Court Opinion

ID: 9543449
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 16:45:44.839511+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:10:23.593147
License: Public Domain

Pearson, C.J.
The issue is whether the plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence of wanton misconduct to avoid summary judgment for the defendants.
On June 7, 1983, Michael Russell was injured when the motorcycle he was riding struck a steel cable. The cable was strung a foot to 2 feet off the ground across a private road approximately 100 feet from a public road. Russell's passenger, Briann Gattenby, was killed. The private road was owned by defendants Harry and Troyce Schafer.
Russell and Gattenby, each 14 years old, had been traveling from their neighborhood to a nearby store. Russell had turned on the Schafers' road at Gattenby's direction. The boys had wanted to take a private road because Russell did not have a driver's license and because their motorcycle, a dirt bike, was not permitted on public roads.
The Schafers' road, constructed of gravel and dirt, led to a gravel pit on the Schafers' property. The road was used by work crews to access the gravel pit. To ensure that no one other than work crews entered the pit area, the cable was hung across the road on nonwork days. The pit had been operated only occasionally during the period preceding the accident. Moreover, a neighbor testified that he could "not remember . . . anyone other than work crews [using the Schafers'] road." The record contains no other evidence regarding the road's use.
At the time of the accident, there were "Private Property" and "No Trespassing" signs posted near the road's entrance. Another "No Trespassing" sign was located to the cable's left. This latter sign had become partially obscured by foliage. Two yellow ribbons, 6 to 8 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, had been hung from the cable, which was loosely suspended between two cement blocks.
After the accident, Russell's guardian ad litem brought this action. The Schafers then moved for summary judgment, which was granted by the trial court. The Court of *548Appeals reversed. See Johnson v. Schafer, 47 Wn. App. 405, 735 P.2d 419 (1987). We now reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate judgment for the Schafers.
A motion for summary judgment should be granted if
the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
CR 56(c); Hontz v. State, 105 Wn.2d 302, 311, 714 P.2d 1176 (1986).
"On summary judgment motions, the reviewing court takes the position of the trial court, assuming facts most favorable to the nonmoving party." Hartley v. State, 103 Wn.2d 768, 774, 698 P.2d 77 (1985). If a "material fact" is in dispute, then a motion for summary judgment should not be granted. CR 56(c). A material fact is a fact upon which the outcome of the litigation depends, in whole or in part. Lamon v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 91 Wn.2d 345, 349, 588 P.2d 1346 (1979) (citing Morris v. McNicol, 83 Wn.2d 491, 491-95, 519 P.2d 7 (1974)). Moreover, ” [a] party seeking to avoid summary judgment cannot simply rest upon the allegations of his pleadings, he must affirmatively present the factual evidence upon which he relies." Mackey v. Graham, 99 Wn.2d 572, 576, 663 P.2d 490, cert. denied, 464 U.S. 894 (1983).
The Court of Appeals found that Russell was a trespasser. See Johnson v. Schafer, supra at 408. That finding is not challenged. "The general rule is that a landowner owes no duty to a trespasser, except to refrain from causing willful or wanton injury to him." Ochampaugh v. Seattle, 91 Wn.2d 514, 518, 588 P.2d 1351 (1979). Here, the guardian argues that the Schafers are liable because they acted with wanton misconduct.
Whether the doctrine of wanton misconduct applies is initially a question of law for the court. Each case must be viewed on its own facts. Mendenhall v. Siegel, 1 Wn. App. 263, 462 P.2d 245, 40 A.L.R.3d 788 (1969). The court *549must then determine whether the facts support submitting the issue of wanton misconduct to the jury, or whether the facts are such that they could only support a finding of negligence. As we explained in Adkisson v. Seattle, 42 Wn.2d 676, 687, 258 P.2d 461 (1953):
Wanton misconduct is not negligence, since it involves intent rather than inadvertence, and is positive rather than negative. It is the intentional doing of an act, or intentional failure to do an act, in reckless disregard of the consequences, and under such surrounding circumstances and conditions that a reasonable man would know, or have reason to know, that such conduct would, in a high degree of probability, result in substantial harm to another.
(Italics ours.) Here, it is undisputed that the Schafers took positive steps to discourage trespassing. They posted signs at the road's entrance and marked the cable with yellow ribbons. The guardian presented no evidence that the Schafers knew (or had reason to know) that a trespassing motorcyclist would use the road. We cannot conclude that this behavior rises to the level of wanton or willful misconduct. It is probable that when the Schafers originally posted the "Private Property" and "No Trespassing" signs and strung a cable marked with yellow ribbons that a trespasser would have had sufficient warning of the existence of the cable. It appears, however, that over a period of time the Schafers allowed one of the signs to become somewhat obscured by foliage and for the marker ribbons to fade. Such actions constitute inadvertence and a failure to pay attention to a potential hazard, but such conduct does not show a reckless disregard or knowledge that there was a high degree of probability of serious injury. In Mendenhall the court quoted the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 500 (1965):
The actor's conduct is in reckless disregard of the safety of another if he does an act or intentionally fails to do an act which it is his duty to the other to do, knowing or having reason to know of facts which would *550lead a reasonable man to realize, not only that his conduct creates an unreasonable risk of physical harm to another, but also that such risk is substantially greater than that which is necessary to make his conduct negligent.
(Italics ours.) Mendenhall, at 267. While the Schafers' action (or inaction) here might be sufficient to submit a question of negligence to a jury, it does not rise to the level of wanton or willful misconduct.
The guardian argues that wanton misconduct can be inferred pursuant to Evans v. Miller, 8 Wn. App. 364, 507 P.2d 887 (a case with somewhat similar facts), review denied, 82 Wn.2d 1005 (1973). We disagree. The Evans court stated:
[W]anton misconduct is stringing the cable and allowing it to become so rusty and brown that it thereby becomes partially concealed, with reason to believe that such persons use the road and will strike it but with indifference as to whether they strike it or not.
(Italics ours.) Evans, at 369.
Here, again, there is no evidence from which to infer that the Schafers had reason to know that a trespassing motorcyclist would use the road. Thus, wanton misconduct cannot be inferred pursuant to Evans v. Miller, supra.1
The dissent below stated: " [WJhere a landowner is shown to have taken affirmative steps to warn of a hazard on his property, while he may have been negligent if the warnings were inadequate, I would hold that, as a matter of law, he could not be found to have 'wantonly' injured a trespasser." Johnson v. Schafer, 47 Wn. App. 405, 413, 735 P.2d 419 (1987) (Scholfield, C.J., dissenting) (citing with *551approval Mendenhall v. Siegel, supra). A more precise statement of the rule is that negligence for inadequate warnings does not rise to the level of reckless indifference where the owner has posted some warnings of the hazard, and where there is no evidence of prior trespasser use of the private roadway.
Because the guardian has failed to present evidence that the Schafers knew or should have known that trespassing motorcyclists could have been expected to use the road, there is no evidence from which to infer that the Schafers committed wanton misconduct. The Schafers are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The action is dismissed with prejudice.
Brachtenbach, Andersen, Callow, and Durham, JJ., concur.

The facts in Evans v. Miller, 8 Wn. App. 364, 507 P.2d 887, review denied, 82 Wn.2d 1005 (1973), are distinguishable from the facts in the case at bench. In Evans there was evidence that the defendants had been aware that trespassing motorcyclists used the road. The defendant in Evans continued to string a neck-high cable across a road after a previous accident in which a motorcycle rider had struck the same cable. The Evans defendant, therefore, was on graphic notice both that motorcyclists used the road and that the neck-high cable constituted a dangerous condition likely to cause death or serious bodily injury.