Court Opinion

ID: 6842763
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 20:23:01.183154+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:04:53.951695
License: Public Domain

KILLITS, District Judge.
Rice, a fireman for the defendant railroad company, was actionably injured while in the company’s service in West Virginia. Plaintiff was a citizen and resident of West Virginia, and the defendant company was a Maryland corporation, and, consequently, an “inhabitant” of Maryland for general jurisdictional purposes; USCA, title 28, § 112, Annotations, page 50. Jurisdiction was invoked in the Northern District of Ohio, *389whore defendant does business, on the allegation that the train movement involved was in interstate commerce. It was alleged that plaintiff was injured as the result of a defect in a coupling buffer between the engine and tender which broke under a special strain. The answer admits defendant’s corporate organization and operations as alleged in the petition, and, generally, that plaintiff was injured in its service, but specially denies that when so injured plaintiff was engaged in interstate commerce, and generally denies every other allegation. At the conclusion of the plaintiff’s testimony, a verdict was directed for defendant on the court’s judgment that an interstate movement was not disclosed by the testimony.
The crew of which Rice was a member was charged with a general task to place ears on the sidings of coal mines between the terminals of its movement, about thirteen miles apart—Clarksburg and Haywood, W. Va. It had no duties distinguishing it from an ordinary yard switching crew. The starting point was Clarksburg. The immediate task when Rice was injured was to collect empties on the Haywood and Lumbeiport storage tracks, these points being on opposite sides of a river, each on a main line track of defendant company connected by a so-called switching “cut-off” crossing the river. The only movement pleaded, as an interstate operation, was the alleged backing of the engine and several ears onto a storage track nearest to the cut-off track, and on the Haywood side, in order that this part of the switching train might clear the Haywood main track for an interstate train. About ten minutes before this train was due the accident occurred. The greater part of the record, however, was devoted to an attempt to show that the general operation of this switching crew on that occasion was to collect coal cars ordered by several of the mines to be used for interstate service, but-not then specifically selected or designated for any particular siding or prospective use.
One mine, the Dawson, had indeed ordered delivery of thirty-six cars which were thereafter loaded and consigned for interstate shipment, but the evidence most clearly shows that none of such cars were in the Lumberport-Haywood movement, that they had been placed at the Dawson mine some hours before the accident. What there is in the testimony to throw any doubt on the certainty of this conclusion of fact is so vague and inconclusive as to be negligible for any purpose. Davlin v. Henry Ford & Son, Inc.,
(C. C. A.) 20 F.(2d) 317. It is also shown that at about 10 o’clock, or about four hours after Rice’s injury and on the return trip of Rice’s crew, seven empties were delivered to the Corona mine, which were loaded in the afternoon and thereafter weighed and billed and consigned for interstate shipment. The evidence that any one of these Corona ears was in the cut at the time of the accident is so scant as to. make such a conclusion very speculative; Davlin v. Ford, supra. The fact question upon whieh there is even a conflict in testimony, being the existence of jurisdiction, should affirmatively and distinctly appear, Robertson v. Cease; 97 U. S. 646, 649, 24 L. Ed. 1057; and in this record a somewhat definite implication is carried that no Corona ear was in the cut. But, assuming the contrary to he true, still, we think, it cannot be said that that fact gave the movement an interstate character.
 The crew had orders, amply, to collect empties for the various mines served on this run. No particular ear was spotted or selected for any special siding or ultimate destination, nor does it appear that the defendant knew, in any instance, the purpose for which the several mines were ordering ears. The trial court properly held, in effect, that, respecting this precise condition, interstate character of the movement on the cut-off and in the Haywood yards had not developed when the injury to plaintiff was sustained. Applying not only to the Corona cars but to those delivered to Dawson, we consider that a ear should not be held to have entered into interstate commerce when still a part of a purely local switching haul, and not specifically “spotted” for the ultimate use, if, in fact, the prospective shipper does intend, following the switching, to load and bill for interstate shipment whatever ear he may happen to receive; that interstate character attaches (at the earliest) to such ear only after it is delivered by the carrier and appropriated by the shipper for interstate loading and hauling. Grigsby v. Southern Ry. (C. C. A.) 3 F.(2d) 988; Baldassarre v. Pennsylvania R. Co. (C. C. A.) 24 F.(2d) 201.
The immediate operation was to collect cars on the cut-off with the engine facing toward Haywood. So many had been gathered that it was necessary to move the engine and a few adjacent cars off of the cut-off onto a siding, by way of the main track at Haywood, in order to clear for the interstate train. Rice says that in this particular movement he was injured. On this point he *390is contradicted by the only other witnesses (two) who testified on the subject of the precise causal operation. These witnesses, the conductor and the brakeman, were called by plaintiff, and, if they are to be believed against him, the causal movement was not in interstate commerce. Applying, however, the familiar rule that the pertinent testimony should be considered most favorably to tbe party against whom the motion to direct is made, there arises the perplexing and frequently recurring question where the line should be drawn beyond wbieb may not be invoked tbe Federal Employers’ liability Act (45 USCA §§ 51-59) to support jurisdiction whieh would uot otherwise exist in the chosen trial court.
In Pedersen v. Del., Lack. & West. R. R., 229 U. S. 146, 150, 152, 33 S. Ct. 648, 649. 57 L. Ed. 1125, it is said:
“ * * * there can be no doubt that a right of recovery thereunder arises only where the injury is suffered while the carrier is engaged in interstate commerce, and while the employee is employed by the carrier in such commerce. * * *
“The true test always is: Is the work in .question a part of the interstate commerce in whieh the carrier is engaged?”
In Shanks v. Del., Lack. & West. R. R., 239 U. S. 556, 558, 36 S. Ct. 188, 189, 60 L. Ed. 436, L. R. A. 1916C, 797, the test question is formulated as follows: “ * * * the true test of employment in such commerce in the sense intended is, Was the employee, at the time of the injury, engaged in interstate transportation, or in work so closely related to it as to be practically a part of it?”
The eases cited exhibit typical applications of tbe rule in sustaining and denying liability under the act. In the first case Pedersen was a member of a crew engaged in replacing an existing girder and inserting a new one in a bridge on the track used in interstate and intrastate commerce, and was injured while carrying to the place of work materials to- be used therein. It was held that this work was so- closely and directly connected with interstate commerce within the meaning of the act as to give a right of recovery thereunder. Shanks,-in the second ease, was employed in the repair shop of a railroad extensively engaged in interstate as well as intrastate commerce. He was injured in changing the location of a head countershaft whieh conveyed power to machinery used in repair work for rolling stock, indifferently employed in both classes of commerce. This line of employment was held to be so remotely and incidentally connected with interstate commerce as not to establish a right of action under the act for an injury therein received.
In the opinion in Hallstein v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 30 F.(2d) 594 (C. C. A. 6), is collated a large number of eases whieh stand on either side of the line dividing the principal eases cited above. To these given in that opinion may be added eases recently decided by this court, namely, Pennsylvania Railroad Co. v. Morrison, 3 F.(2d) 986; Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Darling, 3 F.(2d) 987; Youngstown & O. R. R. v. Halverstodt, 12 F.(2d) 995; Sullivan v. Wabash Railway Co., 23 F.(2d) 323, 324; Baldassarre v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., supra; and Grigsby et al. v. Southern Railway Co., supra.
The principle derived from tbe authoritative decisions is that the act applies to a cause of action occurring to an employee (a) if then his general service is primarily and directly in the interest of interstate commerce, and it is seen that he was at the time engaged in a service necessarily precedent or consequent to or in the full execution of the primary object, or (b) that the injury was incurred during such a deflection from the direct line of execution thereof, that it should he regarded as but incidental or contingent thereto and reasonably necessary to its completion. To- serve interstate commerce must be seen to- have been, from the outset, a substantial purpose of the work in which the injured employee was then engaged.
This formula reflects the principle of every important decision in whieh the considered incident is found within the act or otherwise. When one or more of its necessary qualifications is not supported by evidence applying to the conditions of the injury, the cause of action is not under the act.- There lies- the distinction between the Pedersen and Shanks decisions; between those of Sullivan and Grigsby, and of the large number of contrasting decisions where the line of discrimination is not so clear at first sight. It meets the rulings in the Baldassarre Case and the Yurkonis Case 238 U. S. 439, 35 S. Ct. 902, 59 L. Ed. 1397, where, as in Shanks’ Case, the line of service had indeed a remote relationship to the facilitation of interstate commerce. In each of these one or more of the determinative qualifications of the service were absent.
Its application to the case at bar justifies the action of court below in finding *391agam-t jurisdiction under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act. Rice’s crew was generally engaged in a switching operation not shown to have had any direct or necessary relation to interstate commerce. The injury came to him, if we accept his testimony as to where it occurred, in a movement which was the result of a contingency immediately arising out of the faet that too many ears had been unnecessarily collected on the “cutoff” to hold the train clear of the Haywood main track, and, therefore, was required the moving of the engine and a few attached care to the siding that the interstate train might not be blocked. We may notice that switching operations generally, in small yards sueh as that at Haywood, might contingently involve a temporary entrance upon a main track which is employed jointly in intra and inter state commerce, and that such use of a main track is but an unimportant and casual incident of a switching operation, having no general relation to interstate commerce. Sueh a fleeting interruption of an intrastate switching operation, because of a contingent and unnecessarily created condition, in order to temporarily clear a main track then required to be used in the switching movement, that that track may be open to an oncoming interstate train having the right of way, is so incidentally and remotely in the interest of interstate commerce as not to bring into application the act. In Sullivan v. Wabash Ry. Co., supra, where the injury occurred while the switching crew was on a side track, shunting an intrastate ear, just taken out of an interstate train whose destination had not yet been reached, it was held that the dropping of the intrastate ear “was merely incidental to the dominant interstate task on which Sullivan was engaged at the moment of the injury,” and that, therefore, it did not affect his right to claim the favor of the act. In the instant ease the dominant task of Rice’s crew was intrastate—he was injured in a movement which, while instantly related to interstate commerce, still was a mere incident to the real duty, nothing more than a casual circumstance not necessary to the full execution of the dominant task, for it does not appear that the crew was bound to collect at one time more cars than the cut-off switch could accommodate.
In his opening brief plaintiff appellant says: “The sole question before this, the United States Court of Appeals, is that of the identification of both the appellant and appellee in interstate commerce at the time of the accident, and the solution of that question.” The oral arguments, also, were addressed altogether to this one point. " If that were the only question, the foregoing discussion and conclusion dispose of the appeal. In consideration of the record, however, the court sua sponte queried whether the form of the pleadings, especially the character of the answer, may not have involved the defendant in a waiver of its right to dispute the venue, wherefore plaintiff should have been entitled to go to the jury on the right of recovery under the Boiler Inspection Act (45 USCA § 23 et seq.). Thereupon counsel for the parties were invited to submit supplemental briefs on the status of the aetion where brought because the plaintiff also rest ed a right of recovery upon that act. Sueh briefs were forthcoming but neither discusses the question of waiver. In plaintiff’s supplemental brief is invoked an ingenious theory that, as the proof discloses that the action may be within the Boiler Inspection Act, it falls, also, as to jurisdiction, within the terms of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act because the Boiler Inspection Act is “a federal regulation as to commerce between the states,” reaching the conclusion that both acts (Safety Appliance [45 USCA § 1 et seq.] and Boiler Inspection) “being Federal Statutes, recourse for violation thereof is pronounced by the Judicial Code. If an injured railroad employee is able to couple up, as a cause for his injury, a violation of the Act with the requirements defined by the Employers’ Liability Act, he then increases the places where he may institute an action for damages against the railroad company by one, to wit, in a jurisdiction where the defendant railroad company is doing business, whether the jurisdiction chosen be the residence of the plaintiff, or of the defendant, or otherwise.” Texas & Pacific Ry. v. Rigsby, 241 U. S. 33, 36 S. Ct. 482, 60 L. Ed. 874, and Napier v. Atlantic Coast Line Rd., 272 U. S. 605, 47 S. Ct. 207, 71 L. Ed. 432, are cited in support of this theory. Neither of these decisions is in point to any degree. The first but adjudicates jurisdiction, without regard to the character of the movement, in an appropriate federal court for an aetion upon an injury caused by a defective appliance, that suit being within the state of which both parties were inhabitants; the second decides only that the federal acts occupy the field to the exclusion q£ state legislation. While the Federal Employers’ Liability Act does indeed devolve jurisdiction in a federal court of the district where the defendant company does business, irrespective of the district of “inhabitancy” of either party, when the proximate cause of *392injury was a defective appliance within either the Safety or Boiler Acts, such jurisdiction is given only when the movement in whieh the injury is received is in interstate commerce, Act of April 22, 1908, § 1, and section 6, as amended by Act April 5, 1910, § 1, USCA, title 45, §§ 51 and 56, noting, particularly, the limiting effect of the opening sentence of section 51.
Both this new proposition as well as that of waiver were considered in Steidle v. Reading Co. (C. C. A.) 24 F.(2d) 299; certiorari denied 278 U. S. 609, 49 S. Ct. 13, 73 L. Ed. 535. In addition to the report of the decision we have examined the full record of that case, and therein we find facts and record, including pleadings, in complete analogy to those of the instant ease, except that in the Steidle Case the action was plainly jointly upon an injury alleged to have been incurred in an interstate movement and as a result of a violation of the Safety Appliance Act, rather than the Boiler Inspection Act, a distinction involving no different question. There, as here, venue jurisdiction existed in the district of suit only if the involved movement was in interstate commerce and if the venue was for lack of such movement inappropriate, power to proceed could come only by consent or equivalent waiver by the defendant. The trial court held that the proof showed no interstate causal movement, and dismissed for want of jurisdiction. On appeal it was held that the answer did not involve a waiver of venue. The opinion covers every phase of the questions arising herein (save the manner in whieh the defect was claimed at the trial), and the application of it to the record before us, if we should follow it, would compel an affirmance here.
The best that can be said for the plaintiff from this record, on the question of defendant’s waiver, is that its presence is not plain. It is clear that the plaintiff never claimed it, but that, on the contrary, his counsel was content to let the case be disposed of below pn the theory that none existed, and that the question of jurisdiction as dependent on interstate commerce was the only question involved. To that only has all the argument been addressed. It is quite plain, moreover, that the trial court was of the opinion that venue had not been conceded, impliedly or otherwise, by the defendant. In his ora] opinion sustaining defendant’s motion to dismiss it was said: “Now, the plaintiff relied upon the fact that he was engaged in interstate commerce, and, while he lives, in West Virginia, sued the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad up here because it was doing business here. He has that right, under the Federal Act, if he establishes interstate commerce; otherwise, the Court is without jurisdiction. Now, the Court has found, after a consideration of all of the evidence whieh he has been offered here in support of the plaintiff’s claim, he was not engaged in interstate commerce, that it has not been proved, and that there was not interstate commerce, which relegates him, so far as this Court is concerned, to bringing this action in West Virginia, either in the Federal Court or in the State Court there. And, of course, as I have stated, the plaintiff’s case is not being decided upon its merits, nor is the plaintiff being precluded in his right of recovery against the railroad company, in the proper forum.”
In face of this plain indication that the trial court was dismissing the ease because of an opinion that the defendant, an interstate causal movement not having been shown, was not subject to suit in his district, plaintiff stood by, not claiming waiver, as he has never since claimed it. Under these circumstances we are not called upon to apply the Steidle decision. The fact of waiver being at best a debatable question, and never presented to the trial court, error should not be found because it was assumed that there had been no waiver. We do not overlook the normal effeet of a plea to the merits as a waiver of any right to challenge the venue, but it does not always have that effect; defendant’s duty is to make the objection “at the first opportunity”; when those facts are first developed at the trial whieh negative plaintiff’s pleadings in this respect, that gives “the first opportunity,” and the former plea is not a waiver. This exception is as well established as the rule. The lack of any effective waiver in this case by the plea would be clear, except that the railroad knew the facts all the time. Under those circumstances, the duty of defendant to deny the venue by some special preliminary plea or motion is not settled by procedure nor entirely clear in principle. For this reason we have said that the existence of the waiver was, at the best, for plaintiff, doubtful.
The judgment is affirmed, but one matter seems to need attention. Finding territorial jurisdiction wanting, and nothing else before it, the court below, instead of directly dismissing the ease for that reason, with judgment for defendant’s costs, directed a verdict for the defendant, which was had, followed by a judgment for costs. Lest this action should embarrass plaintiff in subse*393quent proceedings in an appropriate forum, the case should go back for the modification of the judgment. A court always has power to find the facts necessary to determine whether there is jurisdiction, and we suppose a fact so found is adjudicated between the parties, no matter what conclusión as to jurisdiction it leads to. The judgment should recite that the plaintiff was not engaged in interstate commerce and that, for that rear-son, the ease is dismissed for lack of jurisr diction in the Northern District of Ohio and without prejudice to a suit in the proper forum, based upon any rights other than these given by the Employers’ Liability Act. Neither party is allowed costs in this court.