Court Opinion

ID: 8374946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-20 19:00:20.334049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:25.837456
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 22a0420n.06

                                          No. 22-3256

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  FILED
                                                                                 Oct 20, 2022
                                        )                                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 LOIS HARMON, et al.,
                                        )
        Plaintiffs-Appellants,          )
                                        )                    ON APPEAL FROM THE
 v.                                     )                    UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                        )                    COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
 DOLGEN MIDWEST, LLC, doing business as )                    DISTRICT OF OHIO
 Dollar General; BOTTLING GROUP, LLC,   )
                                        )                                             OPINION
        Defendants-Appellees.
                                        )

Before: MOORE, THAPAR, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

       LARSEN, Circuit Judge. Lois Harmon tripped and fell while shopping at a Dollar General

store in Akron, Ohio. She believes that a sticky residue on the store floor left over from a Pepsi

product spill earlier that day caused her fall. Harmon and her late husband Charles Harmon sued

Dollar General and Bottling Group seeking damages based on a theory of premises liability and

negligence under Ohio law. The district court granted defendants’ motions for summary judgment.

We AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       While stocking a cooler at a Dollar General store, Jacob Santucci, a merchandiser for

Bottling Group, LLC, spilled a 20-ounce bottle of pop on the floor in front of the Pepsi product

cooler. Santucci promptly notified a Dollar General employee of the spill, mopped up the liquid,

and placed a caution sign where the spill occurred. Before leaving the store, Santucci checked

back to make sure the floor was no longer wet or sticky.
No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC

         A few hours later, Harmon arrived at the Dollar General store to purchase milk. As she

walked down the aisle leading to the milk cooler, Harmon felt her right foot get stuck, causing her

to lose her balance and fall headfirst into the cooler. She suffered serious physical and emotional

injuries as a result of the fall.

         Paula Billinovich, Assistant Manager of the Dollar General store, testified that she did not

see Harmon fall, but heard her yell from a few aisles over. Billinovich quickly came over and

found Harmon already sitting up, with two customers attending to her. Billinovich retrieved some

paper towels to apply to her head wound. Billinovich did not notice any sticky substance or other

hazard on the floor in the area where she found Harmon.

         Later that day, Harmon’s son, Steven, returned to the Dollar General store to investigate

the scene of his mother’s fall. He took some photographs of the scene and had a short conversation

with Billinovich, who told him there had been a Pepsi spill at the store earlier that day.

         Harmon and her husband1 sued Dollar General Corporation and PepsiCo., Inc. in the

Summit County Court of Common Pleas. Defendants removed the case to federal court based on

diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). In subsequent amended complaints,

plaintiffs named DolGen Midwest, LLC, doing business as Dollar General, as a defendant and

substituted Bottling Group, LLC for PepsiCo. The district court granted defendants’ motions for

summary judgment. Harmon appealed.

         Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1653, this court requested supplemental briefing to confirm that it

had subject matter jurisdiction over this case. Now satisfied that complete diversity exists and that

the amount-in-controversy minimum is met, we address the merits.

1
    Harmon’s husband passed away on March 17, 2021.
                                                 -2-
No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC

                                                 II.

       We review the district court’s summary judgment decision de novo. Franklin Am. Mortg.

Co. v. Univ. Nat’l Bank of Lawrence, 910 F.3d 270, 275 (6th Cir. 2018). “[S]ummary judgment

is warranted only if ‘there is no genuine issue as to any material fact’ and ‘the movant is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) and Villegas v. Metro. Gov’t

of Nashville, 709 F.3d 563, 568 (6th Cir. 2013)).

       The parties agree that Ohio law governs this diversity action. Under Ohio law, businesses

have a duty to maintain their premises in a reasonably safe condition. Provencher v. Ohio Dep’t

of Transp., 551 N.E.2d 1257, 1258 (Ohio 1990). To prevail on a slip-and-fall claim, a business

invitee must establish one of the following:

       (1) That the defendant through its officers or employees was responsible for the
           hazard complained of; or
       (2) That at least one of such persons had actual knowledge of the hazard and
           neglected to give adequate notice of its presence or remove it promptly; or
       (3) That such danger had existed for a sufficient length of time reasonably to justify
           the inference that the failure to warn against it or remove it was attributable to
           a want of ordinary care.

Beard v. Kroger Co., 133 F. App’x 174, 175–76 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Combs v. First Nat’l

Supermarkets, Inc., 663 N.E.2d 669, 670 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995)). An independent contractor like

Bottling Group owes a general duty of care towards an invitee, exercising that degree of care which

an ordinarily careful and prudent person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances.

See Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co., 597 N.E.2d 504, 506 (Ohio 1992).

       Harmon alleges that Santucci’s spill caused her fall. But the evidence does not support her

claim. The record is clear that Santucci’s spill happened in a different part of the store than where

Harmon tripped. At her deposition, Harmon identified in a photograph the spot on the floor where

her foot got stuck: near the end of the aisle leading to the milk cooler, before the Natural Light

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No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC

display. Santucci was shown the same photograph but testified that his spill did not occur in the

same area where Harmon tripped. Rather, he said the spill happened in a different aisle, running

perpendicular to the one in which Harmon tripped, in front of a different cooler, in an area to the

right of the section of the store visible in the photograph. And he confirmed that there was no way

the spill could have traveled to the area where Harmon tripped because “it wasn’t that big of a

spill.”

          There is no evidence in the record establishing that Harmon tripped in the part of the store

where Santucci spilled the beverage. Santucci is the only person who knows exactly where the

Pepsi spill occurred, and his testimony is the only evidence in the record concerning the precise

location of the spill. Similarly, Harmon is the only person who knows exactly where her foot got

stuck when she tripped, and her testimony is the only evidence in the record concerning the precise

location of her trip. Because the sworn location of the spill and the sworn location of the trip are

different, no reasonable juror could find for Harmon based on this record. Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).

          Harmon disputes this conclusion, claiming that a statement made by Billinovich raises a

genuine issue of material fact. Harmon’s son testified that Billinovich told him that the floor was

“still sticky” from the earlier Pepsi spill, in response to his question about the cause of Harmon’s

fall. Billinovich disputes this account of the conversation; but assuming that Harmon’s version is

accurate, the statement is not enough to create a jury submissible issue. Billinovich had no

personal knowledge of whether the floor where the Pepsi spill occurred was still sticky when

Harmon entered the store. Billinovich was not at the store when the spill happened, and her

uncontroverted testimony is that at “no point” did she ever “go over . . . to independently check on

how the floor felt where the spill occurred.” And even if the floor was still sticky, it is undisputed

                                                  -4-
No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC

that Billinovich did not know precisely where the Pepsi spill happened or where Harmon tripped.

Only Santucci and Harmon knew, and their testimony establishes that the location of the spill and

the location of the trip were different. Secondhand speculation about the cause of a fall by someone

who lacks personal knowledge of both the cause and the location of the fall is not enough, on its

own, to preclude summary judgment. See Gon v. Dick Clark’s Am. Bandstand & Grill, No.

96APE07-910, 1996 WL 785533, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. Feb. 11, 1996); Stamper v. Middletown

Hosp. Ass’n., 582 N.E.2d 1040, 1042–43 (Ohio Ct. App. 1989). Billinovich’s alleged comments

to Harmon’s son therefore create no genuine issue of material fact.

       Harmon offers no other possible explanation for her fall. A slip-and-fall plaintiff cannot

recover if she does not know what caused her to slip and fall. See, e.g., Smith v. Resch’s Bakery,

No. 87 AP-897, 1987 WL 27806, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 10, 1987) (citing Cleveland Athletic

Assoc. Co. v. Bending, 194 N.E. 6 (Ohio 1934)); Guyton v. Debartolo, Inc., No. 65268, 1993 WL

453671, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 4, 1993). Harmon testified that at the time of her fall she did

not see anything spilled on the floor and did not know what sticky substance caused her to fall or

how it got there. And under Ohio law, “[t]he mere fact that a customer slips and falls on the floor

of a business establishment does not, standing alone, create an inference that the floor was unsafe.”

Eller v. Wendy’s Int’l, Inc., 755 N.E.2d 906, 916 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000) (citing J.C. Penny Co. v.

Robison, 193 N.E. 401, syllabus paragraph four (Ohio 1934)).

       Harmon points to several pieces of evidence she believes the district court improperly

disregarded. But this evidence fails to create a genuine issue of material fact because it does not

establish that defendants were responsible for the alleged sticky substance that Harmon believes

she tripped on. For instance, Harmon faults the district court for failing to appreciate that Santucci

could not initially remember whether his spill occurred near the milk cooler. But that does not

                                                 -5-
No. 22-3256, Harmon v. DolGen Midwest, LLC

change the fact that Santucci was able to identify with certainty the location of his spill once

presented with a photograph of the store aisle. Harmon also objects to the fact that the district

court “found as true” Santucci’s testimony that he thoroughly cleaned up his spill while ignoring

the evidence that “employees, like Santucci,” were known for not cleaning their spills properly.

But again, this evidence is of no help in establishing that the allegedly leftover spill was where

Harmon tripped. See Gon, 1996 WL 785533, at *4. Plaintiffs also note a dispute about how many

caution signs, if any, were present near the area where Harmon tripped at the time she fell. But

this is also not a material fact because regardless of whether there was one sign, three signs, or no

signs at all, there is not enough evidence to establish the spill caused Harmon’s fall. The district

court did not err by awarding summary judgment to defendants.

                                               ***

       We AFFIRM.

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