Court Opinion

ID: 8207563
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-20 15:00:15.75477+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:26.627046
License: Public Domain

21-872
     In re: Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC
 1
 2                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 3                          FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 4                            ____________________
 5
 6                                  August Term, 2021
 7
 8       (Argued: March 16, 2022                      Decided: September 20, 2022)
 9
10                                  Docket No. 21-872
11
12                                 ____________________
13
14   IRVING H. PICARD, TRUSTEE FOR THE
15   SUBSTANTIVELY CONSOLIDATED SIPA
16   LIQUIDATION OF BERNARD L. MADOFF
17   INVESTMENT SECURITIES LLC, AND
18   BERNARD L. MADOFF,
19
20                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,
21
22   SECURITIES INVESTOR PROTECTION CORPORATION,
23
24                                  Plaintiff-Applicant-Appellee,
25                     v.
26
27   JABA ASSOCIATES LP, THE ESTATE OF
28   JAMES GOODMAN, ANDREW
29   GOODMAN, IN HIS CAPACITY AS A
30   GENERAL PARTNER OF JABA
31   ASSOCIATES LP, AUDREY M. GOODMAN,
32   IN HER CAPACITY AS A GENERAL AND
33   LIMITED PARTNER OF JABA ASSOCIATES
34   LP, AND IN HER CAPACITY AS
 1   PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
 2   ESTATE OF JAMES GOODMAN, BRUCE
 3   GOODMAN, IN HIS CAPACITY AS A
 4   GENERAL PARTNER OF JABA
 5   ASSOCIATES LP,
 6
 7                               Defendants-Appellants. 1
 8
 9                                   ____________________
10
11   Before: POOLER, WESLEY, and MENASHI, Circuit Judges.
12
13            Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of

14   New York (Koeltl, J.) granting summary judgment to the plaintiff, Irving H.

15   Picard, pursuant to the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, 15 U.S.C. §§

16   78aaa-78lll (“SIPA”). The district court granted recovery of $2,925,000 that was

17   transferred from Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC (“BLMIS”) to the

18   defendants in the two years prior to BLMIS’s filing for bankruptcy. Because there

19   is no genuine dispute of material fact that Bernard L. Madoff transferred the

20   assets of his business to the defendants, which made it recoverable property

21   under SIPA, the district court properly granted summary judgment to Picard.

22            Affirmed. Judge Wesley concurs in a separate opinion.

     1
         The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the caption as above.
                                                 2
 1                                 ____________________

 2                            LANCE GOTTHOFFER, Chaitman LLP, (Helen
 3                            Chaitman, on the brief) New York, N.Y., for Defendants-
 4                            Appellants.
 5
 6                            AMY E. VANDERWAL, Baker & Hostetler LLP, (David
 7                            J. Sheehan, Seanna R. Brown, Tracy Cole, on the brief)
 8                            New York, N.Y., for Plaintiff-Appellee Irving H. Picard,
 9                            Trustee for the Substantively Consolidated SIPA Liquidation
10                            of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, and
11                            Bernard L. Madoff.
12
13                            NATHANAEL KELLEY, Associate General Counsel,
14                            Securities Investor Protection Corporation, (Kevin H.
15                            Bell, Senior Associate General Counsel, Kenneth G.
16                            Caputo, General Counsel, on the brief) Washington, D.C.,
17                            for Plaintiff-Appellee Securities Investor Protection
18                            Corporation.
19
20   POOLER, Circuit Judge:

21         Defendants JABA Associates LP and its general partners—Estate of James

22   Goodman; Audrey Goodman (as General Partner and Personal Representative);

23   Bruce Goodman; and Andrew Goodman—appeal from the March 24, 2021

24   judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New

25   York (Koeltl, J.) granting summary judgment to the plaintiff, Irving H. Picard

26   (“Trustee”), pursuant to the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, 15 U.S.C.

27   §§ 78aaa-78lll (“SIPA”). JABA was a good faith customer of Bernard L. Madoff
                                              3
 1   Investment Securities LLC (“BLMIS”) and held BLMIS Account Number 1EM357

 2   (the “JABA Account”). The Trustee brought this action to recover the allegedly

 3   fictitious profits transferred from BLMIS to the defendants in the two years prior

 4   to BLMIS’s filing for bankruptcy. The district court granted recovery of

 5   $2,925,000 that BLMIS transferred to defendants in the two years prior to

 6   BLMIS’s filing for bankruptcy, which made it recoverable property under SIPA.

 7   Sec. Inv. Prot. Corp. v. Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC, 528 F. Supp. 3d 219

 8   (S.D.N.Y. 2021) (“SIPC”). The district court also awarded 4 percent prejudgment

 9   interest. Id. at 245-47.

10          The defendants first argue that the district court improperly granted

11   summary judgment. They contend that there is a dispute of material fact as to

12   whether Bernard L. Madoff transferred the assets of his sole proprietorship to the

13   defendants, which determines whether the property is recoverable under SIPA.

14   Defendants question some of the Trustee’s evidence, particularly the Amended

15   Form BD. As detailed further below, when Madoff reorganized his broker-dealer

16   business from a sole proprietorship to a limited liability company in 2001, he

17   filed an Amended Form BD with the Securities Exchange Commission to reflect

18   the change. Defendants argue that the Amended Form BD is inadmissible
                                                4
 1   hearsay and that an expert opinion the district court purportedly relied upon in

 2   admitting the Amended Form BD was not credible. We find plaintiffs waived

 3   that argument by not objecting to the admission of the Amended Form BD and

 4   by relying upon the form in their own motion for summary judgment.

 5         Defendants also argue that certain evidence, including (1) the name used

 6   on JPMorgan Chase & Co. accounts which were in Madoff’s personal name and

 7   were not changed to BLMIS ownership until September 2002, (2) the

 8   endorsement stamp used on one account which was in Madoff’s personal name,

 9   and (3) the use of Madoff’s personal name on checks emanating from another

10   bank account (collectively, the “Account Evidence”), is sufficient to create a

11   dispute of material fact that all assets of the sole proprietorship, including the

12   funds in the JPMorgan accounts at issue here, were transferred to BLMIS.

13         Yet the Amended Form BD, plus other evidence, indicates that BLMIS took

14   ownership of all the property used in the sole proprietorship and that, therefore,

15   the district court properly concluded that the funds in the JPMorgan accounts are

16   recoverable customer property. The Account Evidence that defendants cite is

17   insufficient to create a dispute of material fact in the face of overwhelming

18   evidence to the contrary.
                                               5
 1         Defendants finally argue that the district court erred in awarding

 2   prejudgment interest. The 4 percent interest the district court imposed was not

 3   unduly harsh or punitive, and the district court properly justified the amount.

 4   We affirm.

 5                                     BACKGROUND

 6         The litigation stemming from the Ponzi scheme Madoff ran through

 7   BLMIS, his broker-dealer firm, is well-known to this Court. See, e.g., In re Bernard

 8   L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC, 773 F.3d 411 (2d Cir. 2014); In re Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec.

 9   LLC (“Gettinger”), 976 F.3d 184 (2d Cir. 2020); In re Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC,

10   721 F.3d 54 (2d Cir. 2013); In re Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC, 654 F.3d 229 (2d

11   Cir. 2011). BLMIS was a securities broker-dealer through which Madoff operated

12   three business units: (1) a proprietary trading business; (2) a market-making

13   business; and (3) an investment advisory business (the “IA Business”). BLMIS

14   collected funds from brokerage customers and purported to invest those funds

15   on behalf of the customers, but it did not actually invest the money. Instead, it

16   sent its customers fabricated statements using historical trading activity and

17   returns that had never been generated, and therefore were reflecting fictitious

18   trades and gains. When customers sought to withdraw money from their
                                                6
 1   accounts, BLMIS satisfied those requests with the proceeds of other customers’

 2   investments that were held in a commingled checking account. See, e.g., In re

 3   Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC, 773 F.3d at 415. The scheme collapsed in

 4   December 2008, when there was not enough new capital to support the

 5   withdrawals that customers sought. Gettinger, 976 F.3d at 188. Madoff was

 6   subsequently arrested on criminal charges, and, on the day of his arrest, the SEC

 7   filed a civil action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of

 8   New York alleging that Madoff and BLMIS had operated an unlawful Ponzi

 9   scheme. Id.

10         The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) then became

11   involved and applied for an order granting BLMIS customers protection under

12   SIPA. Id. After the scheme collapsed, Picard was appointed trustee for BLMIS

13   pursuant to SIPA, and liquidation proceedings began in the district court. 15

14   U.S.C. § 78aaa et seq.; In re Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC, 773 F.3d at 414. Under

15   SIPA, “[w]henever customer property is not sufficient to pay in full [customers’

16   net equity claims], the trustee may recover any property transferred by the

17   debtor which, except for such transfer, would have been customer property if

18   and to the extent that such transfer is voidable or void under the provisions of
                                               7
 1   [the Bankruptcy Code].” 15 U.S.C. § 78fff–2(c)(3). Recovered property is treated

 2   as customer property and distributed ratably among customers based on their

 3   net equity. Id.

 4      I. The Underlying Transfers at Issue

 5         This appeal pertains to the bank accounts BLMIS used for customer cash

 6   that were acquired through the operation of the Ponzi scheme. BLMIS used two

 7   bank accounts held with JPMorgan that commingled customer money: a

 8   commercial checking account (the “703 Account”) and a controlled disbursement

 9   account (the “509 Account”) that was funded by the 703 Account. The 703

10   Account was the primary bank account used for BLMIS customer deposits, with

11   97 percent of the money coming into the account being customer deposits.

12   Customer withdrawals were sent from both the 703 and 509 Accounts.

13         Madoff’s firm operated as a sole proprietorship for over 40 years before he

14   converted it to a single member limited liability company, with Madoff as the

15   sole member, in the early 2000s. On January 12, 2001, using the same SEC

16   Registrant Number Madoff was originally assigned in 1960 (8-8132), Madoff

17   reorganized his firm to an LLC. Madoff informed the SEC of the change in

                                             8
 1   corporate form by filing an Amended Form BD. 2 On the Amended Form BD,

 2   Madoff attested that, “[e]ffective January 1, 2001, predecessor will transfer to

 3   successor all of predecessor’s assets and liabilities, related to predecessor’s

 4   business. The transfer will not result in any change in ownership or control.”

 5   Supp. App’x at 57-58. 3 After filing this form with the SEC, BLMIS succeeded to

 6   the sole proprietorship’s SEC Registrant Number, and, as far as the SEC was

 7   concerned, the sole proprietorship no longer operated as a broker-dealer or in

 8   any other capacity. The Amended Form BD asked the applicant to check a box

 9   next to the type of business in which it was engaged, and Madoff checked the

10   boxes next to “market-making” and “proprietary trading activities,” but did not

11   check the box next to investment advisory (“IA”) services.4 Supp. App’x at 55-56.

     2
       The SEC requires those who wish to become broker-dealers to file Form BD, the
     Uniform Application for Broker-Dealer Registration. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 78o(a)-(b);
     17 C.F.R. § 249.501(a). A successor that continues the business of the broker-
     dealer previously registered with the SEC that changes the predecessor’s
     operating form must file a Form BD Amendment. SEC Rule 15b1-3(b), 17 C.F.R. §
     240.15b1-3(b).
     3
       A copy of the Amended Form BD that Madoff filled out is attached here in the
     appendix to this opinion.
     4 The Trustee notes that Madoff himself admitted that he was hiding his IA

     business from the SEC at this point. See SEC Office of Investigations, Investigation
     of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme

                                               9
 1   Also in 2001, BLMIS entered into an Amended and Restated Operating

 2   Agreement wherein on the form Madoff stated that he transferred all assets,

 3   including bank accounts, held by the sole proprietorship to BLMIS, effective

 4   January 1, 2001. See SIPC v. BLMIS, Adv. No. 08-01789 (CGM) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.),

 5   ECF Nos. 20429-4, 20467-4, 20571-4, 20578-4, 20649-4. Other documentary

 6   evidence that suggests that BLMIS subsumed all parts of the sole proprietorship

 7   includes a change in letterhead that listed the firm as “Bernard L. Madoff

 8   Investment Securities LLC,” letters from BLMIS, account opening agreements,

 9   and trading documents that were sent to customers that had previously listed

10   “BLMIS” prior to 2001 and stated “BLMIS LLC” after 2001.

11         There is minimal evidence that indicates that the JPMorgan accounts

12   continued to be owned by the sole proprietorship and not BLMIS. Some of that

13   evidence is that BLMIS continued to send the same checks to customers both

14   before and after it became an LLC, which were drawn from the 509 Account and

15   listed the name “Bernard L. Madoff” in the top left corner. The endorsement

16   stamp on the 703 Account checks continued to say “[f]or deposit only Bernard L.

     (Public Version), Report No. OIG-509, at 182 n.121 (Aug. 31, 2009),
     https://www.sec.gov/files/oig-509.pdf.
                                              10
 1   Madoff.” App’x at 408-09. And while BLMIS was formed in 2001, Madoff did not

 2   change the names on the JPMorgan accounts from his own name to “Bernard L.

 3   Madoff Investment Securities” until September 2002. App’x at 408.

 4            In 2006, after the SEC started investigating BLMIS’s involvement in the

 5   Ponzi scheme, Madoff filed a Form ADV, the application form required for an

 6   investment advisor to register with the SEC. On Form ADV, Madoff used the

 7   same SEC Registrant Number assigned to his business (8-8132) and signed the

 8   form on behalf of “Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC.”

 9      II.      The JABA Transfers

10            As detailed by the district court, prior to the collapse of BLMIS, the

11   defendants initiated three inter-account transfers and seven cash deposits to the

12   JABA account totaling $2,945,000 in principal, as well as two inter-account

13   transfers to a different BLMIS account of $25,000. SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 228.

14   The defendants made 59 withdrawals totaling $10,148,000 from the JABA

15   Account. Id. The defendants withdrew $7,228,000 from the JABA account in

16   excess of principal. Id. Within the relevant two-year period prior to December 15,

17   2008, the defendants withdrew $2,925,000 in excess of principal from the JABA

                                                11
 1   Account. Id. The defendants do not dispute the date, receipt, or amount of the

 2   two-year transfers.

 3      III.   The District Court Decision

 4         The district court granted summary judgment to the Trustee and denied

 5   the defendants’ cross-motion for summary judgment, holding that BLMIS

 6   transferred $2,925,000 in fictitious profits to the defendants in the two-year

 7   recovery period, which entitled the Trustee to recover the money, and granted

 8   prejudgment interest at the rate of 4 percent. SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 246-47. The

 9   district court first reviewed the admissibility of the evidence. The defendants

10   argued that the Trustee’s motion rested upon inadmissible evidence, namely the

11   expert reports, BLMIS books and records, trial testimony and plea allocutions. Id.

12   at 231. The defendants argued that the Trustee’s expert reports were inadmissible

13   because they were based on BLMIS books and records, which themselves were

14   permeated with fraud. Id. The district court found the expert reports admissible

15   under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 because it was “plain that the reports help

16   the trier of fact to understand the evidence, are based on sufficient data, are

17   based on reliable principles and methods, and that the experts have reliably

18   applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.” Id. The district court
                                              12
 1   also found the defendants’ claim that BLMIS’s books and records were

 2   inadmissible pursuant to the hearsay exception for records of a regularly

 3   conducted activity under Federal Rule of Evidence 803(6) because they are

 4   “permeated with fraud” to be an unpersuasive argument and found them

 5   admissible. Id. at 232. As the district court pointed out, if defendants’ argument

 6   were true, a “case involving fraud would never benefit from expert testimony

 7   about the alleged fraud because the records at issue were fraudulent. But a

 8   discerning review of the records, particularly when supported by bank

 9   statements, can show the details of money that was received by an enterprise and

10   money that was distributed, even if aspects of the records—such as securities

11   that were listed but not purchased—were false.” Id.

12         The defendants argued that plea allocutions and trial testimony were also

13   inadmissible. In particular, Frank DiPascali, a former BLMIS employee, testified

14   for 16 days under oath in the criminal trial of Daniel Bonventre, BLMIS's

15   operations manager, that United States Treasury Bills (“T-Bills”) purchased with

16   IA Business money were purchased for the sake of BLMIS’s own cash

17   management strategy and were not purchased for any customer accounts. Id. at

18   226. DiPascali passed away before defendants here had the opportunity to
                                              13
 1   depose him. Id. at 233. The district court found that, pursuant to Federal Rule of

 2   Evidence 807, DiPascali’s prior testimony was sufficiently trustworthy and

 3   admissible. The court found that the various plea allocutions were admissible

 4   under Federal Rule of Evidence 803(22), the hearsay exception for judgment of

 5   a previous conviction, and Federal Rule of Evidence 807, the residual

 6   exception. Id.

 7         The district court also found that the Trustee had Article III standing to

 8   bring the action against the defendants. The defendants conceded that the

 9   Trustee has standing to recover funds transferred by BLMIS but argued that the

10   JPMorgan Accounts and the IA Business were not property of BLMIS and instead

11   were owned by Madoff personally, and therefore the Trustee lacked Article III

12   standing to recover the transfers at issue in this case because the Trustee did not

13   suffer an injury under SIPA. Id. at 234.

14         The district court found that there was no dispute of material fact that all

15   property of the sole proprietorship was transferred to BLMIS, and that such a

16   contention was supported by the Amended Form BD. Id. at 234-35. The

17   defendants argued that the unchecked box next to the statement on the form that

                                                14
 1   BLMIS would operate an investment advisory business and the inconsistent

 2   names on the account statements and checks gave rise to a dispute of material

 3   fact. Id. at 235. Additionally, the district court relied on a report filed by the

 4   Trustee’s expert, Bruce G. Dubinsky, which explained that Madoff not checking a

 5   box listing investment advisory services as a business of BLMIS is not dispositive

 6   of the question of ownership of the JPMorgan accounts, and that the Amended

 7   Form BD made clear that all assets previously owned by the sole proprietorship,

 8   including the JPMorgan accounts, were transferred to BLMIS. Id. The district

 9   court also noted that the defendants did not present any evidence of their own

10   that the unchecked box or the names on the checks and the JPMorgan accounts

11   were dispositive. Id.

12         The defendants also argued that the bankruptcy court’s decision in In re

13   Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC (“Avellino”), 557 B.R. 89, 110 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.

14   2016), reconsideration denied, 2016 WL 6088136 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Oct. 18, 2016),

15   compelled a finding that the Trustee did not have standing. In Avellino, the

16   bankruptcy court held that only Alan Nisselson, the Chapter 7 trustee for the

17   Madoff estate, could recover actual transfers by the sole proprietorship, but

18   because he is not a SIPA trustee he could not recover customer property
                                                15
 1   withdrawn prior to January 1, 2001. Id. The defendants argued below

 2   that Avellino compels the result that the Trustee did not have standing to bring

 3   this suit. SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 235. The district court distinguished Avellino on

 4   the ground that it held only that the Trustee could not recover transfers prior to

 5   2001, before BLMIS reorganized as an LLC. Id. However, in this case the Trustee

 6   only seeks to recover two-year transfers, which the bankruptcy court in Avellino

 7   held the Trustee may avoid and recover against similarly situated defendants. Id.

 8         The district court granted summary judgment to the Trustee holding that

 9   SIPA authorized recovery of defendants’ fictious profits. Id. at 235-41. Under 11

10   U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A), the Trustee may avoid and recover transfers of fictitious

11   profits where: (1) a transfer of an interest of the debtor in property (2) was made

12   within two years of the bankruptcy petition date, and (3) the transfer was made

13   with “actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud” a creditor. Adelphia Recovery Tr.

14   v. Bank of Am., N.A., Nos. 05-cv-9050, 03-md-1529, 2011 WL 1419617, at *2

15   (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 7, 2011), aff’d sub nom. Adelphia Recovery Tr. v. Goldman, Sachs &

16   Co., 748 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2014). The district court noted there is a presumption of

17   fraudulent intent when the debtor operated a Ponzi scheme and the court found

18   there was no dispute of material fact that Madoff operated a Ponzi scheme after
                                              16
 1   applying a four-factor test to determine whether the presumption should apply.

 2   Id. at 236-40. After examining all the evidence, the district court determined that

 3   the Ponzi scheme presumption should apply and that there was fraudulent

 4   intent sufficient to allow the Trustee to recover defendants’ profits. Id. at 240.

 5   This holding is not challenged on appeal.

 6         The district court then reviewed the defendants’ affirmative defenses, id. at

 7   241-45, none of which have been presented on appeal, before awarding the

 8   Trustee prejudgment interest. The Trustee sought prejudgment interest from the

 9   date the Trustee filed the complaint against the defendants on November 12,

10   2010 until the date of the district court’s judgment. Id. at 245-46. The district court

11   looked at the following factors: “the award should be a function of (i) the need to

12   fully compensate the wronged party for actual damages suffered, (ii)

13   considerations of fairness and the relative equities of the award, (iii) the remedial

14   purpose of the statute involved, and/or (iv) such other general principles as are

15   deemed relevant by the court.” Id. (quoting Wickham Contracting Co., Inc. v. Local

16   Union No. 3, Intern. Broth. of Elec. Workers, 955 F.2d 831, 833-34 (2d Cir. 1992)). The

17   district court found that the 4 percent interest rate represented the prime rate of

18   interest on December 15, 2008, the date of the protective decree beginning the
                                               17
 1   BLMIS SIPA liquidation, and compensated the Trustee for the loss of the use of

 2   the two-year transfers for the years that the litigation has lasted, and reduces the

 3   profits to the defendants from having withheld the funds. Id.

 4                                     DISCUSSION

 5         Although the case before us contains a hefty record spanning decades, the

 6   defendants challenge but a few aspects of the district court’s decision.

 7   Defendants appeal from the district court’s holdings that: (1) the content of the

 8   Amended Form BD is admissible; (2) the evidence sufficiently proved that

 9   Madoff transferred the JPMorgan accounts from the sole proprietorship to

10   BLMIS; and (3) the Trustee is entitled to prejudgment interest. 5 The Trustee and

11   the SIPC additionally argue that the transfers at issue comprise customer

12   property which they argue is recoverable to the Trustee wherever it lies. That is

13   to say, it matters not if BLMIS or the sole proprietorship ultimately owned the

     5The parties have also presented arguments as to the propriety of the Avellino
     bankruptcy decision. We need not reach this issue as we can affirm the district
     court on the evidence that was before it. We can further distinguish Avellino as
     the district court did: the Trustee only seeks to recover transfers made within the
     two-year period and thus we need not determine whether Avellino was correctly
     decided. Thus, we may wait until a final decision has been rendered in Avellino
     and an appeal, if any, in that case is properly before us.
                                               18
 1   JPMorgan accounts as long as the funds held in the account comprise customer

 2   property. Here, the district court properly analyzed the evidence before it and

 3   we can affirm on the record before us.

 4      I. Admissibility of Evidence

 5                A. Standard of Review

 6         The defendants argue that the Amended Form BD is inadmissible and that

 7   the district court erred by considering it. When a party challenges the district

 8   court’s evidentiary rulings underlying a grant of summary judgment, we

 9   undertake a two-step inquiry. First, “we review the trial court’s evidentiary

10   rulings, which define the summary judgment record.” LaSalle Bank Nat’l Ass’n v.

11   Nomura Asset Cap. Corp., 424 F.3d 195, 211 (2d Cir. 2005). Because the “principles

12   governing admissibility of evidence do not change on a motion for summary

13   judgment,” Raskin v. Wyatt Co., 125 F.3d 55, 66 (2d Cir. 1997), we review the

14   district court’s decision to exclude evidence as hearsay for abuse of discretion,

15   United States v. Coplan, 703 F.3d 46, 84 (2d Cir. 2012). “[O]nly admissible evidence

16   need be considered by the trial court in ruling on a motion for summary

17   judgment,” and a “district court deciding a summary judgment motion has

18   broad discretion in choosing whether to admit evidence.” Presbyterian Church of
                                              19
 1   Sudan v. Talisman Energy, Inc., 582 F.3d 244, 264 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation

 2   marks omitted). A district court abuses its discretion when it bases its ruling “on

 3   an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the

 4   evidence, or render[s] a decision that cannot be located within the range of

 5   permissible decisions.” In re Sims, 534 F.3d 117, 132 (2d Cir. 2008) (citations and

 6   internal quotation marks omitted). At the second stage of our inquiry, “with the

 7   record defined, we review the trial court’s summary judgment decision de novo,”

 8   construing all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.

 9   LaSalle Bank, 424 F.3d at 205, 211 (internal quotation marks omitted).

10                B. Amended Form BD

11         Before the district court, the defendants did not object to the admission of

12   the Amended Form BD and relied upon the form as a key piece of evidence

13   because of the unchecked box next to the statement that BMLIS would operate an

14   investment advisory business. Now, however, the defendants argue that the

15   Form is inadmissible hearsay. The defendants argue that the Amended Form

16   BD’s content does not fall within the business records exception of Rule 803(6)

17   because the SEC did not verify the information that Madoff put on the form,

                                              20
 1   including the statement that the assets of the sole proprietorship would be

 2   transferred to BMLIS.

 3         The defendants have waived this argument by making it for the first time

 4   before this Court. Lugo v. Hudson, 785 F.3d 852, 855 (2d Cir. 2015) (“Because this

 5   issue is raised for the first time on appeal, we need not consider it.”). In addition,

 6   by relying on this evidence in seeking summary judgment, the defendants have

 7   “waived any objections to the admissibility of the reports by offering them

 8   themselves.” Capobianco v. City of New York, 422 F.3d 47, 55 (2d Cir. 2005). The

 9   defendants below relied on the unchecked box on the Amended Form BD as a

10   central piece of evidence that BLMIS did not control the JPMorgan accounts. See

11   SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 235 (“The defendants did not present any expert

12   testimony to support their proposition that the JPMorgan Accounts were owned

13   by Madoff personally instead of by the LLC. Rather, the defendants rely on the

14   fact that on the Amended Form BD, Madoff did not check a box listing that the

15   LLC would operate an investment advisory business[.]”). While they have

16   changed their argument here, it is unavailing. Had the defendants wished to

                                               21
 1   exclude the Amended Form BD, they had ample opportunity to do so before the

 2   district court. 6

 3          We also reject the defendants’ argument that the Amended Form BD is

 4   inadmissible hearsay because “the source of information or the method or

 5   circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.” Fed. R. Evid.

 6   803(6). The defendants argue that the Amended Form BD is inadmissible because

 7   Madoff pled guilty to submitting false documents to the SEC. In addition to not

 8   having made this argument below, the defendants do not argue that the source

 9   of information or the method or circumstance of preparation indicate a lack of

10   trustworthiness, beyond stating in conclusory fashion that “Madoff pled guilty to

11   submitting false documents to the SEC. Thus, it is patently unreliable and

     6 The defendants also rely on a July 14, 2021 order on a motion in limine in a
     related case before Judge Furman, also of the Southern District of New York,
     which did not exclude the Amended Form BD from evidence, but instead ruled
     that the Trustee must lay the proper foundation at trial to admit the content of
     the form under Federal Rule of Evidence 703. We note, however, that Judge
     Furman also relied upon the Amended Form BD in his motion for summary
     judgment, writing that the Amended Form BD, while supporting the Trustee’s
     claim, also created a dispute of material fact because of the unchecked box. See
     Picard v. RAR Entrepreneurial Fund, Ltd., No. 20-cv-1029, 2021 WL 827195, at *11
     (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2021). The fact that the Trustee needed to lay a foundation at
     trial does not make it inadmissible hearsay, despite what the defendants claim.
                                               22
 1   untrustworthy. Hence, the untrustworthy contents of Form BD are inadmissible

 2   hearsay.” Appellants’ Br. at 29.

 3         Rule 803(6) aims to ensure that documents were not created for “personal

 4   purpose[s] . . . or in anticipation of any litigation” so that the creator of the

 5   document “had no motive to falsify the record in question.” United States v.

 6   Kaiser, 609 F.3d 556, 574 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Freidin, 849 F.2d

 7   716, 719 (2d Cir. 1988)). The rule “favors the admission of evidence rather than its

 8   exclusion if it has any probative value at all.” Id. (internal quotation marks

 9   omitted).

10         The defendants have failed to meet their burden of showing that the

11   source of information or the method or circumstance of preparation indicate a

12   lack of trustworthiness. The fact that Madoff himself was untrustworthy does not

13   necessarily make the Amended Form BD itself untrustworthy. Such a broad

14   ruling would keep out evidence in fraud trials because the person at the center of

15   the fraud committed duplicitous acts.

16         The defendants next argue that the Amended Form BD was

17   inappropriately admitted as a business record based on the expert report filed by

18   Bruce Dubinsky, whom defendants claim gave prior testimony that rendered
                                                23
 1   him not credible. The district court stated that “[t]he Dubinsky Report explains

 2   that the fact that Madoff did not check a box listing investment advisory services

 3   as a business of the LLC is not dispositive of the question of ownership of the

 4   JPMorgan accounts, and that the Amended Form BD made clear that all assets

 5   previously owned by the sole proprietorship, including the JPMorgan Accounts,

 6   were transferred to the LLC.” SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 235. Yet there is nothing in

 7   the ruling that suggests that the district court relied on Dubinsky’s opinion in

 8   admitting the Amended Form BD. Therefore, we need not reach any of

 9   defendants’ arguments regarding Dubinsky’s credibility as an expert.

10      II. Whether There Is Sufficient Evidence to Grant Summary Judgment

11            A.     Standard of Review

12         “We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo,

13   construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against which

14   summary judgment was granted and drawing all reasonable inferences in its

15   favor.” Harris v. Miller, 818 F.3d 49, 57 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks

16   omitted). We affirm “only if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the

17   prevailing party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” id., but summary

18   judgment “must be rejected if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could
                                              24
 1   return a verdict for the nonmoving party,” Abdu–Brisson v. Delta Air Lines, Inc.,

 2   239 F.3d 456, 465 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted).

 3            B. Evidence There Was a Transfer of an Interest of the Debtor in
 4               Property
 5
 6         The defendants argue that there is a dispute of material fact as to whether

 7   BLMIS took control of the JPMorgan accounts, rendering summary judgment

 8   inappropriate. In the district court, the defendants argued that the Trustee could

 9   not avoid the transfers because there was no evidence that the JPMorgan

10   accounts and the IA Business were property of BLMIS. Defendants argued those

11   accounts were owned by Madoff personally, such that the Trustee could not claw

12   back the transfers. SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 234. Both parties agree that prior to

13   2001, Madoff’s sole proprietorship held the JPMorgan accounts used by the IA

14   Business, and that Madoff converted his firm to an LLC in 2001. Defendants

15   claim that after Madoff converted his firm, Madoff’s sole proprietorship

16   continued to run the IA Business, while the proprietary trading business and

17   market-making business were operated by BLMIS. 7

     7In fact, it is undisputed that the LLC had at least some investment advisory
     clients. Madoff’s investment advisory clients who opened accounts after 2001

                                              25
 1         Defendants claim their argument is supported by inconsistencies in the

 2   name on the JPMorgan accounts, the name on the endorsement stamp for the 703

 3   Account, and the name used on the 509 Account checks. They argue this is

 4   enough to raise a question of material fact. While the LLC was formed in January

 5   2001, Madoff did not change the name on both of the JPMorgan accounts to

 6   BLMIS until September 2002. Additionally, the endorsement stamp on the 703

 7   Account checks remained “[f]or deposit only Bernard L. Madoff,” and the 509

 8   Account checks continued to bear Madoff’s personal name long after 2001. All

 9   checks paid to JABA indicated the account was owned by “Bernard L. Madoff.”

10         However, this sparse evidence is insufficient to create a dispute of material

11   fact, as the district court correctly found. It is undisputed that the LLC operated

12   an investment advisory business because it executed client agreements for

13   investment advisory services and sent statements to investment advisory clients.

     entered into customer agreements with the LLC, see Exhibit 3, SIPC v. BLMIS,
     No. 08-01789 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2020), ECF No. 10662-3, and previous
     clients—including JABA Associates—received statements on the LLC’s
     letterhead, Supp. App’x 1411-16. At oral argument, the defendants clarified that
     their position is that Madoff was operating two IA Businesses: one through the
     sole proprietorship and one through the LLC. Oral Argument Audio Recording
     at 7:57.
                                             26
 1   See supra note 7. The defendants argue that the sole proprietorship nevertheless

 2   continued to operate a separate and independent investment advisory business.

 3   But that argument ignores the overwhelming evidence that BLMIS took over all

 4   aspects of the sole proprietorship. With the Amended Form BD, Madoff

 5   indicated that he would change the corporate form of the business and retained

 6   the same SEC Registrant Number (8-8132) he had since January 1960. On these

 7   forms, Madoff attested that he was transferring all of the predecessor’s assets to

 8   the successor and that the transfer would not result in any change in ownership

 9   or control. After the SEC filing, BLMIS succeeded to the sole proprietorship’s

10   SEC Registrant Number, and, as far as the SEC was concerned, the sole

11   proprietorship no longer operated as a broker-dealer or in any other capacity.

12   The Amended Form BD stated that all assets transferred to BLMIS and that no

13   “accounts, funds, or securities of customers of the applicant are held by or

14   maintained by [any] other person, firm, or organization[.]” Supp. App’x at 52-53.

15         Where the form asked what kind of businesses in which it was engaged,

16   Madoff selected “market-making” and “proprietary trading activities,” yet the

17   box next to investment advisory services was unchecked. Supp. App’x at 55-56.

18   Defendants below argued that this unchecked box sufficed to create a genuine
                                             27
 1   issue of material fact. Before us, however, defendants argue that the Amended

 2   Form BD is inadmissible, although they rely on the unchecked box on the form in

 3   the alternative. Defendants also point to a district court decision in a related case

 4   before Judge Furman that partially relied on the one unchecked box on the

 5   Amended Form BD in denying the Trustee’s motion for summary judgment. See

 6   Picard v. RAR Entrepreneurial Fund, Ltd., 2021 WL 827195. In reviewing the same

 7   evidence that was before the district court here, Judge Furman denied summary

 8   judgment on the ground that there was insufficient evidence to support a finding

 9   that “no reasonable factfinder could conclude that either Madoff himself or the

10   sole proprietorship retained ownership over the 703 and 509 Accounts even after

11   the LLC's formation in 2001.” Id. at *11. 8

     8After a trial on the issue of whether the investment advisory business, including
     the JPMorgan accounts, was transferred to BLMIS, making the transfers
     recoverable under SIPA, a jury returned a unanimous verdict in favor of the
     Trustee. Picard v. RAR Entrepreneurial Fund, Ltd., No. 20- cv-01029 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.
     7, 2022), ECF No. 132. Other cases that have analyzed similar facts have held that
     similar transfers were made by the LLC. Two of these were decisions rendered
     after trial. See Sec. Inv. Prot. Corp. v. Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC (“Bam II”), 624
     B.R. 55 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2020); Sec. Inv. Prot. Corp. v. Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec.
     LLC (“Nelson”), 610 B.R. 197 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2019). Yet other cases all confronted
     similar evidence at the motion for summary judgment and found there was
     sufficient evidence to determine that BLMIS caused the transfers at issue here,

                                                28
 1         We disagree and affirm the district court’s finding that the record did not

 2   raise a question of material fact as to whether BLMIS owned the JPMorgan

 3   accounts. As the district court pointed out: (1) when Madoff changed the form of

 4   his business from sole proprietorship to an LLC, the business retained the same

 5   SEC registration number; (2) the Amended Form BD noted that the LLC “will

 6   transfer to successor all of predecessor's assets and liabilities related to

 7   predecessor’s business. The transfer will not result in any change in ownership or

 8   control,” and “there were no assets or liabilities of the sole proprietorship listed

 9   as ‘not assumed by the successor,’” SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 234-35; and (3) the

10   form also indicated that no “accounts, funds, or securities of customers of the

11   applicant are held by or maintained by [any] other person, firm, or

12   organization,” id. at 235.

13         Additionally, while the Trustee submitted an expert’s opinion that

14   Madoff’s failure to check this box on the Amended Form BD was not dispositive

     making it recoverable property under SIPA. See Sec. Inv. Prot. Corp. v. Bernard L.
     Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC (“Miller”), 631 B.R. 1 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2021); Sec. Inv. Prot.
     Corp. v. Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC (“Keller”), 634 B.R. 39 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
     2021); In re Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC, No. 21-cv-02334, 2022 WL 493734
     (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 17, 2022).

                                               29
 1   of the question of ownership and that the Form made clear that all assets of the

 2   sole proprietorship were transferred to the LLC, the defendants do not point to

 3   any expert opinion that would rebut this contention. In fact, the defendants do

 4   not point to any evidence that the accounts were owned by Madoff personally

 5   instead of BLMIS. To survive summary judgment, defendants cannot simply

 6   raise “some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,” Bellamy v. City of New

 7   York, 914 F.3d 727, 754 (2d Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted), or

 8   present evidence that is “merely colorable,” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477

 9   U.S. 242, 249-50 (1986). Instead, defendants must “designate specific facts

10   showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Parker v. Sony Pictures Ent., Inc.,

11   260 F.3d 100, 111 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324

12   (1986)).

13         Defendants claim that they did not need expert testimony regarding the

14   ownership of the bank accounts because owning a bank account is a common

15   experience for adults in the United States, and therefore one “does not need to

16   pay an expert witness . . . to opine on the ownership of a bank account.”

17   Appellants’ Br. at 23-24. This argument is unavailing because Madoff was not

18   engaged in the type of banking the average U.S. adult would undertake. Rather,
                                               30
 1   Madoff operated a massive Ponzi scheme which he took pains to hide for years.

 2   As the district court pointed out, improperly filled-out forms and other sleights

 3   of hand are what one would expect when “exhuming the remnants of a Ponzi

 4   scheme.” SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 235 (citation omitted).

 5         Defendants claim the undisputed facts show that the LLC never owned the

 6   JPMorgan accounts, but they have pointed to no material evidence of this. In

 7   contrast, the Trustee relies on substantial evidence that BLMIS owned these

 8   accounts. Because there is no dispute of material fact as to the ownership of the

 9   JPMorgan accounts, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment

10   on this ground.

11      III.   Prejudgment Interest

12         Finally, the defendants argue that awarding prejudgment interest was an

13   abuse of discretion because they are innocent victims of fraud themselves and

14   should not be penalized for defending themselves in court. Defendants argue

15   that: (1) there was no statutory basis for an award of prejudgment interest under

16   11 U.S.C. § 548; (2) prejudgment interest is inappropriate where the defendants

17   did nothing wrong; (3) the Trustee was responsible for any delay; and (4) the

18   district court’s award of 4 percent interest was excessive and punitive.
                                             31
 1         Some of the factors a district court considers when awarding prejudgment

 2   interest include: “(i) the need to fully compensate the wronged party for actual

 3   damages suffered, (ii) considerations of fairness and the relative equities of the

 4   award, (iii) the remedial purpose of the statute involved, and/or (iv) such other

 5   general principles as are deemed relevant by the court.” Wickham Contracting Co.,

 6   955 F.2d at 833-34. Judgments based on both federal and state law apply the

 7   federal interest rate to prejudgment interest calculations. Thomas v. iStar Fin., Inc.,

 8   629 F.3d 276, 280 (2d Cir. 2010).

 9         While 11 U.S.C. § 548 does not expressly authorize an award of

10   prejudgment interest, the Supreme Court has upheld an award “despite the

11   silence of the laws on the subject of interest.” Wickham, 955 F.2d at 834. However,

12   prejudgment interest may not be awarded when Congressional intent is to the

13   contrary, which may be obvious from the language of the statute itself. Id. “Even

14   when the statute is silent, intent to deny recovery of interest may be inferable

15   from (i) the state of the law on prejudgment interest, for the type of claim

16   involved, at the time the statute was passed, and (ii) consistent denial by the

17   courts of prejudgment interest under the statute and failure by Congress, despite

18   amendments to the statute, to address prejudgment interest awards.” Id.
                                               32
 1         Here, the defendants argue that the Bankruptcy Code does not authorize

 2   an award of prejudgment interest because the statute is silent. Yet defendants do

 3   not make any argument that this silence is dispositive, nor that we can make any

 4   inference that an award of prejudgment interest is not authorized by the statute.

 5   In fact, prejudgment interest has been awarded against other similarly situated

 6   defendants in related SIPA litigation. See, e.g., Securities Investor Protection Corp. v.

 7   Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, No. 08–01789 (SMB), 2018 WL

 8   1442312, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Bankr. Mar. 22, 2018), report and recommendation adopted,

 9   596 B.R. 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2019), aff’d, 976 F.3d 184 (2d Cir. 2020); Nelson, 610 B.R. at

10   238; Bam II, 624 B.R. at 65-66. While there is no express authorization in Section

11   548, this does not mean that it is forbidden by the statute. Defendants point to no

12   case law that has expressly held the opposite and we decline to do so today.

13      Additionally, in light of the Wickham factors, we cannot find that the district

14   court abused its discretion in awarding prejudgment interest against the

15   defendants. While the defendants claim that it would be unfair to award

16   prejudgment interest because they were innocent, “wrongdoing by a defendant

17   is not a prerequisite to an award.” Lodges 743 & 1746, Int’l Ass’n of Machinists &

18   Aerospace Workers v. United Aircraft Corp., 534 F.2d 422, 447 (2d Cir. 1975).
                                                33
 1   Defendants may be operating in good faith and certainly have a right to litigate

 2   their case, but that does not change the fact that they have benefited from other

 3   customers’ stolen property and have not returned it for over a decade.

 4          Nor do we agree with the defendants’ assertion that the district court’s

 5   award of 4 percent interest was unnecessarily harsh or punitive. The district

 6   court surveyed other cases where prejudgment interest was awarded that ranged

 7   from awards of 9 percent to 4 percent. SIPC, 528 F. Supp. 3d at 246. The district

 8   court awarded 4 percent, the prime interest rate on December 15, 2008, which is

 9   the date of the protective decree beginning the BLMIS SIPA liquidation. Id. The

10   district court found that this amount compensated the Trustee for the loss of the

11   use of the two-year transfers and reduces the profits to the defendants from

12   having withheld the funds. The district court appropriately balanced the equities

13   between the parties. Given this, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

14   granting an award of 4 percent prejudgment interest to the Trustee.

15                                     CONCLUSION

16          We have considered the defendants’ remaining arguments on appeal and

17   conclude that they are without merit. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the

18   district court.
                                              34
     21-872
     In re: Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC

 1   WESLEY, Circuit Judge, concurring:

 2         I concur in Judge Pooler’s fine opinion. The Majority opinion concludes that

 3   there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether BLMIS owned the

 4   JPMorgan accounts. The opinion endorses the district court’s view that the

 5   accounts in fact were owned by BLMIS because they were integral parts of the IA

 6   Business it operated exclusively. While I agree with my colleagues and the district

 7   court that BLMIS solely operated the IA Business once the firm became an LLC, I

 8   do not think that determines the account ownership issue nor do I see a reason to

 9   resolve it. For me, it matters not. What matters is who ran the IA Business—Madoff

10   individually or BLMIS? If only the latter, then the Trustee can reach the transfers

11   made to the defendants from those accounts and that ends the matter.

12         As Judge Pooler points out, the only evidence before the district court

13   regarding the IA Business after Madoff converted his firm into an LLC establishes

14   that the firm’s investment advisory customers only did business with BLMIS.

15   There is no genuine issue of material fact here. BLMIS’s Amended and Restated

16   Operating Agreement stated that BLMIS was “formed to receive as at [sic] January

17   1, 2001, all of the assets, subjects to liabilities, associated with business being
 1   conducted by Bernard L. Madoff, as sole proprietorship.” SIPC v. BLMIS, Adv. No.

 2   08-01789 (CGM) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.), Dkt Nos. 20429-4, 20467-4, 20571-4, 20578-4,

 3   20649-4. The customer agreements for those who became IA Business customers

 4   prior to 2001 expressly stated these agreements would “[i]nure to the benefit of . .

 5   . any successor organization.” Supp. App’x at 1517. As a result of the firm’s

 6   reorganization, all the sole proprietorship’s investment advisory customers

 7   became customers of BLMIS. Indeed, the firm’s correspondence and relationship

 8   with its investment advisory customers reflected this change. For instance, the

 9   firm’s name atop the letterhead of the monthly customer statements it sent to IA

10   Business customers changed from “Bernard L. Madoff” to “Bernard L. Madoff

11   Investment Securities LLC.” Supp. App’x at 640, Figure 24; Supp. App’x at 1411–

12   16. And as the Majority observed, the investment advisory customers who opened

13   accounts with the firm after it became an LLC in 2001 signed customer agreements

14   with BLMIS. See supra note 7.

15         The defendants offered not a shred of evidence, except names on the

16   JPMorgan checking accounts, to suggest that, after the firm became an LLC, either

17   the sole proprietorship maintained any investment advisory business relationship

18   with customers or that BLMIS did not operate an investment advisory business.
                                              2
 1   Evidence related to ownership of the JPMorgan accounts only does not “designate

 2   specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial” about whether BLMIS

 3   or the sole proprietorship maintained an investment advisory business, Parker, 260

 4   F.3d at 111, especially since it is undisputed that the funds received from

 5   customers both before and after the firm became an LLC were commingled in the

 6   accounts.

 7         The Trustee and the Majority rely on the Amended Form BD to contend that

 8   ownership of the checking accounts was transferred from the sole proprietorship

 9   to BLMIS in 2001. 1 But the form, prepared by Madoff, is only direct evidence of

10   what he represented to the SEC about BLMIS. JPMorgan’s own recital on their

11   checks and statements is undoubtedly a significant indication of who owned the

12   accounts. There is nothing in the record evidence even suggesting that JPMorgan,

     1As the Majority rightly notes, the Amended Form BD is inconsistent. The form, as the
     Majority mentions, indicates that BLMIS succeeded to all the sole proprietorship’s assets,
     but it does not indicate that BLMIS would operate an investment advisory business. The
     Amended Form BD also lists the new name of Madoff’s business as “Bernard L. Madoff
     Investment Securities LLC,” Supp. App’x at 49, but represents that the legal status and
     organizational structure of his business would remain a sole proprietorship, Supp. App’x
     at 51. In hindsight, it is likely that the Amended Form BD was just another instrument of
     Madoff’s fraud.

                                                 3
 1   as the commercial bank maintaining and servicing the accounts, ever recognized

 2   BLMIS as the owner of the accounts.

 3         While the firm could unilaterally change the nature of its own business

 4   structure and its relationship with its customers, it could not change the ownership

 5   of the bank accounts it used without at least notifying JPMorgan. Notably, Madoff

 6   sent letters to various governmental agencies and the Bank of New York, which

 7   maintained the bank accounts for the firm’s proprietary trading and market-

 8   making businesses, notifying them of the firm’s change to an LLC, but never to

 9   JPMorgan. There are no JPMorgan documents reflecting a change in ownership.

10         To show that a “transfer of an interest of the debtor in property” was made,

11   Adelphia Recovery Tr., 2011 WL 1419617, the Trustee need only establish that “the

12   property he is seeking to recover was ‘customer property’ prior to the transfer,”

13   Supp. App’x at 1684; SIPC v. BLMIS, 631 B.R. 1, 8 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2021). SIPA

14   defines customer property as “cash and securities . . . at any time received,

15   acquired, or held by or for the account of a debtor from or for the securities

16   accounts of a customer.” 15 U.S.C. § 78lll(4).

17         While I may quibble with the Majority as to whether there is a genuine

18   dispute of material fact regarding who owned the JPMorgan accounts, that is not
                                               4
1   dispositive of this appeal. As other Circuit Courts have held, cash and securities

2   can still be customer property even if they were never deposited in a bank account

3   owned by the debtor. 2 The same goes for cash in a customer’s brokerage account

4   when that brokerage account was transferred to the debtor from a predecessor

5   brokerage firm. See In re Brentwood, 925 F.2d at 329–29. “The relevant inquiry is

6   whether the brokerage firm actually received, acquired or possessed [the

7   customer’s] property” since SIPA protects customers “who attempt to invest

    2 See Peloro v. U.S., 488 F.3d 163, 173–74 (3d Cir. 2007) (holding that bearer bonds were
    customer property that had been mailed to the debtor and held by the debtor but seized
    by the FBI both before they were allocated to any debtor account and the SIPA liquidation
    proceedings had begun); In re Primeline Sec. Corp., 295 F.3d 1100, 1107 (10th Cir. 2002)
    (holding that cash was still customer property where the customers, at the instruction of
    the debtor’s employee, wrote checks made out to the employee and various non-debtor
    companies but the employee met with the customers at the debtor’s office, provided
    potential investors with business cards reflecting his position at the debtor, had
    customers complete debtor new account forms, and sent fraudulent statements on debtor
    letterhead); In re Old Naples Sec., Inc., 223 F.3d 1296, 1303 (11th Cir. 2000) (holding that
    cash was still customer property where the customers gave it to an agent of the debtor
    who represented he would invest the cash with the debtor but actually deposited their
    money in a separate, non-debtor company’s account and used some of the money in that
    account to pay the debtor’s expenses); In re Brentwood Securities, Inc., 925 F.2d 325, 329–30
    (9th Cir. 1991) (holding that cash was still customer property where it was originally
    deposited in the brokerage account of the former brokerage firm of the debtor’s president
    and that brokerage account was later transferred to the debtor broker-dealer after the
    president purchased the debtor); In re Stalvey & Assoc., Inc., 750 F.2d 464, 469 (5th Cir.
    1985) (finding bonds to be customer property where the debtor, through the debtor’s
    president or one of its employees, “had at least access to the bonds . . . and physical
    possession of the bonds”).
                                                 5
 1   through their brokerage firm” and “reasonably follow[ ] the broker’s instructions

 2   regarding payment” but “are defrauded by dishonest brokers.” Primeline Sec.

 3   Corp., 295 F.3d at 1107; In re Old Naples, 2223 F.3d at 1303. Consequently, the real

 4   metric is “control over all of the [customers’] funds,” not ownership of the bank

 5   account housing them. In re Old Naples, 223 F.3d at 1304.

 6         Here, there is no genuine dispute of material fact that the LLC directed the

 7   transfers; the funds making up the transfers were customer property prior to being

 8   made to the defendants even if they were not kept in a bank account owned by

 9   BLMIS. At the time of the transfers, the defendants’ only investment advisory

10   relationship with the firm was with BLMIS. As discussed above, once Madoff

11   converted the firm into an LLC, BLMIS solely operated the IA Business. As a result,

12   the investment advisory relationship for the customers shifted from the sole

13   proprietorship to BLMIS. Nothing changed about how the firm ran its IA Business:

14   BLMIS maintained the same fraudulent scheme, BLMIS still used the only SEC

15   Registrant Number assigned to the firm from its inception, and BLMIS still

16   commingled money it received from its customers in the JPMorgan accounts and

17   used the same checks from those accounts to send customer money. BLMIS

18   controlled its customers’ money in the JPMorgan accounts the same way the sole
                                              6
 1   proprietorship once did. Thus, neither the name on the checks nor where BLMIS

 2   parked customer money is relevant; the funds maintained in the accounts were

 3   still “received, acquired, or held . . . for the account of” BLMIS “from or for the

 4   securities account of” its investment advisory customers. 15 U.S.C. § 78lll(4); see

 5   Peloro, 488 F.3d at 173–74; In re Primeline Sec. Corp., 295 F.3d at 1107; In re Old Naples

 6   Sec., Inc., 223 F.3d at 1303; In re Brentwood, 925 F.2d at 329–29.

 7         I agree with the Majority that once Madoff converted the firm into an LLC,

 8   BLMIS operated the firm’s only investment advisory business. I do, however,

 9   disagree with the Majority’s conclusion that the evidence does not create a genuine

10   dispute of material fact as to whether BLMIS owned the JPMorgan accounts. As a

11   result, I believe this case is best resolved by looking at the level of control BLMIS

12   exercised over the JPMorgan accounts in solely operating the IA Business. In doing

13   that, I think it is clear BLMIS made the transfers. I respectfully concur.

                                                 7