Court Opinion

ID: 2783009
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-27 21:04:36.124789+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:02:41.718243
License: Public Domain

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

             OF MARYLAND

                No. 2409

           September Term, 2013

           MICHELLE HOBBY

                    v.

             JOHN BURSON

 Wright,
 Graeff,
 Berger,

                    JJ.

           Opinion by Berger, J.

       Filed: February 27, 2015
       This appeal arises out of an order of the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County

denying exceptions to a foreclosure sale filed by Michelle Hobby (“Hobby”). On April 13,

2009, Hobby refinanced her residence with a loan obtained from Freedom Mortgage

Corporation (“Freedom”) that was secured by a deed of trust on the property. Hobby

defaulted on the mortgage and the substitute trustees1 brought an action to foreclose the deed

of trust. Hobby’s property was ultimately sold at a foreclosure sale. On appeal, Hobby

presents two issues2 for our review, which we have rephrased as follows:

                1.     Whether the circuit court erred when it declined to
                       dismiss the foreclosure action.

       1
         The original trustee named in the deed of trust was Thomas P. Dore. The deed of
trust permitted Freedom, as the lender, to appoint successor trustees for the original trustee.
The deed of trust provided, in pertinent part:

                Lender, at its option, may from time to time remove Trustee and
                appoint a successor trustee to any Trustee appointed hereunder
                by an instrument recorded in the city or county in which this
                Security Instrument is recorded. Without conveyance of the
                Property, the successor trustee shall succeed to all the title,
                power and duties conferred upon Trustee herein and by
                applicable law.
       2
           The issues, as presented by Hobby, are:

                1.     Whether The Circuit Court For Prince George’s County
                       Erred When It Failed To Dismiss This Foreclosure
                       Action Because The Mortgagee Failed to Comply With
                       HUD Loss Mitigation Regulations?

                2.     Whether The Circuit Court For Prince George’s County
                       Erred When It Failed To Vacate the Sale of Appellant’s
                       Property?
              2.      Whether the circuit court erred in denying Hobby’s
                      exceptions to the foreclosure sale.

       For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court for Prince

George’s County.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On April 13, 2009, Hobby refinanced her home with a loan from Freedom in the

amount of $469,947. Freedom secured its loan by way of a deed of trust on Hobby’s

property. A few months later, Hobby defaulted on the loan due to her failure to remit several

required payments to Freedom. Thereafter, Hobby requested a loan modification from

Freedom. Freedom denied the request to modify the loan because the deed of trust had not

been properly recorded. Freedom subsequently initiated a quiet title action which established

the deed of trust as a valid and enforceable first lien against Hobby’s property.

       A representative of Freedom3 visited Hobby’s home on February 27, 2010 in

connection with Hobby’s request to modify her loan. Prior to this date, Freedom had

unsuccessfully attempted to contact Hobby via telephone. Hobby was not home when the

representative arrived, so the representative spoke with Hobby’s neighbors and left a contact

letter on the front door of Hobby’s residence.

       3
         Testimony by one of the substitute trustees at the hearing in the circuit court suggests
that this representative may have been employed by LoanCare Servicing Center, Inc., who
serviced the loan from Freedom to Hobby. Regardless, the individual who visited Hobby’s
property on February 27, 2010 was representing the interests of Freedom as the lender.

                                               2
       On October 29, 2010, Freedom sent Hobby a notice of intent to foreclose which,

pursuant to §7-105.1(c) of the Real Property Article of the Maryland Code, was accompanied

by a loss mitigation application.4 Subsequently, on July 6, 2012, the substitute trustees filed

an order to docket and informed Hobby that she had the option of participating in a face-to-

face foreclosure mediation with Freedom if she so desired.

       On August 28, 2012, Hobby filed a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Petition which

automatically stayed the substitute trustees’ foreclosure proceedings. At Freedom’s request,

       4
           §7-105.1(c) of the Real Property Article provides, in pertinent part:

                (1) Except as provided in subsection (b)(2)(iii) of this section, at least 45 days
                before the filing of an action to foreclose a mortgage or deed of trust on
                residential property, the secured party shall send a written notice of intent to
                foreclose to the mortgagor or grantor and the record owner.

                                      *      *       *

                (5) For an owner-occupied residential property, the notice of
                intent to foreclose shall be accompanied by:

                       (I) A loss mitigation application:

                              1. For loss mitigation programs that are applicable
                              to the loan secured by the mortgage or deed of
                              trust that is the subject of the foreclosure action;
                              or

                              2. If the secured party does not have its own loss
                              mitigation application, in the form prescribed by
                              the Commissioner of Financial Regulation . . .

Md. Code (1974, 2010 Repl.Vol.), § 7-105.1(c) of the Real Property Article.

                                                 3
however, the bankruptcy court lifted the stay on the foreclosure of Hobby’s home on

December 14, 2012.

       Hobby elected to participate in a foreclosure mediation session with Freedom on

February 12, 2013. During this meeting, Hobby and Freedom reached an agreement wherein

Freedom agreed not to proceed with its foreclosure until it reviewed, and acted upon,

Hobby’s application for a loan modification. Freedom also reserved the right to resume its

foreclosure proceedings if Hobby failed to submit certain documentation supporting her

application for a loan modification in a timely manner. On March 4, 2013, pursuant to the

mediation agreement reached by Hobby and Freedom, the circuit court ordered that any

foreclosure sale of Hobby’s property be stayed for 60 days. The order further provided that

the foreclosure case would be automatically dismissed without prejudice after the expiration

of the 60 day stay, unless the substitute trustees filed a motion to lift the stay.

       Ultimately, Hobby’s request for a loan modification was denied. Thereafter, the

circuit court granted the substitute trustees’ request to lift the stay on the foreclosure

proceedings. Hobby responded by filing a motion to stay or dismiss on April 2, 2013. In her

motion, Hobby alleged that Freedom violated 24 C.F.R. §203.604(b), which was

incorporated into the deed of trust in this case, by not affording her an opportunity to engage

in face-to-face mediation prior to the initiation of foreclosure proceedings. Nevertheless,

on May 21, 2013 the substitute trustees conducted a foreclosure sale at which Freedom

                                                4
purchased Hobby’s property. The substitute trustees filed a report of the foreclosure sale

with the circuit court on June 18, 2013.

       On June 5, 2013, the circuit court entered an order5 granting Hobby’s April 2, 2013

motion to stay and dismiss. The substitute trustees subsequently moved to vacate the circuit

court’s order dismissing their foreclosure case. The circuit court granted the substitute

trustees’ motion, vacated its June 5, 2013 order, and set a hearing on Hobby’s motion to stay

or dismiss for August 26, 2013. The circuit court ultimately denied Hobby’s motion to stay

or dismiss, explaining its reasoning as follows:

              [Hobby] alleges that [Freedom] failed to comply with 24 C.F.R.
              § 203.604(b), which requires that the mortgagee have a “face-to-
              face interview with the mortgagor, or make a reasonable effort
              to arrange such a meeting, before three full monthly installments
              due on the mortgage are unpaid.” However, under 24 C.F.R.
              §203.604(c)(5), if reasonable efforts to arrange such a meeting
              are unsuccessful, it is not necessary. At a minimum, the
              mortgagee must send a letter to the mortgagor and make at least
              one trip to the mortgagor at the mortgaged property.

              At the hearing on August 26, 2013, [the substitute trustee]
              submitted a Field Contact Sheet, which was admitted into
              evidence as Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1. This record demonstrated
              [Freedom’s] multiple attempts to contact [Hobby] in order to
              arrange a face-to-face meeting: a phone call and voice-mail, a
              field visit to the mortgaged property, and a letter left at the front
              door of the home. Neighbors of [Hobby] confirmed her
              occupancy of the home. [Hobby’s] refusal to acknowledge these
              overtures cannot supply the basis for the argument that such

       5
         The text of the order indicates that it was signed on May 3, 2013, but it was not
entered into the record for this case (i.e. docketed) until June 5, 2013.

                                               5
              attempts were not made before foreclosure proceedings were
              initiated.

(citations omitted).

       Following the circuit court’s denial of Hobby’s motion to stay or dismiss, Hobby filed

exceptions to the foreclosure sale. Hobby contended that the foreclosure sale was deficient

because it occurred while a motion to stay or dismiss was pending before the circuit court.

Hobby further claimed that the circuit court had already signed an order dismissing the

foreclosure case without prejudice when the foreclosure sale occurred. The circuit court

overruled Hobby’s exceptions and ratified the foreclosure sale. In addressing Hobby’s

argument, the circuit court noted that:

              [Hobby] is correct in that the sale occurred after the Order of
              Dismissal was signed, [the substitute trustee] properly notes that
              such Order was not entered until after the sale. Furthermore, the
              Court finds that [Hobby] is not unfairly prejudiced by the timing
              of the foreclosure sale; rather, [the substitute trustee] and
              [Freedom] would be unfairly prejudiced if this Court were to
              grant [Hobby’s] Motion.

This timely appeal followed.

                                      DISCUSSION

I.     The Circuit Court Properly Declined to Dismiss the Foreclosure Action

       A.     Standard of Review

              As the Court of Appeals stated in Bates v. Cohn, 417 Md. 309,
              9 A.3d 846 (2010), “[b]efore a foreclosure sale takes place, the
              defaulting borrower may file a motion to ‘stay the sale of the
              property and dismiss the foreclosure action.’ ” Id. at 318, 9 A.3d
846 (quoting Md. Rule 14–211(a)(1)). In other words, the

                                              6
              borrower “may petition the court for injunctive relief,
              challenging ‘the validity of the lien or . . . the right of the
              [lender] to foreclose in the pending action.’ ” Id. at 318–19, 9
A.3d 846 (quoting Md. Rule 14–211(a)(3)(B)). “The grant or
              denial of injunctive relief in a property foreclosure action lies
              generally within the sound discretion of the trial court.”
              Anderson v. Burson, 424 Md. at 243, 35 A.3d 452 (2011)(and
              cases cited therein). Accordingly, we review the circuit court's
              denial of a foreclosure injunction for an abuse of discretion. Id.
              We review the trial court's legal conclusions de novo. Wincopia
              Farm, LP v. Goozman, 188 Md.App. 519, 528, 982 A.2d 868
              (2009).

Svrcek v. Rosenberg, 203 Md. App. 705, 720 cert. denied, 427 Md. 610 (2012).

       B.     Freedom Complied with the Requirements of 24 C.F.R. § 203.604

       Hobby contends that the circuit court improperly denied her motion to stay or dismiss

Freedom’s foreclosure action. In particular, Hobby argues that Freedom failed to comply

with a particular federal regulation, 24 C.F.R. § 203.604, that applies to the deed of trust in

the instant case. This regulation requires mortgagees to engage in certain loss mitigation

procedures before they may foreclose on a property that serves as the mortgagor’s residence.

Indeed, Freedom, the substitute trustees, and Hobby all acknowledge that the deed of trust

in this case incorporates 24 C.F.R. § 203.604 by virtue of the following clause:6

              (d) Regulations of HUD Secretary. In many circumstances
              regulations issued by the Secretary will limit Lender’s rights, in
              the case of payment defaults, to require immediate payment in
              full and foreclose if not paid. This Security Instrument does not

       6
        We note that in Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc. v. Neal, the Court of Appeals
considered a deed of trust with an identical clause to be subject to the requirements of 24
C.F.R. §203.604. 398 Md. 705, 712 (2007).

                                              7
              authorize acceleration or foreclosure if not permitted by
              regulations of the Secretary.

       Hobby contends that Freedom failed to comply with the requirements of 24 C.F.R.

§ 203.604 because it did not arrange a face-to-face interview with Hobby before initiating

foreclosure proceedings against her. 24 C.F.R. § 203.604(b) provides:

              The mortgagee must have a face-to-face interview with the
              mortgagor, or make a reasonable effort to arrange such a
              meeting, before three full monthly installments due on the
              mortgage are unpaid. If default occurs in a repayment plan
              arranged other than during a personal interview, the mortgagee
              must have a face-to-face meeting with the mortgagor, or make
              a reasonable attempt to arrange such a meeting within 30 days
              after such default and at least 30 days before foreclosure is
              commenced, or at least 30 days before assignment is requested
              if the mortgage is insured on Hawaiian home land pursuant to
              section 247 or Indian land pursuant to section 248 or if
              assignment is requested under § 203.350(d) for mortgages
              authorized by section 203(q) of the National Housing Act.

24 C.F.R. § 203.604(b)(emphasis added). The text of 24 C.F.R. §203.604, therefore, does

not require that a face-to-face interview actually occur, provided the mortgagee makes “a

reasonable effort to arrange such a meeting.” Indeed, the very next subsection of the

regulation reinforces this interpretation by providing that:

              A face-to-face meeting is not required if:

                     (1) The mortgagor does not reside in the mortgaged
                     property,

                     (2) The mortgaged property is not within 200 miles of the
                     mortgagee, its servicer, or a branch office of either,

                                              8
                      (3) The mortgagor has clearly indicated that he will not
                      cooperate in the interview,

                      (4) A repayment plan consistent with the mortgagor's
                      circumstances is entered into to bring the mortgagor's
                      account current thus making a meeting unnecessary, and
                      payments thereunder are current, or

                      (5) A reasonable effort to arrange a meeting is
                      unsuccessful.

24 C.F.R. § 203.604(c)(emphasis added). The regulation further defines “a reasonable

effort” as follows:

              A reasonable effort to arrange a face-to-face meeting with the
              mortgagor shall consist at a minimum of one letter sent to the
              mortgagor certified by the Postal Service as having been
              dispatched. Such a reasonable effort to arrange a face-to-face
              meeting shall also include at least one trip to see the mortgagor
              at the mortgaged property, unless the mortgaged property is
              more than 200 miles from the mortgagee, its servicer, or a
              branch office of either, or it is known that the mortgagor is not
              residing in the mortgaged property.

24 C.F.R. § 203.604(d)(emphasis added).

       In denying Hobby’s motion to stay or dismiss the foreclosure case against her, the

circuit court concluded that Freedom made a reasonable effort to arrange a face-to-face

mediation with Hobby before the substitute trustees initiated the foreclosure action. The

circuit court was particularly persuaded by a Field Contact Sheet proffered by the substitute

trustees. This Field Contact Sheet detailed several attempts by Freedom to contact Hobby,

                                             9
which all occurred before February 28, 2010.7 The Order to Docket that initiated the

foreclosure case against Hobby was not filed by the substitute trustees until July 6, 2012, over

two years later. Therefore, the circuit court concluded that the “phone call and voice-mail,

[the] field visit to the mortgaged property, and [the] letter left at the front door of the home,”

all detailed in the Field Contact Sheet, constituted “adequate attempts to contact [Hobby] in

compliance with federal regulations under the Housing and Urban Development Act.”

       We hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying Hobby’s motion

to stay or dismiss in this proceeding. As the circuit court correctly noted, the provisions of

24 C.F.R. § 203.604 do not require a face-to-face mediation prior to foreclosure if the

mortgagee makes a reasonable effort to arrange such a meeting. To qualify as a reasonable

effort under 24 C.F.R. §203.604, the mortgagee must send at least one letter to the mortgagor

and make one trip to the mortgaged property.

       The Field Contact Sheet admitted into evidence -- without any objections from

Hobby -- indicates that a representative of Freedom visited the mortgaged property on

February 27, 2010, and left a letter for Hobby at the residence upon discovering that she was

not home. As the trial court properly found, this clearly established that Freedom made a

       7
          We note that the Field Contact Sheet is accompanied by photographs of the
mortgaged property, taken by Freedom’s representative, that are time-stamped bearing the
February 27, 2010 date. These photographs indicate that the representative visited the
mortgaged property on that date. Furthermore, the Field Contact Sheet is accompanied by
a photograph, time-stamped with the February 27, 2010 date, showing a letter left wedged
into the front door of the property by the Freedom representative. This photograph indicates
that the representative confirmed delivery of a letter to Hobby’s residence on that date.

                                               10
reasonable effort, as defined by the applicable federal regulations, to arrange a face-to-face

mediation with Hobby before it elected to foreclose on the property. At the hearing on her

motion to stay or dismiss, Hobby failed to present any testimony or evidence that

contradicted the information contained in the Field Contact Sheet. The circuit court’s

decision, therefore, was supported by unambiguous, uncontested evidence. Accordingly, we

hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying Hobby’s motion to stay or

dismiss.

       Assuming, arguendo, that Freedom did not make a reasonable effort to arrange a face-

to-face mediation with Hobby prior to foreclosure, Hobby was not prejudiced by the lack of

pre-foreclosure mediation. In the order to docket filed on July 6, 2012 (which initiated the

foreclosure action), the substitute trustees informed Hobby that she could participate in a

face-to-face foreclosure mediation session with Freedom before they chose to execute their

power of sale. Hobby elected to engage in mediation with Freedom and, on February 12,

2013, the parties reached an agreement. The terms of this agreement provided that the

substitute trustees would halt their foreclosure until they had evaluated Hobby’s application

for a loan modification and made a decision on her application. In order for Freedom to

evaluate Hobby’s application, Hobby was required to provide documentation of rental

income that she claimed to be receiving from the property. The mediation agreement also

explicitly provided that if Freedom did not receive the requested documentation by March 4,

2013, it was authorized to proceed with the foreclosure.

                                             11
        After reviewing Hobby’s application and the supporting documentation, Freedom

determined that Hobby was not entitled to a loan modification. As a result, the substitute

trustees exercised their power of sale and sold the property to Freedom on May 21, 2013.

The terms of the mediation agreement unambiguously permitted the substitute trustees to

resume their foreclosure if Hobby’s application for a loan modification was denied.

        Furthermore, Hobby has failed to articulate any argument suggesting that her

application for a loan modification would have been evaluated differently had mediation

been held prior to the filing of the order to docket, rather than several months afterwards.

Indeed, the Final Loss Mitigation Affidavit, filed with the order to docket on July 6, 2012,

indicates that Freedom conducted a loss mitigation analysis of Hobby’s loan in March of

2012.       This analysis led Freedom to conclude that Hobby was not entitled to a loan

modification because, at that time, she had been delinquent on her loan for over a year and

a modification would have caused a deficit.8 We, therefore, are not persuaded that Hobby

        8
          We note that Hobby’s extended history of nonpayment of the loan significantly
undermined the viability of Hobby’s applications for loan modifications. On April 13, 2009,
Hobby obtained the loan from Freedom with an initial principal balance of $469,947. The
terms of the loan provided that Hobby was to make monthly payments of principal and
interest to Freedom beginning on June 1, 2009. Freedom initiated the foreclosure proceeding
by filing the order to docket on July 6, 2012, over 3 years after the loan was made. The
statement of debt filed with Freedom’s order to docket provides that, as of June 1, 2012, the
unpaid principal balance of the loan was $469,432.61 and the accrued unpaid interest of the
loan was $75,883.80.

      The notice of intent to foreclosure, sent to Hobby on October 29, 2010, indicated that
the most recent loan payment Freedom had received from Hobby was dated June 1, 2009.
                                                                              (continued...)

                                             12
was at all prejudiced by the fact that she did not actually engage in pre-foreclosure mediation

with Freedom.

II.    The Circuit Court Properly Declined to Vacate the Foreclosure Sale

       A.     Standard of Review

              In reviewing a court's ratification of a foreclosure sale, we
              disturb the circuit court's findings of fact only when they are
              clearly erroneous. Jones v. Rosenberg, 178 Md.App. 54, 68–69,
              940 A.2d 1109 (2008). In reviewing the circuit court's findings
              of fact, we are mindful that the exceptant to a foreclosure sale
              bears the burden of proving that the sale was invalid. J. Ashley
              Corp. v. Burson, 131 Md.App. 576, 582, 750 A.2d 618 (2000)
              (citing Ten Hills Co. v. Ten Hills Corp., 176 Md. 444, 449, 5
A.2d 830 (1939)). The exceptant must also demonstrate that any
              irregularities caused “actual prejudice.” J. Ashley Corp., supra,
              131 Md.App. at 586, 750 A.2d 618; see also Harris v. David S.
              Harris, P.A., 310 Md. 310, 319, 529 A.2d 356 (1987) (stating,
              “In civil cases, it is well established that the burden of
              demonstrating both error and prejudice is on the complaining
              party”). We conduct our review on the basis of the evidence
              introduced into the record, and not on the basis of either the
              statements of counsel as to what occurred in other cases, Witt v.
              Zions, 194 Md. 186, 189, 70 A.2d 594 (1949), or proffers not
              accepted by the court as evidence. Cf. J. Ashley Corp., supra,
              131 Md.App. at 582, 750 A.2d 618.

              We review the court's legal determinations de novo. Jones,
              supra, 178 Md.App. at 68–69, 940 A.2d 1109 (citing Liddy v.
              Lamone, 398 Md. 233, 246–47, 919 A.2d 1276 (2007)).

       8
         (...continued)
This suggests that Hobby only made one, single payment on her loan: the first required
monthly payment. We are not aware, from our review of the record, of any evidence that
Hobby tendered any further loan payments to Freedom, despite the fact that Hobby continued
to reside in the mortgaged property for over 3 years.

                                              13
Fagnani v. Fisher, 190 Md. App. 463, 470-71 (2010) aff'd, 418 Md. 371 (2011).

       B.     Denying Hobby’s Exceptions Was Not an Abuse of Discretion

       Hobby contends that the circuit court erred in failing to vacate the foreclosure sale of

the property in this case. Hobby’s argument, encapsulated in the exceptions she filed

regarding the foreclosure sale, focuses on the fact that the court order granting Hobby’s

motion to stay or dismiss reflects that the order was signed on May 3, 2013. Hobby reasons

that if the court granted her motion to stay or dismiss on May 3, 2013, then the foreclosure

case was dismissed as of that date, and the substitute trustees lacked the authority to sell the

property at the foreclosure sale held on May 21, 2013.

       Hobby’s emphasis on the date a court order was signed, however, is misplaced.

Maryland Rule 2-601 provides:

              Upon a verdict of a jury or a decision by the court granting other
              relief, the court shall promptly review the form of the judgment
              presented and, if approved, sign it, and the clerk shall forthwith
              enter the judgment as approved and signed. A judgment is
              effective only when so set forth and when entered as provided in
              section (b) of this Rule.

Md. Rules 2-601(a)(emphasis added). Section (b) further provides:

              The clerk shall enter a judgment by making a record of it in
              writing on the file jacket, or on a docket within the file, or in a
              docket book, according to the practice of each court, and shall
              record the actual date of the entry. That date shall be the date
              of the judgment.

Md. Rules 2-601(b)(emphasis added). Therefore, a judgment is only effective after it has

been signed and entered into the record for a particular case. As noted, supra, the court order

                                              14
granting Hobby’s motion to stay or dismiss was signed on May 3, 2013, but was not entered

into the case record or “docketed” until June 5, 2013. Accordingly, in light of the mandate

of Maryland Rule 2-601, the court order granting Hobby’s motion to stay or dismiss was not

effective until June 5, 2013, after the foreclosure sale had already occurred.

       We hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in declining to grant Hobby’s

exceptions and vacate the foreclosure sale. Because the circuit court did not docket its order

granting Hobby’s motion to stay or dismiss until after the foreclosure sale had taken place,

the case was not stayed or dismissed at the time of the sale. The sale, therefore, was not

conducted illegally. In denying Hobby’s exceptions to the foreclosure sale, the circuit court

explained:

              Although [Hobby] is correct in that the sale occurred after the
              Order of Dismissal was signed, [the substitute trustee] properly
              notes that such Order was not entered until after the sale.
              Furthermore, the Court finds that [Hobby] is not unfairly
              prejudiced by the timing of the foreclosure sale; rather, [the
              substitute trustee] and [Freedom] would be unfairly prejudiced
              if this Court were to grant [Hobby’s] motion.

Critically, we note that until a court order is entered into the case record or docketed, the

parties to the litigation have no knowledge of it or the date upon which it was signed. It is

therefore unreasonable to presume that Freedom could have gained awareness of the order

granting Hobby’s motion to stay or dismiss through any additional diligence.

                                              15
       For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court properly exercised its discretion

in declining to vacate the foreclosure sale. We further hold that the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion in declining to dismiss the foreclosure action in this case.

                                    JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
                                    PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY AFFIRMED.
                                    COSTS TO BE PAID BY THE APPELLANT.

                                              16