Court Opinion

ID: 4028515
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-25 17:01:03.002485+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:49.235447
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 16a0506n.06

                                        No. 15-1730

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                 FILED
KEVIN LAURY,                                          )                    Aug 25, 2016
                                                      )                DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                           )
                                                      )
                                                           ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                    )
                                                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                      )
                                                           COURT FOR THE EASTERN
MATTHEW RODRIGUEZ; STEVEN CAMPBELL;                   )
                                                           DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
BRIAN PRICE; DAVID HUFFMAN,                           )
                                                      )
       Defendants-Appellees.                          )

BEFORE: KEITH, CLAY, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Kevin Laury appeals the district court’s grant of

summary judgment to the four Defendant police officers on Laury’s claims alleging excessive

force during the booking process in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983.1 We AFFIRM in part,

REVERSE in part, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                             I.

       On the evening of April 25, 2013, Warren police officers Brian Price (Price) and David

Huffman (Huffman) stopped Laury’s car for running a red light. (Laury Dep., PID 139; Price

Dep., PID 191; see also Dash-Cam Video 1A, 21:31:36-39.) Laury’s friend Devonte Campbell

(Devonte)2 and two women whom they had met that evening on the internet were also in the

       1
        The district court also addressed a potential deliberate-indifference claim. However,
Laury does not challenge the dismissal of that claim on appeal.
       2
          This case involves Laury’s friend Devonte Campbell and Officer Steve Campbell. For
clarity, we refer to them as Devonte and Officer Campbell, respectively.
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

vehicle. (PID 139-40.) Price approached the driver’s window, asked Laury some preliminary

questions, and then asked Laury to step out of the vehicle. (Dash-Cam Video 1A, 21:32:17-40,

21:32:49-21:33:25.)

       After Laury exited the vehicle, Price conducted a pat down and found a pill in Laury’s

pocket that Laury admitted was Ecstasy. (See Laury Dep., PID 141-42.) Price then handcuffed

Laury, put him in the squad car, and searched the passengers. (PID 142.) Laury testified on

deposition that he did not know he had the pill, and that he had put on Devonte’s pants earlier

that evening. (PID 141.) At some point, Devonte told the officers the pill was his. (PID 142.)

       The officers also arrested Devonte. (PID 142.) At the police station, Devonte told the

officers he was high on Ecstasy, (D. Campbell Dep., PID 175), and Laury testified on deposition

that Devonte was acting anxious and hyper. (PID 143.)

       The parties dispute whether Laury consumed alcohol that evening and whether there was

alcohol in the car. Huffman and Price testified at their depositions that Laury and Devonte

smelled of intoxicants, and according to Huffman, Laury admitted that he had been drinking

earlier that evening. (Huffman Dep., PID 211-12; Price Dep., PID 192.) However, both Laury

and Devonte denied consuming alcohol that evening, and although Devonte suggested in his

deposition Laury may have told the officers he was drinking, Laury denied saying that to the

officers. (See D. Campbell Dep., PID 169; Laury Dep., PID 141.) There was a red solo cup in

the center console of the back seat, which both Devonte and Laury testified was used as an

ashtray. (PID 141,172; see also PID 211; PID 192.) However, Huffman testified that Laury told

the officers there was alcohol in it, and that he smelled alcohol in the cup. (PID 211.)

       A video from inside the officers’ cruiser shows that while sitting in the cruiser and on the

way to the police station, Laury argued with the officers about his arrest, stating that he was not

                                                -2-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

drunk, that he did not run a red light, and that he believed he was being racially profiled;

however, he did not make any threats of physical harm against the officers. (See In-Car Video

2A, 22:08:35-22:16:50; 22:17:10-22:20:06; 22:29:54; 22:34:07-29; see also generally Laury

Dep., PID 143-44.) Devonte testified on deposition that in the cruiser, he and Laury were

“talking junk,” but that they did not make any threats. (PID 175.) Devonte also testified that

Laury said to one of the officers, “If these handcuffs was off, you won’t be talking tough,” (id.);

Laury admitted saying to Price, “Yeah, you a tough guy when I got these cuffs on,” but testified

that he said this at the jail. (PID 146.)

        Once at the jail, the officers took Laury and Devonte to be booked. Huffman left the

elevator earlier than Price, Laury, and Devonte, and had no further contact with Laury. (See

generally Big Bus Elevator Video; Laury Dep., PID 144-45.) Price then instructed Laury and

Devonte to sit on a bench in the booking area and asked them standard booking questions. (PID

145.) Laury testified that they were handcuffed at the time, that his handcuffs were cutting his

wrists, and that he asked Price to loosen them, but Price ignored him. (Id.) As a result, Laury

began to ignore Price’s questions, and “kind of got smart with him and told him [he] didn’t want

to say” anything. (Id.)

        Devonte testified at his deposition that at the jail, Laury was angry and cursing at the

officers and Laury admitted that he continued to argue with Price about his arrest. (PID 175-76;

PID 145.) Laury also admitted that he attempted to maneuver his handcuffs to the front of his

body because they were too tight. (PID 146; see also Booking Room Video NE, 10:42:44-

10:43:00.) Upon seeing this, Price walked over to stop Laury. (See Booking Video NE,

10:42:49-10:43:03; Booking Video NW, 10:42:58.) Price then continued the booking process.

                                               -3-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

(Booking Video NE, 10:50:06-10:52:01.)          After searching Laury’s pockets, Price removed

Laury’s handcuffs.3 (Id., 10:52:50-10:54:37.)

       As Price removed Laury’s handcuffs, he held one of Laury’s hands behind Laury’s back

while Laury’s other hand was on his head. (Booking Video NE, 10:54:37-10:55:05.) Price

contended he did so because Laury began to turn towards him, rather than follow Price’s

instruction to place his hand on his head. (PID 196.) Laury testified on deposition that he

neither moved his arms while the handcuffs were being removed nor threatened Price. (PID

146.) Laury then sat back down. (Booking Video NE, 10:55:05-11.)

       According to Laury, once he was seated, Price asked him to remove his coat and hand it

to him without standing. (PID 146.) The booking-room videos show Laury stand, but remain

directly in front of the bench, remove his coat, and toss or “fling” it to Price, who is

approximately a foot or two away, then sit back down. (Booking Video NE, 10:55:11-19.)

Although part of the jacket is near Price’s face, Price catches it in mid-air and it is unclear from

the videos whether it obstructed his view. (See Booking Video NW, 10:55:17-18.)

       The videos then show the following. As Laury sits back down, Price moves quickly

towards Laury and holds him down on the bench. (Booking Video NE, 10:55:19.) Price appears

to put his hands near Laury’s head or neck. (Booking Video NW, 10:55:19-20.) Price then

maneuvers Laury onto his back on the bench, at which point Price is on top of Laury; as this

happens, Devonte—who was sitting next to Laury—stands to move out of the way. (Booking

Video NE, 10:55:19-10:55:24.) Laury does not appear to struggle. (See Booking Video NW,

       3
          Defendants-Appellees contend that “Officer Price had attempted to remove Laury’s
handcuffs 10 minutes prior but stopped because Laury ignored orders to place his hands on his
head and turned threateningly in turn toward Officer Price.” (Appellees’ Br. 9 n.7.) However,
the video has no sound, and the portion of the deposition cited refers to the timeframe when Price
took off Laury’s handcuffs, not ten minutes earlier. (See Price Dep., PID 196.)

                                                -4-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

10:55:22-30.) During this time, Officer Campbell enters the room, and moves Devonte further

out of the way. (Booking Video NE, 10:55:24-27; see also S. Campbell Dep., PID 261.) Laury

testified at his deposition that Price “put his hands around [Laury’s] neck, and started choking

[him] against Devonte Campbell,” and continued to choke him when Devonte moved out of the

way. (PID 146-47.)

       The videos then show Price taking Laury from the bench to the floor, still on top of him.

(Booking Video NE 10:55:30-31.) Price appears to hold Laury down with his knee on Laury’s

back, and his hands near Laury’s upper back or head. (Booking Video NE, 10:55:31-33;

Booking Video NW, 10:59:30-38.) Although Laury does not appear to struggle, Price keeps his

knee on Laury’s back. (Booking Video NE, 10:55:33-48.) Shortly thereafter, Rodriguez—who

had entered the booking room during the scuffle—walks toward Laury and Price and kneels

down near Laury’s head. (Booking Video NE, 10:55:48-59; see also Rodriguez Dep., PID 251.)

Price and Rodriguez hold Laury down. (Booking Video NW, 10:55:50-10:56:01.) Rodriguez

then leaves and returns with a restraint chair. (See Booking Video NE, 10:56:11-10:56:58; PID

251.) Price thereafter gets off Laury’s back, but Officer Campbell stands over Laury; Laury is

still not moving and appears to be handcuffed.         (Booking Video NE, 10:56:58-10:57:02.)

Although Laury does not appear to move, Price again puts his knee on Laury’s back. (Booking

Video NE, 10:57:06-10:57:16; see also Booking Video NW, 10:57:01-06.)

       According to Laury, Price “slam[ed him] on the ground” from the bench. (PID 147.)

Once on the ground, Laury contends Price bent his arms “all the way” behind his back, “put[] his

knee in [Laury’s] back,” and later, a second officer he could not see came and “put[] his boot on

the side of [Laury’s] head, [and] pushed down on it.” (Id.) Laury also testified that at this point,

                                                -5-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

he was not arguing or resisting, and that during this altercation, Price “snatched” his earring out

of his ear. (PID 149.)

       The videos then show Price and Officer Campbell pick Laury up off the floor and put him

in the restraint chair, and three officers strap Laury into the chair.      (Booking Video NE,

10:57:40-10:59:13.) Initially, Laury appears to struggle, (Booking Video NW, 10:57:54-56), and

Devonte testified on deposition that as Laury went into the restraint chair, he was yelling and

squirming, (PID 178). Laury testified that as the officers strapped him into the chair, Price said

something like, “You all know not to bring that shit over here on the other side of Eight Mile,”

and another officer said, “Welcome to Warren.” (PID 147.) Laury also testified that he asked

officers to wipe his face because he had blood coming from a scratch on his head and ear. (PID

149.) The video also shows that after Laury is taken away in the restraint chair, a janitor arrives

to clean what appears to be blood from the area of the floor where Price had restrained Laury on

the ground. (Booking Video NE, 11:04:18-53.)

       Laury remained in the restraint chair for a few hours, during which time he asked

officers—including Price—to wipe his face and loosen his restraints, and told them his head was

spinning and his hand was numb. (PID 149-50.) According to Laury, none of the officers did

anything to help, and one said if he did not shut up, he would be there longer. (Id.) Later, Laury

was taken out of the restraint chair and placed in a holding cell. (Id.)

       Appellees dispute Laury’s account. According to Price, after Laury “threw” his jacket in

Price’s face, Price had a “limited view,” and “saw [Laury] begin to bend down.” Based on

Laury’s prior comment and these actions, Price “believed that an assault was going to occur,”

and that Laury “was going to head butt [him] across the room or attempt to drag [Price] on top of

him onto the bench.” (Price Dep., PID 196; see also PID 199.) Price testified that he used

                                                 -6-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

pressure points behind Laury’s ear and under his jaw to gain control of Laury, and that while on

the ground, his knee was across Laury’s back “securing him on the ground.” (PID 197, 200.)

       Rodriguez testified at his deposition that Laury and Devonte had been “cursing back and

forth,” not complying with orders, and disrupting the booking process, and that while the

struggle ensued, Devonte “kep[t Laury] agitated.” (PID 251.) Officer Campbell testified that

Laury was “obviously being combative and not following Officer Price’s directions,” and that

Devonte was “[b]eing loud and boisterous and [encouraging Laury] to continue being combative

toward Officer Price.” (PID 261-62.) Devonte testified that as the struggle ensued, everybody

was yelling and screaming, but because there was so much commotion, he could not hear much.

(PID 177.)

       Laury was later processed by non-party officers without incident. (PID 151.) He was

charged with possession of Ecstasy, resisting and obstructing a police officer, reckless driving,

and having open intoxicants in a motor vehicle. (Felony Compl., PID 272.) Laury pleaded

guilty to possession of Ecstasy and was placed on probation. (PID 152-53).

                                                II.

       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Watson v. Cartee,

817 F.3d 299, 302 (6th Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing the facts in the

light most favorable to the non-moving party, “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Keith v. Cty. of

Oakland, 703 F.3d 918, 923 (6th Cir. 2013). Where there is a video of the relevant events, we

accept the plaintiff’s version of the facts to the extent it is not “blatantly contradicted” by the

video. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380–81 (2007).

                                                -7-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

                                                III.

       On appeal, Laury alleges claims arising out of the altercation in the booking room,

excessively tight handcuffing, and use of the restraint chair. We address each in turn.

       A. Booking-Room Altercation

       Arrestees have a clearly established right to be free from excessive force. 4 See Neague v.

Cynkar, 258 F.3d 504, 507 (6th Cir. 2001). We analyze excessive-force claims under the Fourth

Amendment’s objective reasonableness standard. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989).

In conducting this inquiry, we look to “the facts and circumstances of each particular case,

including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the

safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade

arrest by flight.” Id. at 396; see also Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 472–73 (6th Cir. 2013).

Because “police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances that

are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is necessary in a

particular situation,” the reasonableness of an officer’s use of force “must be judged from the

perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.”

Graham, 490 U.S. at 396–97. Laury asserts excessive-force claims against Officers Price,

Rodriguez, and Campbell based on the initial altercation in the booking room.

               1. Price

       Laury contends that Price used excessive force when he pushed Laury onto the bench and

choked him, “slammed [Laury] face-first onto the ground,” and while Laury was on the ground,

pressed his knee into Laury’s back, “applied pressure to [Laury’s] neck and head,” and ripped
       4
        As the parties agree, the Fourth Amendment applies to Laury’s claims. See Coley v.
Lucas Cty., Ohio, 799 F.3d 530, 537 (6th Cir. 2015) (“Fourth Amendment protections extend
through police booking until the completion of a probable cause hearing.”) (citing Aldini v.
Johnson, 609 F.3d 858, 866–67 (6th Cir. 2010)).

                                                -8-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

Laury’s earring out of his ear. (Laury Br. 23.) We consider these acts in two segments: 1) the

initial takedown, encompassing Price’s decision to push Laury onto the bench, choke him, and

take him down to the floor face-first, and 2) Price’s actions once Laury was on the floor.

                      a. Takedown

       Viewed in the light most favorable to Laury, there is a question of fact whether Price’s

actions were objectively reasonable. “[P]eople who pose no safety risk to the police [have a

right] to be free from gratuitous violence during arrest.” Baker v. City of Hamilton, Ohio,

471 F.3d 601, 608 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Shreve v. Jessamine Cty. Fiscal Court, 453 F.3d 681,

688 (6th Cir. 2006)). The facts viewed in Laury’s favor do not support Price’s argument that a

reasonable officer would have perceived Laury as a threat.

       Laury was arrested for operating a vehicle while intoxicated and possession of Ecstasy—

“not a severe offense that would support a greater use of force.” See Lustig v. Mondeau, 211 F.

App’x 364, 370 (6th Cir. 2006). And according to Laury, although he argued with officers about

his arrest, the only arguably “threatening” comment he made was telling Price, “Yeah, you a

tough guy when I got these cuffs on.” (See Laury Dep., PID 146.) That Price took Laury’s

handcuffs off after Laury said this suggests a reasonable officer would not necessarily have

viewed this comment as a threat. Moreover, although Laury attempted to put his handcuffs in

front of his body, he testified that he did so as a result of discomfort—about which he had

complained to Price—and the video shows he stopped maneuvering his arms as soon as Price

came over to him, and did not do so again before Price took off his handcuffs. (See Booking

Video NE, 10:42:44-10:54:37.)         A reasonable factfinder could view these actions as

“argumentative at worst,” rather than threatening. See Malory v. Whiting, 489 F. App’x 78, 83

(6th Cir. 2012).

                                                -9-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

       Further, a reasonable officer would not necessarily have viewed Laury’s act of tossing or

“flinging” his jacket at Price as a threat. Price asked Laury to give him the jacket, and although

he asked Laury to remain seated, Laury stood up only briefly without moving from the bench,

tossed his jacket to Price, then sat back down. (Booking Video NW, 10:55:16-20.) Even

assuming this was “somehow provocative, it was not so obviously aggressive to warrant brute

physical force.” See Malory, 489 F. App’x at 84 (addressing officer’s argument associating the

plaintiff’s “act of placing a . . . belt on his shoulder with ‘taking an attack stance’”). And

although Price contends the jacket obscured his view, that is not clear from the video. (Booking

Video NW, 10:55:16-20.) Nor does the fact that Laury was not handcuffed render Price’s

actions objectively reasonable. See Baker, 471 F.3d at 607–08 (“That Baker was not handcuffed

at the time he was struck does not preclude a finding of unreasonableness.”); Malory, 489 F.

App’x at 85 (rejecting argument that the right to be free from excessive force once subdued was

not clearly established because the plaintiff was not handcuffed).

       And, even if some force were justified, a factfinder could conclude that by pushing Laury

onto the bench, choking him, and “slamming” him onto the floor face-first, Price “gratuitously

applied additional force, which inflicted pain . . . against an individual who posed no threat to

safety, did not attempt to flee, offered at most passive resistance to the officers, and was already

under the officer[’]s[] physical control.” Lustig, 211 F. App’x at 371; see also Bonner-Turner v.

City of Ecorse, 627 F. App’x 400, 404, 412 (6th Cir. 2015) (finding officer’s conduct not

objectively reasonable where jail video showed him “pushing a handcuffed [arrestee] face-first

into a wall,” notwithstanding that the arrestee had “made verbal threats against the officers from

the moment he exited the patrol car at the jail,” and was spitting on the officers, because the

arrestee was handcuffed and not physically resisting at the time force was used).

                                               -10-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

       Relying on Abdul-Khaliq v. City of Newark, 275 F. App’x 517, 521 (6th Cir. 2008),

Appellees contend Price’s actions were objectively reasonable because Laury was verbally

aggressive and “made a physical gesture toward an officer . . . that was reasonably construed as

threatening.” (See Appellee Br. 20.) In Abdul-Khaliq, however, the “physical gesture” at issue

was the plaintiff lifting his jacket, which the officers interpreted as aggressive because they

believed he had a gun. 275 F. App’x at 519. The court found the officers’ actions objectively

reasonable because the plaintiff “admit[ted] to angry yelling and cursing at the officers, carrying

on a prolonged and heated debate about whether or not he had a gun, and vigorously opening his

coat in a gesture toward the police officers.” Id. at 521. Here, Laury admits to arguing with

officers about his arrest, but the only arguable threat he admits making was to tell officers that

they were “tough guys” while he had handcuffs on. There was no debate, as in Abdul-Khaliq, as

to whether Laury had a gun or any other weapon. Indeed, “flinging” a jacket at an officer who

asks for it during booking—after having been searched several times—is surely less aggressive

than opening one’s jacket when officers believe the person to be armed.

       Nor is this case similar to Lee v. Hill, No. 12-cv-10486, 2013 WL 5179059 (E.D. Mich.,

Sept. 12, 2013), because there, the plaintiff did not “refute that he reacted violently” towards the

officers, or that he resisted their attempts to subdue him. Id. at *6. Further, the Lee plaintiff’s

act of flinging his boots at a deputy (the boots hitting the deputy in the face) while en route to

another area is distinguishable from Laury’s act of flinging his coat at the officer who had asked

him for the coat. See id. at *2.

       Citing Thacker v. Lawrence Cty., 182 F. App’x 464, 472 (6th Cir. 2006), Appellees also

contend Price’s actions were reasonable because “wrestling to the ground ‘an upset, loud, and

swearing individual who refused to calm down’ is not excessive force as a matter of law.”

                                               -11-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

(Appellee Br. 20-21.) But in Thacker, the officers merely attempted to handcuff the plaintiff,

and in the process pulled him in different directions, causing all three to fall to the ground.

182 F. App’x at 467. The court concluded that attempting to handcuff Thacker was reasonable,

and was not rendered unreasonable simply because it caused the officers and Thacker to fall. Id.

at 472. The court thus did not hold that it was reasonable for the officers to purposefully wrestle

the plaintiff to the ground, as Price did here.

       Ultimately, Price’s contention that his actions were objectively reasonable views the facts

in the light most favorable to Price, not to Laury.      Because a jury could conclude that a

reasonable officer would not have viewed Laury’s statements and actions as threatening, Price is

not entitled to qualified immunity for the takedown.

                       b. Actions on the Ground

       Price’s actions following the initial takedown are similarly not entitled to qualified

immunity. The video shows Price using his body weight and knee to hold Laury down on the

ground despite the fact that Laury does not appear to be struggling. In prior cases, we have held

that it is unreasonable for an officer to continue to put pressure on an arrestee’s back once he is

already subdued. See Ortiz ex rel Ortiz v. Kazimer, 811 F.3d 848, 852 (6th Cir. 2016) (“[A]n

officer uses excessive force when he presses face-down a non-resisting and surrendered suspect

longer than needed.”); Bolick v. City of E. Grand Rapids, 580 F. App’x 314, 315, 320 (6th Cir.

2014) (affirming denial of qualified immunity where, once suspect was already on his stomach in

handcuffs, one officer tased him and another “applied pressure to [his] back with both of his

knees”). And even if it were reasonable for Price to use his body weight to keep Laury down

until he was handcuffed, the video shows Price kneeling on Laury’s back after Laury was

handcuffed and was not resisting. (See Booking Video NE, 10:57:00-10:57:40.)

                                                  -12-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

        Next, Laury contends it was excessive for Price to “manipulate and press down on”

Laury’s head and neck while he was on the ground. (Laury Br. 27.) In Morrison v. Board of

Trustees of Green Township, 583 F.3d 394 (6th Cir. 2009), this court denied summary judgment

to an officer who, while at the plaintiff’s home attempting to take her for a psychiatric

evaluation, tackled the plaintiff and allegedly “pushed her face into the ground every time she

tried to talk” while she was lying on the ground, on her stomach, handcuffed and not resisting.

Id. at 397-98. The court noted, “[s]uch antagonizing and humiliating conduct is unreasonable

under the Fourth Amendment, . . . and crosses the line into physical abuse of an incapacitated

suspect.” Id. at 407 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, a reasonable

factfinder could conclude that it was unreasonable for Price to continue to put pressure on

Laury’s head and neck when Laury was already restrained on the ground and not struggling or

resisting.

        Appellees contend it was objectively reasonable for Price to restrain Laury with his body

weight because it is undisputed that Laury continued to struggle. However, the video does not

show Laury struggling.5 Thus, although Price may have had a reason to re-handcuff Laury, a

reasonable factfinder could conclude that continuing to exert pressure on Laury’s head and neck

once Laury was on the ground, and putting his body weight on Laury’s back and pulling out his

earring after he was handcuffed, was “unwarranted and unreasonably severe.”          See Baker,
471 F.3d at 607 (finding it not objectively reasonable where officer, after finding suspect who

had run from him, allegedly hit suspect in the head and knee with baton after suspect had

surrendered).

        5
          Appellees’ contentions at argument that Laury admitted on deposition to refusing to
cooperate while he was on the ground, and that he could not be re-handcuffed until Rodriguez
arrived to assist, are unsupported by the record.

                                              -13-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

               2. Rodriguez

       Laury contends that Rodriguez violated his right to be free from excessive force by

pressing down on Laury’s head with his knee while Laury was on the ground and subdued.

       Appellees first argue that Rodriguez is entitled to summary judgment because Laury

failed to differentiate the actions of any officer other than Price. In § 1983 cases, “[e]ach

defendant’s liability must be assessed individually based on his own actions.”            Binay v.

Bettendorf, 601 F.3d 640, 650 (6th Cir. 2010). “[M]ere presence at the scene . . . , without a

showing of direct responsibility for the action, will not subject an officer to liability.” Id.

(quoting Ghandi v. Police Dep’t of City of Detroit, 747 F.2d 338, 352 (6th Cir. 1984)).

       In his district court briefing, Laury clearly identified that a second officer—not officer

Price—put his foot on Laury’s head. (PID 341.) Similarly, Laury argued that while Price used

excessive force against him, another officer participated in the “attack.” (PID 357.) Laury

contended he could not identify the particular officer. (Laury Dep., PID 147; see also PID 342.)

However, as the district court noted, Rodriguez’s own deposition testimony and the Booking

Video permit the inference that it was Rodriguez who participated in the “attack.” Thus, Laury

did differentiate the actions of another officer who participated in the alleged excessive force,

even if he did not specifically name the officer. Cf. Binay, 601 F.3d at 651 (finding a disputed

issue of fact regarding whether an officer participated in attack on the plaintiff where the officer

admitted to facts permitting the inference that he participated, and “the fact that Defendants wore

masks during the raid made it exceedingly difficult for Plaintiffs to identify . . . which officers

engaged in which conduct”); Pershell v. Cook, 430 F. App’x 410, 416 (6th Cir. 2011)

(concluding that although the plaintiff could not see the officers who engaged in excessive force,

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No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

the record contained sufficient information from which the jury could “determine the liability of

each individual defendant for the alleged constitutional violation”).6

       Appellees argue in the alternative that Rodriguez is entitled to summary judgment on the

merits of the claim, because he “merely helped to restrain Laury by kneeling on or next to his

upper back so that he could be re-handcuffed.” (Appellees’ Br. 22.) However, this views the

facts in the light most favorable to Rodriguez, not to Laury. As discussed, the video does not

show Laury struggling. Nor does the record support Appellees’ contention that it is undisputed

that Laury struggled. Laury testified at his deposition that he did not struggle or resist during his

altercation with Price and “another officer.” (Laury Dep., PID 149.)

       Relying on Bozung v. Rawson, 439 F. App’x 513 (6th Cir. 2011), Appellees argue

Rodriguez’s actions were reasonable as a matter of law. 7          In Bozung, however, the court

concluded that although the parties’ accounts differed, there was no genuine issue of material

fact regarding the use of excessive force. Id. at 520. Even viewing the facts in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff, the officer’s use of a straight-arm bar takedown to neutralize and

handcuff the plaintiff when he failed to comply with the officer’s instructions was objectively

reasonable because the officer had just stopped a car in which the plaintiff was a passenger, and

thus had very little information about the plaintiff other than he appeared intoxicated, the driver

of the vehicle had run, and the plaintiff had a warrant out for his arrest. 439 F. App’x at 520.

Here, however, there are genuine disputes of fact whether a reasonable officer in Rodriguez’s

       6
         For the same reasons, we reject Appellees’ argument that Laury did not preserve for
appeal arguments differentiating Rodriguez’s actions.
       7
         Appellees also rely on Crace v. Efaw, No. 09-CV-551, 2012 WL 3962799 (S.D. Ohio
Sept. 10, 2012). However, Crace is inapposite; that decision was an order following a bench
trial where the court made findings of fact on relevant issues, which this court may not do on
summary judgment. 2012 WL 3962799, at *1.

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No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

position would have believed kneeling on Laury’s head was necessary under the circumstances.

Although Rodriguez contends Laury was struggling, the video does not support that contention,

nor is Laury’s account blatantly contradicted by the video.

       Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Laury, Rodriguez put pressure on Laury’s

head with his knee when Laury was already subdued and being held down by Price; thus, a

factfinder could conclude his use of force was gratuitous and unreasonable. See Morrison,
583 F.3d at 408 (“[T]he law is clearly established that an officer may not use additional

gratuitous force once a suspect has been neutralized.”). Thus, Rodriguez is not entitled to

qualified immunity.

               3. Officer Campbell

       Laury argues that Officer Campbell is liable for failing to intervene in Price’s use of

force. Although an officer’s “mere presence during the altercation, without a showing of some

direct responsibility, cannot suffice to subject [him] to liability,” an officer present may be liable

where he either supervised the offending officer or owed the plaintiff a duty of protection.

Burgess, 735 F.3d at 475. To prevail on a claim that an officer owed the plaintiff a duty of

protection, the plaintiff must show that the defendant “‘observed or had reason to know that

excessive force would be or was being used’ and ‘had both the opportunity and the means to

prevent the harm from occurring.’” Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting Turner v. Scott, 119 F.3d
425, 429 (6th Cir. 1997)).

       The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants on Laury’s failure-to-

intervene claim because Laury failed to make any substantive arguments or to “differentiate the

conduct of any defendant officer,” stating only that he was not sure who participated in the attack

and who merely observed. (Dist. Ct. Op., PID 478-79.) Appellees urge this court to find the

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No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

same.   However, although Laury did not specifically name the officers who observed the

“attack” in his summary judgment briefing, he contended that the record established that officers

other than Price were present during Price’s use of excessive force, but did not act to prevent it.

(PID 357-58.) Thus, this argument was properly before the district court.

        Appellees also argue Laury has not articulated a failure-to-intervene claim because

1) Laury does not argue that Officer Campbell had an opportunity to intervene, only that he

stood by, and 2) the video shows that Officer Campbell was dealing with Devonte at this time

and therefore was not in a position to intervene.

        Appellees’ second argument is belied by the Booking Room Video. The video shows

that Officer Campbell was not in the room when Price initiated the takedown, and when he

arrived, he immediately walked toward Devonte.         (Booking Videos NE, NW at 10:55:24-

10:56:21.) However, Officer Campbell then walked over to Laury and Price while Price was

leaning on Laury’s back with his knee and allegedly pressing down on Laury’s head, and stood

there for at least a minute until the two put Laury in the restraint chair. (Booking Video NE,

10:56:21-10:57:53.) For some of this time, Devonte was not even in the room, having been

dragged out by Rodriguez. (See Booking Video NE, 10:56:39-10:57:41; see also S. Campbell

Dep., PID 263.)

        Further, that Officer Campbell stood by while some of the alleged excessive force

occurred, and appeared to look directly at Laury and Price, suggests he had “the opportunity and

the means to prevent the harm from occurring.” Kent v. Oakland Cty., 810 F.3d 384, 397 (6th

Cir. 2016) (concluding that officer had means and opportunity to intervene where she was in the

room for most of the incident, “communicated with [the other officer] as the events unfolded, . . .

was facing [the plaintiff] when she heard [the officer] warn [the plaintiff] that he would use the

                                               -17-
No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

taser[, and] . . . was close enough to handcuff [the plaintiff] immediately after the taser was

deployed”); Goodwin v. City of Painesville, 781 F.3d 314, 328–29 (6th Cir. 2015) (finding a jury

question whether a reasonable officer in the defendants’ position would have seen the use of

force being applied and taken action to stop it where officers were present for at least part of the

incident). Thus, the district court erred in granting summary judgment to Officer Campbell on

Laury’s failure-to-intervene claim.

       B. Restraint Chair and Tight Handcuffing

       Laury argues that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated by Price when he ignored

Laury’s complaints about his handcuffs being too tight, and by Officers Price, Rodriguez, and

Campbell when they placed him in a restraint chair for several hours and when they refused to

loosen the hand restraints on the restraint chair.

       The district court properly granted summary judgment to Defendants on Laury’s tight-

handcuffing claim because Laury failed to plead it in the complaint and did not attempt to amend

the complaint after his deposition, where he first mentioned that his handcuffs were too tight.

(Dist. Ct. Op., PID 479-80.) At argument before this court, Laury’s counsel conceded this was

not pleaded as a separate claim, but contended it was in the complaint and thus asked the court to

consider it. Oral Arg. at 9:11-9:30. However, the complaint mentions handcuffs only to state

that the officers placed Laury in handcuffs upon his arrest. (Compl., PID 4.) Thus, the district

court properly concluded this claim was waived. See Tucker v. Union of Needletrades, Indus.

& Textile Emps., 407 F.3d 784, 788–89 (6th Cir. 2005).

       Further, Laury’s counsel conceded at argument that this claim––that the officers violated

his Fourth Amendment rights by placing him in a restraint chair even though he was already

subdued––was not in the pleadings. Oral Arg. at 10:44-10:53. Thus, we also affirm the district

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No. 15-1730, Laury v. Rodriguez, et al.

court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim. Finally, although Laury makes a separate

argument on appeal that the restraints on the chair were excessively tight, he did not make that

argument before the district court. Thus, Laury did not preserve this claim for appeal. See

DaimlerChrysler Corp. Healthcare Benefits Plan v. Durden, 448 F.3d 918, 922 (6th Cir. 2006)

(“In general, this court will not review issues raised for the first time on appeal.”).

       C. Officer Huffman

       Although Laury named Huffman in the complaint, he does not allege any excessive force

on the part of Huffman, and conceded he did not see Huffman again after Huffman left the

elevator. Thus, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Huffman.

                                                 IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and REMAND for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.8

       8
          To overcome the officers’ assertion of qualified immunity, Laury must show that there
was a constitutional violation and that the right at issue was clearly established. Campbell v.
City of Springboro, 700 F.3d 779, 786 (6th Cir. 2012). In reversing the district court’s
determination that Laury failed to show a constitutional violation, we do not address whether the
right at issue was clearly established, as the issue is not addressed by the parties and was not
addressed by the district court.

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