Court Opinion

ID: 2655204
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-28 20:06:47.088332+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:36:20.580485
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/28/14 Brede v. Science Applications International Corp. CA4/1

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                     COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

HERBERT C. BREDE,                                                   D061764

         Plaintiff and Appellant,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2008-00094414-
                                                                                    CU-WT-CTL)
SCIENCE APPLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION,

         Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Randa

Trapp, Judge. Affirmed.

         Jacobs & Schlesinger, Johanna S. Schiavoni and David A. Schlesinger for

Plaintiff and Appellant.

         Paul, Plevin, Sullivan & Connaughton, Michael C. Sullivan, Sandra L.

McDonough and Gregory J. Halsey for Defendant and Respondent.

         Plaintiff Herbert C. Brede asserts he was wrongfully terminated from his

employment as a contracts manager with Science Applications International Corporation
(SAIC) in retaliation for raising concerns with his employer regarding the propriety of

representations made to a client during renegotiation of a contract. Brede claims that,

after years of exemplary service, he received a layoff notice two weeks after discussing

his concerns with a supervisor. SAIC moved for summary judgment contending Brede

was laid off for legitimate business reasons and there is no basis for Brede's retaliation

claims because he could not establish either a violation of Labor Code section 1102.5,

subdivisions (a) or (d), or wrongful termination in violation of public policy. The trial

court granted summary judgment.

          On appeal, Brede asserts the court erred in granting summary judgment because

triable issues of fact exist regarding whether the reason for termination was pretext for

retaliation. Brede also asserts the court abused its discretion in denying oral motions to

continue the hearing to complete a deposition and for leave to amend the complaint. We

affirm.

                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

          A. Background Regarding SAIC Business Units

          SAIC is a private scientific, engineering and technology applications company. It

is organized into various business units that contract with governmental and commercial

entities.

          The Commercial Business Services Business Unit (CBS Business Unit) provides

technical and professional services to private companies along with local and state

governments under commercial contracts. In this commercial environment, contract

discussions are held between the customer and a number of SAIC representatives

                                              2
including senior managers, program managers and members of the sales team. The

contracts manager assigned to the account sometimes plays a background role in

negotiations. The contracting environment in this unit is generally flexible and

professionals are given wide latitude to bargain competitively. The CBS Business Unit

operates under an accounting structure referred to as "Company 21." The Company 21

structure is subject to generally accepted accounting principles.

       In contrast to the CBS Business Unit, business units dealing with federal

government contracts are more prescribed. They are bound by federal cost principles

established by the Federal Acquisition Regulation and they are subject to cost accounting

standards. In these units, the SAIC contracts manager is typically the single point of

contact with the government contracting officer and the negotiation parameters are more

narrow than they are for contracts in the CBS Business Unit. SAIC uses an accounting

structure referred to as "Company 6" for federal government contracts. Because

Company 6 contracts have prescribed rules for what items can be billed as direct charges,

indirect rates or overhead costs tend to be higher than those for commercial contracts

negotiated under the Company 21 structure. Additionally, employees classified to work

on Company 21 contracts are not permitted to work on projects performed under the

Company 6 structure.

       B. Brede's Employment with SAIC

       Brede was hired in 1996 as a senior contracts representative working in the Range

and Information Systems Business Group (RS Business Group) where he handled

                                             3
contracts with the federal government. He performed well in this setting and received

company awards recognizing and rewarding his contributions.

       Brede had strengths in federal contracting programs, an area in which he had

worked for many years. However, when SAIC reorganized the RS Business Group,

Brede chose to transfer to the CBS Business Unit in 2005. In this position, his new

supervisors expressed concern that he demonstrated inflexibility in working with

commercial contracts. Brede's evaluation in 2006 was poor with an overall performance

rating of two out of five, indicating his performance only partially met SAIC's

expectations. According to the review, Brede did not appear comfortable with the

assignment to support the commercial contracts department and his inflexible approach

resulted in damaged relationships with both internal and external clients.

       Brede's March 2007 performance evaluation noted improvements and rated his

overall performance as three out of five, which indicates he met SAIC expectations. But

it also noted areas Brede still needed to address. His supervisor, Pellegrino, still found

him rigid in his negotiation style, both internally and externally. Brede frequently raised

questions and concerns from a federal contracting perspective that were not applicable to

the commercial contract environment. Pellegrino did not perceive Brede as flexible in

meeting special issues requested by commercial clients, such as lawful modifications to

contract language. Brede was not accustomed to the contracting flexibility and authority

that CBS managers had with negotiating commercial contracts or the heightened role

played by the project managers/business development team and senior SAIC managers in

the commercial environment.

                                              4
       C. Renegotiation of Chicago RTA Contract

       In late 2006 Steve Bullington, the SAIC program manager for the Chicago

Regional Transportation Authority (Chicago RTA) commercial contract, suggested

changing the Chicago RTA contract from a Company 6 structure to a Company 21

structure. If the contract was not subject to the federal accounting requirements of a

Company 6 structure, SAIC could offer lower established rates. Additionally, this was

one of the last Company 6 contracts in the unit. Since most of the staff in the CBS

Business Unit resided under Company 21, it was difficult to find adequate staff to support

the contract. By changing to a Company 21 structure, SAIC could provide better service

at a lower overall cost.

       When Bullington discussed this idea with Brede, Brede raised a business concern.

Brede said that modifying the billing structure might not benefit SAIC because the

indirect rate would be lower under Company 21 than it was under Company 6 since some

of SAIC's administrative and financial functions included in Company 6 indirect rates are

billed as direct rates under the Company 21 structure. He also stated that Chicago RTA

should be informed about the differences between the two billing structures.

       Pellegrino negotiated the modification of the Chicago RTA contract from a

Company 6 structure to a Company 21 structure. Chicago RTA was aware of prior

indirect labor burden rates under the Company 21 structure and accepted the new

proposed rate of 95 percent as more beneficial than the 117 percent rate it previously had

under the Company 6 structure.

                                             5
       Brede was not personally involved in the renegotiation and had no knowledge of

the proposal submitted to Chicago RTA or of any discussions with them that resulted in a

change to the billing rate structure. Brede signed a task order on April 5, 2007, reflecting

the revised rates. He did not express any concerns regarding the revised contract.

       According to Brede, Bullington came into his office in early April 2007 and

stated, "That was kind of a dicey situation with the Chicago RTA." Brede says he

answered Bullington by saying, "If the customer agrees to change the billing rates, they

agree to change the billing rates. Nothing wrong with that." To which Brede claims

Bullington responded, "Yeah, but I'm pretty sure you can't lie to them about what those

rates are."

       Brede did not ask what Bullington meant by this statement and purposefully did

not react because he wanted to talk to Pellegrino. Bullington also mentioned that

Pellegrino asked if Bullington wanted Brede removed from the Chicago RTA contract.

       D. Brede's Discussion with Pellegrino

       In mid-April, when Pellegrino returned from a trip out of the country, Brede told

Pellegrino that Bullington thought something improper had occurred during the

negotiation of the contract modification. Brede also said Bullington told him that

Pellegrino asked if Bullington wanted Brede removed from the contract. According to

                                             6
Brede, Pellegrino became defensive and did not say anything in response to Brede's

statements.1

       E. SAIC's Reorganization and Layoff Decision.

       In February 2007, before Pellegrino renegotiated the Chicago RTA contract, SAIC

determined that it needed to cut costs in the business unit due to the loss of certain

contracts and business pressures on profitability. Michael Payne, director of contracts for

the business unit, also decided to reorganize the department and to move the client

relationship with Pfizer closer to the East Coast where most of the Pfizer contacts were

located. This move enabled SAIC to "fully load a single staff member as opposed to

having two staff members that were underutilized."

       Payne told Pellegrino, the western contracts manager of the CBS Business Unit,

that they needed to lay off one of the four contracts managers in that department and

asked for Pellegrino's recommendation. Payne and Pellegrino looked at the pool of

1       Brede asserts that he heard about other ethical concerns from other SAIC
employees and that he attempted to relay these concerns to Pellegrino. We do not
consider these other concerns in our analysis of the summary judgment ruling because the
trial court sustained SAIC's objections to Brede's declaration regarding these other issues.
(Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal. 4th 317, 334 [the court does not consider
evidence to which objections have been made and sustained].) Brede did not challenge
the evidentiary rulings below or in his opening brief. (Kim v. Sumitomo Bank (1993) 17
Cal. App. 4th 974, 979 [the court is not required to consider issues that are not argued or
supported by citation to the record or legal authority].) We disregard Brede's belated
attempt to challenge the court's evidentiary rulings in a footnote to his reply brief.
"'Obvious reasons of fairness militate against consideration of an issue raised initially in
the reply brief of an appellant. [Citations.]' [Citation.] '"The rule is that points raised in
the reply brief for the first time will not be considered, unless good reason is shown for
failure to present them before."'" (In re Marriage of Khera & Sameer (2012) 206
Cal. App. 4th 1467, 1477.)
                                              7
contracts serviced by the CBS Business Unit, the skill set of each of the managers and

their performance in servicing their respective assignments. Each of the contracts

managers in the CBS Business Unit—other than Brede—received performance reviews

rating their performance as exceeding expectations (four out of five). One possessed

specialized experience in state and local government contracts and had vital relationships

with local entities. Another had specialized expertise in export and international business

sectors.

       Brede's primary task in 2007 was the Pfizer account. SAIC determined that

another contracts manager, who had worked with Pfizer in the past, was more suitable to

handle that client because he had demonstrated a better ability to be flexible in meeting

the customers and because he worked better with internal staff. This other manager also

worked in Chicago, which made it easier to work with the East Coast client.

       Although Brede was skilled in certain technical contracting areas, Payne and

Pellegrino considered Brede to be the lowest performer of the four contract managers in

meeting the needs and objectives for the CBS business unit. As a result, SAIC decided to

lay off Brede.

       In May 2007, approximately two weeks after Brede discussed the Chicago RTA

contract modification with Pellegrino, Brede received notice of layoff.

       F. Brede's Ethics Complaint

       After receiving notice he was being laid off, Brede complained to SAIC's general

counsel that he was terminated after raising "ethical concerns with my supervisor"

regarding the Chicago RTA contract modification. Brede claimed, "[T]he customer was

                                             8
intentionally misinformed of SAIC's Company 21 rate structure in order to inflate the

cost basis and achieve significantly more than the 10% fixed fee stated in the agreement."

SAIC's ethics committee found no merit to Brede's concerns. Specifically, they found

there was no intent to mislead the customer. However, they recommended discussions

with the customer to further modify the contract language to accurately reflect the new

payment terms.

       G. Brede Files Suit

       Brede filed suit against SAIC alleging his termination "resulted from his discovery

and revelation of misrepresentations regarding SAIC's rate structure and billing practices

applicable to a contract it had with [Chicago RTA] and SAIC's practice of overcharging

as a result." He alleged that this conduct, "which potentially gave rise to both criminal

and civil liability," was brought to Brede's attention by another employee. Brede alleged

he was laid off two weeks after he brought his concerns to the attention of his supervisor.

Brede asserted a cause of action for retaliation against whistle blowing in violation of

former Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivisions (a) and (d), and a cause of action for

wrongful termination in violation of public policy.2

2       At that time, former Labor Code section 1102.5 provided in part: "(a) An
employer may not make, adopt, or enforce any rule, regulation, or policy preventing an
employee from disclosing information to a government or law enforcement agency,
where the employee has reasonable cause to believe that the information discloses a
violation of state or federal statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal
rule or regulation. [¶] (b) An employer may not retaliate against an employee for
disclosing information to a government or law enforcement agency, where the employee
has reasonable cause to believe that the information discloses a violation of state or
federal statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal rule or regulation.
                                              9
       H. SAIC's Motion for Summary Judgment

       SAIC moved for summary judgment on the grounds that Brede cannot prevail on

his wrongful termination claims. SAIC argued Brede cannot establish his first cause of

action for violation of Labor Code section 1102 under either subdivision (a) or

subdivision (d). SAIC presented evidence that it does not have a policy preventing

disclosure of illegal conduct to a government or law enforcement agency, but rather that

its policies require employees to disclose reasonable suspicions of unethical illegal

conduct. SAIC also argued that Brede cannot establish a claim for violation of Labor

Code section 1102, subdivision (d) because there is no allegation that SAIC retaliated

against Brede for exercising his rights to disclose information in any former employment.

       SAIC argued Brede cannot establish his second cause of action for wrongful

termination in violation of public policy because (1) Brede cannot show he made a

protected disclosure supported by fundamental public policy, (2) the reported concern did

not involve a matter of public policy as opposed to a private business concern, and (3)

Brede cannot establish a causal link between his alleged report and his layoff because

Brede was terminated for a legitimate business reason. SAIC presented evidence

regarding SAIC's business decision to reorganize the contracts department and to lay off

[¶] (c) An employer may not retaliate against an employee for refusing to participate in
an activity that would result in a violation of state or federal statute, or a violation or
noncompliance with a state or federal rule or regulation. [¶] (d) An employer may not
retaliate against an employee for having exercised his or her rights under subdivision (a),
(b), or (c) in any former employment." Brede did not allege violations of subdivisions (b)
or (c). The statute was amended in 2013 (Stats. 2013, ch. 781, § 4.1, eff. Jan. 1, 2014),
but the amendments do not change our analysis. All further references are to the former
section.

                                            10
a contracts manager, as well as evidence regarding how Pellegrino and Payne arrived at

the decision to lay off Brede.

       I. Brede's Opposition to Summary Judgment Motion

       Brede opposed the motion for summary judgment arguing that he can establish a

prima facie case because SAIC terminated his employment two weeks after he reported

potential fraudulent billing to his supervisor. While not pled in his complaint, Brede

argued these acts would constitute violations of the federal False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. §

3729 et seq.) and the California False Claims Act (Gov. Code, § 12650 et seq.). He

argued he can maintain a claim under Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivisions (a) and (c)

because he was terminated for reporting potential violations of state or federal law. He

asserted SAIC's claim that he was terminated for a legitimate business reason is pretext

because he is a well-educated, experienced SAIC contracts manager. He presented two

letters he received for SAIC awards in 1997 and 2004 for his contributions to the

company. He also presented his performance review from March 2007 and cited the

form language defining a three out of five rating to argue that his performance was

positive.3 Brede argued this evidence is not consistent with SAIC's claim that he was

terminated for performance reasons.

3      The performance rating form defines a three out of five performance as follows:
"3 Consistently Meets Expectations; Highly Successful Performance Performance
consistently meets SAIC expectations for the position. Employee is fully capable;
performance is solid, well-balanced, dependable and competent."
       A four out of five performance is defined as follows: "4 Frequently Exceeds
Expectations; Exemplary Performance Performance exceeds SAIC expectations in
                                            11
       Brede argued he should prevail on his cause of action for wrongful termination in

violation of public policy because he reasonably suspected that SAIC had violated the

federal False Claims Act by fraudulent billing of Chicago RTA and because he was laid

off two weeks after reporting these suspicions to his employer.

       J. Trial Court Grants Summary Judgment

       The trial court granted SAIC's motion for summary judgment finding no basis for

either the first cause of action for retaliation against whistleblowing in violation of Labor

Code section 1102.5 or the second cause of action for wrongful termination in violation

of public policy. Brede admitted that SAIC did not make, adopt or enforce any rule,

regulation or policy preventing an employee from disclosing information in violation of

Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivision (a). Additionally, Labor Code section 1102.5,

subdivision (d) does not apply because Brede admitted that SAIC did not retaliate against

him for exercising his rights in any former employment.

       Even though the court found no legal basis for a claim under Labor Code section

1102.5, the court continued its analysis by assuming without deciding that Brede

established a prima facie case. Nevertheless, the court found that SAIC had shown,

based on the declarations of Pellegrino and Payne, a nonretaliatory explanation for its

acts and that Brede did not provide specific and substantial evidence to create a triable

issue that his termination was a pretext for retaliation. The court noted in its ruling "it

several important areas of the position. Employee performs the most difficult and
complex aspects of the position, including additional responsibilities as assigned."
       Specific comments regarding employee performance appear to be reflected in
other evaluation boxes within the form.

                                              12
appears the decision [to] terminate him occurred around February 2007, before he

expressed his concerns to his employer in April 2007. . . . Brede received [employee

achievement] awards in 1997 and 2004; the last being three years before his lay-off [sic].

. . . His last performance evaluation before his layoff rated his performance as only

meeting, as opposed to exceeding, expectations. . . . In any event, the decision makers

looked at [the] overall and current performance when making their decision, as well as

business needs, leaving only the timing of the decision as relevant. However, temporal

proximity alone is not sufficient to raise a triable issue as to pretext once the employer

has offered evidence of a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the termination."

       The court also found no basis for a claim of wrongful termination in violation of

public policy based on Brede's allegations that he reasonably believed his employer had

violated state and federal law, including Labor Code section 1102.5. The court did not

consider Brede's new claims that SAIC had violated the federal or Californa False Claims

Acts because they were not pled in his complaint. Again, the court ruled that Brede did

not provide substantial responsive evidence to SAIC's showing of a legitimate,

nonretaliatory explanation for its acts.

       At the hearing, after reviewing the court's tentative opinion, Brede asked for a

continuance of the hearing to complete the deposition of Pellegrino and asked for leave to

amend the complaint to add allegations that SAIC violated the federal and California

false claims acts as well as a reference to Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivision (c).

The court confirmed the tentative.

                                             13
                                       DISCUSSION

                 I. Standards Governing Motions for Summary Judgment

       A defendant is entitled to summary judgment if it establishes a complete defense

to the plaintiff's cause of action or shows that one or more elements of the cause of action

cannot be established. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (p)(2); Aguilar v. Atlantic

Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal. 4th 826, 849.)

       Because a motion for summary judgment raises only questions of law, we

independently review the parties' supporting and opposing papers and apply the same

standard as the trial court to determine whether there exists a triable issue of material fact.

(City of San Diego v. U.S. Gypsum Co. (1994) 30 Cal. App. 4th 575, 582; Southern Cal.

Rapid Transit Dist. v. Superior Court (1994) 30 Cal. App. 4th 713, 723.) First, we analyze

the pleadings. Since the pleadings delimit the issues to be considered on a motion for

summary judgment, a defendant need only address the allegations raised in the complaint.

(AARTS Productions, Inc. v. Crocker National Bank (1986) 179 Cal. App. 3d 1061, 1064;

Laabs v. City of Victorville (2008) 163 Cal. App. 4th 1242, 1253.) Second, we determine

if the defendant met its burden of showing that the cause of action has no merit either

because one or more elements of the cause of action cannot be established or because

there is a complete defense to the cause of action. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd.

(p)(2).) Third, if the defendant has met its burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to

show a triable, material controversy as to whatever element of the cause of action

defendant claims is not established. (Ibid.)

                                               14
         We liberally construe the evidence in support of the party opposing summary

judgment (Wiener v. Southcoast Childcare Centers, Inc. (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 1138, 1142)

and assess whether the evidence would, if credited, permit the trier of fact to find in favor

of the party opposing summary judgment under the applicable legal standards. (Cf.

Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co., supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 850.)

                 II. The Trial Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment

         Brede claims on appeal that the court erred in granting summary judgment of his

cause of action for wrongful termination in violation of public policy.4 We disagree.

         A. Standards for Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy Cause of
Action

         Generally, an employee may be terminated at will for any reason, or no reason, so

long as the reason is not unlawful or for a purpose that contravenes fundamental public

policy. (Lab. Code, § 2922; Gantt v. Sentry Insurance (1992) 1 Cal. 4th 1083, 1094,

overruled on another ground in Green v. Ralee Engineering Co. (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 66, 80,

fn. 6; Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (1980) 27 Cal. 3d 167, 172.) The Supreme Court

explained the foundations of the public policy-based wrongful discharge cause of action:

"We have held that this public policy exception to the at-will employment rule must be

4       Brede does not challenge the summary adjudication of his first cause of action for
retaliation against whistleblowing based upon Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivision (a)
(precluding employer from making, adopting or enforcing a rule, regulation or policy
preventing an employee from disclosing information he or she has reasonable cause to
believe discloses a violation of law or a violation or noncompliance with a rule or
regulation) or subdivision (d) (precluding retaliation against an employee for exercising
whistleblowing rights in former employment).

                                             15
based on policies 'carefully tethered to fundamental policies that are delineated in

constitutional or statutory provisions . . . .' [Citation.] This requirement 'grew from our

belief that "'public policy' as a concept is notoriously resistant to precise definition, and

that courts should venture into this area, if at all, with great care and due deference to the

judgment of the legislative branch" in order to avoid judicial policymaking.' [Citation.]

It also serves the function of ensuring that employers are on notice concerning the public

policies they are charged with violating. 'The employer is bound, at a minimum, to know

the fundamental public policies of the state and nation as expressed in their constitutions

and statutes . . . .' [Citations.] The public policy that is the basis of this exception must

furthermore be '"public" in that it "affects society at large" rather than the individual,

must have been articulated at the time of discharge, and must be "'fundamental'" and

"'substantial.'"'" (Silo v. CHW Medical Foundation (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 1097, 1104.)

       "Tort claims for wrongful discharge typically arise when an employer retaliates

against an employee for '(1) refusing to violate a statute . . . [,] (2) performing a statutory

obligation . . . [,] (3) exercising a statutory right or privilege . . . [, or] (4) reporting an

alleged violation of a statute of public importance.'" (Turner v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc.

(1994) 7 Cal. 4th 1238, 1256, overruled on another ground in Romano v. Rockwell

International (1996) 14 Cal. 4th 479, 498; see also Green v. Ralee Engineering Co.,

supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 76; Stevenson v. Superior Court (1997) 16 Cal. 4th 880, 889.) An

employee may recover for wrongful discharge if he or she establishes he or she was

"terminated in retaliation for reporting to his or her employer reasonably suspected illegal

                                                 16
conduct by other employees that harms the public as well as the employer." (Collier v.

Superior Court (1991) 228 Cal. App. 3d 1117, 1119-1120.)

       In analyzing a claim for wrongful employment termination in violation of public

policy, we bear in mind the burden-shifting analysis of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.

Green (1973) 411 U.S. 792 to determining if triable issues of fact exist for resolution by a

jury. First, the "'plaintiff must show (1) he or she engaged in a "protected activity," (2)

the employer subjected the employee to an adverse employment action, and (3) a causal

link existed between the protected activity and the employer's action.'" (Loggins v.

Kaiser Permanente Internat. (2007) 151 Cal. App. 4th 1102, 1108-1109.) In other words,

a plaintiff must show a nexus between the protected activity and the adverse employment

action. (Turner v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 1258-1259.) Second,

"[i]f the employee successfully establishes these elements and thereby shows a prima

facie case exists, the burden shifts to the employer to provide evidence that there was a

legitimate, nonretaliatory reason for the adverse employment action." (Loggins v. Kaiser

Permanente Internat., supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 1109.) Third, "[i]f the employer

produces evidence showing a legitimate reason for the adverse employment action, 'the

presumption of retaliation "'"drops out of the picture,"'"' [citation], and the burden shifts

back to the employee to provide 'substantial responsive evidence' that the employer's

proffered reasons were untrue or pretextual [citation]." (Ibid.)

       Applying this analysis to summary judgment proceedings, an employer is entitled

to summary judgment if it "presents admissible evidence either that one or more of

plaintiff's prima facie elements is lacking, or that the adverse employment action was

                                              17
based on legitimate, [nonretaliatory] factors . . . unless the plaintiff produces admissible

evidence which raises a triable issue of fact material to the defendant's showing."

(Caldwell v. Paramount Unified School Dist. (1995) 41 Cal. App. 4th 189, 203.)

       Although the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff,

the plaintiff's subjective beliefs "do not create a genuine issue of fact." (King v. United

Parcel Service, Inc. (2007) 152 Cal. App. 4th 426, 433.) Nor can a plaintiff avoid

summary judgment by merely providing some evidence suggesting an improper motive

for her termination. (Ibid.) Rather, the "plaintiff's evidence must relate to the motivation

of the decision makers to prove, by nonspeculative evidence, an actual causal link

between prohibited motivation and termination." (Id. at pp. 433-434.) "[A] plaintiff's

'suspicions of improper motives . . . primarily based on conjecture and speculation' are

not sufficient to raise a triable issue of fact to withstand summary judgment." (Kerr v.

Rose (1990) 216 Cal. App. 3d 1551, 1564.)

       B. Application

       In this case, Brede asserted that SAIC terminated him in retaliation for reporting

unlawful conduct, which "violates Labor Code section 1102.5 and violates the public

policy served by an employee's ability and right to report suspicions of illegal conduct to

his or her employer." Brede alleged that he received the notice of layoff two weeks after

he reported to his supervisor reasonable concerns that SAIC misrepresented or failed to

fully inform Chicago RTA of the implications of changing contract terms from a

Company 6 structure to a Company 21 structure, which he claims could potentially give

rise to "both criminal and civil liability." Brede argued that this temporal proximity

                                             18
along with a positive performance review two months before establishes his prima facie

case.

        SAIC's summary judgment motion argued that Brede cannot establish the essential

elements of his prima facie case and that SAIC had a legitimate, nonretaliatory business

reason to terminate Brede. SAIC presented evidence that it did not violate Labor Code

section 1102.5, subdivision (a) because it had a policy requiring employees to disclose

reasonable suspicions of illegal or unethical conduct and that Brede acknowledged this

policy in writing. Brede did not dispute this evidence. SAIC also presented evidence

that it could not have violated Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivision (d), because

Brede's report concerned actions by SAIC, not a former employer, and he did not raise

concerns regarding unlawful activity at a prior employer. Brede did not dispute this

evidence.5

        SAIC also presented evidence that there was no reasonable basis for Brede to

believe the activity disclosed was illegal activity. SAIC established there was no

intention to mislead the client. Chicago RTA was aware from prior task orders that

Company 21 had a labor burden rate of 55.2 percent, and it accepted the proposed 95

percent rate because it was lower than the Company 6 labor burden rate of 117.4 percent.

5      Brede argues that the trial court erred in declining to consider application of state
and federal false claim statutes to support his claim for wrongful termination in violation
of public policy. This argument has no merit. The trial court correctly declined to
consider these statutes because they were not pled. On summary judgment, a defendant
need only address the allegations raised in the complaint. (Laabs v. City of Victorville,
supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 1253.)

                                             19
Brede admits he was not involved in the contract renegotiation process and did not see

the new contract until after he was terminated.

       In response to SAIC's evidence, Brede offered only his own testimony about his

conversation with Bullington regarding the contract renegotiation. When Brede told

Bullington there was nothing wrong with changing the billing rates if the client agreed,

Bullington allegedly responded, "Yeah, but I'm pretty sure you can't lie to them about

what those rates are." Brede did not ask Bullington what he meant by this statement.

       Brede's subjective interpretation about what Bullington meant is not sufficient to

raise a triable issue of fact. "'A party cannot avoid summary judgment based on mere

speculation and conjecture [citation], but instead must produce admissible evidence

raising a triable issue of fact.'" (Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. City of Oakland (2002) 103
Cal. App. 4th 364, 371; see also Chiaramonte v. Fashion Bed Group (7th Cir. 1997) 129
F.3d 391, 401 ["'If the subjective beliefs of plaintiffs in employment . . . cases could, by

themselves, create genuine issues of material fact, then virtually all defense motions for

summary judgment in such cases would be doomed.'"].)

       While Brede's evidence that he received a notice of layoff two weeks after he

reported his suspicions of improper conduct related to the Chicago RTA contract

renegotiation may be sufficient to meet Brede's prima facie burden, he did not provide

substantial responsive evidence showing that SAIC's proffered reasons for layoff were

untrue or pretextual.

       SAIC presented undisputed evidence showing that SAIC made a business decision

to reorganize the CBS Business Unit to reduce costs, which included the need to lay off

                                             20
one of the four contract managers. This decision was made in February 2007, before the

Chicago RTA contract was renegotiated. Brede presented no evidence to dispute SAIC's

showing that the other contracts managers received higher performance evaluations

during the relevant time period or that they had skills and strengths more suited to the

client needs. Brede's evidence that he performed well in years prior to joining the CBS

Business Unit, where he handled different contracts, is not relevant to the business

decision in 2007.

       Brede argues the trial court erred in determining the decision to lay him off was

made prior to his report because the layoff worksheet provided by SAIC is undated.

While SAIC did not provide the notice of layoff until after Brede's discussion with

Pellegrino, Brede cannot dispute that the wheels were in motion long before this

discussion. In fact, Pellegrino asked Bullington about removing Brede as the contracts

manager for Chicago RTA before Brede reported his concerns to Pellegrino.

       Brede's only evidence to support his claim that SAIC's reason for termination was

pretextual was temporal proximity, i.e., that he received his notice of layoff two weeks

after raising the issue of misrepresentation with Pellegrino. This is insufficient.

       We have held that evidence of temporal proximity alone is not sufficient to avoid

summary judgment. "[T]emporal proximity, although sufficient to shift the burden to the

employer to articulate a nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action,

does not, without more, suffice also to satisfy the secondary burden borne by the

employee to show a triable issue of fact on whether the employer's articulated reason was

untrue and pretextual. [A] contrary argument, if accepted, would eviscerate the

                                             21
McDonnell Douglas [v. Green, supra, 411 U.S. 792] framework for resolving claims at

the demurrer or summary judgment stage, because the same minimal showing required of

the plaintiff to raise a prima facie case would also suffice to preclude the employer from

obtaining summary judgment notwithstanding otherwise unrebutted proof of articulated

legitimate reasons for the employment termination. Instead, an employee seeking to

avoid summary judgment cannot simply rest on the prima facie showing, but must adduce

substantial additional evidence from which a trier of fact could infer the articulated

reasons for the adverse employment action were untrue or pretextual." (Loggins v.

Kaiser Permanente Internat., supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1112-1113.)

       Because Brede did not meet his burden of responding to SAIC's evidence of its

legitimate, nonretaliatory business reason for termination, the trial court properly granted

summary judgment.

         III. The Trial Court Properly Exercised Its Discretion To Deny Brede's
                              Oral Request for Continuance

       Brede contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying his continuance

request, which he maintains must be exercised liberally in favor of granting the

continuance. We disagree.

       Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (h) provides: "If it appears

from the affidavits submitted in opposition to a motion for summary judgment . . . that

facts essential to justify opposition may exist but cannot, for reasons stated, then be

presented, the court shall deny the motion, or order a continuance to permit affidavits to

be obtained or discovery to be had or may make any other order as may be just." It is not

                                             22
sufficient that a declaration in support of such a continuance indicate further discovery or

investigation is contemplated; it must show "'facts essential to justify opposition may

exist.'" (Roth v. Rhodes (1994) 25 Cal. App. 4th 530, 548.) Thus, the plaintiff must show

"that the . . . discovery requested could reasonably lead to evidence necessary to refute"

the defendants' evidence. (Scott v. CIBA Vision Corp. (1995) 38 Cal. App. 4th 307, 326.)

If the plaintiff does not make the required showing by affidavit, a continuance is not

mandatory. (Bahl v. Bank of America (2001) 89 Cal. App. 4th 389, 393; Scott v. CIBA

Vision Corp., at pp. 313-314, 326.) In this case, a continuance was not mandatory

because Brede did not submit an affidavit making the necessary showing "that facts

essential to justify opposition may exist but cannot, for reasons stated, then be presented."

(Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (h).)

       When a continuance is not mandatory because of the plaintiff's failure to meet the

requirements of Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (h), the court

determines whether the party requesting a continuance has established good cause for

such a request. (Lerma v. County of Orange (2004) 120 Cal. App. 4th 709, 716.) We

review the court's ruling on that question for abuse of discretion. (Ibid.)

       We agree with the reasoning of the court in Cooksey v. Alexakis (2004) 123
Cal. App. 4th 246, which concluded, in keeping with a majority of courts addressing the

matter, that lack of diligence may be a ground for denying a request for a continuance of

a summary judgment motion hearing: "Although [Code of Civil Procedure section 437c,

subdivision (h)] does not expressly mention diligence, it does require a party seeking a

continuance to declare why 'facts essential to justify opposition . . . cannot, for reasons

                                             23
stated, then be presented' [citation, italics added by Cooksey], and courts have long

required such declarations to be made in good faith. [Citations.] There must be a

justifiable reason why the essential facts cannot be presented. An inappropriate delay in

seeking to obtain the facts may not be a valid reason why the facts cannot then be

presented. The statute itself authorizes the imposition of sanctions for declarations

presented in bad faith or solely for purposes of delay. [Citation.] A good faith showing

that further discovery is needed to oppose summary judgment requires some justification

for why such discovery could not have been completed sooner." (Cooksey, at p. 257.)

       The record shows that the hearing on the motion for summary judgment was

continued several times at the request of the parties for a period of approximately six

months. The court first continued the hearing at the request of SAIC, which explained

that, after settlement discussions had broken down, the parties were engaged in discovery

efforts. SAIC cited Brede's need to gather evidence to oppose the summary judgment

motion, including the need for deposition testimony. After filing his opposition to the

motion for summary judgment, Brede sought and obtained an additional 60-day

continuance of the hearing on the basis that he had obtained a new lawyer and that he

needed additional discovery to obtain documents and deposition testimony to oppose the

motion. When Brede's second attorney moved to withdraw as counsel of record, SAIC

applied again to continue trial and the summary judgment hearing to allow Brede time to

file an updated opposition to the motion for summary judgment. The court continued the

summary judgment hearing another 30 days.

                                            24
       Brede never did file additional opposition papers. In fact, at the hearing granting

Brede's attorney's motion to be relieved as counsel, Brede requested a continuance of

trial, but stated he did not want another continuance of the summary judgment hearing.

       It was not until the hearing on the summary judgment motion, after Brede had a

copy of the tentative ruling, that he orally requested a continuance to complete the

deposition of Pellegrino and asserted that SAIC had obstructed the completion of his

deposition. Brede was represented when at least one session of Pellegrino's deposition

was scheduled. Neither he nor his counsel moved to compel Pellegrino's deposition.

       In short, Brede did not make a proper showing of good cause to justify a

continuance. On this record, the trial court's order was not an abuse of discretion.

     IV. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Leave To Amend

       Brede also argues the court erred in declining to allow him leave to amend his

complaint to add the federal and California false claims statutes and to add a specific

reference to Labor Code section 1102.5, subdivision (c). However, Brede did not seek

leave to amend before the hearing on summary judgment. "To create a triable issue of

material fact, the opposition evidence must be directed to issues raised by the pleadings.

[Citation.] If the opposing party's evidence would show some factual assertion, legal

theory, defense or claim not yet pleaded, that party should seek leave to amend the

pleadings before the hearing on the summary judgment motion." (Distefano v. Forester

(2001) 85 Cal. App. 4th 1249, 1264-1265.) Additionally, Brede cannot show prejudicial

error. Even if leave to amend had been granted to plead violations of the False Claims

Act or Labor Code section 1102.5 subdivision (c), as discussed, ante, Brede failed to

                                            25
meet his burden to establish that the nondiscriminatory reason given by SAIC for his

termination was pretextual.

                                    DISPOSITION

      The judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal to SAIC.

                                                                              NARES, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

McDONALD, J.

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