Court Opinion

ID: 4333876
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 01:24:03.999949+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:08.299074
License: Public Domain

118 T.C. No. 32

                UNITED STATES TAX COURT

   CHARLES H. ADDIS AND CINDI ADDIS, Petitioners v.
     COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 6628-00.                Filed June 10, 2002.

     Ps claimed charitable contribution deductions for
their payments to NHF of $36,285 in 1997 and $36,000 in
1998. NHF, in turn, paid those amounts as premiums on
a so-called charitable split-dollar life insurance
policy on the life of P-W. NHF was entitled to receive
56 percent and Ps’ family trust was entitled to receive
44 percent of the death benefit provided by the policy.

     NHF was not required to pay the premiums for that
policy. However, Ps reasonably expected NHF to do so
because Ps’ continued payments to NHF, and NHF’s
receipt of a death benefit, depended on NHF’s paying
the premiums.

     NHF provided Ps with receipts for their payments
which stated that NHF did not provide any goods or
services to Ps in return for the payments. Ps claimed
charitable contribution deductions for the entire
amount of their payments to NHF.
                                - 2 -

           Held: No part of Ps’ payments to NHF is
     deductible as a charitable contribution to NHF because
     Ps did not meet the substantiation requirements of sec.
     170(f)(8), I.R.C., and sec. 1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax
     Regs.

     Steven Toscher and Michel R. Stein, for petitioners.

     Lorraine Wu, for respondent.

     COLVIN, Judge:    Respondent determined deficiencies in

petitioners’ Federal income tax of $13,062 for 1997 and $12,960

for 1998.

     Petitioners claimed charitable contribution deductions for

their payment to the National Heritage Foundation (NHF) of

$36,285 in 1997 and $36,000 in 1998, which NHF used to pay

premiums on a life insurance policy for the life of petitioner

Cindi Addis (Mrs. Addis).    The insurance policy for Mrs. Addis

was a so-called charitable split-dollar life insurance contract,

under which NHF was entitled to receive 56 percent of the death

benefit and petitioners’ family trust was entitled to receive 44

percent.    Respondent disallowed petitioners’ charitable

contribution deductions for all of their payments to NHF.
                                - 3 -

     The sole issue for decision is whether petitioners may

deduct their payments to NHF as charitable contributions.1     We

hold that they may not.

     Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the

Internal Revenue Code.    Rule references are to the Tax Court

Rules of Practice and Procedure.

                          FINDINGS OF FACT

     Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

A.   Petitioners

     Petitioners lived in Bakersfield, California, when they

filed their petition in this case.      Charles H. Addis (petitioner)

has been a farm labor contractor in the Bakersfield area for the

last 20 years.

B.   Petitioners’ Family Trust and Foundation

     1.   The Addis Family Trust

     On May 7, 1986, petitioners formed the Charles H. Addis

Family Trust (Addis family trust).      Petitioners are the trustors,

first designee trustees, and initial beneficiaries of the Addis

family trust.    Under the trust instrument, petitioner’s children

and Mrs. Addis’ parents or siblings become beneficiaries of the

Addis family trust upon the deaths of petitioner and Mrs. Addis.

     1
        Petitioners contend that sec. 7491(a) requires respondent
to bear the burden of proof on all issues in the case. We need
not decide petitioners’ contention because our findings and
analysis do not depend on which party bears the burden of proof.
                               - 4 -

     2.   NHF

     NHF is a section 501(c)(3) organization and is eligible to

receive tax-deductible contributions under section 170(c)(2).

     3.   The Addis Family Foundation

     On October 10, 1997, petitioners established a fund within

NHF called the Addis family foundation.   The purpose of the Addis

family foundation is to fund Christian organizations and programs

and individual evangelists.   Mrs. Addis paid $285 to NHF to

establish the Addis family foundation.

     4.   The Life Insurance Policy on Mrs. Addis

     On October 10, 1997, petitioner wrote to Dr. J.T. Houk, the

president of NHF, stating that the Addis family trust intended to

buy an insurance policy on the life of Mrs. Addis and would grant

NHF an option to acquire an interest in that policy.

     On October 15, 1997, the Commercial Union Life Insurance Co.

of America (Commercial Union Life) issued a life insurance policy

on the life of Mrs. Addis (the life insurance policy or the

policy) to petitioner.   Mrs. Addis was 44 years old at that time.

Petitioners owned the policy through the Addis family trust.2

     The life insurance policy had a $40,000 annual premium and

an initial death benefit of $991,789.

     2
        Petitioners possess rights in the insurance policy solely
through the Addis family trust.
                               - 5 -

     5.   The Death Benefit Option Agreement

     On October 15, 1997, petitioner, as trustee of the Addis

family trust, and NHF entered into a death benefit option

agreement (DBOA)3 relating to the life insurance policy on the

life of Mrs. Addis.   Petitioner agreed to pay $4,000 of the

$40,000 annual premium on the life insurance policy.   Petitioner

and NHF agreed that, if NHF paid $36,000 of the annual premium,

NHF would become entitled to $557,280 of the death benefit under

that policy.   The DBOA provides that the Addis family trust and

NHF each own a separate interest in the life insurance policy.

The DBOA remained in effect throughout 1998.

     6.   Petitioners’ Payments to NHF and Commercial Union Life

     Around November 12, 1997, petitioners sent a check for

$36,000 to NHF for their family foundation.    Petitioner’s letter

to NHF stated that NHF was not required to use the payment to pay

the premium on the life insurance policy, but that petitioner

expected NHF to use the $36,000 payment to pay those premiums.

On November 13, 1997, petitioners paid Commercial Union Life

their $4,000 portion of the $40,000 annual premium.

     On November 19, 1997, NHF credited $36,000 to the Addis

family foundation account.   Simultaneously, NHF debited the Addis

family foundation account $36,000 to pay NHF’s portion of the

     3
        The DBOA is also referred to as a charitable split-dollar
life insurance transaction.
                                 - 6 -

life insurance policy premium.    Also on that day, NHF paid its

$36,000 portion of the life insurance policy premium to

Commercial Union Life.

     NHF sent a receipt for the 1997 contribution on behalf of

the Addis family foundation which stated:    “In accordance with

IRS regulations, the National Heritage Foundation did not provide

any goods or services to the donor in return for the

contribution.”

     On October 21, 1998, petitioners paid $36,000 to NHF.    The

payment was in form unrestricted.    Also on that day, petitioners

paid Commercial Union Life their $4,000 portion of the life

insurance policy premium.   On October 27, 1998, NHF credited the

Addis family foundation account with $36,000 and debited the

account in the same amount to pay NHF’s portion of the premium

for the life insurance policy.    Also on that day, NHF paid its

$36,000 portion of the life insurance policy premium to

Commercial Union Life.   NHF provided petitioners with a receipt

which stated that NHF provided no goods or services to

petitioners in exchange for the payment.

     Petitioners would have stopped making payments to NHF if NHF

had not used petitioners’ $36,000 payments to pay the premiums

for the life insurance policy on Mrs. Addis.
                                - 7 -

     7.     Rights Under the Commercial Union Life Insurance Policy

            a.   NHF’s Rights

     The life insurance policy had an initial death benefit of

$991,789.    Under the DBOA, NHF became entitled to $557,280 of

that amount when it paid the $36,000 premium to Commercial Union

Life in 1997.    NHF’s portion of the death benefit was fixed at

$557,280, even if the total death benefit increased under the

policy.

     Under the DBOA, NHF was guaranteed to receive either:

(1) $557,280 when Mrs. Addis died; or (2) the termination account

or cash surrender value of the insurance policy if the policy was

terminated before Mrs. Addis died.      NHF was guaranteed to receive

the termination account value upon termination of the policy,

i.e., the cumulative amount of premiums paid by NHF, less the

cumulative cost of insurance that NHF was charged for its share

of the death benefit.

            b.   The Addis Family Trust’s Rights

     In 1997, petitioners’ family trust was entitled to receive

$434,5094 of the death benefit.   Under the DBOA, the Addis family

trust could borrow against the life insurance policy only to the

     4
        Lawrence D. Cronin, the president of Cronin Insurance
Services, testified that petitioners’ family trust was entitled
to receive $424,509. The initial death benefit was $991,789.
NHF was entitled to receive $557,280 of that amount, and
petitioners’ family trust was entitled to receive the remainder.
The difference between $991,789 and $557,280 is $434,509.
                               - 8 -

extent that the policy’s cash surrender value5 exceeded the

termination account value.   The policy’s cash surrender value did

not exceed its termination account value during the years in

issue.

     Under the DBOA, as long as the annual premium of $40,000 was

paid, the Addis family trust was entitled to receive a death

benefit of $434,509 plus any increase in the death benefit from

the initial death benefit of $991,789.

     Under the DBOA, the Addis family trust was required to pay

the premiums on the policy if the cumulative premiums were

inadequate to fund NHF’s cost of insurance.

     8.   Enactment of Section 170(f)(10) in 1999

     Petitioners stopped making payments to NHF after 1998.    NHF

no longer participates in charitable split-dollar life insurance

arrangements because of the enactment in 1999 of section

170(f)(10),6 which requires charities to pay a 100-percent excise

tax on certain life insurance premium payments.

     5
        A policy’s cash surrender value is its total gross cash
value less any surrender charges imposed by the insurer on the
surrender of the policy.
     6
        Sec. 170(f)(10) was added to the Code by sec. 537(a) of
the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999,
Pub. L. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860, 1936, generally effective for
transfers after Feb. 8, 1999.
                                 - 9 -

C.   Petitioners’ Tax Returns and the Notice of Deficiency

     Petitioners claimed deductions for charitable contributions

to NHF of $36,285 in 1997 and $36,000 in 1998.    Respondent

determined in the notice of deficiency that petitioners are not

entitled to those deductions.

                                OPINION

     Respondent contends that (1) petitioners may not deduct any

of their payments to NHF because petitioners received a benefit

from NHF, and that (2) petitioners may not deduct any of their

payments to NHF because petitioners did not comply with the

substantiation requirement of section 170(f)(8) and section

1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax Regs.    Respondent contends that the

contemporaneous written acknowledgment by NHF of petitioners’

payments (1) incorrectly states that NHF provided no goods or

services in exchange for petitioners’ payments, and (2) contains

no description or good faith estimate of the value of the

benefits petitioners received.    To prevail on the charitable

contributions issue, petitioners must overcome both of

respondent’s arguments.   We will first consider respondent’s

second argument.

A.   Substantiation Requirement Under Section 170(f)(8)

     A taxpayer may not deduct any contribution of $250 or more

unless he or she substantiates the contribution with a

contemporaneous written acknowledgment of the contribution by the
                               - 10 -

donee organization that meets the requirements of section

170(f)(8)(B).7   Sec. 170(f)(8)(A).     The donee’s written

acknowledgment must state the amount of cash and describe other

property contributed, indicate whether the donee organization

provided any goods or services in consideration for the

contribution, and provide a description and good faith estimate

of the value of any goods or services8 provided by the donee

organization.    Sec. 170(f)(8)(B).

     7
         Sec. 170(f)(8) provides in part:

          (A) General rule.--No deduction shall be allowed
     under subsection (a) for any contribution of $250 or
     more unless the taxpayer substantiates the contribution
     by a contemporaneous written acknowledgment of the
     contribution by the donee organization that meets the
     requirements of subparagraph (B).

          (B) Content of acknowledgment.--An acknowledgment
     meets the requirements of this subparagraph if it
     includes the following information:

                (i) The amount of cash and a description
           (but not value) of any property other than
           cash contributed.

                (ii) Whether the donee organization
           provided any goods or services in
           consideration, in whole or in part, for any
           property described in clause (i).

                (iii) A description and good faith
           estimate of the value of any goods or
           services referred to in clause (ii) * * *.

     8
        Goods or services include cash, property, services,
benefits, and privileges. Sec. 1.170A-13(f)(5), Income Tax Regs.
                              - 11 -

B.   Definition of Consideration Under Section 1.170A-13(f)(6),
     Income Tax Regs.

     Petitioners contend that they did not receive consideration

for, i.e., that they did not receive goods or services in

exchange for, their $36,000 payments to NHF because NHF was not

required to use those payments to pay the premiums on the life

insurance policy.   Petitioners contend that the fact that they

expected NHF to invest in the life insurance policy was not

consideration for purposes of section 170(f)(8).   We disagree.

     A donee organization provides goods or services in

consideration for a taxpayer’s payment if, at the time the donor

makes the payment to the donee organization, the taxpayer

receives or expects to receive goods or services in exchange for

that payment.   Section 1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax Regs.,

provides:

          (6) In consideration for. A donee organization
     provides goods or services in consideration for a
     taxpayer’s payment if, at the time the taxpayer makes
     the payment to the donee organization, the taxpayer
     receives or expects to receive goods or services in
     exchange for that payment. * * *

     Section 1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax Regs., is in keeping

with the traditional view that a charitable contribution is one

for which the donor has “‘no expectation of any quid pro quo’”.

Hernandez v. Commissioner, 490 U.S. 680, 690 (1989) (quoting S.

Rept. 1622, 83d Cong., 2d Sess. 196 (1954); H. Rept. 1337, 83d

Cong., 2d Sess. A44 (1954) (the legislative history defines a
                              - 12 -

gift as a payment “made with no expectation of a financial return

commensurate with the amount of the gift”)); see also United

States v. Am. Bar Endowment, 477 U.S. 105, 116, 118 (1985) (“The

sine qua non of a charitable contribution is a transfer of money

or property without adequate consideration.”).

     NHF used petitioners’ $36,000 payments to pay the premiums

on the life insurance policy, $434,509 (or 44 percent of the

death benefits) of which petitioners’ family trust was entitled

to receive as beneficiary.

     Petitioners point out that NHF was not required, and did not

promise, to use their contributions to pay the premiums on the

insurance policy on the life of Mrs. Addis.   However, NHF

provided consideration for petitioners’ payments because, at the

time petitioners made payments to NHF, they expected to receive

44 percent of the death benefit under the policy.    Petitioners

expected NHF to use their $36,000 contributions to pay NHF’s

portion of the premiums on the life insurance policy in 1997 and

1998.   Sec. 1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax Regs.   Petitioners’

expectation that NHF would pay the premiums on the life insurance

policy was reasonable because it was in NHF’s financial interest

to pay premiums on petitioners’ life insurance policy in return

for a guaranteed death benefit of $557,280.
                               - 13 -

C.   Whether NHF’s Receipts for Petitioners’ Payments Comply With
     Section 170(f)(8) and Section 1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax
     Regs.

     Petitioners contend that NHF’s receipts comply with section

170(f)(8) and were contemporaneous written acknowledgments of

their contributions.   They further contend that the receipts were

accurate because they received no benefits in exchange for their

payments to NHF.   Petitioners’ contention fails to take into

account the definition of consideration in section 1.170A-

13(f)(6), Income Tax Regs.    As stated above, under that

regulation, a donee organization provides goods or services in

consideration for a taxpayer’s payment if, at the time the

taxpayer makes the payment to the donee organization, the

taxpayer receives or expects to receive goods or services in

exchange for that payment.

     NHF did not state in its receipts that NHF paid premiums for

the insurance policy on the life of Mrs. Addis under which

petitioners would receive 44 percent of the death benefits.     NHF

failed to make a good faith estimate of the value of those

benefits as required by section 170(f)(8)(B)(iii).

     The legislative history accompanying the enactment of

section 170(f)(8) states:    “Organizations * * * [that provide

goods or services in consideration for payments from donors]

often do not inform their donors that all or a portion of the

amount paid by the donor may not be deductible as a charitable
                              - 14 -

contribution.”   H. Rept. 103-111, at 783, 785 (1993), 1993-3 C.B.

167, 359, 361.   Congress enacted the substantiation requirements

of section 170(f)(8) to require charitable organizations that

receive quid pro quo contributions, i.e., payments made partly as

a contribution and partly in consideration for goods or services

provided to the donor by the donee organization, to inform their

donors that the deduction under section 170 is limited to the

amount by which the payment exceeds the value of goods or

services provided by the charity.   Id.

     Petitioners and NHF designed a scheme purporting to provide

no benefits to petitioners in exchange (or consideration) for

petitioners’ payments.   However, petitioners received substantial

benefits from NHF under the life insurance policy.   In the

documents structuring this transaction, petitioners and NHF

avoided stating any obligation of NHF and made it appear that

petitioners made an outright gift to NHF with no quid pro quo.

However, petitioners expected, and they told NHF that they

expected, NHF to use their contributions for both their and NHF’s

benefit.

     Petitioners and NHF both had incentives to proceed under

this scheme; with the pot sweetened by charitable contribution

deductions, it was in both parties’ interests (1) for NHF to

continue to pay the insurance premiums, and (2) for petitioners

to continue to make payments to NHF.   NHF would be entitled to
                              - 15 -

the $557,000 death benefit only if it paid the premiums for the

life insurance policy.   We conclude that the NHF receipts do not

comply with the substantiation requirement of section 170(f)(8)

and section 1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax Regs., because NHF

incorrectly stated in the receipts that petitioners received no

consideration for their payments.

D.   Consequence of Failure To Comply With Section 170(f)(8)

     Section 170(f)(8) disallows a charitable contribution

deduction in circumstances such as these, where the donee

organization’s contemporaneous written acknowledgment is

erroneous and is not a good faith estimate of the value of goods

or services it provided, and where the taxpayer unquestioningly

and self-servingly uses that erroneous statement to claim a

charitable contribution larger than the one to which he or she

would be entitled under section 170.   Secs. 1.170A-13(f)(7),

1.170A-1(h)(4)(ii), Income Tax Regs.   The written acknowledgments

by NHF did not meet the requirements of section 170(f)(8) and

section 1.170A-13(f)(6), Income Tax Regs.   Thus, petitioners may

not deduct their contributions to NHF of $36,285 in 1997 and

$36,000 in 1998.

     To reflect the foregoing,

                                         Decision will be entered

                                    for respondent.