Court Opinion

ID: 4618159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:38:02.422165+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:24.917919
License: Public Domain

MAX FREEDMAN, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Freedman v. CommissionerDocket No. 99886.United States Board of Tax Appeals43 B.T.A. 1181; 1941 BTA LEXIS 1402; March 27, 1941, Promulgated *1402  In the taxable year petitioner was under a legal obligation to support his two children, who were under 18 years of age, and actually furnished their entire support out of his own funds.  In that year his two children were the beneficiaries of two trusts under which the trustee had a discretionary power either to distribute the income to them or to accumulate the income, and the discretionary power was exercised by the trustee so that the income of the trusts was accumulated.  Held, that in the taxable year petitioner's two children were "dependent upon" him within the meaning of section 25(b)(2) of the Revenue Act of 1936 and that he is entitled to a credit of $400 for each of them.  Charles R. Berne, Esq., for the petitioner.  W. W. Kerr, Esq., for the respondent.  HARRON *1181  Respondent determined a deficiency of $280 in income tax for the year 1936.  The sole question is whether in the taxable year petitioner is entitled to a credit of $400 for each of his two minor children under section 25(b)(2) of the Revenue Act of 1936.  Other adjustments made by respondent are not contested.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioner is a resident of Shaker*1403  Heights, Ohio.  In 1936, the taxable year, he was married and lived with his wife, Eulalia Ruth Freedman, and their two children, Daniel and Joan, whose ages were six years and five years, respectively.  *1182  On December 24, 1935, petitioner executed three trust instruments under which he created three separate trusts as follows: a trust for Daniel; a trust for Joan; and a trust for his wife, Daniel, and Joan.  His wife was the trustee under each trust.  The provisions of the two trust instruments under which the trusts for Daniel and Joan were created were substantially identical.  Under each of them the trustee was to pay to or expend for the benefit of the particular child such part of the principal and the net income from the trust estate as the trustee "in her sole and absolute discretion may deem advisable" and was to accumulate any unexpended income.  The trustee was to distribute to the particular child a specified portion of the principal when the child became 30 years of age, another specified portion of the principal when the child became 35 years of age, and the balance of the principal when the child became 40 years of age.  The trust instrument under which*1404  the trust for petitioner's wife, Daniel, and Joan was created provided that the trustee was to pay the net income from the trust estate to petitioner's wife for her life.  After the death of petitioner's wife the trustee was to pay one-half the net income to petitioner and one-half the net income to or for the benefit of Daniel and Joan.  The trustee was to distribute to Daniel and Joan a specified portion of the principal when they became 30 years of age, another specified portion of the principal when they became 35 years of age, and the balance of the principal when they became 40 years of age.  In the taxable year the income of each of the two trusts for Daniel and Joan was $6,011.81.  The trustee paid none of the principal or income of the two trusts either to, or for the support of, Daniel and Joan in the taxable year.  Substantially all of the income of each of the two trusts in the taxable year was accumulated by the trustee, and either invested in securities or deposited in a savings account with a bank.  In the taxable year Daniel and Joan owned no property other than their interests under the three trusts created by petitioner.  In the taxable year Daniel and Joan received*1405  their entire support from petitioner, and such support was furnished by petitioner out of his own personal funds.  OPINION.  HARRON: The sole question is whether in the taxable year petitioner is entitled to a credit of $400 for each of his two children.  The question arises under section 25(b)(2) of the Revenue Act of 1936, the pertinent provisions of which are as follows: There shall be allowed for the purposes of the normal tax and the surtax the following credits against net income: * * * *1183  (2) CREDIT FOR DEPENDENTS. - $400 for each person (other than husband or wife) dependent upon and receiving his chief support from the taxpayer if such dependent person is under eighteen years of age or is incapable of self-support because mentally or physically defective.  On his income tax return for the taxable year petitioner claimed a credit of $400 for each of his two children.  In the statement attached to the deficiency notice respondent disallowed the credits on the ground that the children were not financially dependent on petitioner in the taxable year.  In the taxable year the children were under eighteen years of age and received their entire support from*1406  petitioner.  Thus the basic question for determination is whether in the taxable year the children were "dependent upon" the petitioner within the meaning of section 25(b)(2).  The credit for dependents provided for under section 25(b)(2) "is plainly designed to effectuate a system of income taxation based on the taxpayer's ability to pay." Morrell v. Commissioner, 107 Fed.(2d) 34. Congress has not defined the meaning of the words "dependent upon" as used in section 25(b)(2).  The words import on their face the orthodox conception of dependency which connotes "actual support plus some form of preexisting and at least ethical obligation." Morrell v. Commissioner, supra.In his regulations respondent consistently has stated that the credit for dependents "is based upon actual financial dependency and not mere legal dependency." See art. 25-6, Regulations 94; Harry Sommers,32 B.T.A. 490">32 B.T.A. 490. Actual financial dependency alone is not enough; there must be also an obligation to support resting "upon some moral or legal or equitable grounds." *1407 Morrell v. Commissioner, supra.Even though a taxpayer's minor children have independent means, there is legal dependency if he is under a legal obligation to support them, and there is actual financial dependency if he actually furnishes their entire support.  Warren S. Booth,43 B.T.A. 846">43 B.T.A. 846. Respondent contends that in the taxable year the two children were financially independent because each of the two trusts for their benefit had an income of approximately $6,000 and that thus they were not "dependent upon" petitioner within the meaning of the statute.  He relies on Augustus S. Loyless,40 B.T.A. 600">40 B.T.A. 600. Petitioner contends that in the taxable year the two children were not financially independent because their right to receive income or principal of the two trusts was within the sole discretion of the trustee and none of the income or principal of the two trusts in fact was distributed to them; and that, in any event, they were "dependent upon" petitioner because he was under a legal obligation to support them and in fact furnished their entire support. *1184  In our opinion the two children were "dependent upon" petitioner*1408  in the taxable year within the meaning of the statute.  Petitioner was under a legal obligation to support the two children out of his own personal funds (Ohio General Code, sec. 7997); regardless of whether or not the two children had property of their own sufficient for that purpose.  See In re Gould, 2 Ohio D. (NP) 398; Warren S. Booth, supra.And in the taxable year he furnished the entire support of the two children out of his own personal funds.  See Warren S. Booth, supra;Paul & Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, 1939 Cum. Supp., sec. 30.10; I.T. 1618, C.B. II-1, p. 123.  In the taxable year the two children had no property other than their interests under the three trusts created by petitioner.  Under the trust created for the joint benefit of their mother and themselves, the two children had no right to receive the income or principal until their mother's death, and their mother was living throughout the taxable year.  Under the two trusts created for their benefit the right of the two children to receive the income or principal was within the sole and absolute discretionary power of the trustee in the taxable year.  The clear weight*1409  of the evidence indicates that the trustee exercised her discretionary power in the taxable year so that none of the income or principal of each of the two trusts was distributed; and that all of the income of each of the two trusts was accumulated with the exception of a small amount used to repay a loan to the trust and a small amount used to satisfy personal property taxes levied on the trust estate.  Even if the income or some of the principal of the two trusts had been distributed in the taxable year, the children would have still been "dependent upon" petitioner within the meaning of the statute, because he was under a legal obligation to support them and actually furnished their entire support. Warren S. Booth, supra.See Paul & Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, 1939 Cum. Supp., sec. 30.10; I.T. 1618, supra. The conclusion that the children were "dependent upon" petitioner in the taxable year falls clearly within the legislative purpose underlying section 25(b)(2), i. e., "to effectuate a system of income taxation based on the taxpayer's ability to pay." See *1410 Morrell v. Commissioner, supra.Augustus S. Loyless, supra, on which respondent relies, is distinguishable.  In that case the person on account of whom the taxpayer claimed a credit under section 25(b)(2) was an adult, the taxpayer's mother, who did not receive her "chief support" from the taxpayer (except under a contract entered into by the taxpayer for a valuable consideration) and who owned property the value of which was not shown.  It is held that petitioner should be allowed a credit of $400 for each of his two children in the taxable year.  Decision will be entered under Rule 50.