Court Opinion

ID: 4614279
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 22:03:47.358572+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:54:45.233239
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/20/20
                      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

            COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                               DIVISION ONE

                          STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re Edgerrin J., a Person Coming
Under the Juvenile Court Law.

THE PEOPLE,                               D076461
       Plaintiff and Respondent,
       v.                                 (Super. Ct. No. J239465)
EDGERRIN J.,
       Defendant and Appellant.

In re Jamar D., a Person Coming Under
the Juvenile Court Law.

THE PEOPLE,                               D076462
       Plaintiff and Respondent,
       v.                                 (Super. Ct. No. J242137)
JAMAR D.,
       Defendant and Appellant.

       APPEAL from judgments of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Browder A. Willis, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
       Alex Coolman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant Edgerrin J.
      Christine M. Aros, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant Jamar D.
      Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Daniel
Rogers, Christopher P. Beesley, Robin Urbanski, and Genevieve Herbert,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

      After receiving a citizen’s tip that Black males in a Mercedes were
“acting shady,” four San Diego Police Department (SDPD) officers drove to
the scene in two marked vehicles, activating emergency lights in one.
Parking behind the Mercedes, the officers positioned themselves beside each
of its four doors and asked the three teenagers inside for their names and
identification. A records check later indicated that the driver was on
probation subject to a Fourth Amendment waiver. The officers searched the
vehicle and recovered a loaded firearm and sneakers linking the minors to a
recent robbery.
      The minors moved to suppress the evidence found in the car, claiming
their initial detention was not supported by reasonable suspicion. Finding
the encounter was consensual rather than a detention, the juvenile court
denied the motions. Two of the minors pleaded guilty to a subset of the
charges originally filed.

      In this consolidated appeal,1 two of the minors—Edgerrin J. and Jamar
D.—challenge the denial of their suppression motions. They argue the

1    After both appeals were fully briefed, we consolidated on our own
motion People v. Edgerrin J. (D076461) and People v. Jamar D. (D076462) for
purposes of decision, as both appeals involve the same facts, challenge the
same ruling, and raise similar issues. (See, e.g., People v. Lieng (2010) 190
                                      2
juvenile court erred in finding the encounter consensual and claim the
citizen’s tip did not establish reasonable suspicion to detain them. We agree
on both points. But there was conflicting evidence as to whether officers
knew other facts that might furnish reasonable suspicion for the stop, or
justify the detention and search pursuant to Edgerrin’s active Fourth
Amendment waiver. Because the rationale for its ruling made it unnecessary
for the juvenile court to address these other issues, we reverse and remand
for a new hearing to permit it to assess witness credibility and reach factual
findings in the first instance.
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1.    Police contact and search
      On March 13, 2019, SDPD officer Jerrad Schnautz was on patrol with
his partner Willis Short in the Encanto neighborhood of southeast San Diego.
At around 6:00 p.m., the two were parked on Madera Street along with fellow
officers Kyle Williams and Samuel Euler. As the four officers dealt with an
unrelated issue, a driver approaching southbound on Madera stopped her car
in the middle of the street and stepped out. She said she lived nearby,
provided her address, and reported there were Black males in a parked black
Mercedes on her street who were “acting shady.” After receiving the tip, all
four officers drove three blocks to the location in two separate police vehicles.
      When they arrived, the officers found a legally parked black Mercedes
with three young Black males inside. Williams and Euler parked directly
behind the Mercedes, activating their vehicle’s emergency lights; Schnautz
and Short pulled up behind them but did not activate their lights. The four
officers stepped out, walked over to the Mercedes, and positioned themselves
at each door to prevent its three occupants from leaving.

Cal.App.4th 1213, 1218.) Because only Edgerrin requested oral argument,
consolidation did not affect the hearing.
                                        3
      When the officers asked the vehicle occupants for their names and
information, Edgerrin (sitting in the driver’s seat) initially gave a false name.
Schnautz went back to his patrol vehicle to perform records checks on all
three occupants. Upon learning Edgerrin’s identity and confirming that he
was on probation subject to a condition waiving his Fourth Amendment
rights (Fourth waiver), officers searched the Mercedes and recovered a loaded
firearm underneath the driver’s seat, a pair of sneakers connected to a
robbery, and a clear white canister containing marijuana. The minors were
arrested.
2.    Charges and Motions to Suppress
      The San Diego County District Attorney filed petitions under Welfare
and Institutions Code section 602 accusing Edgerrin and Jamar of robbery

(Pen. Code,2 § 211), receiving stolen property (§ 496, subd. (a)), and various
weapons-related charges along with associated enhancements. Edgerrin was
additionally charged with providing false information to a police officer
(§ 148.9, subd. (a), count 8). Defendants moved to suppress evidence

obtained from the Mercedes. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 700.1.)3
      The People opposed the suppression motions, arguing in their briefs
that officers discovered Edgerrin’s Fourth waiver during “a consent [sic]
encounter with the minors.” Although Officer Williams activated his
emergency lights in parking behind the Mercedes, the prosecution claimed
this was done to “warn on-coming traffic of officers on foot,” and all officers
proceeded to the vehicle “on foot in a slow and calm walk.” Alternatively, the
People claimed that the officers had reasonable suspicion to detain the

2     Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
3     Our record does not disclose the charges filed against the third minor,
D.W., whose suppression motion was also considered at the same hearing.
                                        4
minors based on the citizen’s tip. They argued that Encanto was a
neighborhood where “[g]ang violence and violent crime [are] a fact of life”
causing residents “to be hyper-vigilant of suspicious, or shady, activity,” and
it was significant that the tipster “felt the conduct she saw rose to the level of
needing to flag down and tell the police.”
3.    Hearing and Ruling
      The suppression motions were heard by Judge Willis. The People
examined SDPD gang detective Amalia Sidhu and Officer Schnautz, and the
court reviewed footage from Schnautz’s bodyworn camera (BWC) depicting
officers’ encounter with the minors and the subsequent search. The principal
factual dispute between the parties centered on what Schnautz and the other
officers knew about Edgerrin at the time they approached the Mercedes. The
prosecution relied on testimony by Sidhu and Schnautz suggesting the
officers knew by then that Edgerrin was a Lincoln Park gang member in rival
gang territory, driving a black Mercedes, and on probation with a Fourth
waiver. Defense counsel vigorously challenged this account, questioning why
such information was omitted from police reports and conflicted with the

officers’ behavior in the BWC footage.4
      As noted, the prosecution identified two theories in its written
opposition—either the encounter was consensual, or there was reasonable
suspicion to detain based on the citizen tip. At the hearing, the prosecutor
expanded on these theories. Relying on testimony that officers knew
beforehand of Edgerrin’s active Fourth waiver, he suggested it was a
straightforward “Fourth waiver probation search.” Alternatively, the
prosecutor claimed there was reasonable suspicion to detain the minors based

4     To avoid repetition, the parties’ competing accounts are detailed in the
discussion.
                                        5
on officers’ awareness that Edgerrin was a gang member in rival gang
territory around a gang holiday—“this is reasonable suspicion, pure and
simple, even without the Fourth waiver, knowing who he is, knowing when it
was, knowing where he was.” “And then you layer into that, we have a
civilian who lives in this neighborhood actively and affirmatively approaching
gang unit officers . . . flagging them down, telling them that this is shady.”
      Edgerrin’s counsel responded that the prosecution was using the ends
to justify the means. Despite Sidhu’s testimony about what she told patrol
officers, neither of her reports disclosed what transpired before the stop,
leaving the court with a “credibility issue.” And the citizen tip that people
were “acting shady” was too vague to create reasonable suspicion that
criminal activity was afoot. Although officers could have stopped to ask a few
questions, they instead “drove up in two separate cars, lights already on, up
behind a Mercedes [whose] license plate they didn’t check. They had no idea
who was in that vehicle,” as the BWC video seemed to confirm.
      At that point, the juvenile court interjected, asking “Where was the
stop? There was no stop in this circumstance.” The court rejected counsel’s
assertion that a stop occurred when the officers pulled up, lights on, behind
the Mercedes. Instead, the judge described what transpired as a proper
“consensual encounter” following a citizen tip.
      After hearing from remaining defense counsel, the court denied the
suppression motions, finding that no detention had occurred. As it explained,
the officers had a right to be at that location and check on the vehicle after
receiving the citizen tip. The court reasoned that at each step, the officers’
actions were lawful—their initial investigation was justified by the tip, their
encounter with the minors remained consensual, and once they confirmed

                                        6
that Edgerrin was subject to a Fourth waiver, they could legally search the

vehicle.5
4.      Subsequent Proceedings
        Jamar admitted to robbery (§ 211) and the associated gang and firearm
enhancements charged in count 1, and all remaining charges were dismissed.
He was adjudged a ward of the court and committed to Urban Camp, with his
commitment stayed while he was placed on probation. Edgerrin admitted to
assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2)) and the associated gang
enhancement charged in count 2, and the charges remaining against him
were likewise dismissed. The court committed Edgerrin to the Youthful
Offender Unit Program, setting his maximum custody at 12 years, 4 months
with a custodial program not exceeding 480 days.
                                 DISCUSSION
        Challenging the suppression ruling, defendants argue the juvenile
court erred in concluding the officers were engaged in a consensual encounter
when they activated their lights, parked behind the Mercedes, and
surrounded the vehicle. They claim this conduct instead amounted to a
detention, for which the vague citizen tip did not provide reasonable
suspicion. The People respond that the court could reasonably find that no
detention occurred. And even otherwise, they suggest the officers had
reasonable suspicion to detain the minors based on facts they knew at the
time.
        As we explain, there is no question a detention occurred. We further
agree with defendants that the bare citizen tip of “shady” behavior in this

5     As will be discussed, the judge focused on the fact that the officers
made no excessive show of authority by drawing weapons or activating their
sirens, and although they had activated their lights, officers acted as though
the encounter was consensual.
                                        7
case does not, without more, furnish reasonable suspicion. Nevertheless, we
must remand for further proceedings to permit the juvenile court to consider
whether the detention and subsequent search could otherwise be justified by
facts officers might have known about Edgerrin prior to the stop.
Specifically, there were conflicting accounts at the suppression hearing as to
whether officers knew at the time they approached the Mercedes that
Edgerrin was inside with an active Fourth waiver, and/or that he was a gang
member in rival gang territory. The evidence on these matters is heavily
contested, and competing inferences could be drawn. Because the juvenile
court erroneously focused on whether the encounter was consensual, it had
no occasion to make a factual finding as to what facts the officers knew in
making the detention. Remand is therefore appropriate for the court to make
such findings in the first instance.
1.    Standard of review
      The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
against unreasonable searches and seizures, including brief investigatory
stops. (U.S. Const., 4th Amend.; People v. Souza (1994) 9 Cal.4th 224, 229
(Souza).) The appeals before us turn on whether a detention occurred and, if
it did, whether it was lawful. These questions present mixed issues of law
and fact. (See People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 342.) In reviewing a
suppression motion, the trial court is vested with the power to assess witness
credibility, resolve evidentiary conflicts, weigh the evidence, and draw factual
inferences; its findings are upheld on appeal so long as they are supported by
substantial evidence. (People v. Woods (1999) 21 Cal.4th 668, 673−674.)
However, we exercise our independent judgment in determining whether on
these facts the challenged search or seizure complied with the Fourth
Amendment. (People v. Brown (2015) 61 Cal.4th 968, 975 (Brown).)
2.    The minors were detained.
                                       8
        “An officer may approach a person in a public place and ask if the
person is willing to answer questions. If the person voluntarily answers,
those responses, and the officer's observations, are admissible in a criminal
prosecution.” (Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 974.) “Such consensual
encounters present no constitutional concerns and do not require
justification.” (Ibid.) “However, ‘when the officer, by means of physical force
or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen,’ the
officer effects a seizure of that person, which must be justified under the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.” (Ibid.; quoting Terry
v. Ohio (1968) 392 U.S. 1, 19, fn. 16 (Terry).) When an individual submits to
a show of authority, “ ‘a seizure occurs if “in view of all the circumstances
surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed he was
not free to leave,” [Citation].’ ” (Brendlin v. California (2007) 551 U.S. 249,
255 (Brendlin); Brown, at p. 974.)
        Here, we readily conclude the minors were detained. Two marked
police vehicles pulled up behind the legally parked Mercedes. As Detective
Sidhu explained, this practice is called “contact and cover” and is designed to
let people know there is more than one police vehicle present. The first of the
vehicles to park behind the Mercedes activated its lights. Though there is no
bright-line rule that activating lights always constitutes a detention, the
“Supreme Court has long recognized that activating sirens or flashing lights
can amount to a show of authority.” (Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 978,
980.)
        Even if a stop did not occur with the officers’ arrival on the scene, it
plainly occurred immediately thereafter when four officers stepped out of
their vehicles after parking and walked to each door of the sedan for the
admitted purpose of preventing its occupants from leaving. The minors were

                                          9
directed to roll down their windows, hand over proof of identification, and
provide their names, addresses, and birthdays. When Edgerrin asked if he
could call his father, Officer Williams ordered him, “Stay off this phone.
I don’t want you to do any of that kind of stuff, okay?” Jamar spelled his
name for officers and gave his date of birth, but when he could not provide
proof of identification, Officer Short warned him, “don’t lie to me” and stated
the officers were “not gonna leave here until we find out” his real name.
Under these facts, no reasonable person in defendants’ position would feel
free to leave. (Brendlin, supra, 551 U.S. at pp. 255, 257; see Brown, supra,
61 Cal.4th at pp. 977−980 [defendant was detained when deputy stopped
behind his parked car and activated his lights].) Instead, a reasonable person
in the minors’ position “would have perceived [the officers’] actions as a show
of authority, directed at [them] and requiring that [they] submit by
remaining where [they] [were].” (Brown, at p. 978.)
      The juvenile court found otherwise based on footage from Officer
Schnautz’s bodyworn camera. Having requested transmission of that exhibit
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.224(d)) and reviewed the video, we reach the
opposite conclusion. While the officers seemed calm, courteous, and used a
conversational tone with the minors, there is no question a detention
occurred. Overt displays of authority, such as drawing a gun or barking out
peremptory commands, are not essential for police officers to establish control
and curtail an individual’s ability to leave.
      Specifically, the video shows a police vehicle with activated lights
parked behind the Mercedes on a quiet, two-way residential street. Williams
and Euler step out and walk toward the two front doors of the Mercedes as
Schnautz pulls in behind. Schnautz parks behind Williams’s vehicle, and he
and Short immediately step out and walk toward the two rear doors of the

                                        10
Mercedes. Williams directs Edgerrin to roll down his windows and tells him
they were there because people reported something shady was going on. By
then, Schnautz and Short reach the rear doors, and all four officers engage
with its occupants. This still frame from the video plainly reflects a show of
authority and submission by the occupants inside:

      Faced with this record, the People appropriately concede that the
evidence supports “a reasonable conclusion that there was, in fact, a
detention.” Indeed, that is the only reasonable conclusion.
3.    Uncontested evidence does not furnish lawful justification for the stop.
      Because the encounter was not consensual, the officers required legal
justification to detain the minors. In their opposition brief below, the People
maintained that the citizen tip, standing alone, furnished reasonable
suspicion for a detention. At the hearing the prosecutor shifted gears,
arguing in closing that the tip furnished reasonable suspicion in combination
with officers’ prior knowledge that Edgerrin was a gang member present in
rival gang territory around a gang holiday. Separate and apart from these
theories, the People argued for the first time at the suppression hearing that
the officers knew beforehand that Edgerrin had an active Fourth waiver,
making it “a straight-up Fourth waiver probation search.”

                                      11
      On appeal defendants contend the citizen tip did not, standing alone,
furnish reasonable suspicion. Nor, in their view, could the detention be
justified on the basis of Edgerrin’s probation status, as “the record leaves
considerable ambiguity regarding whether the officer in fact knew about this
status prior to the stop.” The People respond that there was reasonable
suspicion because the citizen report of “shady” activity by occupants of a
black Mercedes amplified officers’ preexisting knowledge that Edgerrin was a
gang member driving a black Mercedes in rival gang territory. Moreover, the
People further claim that officers knew from Detective Sidhu that Edgerrin
was on probation with an active Fourth waiver.
      Addressing these arguments in turn, we conclude the vague citizen tip
of “shady” behavior did not, standing alone, furnish reasonable suspicion for
a detention. As to whether there were additional facts known to the officers
that could support the citizen tip—or whether officers knew of Edgerrin’s
active Fourth waiver at the time they initiated contact—the facts are heavily
contested, and no credibility finding was made by the juvenile court.
Accordingly, on the present record the detention and subsequent search
cannot be justified on this potential alternative ground. It will be for the
juvenile court on remand to make the necessary factual findings and
determine whether the officers in fact had enough additional information to
constitute reasonable suspicion.
      a.     Legal Principles
      Although a brief investigatory detention need not be supported by
probable cause, it must be based on reasonable suspicion that criminal
activity is afoot—i.e., “specific articulable facts that, considered in light of the
totality of the circumstances, provide some objective manifestation that the
person detained may be involved in criminal activity.” (Souza, supra,
9 Cal.4th at pp. 230−231; see Navarette v. California (2014) 572 U.S. 393, 396
                                        12
(Navarette); Terry, supra, 392 U.S. at p. 22.) The reasonable suspicion
standard is objective in nature, “based on the facts and circumstances known
to the officer but without regard to the officer’s subjective state of mind.”
(People v. Flores (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 617, 626.) Mere rumor or hunch do
not suffice. (See Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 981; Navarette, at p. 397;
Terry, at p. 22; In re Tony C. (1978) 21 Cal.3d 888, 893.) “[W]here a
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity exists, ‘the public rightfully expects
a police officer to inquire into such circumstances “in the proper exercise of
the officer's duties.” ’ ” (People v. Wells (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1078, 1083.)
      Reasonable suspicion is, of course, unnecessary here if the officers
knew that Edgerrin was inside the black Mercedes and subject to an active
Fourth waiver at the time they approached the vehicle. But such knowledge
must exist at the time of the stop; after-acquired knowledge of a probation
search condition cannot justify an otherwise unlawful detention or search.
(See In re Jaime P. (2006) 40 Cal.4th 128, 133 (Jaime P.).)
      b.    The citizen tip, by itself, did not provide reasonable suspicion for a
            detention.
      In its opposition papers and at the suppression hearing, the prosecution
relied on the citizen tip to argue in whole or in part that there was reasonable
suspicion to detain the minors. Defendants maintain that this tip, standing
alone, did not suffice. We agree with defendants.
      “The ‘reasonable suspicion’ necessary to justify a stop ‘is dependent
upon both the content of information possessed by the police and its degree of
reliability.’ ” (Navarette, supra, 572 U.S. at p. 397; Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th
at p. 981.) Where officers rely on a citizen’s tip, that tip must be “ ‘reliable in
its assertion of illegality, not just in its tendency to identify a determinate
person.’ ” (People v. Dolly (2007) 40 Cal.4th 458, 471 (Dolly).) “A tip’s
reliability depends upon an assessment of ‘the totality of the circumstances in

                                        13
a given case.’ ” (Id. at p. 464.) “One simple rule will not cover every
situation. Some tips, completely lacking in indicia of reliability, would either
warrant no police response or require further investigation before a forcible
stop of a suspect would be authorized.” (Adams v. Williams (1972) 407 U.S.
143, 147.) Both quantity and quality matter: “if a tip has a relatively low
degree of reliability, more information will be required to establish the
requisite quantum of suspicion than would be required if the tip were more
reliable.” (Alabama v. White (1990) 496 U.S. 325, 330 (White).)
      Case law offers useful guideposts on the reliability requirement for
citizen tips. In White, supra, 496 U.S. 325, an anonymous tip that a woman
would drive from a particular apartment building to a particular motel in a
station wagon with a broken right taillight, transporting cocaine, was
sufficiently reliable to create reasonable suspicion once officers corroborated
the innocent details. (Id. at pp. 331‒332.) A 911 caller’s tip that she had
been run off the highway was likewise sufficiently reliable in Navarette
where the caller identified the make and model of the vehicle, recited the
license plate number, made a contemporaneous report, and used the 911
emergency system. (Navarette, supra, 572 U.S. at pp. 399−400.) Similarly, in
Brown, officers had reasonable suspicion for a detention based on a 911 call
reporting a violent fight. (Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 982‒983.) “[The]
caller’s eyewitness knowledge, contemporaneous reporting, use of the 911
system, and confirmation of his address”—in addition to his overhearing one
of the people in the fight claim to have a loaded gun—“all provided additional
indicia of reliability.” (Id. at p. 982.) Finally in Dolly, supra, 40 Cal.4th 458,
an anonymous tip by a 911 caller that “a light-skinned African-American
male had ‘just pulled a gun’ on him and had mentioned a gang name” was

                                        14
sufficiently reliable because the caller provided key details about the
perpetrator that could be corroborated by police. (Id. at p. 462.)
      In contrast to these cases, there was no reasonable suspicion to detain
and frisk a minor in Florida v. J.L. (2000) 529 U.S. 266 (J.L.), where police
received an anonymous telephone tip claiming a young Black male in a plaid
shirt standing at a bus stop was carrying a firearm. The tipster did not
explain how he knew this information or suggest any particular familiarity
with the suspect, and the tip itself included no predictions of future behavior
that could be corroborated to assess his credibility. (Id. at pp. 271−272.) The
court rejected the state’s contention that the tip was reliable because “there
really was a young [B]lack male wearing a plaid shirt at the bus stop” as the
tipster described—reasonable suspicion required “that a tip be reliable in its
assertion of illegality, not just in its tendency to identify a determinate
person.” (Ibid.)
      Turning to our record, Officer Schnautz testified at the suppression
hearing that he and his three colleagues were parked on the northbound side
of Madera Street when, around 6:05 p.m., a female driver approaching them
southbound stopped and flagged them down. The driver told officers that she
lived on a street nearby, where a parked black Mercedes was occupied by
Black males who were “acting shady.” Although the tipster “didn’t elaborate
on what she meant” by “acting shady,” officers decided to make contact with
occupants of the vehicle. The BWC footage supports this account; after
receiving the tip, the officers immediately drove a few blocks to the specified

                                        15
street and approached the Mercedes.6 As we explain, this report of “shady”
behavior lacked the requisite indicia of reliability—particularly as to the
assertion of illegality—to be used as the sole justification for the detention.
      “[P]rivate citizens who report criminal activity generally have no bias
or motive other than good citizenship, and therefore tend to be reliable.”
(Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 982.) Tips are even more reliable where
“officers had the opportunity to see the tipsters, observe them face-to-face and
evaluate their credibility.” (People v. Coulombe (2000) 86 Cal.App.4th 52, 58
(Coulombe).) The tipster in this case spoke to officers face-to-face and
revealed her address, providing some means of tracking her down. (Brown,
at p. 982.) Although not established by Schnautz’s testimony, it seems
plausible that she was speaking from personal knowledge as someone who
had just witnessed something she believed was “shady” behavior. (Id. at
p. 981; but see J.L., supra, 529 U.S. at pp. 271‒272 [anonymous tip was
insufficiently reliable where the informant “neither explained how he knew
about the gun nor supplied any basis for believing he had information about
[the defendant]”].)
      Even so, a reliability problem arises from the information the tipster
conveyed. Although she contacted police in person and left identifying
information, her tip provided only a vague and highly subjective
characterization of the behavior she saw. What is “shady” to one person may

6     The BWC footage shows the tipster’s conversation with officers and the
events that follow, albeit without audio. A woman emerges from her vehicle
and approaches the officers. Schnautz talks to her for about 40 seconds. He
then walks to his car, gestures as if to direct Officer Williams in the other
police vehicle to lead the way, and drives several blocks to where Williams is
parked directly behind the black Mercedes, lights flashing. Schnautz pulls in
behind Williams’s patrol car, parks, and immediately steps out. At this point
the audio begins.
                                       16
be unremarkable to another. Standing alone, nothing the tipster said was
“reliable in its assertion of illegality.” (J.L., supra, 529 U.S. at p. 272.)
Although officers confirmed the presence of Black males in a black Mercedes
parked on the specified street, this could not cure the tip’s central defect—the
car was legally parked, and officers did not observe any indicia of criminal
activity when they arrived. On this record, the citizen’s tip was insufficiently
reliable as to any illegal behavior to provide a basis for a detention. (Id. at
pp. 271−272; see, e.g., Coulombe, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p. 57 [finding
reasonable suspicion from contemporaneous in-person citizen reports that
someone fitting defendant’s description was carrying a firearm amongst a
crowd of New Year’s Eve revelers].)
      In isolation, an allegation of “shady” behavior is far too vague to
suggest criminal activity. “Even a reliable tip will justify an investigative
stop only if it creates reasonable suspicion that ‘criminal activity may be
afoot.’ ” (Navarette, supra, 572 U.S. at p. 401 [finding reasonable suspicion
where conduct alleged by 911 caller suggested drunk driving].) Just as a
Terry stop may not rest on “bare-boned tips” about guns or narcotics (J.L.,
supra, 529 U.S. at p. 273), a detention cannot be based solely on a citizen tip
that someone is acting “shady.” Even Schnautz struggled to define what
“acting shady” meant, testifying it could convey anything from a person
casing cars or looking to commit burglary to being “in the area for any
unknown reasons.” As Edgerrin’s counsel remarked at the suppression
hearing, “shady” can mean any number of things, and does not necessarily
suggest a crime is occurring. It follows that a bare-bones tip of shady
behavior conveys no more than a mere hunch of criminal activity, which does
not suffice to justify a stop. (Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 981; Navarette,
supra, 572 U.S. at p. 397.)

                                         17
      We pause here to clarify that, confronted with a tip that was
insufficient to create reasonable suspicion, officers were nonetheless entitled
to investigate further. As the juvenile court stated, they had a right to drive
to the location after receiving the tip. Once there, they could have made
additional observations before approaching or attempted a consensual
encounter by asking if the minors were willing to answer a few questions.
What they could not do, without more, was immediately detain the minors.
Here, it was uncontroverted that officers conducted no additional
investigation after receiving the tip. Accordingly, unless they possessed
additional prior knowledge to justify the detention—an issue the parties
strenuously dispute—their actions were unlawful.
      c.    Basing reasonable suspicion on other contextual evidence would
            require a credibility assessment the juvenile court did not make.
      Contending there were additional factors at play, the People assert that
Schnautz made the stop based on his knowledge that Edgerrin was a gang
member in rival territory combined with the citizen tip. True enough,
Schnautz testified on direct that he was helping Detective Sidhu with her
surveillance on Edgerrin earlier that day and that she had informed him that
Edgerrin was “a Lincoln Park gang member” present “in a rival set
neighborhood.” Schnautz further claimed to know beforehand that Edgerrin
drove a black Mercedes and was on probation with an active Fourth waiver.
Upon receiving the citizen tip, Schanutz claimed he suspected that Edgerrin
was inside and “could be looking to commit some kind of act of violence
against any rival set gang member.”
      Sidhu’s testimony supported this version of events. She claimed on
direct to know prior to the day of the stop that Edgerrin was on probation
with a Fourth waiver. In surveilling Edgerrin that afternoon, she said she
saw him in a black Mercedes bearing the same license plate as the car later

                                       18
stopped. Sidhu testified that she relayed to Schnautz and other officers that
Edgerrin was in a black Mercedes with an active Fourth waiver. She was
unequivocal that officers knew Edgerrin’s probation status before making the
stop.
        While these contextual facts would surely affect our “totality of
circumstances” analysis for reasonable suspicion (or justify the search
outright as a straightforward probation search), we cannot rely on them to
affirm for the simple reason that they were heavily disputed, with no
credibility finding made by the juvenile court. Defense counsel vigorously
challenged what officers knew in making the stop. As we describe below, the
court at times cut off this inquiry, and it did not ultimately make a credibility
finding as to facts that were unnecessary to its (ultimately incorrect) decision
that no detention occurred. “Thus, we do not have before us any express or
implied findings of fact and determinations of credibility that might permit
us to uphold the search on this theory.” (People v. Hoeninghaus (2004) 120

Cal.App.4th 1180, 1198.)7
        For example, defense counsel noted while cross-examining Detective
Sidhu that her police reports on March 14 and 26 did not mention surveilling
Edgerrin that afternoon or informing other officers about his Fourth waiver
or the Mercedes. When Sidhu replied that she conveyed this information
verbally to Schnautz and other officers over the radio, counsel for Edgerrin
questioned why there was no such reference in the computer-aided dispatch
(CAD) generated in this case. The court stopped this inquiry, finding it “far

7     Edgerrin suggests the court made an implied finding that officers knew
about his Fourth waiver only after making the stop. But we do not read the
court’s comment that the Fourth waiver “came up” in the midst of a
consensual encounter to suggest any implied finding that the officers were
unaware of Edgerrin’s Fourth waiver (or other attendant circumstances)
before they approached the Mercedes.
                                        19
enough afield.” Edgerrin’s counsel eventually established that police reports
are written in chronological order, and Sidhu’s reports did not mention seeing
Edgerrin in a black Mercedes earlier that day nor reference any records check
performed on Edgerrin prior to the stop. The first mention of a records check
in Sidhu’s reports instead followed her description of the stop. Once more,
the court sustained the prosecutor’s relevancy objection, halting further
inquiry.
      Defense counsel likewise identified several discrepancies in Schnautz’s
account. Schnautz testified he had reviewed Officer Williams’s arrest report
and found it “accurate,” but conceded it contained nothing “related to
Edgerrin [J.] driving around a black Mercedes” prior to his detention.
Schnautz likewise did not recall being informed at any point about a license
plate number for a particular black Mercedes. Edgerrin’s counsel then
probed Schnautz’s “initial . . . reasons for approaching the vehicle.” As
Schnautz conceded, the tipster had simply conveyed that “there [were] some
guys in a black Mercedes that seemed shady.” This prompted him and the
three officers to drive directly to the location of the Mercedes, park, and step
out of their vehicles to contact its occupants. Schnautz did not run the
license plate before stepping out. He agreed he had no prior contact with
Edgerrin before making the stop.
      Next up, Jamar’s attorney tried to pinpoint when Schnautz and Sidhu
had been in contact with each other. She asked Schnautz, “[Sidhu] didn’t
relay any information to you on March 13 about Edgerrin [J.]; correct?”
Schnautz did not respond, invoking privilege under Evidence Code section

1040.8 After some discussion, the court permitted a “limited inquiry.” The

8     Evidence Code section 1040 protects “official information” acquired in
confidence by a public employee during the course of his or her job, which
                                       20
question was read back, and Schnautz answered “Yes.”9 Trying to clarify,
counsel asked, “[a]t what point in time did you receive this information [from
Sidhu]?”—but the court ended the inquiry, finding it irrelevant to whether
the encounter was consensual. When counsel asked whether either of the
police reports Schnautz reviewed (authored by Williams and Short) contained
any information related to prior surveillance on Edgerrin, the court sustained
the prosecutor’s objection, stating the topic had been covered by Edgerrin’s
counsel. Schnautz did not recall anything in the police reports relating to
officers’ prior knowledge of Edgerrin’s probation status, Fourth waiver, or
gang affiliation.
      During closing arguments, Edgerrin’s counsel stated that there
remained a “credibility issue” as to what transpired earlier that day, as
officers’ alleged surveillance on Edgerrin was not reflected in any of the police
reports. He understandably relied on several apparent inconsistencies
between the police testimony and the BWC footage to suggest that officers
“had no idea who was in that vehicle” when they surrounded it. For instance,

includes all evidence gathered in ongoing criminal investigations. (County of
Orange v. Superior Court (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 759, 764.) Where the
privilege is asserted in criminal proceedings, the court must consider the
defendant’s due process interests—the prosecution cannot commence
criminal proceedings “and then invoke its governmental privileges to deprive
the accused of anything which might be material to his defense.” (United
States v. Reynolds (1953) 345 U.S. 1, 12.) If the privilege is invoked, the
defendant must make a prima facie showing for disclosure, upon which the
court examines the party claiming privilege in camera to determine whether
it should be upheld. (People v. Montgomery (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 1011,
1021; accord, In re Marcos B. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 299, 308 [defense
counsel has the right to propose questions for the in camera hearing].)
9     Between the original question being framed in the negative, an
evidentiary objection causing a lengthy gap, and a readback, there may be
some ambiguity in what Schnautz meant in answering “Yes.”
                                       21
Schnautz stumbled over how to spell or pronounce Edgerrin’s name and did
not appear to know who he was. Not until he later ran a records check did
Schnautz seem to realize that Edgerrin was on probation. Jamar’s counsel
joined these arguments, further questioning the prosecutor’s claim that this
was a straightforward probation search: “If it was so clear and simpl[e], then
there would have been evidence of knowledge of this Fourth waiver prior to
this hearing, prior to Detective Sidhu sitting there on the stand.” Instead,
prior communication about the Fourth waiver was not mentioned in reports
prepared by Williams, Short, or Sidhu. Counsel maintained that there wasn’t
“any credible information that there was knowledge that Edgerrin [J.] was on
probation with a Fourth waiver prior to the stop.”
      In summary, counsel for both Edgerrin and Jamar argued that
Schnautz and Sidhu had made up a justification after the fact—nothing in
the police reports or BWC footage suggested that officers were surveilling
Edgerrin that day, knew he was in a black Mercedes, knew he was a gang
member in rival gang territory, or knew his probation and Fourth waiver
status before making the stop. The juvenile court did not entertain these
credibility questions, cutting the defense inquiry short because it rejected at
the threshold that a detention occurred.
      “A detention may not be justified after the fact on a basis not relied on
by the officer.” (People v. Bower (1979) 24 Cal.3d 638, 647; see Jaime P.,
supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 133 [otherwise unlawful search of minor subject to
probation search condition could not be justified by post-search discovery of
that condition].) Absent a factual finding as to what officers knew about
Edgerrin at the time they first approached the Mercedes, we cannot
determine whether additional contextual evidence either provides reasonable

                                       22
suspicion for a detention, or justifies the search completely based on

Edgerrin’s Fourth waiver.10
      d.    Remand is necessary.
      Because justification for the stop turns on credibility assessments that
have yet to be made, remand is necessary. Following a hearing, the juvenile
court must make necessary factual findings as to what the officers knew
when they stopped the minors. (See People v. Bowers (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th
1261, 1273 (Bowers) [remanding for the trial court to consider additional
theories justifying the search]; People v. LeBlanc (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 157,

168 [same].)11
      If the court determines that the officers knew Edgerrin had an active
Fourth waiver prior to the detention, that ends the inquiry. (Jaime P., supra,
40 Cal.4th at p. 134.) Likewise, if officers knew other contextual facts—such

10     The only other evidence at the hearing concerned the neighborhood
where the detention occurred. Schnautz described Encanto as a “high-crime
area,” with reports of drugs, prostitution, vehicular and residential
burglaries, and stolen vehicles. While this may provide relevant context for
the stop, “reasonable suspicion cannot be based solely on factors unrelated to
the defendant, such as criminal activity in the area.” (People v. Casares
(2016) 62 Cal.4th 808, 838; see People v. Walker (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1372,
1391 [“the fact that the detainee happens to find himself or herself in a high-
crime neighborhood is, of itself, insufficient to support a reasonable suspicion
for a peace officer to stop that person”]; Souza, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 230
[“ ‘the detaining officers must have a particularized and objective basis for
suspecting the particular person stopped of criminal activity’ ” (italics
added)].)
11     At oral argument before this court Edgerrin and the People expressed
different thoughts regarding the proper scope of proceedings on remand. We
leave this issue to the experienced trial judge, who can consider the parties’
positions and evaluate whether to hold an entirely new suppression hearing
or instead conduct a more limited proceeding to make the necessary factual
findings.

                                      23
as Edgerrin’s gang membership, his presence in rival gang territory, or his
sighting in a black Mercedes hours before the stop—those facts might
enhance the reliability of the citizen tip or, in their totality, create reasonable
suspicion to justify the detention. If the court upholds the detention on one
or both of these grounds, crediting the officers’ accounts, it should deny the
motions to suppress and reinstate the judgments. (Bowers, supra, 117
Cal.App.4th at p. 1273.) But if the court instead resolves the credibility
questions in defendants’ favor and finds the search unlawful, it should grant
the motions to suppress and afford Edgerrin and Jamar an opportunity to
withdraw their guilty pleas. (People v. Ruggles (1985) 39 Cal.3d 1, 13; People

v. Hill (1974) 12 Cal.3d 731, 769.)12

12    Our disposition eliminates the need to address Edgerrin’s final
argument, conceded by the People, that the juvenile court failed to calculate
his predisposition custody credits pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code
section 726. If the court on remand again denies Edgerrin’s suppression
motion and reinstates the judgment, he will have the opportunity to seek
correction of the judgment to properly reflect the predisposition custody
credits accrued.
                                        24
                                 DISPOSITION
      The judgments in People v. Edgerrin J. (case No. J239465) and People
v. Jamar D. (case No. J242137) are reversed, and the matters are remanded
to the juvenile court with directions to vacate its order denying the motions to
suppress and conduct a renewed suppression hearing, consistent with this
opinion, to resolve credibility conflicts as to what the officers knew at the
time they detained defendants. If the court again denies the motions to
suppress, it shall reinstate the judgments; but if it grants the motions, it
shall afford defendants an opportunity to withdraw their guilty pleas. (See
Bowers, supra, 117 Cal.App.4th at p. 1274.)

                                                                        DATO, J.

WE CONCUR:

HALLER, Acting P. J.

GUERRERO, J.

                                       25
26
Dato, J., Concurring.

      I take the somewhat unusual step of concurring in my own majority
opinion to add a few personal observations.
      Nearly a century ago Justice Benjamin Cardozo wrote: “The great tides
and currents which engulf the rest of men do not turn aside in their course
and pass the judges by.” (Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process (1921)
p. 168.) Nor should they. As our broader cultural views on racial injustice
evolve, courts and judges are compelled to acknowledge and confront the
problem. (See, e.g., B.B. v. County of Los Angeles (2020) 10 Cal.5th 1, 31
(conc. opn. of Liu, J.) [citing “the troubling racial dynamics that have resulted
in state-sanctioned violence, including lethal violence, against Black people
throughout our history to this very day”]; Utah v. Strieff (2016) 136 S.Ct.
2056, 2070−2071 (dis. opn. of Sotomayor, J.) [“it is no secret that people of
color are disproportionate victims of this type of scrutiny” in suspicionless
stops]; State v. Saintcalle (Wash. 2013) 309 P.3d 326, 341 (Saintcalle)
[“Racial inequalities permeate our criminal justice system and present
important moral issues we all must grapple with.”]; Glossip v. Gross (2015)
576 U.S. 863, 921 (dis. opn. of Breyer, J.) [contemplating how conscious and
unconscious bias affect jury determinations of relative culpability in capital
cases “despite their legal irrelevance”].)
      Although he ultimately denied the suppression motion, Judge Willis
presciently anticipated issues that would soon stir our national consciousness
when he remarked, “Now, we could go into the social justice analysis of young
[B]lack men in [B]lack communities being over-policed, directly or indirectly,
and discuss all manner of circumstances.” He declined to do so, however,
believing “the law hasn't reached that point as of yet.” Speaking in May

2019, he could not have known what a difference a year would make.1
      We have resolved this appeal without delving into complex issues of
race and policing, but I submit that as judges we must remain mindful of the
broader context in which this case arose. Three Black male teenagers sitting
in a legally parked vehicle were detained by four police officers. The
detention may have been based on nothing more than a tip from a woman—
who appears to be White—that the teens were “acting shady.” In situations
like this, law enforcement officers must be sensitive to how implicit biases
might influence what passersby perceive as a threat, just as judges must
appreciate how officers on the receiving end of a vague, subjective tip might

interpret the information they obtain.2 (See, e.g., Saintcelle, supra, 309 P.3d
at p. 335 [“we all live our lives with stereotypes that are ingrained and often
unconscious, implicit biases that endure despite our best efforts to eliminate
them”].) Similarly, racial dynamics can affect how officers’ actions are
perceived by someone in defendants’ shoes. (See, e.g., Commonwealth v.
Warren (Mass. 2016) 58 N.E.3d 333, 342 [Black males in Boston who flee
police “might just as easily be motivated by the desire to avoid the recurring
indignity of being racially profiled as by the desire to hide criminal activity”];

1     Referencing recent events, Jamar argues that even “in this day and
age, [B]lack males continue to be reported to police for innocuous conduct.”
He lays some of the blame on courts for justifying detentions “without more
specific articulable facts.”
2      It is significant that recent legislation “to ameliorate bias-based
injustice in the courtroom” will soon require all public-facing court staff in
this state to complete implicit bias training. (Stats. 2020, ch. 418, §§ 1(b), 3
(Assem. Bill No. 242).) Effective January 1, 2021, an amended Rule of Court
will likewise mandate anti-bias training for all judicial officers. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 10.469(e), as amended by the Judicial Council on Sept. 25, 2020.)
                                        2
Jamison v. McClendon (S.D. Miss., Aug. 4, 2020, No. 3:16-CV-595-CWR-LRA)
__ F.Supp.3d __ [2020 WL 4497723, at *22] [decades after the 1960’s, “Black
male teens still report a ‘fear of police and a serious concern for their personal
safety and mortality in the presence of police officers’ ”].)
      Ultimately, there are myriad ways in which racial perceptions and
biases might surface in a given criminal case, as in everyday life. And while
the police officers here never inquired further to find out what exactly the
tipster saw that concerned her, our opinion appropriately emphasizes the
perils of relying solely on this type of report as a basis to detain. To that end,
the objective standard of reasonable suspicion, which has always required
more than a mere hunch to justify a detention, remains a vital safeguard for
protecting our important Fourth Amendment rights.

                                                                        DATO, J.

                                         3