Court Opinion

ID: 2674180
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-14 00:08:01.670249+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:20:36.755296
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges McCullough, Huff and Senior Judge Haley
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia

              JEROME CLAY CALFEE
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0625-13-1                                   JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
                                                                                   MAY 13, 2014
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                               John W. Brown, Judge

                               M. Colston Jones, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
                               Defender, on brief), for appellant.

                               Lauren C. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Jerome Clay Calfee, appellant, appeals his conviction for grand larceny in violation of Code

              § 18.2-95. On appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the receipt

              created by Walmart store employees to demonstrate the value of the items allegedly stolen. He also

              argues the evidence was insufficient to establish he had the intent to deprive Walmart of all the

              property contained in the shopping cart. We affirm the decision of the trial court.

                     Jacklyn Hyater worked as an asset protection associate at Walmart. At about 11:10 p.m.

              on August 26, 2012, she saw appellant pushing a shopping cart containing merchandise. Hyater

              testified that appellant drew her attention because his shopping cart contained “several different

              kinds of laundry detergent, several different kinds of beer, [and] several different kinds of

              tissue.” Hyater followed appellant throughout the store as appellant put additional items into the

              cart. Hyater saw appellant remove a plastic Walmart bag from his pocket and place some of

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
items from the shopping cart into the bag. Hyater testified that, after he placed some of the

merchandise into the Walmart bag, appellant pushed the shopping cart throughout the store. He

passed a closed cash register, and he passed the last point of sale as he walked toward the exit of

the store.

        Hyater approached appellant when he was in the vestibule area near the exit of the

building. She identified herself as an asset protection officer, and she asked appellant to

accompany her back into the store. Appellant followed Hyater. Hyater testified appellant acted

“a little jittery” when they arrived at the office door. He then fled without taking the

merchandise. Hyater pursued appellant, and appellant encountered a police officer near the door

of the store. The police officer saw Hyater was chasing appellant and he asked appellant to stop,

but appellant tried to run past him. The officer apprehended appellant by taking him “to the

ground.”

        Hyater testified she took the shopping cart to a cash register and watched the customer

service representative “ring up” the merchandise from the cart by scanning the UPC codes on the

items. In response to a question from the trial court, Hyater agreed that the UPC is the

“methodology” used by Walmart to identify items and the price of each item.

        Hyater obtained the receipt from the cash register, and she photographed the items in the

cart. The receipt showed the total value of the items in the shopping cart and in the Walmart bag

was $249.52. Hyater testified she did not personally know the price of each of the items in

appellant’s shopping cart.

        At trial, appellant objected to the trial court’s admission of the cash register receipt into

evidence, arguing that a proper foundation for the admission of the receipt had not been

established because Hyater was not sufficiently familiar with the price of the items. The trial

court overruled appellant’s objection and admitted the receipt.

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       At the end of the trial, appellant argued the evidence was insufficient to prove he had

formed the intent to permanently deprive Walmart of all of the merchandise. The trial court

found that appellant’s conduct of concealing some of the items in the plastic bag, walking into

the vestibule without paying for the items, and his attempted flight from the scene supported the

conclusion that appellant intended to steal the items and he committed grand larceny.

       Appellant appealed his conviction to this Court.

       Appellant argues the trial court erred by admitting the cash register receipt into evidence

because Hyater did not have sufficient familiarity with the prices of the merchandise and the

accuracy of the price information reflected on the receipt.

       “The admissibility of evidence is within the broad discretion of the trial court, and a

ruling on appeal will not be disturbed in the absence of an abuse of discretion.” Blain v.

Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 10, 16, 371 S.E.2d 838, 842 (1988). The Supreme Court of Virginia

“recognized an exception to the hearsay rule in shoplifting cases permitting the admission into

evidence of price tags regularly affixed to items of personalty offered for sale or, in substitution,

testimony concerning the amounts shown on such tags when . . . there is no objection to such

testimony on best evidence grounds” in order to establish the value of the items. Robinson v.

Commonwealth, 258 Va. 3, 10, 516 S.E.2d 475, 479 (1999) (involving employee testimony

regarding value based on employees’ observations of amounts they observed on price tags

affixed to stolen items).

       Appellant relies on Twine v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 224, 629 S.E.2d 714 (2006),

in support of his argument. In Twine, the defendant was convicted of grand larceny for

shoplifting various items from a grocery store. Twine argued the trial court erred when it

admitted into evidence a receipt that was generated by scanning the bar codes of the various

items Twine was accused of stealing. Twine, 48 Va. App. at 226, 629 S.E.2d at 715. A cashier

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from the grocery store testified she observed the items scanned and the receipt generated by the

cash register. She testified “the name and price of the items listed on the cash register receipt

corresponded with her ‘recollection and understanding of what was rung up.’” Id. at 228, 629

S.E.2d at 716. She further stated that, although she could not recall the exact prices of the items

she saw scanned, she was “‘familiar with the prices’ of the stolen items and each item listed on

the receipt appeared to have the right price listed next to it.” Id.

        Appellant argues the instant case is distinguishable from Twine because, here, Hyater

testified that she was not personally familiar with the actual prices of the items. Although the

cashier in Twine testified she was “familiar with the prices” of the items listed on the receipt and

the receipt appeared to have the correct prices, the Court’s decision in the case did not turn on

that testimony. Rather, this Court found, “[b]ecause, when scanned, they disclose to the cashier

and the customer the current pricing information for the items being purchased, the bar codes on

products are, . . . ‘the price tags’ for those items.” Id. at 234, 629 S.E.2d at 719. “It is the receipt

generated by scanning the bar codes at a cash register that summarizes the purchase prices of the

items in a form that is comprehensible to the fact finder at trial.” Id. at 233, 629 S.E.2d at 719.

“Plainly, such a receipt is no less inherently trustworthy and reliable than the testimonial

valuation summaries admitted into evidence in Robinson.” Id. (footnote omitted). Thus, the

Court held “the price tag exception to the hearsay rule in shoplifting cases recognized by the

Supreme Court in Robinson permits the admission into evidence of a cash register receipt

generated by scanning the bar codes on the stolen items of merchandise . . . .” Id. at 234, 629

S.E.2d at 719.

        Furthermore, Hyater was present when the customer service manager scanned the bar

codes of the items in appellant’s cart and Hyater photographed the items in the cart. The trial

judge noted that the cash register receipt contained thirty-seven items, and he counted

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thirty-seven items depicted in the photographs. The trial judge also stated that he reviewed a

number of the items listed on the cash register receipt and “every item I looked at on the

Walmart cash register receipt was, in fact, pictured.”1 Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse

its discretion by admitting the cash register receipt into evidence.

       Appellant also argues the evidence was insufficient to establish his “intent to deprive

Walmart of all of the property contained in the shopping cart, as opposed to the items concealed

within the Walmart shopping bag.”

        “On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,

granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth,

26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App.
438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).

               The specific intent to commit [a crime] may be inferred from the
               conduct of the accused if such intent flows naturally from the
               conduct proven. Where the conduct of the accused under the
               circumstances involved points with reasonable certainty to a
               specific intent to commit [the crime], the intent element is
               established.

Wilson v. Commonwealth, 249 Va. 95, 101, 452 S.E.2d 669, 674 (1995) (citation omitted).

       We ask only “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). In doing so, we are

mindful that “great deference must be given to the fact finder who, having seen and heard the

witnesses, assesses their credibility and weighs their testimony.” Walton v. Commonwealth, 255
Va. 422, 426, 497 S.E.2d 869, 871 (1988).

       1
          Moreover, as explained in Twine, “‘[w]hile such evidence, when admitted, would
suffice to make out a prima facie case of an item’s value, the accused would retain full
opportunity to cross-examine adverse witnesses and to present rebutting evidence on the issue of
value.’” Id. at 234, 629 S.E.2d at 719 (quoting Robinson, 258 Va. at 10, 516 S.E.2d at 479).
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       The evidence showed that while appellant was inside the store, he placed numerous items

into a shopping cart and he concealed some of those items in a plastic Walmart bag he removed

from his pocket. Appellant continued to push the shopping cart containing all of the items, not

just the items he had concealed in the Walmart bag. He pushed the cart past a closed cash

register, past the other points of sale, and into the vestibule area located near the exit doors.

Appellant was in the vestibule area of the store when Hyater stopped him. He acted “jittery”

while he was in the presence of Hyater, and he attempted to flee from both Hyater and the police

officer. “Flight following the commission of a crime is evidence of guilt . . . .” Clagett v.

Commonwealth, 252 Va. 79, 93, 472 S.E.2d 263, 271 (1996).

       From the evidence of appellant’s conduct throughout the incident, the trial court could

infer that appellant intended to steal all of the items in the shopping cart, not just the bagged

merchandise. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

appellant committed grand larceny.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction.

                                                                                             Affirmed.

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