Court Opinion

ID: 2975036
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:27:53.186196+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:01:18.946524
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 07a0259n.06
                             Filed: April 6, 2007

                                            No. 06-5634

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JIMMY STRATTON,                          )
                                         )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,               )
                                         )
             v.                          )                         ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                         )                         UNITED STATES DISTRICT
KEVIN WOMMACK, individually, and d/b/a )                           COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
Loophole Entertainment,                  )                         DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                         )
      Defendant-Appellee.                )
________________________________________ )

BEFORE: GUY, SUHRHEINRICH, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       Plaintiff Jimmy Stratton was under contract to manage the band known as Los Lonely Boys

(“the Boys”), which consists of the three Garza brothers. In October 2003, Stratton filed an action

in federal court claiming that defendant Kevin Wommack violated Tennessee law by tortiously

inducing the Garzas to breach their management agreement (“the contract”) in late 1999 or early

2000. The district court granted summary judgment to Wommack on the ground that Stratton failed

to file his claim within the three-year period required by TENN . CODE ANN . § 28-3-105. Stratton

timely appealed. Stratton agrees that § 28-3-105 applies, but he contends that his cause of action did

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Stratton v. Wommack

not accrue until he read newspaper and website articles in 2003 that gave him reason to believe that

Wommack, rather than others, was involved in the tortious inducement.

       For the reasons that follow, we vacate the grant of summary judgment and remand for further

proceedings. Under Tennessee law, a tort cause of action does not necessarily accrue at the time the

plaintiff knows that he has suffered an injury. A tort cause of action does not accrue until the

plaintiff also knew, or reasonably should have known, “the occasion, the manner and means by

which a breach of duty occurred that produced his injury” and “the identity of the defendant who

breached the duty.” Foster v. Harris, 633 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tenn. 1982) (emphasis added).

Contrary to this rule, the district court failed to consider whether there was a genuine issue as to

whether reasonably diligent investigation would have led Stratton to discover Wommack’s

inducement of the Garzas’ breach less than three years before he filed this action. The district court

should have made that fact-sensitive determination in the first instance.

                                                  I.

       The complaint alleges that Stratton is a resident of Tennessee and Wommack is a resident

of Texas,1 and that Wommack’s tortious interference caused Stratton to lose over $100,000 in

commissions and $70,000 in unreimbursed expenses, i.e., more than $75,000 exclusive of interest

and costs. Accordingly, it appears that the district court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332(a)(1). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       1
         Wommack’s answer, filed in January 2004, is not in the appellate record. But Wommack
never moved to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, and neither his summary judgment
briefs below nor his appellate briefs challenge the existence of diversity jurisdiction.
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                                                   II.

       In November 1996, Stratton entered into an Artist-Manager Agreement2 with the Garzas /

Los Lonely Boys. Stratton agreed to

       advise and counsel [the Garzas] in matters pertaining to music, music publishing and
       musical performance; publicity; public relations and advertising; . . . compensation
       and privileges for similar artistic values; . . . the selection of booking and/or theatrical
       agencies, and persons, firms and corporations who will counsel, advise, seek and
       procure employment and engagements for Artist; and with regard to general practices
       in the music and entertainment industry as are called for by this Agreement.

Agreement ¶ 3. The Garzas agreed to pay Stratton a 20% commission and reimburse travel and other

expenses directly related to his representation of the group. Agreement ¶¶ 7-8.

       In April 1999, Stratton entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) with the

Garzas which superseded the 1996 Agreement. The MOU was to last for five years, with an

additional two years at Stratton’s option.

       In early 1999, two record producers from Chicago, Jim Tullio and Rob Fabroni, contacted

Stratton after hearing a Los Lonely Boys CD and said they wanted to see the Garzas perform. Tullio

and Fabroni traveled to Florida and saw the Garzas perform live. Sometime between April and

September 1999, the Garzas and Stratton went to Chicago to meet with Tullio and Fabroni. At that

meeting, Tullio and Fabroni allegedly criticized Stratton’s management in the presence of the

Garzas.

       2
        Wommack appears to question the validity of the 1996 and 1999 agreements, calling them
“purported” contracts. We assume arguendo that the agreements were valid, enforceable contracts.
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         From September 21 through November 29, 1999, the Garzas’ counsel wrote three letters to

Stratton’s counsel requesting a detailed written accounting of all commissions Stratton had received

and all expenses he had charged to the Garzas’ account while under the management agreements.

Stratton did not provide the requested accounting.

         Unbeknownst to Stratton, sometime in November or December 1999, record producers Tullio

and Fabroni invited Wommack to see the Garzas perform live in Nashville. Wommack thus traveled

from Texas and viewed the performance; however, the Garzas did not introduce Stratton to

Wommack.

         In late 1999, the Garzas left Nashville and returned home to Texas without giving Stratton

any advance warning, and thereafter they had no further contact with Stratton. The Garzas failed to

honor some personal appearances and concerts which Stratton had scheduled and committed them

to perform, including a Christmas party for the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences on

December 13, 1999. Even when they did perform at scheduled concerts, they failed to pay Stratton

any commissions. The Garzas also failed to record music with one David Rifkin, as Stratton had

arranged. Likewise, the Garzas did not perform at a BMI Showcase in Nashville on January 6,

2000.3

         In March 2000, the Garzas’ counsel wrote to Stratton’s counsel and stated that the Garzas

were terminating their agreement with Stratton effective immediately. The Garzas cited Stratton’s

refusal to provide the requested accounting as a material breach.

         3
         The Garzas’ counsel asked about January 6, 1999, but that cannot be correct according to
either side’s version of events. He must have meant to refer to January 6, 2000.
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       Later that month, Stratton’s counsel wrote back, stating that the agreement remained in effect,

that their failure to perform was complicating his attempt to provide an accounting, and that he

would provide an accounting “in a reasonable time.” Stratton also stated that he was

       further concerned that there are third parties that may have gained the collective ear
       of the band and may be at the root of Los Lonely Boys’ desire to walk away from the
       person who has expended great sums of personal funds and who has deferred his
       rightful payment for services rendered, to bring this band through the development
       stage. We will continue our investigation into this aspect of the case.

       According to the Boys’ father, he took over the management of the group after “the fallout”

with Stratton, which he placed as occurring in “2000 sometime.” Mr. Garza testified that Wommack

began handling the group’s bookings after they terminated their agreement with Stratton and was

paid a 15% commission on any performances that he booked. Mr. Garza testified, however, that

Wommack was not their “manager” per se at the time of the deposition, in April 2002.

       In May 2002, the Garzas entered into a formal written agreement for Wommack to manage

the Boys for seven years at a 20% commission. Stratton alleges that he did not become aware that

Wommack was managing the Garzas until he saw an August 2003 Austin American-Statesman

article that referred to Wommack as their manager. The same article quoted Wommack as saying

that in the late 1990s, he “went back to the [Garzas’] apartment” after he saw them perform in

Nashville and concluded that “[t]he first thing we had to do was get them in a studio.”

       At an unspecified time – presumably after reading the August 2003 Austin newspaper article

– Stratton visited the Latin music website www.batanga.com and found an article that quoted

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Wommack as stating that when he met the Garzas in Nashville in December 1999, he was so

impressed that “he persuaded [the Garzas] to return to Texas for further career development.”

                                                 III.

       Stratton filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of

Tennessee in October 2003, claiming that Wommack induced the Garzas to breach their agreements

with him in violation of Tennessee law. In January 2004, Wommack filed an answer that asserted

a Tennessee three-year statute of limitations as an affirmative defense. Wommack filed a summary

judgment motion, which the district court granted in April 2006. Stratton filed a motion for

reconsideration, which the district court denied, and Stratton timely appealed.4

                                                 IV.

       We review the district court’s entry of summary judgment de novo. Brainard v. Am. Skandia

Life Assur. Corp., 432 F.3d 655, 660 (6th Cir. 2005). A district court’s interpretation of state law

is likewise governed by the de novo standard. Id.

       Summary judgment is proper where no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Moross Ltd. P’ship v. Fleckenstein Capital, Inc.,

466 F.3d 508, 515 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing FED . R. CIV . P. 56(c)). We must construe the evidence in

       4
         In 2001, the Garzas sued in state court for a declaration that they were entitled to terminate
their management agreements with Stratton, who counterclaimed for breach of those agreements.
See Joey Garza et al. v. Jimmy Stratton, No. 10873 (Tenn. Chancery, Davidson Cty.) (Kilcrease,
Chancellor). Westlaw does not have any opinions or orders from that case, but the docket sheet
indicates that in July 2006 the state court issued an amended scheduling order setting a jury trial for
February 2007. The Garzas filed a second amended complaint on December 6, 2006, but counsel
stated at oral argument that trial is still scheduled for February 2007.
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the light most favorable to the non-movant and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in its favor.

Moross, 466 F.3d at 515 (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,

587 (1986)). The central issue is whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require

submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law. Id.

(citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986)). “The mere existence of a

scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-movant]’s position will be insufficient; there must be

evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Id. (citing Anderson, 477 U.S.

at 252).

        We usually review the denial of a Rule 59(e) reconsideration motion only for abuse of

discretion. Intera Corp. v. Henderson, 428 F.3d 605, 619 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Morales v. Am.

Honda Motor Co., 151 F.3d 500, 518 (6th Cir. 1998)), cert. denied, – U.S. –, 126 S. Ct. 1782 (2006).

When the motion seeks reconsideration of an order granting summary judgment, however, we

conduct de novo review. Gage Prods. Co. v. Henkel Corp., 393 F.3d 629, 637 (6th Cir. 2004).

                                                    V.

        Stratton filed the complaint on October 21, 2003. The parties agree that Stratton’s claim is

governed by TENN . CODE ANN . § 28-3-105, which is entitled “Torts; property” and provides,

        The following actions shall be commenced within three (3) years from the accruing
        of the cause of action:

        (1)     Actions for injuries to personal or real property;[5]

        5
           It may seem strange to call a claim for tortious interference with contract an action for injury
to personal property. Under Tennessee law, however, “[a]n ‘injury to property’ need not be physical
. . . just as an injury to the person is not limited to bodily injury.” Keller v. Colgems-EMI Music,
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        (2)     Actions for the detention or conversion of personal or real property; and

        (3)     Civil actions based on the alleged violation of any federal or state statute
        creating monetary liability for personal services rendered . . . .

Emphasis added.6

        We agree that the Tennessee appellate courts would apply this three-year period to a claim

for tortious inducement of breach of contract under these circumstances. This court has previously

concluded that Tennessee courts would apply § 28-3-105's three-year limitations period to both

Inc., 924 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996).

        The Tennessee Supreme Court developed a test for distinguishing between injuries to the
person, governed by the one-year period of § 28-3-104, and injuries to property, governed by the
three-year period of § 28-3-105. Injuries to the person are injuries “caused by invasion of rights that
‘inhere in man as a rational being’ or rights that one is entitled to by simply being a person in the
eyes of the law [i.e., natural rights].” Sudberry v. Royal & Sun Alliance, No. M2005-00280-COA-
R3-CV, – S.W.3d –, 2006 WL 2091386, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 27, 2006) (bracketed text added)
(quoting Gunter v. Lab. Corp. of America, 121 S.W.3d 636, 642 (Tenn. 2003) (citing Brown v.
Dunstan, 409 S.W.2d 365, 367 (Tenn. 1966))), app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 20, 2006). “These rights
are distinguished from rights that exist by virtue of property ownership or contract.” Id.
        6
          There were at least two alternatives. TENN . CODE ANN . § 28-3-104(a)(1) provides a one-year
limitations period for, inter alia, “actions . . . for injuries to the person . . . .” (emphasis added.)
Only one district court decision in our circuit has applied this one-year limitations period to a claim
for tortious interference with contractual relations or similar claim, and it provided neither discussion
nor authority in support of that holding. Carlson v. Highter, 612 F. Supp. 603, 605 (E.D. Tenn.
1985).

       TENN . CODE ANN . § 28-3-110(3) provides a ten-year limitations period for “[a]ll other cases
not expressly provided for.” This catch-all provision does not apply because, as discussed herein,
the Tennessee courts hold that TENN . CODE ANN . § 28-3-105 governs claims for tortious interference
with contract or with a business relationship. Moreover, our court has rejected the notion that the
ten-year catch-all applies to such claims under Tennessee law. See Misco, Inc. v. United States Steel
Corp., 784 F.2d 198, 204-05 (6th Cir. 1986).
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statutory and common-law claims for tortious interference with contract, business relationship, or

employment. See Caruthers Ready-Mix, Inc. v. Cement Masons Local Union No. 520, 779 F.2d 320,

323-25 (6th Cir. 1985) (subcontractor’s claim that union engaged in strikes against general

contractors in order to discourage them from dealing with the subcontractor); Harvey v. Martin, 714
F.2d 650, 651-52 (6th Cir. 1983) (common-law tort claim against union and union official for

wrongfully inducing the Postal Service to breach his employment contract). Our district courts

sitting in Tennessee, which have the most occasions to study and apply Tennessee law, have also

applied TENN . CODE ANN . § 28-3-105 to such claims. See Smith v. Rosenthal Collins Group, LLC,

340 F. Supp. 2d 860 (W.D. Tenn. 2004) (McCalla, J.) (statutory claim for procurement of breach of

contract and to common-law claims for tortious interference with contract and with business

relationship); Mountain Mktg. Prof’ls, Inc. v. Fairfield Resorts, Inc., No. 3:04-CV-231, 2005 WL
3263282 (E.D. Tenn. Dec. 1, 2005) (Jarvis, J.).

       A review of the Tennessee decisions confirms that this court has been right to choose § 28-3-

105 to govern such interference claims. See, e.g., Collins v. Greene Cty. Bank, 916 S.W.2d 941, 947

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) (borrower’s claim that lender tortiously interfered with borrower’s business

relationship with third party) (citing Gifford v. City of Gatlinburg, 900 S.W.2d 293 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1995), overruled on other grounds by Limbaugh v. Coffee Med. Ctr., 59 S.W.3d 73 (Tenn. 2001));

Nelson v. Metric Realty, Inc., No. M2000-03204-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 31126649 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Sept. 26, 2002) (tortious interference with contract claim against party that allegedly procured breach

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of settlement agreement); Dorsett Carpet Mills, Inc. v. Whitt Tile & Marble Dist. Co., 1986 WL 622,

at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 2, 1986).

                                                VI.

       Because the Tennessee Legislature has not defined what constitutes accrual of the cause of

action for purposes of § 28-3-105, judicial construction of the term is necessary. For over thirty

years, the Tennessee Supreme Court has adhered to the discovery rule in tort actions, with exceptions

not applicable here.7 “[T]he cause of action accrues and the statute of limitations commences to run

when the injury occurs or is discovered, or when in the exercise of reasonable care and diligence, it

should have been discovered.” McCroskey v. Bryant Air Conditioning Co., 524 S.W.2d 487, 491

(Tenn. 1975) (footnotes omitted). The Supreme Court explained that

       A cause of action accrues when a suit may be maintained upon it. A suit may not be
       brought upon a cause of action until it exists, and a cause of action does not exist
       until all its elements coalesce. In civil actions for damages, two elements must
       coalesce before a cause of action can exist: (a) a breach of some legally recognized
       duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff; (b) which causes the plaintiff some
       legally cognizable damage.

McCroskey, 524 S.W.2d at 490 (internal citations omitted). The McCroskey decision did not address

the situation where the plaintiff has some reason to know that he may have suffered an actionable

wrong but does not know who has wronged him.

       7
        For example, the discovery rule does not apply to toll the statutes of limitations governing
defamation claims, Quality Auto Parts Co., Inc. v. Bluff City Buick Co., Inc., 876 S.W.2d 818 (Tenn.
1994), or claims for conversion of a negotiable instrument absent fraudulent concealment, Pero’s
Steak & Spaghetti House v. Lee, 90 S.W.3d 614, 624-25 (Tenn. 2002). The Tennessee Supreme
Court has also laid out a general test to determine whether the seemingly blanket discovery rule
announced in McCroskey might not apply to a certain type of tort claim, see Quality Auto Parts Co.,
876 S.W.2d at 820.
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        Seven years after McCroskey, the Tennessee Supreme Court provided some clarification in

Foster, 633 S.W.2d at 305. Foster had dental work done in October 1975. When Foster became ill

and unable to work in November 1975, he visited a doctor and had extensive tests performed,

whereupon the doctor informed him in early January 1976 that he suffered from serum hepatitis,

which can only be contracted through blood contact with a carrier. Id. at 304. Foster’s complaint

alleged that he and his doctors conducted a diligent search in an effort to determine how he might

have come in contact with serum hepatitis, to no avail, until he returned to the same dentist in July

1976. At that time, the dentist told Foster that on Foster’s previous visit, the dentist had accidentally

cut his own finger and thereby commingled his blood with blood in Foster’s lip. Id. Foster sued in

state court seven months later, in February 1977, alleging medical malpractice. Under the one-year

statute of limitations governing such claims, the trial court dismissed Foster’s complaint as untimely

because it was filed more than one year after he discovered that he had contracted hepatitis. Id.

        The Tennessee Supreme Court reversed, holding that Foster’s cause of action for negligence

was timely because

        neither the injury nor the tortfeasor who perpetrated the injury were discovered until
        July 21, 1976. All that plaintiff discovered in January [1976] was the name of the
        disease. That discovery did not reveal that he contracted it through a negligent act
        or who the tortfeasor might be. In McCroskey . . . we [adhered to] the Hornbook
        principle that a cause of action in tort does not exist until a judicial remedy is
        available to the plaintiff . . . . It is axiomatic that no judicial remedy was available
        to this plaintiff until he discovered, or reasonably should have discovered, (1) the
        occasion, the manner and means by which a breach of duty occurred that produced
        his injury; and (2) the identity of the defendant who breached the duty.

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Foster, 633 S.W.2d at 305 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted); see also Woods v. The

Sherwin-Williams Co., 666 S.W.2d 77, 78-79 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983) (citing Foster).8

        Thus, the question becomes whether Stratton showed a genuine issue of fact as to when he

“reasonably should have discovered . . . the identity of the defendant who breached the duty” – in

this case, the duty not to induce the Boys to breach their agreement with Stratton. Put another way,

could a reasonable factfinder conclude that if Stratton acted with due diligence, he still might not

have discovered, by October 21, 2000, that Wommack induced the Boys to breach?

        As the district court correctly noted, the Tennessee Supreme Court holds that a statute of

limitations is tolled “only during the period when the plaintiff has no knowledge at all that a wrong

has occurred, and, as a reasonable person, is not put on inquiry [notice].” Hoffman v. Hosp.

Affiliates, Inc., 652 S.W.2d 341, 344 (Tenn. 1983); see also Potts v. Celotex Corp., 796 S.W.2d 678

(Tenn. 1990). The district court reasoned as follows,

        [T]he 1999 meeting of the Garzas, Tullio, Fabroni and Stratton provided notice of
        those third parties’ critical view of Stratton’s management of the Garzas. The 1999
        letters to Stratton after that meeting, coupled with Stratton’s concessions that the
        Garzas had abandoned their contract with him in 1999, placed Stratton on reasonable
        notice of third party influence and interference with the Garzas-Stratton management
        agreement. Stratton’s counsel’s admission in March, 2000 that Stratton deemed
        Tullio and Fabroni [to be] the sources of the Garzas[’] “abandonment of their
        contract” with him, clearly triggered the commencement of the applicable statute of

        8
         See also Collins v. Edwards, No. E2003-01508-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1056137, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 10, 2004) (vacating limitations dismissal of medical-malpractice claim) (“The
statute of limitations begins to run when the plaintiff is ‘aware of facts sufficient to put a reasonable
person on notice that he has suffered an injury as a result of wrongful conduct’, and the plaintiff
knows the identity of the person who engaged in that conduct.”) (emphasis added) (quoting Jacobs
v. Singh, No. M2001-00697-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 27821, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2002)
(quoting Roe v. Jefferson, 875 S.W.2d 653, 656-57 (Tenn. 1994))).
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       limitations on Stratton’s tortious interference claim based upon his relationship with
       the Garzas. With these admissions, Stratton cannot reasonably rely on the August,
       2003 newspaper articles for [his argument that he did not know until then that he had
       a] claim against Womack.

Op. at 11-12.

       As Stratton’s March 2000 letter reflects, he believed that the Garzas had abandoned or

breached their agreement with him by that time, and he was, in his own words, “concerned” that

some third party had induced the Garzas to do so. We find that, because Tullio and Fabroni

criticized Stratton’s management performance in the presence of both the Garzas and Stratton in

1999, Stratton certainly was on inquiry notice, no later than March 2000, that someone had induced

the Garzas to breach the agreement, and that the “someone” could well be Tullio and Fabroni.

       But Stratton is not suing Tullio and Fabroni in this action; he is suing Wommack. Thus, the

pertinent inquiry is when Stratton’s cause of action against Wommack accrued. Under the Tennessee

cases, that cause of action did not accrue until Stratton discovered, or reasonably should have

discovered, not just the injury (the Garzas’ breach), but also (1) the “occasion, manner and means”

by which the Garzas were induced to breach, and (2) evidence that it was Wommack who induced

them to do so. Foster, 633 S.W.2d at 305; see Gilmore v. Davis, 185 F. App’x 476, 482 (6th Cir.

2006) (“The appellees are confused because they conflate facts with claims under the discovery

rule.”) (reversing limitations dismissal of tort claims and citing Hamblen v. Davidson, 50 S.W.3d
433, 438 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) for proposition that knowledge of injury is not knowledge of claim).

       The district court’s opinion did not reflect consideration of this central question. Therefore,

we vacate summary judgment and remand for the district court to determine, in the first instance,

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whether Stratton can show a genuine issue of fact as to when he should have discovered that it was

Wommack who induced the Garzas to breach. “[W]hether a claim is barred by a statute of limitations

is ‘a factually intensive claim that this court is ill-equipped to consider in the first instance.’” Watt

v. United States, 162 F. App’x 486, 497 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting First City Bank v. NCUA Bd., 111
F.3d 433, 439 (6th Cir. 1997)).9

        There is little in the record as to when due diligence should have enabled Stratton to discover

that Wommack was involved in inducing the Garzas to breach. Stratton contended that he could not

have known Wommack was involved until August 2003, when he saw the 2003 Austin newspaper

article. Not until then, Stratton alleges, did he learn that Wommack was managing the Boys.

Stratton does not identify any actions that he took after March 2000 (when he expressed his

suspicion or “concern” that a third party had wrongfully induced the Garzas to breach) to investigate

who might have persuaded the Garzas to breach.

        9
           Accord Lebron-Rios v. U.S. Marshals Service, 341 F.3d 7, 12 n.6 (1st Cir. 2003) (“Whether
the limitations period had expired . . . is not for us to decide. [T]he question . . . is a matter for the
responsible agency in the first instance, and for the district court in the next.”); Garcia v. Eidal Int’l
Corp., 808 F.2d 717, 723 (10th Cir. 1986) (remanding for district court to determine which
limitations period covered claim); Villanueva v. United States, 346 F.3d 55, 63 (2d Cir. 2003)
(“[W]e decline to consider in the first instance Tran’s argument that AEDPA’s limitations period
should have been equitably tolled . . . as Tran did not raise this argument before the district court
. . . .”); Vega-Encarnacion v. Babilonia, 344 F.3d 37, 42 (1st Cir. 2003) (“The limitations defense
. . . should be addressed in the first instance by the district court.”); Hoffman v. United States, 17 F.
App’x 980, 990 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“While the foregoing suggests merit to the government’s statute
of limitations argument, we believe that, in the first instance, the issue should be addressed by the
district court . . . .”); United States v. Twenty-Seven Parcels of Real Property, 236 F.3d 438, 440 (8th
Cir. 2001) (statute of limitations on civil forfeiture began to run when government discovered
owner’s drug activities, and the court remanded for the district court to determine date of discovery
in the first instance).
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       Wommack is no more helpful to the court on this issue. He offers no evidence or argument

as to when Stratton should have known that Wommack was involved in inducing the breach. Oddly,

Wommack’s appellate brief, like his briefs below, seems more tailored to a statute of limitations

defense on behalf of record producers Tullio and Fabroni, who are not parties here:

       Stratton admits that in 1999, he knew about the Garzas’ conduct that he now claims
       constituted a breach of contract. He therefore had knowledge of the alleged breach
       more than three years before he filed his complaint. Stratton admitted in a letter
       written by his attorney on March 16, 2000, that he was concerned that third parties
       were influencing the Garzas to end their relationship with him. He admitted in his
       deposition that the third parties . . . were Jim Tullio and Rob Fabroni and that he was
       convinced that they influenced the Garzas to end their relationship with him.
       Stratton’s attorney wrote the letter more than three years before Stratton filed his
       complaint.

       It is clear from Stratton’s own admissions that he knew of his cause of action for
       inducing the breach of a contract no later than March 16, 2000. * * *

                                               * * *

       No later than March 16, 2000, Jimmy Stratton believed that the Garzas had breached
       the purported management agreements with him and that by criticizing his
       management in the presence of the Garzas and engaging in other conversations with
       the Garzas, Mr. Tullio and Mr. Fabroni may have been at the root of the Los Lonely
       Boys’ desire to walk away from him. For whatever reason, Stratton did not further
       investigate any role Tullio and Fabroni may have played in the decision of the Garzas
       to end their relationship with him. He did not file suit against them for inducing the
       Garzas to breach the purported management agreements with him. Mr. Stratton
       chose instead to file suit for inducing the breach of those purported contracts against
       Kevin Wommack, after waiting more than three years from the time of his initial
       knowledge of his injury. * * *

Wommack Br. at 11-13 (emphasis added); see also id. at 18-19 (“It is also undisputed that Stratton

concluded prior to March 16, 2000, that third parties (whom he identified at deposition as Tullio and

Fabroni) . . . may have been at the root of Los Lonely Boys’ desire to walk away from him. It is also

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undisputed that at a meeting sometime between April and November of 1999, Stratton witnessed Mr.

Tullio and Mr. Fabroni criticizing his management in the presence of the Garzas.”) (emphasis

added); Wommack Br. at 25 (“[Stratton] acknowledged in his deposition that he was convinced that

what Tullio and Fabroni told the Garzas caused them to walk away from his contract.”).

       Thus, the district court did not require Wommack to brief or argue the relevant questions for

purposes of the limitations period, and Wommack failed to address them. First, Wommack should

specify what Stratton should have done to find out whether there was reason to suspect that he

induced the Garzas to breach. See Hathaway v. Middle Tenn. Anesthesiology, P.C., 724 S.W.2d 355,

360 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986) (trial court granted summary judgment for defense on wrongful-death

claim on ground that it was time-barred, and appeals court reversed) (“[W]hether due diligence . . .

required an examination of public records or any other particular form of investigation is properly

a question for the trier of fact after hearing all of the evidence, rather than a question of law to be

determined by summary judgment based upon the limited evidence in this record.”).

       The next question will be, if Stratton had diligently investigated the cause of the Garzas’

breach, when should he have discovered Wommack’s alleged role in inducing the breach? Was there

evidence available to Stratton, before the August 2003 Austin newspaper article, that should have

suggested Wommack had a role in inducing the breach, such as articles in readily available

newspapers, industry publications, or websites? See generally Maestas v. Sofamor Danek Group,

Inc., No. 02A01-9804-CV-00099, 1999 WL 74212, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 16, 1999) (“The

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discovery rule will not protect claimants who ignore readily available information and do not

investigate what they know or have reason to suspect.”).

       Wommack does proffer one piece of evidence that arguably shows Stratton had reason to

suspect Wommack of tortious interference before the August 2003 Austin newspaper article.

Specifically, Wommack points to Stratton’s April 2002 deposition of the Boys’ father in a related

Tennessee chancery court action (“the April 2002 deposition”). Mr. Garza testified that, although

the Boys had no “manager” since the 1999 fallout with Stratton, they had paid Wommack

commissions to do their “booking” since sometime in 2000. Assuming arguendo that that testimony

gave Stratton reason to suspect that Wommack induced the Garzas’ breach of his agreement, the

testimony occurred in April 2002. Stratton filed this action in October 2002, about six months after

Mr. Garza’s deposition. Thus, if the April 2002 deposition is the earliest event in the record that

could trigger § 28-3-105, Stratton’s action was well within the three-year period.

       Otherwise, Wommack does not explain what Stratton should have done to investigate who

induced the breach. Nor does Wommack point to any reasonably available evidence that should

have led Stratton to suspect him of tortious interference before the April 2002 deposition. Cf. House

v. Edmondson, No. W2005-00092-COA-R3-CV, – S.W.3d –, 2006 WL 1328810, at *18 (Tenn. Ct.

App. May 16, 2006) (holding there was a genuine issue as to whether claim was time-barred, and

stating, “[Defendant] offered no evidence in support of his motion for summary judgment tending

to prov[e] [plaintiff]’s lack of diligence.”), app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 6, 2006); Am. Fid. Fire Ins. Co.

v. Tucker, 671 S.W.2d 837, 841 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983) (“Since the complaints do not show on their

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face that they are barred by the statute of limitation, it is obvious that some extrinsic proof is

necessary to establish the bar of the statute. Since there was no such proof, we reverse the judgment

of the trial court dismissing the actions, and remand the case for further proceedings . . . .”).

       This sparse record reinforces the need for the district court to develop the relevant factual

allegations and decide the discovery/accrual issue in the first instance. See United States v.

Rodriguez Aguirre, 264 F.3d 1195, 1214-15 (10th Cir. 2001).

                                                 VII.

       For these reasons, we vacate the order granting summary judgment to Wommack and remand

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.10

       10
         Stratton asserted two grounds for reconsideration. We need not consider these grounds for
reconsideration, because it was error to grant summary judgment to Wommack in the first place.
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        SUHRHEINRICH, J., dissenting: Because I believe Plaintiff Jimmy Stratton reasonably

could have discovered that he had a cause of action as of September 21, 1999, I would hold that this

suit is barred by Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-105 (2006). I therefore dissent.

        As the majority notes, the Tennessee Supreme Court has adhered to the following discovery

rule in tort actions for over thirty years: “[T]he cause of action accrues and the statute of limitations

commences to run when the injury occurs or is discovered, or when in the exercise of reasonable care

and diligence, it should have been discovered.” McCrosky v. Bryant Air Conditioning Co., 524
S.W.2d 487, 491 (Tenn. 1971) (footnotes omitted). Under the discovery rule, “mere ignorance and

failure of a plaintiff to discover” his cause of action is not sufficient to toll the running of the statute

of limitations. Hall v. DeSaussure, 297 S.W2d. 81 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1956); 21 Tenn. D. 2d Limitation

of Actions § 959a) (1987); 54 C.J.S. Limitations § 116 (2006). An exception may apply where the

plaintiff’s failure to discover his cause of action results from the defendant’s fraudulent concealment

of the cause of action.

        In reaching its decision, the majority relies on the two-part test from the Tennessee Supreme

Court’s opinion in Foster v. Harris, 633 S.W.2d 304 (Tenn. 1982). In doing so, the majority has

applied the exception rather than rule, even though Stratton neither pled nor offered evidence of

fraudulent concealment.

        Foster involved “unique questions” not at issue in this case, and its holding must be limited

to its facts. See id. at 304. In Foster, the plaintiff first learned of his illness in early January 1976,

after extensive testing revealed that he had serum hepatitis. Id. at 304. At that point, “the plaintiff

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and his physicians conducted a diligent search” in an effort to discover the source of the illness. Id.

The plaintiff did not learn that he had contracted it as a result of a negligent act, by a

tortfeasor–therefore making it an injury–until July 1976, however, when the tortfeasor dentist

informed him that he had the disease. Id. at 305 (“In this case, neither the injury nor the tort feasor

who perpetrated the injury were discovered until July 21, 1976.” (Emphasis added.). Thus, in

Foster, the tortfeasor’s fraudulent concealment prevented the plaintiff from knowing not only the

existence or identity of the tortfeasor, but fact of the injury itself, despite knowledge of the illness.

Further, once the Foster plaintiff became simultaneously aware of both the injury and the tortfeasor,

he filed suit within seven months. Thus, the Foster test–that “no judicial remedy was available to

this plaintiff until he discovered, or reasonably should have discovered, (1) the occasion, the manner

and means by which a breach of duty occurred that produced his injury; and (2) the identity of the

defendant who breached the duty”– must be interpreted in the context of the Foster facts and not

treated as a broad transformation of the discovery rule as stated in McCrosky.

        By contrast, in this case, Stratton knew, or in the exercise of reasonable care, should have

known, of his injury as early as September 21, 1999. By then, Los Lonely Boys had taken numerous

actions evincing their intent to work with persons other than Stratton. As the majority opinion

reflects, in late 1999, Los Lonely Boys failed to show for several appearances and conferences

scheduled by Stratton, and failed to pay him any commissions when they did perform. They failed

to record music, as Stratton had arranged, and failed to perform at a BMI Showcase in Nashville on

January 6, 2000, as Stratton had arranged. Any lingering doubt was dispelled in March 2000, when

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Garza’s counsel informed Stratton that they were terminating their agreement with him. And, by this

time, by his own admission, Stratton was “further concerned that there are third parties that may have

gained the collective ear of the band and may be at the root of Los Lonely Boys’ desire to walk away

[from him].”

        In other words, unlike the plaintiff in Foster, Stratton had full knowledge that a wrong had

occurred and that he was injured, and that third-party interference likely played a role by September

1999. Thus, at that point in time, even if he did not know who the tortfeasor was, Stratton was

obligated to exercise reasonable diligence in trying to find out. Stratton, as a band manager, had

experience in the record industry, and could no doubt have discovered what role, if any, Womack

was playing in the Los Lonely Boys’ professional career. Stratton could also have made a formal

inquiry during the discovery phase of the state court proceedings. For instance, Stratton could have

sent the Los Lonely Boys an interrogatory requesting the names of all persons that Los Lonely Boys

have paid commissions to for booking their gigs after 1999. Instead, he did nothing until he

stumbled across the Austin American Statesman article in August 2003. But Stratton’s serendipitous

find is not the measure of the appropriate accrual date; rather the test is when the plaintiff discovered

the injury, or reasonably could have discovered that he had a cause of action.

        Thus, although an accrual date is frequently a question of fact, here the evidence is neither

conflicting nor subject to different inferences. See Prescott v. Adams, 627 S.W.2d 134, 139 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1981). There is no factual dispute about the level of inquiry Stratton exercised–he did not

conduct any until 2003. Thus, summary judgment on the issue was appropriate.

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      For these reasons, I would AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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