Court Opinion

ID: 4118928
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-26 20:06:11.030292+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:45.878614
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

   TMC CONSULTING SERVICES, L.L.C.,                )
                                                   )
                        Plaintiff,                 )
                                                   )   C.A. No.: N15C-11-132 EMD CCLD
                 v.                                )
                                                   )
   MATTHEW WRIGHT, CHRISTOPHER                     )
   KENNEDY, MADISON NICHE                          )
   OPPORTUNITIES FUND, LTD.,                       )
   MADISON NICHE OPPORTUNITIES                     )
   FUND, L.L.C., MADISON NICHE                     )
   OPPORTUNITIES MASTER FUND,                      )
   LTD., MADISON NICHE ASSETS                      )
   FUND, LTD., MADISON NICHE                       )
   ASSETS FUND, L.L.C., MADISON                    )
   NICHE ASSETS MASTER FUND, LTD.,                 )
                                                   )
                        Defendants.                )

                                     Submitted: October 3, 2016
                                      Decided January 26, 2017

              Motion of Defendants Matthew Wright and Christopher Kennedy to
                               Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint
                                         DENIED

William Hazeltine, Esquire, Sullivan Hazeltine Allinson, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware and Roger
G. Jones, Esquire, Bradley Arant Boult Cummings, LLP, Nashville, Tennessee, Attorneys for
Plaintiff TMC Consulting Services, L.L.C.

John T. Dorsey, Esquire, Matthew B. Lunn, Esquire, Edmon L. Morton, Esquire, James L.
Higgins, Esquire, and Mary F. Dugan, Esquire, Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor, LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware and Warren Gluck, Esquire, Sean C. Sheely, Esquire, and Sean P. Barry,
Esquire, Holland & Knight, LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for Defendants Matthew
Wright and Christopher Kennedy.

DAVIS, J.

                                       I. INTRODUCTION

       This is a civil action assigned to the Complex Commercial Litigation Division of the

Court. In this action, Plaintiff TMC Consulting Services, LLC (“TMC”) asserts a breach of
contract claim against Defendants Matthew Wright, Christopher Kennedy (collectively, “Wright

and Kennedy”), and six separate but related Delaware and Cayman Islands limited liability

companies — Madison Niche Opportunities Fund, Ltd., Madison Niche Opportunities Fund,

L.L.C., Madison Niche Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd., Madison Niche Assets Fund, Ltd.,

Madison Niche Assets Fund, L.L.C., and Madison Niche Assets Master Fund, Ltd. (collectively,

the “Funds”).

        TMC is a Delaware limited liability company that offers consulting services to

businesses. Wright and Kennedy are insolvency practitioners employed by RHSW (Cayman)

Ltd. (“RHSW”). RHSW is a Cayman Islands firm that specializes in corporate advisory and

restructuring services. Madison Niche Opportunities Fund, Ltd., Madison Niche Opportunities

Master Fund, Ltd., Madison Niche Assets Fund, Ltd., and Madison Niche Assets Master Fund,

Ltd. are Cayman Islands exempted limited liability companies. Madison Niche Opportunities,

L.L.C. and Madison Niche Assets Fund, L.L.C. are Delaware limited liability companies.

        On July 1, 2014, the Funds initiated voluntary liquidation. The Funds appointed Wright

and Kennedy to serve as Joint Voluntary Liquidators to oversee the liquidation process. Wright

and Kennedy and the Funds then hired TMC. Wright and Kennedy, the Funds and TMC entered

into and executed the Consulting Agreement. Under the Consulting Agreement, TMC agreed to

provide consulting services for the Funds during their liquidation. In return, the Funds would

compensate TMC for its services.

        At some point during the contract term, Wright and Kennedy terminated the Consulting

Agreement. In response, TMC filed its Complaint (the “Complaint”) on November 16, 2015.1

1
 TMC first filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against RHSW and Wright and
Kennedy. On September 4, 2015, RHSW filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds that the Consulting Agreement
did not name RHSW as a party. Instead of responding to the motions, TMC filed a notice of dismissal, dismissing

                                                        2
The Complaint alleges that Wright and Kennedy and the Funds breached the Consulting

Agreement by terminating the Consulting Agreement before allowing TMC the opportunity to

cure an alleged breach.

        On December 28, 2015, Wright and Kennedy filed a Motion to Dismiss, Opening Brief in

Support of Motion of Defendants Matthew Wright and Christopher Kennedy to Dismiss

Plaintiff’s Complaint, and Declaration of Christopher Kennedy in Support of the Motion to

Dismiss (collectively, the “Motion”).2 Through the Motion, Wright and Kennedy claim that

TMC cannot maintain a breach of contract claim against them individually because Wright and

Kennedy were acting solely in their representative capacities as Joint Voluntary Liquidators

under the Consulting Agreement. TMC opposes the Motion. TMC filed its Brief in Opposition

to Motion of Defendants Matthew Wright and Christopher Kennedy to Dismiss Plaintiff’s

Complaint (the “Opposition”) on April 1, 2016. Wright and Kennedy submitted their Reply

Brief of Defendants Matthew Wright and Christopher Kennedy in Further Support of Motion to

Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint (the “Reply”) on April 15, 2016.

        The Court held a hearing on the Motion, the Opposition and the Reply on October 3,

2016. After hearing from the parties, the Court took the Motion under advisement.

        This is the Court’s decision on the Motion. For the reasons set forth below, the Court

will DENY the Motion to Dismiss.

its complaint without prejudice. On November 16, 2015, TMC filed the present Complaint. In the Complaint, TMC
once again named Wright and Kennedy as Defendants, but dropped RHSW and added the Funds as Defendants.
2
  Wright and Kennedy also submitted the Declaration of Barnaby Gowrie in Support of the Motion to Dismiss on or
about April 15, 2016.

                                                      3
                                          II. RELEVANT FACTS3

A.       THE VOLUNTARY LIQUIDATION OF THE FUNDS

         On July 1, 2014, the shareholders and managers of each of the Funds voted to initiate the

liquidation of their respective Funds.4 As a result, the Funds hired Wright and Kennedy to serve

as Joint Voluntary Liquidators.5 Wright and Kennedy and the Funds then hired TMC to provide

consulting services for the Funds during the liquidation process.6

B.       THE CONSULTING AGREEMENT

         On July 1, 2014, TMC entered into the Consulting Agreement with Wright and Kennedy

and each of the Funds.7 The parties re-executed the Consulting Agreement on October 15,

2014.8 The preamble to the Consulting Agreement identifies Wright and Kennedy, TMC, and

the Funds as the parties to the Consulting Agreement.9 The three are separately identified by

Roman numeral.10 The preamble states:

                 THIS AMENDED AND RESTATED CONSULTING AGREEMENT is
         made and entered into as of October 15, 2014, pursuant to section 10 of that
         certain Consulting Agreement dated July 1, 2014, by and between, (i)
         MATTHEW WRIGHT and CHRISTOPHER KENNEDY of RHSW (Cayman)
         Limited (“RHSW”), the Joint Voluntary Liquidators (collectively, the
         “Liquidators”) of the funds (each a “Fund”, and collectively the “Funds”) and
         their respective operating companies (each an “Operating Company”, and
         collectively the “Operating Companies”) set forth in Exhibit A hereto, (ii) TMC
         CONSULTING SERVICES, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the
         “Consultant”), and (iii) each of the Funds.11

3
  Unless otherwise indicated, the following are the Relevant Facts as alleged in the Complaint. For purposes of the
Motion, the Court must view all well-pleaded facts alleged in the Complaint as true and in a light most favorable to
TMC. See, e.g., Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011);
Doe v. Cedars Acad., LLC, C.A. No. 09C-09-136 JRS, 2010 WL 5825343, at *3 (Del. Super. Oct. 27, 2010).
4
  Compl. Ex. A, Consulting Agreement p. 1. Exhibit A to the Complaint will be cited to as “Consulting Agreement
§ __” or “Consulting Agreement p. __” if there is no section specified.
5
  Compl. ¶¶ 2–3.
6
  Id. ¶ 13.
7
  Consulting Agreement p. 1.
8
  Id.
9
  Id.
10
   Id.
11
   Id.

                                                          4
        The signature page follows a structure of designating the parties separately.12 Wright and

Kennedy, the Funds, and TMC are each listed on the signature page, and each of the three parties

signed the Consulting Agreement.13 First, Wright and Kennedy signed under their names and

under the heading “Liquidators.”14 Second, Wright and Kennedy, in their capacity as Joint

Voluntary Liquidators, signed on behalf of the Funds.15 Third, the managing director of TMC

signed on behalf of TMC and under the heading “Consultant.”16

        The notice provision, section 19, of the Consulting Agreement appears to be similarly

structured.17 Wright and Kennedy, the Funds, and TMC are each entitled to receive any notices

sent by another party.18 Section 19 provides:

        Notice to the CONSULTANT shall be sent to:
               TMC Consulting Services, LLC
               5619 DTC Parkway, Suite 800
               Greenwood Village, Colorado, 80111
               Attn: Robert Walker

        Notice to LIQUIDATORS and the Funds shall be sent to them:
               c/o RHSW (Cayman) Limited
               Windward 1 Regatta Office Park
               P.O. Box 897
               Grand Cayman, KY1-1103
               Cayman Islands
               Attn: Matthew Wright and Christopher Kennedy19

        The Consulting Agreement further states that none of the foregoing parties may act as an

agent for another party under the Consulting Agreement.20 Section 14 states: “Nothing herein

contained shall be deemed to authorize or empower any party to act as agent for another party to

12
   Consulting Agreement p. 9.
13
   Id.
14
   Id.
15
   Id.
16
   Id.
17
   Consulting Agreement § 19.
18
   Id.
19
   Id.
20
   Consulting Agreement § 14.

                                                5
this Agreement, or to conduct business in the name, or for the account, of the other party to this

Agreement.”21

        The Consulting Agreement goes on to provide that the contract term would continue in

effect until December 31, 2015 and after that from year-to-year.22 However, the parties could

terminate the Consulting Agreement under certain circumstances.23 Section 9(c) of the

Consulting Agreement provides:

                (c)     Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Agreement may be earlier
        terminated as follows: (i) by either the LIQUIDATORS or the CONSULTANT
        (A) upon the breach of this Agreement by another party if such breach is not
        cured within 30 calendar days of written notice of such breach to the breaching
        party, or (B) the final dissolution of all of the Funds, (ii) by the LIQUIDATORS
        upon 30 calendar days notice to the CONSULTANT if the LIQUIDATORS’
        office as liquidators to each of the Funds shall cease, or (iii) automatically without
        further action by any party, in the event that one or more parties other than the
        Liquidators are appointed as the Joint Voluntary Liquidators to the Funds.24

        Based on this section, on June 3, 2015, Wright and Kennedy informed TMC that TMC

breached its obligations under the Consulting Agreement by making an unauthorized expenditure

of funds.25 Wright and Kennedy and the Funds then notified TMC of their intent to terminate the

Consulting Agreement.26 This prompted TMC to file the Complaint against Wright and

Kennedy and the Funds.27 TMC claims that Wright and Kennedy and the Funds should have

provided TMC thirty days to cure its alleged breach before terminating the Consulting

Agreement.28

21
   Id.
22
   Consulting Agreement § 9(a)-(b).
23
   Id. at § 9(c).
24
   Id.
25
   Compl. ¶ 16.
26
   Id.
27
   Id. at ¶ 21.
28
   Id. at ¶¶ 16–18.

                                                  6
C.      THE CAYMAN ISLANDS COURT-SUPERVISED LIQUIDATION PROCEEDINGS

        On March 5, 2015, Wright and Kennedy filed a petition (the “Petition”) in the Grand

Court of the Cayman Islands (the “Grand Court”).29 The Petition asked the Grand Court to

oversee the liquidation of two of the Cayman Islands Funds, Madison Niche Opportunities Fund,

Ltd. (“Madison Opportunities Fund”) and Madison Niche Assets Fund, Ltd. (“Madison Assets

Fund”).30 Wright and Kennedy filed the Petition five months after the parties executed the

Consulting Agreement, but before TMC’s alleged breach.31

        On March 11, 2015, the Grand Court granted the Petition.32 The Grand Court then

appointed Wright and Kennedy to serve as Joint Official Liquidators of the two Funds.33 To

date, Madison Opportunities Fund and Madison Assets Fund are the only two Funds in official

court-supervised liquidation with Wright and Kennedy acting as Joint Official Liquidators.34

The other four Funds remain in voluntary non-court-supervised liquidation with Wright and

Kennedy serving as Joint Voluntary Liquidators.35

D.      CHAPTER 15 PROCEEDINGS

        On January 6, 2016, Madison Opportunities Fund and Madison Assets Fund sought relief

under Chapter 15 of the United State Bankruptcy Code in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the

29
    Decl. of Christopher Kennedy in Support of Mot. to Dismiss Ex. 1, Supervision Orders. Ex 1 will be cited as
“Grand Court Supervision Orders p. __”. The Grand Court Supervision Orders are the only part of the Declaration
that the Court has considered in ruling on the Motion. The Declaration itself meets none of the requirements for
admitting extrinsic evidence on either a 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6) motion. See Vanderbilt Income Growth Assoc. v.
Arvida/JMB Managers, 691 A.2d 609 (Del. 1996); Adkins v. Rumsfeld, 450 F. Supp. 2d 440 (D. Del. 2006).
Additionally, much of the Declaration consists of unsupported, conclusory statements. See Ramunno v. Crawley,
705 A.2d 1029, 1034 (Del. 1998). The Court is therefore permitted to set aside the Declaration when rendering this
opinion.
30
    Grand Court Supervision Orders p. 1.
31
    See id.
32
    Id.
33
    Id. at p. 2.
34
    See id. at p. 1.
35
   See id.

                                                        7
District of Delaware (the “Bankruptcy Court”).36 Wright and Kennedy filed the petitions on

behalf of these two funds.37 The Chapter 15 cases seek to have the Bankruptcy Court recognize

the Cayman Islands liquidations of Madison Opportunities Fund and Madison Assets Fund.38 On

March 1, 2016, the Bankruptcy Court entered an Order Granting Recognition and Relief in Aid

of a Foreign Main Proceeding Pursuant to Section 1504, 1509, 1515, 1517, 1520, and 1521 of

the Bankruptcy Code (the “Recognition Order”).39 Section 4 of the Recognition Order states:

            4.       ORDERED, that all persons and entities (other than the Official
        Liquidators and their expressly authorized representatives and agents) are hereby
        enjoined, except as provided in 11 U.S.C. §§ 555 through 557, 559 through 562,
        1520 and 1521 or as modified herein, from:

             (1) executing against the Funds’ property or assets;

             (2) taking or continuing any act to obtain possession of, or exercise control
                 over, the Official Liquidators (with respect to the Funds), the Funds, or
                 any of the Funds’ property or assets;

             (3) taking or continuing any act to create, perfect or enforce a lien or other
                 security interest, set-off or other claim against the Official Liquidator
                 (with respect to the Funds), the Funds or any of the Funds’ property or
                 assets as of the date of the filing of the Petition, or otherwise seeking the
                 issuance of or issuing any restraining notice or other process or
                 encumbrance with respect to the Funds or any of the Funds’ property or
                 assets; and

             (4) transferring, relinquishing, or disposing of any property of the Funds to
                 any person or entity other than the Official Liquidators 40

        Despite the foregoing limitations, the Recognition Order expressly acknowledges the

existence of this civil action and that this civil action could proceed.41 The Recognition Order

additionally provides:

36
   See Defs.’ Letter dated Mar. 4, 2016.
37
   Id.
38
   Id.
39
   Id. Ex. A, Order. Exhibit A to the Defendants’ Letter dated March 4, 2016 will be cited as the Bankruptcy Court
Recognition Order § __”.
40
   Bankruptcy Court Recognition Order § 4.

                                                         8
        [I]n the event an application by TMC to the Grand Court to lift the Cayman Stay
        is denied by the Grand Court (“Cayman Stay Denial Order”) the Official
        Liquidators do not waive any rights whatsoever to seek recognition and
        enforcement of the Cayman Stay Denial Order in this Court or the Delaware
        Superior Court and TMC does not waive any right to contest such recognition or
        enforcement.42

TMC petitioned the Grand Court to lift the stay on these proceedings.43 On May 24, 2016, the

Grand Court ordered that TMC be granted leave to continue its litigation against Madison

Opportunities Fund and Madison Assets Fund.44

                                    III. PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

        Wright and Kennedy move to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Superior Court Civil

Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1) of the Superior Court Civil Rules (“Civil Rule __”).45 In support of

dismissal under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), Wright and Kennedy first argue that TMC cannot maintain a

breach of contract claim against them individually. Wright and Kennedy argue that they were

acting solely in their representative capacities as Joint Voluntary Liquidators and agents of the

Funds under the contract. Even if they were operating in their representative capacities,

however, Wright and Kennedy next claim that TMC still fails to state a claim against them.

Wright and Kennedy reason that they are entitled to qualified immunity for their actions

undertaken as Joint Voluntary Liquidators on behalf of the Funds as part of the Funds’

liquidation.

        Finally, in support of dismissal under Civil Rule 12(b)(1), Wright and Kennedy argue

that the Barton doctrine divests the Court of subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case. Because

41
   Id. § 5.
42
   Id. § 10.
43
   At oral argument held on October 3, 2016, the Court asked the parties what, if any, action had been taken in the
Grand Court to lift the stay on these proceedings. Counsel for TMC provided to the Court copies of the Grand Court
Orders granting leave to continue these proceedings. The Orders provided to the Court will be cited as “Grand Court
Orders Granting Leave to Continue § __”.
44
   Grand Court Orders Granting Leave to Continue § 1.
45
   Del. Super. Civ. R. 12(b)(1), 12(b)(6).

                                                        9
two of the Funds are in official liquidation in the Cayman Islands, Wright and Kennedy argue

that TMC must first obtain approval of the Grand Court before pursuing any action that could

affect the Funds’ assets.

        In response, TMC argues that Wright and Kennedy executed the Consulting Agreement

in both their individual and representative capacities and are capable of being bound

individually. TMC also contends that Wright and Kennedy are not protected by qualified

immunity because Wright and Kennedy were not acting as court-supervised liquidators at the

time the parties entered the Consulting Agreement. Finally, TMC avers that it need not obtain

prior approval of the Grand Court because this litigation, and any relief ordered against Wright

and Kennedy by the Court, has no impact on the Grand Court liquidation proceedings. TMC

maintains that the Court possesses jurisdiction to hear its claim.

                                        IV. LEGAL STANDARD

        Upon a motion to dismiss under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), the Court (i) accepts all well-

pleaded factual allegations as true, (ii) accepts even vague allegations as well-pleaded if they

give the opposing party notice of the claim, (iii) draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the

non-moving party, and (iv) only dismisses a case where the plaintiff would not be entitled to

recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances.46 However, the Court must

“ignore conclusory allegations that lack specific supporting factual allegations.”47

        The Court will dismiss an action under Civil Rule 12(b)(1) if the record, which may

include evidence outside the pleadings, demonstrates that the Court does not have subject matter

jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims.48 The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject

46
   See Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 227 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011); Doe v.
Cedars Academy, No. 09C-09-136, 2010 WL 5825343, at *3 (Del. Super. Oct. 27, 2010).
47
   Ramunno v. Crawley, 705 A.2d 1029, 1034 (Del. 1998).
48
   See, e.g., Pitts v. City of Wilm., C.A. No. 4166—VCP, 2009 WL 1204492, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 2009).

                                                      10
matter jurisdiction, and “where the plaintiff’s jurisdictional allegations are challenged through

the introduction of material extrinsic to the pleadings, [the plaintiff] must support those

allegations with competent proof.”49

                                              V. DISCUSSION

A.       WHETHER WRIGHT AND KENNEDY ARE INDIVIDUALLY LIABLE

         The main issue raised in the Motion is whether Wright and Kennedy are bound in their

individual capacities under the Consulting Agreement. In making this determination, the Court

must analyze the Consulting Agreement in its entirety.50

         Wright and Kennedy argue that they executed the Consulting Agreement as Joint

Voluntary Liquidators and agents of the Funds during its liquidation. The title of Joint Voluntary

Liquidator is statutorily defined in the Cayman Islands Companies Law (the “Companies

Law”).51 Sections 116-129 of the Companies Law apply to the voluntary winding up of a

company.52 Section 119 states that “[o]ne or more liquidators shall be appointed for the purpose

of winding up the company’s affairs and distributing its assets.”53 The Funds and Wright and

Kennedy enlisted TMC’s consulting services for the purpose of facilitating the liquidation

process.54 Therefore, Wright and Kennedy argue that they executed the Consulting Agreement

in compliance with their statutory duties under the Companies Law. Wright and Kennedy

maintain that they may not now be sued individually for these acts performed on behalf of the

Funds.

49
   Id.
50
   See Bonnant v. Merill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 467 Fed.Appx. 4, 8 (2nd Cir. 2012).
51
   Cayman Islands, Companies Law (2013 revision).
52
   Id. §§ 116–129.
53
   Id. § 119.
54
   Consulting Agreement p. 1.

                                                        11
        To further support this argument, Wright and Kennedy rely on the language in the

Consulting Agreement. The preamble to the Consulting Agreement defines Wright and Kennedy

by their statutory title of “Joint Voluntary Liquidators.”55 The Consulting Agreement also

consistently refers to Wright and Kennedy as the “Liquidators.”56 Finally, while Wright and

Kennedy signed the signature page twice, they signed once under the heading “Liquidators” and

a second time above the title of “Joint Voluntary Liquidator.”57

        Based on these repeated references to Wright and Kennedy as liquidators, Wright and

Kennedy analogize their case to Pennsylvania House, Inc. v. Kauffman’s of Delaware, Inc.58 In

Pennsylvania House, the defendant signed an indemnity agreement on behalf of his partnership,

Kauffman’s furniture store.59 The agreement expressly identified the defendant in his

representative capacity as an indemnitor six separate times.60 However, the defendant signed the

agreement in his individual capacity, failing to identify himself as Kauffman’s agent.61 The

Court refused to find the defendant personally liable, reasoning that the defendant clearly

intended to execute the agreement as Kauffman’s agent.62 The Court noted that agents are

individually liability in those circumstances where an agent has “expressly or impliedly incurred

or intended to incur personal responsibility.”63

        At this stage in the proceedings, the facts of this case seem meaningfully different from

Pennsylvania House and the typical case of agent liability where an agent contracts on behalf of

55
   Id.
56
   Id. p. 1–9.
57
   Id. p. 9.
58
   No. 97J-10-039, 1998 WL 442701, at *1 (Del. Super. May 20, 1998).
59
   Pennsylvania House, 1998 WL 442701, at *1.
60
   Id.
61
   Id.
62
   Id. at *2.
63
   Id.

                                                      12
the principal.64 Here, the facts indicate that Wright and Kennedy are not merely contracting on

behalf of a principal because the principal, the Funds, is a separate party to the Consulting

Agreement.65 This makes the Consulting Agreement more of a tri-party contract, with Wright

and Kennedy, the Funds, and TMC as separate signatories.66

         Bonnant v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.67 presents the same unique

factual issue of agent liability in the context of a tri-party contract. 68 Mr. Bonnant, an attorney,

executed an agreement to open a Merrill Lynch Cash Management Account on behalf of his

client, Sophin Investments.69 The agreement identified three separate parties: (1) Sophin

Investments, the “accountholder,” (2) Mr. Bonnant, Sophin’s “President/Director” and

“Representative,” and (3) Merrill Lynch, the account provider.70 At the end of the agreement,

Mr. Bonnant signed his name twice, once in his capacity as his client’s authorized representative

and once in his individual capacity.71 Sophin Investments later initiated arbitration against

Merrill Lynch.72 Merrill Lynch then named Mr. Bonnant as a third-party defendant.73 Mr.

Bonnant argued against individual liability because he signed the agreement “in a purely

representative capacity on behalf of Sophin and never intended to be bound personally by [the]

agreement.”74

64
    See e.g., American Ins. Co. v. Material Transit, Inc., 446 A.2d 1101, 1105 (Del. Super. 1982) (dismissing a breach
of contract claim because the defendant was acting as an agent on behalf of a disclosed principal and was therefore
not individually liable to a third party).
65
    Consulting Agreement p. 1.
66
    Id. p. 1, 9.
67
    467 Fed.Appx. 4 (2nd Cir. 2012).
68
    Bonnant, 467 Fed.Appx. at 1.
69
   Id.
70
    Id.
71
    Id.
72
    Id.
73
    Id. at 2.
74
    Id.

                                                         13
          Merrill Lynch moved for summary judgment and to compel arbitration. The district court

granted the motion.75 It held that Mr. Bonnant’s two signatures unambiguously indicated that

Mr. Bonnant opened the account “in both representative and personal capacities.” Mr. Bonnant

appealed the district court’s decision.76

          The second circuit vacated the district court’s finding.77 It explained that the district

court could only grant a motion for summary judgment if the agreement was unambiguous as to

the issue of liability. 78 In determining the question of liability, the second circuit explained that

“it is not sufficient to look only at the signature line in isolation.”79 Instead, “what is written on a

signature line must be understood in the light of the entire agreement.”80 The second circuit

found that the district court erred in relying solely on the signature line in finding individual

liability.81 Moreover, the second circuit held that the signature line, when read in isolation,

created an ambiguity as to individual liability.82 As such, the signature line alone could not be

the basis for an unambiguous or unequivocal finding of liability, as is required for a grant of

summary judgment on this issue.83

          Wright and Kennedy thus argue that the language of the Consulting Agreement does not

unambiguously establish individual liability. However, Wright and Kennedy overlook two

important facts. First, the Bonnant court decided the liability issue on a motion for summary

judgment. The “unambiguous and unequivocal” standard cited in Bonnant is thus relevant on a

motion for summary judgment. Here, the Court is not bound by the summary judgment standard

75
   Id.
76
   Id.
77
   Id. at 8.
78
   Id. at 3.
79
   Id.
80
   Id.
81
   Id.
82
   Id. at 4.
83
   Id.

                                                    14
because this is a motion to dismiss. The Court need only discern whether TMC would not be

able to recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances.84 Second, the Bonnant

court stated that the issue of liability must be assessed in light of the entire agreement. The

Court should not simply look to the provisions cited by Wright and Kennedy when ruling on the

Motion.

         Thus, in analyzing the Consulting Agreement in its entirety, the Court finds that there is

at least an argument that Wright and Kennedy incurred personal liability. The Consulting

Agreement clearly denotes Wright and Kennedy as a party, separate and distinct from the

Funds.85 Wright and Kennedy then chose to sign the Consulting Agreement twice.86 While

Wright and Kennedy’s first signature appears below the heading “Liquidators,” this was a

definition with no accompanying designation of their representative capacity or who they

represented.87 Had Wright and Kennedy not intended to be named individually, they could have

simply signed on behalf of the Funds as liquidators, as they did in the second signature block,

without risking personal liability.

         Additionally, in numerous other sections throughout the Consulting Agreement, Wright

and Kennedy are identified as separate from the Funds. In section 19, Wright and Kennedy and

the Funds are each entitled to receive notice of any action taken by another party.88 In sections

2(a), 3(a), and 4(c), Wright and Kennedy must cause the Funds to perform specific duties, such

as “cause the Funds to indemnify” TMC, “cause the Funds to pay” TMC its aggregate monthly

84
   See Central Mortg. Co. 227 A.3d at 536; Doe, 2010 WL 5825343, at *3.
85
   Consulting Agreement p. 1.
86
   Id. p. 9.
87
   Id. See also F.D.I.C. v. Woodside Const., Inc. 979 F.2d 172, 175 (9th Cir. 1992) (“The manner in which Galt
signed the promissory note bound him as an endorser in his individual capacity. He signed the note under the
corporate name with the designation of his representative capacity. He also signed the note above the corporate
name with no designation of any representative capacity. It is this latter signature that creates Galt's liability.”)
88
   Consulting Agreement § 19.

                                                            15
fee, and “cause the Funds to reimburse” TMC for certain expenditures.89 Wright and Kennedy

had specific roles under the Consulting Agreement that were separate from those of the Funds.

If Wright and Kennedy were acting as representatives, their roles, duties, and rights would be no

different than the Funds’.

        The Court notes, however, that the Consulting Agreement does not impose individual

responsibilities on Wright and Kennedy in section 9 — the section at issue in this litigation.90

Section 9 references only Wright and Kennedy and TMC and their rights and responsibilities in

the event of a breach of the Consulting Agreement.91 Wright and Kennedy argue that section 9

does not use any language inconsistent with Wright and Kennedy’s role as an agent of the Funds.

This argument against individual liability is plausible and, after some discovery, may be the basis

for judgment in favor of Wright and Kennedy. However, the record before the Court as it

pertains to this argument is too undeveloped to provide a basis for granting the Motion at this

stage in the litigation.92

        Section 14 of the Consulting Agreement provides another basis for denying the Motion.

Section 14 states that “Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to authorize or empower any

party to act as agent for another party to this Agreement, or to conduct business in the name, or

for the account, of the other party to this Agreement.”93 This appears to be “boilerplate”

language and may not ultimately create an issue. Moreover, if Wright and Kennedy (solely in

their capacity as representatives from the Funds) and TMC are determined to be the only parties

to the Consulting Agreement, section 14 would have little impact on the issue of liability.

89
   Id. §§ 2(a), 3(a), 4(c).
90
   Id. § 9.
91
   Id.
92
   Canadian Commercial Workers Indus. Pension Plan v. Alden, No. 11-84N, 2006 WL 456786, at *10 (Del. Ch.
Feb. 22, 2006) (denying a motion to dismiss because the issue was one of fact and one that could not be resolved on
the undeveloped record before the court).
93
   Consulting Agreement § 14.

                                                        16
However, there are three separate parties to the Consulting Agreement. Consequently, the

Consulting Agreement expressly forecloses the possibility of Wright and Kennedy, a party to the

Consulting Agreement, from acting as an agent of the Funds, another party to the Consulting

Agreement, with respect to this agreement.

        The Court agrees with the Bonnant court’s reasoning that one of the foregoing provisions,

on its own, may be an insufficient basis to support a finding of individual liability.94 However,

Bonnant also makes clear that the Court must analyze the Consulting Agreement in its entirety.95

In so doing, the Court finds that the foregoing provisions of the Consulting Agreement, in

combination, create a potential basis for imposing individual liability on Wright and Kennedy.

Therefore, the Court cannot — drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving

party — hold that TMC would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably conceivable set of

circumstances at this early stage in the proceedings.

        This is not to say that the Court is foreclosed from resolving this issue prior to trial once

the parties develop the record through discovery. On the contrary, if the parties engage in

discovery, the Court may be in a better position to resolve the issue of liability. The Court

cannot, however, based on the record before it, dismiss the breach of contract claim against

Wright and Kennedy.

B.      WHETHER QUALIFIED IMMUNITY EXTENDS TO QUASI-JUDICIAL OFFICERS LIKE
        LIQUIDATORS

        Wright and Kennedy next argue that liquidators, as quasi-judicial officers, are entitled to

qualified immunity for actions performed in the scope of their duties as liquidators. Wright and

Kennedy’s immunity argument, however, presupposes that they did not execute the Consulting

94
   See Bonnant, 467 Fed.Appx. 6 (explaining that a corporate representative does not make himself liable on the
corporation’s contract merely by signing twice).
95
   Id. at 3.

                                                        17
Agreement in both individual and representative capacities. As previously discussed, the Court

is not in a position, based on the record before it, to determine this issue on a motion to dismiss.

         Even if it were, the Court is not persuaded that judicial immunity extends to Wright and

Kennedy in these circumstances. Generally, court-appointed trustees and receivers are entitled to

immunity for actions taken in the scope of their duties.96 This means that a trustee is not

personally liable on contracts entered into on behalf of the estate.97 This rule allows a court to

shield a trustee from personal liability for actions undertaken at the directive of the court.98

         Under this theory, the judicial immunity offered to bankruptcy trustees does not extend to

Wright and Kennedy. Wright and Kennedy are liquidators in the Cayman Islands. They are not

bankruptcy trustees appointed by a U.S. court. Wright and Kennedy do not cite to a single case

in which a court has extended judicial immunity to liquidators serving in a foreign court.

Instead, Wright and Kennedy argue that public policy justifies extending immunity to “all such

quasi-judicial officers” so that they may responsibly wind up a company without fear of personal

liability.99

         However, even if the Court were to adopt such policy rationales, Wright and Kennedy

were not acting as court-appointed liquidators when they executed the Consulting Agreement on

October 15, 2014.100 Wright and Kennedy were voluntary liquidators appointed by the

shareholders and members of the Funds.101 The Grand Court did not appoint Wright and

Kennedy as official liquidators, who would operate under the Grand Court’s supervision, until

96
    In re J&S Properties, LLC, 545 B.R. 91, 105 (Bankr. W.D.P.A. 2015); In re Smith, 400 B.R. 370, 377–80 (Bankr.
E.D.N.Y. 2009) (citing In re Center Teleproductions, Inc., 112 B.R. 567, 578 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1990)).
97
   In re Lickman, 297 B.R. 162, 204 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2003); In re Markos Gurney P’ship, 182 B.R. 211, 217
(Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1995) (citations omitted); In re Rollins, 175 B.R. 69, 77 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 1994).
98
    See Lonneker Farms, Inc. v. Klobucher, 804 F.2d 1096, 1097 (9th Cir. 1986) (explaining that a bankruptcy trustee
acting under the authority of the bankruptcy judge is entitled to immunity because “he is performing an integral part
of the judicial process”).
99
    Def’s Mot. at 15.
100
     See Consulting Agreement p. 1.
101
     See id.

                                                         18
March 11, 2015.102 Even then, Wright and Kennedy were official liquidators for only two of the

six Funds.103

        Wright and Kennedy argue that the relevant inquiry is their status as of June 3, 2015, the

day they decided to terminate the Consulting Agreement. On that date, Wright and Kennedy

were operating as Official Liquidators. However, the entire basis for personal liability — and

the entire basis for the Motion — stems from Wright and Kennedy’s actions at the time the

parties signed the Consulting Agreement. At that time, Wright and Kennedy were not under the

supervision of the Bankruptcy Court or the Grand Court when winding up the Funds. Therefore,

even if Wright and Kennedy were acting solely in their representative capacities, judicial

immunity is not a basis for dismissing the breach of contract claim.104

C.      WHETHER THE BARTON DOCTRINE APPLIES AND DIVESTS THE COURT OF JURISDICTION

        The final basis for Wright and Kennedy’s Motion is that the Court lacks jurisdiction to

hear the claim pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Barton v. Barbour.105 The Court

must determine whether the policy considerations underlying the Barton doctrine are implicated

in this case.

        The Barton doctrine provides that, before suit is brought against a receiver in another

forum, a plaintiff must obtain leave of the court that appointed the receiver.106 The justification

for this rule is to ensure that receivership property is consistently and equitably administered. 107

102
    Grand Court Supervision Orders p. 1.
103
    See id.
104
    Wright and Kennedy also allege that they are entitled to statutory immunity under the Delaware Limited Liability
Company Act, which codifies the immunity applicable to liquidating trustees. Del. Code Ann. tit. 6 § 18 (2016).
This argument similarly presupposes that Wright and Kennedy did not execute the Consulting Agreement in both
individual and representative capacities. The Court again stresses that it cannot decide this issue on the record
before it, and in so holding, does not find the statutory immunity argument to be a valid basis for dismissing the
breach of contract claim at this point in the litigation.
105
    104 U.S. 126 (1881).
106
    Barton, 104 U.S. at 128.
107
    Id. at 128–29.

                                                        19
Because any judgment against a receiver would be satisfied out of receivership property, the

Barton doctrine seeks to prevent a plaintiff’s claim from superseding the claims of a creditor.108

         Circuit courts have since extended Barton to apply to other court-appointed officers such

as trustees.109 However, for the Barton doctrine to apply, a plaintiff must bring suit against a

trustee or receiver for acts done in the trustee or receiver’s official capacity.110 Failure to obtain

leave of the appointing court in this instance may divest another court of jurisdiction to hear a

plaintiff’s claim.111

         Wright and Kennedy argue that TMC is required to first obtain leave of the Grand Court,

where two of the Funds are in official liquidation, before bringing an action in this Court.

Wright and Kennedy assume that any action against them, as liquidators, would disrupt the

equitable administration of the assets of Madison Opportunities Fund and Madison Assets Funds.

This is not true. TMC is not pursuing an action against Wright and Kennedy for acts performed

in their official capacity as liquidators. TMC is suing Wright and Kennedy individually. Any

judgment against Wright and Kennedy would be satisfied from their individual assets, not from

the assets of Madison Opportunities Fund or Madison Assets Fund. This lawsuit, as it relates to

Wright and Kennedy individually, does not affect the liquidation proceedings in the Grand

Court.

         This conclusion is further supported by the orders issued by the Bankruptcy Court and the

Grand Court. In its Recognition Order, the Bankruptcy Court incorporated safeguards to protect

108
     See id. (explaining that a suit brought without leave to recover judgment is “virtually a suit . . . to take the
property of the trust from [the receiver’s] hands and apply it to the payment of the plaintiff's claim, without regard to
the rights of other creditors or the orders of the court which is administering the trust property”).
 109
      See e.g., In re VistaCare Group, LLC, 678 F.3d 218, 224 (3d Cir. 2012); Lawrence v. Goldberg, 573 F.3d 1265,
1269 (11th Cir. 2009); In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d 963, 970 (9th Cir. 2005); Muratore v. Darr, 375 F.3d
140, 143 (1st Cir. 2004); In re DeLorean Motor Co., 991 F.2d 1236, 1240 (6th Cir. 1993).
110
     VistaCare, 678 F.3d at 224.
111
     See In re Summit Metals, Inc, 477 B.R. 484, 494–95 (Bankr. D. Del. 2012) (dismissing claim pursuant to Barton
because plaintiff’s failure to seek leave of the bankruptcy court prior to filing in the New York Supreme Court
divested the New York Supreme Court of subject matter jurisdiction).

                                                           20
the Funds’ assets, but expressly lifted the stay on litigation in this case.112 The Grand Court

similarly granted TMC’s request for leave to continue the proceedings.113 Had the Grand Court

been concerned about the assets in liquidation in its court, it could have denied TMC’s request to

continue its proceedings against Madison Opportunities Fund and Madison Assets Fund. There

is nothing in the record before the Court to indicate that TMC is using the Court or this litigation

to circumvent the liquidation process in the Grand Court. Therefore, the Court finds that it

maintains jurisdiction over this litigation.

                                              VI. CONCLUSION

           For the foregoing reasons, Wright and Kennedy’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                                /s/ Eric M. Davis
                                                                Eric M. Davis, Judge

112
      Bankruptcy Court Recognition Order §§ 5–6.
113
      Grand Court Orders Granting Leave to Continue § 1.

                                                           21