Court Opinion

ID: 6325956
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-23 14:08:51.918375+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:07.166596
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ironics, Inc., Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-841.]

                                        NOTICE
     This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
     advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
     promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
     South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
     formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
     the opinion is published.

                         SLIP OPINION NO. 2022-OHIO-841
MOTORISTS MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, APPELLANT, v. IRONICS, INC., ET
                                    AL., APPELLEES.

  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
   may be cited as Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ironics, Inc., Slip Opinion No.
                                    2022-Ohio-841.]
Insurance—Commercial umbrella insurance policy—Third party incorporated
        insured’s contaminated product into its glass containers, which then had to
        be scrapped—Claims against insured by the third party are covered under
        insured’s commercial umbrella insurance policy because they arose out of
        an accident that resulted in “property damage” under the policy and no
        policy exclusions apply.
    (No. 2020-0306—Submitted March 4, 2021— Decided March 23, 2022.)
               APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Wood County,
                          No. WD-19-018, 2020-Ohio-137.
                                  ________________
                                          SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

           BRUNNER, J.
           {¶ 1} This appeal calls for us to consider whether an umbrella insurance
policy between plaintiff-appellant, Motorists Mutual Insurance Company
(“Motorists”), and defendant-appellee Ironics, Inc., applies to claims made against
Ironics by defendant-appellee Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc. (“Owens”).
The trial court held that the umbrella policy does not apply and therefore granted
summary judgment in favor of Motorists, but the Sixth District Court of Appeals
reversed. We affirm the Sixth District.

I. Background ........................................................................................................ ¶ 2

II. Analysis ............................................................................................................ ¶ 8

     A. Standard of review ..................................................................................... ¶ 8

     B. Burden of proof .......................................................................................... ¶ 9

     C. Do Owens’s claims fall within the coverage provisions? ........................ ¶ 10

           1. Was there “property damage”? ........................................................... ¶ 11

                 a. Owens’s claims against Ironics are for “property damage”........ ¶ 14

                 b. Decisions in analogous cases support ................................................

                      the finding that Owens’s claims involve “property damage” ..... ¶ 23

                 c. We decline to adopt the integrated-system rule to determine ............

                      whether a claim involves “property damage” ............................. ¶ 25

                      i. Adopting the integrated-system rule ............................................

                            would undermine reliance on contracts ................................ ¶ 26

                      ii. Wisconsin Pharmacal is not persuasive ................................ ¶ 33

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                     iii. Cases cited by Motorists do not require a contrary holding .. ¶ 37

          2. Was there an “accident”? .................................................................... ¶ 42

                a. The principle of fortuity and Custom Agri .................................. ¶ 43

                b. The parties’ arguments ................................................................ ¶ 49

                c. Owens’s claims arose out of an “occurrence” ............................ ¶ 53

     D. Do any of the policy exclusions apply? ................................................... ¶ 63

III. Conclusion .................................................................................................... ¶ 68

                                             I. BACKGROUND
          {¶ 2} Ironics is in the business of buying and selling metal products,
including waste generated by steel mills and similar facilities. This case involves
a material originally generated as waste by a steel mill in Youngstown that makes
tubular products. Ironics obtained the waste product—“tube scale”—in raw form
and, after having it processed, resold it to a number of customers.
          {¶ 3} Owens manufactures glass containers. In October and November
2016, it purchased tube scale from Ironics to use as a coloring agent to make its
containers amber or brown.                     After using Ironics’s tube scale to make glass
containers, however, Owens discovered that chrome stones were embedded in the
containers. The presence of these stones increased the likelihood that the glass
containers would break. The stones could not be removed from the glass, nor could
the containers otherwise be restored to use. Owens therefore had to scrap more
than 1,850 tons of glass containers.
          {¶ 4} Upon investigation, Ironics discovered that the tube scale had been
contaminated when its materials processor, American Waste Management,

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                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

subcontracted the tube-scale screening to another company, Foundry Sand Services
(“Foundry”). According to Ironics, raw tube scale fell onto the ground while it was
being screened by Foundry. American Waste Management instructed Foundry to
put the fallen tube scale back into the screening process, but the fallen tube scale
had been contaminated with chrome stones, a material that Foundry also processed.
       {¶ 5} In January 2017, Owens asserted claims against Ironics for breach of
contract, breach of warranties contained in the purchase orders for the tube scale,
violations of the Uniform Commercial Code, negligence, and product liability.
Ironics asked Motorists, as its insurer, to defend and indemnify it against Owens’s
claims. Ironics had a commercial general-liability policy (“CGL policy”) and a
commercial umbrella policy (“umbrella policy”) with Motorists. Motorists sought
a declaratory judgment that it had no obligation to defend and indemnify Ironics
against Owens’s claims under either policy. The trial court held that neither policy
covered Owens’s claims, and it granted summary judgment in favor of Motorists.
       {¶ 6} The Sixth District Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in
part the trial court’s summary-judgment decision. The appellate court held that
Ironics was not entitled to coverage under the CGL policy but was entitled to
coverage under the umbrella policy. With respect to the umbrella policy, the Sixth
District held that Owens’s claims against Ironics were covered because the parties
had stipulated that Ironics was not aware that the tube scale was contaminated at
the time it was used by Owens to make its glass containers and the contaminated
tube scale caused physical injury to the containers manufactured by Owens. The
Sixth District also held that none of the umbrella policy’s coverage exclusions
applied. Thus, the court held that Ironics was entitled to coverage for the damage
claimed by Owens.
       {¶ 7} Motorists appealed the judgment of the Sixth District to this court,
asserting a single proposition of law for our review: “The incorporation of a
defective ingredient into an integrated product or system does not constitute

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damage to ‘other’ property for purposes of liability coverage under commercial
general liability and umbrella policies.” See 158 Ohio St.3d 1504, 2020-Ohio-
2819, 144 N.E.3d 444.
                                       II. ANALYSIS
                                   A. Standard of review
        {¶ 8} “Our review of cases involving a grant of summary judgment is de
novo.” Marusa v. Erie Ins. Co., 136 Ohio St.3d 118, 2013-Ohio-1957, 991 N.E.2d
232, ¶ 7. This case also involves contract interpretation. Our role is therefore “to
give effect to the intent of the parties to the agreement.” Westfield Ins. Co. v.
Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216, 2003-Ohio-5849, 797 N.E.2d 1256, ¶ 11, citing
Hamilton Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Nationwide Ins. Companies., 86 Ohio St.3d 270, 273,
714 N.E.2d 898 (1999). We review an insurance contract as a whole, Cincinnati
Ins. Co. v. CPS Holdings, Inc., 115 Ohio St.3d 306, 2007-Ohio-4917, 875 N.E.2d
31, ¶ 7, and we presume that its language reflects the parties’ intent, Kelly v. Med.
Life Ins. Co., 31 Ohio St.3d 130, 509 N.E.2d 411 (1987), paragraph one of the
syllabus. We apply the plain meaning of the policy’s language “unless another
meaning is clearly apparent from the contents of the policy.” Galatis at ¶ 11, citing
Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241, 374 N.E.2d 146 (1978),
paragraph two of the syllabus. When contractual language is clear, we look no
further than the writing itself to determine the parties’ intent. Alexander at 246.
                                     B. Burden of proof
        {¶ 9} Motorists argues that Owens’s claim is not covered under the
umbrella policy.1 The burden of showing coverage under a contract of insurance is

1. Motorists also raises arguments challenging the court of appeals’s interpretation of the CGL
policy. Because the court of appeals ultimately held that Owens’s claim is not covered under the
CGL policy, however, Motorists lacks standing to challenge that portion of the court of appeals’s
judgment. See Ohio Contract Carriers Assn. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 140 Ohio St. 160, 42 N.E.2d 758
(1942), syllabus; State ex rel. Richardson v. Suster, 130 Ohio St.3d 82, 2011-Ohio-4728, 955 N.E.2d
982, ¶ 1, fn. 1. We therefore express no opinion as to the correctness of the appellate court’s
decision concerning the CGL policy.

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                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

on the insured. Sharonville v. Am. Emps. Ins. Co., 109 Ohio St.3d 186, 2006-Ohio-
2180, 846 N.E.2d 833, ¶ 19. In this case, Motorists argues that even if basic
coverage is proved, exclusions in the insurance contract relieve it of any obligation
to defend or indemnify Ironics against Owens’s claims. The burden of proving that
an exclusion applies is on the insurer. Neal-Pettit v. Lahman, 125 Ohio St.3d 327,
2010-Ohio-1829, 928 N.E.2d 421, ¶ 19.
          C. Do Owens’s claims fall within the coverage provisions?
       {¶ 10} The umbrella policy at issue is a type of catchall policy providing
that Motorists will pay Ironics for the “ultimate net loss” attributable to any
“occurrence” that is either excluded or not covered by its CGL policy.           An
“occurrence” is defined in the policy as an “accident” that results in property
damage. Motorists argues that Owens’s claims are not subject to basic coverage,
because Ironics’s providing contaminated tube scale to Owens did not cause
“property damage” and was not an “accident.”
                        1. Was there “property damage”?
       {¶ 11} We consider first whether there was “property damage.”             The
insurance contract defines “property damage” as “[p]hysical injury to or destruction
of tangible property * * *, including all resulting loss of use of that property.”
According to Motorists, the “tangible property” cannot be the insured’s own
product but must instead be some other property. As Motorists interprets the policy
language, Ironics’s tube scale did not cause “property damage,” because it did not
cause damage to other property, that is, Ironics’s tube scale caused damage only
after it was incorporated into Owens’s containers and at that point, Motorists
argues, those containers were not “other property.” Motorists’s key argument on
this point is that the integrated-system rule should be applied in this case.
According to Motorists, that rule provides that the “incorporation of a defective
ingredient into an integrated product or system does not constitute damage to

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                                January Term, 2022

‘other’ property for purposes of liability coverage under commercial general
liability and umbrella policies.”
       {¶ 12} In support of its argument, Motorists points to Wisconsin Pharmacal
Co., L.L.C. v. Nebraska Cultures of California, Inc., 367 Wis.2d 221, 2016 WI 14,
876 N.W.2d 72, in which the Supreme Court of Wisconsin applied the integrated-
system rule to facts analogous to those here. The insureds in Wisconsin Pharmacal
agreed to supply a particular type of bacteria to be used in the production of
probiotic-supplement tablets. When they provided the wrong type of bacteria,
which led to the tablets’ being mislabeled, recalled, and then destroyed, the insureds
sought coverage under a policy containing materially the same language as the
policy at issue here. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin held that the policy did not
apply, because the insureds’ provision of the wrong type of bacteria did not cause
“property damage.” It reasoned that the tablets were an integrated system, and
under the integrated-system rule, damage to the tablets caused by the insureds’
bacteria was damage to the tablets themselves, not damage to other property.
       {¶ 13} We reject Motorists’s argument that there was no “property damage”
in this case. Under the plain language of the umbrella policy, Owens’s claims
against Ironics are for “property damage.” As a legal theory, the integrated-system
rule is applied by courts to determine whether the economic-loss doctrine, which is
discussed later in this opinion, bars recovery on a tort claim. There is no reason to
apply that rule to the present case.
          a. Owens’s claims against Ironics are for “property damage”
       {¶ 14} In determining whether the umbrella policy covers Owens’s claims,
we look to the language of the agreement. “[W]here the terms in an existing
contract are clear and unambiguous, this court cannot in effect create a new contract
by finding an intent not expressed in the clear language employed by the parties.”
Alexander, 53 Ohio St.2d at 246, 374 N.E.2d 146; see also Westfield Ins. Co. v.
Custom Agri Sys., Inc., 133 Ohio St.3d 476, 2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269, ¶ 11

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                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

(“The issue we must decide is whether the * * * policy in the present case provides
coverage”). By contrast, when terms in an insurance contract are ambiguous—that
is, when they are susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation—they will
ordinarily be interpreted against the insurer and in favor of the insured. See Galatis,
100 Ohio St.3d 216, 2003-Ohio-5849, 797 N.E.2d 1256, at ¶ 13-14.
       {¶ 15} The meaning of the term “property damage” in the umbrella policy
is clear and unambiguous. “Property damage” is defined in the policy to include
“[p]hysical injury to or destruction of tangible property * * *, including all resulting
loss of use of that property.” Applying the provision here, Owens’s glass containers
are “tangible property” and Ironics’s contaminated tube scale caused “[p]hysical
injury to or destruction of” Owens’s containers. The claims for which Ironics seeks
coverage are based clearly and simply on “property damage.”
       {¶ 16} Motorists’s argument that the “tangible property” injured or
destroyed here is Ironics’s product and not property other than the insured’s own
product does not have merit. Multicomponent objects such as glass containers are
ubiquitous and not identifiable as any particular component. A microchip, battery,
or other component of a smart phone is not the equivalent of a smart phone itself.
Owens’s glass containers are likewise property other than Ironics’s tube scale.
While the property includes Ironics’s tube scale, it is the integration of the tube
scale into Owens’s product that caused the damage—more than 1,850 tons of
unusable glass containers.
       {¶ 17} Moreover, we agree with Ironics and Owens that there is “property
damage” here when we look at the coverage provisions in the context of the entire
policy. See CPS Holdings, 115 Ohio St.3d 306, 2007-Ohio-4917, 875 N.E.2d 31,
at ¶ 7 (“We examine the insurance contract as a whole”). The policy’s impaired-
property exclusion provides that the policy does not cover “ ‘[p]roperty damage’ to
‘impaired property’ * * * arising out of * * * [a] defect, deficiency, inadequacy or
dangerous condition in ‘your product.’ ” The contract defines “your product” as

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                               January Term, 2022

“[a]ny goods or products, other than real property, manufactured, sold, handled or
distributed or disposed of by * * * [y]ou.” (Emphasis added.) So in this case,
Ironics’s tube scale falls under the definition of “your product.”       “Impaired
property” is defined within the policy as

       tangible property [here—Owens’s glass containers], other than
       “your product” or “your work” that cannot be used or is less useful
       because:
               1. It incorporates “your product” [here—tube scale] or
       “your work” that is known or thought to be defective, [here—tube
       scale contaminated with RHM stones] deficient, inadequate or
       dangerous; * * *
               ***
               if such property can be restored to use by:
               1. The repair, replacement, adjustment or removal of “your
       product” or “your work.”

(Emphasis added.) As we explain below, the final provision—“if such property
can be restored to use by * * * [t]he repair, replacement, adjustment or removal of
‘your product’ ”—causes the exclusion not to apply here, since the evidence in the
record is that the glass containers had to be scrapped because they were more likely
to crack with the contaminated tube scale as an integrated component. Nothing in
the record shows a conceivable way to repair, replace, adjust, or remove the tube
scale after it was incorporated into the glass containers manufactured by Owens.
Nonetheless, the existence of this exclusion indicates that Owens’s claims against
Ironics involve “property damage” and that damage to Owens’s containers is not
the same as damage to Ironics’s product.

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                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 18} First, by making a distinction between the insured’s product and a
multicomponent product into which the insured’s product is incorporated, the
exclusion expressly recognizes that the former can cause damage to the latter by
rendering it unusable or less useful. In other words, the provision indicates that
damage to the multicomponent product is not to be viewed as merely damage to the
insured’s own product.
       {¶ 19} Second, excluding coverage only when the property at issue “can be
restored to use by * * * [t]he repair, replacement, adjustment or removal” of the
insured’s product necessarily implies that if the property at issue cannot be
“restored to use,” then coverage is provided. If that were not true, then the
impaired-property exclusion would serve no purpose. Claims based on damage to
tangible property caused by the incorporation of the insured’s product could never
be excluded under this provision, because they would not involve covered
“property damage” in the first place.
       {¶ 20} The exception’s distinction between “your product” and “impaired
property” provides support for the conclusion that Owens’s claims are based on
“property damage.” Moreover, a contrary conclusion would render the impaired-
property exclusion superfluous, and courts avoid interpretations of insurance-
coverage provisions that render exclusions superfluous, see, e.g., First Defiance
Fin. Corp. v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 688 F.Supp.2d 703, 707 (N.D.Ohio 2010)
(“A contract is to be read as a whole, and if [the insurer’s] position were correct,
then the above exception would be surplusage without meaning”); HoneyBaked
Foods, Inc. v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 757 F.Supp.2d 738, 746 (N.D.Ohio 2010) (“It
is unreasonable to construe the language as eliminating the seven exclusions
directly following it when an alternative, recognized and reasonable interpretation
exists”); see also Andersen v. Highland House Co., 93 Ohio St.3d 547, 549, 757
N.E.2d 329 (2001), quoting Home Indemn. Co. of New York v. Plymouth, 146 Ohio
St. 96, 64 N.E.2d 248 (1945), paragraph two of the syllabus (“ ‘where exceptions

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                                January Term, 2022

* * * are introduced into an insurance contract, a general presumption arises to the
effect that that which is not clearly excluded from the operation of such contract is
included in the operation thereof.’ * * * Thus, * * * if a policy does not plainly
exclude a claim from coverage, then an insured may infer that the claim will be
covered” [emphasis deleted and first ellipsis sic]).
        {¶ 21} To the extent that Motorists suggests that there is no “property
damage” here simply because Owens also seeks recovery for economic losses, we
disagree. The key factor in the definition of “property damage” is the requirement
that there be “[p]hysical injury to or destruction of tangible property.” And as the
Seventh District Court of Appeals has recognized, economic losses can provide
“ ‘ “a measure of damages to physical property.” ’ ” Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Den-Mat Cerinate Dental Laboratories, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 99 C.A. 123, 2001
WL 69176, *4 (Jan. 24, 2001), quoting Giddings v. Indus. Indemn. Co., 112
Cal.App.3d 213, 219, 169 Cal.Rptr. 278 (1980), quoting Hogan v. Midland Natl.
Ins. Co., 3 Cal.3d 553, 562, 91 Cal.Rptr. 153, 476 P.2d 825 (1970); see also Thee
Sombrero, Inc. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 28 Cal.App.5th 729, 239 Cal.Rptr.3d 416
(2018) (“The correct principle, then, is not that economic losses, by definition, do
not constitute property damage. * * * Rather, the correct principle is that losses
that are exclusively economic, without any accompanying physical damage or loss
of use of tangible property, do not constitute property damage” [emphasis sic]).
        {¶ 22} Ultimately, we see no support for Motorists’s interpretation of
“property damage.” Nothing in the term itself or in the term’s definition in the
policy indicates that damage to a multicomponent product is to be regarded as
damage to the insured’s product. If that were what the parties intended, Motorists
could have included language in its umbrella policy making that intention clear, but
it did not do so.

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                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

b. Decisions in analogous cases support the finding that Owens’s claims involve
                               “property damage”
       {¶ 23} Interpreting the term “property damage” to include Owens’s claims
is consistent with holdings in other cases applying Ohio law involving similar
policy language and analogous facts. See, e.g., Parker Hannifin Corp. v. Steadfast
Ins. Co., 445 F.Supp.2d 827 (N.D.Ohio 2006) (holding that defective gaskets used
in television sets caused “property damage” where the defective gaskets caused
some of the televisions to catch fire); Transamerica Ins. Co. v. S.A.I. Marketing
Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 49256, 1985 WL 6860, *1, *5 (June 13, 1985) (holding
that electrical capacitors incorporated into automotive-testing devices caused
“property damage” where the capacitors were unable to handle the voltage in the
testing devices, which rendered the devices unusable); Moraine Materials Co., Inc.
v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 6284, 1979 WL 208510, *3 (Dec.
12, 1979) (holding that defective concrete used to construct a wall caused “property
damage” where the wall had to be removed and replaced, as “it was impossible to
separate the good from the bad”).
       {¶ 24} Courts applying the law of other states in cases involving similar
insurance-contract language have reached the same conclusion.            See, e.g.,
Harleysville Worcester Ins. Co. v. Paramount Concrete, Inc., 10 F.Supp.3d 252,
259, 263 (D.Conn.2014) (applying Connecticut law and holding that defective
concrete integrated with components used in the construction of a swimming pool
caused “property damage” where the defective concrete caused the pool walls to
crack and leak); Riceland Foods, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., E.D.Ark. No.
4:10CV00091, 2011 WL 2262932, *1-2, *7 (June 8, 2011) (applying Arkansas law
and holding that inclusion of “unapproved, unmarketable” genetically modified rice
in a commercial rice supply caused “property damage” because the genetically
modified rice rendered the supply unmarketable); Natl. Union Fire Ins. Co. of
Pittsburgh v. Terra Indus., Inc., 346 F.3d 1160, 1163-1165 (8th Cir.2003) (applying

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Iowa law and holding that carbon dioxide contaminated with benzene incorporated
into a third party’s consumer-beverage products caused “property damage” where
the benzene rendered the beverages unsuitable for human consumption, leading to
a recall and the destruction of the beverages); Zurich Am. Ins. Co. v. Cutrale Citrus
Juices USA, Inc., M.D.Fla. No. 5:00-CV-149-OC-10GRJ, 2002 WL 1433728, *1,
*3-4 (Feb. 11, 2002) (applying Florida law and holding that when juice that had
been contaminated with propylene glycol was mixed with other juices to create a
juice blend, it caused “property damage” both when the blended juice was
destroyed and when the adulteration meant the blended juice was simply mislabeled
and could still be marketed under another label); Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Amstek
Metal, L.L.C., N.D.Ill. No. 07 C 647, 2008 WL 4066096, *1, *7-8 (Aug. 27, 2008)
(applying Illinois law and holding that defective wire used to make springs
incorporated into transmission-spring packs caused “property damage” when the
defect irreparably damaged the spring packs).
 c. We decline to adopt the integrated-system rule to determine whether a claim
                            involves “property damage”
       {¶ 25} As indicated above, Motorists’s “property damage” argument is
based on its contention that we should apply the integrated-system rule, as the
Supreme Court of Wisconsin did in Wisconsin Pharmacal, 367 Wis.2d 221, 2016
WI 14, 876 N.W.2d 72. We decline to do so. This rule was developed in connection
with the economic-loss doctrine, which is not at issue in this appeal but is designed
to protect reliance on contracts. In short, applying the integrated-system rule in this
case would undermine reliance on contracts, because Ironics seeks to rely on its
agreement with Motorists and the only question is whether the agreement covers
Owens’s claims against Ironics and because applying the rule here would nullify
an exclusion agreed to by the parties.

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                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

  i. Adopting the integrated-system rule would undermine reliance on contracts
       {¶ 26} Understanding the integrated-system rule first requires an
understanding of the economic-loss doctrine. “The economic-loss rule generally
prevents recovery in tort of damages for purely economic loss.” Corporex Dev. &
Constr. Mgt., Inc. v. Shook, Inc., 106 Ohio St.3d 412, 2005-Ohio-5409, 835 N.E.2d
701, ¶ 6. “ ‘[T]he well-established general rule is that a plaintiff who has suffered
only economic loss due to another’s negligence has not been injured in a manner
which is legally cognizable or compensable.’ ” Chemtrol Adhesives, Inc. v. Am.
Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co., 42 Ohio St.3d 40, 44, 537 N.E.2d 624 (1989), quoting Nebraska
InnKeepers, Inc. v. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Corp., 345 N.W.2d 124, 126 (Iowa
1984). But the rule contains an exception: it does not bar recovery in tort when a
defective product results in economic loss from injury to a person or damage to
other property. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus (“A commercial buyer seeking
recovery from the seller for economic losses resulting from damage to the defective
product itself may maintain a contract action for breach of warranty under the
Uniform Commercial Code; however, in the absence of injury to persons or damage
to other property, the commercial buyer may not recover for economic losses
premised on tort theories of strict liability or negligence”).
       {¶ 27} The economic-loss doctrine is based on differences between tort law
and contract law and it encompasses several key concepts. “On the one hand, our
system is guided by the equitable policy of tort law that injured consumers should
be entitled to recover from those who manufacture and distribute a defective
product. On the other hand, fundamental principles of contract law teach us that
parties to a commercial transaction should remain free to govern their own affairs.”
(Footnote omitted.) Chemtrol at 41-42. “Recovery in tort seeks to restore the
plaintiff to where he was before the defendant’s wrongful conduct injured him,
whereas contract law seeks to put the plaintiff where he would be had the defendant

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                               January Term, 2022

properly performed his duty under the contract.” Detroit Edison Co. v. NABCO,
Inc., 35 F.3d 236, 239 (6th Cir.1994).
       {¶ 28} The primary purpose of the economic-loss doctrine is to “maintain
the line of demarcation between tort law and contract law” in situations in which
both tort and contract theories could apply. Lesiak v. Cent. Valley Ag Coop., Inc.,
283 Neb. 103, 121, 808 N.W.2d 67 (2012).

       The concern is that if tort remedies were available where the losses
       suffered were only economic, then private ordering (contract law)
       would be less effective. If a party could simply avoid its contractual
       bargain by suing in tort, which often offers more generous terms of
       recovery, then the effectiveness of contract law would be reduced.

Id. The economic-loss doctrine therefore prevents “the tortification of contract
law.” Annett Holdings, Inc. v. Kum & Go, L.C., 801 N.W.2d 499, 503 (Iowa 2011).
       {¶ 29} The integrated-system rule helps determine whether the “other
property” exception to the economic-loss doctrine applies in situations in which a
defective component causes damage to a multicomponent product into which it is
incorporated.    See generally Goodman, Peacock & Rutan, A Guide to
Understanding the Economic Loss Doctrine, 67 Drake L.Rev. 1, 37-38 (2019).
Under the rule, a multicomponent product is viewed as an integrated system, so if
a defective component causes damage to the system, the other-property exception
to the economic-loss doctrine is not triggered. Id.; see also Restatement of the Law
3d, Torts, Products Liability, Section 21, Comment e (1998) (“when a component
part of a machine or a system destroys the rest of the machine or system * * * [and]
the product or system is deemed to be an integrated whole, courts treat such damage
as harm to the product itself”). A majority of states have adopted this rule. See
Goodman, Peacock & Rutan, 67 Drake L.Rev. at 39-40, fn. 280 (collecting cases).

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                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

The United States Supreme Court has endorsed the rule as a matter of maritime
law, as well. See E. River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 476 U.S.
858, 867-875, 106 S.Ct. 2295, 90 L.Ed.2d 865 (1986).
       {¶ 30} The purpose of the integrated-system rule is practical: it prevents the
economic-loss doctrine from being circumvented. If the purchaser of an integrated
product could sue the manufacturer of a defective component for damage to the
integrated product, then “the purchaser would be able to circumvent the economic
loss rule by recovering in tort instead of being limited to contract remedies.” HDM
Flugservice GmbH v. Parker Hannifin Corp., 332 F.3d 1025, 1031 (6th Cir.2003).
“ ‘Since all but the very simplest of machines have component parts, [a contrary]
holding would require a finding of “property damage” in virtually every case where
a product damages itself. Such a holding would eliminate the distinction between
warranty and strict products liability.’ ” (Brackets sic.) E. River at 867, quoting N.
Power & Eng. Corp. v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 623 P.2d 324, 330 (Alaska 1981).
       {¶ 31} We see no reason to apply the integrated-system rule in the present
case. The integrated-system rule was created to ensure that contract law does not
“drown in a sea of tort,” E. River at 866, but no concerns of that sort are presented
here. Ironics is seeking to rely on its agreement—invoking its bargained-for right
to defense and indemnification—and the only question before the court is whether
the umbrella policy covers Owens’s claims. Applying the integrated-system rule
here therefore would not serve the purpose it was designed to serve. See id. at 867,
872-873 (acknowledging that the integrated-system rule is designed to ensure that
the economic-loss doctrine is not circumvented, thereby protecting parties’ ability
to “set the terms of their own agreements”); Daanen & Janssen, Inc. v. Cedarapids,
Inc., 216 Wis.2d 395, 573 N.W.2d 842, ¶ 13 (1998) (stating that the economic-loss
doctrine is designed to “protect commercial parties’ freedom to allocate economic
risk by contract”).

                                         16
                                January Term, 2022

       {¶ 32} In fact, applying the rule here to bar coverage would undermine the
principle that parties to an agreement should be allowed to govern their relationship
through the agreed-upon terms of a contract. Recall from the discussion above that
coverage under the umbrella policy between Motorists and Ironics is excluded in
situations involving impaired property, which is defined as

       tangible property, other than “your product” or “your work” that
       cannot be used or is less useful because:
               1. It incorporates “your product” or “your work” that
       is known or thought to be defective, deficient, inadequate or
       dangerous; * * *
               ***
               if such property can be restored to use by:
               1. The repair, replacement, adjustment or removal of
       “your product” or “your work.”

We explain below that although Owens’s containers could be considered “tangible
property * * * that cannot be used * * * because * * * [i]t incorporates” Ironics’s
defective tube scale, this exclusion does not apply, because the containers cannot
be “restored to use.” Simply stated, through this exclusion, the parties have agreed
on terms governing the allocation of risk in situations like the one presented here.
Applying the integrated-system rule in this case to narrow the definition of
“property damage” would enable Motorists to avoid the bargain it struck in the
umbrella policy with respect to integrated property. We decline to undermine the
parties’ agreement by adopting the integrated-system rule to determine “property
damage.” Applying the rule here would introduce an unnecessary layer of analysis
that is not needed to understand, interpret, or apply the plain language of
Motorists’s insurance policy.

                                         17
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                    ii. Wisconsin Pharmacal is not persuasive
       {¶ 33} We also do not find Wisconsin Pharmacal to be persuasive. The
court in that case held that the incorporation of the wrong type of bacteria into
probiotic-supplement tablets did not cause “property damage,” because under the
integrated-system rule, damage to the tablets should be regarded as damage to the
insureds’ product itself. Id., 367 Wis.2d 221, 2016 WI 14, 876 N.W.2d 72, at
¶ 27-37, 64-65. But in applying the integrated-system rule, that court did not have
before it the factual circumstances involved here. Nor did it consider whether the
purpose furthered by the economic-loss doctrine and the integrated-system rule—
protecting reliance on contracts—would be furthered or undermined by applying
the rule in an insurance-coverage context. It also did not consider whether the
converse of the impaired-property exclusion implied that the policies covered the
claims at issue. The only explanation the Wisconsin court offered for applying the
integrated-system rule in an insurance-coverage case was that in a prior case
applying the integrated-system rule as part of an economic-loss-doctrine analysis,
it had also “discussed whether there was insurance policy coverage for the claimed
damage.” Id. at ¶ 32, citing Wausau Tile, Inc. v. Cty. Concrete Corp., 226 Wis.2d
235, 266-269, 593 N.W.2d 445 (1999). However, to the extent that Wausau Tile
relied on the integrated-system rule to determine whether “property damage”
occurred, the opinion provides no more analysis than Wisconsin Pharmacal; it is
entirely conclusory. See Wausau Tile at 249. It offers no explanation for its
reliance on the rule beyond the purpose for which it was developed, i.e., ensuring
that contract law does not “drown in a sea of tort,” E. River, 476 U.S. at 866, 106
S.Ct. 2295, 90 L.Ed.2d 865.
       {¶ 34} In Wisconsin Pharmacal, the Wisconsin Supreme Court also appears
to contradict its own prior holding that insurance coverage turns not on the
economic-loss doctrine, but on the language of the policy. See Am. Family Mut.
Ins. Co. v. Am. Girl, Inc., 268 Wis.2d 16, 2004 WI 2, 673 N.W.2d 65, ¶ 6 (“The

                                        18
                                 January Term, 2022

economic loss doctrine generally operates to confine contracting parties to contract
rather than tort remedies for recovery of purely economic losses associated with the
contract relationship. The doctrine does not determine insurance coverage, which
turns on the policy language” [emphasis added]); 1325 N. Van Buren, L.L.C. v. T-
3 Group, Ltd., 293 Wis.2d 410, 2006 WI 94, 716 N.W.2d 822, ¶ 59 (“although the
economic loss doctrine may limit a party to contract rather than tort remedies, it
does not determine insurance coverage” [emphasis added]).                Although the
Wisconsin Pharmacal court noted that “the economic loss doctrine does not control
a coverage dispute and therefore is not at issue,” id. at ¶ 32, it did not explain why
the integrated-system rule should be taken from the economic-loss-doctrine context
and applied to determine issues of coverage.
        {¶ 35} We also note that in the five years since Wisconsin Pharmacal was
decided, not one court in another state has followed its holding. And in addition to
the appellate court in the present case, at least one other court has expressly declined
to do so.     Penn Natl. Sec. Ins. Co. v. Linkone SRC, L.L.C., E.D.N.C. No.
5:19-CV-106-D, 2021 WL 2345164, *7 (June 8, 2021) (stating that Wisconsin
Pharmacal was “not controlling or persuasive authority in light of North Carolina
[case] law”).
        {¶ 36} For these reasons, we find Wisconsin Pharmacal, 367 Wis.2d 221,
2016 WI 14, 876 N.W.2d 72, unpersuasive.
            iii. Cases cited by Motorists do not require a contrary holding
        {¶ 37} Motorists cites a number of cases that it claims support its assertion
that the integrated-system rule should be applied in this case. We disagree. Several
of the cases Motorists cites are plainly distinguishable. For example, two of the
cases did not involve the incorporation of a defective component into a
multicomponent product. See United States Fire Ins. Co. v. Chardon Rubber Co.,
6th Cir. No. 91-3306, 1992 WL 92671, *1, 4 (Apr. 23, 1992) (involving a defective
product made only from rubber provided by the insured); Fed. Ins. Co. v. Marlyn

                                          19
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Nutraceuticals, Inc., E.D.N.Y. No. 13-CV-0137, 2013 WL 6796162, *1, 6 (Dec.
19, 2013) (involving defective tablets made by the insured [defect was that they
contained soy, when insured had represented to third party that they were soy-free]
that were subsequently sold without modification by third party). In a third case
cited by Motorists, the claim against the insured did not involve any allegation that
the insured’s defective product had caused any damage. See Home Ins. Co. of
Illinois v. OM Group, Inc., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-020643, 2003-Ohio-3666,
¶ 2-3, 10 (holding that when a preservative applied to utility poles to protect them
from premature decay turned out to be defective and decay was caused by exposure
to natural elements, “the basis of all the claims [against the insured] was that [the
defective product] had simply failed as a preservative. Absent any allegation that
[the product] had caused physical injury to property, there was no coverage under
the first prong of the ‘property damage’ clause in the policies”).
       {¶ 38} Two of the cases cited by Motorists actually support a finding of
“property damage” here because they acknowledge that “property damage” occurs
where the incorporation of a defective product leads to the destruction of either
other components of the finished product or the finished product itself. See U.S.
Metals, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Group, Inc., 490 S.W.3d 20, 22, 28 (Tex.2015) (holding
(1) that defective flanges welded to pipes in refinery diesel units did not cause
“property damage,” because no leaks [which could result in fire and explosion] had
occurred before the defect was discovered and (2) that “property damage” was
“unquestionably” caused where replacing the defective flanges required the
destruction of other components of the diesel units); Drake-Williams Steel, Inc. v.
Continental Cas. Co., 294 Neb. 386, 396-398, 883 N.W.2d 60 (2016) (holding that
defective rebar incorporated into concrete pile caps designed to support columns in
an arena did not cause “property damage” when the defect reduced the amount of
support the caps could provide but did not damage other components and the caps
could be modified to provide the required amount of structural support, but also

                                         20
                                January Term, 2022

acknowledging that “property damage” would have occurred if the defective rebar
had led to the pile caps being “demolish[ed] and replac[ed]”).
       {¶ 39} Finally, Motorists cites a case involving defective frames used to
make tennis rackets. See Hamilton Die Cast, Inc. v. United States Fid. and Guar.
Co., 508 F.2d 417, 418 (7th Cir.1975), fn. 1. The manufacturer of the tennis rackets
was required to issue refunds to consumers who had purchased the rackets and to
withdraw the remainder of its rackets from the market. Id. at 418-419. The
manufacturer sued the supplier of the frames, and the supplier sought a declaration
that the claim was covered under its insurance policy. The court held that the
manufacturer’s claim was for only intangible losses—loss of investment, loss of
anticipated profits, and loss of goodwill—which meant that no “property damage”
had occurred, because the policy provided that “property damage” must be tangible.
Id. at 419. The court also rejected the insured’s assertion that the defective frames
had caused tangible property damage to the overall rackets, on the ground that no
physical harm had come to any part of the rackets. Id. at 419-420.
       {¶ 40} Ironics and Owens argue that Hamilton Die Cast is not relevant,
because the defective frames simply did not cause damage to the overall rackets.
We see no reason to decide if that is correct, however, because even if the case
supports Motorists’s position, it would not tip the balance of authority in
Motorists’s favor. As shown in sections II.C.1.a. and b. above, the plain language
of the contract as well as the weight of authority supports the conclusion that
Owens’s claims involve “property damage” under Ironics’s umbrella policy with
Motorists.
       {¶ 41} For these reasons, we conclude that Owens’s claims involve
“property damage” under the umbrella policy.
                           2. Was there an “accident”?
       {¶ 42} As noted above, the umbrella policy applies when there is an
“occurrence.” The umbrella policy defines “occurrence” as “[a]n accident, or a

                                         21
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

happening or event * * * which results in * * * ‘property damage’ neither expected
nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.” Motorists argues that Ironics’s
providing contaminated tube scale was not an “accident,” because it was not
unexpected. Its argument is based on the principle of fortuity and our decision in
Custom Agri, 133 Ohio St.3d 476, 2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269.
                    a. The principle of fortuity and Custom Agri
       {¶ 43} The principle of fortuity is “ ‘ “central to the notion of what
constitutes insurance.” ’ ” Custom Agri at ¶ 13, quoting Cincinnati Ins. Co. v.
Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 306 S.W.3d 69, 74 (Ky.2010), quoting 46 Corpus Juris
Secundum, Insurance, Section 1235 (2009). The parties to an insurance agreement
“in effect, wager against the occurrence or non-occurrence of a specified event; the
carrier insures against a risk, not a certainty.” Bartholomew v. Appalachian Ins.
Co., 655 F.2d 27, 29 (1st Cir.1981). Given this, courts have recognized that the
principle of fortuity can be both an inherent requirement of every insurance contract
and a specified requirement reflected in particular terms agreed to by the parties.
See 3 Peritz, Law and Practice of Insurance Coverage Litigation, Section 35:3 (July
2021), quoting Robert Keeton, Insurance Law, Section 5.4(a), at 288 (1971) (“ ‘A
requirement that loss be accidental in some sense in order to qualify as the occasion
for liability of an insurer is implicit, when not express, because of the very nature
of insurance’ ”).
       {¶ 44} Our decision in Custom Agri recognized that the principle of fortuity
is reflected in a policy’s definition of “occurrence.” In that case, we considered
whether a commercial general-liability insurance policy covered a claim that the
insured had constructed a defective steel grain bin. Id. at ¶ 2. The policy provided
coverage for an “occurrence,” which it defined as an “accident.” Id. at ¶ 9. We
therefore had to determine whether the construction of the steel grain bin
constituted an “accident.”

                                         22
                                January Term, 2022

       {¶ 45} We began by making several observations about what commercial
general-liability policies are intended to cover and what they are not intended to
cover. We stated that they “are not intended to insure ‘business risks’ * * *—risks
that are the ‘ “ ‘normal, frequent, or predictable consequences of doing business,
and which business management can and should control or manage.’ ” ’ ” Id., 133
Ohio St.3d 476, 2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269, at ¶ 10, quoting Heile v.
Herrmann, 136 Ohio App.3d 351, 353, 736 N.E.2d 566 (1st Dist.1999), quoting
Columbia Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schauf, 967 S.W.2d 74, 77 (Mo.1998), quoting James T.
Hendrick and James P. Wiezel, The New Commercial General Liability Forms—
An Introduction and Critique, Fedn. of Ins. & Corporate Counsel Quarterly, 319,
322 (Summer 1986). Instead, they “generally insure consequential risks that stem
from the insured’s work,” not “an insured’s work itself.” Id., quoting Heile at 353.
       {¶ 46} We then turned to the language of the policy in that case. We noted
that the word “accident” was not defined, so we gave the word its natural and
commonly accepted meaning, which we had previously held to be “ ‘unexpected,
as well as unintended.’ ” Id. at ¶ 12-13, quoting Hybud Equip. Corp. v. Sphere
Drake Ins. Co., 64 Ohio St.3d 657, 666, 597 N.E.2d 1096 (1992). We also observed
that the term “accidental” incorporates the concept of fortuity, and we stated that
“in the construction context,” that means “ ‘[t]he key issues are whether the
contractor controlled the process leading to the damages and whether the damages
were anticipated.’ ” (Emphasis deleted.) Id. at ¶ 13, quoting JTO, Inc. v. State
Auto. Mut. Ins. Co., 194 Ohio App.3d 319, 2011-Ohio-1452, 956 N.E.2d 328,
¶ 32-33 (11th Dist.).
       {¶ 47} Based on these observations, we held that the risk that faulty or
defective work performed by the insured will cause property damage is an ordinary
business risk that can be expected. Id. at ¶ 10, 14-15. The policy therefore did “not
provide coverage to [the insured] for its alleged defective construction of and
workmanship on the steel grain bin.” Id. at ¶ 14.

                                         23
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 48} We subsequently extended the rule of Custom Agri, 133 Ohio St.3d
476, 2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269, to construction cases involving defective
work performed by a subcontractor of the insured. Ohio N. Univ. v. Charles Constr.
Servs., Inc., 155 Ohio St.3d 197, 2018-Ohio-4057, 120 N.E.3d 762. The insured in
Ohio N. was a general contractor hired to construct a university hotel and
conference center, and the claims for which it sought coverage were based on faulty
workmanship by a subcontractor it had hired. Id. at ¶ 4, 6-7. We held that the risk
that a subcontractor’s faulty or defective work will cause property damage is an
ordinary business risk that can be expected, so claims based on such work do not
involve an “occurrence.” Id. at ¶ 27.
                            b. The parties’ arguments
       {¶ 49} In the present case, the parties agree that the phrase “neither expected
nor intended” in the umbrella policy’s definition of “occurrence” reflects an intent
to include the principle of fortuity into the agreement. They disagree, however,
over whether Custom Agri applies to this case.
       {¶ 50} Motorists argues that Custom Agri controls this case because selling
contaminated tube scale is just like performing faulty or defective work in that “the
risk of selling a contaminated product is a normal, frequent, and predictable
business risk which is under the sole control of Ironics.” A contrary conclusion, it
argues, would inappropriately convert the umbrella policy here from an insurance
policy based on contingent risks into a performance bond pursuant to which
Motorists is expected to essentially guarantee that Ironics’s products will be free
from any defects.
       {¶ 51} Ironics and Owens respond that Custom Agri, 133 Ohio St.3d 476,
2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269, Ohio N., 155 Ohio St.3d 197, 2018-Ohio-4057,
120 N.E.3d 762, and other cases relied on by Motorists do not apply here, because
those cases involved the construction industry, the claims at issue were based on
faulty or defective workmanship, and the courts focused on the control the insured

                                         24
                                January Term, 2022

had over the performance and quality of the work. Ironics and Owens argue that
performing defective work and providing a defective or nonconforming product are
materially different, and liability policies treat them differently as a result, which
can be seen in the separate exclusions of coverage for “your work” and “your
product.”
       {¶ 52} The parties also dispute whether the facts here show that Ironics had
sufficient control over the processes that led to Owens’s glass containers being
scrapped to warrant the conclusion, under the reasoning of Custom Agri, that the
damage to the containers was not “unexpected” under the umbrella policy. Ironics
emphasizes that it did not have control over the screening process for the raw tube
scale or the integration of the tube scale into Owens’s containers. Motorists
responds that Ironics “could and should have controlled the quality of product it
provided to its customer” by inspecting, testing or otherwise ensuring that it was
not contaminated.
                 c. Owens’s claims arose out of an “occurrence”
       {¶ 53} We agree with Ironics and Owens that Custom Agri and Ohio N. do
not control the outcome of this case and that the claims against Ironics are based on
an “occurrence,” that is, they are based on an accident that resulted in “ ‘property
damage’ neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.” In our
view, the dispositive fact is that Owens’s claims are based on Ironics’s supplying
Owens with contaminated tube scale that caused Owens’s glass containers to be
more likely to crack and therefore to be unusable.
       {¶ 54} The disputes before the court in Custom Agri and Ohio N. involved
claims based on damage to the insured’s construction work—a steel grain bin in
Custom Agri and a hotel in Ohio N. In Custom Agri, we repeatedly made clear that
although commercial general-liability policies are not intended to insure an
insured’s work itself, they “ ‘are intended to insure the risks of an insured causing
damage to other persons and their property.’ ” Custom Agri, 133 Ohio St.3d 476,

                                         25
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269, at ¶ 10, quoting Heile, 136 Ohio App.3d at 353,
736 N.E.2d 566. In other words, these policies “ ‘generally insure consequential
risks that stem from the insured’s work.’ ” Id., quoting Heile at 353. We also cited
approvingly decisions from other jurisdictions making similar observations. Id.,
citing ACUITY v. Burd & Smith Constr., Inc., 2006 ND 187, 721 N.W.2d 33, ¶ 12
(“A CGL policy does not insure the insured’s work itself; rather, it insures
consequential damages that stem from that work”) and Century Indemn. Co. v.
Golden Hills Builders, Inc., 348 S.C. 559, 566, 561 S.E.2d 355 (2002), overruled
on other grounds, Crossmann Communities of N. Carolina, Inc. v. Harleysville
Mut. Ins. Co., 395 S.C. 40, 45, 717 S.E.2d 589 (2011), quoting Rowland H. Long,
The Law of Liability Insurance, Section 10.01[1] (2001) (commercial general-
liability policies “ ‘generally insure consequential risks that stem from [an
insured’s] work’ ”). And when discussing the meaning of the term “accident,” we
noted the distinction again. See Custom Agri at ¶ 13, quoting JTO, 194 Ohio
App.3d 319, 2011-Ohio-1452, 956 N.E.2d 328, at ¶ 32-33, quoting Indiana Ins. Co.
v. Alloyd Insulation Co., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18979, 2002-Ohio-3916, ¶ 27
(“ ‘ “[F]aulty workmanship claims generally are not covered, except for their
consequential damages, because they are not fortuitous. In short, contractors’
‘business risks’ are not covered by insurance, but derivative damages are.” ’ ”
[Emphasis added]). Our decision in Ohio N. reaffirmed this principle. See Ohio
N., 155 Ohio St.3d 197, 2018-Ohio-4057, 120 N.E.3d 762, at ¶ 14.
       {¶ 55} Other courts have also found that claims arose out of an “accident”
when they were based on damage to the property of another. In one case, the
insured performed faulty work on the shell of a large kiln, which resulted in damage
to other components of the kiln when it was restarted, necessitating repeated shut-
downs for repairs. Burlington Ins. Co. v. PMI Am., Inc., 862 F.Supp.2d 719, 723-
724 (S.D.Ohio 2012). The court observed that “an ‘occurrence’ in a commercial
general liability policy ‘will not provide coverage if faulty workmanship is the

                                        26
                                January Term, 2022

accident, but will provide coverage if faulty workmanship causes the accident’ and
there is collateral damage to property other than the insured’s work product.”
(Emphasis added.) Id. at 728, quoting Paramount Parks, Inc. v. Admiral Ins. Co.,
12th Dist. Warren No. CA2007-05-066, 2008-Ohio-1351, ¶ 26. It then held that
the claim against the insured arose out of an “accident” because the insured’s work
caused damage to the other components of the kiln and rendered it inoperable, and
the owner of the kiln did not seek or obtain damages for the defects in the shell of
the kiln worked on by the insured. Id. at 726, 728. See also Indiana Ins. Co., 2002-
Ohio-3916, at ¶ 2, 30-31 (finding that corrosion and related property damage
caused by defective construction of a roof by insured constituted an “occurrence”
under insurance policy because the damage was a consequence of the defective
construction).
       {¶ 56} Courts in other jurisdictions considering this same type of claim—a
claim based on damage caused when a defective or nonconforming product is
incorporated into a larger product—have also held that the claim arises out of an
“accident.” In one case from New York, the insured supplied apples to a company
that made baby food, and when it was discovered that the apples were contaminated
with rodenticide, the company removed the affected baby food from commerce and
sued the insured. Thruway Produce, Inc. v. Massachusetts Bay Ins. Co., 114
F.Supp.3d 81, 84-85 (W.D.N.Y.2015). The insured then sought coverage under
two liability policies providing coverage for “property damage” caused by an
“occurrence,” which the policies defined to mean an “accident.” Id. at 85-86. The
court observed, “The record does not contain any evidence or even any argument
that [the insured] intended or knew that the apples [it] supplied to [the baby-food
manufacturer] were contaminated or would contaminate the baby-food product.”
Id. at 91. As a result, it held that the damages at issue arose out of an “occurrence”
because “the unexpected and unintended contamination of the apples * * * resulted

                                         27
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

in damage to the baby-food product, into which the apples were inextricably
incorporated.” Id.
        {¶ 57} In another case from New York, the court considered a claim based
on an insured’s sale of apple-juice concentrate that unbeknownst to the insured was
contaminated and therefore ruined juice products into which it was incorporated.
Chubb Ins. Co. of New Jersey v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., S.D.N.Y. No. 97 Civ. 6935,
1999 WL 760206, *1 (Sept. 27, 1999). The court noted that under New York
caselaw, when an “insured unintentionally sells a product that is allegedly defective
and that is incorporated into a third-party’s finished product, the resulting
impairment to the finished product is an ‘occurrence.’ ” Id. at *4. Based on that
determination, it concluded that the claim was covered because the insured’s sale
of contaminated apple-juice concentrate caused unintended and unexpected
damage to the juice products and therefore the claim arose out of an “occurrence.”
Id. at *4-9.
        {¶ 58} A third case, from California, is along the same lines. See Ritchie v.
Anchor Cas. Co., 135 Cal.App.2d 245, 286 P.2d 1000 (1955). The insured sold
rancid peanut oil to a company that made corn chips. Id. at 248-249. After the
company discovered that the peanut oil was rancid, a dispute arose between the
insured and the insurer over whether the company’s claim against the insured was
based on an “accident,” which included an event that was unexpected and
unintended. Id. at 252-253. The court of appeals held that it was. Among other
things, the court noted that the peanut oil that the insured previously sold to the
company had been satisfactory and that the company did not know that the more
recently purchased peanut oil was rancid when it used it. Id. at 251-252. The
company’s damages also consisted of refunds to customers who had purchased
unusable food products, plus testing and cleaning costs. Id. “In short,” the court
stated, the claim “alleges use of rancid oil in the belief that it was sweet, with the
unexpected result that the oil ruined all food products in which it was used, and

                                         28
                               January Term, 2022

damaged the machinery employed in the manufacture of same.” Id. at 252. The
sale of rancid peanut oil was therefore unexpected and constituted an “accident,”
requiring coverage under the policy. Id.
       {¶ 59} The claims in the present case are materially the same as the claims
in Thruway, 114 F.Supp.3d 81, Chubb, and Ritchie. There is no evidence in the
record that Ironics was aware of any contamination to the tube scale it provided to
Owens. In fact, Motorists alleged in its complaint that Ironics was not aware of the
contamination. There is likewise no evidence that Ironics had control over the
process by which Owens used that tube scale to make glass containers. According
to an affidavit by Owens’s “technical-capabilities leader” that was submitted by
Owens in opposition to summary judgment, the incorporation of the contaminated
tube scale into Owens’s glass containers rendered the containers unusable because
they were more likely to break and it was not possible to remove the contamination
or otherwise make the containers safe to use, so the containers had to be scrapped.
       {¶ 60} Finally, with respect to the damages sought by Owens, although we
are not able to review the alleged damages in detail because Owens has not yet filed
suit against Ironics, we are nonetheless aware of the general nature of those
damages because of a stipulation entered into by Motorists, Ironics, and Owens.
According to the parties’ stipulation, Owens is alleging “damages in excess of
$1,000,000 consisting of lost production and sales, freight, inventory write-off,
testing and shipping costs, incremental labor, and other damages.” According to
an affidavit by Owens’s “business unit finance director” that was submitted by
Owens in opposition to summary judgment, the damages Owens seeks are
“primarily composed of the costs that it incurred to manufacture the glass
containers that were damaged by the chrome stones and were scrapped.” Although
Custom Agri, 133 Ohio St.3d 476, 2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269, Ohio N., 155
Ohio St.3d 197, 2018-Ohio-4057, 120 N.E.3d 762, and Burlington, 862 F.Supp.2d
719, make clear that Ironics would not be entitled to coverage if Owens simply

                                        29
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

sought damages for the cost of procuring replacement tube scale, the damages
sought by Owens clearly go far beyond that. They are based on the damage caused
to Owens’s containers, including the loss of the other components of the containers
when the containers were scrapped.
          {¶ 61} The present case is therefore similar to Thruway, Chubb, and Ritchie,
135 Cal.App.2d 245, 286 P.2d 1000. In line with those decisions, we conclude that
Ironics’s provision of contaminated tube scale resulted in property damage that was
neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured. If Motorists
believes that claims such as those at issue here should not be covered under the
terms of its policy, it remains free to seek agreement to language indicating such in
its future contracts, consistent with applicable law.
          {¶ 62} For these reasons, we conclude that Owens’s claims arose out of an
“occurrence” under the umbrella policy between Motorists and Ironics.
                      D. Do any of the policy exclusions apply?
          {¶ 63} In its final argument, Motorists asserts that three exclusions in the
umbrella policy apply to bar coverage for Owens’s claims—the impaired-property
exclusion, which we discussed above, and exclusions for “your product” and “your
work.” These three exclusions are known as business-risk exclusions, and they are
included in commercial general-liability policies “ ‘for the express purpose of
excluding coverage for risks relating to the repair or replacement of the insured’s
faulty work or products, or defects in the insured’s work or product itself.’ ” See
Oxford Aviation, Inc. v. Global Aerospace, Inc., 680 F.3d 85, 89-90 (1st Cir.2012),
quoting Russ & Segalla, Couch on Insurance, Section 129.16 (3d Ed.2005).
Whether any of these exclusions applies in any given case depends on the
circumstances surrounding the claim and the language contained in the applicable
policy.
          {¶ 64} First, we conclude that the “your product” exclusion does not apply
in this case. The umbrella policy provides that it “does not apply to” “ ‘[p]roperty

                                           30
                               January Term, 2022

damage’ to ‘your product’ arising out of it or any part of it.” “Your product” is
defined in relevant part as “[a]ny goods or products, other than real property,
manufactured, sold, handled or distributed or disposed of by * * * [y]ou.” This
exception does not apply, because Ironics’s “product” is the contaminated tube
scale and Owens’s claims are not for “ ‘property damage’ to” Ironics’s tube scale.
They are for damage to Owens’s glass containers, which had to be scrapped.
Although Motorists argues that Owens’s glass containers should be considered
Ironics’s product, we have already rejected that argument.
       {¶ 65} Second, we conclude that the “your work” exclusion does not apply.
Motorists’s policy provides that it “does not apply to” “ ‘[p]roperty damage’ to
‘your work’ arising out of it or any part of it and included in the ‘products-
completed operations hazard.’ ” “Your work” is defined in relevant part as “[w]ork
or operations performed by you or on your behalf; and * * * [m]aterials, parts or
equipment furnished in connection with such work or operations.” The “your
work” exception does not apply, because Ironics only provided a product to Owens.
It did not perform work for Owens.
       {¶ 66} Finally, we conclude that the “impaired property” exclusion does not
apply. The policy provides that it “does not apply to” “ ‘[p]roperty damage’ to
‘impaired property’ or property that has not been physically injured, arising out of
* * * [a] defect, deficiency, inadequacy or dangerous condition in ‘your product’
or ‘your work.’ ” “[I]mpaired property” is defined in relevant part as

               tangible property, other than “your product” or “your work”
       that cannot be used or is less useful because:
               1. It incorporates “your product” or “your work” that is
       known or thought to be defective, deficient, inadequate or
       dangerous; * * *
               if such property can be restored to use by:

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                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                 1. The repair, replacement, adjustment or removal of “your
          product” or “your work”; or
                 2. Your fulfilling the terms of the contract or agreement.

          {¶ 67} Owens’s containers are tangible property that cannot be used,
because they incorporate Ironics’s defective tube scale. But the impaired-property
exclusion does not apply in this case, because Owens’s glass containers could not
be restored to use by the repair, replacement, adjustment, or removal of the
contaminated tube scale.        As noted, Owens’s technical-capabilities leader
submitted an affidavit stating that once the contaminated tube scale was
incorporated into Owens’s glass containers, it was not possible to remove the
contamination or otherwise restore the containers to use, so they had to be scrapped.
None of the three exclusions identified by Motorists bars coverage for Owens’s
claims.
                                 III. CONCLUSION
          {¶ 68} For these reasons, we hold that Owens’s claims arose out of an
“occurrence,” that is, they arose out of an accident that resulted in “property
damage” under Ironics’s umbrella policy with Motorists, and that none of the
policy’s exclusions applies. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Sixth
District.
                                                                  Judgment affirmed.
          O’CONNOR, C.J., and DONNELLY and STEWART, JJ., concur.
          DEWINE, J., concurs in judgment only, with an opinion joined by
KENNEDY, J.
          FISCHER, J., concurs in judgment only in part and dissents in part, with an
opinion.
                                 _________________

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                                    January Term, 2022

       DEWINE, J., concurring in judgment only.
       {¶ 69} I agree with the majority that Ironics is entitled to coverage under
the umbrella policy issued by Motorists Mutual. But in my view, a straightforward
application of the policy language is all that is necessary to resolve this case.
                                     I. Background
       {¶ 70} Motorists Mutual Insurance Company and Ironics, Inc., are parties
to an insurance contract that includes both a commercial general-liability (“CGL”)
policy and an umbrella policy. Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc. (“Owens”)
is also involved in this dispute.
       {¶ 71} Ironics supplied Owens with tube scale—a by-product of steel
production that is used to give glass bottles an amber-brown color. The tube scale
was defective. Unbeknownst to Ironics, some raw tube scale had fallen on the
ground when it was being screened by a subcontractor and had become
contaminated with chrome stones. This contaminant was not discovered until after
Owens used the tube scale to manufacture a raft of amber-tinted bottles. As a result,
1,850 tons of glass bottles had to be scrapped.
       {¶ 72} Ironics contacted Motorists Mutual, seeking defense and liability
coverage under their insurance agreement. Motorists Mutual filed a declaratory
judgment action against Ironics, seeking a declaration that it had no duty to cover
the mishap.     The trial court granted Motorists Mutual summary judgment,
concluding that coverage was not available under either the CGL policy or the
umbrella policy. The court of appeals agreed that Ironics was not entitled to
coverage under the CGL policy but found that coverage was available under the
umbrella policy.
       {¶ 73} Motorists Mutual appealed, and this court agreed to review the
following legal proposition:

                                            33
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                The incorporation of a defective ingredient into an integrated
        product or system does not constitute damage to “other” property
        for purposes of liability coverage under commercial general liability
        and umbrella policies.

See 158 Ohio St.3d 1504, 2020-Ohio-2819, 144 N.E.3d 444.
                 II. Only the umbrella policy is under review
        {¶ 74} As the procedural history of this case makes clear, the applicability
of the CGL policy is not before this court. The court of appeals held that “Ironics
is not entitled to coverage under the CGL policy.” 2020-Ohio-137, 151 N.E.3d
1001, ¶ 29. That portion of its judgment favored Motorists Mutual. Naturally,
Motorists Mutual did not ask this court to review that holding. Neither did Ironics.
Ironics could have filed a cross-appeal challenging the court of appeals’ decision
as to the CGL policy. S.Ct.Prac.R. 6.01(C). But it chose not to.
        {¶ 75} The parties’ briefing confirms their understanding that the CGL
policy is not before this court. In its memorandum opposing jurisdiction, Ironics
endorsed the reasoning of the court of appeals, stating that it was “entirely
consistent with well-established insurance law” to confer broader coverage under
an umbrella policy than under a CGL policy. The CGL policy is referenced only
tangentially in the merits briefing—and only for purposes of comparison or contrast
with the umbrella policy. Nor did the CGL policy feature in the oral argument.
        {¶ 76} Even though the CGL policy’s application was not presented as a
live issue before this court, the partial dissent would find insurance coverage under
the CGL policy. It reasons that Motorists Mutual has “standing” to challenge the
court’s judgment on that issue. But standing is largely beside the point. The
problem here is one of presentation. Uncapher v. Baltimore & Ohio RR. Co., 127
Ohio St. 351, 356, 188 N.E. 553 (1933) (“notwithstanding the assignments
contained in the petition in error[,] [e]rrors not treated in the brief will be regarded

                                          34
                                 January Term, 2022

as having been abandoned by the party who gave them birth”). The partial dissent
answers a question that no one has asked: neither party sought reversal of the court
of appeals’ decision that the CGL policy did not provide coverage. The partial
dissent is an advisory opinion on an issue that is not in front of us.
               III. The umbrella policy covers Ironics’s claim
       {¶ 77} The only question before this court is whether the umbrella policy
covers Ironics’s claim. The plain language of the insurance contract supplies the
answer.
              A. By its terms, the umbrella policy covers the damage
       {¶ 78} Under the umbrella policy, Motorists Mutual agreed to insure
against a loss resulting from an “occurrence” that causes “property damage.” This
coverage extends only to a loss not covered by Ironics’s “underlying insurance.”
       {¶ 79} The quoted terms are defined as follows:

               • Occurrence:
               1. An accident, or a happening or event, including
       continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in
       “bodily injury” or “property damage” neither expected nor intended
       from the standpoint of the insured.

               • Property damage:
               1. Physical injury to or destruction of tangible property
       which occurs during the policy period, including all resulting loss of
       use of that property;
               2. Loss of use of tangible property which has not been
       physically injured or destroyed provided such loss of use is caused
       by an “occurrence” during the policy period.

                                          35
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

               • Underlying insurance: policies listed in the Schedule of
       Underlying Insurance and other policies available to the Insured
       applicable to the “occurrence.”

“Accident,” as used in the definition of “occurrence,” is not defined, so it takes on
its ordinary meaning. An “accident” is an “unintended and unforeseen injurious
occurrence; something that does not occur in the usual course of events or that could
not be reasonably anticipated.” Black’s Law Dictionary 18-19 (11th Ed.2019); see
also Hybud Equip. Corp. v. Sphere Drake Ins. Co., 64 Ohio St.3d 657, 666, 597
N.E.2d 1096 (1992) (“In its common, ordinary use, the word ‘accidental’ means
unexpected, as well as unintended”).
       {¶ 80} The facts fit neatly into this collection of definitions. First, the law
of the case is that no “underlying insurance”—namely, the CGL policy—covers
this claim.
       {¶ 81} Second, the tube scale was accidentally manufactured to contain a
contaminant ruinous to the bottles. The contamination of the glass with chrome
particulate was unintended and unforeseen. Relying on Westfield Ins. Co. v.
Custom Agri Sys., Inc., 133 Ohio St.3d 476, 2012-Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269,
¶ 13, Motorists Mutual maintains that “accident” is a term of art that incorporates
what insurance law calls the fortuity principle—the idea that damage must be
“ ‘truly accidental’ ” to be covered, not a consequence of “ ‘faulty workmanship.’ ”
Custom Agri, quoting JTO, Inc. v. State Auto. Mut. Ins. Co., 194 Ohio App.3d 319,
2011-Ohio-1452, 956 N.E.2d 328, ¶ 32 (11th Dist.); see also Ohio N. Univ. v.
Charles Constr. Servs., Inc., 155 Ohio St.3d 197, 2018-Ohio-4057, 120 N.E.3d 762,
¶ 17. But here, unlike in Custom Agri, the loss was truly accidental. Owens
scrapped its glass bottles because a subcontractor had inadvertently contaminated
the tube scale. Ironics did not intend and could not have foreseen such a mishap,

                                         36
                                January Term, 2022

and the loss was not a result of Ironics’s faulty craftsmanship. Thus, there was an
occurrence (i.e., an accident that resulted in property damage).
       {¶ 82} This occurrence rendered the glass bottles in question unusable.
Motorists Mutual contends that the bottles were not destroyed. But the definition
of property damage includes the “[l]oss of use of tangible property.” Here, 3.7
million pounds of glass bottles could not be put to their intended use. Thus, the
defective tube scale inflicted property damage. Ironics’s claim is within the sweep
of the umbrella policy. Straightforward enough.
       {¶ 83} But that does not complete the analysis because the umbrella policy
contains “exclusions.” Motorists Mutual offers three as relevant. The policy
excludes coverage for “[p]roperty damage” (1) to “your product,” (2) to “your
work,” and (3) to “impaired property.”
       {¶ 84} Start with the exclusion for property damage to “your product.”
“Your product” is defined as “[a]ny goods or products, other than real property,
manufactured, sold, handled or distributed or disposed of by * * * [y]ou.” “You”
in the definition of “your product” refers to Ironics, the insured. Ironics’s product
is the tube scale. The damaged product is the glass bottles manufactured by Owens.
Motorists Mutual argues that the bottles are an integrated system of which the tube
scale is a component and, therefore, the bottles should be considered Ironics’s
product too. But Ironics has not “manufactured, sold, handled or distributed or
disposed of” the bottles made by Owens. Thus, the “your product” exclusion does
not exclude coverage for damage to the bottles.
       {¶ 85} Next, turn to the exclusion for property damage to “your work.” The
relevant definition is as follows:

               • Your work:
               1. Work or operations performed by you or on your behalf;
       and

                                         37
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

               2. Materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection
       with such work or operations.

Ironics did not perform “work” for Owens. It did not, for example, participate in
the implementation of the tube scale into the other glass ingredients. Ironics simply
supplied a product. Ironics did “furnish[]” “materials,” but not “in connection
with” any “work.”
       {¶ 86} Finally, there is the “impaired property” exclusion. That exclusion
defines “impaired property” as

               tangible property, other than “your product” or “your work”
       that cannot be used or is less useful because:
               1. It incorporates “your product” or “your work” that is
       known or thought to be defective, deficient, inadequate or
       dangerous; or
               2. You have failed to fulfill the terms of a contract or
       agreement;

       if such property can be restored to use by:
               1. The repair, replacement, adjustment or removal of “your
       product” or “your work”; or
               2. Your fulfilling the terms of the contract or agreement.

Here, the glass bottles are “tangible property” that “incorporates” Ironics’s
“product”—the tube scale. But the exclusion does not apply, because the property
cannot “be restored to use.” The bottles were necessarily scrapped.
       {¶ 87} Thus, it is clear from the four corners of the umbrella policy that
Motorists Mutual agreed to cover Ironics’s liability and that no exclusion applies.

                                         38
                                January Term, 2022

        B. There is no need to venture beyond the language of the policy
       {¶ 88} The majority opts to use this case to write something of a treatise on
insurance law. It invokes various insurance doctrines and cites numerous cases
from other jurisdictions. But while it may conceivably interest some to know that
the economic-loss doctrine “prevents ‘the tortification of contract law,’ ” majority
opinion at ¶ 28, quoting Annett Holdings, Inc. v. Kum & Go, L.C., 801 N.W.2d 499,
503 (Iowa 2011), or that the integrated-systems rule preserves the “ ‘ “distinction
between warranty and strict products liability,” ’ ” id. at ¶ 30, quoting E. River
Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 476 U.S. 858, 867, 106 S.Ct. 2295,
90 L.Ed.2d 865 (1986), quoting N. Power & Eng. Corp. v. Caterpillar Tractor Co.,
623 P.2d 324, 330 (Alaska 1981), none of this is necessary to resolve this dispute
about the meaning of a contract. The majority’s musings are simply dicta.
                                IV. Conclusion
       {¶ 89} Under the plain language of the contract in front of us, Ironics is
entitled to coverage under the umbrella policy. The majority digresses well beyond
the contractual language, but ultimately ends up with the right result.
Consequently, I concur in judgment only.
       KENNEDY, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                                _________________
       FISCHER, J., concurring in judgment only in part and dissenting in part.
       {¶ 90} In this case, we are asked to decide whether there is insurance
coverage for a claim by a supplier whose defective product was incorporated in the
production process of a third-party manufacturer and then caused damage to that
manufacturer’s final product.
       {¶ 91} I agree with the majority opinion that—absent an exclusion or
endorsement stating otherwise—there is coverage in this case. I disagree, however,
with the majority opinion’s decision to find that coverage under only the umbrella
policy. Unlike the majority opinion, I would find that this particular claim is

                                        39
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

covered first and foremost under the commercial general-liability (“CGL”) policy
in place at the time. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth more fully below, I
respectfully concur in judgment only in part and dissent in part.
                      I. THE INSURING AGREEMENTS
       {¶ 92} Appellee Ironics, Inc., purchased a single policy agreement, policy
33.300545-90E, (“the agreement”) from Motorists Mutual Insurance Company,
appellant, that included a CGL policy and an umbrella policy. The main insuring
policy in the agreement between Motorists and Ironics is the CGL policy, which
provides that “[Motorists] will pay those sums that [Ironics] becomes legally
obligated to pay as damages because of * * * ‘property damage’ to which this
insurance applies.” As relevant here, the CGL policy goes on to state that it covers
property damage “caused by an ‘occurrence.’ ” The umbrella policy included in
the agreement provides that Motorists will pay all sums that Ironics is legally
obligated to pay as damages “[i]n excess of the [CGL’s policy limits]” or “[f]or an
‘occurrence’ covered by this policy which is either excluded or not covered by the
[CGL policy].”
       {¶ 93} Given the policy language involved here, the CGL policy sits in a
primary position. It is only if the CGL’s policy limits are exhausted or if there is a
gap in the CGL policy’s primary coverage, which the umbrella policy would then
drop down to fill, that the umbrella policy is applicable. See Cincinnati Ins. Co. v.
CPS Holdings, Inc., 115 Ohio St.3d 306, 2007-Ohio-4917, 875 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 5.
                                  II. STANDING
       {¶ 94} This court accepted jurisdiction over a single proposition of law
raised by Motorists, under which it argues that the incorporation of a defective
ingredient does not constitute damage under the CGL and umbrella policies in the
agreement. See 158 Ohio St.3d 1504, 2020-Ohio-2819, 144 N.E.3d 444. The
proposition of law specifically states, “The incorporation of a defective ingredient
into an integrated product or system does not constitute damage to ‘other’ property

                                         40
                                 January Term, 2022

for purposes of liability coverage under commercial general liability and umbrella
policies.” (Emphasis added.) So contrary to the concurring-in-judgment-only
opinion, the issue of coverage under both policies is currently before our court.
       {¶ 95} The majority opinion declines to address Motorists’s argument
under the CGL policy for a different reason than that expressed by the concurring-
in-judgment-only opinion. In a footnote, the majority opinion concludes that
Motorists lacks standing to challenge any issue related to the CGL policy because
the court of appeals ultimately ruled in its favor on that issue. Majority opinion,
¶ 9, fn. 1. While there is some support for the assertion that a party who has
prevailed on an issue in the court of appeals lacks standing to raise that issue before
this court, this case does not present that scenario.
       {¶ 96} This court has stated that standing to appeal requires only that the
party have been aggrieved by the final order that is being appealed. See Ohio
Contract Carriers Assn. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 140 Ohio St. 160, 42 N.E.2d 758
(1942), syllabus; In re Application of Suburban Natural Gas Co., ___Ohio
St.3d___, 2021-Ohio-3224, ___N.E.3d___, ¶ 42 (the party seeking reversal must
show that it has been harmed by the order); In re Application of Ohio Power Co.,
155 Ohio St.3d 320, 2018-Ohio-4697, 121 N.E.3d 315, ¶ 9 A party is an “aggrieved
party” when the party’s “interest in the subject matter of the litigation is
‘ “immediate and pecuniary, and not a remote consequence of the judgment.” ’ ”
Midwest Fireworks Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Deerfield Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 91 Ohio
St.3d 174, 177, 743 N.E.2d 894 (2001), quoting Ohio Contract Carriers Assn. at
161, quoting 2 American Jurisprudence, Appeal and Error, Section 50, at 942
(1936). Thus, the appealing party must be able to demonstrate a present interest in
the subject matter of the litigation that has been prejudiced by the judgment
appealed from. Id.
       {¶ 97} It is true that this court may have, perhaps inadvertently, suggested
that standing to appeal might be further limited. In dictum, this court has noted that

                                          41
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

a party was restrained from raising a specific error in its appeal because it had
benefitted from the error. Dayton-Montgomery Cty. Port Auth. v. Montgomery Cty.
Bd. of Revision, 113 Ohio St.3d 281, 2007-Ohio-1948, 865 N.E.2d 22, ¶ 33. And
in a footnote, this court has determined that a party lacked standing to challenge a
specific portion of a lower court’s holding because the party was not aggrieved by
it. State ex rel. Richardson v. Suster, 130 Ohio St.3d 82, 2011-Ohio-4728, 955
N.E.2d 982, ¶ 1, fn. 1.
       {¶ 98} What is clear from this court’s jurisprudence is that the appealing
party must be aggrieved by the final order and show a present interest in the subject
matter of the litigation. See Ohio Power Co. at ¶ 9. Here, Motorists was aggrieved
by the final order of the court of appeals because that order determined that the trial
court erred in granting summary judgment to Motorists. And it is apparent that
Motorists has a present interest in the subject matter of the litigation given that the
interpretation of the agreement, which includes both the CGL and umbrella polices,
dictates whether it will be responsible for coverage. Furthermore, in order to
interpret the umbrella policy, one necessarily must interpret the CGL policy. As
stated in the umbrella policy, Motorists will pay all sums that Ironics is legally
obligated to pay as damages “[i]n excess of the [CGL’s policy limits]” or “[f]or an
‘occurrence’ covered by this policy which is either excluded or not covered by the
[CGL policy].” Thus, coverage under the umbrella policy is necessarily informed
by the coverage under the CGL policy—after all, they are part of the same
agreement. Under Ohio law, this court should conclude that Motorists has standing
to raise the issue of coverage under the CGL policy. See Ohio Contract Carriers
Assn. at syllabus.
       {¶ 99} In this case, under the proposition of law accepted for review, we are
deciding whether there is coverage under the agreement, which contains the CGL
and umbrella policies. This is an issue of law that this court reviews de novo. See
Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman Bros. Farm, 73 Ohio St.3d 107, 108, 652

                                          42
                                January Term, 2022

N.E.2d 684 (1995). To ignore the CGL policy—especially when the issue of
coverage under that policy was included in the proposition of law accepted by this
court and the issue was briefed by the parties—results in a false or incomplete
interpretation of the entire agreement. See Siltstone Resources, L.L.C. v. Ohio Pub.
Works Comm., ___Ohio St.3d___, 2022-Ohio-483, ___N.E.3d___, ¶ 15 (“because
this court reviews legal issues de novo, we are not constrained to accept the
appellate court’s legal analysis of whether CDC and other interest holders violated
the deed’s use restriction”); State v. Harrison, ___Ohio St.3d___, 2021-Ohio-4465,
___N.E.3d___, ¶ 55 (Brunner, J., concurring in judgment only) (“it is our duty to
rightly apply the law” and “[o]nce an issue is raised * * *, even if the lower court
erred or failed to consider a relevant legal principle in analyzing the case, we must
still follow where the law leads us”).
       {¶ 100} For those reasons, I believe that Motorists has standing to raise the
issue of coverage under the CGL policy in this case. Thus, I would first address
that issue before reviewing the issue under the umbrella policy.
                               III. OUR REVIEW
       {¶ 101} The interpretation of a contract is a matter of law and thus our
review in this case is de novo. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. at 108. Our review
is guided by our goal of giving effect to the contracting parties’ intentions.
Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216, 2003-Ohio-5849, 797 N.E.2d
1256, ¶ 11, citing Hamilton Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Nationwide Ins. Cos., 86 Ohio St.3d
270, 273, 714 N.E.2d 898 (1999). Considering the scope of our review, our primary
goal when interpreting contracts, the policy language in the insuring agreement,
and the proposition of law that we accepted for review, I would look for coverage
in this dispute under the CGL policy first.

                                         43
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                IV. COVERAGE UNDER THE CGL POLICY
       {¶ 102} As stated above, whether there is coverage under the CGL policy
depends on whether there was property damage caused by an occurrence. If there
was, then the claim is covered, unless an exclusion or endorsement says otherwise.
                              A. Property Damage
       {¶ 103} According to the CGL policy, “property damage” means
“[p]hysical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that
property.” Under that definition, there was property damage in this case since the
incorporation of the insured-supplier’s component product structurally weakened
the manufacturer’s final product. See Traveler’s Ins. Co. v. Eljer Mfg., Inc., 197
Ill.2d 278, 301, 757 N.E.2d 481 (2001) (“tangible property suffers a ‘physical’
injury when the property is altered in appearance, shape, color or in other material
dimension”).
                               B. The Occurrence
       {¶ 104} Deciding whether there is an occurrence is a little more
complicated, but not much. The CGL policy defines the term “occurrence” as “an
accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same
general harmful conditions.” In the past, this court has interpreted the word
“accident,” which the CGL policy leaves undefined, according to its plain and
ordinary meaning as a fortuitous event that was both “unexpected, as well as
unintended.” Westfield Ins. Co. v. Custom Agri Sys., 133 Ohio St.3d 476, 2012-
Ohio-4712, 979 N.E.2d 269, ¶ 12-14.
       {¶ 105} Pointing to Custom Agri and our more recent decision in Ohio N.
Univ. v. Charles Constr. Servs., Inc., 155 Ohio St.3d 197, 2018-Ohio-4057, 120
N.E.3d 762, Motorists argues that there was not an occurrence here, because what
happened is essentially faulty workmanship, and faulty workmanship is not a
fortuitous event. But there is a difference between a claim involving “a bad
product” and one involving “bad workmanship,” Indalex, Inc. v. Natl. Union, 83

                                        44
                                January Term, 2022

A.3d 418, 424 (Pa.Super.2013), and this case involves a bad product, not bad
workmanship. Because of that distinction, Custom Agri and Ohio N. are largely
inapplicable.
       {¶ 106} Instead, once those cases are distinguished, the proper inquiry here
is simply, and more traditionally, whether the damage caused by the defective
product was unforeseen and unintended from the standpoint of the insured. See
Lamar Homes, Inc. v. Mid-Contintent Cas. Co., 242 S.W.3d 1, 16 (Tex.2007). If it
was, then there is an occurrence. If it was not, then there is no occurrence.
Certainly, Ironics neither expected nor intended for its product to damage the glass
bottles into which it was incorporated, and thus, there was an occurrence here. See
Indalex at 426 (“defective products resulting in property loss, to property other than
[the insureds’] products * * * [is] an ‘occurrence’ ”).
                                   C. Exclusions
       {¶ 107} Having found property damage and an occurrence, the only
remaining question is whether any exclusions or endorsements preclude coverage
in this case. The exclusions in the CGL policy that Motorists points to here mirror
the exclusions in the umbrella policy discussed by the majority opinion. Those
exclusions—the “your work,” “your product,” and “impaired property”
exclusions—are all similarly inapplicable under the CGL policy. Ironics did not
perform any work, its claim is not for damage to its product, and its claim does not
involve impaired property that could be restored by removing and replacing its
product.
       {¶ 108} It is worth noting that while those three exclusions clearly do not
apply, Motorists could have easily precluded coverage in this case by adding a
standard endorsement to the policy that bars claims for “ ‘ “property damage”
included within the “products-completed operations hazard.” ’ ” 3 New Appleman
Law of Liability Insurance, Section 16.02, quoting standardized form CG 21 04
promulgated by the Insurance Services Office, Inc. Taking into consideration the

                                         45
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

applicable definitions in the CGL policy, an endorsement like that would have
precluded coverage for property damage arising out of any goods or products
manufactured, sold, handled, distributed, or disposed of by Ironics. See, e.g., Eon
Labs Mfg., Inc. v. Reliance Ins. Co., 756 A.2d 889 (Del.2000).
        {¶ 109} The reason it is worth noting the absence of this endorsement is that
we have previously refused to give insureds the benefits of bargains they did not
make. See, e.g., AKC Inc. v. United Specialty Ins. Co., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2021-
Ohio-3540, ___ N.E.3d ____, ¶ 16. But that rule works both ways. Just as we
cannot rewrite an insurance policy to give an insured coverage that was never
purchased, we cannot rewrite an insurance policy to bar claims that the insurer
failed to exclude.
        {¶ 110} Accordingly, in the absence of an exclusion or endorsement stating
otherwise, there is coverage under the CGL policy when a defective product is
incorporated into and damages a third party’s product or property, and that result
was unexpected and unintended from the standpoint of the insured.
    D. The Economic-Loss Rule and the Lower Court’s Erroneous Decision
        {¶ 111} In its decision below, the Sixth District Court of Appeals concluded
that there was no coverage under the CGL policy because “the economic-loss rule
applies in this case” and bars coverage for the manufacturer’s “negligence and
product liability claims.” 2020-Ohio-137, 151 N.E.3d 1001, ¶ 28. That rule,
however, has no application in this context.
        {¶ 112} As the majority opinion thoroughly explains in its analysis of the
umbrella policy, the economic-loss doctrine “is based on differences between tort
law and contract law,” majority opinion at ¶ 27, and is useful only to the extent that
it helps determine whether liability sounds in tort or in contract, id. at ¶ 28.
        {¶ 113} The economic-loss doctrine thus might be useful as “a liability
defense or remedies doctrine,” Lamar, 242 S.W.3d at 13, but it “is not a useful tool
for determining insurance coverage,” id. at 12. Instead, when, as here, “[t]he

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                                January Term, 2022

insuring agreement does not mention torts, contracts, or economic losses,” id. at 13,
coverage decisions must turn on the policy’s actual language, Am. Family Mut. Ins.
Co. v. Am. Girl, Inc., 268 Wis.2d 16, 2004 WI 2, 673 N.W.2d 65, ¶ 35.
       {¶ 114} With the economic-loss doctrine removed from our coverage
analysis, we can do as the policy instructs and focus on whether there was property
damage caused by an occurrence. See Lamar at 13. Because there was an
occurrence and resulting property damage, the Sixth District’s decision in this case
was incorrect. The economic-loss doctrine does not change that. Consequently, I
would reverse the court of appeals’ judgment at least in part and find coverage
under the CGL policy.
             V. COVERAGE UNDER THE UMBRELLA POLICY
       {¶ 115} Turning to the umbrella policy, I agree with the majority opinion
that there is also coverage in this case under the umbrella policy. In my opinion,
however, that coverage is only applicable once the coverage under the CGL policy
has been exhausted.
                                VI. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 116} Because my view of this case is somewhat different from the view
of the majority opinion, and because that view leads me to a slightly different result,
I respectfully concur in judgment only in part and dissent in part.

                                _________________
       Milligan Pusateri Co., L.P.A., Merle D. Evans III, and Jack B. Cooper, for
appellant.
       Buckley King, L.P.A., and Theodore M. Dunn Jr., for appellee Ironics, Inc.
       Shumaker, Loop & Kendrick, L.L.P., John Siciliano, and John K. Nelson,
for appellee Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc.
       Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, L.L.P., and Natalia Steele, urging reversal
for amicus curiae the Ohio Insurance Institute.

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                           SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       Brouse McDowell, L.P.A., Stacy R.C. Berliner, and P. Wesley Lambert,
urging affirmance for amicus curiae United Policyholders.
                             _________________

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