Court Opinion

ID: 9897973
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:27:29.462876+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:22.449688
License: Public Domain

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           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

        MARCUS DUELL, an individual,
                                                           No. 83424-0-I
                     Plaintiff,
                                                           DIVISION ONE
              v.
                                                           PUBLISHED OPINION
        ALASKA AIRLINES, INC., a Delaware
        Corporation; PENINSULA AVIATION
        SERVICES, INC., doing business as
        PenAir, a Delaware corporation;

                     Petitioners,

        DOES 1 through 20,

                   Defendants,
        ________________________________

        ERIN OLTMAN, individually and as
        Personal Representative of the ESTATE
        OF DAVID OLTMAN, and on behalf of
        REECE OLTMAN and EVAN OLTMAN,

                     Respondents,

              v.

        ALASKA AIR GROUP, INC., and
        ALASKA AIRLINES, INC.,

                      Petitioners.

             COBURN, J. — The issue before us is whether a Washington court can exercise

       personal jurisdiction over Peninsula Airways, Inc. (PenAir), a Delaware corporation

            Citations and pincites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material.
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       83424-0-I/2

       headquartered in Alaska. PenAir depended exclusively on Alaska Airlines, Inc. (Alaska

       Airlines), a Washington based corporation, to market and sell seats on PenAir flights

       between Anchorage and Dutch Harbor, Alaska. David Oltman purchased from Alaska

       Airlines a trip from Wenatchee, Washington to Dutch Harbor. On the third leg of his trip,

       the PenAir flight crashed while landing, causing his injuries and eventual death. His

       family sued PenAir in King County Superior Court alleging wrongful death. The court

       denied PenAir’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. We affirm.

                                                   FACTS

              Alaska Airlines’ corporate headquarters and principal place of business is in

       SeaTac, Washington. PenAir1 was a Delaware corporation headquartered in

       Anchorage. It did not own any property in Washington or operate any flights to or from

       Washington. In December 2018, PenAir and Alaska Airlines entered into a capacity

       purchase agreement (CPA). Under the CPA, PenAir operated flights between

       Anchorage and Dutch Harbor as “Alaska Airlines” flights. All of the flights were

       exclusively marketed and sold by Alaska Airlines and the purchase confirmation

       indicated that all flights were Alaska Airlines flight numbers. The CPA provided Alaska

       Airlines with a detailed level of control over the operations of PenAir, the pricing and

       marketing of the flights, the schedule of the flights, the use of Alaska Airlines branded

       passenger/cargo materials, and the rights to approve the selection of executive level

       employees of PenAir. Alaska Airlines also retained the right to control what safety

              1
                 Similar to the trial court, we do not consider a declaration from Orin Seybert, former
       president of Peninsula Airways, Inc. That company went bankrupt in 2018 and was a different
       legal entity from PenAir, which incorporated in 2018 and purchased Peninsula Airways’ assets.

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       standards PenAir was required to adhere to in the operation of the Dutch Harbor route.

       The CPA also had a choice of law provision:

              This CPA shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the
              laws of the State of Washington (without regard to principles of conflicts of
              law) including all matters of construction, validity and performance.

              In October 2019, Oltman, a Washington resident, purchased from Alaska Airlines

       a trip from Wenatchee, Washington to Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Oltman purchased his

       tickets through Alaska Airlines’ website directly from the airline. The trip had three legs.

       The first was from Wenatchee to Seattle, the second was from Seattle to Anchorage,

       and the third was from Anchorage to Dutch Harbor, a flight operated by PenAir. While

       landing in Dutch Harbor, the pilot was unable to stop on the runway, crashing into

       ballast rocks at the edge of the harbor. The left propeller struck one of the ballast rocks

       and sheared off, sending pieces and shrapnel into the fuselage. One or more of the

       propellers and/or the destroyed fuselage struck Oltman, causing injuries that eventually

       resulted in his death.

              Oltman’s family and estate (collectively the Oltmans) initially sued Alaska Airlines

       and later amended their complaint adding PenAir as a defendant. PenAir filed a CR

       12(b)(2) motion to dismiss asserting that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over

       PenAir. The trial court denied the motion after hearing oral argument and considering

       pleadings without holding an evidentiary hearing. A commissioner of this court granted

       PenAir’s request for discretionary review. 2

              2
                The Oltmans’ case had been consolidated below with a complaint filed by Marcus
       Duell. While this appeal was pending as to both plaintiffs, a panel of this court granted PenAir’s
       motion to voluntarily withdraw review as to Duell.

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                                              DISCUSSION

              This court reviews the denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of personal

       jurisdiction de novo. Sandhu Farm Inc., v. A&P Fruit Growers Ltd., No 83866-1-I, slip

       op. at 3 (Wash. Ct. App. Feb. 13, 2023), www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/838661.pdf.

       When a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is resolved without an

       evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff’s burden is only that of a prima facie showing of

       jurisdiction. State v. LG Elecs., Inc., 186 Wn.2d 169, 176, 375 P.3d 1035 (2016). This

       court treats the allegations in the complaint as established for purposes of determining

       jurisdiction. Montgomery v. Air Serv. Corp., 9 Wn. App. 2d 532, 538, 446 P.3d 659

       (2019) (citations omitted).

              “A court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant requires

       compliance with both the relevant state long-arm statute and the Fourteenth

       Amendment’s due process clause.” Downing v. Losvar, 21 Wn. App. 2d 635, 653, 507

       P.3d 894 (2022) (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137, 134 S. Ct. 746, 187

       L. Ed. 2d 624 (2014)). “Because a state court’s assertion of jurisdiction exposes

       defendants to the state’s coercive power, personal jurisdiction falls within the

       parameters of the clause.” Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 655. The relevant portion of

       Washington’s “long-arm” statute permits jurisdiction over:

              (1) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, who in
              person or through an agent does any of the acts in this section
              enumerated, thereby submits said person, . . . to the jurisdiction of the
              courts of this state as to any cause of action arising from the doing of said
              acts:

              (a) The transaction of any business within this state[.]

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       RCW 4.28.185(1)(a). “The Washington Supreme Court has consistently held that the

       state long-arm statute permits jurisdiction over foreign corporations to the extent

       permitted by the due process clause of the United States Constitution.” Sandhu Farm,

       slip op. at 4 (citing Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 654); Noll v. Am. Biltrite Inc., 188 Wn.2d

       402, 411, 395 P.3d 1021 (2017); Shute v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 113 Wn.2d 763, 766-

       67, 783 P.2d 78 (1989)).

              The Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause limits a state court’s power to

       exercise jurisdiction over a defendant. Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist.,

       141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024, 209 L. Ed. 2d 225 (2021) (citing Int’l Shoe Co. v. State of Wash.,

       326 U.S. 310, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945)). “The canonical decision in this area

       remains International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed.

       95 (1945).” Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1024.

              There, the Court held that a tribunal’s authority depends on the
              defendant’s having such “contacts” with the forum State that “the
              maintenance of the suit” is “reasonable, in the context of our federal
              system of government,” and “does not offend traditional notions of fair play
              and substantial justice.” In giving content to that formulation, the Court
              has long focused on the nature and extent of “the defendant’s relationship
              to the forum State.”

       Id. (quoting Int’l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316-17); Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Ct.,

       582 U.S. 256, 262, 137 S. Ct. 1773, 198 L. Ed. 2d 395 (2017).

              Courts recognize two kinds of personal jurisdiction: general and specific. Ford,

       141 S. Ct. at 1024. “A state court has general jurisdiction to decide any claim against a

       defendant corporation when the corporation’s contacts with the state are so substantial

       that it is essentially at home in the forum state.” Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 539

       (citing Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919, 131 S. Ct.

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       2846, 180 L. Ed. 2d 796 (2011)). A corporation is at home in its place of incorporation

       and its principal place of business. Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1024; Daimler, 571 U.S. at 137.

       The Oltmans assert that Washington has specific jurisdiction over PenAir. Specific

       jurisdiction covers a narrower class of claims when a defendant maintains a less

       intimate connection with a state. Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 657 (citing Ford, 141 S.

       Ct. at 1024).

              Since Int’l Shoe, the United States Supreme Court has revisited the contours of

       how specific jurisdiction can be met—most recently in its decision in Ford. Ford, 141 S.

       Ct. at 1024; see Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1779; J. McIntyre Mach., Ltd. v.

       Nicastro, 564 U.S. 873, 882, 131 S. Ct. 2780, 180 L. Ed. 2d 765 (2011) (plurality

       opinion); Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Superior Ct., 480 U.S. 102, 109-13, 107 S. Ct. 1026,

       94 L. Ed. 2d 92 (1987); Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476, 105 S. Ct.

       2174, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528 (1985); World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S.

       286, 100 S. Ct. 559, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1980). Additionally, following Int’l Shoe, our state

       Supreme Court and this court have also had opportunities to apply the most recent

       decision from the United States Supreme Court at that time. See, e.g., LG Elecs., 186

       Wn.2d at 176; Shute, 113 Wn.2d at 764; Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 535. Following

       Ford, this court has twice analyzed specific personal jurisdiction. Sandhu Farm, slip op.

       at 1; Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 678.

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              The parties attempt to frame this case as whether the facts more closely align

       with the facts in Shute 3 or Montgomery. 4 However, in Shute, decided 34 years ago, the

       court adopted a “but for” test that has since been clarified by the United States Supreme

       Court. Shute, 113 Wn.2d at 770; see Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1026 (recognizing that “[n]one

       of our precedents has suggested that only a strict causal relationship between the

       defendant’s in-state activity and the litigation will do”). Though Montgomery was more

       recently decided, its holding was based on a premise in McIntyre, a plurality decision.

       McIntyre, 564 U.S. at 882. That plurality opinion held that the principal inquiry for

       whether a corporation has purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting

       business activities in the forum state was “whether the defendant's activities manifest an

              3
                  In Shute, a Washington resident was injured on a cruise ship in international waters
       and brought suit against the cruise operator, a Panamanian corporation with its principal place
       of business in Florida. Shute, 113 Wn.2d at 764. The ship embarked from Los Angeles to
       Mexico. Id. at 765. Carnival’s only contacts with Washington were advertisements in
       Washington newspapers, promotional materials provided to Washington travel agencies, and
       seminars conducted by Carnival’s personnel for travel agencies in promotion of its cruises. Id.
       at 766. The tickets issued by Carnival contained contract clauses designating Florida as the
       forum for any litigation. Id. at 766. The Washington State Supreme Court held that “Carnival’s
       solicitation of business in this state was purposefully directed at Washington residents.” Id. at
       768.
                4
                  Montgomery involved a wrongful death suit filed in Washington against Air Serv
       Corporation and ABM Aviation Inc. (collectively ABM), a Georgia-based corporation.
       Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 535. ABM offered a variety of airport services, including
       wheelchair assistance, by contracting with airlines and airports. Id. Montgomery’s daughter
       purchased a ticket from Alaska Airlines for Montgomery to travel from SeaTac airport to Dallas
       using Alaska Airlines’ website, checking a box for wheelchair assistance in SeaTac and Dallas.
       Id. at 535-36. The website did not note what company would provide the wheelchair assistance.
       Id. ABM did not provide wheelchair assistance services in SeaTac airport, but only provided
       janitorial, cabin cleaning, and baggage services. Id. at 535. After missing her Alaska Airlines
       flight, Montgomery flew on American Airlines to Dallas, where ABM provided Montgomery with
       wheelchair assistance services resulting in injuries leading to her death. Id. at 535 n.3. This
       court held that “a contract to provide services in Texas” was “not sufficient to establish case-
       linked personal jurisdiction,” reasoning that “[p]roviding services in Texas does not manifest an
       intention to submit to the jurisdiction of Washington courts.” Id. at 544-45.

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       intention to submit to the power of a sovereign.” Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 544

       (quoting McIntyre, 564 U.S. at 882).

              As the Washington Supreme Court observed in LG Electronics, the United States

       Supreme Court issued fractured opinions in McIntyre in its attempt to clarify the

       fractured opinions from its earlier decision in Asahi regarding a stream of commerce

       theory as applied to a minimum contacts analysis. LG Elecs., 186 Wn.2d at 178-80.

       Notably, neither McIntyre nor the “stream of commerce theory” is mentioned in Ford.

       And as we noted in Sandhu Farm, the Washington Supreme Court has not addressed

       personal jurisdiction since Ford was decided. Sandhu Farm, slip op. at 1.

              Because we look to federal law to determine personal jurisdiction, we review this

       case in light of Ford. Sandhu Farm, slip op. at 6; Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 678.

       Under Ford, for specific jurisdiction, the defendant must (1) purposefully avail itself of

       the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state, and (2) the plaintiff's claims

       must arise out of or relate to the defendant’s contacts with the forum. Sandhu Farm,

       slip op. at 5 (citing Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1024-25).

              Division Three in Downing also considered the “fairness and reasonableness” of

       the assertion of personal jurisdiction as a third “element.” Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at

       659 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476). In Downing, Textron Aviation argued that

       because the parties were pursuing their claims in courts that had uncontested general

       jurisdiction over the company, Washington should not exercise jurisdiction as it would

       not be reasonable. Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 679-80. However, the Ford court does

       not present the analysis for specific jurisdiction as a three-part test or a three-element

       analysis. Instead, it observed that the specific jurisdiction “rules” “reflect two sets of

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       values—treating defendants fairly and protecting ‘interstate federalism.’” 141 S. Ct. at

       1025 (citing World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U. S. at 293). The Ford Court discussed

       principles of “interstate federalism” in response to Ford proposing a rule that would

       make the States of first sale the most likely forum in a product-liability case involving

       automobiles. Id. at 1030. Regardless, in the instant case neither party in their briefs

       raised or argued fairness and reasonableness or interstate federalism as a separate

       issue not already reflected in the specific jurisdiction analysis. “We will not consider an

       inadequately briefed argument.” Norcon Builders, LLC v. GMP Homes VG, LLC, 161

       Wn. App. 474, 486, 254 P.3d 835 (2011). Because the parties did not raise a separate

       concern outside of whether PenAir purposefully availed itself of the privilege of

       conducting activities within Washington and whether the Oltmans’ claims arise out of or

       relate to PenAir’s contacts with Washington, we restrict our review to matters raised and

       briefed.

              PenAir maintains that it did not purposefully avail itself because it did not own

       any property in Washington, employ any of its citizens, did not operate any flights to or

       from Washington, and did not conduct any operations in Washington. It also contends it

       took no actions directed toward Washington and that any actions directed toward

       Washington residents occurred within Alaska. It argues there is no evidence that it

       advertised in Washington or otherwise solicited business from Washington residents. It

       also argues that it was Alaska Airlines, not PenAir, that sold tickets for the flights from

       Anchorage to Dutch Harbor, and that PenAir merely operated the flights under Alaska

       Airlines flight numbers.

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              The Oltmans counter that PenAir purposefully availed itself of the privilege of

       conducting activities within Washington by contracting with Alaska Airlines to exclusively

       price, market, and sell its flights from Anchorage to Dutch Harbor on behalf of PenAir.

       The Oltmans further argue that PenAir’s negotiation of the CPA choosing Washington

       law is direct evidence that it availed itself of Washington law and can reasonably expect

       to be haled into court here.

              We agree with the Oltmans.

              The defendant must take “some act by which [it] purposefully avails itself of the

       privilege of conducting activities within the forum State.” Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1024

       (alteration in original) (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 2

       L. Ed. 2d 1283 (1958)). The contacts between the non-resident defendant and the

       forum state must show that the defendant deliberately “reached out beyond” its home—

       by, for example, “exploi[ting] a market” in the forum State or entering a contractual

       relationship centered there. Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1025 (alteration in original) (quoting

       Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 285, 134 S. Ct. 1115, 188 L. Ed. 2d 12 (2014)). The

       contacts must be the defendant’s own choice and not “random, isolated, or fortuitous.”

       Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1025 (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774,

       104 S. Ct. 1473, 79 L. Ed. 2d 790 (1984)). Jurisdiction may not be avoided merely

       because the defendant did not physically enter the forum state.

              Although territorial presence frequently will enhance a potential
              defendant’s affiliation with a State and reinforce the reasonable
              foreseeability of suit there, it is an inescapable fact of modern commercial
              life that a substantial amount of business is transacted solely by mail and
              wire communications across state lines, thus obviating the need for
              physical presence within a State in which business is conducted. So long
              as a commercial actor’s efforts are ‘purposefully directed’ toward residents

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              of another State, we have consistently rejected the notion that an absence
              of physical contacts can defeat personal jurisdiction there.

       Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476 (quoting Keeton, 465 U.S. at 774).

              PenAir does not dispute the terms of the CPA, but ignores the fact that through

       the CPA it reached beyond its home of Alaska to exploit a market in Washington by

       relying on Washington-based Alaska Airlines to exclusively market and sell PenAir’s

       flights to Dutch Harbor. PenAir fails to explain how the CPA that provides for Alaska

       Airlines to market on behalf of PenAir is materially different than PenAir marketing in

       Washington itself. PenAir relied on Alaska Airlines’ marketing to fill its flights to Dutch

       Harbor with the understanding that Alaska Airlines is a Washington corporation with its

       principal place of business in Washington.

              PenAir also contends that the choice-of-law provision is not relevant because it is

       not a forum-selection clause and applies to disputes between itself and Alaska Airlines,

       not third parties.

              In Burger King, the United States Supreme Court criticized the Court of Appeals

       for giving insufficient weight to a choice-of-law provision which stated,

              This Agreement shall become valid when executed and accepted by BKC
              at Miami, Florida; it shall be deemed made and entered into in the State of
              Florida and shall be governed and construed under and in accordance
              with the laws of the State of Florida. The choice of law designation does
              not require that all suits concerning this Agreement be filed in Florida.

       Burger King, 471 U.S. at 481. The United States Supreme Court noted that the Court of

       Appeals in Burger King reasoned that “choice-of-law provisions are irrelevant to the

       question of personal jurisdiction, relying on Hanson for the proposition that ‘the center of

       gravity for choice-of-law purposes does not necessarily confer the sovereign prerogative

       to assert jurisdiction.’” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 481 (quoting Burger King Corp. v.

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       MacShara, 724 F.2d 1505, 1511-1512, n.10 (1984)). The United States Supreme Court

       observed that Hanson and subsequent cases have “emphasized that choice-of-law

       analysis—which focuses on all elements of a transaction, and not simply on the

       defendant’s conduct—is distinct from minimum-contacts jurisdictional analysis—which

       focuses at the threshold solely on the defendant’s purposeful connection to the forum.”

       Burger King, 471 U.S. at 481-82 (citing Hanson, 357 U.S. at 253-54). However, the

       Burger King Court explained that “[n]othing in our cases, however, suggests that a

       choice-of-law provision should be ignored in considering whether a defendant has

       ‘purposefully invoked the benefits and protections of a State’s laws’ for jurisdictional

       purposes.” Id. The court acknowledged that “such a provision standing alone would be

       insufficient to confer jurisdiction,” but “when combined with the 20-year interdependent

       relationship [defendant] established with Burger King’s Miami headquarters, it reinforced

       his deliberate affiliation with the forum State and the reasonable foreseeability of

       possible litigation there.” Id.

              In the instant case, the choice-of-law provision indicated that Washington law

       would govern all matters of construction, validity and performance. The CPA

       established that PenAir would operate flights based upon the schedule established from

       time to time by Alaska Airlines and provided to PenAir subject to reasonable approval of

       PenAir to ensure safety and reliability of flights into Dutch Harbor during challenging

       weather and minimal daylight conditions. The Oltmans allege in their complaint that, on

       approach to the airport, PenAir pilots encountered tailwinds that exceeded the

       performance of the aircraft, but that the crew attempted to land regardless.

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              The consideration of the choice-of-law provision under the circumstances of this

       case is an example of an act by which PenAir invoked the benefits and protections of

       Washington law to govern its agreement and have Alaska Airlines exclusively market

       and sell its flights to Dutch Harbor. By focusing on the fact that the CPA is between

       PenAir and Alaska Airlines and not PenAir and Oltman, PenAir conflates the secondary

       inquiry related to the connection between the plaintiffs’ claims and PenAir’s contacts

       with the first inquiry of whether PenAir purposefully availed itself by examining its own

       conduct in making contacts with Washington.

              While the choice-of-law provision standing alone would be insufficient to

       establish specific personal jurisdiction, when combined with PenAir’s agreement to

       operate flights sold exclusively by Washington-based Alaska Airlines, PenAir’s choice of

       Washington law to govern the CPA supports that it purposefully availed itself of the

       privilege of conducting activities within Washington.

              When a company exercises the privilege of conducting activities in a state, thus

       enjoying the benefits and protection of its laws, the state is able to then hold the

       company accountable for related misconduct. Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1025 (citing Int’l

       Shoe, 326 U.S. at 319).

              We next examine whether the Oltmans’ claims arise out of or relate to PenAir’s

       contacts with Washington.

              Even when a defendant has minimal contacts with the forum state, the plaintiff's

       claims must arise out of or relate to the defendant’s contacts with the forum. Sandhu

       Farm, slip op. at 5 (citing Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1024-25); see Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at

       674-75. “Even regularly occurring sales of a product in a state do not justify the

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       exercise of jurisdiction over a claim unrelated to those sales.” Id. at 673 (citing Bristol-

       Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1781).

              The Ford Court explained the difference between the “must arise out of” and

       “relate to” standard:

              The first half of that standard asks about causation; but the back half, after
              the ‘or,’ contemplates that some relationships will support jurisdiction
              without a causal showing. That does not mean anything goes. In the
              sphere of specific jurisdiction, the phrase ‘relate to’ incorporates real limits,
              as it must to adequately protect defendants foreign to a forum. But again,
              we have never framed the specific jurisdiction inquiry as always requiring
              proof of causation—i.e., proof that the plaintiff’s claim came about
              because of the defendant’s in-state conduct.

       Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1026.

              PenAir provides little argument other than a conclusory statement that any

       suggested link between the claims and the CPA is too attenuated. We disagree.

       Oltman purchased his trip from Alaska Airlines. His flights were all under the name of

       Alaska Airlines, but Oltman ended up on the PenAir flight because of PenAir’s CPA with

       Alaska Airlines. This is the same CPA, governed by Washington law, in which Alaska

       Airlines retained the right to control what safety standards PenAir was required to

       adhere to in the operation of the Dutch Harbor route, and in which Alaska Airlines

       established the flight schedule subject to PenAir’s reasonable approval to ensure safety

       and reliability of flights into Dutch Harbor during challenging weather and minimal

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       daylight conditions. The Oltmans’ claims relate to PenAir’s contacts with Washington.

             We affirm.

       WE CONCUR:

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