Court Opinion

ID: 9842896
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-24 02:21:03.473672+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:15.345269
License: Public Domain

MOORE, Circuit Judge
(concurring) :
I concur in the result. Specifically I would not read § 1407 more broadly than as interpreted in Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225, 78 S.Ct. 240, 2 L.Ed.2d *560228 (1957) and United States v. Juzwiak, 258 F.2d 844 (2d Cir. 1958), cert. denied 359 U.S. 939, 79 S.Ct. 652, 3 L.Ed.2d 639 (1958). As I interpret these cases they stand for the necessity of showing knowledge or probability of knowledge. To add, by judicial decision, the requirement of knowledge of the registration requirement is in my opinion to usurp the congressional function. Probability of knowledge is an exclusively factual question dependent upon the facts of each case. Therefore, I would not indulge in generalizations as to how our decisions can lead to improved law enforcement, the wisdom of prosecuting violators or the rehabilitation of transgressors. In short we do not have to declare here when ignorance of the law is an excuse. Nor do we have to list the ways in which notice might be given to warrant a factual conclusion of probability of knowledge. However, I am in complete accord with the very practical suggestions of Judges Kaufman and Dillin as to how the issue even of probability can easily be avoided.