Court Opinion

ID: 9338825
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-16 15:03:49.050832+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:16.210075
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 9, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals
                             NO. 2021-CA-0566-MR

JANE LAYMAN                                                          APPELLANT

                 APPEAL FROM JOHNSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.              HONORABLE JOHN DAVID PRESTON, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 19-CI-00236

JOHNSON COUNTY BOARD OF
EDUCATION                                                              APPELLEE

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: DIXON, JONES, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

JONES, JUDGE: Jane Layman was injured when she tripped on an inflatable

eagle and fell to the ground while attending a football game in Johnson County.

She sued the Johnson County Board of Education (“Board”) alleging that school

personnel were negligent in their use and placement of the inflatable. The circuit

court granted summary judgment to the Board on the basis that it was entitled to

governmental immunity. Layman now appeals, arguing that the circuit court erred
because use of the inflatable was not integral to the football game. Having

reviewed the record as well as applicable law, we must affirm.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

             On October 19, 2018, Layman attended a high school football game at

Johnson Central High School in Johnson County, Kentucky. The home team used

an inflatable tunnel for the players to run through and onto the field at the start of

the game. Afterwards, and while the game was underway, school officials deflated

the tunnel on the track surrounding the football field. While waiting for the large

structure to deflate, school officials laid the tunnel’s black cover on top of it. The

track was also black, making it difficult to distinguish the asphalt track from the

inflatable. Layman was walking along the track while going to or from her seat

and tripped over the tunnel cover, suffering multiple injuries.

             Layman filed the underlying complaint in Johnson Circuit Court

alleging the school was negligent in deflating the tunnel on the track where

spectators were repeatedly told to walk. After discovery and unsuccessful

mediation, the Board filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing Layman’s

claims were barred by governmental immunity. Layman argued the inflatable

tunnel was not integral to the football game, so governmental immunity did not

apply. After oral arguments and briefing, the circuit court granted the Board’s

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motion. Layman filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate the order that was

subsequently denied. This appeal followed.

                                II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

              The issue of whether a defendant is entitled to the defense of

governmental immunity is a question of law. On appeal, we review questions of

law de novo. Bryant v. Louisville Metro Housing Authority, 568 S.W.3d 839, 845

(Ky. 2019) (citations omitted).

                                       III. ANALYSIS

              Layman argues the use of the inflatable tunnel was not integral to the

football game, and therefore, the Board is not entitled to governmental immunity.1

The Kentucky Supreme Court has defined governmental immunity as follows:

              “‘[G]overnmental immunity’ is the public policy, derived
              from the traditional doctrine of sovereign immunity, that
              limits imposition of tort liability on a government
              agency.” 57 Am. Jur. 2d, Municipal, County, School and
              State Tort Liability, § 10 (2001). The principle of
              governmental immunity from civil liability is partially
              grounded in the separation of powers doctrine embodied
              in Sections 27 and 28 of the Constitution of Kentucky.
              The premise is that courts should not be called upon to
              pass judgment on policy decisions made by members of
              coordinate branches of government in the context of tort
              actions, because such actions furnish an inadequate
              crucible for testing the merits of social, political or

1
  Layman also argues the Board should be denied governmental immunity up to their insurance
policy limits and that Layman should be permitted to sue the Board because she was an invitee.
Because we hold the Board is entitled to governmental immunity, we need not address these
arguments.

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               economic policy. 63C Am. Jur. 2d, Public Officers and
               Employees, § 303 (1997). Put another way, “it is not a
               tort for government to govern.” Dalehite v. United
               States, 346 U.S. 15, 57, 73 S. Ct. 956, 979, 97 L. Ed.
               1427 (1953) (Jackson, J., dissenting). Thus, a state
               agency is entitled to immunity from tort liability to the
               extent that it is performing a governmental, as opposed to
               a proprietary, function. 72 Am. Jur. 2d, States,
               Territories and Dependencies, § 104 (1974).

Yanero v. Davis, 65 S.W.3d 510, 519 (Ky. 2001) (internal footnote omitted).2

              Further, our highest court has held that a county board of education

cannot be sued in tort for any negligence in performance of its governmental

function of sponsorship and conduct of an interscholastic sporting event. Id. at

527; Schwindel v. Meade County, 113 S.W.3d 159, 168-69 (Ky. 2003).

              Layman argues that, although the holdings in Yanero and Schwindel

provide the Board is entitled to governmental immunity in terms of the football

game generally, it is not immune from the act of using the inflatable tunnel during

the game. Under well-settled caselaw, Layman would have to demonstrate that use

of the tunnel during the football game was somehow a proprietary function,

separate and removed from everything else happening at the event. This argument

has no merit. Even though Layman paid admission to the football game, receipt of

2
   A proprietary function is defined as “the type normally engaged in by businesses or
corporations and will likely include an element of conducting an activity for profit.” Caneyville
Volunteer Fire Dep’t v. Green’s Motorcycle Salvage, Inc., 286 S.W.3d 790, 804 (Ky. 2009)
(citation omitted).

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income from admission fees and sales of refreshments do not convert an

interscholastic athletic event into a proprietary function. Schwindel, 113 S.W.3d at

168-69. Stated differently, even if we agreed with Layman that the inflatable

tunnel was not absolutely necessary to the football game, the simple act of using it

is not a proprietary function nor does it make the football game itself a proprietary

function.

             While Layman makes some persuasive arguments, the test laid out by

the Supreme Court is centered on the proprietary nature of the activity not whether

the activity itself is absolutely integral to the game. We are not at liberty to apply a

different test that departs from the precedent established by our Supreme Court.

The circuit court correctly applied Supreme Court precedent to conclude the Board

was immune from suit. Accordingly, we must affirm.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, the Johnson Circuit Court is affirmed.

             DIXON, JUDGE, CONCURS.

             THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.

 BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                       BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

 Michael J. Curtis                          Elizabeth Deener
 Ashland, Kentucky                          Lexington, Kentucky

 Patrick M. Hedrick
 Catlettsburg, Kentucky

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