Court Opinion

ID: 2681639
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-07-02 14:02:54.450312+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:12:15.045858
License: Public Domain

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

                          In The Supreme Court 

             The State, Respondent,

             v.

             Lawrence Burgess, Petitioner.

             Appellate Case No. 2011-194288

       ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS

                        Appeal From Lexington County 

                    James W. Johnson, Jr., Circuit Court Judge 

                              Opinion No. 27405 

                   Heard October 16, 2013 – Filed July 2, 2014 

                          AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED

      Appellate Defender Kathrine Haggard Hudgins, of Columbia, for
      Petitioner.

      Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Chief Deputy Attorney
      General John W. McIntosh, Senior Assistant Deputy Attorney General
      Salley W. Elliott, Senior Assistant Deputy Attorney General Deborah
      R.J. Shupe, all of Columbia; Solicitor Donald V. Myers, of Lexington,
      for Respondent.

      JUSTICE BEATTY: Lawrence Burgess was convicted of possession of
crack cocaine with intent to distribute and sentenced to three years in prison and
ordered to pay a $25,000 fine. The Court of Appeals affirmed. State v. Burgess,
393 S.C. 396, 712 S.E.2d 1 (Ct. App. 2011). Following the denial of his petition
for rehearing, Burgess petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari to review the
decision. We granted the petition to analyze whether: (1) the multi-jurisdictional
drug-enforcement agreement, which formed the purported basis of the arresting
officer's authority to arrest Burgess outside of the officer's territorial jurisdiction,
satisfied the statutory prerequisites to constitute a valid agreement; and (2) Burgess
should have been permitted to cross-examine the arresting officer with his
personnel records pursuant to Rule 608(c) of the South Carolina Rules of
Evidence. Although we find the Court of Appeals correctly affirmed Burgess's
conviction, we disagree with the court's conclusion regarding the multi-
jurisdictional drug-enforcement agreement. Accordingly, we affirm as modified.

                        I.     Factual / Procedural History

        On March 2, 2006, officers with the Lexington County Narcotics
Enforcement Team (NET) executed a search warrant for a trailer at 7120 Two
Notch Road in Batesburg, South Carolina, which had been the site of several
controlled drug buys. When Agent Billy Laney of the Lexington County Sheriff's
Department and Officer Emmitt Gilliam of the Batesburg-Leesville Police
Department pulled into the driveway, they saw Burgess and another individual
standing by a trailer that was not the target of the search warrant. The officers then
witnessed Burgess run around the back of the trailer. Officer Gilliam ran around
the other side of the trailer "to cut him off." When Officer Gilliam got within five
to six feet of Burgess, he commanded him to stop and put his hands up. Officer
Gilliam placed Burgess under arrest and handcuffed him with the assistance of
Agent Eric Kirkland of the Lexington County Sheriff's Department. Agent Laney
"backtracked" Burgess's steps to where Burgess had been standing and discovered
a pill bottle top and pieces of crack cocaine on the ground. The substance found on
the ground was chemically tested and determined to be 5.67 grams of crack
cocaine. As a result, a Lexington County grand jury indicted Burgess for
possession of crack cocaine with intent to distribute.

       In a pre-trial hearing, Burgess moved to dismiss the charge for lack of
jurisdiction. Burgess asserted that Officer Gilliam lacked authority to arrest
Burgess in an area outside the officer's territorial jurisdiction of the Batesburg-
Leesville town limits. Although the State maintained that the Lexington County
Multi-Agency Narcotics Enforcement Team Agreement (NET Agreement)
conferred authority for extra-territorial jurisdiction, Burgess disputed its validity on
the ground it failed to comply with the statutory prerequisites of sections 23-1-2101
and 23-1-2152 of the South Carolina Code.

1
  At the time of the agreement's execution, section 23-1-210 provided in relevant
part:

       (A) Any municipal or county law enforcement officer may be
       transferred on a temporary basis to work in law enforcement in any
       other municipality or county in this State under the conditions set
       forth in this section, and when so transferred shall have all powers and
       authority of a law enforcement officer employed by the jurisdiction to
       which he is transferred.

       (B) Prior to any transfer as authorized in subsection (A), the
       concerned municipalities or counties shall enter into written
       agreements stating the conditions and terms of the temporary
       employment of officers to be transferred. The bond for any officer
       transferred shall include coverage for his activity in the municipality
       or county to which he is transferred in the same manner and to the
       same extent provided by bonds of regularly employed officers of that
       municipality or county.

S.C. Code Ann. § 23-1-210 (2007) (emphasis added). In 2007, subsection (A) was
amended to provide that "[a]ny municipal or county law enforcement officer may
be transferred or assigned on a temporary basis to work in law enforcement within
multijurisdictional task forces established for the mutual aid and benefit of the
participating jurisdictions." Act No. 3, 2007 S.C. Acts 4 (emphasis added).
2
    Section 23-1-215 provided in relevant part:

       (A) In the event of a crime where multiple jurisdictions, either
       county or municipal, are involved, law enforcement officers are
       authorized to exercise jurisdiction within other counties or
       municipalities for the purpose of criminal investigation only if a
       written agreement between or among the law enforcement agencies
       involved has been executed. This limitation on law enforcement
       activity shall not apply to any activity authorized by § 17-13-40.

       (B) Any law enforcement officer working under this agreement is
       vested with equal authority and jurisdiction outside his resident
       Initially, Burgess argued that section 23-1-215 was the controlling statute
because it provides authority for the institution of "agreements between multiple
law enforcement jurisdictions." Because the governing bodies of Batesburg-
Leesville and Lexington County were not provided written notice of the NET
Agreement's execution as required by subsection (E) of section 23-1-215, Burgess
claimed the agreement was invalid. Additionally, Burgess asserted that section 23-
1-210 did not apply to the NET Agreement as that section is limited "to the
temporary transfer of an officer." In the alternative, he argued that the agreement
did not comply with section 23-1-210 because it was executed by law enforcement
officers and not by "council members."

      In response to Burgess's motion, the State presented a copy of the NET
Agreement that was entered into by eleven law enforcement agencies in Lexington
County3 on September 18, 2001.4 The NET Agreement, which referenced sections
23-1-210 and 23-1-215,5 stated in relevant part:

      jurisdiction for the purpose of investigation, arrest, or any other
      activity related to the criminal activity for which the agreement was
      drawn.

      ....

      (E) The respective governing bodies of the political subdivisions,
      wherein each of the law enforcement agencies entering into the
      agreement authorized in subsection (A) is located, must be notified by
      its agency of the agreement's execution and termination. The
      notification must be in writing and accomplished within seventy-two
      hours of the agreement's execution and within seventy-two hours of
      the agreement's termination.

S.C. Code Ann. § 23-1-215 (2007) (emphasis added). In 2007, this code section
was amended. Act No. 3, 2007 S.C. Acts 5. This amendment, however, does not
affect the disposition of this case.
3
  The agencies included Batesburg-Leesville Police Department, Cayce
Department of Public Safety, Chapin Police Department, Columbia Metropolitan
Airport Police Department, Gaston Police Department, Irmo Police Department,
Lexington County Sheriff's Department, Pine Ridge Police Department, South
Congaree Police Department, Springdale Police Department, and West Columbia
Police Department.
             WHEREAS, it is the desire and intent of the parties to evidence
      their joint undertaking for the provision of mutual assistance in
      criminal narcotics investigations by the creation and operation of a
      multijurisdictional task force within Lexington County.

             WHEREAS, the parties as set out above, by and through their
      representatives affixing their signatures below, consent and agree to
      span the geopolitical boundaries of all areas of Lexington County to
      the fullest extent allowed under South Carolina law for the express
      purpose of investigating the illegal use of controlled substances and
      related crimes by creating this Lexington County Multi-Agency
      Narcotics Enforcement Team [.]

      ....

      1. SCOPE OF SERVICES

          It is agreed that the law enforcement agency parties shall assign, on
          a temporary basis, officers to participate in the Lexington County
          Multijurisdictional Drug Enforcement Unit for the duration of this
          agreement or until this agreement is rescinded as set forth herein.

      2. TERM AND RENEWAL

          This agreement is effective as to each party at the date and time of
          signing and will automatically renew one year from the above date
          unless a party exercises its right to terminate as further described
          herein.

4
  The NET Agreement was amended in May 2002 and July 2005 to add other law
enforcement agencies; however, the substantive provisions of the agreement
remained the same.
5
  The NET Agreement also referenced Article VIII, Section 13 of the South
Carolina Constitution and section 17-13-45 of the South Carolina Code. These
sections, however, are not at issue in the instant case. See S.C. Const. art. VIII, §
13 (authorizing joint administration of functions and exercise of powers among
counties, municipalities, or other political subdivisions of the State); S.C. Code
Ann. § 17-13-45 (2003) (providing authority for law enforcement responding to
distress call or request for assistant in an adjacent jurisdiction).
      3. VESTING OF AUTHORITY AND JURISDICTION

          To the fullest extent permitted by the Constitution and statutes of
          this State, officers assigned under this agreement and so transferred
          shall be vested with authority, jurisdiction, rights, immunities, and
          privileges to include the authority to execute criminal process and
          the power of arrest as any other duly commissioned officer of any
          other party.

          ....

      10. RESPONSIBILITY TO RESPECTIVE GOVERNING BODIES

          Each party is responsible for any notice, reporting, or approval
          requirements to their respective governing body as may be
          required under South Carolina law.

      11. OFFICERS ASSIGNED

          Each party agrees to designate and transmit in writing, the names
          of those individuals assigned to perform duties under this
          agreement to the other parties. Upon receipt, such is to be made a
          part of and is incorporated by reference into this agreement.

       In explaining the agreement, the State showed that it was signed by Chief
Wallace Oswald on behalf of the Town of Batesburg-Leesville. According to the
State, Chief Oswald entered into the NET Agreement based on the advice and
consent of the Batesburg-Leesville Town Council (Town Council). The State
introduced a videotape of an August 31, 2001 Town Council meeting during which
Chief Oswald informed Town Council of "that pending matter between the
solicitor and the town of Batesburg[-]Leesville forming a multi-jurisdictional
agreement for continued narcotics work in Lexington County."

       The State also introduced minutes from the January 8 and December 10,
2002, Lexington County Council (County Council) meetings through the Clerk of
the County Council. The January 8 minutes show County Council considered
grant application requests from the sheriff's department for a NET. The December
10 minutes reflect that County Council voted in favor of grant requests regarding
additional staff positions in both the solicitor's and sheriff's office to focus on the
NET.
       In conjunction with the minutes, the State presented testimony from
Marguerite Crapps, the mayor pro tem of the Batesburg-Leesville Town Council.
When asked whether the Batesburg-Leesville Town Council was "on board with
the chief of police [to] enter into this agreement on the behalf of Town Council of
Batesburg-Leesville," Crapps responded, "Yes."

      Lieutenant Byron Snellgrove, who was employed with the narcotics unit of
the Lexington County Sheriff's Department, was the NET supervisor at all times
relevant to this case. Lieutenant Snellgrove testified Chief Oswald and the Town
of Batesburg-Leesville assigned Officer Gilliam, of the Batesburg-Leesville Police
Department, to the NET. He then assigned Officer Gilliam to the Batesburg-
Leesville area of Lexington County "to take care of cases inside the town limits as
well as outside the town limits." After Officer Gilliam advised Lieutenant
Snellgove that "there were drug [sales] going on at 7120 Two Notch Road,"
Lieutenant Snellgrove asked Gilliam "to try to make a case or get into that location
one way or another." Lieutenant Snellgrove then requested that Officer Gilliam
help with the drug problem at that location pursuant to the NET Agreement.

       Based on this evidence, the State contended that the notice requirement of
section 23-1-215 was met because both County Council and Town Council had
actual notice of the NET Agreement and approved their respective law
enforcement agencies' participation in the NET. In contrast to the defense, the
State believed the notice provision of section 23-1-215 was "purely ministerial and
administrative," similar to the ten-day notice requirement for the return of a search
warrant to the magistrate upon the execution of the search warrant. Thus, the State
asserted that section 23-1-215(E) should not be "strictly construed" to require
written notice.

       Additionally, the State maintained the NET Agreement satisfied the
provisions of section 23-1-210. Because the governing bodies had actual notice of
the NET Agreement and its terms, the State claimed that chief law enforcement
officers were authorized to enter into these agreements "with the advice and
consent of county council." The State explained that Chief Oswald "acting as
agent for the corporate municipality of Batesburg[-]Leesville [had] apparent
authority to bind them . . . because he had the total responsibility of law
enforcement within that town."

      After hearing arguments, the trial judge found the State failed to present
evidence that written notification had been given within 72 hours of the
agreement's execution as required by section 23-1-215(E). The judge, however,
ruled that the NET Agreement complied with section 23-1-210 because he found
nothing in the statute "that would prohibit either a county or a municipality . . .
from authorizing in some way the chief of police or the sheriff to enter into such
agreements." Although the judge was unclear as to which code section the NET
Agreement was based, he concluded the agreement was created pursuant to section
23-1-210. As a result, the judge denied Burgess's motion to dismiss.

      Subsequently, the State made a motion in limine to exclude Officer Gilliam's
personnel records. The judge sustained the State's motion, but indicated that he
would consider the motion if Burgess "wanted to get into" these records.

      During Officer Gilliam's testimony, Burgess sought to cross-examine him
about why he was no longer with NET and to introduce his personnel records. The
records, which describe three incidents that took place after Burgess's arrest but
before trial, involved a disagreement with other officers about the use of
confidential informants, his use of profanity, and his threat to harm another officer.
The incidents resulted in a two-day suspension, a demotion to the rank of Corporal,
and a ninety-day period of probation. The judge excluded the records, finding the
personnel matters were irrelevant and highly prejudicial.

       Ultimately, the jury found Burgess guilty of possession of crack cocaine
with intent to distribute. Burgess appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals,
which affirmed. State v. Burgess, 393 S.C. 396, 712 S.E.2d 1 (Ct. App. 2011). In
so ruling, the court upheld the trial judge's decision that the NET Agreement
complied with the requirements of section 23-1-210. Id. at 402, 712 S.E.2d at 4.
Specifically, the court found: (1) the concerned municipalities and county entered
into a written agreement to create multi-jurisdictional law enforcement authority;
(2) the agreement complied with the requirements of section 23-1-210 by stating
the employment conditions and maintaining compensation from permanent
employment; and (3) the officers acting with the NET were transferred to it on a
temporary basis. Id. The court further found Chief Oswald informed Town
Council of the NET Agreement before its execution, and Town Council gave him
the authority to enter into the agreement. Id.

      Additionally, the court distinguished the case from State v. Boswell, 391
S.C. 592, 707 S.E.2d 265 (2011), which was decided by this Court during the
pendency of Burgess's appeal.6 The Court of Appeals found Boswell inapposite as

6
  In Boswell, the defendant was convicted of first-degree burglary. Boswell, 391
S.C. at 594, 707 S.E.2d at 265. On appeal, Boswell argued, among other issues,
the NET Agreement was not entered pursuant to the Law Enforcement Assistance
and Support Act and, thus, section 23-20-50(A) of the Act did not apply. Burgess,
393 S.C. at 403, 712 S.E.2d at 4-5. Rather, the court found the NET Agreement
was "made pursuant to section 23-1-210, part of a different chapter from the Law
Enforcement Assistance and Support Act entitled 'General Provisions.' " Id.

      Having found the NET Agreement was valid pursuant to section 23-1-210,
the court declined to address its validity under section 23-1-215. Id. at 403-04, 712
S.E.2d at 5.

       As to the judge's ruling regarding the admission of Officer Gilliam's
personnel records, the Court of Appeals found the trial judge did not abuse his
discretion in excluding these records. Id. at 404-05, 712 S.E.2d at 5. In so ruling,
the court interpreted the judge's decision "as a finding that the records did not have
a legitimate tendency to show bias on the part of the officer." Id. at 405, 712
S.E.2d at 5. The court noted that each incident in Officer Gilliam's personnel
records occurred after Burgess's arrest and none of the incidents related directly to
Burgess. Id. Additionally, the court concluded that while the personnel incidents
"might show Gilliam to be hot-tempered and uncooperative with other officers,
they do not show his bias against Burgess, or otherwise relate to Gilliam's
credibility." Id.

      Burgess petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari to review the decision of
the Court of Appeals. This Court granted the petition.

that the trial judge erred in declining to suppress his confessions as they were the
direct result of an unlawful arrest by officers acting outside their territorial
jurisdiction. Id. at 594, 707 S.E.2d at 266. Specifically, Boswell contended the
Lexington County officers were without authority to arrest him for a crime that
occurred in Calhoun County. Id. at 598, 707 S.E.2d at 268. The State offered
evidence of a 1999 multi-jurisdictional agreement entered into between the
Calhoun County and Lexington County Sheriff's Departments that purported to
confer the authority of officers to arrest in the other county's jurisdiction. Id. In
assessing the validity of the agreement, this Court applied section 23-20-50(A) of
the Law Enforcement Assistance and Support Act. Id. at 601, 707 S.E.2d at 270.
Because the agreement was "not voted on by the county council" as required by
section 23-20-50(A) of the Act, this Court deemed it invalid. Id. at 602, 707
S.E.2d at 270.
                                  II.    Discussion

A.    Multi-Jurisdictional Agreement

       In advocating the reversal of the decision of the Court of Appeals, Burgess
posits three arguments. First, he contends that Boswell is dispositive as he broadly
construes the holding to require all multi-jurisdictional agreements to be voted on
by the governing body of each jurisdiction pursuant to section 23-20-50(A).
Second, he asserts the agreement failed to strictly comply with the provisions of
section 23-1-210 as the "State presented no written verification that the
Batesburg/Leesville town council authorized the Chief of Police to entered into the
agreement [on] behalf of the council." Burgess further notes that "there is no
mention of the County authorizing Sheriff Metts to enter into the agreement on
behalf of the County." Finally, Burgess maintains that it is "questionable" whether
section 23-1-215 is applicable to the facts of the instant case as he believes this
code section only applies to situations where a crime has occurred in multiple
jurisdictions.7 Even if applicable, Burgess avers that law enforcement failed to
comply with the statutorily required written notice provision of subsection (E).
Because the validity of a multi-jurisdictional agreement is dependent upon strict
compliance, he disputes the State's contention that actual notice is sufficient.

          1. Implications of Boswell

       We agree with the Court of Appeals that Boswell is not controlling as it is
factually and legally distinguishable. However, as will be discussed, we find the
interpretation of Boswell by the Court of Appeals was entirely too narrow.

7
   As a threshold matter, Burgess asserts that any argument regarding the
applicability of section 23-1-215 is not preserved for appellate review because the
State did not appeal the trial judge's decision as to this statute and raised it for the
first time in its final brief to the Court of Appeals and in its return to Burgess's
petition for a writ of certiorari. We find the issue is properly before this Court
because the State challenged the trial judge's ruling on this issue as an additional
sustaining ground to the Court of Appeals and to this Court. See I'On, L.L.C. v.
Town of Mt. Pleasant, 338 S.C. 406, 420, 526 S.E.2d 716, 723 (2000) ("The
appellate court may review respondent's additional reasons and, if convinced it is
proper and fair to do so, rely on them or any other reason appearing in the record to
affirm the lower court's judgment.").
        Initially, we note that Burgess did not argue to the trial judge or to the Court
of Appeals that section 23-20-50(A) was applicable; therefore, any argument
regarding this statute is not preserved for appellate review. See State v. Sheppard,
391 S.C. 415, 706 S.E.2d 16 (2011) (stating that an issue may not be raised for the
first time on appeal). Furthermore, unlike the agreement in Boswell, the NET
agreement in the instant case does not reference section 23-20-50 or contain a
provision outlining the public safety situations identified in section 23-20-30.8
Thus, we agree with the ultimate conclusion reached by the Court of Appeals
regarding the inapplicability of Boswell.

       However, we find the court interpreted Boswell too narrowly as it infers that
section 23-20-50(A) either conflicts with or is mutually exclusive from sections
23-1-210 and 23-1-215. This is an incorrect reading of Boswell. Because all of
these code sections are contained within Title 23, which is entitled "Law
Enforcement and Public Safety," these sections cannot be read in isolation as the
Court of Appeals appears to have done. See Higgins v. State, 307 S.C. 446, 415
S.E.2d 799 (1992) (recognizing rule of statutory construction that statutes must be
read as a whole and sections which are part of the same general statutory scheme
must be construed together and each given effect, if it can be done by any
reasonable construction).

       Although we question why the General Assembly has failed to consolidate
these sections into one that would govern all multi-jurisdictional agreements, we
believe the separate sections were enacted as a result of legislative progression.
Specifically, section 23-1-210 was enacted in 1981 to address the temporary
transfer of law enforcement officers to another jurisdiction, section 23-1-215 was
enacted in 1987 to expressly address crimes that occur in multiple jurisdictions,
and section 23-20-50 was enacted in 2000 to authorize law enforcement to assist
other jurisdictions with certain public safety concerns.9 Notably, the drafters of
these agreements appear to recognize this interrelationship as the agreements
usually include a reference to all of these sections.

8
  The agreement in Boswell implicitly included section 23-20-50 as it notes that
one of the purposes of the agreement is to "provide mutual aid in the event of
natural disaster, disorder, or other emergency situations." It also expressly
provided that the agreement does not affect any agreements regarding narcotics
investigations.
9
  Act No. 109, 1981 S.C. Acts 402; Act No. 107, 1987 S.C. Acts 262; Act No.
382, 2000 S.C. Acts 2604.
         2. Propriety of NET Agreement under sections 23-1-210 and 23-1-
            215

       Even though Boswell is not dispositive of the instant case, it is nonetheless
instructive because it stands for the proposition that statutes governing multi-
jurisdictional agreements must be strictly complied with to ensure the validity of
the agreement. See Boswell, 391 S.C. at 602, 707 S.E.2d at 270 (recognizing the
significance of territorial jurisdiction and concluding that a "more stringent
approach needs to be followed in order to confer this type of authority"). Applying
this principle to the instant case, we hold the NET Agreement is invalid as it does
not satisfy the statutory requirements of either section 23-1-210 or section 23-1-
215.

             a. Section 23-1-210

       As a matter of state statute, the Town of Batesburg-Leesville and Lexington
County operate and govern through Town Council and County Council. See S.C.
Code Ann. § 4-9-30(3), (13) (1986 & Supp. 2013) ("[E]ach county government
within the authority granted by the Constitution and subject to the general law of
this State shall have the following enumerated powers which shall be exercised by
the respective governing bodies thereof: (3) to make and execute contracts . . .
(13) to participate in multi-county projects and programs authorized by the general
law and appropriate funds therefor . . . ."); S.C. Code Ann. § 5-7-160 (2004) ("All
powers of the municipality are vested in the council, except as otherwise provided
by law, and the council shall provide for the exercise thereof and for the
performance of all duties and obligations imposed on the municipality by law."
(emphasis added)).

       Consistent with this general authorization of power, subsection (B) of
section 23-1-210 mandates that "the concerned municipalities or counties" enter
into written agreements providing for the transfer of its law enforcement officers to
another municipality or county. S.C. Code Ann. § 23-1-210(B) (2007). Certainly,
there is evidence that County Council approved grant requests to fund additional
staff positions associated with NET and Town Council was verbally informed of
the "pending matter between the solicitor and the town of Batesburg[-] Leesville
forming a multi-jurisdictional agreement." These procedures, however, did not
constitute express approval by "the concerned municipalities or counties" as to the
actual NET Agreement. In fact, the record reveals that the terms of the NET
Agreement were never presented to the governing bodies for their approval.
Instead, the only evidence is that Chief Oswald and Sheriff Metts entered into the
NET Agreement on behalf of their law enforcement agencies. Thus, without the
express approval of Town Council and County Council, the NET Agreement failed
to strictly comply with the statutory requirements of section 23-1-210.

      Notwithstanding the lack of strict statutory compliance, the State contends
the agreement is, nevertheless, valid as the governing entities provided Chief
Oswald and Sheriff Metts with apparent authority to enter into the NET
Agreement. We reject this contention as Town Council and County Council could
not delegate this authority.

       Because the authority to enter into these agreements was statutorily
conferred upon the governing entities, these entities were prohibited from
abdicating this power and delegating it to a law enforcement officer. See 2A
Eugene McQuillin, The Law of Municipal Corporations § 10:46 (3d ed. 1996)
("Usually a power conferred without limitation upon the municipal corporation
may be exercised by the common council or legislative body as the general agent
of the corporation, and by no other authority. A fortiori, power conferred upon the
council or legislative body in express terms cannot be delegated otherwise than in
accordance with the expression of terms." (footnotes omitted)); 62 C.J.S.
Municipal Corporations § 206 (Supp. 2013) ("The governing body of a municipal
corporation, entrusted by the state with the police power, is prevented from
delegating its high functions to any body or officer; instead, it may be discharged
or exercised only by those to whom the state commits it." (footnotes omitted)); see
also Newman v. McCullough, 212 S.C. 17, 25-26, 46 S.E.2d 252, 256 (1948)
(recognizing that a municipal council, "acting as a governmental agency, . . . is
bound always to act as trustee of the power delegated to it and may not surrender
or restrict any portion of such power conferred upon it").

       Thus, strictly construing section 23-1-210, we are constrained to find the
NET Agreement was invalid as Town Council and County Council were the only
entities authorized to enter into this multi-jurisdictional agreement. If law
enforcement agencies are to have this authority, it is for the General Assembly and
not this Court to grant them this authority. See 80 C.J.S. Sheriffs & Constables §
51 (Supp. 2013) ("Sheriffs and constables have all the powers and duties
appertaining to their office at common law except as modified by a statute or the
state constitution.").10

10
   Even assuming Chief Oswald was authorized to enter into the NET Agreement
on behalf of the Town of Batesburg-Leesville, we find Officer Gilliam was not
"transferred on a temporary basis to work in law enforcement in any other
             b. Section 23-1-215

      Although not addressed by the Court of Appeals, we find the trial judge
correctly ruled the NET Agreement did not comply with the provisions of section
23-1-215 as the State presented no evidence that County Council or Town Council
received written notification within seventy-two hours of the execution of the NET
Agreement as required by subsection (E). S.C. Code Ann. § 23-1-215(E) (2007).

       Furthermore, it is arguable that section 23-1-215 was factually inapplicable
as one could construe this section to govern only the investigation of past crimes
rather than to provide blanket extra-territorial jurisdiction to officers addressing
potential criminal activity. As titled, the purpose of section 23-1-215 is to
authorize "[a]greements between multiple law enforcement jurisdictions for
purpose of criminal investigation." Id. § 23-1-215. Subsection (A) then states in
the past tense, "[i]n the event of a crime" involving multiple jurisdictions;11 thus,
by implication, the statute authorizes agreements for the investigation of completed
crimes spanning multiple jurisdictions.

       In the instant case, Officer Gilliam was assigned to assist in the execution of
a search warrant for a specific trailer at 7120 Two Notch Road. Because Burgess
was not the subject of this investigation as he did not reside at this trailer and was
arrested near a trailer that was not the target of the search warrant, we do not

municipality or county in this State." Id. § 23-1-210(A). Notably, the agreement
was executed in September 2001 and the arrest occurred in March 2006. There is
also evidence that Officer Gilliam worked on NET for at least a year and a half.
Thus, although he may have been assigned to assist in the execution of the search
warrant, Officer Gilliam had relied on the provisions of the NET Agreement to
claim extra-territorial authority for an extended duration. Accordingly, even
though "temporary" is not defined by section 23-1-210, Officer Gilliam's extended
service under the NET Agreement cannot be construed as a "temporary" transfer as
intended by the statute. See State v. Hudson, 336 S.C. 237, 519 S.E.2d 577 (Ct.
App. 1999) (acknowledging rule of statutory construction that when faced with an
undefined statutory term, the court must interpret the term in accord with its usual
and customary meaning).
11
   We note the 2007 amendment to section 23-1-215 expressly included past tense
language stating, "In the event of a crime or crimes that have occurred . . . ." S.C.
Code Ann. § 23-1-215(A) (Supp. 2013) (emphasis added).
believe section 23-1-215 could be interpreted to confer authority on Officer
Gilliam to arrest Burgess.

      c.     Valid Conviction Despite Invalid Agreement

       Despite our finding that the NET Agreement was invalid, we conclude that
Burgess's conviction was, nevertheless, valid. Although Officer Gilliam lacked
authority to arrest Burgess, Agents Laney and Kirkland, who were authorized with
territorial jurisdiction in Lexington County, played an integral role in the arrest and
discovery of the drugs that formed the basis of the conviction.

       Section 44-53-375(B) of the South Carolina Code creates a permissive
inference that possession of one or more grams of a "cocaine base" is "prima facie
evidence" of possession with intent to distribute. S.C. Code Ann. § 44-53-375(B)
(Supp. 2007).12 "Possession may be actual or constructive." State v. Ballenger,
322 S.C. 196, 199, 470 S.E.2d 851, 854 (1996). "Actual possession occurs when
the drugs are found to be in the actual physical custody of the person charged with
possession, while constructive possession occurs when the person charged with
possession has dominion and control over either the drugs or the premises upon
which the drugs are found." Id. (citation omitted).

       Here, the evidence was sufficient to prove Burgess possessed crack cocaine
with intent to distribute. Notably, Burgess fled when Agent Laney and Officer
Gilliam arrived at the target location; thus, indicating consciousness of guilt. See
State v. Walker, 366 S.C. 643, 655, 623 S.E.2d 122, 128 (Ct. App. 2005)
("Unexplained flight is admissible as indicating consciousness of guilt, for it is not
as likely that one who is blameless and conscious of that fact would flee.").
Officer Gilliam apprehended Burgess with the assistance of Agent Kirkland.
Agent Laney then independently searched for and discovered 5.67 grams of crack
cocaine and a pill bottle top in the area from which Burgess fled.

       Even if we assume that Burgess's arrest was invalid, such an assumption
would be of no consequence to Burgess as this Court has held that "the illegality of
an initial arrest did not bar the accused person's subsequent prosecution and
conviction of the offense charge." State v. Biehl, 271 S.C. 201, 204, 246 S.E.2d
859, 860 (1978). The Biehl Court pointed out that no evidence used in Biehl's trial
was acquired as a result of the arrest. The same is true in Burgess's trial. The

12
   Because the offense occurred in March 2006, we cite to the code section in
effect at that time.
recovery of the crack cocaine by Agent Laney was directly related to Burgess's
conduct during his furtive flight. Burgess attempted to flee immediately when he
saw the arrival of Agent Laney and Officer Gilliam. Agent Laney followed
Burgess's furtive flight path and found the drugs in an area where Burgess had
been standing. Thus, the crack cocaine, which formed the basis for Burgess's
conviction, was not fruit of the arrest. Specifically, the drugs were not found on
Burgess's person nor were they located as a result of anything Burgess said after he
was arrested. Rather, the drugs were independently found by Agent Laney of the
Lexington County Sheriff's Office.

      Finally, Burgess's reliance on our decision in Boswell is unavailing. After
Boswell was arrested, he confessed to the arresting officers. Boswell, 391 S.C. at
597, 707 S.E.2d at 267. Accordingly, we held that the confessions should have
been excluded at trial as they were the fruit of the invalid arrest. Id. at 606, 707
S.E.2d at 272. However, in this case, Burgess did not confess nor were the drugs
found on his person or his property.

       In light of the foregoing, we find the invalid NET Agreement did not negate
the authority of Agents Laney and Kirkland to charge Burgess with the offense for
which he was convicted.

                              III.   Cross-Examination

      Burgess next asserts the trial judge erred in refusing to allow cross-
examination about Officer Gilliam's personnel records as the records constituted
evidence of bias and motive to misrepresent pursuant to Rule 608(c), SCRE.

       Burgess maintains that Officer Gilliam's credibility as a witness was "a key
issue at trial" because he was the only witness to testify that Burgess dropped a pill
bottle that contained crack cocaine residue. Burgess also notes that neither Agent
Laney nor Officer Gilliam witnessed Burgess in actual possession of the crack
cocaine that was discovered on the ground. In view of this evidence, Burgess
contends "the jury . . . had a right to know about Gilliam's disciplinary problems
and removal from the NET because the information had a legitimate tendency to
throw light on the accuracy, truthfulness and sincerity of Gilliam's testimony."
Specifically, Burgess claims "[t]he records portray Gilliam as an overzealous
narcotics officer who was willing to use unreliable confidential informants in order
to make an arrest and who violated protocols of the NET concerning the use of
confidential informants."
       "Rule 608(c), SCRE, provides that bias, prejudice or any motive to
misrepresent may be shown to impeach the witness either by examination of the
witness or by evidence otherwise adduced." State v. Sims, 348 S.C. 16, 25, 558
S.E.2d 518, 523 (2002). "Rule 608(c) 'preserves South Carolina precedent holding
that generally, anything having a legitimate tendency to throw light on the
accuracy, truthfulness, and sincerity of a witness may be shown and considered in
determining the credit to be accorded his testimony.' " Id. (quoting State v. Jones,
343 S.C. 562, 570, 541 S.E.2d 813, 817 (2001)).

       "As a general rule, a trial court's ruling on the proper scope of cross-
examination will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse of discretion." State v.
Quattlebaum, 338 S.C. 441, 450, 527 S.E.2d 105, 109 (2000). An abuse of
discretion occurs when the trial court's ruling either lacks evidentiary support or is
based on an error of law. State v. Pagan, 369 S.C. 201, 631 S.E.2d 262 (2006).

        We find the Court of Appeals correctly upheld the trial judge's decision
prohibiting Burgess from cross-examining Officer Gilliam about his personnel
records as we discern no abuse of discretion. Significantly, each of the disciplinary
incidents occurred after Burgess's arrest and did not involve Burgess. Furthermore,
Officer Gilliam's hostile actions were directed at co-workers rather than subjects of
criminal investigation. Thus, Burgess failed to offer evidence that Officer Gilliam
lacked credibility due to bias against Burgess. Accordingly, the trial judge
properly limited Burgess's cross-examination of Officer Gilliam. Cf. Baldez v.
State, 386 S.W.3d 324 (Tex. Ct. App. 2012) (discussing Rule 608 and holding that
trial judge did not err in prohibiting defendant from cross-examining the arresting
officer concerning his disciplinary suspension for the sole purpose of showing the
officer's lack of credibility as the defendant never argued that the officer was
untrustworthy due to bias or interest against the defendant).

                                  IV.   Conclusion

       Based on the foregoing, we hold the NET Agreement was invalid and, thus,
did not confer extra-territorial jurisdiction upon Officer Gilliam. See State v.
Harris, 299 S.C. 157, 159, 382 S.E.2d 925, 926 (1989) ("The jurisdiction of a
municipal police officer, absent statutory authority, generally does not extend
beyond the territorial limits of the municipality."). Our decision should not be
construed as invalidating all multi-jurisdictional agreements. Instead, we
recognize the import of these agreements and emphasize that they are not invalid
per se. The validity of these agreements, however, is dependent upon strict
compliance with the applicable statutes. Because the NET Agreement in the
instant case failed to satisfy the statutory requirements, we are constrained to find
that it is invalid.

      However, despite the invalidity of the NET Agreement, we find the Court of
Appeals correctly affirmed Burgess's conviction as Officer Gilliam's lack of
authority did not negate Agents Laney's and Kirkland's authority in Lexington
County. Thus, Officer Gilliam's lack of authority did not vitiate the valid
conviction. Moreover, we find the Court of Appeals correctly upheld the trial
judge's decision prohibiting Burgess from cross-examining Officer Gilliam
regarding his personnel records as we discern no abuse of discretion.

      Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Appeals is

      AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.

TOAL, C.J., KITTREDGE and HEARN, JJ., concur. PLEICONES, J.,
concurring in result only.