Court Opinion

ID: 4031570
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-06 20:23:26.318201+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:37.885465
License: Public Domain

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      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

VANISHING PRICES, LLC, a                              No. 74257-4-1
Washington limited liability company,
                                                      DIVISION ONE
                     Respondent,

             v.

BELLA'S VOICE, a Washington                           UNPUBLISHED
nonprofit corporation; JORDAN
HOFFMAN-NELSON, an individual; and                    FILED: September6. 2016
YVETTE HOFFMAN, an individual,

                     Appellants.

       Cox, J. — Bella's Voice, Jordan Hoffman-Nelson, and Yvette Hoffman

(collectively "Bella's Voice") appeal the trial court's summary judgment order and

judgment for Vanishing Prices, LLC in this action on a promissory note. The

price paid for the sale of a thrift shop business and its assets, from which the

promissory note arose, is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. But there are

no genuine issues of material fact for Bella's Voice's counterclaims. We affirm in

part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

       The parties signed three agreements to evidence the sale of a thrift shop

business and its assets. All of the documents are dated July 1, 2014. The

documents include a Business Sale Agreement, Personal Property Bill of Sale,

and Promissory Note in the amount of $50,000.
No. 74257-4-1/2

       The parties dispute the facts regarding their negotiations leading up to the

signing of these three documents. Bella's Voice claims that Vanishing Prices

agreed to donate the thrift shop. Vanishing Prices claims that Bella's Voice

agreed to purchase the thrift shop for the $50,000 amount stated in the note.

       Vanishing Prices sued Bella's Voice for failure to pay the note in

accordance with its terms. Bella's Voice answered and asserted several

counterclaims. They include contract breach, fraudulent misrepresentation,

conversion, intentional interference with a business relationship, negligence, and

a consumer protection violation. Vanishing Prices moved for summary judgment,

and the trial court granted the motion in its entirety. The trial court denied Bella's

Voice's motion for reconsideration.

       Thereafter, Vanishing Prices moved for entry of judgment and an award of

reasonable attorney fees on the basis of a provision in the note. The trial court

awarded reasonable attorney fees and entered its judgment.

       Bella's Voice appeals.

                                PROMISSORY NOTE

       Bella's Voice argues that there are genuine issues of material fact whether

the promissory note is enforceable. We agree.

       "Summary judgment is appropriate only when there is no genuine issue as

to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law."1 "A genuine issue of material fact exists if 'reasonable minds could differ on

        Scrivener v.Clark Coll.. 181 Wash. 2d 439, 444, 334 P.3d 541 (2014); CR 56(c).
No. 74257-4-1/3

the facts controlling the outcome of the litigation.'"2 We consider "all facts and

make all reasonable factual inferences in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party."3 We review de novo a trial court's grant of summary

judgment.4

                          Other Agreements Affecting Note

       Our analysis starts with the recognition that this promissory note is a

negotiable instrument under the Uniform Commercial Code.5 As such, applicable

provisions of this code govern.

       RCW 62A.3-117 is a code provision that applies here. This provision is

titled "Other agreements affecting instrument."6 It states:

       Subject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of
       contemporaneous or previous agreements, the obligation of a
       party to an instrument to pay the instrument may be modified,
       supplemented, or nullified by a separate agreement of the
       obligor and a person entitled to enforce the instrument, if the
       instrument is issued or the obligation is incurred in reliance on the
       agreement or as part of the same transaction giving rise to the
       agreement To the extent an obligation is modified, supplemented,
       or nullified by an agreement under this section, the agreement is a
       defense to the obligation.[7]

       2 Knight v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 181 Wash. App. 788, 795, 321 P.3d 1275
(quoting Ranger Ins. Co. v. Pierce County. 164 Wash. 2d 545, 552, 192 P.3d 886 (2008)),
review denied, 339 P.3d 635 (2014).

       3 Scrivener, 181 Wash. 2d at 444.

       5SeeRCW62A.3-104.

       6 RCW 62A.3-117.

       7 Id (emphasis added).
No. 74257-4-1/4

          Here, it is undisputed that the parties entered into a transaction on July 1,

2014 that was evidenced by three documents, all of which have the same date.

The promissory note ("the instrument" under RCW 62A.3-117) was one of these

documents. The other two documents were the Business Sale Agreement and

the Personal Property Bill of Sale ("separate agreements] of the obligor[s]" under

RCW 62A.3-117). All documents dealt with the same subject matter: sale of the

thrift shop business and its assets. Thus, the promissory note is "part of the

same transaction giving rise to the [two other agreements]" under RCW 62A.3-

117.

          Bella's Voice essentially argues that enforceability of the promissory note

is "nullified" under RCW 62A.3-117 in two respects. One respect is by the two

other agreements executed on July 1, 2014 between it and the sellers: the

Business Sale Agreement and the Personal Property Bill of Sale. Specifically,

Bella's Voice contends that the terms in those two other agreements directly

conflict with the provision in the note that creates an obligation to pay $50,000.

          Specifically, the Business Sale Agreement states that the seller, Vanishing

Prices, "desires to sell and the Buyer [Bella's Voice] desires to buy the business

of a certain Thrift Store . . . and all assets thereof. . . ."8 The agreement then

states:

                 The total purchase price for all fixtures, inventory,
          furnishings and equipment is $10.00 Dollars payable as follows:
          (a) $10.00 paid in cash; certified or bank checks, as a deposit upon
          execution of this Agreement, (b) The additional value of all

          8 Clerk's Papers at 233.
No. 74257-4-1/5

       fixtures, inventory, furnishings, and equipment shall be
       considered a donation.^

       The agreement also states that the property under the agreement "shall

be conveyed by a standard form Bill of Sale, duly executed by the Seller."10

       The Personal Property Bill of Sale describes the property Vanishing Prices

sold to Bella's Voice. The agreement also states that the "full purchase price for

Goods is $10.00" and that Bella's Voice has paid the full purchase price.11 The

agreement also states that "All fixtures, inventory, furnishings, and equipment are

considered a donation, $10.00 is the consideration required to validate [this]

transaction."12

       These two agreements, part of the same transaction as the note, create a

genuine issue of material fact as to the price of the sale of the business and its

assets. Is the price $50,000, as stated in the note? Or is the price $10 plus a

donation of any value over that amount, as stated in the two other agreements?

These are genuine issues of material fact for trial.

       This conclusion is subject to the first clause of RCW 62A.3-117 that

addresses evidence of "contemporaneous or previous agreements." We discuss

this clause later in this opinion.

       Bella's Voice next argues that the promissory note is also "nullified" under

RCW 62A.3-117 by the parties' prior oral agreements. Specifically, it contends

       9 Id (emphasis added).

       10 ]d

       11 Id at 237.

       12 Id. at 238.
No. 74257-4-1/6

that the business and its assets were to be donated under the terms of the

parties' oral agreements that preceded the July 1, 2014 delivery of the note.

Thus, according to Bella's Voice, the $50,000 obligation signed on July 1, 2014

lacks new consideration because of the alleged prior oral agreements to transfer

the business and its assets.

       There is evidence in the record to support the argument that the parties'

prior oral discussions may have constituted an agreement to transfer the

business and its assets for something other than the $50,000 amount stated in

the note. The terms and conditions of the Business Sale Agreement and the

Personal Property Bill of Sale are consistent with this argument. So, too, is the

sworn testimony of certain witnesses. These are, arguably, genuine issues of

material fact for trial.

        But this conclusion is also subject to the first clause of RCW 62A.3-117

that addresses evidence of "contemporaneous or previous agreements" that we

now discuss.

       As the first clause of RCW 62A.3-117 recognizes, the operation of the rule

is "[s]ubject to applicable law regarding exclusion of proof of contemporaneous or

previous agreements." Explanatory comment 2 to the provision states:

               The effect of merger or integration clauses to the effect that
       a writing is intended to be the complete and exclusive statement of
       the terms of the agreement or that the agreement is not subject to
       conditions is left to the supplementary law of the jurisdiction
        pursuant to Section 1-103.[13]

        13RCW62A.3-117cmt. 2.
No. 74257-4-1/7

       Here, the issue is whether the promissory note represents the final

agreement of the parties in light of the two other written agreements and the

other evidence in the record. This is a question of parol evidence.

       This court considered a similar question in Equitable Life Leasing Corp. v.

Cedarbrook, Inc.14 A question before the court in that case was whether the trial

court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of the parties' contemporaneous

oral agreement.15 The agreement allegedly gave the lessee the option to

purchase equipment that was the subject of a written lease.16 This court

couched the answer to the question in terms of the parol evidence rule. After

quoting the rule, this court stated:

       [The parol evidence rule] is not a rule of evidence, but one of
       substantive law. Thus, prior or contemporaneous negotiations and
       agreements are said to merge into the final, written contract, and
       any of these, even if admitted without objection, is rendered
       incompetent and immaterial by operation of the rule.

               However, the parol evidence rule only applies to a writing
       intended by the parties as an "integration" of their agreement, i.e., a
       writing intended as a final expression of the terms of the
       agreement. In determining this preliminary factual question of
       whether the parties intended the written document to be an
       integration of their agreement, the trial court must hear all relevant,
       extrinsic evidence, oral or written. If, after hearing all the evidence
       the court determines that the writing is the final and complete
       expression of the parties' agreement—i.e., completely integrated—
       then the extrinsic evidence is disregarded. If, however, the court
       finds that the parties intended the writing to be a final expression of
       the terms it contains but not a complete expression of all the terms
       agreed upon—i.e., partially integrated—then the terms not included
       in the writing may be proved by extrinsic evidence only insofar as
       they are not inconsistent with the written terms. Parol evidence of a

       14 52 Wash. App. 497, 761 P.2d 77 (1988).

       15 Id at 504.

       16 ]d
                                                 7
No. 74257-4-1/8

      contemporaneous oral agreement is not necessarily excluded by an
      integration clause which provides that the writing constitutes the
      parties' entire agreement.[17]

       In this case, there is no evidence in this record to show whether the three

documents are integrated to express the final agreement of the parties. As

Equitable Life Leasing Corp. makes clear, this factual question must first be

determined by the trial court hearing all relevant evidence. The court must then

make a determination whether, in particular, the promissory note is an integrated

document.

       In short, there are genuine issues of material fact for trial. Summary

judgment was not appropriate.

      We have determined that summary judgment on the promissory note was

improper. We next address certain additional issues because they will recur on

remand.

      The first question is whether the promissory note lacks consideration.

Bella's Voice argues that a genuine issue of material fact exists whether there is

consideration for the promissory note. We agree, in part.

       "Every contract must be supported by a consideration to be

enforceable."18 Consideration consists of "any act, forbearance, creation,

modification or destruction of a legal relationship, or return promise given in

       17 Id at 505 (citations omitted).

       18 King v. Riveland, 125 Wash. 2d 500, 505, 886 P.2d 160 (1994).
No. 74257-4-1/9

exchange. Before an act or promise can constitute consideration, it must be

bargained for and given in exchange for the promise."19

       The contract at issue in this case is the promissory note. Under the above

legal principles, the signing and delivery of a note may be given in exchange for

consideration, which may include an "act." Such an act may include the asset

transfer in this transaction. Assuming that the parties' transaction closed on July

1, 2014 when the parties signed the documents on that date, there was

consideration for the signing of the note. The transfer of the assets to the buyer,

Bella's Voice, constitutes that consideration.

       Bella's Voice confuses consideration with the dispute over the price for the

transfer of the business and its assets. They are not the same. There is a

legitimate dispute over the price, as we have already discussed in this opinion.

But based on the assumption we stated in the prior paragraph, there is no

reasonable basis to dispute that Bella's Voice's signing and delivery of the note

was given in exchange for transfer of the thrift shop business and its assets.

       On the other hand, we acknowledge that a dispute whether new

consideration supported Bella's Voice's giving of the note does exist. That may

arise if the trial court determines there was a binding prior oral agreement

inconsistent with the terms expressed in the final written documents. That is a

determination that this trial court may make on remand.

       19
            Id.
No. 74257-4-1/10

      Vanishing Prices also argues that a note's unambiguous language

prevails over contemporaneous agreements, relying on Jenkins v. Karlton20 and

Leininqer v. Anderson.21 Those cases from other jurisdictions do not address the

controlling principles of RCW 62A.3-117 that we have already discussed in this

opinion. Accordingly, they are not persuasive.

                             Signature by Representation

      Another issue that will recur on remand is whether Bella's Voice, the

nonprofit corporation, is also bound under the promissory note. This question is

also controlled by the Uniform Commercial Code. Specifically, RCW 62A.3-401

and RCW 62A.3-402 dictate the answer to this question.

      In relevant part, RCW62A.3-401, titled "Signature," states:

      (a) A person is not liable on an instrument unless (i) the person
      signed the instrument, or (ii) the person is represented by an
      agent or representative who signed the instrument and the
      signature is binding on the represented person under RCW
      62A.3-402.W

      In relevant part, RCW 62A.3-402, titled "Signature by representative,"
      states:

       (a) If a person acting, or purporting to act, as a representative
      signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented
      person or the name of the signer, the represented person is bound
      by the signature to the same extent the represented person would
      be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the
      represented person is bound, the signature of the representative is
      the "authorized signature of the represented person" and the
      represented person is liable on the instrument, whether or not
      identified in the instrument.

      20 329 Md. 510, 529, 620 A.2d 894 (1993).

      21 255 N.W.2d 22, 32 (Minn. 1977).

      22 (Emphasis added.)

                                            10
No. 74257-4-1/11

       While the trial court granted summary judgment on this issue, there are

genuine issues of material fact. The statutes we just cited show that those

issues center on the representative capacity of those who signed the note.

       Here, the first paragraph of the Promissory Note states:

       [T]he undersigned, Yvette Hoffman & Jordan Hoffman-Nelson, dba
       Bell[a]'s Voice a non-profit (the "Maker"), hereby promises to pay to
       the order of Michael & Toni Brown, dba Vanishing Prices
       ("Payee").!23]

       Hoffman and Hoffman-Nelson signed only their names on the signature

lines as "Maker[s]" and "Borrower[s]."24 There is no descriptive language

indicating Hoffman's and Hoffman-Nelson's capacity, such as "shareholder" or

"d.b.a. Bella's Voice."

       Based on the guidance we provide in this opinion, the trial court will be in

a position to decide whether these signers also bound Bella's Voice, the nonprofit

corporation. We express no opinion on this question. The trial court will decide

this issue in the first instance.

       Vanishing Prices next argues that Bella's Voice is liable on the note

because Bella's Voice, Hoffman, and Hoffman-Nelson are "one in the same,"

relying on Losh Family LLC v. Kertsman.25 Reliance on that case is misplaced.

       That case did not address the provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code

that control here. Moreover, that case was an application of the principle that

       23 Clerk's Papers at 230.

       24 id at 231.

       25 155 Wash. App. 458, 228 P.3d 793 (2010).

                                             11
No. 74257-4-1/12

where an agreement contains language binding an individual signer, "additional

descriptive language added to the signature does not alter the signer's personal

obligation."26 That is not this case here. The personal obligation of those who

signed this note is not at issue. Rather, the issue is whether their corporation is

also bound.

       Vanishing Prices claims that Bella's Voice did not timely raise this

argument below in accordance with CR 59(b). Because that rule does not apply

here, this argument is not convincing.

       CR 59(b) states that "[a] motion for a new trial or for reconsideration shall

be filed not later than 10 days after the entry of the judgment, order, or other

decision

       Here, after the trial court filed its Memorandum Decision, Vanishing Prices

moved for reasonable attorney fees and entry of judgment. Four days later,

Bella's Voice raised this argument in its opposition to that motion. The trial court

then entered its judgment.

       Because Bella's Voice did not move for a new trial or for reconsideration

after the trial court entered the judgment, CR 59(b) is irrelevant.

                                COUNTERCLAIMS

       Bella's Voice next argues that the trial court improperly granted summary

judgment on its counterclaims. We hold there are no genuine issues of material

fact for any of the counterclaims.

       26 id at 464.

                                             12
No. 74257-4-1/13

                                  Breach of Contract

       Bella's Voice argues that summary judgment for Vanishing Prices was

improper because genuine issues of material fact exist whether Vanishing Prices

breached the contract and whether that breach excused Bella's Voice's

performance under the contract. There is no separate claim for relief arising from

a determination that the note is unenforceable. For example, there is no request

for any damages should the trial court decide that the note is unenforceable.

Accordingly, there is no need to discuss this claim any further.

                            Fraudulent Misrepresentation

       Bella's Voice also argues that the trial court improperly granted summary

judgment on its fraudulent misrepresentation counterclaim. We again disagree.

       A fraudulent misrepresentation may render a contract voidable.27 The

claimants must establish that they had a right to rely on the representation.28

"While justifiable reliance is normally a question of fact, summary judgment is

appropriate if reasonable minds could reach but one conclusion."29

       "A party to whom a positive, distinct and definite representation has been

made is entitled to rely on that representation and need not make further inquiry

concerning the particular facts involved."30 But "a party has no right to rely on an

       27 Yakima County (W. Valley) Fire Prot. Dist. No. 12 v. City of Yakima. 122 Wash. 2d
371, 390, 858 P.2d 245 (1993).

       28 Jackowski v. Borchelt, 174Wn.2d720, 738, 278 P.3d 1100(2012).

       29 Cornerstone Equip. Leasing, Inc. v. MacLeod, 159 Wash. App. 899, 905. 247
P.3d 790 (2011).

       30 Douglas Nw., Inc. v. Bill O'Brien & Sons Constr.. Inc., 64 Wash. App. 661, 679-
80, 828 P.2d 565 (1992).

                                               13
No. 74257-4-1/14

oral representation that contradicts unequivocal written evidence that

demonstrates the falsity of the alleged representation."31

       Cornerstone Equipment Leasing Inc. v. MacLeod32 controls here. There,

Ray MacLeod signed a promissory note, promising to pay Cornerstone.33 After

MacLeod refused to make more payments, Cornerstone commenced suit, and

the trial court granted summary judgment against MacLeod.34

       MacLeod appealed, arguing that Cornerstone's President, James

Chevigny, fraudulently induced him to sign the promissory note.35 MacLeod

claimed that Chevigny assured him that the promissory note was just

"'paperwork' that would be used only for 'internal purposes.'"36

       This court concluded that MacLeod unreasonably relied on Chevigny's

alleged representation as a matter of law.37 This court stated the general rule

that "a party has no right to rely on an oral representation that contradicts

unequivocal written evidence that demonstrates the falsity of the alleged

representation."38 This court then determined that it was "patently unreasonable

to freely sign a document acknowledging a debt based on an oral assurance that

       31 Cornerstone Equip. Leasing, Inc., 159 Wash. App. at 905.

       32 159 Wash. App. 899, 247 P.3d 790 (2011).

       33 id at 903.

       34 id at 904.

       35 Id at 902, 904.

       36 id at 904.

       37 ]d at 906.

       38 Id at 905.

                                              14
No. 74257-4-1/15

the document is meant for 'internal purposes' only."39 This court further stated

that MacLeod was an experienced business person, could have retained

counsel, and that Chevigny's oral representations "directly contradicted the

written terms of the loan."40 Thus, this court affirmed.41

       Here, Bella's Voice also claims that it relied on Vanishing Prices's promise

that the note was for its records and that it would not enforce the note. The trial

court concluded that Bella's Voice unreasonably relied on Vanishing Prices's

promise according to MacLeod. The trial court was correct.

       Bella's Voice signed "a document acknowledging a debt based on an oral

assurance that the document [wa]s meant for [records] only."42 This alleged oral

representation "directly contradicted the written terms of the [Promissory Note]"

because the note established a promise to pay $50,000.43 Thus, the plain

language in the note demonstrates the falsity of Vanishing Prices's alleged

promise that the note was for its records and that it would not enforce the note.

       In sum, Bella's Voice "ha[d] no right to rely on an oral representation that

contradicts unequivocal written evidence that demonstrates the falsity of the

alleged representation."44 Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary

       39
            id. at 906.

       40
            Id,
       41
            id.   at 911.

       42
            id at 906.

       43
            id

       44
            Id. at 905.

                                             15
No. 74257-4-1/16

judgment because reasonable minds could reach but one conclusion—that

Bella's Voice unreasonably relied on Vanishing Prices's alleged oral

representation. Because the absence of proof of this essential element makes

the other elements immaterial to the outcome, summary judgment was proper.

       Bella's Voice argues that it did not freely sign the promissory note. It

claims that Hoffman and Hoffman-Nelson were not in a "position to forfeit the

time and expense they incurred" and had no "resources or any other way out."

This argument does nothing to detract from the analysis we already discussed. It

is merely a business justification, not part of a valid defense to the claim.

                         Consumer Protection Act Violation

       Bella's Voice also argues that the trial court improperly granted summary

judgment on its Consumer Protection Act counterclaim. We disagree.

       The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) prohibits "unfair or deceptive acts or

practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce."45 To succeed on a CPA

claim, a claimant must establish "an unfair or deceptive act. . . that affects the

public interest," along with other factors not relevant here.46 Whether a particular

action constitutes a CPA violation is reviewable as a question of law.47

       45 RCW 19.86.020.

       46 Truiillov. Nw. Tr. Servs.. Inc.. 183 Wash. 2d 820, 834-35, 355 P.3d 1100 (2015).

       47 Leingang v. Pierce County Med. Bureau, Inc., 131 Wash. 2d 133, 150, 930 P.2d
288 (1997).

                                              16
No. 74257-4-1/17

       With respect to the public interest element, we must first determine

whether this case involves a consumer transaction or a private transaction.48

Ordinarily, a breach of a private contract affecting only the contracting parties

does not affect the public interest.49 In a private transaction, "it is the likelihood

that additional plaintiffs have been or will be injured in exactly the same fashion

that changes a factual pattern from a private dispute to one that affects the public

interest."50 The trier of fact determines whether the public has an interest in any

given action.51

       Washington courts consider four factors to assess the public interest

element in a private dispute: "(1) whether the defendant committed the alleged

acts in the course of his/her business, (2) whether the defendant advertised to

the public in general, (3) whether the defendant actively solicited this particular

plaintiff, and (4) whether the plaintiffand defendant have unequal bargaining

positions."52 These factors are not dispositive, and a claimant need not establish

      48 Travis v. Wash. Horse Breeders Ass'n. Inc.. 111 Wash. 2d 396, 406-07, 759 P.2d
418(1988).

       49 Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 105 Wash. 2d 778,
790, 719P.2d531 (1986).

       50 id

       51 id at 791.

       52 Truiillo, 183Wn.2dat836.

                                               17
No. 74257-4-1/18

all of the factors.53 Rather these factors "'represent indicia of an effect on public

interest from which a trier of fact could reasonably find public interest impact.'"54

       We conclude that a fair consideration of all of these factors shows that

Bella's Voice failed to satisfy the public interest element. Nothing in this record

shows a "likelihood that additional plaintiffs have been or will be injured in exactly

the same fashion."55 There was a sale of the thrift shop business and its assets.

There is no evidence that any other sales are likely to occur. Thus, there is no

genuine issue of material fact regarding this CPA counterclaim. Vanishing Prices

was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

       Bella's Voice argues that "there was a public risk" due to Vanishing

Prices's advertisement and that a genuine issue of material fact exists for this

claim. That alone is insufficient to overcome our conclusion that there was and

only could be one sale of the thrift shop business and its assets.

                                     Negligence

       Bella's Voice next argues that the trial court improperly granted summary

judgment on its negligence counterclaim. It claims that genuine issues of

material fact exist whether the parties had tort duties independent from the

contract. We disagree.

       Under the independent duty doctrine, a party to a contract has a tort

remedy if the injury "'traces back to the breach of a tort duty arising

       53
            Id.

       54 Rush v. Blackburn. 190 Wash. App. 945, 969, 361 P.3d 217 (2015).(quoting
Hangman Ridge, 105 Wash. 2d at 791).

       55 Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc.. 105 Wash. 2d at 790.

                                             18
No. 74257-4-1/19

independently of the terms of the contract.'"56 This court decides as a matter of

law whether a party had an independent tort duty and must answer three

inquiries: "Does an obligation exist? What is the measure of care required? To

whom and with respect to what risks is the obligation owed?"57

       Here, Vanishing Prices owed no independent tort duty to Bella's Voice.

And Bella's Voice fails to specify an independent tort duty. Thus, the

independent duty doctrine precludes Bella's Voice's negligence counterclaim.

       Bella's Voice argues that "the parties' extensive dealing, negotiations, and

close relationship leading up to the . . . contract" create genuine issues of

material fact whether an independent duty existed. But as previously stated,

Bella's Voice failed to specify an independent tort duty.

                                   ATTORNEY FEES

                                        At Trial

       Bella's Voice argues that Vanishing Prices was not entitled to attorney

fees or costs. We hold that the attorney fees award at trial was premature.

Likewise, the costs award was premature.

       A trial court may award attorney fees "'as part of the cost of litigation when

there is a contract, statute, or recognized ground in equity for awarding such

       56 Donatelli v. D.R. Strong Consulting Eng'rs. Inc., 179 Wash. 2d 84, 92, 312 P.3d
620 (2013) (quoting Eastwood v. Horse Harbor Found., Inc.. 170 Wash. 2d 380, 389, 241
P.3d 1256 (2010)).

       57 Affiliated FM Ins. Co. v. LTK Consulting Servs.. Inc.. 170 Wash. 2d 442, 449, 243
P.3d 521 (2010) (plurality opinion).

                                               19
No. 74257-4-1/20

fees.'"58 Whether a party is entitled to an award of attorney fees is a question of

law that we review de novo.59

       In this case, the promissory note provided:

               In the event any payment under this Note is not paid when
       due, the Maker agrees to pay, in addition to the principal and
       interest hereunder, reasonable attorneys' fees not exceeding a sum
       equal to 15% of the then outstanding balance owing on the Note,
       plus all other reasonable expenses incurred by Payee in
       exercising any of its rights and remedies upon default.[60]

       The trial court awarded Vanishing Prices attorney fees and costs.

Because the enforceability of the note has not yet been finally determined,

reliance on this provision as a basis for the award is premature.

       Bella's Voice argues that the trial court improperly awarded Vanishing

Prices attorney fees. It specifically argues that Vanishing Prices did not incur

such fees due to its pro bono representation. This argument is without merit.

       This is an unreasonably narrow reading of this fee shifting provision.

Additionally, denial of fees based on the nature of representation is unwarranted

"unless a statute expressly prohibits fee awards to pro bono attorneys."61 A fee

award based on the prevailing party in this litigation is not barred.

        58 Gabelein v. Diking Dist. No. 1 of Island County. 182 Wash. App. 217, 240, 328
P.3d 1008 (2014) (guoting Thompson v. Lennox, 151 Wash. App. 479, 491, 212 P.3d 597
(2009)).

       59 Durland v. San Juan County. 182 Wash. 2d 55, 76, 340 P.3d 191 (2014).

       60 Clerk's Papers at 231 (emphasis added).

       61 Council House. Inc. v. Hawk. 136 Wash. App. 153, 160, 147 P.3d 1305 (2006).

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No. 74257-4-1/21

      The award of costs is a matter of statute.62 Generally, the award of such

costs depends on who prevails. Because that has not yet been determined, the

award of costs is premature.

      To the extent that Bella's Voice argues that Vanishing Prices's costs are

limited because such costs were not incurred, that argument is also without

merit. The advance of costs—in this case the filing fee and whatever other

amounts were part of the $339 total awarded—is not precluded because the law

firm advanced them on behalf of its client. There is simply no showing that these

amounts were not "incurred." Arguments to the contrary are not well taken.

                                     On Appeal

       Vanishing Prices requests attorney fees on appeal based on RCW

4.84.330 and RAP 18.9. Because this appeal is not frivolous and a prevailing

party has not, as yet, been determined, we deny an award of attorney fees.

       RAP 18.9(a) provides for attorney fees if a party "files a frivolous appeal."

"An appeal is frivolous if there are no debatable issues [up]on which reasonable

minds might differ and it is so totally devoid of merit that there is no reasonable

possibility of reversal."63 "'An appeal that is affirmed merely because the

arguments are rejected is not frivolous.'"64

       62 See Ch 4.84 RCW.

       63 Ha v. Signal Elec. Inc.. 182 Wash. App. 436, 456, 332 P.3d 991 (2014), review
denied. 182 Wash. 2d 1006 (2015).

       64 Enslev v. Mollmann. 155 Wash. App. 744, 760, 230 P.3d 599 (2010) (quoting
Halvorsen v. Ferguson. 46 Wash. App. 708, 723, 735 P.2d 675 (1986)).

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No. 74257-4-1/22

       RCW 4.84.330 provides that the prevailing party in a contract case shall

be awarded attorney fees and costs incurred to enforce the provisions of the

contract.

       Here, Bella's Voice's appeal of the summary judgment is not frivolous.

There are debatable issues, which we have already explained in this opinion.

       And it is premature to award Vanishing Prices attorney fees on appeal as

it has not yet prevailed in this case. We note that RAP 18.1 (i) permits an award

of attorney fees after remand. The trial court is authorized to award fees on

appeal as it deems appropriate.

       We affirm the summary judgment against Bella's Voice on its

counterclaims. We reverse the summary judgment enforcing the promissory

note and the award of attorney fees and costs. We remand for further

proceedings. We also deny Vanishing Prices's request for attorney fees on

appeal.
                                                         fex,x.
WE CONCUR:

   "TWc/fcty fl^~                                  "Becked

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