Court Opinion

ID: 6314074
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-18 20:20:48.214581+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:59:11.363011
License: Public Domain

*328The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy, J. —
The first, second, third and fourth errors assigned, present but two questions. First, is the bond, upon which this suit is brought, having been taken to secure the payment of that portion coming to the plaintiff below, upon the death of the widow, of the one-third of the valuation-money of the real estate of the intestate, set apart for the widow’s use during her life, as well as the plaintiff’s portion of the other two-thirds thereof, void under the intestate law of 1794? And secondly, seeing the money, sued for here, is made a lien, by the express terms of that law, upon the land or estate, of which it forms a part of the valuation-money, can it be recovered of the plaintiff in error, who was the defendant below, and a mere surety in the bond, upon his personal responsibility arising from it, without proceeding against the bond or estate so bound for the payment of it, and recovering therefrom, in the first place, all that can be had of it? or in other words, can the plaintiff in error be made liable in any event, under his bond, except for what the land may prove insufficient to pay, upon its being proceeded against first, and sold for that purpose ?
Though the intestate law of 1794, passed the 19th of April in that year, may not be considered as directing the Orphans’ Court, in case of an appraisement of the real estate of the intestate, made for the purpose of dividing it among those thereby entitled to it, where there is a widow living, to take security of the person, to whom the estate is decreed, for the payment of the one-third of such appraisement set apart for the use of the widow during her life, upon her death, to those entitled to it, yet there is certainly nothing in the act, which either expressly or impliedly prohibits the Court from doing so; and having reason to believe that it has been the practice of the Orphans’ Courts throughout the state, ever since the act came into operation, to require and take such security, with one or more sureties joined in a bond or recognizance, with the party taking the land at the appraisement, it would be highly improper as well as inconvenient now to declare such bond or recognizance void, as to any part of it, even as regards the sureties, upon the ground that the Orphans’ Court is not directed or required to take it. The argument in favour of the plaintiff in error is, that the legislature intended, as is alleged, by the very terms of the act, that the party having a right to take the land at the appraisement, in the case of a widow still living, to whom he is to pay the interest of one-third of the appraisement annually during her life, should have the land upon his paying or securing to be paid, so as to satisfy the Court, the other two-thirds as the Court shall direct within twelve months thereafter, without becoming personally liable at all for the payment of the widow’s third; the payment of which is secured sufficiently, as is said, by its being made thereby expressly a lien upon the land : and hence *329even the requisition, by the Court, of his pei-sonal liability, and still more that of requiring him to give it with the addition of sureties, being, as it is contended, contrary to the spirit and meaning of the act, is therefore illegal and void. It is not clear, however, that such was the design of the legislature; but it is very certain that the practical construction of the act has been, ever since its passage, nearly half a century now, in opposition to that which is contended for, and sufficient, as we believe, to preclude any question being made in respect to it at this late day. This Court accordingly, not long since, in the case of Goodv. Good, (7 Watts, 195,) decided that a recognizance taken in the Orphans’ Court to secure the payment of the interest annually to the widow on one-third of the appraisement of the land, was good and binding upon the cognizor. The Court below were therefore correct in the instruction which they gave to the jury on this question.
Then as to the second question, it is contended for the plaintiff in error, that the land taken under the decree of the Orphans’ Court, is the principal debtor; and being so, it ought to be looked to first for the payment of the money, and that the personal liability of the plaintiff in error under the bond, according to what must have been the understanding of the parties at the time of giving it, was, that it was only to be resorted to, in case of the land’s proving insufficient to pay the amount, for the deficiency, whatever it might happen to be. ' Although the act of the 19th of April, 1794, makes the money claimed here, and so in all similar cases, a lien upon the land, yet it does not necessarily follow, that the land is to be considered the principal debtor more than the party himself taking it, and that all the other securities given for the payment of the money are to be regarded as a mere guaranty, or, more properly speaking, as the counsel for the plaintiff in error would have it, a mere conditional engagement to pay whatever sum cannot be had from a sale of the land being first made. If the legislature had intended to make the land alone liable for the payment of the money, without creating any personal liability on the party electing to take it at its appraised value; or had intended to make the land liable in the first place, with recourse, in case of deficiency, to the personal liability of the party afterwards, it is most likely that they would have prescribed some course of proceeding in order to have raised the money out of the land, without proceeding against the person; as it is far from being certain, that we had, at that time, any settled and known course of judicial procedure established by practice, whereby such end could have been attained: by act of assembly it is very certain, we had not. It seems, therefore, reasonable to conclude, that the legislature intended that the party taking the land at the appraisement, should be held personally liable as the principal debtor for the payment of the money; and for the greater security thereóf, as the payment might be postponed to a very distant day by the life *330of the widow, it was thought advisable that the land should be bound also for the payment of it. And certainly, so,far as the practice under the act is to be regarded as evidence, not only of what the legislature intended, but of what has been ever the understanding of the party taking the land, and of those who have become his sureties, for the payment of the money, it has ever been universally thought, I believe, that they were bound absolutely by their bond or recognizance for the payment of the money at the day when the widow should die, and might therefore be resorted to in the first instance and required to pay it. Many suits for this purpose have been brought and sustained, without the objection having been made before, that I am aware of, and the money recovered without resorting to the land for it. We, therefore, think the Court below were right in their direction to the jury in regard to this second question.
There is nothing in the fifth error assigned: this is an exception to the answer given by the Court to the sixth point submitted, on the trial of the cause below, by the counsel there for the plaintiff in error. The lapse of twenty-one years, after the money became payable, did not release the land from the payment of it; nor did it raise even a presumption that the money was paid; because the institution of this action, which took place within nineteen years after the death of the widow, the time when the money became payable to the plaintiff below, rebutted or rather prevented the presumption of payment from arising ; so that there is nothing in the bare lapse of time, which would prevent the plaintiff in error,.if he should be compelled to pay the money as surety, from being subrogated to the right of the plaintiff below to enable him to procieed against the land for the purpose of reimbursing himself. But if it be true, as was said in the course of the argument, that Jacob Kohl, either before or after the release was given to him by the defendant in error, sold the land, and upon the faith of it received the purchase-money or the balance of it in full for the whole price to be paid for the land, this would prevent either of the parties here from going against the land in the hand of the purchaser or those claiming under him, if he purchased and paid his money, believing the release to be good, and without notice of its being claimed to have been obtained by fraud: and the plaintiff in error being thus deprived of his right to subrogation by the act of the defendant in error, would thereby be released from his liability in this action as surety, unless the release were procured by fraud from the defendant in error, and he was privy to or participated in the fraud. Nothing, however, appears upon the record now before us, to raise this question; but as the judgment must be reversed on account of the sixth and last error assigned, and the cause sent back for another trial, I have thought proper to notice it, so that if this fact can be shown to be, as .stated by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, he may have a suitable direction from the Court below to the jury in regard to it.
*331The sixth error is, that the Court below did not answer in the affirmative the seventh proposition submitted by the counsel of the plaintiff in error. By this proposition the Court were requested to instruct the jury, “ that if the plaintiff neglected to bring suit upon the bond or give notice to the defendant of the release having been obtained of her, through false and fraudulent representations of the principal in the bond for a period of ten or eight years after the discovery of the fraud; the release would operate as a discharge to the surety.” The Court in reply say, “ this is already answered,” meaning, as it must be understood, in their general charge to the jury. The only part of the charge, which can be considered an answer to this seventh proposition, is in the following words, “ the release, however, may be void as it respects Jacob Kohl, but yet may operate to discharge the sureties. If the plaintiff discovered the fraud aud neglected to bring suit on the bond, or to give notice to the defendant of the release having been obtained from her through the fraudulent, and false representations of the principal in the bond, for a period of ten or eight years after the discovery of the fraud, the release would operate as a discharge of the surety.” This is certainly true, but it is for the jury to say from the evidence when the plaintiff discovered that she had signed a paper, which affected her right to receive the money on the bond. All that was required of the plaintiff in this particular was, that she.should in a reasonable time after the discovery of the fraud, give notice of it to the defendant or bring suit. But if “ MCarty conspired with Kohl to obtain this release by fraud, and false representaions, and the release toas so in fact obtained, then the release is void as to him. He is still bound by the bond as surety as if the release had never been executed.” This latter qualification superadded by the Court to the answer given by them to the seventh proposition of the plaintiff in error, that “if he combined with Kohl to obtain the release by fraud,” &c. is what is particularly complained of as being erroneous; because no evidence had been given, which went in the slighest degree to prove such combination. Abraham Chapman is the only witness, who testifies to M'Carty’s taking any part whatever in regard to the release : and all that he says, which can be received as evidence in respect to it is, “ that Jacob Kohl and M‘Carty came to his office and got the release drawn — that witness was first consulted by Kohl, as to the drawing of the release, and then by Kohl and M‘Carty; that some releases were got from the other heirs; that Kohl said the money was not all paid to the plaintiff below.” This witness has testified also as to what he thought at the time and suspected ; but what he thought or suspected cannot be regarded as evidence, and ought not to have been permitted to go to the jury. If the witness volunteered his thoughts and suspicions before he could be stopped, the Court ought to have told the jury, that they were not evidence, and ought to be thrown out of view altogether. This being all the *332evidence that was given to connect the plaintiff in error with procuring the release at any time, which showed merely that he had joined Abraham Kohl in a request to have it written, without showing that he had any concern with obtaining the execution of it, by either word or deed, it would seem to be very unreasonable to infer thence that he combined with Jacob Kohl to obtain the release by any means, no matter whether fair or fraudulent. As it is not pretended that M'Carty was present when the release was executed, or at any interview between Jacob Kohl and the plaintiff below when it was mentioned, or ever said a word to the latter on the subject, it is, therefore, utterly impossible that she could have executed or given it upon the faith of any thing that he either said or did. Neither does it appear that a word ever passed between Jacob Kohl and the plaintiff in error as to the means that should be employed for the purpose of obtaining it; nor does Kohl appear to have been disposed himself to misrepresent the case as it stood between him and his sister, the defendant in error, at that time; for he told Chapman that he had only paid part of the money to her; and that he did, is testified to by the daughter of the defendant in error. Doubtless Jacob Kohl told the plaintiff in error that his sister was willing to release him, and that he would obtain one from her; this was enough for the plaintiff in error, and it was not necessary that he should inquire farther or know more. According to the evidence, it was Kohl who called first on Mr. Chapman and consulted him about drawing the release ; and afterwards the plaintiff in error called upon Chapman in company with Kohl, but nothing appears to have been said, from which it could possibly be inferred that any deception or falsehood was ■ intended to be practised or used in order to obtain an execution of the release. On the contrary, Kohl frankly said then, that he had not paid all the money; so that it does not appear that there is even a spark of evidence tending to show a combination between Kohl and the plaintiff in error to obtain from the defendant in error a release by fraudulent or unfair means; or that the plaintiff in error was privy to, or participated in any fraud that may have been committed by Kohl in procuring the release to be executed. The Court, therefore, erred in submitting it, as a question of fact, to the jury, to be decided by them without evidence, which tended to prove it, whether such combination to defraud the defendant in error had not been formed.
It is impossible to avoid thinking, that injustice would be done to the plaintiff in error, if the verdict and judgment in this case were to prevail, even when tested by the defendant in error’s own evidence. For, according to it, Jacob Kohl had, from time to time, paid small sums of money to her in discharge of her claim, and yet notwithstanding this, the jury gave a verdict, as it would seem, for the whole amount of the original debt with interest thereon from the time it became payable, without any abatement on account of the *333payments. This would unquestionably be the grossest injustice against a party, who had not the means of knowing what was so paid by Kohl, as the plaintiff below had, and therefore he could not be expected to exhibit and prove an account, showing the amount so paid; but the plaintiff below having received it, must have known what it amounted to, and ought therefore, as against a surety like the plaintiff in error, who could have no personal knowledge of it, to have produced an account crediting the bond with the amount thereof! Having, however, refused or declined to do this, the jury ought to have credited the defendant below with the largest possible sum that the evidence would have justified them in giving. This consideration, however, can have no weight in deciding all that we have any right to pass on, though in the Court below it might have been sufficient cause for granting a new trial. But it would seem, as if the most favourable view that could possibly be presented of the plaintiff’s case below, was taken of it both by the Court and jury; and the most that could be imagined seems to have been made of the evidence in her favour. The defendant below was, from the evidence given, not only entitled to the benefit of the most perfect conviction, that the release had been executed by the plaintiff below, but likewise to the presumption that it was freely executed by and fairly obtained of her. It can scarcely be believed, that any chancellor would have set it aside on the evidence adduced by the plaintiff below. There is none whatever tending to lay the least ground for it, except that of her daughter, who says she was born in 1816 ; and the release from its date, it would seem, was executed in 1824, when the witness could only have been, at most, about eight years of age. However precocious she may have been at that age, it is not credible that she could have understood or known the meaning of the term “ release,” and -hence although it may have been used and repeated in the conversation between Kohl and her mother at the time it was signed by the latter, and applied by them particularly to the instrument then as it was executed, it would be strange indeed, if she, knowing nothing of the import or meaning of the term, should have recollected it was used and applied to the paper then signed by her mother. Not only the term “ release,” but the subject-matter to which it had reference, must have been incomprehensible to, or, at least, very imperfectly understood by a child of her age. There is,- therefore, great reason to believe that her feelings in favour of her mother which may be as strong as for herself, were it her own case, have operated most powerfully upon her mind, and worked her into an imaginary belief, which has supplied the place of recollection as to what- passed at the time of signing the release. It is also a suspicious circumstance against the justice of the claim of the plaintiff below, that she lay by without moving in or bringing a suit for it after she had given the release, until •death put the subscribing witness out of the way,-so that he could not *334be brought forward to testify against her as to what was said or done at the time of its execution.
The judgment is reversed, and a venire de novo awarded.
Judgment reversed and a venire de novo awarded.