Court Opinion

ID: 9892997
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-25 19:00:44.431025+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:52:52.180349
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       OCT 25 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SERAFIN TORRES URBINA,                          No. 22-1384
                                                Agency No.
             Petitioner,                        A205-719-064
 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

             Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                            Submitted October 6, 2023**
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: WARDLAW and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and MATSUMOTO, Senior
District Judge.***

      Serafin Torres Urbina (“Torres”), a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions

for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision dismissing his

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Kiyo A. Matsumoto, United States Senior District
Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
appeal of the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application for Withholding

of Removal and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.

      1. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Torres failed to

establish eligibility for withholding of removal. To establish eligibility for

withholding of removal in the absence of past persecution, an applicant must

establish that he possesses “a subjective fear of persecution in the future, and that

this fear is objectively reasonable–which, in the withholding context, means that

the chance of future persecution is ‘more likely than not.’” Wakkary v. Holder,

558 F.3d 1049, 1060 (9th Cir. 2009). Torres asserts that he is afraid to return to

Mexico because he will be persecuted by Los Zetas gang members on account of

his membership in social groups related to his family or his family’s status as

business owners.1 Torres argues that his fear of future harm is objectively

reasonable because Los Zetas and other cartels are a “continuous problem for the

authorities in Mexico” and he knows of two people killed in Mexico by cartels.

However, as the BIA observed, Torres’s fear of harm is not objectively reasonable

1
 Specifically, Torres argues that he will be persecuted because he is a (1) Mexican
national whose family owns a business; (2) Mexican national whose family is
being persecuted by Los Zetas; (3) Mexican national who is perceived to have
more wealth than locals because his family owns a business; (4) family member of
Ustorio Torres Rodriguez and Rosalia Vialda Padilla; (5) Mexican national who
has been deported from the United States; (6) family member of Mexican business
owners who refuse to pay extortion fees.

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because his family no longer owns a business, and his family members in Mexico

have never been harmed–even after they ignored extortion demands. See Sinha v.

Holder, 564 F.3d 1015, 1022 (9th Cir. 2009). Therefore, even if Torres’s evidence

supports some likelihood of future persecution, it does not compel the conclusion

that he is more likely than not to face persecution if removed.2

      2. The BIA correctly concluded that Torres’s proposed particular social

group, “Mexican national who has been deported from the United States” is not

cognizable. Cognizability requires the applicant to show “that the proposed social

group is (1) composed of members who share a common immutable characteristic,

(2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the society in

question.” Conde Quevedo v. Barr, 947 F.3d 1238, 1242 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal

citations omitted). We have held that social groups similarly defined as “Mexican

national who has been deported from the United States” were “too amorphous,

overbroad and diffuse because it included men, women, and children of all ages,

regardless of the length of time they were in the United States, the reasons for their

2
  The BIA also correctly noted that Torres waived any challenge to the IJ’s
determination that he could reasonably relocate within Mexico, and thus, he cannot
meet his burden of proof to establish eligibility for withholding on that ground
alone. Hussain v. Rosen, 985 F.3d 634, 649 (9th Cir. 2021). Torres’s argument
that the agency failed to cite affirmative evidence to support its finding that he
could relocate to a part of Mexico where he is not likely to be tortured is
unexhausted and is therefore not properly before us. Bare v. Barr, 975 F.3d 952,
960 (9th Cir. 2020).

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removal, or the recency of their removal” to be cognizable. Reyes v. Lynch, 842

F.3d 1125, 1139 (9th Cir. 2016); see also Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148,

1151–52 (9th Cir. 2010).

      3. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Torres did not

establish eligibility for CAT protection. To obtain relief under CAT, a petitioner

“must show that it is more likely than not that he or she will be tortured, and not

simply persecuted upon removal” and “that such torture would be inflicted by or at

the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official.” Dhital

v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1044, 1051 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Although Torres testified that he has not experienced past torture in

Mexico, he contends that he is at risk of future torture because criminals in Mexico

will identify him as a recent deportee from the United States based on his accent,

mannerisms, and appearance, and assume that he is wealthy. However, evidence

of violence towards deportees, Mexicans returning home from the United States, or

Mexicans appearing American is not sufficiently particularized to support a CAT

claim. Such descriptions constitute only “generalized evidence of violence and

crime in Mexico” and are “not particular to [Torres] and [are] insufficient to meet

[CAT’s] standard.” Delgado-Ortiz, 600 F.3d at 1152; Ramirez-Munoz v. Lynch,

816 F.3d 1226, 1229–30 (9th Cir. 2016). Torres also asserts that he faces a risk of

future torture because his family was extorted in Mexico years ago. But Torres’s

                                         4                                   22-1384
argument is undermined by the fact that his family has never been harmed despite

living in Mexico and refusing to respond to extortion attempts. Moreover, Torres’s

family members were only threatened with harm and “[u]nfulfilled threats are very

rarely sufficient to rise to the level of persecution,” Hussain, 985 F.3d at 647,

much less torture. Davila v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1136, 1144 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Torture is

more severe than persecution.”) (internal quotation omitted).

      Further, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that any torture

Torres might suffer would not be inflicted with the consent or acquiescence of the

Mexican government. Although Torres cites the U.S. Department of State’s

Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2018 noting continued corruption

by government officials in Mexico, the report also notes Mexico’s increased

response to local corruption, including the creation of a federal anticorruption

force, and new laws that authorize the Mexican military to support civilian

authorities, combat organized criminal groups, and protect migrants. Further,

Torres testified that nothing has “directly” happened in his town or to his family to

suggest that government officials work with criminals. Therefore, the record does

not compel the conclusion that any torture inflicted upon Torres would be inflicted

by or with the consent or acquiescence of public officials. See Sanjaa v. Sessions,

863 F.3d 1161, 1164 (9th Cir. 2017).

      PETITION DENIED.

                                         5                                    22-1384