Court Opinion

ID: 3132380
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-19 07:06:54.403292+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:53:53.394912
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   October 15, 2015
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 321302
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
FELANDO DAMONE HUNTER,                                             LC No. 13-009274-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and JANSEN and OWENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of first-degree felony murder,
MCL 750.316(1)(b), first-degree home invasion, MCL 750.110a(2)(a), and possession of a
firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Defendant was
sentenced to life imprisonment for the first-degree felony murder conviction, 13 to 20 years’
imprisonment for the first-degree home invasion conviction, and two years’ imprisonment for the
felony-firearm conviction. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.

                                          A. FACTS

        This case arises from the robbery and murder of Joshua Hayes at his apartment in Detroit,
Michigan, on August 10, 2012. Defendant and his friend Jerry Pringle, along with Pringle’s
friends Amiri Naylor and Jaromeo Gibson, and Pringle’s girlfriend Chanel McDonald, conceived
a plan to rob Hayes at his apartment. McDonald, the only codefendant who knew Hayes, had
enjoyed a friendly relationship with him in the past.

        Sometime in the early morning hours of August 10, 2012, Pringle drove all of the
codefendants to Hayes’ apartment building. At Pringle’s urging, McDonald sent a text message
to Hayes around 1:00 a.m. and asked if she could come over. After exchanging a number of text
messages, Hayes agreed to let McDonald come to his apartment. McDonald got out of the car
and met Hayes at the apartment building’s front door, then proceeded upstairs to his apartment.
She engaged in sexual relations with Hayes, breaking off intermittently to exchange text
messages with Pringle. At some point, McDonald told Hayes that she had left her wallet in her
sister’s car and that her sister had just arrived at Hayes’ apartment building to return it.
McDonald got dressed and went downstairs to let the rest of the codefendants inside.

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        Defendant and Gibson stayed downstairs in the first-floor hallway, but McDonald took
Pringle up to Hayes’ apartment. Pringle told McDonald to go back inside and engage Hayes in
sexual activity once more, but to make “a lot of noise” to signal them once she was ready for
them to come in and rob him. McDonald left Hayes’ apartment door slightly ajar when she
reentered the apartment. Pringle went back to the first-floor hallway and brought the other
codefendants upstairs. Defendant was armed with a long gun while Pringle and Gibson both
carried .38-caliber revolvers.

        While the codefendants waited outside the door, McDonald resumed having sex with
Hayes and then gave a prearranged signal, and the rest of the codefendants entered the apartment
and turned on the lights. According to McDonald, defendant looked at Hayes and said, “Yeah,
b----. Yeah, b----, you know what time it is.” Both defendant and Pringle then shot Hayes in the
head, though none of the witnesses were certain who fired first. One bullet entered the right side
of Hayes’ head, close to his eyebrow, and penetrated his brain. The second bullet hit Hayes in
the chin, fractured his jaw, and went through his neck. Police failed to recover the second bullet,
but later analysis confirmed that the first bullet had been fired from a rifle. After killing Hayes,
the codefendants ransacked the apartment. They left the apartment with a pair of sneakers, a
quantity of marijuana, some prescription medication, one silver handgun, and $250 in cash.

        Hayes’ body was not discovered until later that afternoon, and Detroit Police
investigators were unable to name a suspect in his murder. Then, in November 2012, Detroit
Police Officer Allen Williams learned that McDonald was a potential witness in an unrelated
homicide. On November 6, 2012, McDonald accompanied Officer Williams to the police station
for an interview. McDonald, apparently under the mistaken belief that Officer Williams wanted
to discuss Hayes’ murder, immediately began sharing details about the robbery and killing.
Officer Williams was unfamiliar with Hayes’ case so he stopped McDonald, located the Hayes
file, and “found that she was actually talking about a case that had been sitting for three months
that was wide open.” Officer Williams advised McDonald of her rights, took her to an interview
room with recording equipment, and interviewed her about the Hayes murder for the next three
hours. McDonald described her role in the incident to Officer Williams, and she also named
defendant, Pringle, Naylor, and Gibson and discussed their involvement in the murder.

         The four codefendants reached plea agreements with the prosecution before defendant’s
trial, and McDonald, Naylor, and Gibson all testified at trial and implicated defendant in the
murder. Defendant was convicted and sentenced as set forth above and he appeals as of right.

                                         B. ANALYSIS

                             I. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

        Defendant contends that the prosecutor improperly vouched for the codefendants’
credibility by pointing out that each pleaded guilty before defendant’s trial and by remarking
during her closing argument that Officer Williams realized that McDonald was telling the truth.

       We review unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct for plain error affecting
substantial rights. People v Gaines, 306 Mich. App. 289, 308; 856 NW2d 222 (2014).

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        “The test of prosecutorial misconduct is whether the defendant was denied a fair and
impartial trial.” People v Brown, 294 Mich. App. 377, 382; 811 NW2d 531 (2011). Generally,
however, a court gives a prosecutor “great latitude regarding his or her arguments and conduct at
trial.” People v Fyda, 288 Mich. App. 446, 461; 793 NW2d 712 (2010). In determining whether
a prosecutor’s comments were improper, we “evaluate the prosecutor’s remarks in context, in
light of defense counsel’s arguments and the relationship of these comments to the admitted
evidence.” People v Seals, 285 Mich. App. 1, 22; 776 NW2d 314 (2009).

                                i. Codefendant’s Plea Agreements

        A prosecutor may not use evidence of the conviction of a defendant’s accomplice as
substantive evidence of the defendant’s guilt, but “the guilty plea of an accomplice is admissible
for impeachment or rehabilitation, where its use is appropriately limited.” People v Manning,
434 Mich. 1, 14; 450 NW2d 534 (1990). The prosecution “does not insinuate possession of
information not heard by the jury” and expresses no personal opinion regarding a witness’s
veracity simply by calling a witness to testify under a plea agreement. People v Bahoda, 448
Mich. 261, 276; 531 NW2d 659 (1995) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

        During her case-in-chief, the prosecutor discussed the plea agreements with each of the
codefendants in turn. McDonald, Naylor, and Gibson all testified about the offenses to which
they had pleaded guilty, their sentences under the sentencing agreements, and the requirement
that they give truthful testimony against any codefendants in the case.

        The prosecutor’s references to the codefendants’ plea agreements, including the specific
fact that they had already pleaded guilty before defendant’s trial, did not constitute prosecutorial
misconduct or deprive defendant of a fair trial. The record indicates that the prosecutor
discussed the plea agreements simply to inform the jury of the codefendants’ roles in the crime
and subsequent prosecution and to dispel any potential suspicion that they had fabricated their
testimony. The prosecutor did not suggest any special knowledge of the codefendants’ honesty,
and the simple fact that she called the codefendants to testify did not constitute an improper
endorsement of their credibility.

       Additionally, while the prosecutor was the first to introduce evidence of the plea
agreements, defense counsel clearly intended to use the agreements to argue that the
codefendants would lie in exchange for lighter sentences. Defense counsel referenced the plea
agreements time and again, including leading Naylor to admit on cross-examination that he
received a “great deal” from the prosecution and declaring during her closing argument that the
codefendants had “everything to gain by pointing a finger” at defendant. This Court “will not
allow a defendant to use the plea information to undermine the accomplice’s credibility at trial,
and then allow him to argue on appeal that introduction of the evidence of the plea was
prejudicial.” People v Dowdy, 211 Mich. App. 562, 572; 536 NW2d 794 (1995).

        Moreover, the trial court’s detailed instructions regarding accomplice testimony cured
any potential prejudice arising from the prosecutor’s remarks. See People v Unger, 278 Mich
App 210, 235; 749 NW2d 272 (2008) (“Curative instructions are sufficient to cure the prejudicial
effect of most inappropriate prosecutorial statements . . . and jurors are presumed to follow their
instructions” (citations omitted)). Here, the court instructed the jurors at length on the issue,

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directing them to examine the testimony closely, consider the codefendants’ potential bias or
interest, determine if the promise of a lighter sentence could have influenced the codefendants’
credibility, and to use caution before accepting the testimony. In short, the prosecutor did not
commit misconduct that denied defendant a fair trial when she referenced the codefendants’ plea
agreements. Brown, 294 Mich. App. at 382.

                                   ii. Reference to “The Truth”

        During her closing argument, the prosecutor referenced the testimony of Officer Williams
as follows:

              Officer Williams knows absolutely nothing about the homicide on East
       Congress until Chanel McDonald . . . gives it all up. . . . He gets the information
       from her about [the street where Hayes was murdered]. He stops her at that point.
       He goes and gets the file and realizes holy crap, she’s telling me the truth about a
       homicide that DPD Homicide hadn’t had any clues on, no leads.

         The prosecutor’s statement—that Officer Williams realized McDonald was telling the
truth—did not constitute misconduct. Rather, the prosecutor was merely summarizing Officer
Williams’ testimony about his interview with McDonald and the manner in which he realized
that McDonald was providing details about an open homicide. The prosecutor was not telling
the jury that she considered McDonald’s statement to be true, or that she personally vouched for
it, but that Officer Williams had decided to question McDonald further once she had provided
concrete details about the scene of Hayes’ murder. The statement was therefore proper because
it bore a direct relationship to Officer Williams’ previous testimony. See Seals, 285 Mich. App. at
22. The prosecutor also intimated no special knowledge of McDonald’s credibility by her
isolated comment. Nor has defendant demonstrated that the innocuous remark affected the trial’s
outcome because the prosecutor was simply reminding the jurors of the testimony they had
already heard from McDonald and Officer Williams. Gaines, 306 Mich. App. at 308. Finally, the
trial court also instructed the jury that the attorneys’ statements, questions, and arguments were
not evidence and the instruction cured any potential prejudice. See Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 235.
In short, the prosecutor’s comment did not amount to misconduct that denied defendant a fair
trial. Brown, 294 Mich. App. at 382.

                        II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       Defendant contends that defense counsel’s failure to challenge a potentially biased juror
for cause, cross-examine the codefendants about the penalty they faced before they signed their
plea agreements, and object to the prosecutor’s alleged misconduct all fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness and denied him the effective assistance of counsel.

        “A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel presents a mixed question of law and fact.”
Id. at 387. “This Court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact, if any, for clear error, and reviews
de novo the ultimate constitutional issue arising from an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.”

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Id. Because this Court denied defendant’s motion for a remand for a Ginther1 hearing,2 our
review is for mistakes apparent on the record. Id.

        “To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show: (1)
that his attorney’s performance was objectively unreasonable in light of prevailing professional
norms; and (2) that he was prejudiced by [counsel’s] deficient performance.” People v Walker,
497 Mich. 894, 895; 855 NW2d 744 (2014). To show prejudice, a defendant “must demonstrate
a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have
been different.” Gaines, 306 Mich. App. at 300 (citation and quotation marks omitted). A
reasonable probability is “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland v Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694; 104 S. Ct. 2052; 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).

       “Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a heavy burden of
proving otherwise.” People v Eisen, 296 Mich. App. 326, 329; 820 NW2d 229 (2012) (citation
and quotation marks omitted). More specifically, there is a strong presumption that defense
counsel employed effective trial strategy, People v Payne, 285 Mich. App. 181, 190; 774 NW2d
714 (2009) (citation omitted), and we “will not substitute our judgment for that of counsel on
matters of trial strategy, nor will we use the benefit of hindsight when assessing counsel’s
competence,” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 242-243.

                                      i. Challenging the Juror

       A criminal defendant has a federal and state constitutional right to be tried by an
impartial jury. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. “Jurors are presumptively competent
and impartial[,]” People v Johnson, 245 Mich. App. 243, 256; 631 NW2d 1 (2001), and “[t]he
burden is on the defendant to establish that [a] juror was not impartial or at least that the juror’s
impartiality is in reasonable doubt[,]” People v Miller, 482 Mich. 540, 550; 759 NW2d 850
(2008). “It is sufficient if the juror can lay aside his impression or opinion and render a verdict
based on the evidence presented in court.” Irvin v Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 723; 81 S. Ct. 1639; 6 L. Ed.
2d 751 (1961). When a potential juror swears that he or she will put aside preexisting knowledge
and opinions, the initial presumption is that the juror is telling the truth. People v Cline, 276
Mich. App. 634, 638; 741 NW2d 563 (2007).

        Counsel’s decision relating to the selection of jurors is generally a matter of trial strategy.
Johnson, 245 Mich. App. at 259. We are “disinclined to find ineffective assistance of counsel on
the basis of an attorney’s failure to challenge a juror” because trial counsel is in a better position
to judge a potential juror’s “facial expressions, body language, and manner of answering
questions.” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 258. Additionally, “[a] lawyer’s hunches, based on [her]
observations, may be as valid as any method of choosing a jury.” Id. (citation and quotation
marks omitted). In order to show that he or she was prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to

1
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
2
 People v Hunter, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 11, 2015 (Docket
No. 321302).

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challenge or remove a juror, a defendant must show that the outcome of the trial would likely
have been different had the juror not deliberated. See Hughes v United States, 258 F3d 453, 458
(CA 6, 2001).

         Defense counsel’s failure to challenge the potential juror, (A.O.), for cause did not fall
below an objective standard of reasonableness. Walker, 497 Mich. at 895. At most, A.O.’s first
response to the trial court’s question about putting aside the memory of his past as a victim of a
crime was somewhat equivocal. When the judge explained further and stressed the importance
of leaving bias and prejudice “outside the courtroom door,” A.O. unequivocally stated that he
could do so. A.O.’s answer was sufficient to ensure that defendant received a fair trial, and
defendant presents no evidence to rebut the presumption that A.O. was honest when he swore to
deliberate according to the evidence and the applicable law. See Irvin, 366 U.S. at 723; Cline, 276
Mich. App. at 638. Therefore, defendant fails to establish that A.O. was not impartial or that his
partiality was in reasonable doubt. See Miller, 482 Mich. at 550. Challenging A.O. for cause
would thus have been meritless because Michigan court rules did not warrant his removal. See
MCR 2.511(D) (providing that, among other considerations unrelated to this case, a juror may be
removed for cause when he or she “is biased against a party or attorney,” “shows a state of mind
that will prevent the person from rendering a just verdict,” or “has opinions . . . that would
improperly influence the person’s verdict”). Counsel is not required to advance a meritless
position. People v Chelmicki, 305 Mich. App. 58, 69; 850 NW2d 612 (2014). Moreover,
defendant fails to establish that the jury’s verdict would likely have been different but for A.O’s
presence on the jury where the prosecution introduced overwhelming evidence of defendant’s
guilt. See Hughes, 258 F3d at 458. In short, counsel’s failure to challenge A.O. did not
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.

                             ii. Cross-Examining the Co-Defendants

        “Decisions regarding what evidence to present, whether to call witnesses, and how to
question witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy[.]” People v Horn, 279 Mich. App.
31, 39; 755 NW2d 212 (2008). Further, defense counsel’s failure to question witnesses or
present other evidence constitutes ineffective assistance “only when it deprives the defendant of
a substantial defense[.]” People v Russell, 297 Mich. App. 707, 716; 825 NW2d 623 (2012)
(citation and quotation marks omitted). “A substantial defense is one that might have made a
difference in the outcome of the trial.” People v Chapo, 283 Mich. App. 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68
(2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

        Contrary to defendant’s argument, defense counsel extensively cross-examined
McDonald, Naylor, and Gibson, and questioned each of them about their plea agreements. In
addition, the prosecutor disclosed the terms of all three plea agreements, both in her opening
statement and through direct examination of the codefendants. Nevertheless, defendant
maintains on appeal that defense counsel’s failure to specifically note that the codefendants faced
a potential sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole deprived him of a
substantial defense. The jurors, however, were keenly aware that the codefendants had all been
charged with felony murder and that their reduced sentences under the plea agreements still
resulted in sentences between 10 and 30 years. Defense counsel continually used the plea
agreements in an attempt to show bias and fabrication, including eliciting an admission from
Naylor that he received a “great deal” to testify. Given the circumstances of the case, defense

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counsel’s cross-examination of the codefendants did not deprive defendant of a substantial
defense because it would not have made a difference at trial. See Chapo, 283 Mich. App. at 371.
Consequently, defense counsel was not ineffective in this regard. Russell, 297 Mich. App. at 716.

                           iii. Objecting to the Prosecutor’s Remarks

       Finally, defendant contends that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the
prosecutor’s remarks regarding the codefendants’ guilty pleas and Officer Williams’ realization
that McDonald was telling him the truth in their interview. As discussed earlier, however, the
prosecutor’s comments did not constitute misconduct and did not prejudice defendant’s
substantial rights by affecting the trial’s outcome. Consequently, objecting to the remarks would
have been meritless, and counsel is not deficient for failing to raise a meritless objection.
Chelmicki, 305 Mich. App. at 69.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                            /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                            /s/ Donald S. Owens

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