Court Opinion

ID: 4443482
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-10-02 14:11:20.970395+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:53.533162
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      NO. 03-18-00286-CR

                              Robert Wayne Corporon, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                  The State of Texas, Appellee

                FROM THE 424TH DISTRICT COURT OF LLANO COUNTY
           NO. CR7543, THE HONORABLE EVAN C. STUBBS, JUDGE PRESIDING

                                          OPINION

               A jury convicted appellant Robert Wayne Corporon of two counts of indecency

with a child by sexual contact and assessed punishment at twelve years’ imprisonment for count

one and fifteen years’ imprisonment for count two. See Tex. Penal Code § 21.11(a)(1). The

district court rendered judgment on the verdicts and ordered the sentences to run consecutively.

In five issues on appeal, Corporon asserts that: (1) the district court abused its discretion when it

failed to hold a hearing on Corporon’s motion for new trial; (2) his right to a public trial was

violated when members of his family were “excluded” from the courtroom during jury selection;

(3) the district court erred when it failed to conduct a hearing on the admissibility of extraneous-

offense evidence; (4) the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions; and (5) the district

court abused its discretion in failing to grant a mistrial when the State elicited testimony relating

to the prosecutor’s opinion of the case. We will affirm the district court’s judgments.
                                        BACKGROUND

               Corporon is the step-grandfather of C16-788, the victim in the case. 1 At the time

of the alleged offenses, C16-788 lived in Colorado with her parents and siblings, and Corporon,

the husband of the children’s maternal grandmother, lived in Llano County, Texas. The jury

heard evidence that in the summer of 2016, when C16-788’s family was vacationing in Texas at

Corporon’s lakehouse, Corporon touched C16-788’s sexual organ and her anus.

               C16-788, who was eight years old at the time of the offenses and ten years old at

the time of trial, testified that on July 4, 2016, during a fireworks display, Corporon picked her

up, with one arm holding her legs and the other arm behind her back. C16-788 recounted that

Corporon, using the arm that was behind her back, moved his hand underneath her pants and

underwear, touching her “cheeks” and “back end.” C16-788 added that Corporon’s hand went

inside her “crack” and pushed up against her “hole,” which she identified as the part of her body

that is used for “going number two.” According to C16-788, the incident was observed by

Corporon’s father, who was staring at Corporon when his hand was in C16-788’s pants, which

made her uncomfortable. Corporon stopped touching C16-788 when she pulled his hand out of

her pants and “got down to go see what [her] dad was doing.”

               C16-788 further testified that on a later date during the same vacation, Corporon

touched her in her “front area” while helping her put on a life jacket to go swimming. C16-788

explained that Corporon put his hand inside her swimsuit, “cupped” the area between her legs,

and “pinched the pink thing” “in the middle” of “the front part” of her body, which she identified

       1
        C16-788 is a pseudonym assigned to the child by the investigators in the case. The
pseudonym was used in the trial transcript and the appellate briefs to protect the child’s identity
and we will do the same in this opinion. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.10.

                                                2
as the part of her body that is used for “going number one.” C16-788 testified that while

Corporon was putting on her life jacket and touching her there, he asked her, “How does that

feel?” C16-788 pulled his hand out of her swimsuit and ran off to go swimming.

               Later that day, as C16-788 was watching a movie with Corporon and other family

members, Corporon asked her to sit on his lap. C16-788 testified that when she did so, Corporon

placed his hand underneath her clothes and touched her “cheek.” C16-788 pulled his hand out,

told him, “Don’t do that,” and sat on the floor. C16-788 also testified that at some point before

the movie began, Corporon had touched her chest.

               C16-788’s mother testified that while they were staying at the lakehouse, C16-788

told her that Corporon was “constantly putting his hands down her pants and touching her.”

C16-788’s mother told her husband, and they agreed to return to Colorado the following day.

Upon their return, C16-788’s parents contacted law enforcement in both Colorado and Texas and

an investigation began. C16-788 was first interviewed in Colorado. The information obtained

during the interview was relayed to investigators in Texas, who determined that the touching

described by C16-788 during her interview in Colorado did not meet the elements of the Texas

indecency statute and closed the case.

               The case was later reopened when C16-788’s mother contacted the Llano County

Sheriff’s Office with additional information. The mother informed investigators that she had

additional conversations with C16-788, and that during these conversations, the child had

provided a more detailed account of the incidents. C16-788 was then interviewed in Texas.

               Based on the information obtained during the Texas interview and other evidence,

which we discuss in more detail below, Corporon was charged in a four-count indictment with

the offense of indecency with a child by contact. At trial, the State abandoned Count IV of the

                                               3
indictment. The jury found Corporon guilty of Count I, which alleged that Corporon had

touched C16-788’s anus, and Count II, which alleged that Corporon had touched C16-788’s

sexual organ. The jury found Corporon not guilty of Count III, which alleged that Corporon had

touched C16-788’s breast. This appeal followed.

                                           ANALYSIS

Motion for new trial / right to public trial

               Following his convictions, Corporon filed an amended motion for new trial in

which he asserted that he had been denied his right to a public trial. Specifically, Corporon

contended that three of his family members had been “excluded” from the courtroom during jury

selection when an assistant to defense counsel advised the family members that they could not be

present in the courtroom at that time. 2 The motion for new trial was overruled by operation of

law. In his first issue, Corporon asserts that the district court abused its discretion in failing to

hold a hearing on the motion for new trial. In his second issue, Corporon claims that he should

be granted a new trial because he was denied his right to a public trial. Because these issues are

related, we address them together.

               We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial, as well as its decision

on whether to hold a hearing on the motion, for an abuse of discretion. See Briggs v. State,

560 S.W.3d 176, 183–84 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Freeman v. State, 340 S.W.3d 717, 732

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “‘In so doing, we reverse only when the trial judge’s decision was so

       2
           The identity of the assistant is unclear from the record. The motion for new trial
referred to the individual as both “defense counsel’s co-counsel” and “the legal assistant.” Two
of the family members, in their affidavits attached to the motion for new trial, identified the
individual as “the assistant attorney,” while the third family member referred to him as “the
assistant to [Corporon’s] lawyers.”
                                                 4
clearly wrong as to lie outside that zone within which reasonable persons might disagree.’”

Gonzales v. State, 304 S.W.3d 838, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Smith v. State,

286 S.W.3d 333, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)).

               “The purposes of a new trial hearing are (1) to determine whether the case should

be retried or (2) to complete the record for presenting issues on appeal.” Hobbs v. State,

298 S.W.3d 193, 199 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 338). “Such a

hearing is not an absolute right.” Id. A trial court abuses its discretion in failing to hold a

hearing only “if the motion and accompanying affidavits (1) raise matters which are not

determinable from the record and (2) establish reasonable grounds showing that the defendant

could potentially be entitled to relief.” Id. “This second requirement limits and prevents ‘fishing

expeditions.’” Id. Although a defendant “need not plead a prima facie case in his motion for

new trial, he must at least allege sufficient facts that show reasonable grounds to demonstrate

that he could prevail” on the merits of his claim. Id. at 199–200; see also Colone v. State,

573 S.W.3d 249, 260 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019) (“Bare assertions, without supporting factual

allegations, are not sufficient to entitle a party to a hearing, and a trial court is not required to

hold a hearing to conduct a ‘fishing expedition.’”).

               In Corporon’s motion for new trial, he asserted a violation of his right to a public

trial. “The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees an accused the right

to a public trial in all criminal prosecutions.” Lilly v. State, 365 S.W.3d 321, 328 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2012) (citing U.S. Const. amend. VI). If a defendant proves that his right to a public trial

was violated, he is entitled to a new trial. See id. at 333.

               To prevail on his claim that he was denied his right to a public trial, Corporon

must show that (1) his trial was, in fact, closed to the public and (2) that any such closure was not

                                                   5
justified by competing interests. See id. at 328–29 (citing Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 42, 48

(1984)). “When determining whether a defendant has proved that his trial was closed to the

public, the focus is not on whether the defendant can show that someone was actually excluded.”

Id. at 331. “Rather, a reviewing court must look to the totality of the evidence and determine

whether the trial court fulfilled its obligation ‘to take every reasonable measure to accommodate

public attendance at criminal trials.’” Id. (quoting Presley v. Georgia, 558 U.S. 209, 215

(2010)).

               Corporon attached three affidavits to his motion for new trial, one from each of

the three family members allegedly excluded from the courtroom. The affidavits indicate that

defense counsel or an assistant to defense counsel instructed the family members to leave the

courtroom during jury selection, effectively resulting in their “exclusion” from the courtroom at

that time. The inquiry is not whether individuals were excluded but whether the district court

“fulfilled its obligation to take every reasonable measure to accommodate public attendance” at

Corporon’s trial. See id. Nothing in the affidavits suggests that the district court failed to fulfill

that obligation in this case or was in any way responsible for the removal of Corporon’s family

members from the courtroom. 3 Cf. Presley, 558 U.S. at 210 (concluding that defendant was

       3
           Corporon asserts that defense counsel’s actions should be imputed to the district court
because defense counsel is an “officer of the court.” As support for this contention, Corporon
cites to Owens v. United States, a case in which “uniformed officers,” specifically a United
States Marshal and his deputies, prevented spectators from entering the courtroom during jury
selection to ensure that there would be enough seats in the courtroom for the jury pool. 483 F.3d
48, 54, 61 (1st Cir. 2007). The circuit court concluded “that if the trial court barred spectators
from the courtroom as Owens alleges, he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to have a public
trial.” Id. at 63. However, in Owens and similar cases, the closure was effectuated by courtroom
security officers, not defense counsel. See also United States v. Deluca, 137 F.3d 24, 30, 32–34
(1st Cir. 1998) (United States Marshal implemented security procedures that amounted to
“partial closure” of courtroom); Martineau v. Perrin, 601 F.2d 1196, 1197–99 (1st Cir. 1979)
(court bailiff mistakenly locked courtroom doors). We have found no authority for the
                                                  6
denied right to public trial when trial court instructed defendant’s family member to leave

courtroom during voir dire); Cameron v. State, 490 S.W.3d 57, 58–59, 62 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014) (concluding that defendant was denied right to public trial when trial court prevented

spectators from entering courtroom because of security concerns and inadequate seating space in

courtroom).     Therefore, Corporon’s motion and accompanying affidavits fail to “establish

reasonable grounds showing that the defendant could potentially be entitled to relief,” and a

hearing on his motion would amount to nothing more than a “fishing expedition.” See Hobbs,
298 S.W.3d at 199–200. Accordingly, on this record, we cannot conclude that the district court

abused its discretion in overruling Corporon’s motion for new trial without conducting an

evidentiary hearing. We similarly cannot conclude that Corporon was denied his right to a

public trial.

                We overrule Corporon’s first and second issues.

Article 38.37 hearing

                During trial, the district court admitted extraneous-offense evidence concerning

other acts that Corporon allegedly committed against C16-788 and her sister C16-789, under the

authority of Article 38.37 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code of Crim. Proc.

art. 38.37, §§ 1(b), 2(b). However, contrary to the requirements of Article 38.37, the district

court did not conduct a hearing outside the presence of the jury to determine if the evidence was

admissible. See id. § 2-a (“Before evidence described by Section 2 may be introduced, the trial

proposition that actions taken by defense counsel to remove individuals from the courtroom,
absent any involvement by the trial court or courtroom personnel, amount to a denial of the
defendant’s right to a public trial. On the other hand, there are federal cases holding that when
defense counsel is responsible for the exclusion of individuals from the courtroom or consents to
their exclusion, the defendant forfeits any complaint on appeal that his trial was closed. See, e.g.,
Addai v. Schmalenberger, 776 F.3d 528, 532–34 (8th Cir. 2015); United States v. Gomez,
705 F.3d 68, 75–76 (2nd Cir. 2013).
                                                 7
judge must determine that the evidence likely to be admitted at trial will be adequate to support a

finding by the jury that the defendant committed the separate offense beyond a reasonable doubt

and conduct a hearing out of the presence of the jury for that purpose.”). 4 In his third issue on

appeal, Corporon asserts that the failure to conduct an Article 38.37 hearing violated his due-

process rights.

                  The State argues in response that Corporon failed to preserve this issue for

review. We agree. As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record

must show that the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or

motion and that the trial court ruled on the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or

implicitly. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). “A party satisfies the requirement of a timely trial-level

complaint ‘if the party makes the complaint as soon as the grounds for it become apparent[.]’”

London v. State, 490 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (quoting Gillenwaters v. State,

205 S.W.3d 534, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). “This means ‘as soon as the [objecting party]

knows or should know that an error has occurred.’” Id. (quoting Hollins v. State, 805 S.W.2d
475, 476 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). “The requirement that complaints be raised in the trial court

(1) ensures that the trial court will have an opportunity to prevent or correct errors, thereby

eliminating the need for a costly and time-consuming appeal and retrial; (2) guarantees that

opposing counsel will have a fair opportunity to respond to complaints; and (3) promotes the

       4
          We note that the requirement of a hearing applies only to evidence relating to
extraneous offenses committed against the victim’s sister, not to extraneous offenses committed
against the victim. See Garcia v. State, No. 13-17-00218-CR, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 2397, at
*26–27 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Mar. 28, 2019, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (holding that section 1(b) of article 38.37, relating to extraneous offenses committed
against victim of charged offense, is not subject to hearing requirement).
                                                8
orderly and effective presentation of the case to the trier of fact.” Gillenwaters, 205 S.W.3d at

537.

               Here, the record reflects that Corporon did not object at any point to the failure of

the district court to conduct the requisite Article 38.37 hearing. In fact, before the State began

questioning C16-789 on the alleged extraneous offenses, the record reflects that the following

occurred:

       [Prosecutor]:          Actually, can we approach, Your Honor?

       [The court]:           You may.

                              (At bench)

       [Prosecutor]:          At this time I’m going to be going into some extraneous
                              conduct with this witness, so I just realized I need to
                              approach first and entertain any—

       [Defense counsel]:     What are we—where are we going? Just what happened?

       [Prosecutor]:          What happened with C16-789, the stuff in my [extraneous-
                              offense] notice, the ice cubes. And then eventually I’m
                              going to ask her about things in other houses that made her
                              uncomfortable as well.

       [Defense counsel]:     Sure.

       [Prosecutor]:          Okay. Just making sure.

       [Defense counsel]:     No problem.

       [The court]:           Okay.

                                                 9
Thus, not only did Corporon fail to object to the lack of hearing, he stated that he had “no

problem” with the admission of the extraneous-offense evidence.

               However, Corporon asserts in his brief that the failure to hold an Article 38.37

hearing is not subject to the rules of error preservation. We disagree. The requirement of error

preservation “generally applies to all complaints except those that involve rules that are

‘waivable only’ or ‘systematic’ (or ‘absolute’) requirements.” London, 490 S.W.3d at 507

(citing Mendez v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334, 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)).                Rights that are

waivable-only include the right to the assistance of counsel and the right to a jury trial. Saldano

v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Absolute “systemic” requirements include

jurisdictional requirements and the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws. See id.

at 888–89. “[A]ll other complaints, whether constitutional, statutory, or otherwise, are forfeited

by failure to comply with Rule 33.1(a).” Mendez, 138 S.W.3d at 342.

               The Court of Criminal Appeals has “consistently held that the failure to object in

a timely and specific manner during trial forfeits complaints about the admissibility of evidence.”

Saldano, 70 S.W.3d at 889. Complaints regarding article 38.37 concern the admissibility of

evidence. Accordingly, multiple intermediate appellate courts, including this Court, have held

that a defendant, by not objecting during trial, forfeits his complaint that the trial court failed to

conduct an Article 38.37 hearing.        See, e.g., Carmichael v. State, 505 S.W.3d 95, 103

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2016, pet. ref’d); Baker v. State, No. 03-18-00240-CR, 2019 Tex.

App. LEXIS 3062, at *9–10 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 17, 2019, no pet.). Following these cases,

we conclude that the district court’s failure to hold an Article 38.37 hearing has not been

preserved for review.

               We overrule Corporon’s third issue.

                                                 10
Evidentiary sufficiency

               A person commits the offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact if the

person engages in sexual contact with a child younger than 17 years of age. Tex. Penal Code

§ 21.11(a)(1). “Sexual contact” means any touching by a person, including touching through

clothing, of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a child, if committed with the intent to

arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Id. § 21.11(c)(1). In his fourth issue, Corporon

asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for this offense.

               When examining the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding of guilt,

“[t]he standard of review is ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Arroyo v. State, 559 S.W.3d 484, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018)

(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “This standard gives ‘full play to the

responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the

evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Id. (quoting

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19; Whatley v. State, 445 S.W.3d 159, 166 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)).

“In considering whether the inferences drawn by the trier of fact are reasonable, an appellate

court must consider the ‘combined and cumulative force of all the evidence.’” Id. (quoting

Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)). “An appellate court cannot act

as a thirteenth juror and make its own assessment of the evidence.” Id. (citing Cary v. State,

507 S.W.3d 761, 766 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)). “A court’s role on appeal is restricted to

guarding against the rare occurrence when the factfinder does not act rationally.” Id. (citing

Morgan v. State, 501 S.W.3d 84, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)).

                                                  11
               Corporon argues that the evidence is insufficient for several reasons. First, he

places significance on the evidence that was admitted pertaining to the Colorado interview, in

which C16-788 “gave no information that met the elements of any offense in the state of Texas.”

However, the jury could have discounted this evidence and instead credited C16-788’s later

interview in Texas, in which she provided information that the jury could have concluded

satisfied the statutory elements of the charged offenses. Grace Yeager, the forensic services

manager for the Children’s Advocacy Center in Burnet, Texas, conducted the interview. Yeager

testified that C16-788 had disclosed to her during the interview that Corporon had touched her

genitals. According to Yeager,

       She told me that it happened at Rob’s house while they were putting life—their
       life jackets on. She described wearing a swimsuit and how he put his hand into
       that swimsuit, used his hand. He cupped his hand and he—she demonstrated
       multiple times this cupping that he did his fingertips to—it started at the area
       between the anus and the opening of the vagina and he moved his hand up to the
       top of her vagina where she described a “pink thingy,” which I would consider the
       clitoris is what she showed on the doll. She asked to use the doll. And she
       described that pretty thoroughly.

Yeager added, “She did tell me specifically the places that his—that she felt his hand and she

told me that when he got to the pink thing—the pink thingy at the top of her vagina he used his

two fingers and he squeezed it and it hurt her.”

               Yeager provided similar testimony regarding the anal contact. She testified that

C16-788 “talked about the hole on the back of her body in between the cheekies, the place where

number two comes out, and I understood that to be her anus because number two comes out of

there and she uses it for the bathroom, and she actually showed [that] on the doll.” Yeager also

testified, “I had to verbalize it for her because she held up a side of her hand and said that he

                                                   12
would try to put—‘to put,’ ‘to push’—there was a couple of different adjectives that she used,

but to put this area of her hand in her hole and she told me that she couldn’t see his hand because

it was behind her body, but that she could feel it pushing just like someone pushes on your body,

yes.” The jury, as factfinder, was free to credit Yeager’s testimony regarding the specific

information obtained during the Texas interview and to discount the lack of information obtained

during the Colorado interview. See Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014) (“When the record supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the jury resolved the

conflicts in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that determination.”).

               Corporon also disputes C16-788’s testimony describing how Corporon touched

her anus while he held her in his arms. Corporon asserts that it would have been “physically

impossible” for him, “with his arms spread apart on two separate parts of her body,” i.e., with

one arm on her legs and the other arm on her back, “to then place his hands down her shorts,

underwear, and to reach her anus.” Again, however, it was for the jury to decide whether it was

possible for Corporon to touch C16-788 in the manner she described, and we are to defer to that

finding. “Courts give wide latitude to testimony provided by child victims of sexual abuse.”

Jones v. State, 428 S.W.3d 163, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). “We

liberally construe this testimony, and, as long as the child communicates to the jury that the

touching occurred on a part of the body within the definition of the statute, the evidence will be

sufficient.” Id. “The victim’s description of what happened to her need not be precise, and she

is not expected to express herself at the same level of sophistication as an adult.” Gonzalez Soto

v. State, 267 S.W.3d 327, 332 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.). Here, C16-788

testified that Corporon’s hand went inside her “crack” and pushed up against her “hole,” which

she identified as the part of her body that is used for “going number two.” Also admitted into

                                                 13
evidence was an anatomical diagram of a girl’s body, which was marked by C16-788 in a

manner consistent with her testimony that Corporon had touched that area of her body. This

evidence is sufficient to prove that Corporon touched C16-788’s anus as alleged in Count I of the

indictment. See Jones, 428 S.W.3d at 169–70; see also Alba v. State, No. 03-16-00680-CR,

2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 1261, at *7-9 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 15, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (collecting cases concluding that child victim’s testimony alone was

sufficient to support conviction for sexual offense and explaining rationale for rule).

               Finally, Corporon asserts that there was no evidence presented that Corporon

acted with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. However, it is well

established that “the requisite specific intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person

can be inferred from the defendant’s conduct, his remarks and all surrounding circumstances.”

McKenzie v. State, 617 S.W.2d 211, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); Gonzalez Soto, 267 S.W.3d at

332; Navarro v. State, 241 S.W.3d 77, 79 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d).

Here, the jury could have inferred Corporon’s sexual intent in touching C16-788’s anus from the

manner in which he picked her up and placed his hand underneath her pants and underwear, and

the jury could have inferred his sexual intent in touching her genitals from the manner in which

he placed his hand underneath her swimsuit, “cupped” her genital area, and “pinched” her sexual

organ, asking her, “How does that feel?” We conclude that this and other evidence is sufficient

to prove that Corporon touched C16-788’s anus and genitals with the requisite sexual intent.

               We overrule Corporon’s fourth issue.

Motion for mistrial

               As discussed above, the case was investigated in both Colorado and Texas.

Deputy Mary Chitwood of the Llano County Sheriff’s Department testified that after speaking

                                                 14
with a detective in Colorado who had interviewed C16-788, she decided to close the case

“because it just did not meet the elements” of the Texas indecency statute. During cross-

examination, defense counsel questioned Chitwood as to the prosecutor’s involvement in

communicating that decision to C16-788’s mother:

       Q.     So that’s what you told [C16-788’s mother], we have found there’s not
              enough to go on? Yes?

       A.     That’s correct.

       Q.     Then you referred her to other persons if she wanted to continue?

       A.     I referred her to the district attorney’s office.

       Q.     And what does that mean that you referred her? What would you do that
              for?

       A.     I don’t remember exactly all of why I referred it to Stacy Burke, the
              assistant district attorney, but I believe it was because she was not
              understanding why the case would be closed when I explained to her that
              it didn’t meet the elements, so I referred her to the district attorney so the
              district attorney could go over it with her.

       Q.     Fair to say [the mother] was not pleased with the decision to close the
              case?

       A.     I can’t say if she was pleased or not, sir.

       Q.     You don’t recall?

       A.     She was not understanding why.

       Q.     In your official police report did you ever state anything such as if

                                                 15
               additional information develops this case can be reopened?

       A.      No, sir.

       Q.      As I understand the sequences here, Deputy Chitwood, you closed the
               case, you referred [C16-788’s mother] to another office, and then the
               case was reopened; is that fair?

       A.      To my knowledge. I just found that out a few days ago.

On redirect examination, Stacy Burke, the prosecutor who had been mentioned in the above

testimony, sought to clarify her involvement in the decision to close the case:

       Q.      All right. Now, Deputy Chitwood, regarding referring [C16-788’s mother]
               to me, my office and then ultimately myself, you and I certainly had
               discussions after you received the anatomical diagrams from Detective
               Baumhover in Colorado?

       A.      Yes, ma’am.

       Q.      And you forwarded those diagrams to me, correct?

       A.      Yes, ma’am.

       Q.      And did I agree with you that based on those diagrams it did not meet the
               elements of indecency with a child by sexual contact?

       A.      Yes, ma’am.

At that point, defense counsel asked to approach the bench and objected to the prosecutor

becoming “a witness in the case.” The prosecutor responded that “the only reason [she] went

down this path is that [her] name has specifically been brought up” and that she wanted to “clear

                                                16
up any misconception” and “not leave some impression that I disagreed with anyone’s decision

at that time” to close the case. The district court overruled the objection and Corporon moved

for a mistrial, which the district court denied. Burke then continued her questioning of Chitwood

as follows:

        Q.      So, Deputy Chitwood, you contacted me through my office and we
                discussed the information that was available at the time and that your
                decision was going to be to close the case and I agreed with that decision;
                is that a fair representation?

        A.      That’s correct.

        Q.      All right. And your testimony was that [C16-788’s mother] was not
                understanding why that was happening and you referred her to our office
                as well?

        A.      That’s correct.

In his fifth issue, Corporon asserts that the district court abused its discretion in failing to grant a

mistrial.

                “A mistrial is an appropriate remedy in extreme circumstances for a narrow class

of highly prejudicial and incurable errors.” Turner v. State, 570 S.W.3d 250, 268 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2018). “A mistrial halts trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial that expenditure of

further time and expense would be wasteful and futile.” Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884

(Tex. Crim. App. 2009). “Whether an error requires a mistrial must be determined by the

particular facts of the case.” Id.

                “We review a trial court’s denial of a mistrial for an abuse of discretion.”

Balderas v. State, 517 S.W.3d 756, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). “We review the evidence in the

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light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and consider only those arguments before the court

at the time of the ruling.” Turner, 570 S.W.3d at 268. “The trial court’s ruling must be upheld if

it was within the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id. In determining whether a trial court

abused its discretion in failing to grant a mistrial following prosecutorial misconduct, reviewing

courts are to consider: (1) the severity of the misconduct; (2) any measures adopted to cure the

misconduct; and (3) the certainty of conviction absent the misconduct.             Ramon v. State,

159 S.W.3d 927, 929 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

               In this case, Corporon’s motion for mistrial was based on his contention that the

prosecutor had become a witness in the case. “‘The concepts of due process and fundamental

fairness require a separation between the State’s advocates and its witnesses.’” Id. at 931

(quoting Brown v. State, 921 S.W.2d 227, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (Keller, J., concurring)).

“‘The prosecutor who tries a case should not testify as a witness in regard to a contested matter

absent a showing that [her] testimony is necessary.’” Id. “‘Such necessity generally involves a

showing that the testimony is important to the State’s case or required to rebut the defendant’s

case and that the need for the testimony could not reasonably have been anticipated.’” Id.

               Here, the prosecutor did not testify.        Instead, she elicited testimony from

Chitwood indicating that she had agreed with Chitwood’s decision to close the case. Corporon

asserts that this was the functional equivalent of the prosecutor testifying, and a violation of

Texas Disciplinary Rule of Professional Conduct 3.08, which prohibits an attorney from serving

a dual role as both witness and advocate during trial. See Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof. Conduct

3.08(a).

               The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that in cases where a disciplinary rule

violation is alleged, “it is unnecessary for trial and appellate courts to decide whether the State’s

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conduct violated a disciplinary rule. That is the domain of the State Bar.” House v. State,

947 S.W.2d 251, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Instead, our role is to determine the effect of the

alleged rule violation on the fairness of the trial proceedings. See id. at 252–53; see also Smith v.

Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219 (1982) (“[T]he touchstone of due process analysis in cases of alleged

prosecutorial misconduct is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.”).

An alleged disciplinary rule violation by the State does not require a reversal of a conviction

unless the defendant can demonstrate “actual prejudice,” i.e., that “the alleged disciplinary rule

violation affected his substantial rights or deprived him of a fair trial.” Id. at 252 (citing Brown,
921 S.W.2d at 229–30).

               When the alleged disciplinary violation is based on Rule 3.08’s prohibition

against a lawyer serving as both witness and advocate, we look to “the subject matter of the

prosecutor’s testimony” to determine prejudice. See Ramon, 159 S.W.3d at 931. “When a

lawyer’s testimony relates solely to an uncontested issue or to a mere matter of formality, there is

little concern for the possible confusion generated by undertaking the dual role of advocate-

witness.” Gonzalez v. State, 63 S.W.3d 865, 877–78 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001),

aff’d, 117 S.W.3d 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (citing Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof’l Conduct 3.08,

cmt. 4). “However, when the testimony goes to a controversial or contested matter, combining

the roles can unfairly prejudice the opposing party.” Id.

               Here, the challenged exchange was that the prosecutor had agreed with the

investigator’s decision to close the case. However, the decision to close the case was not “a

controversial or contested matter.”     At no point during trial did the State dispute that the

information obtained from the Colorado investigation was insufficient to support a conviction

under the Texas indecency statute. Rather, the contested issue at trial was why the case had been

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re-opened. The defensive theory at trial was that C16-788’s mother had pressured the police to

re-open the case. The State argued in response that the case had been re-opened because new

evidence had come to light following C16-788’s forensic interview in Texas. Because the

challenged exchange was limited to the uncontested issue of the decision to close the case and

did not relate to the contested issue of the decision to re-open the case, this weighs against a

finding that Corporon suffered prejudice from the alleged rule violation.          See Ramon,
159 S.W.3d at 931.

              We next consider any measures adopted to cure the alleged misconduct. This

factor refers to the efficacy of any measures taken to ameliorate the harm, if any, from the

alleged prosecutorial misconduct, such as self-corrective actions taken by the prosecutor,

instructions to disregard by the trial court, or limiting instructions in the jury charge. See

Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 84–85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Here, no such measures were

adopted.

              Finally, we consider “the likelihood that appellant would have been convicted

absent the misconduct.” Ramon, 159 S.W.3d at 931. In addition to the detailed testimony of

C16-788, summarized above, the evidence against Corporon included the testimony of

Corporon’s wife, Benita, who claimed that Corporon had confessed to touching C16-788

underneath the waistband of her pants “while he was rubbing her belly.” C16-788’s mother

testified that Benita called and texted her, informing her that Corporon had “confessed” to

touching C16-788. A copy of the text message was admitted into evidence. In the message,

Benita wrote the following, “I want you to know Rob has confessed and is very sorry and has

asked for my forgiveness and your family’s forgiveness.” Additionally, Corporon wrote a letter

to C16-788’s mother and father in which he admitted to touching C16-788 “inappropriately” and

                                              20
apologized for doing so, although he denied any sexual intent. A copy of this letter was admitted

into evidence and read into the record by C16-788’s mother. The letter contained numerous

details that were consistent with C16-788’s description of the touching. At one point in the

letter, Corporon wrote, “In retrospect I realize now the degree of my inappropriateness, but I had

no intentions of ever molesting these girls.” Moreover, Corporon testified in his defense and

admitted to “accidentally” and “carelessly” touching C16-788 underneath her pants and her

swimsuit with his “fingertips,” and he further admitted that the touching was “inappropriate,”

although he also claimed that the touching was unintentional and that he had no sexual thoughts

or feelings toward C16-788. However, as discussed above, there was evidence admitted that

Corporon had committed multiple extraneous offenses against C16-788 and her sister C16-789,

and this and other evidence supported the jury’s finding that Corporon, despite his denials to the

contrary, had committed the charged offenses with the requisite sexual intent.

               Given the strength of the above and other evidence against Corporon and the

limited nature of the allegedly improper testimony, we cannot conclude on this record that the

district court’s decision not to grant a mistrial was outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.

See Ramon, 159 S.W.3d at 932. Again, that remedy is reserved for “extreme circumstances.”

See Turner, 570 S.W.3d at 268. Such circumstances are not present here.

               We overrule Corporon’s fifth issue.

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                                       CONCLUSION

              We affirm the district court’s judgments of conviction.

                                             __________________________________________
                                             Gisela D. Triana, Justice

Before Justices Goodwin, Baker, and Triana

Affirmed

Filed: October 2, 2019

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