Court Opinion

ID: 4360373
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-19 01:00:21.226112+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:23.439276
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Fifth Circuit

                               No. 17-30397                      FILED
                                                          January 18, 2019
                                                            Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                 Clerk
JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES, L.L.C.,
on Behalf of Its Patients, Physicians, and Staff,
Doing Business as Hope Medical Group for Women;
JOHN DOE 1; JOHN DOE 2,

                                         Plaintiffs–Appellees,

versus

DOCTOR REBEKAH GEE, in Her Capacity as
Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals,

                                         Defendant−Appellant.
.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Louisiana

               ON PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC
                  Opinion 905 F.3d 787 (Sept. 26, 2018)

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, SMITH, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
     Treating the petition for rehearing en banc as a petition for panel
rehearing, the petition for panel rehearing is DENIED. The court having been
polled at the request of one of its members, and a majority of the judges who
                                       No. 17-30397
are in regular active service and not disqualified not having voted in favor
(FED. R. APP. P. 35 and 5TH CIR. R. 35), the petition for rehearing en banc is
DENIED. * In the poll, 6 judges voted in favor of rehearing (Chief Judge
Stewart and Judges Dennis, Southwick, Graves, Higginson, and Costa), and
9 judges voted against rehearing (Judges Jones, Smith, Owen, Elrod, Haynes,
Willett, Ho, Engelhardt, and Oldham).

ENTERED FOR THE COURT:

        /s/ Jerry E. Smith                .
JERRY E. SMITH
United States Circuit Judge

     *   Judge Duncan is recused and did not participate in the consideration of the petition.

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                                    No. 17-30397
JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge, joined by Judges Higginbotham, Graves,
and Higginson, dissenting: 1
      I respectfully but strenuously dissent from the court’s refusal to rehear
en banc the panel’s two-judge majority opinion upholding as constitutional the
Louisiana Unsafe Abortion Protection Act (“Act 620”), which requires an
abortion provider to have admitting privileges at a hospital within thirty miles
of the site of an abortion. The panel majority opinion is in clear conflict with
the Supreme Court’s decision in Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S.
Ct. 2292 (2016) (“WWH”), holding unconstitutional an almost identical Texas
admitting privileges requirement that served as a model for Act 620. The panel
majority’s attempt to distinguish WWH is meritless because it is based on an
erroneous and distorted version of the undue burden test required by WWH
and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
The panel majority also improperly reverses the district court’s well-supported
factual findings regarding the devastating effects on women’s rights to
abortion that will result from Louisiana’s admitting-privileges requirement,
instead retrying those facts de novo at the appellate level. The panel majority
refuses to acknowledge, much less discuss, these mistakes, even though the
panel dissenter, Judge Higginbotham, cogently pointed them out. See June
Medical, 905 F.3d 787, 816 (5th Cir. 2018) (Higginbotham, J., dissenting). A
majority of the en banc court repeats this mistake, apparently content to rely
on strength in numbers rather than sound legal principles in order to reach
their desired result in this specific case. The important constitutional issues
involved in this case deserve consideration by the full court more so than most
others for which the court has granted en banc rehearing. It is disconcerting

      1  Judge Higginbotham dissents from the denial of rehearing en banc for the reasons
stated in his dissent from the panel decision and joins Judge Dennis’s dissent.
                                           3
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and telling that a panel and now the active circuit judges by slim majorities
have refused to even acknowledge, much less openly discuss, the implications
this case will have on our important doctrines of stare decisis and clear error
review of trial court factual findings.

                              I. BACKGROUND

A.    Act 620
      Act 620 was signed into law in Louisiana in June 2014. It requires “that
every physician who performs or induces an abortion shall ‘have active
admitting privileges at a hospital that is located not further than thirty miles
from the location at which the abortion is performed or induced.’” “[A]ctive
admitting privileges” means “the physician is a member in good standing of
the medical staff of a hospital that is currently licensed by the department,
with the ability to admit a patient and to provide diagnostic and surgical
services to such patient.”
      Act 620 reflects its legislative environment and Louisiana’s longstanding
opposition to abortions.     Louisiana has legislated multiple restrictions on
access to abortions, such as an ultrasound requirement, a mandatory 24-hour
waiting period, and a trigger ban that would reinstate Louisiana’s total ban on
abortions in the event Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) is abrogated. Advocacy
groups and the bill’s primary sponsor, Representative Katrina Jackson,
expressed an intent to restrict abortion rather than further women’s health
and safety through the passage of Act 620.       For example, Representative
Jackson stated that the Act would “build on our past work to protect life in our
state” and would protect “unborn children.” An anti-abortion advocacy group
sent Representative Jackson an email praising the bill because of its similarity
to the Texas law that would ultimately be at issue in WWH, noting that Texas’s

                                          4
                                       No. 17-30397
law had “tremendous success in closing abortion clinics and restricting
abortion access in Texas.” 2
B.     WWH
       While this lawsuit challenging Act 620 was pending in the district court,
the Supreme Court’s decision in WWH invalidated the nearly identical Texas
admitting privileges requirement. In so doing, the Supreme Court set out
several basic legal principles that the district court applied in the instant case.
First, while recognizing that states have a legitimate interest in ensuring that
abortions are conducted safely, the Court reiterated its prior holding in Casey
that a statute that “has the effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path
of a woman’s choice” is unconstitutional even though it furthers a valid state
interest. WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2309 (quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 877) (quotation
marks omitted).        Explicitly referring to Casey’s undue burden test as a
balancing test, the Court emphasized that “[u]nnecessary health regulations
that have the purpose or effect of presenting a substantial obstacle to a woman
seeking an abortion impose an undue burden on the right.” Id.
       The Court in WWH invalidated this circuit’s prior formulation of the
undue burden test because it failed to “consider the burdens a law imposes on
abortion access together with the benefits those laws confer.” Id. Our prior,
abrogated test isolated the benefits and burdens from each other analytically,
rather than considering the benefits and burdens together, and upheld a state
abortion restriction as “‘constitutional if: (1) it does not have the purpose or
effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an

       2Texas’s H.B. 2 was basically identical to the Louisiana law at issue here: it contained
the same so-called “admitting-privileges requirement,” mandating that abortion providers
“have active admitting privileges at a hospital that . . . is located not further than 30 miles
from the location at which the abortion is performed or induced.” WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2299
(quoting TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 171.0031(a)).
                                              5
                                       No. 17-30397
abortion of a nonviable fetus; and (2) it is reasonably related to (or designed to
further) a legitimate state interest.’” 3 Id. (quoting Whole Woman’s Health v.
Cole, 790 F.3d 563, 572 (5th Cir. 2015)). The first prong of this test, according
to the Court in WWH, was directly contrary to Casey, as it “may be read to
imply that a district court should not consider the existence or nonexistence of
medical benefits when considering whether a regulation of abortion constitutes
an undue burden.” Id. Instead, as the Court explained, the burdens and
benefits of the law must be weighed against each other. 4 Id.
       Applying these principles, the Supreme Court in WWH reversed the
Fifth Circuit’s holding that Texas’s admitting privileges requirement was
constitutional, holding instead that “there is adequate legal and factual
support for the District Court’s conclusion” that “the legislative change
imposed an ‘undue burden’ on a woman’s right to have an abortion.” Id. at
2310–11. The Court affirmed the district court’s finding that Texas’s admitting
privileges requirement “brought about no . . . health-related benefit,” and the
requirement “does not serve any relevant credentialing function.” Id. at 2311,
2313. “At the same time,” it held, “the admitting-privileges requirement places
a ‘substantial obstacle in the path of a woman’s choice.’” Id. at 2312 (quoting
Casey, 505 U.S. at 877). Specifically, the Court determined that “the record
contains sufficient evidence” to support the district court’s finding that half of
Texas’s clinics closed because of Texas’s H.B. 2, meaning “fewer doctors, longer

       3 This court first applied this abrogated, two-part analysis in the context of admitting
privileges requirements in Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas Surgical Health Services v.
Abbott, 748 F.3d 583, 590 (5th Cir. 2014).
       4 Likewise, the WWH Court concluded that the second prong of the Fifth Circuit’s prior

formulation of the undue burden test, requiring only that the requirement be “reasonably
related to (or designed to further) a legitimate state interest,” was “wrong to equate the
judicial review applicable to the regulation of a constitutionally protected personal liberty
with the less strict review applicable where, for example, economic legislation is at issue.”
Id.
                                              6
                                   No. 17-30397
waiting times, and increased crowding” for women seeking abortions in Texas.
Id. at 2313.

C.    The District Court’s Decision in the Instant Case
      Faced with a challenge to Act 620 by several abortion clinics and doctors,
the district court properly declared Act 620 facially invalid and permanently
enjoined its enforcement. Employing the principles set forth in WWH, the
district court made detailed findings of fact, some necessarily based on
credibility determinations, and reached the following conclusions: (1) Act 620
does nothing to protect women’s health; (2) it imposes serious burdens on a
woman’s choice; and (3) those burdens vastly outweigh the nonexistent
benefits. Based on ample record evidence, the district court determined that,
because abortions are extremely safe, low-risk procedures and admitting
privileges are not necessary to address any unlikely complications that may
arise, Act 620 “provides no benefits to women and is an inapt remedy for a
problem that does not exist.”        The district court then determined that
“[a]dmitting privileges also do not serve ‘any relevant credentialing function,’”
and “[a]s the record in this case demonstrates, physicians are sometimes
denied privileges, explicitly or de facto, for reasons unrelated to [medical]
competency.” This finding was premised on extensive evidence about the
multitude of reasons the doctors were actually denied admitting privileges in
Louisiana hospitals:
               [B]oth by virtue of by-laws and how privileges
               applications are handled in actual practice, hospitals
               may deny privileges or decline to consider an
               application for privileges for myriad reasons unrelated
               to competency. Examples include the physician’s
               expected usage of the hospital and intent to admit and
               treat patients there, the number of patients the
               physician has treated in the hospital in the recent
                                            7
                                      No. 17-30397
              past, the needs of the hospital, the mission of the
              hospital, or the business model of the hospital.
              Furthermore, hospitals may grant privileges only to
              physicians employed by and on the staff of the
              hospital. And university-affiliated hospitals may grant
              privileges only to faculty members.
       Further, at least two doctors were denied privileges explicitly because of
the hospitals’ (or hospitals staffs’) objections to their active abortion practices,
and the state’s expert conceded that Louisiana law allows hospitals to reject
applicants for privileges because of such objections.
       Before proceeding to the burdens side of the Supreme Court’s balancing
test, the district court made specific findings about the current abortion
providers’ inability to obtain admitting privileges required by Act 620. The
district court found that “notwithstanding the good faith efforts of Does 1, 2, 4,
5, and 6 to comply with the Act by getting active admitting privileges at a
hospital within 30 miles of where they perform abortions, they have had very
limited success for reasons related to Act 620 and not related to their
competence.” 5 Additionally, the district court determined that Doe 3 would
cease his abortion practice due to Act 620 if it causes him to be “the last
physician performing abortion in either the entire state or in the northern part
of the state” because he fears “he [would] become an even greater target for
anti-abortion violence.” The district court found this testimony “credible and
supported by the weight of other evidence in the record.”
       The district court then found that Act 620 imposed numerous burdens
on a woman’s choice. The district court determined that only one physician,
Doe 5, would be left performing abortions in the state if the Act were to go into

       5 The doctors’ names in this case are under seal and were referred to as Doe 1 through
6 in the district court and appellate decisions, using masculine pronouns even though some
are women. I mirror that practice here.
                                             8
                                     No. 17-30397
effect, and “this one physician will not be able to perform 10,000 procedures
per year,” which is roughly how many abortion procedures women seek in
Louisiana. Two of the three remaining abortion clinics would be forced to close
as they would have no physician with legally sufficient admitting privileges. 6
The remaining clinic, with the one remaining physician in Louisiana, would be
unable to meet the annual demand for roughly 10,000 abortions in the state.
Recruiting new abortion doctors with admitting privileges would become even
more difficult. Given that the remaining abortion doctor, Doe 5, has performed
almost 3,000 abortions per year in the past, the district court found that, based
on the total demand of approximately 10,000 abortions, “approximately 70% of
the women in Louisiana seeking an abortion would be unable to get an abortion
in Louisiana.” Further, the district court determined that “[t]here would be no
physician in Louisiana providing abortions between 17 weeks and 21 weeks, 6
days gestation.” Women in poverty, who make up a high percentage of women
seeking abortions in Louisiana, would be especially burdened by the closures,
because any travel, child care, and required time off work would burden them
disproportionately.      And women living in northern Louisiana “will face
substantially increased travel distances to reach [the only remaining] abortion
provider in New Orleans,” with women in Bossier and Shreveport, for example,
facing a drive of approximately 320 miles. Finally, the district court found
substantial burdens, even for women who would be able to access an abortion
clinic.       These women would “face lengthy delays, pushing them to later
gestational ages with associated risks”; “candidates for medication abortion
would have difficulty obtaining an abortion before that method becomes

         By the time of the district court’s ruling, two additional clinics, Causeway and
          6

Bossier, had closed, and the district court drew no inferences as to whether Act 620 caused
those closures.
                                            9
                                      No. 17-30397
unavailable”; “women toward the end of the first trimester would have
difficulty obtaining an appointment before they reach 16 weeks”; and “[w]omen
past 16 weeks . . . will be left without any provider at all.”
       Based on these detailed findings, the district court concluded that the
record did not support a finding that the Act would benefit women’s health,
“but it is clear that the Act will drastically burden women’s right to choose
abortions.” Accordingly, the district court found it was “bound by the Supreme
Court’s clear guidance to reach the same result [as in WWH] and strike down
the Act.”

D.     The Panel Majority’s Opinion
       Despite the district court’s detailed factual findings and faithful
application of WWH, the panel majority impermissibly reviews the evidence de
novo and ultimately concludes that the district court erred by overlooking
“remarkabl[e] differen[ces]” between the facts in this case and in WWH. June
Medical, 905 F.3d at 791. According to the panel majority, “[h]ere, unlike in
Texas, the Act does not impose a substantial burden on a large fraction of
women.” Id. The panel majority reaches this conclusion by purporting to
distinguish WWH: “Unlike Texas, Louisiana presents some evidence of a
minimal benefit. And, unlike Texas, Louisiana presents far more detailed
evidence of Act 620’s impact on access to abortion,” such that “[i]n light of the
more developed record presented to the district court and to us, the district
court . . . clearly and reversibly erred,” because “[i]n contrast to Texas’s H.B. 2,
. . . Act 620 does not impose a substantial burden on a large fraction of
women.” 7 Id. at 805.

       7Though nothing in WWH indicates that only the burdens identified there were
cognizable for purposes of the undue burden analysis, the panel majority recognizes only the
four burdens discussed in WWH: (1) clinic closures; (2) difficulties faced by providers in
                                            10
                                        No. 17-30397
       Importantly, the panel majority’s conclusion that no undue burden exists
here rests on the false premise that the district court found that “Act 620
provides minimal benefits,” id. at 806, but this conclusion is not based on a fair
reading of the district court’s findings. The panel majority selects isolated
instances in which the district court stated that Act 620’s benefits were
“minimal.” In fact, if one reads all the instances in which the district court
addressed this subject, it becomes clear that the district court found the Act
conferred no benefit at all. 8         Turning to the burdens, the panel majority

obtaining privileges; (3) increased driving distances; and (4) fewer doctors, longer waiting
times, and increased crowding, based on the common-sense assumption that the remaining
clinics did not have capacity to absorb the demand for abortions. June Medical, 905 F.3d at
804 (citing WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2313). In so limiting its analysis, the majority ignores the
additional burdens identified by the district court specific to Louisiana, including that women
in poverty in Louisiana, a state with much higher poverty rates than Texas, would face higher
burdens than others.
        8 The district court refers on two occasions to the benefit here being “minimal,” in one

instance describing its earlier finding in conjunction with its original ruling and noting it had
found the benefits to be “minimal” in that earlier ruling, and in the other instance referring
to the benefits as “minimal, at best.” While some of its findings use somewhat imprecise
language, overall, the district court’s repeated references to the lack of medical benefit make
it clear that its finding was that Act 620 conferred no benefit for purposes of weighing against
the burdens of Act 620 under the undue burden test. The district court made the following
statements about the Act’s benefits: “Requiring Abortion Practitioners to Obtain Admitting
Privileges Confers No Medical Benefit”; “[Act 620] provides no benefits to women and is an
inapt remedy for a problem that does not exist”; “the Act would do little, if anything, to
promote women’s health”; “[b]ased on the evidence admitted to the record, the facts found
herein, and all reasonable inferences drawn from those facts, the Court concludes that the
admitting privileges requirement . . . provides no significant health benefits to women”; “[t]he
record is devoid of any credible evidence that the Act will have a measurable benefit to
women’s health”; “[a]s in WWH, Act 620 ‘does not benefit patients and is not necessary’”
(quoting WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2315); “[e]ven if Act 620 could be said to further women’s health
to some marginal degree, the burdens it imposes far outweigh any such benefit, and thus the
Act imposes an unconstitutional undue burden”; “[f]or the reasons outlined above, the Court
finds that Act 620 is unconstitutional on its face under Casey and WWH,” because “[t]he Act
would create substantial obstacles for women seeking abortion in Louisiana without
providing any demonstrated benefit to women’s health or safety” and “any marginal health
benefits would be dramatically outweighed by the obstacles the restriction erects to women’s
access to their constitutional right to abortion”; “Act 620 ‘vastly increase[s] the obstacles
confronting women seeking abortions’ in Louisiana ‘without providing any benefit to women’s health
capable of withstanding any meaningful scrutiny’” (quoting WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2319).
                                               11
                                       No. 17-30397
overturns the district court’s finding that Act 620 would exclude all but one of
the six abortion doctors in Louisiana from performing abortions. June Medical,
905 F.3d at 807. Instead, according to the panel majority, these doctors largely
“sat on their hands” rather than diligently taking steps to obtain admitting
privileges. Id. Specifically, the panel majority finds de novo that Does 2, 5,
and 6 “could likely obtain privileges,” and “Doe 3 is definitively not burdened,” 9
id. at 810, such that June Medical “failed to establish a causal connection
between the regulation and [the alleged] burden,” id. at 807. Based on its
findings regarding the good faith efforts of each doctor, the panel majority
concludes that the only finding supported by the record “is that no clinics will
likely be forced to close on account of the Act,” and thus, no burden will result. 10
Id. at 810–11.

                    II. THE PANEL MAJORITY’S ERRORS

A.     The Panel Majority’s Articulation of the Undue Burden Test is
       Wrong
       The panel majority begins by setting out its interpretation of the
principles set forth in WWH. Elaborating on the undue burden framework, the
panel majority’s opinion holds that “[t]he proper reading of WWH is a

       9  The panel majority cited to Doe 3’s testimony that he would retire, pointing out that
he initially said he would only stop practicing if he were the only abortion doctor left in the
entire state, but later his “story changed,” when he testified “he would now cease practicing
were he the only remaining abortion provider in northern Louisiana.” Id. at 810. According
to the panel majority, then, “Doe 3’s shifting preference as to the number of remaining
abortion providers is entirely independent of the admitting-privileges requirement” because
it rests on a personal choice. Id.
        10 The panel majority reaches this result by finding that the abortions provided in the

past by the only doctor who acted in good faith (Doe 1) could be split between Does 2 and 3.
Id. at 812. This appellate-level factual finding ignores Doe 3’s testimony that he would be
unable to increase his capacity due to his private OB/GYN practice. See id. at 828, n.33
(Higginbotham, J., dissenting).
                                             12
                                 No. 17-30397
combination of the views offered by [the parties],” such that (1) “even
regulations with a minimal benefit are unconstitutional only where they
present a substantial obstacle to abortion,” and (2) “[a] minimal burden even
on a large fraction of women does not undermine the right to abortion.” Id. at
803. This formulation is wrong and reintroduces the same misreading of Casey
the Supreme Court rejected in WWH.
      The effect of the panel majority’s reading of WWH is that a court may be
permitted to weigh the burdens of an abortion restriction against the benefits
of that restriction only if that burden itself imposes a “substantial obstacle.”
Id. at 803 (holding that “not every burden creates a ‘substantial obstacle’” and
“even regulations with a minimal benefit are unconstitutional only where they
present a substantial obstacle to abortion”).     Under the panel majority’s
articulation, if a court determines that any potential burden on women is not
substantial, then that court need not even consider whether there are any
benefits of the law, much less weigh those benefits against the burdens the law
creates.   This formulation runs directly contrary to the Supreme Court’s
admonition to this court in WWH that “[t]he rule announced in Casey . . .
requires that courts consider the burdens a law imposes on abortion access
together with the benefits those laws confer.” WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2309.
Tellingly, in WWH, the Supreme Court overturned this circuit’s prior test that
contained this same erroneous reading of Casey, holding that it “may be read
to imply that a district court should not consider the existence or nonexistence
of medical benefits when considering whether a regulation of abortion
constitutes an undue burden.” Id. The majority repeats this mistake, once
again misapprehending WWH and Casey and setting forth a test that fails to
truly balance an abortion restriction’s benefits against its burdens.

                                      13
                                  No. 17-30397
      Contrary to the panel majority’s view, which eviscerates the balancing
required by Casey and WWH, a proper application of the Supreme Court’s
guidance in this case is straightforward and leads to one possible result:
Louisiana’s Act 620, like the nearly identical Texas law struck down in WWH,
has no medical benefit and will restrict access to abortion. Such a restriction
is surely undue. June Medical, 905 F.3d at 829 (Higginbotham, J., dissenting)
(“I fail to see how a statute with no medical benefit that is likely to restrict
access to abortion can be considered anything but ‘undue.’”). WWH and Casey
require this result, and the panel majority’s contrary conclusion creates bad
law for our circuit that runs directly contrary to the Supreme Court’s
jurisprudence.

B.    The Panel Majority Did Not Review the District Court’s Findings
      for Clear Error and, In Retrying the Facts De Novo, Reaches
      Incorrect Results
      In addition to misreading WWH’s and Casey’s undue burden standard,
the panel majority also fails to faithfully apply the well-established “clear
error” standard of review to the district court’s factual findings.        Judge
Higginbotham’s dissent from the panel majority’s opinion correctly catalogues
the panel majority’s many failures to give proper deference to the district court,
which saw and heard the witnesses and determined their credibility, but the
following examples demonstrate how egregious and pervasive the panel
majority’s retrial of the facts was.
      The district court determined that Act 620 serves no relevant
credentialing function. The panel majority ignored this finding, however, and
incorrectly claims the district court instead found that a minimal benefit
existed because requiring admitting privileges served a credentialing function.
June Medical, 905 F.3d at 805. This runs counter to the district court’s express

                                       14
                                       No. 17-30397
finding that the “[a]dmitting privileges . . . do not serve ‘any relevant
credentialing function,’” and that doctors may be granted or denied privileges
by hospitals for business and other reasons unrelated to medical competency.
As the dissent noted, the district court’s finding that no credentialing function
would be served by Act 620 was well supported by the record, and not subject
to reversal on clear error review. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C.,
470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985) (requiring meaningful deference of the clear error
standard “even when the district court’s findings do not rest on credibility
determinations, but are based instead on physical or documentary evidence or
inferences from other facts”). Further, the panel majority’s de novo factual
finding that Act 620 will serve some “minimal” benefit, impermissibly
undertaken at the appellate level, is unsupported by the evidence in the record.
For example, hospitals in Louisiana are free to deny or simply ignore a
provider’s application for admitting privileges for any reason at all, including
objections to abortion. 11 Notably, at least two doctors were denied admitting
privileges precisely because of their abortion practices.
       Even more troubling is the panel majority’s assertion “that the district
court clearly erred in saying that all doctors had put forth a good-faith effort
to obtain privileges.” June Medical, 905 F.3d at 808. Not only does this
analysis err as to the proper legal standard, it also ignores the district court’s
detailed and well-supported factual findings about each doctor’s substantial
efforts to obtain admitting privileges. The district court set out extensive

       11 The district court correctly determined that “both by virtue of by-laws and how
privileges applications are handled in actual practice, hospitals may deny privileges or
decline to consider an application for privileges for myriad reasons unrelated to competency,”
including how much use the hospital expects the physician to make of the facilities, “the
number of patients the physician has treated in the hospital in the recent past, the needs of
the hospital, the mission of the hospital or the business model of the hospital.”
                                             15
                                   No. 17-30397
reasoning as to why each doctor’s efforts were sufficient, recounting their
unsuccessful attempts to obtain admitting privileges at various hospitals
within the thirty-mile radius and that they were either denied expressly or de
facto.    Here, too, the majority opinion’s contrary finding is baseless.    For
example, as Judge Higginbotham’s dissent points out, the majority determined
that Doe 2 should have applied to two additional hospitals—Christus and
Minden—but, in doing so, the panel majority ignored the fact that “Christus
requires applicants to be able to admit fifty patients annually (something Doe
2 cannot do) and evidence that Doe 1 applied and was unable to obtain
privileges from either hospital (a finding the majority credits).” June Medical,
905 F.3d at 830 n.40 (Higginbotham, J., dissenting). As Judge Higginbotham
further discusses in his dissent, the panel majority’s conclusion that Doe 5 did
not make good-faith efforts blatantly ignores his efforts in gathering
information about admitting privileges, targeting hospitals at which he was
most likely to obtain privileges, and his inability, despite his efforts, to find
coverage from staff doctors, which is required by all the eligible hospitals in
the Baton Rouge area. See id. at 825–26.
         One additional example highlights the panel majority’s failure to apply
clear-error review in this case. The district court determined that Doe 3’s
testimony was credible and that “[a]s a result of his fears of violence and
harassment, Doe 3 has credibly testified that if he is the last physician
performing abortion in either the entire state or in the northern part of the
state, he will not continue to perform abortions.” Therefore, the district court
found Doe 3 would stop performing abortions and that the resulting clinic
closure and reduction in abortion capacity in the state would be attributable to
Act 620. Despite this finding, the panel majority determines de novo that Doe
3’s anticipated retirement from abortion practice was “independent of the
                                        16
                                       No. 17-30397
admitting-privileges requirement” of Act 620. See June Medical, 905 F.3d at
810. Ordinarily, this court declines to reweigh a district court’s credibility
determinations.       Reich v. Lancaster, 55 F.3d 1034, 1052 (5th Cir. 1995)
(“Defendants’ assertion that the trial court clearly erred in this respect
essentially rests upon a line of reasoning that asks us to reweigh the evidence
and decide credibility questions differently. We decline this invitation.”). Not
so here. Ignoring record evidence about Doe 3’s fears of violence, his problems
obtaining coverage from other physicians due to their animosity against
abortion providers, and the fact that anti-abortion activists have previously
picketed his home and his neighbors’ homes and distributed threatening flyers,
the panel majority summarily, and erroneously, dismisses the evidence and
the district court’s findings as to Act 620’s effect on Doe 3. 12

C.     The Panel Majority’s Causation Standard Imposes a Heightened,
       Individualized Showing of Causation Not Required by the Court
       in WWH
       The Court in WWH held the evidence in that case was sufficient to
support the district court’s finding of causation—that the Texas admitting-
privileges requirement had in fact caused the burdens it identified—based only
on “the timing of the clinic closures.” WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2313. In requiring
plaintiffs to demonstrate causation to a much higher level of probability by
showing that each doctor made good-faith efforts to obtain admitting
privileges, not only does the panel majority set aside the district court’s well-
supported factual findings and inferences of causation, but it also holds that,

       12In conjunction with its examination of the evidence before it, the district court found
that Louisiana’s expert on Act 620’s benefits “suffered from paucity of [relevant] knowledge
or experience” and the weight of his testimony was “diminished by his bias.” In stark contrast
and without explanation, the panel majority expressly relies on this discredited expert in
making de novo factual findings. See June Medical, 905 F.3d at 805–06.
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as a matter of law, it is entitled to impose a more demanding, individualized
standard of proof than the Supreme Court did in WWH. June Medical, 905
F.3d at 807–08. The panel majority justifies this heightened, individualized
showing requirement by pointing out that, “[u]nlike the litigants in WWH, who
presented only generalities concerning admitting privileges, the parties here
provide the bylaws for the relevant hospitals.” Id. According to the majority,
because Louisiana had fewer abortion facilities and doctors to start with than
in Texas, it was free to “examine each abortion doctor’s efforts to comply with
the requirements of Act 620,” and the “specific by-laws of the hospitals to which
each [doctor] applied.” Id. at 807. But if such individualized proof was not
required in WWH, why is it required here?         Tellingly, the panel majority
essentially concedes that it requires a higher showing of causation than in
WWH, stating that its “more intricate analysis yields a richer picture of the
statute’s true impact, the sort of obstacles it imposed,” and “allows us to
scrutinize more closely whether [plaintiffs have] met [their] burden.”         Id.
Raising the bar beyond what the Supreme Court has required in analyzing an
almost identical law is simply wrong.
      The panel majority supports its heightened showing requirement by
reasoning that “[w]ere we not to require such causation, the independent
choice of a single physician could determine the constitutionality of a law.” Id.
Not so. This reasoning, which is based on the panel majority’s finding of fault
or lack of diligence of individual doctors, obscures the real question at issue
here: Whether Act 620 would cause doctors to lose their ability to perform
abortions at certain clinics, thereby leading those clinics to close. See WWH,
136 S. Ct. at 2313 (“In our view, the record contains sufficient evidence that
the admitting-privileges requirement led to the closure of half of Texas’ clinics,
or thereabouts.” (emphasis added)). Even if some element of “personal choice”
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did influence an individual doctor’s ability to obtain admitting privileges, that
doctor would not have been faced with navigating that obstacle but for Act
620’s medically benefitless requirement.

D.     The Non-Existent Credentialing Function Identified by the
       Panel Majority Serves No Cognizable State Interest
       The panel majority erred in making its de novo finding that Act 620
serves some indefinite credentialing function. See June Medical, 905 F.3d at
818 (Higginbotham, J. dissenting) (noting “[t]he district court made no such
finding” and that the record is devoid of support for such a finding). But
assuming arguendo that Act 620 serves a credentialing function, the panel
majority fails to explain how further credentialing advances Louisiana’s
interest in protecting maternal health. Roe v. Wade recognized that a “State
has a legitimate interest in seeing to it that abortion, like any other medical
procedure, is performed under circumstances that insure maximum safety for
the patient.” 410 U.S. at 150. But nothing about the supposed “credentialing
function” of Act 620 indicates that it would further an abortion patient’s safety.
The record demonstrates that abortions in Louisiana are extremely safe and
complications are exceedingly rare, and the panel majority does not contend
otherwise. 13    Furthermore, given that hospitals typically base admitting-
privileges decisions on business or other reasons unrelated to a doctor’s
medical competency, and may even deny privileges based on animus toward
abortion, it strains credulity that a state seeking to ensure its abortion doctors

       13 Indeed, the district court found that “[a]bortion is one of the safest medical
procedures in the United States,” and “[t]he prevalence of any complication in first trimester
abortion in the outpatient setting is approximately 0.8%,” while “[t]he prevalence of major
complications requiring treatment in a hospital is 0.05%” in the first trimester and
“approximately 1.0%” in the second trimester. The risks associated with a D&C procedure
performed after a miscarriage, by contrast, are greater than those associated with first-
trimester abortions.
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were highly credentialed would turn to the ill-fitting, indirect approach of
hospital admitting privileges. And the requirement that these privileges be at
a hospital within a certain geographic location makes little sense if the true
goal is to use admitting privileges to raise the medical competency of abortion
doctors.

E.    The Panel Majority Turns a Blind Eye to the Additional Real-
      World Burdens Act 620 Will Impose on Women
            In overturning the district court’s well-supported factual findings,
the panel majority does not consider the many other burdens the district court
determined will result from Act 620’s enforcement beyond the four burdens
discussed in WWH.      In addition to the clinic closures, reduced access to
abortion, increased driving times, and increased wait times and crowding
identified in WWH, see 136 S. Ct. at 2313, the district court determined that
Act 620 will impose additional and equally serious burdens on women seeking
abortions in Louisiana.    If Act 620 goes into effect, “[t]here would be no
physician in Louisiana providing abortions between 17 weeks and 21 weeks, 6
days gestation,” the legal limit in Louisiana. Thus, in the final stage of a
pregnancy in which women may legally seek abortion in Louisiana, they will
be left with no options whatsoever, a burden the panel majority completely
ignores. The district court found that longer wait times for an earlier abortion
would compound this problem, as more and more women would find
themselves without a scheduled procedure before the end of 16 weeks
gestation, and then would be completely without recourse.         Further, the
district court properly determined that women in poverty would be
disproportionately affected by Act 620’s burdens. Louisiana’s large class of
poverty-stricken women would face added difficulties affording transportation
and childcare for the legally required back-to-back visits, which is to say
                                    20
                                 No. 17-30397
nothing of the cost of the abortion itself. Additionally, these women will be
forced to take time off from work, likely without compensation, and travel to
New Orleans, where they must stay overnight to comply with Louisiana’s
required 24-hour waiting period. These burdens will no doubt be untenable for
the high number of women in poverty who seek abortions in Louisiana, who
make up a high percentage of women seeking abortions in Louisiana, and who
are no less entitled than other women to this constitutionally protected
healthcare right.
F.    The Panel Majority’s Large-Fraction Analysis is Incorrect
      In addition to determining that “no woman would be unduly and thus
unconstitutionally burdened by Act 620,” the panel majority also holds that the
law does not burden a large fraction of women. June Medical, 905 F.3d at 813.
Based on the district court’s factual findings, which should be affirmed, there
would be an undue burden on a large fraction of women, because under those
findings, 70% of women seeking abortions in Louisiana would be unable to
obtain one, clearly constituting an undue burden on a large fraction of women.
      The panel majority argues that, under its own de novo factual findings,
a large fraction of women will not be burdened. But even based on those
improper appellate de novo findings, the panel majority’s calculation of the
large fraction is nevertheless incorrect. The calculation is defective for the
same reason as the panel majority’s formulation of the substantial burden test
is flawed: It “may be read to imply that a district court should not consider the
existence or nonexistence of medical benefits when considering whether a
regulation of abortion constitutes an undue burden.” WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2309.
Furthermore, as Judge Higginbotham points out in his dissent, the panel
majority’s “large fraction” analysis is overly formalistic, because the Supreme
Court’s guidance on this point “does not require the court to engage in rote
                                       21
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mathematical calculations but instead directs the court to focus its inquiry on
those who will be actually restricted by the law and determine whether the law
will operate as a substantial obstacle for that population.” 14 See June Medical,
905 F.3d at 832 (Higginbotham, J., dissenting).

                                            ***
        For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from the denial of rehearing en
banc.

        14Judge Higginbotham’s dissent also rightly observes that, in making de novo factual
findings that fail to recognize most of the burdens Act 620 would cause, the panel majority
should have simultaneously reduced the “relevant denominator” to base its unnecessary
math on that same, purportedly smaller group. Specifically, because “the relevant
denominator must be ‘those women for whom the provision is an actual rather than an
irrelevant restriction,’” WWH, 136 S. Ct. at 2320 (quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 895) (cleaned
up), the panel majority, which found de novo that only Hope clinic would be affected, should
have used as the denominator the population of women who would have utilized Hope clinic,
rather than all women seeking abortions in Louisiana. See June Medical, 905 F.3d at 833
(Higginbotham, J., dissenting).

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                                       No. 17-30397

STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting from denial of rehearing
en banc:

       I favor full court rehearing to assess whether our court preserves a
Louisiana law that is equivalent in structure, purpose, and effect to the Texas
law invalidated in Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S. Ct. 2292 (2016).
I am unconvinced that any Justice of the Supreme Court who decided Whole
Woman’s Health would endorse our opinion. The majority would not, and I
respectfully suggest that the dissenters might not either. As Justice Thomas
wrote, “[u]nless the Court abides by one set of rules to adjudicate constitutional
rights, it will continue reducing constitutional law to policy-driven value
judgments until the last shreds of its legitimacy disappear.” 136 S. Ct. at 2330.
As Justice Alito wrote, the “patent refusal to apply well-established law in a
neutral way is indefensible and will undermine public confidence in the Court
as a fair and neutral arbiter.” Id. at 2331. The panel majority acknowledges
the governing rule that “unnecessary health regulations that have the purpose
or effect of presenting a substantial obstacle to a woman seeking an abortion
impose an undue burden on the right,” June Med. Servs. L.L.C. v. Gee, 905 F.3d
787, 803 (5th Cir. 2018), and accepts the district court’s finding “that Act 620
provides minimal benefits,” id. at 807. Its fact-finding that Act 620 reduces
Louisiana’s capacity to provide abortions by 21% 1 therefore is enough to
abrogate the Act under Supreme Court law, both long-standing and recent.
       That the issues at the heart of this case are profoundly sensitive is more
reason for us, as a full court, to be sure we reconcile our reasoning with recent
Supreme Court direction.

       1See June Med. Servs., 905 F.3d at 812 (noting Doe 1, driven from practice by Act 620,
performed 2,100 abortions per year); id. at 814 (noting 10,000 abortions in Louisiana per
year). This, of course, is down from the district court’s fact-finding, after trial, of a 55% to
70% reduction––unquestionably a substantial obstacle to women seeking an abortion.
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