Court Opinion

ID: 3072319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 00:45:38.604516+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:30.927573
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                           SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                FORT WORTH

                               NO. 02-14-00202-CR

ANTHONY DEWAYNE COOPER                                                APPELLANT

                                         V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                          STATE

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      FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 1 OF TARRANT COUNTY
                    TRIAL COURT NO. 1363068R

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                          MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

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      Appellant Anthony Dewayne Cooper appeals his conviction for aggravated

sexual assault of a child. 2 In two points, he contends that his trial counsel was

ineffective for not discussing the right against compelled self-incrimination during

      1
         See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
      2
         See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(iii), (a)(2)(B) (West Supp.
2014).
voir dire and that the trial court erred by excluding evidence about “specific

instances of sexual behavior by the complaining witness.” We affirm.

                               Background Facts 3

      When A.P. (Angela) 4 was approximately thirteen years old, she and her

father went to stay at her aunt’s house in the south side of Fort Worth. Angela’s

aunt; the aunt’s boyfriend, appellant; and other children lived in that house.

Angela referred to appellant as her uncle.

      During Angela’s stay, her aunt had an asthma attack and went to a

hospital.   That night, Angela fell asleep on the floor of her cousins’ room.

Appellant eventually entered the room and led Angela to the room that he shared

with Angela’s aunt. He took Angela’s clothes off, climbed on top of her, and

penetrated her sexual organ with his penis, which she referred to as his “middle.”

Appellant went “[u]p and down” on Angela for about ten minutes, stopped doing

so, and gave her a towel “to wipe the bed off.”

      Angela then left appellant’s room, returned to her own room, and went

back to sleep. She did not immediately tell anyone what had happened because

she was frightened.

      3
       Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction. In this section, we summarize the evidence by presenting it in the
light most favorable to the jury’s finding of appellant’s guilt.
      4
       To protect A.P.’s anonymity, we use an alias. See Tex. R. App. P.
9.10(a)(3); McClendon v. State, 643 S.W.2d 936, 936 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel
Op.] 1982).

                                         2
      Months later, while Angela was at school, she disclosed what appellant

had done to her. When Angela’s mother confronted appellant about having sex

with Angela, appellant ran away.

      Angela went to a hospital, where she told a sexual assault nurse examiner

that she had been raped and that “white stuff” had come out of appellant’s penis.

Angela also gave a videotaped forensic interview with Joy Hallum, who worked

for a child advocacy center. During the interview, Angela provided Hallum with

“sensory details” about her outcry; for example, Angela said that from the sexual

assault, she experienced burning and bleeding in her vaginal area.

      When several police officers who were driving patrol cars attempted to

arrest appellant, he led them on a high-speed, long-range chase. Appellant’s

indictment for aggravated sexual assault included a paragraph alleging that he

had been previously convicted of another sexual offense with a child. Appellant

pled not guilty, but after considering the parties’ evidence and arguments, the

jury found him guilty.     The trial court found the indictment’s enhancement

paragraph to be true and sentenced appellant to confinement for life. 5            He

brought this appeal.

                  Alleged Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      In his first point, appellant contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for

not discussing appellant’s right against compelled self-incrimination with

      5
       See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i), (B)(ii) (West Supp. 2014).

                                          3
veniremembers during voir dire. 6 To establish ineffective assistance of counsel,

appellant must show by a preponderance of the evidence that his counsel’s

representation was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984); Nava

v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

      An ineffective-assistance claim must be “firmly founded in the record,” and

“the record must affirmatively demonstrate” the meritorious nature of the claim.

Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Direct appeal is

usually an inadequate vehicle for raising an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel

claim because the record is generally undeveloped.         Menefield v. State, 363
S.W.3d 591, 592–93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813–14. In

evaluating the effectiveness of counsel under the deficient-performance prong,

we look to the totality of the representation and the particular circumstances of

each case.    Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.          The issue is whether counsel’s

assistance was reasonable under all the circumstances and prevailing

professional norms at the time of the alleged error. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at

688–89, 104 S. Ct. at 2065; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307. Review of counsel’s

      6
       Appellant did not testify in front of the jury at trial. On appeal, he cites a
federal and a state constitutional provision that relate to his right to not testify.
See U.S. Const. amend. V; Tex. Const. art. 1, § 10. We apply one standard to
both provisions. See Carroll v. State, 68 S.W.3d 250, 253 n.3 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2002, no pet.) (op. on remand) (“The self-incrimination clause of Article I,
Section 10 of the Texas Constitution gives no greater rights than does the Fifth
Amendment of the United States Constitution.”).

                                         4
representation is highly deferential, and the reviewing court indulges a strong

presumption that counsel’s conduct was not deficient. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307–

08.

       It is not appropriate for an appellate court to simply infer ineffective

assistance when counsel’s reasons for failing to do something do not appear in

the record. Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 593. Trial counsel “should ordinarily be

afforded an opportunity to explain his actions before being denounced as

ineffective.”   Id.   If trial counsel is not given that opportunity, we should not

conclude that counsel’s performance was deficient unless the challenged

conduct was “so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in

it.” Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308.

       Appellant correctly contends that his trial counsel, who has not had an

opportunity to explain his strategy, 7 did not discuss appellant’s right against

compelled self-incrimination with veniremembers during voir dire. The record

establishes, however, that the trial court and the State thoroughly discussed this

issue with veniremembers. The following exchange occurred between the trial

court and veniremembers:

       [THE COURT:] [T]he Defendant in any criminal case is not required
       to prove himself innocent. If the Defendant does not choose to
       testify, you may not consider that fact as evidence of guilt, nor may
       you in your deliberations comment on or in any way allude to that

       7
      Appellant filed a motion for new trial but did not contend in the motion that
counsel was ineffective.

                                          5
     fact. And does everybody know what this right is? The right to
     remain silent. What do we call that?

           VENIREPANEL: Fifth Amendment.

           THE COURT: Your Fifth Amendment right. Yes. It’s
     enshrined in our Bill of Rights of our Constitution. Does everybody
     agree that’s a very important Constitutional right?

           VENIREPANEL: Yes.

           THE COURT: Does anybody feel that that right should be
     taken away from a citizen?

           VENIREPANEL: No.

            THE COURT: So once again, we frequently hear jurors who
     come in and say, Well, you know, if my two children had a fight, I
     want to hear both sides of the fight. I want to hear each party tell
     their side of the story. . . . However, we are in a different situation in
     a courtroom. In a courtroom the Rule of law applies and the Rule of
     law under our Constitution is that every person accused has a Fifth
     Amendment right to not testify. And if he elects to exercise that right
     and not testify, you may not consider that. You may not in any way
     hold that against him.

            So once again I need to ask you, can everybody at this point
     afford this Defendant his Fifth Amendment right and continue to
     afford him that right throughout this trial if he elects not to testify?

           VENIREPANEL: Yes.

            THE COURT: Is there anybody who says, no, I cannot be fair
     in that regard. I would hold that against him. I cannot afford him his
     Constitutional right to remain silent. Does anybody feel that way? I
     see no hands.[8]

     Similarly, during the State’s questioning of the jury panel, the following

exchange occurred:

     8
       We cannot agree with appellant’s characterization of this exchange as
“cursory” questioning.

                                         6
      [THE STATE:] Fifth Amendment. A person has an absolute [right],
      from anything from a traffic ticket all the way up to capital murder, to
      merely be present for their trial. That’s all a Defendant in our court
      system is required to do for criminal charges is to be present. . . .
      Which means that if they elect not to testify at their trial, the jury will
      be instructed by the Court that they cannot and must not use that
      failure to testify for any reason whatsoever in coming to a decision or
      a verdict. Does everyone understand that?

             VENIREPANEL: Yes.

            [THE STATE]: It’s not much of a right if it doesn’t get afforded
      to you. In other words, if people won’t allow you to have it, it’s not
      what it is, which is a right. Okay. So again, some of you are sitting
      out there thinking in your little heads, I understand that.          I
      understand that’s what the law is. The Judge has told me. [The
      prosecutor] has now told me. I get it. I don’t like it. Because if it
      was me, I would want to get up there or, my gosh, it seems to me
      that anybody would want to get up there and tell their side of the
      story. And we always have people who feel that way and it’s
      perfectly fine if you feel that way. You are entitled to have that
      opinion and that strong feeling. But if there is any of you out there
      who do think or feel that way, we need to know about it right now.
      Anybody? I always have at least one person. Really? Nobody.
      Seventy good people in here that are, like, I can follow the law.
      That’s great. Okay.

Soon thereafter, one veniremember, who did not serve on the jury, said that “it

would be nice to hear” appellant testify but then stated that she could follow the

court’s instruction to not use appellant’s decision to not testify against him.

      During appellant’s voir dire, his counsel discussed the presumption of

appellant’s innocence; the State’s burden to prove his guilt; and, at most length,

issues relating to the credibility of witnesses who are children. Having heard the

trial court and the State thoroughly discuss appellant’s right against compelled

self-incrimination with the veniremembers, his counsel could have reasonably

                                          7
concluded that his time with the veniremembers, which spanned more than an

hour, was better spent by discussing these other issues. 9

      We cannot conclude that counsel’s unexplained decision to not retread the

ground already covered by the trial court and the State comprised conduct that

was “so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” See

Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308. Thus, we conclude that appellant has not met his

burden to show that his counsel’s representation was constitutionally deficient. 10

See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307;

Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392 (“Defense counsel’s articulated reason for

declining to ask questions—that the prosecution’s questioning adequately

covered the defense’s concerns—could be a legitimate trial strategy under the

appropriate circumstances.”); Darkins v. State, 430 S.W.3d 559, 570 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (“Appellant does not explain why an

      9
       We also note that the trial court’s charge to the jury stated in part,

            Our law provides that a defendant may testify in his own
      behalf if he elects to do so. This, however, is a privilege accorded to
      a defendant, and in the event he elects not to testify, that fact cannot
      be taken as a circumstance against him. In this case the Defendant
      has elected not to testify and you are instructed that you cannot and
      must not refer or allude to that fact throughout your deliberations or
      take it into consideration for any purpose whatsoever as a
      circumstance against him.
      10
       Because we hold that appellant has not established that counsel’s
representation was constitutionally deficient, we need not examine whether
appellant suffered prejudice. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; Strickland, 466 U.S. at
697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069; Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005).

                                          8
attorney with a limited amount of time for voir dire should be required to discuss

some of the same topics addressed by the trial court, and we decline to hold that

the failure to do so cannot be justified by any legitimate trial strategy.”); Williams

v. State, 970 S.W.2d 182, 184 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d)

(“In light of the trial judge’s extensive participation in the voir dire examination, we

cannot characterize the decision of Williams’s counsel to forego further

questioning as anything other than trial strategy.”). We overrule appellant’s first

point.

                               Exclusion of Evidence

         In his second point, appellant contends that the trial court erred by not

allowing him to ask Hallum questions about another sexual experience involving

Angela. Before the parties’ presentation of evidence began, the State presented

a motion in limine, asking the trial court to instruct appellant’s counsel to

approach before eliciting any testimony concerning sexual conduct by Angela

that was unrelated to appellant’s charge. The court granted the motion.

         Later, after holding a lengthy hearing outside of the jury’s presence, the

trial court admitted testimony concerning another sexual event involving Angela.

The court held that evidence of the event was admissible, even over the general

exclusion of such evidence under rule of evidence 412, because it could

                                           9
potentially show Angela’s motive to accuse appellant of a sexual crime and its

probative value outweighed its danger of unfair prejudice. 11

      In front of the jury, Kimberly Jenkins, an assistant principal at a Fort Worth

school, testified that one day in April 2013, she noticed that Angela was not in

her usual classroom. She eventually saw Angela, along with three boys, leaving

a band room that they should not have been in. Angela’s hair and clothes had

dust on them, and to Jenkins, the band room “smelled like sex.” Based on her

investigation, Jenkins concluded that Angela had been having sex in the band

room, and Angela received discipline for doing so.

      Jenkins contacted Angela’s grandmother, who began traveling to the

school.     In the meantime, Jenkins reprimanded Angela.           When Angela’s

grandmother arrived, she reprimanded Angela for ten to fifteen minutes. At that

point, Angela, for the first time to anyone, disclosed appellant’s sexual assault of

her. According to Jenkins, she and Angela’s grandmother then viewed Angela

as a victim and stopped reprimanding her.

      Although the trial court admitted this testimony from Jenkins and similar

testimony from another employee of the school, the court denied appellant’s

request to recall Hallum and to ask her about the impact that the event could

have on her testimony. The following colloquy occurred:

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL:] Ms. Hallum testified about details in the
      complaining witness’s forensic interview that . . . she said gave

      11
          See Tex. R. Evid. 412(b)(2)(C).

                                            10
      credibility and we talked about some of those in front of jury. The
      sensory and the peripheral details. One of the detail[s] that . . . she
      mentioned specifically was the fact that the complaining witness had
      knowledge of sexual activity and how it takes place. I did not go into
      that because I wanted [to do] it, obviously, outside the presence of
      the jury. But I believe that I ought to be allowed to ask her as well
      that knowledge does not necessarily mean that this allegation is
      true, all that it means is that she had prior knowledge of sexual
      activity.

             THE COURT: And I think you previously explored that
      through your cross-examination and so I don’t think there’s any
      additional cross-examination that you would be entitled to, beyond
      what you’ve already asked her. Because you did ask those
      questions.

            ....

              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: . . . . I believe that what Ms. Hallum
      testified to was that there were details in the complaining witness’s
      statement that indicated she was credible, things like . . . the fact
      that she knew what burning and bleeding was like and she could
      accurately describe that. One of the other details was sexual activity
      and Ms. Hallum stated that her -- that the complaining witness’s
      information regarding alleged sexual activity indicated knowledge of
      sexual activity. What I would like to go [into] and -- and I believe that
      I’m – I’m not being allowed to, is to ask the question, if she has
      knowledge of sexual activity[,] [t]hat does not necessarily mean that
      it came from an encounter with the Defendant, Mr. Cooper. That it’s
      possible that it could have come from somewhere else.

            ....

            THE COURT: And the Court is not going to permit those
      questions and is not going to permit cross-examination beyond what
      the Court previously permitted. [Emphasis added.]

      On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

refusing to allow him to recall Hallum to testify about the “same line of

questioning” that he had broached with Jenkins. He contends,

                                         11
             In this case, Appellant wanted to pursue further questioning of
      Ms. Hallum but was restricted from doing so pursuant to a motion in
      limine which was granted at the beginning of trial which prevented
      him from doing so. However, once the Rule 412 hearing was
      concluded and the Court allowed such evidence to be heard in the
      presence of the jury, to disallow this same line of questioning from a
      different witness is in direct conflict with the Court’s ruling.

      Assuming (without deciding) that the trial court erred by denying

appellant’s request to recall Hallum and to ask her about the effect that Angela’s

other sexual conduct would have on her testimony, that error cannot justify

reversal of appellant’s conviction unless the record demonstrates harm.

Appellant argues on appeal that the trial court’s ruling violated rule of evidence

412 but does not argue that the ruling affected his constitutional rights. Thus, we

apply rule of appellate procedure 44.2(b) and reverse only if the error affected

appellant’s substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).

      An error affects a substantial right when it has a substantial and injurious

effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d
266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750,

776, 66 S. Ct. 1239, 1253 (1946)).      Conversely, an error does not affect a

substantial right if we have “fair assurance that the error did not influence the

jury, or had but a slight effect.” Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2001); Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App.

1998). In making this determination, we review the record as a whole, including

the character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in connection

                                        12
with other evidence in the case. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2002).

      As the trial court stated when denying appellant’s request to recall Hallum,

appellant had already asked her about whether Angela’s prior experiences could

have provided sensory details that Angela later revealed during the interview with

Hallum.   The following exchange occurred upon questioning of Hallum by

defense counsel:

            Q. Would it be fair to say that somebody could take . . .
      peripheral details from another incident and use those to make a lie
      appear more truthful? Is that fair to say?

              A. [It’s] fair to say.

             Q. Let’s say, if I spend the night at somebody’s house on a
      regular basis and I’ve done that and I know where people sleep,
      then I’m able to recount that pretty easily; . . . wouldn’t you agree?

              A. You could, yes.

            Q. The . . . sensory details as well, I believe, [the State] asked
      you about like the burning and the bleeding and those sorts of
      things. Were those sensory details or am I misunderstanding?

              A. That’s sensory details, yes.

           Q. And again, if that’s happened to her at some point she
      knows how that feels; is that right?

              A. Yes.

            Q. Doesn’t . . . mean[] it had to have happened on this alleged
      day necessarily; is that right?

              A. Yeah.

              ....

                                         13
            Q. If something happen[s] to you on another occasion, then
      you know how it feels, right?

            A. Yes.

            Q. So if you have burning on another occasion, you know
      what burning feels like?

            A. Yes.

            Q. Is that fair to say? And then you can accurately describe
      it?

            A. Yes. [Emphasis added.]

      This colloquy approximated the subject that appellant proposed to discuss

with Hallum on recall: that if “[Angela had] knowledge of sexual activity[,] [t]hat

does not necessarily mean that it came from an encounter with [appellant].”

Because Hallum’s excluded proposed testimony was the substantial equivalent

of testimony that she had already given, we conclude that the alleged error did

not affect appellant’s substantial rights and cannot justify reversal. See Tex. R.

App. P. 44.2(b); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a); Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 258

(Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (op. on reh’g) (explaining that harm from the erroneous

exclusion of evidence may be mitigated by the admission of evidence similar to

what the defendant wished to offer), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1070 (1999); Womble

v. State, 618 S.W.2d 59, 62 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981) (“This court has

consistently held reversal is not required by exclusion of evidence where the

same testimony was later admitted without objection.”); see also Watrous v.

State, Nos. 02-11-00168-CR, 02-11-00169-CR, 02-11-00170-CR, 2012 WL
2428528, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 28, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not

                                        14
designated for publication) (“Because [witnesses] testified to substantially the

same evidence that was excluded elsewhere . . . , assuming that the trial court’s

rulings were erroneous, any error was rendered harmless.”).         We overrule

appellant’s second point.

                                  Conclusion

      Having overruled both of appellant’s points, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                                 /s/ Terrie Livingston

                                                 TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                                 CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and GABRIEL, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: March 26, 2015

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