Court Opinion

ID: 2819788
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-23 17:00:51.953592+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:53.920053
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                                      No. 14-3764
                                    _______________

                                MAHAKALI KRUPA, LLC;
                                    HINA PATEL,
                                          Appellants

                                            v.

                         ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY
                                _______________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                                (D.C. No. 3-12-cv-00569)
                      District Judge: Honorable Robert D. Mariani
                                   _______________

                                    Argued June 8, 2015

         Before: AMBRO and COWEN, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI,* Judge.

                             (Opinion Filed: July 23, 2015)

John P. Rodgers, Esq. (Argued)
Caverly, Shea, Phillips & Rodgers
15 Public Square
Suite 210
Wilkes-Barre, PA 18701

       Counsel for Appellants

Joseph J. Aguda, Jr., Esq.

*
 The Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge for the United States Court of International
Trade, sitting by designation.
Kim Tran Britt, Esq. (Argued)
Gerald J. Nielsen, Esq.
Nielsen, Carter & Treas, LLC
3838 North Causeway Boulevard
Suite 2850
Metairie, LA 70002

John R. Nealon, Esq.
Thomas A. Specht, Esq.
Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin
P.O. Box 3118
Scranton, PA 18505

      Counsel for Appellee

                                   _______________

                                      OPINION**
                                   _______________

**
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.

                                            2
RESTANI, Judge.

       Plaintiffs/Appellants Mahakali Krupa, LLC and its representative Hina Patel

(collectively “plaintiffs”) appeal the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to

Defendant/Appellee Allstate Insurance Company (“Allstate”) on plaintiffs’ claims

relating to Allstate’s failure to pay flood insurance benefits. We will affirm.

                                             I.

       Plaintiffs purchased a Subway franchise from Leonard Marconi (“Marconi”) on

August 23, 2011. At the time of sale, Marconi held a “contents only” Standard Flood

Insurance Policy (“SFIP”) through Allstate. Allstate is a “Write-Your-Own” (“WYO”)

Program flood insurance carrier participating in the National Flood Insurance Program

(“NFIP”).    As a WYO company, Allstate is authorized by the Federal Emergency

Management Agency (“FEMA”) to issue flood insurance policies in its own name and to

administer those policies, but FEMA reimburses it for paid claims. See C.E.R. 1988, Inc.

v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 386 F.3d 263, 265, 267 (3d Cir. 2004). Policies issued by a

WYO company are subject to the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, the regulations

issued under the Act, and the terms and conditions of the Standard Flood Insurance

Policy, which is published in the Code of Federal Regulations. 44 C.F.R. § 61.4(a)–(b).

Marconi’s SFIP allowed up to $60,000 in recovery. At the closing of the Subway

franchise sale, Marconi suggested that he transfer the SFIP to plaintiffs and then

                                             3
contacted his agent, Georgeanne Purcell (“Purcell”). Plaintiffs later contacted Purcell as

well, and allegedly were told that the policy could be transferred to plaintiffs.

       On September 8, 2011, plaintiffs’ Subway franchise property sustained flood

damage in the amount of $77,105.72. Plaintiffs did not process the paperwork to transfer

the policy until after the flood. On September 26, 2011, Allstate issued a Flood General

Policy Endorsement Declaration indicating that the policy had been changed to Hina

Patel’s name effective August 23, 2011. Plaintiffs later submitted a claim seeking the

$60,000 limit under the SFIP. Allstate denied the claim on the basis that there was no

policy in effect at the time of the flood. Under the terms of the SFIP, the policy could not

be transferred because it covered only personal property. 44 C.F.R. Pt. 61, App. A(1),

Art. VII(D)(1). Rather, plaintiffs had to purchase a new policy, which did not become

effective until October 13, 2011, thirty days after Allstate received the plaintiffs’

application to transfer the policy. 42 U.S.C. § 4013(c) (2012); 44 C.F.R. § 61.11(b)–(c).

       Plaintiffs filed suit against Allstate, alleging that the flood damage was a covered

loss pursuant to the provisions of the flood policy. Plaintiffs later attempted to reframe

their complaint to include a tort claim for negligent misrepresentation. Allstate moved

for summary judgment. The District Court ultimately concluded that there was no

insurance contract between plaintiffs and Allstate at the time of the loss. The District

Court also held that Allstate was not estopped from denying coverage. Regarding the

misrepresentation claim, the Court held that it failed as a matter of law.          First, it

determined that the regulations preclude any misrepresentations made by Purcell being

                                              4
imputed to Allstate. Second, the Court noted that Allstate itself did not make any

misrepresentations until after the flood, and therefore plaintiffs could not have been

relying on those statements at the time of loss.

       Plaintiffs appeal the District Court’s grant of summary judgment on their estoppel

argument and their state law misrepresentation claim.1

                                             II.

       We exercise plenary review of the grant of summary judgment. Mylan Inc. v.

SmithKline Beecham Corp., 723 F.3d 413, 418 (3d Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is

appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all

reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor. Hugh v. Butler Cnty. Family

YMCA, 418 F.3d 265, 267 (3d Cir. 2005).

                                             III.

1
  We note that it is not clear whether plaintiffs actually preserved their appeal of the
estoppel argument. Counsel at oral argument stated that this claim was also appealed, but
plaintiffs’ appellate brief makes only a single reference to estoppel in the argument
section. Otherwise, plaintiffs refer to “state law tort principles,” their “tort claims,”
Purcell’s “negligent misrepresentations,” or their “negligent representation claims.”
Because their estoppel argument fails for the same reasons as their negligent
misrepresentation claim, we need not decide whether plaintiffs waived the issue by
failing to adequately raise it in their appellate brief.

                                              5
       The District Court held that Allstate could not be held liable for Purcell’s

alleged misrepresentations as a matter of law, relying on 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e).

Section 61.5(e) provides:

       The standard flood insurance policy is authorized only under terms and
       conditions established by Federal statute, the program’s regulations, the
       Administrator’s interpretations and the express terms of the policy itself.
       Accordingly, representations regarding the extent and scope of coverage
       which are not consistent with the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as
       amended, or the Program’s regulations, are void, and the duly licensed
       property or casualty agent acts for the insured and does not act as agent for
       the Federal Government, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, or
       the servicing agent.

The District Court reasoned that Purcell was acting as an agent of the plaintiffs, not as an

agent of Allstate, when she allegedly indicated that the plaintiffs would be covered

beginning on the date of the sale of the Subway franchise (i.e., August 23, 2011).

Because Allstate was the only party sued, and because Purcell’s misrepresentations were

the only ones upon which plaintiffs might have relied to their detriment, this resolved the

issue. Based on the arguments presented to us, we find no error in this reasoning.

       The regulation on its face appears to apply squarely to the situation here. Purcell

allegedly made a representation that was contrary to the terms and conditions established

by the statute, regulations, and express policy terms, by stating that Marconi’s policy

could be transferred to plaintiffs and that plaintiffs would be covered from the date of the

sale of the Subway franchise.      Because Purcell misrepresented the extent to which

plaintiffs would be covered (namely, that they would be covered beginning on August 23,

2011, instead of following the thirty-day waiting period once they filed the proper

                                             6
paperwork), the regulation dictates that Purcell was acting as an agent for plaintiffs, not

Allstate. See Remund v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 483 F. App’x 403, 408 (10th Cir.

2012) (“By creating the legal fiction that an insurance agent ‘acts for the insured,’ instead

of for her employer (the private insurance company), § 61.5(e) shields the private

insurance company from liability for certain of the agent’s tortious acts.”).

       In their brief on appeal, plaintiffs focus solely on the issue of whether state law

tort claims related to procurement are preempted as a general matter, arguing that

although state claims related to claims handling are preempted, see C.E.R. 1988, 386
F.3d at 272 & n.12, claims related to procurement are not.2 Plaintiffs failed to even

cite—let alone discuss—44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e). Allstate then raised the regulation as a bar

to their claim in its brief, and plaintiffs failed to file a reply brief addressing this

argument. At oral argument, upon questioning by the panel, plaintiffs finally addressed

the regulation directly. They made two related arguments as to why the regulation should

not apply: first, if there was no policy in effect at the time of the loss, then the FEMA

regulations do not apply; second, if FEMA would not be required to pay any resulting

judgment, then the regulation does not apply.3 Neither argument is persuasive.4

2
 The District Court explicitly declined to rule on this question, basing its decision solely
on 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e)’s effect on plaintiffs’ theory of vicarious liability.
3
  Plaintiffs did not contest that Allstate was a “servicing agent” that would be shielded
from liability under 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e), assuming the regulation applies. Plaintiffs also
did not contest that the misrepresentation went to the scope or extent of coverage.
4
 Because we determine that this case can be resolved on the basis of 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e),
we need not decide whether state law claims related to procurement are preempted as a
                                           7
          First, plaintiffs have cited no authority for their proposition that FEMA regulations

do not apply if there was not a valid policy in effect at the time of loss. As a general

matter, FEMA regulations often will be integral in answering the question as to whether

there was a policy or not. To the extent that plaintiffs argue that FEMA should not be

able to use regulations regarding claims handling or specific terms in the policy to defeat

a claim when no policy existed, that argument fails with respect to 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e).

Nothing in the plain language of the regulation limits its application to representations

made during the handling of claims. In fact, misrepresentations regarding the extent or

scope of coverage are likely to occur during the “procurement” phase. Plaintiffs ask us to

read a major exception to the plain language of the regulation that simply is not there.

We decline such an invitation.

          Moreover, plaintiffs have not cited any authority suggesting that FEMA is

prohibited from promulgating a regulation that would apply to the procurement of a flood

policy.      The statute provides that “the Administrator of the Federal Emergency

Management Agency is authorized to establish and carry out a national flood insurance

program which will enable interested persons to purchase insurance against loss resulting

from physical damage to or loss of real property or personal property related thereto

arising from any flood occurring in the United States.” 42 U.S.C. § 4011(a). It further

provides that “[t]he Administrator is authorized to issue such regulations as may be

general matter. Cf. Campo v. Allstate Ins. Co., 562 F.3d 751, 752 (5th Cir. 2009)
(holding that state law claims related to policy procurement are not preempted by federal
law). Rather, we hold only that plaintiffs’ theory of vicarious liability for the particular
tortious conduct in this case is precluded by the regulation.
                                              8
necessary to carry out the purpose of this Act.” 42 U.S.C. § 4128(a). The statute’s broad

grant of rule-making authority certainly appears to give FEMA the power to regulate how

policies issued under the NFIP are sold. And if the Administrator determined that

shielding WYO companies from liability for certain agent misrepresentations would

encourage WYO participation and advance the goals of the program, see Remund, 483 F.

App’x at 408 (describing this purpose as a possible policy behind the regulation), the

broad grant of rule-making authority in § 4128 would appear to authorize the relevant

regulation.   The question before us is not whether all state tort claims related to

procurement are preempted. The question is whether Allstate can be held liable for the

negligent misrepresentations of its agent when the representation concerns the scope or

extent of coverage of a policy. The plain language of the regulation says that Allstate

cannot, and the distinction between misrepresentations made during “procurement” and

those made during “claims handling” is nowhere to be found in the regulation or the

statute.

       We also reject plaintiffs’ second argument that the regulation acts as a bar to

recovery from the WYO company only when FEMA otherwise would be obligated to pay

the resulting judgment. Plaintiffs correctly observe that the arrangement between FEMA

and the WYO companies (“the Arrangement”) indicates that FEMA will not reimburse a

WYO company “if there is negligence by the agent.” 44 C.F.R. pt. 62, app. A, art. IX.

Whether FEMA pays the resulting judgment, however, does not change the plain

language of 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e). The regulation does not say that it applies only if

                                           9
federal funds are at risk. Again, plaintiffs ask us to insert a limitation into the regulation

that does not exist. As explained above, FEMA might have desired to limit the liability

of WYO companies for certain claims in order to encourage them to participate in the

NFIP. This motivation is divorced from whether FEMA would have to pay the judgment.

The fact that FEMA reiterated that it also will not pay for such claims does not

undermine our reading of § 61.5(e). We also note that WYO companies are required to

strictly follow the statute, regulations, and SFIP in determining whether claims should be

paid under the policy. See C.E.R. 1988, 386 F.3d at 267. Section 61.5(e)’s limitation of

liability for the WYO company eliminates to some degree a WYO company’s motivation

to agree with the erroneous advice given by an agent, as the WYO company would know

that it will not be held responsible for the agent’s initial misrepresentation if the company

denies the claim.

       Finally, even assuming that Article IX of the Arrangement suggests an

acknowledgement that WYO companies might be held liable for the negligent actions of

their agents in some circumstances, it still does not support plaintiffs’ argument. Section

61.5(e) deals with a very specific type of tortious conduct—misrepresentations by the

agent regarding the extent or scope of coverage. Assuming arguendo that Article IX

suggests that WYO companies can be held liable for the tortious acts of their agents, 44

C.F.R. § 61.5(e) and Article IX can be read together to give effect to both provisions. If

the tortious conduct is a misrepresentation concerning the extent or scope of coverage,

the WYO company cannot be sued. See 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e). If the tortious conduct

                                             10
involves some other act, the plaintiff could sue the WYO company, and FEMA would

refuse to reimburse the WYO company for those expenses. Our reading does not create

an irreconcilable conflict between the two provisions.

       In conclusion, plaintiffs’ arguments, made only at oral argument after questioning

by the panel, regarding the District Court’s interpretation and application of 44 C.F.R.

§ 61.5(e) are unpersuasive.    We therefore will affirm the District Court’s grant of

summary judgment.

                                            IV.

       Even if we had doubts about the proper interpretation and application of 44 C.F.R.

§ 61.5(e), we still would decline to remand this matter, as the record on summary

judgment could not support plaintiffs’ claims of detrimental reliance. The doctrine of

equitable estoppel under Pennsylvania law “arises when one by his acts, representations,

or admissions, or by his silence when he ought to speak out, intentionally or through

culpable negligence induces another to believe certain facts to exist and such other

rightfully relies and acts on such belief, so that he will be prejudiced if the former is

permitted to deny the existence of such facts.” In re Estate of Tallarico, 228 A.2d 736,

741 (Pa. 1967). To establish the tort of negligent misrepresentation, the plaintiffs must

show “(1) a misrepresentation of a material fact; (2) made under circumstances in which

the misrepresenter ought to have known its falsity; (3) with an intent to induce another to

act on it; and; (4) which results in injury to a party acting in justifiable reliance on the

misrepresentation.” Bortz v. Noon, 729 A.2d 555, 561 (Pa. 1999). Under either theory,

                                            11
plaintiffs would have to show that they were prejudiced by the misrepresentation. The

record, however, is insufficient to support such a claim.

       In their opposition to summary judgment and in their brief before the court,

plaintiffs allege that

       [h]ad they been fully informed by Allstate’s agent regarding the limitations
       on flood insurance coverage, they could have decided on different options,
       one of which is not to purchase the property in the flood zone, or use the
       contents for collateral for a loan which would have permitted immediate
       assignability of the flood insurance that already existed on the property and
       contents. Allstate’s agent failed to give the Appellants that option and, as a
       result, they have suffered a loss of $60,000.00.

Appellant’s Br. 22–23; see also Dist. Ct. Dkt. Entry 22 at 18. We first note that plaintiffs

never raised a claim of estoppel or negligent misrepresentation in their complaint.

Rather, these claims were raised in plaintiffs’ opposition to Allstate’s motion for

summary judgment, and plaintiffs never amended their complaint.             Thus, whether

plaintiffs even should be allowed to continue pursuing these claims is not entirely clear.

Regardless, the record submitted in plaintiffs’ opposition to Allstate’s motion for

summary judgment is insufficient to support these assertions.

       To the extent that plaintiffs claim that they relied on Allstate’s or Purcell’s

misrepresentations in deciding to purchase the Subway franchise, this assertion has no

support in the record. Plaintiffs purchased the Subway franchise on August 23, 2011.

They, however, did not speak with Purcell until August 26, 2011. They thus could not

have been relying on her statement at the time they purchased the franchise. Counsel at

oral argument claimed that Marconi, the seller, had spoken to Purcell before the sale

                                            12
closed, that Purcell said that the policy could be transferred, and that Marconi passed this

information on to plaintiffs at closing. The deposition testimony cited for this assertion,

however, does not support that claim. Gopal Patel testified that Marconi asked him at

closing whether plaintiffs desired to take over his flood insurance policy, and that

plaintiffs said they were interested. When asked what happened next, Mr. Patel testified:

“I think he contacted . . . Georgeanne [Purcell].” Nowhere did Mr. Patel testify that

Marconi spoke with Purcell before the date of closing, or that Marconi indicated that

Purcell assured him that Marconi’s flood policy could be transferred. And plaintiffs

failed to depose either the person who allegedly made the misrepresentation (Purcell) or

the person who supposedly passed on the alleged misrepresentation (Marconi). Any

conclusion that Purcell made a misrepresentation regarding the ability to transfer the

policy before the sale of the franchise closed would be pure speculation. Thus, plaintiffs’

first theory of detrimental reliance fails.

       Plaintiffs also contend that, had they known that the policy could not be

transferred, they would have taken out a loan using the property as collateral, which

would have made the new policy effective immediately upon the closing of the loan. 44

C.F.R. § 61.11(b) provides:

       Where the initial purchase of flood insurance is in connection with the
       making, increasing, extension, or renewal of a loan, the coverage with
       respect to the property which is the subject of the loan shall be effective as
       of the time of the loan closing, provided the written request for the
       coverage is received by the NFIP and the flood insurance policy is applied
       for and the presentment of payment of premium is made at or prior to the
       loan closing.

                                              13
To succeed on this theory, plaintiffs would have to show that Allstate or Purcell made a

misrepresentation before the flood occurred on September 8, 2011, and that plaintiffs

could have obtained a loan, presented the request for coverage to the NFIP, and paid the

insurance premium on or before that date.

       Hina Patel testified that plaintiffs had been pre-approved for a bank loan at the

time they purchased the Subway franchise, and that if they had known that the policy

would become effective immediately only if the property was used as collateral for a

loan, they would have taken out such a loan. This is insufficient to support to plaintiffs’

theory of detrimental reliance. First, as explained above, plaintiffs made the decision to

purchase the Subway franchise, and logically to use their own savings instead of a loan,

before Purcell made the alleged misrepresentations on August 26. Second, to the extent

that plaintiffs could have taken out a loan after purchasing the property by using the

property as collateral, there is absolutely no evidence in the record suggesting that they

would have been approved for that loan (after having depleted $70,000 of their savings to

purchase the property) or that they would have been able to submit an application and

premium payment to the NFIP and close on any such loan before the flood occurred on

September 8, less than two weeks after the misrepresentation. Nothing in the record

suggests whether this would have been possible, and thus any conclusion on this point in

favor of plaintiffs would be based upon speculation. Therefore, their claim based on this

theory also fails.

                                            V.

                                            14
For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm.

                                     15
Mahakali Krupa, et. al. v. Allstate Ins. Co., No. 14-3764,
Dissenting

COWEN, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

        The majority today puts the analytical cart before the
horse. In its zeal to avoid answering the central question of
preemption in this case, it applies a federal regulation that, if
Appellants’ claims are not preempted by federal law, it
should not apply. Because I conclude that Appellants’ claims
are not preempted and that reference to the federal regulations
in this regard is therefore inappropriate, I respectfully dissent.

       A.     Preemption

       The question at the heart of this matter is one we
expressly left open in C.E.R. 1988, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur.
Co., 386 F.3d 263, 271 n.12 (3d Cir. 2004): whether a state
law claim of negligent misrepresentation arising in the
procurement of national flood insurance is preempted by
federal law. If Appellants’ claims are not preempted, we
should apply the substantive law of Pennsylvania. If
Appellants’ claims are preempted, federal law governs and it
is appropriate to look at the applicable federal regulations.
Preemption is therefore the only logical place to begin our
analysis.

       In 1983, pursuant to regulatory authority granted by
Congress, FEMA created the “Write Your Own” (“WYO”)
program. Van Holt v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 163 F.3d
161, 165 (3d Cir. 1998). Under this program, Allstate, as a
private insurance company, enters into an arrangement (the
“Arrangement”) with the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (“FEMA”), whereby the insurance company agrees
to issue a standard flood insurance policy (“SFIP”) under its
logo. C.E.R. 1988, Inc., 386 F.3d at 267. The Arrangement
and the SFIP are codified federal laws. See 44 C.F.R. Pt. 62,
App. A (Arrangement), and 44 C.F.R. Pt. 61, App. A(1)
(SFIP).

        As we noted in C.E.R. 1988, Inc., the “overarching
purpose” of the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”)
is “to provide affordable flood insurance in high-risk areas in
order to reduce pressures on the federal fisc.” 386 F.3d at
265. Thus, if Appellants’ state law claims do not implicate
public government funds, there is little reason to believe
Congress intended to preempt them. See id. at 268 (noting
that “‘Congress would want federal courts to adjudicate
disputes over federal flood insurance policies for which the
federal government would be responsible.’ By the same
token, Congress would want federal law to govern those
disputes. And what Congress intends is the crux of our
preemption analysis.”) (quoting Van Holt, 163 F.3d at 167)
(emphasis added).

        Although it is generally true that Allstate, in its role as
fiscal agent of the government, will not have its own money
at stake, the Arrangement contemplates circumstances in
which the federal government will refuse to reimburse the
WYO insurer for its costs. Specifically, Article III(D)(3)(a)
of the Arrangement, entitled “Limitation of Litigation Costs,”
provides that if the FEMA Office of the Chief Counsel
(“OCC”) “finds that the litigation is grounded in actions by
the Company [here, Allstate] that are significantly outside the

                                2
scope of this Arrangement, and/or involves issues of agent
negligence, then the FEMA OCC shall make a
recommendation to the FIA regarding whether all or part of
the litigation is significantly outside the scope of the
Arrangement.” 44 C.F.R. Pt. 62, Art. III(D)(3)(a) (emphasis
added). This strongly suggests that FEMA views issues of
agent negligence as akin to actions “significantly outside the
scope of this Arrangement,” that will not ordinarily be
reimbursed. Similarly, I find the language of Article IX of
the Arrangement, entitled “Errors and Omissions,” highly
instructive. 44 C.F.R. Pt. 62, App. A, Art. IX. Although
Article IX applies in circumstances where a WYO company’s
negligence leads to a claim against it, but not litigation, it
contains arguably stronger language than Article III(D)(3)(a).
Article IX states that “(i) if the claim against the Company is
grounded in actions significantly outside the scope of this
Arrangement or (ii) if there is negligence by the agent, FEMA
will not reimburse [the Company] any costs incurred due to
that negligence. The Company will be notified in writing
within thirty (30) days of a decision not to reimburse.” Id.
(emphasis added).

        Thus, unlike Article III(D)(3)(a), which states that in
litigation involving the negligent acts of agents, FEMA will
make a recommendation as to whether the litigation is in
whole or in part outside the scope of the Arrangement, Article
IX states that in claims arising from the negligent acts of
agents, FEMA will simply refuse reimbursement. But despite
the slight variations in language, taken together, these
provisions establish that, in the ordinary course, FEMA will
not reimburse WYO companies for claims arising from the

                              3
allegedly negligent acts of their agents. The majority and I
are in agreement on this point. (See Majority Op. at 9 (noting
that Appellants “correctly observe that the arrangement
between FEMA and the WYO companies [ ] indicates that
FEMA will not reimburse a WYO company ‘if there is
negligence by the agent.’” (citing 44 C.F.R. pt. 62, app. A,
art. IX).)

       The Arrangement, however, draws no distinction
between claims handling and procurement. Prior to 2000, the
Arrangement could therefore have been fairly read to imply
that regardless of whether the alleged negligence occurred
during the procurement of a policy or during the handling of a
claim, reimbursement might be equally unavailable. But in
2000, FEMA amended the language of the SFIPs, which are
codified at 44 C.F.R. Pt. 61, App. A(1), A(2), and A(3). This
change, which occurred after the debate over the
procurement/claims handling distinction was already
underway, amended the language of the SFIPs to include the
following: “This policy and all disputes arising from the
handling of any claim under the policy are governed
exclusively by the flood insurance regulations issued by
FEMA, the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 . . . and
Federal common law.” 44 C.F.R. pt. 61, app. A(1), art. IX
(emphasis added).

       The effect of the change is that Congress explicitly
preempted all state law claims – including those based on
agent negligence – if they are related to claims handling. It
seems very unlikely that FEMA would specify only that the
“handling of any claim” would be governed exclusively by

                              4
the flood insurance regulations if it also intended to preempt
procurement-related claims. See C.E.R. 1988, Inc., 386 F.3d
at 269 n.6 (noting that the “principal differences between the
current provision and its predecessor are the addition of the
term “exclusively” and the express inclusion of disputes
arising from claims handling.”).

        In light of the purpose of the NFIP to guard the public
fisc, FEMA’s decision to carve out exceptions to its
reimbursement policies based on claims arising from agent
negligence, and FEMA’s 2000 amendment to the SFIP
preempting only state law claims related to the “handling of
claims,” both the statute and the regulations evince an intent
that procurement-related claims not be preempted by federal
law. See Campo v. Allstate Ins. Co., 562 F.3d 751, 758 (5th
Cir. 2009) (concluding that procurement-related flood
insurance claims were not preempted because the principal
purpose in enacting the NFIP was to “reduce . . . the massive
burden on the federal fisc of the ever-increasing federal flood
disaster assistance,” and FEMA “does not reimburse carriers
for procurement-related judgments.”) (alteration in original)
(citation omitted). We should therefore apply Pennsylvania
law to resolve Appellants’ claims.

       B.     44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e)

        To circumvent the question of preemption and avoid
an otherwise straightforward application of Pennsylvania
state law, the majority relies on 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e). That
regulation, entitled “Special terms and conditions,” provides
that “representations regarding the extent and scope of

                              5
coverage which are not consistent with the National Flood
Insurance Act of 1968, as amended, or the Program’s
regulations, are void, and the duly licensed property or
casualty agent acts for the insured and does not act for the
Federal Government, [FEMA], or the servicing agent [here,
Allstate].” 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(e) (emphasis added). The
majority reasons that because Allstate’s insurance agent
[Purcell] was acting on behalf of Appellants, any claim would
have to proceed against that agent, and not the WYO insurer.
Because Appellants failed to bring a suit against Purcell, the
majority continues, their claims necessarily fail.1 I disagree.

        The problem with the majority’s reasoning is inherent
in its decision to bypass the preemption analysis. Only upon
resolution of the preemption issue, can we properly determine
whether a particular federal regulation applies. Because, for
the reasons I have already articulated, I conclude that
Appellants’ procurement-related state law claim is not
preempted, consideration of that claim should be conducted

       1
         I note that the majority refers to the Tenth Circuit’s
non-precedential opinion in Remund v. State Farm Fire &
Cas. Co., 483 F. App’x 403, 408 (10th Cir. May 17, 2012).
But in Remund, the Tenth Circuit looked primarily to section
61.5(e) to conclude that procurement-related claims were
preempted. Id. Although I do not find the Tenth Circuit’s
opinion persuasive on the issue of preemption as it simply
ignored the statutory purpose and regulatory text that
undermines its conclusion, the Court recognized that it had to
address the issue of preemption before it simply applied
section 61.5(e) to the state law claims at issue. Id. at 407-09.

                               6
pursuant to Pennsylvania law without regard to section
61.5(e).

        The majority faults Appellants for citing no authority
for the proposition that FEMA regulations do not apply in the
absence of a valid policy. (Majority Op. at 7-8.) But this
turns the analysis on its head. As we have indicated on prior
occasions, the purpose of the NFIP was to reduce pressures
on the federal fisc. See C.E.R. 1988, Inc., 386 F.3d at 265. In
the absence of any claim that implicates federal funds, there is
no reason to believe that Congress had any interest in limiting
the liability of WYO insurers. See Gibson v. Am. Bankers
Ins. Co., 289 F.3d 943, 953, 955 (6th Cir. 2002) (Moore, J.
concurring in part and dissenting in part) (noting that the
federal regulations envision that litigation costs related to
“negligence” will arise from state-law tort claims and are not
reimbursable under the NFIP and explaining that the
argument that insurers like Allstate would refuse to
participate in the system unless they are insulated from such
state-law tort claims “fails to take account of the fact that
insurers are ordinarily subject to [such] claims,” and there is
no reason why “subjecting WYO insurers to the same rules to
which they are normally subject would affect their
behavior.”).

                               7
        Indeed, although not a preemption case, this very
analysis was rejected by the Fifth Circuit in Spence v. Omaha
Indem. Ins. Co., 996 F.2d 793, 797 (5th Cir. 1993). There,
the Court declined to read 44 C.F.R. § 61.5(i) -- now 44
C.F.R. § 61.5(e) -- as absolving WYO insurers from tort
liability for misrepresentations of their agents. Instead, it
concluded that the regulation, “read as a whole, plainly
evinces an intent to prevent expansion of SFIP coverage
through misrepresentations by private parties involved with
the program, thereby protecting the government from
expanded liability. We decline to accept a reading of that
provision immunizing WYO companies from liability for the
tortious conduct of their agents.” Id. (emphasis added). As
the Fifth Circuit aptly noted, when section 61.5(e) is read in
the broader context of the NFIP, it becomes clear that it was
the government’s concern with guarding public funds that led
it to limit its own liability regarding the negligent
misrepresentations of WYO insurers’ agents. It did not
intend to interfere with procurement-related state law claims,
the liability for which would be borne by the WYO insurers.

       Moreover, the majority’s attempt to limit its holding
today is unavailing. It asserts that section 61.5(e) prevents
procurement-related      claims     arising    from     agent
misrepresentations regarding only the extent or scope of
coverage. (Majority Op. at 10.) But it is hard to imagine
what other claims might be brought in the procurement
context if not those for misrepresenting the extent and scope
of coverage. Indeed, by concluding that such claims against
the WYO insurer are barred by section 61.5(e), the majority
eviscerates the distinction between claims arising from

                              8
procurement and those arising from “claims handling”
without even addressing the central question. The practical
effect will be that few, if any, claims of misrepresentation
arising from agent negligence in the procurement context will
ever succeed, because the representations most likely to be
made to convince individuals to obtain flood insurance will of
course pertain to the extent and scope of coverage. This
clearly was not the intent of FEMA when it drafted its
regulations to carve out an exception to its reimbursement
plan of WYO insurers for the negligent acts of these insurers’
agents. By sending the message that such claims would not
implicate federal funds, and were therefore not preempted,
the government wished to ensure that such claims against
WYO insurers could proceed. The majority's decision today
frustrates that intent.

       C.     The Merits of Appellants’ State Law Claim

       Applying Pennsylvania law, I note that the record is
sufficient for Appellants’ negligent misrepresentation claim
to survive summary judgment and I would remand the matter
to the District Court.

        To establish the tort of negligent misrepresentation,
the plaintiffs must show “(1) a misrepresentation of a material
fact; (2) made under circumstances in which the individual
making the representation ought to have known its falsity; (3)
with an intent to induce another to act on it; and; (4) which
results in injury to a party acting in justifiable reliance on the
misrepresentation.” Bortz v. Noon, 729 A.2d 555, 561 (Pa.
1999).

                                9
       Pennsylvania law does not require that the
misrepresentation be made directly to the individual asserting
the claim.       Rather, courts have indicated that the
misrepresentation may be communicated indirectly to the
recipient through a third party. In the context of negligent
misrepresentation, the statement maker’s liability is more
narrow than in cases of fraudulent misrepresentation, and the
maker will be liable only if he or she intended the
misrepresentation to be repeated to the recipient and for the
recipient to rely on it. Woodward v. Dietrich, 548 A.2d 301,
309 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1988).

        As this comes to us on a motion for summary
judgment we must view the facts in a light most favorable to
Appellants. Here, Appellants have successfully met the
requirements.     First, there is no dispute that Purcell
misrepresented whether the flood insurance would transfer.
Second, as Allstate’s agent, she ought to have known its
falsity. Third, it is arguable on the record before us that a
direct misrepresentation was made to the plaintiff
corporation. But even if there was no such misrepresentation,
given that no direct misrepresentation is required under
Pennsylvania law, a reasonable factfinder could conclude that
Purcell’s misrepresentation to either the previous owner or to
a different partner in the plaintiff corporation was intended to
be repeated to Plaintiff Hina Patel.

      Fourth, as a result of Purcell’s misrepresentations,
Appellants argue they were foreclosed from using the
contents of their property for collateral for a loan which

                              10
would have permitted immediate assignability of the flood
insurance that already existed on the property and contents.
As Plaintiff Hina Patel testified, Appellants decided not to use
the contents as collateral and to instead use their own
personal savings because “[w]e didn’t know that the clause
for the flood that --- we could have got the loan if we knew
that the flood was a factor.” (App. 109a.) Indeed, Patel
testified that they “had a pre-approval from PNC Bank, so it
wasn’t a problem to get a loan, but since we had our own
personal savings, we just didn’t want to go forward with the
loan, but if we knew back then that our flood insurance policy
would be active only if the loan is there, then we would have
had to protect our business.” (Id.) On this record, I believe
Appellants have presented sufficient evidence to survive
summary judgment and I would remand the matter to the
District Court for further proceedings.

       D.     Conclusion

      In light of the foregoing, I would remand the matter to
the District Court for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

                              11