Court Opinion

ID: 9377466
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-07 21:00:37.015724+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:14.352511
License: Public Domain

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                                                 [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                                 In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                        For the Eleventh Circuit

                         ____________________

                               No. 21-11328
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                         ____________________

        MARIUS BROWN,
                                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,
        versus
        WRIGLEY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, LLC,
        MATT ARENDS,
        in their individual capacities,
        FRANK SLOTTERBACK,
        in their individual capacities,

                                                Defendants-Appellees.

                         ____________________
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        2                          Opinion of the Court                        21-11328

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Georgia
                        D.C. Docket No. 2:18-cv-00141-RWS
                              ____________________

        Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges, and SCHLESINGER,*
        District Judge.
        PER CURIAM:
                Plaintiff-Appellant Marius Brown appeals the district court’s
        order granting Defendants-Appellees Wrigley Manufacturing
        Company, LLC’s (as well as two of its employees’) motion for sum-
        mary judgment in Brown’s civil-rights suit alleging racial discrimi-
        nation and retaliation in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and Title VII
        of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et
        seq. First, Brown argues that the district court erred in granting
        the defendants’ motion as to his discrimination claims because he
        established that the defendants’ proffered reasons for failing to pro-
        mote him on five occasions were pretext for discrimination and be-
        cause, alternatively, he presented a “convincing mosaic” of the de-
        fendants’ discriminatory intent. Second, Brown asserts that the dis-
        trict court erred in granting the defendants’ motion as to his retali-
        ation claims because he established a causal link between his pro-
        tected activities and the defendants’ adverse actions, and he

        * The Honorable Harvey      Schlesinger, United States District Judge for the Mid-
        dle District of Florida, sitting by designation
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        21-11328                 Opinion of the Court                            3

        showed that the defendants’ proffered reasons for their adverse ac-
        tions were pretextual.
              After careful consideration and with the benefit of oral argu-
        ment, we vacate the judgment as it relates to the discrimination
        claims, and we affirm it as it concerns the retaliation claims.
                                            I.
              Marius Brown is a 40-year-old Black male. He earned a
        Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration, Business Infor-
        mation Systems, from the University of West Georgia. Brown be-
        gan working for Wrigley in 2006.
              Wrigley is a gum-manufacturing company with 16,000 em-
        ployees worldwide. It operates a manufacturing plant in Flowery
        Branch, Georgia, at which Brown worked.
                Brown began his tenure with Wrigley as a Machine Opera-
        tor in the Processing Department. He stayed in that role for one
        year. At that time, Wrigley eliminated his position because the
        Plant transitioned from two twelve-hour shifts to three eight-hour
        shifts.
               Brown then applied for and was offered an Operator posi-
        tion in the Sheeting Department, where he worked for about eight
        years. In September 2015, Brown became Shift Lead on the after-
        noon shift in the newly created Tab Department (“Tab”). 1 Frank

        1 Tab dealt with Wrigley products that were in the form of tabs, or smaller
        slabs, than sticks of chewing gum.
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                21-11328

        Slotterback (a white man) was Brown’s Line Lead and supervisor
        from June 2015 to January 2019.
               Matt Arends was the Plant Director at the Flowery Branch
        plant. As Director, Arends was responsible for, among other
        things, employment actions at the Plant.
                In July 2016, Slotterback met with Brown to discuss a con-
        flict between an Operator and a Mechanic who worked on the af-
        ternoon shift under Brown, and Slotterback told Brown that Brown
        had mismanaged the conflict. The Operator later expressed that
        he felt threatened by the Mechanic, and Brown had not done any-
        thing to resolve the conflict.
               In October 2016, Slotterback again met with Brown to dis-
        cuss his ability to manage conflict. Slotterback initiated this meet-
        ing because two of Brown’s associates were abusing the call-out
        procedures and, in Slotterback’s view, although these associates
        improperly asked for time off, Brown granted their vacation re-
        quests. On January 19, 2017, Slotterback added comments to
        Brown’s 2016 Performance and Development Review (“Re-
        view”)—an assessment of how associates performed against the
        goals and objectives they agreed to at the beginning of the year,
        which culminates in a performance rating that impacts their merit
        pay increases. Slotterback’s comments stated that he had concerns
        with Brown’s conflict-management and decision-making skills.
        But over the ensuing months, Slotterback’s views of Brown’s man-
        agement skills improved. In October 2018, during a restructuring
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        21-11328               Opinion of the Court                         5

        of the plant, Slotterback gave Brown a high rating for “conflict
        management.”
                Brown was otherwise successful as the Shift Lead in Tab. He
        was responsible for, among other things, overseeing and training
        associates, coverage (finding associates to cover shifts when others
        were absent), general efficiency, quality and safety, as well as oper-
        ating machines when his shift was short-staffed. Additionally,
        Brown served as a Safety Champion and assisted with validating
        and qualifying new Tab machines and equipment. Besides these
        tasks, Brown spent several months in Tab supervising an additional
        line after that line’s Shift Lead took a new position. Brown was also
        selected to be on a total-production management team, which was
        a team created to find ways to save the company costs.
                In May 2016, to further develop his leadership and conflict-
        management skills, Brown completed a “Crucial Accountability
        Course” to learn best practices for successfully creating accounta-
        bility. This course taught about tools and plans for effectively re-
        solving broken promises, violated expectations, and other conflicts.
        Brown received an annual performance rating of “meets expecta-
        tions” for the seven years before 2020. And he consistently re-
        ceived merit pay increases during his time at Wrigley.
              Still, Brown never advanced any further than Shift Lead at
        Wrigley. And after the restructuring of the plant, Brown was de-
        moted to Senior Sheeting Operator in the Processing Department.
        Brown’s stagnation as a Shift Lead wasn’t because he didn’t apply
        to other positions. In fact, during the 12-month period from
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        6                      Opinion of the Court                21-11328

        February 2017 to January 2018, Brown applied for five different
        promotions within Wrigley and was denied all of them. The suc-
        cessful candidate for each promotion was white. Not only that, but
        in three of the five cases, Wrigley installed a white interim manager
        for the position and then selected that same person. Below, we
        recount the details surrounding these applications.
                In February 2017, Brown applied for Shift Lead on the day
        shift in the Packaging Department. Brown was already a Shift
        Lead, but the new job would have been on the day shift, so it was
        viewed as a promotion. Slotterback, in addition to being Brown’s
        Line Lead for the role he was already in, was the hiring manager
        for this promotion position.
               Generally, Wrigley had a policy that an employee would not
        receive an interview for a promotion if his current supervisor did
        not support his application. Initially, Slotterback informed Brown
        that he did not support Brown’s application for the day-shift Shift
        Lead position and would not interview him. Ultimately, though,
        and despite his January 2017 negative comments about Brown’s
        conflict-management skills, Slotterback supported Brown’s appli-
        cation and interviewed him. But Brown didn’t get the job. Rather,
        Wrigley awarded the position to a white mechanic without Tab
        experience or a four-year college degree. According to Wrigley’s
        evidence, the selected candidate’s interview responses for this po-
        sition were rated 4 out of 5 by the hiring panel, while Brown’s were
        rated 3 out of 5. Brown was required to train the successful candi-
        date in this Shift Lead role after he was hired.
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        21-11328               Opinion of the Court                       7

                Next, in March 2017, Brown applied for a Shift Lead position
        on the day shift in the Processing Department. The hiring manager
        for this position was Courtney McWaine, who was Black. And the
        job description stated that a two-year associate’s technical degree
        was a preferred qualification for the position. But Slotterback did
        not support Brown’s application for this role, so Brown did not re-
        ceive an interview. Instead, a high-school educated white man was
        selected.
               Brown was next denied two promotions in October 2017, a
        Line Lead job in the Packaging Department and a Line Lead job in
        the Processing Department. Slotterback supported Brown’s appli-
        cations for both roles, so Brown was interviewed for both. Never-
        theless, Brown was passed over for both jobs, and both were filled
        by white candidates, including one without a college degree.
        When Brown met a supervisor afterward to obtain feedback, the
        supervisor suggested Brown obtain a Master’s Degree, even
        though it was not a requirement of the position and Wrigley had
        just selected a candidate without even a college degree over
        Brown.
               The hiring managers for each role provided declarations that
        Brown’s interview performance was inferior to the candidate se-
        lected. For example, they said, he struggled to clearly identify is-
        sues he was attempting to resolve, how he would support an asso-
        ciate through a given situation, or explain how the resolution ben-
        efited a fellow associate or the organization. As for the Processing
        Department job, Wrigley presented evidence that, after their
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        8                      Opinion of the Court                21-11328

        interviews, the selected candidate was rated 4.11 out of 5 while
        Brown was rated 2.83.
               Last, Brown applied for the job of Process Lead in the Pro-
        cessing Department in January 2018. Slotterback supported
        Brown’s application for this position, and Brown was selected for
        an interview, but Wrigley offered the job to a white man instead.
               The last three jobs—the two in October 2017 and one in Jan-
        uary 2018—were ultimately filled by the candidate whom Wrigley
        had previously and unilaterally asked to fill the vacant role on an
        interim basis. Sometimes Wrigley would allow an employee to act
        in an interim role for an open position to give the employee an op-
        portunity to experience that position. But interim positions were
        not posted or advertised. So Brown never received an opportunity
        to act in such a role. At the district court, Brown argued that
        Wrigley used the interim process to ensure that less-qualified, non-
        Black candidates had experience in the role and would therefore be
        the most natural ones to promote.
                Throughout the period that Brown was being denied pro-
        motions, Brown filed various internal complaints expressing his
        dissatisfaction with being passed over for the jobs. Eventually, he
        filed an EEOC charge against Wrigley.
               In August 2018, Brown filed his original complaint in district
        court. He alleged race-discrimination and retaliation claims under
        42 U.S.C. § 1981 and Title VII, as well as state-law claims of negli-
        gent retention and supervision and intentional infliction of
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        21-11328               Opinion of the Court                        9

        emotional distress. The district court entered an order dismissing
        Brown’s state-law claims, his Title VII failure-to-promote claims
        based on conduct before August 24, 2017, and his § 1981 failure-to-
        promote claims based on conduct before August 24, 2016. Brown
        does not appeal those dismissals.
               Wrigley and the individual defendants then moved for sum-
        mary judgment on the remaining claims. The district court
        adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation that the defend-
        ants be granted summary judgment. Brown appeals.
                                         II.
               We review de novo a district court’s order granting sum-
        mary judgment, “viewing all evidence, and drawing all reasonable
        inferences, in favor of the non-moving party.” Vessels v. Atlanta
        Indep. Sch. Sys., 408 F.3d 763, 767 (11th Cir. 2005).
               Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a), a party is enti-
        tled to summary judgment if it can show “that there is no genuine
        dispute as to any material fact and [it] is entitled to judgment as a
        matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). When reviewing the sum-
        mary-judgment record, a district court must view the evidence in
        the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Sun Life Assur-
        ance Co. of Can. v. Imperial Premium Fin., LLC, 904 F.3d 1197,
        1207 (11th Cir. 2018). We have held that “unsubstantiated asser-
        tions alone are not enough to withstand a motion for summary
        judgment.” Rollins v. TechSouth, Inc., 833 F.2d 1525, 1529 (11th
        Cir. 1987). Likewise, “[i]nferences based on speculation and a mere
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        10                      Opinion of the Court                 21-11328

        scintilla of evidence in support of the nonmoving party will not suf-
        fice to overcome a motion for summary judgment.” Melton v. Ab-
        ston, 841 F.3d 1207, 1219 (11th Cir. 2016), abrogated on other
        grounds by Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007) (quo-
        tation marks omitted).
                                         III.
               Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer “to fail or refuse
        to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate
        against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms,
        conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individ-
        ual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C.
        § 2000e-2(a). Similarly, 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) prohibits intentional
        race discrimination in the making and enforcement of public and
        private contracts. With respect to employment contracts, we an-
        alyze § 1981 claims of discrimination under the same framework as
        claims of discrimination under Title VII. Ferrill v. Parker Grp., 168
        F.3d 468, 472 (11th Cir. 1999).
               In the absence of direct evidence of discrimination, a plaintiff
        can prove a discrimination claim under Title VII through circum-
        stantial evidence, which we generally analyze using the three-step,
        burden-shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas
        Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See E.E.O.C. v. Joe’s Stone
        Crabs, Inc., 296 F.3d 1265, 1272 (11th Cir. 2002). Under this frame-
        work, the plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrim-
        ination. Id. A plaintiff who does that raises a rebuttable presump-
        tion that the employer unlawfully discriminated against him, and
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        21-11328                Opinion of the Court                        11

        the burden of production shifts to the employer to present evi-
        dence that it undertook its action for a legitimate, nondiscrimina-
        tory reason. Id. If the employer meets this burden, the presump-
        tion of discrimination is rebutted, and the burden shifts back to the
        plaintiff to “show that the proffered reason really is a pretext for
        unlawful discrimination.” Id. at 1272–73. Although the burdens of
        production shift back and forth under this framework, “the ulti-
        mate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the employer in-
        tentionally discriminated against the employee remains at all times
        with the plaintiff.” Id. at 1273.
               In the context of a plaintiff’s allegation that an employer dis-
        criminated against him by failing to promote him, we have held
        that a plaintiff can establish a prima facie case of discrimination by
        showing the following: (1) he was a member of a protected class;
        (2) he was qualified for and applied for the promotion; (3) he was
        rejected despite his qualifications; and (4) the individual who re-
        ceived the promotion was not a member of his protected class and
        had lesser or equal qualifications. Carter v. Three Springs Residen-
        tial Treatment, 132 F.3d 635, 642 (11th Cir. 1998).
               Under the second step of the McDonnell-Douglas frame-
        work, the employer must clearly explain the nondiscriminatory
        reasons for its actions, but it need not establish those reasons by a
        preponderance of the evidence. Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Bur-
        dine, 450 U.S. 248, 259–60 (1981). A subjective reason for an em-
        ployer’s action can constitute a legitimate, nondiscriminatory rea-
        son. Chapman v. AI Transp., 229 F.3d 1012, 1033 (11th Cir. 2000)
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        12                     Opinion of the Court                 21-11328

        (en banc). But for a subjective reason to constitute a legally suffi-
        cient, legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason, the defendant must ar-
        ticulate “a clear and reasonably specific factual basis upon which it
        based its subjective opinion.” Bass v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, Or-
        ange Cnty., Fla., 256 F.3d 1095, 1106 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotation
        marks omitted), overruled in part on other grounds by Crawford
        v. Carroll, 529 F.3d 961 (11th Cir.2008).
               Under the third step of the McDonnell-Douglas framework,
        the court must consider all the evidence and “determine whether
        the plaintiff has cast sufficient doubt on the defendant’s proffered
        nondiscriminatory reasons to permit a reasonable factfinder to con-
        clude that the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons were not
        what actually motivated its conduct.” Combs v. Plantation Pat-
        terns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1538 (11th Cir. 1997) (citation and quotation
        marks omitted). In doing so, the court must determine “whether
        the plaintiff has demonstrated such weaknesses, implausibilities, in-
        consistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s
        proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable fact-
        finder could find them unworthy of credence.” Id. (citation and
        quotation marks omitted). Rather than merely disputing the fac-
        tual basis of an employer’s proffered legitimate reasons, the plain-
        tiff must call into question the employer’s sincere belief in the fac-
        tual basis. Vessels, 408 F.3d at 771.
              Despite the McDonnell-Douglas framework, we have cau-
        tioned that it “is not, and never was intended to be, the sine qua
        non for a plaintiff to survive a summary judgment motion in an
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        21-11328               Opinion of the Court                      13

        employment discrimination case,” and that a plaintiff may also de-
        feat a summary-judgment motion by presenting “a convincing mo-
        saic” of circumstantial evidence that “raises a reasonable inference
        that the employer discriminated against [him].” Smith v. Lock-
        heed-Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321, 1328 (11th Cir. 2011). Thus, we
        have stressed that “the crux of the analysis at the summary judg-
        ment stage is whether the plaintiff has offered sufficient evidence
        to establish a genuine issue of discrimination.” Quigg v. Thomas
        Cnty. Sch. Dist., 814 F.3d 1227, 1240 (11th Cir. 2016). Accordingly,
        a plaintiff will survive summary judgment if he presents “circum-
        stantial evidence that creates a triable issue concerning the em-
        ployer’s discriminatory intent.” Hamilton v. Southland Christian
        Sch., Inc., 680 F.3d 1316, 1320 (11th Cir. 2012).
                The district court determined that Brown established a
        prima facia case of racial discrimination as to the five promotions.
        But the court determined that Wrigley offered legitimate and non-
        discriminatory reasons for not promoting Brown, and that Brown
        failed to show that these reasons were pretextual. On appeal,
        Wrigley does not challenge the district court’s conclusion that
        Brown made out a prima facie case, and Brown’s objections all go
        to the pretext issue. So we start our analysis at step three of the
        McDonnell-Douglas framework. At this step, Brown’s claims for
        four of the five promotions fail because Brown has not done
        enough under the McDonnell-Douglas framework to raise a mate-
        rial issue of fact about whether Wrigley’s proffered reasons were
        pretextual. As to Brown’s March 2017 promotion, though, he has
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        14                      Opinion of the Court                  21-11328

        raised a material issue of fact. And given that situation and the rest
        of the record, under the “convincing mosaic” theory, we think
        Brown has sufficiently raised a material issue of fact about all five
        promotions. We explain below.
               Beginning with step three of the McDonnell-Douglas frame-
        work, for four of the five promotions, Brown did not present suffi-
        cient evidence to create a material issue of fact over whether
        Wrigley’s proffered reasons for not promoting him were pre-
        textual. For the first denied position in February 2017, Wrigley
        provided evidence that the selected candidate received 4 out of 5
        points from the hiring panel for his responses to interview ques-
        tions, while Brown received only 3 of 5. Similarly, for the final
        three positions, Wrigley pointed to Brown’s poor interview perfor-
        mances as a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason not to promote
        him.
                 Brown argues that this rationalization is pretextual because
        it is too subjective. But under the McDonnell-Douglas framework,
        in and of itself, that an explanation is subjective does not necessarily
        render it pretextual. See Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1033. Under our
        precedent, Wrigley’s explanation is still “a clear and reasonably spe-
        cific factual basis upon which [Wrigley] based its subjective opin-
        ion,” Bass, 256 F.3d at 1106, because Wrigley supported it with con-
        temporaneous evidence of Brown’s inferior interview perfor-
        mance. Brown fails to point to any other facts specific to the denial
        of these four promotions that creates a material issue of fact about
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        21-11328               Opinion of the Court                       15

        whether Wrigley’s proffered explanation was pretext for racial dis-
        crimination.
                As to the March 2017 promotion, though, Brown has done
        enough to raise a material issue of fact that Wrigley’s nondiscrimi-
        natory reason for denying the promotion may be pretextual. To
        be sure, Wrigley asserts that Slotterback did not support Brown’s
        promotion for that position because he lacked faith in Brown’s con-
        flict-resolution abilities. But the only conflict-resolution problems
        Wrigley points to occurred before Brown applied for the February
        2017 promotion a month earlier than the March 2017 promotion—
        and Slotterback ultimately supported Brown’s application for the
        February position. Wrigley points to no additional conflict-resolu-
        tion issues that occurred between Slotterback’s support of Brown’s
        application for the February 2017 promotion and his refusal to sup-
        port Brown’s application for the March 2017 promotion. And of
        the five promotions for which Brown sought to apply, the March
        2017 promotion was the only one where the hiring manager was
        Black. Given these circumstances, a reasonable jury could con-
        clude that Wrigley’s explanation for Slotterback’s failure to support
        Brown’s application did not ring true. So we conclude that Brown
        has raised a material issue of fact over whether Wrigley’s proffered
        reason for denying Brown a promotion in March 2017 was pre-
        textual for discrimination.
               But as we have explained, satisfying the McDonnell-Douglas
        framework is not the only way to survive summary judgment. Ra-
        ther, the question we must answer is whether Brown presents
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        16                     Opinion of the Court                 21-11328

        “circumstantial evidence that creates a triable issue concerning the
        employer’s discriminatory intent.” Hamilton, 680 F.3d at 1320.
        Another way to do this is through the “convincing mosaic” theory.
        Under it, “[a] triable issue of fact exists if the record, viewed in a
        light most favorable to the plaintiff, presents a convincing mosaic
        of circumstantial evidence that would allow a jury to infer inten-
        tional discrimination by the decisionmaker.” Jenkins v. Nell, 26
        F.4th 1243, 1250 (11th Cir. 2022) (citation and quotation marks
        omitted).
               We conclude that Brown has set forth sufficient evidence to
        allow a reasonable jury to conclude that discrimination was a mo-
        tivating factor behind Wrigley’s denial of Brown’s promotions. To
        be sure, when we consider only the direct evidence specific to the
        four promotions other than the March 2017 one, Brown has failed
        to raise a material issue of fact about whether Wrigley discrimi-
        nated. But the “convincing mosaic” theory allows Brown to add
        more general evidence of discriminatory intent to the equation.
                And here, that matters. Besides the circumstances we have
        described above, of the five positions that Brown applied for and
        was denied, three of them were initially filled by Wrigley on an
        “interim” basis before the same person was hired for the role per-
        manently. Brown presented evidence that these “interim posi-
        tions” were not advertised and were filled when supervisors asked
        employees—consistently white employees—to serve in that capac-
        ity, giving them a leg up in the application process for the perma-
        nent position. Then, when it came time to hire for the role
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        21-11328               Opinion of the Court                       17

        permanently, Wrigley almost inevitably hired the person who
        filled the interim role. In fact, it was undisputed that all three of
        the candidates who received the interim positions for the five pro-
        motions Brown sought and who were then were hired perma-
        nently instead of Brown were white. And the employees who were
        promoted over Brown for all five jobs were white.
               Not only that, but despite being passed over, in some cases,
        Brown was required to train the selected employee to do the man-
        agerial job. And he “was often tasked with training other Shift
        Leads and overseeing additional Lines in the absence of Leads.”
               The Flowery Branch plant has approximately 1,000 employ-
        ees, and 25% to 40% of the employees are Black. Yet Brown pre-
        sented evidence that in the more than 20 years he had been there,
        only three Black employees were ever promoted to management
        positions. Wrigley managers themselves could recall a total of only
        a handful of Black employees who were promoted to manage-
        ment, even though Black employees regularly applied for such pro-
        motions. And Brown, who earned a Bachelor’s degree, was con-
        sistently passed over for white candidates who had significantly less
        education—even though Brown was told on at least one occasion
        that obtaining another degree would help him receive a promo-
        tion.
               This raises a material issue of fact about whether discrimina-
        tion was a motivating factor in Wrigley’s denial of Brown’s March
        2017 promotion. And altogether, these tiles—the potential abuse
        of the “interim position” system, the fact that only white candidates
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        18                     Opinion of the Court               21-11328

        were promoted over Brown, the exceedingly low numbers of pro-
        motions of Black candidates, the fact that Wrigley regularly pro-
        moted white people with significantly less education than Brown
        while telling Brown that obtaining another degree would help him
        get a promotion, combined with the subjective nature of Wrigley’s
        proffered reasons for denying Brown’s promotions—are enough
        under the “convincing mosaic” theory to raise a material issue of
        fact over whether discrimination was a motivating factor in deny-
        ing Brown’s other four promotions. As we’ve noted, Wrigley of-
        fers subjective explanations for all of these points, and they may
        well be legitimate, but that is for a jury to determine.
               Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s grant of sum-
        mary judgment with respect to Brown’s Title VII race discrimina-
        tion claim under the convincing mosaic theory.
                                        IV.
               Under Title VII, an employer may not retaliate against an
        employee “because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful
        employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a
        charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an in-
        vestigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.” 42
        U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). The three-step, burden-shifting McDon-
        nell-Douglas framework also applies to cases of retaliation relying
        on circumstantial evidence. Brown v. Ala. Dep’t of Transp., 597
        F.3d 1160, 1181 (11th Cir. 2010).
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        21-11328                Opinion of the Court                         19

               To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must
        show that (1) he engaged in a statutorily protected activity; (2) he
        suffered an adverse employment action; and (3) a causal link exists
        between the protected activity and the adverse action. Pennington
        v. City of Huntsville, 261 F.3d 1262, 1266 (11th Cir. 2001). To es-
        tablish that a plaintiff engaged in statutorily protected expression,
        the plaintiff must show that he “had a good faith, reasonable belief
        that the employer was engaged in unlawful employment prac-
        tices.” Weeks v. Harden Mfg. Corp., 291 F.3d 1307, 1312 (11th Cir.
        2002) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Examples of pro-
        tected activities include formal complaints and informal com-
        plaints such as informally voicing complaints to superiors or using
        an employer’s internal grievance procedures. Rollins v. Fla. Dep’t
        of Law Enf’t, 868 F.2d 397, 400 (11th Cir. 1989). To engage in stat-
        utorily protected activity, the plaintiff must “explicitly or implicitly
        communicate[] a belief that the practice constitutes unlawful em-
        ployment discrimination.” Furcron v. Mail Ctrs. Plus, LLC, 843
        F.3d 1295, 1311 (11th Cir. 2016) (citation and quotation marks
        omitted) (alteration in original).
               “The causal link element is construed broadly so that a plain-
        tiff merely has to prove that the protected activity and the negative
        employment action are not completely unrelated.” Pennington,
        261 F.3d at 1266. (citation and quotation marks omitted). None-
        theless, the plaintiff must prove “that the desire to retaliate was the
        but-for cause of the challenged employment action.” Univ. of Tex.
        Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 352 (2013). A plaintiff can
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        20                      Opinion of the Court                   21-11328

        establish a causal link by showing that a desire to retaliate was the
        “determinative influence” on the employer’s decision to take an
        adverse action. See Sims v. MVM, Inc., 704 F.3d 1327, 1337 (11th
        Cir. 2013).
               The plaintiff may also prove causation by showing that the
        employer knew of his statutorily protected activity, and there was
        a close temporal proximity between this awareness and the adverse
        employment action. Higdon v. Jackson, 393 F.3d 1211, 1220 (11th
        Cir. 2004). In the absence of any other evidence tending to show
        causation, a claim of retaliation fails as a matter of law “[i]f there is
        a substantial delay between the protected expression and the ad-
        verse action.” Id. We have determined that a time interval of three
        to four months between the protected activity and termination is
        too attenuated, as a matter of law, to satisfy the causation element
        of a retaliation claim. Thomas v. Cooper Lighting, Inc., 506 F.3d
        1361, 1364 (11th Cir. 2007).
               Here, the district court held that Brown did not establish a
        prima facie case of retaliation because he did not show a causal con-
        nection between the alleged protected activities and any adverse
        actions. The protected activities that Brown engaged in included
        the following: complaining to supervisors in April 2017 about being
        passed over for the February and March 2017 promotions and ex-
        pressing that he believed that it was due to his race; filing an EEOC
        charge in February 2018; and commencing this lawsuit in August
        2018.
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        21-11328               Opinion of the Court                       21

               After Brown’s protected activity in April 2017, the next pro-
        motion denials were in October 2017 and January 2018. So at least
        five months passed between Brown’s complaints in April and his
        promotion denial in October, which is too long to show temporal
        proximity under our precedent. See Thomas, 506 F.3d at 1364.
        Plus, Brown presented no evidence that the people in charge of hir-
        ing for those positions knew that Brown had made the complaints.
               Brown also argues that he was retaliated against for his April
        2017 protected activity when Slotterback sent an email letting
        Brown’s team know that workloads would be increased, overtime
        would have to be requested 24 hours in advance, and “denying per-
        sonal assistance.” We assume, as the district court did, that any
        effects of the email would constitute an adverse action for retalia-
        tion purposes. But Brown failed to show that Slotterback was mo-
        tivated by a retaliatory intent when he sent that email. Slotterback
        sent the email to all the Shift Leads in Brown’s department, not just
        Brown. Nor was there any evidence, other than Brown’s unsub-
        stantiated assertions, that Slotterback knew at the time he sent the
        e-mail that it would lead to an increased workload for Brown. And
        again, there was no evidence that Slotterback knew about Brown’s
        complaints when he sent the email.
               As for the other protected activity, the only alleged adverse
        action that followed it was Brown’s demotion during the restruc-
        turing. But Wrigley provided legitimate nonretaliatory reasons for
        demoting Brown, which Brown did not rebut. Wrigley restruc-
        tured the entire Tab, and Brown presented no evidence that the
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        22                     Opinion of the Court                21-11328

        purpose of the restructuring was to retaliate against Brown. In-
        stead, Wrigley presented evidence of why it needed to restruc-
        ture—Tab sales had changed, and the department needed to switch
        from eight-hour shifts to twelve-hour shifts, resulting in too many
        Shift Leads in the department. Wrigley gave the associates in Tab
        a “volunteer form” to fill out, which allowed associates the chance
        to indicate the role they would prefer to move into if they were not
        selected to remain in Tab. On Brown’s volunteer form, he indi-
        cated that, of the positions listed, he preferred to move to the Pro-
        cessing Department as a Sheeting Operator on the afternoon shift.
        To determine which Shift Leads would not remain in the restruc-
        tured Tab and assess their pertinent competencies, the Shift Leads’
        managers completed a job-competency assessment for each of the
        Shift Leads. Of the eight Shift Leads, the managers ranked Brown
        last, so he was demoted to Senior Sheeting Operator in the Pro-
        cessing Department. Brown failed to show that this explanation
        for demoting him was pretext for retaliating against him for filing
        the EEOC complaint or the instant lawsuit.
               Brown either failed to rebut Wrigley’s legitimate reasons for
        its adverse actions against him or failed to show a causal link be-
        tween his protected activity and the adverse actions. Accordingly,
        the district court did not err in granting the defendants’ motion as
        to Brown’s retaliation claims, and we affirm.
                                         V.
             For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the grant of summary
        judgment on the retaliation claim, and we vacate the judgment on
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        21-11328              Opinion of the Court                    23

        the discrimination claims and remand for further proceedings con-
        sistent with the is opinion.
             AFFIRMED IN PART AND VACATED AND REMANDED
        IN PART.