Court Opinion

ID: 9346368
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-19 00:10:52.867844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:25.889643
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Opinion filed December 15, 2022.

                                      In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                              NO. 14-21-00273-CV

                         KATRINA RIDGE, Appellant

                                        V.
                          AMANDA RIDGE, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the Probate Court No. 3
                            Harris County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. 358,034

                                  OPINION

      This appeal raises questions of subject-matter jurisdiction and finality in a
guardianship proceeding. In what appears to be an issue of first impression for this
court, we conclude that the dismissal of a contest to an application for appointment
as a guardian can, but as here does not always, end a discrete phase of the
proceedings and therefore constitute a final guardianship order.

      Appellant Katrina Ridge (Mother) was the former guardian of the person for
her incapacitated adult daughter, Angela. Appellee Amanda Ridge (Sister),
Mother’s other daughter, filed a contest in the guardianship proceeding seeking
removal of Mother as guardian and appointment as the successor guardian. After
hearing evidence that Mother mismanaged Angela’s estate, the probate court
removed Mother as guardian of the person without notice and required Mother to
provide security on costs to maintain her contests. After Mother did not provide the
required security, the probate court dismissed her contests. When Mother later
attempted to reassert her contest to Sister’s application for appointment as guardian
of the estate, the probate court struck Mother’s contest for her previous failure to
provide security on costs.

      Before addressing Mother’s appellate issues which challenge the order
requiring security on costs and the dismissal of her contests, we first consider our
jurisdiction and conclude that Mother did not timely appeal three of her four
issues. We have jurisdiction to address only Mother’s issue four in which she
asserts the probate court erred by striking her contest of Sister’s application for
appointment as Angela’s guardian of the estate on the basis that Sister’s
guardian-of-the-person application was considered in a different proceeding from
the guardian-of-the-estate application and therefore no preclusion should have
attached. Concluding that (1) Mother was not precluded from bringing a contest to
Sister’s guardian-of-the-estate application and (2) that the trial court did not err in
striking Mother’s reasserted contest of Sister’s guardian-of-the-estate application,
we affirm the August 23, 2021 order of the trial court as challenged on appeal.

                                I.     BACKGROUND

      Mother initiated a guardianship proceeding for Angela in 2007 in Harris
County Probate Court No. 3 and was appointed guardian of the person of Angela.
A guardian of the estate was not appointed at that time.

      In 2019, Mother experienced health issues which prevented her from
                                          2
physically caring for Angela, who then went to live with Sister. In September
2020, Sister filed an application to have Mother removed as Angela’s guardian of
the person and further sought appointment as successor guardian of the person. As
a result of conflict between Mother and Sister, the court appointed an attorney ad
litem1 and a guardian ad litem,2 who both investigated Angela’s health and
financial situation.

       When Angela’s father died in 2010, a life insurance policy he purchased for
her benefit paid approximately $400,000 into a trust for Angela. A decade later
both the guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem raised concern that Mother had
disregarded her fiduciary duties and engaged in “egregious financial abuse” with
the trust funds. The two ad litems provided evidence to the trial court that Mother
had spent down all the trust funds with little documentation to explain how the
money was spent. The ad litems were further concerned that a significant portion
of the proceeds was used to purchase real estate where Mother lived, but Angela
was not identified as a legal owner of the property. Due to Mother’s nonpayment
of income and property taxes, the real property was burdened by several tax liens
at the time of Sister’s application.

       After these investigations, Sister applied to have Mother removed as
guardian without notice. See Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 1203.051(a)(6), (7). Sister also
amended her pleadings to apply as guardian of the estate as well as the person.
Finding by clear and convincing evidence that Mother had “misapplied Angela’s
property entrusted to her care,” the probate court signed a February 10, 2021 order
       1
         See Tex. Est. Code Ann. §§ 1054.001–.007 (attorneys ad litem), 1203.052 (trial court
may appoint attorney ad litem following motion to remove guardian with notice under certain
circumstances to protect ward’s interests).
       2
        See Tex. Est. Code Ann. §§ 1054.051–.056 (guardians ad litem), 1203.052 (trial court
may appoint guardian ad litem following a motion to remove guardian with notice to investigate
whether guardian has become incapacitated).

                                              3
removing Mother as guardian and appointing Sister as temporary guardian of the
person and the estate pending Mother’s contest of Sister’s application. See Tex.
Est. Code Ann. §§ 1203.051(a)(6), .056(a). The attorney ad litem filed a motion for
costs asking the probate court to require Mother to provide security for costs for
the fees of the guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem because of her mishandling
of Angela’s property. See Tex. Est. Code Ann. §§ 1053.052, 1155.054(d). The
probate court granted this motion and signed an order on security of costs requiring
Mother to provide $25,000 in security within 15 days.

       In March 2021, after Mother had neither complied with the order on security
for costs nor filed a statement reflecting her inability to pay costs, Sister filed a
motion to dismiss Mother’s contest of her application for guardianship.3 See Tex.
Est. Code Ann. § 1155.151(a-2)(3) (“Notwithstanding any other law requiring the
payment of court costs in a guardianship proceeding . . . a person or entity who
files an affidavit of inability to pay costs under Rule 145 . . . that shows the person
or entity is unable to afford the costs” cannot be required to pay court costs during
guardianship proceeding). The probate court granted Sister’s motion and signed a
March 15, 2021 order dismissing Mother’s contests with prejudice (first order
dismissing contest). Shortly thereafter, the probate court signed an April 5, 2021
order appointing Sister as Angela’s successor guardian of the person (order on
successor guardian of the person).

       In June 2021, Mother filed a new contest of Sister’s application for

       3
           Mother admits that she did not file a statement of inability to pay costs until May 11,
2011, more than 30 days after the signing of the order appointing Sister successor guardian of the
person. Had Mother filed a timely statement of inability to pay costs reflecting that she did not
have the means to the pay the costs, Mother would not have been required to provide security for
costs. See Tex. Est. Code Ann. §§ 1053.052, 1155.151(a-2); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 145.
However, the statement of inability to pay costs that Mother filed was incomplete and provided
little information about her financial situation other than the fact she was retired and received
Social Security benefits.

                                                4
appointment as guardian of the estate, and Sister filed a motion to dismiss the
contest due to her failure to comply with the order on security of costs. The probate
court granted the motion and struck and dismissed Mother’s contest on July 8,
2021 (second order dismissing contest). Although the probate court orally rendered
its ruling appointing Sister as permanent guardian of the estate on July 6, 2021, the
probate court signed the order on August 23, 2021. Mother filed a premature notice
of appeal of the July 6th ruling to protect her interests and later amended her notice
of appeal after the signing of the August 23rd final order. Tex. R. App. P. 27.1
(prematurely filed notice of appeal is effective and deemed filed on day of, but
after, event that begins period for perfecting appeal). Mother now appeals the order
on security of costs, the first order dismissing contest, and the second order
dismissing contest.4

                                       II.    ANALYSIS

       Mother presents four issues on appeal, alleging the probate court erred by:
(1) requiring Mother to provide security for costs incurred for actions initiated and
prosecuted by Sister; (2) including anticipated costs in the order on security of
costs; (3) signing the first order dismissing contest when she was unable provide
security for costs; and (4) signing the second order dismissing contest. Mother’s

       4
         Mother filed two notices of appeal. On May 13, 2021, Mother appealed the trial court’s
February 10, 2021 order removing her as guardian of the person. On August 5, 2021, Mother
appealed the second order dismissing contest and “any other rulings subsumed therein.” Mother
later amended her August 5, 2021 notice of appeal to include the August 23, 2021 order
appointing Sister as guardian of the estate, in which she alleges all other previous orders in the
guardianship proceeding have merged.
        Mother filed with the clerk of this court a motion to dismiss her May 13, 2021 notice of
appeal. This court took no action, stating Mother “may choose not to brief the issues related to
her first notice of appeal without prejudice to the entirety of her appeal.” See Tex. R. App. P.
38.1(f), (i). Because Mother does not raise any error in the trial court’s February 10, 2021 order
removing her as guardian of the person, we do not address the trial court’s February 10, 2021
order in our disposition of this appeal.

                                                5
issue 4 is raised in the alternative, for consideration if we conclude the order on
security of costs and the first order dismissing contest did not merge into the
August 23, 2021 order appointing sister guardian of the estate.

       Although Mother contends that all the orders she appeals were interlocutory
and merged into the trial court’s August 23, 2021 order, Sister argues that Mother
did not timely appeal at least three of her four issues. Therefore, we first consider
our jurisdiction and the finality of the probate court’s orders.

A.     Jurisdiction to consider Mother’s issues

       1. Applicable law

       The time for filing a notice of appeal is jurisdictional for this court, and a
late-filed notice of appeal deprives this court of jurisdiction. See Tex. R. App. P.
25.1(b); Verburgt v. Dorner, 959 S.W.2d 615, 616–17 (Tex. 1997) (construing
former 1986 Texas Rule Appellate Procedure 41(a)). Generally, a notice of appeal
must be filed within 30 days after the appealable judgment or order is signed,
unless the appellant files a qualifying postjudgment motion to extend the deadline.
Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(a); see also In re Estate of Padilla, 103 S.W.3d 563, 566–67
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.) (dismissing attempted appeal from final,
appealable probate order because notice of appeal was untimely).

       Probate courts, which adjudicate guardianship proceedings, may render
multiple appealable judgments on discrete issues, or phases of the proceeding,
before the entire guardianship proceeding is concluded. Tex. Est. Code Ann.
§ 1022.001(c) (“A final order issued by a probate court is appealable to the court of
appeals.”)5 6; see De Ayala v. Mackie, 193 S.W.3d 575, 578 (Tex. 2006) (exception

       5
           Estates Code section 1022.001, which governs jurisdiction and appeals from
guardianship proceedings is identical to Estates Code section 32.001(a)-(c), which governs
jurisdiction and appeals from probate proceedings. Because the provisions are identical, the law
                                               6
for probate proceedings from one-final-judgment rule exists, in part, to allow
appellate review of controlling, intermediate issues in order to prevent error from
harming later phases of proceeding); see also Clark v. Clark, 638 S.W.3d 829,
842–43 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2021, no pet.) (Spain, J., concurring)
(“statutory language applicable to the current practice of appealing from the
probate court to the intermediate appellate court has shifted from authorizing
appeals from final orders in cases within the probate court’s original jurisdiction to
. . . language . . . in which the legislature did not limit the scope of the appellate
provision to a ‘probate proceeding,’ a ‘matter related to a probate proceeding,’ or
pendent or ancillary matters”). But not all probate and guardianship orders are
appealable. Mackie, 193 S.W.3d at 578.

       To determine whether an order in a probate or guardianship proceeding is
final for purposes of appeal, we first give controlling effect to an express statute
applicable to the determination of a final, appealable probate order also applies to the
determination of a final, appealable guardianship order.
       6
         Texas Probate Code section 5 to 5(e), 5(f), 606(f), 605(c), and finally to the current
Estates Code section 1022.001(c), have allowed appeals in guardianships to the court of appeals
from “final orders.” See Tex. S.J. Res. 26, § 1, 63d Leg., R.S., 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 2471, 2471
(former Tex. Const. art. V, § 8, adopted at election on Nov. 6, 1973, amended 1985), Act of May
24, 1973, 63d Leg., R.S., ch. 610, § 1, sec. 5, § 3, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 1684, 1684, 1685 (Texas
Probate Code § 5, effective on adoption of Tex. S.J. Res. 26; “[A]ll final orders in such matters
shall be appealable to the courts of (civil) appeals.”), amended by Act of May 29, 1975, 64th
Leg., R.S., ch. 701, § 2, sec. 5(e), 1975 Tex. Gen. Laws 2195, 2196 (Texas Probate Code § 5(e);
“All final orders of any court exercising original probate jurisdiction shall be appealable to the
courts of (civil) appeals.”), amended by Act of May 23, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 1035, § 2, sec.
5(f), 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 4162, 4163 (Texas Probate Code § 5(f); “All final orders of any court
exercising original probate jurisdiction shall be appealable to the courts of appeals.”), amended
by Act of May 30, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 957, § 1, sec. 606(f), 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 4081,
4084 (“A final order of a court that exercises original probate jurisdiction is appealable to a court
of appeals.”) (act creating new Probate Code chapter XIII (“Guardianship”), repealed by and
amended to add Texas Probate Code § 605(c) by Act of May 27, 2011, 82d, R.S., ch. 1085, § 2,
sec. 605(c), § 42, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 2809, 2809, 2821 (“A final order issued by a probate
court is appealable to the court of appeals”), repealed by and amended to add Estates Code
§ 1022.001(c) by Act of May 19, 2013, 83d Leg., R.S., ch. 161, § 6.078(a), 2013 Tex. Gen. Laws
622, 636, 637, 656 (“A final order issued by a probate court is appealable to the court of
appeals.”).
                                                 7
declaring the phase of the proceeding to be final and appealable. Id. If no express
statute controls, a probate court order is final and appealable only if it “dispose[s]
of all parties or issues in a particular phase of the proceedings.” Id. at 579 (citing
Crowson v. Wakeham, 897 S.W.2d 779, 783 (Tex. 1995) (applying former Probate
Code section 55(a), since repealed)); see also In re Guardianship of Jones, 629
S.W.3d 921, 925 (Tex. 2021) (“For probate and guardianship proceedings,
Crowson v. Wakeham establishes the test for finality.”).

      When a trial court renders a final judgment, the court’s interlocutory orders
merge into the judgment and may be challenged by appealing that judgment.
Bonsmara Nat. Beef Co., LLC v. Hart of Tex. Cattle Feeders, LLC, 603 S.W.3d
385, 390 (Tex. 2020).

      2. Order on security of costs was not final

      Although Mother appeals the order on security of costs, she does not argue
that it was a final, appealable order. Instead, Mother argues it was subsumed into
the August 23rd final order and therefore properly before this court. Sister, in
response, asserts the order on security of costs, although not final itself, was
subsumed into the first order dismissing contest which Sister contends was final,
and appealable.

      Because no controlling statute declares an order requiring security for costs
as final and appealable, the inquiry is whether the order requiring security for costs
disposes of all parties or issues, or was logically separate from the rest of the
proceedings. See Mackie, 193 S.W.3d at 579; In re Estate of Savana, 529 S.W.3d
587, 591 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.); see also Crowson, 897
S.W.2d at 783; Asafi v. Rauscher, No. 14–09–00800–CV, 2009 WL 4346067, at
*1–2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 3, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.). We
agree with the parties that the order on security of costs was not a final order.
                                          8
Requiring Mother to provide security for costs did not end any phase of the
proceeding. It neither addressed any of Angela’s substantive rights, nor was it
logically separate from the rest of the proceedings.

       We now consider the first order dismissing contest.

       3. First order dismissing contest was not final

       Mother maintains that the first order dismissing contest was not final and
was subsumed into the August 23rd final order. Sister argues the first order
dismissing contest was a final, appealable order. Although Sister cites no caselaw
addressing a dismissal of contest for failure to provide security, she argues the
dismissal was similar to (1) a ruling on a limine order7 finding a party has an
adverse interest or (2) a ruling on a Rule 91a dismissal, either of which she claims
is final and appealable. Sister’s argument is premised on her assumption that the
dismissal of Mother’s contest ended a defined phase of the proceedings, i.e., once
the trial court dismissed Mother’s contest there ceased to be a contested
guardianship proceeding. However, not all rulings on Rule 91a motions are final
and appealable. See Kostas v. Kostas, No. 14-18-00721-CV, 2021 WL 4957065, at
*3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 26, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op) (order
granting Rule 91a motion did not dispose of all parties or issues “in a particular
phase of the proceedings,” nor was it logically separate from rest of proceedings);
Riddick v. Marmolejo, No. 04-13-00157-CV, 2014 WL 953464, at *2 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio Mar. 12, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (order dismissing
counterclaim was not appealable because claims arising from administration and
operation of the same trusts remained pending); cf. Savana, 529 S.W.3d at 591

       7
         In the context of a guardianship proceeding, a motion in limine is a motion challenging
a person’s standing. Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 1055.001(c) (“The court shall determine by motion in
limine the standing of a person who has an interest that is adverse to a proposed ward or
incapacitated person.”).

                                               9
(when claims dismissed by trial court pursuant to Rule 91a motion are logically
separate from balance of proceeding, order is final and appealable). The dismissal
of a contest to an application to appoint or remove a guardian similarly can, but
does not always, end a discrete phase of the proceedings and result in a final,
appealable order. See Mackie, 193 S.W.3d at 579; Gutierrez v. Stewart Title Co.,
550 S.W.3d 304, 310–11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.)
(summary-judgment order did not end discrete phase of proceedings); Kostas, 2021
WL 4957065, at *3.

      There is no controlling statute that declares this type of order final and
appealable. See Mackie, 193 S.W.3d at 578. The relevant phase of the proceedings
was initiated by Sister’s application to remove Mother as guardian of the person
and substitute herself as the successor guardian of the person and guardian of the
estate. Sister’s motion to remove Mother without notice was granted, and Sister
was appointed temporary guardian of the person and temporary guardian of the
estate. When the first order dismissing contest was signed, there was not yet a
permanent successor guardian of the person. Sister had only been appointed as a
temporary guardian. Although Sister is correct that the first order dismissing
contest concluded the contest to Sister’s application, it did not resolve Sister’s
application for appointment as guardian of the person or the estate and dispose of
all issues in that phase of the proceedings. See Mackie, 193 S.W.3d at 579 (probate
court order is final and appealable only if it “dispose[s] of all parties or issues in a
particular phase of the proceedings”). It was Sister’s application that started the
particular phase of the proceedings, not any action on the part of Mother. The first
order dismissing contest simply set the stage for the appointment of a permanent
successor guardian of the person but did not bring to an end the phase of the
proceedings. Therefore, we conclude that the first order dismissing contest was not

                                          10
a final appealable order.

      4. Order on successor guardian of the person

      In contrast, the order on successor guardian of the person was made
appealable by statute. Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 1152.001 (party may “appeal from an
order or judgment appointing a guardian”). The question raised by Mother in this
appeal is whether the order on successor guardian of the person was final. Mother
acknowledges the order on successor guardian of the person was appealable but
argues the statute does not necessarily make such an order final and challenges the
finality. See Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 1152.001; see also In re Hart, No. 02–14–
00260–CV, 2015 WL 2169130, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 7, 2015, no
pet.) (order appointing temporary guardian is interlocutory and appealable). She
further argues that Sister’s application for appointment as guardian of the estate
remained pending and therefore the particular phase of the proceedings had not
concluded. We disagree.

      Sister’s initial application sought only appointment as guardian of the person
as there had never been a guardian of the estate. Sister later amended her pleadings
and sought appointment as both guardian of the person and the estate. However,
once Sister was appointed as the permanent successor guardian of the person, that
particular stage of the proceedings addressing the guardianship of the person
concluded. The order on successor guardian of the person did not set the stage for
any further ruling or further proceedings. See In re Guardianship of Gafford, No.
01-17-00634-CV, 2019 WL 2127597, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May
16, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[T]he litigation over the appointment of a
permanent guardian of [the] estate logically represents a different phase of the
proceedings from the litigation over the appointment of a permanent guardian of
[the] person. . . . Therefore, the guardian-of-the-person phase of the proceedings is

                                         11
final, or not, irrespective of the guardian-of-the-estate phase’s progress.”); see also
In re Guardianship of Glasser, 297 S.W.3d 369, 373 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2009, no pet.) (although probate court’s order disposed of issue of whether party
could hire litigation counsel, it did not “dispose of all parties or issues in a
particular phase of the proceedings” or finally adjudicate any substantive right of
ward).

      Because the order on successor guardian of the person disposes of all parties
and issues relating to Sister’s application for appointment as guardian of the
person, we hold the order on successor guardian of the person order was a final,
appealable order into which the order on security of costs and the first order
dismissing contest merged. Mother did not file her original second notice of appeal
until August 5, 2021, which was well after the deadline for filing a notice of appeal
of a final order signed April 5, 2021.8 See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(a). Therefore, we
lack subject-matter jurisdiction to consider whether the trial court erred by:
(1) ordering Mother to provide security for costs that included past actions initiated
by Sister (Mother’s issue 1); (2) requiring Mother to pay security for costs
anticipated to be incurred in Mother’s contest (Mother’s issue 2); and
(3) dismissing Mother’s contest with prejudice when she was unable to provide
security for costs (Mother’s issue 3).

      In contrast, Mother’s appeal of the second order dismissing contest is timely.
The trial court signed the second order dismissing contest on July 8, 2021 and the
second original notice of appeal was filed fewer than thirty days later.

      8
          The record does not reflect that Mother filed any postjudgment motion.

                                               12
B.     Trial court did not err in signing the second order dismissing contest

       In issue 4, Mother asserts the trial court erred by striking her contest of
Sister’s application for appointment as guardian of the estate in the second order
dismissing contest. Mother argues the first order dismissing contest only dismissed
with prejudice her “claims in this proceeding,” which she maintains only included
her contest of Sister’s application for appointment as guardian of the person. She
urges that none of her claims with respect to the application for guardian of the
estate should have been dismissed and that she was denied her right to contest
Sister’s application. Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 1055.001(a)(2) (“any person has the
right to . . . appear and contest a guardianship proceeding or the appointment of a
particular person as guardian”).

       Mother’s issue 4 raises the question of what constitutes a guardianship
proceeding and how phases of a guardianship proceeding implicate claim
preclusion.9 Because Mother alleges there were multiple guardianship proceedings,
we begin our analysis with the definition of a guardianship proceeding.

       “A probate proceeding consists of a continuing series of events, in which the
probate court may make decisions at various points in the administration of the
estate on which later decisions will be based.” Logan v. McDaniel, 21 S.W.3d 683,
688 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). To initiate a proceeding to appoint a
guardian, a person must file a written application in the proper court. Tex. Est.
Code Ann. § 1101.001(a). Texas law permits the creation of a guardianship of a
person or an estate, or both. See id. §§ 1002.012(b) (defining “guardian” to include
both guardian of incapacitated person and guardian of incapacitated person’s
       9
           “Broadly speaking, res judicata is the generic term for a group of related concepts
concerning the conclusive effects given final judgments.” Barr v. Resolution Tr. Corp. ex rel.
Sunbelt Fed. Sav., 837 S.W.2d 627, 628 (Tex. 1992). “Res judicata, or claim preclusion, prevents
the relitigation of a claim or cause of action that has been finally adjudicated, as well as related
matters that, with the use of diligence, should have been litigated in the prior suit.” Id.
                                                13
estate), 1101.001(b)(3) (requiring the application to state whether it is for
guardianship of the person or estate, or both). It undisputed that Mother initiated a
guardianship proceeding for Angela in 2007, which had been ongoing. It is also
undisputed that Sister filed a motion in that guardianship proceeding to remove
Mother as guardian and an application to have herself appointed as successor
guardian of the person (later amending her application to seek appointment as both
guardian of the person and the estate).

      The Estates Code defines a “guardianship proceeding” as “a matter or
proceeding related to a guardianship or any other matter covered by this title,”
including “the appointment of a guardian of a minor or other incapacitated person”
and “an application, petition, or motion regarding guardianship or a substitute for
guardianship under this title.” Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 1002.015. The Estates Code
also expressly states when a guardianship proceeding begins and ends. Tex. Est.
Code Ann. § 1022.002; see In re Guardianship of Fairley, 650 S.W.3d 372, 381
(Tex. 2022). A guardianship proceeding begins with “the filing of the application
for the appointment of a guardian of the estate or person, or both.” Tex. Est. Code
Ann. § 1022.002(d). It ends when “the guardianship is settled and closed under this
chapter.” Id. However, a single guardianship proceeding is composed of various
phases of the proceedings with each phase resulting in a final order. As discussed
above, consideration of Sister’s guardian-of-the-person application was a separate
phase of the proceedings from Sister’s guardian-of-the-estate application. See
Gafford, 2019 WL 2127597, at *3

      Because the trial court held separate hearings on Sister’s applications,
Mother argues there was an “effective bifurcation of Sister’s application” into two
proceedings.10 However, the fact the trial court held two separate hearings does not

      10
           The reporter’s record for the March 22, 2021 hearing at which the trial court heard
                                              14
create a separate guardianship proceeding for the two parts of Sister’s application.
Instead, this further supports our conclusion, discussed above, that the two
applications were considered in separate phases of the proceeding.

       To the extent that Mother intended to argue that a dismissal of her contest to
Sister’s guardian-of-the-estate application in one phase of the proceedings should
not have precluded her ability to reassert her contest in a later phase of the
proceedings, the timing of the parties’ pleadings do not support such an argument.
At the time of the first order striking contest, Sister’s live pleadings contained an
application for appointment as guardian of the person and the estate. Mother had
responded to Sister’s applications by contesting both applications before the first
order striking contest was rendered.11 Therefore, no claim preclusion issue is raised
by the facts. Mother was able to assert contests to Sister’s applications, though her
contests were dismissed because she did not comply with the trial court’s order for
security or file a statement of inability to pay costs. The dismissal for failure to
provide security for costs is permitted by the Estates Code and the Texas Rules of
Civil Procedure.

       The Estates Code provides that the trial court can require a person who files
a contest to an application to provide security for the probable costs of the
proceeding. See Tex. Est. Code Ann. § 1053.052. The general rules governing

argument and evidence on Sister’s guardian-of-the-person application reflects that Sister had set
both applications to be heard at the same time. However, the trial court stated on the record that
Sister’s guardian-of-the-estate application could not go forward on that date because the trial
court had identified “some issues.”
       11
           At the hearing on Sister’s motion to strike, the trial court specifically discussed that the
contest brought by Mother of Sister’s guardian-of-the-estate application in June 2021 was nearly
identical to the contest Mother asserted before the trial court rendered the first order dismissing
contest. Mother argued to the trial court that Sister had not made clear enough which contest or
contests she sought dismissal of in March 2021. However, Sister’s motion to dismiss broadly
sought dismissal of Mother’s “claims and defenses in this action” which at the time included
Mother’s contest of Sister’s guardian-of-the-estate application.

                                                  15
security for probable costs apply. Id. Therefore, we look to Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 143, which states that if a party ordered to provide security for costs
does not comply with such order, “the claim for affirmative relief of such party
shall be dismissed.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 143. Sister’s motion sought to dismiss
Mother’s “claims and defenses in this action for failure of [Mother] to give security
for costs.” Mother’s contest of both applications can be fairly described as “claims
for affirmative relief.” See Tex. R. Civ. P. 143. Therefore, Mother’s contests of
Sister’s applications were dismissed with prejudice. See Clanton v. Clark, 639
S.W.2d 929, 931 (Tex. 1982) (holding that probate court did not abuse its
discretion by dismissing will contest for contestants’ failure to file security for
costs that had been ordered by probate court)12; In re Guardianship of Jones, No.
02–15–00367–CV, 2016 WL 4474353, at *9–10 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 25,
2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking
pleadings when party failed to comply with order to provide security for costs and
offered no evidence of inability to pay).

       Concluding (1) that Mother was not precluded from bringing a contest and
(2) that Sister’s guardian-of-the-person application was not addressed in a separate
proceeding from her guardian-of-the-estate application, we find no reversible error
in the second order dismissing contest.

       We overrule Mother’s issue 4.

       12
           In Clanton, a will contest case, the supreme court found no merit in the appellants’
argument that dismissal of their cause of action for failing to give security for costs violated their
due-process rights when they received adequate notice of the hearing, were on notice of the
rules, and had the opportunity to be heard at the hearings. 639 S.W.2d at 931.

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                                 III.   CONCLUSION

      Because Mother did not timely appeal two of the challenged guardianship
orders, we lack subject-matter jurisdiction to consider Mother’s issues 1, 2, and 3.
Having overruled Mother’s issue 4, we affirm the trial court’s August 21, 2021
order as challenged on appeal.

                                        /s/    Charles A. Spain
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Christopher and Justices Bourliot and Spain.

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