Court Opinion

ID: 5131428
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-03 20:03:10.425412+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:23.900821
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/3/21 P. v. Gray CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

    THE PEOPLE,                                                                                C091727

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      (Super. Ct. No. 05F09779)

           v.

    DAVID EARL GRAY,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant David Earl Gray appeals the trial court’s denial of his petition for
resentencing under Penal Code section 1170.95. 1 He contends the trial court erred by
summarily denying his petition without issuing an order to show cause or holding an
evidentiary hearing, and the court erred in relying on the record of conviction to conclude
defendant was ineligible for relief under section 1170.95 as a matter of law. We affirm.

1   Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                                             1
                                      BACKGROUND
       Following a dispute with H.D. over money, defendant searched for H.D. for
several days. (People v. Gray (Feb. 8, 2013, C064105) [nonpub. opn.] (Gray II).)
Regarding H.D., defendant told a mutual acquaintance, “ ‘I want my money’ ” or “ ‘I am
going to kill him.’ ” (Ibid.) He repeated this threat on multiple occasions and stabbed
H.D. to death with a pair of scissors. The acquaintance saw defendant take scissors, hold
them over H.D.’s head and say, “ ‘ “I told you I was going to kill you.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
Additional neighbors saw defendant “sitting on top of [H.D.] stabbing him ‘too many’
times to count” and saw that H.D. was face down on the ground, trying to escape. (Ibid.)
Defendant threatened others who attempted to intervene. “An autopsy showed [H.D.]
had been stabbed 49 times on his head, chest, arm, back, and eyes.” (Ibid.) In defense,
defendant “claimed he had been attacked a few days or weeks before the stabbing,
possibly by [H.D.], and also that he killed [H.D.] in self-defense.” (Ibid.)
       Defendant was charged with murder with malice aforethought. (§ 187, subd. (a).)
It was further alleged that defendant had personally used a deadly weapon (i.e., scissors)
to commit the murder (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)), and that he had suffered two prior serious
convictions qualifying as strikes (§§ 667, subds. (a), (b)-(i), 1170.12). A jury found him
guilty of second degree murder, and he was sentenced to 15 years to life, tripled to 45
years to life for his two prior strikes, plus five years for his serious felony conviction,
plus one year for the weapon enhancement. (In re Gray (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 1189,
1193-1194 (Gray I); Gray II, supra, C064105.)
       Defendant subsequently filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in this court,
asserting he had been wrongly denied his right to appeal from the judgment, and this
court granted the petition in December 2009. (Gray I, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1202-1203.) Defendant then appealed his conviction on multiple grounds, and this
court affirmed the judgment in February 2013. (Gray II, supra, C064105.)

                                               2
       On January 7, 2019, defendant filed a petition for resentencing under section
1170.95. Defendant declared that a complaint was filed against him allowing the
prosecution to proceed “under a theory of felony murder or murder under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine,” that he was convicted of “1st or 2nd degree murder
pursuant to the felony murder rule or the natural and probable consequences doctrine,”
and that he “could not now be convicted of 1st or 2nd degree murder.” As part of his
petition, defendant included a lengthy brief in which he claimed, in part, he was entitled
to relief because he had been convicted of second degree murder under the natural and
probable consequences doctrine or under the second degree felony-murder doctrine. He
added as an exhibit the relevant murder instructions given at his trial: first degree
murder, second degree murder, voluntary manslaughter (imperfect self-defense), and
homicide in self-defense.
       On May 29, 2019, the public defender’s office filed a request for notice and an
opportunity to be heard after the trial court appointed the public defender to represent
defendant. The public defender argued that the trial court’s prima facie review was
limited to the petition itself and that defendant should be provided notice and opportunity
to be heard before the court could deny his petition. The People subsequently filed a
motion to dismiss the petition based on defendant’s failure to make a prima facie showing
of eligibility. The motion contended defendant had failed to establish a prima facie
showing of eligibility, and that he had made representations on his petition that were not
supported by the record. The motion also contended that, as an actual killer, defendant
was not part of the class of offenders eligible for relief under Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-
2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 1437). Defendant filed a pro se reply, arguing that the fact
he was the actual killer did not preclude him from obtaining relief because he was
convicted of second degree murder under a “natural and probable consequences” theory
of “imputed” malice.

                                             3
       The trial court issued an order requesting further briefing. In its order, the court
noted that defendant had been convicted of second degree murder and that, at trial, the
court had “instructed the jury solely on a malice aforethought theory of murder liability,
and did not instruct the jury on any form of accomplice liability. As such, there was no
jury instruction given on either the felony-murder doctrine or the natural and probable
consequences doctrine.” The court then indicated that defendant had not been convicted
under a felony murder theory or the natural and probable consequences doctrine: “The
jury convicted him on the sole theory of malice aforethought murder committed
personally by defendant . . . , a theory that survives” Senate Bill 1437, effective January
1, 2019. The court then directed the parties to file special briefing on the issue of
whether the petition should be denied or dismissed given the aforementioned
circumstances. Following further briefing, the trial court denied defendant’s petition for
resentencing. The court observed: “The [trial] court instructed the jury solely on a
malice aforethought theory of murder liability, and did not instruct the jury on any form
of accomplice liability. As such, there was no jury instruction given on either the felony-
murder rule or the natural and probable consequences doctrine.” In response to
defendant’s argument that he was entitled to relief “because the jury instructions given on
malice aforethought murder based on implied malice contain ‘natural and probable
consequence’ language,” the court reasoned that in enacting Senate Bill 1437, the
Legislature did not intend to abrogate implied malice aforethought murder. Observing
that the changes to the law were limited to accomplice liability under the felony-murder
rule or the natural and probable consequences doctrine, the court concluded: “Defendant
. . . admits that he is the actual killer. He was not an accomplice to a separate crime,
during the commission of which a fellow accomplice committed a different act that
caused the death of the victim. He is not eligible for . . . [section] 1170.95 relief.”
       Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                              4
                                        DISCUSSION
       Defendant contends the trial court erred in summarily denying his petition for
resentencing by engaging in factfinding based on his record of conviction, without having
issued an order to show cause or holding an evidentiary hearing. He further contends that
it was error for the trial court to conclude that an actual killer is ineligible for relief under
Senate Bill 1437. We conclude the trial court properly relied on the record of conviction
to deny defendant’s petition for resentencing and that defendant was ineligible for Senate
Bill 1437 relief.
       Legal Background
       Senate Bill 1437, which was enacted “to amend the felony murder rule and the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder
liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent
to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless
indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f); see People v. Verdugo
(2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 320, 325, review granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260493 (Verdugo);
People v. Martinez (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 719, 723.) “Senate Bill No. 1437 achieves
these goals by amending section 188 to require that a principal act with express or
implied malice and by amending section 189 to state that a person can only be liable for
felony murder if (1) the ‘person was the actual killer’; (2) the person was an aider or
abettor in the commission of murder in the first degree; or (3) the ‘person was a major
participant in the underl[y]ing felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life.’
(§ 189, subd. (e), as amended by Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, §§ 2, 3.)” (People v. Cornelius
(2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 54, 57 (Cornelius); see Verdugo, at p. 326.)
       Senate Bill 1437 also added section 1170.95, which permits persons convicted of
felony murder or murder under a natural and probable consequences theory to petition the
sentencing court to vacate the conviction and be resentenced on any remaining counts if
he or she could not have been convicted of murder following Senate Bill 1437’s changes

                                                5
to sections 188 and 189. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.) Section 1170.95, subdivision (b)
requires that the petitioner file a declaration showing his or her eligibility for relief under
subdivision (a), the trial court case number and year of the petitioner’s conviction, and
whether he or she requests the appointment of counsel.
       Section 1170.95, subdivision (c) describes the process as follows: “The court shall
review the petition and determine if the petitioner has made a prima facie showing that
the petitioner falls within the provisions of this section. If the petitioner has requested
counsel, the court shall appoint counsel to represent the petitioner. The prosecutor shall
file and serve a response within 60 days of service of the petition and the petitioner may
file and serve a reply within 30 days after the prosecutor response is served. These
deadlines shall be extended for good cause. If the petitioner makes a prima facie showing
that he or she is entitled to relief, the court shall issue an order to show cause.”
       Analysis
       Our Supreme Court recently held that it is proper for a trial court to consider the
record of conviction in determining whether the petitioner has made a prima facie
showing that he or she falls within the provisions of section 1170.95 in People v. Lewis
(2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 970-972. The Supreme Court reasoned: “The record of
conviction will necessarily inform the trial court’s prima facie inquiry under section
1170.95, allowing the court to distinguish petitions with potential merit from those that
are clearly meritless. This is consistent with the statute’s overall purpose: to ensure that
murder culpability is commensurate with a person’s actions, while also ensuring that
clearly meritless petitions can be efficiently addressed as part of a single-step prima facie
review process. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 971.) Following Lewis, we conclude that the trial
court properly considered the record of conviction in concluding that defendant failed to
make a prima facie showing.
       Here, the trial court relied on the record of conviction, including the jury
instructions given, and found defendant ineligible for section 1170.95 relief as a matter of

                                               6
law. A review of our prior opinion shows that defendant killed the victim by repeatedly
stabbing him to death. (Gray II, supra, C064105.) There was no dispute defendant was
the actual killer. Instead, defendant claimed he acted in self-defense. (Ibid.) We note, in
line with the jury’s verdict, defendant’s form petition did not state he was not the actual
killer. Also, the trial court correctly concluded the jury was not instructed on a felony-
murder theory, the natural and probable consequences doctrine, or on an accomplice
liability theory as to defendant.
       Because defendant was the actual killer, he does not come within the provisions of
the statute. His novel argument that an actual killer is eligible for relief when they are
convicted of second degree murder on a theory of “imputed malice” is not supported by
the text of the statute. Senate Bill 1437 precluded reliance on “imputed malice”—an
aider and abettor or accomplice concept—to establish culpability for murder, when it is
“based solely on [a defendant’s] participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3), italics
added.) This is a clear reference to an accomplice theory of liability, not murder in the
second degree based on implied malice by an actual killer. The inapplicability of the
statute to defendant is further clarified by the text’s statement that Senate Bill 1437 was
enacted to “amend the felony murder rule and the natural and probable consequences
doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person
who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major
participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.”
(Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f); see People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 842.)
       Defendant cites no authority to support his claim that this section “does not pertain
to second degree murder” but only first degree murder. His interpretation is not
supported by the text, which is not limited to first degree murder and explicitly states it is
related to “murder” and “murder liability,” which necessarily encompasses second degree
murder. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).)

                                               7
       The text of Senate Bill 1437 made it clear that section 1170.95 does not offer relief
to actual killers, regardless of the theory of guilt, and defendant is not eligible for relief as
a matter of law. No further briefing or evidence could aid the trial court in reaching this
conclusion.
                                        DISPOSITION
       The order denying defendant’s section 1170.95 petition is affirmed.

                                                     /s/
                                                    HOCH, J.

We concur:

 /s/
RAYE, P. J.

 /s/
MURRAY, J.

                                               8