Court Opinion

ID: 9388795
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-21 17:06:52.515727+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:22.744132
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Lane, 2023-Ohio-1305.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       ERIE COUNTY

State of Ohio                                    Court of Appeals No. E-22-035

        Appellant                                Trial Court No. 2021 CR 0447

v.

Anthony Lane                                     DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellee                                 Decided: April 21, 2023

                                           *****

        Kevin J. Baxter, Erie County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Kristin R. Palmer, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Loretta Riddle, for appellant.

                                           *****

        MAYLE, J.

        {¶ 1} Following a jury trial, defendant-appellant, Anthony Lane, appeals the

August 18, 2022 judgment of the Erie County Court of Common Pleas, convicting him of

felonious assault, a violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and (D)(1)(a), a second-degree

felony, and sentencing him to a minimum term of three years in prison and a maximum

term of four-and-a-half years. For the following reasons, we affirm.
                                      I. Background

       {¶ 2} Anthony Lane was charged with attempted murder and felonious assault

after beating and seriously injuring a man in the hallway of the apartment complex where

they both lived. The state dismissed the attempted murder charge, but the matter

proceeded to a jury trial on the felonious assault charge. The following evidence was

presented at trial.

       {¶ 3} D.J., T.H., and Lane were all residents of Bay Shore Towers apartments in

Erie County, Ohio. D.J. lived on the eighth floor; his girlfriend, T.H., lived on the third

floor; and Lane lived on the tenth floor. Lane and T.H. were acquainted through their

church and T.H. sometimes helped Lane by driving him to run errands. On February 27,

2022, Lane cooked breakfast for T.H. and brought it to her apartment to thank her for

driving him. D.J. did not appreciate Lane bringing his girlfriend breakfast, and he went

to Lane’s apartment—drunk—to tell him so. Their encounter was recorded by

surveillance video, but does not contain audio.

       {¶ 4} As depicted in the surveillance video, which was admitted into evidence at

trial, D.J. knocked on Lane’s door. Lane answered the door and extended his hand to try

to shake D.J.’s hand, but D.J. slapped it away. They talked for about a minute, and

judging from their body language, the conversation became increasingly heated. D.J.

pushed Lane, then Lane punched D.J. They both smacked at each other, then Lane

wrestled D.J. to the ground. It appears that Lane tried to choke D.J., then punched him

11 times in the face or head. D.J. stopped moving, but Lane stomped on his stomach,

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kicked him, and punched him in the head. Lane walked away, then came back and

kicked D.J. in the head three more times.

       {¶ 5} Lane went into his apartment and returned with his phone. A neighbor

came out and Lane spoke with him. Lane is seen talking on the phone—he had called 9-

1-1. At that point, he was being recorded by video surveillance and by 9-1-1. On the

video, D.J. can be seen moving his head and leg and unsuccessfully trying to lift his head.

In the 9-1-1 audio recording, Lane told the dispatcher that D.J. was trying to move and he

can be heard commanding D.J. to stay down. At the same time, the video surveillance

captured Lane stomping and kicking D.J.’s head seven more times. The beating stopped

when the police arrived. EMS arrived shortly thereafter and took D.J. away on a gurney.

       {¶ 6} D.J. was treated at the Firelands Hospital emergency department. He

suffered a zygomatic arch (cheekbone) fracture, fracture of his nasal bone and septum, a

rib fracture, “extensive posttraumatic maxillofacial soft tissue swelling,” and injury to his

kidney. He tested positive for alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. D.J. was advised to

follow up with a plastic surgeon; the surgeon recommended no further treatment unless

D.J. developed difficulty breathing.

       {¶ 7} Lane testified at trial. He admitted that he caused D.J. serious physical

harm, he was responsible for D.J.’s injuries, and he knew what he was doing when he

repeatedly punched and kicked D.J. in the head, body, and face. Lane conceded that he

stomped on D.J. and kicked him in the face after he was incapacitated and even walked

into his apartment, came back out, and kicked D.J. again—all while D.J. remained

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incapacitated. He agreed with the state that a person does not deserve to have their jaw,

nose, and rib fractured and their kidney injured just for pushing someone, and he was

aware that there were surveillance cameras that would record the interaction.

Nevertheless, Lane sought to show that he acted in self-defense.

       {¶ 8} Lane said that D.J. warned him a year ago not to talk to T.H. and Lane

“talked him down” at that time, but he did not believe that he could talk him down again

this time. He described that D.J. at first had his hands in his pockets; he claimed that he

saw something pointy, insinuating that he believed D.J. might have a weapon. He said he

was “nervous” and “kind of scared,” and did not really want to fight D.J., but he believed

that D.J. would come back and shoot him. Although officers testified that they saw no

injuries on Lane and Lane complained of no injuries, Lane insisted that D.J. placed his

hand around his neck and scratched his neck. He maintained that he continued to kick

D.J. while he was down “[b]ecause he was coming to” and he didn’t want D.J. to try to

hurt him. He described, “I’m trying to knock him back out again, no matter what I had to

do.”

       {¶ 9} Lane requested that the court instruct the jury on self-defense and on the

inferior offense of aggravated assault, but the court refused. The jury convicted Lane of

felonious assault, and the trial court sentenced him to a minimum term of three years in

prison and a maximum term of four-and-a-half years. The conviction and sentence were

memorialized in a judgment journalized on August 18, 2022.

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       {¶ 10} Lane appealed. He assigns the following errors for our review:

              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I: A TRIAL COURT ERRS AND

       ABUSES ITS DISCRETION AND PREJUDICES THE DEFENDANT

       WHEN IT DENIES HIS MOTIONS FOR A JURY INSTRUCTION ON

       SELF-DEFENSE AND THE INFERIOR OFFENSE OF AGGREVATED

       [sic] ASSAULT[.]

              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II: THE TRIAL COURT’S

       SENTENCING IS CONTRARY TO LAW[.]

                                   II. Law and Analysis

       {¶ 11} In his first assignment of error, Lane challenges the trial court’s denial of

his request for jury instructions on self-defense and aggravated assault. In his second

assignment of error, he challenges his sentence. We consider each of these assignments

in turn.

                                   A. Jury Instructions

       {¶ 12} In his first assignment of error, Lane claims error in the trial court’s refusal

to provide jury instructions on self-defense and the inferior offense of aggravated assault.

       {¶ 13} Trial courts are charged with giving juries correct and comprehensive

instructions that adequately reflect the argued issues in the given case before them. State

v. Sneed, 63 Ohio St.3d 3, 9, 584 N.E.2d 1160 (1992). “Requested jury instructions

should ordinarily be given if they are correct statements of law that are applicable to the

facts in the case, and reasonable minds might reach the conclusion sought by the

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instruction.” Miller v. Defiance Regional Med. Ctr., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-06-1111,

2007-Ohio-7101, ¶ 40, citing Murphy v. Carrollton Mfg. Co., 61 Ohio St.3d 585, 591,

575 N.E.2d 828 (1991). We review the trial court’s refusal to provide a requested jury

instruction for an abuse of discretion. State v. Heiney, 2018-Ohio-3408, 117 N.E.3d

1034, ¶ 133 (6th Dist.).

                                       1. Self-Defense

       {¶ 14} Under R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), “[a] person is allowed to act in self-defense * *

*.” The elements of self-defense differ depending upon whether the defendant used

deadly or non-deadly force. State v. Baker, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-21-1258, 2023-Ohio-

241, ¶ 27, quoting In re N.K., 2021-Ohio-3858, 180 N.E.3d 78, ¶ 12 (6th Dist.). “Deadly

force” is “any force that carries a substantial risk that it will proximately result in the

death of any person.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(2). This court has recognized that “the act of

delivering multiple punches, in succession, to another’s head may rise to the level of

deadly force.” (Citations omitted.) In re N.K. at ¶ 12.

       {¶ 15} A person may use deadly force in self-defense where he (1) was not

at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray; (2) had a bona fide belief that he

was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that his only means of escape

from such danger was in the use of such force; and (3) did not violate any duty

to retreat or avoid the danger. State v. Messenger, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-4562,

¶14, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). Under the

most recent amendments to R.C. 2901.09(B), “a person has no duty to retreat before

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using force in self-defense * * * if that person is in a place in which the person lawfully

has a right to be.” R.C. 2901.09(B). “A person standing in the doorway of his home,” as

Lane was, “is lawfully where he or she has a right to be.” State v. Robinette, 5th Dist.

Stark No. 2021 CA 00124, 2023-Ohio-5, ¶ 58.

       {¶ 16} If a person accused of an offense involving force presents evidence “that

tends to support that [he or she] used the force in self-defense * * *,” the state “must

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person did not use the force in self-

defense * * *.” R.C. 2901.05(B)(1). The Ohio Supreme Court clarified the burden-

shifting required under R.C. 2901.05. It explained: “[A] defendant charged with an

offense involving the use of force has the burden of producing legally sufficient evidence

that the defendant’s use of force was in self-defense.” Messenger at ¶ 25. “[I]f the

defendant’s evidence and any reasonable inferences about that evidence would allow a

rational trier of fact to find all the elements of a self-defense claim when viewed in the

light most favorable to the defendant, then the defendant has satisfied the burden,” and

the state must then disprove self-defense. Id. at ¶ 25.

       {¶ 17} After the state indicated that it would be resting, the court told the attorneys

that it did not intend to instruct the jury on self-defense. It explained:

              [W]e had lengthy discussions yesterday, off the record, about the

       inclusion of a self-defense instruction. The Court had to make the

       determination whether the defense met the burden of production.

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              There was one element which I could not, in good conscience, say

       that the defense met and that was as to the issue of whether the force used

       was reasonable, and my logic is that, um, while there may have been some

       question in the minds of anyone who saw the video about the initial

       provocation or the initial aggressor, and, at the end, there may have been an

       issue. However, there were three kicks, stomps, whatever, on the victim’s

       body at a time when he was totally unconscious and not moving, and,

       therefore, I feel like that was not reasonable. So this is why I’m not

       including that language in the jury instructions.

       {¶ 18} Defense counsel told the court that he believed the trial court’s ruling was

premature. The court agreed that if there was further evidence, it may be necessary to

revisit the issue, particularly if Lane testified. Lane did, in fact, testify. After hearing his

testimony, the court remained unconvinced that Lane had presented evidence that the

force used by Lane was reasonable in response to the danger posed. It refused to provide

the self-defense instruction.

       {¶ 19} Lane maintains that it is undisputed that he was not at fault in creating the

situation that led to his use of force. He emphasizes that D.J. came to his home and

assaulted him first by shoving him. He insists that he had an honest belief, even if

mistaken, that he was in immediate danger of bodily harm. Lane claims that because D.J.

went to his home, a self-defense instruction was mandatory because a defendant is

presumed to have acted in self-defense when in his own residence. He argues that the

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trial court improperly resolved evidentiary conflicts and assessed the credibility of

witnesses in refusing to provide the instruction.

       {¶ 20} The state responds that Lane had the burden of production on all elements,

thus the defense is not available if even one element is not satisfied. Starting with the

first element of a self-defense claim, the state maintains that Lane was responsible for

creating the situation that gave rise to the affray because even though D.J. shoved Lane

first, it was Lane who instigated the confrontation by stepping aggressively in D.J.’s

direction. The state highlights Lane’s testimony that he decided to punch D.J. and “show

[him] what [he was] capable of.”

       {¶ 21} As to the second element—a bona fide belief that he was in imminent

danger of death or great bodily harm and that his only means of escape from such danger

was in the use of such force—the state insists that there was no evidence tending to show

that Lane was in imminent danger such that he was entitled to repeatedly punch, kick,

and choke D.J. It argues that the evidence supported the trial court’s determination that

Lane’s use of force was excessive and disproportionate to any apparent danger, and D.J.

was not in possession of any weapon or instrumentality that could be used to inflict death

or great bodily harm. The state points to Lane’s testimony that a person is not justified in

responding to being pushed by breaking the other person’s jaw, nose, and ribs.

       {¶ 22} Finally, the state claims that Lane violated a duty to retreat because he was

in the common area of a multi-unit structure, yet made no effort to simply retreat into his

apartment. It emphasizes that Lane, in fact, walked away multiple times while D.J. lay

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unconscious—even going into his apartment—but returned to D.J. to kick and stomp on

him.

       {¶ 23} We begin by clarifying that despite the state’s position that Lane violated a

duty to retreat, in fact, the current version of R.C. 2901.09(B) does not impose a duty to

retreat so long as the person is in a place in which he lawfully has a right to be. A person

lawfully has a right to be outside the doorway of his home. See Robinette, 5th Dist. Stark

No. 2021 CA 00124, 2023-Ohio-5, at ¶ 58. But we also clarify that despite Lane’s

position that the altercation happened in his home, therefore, giving rise to a presumption

of self-defense under R.C. 2901.05(B)(2), a “common area” of a multi-unit residential

dwelling is not considered part of a person’s home. See State v. Nance, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 89394, 2008-Ohio-445, ¶ 44 (rejecting defendant’s position that “common

area” of multi-unit residential dwelling was part of his home); State v. Hopings, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-05-1145, 2007-Ohio-450, ¶ 38 (hallway which led to defendant’s mother’s

apartment and to upstairs apartment was not inside defendant’s home).

       {¶ 24} We focus our attention on the second element of self-defense—that the

defendant had a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of death or great bodily

harm. Courts recognize that this is a combined subjective and objective test. State v.

Thomas, 77 Ohio St.3d 323, 330, 673 N.E.2d 1339 (1997). It requires consideration of

the force that was used in relation to the danger the accused believed he was in. State v.

Barker, 2d Dist. No. 29227, 2022-Ohio-3756, 199 N.E.3d 626, ¶ 28, appeal not

allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1431, 2023-Ohio-381, 202 N.E.3d 721. A person may use only

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such force as is reasonably necessary to repel an attack. Id. In both deadly and non-

deadly force cases, “[i]f the force used was so disproportionate that it shows a purpose to

injure, self-defense is unavailable.” (Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 27.

       {¶ 25} “In deciding whether to give a self-defense instruction, the trial court must

view the evidence in favor of the defendant, and the question of credibility is not to be

considered.” State v. Estelle, 2021-Ohio-2636, 176 N.E.3d 380, ¶ 19 (3d Dist.); see also

State v. Gambino, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2021-T-0018, 2022-Ohio-1554, ¶ 24, appeal

not allowed, 167 Ohio St.3d 1499, 2022-Ohio-2953, 193 N.E.3d 585, ¶ 24 (“In

determining whether the self-defense instruction is appropriate the ‘court must view the

evidence in a light most favorable to the defendant’ without consideration of

credibility.”). On the other hand, “[w]hen considering a self-defense instruction, the trial

court must determine whether the evidence presented, if believed, reasonably would

support a self-defense claim. (Emphasis added.) State v. Cunningham, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 29122, 2023-Ohio-157, ¶ 13, citing State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Clark No.

2021-CA-68, 2022-Ohio-3763, ¶ 40.

       {¶ 26} Here, we agree with the trial court that the record lacks evidence that, if

believed, would reasonably support a self-defense claim. Regardless of who was at fault

for creating the physical altercation, there is no evidence that Lane had a bona fide belief

that he was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that his only means of

escape from such danger was in the use of such force. As the trial court observed, “there

may have been some question in the minds of anyone who saw the video about the initial

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provocation or the initial aggressor, and, at the end, there may have been an issue”;

however, Lane kicked and stomped on D.J.’s body “at a time when he was totally

unconscious and not moving.” At this point, while D.J. lay unconscious on the ground,

he posed no risk to Lane. Nevertheless, Lane testified that after D.J. was incapacitated,

he “stomped his leg” and “stomped his face.” Lane conceded—and it is clearly visible in

the video—that he walked away, but then came back and “kicked [D.J] in the face again,”

while he was still incapacitated.

       {¶ 27} The video evidence and Lane’s testimony demonstrate that particularly

once D.J. was unconscious, it was not objectively reasonable for Lane to believe that

deadly force was necessary to protect himself from death or great bodily harm.

Moreover, the force used by Lane—stomps and kicks to D.J.’s face and body—was

grossly disproportionate to the danger he faced and more than was reasonably necessary

to repel the alleged attack. While Lane may not have had a duty to retreat, once D.J. was

rendered incapacitated and defenseless, the situation did not call for the continued

stomping and kicking of D.J.’s face and body. There is no evidence in the record that, if

believed, would reasonably support a self-defense claim. The trial court did not abuse its

discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on self-defense.

                    II. The Inferior Offense of Aggravated Assault

       {¶ 28} Defense counsel requested an instruction on aggravated assault because he

believed that there was a question of fact whether Lane acted under the influence of

sudden passion or a sudden fit of rage, brought on by serious provocation by the victim.

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He suggested that this was appropriate because D.J. went to Lane’s apartment, pushed

him first, “did some injury to [Lane], and Lane was in a state of fear.”

       {¶ 29} The state responds that the only evidence of provocation were the words

exchanged between D.J. and Lane, D.J. pushing Lane after Lane stepped up to him, and

an alleged incident a year ago during which D.J. confronted Lane about Lane’s

interactions with his girlfriend. It maintains that this evidence was not sufficient as a

matter of law to constitute “serious provocation.” It argues that past incidents and verbal

threats do not constitute serious provocation where there is an opportunity to cool off,

and D.J.’s mere act of pushing Lane did not constitute sufficient serious provocation

entitling Lane to an aggravated assault instruction. The state emphasizes that Lane never

claimed to be in a state of passion or rage at the time he beat D.J. Rather, he claimed to

be in fear and fear does not provide the emotional state necessary to show “sudden

passion” or a “sudden fit of rage” for purposes of aggravated assault.

       {¶ 30} Under R.C. 2903.11(A)(1)—the statute under which Lane was convicted—

“[n]o person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause serious physical harm to another * * *.”

Under R.C. 2903.12(A)(1)—the aggravated assault statute—“[n]o person, while under

the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which is brought on

by serious provocation occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to incite the

person into using deadly force, shall knowingly * * * [c]ause serious physical harm to

another * * *.”

13.
       {¶ 31} The trial court declined to instruct the jury on aggravated assault because it

“requires the use of deadly force and that is not an element of [] felonious assault.” The

court reiterated this after closing arguments, explaining that it would not instruct the jury

on aggravated assault because “there was no evidence that anyone said the force was

deadly.”

       {¶ 32} As we explained above, “the act of delivering multiple punches, in

succession, to another’s head may rise to the level of deadly force.” (Citations omitted.)

In re N.K., 2021-Ohio-3858, 180 N.E.3d 78, at ¶ 12. We, therefore, disagree with the

trial court that there was an absence of deadly force. However, an appellate court must

affirm a judgment if it achieves the right result, albeit for the wrong reason. Bienyk v.

Ogbonna, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-15-1051, 2015-Ohio-4625, ¶ 24. And here, we agree

with the state that Lane was not under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit

of rage, either of which was brought on by serious provocation by the victim.

       {¶ 33} Aggravated assault is an offense of an inferior degree of felonious assault.

State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 200, 694 N.E.2d 1328 (1998). “‘[I]n a trial for

felonious assault, where the defendant presents sufficient evidence of serious

provocation, an instruction on aggravated assault must be given to the jury.’” Id., quoting

State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 533 N.E.2d 294 (1988), paragraph four of the syllabus.

       {¶ 34} To be “serious” the provocation must be reasonably sufficient to bring on

extreme stress and incite or to arouse the defendant into using deadly force. Id., quoting

Deem at paragraph five of the syllabus. There is both an objective and subjective

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component. Under the objective component, the provocation “must be sufficient to

arouse the passions of an ordinary person beyond the power of his or her control.” State

v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 635, 590 N.E.2d 272 (1992) (involving voluntary

manslaughter instruction, which also requires sudden passion or a sudden fit of rage

brought on by serious provocation by the victim). If there is insufficient evidence of

provocation, such that no reasonable jury would decide that the defendant was reasonably

provoked by the victim, the court must refuse as a matter of law to give an aggravated

assault instruction. Id. at 634. However, if the objective standard is met, “the inquiry

shifts to the subjective component of whether this actor, in this particular case, actually

was under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage.” Id.

       {¶ 35} Ohio courts have examined what constitutes sufficient “serious

provocation.” They have found, for instance, that past incidents or verbal threats are not

sufficient. Mack at 201. Words are not sufficient. Id. And a victim’s simple pushing or

punching the defendant is not sufficient. State v. Bryan, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 03CA3,

2004-Ohio-2066, ¶ 24.

       {¶ 36} Ohio courts have also considered the emotional state necessary to constitute

sudden passion or a sudden fit of rage. They have found that fear alone is not sufficient.

Mack at 201. Nor is confusion. State v. Tantarelli, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 94APA11-

1618, 1995 WL 318730, *4 (May 23, 1995). And where a defendant testifies that he was

merely afraid and no evidence exists that he actually acted under a sudden fit of passion

or rage, a court does not abuse its discretion by refusing to provide an instruction on

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aggravated assault. See Bryan at ¶ 26 (finding that the trial court abused its discretion by

instructing the jury on aggravated assault); State v. Jones, 2018-Ohio-239, 104 N.E.3d

34, ¶ 19 (4th Dist.) (finding that defendant’s testimony that he “was worried about [his]

life” did not warrant instruction on aggravated assault).

       {¶ 37} Here, there was no evidence that D.J. seriously provoked Lane. His

pushing Lane did not constitute provocation under Ohio case law, nor did his previous

warning to Lane not to talk to his girlfriend. And even if D.J. did provoke Lane, there

was no evidence that Lane actually acted under a sudden fit of passion or rage—he

testified only that he acted in fear. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in failing to instruct the jury on aggravated assault.

       {¶ 38} We find Lane’s first assignment of error not well-taken.

                                       B. Sentencing

       {¶ 39} In his second assignment of error, Lane argues that in imposing his

sentence, the trial court failed to consider the necessary sentencing factors under R.C.

2929.11 and 2929.12 and “made no mention of them at all.”

       {¶ 40} We review a challenge to a felony sentence under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). R.C.

2953.08(G)(2) provides that an appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise modify

a sentence or may vacate the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for

resentencing if it clearly and convincingly finds either of the following:

              (a) That the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings

       under division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of

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       section 2929.14, or division (I) of section 2929.20 of the Revised Code,

       whichever, if any, is relevant;

              (b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

       {¶ 41} Lane does not complain that his sentence violated R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a).

He argues only that his sentence is contrary to law because the trial court failed to

consider the necessary sentencing factors under R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. Our review

of the record demonstrates that while the transcript of the sentencing hearing is silent as

to R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, the sentencing entry specifically states that the court

considered these statutes in fashioning Lane’s sentence.

       {¶ 42} In any event, the Ohio Supreme Court has made clear that “neither R.C.

2929.11 nor 2929.12 requires a trial court to make any specific factual findings on the

record.” State v. Jones, 163 Ohio St.3d 242, 2020-Ohio-6729, 169 N.E.3d 649, ¶ 20. In

fact, the trial court’s consideration of the factors set forth in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C.

2929.12 is presumed even on a silent record. State v. Clinton, 153 Ohio St.3d 422, 2017-

Ohio-9423, 108 N.E.3d 1; State v. Cyrus, 63 Ohio St.3d 164, 166, 586 N.E.2d 94, 95

(1992). An appellate court may not independently weigh the evidence and substitute its

judgment for that of the trial court regarding the appropriate sentence under R.C. 2929.11

and 2929.12, nor may it modify or vacate a sentence under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b) based

on the lack of support in the record for the trial court’s findings under those statutes.

Jones at ¶ 39, 41-42.

17.
       {¶ 43} Because we must presume that the trial court considered R.C. 2929.11 and

2929.12 in fashioning Lane’s sentence—and the sentencing entry specifically states that

the trial court considered these statutes—we find no merit to his claim that the trial court

failed to consider R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 and that his was sentence was contrary to

law.

       {¶ 44} We find Lane’s second assignment of error not well-taken.

                                      III. Conclusion

       {¶ 45} The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to provide jury

instructions on self-defense and aggravated assault. As to the self-defense instruction, the

video evidence and Lane’s testimony demonstrate that it was not objectively reasonable

for Lane to believe that deadly force was necessary to protect himself from death or great

bodily harm. Moreover, the force used by Lane was grossly disproportionate to the

danger he faced. We conclude, therefore, that the record lacks evidence that, if believed,

would reasonably support a self-defense claim. As to the aggravated assault instruction,

there is no evidence in the record that D.J. seriously provoked Lane. His pushing Lane

did not constitute provocation, nor did his previous warning to Lane not to talk to his

girlfriend. And even if D.J. did provoke Lane, Lane testified only that he acted in fear—

there was no evidence that he acted in a sudden fit of passion or rage. We find Lane’s

first assignment of error not well-taken.

       {¶ 46} Lane’s sentence was not contrary to law. The trial court’s consideration of

the factors set forth in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12 is presumed even on a silent

18.
record. And while the court did not specifically reference R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 at

the sentencing hearing, its sentencing entry makes clear that it considered these statutes.

We find Lane’s second assignment of error not well-taken.

       {¶ 47} We affirm the August 18, 2022 judgment of the Erie County Court of

Common Pleas. Lane is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal under App.R. 24.

                                                                        Judgment affirmed.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Thomas J. Osowik, J.                            ____________________________
                                                        JUDGE
Christine E. Mayle, J.
                                                ____________________________
Charles E. Sulek, J.                                    JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                                ____________________________
                                                        JUDGE

       This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
  Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
       version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.

19.