Court Opinion

ID: 9673727
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 04:17:16.670623+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:16:23.774292
License: Public Domain

CATES, Judge.
This appeal was originally submitted without oral argument and was assigned to Johnson, J. A majority not concurring in his opinion affirming, the writer has submitted this opinion for the majority of the court.
February 17, 1965, Irvin was charged before a justice of the peace with obtaining “money and/or merchandise” from “John C. Hodges DBAA&PTea Co.” by making uttering or delivering a check on the First National Bank of Athens “knowing at the time * * * that he had not sufficient funds in or on deposit with said bank for the payment in full of said check.”
This complaint was made returnable to the County Court of Morgan County. On August 3, 1966, Irvin filed (among others) the following written motion:
“Comes the Defendant, Melvin H. Irvin, and avers that he is without Counsel, Indigent and incompetent mentally to handle his own affairs, under thorazine drugs prescribed by a Pscychiatrist, and adjudged 100% disabled by Doctors for the Veterans Administration.
“Defendant moves this Honorable Court appoint him Counsel.”
The minute entry in the Record (p. 9) shows that preceding arraignment the court overruled this motion. The court reporter shows the following pronouncement from the bench on this occasion:
“ * * * All right, this motion is overruled. Number one, this is not the Morgan County Court. Now, ground one of the motion, taking them separately and severally, other than that one ruling there since the Court is not properly addressed, the Court doesn’t consider the motion but if the motion were considered — motion number one, comes the defendant and moves the Court appoint adequate counsel and says he is indigent and without funds and unable to provide same and said defendant is disabled. The Court has discussed with the defendant on other occasions and been advised by the defendant that he is a graduate attorney himself although the Court is advised that he is not licensed to practice but he is a graduate attorney. The Court — from his physical appearance, he certainly doesn’t appear to be disabled, from conversation he doesn’t appear to be mentally disabled and as far as him being indigent, the Court has talked to him and asked him if he had a car. I-Ie said he did but aside from that, this is not such a case whereas [sic — wherein] attorneys are appointed. At any rate the Court does not consider that this is required by law to appoint one so that motion would be overruled if the Court was ruling on it.”
After the State rested, the record fails to show that Irvin (1) moved to exclude the State’s evidence, or (2) moved for judgment because of a variance between allegata and probata.
Indeed, the record shows the defendant threw himself upon the court for guidance:

“STATE RESTS

“DEFENSE EVIDENCE

“MR. IRVIN: Defendant would like to ask the Court to help him on criminal procedure in Alabama, may I address the Court with questions?
“THE COURT: Let’s do it off the record.
“(Thereupon, there was an off the record discussion at the Bench, after which the following proceedings were had and done before the Court and the Jury.)
*103“MR. IRVIN: Defense calls as its first witness Robert G. Irvin.
“THE COURT: Mr. Irvin, come around please, raise your right hand.
“(Witness sworn.)”
After verdict on August 9, sentencing was continued, the record then showing:
“SEPTEMBER 2, 1966: This being the day that is set for sentencing of the defendant in this case It is considered, ordered and adjudged by the Court that defendant be and is hereby adjudged guilty in accordance with the verdict of the Jury. Defendant is ordered to pay fine of $450.00 together with $100.00 restitution to be paid to A. & P. Company. It is further ordered by the Court that the defendant is taxed with the costs of this prosecution. Upon and in event of failure to pay fine and costs defendant is sentenced to perform hard labor for Morgan County, Alabama for a term of 140 days to pay said fine and to 13 days to pay costs.”
Later, upon conviction, the court found Irvin to be indigent so that his record has come here with a free transcript under Act No. 525, September 16, 1963.
I.
The sole question for decision is whether or not Irvin was charged with “a serious offense” as that expression appears in § 1 of Act No. 526, September 16, 1963. That section reads:
“Section 1. In all noncapital criminal cases wherein a defendant is charged with a serious offense in the circuit court, or court of like jurisdiction, or courts wherein the law provides a direct appeal to the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals to review such criminal proceedings, the trial judge shall before arraignment ascertain from the accused, or otherwise:
“1. Whether or not defendant has arranged to be represented by and have the assistance of counsel.
“2. Whether or not defendant desires the assistance of counsel.
“3. Whether or not defendant is able financially or otherwise to obtain the assistance of counsel.”
See Martin v. State, 277 Ala. 153, 167 So. 2d 912.
The accusation against Irvin not being by way of indictment was of a misdemeanor. Const. 1901, § 8, as amended by Amendment 37; § 4, Act 566, November 19, 1959.
Act 116, June 20, 1951, repealed §§ 232, 233, and 234, T. 14, Code 1940. In place of those Code sections, Act 116 did away with “intent to defraud” in the bad check law, though the last sentence of § 2 of that Act allowed the defendant to testify as to his intent whilst drawing the check.
Act 566, supra, repealed Act 116. The present enactment restored “intent to defraud” as an element. However, Section 2 provides:
“As against the maker, or drawer thereof, the making, drawing, uttering, or delivering of a check, draft, or order, payment of which is refused by the drawee, shall be prima facie evidence of intent to defraud and of knowledge of insufficient funds in, or on deposit with, such bank, person, firm or corporation. Provided, proof of payment of the amount due the holder of the check, draft, or order by the drawer, within ten days after notice that such check, draft, or order was not paid by the drawee, shall be sufficient to overcome the presumption of prima facie evidence provided herein.”
No provision in Act 566 removes the incompetency of the defendant to testify as to his contemporaneous intent on making the offending instrument. Under Goolsby v. State, 213 Ala. 351, 104 So. 901, this omission is a denial of due process. See Bailey v. State of Alabama, 219 U.S. 219, 31 S.Ct. 145, 55 L.Ed. 191.
Constitution 1901, § 6, gives the accused the “right to be heard by himself *104and counsel, or either.” “Counsel” in this context has well nigh uniformly been held to mean a duly licensed and qualified lawyer of the state of trial.1 Code 1940, T. 46, § 42.
A defendant may knowlingly waive this right of locally licensed counsel. Breier v. Gladden, D.C., 229 F.Supp. 823. However, where the court, under Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799, must appoint counsel, the appointment of an unlicensed attorney will not do. People v. Cox, 12 Ill.2d 265, 146 N.E.2d 19, 68 A.L.R.2d 1134; Martinez v. State, 167 Tex.Cr.R. 97, 318 S.W.2d 66; McKinzie v. Ellis, 5 Cir., 287 F.2d 549. See, however, Hill v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 393 S.W.2d 901, as to effect of failure to pay bar dues.
Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799, overruled the special circumstance rule of Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455, 62 S.Ct. 1252, 86 L.Ed. 1595. In Gideon’s case the court set aside a conviction without counsel of breaking and entering, a noncapital felony. Thus, Powell v. State of Alabama, 287 U.S. 15, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158, was extended.
In the summing up in the Gideon epitaph for Betts v. Brady, supra, we find expressions broader than mere references to felonies :
1) “ * * * any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him.”
2) “ * * * t]le widespread belief that lawyers in criminal courts are necessities, not luxuries.”
3) “This noble ideal cannot be realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him.” — 372 U.S. at 344, 83 S.Ct. at 796. [Italics added.]
In 1948 in Uveges v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 335 U.S. 437, 69 S.Ct. 184, 93 L.Ed. 127, Mr. Justice Reed, in a bifurcate ratio decidendi, referred to persons charged with serious crimes. Uveges was indicted for four separate burglaries. This expression “serious crimes” was quoted by Clark, J., concurring in Gideon, supra, 372 U.S. at 347, 83 S.Ct. 792.
In Gideon, Mr. Justice Harlan alludes to the “complexity” of legal questions in non-capital cases.
It is this background that casts some light on our Legislature’s choice of words, “serious crime,” rather than the more conventional terms, “felony” and “misdemeanor.” So it is that here we must do more than construe Gideon.2 we have the statute to interpret.
First, we assume, without need for deciding, that serious crimes embrace all felonies and treasons.
*105Second, we do not assume that all public offenses are, ipse dixit, serious crimes.3
Our Code, much as other legal authorities, uses the following system of classification found in Title 1:
“§ 5. A public offense is an act or omission forbidden by law, and punishable as provided in this Code.
“§ 6. Acts or omissions to which a pecuniary penalty is attached, recoverable by action by a person for his own use, or for the use, in whole or in part, of the state, or of a county or corporation, are not public offenses within the meaning of this Code.
“§ 7. A felony within the meaning of this Code, is a public offense which may be punished by death, or by imprisonment in the penitentiary; all other public offenses are called misdemeanors.”
It will be noted that this division, much as Blackstone’s contempts and high misdemeanors, iv Comm. 121, relies on the distinctions in penalties and punishment.
Code 1940, T. 15, § 325, commences:
“The only legal punishments, besides removal from office and disqualification to hold office, are fines, hard labor for the county, imprisonment in the county jail, imprisonment in the penitentiary, which includes hard labor for the state, and death by electrocution. * * * ”
That section, in felony convictions where imprisonment (or hard labor) is for more than twelve months but not beyond two years, permits the judge to sentence the convict to serve either in the State penitentiary or for the county in jail or at hard labor. The proviso, “no misdemeanor prisoner may be sentenced to the penitentiary,” is merely expository. Turner v. State, 39 Ala.App. 295, 98 So.2d 69.
The Code, T. 15, §§ 328-336, relates to fines and punishments. Section 339 allows confession of judgment for fine with sureties. Sections 341 and 342, as amended, monetarily commute the unpaid fine (and costs) into units of confinement or hard labor.
The determination of the need for counsel certainly can arise no later than arraignment. Hamilton v. State of Alabama, 368 U.S. 52, 82 S.Ct. 157, 7 L.Ed.2d 114. Thus, enquiry as to whether or not the charge is “serious” enough to afford the prisoner an opportunity for court appointed counsel, must be viewed from that point in time with regard to the potential punishment, not from hindsight after conviction. See State v. Anderson, 96 Ariz. 123, 392 P.2d 784.
Here Irvin, before trial, faced the following maximum punishments and penalties :
1. Imprisonment of one year in the Morgan County jail; and
2. A fine of $1,000.00 which, under § 341 of T. 15, was commutable under one alternative to 265 days hard labor; and
3. Up to 10 months hard labor under § 342, T. 15, as amended, for costs at the rate of $3.00 a day; and
4. A civil judgment for the amount of the worthless check.
Moreover, the crime is one involving moral turpitude. We consider Mr. Justice Traynor has analyzed this term aptly in In re Hallinan, 43 Cal.2d 243, 272 P.2d 768:
“Although the problem of defining moral turpitude is not without difficulty, * * it is settled that whatever else it may mean, it includes fraud and that a crime in which an intent to defraud is an es*106sential element is a crime involving moral turpitude. * * * It is also settled that the related group of offenses involving intentional dishonesty for purposes of personal gain are crimes involving moral turpitude. * * * The fraudulent acquisition of another’s property is but another form of theft in this state. * * * ”
After conviction, Irvin stood to lose his credit as a witness (Code 1940, T. 7, § 434) ; his right to vote (T. 17, § 15); his right to have his name in the jury box (T. 30, § 21, as amended); and his right to assume or practice a learned profession could be denied (Ex parte Weinberg, 281 Ala. 200, 201 So.2d 38.)
Moreover, a pardon would not wipe out the historical fact nor remove every disqualification. Mason v. State, 39 Ala.App. 1, 103 So.2d 337; Terry v. State, 25 Ala. App. 135, 148 So. 157.
Accordingly, even if we do not rely on Gideon, we conclude the charge was one of a “serious crime” and Irvin if he was in fact then an indigent was entitled to counsel.
That he was a graduate of a law school of another state was not alone enough to obviate his need for counsel. “He who is his own lawyer has a fool for a client.” Subjectivity is a quicksand in human relations.
Nor can we equate a degree from a law school as a license to practise either under the integrated bar statute or under decisions. In Opinion of the Justices, 279 Ala. 38, 181 So.2d 105, all seven justices advised the Governor that “learned in the law” required that circuit judges and solicitors “be [lawyers] admitted to practice in the state [Alabama] or entitled to be admitted without further examination.”
The • evidence contained a serious variance. The charge was that Irvin defrauded one Hodges DBAA&P Tea Co., whereas the State’s proof showed the check was payable to “A & P” and cashed by “The Great A & P Tea Company, Inc.” Moreover, the notice of the check “bouncing” was sent to “A & P Tea Co # 120.”
In Clonts v. State, 42 Ala.App. 287, 161 So.2d 155, we said, per Johnson, J-:
“ * * * Evidence taken at the trial of this cause proves that the ownership of the goods was vested in a corporation. When the indictment alleges the property to be owned by one party and the evidence proves the owner to be another party, there is a fatal variance between the allegations and proof.”
“Inc.” connotes a corporation. Thus, in Indian Refining Co. v. Royal Oil Co., 102 Cal.App. 710, 283 P. 856, we find:
“ * * * it has been held that the abbreviation ‘Inc.,’ means ‘incorporated,’ and is equivalent to ‘(a corporation.)’ Goldberg, Bowen & Co. v. Dimick, 169 Cal. 187, 146 P. 672. On the same reasoning, the words ‘Indian Refining Co., Inc.,’ as used in the complaint herein, are equivalent to ‘Indian Refining Company (a corporation.)’ * * *”
See also Brandtjen & Kluge v. Biggs, 205 Or. 473, 288 P.2d 1025, 51 A.L.R.2d 1435.
Under no tendency of the evidence could Hodges have been deemed the alter ego of The Great A & P Tea Company, Inc. Nor was there any ascertainable meaning under the evidence from the allegation that Plodges D B A (i. e., was doing business as) A & P Tea Company.
The record contains a number of written motions and pleas which the defendant filed at various times before judgment, none of which, questions the constitutionality of the statute omitting the defendant’s right to testify as to his contemporaneous intent. Moreover, as we have before indicated, no motion was made to exclude the State’s evidence in view of the variance between pleading and proof.
The clerk of the court has not set forth either the given charges or the refused charges. However, the court reporter sets *107forth, after his transcription of the evidence, one given charge and nine refused charges. See Code 1940, T. 7, § 274. No one of the charges refused to defendant comes within the definition of the affirmative charge.
We shall not list all shortcomings which might be hypothetically raised in Irvin’s conduct of his own trial. No lawyer need be perfect. We merely think the Constitution would have been better served to give him a fairer trial had he been appointed a licensed lawyer.
II.
In addition to the construction of the statutory expression “serious crime,” there remains the unresolved Fourteenth Amendment question. Winters v. Beck, 385 U.S. 907, 87 S.Ct. 207, 17 L.Ed.2d 137, and Cortinez v. Flournoy, 385 U.S. 925, 87 S.Ct. 314, 17 L.Ed.2d 222, are not precedents.
Yet neither are the opinions of the Fifth Circuit the ultimae rationes of state procedure vis a vis the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Minneapolis & St. L. R. Co. v. Beckwith, 129 U.S. 26, 9 S.Ct. 207, 32 L.Ed. 585, the court said the latter clause was directed against “discriminating and partial legislation * * * in favor of particular persons as against others in like condition.”
In cutting off the pauper’s protection, the State must mark the amputative point at a reasonable line. State v. Madison, 240 Md. 265, 213 A.2d 880. “Serious crime” carries no enacted definition. Yet we cannot legislate.
Subjectively, all consequences of criminal convictions would seem serious. Dante in his circles might afford examples.
Objectively, incarceration which would cause a reasonable employer to fire a convicted person might be viewed as “serious.” Many other illustrations can be dredged from imagination and speculation, such as Freudian deprivations affecting food or family, to allude to but a few of the so-called theories behind punishment.
Besides Arkansas, Louisiana and Florida, recent decisions in this area from other states are: State v. Anderson, 96 Ariz. 123, 392 P.2d 784; Patterson v. State, 231 Md. 509, 191 A.2d 237; People v. Mallory, 378 Mich. 538, 147 N.W.2d 66; People v. Copeland, 378 Mich. 611, 147 N.W.2d 98; People v. Witenski, 15 N.Y.2d 392, 259 N.Y.S.2d 413, 207 N.E.2d 358; Hunter v. State,4 Okl.Cr., 288 P.2d 425; State ex rel. Barth v. Burke, 24 Wis.2d 82, 128 N.W.2d 422. Also the following Federal decisions: Harvey v. State of Mississippi, 5 Cir., 340 F.2d 263; McDonald v. Moore, 5 Cir., 353 F.2d 106; Petition of Thomas, D.C., 261 F.Supp. 263; and Arbo v. Hegstrom, D.C., 261 F.Supp. 397.
Though People v. Mallory, supra, is quite roily from arguments ad homines, we quote from the opinion, Dethmers, J.: . ■.
“There are instances in the Michigan statutory law in which offenses are named misdemeanors and for which the maximum penalty fixed exceeds $100 fine or 3 months’ imprisonment or both. For example: Certain violations of rules and regulations of the public utilities commission are termed ‘misdemeanors’ (C.L.1948, § 460.55 [Stat.Ann. § 22.5]) and the penalties fixed at not less than $10 nor more than $1,000 or imprisonment in county jail for not more than 6 months, or both. In People v. Causley, 299 Mich. 340, 300 N.W. 111, after discussion of the distinction between felonies and misdemeanors, this Court speaks of People v. Lamb, 153 Mich. 675, 117 N.W. 539, in which, so the Court said, the crime of extortion there involved was a misdemeanor punishable by not more than one year in county jail or $250 fine or both. See, also, In re Moynahan, 255 Mich. 497, 238 N.W. 169, in which this Court refers to the offense *108therein involved, possession of narcotics, as a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment limited to one year. See, also, in that connection, Re Spencer, 252 Mich. 48, 232 N.W. 748. This gives rise to the term, used in criminal law circles, ‘circuit court misdemeanors’. That is to say, the statute labels the offense a misdemeanor but, by fixing the maximum penalty, renders the offense one not cognizable by a justice of the peace and, hence, one in which the limit of his power is to bind over to circuit court. When so bound over the procedure is the same as for felonies. Defendant’s need for legal assistance of counsel then may well be as great as in felony cases. The name ‘felony’ or ‘misdemeanor’ can make small difference as relates to his constitutional right to such assistance. We entertain no doubt that as to such circuit court misdemeanor cases the rule and constitutional requirements are the same as relates to felonies. To hold otherwise would mean, as said in Bolkovac v. State of Indiana, supra, that the legislature could defeat constitutional rights by the simple device of labelling offenses as misdemeanors.
“In the instant case, however, the offense was one cognizable by a justice of the peace. It might be urged that the apparent distinction made in 18 U.S.C.A., § 3006A(b), supra, between a felony or misdemeanor, on the one hand, and a ‘petty offense’ has application, shottld be adopted by this Court, and applied here. Scarcely can it be said, however, that a permissible maximum sentence of 3 months’ imprisonment or $100 fine or both leaves the offense one to be regarded as so petty as not entitling the indigent accused to the assistance of counsel. His liberty is involved and in jeopardy in such case. For this the constitutional right is designed, to insure equality of treatment and chances for acquittal between the rich who can afford to hire counsel and the poor who cannot.
“In behalf of the people it is protested, however, that holding for defendant’s contentions in this criminal case would result in a vast wave of pleas of not guilty in cases of clear guilt, with demands for free counsel, in traffic violations of city and village ordinances, of such proportions as to paralyze judicial proceedings in justice of the peace or magistrate courts. Note may be taken with interest, although not controlling of the case at bar, of the following: “ ‘As before said, the violations of the village ordinances are not considered criminal offenses. People ex rel. Mixer v. Board of Supervisors, 26 Mich. 422; People v. Jackson, 8 Mich. 110 [Jackson v. People, 8 Mich. 262] ; ’ Village of Vicksburg v. Briggs, 85 Mich. 502, 508, 48 N.W. 625, 626.
“ ‘The term “criminal cases,” used in the laws, refers to none but prosecutions under the state laws. * * * ’ ”
Also, we give the appropriate riposte from the dissenting opinion of Black, J.:
“If the purist view is to be followed, then in every prosecution for an offense upon conviction for which the accused can be jailed at all, he has a right to counsel at public expense. I see nothing more sacred about 90 days than 10 days, or one day. If, however, it be said that this is a ‘practical matter’ and that undiluted theory cannot obtain because the Bar simply can’t furnish that many lawyers (to say nothing of reporters and yet unmentioned amount of public expenditure), then I say a misdemeanor, upon conviction for which the accused can be jailed for 90 days or more, is a most unfortunate place to draw the line of ‘practicality.’ ”
By analogy the line could be drawn in Alabama at six months incarceration.
Code 1940, T. 37, § 586, as to the power of a recorder sitting on a case of violation of a city or town bylaw provides in part: “ * * * No fine shall exceed one hundred dollars, and no sentence to imprisonment *109or hard labor shall exceed six months * * * ” This is the sanction specified in Code 1940, T. 37, § 455.
As to misdemeanors not otherwise penalized, Code 1940, T. 15, § 327, provides:
“§ 327. Any person who commits a public offense, which is a misdemeanor at common law or by statute, and the punishment of which is not particularly specified in this code, must, on conviction, be fined not more than five hundred dollars, and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county, for not more than six months.”
We, however, do not here decide that six months imprisonment is less “serious” than 181 days durance vile. Merely, we point out that Irvin was charged under a statute which could have led to his receiving longer imprisonment, i. e., for one year as punishment and more time in default of payment of fine and costs.
We consider that Gideon v. Wainwright, supra, in principle, requires reversal here. Tucker v. State, 42 Ala.App. 174, 157 So. 2d 229.
“In view of the Patterson cases [Patterson v. State, 227 Md. 194, 175 A.2d 746; Patterson v. Warden, 372 U.S. 776, 83 S.Ct. 1103, 10 L.Ed.2d 137] we believe that Gideon requires state courts to appoint counsel for indigents accused of misdemeanor which falls in the category of a ‘serious offense’ and we so hold. The superior court must determine whether the misdemeanor charged is a ‘serious offense’ under the particular circumstances. Some of the factors to be considered in making this determination are the nature of the offense, the extent of the potential penalty, and complexity of the case. * * * ”— State v. Anderson, supra, 392 P.2d at p. 790.
III.
In conclusion, we consider that (1) court appointed counsel must be a duly- licensed member of the Alabama bar; (2) and that for the offense denounced under Act 566, supra, upon proof of indigency, the trial court must appoint counsel for the defendant should he request such assistance.
We do not affirm the constitutionality of Act 566; neither do we declare that it contravenes the State Constitution. Code 1940, T. 13, § 98.
It follows that the judgment below must be reversed and the cause remanded for proceedings in accordance herewith.
Reversed and remanded.

. Cf. Lunce v. Overlade, 7 Cir., 244 F.2d 108, 74 A.L.R.2d 1384; United States v. Bradford, 2 Cir., 238 F.2d 395; People v. Sardo, 15 Misc.2d 69, 178 N.Y.S.2d 691; Hudspeth v. McDonald, 10 Cir., 120 F.2d 962; Abraham v. State, 228 Ind. 179, 91 N.E.2d 358.

. Thus wo lay aside the Florida and Louisiana precedents. In Fish v. State, Fla., 159 So.2d 866, the court held that Florida’s Public Defender Law (c. 63-409 Laws ’63) was not constitutionally defective in omitting misdemeanors and other offenses less than felonies.
Despite McDonald v. Moore, 5 Cir., 353 F.2d 106, a habeas corpus appeal setting aside a Florida bootlegger’s conviction, we find the Florida Supreme Court adhering to Fish, In re Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, Fla., 196 So.2d 124, 142 and 143.
Cortinez v. Flournoy, 249 La. 741, 190 So.2d 909, denied review of an uncounseled misdemeanant saying: “The application is denied. It is not our understanding that Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799, applies to misdemeanor cases. Hence the trial judge correctly denied the application for habeas corpus.” This view was rejected in Petition of Thomas, D.C., 261 F.Supp. 263, wherein consideration was given to the effect of the denial of certiorari in Cortinez v. Flournoy, 385 U.S. 925, 87 S.Ct. 314, 17 L.Ed.2d 222, and Winters v. Beck, 385 *105U.S. 907, 87 S.Ct. 207, 17 L.Ed.2d 187. See State v. Brown, 250 Ea. 1023, 201 So.2d 277.

. New York has sought to distinguish between “traffic infractions” as minor transgressions admitting of summary disposition and other offenses. Compare People v. Letterio, 16 N.Y.2d 307, 266 N.Y.S.2d 368, 213 N.E.2d 670, with People v. Witenski, 15 N.Y.2d 392, 259 N.Y.S.2d 413, 207 N.E.2d 358.

. Hunter, a 1955 case, antedates Gideon, and rests only on the Oklahoma Constitution. Bolkovac v. State, 229 Ind. 294, 98 N.E.2d 250, is also an earlier case.