Court Opinion

ID: 4126271
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-15 18:01:36.219984+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:50.851318
License: Public Domain

Case: 16-11800   Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 1 of 22

                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 16-11800
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cv-03964-SCJ

JESSIE NELL SMITH,

                                                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  versus

CITY OF FAIRBURN, GEORGIA,
JAMES A. MCCARTHY, JR.,
CHARLES L. ISRAEL,

                                                        Defendants-Appellees.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Georgia
                      ________________________

                            (February 15, 2017)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, HULL and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 16-11800     Date Filed: 02/15/2017    Page: 2 of 22

      Jessie Nell Smith was arrested based on a warrant obtained by Detective

Charles Israel and charged with making terroristic threats against her next door

neighbor. She filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 lawsuit against Detective Israel, the

Chief of the Fairburn police department, and the City of Fairburn, alleging that she

was arrested without probable cause and in retaliation for her criticism of the Chief

of Police, in violation of her First and Fourth Amendment rights. She also brought

several state law claims against the same defendants. The district court granted

summary judgment to the defendants. This is Smith’s appeal.

                                           I.

      Because we are reviewing the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

the defendants, we recite the facts of this case in the light most favorable to Smith,

resolving all factual disputes and drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor.

Kingsland v. City of Miami, 382 F.3d 1220, 1226 (11th Cir. 2004). We express no

opinion as to whether a factfinder would do the same at trial.

                                          A.

      Fairburn city officials had heard of — and from — Smith long before the

incident that gave rise to this litigation. Smith characterizes herself as a “citizen

watchdog.” She began attending city council meetings in 2002 because she “took

a great interest in [the] city” and “saw things that [she] wanted to address.” Smith

spoke “many times” during those meetings. She claims that, although she

                                           2
             Case: 16-11800      Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 3 of 22

sometimes criticized city officials in her public comments, her commentary was

“more positive than negative.”

      In the summer of 2013, Smith turned her attention to the police department’s

purchase of several new police vehicles. James McCarthy, Fairburn’s chief of

police, had authorized the purchase of the new vehicles in May. But he had not

followed proper procurement procedure because he had not obtained the city

council’s approval before making the purchase. Chief McCarthy brought this up at

a public work session on July 8 and apologized for his mistake. The city council

ratified the purchase, but Mayor Mario Avery wrote a memo reprimanding Chief

McCarthy for his failure to follow proper procedure.

      Smith attended the July 8 meeting and spoke about the improper purchase of

police vehicles. She broached the subject again at the next city council meeting on

July 22. This time she suggested that other people beyond Chief McCarthy had to

have been involved in the mistake and suggested that Chief McCarthy’s actions

amounted to “theft by taking.” The following day, Smith submitted a public

records request to the city seeking information about the vehicle purchase. She

received a response to this request from the City Administrator a few days later.

                                         B.

      Meanwhile, Smith was having problems with her neighbor, Ronnie Jordan.

Jordan had moved in next to Smith approximately five years before the events

                                          3
               Case: 16-11800    Date Filed: 02/15/2017    Page: 4 of 22

giving rise to this case. Although their relationship was initially amicable, it later

became hostile. Jordan “began to have people in and out and noise and music,”

and Smith began calling the police department “over and over and over.”

        Around 11:00 p.m. on July 23 — one day after Smith complained for the

second time at a city council meeting about the improper purchase of police

vehicles — one of Smith’s neighbors called the police to report that loud music

was coming from Jordan’s home. Officer Jacob Crawford responded to this 911

call and told Jordan that his music was too loud. Jordan agreed to turn the music

down.

        But before long the music was loud again and Smith called the police to

make a noise complaint. Officer Crawford as well as Officers Kenneth Hammock

and Jason Pridemore responded. They located Jordan in a shed behind his house;

he was drunk, angry, and belligerent. He blamed Smith for always calling the

police on him and Officer Hammock overhead him say: “It was Nell Smith who

called, wasn’t it? She has been harassing me for five years now and I am

miserable living next to her. That’s okay. We can play that.” With the assistance

of two unidentified women who were present at the scene, the officers were able to

calm Jordan down. The officers issued Jordan a citation and departed.

        Later the same night, Smith called the police again, this time because she

had heard something strike her house. During the course of that 911 call, she

                                           4
               Case: 16-11800        Date Filed: 02/15/2017      Page: 5 of 22

stated: “I don’t know if the neighbors are doing this or what. I don’t want these

people to put me to the test.”

       Several officers returned to Smith’s house. Officer Hammock walked

around the house to see if he could locate the cause of the noise. He found a

puncture mark in the siding under Smith’s bedroom window. A piece of concrete

about the same size as the hole was on the ground nearby. Officer Hammock

allegedly told Smith: “We know who did it but we can’t prove it.” According to

Smith, none of the officers even went to Jordan’s house to speak with him about

the incident. But Officer Hammock did say he would take the piece of concrete

back to the station.

       In his incident report, Officer Hammock wrote that: “Ms. Smith stated that

she has put up with her neighbor’s issues way too long and that she was going to

kill him when she got the chance. Ms. Smith said to me ‘I am going to kill him

and you can put that in your report.’” 1 Smith vigorously denies that she made this

statement, though she admits that she told the officers that she would do what she

had to do to defend herself and her property. Officer Hammock did not arrest

       1
         In a “Victim/Witness Statement” written five days after Detective Israel obtained a
warrant for Smith’s arrest, Officer Hammock again indicated that Smith had made a threat
against Jordan. But this time he claimed she said: “Do not be surprised if you find him dead,
because . . . um, I’m going to kill him! [A]nd you can put that in [your] report.” Officer
Hammock also reported that Smith said, “Is there any damage to my car? . . . Because if there is
damage to my car, I will go over there now and kill him!”
                                                5
               Case: 16-11800       Date Filed: 02/15/2017      Page: 6 of 22

Smith that night based on the statements he claims she made. But he did note

those statements in his report.

                                              C.

       The following morning, Chief McCarthy reviewed Officer Hammock’s

incident report. He then spoke to the captain of the Criminal Investigation

Division and Detective Israel about following up on the incident. According to

Smith, there is circumstantial evidence to suggest that during this conversation

Chief McCarthy ordered Detective Israel to arrest Smith. The defendants contend

that he simply directed his subordinates to investigate both Smith and Jordan.

       Detective Israel reviewed Officer Hammock’s report and interviewed Smith

about the incident. During the interview, Smith denied making the threats

described in the report. She did say that: “I just told them, I said I got a pistol

waiting in there and I . . . hope that nothing happens.” She also stated that, “I

might have said I, you know, I . . . I feel like killing him or . . . I don’t know what

. . . I don’t know.” And she said: “I mean, I’m going to protect myself.”

       Detective Israel then contacted Officer Crawford (who was on present for at

least some part of the investigation into the noise Smith heard outside her home) to

discuss the incident.2 Officer Crawford told Detective Israel that he did not hear

       2
         It is not clear from the record whether Smith admits or denies that this conversation
occurred. In her “Response to Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts,” Smith
denies that the conversation occurred. But in her own “Statement of Material Facts Submitted in
                                               6
                Case: 16-11800       Date Filed: 02/15/2017        Page: 7 of 22

the threat that Officer Hammock reported, but that he did hear Smith make a

conditional threat. Officer Crawford claims Smith threatened to shoot Jordan if

there was damage to her car.

       Detective Israel prepared a warrant for Smith’s arrest. The affidavit in

support of that warrant request, in its pertinent part, reads:

       Personally came Charles Israel who on oath says that, to the best of
       his/her knowledge and belief, Jessie Nell Smith, the Accused, did on
       or about 7-24-13 within the jurisdiction of this Court, commit the
       offense of Terroristic Threats in violation of O.C.G.A. 16-11-37, in
       that the accused did: threaten to kill Ronny [sic] Jordan when she got
       the chance[.] The threat was heard by Ofc Hammock.

The warrant application was reviewed by Judge Ewing of the Municipal Court of

Fairburn. In addition to the information contained in the affidavit, Detective Israel

told Judge Ewing that Smith had told the officers they could put her threat in their

report.3 Detective Israel also told the judge about his conversation with Officer

Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment,” she indicates that Detective Israel
did speak to Officer Crawford before seeking a warrant. Because Smith’s Fourth Amendment
argument would be stronger if Officer Crawford had told Detective Israel that he heard only a
conditional threat and did not hear the threat related in Officer Hammock’s report, we assume for
the sake of this appeal that the conversation did occur. Kingsland, 382 F.3d at 1226 (explaining
that, in reviewing a grant of summary judgment, “[w]e review the evidence and all factual
inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all
reasonable doubts about the facts in favor of the non-movant” ).
       3
          Smith disputes this fact in her brief on appeal. But she admitted that Detective Israel
told Judge Ewing these things in her “Response to Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed
Material Facts” in the district court. She is bound by that admission. Williams v. Airborne
Express, Inc., 521 F.3d 765, 766 (7th Cir. 2008) (“Williams admitted most of the relevant facts
in his response to Airborne’s statement of undisputed facts. In his appellate briefs he now tries
to contradict some of what he admitted at summary judgment, but he is bound by his
                                                 7
                Case: 16-11800        Date Filed: 02/15/2017        Page: 8 of 22

Crawford and suggested that he had spoken to Officer Hammock, even though he

hadn’t. Smith was arrested by several of Detective Israel’s fellow officers.

       Following Smith’s arrest, Detective Israel asked Officers Crawford,

Hammock, Glantz, and Pridemore — all of whom responded to the final 911 call

— to prepare supplemental witness statements describing their interactions with

Smith.4 Their accounts differed as to precisely what Smith said and whether they

heard her make any threat at all. 5

                                                 D.

       A grand jury declined to return a bill of indictment against Smith and the

charges against her were dropped. Smith then filed this lawsuit against the City of

Fairburn, Chief McCarthy, and Detective Israel. Her complaint asserted four

admissions.”). Cf. Cooper v. Meridian Yachts, Ltd., 575 F.3d 1151, 1177–78 (11th Cir. 2009)
(“[T]he general rule [is] that a party is bound by the admissions in his pleadings.” (quoting Best
Canvas Prod. & Supplies, Inc. v. Ploof Truck Lines, Inc., 713 F.2d 618, 621 (11th Cir. 1983)
(alterations in original))).
       4
         There is some uncertainty in the record about which officers were at the scene and how
long they were there. Officers Glantz and Crawford, the two officers whose accounts are most
helpful to Smith’s case, claim that they arrived at the scene after the call was well underway.
Obviously, if that is the case, they may simply have arrived too late to hear her alleged terroristic
threat. Smith, on the other hand, seemed to suggest in her deposition that Officer Glantz was at
the scene the whole time, even though the officer’s report and a departmental log suggest
otherwise. We resolve the discrepancy in Smith’s favor and assume for the sake of argument
that Officer Glantz was on the scene the entire time.
       5
         These differences do not affect our decision in this case because there are any number
of reasons an officer’s account of a suspect’s statements might vary and there is no reason that
Detective Israel was required to credit one version of Smith’s statements over another.
                                                  8
                Case: 16-11800       Date Filed: 02/15/2017        Page: 9 of 22

claims. First, Smith asserted a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim6

against Detective Israel, claiming that he obtained an arrest warrant and caused her

arrest even though he knew probable cause was lacking. Second, she asserted a

First Amendment retaliatory arrest claim against Detective Israel and Chief

McCarthy, alleging that she was arrested in retaliation for her public criticism of

Chief McCarthy at the July 8 and 22 city council meetings. Third, she asserted a

claim against the City of Fairburn for those alleged constitutional violations based

on the Supreme Court’s decision in Monell v. Dep’t. of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658,

98 S. Ct. 2018 (1978). Finally, she asserted state law claims against Detective

Israel, Chief McCarthy, and the City of Fairburn.

       The district court concluded, among other things, that Smith’s arrest was

supported by probable cause and granted summary judgment to the defendants on

all of Smith’s claims. She challenges only the grant of summary judgment on her

Fourth Amendment claim against Detective Israel, her First Amendment claim

against Chief McCarthy, and her state law claim against the City of Fairburn.

       6
          Smith characterizes this as a “false arrest” claim, but as the district court properly
pointed out, “an unlawful arrest pursuant to a warrant will be more closely analogous to the
common law tort of malicious prosecution,” than the common law tort of false arrest. Calero-
Colon v. Betancourt-Lebron, 68 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1995); see also Whiting v. Taylor, 85 F.3d
581, 585 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Obtaining an arrest warrant is one of the initial steps of a criminal
prosecution. Under these circumstances (that is, where seizures are pursuant to legal process), we
agree with those circuits that say the common law tort “most closely analogous” to this situation
is that of malicious prosecution.”). Smith does not challenge the district court’s characterization
of her Fourth Amendment claim as a “malicious prosecution” claim and we adopt that
characterization here. In any event, the existence of probable cause defeats her claim regardless
of how it is characterized.
                                                9
             Case: 16-11800      Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 10 of 22

                                          II.

      We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Reeves v.

C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 594 F.3d 798, 807 (11th Cir. 2010). We will

affirm a grant of summary judgment only “if the pleadings, the discovery and

disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue

as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “We review the evidence and all factual inferences

therefrom in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and resolve all

reasonable doubts about the facts in favor of the non-movant.” Kingsland, 382
F.3d at 1226.

                                          III.

      We begin with Smith’s Fourth Amendment claim against Detective Israel.

Smith contends that Detective Israel violated her Fourth Amendment rights by

seeking an arrest warrant and causing her arrest without probable cause. In order

to successfully prosecute this claim, Smith must first defeat Detective Israel’s

defense of qualified immunity.

      Law enforcement officers are entitled to qualified immunity from suit

“insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Holmes v.

Kucynda, 321 F.3d 1069, 1077 (11th Cir. 2003). Qualified immunity “liberates

                                          10
             Case: 16-11800     Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 11 of 22

government agents from the need to constantly err on the side of caution by

protecting them from liability and the other burdens of litigation, including

discovery.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). We conclude that Detective Israel is

entitled to qualified immunity from both Smith’s claim that she was arrested

without probable cause and her claim that he omitted exculpatory information from

his warrant application.

                                         A.

      “The Constitution does not guarantee that only the guilty will be arrested.”

Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 145, 99 S. Ct. 2689, 2695 (1979). Instead, it

requires only that there be probable cause to support an arrest. See Madiwale v.

Savaiko, 117 F.3d 1321, 1325 (11th Cir. 1997). And even “officers who make an

arrest without probable cause are entitled to qualified immunity if there was

arguable probable cause for the arrest.” Kingsland, 382 F.3d at 1232. In order to

determine that, “we must inquire whether reasonable officers in the same

circumstances and possessing the same knowledge as the Defendants could have

believed that probable cause existed to arrest” Smith. Id. (quotation marks

omitted). Smith argues that Detective Israel did not have even arguable probable

cause in this case and therefore not only violated her Fourth Amendment rights but

also is not entitled to qualified immunity. We disagree. Detective Israel not only

had arguable probable cause to arrest Smith, he had actual probable cause to do so.

                                         11
             Case: 16-11800     Date Filed: 02/15/2017    Page: 12 of 22

      Probable cause determinations are made “with a common sense view to the

realities of normal life.” Marx v. Gumbinner, 905 F.2d 1503, 1506 (11th Cir.

1990). The probable cause standard requires only that there be a “fair probability”

or “substantial chance” that criminal activity is afoot. See Illinois v. Gates, 462
U.S. 213, 238, 243 n.13, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2332, 2335 n.13 (1983). That standard

“is met when the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge . . . would

cause a prudent person to believe, under the circumstances shown, that the suspect

has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.” Morris v. Town

of Lexington Alabama, 748 F.3d 1316, 1324 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks

omitted) (omission in original).

      Under Georgia law, “[a] person commits the offense of . . . terroristic

threat[s] when he threatens to commit any crime of violence. When the

communication of a threat is done to terrorize another, the crime of terroristic

threats is complete.” Brown v. State, 680 S.E.2d 579, 581 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009)

(quotation marks and citations omitted). In other words, to commit the crime of

terroristic threats, a defendant must have both made a threat and have intended to

communicate that threat in some way to a victim. Id. “That the message was not

directly communicated to the victim would not alone preclude a conviction where

the threat is submitted in such a way as to support the inference that the speaker

                                          12
             Case: 16-11800     Date Filed: 02/15/2017    Page: 13 of 22

intended or expected it to be conveyed to the victim.” Sidner v. State, 696 S.E.2d
398, 400 (Ga. Ct. App. 2010) (emphasis omitted).

      Because Detective Israel was not present when officers responded to Smith’s

house after she heard a noise outside her bedroom, he had no personal knowledge

of what was said that night. Instead, he based his probable cause determination on

Officer Hammock’s incident report and his own follow up investigation of the

matter. It is well established that “[o]bservations of fellow officers of the

Government engaged in a common investigation are plainly a reliable basis for a

warrant applied for by one of their number.” United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S.
102, 111, 85 S. Ct. 741, 747 (1965). That Smith denies making the threat that

Officer Hammock put in his report doesn’t matter, because Detective Israel was

not required to believe her. See Beauchamp, 320 F.3d at 744 (“[C]riminal suspects

frequently protest their innocence, and a suspect’s denial of guilt generally is not

enough to trigger a duty to investigate in the face of a reasonably believable

witness and readily observable events.”); Glenn v. City of Tyler, 242 F.3d 307, 313

n.3 (5th Cir. 2001) (“[P]robable cause is not destroyed by a suspect’s denial.”).

      Having concluded that Detective Israel could rely on Officer Hammock’s

report (as well as his conversation with Officer Crawford), it is obvious that he had

probable cause to believe that Smith made a threat against Jordan. But Smith

protests that, even if that is true, Detective Israel had no probable cause to believe

                                          13
             Case: 16-11800      Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 14 of 22

that she had any intent to communicate that threat to Jordan. She argues that

telling Officer Hammock he could put her threat in his report was not enough to

suggest any intent to communicate her threat to Jordan.

      It is not clear from Georgia law whether she is correct on that point. There

are several cases that suggest she is not. Cobble v. State, 603 S.E.2d 86, 87–88

(Ga. Ct. App. 2004) (holding that threats made in the presence of a law

enforcement officer were sufficient evidence to indicate an intent to communicate

because the victim had a protective order against the defendant and the defendant

had just violated that order); Nassau v. State, 715 S.E.2d 837, 840 (Ga. Ct. App.

2011) (concluding that there was sufficient evidence of an intent to communicate

in part because the defendant told a power company night dispatcher to put his

threats against the power company’s technicians in his account records); Brown v.

State, 680 S.E.2d 579 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009) (holding that a defendant’s statements to

his attorney that he was going to kill his wife and mother-in-law could support a

conviction for terroristic threats because the defendant’s frequent use of law books

and greater-than-usual appreciation of the contours of attorney-client privilege

would allow a jury to conclude that the defendant knew the attorney would have

had an ethical duty to report the threat).

      But Cobble, Nassau, and Brown could be distinguished from this case.

Although Smith and Jordan have an established hostile relationship like the

                                             14
             Case: 16-11800     Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 15 of 22

defendant and victim in Cobble, there was no protective order in this case. Unlike

the targets of the threats in Nassau who could, presumably, view the defendant’s

account records, it is not clear Jordan could view Officer Hammock’s report. And

there is nothing in the record to suggest that Smith, despite her frequent contact

with law enforcement, ever discussed the proper police response to threats against

a third party with any of those officers.

      Moreover, there are also some cases that support Smith’s view of what is

sufficient to demonstrate intent to communicate. For instance, in Sidnar v. State,

696 S.E.2d 398, 399 (Ga. Ct. App. 2010), the defendant called 911 threating to

“take products [sic] into [his] own hands” and “go out and kick somebody’s

fucking ass” if the police did not respond to his fireworks complaint. The Court of

Appeals concluded that this did not amount to a terroristic threat because —

despite the fact that the threat was made to law enforcement — it was not against

law enforcement, it did not identify a particular victim, it appeared to be designed

simply to get the police to respond to the scene, and there was no evidence that the

defendant intended the threat to be communicated. Id. at 400. Accord Stephens v.

State, 610 S.E.2d 143, 143–44 (Ga. Ct. App. 2005) (holding that a hospital

employee could not be convicted of terroristic threats after he told one of his

supervisors that he wanted a transfer because he felt like killing another supervisor

and wrote a letter to human resources to that effect, because he went out of his way

                                            15
             Case: 16-11800     Date Filed: 02/15/2017   Page: 16 of 22

to avoid contact with the supervisor he disliked and clearly did not intend for the

letter to be delivered to her); Koldeway v. State, 714 S.E.2d 371, 373–74 (Ga. Ct.

App. 2011) (holding that a defendant had no intent to communicate his threats to a

victim where he made them for the purpose of obtaining a diagnosis and treatment

from mental health professionals).

      But this case can be distinguished from Sidnar, Koldeway, and Stephens.

Unlike the defendant in Sidnar, Smith did identify a particular victim. And (as

discussed above) there was at least some circumstantial evidence that could

suggest that Smith intended her threat to be communicated to Jordan — which was

not the case in Stephens or Koldewey. See Koldeway, 714 S.E.2d at 374;

Stephens, 610 S.E.2d at 144.

      In short, some cases (which could be distinguished) suggest that Smith’s

statement to Officer Hammock could support a terroristic threats charge and some

cases (which could be distinguished) suggest that it could not. A reasonable

officer could come to either conclusion. As a result, even if Detective Israel was

wrong to conclude that Smith’s statement demonstrated intent to communicate

under Georgia’s terroristic threats statute, his error was a reasonable mistake of

law. And a reasonable mistake of law does not destroy probable cause. Cahaly v.

Larosa, 796 F.3d 399, 408 (4th Cir. 2015) (“[O]fficers may have probable cause

based on reasonable mistakes of law.”). Cf. Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S.
16
               Case: 16-11800        Date Filed: 02/15/2017       Page: 17 of 22

___, 135 S. Ct. 530, 536–540 (2014) (holding that an officer has reasonable

suspicion to conduct traffic stop even when his suspicion that a law has been

violated is based on a reasonable mistake of law). As a result, Smith’s alleged

statements would support a finding of probable cause.7

       Of course, Detective Israel did not parse the decisions discussed above

before seeking a warrant for Smith’s arrest. Few, if any, officers would. And he

indicated that he was not aware that intent to communicate the threat was an

element of terroristic threats. But that doesn’t matter. In determining the existence

or non-existence of probable cause, we do not ask what evidence the officer

seeking an arrest warrant thought he needed to establish probable cause. We ask

whether a reasonable officer, knowing the facts that the officer in question knew,

would have had sufficient evidence to believe that probable cause existed.

Detective Israel did here.

       We also reject Smith’s argument that Detective Israel should have

investigated further before seeking a warrant for her arrest. “An arresting officer is

required to conduct a reasonable investigation to establish probable cause.”

Rankin v. Evans, 133 F.3d 1425, 1435 (11th Cir. 1998). But officers do not have

“an affirmative obligation to seek out exculpatory information of which the officer

       7
          Although the defendants do not mention Heien in their briefs, “[w]e can affirm [the
district court’s decision] on any ground that finds support in the record.” Big Top Koolers, Inc.
v. Circus-Man Snacks, 528 F.3d 839, 844 (11th Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted).
                                                17
               Case: 16-11800         Date Filed: 02/15/2017        Page: 18 of 22

is not aware” or “track down every lead” before making a probable cause

determination. Kelly v. Curtis, 21 F.3d 1544, 1551–52 (11th Cir. 1994).

Here Detective Israel interviewed Smith, heard her side of the story, and simply

determined that it was not credible. He also talked to Officer Crawford in addition

to reviewing Officer Hammock’s incident report. While Officer Crawford did say

that he only heard Smith make a conditional threat, Detective Israel was not

required to assume that he was correct and Officer Hammock was mistaken. Nor

was Detective Israel required to track down every other officer on the scene or

explore every possible path of investigation before deciding to get an arrest

warrant for Smith. “Once probable cause is established, an officer is under no duty

to investigate further or to look for additional evidence which may exculpate the

accused.” Ahlers v. Schebil, 188 F.3d 365, 371 (6th Cir. 1999). 8

                                                 B.

       Although it is not entirely clear from her brief to this Court or her filings in

the district court, it appears that Smith also contends that Detective Israel violated

her Fourth Amendment rights by including false information in and omitting

exculpatory information from his warrant application. Assuming for present

       8
            Smith also argues that probable cause was lacking because Detective Israel knew —
from various personal interactions with Smith — that she was not violent and was afraid of her
neighbor. But that information does nothing to destroy probable cause here, because it has very
little (if any) relevance to the question of whether probable cause existed. Even people who are
not usually violent, are friends with police officers, and are afraid of their neighbor can be guilty
of a crime.
                                                 18
              Case: 16-11800    Date Filed: 02/15/2017    Page: 19 of 22

purposes that Smith properly pleaded and raised this contention, we conclude that

it is without merit.

      “[W]hen the Fourth Amendment demands a factual showing sufficient to

comprise probable cause, the obvious assumption is that there will be a truthful

showing.” Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 165, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 2681 (1978). A

warrant is invalid when (1) an officer’s warrant application contains information

that is deliberately false or which was included with reckless disregard for the truth

and (2) the warrant would not support a finding of probable cause without that

information. See Dempsey v. Bucknell Univ., 834 F.3d 457, 470 (3d Cir. 2016);

Dahl, 312 F.3d at 1235. A warrant is also invalid when an officer deliberately or

recklessly omits material information from his application, but only if that

information would have destroyed probable cause. See Dempsey, 834 F.3d at 470;

Dahl, 312 F.3d at 1235. As a result, “qualified immunity will not shield [an

officer] from liability for such false statements [or omissions], if [they] were

necessary to the [finding of] probable cause.” See Jones v. Cannon, 174 F.3d
1271, 1285 (11th Cir. 1999).

      In this case, Smith focuses on (1) Detective Israel’s failure to inform Judge

Ewing that she had denied making the threat, albeit not emphatically, when he

interviewed her and (2) the fact that Detective Israel told Judge Ewing that he

spoke to Officer Hammock before seeking the warrant when he really had not. But

                                          19
               Case: 16-11800       Date Filed: 02/15/2017       Page: 20 of 22

those alleged defects would not have made a difference. Judge Ewing still could

have credited Officer Hammock’s version of events and found probable cause even

if these misstatements and omissions were cured. As a result, Smith could not

succeed on this claim even if it were properly pleaded.9

                                               C.

       For those reasons, Detective Israel is entitled to qualified immunity from

Smith’s Fourth Amendment claims.

                                               IV.

       Smith’s First Amendment claim against Chief McCarthy fails for the same

reason her Fourth Amendment claim against Detective Israel did: Detective Israel

had probable cause to procure a warrant for Smith’s arrest. Dahl, 312 F.3d at 1236

(“[T]he existence of probable cause to arrest Dahl defeats her First Amendment

claim.”). Even assuming that Smith has presented enough evidence to allow a

reasonable jury to conclude that Chief McCarthy ordered Detective Israel to arrest

Smith (as opposed to simply telling him to investigate her alleged threats and

Jordan’s alleged criminal trespass), that order would not amount to a violation of

her constitutional rights as long as there was at least arguable probable cause to

       9
         Smith also contends that Detective Israel’s warrant application “was so lacking in
indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.”
Given that (1) we concluded in Section III.B, supra, that Detective Israel had probable cause to
pursue Smith’s arrest and (2) Detective Israel informed the magistrate of the most important facts
relevant to that determination (i.e. what Officer Hammock reported that Smith said), that
contention fails.
                                               20
              Case: 16-11800    Date Filed: 02/15/2017    Page: 21 of 22

seek her arrest. Id. Because Detective Israel did have actual probable cause to

arrest Smith, it doesn’t matter that Chief McCarthy’s order might have been

motivated by personal animus. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813,

116 S. Ct. 1769, 1774 (1996) (“Subjective intentions play no role in ordinary,

probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis.”); Miller v. Harget, 458 F.3d 1251,

1260 (11th Cir. 2006) (“It is well settled that an officer’s subjective motivations do

not affect whether probable cause existed.”).

                                          V.

      The parties disagree as to whether Smith’s state law claims against the City

of Fairburn sound in negligence or false arrest. Smith’s complaint states only a

claim for false arrest.

      The state law count of her complaint is captioned “false arrest.” The caption

also refers to O.C.G.A. § 51-7-1, a Georgia statute creating a cause of action for

false arrest. And the entire count is premised on “the acts and omissions of

[Detective] Israel and [Chief] McCarthy” which led to “the illegal arrest and

detention of Smith with malice and without probable cause” — language that

parrots the false arrest statute. See O.C.G.A. § 51-7-1 (“An arrest under process of

law, without probable cause, when made maliciously, shall give a right of action to

the party arrested.”). Clearly, the count was meant to articulate a false arrest claim.

It is not transformed into a negligence claim simply because Smith is trying to hold

                                          21
             Case: 16-11800     Date Filed: 02/15/2017    Page: 22 of 22

the city liable for her alleged false arrest through the doctrine of respondeat

superior.

      We therefore construe Smith’s state law claim against the city as a false

arrest claim. That claims fails because we have determined that, even considering

all the evidence in the light most favorable to Smith, Detective Israel did have

probable cause to seek a warrant for Smith’s arrest. O.C.G.A. § 51-7-1 (requiring

that an arrest be “under process of law,” “without probable cause,” and

“malicious” to support an action for false arrest).

                                          VI.

      For those reasons, the district court properly granted summary judgment to

the defendants.

      AFFIRMED.

                                          22