Court Opinion

ID: 4533787
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-13 14:10:02.777109+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:38:55.470518
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Bergandine, 2020-Ohio-2922.]

                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                   DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 STATE OF OHIO                                   :   JUDGES:
                                                 :
                                                 :   Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                                 :   Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
 -vs-                                            :
                                                 :   Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054
                                                 :
 ALYSON S. BERGANDINE                            :
                                                 :
                                                 :
        Defendant-Appellant                      :   OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                             Appeal from the Delaware Municipal
                                                     Court, Case No. 19CRB01833

JUDGMENT:                                            AFFIRMED

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                              May 12, 2020

APPEARANCES:

 For Plaintiff-Appellee:                             For Defendant-Appellant:

 AMELIA BEAN-DEFLUMER                                ALYSON S. BERGANDINE, PRO SE
 ASSISTANT PROSECUTING ATTORNEY                      175 S. SANDUSKY STREET
 DELAWARE CITY PROSECUTOR                            DELAWARE, OHIO 43015
 70 NORTH UNION STREET
 DELAWARE, OHIO 43015
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                   2

Delaney, J.

         {¶1} Defendant-Appellant Alyson S. Bergandine appeals her October 8, 2019

conviction and sentence by the Delaware Municipal Court for a violation of 192.99(d)(13)

of the Codified Ordinances of the City of Delaware.

         {¶2} Preliminarily, we note this case is before this court on the accelerated

calendar which is governed by App.R. 11.1. Subsection (E), determination and judgment

on appeal, provides in pertinent part: “The appeal will be determined as provided by

App.R. 11.1. It shall be sufficient compliance with App.R. 12(A) for the statement of the

reason for the court's decision as to each error to be in brief and conclusionary form.”

         {¶3} One of the most important purposes of the accelerated calendar is to enable

an appellate court to render a brief and conclusory decision more quickly than in a case

on the regular calendar where the briefs, facts, and legal issues are more complicated.

Crawford v. Eastland Shopping Mall Assn., 11 Ohio App. 3d 158, 463 N.E.2d 655 (10th

Dist.1983).

         {¶4} This appeal shall be considered in accordance with the aforementioned

rules.

                         FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         {¶5} On August 1, 2019, W.S. Clinger, an employee of the City of Delaware

Income Tax Department, filed a Complaint with the Delaware Municipal Court against

Defendant-Appellant Alyson S. Bergandine. The complaint alleged:

         Complainant being duly sworn states that Alyson Bergandine on or about

         the 8th day of JULY, 2019, in Delaware County, Ohio, did attempt to do

         anything whatsoever to avoid the payment of the whole or any part of the
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                   3

       tax, penalties, or interest imposed by Chapter 192 of the Delaware Codified

       Ordinances, to wit: Failure to File/Failure to Pay 2016 & 2017 Delaware City

       Income Taxes. In violation of No. 192.99(d)(13) Del. Cod. Ord., 4th degree

       misdemeanor.

       {¶6} The Delaware Municipal Court clerk of court signed the complaint as sworn

and subscribed before her on August 1, 2019. The complaint was served by certified mail

on Bergandine on August 5, 2019.

       {¶7} On August 26, 2019, Bergandine entered a written plea of not guilty. She

also demanded that her case be tried within the time required by law. The trial court set

the matter for a pretrial on September 9, 2019. At the pretrial, Bergandine signed a written

waiver of her right to an attorney. On September 13, 2019, the matter was set for a jury

trial to be held on September 17, 2019. The scheduling order noted it was served by

telephone and email.

       {¶8} Bergandine filed a Request for Leave to File Pre-Trial Motions Out of Rule

on September 16, 2019. In her motion, she acknowledged on September 13, 2019, she

received email notice from the State that a jury trial was scheduled for September 17,

2019. She requested leave to file a Crim.R. 12(C) Motion to Dismiss.

       {¶9} The Crim.R. 12(C) Motion to Dismiss was filed on September 16, 2019. In

her motion, she argued the Complaint was not valid because the complainant, W.S.

Clinger, was not authorized to file the complaint, and therefore the trial court did not have

subject matter jurisdiction over the criminal matter.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                  4

       {¶10} On September 17, 2019, Bergandine filed a Motion for Continuance for

additional time to prepare her defense. The trial court granted the motion. The jury trial

was continued to October 8, 2019.

       {¶11} The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on September 17, 2019 on

Bergandine’s Motion to Dismiss. On October 1, 2019, Bergandine filed a “Supplement

and Motion to Reconsider Defendant’s Criminal Rule 12 Motion to Dismiss or in the

Alternative Defendant’s Request for Written Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.” In

the motion, Bergandine refers to a transcript of the hearing but Bergandine did not submit

a transcript of the hearing with her appeal. According to her motion, the trial court denied

her Motion to Dismiss on the record.

       {¶12} On October 1, 2019, the trial court denied Bergandine’s motion to

reconsider. The judgment entry referred to the September 17, 2019 hearing, “I heard

evidence and arguments on the motion to dismiss on September 17, 2019. At the

conclusion of the hearing I denied the motion to dismiss and stated the reasons therefore.

I need not state any additional reasons and see no reason to reconsider the decision.”

       {¶13} Bergandine filed a Motion to Suppress Evidence on October 3, 2019. She

moved to suppress the Complaint based on the same issues raised in her Crim.R. 12(C)

Motion to Dismiss. She also argued to suppress evidence, “which consists of a screen

shot of electronic notes kept by the tax dept, some notices purportedly sent to the

Defendant by the tax dept, and the Defendant’s water account information.” (Motion to

Suppress Evidence, Oct. 3, 2019).

       {¶14} The State responded to the Motion to Suppress with two memorandums.

The first memorandum responded to the merits of Bergandine’s Motion to Suppress. The
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                5

second memorandum argued that Bergandine’s Motion to Suppress was untimely filed

pursuant to Crim.R. 12(D).

       {¶15} On October 7, 2019, Bergandine filed Proposed Jury Instructions. The State

also filed its Proposed Jury Instructions.

       {¶16} A jury trial was held on October 8, 2019. The jury found Bergandine guilty

of attempting to Avoid Payment of Income Tax to the City of Delaware, in violation of

§192.99(d)(13) of the Codified Ordinances of the City of Delaware. The trial court

sentenced Bergandine to pay $200 in fines, suspended upon payment of court costs; 15

days in jail, suspended upon filing of City of Delaware Income Tax Returns within 90 days;

and one year of community control.

       {¶17} Bergandine filed a notice of appeal on October 14, 2019. She also filed a

motion to stay sentence, which the trial court granted.

                               ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       {¶18} Bergandine raises nine Assignments of Error:

       {¶19} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT MR. CLINGER WAS A

PRIVATE CITIZEN AND DENYING THE APPELLANT'S SEPTEMBER 16, 2019

MOTION TO DISMISS.

       {¶20} II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT W.S. CLINGER WAS

AUTHORIZED TO FILE CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS PURSUANT TO CRIMINAL RULE 3.

       {¶21} III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE COMPLAINT WAS

SUFFICIENT AND MET THE REQUIREMENTS SET FORTH IN R.C. 2935.17 AND THE

OHIO CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE IV. §20.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                  6

        {¶22} IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PROCEEDING IN THE MATTER

WITHOUT JURISDICTION.

        {¶23} V. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FAILING TO GIVE

THE APPELLANT REASONABLE NOTICE OF THE SEPTEMBER 17, 2019 TRIAL

DATE.

        {¶24} VI. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PREJUDICIAL ERROR BY

ADMITTING A PRIOR PLEA INTO EVIDENCE BEFORE THE JURY, VIOLATING

EVIDENTIARY RULE 410.

        {¶25} VII. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PREJUDICIAL ERROR WHEN IT

OMITTED THE APPELLANT'S JURY INSTRUCTION FOR CRIMINAL LIABILITY

UNDER R.C. 2901.21.

        {¶26} VIII. THE COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY REFUSING TO

PROVIDE WRITTEN FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW IN

RESPONSE TO APPELLANT'S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION AND WRITTEN

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW.

        {¶27} IX. THE COURT ERRED WHEN IT ALLOWED W.S. CLINGER, A NON-

ATTORNEY, TO PREPARE, DRAFT, AND FILE LEGAL DOCUMENTS ON BEHALF OF

THE STATE OF OHIO IN VIOLATION OF THE STATUTORY PROHIBITION ON THE

UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW.”

                                        ANALYSIS

                                      I. – IV. And IX.

        {¶28} For ease of discussion, we consider Bergandine’s first, second, third, fourth,

and ninth Assignments of Error together. In these Assignments of Error, she raises the
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                7

argument that the trial court erred when it denied her Crim.R. 12(C) Motion to Dismiss.

Crim. R. 12(C) states that any objection based on defects in the institution of the

prosecution must be raised by pretrial motion. Her Crim.R. 12(C) motion alleges the

Complaint was not valid under Crim.R. 3 and therefore did not invoke the subject matter

jurisdiction of the trial court. Upon review of the record before us, we disagree.

                                         Crim.R. 3

       {¶29} We begin our analysis with Crim.R. 3, which governs the requirements of a

valid complaint in Ohio. Crim.R. 3 states, in its entirety: “The complaint is a written

statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged. It shall also state the

numerical designation of the applicable statute or ordinance. It shall be made upon oath

before any person authorized by law to administer oaths.”

       {¶30} The Eleventh District Court of Appeals analyzed the requirements of

Crim.R. 3 in State v. Patterson, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 96–T–5439, 1998 WL 310737

(May 22, 1998). The court stated there are three requirements for a complaint to be valid

under Crim.R. 3:

       First, the complaint must set forth a written statement of the facts that

       constitute the essential elements of the offense charged. The essential

       elements of a given offense are those facts which must be proven to obtain

       a conviction of the accused. The complainant does not need to have

       personal knowledge of the facts stated in the complaint, but rather must

       only have reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the

       crime charged. The second requirement is that the complaint must state the

       numerical designation of the Revised Code section or municipal ordinance
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                 8

       which the defendant allegedly violated. Finally, the third requirement is that

       the complaint must be made under oath before any person authorized by

       law to administer oaths.

State v. Jones, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2010-P-0051, 2011-Ohio-5109, 2011 WL 4553117,

¶ 16 citing Patterson at *7.

       {¶31} The charging complaint in this case satisfies the three requirements of

Crim.R. 3. First, it sets forth a written statement of the facts constituting the essential

elements of the offense charged. Second, the Complaint states the numerical section of

the municipal ordinance. The Complaint states:

       Complainant being duly sworn states that Alyson Bergandine on or about

       the 8th day of JULY, 2019, in Delaware County, Ohio, did attempt to do

       anything whatsoever to avoid the payment of the whole or any part of the

       tax, penalties, or interest imposed by Chapter 192 of the Delaware Codified

       Ordinances, to wit: Failure to File/Failure to Pay 2016 & 2017 Delaware City

       Income Taxes. In violation of No. 192.99(d)(13) Del. Cod. Ord., 4th degree

       misdemeanor.

Third, the Complaint was made under oath by a person authorized by law to administer

oaths. The Complaint was sworn before the Clerk of Court for the Delaware Municipal

Court. “The primary purpose of the charging instrument in a criminal prosecution is to

inform the accused of the nature of the offense with which he or she is charged.” State v.

Jones, 2011-Ohio-5109, ¶ 21 quoting City of Cleveland v. Simpkins, 2011-Ohio-1249,

192 Ohio App. 3d 808, 950 N.E.3d 982, ¶ 6 (8th Dist.). The instant Complaint clearly
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                     9

informed Bergandine of the nature of the offense with which she was charged. The

Complaint is valid under Crim.R. 3.

                               Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       {¶32} Subject-matter jurisdiction is the power of a court to entertain and adjudicate

a particular class of cases. State v. Haddix, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2018CA00035, 2018-Ohio-

2833, 2018 WL 3458267, ¶ 5, citing Morrison v. Steiner, 32 Ohio St. 2d 86, 87, 290 N.E.2d
841 (1972). “Subject matter jurisdiction defines the power of the court over classes of

cases it may or may not hear. If a subject case falls within the class of cases over which

the court has subject matter jurisdiction, it is properly before the court. It is a function of

constitutional or legislative entitlement; it is not a function of the charging instrument. In

criminal matters the inquiry is whether the court is the proper forum to hear this type of

case.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Jones, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2010-P-0051, 2011-

Ohio-5109, 2011 WL 4553117, ¶ 23 citing State ex rel. Davet v. Pianka (Sept. 16, 1999),

8th Dist. No. 76337, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 4456, *12, 1999 WL 754511 citing State v.

Swiger (1998), 125 Ohio App. 3d 456, 708 N.E.2d 1033 appeal dismissed (1998), 82 Ohio

St.3d 1411, 694 N.E.2d 75. A court's subject-matter jurisdiction is determined without

regard to the rights of the individual parties involved in a particular case. State ex rel.

Tubbs Jones v. Suster, 84 Ohio St. 3d 70, 75, 701 N.E.2d 1002 (1998); Handy v. Ins. Co.,

37 Ohio St. 366, 370 (1881). Bank of Am., N.A. v. Kuchta, 141 Ohio St. 3d 75, 2014-Ohio-

4275, 21 N.E.3d 1040, ¶ 19 (2014).

       {¶33} This matter was brought before the Delaware Municipal Court. Municipal

courts are created by statute and their subject matter jurisdiction is set by statute. State

v. Jones, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2010-P-0051, 2011-Ohio-5109, 2011 WL 4553117, ¶ 24
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                    10

citing Cheap Escape Co. v. Haddox, L.L.C., 120 Ohio St. 3d 493, 900 N.E.2d 601, 2008–

Ohio-6323, ¶ 7, citing R.C. 1901.01. In criminal matters, the statute provides that a

municipal court has subject matter jurisdiction over misdemeanors committed within its

territorial jurisdiction. See R.C.1901.20(A)(1) (“[t]he municipal court has jurisdiction of * *

* the violation of any misdemeanor committed within the limits of its territory.”) The filing

of a valid complaint pursuant to Crim.R. 3 against a defendant invokes the jurisdiction of

a municipal court. City of Zanesville v. Rouse, 126 Ohio St. 3d 1, 929 N.E.2d 1044, 2010–

Ohio–2218, ¶ 4–5; State v. Mbodji, 129 Ohio St. 3d 325, 951 N.E.2d 1025, 2011–Ohio-

2880, ¶ 12. See, also, State v. Robinette (1997), 118 Ohio App. 3d 450, 454–455, 693
N.E.2d 305, citing New Albany v. Dalton (1995), 104 Ohio App. 3d 307, 661 N.E.2d 1132.

See, also, In re Burton S. (1999), 136 Ohio App. 3d 386, 391, 736 N.E.2d 928.

       {¶34} The Complaint charging Bergandine with failure to file city income taxes

was valid on its face pursuant to Crim.R. 3. Thus, the subject matter jurisdiction of the

Delaware Municipal Court was properly invoked upon the filing of the Complaint.

                             Authority to File the Complaint

       {¶35} Bergandine argues the trial court erred in finding Clinger, as a municipal

employee of the Income Tax Department, had authority to file the Complaint. She

contends Clinger was not a private citizen or peace officer; therefore, under R.C. 2935.09,

he could not file the Complaint against Bergandine.

       {¶36} The General Assembly amended R.C. 2935.09, effective June 30, 2006.

Am.H.B. No. 214, 151 Ohio Laws, Part III, 5973. The current version of the statute states,

in pertinent part:
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                    11

       (A) As used in this section, ‘reviewing official’ means a judge of a court of

       record, the prosecuting attorney or attorney charged by law with the

       prosecution of offenses in a court or before a magistrate, or a magistrate.

       (B) In all cases not provided by sections 2935.02 to 2935.08 of the Revised

       Code, in order to cause the arrest or prosecution of a person charged with

       committing an offense in this state, a peace officer or a private citizen having

       knowledge of the facts shall comply with this section.

       (C) A peace officer who seeks to cause an arrest or prosecution under this

       section may file with a reviewing official or the clerk of a court of record an

       affidavit charging the offense committed.

       (D) A private citizen having knowledge of the facts who seeks to cause an

       arrest or prosecution under this section may file an affidavit charging the

       offense committed with a reviewing official for the purpose of review to

       determine if a complaint should be filed by the prosecuting attorney or

       attorney charged by law with the prosecution of offenses in the court or

       before the magistrate. * * * ”

       {¶37} Under the current version of the statute, a “peace officer” may still “cause

prosecution” by filing an affidavit with a “reviewing official” (i.e., a judge or a prosecutor)

or the clerk of a court. R.C. 2935.09(C). However, a private citizen, to “cause prosecution,”

now must file an affidavit with a “reviewing official” for the purpose of review to determine

if a complaint should be filed by the prosecutor. State v. Jones, 2011-Ohio-5109, ¶ 41

citing R.C. 2935.09(D).
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                    12

       {¶38} The trial court determined that Clinger was acting as a “private citizen”

acting on behalf of the Income Tax Department when he filed the Complaint. In State v.

Jones, the Eleventh District Court of Appeals reviewed the issue of whether a Dog

Warden could be considered a “private citizen” for purposes of filing a criminal complaint

when acting on behalf of the Dog Warden’s Office. 2011-Ohio-5109, ¶ 51. Similarly, in

State v. Shutway, 2nd Dist. Champaign No. 2014-CA-10, 2015-Ohio-2433, ¶ 20, the court

reviewed whether a Health Inspector was a “private citizen” acting on behalf of the Health

Department when he filed a complaint for failure to vacate property. Id. The issue in both

courts was whether the Dog Warden and Health Inspector complied with the proper

procedures under R.C. 2935.09(D) when they filed the complaints. The courts, however,

determined in both cases that the defendants had waived the issue because they failed

to raise the matter before trial pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C). Shutway, 2015-Ohio-2433, ¶ 22;

Jones, 2011-Ohio-5109, ¶ 51.

       {¶39} In the present case, Bergandine raised the issue of whether Clinger was a

private citizen or peace officer in her Crim.R. 12(C) motion filed prior to trial. An

evidentiary hearing was held by the trial court on September 17, 2019. We have

determined from the appellate briefs that at the hearing, the State presented evidence

from the Delaware City Prosecutor and Clinger that they complied with the procedures of

R.C. 2935.09(D) with the filing of the Complaint. The trial court denied Bergandine’s

Crim.R. 12(C) motion at the conclusion of the September 17, 2019 hearing. The trial court

issued a judgment entry on October 1, 2019 denying Bergandine’s motion to reconsider

the issue. In the entry, the trial court stated it made its essential findings on the record.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                   13

       {¶40} Bergandine did not file with her appeal the written transcript of the

September 17, 2019 hearing at which evidence was presented on whether Clinger

complied with the procedures of R.C. 2935.09(D) upon filing of the Complaint. Pursuant

to App.R. 9(B)(1), “[i]t is the obligation of the appellant to ensure that the proceedings the

appellant considers necessary for inclusion in the record, however those proceedings

were recorded, are transcribed in a form that meets the specifications of App.R. 9(B)(6).”

Upon Bergandine’s failure to file a written transcript of the hearing where it was

determined that the City of Delaware and Clinger complied with proper procedures for the

filing of the Complaint against Bergandine, we must presume the regularity of the

proceedings before the trial court and affirm its decision to deny Bergandine’s Crim.R.

12(C) motion on the issue of Crim.R. 3. See, e.g., State v. Myers, Richland App. No.

2003CA0062, 2004–Ohio–3715, ¶ 14, citing Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories. (1980), 61
Ohio St. 2d 197, 400 N.E.2d 384.

       {¶41} We overrule Bergandine’s first, second, third, fourth, and ninth Assignments

of Error.

                                             V.

       {¶42} In her fifth Assignment of Error, Bergandine contends the trial court abused

its discretion by failing to give her reasonable notice of the original September 17, 2019

trial date. The State acknowledges that Bergandine did not receive service of notice of

the trial date until September 13, 2019.

       {¶43} We find any prejudice due to lack of timely notice was harmless, however,

because on September 17, 2019, Bergandine requested the trial court continue the trial
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                   14

date. The trial court granted the continuance and the matter was set for trial on October

8, 2019.

       {¶44} Bergandine’s fifth Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                             VI.

       {¶45} Bergandine argues in her sixth Assignment of Error that the trial court

committed prejudicial error by admitting a prior plea into evidence before the jury, violating

Evid.R. 410. At trial, the State submitted as evidence a prior written not guilty plea in

which Bergandine had signed her name and provided a City of Delaware address. In its

appellate brief, the State asserts there was “an extensive discussion between the parties

and the trial court regarding what should be redacted from the document.” Bergandine

allegedly agreed with the redactions and did not object to the admission of the redacted

copy. The redacted copy of the written guilty plea was submitted as State’s Exhibit 4.

       {¶46} A trial court possesses broad discretion with respect to the admission of

evidence and an appellate court will not disturb evidentiary rulings absent an abuse of

discretion that produced a material prejudice to the defendant. (Citation omitted.) State v.

Roberts, 156 Ohio App. 3d 352, 2004-Ohio-962, 805 N.E.2d 594, ¶ 14 (9th Dist.). “Abuse

of discretion” connotes more than a mere error of law or judgment, instead requiring a

finding the trial court's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. In re

Consol. Mtge. Satisfaction Cases, 97 Ohio St. 3d 465, 2002-Ohio-6720, 780 N.E.2d 556,

¶ 5, citing Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St. 3d 217, 219, 5 OBR 481, 450 N.E.2d 1140

(1983). When applying an abuse of discretion standard, an appellate court may not

substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd. 66 Ohio

St.3d 619, 621, 614 N.E.2d 748 (1993).
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                  15

       {¶47} In support of her appeal, Bergandine submitted a video disc of the jury trial

held on October 8, 2019. Pursuant to App.R. 9(B)(1), “[i]t is the obligation of the appellant

to ensure that the proceedings the appellant considers necessary for inclusion in the

record, however those proceedings were recorded, are transcribed in a form that meets

the specifications of App.R. 9(B)(6).” A video recording is insufficient for appellate review

pursuant to App.R. 9. See State v. Lisac, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2012-G-3056, 2012-

Ohio-5224, ¶ 2. When portions of the transcript necessary for resolution of assigned

errors are omitted from the record, the reviewing court has nothing to pass upon and thus,

as to those assigned errors, the court has no choice but to presume the validity of the

lower court's proceedings, and affirm. Knapp v. Edwards Lab., 61 Ohio St. 2d 197, 400
N.E.2d 384 (1980). We have no record upon which review the trial court’s resolution of

the evidentiary issue allegedly raised at trial. Pursuant to Knapp, we presume the validity

of the trial court’s admission of State’s Exhibit 4 and overrule Bergandine’s sixth

Assignment of Error.

                                             VII.

       {¶48} In her seventh Assignment of Error, Bergandine contends the trial court

erred when it omitted her proposed jury instructions. We disagree.

       {¶49} Crim.R. 30(A) states:

       (A) Instructions; Error; Record. At the close of the evidence or at such earlier

       time during the trial as the court reasonably directs, any party may file

       written requests that the court instruct the jury on the law as set forth in the

       requests. Copies shall be furnished to all other parties at the time of making

       the requests. The court shall inform counsel of its proposed action on the

       requests prior to counsel's arguments to the jury and shall give the jury
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                                  16

       complete instructions after the arguments are completed. The court also

       may give some or all of its instructions to the jury prior to counsel's

       arguments. The court shall reduce its final instructions to writing or make

       an audio, electronic, or other recording of those instructions, provide at least

       one written copy or recording of those instructions to the jury for use during

       deliberations, and preserve those instructions for the record.

       On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give

       any instructions unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider

       its verdict, stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the

       objection. Opportunity shall be given to make the objection out of the

       hearing of the jury.

       {¶50} Bergandine does not point to the record where she objected to the jury

instructions pursuant to Crim.R. 30(A). Accordingly, she may not assign as error the

failure to give an instruction.

       {¶51} Bergandine’s seventh Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                            VIII.

       {¶52} In her eighth Assignment of Error, Bergandine argues the trial court erred

when it declined to issue written findings of fact and conclusions of law in regards to her

Crim.R. 12(C) motion. Bergandine states the trial court was required to issue written

findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Crim.R. 12(F), which states, “Where

factual issues are involved in determining a motion, the court shall state its essential

findings on the record.” As the trial court stated in its October 1, 2019 judgment entry

denying Bergandine’s motion to reconsider, it stated its reasons for denying the Crim.R.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAC 10 0054                                          17

12(C) on the record at the September 17, 2019 evidentiary hearing. Bergandine did not

submit a written transcript of that hearing with her appeal.

       {¶53} We find no prejudicial error by the trial court. Bergandine’s eighth

Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                      CONCLUSION

       {¶54} The judgment of the Delaware Municipal Court is affirmed.

By: Delaney, J.,

Wise, John, P.J. and

Wise, Earle, J., concur.