Court Opinion

ID: 2753875
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-21 01:02:12.463417+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:46.072203
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/20/14

                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                             FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION TWO

MOUNTAIN AIR ENTERPRISES, LLC,
        Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                    A138306
v.
SUNDOWNER TOWERS, LLC et al.,                       (Marin County
                                                    Super. Ct. No. CIV081957)
        Defendants and Appellants.

        Plaintiff Mountain Air Enterprises, LLC (Mountain Air) sued defendants
Sundowner Towers, LLC (Sundowner), Bijan Madjlessi and Glenn Larsen for breach of a
contract to purchase real estate. As affirmative defenses, defendants alleged that the
contract was illegal and that it was extinguished by novation when the parties entered into
a later option agreement. Following a bench trial, the court ruled in favor of defendants
on both defenses.
        When defendants moved for an award of attorney fees, the trial court denied the
motion, holding that because of illegality the attorney fees clause in the initial contract
could have no effect and that the attorney fees clause in the option agreement did not
encompass defendants’ affirmative defense.
        Defendants appeal from the trial court’s denial of their motion to award attorney
fees, contending that they are entitled to fees under both the illegal contract and the
option agreement. We agree with the trial court that defendants may not be awarded
attorney fees under the illegal contract, but conclude that the trial court erred when it
interpreted the attorney fees clause of the option agreement to exclude defendants’
affirmative defense of novation.

                                              1
                                    BACKGROUND1
       Mountain Air is a single-purpose California limited liability company. Steven
Scarpa is Mountain Air’s sole member. Sundowner is a Nevada limited liability
company, and its members are Madjlessi and Larsen.
       Prior to February 17, 2006, two buildings were located on a single parcel of real
property located at 450 Arlington Avenue in Reno, Nevada (the property). On February
17, 2006, by the recordation of a map, the property became three separate legal parcels:
the north tower, the south tower, and the casino building.
       On December 12, 2005, before the subdivision of the property into separate
parcels, Scarpa and Sundowner entered into two separate written agreements: (1) an
agreement whereby Sundowner agreed to sell the south tower to Scarpa for $7 million
(the purchase agreement), and (2) an agreement whereby Sundowner agreed to later
repurchase the south tower from Scarpa for $7 million plus an “inflation factor” of
12 percent (the repurchase agreement). Madjlessi and Larsen guaranteed Sundowner’s
obligations under the repurchase agreement. Scarpa’s rights under the two agreements
were subsequently assigned to Mountain Air.
       On or about April 25, 2006, Mountain Air, as seller, and Larsen and Madjlessi, as
buyers (Sundowner was not a party), executed a written option agreement whereby
Mountain Air granted Larsen and Madjlessi the exclusive right to purchase the south
tower during the option period (the option agreement). Madjlessi and Larsen personally
guaranteed their obligations under the option agreement.
       Sundowner acquired the south tower from a third party on April 27, 2006, and
transferred it to Mountain Air the same day pursuant to the purchase agreement.

       1
         The trial court’s final statement of decision (FSOD) sets forth most of the
relevant facts. Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed its appeal of the trial court’s judgment, and
defendant registered no objection to the facts as set forth in the FSOD. It does not appear
that any of the underlying facts as stated in the FSOD are challenged in this appeal.
Accordingly, we derive most of the background facts from the FSOD. (See Cuiellette v.
City of Los Angeles (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 757, 761.)

                                              2
       Sundowner never repurchased the south tower, and Mountain Air filed suit. The
operative second amended complaint alleged three causes of action: (1) specific
performance of the repurchase agreement, (2) breach of the guaranty of the repurchase
agreement, and (3) breach of the repurchase agreement. The first and third causes of
action were asserted against all defendants. The second cause of action was asserted
against Madjlessi and Larsen.
       Defendants raised two affirmative defenses: (1) that the option agreement was a
novation, extinguishing the repurchase agreement; and (2) that the repurchase agreement
was illegal and therefore void and unenforceable.
       A bench trial was held over 13 days between April 26, 2011, and March 22, 2012.
The trial court ruled in defendants’ favor on both affirmative defenses in its FSOD, filed
on October 10, 2012.
       The trial court found that the repurchase agreement could not “be enforced
because it was illegal and void under both Nevada and California law.” Both Nevada and
California prohibit any sale of real property without a subdivision map first being
recorded, or unless the seller is contractually obligated to obtain the subdivision map
before the transfer of title or possession. The repurchase agreement violated the law
because it was executed before the map was recorded and did not require either party to
prepare or record a map.
       The trial court also held that the option agreement was a novation. It found “by
clear and convincing evidence that the parties treated the Repurchase Agreement as
having been extinguished and the Option Agreement as the operative agreement. After
December 12, 2005, the terms of the Repurchase Agreement were ignored and the terms
of the Option Agreement were followed.” It also held that the integration clause of the
option agreement was unambiguous in expressly superseding all prior agreements
relating to the same subject matter, including the repurchase agreement, which involved
precisely the same subject matter—that is, the purchase of the south tower. The court
also found that the option agreement contained materially different terms from the
repurchase agreement, not the least of which was that “the form of the agreement

                                             3
changed from a purchase and sale agreement to an option.” The consequence of this
change, of course, was that defendants were no longer obligated to purchase the south
tower; they had the right but not the obligation to do so. This and other differences
between the repurchase and option agreements supported the trial court’s conclusion that
the option agreement was a novation.
       Also on October 10, 2012, the trial court entered judgment in favor of defendants.
       On December 7, 2012, defendants filed a motion seeking an order determining that
they were the prevailing parties and an award of attorney fees pursuant to attorney fees
clauses in both the repurchase and option agreements. Mountain Air opposed the motion.
On March 13, 2013, the court issued a tentative ruling denying an award of attorney fees.
On March 20, 2013, the court issued an order incorporating the tentative ruling as its
decision.
       Defendants timely filed a notice of appeal on March 29, 2013.2

                                       DISCUSSION

       Defendants sought attorney fees under two theories: (1) because the case sounded
in contract and the repurchase agreement contained an attorney fees provision, they are
entitled to attorney fees pursuant to Civil Code section 1717; and (2) because they raised
an affirmative defense involving the option contract, which also contained an attorney
fees provision, they are entitled to attorney fees under Code of Civil Procedure section
1021, at least to the extent the litigation involved the affirmative defense.
       Mountain Air contests defendants’ entitlement to fees under either theory and also
maintains that the appeal should be dismissed because the record in this case is
inadequate. We first address the state of the record.

       2
         Mountain Air filed a notice of appeal following the entry of judgment in this
case. That appeal was given Court of Appeal case No. A137375, and a record was filed.
Mountain Air voluntarily dismissed that appeal before filing an opening brief. In the
record for this appeal, defendants incorporate by reference parts of the record filed in
Mountain Air’s earlier withdrawn merits appeal.

                                              4
I. The State of the Record
       Defendants elected to proceed in this case with an appellants’ appendix pursuant
to California Rules of Court, rule 8.124,3 and a reporter’s transcript of the hearing
concerning attorney fees pursuant to rule 8.130. The rules governing the record on
appeal allow an appellant to incorporate portions of the record in another case or of a
prior appeal in the same case. If an appellant proceeds with an appellant’s appendix,
incorporation by reference is governed by rule 8.124(b)(2), requiring that the appendix
provide the name and number of the prior appeal and that parts to be incorporated by
reference be identified both in the body of the appendix and in a separate section at the
end of the index. In this case, defendants incorporate by reference portions of the record
of Mountain Air’s prior appeal, which was dismissed. Mountain Air does not maintain
that defendants failed to conform to the requirements of rule 8.124(b)(2).
       Rule 8.147 governs incorporation of the record of a prior appeal when “the parties
are using either a clerk’s transcript under rule 8.122 or a reporter’s transcript under rule
8.130.” (Rule 8.147(b).) If rule 8.147(b) applies, the appellant is required to specify in
its designation of the record on appeal the parts of the record in the prior appeal to be
incorporated by reference—a requirement not contained in rule 8.124(b)(2). (Rule
8.147(b)(1).) Mountain Air contends that defendants failed to satisfy this requirement
and the designation of the record on appeal verifies that contention. Because defendants
proceeded with a reporter’s transcript under rule 8.130, in addition to proceeding with an
appellants’ appendix, theoretically both rules 8.124(b)(2) and 8.147(b) apply.
       However, rules 8.124(b)(2) and 8.147(b) serve the same purpose: to ensure that
when parts of the record of a prior appeal are incorporated by reference, the parties and
the court know what is being incorporated. Mountain Air cites no authority for the
proposition that when both these rules apply, the appellant must satisfy the requirements
of both, as opposed to complying with one or the other. Although it seems to us that
requiring conformance with both rules would be duplicative, we need not decide the

       3
           All citations to rules in this division are to the California Rules of Court.

                                                5
issue. Following the filing of Mountain Air’s reply brief, defendants sought to cure any
potential deficiency in the record by requesting that this court take judicial notice of the
parts of the prior appeal incorporated by reference. Mountain Air did not oppose that
request, which we granted on March 5, 2014.4 Accordingly, any nonconformance with
the rules governing incorporation by reference has been cured.5

II. The Merits of Defendants’ Claims for Attorney Fees

       A. Legal Standard and Background
       “A request for an award of attorney fees is entrusted to the trial court’s discretion
and will not be overturned in the absence of a manifest abuse of discretion, a prejudicial
error of law, or necessary findings not supported by substantial evidence. [Citations.]
Where fees are claimed under a contract allowing for their recovery, the scope of
activities for which fees may be recovered is governed by the terms of the contract.”
(Yield Dynamics, Inc. v. TEA Systems Corp. (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 547, 577.)
“Whether a contractual attorney fee clause provides for a fee award in a particular case is
a question of contract interpretation. We interpret a contract de novo if the interpretation
does not turn on the credibility of extrinsic evidence . . . .” (Windsor Pacific LLC v.
Samwood Co., Inc. (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 263, 273 (Windsor Pacific).)
       Civil Code section 1717 governs a fee award in an action on a contract.
Subdivision (a) of that section provides, in relevant part, “In any action on a contract,
where the contract specifically provides that attorney’s fees and costs, which are incurred
to enforce that contract, shall be awarded either to one of the parties or to the prevailing

       4
          Courts routinely take judicial notice of records in prior appeals. (See, e.g.,
People v. Kisling (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 544, 546, fn. 2; People v. Wilson (2013) 219
Cal.App.4th 500, 508, fn. 3; Eden Township Healthcare Dist. v. Eden Medical Center
(2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 418, 421, fn. 2.)
       5
          Mountain Air also claims “incorporation by reference was improper and
ineffective because the only ‘prior appeal’ in this case was dismissed prior to any briefs
being filed.” Mountain Air cites no authority or logical reason for the proposition that if
an appeal is dismissed, before or after briefs are filed, then it does not qualify as a “prior
appeal.”

                                               6
party, then the party who is determined to be the party prevailing on the contract, whether
he or she is the party specified in the contract or not, shall be entitled to reasonable
attorney’s fees in addition to other costs.”
       Civil Code section 1717 is inapplicable to noncontract claims, but a contractual
provision for attorney fees may still have effect if it provides for recovery of fees on
noncontract claims. Code of Civil Procedure section 1021 provides, “Except as
attorney’s fees are specifically provided for by statute, the measure and mode of
compensation of attorneys and counselors at law is left to the agreement, express or
implied, of the parties; but parties to actions or proceedings are entitled to their costs, as
hereinafter provided.”

       B. Attorney Fees Pursuant to the Repurchase Agreement
       The repurchase agreement contains an attorney fees clause: “If this Agreement or
the transaction contemplated herein gives rise to a lawsuit, arbitration, or other legal
proceeding between the parties hereto, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its
costs and reasonable attorney’s fees in addition to any other judgment of the court or
arbitrator(s). Any such attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred by either party in
enforcing a judgment in its favor under this Agreement shall be recoverable separately
from and in addition to any other amount included in such judgment and such attorneys’
fees obligation is intended to be severable from the other provisions of this Agreement
and to survive and not be merged into any such judgment.”
       The trial court ruled that defendants could not recover attorney fees based on the
attorney fees clause of the repurchase agreement, relying on the “general rule . . . that if
the entire contract is void for illegality, attorney fees are unavailable.” In the trial court,
as here, defendants cited Yuba Cypress Housing Partners, Ltd. v. Area Developers (2002)
98 Cal.App.4th 1077 (Yuba Cypress), Black Hills Investments, Inc. v. Albertson’s, Inc.
(2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 883 (Black Hills), and Sixells, LLC v. Cannery Business Park
(2008) 170 Cal.App.4th 648 (Sixells) in support of their claim for attorney fees under the
void repurchase agreement.

                                               7
       Yuba Cypress explained the general rules governing attorney fees clauses in
invalid and illegal contracts: “Ordinarily, in an action on a contract providing for an
award of attorney fees, Civil Code section 1717 entitles the prevailing party to attorney
fees, even when the party prevails on the ground that the contract is inapplicable, invalid,
unenforceable, or nonexistent, if the other party would have been entitled to attorney fees
had it prevailed. [Citation.] This general rule ‘serves to effectuate the purpose
underlying section 1717,’ which was enacted to establish mutuality of remedy where a
contractual attorney fee clause makes recovery of fees available for only one party.
[Citation.] [¶] However, . . . ‘a different rule applies where a contract is held
unenforceable because of illegality.’ [Citations.] ‘A party to a contract who successfully
argues its illegality stands on different ground than a party who prevails in an action on a
contract by convincing the court the contract is inapplicable, invalid, nonexistent or
unenforceable for reasons other than illegality.’ [Citation.] Because courts generally will
not enforce an illegal contract, there is no need for a mutual right to attorney fees since
neither party can enforce the agreement. [Citation.]” (Yuba Cypress, supra, 98
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1081-1082.)
       The Civil Code creates three categories of illegal contracts: (1) those “[c]ontrary
to an express provision of law”; (2) those “[c]ontrary to the policy of express law, though
not expressly prohibited; and (3) those “[o]therwise contrary to good morals.” (Civ.
Code, § 1667.) The repurchase agreement falls into the first category because it violated
subdivision map laws.
       “A somewhat artificial distinction is made between contracts malum in se—
(against good morals), and those which are malum prohibitum—(prohibited by statute).
[¶] The distinction has little significance save where the parties are not in pari delicto
[i.e., not in equal wrong with the other] [citation]. This is because, as a general rule, the
contract itself is void, whether malum in se or malum prohibitum.” (1 Witkin, Summary
of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Contracts, § 431, p. 473.)
       Yuba Cypress serves to illustrate that a contract that is malum prohibitum may not
be wholly void when the parties are not in pari delicto. The case involved a real estate

                                              8
contract that was unlawful because the defendant violated the Subdivided Lands Act
(Bus. & Prof. Code, § 11000 et seq.). (Yuba Cypress, supra, 98 Cal.App.4th at p. 1080.)
The plaintiff sought to rescind the contract and, after prevailing, sought attorney fees
pursuant to an attorney fees clause. (Ibid.) Even though the contract was illegal, the
Yuba Cypress court nevertheless held that the plaintiff was entitled to attorney fees:
“ ‘[H]ow the aims of policy can best be achieved depends on the kind of illegality and the
particular facts involved.’ [Citation.] Thus, for example, ‘when the Legislature enacts a
statute forbidding certain conduct for the purpose of protecting one class of persons from
the activities of another, a member of the protected class may maintain an action
notwithstanding the fact that he has shared in the illegal transaction.’ [Citation.] The
protective purpose of the statute is realized by allowing the plaintiff, who is not in pari
delicto, to enforce the contract or maintain his action against a defendant within the class
primarily to be deterred. [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 1082-1083, italics added.) The court
noted that “the purpose of the Subdivided Lands Act is to protect members of the public
who purchase lots or houses from developers.” (Id. at p. 1083.) “Hence, when a plaintiff
purchased land under a contract that does not comply with the act, courts will allow the
plaintiff to enforce the contract against the seller or to disaffirm the contract. [Citation.]
In other words, the contract is voidable not void; since it does not have an illegal object,
it is not one which neither party may enforce such that an attorney fee clause contained
therein also is unenforceable.” (Ibid.) The court concluded that “[a]lthough plaintiff
chose to void the contract, this does not preclude him from recovering attorney fees via
the attorney fee clause in the contract. Rather, defendant, who violated the Subdivided
Lands Act, is estopped from asserting the invalidity of the contract. [Citation.]
Otherwise, the court will have assisted defendant in profiting from its own wrong. To
deny plaintiff the attorney fees to which he is entitled as a result of the contract would
permit defendant to benefit from the illegality that it created, thus disserving the goal of
deterring illegal conduct.” (Ibid.)
       Yuba Cypress does not assist defendants because they and Mountain Air are in
pari delicto. Unlike the plaintiff in Yuba Cypress, defendants, who are sophisticated

                                               9
developers, shared in the drafting of the purchase and repurchase agreements and
therefore were party to creating the illegality.6 Moreover, defendants had already
profited from the transaction in the equally illegal purchase agreement. In Yuba Cypress,
denying attorney fees to the innocent plaintiff would have “permit[ted] defendant to
benefit from the illegality that it created.” (Yuba Cypress, supra, 98 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1083.) The same is true here, but in this case granting defendants attorney fees
pursuant to the repurchase agreement would permit them to benefit from the illegality
they participated in creating.
       On the facts of this case, Yuba Cypress provides no authority for an award of
attorney fees to defendants. When both parties to an illegal contract are in pari delicto,
there is no ground in public policy not to apply the general rule that an illegal contract is
wholly void and unenforceable.
       Yuba Cypress does raise one question, however. Why were defendants, unlike the
Yuba Cypress defendant, not “estopped from asserting the invalidity of the contract” as
an affirmative defense? (Yuba Cypress, supra, 98 Cal.App.4th at p. 1083.) The reason
for this also proceeds from the fact that the parties here were in pari delicto.
       When a contract is illegal because it violates a statute intended to protect a class of
people and the parties are not in pari delicto, then, as Yuba Cypress explained, an
innocent member of the protected class may choose to enforce the contract and the party
that created the illegality is estopped from asserting that the contract is invalid. However,
when both parties are in pari delicto, as they are here, the contract is wholly void and may
not be enforced by either party. In such a case, the court will block any attempt to
enforce the contract. Thus, if one party brings an action to enforce the contract, the court
will allow the other party to raise illegality as an affirmative defense to block
enforcement. This does not mean that the defendant is less at fault than the plaintiff—it

       6
         The repurchase agreement was drafted by an attorney who was the joint attorney
of Scarpa and Madjlessi. Defendants do not dispute the trial court’s finding that they are
experienced developers who shared in drafting the repurchase agreement and benefited
from the transaction of which it was part.

                                              10
means only that “ ‘no action in affirmance of an illegal contract can be maintained.’ ”
(Kyablue v. Watkins (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1288, 1295.) “[G]ranting relief ‘to one who
repudiates an illegal contract is entirely different from granting relief to one who seeks to
enforce it.’ ” (Ibid.) When defendants sought an award of attorney fees, they sought to
enforce the illegal contract and the trial court properly denied relief, just as the court
properly denied relief to Mountain Air when it sought to enforce the contract.
       Defendants’ reliance on Black Hills and Sixells, like their reliance on Yuba
Cypress, is misplaced. Like Yuba Cypress, both cases involved parties to an illegal
contract that were not in pari delicto. (Black Hills, supra, 146 Cal.App.4th at p. 886
[defendant the apparent author of the illegal contract]; Sixells, supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 650-653 [plaintiff the author of the illegal contract].) In both cases, attorney fees
were awarded to a party who was innocent of creating the illegality. (Black Hills, at
p. 896; Sixells, at pp. 655-656.) Moreover, neither Black Hills nor Sixells discussed why
attorney fees could be awarded under an illegal contract. (See Loeffler v. Target Corp.
(2014) 58 Cal.4th 1081, 1134 [“ ‘ “cases are not authority for propositions not
considered” ’ ”].)
       Because substantial evidence supported the finding that both Mountain Air and
defendants shared in drafting the illegal repurchase agreement, the parties were in pari
delicto. Thus, the repurchase agreement was entirely void and unenforceable, and the
trial court properly denied defendants’ motion to enforce the attorney fees clause of that
agreement.

       C. Attorney Fees Pursuant to the Option Agreement
       The option agreement also contains an attorney fees clause: “If any legal action or
any other proceeding, including arbitration or an action for declaratory relief; is brought
for the enforcement of this Agreement or because of an alleged dispute, breach, default,
or misrepresentation in connection with any provision of this Agreement, the prevailing
party shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees, expert fees and other costs
incurred in that action or proceeding, in addition to any other relief to which the

                                              11
prevailing party may be entitled.” Defendants are entitled to attorney fees if this clause
encompasses defendants’ affirmative defense that the option agreement constituted a
novation, voiding the repurchase agreement. This is a question of contract interpretation,
which we review de novo because neither party cites extrinsic evidence that bears upon
interpretation of the option agreement.
       Courts construe contractual attorney fees clauses “apply[ing] the ordinary rules of
contract interpretation.” (Santisas v. Goodin (1998) 17 Cal.4th 599, 608 (Santisas).)
“Our goal in interpreting a contract is to give effect to the mutual intention of the
contracting parties at the time the contract was formed. (Civ. Code, § 1636.) We
ascertain that intention solely from the written contract if possible, but also consider the
circumstances under which the contract was made and the matter to which it relates. (Id.,
§§ 1639, 1647.) . . . We interpret words in accordance with their ordinary and popular
sense, unless the words are used in a technical sense or a special meaning is given to
them by usage. (Id., § 1644.) If contractual language is clear and explicit and does not
involve an absurdity, the plain meaning governs. (Id., § 1638.)” (Windsor Pacific,
supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 274.)7

       7
           Our colleague dissents, contending we failed to “strictly construe” the scope of
the attorney fees clause, which he asserts we are required to do. He does so immediately
after quoting language in People ex rel. Dept. of Corporations v. Speedee Oil Change
Systems, Inc. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 424, 429, which in turn quotes Santisas, supra, at
p. 608. (Dis. opn. post, at pp. 6-7.) In Santisas, the California Supreme Court made plain
that ordinary principles of contract construction govern interpretation of contractual
attorney fees clauses. The Santisas Court stated, “To answer this question [whether the
fee agreement covers the dispute], we apply the ordinary rules of contract interpretation.”
(Id. at p. 608.) Not strict construction. Not liberal construction. “[T]he ordinary rules of
contract interpretation.”
        The dissent cites 7 Witkin, California Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Judgment, § 168,
p. 712, for the supposed strict construction rule. That section, entitled “Proceedings
Covered,” includes the subheading “Scope of Provision Strictly Construed.” It cites
Stockton Theatres Inc. v. Palermo (1954) 124 Cal.App.2d 353 and “[o]ther cases in
which the attorneys’ fee provision in a contract was [according to the treatise authors]
strictly construed.” Not one of the cited Court of Appeal opinions holds, states or
otherwise stands for the proposition that courts should strictly construe attorney fees
clauses. What they do stand for is the unremarkable proposition that courts will not

                                             12
       There are two aspects to the interpretation issue: first, whether an affirmative
defense may constitute an “action or any other proceeding . . . brought” within the
meaning of the option agreement’s fees provision and second, whether defendants’
affirmative defense of novation was brought either “for the enforcement of [the option]
Agreement” or “because of an alleged dispute, breach, default, or misrepresentation in
connection with any provision of [the option] Agreement.” The first question concerns
the form of the novation defense, and the second concerns the subject matter of the
defense. We will address each in turn.

   1. The Novation Affirmative Defense was a “Legal Action or . . . Other
   Proceeding . . . Brought” Within the Meaning of the Option Agreement.

       Mountain Air contends that an affirmative defense does not fall within the attorney
fees clause because that clause contemplates fees only for a party that files a complaint or
a cross-complaint. Mountain Air successfully urged the trial court to read the language
of the fees provision narrowly, interpreting “legal action . . . brought” to exclude
defenses. However, both Mountain Air and the trial court overlooked the broad language
of the provision, which includes not only an action but “any other proceeding.”8 Even if
“legal action” were construed narrowly to mean “lawsuit,” inclusion of the phrase “or any
other proceeding” suggests something broader.
       The American Heritage Dictionary defines the noun “proceeding” as “[a] course
of action; a procedure.” (The American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed. 2000) p. 1398.) An

award fees in disputes that fall outside the express terms of a contractual fee provision.
But even if any of these decisions could be read as supporting a rule of strict
construction, they would be inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s decision in Santisas,
which we follow here.
       8
         Notably, the phrase “any legal action or any other proceeding” expressly
includes “an action for declaratory relief.”

                                             13
affirmative defense falls squarely within this definition.9 As courts have observed in
other contexts: “ ‘Proceeding’ has different meanings in different contexts. Narrowly, it
means an action or remedy before a court. [Citations.] [¶] Broadly, it means ‘All the
steps or measures adopted in the prosecution or defense of an action.’ [Citation.] ‘The
word “proceeding” or “proceedings” in its general sense refers to the form and manner of
conducting judicial business before a court or judicial officer. [Citations.] It may also
refer to a mere procedural step that is part of the larger action or special proceeding.
[Citation.]’ [Citations.] [¶] . . . In Stonesifer v. Kilburn (1892) 94 Cal. 33 . . . , the court
stated at page 43: ‘. . . “The term ‘proceeding’ is generally applicable to any step taken
by a party in the progress of a civil action. Anything done from the commencement to
the termination is a proceeding.” ’ ” (Zellerino v. Brown (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1097,
1105.) There would be no reason to include “or any other proceeding” in the option
agreement’s attorney fees clause if it meant nothing more than the narrowest of these
definitions; the word “proceeding” would be superfluous. (See Deutsch v. Phillips
Petroleum Co. (1976) 56 Cal.App.3d 586, 590 [paragraph of contract “must be construed
so as to give force and effect to every word contained within it”].) An answer asserting
an affirmative defense is a “proceeding” within the broader meaning described in
Zellerino. But there is more.
       That defendant’s affirmative defense also constitutes a “legal action” is directly
supported by Windsor Pacific, in which the plaintiff sued to establish its rights to a

       9
          The same dictionary includes specialized legal meanings as well, including
“[l]egal action; litigation” and “[t]he instituting or conducting of litigation.” (The
American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed. 2000) p. 1398.) Black’s Law Dictionary similarly
defines “proceeding” as “[t]he regular and orderly progression of a lawsuit, including all
acts and events between the time of commencement and the entry of judgment,” “[a]ny
procedural means for seeking redress from a tribunal or agency,” or “[a]n act or step that
is part of a larger action.” (Black’s Law Dict. (10th ed. 2014) p. 1398, col. 1.)
Interpretation is generally guided by the “ordinary and popular sense” (Civ. Code,
§ 1644), not a technical meaning, unless there is evidence that the parties intended such a
usage, which is not the case here. But even as thus defined, a “proceeding” is broad
enough to include the assertion of an affirmative defense, which is “an act or step that is
part of a larger action.”

                                               14
prescriptive easement. (Windsor Pacific, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at pp. 266-269.)
Defendant prevailed in trial court, maintaining that a prior written agreement regarding
easements (the ARE) showed plaintiff’s use of access roads was not adverse for the
required five-year period. (Id. at p. 269.) The attorney fees clause in the ARE applied to
“ ‘any action or proceeding to enforce or interpret the provisions of this Agreement.’ ”
(Id. at p. 268, fn. 1.) Defendant sought fees, which the trial court denied because the case
was not an action to enforce or interpret the provisions of the ARE. (Id. at p. 269.)
       Division Three of the Second District reversed, stating: “[W]e believe that this
action is an ‘action or proceeding to . . . interpret the provisions of this Agreement’
within the meaning of the ARE, whether [plaintiff] seeks to enforce or interpret the ARE
in its complaint or [defendant] seeks to do so in its answer. Put another way, it does not
matter whether such interpretation has been sought by the allegations of a complaint or
by affirmative defenses in an answer. We understand the words ‘action or proceeding,’
used in accordance with their ordinary and popular sense, to encompass the entire action
or proceeding, including both the complaint and any responsive pleading, such as an
answer. [Citations.] In our view, an action in which a party seeks to enforce or interpret
a contract in connection with either a claim alleged in the complaint or a defense alleged
in an answer will constitute an action to ‘enforce or interpret’ the contract.” (Windsor
Pacific, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at pp. 274-275.)
       As both parties have pointed out, Windsor Pacific disagreed with two earlier
Second District cases: Exxess Electronixx v. Heger Realty Corp. (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th
698 (Exxess) and Gil v. Mansano (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 739 (Gil). Not surprisingly,
Mountain Air relies on Exxess and Gil, while defendants argue Windsor Pacific and the
dissenting opinion by Justice Armstrong in Gil articulate the better reasoned position.
       Exxess interpreted a fees clause in a lease providing, “ ‘If any Party or Broker
brings an action or proceeding to enforce the terms hereof or declare rights hereunder, the
Prevailing Party . . . or Broker . . . shall be entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees.’ ”
(Exxess, supra, 64 Cal.App.4th at p. 702.) The lessee sued the broker claiming failure to
disclose defects before the lease was executed, and the broker successfully defended by

                                               15
invoking the “as is” clause of the lease. (Id. at pp. 702, 711-712.) Division One of the
Second District rejected the broker’s request for fees because the “as is” clause had been
raised as a defense, opining that “[w]hile the ‘as is’ defense may have had the effect of
‘enforc[ing] the terms’ of the lease or ‘declar[ing] rights [there]under,’ [the broker] did
not ‘bring[ ] an action or proceeding’ to accomplish those goals.” (Id. at p. 712.) In
reaching this conclusion, the court considered the definitions of “action” and “defense” as
contained in Black’s Law Dictionary. (Id. at p. 712, fn. 15.)
       Six years later, another division of the Second District similarly distinguished
between an action and a defense in interpreting an attorney fees clause. In Gil, joint
venturers had entered into a purchase agreement and a release. One sued the other for
fraud, and the defendant prevailed by asserting the release as an affirmative defense.
(Gil, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 741.) The defendant sought fees under a clause of the
release providing that “ ‘[i]n the event action is brought to enforce the terms of this
[Release], the prevailing party shall be paid his reasonable attorney[ ] fees and costs
incurred therein.’ ” (Id. at p. 742.) Relying on Exxess, the majority characterized the
language “ ‘brings an action to enforce the contract’ [as] quite narrow”—too narrow to
encompass an affirmative defense. (Id. at p. 744.)
       Justice Armstrong dissented, stating: “As the majority notes, the laws of contract
interpretation direct us to base an interpretation on the ordinary use of words [citation]
and to avoid an interpretation that makes the contract unusual or extraordinary.
[Citation.] I believe that by taking a magnifying glass to the word ‘action’ and ascribing
a technical meaning to that word, the majority has violated the rules it cites. [¶] The
majority impliedly finds that the parties intended that ‘action’ bear a technical meaning
and that they knowingly agreed to only a ‘narrowly drawn’ fee provision. I see no basis
for that implied finding. The fee provision in the release seems to be an ordinary one, in
which the parties add teeth to their commitment to release all claims by providing that if
there is litigation on those claims in violation of the release, the loser pays the winner’s
fees. In this case, there was litigation in violation of the release, which means, in my
view, that fees should have been awarded. The majority has defeated, not enforced, the

                                              16
overall meaning of the release.” (Gil, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 746 (dis. opn. of
Armstrong, J.).)10
       Justice Armstrong went on to detail different meanings and scopes ascribed to the
word “action” in statutes and case law, concluding that “ ‘action’ is not limited and
precise, but general and inclusive.” (Gil, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at pp. 746-747
(dis. opn. of Armstrong, J.).) He continued: “In an everyday sense, ‘action’ includes
both an answer and an affirmative defense, for the simple reason that the two are in many
ways alike. The defendant has the burden of proof on the affirmative defense just as the
plaintiff does on a complaint. The rules which relate to pleading a cause of action in a
complaint also apply to pleading an affirmative defense in an answer. . . . If the
defendant prevails on the release defense, it will only be because the court has ‘enforced’
the release. . . . Raising a release as an affirmative defense is legally the same as
bringing an ‘action’ to enforce it. The defendant becomes an actor.” (Id. at p. 747,
italics added.) In conclusion to his dissent, Justice Armstrong wrote: “Neither party
asserts that the language of the release is ambiguous, and we thus do not have the benefit
(or burden) of extrinsic evidence. However, I believe I may confidently state that it is not
within the imagination of mortal lawyers to draft an attorney fee clause which provides
for fees if the winner filed, but not if the winner defended, and that if lawyers ever
managed to agree on such an unusual arrangement, they would document that agreement
with elaborate care.” (Ibid.)
       Fast-forward nine years, and the Second District faced the same issue yet a third
time in Windsor Pacific. The Windsor Pacific court rejected the holdings in Exxess and
Gil because it “believe[d] that the analysis in Justice Armstrong’s dissent in Gil is
correct.” (Windsor Pacific, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 276.) We agree with the
Windsor Pacific panel and with Justice Armstrong that the word “action,” in ordinary

       10
         See Salawy v. Ocean Towers Housing Corp. (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 664, 670-
674, in which a majority of the same court, again over a strong dissent by Justice
Armstrong, construed in a similar manner a statutory provision authorizing an attorney
fees award to the prevailing party in an “action . . . to enforce the governing documents”
(Civ. Code, § 1354, former subd. (f)).

                                             17
usage, “encompass[es] the entire judicial proceeding, including the answer, and that an
action in which the defendant asserted a defense based on a [contract] was an action
brought to enforce the terms of the [contract] within the meaning of the attorney fee
clause.” (Ibid.) Defendants’ affirmative defense is encompassed by the words “any legal
action or any other proceeding.”
       Mountain Air seeks to distinguish this case from Windsor Pacific because the
option agreement’s attorney fees clause, like those in Exxess and Gil, uses a form of the
verb “bring,” whereas the attorney fees clause in Windsor Pacific did not. Mountain Air
maintains that “bringing” an action or proceeding makes the scope of the fees clause
much narrower than it would be otherwise. We disagree. To hold that attorney fees
clauses referring to “action[s] brought to enforce” (Gil, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 742)
have a materially different meaning from those referring to “action[s] . . . to enforce”
(Windsor Pacific, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 268, fn. 1) elevates form over substance
and fiction over reality. Unsurprisingly, neither the Exxess court nor the Gil majority
placed emphasis on the word “brings” or “brought.” We agree with Justice Armstrong
that “[r]aising . . . an affirmative defense is legally the same as bringing an ‘action’ ” and
that parties who actually intended to adopt a fees clause that would allow a prevailing
party to obtain fees only if the party were a plaintiff and not if the party were a defendant
would have gone to greater lengths to document it. (Gil, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at
p. 747 (dis. opn. of Armstrong, J.), italics added.)
       Finally, we reject the interpretation advanced by Mountain Air and adopted by the
courts in Exxess and Gil for the further reason that it would lead to absurd results: a
defendant who sought interpretation and enforcement of the contract via affirmative
defense could not recover attorney fees, but if in addition or instead that same defendant
simply filed a cross-complaint for declaratory relief asserting precisely the same facts and
arguments, the defendant could. The idea that the parties intended such a form-over-
function approach to govern recovery of attorney fees strains credulity.

                                              18
   2. The Novation Defense Enforced the Contract and Arose Because of a Dispute in
   Connection with a Provision of the Option Agreement.

       We now turn to the question whether defendants’ affirmative defense falls within
the subject matter covered by the option agreement’s fees provision. As an initial matter,
it seems to us that if a contract has a material purpose (such as novating a prior contract),
whether or not explicitly stated, then a party who invokes the contract to accomplish that
purpose seeks to “enforce” the contract. However, we need not adopt so broad a rule.
Here, the option agreement is explicit: its integration clause, by its terms, “expressly
supersedes all previous or contemporaneous agreements, understandings, representations,
or statements between the parties respecting this matter.” In raising their novation
defense, defendants sought to enforce the integration clause and by doing so to
accomplish a material purpose of the option agreement: the extinguishment of the
repurchase agreement. Defendants’ invocation of the option agreement, its integration
clause and its intended effect as a novation was as much an enforcement of the option
agreement and its terms as a suit or defense based on any other provision. To be sure, the
option agreement had additional purposes beyond novating the repurchase agreement.11
But novation was fundamental to all of the others; it was the means by which the parties
supplanted the obligations and rights to which they had previously agreed with different
obligations and rights.
       The attorney fees clause also applies to the affirmative defense of novation
because it was raised “because of an alleged dispute, breach, default, or misrepresentation
in connection with any provision” of the option agreement. This is broad language,

       11
           Our dissenting colleague expresses the concern that the defendants apparently
never exercised the option to repurchase the south tower. (Dis. opn. post, at p. 10.) We
fail to see how that matters. The option agreement had multiple provisions, one of which
was the integration clause expressly novating the earlier repurchase agreement. That
other provisions of the agreement—those entitling defendants to opt to purchase or not
purchase the south tower—did not require enforcement neither eliminated the dispute
about, nor avoided defendants’ need to enforce, the novation provision. The fees clause
covers actions and proceedings to enforce or resolve a dispute about “any” provision of
the agreement; it does not require that all provisions be in dispute.

                                             19
encompassing a wide range of possible allegations. (See Maynard v. BTI Group, Inc.
(2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 984, 992-993 [“ ‘the broad language of the attorney fee clause
. . . permitted recovery of attorney fees for breach of contract or any other claim asserted
in connection with the lease’ ”]; Cruz v. Ayromloo (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1277
[clause allowing recovery of attorney fees for any claim asserted in connection with the
lease encompassed both contract and tort causes of action].) Defendants asserted their
novation defense because of a dispute “in connection with” the option agreement, and in
particular the integration clause—specifically, whether the agreement and that clause
reflected an intent to extinguish the repurchase agreement.
       When the trial court denied a grant of attorney fees to defendants, it stated that
“none of the provisions in the Option Agreement were actually ‘in dispute’ in this case.”
This statement is inexplicable given the express provision in the integration clause that
prior agreements were superseded. There can be no doubt here that Mountain Air and
defendants disputed the meaning and effect of the option agreement, including its
integration clause. Scarpa was evasive about the meaning of the integration clause and
contended the option agreement was an “accommodation” that would operate in parallel
with and was complementary to the repurchase agreement, whereas defendants contended
that the integration clause meant what it said, which was that the option agreement
superseded the repurchase agreement. The “in connection with” language is broad
enough to encompass such a dispute.12

       12
            Our dissenting colleague parts ways with us on this aspect of our ruling,
suggesting that we should strictly construe the fees provision and defer to the trial court’s
determination that it did not apply in this case. (Dis. opn. post, at p. 7.) As discussed
above, there is no rule of strict construction in regard to attorney fees clauses; rather,
Santisas holds that ordinary contract interpretation principles apply. If we applied a rule
of strict construction, we would not have held that assertion of an affirmative defense
constitutes bringing an action or other proceeding—a holding with which our dissenting
colleague agrees. Regarding the dissent’s suggestion that deference to the trial court is in
order here, we disagree. We review contract interpretation de novo and no question of
fact is at issue.

                                             20
       Because the novation defense sought to enforce the option agreement and
defendants raised it “because of an alleged dispute . . . in connection with [the
integration] provision,” the subject matter of the novation defense falls within the subject
matter covered by the attorney fees clause.13 Because we have already determined that
the form in which the issue was raised—an affirmative defense—is within the boundaries
of litigation covered by the attorney fees clause of the option agreement, defendants are
entitled to an award of attorney fees,14 at least to the extent the litigation involved
defendants’ affirmative defense of novation.15

                                       DISPOSITION
       The order of the trial court denying an award of attorney fees to defendants is
reversed. The matter is remanded for further proceedings in accord with this opinion.

       13
           Mountain Air essentially acknowledged this at oral argument, conceding that if
defendants had filed a cross-complaint for declaratory relief raising the same arguments
as in their novation defense, we would have a “very different situation.”
        14
           Mountain Air maintains that because Sundowner was not a party to the option
agreement, it cannot recover attorney fees under that agreement. Whether attorney fees
paid and/or owed by Madjlessi and Larsen are separable from fees paid and/or owed by
Sundowner is a matter for the trial court on remand.
        15
           We leave to the trial court, on remand, whether an apportionment of fees is
appropriate in light of the litigation of issues extraneous to the novation defense.

                                              21
                                             STEWART, J.

I concur.

KLINE, P.J.

Mountain Air Enterprises, LLC v. Sundowner Towers, LLC et al. (A138306)

                                        22
Trial Court/Case No.:                     Marin County Superior Court
                                          No. CIV081957

Trial Judge:                              Hon. Roy O. Chernus

Attorney for Plaintiff and Respondent     Erik A. Humber
Mountain Air Enterprises, LLC:            Law Office of Erik A. Humber
                                          165 North Redwood Drive, Suite 110
                                          San Rafael, CA 94903

Attorney for Defendants and Appellants    Joe R. Abramson
Sundowner Towers, LLC et al.:             Abramson & Brown
                                          21700 Oxnard Street, Suite 430
                                          Woodland Hills, CA 91367

                                         23
A138306, Mountain Air Enterprises, LLC v. Sundowner Towers, LLC et al.
Dissenting opinion of Richman, J.

       The Honorable Roy O. Chernus, an experienced trial judge, heard 18 days of
testimony in a lawsuit brought by Mountain Air against three defendants for breach of a
repurchase agreement and an accompanying guaranty. Judge Chernus filed a
comprehensive, 40-page statement of decision ruling against Mountain Air, concluding
that two affirmative defenses had merit: (1) the repurchase agreement was illegal, and
(2) the repurchase agreement was extinguished by an option agreement.
       Defendants thereafter filed a motion for attorney fees, based on provisions in the
repurchase agreement and in the option agreement, seeking $774,141. Judge Chernus
denied the request, concluding that the fees provision in the illegal repurchase agreement
could not support fees. And as to the provision in the option agreement, Judge Chernus
carefully analyzed—indeed, in the words of defendants’ counsel, “very closely
scrutinized”—the language in the provision and held that the litigation before him did not
come within that language.
       The majority agrees with Judge Chernus on his first holding, but disagrees on the
second, going so far as to say that one of his comments was “inexplicable.” (Maj. opn.
ante, at p. 20.) I disagree. I believe Judge Chernus correctly analyzed the setting before
him, correctly analyzed the applicable law, and reached the correct result. I therefore
dissent.

                                    BACKGROUND
       The majority briefly sets forth the general background facts, in five short
paragraphs, and does so accurately, as far as it goes. But the majority’s exposition
nowhere describes the setting here—not the parties, not their relationships, not their
history, not the genesis of the relevant documents. Put otherwise, one reads the majority
opinion as though the 18 days of trial involved some straightforward, run-of-the-mill case
involving breach of a real estate contract. Hardly.

                                             1
       The lawsuit was filed by Mountain Air, which, as the majority notes, is a single-
purpose California limited liability company whose sole member is Steven Scarpa.
Mountain Air’s complaint named three defendants: Sundowner—the other party to the
repurchase agreement, which, as the majority also notes, is a Nevada limited liability
company—and its two members, Bijan Madjlessi and Glenn Larsen. The complaint
alleged three causes of action: (1) specific performance of the repurchase agreement;
(2) breach of the guaranty for the repurchase agreement, which was executed by
Madjlessi and Larsen; and (3) breach of the repurchase agreement. While all three causes
of action purport to be against Madjlessi and Larsen, it is clear from the pleadings that
they were involved only as guarantors, demonstrated by the allegations against them in
the first and third causes of action, which talk only of their involvement with the
guaranty.
       Following a motion to amend their answer, defendants alleged numerous
affirmative defenses, two of which are pertinent here: the second and fourth. The second
affirmative defense alleged this: “Novation. [¶] 3. On or about April 26, 2006, Mountain
Air, Madjlessi, and Larsen executed that certain written Option Agreement (‘the Option
Agreement’) and a written Guarantee, whereby Mountain Air granted Madjlessi and
Larsen the right to purchase the South Tower on the terms and conditions set forth
therein. Pursuant to paragraph 20(d) of the Option Agreement, the Option Agreement
expressly superseded all prior agreements relating to the South Tower. [¶] 4. The Option
agreement was a novation superseding and replacing the terms and conditions of the
Purchase Agreement . . . . [¶] 5. By reason of the novation, Defendants have no liability
under the claims asserted in the [Second Amended Complaint].”
       The fourth affirmative defense alleged that the repurchase agreement is “illegal,
void, and unenforceable.”
       The above describes the pleadings, which are, as noted, more generally set forth
by the majority. But not set forth at all is anything about any of the participants involved
in this lawsuit, beginning with who it was that counseled the parties—all the parties—and
prepared the documents—all the documents—leading to the lawsuit: attorney David

                                             2
Santi. Thus, the trial began with an Evidence Code section 402 hearing—five days of
hearing—to determine whether attorney Santi had represented Scarpa, or Madjlessi, or
both. Judge Chernus concluded both—that Santi was their joint attorney, and that no
attorney-client privilege would pertain. So, that was one out-of-the-ordinary fact
involved in this case.
       Another was the protagonists, Scarpa and Madjlessi. As Judge Chernus described
them: “The principal participants in this dispute are Scarpa and Madjlessi, both of whom
are sophisticated real estate investors and developers. Scarpa owns more than 1,000
residential housing units, is a licensed real estate broker [citation], and has been involved
in real estate transactions for decades. On at least two . . . occasions, Scarpa had acted as
a developer for specific residential housing projects in California.
               “Madjlessi is an experienced licensed contractor and real estate developer
who, prior to this transaction, had built and sold numerous residential housing tracts in
California at sale prices aggregating more than $300,000,000.
               “Scarpa and Madjlessi met approximately twenty . . . years prior to the
commencement of this litigation. Scarpa and Madjlessi, either directly, or through
affiliated business entities, had done business together on numerous occasions prior to the
transactions described in Mountain Air’s Complaint. And, Scarpa and Madjlessi had
become social friends. During the twenty . . . years prior to the commencement of this
action, Scarpa, or his affiliated entities, had lent money to Madjlessi or his affiliated
entities on more than fifty . . . occasions [¶] . . . [¶]
               “The lender-borrower relationship between Scarpa and Madjlessi was very
complicated. From time to time, loans made to Madjlessi were not repaid on time.
Scarpa and Madjlessi developed a pattern of ‘recycling’ or renewing loans that had not
been paid on time by either, for a fee, extending the due date of the loans, or, by taking a
loan secured by specific real property and by improving the quality of the security for
repayment of the loan by securing an existing loan by different property. Interest rates on
the loans typically averaged between ten percent . . . and twelve percent . . . and Scarpa

                                                 3
often charged Madjlessi points or loan fees in connection with the making of the loans
[citations].” (Fns. omitted.)
       As indicated, Judge Chernus heard 18 days of testimony, ultimately to rule for
defendants. He did so in his final statement of decision, a 40-page (exclusive of addenda)
ruling that discussed in great detail the issues before him and the respective positions of
the parties. Included in that discussion was Judge Chernus’s distillation of the parties’
position on the option agreement: “The testimony of Madjlessi and Scarpa regarding the
reason for the Option Agreement was conflicting. Scarpa testified that Madjlessi asked
Scarpa to execute the Option Agreement as an accommodation; that it would assist
Madjlessi in obtaining financing. Madjlessi, on the other hand, testified that the Option
Agreement had nothing to do with Bank financing, and, by reference to Exhibit 32, stated
that an option had always been the manner in which he wanted to close the transaction
just as had been done in connection with the Yanoff transaction. [¶] Significantly, during
Trial, Santi admitted that he had not unilaterally made up the specific terms of the Option
Agreement; to the contrary, he admitted that he had derived the terms of the Operating
Agreement from his participation in discussions with Madjlessi and Scarpa.” (Fn.
omitted.)
       Judge Chernus went on to describe Scarpa’s position on the option: that it was to
“accommodate” Madjlessi, that it was an “accommodation” to him, and that it was
“complementary” to the repurchase agreement. Judge Chernus then rejected Scarpa’s
position, holding that the intent of the option agreement was to “extinguish the
Repurchase Agreement.”
       Judge Chernus then devoted 12 pages of analysis to his conclusion that the
repurchase agreement was illegal and void, finally to conclude that the “Repurchase
Agreement was extinguished by the subsequent written option agreement.” It was a
“novation.”
       Defendants thereafter filed a motion seeking attorney fees pursuant to separate
provisions in the repurchase agreement and in the option agreement, seeking $774,141.
Following opposition and reply, the attorney fees motion (along with Mountain Air’s

                                              4
motion to tax costs) came on for hearing on March 13, against the background that Judge
Chernus had entered a tentative ruling denying both motions, a tentative ruling contested
by both sides.
       Following argument on Mountain Air’s motion to tax, the hearing turned to
defendants’ argument addressing the portion of Judge Chernus’s tentative ruling denying
attorney fees. Early in his argument, defendants’ counsel acknowledged the unusual
nature of the setting here, some of which I touched on above. Thus, counsel began:
“Both Mr. Madjlessi and Mr. Scarpa, who you observed for 18 days here and in a variety
of law and motion matters, they’re both sophisticated guys. Mr. Scarpa, his
sophistication was in the area of lending money, and while not necessarily a real estate
developer, he lent millions of dollars to Mr. Madjlessi. Mr. Madjlessi was a developer.
[¶] They both shared one thing in common, Dave Santi, and Santi documented all their
deals. So he prepared the repurchase agreement, he prepared the option agreement, he
prepared a bunch of other documents along the way, and you got to see him, you got to
see him testify, and you got to read his documents. [¶] In my view, there was some
things that were very troublesome in terms of what Mr. Santi did. I think that—I asked
myself if I was in your chair, how would I feel about all this stuff? . . . [¶] . . . [¶] And,
Your Honor, I do feel that although the tentative ruling wasn’t long, it clearly set forth
your intent. I know the analysis you did, I understand it, I appreciate it. I know the Court
very closely scrutinized the attorney’s fees clause, and I do appreciate—I think you
scrutinized it more closely than I did, and I do appreciate that; so when I saw the tentative
yesterday, I had to step back a little bit and rethink why we were right, and I still think
we’re right, so I’m going to present that.” And on counsel went. To no avail.
       On March 20, Judge Chernus entered an order denying defendants attorney fees
under both the repurchase agreement and the option agreement—an order, not
incidentally another part of the record ignored by the majority, which mentions only a
portion of it. This is its essence.
       Judge Chernus first discussed the repurchase agreement, and relied “on the general
rule . . . that if the entire contract is void for illegality, attorney fees are unavailable.

                                                 5
[Citations.]” Then, discussing the option agreement, Judge Chernus ruled as follows:
“With regards to the Option Agreement, the court agrees with Mountain Air that Windsor
Pacific LLC v. Samwood Co., Inc. (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 263, also is distinguishable
because the fee provision in the Option Agreement is much narrower and only applies to
actions ‘brought’ for the enforcement of the Option Agreement or because of a dispute in
connection with any provision of the Agreement, not any action between the parties that
happens to concern the Option Agreement. Defendants claim the key word in the Option
fee provision is the word ‘dispute,’ while ignoring the prefatory language limiting fees to
actions ‘brought’ on the contract. Defendants also fail to fully quote the ‘in connection
with’ language, leaving off the part that limits fees to actions brought because of a
dispute in connection with ‘any provision of’ the Option Agreement. While it is true that
the court in its [final statement of decision] pp. 13-14 compared several provisions in the
Option Agreement with those in the Repurchase Agreement to determine whether the
Option Agreement was intended to act as novation, none of the provisions in the Option
Agreement were actually ‘in dispute’ in this case.”
        The majority holds that Judge Chernus erred in connection with his ruling
regarding the option agreement. I disagree. I think his analysis was spot on.

                                       DISCUSSION
        “Except as attorney’s fees are specifically provided for by statute, the measure and
mode of compensation . . . is left to the agreement, express or implied, of the parties.”
(Code Civ. Proc., § 1021.) This section is the California version of the “American rule,”
under which each party must pay its own legal fees. (Trope v. Katz (1995) 11 Cal.4th
274, 278-279.)
        So, the issue is whether there is some agreement that changes the American rule.
And in answering that issue, the court’s “analysis begins and ends with the language of
the attorney fee clause on which [defendants] rely. [Citations.] . . . .” (People ex rel.
Dept. of Corporations v. Speedee Oil Change Systems, Inc. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 424,
429.)

                                              6
       The California Supreme Court has synthesized the applicable principles—there, in
the context of “prevailing party”—this way: “ ‘Under statutory rules of contract
interpretation, the mutual intention of the parties at the time the contract is formed
governs interpretation. (Civ. Code, § 1636.) Such intent is to be inferred, if possible,
solely from the written provisions of the contract. (Id., § 1639.) The “clear and explicit”
meaning of these provisions, interpreted in their “ordinary and popular sense,” unless
“used by the parties in a technical sense or a special meaning is given to them by usage”
(id., § 1644), controls judicial interpretation. (Id., § 1638.) Thus, if the meaning a
layperson would ascribe to contract language is not ambiguous, we apply that meaning.
[Citations].’ [Citation.]” (Santisas v. Goodin (1998) 17 Cal.4th 599, 608.) As the Civil
Code succinctly puts it, “The language of a contract is to govern its interpretation, if the
language is clear and explicit, and does not involve an absurdity.” (Civ. Code, § 1638.)
       In sum and in short, Judge Chernus’s responsibility was to apply the language of
the attorney fees provision to the proceeding before him, to determine if the proceeding
was within the language. And in doing so, he was—and we are—governed by one more
principle: “Scope of Provision Strictly Construed.” (7 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed.
2008) Judgment, § 168, p. 712.)
       The attorney fees provision in the option agreement provides in applicable part as
follows: “Litigation Costs. If any legal action or any other proceeding, including
arbitration or an action for declaratory relief; is brought for the enforcement of this
Agreement or because of an alleged dispute, breach, default, or misrepresentation in
connection with any provision of this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to
recover reasonable attorney fees, expert fees and other costs incurred in that action or
proceeding, in addition to any other relief to which the prevailing party may be entitled.”
       Immediately following its quotation of the attorney fees provision, the majority
opinion seemingly frames the question—in my view, inappropriately—this way:
“Defendants are entitled to attorney fees if this clause encompasses defendants’
affirmative defense that the option agreement constituted a novation, voiding the
repurchase agreement. This is a question of contract interpretation, which we review

                                              7
de novo because neither party cites extrinsic evidence that bears upon interpretation of
the option agreement.” (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 12.) Then, after one paragraph about
contract interpretation, the majority says this: “There are two aspects to the interpretation
issue: first, whether an affirmative defense may constitute an ‘action or any other
proceeding . . . brought’ within the meaning of the option agreement’s fees provision and
second, whether defendants’ affirmative defense of novation was brought either ‘for the
enforcement of [the option] Agreement’ or ‘because of an alleged dispute, breach,
default, or misrepresentation in connection with any provision of [the option]
Agreement.’ The first question concerns the form of the novation defense, and the
second concerns the subject matter of the defense. We will address each in turn.” (Maj.
opn. ante, at p. 13.)
       Addressing the first “aspect” of the issue, the majority spends over six pages
discussing whether an affirmative defense can come within “action” or “proceeding,”
included within which is an exhaustive discussion of three Second District cases. (Maj.
opn. ante, at pp. 13-18.) The majority observes that the dissent in the second case was
correct, and ultimately concludes that the third case—Windsor Pacific LLC v. Samwood
Co., Inc. (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 263—supports the majority’s conclusion here. I have
no quarrel with the concept that attorney fees can be proper even if one is asserting a
position in defense. That said, the cases have no application here, as in all three cases the
attorney fees provision was broad—not to mention in the document sued on.
       Regardless, the issue here is not whether there was an “action” or a “proceeding.”
The issue is what the action or proceeding was for. More specifically, as germane to the
issue here, whether it was for “enforcement of this agreement” or “because of an alleged
dispute, breach, default, or misrepresentation in connection with any provision of this
Agreement.”
       That, the majority analyzes in a few paragraphs in the last two and one-half pages
of its opinion, as follows: “As an initial matter, it seems to us that if a contract has a
material purpose (such as novating a prior contract), whether or not explicitly stated, then
a party who invokes the contract to accomplish that purpose seeks to ‘enforce’ the

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contract. However, we need not adopt so broad a rule. Here, the option agreement is
explicit: its integration clause, by its terms, ‘expressly supersedes all previous or
contemporaneous agreements, understandings, representations, or statements between the
parties respecting this matter.’ In raising their novation defense, defendants sought to
enforce the integration clause and by doing so to accomplish a material purpose of the
option agreement: the extinguishment of the repurchase agreement. Defendants’
invocation of the option agreement, its integration clause and its intended effect as a
novation was as much an enforcement of the option agreement and its terms as a suit or
defense based on any other provision. To be sure, the option agreement had additional
purposes beyond novating the repurchase agreement. But novation was fundamental to
all of the others; it was the means by which the parties supplanted the obligations and
rights to which they had previously agreed with different obligations and rights.
       “The attorney fees clause also applies to the affirmative defense of novation
because it was raised ‘because of an alleged dispute, breach, default, or misrepresentation
in connection with any provision” of the option agreement. This is broad language,
encompassing a wide range of possible allegations. [Citations.] Defendants asserted
their novation defense because of a dispute ‘in connection with’ the option agreement,
and in particular the integration clause—specifically, whether the agreement and that
clause reflected an intent to extinguish the repurchase agreement.
       “When the trial court denied a grant of attorney fees to defendants, it stated that
‘none of the provisions in the Option Agreement were actually “in dispute” in this case.’
This statement is inexplicable given the express provision in the integration clause that
prior agreements were superseded. There can be no doubt here that Mountain Air and
defendants disputed the meaning and effect of the option agreement, including its
integration clause. Scarpa was evasive about the meaning of the integration clause and
contended the option agreement was an ‘accommodation’ that would operate in parallel
with and was complementary to the repurchase agreement, whereas defendants contended
that the integration clause meant what it said, which was that the option agreement

                                              9
superseded the repurchase agreement. The ‘in connection with’ language is broad
enough to encompass such a dispute.” (Maj. opn. ante, at pp. 19-20, fns. omitted.)
       Such an involved analysis is, I believe, flawed. And the lengths to which the
majority goes to find the attorney fees provision applicable, inappropriate.
       The provision here is clear. It allows for attorney fees if any legal action
or proceeding is brought for either of two specific purposes: first, for “enforcement of
this agreement,” or second, “because of an alleged dispute, breach, default, or
misrepresentation in connection with any provision of this Agreement.” Never applying
the actual language, the majority says that “defendants sought to enforce the integration
clause and by doing so to accomplish a material purpose of the option agreement: the
extinguishment of the repurchase agreement. Defendants’ invocation of the option
agreement, its integration clause and its intended effect as a novation was as much an
enforcement of the option agreement and its terms as a suit or defense based on any other
provision.” (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 19.) In other words, I gather, novation is enforcement.
       But it is not. As counsel for defendants acknowledged at oral argument, the option
agreement is still extant, never exercised. Never “enforced.”
       As to the second alternative that could support attorney fees, Judge Chernus
addressed the language in detail. As quoted above, he explained that the dispute must be
“in connection with any provision of the Agreement, not any action between the parties
that happens to concern the Option Agreement. Defendants claim the key word in the
Option fee provision is the word ‘dispute,’ while ignoring the prefatory language limiting
fees to actions ‘brought’ on the contract. Defendants also fail to fully quote the ‘in
connection with’ language, leaving off the part that limits fees to actions brought because
of a dispute in connection with ‘any provision of’ the Option Agreement. While it is true
that the court in its [final statement of decision] pp. 13-14 compared several provisions in
the Option Agreement with those in the Repurchase Agreement to determine whether the
Option Agreement was intended to act as novation, none of the provisions in the Option
Agreement were actually ‘in dispute’ in this case.”

                                             10
       We said in Sears v. Baccaglio (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1136, 1158, that the trial
court is given wide discretion in determining whether a party has prevailed for purposes
of awarding attorney fees. While Judge Chernus’s determination did not determine who
was the prevailing party, I see no reason why similarly wide discretion should not apply
to a trial court’s decision as to what was “in dispute” before him for 18 days.
       In CytoDyn of New Mexico, Inc. v. Amerimmune Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2008) 160
Cal.App.4th 288, attorney fees had been awarded to successful defendants in a case
involving misappropriation of trademarks and patents. The Court of Appeal reversed.
After rejecting defendants’ arguments based on a statute and an indemnification clause in
an agreement between the parties, the court concluded as follows: “Defendants assert
they are entitled to attorney fees under the attorney fees clauses of several other
agreements. They are mistaken in each case. None of the defendants is a party to those
agreements, and in two cases neither is CytoDyn. The mere mention of an agreement in a
complaint does not mean, as defendants seem to believe, that the lawsuit has been
brought to enforce those agreements. Moreover, even if defendants were parties to the
agreements, the attorney fees clauses in most instances do not cover this lawsuit.” (Id. at
p. 301.)
       While there was certainly more than “mere mention” of the option agreement here,
as Judge Chernus properly determined, the case was not within either of the two specific,
and limited, situations allowing attorney fees.
       Pellegrini v. Weiss (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 515 is instructive. Pellegrini sued
Weiss based on a joint venture agreement between them for the purchase and
development of real property. Pellegrini prevailed on his claim for breach of fiduciary
duty, but the court denied his claim for attorney fees on the ground there was no basis to
award them. Both sides appealed. The Court of Appeal affirmed (with a modification as
to interest). And in rejecting Pellegrini’s cross-appeal for attorney fees, the court noted
as follows: “Pellegrini argues his entitlement to attorney fees is as a result of the attorney
fees provisions in the agreements between the parties. Specifically, there were a total of
three agreements that both Pellegrini and Weiss were parties to: the MOU [memorandum

                                             11
of understanding], the stock option agreement, and the voting trust agreement. It is
undisputed the MOU contains no attorney fees provision. Therefore, the question is
whether the attorney fees provisions found in the stock option agreement and the voting
trust agreement provide a basis for Pellegrini’s recovery of fees.
         “While both the stock option agreement and the voting trust agreement do contain
attorney fees provisions, Pellegrini’s lawsuit was for the enforcement of the MOU, and
the MOU was the only agreement attached to and incorporated by reference into the
complaint. The MOU does not contain an attorney fees provision.
         “Pellegrini asserts the three agreements were part of a single interrelated
relationship or transaction, and pursuant to Civil Code section 1642, should be taken
together for purposes of the attorney fees provision. It is a question of fact whether
multiple contracts are intended to be elements of a single transaction under Civil Code
section 1642. (BMP Property Development v. Melvin (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 526,
531 . . . .) Where, as here, the record is silent, we must presume the trial court found all
facts necessary to support the order. (Hochstein v. Romero (1990) 219 Cal.App.3d 447,
451, fn. 4 . . . .) . . . [¶] . . . [¶]
         “The present case is markedly similar to Pilcher v. Wheeler (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th
352 (Pilcher), in which the court determined that no attorney fees should be awarded. In
Pilcher, the parties had a partnership agreement for the development of real property that
contained no attorney fees provision. When problems arose between them, the plaintiff
sued for breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty pursuant to the partnership
agreement. Following trial and a favorable verdict, the defendants moved for attorney
fees, asserting the construction contract for the development of the property that
contained an attorney fees provision was part of an integrated agreement pursuant to
Civil Code section 1642. The Pilcher court rejected the defendants’ argument, finding
the construction contract was peripheral and not intended to be integrated into the
partnership agreement.
         “Here, we arrive at the same conclusion as the court in Pilcher. The MOU was the
only agreement upon which Pellegrini asserted his causes of action, and was the only

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agreement incorporated by reference into the complaint. The stock option agreement and
the voting trust agreement were peripheral to the MOU, and were not part of an
integrated agreement pursuant to Civil Code section 1642. Therefore, we find no error in
the trial court’s denial of Pellegrini’s motion for attorney fees on the ground that there
was no legal basis to award such fees.” (Pellegrini v. Weiss, supra,165 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 534-535; see Vons Cos., Inc. v. Lyle Parks Jr., Inc. (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 823, 834
[assignee of warranty that did not contain attorney fees provisions had no right to recover
fees, even though related construction contract, which was not assigned, did contain
provision].)
       I close with a final observation. As quoted, the majority says the attorney fees
provision here “is broad language, encompassing a wide range of possible allegations.
(See Maynard v. BTI Group, Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 984, 992-993 [‘ “the broad
language of the attorney fee clause [which was ‘any dispute’] . . . permitted recovery of
attorney fees for breach of contract or any other claim asserted in connection with the
lease” ’]; Cruz v. Ayromloo (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1277 [clause allowing
recovery of attorney fees for any claim asserted in connection with the lease encompassed
both contract and tort causes of action].)” (Maj. opn. ante, at pp. 19-20.) Judge Chernus
disagreed. So do I. Certainly the provision in the option agreement is narrower than
those in Maynard or Cruz, as manifest by the language the majority quotes. The
language is also certainly narrower than the cases discussing, and applying, broad
attorney fees clauses. (See, e.g., Thomson v. Miller (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 327, 336
[“ ‘any dispute under [the agreements]’ ”]; Moallem v. Coldwell Banker Com. Group,
Inc. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1827, 1831 [action “relating to” the contract]; and Xuereb v.
Marcus & Millichap, Inc. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1338, 1342-1343 [for any action to which
the agreement “gives rise”].)

                                                                              RICHMAN, J.

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