Court Opinion

ID: 866123
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-29 20:29:10.083229+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:40:56.542610
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/29/13 P. v. Vega CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                         G045951

         v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No. 10HF0233)

GUSTAVO ADRIAN VEGA,                                                   OPINION

     Defendant and Appellant.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Richard M. King, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Law Offices of E. Thomas Dunn, Jr., and E. Thomas Dunn, Jr., for
Defendant and Appellant.
                   Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, William M. Wood and
Gary W. Brozio, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                             *               *               *
                                       INTRODUCTION
               While driving his truck under the influence of alcohol, defendant Gustavo
Adrian Vega sped through a red light, and collided with a car in an intersection, killing
the passenger in the car. Defendant was convicted by a jury of murder, felony hit and
run, and possession of a controlled substance. We affirm.
               On appeal, defendant argues there was insufficient evidence supporting his
convictions for murder and felony hit and run. Substantial evidence supports those
convictions.
               Defendant also argues the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on
the defense of duress. That defense was not applicable to the murder charge, and there
was not substantial evidence to support the defense on felony hit and run. Accordingly,
there was no error in failing to instruct the jury on duress.
               Defendant next argues the trial court erred under Penal Code section 1138,
when it answered the jury‟s question during deliberations regarding the defense of
necessity. We find no error in the court‟s response to the jury‟s question.
               Finally, we reject defendant‟s argument that the trial court should have
instructed the jury that gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is a lesser included
offense of murder. The Supreme Court has definitively decided against defendant on this
point of law. We further reject defendant‟s contention that Penal Code section 192,
subdivision (b) violates equal protection; there is a rational basis for not permitting
involuntary manslaughter to be raised as a lesser included offense to murder if death
results from driving a motor vehicle in an unlawful manner.

                    STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
               Around 2:30 a.m. on February 14, 2010, a truck driven by defendant ran a
red light and crashed into a car driven by Hao Nguyen. Cara Lee, who was in the front
passenger seat of Nguyen‟s car, died of exsanguination due to multiple traumatic injuries.

                                               2
              Before the collision, while exiting a restaurant parking lot, defendant‟s
truck had bumped into a car belonging to Todd Highman. Maricela Sandoval,
Highman‟s girlfriend, tried to confront defendant and two others who were in the truck,
but they ignored her and sped off. Sandoval went inside the restaurant to let Highman
know what had happened. They got back in the car and drove after defendant‟s truck.
After losing sight of defendant‟s truck, they spotted the truck as it emerged from a nearby
neighborhood; Highman honked, but defendant failed to stop. Highman pulled up beside
defendant‟s truck at a red light, made eye contact with defendant, and gestured to him to
pull over so they could exchange insurance information. Instead, defendant sped off
when the light turned green. Highman and Sandoval both denied threatening defendant.
Moments later, the crash with Nguyen‟s car occurred.
              After the crash, defendant exited his truck and fled into a nearby apartment
complex. When a police officer located defendant, the officer found a baggie of cocaine
on him. Another officer conducted a drunk driving investigation and noticed defendant
showed signs of alcohol intoxication. Defendant‟s preliminary alcohol screening tests
showed blood alcohol levels of 0.17 and 0.18 percent. The officer opined, based on
defendant‟s performance on the field sobriety test and the results of his preliminary
alcohol screening tests, that defendant was under the influence of alcohol.
              After defendant was arrested, his blood was drawn. Defendant‟s blood
alcohol level was 0.174 percent, and tests also showed the presence of cocaine in his
system.
              At no point during the postaccident investigation did defendant tell the
police he was speeding because he was in fear for his life.
              Using information obtained at the scene, as well as information from the
“black box” in defendant‟s truck, an accident reconstruction expert testified that
defendant‟s truck‟s speed at the time of impact with Nguyen‟s car was between 61 and 64
miles per hour, and that its speed during the moments before impact could have been as

                                             3
high as 81.6 to 88.3 miles per hour. The police determined that the traffic lights at the
intersection where the collision occurred were working properly.
              Defendant had previously pled guilty to driving while under the influence
of alcohol. On February 14, 2010, he was on probation for that conviction, and his
driver‟s license was suspended. In connection with his earlier conviction for driving
while under the influence of alcohol, defendant had attended and completed a youth drug
and alcohol deterrence program. The program informed defendant of the dangers
associated with and the legal consequences of drinking and driving. As part of that
program, defendant had written an essay describing his earlier crime, what he had
learned, and how he would change his life based on the whole experience. Defendant
had also attended and completed a Mothers Against Drunk Driving victim impact panel.
After completing those education programs, as part of his guilty plea, defendant initialed
a paragraph reading as follows: “You are hereby advised that being under the influence
of alcohol or drugs or both impairs your ability to safely operate a motor vehicle.
Therefore, it is extremely dangerous to human life to drive while under the influence of
alcohol or drugs or both. If you continue to drive while under the influence of alcohol or
drugs or both, and as a result of that driving, someone is killed, you can be charged with
murder.”
              At trial, defendant testified in his own defense. He admitted ingesting
cocaine, drinking alcohol, and smoking marijuana during the evening of February 13,
2010. Around 1:30 a.m. on February 14, defendant and two friends drove to a taco shop
in Santa Ana. One of defendant‟s friends and a security guard at the taco shop told him
Sandoval said he had hit Highman‟s car, but defendant denied hitting the car.
              Defendant testified that, after he dropped off his friends, he noticed he was
being closely followed by a white car. Defendant said he sped up to get away from the
car, but it kept pace with his truck. When he stopped at a red light, the white car pulled
up beside his truck; defendant could see the driver and front seat passenger making hand

                                             4
gestures, but could see nothing else. Defendant testified he believed he was being
followed by gang members and was scared. In 2008, defendant‟s brother had been
involved in an incident where gang members followed him, pulled him from his vehicle,
and beat him up.
              When the red light turned green, defendant sped away. He claimed that he
slowed as he approached the intersection of Flower Street and Sunflower Avenue because
the light was red. Defendant also claimed that the light turned green so he drove into the
intersection. Defendant‟s truck collided with a car in the intersection and he blacked out.
When he came to, he saw the white car, panicked, and walked across the street and
jumped over a fence into an apartment complex. Defendant claimed he told the police
officer who initially contacted him that he was being chased.
              Defendant testified that he appreciated the dangers of drinking and driving,
and that he would not have been speeding that night but for his fear of the person or
persons in the white car.
              A clinical psychologist testified for the defense that defendant was in a
fight or flight syndrome situation at the time of the collision. During an interview with
the psychologist, defendant claimed he was in fear for his life because the white car was
chasing him, the driver of the white car was making wild gestures, and he feared the car
contained gang members. Defendant told the psychologist that he ran the red light at the
intersection because he believed gang members were chasing him.
              Defendant was charged with murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a));
misdemeanor hit and run driving with property damage (Veh. Code, § 20002, subd. (a));
felony hit and run driving with permanent injury or death (id., § 20001, subds. (a),
(b)(2)); and felony possession of a controlled substance (Health & Saf. Code, § 11350,
subd. (a)). A jury found defendant not guilty of misdemeanor hit and run driving, but
guilty of all the other charges.

                                             5
              The trial court denied defendant‟s motion for a new trial, made on the
ground the jury should have been permitted to consider grossly negligent vehicular
manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder. The court sentenced defendant to a
total of 20 years four months to life; defendant was sentenced to 15 years to life for
murder, with consecutive sentences of four years for felony hit and run driving, and eight
months for possession of a controlled substance.1 Defendant timely appealed.

                                        DISCUSSION
                                              I.
                              SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
              Defendant argues there was not sufficient evidence to support the charges
of murder and felony hit and run. “„In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we
review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether
it discloses evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value such that a reasonable
trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.‟ [Citation.]”
(People v. Steele (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1230, 1249.) We presume in support of the judgment
the existence of every fact that could reasonably be deduced from the evidence. (People
v. Kraft (2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 1053.) We may reverse for lack of substantial evidence
only if “„upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support‟”
the conviction. (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 331.)

                                             A.
                                          Murder
              Defendant concedes there was sufficient evidence that he committed an act
which caused the death of another person, and he acted with malice aforethought by

              1
                Defendant was also sentenced to a total of eight months for prior crimes
as to which he was on probation on February 14, 2010.

                                              6
driving at unlawful speeds. (Defendant does not acknowledge that, while driving at
unlawful speeds, he was also under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine; was
driving without a license due to a previous conviction for driving while under the
influence of alcohol; and had attested that after taking classes on the subject, he
understood he could cause a person‟s death by drinking and driving.) Defendant argues,
however, there was insufficient evidence that he acted without lawful excuse, a necessary
element of the crime of murder. (People v. Thomas (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 461, 466-
467; CALCRIM No. 520.)2 Defendant‟s defense of excuse is based on his claim that he

              2
                  The jury was correctly instructed with CALCRIM Nos. 500, 510, and
520, as follows: “Homicide is the killing of one human being by another. Murder is a
type of homicide. The defendant is charged with murder. [¶] A homicide can be lawful
or unlawful. If a person kills with a legally valid excuse or justification, the killing is
lawful and he or she has not committed a crime. If there is no legally valid excuse or
justification, the killing is unlawful and, depending on the circumstances, the person may
be guilty of murder. You must decide whether the killing in this case was unlawful and,
if so, whether murder was committed. [¶] I will now instruct you in more detail on what
is a legally permissible excuse or justification for homicide.” (CALCRIM No. 500.)
“The defendant is not guilty of murder if he killed someone as a result of accident or
misfortune. Such a killing is excused and, therefore, not unlawful, if: 1, the defendant
was doing a lawful act in a lawful way; 2, the defendant was acting with usual and
ordinary caution; and 3, the defendant was acting without any unlawful intent. [¶] A
person acts with usual and ordinary caution if he or she acts in a way that a reasonably
careful person would act in the same or similar situation. [¶] The People have the burden
of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing was not excused. If the People
have not met this burden, you must find the defendant not guilty of murder.”
(CALCRIM No. 510.) “The defendant is charged in count 1 with murder in violation of
Penal Code section 187. [¶] To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime, the
People must prove that: 1, the defendant committed an act that caused the death of
another person. That‟s number 1. Number 2, when the defendant acted, he had the state
of mind called malice aforethought; and 3, he killed without lawful excuse. [¶] Malice
aforethought may be implied malice. [¶] A defendant acted with implied malice if: 1, he
intentionally committed an act; 2, the natural and probable consequences of the act were
dangerous to human life; 3, at the time he acted, he knew his act was dangerous to human
life; and 4, he deliberately acted with conscious disregard for human life. [¶] Malice
aforethought does not require hatred or ill will toward the victim. It is a mental state that
must be formed before the act that causes death is committed. It does not require
deliberation or the passage of any particular period of time. [¶] If you find the defendant

                                              7
reasonably believed the occupants of the white car were gang members who were chasing
him, and to protect his own safety, his only reasonable response was to speed away.
              On February 14, 2010, defendant was driving without a valid license, had
been drinking, and had ingested marijuana and cocaine. He was also in possession of
cocaine. Defendant was aware that a woman in the restaurant parking lot claimed
defendant‟s truck had hit her car, although the security guard had told him there was no
damage to the car. Soon thereafter, a white car began following defendant‟s truck, and
pulled up next to his truck at a red light. The occupants of the white car were gesturing to
defendant to pull over, and both Highman and Sandoval denied under oath that they were
in any way threatening defendant. Highman testified he made eye contact with defendant
before defendant sped off. No evidence was presented that the occupants of the white car
were gang members, wearing gang clothing, flashing gang signs, or issuing gang
challenges.3 Before the collision, defendant‟s truck reached speeds of as high as 88 miles
per hour. Afterwards, defendant fled the scene. None of the police officers who testified
at trial had been told by defendant, on the night of his arrest, that he was afraid, he was
being chased by gang members, or he had been speeding to avoid danger. More than
sufficient evidence was admitted at trial showing there was no lawful excuse or
justification for the killing of Cara Lee, and, therefore, there was sufficient evidence
supporting defendant‟s conviction for murder.

guilty of murder, it is murder of the second degree.” (CALCRIM No. 520.) As
explained, post, the jury was also correctly instructed with CALCRIM No. 3403,
regarding necessity as a defense to murder.
               3
                 Defendant contends that “[t]he fact that this area is dangerous gang
territory is common knowledge, not only among those in the legal world but in the
community at large, and a fact of which the court could easily take judicial notice.”
Defendant did not ask the trial court to take judicial notice of this supposed fact, and no
evidence was presented to the jury that the area in which defendant was approached by
the white car is “dangerous gang territory.”

                                              8
                                             B.
                         Hit and Run Driving Resulting in Death
              Defendant argues there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
for violating Vehicle Code section 20001. CALCRIM No. 2140, which addresses
violations of section 20001, was read to the jury as follows: “The defendant is charged in
count 3 with failing to perform a legal duty following a vehicle accident that caused the
death of another person in violation of Vehicle Code section 20001 subdivision (a) [and]
subdivision (b) subdivision (2). [¶] To prove that the defendant is guilty of this crime,
the People must prove that: 1, while driving, the defendant was involved in a vehicle
accident; 2, the accident caused the death of someone else; 3, the defendant knew that he
had been involved in an accident that injured another person or knew from the nature of
the accident that it was probable that another person had been injured; and, 4, the
defendant willfully failed to perform one or more of the following duties: to stop
immediately at the scene of an accident; to provide reasonable assistance to any injured
person in the accident; to give to the driver or occupants of any vehicle collided [with] or
any police officer at the scene of the accident all of the following information: the
defendant‟s name and current residence address; the registration number of the vehicle he
was driving; and the driver must, without unnecessary delay, notify the police department
of the city where the accident happened.”
              Defendant does not dispute that he was involved in a collision, which
caused the death of Cara Lee, and knew from the nature of the collision that it was
probable someone else had been injured. Defendant contends he substantially complied,
or was excused from complying, with the statutory requirements to provide assistance
and to provide necessary information to the other vehicle‟s driver and occupants and to
the police, based on his testimony that he was dazed and in a state of shock after the
collision. (People v. Flores (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 1199, 1204 [unconscious driver is
excused from performing obligations under Vehicle Code section 20001 until he or she

                                             9
regains consciousness].) Defendant contends he ran only far enough away to escape
notice of the occupants of the white car, and cooperated with the police as soon as they
arrived.
              As explained ante in part I.A. of the Discussion, the evidence was sufficient
to support the reasonable inferences that defendant did not believe he was being followed
by gang members, he fled the scene of the collision as he had fled the scene of his minor
fender bender earlier, he displayed a consciousness of guilt when he fled the scene of the
collision, and he never told the police he was in fear for his life. These inferences amply
support the conviction for felony hit and run driving.
                                              II.
                       FAILURE TO INSTRUCT ON DEFENSE OF DURESS
              Defendant argues the trial court failed its sua sponte duty to instruct the
jury on the defense of duress. A court has a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on a
defense if there is substantial evidence to support the defense, and if it is not inconsistent
with the defendant‟s theory of the case. (People v. Wilson (2005) 36 Cal.4th 309, 331.)
              CALCRIM No. 3402 provides as follows: “The defendant is not guilty of
_______  if (he/she) acted under duress. The defendant acted under
duress if, because of threat or menace, (he/she) believed that (his/her/ [or] someone
else‟s) life would be in immediate danger if (he/she) refused a demand or request to
commit the crime[s]. The demand or request may have been express or implied. [¶] The
defendant‟s belief that (his/her/ [or] someone else‟s) life was in immediate danger must
have been reasonable. When deciding whether the defendant‟s belief was reasonable,
consider all the circumstances as they were known to and appeared to the defendant and
consider what a reasonable person in the same position as the defendant would have
believed. [¶] A threat of future harm is not sufficient; the danger to life must have been
immediate. [¶] [The People must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did
not act under duress. If the People have not met this burden, you must find the defendant

                                              10
not guilty of ______ .] [¶] [This defense does not apply to the crime of
_______ .]” (Boldface omitted.)
              We conclude the trial court did not have a sua sponte duty to instruct the
jury that duress was a defense. With respect to the charge of murder, “duress is not a
defense to any form of murder.” (People v. Anderson (2002) 28 Cal.4th 767, 780.)4
With respect to the charge of felony hit and run driving, the duress defense is inapplicable
because “[a]n essential component of this defense is that the defendant be faced with a
direct or implied demand that he or she commit the charged crime.” (People v. Saavedra
(2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 561, 567.) In this case, even if defendant‟s fear of the threat
posed by the occupants of the white car was reasonable, there is no evidence that he faced
a direct or implied demand to commit the crime of running from the scene of the collision
without rendering assistance or providing necessary information. Therefore, the duress
defense was not applicable in this case, and the trial court had no sua sponte duty to
provide an instruction on the defense to the jury. For this reason, we also reject
defendant‟s contention that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request an
instruction on the duress defense, or to argue it in closing argument.
                                             III.
                       RESPONSE TO JURY’S QUESTION ON NECESSITY
              Defendant argues he was prejudiced by the trial court‟s response to a jury
question regarding the necessity defense.
              The trial court instructed the jury on the defense of necessity with
CALCRIM No. 3403: “The defendant is not guilty of murder, hit and run with death, or
hit and run with property damage if he acted because of legal necessity. [¶] In order to
establish this defense, the defendant must prove that: 1, he acted in an emergency to

              4
                 Although “duress may negate the deliberation or premeditation required
for first degree murder” (People v. Burney (2009) 47 Cal.4th 203, 249), that issue is not
presented by the facts of this case.

                                             11
prevent a significant bodily injury or evil to himself; 2, he had no adequate legal
alternative; 3, the defendant‟s act did not create a greater danger than the one avoided;
4, when the defendant acted, he actually believed that the act was necessary to prevent
the threatened harm or evil; 5, a reasonable person would also have believed that the act
was necessary under the circumstances; and [6] the defendant did not substantially
contribute to the emergency. [¶] The defendant has the burden of proving this defense by
a preponderance of the evidence. This is a different standard of proof than proof beyond
a reasonable doubt. To meet this burden by a preponderance of the evidence, the
defendant must prove that it is more likely than not that each of the six listed items is
true.”
              During deliberations, the jury sent out a note, reading as follows: “We, the
jury in the above entitled action, request the following: [¶] Clarification of the word
„emergency‟ in „3403 Necessity‟ as it pertains to hit & run w/ Death in questions #1 and
#6 [¶] Is the „emergency‟ the imminent threat of bodily harm or the car crash?” In
response, the court reinstructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 200, as follows: “Some
words or phrases used during this trial have legal meanings that are different from their
meanings in everyday use. These words and phrases will be specifically defined in these
instructions. Please be sure to listen carefully and follow the definitions that I give you.
Words and phrases not specifically defined in these instructions are to be applied using
their ordinary, everyday meanings. [¶] The word „emergency‟ fits into that last sentence.
So it is not specifically defined and you are to apply it using the ordinary, everyday
meaning.”
              Defendant did not object to the trial court‟s response to the jury‟s question;
any claim of error has therefore been forfeited. (People v. Dykes (2009) 46 Cal.4th 731,
798-799 [on appeal, the defendant cannot challenge court‟s response to jury question,
under Penal Code section 1138, when response was correct under the law and was

                                             12
approved by defense counsel].) However, to resolve defendant‟s claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, we will proceed to the merits of the argument.
              Penal Code section 1138 provides: “After the jury have retired for
deliberation, if there be any disagreement between them as to the testimony, or if they
desire to be informed on any point of law arising in the case, they must require the officer
to conduct them into court. Upon being brought into court, the information required must
be given in the presence of, or after notice to, the prosecuting attorney, and the defendant
or his counsel, or after they have been called.” This statute “imposes on the court the
„primary duty to help the jury understand the legal principles it is asked to apply.‟
[Citation.]” (People v. Cleveland (2004) 32 Cal.4th 704, 755.)
              The jury‟s question was limited to the application of the necessity defense
to the crime of felony hit and run driving with permanent injury or death. When
understood properly, the jury‟s question makes sense, and the trial court‟s response was
entirely appropriate. There was no error; but even if there was, it would be harmless.
The evidence that defendant committed felony hit and run driving resulting in death was
overwhelming, as described ante in part I.B. of the Discussion.
                                             IV.

     REFUSAL TO INSTRUCT THE JURY THAT GROSS VEHICULAR MANSLAUGHTER WHILE
              INTOXICATED IS A LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE OF MURDER
              Defendant argues the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that
gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated was a lesser included offense of murder
in this case. As defendant acknowledges, however, the California Supreme Court has
explicitly held that gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is not a lesser included
offense of murder because the statutory elements of murder do not include all the
elements of gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated. (People v. Sanchez (2001)
24 Cal.4th 983, 989.)

                                             13
              Defendant also argues that Penal Code section 192, subdivision (b) violates
equal protection because it eliminates involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included
offense to murder in homicide cases where the defendant is driving under the influence of
alcohol. A state statute may violate equal protection when it treats similarly situated
persons in an unequal manner; a defendant making an equal protection claim bears the
burden of establishing the violation. (People v. Wilkinson (2004) 33 Cal.4th 821, 836.)
Criminal classifications determining different levels of culpability do not implicate strict
scrutiny for equal protection purposes. (Id. at p. 838.) Therefore, even if Penal Code
section 192 creates a different classification, it only needs to bear a rational relationship
to a legitimate governmental purpose. (People v. Wilkinson, supra, at p. 836.) The
California Legislature has consistently attempted to control the serious and often deadly
damage caused by drivers impaired by alcohol or drugs. (See Burg v. Municipal Court
(1983) 35 Cal.3d 257, 261-262, 273, fn. 21 [laws restricting driving while under the
influence of alcohol or drugs further valid legislative purpose, and do not violate equal
protection]; People v. Davalos (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d Supp. 10, 14 [protecting members
of the public from those driving while impaired is valid legislative goal].) Accordingly,
contrary to defendant‟s argument, there is a rational basis for permitting involuntary
manslaughter to be raised as a lesser included offense to murder if death occurs as a result
of the use of a chain saw, but not if death occurs as a result of driving a motor vehicle in
an unlawful manner. Additionally, defendant‟s argument entirely ignores the presence of
Penal Code section 192, subdivision (c), which specifically addresses vehicular
manslaughter.
                                              V.
                           INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
              Defendant claims he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must prove both
(1) his attorney‟s representation was deficient in that it fell below an objective standard of

                                              14
reasonableness under prevailing professional standards, and (2) his attorney‟s deficient
representation subjected him to prejudice. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S.
668, 687; People v. Cain (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1, 28.) Prejudice means a “reasonable
probability that, but for counsel‟s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” (Strickland v. Washington, supra, at p. 694.) A reasonable
probability means a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
(Ibid.) “„“[W]e accord great deference to counsel‟s tactical decisions” [citation], and we
have explained that “courts should not second-guess reasonable, if difficult, tactical
decisions in the harsh light of hindsight” [citation]. “Tactical errors are generally not
deemed reversible, and counsel‟s decisionmaking must be evaluated in the context of the
available facts.”‟” (People v. Jones (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1229, 1254.) “Unless a defendant
establishes the contrary, we shall presume that „counsel‟s performance fell within the
wide range of professional competence and that counsel‟s actions and inactions can be
explained as a matter of sound trial strategy.‟ [Citation.] If the record „sheds no light on
why counsel acted or failed to act in the manner challenged,‟ an appellate claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel must be rejected „unless counsel was asked for an
explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there simply could be no satisfactory
explanation.‟ [Citations.]” (People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal.4th 641, 746.) We reverse
on direct appeal for ineffective assistance of counsel only when “the record on appeal
demonstrates there could be no rational tactical purpose for counsel‟s omissions.”
(People v. Lucas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 415, 442.)
              In this case, defendant can prove neither of the two prongs of the
Strickland v. Washington test. As explained ante, defendant‟s trial counsel was not
deficient for failing to argue a duress defense because such a defense was not available as
a matter of law. Defendant also argues his counsel‟s representation was deficient by
failing to convincingly argue the defense of necessity. Defendant‟s counsel, in fact,
argued that defendant‟s speeding was due to his fear that the white car contained gang

                                             15
members, and that his fear was reasonable. Finally, defendant contends his trial
counsel‟s closing argument was inadequate. Having reviewed the transcript of counsel‟s
argument, we disagree. Defendant‟s trial counsel focused on inconsistencies in the
testimony of Highman, Sandoval, and the officers at the scene, and on the undisputed
testimony that defendant was driving at a normal rate of speed until he encountered
Highman‟s car. Defendant‟s counsel also emphasized the burden of proof, and the
prosecution‟s need to prove conscious disregard for human life, and argued that the fight
or flight response testified to by the expert witness meant defendant did not have a
conscious disregard for human life. That the jury did not accept defendant‟s counsel‟s
argument does not mean it was deficient.

                                       DISPOSITION
              The judgment is affirmed.

                                                 FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

O‟LEARY, P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

                                            16