Court Opinion

ID: 7802431
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-22 16:03:27.450537+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:28:36.606364
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 48418

SHOSHONE COUNTY, a political              )
subdivision of the State of Idaho acting  )
through the SHOSHONE COUNTY BOARD         )
OF EQUALIZATION, and the SHOSHONE         )
COUNTY ASSESSOR,                          )
                                          )                  Boise, April 2022 Term
      Petitioners-Appellants,             )
                                          )                  Opinion Filed: June 30, 2022
v.                                        )
                                          )                  Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
S&W OPS LLC; POWDER, LLC;                 )
H2O, LLC; GOLF, LLC;                      )
APARTMENT, LLC; F&B, LLC; and             )
VILLAGE MANAGEMENT, LLC,                  )
                                          )
      Respondents-Appellees.              )
__________________________________________)

       Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District of the State
       of Idaho, Shoshone County. Richard S. Christensen, District Judge.

       The decision of the district court is reversed; the judgment is vacated;
       and the case is remanded.

       Hawley, Troxell Ennis & Hawley, LLP, Boise, attorneys for Appellants.
       Richard G. Smith argued.

       Smith + Malek, PLLC, Coeur d’Alene, attorneys for Respondents.
       Peter J. Smith IV argued.
                            _________________________________

BEVAN, Chief Justice.
       This is a property tax appeal brought by a county. In 2017, Appellant Shoshone County
(“the County”) assessed properties owned by Respondents S&W OPS, LLC; POWDER, LLC;
H2O, LLC; GOLF, LLC; APARTMENT, LLC; F&B, LLC; and VILLAGE MANAGEMENT,
LLC (collectively “Taxpayers”). Taxpayers disputed the valuation and sought review by the Board
of Equalization, and subsequently the Board of Tax Appeals (“BTA”). The BTA reduced the
assessed value, and the County appealed to the district court. After a four-day bench trial in a de

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novo proceeding, the district court upheld the BTA decision. The district court determined that the
County’s appraisal evidence was more credible than Taxpayers’ evidence; however, the district
court ultimately held the County had not satisfied its burden of showing how the BTA decision
was erroneous by a preponderance of the evidence. The County now appeals to this Court, arguing
that the district court applied the wrong standard of review by requiring the County to prove “how
or why” the BTA decision was erroneous instead of simply concluding that the market value of
the property was different than what was found by the BTA. We agree with the County’s position.
The district court’s decision is reversed, the judgment is vacated, and the case is remanded with
instructions for the district court to consider whether the BTA’s decision on valuation was
erroneous given the evidence submitted during the de novo trial. If that decision on valuation was
erroneous, the district court, as the fact-finder, must set the valuation.
                          I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The subject property at issue is collectively known as the Silver Mountain Resort in
Kellogg, Idaho. Multiple properties combine to comprise the resort: Silver Mountain Ski Resort;
Silver Rapids Indoor Water Park; Galena Ridge Golf Course and undeveloped excess land;
Shoshone House Apartments; Vacant Land with Site Improvements; Morningstar Lodge
Commercial Condominium Unit 10; Two Utility Condominium Units in Morningstar Lodge; and
a Commercial Lot on Wildcat Way.
       Jeld-Wen Holdings, Inc., listed Silver Mountain for sale in 2009, and the property remained
on the market for about six years. Purchase offers between $8 million and $10 million were
rejected in the beginning as they were considered too low. Later, higher offers were accepted, but
they fell through for various reasons.
       Tryg Fortun set up several limited liability companies, referred to collectively as
Taxpayers, to own and operate the properties that are the subject of this appeal. In early 2016,
Taxpayers offered $8,200,000 to purchase Silver Mountain. Jeld-Wen countered at $8,750,000 and
Taxpayers accepted. Following due diligence, Taxpayers reduced their offer to $5 million. The
reduced offer resulted from Taxpayers’ discovery there was a great deal of deferred maintenance
across the resort. Around $27,000,000 to $30,000,000 in future repairs or replacements was
estimated for the ski area alone, and this estimate did not account for deferred maintenance
associated with many of the subject buildings.

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         On January 1, 2017, the properties were assessed by the Shoshone County Assessor, who
reached an approximate valuation of $23,700,000. Taxpayers protested, contending the total value
of the property was about $5,650,000. The Shoshone County Board of Equalization upheld the
Shoshone County Assessor’s values, and Taxpayers appealed to the Idaho Board of Tax Appeals
(“BTA”).
         Following a hearing, the BTA issued a final decision and order reducing the aggregate
value of the properties to $6,310,000. At the outset of its decision, the BTA provided an extensive
summary of the evidence and testimony elicited by each party. There are three generally accepted
methods for determining market value: the cost approach, the income approach, and the sales
comparison approach. Merris v. Ada Cnty, 100 Idaho 59, 63, 593 P.2d 394, 398 (1979). The BTA
acknowledged that both parties developed value opinions using these approved methods, though
the parties’ respective valuations were widely divergent, with Taxpayers asking the assessed value
to be reduced to $5,647,000 and the County valuing the property at $14,971,000. Examining the
evidence, the BTA found the income approach, in most instances, provided the better evidence of
market value for the property. The BTA also found supportive evidence to afford the $5,000,000
purchase price some credence in its decision-making, given that the resort was on the market
roughly six years and had considerable future replacement costs and deferred maintenance that
had not been done. The BTA then reduced the aggregate value of the collective properties to
$6,310,000, affirming parts of the Board of Equalization’s conclusions while modifying or
reducing others. The BTA assigned each component part of the resort its own valuation without
further explanation for how each individual valuation was reached:
         1. Silver Mountain Ski Resort: $1,980,000;
         2. Silver Rapids Indoor Water Park: $2,125,000, with the LLC receiving the sole
            $100,000 personal property exemption;1
         3. Galena Golf Course and Excess Land: $1,035,000;

1
  Before the BTA, the parties disputed personal property exemptions claimed by Taxpayers under Idaho Code section
63-602KK. The County argued Taxpayers were limited to just one $100,000 exemption because the LLCs were part
of a common horizontal enterprise. Taxpayers argued each entity could operate independently of one another and
therefore each was entitled to a $100,000 exemption. The BTA concluded that while Taxpayers asserted the entities
could run independently, they were currently operating as a common enterprise. This common use was a key factor
of the BTA’s consideration and ultimately led to its determination that Taxpayers were only entitled to the benefit of
a single $100,000 personal property exemption. This portion of the BTA decision was not appealed to the district
court.
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       4. Shoshone House Apartments: $850,000;
       5. Vacant Land with Site Improvements: $71,000;
       6. Morning Star Lodge Commercial Condominium Unit 10: $142,000;
       7. Commercial Lot on Wildcat Way: $60,000;
       8. Two Condominium Units in Morning Star Lodge: $47,000.
       The County petitioned for judicial review of the BTA’s decision under Idaho Code section
63-3812. In discovery, the parties exchanged appraisal reports from the same appraisers who
testified before the BTA. The parties took the appraisers’ depositions, and deposed other witnesses
who had testified before the BTA. The County also provided rebuttal reports from experts who
had not testified before the BTA. The district court then held a four-day trial that it described as a
de novo proceeding. In its case-in-chief, the County offered testimony from Jerry White, the
Shoshone County Assessor, and its lead appraisal expert, Kenneth Voss. Taxpayers offered
testimony from Tryg Fortun, the owner of the Taxpayer LLCs, Karey Lynn Scholey, Jeff Colburn,
and two Silver Mountain employees: Daniel Cox, a ski lift expert, and its lead appraisal expert,
John Arney. The County later solicited testimony from its two rebuttal witnesses: Peter Butler, a
business appraiser, and Mark Richey, a real estate appraiser.
       At the beginning of trial the district court judge stated:
       THE COURT: And just to let you know . . . I will inform the parties I purposely
       did not read the order from the Board of Tax Appeals except for the last page. I
       didn’t want that coming into the mix as this is a trial de novo.
The last page of the BTA decision concluded that the properties should be valued at $6,310,000.
       During the County’s case-in-chief, Kenneth Voss testified about the value of all the
properties in dispute. He testified he considered the three recognized methods of appraisals (sales
comparison, cost, and income approaches); however, he only applied the method or combination
of methods he believed best suited to the type of property being appraised. The district court found
Voss’s testimony to be credible, with a few perceived inaccuracies raised during cross-
examination.
       Taxpayers’ valuations for the properties came from its expert witness, John Arney. The
district court found Arney’s testimony difficult to follow, describing his valuations as “fluid.” For
example, Arney changed his valuations as to the ski resort several times. It was pointed out on
cross-examination that Arney originally valued the ski resort at $980,000 when testifying before
the BTA, but that he later changed his opinion at the same hearing to $1,380,000 after discovering
                                                  4
a calculation error. Arney again changed his valuation, increasing it to $1,760,000 before the
district court. Upon further cross-examination and reexamination of his own calculations at trial,
Arney valued the ski resort at $2,460,000. Arney’s testimony for the Waterpark also changed.
Originally, Arney valued the Waterpark at $1,450,000; however, he later increased that valuation
to $1,840,000. By the time of trial, Arney testified the Waterpark had a value of $2,620,000, nearly
$800,000 more than he had opined previously. The district court determined “[t]he evolving
appraisal figures as to the ski resort and Waterpark [] colored the [c]ourt’s view of Mr. Arney’s
capabilities in having accurately appraised the other properties.”
       Following the trial, the district court entered its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and
order. The district court affirmed the BTA’s decision after finding the County failed to meet its
burden of proof establishing how the decision of the BTA was in error. The court determined
“[s]imply presenting a new and different appraisal of the properties is not enough, for it does not
satisfy the burden of proof requirements of [Idaho Code section 63-3812].” (Emphasis in original).
In reaching this conclusion, the district court acknowledged this was “a harsh result” given that it
found the County’s appraisal expert to be more credible than Taxpayers’ expert. Still, the court
found the County did not carry its burden to prove the BTA’s decision was erroneous by a
preponderance of the evidence.
       The County filed a motion for reconsideration or, in the alternative, a petition for rehearing
or for other relief. The County argued that it had met its burden of showing that the value reached
by the BTA was erroneous and that its proffered values were correct. The County maintained that
because it proved a value exceeding that of the BTA by a preponderance of the evidence, the
County showed how the BTA erred in reaching a lower value. The County also asserted the district
court misinterpreted Idaho Code section 63-3812(c), and argued that the “burden of proof”
language from the statute requires only that it show the BTA valuation is erroneous, not that the
valuation is either “clearly erroneous” or is not supported by some quantum of evidence. To the
extent that a substantial evidence standard applied, the County argued that it demonstrated there
was not substantial and competent evidence to support the BTA’s value determination.
       The district court denied the County’s petition for rehearing. The district court rejected the
County’s arguments and reaffirmed its earlier decision that the “burden of proof” language in
section 63-3812(c), requires something more than just showing a different, though credible,
valuation. The district court continued, “[t]he argument that providing a different market value for
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the properties than those values decided by the BTA is an implicit showing of the BTA’s error,
falls short of giving meaning to all the words in the statute.”
       In support of its conclusion, the district court referenced several statutes calling for a de
novo review before the district court that fail to include language defining the burden of proof. The
court noted that the only statutes that include explicit “burden of proof” requirements for a trial de
novo appear in title 63, Idaho Code. The court reasoned that the legislature “must have wanted
something more from appellants of BTA decisions than just a different property valuation.”
       The court entered a judgment affirming the BTA decision except for two modified values
based on earlier stipulations made by the parties. The County filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                     II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       “Where the district court conducts a trial de novo in an appeal of a BTA decision, this
Court defers to the district court’s findings of fact that are supported by substantial evidence, but
exercises free review over the district court’s conclusions of law.” Canyon Cnty. Bd. of
Equalization v. Amalgamated Sugar Co., LLC, 143 Idaho 58, 60, 137 P.3d 445, 447 (2006) (citing
Idaho Power Co. v. Idaho State Tax Com’n, 141 Idaho 316, 321, 109 P.3d 170, 175 (2005)). “The
construction and application of a statute are pure questions of law over which this Court exercises
free review.” Id. (citing Ada Cnty. Bd. of Equalization v. Highlands, Inc., 141 Idaho 202, 206, 108
P.3d 349, 353 (2005)).
       “The burden of proof shall fall upon the party seeking affirmative relief to establish
       that the decision made by the board of tax appeals is erroneous. A preponderance
       of the evidence shall suffice to sustain the burden of proof.” I.C. § 63-3812(c).
       “Factual determinations are not erroneous when they are supported by competent
       and substantial evidence even though conflicting evidence exists.” Greenfield
       Village Apartments, L.P. v. Ada Cnty., 130 Idaho 207, 209, 938 P.2d 1245, 1247
       (1997). “Evidence is regarded as substantial if a reasonable trier of fact would
       accept it and rely upon it in determining whether a disputed point of fact has been
       proven.” The Senator, Inc. v. Ada Cnty., Bd. of Equalization, 138 Idaho 566, 574,
       67 P.3d 45, 53 (2003). “Therefore, this Court’s inquiry is limited to whether the
       district court’s decision, based on the testimony and evidence received and not
       objected to [as incompetent], was clearly erroneous.” PacifiCorp v. Idaho State Tax
       Comm’n, 153 Idaho 759, 768, 291 P.3d 442, 451 (2012).
In re Bd. of Tax Appeals, Appeal No. 16-A-1079 (Stender), 165 Idaho 433, 437–38, 447 P.3d 881,
885–86 (2019).
                                           III. ANALYSIS

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A.      The “decision” of the BTA was its valuation of the properties, not the rationale
        underpinning that valuation.
        The primary issue on appeal is a question of law: what standard of review is imposed by
Idaho Code section 63-3812. More specifically, what constitutes a BTA “decision” for a district
court’s review under the statute. The County claims the district court essentially applied an
appellate standard of review instead of evaluating the expert testimony and other evidence on a de
novo basis like a trial court, as required by section 63-3812. The County contends the BTA’s
“decision” was erroneous because of its improper valuation of the properties. The County argues
it had no burden to prove how or why the BTA’s decision was incorrect except to show that its
decision on value was incorrect.
        Tax appeals from the BTA are governed by Idaho Code section 63-3812, which provides
in relevant part:
        Appeals may be based upon any issue presented by the appellant to the board of tax
        appeals and shall be heard and determined by the court without a jury in a trial de
        novo on the issues in the same manner as though it were an original proceeding in
        that court. The burden of proof shall fall upon the party seeking affirmative relief
        to establish that the decision made by the board of tax appeals is erroneous. A
        preponderance of the evidence shall suffice to sustain the burden of proof. The
        burden of proof shall fall upon the party seeking affirmative relief and the burden
        of going forward with the evidence shall shift as in other civil litigation. The court
        shall render its decision in writing, including therein a concise statement of the facts
        found by the court and conclusions of law reached by the court. The court may
        affirm, reverse or modify the order, direct the tax collector of the county or the state
        tax commission to refund any taxes found in such appeal to be erroneously or
        illegally assessed or collected or may direct the collection of additional taxes in
        proper cases.
I.C. § 63-3812(c) (emphasis added).
        The district court unpacked the statute into three component parts: (1) any issue heard on
appeal must have been presented to the BTA for its consideration; (2) the matter would be heard
de novo by the district court in its capacity as the reviewing court, as if the case had been brought
originally before the district court; and (3) the party seeking relief from the BTA decision has the
burden of proof to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the decision of the BTA was
erroneous. The district court found it difficult to reconcile the “de novo” standard with the burden
of proof language in section 63-3812. Interpreting the plain language of section 63-3812(c), the
court determined “a party appealing a decision of the BTA must show why the BTA was in error.
Simply presenting a new and different appraisal of the properties is not enough, for it does not
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satisfy the burden of proof requirements of the statute.” (Emphasis in original). The court found
its interpretation to be bolstered by the last sentence of the statute which reads, “[t]he court may
affirm, reverse or modify the order, direct the tax collector . . . to refund any taxes found in such
appeal to be erroneously or illegally assessed.” The district court found that it had received no
evidence or explanation for why the BTA was in error and held that it could not presume that
finding a different valuation to be more reliable than what was found by the BTA proved the BTA’s
finding was in error. The court acknowledged that this was a “harsh result for the County” given
the district court’s determination that the County’s appraisal expert was more credible than the
Taxpayer’s appraisal expert, but ultimately held the County did not carry its burden to prove how
the BTA was in error.
       The County’s chief argument on appeal is that the “decision” of the BTA was its valuation
of the properties, not its rationale for arriving at that valuation. The County concedes it had the
burden of proof but claims that the burden pertains only to proving the BTA’s ultimate conclusion
on valuation was erroneous. We agree. “Trial de novo, this Court has explained, means ‘a trying
of the matter anew—the same as if it had never been heard before.’ ” Canyon Cnty. Bd. of
Equalization v. Amalgamated Sugar Co., LLC, 143 Idaho 58, 61, 137 P.3d 445, 448 (2006)
(quoting Gilbert v. Moore, 108 Idaho 165, 168, 697 P.2d 1179, 1182 (1985)). Thus, the nature of
a de novo trial requires the district court to proceed as if there had been no previous case, no
previous decision, and no record to which the parties are bound. Thus, if the district court found
that a different valuation was more accurate than the one adopted by the BTA, it should have
adopted that valuation.
       Judicial review of tax valuation cases operates differently from other judicial review
actions in which the district court is bound to review the record in an appellate capacity. See
generally I.R.C.P. 84(e)(1)(A). Here, the district court erred in treating its review like an appeal,
requiring the County to establish how the BTA erred in its analysis. The district court identified
the “oppositional and self-dividing nature of the governing statute” in reaching its decision. This
is understandable since section 63-3812 explicitly provides that any party “aggrieved by a decision
of the board of tax appeals” may take an “appeal . . . to the district court.” But the distinction to
be drawn in tax appeals like this one is that such an appeal “shall be taken and perfected in
accordance with [R]ule 84 of the Idaho [R]ules of [C]ivil [P]rocedure.” I.C. § 63-3812(a). Such a
“review must be tried in the district court on any and all issues, on a new record.” I.R.C.P.
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84(e)(1)(C). Thus, the district court must develop and rely on a new record. Doing so makes the
BTA’s prior analysis largely irrelevant, unless it was resubmitted as evidence at the de novo trial;
indeed, as the district court noted at the outset, the only part of the BTA decision that was relevant
was the last page of its findings and conclusions, which contained its valuation. The district court
should have conducted its valuation of the relevant properties anew, based on the evidence
presented to it during its de novo trial, without affording any weight to or requiring any argument
about the BTA’s prior analysis.
       In Canyon County Board of Equalization v. Amalgamated Sugar Co., LLC, the taxpayer
(Amalgamated or TASCO), appealed from a district court order concerning the assessment of
industrial property it owned. 143 Idaho at 59, 137 P.3d at 446. Amalgamated operated four sugar
beet processing facilities, three of which were in Idaho. Id. County assessors relied on information
provided by Amalgamated to determine value. In 1997, TASCO purchased Amalgamated stock,
which was comprised of a beet growers association and another entity. Id. A subsequent appraisal
of the property received from those entities revealed the property was worth significantly more
than what Amalgamated had been telling the three Counties. As a result, the 2002 assessed value
for TASCO’s Idaho plants was $167 million, tripling the $55 million valuation calculated under
the previously utilized model. Id. TASCO appealed the 2002 assessed value to the respective
equalization boards in each county, but the assessments were affirmed. TASCO appealed to the
BTA and presented an appraisal employing all three legislatively authorized appraisal approaches
(sales comparison, cost, and income), dropping its reliance on the earlier model it had
recommended. Id. The Counties submitted an appraisal containing only a modified version of the
“income-like” approach to the valuation of TASCO’s property. Id. at 60, 137 P.3d at 447. The
BTA found TASCO’s appraisal to be the most reliable and adopted its significantly lower
valuation amounts. Id. The Counties sought review by the district court. The district court
conducted a de novo trial, allowing the Counties to produce evidence on the three approved
approaches to value. TASCO used a slightly modified version of the appraisal it had used before
the BTA. Id. After reviewing appraisals from both sides, the district court overturned the BTA’s
decision after finding the Counties’ appraisal to be more reliable. Id.
       On appeal, TASCO argued that the Counties should have been precluded from presenting
certain evidence to the district court, because that evidence was not presented to the BTA.
Rejecting this argument, this Court stated:
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       TASCO frames its argument as follows: because each individual approach to value
       is to be considered an “issue,” and because the Counties did not present appraisals
       containing all three approaches to the BTA, any evidence on those approaches was
       outside the district court’s scope of review. We are not persuaded. The issue before
       the BTA clearly was the market value of TASCO’s sugar beet processing plants,
       an inquiry that includes a discussion of the three allowable approaches under I.C. §
       63-205 . . . . What TASCO actually complains of is new or different evidence—not
       new or different “issues”—presented to the district court on an issue that was
       litigated before the BTA, the issue of the market value of TASCO’s property. There
       is simply no basis in I.C. § 63-3812 for striking or refusing to consider such
       evidence, particularly in light of the fact that this is a de novo trial before the district
       court. Consequently, we conclude the district court did not err in allowing the
       Counties to present evidence on the three approaches to value.
Id. at 61, 137 P.3d at 448 (emphasis in original).
       Taxpayers’ argument is akin to the argument presented in Canyon County—that the
Counties were required to limit their claims on why the BTA erred by assessing the value as it did.
Given the nature of a de novo trial before the district court, this position was rejected. The Counties
were properly allowed to produce evidence from all three valuation methods, even though they
had not done so before the BTA. This Court ultimately affirmed the district court’s reversal of the
BTA decision based on the new evidence presented by the Counties as to value. Id.
       More recently, in Stender, SSI Food Services[,] Inc. (SSI) appealed from a district court
decision that rejected the BTA’s 2016 assessed value of a food processing facility in favor of the
county’s significantly higher valuation. 165 Idaho at 436, 447 P.3d at 884. The county had
originally assessed the property at $18,286,630. SSI appealed to the Board of Equalization
claiming the property had a market value of $11,000,000. Id. The Board of Equalization upheld
the county’s higher valuation and SSI appealed to the BTA. Id. SSI and the county hired experts
who appraised the property at $6,500,000 and $23,000,000 respectively. Id. The BTA held SSI
satisfied its burden of proving the $18,286,630 valuation was erroneous; however, it did not find
adequate support for SSI’s expert’s valuation of only $6,500,000. Id. The BTA reduced the
valuation to $10,000,000 without explanation, prompting the county to petition for judicial review.
Id. at 437, 447 P.3d at 885. After a de novo trial, the district court found that the county met its
burden of showing the value of the property exceeded $10,000,000, thus, the conclusion of the
BTA was erroneous. Id. The district court entered a modified valuation of $17,000,000. Id.
       SSI appealed to this Court, arguing the district court erred when it modified the BTA
valuation because the county did not satisfy its burden of proof and the court’s opinion on value

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was not supported by substantial and competent evidence. Id. This Court highlighted its prior
recognition that in property valuation cases “the district court often faces a ‘battle of the experts’
and the ‘difficult task of evaluating competing theories of valuation that, for the most part, utilized
accepted valuation methods’ and ‘were utilized within the bounds of their respective professional
standards.’ ” Id. at 438–39, 447 P.3d at 886–87. We examined the evidence and testimony
presented at trial, and concluded that after hearing this evidence, the district court properly decided
(1) which appraisal method was most applicable for this type of property and (2) which opinion of
value was most accurate. Id. at 440, 447 P.3d at 888. Thus, we affirmed the district court’s
conclusion that the BTA valuation was erroneous and that the county’s valuation of the property
at $17,000,000 was correct because both conclusions were supported by substantial and competent
evidence. Id.
       Stender supports the County’s position here that a party can appeal a BTA’s valuation
decision to the district court without necessarily challenging the BTA’s reasoning. In reviewing
whether the district court applied the proper law to the facts in reaching its decision, we never
commented on whether the district court did or should have analyzed “how or why” the BTA
decision was incorrect. Rather, the only reference to the BTA’s decision was based on value, when
the Court affirmed “the district court’s conclusion that the BTA[’] valuation was erroneous . . .”
and affirmed the district court’s valuation of the property. Stender, 165 Idaho at 433, 447 P.3d at
891 (emphasis added).
       The County’s argument is further buttressed by this Court’s recent acknowledgment that,
in tax appeal cases, “Idaho law directs the district court to decide the matter anew without granting
deference to the BTA.” Idaho State Tax Comm'n v. James, 169 Idaho 884, 505 P.3d 670, 676
(2022). The district court’s requirement here that the County show how the BTA’s decision was
erroneous gives undue deference to the BTA’s decision and how it was reached.
       This Court has generally considered valuation to be a question of fact. Stender, 165 Idaho
at 438, 447 P.3d at 886; PacifiCorp v. Idaho State Tax Comm’n, 153 Idaho 759, 769, 291 P.3d
442, 452 (2012) (“The reliability and credibility of the methods employed are questions of fact
. . . .”); Wurzburg v. Kootenai Cnty., 155 Idaho 236, 245, 308 P.3d 936, 945 (Ct. App. 2013)
(“Market value is essentially a factual issue.”); Sammons v. C.I.R., 838 F.2d 330, 334 (9th Cir.
1988) (“Valuation is a question of fact.”). Taxpayers contend that a factual determination is not
erroneous if it is supported by substantial and competent evidence “even though conflicting
                                                  11
evidence exists.” (Citing Stender, 165 Idaho at 438, 447 P.3d at 886 (quoting Greenfield Village
Apartments, L.P. v. Ada Cnty., 130 Idaho 207, 209, 938 P.2d 1245, 1247 (1997)). This black-letter
statement of the law is correct as far as it goes, but this standard applies to the level of deference
this Court provides to the district court’s findings and conclusions, not to the way in which the
district court undertakes review in a trial de novo.
       Taxpayers seek to avoid this result by noting that Idaho Code section 63-511(4), which
governs appeals from the Board of Equalization, distinguishes between a “valuation” and a
“decision”:
       In any appeal taken to the board of tax appeals or the district court pursuant to this
       section, the burden of proof shall fall upon the party seeking affirmative relief to
       establish that the valuation from which the appeal is taken is erroneous, or that the
       board of equalization erred in its decision regarding a claim that certain property is
       exempt from taxation, the value thereof, or any other relief sought before the board
       of equalization.
I.C. § 63-511(4). This statute does reference both a decision and a valuation; however, this statute
merely offers a separate avenue for relief if a party wishes to appeal straight to the district court
from the Board of Equalization, or to appeal an aspect of the Board of Equalization’s decision
other than the valuation. Nothing in this statute changes the task of a district court in conducting a
trial de novo under Idaho Code section 63-3812(c). Appeals under this section are to “be taken and
perfected in accordance with [R]ule 84 of the Idaho [R]ules of [C]ivil [P]rocedure.” I.C. § 63-
3812(a). Rule 84 mandates that “[w]hen the statute provides that review is de novo, the review
must be tried in the district court on any and all issues, on a new record.” The requirement that the
trial be conducted on a new record makes any distinction between “value” and “decision” in
section 63-511(4) inconsequential.
       Ultimately, the question before the Court is one of statutory interpretation. Statutory
interpretation begins with the literal language of the statute. State v. Schulz, 151 Idaho 863, 866,
264 P.3d 970, 973 (2011). The statute should be considered as a whole, and words should be given
their plain, usual, and ordinary meanings. Id. The plain language of section 63-3812(c) specifies
that the issues to be tried may include “any issue presented . . . to the board of tax appeals.” The
County argues that the sole issue was the market value of the property, the BTA determined market
value, and the statute allowed for de novo review of that valuation decision. We agree. Such an
interpretation does not erase the burden of proof, as the County had to present a preponderance of

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the evidence to meet its burden of proof. By establishing that its valuation was more likely accurate
than not, the County met its burden to establish that the BTA’s valuation decision was erroneous.
       A market value conclusion is erroneous if it “fails to reflect the fair market or full cash
value of the property.” See Kimbrough v. Idaho Bd. of Tax Appeals, 150 Idaho 417, 422, 247 P.3d
644, 649 (2011). A “preponderance of the evidence” is evidence that, when weighed with that
opposed to it, has more convincing force and from which results a greater probability of truth.
Harris v. Elec. Wholesale, 141 Idaho 1, 3, 105 P.3d 267, 269 (2004) (citing Cook v. W. Field Seeds,
Inc., 91 Idaho 675, 681, 429 P.2d 407, 413 (1967)).
       We conclude that the district court erred in requiring the County to prove something
beyond the fair market value of the property at issue. Thus, we reverse the district court’s decision
and remand the case with instructions for the district court to issue a new decision based on the
evidence presented at the de novo trial as to the value of the property.
                                         IV. CONCLUSION
       The district court’s decision is reversed, the judgment is vacated, and the case is remanded
with instructions for the district court to consider, on the evidence already presented to it, whether
the BTA’s decision on valuation was erroneous. Costs are awarded as a matter of right to the
County as the prevailing party on appeal.

       Justices BRODY, STEGNER, MOELLER, and ZAHN CONCUR.

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