Court Opinion

ID: 9392409
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-04 19:00:37.084951+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:45.781170
License: Public Domain

In the

     United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 20-1875
SHANE A. KITTERMAN,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                 v.

CITY OF BELLEVILLE, et al.,
                                              Defendants-Appellees.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                     Southern District of Illinois.
     No. 3:19-cv-00051-GCS — Gilbert C. Sison, Magistrate Judge.
                     ____________________

      ARGUED OCTOBER 27, 2022 — DECIDED MAY 4, 2023
                 ____________________

   Before EASTERBROOK, RIPPLE, and WOOD, Circuit Judges.
    WOOD, Circuit Judge. Shane Kitterman has been a frequent
ﬁler in both the federal and state courts of Illinois. His litiga-
tion campaign is in response to the insistence by Illinois au-
thorities that he is required to register as a sex oﬀender. Kit-
terman believes that this obligation has expired. He ﬁled the
present lawsuit in federal court, relying on 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
against several defendants from the Belleville (Illinois) Police
Department (BPD), the St. Clair County Sheriﬀ’s Department,
2                                                         No. 20-1875

and the Illinois State Police (ISP). In it, he alleged that the au-
thorities’ continued enforcement of registration duties vio-
lated his constitutional rights.
    The district court dismissed Kitterman’s complaint for
failure to state a claim. See FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). Because we
ﬁnd nothing in federal law that calls into question Kitterman’s
obligation to register as a sex oﬀender under Illinois law, we
agree with the district court that Kitterman’s case is without
merit. And Kitterman’s federal lawsuit was doomed from the
start, insofar as he thought he could prove federal constitu-
tional violations by showing only that the state oﬃcials mis-
applied state law. We therefore aﬃrm.
                                   I
    In 2011 the Illinois General Assembly amended its Sex Of-
fender Registration Act of 1996. Under the 2011 amend-
ments, 1 anyone convicted of a felony after July 1, 2011, must
register as a sex oﬀender if that person was previously con-
victed of a sex oﬀense or previously required to register as a
sex oﬀender. See 730 ILCS 150/3(c)(2.1). The post-2011 felony
need not be a sex oﬀense. Furthermore, the newly triggered
registration requirements can be for life if the previous sex of-
fense was serious enough. These amendments apply to peo-
ple who were never required to register in the past, as well as
those who already completed a period of required registra-
tion. Id.

    1 This set of amendments is also sometimes referred to as the 2012
amendments, in reference to the date of publication in the Illinois Com-
piled Statutes. We refer to them as the 2011 amendments throughout to
make clear that the provisions took effect in 2011 and therefore felonies
committed in 2011 are properly covered by the law.
No. 20-1875                                                   3

    On January 10, 1996, Kitterman pleaded guilty to aggra-
vated criminal sexual abuse—a crime he committed in July
1995. See 720 ILCS 5/11-1.60. The resulting conviction carried
with it a requirement that he register as a sex oﬀender for ten
years under an earlier version of the law known as the Child
Sex Oﬀender Registration Act (CSORA). See 1992 Ill. Laws 87-
1064 (H.B. 2736); the ten-year registration requirement was
codiﬁed at 730 ILCS 150/7 (1994). Kitterman’s proceedings
took place just as Illinois was transitioning to a new registra-
tion regime, renamed the Sex Oﬀender Registration Act
(SORA), 1995 Ill. Laws 89-8 (H.B. 204) (eﬀective date Jan. 1,
1996), codiﬁed at 730 ILCS 150/1 et seq. (1996). Kitterman
claims that, to address this transition, his guilty plea agree-
ment arranged for his registration requirements to be gov-
erned by the previous law, CSORA. That alleged stipulation
planted the seeds of the current litigation: Kitterman under-
stood that the state was promising that his 1996 sex-oﬀense
conviction would permanently be exempted from SORA, in-
cluding future amendments to the statute.
    In 2005, Kitterman’s original registration period was ex-
tended after he pleaded guilty to failure to register. See 730
ILCS 150/7 (requiring the Director of ISP to extend the regis-
tration period by ten years for failure to comply with SORA).
Because he understands himself to be exempt from SORA,
Kitterman believes that this was an unlawful extension of his
registration duties. Kitterman next ran into registration prob-
lems after he was convicted of felony retail theft in late 2011.
The relevant authorities (the ISP, which maintains Illinois’s
sex-oﬀender database, as well as BPD and the St. Clair County
Sheriﬀ’s Department) concluded that the 2011 conviction trig-
gered a new lifetime registration requirement for Kitterman
under SORA. Kitterman pushed back, again arguing that he
4                                                   No. 20-1875

was exempt from any such requirement because of his plea
deal.
    In one way or the other, this dispute has been simmering
ever since that 2011 conviction. Over those years, Kitterman
has been arrested many times and convicted four times for
failure to register. Through it all, Kitterman has fought his
convictions and his registration duties. He ﬁled repeated pe-
titions (over 230 by his count) with the Supervisor of the ISP
Sex Oﬀender Registration Unit, Tracie Newton, requesting an
administrative hearing to challenge his registration duties.
Newton sent at least one letter in response, explaining to Kit-
terman why he is required to register. Kitterman also ﬁled
several federal and state lawsuits alleging that ISP and BPD
are violating his constitutional rights by requiring his contin-
ued sex oﬀender registration. None of Kitterman’s eﬀorts has
been successful. He has not procured any relief in state court,
and most of his federal lawsuits were dismissed because there
was no way for him to proceed on a section 1983 claim with-
out calling into question the validity of his state-court convic-
tions for failure to register. In other words, his federal suits
were Heck-barred. See Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486–87
(1994) (“[I]n order to recover damages for [an] allegedly un-
constitutional conviction …, a § 1983 plaintiﬀ must prove that
the conviction or sentence has been reversed ….”).
    Kitterman had a glimmer of hope, however, when in 2018,
the Appellate Court of Illinois overturned his convictions for
failure to register. See People v. Kitterman, 2018 IL App (5th)
140415-U. The court held that “to prove that the defendant
unlawfully failed to register as a sex offender …, the State was
required to present evidence that the defendant had a contin-
uing duty to register on the date of the alleged offense.” Id. at
No. 20-1875                                                      5

¶ 24. The trial court had decided that Kitterman’s “registra-
tion requirement was a collateral issue not within the jurisdic-
tion of the court” and had therefore excluded evidence and
argument about whether Kitterman was under such a contin-
uing duty to register. Id. at ¶ 10. Because of this ruling, the
state never introduced at trial any evidence that Kitterman’s
registration period had been extended to the present day.
Against that backdrop, the appellate court reversed the con-
victions for failure to prove an element of the crime. Id. at ¶ 26.
    Back in Belleville after his failure-to-register convictions
were overturned, Kitterman alleges that he was “targeted” by
the defendants and threatened with “immediate arrest and
imprisonment” because he continued to contest his registra-
tion requirements. Kitterman asserts that BPD Oﬃcer Dan
Collins was harassing and abusive in his eﬀorts to force Kit-
terman to register as a sex oﬀender. Kitterman ﬁled com-
plaints with BPD about this behavior; in the wake of those
complaints, Kitterman says, Collins’s harassment intensiﬁed.
    This prompted Kitterman’s present lawsuit against the
City of Belleville, Collins, ISP, Newton, ISP Director Brendan
Kelly, and several defendants associated with the St. Clair
County Sheriﬀ’s Department. Kitterman asserts that the de-
fendants’ repeated eﬀorts to force him to register have vio-
lated his First, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment
rights, as well as the Contracts Clause and the Ex Post Facto
Clause of the federal Constitution. Kitterman also alleges in-
juries that occurred between 2005 and 2011 after his registra-
tion period was extended for the ﬁrst time. Early in the case,
the district court dismissed the suits against Newton and
Kelly in their individual capacity for failure of service. The re-
maining defendants moved to dismiss Kitterman’s case. The
6                                                      No. 20-1875

district court held that none of Kitterman’s constitutional the-
ories changed the fact that the 2011 amendments to SORA and
Kitterman’s 2011 felony render him subject to a lifetime sex-
oﬀender registration requirement. The court thus dismissed
all claims for failure to state a claim. See FED. R. CIV. P.
12(b)(6). Kitterman has appealed.
                                 II
    There are two threshold questions we must address before
turning to the details of Kitterman’s appeal. We alluded to the
ﬁrst earlier: is this a case concerning solely the state oﬃcials’
compliance with state law—for instance, their adherence to
the terms of an Illinois plea agreement, or the scope of the reg-
istration requirement under diﬀerent versions of Illinois
law—or is this a case raising questions of federal law? Read-
ing Kitterman’s complaint, the primary dispute seems to be
whether and how Illinois law should have applied to him. If
that were all, then we could reject this appeal summarily: as
we repeatedly have held, a party seeking to show a violation
of federal law must demonstrate more than a failure to follow
state law. See, e.g., Jones v. Cummings, 998 F.3d 782, 788–89 (7th
Cir. 2021); Siddique v. Laliberte, 972 F.3d 898, 904 (7th Cir. 2020);
see also Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S.
89, 106 (1984).
    But Kitterman’s submissions do assert that the course of
events he describes violated various federal constitutional
provisions. We do not ﬁnd these assertions to be so devoid of
merit that “the alleged claim under the Constitution or federal
statutes clearly appears to be immaterial and made solely for
the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction” or that the “claim is
wholly insubstantial and frivolous.” Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678,
682–83 (1946). We therefore assess the theories that Kitterman
No. 20-1875                                                   7

has presented, bearing in mind that a lack of merit does not
mean that jurisdiction is lacking outside the extraordinary sit-
uations mentioned in Bell v. Hood.
    The other threshold matter is how to treat Kitterman’s con-
tention that his 1996 plea deal gave him a wholesale exemp-
tion from SORA. This determination has important implica-
tions for the fate of Kitterman’s remaining theories.
    To support this argument, Kitterman attached several ex-
hibits to his ﬁrst amended complaint in the federal district
court. This allows us “independently [to] examine the docu-
ment and form [our] own conclusions as to the proper con-
struction and meaning to be given the material.” Rosenblum v.
Travelbyus.com Ltd., 299 F.3d 657, 661 (7th Cir. 2002) (quoting
5 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1327 (1990)).
In doing so, we see no explicit promises about the future ap-
plication of sex-oﬀender registration duties. Exhibit Two is
Kitterman’s 1996 Conditions of Probation. It does indicate
that his probation would require compliance with CSORA ra-
ther than with SORA. But nowhere do the conditions suggest
that the agreement was conferring a permanent exemption
from SORA or any other future registration law. Exhibit
Three—the notiﬁcation form that Kitterman signed—makes
this plain. That form speciﬁcally states that it pertains to the
“Sex Oﬀender Registration Act,” and thus it seems to contra-
dict Kitterman’s own account of his plea deal. Because the ex-
hibits attached to Kitterman’s complaint undermine his asser-
tions, we need not accept as true the statement in the com-
plaint that “he would not be subjected to the amendments of
… SORA.” Indeed, the interpretation of the agreement and
the evaluation of its legal consequences strike us as issues of
law that we are free to resolve.
8                                                   No. 20-1875

    Even if we do accept as true Kitterman’s allegation that
“Illinois … promised that the law governing the Plaintiﬀ’s
duty to register as a sex oﬀender … would remain the ‘out-
dated’ Child Sex Oﬀender Registration Act,” Kitterman has
not given a plausible account of how the defendant state ac-
tors reneged on that agreement. Kitterman’s current registra-
tion duties were triggered in 2011 when he committed addi-
tional crimes, not in 1996. Kitterman does not claim, nor do
the attached exhibits indicate, that his 1996 plea deal purports
to tie the state’s hands with respect to any future crime. There-
fore, requiring registration under SORA because of a 2011
conviction does not contradict any promises made to Kitter-
man that the CSORA would govern his 1996 conviction.
    We also doubt that a state prosecutor has the power to
make the promises that Kitterman describes. A state normally
cannot be estopped from enforcing its own laws. See, e.g.,
Heckler v. Community Health Servs. of Crawford Cnty., Inc., 467
U.S. 51, 60–61 (1984) (explaining that “the Government may
not be estopped on the same terms as any other litigant” be-
cause the “interest of the citizenry as a whole in obedience to
the rule of law” almost always outweighs “the countervailing
interest of citizens” requesting the estoppel). And in any
event, Kitterman’s pleadings do not suﬃce to overcome
SORA’s intentionally broad language. There is no indication
that the statute creates any exceptions to its application. To
the contrary, the 2011 amendments were explicitly crafted to
bring oﬀenders under the ambit of the current regulatory
scheme, even where SORA had never applied to them. See 730
ILCS 150/3(c)(2.1) (“A sex oﬀender or sexual predator, who has
never previously been required to register under this Act, has a
duty to register if the person has been convicted of any felony
oﬀense after July 1, 2011.”) (emphasis added). Kitterman is no
No. 20-1875                                                       9

diﬀerent from all the other people convicted of a sex oﬀense
before 1996 who never expected to be governed by SORA, but
who nonetheless now face registration requirements under
the Act.
   This analysis also dictates the outcome of Kitterman’s al-
leged injuries from 2005 to 2011, following the original exten-
sion of his registration duties. First, those claims are presum-
ably time-barred, given that any injury would have occurred
several years before he initiated this lawsuit in 2019. Further-
more, the allegations in Kitterman’s complaint relating to that
earlier period still rest on the incorrect premise that he was
permanently exempt from SORA, an argument that fails for
the reasons we have discussed. In sum, the pleadings and the
public record show that Kitterman has been under a lawful
duty to register ever since his 1996 guilty plea.
                                III
    Turning to the substance of Kitterman’s constitutional ar-
guments, we consider de novo the district court’s decision to
dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), “construing the
complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiﬀ, accept-
ing as true all well-pleaded facts and drawing reasonable in-
ferences in the plaintiﬀ’s favor.” Levy v. West Coast Life Ins. Co.,
44 F.4th 621, 626 (7th Cir. 2022) (quoting Bilek v. Federal Ins.
Co., 8 F.4th 581, 586 (7th Cir. 2021)).
    Kitterman raises two sets of theories that warrant closer
attention: those under the First Amendment, and those under
the Eighth. His remaining counts, which allege violations of
the Due Process, Ex Post Facto Clause, and Contracts Clause,
are all foreclosed by Supreme Court and Seventh Circuit prec-
edent.
10                                                  No. 20-1875

                               A
    Kitterman’s First Amendment argument rests on his alle-
gation that the defendants retaliated against him after he ﬁled
complaints with BPD. The complaint states that Collins,
“act[ed] in furtherance of the policy, custom, and practice of
the ISP … and BPD, to unlawfully force the Plaintiﬀ to register
as a sex oﬀender.” To do this, Collins “hunted the Plaintiﬀ
down in the streets”; “stormed the residence of the Plaintiﬀ
and attempted to batter down the door”; “stormed the place
of employment of the Plaintiﬀ’s wife”; and told Kitterman
“that [Collins] would make sure the new charges and the new
convictions would stick this time.” Kitterman argues that
these facts are suﬃcient to establish retaliatory arrest and har-
assment in response to protected speech.
    Whether an arrest amounts to retaliation in violation of the
First Amendment is governed by Nieves v. Bartlett, 139 S. Ct.
1715 (2019). We invited the parties to address whether an at-
tempted arrest is subject to the Nieves framework, since many
of Collins’s eﬀorts did not end in an arrest. They agreed that
the Nieves analysis for retaliatory arrests applies with equal
force to such attempts. We thus have no need to test the outer
limits of Nieves here: like the parties, we will assume that it
applies to both actual and attempted arrests.
    Under Nieves, “a plaintiﬀ must establish a ‘causal connec-
tion’ between the government defendant’s ‘retaliatory ani-
mus’ and the plaintiﬀ’s ‘subsequent injury.’” Id. at 1722 (quot-
ing Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 259 (2006)). Where the al-
leged injury is an arrest, “[t]he causal inquiry is complex.” Id.
at 1723. The Supreme Court has cautioned against probing the
“subjective intent of the oﬃcers.” Id. at 1724. Instead, a
No. 20-1875                                                  11

plaintiﬀ must allege that the arrest was objectively unreason-
able by pleading the absence of probable cause. Id. at 1723–24.
    Kitterman has not plausibly pleaded an absence of proba-
ble cause. The closest he comes is his allegation that Collins
said that he (Collins) would make a new conviction “stick this
time.” Taking this statement in the light most favorable to Kit-
terman, we can infer that Collins knew that Kitterman’s pre-
vious convictions for failure to register had been overturned.
But Kitterman wants us also to infer from that statement that
Collins should have known that Kitterman was no longer un-
der a duty to register. The latter inference is not supported by
the factual allegations in Kitterman’s complaint.
    As we already explained, Kitterman is under a duty to reg-
ister under SORA based on his 2011 felony theft conviction.
The fact that Kitterman’s past failure-to-register convictions
were vacated because of a failure of proof does not change
this. Notably, ISP still lists Kitterman as someone in Collins’s
jurisdiction who is obligated to register, notwithstanding Col-
lins’s purported knowledge of Kitterman’s overturned con-
victions. Kitterman oﬀers no reason why Collins should have
distrusted the ISP database. Collins therefore had probable
cause to arrest Kitterman based on a failure to register. His
attempts to eﬀectuate that arrest, including the alleged visits
to Kitterman’s wife’s workplace, are not retaliatory under the
rule announced by Nieves. Kitterman included no other fac-
tual allegations that, if believed, would show that Collins’s
conduct was objectively unreasonable or that another defend-
ant violated his First Amendment rights. Kitterman’s First
Amendment theory was thus properly dismissed.
12                                                 No. 20-1875

                               B
    With respect to the Eighth Amendment, Kitterman states
that subjecting him to continued registration requirements
“after the lawful punishment expired … constitutes cruel and
unusual punishment.” The district court dismissed this claim
because “Kitterman’s registration period was lawfully ex-
tended pursuant to his 2011 felony conviction.” The district
court also explained that mandated compliance with SORA is
not punitive, citing the Supreme Court’s decision in Smith v.
Doe, 538 U.S. 84 (2003), which held that Alaska’s substantially
similar sex-oﬀender registration requirements did not consti-
tute punishment.
    We too conclude that Kitterman’s Eighth Amendment
claims were properly dismissed. We do so, however, only on
the ﬁrst ground cited by the district court. We express no
opinion on the question whether Illinois’s SORA is punitive.
We tread carefully on the latter point because intervening
amendments to Illinois’s SORA diﬀerentiate it from the sex-
oﬀender registration requirements that the Court considered
in Smith v. Doe. Moreover, several state supreme courts and
the Sixth Circuit have decided in the interim that the burdens
of some sex-oﬀender registration laws do constitute punish-
ment. See, e.g., Does #1–5 v. Snyder, 834 F.3d 696, 701–05 (6th
Cir. 2016). Illinois’s courts have not yet resolved whether its
SORA is punitive. Compare People v. Tetter, 2018 IL App (3d)
150243, ¶ 69 (deciding that SORA’s requirements are puni-
tive) with People v. Rodriguez, 2019 IL App (1st) 151938-B, ¶ 30
(reaching the opposite conclusion). The Illinois Supreme
Court has not spoken deﬁnitively on the matter. See People v.
Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, ¶ 18 (avoiding the issue by deciding
No. 20-1875                                                     13

that courts cannot consider the constitutionality of SORA on
direct criminal appeal).
    Kitterman’s Eighth Amendment theory fails because he
has not shown that registration requirements were imposed
on him after the time for lawful punishment expired. Instead,
additional registration requirements were triggered under Il-
linois law by Kitterman’s 2011 felony conviction. Kitterman
may feel frustrated by the imposition of a lifetime sex-of-
fender registration duty triggered by a felony that had no sex-
ual component. But that is what SORA mandates, and Kitter-
man has not oﬀered any reason why (assuming it is punitive)
it falls outside the wide boundaries of the Eighth Amend-
ment. He oﬀers no detail about the kind of punishment he is
facing or how lifetime registration amounts to “excessive
sanctions.” See Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 469 (2012)
(quoting Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 560 (2005)). We can-
not ascertain any claim for relief under the Eighth Amend-
ment.
                                C
    Kitterman also alleges that his due process rights under
both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments were violated be-
cause defendants have failed to provide an adequate process
for challenging registration requirements under SORA. But
the Supreme Court has held that where sex oﬀender registra-
tion requirements “turn on an oﬀender’s conviction alone,”
the underlying conviction proceedings ensure that the of-
fender “already had a procedurally safeguarded opportunity
to contest.” Connecticut Dep’t of Public Safety v. Doe, 538 U.S. 1,
7 (2003). Kitterman is not entitled to any additional process
for challenging his registration duties. He had the chance to
contest the underlying allegations in the criminal proceedings
14                                                 No. 20-1875

for his 1996 sex oﬀense and 2011 retail theft. Under Doe, that
is enough.
    We accept that the state must also “have a procedure in
place to correct errors listed in the registry.” Murphy v.
Rychlowski, 868 F.3d 561, 567 (7th Cir. 2017). But ISP has such
a system. Kitterman used it to ﬁle several letters with ISP, and
he received a response from Newton explaining that there
was no error and the registry requirements remained applica-
ble to Kitterman. Kitterman obviously did not like that an-
swer, but that does not mean that the state’s procedures were
inadequate. And to the extent that an alleged registry error
puts Kitterman at risk of criminal prosecution for a new vio-
lation of an asserted duty to register, he would enjoy the full
panoply of rights associated with a criminal trial in any such
new case—rights under the federal Constitution, under Illi-
nois’s Constitution, and under state law. Those rights will ad-
equately protect Kitterman’s opportunity to argue that he
should not have been subject to a registration requirement
and thus should not be convicted of a crime for failing to do
so. The Constitution requires no more, and so his due process
contentions were properly dismissed.
                               D
    Next we touch on Kitterman’s ex post facto argument. He
contends that the retroactive application of Illinois’s 2011
SORA amendments to his 1996 conviction violated that con-
stitutional provision. But this argument is foreclosed by our
decision in Johnson v. Madigan, 880 F.3d 371 (7th Cir. 2018).
There we held that the 2011 SORA amendments did not have
a retroactive eﬀect because the new registration requirements
were triggered by a later felony and did not operate as an in-
creased penalty for the old sex oﬀense. Id. at 376. We likened
No. 20-1875                                                    15

the lifetime registration requirement to habitual criminal sen-
tencing enhancements: “a stiﬀened penalty for the latest
crime” and not “new jeopardy or additional penalty for the
earlier crimes.” Id. (quoting Gryger v. Burke, 334 U.S. 728, 732
(1948)). Kitterman has not asked us to overturn Johnson, and
we are not inclined to do so.
                                E
    Finally, Kitterman alleges that SORA violates the Con-
tracts Clause of the federal Constitution because it impairs the
contractual agreement embodied in his 1996 plea deal. But, as
we noted earlier, there is no indication that subjecting Kitter-
man to a lifetime registration requirement violates the terms
of that agreement. Furthermore, even if there were an impair-
ment in the contractual bargain, the “Contracts Clause re-
stricts the power of States to disrupt contractual arrange-
ments.” Sveen v. Melin, 138 S. Ct. 1815, 1821 (2018) (emphasis
added). As the district court held, the state of Illinois is not a
party to this lawsuit. There are no named defendants that can
enact or abrogate any SORA provisions and therefore there is
no remedy available to Kitterman under the Contracts Clause.
                               IV
   We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.