Court Opinion

ID: 6128496
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-04 20:47:23.040026+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:44:05.944386
License: Public Domain

Brown, L:
Tbe plaintiff claims to be owner of a portion of tbe ocean beacb at Far Rockaway, Long Island.
The complaint alleges that plaintiff keeps a hotel at Far Rockaway, and that tbe beach is a necessary appurtenant to tbe hotel, and has been leased by him for bathing purposes with covenants of peaceable possession.
That tbe defendants hold a lease from tbe town of Hempstead, and that it is their intention to take possession under said lease. That tbe town of Hempstead has no title to tbe lands, and that tbe lease is a cloud upon plaintiff’s title, and if tbe defendants obtained possession tbe business of plaintiff’s tenants would be destroyed and bis hotel irreparably injured.
Tbe relief sought was, that tbe lease from tbe town of Hemp-stead should be declared void and be decreed to be canceled, and that tbe defendants be enjoined from taking possession of said lands. Tbe defendant Norton answered that tbe town of Hempstead owned tbe beach, and that tbe lease in question was valid, and denied plaintiff’s title.
Tbe trial court found tbe title and possession to be in the plaintiff ; and judgment was rendered restraining tbe defendants from taking possession of sai'd beacb lands, and declaring said lease, so *662far as it related to plaintiff’s lands, to be void. The premises were conveyed to the plaintiff in 1872, and are described in the deed to plaintiff, as well as in all mesne conveyances as bounded by the Atlantic ocean. As far back as 1797, the southerly boundary of the beach was just where the present ocean line is. About four miles to the east of the plaintiff’s land is an island called Long Beach, which is the property of the town of Hempstead.
Prior to 1835, Long Beach was bounded on the west by Brockleface Gut, or East Roekaway Inlet, an inlet which connected the waters of Hempstead Bay with the ocean. Between 1835 and 1869 the west point of Long Beach extended into the ocean about four miles to the west. This was done by additions on its west end. From the action of the tides and storms the inlet aforesaid was constantly changing to the west. As it advanced the main land or shore was in the first instance washed away; then shoals formed where the beach previously existed, the shoals then bbcame a bar and the bar finally solid beach.
In the progress of these constant changes the beach in front of plaintiff’s lands was washed away and the land overflowed, the inlet moved from one place to another and finally moved to a point west of plaintiff’s lands, and the beach in question arose from the sea, separated from plaintiff’s main property by the channel of the inlet; then, as the result of some other violent disturbance of the sea, the waters of the ocean broke through to the east of plaintiff’s lands at the point where the inlet originally had existed; the inlet to the west shoaled and filled up, and the outer beach became attached to the main shore at a point west of plaintiff’s lands, thus inclosing the waters which were between the main shore and the outer beach, so that the waters now flow between the property upon which the hotel stands and the premises which are the subject of this action.
The defendants’ contention is, that Long Beach has extended and grown by accretion across the plaintiff’s premises, and has carried the title to the lands in dispute to the town of Hempstead, as the owner of Long Beach.
The trial court refused to find that the addition made to Long Beach constituted accretion, and the exception to such refusal raises one of the principal questions presented upon this appeal.
Accretion is defined to be an increase by imperceptible degrees. *663(Rex v. Lord, Yarborough, 3 B. & Cress., 91; Scratton v. Brown, 4 id., 485 ; Emans v. Turnbull, 2 Johns., 322; Bacon’s Abridgment, Title Prerogative [vol. 5], p. 500.)
“ The jus alluvionis, which is an increase of the land adjoining, by the projection of the sea casting up and adding sand and slubb to the adjoining land, whereby it is increased for the most part by insensible degrees. (Hale’s De Jure Maris, p. 25.)
“ As to lands gained from the sea by alluvion, the law is held to be that if this gain be by little and little, by small and imperceptible degrees, it shall go to the owner of the land adjoining. (2 Blackstone’s Commentaries, p. 61; Angel on Tide Waters, p. 249, etc.)
We do not think the facts of this case present a case of accretion. Long Beach did not grow “ little by little ” or by “ slow a/nd imperceptible degrees'’ but in part at least by the additions to it of shoals or small islands which had formed west of it, and separately, and which were separated from each other and from Long Beach by wide and deep channels of water. These channels became filled up by the action of the tides and currents of the ocean, and the shoals were thus united and joined together and all of them became united to Long Beach. It was the shifting from time to time of the main inlet which caused the changes which occurred in the shore. This shifting of the inlet was frequent and sudden. One witness says that it shifted from three hundred yards to one-half a mile in a single storm; another, that it changed half a mile in a night; another that two or three hundred yards were added to the westerly end of the beach as the result of a single storm.
Such a process is not accretion, and in our judgment would not have sustained a finding that the land thus united to Long Beach became the property of the owners of that island. Title by accretion cannot be based upon such sudden convulsions of nature, as the evidence shows were continually happening along this shore for the past quarter of a century.
Another serious difficulty in the defendant’s contention is the position of Coots bar. This bar extended from the mainland south a considerable distance on the west of Rockaway inlet and directly in the line of the extension of Long Beach. ‘ To the north of the bar was a bay or estuary, 600 to 900 feet wide, which extended to the west a distance of nearly a mile.
*664This bar was originally granted by the town of Hempstead to J acob Hicks and the title is now in one Lawrence.
The defendant contends that the bar disappeared altogether as the inlet changed, while the plaintiff claims that the inlet broke through to the west end of the estuary, leaving the bar south of the new inlet. The trial court refused to find that the bar disappeared, and we cannot say that the refusal to so find is not supported by the testimony.
Assuming that it did not disappear, it became joined to Long Beach, and it is very plain that the town of Hempstead could not claim title either.to the bar or to any accretion to the west of it. Owned by Lawrence, it stands an insurmountable obstacle between Hempstead’s lands and the new beach to the west.
. It is claimed by the defendant, however, that the town of Hemp-stead was in possession of the beach in front of plaintiff’s lands at the date of the deed to the plaintiff; that the title to the beach, if not in the town of Hempstead, is in the State, and that the plaintiff ' does not, therefore, make out a case entitling him to the interference of a court of equity in his behalf.
The trial court found that the plaintiff took possession under his deed, and has continued in possession ever since. We think the evidence sustains that finding, and that the plaintiff had such possession as would entitle him to maintain this action against the defendant, even though he may not be vested with the absolute title to the land.
But we find nothing in the testimony which would sustain us in holding that the plaintiff’s grantors had lost title to ,the beach by reason of its overflow or submergence by the sea.
The deeds to plaintiff’s grantors bounded the land by the ocean. This carried the title to high-water mark. As late as 1858 (some ■of the witnesses say) it was all solid beach, and you could walk down to the old high-water mark. The submergence of the beach was subsequent to that date.
The law of accretion applies between the sovereign and subject the same as between subject and subject. "When land is overflowed, and the advance of the sea is so slow and gradual that its progress is imperceptible, the sovereign acquires the title to the part of the shore submerged; but -where the sea suddenly inundates the land, *665the subject retains the title to the land covered with water. (Angel on Tide Waters, 265, 266 ; 2 Blacks. Com., 262; Hale’s De Mare Juris, pp. 29, 36, 37.)
The appellant cites Matter of Hull and Selby Railroad Company (5 M. & W., 327) as holding a contrary doctrine. The headnote of that case is as- follows: “ If the sea, or an arm of the sea, by gradual and imperceptible progress encroach upon the land of a subject, the land thereby covered with water belongs to the crown; ” but the court distinctly recognizes the principle that when the inundation is 'sudden there is no change in the title of the submerged land.
Lord Abingeb, after stating the principle-contained in the headnote, says: “ It is different, indeed, where the change occurs by a sudden advance or recession of the water,” and then cites a case of. sudden overflow in Scotland, in which he says the owner did not lose his right to the soil.
Angel (at page 264) states the rule as follows: “ This increase (by reliction) has been known in some parts of the world to occur suddenly and to a very great extent. * * * In such cases the land left dry by the receding of the water is the property of the sovereign as being a part and parcel of what previously was the sovereign demesne. The right of property in the soil, in other words, is not changed by such change of the water. *' * * The right of the riparian pn'oprietoi'S to their xiplcmd which is inundated by an encroachment of the sea and then left d/ry is still retained.” The upland owner when land ís overflowed may reclaim it from the sea by artificial means.
See 7 Jac., C. & B., per Coke & Foster, cited by Lord Hale, where land was reclaimed from the river Thames which had been inundated for the space of forty years. (See, also, Angel on Tide Waters, 265.) This right to regain the land rests solely on the principle that the title to the submerged lands remains in the riparian owner.
There is nothing in the case of Trustees v. Kirk (84 N. Y., 215) to conflict with this view. That was not a case of sudden overflow.
Without entering into a discusssion of the testimony we- think it clear' that the beach in front of plaintiff’s property did not wear away by imperceptible degrees. The fact that in about thirty years *666over four miles of solid beach washed away and formed again, and that the inlet moved four miles and then returned to its oilginal position, leads to the irresistible conclusion that the process of inundation was not so slow and gradual that one could not perceive how much was overflowed at any one moment of time.
Our conclusion is, therefore, that the State did not gain title to the plaintiff’s lands by the overflow of the ocean. The title remained in the original proprietor, and in the absence of any proof to the contrary it is to be presumed that plaintiffs deed conveyed to him the title to the land to original high-water mark.
As the land under water, therefore, belonged to the plaintiff’s grantors they remained owners when it reappeared above the sea. . “ If the soil, when covered by watei1, belonged to an individual, then, though relicted, it continues to belong to him.” (Angel on Tide Waters, 265.)
“ When the land, as it stood covered with water, did by particular usage or prescription belong to a subject, then the recessus marts so far as the subject’s particular interest went while it was covered with water, so far the recessus mams vel brachii ejusdem belongs to the same subject.” (Hale’s De Mare Juris, 29.)
As touching islands arising in the sea, the same rule holds. “ Of common right and prima facie, it is true they belong to the crown. But where the interest of such districtus marts, or arm of the sea, or creek or haven, doth belong to a subject either by charter or prescription, the islands which happen within the precincts of such private propriety of a subject, will belong to the subject.” (Angel on Tide Waters, p. 267, 268.)
The trial court found that the beach in question was formed by shoals emerging from the sea, that they varied in length from 300 to 1,200 feet, with navigable channels of water between them, and that such shoals were the basis of the present beach, and these findings are fully sustained by the testimony. Such shoals as they emerged from the sea, within the limits of plaintiff’s lands, belonged to plaintiff’s grantors, and plaintiff’s title to the land in dispute is thus clearly established.
The only remaining question in the case is whether the facts warranted the interference of a court of equity.
An owner of land is entitled to the equitable interference of the *667court in his behalf to restrain and prevent an illegal entry thereon, whenever the damages which might be recovered in an action at law would be inadequate to compensate for the injury which would be sustained from the trespass. (Story’s Eq. Jur., § 918; Livingston v. Livingston, 6 Johns. Ch., 497; Carpenter v. Gwynn, 35 Barb., 395 ; West Point Iron Co. v. Reymert, 45 N. Y., 705 ; Watson v. Sutherland, 5 Wall., 74.)
The absence of a plain and adequate remedy at law affords the only test of equity jurisdiction.
Legal compensation refers solely to the injury done to the property taken and not to any consequential damages.
In this case it is apparent that the consequence of the threatened trespass would have been very serious to the plaintiff, and one for which an action at law would not have given an adequate remedy, as the injury to plaintiff’s business could not be correctly estimated or ascertained.
Under our system of practice the legal right to the property may be established and the equitable remedy afforded in the same action. (Broiestedt v. S. S. R. Co., 55 N. Y., 220.)
The remedy by injunction was, therefore, appropriate and fully warranted by the facts of the case.
Upon the whole case we think the decision was right, and the judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
Beady, J., concurred; Barnard, P. J., dissented.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.