Court Opinion

ID: 4198107
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-22 20:11:06.707679+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:35.471035
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                                                                            Reporter of Decisions
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                               Appellate Court                              Date: 2017.08.14
                                                                            10:01:07 -05'00'

                   Fillmore v. Taylor, 2017 IL App (4th) 160309

Appellate Court    AARON FILLMORE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GLADYSE C.
Caption            TAYLOR, Director of Corrections; LEIF M. McCARTHY,
                   Chairperson of the Adjustment Committee; and ELDON L. COOPER,
                   Member of the Adjustment Committee, Defendants-Appellees.

District & No.     Fourth District
                   Docket No. 4-16-0309

Filed              July 12, 2017
Rehearing denied   July 26, 2017

Decision Under     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Sangamon County, No. 15-MR-915;
Review             the Hon. Rudolph M. Braud, Jr., Judge, presiding.

Judgment           Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

Counsel on         Aaron P. Fillmore, of Sumner, appellant, pro se.
Appeal
                   Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Chicago (David L. Franklin,
                   Solicitor General, and Kaitlyn N. Chenevert, Assistant Attorney
                   General, of counsel), for appellee.

Panel              JUSTICE APPLETON delivered the judgment of the court, with
                   opinion.
                   Justices Pope and Knecht concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                               OPINION

¶1         Plaintiff, Aaron Fillmore, who is in the custody of the Illinois Department of Corrections
       (Department), sued three officers of the Department, Gladyse C. Taylor, Leif M. McCarthy,
       and Eldon L. Cooper, for failing to follow mandatory legal procedures before imposing
       discipline upon him for violating prison rules. He sought a writ of mandamus, declaratory
       relief, and a common-law writ of certiorari. The trial court granted a motion by defendants to
       dismiss the complaint for failure to state a cause of action. See 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West
       2016). Plaintiff appeals.
¶2         In our de novo review, we agree with the trial court that the count for declaratory
       judgment, count II, is legally insufficient in its entirety. We disagree, however, that the
       remaining two counts are legally insufficient in their entirety. Therefore, we affirm the trial
       court’s judgment in part and reverse it in part, and we remand this case for further
       proceedings.

¶3                                        I. BACKGROUND
¶4         In his complaint, which he filed on September 14, 2015, plaintiff alleged substantially as
       follows.

¶5                                           A. The Parties
¶6        Plaintiff is an inmate at Lawrence Correctional Center, in Sumner, Illinois.
¶7        Gladyse C. Taylor is the Department’s director.
¶8        Leif M. McCarthy is the chairperson of the adjustment committee at Lawrence
       Correctional Center, the committee that hears and decides inmate disciplinary reports.
¶9        Eldon L. Cooper is a member of the adjustment committee.

¶ 10                      B. The Inmate Disciplinary Report Issued to Plaintiff
¶ 11       On December 16, 2014, an inmate disciplinary report was served on plaintiff. In the
       report, a correctional officer named “J. Harper” accused plaintiff of two offenses as defined
       by the Department’s regulations: security group threat or unauthorized organizational activity
       (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.Appendix A (2003) (No. 205)) and intimidation or threats (id. (No.
       206)). The report summarized the following evidence: (1) an “accumulation of incidents”
       concerning plaintiff’s “involvement with the Latin Kings Security Threat Group,” including
       statements of confidential informants, one of whom identified plaintiff as chairman of the
       Latin King National Regional Crown Council; (2) handwritten notes, confiscated in a
       shakedown, in which he discussed Latin King business and, in one note, expressed a desire to
       “kick *** down the steps” someone named Kevin, who had “told Springfield a lot” about the
       gang; and (3) recorded telephone conversations, in which plaintiff discussed various Latin
       King members who were in prison.

¶ 12                                     C. Witness Request
¶ 13      On December 16, 2014, plaintiff submitted to the adjustment committee a document,
       handwritten by him, in which he requested the committee to review the “[p]hone log records”

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       for May 5, September 29, and October 12, 2014. He stated that those phone records would
       disprove the allegation, in the disciplinary report, that he made outgoing telephone calls on
       those days. He also “request[ed] to be shown these alleged notes” by him, confiscated in the
       shakedown. Finally, he made an “inmate witness request,” listing the imprisoned Latin Kings
       whom he allegedly had discussed on the telephone. He wrote: “Each inmate will testify that
       [plaintiff] did not order or direct any security threat group activity within [the Department]
       ever.”

¶ 14                        D. Plaintiff’s Written Statement to the Committee
¶ 15       On December 19, 2014, in the hearing on the inmate disciplinary report, plaintiff
       presented a handwritten statement to the committee. In this statement, he began by pleading
       not guilty to the two charges. Then he made essentially four points.
¶ 16       First, he denied the allegation, in the disciplinary report, that he made “outside telephone
       calls” on May 5, August 30, and September 29, 2014. He wrote that if only the committee
       would review the “B-Wing telephone log records,” those records would show he did not use
       the telephone on those dates.
¶ 17       Second, he insisted that if there were any recordings of his telephone calls, those
       recordings, when played in their entirety, would debunk the claim that he had engaged in
       unauthorized organizational activity.
¶ 18       Third, he denied writing the notes cited in the disciplinary report. He also denied the
       notes had come from his cell, property, or person, or that there were any shakedown records
       indicating as much. He pointed out that Harper was not a handwriting expert.
¶ 19       Fourth, he claimed the disciplinary report was untimely under the Department’s
       regulations because it “was written beyond the [eight] days allowed after the commission of
       the offense or discovery thereof.” 20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.30(f) (2003). He noted that the
       report listed the dates of “February of 2014[;] May 5, 2014[;] July 15, 2014[;] August 30,
       2014[;] September of 2014[;] October 13, 2014[;] and December 7, 2014”—all of which
       preceded the issuance of the report, on December 16, 2014, by more than eight days.
¶ 20       His written statement concluded with the following paragraph: “I request to see the
       alleged confiscated ‘notes’ regarding the [December 16, 2014,] disciplinary report, and
       request that my December 16, 2014[,] witness and document request be reviewed and
       considered as exculpatory evidence by the Committee.”

¶ 21                                     E. The Disciplinary Hearing
¶ 22       Plaintiff alleges that, in the disciplinary hearing, which was held on December 19, 2014,
       the two members of the adjustment committee, McCarthy and Cooper, declined to show him
       the notes in question and declined to personally review the notes, the telephone logs, or the
       telephone recordings. As for plaintiff’s witness request, “Cooper stated that Jerry Harper (the
       prison official who wrote the [disciplinary report] against plaintiff) [had] directed the
       Committee not to call any of plaintiff’s witnesses[;] thus, no witnesses would be called.”
       Also, Cooper told plaintiff, in the disciplinary hearing, “that the Committee [had been]
       directed by higher[-]up prison authorities to find plaintiff guilty and revoke a year [of] good
       conduct credits and impose punitive segregation and other punitive sanctions for a year.”
       Upon receiving that news, plaintiff “made a verbal objection” to the committee’s lack of

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       impartiality, but McCarthy and Cooper “refused to recuse themselves.” All this is according
       to plaintiff’s complaint.

¶ 23                                 F. The Final Summary Report
¶ 24       On January 3, 2015, the Department served upon plaintiff a “Final Summary Report,” in
       which McCarthy and Cooper found plaintiff guilty of “Gang or Unauthorized Organization
       Activity” and “Intimidation or Threats.” They recommended one year in “C grade,” one year
       of segregation, revocation of one year of good-conduct credits, restriction for one year to $15
       per month, and one year of “Contact Visits Restriction.” The chief administrative officer,
       Stephen B. Duncan, approved the recommendation.

¶ 25                                       G. Plaintiff’s Grievance
¶ 26       On January 5, 2015, plaintiff administratively appealed the discipline by filing a
       grievance. He complained of the committee members’ refusal to produce and personally
       review the notes, telephone logs, and telephone recordings; their refusal to recuse
       themselves; the untimeliness of the disciplinary report; and other irregularities, which we will
       discuss in greater detail later in this opinion.
¶ 27       On August 13, 2015, by adding her signature to a form, Taylor concurred with the denial
       of plaintiff’s grievance. The Department “[found] no violation of the offender’s due process
       in accordance with [sections 504.30 and 504.80 (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.30, 504.80 (2003))],”
       to quote the check-marked preprinted language of the form. The Department was “reasonably
       satisfied the offender committed the offense cited in the report.”

¶ 28                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 29                             A. The Request for Mandamus (Count I)
¶ 30       Because the motion for dismissal was pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil
       Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2016)), the question is whether the complaint states a
       cause of action for mandamus, declaratory relief, or a common-law writ of certiorari: the
       three forms of relief that plaintiff sought in the three counts of his complaint. See Johannesen
       v. Eddins, 2011 IL App (2d) 110108, ¶ 27.
¶ 31       We answer that question de novo, taking the well-pleaded facts or specific factual
       allegations of the complaint to be true and disregarding any conclusory allegations
       unsupported by well-pleaded facts. Simpkins v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL 110662,
       ¶ 26; Primax Recoveries, Inc. v. Atherton, 365 Ill. App. 3d 1007, 1010 (2006). Not only will
       we assume the well-pleaded facts in the complaint to be true, but we will regard those facts in
       the light most favorable to plaintiff. See Johannesen, 2011 IL App (2d) 110108, ¶ 27. If,
       from the well-pleaded facts, a reasonable inference could be drawn in plaintiff’s
       favor—which is to say, in favor of the legal sufficiency of the complaint—we will draw that
       inference. See id. “Dismissal pursuant to section 2-615 *** is only proper where, when
       construing the allegations of the complaint in the light most favorable to plaintiff, it clearly
       appears that no set of facts can be proved under the pleadings which will entitle the plaintiff
       to recover.” Armstrong v. Snyder, 336 Ill. App. 3d 567, 568-69 (2003).
¶ 32       With those ground rules in mind, we first evaluate the legal sufficiency of count I, the
       count seeking mandamus. By its factual allegations, count I must establish three propositions.

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       First, under the law, plaintiff has a clear right to the performance of the ministerial act that he
       seeks to compel the public officer to perform. See Burris v. White, 232 Ill. 2d 1, 7 (2009);
       Baldacchino v. Thompson, 289 Ill. App. 3d 104, 109 (1997). Second, plaintiff demanded that
       the public officer perform the act (unless such a demand would have been futile), and the
       public officer refused to do so. See Eley v. Cahill, 126 Ill. App. 2d 272, 276-77 (1970).
       Third, the public officer has clear authority to comply with the proposed writ of mandamus.
       See Burris, 232 Ill. 2d at 7.
¶ 33       Plaintiff argues that defendants have both authority and a duty to comply with the
       Department’s regulations. We do not understand defendants as disputing that argument.
       “Administrative regulations have the force and effect of law” (People v. Bonutti, 212 Ill. 2d
       182, 188 (2004)), and a prisoner may file a complaint for mandamus to compel correctional
       officers to perform nondiscretionary duties laid down in the Department’s regulations (West
       v. Gramley, 262 Ill. App. 3d 552, 557 (1994); Shea v. Edwards, 221 Ill. App. 3d 219, 221
       (1991); Taylor v. Franzen, 93 Ill. App. 3d 758, 765 (1981))—assuming the prisoner has a
       substantial personal interest in the matter (see Warden v. Byrne, 102 Ill. App. 3d 501, 506
       (1981); North v. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 137 Ill. 296, 301 (1891)).
¶ 34       Citing several paragraphs of his complaint, plaintiff argues he specifically alleged
       violations of the Department’s regulations and that mandamus should compel compliance
       with these regulations. We will discuss the alleged violations one by one.

¶ 35               1. Review of the Inmate Disciplinary Report by a Hearing Investigator
¶ 36       Under section 504.60(a), “[t]he Chief Administrative Officer shall appoint one or more
       Hearing Investigators[,] who shall review all major disciplinary reports.” (Emphasis added.)
       20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.60(a) (2003). Plaintiff claims the Department violated this section. In
       support of his claim, he references the inmate disciplinary report, a copy of which is attached
       to his complaint as exhibit A: in the report, the box next to “Hearing Investigator’s Review
       Required” is blank, as is the line for the hearing officer’s signature.
¶ 37       Evidently, judging by exhibit A, the Department decided a hearing investigator’s review
       was not required in this case. Necessarily, that decision entailed the exercise of judgment,
       because a hearing investigator’s review was required only for “major” disciplinary reports,
       and it was a matter of judgment whether a disciplinary report was “major.” Id.
¶ 38       No doubt, plaintiff would regard that decision as a misjudgment or an abuse of discretion,
       but the conscientiousness of the exercise of judgment or discretion is beside the point. The
       question is not whether the exercise of judgment or discretion was sound; the question is
       whether the exercise of judgment or discretion was required. Mandamus “will not be granted
       when the act in question involves the exercise of discretion.” (Emphasis in original.) The
       Y-Not Project, Ltd. v. Fox Waterway Agency, 2016 IL App (2d) 150502, ¶ 35. The act that
       the plaintiff seeks to compel in a mandamus action must be purely ministerial in nature,
       involving no use of judgment. Id. This act involved the use of judgment. Thus, with respect
       to the omission of a hearing investigator’s review, plaintiff states no cause of action for
       mandamus.

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¶ 39                           2. Failure To Serve the Disciplinary Report
                                Upon Plaintiff by the Regulatory Deadline
¶ 40       Section 504.30(f) provides as follows: “Service of a disciplinary report upon the offender
       shall commence the disciplinary proceeding. In no event shall a disciplinary report *** be
       served upon an adult offender more than [eight] days *** after the commission of an offense
       or the discovery thereof unless the offender is unavailable or unable to participate in the
       proceeding.” 20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.30(f) (2003).
¶ 41       Plaintiff alleges the disciplinary report was issued on December 16, 2014, and that the
       disciplinary report “lists incident dates of February of 2014; May 5, 2014; July 15, 2014;
       August 30, 2014; September of 2014; October 13, 2014[;] [and] December 7, 2014”—all of
       which predate the issuance of the disciplinary report by more than eight days. Obviously, the
       disciplinary report could not have been served upon him before it was issued. He argues that,
       because of the Department’s failure to meet the eight-day deadline for serving the
       disciplinary report on him, the Department has a clear duty, under section 504.30(f), to
       withdraw the disciplinary report and the associated penalties. See id.
¶ 42       Even this eight-day deadline, however, requires the exercise of judgment or discretion:
       “In no event shall a disciplinary report *** be served upon an adult offender more than
       [eight] days *** after the commission of an offense or the discovery thereof unless the
       offender is unavailable or unable to participate in the proceeding.” (Emphasis added.) Id. It
       requires judgment to determine whether and when an offense was committed. An evaluation
       must be performed. The Department must compare the known facts with the elements of the
       offense and must reach a conclusion. For that matter, it requires judgment to determine
       whether the offender is able to participate in the proceeding. No doubt plaintiff would argue
       that judgment, under these circumstances, could have been soundly exercised in only one
       way. Even so, judgment had to be exercised. It follows that the Department’s duty under
       section 504.30(f) is not purely ministerial and that, with respect to the alleged noncompliance
       with the eight-day deadline in that section, plaintiff states no cause of action for mandamus.
       See Fox Waterway, 2016 IL App (2d) 150502, ¶ 35.

¶ 43                       3. Failure To Provide a Written Reason for Denying
                       Plaintiff’s Request for the In-Person Testimony of Witnesses
¶ 44       Plaintiff claims the Department violated section 504.80(h)(4) of its regulations (20 Ill.
       Adm. Code 504.80(h)(4) (2003)) by failing to provide a written reason for denying his
       request for the in-person testimony of witnesses at his disciplinary hearing.
¶ 45       Defendants respond that plaintiff failed to fulfill a procedural precondition. They observe
       that, under section 504.80(f)(2) (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(f)(2) (2003)), “[t]he [witness]
       request [had to] be in writing on the space provided in the disciplinary report” and that the
       request had to “include an explanation of what the witnesses would state.” Instead of using
       the designated space in the disciplinary report to request witnesses, plaintiff used a separate
       sheet of paper, and he did not explain what the witnesses would state. On the authority of
       Taylor v. Frey, 406 Ill. App. 3d 1112, 1118 (2011), defendants argue the Department was
       within its discretion to refuse to hear witnesses, given that plaintiff never requested them in
       the manner that subsection (f)(2) required.

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¶ 46        To clarify, under the Department’s regulation, there are two kinds of requests for
       witnesses: a request for the prehearing interview of witnesses (20 Ill. Adm. Code
       504.80(f)(2) (2003)) and a request for the in-person testimony of witnesses in the disciplinary
       hearing (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(h)(3) (2003)). It is unclear which kind of witness request
       plaintiff intended to make. Was he requesting a prehearing interview of the witnesses
       pursuant to subsection (f)(2), or was he requesting the in-person testimony of the witnesses
       pursuant to subsection (h)(3)? In his request, a copy of which is attached to the complaint as
       exhibit B, he confusingly cited both subsection (f)(2) and subsection (h)(3). If he meant to
       request the prehearing interview of witnesses pursuant to subsection (f)(2), he would have
       had to do so in the space provided in the disciplinary report (see 20 Ill. Adm. Code
       504.80(f)(2) (2003) (“The request shall be in writing on the space provided in the
       disciplinary report and shall include an explanation of what the witnesses would state.”)). He
       did not do so. Whether that omission was problematic depended on which kind of witness
       request he was making—and, in that respect, his witness request was unclear. His request did
       not specifically say what he wanted the Department to do: interview the witnesses ahead of
       time or arrange for their attendance in the disciplinary hearing, and as we noted, his request
       cited both subsection (f)(2) and subsection (h)(3).
¶ 47        Because of this ambiguity in his request, the Department had no “clear duty” to provide a
       written reason for denying the request. Orenic v. Illinois State Labor Relations Board, 127
       Ill. 2d 453, 467-68 (1989). That duty under section 504.80(h)(4) (20 Ill. Adm. Code
       504.80(h)(4) (2003)) would have kicked in only if plaintiff requested the in-person
       attendance of witnesses. It is unclear if he did so. Therefore, the Department had no clear
       duty, under section 504.80(h)(4), to provide a written reason for the denial. It follows that,
       with respect to the Department’s alleged failure to provide a written reason for denying the
       in-person attendance of witnesses (see id.), plaintiff states no cause of action for mandamus.

¶ 48                         4. Failure To Place Plaintiff Under Investigation
¶ 49       Plaintiff claims the Department violated section 504.30(e) (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.30(e)
       (2003)) in that the Department “never placed [him] under investigation.” That section
       provides: “If an offender is suspected of committing a disciplinary offense, an investigative
       disciplinary report, hereinafter referred to as an investigative report, may be issued that
       reasonably informs the offender of the subject of the investigation to the extent that safety
       and security allow.” (Emphasis added.) Id. Because the word “may” calls for an exercise of
       discretion (Krautsack v. Anderson, 223 Ill. 2d 541, 554 (2006)), and because mandamus may
       compel the performance of only a nondiscretionary, ministerial duty (Fox Waterway, 2016 IL
       App (2d) 150502, ¶ 35), we conclude that, with respect to the alleged violation of section
       504.30(e), plaintiff states no cause of action for mandamus.

¶ 50                      5. The Committee’s Failure To Independently Review
                            the Notes and the Telephone Logs and Recordings
¶ 51       Plaintiff claims the committee members violated section 504.80(g) (20 Ill. Adm. Code
       504.80(g) (2003)) by failing to independently review the notes and the telephone logs and
       recordings, as opposed to relying merely on summaries and quotations provided by other
       correctional officers.

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¶ 52       Section 504.80(g) consists of a single sentence, which reads as follows: “The Committee
       shall consider all material presented that is relevant to the issue of whether or not the
       offender committed the offense.” Id. It requires an exercise of judgment to determine which
       materials are relevant—even if relevance should be obvious. Therefore, with respect to the
       alleged violation of section 504.80(g), plaintiff fails to state a cause of action for mandamus.
       See Fox Waterway, 2016 IL App (2d) 150502, ¶ 35.
¶ 53       In so holding, we acknowledge the federal cases that plaintiff cites. Those cases found a
       due-process violation (or at least an arguable due-process violation) in the refusal of a prison
       disciplinary tribunal to produce incriminating documents allegedly written by the prisoner
       (Young v. Kann, 926 F.2d 1396, 1397 (3d Cir. 1991); Scarpa v. Ponte, 638 F. Supp. 1019,
       1023 (D. Mass. 1986)) or in the refusal to review primary evidentiary materials as opposed to
       secondhand summaries of those materials (McIntosh v. Carter, 578 F. Supp. 96, 98 (W.D.
       Ky. 1983)). For two reasons, however, we find those federal cases to be inapposite. First,
       decisions of the United States District Court and the United States Court of Appeals do not
       establish Illinois law (see People v. Pitzman, 293 Ill. App. 3d 282, 291 (1997)), and, thus,
       they do not establish a “clear duty” on the part of defendants (Burris, 232 Ill. 2d at 7).
       Second, none of those federal cases sought mandamus.

¶ 54                         6. The Committee’s Refusal To Produce the Notes
¶ 55       Plaintiff alleges that, both before and during the disciplinary hearing, he requested to see
       the notes he allegedly had written and that the Department denied those requests, thereby
       violating section 504.80(f)(1) (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(f)(1) (2003)).
¶ 56       Under section 504.80(f)(1), “[t]he offender may *** produce any relevant documents in
       his or her defense.” Id. Thus, instead of having the right to present any and all documents in
       his or her defense, the offender has a right to present only “relevant” documents in his or her
       defense. Id. To decide whether a document is presentable in the disciplinary hearing, the
       Department has to decide whether it is relevant. Because the determination of relevancy
       requires an exercise of judgment, plaintiff fails to state a cause of action for mandamus with
       respect to the alleged violation of section 504.80(f)(1). See Fox Waterway, 2016 IL App (2d)
       150502, ¶ 35. Again, it does not matter if judgment could have been reasonably exercised in
       only one way; judgment is judgment.

¶ 57                   7. The Committee Members’ Refusal To Recuse Themselves
¶ 58       Plaintiff argues the committee members should have recused themselves because, having
       been directed by higher-up prison authorities to find him guilty and to impose particular
       penalties, they lacked impartiality.
¶ 59       The asserted duty of recusal, however, would not have been a ministerial duty. Rather,
       the committee members would have had to perform a legal evaluation: they would have had
       to judge whether, in the light of relevant case law, the alleged directive from above
       disqualified them from being impartial hearing officers. Therefore, with respect to their
       refusal to recuse themselves, plaintiff fails to state a cause of action for mandamus. See Fox
       Waterway, 2016 IL App (2d) 150502, ¶ 35.

                                                  -8-
¶ 60                8. Failure To Follow a Required Procedure After a Prisoner Objects to
                     Committee Members on the Ground of Their Lack of Impartiality
¶ 61       In his complaint, plaintiff makes the following factual allegations, which, again, for
       purposes of section 2-615, we assume to be true. See Schweihs, 2016 IL 120041, ¶ 27. In the
       disciplinary hearing, one of the defendants, Eldon L. Cooper, who was a member of the
       adjustment committee, told plaintiff “that the Committee [had been] directed by higher[-]up
       prison authorities to find plaintiff guilty and revoke a year[’s] good conduct credit and
       impose punitive segregation and other punitive sanctions for a year.” Plaintiff immediately
       made a verbal objection to the committee members’ lack of impartiality, but they refused to
       recuse themselves. Afterward, in its final summary report, the committee made no mention of
       plaintiff’s objection to the committee members’ lack of impartiality.
¶ 62       Plaintiff argues this omission violated section 504.80(d) (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(d)
       (2003)), which provides as follows: “Any person *** who is *** not impartial shall not serve
       on the Adjustment Committee hearing that disciplinary report. An offender who objects to a
       member of the Committee based on a lack of impartiality must raise the matter at the
       beginning of the hearing. The Committee shall document the basis of the objection and the
       decision in the Adjustment Committee summary.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 63       Plaintiff alleged he made a timely objection to the committee members’ lack of
       impartiality, and the committee had a clear, nondiscretionary duty, under section 504.80(d),
       to “document the basis of the objection and the decision in the Adjustment Committee
       summary.” Id. In the grievance that plaintiff filed on January 5, 2015, one of his complaints
       was that the committee had “arbitrarily failed to document [his] objections concerning the
       Committee[’s] not being impartial, in violation of [section] 504.80(d).” The Department
       denied his grievance. Therefore, in this context, all the elements of mandamus are present: “a
       clear right to relief, a clear duty of the public official to act, and a clear authority in the public
       official to comply with the [proposed] writ.” Burris, 232 Ill. 2d at 7. With respect to the
       Department’s noncompliance with section 504.80(d), plaintiff states a cause of action for
       mandamus.

¶ 64                9. Failure To Include a Summary of Plaintiff’s Written Statement
¶ 65      Section 504.80(l)(1) provides as follows:
                   “l) A written record shall be prepared and signed by all members of the
              Committee that contains:
                   1) A summary of oral and written statements and other evidence presented.” 20
              Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(l)(1) (2003).
       Subsection (o) provides: “A copy of the disciplinary report and Adjustment Committee
       summary shall be forwarded to the Chief Administrative Officer for review and approval and
       a copy shall be filed in the offender’s record.” 20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(o) (2003).
       Apparently, the summary of the offender’s written statement is part of what the “Chief
       Administrative Officer” would review in deciding whether to approve the “Adjustment
       Committee dispositions.” 20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(p) (2003).
¶ 66      Plaintiff alleges that although, in the disciplinary hearing, he submitted to the adjustment
       committee a written statement (exhibit C of the complaint), the committee’s final summary
       report (exhibit D) lacks a summary of his written statement. Plaintiff subsequently

                                                     -9-
       complained, in his grievance (exhibit E), that the committee had “failed to give a summary of
       [his] written statement, in violation of [section] 504.80(l)(1),” but the Department denied his
       grievance.
¶ 67       Because the committee members had a clear ministerial duty to include, in the
       administrative record, signed by them, a summary of plaintiff’s written statement (see 20 Ill.
       Adm. Code 504.80(l)(1) (2003)), plaintiff states a cause of action for mandamus in this
       respect. See Fox Waterway, 2016 IL App (2d) 150502, ¶ 35; Thompson v. Lane, 194 Ill. App.
       3d 855, 863 (1990) (this regulatory requirement of summarizing all the evidence, including
       the oral and written statements, “is not to be taken lightly”).

¶ 68                    B. The Request for a Declaratory Judgment (Count II)
¶ 69      We have held that an action for a common-law writ of certiorari, instead of an action for
       a declaratory judgment, is the correct means by which to seek the review of penalties
       imposed in a prison disciplinary proceeding. Alicea v. Snyder, 321 Ill. App. 3d 248, 253
       (2001). Therefore, plaintiff fails to state a cause of action for a declaratory judgment. See id.

¶ 70               C. The Request for a Common-Law Writ of Certiorari (Count III)
¶ 71                    1. The Availability of a Common-Law Action for Certiorari
¶ 72       If an administrative agency issues a quasi-judicial decision (McKeown v. Moore, 303 Ill.
       448, 453 (1922)) and the statute conferring power on the agency does not adopt the
       Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 2014)) or provide any other
       method of judicial review, the decision is reviewable in an action for a common-law writ of
       certiorari (Hanrahan v. Williams, 174 Ill. 2d 268, 272 (1996)). Because the statutory
       provisions pertaining to prison disciplinary procedures (730 ILCS 5/3-8-7 to 3-8-10 (West
       2014)) neither adopt the Administrative Review Law nor provide any other method of
       judicial review, prison disciplinary proceedings are reviewable in an action for certiorari.
       Alicea, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 253.

¶ 73                      2. The Nature of a Common-Law Action for Certiorari
¶ 74        Whereas mandamus compels a governmental official to perform a ministerial act, a
       common-law writ of certiorari “bring[s] before the court issuing it the record of the inferior
       tribunal for review.” Barden v. Junior College District No. 520, 132 Ill. App. 2d 1038, 1038
       (1971); see also People ex rel. Elmore v. Allman, 382 Ill. 156, 160 (1943). The circuit court
       will issue a writ of certiorari to the agency, and within the time specified in the writ (see
       Murphy v. Cuesta, Rey & Co., 381 Ill. 162, 168 (1942)), the agency must provide the court
       with the record of the administrative proceedings so that the court can determine from the
       record—and only from the record (Reichert v. Court of Claims, 203 Ill. 2d 257, 260 (2003);
       Goodfriend v. Board of Appeals, 18 Ill. App. 3d 412, 418-19 (1973))—whether the agency
       acted within its statutory authority and in accordance with the law (Funkhouser v. Coffin, 301
       Ill. 257, 260 (1921); Goodfriend, 18 Ill. App. 3d at 418-19). The burden will be on the
       agency to provide a record adequate to that purpose: a record consisting of facts, not mere
       conclusions (Funkhouser, 301 Ill. at 261). Frye v. Hunt, 365 Ill. 32, 37 (1936) (“Where the
       question is whether jurisdictional facts were established, mere conclusions of law are
       insufficient and the record must show the existence of the facts required to authorize the

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       inferior tribunal or officer to act, and this evidence may properly be reviewed by the court.”);
       Funkhouser, 301 Ill. at 264 (“The record made on the return of the writ failing to show any
       facts upon which [the] removal [of the appellee from his municipal employment] was
       justified, the trial court erred in quashing the writ and in not granting the motion of the
       appellee to quash the original [(administrative)] proceedings [for his removal].”).
¶ 75       After reviewing the record from the inferior tribunal, the trial court should enter either of
       two judgments. If, from the record, it appears that the inferior tribunal lacked jurisdiction or
       that its actions were inconsistent with the law, the court may quash the proceedings of the
       inferior tribunal. Goodfriend, 18 Ill. App. 3d at 419. Alternatively, if, from the record, it
       appears that the inferior tribunal had jurisdiction and that its actions were consistent with the
       law, the court should dismiss the certiorari count and quash the writ. Id.

¶ 76                                   3. The Pleading Requirements
¶ 77        A petition for a common-law writ of certiorari must allege “good cause” for the issuance
       of a writ (City of Chicago v. Condell, 224 Ill. 595, 597 (1906)): the petition must allege that
       the inferior tribunal or the agency exercising a quasi-judicial function (Reichert, 203 Ill. 2d at
       260) failed to comply with the law or exceeded its authority (City of Kankakee v. Department
       of Revenue, 2013 IL App (3d) 120599, ¶ 14) with the result that the petitioner suffered
       “substantial injury or injustice” (Stratton v. Wenona Community Unit District No. 1, 133 Ill.
       2d 413, 428 (1990)). If the plaintiff (1) was a party to the administrative proceeding (Board
       of Education of Woodland Community Consolidated School District 50 v. Illinois State
       Charter School Comm’n, 2016 IL App (1st) 151372, ¶ 39), (2) was substantially injured by
       the agency’s failure to follow an essential procedural requirement applicable to such a
       proceeding (id.; C&K Distributors, Inc. v. Hynes, 122 Ill. App. 3d 525, 528 (1984)), and (3)
       has no other method of review (Outcom, Inc. v. Illinois Department of Transportation, 233
       Ill. 2d 324, 333 (2009)), the plaintiff has a cause of action for certiorari.
¶ 78        Taking the well-pleaded facts of the complaint to be true (see Schweihs, 2016 IL 120041,
       ¶ 27), as opposed to conclusions, which we disregard (see Johannesen, 2011 IL App (2d)
       110108, ¶ 27), and resolving all reasonable inferences in plaintiff’s favor (see Schweihs, 2016
       IL 120041, ¶ 27; Johannesen, 2011 IL App (2d) 110108, ¶ 27), we see two failures to comply
       with law that arguably caused substantial injury or injustice to him.

¶ 79                            4. Refusal To Produce the Notes in Question
¶ 80       First, plaintiff alleges that, both before and during the disciplinary hearing, he requested
       to see the notes he allegedly had written. In exhibit B of the complaint, addressed to the
       adjustment committee and dated December 16, 2014, plaintiff stated: “I request to be shown
       the alleged ‘notes.’ ” In exhibit C of the complaint, likewise addressed to the adjustment
       committee and dated December 19, 2014, he cited section 504.80(f)(1) (20 Ill. Adm. Code
       504.80(f)(1) (2003)) and stated: “I request to see the alleged confiscated ‘notes’ regarding the
       12-16-14 disciplinary report, and request that my December 16, 2014[,] witness and
       document request be reviewed and considered as exculpatory evidence by the Committee.”
       Without explanation, the committee refused to produce the notes in the disciplinary hearing,
       or so plaintiff alleges in his complaint. Afterward, in his grievance, plaintiff complained:
       “The Committee arbitrarily failed to review or allow me to review the alleged ‘notes’ stated
       in the 12-16-14 [inmate disciplinary report].” The Department denied the grievance,

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       “find[ing] no violation of the offender’s due process in accordance with [sections 504.80 (20
       Ill. Adm. Code 504.80 (2003)) and 504.30 (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.30 (2003))].”
¶ 81        Under section 504.80(f)(1) (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.80(f)(1) (2003)), “[t]he offender may
       *** produce any relevant documents in his or her defense.” Thus, the Department had a duty
       to allow plaintiff to produce any relevant documents in his defense. Given that the
       disciplinary report cited the notes as evidence against plaintiff, it would be untenable to
       characterize the notes as irrelevant. The Department was required to follow its own
       regulations (see Thompson, 194 Ill. App. 3d at 860), and it was the Department’s duty, under
       section 504.80(f)(1), to allow plaintiff to “produce” the notes in his own defense. 20 Ill.
       Adm. Code 504.80(f)(1) (2003). One of the meanings of “produce” is to “show ***
       (something) for consideration” or “inspection.” The New Oxford American Dictionary 1359
       (2001). If, in his own defense, plaintiff wanted to show the notes in question, to prove he was
       not their author, and if the Department had exclusive possession of the notes and refused to
       relinquish them for his use in the disciplinary hearing, the Department violated its regulatory
       duty to allow plaintiff to “produce any relevant documents in his *** defense” (20 Ill. Adm.
       Code 504.80(f)(1) (2003)). See also Thompson, 194 Ill. App. 3d at 859 (one of the
       due-process rights of a prisoner in a prison disciplinary proceeding is to “present
       documentary evidence in his defense”). The alleged violation of section 504.80(f)(1) is
       significant and in itself would justify the issuance of a common-law writ of certiorari. See
       Stratton, 133 Ill. 2d at 428; Condell, 224 Ill. at 597; City of Kankakee, 2013 IL App (3d)
       120599, ¶ 14; Tanner v. Court of Claims, 256 Ill. App. 3d 1089, 1092 (1994) (“Where a
       plaintiff brings into issue the alleged violation of his procedural and substantive rights, the
       petition is not subject to dismissal, as such issue cannot be determined as a matter of law
       upon the bare allegations of the petition.”).
¶ 82        In response to a writ of certiorari, the Department should be required to produce an
       administrative record showing that, contrary to plaintiff’s allegation (which, for purposes of
       the motion for dismissal, we take as true (see Schweihs, 2016 IL 120041, ¶ 27)), the
       Department produced the notes in question so that plaintiff could use them, in his own
       defense, in the disciplinary hearing.

¶ 83                5. The Refusal of the Committee Members To Recuse Themselves
¶ 84        Second, plaintiff alleges the committee members should have recused themselves
       because, having been directed by higher-up prison authorities to find him guilty and to
       impose particular penalties, they lacked impartiality. In a disciplinary hearing, the prisoner
       has a due-process right to, among other things, an impartial hearing officer. Epstein v. Lane,
       189 Ill. App. 3d 63, 64 (1989).
¶ 85        We begin with the presumption that the members of the adjustment committee were
       “objective and capable of fairly judging the issues.” Hurst v. Department of Employment
       Security, 393 Ill. App. 3d 323, 330 (2009). Like all presumptions, however, that presumption
       is rebuttable. “Bias or prejudice may *** be shown if a disinterested observer might conclude
       that the official had in some measure adjudged the facts as well as the law of the case in
       advance of hearing it.” Id. Taking the well-pleaded facts of the complaint to be true and
       drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiff’s favor (see Schweihs, 2016 IL 120041, ¶ 27;
       Johannesen, 2011 IL App (2d) 110108, ¶ 27), a disinterested observer might conclude that
       the members of the adjustment committee had prejudged the case before hearing it,

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       considering it is alleged that (1) they personally examined none of the primary evidentiary
       materials, (2) Cooper told plaintiff, in the hearing, that their superiors had ordered them to
       find him guilty and to impose certain penalties, and (3) they then found him guilty and
       imposed precisely the penalties their superiors had ordered them to impose. Given the factual
       allegations of the complaint, which our standard of review obliges us to take as true, the
       impartiality of the administrative tribunal is sufficiently in question that good cause exists for
       the issuance of a writ of certiorari. See Stratton, 133 Ill. 2d at 428; Condell, 224 Ill. at 597;
       City of Kankakee, 2013 IL App (3d) 120599, ¶ 14; Tanner, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 1092.
¶ 86       This claim of bias should not take the Department by surprise. In his grievance, defendant
       stated: “[Correctional Officer] Cooper *** stated that the committee was told to give me a
       year across the board and find me guilty. I made verbal objections to the committee not being
       impartial.” This was a serious allegation, which plaintiff formally made in a grievance, and
       one would expect the administrative record to contain a rebuttal, considering that Taylor
       denied the grievance. In response to a writ of certiorari, the Department should produce this
       record.

¶ 87                 6. The Eight-Day Deadline for Serving the Disciplinary Report
¶ 88       Additionally, in his count for certiorari, plaintiff alleges the Department violated section
       504.30(f) (20 Ill. Adm. Code 504.30(f) (2003)) in that “[t]he December 16, 2014, [inmate
       disciplinary report] was written beyond the statutory eight (8) days allowed after the
       incident.” Specifically, he alleges the disciplinary report was written (and therefore served
       upon him) more than eight days after the final evidentiary incident listed in the disciplinary
       report, namely, the telephone call of December 7, 2014.
¶ 89       That is not enough, however, to establish a violation of the regulation. Plaintiff must
       plead facts that would, if proved, establish the Department’s noncompliance with the
       eight-day deadline in section 504.30(f) (see Teter v. Clemens, 112 Ill. 2d 252, 256 (1986)),
       and merely by proving that the Department served the disciplinary report on him more than
       eight days after the final telephone call, plaintiff would not prove noncompliance with the
       eight-day deadline.
¶ 90       In concluding that plaintiff committed the offense of security group threat or
       unauthorized organization activity, the Department relied not only on the telephone calls but
       also on statements by confidential informants. We do not know when the Department
       interviewed these confidential informants. The Department could have done so the day
       before serving the disciplinary report on plaintiff. Likewise, for purposes of the offense of
       intimidation, we do not know when the Department came into the possession of a
       handwriting sample by plaintiff to compare it with the note that Harper had confiscated in the
       shakedown. For all we know, the Department made the comparison the day before serving
       the disciplinary report on plaintiff. Therefore, with respect to the alleged failure to meet the
       eight-day deadline in section 504.30(f), plaintiff has failed to plead a cause of action for a
       common-law writ of certiorari.

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¶ 91                          D. The Rationale for the Motion for Dismissal:
                           the Suggestion That the Illinois Administrative Code
                                      Confers No Rights on Prisoners
¶ 92        In support of its motion for dismissal, the State cited Ashley v. Snyder, 316 Ill. App. 3d
       1252, 1258 (2000), and two cases that relied on Ashley: Duane v. Hardy, 2012 IL App (3d)
       110845, ¶ 15, and Dupree v. Hardy, 2011 IL App (4th) 100351, ¶ 25.
¶ 93        In Ashley, a correctional center in which the plaintiff was imprisoned issued a
       policy-revising bulletin, which lessened the amount of personal property that inmates were
       permitted to keep in their cells. Previously, an orientation manual permitted inmates to keep
       more personal property. Ashley, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1254. The plaintiff contended that the
       bulletin violated various provisions of the United States and Illinois Constitutions, as well as
       several state and federal statutes. Id. at 1253.
¶ 94        One of the plaintiff’s constitutional contentions was that the bulletin deprived him of
       property without the due process of law. Id. at 1255. We rejected that contention because, in
       Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 477-84 (1995), the Supreme Court had held that, for
       purposes of the due-process clause (U.S. Const., amend. XIV), states could not “create
       enforceable liberty interests in freedom from the routine deprivations and discomforts of
       prison life.” Ashley, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1255. Although, for the benefit of prisoners, states
       could “ ‘create liberty interests *** protected by the [d]ue [p]rocess [c]lause,’ ” those
       interests would “ ‘generally [be] limited to freedom from restraint which *** imposes
       atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison
       life.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 1255-56 (quoting Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484). Restricting
       the amount of personal property inmates could keep in their cells did not qualify as an
       atypical and significant hardship, and thus, for purposes of due process, such a restriction did
       “not impact a protected liberty interest.” Id. at 1256.
¶ 95        We likewise rejected the plaintiff’s other constitutional theories. The bulletin did not
       change the definition of his crime or create any risk of increasing the punishment for his
       crime, and hence the ex post facto clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 16) was irrelevant. Ashley,
       316 Ill. App. 3d at 1257. The bulletin was not an unreasonable seizure under the fourth
       amendment (U.S. Const., amend. IV) because the fourth amendment was inapplicable in
       prison cells. Ashley, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1257. Nor did the bulletin violate the eighth
       amendment (U.S. Const., amend. VIII); limiting the amount of property that inmates could
       keep in their cells was part of the penalty that criminal offenders typically had to pay for their
       offenses. Ashley, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1257.
¶ 96        We also were unconvinced that statutory law lent any support to the plaintiff’s claim.
       Rather, section 3-4-3 of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/3-4-3 (West 1998))
       explicitly contemplated that inmates would “ ‘not [be] allowed’ ” to keep some “ ‘personal
       property.’ ” Ashley, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1258 (quoting 730 ILCS 5/3-4-3 (West 1998)).
¶ 97        Those holdings rightly disposed of all the constitutional and statutory claims that the
       plaintiff had raised in Ashley. Nevertheless, in an “epilogue,” we added:
                    “In so holding, we note that this sort of ‘prisoner’s rights’ case depletes the
                resources of prosecutors, the judiciary, and [the Department], and unnecessarily
                diverts [the Department’s] attention from ensuring that prisoners are granted their
                genuine rights. Prison regulations, such as those contained in the inmate orientation

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                manual relied on here, were never intended to confer rights on inmates or serve as a
                basis for constitutional claims. Sandin, 515 U.S. at 482 ***. Instead, Illinois
                [Department] regulations, as well as the Unified Code, were designed to provide
                guidance to prison officials in the administration of prisons. In addition, Illinois law
                creates no more rights for inmates than those which are constitutionally required.
                    ***
                    *** Inmates thus have a constitutional right to adequate shelter, food, drinking
                water, clothing, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety. [Citations.] Prisoners
                also have a reasonable right of access to courts and a right to a reasonable opportunity
                to exercise religious freedom under the first amendment. [Citation.] Beyond these,
                prisoners possess no other rights, only privileges.” (Emphases in original.) Id. at
                1258-59.
¶ 98       It is true that “[p]rison regulations” of the type represented by the inmate orientation
       manual confer no rights on inmates (id. at 1258), but that is because bulletins, handbooks,
       and similar materials are not the Illinois Administrative Code (see Lucas v. Department of
       Corrections, 2012 IL App (4th) 110004, ¶ 14). A procedural operating manual is “designed
       to provide guidance” (Ashley, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1258), but the Illinois Administrative Code
       is different: it is more than guidance; it has “the force and effect of law” (People ex rel.
       Madigan v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 231 Ill. 2d 370, 380 (2008); People v. Montalvo,
       2016 IL App (2d) 140905, ¶ 18). To say that “Illinois law,” including the Illinois
       Administrative Code, “creates no more rights for inmates than those which are
       constitutionally required” would be to say that, for inmates, Illinois law is redundant and
       superfluous—it might as well not exist for them. (Emphasis in original.) Ashley, 316 Ill. App.
       3d at 1258. Not only is that statement unsupported by citation to any authority, but it is
       irreconcilable with case law preceding Ashley. It had always been the law that, in prison
       disciplinary proceedings, the Department had to follow its own promulgated regulations
       (Clayton-El v. Lane, 203 Ill. App. 3d 895, 899 (1990); Thompson, 194 Ill. App. 3d at 860;
       People ex rel. Yoder v. Hardy, 116 Ill. App. 3d 489, 495 (1983)) and that inmates could sue
       to compel correctional officers to perform nondiscretionary duties set forth in the
       Department’s regulations (West, 262 Ill. App. 3d at 557; Shea, 221 Ill. App. 3d at 221;
       Taylor, 93 Ill. App. 3d at 765). To the extent that Ashley suggests otherwise, we decline to
       follow Ashley.
¶ 99       It is true that, for purposes of constitutional due process, the liberty interests that state
       statutes create are “generally limited to freedom from restraint which *** imposes atypical
       and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.”
       Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484. That does not mean, however, that it is impossible for a state statute
       to create other, nonconstitutional rights for inmates, enforceable by mandamus. Several years
       after the issuance of Ashley, in an original mandamus action brought by a prisoner (see Ill. S.
       Ct. R. 381(c) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001)), the supreme court described the elements of mandamus as
       follows:
                    “Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy to enforce, as a matter of right, the
                performance of official duties by a public officer where no exercise of discretion on
                his part is involved. *** [Citation.] To obtain relief, a plaintiff must establish a clear
                right to mandamus. [Citation.] Mandamus is improper where its effect is to substitute
                the court’s judgment or discretion for that of the body which is commanded to act.

                                                   - 15 -
                 *** [Citation.] Consequently, we will not grant mandamus relief unless the plaintiff
                 has clearly shown: (1) an affirmative right to relief; (2) defendant’s duty to act; and
                 (3) defendant’s authority to comply with the order. [Citation.]” (Internal quotation
                 marks omitted.) Holly v. Montes, 231 Ill. 2d 153, 159 (2008).
        Notably absent from this description of mandamus is any requirement that the
        plaintiff-prisoner’s “affirmative right to relief” be constitutional. Id. The prisoner in Holly
        contended that, under both statutory law and the due-process clause (whether of the Illinois
        Constitution or the United States Constitution or both is unspecified), he had a clear right to
        mandatory supervised release that was free of the condition of electronic home monitoring.
        Id. at 156. If, as we had held in Ashley, “Illinois law create[d] no more rights for inmates than
        those which [were] constitutionally required” (emphasis in original) (Ashley, 316 Ill. App. 3d
        at 1258), the plaintiff’s statutory argument would have been superfluous, and the supreme
        court could have proceeded directly to his alternative, constitutional theory. But the supreme
        court painstakingly construed the relevant statutory provisions and concluded:
                     “Contrary to [the plaintiff’s] arguments, the [Prisoner Review Board (Board)] has
                 the statutory authority to impose electronic home confinement as a condition of his
                 mandatory supervised release. [The plaintiff] has no right, let alone a clear right, to
                 demand that the Board release him from [electronic home confinement] during his
                 [mandatory supervised release] because the imposition of that condition was a proper
                 exercise of the Board’s statutory discretion. Without a clear showing of his
                 affirmative right to relief, [the plaintiff] has failed to establish his right to mandamus
                 relief, and his complaint must fail.” Holly, 231 Ill. 2d at 164-65.
        That quoted paragraph—and indeed the five or so pages of statutory construction in
        Holly—would have been pointless if, as we said in Ashley, the only right a prisoner could
        vindicate in an action for mandamus was a constitutional right. The supreme court has long
        held that by an action for mandamus, a prisoner may compel the performance of a purely
        statutory duty. See People ex rel. Abner v. Kinney, 30 Ill. 2d 201, 207 (1964).
¶ 100        This is not to throw the door open to petty litigation. In an action for mandamus, not only
        must the legal duty of the public official be clear and nondiscretionary (People ex rel. Birkett
        v. Konetski, 233 Ill. 2d 185, 192-93 (2009)), but the plaintiff must have a strong equitable
        case (Thomas v. Village of Westchester, 132 Ill. App. 3d 190, 196 (1985)). Recreational
        litigation, even if technically meritorious, should not win a writ of mandamus, which is an
        “extraordinary remedy.” Id. “The writ of mandamus is not a writ of right,” and even if the
        plaintiff has shown a clear ministerial duty on the part of the public officer, a court
        nevertheless may, in its discretion, refuse to issue the writ if the court is unconvinced the writ
        would accomplish “substantial justice” outweighing the disruption the writ might cause.
        People ex rel. Stettauer v. Olsen, 215 Ill. 620, 622 (1905); see also Thomas, 132 Ill. App. 3d
        at 196. Similarly, it must appear that the petitioner for a writ of certiorari has suffered a
        “substantial injury or injustice.” Stratton, 133 Ill. 2d at 428.

¶ 101                                      III. CONCLUSION
¶ 102       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in part and reverse it in
        part, and we remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 103      Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

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