Court Opinion

ID: 9352551
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-06 20:08:29.029988+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:57:42.384500
License: Public Domain

J-S35030-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JEREMIE ADAM CZEKALSKI                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :
                                               :   No. 1519 MDA 2022
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 21, 2021
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Snyder County Civil Division at No(s):
                           CP-55-CR-0000415-2020

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                        FILED: JANUARY 6, 2023

        Appellant, Jeremie Czekalski, appeals from the judgment of sentence of

an aggregate term of 16 months’ to 5 years’ imprisonment, imposed after he

was convicted of one count each of simple assault1 and terroristic threats.2

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction

for terroristic threats. We affirm.

        Appellant’s convictions stem from the following occurrences, which we

glean from the record. In the early afternoon on October 22, 2020, Officer

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1   18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1).

2   18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1).
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David Shaffer and Chief Jordan from the Middleburg Police Department

responded to a third-party call regarding domestic violence at Appellant’s

residence in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, where he resided with Jessica Clinger,

the victim.    N.T., 9/28/21, at 18-19.3         Upon their arrival, Officer Shaffer

knocked on the front door of Appellant’s residence, and Chief Jordan knocked

on the back door. Id. at 19. Appellant came to the front door and stated that

he couldn’t use the front door, so the officers made contact with him at the

back door.     Id.   After informing Appellant that they were responding to a

domestic violence call, Appellant told Officer Shaffer that Ms. Clinger “was

crazy,” and admitted “that they did have a verbal dispute, [but] nothing

physical.” Id. at 20. He stated that there was physical violence in the past,

but insisted that on this particular day, he walked away. Id. “[H]e was trying

to change his ways.” Id. Appellant added, “we fight all the time[,] but I didn’t

hurt her.” Id.

        Officer Shaffer testified that Appellant appeared “really nervous[,]

shaky, sweaty” and that “sweat was dripping off of his face, [which] led [him]

to believe there was something more going on.” Id. He also observed that

Appellant was holding two cell phones, which he found odd, but when he

questioned Appellant about the phones, Appellant stated that they were both

his. Id. at 20-21. Officer Shaffer then asked Appellant for Ms. Clinger’s phone

number so that he could contact her to make sure that she was okay. Id. at

____________________________________________

3   The call was made by Theresa Walker, a friend of the victim. Id. at 19.

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20.   When Officer Shaffer called Ms. Clinger’s number, it rang one of the

phones Appellant was holding. Id. at 21. Appellant then admitted that one

of the phones was Ms. Clinger’s and stated that he only had it because she

threw it at him. Id.

       Based on Appellant’s behavior and the fact that he was blocking the door

with his body, Officer Shaffer testified:

       [W]e had concerns that [Ms. Clinger] still may be inside the
       residence and [that] she may be hurt. We asked for consent to
       go in the house and look. He allowed us to go in. In fact, he led
       me into the house. Upon going in the back door, there’s like an
       enclosed porch, I observed blood on the floor.[4] We went into the
       kitchen, there was stuff that was smashed, dishes, cups that were
       smashed on the floor and on the counter. He then led me into the
       living room where I seen [sic] a broken windowpane laying [sic]
       on the floor.

       From there, I asked if I could go upstairs. He was reluctant, didn’t
       really want me to go upstairs, and then he did finally state I have
       nothing to hide, you can follow me. We went upstairs, searched
       the second floor. When I went into the bathroom, he again
       showed some nervousness. In fact, he body[-]blocked me from
       going into the bathroom and then told me that he wanted me to
       leave.

Id. at 21-22. The officers did not find Ms. Clinger during their search of the

residence. Id. at 22.

____________________________________________

4 On cross-examination, Officer Shaffer admitted that Appellant told him the
substance on the floor was not blood, that Officer Shaffer did not take a
sample of it, and that it was never confirmed “scientifically” that it was blood.
Id. at 28.

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      Later that day, Officer Shaffer made contact with Ms. Clinger by phone.

He recounted her description of the events from earlier that afternoon as

follows:

      [Appellant] woke up, he was in a bad mood…. She stated that he
      was in a bad mood, claimed that his back hurt. There was an
      argument, I believe, over money[,] which really started it. And
      during the altercation, he grabbed her, grabbed her by her
      ponytail, swung her around, punched her six or seven times in the
      side of the head, and also choked her[,] what she described to me
      as a head lock.

Id. at 22. The following day, Ms. Clinger appeared at the police station to be

interviewed by Officer Shaffer, and “[s]he claimed that her face was sore.”

Id. at 23. Officer Shaffer observed that she had marks on her face and neck.

Id. Ms. Clinger recalled that “during the incident, [Appellant] grabbed her by

the ponytail, threw her on the ground, jumped on top of her, and just basically

began to punch her multiple times in the head.” Id.

      During cross-examination, Officer Shaffer stated that he charged

Appellant with terroristic threats because Ms. Clinger “described that

[Appellant] made threats to kill her[,] stating that he was going to kill her.”

Id. at 41. This statement was followed by the following exchange between

Appellant’s counsel and Officer Shaffer:

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: He was going to kill her?

      [Officer Shaffer]:      Correct.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: In fact, what you put in your report when
                             you transcribed it was: “Did he say at any
                             point that he was going to kill you?” “He
                             does all the time.” “Okay[,] but yesterday

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                               did he say it?” And her response was: “No,
                               no, no, no, not yesterday[,”] correct?

      [Officer Shaffer]:       Not yesterday[,] but there’s several
                               incidents[,] so if you want me to get into
                               the other incidents[,] we can go there.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: And based on the information that you
                             gained in this interview and your
                             investigation, you filled out what was
                             called an Affidavit of Probable Cause?

      [Officer Shaffer]:       Yes, that’s correct[.    T]hat’s with any
                               charge.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: And in your Affidavit of Probable Cause
                             you put: “Clinger stated that during the
                             altercation [Appellant] made threats to
                             kill her[,”] correct?

      [Officer Shaffer]:       Correct, and she did tell me that.
                               Whether that was in the transcript or not,
                               there was also other interviews off-
                               transcript. So[,] if it was in there, it was
                               said.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: Just not in the transcript, just not on the
                             recording?

      [Officer Shaffer]:       Correct. There was an interview the day
                               prior as well that was not recorded, it was
                               on a phone call.

Id. at 41-42.

      At trial, Ms. Clinger testified regarding the physical altercation that took

place between her and Appellant on October 22, 2020. When asked whether

Appellant was saying anything during the incident, she replied, “He was calling

me a bitch, he threatened to kill me, I wasn’t allowed to leave….” Id. at 57.

She further stated that she was concerned for her safety and that she believed

Appellant when he was threatening to kill her. Id. at 64. At some point during

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the incident, Ms. Clinger went into the back room, away from Appellant, and

called her friend, Kaitlin. Id. at 58. She explained, “[t]hat’s when he tried to

grab the phone out of my hand, grabbed me by the neck, threw me on the

floor, and I kicked him to get him off of me[,] and then Theresa was contacted

to contact the police for me.” Id. See also id. at 48 (Ms. Walker’s explaining

that after she received a phone call from Kaitlin about their mutual friend, Ms.

Clinger, she called the police and asked them to do a welfare check at Ms.

Clinger’s residence). After kicking Appellant off her, Ms. Clinger stated that

she grabbed her stuff and went outside to her car, but she was unable to leave

because Appellant had “unhooked” her car battery. Id. at 62-63.

      On cross-examination, the following colloquy took place between

Appellant’s counsel and Ms. Clinger:

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: It’s your testimony that on October 22nd,
                             2020, you and my client had a physical
                             altercation?

      [Ms. Clinger]:          Yes, sir.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: During that altercation[,] you said my
                             client threatened to kill you, correct?

      [Ms. Clinger]:          Yes, sir.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: After that altercation[,] the following
                             day[,] you went to the police department,
                             correct?

      [Ms. Clinger]:          Yes, sir.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: And you gave an audio recording to Police
                             Officer Shaffer, correct?

      [Ms. Clinger]:          Yes, sir.

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      [Appellant’s Counsel]: And do you remember Police Officer
                             Shaffer saying[, “D]id he say at any point
                             he was going to kill you[?” A]nd then[,
                             “O]kay[,] but yesterday did he say it[?”]
                             [A]nd you said[, “]no, no, no, not
                             yesterday?[”]

      [Ms. Clinger]:           I don’t recall.

      [Appellant’s Counsel]: You don’t recall that?

      [Ms. Clinger]:           No.

Id. at 66-67.

      Based on the aforementioned evidence presented at a jury trial on

September 28, 2021, Appellant was found guilty of one count of simple assault

and one count of terroristic threats with the intent to terrorize another. On

October 21, 2021, the trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of 16

months’ to 5 years’ imprisonment.       Appellant did not file a post-sentence

motion.

      On November 19, 2021, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal,

followed by a timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of

errors on appeal. In his Rule 1925(b) statement, Appellant asserted that the

jury lacked sufficient evidence to find him guilty of terroristic threats and that

the jury’s verdict of guilty on terroristic threats was against the weight of the

evidence. However, Appellant does not pursue the weight of the evidence

argument on appeal; thus, we deem that claim to be waived.                   See

Commonwealth v. Long, 786 A.2d 237, 239 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2001)

(“Generally, questions not presented in the ‘Statement of Questions Involved’

are deemed waived.”) (citation omitted).         Herein, Appellant presents the

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following sole issue for our review: “Whether there existed sufficient evidence

to find [Appellant] guilty of terroristic threats[?]” Appellant’s Brief at 4.

      To begin, we note our standard of review:

      In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
      determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
      reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, are sufficient to support all
      elements of the offense. Additionally, we may not reweigh the
      evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the fact
      finder. The evidence may be entirely circumstantial as long as it
      links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations

omitted). Moreover, “[t]he evidence need not preclude every possibility of

innocence[,] and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the

evidence presented.” Commonwealth v. Coleman, 130 A.3d 38, 41 (Pa.

Super. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      Appellant challenges the sufficiency of evidence to support his conviction

of terroristic threats under 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1), which states: “A person

commits the crime of terroristic threats if the person communicates, either

directly or indirectly, a threat to … commit any crime of violence with intent

to terrorize another[.]”   Id.   As this Court has previously explained, for a

defendant to be convicted of terroristic threats,

      “the Commonwealth must prove that 1) the defendant made a
      threat to commit a crime of violence, and 2) the threat was
      communicated with the intent to terrorize another or with reckless
      disregard for the risk of causing terror.” Commonwealth v.
      Tizer, … 684 A.2d 597, 600 ([Pa. Super.] 1996). “Neither the
      ability to carry out the threat, nor a belief by the person
      threatened that the threat will be carried out, is an element of the

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      offense.” In re J.H., 797 A.2d 260, 262 (Pa. Super. 2002).
      “Rather, the harm sought to be prevented by the statute is the
      psychological distress that follows from an invasion of another’s
      sense of personal security.” Tizer, 684 A.2d at 600.

Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39, 46 (Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Reynolds, 835 A.2d 720, 730 (Pa. Super. 2003)).

      Here, Appellant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support his

terroristic threats conviction because, on direct examination, Officer Shaffer

“at no time noted [that Appellant] threatened the victim.” Appellant’s Brief at

8. “In fact, in the officer’s own report[,] he wrote that he asked [Ms. Clinger]

during the interview if [Appellant] ever threatened to kill [her,]” and she

responded, “No, no, no, no, not yesterday.” Id. Appellant argues that “[e]ven

on cross[-]examination[,] the officer first attempted to speak of ‘other

occasions.’ However, other occasions were not charged. When recognizing

his foley[,] … Officer [Shaffer] then stated the victim told him outside the

interview” that Appellant had threatened to kill her. Id. at 8-9. Appellant

does acknowledge Ms. Clinger’s testimony that he threatened to kill her;

however, he notes that when asked about Officer Shaffer’s report, “she

conveniently could not recall giving the interview.”        Id. at 9.    Appellant

concludes that, even in viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, there is clear doubt as to whether Appellant ever made any

threat to Ms. Clinger on the date in question. Id.

      The Commonwealth counters that it presented sufficient evidence at trial

to support the jury’s finding Appellant guilty of the crime of terroristic threats.

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Commonwealth’s Brief at 1. In support of its argument, the Commonwealth

states:

      [Ms. Clinger] testified[,] … “[Appellant] was calling me a bitch, he
      threatened to kill me, I wasn’t allowed to leave, and then it went
      into the back room.” [She] affirmed her testimony on cross-
      examination and explained that Appellant threatened to kill her
      during an altercation the two of them had. [Ms. Clinger] further
      testified about the assault that happened subsequent to the
      threat. The assault included Appellant punching [her] multiple
      times and also placing his hands around [her] throat. [Officer
      Shaffer] also testified that [Ms. Clinger] had told [him] that …
      Appellant threatened to kill her. Clearly, the Commonwealth has
      met both elements of the [terroristic threats] offense: a threat
      was made to kill the victim and that threat was communicated
      with the intent to terrorize or [with] reckless disregard for causing
      terror. The jury clearly found the victim’s testimony and the
      testimony of the police officer to be credible.

Id. at 3.

      Likewise, the trial court opined:

      At trial, the Commonwealth called three … witnesses[:] the police
      officer, the victim[,] and a friend of the victim. The victim, [Ms.]
      Clinger[,] testified that “he was calling me a bitch, he threatened
      to kill me, I wasn’t allowed to leave….” In addition, during cross[-
      ]examination, counsel for [Appellant] asked Ms. Clinger[,] “during
      that alteration [sic] you said my client threatened to kill you[,]
      correct?” Ms. Clinger answered[,] “yes, sir.” Ms. Clinger then
      went on to testify about [Appellant] striking her multiple times,
      calling her names and disconnecting her car battery to prevent
      her from leaving.

      Obviously[,] the jury believed the victim’s testimony and the
      victim’s testimony supports the jury’s verdict.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/24/22, at 2 (citation to record omitted). We agree.

      Appellant’s argument merely points to self-serving, contradictory

testimony regarding whether he threatened to harm Ms. Clinger on the date

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in question. It is well-settled that “the jury is the ultimate fact-finder and the

sole arbiter of the credibility of each of the witnesses.” Commonwealth v.

Jacoby, 170 A.3d 1065, 1080 (Pa. 2017). See also id. at 1081 (“Issues of

witness credibility include questions of inconsistent testimony….”). “A jury is

entitled to resolve any inconsistencies in the Commonwealth’s evidence in the

manner that it sees fit.” Id. Appellant is essentially asking this Court to re-

weigh    the   evidence,   which   is   beyond   our   scope   of   review.   See

Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 141 A.3d 523, 525 (Pa. Super. 2016) (“It is

not within the province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute

our judgment for that of the fact-finder.”).

        Here, the jury was free to resolve any inconsistencies in the evidence

regarding whether Appellant threatened Ms. Clinger on the date in question in

the manner which it saw fit. See Jacoby, supra. There is sufficient evidence

in the record to support the jury’s finding that Appellant did threaten Ms.

Clinger during the altercation on that date. See N.T. at 57 (“[H]e threatened

to kill me, I wasn’t allowed to leave….”); id. at 66 (Ms. Clinger’s confirming

her testimony that Appellant threatened to kill her during the altercation on

October 22, 2020); id. at 42 (Officer Shaffer’s confirming his Affidavit of

Probable Cause, which indicated that Ms. Clinger “stated that during the

altercation [Appellant] made threats to kill her”). Moreover, it was reasonable

for the jury to determine that Appellant’s words, in context with his violent

conduct, were made with the intent to terrorize Ms. Clinger.                  See

Commonwealth v. Butcher, 644 A.2d 174, 176 (Pa. Super. 1994)

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(determining the appellant’s words and conduct, when viewed together in

context, could be reasonably interpreted as a threat to assault and/or an

intent to terrorize the victim).

      Based on our review of the facts in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth as the verdict winner, we conclude there was sufficient

evidence to support the jury’s finding that Appellant committed terroristic

threats. Therefore, we uphold Appellant’s conviction.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 01/06/2023

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