Court Opinion

ID: 6317420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-24 22:02:43.378031+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:35.407593
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/24/22 In re N.P. CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                    (San Joaquin)
                                                            ----

 In re N.P., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court                                          C093985
 Law.                                                                                          C094357

 SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY HUMAN SERVICES                                                     (Super. Ct. No.
 AGENCY,                                                                            STKJDDP20200000370)

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,

           v.

 J.P.,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         J.P., biological father of minor N.P. (father), appeals from the juvenile court’s
orders denying him presumed father status and reunification services as to N.P. (Welf. &
Inst. Code, §§ 361.5, 395; statutory section citations that follow are to the Welfare and
Institutions Code.) Father contends he met the criteria for presumed father status under
Family Code section 7611, subdivision (d), and the presumption of paternity was not

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rebutted. He further argues that even if he was correctly designated only a biological
father, the court abused its discretion when it denied him reunification services. We
affirm the juvenile court’s orders.

                      FACTS AND HISTORY OF THE PROCEEDINGS

       The precipitating incident for this case happened on October 6, 2020, when police
responded to a report of a hit-and-run at a motel, where staff saw mother driving in the
parking lot, then walking into a motel room with a young child. Officers found father
and mother in the room, intoxicated, and minors A.P. and N.P., who were then 23 months
old and nine months old, respectively. N.P. was unbuckled in a car seat in the bathroom
next to a bathtub that had standing water in it. The police arrested father.

       In interviews shortly thereafter, mother stated that father was the father to both
A.P. and N.P., although A.P. had a different biological father. Both mother and father
stated father was present at N.P.’s birth and signed the birth certificate. Father explained
they had placed N.P. in the bathroom because it was quieter. Both mother and father
acknowledged they had been drunk, and father explained they both had problems with
alcohol. Father was on probation for a criminal threats conviction that had resulted from
an incident where he threatened to kill mother. He acknowledged a history of domestic
violence with mother.

       Petition and Initial Detention

       On October 7, 2020, San Joaquin County Human Services Agency (Agency) filed
a dependency petition under section 300 asserting jurisdiction over A.P. and N.P. The
petition alleged the parents had failed to adequately supervise or protect the minors in the
motel room incident, and further alleged mother and father had recurrent substance abuse
issues that they failed to remedy over time and that had impaired their ability to care for
the minors. The petition also alleged a history of domestic violence in front of the
minors, including the criminal threats conviction father had mentioned and a separate

                                              2
charge for inflicting corporal injury on a dating partner. Finally, the petition alleged
mother and father did not have suitable housing and could not provide for the basic needs
of the minors, in that, after the October 6 incident, father had been incarcerated and
mother had been kicked out of a homeless shelter.
       The juvenile court ordered the minors detained on October 8, 2020. On
October 27, 2020, the court found the petition allegations true as to father and found the
minors came within the court’s jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision (b)(1). Father
did not appear for the hearing, and the court set a contested jurisdiction hearing for
mother. At that hearing on December 8, 2020, the Agency struck one phrase from the
petition and mother submitted on jurisdiction. Father made his first appearance in the
case on January 12, 2021.

       Disposition Report

       On January 29, 2021, the Agency filed a disposition report. The report described
an October 14, 2020 interview with father discussing his substance abuse history. Father
started drinking when he was 12 years old and had “been drinking ever since.” He had
used marijuana, cocaine, mushrooms, and methamphetamine, and reported using
methamphetamine “a couple of days ago.” He agreed that his substance abuse inhibited
his ability to safely parent his children. Father stated that he had been referred to
substance abuse treatment programs, but had not successfully completed one. In addition
to N.P., father was the father for A.P., although he was not A.P.’s biological father, and
also had a 15-year-old daughter. Father explained he had signed away parental rights for
his oldest daughter because of his substance abuse problems and had not had any contact
with her “since the age of three or seven.” The social worker called father later to
continue the interview, but each time the social worker called father was “too intoxicated
and aggressive” to speak.

                                              3
       The social worker described father as “very controlling, aggressive, manipulative,
threatening, and demeaning of the mother without guilt or shame.” Father recognized his
substance abuse problems damaged his ability to parent his children, but continued to
drink. He was only willing to participate in services after he had been incarcerated, and,
even then, wanted the social worker to write him letters of recommendation or work with
his probation officer to reduce his potential sentence in exchange for participation in the
services.
       The social worker also described a series of conversations with mother and father
between October 2020 and January 2021. In October 2020, father sent the social worker
lengthy, rambling text messages in which he, among other things: accused the
dependency system of being used “to obtain convictions regardless of the facts”;
acknowledged he “should have not exposed my children to that kind of behavior,” but
argued the charges against him had been “heavily fabricated”; accused the social worker
of being dishonest; and threatened to kill himself. When the social worker called to
check in on him, father asked the social worker to keep him from going to prison.
       In January 2021, father told the social worker mother had a “lot of issues” and was
not “putting her girls first.” Mother stated she had broken up with father and he had been
acting “really out of control.” One week later, father called the social worker and
peppered her with questions about mother and her visitations with the minors. A few
days after that, mother described feeling like she could not get away from father, and that
he would only leave her “alone . . . if she allows him to take [N.P.]” She worried that he
would go on a “rampage” looking for her after he was released from jail.
       Father had initially refused to appear in court because he feared arrest on
outstanding warrants. He similarly declined a drug treatment program because he was
worried his probation officer would arrest him. The social worker opined that father’s
ongoing substance abuse issues, coupled with his history of domestic violence and
criminal behavior, created a safety concern for the minors. His preoccupation with

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mother and failure to participate in services, or even appear in court until he was
incarcerated and the social worker arranged for his transport to court, were also
concerning. Thus, the social worker did not recommend reunification services for father.

       Presumed Father Motion and Hearing

       On March 3, 2021, father filed a motion to designate him presumed father for both
minors. The motion was based on a declaration by counsel that father had lived with
mother both before and after the births of the minors, was present when they were born,
held out both minors to be his own, and worked to support both minors. The Agency
opposed the motion and filed several text messages in which father disclaimed
responsibility for A.P., called her names, and admitted hitting her with a pillow or
blanket. The opposition also attached a June 12, 2020 family court order awarding sole
legal and physical custody of N.P. to mother. Mother also opposed the motion and
attached a January 13, 2021 criminal protective order protecting mother and the minors
from father. The minors filed a response to the motion saying more evidence was needed
to make a conclusive determination.
       Mother testified at the hearing on the motion. She stated that, as of September
2020, she was the one who took care of the minors and paid for their expenses, and that
father was typically incarcerated or in other programming. The first time father
contributed to their care was in September 2020, when he bought a box of diapers and
some clothing. Mother stated father never took her to any of her prenatal appointments
when she was pregnant. He was, however, present at N.P.’s birth, signed her birth
certificate, and acknowledged her as his daughter.
       Mother stated father abused her when she was pregnant with both children and
went to jail “a couple of times” for hitting her when she was pregnant with A.P.; the
minors had also been present for some instances of abuse. She described multiple
incidents of abuse, including one in which father choked mother hard enough that she had

                                             5
to wear a neck brace, and another where he had bruised her leg when she was pregnant
with N.P. He once slapped her face when she was changing N.P.’s diaper. Once father
was drunk and hit A.P. with a blanket, telling her to “shut up and stop crying.” Father
had been incarcerated for threatening to kill mother in April 2020.
           Mother gave a detailed accounting of where they had lived. Beginning in April
2019, when father and mother began living together, they moved from place to place
staying with friends or family, largely paying rent using aid mother received and paying
for food using food stamps. When N.P. was born in December 2019, they were living in
a room in father’s friend’s house, for which they split the rent using mother’s aid
payments and father’s unemployment payments. One week after N.P. was born, father
moved out and into a program. After a month, he moved back in with mother and the
minors in the maternal grandmother’s house, where they lived off of mother’s welfare
payments.
           Father then left to live with a friend. Mother and the minors followed later
because father wanted N.P. to live with him and mother did not want to leave N.P. alone
with father. From April 2020 to about August 2020, father was incarcerated and mother
and the minors moved to mother’s friend’s house. Mother and the minors then went to a
shelter and father was in a treatment program until October 2020, when the October 6
incident occurred. In total, father lived with minor for the month of February 2020, April
2020, and part of August 2020. N.P. also saw him three or four times in September 2020.
           Father also testified and stated that he actually saw the minors “almost every other
day” while he was in treatment. On some occasions, mother would drop the minors off
with father and he would watch them while she was at work. He also sent the minors
letters.
           He disputed mother’s claim that he did not attend prenatal appointments for N.P.,
and stated that even when he was not present, he paid for Uber rides to get her to the
appointments. He also stated that he paid the rent when he lived with mother.

                                                 6
       Father admitted physically abusing mother but denied he had ever done so in front
of the minors, denied specific instances in which he had hit her, and denied striking her
while she was pregnant. He later admitted slapping mother while she was pregnant. He
did not recall ever hitting A.P. with a blanket.
       As to the court hearings, father initially stated he did not appear because he was
“under the influence of drugs and alcohol” and did not think his presence would make a
difference. He did not remember why he was not present for the December 2020 hearing.
He later admitted he had not come to court because he was afraid he would be arrested.
       Considering the testimony, the juvenile court observed it was “hard to reconcile
the stories because they’re so diametrically opposed in many aspects.” The court noted
father’s pattern of incarcerations and domestic violence. Explaining the legal standard,
the court stated a presumed father should “fully participate in all factors, not just
financial. It has to be emotional, has to be supportive in times of need, have to seek
custody at the earliest possible intervention.” The court noted father was in custody or
treatment for long periods of N.P.’s life, but credited father’s testimony that mother and
father shared expenses over an extended period of time. Comparing the testimony
however, the court noted mother’s testimony “was much clearer when it came to dates
and times and recalling,” while “I can’t recall was a constant theme” of father’s
testimony. The court concluded father was not entitled to presumed father status as to
either minor and confirmed his status as the biological father of N.P. and the alleged
father of A.P. The court later designated a different man to be A.P.’s biological father.

       Disposition Hearing

       At the disposition hearing on April 29, 2021, father’s case manager for drug court
testified that father had had four alcoholic drinks the day before he met the case manager
for the first time, on February 1, 2021. Since participating in drug court, father had not
had any positive drug tests but had problems with breaking program guidelines. Father’s

                                              7
substance abuse counselor testified he had completed an anger management course and
was making progress in expressing his emotions. She stated father was working on his
manipulative behaviors and following program rules and would benefit from additional
training.
       An Agency social worker testified that father did not have a “sincere and a full
commitment” to participate in services, a conclusion she based on father’s continuing
behaviors in his treatment program and towards mother. She observed that father
demonstrated manipulative behavior when he was given directions he disagreed with; for
instance, father sought to replace his first substance abuse counselor after a disagreement
and also tried to get a new social worker appointed to his case. The social worker had
also seen visits between father and N.P., which had been occurring once per week for one
hour. The visits had not started until the end of March 2021 and “started rough,” with
N.P. crying and acting “uncomfortable and scared,” but the visits were currently “going
okay.” The social worker acknowledged that father engaged appropriately with N.P.
during the visits. She recommended father not receive reunification services because
father had been late to engage in services, continued to drink and abuse substances, had a
pending domestic violence matter, showed little genuine willingness to change, and
demonstrated manipulative behavior. Moreover, she noted father had not been around
N.P. for much of her life and did not express interest in participating in services until
after he was incarcerated.
       Father testified as well, stating that alcohol was his real impediment to successful
parenting. He recounted the time he had lived with N.P., saying he lived with her for two
months after she was born, then went away for his program, then lived with her and
mother for another three months before leaving for another program. He also recounted
his history of domestic violence towards mother, stating he had one conviction from
2018, two other incidents that were not reflected in his records, and his most recent
criminal threats from 2020. Father acknowledged violating the criminal protective order

                                              8
mother had against him on multiple occasions. Father ascribed N.P.’s crying during his
visits to the “gloomy” building where the visits occurred.
       Finally, father described his history with substance abuse programs. He first
entered a program when he was 18 years old, but did not complete the program. He
graduated from a second treatment program in 2015, and relapsed with alcohol, cocaine,
and methamphetamine shortly thereafter. He had attended a third program in 2018 and
was released to a sober living environment, but then relapsed. His fourth program was in
2020, but he was kicked out for getting in a fight with another resident, then relapsed
with alcohol and methamphetamine.
       After hearing argument from the parties, the juvenile court summarized its
findings. The court noted that father had unsuccessfully attempted to address his
substance abuse issues on multiple occasions, but observed father had not managed to do
anything “above and beyond than just state his love” for N.P. Rather, he had been out of
N.P.’s life for long periods of time when he was in custody, in treatment, or “on the run.”
Father had not taken advantage of services until later in the case, which was a wasted
opportunity to “get engaged and demonstrate sincerity.” He also had recent criminal
offenses as to mother and was violating the criminal protective order, suggesting that
father had not demonstrated he could follow the law. Thus, the court concluded,
reunification services for father would not benefit the minor because father’s actions had
made it so that his relationship with the minor was not “as strong and bonded as father
would like it to be.”
       Father separately appealed the orders denying presumed father status and
reunification services, and we consolidated the appeals at his request.

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                                        DISCUSSION

                                               I

                                      Presumed Father

       Father argues the juvenile court erred when it denied him presumed parent status
as to N.P. (father does not challenge the order as to A.P.) because he met the criteria for
that designation under Family Code section 7611, subdivision (d), and the Agency did
not present clear and convincing evidence otherwise. As a threshold issue, father also
contends we should only consider each issue in this case based on the facts as the juvenile
court received them at the time it made its respective orders. In particular, we should
disregard the fact that shortly after the court denied father reunification services, the court
also suspended father’s visitation rights because he dropped out of his treatment program.
Even absent these facts, however, we disagree the juvenile court erred when it denied
father presumed parent status.
       “There are three types of fathers in juvenile dependency law: presumed,
biological, and alleged. [Citation.] A presumed father is a man who meets one or more
specified criteria in [Family Code] section 7611. A biological father is a man whose
paternity has been established, but who has not shown he is the child’s presumed father.
An alleged father . . . is a man who has not established biological paternity or presumed
father status. [Citation.]” (In re P.A. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 974, 979.) Because
presumed status comes with the right “to appointed counsel, custody (if there is no
finding of detriment) and reunification services,” it “ ‘ranks highest’ ” amongst the three.
(Id. at p. 980.) “ ‘The statutory purpose of [Family Code section 7611] is to distinguish
between those fathers who have entered into some familial relationship with the mother
and child and those who have not.’ [Citation.]” (In re T.R. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th
1202, 1209.)

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        At issue here is the presumption set forth in Family Code section 7611,
subdivision (d), which provides presumed parent status if “[t]he presumed parent receives
the child into their home and openly holds out the child as their natural child.” Presumed
parent status requires a “fully developed parental relationship with the child.” (R.M. v.
T.A. (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 760, 776, italics omitted.) “Presumed fatherhood, for the
purposes of dependency proceedings, denotes one who ‘promptly comes forward and
demonstrates a full commitment to [parental] responsibilities—emotional, financial, and
otherwise.’ ” (In re Jerry P. (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 793, 801-802.) To determine
whether a person qualifies for presumed parent status, “courts have looked to such factors
as whether the [person] actively helped the mother in prenatal care; whether he [or she]
paid pregnancy and birth expenses commensurate with his [or her] ability to do so;
whether he [or she] promptly took legal action to obtain custody of the child; whether he
[or she] sought to have his [or her] name placed on the birth certificate; whether and how
long he [or she] cared for the child; whether there is unequivocal evidence that he [or she]
had acknowledged the child; the number of people to whom he [or she] had
acknowledged the child; whether he [or she] provided for the child after it no longer
resided with him [or her]; whether, if the child needed public benefits, he [or she] had
pursued completion of the requisite paperwork; and whether his [or her] care was merely
incidental.” (In re T.R., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 1211.)
        “One who claims he [or she] is entitled to presumed [parent] status has the burden
of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence, the facts supporting that entitlement.
[Citation.] A presumption arising under [Family Code] section 7611 is a ‘rebuttable
presumption affecting the burden of proof and may be rebutted in an appropriate action
only by clear and convincing evidence.’ [Citation.]” (In re T.R., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1210.) On appeal, we review the juvenile court’s determination of presumed father
status under the substantial evidence standard. (In re J.H. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 635,
646.)

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       Here father was present for N.P.’s birth, signed her birth certificate, and
acknowledged her as his child, all of which are factors that weigh in favor of presumed
father status. He also, on one occasion, bought diapers and clothes for N.P. However, as
the juvenile court noted, the testimony between mother and father was largely split on
several of the other relevant factors. For instance, mother and father disagreed about
whether father attended any of mother’s prenatal appointments when she was pregnant
with N.P. They similarly disagreed about whether and how long father cared for N.P.;
mother described a relationship in which she was largely responsible for N.P.’s care and
father only occasionally lived with them when he was not in jail or treatment, while
father described situations in which mother frequently relied on him to provide childcare.
       Father’s contention that he was entitled to presumed father status largely adopts
his testimony as the true version of the facts and asserts that, on those facts, he satisfied
an adequate number of factors to be a presumed father. The juvenile court, however,
compared the testimony and concluded mother was more credible in light of her recall
and specificity. We do not reweigh father’s credibility on appeal. (Jennifer S. v.
Superior Court (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1113, 1121.) Moreover, other relevant factors
weighed against presumed father status. Father admitted, for instance, that he did not
appear in N.P.’s dependency case until January 2021, when he was compelled to do so
because he was in custody. He admitted that he had not wanted to appear in court
because he worried he would be arrested on outstanding warrants, suggesting he was
more concerned about his own legal problems than N.P.’s well-being. In a similar vein,
mother testified the October 6, 2020 incident had occurred while mother and the minors
were staying in a shelter and father called her for help because he had been kicked out his
treatment program, even though her assistance could have caused her and the minors to
lose their place at the shelter. We disagree with father’s argument that these facts could
not constitute “evidence that father should not be considered N.P.’s presumed father”
simply because he had already cemented his status “long before this dependency was

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commenced”; on the contrary, father’s actions reflected his commitment to parenting
responsibilities versus his own self interest, and as such are highly relevant to the
presumed father calculus. (In re Spencer W. (1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 1647, 1653-1654.)
       Even assuming father established a preponderance of the evidence that he was
entitled to presumed father status, clear and convincing evidence adequately rebutted any
presumption in his favor. We find instructive In re T.R., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th 1202.
There T.R.’s stepfather, a registered sex offender, sought presumed parent status. (Id. at
pp. 1206-1207.) T.R.’s sister and grandmother had reported incidents of sexually
inappropriate conduct between the stepfather and T.R., and the juvenile court denied the
stepfather presumed parent status. (Ibid.) The appellate court observed the stepfather
had “openly acknowledged T.R. as his daughter, provided financial support, and received
her in his home,” which supported presumed parent status. (Id. at p. 1211.) The sexual
abuse, however, was “antithetical to a parent’s role and was a blatant violation of parental
responsibilities,” and it “more than counterbalanced the factors favoring [the stepfather’s]
presumed father status.” (Ibid.) “If an individual can qualify for presumed father status
based on his good deeds consistent with parental responsibilities,” the court reasoned, “it
follows that under certain circumstances he can be disqualified by repugnant conduct that
is detrimental to the child.” (Id. at p. 1212.)
       While father’s conduct towards mother and the minors was not as severe as that
described in In re T.R., his actions were sufficiently detrimental to N.P. to counterbalance
the limited factors supporting presumed father status. Father admitted multiple incidents
of domestic violence towards mother and violated the protective order, which protected
both mother and the minors, several times. Evidence also supported the conclusion father
had abused mother when she was pregnant with N.P., causing her a bruise on her leg, and
later slapped her while she was changing N.P.’s diaper. Even leaving aside the multiple
instances of verbal and physical abuse towards N.P.’s older sister, the testimony was
adequate to show that father had engaged in conduct that was detrimental to N.P. The

                                              13
acts of domestic violence were a valid factor for the juvenile court to consider, and we
disagree with father’s characterization of them as “minor incidents” and his claim they
would not have been reflective of his relationship with N.P. because she “was still an
infant” and would have had “no concept of what was happening.” (In re Alexander P.
(2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 475, 495-496 [contrasting the abuse of the child in In re T.R. and
reasoning that while domestic violence against the mother was not disqualifying as a
matter of law, it was one factor to consider].) In conjunction with the evidence of the
other relevant factors, there was substantial evidence to support the court’s denial of
presumed father status.

                                              II

                                   Reunification Services

       Father further asserts that, even if he was correctly determined to be a biological
father, the court should have ordered reunification services under section 361.5,
subdivision (a). We disagree.
       “A biological father may receive reunification services only if the court finds that
granting him services would benefit the child.” (In re Elijah V. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th
576, 589; see also In re O.S. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1402, 1410; § 361.5, subd. (a).) “It
is the parent’s burden to prove that the minor would benefit from the provision of court-
ordered services.” (Jennifer S. v. Superior Court, supra, 15 Cal.App.5th at p. 1124.)
       The juvenile court’s decision to deny optional reunification services to a biological
father who has not attained the status of presumed father is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. (In re Elijah V., supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at pp. 588-589.) “When applying the
deferential abuse of discretion standard, ‘the trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed for
substantial evidence, its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, and its application of
the law to the facts is reversible only if arbitrary and capricious.’ ” (In re C.B. (2010)
190 Cal.App.4th 102, 123.)

                                             14
       There was ample evidence supporting the juvenile court’s finding that
reunification services would not benefit N.P. The disposition report indicated father
realized his substance abuse prevented him from adequately parenting the minors, but
refused to take measures to remedy the problem. Although a social worker referred him
to treatment services, he refused to pursue the services because he feared arrest. When he
agreed to participate in services, he attempted to leverage his participation to obtain
decreased jail time for himself. He sent the social worker long, threatening text messages
and badgered her about mother and mother’s relationship with the children. He also had
multiple incidents of domestic violence involving mother and the minors, causing mother
to obtain a protective order.
       As discussed above, he did not appear in the case until he was in custody and the
social worker made transportation arrangements for him. Despite his continuing
problems with alcohol and his frequent statements that alcohol caused him to behave
badly, he continued to drink throughout the case, to the point he was unable to
communicate with the social worker, and heavily drank the day before meeting with his
drug court case manager in February 2021. And, even after he engaged in some services,
the Agency social worker observed few changes in his behavior. He had not remedied
the deficits that had originally been alleged in the petition and was unlikely to do so in
the future. Accordingly, the social worker recommended against reunification services,
concluding “the father’s substance abuse, criminal behavior, history of domestic
violence, controlling and manipulative behavior places him at high risk of failing to
successfully reunify with his daughter.”
       Nor did father’s testimony effectively rebut any of the social worker’s
conclusions. Rather than acknowledging his behavioral problems, he attributed his
parenting issues only to alcohol, saying he did not feel he was manipulative of others, and
discounted his poor interactions with N.P. as merely a result of the visitation facilities

                                             15
that were offered. He also acknowledged multiple domestic violence incidents with
mother, including two that were not on the record, and violations of the protective order.
       Father argues that the juvenile court’s order incorrectly required father to “do after
care, get a job, [and] get a home” before he would be entitled to services, essentially
“putting the cart before the horse” by demanding that father resolve his problems before
receiving services to resolve those problems. The court’s statement about father getting
after care and a job, however, concluded that “the last couple of months is not sufficient
to demonstrate to this Court that you have the ability to get it done this time.” In context,
the court’s statement meant only that getting a job and getting a home were examples of
goals for reunification services, and father simply had not shown a likelihood that he
could accomplish those goals, even with services. Whether the parties would benefit
from reunification services was permissible for the court to consider. (In re Jasmine C.
(1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 71, 76 [upholding denial of services that were “an exercise in
futility”].) We see no abuse of discretion in the court’s decision to deny reunification
services.

                                       DISPOSITION
       The juvenile court’s orders are affirmed.

                                                   HULL, J.
We concur:

BLEASE, Acting P. J.

HOCH, J.

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