Court Opinion

ID: 9755279
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-28 20:33:00.096563+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:28:05.904924
License: Public Domain

OPINION

KEASLER, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court
in which PRICE, WOMACK, JOHNSON, HERVEY, and HOLCOMB, JJ., joined.
Bobby Doyle Getts was charged with a DWI committed in 2002. The indictment alleged two previous DWI convictions— one in 1997 and one in 1984. We must decide whether these previous convictions were sufficient to elevate the 2002 offense to a third-degree felony. Based on the 2001 amendments to the DWI statute, we conclude that the answer is no.
Facts and Procedural History
Getts was charged by indictment with driving while intoxicated. The indictment further alleged that prior to the commission of that offense, Getts had been convicted of DWI on April 26, 1984 and on September 11, 1997. In an enhancement paragraph, the indictment alleged that Getts had been previously convicted of felon in possession of a firearm.
Getts’s lawyer filed a pretrial motion to dismiss, arguing that the indictment failed to allege a felony DWI because the 1984 prior conviction “occurred more than 10 years before the offense being charged in this case.” Getts filed a pro se motion to quash indictment on the same grounds. The trial court held a hearing and overruled Getts’s motions. Getts then pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea bargain agreement for three years and the State’s abandonment of the enhancement paragraph.
Getts filed notice of appeal. His appointed counsel filed an Anders1 brief, and Getts filed a pro se appellate brief arguing that the trial court erred in denying the pretrial motion to dismiss and that the trial court lacked jurisdiction because this was not a felony DWI. The Court of Appeals agreed.2 It found that the 1984 con*155viction “[met] each of the requirements for remoteness” under Penal Code § 49.09(e) and therefore was unavailable for enhancement.3 As a result, the appellate court reformed Getts’s judgment to a class B misdemeanor and remanded to the trial court for sentencing.4 The court denied the State’s motion for rehearing, noting that § 49.09(e) “is unambiguous on its face.”5
We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review to decide whether the Court of Appeals correctly interpreted § 49.09(e).
Analysis
When discerning the meaning of a statute, we begin with its plain language.6 Our leading case in statutory interpretation, Boykin v. State,7 instructs us to first “focus our attention on the literal text of the statute in question” because “the text of the statute is the law.”8 If that language is clear and unambiguous, the plain meaning of those words is applied.9 But if the plain language leads to absurd results that the Legislature could not possibly have intended, or if the language is ambiguous, we may consider extra-textual factors to determine the statute’s meaning.10
Section 49.09(e) reads as follows:
Except as provided by Subsection (f), a conviction may not be used for purposes of enhancement under this section if:
(1) the conviction was a final conviction under Subsection (d);
(2) the offense for which the person is being tried was committed more than 10 years after the latest of:
(A) the date on which the judgment was entered for the previous conviction;
(B) the date on which the person was discharged from any period of community supervision on which the person was placed for the previous conviction;
(C) the date on which the person successfully completed any period of parole on which the person was released after serving a portion of the term to which the person was sentenced for the previous conviction; or
(D) the date on which the person completed serving any term for which the person was confined or imprisoned for the previous conviction; and
(3) the person has not been convicted of an offense under Section 49.04, 49.05, 49.06, 49.065, 49.07, or 49.08 or any offense related to operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated within 10 years of the latest date under Subdivision (2).
Initially, the statute states that “a conviction may not be used for purposes of enhancement under this section if....” This phrase refers to one conviction, not two. The statute does not say “two convictions may not be used for enhancement if....” Therefore, it applies to prior con*156victions individually, not collectively. The statute provides the framework for determining if either of Getts’s prior convictions is available for enhancement. We must consider one prior conviction at a time.
We will begin with Getts’s 1984 prior conviction. The easiest way to understand this statute is to plug the relevant facts into it, and then read it. So every time the statute refers to “the previous conviction,” we will plug in the 1984 conviction. When it refers to the current offense, we will plug in Getts’s 2002 offense. We will also plug in “Getts” every time the statute refers to “the person.” Now the statute reads as follows:
The 1984 conviction may not be used for purposes of enhancement if:
(1) the 1984 conviction was a final conviction under Subsection (d);
(2) the 2002 offense was committed more than 10 years after the latest of:
(A) the date on which the 1984 judgment was entered;
(B) the date on which Getts was discharged from any period of community supervision on which he was placed for the 1984 conviction;
(C) the date on which Getts successfully completed any period of parole on which he was released after serving a portion of the term to which he was sentenced for the 1984 conviction; or
(D) the date on which Getts completed serving any term for which he was confined or imprisoned for the 1984 conviction; and
(3) Getts has not been convicted of any other offense related .to operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated within 10 years of the latest date under Subdivision (2).
The next step in filling in the blanks is to determine, under subsection (2), the latest of (A), (B), (C), or (D) for the 1984 conviction. In that case, Getts was convicted of DWI on April 26, 1984. The record reflects that he served three days in jail after being convicted, apparently due to credit for time in custody awaiting trial. He did not receive community supervision or parole; instead, he discharged the sentence after three days. So the latest date under those four options is (D), the date he completed his term. That date is April 29,1984.
Now we can read the statute as follows:
The 1984 conviction may not be used for purposes of enhancement if:
(1) the 1984 conviction was a final conviction under Subsection (d);
(2) the 2002 offense was committed more than 10 years after April 29, 1984; and
(3) Getts has not been convicted of any other offense related to operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated within 10 years of April 29,1984.
We now must consider subsection (3), whether Getts was convicted of another alcohol-related offense within 10 years of April 29, 1984. The record reflects that he was convicted of DWI on September 11, 1997. That is more than 10 years from April 29, 1984. No other alcohol-related offense is in the record.
Under the statute, all three conditions must be met for the conviction to be unavailable for enhancement. Otherwise, the conviction is available for enhancement. In this case, all three conditions are met:
(1) The 1984 conviction is a final conviction.
(2) The 2002 offense was committed more than 10 years after April 29, 1984.
*157(3) Getts was not convicted of another alcohol-related offense within 10 years of April 29,1984.
Because all three conditions are met, the 1984 conviction is unavailable for enhancement. And without that conviction, the current offense ceases to be a felony DWI. There is no need to apply the statute to the 1997 conviction because both prior convictions are needed to elevate this offense to a felony, and the 1984 conviction is unavailable.
No Absurd Result
The State concedes that this is what the literal text of the statute provides. It argues, however, that this creates an absurd result. The State points out that, under this interpretation, a 100-year-old conviction could be used if the defendant also had a 90-year-old conviction, but a 12-year-old conviction cannot be used if the other conviction was just 1-year-old.
The State’s assessment is correct, but we disagree that this result is absurd. There is nothing absurd about a statutory interpretation which results in certain pri- or convictions being available for enhancement and others not being available. Indeed, our interpretation of the statute is not all that different from the State’s. The appendix is useful in comparing the two interpretations. It takes each possible set of facts and demonstrates whether the convictions would be available for enhancement under the State’s interpretation of the statute and under our interpretation. For simplicity’s sake, the latest date of the four options under § 49.09(e)(2) is referred to simply as the “discharge date.”
As is evident from the appendix, the State differs from us in only two situations — situations C and D. In situation C, the State would find neither conviction available for enhancement, and we find both available. In situation D, the State would find both convictions available for enhancement, and we find only the most recent conviction available. But in the remaining situations, the interpretations are identical. The State’s fear of our interpretation having a drastic narrowing effect on the law is unwarranted. For the most part, the results are no different.
Legislative History
The State also argues that following the literal text of the statute is, in this case, counter to legislative intent. Boykin instructs us to follow the literal text if it is unambiguous and not absurd, and that is what we do in this case. There is no basis here for proceeding to extra-textual factors such as legislative intent.
Additionally, the State’s argument regarding legislative intent is unpersuasive. This statute originated in House Bill 314, which stated that a conviction for intoxication manslaughter could be used to enhance under § 49.09(e) no matter when it occurred. Later, the House Criminal Jurisprudence committee issued a substitute version of the bill which added the language now found in § 49.09(e)(2). That bill never got beyond the House, but its substance was found in House Bill 2250. The introduced version of HB 2250 contained the language concerning involuntary manslaughter. When the bill went to the Senate, the Senate Criminal Justice committee presented a substitute version that added the language now found in § 49.09(e)(2).
But the final version of HB 2250 made an additional change, one that seems minor but actually had a tremendous effect on the law. That version changed what was the pre-2001 version of § 49.09(e)(2) into what is now § 49.09(e)(3). The previous version said:
*158the person has not been convicted of an offense under [any intoxication-related penal provision] committed within 10 years before the date on which the offense for which the person is being tried was committed.
The version created by the enrolled version of HB 2250 says:
the person has not been convicted of an offense under [any intoxication-related penal provision] within 10 years of the latest date under Subdivision (2).
The State concedes that this .change is significant. The previous version measured the time between the date the prior offense was committed and the date that the current offense was committed. The amended version measures the time between the date of the conviction for the prior offense and the date listed under Subdivision (2). And subdivision (2) refers to the latest date for a previous conviction, not the current offense. So this portion of the statute now measures a completely different time period than it did before.
This change was made in what Senator Moncrief described during a public hearing as “a floor amendment that merely removes the duplicative language and makes appropriate technical clean-ups, but no substantive changes.” He then described it on the House floor in the following manner: “merely a legislative council clean-up, removes duplicative language, makes no substantive changes to the bill.” The problem is, as the State acknowledges, he was wrong. Regardless of what he or the Legislative Council intended, the amendment was substantive.
Where does that leave a court attempting to interpret a statute? The State argues that we should follow the Legislature’s intent regardless of what it wrote. But we interpret the Legislature’s statutes, not its intentions. We must give effect to the Legislature’s change in the law regardless of whether the change was intended. As the Supreme Court reminded us earlier this year, “[i]f Congress enacted into law something different from what it intended, then it should amend the statute to conform it to its intent. It is beyond our province to rescue Congress from its drafting errors, and to provide for what we might think ... is the preferred result.”11 The D.C. Circuit explains, “whatever degree of confidence about congressional purpose one derives from the legislative history, that purpose must find expression ‘within the permissible limits of the language’ before it can be given effect.” 12
In this case, it may have been the Legislature’s intent to make merely technical, non-substantive changes in the floor amendment to HB 2250. Instead, it made substantive changes to the law, which we must consider in our interpretation of the statute.
Conclusion
The plain language of § 49.09(e) is clear and it does not lead to an absurd result. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
KELLER, P.J., and MEYERS, J., dissented without opinion.
COCHRAN, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

. Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967).

. Getts v. State, 156 S.W.3d 593, 2003 WL 22456104, 2003 Tex.App. LEXIS 9237 (Tex.App.-Tyler, Oct. 29, 2003), reh'g denied, 2003 *155WL 22956392, 2003 Tex.App. LEXIS 10546 (Tex.App.-Tyler, Dec. 16, 2003) (not designated for publication).

. Id. at 595.

. Id. at 596.

. Getts v. State, 2003 WL 22956392, at *1, 2003 Tex.App. LEXIS 10546 *3 (Tex.App.Tyler, Dec. 16, 2003) (not designated for publication).

. Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

. 818 S.W.2d 782 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).

. Id. at 785.

. Id.

. Id. at 785-86.

. Lamie v. United States Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 542, 124 S.Ct. 1023, 1034, 157 L.Ed.2d 1024 (2004) (internal quotations omitted).

. United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp., 380 F.3d 488, 495 (D.C.Cir.2004).