Court Opinion

ID: 4148369
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-24 22:01:05.402062+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:22.911696
License: Public Domain

Case: 12-14518   Date Filed: 02/24/2017   Page: 1 of 71

                                                                     [PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 12-14518
                       ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 9:07-cv-80758-DTKH

ERNEST CADET,

                                                          Petitioner-Appellant,

                                  versus

STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,

                                                         Respondent-Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (February 24, 2017)

                    ON PETITION FOR REHEARING

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, WILSON and FAY, Circuit Judges.

ED CARNES, Chief Judge:
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      Ernest Cadet has filed a petition for rehearing en banc, which also serves

under our rules as a petition for rehearing before the panel. See 11th Cir. R. 35,

I.O.P. 2. At least until an order granting or denying the petition for rehearing en

banc is issued, a panel retains authority to modify its decision and opinion. Id. We

take advantage of the opportunity to clarify our decision in order to prevent any

misunderstanding of it. We grant the petition for rehearing to the panel to the

extent that we vacate our previous opinion, Cadet v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 742 F.3d
473 (11th Cir. 2014), and substitute in its place the following one.

                                           I.

      The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act imposes a one-year

statute of limitations period for filing a federal habeas petition challenging a state

court judgment. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The limitations period is subject to

equitable tolling. Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 645, 130 S. Ct. 2549, 2560

(2010). Defining the circumstances that justify equitable tolling of that limitations

period is a work in progress, the significant work on it having been done in three

Supreme Court decisions. See Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 132 S. Ct. 912

(2012); Holland, 560 U.S. 631, 130 S. Ct. 2549; Lawrence v. Florida, 549 U.S.
327, 127 S. Ct. 1079 (2007); see also Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisc. v. United

States, 577 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 750, 755–57 (2016); Christeson v. Roper, 574 U.S.

__, 135 S. Ct. 891 (2015) (discussing the Holland and Maples equitable tolling

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requirements). This case requires us to determine the current test for equitable

tolling of the § 2244(d) statute of limitations period, which requires interpreting

what the Supreme Court said about it in those decisions.

                                          II.

      In 2000, Ernest Cadet was convicted in Florida of battery and sexual battery

of the five-year-old daughter of a friend of his, crimes for which he was sentenced

to life imprisonment. His convictions were affirmed on direct appeal. See Cadet

v. State, 809 So. 2d 43 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002), cert. denied, 828 So. 2d 384 (Fla.

Sept. 23, 2002). The judgment of conviction became final 90 days later, on

December 23, 2002, when the time for seeking a writ of certiorari from the United

States Supreme Court expired. See McCloud v. Hooks, 560 F.3d 1223, 1227 (11th

Cir. 2009). On that same date, Cadet’s one-year statute of limitations for filing a

federal habeas petition began to run. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A).

      On October 30, 2003 — 311 days after his convictions became final —

Cadet filed a pro se state habeas petition, which statutorily tolled the federal

limitations period until January 22, 2004, the date his state habeas proceedings

came to an end. See id. § 2244(d)(2) (“The time during which a properly filed

application for State post-conviction or other collateral review . . . is pending shall

not be counted toward any period of limitation under this subsection.”). Another

49 days of untolled time elapsed until Cadet, on March 11, 2004, filed a pro se

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motion for post-conviction relief under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850.

Before Cadet filed that motion, attorney Michael Goodman, who had represented

him on direct appeal, reviewed and edited it pro bono for Cadet. The Rule 3.850

motion suspended the running of the federal habeas limitations period but with

only five days of the period remaining.

      After the State had received more than a year’s worth of extensions to

respond to Cadet’s state post-conviction motion, Goodman filed a notice of

appearance in the state trial court indicating that he would be representing Cadet

during the remainder of the Rule 3.850 proceedings. The state trial court later

denied Cadet’s Rule 3.850 motion, and a Florida district court of appeal affirmed

the denial on August 9, 2006. See Cadet v. State, 935 So. 2d 14 (Fla. 4th DCA

2006) (table decision). That court’s mandate issued on August 25, 2006, restarting

the running of the federal limitations period and giving Cadet until August 30,

2006, just five more days, to file a § 2254 petition. See Nyland v. Moore, 216 F.3d
1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 2000) (holding that a Florida post-conviction motion remains

pending until the appellate court’s mandate issues).

      During the pendency of the Rule 3.850 proceedings, Goodman and Cadet

had at least five discussions about the limitations period for filing a federal habeas

petition. In at least some of those discussions, based on what his fellow prisoners

had said to him, Cadet told Goodman that he did not think that they had “much

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time” left to file a § 2254 petition. In response, Goodman mistakenly and

repeatedly assured Cadet that they had one year from the resolution of his state

post-conviction motion to file a federal petition. Goodman based those assurances

on his own misreading of § 2244(d)(1). Reading the statutory provision is all that

Goodman did to determine how to calculate the running of the limitations period.

He did not research the matter.

      After the state court of appeal’s decision affirming the denial of his

Rule 3.850 motion but before the mandate issued, Cadet became increasingly

anxious about the federal limitations period and insisted that Goodman file a

§ 2254 petition “right away.” Goodman reassured Cadet that he had one year from

the end of his Rule 3.850 appeal to file a federal petition. Cadet “forcefully but

respectfully” disagreed with Goodman’s calculation of the filing deadline,

explaining that “jailhouse lawyers” had advised him that he did not have much

time left to a file a § 2254 petition and repeatedly asking Goodman, “Are you sure?

Are you sure?” The jailhouse lawyers had not calculated a precise deadline for

Cadet, and he believed that he had a few weeks left to file a § 2254 petition when

he actually had only five days left after the mandate issued. Again, Goodman

assured Cadet that there was ample time to file a federal habeas petition,

rhetorically asking him, “who are you going to believe, the real lawyer or the

jailhouse lawyer?” The majority of the conversations between Cadet and

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Goodman about the statute of limitations period occurred before the period ran out

on August 30, 2006.

      Goodman eventually put his advice in writing in a letter to Cadet dated

September 29, 2006, one month after the limitations period had run out.

Goodman’s letter, to which he attached copies of § 2244(d) and the Florida

appellate court decision in Cadet’s Rule 3.850 case, asserted: “As you[ ] can see

you have one year after the denial of your appeal to file for Habeas relief.” Cadet

eventually accepted that advice because Goodman, unlike the jailhouse lawyers,

was a real lawyer.

      Goodman ultimately filed a § 2254 petition on Cadet’s behalf on August 23,

2007. That would have been timely with two days to spare had Goodman’s

understanding of the statute of limitations been correct. But because his

understanding was incorrect, the filing was almost a full year late; the limitations

period had expired on August 30, 2006. Cadet was ordered to show cause why his

federal habeas petition should not be dismissed as untimely. Goodman responded

that the petition was timely because it had been filed within one year of the

issuance of the mandate by the Florida appellate court in the appeal from the denial

of the state post-conviction motion. The State replied that the petition was

untimely and explained why. That prompted Goodman to conduct some research,

realize his mistake, and feel “horrendous.”

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       Now conceding the untimeliness of the § 2254 petition, Goodman argued for

equitable tolling of the federal limitations period based on the fact that he had

miscalculated the filing deadline and repeatedly assured Cadet that it did not begin

to run until after the denial of his state post-conviction motion. Goodman was later

discharged as counsel and a federal public defender was appointed to represent

Cadet.

       After an evidentiary hearing, a magistrate judge recommended that the

district court conclude that equitable tolling applied, which would save Cadet’s

petition from being dismissed as untimely. The magistrate judge found that Cadet

had exercised due diligence in his efforts to timely file a § 2254 petition in light of

the “undisputed facts” that he “repeatedly argued with Goodman about his

calculation of the deadline and [he had insisted] that the petition be filed

immediately.” The magistrate judge also concluded that while Goodman’s initial

misreading of the statute of limitations was “simple attorney error” that did not

warrant equitable tolling, his failure to investigate further when confronted with

Cadet’s doubts and his “hollow assurances” to Cadet that his calculation was

correct amounted to “constructive abandonment,” an extraordinary circumstance

sufficient to merit relief.

       The State objected to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation,

contending that Goodman had not constructively abandoned Cadet because he had

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maintained regular contact with Cadet, had responded to his concerns about the

filing deadline, and had not deliberately deceived him. The district court sustained

the State’s objections and dismissed Cadet’s § 2254 petition as time-barred. While

adopting the magistrate judge’s factual findings and his legal conclusion that Cadet

had exercised due diligence in pursuing his rights, the district court nevertheless

determined that Goodman’s conduct did not constitute an extraordinary

circumstance sufficient to warrant equitable tolling because it was not “so

egregious as to amount to an effective abandonment of the attorney-client

relationship.” The court reasoned that “counsel’s error in failing to correctly

calculate the deadline for filing the habeas petition” constituted an act of

negligence “during the attorney-client relationship,” not a constructive

abandonment of that relationship.

      Cadet appealed the dismissal of his federal habeas petition, and we granted

him a certificate of appealability on the sole issue of “[w]hether the district court

improperly determined that [his] 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition was time-

barred, based on its finding that he was not entitled to equitable tolling.”

                                          III.

      We review a district court’s factual findings only for clear error, but that

does not matter here because there are no disputed facts. We review de novo the

court’s application of equitable tolling law to the facts. See Steed v. Head, 219

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F.3d 1298, 1300 (11th Cir. 2000). In doing so, we keep in mind that equitable

tolling is an extraordinary remedy “limited to rare and exceptional circumstances

and typically applied sparingly.” Hunter v. Ferrell, 587 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir.

2009) (quotation marks omitted). To warrant that extraordinary remedy, a

petitioner must demonstrate “(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and

(2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way and prevented timely

filing.” Holland, 560 U.S. at 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2562 (quotation marks omitted).

      The State does not contest the district court’s determination that Cadet

diligently pursued his rights, given his repeated questioning of counsel’s

calculation of the § 2254 deadline and his insistence that the petition be timely

filed. We do not question that determination either. See id. at 653, 130 S. Ct. at

2565 (“The diligence required for equitable tolling purposes is reasonable

diligence, not maximum feasible diligence.”) (citations and quotation marks

omitted); Downs v. McNeil, 520 F.3d 1311, 1323 (11th Cir. 2008) (concluding that

petitioner’s allegations, if true, showed that he had exercised reasonable diligence

by writing multiple letters to counsel “to express concern over the running of the

AEDPA filing period and to urge the filing of his federal habeas petition”). The

dispositive question, then, is whether Goodman’s actions in failing to timely file a

§ 2254 petition constitute an “extraordinary circumstance” for purposes of

equitable tolling. To answer that question, we must first address the appropriate

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standard for gauging when attorney error amounts to an extraordinary

circumstance. There are three Supreme Court decisions addressing that standard.

                                          A.

      The first decision, Lawrence, squarely holds that an attorney’s mistake in

calculating the statute of limitations period, even when caused by the failure to do

rudimentary legal research, does not justify equitable tolling. Lawrence, 549 U.S.

at 336–37, 127 S. Ct. at 1085. The attorney’s blunder in that case was based on his

uninformed belief that the limitations period was statutorily tolled under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2244(d)(2) during the pendency in the Supreme Court of a certiorari petition to

review the state courts’ denial of state collateral relief. See id. The attorney

obviously did not do even rudimentary legal research (such as a Westlaw search of

circuit decisions discussing the statutory tolling provision); if he had, he could

have learned with less than five minutes of effort that “[t]hen-applicable Eleventh

Circuit precedent foreclosed any argument that § 2244’s statute of limitations was

tolled by the pendency of a petition for certiorari seeking review of a state

postconviction proceeding.” See id. at 331, 127 S. Ct. at 1082; see also Coates v.

Byrd, 211 F.3d 1225, 1227 (11th Cir. 2000). Not only that, but with a few minutes

more research the attorney could have also discovered that “every other Circuit to

address the issue agreed that the limitations period was not tolled by certiorari

petitions.” Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336, 127 S. Ct. at 1085. Because the attorney

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did not perform any legal research, he was ignorant of what the Court

characterized as “[t]he settled state of the law at the relevant time,” id., and missed

the filing deadline.

      The Supreme Court explained that if credited, Lawrence’s argument that his

attorney’s mistake in miscalculating the limitations period entitled him to equitable

tolling “would essentially equitably toll limitations periods for every person whose

attorney missed a deadline.” Id. Recognizing that would never do, the Court

unequivocally held that: “Attorney miscalculation is simply not sufficient to

warrant equitable tolling, particularly in the postconviction context where prisoners

have no constitutional right to counsel.” Id. at 336–37, 127 S. Ct. at 1085. In the

decade since the Lawrence decision was issued, that holding has never been

questioned. It has, instead, been reiterated by the Supreme Court. See Menominee

Indian Tribe, 136 S. Ct. at 757 (citing Lawrence for the proposition that “a simple

‘miscalculation’ that leads a lawyer to miss a filing deadline” does not justify

equitable tolling) (quotation marks omitted); Holland, 560 U.S. at 651–52, 130

S. Ct. at 2564 (same); see also Maples, 565 U.S. at 282, 132 S. Ct. at 923 (“[A]n

attorney’s negligence, for example, miscalculating a filing deadline, does not

provide a basis for tolling a statutory time limit.”); cf. id. at 280–81, 132 S. Ct. at

922 (“Negligence on the part of a prisoner’s postconviction attorney does not

qualify as ‘cause’ [for excusing a procedural default relating to a filing

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deadline]. . . . because the attorney is the prisoner’s agent, and under well-settled

principles of agency law, the principal bears the risk of negligent conduct on the

part of his agent.”) (citation and quotation marks omitted); Coleman v. Thompson,

501 U.S. 722, 753, 111 S. Ct. 2546, 2566–67 (1991) (“Attorney ignorance or

inadvertence is not ‘cause’ [for excusing a procedural default relating to a filing

deadline] because the attorney is the petitioner’s agent when acting, or failing to

act, in furtherance of the litigation, and the petitioner must bear the risk of attorney

error.”) (quotation marks omitted).

                                           B.

      The second Supreme Court decision addressing the standard for equitable

tolling of the § 2244(d) statute of limitations, Holland v. Florida, rejected as “too

rigid” this circuit’s rule that even attorney conduct that is “grossly negligent”

cannot justify equitable tolling of AEDPA’s limitations period absent proof of “bad

faith, dishonesty, divided loyalty, mental impairment or so forth on the lawyer’s

part.” 560 U.S. at 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2562–63 (quoting Holland v. Florida, 539
F.3d 1334, 1339 (11th Cir. 2008)). The Court acknowledged that, under its own

precedent, a petitioner ordinarily “must bear the risk of attorney error” and that a

“garden variety claim of attorney negligence,” such as a “simple miscalculation

that leads a lawyer to miss a filing deadline, does not warrant equitable tolling.”

Id. at 650–52, 130 S. Ct. at 2563–64 (citation and quotation marks omitted). It

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nevertheless held that, “at least sometimes, professional misconduct that fails to

meet the Eleventh Circuit’s standard could nonetheless amount to egregious

behavior and create an extraordinary circumstance that warrants equitable tolling.”

Id. at 651, 130 S. Ct. at 2563 (emphasis added).

      The Supreme Court implied, but did not definitively hold, that counsel’s

conduct in the Holland case may have constituted an extraordinary circumstance

because it involved “far more than ‘garden variety’ or ‘excusable neglect.’” Id. at

652, 130 S. Ct. at 2564. The Court explained that, while counsel’s failure to timely

file a § 2254 petition and apparent ignorance of the correct filing deadline

“suggest[ed] simple negligence,” there were four facts in Holland’s case that might

lead to the conclusion that counsel’s conduct “amounted to more” than negligence:

(1) counsel’s failure to file the petition on time “despite Holland’s many letters that

repeatedly emphasized the importance of his doing so”; (2) counsel’s failure to “do

the research necessary to find out the proper filing date, despite Holland’s letters

that went so far as to identify the applicable legal rules”; (3) counsel’s failure to

inform Holland that the Florida Supreme Court had affirmed the denial of his state

post-conviction motion, “again despite Holland’s many pleas for that information”;

and (4) counsel’s failure to communicate with Holland during the two-and-a-half

year period in which his state motion was pending before the Florida Supreme

Court, “despite various pleas from Holland that [counsel] respond to his letters.”

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Id. at 652, 130 S. Ct. at 2564; see also id. at 636–38, 130 S. Ct. at 2555–56. The

first one of those four factors is present in this case and the second one arguably

is,1 but the last two factors are not.

       And there was another critical fact in Holland that is not present in this case.

During his state post-conviction proceedings, Holland had unsuccessfully sought to

discharge his attorney, complaining to the Florida Supreme Court that there had

been “a complete breakdown in communication,” that counsel had “not kept him

updated on the status of his capital case,” and that counsel had “abandoned” him.

Id. at 637, 130 S. Ct. at 2555 (quotation marks and alterations omitted). The state

supreme court had denied Holland’s attempts to get rid of his attorney. See id. at

637, 130 S. Ct. at 2556. Even with all of that, including the “serious instances of

attorney misconduct,” the United States Supreme Court declined to state its

“conclusion in absolute form,” and remanded for a determination of whether the

circumstances involved in that case “indeed constitute extraordinary circumstances

sufficient to warrant equitable relief.” Id. at 652–54, 130 S. Ct. at 2564–65. The

holding of the Holland decision is that attorney misconduct sufficiently egregious

and extraordinary to justify equitable tolling is not limited to “bad faith,

dishonesty, divided loyalty, mental impairment or so forth on the lawyer’s part.”

       1
        Although he repeatedly expressed his concern to Goodman that there was less time left
than Goodman thought, Cadet never “went so far as to identify the applicable legal rules,”
Holland, 560 U.S. at 652, 130 S. Ct. at 2564, to Goodman.

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Id. at 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2562–63. The Court did not hold that an attorney’s gross

negligence alone would justify tolling or even whether the facts in that case, which

went beyond gross negligence, entitled Holland to equitable holding. See id. at

654, 130 S. Ct. at 2565 (“[W]e leave it to the Court of Appeals to determine

whether the facts in this record entitle Holland to equitable tolling, or whether

further proceedings, including an evidentiary hearing, might indicate that

respondent [the State] should prevail.”).

      In his concurring opinion in Holland, which set the template for the Supreme

Court’s later decision in Maples, Justice Alito agreed with the majority that

Holland had alleged “certain facts that go well beyond any form of attorney

negligence” and that the standard we had applied in the case was too limited, but

he criticized the majority opinion because it “does not do enough to explain the

right standard” for determining when attorney misconduct rises to the level of an

extraordinary circumstance. Id. at 654–55, 130 S. Ct. at 2566 (Alito, J.,

concurring).

      Justice Alito set out his views about the right standard for attorney error and

misconduct tolling issues. He pointed out that earlier decisions, in particular

Lawrence, “make it abundantly clear that attorney negligence is not an

extraordinary circumstance warranting equitable tolling.” Id. at 655–56, 130 S. Ct.

at 2566 (citing Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336, 127 S. Ct. at 1085). As we have

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explained, that decision held that attorney miscalculation of a filing deadline “is

simply not sufficient to warrant equitable tolling, particularly in the postconviction

context where prisoners have no constitutional right to counsel.” Id. at 655–56,

130 S. Ct. at 2566 (quoting Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336–37, 127 S. Ct. at 1085)

(emphasis omitted). Justice Alito explained that any distinction between ordinary

and gross negligence would be “impractical,” “highly artificial,” and “hard to

administer.” Id. at 658, 130 S. Ct. at 2567. Instead, the relevant distinction should

be between all forms of attorney negligence, “however styled,” which would be

“constructively attributable to the client,” and “attorney misconduct that is not

constructively attributable to the petitioner” because counsel had “essentially

abandoned” the client. Id. at 657, 659, 130 S. Ct. at 2567–68 (quotation marks

omitted). In his view, the petitioner in Holland might be entitled to equitable

tolling, not because his attorney had acted with gross negligence, but because

counsel had effectively abandoned him, “as evidenced by counsel’s near-total

failure to communicate with petitioner or to respond to petitioner’s many inquiries

and requests over a period of several years.” Id. at 659, 130 S. Ct. at 2568.

“Common sense,” Justice Alito concluded, “dictates that a litigant cannot be held

constructively responsible for the conduct of an attorney who is not operating as

his agent in any meaningful sense of that word.” Id.

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                                           C.

      Two years later in Maples v. Thomas, the Supreme Court revisited the

question of when attorney misconduct might rise to the level of “extraordinary

circumstances beyond [a petitioner’s] control,” albeit in the context of what it takes

to establish cause to excuse a state procedural bar to federal habeas relief. 565
U.S. at 283, 132 S. Ct. at 924 (quotation marks omitted). The petitioner in Maples

was an Alabama death-row inmate who had been represented in post-conviction

proceedings by two pro bono attorneys from a New York law firm and a local

attorney recruited for the sole purpose of allowing the out-of-state attorneys to be

admitted pro hac vice. Id. at 274–75, 132 S. Ct. at 918–19. While Maples’ state

post-conviction petition was pending, the two New York attorneys left their firm

for positions that made them ineligible to continue to represent him. Id. at 275,

283–84, 132 S. Ct. at 919, 924. Neither attorney notified Maples of their departure

and resulting inability to represent him. Id. at 275, 132 S. Ct. at 919. And neither

of them asked the state trial court for leave to withdraw or moved for substitution

of counsel. See id. They absconded from the case and deserted their client.

Without the assistance of his listed attorneys of record, Maples did not receive

timely notice of the denial of his state post-conviction petition and, as a result,

failed to timely appeal that ruling, which led to the procedural default of his claims

in federal court. Id. at 275–79, 132 S. Ct. at 919–21.

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      In its discussion in Maples, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the general rule

that, “under well-settled principles of agency law,” a petitioner “bears the risk of

negligent conduct on the part of his [attorney]” and, for that reason, is ordinarily

bound by counsel’s failure to meet a filing deadline. Id. at 280–81, 132 S. Ct. at

922 (quotation marks omitted). The Court held, however, that “[a] markedly

different situation is presented . . . when an attorney abandons his client without

notice” and thereby “sever[s] the principal-agent relationship,” at which point

counsel’s “acts or omissions . . . cannot fairly be attributed to [the client].” Id. at

281, 132 S. Ct. at 922–23 (quotation marks omitted) (final alteration in original).

      The Maples Court agreed with, and adopted, Justice Alito’s view that “under

agency principles, a client cannot be charged with the acts or omissions of an

attorney who has abandoned him,” and emphasized that Justice Alito’s Holland

concurrence had “homed in on the essential difference between a claim of attorney

error, however egregious, and a claim that an attorney had essentially abandoned

his client.” Id. at 282–83, 132 S. Ct. at 923–24 (emphasis added). Underscoring

that “essential difference,” the Court also clarified that its Holland decision had

turned on counsel’s “abandonment” of his client, instead of on counsel’s egregious

errors, and it held that there was “no reason . . . why the distinction between

attorney negligence and attorney abandonment should not hold in both” the

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equitable tolling and procedural default contexts. Id. at 282 & n.7, 132 S. Ct. at

923 & n.7 (emphasis added).

      Having laid down the doctrinal framework for determining when attorney

error is not constructively attributable to a petitioner, the Supreme Court then

analyzed “whether Maples ha[d] shown that his attorneys of record abandoned

him, thereby supplying the ‘extraordinary circumstances beyond his control’

necessary to lift the state procedural bar to his federal petition.” Id. at 283, 132
S. Ct. at 924 (citation omitted); see also Menominee Indian Tribe, 136 S. Ct. at 756

(“We therefore reaffirm that the second prong of the equitable tolling test is met

only where the circumstances that caused a litigant’s delay are both extraordinary

and beyond [the litigant’s] control.”) (footnote omitted). The Court concluded that

counsel had abandoned Maples because, as a matter of both common sense and

agency law principles, he was effectively “left without any functioning attorney of

record” and “had been reduced to pro se status.” Maples, 565 U.S. at 288–89, 132

S. Ct. at 927.

                                           D.

      Cadet’s circumstances are different. He did act with reasonable diligence,

but the reasonable diligence and extraordinary circumstance requirements are not

blended factors; they are separate elements, both of which must be met before

there can be any equitable tolling. Menominee Indian Tribe, 136 S. Ct. at 756, 757

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n.5. We assume for present purposes that attorney Goodman’s sincere but

persistent misreading of § 2244(d) after his client expressed doubt amounted to

gross negligence. The resulting question is whether attorney error that amounts to

gross negligence standing alone is a sufficiently extraordinary circumstance for

equitable tolling purposes, or whether the attorney’s negligent error must amount

to or be accompanied by some other factor such as, to name one example,

abandonment of the attorney-client relationship.

      Even though the Supreme Court in Holland expressly declined to decide

whether Holland himself was entitled to equitable tolling, 560 U.S. at 653–54, 130

S. Ct. at 2565, and that case involved more than attorney negligence of any degree,

see id. at 651–52, 130 S. Ct. at 2564, the dissent in this case reads the majority

opinion in Holland to mean that an attorney’s gross negligence alone may warrant

equitable tolling. See Dissenting Opn. at 50–53, 63. In the Holland opinion itself,

however, the Court pointed out that the attorney had essentially abandoned

Holland. See, e.g., 560 U.S. at 637–38, 130 S. Ct. at 2555–56 (noting the

attorney’s failure to inform Holland of the Florida Supreme Court’s decision

“despite Holland’s many pleas for that information” and the attorney’s failure to

communicate with him during the two-and-a-half year period in which his state

motion was pending in the Florida Supreme Court); see also id. at 635–38, 130

S. Ct. at 2554–56 (describing those facts).

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      In any event, the Holland opinion cannot be read by itself. It must be read in

light of the Court’s explanation of Holland eighteen months later in its Maples

decision. While Maples involved the issue of cause to excuse procedural default

instead of equitable tolling, the Court concluded that the difference does not

matter, that the key distinction between attorney negligence and attorney applies in

both contexts. See Maples, 565 U.S. at 282 n.7, 132 S. Ct. at 923 n.7 (“We see no

reason, however, why the distinction between attorney negligence and attorney

abandonment should not hold in both contexts.”).

      The Court pointed out in Maples that the petitioner in Holland had “urged

that attorney negligence was not the gravamen of his complaint.” Maples, 565
U.S. at 282, 132 S. Ct. at 923. Abandonment was. Id. As the Court noted,

Holland had “asserted that his lawyer had detached himself from any trust

relationship with [him] . . . [and had] abandoned [him] . . . .” Id. (quotation marks

omitted). The Maples Court thereby characterized Holland as a case of attorney

abandonment, not one of gross negligence, emphasizing that it had involved

“counsel’s near-total failure to communicate with petitioner or to respond to

petitioner’s many inquiries and requests over a period of several years.” Id.

(quoting Holland, 560 U.S. at 659, 130 S. Ct. at 2568 (Alito, J., concurring)).

      In the course of explaining its Holland decision, the Maples Court reached

back to Justice Alito’s concurring opinion in Holland, and adopted his distinction

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because the Court was convinced that he had “homed in on the essential difference

between a claim of attorney error, however egregious, and a claim that an attorney

had essentially abandoned his client.” Id. The Maples Court meant what it said

about the essential difference between egregious attorney error and the

abandonment that had occurred in Maples. “Essential difference” means “essential

difference.” And the phrase “attorney error, however egregious” means attorney

error however egregious an error it is, which encapsulates Justice Alito’s position

that gross error or gross negligence alone is not a basis for equitable tolling. We

follow Justice Kagan’s advice: “[A] good rule of thumb for reading [Supreme

Court] decisions is that what they say and what they mean are one and the same.”

Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2254 (2016). What the

Maples decision says is that Justice Alito got it right in Holland, that “attorney

error, however egregious,” is not enough for equitable tolling.

      The dissent accuses us of using Maples in an attempt to overrule Holland’s

holding that gross negligence alone may be an extraordinary circumstance

warranting equitable tolling. Dissenting Opn. at 53–55. Of course, only the

Supreme Court can overrule its own decisions. See, e.g., Evans v. Sec’y, Fla.

Dep’t of Corr., 699 F.3d 1249, 1263 (11th Cir. 2012). But as we have already

explained, Holland did not hold what the dissent thinks it held. The Holland

decision held only that professional misconduct could amount to an extraordinary

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circumstance, and that Holland’s attorney’s misconduct, which extended beyond

negligence, may or may not have risen to that level. 560 U.S. at 651–52, 130

S. Ct. at 2563–65; see also id. at 654, 130 S. Ct. at 2565. In Maples the Court

construed and clarified its earlier Holland decision, explaining that while a

petitioner is bound by his attorney’s negligent mistakes, he is not bound by the

actions or inactions of an attorney occurring after the attorney has severed the

principle-agent relationship by abandoning his client. Maples, 565 U.S. at 280–81,
132 S. Ct. at 922–23. Nothing in Holland, especially as it was clarified in Maples,

is inconsistent with our holding that attorney negligence, even gross or egregious

negligence, does not by itself qualify as an “extraordinary circumstance” for

purposes of equitable tolling; either abandonment of the attorney-client

relationship, such as may have occurred in Holland, or some other professional

misconduct or some other extraordinary circumstance is required. 2

                                                 E.

       The dissent argues that by not adopting a gross negligence standard, we run

afoul of Holland’s rejection of mechanical, per se rules in the equitable tolling

       2
         In an attempt to make our holding appear to be a mechanical rule, the dissenting opinion
quotes the first part of this sentence but leaves out the most important part, which comes after the
semi-colon. Dissenting Opn. at 52. That is the part where we make clear that abandonment, or
some other professional misconduct, or some other extraordinary circumstance can be sufficient
for equitable tolling. The dissenting opinion also fails to mention, much less deal with, our clear
statement that in addition to all of the bases for equitable tolling in the pre-Holland list there are
more, some of which will have to be identified as cases arise, but we know that abandonment is
not the only instance of it. See Part III.H of this opinion, below.

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context. Dissenting Opn. at 51–52; see Holland, 560 U.S. at 649–51, 130 S. Ct. at

2563 (explaining that equity demands “flexibility” and the avoidance of

“mechanical” and “rigid rules”) (quotation marks omitted). But given the range of

extraordinary circumstances that we recognize could justify equitable tolling, our

holding does not put in place a rigid or mechanical rule.

      And the dissent’s argument overlooks the fact that the Supreme Court itself

has repeatedly blessed what, under the dissent’s view, would be a rigid or

mechanical per se rule. In Holland itself the Court reaffirmed its own “rigid” or

“mechanical” rule that simple or garden variety negligence alone can never warrant

equitable tolling. See 560 U.S. at 651–52, 130 S. Ct. at 2564; Maples, 565 U.S. at

282, 132 S. Ct. at 923 (“[T]he [Holland] Court recognized that an attorney’s

negligence, for example, miscalculating a filing deadline, does not provide a basis

for tolling a statutory time limit.”); see also Menominee Indian Tribe, 136 S. Ct. at

755 (rejecting the argument that, because two distinct elements must be satisfied,

the equitable tolling test is “overly rigid”). Our holding that gross negligence

alone is not enough is no more mechanical, rigid, or per se than the Supreme

Court’s often reiterated rule that simple negligence alone is never enough, a rule

that the dissent’s “no rule” approach would not permit. One might even say that it

is the dissent, with its rigid or mechanical rule position, that is attempting to

overrule Supreme Court precedent.

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       And contrary to our colleague’s suggestion, nothing in our opinion

forecloses courts from engaging in “equitable, case-by-case” inquiries into whether

abandonment or any other extraordinary circumstance occurred, provided, of

course, that negligence or gross negligence is not treated as a sufficient

extraordinary circumstance all by itself. But the inquiry should not be a

standardless, by-the-seat-of-the-pants, length-of-the-chancellor’s-foot, purely

discretionary decision. We are guided in this respect by the Holland Court’s

statement that “given the long history of judicial application of equitable tolling,

courts can easily find precedents that can guide their judgments.” Holland, 560
U.S. at 651, 136 S. Ct. at 2563. The Court cited five federal courts of appeals’

decisions as examples. Id. at 651, 136 S. Ct. at 2564. This does not mean that

equitable tolling depends on the existence of a precedent with facts closely on

point, but it does mean that some extraordinary circumstance, professional

misconduct or otherwise, should be objectively identified. The standard is not

purely subjective. See generally Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70, 127, 115 S. Ct.
2038, 2068 (1995) (Thomas, J., concurring) (“Blackstone emphasized that courts

of equity must be governed by rules and precedents no less than the courts of law.

‘[I]f a court of equity were still at sea, and floated upon the occasional opinion

which the judge who happened to preside might entertain of conscience in every

particular case, the inconvenience that would arise from this uncertainty, would be

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a worse evil than any hardship that could follow from rules too strict and

inflexible.’”) (quoting 3 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of

England 436, 440 (1768)).

           Applying the correct standard to this case in light of the bases for tolling

that Cadet has argued to us, our inquiry is whether Cadet in addition to showing

negligence “has shown that his attorney[ ] . . . abandoned him, thereby supplying

the ‘extraordinary circumstances beyond his control’” necessary to warrant

equitable tolling of the § 2244(d) statute of limitations period. See Maples, 565

U.S. at 283, 132 S. Ct. at 924 (quoting Holland, 560 U.S. at 659, 136 S. Ct. at 2568

(Alito, J., concurring)). Abandonment is not the only professional misconduct or

other extraordinary circumstance that will suffice for equitable tolling, but it is the

only one besides negligence that Cadet has argued.3

                                                F.

       Cadet contends that in addition to being negligent attorney Goodman

effectively abandoned him, thereby severing the attorney-client relationship, by
       3
          The dissent disagrees with our statement that Cadet stakes his case for equitable tolling
solely on his contention that that his attorney was negligent and abandoned him. It insists instead
that Cadet “frames the issue on appeal broadly.” Dissenting Opn. at 61. But he doesn’t. The
single sentence that the dissent snips from Cadet’s 33-page brief asserts nothing more than gross
negligence or abandonment or a combination of the two. See Holland, 560 U.S. at 657, 130
S. Ct. at 2567 (Alito, J., concurring) (explaining that in addition to miscalculating the filing
deadline, “forget[ing] to file the habeas petition on time, mail[ing] the petition to the wrong
address, or fail[ing] to do the requisite research to determine the applicable deadline” are all
“forms of attorney negligence” constructively attributable to the client). The rest of Cadet’s brief
makes clear that his argument is that Goodman’s conduct amounted to more than simple
negligence and was either gross negligence or abandonment.

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failing to follow Cadet’s instructions to file a § 2254 petition on time, by

reassuring Cadet that Goodman’s understanding of the federal filing deadline was

correct and that of the “jailhouse lawyers” was incorrect, and by not conducting

any legal research to determine the proper filing date after Cadet expressed doubts.

Cadet argues that, under agency law principles, counsel effectively abandons his

client and severs the attorney-client relationship when he acts in a manner that

harms his client’s interests. As the Supreme Court’s discussion in Maples shows,

agency law does provide the principles that govern a client’s accountability for his

attorney’s errors, but Cadet misstates those principles. 4

       Under fundamental principles of agency law, the agency relationship

between an attorney and his client can be severed, with the result that the client is

not constructively charged with his attorney’s knowledge or actions when, for

example, the attorney actually abandons his client or purposely acts adversely to

his client’s interests or commits another serious breach of loyalty to his client. See

Downs, 520 F.3d at 1320 (“[U]nder fundamental tenets of agency law, a principal
       4
          The dissent criticizes us for “relying, to an unjustified extent, on agency law.”
Dissenting Opn. at 59. That criticism is remarkable for two reasons. First, both Cadet and the
dissent rely on agency law in support of their positions. Second, and more importantly, the
Supreme Court explained in Maples that the critical distinction between attorney negligence,
including egregious attorney error, and attorney abandonment is grounded in “well-settled
principles of agency law.” 565 U.S. at 280–81, 132 S. Ct. at 922–23. Under those principles a
petitioner bears the risk of attorney error unless his attorney has essentially abandoned him or
engaged in other misconduct that thereby “severed the principal-agent relationship.” Id. We
make no apology for answering the agency law arguments of Cadet and the dissent, or for
relying on “well-settled principles of agency law,” as the Supreme Court did in its Maples
decision.

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is not charged with an agent’s actions or knowledge when the agent is acting

adversely to the principal’s interests.”); Restatement (Second) of Agency § 112

(1958) (“[T]he authority of an agent terminates if, without knowledge of the

principal, he acquires adverse interests or if he is otherwise guilty of a serious

breach of loyalty to the principal.”); Restatement (Third) of Agency § 5.04 (2006)

(“[N]otice of a fact that an agent knows or has reason to know is not imputed to the

principal if the agent acts adversely to the principal in a transaction or

matter . . . .”). The adverse interest exception to the general rule of agency,

however, is not nearly as broad as Cadet would like it to be.

      An agent is not deemed to have acted adversely to his principal’s interests

simply because he blundered and made an unwise, negligent, or grossly negligent

mistake that harmed those interests. Instead, an agent is deemed to have acted

adversely to his principal’s interests only when he acts, or fails to act, for the

purpose of advancing his own interests or those of a third party. The Restatements

(both Second and Third) of Agency make that clear. The Third Restatement

provides that a principal is not charged with his agent’s knowledge “if the agent

acts adversely to the principal in a transaction or matter, intending to act solely for

the agent’s own purposes or those of another person.” Restatement (Third) of

Agency § 5.04 (emphasis added). It also provides: “[T]he fact that an action taken

by an agent has unfavorable results for the principal does not establish that the

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agent acted adversely.” Id., cmt. c. The Second Restatement similarly provides:

“A principal is not affected by the knowledge of an agent in a transaction in which

the agent secretly is acting adversely to the principal and entirely for his own or

another’s purposes . . . .” Restatement (Second) of Agency § 282 (emphasis

added). As the First Circuit has explained: “‘Adverse interest’ in the context of

imputation means that the [agent] is motivated by a desire to serve himself or a

third party, and not the [principal], the classic example being looting.” Baena v.

KPMG LLP, 453 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2006) (emphasis added).

      The Supreme Court recognized exactly that in Maples, relying on

“[h]ornbook agency law” and citing the Restatement for the proposition that:

“[T]he authority of an agent terminates if, without knowledge of the principal, he

acquires adverse interests or if he is otherwise guilty of a serious breach of loyalty

to the principal.” 565 U.S. at 284, 132 S. Ct. at 924 (quotation marks omitted)

(alterations in original) (emphasis added); see also id. (quoting favorably the

commentary to the Restatement that explains “the agent commits a breach of duty

[of loyalty] to his principal by acting for another in an undertaking which has a

substantial tendency to cause him to disregard his duty to serve his principal with

only his principal’s purposes in mind.”) (quotation marks and first alteration

omitted) (emphasis added).

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      The limitation on the adverse interest exception that the Supreme Court

recognized in Maples was applied by the Ninth Circuit in its Towery decision. See

Towery v. Ryan, 673 F.3d 933, 941–44 (9th Cir. 2012). Attempting to avoid the

bar on second and successive petitions, the death-sentenced habeas petitioner in

that case argued that there should be an equitable exception to that bar when

counsel in the first habeas proceeding had failed to raise a colorable claim and

thereby abandoned his client or breached his duty of loyalty, severing the agency

relationship. Id. at 936, 940–41. Putting aside the question of whether the second

or successive petition bar could be equitably lifted, the Ninth Circuit held that

failing to raise a colorable claim did not amount to abandonment or to a breach of

the duty of loyalty that severed the agency relationship and prevented the client

from being bound by the attorney’s actions or inactions. Id. at 941–44. The court

acknowledged that “[v]iolating the duty of loyalty, or failing to disclose adverse

interests, voids the agency relationship,” id. at 942 (quotation marks omitted), but

it also recognized that attorney error alone does not breach the duty of loyalty; the

attorney must instead have permitted another interest or consideration to interfere

with his loyalty to the petitioner, id. As the Ninth Circuit put it: “Towery also has

presented no authority for the proposition that counsel’s failure to raise a colorable

habeas claim amounts to a serious breach of the duty of loyalty that severs the

attorney-client agency relationship. We are not aware of any such authority.” Id.

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(emphasis added). Likewise, Cadet has presented no authority for the proposition

that his counsel’s negligent failure to file the habeas petition on time amounts to a

breach of loyalty that severs the attorney-client agency relationship.

       The reasoning behind the adverse interest exception is that “where an agent,

though ostensibly acting in the business of the principal, is really committing a

fraud for his own benefit, he is acting outside of the scope of his agency, and it

would therefore be most unjust to charge the principal with knowledge of it.”

Wight v. BankAmerica Corp., 219 F.3d 79, 87 (2d Cir. 2000) (quotation marks

omitted). Courts have recognized that the adverse interest exception is a narrow

one, which applies only where an agent wholly disregards the principal’s interests

in favor of his own interests or the interests of a third party. See id. (“The adverse

interest exception, however, is narrow and applies only when the agent has totally

abandoned the principal’s interests.”) (quotation marks omitted); Beck v. Deloitte

& Touche, 144 F.3d 732, 736 (11th Cir. 1998) (explaining that, under Florida law,

an agent’s actions must be “entirely adverse” to the principal’s interests, meaning

that “his actions must neither be intended to benefit the [principal] nor actually

cause short- or long-term benefit to the [principal]”). 5

       5
          The dissent argues for a lazy lawyer expansion of the adverse interest exception,
contending that Goodman gained some “monetary or other benefit” because he “was able to
retain Cadet as a client by advising Cadet without any research and by constantly reassuring
Cadet that Goodman possessed superior knowledge.” Dissenting Opn. at 67. No precedent at all
exists to support a lazy lawyer exception, which would be alien to agency law. And, of course,

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       It has to be so. If, as Cadet argues, a principal were not held accountable for

his agent’s actions or inactions unless they benefited the principal, the mistakes,

oversights, or negligence of even the most loyal and devoted agent would never be

charged against the principal. If Cadet’s view were adopted, principals would have

an iron clad guarantee against any loss from their agent’s actions or inactions.

That is not how the legal regime of agency operates. There is no upside-only slant

to it. If there were — if Cadet’s position prevailed –– instead of there being a

narrow adverse interest exception, there would be a broad adverse impact

exception that would eviscerate the rule that the principal is responsible for the

since every failure to act could be excused on grounds that it relieved the agent of the burden of
acting or carrying out some task, the dissent’s position would be utterly unworkable and would
discourage anyone from dealing with principals through their agents. It would also contradict
the result in the Lawrence case where the Supreme Court rejected equitable tolling even though
the petitioner’s attorney obviously had avoided the burden of doing any legal research to check
his erroneous belief about whether a certiorari petition statutorily tolled the time for filing a
federal habeas petition while maintaining Lawrence as his client. See 549 U.S. at 336–37, 127
S. Ct. at 1085.

        Instead of providing support for its proposed lazy lawyer exception, the dissent states that
the cases we rely on “appear to assume . . . that an attorney receives monetary or other benefit
either by retaining the client at issue or by gaining other clients.” Dissenting Opn. at 67. The
dissent confuses abandonment with a breach of the duty of loyalty. But as the Ninth Circuit has
recognized, those are two different ways in which the agency relationship between attorney and
client can be severed. Towery, 673 F.3d at 941–42.

        The dissent says that Goodman “repeatedly reassured Cadet that months remained in the
limitations period” and “discouraged Cadet from seeking advice from others.” Dissenting Opn.
at 53. While Goodman did express his sincere belief that he was right and rhetorically asked
Cadet “who are you going to believe, the real lawyer or the jailhouse lawyer?,” he didn’t tell
Cadet not to independently research the issue or seek advice from another attorney. Nor is there
any indication that Cadet ever contemplated doing so.

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actions of his agent. Agency law would be turned upside down, and no one would

be willing to deal with a principal through his agent.6

       The dissent puts an ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct spin on

Cadet’s adverse interest argument. Dissenting Opn. at 68–70. The dissent would

have us lower the bar for equitable tolling to the ground by providing that an

attorney’s failure to comply with the ABA Model Rules breaches the duty of

loyalty to his petitioner-client and thereby frees the petitioner from any mistakes

the attorney has made. Profound problems plague that position.

       6
          In response to our discussion of agency law and of the limited nature of the adverse
interest exception, the dissent argues that none of that law and those principles matter unless we
can point to a decision applying them to attorneys and their clients. It says that: “[T]he Majority
resorts to sources that speak to general principles of agency law rather than those discussing an
attorney’s relationship with his client.” Dissenting Opn. at 66. The dissent is mistaken. We
have already pointed out that the Supreme Court itself has held that agency law governs the
accountability of a client, including a criminal defendant or habeas petitioner, for the actions or
inactions of his attorney. See Holland, 560 U.S. at 656, 130 S. Ct. at 2566–67 (“Attorney
ignorance or inadvertence is not ‘cause’ because the attorney is the petitioner’s agent when
acting, or failing to act, in furtherance of the litigation, and the petitioner must ‘bear the risk of
attorney error.’”) (quoting Coleman, 501 U.S. at 753, 111 S. Ct. at 2566–67) (emphasis added)
(quotation marks omitted). Holland and Coleman are habeas cases, as is Towery, the Ninth
Circuit case we have discussed. See also Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 91,
111 S. Ct. 453, 456 (1990) (“Under our system of representative litigation, each party is deemed
bound by the acts of his lawyer-agent . . . .”) (quotation marks omitted).

        We have also pointed out that the Supreme Court recognized in Maples, another federal
habeas case, that the adverse interest exception to client accountability for the actions and
inactions of the attorney applies when “without knowledge of the principal, [the attorney]
acquires adverse interests or if he is otherwise guilty of a serious breach of loyalty to the
principal,” and “[t]he agent commits a breach of duty [of loyalty] to his principal by acting for
another in an undertaking which has a substantial tendency to cause him to disregard his duty to
serve his principal with only his principal’s purposes in mind.” 565 U.S. at 284, 132 S. Ct. at
924 (emphasis added) (last alteration in original).

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      The ABA Rules require an attorney to bring to bear in representing a client

“the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for

the representation,” Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct r. 1.1 (Am. Bar Ass’n 2016),

and to actually “employ[] the requisite knowledge and skill in a particular matter,”

id. r. 1.1. cmt. 1. They require an attorney to always “act with reasonable diligence

and promptness in representing a client.” Id. r. 1.3. That means every lawyer must

always “take whatever lawful and ethical measures are required to vindicate a

client’s cause,” and “must also act with commitment and dedication to the interests

of the client and with zeal in advocacy upon the client’s behalf.” Id. r. 1.3 cmt. 1.

An attorney who is guilty of negligence, even simple negligence, in ascertaining

and calculating a filing deadline and thereby causes his client’s action to be barred

is not bringing to bear the necessary knowledge, skill, and thoroughness, and is not

zealously representing his client, as ABA Rules 1.1 and 1.3 require. That attorney

has clearly violated the ABA rules.

      Yet we know, because the Supreme Court has held, that the fact that an

attorney missed a filing deadline because he failed to do even rudimentary

research, is a type of “miscalculation [that] is simply not sufficient to warrant

equitable tolling, particularly in the postconviction context where prisoners have

no constitutional right to counsel.” Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336–37, 127 S. Ct. at

1085; accord Holland, 560 U.S. at 651–52, 130 S. Ct. at 2564 (“We have

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previously held that a garden variety claim of excusable neglect, such as a simple

miscalculation that leads a lawyer to miss a filing deadline, does not warrant

equitable tolling.”) (citations and quotation marks omitted); see also id. at 652, 130
S. Ct. at 2564 (noting that an attorney’s failure to file a timely habeas petition and

ignorance of the correct filing deadline “suggest simple negligence”). The

Supreme Court made clear in Maples that “[n]egligence on the part of a prisoner’s

postconviction attorney does not qualify as ‘cause’” to relieve the prisoner from

the effects of that negligence. Maples, 565 U.S. at 280, 132 S. Ct. at 922. The

reason it does not, the Court explained, is “because the attorney is the prisoner’s

agent, and under well-settled principles of agency law, the principal bears the risk

of negligent conduct on the part of his agent.” Id. at 280–81, 132 S. Ct. at 922

(quotation marks omitted). As a result, “when a petitioner’s postconviction

attorney misses a filing deadline, the petitioner is bound by the oversight.” Id. at

281, 132 S. Ct. at 922.

      The dissent’s theory is that for statute of limitations and equitable tolling

purposes a litigant is not bound by his attorney’s oversights, mistakes, and

negligence because such shortcomings violate the attorney’s mandatory duty under

the ABA Rules to render competent, thorough, and zealous representation. That

theory is impossible to reconcile with the holding and result in the Lawrence case.

If the attorney in that case had bothered to do any research about statutory tolling

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under § 2244(d), he would have quickly discovered that his belief was foreclosed

by controlling circuit precedent and was contrary to the decision of every other

circuit that had addressed the issue. Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336, 127 S. Ct. at 1085.

If the dissent were correct, the Court would not have rejected the petitioner’s claim

for equitable tolling in Lawrence. Yet it did, concluding that the petitioner was

bound by his attorney’s mistaken inaction. Id. at 337, 127 S. Ct. at 1086.

      And that is true even where an attorney’s mistakes are egregious enough to

be characterized as “gross negligence.” United States v. 7108 W. Grand Ave., 15
F.3d 632, 634 (7th Cir. 1994) (“[W]hy should the label ‘gross’ make a difference

to the underlying principle: that the errors and misconduct of an agent redound to

the detriment of the principal (and ultimately, through malpractice litigation, of the

agent himself) rather than of the adversary in litigation?”); cf. id. (“No lawyer

would dream of arguing on behalf of a hospital that, although the hospital is liable

in tort for staff physicians’ negligence and intentional misconduct, it is not liable

for their ‘gross negligence.’ The argument makes no more sense when presented

on behalf of a lawyer or litigant.”).

      Attorney Goodman’s misinterpretation of the filing deadline and his failure

to conduct any research into the matter, particularly when faced with Cadet’s

persistent challenges to his calculation, was certainly negligent and, we assume,

grossly so. A careful reading of § 2244(d) should have dispelled his mistaken

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belief that the limitations period did not begin to run until after the conclusion of

Cadet’s Rule 3.850 proceedings. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A) & (d)(2). But the

fact that Goodman ought to have known better or ought to have done the necessary

research to know better does not mean that he was “acting adversely” to Cadet’s

interests as that phrase is used in agency law. Cf. Holland, 560 U.S. at 651–52,

130 S. Ct. at 2564 (stating that a negligent “‘miscalculation’ that leads a lawyer to

miss a filing deadline does not warrant equitable tolling”) (citation omitted);

Hutchinson v. Florida, 677 F.3d 1097, 1100 (11th Cir. 2012) (explaining that

counsel’s misinterpretation of AEDPA does not warrant equitable tolling simply

because counsel “ought to have known better”). Goodman was no more acting for

an adverse interest in this case than the attorney for Lawrence was in that case.

      However much Goodman’s negligence harmed Cadet’s interests, that

negligence and the harm it caused did not occur because Goodman was acting to

promote his own or a third party’s interests at the expense of Cadet’s interests. To

disregard that critical fact, as Cadet and the dissent would have us do, would

ignore the “essential difference” the Supreme Court emphasized in Maples

between an attorney’s negligent errors, which are attributable to a client even

though harmful, and defaults that occur as a result of extraordinary circumstances

such as attorney abandonment or other forms of misconduct, which are not

attributable to a client. See Maples, 565 U.S. at 282, 132 S. Ct. at 923.

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                                          G.

      Contrary to Cadet’s contention, Goodman’s negligence in missing the filing

deadline does not mean that he abandoned or effectively abandoned Cadet.

Negligence, however gross, is not the same as abandonment. If it were, there

would be no point in Maples’ refinement or explication of what Holland said.

Abandonment denotes renunciation or withdrawal, or a rejection or desertion of

one’s responsibilities, a walking away from a relationship. See Abandon, Black’s

Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990) (defining “abandon” as “[t]o give up absolutely; to

forsake entirely; to renounce utterly; to relinquish all connection with or concern

in; to desert”); Abandon, Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary (2d ed.

1997) (defining “abandon” as “to leave completely and finally; forsake utterly;

desert,” or “to give up; discontinue, withdraw from”); Abandon, Webster’s New

World College Dictionary (3d ed. 1991) (defining “abandon” as “to give up

(something) completely or forever” and explaining that it “implies leaving a person

or thing, either as a final, necessary measure . . . or as a complete rejection of one’s

responsibilities, claims, etc.”); see also Harris v. United States, 367 F.3d 74, 81 (2d

Cir. 2004) (equating “abandonment” with “physical disappearance or constructive

disappearance”) (citations omitted); State v. Bradley, 811 S.W.2d 379, 384 (Mo.

1991) (defining “abandonment” as conduct that amounts to “a total default in

carrying out the obligations imposed upon [ ] counsel,” not merely ineffective

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assistance). We do not mean to suggest that temporary abandonment during a

critical period (a situation we do not have before us) would not be enough even if

the attorney un-abandons his client after the harm has occurred or can no longer be

avoided. What we mean is that the reason the filing deadline was missed must be

because of abandonment or some other extraordinary circumstance, not negligence

alone, even gross negligence.

      Although attorney Goodman screwed up, as lawyers sometimes do, he did

not withdraw from representing Cadet, renounce his role as counsel, utterly shirk

all of his professional responsibilities to Cadet, or walk away from their attorney-

client relationship. Unlike the lawyer in Holland, Goodman did not fail to keep his

client abreast of key developments in his case, did not fail to respond to his client’s

inquiries or concerns, and did not sever nearly all communication with his client

for a period of years, or even for months, or even for weeks. See Holland, 560

U.S. at 652, 130 S. Ct. at 2564 (counsel, among other deficiencies, “failed to

inform Holland in a timely manner about the crucial fact that the Florida Supreme

Court had decided his case, . . . despite Holland’s many pleas for that information,”

and “failed to communicate with his client over a period of years, despite various

pleas from Holland that [counsel] respond to his letters”); Maples, 565 U.S. at 282,

132 S. Ct. at 923 (characterizing Holland as a case of abandonment involving

“counsel’s near-total failure to communicate with petitioner or to respond to

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petitioner’s many inquiries and requests over a period of several years”) (quotation

marks omitted). And unlike the two lawyers in Maples, Goodman did not wholly

desert, forsake, or abandon his client without notice, thereby ceasing to serve as his

agent “in any meaningful sense of that word,” 565 U.S. at 287, 132 S. Ct. at 926,

and leave him “without any functioning attorney of record,” id. at 288, 132 S. Ct.

at 927. Instead, Goodman maintained regular contact with Cadet throughout his

state post-conviction proceedings, and discussed the case with him on a number of

occasions, and responded to all of his many inquiries and concerns about the

federal filing deadline, and sent him copies of the relevant statutory language and

state appellate court opinion, and did prepare and eventually file a § 2254 petition

on Cadet’s behalf.

      Although Goodman failed to file that § 2254 petition on time, he did not

knowingly disregard Cadet’s instructions that he file on time. Based on his

misreading of § 2244(d), Goodman genuinely believed that he had ample time in

which to prepare and file a federal habeas petition following the conclusion of

Cadet’s Rule 3.850 proceedings. As Justice Alito noted in his Holland

concurrence, while articulating the critical distinction that would become the

Maples standard, an attorney’s miscalculation of the filing deadline, inadvertent

failure to file a § 2254 petition on time, or failure “to do the requisite research to

determine the applicable deadline” are all types of errors that are “constructively

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attributable to the client.” Holland, 560 U.S. at 657, 130 S. Ct. at 2567 (Alito, J.,

concurring); see also Menominee Indian Tribe, 136 S. Ct. at 756–57 (mistaken

reading of precedent is a garden variety error that does not justify equitable

tolling).

       Goodman’s negligent misreading of § 2244(d)(1)(A) is the kind of attorney

error regarding the § 2244(d) statute of limitations provisions that the Supreme

Court, this Court, and other courts have held does not qualify as an extraordinary

circumstance warranting equitable tolling. See Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336–37, 127

S. Ct. at 1085 (explaining that to hold otherwise “would essentially equitably toll

limitations periods for every person whose attorney missed a deadline. Attorney

miscalculation is simply not sufficient to warrant equitable tolling”); Steed, 219
F.3d at 1300 (“Any miscalculation or misinterpretation by Steed’s attorney in

interpreting the plain language of [§ 2244(d)] does not constitute an extraordinary

circumstance sufficient to warrant equitable tolling.”); Johnson v. Hendricks, 314
F.3d 159, 162–63 (3d Cir. 2002) (equitable tolling not warranted where the

petitioner detrimentally relied on counsel’s erroneous advice that under § 2244(d)

he had one year from the conclusion of his state post-conviction proceedings to file

a § 2254 petition); Harris v. Hutchinson, 209 F.3d 325, 331 (4th Cir. 2000)

(counsel’s misinterpretation of the “unambiguously” clear § 2244(d)(1) provision

did not constitute an extraordinary circumstance); Taliani v. Chrans, 189 F.3d 597,

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597–98 (7th Cir. 1999) (concluding that “under no tenable view of the doctrine [of

equitable tolling] did the lawyer’s mistake” in calculating the filing deadline

because of inadequate research into § 2244(d)(1) warrant tolling). Those decisions

all preceded the Holland and Maples decisions, but they are not inconsistent with

either one.

       When Cadet repeatedly expressed concern and informed Goodman that

jailhouse lawyers had calculated his filing deadline differently, Goodman

stubbornly but in good faith adhered to his misreading of the statutory provision.

Stubborn negligence is still negligence. Persisting in a mistaken reading of a

statutory provision without checking further after being told that incarcerated

criminals without law degrees have questioned that reading is not abandonment or

other attorney misconduct.7 At most, it might be enough to raise the degree of a

lawyer’s negligence from simple to gross. But that difference is still one of degree,

while the difference between any degree of negligence and attorney misconduct or

other extraordinary circumstance is one of kind.

       7
          The dissent seeks support for its position with our decision in Downs v. McNeil, 520
F.3d 1311, 1322 (11th Cir. 2008), where the professional misconduct involved “counsel’s overt
deception in representing [to the petitioner that] they had filed a tolling petition in state court
when they had not in fact done so.” See Dissenting Opn. at 64–65. The Downs decision lends
no support to the dissent. No one has ever suggested that Goodman lied to Cadet about having
filed a tolling petition or about anything else.

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                                                H.

       We do not wish to be misunderstood. All that we have before us in this

case, and all that we decide, is the question of whether negligence, even gross

negligence, alone is enough to meet the extraordinary circumstance requirement

for equitable tolling in a habeas case. We hold that it is not. More is required, and

that more may be abandonment. We certainly do not hold, or in any way mean to

imply, that abandonment is the only circumstance that can meet the extraordinary

circumstance element for equitable tolling, although some courts have

misinterpreted our previous opinion in this case to mean that. See Luna v. Kernan,

784 F.3d 640, 647–48 (9th Cir. 2015). 8 Abandonment is an extraordinary

circumstance that can, when coupled with reasonable diligence by the petitioner,

justify equitable tolling, but attorney negligence or gross negligence, by

themselves, are not.

       Circumstances other than abandonment can meet the extraordinary

circumstance element for equitable tolling. Among them are our pre-Holland

       8
          We said in Lugo v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 750 F.3d 1198, 1210 n.10 (11th Cir.
2014), that “[i]n [Cadet] . . . , we held that the proper standard for gauging whether attorney
misconduct qualifies as an extraordinary circumstance for equitable tolling purposes is whether it
amounts to abandonment of the attorney-client relationship, not whether it is negligence or even
gross negligence.” That sentence could have been more carefully written but the distinction it
draws is between abandonment on the one hand and negligence or gross negligence on the other.
It does not state that abandonment is the only extraordinary circumstance. And, in any event, the
statement is pure dicta. See id. (stating that because the petitioner had not met the due diligence
or causal connection requirements for equitable tolling, “we need not address Cadet’s application
to this case or decide whether counsel’s alleged errors rose to the level of abandonment”).

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circumstances of bad faith, dishonesty, divided loyalty, and mental impairment.

See Thomas v. Att’y Gen., 795 F.3d 1286, 1292–94 (11th Cir. 2015) (explaining

that the Supreme Court in Holland implied that those circumstances would be

sufficient). Those circumstances can be sufficient if there is a causal link, but we

recognize that they most definitely are not the only ones that can suffice. See

Holland, 560 U.S. at 651, 130 S. Ct. at 2563 (“[A]t least sometimes, professional

misconduct that fails to meet the Eleventh Circuit’s standard could nonetheless

amount to egregious behavior and create an extraordinary circumstance that

warrants equitable tolling.”); id. at 652, 130 S. Ct. at 2564 (“[S]uch [extraordinary]

circumstances are not limited to those . . . .”); see also Hunter v. Ferrell, 587 F.3d
1304, 1309–10 (11th Cir. 2009) (holding that mental retardation that affects a pro

se petitioner’s ability to file a habeas petition on time will justify equitable tolling).

       Other extraordinary circumstances that justify equitable tolling, including

other instances of attorney misconduct, can be identified as they arise in future

cases. 9 We recognize that, and also recognize that our decision in Holland was

       9
          The decision and opinion in the Thomas case are not inconsistent with what we hold
and say here. Thomas recognized, as we do, that equitable tolling is available for “serious
instances of attorney misconduct.” 795 F.3d at 1291 (quoting Christeson, 135 S. Ct. at 894). It
also recognized, as we do, that our pre-Holland circumstances of “bad faith, dishonesty, divided
loyalty, [and] mental impairment” still qualify “as extraordinary circumstances” that can support
a claim to equitable tolling. Id. at 1292, 1294. That assumes, of course, a causal connection
between one of those circumstances and the failure to file on time. Absent a causal connection,
tolling would not be available, which is why the Thomas opinion says that the named
circumstances “may still serve as extraordinary circumstances,” id. at 1292, for tolling purposes;

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overturned by the Supreme Court in that case, even though the dissent in this case

refuses to recognize that we do recognize it. Despite our earnest desire not to be

misunderstood, the dissent misunderstands our decision, stating more than a dozen

times that we are reinstating this circuit’s pre-Holland rule, that we are construing

Maples as having implicitly overruled Holland, that we are discrediting Holland,

that we are defying Holland, and on and on. We aren’t.

       Our holding, as explained and limited in the text of this opinion, explicitly

recognizes and follows Holland and other Supreme Court decisions. What the

dissent does not recognize is that neither Holland nor any other Supreme Court

decision holds that negligence or gross negligence standing alone is enough to

justify equitable tolling. The dissent also fails to recognize the clear meaning of

the plain words that the Supreme Court used in Maples to explain its decision in

Holland — not to overrule it, not to cut back on it, not to undermine it, but to

construe and explain it.

they will serve to toll if they existed and caused the late filing, see id. at 1295 (explaining that
mental impairment can serve as an extraordinary circumstance “at least where the petitioner is
able to show that it affected his lawyer’s work”).

        Finally, the Thomas opinion recognizes, as we do, that where there is no abandonment
the question is “whether [the attorney’s] conduct otherwise amounted to serious misconduct that
constitutes an extraordinary circumstance.” Id. at 1297. In other words, serious attorney
misconduct that can serve to toll the habeas statute of limitations is not limited to abandonment,
or to the circumstances we listed in our Holland decision before the Supreme Court’s Holland
decision.

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      What we hold today, and all that we hold, is that an attorney’s negligence,

even gross negligence, or misunderstanding about the law is not by itself a serious

instance of attorney misconduct for equitable tolling purposes, even though it does

violate the ABA model rules as all, or virtually all, attorney negligence does. See

Luna, 784 F.3d at 647 (explaining why negligently miscalculating a filing deadline

alone is not and cannot be a sufficient basis for finding attorney misconduct for

tolling purposes). Because Cadet has shown, at most, that his failure to meet the

filing deadline was the product of his attorney’s good faith but negligent or grossly

negligent misunderstanding of the law, the district court properly dismissed the

habeas petition as untimely.

      AFFIRMED.

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WILSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

       Attorney Michael Steven Goodman caused Earnest Cadet to be late in filing

a federal habeas petition, and Cadet asks for extra time to file his petition. The

Supreme Court instructs us that, in determining whether to grant extra time to file a

federal habeas petition, we must avoid the imposition of a mechanical rule and

consider on a case-by-case basis any attorney misconduct that exceeds garden-

variety negligence. Goodman’s misconduct exceeded garden-variety negligence

and compels a case-specific inquiry into whether we should grant Cadet extra time

to file a federal habeas petition. Disregarding the Supreme Court’s instruction, the

Majority imposes a mechanical rule and denies Cadet this case-specific inquiry.

First the Majority imposes the rule that attorney negligence, even gross negligence,

alone can never justify granting extra time to file a federal habeas petition. Then

the Majority declares that Goodman’s misconduct constituted negligence and

denies Cadet the extra time.

       I welcome the Majority’s revisions, including the clarification that an

attorney’s abandonment of a client is not the only reason for equitably tolling the

limitations period for a federal habeas petition.1 However, I cannot join the

       1
          Approximately one hundred opinions and report and recommendations have cited this
panel’s initial opinion, many for the proposition that only abandonment merits equitably tolling
the limitations period for a federal habeas petition. See, e.g., Gillman v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of
Corr., 576 F. App’x 940, 943 n.7 (11th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (Carnes, C.J., Tjoflat, Jordan,
J.J.) (“[Cadet] held that the correct standard for determining whether attorney misconduct

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Majority in concluding—in defiance of Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631,

130 S. Ct. 2549 (2010)—that attorney negligence alone can never justify equitably

tolling the limitations period. And I cannot join the Majority in ultimately

declining to equitably toll the limitations period for Cadet. I respectfully dissent.

                                               I

         I cannot join the Majority’s opinion that attorney negligence alone can never

justify equitably tolling the limitations period. The Majority’s opinion is not this

circuit’s first attempt to promulgate this rule: in 2008, we announced the same in

Holland v. Florida, 539 F.3d 1334 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). Rejecting the

rule, the Supreme Court stated:

               In the Court of Appeals’ view, . . . [an] attorney’s
               unprofessional conduct, . . . even if it is “negligent” or
               “grossly negligent,” cannot . . . warrant equitable tolling
               unless the petitioner offers “proof of bad faith,
               dishonesty, divided loyalty, mental impairment or so
               forth.” In our view, this standard is too rigid. We
               therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals
               and remand for further proceedings.

Holland, 560 U.S. at 634–35, 130 S. Ct. at 2554 (citations omitted). Rather than

accept the Supreme Court’s judgment, the Majority pronounces this rule once

again.

qualifies as an extraordinary circumstance for equitable tolling purposes is whether the conduct
amounts to abandonment of the attorney-client relationship.”); Moore v. Jones, No. 3:14-cv-484
(N.D. Fla. Mar. 17, 2016) (adopting a report and recommendation that states, “[A]bandonment of
the attorney-client relationship is required”).

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      The Majority quibbles with the Holland majority and applauds and adopts

the Holland concurrence that agreed in part with this circuit’s Holland decision. In

order to justify adopting a concurrence over the Supreme Court’s controlling

opinion, the Majority relies on a citation to the Holland concurrence in Maples v.

Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 132 S. Ct. 912 (2012), a subsequent Supreme Court

decision. The Majority concludes that Maples, by citing the Holland concurrence,

implicitly overruled the Holland majority. In other words, the Majority declares

that this circuit’s holding in Holland was right all along.

      The Majority’s holding contravenes the Supreme Court’s instruction against

construing one of its opinions as “implicitly overrul[ing]” a previous opinion. See

Bosse v. Oklahoma, 580 U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 1, 2 (2016) (per curiam); Evans v.

Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 699 F.3d 1249, 1263 (11th Cir. 2012) (Carnes, C.J.)

(“The Supreme Court has not always been consistent in its decisions or in its

instructions to lower courts. There are, however, some things the Court has been

perfectly consistent about, and one of them is that it is that Court’s prerogative

alone to overrule one of its precedents.”). Further, Maples did not adopt the

portion of the Holland concurrence discussing the tolling effect of negligence.

Maples cited favorably Section II of the Holland concurrence; Section I discussed

negligence. Specifically, Maples cited Section II for guidance on how to

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determine whether an attorney “abandoned” a client, an issue for which there was

limited guidance.

      The Holland majority and the Maples majority comprised the same six

Justices. Interpreting Maples as implicitly overruling Holland, the Majority claims

that the six Justices about-faced in Maples, a case that was decided a mere

19 months after Holland.

      A. Holland reversed this circuit’s rule that attorney negligence, even
         gross negligence, alone can never equitably toll the limitations
         period.

      Under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty

Act (AEDPA), a state prisoner has a year after final judgment, among other

enumerated dates, to petition for federal habeas relief. The prisoner is entitled to

equitable tolling of this limitations period if he can establish “(1) that he has been

pursuing his rights diligently[] and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood

in his way . . . .” Holland, 560 U.S. at 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2562 (quoting Pace v.

DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418, 125 S. Ct. 1807, 1814 (2005)). The issue in

Holland and here is whether the misconduct of a prisoner’s attorney constitutes an

“extraordinary circumstance” that merits equitably tolling the limitations period.

      In Holland, the prisoner’s attorney communicated with the prisoner only

three times over three years, and “each time by letter.” Id. at 636, 130 S. Ct.

at 2555. This circuit held that the attorney’s misconduct constituted at most gross

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negligence and declared that attorney negligence alone can never constitute an

extraordinary circumstance:

               [I]n our view, no allegation of lawyer negligence or of
               failure to meet a lawyer’s standard of care—in the
               absence of an allegation and proof of bad faith,
               dishonesty, divided loyalty, mental impairment or so
               forth on the lawyer’s part—can rise to the level of
               egregious attorney misconduct that would entitle [the
               prisoner] to equitable tolling. Pure professional
               negligence is not enough.

Holland, 539 F.3d at 1339.

       The Supreme Court reversed this rejection of negligence as a ground for

equitable tolling and remanded for further proceedings. Emphasizing that the

prisoner’s case presented a question of equity, the Court instructed that—in

determining whether to equitably toll based on any attorney misconduct other than

garden-variety negligence2—we must consider the misconduct on a “case-by-case

basis” and avoid imposing “mechanical rules”:

               In emphasizing the need for flexibility, for avoiding
               mechanical rules, we have followed a tradition in which
               courts of equity have sought to relieve hardships which,
               from time to time, arise from a hard and fast adherence to
               more absolute legal rules, which, if strictly applied,
               threaten the evils of archaic rigidity. The flexibility
               inherent in equitable procedure enables courts to meet
       2
         Holland recognized that in previous cases the Supreme Court had held that a “garden
variety claim of excusable neglect” could not merit equitable tolling. See Holland, 560 U.S.
at 633, 130 S. Ct. at 2553 (quoting Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 96, 111 S. Ct.
453, 458 (1990)). For brevity’s sake, the Dissent addresses a “garden variety claim of excusable
neglect” as “garden-variety negligence.”

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               new situations that demand equitable intervention, and to
               accord all the relief necessary to correct particular
               injustices.

Holland, 560 U.S. at 650, 130 S. Ct. at 2563 (citations omitted). 3

       Despite this instruction, the Majority resurrects this circuit’s overruled

Holland holding and reinstates the mechanical rule that attorney negligence, even

gross negligence, alone can never equitably toll the limitations period for a federal

habeas petition:

               [We] hold[] that attorney negligence, even gross or
               egregious negligence, does not by itself qualify as an
               “extraordinary circumstance” for purposes of equitable
               tolling . . . .

See Maj. Op. at 23, 39, 43, 46.4

       Like Holland, this appeal hinges on a question of equity. Cadet requests,

based on Goodman’s misconduct, equitable tolling of the limitations period for a

       3
         The Holland majority ruled against the imposition of a mechanical rule and never
condoned the categorization of certain attorney misconduct as “gross negligence.” The Holland
majority used the phrase only to describe this circuit’s holding in that case. See 560 U.S. at 634,
644, 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2554 2559, 2563. Only the Holland concurrence adopted gross
negligence as a category of attorney misconduct. See id. at 657, 130 S. Ct. at 2567 (Alito, J.,
concurring). In accord with the Holland majority, the Dissent does not recognize gross
negligence as a category of attorney misconduct and uses the phrase only in response to the
Majority’s use.
       4
         The Majority argues that its declaration—that attorney negligence alone can never merit
equitable tolling—is not a mechanical rule. In support, the Majority states that its opinion
“make[s] clear that abandonment, or some other professional misconduct, or some other
extraordinary circumstance can be sufficient for equitable tolling.” Maj. Op. at 23 n.2. A
principal imposes a mechanical rule by prohibiting students from wearing only pants, and no
other garments, to school. This rule is still a rule even though the principal likely allows the
students to wear the pants with shoes and a top to school.

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federal habeas petition. Although Cadet repeatedly inquired about the timing of

his federal habeas petition, Goodman failed to research the issue. Yet Goodman

repeatedly reassured Cadet that months remained in the limitations period and

discouraged Cadet from seeking advice from others. Goodman was incorrect, and

Cadet’s petition was untimely. Because Goodman’s misconduct exceeded garden-

variety negligence, Cadet is entitled to a case-specific inquiry—free of categories

and other mechanical rules rejected by the Supreme Court—into whether

Goodman’s misconduct merits equitably tolling the AEDPA limitations period.

See Holland, 560 U.S. at 650, 130 S. Ct. at 2563. The Majority, in conflict with

Supreme Court instruction, denies Cadet this inquiry. 5

       B. The Majority interprets Maples as implicitly overruling Holland.

               1. The Supreme Court prohibits construing one of its opinions as
                  implicitly overruling a previous opinion.

       The Majority sends us back to this circuit’s pre-Holland jurisprudence by

interpreting Maples as implicitly overruling Holland and by reinstating this

circuit’s reversed Holland decision. However, the Supreme Court has stated, “It is

       5
          The Majority believes that its opinion is consistent with Holland because Holland never
held that “gross negligence alone may be an extraordinary circumstance warranting equitable
tolling.” Maj. Op. at 22; see id. at 15, 20. As the third footnote of this Dissent states, no portion
of the Holland majority condoned the categorization of certain attorney misconduct as “gross
negligence.” Rather, Holland ruled against the imposition of a mechanical rule. The Majority
defies Holland because the Majority imposes a mechanical rule—the creation of a category of
attorney misconduct that can never constitute an extraordinary circumstance—not because the
Majority excludes a category of attorney misconduct that Holland acknowledged and included as
an extraordinary circumstance.

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this Court’s prerogative alone to overrule one of its precedents,” warning against

construing one of its opinions as “implicitly overrul[ing]” a previous opinion. See

Bosse, 137 S. Ct. at 2 (quoting United States v. Hatter, 532 U.S. 557, 567,

121 S. Ct. 1782, 1790 (2001)); Evans, 699 F.3d at 1263 (“The Supreme Court has

not always been consistent in its decisions or in its instructions to lower courts.

There are, however, some things the Court has been perfectly consistent about, and

one of them is that it is that Court’s prerogative alone to overrule one of its

precedents.”); id. (“We must not, to borrow Judge Hand’s felicitous words,

‘embrace the exhilarating opportunity of anticipating’ the overruling of a Supreme

Court decision.”); id. (“The Court has told us, over and over again, to follow any of

its decisions that directly applies in a case, even if the reasoning of that decision

appears to have been rejected in later decisions and leave to that Court the

prerogative of overruling its own decisions.”).

      Reluctant to declare forthright that Maples implicitly overruled Holland, the

Majority states that Maples “construed and clarified” Holland; that the former

decision must be read “in light of” the latter decision; that the latter decision

“reached back to” the former decision’s concurrence; and that the former

decision’s concurrence “set the template” for the latter decision. See Maj. Op.

at 15, 21, 23. Each phrase is no more than a euphemism for implicit overrule. The

Majority all but declares that Maples implicitly overruled Holland, which

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instructed us to avoid the imposition of a mechanical rule and to grant relief on a

case-by-case basis. See Holland, 560 U.S. at 650, 130 S. Ct. at 2563. According

to the Majority, Maples declared that attorney negligence alone can never merit

equitably tolling the limitations period. In other words, the Majority believes that

Maples imposed a mechanical rule, which the Majority now adopts to conclude

that the type of misconduct that Goodman committed can never equitably toll the

limitations period.

      The Majority interprets Maples as implicitly overruling Holland. This

interpretation contravenes the Supreme Court’s instruction against construing one

of its opinions as “implicitly overrul[ing]” a previous opinion. See Bosse,
137 S. Ct. at 2; Evans, 699 F.3d at 1263.

             2. The Majority’s interpretation of Maples as implicitly overruling
                Holland is baseless.

      The Majority’s interpretation of Maples as implicitly overruling Holland

relies solely on Maples’s citation of the Holland concurrence. However, Maples

does not embrace the portion of the Holland concurrence at odds with the Holland

majority; Maples supports its decision with a section of the concurrence that does

not discuss negligence.

      Justice Alito’s concurrence comprised two clearly delineated sections: the

first section discussed negligence, and the second did not. Merely summarizing

Section I in order to introduce Section II, Maples focused on Section II, which

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entertained a prisoner’s argument that his attorney “essentially abandoned him.”

See Holland, 560 U.S. at 659–60, 130 S. Ct. at 2568. Likewise, Maples involved a

prisoner’s argument that his attorney “abandoned” him. See Maples, 565 U.S.

at 282, 132 S. Ct. at 923. Because discussion of an attorney’s “abandonment” of a

client was sparse in case law, Maples found the Holland concurrence to be

“instructive.” See id. at 281, 132 S. Ct. at 923.

      Even with Section II, Maples used the section at most as a reference.

Although Maples “agree[d]” with the Holland concurrence’s application of agency

law, Maples did not elevate the Holland concurrence to controlling law. See id.

at 283, 132 S. Ct. at 924. In other words, Maples’s citation of the Holland

concurrence is about as significant as the Majority’s citation of dictionaries in

defining “abandonment.” See Maj. Op. at 38. The Holland concurrence is as

much controlling law as these dictionaries: not at all. No support exists for the

Majority’s position that, “[i]n the course of explaining its Holland decision, the

Maples Court reached back to Justice Alito’s concurring opinion in Holland, and

adopted his distinction . . . between a claim of attorney error, however egregious,

and a claim that an attorney had essentially abandoned his client.” See id. at 21–22

(citing Maples, 565 U.S. at 282, 132 S. Ct. at 923).

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      The Majority’s primary argument for Maples’s elevating Section I to

controlling law is the phrase “essential difference” in Maples’s summary of the

concurrence:

             In a concurring opinion in Holland, Justice Alito homed
             in on the essential difference between a claim of attorney
             error, however egregious, and a claim that an attorney
             had essentially abandoned his client.

Maples, 565 U.S. at 282, 132 S. Ct. at 923. The Majority believes that the phrase

“essential difference” implies that Maples not only adopted the Holland

concurrence’s distinction between “attorney error” and “essential abandonment”

but also rejected attorney error as a ground for equitable tolling. See Maj. Op.

at 18, 22, 37. “‘Essential difference’ means ‘essential difference,’” says the

Majority. Id. at 22.

      The Majority’s wishful reading of Maples is refuted by Maples’s

subsequently identifying the portion of the Holland concurrence from which it

extracts value:

             We agree that, under agency principles, a client cannot be
             charged with the acts or omissions of an attorney who
             has abandoned him.

See Maples, 565 U.S. at 283, 132 S. Ct. at 924. If Maples wished to adopt

Section I’s distinction between “attorney error” and “essential abandonment” and

to reject attorney error as a ground for equitable tolling, it would have said so. The

Majority’s interpretation of Maples as implicitly overruling Holland is baseless.

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      C. Reinstating this circuit’s reversed rule, the Majority weighs in on an
         issue that divided, and was resolved by, the Holland Court.

      The Majority reinstates the mechanical rule that negligence, even gross

negligence, alone can never equitably toll the limitations period. Attempting to

justify this rule, the Majority quibbles with Holland’s instruction against the

imposition of a mechanical rule and states, “In Holland itself the Court reaffirmed

its own ‘rigid’ or ‘mechanical’ rule that simple or garden variety negligence alone

can never warrant equitable tolling.” See Maj. Op. at 24. While criticizing the

Holland majority, the Majority applauds and adopts the Holland concurrence,

which stated that distinguishing garden-variety negligence from other types of

negligence was impractical and recommended a standard prohibiting negligence

from equitably tolling the limitations period. The Majority continually cites as

authoritative Maples’s summary of Justice Alito’s concurrence: “In a concurring

opinion in Holland, Justice Alito homed in on the essential difference between a

claim of attorney error, however egregious, and a claim that an attorney had

essentially abandoned his client.” See Maples, 565 U.S. at 282, 132 S. Ct. at 923;

Maj. Op. at 18, 22, 37.

      Put another way, the Majority weighs in on an issue that divided, and was

resolved by, the Holland Court: the need for a standard governing the tolling effect

of attorney misconduct other than garden-variety negligence. Compare Holland,
560 U.S. at 649–50, 130 S. Ct. at 2563 (“[T]he exercise of a court’s equity powers

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must be made on a case-by-case basis.”), with id. at 657–58, 130 S. Ct. at 2567

(Alito, J., concurring) (“Allowing equitable tolling in cases involving gross rather

than ordinary attorney negligence would . . . be impractical in the extreme.”), id.

at 671, 130 S. Ct. at 2575 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (criticizing the Holland majority’s

“refusal to articulate an intelligible rule”), and Maj. Op. at 25 (“[T]he inquiry

should not be a standardless, by-the-seat-of-the-pants, length-of-the-chancellor’s-

foot, purely discretionary decision.”). As a court of appeals, we cannot take sides

on an issue on which the Court has already ruled. We must adopt, rather than

dispute, the Court’s controlling opinion and cannot favor over the Court’s majority

ruling a contradicting concurrence that failed to win the majority vote. As the

Holland Court instructs, we must evaluate attorney misconduct other than garden-

variety negligence on a case-by-case basis to determine whether the misconduct

merits equitably tolling a federal habeas petitioner’s limitations period.

                                          II

      Denying Cadet equitable tolling, the Majority errs not only in declaring that

an attorney’s negligence alone can never merit equitable tolling but also in relying,

to an unjustified extent, on agency law. The correct examination is free of

categories and other mechanical rules and uses, among other things, this circuit’s

case law, agency law, and professional responsibility principles. This examination

reveals that Cadet is entitled to equitable tolling of the AEDPA limitations period.

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       A. The Majority relies to an unjustified extent on agency law.

       As stated before, a prisoner is entitled to equitable tolling of the AEDPA

limitations period if he can establish “(1) that he has been pursuing his rights

diligently[] and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way . . . .”

Holland, 560 U.S. at 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2562. The issue here is whether

Goodman’s misconduct constitutes an extraordinary circumstance that merits

equitably tolling Cadet’s limitations period. Considering whether Goodman’s

misconduct constitutes an extraordinary circumstance, the Majority relies to an

unjustified extent on agency law. 6 The Majority concludes that no extraordinary

circumstance exists after it determines that Goodman never severed the agency

relationship and that Goodman’s missing the limitations deadline was attributable

to Cadet, the principal. The Majority treats agency law as dispositive.

       The Majority offers two justifications for this dependency on agency law.

First, the Majority cites Maples’s use of “well-settled principles of agency law.”

See Maj. Op. at 27 n.4 (citing Maples, 565 U.S. at 280–81, 132 S. Ct. at 922).

However, Maples’s use of agency law was limited to entertaining a prisoner’s

       6
         The only other reasoning that the Majority offers is dictionary definitions of the word
“abandonment,” a word that was first uttered by the prisoners in Holland and Maples. Often
used as a method of interpreting “statutes, . . . constitutional provisions[,] and administrative
codes,” dictionary definitions are rejected by many even in interpreting statutes. See Note,
Looking It up: Dictionaries and Statutory Interpretation, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 1437, 1437–39
(1994). Using dictionary definitions to understand a litigant’s claim and a Supreme Court
opinion is less justified than using dictionary definitions to understand statutory text.

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argument that his attorney “abandoned” him. See Maples, 565 U.S. at 271,

132 S. Ct. at 917. The Majority’s application of agency law—as the primary

method of determining the existence of an extraordinary circumstance—reaches far

beyond Maples’s guidance. Justice Scalia in his Holland dissent criticized the

majority for “importing into equity” the standard of another area of law. See

Holland, 560 U.S. at 670–71, 130 S. Ct. at 2575 (Scalia, J., dissenting). The

Majority here goes beyond importing agency law into equity: it replaces equity

with agency law.

      Second, the Majority depends on agency law under the false assumption that

the only issue on appeal is whether Goodman abandoned Cadet. The Majority

states, “Abandonment is not the only professional misconduct or other

extraordinary circumstance that will suffice for equitable tolling, but it is the only

one besides negligence that Cadet has argued.” Maj. Op. at 26; see id. at 26 n.3.

Not so. Summarizing his argument, Cadet frames the issue on appeal broadly:

             Mr. Goodman’s hallow reassurances to Mr. Cadet that he
             would timely file a federal habeas petition in response to
             Mr. Cadet’s repeated requests that he do so, and his
             failure to undertake necessary research to determine the
             correct filing date despite Mr. Cadet’s repeated
             questioning of the calculation of the filing deadline
             constitute “extraordinary circumstances” warranting
             equitable tolling of the limitations period.

Appellant’s Br. at 15; see id. at 16, 23 (“Accordingly, Mr. Cadet has demonstrated

‘extraordinary circumstances’ sufficient to warrant equitable tolling.”).

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       Although Cadet argues extensively that Goodman abandoned him, he does

so because the district court incorrectly held that, “in order to rise to the level

necessary to constitute an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ . . . attorney negligence

must be so egregious as to amount to an effective abandonment of the attorney-

client relationship.” Cadet v. Fla., Dep’t of Corr., No. 9:07-cv-80758, at 70

(S.D. Fla. Aug. 1, 2012). Instead of correcting the district court, the Majority

believes that Cadet narrowed the standard with which the Majority can determine

whether an extraordinary circumstance exists. This appeal is about whether

Goodman’s misconduct constituted an extraordinary circumstance. The Majority

cannot fault Cadet for the district court’s misstatement of the standard and cannot

justify limiting this appeal to whether Goodman abandoned Cadet.

       Agency law is not the be-all and end-all for this question of equity. See

Downs v. McNeil, 520 F.3d 1311, 1321 (11th Cir. 2008) (“The rule that a petitioner

must always bear the consequences of his attorney’s misconduct is unequivocal—

yet bright-line rules do not govern the court’s exercise of its equitable powers.”).

We can consider agency law at most as a factor in determining whether an

attorney’s misconduct constitutes an extraordinary circumstance.7

       7
         The Majority views as contradictory the Dissent’s rejecting agency law as dispositive
yet considering agency law as a factor. See Maj. Op. at 27 n.4. But using factors to help apply
an undefined standard to the particulars of a case is logically sound and commonplace. For
example, a federal court deciding whether to transfer a case to another venue must determine
whether the transfer is “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses” and “in the interest of

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       B. Goodman’s misconduct compels a case-specific inquiry.

       Holland held that any attorney misconduct that exceeds garden-variety

negligence compels a case-specific inquiry into whether equitable tolling is

warranted. See Holland, 560 U.S. at 650–51, 130 S. Ct. at 2563. Goodman’s

misconduct exceeded garden-variety negligence. And a case-specific inquiry

reveals that Goodman’s misconduct merits equitably tolling the AEDPA

limitations period for Cadet.

               1. Goodman’s misconduct exceeded garden-variety negligence.

       Goodman’s misconduct involved a miscalculation of the limitations period,

an example of garden-variety negligence. See id. at 651–52, 130 S. Ct. at 2654

(citing Lawrence, 549 U.S. at 336, 127 S. Ct. at 1085). However, the misconduct

at issue here comprised not only Goodman’s miscalculation but also

(1) Goodman’s staunchly refusing, despite repeated inquiries from Cadet, to

research how to calculate the limitations period; (2) Goodman’s repeatedly

offering empty reassurances to Cadet that he, the “real lawyer,” had correctly

calculated the limitations period; and (3) Goodman’s discouraging Cadet from

justice.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Neither standard is defined in § 1404(a). Courts have since
accumulated factors that courts can consider before deciding whether to transfer, factors such as
“the relative means of the parties” and “a forum’s familiarity with the governing law.” See, e.g.,
Manuel v. Convergys Corp., 430 F.3d 1132, 1135 n.1 (11th Cir. 2005). No one standard is
dispositive in determining whether the transfer is “[f]or the convenience of parties and
witnesses” and “in the interest of justice.” See § 1404(a).

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seeking a second opinion, even if from a “jailhouse lawyer.” As Goodman

recounted at an evidentiary hearing:

              I convinced [Cadet], literally sat on the phone and
              convinced him. Like I said, I can still hear [Cadet
              saying] in my head, are you sure? Are you sure? Are
              you sure? I remember that particular conversation and I
              talked him out of it. I left him in a position where here’s
              a person from Haiti who—who lost his life in a
              fundamentally unfair way at trial, having to choose
              between the jailhouse lawyers that he’s locked up with
              and my advice. He chose my advice which, I admit in
              open court, was wrong.

Transcript of Evidentiary Hearing at 29, Cadet v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr., No. 9:07-cv-

80758 (S.D. Fla. July 15, 2012). Goodman’s misconduct exceeded garden-variety

negligence.

              2. A case-specific examination reveals that Cadet is entitled to
                 equitable tolling.

      Goodman’s misconduct compels a case-specific examination, free of

categories and other mechanical rules rejected by the Supreme Court, of whether

Cadet is entitled to equitable tolling. See Holland, 560 U.S. at 650, 130 S. Ct.

at 2563. A case-specific examination of this circuit’s case law, agency law, and

professional responsibility principles reveals that Goodman’s misconduct merits

equitable tolling.

      First, this circuit’s case law strongly favors equitably tolling the limitations

period. Holland instructed us to resolve questions of equity on a “case-by-case

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basis” but “in light of . . . precedent.” Id. Downs involved allegations similar to

the facts here. The allegations included:

             [Downs’s] unequivocal, repeated demands that his
             attorneys file his habeas petition; his close tracking of his
             attorneys’ work and the applicable federal deadlines; and
             his counsel’s overt deception in representing they had
             filed a tolling petition in state court when they had not in
             fact done so, thereby depriving him of several months of
             his statutorily-guaranteed one-year federal limitations
             period.

Downs, 520 F.3d at 1322. Although Downs’s attorneys filed his state habeas

petition before expiration of the federal habeas limitations period, we still

concluded that the one day in which to petition for federal habeas relief after the

conclusion of his state habeas petition “put [Downs, a prisoner,] in an untenable

position.” Id. We held that, “[a]ssuming Downs’[s] allegations are true, he has

shown the existence of extraordinary circumstances.” Id. at 1323.

      Downs focused on the contrast between Downs’s “persistence” and his

attorneys’ “deceit and delay.” Id. at 1322. Such contrast exists here. Cadet

unequivocally and repeatedly demanded that Goodman verify the correct

limitations period; sought help from “jailhouse lawyers”; and was deceived by

Goodman into believing that Goodman, the “real lawyer,” had superior knowledge

of the limitations period than either Cadet or the jailhouse lawyers. This circuit’s

case law strongly favors equitably tolling the limitations period.

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      Second, principles of agency law strongly favor equitably tolling the

AEDPA limitations period for Cadet. The Third Restatement of Agency states:

             [N]otice of a fact that an agent knows or has reason to
             know is not imputed to the principal if the agent acts
             adversely to the principal in a transaction or matter,
             intending to act solely for the agent’s own purposes or
             those of another person.

Restatement (Third) Of Agency § 5.04 (2006); see also Restatement (Second) Of

Agency § 112 (1958). Goodman acted adversely to Cadet’s interest by refusing to

research the tolling issue, by offering false advice to Cadet, and by discouraging

Cadet from seeking advice from jailhouse lawyers. Thus the correct limitations

period—which the agent, Goodman, had “reason to know”—“is not imputed to the

principal,” Cadet. See Restatement (Third) Of Agency § 5.04.

      Concluding that knowledge about the correct limitations period is imputed to

Cadet, the Majority does not dispute that the Goodman had reason to know about

the correct limitations period and that Goodman acted adversely to Cadet. Instead,

the Majority argues that Cadet failed to establish that Goodman’s misconduct was

“for the purpose of advancing his own interests or those of another person.” See

Maj. Op. at 28. However, imposing this burden, the Majority resorts to sources

that speak to general principles of agency law rather than those discussing an

attorney’s relationship with his client. This is because no burden exists for a client

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to establish an attorney’s selfish motive, which is assumed in the application of

agency law to a lawyer-client relationship.8

       Indeed, the cases that the Majority cites so dearly in order to apply agency

law—Maples, Coleman, and Downs—contain no discussion of the offending

attorney’s motive. See generally Maples, 565 U.S. 266, 132 S. Ct. 912; Coleman

v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 111 S. Ct. 2546 (1991); Downs, 520 F.3d 1311. The

cases offer no reason for the omission and appear to assume, based on the

particular facts of a case, that an attorney receives monetary or other benefit either

by retaining the client at issue or by gaining other clients.9 The former assumption

is true here. Goodman was able to retain Cadet as a client by advising Cadet

without any research and by constantly reassuring Cadet that Goodman possessed

superior knowledge. Goodman’s failure is not imputed to Cadet. The Majority’s

requiring Cadet to establish further Goodman’s selfish motive, perhaps with a fee

agreement or goodwill Goodman gained for his pro bono work, is imposing on

       8
          The Majority cites a case that might conceivably support the imposition of this burden.
See Maj. Op. at 30. However, the case—from another circuit—stated only that the client “does
not argue, and the record does not suggest, that [the attorney] permitted any interest or
consideration to interfere with his loyalty to” the client. See Towery v. Ryan, 673 F.3d 933, 942
(9th Cir. 2012). Even that case fails to evince a burden on a client to establish an attorney’s
selfish motive, especially one that is readily inferred from the record.
        9
          After imposing a novel burden—that a client must establish an attorney’s selfish
motive—the Majority tasks the Dissent with proving the absence of this burden in other cases.
Rather than entertaining this farcical request for the Dissent to prove a negative, the Dissent
considers the reason for the omission. In other words, the Dissent considers why these cases
might have chosen not to impose this burden.

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Cadet a novel burden unfounded in any case involving the application of agency

law to a lawyer-client relationship.10

       Because Goodman had reason to know about the correct limitations period

and because Goodman acted adversely to Cadet, agency law strongly favors

equitably tolling the limitations period.

       Finally, fundamental canons of professional responsibility strongly favor

equitably tolling the AEDPA limitations period for Cadet. Holland considered an

attorney’s violation of “fundamental canons of professional responsibility” as a

factor in determining whether his actions constituted an extraordinary

circumstance. 11 Holland, 560 U.S. at 652, 130 S. Ct. at 2564. These canons

       10
           This burden is especially onerous because Goodman is no longer Cadet’s attorney.
Because of Goodman’s misconduct during this appeal—misconduct unrelated to that which
resulted in Cadet’s untimely federal habeas petition—we have suspended Goodman from
practicing before this circuit. See In re Michael Steven Goodman, No. 11-1101 (11th Cir.
May 13, 2011). The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida likewise
suspended Goodman from practicing before it. See In re Michael Steven Goodman, No. 2011-95
(S.D. Fla. Nov. 1, 2011).
        Even if the Majority chooses to impose this burden, we should remand this case for
additional fact finding. “Ascertaining the motives with which an agent acted is often a
fact-intensive exercise.” Restatement (Third) Of Agency § 5.04 cmt. a.
        11
           In his Holland dissent, Justice Scalia, while criticizing the majority for “refus[ing] to
articulate an intelligible rule” governing equitable tolling, rejected the majority’s application of
fundamental canons of professional responsibility. See Holland, 560 U.S. at 670–71, 130 S. Ct.
at 2575 (Scalia, J., dissenting). He discredits this rule because it was proposed “by an ad hoc
group of legal-ethicist amici” and because of its similarity to Strickland’s holding that a
defendant’s right to counsel assumes the counsel’s adherence to “prevailing professional norms.”
See id. (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2065 (1984)). In
the realm of equity, however, no statutory language guides a court in creating a rule.
“Extraordinary circumstance,” “abandonment,” and “negligence” are each a judicial creation or
borrowed from a different area of law. It is within a court’s power to borrow from the wisdom of
amici and of other areas of law to determine a question of equity. Although not dispositive,

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included “perform[ing] reasonably competent legal work” and “communicat[ing]

with . . . clients.” Id.

       Goodman failed “to perform reasonably competent legal work.” See id.;

ABA Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct r. 1.1. Despite never having filed a federal

habeas petition after representation in state post-conviction proceedings, Goodman

failed to perform any research on the AEDPA limitations period. Only after

Florida argued that Cadet’s federal habeas petition was time-barred did Goodman

log onto Westlaw for the first time to research how to calculate the limitations

period. See Tr. of Evid. Hr’g at 18–19. And despite this lack of experience and

knowledge, Goodman repeatedly advised Cadet on the limitations period.

       Also, Goodman failed to communicate meaningfully with Cadet.

See Holland, 560 U.S. at 652, 130 S. Ct. at 2564; Model Rules r. 1.2 cmt. 2

(advising that, if a lawyer and a client disagree about “the means to be used to

accomplish the client’s objectives,” the lawyer “consult with the client and seek a

mutually acceptable resolution of the disagreement”). Although Cadet repeatedly

voiced concern that he would lose the opportunity to petition in federal court,

Goodman flippantly disregarded Cadet’s justifiable anxiety and the contrary advice

that Cadet had received. Goodman even went so far as to rebuke Cadet for

fundamental canons of professional responsibility guide us in determining whether an attorney’s
misconduct warrants equitable tolling of the limitations period for a federal habeas petition.

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contemplating advice contradicting his own. Fundamental canons of professional

responsibility strongly favor equitably tolling the limitations period.

                                          III

      Holland instructed us that, in determining whether to equitably toll the time

to file a federal habeas petition, we must avoid imposing a mechanical rule.

Disregarding this instruction, the Majority imposes the mechanical rule that

attorney negligence alone can never justify equitable tolling. The Majority’s plea

not to be misunderstood does not change the fact that its opinion directly

contravenes Holland. See Maj. Op. at 43 (“We do not wish to be

misunderstood.”); id. at 45 (“Despite our earnest desire not to be misunderstood,

the dissent misunderstands our decision . . . .”).

      The “flexibility inherent in equitable procedure” allows us “to accord all the

relief necessary to correct particular injustices.” Holland, 560 U.S. at 650,

130 S. Ct. at 2563 (internal quotation marks omitted). Goodman’s deplorable

misconduct merits allowing Cadet extra time to file his federal habeas petition.

We must grant Cadet this equitable relief.

      I respectfully dissent.

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                                              ORDER

       Opinions, containing substantial revisions, having been issued by the Court,

the petition for rehearing addressing the original panel opinion has effectively been

granted, and the grounds for the petition for rehearing en banc have effectively

been mooted. Because new opinions have been issued, the parties are free to file

petitions for rehearing and for rehearing en banc addressing this decision of the

Court, as explained by the new opinions, if they wish to do so. The time limits in

the rules of procedure will run from today’s date.1

       1
         The precedential effect of an opinion, whether an initial one or a superseding one on
rehearing, begins on the date it is issued, not on the later date that the mandate is issued in the
case. 11th Cir. R. 36, I.O.P. 2.

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