Court Opinion

ID: 8210670
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-30 14:06:05.981741+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:55.853346
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 23, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                         Court of Appeals

                            NO. 2021-CA-1097-MR

SHAUNTEZ WASHINGTON                                               APPELLANT

                    APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
v.                  HONORABLE THOMAS L. TRAVIS, JUDGE
                           ACTION NO. 18-CR-01421

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                            APPELLEE

                                  OPINION
                                 AFFIRMING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; JONES AND L. THOMPSON,
JUDGES.

THOMPSON, L., JUDGE: Shauntez Washington appeals from an order of the

Fayette Circuit Court which denied his motion to suppress evidence. We find no

error and affirm.
                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             On October 6, 2018, Officer Jesse Mascoe and other officers of the

Lexington Police Department responded to a complaint of homeless people

sleeping in the parking lot of a Valvoline Instant Oil Change. As they were

attending to the homeless people, Appellant drove his vehicle into the parking lot

of the oil change service station and began waiting for his turn to receive an oil

change. Soon after the arrival of Appellant’s vehicle, Officer Mascoe smelled the

odor of marijuana. Officer Mascoe believed the odor was coming from

Appellant’s vehicle.

             After finishing with the homeless individuals, Officer Mascoe and

another officer approached Appellant’s vehicle. Upon approaching the vehicle,

Officer Mascoe observed that the passenger door and the sunroof were open. Once

Officer Mascoe got to the vehicle, Appellant rolled down the driver’s side window

and spoke with the officer. Officer Mascoe informed Appellant that he smelled

marijuana coming from his vehicle. Officer Mascoe then began questioning

Appellant. At one point, Officer Mascoe instructed the other officer to check the

vehicle in front of Appellant’s for the smell of marijuana. That officer opened the

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door of the other vehicle and smelled inside. According to that officer, there was

no marijuana odor.1

                 Officer Mascoe eventually ordered Appellant to exit the vehicle so he

could search it. During the search, the officers found a large quantity of cocaine

and a small quantity of marijuana. Appellant was then indicted for one count of

first-degree trafficking in a controlled substance2 and one count of third-degree

possession of a controlled substance.3

                 Appellant later moved to suppress the evidence found during the

search. A suppression hearing was held and Officer Mascoe testified.4 Officer

Mascoe testified to the facts of the investigation and was adamant that he smelled

marijuana coming from Appellant’s vehicle. The officer’s body camera footage

was also shown and the officer’s statements on camera also indicated that he was

certain the marijuana smell was emanating from Appellant’s vehicle.

                 The trial court entered an order denying Appellant’s motion. The

court held that Officer Mascoe had probable cause to search the vehicle based on

1
 Later, an employee of the oil change center informed police that he witnessed a large amount of
narcotics inside this other vehicle. Around one hour later, this vehicle was stopped by different
police officers who did smell marijuana inside that vehicle. The vehicle was searched, but no
narcotics were found.
2
    Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 218A.1412.
3
    KRS 218A.1417.
4
    Officer Mascoe was the only person who testified at the hearing.

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the smell of marijuana. Appellant entered a conditional guilty plea to the charges

and reserved the right to appeal the suppression issue. This appeal followed.

                                     ANALYSIS

             Appellant argues that there was insufficient probable cause to search

his vehicle. Specifically, he argues that it is impossible to smell the small amount

of marijuana that was found in Appellant’s vehicle. In addition, he argues that

Officer Mascoe was not certain the smell was coming from Appellant’s vehicle

because he had another officer smell the interior of the vehicle in front of

Appellant’s. Finally, he claims that this other vehicle was later stopped and

reportedly also smelled like marijuana; therefore, it was the likely source of the

smell.

                     Our standard of review of a circuit court’s decision
             on a suppression motion following a hearing is twofold.
             First, the factual findings of the court are conclusive if
             they are supported by substantial evidence. The second
             prong involves a de novo review to determine whether
             the court’s decision is correct as a matter of law.

Stewart v. Commonwealth, 44 S.W.3d 376, 380 (Ky. App. 2000) (footnotes and

citations omitted).

                    The Court of Appeals . . . [is] entitled to set aside
             the trial court’s findings only if those findings are clearly
             erroneous. And, the dispositive question that we must
             answer, therefore, is whether the trial court’s findings of
             fact are clearly erroneous, i.e., whether or not those
             findings are supported by substantial evidence.
             “[S]ubstantial evidence” is “[e]vidence that a reasonable

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             mind would accept as adequate to support a conclusion”
             and evidence that, when “taken alone or in the light of all
             the evidence, . . . has sufficient probative value to induce
             conviction in the minds of reasonable men.” Regardless
             of conflicting evidence, the weight of the evidence, or the
             fact that the reviewing court would have reached a
             contrary finding, “due regard shall be given to the
             opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of
             the witnesses” because judging the credibility of
             witnesses and weighing evidence are tasks within the
             exclusive province of the trial court. Thus, “[m]ere doubt
             as to the correctness of [a] finding [will] not justify [its]
             reversal,” and appellate courts should not disturb trial
             court findings that are supported by substantial evidence.

Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 353-54 (Ky. 2003) (footnotes and citations

omitted).

             “All warrantless searches are presumed to be unreasonable and

unlawful, requiring the Commonwealth to bear the burden of justifying the search

and seizure under one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement.” Dunn v.

Commonwealth, 199 S.W.3d 775, 776 (Ky. App. 2006) (internal quotation marks,

footnote, and citation omitted). One such exception is the “automobile exception,

which allows police to search a legitimately stopped automobile where probable

cause exists that contraband or evidence of a crime is in the vehicle.” Id. (internal

quotation marks, footnote, and citation omitted). In Kentucky, the smell of

marijuana coming from a vehicle gives an officer probable cause to search that

vehicle. Id. at 777; Mayfield v. Commonwealth, 590 S.W.3d 300, 302 (Ky. App.

2019). This is referred to as the “plain smell doctrine.”

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             Here, Officer Mascoe testified that he was certain the smell of

marijuana was emanating from Appellant’s vehicle and his body camera footage

corroborated that testimony. He also testified that he had the other officer smell

the interior of the other vehicle in order to reduce the possibility of a confrontation

with Appellant. The trial court believed Officer Mascoe’s testimony that a

marijuana smell was coming from Appellant’s vehicle. The officer’s testimony

was substantial evidence to support the trial court’s findings.

                                   CONCLUSION

             Based on the foregoing, we affirm. The trial court did not err in

denying Appellant’s motion to suppress because Appellant’s vehicle was properly

searched.

             ALL CONCUR.

 BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                       BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

 Jerry L. Wright                            Daniel Cameron
 Noel Caldwell                              Attorney General of Kentucky
 Lexington, Kentucky
                                            Christina L. Romano
                                            Assistant Attorney General
                                            Frankfort, Kentucky

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