Court Opinion

ID: 9897786
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:25:06.379861+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:09.743432
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Malveaux and Causey
UNPUBLISHED

              QUANTELL TONETTE BOWSER
                                                                                MEMORANDUM OPINION*
              v.     Record No. 1209-22-2                                            PER CURIAM
                                                                                  SEPTEMBER 19, 2023
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PETERSBURG
                                             Joseph M. Teefey, Jr., Judge

                              (Sante John Piracci; Sante J. Piracci P.C., on brief), for appellant.
                              Appellant submitting on brief.

                              (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Susan Hallie Hovey-Murray,
                              Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Following a bench trial, the trial court convicted Quantell Bowser of misdemeanor petit

              larceny of property with a value of less than $1,000, in violation of Code § 18.2-96. Bowser

              challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain her conviction and argues that the trial court

              abused its discretion by not deferring disposition of her case. After examining the briefs and

              record in this case, and as Bowser has unilaterally waived oral argument, the panel unanimously

              agrees that oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit,” “the

              dispositive issue or issues have been authoritatively decided,” and “the appellant has not argued

              that the case law should be overturned, extended, modified, or reversed.” Code

              § 17.1-403(ii)(a)-(b); Rule 5A:27(a)-(b).

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
                                         BACKGROUND1

       Jaila Cooper testified that, on July 14, 2021, she and Bowser—Cooper’s aunt—were in

Bowser’s car on their way to the beach. Cooper had her book bag in the car with her wallet

inside of it because she was going to spend the night at Bowser’s house after they returned from

the beach. They stopped at Cooper’s house to get swimming trunks for Bowser. Cooper went

inside the house while Bowser stayed in the car with Cooper’s book bag. When Cooper returned

to the car, her “book bag was wide open, [her] stuff was out, and [her] wallet was gone.” Cooper

had owned the wallet for a couple of months, and it had “like $500” inside.

       Bowser told Cooper to look for the wallet where she was sitting. Cooper looked inside

and around the car but did not find the wallet. Canceling the trip to the beach, she then took the

rest of her things inside her house, and Bowser left. Cooper searched her house for the wallet but

did not find it. When asked on cross-examination why she looked around the house if the wallet

was in her book bag, she testified that she was “sure” she left the wallet in her book bag but also

“looked to make sure that [she] didn’t misplace it anywhere else.”

       Cooper testified that Bowser “said that she had the wallet when [Cooper] called her” a

few days later. Cooper also testified, however, that it was actually her mother, Shala

Cooper-Bowser, who spoke with Bowser on the phone. It is unclear whether Cooper was

testifying about a single telephone conversation or separate conversations.

       1
           “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].” Poole v. Commonwealth,
73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)). This
standard requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the
Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and
all fair inferences to be drawn [from that evidence].” Bagley v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 1,
26 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558, 562
(2009)).
                                                   -2-
       Cooper-Bowser testified that Cooper told her that Bowser had promised to return the

wallet, to which Bowser objected on hearsay grounds.2 Cooper-Bowser testified that she “told

[Bowser] we were going to come to her to pick the wallet up” and Bowser responded that her

“wife was looking for the wallet at her house.” Additionally, Cooper-Bowser testified that

Bowser told her that she “had the wallet at her home, she put it up, and . . . she was going to drop

it off.” Cooper-Bowser did not remember what day she spoke with Bowser. She drove to

Bowser’s house to pick up the wallet. Bowser’s wife, Tarshi Scott-Brown, was present but

Bowser was not. Scott-Brown let Cooper-Bowser search the house for the wallet, but the search

was unsuccessful.

       Cooper-Bowser further testified on direct examination that she spoke with Bowser the

day she searched Bowser’s house and that Bowser stated that “when she was done running her

errands . . . she would come to the house to give [Cooper-Bowser] the wallet.”3 Cooper-Bowser

testified that she went to Bowser’s house a second time when Bowser was not there. Bowser

claimed to be at her grandmother’s house and promised Cooper-Bowser that “[w]hen she was

done at her grandmother’s house, she was going to come and give [Cooper-Bowser] the wallet.”

The wallet and money have never been recovered.

       Bowser denied that she took the wallet. She also denied ever admitting that she had the

wallet. She further denied that there was a book bag in the car. According to Bowser, she was in

the emergency room on July 15, when she “was called . . . about the wallet.” Bowser responded

to the caller that she would ask Scott-Brown to look for the wallet. Bowser was in the

       2
          The trial court appears to have sustained Bowser’s hearsay objection but did not make
its ruling explicit. Bowser objected, the trial court stated, “[u]nderstood” and then instructed
Cooper-Bowser to “without telling us what other people said . . . just tell us what you did.”
       3
       This appears to be a separate and later conversation than that previously recited, though
Cooper-Bowser’s testimony did not establish a clear timeline.
                                              -3-
emergency room again on July 20 and testified that, when she returned home, “everyone [wa]s at

[her] house searching for a wallet that [wa]s not there.”

       Scott-Brown testified that she learned about the missing wallet on July 14 when

“someone” told her it was in her house. She searched for the wallet on July 14 and 15 but

“[t]here was no wallet in [her] house at all.”

       Bowser argued in closing that her testimony was more credible than that of the

Commonwealth’s witnesses and explained that “this is a case of credibility. It’s who you

believe.” The trial court agreed that the case rested on credibility but found the

Commonwealth’s witnesses more credible. The court noted “a clear contrast in the demeanor

of” the witnesses; while “[t]he Commonwealth’s witnesses both were very calm and

straightforward in their testimony” and provided testimony that “interlocked in many respects”

and “provid[ed] great detail,” Bowser “was shaking [and] was so angry” and provided only “a

blanket denial coupled with a combative attitude.” The trial court concluded that it “c[ould not]

place any weight” on Bowser’s testimony. It then announced that “[t]he Court does find that the

evidence has been established beyond a reasonable doubt, finds the defendant guilty.”

       Bowser informed the court that she had one prior conviction for failure to appear in 2005

for which she served 30 days in jail with 20 days suspended. She then asked the court to

consider “allow[ing] her some opportunities to keep this off of her record” due to her lack of a

significant criminal history and the adverse effect a conviction would have on her employment.

She promised to pay restitution to Cooper. The court denied her request and sentenced her to 6

months in jail with 5 months suspended, to be served on the weekends, and $500 in restitution.

Bowser appeals.

                                                 -4-
                                             ANALYSIS

                                  I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Bowser first argues on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to support her

conviction. She does not challenge the trial court’s credibility determinations but instead argues

that the testimony of the Commonwealth’s witnesses proved at most “the opportunity to commit

a larceny.” “On review of the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘the judgment of the trial court is

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.’” Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 59, 76 (2021) (quoting Smith v.

Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “The question on appeal, is whether ‘any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

Id. (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 180, 182 (2019)). “If there is evidentiary support

for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its

opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” Chavez v.

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App.

273, 288 (2017)).

       Larceny of property with a value of less than $1,000 is a Class 1 misdemeanor. Code

§ 18.2-96(2). Larceny is a common law crime defined as “the wrongful or fraudulent taking of

another’s property without h[er] permission and with the intent to deprive the owner of that

property permanently.” Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 509 (2017) (quoting Tarpley v.

Commonwealth, 261 Va. 251, 256 (2001)).

       We disagree with Bowser that the Commonwealth proved only that she had the

opportunity to commit the crime. Although the timeline is far from clear, Cooper and

Cooper-Bowser each testified that Bowser admitted that she possessed the wallet but never

returned it. Bowser denied making such an admission, but the trial court placed no weight on her
                                                 -5-
testimony and instead credited the testimony of the Commonwealth’s witnesses based in part on

the witnesses’ demeanor, which this Court did not have the opportunity to observe. See

Maldonado v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 554, 562 (2019) (“[D]etermining the credibility of

witnesses and the weight afforded the testimony of those witnesses are matters left to the trier of

fact, who has the ability to hear and see them as they testify.” (quoting Miller v. Commonwealth,

64 Va. App. 527, 536 (2015))). Moreover, Cooper’s testimony established that the wallet went

missing during a short window of time—the time it took Cooper to go inside the house and look

for swimming trunks—when nobody but Bowser had access to the wallet. See Johnson v.

Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 73, 75-76 (1992) (upholding the defendant’s convictions for

burglary and larceny of three apartments when the evidence showed that only the defendant and

one other person had access to those apartments), aff’d, 248 Va. 444 (1994); Toler v.

Commonwealth, 188 Va. 774, 777-79, 784 (1949) (upholding the defendant’s conviction for

larceny when the evidence showed that the larceny occurred within a 30-minute window, and

during that window, the defendant was the only person seen in the area where the larceny

occurred). Based on this evidence, a reasonable fact finder could conclude that Bowser stole

Cooper’s wallet with the intent to deprive her of its possession and that she was guilty of petit

larceny.

                                      II. Deferred Disposition

       Bowser next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying her request to

defer disposition under Code § 19.2-303.2. Even assuming without deciding that Bowser’s

request that the court “allow her some opportunities to keep this off her record” adequately

preserved this issue for appellate review, the trial court lacked authority to defer disposition.

       “[U]nder well-established principles, an issue of statutory interpretation is a pure question

of law which [this Court] review[s] de novo.” Green v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 69, 76
                                                 -6-
(2022) (quoting Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007)).

“[C]ourts apply the plain language of a statute unless the terms are ambiguous or unless applying

the plain language would lead to an absurd result.” Emmanuel Worship Ctr. v. City of

Petersburg, 300 Va. 393, 405 (2022) (internal citation omitted).

        In Hernandez v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 222, 226 (2011), our Supreme Court explained

that, until the trial court enters a final judgment of guilt, it “has the inherent authority to take the

matter under advisement or to continue the case for disposition at a later date.” “An observation

by the court as to the sufficiency of the evidence does not amount to a formal adjudication of

guilt.” Id.

        In Lewis v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 454, 464 (2018), however, the Supreme Court

distinguished Hernandez and held that the trial court entered a final judgment of guilt when it

pronounced that “the evidence is clear and I do find [the defendant] guilty of assault and

battery,” notwithstanding that the trial court had not yet entered a written order. This is so

because “the oral pronouncement itself is the judgment of conviction.” Vandyke v.

Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 723, 734 (2020) (citing Lewis, 295 Va. at 466). As the Supreme

Court explained, “[t]he defining moment” in assessing whether a court possesses the “inherent

authority to defer disposition . . . is when it adjudicates that the defendant is guilty of the specific

charge.” Lewis, 295 Va. at 466.

        Most recently, this Court decided Vandyke, in which the defendant requested a deferred

disposition under either the trial court’s inherent authority or Code § 18.2-258.1(H). Vandyke,

71 Va. App. at 727. Under Code § 18.2-258.1, when a defendant who meets certain enumerated

statutory requirements “pleads guilty to or enters a plea of not guilty to the court for violating

this section, upon such plea if the facts found by the court would justify a finding of guilt, the

court may place him on probation upon terms and conditions.” Code § 18.2-258.1(H) (emphasis
                                                   -7-
added). We explained that it was “[i]mplicit” in the statute that “the court has the discretion to

permit a deferred disposition if it finds that the facts ‘would justify a finding of guilt’ but has not

yet actually pronounced the defendant guilty on those facts.” Vandyke, 71 Va. App. at 733.

Because the trial court had already “f[ound the defendant] guilty as charged” before she

requested a deferred disposition, we held that the trial court lacked the authority to make such a

deferral. Id. at 727, 736.

       Code § 19.2-303.2 provides that

               [w]henever any person who has not previously been convicted of
               any felony, or has not previously had a proceeding against h[er] for
               violation of such an offense dismissed as provided in this section,
               pleads guilty to or enters a plea of not guilty to any crime against
               property constituting a misdemeanor, under Article 3 ([Code]
               [§]§ 18.2-95 [to -110]) . . . the court, upon such plea if the facts
               found by the court would justify a finding of guilt, without entering
               a judgment of guilt and with the consent of the accused, may defer
               further proceedings and place h[er] on probation subject to terms
               and conditions.

(Emphasis added.) Code § 19.2-303.2 is even clearer than Code § 18.2-258.1(H).4 It allows the

trial court to defer disposition “without entering a judgment of guilt.” Code § 19.2-303.2.

       Here, before Bowser asked the trial court to consider giving her an opportunity to keep

the conviction off her record, the court pronounced not only that it “f[ou]nd that the evidence

ha[d] been established beyond a reasonable doubt” but also that it “f[ound] the defendant guilty.”

Lewis and Vandyke make clear that the court’s pronouncement constituted a judgment of

conviction. “‘[O]nce . . . [the] judgment of conviction’ has been entered, ‘the question of the

penalty to be imposed is entirely within the province of the legislature, and the court has no

       4
          In arguing that the trial court could defer disposition under Code § 18.2-258.1(H) even
after entering a judgment of guilt, the defendant in Vandyke argued that Code § 18.2-258.1(H)
lacked the language in Code § 19.2-303.2 that more clearly precludes a deferred disposition after
a judgment of guilt. 71 Va. App. at 733.
                                                  -8-
inherent authority to depart from the range of punishment legislatively prescribed.’” Vandyke,

71 Va. App. at 735 (second and third alterations in original) (quoting Lewis, 295 Va. at 464-65).

Accordingly, Bowser’s request for a deferred disposition came too late, and the trial court,

lacking the authority to grant the request, did not abuse its discretion by denying it.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                                          Affirmed.

                                                 -9-