Court Opinion

ID: 2751941
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-14 23:06:52.120252+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:09.809411
License: Public Domain

J-S68016-14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                       IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                         PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

MANUEL DEL ROSARIO GONZALEZ

                            Appellant                   No. 3070 EDA 2013

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 8, 2013
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-39-CR-0001329-2012

BEFORE: ALLEN, J., JENKINS, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY JENKINS, J.:                         FILED NOVEMBER 14, 2014

        Appellant, Manuel Del Rosario Gonzalez, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered in the Lehigh County Court of Common pleas, following his

jury trial conviction for third degree murder.1 We affirm.

        In its opinion, the trial court fully and correctly sets forth the relevant

facts and procedural history of this case. Therefore, we have no reason to

restate them.

        Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

           DID THE LOWER COURT MISTAKENLY DENY THE DEFENSE
           REQUEST   FOR  A   MISTRIAL  BASED   UPON   THE
           PROSECUTOR'S QUESTIONING AND STATEMENTS THAT
           BROUGHT INTO ISSUE THE DEFENDANT'S TESTIMONIAL
           SILENCE?

____________________________________________

1
    18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(c).
J-S68016-14

           DID THE LOWER COURT ERR BY NOT GRANTING THE
           DEFENSE REQUEST FOR A MISTRIAL BASED UPON THE
           PROSECUTOR'S   PREJUDICIAL  STATEMENT    ABOUT
           DEFENSE COUNSEL AND THE DEFENSE COUNSEL'S ROLE
           IN THE TRIAL?

           DID  THE    TRIAL  COURT,   INAPPROPRIATELY AND
           PREJUDICIALLY, TAKE A POSITION OF ADVOCACY WHEN
           IT  QUESTIONED    THE   DEFENDANT   DURING  THE
           COMMONWEALTH'S CROSS-EXAMINATION?

           DID THE TRIAL COURT MISTAKENLY LIMIT THE DEFENSE
           COUNSEL'S    CROSS-EXAMINATION     OF    VARIOUS
           COMMONWEALTH WITNESSES AS IT RELATED TO THEIR
           POSSIBLE GANG AFFILIATION?

(Appellant’s Brief at 7-8).

      Our standard of review of a court's denial of a motion for mistrial is as

follows:

           A motion for a mistrial is within the discretion of the trial
           court. A mistrial upon motion of one of the parties is
           required only when an incident is of such a nature that its
           unavoidable effect is to deprive the appellant of a fair and
           impartial trial. It is within the trial court’s discretion to
           determine whether a defendant was prejudiced by the
           incident that is the basis of a motion for a mistrial. On
           appeal, our standard of review is whether the trial court
           abused that discretion.

Commonwealth v. Akbar, 91 A.3d 227, 236 (Pa.Super.2014) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Tejeda, 834 A.2d 619, 623 (Pa.Super.2003). Further,

the admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court

and will be reversed only when there is an abuse of that discretion.

Commonwealth v. Wantz, 84 A.3d 324, 336 (Pa.Super.2014).

                                       -2-
J-S68016-14

      After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Lawrence J.

Brenner, we conclude Appellant’s issues merit no relief.        The trial court

opinion comprehensively discusses and properly disposes of the questions

presented.    (See Trial Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2013, at 6-22)

(finding:    Appellant, through his direct examination, opened the door to

questions about his credibility on cross-examination, especially where

Appellant outwardly acknowledged that he did not remain silent, but lied to

police during the investigation; the prosecutor’s statement about defense

counsel’s role in trial was a proper exhibit of oratorical flair, a proper

cautionary instruction was issued to the jury that counsel did not attempt to

mislead them with respect to testimony, and none of the prosecution’s

comments or questions posed to Appellant were improperly prejudicial such

that they warranted a mistrial; Appellant’s counsel did not object when the

court questioned Appellant, thus waiving this issue for appellate review, and

the court’s questioning was proper to clarify Appellant’s testimony; and

evidence of alleged gang membership of two witnesses was properly

excluded at trial as irrelevant without compromising Appellant’s ability to

make his argument to the jury regarding his fear for his safety).

Accordingly, we affirm on the basis of the trial court’s opinion.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                      -3-
J-S68016-14

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/14/2014

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IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

                                  CRIMINAL DIVISION

COMMONWEALTH
OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                                      No.     l3290f2012
       v.

MANUEL GONZALEZ,

               Appellant                                                         ~~.
                                                                                 \      ,-,'

                                                                                 S\:,
Appearances:
                                      **********                                     \..-
                                                                                                  ---      p.,-r

       Craig W. Scheetz, Deputy District Attorney,
              on behalf of the Commonwealth
                                                                                        --
                                                                                        .-.   '

                                                                                                    --..
       Michael E. Brunnabend, Esquire,
             on behalf of the Appellant

                                      **** ******
LAWRENCE J. BRENNER, SENIOR JUDGE

                               Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) OPINION

       Following a jury trial, the Appellant, Manuel Gonzalez, was convicted of murder in

the third degree based on his shooting and killing Devon Robinson on October 22, 2011.

Thereafter, this court sentenced Appellant to a term ofimprisonment at a state correctional

institution for a period of not less than 20 years to not more than 40 years. On October 18,

2013, Appellant filed the current notice of appeal to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

In the appeal, Appellant raises four appellat" issues. All of these issues relate to purported

errors made by the court and the prosecution during trial. For the reasons that follow, all

of Appellant's contentions lack merit and this appeal should be denied.
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                              Factual and Procedural History

         On the night of October 21, 2011, Appellant was attending a social gathering at the

residence of Darlene DeLeon, which is located near the intersection of Sixth and Gordon

Streets in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Also attending this gathering were Manuel DeLaRosa

(aka "Sencillo"), Ronald Diaz (aka "Mafia"), Eddie Herman (aka "Choko"), and Mario

Nunez.

         At some point that night, Manuel DeLaRosa and Mario Nunez became involved in

an altercation in front of Ms. DeLeon's residence with Kareem Lomax and Anthony

Santiago. DeLaRosa and Nunez then chased Lomax and Santiago several blocks on foot.

During the chase, either DeLaRosa or Nunez fired gunshots in the direction of Lomaxand

Santiago. After the altercation, DeLaRosa and Nunez returned to Ms. DeLeon's residence.

Thereafter, Appellant took possession of a handgun from Mario Nunez.

         At some time later on the night of October 21, 2011, or in the early hours of

October 22,2011, Appellant, Manuel DeLaRosa, Ronald Diaz, Eddie Herman and Mario

Nunez decided to leave that gathering at Ms. DeLeon's residence and drive to the south

side of Allentown to attend another party and effectuate a sale of marijuana. Mario Nunez

drove the men in the blue Acura automobile he owned.

         Around 2:00 a.m. on the morning of October 22, before driving to the south side of

Allentown, Mr. Nunez stopped at the Sunoco gas station and minimarket located at the

intersection of 12th and Hamilton Streets in Allentown. Mr. Nunez stopped there to add

gasoline to his automobile and to allow his passengers to purchase food and drinks at the

minimarket.

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       While at the Sunoco parking lot, Appellant and his group encountered a group of

approximately 30 to 40 people. Appellant recognized several people in this group as

members of the "Bloods" street gang. This large group of people had just left a party at a

nearby residence where the guests had been consuming alcohol. Included in this large

group were Kareem Lomax and the victim in this case, Devon Robinson.

       Kareem Lomax saw the Appellant and the two shook hands. Though not friends,

Lomax and Appellant were acquaintances and knew each other from living in the same

neighborhood around 5th and Gordon Streets in Allentown. Lomax also saw Manuel

DeLaRosa and recognized him as one of the men who had chased him and fired gunshots

in his direction a few hours earlier. Lomax confronted DeLaRosa and questioned him

about the incident. As the two men argued, they were approached by Appellant, his group

and the large group of people with which Lomax was associated. Several men in Lomax's

group, including Nelson Soler, possessed guns. At one point, Soler pointed his gun in the

direction of Appellant's group. During the argument, DeLaRosa denied any involvement

in the earlier altercation, but smirked and snickered at Lomax. With this, Lomax threw a

juice or iced tea he was holding at DeLaRosa and began to chase him through the parking

lot. This action precipitated a brawl between Appellant's group and Lomax's group.

       During the brawl, Appellant initially attempted to pacify the belligerents and end

the fighting. However, Devon Robinson approached Appellant and punched him in the

head, knocking him to the ground. This act was met with laughter from the Lomax group.

Appellant then stood up and began to chase Robinson while brandishing a handgun. Mario

Nunez joined Appellant in chasing after Robinson. During the chase, Appellant fued a

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gunshot into the back of Robinson. Around the same time, Robinson and Appellant

collided with an automobile attempting to back out of a parking spot and Robinson fell to

the ground. Appellant was able to stay standing, but dropped his handgun. Nunez

approached Robinson, who was still on the ground, and began to kick him in the face and

chest. Appellant quickly retrieved his handgun, walked over to Robinson, stood over him

and fired a gunshot into his head. Robinson died as a result of the initial gunshot into his

back.

        The entirety of the altercation described above was recorded on a wireless

surveillance camera fixed at the intersection of 12th and Hamilton Streets by the Allentown

Police Department.

        After shooting Robinson, Appellant ran from the scene. Later on the morning of

October 22, Appellant went to the residence of his girlfriend, Ambar Perez, located at 333

North Hall Street in Allentown. Appellant woke Ms. Perez and explained to her that he

was in a fight and that he believed he may have badly hurt or killed someone. Ms. Perez

was disturbed by this revelation and asked Appellant to leave her residence. Appellant

complied and evaded authorities for approximately three and a half months.

        Appellant ultimately retuned to Ms. Perez's residence in February of2012. On

February 13,2012, Officer Joseph launetta, a patrolman employed by the Allentown Police

Department, executed an arrest warrant for Appellant at Ms. Perez's residence and

Appellant was taken into custody. After being taken into custody, Appellant was

interviewed at police headquarters by Detectives Joseph Vazquez and Stephen Milkovits of

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the Allentown Police Department. Appellant admitted being at the scene of the altercation

and being punched by Devon Robinson. However, Appellant denied shooting Robinson.

          The criminal proceedings at hand were commenced on February 14,2012, with the

filing of a criminal complaint against Appellant charging him with the criminal homicide

of Devon Robinson.

          At his arraignment on April 30, 2012, Appellant entered a plea of "not guilty" to

the charge of criminal homicide. That same day, Attorney Dennis G. Charles entered his

appearance as counsel for Appellant.

          Appellant's jury trial commenced on July 8, 2013. During the trial, Appellant

waived his Fifth Amendment rights and testified as the sole defense witness. Through this

testimony, Appellant admitted to shooting Devon Robinson. On July 15,2013, the jury

returned a verdict finding Appellant guilty of murder in the third degree.

          On October 8, 2013, Judge Lawrence J. Brenner (the undersigned) sentenced

Appellant to not less than 20 to not more than 40 years incarceration at a state correctional

institution.

          Appellant filed the appeal at hand on October 18, 2013. On October 23,2013, the

Court ordered Attorney Michael E. Brunnabend, appellate counsel for Appellant, to file a

concise statement of matters complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)

(Concise Statement).

          On November 13, 2013, Appellant filed a Concise Statement raising four appellate

issues.

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                            Discussion and Conclusions of Law

        Appellant raises four allegations of error in his Concise Statement:

    1. The Court erred in failing to grant the Defendant's objection and/or mistrial request
        based upon the Prosecuting Attorney's comments during the Commonwealth's case
        in chief about the Defendant's testimonial silence and invocation of his right to
        remain silent.

    2. The Court erred in failing to act on the Prosecuting Attorney's attempts and
       comments about the Defense counsel trying to "mislead" or deceive the jury, which
       comments went far beyond proper advocacy.

    3. The Court took a position of advocacy by [its] questioning of the Defendant and/or
       other defense witnesses while questions were close in form to cross-examination of
       the witnesses); and,

   4. The Court erred by prohibiting the Defense Counsel from examining witnesses
      about the possible gang membership and involvement of Commonwealth's
      witnesses or other friends of the victim, which evidence would show the
      Defendant's reasonable actions to protect himself and the evidence properly
      corroborated the testimony of the Defendant.

(Concise Statement, at 1-2.)

                                Prosecuting Attorney's Comments

       Appellant's first two issues on appeal address commentary from the

Commonwealth during the closing argument and questions posed to Appellant when he

testified in his own defense.

       With respect to the Commonwealth's cross-examination of Appellant, the defense

theory of the case as presented in its opening statement was essentially that Appellant was

not the shooter. On the final day of testimony, the last witness called was Appellant.

Appellant advised defense counsel during lunch that day that he was in fact the shooter and

that he had lied to police when he was interviewed. During Appellant's testimony that

afternoon, the following exchange occurred:

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        BY MR. CHARLES:

        Q      When the police asked you about whether you performed the shooting, you
               said you did not; is that right?
        A      Yes.
        Q      Were you being truthful with them?
        A      No.
        Q      When is the first time you advised me that you did perform the shooting?
        A      Lunch time.
        Q      Lunch time. What day?
        A      I don't know. I don't know what the date is today.
        Q      Today's date?
       A       But today is what, I guess, the 12th. A couple minutes ago.
        Q      So you told me about a little over an hour and-a-half ago; is that right?
       A       Yes.
       Q       Why did you persist in denying that you were the shooter?
       A       Because I know I'm going to be killed.

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 909-10.)

       On cross-examination, the Commonwealth asked the following questions of

Appellant:

       BY MR. SCHEETZ:

       Q       Mr. Gonzalez, you sat up here for 15, 20 minutes and denied shooting
               Devon Robinson, correct?
       A       I said I did.
       Q       When you first sat here you said you did not shoot Devon Robinson,
               correct?
       A       I said I did.
       Q       Your first question from Mr. Charles, you said you got scared and you ran,
               you did not shoot Devon Robinson, correct?
       A       He asked me.
               MR. CHARLES:           Excuse me, Your Honor. Objection.
               THE COURT:             The objection's overruled.
       A       He never said that.

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 913-14.)

       During Attorney Scheetz's closing, he argued:

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        Okay, common sense, what happened here? What happened in this Court?
        A week of testimony, a week of hearing from witnesses. Mr. Gonzalez, I
       see sitting over there. Do you remember their opening statements? A little
       confusing, ah? Think about it. What did they propose to you? It wasn't my
       guy. But if it was my guy, I have an explanation why it was. What
       happened here? Mr. Gonzalez sat there listening to every ounce of
       evidence, listened to his girlfriend come in here, his friends from jail, his
       friend Sencillo, all the independent eye witnesses pointed him out. So what
       does he do? He's playing a game with you, ladies and gentlemen. What did
       he do? They got me. I'm cornered. I have no other option. What did he do
       at that point? What did Mr .. Charles ask you? Oh, at the lunch time was
       the first time he told me this. He sat there and realized that we had them,
       that you had them. You knew he was the shooter. He had no way out. And
       then he decides -- it's a game to him -- he's calculating. He's manipulative.
       That's what kind of person he is. He waited until all these witnesses. You
       saw Ambar Perez. How was she testifying up here? It was physically
       difficult for her to testify. He waits for the ballistics people to get up there.
       There is one weapon that was fired, one. The eye witnesses, the DNA, he
       waited for all that. What does your common sense say? They got me. Plan
       B. That's what happened here, ladies and gentlemen.

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 1026-27.)

       Following Attorney Scheetz's closing argument, defense counsel objected to this

reference and properly preserved his argument for appellate review. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

Defense counsel moved for an immediate mistrial.

       A trial court may only grant a mistrial when "the incident upon which the motion is

based is of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to deprive the defendant of a fair trial

by preventing the jury from weighing and rendering a true verdict." Commonwealth v.

Wright, 961 A.2d 119, 142 (Pa. 2008). Review of a trial court's denial of a motion for a

mistrial is lirnitedto determining whether the trial court abused its discretion. Id. at 142.

An abuse of discretion requires more than a mere error of judgment. Id. Thus, discretion

is abused only when "in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the

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judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or

ill-will." ld. (quoting Christianson v. Ely, 838 A.2d 630,634 (Pa. 2003)).

         It is well-established that attorneys' arguments are not evidence, and may only be

considered to the extent they are supported by the evidence. See Commonwealth v. Baez,

720 A.2d 711,729 (pa. 1998) (noting that a prosecutor's comments do not constitute

evidence). Furthermore, a prosecutor's comments will not constitute reversible error

"unless the unavoidable effect of such comments would be to prejudice the jury, forming

in their minds a fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant such that they could not

weigh the evidence objectively and render a true verdict." ld (citing Commonwealth v.

Sam, 535 Pa. 350,362,635 A.2d 603,608 (1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1115,114 S.Ct.

2123,128 L.Ed.2d 678 (1994); Commonwealth v. Jones, 530 Pa. 591, 607, 610 A.2d 931,

938-39 (1992)).

         Pennsylvania case law recognizes that the Commonwealth is not permitted to

impeach a testifying defendant regarding the inconsistency between silence at the time of

arrest, but before Miranda warnings are administered, and his trial testimony. See

Commonwealth v. Turner, 454 A.2d 537, 539-40 (Pa. 1982). However, where a defendant

gives a statement to the police and later acknowledges that his statement was a falsehood, a

prosecutor may properly ask questions tending to highlight that inconsistency to the jury.

See Commonwealth v. McNeal, 319 A.2d 669, 673 (Pa. 1974) (cross-examination question

posed to defendant whose in-court testimony contradicted what he told police officers

regarding whether he was "lying" to them does not create prejudice, bias, or hostility in the

jury).

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        This case presents a factual scenario where Appellant, through his direct

examination, opened the door to questions about his credibility on cross-examination and

comments on his credibility during the Commonwealth's closing argument. Appellant

testified unequivocally on direct examination that he was not truthful with the police. He

acknowledged for the first time while he testified that he was indeed the shooter who killed

Devon Robinson. The Commonwealth was then at liberty to ask appropriate questions to

call attention to Appellant's in-court admission and the contradictory statements he made

and position he took prior to that day because it reflected on his credibility.

       Appellant asserts, as defense counsel did following the Commonwealth's closing

statement, that the Commonwealth made reference to Appellant's testimonial silence and

his invocation of his right to remain silent. This is not the case. The Commonwealth

properly emphasized through its questioning of Appellant that he had lied to the police and

was now acknowledging that fact.

       The Court must acknowledge that the Commonwealth's initial questions to

Appellant on cross-examination mischaracterized Appellant's direct examination

testimony. During his direct examination, Appellant testified that he shot Devon Robinson

and never denied the shooting. The Commonwealth's questions indicating that Appellant

denied the shooting on direct examination were incorrect. However, Appellant properly

responded by indicating that his testimony was that he did shoot Devon Robinson.

Additionally, while the Commonwealth's questions on cross-examination mischaracterized

Appellant's testimony on direct examination, the Court issued an instruction during its

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final charge that the jurors were to rely solely on their own reGOllection of the testimony,

not counsels' recollections.

        Furthermore, the Commonwealth's comments during its closing argument

attempted to offer some explanation as to why Appellant changed his mind. During a

closing argument, it is entirely proper for a prosecutor to summarize the evidence, offer

reasonable deductions and inferences for the jury to draw therefrom, and argue the

evidence establishes the defendant's guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v.

Thomas, 54 A.3d 332, 338 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted). Comments constituting mere

oratorical flair are not objectionable because a prosecutor is free to present his argument

with a logical amount of force and vigor. Id.; Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 25 A.3d 277,

306-07 (pa. 2011). Here, the Commonwealth endeavored to offer the jury an explanation

for why Appellant decided to admit his guilt for the first time on the final day of testimony.

The evidence, both circumstantial and direct, showed that Appellant was guilty, and

Appellant opened the door to commentary on his prior lies to police when he outwardly

acknowledged that he had lied to them during their investigation.

       Accordingly, Attorney Scheetz's comments regarding Appellant's admission that

he lied to police were proper and do not constitute reversible error.

       The next issue also concerns Attorney Scheetz's comments during his closing

argument. At the outset of the Commonwealth's closing argument, Attorney Scheetz

remarked:

       I'm not going to talk to you like I'm a doctor of the law. I like that, but I'm
       not going to talk down to you. I'm not going to lecture you. I'm not going
       to make you sit through class. What I want to do is talk to you about
       common sense, okay. Common sense each of you has in your everyday

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        experience. That's what I'm going focus on. The defendant's job, Mr.
        Charles' job, is to argue. It's also to confuse you, to muddy the water.

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 1025 (emphasis added).)

        Defense counsel objected and his objection was overruled. Following the closing

argument and after the jury was excused, Attorney Charles moved for a mistrial, which

was denied.

        In similar case, Commonwealth v. Carter, 855 A.2d 885 (Pa. Super. 2004) (rev'd

on other grounds, Commonwealth v. Knox, 50 A.3d 749 (Pa. Super. 2012», the

Commonwealth argued to the jury that the defense was attempting to muddy the water by

using an allusion to compare the defendant's trial strategy to an octopus clouding the water

and escaping by releasing its pouch of ink. Carter, 855 A.2d at 889. The Superior Court

reviewed these comments and found no reversible error. Id. at 890. It reasoned that

counsel is permitted to use a certain amount of oratorical flair in presenting its case to the

jury, and the Court gave the jury a cautionary instruction reminding it that comments by

the attorneys do not constitute evidence in the case. Id. at 889-90.

       Applying the standards set forth above, Attorney Scheetz's comments were not

grounds for a mistrial. Attorney Scheetz appealed to the jurors' common sense to render

their verdict without being overly confused by defense counsel's argument. Defense

counsel's closing summarized the testimony and evidence and previewed various legal

topics that were later explained in full in the closing instructions by the Court. Defense

counsel's closing was legalistically-styled and the Commonwealth's closing took a

common sense approach which responded to defense counsel's closing. See

Commonwealth v. Judy, 978 A.2d 1015, 1019 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citation omitted) (noting

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prosecutor may fairly respond to defense counsel's closing). Finally, during the closing

instructions, the Court instructed the jury:

        Now, the attorneys have made reference to some testimony in the case
        during their closing arguments. I may make some reference to some
        portions of the testimony in order to point out the issues which you must
        resolve. Neither the lawyers, who are respected members of the bar,
        nor would I intentionally mislead you with respect to any of the
        testimony that has been produced. Nevertheless, if through some
        inadvertence, the recollection of the attorneys or the recollection of myself
        should be at variance with your recollection, then disregard what we say the
        evidence or statement was and rely upon your own recollection of what that
        testimony has been.

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 1046-47 (emphasis added).)

       Accordingly, a proper cautionary instruction was issued advising the jury that

counsel did not attempt to mislead them with respect to testimony. Jurors are presumed to

follow the court's instructions. Commonwealth v. Passarelli, 789 A.2d 708, 713 (Pa.

Super. 2001) (citation omitted). Therefore, Attorney Scheetz's comments regarding the

defense attempting to muddy the water and confuse the jury were not improperly

prejudicial to Appellant and an appropriate cautionary instruction was issued during the

closing instructions.

       In sum, none of Attorney Scheetz's comments or questions posed to Appellant

were improperly prejudicial such that they warranted a mistrial. Appellant's change of

position and admission on direct examination that he lied to the police opened the door to

examination of that area on cross-examination and commentary during the closing.

Further, Attorney Scheetz's comments during the closing about defense counsel

attempting to muddy the water were proper and within the scope of oratorical flair

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afforded to counsel during their closings, and a proper cautionary instruction was issued

during the closing instructions. No relief is due.

                                  Questioning by the Court

        In his third issue, Appellant asserts that the Court assumed a position of advocacy

by questioning Appellant using questions which were close in form to cross-examination.

        Admissibility of evidence is a matter of discretion for the trial court and only

amounts to reversible error when there is a showing of both abuse of that discretion and

resulting prejudice. Commonwealth v. Glass, 50 A.3d 720, 724-25 (Pa. Super. 2012)

(citation omitted).

       With respect to trial court questioning of witnesses or the defendant, Pennsylvania

appellate courts have noted that trial judges must be ever cautious that their questioning of

any witnesses "not show bias or a belief in the credibility of particular witnesses."

Commonwealth v. Hogentogler, 53 A.3d 866, 880 (Pa. Super. 2012) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Folino, 439 A.2d 145, 148 (pa. Super. 1981)). Nonetheless, trial judges

have the "inherent right, and, at times, the duty to question witnesses to clarify existing

facts and to elicit new information." Id. Thus, where clarification or eliciting new

information are the objectives of the questioning and it is neither unduly protracted or

conducted in a marmer demonstrating bias, the trial judge's discretion in questioning

witnesses will not be found erroneous. Id.

       In this case, the sole defense witness was Appellant. At two points during

Appellant's testimony, the Court asked questions of Appellant. First, during cross-

examination, the following exchange occurred:

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'.

                     BY MR. SCHEETZ:
                     Q       Okay. Your testimony was that, basically, you got to the
                             gas station. There was a fight. Someone pulled a gun, you
                             ran?
                    A        No, no, that's not what happened. I got punched. You're
                             not being specific.
                    Q        All right.
                    A        Can you be specific, please?
                    Q        You got up here on the witness stand.
                    A        Yes.
                    Q        And you said that someone pulled a gun out and you were
                             afraid for your life and you ran, correct?
                    A        No.
                    THE COURT: Let me just ask one question. Back at Sixth and
                    Gordon, at that time when you were down there,
                    THE WITNESS: Yes.
                    THE COURT: Why did you put that gun in your waist at that
                    point and take it with you?
                    THE WITNESS: I took it from Choko since he was a minor.
                    THE COURT: Why didn't you just leave it there? Why did you
                    take it and put it in your possession?
                    THE WITNESS : You're right, but he was acting out of control,
                    and then a minor had it.
                    THE COURT: Why did you do that?
                    THE WITNESS: Because I seen that--
                    THE COURT: You had no permit to carry a gun; did you? No
                    lawful right to carry that gun; did you?
                    THE WITNESS: No.
                    THE COURT: You put it in your waistband and took it up to the
                    10th and--
                    THE WITNESS: I was going to walk home, and when I seen
                    Kareem Lomax, and I know he's a Blood member --
                    THE COURT: Why didn't you --
                    THE WITNESS: -- I was scared.
                    THE COURT: Why didn't you get rid of the gun right away?
                    THE WITNESS: Because I was going to walk home. I was scared
                    because I know Mario shot at Kareem Lomax at Sixth and Gordon.
                    THE COURT: All right. Go on.

     (N.T. Jury Trial, at 914-15.)

            The Court first notes that defense counsel did not object to this line of questioning,

     which constitutes waiver of the issue for appellate purposes. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) ("Issues

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not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on

appeal."). Even if defense counsel had objected, the questioning was proper to clarify

Appellant's responses to Attorney Scheetz's questions because Appellant was

nonresponsive to Attorney Scheetz in his requests for additional specificity. Furthermore,

this line of questioning could theoretically have been helpful to Appellant if he had a

permit to carry a firearm. Nonetheless, these questions drew no objection from defense

counsel, and as a result, they cannot serve as the basis for an appellate issue.

        The second interaction between the Court and Appellant came at the close of

defense counsel's redirect examination:

       THE COURT: Before -- let me ask you a question. You were here. You
       heard the testimony of the parties. You saw the video. You saw the time
       when Devon got shot. You recall the figure on that video pointing that --
       the weapon, and the testimony that Devon got shot in the chest and then
       shot in the head. Do you recall that?
       THE WITNESS: I don't remember.
       THE COURT: You don't -- you remember it as far as seeing it in the
       courtroom?
       THE WITNESS: Well, we seen it.
       THE COURT: And you saw it?
       THE WITNESS: Pardon me?
       THE COURT: And the party who evidently did it, the aim was pretty good;
       wasn't it? Right in the chest, right in the head?

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 937.)

       At this time, defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial. A discussion was

held at sidebar as follows:

       MR. CHARLES: I object to this. I'm going to move for a mistrial. You're
       -- you're -- you're almost taking on the cross-examination for the
       Commonwealth.
       THE COURT: No, I'm not.
       MR. CHARLES: I mean, what does aim have to do with anything?
       THE COURT: Except he just indicated that--

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        MR. CHARLES: Are you trying to make out the case for the prosecution?
        THE COURT: No, I'm not trying to, but I asked the question, and the Court

       MR. CHARLES: I thought the Court's position was they weren't going to
       do this.
       THE COURT: The Court has a right to ask these questions. If you wish, I
       will limit it at this point.
       MR. CHARLES: Let me just express my concern, Your Honor. Your
       Honor has been very gracious to this jury from the time we picked it. The
       jury respects Your Honor, as they should. I don't know if you realize this,
       but you appear to be taking almost, like, an angry cross-examination
       approach towards my client. The jury can see this. I think it's unfairly
       prejudicial to my client, and I think it is going to tip the balance of how this
       verdict is going to come out if you persist in doing this. I would
       respectfully request Your Honor to leave the questions to the District
       Attorney's Office.
       THE COURT: Mr. Charles, let me indicate, the Court does have a right to

       MR. CHARLES: I understand. It almost looks as though you're trying
       impeach my client. That's what it looks like.
       THE COURT: Mr. Charles, that would not be the case. Clearly, my
       questions were basically - I will agree, certainly, at this point, I will not ask
       any further questions unless I feel it's in the interest of justice.
       MR. CHARLES: And I respectfully say this: I'm saying this out of due
       respect to the Court. Please don't take offense; are you trying to impeach
       my client? That's what it looks like with the questions.
       THE COURT: That would not be the case, believe me. You've known me
       for many, many years.
       MR. CHARLES: I know that. I know that. Sometimes we can't see what
       we appear like in --
       THE COURT: Mr. Charles. You may take over. (Speaking to Mr. Scheetz)

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 937-39.)

       The Court asked no further questions of Appellant following the sidebar discussion.

The questions asked of Appellant showed no bias on the Court's part. It was also not

designed to influence the jury with respect to Appellant's credibility. Nevertheless, as a

precautionary measure during the closing instructions, the jury was instructed as follows:

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        Now, the questions that a counsel may put to the witnesses are not evidence.
        I also indicate to you that the questions I may have posed to a witness are
        not evidence.

       You should not guess that a fact is true just because one of the attorneys or I
       asked a question about it. It is the witness's answers that provide the
       evidence.

       Of course you may have to consider the question to know what a witness
       means by his or her answer. For instance, if a witness responds yes to a
       question, you have to know the question to understand what the witness is
       really saying, in other words, their response to a question.

       But, again, I reinforce with you, any question that I may have asked is
       not evidence in the case. It's not to be taken that I in any way was
       showing favor. I don't take sides. And that's my oath, that's my
       responsibility, to keep a level playing field. You and you alone are the
       sole judges of the facts. Now, I indicate to you that you are the finders of
       fact.

(N.T. Jury Trial, at 1048-49 (emphasis added).)

       As the Superior Court has observed,

       A factor to be considered in assessing the impact of error, if indeed there
       was one here, is whether the trial court instructed the jury to disregard
       information improperly before it. Prejudice can be rectified and rendered
       harmless by such instructions. The instructions need not be given
       immediately following the erroneous admission, but may occur later in the
       charge. It must be assumed that the jury obeys the instruction and that the
       error is thereby rendered harmless.

Commonwealth v. Rough, 418 A.2d 605, 611 (Pa. Super. 1980) (citations omitted).

       To demonstrate that the questions posed to Appellant constituted reversible error,

Appellant must demonstrate abuse of discretion and resultant prejudice. Glass, 50 AJd at

724-25 (citations omitted). In this case, Appellant carmot do so. The Court, out of an

abundance of caution, issued a cautionary instruction reminding the jury that it should not

interpret any questions posed by the Court as being indicative of favoritism toward one

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side or the other. This counterbalanced any appearance of bias and redirected the jurors'

focus to the testimony of the witnesses alone. Additionally, questions posed to Appellant

regarding his aim in using the firearm, at their worst, addressed the element of intent to kill

for murder in the first degree. See Commonwealth v. Bedford, 50 A.3d 707 (Pa. Super.

2012) (specific intent to kill can be inferred from use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of

victim's body). The jury returned a verdict of murder in the third degree, which has no

requirement of intent to kill. Third-degree is a killing with malice which is neither

intentional nor committed during the perpetration of a felony, but contains the requisite

malice. Commonwealth v. Morris, 958 A.2d 569 (pa. Super. 2008). Appellant's

conviction of murder in the third degree and the cautionary instruction issued to the jury

belies Appellant's claim in this case because Appellant cannot demonstrate prejudice.

       As a result, the Court's questions posed to Appellant were proper and any

perceived impropriety was corrected by an appropriate cautionary instruction.

                      Gang Membership of Commonwealth Witnesses

       In his fourth appellate issue, Appellant contends that the Court erred in precluding

defense counsel from examining Commonwealth witnesses about their possible

membership in gangs. Appellant argues that this prevented him from demonstrating that

he acted in self-defense when he shot and killed the victim. This contention lacks merit.

       A review of the trial transcript reveals that defense counsel, through cross-

examination, attempted to demonstrate that Kareem Lomax was a known member of the

Bloods street gang. (N.T. Jury Trial, at 137,604,845,864,889,956.) Defense counsel

also attempted to show that Nelson Soler was affiliated with the Bloods. (N. T. Jury Trial,

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at 442). Both Lomax and Soler testified as witnesses for the Commonwealth at

Appellant's trial. The Commonwealth objected to defense counsel's attempts to show the

gang affiliation of these two witnesses and the Court sustained the objections based on

irrelevancy.

        "All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by law.

Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible." Pa.R.E. 402. "Evidence is considered

relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make the fact at

issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding

the existence of a material fact." Commonwealth v. LaCava, 666 A.2d 221, 227"28 (Pa.

1995). Nonetheless, admissibility of evidence is left to the sound discretion of the trial

court and evidentiary rulings will be reversed only where there is a showing of both abuse

of that discretion and resulting prejudice. Commonwealth v. Glass, 50 A.3d at 724-25

(citation omitted).

       As stated in the "Factual and Procedural History" section above, Manuel DeLaRosa

and Mario Nunez chased and shot at Kareem Lomax after an altercation in front of Darlene

DeLeon's residence on the night of October 21, 2011. Later, in the early hours of October

22, 2011, Lomax confronted DeLaRosa about the earlier incident when the two

inadvertently met at the Sunoco gas station. Appellant was present at the Sunoco with

DeLaRosa. Soler was also present at the Sunoco as a member of Lomax's group. The

confrontation between Lomax and Manuel DeLaRosa instigated the brawl that ultimately

resulted in Devon Robinson punching Appellant and Appellant retaliating by shooting and

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killing Robinson. At some point during this brawl, Soler pointed a gun in the direction of

Appellant's group.

        On the night of the shooting, Lomax in no way threatened Appellant or put him in

fear for his life. In fact, Appellant testified that he knew Lomax and that no animosity

existed between the two men. Whether Lomax was a member of the Bloods gang had no

bearing on Appellant's decision to chase, shot and kill Devon Robinson. Therefore, the

admission of such evidence couId not possibly be relevant to any potential justification or

self-defense claim of Appellant.

        Additionally, Appellant, through his own testimony, admitted to being an

acquaintance of Lomax. The two men resided in the same neighborhood and saw each

other on a regular basis. In fact, Appellant explained that he would greet Lomax with a

handshake whenever the two would meet. Allowing evidence of Lomax's gang affiliation

couId have prejudiced Appellant in the eyes of the jury in that it would have shown him to

be associated with a member of a violent street gang.

       As to Soler, the jury heard testimony that Soler pointed a gun in the direction of

Appellant's group at the Sunoco Station. While this evidence couId potentially be relevant

to a self-defense claim against Soler, Appellant shot and killed Devon Robinson, not Soler.

Evidence of Soler's purported gang membership is even more attenuated. In light of the

fact that Appellant admitted that he interacted socially with Bloods like Lomax, the

question of whether Soler belonged to the Bloods gang had no bearing on Appellant's

claim that he was in fear for his life on the night of the shooting.

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        Finally, Appellant took the stand and testified as to his beliefthat Lomax and many

others in the large group he was with at the Sunoco were affiliated with the Bloods street

gang and that the Bloods had a reputation for violence. (N.T. Jury Trial, at 896). The

Commonwealth did not object to this testimony. Appellant's trial testimony in this regard

was corroborated by the trial testimony of Marco Bowen. Bowen took the stand as a

Commonwealth witness and testified that, while both he and Appellant were inmates at

Lehigh County Prison, Appellant had admitted to him that he killed Devon Robinson.

Bowen also testified that Appellant told him that the shooting related to his problems with

the Bloods and that he feared the Bloods. (N.T. Jury Trial, at 594,604-05). Thus, the jury

was aware of Appellant's contention that he was in fear for his safety when he encountered

the large group of purported Bloods on the night of October 22,2011.

       For all of these reasons, evidence of the alleged gang membership of Lomax and

Soler was properly excluded at trial as irrelevant without compromising Appellant's ability

to make his argument to the jury regarding his fear for his safety.

                                      **********
       In sum, all of Appellant's allegations of error lack merit. Therefore, it is

respectfully submitted that this appeal be denied.

December ~ 2013
                                      LAWRENC J. BRENNER, SENIOR JUDGE

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