Court Opinion

ID: 4554131
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-07 20:01:43.645653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:42:55.168203
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 20-119C
                                     Filed: August 7, 2020
  * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                  *
  LEE HOLLAND JR.,                             *
                                               *
                        Plaintiff,             *   Pro Se Plaintiff; Military Pay; Motion
                                               *   to Dismiss; Subject Matter
                v.                             *   Jurisdiction; Statute of Limitations;
                                               *   Tort; Conspiracy; Americans with
                                               *   Disabilities Act.
                                               *
  UNITED STATES,                               *
                                               *
                        Defendant.             *
                                               *
  * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                  *

       Lee Holland, Jr., pro se, Livingston, TX.

       Joshua A. Mandlebaum, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him
were Steven J. Gillingham, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch and Ethan P. Davis, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division.

                                         OPINION

HORN, J.

        Pro se plaintiff, Lee Holland, Jr., a former Dental Technician, Chief Petty Officer in
the United States Navy, filed the above-captioned complaint in the United States Court of
Federal Claims, on April 28, 2020, seeking review of an August 27, 2019 decision by the
Board for Correction of Naval Records (BCNR) and to recover monetary relief. Plaintiff
also seeks reappointment as an officer in the Navy Medical Service Corps (MSC),
effective February 25, 1975, and incremental promotions to O-5 (Commander) or O-6
(Captain) as of July 1990. Plaintiff “further requests $2,900,000, for reasonable rank
advancement wages; $1,300,000, for a loss of social ‘prestige’ opportunities and
experience; and, $129,239.80, for administrative efforts, attorney fees and court costs.”
Alternatively, plaintiff requests whatever amount the court finds to be just and reasonable.
Defendant has moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) (2019) of
the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC) for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.
                                    FINDINGS OF FACT

        Plaintiff served in the Navy from his enlistment on May 11, 1961 until his retirement
on July 1, 1990. Plaintiff was the subject of a medical board in 1966 for “Reiter’s syndrome
(conjunctivitis, urethritis and arthritis),” after which he was placed on limited duty for five
months, before returning to full duty. Plaintiff completed an Associate of Science Degree
under the Navy’s Associate Degree Program in 1971 and was then assigned to the
medical/dental clinic in Long Beach, California. According to the appendix attached to the
defendant’s motion to dismiss, in January 1974, plaintiff applied for an appointment as an
officer in the Medical Services Corps (MSC). In the spring of 1974, plaintiff began to
experience pain in his joints and swelling in both of his knees and right wrist and was
hospitalized at the Naval Regional Medical Center in Long Beach, California on May 14,
1974. On May 29, 1974, plaintiff received written notice that he had been selected for
appointment in the Medical Corps as an Ensign and that his date of rank would be August
1, 1974. While plaintiff was hospitalized, however, he received a diagnosis of rheumatoid
arthritis and a medical examiner determined that he was unfit for full duty, and due to the
determination that he was unfit for full duty, plaintiff’s appointment documents were not
issued.

        Plaintiff was referred by a Medical Examination Board (MEB) to a Physical
Evaluation Board (PEB) on October 23, 1974. Due to the findings of the PEB, plaintiff was
transferred to the Temporary Disability Retirement List (TDRL) on February 26, 1975 at
his previous pay grade of E-6 (as opposed to the “promotional-grade of Ensign 0-1).”
Plaintiff was removed from the TDRL on October 1, 1980 and reenlisted on October 2,
1980. During plaintiff’s time on the TDRL he attended law school. After reenlisting, plaintiff
unsuccessfully applied for a commission in the Judge Advocate General’s Corps (JAG
Corps).1 Following plaintiff’s reenlistment, he served on active duty until he was
transferred to the Fleet Reserve on February 28, 1989 and then to the retired list on July
1, 1990.

        According to the appendix filed with defendant’s motion to dismiss, plaintiff has
petitioned the United States Navy Board for the Correction of Naval Records (BCNR)
three times, receiving partial or full denials on September 8, 1975, July 22, 1983, and
August 27, 2019. Plaintiff first petitioned the BCNR in 1975 and sought to have a negative
performance evaluation removed from his military record, which was denied on
September 8, 1975. In plaintiff’s second petition to the BCNR, the subject of an opinion
issued on July 13, 1983, he successfully requested the removal of the same negative
performance evaluation that was the focus of his 1975 petition, along with related
administrative entries (two Enlisted Performance Record entries, an Administrative
Remarks entry, a letter from his commanding officer, and a letter from the Navy Recruiting

1 Information about the rank that plaintiff held when he re-enlisted is not available in the
record before this court. There is also a slight inconsistency between the two BCNR
documents on the record, with the July 13, 1983, opinion stating that plaintiff
unsuccessfully applied for a JAG Corps commission upon his return to active duty and
the August 27, 2019, letter noting that plaintiff returned to active duty after not being
selected for the JAG Corps.
                                              2
Command). Plaintiff, however, was unsuccessful with his request for “reinstating his
appointment” to the MSC effective August 1, 1974 with a transfer effected to the JAG
Corps as of May 1, 1980. In the 1983 petition, plaintiff asserted “that he should not have
been denied his appointment to the MSC” and that “the contested material reflecting
adversely on his performance nor his physical disability constituted a valid basis for the
withholding of the appointment” to the Medical Corps. (capitalization in original). On July
22, 1983, the BCNR removed the negative performance evaluation report and related
material from plaintiff’s naval record, finding that plaintiff had not received an opportunity
to comment on those items and that the special evaluation report was “defective on its
face.” The remainder of plaintiff’s request, to have his record be corrected by reinstating
his appointment as an ensign in the MSC and then to be transferred to the JAG Corps
effective May 1, 1980, however, was denied. The BCNR found that plaintiff’s “physical
disability constituted a valid basis for denying his appointment to the MSC.” Furthermore,
with regard to plaintiff’s assertion under the Bureau of Naval Personnel Manual that a
member of TDRL is entitled to the temporary grade to which he or she would have been
promoted if not for the physical disability found as a result of a physical examination for
promotion, the BCNR found that the Bureau of Naval Personnel Manual was not
applicable, as “an original appointment as an officer does not equate to a promotion.”
Additionally, the BCNR was unable to determine if plaintiff would have been appointed to
the JAG Corps “but for the unfavorable material whose removal the Board recommends”
and further noted that “the Board considers it generally inappropriate as a matter of policy
to usurp the discretion of the service in determining who should be offered commissioned
status.”

        In 2018, approximately twenty-eight years after plaintiff’s retirement from the Navy,
and forty-three years after he first sought relief from the BCNR, Mr. Holland began the
process of seeking relief from the BCNR for a third time. Although the application was
“not filed in a timely manner,” the BCNR waived the statute of limitations and considered
the case on its merits “in the interest of justice.” Plaintiff requested that his appointment
be restored to February 25, 1975 and to receive incremental grade advancements to the
rank of O-5 (Commander) or O-6 (Captain) as of July 1990. After a three member panel
considered plaintiff’s application on April 30, 2019, the BCNR issued a letter on August
27, 2019, denying plaintiff’s request, finding that he did not meet the qualifications to
receive his appointment “due to not being physically qualified.” The BCNR also found that
he was never eligible for any officer advancements due to his never having been
commissioned. In the absence of new matters for reconsideration that could be presented
to or considered by the BCNR, plaintiff was advised that his only recourse would be to
seek relief from a court of appropriate jurisdiction.

       On October 3, 2019, plaintiff filed for review of the BCNR’s August 27, 2019
decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. On January 29,
2020, the Federal Circuit transferred the case to this court. The Federal Circuit explained:

       We are a court of limited subject matter jurisdiction and do not have the
       authority to review appeals directly from the BCNR. See 28 U.S.C. § 1295.
       However, appeals from the BCNR may be taken to the United States Court
       of Federal Claims, which may order correction of military records “as an

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       incident of and collateral to” an award of monetary damages from the United
       States, such as actions for back pay pursuant to the Tucker Act and the
       Military Pay Act. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1), (2); 37 U.S.C. § 204. We have
       authority to transfer a case to the Claims Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
       § 1631. Although the United States contends in its response that it would
       not be appropriate to do so here because Mr. Holland’s claim is time-barred
       under 28 U.S.C. § 2501, we deem it more appropriate to transfer for the
       Claims Court to address that argument.

Holland v. United States, No. 2020-1028 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 29, 2020) (emphasis in original).

        Section 1631 of Title 28 of the United States Code provides that if the court in
which a civil action is filed finds a lack of jurisdiction, “the court shall, if it is in the interest
of justice, transfer such action or appeal to any other such court . . . . in which the action
or appeal could have been brought at the time it was filed.” 28 U.S.C. § 1631 (2018).
Even if the parties do not request a transfer, the court is still permitted to order a transfer
without being asked to do so. See Brown v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 546, 550 (2006)
(citing Tex. Peanut Farmers v. United States, 409 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2005)).

       In this court, defendant moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to RCFC
12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because plaintiff’s claims fall outside the six-
year statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2501 (2018), and, therefore, are time-
barred. Defendant argues that the latest possible date when plaintiff’s claims could have
begun to accrue is the date of his retirement on July 1, 1990, and that any claims would
have needed to be brought within six years of that date. Furthermore, defendant also
argues that plaintiff’s recent appeal to the BCNR is not relevant in regard to determining
when the claim accrued.

        In response, plaintiff argues that there is no “elapse of time statute” in a
“conspiracy,” and points to his correspondence with the late Senator Alan Cranston
regarding “financial irregularities and malfeasance” in his command. In plaintiff’s
opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss, filed on June 10, 2020, he argues that the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) supports the return of his promotion and also
alleges that the original decision to not grant his commission was a due process violation.
Furthermore, plaintiff encourages this court to look into his performance evaluations over
the last ten years of his service, which the BCNR did not have in its “possession,” for
proof that he was carrying out legal duties and of his high moral character that is contrary
to the claims of the “conspirators” that he alleges took away his commission. In response
to these claims, defendant notes that the ADA and Due Process Clauses of the United
States Constitution do not support jurisdiction before this court, as they are not money-
mandating, and therefore, do not constitute a cause of action under the Tucker Act, 28
U.S.C. § 1491. Additionally, defendant points out that any claims involving a conspiracy
are allegations of a crime or a tort, both of which are outside this court’s jurisdiction.
Furthermore, defendant also argues that plaintiff demonstrated that he knew of the facts
underlying his claim several decades ago, as is demonstrated by his earlier petition to the
BCNR in 1983, and reiterates its argument that plaintiff’s claim is time-barred.

                                                  4
                                        DISCUSSION

        As noted above, in this case, defendant has moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint
pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1). First, the court recognizes that plaintiff is proceeding pro se.
When determining whether a complaint filed by a pro se plaintiff is sufficient to invoke
review by a court, a pro se plaintiff is entitled to a more liberal construction of the pro se
plaintiff’s pleadings. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (requiring that
allegations contained in a pro se complaint be held to “less stringent standards than
formal pleadings drafted by lawyers”), reh’g denied, 405 U.S. 948 (1972); see also
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9-10 (1980);
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976), reh’g denied, 429 U.S. 1066 (1977);
Matthews v. United States, 750 F.3d 1320, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2014); Jackson v. United
States, 143 Fed. Cl. 242, 245 (2019), appeal docketed; Diamond v. United States, 115
Fed. Cl. 516, 524 (2014), aff’d, 603 F. App’x 947 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1909
(2015). However, “there is no ‘duty [on the part] of the trial court . . . to create a claim
which [plaintiff] has not spelled out in his [or her] pleading . . . .’” Lengen v. United States,
100 Fed. Cl. 317, 328 (2011) (alterations in original) (quoting Scogin v. United States, 33
Fed. Cl. 285, 293 (1995) (quoting Clark v. Nat’l Travelers Life Ins. Co., 518 F.2d 1167,
1169 (6th Cir. 1975))); see also Bussie v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 89, 94, aff’d, 443 F.
App’x 542 (Fed. Cir. 2011); Minehan v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 249, 253 (2007). “While
a pro se plaintiff is held to a less stringent standard than that of a plaintiff represented by
an attorney, the pro se plaintiff, nevertheless, bears the burden of establishing the Court’s
jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.” Riles v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 163,
165 (2010) (citing Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. at 9; and Taylor v. United States, 303 F.3d
1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2002)); see also Kelley
v. Secretary, U.S. Dep't of Labor, 812 F.2d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (“[A] court may
not similarly take a liberal view of [] jurisdictional requirement[s] and set a different rule
for pro se litigants only.”); Schallmo v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 361, 363 (2020); Hale
v. United States, 143 Fed. Cl. 180, 184 (2019) (“[E]ven pro se plaintiffs must persuade
the court that jurisdictional requirements have been met.” (citing Bernard v. United States,
59 Fed. Cl. 497, 499, aff'd, 98 F. App’x 860 (Fed. Cir. 2004))); Golden v. United States,
129 Fed. Cl. 630, 637 (2016); Shelkofsky v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 133, 139 (2014)
(“[W]hile the court may excuse ambiguities in a pro se plaintiff’s complaint, the court ‘does
not excuse [a complaint’s] failures.’” (quoting Henke v. United States, 60 F.3d 795, 799
(Fed. Cir. 1995))); Harris v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 290, 292 (2013) (“Although
plaintiff’s pleadings are held to a less stringent standard, such leniency ‘with respect to
mere formalities does not relieve the burden to meet jurisdictional requirements.’” (quoting
Minehan v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. at 253)).

       “Subject-matter jurisdiction may be challenged at any time by the parties or by the
court sua sponte.” Folden v. United States, 379 F.3d 1344, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(Fanning, Phillips & Molnar v. West, 160 F.3d 717, 720 (Fed. Cir. 1998)), reh’g and reh’g
en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1127 (2005); see also St. Bernard
Parish Gov’t v. United States, 916 F.3d 987, 992-93 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“[T]he court must
address jurisdictional issues, even sua sponte, whenever those issues come to the court’s
attention, whether raised by a party or not, and even if the parties affirmatively urge the
court to exercise jurisdiction over the case.” (citing Foster v. Chatman, 136 S. Ct. 1737,
                                               5
1745 (2016)); Int’l Elec. Tech. Corp. v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 476 F.3d 1329, 1330 (Fed.
Cir. 2007); Fanelli v. United States, 146 Fed. Cl. 462, 466 (2020). The Tucker Act, 28
U.S.C. § 1491 (2018), grants jurisdiction to this court as follows:

       The United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to render
       judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either upon the
       Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive
       department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States,
       or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). As interpreted by the United States Supreme Court, the Tucker
Act waives sovereign immunity to allow jurisdiction over claims against the United States
(1) founded on an express or implied contract with the United States, (2) seeking a refund
from a prior payment made to the government, or (3) based on federal constitutional,
statutory, or regulatory law mandating compensation by the federal government for
damages sustained. See United States v. Navajo Nation, 556 U.S. 287, 289-90 (2009);
see also United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 216 (1983); Alvarado Hosp., LLC v.
Price, 868 F.3d 983, 991 (Fed. Cir. 2017); Greenlee Cnty., Ariz. v. United States, 487
F.3d 871, 875 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2007), cert. denied,
552 U.S. 1142 (2008); Palmer v. United States, 168 F.3d 1310, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 1999);
Kuntz v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 713, 717 (2019). “Not every claim invoking the
Constitution, a federal statute, or a regulation is cognizable under the Tucker Act. The
claim must be one for money damages against the United States . . . .” United States v.
Mitchell, 463 U.S. at 216; see also United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 537
U.S. 465, 472 (2003); N.Y. & Presbyterian Hosp. v. United States, 881 F.3d 877, 881
(Fed. Cir. 2018); Smith v. United States, 709 F.3d 1114, 1116 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied,
571 U.S. 945 (2013); RadioShack Corp. v. United States, 566 F.3d 1358, 1360 (Fed. Cir.
2009); Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d 1338, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
(“[P]laintiff must . . . identify a substantive source of law that creates the right to recovery
of money damages against the United States.”); Jackson v. United States, 143 Fed. Cl.
at 245. In Ontario Power Generation, Inc. v. United States, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit identified three types of monetary claims for which
jurisdiction is lodged in the United States Court of Federal Claims. The Ontario Power
Generation, Inc. court wrote:

       The underlying monetary claims are of three types. . . . First, claims alleging
       the existence of a contract between the plaintiff and the government fall
       within the Tucker Act’s waiver . . . . Second, the Tucker Act’s waiver
       encompasses claims where “the plaintiff has paid money over to the
       Government, directly or in effect, and seeks return of all or part of that sum.”
       Eastport S.S. [Corp. v. United States, 178 Ct. Cl. 599, 605-06,] 372 F.2d
       [1002,] 1007-08 [(1967)] (describing illegal exaction claims as claims “in
       which ‘the Government has the citizen’s money in its pocket’” (quoting
       Clapp v. United States, 127 Ct. Cl. 505, 117 F. Supp. 576, 580 (1954)) . . . .
       Third, the Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction over those claims where
       “money has not been paid but the plaintiff asserts that he is nevertheless

                                               6
       entitled to a payment from the treasury.” Eastport S.S., 372 F.2d at 1007.
       Claims in this third category, where no payment has been made to the
       government, either directly or in effect, require that the “particular provision
       of law relied upon grants the claimant, expressly or by implication, a right to
       be paid a certain sum.” Id.; see also [United States v. ]Testan, 424 U.S.
       [392,] 401-02 [(1976)] (“Where the United States is the defendant and the
       plaintiff is not suing for money improperly exacted or retained, the basis of
       the federal claim-whether it be the Constitution, a statute, or a regulation-
       does not create a cause of action for money damages unless, as the Court
       of Claims has stated, that basis ‘in itself . . . can fairly be interpreted as
       mandating compensation by the Federal Government for the damage
       sustained.’” (quoting Eastport S.S., 372 F.2d at 1009)). This category is
       commonly referred to as claims brought under a “money-mandating”
       statute.

Ont. Power Generation, Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1298, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see
also Samish Indian Nation v. United States, 419 F.3d 1355, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Twp.
of Saddle Brook v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 101, 106 (2012).

        To prove that a statute or regulation is money-mandating, a plaintiff must
demonstrate that an independent source of substantive law relied upon “‘can fairly be
interpreted as mandating compensation by the Federal Government.’” United States v.
Navajo Nation, 556 U.S. at 290 (quoting United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. at 400); see
also United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 537 U.S. at 472; United States v.
Mitchell, 463 U.S. at 217; Blueport Co., LLC v. United States, 533 F.3d 1374, 1383 (Fed.
Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1153 (2009). The source of law granting monetary relief
must be distinct from the Tucker Act itself. See United States v. Navajo Nation, 556 U.S.
at 290 (The Tucker Act does not create “substantive rights; [it is simply a] jurisdictional
provision[] that operate[s] to waive sovereign immunity for claims premised on other
sources of law (e.g., statutes or contracts).”); see also Me. Community Health Options v.
United States, 140 S. Ct. 1308, 1327-28 (2020). “‘If the statute is not money-mandating,
the Court of Federal Claims lacks jurisdiction, and the dismissal should be for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction.’” Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 525 F.3d
1299, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting Greenlee Cnty., Ariz. v. United States, 487 F.3d at
876); see also N.Y. & Presbyterian Hosp. v. United States, 881 F.3d at 881; Fisher v.
United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1173 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (noting that the absence of a money-
mandating source is “fatal to the court’s jurisdiction under the Tucker Act”); Downey v.
United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 171, 175 (2020) (“And so, to pursue a substantive right against
the United States under the Tucker Act, a plaintiff must identify and plead a money-
mandating constitutional provision, statute, or regulation.” (citing Cabral v. United States,
317 F. App’x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008))); Jackson v. United States, 143 Fed. Cl. at 245
(“If the claim is not based on a ‘money-mandating’ source of law, then it lies beyond the
jurisdiction of this Court.” (citing Metz v. United States, 466 F.3d 991, 997 (Fed. Cir.
2006)).

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        “Determination of jurisdiction starts with the complaint, which must be well-pleaded
in that it must state the necessary elements of the plaintiff’s claim, independent of any
defense that may be interposed.” Holley v. United States, 124 F.3d 1462, 1465 (Fed. Cir.)
(citing Franchise Tax Bd. v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Trust, 463 U.S. 1, 9-10 (1983)),
reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 1997); see also Klamath Tribe Claims Comm. v. United States, 97
Fed. Cl. 203, 208 (2011); Gonzalez-McCaulley Inv. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 93 Fed.
Cl. 710, 713 (2010). A plaintiff need only state in the complaint “a short and plain
statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction,” and “a short and plain statement of
the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” RCFC 8(a)(1), (2) (2020); Fed. R.
Civ. P. 8(a)(1), (2) (2020); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677-78 (2009) (citing
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57, 570 (2007)). To properly state a claim
for relief, “[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences of fact do not suffice
to support a claim.” Bradley v. Chiron Corp., 136 F.3d 1317, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 1998); see
also McZeal v. Sprint Nextel Corp., 501 F.3d 1354, 1363 n.9 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (Dyk, J.,
concurring in part, dissenting in part) (quoting C. W RIGHT AND A. MILLER, FEDERAL
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1286 (3d ed. 2004)); “A plaintiff’s factual allegations must
‘raise a right to relief above the speculative level’ and cross ‘the line from conceivable to
plausible.’” Three S Consulting v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 510, 523 (2012) (quoting
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555), aff’d, 562 F. App’x 964 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g
denied (Fed. Cir. 2014); see also Hale v. United States, 143 Fed. Cl. at 190. As stated in
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, “[a] pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation
of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’ 550 U.S. at 555. Nor does a complaint
suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

        Although the Tucker Act waives federal sovereign immunity in certain cases, and
grants this court jurisdiction to hear monetary claims against the government, including
military pay claims, this court’s jurisdiction is expressly limited by 28 U.S.C. § 2501, which
prescribes a six-year statute of limitations for claims arising under the Tucker Act’s waiver
of sovereign immunity. According to 28 U.S.C. § 2501:

       Every claim of which the United States Court of Federal Claims has
       jurisdiction shall be barred unless the petition thereon is filed within six years
       after such claim first accrues. . . . A petition on the claim of a person under
       legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the claim accrues may be filed
       within three years after the disability ceases.

Id. “The six-year statute of limitations set forth in section 2501 is a jurisdictional
requirement for a suit in the Court of Federal Claims.” John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v.
United States, 457 F.3d 1345, 1354 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2006),
aff’d, 552 U.S. 130 (2008); Schnell v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 102, 104-5 (2014). The
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has indicated that a claim accrues
““when all events have occurred to fix the Government’s alleged liability, entitling the
claimant to demand payment and sue here for his money.”” San Carlos Apache Tribe v.
United States, 639 F.3d 1346, 1358-59 (Fed. Cir.) (quoting Samish Indian Nation v.
United States, 419 F.3d 1355, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quoting Martinez v. United States,
333 F.3d 1295, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1177 (2004))), reh’g en banc

                                               8
denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also FloorPro, Inc. v. United States, 680 F.3d 1377, 1381
(Fed. Cir. 2012); Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d at 1303 (“A cause of action
cognizable in a Tucker Act suit accrues as soon as all events have occurred that are
necessary to enable the plaintiff to bring suit, i.e., when ‘all events have occurred to fix
the Government’s alleged liability, entitling the claimant to demand payment and sue here
for his money.’” (quoting Nager Elec. Co. v. United States, 177 Ct. Cl. 234, 240, 368 F.2d
847, 851 (1966), motion denied, 184 Ct. Cl. 390, 396 F.2d 977 (1968)) (emphasis in
original); Mildenberger v. United States, 643 F.3d 938, 944-45 (Fed. Cir. 2011); Hopland
Band of Pomo Indians v. United States, 855 F.2d 1573, 1577 (Fed. Cir. 1988); see also
Eden Isle Marina, Inc. v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 372, 481 (2013); Brizuela v. United
States, 103 Fed. Cl. 635, 639, aff’d, 492 F. App’x 97 (Fed. Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133
S. Ct. 1645 (2013); see also Levy v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 67, 73, 79 (2008)
(dismissing a claim for military reserve retirement benefits because suits against the
United States are subject to a six-year statute of limitations and the claim was filed outside
the allotted timeframe); Barney v. United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 76, 83, 86 (2003) (dismissing
former Airman’s claims for wrongful discharge/unpaid wages and disability retirement
because they were time-barred by the six-year statute of limitations). A Judge of the
United States Court of Federal Claims has noted that:

       It is well-established that a claim accrues under section 2501 “when ‘all
       events have occurred to fix the Government's alleged liability, entitling the
       claimant to demand payment and sue here for his money.’” Martinez v.
       United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc), cert. denied,
       540 U.S. 1177 (2004) (quoting Nager Elec. Co. v. United States, 368 F.2d
       847, 851 (Ct. Cl. 1966)); see also Samish [Indian Nation v. United States],
       419 F.3d [1355,] 1369 [(2005)]. Because, as noted, this requirement is
       jurisdictional, plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that its claims were
       timely. See Alder Terrace, Inc. v. United States, 161 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed.
       Cir. 1998); Entines v. United States, 39 Fed. Cl. 673, 678 (1997), aff'd, 185
       F.3d 881 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1117 (1999); see also John R.
       Sand & Gravel Co. v. United States, 457 F.3d 1345, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2006)
       (Newman, J., dissenting); Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846
       F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988).

Parkwood Assocs. Ltd. P’ship v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 809, 813-14 (2011), aff’d, 465
F. App’x 952 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see also Mgmt. & Training Corp. v. United States, 137 Fed.
Cl. 780, 783 (2018); Klamath Tribe Claims Comm. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 203, 209
(2011) (citing Alder Terrace, Inc. v. United States, 161 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1998)).

        Accrual of a claim is “‘determined under an objective standard” and plaintiff does
not have to possess actual knowledge of all the relevant facts in order for a cause of
action to accrue. FloorPro, Inc. v. United States, 680 F.3d at 1381 (quoting Fallini v.
United States, 56 F.3d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1243 (1996)).
Plaintiff does not need to be aware of all relevant facts for a cause of action to accrue,
the statute of limitations begins running once they are aware of sufficient facts to know
that they have been wronged. See Osborn v. United States, 47 Fed. Cl. 224, 233 (2000).
In the context of veterans challenging failures to receive promotions during their active

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service, retirement is the latest date upon which their claims can accrue. See Tolar v.
United States, 140 Fed. Cl. 659, 661 (2018). Furthermore, appeals to the relevant
correction board are not taken into account for determining when a claim accrued. See
Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d at 1304.

         Defendant asserts that this court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to
consider plaintiff’s complaint because his claims are time-barred and defendant argues
that plaintiff’s claims began to accrue, at the very latest, upon his retirement from the
Navy on July 1, 1990. Defendant argues that because plaintiff did not file his complaint
until 2019 (initially in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), it is time-
barred. Plaintiff responds that he was the victim of a conspiracy that makes the statute of
limitations inapplicable. Plaintiff applied to the Medical Corps in 1974 and was placed on
the TDRL in 1975 at the rank of E-6. Plaintiff alleges the conspiracy, which, according to
plaintiff, prevented him from receiving his commission, occurred during this same time
period. Plaintiff also applied to the JAG Corps, to which he also requests a retroactive
transfer, following his return to active duty in 1980. Plaintiff does not claim that he only
now or recently became aware of the relevant facts, illustrated by the framing of his
complaint as correcting an injustice “after more than forty years” and his previous
applications to the BCNR. The dates referenced by plaintiff in his complaint clearly place
the filing of plaintiff’s current complaint beyond the six-year statute of limitations, making
the allegations raised in his current complaint time-barred.

        Moreover, plaintiff’s most recent appeal to the BCNR is not relevant for determining
if his recently filed complaint now before this court is timely. As the BCNR noted in
reaching its decision following plaintiff’s 2018 petition, the complaint had not been filed in
a timely manner, but the BCNR had chosen to waive the statute of limitations and consider
the case on its merits “in the interest of justice.” That the BCNR’s most recent
consideration of plaintiff’s petition occurred within the past six years, does not toll the
original six-year statute of limitations and has no impact on how to determine when the
claim accrued. See Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d at 1304-05 (“Accordingly, the
failure to seek relief from a correction board not only does not prevent the plaintiff from
suing immediately, but also does not prevent the cause of action from accruing.”).
Reconsiderations by the BCNR after lengthy periods of time do not deprive prior BCNR
decisions of their finality for statute of limitations purposes, even when they bring in
material not presented to the board when making the prior decision. See Van Allen v.
United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 57, 63-64 (2006) (holding that statute of limitations began to
run after first BCNR opinion in 1986 and not after reconsideration opinion was issued in
1995). As plaintiff’s 2018 appeal to the BCNR does not change the date of when plaintiff’s
claims accrued, the date of plaintiff’s retirement from the armed forces on July 1, 1990,
represents the final date that his claims against the government for failure to promote
began to accrue, which is over thirty years ago and far outside of the applicable six-year
statute of limitations. Despite plaintiff’s commendable number of years of service, the
statute of limitations, nonetheless, precludes jurisdiction in this court.

      Additionally, although the government does not raise the issue in its motion to
dismiss or in its reply to the motion to dismiss, plaintiff’s claims for retroactive promotion
are personnel decisions which should be treated by courts with deference. The United

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States Supreme Court noted in a suit seeking judicial review of duty assignments that
“orderly government requires that the judiciary be as scrupulous not to interfere with
legitimate Army matters as the Army must be scrupulous not to intervene in judicial
matters.” Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 94 (1953); see also Adkins v. United States,
68 F.3d 1317, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (noting that the merits of decisions committed to
military discretion, including promotions, are not subject to judicial review). The
jurisdiction courts have is over cases of procedural error. See Voge v. United States, 842
F.2d 776, 780-81 (Fed. Cir. 1988). To state such a claim of procedural error, the plaintiff
must point to a nexus between that procedural error and the adverse promotion decision.
Tolar v. United States, 140 Fed. Cl. at 661 (citing Lindsay v. United States, 295 F.3d 1252,
1259 (Fed. Cir. 2002)). Plaintiff has not identified such a nexus between a procedural
error and not receiving his commission or promotions, as the claims of a conspiracy
regarding irregularities in his command lack documentation and support in the record
before the court.

        Plaintiff’s allegations of a conspiracy within his command that allegedly took away
or prevented his commission not only are undocumented in the record before this court,
but if plaintiff is alleging a criminal conspiracy, those claims also are not within the
jurisdiction of this court. To the extent that plaintiff may be asserting claims of a criminal
conspiracy, this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate such claims. The
jurisdiction of the United States Court of Federal Claims does not include jurisdiction over
criminal causes of action. See Joshua v. United States, 17 F.3d 378, 379 (Fed. Cir. 1994);
see also Flippin v. United States, 146 Fed. Cl. 179 (2019) (“Such conduct is criminal in
nature and beyond the subject-matter jurisdiction of this court.”); Cooper v. United States,
104 Fed. Cl. 306, 312 (2012) (“[T]his court does not have jurisdiction over [plaintiff's]
claims because the court may review neither criminal matters, nor the decisions of district
courts.” (internal citation omitted)); Mendes v. United States, 88 Fed. Cl. 759, 762, appeal
dismissed, 375 F. App’x 4 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Hufford v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 696, 702
(2009) (holding that the United States Court of Federal Claims lacked jurisdiction over
claims arising from the violation of a criminal statute); Fullard v. United States, 78 Fed.
Cl. 294, 301 (2007) (“[P]laintiff alleges criminal fraud, a subject matter over which this
court lacks jurisdiction.” (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1491; Joshua v. United States, 17 F.3d at
379)); McCullough v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 1, 4 (2006) (finding that the United States
Court of Federal Claims lacked jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's criminal claims), appeal
dismissed, 236 F. App’x 615, reh’g denied, (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1050 (2007);
Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 282 (finding that the court lacked jurisdiction
to consider plaintiff's criminal claims), recons. denied, 73 Fed. Cl. 524 (2006). Thus,
plaintiff’s criminal claims also fail.

       Plaintiff also claims that his commission was taken away from him in violation of
his due process rights. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has
held that this court does not have jurisdiction to consider claims arising under the Due
Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution. See Crocker v. United States, 125 F.3d 1475, 1476 (Fed. Cir. 1997)
(concluding that the United States Court of Federal Claims has no jurisdiction over a due
process violation under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments (citing LeBlanc v. United

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States, 50 F.3d at 1028)); see also Smith v. United States, 709 F.3d at 1116 (“The law is
well settled that the Due Process clauses of both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments
do not mandate the payment of money and thus do not provide a cause of action under
the Tucker Act.” (citing LeBlanc v. United States, 50 F.3d at 1028)); In re United States,
463 F.3d 1328, 1335 n.5 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[B]ecause the Due Process Clause is not
money-mandating, it may not provide the basis for jurisdiction under the Tucker Act.”),
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2006), cert. denied sub nom. Scholl v. United
States, 552 U.S. 940 (2007); Acadia Tech., Inc. & Global Win Tech., Ltd. v. United States,
458 F.3d 1327, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Collins v. United States, 67 F.3d 284, 288 (Fed.
Cir.) (“[T]he due process clause does not obligate the government to pay money
damages.”), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 1995); Mullenberg v. United States, 857 F.2d 770,
773 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (finding that the Due Process clauses “do not trigger Tucker Act
jurisdiction in the courts”); Murray v. United States, 817 F.2d 1580, 1583 (Fed. Cir. 1987)
(noting that the Fifth Amendment Due Process clause does not include language
mandating the payment of money damages); Vondrake v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl.
599, 602 (citing Smith v. United States, 709 F.3d at 1116), aff’d sub nom., 729 F. App’x
916 (Fed. Cir. 2019); Weir v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 169, 177 (2018); Maehr v. United
States, 139 Fed. Cl. 1, 3-4 (2018) (stating that Smith v. United States, 709 F.3d at 1114,
“remains controlling law today”), aff’d, 767 F. App’x 914 (Fed. Cir. 2019), cert. denied,
140 S. Ct. 49 (2019); Zainulabeddin v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 492, 505 (2018) (citing
LeBlanc v. United States, 50 F.3d at 1028); Harper v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 287,
291 n.5 (2012); Hampel v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 235, 238, aff’d, 429 F. App’x 995
(Fed. Cir. 2011), cert. denied, 565 U.S. 1153 (2012). Due process claims “must be heard
in District Court.” Kam-Almaz v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. at 89 (2011) (citing Acadia
Tech., Inc. & Global Win Tech., Ltd. v. United States, 458 F.3d at 1334), aff’d, 682 F.3d
1364 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Therefore, this court does not have jurisdiction to review plaintiff’s
claim.

       Plaintiff further asserts that the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 42
U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., “should encourage” the return of his promotion. This court,
however, lacks subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiff’s ADA claims. To demonstrate that
the Tucker Act provides jurisdiction over claims between a claimant and the government,
the claimant must prove that the particular provision of law relied upon is money-
mandating. See, e.g., United States v. Navajo Nation, 556 U.S. at 290; Ontario Power
Generation, Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1301. The ADA, however, is not a money-
mandating law. See Dziekonski v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 806, 809-10 (2015) (noting
that the ADA is not a money-mandating provision that would provide the United States
Court of Federal Claims with jurisdiction) (citation omitted); Shipman v. United States, 118
Fed. Cl. 701, 707 (2014) (“[T]he court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over
claims alleging a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (‘ADA’), 42 U.S.C.
§ 12101 et seq., because the ADA is not a money-mandating source of law.”) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, the United States District Courts
possess exclusive jurisdiction over ADA claims. See, e.g., McCauley v. United States, 38
Fed. Cl. 250, 266 (1997) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a)) (finding the district courts had
exclusive jurisdiction over claims brought under the ADA), aff’d, 152 F.3d 948 (Fed. Cir.
1998). Thus, this court is not the proper forum to seek judicial relief under the ADA. See

                                             12
id.; see Maclin v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 66, 67-68 (2015) (“Further, Plaintiff’s
complaints of violations of the ADA are also outside the Court’s jurisdiction as federal
district courts have exclusive jurisdiction over ADA claims.”); Johnson v. United States,
97 Fed. Cl. 560, 564 (2011) (“The Court notes that Federal district courts have exclusive
jurisdiction over the ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims.”); Searles v. United States, 88
Fed. Cl. 801, 805 (2009) (“Indeed, the ADA does not apply to the federal government as
an employer and district courts hold exclusive jurisdiction over ADA claims.”). Therefore,
this court does not have jurisdiction over plaintiff’s ADA claims.

                                      CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, this court lacks jurisdiction to hear plaintiff’s claims,
and plaintiff’s claims must be dismissed. Defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s
complaint is GRANTED. Plaintiff’s complaint is DISMISSED. The Clerk’s Office shall
enter JUDGMENT consistent with this Opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                                 s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                                 MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                           Judge

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