Court Opinion

ID: 4441174
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-25 04:01:43.358696+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:28.443759
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2019-126

                  UNITED STATES TAX COURT

NEIL L. WHITESELL AND TRACY L. WHITESELL, Petitioners v.
   COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 26230-15.                        Filed September 24, 2019.

      P-H owned a 100% interest in WIC, an S corporation. In 2008,
a Michigan trial court entered a civil monetary judgment against
WIC. For tax years 2008, 2009, and 2010, R allowed WIC
$10,982,856 in deductions for the judgment and interest thereon. In
2011, the Michigan Court of Appeals reversed the trial court and
remanded the case. In 2015, R determined deficiencies for 2010 and
2011. The deficiency for 2011 was premised in part on R’s
determination that WIC must include $10,982,856 in income for tax
year 2011 because 2011 was the year in which the Michigan Court of
Appeals reversed the judgment. Ps filed a petition in this Court in
October 2015 and filed an amended petition in December 2015. In
neither pleading did Ps challenge R’s determination of the amount of
income inclusion ($10,982,856) or the year of inclusion (2011).
Three years later, in October 2018, Ps moved to file an amendment to
the amended petition to assert that WIC had settled the Michigan
lawsuit in 2013 and that the income inclusion had to be made for the
2013 tax year. By the time Ps filed their October 2018 motion, the
three-year period for assessing tax for Ps’ 2013 tax year had expired.
                                       -2-

[*2] Held: Ps’ motion will be denied.

      William M. Sharp, Alexander R. Olama, and James P. Dawson, for

petitioners.

      Joel D. McMahan, Mark J. Tober, and Christopher A. Pavilonis, for

respondent.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      MORRISON, Judge: Pursuant to section 6212(a),1 the respondent (the

“IRS”) determined deficiencies in tax for petitioners Mr. Neil L. Whitesell and

Ms. Tracy L. Whitesell for tax years 2011 and 2012 in the respective amounts of

$2,862,054 and $81,893. The IRS also determined an addition to tax under

section 6651(a)(1) for 2011 of $696,206.50. The main adjustment giving rise to

the deficiency for 2011 was the IRS’s determination that Whitesell International

Corp. (“WIC”), an S corporation in which Mr. Whitesell owned a 100% interest,

must include $10,982,856 in its income for 2011. The Whitesells timely

      1
        Unless otherwise indicated, all references to sections are to the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and in effect for the 2011 and 2012 years, and
all references to Rules are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
                                         -3-

[*3] petitioned this Court, pursuant to section 6213(a), for redetermination of the

deficiencies and the addition to tax. They also filed an amended petition. Now

before us is a motion filed by the Whitesells on October 12, 2018, for leave to file

an amendment to the amended petition premised on the theory that if the

$10,982,856 amount is includable in WIC’s income, it is includable only for the

2013 tax year. We will deny the motion.

                                     Background

      The background facts set forth below are derived from (1) court papers in

this case (including the pleadings and the stipulation of facts) and the exhibits

referred to and attached to the stipulation of facts; (2) uncontroverted written

representations by the parties (i.e., the Whitesells and the IRS); and (3) certain

portions of the 2011 opinion of the Michigan Court of Appeals in Whitesell Int’l

Corp. v. Whitaker, No. 287569, 2011 Mich. App. LEXIS 99 (Jan. 18, 2011), that,

except as noted below, the parties agree we can accept as true. The background

facts are stated solely for deciding the Whitesells’ motion and are not findings of

fact for purposes of deciding this case. See Rule 1(b); Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a); Cook

v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 15, 16 (2000), aff’d, 269 F.3d 854 (7th Cir. 2001).
                                        -4-

[*4] The Michigan litigation and the tax reporting of the Michigan litigation

      During the relevant periods, Mr. Whitesell owned a 100% interest in three S

corporations: WIC, Whitesell Corp., and NLW Holdings, LLC (“NLW

Holdings”).

      In June 2005, WIC filed a lawsuit against William A. Whitaker and two

other defendants in a Michigan trial court. Whitesell Int’l Corp., 2011 Mich. App.

LEXIS 99, at *11. WIC alleged that Whitaker had disclosed a trade secret: the

“Stamptech process” for manufacturing interconnected pierce nuts. Id. at *2-*4.

Pierce nuts are “a type of fastener that pierce directly into sheet metal and provide

a threaded base on which to affix material to the sheet metal.” Id. at *3.

Interconnected pierce nuts are connected to each other with pieces of wire. Id.

Whitaker filed a counterclaim against WIC, alleging that WIC had filed its lawsuit

against Whitaker solely to prevent competition. Id. at *2-*3, *20-*21. The

Michigan trial court dismissed WIC’s complaint on grounds of res judicata. Id.

at *2. Whitaker’s counterclaim against WIC remained pending. Id. The main

issue in Whitaker’s counterclaim was whether WIC reasonably believed the

Stamptech process was a trade secret when it filed its lawsuit against Whitaker.

Id. at *37.
                                        -5-

[*5] After a jury trial, Whitaker moved for a partial directed verdict on the

narrow issue of whether the Stamptech process constituted a trade secret. Id. at

*18, *33. The Michigan trial court granted the motion and instructed the jury that

the Stamptech process was not a trade secret. Id. at *20, *37-*38. The jury

returned a verdict in Whitaker’s favor and against WIC. Id. at *21. In essence,

the jury, having been instructed by the judge that the Stamptech process was not a

trade secret, found that WIC did not reasonably believe the Stamptech process was

a trade secret. See id. at *37-*38.

      On January 30, 2008, the Michigan trial court entered judgment in

Whitaker’s favor and against WIC in the amount of $9,266,684.86, or $9,266,685

when rounded to the nearest dollar. This amount comprised the following six jury

awards: $6 million in damages for tortious interference with business relationship

or expectancy; $500,000 for violation of the Michigan Antitrust Reform Act, MCL

sec. 445.773 et seq.; $1,862,671.37 in attorney’s fees; $205,440.61 in costs;

$36,600 in expert-witness costs; and $661,972.88 in prejudgment interest.

Whitesell Int’l Corp., 2011 Mich. App. LEXIS 99, at *1-*2.

      WIC appealed the judgment of the Michigan trial court to the Michigan

Court of Appeals. Id. at *1.
                                        -6-

[*6] On or about May 29, 2009, WIC filed its Form 1120S, “U.S. Income Tax

Return for an S Corporation”, for tax year 2008, the year judgment was entered in

Whitaker’s favor and against WIC. The parties have stipulated that WIC deducted

$9,822,753 for the judgment on its 2008 tax return. This amount apparently

included both the judgment and interest on the judgment.

      On or about June 22, 2010, WIC filed its Form 1120S for 2009. WIC did

not report a deduction for interest on the judgment in the Michigan case.

      On or about September 14, 2011, WIC filed its Form 1120S for 2010. WIC

did not report a deduction for interest on the judgment in the Michigan case.

      On January 18, 2011, the Michigan Court of Appeals held that the Michigan

trial court erred in granting Whitaker’s motion for a partial directed verdict on the

question of whether the Stamptech process was a trade secret. Id. at *32-*38. The

Michigan Court of Appeals reversed the “verdict” of the Michigan trial court, id.

at *2, and remanded the case for further proceedings, id. at *38.2

      2
        Our finding that a remand was ordered by the Michigan Court of Appeals is
based on its opinion, which stated that the case was “[a]ffirmed in part, reversed in
part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.”
Whitesell Int’l Corp. v. Whitaker, No. 287569, 2011 Mich. App. LEXIS 99, at *38
(Jan. 18, 2011). The IRS objected to our accepting as true the statement by the
Michigan Court of Appeals opinion that it had remanded the case. The IRS
contended that this statement was contrary to a stipulation in our case: that WIC’s
appeal was successful in 2011 and relieved it of the judgment. See infra pp.
                                                                       (continued...)
                                        -7-

[*7] On September 17, 2012, WIC filed its Form 1120S for 2011. WIC did not

report any income to account for the Michigan Court of Appeals reversal of the

Michigan trial court judgment.

      On October 12, 2012, the Whitesells filed their Form 1040, “U.S. Individual

Income Tax Return”, for 2011.

      WIC’s Form 1120S for the next year, 2012, is not among the court papers.

      On October 15, 2013, the Whitesells filed their Form 1040 for 2012.

      In 2013, WIC and Whitaker settled the Michigan case, according to the

Whitesells’ October 12, 2018 motion for leave to file an amendment to the

amended petition, and according to the proposed amendment.

Examination

      The IRS examined the Whitesells’ tax returns. The parties entered into the

following stipulations concerning the IRS examination:

      2
        (...continued)
17-18. However, we do not believe the stipulation is contrary to the fact that the
Michigan Court of Appeals ordered a remand. The Michigan Court of Appeals
reversed the verdict of the Michigan trial court. Thus, WIC was successful in its
appeal and was relieved of liability for the $9,266,684.86 judgment even though
the liability could have been reimposed by the trial court on remand. Having thus
rejected the IRS’s contention, we accept as true the statement in the opinion of the
Michigan Court of Appeals that it remanded the case.
                                        -8-

[*8] !       “For its 2008 income tax year, WIC was allowed a deduction of

             $509,118 for interest associated with the adverse judgment it received

             in the civil trial.”

      !      “For its 2009 income tax year, WIC was allowed a deduction of

             $585,948 for interest associated with the adverse judgment it received

             in the civil trial.”

      !      “For its 2010 income tax year, WIC was allowed a deduction of

             $621,105 of interest associated with the adverse judgment it received

             in the civil trial.”

Notice of deficiency

      On July 27, 2015, the IRS mailed a notice of deficiency to the Whitesells for

2011 and 2012. The notice of deficiency made a $10,982,856 adjustment to

WIC’s income for 2011. The adjustment appeared on line 1.c of Form 4549-A,

“Income Tax Examination Changes”, which is part of the notice of deficiency.

The notice of deficiency explained that WIC had been allowed a deduction for

“legal fees in prior tax years”, that WIC was “no longer liable for these fees”, and

that WIC “must increase” its “ordinary income by these fees” for tax year 2011.

The deductions allowed in prior years were described in the notice of deficiency as

follows:
                                        -9-

[*9] !         $9,266,685 for “Judgment--Allowed in 2008”;

      !        $509,118 for “Allowable Interest Expense--2008”;

      !        $585,948 for “Allowable Interest Expense--2009”; and

      !        $621,105 for “Allowable Interest Expense--2010”.

The notice of deficiency thus concluded that WIC had been allowed $10,982,856

in deductions for the 2008 judgment (and interest on the judgment) for the years

2008-10.3

      The Whitesells agree that WIC was allowed $10,982,856 in deductions for

the years 2008-10 as described in the notice of deficiency. Thus, we have enough

information to compare the deductions allowed to the deductions reported by WIC

on its Forms 1120S. The comparison is as follows:

      3
          $9,266,685 % $506,118 % $585,948 % $621,105 ' $10,982,856.
                                       - 10 -

[*10]
        Deductions for Michigan judgment and interest on judgment: 2008-10

                                                              As adjusted and
                                      As reported on WIC         allowed
     Year            Deduction           Forms 1120S              by IRS

     2008      Judgment                      N/A1               $9,266,685
     2008      Interest                      N/A1                  509,118
     2008      Judgment % interest        $9,822,753             9,775,803
     2009      Interest                       -0-                  585,948
     2010      Interest                       -0-                  621,105
      Total                                9,822,753            10,982,856
        1
       The deductions for judgment and interest for 2008 were not separately
reported. They were reported as a total amount--$9,822,753.

        The notice of deficiency determined that WIC was required to include

$10,982,856 in its income for 2011.

        The notice of deficiency also made a noncomputational adjustment to

WIC’s income for 2011. It determined that WIC was entitled to additional (i.e.,

unreported) depreciation deductions of $425,289. Thus, the total adjustment to

WIC’s income for 2011 was $10,557,567, or $10,982,856 minus $425,289.

Because Mr. Whitesell owned the entire interest in WIC and the Whitesells were

married and filing jointly, the entire income adjustment passed through to the

Whitesells.
                                       - 11 -

[*11] The notice of deficiency also made the following adjustments to the

Whitesells’ income:

       Year                   Adjustment by notice of deficiency

       2011     Increased the income of NLW Holdings by $1,011,784
       2012     Increased the income of NLW Holdings by $1,369,927
       2012     Decreased the income of WIC by $51,329
       2011     Decreased the income of Whitesell Corp. by $98,096
       2012     Decreased the income of Whitesell Corp. by $59,628
       2011     Allowed a $1,914,166 additional net-operating loss carried
                 forward from 2010 to 2011
       2012     Disallowed a net-operating-loss carryforward from 2011 to
                 2012 of $210,858
       2011     Disallowed $70 in itemized deductions
       2012     Allowed $134,494 of additional itemized deductions
       2012     Determined that $1,564 in IRA distributions was includable
                 in income
       2011     Determined that $20,413 in interest income was includable in
                 income
       2012     Disallowed a $85,828 domestic-production-activities
                 deduction
       2012     Determined that $290 in dividend income was includable in
                 income

      All dollar amounts in the notice of deficiency to which we refer, except for

the amount of the section 6651(a)(1) addition to tax, end in “.00”.
                                        - 12 -

[*12] The notice of deficiency stated: “This report supersedes the report dated

04/01/2015”.

Procedural history

      On October 15, 2015, the Whitesells, residents of Florida, filed a timely

petition for redetermination of the deficiencies and the addition to tax. The

Whitesells were unrepresented at the time they filed their petition with the Court.

      On November 19, 2015, the Court ordered the Whitesells to file a proper

amended petition, including clear and concise assignments of each and every error

they allege was committed by the IRS in the notice of deficiency, and clear and

concise statements of every fact upon which they base each assignment of error.

      On December 14, 2015, the Whitesells filed an amended petition in

response to the Court’s November 19, 2015 order. They alleged that the IRS

failed to assess tax against NLW Holdings, WIC, and Whitesell Corp., for 2011,

and as a result, the period for assessing tax had closed.

      With respect to the $10,982,856 adjustment to WIC’s income for 2011, a

table in the amended petition showed that the adjustment was “Disputed” by the

Whitesells and that their “Comment on Error by IRS Position” was that the “IRS

failed to assess 1120 taxpayer timely”. The amended petition further explained

that the “facts and information supporting our position” with respect to the
                                       - 13 -

[*13] $10,982,856 adjustment were that “reconsideration was Superceded [sic]”.

As can be discerned from other portions of the amended petition, this is shorthand

for the Whitesells’ argument that (1) during the examination the IRS made an

assessment of tax “on” or “of” WIC for WIC’s 2011 tax year and (2) the notice of

deficiency superseded the assessment made during the examination, thus

nullifying the assessment. Although the amended petition challenged the

adjustment to WIC’s income for 2011 on grounds of an alleged lack of

assessment, it did not dispute the amount of the adjustment or the proper year for

adjustment.4

      On December 28, 2015, the Whitesells mailed to the IRS a modified Form

656-L, “Offer in Compromise”, offering to “compromise” (or settle) their 2006-12

income tax liabilities for $3 million. The Whitesells enclosed a $3 million check

with the Form 656-L.

      On December 31, 2015, the IRS received the Form 656-L and deposited the

$3 million check.

      On January 21, 2016, the IRS sent the Whitesells a letter stating that it was

returning the Form 656-L and the $3 million.

      4
      Nor could the original, unamended petition be construed to dispute the
amount of the adjustment or the proper year for adjustment.
                                        - 14 -

[*14] On February 5, 2016, the IRS filed its answer to the amended petition.

      On February 9, 2016, the IRS sent the Whitesells a letter stating that it had

closed its file on the Form 656-L and that it was in the process of refunding the $3

million.

      On or before April 8, 2016, the IRS refunded the $3 million to the

Whitesells.

      On August 24, 2016, the IRS filed a Rule 91(f) motion requesting that the

Court order the Whitesells to show cause why respondent’s proposed stipulation

of facts should not be deemed established. Paragraph 3 of the proposed stipulation

of facts stated: “Petitioners in this proceeding are disputing only the flow-through

adjustments reflected in the notice of deficiency with respect to entities owned by

petitioners.”

      On September 1, 2016, the Court ordered the Whitesells to show cause why

the proposed facts in the stipulation of facts should not be deemed established and

why the exhibits referred to and attached to the stipulation of facts should not be

deemed admitted into evidence.

      On September 29, 2016, the Whitesells responded to the September 1, 2016

order to show cause, contending that the IRS had not “issued any assessment to

WIC regarding its 2011 Form 1120S.” The Whitesells alleged that “the three-year
                                       - 15 -

[*15] statute of limitations on assessment of WIC’s 2011 tax year expired on

September 15, 2015 without a valid assessment by the IRS.” They also made clear

they did not dispute the amount ($10,557,567) or year (2011) of the adjustment.

Addressing paragraph 3 of the proposed stipulation of facts, the Whitesells made

the following statement:

      Subject to the Petitioners [sic] position on SNOD that the statue [sic]
      is closed on all 1120s assessments, see Exhibit 4-P, and Offer in
      Compromise Acceptance of all 2006-2012 tax years IRS claims, see
      Exhibit 5-P, the Petitioners are not disputing all of the amounts listed
      in Form 4549-A, copy attached as Exhibit 6-P, or summarized items
      in Respondent Stipulation on the 2011 tax adjustments. The
      following details Petitioners specific agreement at the line level and
      amount:

      2011 Tax Adjustments Petitioner [sic] Agrees

      *         *          *          *          *          *          *

      Petitioners agree to the amount on Line 1.c legal expense of
      $10,557,567 except amount is off by typo error of $10,000 and if
      there is no adverse whipsaw effect on 2009 and 2010 returns where
      the IRS assessment in 2009 added expense of $585,948 and 2010
      added expense of $621,105 for interest expense allowed by the IRS.

Attached to the Whitesells’ response were several documents, including exhibits

marked by the Whitesells as Exhibit 4-P, Exhibit 5-P, and Exhibit 6-P, referenced

in the quotation above. These exhibit numbers were not assigned by the Court.

Exhibit 4-P is a September 13, 2016 legal memorandum explaining the Whitesells’
                                       - 16 -

[*16] argument that the IRS failed to assess tax “against” WIC for tax year 2011.

Exhibit 5-P is a September 8, 2016 legal memorandum explaining the Whitesells’

argument that the IRS settled their income tax liabilities for the 2006-12 years by

accepting their $3 million offer-in-compromise. The substance of that argument is

that under the Uniform Commercial Code, the deposit of the $3 million check by

the IRS constituted acceptance of the offer-in-compromise. Exhibit 6-P is a copy

of a Form 4549-A that is part of the notice of deficiency. Line 1.c of the Form

4549-A shows a $10,557,567 adjustment for “Sch. E--Whitesell International

Corporation”. The Whitesells additionally stated in their response that they agreed

that the “adjustment made on line 1.c of the Form 4549-A attached to the notice of

deficiency in the amount of $10,557,567 is correct”, except they added the

following caveat: “10,000 off?”. The Whitesells also asserted that WIC reported

an increase in its income on its 2011 nontax financial statements to reflect the

favorable disposition of the Michigan lawsuit. They asserted that the reason WIC

did not report an increase in its taxable income for 2011 was that the IRS had

instructed them not do so because an examination for the 2008 year was then

pending.
                                       - 17 -

[*17] On October 18, 2016, the Whitesells and the IRS agreed to a stipulation of

facts. Some of the stipulated facts have already been discussed. As relevant here,

the parties made the following stipulations:

      !     In 2008, WIC received an unfavorable judgment in the Michigan trial

            court, a copy of which was attached to the stipulation of facts;

      !     WIC deducted $20,177,665 on line 19 of its 2008 Form 1120S for

            “Other Deductions”;

      !     The deduction on line 19 of WIC’s 2008 Form 1120S included

            $10,943,252 in “legal and other professional fees”;

      !     $9,822,753 of the $10,943,252 deduction corresponds to the

            Michigan court judgment;

      !     For 2008, WIC was allowed a $509,118 deduction for interest

            associated with the judgment;

      !     For 2009, WIC was allowed a $585,948 deduction for interest

            associated with the judgment;

      !     For 2010, WIC was allowed a $621,105 deduction for interest

            associated with the judgment;

      !     In 2011, WIC’s “appeal of the civil judgment was successful,

            relieving it of responsibility for each of the amounts previously
                                         - 18 -

[*18]         allowed as deductions”; and WIC did not report income for 2011 to

              reflect the “judgment relief and reversal of the prior deductions

              related to that civil judgment.”

The amounts of the awards in the copy of the judgment attached to the stipulation

total $9,266,685 (as rounded to the nearest dollar).

        On October 20, 2016, the IRS filed a motion for partial summary judgment,

arguing that the limitations period on assessment had not expired with respect to

either the 2011 or 2012 tax year. The IRS also argued that it had not accepted the

Whitesells’ $3 million offer-in-compromise.

        On October 24, 2016, the Court ordered the Whitesells to file a response to

the IRS’s motion for partial summary judgment. The Court also ordered the

motion set for hearing on November 14, 2016.

        On October 24, 2016, the Court ordered that its September 1, 2016 order to

show cause was discharged, i.e., that the order had been satisfied.

        On November 7, 2016, the Whitesells filed a response to the IRS’s motion

for partial summary judgment, arguing that “the IRS never assessed the 1120S

taxpayers at all.” Addressing the $10,972,856 amount, the Whitesells described

the correct tax treatment of this amount as “recognizing the income in the

appropriate year”--meaning 2011. However, the Whitesells contended that “the
                                         - 19 -

[*19] income in 2011 would not be allowed because the statute had closed.” The

Whitesells stated that the examiner had agreed with the Whitesells’ own position

during the examination: “The field agent changed his assessment to agree with the

taxpayer on only 1 of 4 of the accrued expenses and now allowed $10,972,856 in

2008 as an expense and agreed with the taxpayer’s proposal to report the income

in 2011.” The Whitesells also argued that the IRS had settled the case by

accepting their $3 million offer-in-compromise.

      On November 14, 2016, the Court held a hearing on the IRS’s motion for

partial summary judgment. Mr. Whitesell, but not Ms. Whitesell, appeared at the

hearing. Early in the hearing, IRS counsel likened the offer-in-compromise and

assessment-timing issues to roadblocks that were impeding the resolution of this

case. He stated that “there’s this roadblock that’s keeping us from getting any

further, and if we can stipulate that the only thing at issue is the net operating loss

deduction, that’s fine.” After the Court heard argument on the motion for partial

summary judgment, IRS counsel again discussed narrowing the remaining issues:

“The, the next thing I’d like to know if we can resolve on the record today is

narrowing the issues.” The Court sought to elicit the parties’ positions on which

issues were in dispute. IRS counsel stated:
                                         - 20 -

[*20] I believe that subject to the Uniform Commercial Code [referring to
      the argument that the IRS had accepted the Whitesells’ offer-in-
      compromise, see Whitesell v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2017-84, at
      *10-*11] and statute of limitations arguments, Petitioners agreed with
      the remaining adjustments. And I would love to be able to walk out
      of here today knowing whether that’s a fact.

The Court then asked Mr. Whitesell: “[W]hat is your standing on the rest of the

adjustments,[5] subject to me making a decision on the statute of limitations and the

UCC [the Uniform Commercial Code]?” Mr. Whitesell responded: “Outside of

the NOLD [net-operating-loss deduction], Your Honor”? The Court answered:

“Outside of the net operating loss”. Mr. Whitesell then stated: “Yes, we are in

agreement on the other adjustments. And we put that in writing too.” Mr.

Whitesell explained that the Whitesells had put their agreement “in writing” in

their September 29, 2016 response to the Court’s order to show cause. Mr.

Whitesell also stated that the Whitesells had also expressed their agreement with

the adjustments (other than the net-operating-loss adjustments) in an earlier

telephone conference held between the Court and the parties.

      On May 18, 2017, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion granting the

IRS’s motion for partial summary judgment. Whitesell v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2017-84. The Court held that the IRS was not time barred from assessing

      5
          This word erroneously appeared as “judgments” in the transcript.
                                      - 21 -

[*21] income tax attributable to flowthrough income from the three S corporations

for the Whitesells’ tax years 2011 and 2012. Id. at *10. The Court also held that

the Whitesells’ offer-in-compromise had not been accepted by the IRS. Id.

at *10-*16.

      On October 26, 2017, attorneys John W. Hackney and David D. Aughtry

entered appearances for the Whitesells. The Whitesells had hitherto been

representing themselves.

      On October 12, 2018, the Whitesells filed the present motion for leave to

file an amendment to the amended petition. The motion explained that the

Michigan case was not settled until 2013, and that under section 1.461-2(a)(3),

Income Tax Regs., refunds of contested liabilities are included in gross income

“when the contest is settled.” The amendment the Whitesells wish to file would

allege that the Michigan case was not resolved until 2013, when WIC and

Whitaker settled the Michigan case. The amendment would also allege: “The

amounts WIC previously paid for the Whitaker [j]udgment and related interest

amounts do not constitute gross income to WIC in 2011 or 2012”.

      The Whitesells and the IRS filed additional court papers regarding the

present motion.
                                       - 22 -

[*22] On May 2, 2019, the IRS mailed a notice of deficiency to the Whitesells for

2013, determining that there should be a $10,982,856 income inclusion in WIC’s

income for 2013. In the notice, the IRS explained the notice of deficiency was

being issued as a protective measure should the Court determine in this case that

the $10,982,856 should not be included in WIC’s income in 2011 or 2012--the

years at issue in this case.

      On July 31, 2019, the Whitesells filed a petition for redetermination of the

deficiency for 2013. The case was assigned docket No. 14258-19. In the petition,

the Whitesells argue that the notice of deficiency for 2013 was untimely because it

was mailed more than three years after their 2013 tax return was filed.

      On August 7, 2019, William M. Sharp substituted his appearance for John

Hackney’s appearance.

      Also on August 7, 2019, David D. Aughtry filed a motion to withdraw as

the Whitesells’ counsel. The Court granted this motion on August 12, 2019.

      On August 8, 2019, Alexander R. Olama filed an entry of appearance.

      On August 20, 2019, James P. Dawson filed an entry of appearance.
                                         - 23 -

[*23]                                 Discussion

        Rule 41(a) provides in pertinent part:

        A party may amend a pleading once as a matter of course at any time
        before a responsive pleading is served. * * * Otherwise a party may
        amend a pleading only by leave of Court or by written consent of the
        adverse party, and leave shall be given freely when justice so
        requires.

Whether a motion seeking amendment should be allowed lies within the sound

discretion of the Court. Rule 41(a); Estate of Quick v. Commissioner, 110 T.C.
172, 178 (1998), supplemented by 110 T.C. 440 (1998). In determining the justice

of allowing an amendment, we must examine the particular circumstances in the

case before us. Estate of Quick v. Commissioner, 110 T.C. 178. We consider,

among other factors, whether an excuse for the delay exists and whether the

opposing party would suffer unfair surprise, disadvantage, or prejudice if the

motion to amend were granted. Id.

1.      Excuse for delay

        The Whitesells seek leave to file an amendment to their amended petition to

allege that the amounts deducted for years 2008-10, relating to the Michigan

judgment, are not includable in WIC’s income for 2011 or 2012. They allege that

they did not seek to plead this theory earlier than their October 12, 2018 motion
                                       - 24 -

[*24] because they were unrepresented until October 26, 2017, and they were

“overwhelmed by the Tax Court process, including procedural matters”.

      Although it is true that during the early stages of this case the Whitesells

were unrepresented, they were assisted by accounting and legal professionals

behind the scenes. Robert Wiese, a certified public accountant who had

represented the Whitesells before the IRS, continued to advise them during this

Tax Court case. Wiese is an officer of Whitesell Corp., WIC, and NLW Holdings.

      The Whitesells were also assisted during this Tax Court case by the law firm

of Thompson Coburn. The law firm’s assistance was also provided behind the

scenes; no one from the firm entered an appearance. On September 13, 2016, an

attorney from the firm, Richard L. Lawton, wrote a legal memorandum to Wiese

concluding that the notice of deficiency was invalid as to the inclusion in WIC’s

income for 2011. The reason Lawton gave was that the IRS had failed to assess

tax “against” WIC for tax year 2011. Moreover, on September 8, 2016, Wiese

received a second legal memorandum, this time from attorneys Lawton, Matthew

I. Hafter, and Emily L. Jenkinson, of the same law firm. That memorandum

concluded that the IRS had accepted the $3 million offer-in-compromise. The
                                        - 25 -

[*25] Whitesells incorporated these two legal memoranda into their September 29,

2016 response to the IRS’s motion for partial summary judgment.6

      Because the Whitesells received assistance from Wiese and the Thompson

Coburn law firm, we are not persuaded that the Whitesells’ pro se (i.e.,

unrepresented) status excuses their delay in raising the argument they now seek to

make in their proposed amendment to amended petition.

2.    Surprise

      The IRS is unfairly surprised by this new argument. Throughout these

proceedings, the Whitesells have consistently explained that their disagreement

with the 2011 income inclusion for the Michigan judgment was founded on two

theories: that the period of limitation for assessment had expired for WIC’s 2011

tax year and that the IRS had accepted their $3 million offer-in-compromise.

      In their December 2015 amended petition, the Whitesells explained that

they disagreed with the 2011 adjustment to WIC’s income because the IRS failed

to “timely” assess tax “against” WIC.

      In their September 2016 response to our order to show cause concerning the

IRS’s Rule 91(f) motion, the Whitesells reiterated this assessment argument.

      6
       The legal memoranda were identified by petitioners in their September 29,
2016 response as Exhibits 4-P and 5-P, respectively.
                                       - 26 -

[*26] Their response explained that except for the assessment and offer-in-

compromise arguments, they “Agreed” with the 2011 WIC adjustment determined

in the notice of deficiency for the Michigan judgment. They also stated that the

adjustment was “correct”.

      In their November 2016 response to the IRS’s motion for partial summary

judgment, the Whitesells reiterated their arguments that the IRS had failed to

assess tax “against” WIC for 2011 and that the IRS had accepted their $3 million

offer-in-compromise. They explained that but for these arguments, the correct tax

treatment of the Michigan case was income recognition for 2011. They explained

that recognizing income for 2011 had been their own position during the IRS

examination.

      During the November 14, 2016 hearing, Mr. Whitesell assured the Court

that they had no arguments in this case other than (1) the assessment argument,

(2) the offer-in-compromise argument, and (3) the net-operating-loss deductions

argument.

      Until the Whitesells filed the instant motion, the IRS was unaware of the

Whitesells’ argument that the proper year for inclusion is 2013, rather than 2011.

The IRS is unfairly surprised.
                                          - 27 -

[*27] 3.       Prejudice

      We also conclude that the IRS would be unfairly prejudiced by the proposed

amendment. The proposed amendment alleges that the income inclusion relating

to the Michigan case should be made, if ever, for the 2013 tax year. But the

Whitesells do not dispute the IRS’s claim that the three-year period for assessment

has ended as to their 2013 tax year.7

      In determining the potential for unfair prejudice, the question is whether

allowing a party to add a new issue by a later amendment, rather than inclusion in

the initial pleading, works an unfair disadvantage to the other party. Ax v.

Commissioner, 146 T.C. 153, 168 (2016). The issue the Whitesells wish to raise is

the argument that 2013 was the only year for which there should be an income

inclusion. Had they made this argument in their amended petition, which was

filed in December 2015, the IRS could have made an assessment for the 2013 tax

year.8 But if the Whitesells are allowed to file their amendment to raise the issue

      7
        Sec. 6501(a) provides that an assessment must be made within three years
after the date the relevant return was filed. If the timing of the Whitesells’ filing
of their income tax return for 2013 was similar to their timing for the 2011 and
2012 returns, that would mean that they filed their 2013 return in October 2014.
That would mean that the three-year period for assessment expired in October
2017.
      8
          To assess a deficiency for 2013, the IRS must mail a notice of deficiency
                                                                         (continued...)
                                       - 28 -

[*28] now, the IRS would be prejudiced because the three-year period for

assessing the tax for 2013 has ended.9 Cf. Steiner v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1995-122 (the IRS issued a notice of deficiency for the 1984 tax year determining

that a conversion of stock occurred in 1984; in 1990 the taxpayers filed a petition

agreeing that the conversion occurred in 1984; the taxpayers later sought to amend

their petition to allege that the conversion occurred in 1985; the Court allowed the

amendment because (among other reasons) the three-year period for assessment

for the 1985 year was already closed when the taxpayers had filed their petition;

therefore, even if the IRS had known of the taxpayers’ new theory (that the

conversion occurred in 1985) when the petition was filed, the IRS would still have

had to rely on the six-year period for assessment because the three-year period had

expired).

      8
       (...continued)
for 2013, as it did in May 2019. See sec. 6213(a). The notice of deficiency
suspends the running of the period for assessment. Sec. 6503. But the notice of
deficiency must be issued before the end of the period for assessment. Sec.
6213(a).
      9
        Although there are exceptions to the three-year period for assessment, such
as, for example, where the taxpayer omits 25% of gross income from the return,
see sec. 6501(e)(1)(A)(i), it would prejudice the IRS for it to have to prove the
applicability of an exception.
       The Whitesells do not suggest that mitigation under sec. 1311 would be
available, so we do not address it.
                                      - 29 -

[*29] We conclude that justice does not require that the Whitesells be permitted to

file their amendment to amended petition. See Rule 41(a).10

      To reflect the foregoing,

                                               An order will be issued denying

                                      petitioners’ October 12, 2018, motion for

                                      leave to file amendment to amended

                                      petition, as supplemented.

      10
        The IRS also argues that permission to amend the amended petition should
be denied on the ground that the Whitesells judicially admitted that the
$10,982,856 in income was properly included for 2011. We need not reach this
argument.