Court Opinion

ID: 2642567
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-11-16 00:34:10.798922+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:00.702479
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 37800

THOMAS WEISEL, a married man dealing     )
in his sole and separate property,       )
                                         )                    Twin Falls, November 2011 Term
   Plaintiff-Appellant,                  )
                                         )                    2012 Opinion No. 37
v.                                       )
                                         )                    Filed: March 1, 2012
BEAVER SPRINGS OWNERS                    )
ASSOCIATION, INC., an Idaho corporation, )                    Stephen Kenyon, Clerk
                                         )
   Defendant-Respondent.                 )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
       Blaine County. Hon. John K. Butler, District Judge.

       The decision of the district court is affirmed.

       Haemmerle & Haemmerle, P.L.L.C., Hailey, for appellant. Fritz Haemmerle
       argued.

       Lawson Laski Clark & Pogue, PLLC, Ketchum, for respondent. Erin F. Clark
       argued.
             _______________________________________________

HORTON, Justice
       Thomas Weisel (Weisel) owned adjacent parcels, Lots 13 and 14, within the Beaver
Springs Subdivision, now located in Ketchum, Idaho. In 1983, Weisel presented a development
plan and request to unify his adjacent lots to the Beaver Springs Owners Association (Beaver
Springs). At some point, Weisel’s plan indicated that he intended that construction would occur
within a setback zone that abutted the lots’ shared border. Weisel and Beaver Springs executed
an agreement (Agreement) whereby Beaver Springs approved the development plan and lot
unification, removed the setback zone between the two lots, and mandated that the unified lot
never be redivided or separately developed. When construction on Weisel’s property was
completed in 1985, all structures were located on what had been Lot 14. The former setback zone
and the portion of the unified parcel that had been Lot 13 remained vacant.

                                                 1
        In 2009, Weisel filed suit seeking to rescind or reform the Agreement. The district court
granted Beaver Springs’ motion for summary judgment. Weisel appealed and we now affirm.
                       I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
        At all times pertinent to this litigation, Weisel owned adjacent Lots 13 and 14, located
within the Beaver Springs Subdivision. The Subdivision is in a rural setting, and the
Subdivision’s Declaration of Restrictions imposed restrictions intended to protect and maintain
the Subdivision’s rural appearance. Written approval of the Beaver Springs Subdivision Design
Committee (Design Committee) was required to make any change to property within the
Subdivision, including construction of buildings and fences and landscaping. The Design
Committee was vested with absolute discretion to deny any request for a change. Setback zones
prohibited construction along the borders of each lot. The setback zones between adjacent lots
could be removed if (1) the lots had a common owner, (2) the Design Committee consented in
writing and found “that any improvements to be constructed within these setback lines will not
cause unreasonable diminution of the view from other property,” and (3) the lots were combined
and thence forward deemed one lot that “may not thereafter be split and developed as two
parcels.” The Declaration defined “Lot” as “any tract described in a recorded instrument or
shown on a recorded plat,” and stated that ownership of each Lot carried with it one membership,
and each membership was entitled to one vote on Subdivision matters.
        In 1983, there were existing structures on Lot 14 and Lot 13 was undeveloped. Weisel
wished to construct additional structures and entered negotiations with both Beaver Springs and
Blaine County in regard to his development plan. 1 Through architect James McLaughlin, Weisel
sought a variance from the County necessary to construct servants’ quarters larger than those
permitted by county ordinance. In exchange for the variance, the County required Weisel to
record a commitment to never construct a residence on Lot 13. Weisel contends that the Design
Committee, which consisted of Bob Smith, Jean Smith, and Phil Ottley, required him to unify the
adjacent lots and remove the setback lines because his development plan placed a portion of the
proposed development within the Lot 14 setback zone that abutted the border shared by Lots 13
and 14. Other than development within the setback zone, it appears that Weisel’s development
plan otherwise complied with the limitations imposed by the Declaration. Nonetheless, there is

1
  The precise circumstances that ultimately gave rise to the parties’ dispute are somewhat unclear because this case
reaches the Court on appeal from a grant of summary judgment.

                                                         2
evidence in the record that the Design Committee expressed concerns regarding the density of
development on Weisel’s property.
       Weisel entered into an Agreement with Beaver Springs on October 12, 1983, whereby
Beaver Springs provided written consent to his development plan, unified Lots 13 and 14, and
removed the setback zones between the Lots. The Agreement stated that the Design Committee
had “determined that the improvements to be constructed in the setback lines along the common
boundary of Lot 13 and Lot 14 will not cause unreasonable diminution of the view from other
lots” and that “the setback lines along the common boundary of Lot 13 and Lot 14 are hereby
removed and are of no further force and effect.” The Agreement also stated that “upon execution
of this Agreement, Lot 13 and Lot 14 shall be deemed one parcel and that such single parcel
shall not hereafter be split and/or developed as two separate parcels.” Weisel proceeded with
development, and when construction was ultimately completed in 1985, all structures were
located within Lot 14 and did not infringe upon the former setback zone. In 2004, Weisel again
expanded the development on Lot 14. To this day, no development on Lot 14 infringes upon
what was once the setback zone between Lots 13 and 14.
       In 1986, Beaver Springs enacted a First Amendment to the Declaration of Restrictions
(Amended Declaration) that expressly stated that the owner of a unified lot was entitled to only
one vote in regard to Subdivision matters. Despite this amendment, for twenty-two years
following the parties’ execution of the Agreement, Weisel continued to exercise, and Beaver
Springs continued to recognize Weisel as holding, two voting rights as to Subdivision matters.
During that period, Weisel also annually paid assessments for two lots to Beaver Springs.
       In 2005, Weisel sought rescission of the Agreement, and the parties’ relationship began
to deteriorate. According to Weisel, development of other lots within the Subdivision had far
extended beyond the rural, natural aesthetic that had guided the parties when they entered into
the Agreement in 1983. Weisel argued that neither the County nor the City of Ketchum, which
has since obtained jurisdiction over the Subdivision, intended to enforce the restriction on Lot
13’s development. Beaver Springs nonetheless refused to grant Weisel permission to redivide his
property. This dispute prompted Beaver Springs to reassess Weisel’s voting rights and to rescind
one of those rights.
       Weisel ultimately brought suit against Beaver Springs, asserting several claims. These
include the claims that (1) the Agreement is void because it was fundamentally based upon the

                                               3
mutual mistake that Weisel would develop within the setback zone; (2) since Weisel’s
development plan did not violate any Declaration provision, Beaver Springs provided no
consideration to support the Agreement and the Agreement is therefore void; (3) since Weisel
never constructed within the setback zone, Beaver Springs’ consideration – in the form of
permission to unify the lots and develop within the setback zone – failed, rendering the
Agreement unenforceable; and (4) the Agreement never became binding because development
within the setback zone was a condition precedent to adhesion of the terms of the Agreement.
Weisel additionally argued that he was entitled to two votes under the Declaration of
Restrictions, and alternatively that Beaver Springs was estopped from denying him a second
voting right under the doctrine of quasi-estoppel. Weisel also asserted that he was entitled to
reimbursement for the double assessments he had paid over the years.
          The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district court granted Beaver
Springs’ motion on the following grounds: (1) the mutual mistake claim was barred by expiration
of the statute of limitations; (2) there was no mutual mistake because development within the
setback zone was not the fundamental reason the parties entered into the Agreement; (3) the
Agreement was supported by consideration; (4) development within the setback zone was not a
condition precedent to the terms of the Agreement; (5) under the plain language of the
Declaration, Weisel owned one lot and therefore (6) was entitled to only one vote and (7) also
was entitled to reimbursement and setoff for the excess assessments he had paid. Weisel appeals
each of these holdings except for the district court’s determination that he was entitled to
reimbursement and setoff for the Subdivision assessments. Each party requests attorney fees on
appeal.
                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
          This Court reviews a grant of summary judgment under the same standard used by the
district court. Read v. Harvey, 141 Idaho 497, 499, 112 P.3d 785, 787 (2005). We construe all
disputed facts and make all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Sprinkler
Irrigation Co., Inc. v. John Deere Ins. Co., Inc., 139 Idaho 691, 695-96, 85 P.3d 667, 671-72
(2004). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” I.R.C.P. 56(c).

                                                 4
       Flimsy or transparent contentions, theoretical questions of fact which are not
       genuine, or disputes as to matters of form do not create genuine issues which will
       preclude summary judgment. Neither is a mere pleading allegation sufficient to
       create a genuine issue as against affidavits and other evidentiary materials which
       show the allegation to be false. A mere scintilla of evidence is not enough to
       create an issue; there must be evidence on which a jury might rely.

Petricevich v. Salmon River Canal Co., 92 Idaho 865, 871, 452 P.2d 362, 368 (1969) (quoting 3
Barron & Holtzoff, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1234 (Rules ed. 1958)).
                                          III. ANALYSIS
A. Weisel waived his challenge to the district court’s application of the statute of limitations
by failing to address the matter in his initial appellate brief.
       The district court granted summary judgment dismissing Weisel’s claim of mutual
mistake on two grounds. First, the court ruled that:
       . . . [Beaver Springs] was required to make a finding before allowing the
       combining of the two lots that if improvements were to be located in the setback
       areas that there would be no “unreasonable diminution of the view from other
       property.” There is no dispute in the evidence that the County was requiring the
       two lots be combined as a condition of the approval of the variance request. The
       claim of the plaintiff that the Agreement was based on a mutual mistake of fact is
       without merit as a matter of law based on the undisputed evidence.
Second, the court ruled that Weisel was barred from asserting a claim of mutual mistake by
expiration of the statute of limitations. Since proper application of the statute of limitations may
wholly dispose of Weisel’s mutual mistake claim, we first address that issue.
       Beaver Springs contends that Weisel waived the statute of limitations issue on appeal
because he did not include it in his issue statement and did not address it in his initial appellate
brief. Weisel argues in his reply brief that he sufficiently raised the statute of limitations issue
because the issue is subsidiary to the initial brief’s substantive mutual mistake argument. Weisel
also contends that independent discussion of the issue in his reply brief sufficiently raises the
issue. Finally, Weisel contends that because he asserts the Agreement is void for mutual mistake,
no statute of limitations applies. We hold that Weisel failed to adequately raise the statute of
limitations issue and thus has waived the matter on appeal. Rule 35(a)(4), I.A.R., provides that
an appellant’s failure to include in his initial appellate brief a fair statement of an issue presented
for review results in waiver of the issue. However, we have stated this rule will be relaxed when
the issue is supported by argument in the briefs. State v. Crowe, 131 Idaho 109, 111, 952 P.2d
1245, 1247 (1998). Our statement in Crowe should have included the qualification that the issue

                                                  5
must be addressed in the appellant’s opening brief. Rule 35(a)(6), I.A.R., requires that the
opening brief “contain the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented on
appeal, the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes and parts of the transcript
and record relied upon.” Thus, we have repeatedly stated that we will not consider an issue not
supported by argument and authority in the opening brief. See e.g., Liponis v. Bach, 149 Idaho
372, 374, 234 P.3d 696, 698 (2010). Although an appellant may file a reply brief, the reply brief
may only present additional argument in rebuttal to contentions advanced in the respondent’s
brief. I.A.R. 35(c). In the present case, Weisel’s initial brief did not challenge the district court’s
conclusion that the statute of limitations required dismissal of Weisel’s mutual mistake claim.
         We acknowledge that I.A.R. 35(a)(4) provides that an appellant’s “statement of issues
presented will be deemed to include every subsidiary issue fairly comprised therein.” However,
the question whether a claim for relief is subject to a statute of limitations is not a matter that is
subsidiary to the question whether a contract was based upon a mutual mistake. Rather, this is
simply an instance where the district court granted summary judgment on alternative grounds.
The first ground was substantive; the district court found there was no genuine issue of material
fact and that Weisel’s mutual mistake claim “was without merit as a matter of law.” The second
ground was procedural; the district court found that Weisel failed to institute his action within
the applicable statute of limitation. This Court has consistently held that an appellant’s failure to
address an independent ground for a grant of summary judgment is fatal to the appeal. See e.g.,
Andersen v. Prof’l Escrow Serv., Inc., 141 Idaho 743, 746, 118 P.3d 75, 78 (2005). This is such a
case. Thus, we do not reach the merits of Weisel’s mutual mistake claim. 2
B. The district court properly granted summary judgment and dismissed Weisel’s claims
for relief based upon lack of consideration and failure of consideration.
         Weisel contends that the district court erred in dismissing his claims that the
consideration supporting the Agreement was inadequate. He argues that there were no grounds
upon which Beaver Springs had the power to deny Weisel’s development plan, and therefore
Beaver Springs’ approval of the plan did not constitute consideration. Weisel also argues that, to
the extent that Beaver Springs provided consideration by granting him permission to build within

2
  Weisel would not have prevailed had we reached the merits of his argument. A contract based upon mutual
mistake is merely voidable, not void. Ranta v. Rake, 91 Idaho 376, 386, 421 P.2d 747, 757 (1966) (quoting
Jennings v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 166 S.W.2d 339, 344 (Mo. Ct. App. 1942)). An action for rescission based upon
fraud or mistake is subject to the three year period of limitation provided by I.C. § 5-218(4). Barnett v. Aetna Life
Ins. Co., 99 Idaho 246, 249, 580 P.2d 849, 852 (1978) (Bakes, J., concurring).

                                                         6
the setback zone, the consideration ultimately failed because Weisel never built within the zone.
We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to both of Weisel’s challenges to the
sufficiency of consideration.
       To be enforceable at law, an agreement must be supported by valid consideration. Great
Plains Equip., Inc. v. Nw. Pipeline Corp., 132 Idaho 754, 769, 979 P.2d 627, 642 (1999).
Similarly, an agreement is unenforceable if consideration fails after the contract is formed. World
Wide Lease, Inc. v. Woodworth, 111 Idaho 880, 884, 728 P.2d 769, 773 (Ct. App. 1986).
Generally, courts will not assess the sufficiency of consideration. McMahon v. Auger, 83 Idaho
27, 38-39, 357 P.2d 374, 380 (1960). Consideration “must have some value in the eyes of the
law; but in the absence of fraud or overreaching, the promisor, if competent, can fix on anything
not in itself unlawful as a consideration and put his own value on it, and whether it is equivalent”
to the benefit bargained for is a matter left to the determination of the parties. Id. (quoting 94
C.J.S. Wills § 113(1)). Where an agreement is captured within a written instrument, a
presumption arises that it is supported by consideration. W.L. Scott, Inc. v. Madras Aerotech,
Inc., 103 Idaho 736, 741, 653 P.2d 791, 796 (1982). The party that asserts consideration is either
lacking or has failed to support a written agreement bears the burden of proving that fact by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id.
       Beaver Springs argues that the question of consideration is immaterial because where “an
agreement is fully executed on both sides, the question of consideration becomes immaterial.”
Shore v. Peterson, 146 Idaho 903, 912, 204 P.3d 1114, 1123 (2009) (citing Marysville Dev. Co.
v. Hargis, 41 Idaho 257, 260, 239 P. 522, 522-23 (1925)). However, a contract is fully executed
only if all parties thereto have each performed their contractual obligations. Marysville Dev. Co.,
41 Idaho at 260, 239 P. at 523. In the present case, Weisel is contractually obligated in perpetuity
to forebear from redividing his property, and therefore he cannot be said to have fully performed
his obligation and the Agreement cannot be said to be fully executed. We thus turn to the merits
of Weisel’s lack of consideration claim.
       Weisel contends that Beaver Springs’ consent to development could not constitute
consideration because Beaver Springs lacked the power to deny a development plan if the plan
complied with the Declaration of Restrictions’ density and quantity of structure limitations.
Since this question regards Beaver Springs’ powers as created and constrained by the
Declaration of Restrictions, its resolution requires the Court to look to the scope of those powers

                                                 7
as defined by the Declaration. If the language of the Declaration is unambiguous, its
interpretation is a matter of law over which this Court exercises free review. Bakker v. Thunder
Spring-Wareham, LLC, 141 Idaho 185, 190, 108 P.3d 332, 337 (2005).
       The pertinent portion of the Declaration of Restrictions is found in article III, section 2,
which provides:
               The [Beaver Springs] Design Committee shall have complete discretion to
       approve or disapprove any change in the existing state of property but shall
       exercise such discretion with the following objectives in mind among others: to
       carry out the general purposes expressed in this Declaration; to prevent violation
       of any specific provision of this Declaration or any Supplemental Declaration; to
       prevent any change which would be unsafe or hazardous to any persons or
       property; to minimize obstruction or diminution of the view of others; to preserve
       visual continuity of the area and to prevent a marked or unnecessary transition
       between improved and unimproved areas and any sharp definition of boundaries
       of property ownership; to assure that any change will be of good and attractive
       design and in harmony with the rustic and natural setting of the area and will
       serve to preserve and enhance existing features of natural beauty; to assure that
       materials and workmanship for all improvements are of high quality comparable
       to other improvements in the area; and to assure that any change will require as
       little maintenance as possible so as to assure a better appearing area under all
       conditions.
(Emphasis added). The Declaration’s plain language thus makes clear that the Design Committee
was empowered to consider whether proposed development would affect the aesthetics of the
Subdivision. Since the Design Committee was vested with “complete discretion to approve or
disapprove” proposed development plans, we hold that Beaver Springs indeed possessed the
power to deny Weisel’s development plan. Our conclusion is buttressed by the fact that the
Agreement is contained within a written instrument, thus giving rise to the presumption that it
was supported by consideration. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary
judgment on this issue.
       We also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in regard to the alleged
failure of Beaver Springs’ consideration. Since Beaver Springs’ permission to develop the lots
was consideration in support of the Agreement, that consideration could only fail if Beaver
Springs thereafter interfered with or prevented Weisel’s approved development. A failure of
consideration exists when a party fails to perform a contractual obligation. World Wide Lease,
Inc., 111 Idaho at 884, 728 P.2d at 773 (citing Converse v. Zinke, 635 P.2d 882 (Colo.1981);
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 237 cmt. a (1981)). Weisel contends that the absence of

                                                8
development within Lot 14’s setback negated Beaver Springs’ consideration. However, Weisel
points to no evidence in the pleadings, depositions, admissions, or affidavits in support of a
finding that Beaver Springs prevented Weisel from developing within the setback zone.
       To the contrary, the record contains evidence that Weisel either independently chose not
to develop within the setback zone or was prevented from doing so by the County. Weisel
testified at deposition that “[t]he original plans had the servants’ quarters on the property line,
not across it . . . and subsequent to going to the design review, I believe we changed that so that
we – if for some reason I ever wanted to develop that property, we’d have a setback.” Weisel
also testified that although he entered the Agreement with the understanding that he could not
build on Lot 13, he believed that over time he would be able to avoid the restriction. Further,
Weisel testified that the “restriction on building on Lot 13 was not set in stone but was only
going to occur if the County requested it.” Weisel also admitted in his briefing that the County
was responsible for restricting development on Lot 13, stating “[i]t is true, the building
restriction was imposed by the County. . . . after Weisel and [Beaver Springs] has [sic] reached
an agreement about combining the lots . . . .” Weisel cites no factual support for a finding that
Beaver Springs prevented him from developing, or failed to permit him to develop, in
accordance with the approved development plan. We thus affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment dismissing Weisel’s claim that Beaver Springs’ consideration failed.
C. The district court’s grant of summary judgment dismissing Weisel’s claim of failure of a
condition precedent was proper because the Agreement became enforceable upon its
execution.
       Weisel contends that the parties intended his construction within the setback zone to be a
condition required to occur in order for the restrictive terms of the Agreement to adhere. The
district court held that the Agreement is unambiguous and as a matter of law did not create a
condition precedent. We agree.
       A condition precedent is an event not certain to occur, but which must occur,
       before performance under a contract becomes due. A condition precedent may be
       expressed in the parties’ agreement, implied in fact from the conduct of the
       parties, or implied in law (constructive) where the courts “construct” a condition
       for the purpose of attaining a just result. When there is a failure of a condition
       precedent through no fault of the parties, no liability or duty to perform arises
       under the contract. A condition precedent is distinguishable from a promise or
       covenant in that a condition creates no right or duty of performance in itself and
       its non-occurrence does not constitute a breach of the contract. A promise in a
       contract creates a legal duty in the promisor and a right in the promisee; the fact

                                                9
        or event constituting a condition creates no right or duty and is merely a limiting
        or modifying factor. A covenant is a duty under the contract, the breach of which
        gives a right to enforce the contract.
World Wide Lease, Inc., 111 Idaho at 887, 728 P.2d at 776 (quotations and citations omitted).
“Whether a provision in a contract amounts to a condition precedent is generally dependent on
what the parties intended, as adduced from the contract itself.” McMinn v. Holley, 86 Idaho 186,
192, 384 P.2d 229, 231 (1963). Courts look to the language of the contract to determine intent.
Bakker, 141 Idaho at 190, 108 P.3d at 337 (quoting Lamprecht v. Jordan, LLC, 139 Idaho 182,
185-86, 75 P.3d 743, 746-47 (2003)). If the language is plain and unambiguous, interpretation is
a matter of law, and this Court will give the contract as a whole its plain meaning. Id. If the
parties’ intent cannot be determined from a contract’s plain language, interpretation of the
contract is a question of fact. 3 Id.
        In the present case, the Agreement’s preamble states that Weisel desired Beaver Springs’
written approval, while Beaver Springs desired that Weisel’s development comply with the
Declaration of Restrictions. Section 1 of the Agreement states that Beaver Springs “hereby
approves” Weisel’s development plan and request to unify Lots 13 and 14. Section 2 states that
the Design Committee “has determined that the improvements to be constructed in the setback
lines along the common boundary of Lot 13 and Lot 14 will not cause unreasonable diminution
of the view from other lots.” (Emphasis added). Weisel argues that the emphasized language
indicates the parties’ intent that construction would take place within the setback zone was an
event, not certain to occur, which must occur in order for the Agreement to take effect.
        However, the plain, unambiguous language of the Agreement leads the Court to conclude
otherwise. Read as a whole, the Agreement demonstrates the parties’ intent that its terms take
immediate effect. To begin, the phrase identified by Weisel is part of a larger sentence that states
that the Design Committee “determined that the improvements to be constructed in the setback
lines along the common boundary of Lot 13 and Lot 14 will not cause unreasonable diminution
of the view from other lots.” (Emphasis added). It is thus evident that the parties intended only to
communicate that the proposed improvements complied with the Declaration’s mandate that
views be unaffected by lot unification. Further, section 2 of the Agreement states that “[t]he

3
   In World Wide Lease, Inc., 111 Idaho at 888, 728 P.2d at 777, the Court of Appeals flatly characterized the
existence of a condition precedent as a question of fact. However, this determination flows from the intent of the
parties, and therefore the circumstances of each case – such as whether a written agreement contains ambiguities –
dictate whether the question is one of fact or of law.

                                                       10
parties, therefore, agree that the setback lines along the common boundary of Lot 13 and Lot 14
are hereby removed and are of no further force and effect.” (Emphasis added). Section 3 states
that “[t]he parties agree that upon execution of this Agreement, Lot 13 and Lot 14 shall be
deemed one parcel and that such single parcel shall not hereafter be split and/or developed as
two separate parcels.” (Emphasis added). The emphasized language in each of these statements
demonstrates the parties’ intent that the setback lines would immediately cease to exist and that
the lots would be deemed unified upon execution of the Agreement, not merely in the event that
Weisel ultimately constructed improvements within the setback zone. Because the language of
the Agreement, taken as a whole, plainly and unambiguously indicates that Weisel and Beaver
Springs intended the Agreement to become enforceable upon execution, we affirm the district
court’s ruling on this issue.
D. We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment dismissing Weisel’s claim of
changed neighborhood conditions because that doctrine operates to extinguish covenants
that restrict entire neighborhoods, not private agreements that place restrictions on single
pieces of real property.
        Weisel argues that the Agreement should be extinguished because changed conditions in
the Subdivision have frustrated the Agreement’s purpose and rendered its enforcement unjust.
This Court implicitly recognized the doctrine of changed neighborhood circumstances in Ada
County Highway District v. Magwire, 104 Idaho 656, 659, 662 P.2d 237, 240 (1983). However,
the doctrine does not operate to extinguish agreements that impose restrictions upon single
pieces of real property. Rather, “[t]he ‘change of neighborhood’ test is inapplicable to covenants
which are not part of a neighborhood development scheme and which affect only a relatively
small number of lots.” 20 Am. Jur. 2d Covenants, Etc. § 235 (2011) (citing Lange v. Scofield,
567 So. 2d 1299, 1301-02 (Ala. 1990)). The only property in the Beaver Springs Subdivision
affected by the Agreement belongs to Weisel, and thus the doctrine of changed neighborhood
circumstances is inapplicable.
        In essence, Weisel asks the Court to reform an agreement for which the parties freely
bargained. “[C]ourts will not lend themselves to striking down a contract, otherwise valid,
simply because the vicissitudes of time proved it to be a ‘bad’ bargain for one of the parties.”
Nw. Pipeline Corp. v. Forrest Weaver Farm, Inc., 103 Idaho 180, 183, 646 P.2d 422, 425 (1982)
(quoting Kleinheider v. Phillips Pipeline Co., 528 F.2d 837, 842 (8th Cir. 1976)). We therefore
affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

                                               11
E. The district court properly granted summary judgment in regard to Weisel’s alleged
voting rights.
        Weisel contends that the district court erred in concluding that the doctrine of quasi-
estoppel did not apply to estop Beaver Springs from rescinding one of his voting rights because
Beaver Springs recognized him as holding two valid voting rights for twenty-two years
subsequent to the parties’ execution of the Agreement. 4 We affirm the district court’s conclusion
that the doctrine of quasi-estoppel does not operate to preclude Beaver Springs from rescinding
one of Weisel’s voting rights. Weisel also argues that the district court erred in holding that the
Declaration unambiguously mandated that the owner of a single lot was entitled to a single vote.
We disagree.
        Article V, section 2 of the Declaration of Restrictions states:
                There is and shall be one membership in the Association for each Lot. The
        owner or owners of each such Lot or other property area automatically becomes
        the owner or owners of the membership for that Lot or other property area and
        automatically have the benefits and are automatically subject to the burdens
        attributable to such membership. Each membership is and shall always be
        appurtenant to the title to a particular Lot or other property area and shall
        automatically pass with transfer of title to the same. Each membership is entitled
        to one vote in matters submitted to a vote of the membership of the Association.

Additionally, Declaration article II, section 17 states that:
                Two or more adjoining Lots, or other parcels of property of the same land
        classification which are under the same ownership may be combined and
        developed as one parcel. Setback lines along the common boundary line of the
        combined parcels may be removed with the written consent of the Design
        Committee, if the Design Committee finds and determines that any improvements
        to be constructed within these setback lines will not cause unreasonable
        diminution of the view from other property. If setback lines are removed or
        easements changed along the common boundary lines of combined parcels, the
        combined parcels shall be deemed one parcel and may not thereafter be split and
        developed as two parcels.
Article I, section 1 of the Declaration defines “Lot” as “any tract described in a recorded
instrument or shown on a recorded plat.”

4
  Beaver Springs contends that Weisel waived the voting rights issue on appeal because he did not also appeal the
district court’s finding that he owned a single lot, was obligated for only a single assessment, and was therefore
entitled to reimbursement and offset for the double assessments that he had paid for over two decades. However,
Beaver Springs does not support this assertion by reference to any legal authority and therefore Beaver Springs has
waived this defense on appeal. State v. Zichko, 129 Idaho 259, 263, 923 P.2d 966, 970 (1996) (“A party waives an
issue cited on appeal if either authority or argument is lacking, not just if both are lacking.”).

                                                        12
       The plain language of these provisions is unambiguous, and therefore their interpretation
is a matter of law. Read as a whole, these provisions of the Declaration provide that where the
owner of adjacent lots obtains Design Committee approval to remove the setback lines along the
lots’ common boundary and records an instrument that demonstrates that change, the lots
become one lot. Under the Declaration’s plain language, unification of lots entitles the owner
thereof to the benefits and burdens associated with ownership of a single lot, including a single
membership and its accompanying single vote. The district court thus properly held that, as the
owner of a single lot, as a matter of law Weisel is entitled only to a single vote.
       We note that Weisel cites Twin Lakes Village Property Association, Inc., v. Crowley, 124
Idaho 132, 857 P.2d 611 (1993), for the proposition that voting rights are vested rights of which
a landowner cannot be deprived. However, Beaver Springs correctly responds that Twin Lakes is
distinguishable from the present case because the holding there was based on the bylaws’ express
prohibition against any amendment that would deprive a member of an existing right, such as a
voting right. Id. at 134-36, 857 P.2d at 613-15. Weisel cites no analogous provision in the
Declaration in this case and therefore our decision in Twin Lakes is inapposite.
F. Beaver Springs is the prevailing party on appeal and is entitled to an award of attorney
fees.
      Both parties request attorney fees on appeal pursuant to I.C. § 12-121 and article VI,
section 4 of the Declaration of Restrictions. The Declaration provides that the party or parties
successful “[i]n any action to enforce any . . . covenant, restriction or condition [contained in the
Declaration], . . . shall be awarded costs including reasonable attorneys fees.” Beaver Springs has
prevailed in this appeal and is therefore entitled to an award of attorney fees pursuant to article
VI, section 4 of the Declaration. Based upon this conclusion, we decline to address whether an
award of attorney fees is appropriate under I.C. § 12-121.
                                        IV. CONCLUSION
       We affirm the district court in all respects and award attorney fees and costs to Beaver
Springs.

       Chief Justice BURDICK and Justices EISMANN, J. JONES and W. JONES CONCUR.

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