Court Opinion

ID: 9558729
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 17:16:06.061946+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:09:33.664229
License: Public Domain

HARGRAVE, Chief Justice:
Plaintiffs, Albert and Emma Ludwig, brough an action in the District Court of Kingfisher County to quiet title to an undivided one-half interest in the minerals under the East half of the Southeast quarter of Section 35, Township 19 North, Range 6 West, Kingifsher County, Oklahoma. Plaintiffs claimed that a defeasible term mineral interest had expired when production from the original well had ceased. The district court quieted title in the plaintiffs against the defendants, Tenneco Oil Company, Barter Island Oil Company and The William K. Warren Foundation. This judgment was appealed and the cause was assigned to the Court of Appeals and that court affirmed the judgment of the lower court. This Court granted certiorari and after review vacates the decision of the Court of Appeals and affirms the trial court.
The sole issue under consideration here is whether a defeasible term mineral interest (as distinguished from a lease) for a term of twenty years and as long thereafter as oil and/or gas or other minerals are produced from the land, expires when the only producing well on the property ceases production after the twenty-year period set forth in the mineral deed and a new well is drilled and production thereafter re-established.
The Ludwigs owned the mineral rights to the East half of the Southeast quarter section above described and, in 1961, they conveyed an undivided one-half mineral interest in the property to appellants’ predecessor. This deed conveyed the mineral interest “for a period of 20 years from December 22, 1961 and as long thereafter as oil and/or gas or other minerals [were] produced from the land herein described”. During the primary period stated in the deed one well was drilled on the property, the Emma Ludwig No. 1, and was operated by Tenneco Oil Company. This was the sole well on the property and it produced continuously into the secondary term. Production ceased in February, 1984. Efforts to restore production were unsuccessful, and a new well was commenced and production was re-established from this second well.
It is clearly established in Oklahoma that temporary cessation of production will not result in termination of an oil and gas lease. State ex rel. Commissioners of the Land Office v. Amoco Production Co., 645 P.2d 468 (Okl.1982). The instrument under consideration in this appeal is not a lease it is a defeasible mineral deed, and therein lies the distinction which renders the Amoco case not applicable to this appeal.
In Oklahoma holdings from oil and gas lease cases are not entirely applicable to issues arising under defeasible term mineral deed cases. Beatty v. Baxter, 208 Okl. 686, 258 P.2d 626 (1953); Fransen v. Eckhardt, 711 P.2d 926 (Okl.1985).
When a mineral deed is given for a term and so long thereafter as oil and gas is produced, the conveyance transfers an estate determinable upon a conditional limitation. Such a conveyance is similar to a conveyance of an acre so long as the land is used as a church. There the church land would have been conveyed by a deed creating a determinable fee upon conditional limitation, which is a fee simple except that it is immediately terminated by the happening of some possible event. Frensley v. White, 208 Okl. 209, 254 P.2d 982 (1953); Oklahoma City v. Local Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n, 192 Okl. 188, 134 P.2d 565, *662569, 570 (1943); Bonebrake v. McNeill, 491 P.2d 269 (Okl.1971). An estate on conditional limitation expires with the limitation and reverts to the grantor or his heirs.
A succinct summary of the various types of determinable estates is found in Frensley v. White, supra, 254 P.2d at 984 and is quoted here:
... There is, first, the determinable fee upon conditional limitation, which is a fee simple except that it is immediately terminated by the happening of some possible event, subsequently. The estate remaining in the grantor after the conveyance of such an estate is a possibility of reverter which he may convey, it being considered an interest in the land. If it is conveyed, it is denominated as a limitation over to the third person. Next, there is the fee estate upon condition subsequent which is a fee simple except that it may be terminated by the grantor by re-entry upon the happening of some possible event, subsequently. What remains to the grantor after the conveyance of such an estate is a power (sometimes loosely designated a possibility of reverter) which is not an interestin the land and is not sufficiently in esse to be subject to conveyance. Then, there exists the fee simple estate which is conveyed by a deed poll, by the terms of which the grantee, upon acceptance of the conveyance impliedly covenants to limit its use to that specified in the deed. Although we have used the word “fee” in these definitions, the same limitation of duration is often a provision in a conveyance of an estate of less quality than a fee but the effect is the same.
Under 60 O.S.1981 § 40,1 all remainders limited upon a condition which will operate to abridge or determine a precedent estate are to be deemed conditional limitations. One effect of this statute is to make all conditional limitations devisable, and inheritable, which abolishes the common law concept that a mere right of re-entry upon condition broken could not be alienated. See, Crowl v. Tidnam, 198 Okl. 650, 181 P.2d 549 (1947); Kassner v. Alexander Drug Co., 194 Okl. 36, 147 P.2d 979 (1943). Under 60 O.S. § 30 a remainder is any future estate other than a reversion.2 Although it would appear that § 40 in conjunction with § 30, above, abolished the distinction between conditional limitations and grants on condition subsequent only in the case of remainders, the cases above have held that reversions are additionally all deemed to be conditional limitations and are all alienable as an interest in real property and not simply a power. Fuhr v. Oklahoma City, 194 Okl. 482, 153 P.2d 115 (1944); Kassner v. Alexander Drug Co., supra; Bonebrake v. McNeill, supra. All remainders are at this time deemed to be conditional limitations. Forfeiture of an estate properly refers only to the conveyance of a fee on condition subsequent. In the case of a conveyance on condition subsequent, the whole fee is conveyed subject to the right of re-entry on condition broken. When the whole estate is conveyed and the grantor re-enters and declares a condition broken, forfeiture of the estate is declared. Scoggin v. Lewis, 378 P.2d 869, 873 (Okl.1963); Oklahoma City v. Local Federal Savings & Loan Association, supra.
When, as here, both by statute and the express language of the deed, the conveyance is by conditional limitation, the grantor has not conveyed the fee. He retains an interest and therefore termination of the conditional limitation is not a forfeiture.
As an owner of an interest in property it is not precisely correct to speak of forfeiture of the estate granted on condition. The grantor, having bargained and sold a term mineral interest, should not suffer a forfeiture of his valuable property right in *663his reversionary interest. Presumably a grantor would receive less compensation for his term mineral interest than he would for a fee interest in the minerals and thus he should not be deprived of his right to enforce his reversionary interest. The concept that enforcing a defeasability provision in a conveyance is a forfeiture which should be avoided is illustrated by the case of Stewart v. Amerada Hess Corp., 604 P.2d 854 (Okl.1980). In the case of leases, such a result is both warranted and commendable. The lessee has spent heavily obtaining production from the lease he purchased. Leases are purchased with the intent to produce. His large expenditure in acquiring production is one reason not to cancel his right to produce, for he should be allowed every chance to profit from what is, at the best of times, a risk and oftentimes simply a gamble. Cancellation of a term mineral interest does not affect the lessee’s right to produce. From the lessee’s position the only change is the name of the payee on the royalty checks. These considerations are fully set forth in the analysis of the situation in Fransen v. Eckhardt, supra.
In the case of a term mineral interest however, forfeiture as discussed in Amerada Hess, supra, is not properly applicable. Amerada states that by virtue of 23 O.S. 1981 § 2 forfeitures are to be avoided through equitable considerations. The distinction is, we are here dealing with a deeded interest in property. 23 O.S. § 2 is found in the title named Damages. Section 2 states:
Whenever by the terms of an obligation, a party thereto incurs a forfeiture, or the loss in the nature of a forfeiture, by reason of his failure to comply with its provisions, he may be relieved therefrom, upon making full compensation to the other party, except in cases of a grossly negligent, willful or fraudulent breach of duty.
In the case of real property title and conveyancing this statute is not properly applicable. This cause seeks no damages from anyone, but only asks that the terms of a mineral deed be enforced. Land is unique. Equity will grant specific performance rather than substitute damages therefore. Berry v. Second Baptist Church of Stillwater, 37 Okl. 117, 130 P. 585 (1913). Wasson v. Haynie, 318 P.2d 420 (Okl.1957) quotes from Berry, supra, “An action for damages is not an adequate remedy for a breach of a contract to convey land and the vendee in such a contract is entitled to specific performance, although he could recover in an action for damages for the breach.” Equity decrees specific performance of a contract to sell land because land is sui generis, or unique, and damages as an alternative remedy for failure to perform are not adequate relief. Danciger Oil & Refining Co. v. Burroughs, 75 F.2d 855, cert. den., 295 U.S. 758, 55 S.Ct. 915, 79 L.Ed. 1700 (10th Cir.1935). Properly analyzed, this case concerns a reversion, not a forfeiture. Unity of title is promoted by enforcement of term mineral interests as noted in Fransen, supra.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it quieted title to the mineral estate in the plaintiffs.
THE COURT OF APPEALS OPINION IS VACATED, AND THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT IS AFFIRMED.
HODGES, LAVENDER, ALMA WILSON and KAUGER, JJ., concur.
OPALA, V.C.J., and SIMMS, DOOLIN and SUMMERS, JJ., dissent.

. 60 O.S.1981 § 40 provides:
A remainder may be limited on a contingency which, in case it should happen, will operate to abridge or determine the precedent estate; and every such remainder is to be deemed a conditional limitation.

. 60 O.S.1981 § 30 provides:
When a future estate, other than a reversion, is dependent on a precedent estate, it may be called a remainder, and may be created and transferred by that name.