Court Opinion

ID: 6330008
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-12 22:24:51.623565+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:57.748295
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued April 7, 2022

                                     In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                        First District of Texas
                          ————————————
                               NO. 01-20-00773-CV
                         ———————————
  ML DEV, LP; WINDOW DEV GP, LLP; IGLOO PARTNERS #11, LP;
  BEAMER ROAD PARTNERS, LLP; DIXIE FARM PARTNERS, LLP;
  BLIMP BASE PROJECT, LP; HYAS CORPORATION LP; KATY I-10
  PRAIRIE PARTNERS, LP; WALLER XYZ LP; RANCHO GENERAL
     INC.; LAT GP, LLC; LOUIS A. TSAKIRIS FAMILY LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP, LTD.; A. TSAKIRIS FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;
       MICHAEL MAGNESS; LOUIS A. TSAKIRIS, Appellants
                                       V.
                 ROSS DRESS FOR LESS, INC., Appellee

                  On Appeal from the 506th District Court
                           Waller County, Texas
                    Trial Court Case No. CV20-09-0018
                                   O P I N I O N1

      This is a Texas Citizens Participation Act case decided under the 2019

version of the statute. A group of defendants were sued to force them to grant

easement rights. They moved for dismissal on the argument that they were sued

based on or in response to their exercise of the right of free speech and the right to

petition. They point to statements they are alleged to have made as they blocked

easement access. The trial court denied their TCPA motion, concluding that the

dispute failed to invoke TCPA protections.

      We agree. The defendants were sued based on and in response to their

failure to act, not their communications. Whatever they communicated as they

refused easement access might relate to the claims against them, but the lower

threshold of “relates to” is no longer an adequate connection between the legal

action and the communications made to invoke the TCPA’s dismissal procedures.

We therefore affirm.

                                    Background

      Ross Dress for Less, Inc. chose Waller County as the location for its new

distribution center. In August 2018, it entered into a purchase sale agreement with

ML Dev LP to purchase 250 acres along Interstate 10. The PSA closed in May

1
      Our opinion issued on May 25, 2021. The appellants moved for panel rehearing.
      We deny the motion for rehearing. We withdraw our May 25 opinion and issue
      this in its stead. The disposition remains the same.
                                          2
2019. A short while later, Ross tried to assert easement rights to adjacent land for

construction of a road that would be necessary to develop its land and to create the

distribution center. ML Dev refused easement access. During its efforts to resolve

the easement dispute, Ross became better informed about ML Dev and the people

and entities connected to it.

      Ross discovered that ML Dev did not own the 250 acres when ML Dev

executed the PSA in 2018. Instead, the person behind ML Dev, Michael Magness,

had transferred his entities’ ownership rights to the land to partnerships controlled

by his good friends, Louis and Alex Tsakiris, who then transferred ownership to

ML Dev just one day before the 2019 closing with Ross. According to the

pleadings, ML Dev’s post-closing position was that the Tsakiris partnerships

controlled easement rights and Ross would have to pay extra to obtain the

easements they thought were part of the original $33 million land purchase.

      After Ross demanded easement access and ML Dev, the partnerships, and

the Magness- and Tsakiris-related entities2 refused access, Ross sued, asserting

claims for tortious interference with contract and implied easement by necessity.

2
      The Magness-related entities were ML Dev, LP; Window Dev GP, LLC; Rancho
      General Inc.; Dixie Farm Partners, LLP; Blimp Base Project, LP; Katy I-10 Prairie
      Partners, LP; and Beamer Road Partners, LLP. The Tsakiris-related entities were
      Igloo Partners #11, LP; LAT-GP, LLC; Beamer Road Partners, LLP; Dixie Farm
      Partners, LLP; Blimp Base Project, LP; HYAS Corporation; Katy-I-10 Prairie
      Partners, LP; Waller XYZ LP; and Louis A. Tsakiris Family Partnerships, Ltd.

                                          3
Ross also sought a declaratory judgment that ML Dev was contractually required

to provide easements or right of way for road improvements and injunctive relief to

require easement access.3 The Magness- and Tsakiris-related entities (collectively,

the Developer entities), immediately moved for TCPA dismissal of the easement-

rights suit. Ross amended its petition to add a claim for easement by estoppel.

      The trial court held a hearing and denied the Developer entities’ TCPA

motion, concluding that they did not meet their burden to identify any TCPA

protected communications. The trial court set a date to hear Ross’s claim for

attorney’s fees based on the theory that the Developer entities filed the TCPA

dismissal motion as a delay tactic. Before that hearing date, the Developer entities

appealed the denial of their TCPA motion. The litigation has been stayed in the

trial court awaiting disposition of this appeal.

                              The TCPA as Amended

      The TCPA was enacted in 2011. See Act of June 17, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S.,

ch. 341, § 3, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 961, 964. Its stated purpose was “to encourage

and safeguard the constitutional rights of persons to petition, speak freely,

associate freely, and otherwise participate in government to the maximum extent

3
      In the same suit, Ross sued Waller County and the Waller County Road
      Improvement District No. 1 for breach of contract, arguing that the Road
      Improvement District was contractually required to construct the road that the
      easement was being requested for. Those defendants did not move for TCPA
      dismissal and are not part of this appeal.
                                           4
permitted by law and, at the same time, protect the rights of a person to file

meritorious lawsuits for demonstrable injury.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 27.002. Litigants who sued with the intent to chill the First Amendment rights of

their detractors faced summary dismissal of their legal actions and accompanying

fees and costs. See In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 589 (Tex. 2015) (citing TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.002). The dismissal movants had to establish that the

“legal action” they sought to dismiss was based on, related to, or in response to

their exercise of the right of free speech, right to petition, or right of association.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.003(a). If such a connection were established,

the burden shifted to the nonmovants to make a prima facie showing of the

elements of their claims. Id. § 27.005(c).

      The prospect of summary dismissal with fees proved to be an attractive

option to all types of defendants facing all kinds of legal claims. See James v.

Calkins, 446 S.W.3d 135, 139 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied)

(holding that TCPA applied to suit between family members over lis pendens

clouding title to property within their mother’s estate); Neyland v. Thompson,

No. 03-13-00643-CV, 2015 WL 1612155, at *12 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 7,

2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (Field, J., concurring) (“It seems that any skilled litigator

could figure out a way to file a motion to dismiss under the TCPA in nearly every

                                          5
case, in the hope that the [claim] will not only be dismissed, but that the movant

will also be awarded attorney’s fees.”).

      A TCPA docket quickly developed with defendants (and, increasingly,

plaintiffs) making novel arguments about how the TCPA might support the

dismissal of unwanted claims and procedural actions. See Hotchkin v. Bucy,

No. 02-13-00173-CV, 2014 WL 7204496, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 18,

2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (plaintiff sought TCPA dismissal of defendant’s TCPA

dismissal motion, arguing that defendant’s motion impacted plaintiff’s right to

petition); see also Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352, 394–95 (Tex. App.—Austin

2015, no pet.) (Pemberton, J., concurring) (lamenting many statutory-construction

issues with broad TCPA statute and onslaught of TCPA appeals crowding

appellate court’s docket).

      The TCPA was amended in 2019. Act of May 17, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch.

378, 2019 Tex. Gen. Laws 684. One of the more significant changes to the statute

was a narrowing of the categories of connections a claim could have to the exercise

of a protected right to enable the movant to seek dismissal. Originally, the movant

had to establish that the claim against it is “based on, relates to, or is in response

to” the movant’s exercise of a protected right. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 27.005(b) (old version). “Relates to” was the most expansive of the three

categories of connections and brought tangential communications within the

                                           6
TCPA’s reach. See Cavin v. Abbott, 545 S.W.3d 47, 69 n.85 (Tex. App.—Austin

2017, no pet.) (interpreting “relates to” as merely denoting “some sort of

connection, reference, or relationship”); see also Robert B. James, DDS, Inc. v.

Elkins, 553 S.W.3d 596, 604 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2018, pet. denied)

(interpreting “relates to” as a broad qualifier).

      The 2019 amendment deleted “relates to” from the list, thereby requiring

future movants to establish that the legal actions they seek to dismiss are “based

on” or “in response to” their exercise of a protected right. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE §§ 27.003(a), 27.005(b) (new version); see Laura Lee Prather & Robert T.

Sherwin, The Changing Landscape of the Texas Citizens Participation Act, 52 Tex.

Tech L. Rev. 163, 169 (2020) (noting that deletion of “relates to” increases burden

on movants seeking dismissal).

       Thus, under the current version, for the Developer entities to obtain

dismissal of Ross’s claims against them, they had to establish that Ross’s “legal

action is based on or is in response to [their] exercise of the right of free speech,

right to petition, or right of association.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 27.003(a) (new version).

      Relevant to that inquiry, the “exercise of the right of free speech” means “a

communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.” Id.

§ 27.001(3). Within that definition, a “communication” means the “making or

                                            7
submitting of a statement or document in any form,” and a “matter of public

concern” means “a statement or activity regarding [a public person]; a matter of

political, social, or other interest to the community; or a subject of concern to the

public.” Id. § 27.001(1), (7).

      The “exercise of the right to petition” includes, among other things, “a

communication in or pertaining to: . . . a proceeding before an entity that requires

by rule that public notice be given before proceedings of that entity,” “a

proceeding of the governing body of any political subdivision of this state,” or “a

public meeting dealing with a public purpose.” Id. § 27.001(4)(A)(v), (vii), (ix).

      The Developer entities moved for dismissal under the exercise of the right of

free speech, to petition, and of association, but they have limited their arguments

on appeal to the right of free speech and the right to petition.

                                 Standard of Review

      We review de novo the denial of a TCPA motion to dismiss. Gaskamp v.

WSP USA, Inc., 596 S.W.3d 457, 470 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, pet.

dism’d) (en banc) (citing Better Bus. Bureau of Metro. Hous., Inc. v. John Moore

Servs., Inc., 441 S.W.3d 345, 353 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet.

denied)). We view the pleadings and evidence in a light most favorable to the

plaintiff non-movant. Id.

                                           8
      Whether the TCPA applies to Ross’s claims is an issue of statutory

construction and is reviewed de novo as well. Youngkin v. Hines, 546 S.W.3d 675,

680 (Tex. 2018). In conducting our analysis of the statute, “we ascertain and give

effect to the Legislature’s intent as expressed in the language of the statute.” State

ex rel. Best v. Harper, 562 S.W.3d 1, 1 (Tex. 2018). We construe the TCPA’s

words according to their plain and common meaning, “unless a contrary intention

is apparent from the context, or unless such a construction leads to absurd results.”

Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 680. “We presume the Legislature included each word in

the statute for a purpose and that words not included were purposefully omitted.”

Lippincott v. Whisenhunt, 462 S.W.3d 507, 509 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam).

      We consider both the specific statutory language being challenged and the

statute as a whole. In re Office of Att’y Gen., 422 S.W.3d 623, 629 (Tex. 2013)

(orig. proceeding); see Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 680 (“[L]egislative intent derives

from an act as a whole rather than from isolated portions of it.”). “We endeavor to

read the statute contextually, giving effect to every word, clause, and sentence.”

Gaskamp, 596 S.W.3d at 470 (citing In re Office of Att’y Gen., 422 S.W.3d at 629).

             The Developer Entities Did Not Establish that Ross’s
         Legal Actions are Based on or in Response to Communication
                   Made in the Exercise of a Protected Right

      Ross has demanded easement access to land adjacent to the land it bought

from ML Dev for $33 million. It sued for tortious interference with contract,

                                          9
implied easement by necessity, and easement by estoppel, and sought a declaratory

judgment that ML Dev was contractually required to provide easements or right of

way for road improvements, as well as injunctive relief to require easement access.

Ross points to an agreement between various Magness-related entities and the

County that pre-dates its land purchase and references easement access. Ross

contends that its purchase price included these easement rights. ML Dev has

denied easement access.

      To help link Ross’s claims to its own communication about a matter of

public concern, the Developer entities point to statements they allegedly made

while denying access. These include (1) an alleged statement by Magness that Ross

would have to obtain easement rights from the Tsakiris-related partnerships, not

ML Dev, (2) an alleged misstatement by ML Dev that it could not grant the

easement access, and (3) an alleged statement by the Tsakiris partnerships that

easement access would not be provided for free.

      Under a de novo review, we conclude that the Developer entities cannot

draw an adequate connection between their statements and Ross’s legal claims to

invoke the TCPA. Their alleged statements may have accompanied the denial of

easement access. And they might clarify what the Developer entities hoped Ross

would do in the future to finally obtain the necessary access. But the

communications, themselves, do not provide the basis for the legal claims or the

                                        10
impetus for suit. Ross does not allege that it was injured by the statements. It does

not seek to prevent similar statements in any private or public setting. It seeks to

force the Developer entities to take a specific action. The core of Ross’s suit is a

demand for easement access—to allow entry on and use of land.

      Statements by the Developer entities that acknowledge their refusal to grant

access are connected to Ross’s suit, but they only rise to the level of “relates to”—

what had been the least exacting level of connection permitted under the previous

version of the TCPA. See Cavin, 545 S.W.3d at 69 n.85 (relying on Webster’s

Third New International Dictionary 1916 (2002), and American Heritage

Dictionary of the English Language 1482 (5th ed. 2011), to define “relates to” as

just “some sort of connection, reference, or relationship”).

      The Legislature deleted the “relates to” option in 2019. Now, the Developer

entities—and all TCPA movants—must establish that the legal claims are “based

on” or “in response to” their communications. The Developer entities have not met

that higher burden.

      The Developer entities’ briefs4 focus on whether the construction of a road

using public funds is a matter of public concern. But that inquiry misses the focus

of our review, which is whether the Developer entities have shown an adequate

4
      The Developer entities filed a motion for leave to file an additional brief, which
      we grant.

                                          11
connection between the legal claims and the communications that they allege were

about a matter of public concern.5 We conclude they have not.

      Likewise, the Developer entities have failed to establish that Ross’s claims

are based on or in response to communications they made in the exercise of a right

to petition. The Developer entities point first to the Tsakiris partnerships’ refusal to

approve a plat submitted to the Brookshire-Katy Drainage District that included the

easement Ross was seeking. They also point to a meeting of the Waller County

Road Improvement District at which Magness allegedly stated that the District

would have to deal with the Tsakiris partnerships on the easement issue.

      Under a de novo review, we cannot agree that Ross’s suit for easement

rights and damages from being denied access was based on or in response to these

communications. Instead, they were based on and in response to the Developer

entities’ actions: its denial of easement access. Noting that the blocked access came

with a plat refusal and was referenced at a meeting does not draw an adequate

connection to invoke the TCPA under the amended language. The deleted phrase

“relates to” might encompass the chatter around the denial of easement access, but

5
      The parties did not focus their briefing on how the deletion of “relates to” might
      affect the outcome of this appeal, but the determination of whether a party’s
      pleadings and evidence establish that the legal claims are based on or in response
      to the exercise of a protected right is a question of law reviewed de novo and is not
      “cabined” by the precise legal arguments or record references made in the trial
      court. See Adams v. Starside Custom Builders, LLC, 547 S.W.3d 890, 897 (Tex.
      2018); Clinical Pathology Labs., Inc. v. Polo, 632 S.W.3d 35, 44 n.6 (Tex. App.—
      El Paso 2020, pet. denied).
                                           12
“based on” and “in response to” are not so sweeping. See Laura Lee Prather &

Robert T. Sherwin, The Changing Landscape of the Texas Citizens Participation

Act, 52 TEX. TECH L. REV. 163, 169 (2020) (noting that deletion of “relates to”

increased burden on movants seeking dismissal); Amy Bresnen, Lisa Kaufman &

Steve Bresnen, Targeting the Texas Citizen Participation Act: The 2019 Texas

Legislature’s Amendments to a Most Consequential Law, 52 ST. MARY’S L.J. 101,

140 (2020) (available at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/

vol52/iss1/1) (discussing that “relates to” is the “most inclusive” of the three

connection terms and that its deletion “narrowed” the statute).

      Under applicable statutory-construction principles, we must presume that the

Legislature intended its deletion of the phrase “relates to” to have an effect.

Lippincott, 462 S.W.3d at 509. That deletion removed the broadest category of

connection, thereby requiring future TCPA movants to establish a closer nexus

between the claims against them and the communications they point to as their

exercise of protected rights. This is one of the first examples of how the tightening

of the statutory language now restricts what previously may have invoked TCPA

protections.

                                         13
                                  Conclusion

      We affirm.

                                           Sarah Beth Landau
                                           Justice

Panel consists of Justices Goodman, Landau, and Guerra.

                                      14