Court Opinion

ID: 4622540
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:49:39.476797+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:56:12.189607
License: Public Domain

Rand Beverage Company, Inc., Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentRand Beverage Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 30250United States Tax Court18 T.C. 275; 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 196; May 13, 1952, Promulgated *196 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  In 1937 petitioner commenced the business of producing and selling carbonated beverages. It claims relief from excess profits taxes for the years 1943, 1944, and 1945 under Code section 722 (a) and section 722 (b) (4) and (5).  Petitioner's excess profits credits were computed on the invested-capital method.  Held, petitioner qualifies for relief under section 722 (b) (4), but not (b) (5); that it did not reach, by the end of its base period, the earning level it would have reached if it had commenced business two years earlier; and reconstructed average base period net income determined.  E. C. Eichenbaum, Esq., and W. S. Miller, Jr., Esq., for the petitioner.Allen Akin, Esq., for the respondent.  Rice, Judge.  RICE*275  This proceeding arises from the Commissioner's*197  disallowance of petitioner's claim for relief under section 722 (a) and 722 (b) (4) and ( 5) of the Internal Revenue Code for the calendar years 1943, 1944, and 1945 in the amounts of $ 27,836.34, $ 24,309.19, and $ 10,698.74, respectively.  The question presented is whether the petitioner is entitled under such provisions of the Code to a refund of part of the excess profits taxes paid for such taxable years.  Some of the facts were stipulated.FINDINGS OF FACT.The stipulated facts are so found and are incorporated herein.The petitioner is a corporation with its offices and place of business in Little Rock, Arkansas.  It was incorporated on February 15, 1937, under the laws of the State of Arkansas, and was authorized to manufacture and sell nonalcoholic beverages. It actually began operations in April 1937, manufacturing various soft drinks for sale.Petitioner filed its excess profits tax returns on the calendar year basis with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Arkansas, and excess profits taxes were paid as follows:1943$ 32,049.24194425,473.90194527,691.86*276  Applications for relief under section 722 were duly filed; and on June *198  14, 1950, the respondent mailed to petitioner his notice of disallowance of said applications for relief.Excess profits credits allowed the petitioner were based on invested capital and were in the following amounts:1943$ 963.2719441,577.2319452,755.17In April 1937 petitioner began the sale of Cleo-Cola, a cola-flavored drink in a 12-ounce bottle. This drink was distributed in petitioner's own trucks.  In May 1937 petitioner began the production of two franchised, flavored, carbonated drinks under the names of New Yorker and Town Hall.  1 The extracts used in these drinks were acquired from the Monark Manufacturing Co. New Yorker was offered in 13 or 14 different flavors including the same flavors offered in Town Hall, and was bottled mostly in quart bottles, 12 of which constituted a case.  A small quantity was bottled in 12-ounce bottles. Town Hall was offered in orange, strawberry, grape, root beer, cherry, lemon, and lemon-lime flavors, and was bottled in a pint-size bottle of which 24 constituted a case.  New Yorker was distributed through the Economy Wholesale Grocery Company, owned by Roy Rand, the president of petitioner.  Town Hall was distributed by *199  delivery salesmen in petitioner's own trucks, who took the orders and delivered the merchandise to the customers. The capacity of petitioner's bottling plant was approximately 1,600,000 quarts per year during the base period.In April 1938 petitioner ceased the production of Cleo-Cola and began the production of a different cola drink, known as Nichol-Kola, in a 12-ounce bottle.In November 1938 petitioner began the production of a drink known as Rand's Better Beverage, produced in the same seven flavors as Town Hall, bottled in a 10-ounce size bottle, and distributed by petitioner's own trucks.  This drink was made from petitioner's own formula, with the exception of the orange flavor, the extract for which was purchased from Citrus Products Co.  It was a higher quality drink than Town Hall.Petitioner promoted Nichol-Kola as a lead item, in competition with Coca-Cola, *200  in order to build up its sale of Rand's Better Beverages, on which petitioner intended to make its profit.Petitioner was not doing much business with Town Hall in the cities; its sales were mostly in the country.  Petitioner wanted city *277  distribution, and thought that through a smaller bottle it could maintain its country distribution and increase its city sales.  It was hoped that Rand's Better Beverages would be the leading drink, and it was planned to discontinue Town Hall and to continue producing Rand's Better Beverages. Petitioner changed its advertising and repainted all of its trucks to show "Rand's Better Beverages" where "Town Hall" formerly appeared.  Production of Town Hall did not stop until sometime in 1942.Gross income and case sales of petitioner for the years 1937-1939 were as follows:RAND BEVERAGE COMPANY, INC.Gross Income and Case Sales1937-193919371938Gross incomeCasesGross incomeCasesCleo Cola$ 11,416.6414,426 1/2$ 1,215.001,545    New Yorker:32 ounce8,850.1014,750    13,631.2022,607 1/612 ounce445.00564    104.90133    Esquire1,836.402,289 1/2Nichol Kola:12 ounce12,264.2016,121 1/28 ounce932.301,330 1/2Town Hall16,102.7420,438 1/238,842.2049,568    Rand's Better Beverages1,755.552,508    Miscellaneous80.1185    30.29Totals36,894.5950,264    70,612.0496,102 2/3*201 RAND BEVERAGE COMPANY, INC.Gross Income and Case Sales1937-19391939Gross incomeCasesCleo ColaNew Yorker:32 ounce$ 7,968.0813,128 1/4  12 ounce69.6087       Esquire393.60492       Nichol Kola:12 ounce8,329.9610,467 23/248 ounce1,323.171,894      Town Hall25,871.0232,431 2/3  Rand's Better Beverages27,533.9439,362 23/24Miscellaneous12.29Totals71,501.6697,863 10/12The 2,508 cases of Rand's Better Beverages, shown in the foregoing table to have been produced in 1938, were produced in the last two months of that year.The length of time it would require a bottling company commencing to produce soft drinks in Little Rock in 1937 to reach a normal level of earnings depended upon many factors, including efficiency of operations and merit of the product.  If all factors were average and normal, it would require a period of four to five years.  Such a new company would normally experience losses or subnormal earnings during the first two or three years of operation.The experience of other bottlers in the Little Rock area indicates that with normal efficiency of management and quality of product, *202  petitioner could reasonably have expected to increase the sale of its leading flavor drink by an over-all percentage of 27.5 per cent in the first year after 1939, and to effect an additional 23.6 per cent in the second year after 1939, under conditions as they existed on December 31, 1939.*278  Petitioner's profit and loss statements for the calendar years 1937, 1938, and 1939, are as follows:RAND BEVERAGE COMPANYProfit and Loss StatementIncome:193719381939Sales$ 36,894.59$ 70,612.04 $ 71,501.66 Cost of Goods Sold13,659.3823,044.97 21,337.07 Gross Profit$ 23,235.21$ 47,567.07 $ 50,164.59 Expenses:Factory Labor3,100.64 5,622.73 5,480.77 Manufacturing Expenses:Rent650.00 805.00 780.00 Light and Power841.77 1,064.31 988.82 Fuel246.36 319.69 219.33 Water929.29 1,151.93 1,026.76 Machinery Repairs310.37 155.09 359.24 Insurance43.21 64.06 49.84 Factory Supplies223.54 420.17 379.64 Building Repairs84.84 110.60 18.32 General Factory Expense54.15 23.51 4.85 Depreciation -- Buildings278.03 392.48 392.52 Depreciation -- Machinery542.69 878.12 894.09 Bottle Breakage988.12 512.21 Total ManufacturingExpense4,204.25 6,373.08 5,635.62 Selling Expense:Jobbers Brokerage21.00 Sales Salaries2,810.13 4,368.18 4,451.32 Sales Commissions1,338.21 3,332.49 4,088.02 Traveling24.88 96.08 263.31 Advertising3,175.38 6,077.06 3,775.04 Advertising Shippers678.64 Advertising Free Goods4,076.54 2,424.24 Telephone and Telegraph149.70 230.38 217.12 General Selling Expense36.76 Total Selling Expense7,519.30 2 18,859.97 15,255.81 Delivery Expense:Gas, Oil and Grease1,871.78 4,719.33 5,391.91 Truck Repairs1,093.50 1,689.43 2,274.50 Truck Insurance296.74 620.06 815.07 Truck Depreciation1,184.57 2,661.29 2,858.11 Truck General Expense206.47 453.89 611.59 Cases Repairs23.57 370.56 Truck Hire5.19 Truck Tires1,048.59 1,555.49 Case Depreciation573.18 738.92 Freight Out625.04 477.98 General Delivery Expense449.92 Total Delivery Expense$ 4,681.82 12,761.37 15,173.49 Administration Expense:Executive Salaries1,228.27 1,860.78 1,076.43 Office Salaries1,360.67 1,759.84 2,031.25 Stationery and Supplies98.67 171.74 205.37 Postage16.62 43.97 83.13 Legal152.55 333.72 128.00 Dues and Subscriptions45.25 7.00 45.50 Insurance62.50 113.30 196.13 Furniture and FixturesDepreciation77.44 122.10 126.13 General AdministrativeExpense142.73 445.49 33.70 Security and Excise Taxes296.93 679.92 687.06 Cash Over and Short2.68 .30 (132.37)Taxes -- Other92.50 176.75 356.25 Bottles and Cases Loss919.26 673.86 Display Stands Depreciation30.26 42.76 42.76 Bank Service Charge andExchange5.82 33.82 50.94 Bad Debts61.11 Total AdministrationExpense4,532.15 5,791.49 3 5,695.25 Total Expenses24,038.16 49,408.64 47,240.94 Operating Profit(802.95)(1,841.57)2,923.65 Other Income:Profit on Sale of Truck and Car56.25 131.32 Net Profit(802.95)(1,785.32)3,054.97 *203 *279  Petitioner's income tax returns for the years 1940 and 1941 show a net loss of $ 814.61 for the year 1940 and a net profit of $ 3,554.01 for the year 1941.The comparative balance sheet of petitioner for the years 1937 to 1939, inclusive, is as follows: *280 RAND BEVERAGE CO., INC.Summarized Balance Sheets as Per Income Tax Returns as FiledAssets:12/31/3712/31/3812/31/39Cash$ 294.42 $ 354.24 $ 390.97 Notes and accounts receivable1,631.15 6,355.07 10,447.68 Other investments -- U. S. BondsInventories:Raw material1,253.26 4,010.92 4,447.59 Finished goods374.88 717.24 1,016.92 Supplies, etcPrepaid insurance, etc339.11 428.86 407.73 Fixed assets:Machinery7,288.10 8,194.13 8,131.63 Furniture and fixtures1,094.05 1,232.30 1,300.84 Delivery equipment5,016.80 9,978.07 11,434.60 Cases & cartons5,264.29 6,461.34 7,849.36 Leasehold1,177.43 1,177.43 1,177.43 Coolers and other332.12 268.91 637.92 Total$ 20,172.79 $ 27,312.18 $ 30,531.78 Less: Reserve for depreciation, etc[2,112.99][7,067.96][11,581.00]Bottles (net)12,713.50 22,582.38 27,560.11 Other assets40.00 352.54 2,369.33 Accounts receivable -- officersPost war refund dueDepositsTotal assets$ 34,706.12 $ 55,045.47 $ 65,591.11 Liabilities and Capital:Accounts payable$ 10,245.07 $ 872.66 Notes & mortgages payable24,372.67 53,338.06 61,168.21 Accrued expenses57.41 251.55 272.18 Customers' deposits533.92 2,192.83 3,384.02 Other liabilities678.64 Common stock300.00 300.00 300.00 Surplus[802.95][2,588.27]466.70 Total$ 34,706.12 $ 55,045.47 $ 65,591.11 *204  When petitioner started in business, it did not get deposits on bottles left with customers. In getting new customers, it was the practice for the truck driver who sold and delivered the drinks to the customers to make deliveries on consignment. The customer would pay petitioner for the drinks after they were sold.  When the drivers made repeat calls, they would leave as many cases of drinks as the customer wanted and would pick up whatever empties the customer had on hand.*281  The amounts of $ 533.92, $ 2,192.83, and $ 3,384.02, appearing under "Customer Deposit" as a liability on the balance sheets for 1937, 1938, and 1939, represented the only money deposited on bottles during those years.For the years 1937 to 1939, inclusive, the petitioner purchased 5,964-17/144 gross of bottles at a cost of 3.7 cents a bottle, or an aggregate of $ 31,779.96, including freight.During the years 1937 to 1939, inclusive, the only charge on account of bottle loss taken by the petitioner was "Bottle Breakage" at the rate of one-half cent per case, which amounts were credited to the bottle account.  There was no actual depreciation account for bottles on petitioner's books, the bottle breakage*205  being charged off to manufacturing cost.The bottle account, the amount charged to manufacturing cost and credited yearly as depreciation to the bottle account, and the depreciation reserve, as shown on petitioner's Federal tax returns, are as follows:BottleDepreciationYearaccountYearly creditreserveDec. 31, 1937$ 13,231.47$ 517.971 $ 517.97Dec. 31, 193824,088.47988.121,506.09Dec. 31, 193929,418.69512.211,858.58Dec. 31, 194033,062.95547.092,405.67Dec. 31, 194135,214.64693.153.098.82Dec. 31, 19429,161.0020,747.110   As of December 31, 1939, petitioner's bottle account was carried on its books in the amount of $ 27,560.11, which amount was the net bottle account after deducting a depreciation charge of $ 1,858.58.On its return for the year 1942, petitioner charged off bottle breakage and loss in the amount of $ 20,747.11 and bad debt loss in the amount of $ 15,665.04.  In that year due to sugar rationing, petitioner was forced to abandon considerable territory and restrict its distribution of beverages. At that time, since the abandonment*206  of much of the territory involved the loss of many unreturned bottles, an inventory of bottles was taken.  No breakdown between the amount of bottle and case loss attributable to annual depreciation and the loss attributable to the contracting of territory under wartime conditions was made on the records of petitioner.  The petitioner did not take an inventory of bottles in 1937, 1938, or 1939.  Five per cent of total sales for case and bottle loss is a reasonable figure.  Such figure, however, would not include losses from uncollectible accounts and would have no relation to such losses.*282  Petitioner's 1942 tax return contained an explanation with respect to the bad debt loss as follows:This item represents approximately 3,200 different small accounts, covering deposits on cases and bottles mostly, which are uncollectible. During 1942 the credit policy was changed.  Merchandise was sold for cash only and actual cash deposits for the cases and bottles were taken.The bad debt amount of $ 15,665.04 was attributable, in large measure, to long-standing consignment charges that petitioner had not attempted to collect on a current basis, some of which proved to be uncollectible*207  because certain customers had gone out of business or could not be located.Petitioner did not know what part of the bottle loss and bad debt loss had actually occurred in 1942.  The bad debt charge-off in 1942 represented 3.245 per cent of the total sales of $ 482,662.28 for the period 1937 to 1942, inclusive.Notes and accounts receivable at the close of each of the years 1937 to 1942, inclusive, as shown by petitioner's tax returns, were as follows:12/31/3712/31/3812/31/39Notes and accounts receivable$ 1,631.15$ 6,355.07$ 10,447.6812/31/4012/31/4112/31/42Notes and accounts receivable$ 11,493.66$ 9,005.01$ 304.63The amounts of $ 24,372.67, $ 53,338.06, and $ 61,168.21 shown on the balance sheets for the years 1937, 1938, and 1939, respectively, as notes and mortgages payable were those owed to the Economy Wholesale Grocery Co. and Roy F. Rand.  No interest was shown on the profit and loss statements or the income tax returns for the years 1937, 1938, and 1939, as having been paid on such amounts during those years.  Rand owned the grocery company and was president of the petitioner and its principal stockholder.  The amounts of this*208  outstanding indebtedness and the interest deduction claimed in petitioner's tax returns in the years 1940 to 1944, inclusive, are as follows:MortgageInterestDatepayableexpenseDec. 31, 1940$ 68,970.670   Dec. 31, 194161,923.121 $ 115.56Dec. 31, 194219,701.9785.74Dec. 31, 19431,000.0011.93Dec. 31, 19440   111.83The record does not show that any other interest was owing by petitioner on such amounts.*283  Advertising expenditures in petitioner's industry are controlled by management and can be considered a fixed expense or a variable expense which fluctuates with sales in the discretion of management.  Normally, however, as sales increase, advertising expenses also increase.In July 1939 there were listed in the Little Rock telephone directory 10 different companies bottling soft drinks, and competition in Little Rock in the soft drink industry during the years 1937 to 1939, inclusive, was keen.In 1935 the 7-Up Orange Crush Beverage Company of Little Rock began bottling 7-Up, a nationally advertised, one-flavor, carbonated beverage which was in competition with all other soft drinks. 7-Up production*209  increased in 1936 over 1935 by more than 27 per cent, and increased in 1937 over 1936 by more than 27 per cent.  7-Up had an advantage over Rand's Better Beverages because the company producing 7-Up had been in business quite a few years with an established trade and a nationally advertised drink.The Dr. Pepper Bottling Company in Little Rock manufactured a line of flavored drinks in 10-ounce bottles under the name of Moody's Made-Rite Bottled Beverages, and two franchised drinks, Dr. Pepper and NuGrape.  This company had been operating since 1900 and commenced bottling Dr. Pepper in 1929, a nationally advertised drink in competition with all other carbonated beverages. It began bottling NuGrape in 1933.  The company's production showed an increase in 1937 over 1936.  The soft drink bottling business in Little Rock has shown an increase each year since 1933.The production of soft drinks in cases by the Dr. Pepper Company for the years 1937 to 1939, inclusive, is as follows:193719381939Dr. Pepper58,75464,57465,301NuGrape9,08318,95429,454Soda Water76,23672,09770,842Two Wayn1 3,772(1)   (1)   Total cases147,845155,625165,597*210 Flavors of soda water were Orange, Cream, Strawberry, and Root Beer.  Sales of cases of carbonated drinks bottled by the Dr. Pepper Company showed an increase in 1939 over 1937 of 12 per cent.The survey of cost averages for the years 1935 to 1939, inclusive, as prepared by the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages from 61 plants in 1935 to 198 plants in 1939 is as follows: *284 Table I.  -- Cost averages -- 6 to 10 oz. (case of 24 bottles)Recommended comparatives (interquartileaverages -- see note 1)Cost item19351936193719381939CentsCentsCentsCentsCentsMaterial24.626.826.724.925.7Labor and overhead09.909.009.310.809.2Selling expense06.207.208.508.710.1Delivery expense11.910.611.311.112.2Administrative expense08.709.408.207.807.3Total cost (See Note 4)62.762.463.764.862.1Table II.  -- Cost averages -- 12 to 16 oz. (case of 24 bottles)Recommended comparatives (interquartileaverages -- see note 1)Cost item19351936193719381939CentsCentsCentsCentsCentsMaterial30.930.032.132.129.3Labor and overhead14.212.011.211.210.7Selling expense10.308.708.708.710.6Delivery expense15.513.112.612.613.2Administrative expense08.806.206.406.406.2Total cost (See Note 4)76.770.569.069.069.3Table III.  -- Cost averages -- 23 to 32 oz. (case of 12 bottles)Recommended comparatives (interquartileaverages -- see note 1)Cost item19351936193719381939CentsCentsCentsCentsCentsMaterial28.628.728.725.528.2Labor and overhead19.013.312.213.612.2Selling expense14.307.709.008.109.5Delivery expense21.313.912.410.613.9Administrative expense09.306.506.606.306.2Total cost (See Note 4)97.870.469.068.569.3*211 NOTE 1: * * *The figures representing unit costs for all plants reporting were arranged in order from the lowest cost to the highest cost reported in each classification of Cost Item.  The first one-fourth of the figures shown in such arrangement (representing lowest costs) and the last one-fourth of such figures (representing highest costs) were then eliminated from consideration.  The average of the individual plant costs appearing in the intermediate cost range (that is, between the lowest fourth and the highest fourth of the reports) was then determined, as the Inter-Quartile Average, and designated as the Recommended Comparative Average for the purposes of this survey.With the elimination of the lowest fourth and the highest fourth of the reported figures, the midsection is generally accepted as the best basis for an average representing usual conditions.  In this way the very low costs and very high costs due to inaccuracies in determining unit costs or to unusual conditions in the individual plant, are allowed to have no effect upon the determination of the averages.* * * **285 NOTE 4: The total cost shown in Tables I, II, and III, is the average of the *212  Total Costs reported by individual plants. It is NOT the total of the other Cost Items shown in these Tables.The aggregate of total average per case cost of all size bottles is as follows:1936193719381939CentsCentsCentsCents6 to 10 oz62.463.764.862.112 to 16 oz70.569.069.069.324 to 32 oz70.469.068.569.3Total203.3201.7202.3200.7Statistics of business conditions in Arkansas and in the Little Rock area during the base period are as follows:Index of compiledreceipts, all corporationsIndex of retailStatesales, LittleIndex of bankof Arkansas,Rock, Ark.clearances, LittleYear"Statistics of Income,"(Dun & Bradstreet -- twoRock, Ark.,Treasuryreports1939 as 100Department,averaged),1939 as 1001939 as 100193698.381.580.31937103.084.990.3193892.782.785.11939100.0100.0100.0Statistics of sales of one competitor of petitioner in Little Rock for the years 1937 to 1939, inclusive, together with an index with 1939 as 100, are as follows:Sales in totalIndex 1939 asYearcases1001937147,84589.31938155,62594.01939165,597100.0*213  Statistics of earnings and investments of 13 nonalcoholic beverage companies as compiled by the Securities and Exchange Commission showing sales, net profit before income taxes, net worth, and an index with 1939 = 100 compiled from those figures for the years 1936 to 1939, inclusive, are as follows:Statistics on Earnings and Investment of Nonalcoholic Beverage Industry as Compiled by S. E. C. "Data on Profits and Operations 1936-1942" -- Part I, Page 199Net ProfitSalesIndex 1939BeforeYear(thousands)as 100%IncomeTaxes (thousands)1936$ 82,31852.37$ 29,0531937109,53269.6936,4781938119,62576.1137,8731939157,172100.0049,980Net WorthRatio ofYearIndex 1939(thousands)Income toas 100%Net Worth193658.13$ 77,67837.4193772.9883,13844.0193875.7889,75842.21939100.00106,19247.1*286  Earnings of corporations engaged in the nonalcoholic beverage industry as shown by Statistics of Income, Part II, Treasury Department, and an index with 1939 = 100 compiled from those figures are as follows: 4Returns with net incomeTotalYearnumberof returnsNumberreturnsGross incomeNet income193618231106$ 232,087$ 56,024193719121105300,54768,102193818941038245,64539,557193919601144286,43349,646*214 Returns with no net incomeYearNumberreturnsGross incomeNet deficit1936656$ 37,743$ 2,332193773945,3151,835193880842,3012,326193977843,2513,2361936193719381939Index of Net Income (1939 equals 100)115.69142.7980.22100.00A national income index based on an average for the years 1936-1939 = 100 from the Survey of Current Business, U. S. Department of Commerce, July 1950, Table 4, page 10, reduced to 100 for 1939 is as follows:NationalYearincome indexReduced to1936 - 1939 = 100100 for 1939193693.089.11937105.8101.3193896.892.71939104.4100.0A corporate profits index for the years 1936-1939, based on the years 1922-1939=100, from Internal Revenue Bulletin 1945, page 274, Table I, Column 5, reduced to 100 for 1939 is as follows:CorporateReduced toYearprofits index100 for 19391936127.397.01937128.397.7193846.835.61939131.3100.0*215  Petitioner's excess profits tax for the calendar years 1943, 1944, and 1945 computed without the benefit of section 722 resulted in an excessive and discriminatory tax.Petitioner's average base period net income is an inadequate standard of normal earnings. Such net income does not reflect the normal operation for the entire base period, nor does it reflect the earning level which petitioner would have obtained if it had commenced business two years before it did.*287  Petitioner's constructive average base period net income to be used in computing its excess profits credit for the years 1943, 1944, and 1945 is $ 5,700.OPINION.In its application for relief and in its petition, petitioner claimed relief under section 722 (b) (5) but did not press such claim in its brief.  Since the facts of record do not indicate that any relief under subsection (b) (5) is warranted, relief under such provision is denied.  Del Mar Turf Club, 16 T. C. 749 (1951).This leaves for our consideration (1) whether peitioner qualifies for relief under subsection (b) (4); (2) whether it is entitled to use the "2-year push-back rule"; and (3) if (1) and (2) are answered*216  in the affirmative, what is a fair and just amount representing normal earnings of the petitioner to be used as a constructive average base period net income.Petitioner commenced business in April 1937 and therefore has one of the qualifying factors required by section 722 (b) (4).  5 We have found as a fact that petitioner's average base period net income is an inadequate standard of normal earnings. Petitioner also claims that the change from the promotion of a nationally franchised drink to a drink developed by petitioner and bearing its own brand name constituted *288  a difference in the products furnished under section 722 (b) (4).  Respondent denies that such change was a change in the character of the business within the meaning of the statute.  Whether or not it constituted a change in the character of the business need not be decided in this case because it is an alternative qualifying provision under the statute; and since petitioner meets the other qualifying factor, commencement of business in the base period, it is not necessary for it to meet the alternative qualifying factor also.  This is not to say, however, that production and sale of the new-drink line are*217  not to be considered in a reconstruction of average base period net income.*218  Petitioner's excess profits credit was computed on the invested capital method and resulted in credits in the following amounts:1943$ 963.2719441,577.2319452,755.17Petitioner's net profits and net losses for the years 1937 through 1939 were as follows:1937$ 802.95 loss  19381,785.32 loss  19393,054.97 profitIf the business of a taxpayer does not reach, by the end of the base period, the earning level which it would have reached if the taxpayer had commenced business 2 years before it did so, it is deemed to have commenced the business at such earlier time.  Sec. 722 (b) (4), supra.Petitioner's formative years followed the pattern of the industry of which it is a member.  Two of petitioner's witnesses were engaged in the production of carbonated beverages in the Little Rock area in competition with petitioner.  One of the witnesses was the manager and a partner of the 7-Up Orange Crush Beverage Company and had been engaged in the business since 1926.  The other witness was the president and manager of the Dr. Pepper Bottling Company and had been in the business for 20 years.  The testimony of said witnesses was to the effect that a normal development*219  period for a new company similar to petitioner would be not less than 4 years and probably more.  They both testified that the volume of increase in sales claimed in petitioner's reconstruction was reasonable in their opinion, and less than they had experienced under similar circumstances.  We have found as a fact that petitioner had a normal development period of between four and five years, and that it did not reach by the end of the base period the earning level that would have been reached if the business had commenced in 1935 instead of 1937; and we, therefore, conclude that petitioner qualifies for relief under section 722 (b) (4) and is entitled to use "the 2-year push-back rule" in reconstructing its average base period net income.*289  Respondent argues that petitioner's failure to qualify for relief is shown, in part at least, by the fact that it sustained a net loss of $ 814.61 in 1940, and realized a net profit of only $ 3,554.01 in 1941.  Assuming that these facts may be considered, we do not agree that they disqualify petitioner from relief under subsection (b) (4).  Petitioner's development period, as pointed out above, was between four and five years; and its *220  fifth year of existence -- 1941 -- saw it continuing to experience some development difficulties.  The loss in 1940 and the comparatively small net profit in 1941 tend to corroborate our conclusion that petitioner had not reached its normal earning level during its last base period year.We then come to our final question -- "What is a fair and just amount representing normal earnings of the petitioner during the base period?" Both parties submitted reconstructions of average base period net income using the "2-year push-back rule." Petitioner's reconstruction arrived at an average figure of $ 10,170.49.  Respondent's reconstruction showed a net loss of $ 10,211.78 for the last base period year.  The main or basic differences between the two reconstructions related to the reconstruction of sales and the different treatment accorded certain bottle losses, interest expense, and bad debts.  Petitioner reconstructed a sales volume for 1939 in the amount of $ 96,852.10.  Respondent allowed the sum of $ 80,000.  The figures used for cost of materials, factory labor, overhead, selling, delivery, and administrative expenses did not vary greatly in either reconstruction. Respondent added the*221  following deductions as expenses:Additional bottle-loss depreciation$ 8,405.55Interest expenses3,434.98Bad debts2,596.00Total$ 14,436.53Petitioner's reconstruction allowed no deduction for interest and allowed $ 4,842.60 as a deduction for bottle and case loss and for bad debts.  This figure is 5 per cent of reconstructed gross sales.Petitioner's reconstruction of expenses, other than the three just mentioned, was somewhat lower than the survey of cost averages prepared by the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages set out in our findings of fact; and although one of petitioner's expert witnesses testified that such cost averages for the base period years were a reliable index of costs in the carbonated beverage industry, such indices are national in scope and do not necessarily reflect to the last penny the costs of many local businesses in the industry.With respect to bottle and case loss, both of petitioner's expert witnesses testified that 5 per cent of sales was a reasonable figure for such loss, which is about three and one-half cents a case.  With respect to the bad debt loss, it must be remembered that petitioner *290  was attempting to *222  break into a highly competitive business.  The only market available for the petitioner's products (other than the franchised drink on which it claims no reconstructed increases in sales) was dependent upon its ability to capture a portion of the demand that was already being supplied by other members of the industry.  Because of this intense competition, petitioner during the base period years sold its beverages on a consignment basis.  Petitioner's competitors were on a strictly cash basis with their customers, and required them to make a deposit on all cases of drinks left with them.  Petitioner did not require a deposit from its customers, and it did not charge off any uncollectible amounts during the base period years arising out of such consignment practice.In 1942, petitioner wrote off bad dabts in the amount of $ 15,665.04 with the explanation in its income tax return that it represented approximately 3,200 different small accounts which were uncollectible. It also changed its credit policy at that time, selling its merchandise for cash only, and requiring cash deposits on its cases and bottles in conformity with the practices of its competitors.The record shows that the*223  normal practice in petitioner's industry was to sell its product on a cash basis rather than on a consignment basis; but it also shows that it was normal practice for petitioner to sell on the consignment basis.  In seeking normality in a reconstruction, it is appropriate to give consideration and effect to any special circumstances peculiar to the specific taxpayer where such circumstances are normal for such taxpayer even though they might not be normal for another taxpayer engaged in the same business.Our last item of expense is interest.  Petitioner was indebted to Roy F. Rand and the Economy Wholesale Grocery (owned by Rand) in the amounts of $ 24,372.67, $ 53,338.06, and $ 61,168.21 for the years 1937, 1938, and 1939, respectively.  No deduction for interest on this indebtedness was claimed on petitioner's tax returns for those years.  The respondent claims that interest on borrowed money is a normal business expense, and included in his reconstruction for petitioner's last base period year an amount of 6 per cent of the indebtedness as an additional expense.  Petitioner argues that no interest (or, at most, a nominal amount) was owed on this indebtedness, and that interest*224  which does not exist in fact is not a proper item to be considered in a reconstruction of normal earnings. While, generally speaking, interest is an ordinary and normal expense of business, it is not unusual or abnormal for the chief stockholder of a corporation to lend money to it in its formative years, or when it gets in financial difficulties, without requiring interest payments on such loans.As shown in our findings of fact, petitioner used an index from statistics of nonalcoholic beverages, published in the Treasury Department's *291  "Statistics of Income." Respondent argues that this is not a proper index for such purpose because of a reclassification in 1938 resulting in statistics for 1936 and 1937 not being comparable with those for 1938 and 1939.  In support of this argument, he cites Treasury Department's "Statistics of Income for 1938, Part 2," pp. 256 and 266, which shows that in adopting a standard Industry Classification in 1938, reports of manufacturers of cider and mineral or spring water, classified in 1936 and 1937 under nonalcoholic beverages, were shifted to "Other Food, Including Flavoring Sirups," while mineral and spring-water bottling was shifted to*225  "Wholesale Trade." We agree with respondent that use of such index is not warranted by this record when compared with the other indices set out in our findings of fact.Petitioner argues that the official compilation in "Statistics of Income" for all income tax returns filed by all manufacturers of nonalcoholic beverages shows a national, average net income of 14.1 per cent of sales for the year 1939, and a base period, average net profit of 16.4 per cent of sales.  It also points to the testimony of the two expert witnesses, one of whom testified that a net profit before taxes of 8 cents to 15 cents a case, was normal during the base period; and the testimony of the other witness who said that a range of 10 cents to 15 cents a case was normal.  In petitioner's reconstruction he claimed a net profit of 9.57 per cent of sales which amounts to 6.7 cents a case.We, therefore, conclude, based upon the entire record of this case, that petitioner is entitled to use a reconstructed average base period net income in the sum of $ 5,700.  In arriving at such amount, we have considered carefully all the facts of record including the bottle loss, bad debt loss, and interest, and have accorded*226  to each of the items the treatment we consider appropriate.Reviewed by the Special Division.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. A franchised drink is one that is advertised and sold on a national scale and the flavoring extract for which is purchased from the national manufacturer.↩2. Actually adds $ 18,859.37.↩3. Actually adds $ 5,665.25.↩1. This amount used to reduce asset amount on balance sheet attached to return.↩1. Interest and exchange.↩1. Put into Soda Water.↩4. Amounts reported in thousands of dollars, before income taxes.↩5. SEC. 722. GENERAL RELIEF -- CONSTRUCTIVE AVERAGE BASE PERIOD NET INCOME.* * * *(b) Taxpayers Using Average Earnings Method.  -- The tax computed under this subchapter (without the benefit of this section) shall be considered to be excessive and discriminatory in the case of a taxpayer entitled to use the excess profits credit based on income pursuant to section 713, if its average base period net income is an inadequate standard of normal earnings because -- * * * *(4) the taxpayer, either during or immediately prior to the base period, commenced business or changed the character of the business and the average base period net income does not reflect the normal operation for the entire base period of the business.  If the business of the taxpayer did not reach, by the end of the base period, the earning level which it would have reached if the taxpayer had commenced business or made the change in the character of the business two years before it did so, it shall be deemed to have commenced the business or made the change at such earlier time.  For the purposes of this subparagraph, the term "change in the character of the business" includes a change in the operation or management of the business, a difference in the products or services furnished, a difference in the capacity for production or operation, a difference in the ratio of nonborrowed capital to total capital, and the acquisition before January 1, 1940, of all or part of the assets of a competitor, with the result that the competition of such competitor was eliminated or diminished.  Any change in the capacity for production or operation of the business consummated during any taxable year ending after December 31, 1939, as a result of a course of action to which the taxpayer was committed prior to January 1, 1940, or any acquisition before May 31, 1941, from a competitor engaged in the dissemination of information through the public press, of substantially all the assets of such competitor employed in such business with the result that competition between the taxpayer and the competitor existing before January 1, 1940, was eliminated, shall be deemed to be a change on December 31, 1939, in the character of the business, or* * * *↩