimate responsible
party to pay for the Subcontractor’s . . . claims” (gov’t br. at 11). The Navy tells us
that, by this provision, Alderman “avers that it is not responsible for the costs
allegedly incurred by the subcontractor,” Big John’s (gov’t br. at 11-12).

                                          15
       In its reply brief, Alderman challenges the Navy’s Severin argument
(app. reply br. at 1-3). Alderman asserts that the Navy has not met its burden
under E.R. Mitchell Construction Co. v. Danzig, 175 F.3d 1369, 1370 (Fed. Cir.
1999) to prove that “the prime contractor is not responsible for the costs incurred
by the subcontractor” (emphasis in original). In Mitchell, the court quoted with
approval the Court of Claims’ decision in Cross Construction Co. v. United States,
225 Ct. Cl. 616, 618 (1980) that the Severin doctrine “requires an iron-bound
release or contract provision immunizing the prime contractor completely from
any liability to the sub.”

       We conclude that the Severin doctrine does not warrant dismissal of the
appeal. Applying the standard articulated in Mitchell, we cannot say that the Navy
has made the requisite showing that Alderman “is not responsible for the costs
incurred by” Big John’s. Mitchell, 175 F.3d at 1370 (emphasis in original). We
reach this conclusion for two principal reasons.

       First, we reject the Navy’s argument that the cited provision of the Claims
Sponsorship Agreement constitutes either an “iron-bound release or contract
provision immunizing [Alderman] completely from any liability to [Big John’s].”
Cross Construction, 225 Ct. Cl. at 618. By its terms, the provision cited by the Navy
does not purport to be a release. It appears in an introductory clause of the Claims
Sponsorship Agreement (finding 9), not in a substantive provision. Neither this
provision, nor any other part of the agreement, constitutes an express undertaking by
either Big John’s or the Navy to release Alderman from any obligation.

       Second, in advancing this argument, the Navy disregards Alderman’s
unqualified undertaking in paragraph 1 of the agreement that “Contractor will pay
any Subcontractor’s sums due Subcontractor with respect to its claims promptly
upon payment to Contractor by the Owner” (finding 9). This undertaking is the
antithesis of “an iron-bound release or contract provision immunizing the prime
contractor completely from any liability to the sub.” Cross Construction, 225 Ct. Cl.
at 618.

       We accordingly reject the Navy’s Severin doctrine defense.

       C. Claim Certification

        The Navy contends that we lack jurisdiction to consider Alderman’s claim until
it is properly certified, inasmuch as it now exceeds $100,000 (gov’t br. at 12). For its
part, Alderman asserts that certification is unnecessary because the claim amount was
only $20,518 when submitted to the contracting officer and, even if the amount rose
during the disputes process, certification would not be required because “it is not a new
claim arising from a different set of operative facts” (app. reply br. at 3). Alderman

                                            16
 asserts that the Navy’s position is based on a factual error. Alderman represents that
 its:

               [C]laim amount when submitted to the contracting officer was
               $20,518, due to Navy delays from [1 June 2009 into mid-
               February 2010]. . . . During litigation of this appeal,
               Alderman’s expert found the current amount of [Big John’s]
               direct and indirect costs, due to the Navy delays, is $56,548. . . .
               At no time did Alderman revise the amounts arising from these
               operative facts (i.e., Navy delays) to reach at or above $100,000.

(App. reply br. at 3) Alderman adds that its expert “listed his fees . . . on the same page as
the claim amount,” which “should not be considered” for purposes of certification (id.).

        We accept this uncontroverted explanation, which is supported by the record.
 Dr. Seals’ October 2013 Second Supplemental Expert Report contains the updated
 claim summary that reflects direct labor cost of $23,073, unabsorbed home office
 overhead of $33,218, and bond premium of $257, all aggregating $56,548 (ex. A-4,
 tab 7 at 108), the amount that Alderman recites in its reply. On the same page,
 Dr. Seals adds to this amount $45,556 in interest and costs of his expert reports (id.).
 These amounts are not components of the claim and, at best, would only be
 recoverable as incidental costs after Alderman has prevailed on its claim.

         We accordingly conclude that Alderman’s claim aggregates $56,548. Inasmuch
 as that amount is less than $100,000, we reject the Navy’s argument that we lack
 jurisdiction over the appeal until it is properly certified.

        D. Unabsorbed Overhead

       In our 2014 decision, we denied both Alderman’s motion for summary
 judgment, and the Navy’s cross-motion for summary judgment, regarding the issue of
 Alderman’s entitlement to Eichleay recovery. We followed the Federal Circuit’s
 holding in Nicon, Inc. v. United States, 331 F.3d 878, 888 (Fed. Cir. 2003), that
 Eichleay “is the exclusive formula for the calculation of damages for unabsorbed
 overhead due to a period of government-caused delay in situations in which contract
 performance has begun.”

         In applying the formula, we looked to the three Eichleay elements set forth in
 Satellite Electric Co. v. Dalton, 105 F.3d 1418, 1421 (Fed. Cir. 1997). With respect to
 the first element, we concluded that there was “no triable issue that portions of the total
 delay period were of uncertain duration.” Alderman, 15 BCA ¶ 35,841 at 175,273.
 With respect to the remaining two elements – standby and replacement work -- we
 concluded that there were triable issues regarding whether Alderman was on standby

                                              17
and whether it was unable to take on replacement work. Alderman, 15 BCA ¶ 35,841
at 175,273-74. The parties have since submitted evidence regarding these latter two
elements, which we analyze below.

       1. Standby

       In our 2014 decision, we concluded that three email exchanges between
Alderman, Big John’s, and the Navy, as well as both the Dougherty affidavit, and the
Seals report, collectively established a triable issue regarding standby. Alderman,
15 BCA ¶ 35,841 at 175,273-74.

        Alderman now argues that indirect evidence establishes that it was on standby
during both Delay 1 and during Delay 2. With respect to both delays, Alderman relies
on P.J. Dick, Inc. v. Principi, 324 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Inasmuch as the
contracting officer did not issue a written order suspending “all the work . . . for an
uncertain duration and [requiring] the contractor to remain ready to resume work
immediately or on short notice,” P.J. Dick, 324 F.3d at 1371, Alderman seeks to prove
standby by indirect evidence (app. br. at 11). While the Navy contends that Big John’s
made a business decision to keep its workers on standby, Alderman urges that the
workers were on standby due to the Navy’s contract administration practices, such as
the lack of a time extension, the reduced work force, the remobilization time, and relief
from the risk of liquidated damages (app. reply br. at 3). Alderman continues by
denying the Navy’s contention that there was no nexus between standby and the Navy
delays, insisting that the Navy’s awareness of Alderman’s and Big John’s unrelaxed
performance obligations is an “‘operative fact’ driving a holding that the Navy
required standby” (app. reply br. at 4). Alderman also stresses that the parties did not
negotiate or agree upon the Navy’s multiple revisions to the work start date
(see finding 5), and the parties did not agree to a time extension before the delays
ended (app. reply br. at 4-5). Finally, Alderman rejects the Navy’s defense that the
large number of hours that Big John’s billed in February 2010 refutes the conclusion
that the Navy kept Big John’s on standby (app. reply br. at 5-6).

        In its brief, the Navy stresses that, in its original suspension notice (see finding
6), it did not require Alderman to place its workforce on standby, and hence Alderman
must demonstrate that it was required to be on standby through indirect evidence
(gov’t br. at 13). The Navy tells us that Alderman cannot do so, pointing to emails in
2010 that “clearly show[] that Alderman and the Navy were negotiating when to begin
the M403 Contract performance” and hence the Navy did not require Alderman or
Big John’s to resume work immediately (id. at 14).

       We accept Alderman’s argument that it had to place its forces on standby. In
reaching this conclusion, we acknowledge that the Navy did not explicitly order
Alderman to place its workers – and Big John’s – on standby (finding 16).

                                              18
Nonetheless, we accept Dr. Seals’ explanation, which is consistent with the other
evidence of record, that Big John’s kept its work force on standby chiefly because of
the threat of liquidated damages and because of the absence of a time extension
(finding 21). We also accept Dr. Seals’ overall conclusion that, as time went on,
“keeping workers on standby was necessary and reasonable, in order to respond to the
dwindling period of performance with no time extension” (finding 22). Finally, we
find persuasive Mr. Dougherty’s outline of the “important uncertainties” facing
Big John’s, such as “the availability of qualified workers for rehire when the delays
ended,” and “the Navy’s pattern of issuing short-notice postponements” (finding 24),
both of which are evident from the chart in finding 5.

       We accordingly conclude that Alderman has established that it was required to
have its workforce on standby.

       2. Inability to Take On Replacement Work

        The parties’ arguments regarding replacement work are chiefly factual. In our
2014 decision, we concluded that the parties’ arguments regarding replacement work
required a more fully developed record concerning the start dates (see finding 5) and
their impact. Alderman, 15 BCA ¶ 35,841 at 175,274.

        At the outset, the Navy acknowledges the burden shifting that takes place after
we conclude, as we have, that Alderman has made a prima facie case that the Navy
required Big John’s to be on standby during a government-caused delay of uncertain
duration (gov’t br. at 18). That is, the burden shifts to the Navy to show “either (1)
that it was not impractical for the contractor to obtain ‘replacement work’ during the
delay, or (2) that the contractor’s inability to obtain such work, or to perform it, was
not caused by the government’s suspension.” Melka Marine, Inc. v. United States,
187 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citing West v. All State Boiler, Inc., 146 F.3d
1368, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 1998)).

       The Navy now urges that “[i]t was not impractical for Big John’s to obtain
replacement work during the M403 Contract suspension period” (gov’t br. at 20).
The Navy points to five contracts with a cumulative value of $3,552,312 that it says
constitute replacement contracts that were awarded to Big John’s during this period
(gov’t br. at 18-20). The Navy argues that Big John’s suffered no loss, or should have
suffered no loss, because of Navy actions, inasmuch as Big John’s posted actual labor
hours, submitted invoices, and received three payments, and allocated the unabsorbed
home office overhead from the M403 contract to these contracts during the suspension
period (id.).

       For its part, Alderman insists that Big John’s was unable to obtain sufficient
replacement work to compensate for the unabsorbed overhead related to the contract

                                            19
for the relevant period, which Alderman defines as the 192 day period from June 1,
2009 through December 9, 2009 (app. reply br. at 6).

       To meet its burden, the Navy contends that it was “not impractical” for Big
John’s to obtain replacement work (gov’t br. at 18-20). The thrust of the Navy’s
argument is to attack Dr. Seals’ conclusions. The Navy emphasizes that it has met its
burden of proof “using evidence submitted by Big John’s to establish that it was not
impractical for Big John’s to obtain ‘replacement work’ during the . . . suspension
period.” (Gov’t br. at 21)

         We agree that Big John’s made efforts to obtain replacement work; we have
given credence to the evidence of bids that it submitted for other work in June to
September 2009 (finding 35). We agree that Big John’s efforts met with some success,
and that it was able to take on some replacement work during the suspension period, as
its billings and book entries reflect (findings 29-36, 38). But we also conclude that
Big John’s was unable to obtain sufficient replacement work during either Delay 1 or
Delay 2 to compensate for the disruptive effect of the multiple delays. We are persuaded
by Dr. Seals’ analysis, as well as by Mr. Daugherty’s evidence, that Big John’s was
frustrated in the first instance by the Navy’s practice of giving Alderman “very short
advance notifications of when each delay was to end and work had to start” (finding 35).

      We accordingly conclude that the Navy has not met its burden regarding
Big John’s ability to take on replacement work.

       E. Direct Costs of Standby

        As a separate category of relief, Alderman contends that, independent of the
Eichleay formula, it is entitled to $21,753 in direct costs of standby. Alderman tells us
that “[t]hese are the costs of paying an electrician-supervisor and a licensed electrician
to keep them on standby during the delays.” (App. br. at 23) Alternatively, Alderman
urges that these amounts are recoverable “under a jury verdict approach” (app. reply
br. at 10).

       For its part, the Navy derides Alderman’s argument as “lacking any basis in
case law, regulation or fact” (gov’t br. at 22). The Navy points out that these costs rest
upon a calculation by Dr. Seals, who constructed an “equivalent hourly rate”
calculation that we do not accept as within Dr. Seals’ expertise (findings 15, 39;
gov’t br. at 22-23). In addition, we do not accept Alderman’s alternate argument
regarding the use of a jury verdict to recover these costs. In Dawco Construction, Inc.
v. United States, 930 F.2d 872, 882 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (overruled on other grounds by
Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc)), the court of
appeals set out the criteria for applying the jury verdict method:

                                             20
             (1) [T]hat clear proof of injury exists; (2) that there is no
             more reliable method of computing damages; and (3) that the
             evidence is sufficient for a court to make a fair and
             reasonable approximation of the damages.

      On this record, we cannot conclude that Alderman has made the requisite
showing to justify resort to the jury verdict method.

       We accordingly deny the alleged direct costs of standby and deduct this item
from the amount due Alderman.

      F. Amount of Award

      As indicated, we deduct the amount of the alleged direct costs of standby from
Alderman’s claim of $56,548 (see finding 12), leaving a net recoverable amount of
$34,795. Alderman is entitled to recover this amount, plus interest under the Contract
Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109, from August 24, 2011 until paid (see finding 12).

                                        CONCLUSION

      The appeal is sustained in part to the extent indicated and is otherwise denied.

      Dated: May 21, 2020

                                                 ALEXANDER YOUNGER
                                                 Administrative Judge
                                                 Armed Services Board
                                                 of Contract Appeals

(Signatures continued)

                                           21
 I concur                                      I concur

RICHARD SHACKLEFORD                            J. REID PROUTY
Administrative Judge                           Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                           Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                            of Contract Appeals

      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 58082, Appeal of
Alderman Building Company, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board’s Charter.

      Dated: May 21, 2020

                                               PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                               Recorder, Armed Services
                                               Board of Contract Appeals

                                          22