Court Opinion

ID: 9901585
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 06:05:47.001029+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:35.524293
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   November 21, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 365340
                                                                   Calhoun Circuit Court
WILBERT JAMES LOWE II,                                             LC No. 2022-001082-FC

               Defendant-Appellee.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 365460
                                                                   Calhoun Circuit Court
THOMAS HARDING SMITH III,                                          LC No. 2022-001089-FC

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: GLEICHER, C.J., and SWARTZLE and YATES, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        These consolidated appeals present the same question: whether the trial court correctly
suppressed purported dying declarations made by Quinton Williams that identified defendants
Wilbert Lowe II and Thomas Smith III as responsible for the shooting that led to Williams’s death.
The trial court ruled the statements inadmissible under MRE 804(b)(2), and we affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       Williams was shot on June 28, 2020, in Albion, Michigan. Detective William Lazarus
responded to the scene around 5:00 p.m. to investigate a report of shots fired, and he discovered
Williams lying in the front yard of a home, bleeding with multiple bullet wounds. Other officers

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also responded. Williams was transported to the hospital, where he underwent emergency surgery,
but he died within a month of the shooting.

        Before his death, Williams made three separate identifying statements now at issue.
Williams first identified Lowe and Smith as his shooters to Deputy Suleiman Sumbal after being
loaded into an ambulance at the scene. Williams repeated the accusation, and explained to Sumbal
the circumstances of the shooting, once he was at the hospital and before undergoing emergency
surgery. Both statements were recorded on Sumbal’s body camera. Finally, the day after the
shooting, while Williams was intubated and unable to speak following his surgery, he used a white
board to ask, “where those n*****s at[?]” Williams followed this question by writing four names,
again identifying Lowe and Smith. Williams’s wife, Felish Williams (Felish), took a picture of
the whiteboard and sent it to police. Williams never directly expressed any fear or belief of
impending death before or during these statements. However, following these statements, either
on the third or fourth day of William’s hospitalization and after he was intubated for a second time,
he asked his doctor via the white board whether he was dying.

        The prosecution charged both defendants with open murder, MCL 750.316, and several
other charges. Both Lowe and Smith moved to suppress Williams’s statements of identification,
arguing that they were inadmissible and did not qualify as dying declarations because they were
insufficiently supported by either direct or circumstantial evidence that Williams made the
statements under a belief of impending death. The prosecution responded that Williams’s
statements were admissible under MRE 804(b)(2) because circumstantial evidence allowed a
reasonable inference that Williams made the statements while under the reasonable belief that he
faced impending death. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on defendants’ motions.

       After reviewing the relevant body camera video, photographs, testimony, and Williams’s
autopsy report, the trial court agreed with Lowe and Smith, and suppressed William’s purported
dying declarations. The court reasoned as follows:

               The Court is well aware, as I know the parties are, that dying declarations
       are extremely rare. They just don’t happen very often and they are uncommonly
       used, very seldom used in prosecution of cases, of cases because they don’t happen
       very often. When statements do happen, very rarely do they happen under the
       specific circumstances that are required under the rule of evidence for them to be
       admissible.

               I appreciate [the prosecution’s] efforts in this regard on behalf of the victim
       to bring justice for Mr. Williams’ death and wanting to use the specific evidence in
       the prosecution. It can be very damning, given what I’ve heard. If it was admitted,
       it would be very damning.

               However, there is a rule. And that is 804(b)(2), which is statements under
       belief of impending death. And the one thing I would say is injury, pain is not
       impending death. Surgery is not impending death. Impending death is when the
       person—and we had a lot of reference to the outside circumstances, which I
       understand, but I’m looking at Mr. Williams. And did he ever indicate, behave in

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       any way [to] direct attention to the fact that hey, I’m dying. Yes, he did. Four days
       after he was in the hospital. That’s when he asked the doctor am I dying.

             There were some issues on the scene where he said I’m going down. But if
       you watch the video, he’s going down physically. He’s going down to the ground
       when he was trying to stand up to get on the gurney. So that’s my interpretation of
       that.

               And when he’s talking in the ambulance, he’s very coherent. They were
       working on him, yes. There was no indication through the tenor of his voice,
       through his actions that he is, in any way, concerned about passing away, other then
       [sic] he’s just trying to give information to the officer. Now as he indicated, he was
       away from the scene, he’s giving them the information—not because he’s dying;
       because he said he would later one [sic] when he was away from there.

              Then when he’s in the trauma room or emergency room, he gives a
       statement. There’s no indication based upon his behavior, the tone of his voice, the
       emotion that he’s showing, that he believes he’s going to die.

               Again, with his wife, he is on a ventilator and he’s writing out on a white
       board. But again, there is no indication whatsoever that he has a belief of
       impending death. Only four days after he’s admitted, so three days, two days after
       he, uh, makes the statement on the white board, does he indicate that he asked the
       question of the doctor am I dying.

               And I think [Smith’s counsel] made a comment that if he had written out
       these names or made a statement after that, uh, it would be a more interesting
       question than this one. But when I look at the three prongs of this test as set forth
       in the rules of evidence and the case law that’s been cited by the parties, the
       different interpretations, prong number two simply has not been, been met in this
       case. There is no indication that when [Williams] made these statements, naming
       these names, was he under the impression that he was going to be dying. And
       therefore, they’re not admissible in trial and will not be admitted.

These appeals followed.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

        We review a trial court’s admission of evidence under a hearsay exception for an abuse of
discretion. People v Stamper, 480 Mich 1, 4; 742 NW2d 607 (2007). “An abuse of discretion
occurs when the court chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 259; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).

        “Hearsay is a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while testifying at the
trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 801(c)
(quotation marks omitted). Generally, hearsay is “inadmissible unless it falls under one of the
hearsay exceptions set forth in the Michigan Rules of Evidence.” Stamper, 480 Mich at 3; see also
MRE 802. MRE 804(b)(2) is a hearsay exception “commonly known as the dying declaration

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exception.” Stamper, 480 Mich at 4. MRE 804(b)(2) “provides that a statement by a declarant is
admissible if the declarant is unavailable as a witness and the statement was made ‘while believing
that the declarant’s death was imminent, concerning the cause or circumstances of what the
declarant believed to be impending death.’ ” Id., quoting MRE 804(b)(2). Our Supreme Court
instructed in Stamper:

                  Before admitting a statement as a dying declaration, the trial court must
          make a preliminary investigation of the facts and circumstances surrounding the
          statement. The trial court, in advance of the proof of the declaration itself, may
          allow evidence as to the circumstances under which the dying declaration was taken
          to show whether it was really taken when the declarant was under the conviction of
          approaching and inevitable death . . . . If the surrounding circumstances clearly
          establish that the declarant was in extremis[1] and believed that his death was
          impending, the court may admit statements concerning the cause or circumstances
          of the declarant’s impending death as substantive evidence under MRE 804(b)(2).
          [Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted; omission in original).]

        “It is fundamental that a dying declaration is inadmissible in evidence, unless made under
a solemn belief of impending death.” People v Johnson, 334 Mich 169, 173; 54 NW2d 206 (1952)
(quotation marks omitted). However, “the rule imposes no requirement that the declarant actually
died in order for a statement to be admissible as a dying declaration.” People v Orr, 275 Mich
App 587, 596; 739 NW2d 385 (2007). Additionally, it is unnecessary “for the declarant to have
actually stated that he knew he was dying in order for the statement to be admissible as a dying
declaration.” People v Siler, 171 Mich App 246, 251; 429 NW2d 865 (1988).2 “The declarant’s
belief may be shown by the apparent fatal quality of the wound, by statements made to the
declarant by the doctor or by others that his condition is hopeless, and by other circumstances.”
People v Schinzel, 86 Mich App 337, 343; 272 NW2d 648 (1978), rev’d on other grounds 406
Mich 888 (1979).

       Williams unquestionably sustained life-threatening gunshot wounds. The issue here is
whether “the surrounding circumstances clearly establish[ed] that . . . [Williams] was in extremis
and believed that his death was impending” when he identified the shooters. See Stamper, 480
Mich at 4. As mentioned, Williams made three apparent statements of identification at issue
here—two to Deputy Sumbal on the day of the shooting, and one to his wife, Felish, the next day.

1
    The phrase “in extremis” means “in the last illness.” Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed), p 699.
2
 Although this Court is not required to follow cases decided before November 1, 1990, see MCR
7.215(J)(1), a published case decided by this Court “has precedential effect under the rule of stare
decisis,” MCR 7.215(C)(2). See also Woodring v Phoenix Ins Co, 325 Mich App 108, 114-115;
923 NW2d 607 (2018) (stating that although this Court is not “strictly required to follow
uncontradicted opinions from this Court decided before November 1, 1990,” those opinions are
nonetheless “considered to be precedent and entitled to significantly greater deference than are
unpublished cases.”).

                                                 -4-
       As an initial matter, viewed in isolation, some circumstantial evidence allows an inference
that Williams believed his death was imminent when identifying Smith and Lowe as the shooters.
Williams was shot at least three times, once each in the shoulder, thigh, and stomach. Both
Detective Lazarus and Officer Dan Riley testified that when they arrived on scene, Williams was
lying on the ground with his shirt soaked in blood. Lazarus described Williams as “bleeding
profusely” and in poor condition. Williams had difficulty breathing and repeatedly asked for help.
He also specifically requested medical assistance. On several occasions, Williams lost
consciousness or bordered on a loss of consciousness. And Williams needed assistance after
unsuccessfully attempting to place himself on a gurney.

       Felish testified that she could see the fear in Williams’s eyes when he looked at her. Both
Lazarus and Riley worked to stem additional blood loss, and Lazarus did not think Williams was
going “to be okay.” Further, Williams was emergently transported to the hospital, treated by two
medics on the way, and required emergency surgery.

        Considering these circumstances in isolation, the evidence sufficed to sustain an inference
that Williams believed he faced imminent death when he identified Smith and Lowe as his
shooters. See People v Haynes, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
July 16, 2009 (Docket No. 281998), pp 5-6 (hearsay statement of the declarant identifying the
shooter was admissible as a dying declaration where the victim was holding his chest and bleeding,
experiencing significant pain, and in dire physical condition when he made the statement); People
v Jackson, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued November 6, 2007
(Docket No. 271805), pp 3-4 (hearsay statement of the declarant identifying the assailant was
admissible as a dying declaration where the victim, a “physically weak, wheelchair-bound, 87-
year-old man,” (1) was stabbed four times in the neck; (2) bled out significantly, felt cold, looked
pale, and was drifting in and out of consciousness by the time help arrived; and (3) deteriorated
significantly once hospitalized).

         However, all the circumstances surrounding the giving of the statement must be considered
when deciding whether Williams was in extremis and believed his death was impending. Here,
the record reveals a lack of any sense of urgency on Williams’s part to disclose the identity of his
assailants. He was repeatedly asked by Lazarus and Riley about the circumstances of the shooting
and the identity of the shooter or shooters. Each question produced essentially the same answer:
“Yeah, I know [who shot me], I need to get help first. . . . I’m gonna tell you what’s going on[,
i.e., what happened], just get me some help.” Additionally, while waiting for the ambulance to
arrive, Williams repeatedly asked for someone to get his cell phone out of his car, and Lazarus
testified that Williams initially seemed more concerned about his cell phone than his injuries.
Further, when the ambulance arrived, Williams attempted to get onto the gurney himself, albeit
without success. According to Deputy Sumbal, Williams seemed “pretty alert” and able to respond
to questioning.

        Williams expressed no sense of any need for urgent disclosure of the identify of his
assailants. His consistent and repeated responses, his preoccupation with his cell phone, his
general alertness, and his attempt to stand independently all tend to refute that Williams held a
present belief of his own imminent death. Rather, these facts strongly suggest that Williams
believed that after prompt medical attention, he would be alive to identify his assailants to the
police in the future.

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        Indeed, the body camera videos show that once medical assistance was underway in the
ambulance and at the hospital, Williams readily volunteered the identity of his assailants and
provided a coherent description of the events of the shooting. He did so in a clear and strong voice.
The videos reveal no obvious evidence of panic from Williams when he gave his first two
identifying statements, and no sense that Williams was in a race against time to identify his
assailants before his life ended. Contra People v Thompson, unpublished per curiam opinion of
the Court of Appeals, issued January 24, 2013 (Docket No. 305760), pp 2-3 (the declarant clearly
believed his death was imminent not only because of “the nature and location” of the victim’s
gunshot wound, but also given “the victim’s progressively worsening condition,” “heightened
desperation for assistance” and increasingly frequent pleas for help during a 911 call, as well as
his panic and hysterics once police arrived).

        Regarding the final statement of identification via white board, Felish testified that
Williams used the white board to first ask where their daughter was. As discussed, he then asked
a question, and followed the question by listing four names, purportedly again identifying Lowe
and Smith as his shooters. The content of these last two communications suggests that the
disclosure of identity was made in anger, not fear of imminent death. Finally, the record disclosed
that Williams first asked about whether he was dying two or three days after the shooting, after all
of the statements at issue, after he underwent emergency surgery, after he was briefly removed
from the ventilator, and after being placed on a ventilator again. We find it significant that
Williams made his first clear indication of concern for his possible death at least one day after his
final identifying statement, and only after an unsuccessful attempt to remove him from the
ventilator.3

         Given the conflicting evidence here, it was not outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes for the trial court to conclude that the surrounding circumstances, in totality,
did not clearly establish that Williams was in extremis and believed that his death was impending
at the time of his various statements.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                              /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                              /s/ Christopher P. Yates

3
  Felish was unsure whether Williams made his question to the doctor about dying on the third or
fourth day of his hospitalization, but she said this “probably” occurred on the fourth day. Felish
testified that Williams’s ventilator was initially removed on the third day, but he was reintubated
within 24 hours and subsequently questioned the doctor about whether he was dying.

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