Court Opinion

ID: 4329193
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-08 21:00:54.136342+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:10.091028
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
               FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                       _____________

                         No. 17-3786
                       _____________
RENEISHA KNIGHT, on behalf of herself and all other similarly
                situated consumers,
                               Appellant

                              v.

         MIDLAND CREDIT MANAGEMENT INC.

        On Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
             (District Court No.: 2-17-cv-03118)
         District Judge: Honorable Mark A. Kearney

          Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                   on September 14, 2018

              (Opinion filed: November 8, 2018)

Before: JORDAN, VANASKIE and RENDELL, Circuit Judges
                                      O P I N I O N*

RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

       Reneisha Knight appeals from the District Court’s dismissal of her Second

Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim under the Fair Debt Collection Practices

Act (“FDCPA”). Knight’s FDCPA claim arises from the receipt of a debt collection

letter from Midland Credit Management, Inc. (“Midland”), which Knight claims is false,

deceptive, and misleading. Upon Midland’s motion to dismiss, the District Court

concluded that the letter could not constitute a violation of the FDCPA and granted

dismissal. For the reasons that follow, we will reverse the District Court’s order granting

Midland’s motion to dismiss and will remand with instructions to deny the motion.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

       A. Factual Background

       Knight had $944.08 of personal credit card debt that was originally owed to

Capital One Bank, N.A. and later purchased by Midland Funding, LLC.1 A. 32. Midland

sent Knight a letter (the “Letter”) in an attempt to collect on this debt. A. 32. The

Letter’s top half includes, among other things, the name of the “Original Creditor,” the

“Original Account” number, and the name of the debt’s “Current Owner.” A. 32. A few

       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
1
  Midland Funding LLC, the current owner of Knight’s debt, is a separate corporate entity
from Midland Credit Management, Inc., the entity which attempted to collect on Knight’s
debt and which is the appellee in this case. A. 32.
                                             2
lines below this, the Letter states, “We can’t change the past, but we can help with your

future.” Id.

       The section of the Letter immediately following this statement is divided into two

columns. A. 32. The right-hand column is titled “KNOW YOUR OPTIONS” and

provides three loan repayment options. Id. Option 1 offers “40% OFF” if payment is

made by a specified date, Option 2 provides for “20% OFF” if the debt is paid over the

course of six months, and Option 3 offers “Monthly Payments As Low As: $50 per

month.” Id.

       The lower section’s left-hand column states that “Midland Credit Management

believes that everyone deserves a second chance” and invites Knight “to accept one of

these discounts.” Id. Several lines later, the Letter then explains, “After receiving your

final payment, we will consider the account paid*.” Id. This references a note at the

bottom of the Letter, which provides, “*If you pay your full balance, we will report your

account as Paid in Full. If you pay less than your full balance, we will report your

account as Paid in Full for less than the full balance.” Id. (emphasis in original).

       B. Procedural History

       Knight filed a complaint in the District Court alleging that the Letter violates

Section 1692e of the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et. seq., because it is false, deceptive,

and misleading. A. 21. Knight later filed a First Amended Complaint, which Midland

moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim. A. 3. The District Court granted Midland’s

motion, dismissing the complaint without prejudice and allowing Knight to file a Second

                                              3
Amended Complaint. A. 3. Knight did so, and Midland responded by filing a second

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. A. 4.

       On November 8, 2017, the District Court granted Midland’s motion without

prejudice, concluding that Knight’s “stated challenge of the debt collection language is,

as a matter of law, not confusing or misleading to the least sophisticated debtor.” A. 16.

The District Court gave Knight until November 22, 2017 to amend her complaint. A. 4.

Knight did not file a Third Amended Complaint, and on November 27, 2017, the District

Court entered an order closing the case. A. 4. Knight filed a notice of appeal on

December 20, 2017. A. 4.

                                    II. DISCUSSION2

       On appeal, Knight argues that the District Court erred in granting Midland’s

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. In response, Midland argues, first, that we

lack jurisdiction over this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and Rule 4 of the Federal Rules

of Appellate Procedure and, second, that the District Court did not err in granting the

motion to dismiss. For the following reasons, we disagree with both of Midland’s

arguments and find that we have jurisdiction and that the District Court erred in

dismissing Knight’s complaint.

2
  The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. As discussed below, we
have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise de novo
review over a district court’s grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Wilson v.
Quadramed Corp., 225 F.3d 350, 353 (3d Cir. 2000). We “must consider only the
complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint, matters of public record, as well as
undisputedly authentic documents if the complainant’s claims are based upon these
documents.” Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2010). We accept all factual
allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s
favor. West Penn Allegheny Health Sys., Inc. v. UPMC, 627 F.3d 85, 931 (3d Cir. 2010).
                                              4
                                      A. Jurisdiction

       Midland argues that we lack jurisdiction because Knight’s appeal is untimely

under Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. Appellee’s Br. at 1. Pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we have jurisdiction over appeals of district courts’ final decisions.

Rule 4 requires that a notice of appeal be filed “within 30 days after entry of the

judgment or order appealed from.” Fed. R. App. P. 4. According to Midland, the District

Court’s November 8, 2017 Order was “a dismissal of the case” and, therefore, the final

order upon which this appeal is based. Appellee’s Br. at 1 (emphasis in original).

Because Knight did not file her notice of appeal within 30 days of this order, Midland

argues that her appeal is untimely. Appellee’s Br. at 2.

       Midland’s argument is without merit. “Generally, an order which dismisses a

complaint without prejudice is neither final nor appealable because the deficiency may be

corrected by the plaintiff without affecting the cause of action.” Borelli v. City of

Reading, 532 F.2d 950, 951–52 (3d Cir. 1976). However, where the plaintiff fails to

amend the complaint, the order of dismissal becomes final and appealable once the

amendment period passes because the plaintiff has chosen to stand on the complaint. See

Batoff v. State Farms Ins. Co., 977 F.2d 848, 851 n.5 (3d Cir. 1992); Welch v. Folsom,

925 F.2d 666, 668 (3d Cir. 1991). Because Knight did not amend her complaint a third

time, the November 8, 2017 Order dismissing her complaint was not “final” until

November 22, 2017, when the District Court ended the opportunity to amend by closing

the case. Because Knight filed her notice of appeal within 30 days of November 22,

2017, her appeal is timely.

                                              5
                                   B. Motion to Dismiss

       Knight argues the District Court erred in finding that, as a matter of law, the Letter

was not deceptive or misleading in violation of the FDCPA. Appellant’s Br. at 11.

Section 1692e of the FDCPA prohibits a debt collector from using “any false, deceptive,

or misleading representation in connection with the collection of any debt,” including

“[t]he use of any false representation or deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect

any debt.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(10).

       Courts analyze FDCPA claims under the “least sophisticated debtor” standard.

Jensen v. Pressler & Pressler, 791 F.3d 413, 418 (3d Cir. 2015). This standard is “lower

than simply examining whether particular language would deceive or mislead a

reasonable debtor.” Caprio v. Healthcare Revenue Recovery Grp., LLC, 709 F.3d 142,

149 (3d Cir. 2013). It protects “the gullible as well as the shrewd.” Id. Nevertheless,

the least sophisticated debtor is held to “a quotient of reasonableness, a basic level of

understanding, and a willingness to read with care.” Id. Accordingly, a debt collector

cannot be held liable for a plaintiff’s “bizarre or idiosyncratic interpretations.” Id.

       A “specific plaintiff need not prove that she was actually confused or misled.”

Jensen, 791 F.3d at 419 (emphasis in original). Instead, the focus is on whether the

objective least sophisticated debtor would be deceived or misled by a debt collector’s

statement in a communication. Id. at 419–20. “[A] collection letter is deceptive when it

can be reasonably read to have two or more different meanings, one of which is

inaccurate.” Caprio, 709 F.3d at 149 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Furthermore, for a debt collector’s statement to be actionable, it must be material.

                                               6
Jensen, 791 F.3d at 421. A statement is material if it has “the potential to affect the

decision-making process of the least sophisticated debtor.” Id. This, though, “is not a

particularly high bar.” Id.

         On appeal, Knight argues that the Letter could be found to be false, deceptive, and

misleading in four ways. We consider each separately below.

         1. Promise of Financial Benefit

         First, Knight claims that the Letter implies false and deceptive promises of future

financial benefit to the consumer. A. 26. Knight’s allegation refers to the Letter’s

statement, “We can’t change the past, but we can help with your future.” A. 26.

Knight’s complaint alleges that there are two interpretations of this statement: (1)

reporting the payment to the credit reporting agencies will improve the debtor’s credit

score or credit worthiness; or (2) reporting payment to the original creditor will help the

debtor in future lending decisions.3 A. 26. Knight contends that the first interpretation is

false, as paying off a delinquent debt would actually harm the debtor’s credit score. A.

26–27.

         It is not “bizarre or idiosyncratic” for the least sophisticated debtor to read the

language Knight identifies to mean that payment would not hurt a debtor’s credit score

and might even actually improve it. We recognize that this might not be the most

appropriate reading of the Letter, but it is not our responsibility to determine whether one

3
 On appeal, Knight also provides two additional interpretations that were offered by
Midland and the District Court in the proceedings below. Appellant’s Br. at 13–14.
However, we must only consider the interpretations alleged in Knight’s complaint.
Mayer v. Belichick, 605 F.3d 223, 230 (3d Cir. 2010).
                                                7
interpretation is more appropriate than another. Caprio, 709 F.3d at 151. Instead,

analyzing the Letter as we must under the least sophisticated debtor standard, which

protects “naïve and even gullible individuals,” id., we cannot conclude at this stage that

the least sophisticated debtor could not have been misled by this language. Moreover, a

debtor who falsely believes that making payment on her debt would not hurt her credit

score and might improve it could be induced to make the payment. Therefore, this

language could be found to be material.

       2. To Whom Payments Will Be Reported

       Second, Knight claims that the Letter could be found to be false, deceptive, and

misleading in its use of the term “report.” A. 22–23. Knight argues that “report” could be

reasonably interpreted by the least sophisticated debtor to mean Midland would report the

payment to the credit reporting agencies, the original creditor, or both. A. 22–23.

       Knight’s interpretation of the Letter’s use of the term “report” is not “bizarre or

idiosyncratic.” Without any other defining or clarifying language as to whom Midland

will report a debtor’s payment, the least sophisticated debtor could reasonably believe

that Midland would report the payment to the debtor’s original creditor, the credit

reporting agencies, or both. This claim is bolstered by the Letter’s prominent provision

of the name of Knight’s original creditor. Because the least sophisticated debtor could

come to multiple conclusions as to whom the payment is reported that are neither bizarre

nor idiosyncratic, the Letter could be found to be misleading. Furthermore, because the

entity to whom payment is reported can impact a debtor’s decision to pay, this language

could be found to be material.

                                              8
       3. When Payments Will Be Reported as “Paid in Full” versus “Paid in Full for less
       than the full balance”

       Third, Knight argues that the Letter is ambiguous as to when a debtor’s payment

would be reported as “Paid in Full” or “Paid in Full for less than the full balance.” A. 23.

(emphasis omitted). This argument arises largely from Knight’s assertion that “Option 3”

of the Letter, which offers monthly payments as low as $50 a month, is ambiguous. A.

23–25. Although Option 3 in isolation appears to provide for payment of the full account

balance, the Letter’s invitation to “accept one of these discounts” suggests that it is

instead a settlement option. A. 32 (emphasis added). Given this ambiguity, Knight

argues that the Letter could be interpreted by the least sophisticated debtor in several

ways: (1) “Paid in Full” applies to Option 1 and “Paid in Full for less than the full

balance” applies if Option 2 or 3 is selected;4 (2) “Paid in Full” applies only if the debtor

immediately pays the listed “current balance” and choosing any of the three listed options

results in a report of “Paid in Full for less than the full balance;” (3) “Paid in Full” applies

to Option 1 or Option 2 and “Paid in Full for less than the full balance” applies to Option

3; (4) “Paid in Full for less than the full balance” applies to Option 1 or Option 2 and

“Paid in Full” applies to Option 3; or (5) any partial payment results in the account being

reported as “Paid in Full for less than the full balance.” A. 23–25.

4
 Knight’s complaint alleges two additional variations of this first interpretation: “Paid in
Full” applies to Option 1 and choosing Option 2 or 3 would result in a reporting that the
debt is “Paid in Full for less than the full balance” until either (1) final payment of the
respective discount plan is made or (2) the full account balance is completely paid off. A.
23–24.
                                               9
       We agree that the Letter could be misleading as to when a debtor’s account will be

reported as “Paid in Full” or “Paid in Full for less than the full balance.” The least

sophisticated debtor is expected to read a communication in its entirety. Caprio, 709
F.3d at 149. Given that the Letter encourages the debtor to accept “one of these

discounts” and fails to unequivocally state that Option 3 is not a discount but an option to

pay the full account balance, the least sophisticated debtor reading the entire Letter could

reasonably understand Option 3 to be a settlement option. Accordingly, the Letter may

mislead the least sophisticated debtor with respect to whether “Paid in Full” instead of

“Paid in Full for less than the full balance” will be reported. This ambiguity could be

said to be material because it may affect whether a debtor makes a payment and which

option he or she chooses.

       4. “Paid in Full” versus “Paid in Full for less than the full balance”

       Lastly, Knight claims that the Letter’s use of the phrase “Paid in Full for less than

the full balance” is itself misleading to the least sophisticated debtor. A. 26. Knight

alleges that the least sophisticated debtor does not understand the full meaning of this

reporting status and is unsure how an entity would treat a debt that has been reported as

“Paid in Full for less than the full balance.” A. 26.

       We agree that the phrase “Paid in Full for less than the full balance” could be

found to be misleading. Both of the reporting statuses provided by the Letter—“Paid in

Full” and “Paid in Full for less than the full balance”—use the phrase “Paid in Full” with

the same capitalization, and the latter status has no other capitalized words. Because any

payment is reported with the language “Paid in Full,” the ramifications of each status are

                                              10
unclear. Without any other clarifying language, the least sophisticated debtor may read

the two statuses together and believe that they have the same reporting consequences and

that one is no better or worse than the other, which is inaccurate. Furthermore, this

language could be found to be material because the least sophisticated debtor may be

induced to make a specific type of payment based on this information.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Midland’s Letter could be found to be

deceptive and misleading. Given its ambiguous and contradictory language, the Letter

could be found to cause the least sophisticated debtor to interpret it in ways that are

neither bizarre nor idiosyncratic. Therefore, we will reverse the District Court’s

dismissal and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                             11