Court Opinion

ID: 9691099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 20:10:13.509187+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:19:10.458748
License: Public Domain

Mallett, C.J.
In these combined cases, we must decide whether the Worker’s Compensation Appellate Commission acted within the proper scope of its reviewing power in concluding that the magistrates’ findings supporting the grant of benefits were not supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record. In both cases, the WCAC reversed the magistrates’ awards and the Court of Appeals affirmed. We affirm in Goff and reverse in Dudley.
i
The questions presented concern the proper interpretation and scope of the “competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record” standard that the administrative tribunals are required by statute to apply in evaluating these cases. Because these determinations are often difficult and will have serious implications for future appeals, it is worthwhile *510to restate the concepts that form the basis of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act and provide the background for our discussion today.
The wdca was enacted to be workers’ exclusive remedy for work-related injuries.1 MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1). The act defines a work-related injury as
a disease or disability wMch is due to causes and conditions which are characteristic of and peculiar to the business of the employer and which arises out of and in the course of the employment. An ordinary disease of life to which the public is generally exposed outside of the employment is not compensable. Mental disabilities and conditions of the aging process, including but not limited to heart and cardiovascular conditions, shall be compensable if contributed to or aggravated or accelerated by the employment in a significant manner. [MCL 418.401(2)(b); MSA 17.237(401) (2) (b). ]
A finding that an injury has been significantly caused or aggravated by employment will depend on the “totality of all the occupational factors . . . .” Farrington v Total Petroleum, Inc, 442 Mich 201, 217; 501 NW2d 76 (1993). These factors include the claimant’s health circumstances and various nonoccupational factors.2
When a work-related injury is established, the employer may automatically pay an award of benefits. In exchange, the worker refrains from pursuing tradi*511tional tort or negligence remedies. Weems v Chrysler Corp, 448 Mich 679, 707-708; 533 NW2d 287 (1995) (Cavanagh, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Finally, the wdca, intended as a remedial measure, must be “liberally construed to grant rather than deny benefits.” Sobotka v Chrysler Corp, 447 Mich 1, 20, n 18; 523 NW2d 454 (1994) (Boyle, J., lead opinion).
As the cases reveal, establishing a work-related injury is not always an easy task. A finding that an injury is work related only begins the inquiry. Each case turns on its own facts and involves credibility determinations made in the first instance by the presiding magistrate that turn on both lay and expert testimony. Because the findings of the magistrate are conclusive when supported by substantial, competent, and material evidence, it is critical that each reviewing tribunal, whether administrative or judicial, knows both how to apply the standard and its proper role in the process. The question we are faced with on judicial appellate review in each case is “whether the WCAC acted in a manner consistent with the concept of administrative appellate review that is less than de novo review in finding that the magistrate’s decision was or was not supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record.” Holden v Ford Motor Co, 439 Mich 257, 267268; 484 NW2d 227 (1992).
A
Our analysis necessarily begins with art 6, § 28 of the Michigan Constitution, which provides in part, “[findings of fact in workmen’s compensation proceedings shall be conclusive in the absence of fraud *512unless otherwise provided by law.” Accordingly, in 1985, the Legislature enacted the latest amendments of the wdca to provide- that
findings of fact made by a worker’s compensation magistrate shall be considered conclusive by the commission if supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record. As used in this subsection, “substantial evidence” means such evidence, considering the whole record, as a reasonable mind will accept as adequate to justify the conclusion. [MCL 418.861a(3); MSA 17.237(861a)(3).[3]
The 1985 amendments eliminated de novo review by the commission. However, this less than de novo review by the WCAC still includes “both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of that evidence in order to ensure a full, thorough, and fair review.” MCL 418.861a(13); MSA 17.237(861a)(13). The whole record means everything: all the evidence both for and against a certain determination. MCL 418.861a(4); MSA 17.237(861a)(4). Finally, factual determinations of the commission, if acting within the scope of its powers, shall be conclusive,, absent any fraud. The Court of Appeals and this Court may only review questions of- law involved with the wcac’s final orders on application. MCL 418.861a(14); MSA 17.237(861a)(14).4
In Holden, we stated that “[d]ue deference should be given to the administrative expertise of the WCAC, *513as well as to the administrative expertise of the magistrate. ... If the opinion is carefully constructed, a reviewing court should ordinarily defer to the collective judgment of the wcac unless it is manifest that it exceeded its reviewing power.” Id. at 268-269. However, where a party claims that the wcac has exceeded its power by reversing the magistrate, meaningful review must begin with the magistrate’s decision, because if competent, material, and substantial evidence based on the whole record supports the magistrate’s decision, the wcac need go no further. If it does, the wcac is exceeding its authority.
Application of this standard often results in confusion because it is difficult to define. In the statute, “substantial evidence” is defined as “evidence, considering the whole record, as a reasonable mind will *514accept as adequate to justify the conclusion.” MCL 418.861a(3); MSA 17.237(861a)(3). But it is quite possible that a reasonably minded magistrate could interpret a record differently than a reasonably minded wcac. However, if the magistrate’s conclusion is derived from competent, material, and substantial evidence, then the wcac may not substitute its judgment for that of the magistrate notwithstanding either the reasonableness or the adequacy of the commission’s conclusion.5
B
In sharpening our understanding of the competent, material, and substantial evidence standard, we are guided by the principles that govern the Michigan Employment Relations Commission that were articulated in MERC v Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Inc, 393 Mich 116, 124; 223 NW2d 283 (1974), and highlighted in Holden. The statutory standards of adminis*515trative and judicial appellate review applicable to the MERC are codified in the labor mediation act and parallel those prescribed for the WCAC. MCL 423.23(e); MSA 17.454(25)(e).6 Detroit Symphony, supra at 121. In that case we also evaluated the scope of review and the differences between administrative and judicial review. We noted:
The cross-fire of debate at the Constitutional Convention imports meaning to the “substantial evidence” standard in Michigan jurisprudence. What the drafters of the Constitution intended was a thorough judicial review of administrative decision, a review which considers the whole record— that is, both sides of the record — not just those portions of the record supporting the findings of the administrative agency. Although such a review does not attain the status of de novo review, it necessarily entails a degree of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of evidence considered by an agency. Such review must be undertaken with considerable sensitivity in order that the courts accord due deference to administrative expertise and not invade the province of exclusive administrative fact-finding by displacing an agency’s choice between two reasonably differing views. Cognizant of these concerns, the courts must walk the tightrope of duty which requires judges to provide the prescribed meaningful review. [Id. at 124.]
In Holden, we recognized that when the Legislature amended the WDCA, it did not incorporate this language into the substantial evidence standard: that “review by the WCAC is to be ‘undertaken with considerable sensitivity[,]’ . . . [accord] ‘due deference to administrative expertise[,]’ and to avoid displacing a ‘choice between two reasonably differing views.’ ” *516Holden at 267, quoting Detroit Symphony, supra at 124. Nevertheless, still persuaded by the wisdom and reasoning in Detroit Symphony, we held in Holden that “[d]ue deference should be given to the administrative expertise of the wcac, as well as to the administrative expertise of the magistrate.” Id. at 268. We also noted that the wcac must have some latitude if it finds that the magistrate’s decision was not supported in the record if there is to be any meaningful and effective review at all. Id.
Our role and the role of the Court of Appeals is to determine “whether the wcac acted in a manner consistent with the concept of administrative appellate review that is less than de novo review in finding that the magistrate’s decision was or was not supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record.” Id. at 267-268. In performing that task, we noted in Holden and reiterate here that in assessing whether the wcac properly exercised its reviewing power, the Court of Appeals and this Court must consider the following: issues of credibility determined by the magistrate; evidence accepted and rejected by both the magistrate and the wcac; and the care, reasoning, and analysis employed by the magistrate and the wcac in reaching their conclusions. Id. at'268. We note that in conducting our review, this Court should “ordinarily defer to the collective judgment of the WCAC unless it is manifest that it exceeded its reviewing power.” Id. at 269. Accordingly, we developed a four-part guide to facilitate the review process in WDCA proceedings.
We do not now offer a judicial standard in exegesis of the legislatively stated standard. If it appears on judicial appellate review that the wcac carefully examined the record, *517was duly cognizant of the deference to be given to the decision of the magistrate, did not “misapprehend or grossly misapply” the substantial evidence standard, and gave an adequate reason grounded in the record for reversing the magistrate, the judicial tendency should be to deny leave to appeal or, if it is granted, to affirm, in recognition that the Legislature provided for administrative appellate review by the seven-member wcac of decisions of thirty magistrates, and bestowed on the wcac final fact-finding responsibility subject to constitutionally limited judicial review. [Holden at 269.[7]
We believe that this test comports with the Michigan Constitution and the intent of the Legislature when it enacted its reform of the WDCA in 1985 that eliminated de novo review by the wcac. We also believe that this test comports with the notions of how meaningful review of administrative proceedings should proceed. We must be respectful of administrative expertise and conduct our judicial reviews so as not to undermine the authority of administrative proceedings. We further believe that this test will insure that substantial evidence review by the WCAC does not become de novo review by some other name in WDCA proceedings. With these principles in mind, we now turn to the cases at hand.
*518n
A

GOFF v BIL-MAR FOODS, INC

In Goff, the magistrate awarded benefits to the complainant who suffered a back injury at work. The WCAC reversed the magistrate’s award for lack of competent, material, and substantial evidence on the record. The Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the wcac. We affirm also.
Grant S. Goff was hired by Bil-Mar Foods, Inc. in 1988, and was assigned to operate the “hapman.” This job required the continuous shoveling of twenty-five to thirty pounds of ground turkey from one large tank into smaller pots on wheels. The large tank held approximately 2,000 pounds, and each pot weighed 360 pounds when filled with meat.8 Upon filling the smaller pot with meat, the plaintiff would roll it approximately four feet to a mechanical lift, where, at the push of a button, it would be lifted, emptied, and lowered. The plaintiff would then push the pot back to the tank and begin the process again.
On the evening of October 25, 1989, after having worked at Bil-Mar for over one year, and while shoveling meat from the tank, the plaintiff said he suddenly blacked out and experienced intense pain in his back and legs. On this particular evening, the lift on the hapman was not functioning properly and had to be watched closely to prevent the pots from hitting the floor. This required the plaintiff to lift the pots up *519and down by hand to prevent further damage to the.' machine. Plaintiff indicated that he never had back-;, problems before working at this job, but that he now: • has chronic disabling back pain. ‘ ;
The plaintiff was treated initially by the company-.-:, physician, Dr. Chris, who treated him with Motrin and imposed certain restrictions. These included lifting’ :rio(.' more than twenty-five pounds, and no twisting, bend- '; ’ ing, or turning. However, the company did not folldw,: - through with the restrictions and plaintiff testified:, that he was still lifting over twenty-five pounds, i.es‘, ■. loading eighty-pound grinder blades and hauling trash. The plaintiff continued to work in pain uhtil, March 2, 1990,9 when he was assigned to organizing'1 á. ; cooler. Although he complained that his back- was,, ,. bothering him and that this task was more than his';, -: back could handle, he was given no alternative, othet-.. than to go home. The plaintiff finished the shift; in.: spite of increasing pain and did not return to work:' He received worker’s compensation benefits for sev--' enteen weeks. These payments were stopped after- . Dr. Robertson pronounced him fit for work.10
The plaintiff petitioned for reinstatement of befte-:"-. fits. The magistrate granted continuing benefits after finding a work-related continuing partial disability,;.; despite serious doubts regarding the plaintiff’s credibility and the injury itself. The wcac reversed the ' award, finding no competent, material, and substam. ,. *520tial evidence in the record to support the award. After remand to the Court of Appeals from this Court for consideration as on leave granted, the Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the wcac.
The plaintiff was evaluated by a parade of doctors and chiropractors, who found little or no objective evidence of the plaintiffs back problems. We will summarize the voluminous findings of the five doctors and one chiropractor who evaluated and treated the plaintiff. The plaintiff told all the doctors that he experienced tremendous back pain, pain down both legs, headaches, anxiety, stomach problems, weight loss, inability to stand erect, difficulty standing, walking, and driving, and difficulty sleeping.
After being treated at work by Dr. Chris, plaintiff sought treatment with Dr. Street, a chiropractor in Marshall, Michigan. Dr. Street referred plaintiff to Dr. Kilpatrick, a second chiropractor, who was located closer to plaintiffs home.11 Dr. Kilpatrick referred the plaintiff to Gary L. Miller, D.O., a neurologist, who treated the plaintiff between March 5, 1990, and May 16, 1990. Dr. Miller ordered a myriad of medical tests, including lumbar spine x-rays, a complete myelogram, and a CT scan, if indicated.
Dr. Miller found that the plaintiff had a “mild annular disk bulge at the L5-4 level and a suggestion that the left L-5 root was not filling as complete [ly]” as the right. However, after his examination, Dr. Miller concluded that this finding might account for some of the plaintiffs discomfort, but not all the other diffuse problems that he continued to experience. With the exception of this finding, the other *521tests and the clinical examination did not yield any significant findings to support the plaintiff’s complaints. Dr. Miller determined that plaintiff suffered from both persistent mechanical low back pain, likely related to discogenic disease in the lumbar spine, and primary fibromyalgia syndrome, which he treated with antidepressants and muscle relaxants.12 In his report to Dr. Kilpatrick, Dr. Miller recommended referring the plaintiff for biofeedback and pain-management techniques, and to Dr. Brink for treatment of depression.13 Dr. Miller concluded that he would not impose any restrictions on the plaintiff returning to work, but when pressed by opposing counsel, indicated that he might have suggested no heavy manual work. He urged the plaintiff to be as active as possible and to continue with physical therapy and taking aspirin.
At the request of his attorney, plaintiff was examined by Dr. James R. Glessner, a board-certified orthopedic surgeon. Dr. Glessner found that the *522patient had a list14 of the spine to the left that intensified with bending forward. Dr. Glessner concluded, after his examination and further testing, that “this man has [a] disc problem in his low back with probable nerve root irritability in the right lower limb; indeed he may have had some nerve root compression in the past. He has no demonstrable objective evidence of nerve root compression at present.” In addition, the x-rays of the plaintiffs lower back, ct scans, myelogram, cervical spine, and sacroiliac joint films, all were either negative or within normal limits. Dr. Glessner recommended lifting restrictions of twenty-five pounds or less, and retraining for a “less arduous-type of occupation in the future.” Dr. Glessner noted that the list was the only objective evidence of any nerve root irritability. On cross-examination during deposition, he agreed that there was no hard objective evidence of disc disease at present other than the list. He conceded that he based his findings on the plaintiffs physical and subjective complaints.
The plaintiff was evaluated by three medical examiners for the defendant. Depositions were taken from all three. J. Alan Robertson, M.D., D.C., examined the plaintiff on June 7, 1990. It was after this examination that benefits were discontinued. After an extensive physical examination, Dr. Robertson concluded:
Clinical examination of Mr. Goff’s person on today’s date does not demonstrate the presence of objective abnormality, either structurally or functionally, to his musculoskeletal system which would represent residuals of injury, regardless of their etiology.
*523Mr. Goff is not in need of treatment to Ms person for residuals of injuries to have been sustained secondary to the occupational events as .above described to me by Mr. Goff.
From today’s examination, I am unable to demonstrate the presence of objective abnormality to the person of Mr. Goff which would exclude him from the normal performance of those activities common to daily living to include personal hygiemc activities, household chores, recreational activities or gainful employment activities in the field of common manual labor. Mr. Goff does not require environmental modification, personal assistance or functional limitation in the performance of these activities. Mr. Goff is not physically disabled.
Dr. Robertson opined that the plaintiff could return to unrestricted labor, and that the plaintiff engaged in symptom amplification or magnification, to the extent that the symptoms were inconsistent with the objective findings after the clinical examination.
Arnold Eckhouse, D.O., evaluated the plaintiff on July 25, 1990. Dr. Eckhouse found no objective evidence to support the plaintiffs complaints and noted the patient’s nervousness. “I find that at the time of this evaluation, that all of his complaints are subjective in nature. He is extremely nervous, and there may be some functional overlay.” With reference to the L4-L5 bulge, Dr. Eckhouse indicated that it is not always medically significant and is “the price that we pay for walking on two feet.” Dr. Eckhouse disagreed with Dr. Glessner that the patient exhibited a disc problem with nerve root irritability and would not restrict the plaintiff’s work in any way because there were no objective orthopedic findings to justify any limitations.
*524Dr. Leslie A. Neuman, a board-certified neurologist, examined the plaintiff on December 10, 1990. He performed electrodiagnostic testing on the plaintiff, found all the results to be within normal limits, and concluded that there was no electrodiagnostic explanation for the plaintiffs back problems. Dr. Neuman also noted that plaintiff might be embellishing his symptoms because his examination did not follow “an organic pattern of one nerve root being affected.”
The magistrate found a continuing partial disability and granted a continuing award of benefits to the plaintiff. The magistrate reviewed the findings and opinions in the deposition testimony of the medical personnel who were called on to evaluate or treat the plaintiff. The magistrate also assessed the credibility of the plaintiff. Ultimately, the magistrate noted:
This brings me to a very troublesome aspect of this case. I am convinced that Plaintiff has not only deliberately magnified his current level of symptoms, but has falsely responded to certain clinical tests to manipulate the outcome of the examination. By a way of example:
During Dr. Robertson’s examination, he permitted straight leg raising in the supine position to 65 degrees. At that point, he contracted his leg muscles to prevent further movement. While in the prone position, he contracted his leg muscles to prevent a knee bend from heel to buttock. That is not a physiologic response. At another point, Plaintiff deliberately “froze up” his neck muscles as soon as he realized his neck was being evaluated for movement purposes ....
During Dr. Eckhouse’s examination, he complained of pain on supine straight leg raising at 20 degrees on the right and 40 degrees on the left. Yet, while seated, he accomplished 90 degrees straight leg raising without complaint.
During Dr. Neuman’s examination he complained of pain in all movements with both legs, with straight leg raising *525complaints at 50 degrees. He also presented “give away weakness” in the proximal muscles of both legs with intact strength distally. That is inconsistent with all of his history, findings and complaints. Weakness in his hip flexors and lateral rotators would relate to an upper lumbar problem ....
Both Dr. Miller and Dr. Eckhouse observed Plaintiff to be extremely nervous or tense and anxietous [sic]. Both observed Plaintiff to be tremulous. Dr. Glessner observed Plaintiff to be “quite protective” of his back. I surmise that there is an unexplored functional component of Plaintiffs symptoms.
The difficulty with this claim is to determine what significance to attach to Plaintiffs embellishments. I am aware that claimants often mistrust the compensation system and feel that they must exaggerate their symptoms in order to be found disabled. By the same token, claimants must preponderate with credible evidence. There is no clear road map to the right result in this case, and if I had only Plaintiffs credibility to rely on, he would probably lose.
However, on the basis of the circumstances leading to the injury, the list discovered by Dr. Glessner, and the bulge at L4-L5, the magistrate determined that the plaintiff should not return to unrestricted common labor and that there should be restrictions on lifting, bending, and twisting. Thus, the magistrate found the plaintiff to have a partial continuing work-related disability and ordered that continuing disability benefits be paid until further order of the bureau.15
Bil-Mar appealed the decision to the WCAC on the grounds that there was not competent, material, and substantial evidence on the record to support the magistrate’s finding of a continuing work-related disa*526bility arising out of the injuries occurring in October, 1989, and March, 1990. The wcac agreed and reversed the award of benefits. The commission held that the magistrate’s reliance on Dr. Glessner’s findings was misplaced and unreasonable because the doctor’s conclusion was based on the plaintiff’s own subjective account. The WCAC quoted from Dr. Glessner’s report:
In summary, I think this man has disc problems in his low back with probable nerve root irritability in the right lower limb; indeed he may have had some nerve root compression in the past. He has no demonstrable objective evidence of nerve root compression at present. If his history was correct, the intense activity he was subjected to last October is probably responsible for his problem. [1993 Mich ACO 166, 169 (emphasis in original).]
The commission also discussed the L4-L5 bulge that four physicians concluded was not significant and could not adequately explain all the plaintiff’s complaints. Id. at 169-170. On the basis of lack of hard objective data in the record, the plaintiff’s embellishment of his symptoms, and the magistrate’s finding that the patient was somewhat incredible, the WCAC reversed the findings of the magistrate on the basis of a lack of competent, material, and substantial evidence in the record. We agree and note further that the application of the Holden test supports this result.
The WCAC carefully reviewed the record, including the opinion of the magistrate, the medical evidence, and the opinions of the doctors. It noted at the outset the magistrate’s concern with the plaintiff’s lack of credibility: “[I]f I had only Plaintiff’s credibility to rely on, he would probably lose.” Id. at 167. The WCAC then pointed out that the magistrate relied on the findings *527of one examining physician who, not only found no real objective evidence to explain the plaintiffs range of complaints, except for a list in his back, but based his opinion on the plaintiffs physical and subjective complaints. It is true that a magistrate can rely on the medical evidence found to be the most persuasive if there is a reasonable basis for that choice. Clark v Lakeview Community Nursing Home, 1992 Mich ACO 565. However, in this case, the WCAC concluded that the magistrate’s reliance on Dr. Glessner’s testimony was misplaced and unreasonable because the credibility of the information supplied to Dr. Glessner was suspect. This only served to undermine his testimony and supports the wcac’s finding that the magistrate’s decision was not based on competent, material, or substantial record evidence.
The wcac reversed the decision of the magistrate after noting the plaintiff’s obvious lack of credibility, the doctors’ findings that the plaintiff engaged in obvious symptom magnification, the plaintiff’s attempts to control the outcome of his physical examinations, and the doctors’ inability to find any objective explanation for the sum total of the plaintiff’s complaints. This decision was based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the whole record. To be fair, the doctors all noted the L4-L5 bulge, but indicated that this is not necessarily abnormal. The only other objective indication of any problem was the list noted by Dr. Glessner, but even in his medical opinion, there was no “demonstrable objective evidence” of a nerve root problem. Therefore, the findings of the magistrate could not be conclusive in this case because the magistrate’s decision was not reasonably supported by any material, competent, and substan*528tial evidence. Consequently, the WCAC correctly determined that it was not bound by the magistrate’s decision. Finally, we note that the WCAC provided an adequate reason for reversing the decision of the magistrate. The WCAC reviewed the whole record, including the findings of the magistrate and carefully and thoughtfully detailed the reasons for its reversal.
The Court of Appeals noted the proper but limited scope of its own review power. That is a review of only the findings of fact by the WCAC that are conclusive if supported by competent evidence on the whole record. In a brief opinion, the Court of Appeals evaluated the WCAC determination according to the guidelines stated in Holden and affirmed the decision of the WCAC. We affirm and hold that the WCAC properly applied the substantial evidence on the record standard and was justified in finding that the magistrate’s decision was not founded on competent, material, and substantial evidence and therefore could not be considered conclusive.16
B

DUDLEY v MORRISON INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT CO

In Dudley, the magistrate granted an open award of benefits to the complainant after he suffered a back injury. The WCAC reversed for lack of competent, material, and substantial evidence on the record, and *529because it concluded that the magistrate should not have found the plaintiff to be a credible witness. The Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the WCAC. We hold that the WCAC exceeded its authority and erred in reversing the decision of the magistrate. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the decision of the magistrate.
. George Dudley began working at Morrison Industrial Equipment Company in April, 1968, as a heavy equipment repairman. He previously spent twenty years in the military repairing forklifts. By his own reports, he was in “A-l condition” when he started at Morrison. He injured himself twice, while working on March 4, 1988. The first injury occurred when he reached for his sixty-pound tool box, after parking his truck. When he began to close the door of his truck, his foot slipped and he kicked his back. The next injury occurred later the same day while he was working on a forklift. In the process of checking for the source of an oil leak, he twisted and crawled underneath the lift in such a manner that his back started to hurt, so much so that it took him five minutes to get up. The plaintiff reported the injury to his supervisor and continued to work despite constant pain.
The plaintiff sought medical help with his family doctor, Dr. William Hughes. Dr. Hughes prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxers, and told him to stay home from work and rest. He returned to work on July 18, 1988, and continued to work despite his pain until November 1988, when he reported loss of feeling in his right leg. Plaintiff also indicated that he was still lifting in excess of one hundred pounds. The plaintiff had received spinal injections for one *530month that relieved some of his pain, but, by May 24, 1989, his last day of work, the pain became so unbearable that he could not bend. This worsened after he lifted a 135-pound transmission from a truck. He did not return to work after this.
Mr. Dudley was seen by three doctors who testified by deposition. Dr. Hughes had treated plaintiff in his capacity as family physician for ten years. Dr. Hughes had examined the plaintiff in 1980 and noted that at that time, he had no “specific chief complaints.” However, during the course of that examination in response to the doctor’s inquiries, plaintiff told him that from time to time he experienced back stiffness. This was not a “presenting complaint, but were complaints elicited in the process of [the] exam.” This stiffness, however, did not keep the plaintiff from work, was not disabling, and was nonacute.
The plaintiff was treated by Dr. Hughes on March 8, shortly after his injuries at work. The doctor noted that the aggravating factor was the original work injury and that “before the day in question, 3-4-[88], he was able to work, and after the day in question, he was unable to work without pain.” At that time, Dr. Hughes made two diagnoses: acute lumbar myositis and degenerative lumbar disease.17 Dr. Hughes took the plaintiff off work temporarily. When the plaintiff went back to work it was with a fifty-pound lifting restriction. He also recommended that the plaintiff do bench work and small engine repair.
*531Dr. Hughes referred the plaintiff to Robert Schneeberger, D.O., to evaluate plaintiffs back. Dr. Schneeberger noted that it is not uncommon for a man plaintiffs age to have some arthritis, and that the strain and sprain he suffered at the time of his injury aggravated the underlying problem, which then became symptomatic.
At the defendant’s request, Dr. Arnold Eckhouse examined the plaintiff and concurred that he suffered from degenerative arthritis attributable to the aging process and everyday wear and tear. However, Dr. Eckhouse admitted that certain activities, like “bending, twisting, reaching, pulling, working in awkward positions, crawling,” if frequent and regular, could place additional stress on the spine and contribute to the degenerative process.
After considering the depositions and the testimony of the plaintiff, the magistrate granted an open award of benefits, holding:
I found Plaintiff to be a credible witness who did work as much as he could following his March 4, 1988 injury. I accept that he could no longer continue working after May 24, 1989 and that he has continuing disabling pain through the present. While Plaintiff did have a specific event injury on March 4, 1988,1 find his primary problem is a result [sic, of] 40 years of very heavy labor. I find that this heavy labor he did in the military and at Defendant significantly aggravated and contributed to the wear and tear arthritis in his low back.
The wcac reversed the decision of the magistrate on the basis of lack of competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record for two reasons. First, the wcac found that plaintiff was not a credible witness because of discrepancies in the histories that *532he gave to Drs. Hughes and Schneeberger. The plaintiff reported to Dr. Hughes that he developed sudden pain when he tried to get out from under the forklift; he told Dr. Schneeberger that the injury occurred while he was lifting and suffered such pain it threw him to his knees.
Second, the wcac noted that the plaintiff failed to mention previous back difficulty. He did not mention that the first time he saw Dr. Hughes in 1980 he reported some limitation of motion in the lumbar spine. Nor did he mention that on February 17, 1988, one month before his injury, he complained of “some mild low back discomfort” to Lenny Kurello, D.O., who had treated him for prostate cancer.18 Plaintiff had monthly visits with Dr. Kurello to monitor his progress after the prostate surgery. During this particular visit, he complained of some paresthesia, a burning sensation of the skin, on his legs. The doctor informed the plaintiff that this was a mild muscle spasm and to treat it with aspirin and a heating pad. The doctor also noted that the “[n] eurologic exam of the lower extremities shows entirely normal sensory motor function . . . .” The plaintiff did, however, testify upon questioning that he had some pain in the back once in a while “but nothing that was causing any disability,” and that he had noticed some numbness and tingling in his legs, but did not think it was excessive, and it did not keep him from working.
On the basis of the plaintiffs inconsistent accounts to the doctors and his previous back discomfort, the WCAC found that there was no evidence to support a finding that plaintiffs injury was work-related or that *533the employment significantly contributed to or aggravated his condition. The WCAC found further that the plaintiff’s condition was progressive in nature and that the medical evidence failed to substantiate workplace aggravation and, accordingly, reversed the award. The Court of Appeals agreed and held:
Plaintiff’s history of the March 4, 1988, injury was inconsistent. Dr. Schneeberger’s testimony to the effect that plaintiff’s condition was aggravated by the injury was based in large part on the inaccurate history given by plaintiff. Further, the magistrate failed to analyze the impact of plaintiff’s preexisting condition on his alleged disability, in spite of the fact that each physician acknowledged the existence of his degenerative arthritis. The wcac found that, given plaintiff’s lack of credibility regarding the March 4, 1988 injury, the evidence supported a finding that plaintiff’s condition was related to the aging process. [Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued June 23, 1995 (Docket No. 168027).]
We disagree. The wcac exceeded the scope of its statutory review power and erred in reversing the fact finding of the magistrate.
The magistrate found the witness to be credible, noting in his opinion that the plaintiff did have treatment for lower back stiffness in 1980, but that this was not the reason for the doctor visit and did not cause the plaintiff to miss work. The magistrate noted further that the plaintiff had no problems performing fully on the job until after the March 4 injury. Further, the plaintiff indicated that the new pain was in addition to the previously noted back discomfort. In his opinion, the magistrate only noted the injury that occurred when the plaintiff twisted his back getting out from under the forklift, although the record clearly indicates that there might have been a second *534injury that occurred when the plaintiff grabbed his tool box and kicked his back. The magistrate, relying on the diagnosis of Dr. Hughes, concluded that the heavy labor plaintiff performed in the military and for the defendant “significantly aggravated and contributed to the wear and tear arthritis in his low back.” In this case, the magistrate chose to rely on Dr. Hughes, the treating physician,19 and awarded the plaintiff benefits.
In reversing, the wcac noted that it generally defers to the magistrate’s finding with regard to the plaintiff’s credibility. It then concluded that here it could not do so because his testimony was at times inconsistent and suspect. The wcac concluded that if the plaintiff was giving inconsistent histories to different doctors, then the credibility of these medical opinions would be undermined. “We are cognizant of the fact that the Magistrate need not discuss ever[y] single aspect of the evidence presented below and that he is free to accept the medical testimony he finds most persuasive. However, there must be a rational basis for his reliance upon the same in order for us to affirm . . . .” 1993 Mich ACO 1295, 1297.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the WCAC. We reverse both the decisions of the Court of *535Appeals and the wcac, and hold that the wcac misapplied the substantial evidence standard and that the Court of Appeals erred in affirming. In applying our guidelines, we find that, in this case, the wcac improperly substituted its judgment for that of the magistrate, and we find its conclusion untenable.
The wcac examined the record but ignored certain important factors considered by the magistrate. None of the doctors disputed the fact that there was an underlying arthritic condition. However, they all ultimately concluded, though maybe not all eagerly, that the type of heavy labor that the plaintiff performed on a daily basis certainly could contribute to the condition and cause disabling symptoms where previously there were none. The magistrate noted that the plaintiff worked as much as he could after the March 4 injury and could not work because of disabling pain afterward. Unlike Goff, this case does not present a plaintiff with no objective evidence of a disabling condition. To the contrary, Mr. Dudley is a plaintiff with an underlying arthritic condition that, before the injury, was simply not disabling at all. The medical testimony does provide evidence of significant workplace aggravation of the underlying arthritic condition. The wcac did not base its decision on the evidence in the record as a whole and improperly substituted its judgment for that of the magistrate. The reliance of the magistrate on Dr. Hughes’ opinion as the treating physician was not unreasonable, and the magistrate’s finding that the previously nondisabling progressive arthritic disease process was significantly aggravated by plaintiff’s work was clearly based on *536competent, material, and substantial evidence on the record as a whole.20
The wcac must be cognizant of the deference due the magistrate. Holden, supra. We find that the WCAC gave only passing lip service to this requirement. It ignored the medical opinions of the treating and examining physicians and rejected the credibility determination of the magistrate in a wholesale manner, in light of objective, palpable, and reliable objective evidence. Consequently, the WCAC both misapprehended and misapplied the substantial evidence standard. Finally, the wcac did not give an adequate reason grounded in the record for reversing the decision of the magistrate. Its conclusion did not reflect careful consideration of the whole record. Instead, it ignores the physicians’ conclusions and rejects the credibility determination of the magistrate. Because the findings of the magistrate were reasonably made on the basis of competent, material, and substantial evidence, they are conclusive, and the WCAC erred in overturning the award and impermissibly substituting its judgment for that of the magistrate. If the magistrate finds the witness to be credible, that judgment should not be overturned because the accounts of the *537witness’ history as reported by the examining physicians are inconsistent merely because the wcac disagrees.
In its opinion, the Court of Appeals merely restated the findings of fact of the wcac and summarily affirmed the decision of the wcac.21 It did not adequately assess whether the wcac properly exercised its reviewing power. Nor did it properly consider issues of credibility determined by the magistrate, evidence accepted and rejected by both the magistrate and the WCAC, or the care, reasoning, and analysis with which the magistrate and wcac reached their conclusions. Consequently, the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the decision of the WCAC overturning the award of the magistrate.
*538m
CONCLUSION
If the magistrate’s decision is reasonably supported in the record by any competent, material, and substantial evidence, then it is conclusive and the wcac must affirm. If it does not, it is exceeding the scope of its reviewing power and impermissibly substituting its judgment for the magistrate’s. In reviewing the magistrate’s decision, the wcac must do so with sensitivity and deference toward the findings and conclusions of the magistrate in its assessment of the record. If in its review the wcac finds that the magistrate did not rely on competent evidence, it must carefully detail its findings of fact and the reasons for its findings grounded in the record. If after such careful review of the record the WCAC finds that the magistrate’s determination was not made on the basis of substantial evidence and is therefore not conclusive, then it is free to make its own findings. In such circumstances, the findings of fact of the wcac are conclusive if the commission was acting within its powers. Ultimately, the role of the Court of Appeals and this Court is only to evaluate whether the wcac exceeded its authority.
These cases illustrate several aspects of the process of reviewing the determinations reached in administrative proceedings. First, these cases address the definition of the competent, material, and substantial evidence standard of review. Second, these cases force us to confront the scope of authority of the WCAC and, when it is permissible, to reverse a decision of the presiding magistrate. Third is the role of the judiciary in reviewing the determinations of the WCAC. Fourth and finally, though not by any means *539least of all, is the fact that the reviewing tribunals walk a tightrope between conducting a less than de novo review, yet performing one that considers qualitatively and quantitatively all the evidence for and against the determination. We are cognizant of the difficulty inherent in this task.
However, these cases represent one instance in which the wcac correctly applied the standard in its decision to reverse an award and one in which it exceeded its authority in doing so. These cases also illustrate one instance where the Court of Appeals correctly applied the appropriate tests and one in which it did not. We believe that these cases further define and clarify both the standards and the process of administrative and judicial review delineated in Holden. We are hopeful that these illustrations will serve as a more functional guide in future cases.
Brickley, Cavanagh, and Boyle, JJ., concurred with Mallett, C.J.

 The only exception to this exclusive remedy is an action for intentional tort. MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1).

 For example, with reference to heart injuries some of the nonoccupational factors evaluated might include age, weight, diet, previous cardiac ailments or ipjuries, genetic predispositions, and the claimant’s consumption of alcohol and use of tobacco or other drugs. Farrington at 217, n 17.

 This language became effective on October 1, 1986. Before that date, the act provided that “findings of fact made by a worker’s compensation magistrate shall be considered conclusive by the commission if supported by competent, material, and a preponderance of the evidence on the whole record.” MCL 418.861a(2); MSA 17.237(861a)(2).

 MCL 418.861a; MSA 17.237(861a) provides in pertinent part:
*513(4) As used in subsections (2) and (3), “whole record” means the entire record of the hearing including all of the evidence in favor and all the evidence against a certain determination.
(10) The commission or a panel of the commission, may adopt, in whole or in part, the order and opinion of the worker’s compensation magistrate as the order and opinion of the commission.
(11) The commission or a panel of the commission shall review only those specific findings of fact or conclusions of law that the parties have requested be reviewed.
(12) The commission or a panel of the commission may remand a matter to a worker’s compensation magistrate for purposes of supplying a complete record if it is determined that the record is insufficient for purposes of review.
(13) A review of the evidence pursuant to this section shall include both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of that evidence in order to ensure a full, thorough, and fair review.
(14) The findings of fact made by the commission acting within its powers, in the absence of fraud, shall be conclusive. The court of appeals and the supreme court shall have the power to review questions of law involved with any final order of the commission ....

 A look at the common definitions of the terms “competent,” “material,” and “substantial,” is instructive. Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed), p 284, defines the term competent as “[d]uly qualified; . . . having sufficient capacity, ability or authority . . . .” “Competent evidence” is defined as “[t]hat which the very nature of the thing to be proven requires . . . ."Id. The term “material” is defined as “[¡Important; more or less necessary; having influence or effect . . . .” Id. at 976. “Substantial” is defined as “[o]f real worth and importance; of considerable value; . . . actually existing; real; . . . not illusive; solid; true; veritable.” Id. at 1428. The New World Dictionary, Second College Edition (1974), similarly defines “competent” as “well qualified; capable; fit . . . sufficient; adequate.” Id. at 289. “Material” is defined, among other things, as “important, essential, or pertinent . . . important enough to affect the outcome of a case . . . ."Id. at 874. “Substantial” is defined as “true; not imaginary . . . strong; solid; firm.” Id. at 1420. What can be gleaned from these definitions is that if the magistrate makes a finding or draws a conclusion on the basis of competent, material, and substantial evidence, which is solid, true, reliable, authoritative, capable, and can articulate this evidence from the record, then the decision of the magistrate may not be reversed.

 “The findings of the commission with respect to questions of fact if supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole shall be conclusive.”

 Although we refused to adopt this analysis as a standard expounding on the legislative one in Holden, as we indicated in the first sentence, we do so now.

 The large tank was approximately 4V2 feet deep and four feet square. The top of the tank came up to the bottom of his rib cage. The stainless steel shovel used by the plaintiff had a handle about 3lh feet long. The small pots were about 2Ih feet high and twenty inches square.

 There seemed to be some question about this date. The plaintiff’s, 'reoí -! ollection was mistaken. The plaintiff thought the date was February-2, 1990; however, the corrected date, and the one relied on by the magis-- .-; trate, was March 2, 1990. I''i-.'-i

 J. Alan Robertson, M.D., examined the plaintiff at the request of Crea-’.1.' tive Risk Management Corporation. CRMC is Bil-Mar’s insurer.

 Dr. Street did not testify in this matter.

 Fibromyalgia syndrome is related to an underlying depression, in which the patient magnifies pains and symptoms that when treated, the symptoms improve. It is defined as:
[M]usculoskeletaI pain and aching, with pain of the joints, axial skeleton, and muscles and neurovascular disorders being the chief complaints, all patients have multiple areas of local tenderness (tender points). Additionally, there are sleep disorders, morning stiffness, fatigue, subjective swelling, parathesias, and numbness. Headache and irritable bowel syndrome are frequently associated. The syndrome is usually observed between the ages of 40 and 60 years with an at least five female to one male ratio. [Jablonski, Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 1991.]
Dr. Miller noted that the plaintiff began to improve on the antidepressants and muscle relaxants, finding plaintiffs anxiety to be reduced; he gained weight and was sleeping better.

 The plaintiff did not keep his appointment with Dr. Brink.

 A “list” is a tilt to one side. New World Dictionary, n 5 supra, p 825.

 This order included the cost of reasonable and necessary medical care, but not chiropractic services after June 7, 1990.

 A recent decision by the Court of Appeals illustrates the correct analysis that the Court must employ in determining whether the WCAC exceeded its reviewing authority. In a thoughtful opinion by Judge Markman, the Court of Appeals affirmed the reversal of the magistrate’s award of benefits by the WCAC. Correctly applying the guidelines from Holden, the Court of Appeals held that the WCAC properly found that the magistrate’s decision was not based on substantial evidence. See York v Wayne Co Sheriff’s Dep’t, 219 Mich App 370; 556 NW2d 882 (1996).

 Lumbar myositis is pain inflammation and stiffness along the lumbar muscle groups of the lower back. Degenerative lumbar disease is arthritis.

 The prostate surgery took place during the summer of 1987.

 Recall, however, the deposition testimony of the two other examining physicians, which is not mentioned in the magistrate’s opinion but supports his finding nonetheless. Both Drs. Schneeberger and Eckhouse found it not unusual that a man of the plaintiffs age would have some arthritis. Dr. Schneeberger opined that the strain and sprain suffered at the time of the injury aggravated the underlying problem, which then became symptomatic. Dr. Eckhouse opined that the arthritis was caused by the aging process and everyday wear and tear, although even he admitted that frequent and regular bending, twisting, reaching, pulling, crawling, and working in awkward positions could place additional stress on the spine and contribute to the degenerative process. See ante at 531.

 The WCAC makes much of what it says are inconsistent accounts of the injury by the plaintiff to the doctors and the fact that the plaintiff concealed his ongoing back problems. However, the record indicates two incidents occurring on the same day that may have contributed to the patient’s injury. The first occurred when he lifted his tool box, the second when he was under the forklift. The plaintiff readily testified about both of these, and the magistrate had no problem reconciling the fact that Drs. Schneeberger and Hughes did not record them in an identical manner. Further, the WCAC seemed convinced that the plaintiff was deliberately concealing previous back problems. The plaintiff did discuss his previous back difficulty when questioned and noted that at no time were these problems disabling, nor did they ever reach a point where he could not work.

 The Court of Appeals concluded:
In this case, the WCAC found that the magistrate’s credibility determination was not supported by the requisite substantial evidence. This Court reviews the WCAC’s finding to determine if it is supported by competent evidence. Holden, supra. We conclude that the WCAC’s finding is so supported. Plaintiff’s history of the March 4, 1988, iryury was inconsistent. Dr. Schneeberger’s testimony to the effect that plaintiff’s condition was aggravated by the iryury was based in large part on the inaccurate history given by plaintiff. Further, the magistrate failed to analyze the impact of plaintiff’s preexisting condition on his alleged disability, in spite of the fact that each physician acknowledged the existence of his degenerative arthritis. The WCAC found that, given plaintiff’s lack of credibility regarding the March 4, 1988 iryury, the evidence supported a finding that plaintiff’s condition was related to the aging process. The physicians’ testimony regarding plaintiff’s preexisting condition supported this finding.
One judge dissented, agreeing with the dissent to the WCAC opinion that the magistrate’s award should be reinstated.