Court Opinion

ID: 4708086
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-30 20:04:40.498353+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:48.365772
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/30/21 P. v. Ruiz CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F078436
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. BF172278A)
                    v.

 IVAN ALEXIS RUIZ,                                                                        OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. John W. Lua,
Judge.
         Patricia J. Ulibarri, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Robert C. Nash and Sally
Espinoza, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
       Defendant Ivan Alexis Ruiz was charged with the first degree murder of Michael
Ballesteros (Pen. Code,1 §§ 187, subd. (a), 189, subd. (a)). The information further
alleged that defendant intentionally killed the victim by means of lying in wait (§ 190.2,
subd. (a)(15)); personally and intentionally discharged a firearm and caused the victim’s
death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)); and was 16 years of age or older at the time of the offense
(Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707). Following trial, the jury found him guilty as charged and
found true the special allegations alleged pursuant to sections 189, 190.2, subdivision
(a)(15), and 12022.53, subdivision (d). Defendant was sentenced to life without the
possibility of parole plus 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement. The abstract of
judgment reflects that a $300 parole revocation fine (§ 1202.45) was imposed and
suspended.
       On appeal, defendant makes numerous contentions. First, any inculpatory
statements that he made during custodial interrogation should have been excluded from
evidence because he did not waive his Miranda2 rights. Second, in view of People v.
Franklin (2016) 63 Cal.4th 261 (Franklin), the case should be remanded to give him the
opportunity to make a record of information relevant to a future youth offender parole
hearing. In the alternative, he argues that his attorney rendered ineffective assistance by
failing to request a Franklin proceeding. Third, in view of section 12022.53,
subdivision (h), the case should be remanded to give the trial court the opportunity to
decide whether to strike the firearm enhancement. In the alternative, defendant argues
that his attorney rendered ineffective assistance by failing to ask the court to strike the
enhancement. Finally, defendant asserts that the $300 parole revocation fine should be
stricken because, although the abstract of judgment reflects such a fine, the court did not

1      Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent statutory citations refer to the Penal Code.
2      Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.

                                              2.
impose one and, if it had, his sentence precludes parole eligibility. The Attorney General
agrees that this fine should be stricken.
       We conclude: defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his
Miranda rights; a Franklin remand is not required because defendant had an adequate
opportunity to request a Franklin proceeding below but failed to do so; a remand for
resentencing is unnecessary because the record does not affirmatively establish the trial
court was unaware of its discretion to strike the firearm enhancement; and the parole
revocation fine must be stricken. Additionally, we reject defendant’s claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel.
                               STATEMENT OF FACTS3
I.     The victim
       On February 9, 2017, at or around 2:30 p.m., a farm laborer discovered
Ballesteros’s body in an orange orchard on the east side of Bakersfield. At the crime
scene, law enforcement found steel shot, two bullets, and two spent shell casings with the
headstamp “Sig .40 S&W.” According to Detective Meyer, the lead detective, “it
appeared as if someone was in a hurry trying to clean up the shell casings and wasn’t able
to capture all of them and maybe got spooked off and then fled the scene.”
       An autopsy was performed on February 14, 2017. There were 10 gunshot wounds,
seven of which were deemed lethal. Two in the forehead displayed “considerable tearing
of the skin,” indicating that the gun barrel had been pressed against the entry sites at the
moment of discharge. On the other hand, lethal wounds in the left nostril, left shoulder
blade, right chest, upper back, and middle back showed “no signs of gunpowder stippling
or soot” and little “tearing around the hole,” indicating that the associated bullets were
fired more than 18 inches away. There were two “borderline lethal” “flesh wounds” in

3       Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.90, we refer to some persons by their
first names and last initials to protect personal privacy interests. No disrespect is
intended.

                                              3.
the buttocks and a “deep graze wound” in the right palm. The forensic pathologist
concluded that the cause of death was “[m]ultiple gunshot wounds” and the manner of
death was “medical homicide,” but he could not definitively establish the order in which
the shots were fired.
II.    Johnny M.
       Johnny lived with his girlfriend, his girlfriend’s mother, his girlfriend’s sister, and
defendant at a residence in Bakersfield since February 2016. At some point thereafter,
Johnny befriended Ballesteros.
       Starting in January 2017, Ballesteros stayed overnight at defendant and Johnny’s
home nearly every day, and usually carried a backpack containing extra clothes and
toiletries. One day, Ballesteros brought a gun to the house and showed it to defendant
and Johnny. Defendant offered to buy it for $160. The next day, he gave Ballesteros a
$60 deposit and promised to pay the remaining balance later. After Ballesteros left with
the firearm, defendant informed Johnny that he was “gonna kill [Ballesteros]” because
“he didn’t want to pay him the rest of the money.” Johnny thought that defendant was
joking and called him “retarded” and “stupid.”
       On February 9, 2017, Johnny was at work when he received a message from
Ballesteros to “go shoot the guns.” Johnny replied, “I’m at work, hold on.” After
Johnny’s shift ended at or around 2:00 p.m., he went home and told defendant about
Ballesteros’s message. Defendant responded, “Yeah, I’ll go.” Johnny’s girlfriend, who
was also present, did not want Johnny to participate, so he did not go. Defendant
retrieved ammunition from his room, loaded some magazines, and went to pick up
Ballesteros. He left in Johnny’s girlfriend’s mother’s green Toyota Corolla. About “an
hour and 30 minutes to two hours” later, defendant returned with Ballesteros’s backpack.
Johnny asked, “Where’s Michael?” Defendant “laughed” and “said he killed him.”
Johnny initially thought that defendant was joking, but he changed his mind when he saw
a “breaking news alert” on television about “a dead body by the orchard fields.” Johnny

                                              4.
passed by defendant’s room and saw him putting a black .40-caliber Springfield XD
subcompact pistol into a lockbox. Eventually, Johnny asked, “How did you do it?”
Defendant said that he and Ballesteros were “target practicing” when “he told Mike to fix
the targets.” While Ballesteros was facing away from him, defendant “emptied the whole
clip in him.”
       Approximately five days later, Johnny told defendant that he would “throw the
gun away.” Although defendant “was angry,” Johnny took defendant’s lockbox
containing the pistol and hid it in the trunk of the Corolla. After two days elapsed,
Johnny drove to a friend’s house, contacted law enforcement, and handed over the
lockbox.
III.   Bridgett S.
       On February 9, 2017, Bridgett was at home with Ballesteros, her boyfriend. At or
around 1:00 p.m., Ballesteros left. He had told Bridgett that “Johnny was picking him
up” and he would “be back in a bit.” Roughly two hours later, Bridgett texted
Ballesteros, but he did not respond. That night, she repeatedly texted and called him, but
he still did not respond. The next morning, between 4:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., Bridgett
sent a message to Johnny inquiring as to Ballesteros’s whereabouts, but Johnny did not
respond. At or around 7:50 a.m., she visited defendant and Johnny’s residence.
Defendant answered the door. Bridgett “asked him where Mike was.” Defendant, who
was “[c]alm,” said he “didn’t know” and asked her if she “wanted to get Mike’s stuff.”
Bridgett declined, stated that she “would be back later,” and went to school. After school
ended, she made repeated attempts to contact Ballesteros, but to no avail. Bridgett
returned to defendant and Johnny’s residence. This time, Johnny answered the door.
Bridgett, who was “angry and frustrated,” questioned why Johnny “didn’t know where
Mike was when he was the last one to pick him up” and demanded “all [of Ballesteros’s]
stuff.” Johnny, who “seemed flustered and frustrated,” gave her Ballesteros’s backpack.

                                             5.
When Bridgett arrived at her home, she received a call from Ballesteros’s mother telling
her that Ballesteros was dead.
       Two days later, a vigil was held for Ballesteros. Bridgett recalled that Johnny
attended, but defendant “wasn’t there” and she “was confused [as] to why he wasn’t.”
IV.    The pistol
       Bridgett’s uncle owned the black .40-caliber Springfield XD subcompact pistol.
He had reported that someone stole it.
       Ballistics analysis was performed on the pistol and the two shell casings found at
the crime scene. A criminalist test-fired the pistol to generate “known exemplars.”
Following a “microscopic comparison” between the exemplars and the recovered casings,
the criminalist opined that the “two spent cartridge cases were fired by the submitted
firearm.”
                                      DISCUSSION

I.     Defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his Miranda
       rights.
       a. Background
             i. Custodial interrogation
       Meyer and his partner Detective Garcia questioned defendant on February 21,
2017.4 The following colloquy took place at the outset:

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Okay. I need to get some information, uh, from
                                   you real quick, but before I do, I’m gonna read
                                   some information to you, okay?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Are you ready?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes.

4      The jury listened to an audio recording of the interrogation.

                                               6.
       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Uh, you have the right to remain silent. You
                                   understand? I need you to say your answer.

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Uh, yes.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Ye—yeah?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Okay. Anything you say may be used against
                                   you in court. Do you understand?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           You have the right to the presence of an
                                   attorney before and during any questioning. Do
                                   you understand?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be
                                   appointed to you free of charge before any
                                   questioning if you want. Do you understand?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.”
       Defendant initially stated that he last saw Ballesteros leaving his and Johnny’s
home sometime between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. on February 9, 2017. He suggested that
Ballesteros may have been killed by someone named Daniel after a “gun deal” “went
wrong.” After Garcia remarked that the evidence “point[ed] in [defendant’s] direction,”
defendant said that he gave Ballesteros a ride in the Corolla between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m.
to an apartment complex near the intersection of Pioneer Drive and Fairfax Road to
“ ‘handle business with’ ” Daniel. At the time, Ballesteros had a pair of firearms in his
possession. After Garcia mentioned that there were tire tracks at the orange orchard that
belonged to the Corolla, defendant explained that he drove Ballesteros to meet Daniel at a
nearby park and then followed Daniel’s truck to the orchard. Daniel was accompanied by
a second male. Ballesteros intended to sell the firearms for $400 and promised to give
defendant $150 “for giving him a ride out there.” At the orchard, defendant stayed in the

                                                7.
car while Ballesteros conducted the transaction “far away.” Sometime later, he heard
multiple gunshots. Defendant then drove towards someone wearing “a gray hoodie.” He
could not tell whether this person was Daniel or Daniel’s companion. Defendant left the
orchard and “didn’t tell nobody” because he “was scared.” He insisted that he did not kill
Ballesteros.
       Meyer and Garcia questioned defendant again on February 22, 2017.5 The
following colloquy took place at the outset:

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           . . . [B]efore we talk to you again, I’ll read this
                                   information – that same thing – information I
                                   read to you last night, okay? Um, you have the
                                   right to remain silent, you understand?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Anything you say may be used against you in
                                   court, you understand?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           You have the right to the presence of an
                                   attorney before and during any questioning, you
                                   understand?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.

       “DETECTIVE MEYER:           If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be
                                   appointed to you free of charge before any
                                   questioning if you want. Do you understand?

       “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.”
       Meyer asked defendant if he was willing to take a polygraph test. Defendant
answered, “Yeah.” Thereafter, the polygraph examiner entered the room. The following
colloquy transpired:

5      The jury listened to an audio recording of the interrogation.

                                                8.
“[EXAMINER]:            A couple things I wanna explain to you, okay?
                        I cannot force you to take it. You have to
                        volunteer to take it, all right? So you volunteer
                        to take it?

“[DEFENDANT]:           Uh, well, with the presence of an attorney just
                        in case, like, then, but I – I know I’m gonna
                        pass, sir, I just, you know, I just want an
                        attorney just in case, like, I – I just – I know
                        nothing happened. I – I just – but I just wanna
                        have one, like, but I – I’m – I’m all for it for the
                        polygraph, sir.

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: I’m – I’m gonna to tell you right now, once an
                   attorney shows up, he’s not gonna let – let you
                   take it.

“[EXAMINER]:            Yeah.

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: I’m – I’m gonna tell you that right now.

“DETECTIVE MEYER:       We – we typically don’t have attorneys inside
                        the polygraph room. The only people that can
                        be in the room – or the polygraph room would
                        be, um, the examiner and then maybe myself or
                        my partner, um, it – like I said, it’s totally
                        voluntari – voluntary. If you wanna do it,
                        you’re – you can do it. We can do it for you
                        today, um, and then if you decide you don’t
                        wanna do it, then you don’t have to do it.

“[DEFENDANT]:           All right.

“DETECTIVE MEYER:       It’s up to you. I mean, if you – if you tell us the
                        truth, um, and you wanna give an examination,
                        then it’s something we can offer you.

“[DEFENDANT]:           Yeah.

“[EXAMINER]:            So would you like to do it?

“[DEFENDANT]:           Well, like I said, with the presence of an
                        attorney.

                                     9.
“[EXAMINER]:            Okay. Like he explained to you, um, if you’re
                        gonna – if you say you want an attorney, then I
                        – then you can talk to an attorney. I am not
                        gonna allow the attorney to be in the room with
                        you.

“[DEFENDANT]:           Yes, sir.

“[EXAMINER]:            Do you understand that?

“[DEFENDANT]:           Yeah.

“[EXAMINER]:            So are you telling me you would like to talk to
                        an attorney . . .

“[DEFENDANT]:           I just wanna speak . . .

“[EXAMINER]:            . . . first? Or . . .

“[DEFENDANT]:           Yeah, I just wanna speak to an attorney, like,
                        you know, I’ll, you know, just in case, like,
                        anything, like, nothing’s gonna pop up, but, like
                        ...

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: Well, an attorney’s not gonna stop what you
                   gotta say.

“[DEFENDANT]:           Yeah, I know.

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: Okay?

“[DEFENDANT]:           Uh . . .

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: The only thing he’s gonna tell you is not to take
                   the exam and that’s just from my experience
                   from doing this for a while . . .

“[DEFENDANT]:           Yes.

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: . . . okay? And just to let you know, once that
                   happens, if you’re innocent and you say that
                   nothing’s gonna come up on this test, we won’t
                   know because you won’t take the test.

“[DEFENDANT]:           Yeah.

                                    10.
“DETECTIVE GARCIA: We’re not forcing you to, we’re telling you that
                   this is gonna happen just from the experience
                   that we’ve had with attorneys and
                   (unintelligible).

“[DEFENDANT]:            Yeah.

“[EXAMINER]:             And if you didn’t do – if you take the test and
                         you didn’t do it, we’re gonna know you didn’t
                         do it. But at the same time, if you did it, we’re
                         gonna know you did it.

“[DEFENDANT]:            Yes, but I, you know, I didn’t do it, it’s just like
                         I said . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . but I just want a
                         presence of an attorney . . .

“DETECTIVE MEYER:        Okay.

“[DEFENDANT]:            . . . just to – just to be safe.

“DETECTIVE MEYER:        So let me confirm this so we don’t – so we
                         don’t take this interview any farther, okay? So
                         I’m trying to confirm right now if – do you
                         wanna talk to us about this case or do you want
                         an attorney present before you talk to us to find
                         out more information about the case, or . . .

“[DEFENDANT]:            Yes, I’m just – I just wanna feel more
                         comfortable, like, knowing, you know . . .

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: Oh, you . . .

“[DEFENDANT]:            . . . with an attorney. Uh, if everything’s okay
                         ...

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: . . . but, here – here – I’m a little confused right
                   here . . .

“[DEFENDANT]:            Yeah.

“DETECTIVE GARCIA: . . . because you’re asking for an attorney to be
                   present during the polygraph.

“[DEFENDANT]:            No, I’m not. I just wanna speak to one, like,
                         right now, like . . .

                                   11.
      “DETECTIVE GARCIA: Okay.

      “[DEFENDANT]:               . . . I just wanna . . .

      “[EXAMINER]:                You wanna speak to an attorney before you take
                                  a polygraph, is that what . . .

      “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes.

      “[EXAMINER]:                . . . you’re saying?

      “[DEFENDANT]:               Yeah, just wanna speak to, you know, an
                                  attorney.

      “DETECTIVE GARCIA: Then you’re done, (Brad).

      “[EXAMINER]:                Okay.

      “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Yeah.

      “DETECTIVE GARCIA: Yeah, (Brad)’s done.

      “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Okay. Okay. So . . .

      “DETECTIVE GARCIA: All right.

      “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Thank you, buddy.”
After the polygraph examiner left the room, the following colloquy transpired:

      “DETECTIVE GARCIA: . . . We won’t do a polygraph after this. That
                         was it, okay?

      “[DEFENDANT]:               Okay.

      “DETECTIVE GARCIA: Now that you – now that he’s gone, are you still
                         willing to talk to us further about this
                         investigation?

      “[DEFENDANT]:               Yes, sir.

      “DETECTIVE GARCIA: Okay.

      “DETECTIVE MEYER:           Okay. Um . . .

      “[DEFENDANT]:               Whatever you guys wanna know . . . .”

                                              12.
         Defendant maintained that he drove Ballesteros to the orange orchard to meet
Daniel and subsequently heard gunshots. He added that he was “really high” “off weed”
at the time. The detectives noted that defendant had been “the last one with [Ballesteros]
when he was killed” and in possession of the murder weapon, which was given to law
enforcement by Johnny. Defendant then claimed that Ballesteros was actually shot by
someone else—a “white smoker”—while test-firing the guns at the orchard. When the
detectives accused defendant of lying and asked him why he shot Ballesteros, defendant
eventually said, “It was an accident, man.” He specified that he was asked by Ballesteros
to hang up a banner for target practice. Defendant complied. When he turned around,
however, Ballesteros was pointing one of the guns at him. Defendant punched him and
cried, “ ‘Dude, what the fuck?’ ” Ballesteros answered, “ ‘I’m gonna kill you bitch.’ ”
He fired a shot, which missed, and defendant scrambled to find the other gun. Ballesteros
fired a second shot, which again missed. When defendant retrieved the other gun, he shot
Ballesteros multiple times “with [his] eyes closed.” Afterward, defendant “threw that
gun in the car” and left. At home, he told Johnny what had happened. When Johnny
advised him to “throw that shit away,” defendant replied, “ ‘Man, take it. I do not want
it.’ ”
              ii. Hearing
         Defense counsel filed a motion in limine to “exclude any reference to or evidence
of defendant’s alleged statements” or, in the alternative, “conduct a hearing pursuant to
the provisions of Evidence Code [section] 402 to evaluate the admissibility of any alleged
statements.” (Boldface & some capitalization omitted.) The trial court granted the
request for a hearing. At the hearing, Meyer testified that the first day of questioning
lasted approximately three hours while the second day lasted “a couple hours.” During
questioning, defendant was not handcuffed and was offered water. Meyer was aware that
defendant was two months short of 18 years of age back then. He acknowledged that he
did not expressly ask defendant if he was willing to waive his Miranda rights.

                                             13.
       After listening to additional arguments by the parties, the court took a brief recess
to review the audio recordings and transcripts of the interrogation. Thereafter, the court
pronounced:

              “It appears to the Court, based on the transcripts, as well as the
       testimony that was received this morning, that the defendant was provided
       his Miranda rights or his Miranda advisal as required by Miranda vs.
       Arizona. [¶] . . . [¶]

              “Express waivers, as counsel certainly is aware, are not required in
       order to find that the Miranda advisal was properly administered and the
       rights were knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived; thereafter,
       participation in a conversation by way of an interrogation is valid.

               “Implied waivers occur more often than not and for strategic
       purposes, at least in this Court’s view, and in this case, as it relates to the
       first interview, there was no express waiver of rights, but there was an
       implied waiver given the defendant’s engagement in that interrogation.

               “For purposes of determining the knowingly, intelligently, and
       voluntarily waiving those Miranda rights, the Court has considered the
       totality of the circumstances, including the defendant’s juvenile age, as well
       as the surrounding circumstances, as testified to this morning. Those
       include not only the duration and time of that initial interview, but also the
       recollection that perhaps food might not have been provided, but water, if
       not provided, was certainly available to the defendant.

              “It further appears that the defendant was escorted to the interview
       room on both occasions restrained, and those restraints were removed from
       the defendant so as to make him a bit more comfortable during that
       engagement.

               “Considering the totality of the circumstances, it appears that the
       defendant, therefore, did intelligently, knowingly, and voluntarily waive his
       rights and thereafter participated in an approximate three-hour interview
       with law enforcement. [¶] . . . [¶]

              “. . . [F]or the second interview the Miranda advisal was read again
       and the defendant responded affirmatively to understanding those rights,
       and shortly thereafter an implied waiver was obtained by the defendant’s
       participation in that interview.

                                              14.
        “For purposes of a Miranda advisal being rendered under the totality
of the circumstances, the Court does find that even in the second interview
the Miranda advisal was appropriately provided and the defendant
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights.

      “The crux of the second interview, however, does stem when the
defendant made utterances about an attorney being present during the
polygraph examination.

       “To a certain extent, as counsel is aware, polygraph examinations
are not admissible in court, but can be utilized by law enforcement perhaps
even as a ruse to get cooperation from the suspect interviewed, and in this
particular case the Court doesn’t know if a polygraph examination actually
would have occurred or would not have occurred, but it appears to have
been a strategy that law enforcement implemented in an attempt to get
further or additional information out of the defendant.

       “Be that as it may, that is the circumstances under which the
defendant’s request to have an attorney present or to speak to an attorney
before taking that polygraph examination, and when it comes to an
invocation of an individual’s right to have an attorney, that certainly would
qualify as an invocation to have an attorney during or immediately before
the polygraph examination is conducted.

       “Once the polygraph examination – once the determination for the
polygraph examination to not occur was done, there did leave an ambiguity
about the defendant’s request for an attorney. [¶] . . . [¶]

        “It does appear that when the defendant made the utterance about an
attorney that his utterance in and of itself was ambiguous, that would
require thereafter clarification by law enforcement to understand exactly
what the defendant was requesting; specifically, whether the defendant
wanted an attorney for all purposes or whether the defendant wanted an
attorney for the limited purpose of the polygraph examination. That
ambiguity did lead to clarifying questions by law enforcement, which was,
in this Court’s view, fully explained [in the transcript]. [¶] . . . [¶]

        “Once the polygraph examiner was released from the room, a
clarifying question was asked by Detective Garcia, quote, now that he’s
gone, are you still willing to talk to us further about this investigation, and
the response was yes, sir, unquote.

      “There was a further utterance by the defendant which states, quote,
whatever you guys wanna know, . . . unquote . . . .

                                      15.
              “This was an appropriate time for law enforcement to clarify what
       the defendant was actually requesting, and it appears to the Court that the
       defendant’s request to speak to an attorney or have an attorney was a
       conditional request involving the polygraph examination that was offered
       voluntarily and it was not an unconditional request to stop or cease any
       further questions by way of an interrogation absent the polygraph
       examination.

              “The Court has considered these issues under the totality of the
       circumstances, which likewise includes, for purposes of review, the
       defendant’s age as a juvenile. While juveniles do enjoy certain rights when
       it comes to Miranda advisals, the determination of whether an advisal is
       properly given and whether a waiver is obtained is identical to the
       individual being an adult versus a juvenile with certain factors that must be
       considered. Certainly age is one of them. Additionally, low IQ is another,
       as well as other factors that are substantially similar, and in this particular
       case the only factor that the Court has been offered is that the defendant
       was two months shy of his eighteenth birthday when this interrogation
       occurred.

              “Nonetheless, the Court has considered his juvenile status. . . . [I]t
       appears to the Court, based on a review of those portions in the transcript
       and the evidence, that no course of tactics were taken by law enforcement
       to force the defendant to participate in these interviews, nor has there been
       any inclination that the defendant did not participate knowingly,
       voluntarily, or intelligently after waiving his Miranda rights.

              “For those reasons, . . . the Court is going to allow the People to
       present these interviews with the defendant if they choose to do so in their
       case-in-chief.”
       b. Analysis
       “ ‘Under the Fifth Amendment to the federal Constitution, as applied to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment, “[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal
case to be a witness against himself . . . .” [Citation.] “In order to combat [the] pressures
[of custodial interrogation] and to permit a full opportunity to exercise the privilege
against self-incrimination, the accused must be adequately and effectively apprised of his
rights” to remain silent and to have the assistance of counsel. [Citation.] “[I]f the
accused indicates in any manner that he wishes to remain silent or to consult an attorney,

                                             16.
interrogation must cease, and any statement obtained from him during interrogation
thereafter may not be admitted against him at his trial” [citation], at least during the
prosecution’s case-in-chief [citations].’ [Citation.] ‘Critically, however, a suspect can
waive these rights.’ [Citation.] To establish a valid waiver of Miranda rights, the
prosecution must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the waiver was knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary. [Citations.]” (People v. Nelson (2012) 53 Cal.4th 367, 374-
375 (Nelson); see People v. Lewis (2001) 26 Cal.4th 334, 383 [“A minor has a Fifth
Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, which precludes admission of a minor’s
confession obtained without the minor’s voluntary, intelligent, and knowledgeable waiver
of his or her constitutional rights.”].)
       “The test for validity is as follows. ‘First, the relinquishment of the right must
have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice
rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception. Second, the waiver must have been
made with a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the
consequences of the decision to abandon it. Only if the “totality of the circumstances
surrounding the interrogation” reveals both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of
comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights have been
waived.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Molano (2019) 7 Cal.5th 620, 648 (Molano); see People
v. Cruz (2008) 44 Cal.4th 636, 667 [“A valid waiver need not be of predetermined form,
but instead must reflect that the suspect in fact knowingly and voluntarily waived the
rights delineated in the Miranda decision.”].)
       “Determining the validity of a Miranda rights waiver requires ‘an evaluation of
the defendant’s state of mind’ [citation] and ‘inquiry into all the circumstances
surrounding the interrogation’ [citation]. When a juvenile’s waiver is at issue,
consideration must be given to factors such as ‘the juvenile’s age, experience, education,
background, and intelligence, and . . . whether he has the capacity to understand the
warnings given him, the nature of his Fifth Amendment rights, and the consequences of

                                             17.
waiving those rights.’ [Citations.]” (Nelson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 375.) “[E]ven when
a juvenile has made a valid waiver of the Miranda rights, a court may consider whether
the juvenile gave a confession after being ‘ “exposed to any form of coercion, threats, or
promises of any kind, [or] trickery or intimidation . . . .” ’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 379, fn.
omitted.)
       “ ‘On appeal, we conduct an independent review of the trial court’s legal
determination and rely upon the trial court’s findings on disputed facts if supported by
substantial evidence.’ [Citation.] The facts surrounding an admission or confession are
undisputed to the extent the interview is tape-recorded, making the issue subject to our
independent review. [Citation.]” (People v. Linton (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1146, 1176-1177
(Linton).)
       Here, at the outset of the interrogation on February 21, 2017, Meyer advised
defendant of his Miranda rights. Defendant confirmed that he understood his rights.
Although he was not formally asked to waive them, “[i]t is well settled that law
enforcement officers are not required to obtain an express waiver of a suspect’s Miranda
rights prior to a custodial interview and that a valid waiver of such rights may be implied
from the defendant’s words and actions.” (People v. Parker (2017) 2 Cal.5th 1184, 1216
(Parker).) The record establishes that defendant “proceeded to actively participate in the
conversation with the detectives . . . .” (Ibid.) “While defendant did not expressly waive
his Miranda rights, he did so implicitly by willingly answering questions after
acknowledging that he understood those rights.” (People v. Lessie (2010) 47 Cal.4th
1152, 1169 (Lessie); accord, Nelson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 375; see People v. Cruz,
supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 667 [“A suspect’s expressed willingness to answer questions after
acknowledging an understanding of his or her Miranda rights has itself been held
sufficient to constitute an implied waiver of such rights.”].) In addition, “[t]here is no
suggestion the detectives resorted to physical or psychological pressure to coerce
defendant to talk to them.” (Parker, supra, at p. 1216.)

                                              18.
       Likewise, at the outset of the interrogation on February 22, 2017, defendant was
advised of his Miranda rights, confirmed that he understood his rights, and implicitly
waived them by freely conversing with the detectives. (See Lessie, supra, 47 Cal.4th at
p. 1169.) He initially appeared to consent to a polygraph test. When the examiner
entered the room and asked whether this consent was voluntary, defendant expressed that
he wanted to speak to an attorney beforehand. Subsequently, the examiner was
dismissed. Garcia then asked, “[N]ow that [the examiner]’s gone, are you still willing to
talk to us further about this investigation?” Defendant unequivocally answered, “Yes,
sir.” He added, “Whatever you guys wanna know . . . .”
       “If, postwaiver, a defendant requests counsel, the officers must cease further
questioning until a lawyer has been made available or the defendant reinitiates.” (People
v. Shamblin (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 1, 19; accord, Molano, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 654.)
“ ‘An accused “initiates” ’ further communication, when his words or conduct ‘can be
“fairly said to represent a desire” on his part “to open up a more generalized discussion
relating directly or indirectly to the investigation.” ’ [Citations.]” (Molano, supra, at
p. 656.)
       While defendant invoked the right to counsel before the polygraph test could be
administered, once it became clear that the test would not be administered, defendant
clarified that he still wanted to talk about the criminal investigation. (See Nelson, supra,
53 Cal.4th at p. 382 [“Where . . . the suspect makes a conditional invocation of counsel
limited to the administration of a polygraph test, officers need not terminate the entire
interrogation.”].) Again, “[t]here is no suggestion the detectives resorted to physical or
psychological pressure to coerce defendant to talk to them.” (Parker, supra, 2 Cal.5th at
p. 1216.)
       On appeal, defendant contends that “age, immaturity, lack of any proof of contact
with the criminal justice system, and minimal education weighed strongly against finding
an implied waiver and the voluntariness of his statements . . . .” He emphasizes that he

                                             19.
“was 17 years old at the time of the interrogation,” “had minimal education, completing
tenth grade without graduating from high school,” “had no skills,” and “worked doing
field labor.” He alleges that “there is no evidence of any sustained juvenile petitions.”
       In our view, defendant’s age, purported immaturity, education level, and history as
a manual laborer did not automatically invalidate the Miranda waiver. (See Lessie,
supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1169; People v. Lewis (2001) 26 Cal.4th 334, 384; In re Brian W.
(1981) 125 Cal.App.3d 590, 602-603; In re Norman H. (1976) 64 Cal.App.3d 997, 1002.)
Even assuming, arguendo, that defendant had no prior experience with the criminal
justice system, a lack of criminal history is but one factor to consider. Over the course of
the questioning, defendant comprehended the detectives’ questions and answered
coherently, many times in great detail. On several occasions, when the detectives noted
inconsistencies in his accounts (see People v. Enraca (2012) 53 Cal.4th 735, 755),
defendant “was keen enough to change his story . . . .” (People v. Lewis, supra, 26
Cal.4th at p. 384.) Defendant did not exhibit any signs of confusion or other mental
problems. On the second day of questioning, defendant conditionally invoked his right to
counsel and then reinitiated communication. He was questioned for approximately three
hours on the first day and “a couple hours” on the second day, which “hardly reflect the
kind of continuous, prolonged interrogation that has been found to render a resulting
confession involuntary.” (Linton, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 1178.) He was also uncuffed
and offered water. (See People v. Thomas (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 987, 1011 [removal of
handcuffs and offer of water militated against finding that the defendant’s will was
overborne].) “There is no indication here of coercive tactics by the individuals
interviewing defendant, including any evidence that they exploited any personal
characteristics of defendant in order to obtain his admissions and confession.” (Linton,
supra, at p. 1179.)
       In view of the totality of the circumstances, we conclude defendant knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights.

                                            20.
II.    A Franklin remand is not required because defendant had an adequate
       opportunity to request a Franklin proceeding below but failed to do so.
       Generally, a person who was sentenced to a lengthy prison term for an offense
committed when he or she was age 25 or younger is entitled to a youth offender parole
hearing. (See § 3051; Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th at pp. 277-278.) When assessing a
prisoner’s suitability for parole, the parole board is required to “give great weight to the
diminished culpability of juveniles as compared to adults, the hallmark features of youth,
and any subsequent growth and increased maturity of the prisoner . . . .” (§ 4801,
subd. (c); see § 3051, subd. (f)(1).)
       In Franklin, the California Supreme Court reasoned that sections 3051 and 4801
“contemplate that information regarding the juvenile offender’s characteristics and
circumstances at the time of the offense will be available at a youth offender parole
hearing to facilitate the [parole board]’s consideration. . . . Assembling . . . statements
‘about the individual before the crime’ is typically a task more easily done at or near the
time of the juvenile’s offense rather than decades later . . . .” (Franklin, supra, 63 Cal.4th
at pp. 283-284.) The state high court concluded that Franklin, who was 16 years old
when he committed murder and was sentenced before the enactment of these statutes (see
id. at p. 268), may not have had an adequate opportunity at sentencing “to make a record
of mitigating evidence tied to his youth” (id. at p. 269). Accordingly, it remanded the
matter for a limited purpose: to permit the trial court to determine “whether Franklin was
afforded sufficient opportunity to make a record of information relevant to his eventual
youth offender parole hearing.” (Id. at p. 284.) If Franklin did not have this opportunity,
the trial court was empowered to receive pertinent evidence and information from both
parties, with “[t]he goal of any such proceeding [being] to provide an opportunity for the
parties to make an accurate record of the juvenile offender’s characteristics and
circumstances at the time of the offense so that the [parole board], years later, may
properly discharge its obligation to ‘give great weight to’ youth-related factors [citation]

                                             21.
in determining whether the offender is ‘fit to rejoin society’ despite having committed a
serious crime ‘while he was a child in the eyes of the law’ [citation].” (Ibid.)
       On appeal, defendant contends that he is entitled to the same relief that our
Supreme Court granted in Franklin because his attorney “did not place on the record all
the mitigating evidence that could be relevant at [his] eventual youth offender parole
hearing,” e.g., “[his] level of maturity, cognitive ability, or other youth-related factors.”
We disagree.
       “Section 3051 was amended effective January 1, 2016, to require youth offender
parole hearings for offenders who were 25 years old or younger at the time of the
controlling offense. [Citation.] The Supreme Court decided Franklin in May 2016.”
(People v. Medrano (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 961, 967 (Medrano).) Defendant, who was
17 years of age at the time of the murder, was sentenced on November 6, 2018, nearly
three years after Franklin was handed down. “[U]nlike the defendant in Franklin,
defendant had both the opportunity and incentive to put information on the record related
to a future youth offender parole hearing.” (People v. Woods (2018) 19 Cal.App.5th
1080, 1088-1089, italics added.) “The record does not indicate that [his] opportunity to
[request a Franklin proceeding] was inadequate in any respect. Rather, it appears that he
merely failed—whether by choice or by inadvertence—to exercise it.” (Medrano, supra,
at p. 967.) Therefore, “there is no basis for a Franklin remand here.” (People v. Woods,
supra, at p. 1089.)6
       Alternatively, defendant contends that his attorney rendered ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to request a Franklin proceeding below. “In order to establish a
claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his or her

6       Defendant cites People v. Tran (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 561, which is inapposite.
In that case, the offender had been sentenced before Franklin was decided (see id. at
p. 568) and “did not have the benefit of that decision at the time of his sentencing” (id. at
p. 570).

                                              22.
counsel’s performance was deficient and that the defendant suffered prejudice as a result
of such deficient performance.” (People v. Mickel (2016) 2 Cal.5th 181, 198 (Mickel),
citing Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687-692.) “To demonstrate
deficient performance, defendant bears the burden of showing that counsel’s performance
‘ “ ‘ “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness . . . under prevailing
professional norms.” ’ ” ’ [Citation.] To demonstrate prejudice, defendant bears the
burden of showing a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance,
the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. [Citations.]” (Mickel, supra,
at p. 198.)
       “[C]ertain practical constraints make it more difficult to address ineffective
assistance claims on direct appeal rather than in the context of a habeas corpus
proceeding.” (Mickel, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 198.) “The record on appeal may not
explain why counsel chose to act as he or she did. Under those circumstances, a
reviewing court has no basis on which to determine whether counsel had a legitimate
reason for making a particular decision, or whether counsel’s actions or failure to take
certain actions were objectively unreasonable.” (Ibid.) “Moreover, we begin with the
presumption that counsel’s actions fall within the broad range of reasonableness, and
afford ‘great deference to counsel’s tactical decisions.’ [Citation.] Accordingly, [the
California Supreme Court] ha[s] characterized defendant’s burden as ‘difficult to carry on
direct appeal,’ as a reviewing court will reverse a conviction based on ineffective
assistance of counsel on direct appeal only if there is affirmative evidence that counsel
had ‘ “ ‘no rational tactical purpose’ ” ’ for an action or omission. [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
       The record before us does not reveal why defense counsel did not request a
Franklin proceeding. Absent any affirmative evidence that there was no rational tactical
purpose for counsel’s forbearance, “it would be inappropriate for us to address
defendant’s ineffectiveness claim on direct appeal.” (Mickel, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 200.)
While defendant maintains that “[t]here can be no tactical basis for counsel’s failure to

                                             23.
request a Franklin hearing,” there could have been a legitimate reason. As our Supreme
Court has observed, some offenders may choose “to forgo a Franklin proceeding
altogether” since “[d]elving into the past is not always beneficial to a defendant.” (In re
Cook (2019) 7 Cal.5th 439, 459.)
       Furthermore, although we find no basis for a Franklin remand, defendant is not
foreclosed from seeking a Franklin proceeding. Our Supreme Court has held that a
youthful offender whose conviction and sentence are final may file a motion under
section 1203.01 to make a record of youth-related mitigating evidence. (In re Cook,
supra, 7 Cal.5th at pp. 446-447; accord, Medrano, supra, 40 Cal.App.5th at p. 968.)
Because defendant can still pursue a Franklin proceeding, he would not be able to
demonstrate prejudice arising from his attorney’s purported deficient performance.

III.   A remand for resentencing is unnecessary because the record does not
       affirmatively establish that the trial court was unaware of its discretion
       to strike the firearm discharge enhancement.
       “[A]ny person who, in the commission of a [murder], personally and intentionally
discharges a firearm and proximately causes great bodily injury . . . or death, to any
person other than an accomplice, shall be punished by an additional and consecutive term
of imprisonment in the state prison for 25 years to life.” (§ 12022.53, subd. (d).) As of
January 1, 2018, subdivision (h) of section 12022.53 provides:

       “The court may, in the interest of justice pursuant to [s]ection 1385 and at
       the time of sentencing, strike or dismiss an enhancement otherwise required
       to be imposed by this section. The authority provided by this subdivision
       applies to any resentencing that may occur pursuant to any other law.”
       (Stats. 2017, ch. 682, § 2.)
       On appeal, defendant contends that “the trial court did not give any consideration
to [section 12022.53, subdivision (h)].” The record shows that he was sentenced on
November 6, 2018, over 10 months after the amended section 12022.53, subdivision (h)
became effective. “[I]n light of the presumption on a silent record that the trial court is
aware of the applicable law, including statutory discretion at sentencing, we cannot

                                             24.
presume error where the record does not establish on its face that the trial court
misunderstood the scope of that discretion.” (People v. Gutierrez (2009) 174
Cal.App.4th 515, 527.) Since defendant does not cite anything in the record showing
otherwise, we reject his claim of error.
       Alternatively, defendant contends that his attorney rendered ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to ask the court to strike the firearm enhancement. As we discussed,
“certain practical constraints make it more difficult to address ineffective assistance
claims on direct appeal rather than in the context of a habeas corpus proceeding” (Mickel,
supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 198) since “a reviewing court will reverse a conviction based on
ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal only if there is affirmative evidence that
counsel had ‘ “ ‘no rational tactical purpose’ ” ’ for an action or omission” (ibid.). The
record before us does not reveal why defense counsel did not make the request. Absent
any affirmative evidence that there was no rational tactical purpose for counsel’s
forbearance, “it would be inappropriate for us to address defendant’s ineffectiveness
claim on direct appeal.” (Id. at p. 200.)
       Defendant maintains that “[t]here can be no tactical basis for counsel’s failure to
request . . . the court to exercise its discretion to consider striking a 25 year to life
sentence on a criminal defendant who committed an offense at 17 years of age and was
already looking at a sentence of life without the possibility of parole.” We disagree. At
the sentencing hearing, the court—which acknowledged defendant’s “youthfulness” as a
potential circumstance in mitigation—nevertheless remarked that life without parole was
“the appropriate sentence” in view of the “plethora of [aggravating] circumstances”:
(1) the crime “certainly involved great violence” “above and beyond what would
otherwise result in murder, by way of the numerous shots that were fired and impacted on
[the victim]”; (2) defendant used a firearm during the commission of the crime; (3) the
victim “was placed in a position of vulnerability”; (4) “[t]he manner in which th[e] crime
was carried out certainly did indicate and pose a level of sophistication and planning

                                               25.
beyond what is necessary to commit an otherwise murder”; and (5) defendant “took
advantage of a position of trust” “when committing this crime under the guise that
[defendant and the victim] were merely going target shooting.” It is at least plausible that
defense counsel could have concluded that a request to strike the firearm enhancement
would have been fruitless. (See People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 387 [“Counsel
does not render ineffective assistance by failing to make motions or objections that
counsel reasonably determines would be futile.”], superseded by statute on other grounds
as stated in People v. Hinks (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1157, 1161-1165.)
IV.    The $300 parole revocation fine must be stricken.
       “In every case where a person is convicted of a crime and his or her sentence
includes a period of parole, the court shall, at the time of imposing the restitution fine
pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1202.4, assess an additional parole revocation
restitution fine in the same amount as that imposed pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section
1202.4.” (§ 1202.45, subd. (a).) “A parole revocation fine may not be imposed for a
term of life in prison without possibility of parole, as the statute is expressly inapplicable
where there is no period of parole.” (People v. Jenkins (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 805,
819.) Additionally, when there is a discrepancy between the oral pronouncement of
judgment and the abstract of judgment, the oral pronouncement controls. (People v.
Zackery (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 380, 385.)
       On appeal, defendant correctly points out that the court did not impose a $300
parole revocation fine; nevertheless, one is reflected in his abstract of judgment. He also
correctly notes that such a fine may not be imposed when the sentence precludes parole.
We will strike the parole revocation fine and order correction of the abstract of judgment.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The parole revocation restitution fine imposed pursuant to section 1202.45 is
stricken. The trial court is directed to prepare an amended abstract of judgment deleting
that fine and send a certified copy thereof to the appropriate authorities. In all other

                                             26.
respects, the judgment is affirmed without prejudice to defendant’s filing a motion for a
Franklin proceeding under the authority of section 1203.01 and In re Cook, supra, 7
Cal.5th 439.

                                                                     DETJEN, Acting P.J.
WE CONCUR:

FRANSON, J.

SMITH, J.

                                            27.