Court Opinion

ID: 2692643
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-01 21:26:26.30745+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:56:21.719163
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Brown v. Lincoln Hts., 195 Ohio App.3d 149, 2011-Ohio-3551.]

                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                  FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
                            HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

 BROWN,                                          :          APPEAL NOS. C-100699
                                                                        C-100721
 Appellant and Cross-Appellee,                   :          TRIAL NO. A-0902852

   v.                                            :          D E C I S I O N.

 VILLAGE OF LINCOLN HEIGHTS,                     :

 Appellee and Cross-Appellant.                   :

 Civil Appeals From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

 Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded in C-100699; Affirmed
                            in C-100721

 Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: July 20, 2011

 Gerald L. Nuckols, for appellant and cross-appellee.

 Surdyk, Dowd & Turner Co., L.P.A., Jeffrey C. Turner, Dawn M. Frick, and Joshua R.
 Schierloh, for appellee and cross-appellant.

 FISCHER, Judge.

        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant and cross-appellee, Addie Brown, filed suit against

defendant-appellee and cross-appellant, the village of Lincoln Heights, asserting a
                            OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

claim of negligence after Brown was injured at a community festival in the village.

Brown alleged that the village had been negligent in permitting a hazard on the festival

grounds and in failing to warn of the hazard. The village filed a motion for summary

judgment, arguing that it was entitled to both governmental immunity under R.C.

2744.01 et seq. and recreational-user immunity under R.C. 1533.181. The trial court

denied the village’s motion on the grounds of governmental immunity after concluding

that there existed genuine issues of material fact on whether the village was entitled to

that immunity. But the court granted the village’s motion for summary judgment

based on its assertion of recreational-user immunity after determining that it was

entitled to the protections found in R.C. 1533.181.

         {¶ 2} Brown now appeals from the trial court’s entry granting the village’s

motion for summary judgment on the basis of recreational-user immunity under R.C.

1533.181. In her appeal, she presents one assignment of error. She argues that the

affirmative defense of recreational-user immunity, upon which the judgment was

based, was not timely raised in accordance with Civ.R. 8(C). We agree and reverse the

court’s decision to grant summary judgment on this ground.

         {¶ 3} In a cross-appeal, the village contests the trial court’s denial of summary

judgment on the assertion of governmental immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744.

Generally, the denial of a motion for summary judgment is not a final, appealable

order. But it is reviewable when there is, as here, an otherwise final, appealable order

entered in the case. Further, R.C. 2744.02(C) states that an order denying a political

subdivision the benefit of immunity from liability is a final order,1 and consequently

this court has jurisdiction over the cross-appeal.

 1   See R.C. 2744.02(C).

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                       OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

       {¶ 4} The village presents two assignments of error in its cross-appeal. It

argues that the trial court erred in denying summary judgment under R.C. Chapter

2744 and that the trial court erred in failing to determine whether the village had

breached a duty of care to Brown so as to invoke the exception to immunity under R.C.

2744.02(B)(2). We overrule both assignments of error and affirm the trial court’s

denial of summary judgment under R.C. Chapter 2744 because there are issues of

material fact that must first be presented to a jury for determination.

                                   Factual Background

       {¶ 5} On August 31, 2008, Brown attended the Lincoln Heights Day Festival

and was injured when she tripped and fell while crossing an empty lot that had been

used for parking and providing services for festival workers. Although she had rented

a booth at the festival, Brown had not been working at her booth prior to or at the time

of her injury. Rather, she had purchased bread from another booth and was en route

to deliver it to her daughter’s booth when she tripped over a grounding rod and

attached wire and fell, injuring her wrist. Both the grounding rod and attached wire

had been placed in the ground for purposes of providing electricity to the festival

booths. Although the grounding rod had been permanently implanted in the ground,

the wire was capable of being removed following each year’s festival.

       {¶ 6} Brown asserted that the lot in which her injury occurred was part of the

festival area held open to the public and that the village had provided no warning or

indication that a hidden danger existed on the lot. Brown additionally presented an

affidavit from Christina Brooks, a patron of the festival, that corroborated Brown’s

statement that the area in which her injury occurred had not been cordoned off. But

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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

Ernest McCowen Jr., a former police chief of the village and a member of the festival

committee, stated in his deposition that the area at issue had been cordoned off with

orange cones and police tape. McCowen had been responsible for setting up the

booths and attaching the wire to the grounding rod.

                                     Standard of Review

       {¶ 7} In accordance with Civ.R. 56(C), the entry of summary judgment is proper

if the evidence shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The moving party carries the

burden to show that no genuine issue of fact exists, and all reasonable inferences

should be construed most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party.2 An appellate

court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment de novo.3

                                Recreational-User Immunity

       {¶ 8} In her sole assignment of error, Brown argues that the trial court erred in

granting the village’s motion for summary judgment. She asserts that the village

waived the affirmative defense of recreational-user immunity under R.C. 1533.181 by

failing to raise the defense in its answer. We agree.

       {¶ 9} In its answer, the village included the statement that “[p]laintiff’s claims

are precluded by virtue of the immunity provided by O.R.C. §§ 2744.01 et seq, and all

 2 Civ.R. 56(C); Dupler v. Mansfield Journal Co., Inc. (1980), 64 Ohio St.2d 116, 120, 413 N.E.2d
 1187.
 3 Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co. (1996), 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241.

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                         OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

other applicable statutory immunity.”4 The village argues that this statement was

sufficient to raise and preserve the affirmative defense of recreational-user immunity.

       {¶ 10} Case law on the immunity doctrine has established that immunity is an

affirmative defense under Ohio law.5 Civ.R. 8(C) requires that a defendant set forth

any affirmative defense in its answer.         The failure to timely raise an affirmative

defense, other than those listed in Civ.R. 12(B), either in the answer or by amendment

under Civ.R. 15, results in a waiver of the defense.6 Here, we determine that the village

did not timely raise the defense of recreational-user immunity in its answer to the

complaint under Civ.R. 8 and that it did not move to amend to include it as a defense.

       {¶ 11} The village contends that the language “and all other statutory

immunity” contained in its answer was sufficient to put Brown on notice of what

defenses were being asserted, including recreational-user immunity. We disagree.

Pleadings of the parties need only be made in generic terms, and it is acceptable to

make fair interpolations of more specific defenses that might naturally be included in

an asserted defense.7 However, it is not acceptable to extrapolate from an asserted

affirmative defense something that is simply not stated in the pleadings.8 In this case,

neither the term “recreation” nor the term “user” was used; thus it would be

inequitable to conclude that the phrase “and all other applicable statutory immunity”

served as adequate notice that recreational-user immunity was going to be raised as a

defense. To conclude otherwise would put an onerous burden on the opposing party to

 4(Emphasis   added.) Defendant’s answer.
 5 Turner v. Cent. Local School Dist. (1999), 85 Ohio St.3d 95, 97, 706 N.E.2d 1261.
 6 Reed v. Multi-Cty. Juvenile Sys., 7th Dist. No. 09 CO 27, 2010-Ohio-6602, at ¶ 40, citing Jim’s
 Steak House, Inc. v. Cleveland (1998), 81 Ohio St.3d 18, 20, 688 N.E.2d 506.
 7 Id. at ¶ 47, citing Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns Football Co.(1996), 74 Ohio St.3d 427, 432-
 433, 659 N.E.2d 1232.
 8 Id.

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                           OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

determine which of the many statutory immunities might be “applicable” in a given

case.

         {¶ 12} The dissent cites two cases in support of its argument that inclusion of

the phrase “and all other applicable statutory immunity” in the answer was sufficient

to raise the defense of recreational-user immunity. But each of these cases is easily

distinguishable. Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns Football Co.,9 discussed in detail in

the dissent, involved two versions of the same defense, specifically primary and

secondary assumption of the risk. In that case, “assumption of the risk” appeared in

the answer, but in the case at bar, neither “recreational” nor “user” was used. And

Reed v. Multi-Cty. Juvenile Sys.10 involved two statutes contained within the same

chapter of the Revised Code (R.C. Chapter 2744).

         {¶ 13} In contrast, at issue in this case are two entirely different types of

immunity that are not found in the same statute and that are not even contained in the

same chapter of the Revised Code cited in the village’s answer (R.C. 2744.01 et seq.). It

is not reasonable to extrapolate recreational-user immunity from an assertion of

governmental immunity and “all other applicable statutory immunity.” Otherwise, a

defendant could simply refer in an answer to “any affirmative defenses in Civ.R. 8,

under the Ohio Revised Code, and the common law.”

         {¶ 14} Pursuant to Civ.R. 1(B), all rules of civil procedure “shall be construed

and applied to effect just results by eliminating delay, unnecessary expense, and all

other impediments to the expeditious administration of justice.” If we were to affirm

the granting of the village’s motion for summary judgment, however, we would be

acting in opposition to this fundamental principle. Allowing the broad phrase “all

 9   Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns Football Co., 74 Ohio St.3d 427, 659 N.E.2d 1232.
 10  Reed, 2010-Ohio-6602.

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                         OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

other applicable statutory immunity” to include any and all types of statutory

immunity would then require the opposing party to delve into case law and all chapters

in the Revised Code to determine what types of immunity might be “applicable.” That

extra effort would obviously result in delay and increased expenses. There are a

myriad of types of immunity established as affirmative defenses either by the Revised

Code or by the common law, none of which would this court consider to have been

raised by the phrase at issue.11 It would be impractical, inefficient, and expensive to

require a party to research and address every possible type of immunity that might be

raised as a defense.

       {¶ 15} Furthermore, requiring that an affirmative defense be timely raised in

the pleadings avoids surprise at trial.12 Not requiring a defendant to timely raise an

affirmative defense would allow for the employment of deceitful and delaying tactics

by parties attempting to ambush opponents by catching them unprepared. This too

would contravene Civ.R. 1. Moreover, the village made no effort in this case to amend

its answer, although it could have easily done so.

       {¶ 16} We hold that the village failed to timely raise the affirmative defense of

recreational-user immunity and accordingly waived the right to assert that defense.

We therefore sustain Brown’s assignment of error and reverse the trial court’s granting

of summary judgment on the basis of recreational-user immunity under R.C. 1533.181.

 11 See, e.g., R.C. 1513.372, 1541.10, 2305.40, and 3739.17; See also Wilson v. Neu (1984), 12 Ohio
 St.3d 102, 465 N.E.2d 854, and Brodie v. Summit Cty. Children Servs. Bd. (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d
 112, 554 N.E.2d 1301.
 12 Reed, 2010-Ohio-6602, at ¶ 42.

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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

                                  Governmental Immunity

       {¶ 17} As we have stated, the village argues in two assignments of error in its

cross-appeal that the trial court erred in denying summary judgment under R.C.

Chapter 2744, and that the trial court erred in failing to determine whether the village

had breached a duty of care to Brown so as to invoke the exception to immunity under

R.C. 2744.02(B)(2). We address these assignments together.

       {¶ 18} It is uncontested that the village is a political subdivision; therefore R.C.

Chapter 2744 is applicable. R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) grants a political subdivision general

immunity from civil liability when an injury results from the performance of a

governmental or proprietary function, subject to the exceptions set forth in R.C.

2744.02(B).13 To determine a political subdivision’s liability under this statute, one

must conduct a three-step analysis.14 The first step is to determine whether the act at

issue, in this case the sponsoring of a festival, is a governmental or a proprietary

function.15

       {¶ 19} R.C. 2744.01(C) defines a governmental function as a function

performed by a political subdivision that is “(a) [a] function that is imposed upon the

state as an obligation of sovereignty and that is performed by a political subdivision

voluntarily or pursuant to legislative requirement; (b) [a] function that is for the

common good of all citizens of the state; [or] (c) [a] function that promotes or

preserves the public peace, health, safety, or welfare; that involves activities that are

not engaged in or not customarily engaged in by nongovernmental persons.”

 13 R.C. 2744.02(A)(1).
 14 Ryll v. Columbus Fireworks Display Co., Inc., 95 Ohio St.3d 467, 2002-Ohio-2584, 769 N.E.2d
 372, ¶ 19.
 15 Id. at ¶ 20.

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                            OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

          {¶ 20} The sponsoring of a festival is not one of the delineated governmental

functions. The village was not required by the state as a sovereign to sponsor a festival.

And the act of sponsoring the festival was not done for the common good of all citizens

of Ohio. Rather, it was performed for the particular benefit of the village and its

current and past inhabitants.16          Last, although the sponsorship of a festival does

promote public peace, health, safety, and welfare, it is not a function in which

nongovernmental persons are not customarily engaged.17 We therefore hold that there

was not a governmental function involved in this case.                     Private organizations,

including religious organizations, often sponsor festivals, and private for-profit entities

like radio stations do too, so festival sponsorship can hardly be considered

governmental for the purpose of R.C. 2744.01(C).

          {¶ 21} R.C. 2744.01(G) defines a proprietary function as one that promotes

public peace, health, safety, and welfare, that involves activities in which

nongovernmental persons are customarily engaged, and that is not described as a

governmental function in section (C) of the statute. As previously discussed, this

description is more fitting for the function that the village was performing in this case.

The village attempts to equate its activities with examples of governmental functions

listed in R.C. 2744.01(C)(2), including regulation of the use of and maintenance of

public ground, but these comparisons are flawed and lack merit. We therefore agree

with the trial court’s determination that the coordination and operation of the festival

was a proprietary function.

          {¶ 22} The second step of the analysis involves a determination as to whether

any of the exceptions to the general rule of immunity, contained in R.C. 2744.02(B)

 16   See Greene Cty. Agricultural Soc. v. Liming (2000), 89 Ohio St. 3d 551, 559, 733 N.E.2d 1141.
 17   Ryll, 95 Ohio St.3d 467, 2002-Ohio-2584, 769 N.E.2d 372, at ¶ 24.

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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

apply.18 Under R.C. 2744.02(B)(2), immunity is removed and a political subdivision is

liable for damages resulting from harm caused by the negligence of its employees with

respect to the performance of proprietary functions. As we have already determined

that the sponsoring of the festival was a proprietary function, this exception is

applicable if there was negligence on the part of the village.

       {¶ 23} A determination as to whether the village was negligent depends on the

duty owed by the village to Brown. In a premises-liability case like the one at hand, the

relationship between the occupier of the premises and the injured party determines

the duty owed.19 Ohio adheres to the common-law classifications of invitee, licensee,

and trespasser regarding the status of a person entering the property of another.20

       {¶ 24} A licensee is a person who enters the premises of another by permission

for his own pleasure or benefit, and not by invitation.21 Like a trespasser, a licensee

has a right to be free from willful, wanton, or reckless conduct.22 But a licensee is owed

an extra duty of protection by a landowner in that a licensee must be warned of hidden

dangers.23 If the landowner knows of the presence of such a danger, the licensee must

be warned if the landowner should reasonably expect that the licensee will not discover

the danger.24 In contrast, an invitee is a person who has rightfully come upon the

premises of another by invitation for some purpose that is beneficial to the owner. An

invitee is owed a duty of ordinary care.25

 18 Ryll at ¶ 25.
 19 Gladon v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth. (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 312, 315, 662 N.E.2d
 287. See also Hammer v. McKinnis, 6th Dist. No. L-04-1054, 2004-Ohio-7158, at ¶ 7.
 20 Gladon at 315.
 21 Hammer at ¶ 7.
 22 Id. at ¶ 8.
 23 Id. at ¶ 9,
 24 Id.
 25 Id. at ¶ 7.

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                           OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

         {¶ 25} The village contends that at the time of her injury, Brown was a licensee.

If Brown was a licensee, the village had only the duty to refrain from willful or wanton

misconduct and to warn her of hidden dangers. Brown, on the other hand, argues that

she had been an invitee of the village, and that by failing to warn her of the grounding

rod or to cordon off the area containing the rod, the village had breached the duty of

ordinary care it owed to her.          Festival patrons have previously been classified as

invitees.26 However, the status of an invitee is not absolute but is limited to the extent

of the invitation. The invitee retains this status only while he is on a part of the

property to which his invitation extends.27

         {¶ 26} Thus, if Brown’s injury occurred in an area to which she had been

invited by the village, she would properly be classified as an invitee. But if Brown had

ventured into an area not held open by the village as part of the festival grounds, her

status would be that of a licensee. With respect to this material issue, the record

contains conflicting evidence.          As stated, Ernest McCowen provided deposition

testimony that the area in which the injury occurred had been cordoned off from the

general festival grounds. But Brown testified in her deposition that the area had not

been cordoned off and that no warning had been posted. This conflicting evidence is

relevant to a determination as to whether Brown was a licensee or an invitee. Further,

once Brown’s status is determined, the conflicting material evidence is also relevant to

determine whether the village either complied with a duty of ordinary care or, in the

alternative, warned Brown of a hidden danger. In this situation, genuine issues of

material fact exist concerning Brown’s status at the time of her injury.

 26   See Stockhauser v. Archdiocese of Cincinnati (1994), 97 Ohio App.3d 29, 646 N.E.2d 198.
 27   Gladon at 315.

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                           OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

         {¶ 27} When the relevant facts are undisputed, the determination of a plaintiff’s

status is a question of law for the court to decide.28 However, when a plaintiff’s status,

and therefore the defendant’s duty, depends on the resolution of conflicting evidence,

as it does in this case, there is a question for the trier of fact.29 Here, viewing all

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, we must conclude that

there are factual issues with respect to negligence that cannot be resolved as a matter

of law. We accordingly overrule the village’s two assignments of error, and we affirm

the court’s denial of summary judgment on the ground of governmental immunity.

         {¶ 28} In summary, in the appeal numbered C-100699, we reverse the trial

court’s grant of summary judgment on the basis of recreational-user immunity under

R.C. 1533.181 and remand this case for further proceedings in accordance with law.

But because genuine issues of material fact exist concerning whether an exception to

the general rule of immunity applies under R.C. 2744.02, in the appeal numbered C-

100721, we affirm the trial court’s denial of summary judgment on the basis of

governmental immunity.

                                                                          Judgment accordingly.

 HILDEBRANDT, P.J., concurs.

 HENDON, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

 28   Wiley v. Natl. Garages, Inc. (1984), 22 Ohio App.3d 57, 62, 488 N.E.2d 915.
 29   Id. See also Hammer, 2004-Ohio-7158, at ¶ 11.

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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

         HENDON, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       {¶ 29} I dissent from only the majority’s decision to reverse the trial court’s

grant of summary judgment under the recreational-user immunity statute, R.C.

1533.181.

       {¶ 30} The village asserts that it preserved the affirmative defense of

recreational-user immunity in its answer through the assertion that the “[p]laintiff’s

claims are precluded by virtue of the immunity provided by O.R.C. §§ 2744.01 et seq.,

and all other applicable statutory immunity.” I agree.

       {¶ 31} The majority correctly states that the failure to raise an affirmative

defense in the pleadings or in an amendment to those pleadings results in a waiver of

that defense. But a party need not plead a defense with great specificity; rather, it is

sufficient to plead in generic terms.30

       {¶ 32} This principle is illustrated in Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns Football

Co.31 In Gallagher, the defendant had raised the defense of assumption of the risk in

its answer. Following a jury verdict, in a motion for judgment notwithstanding the

verdict, the defendant attempted to raise the related defense of primary assumption of

the risk. The Ohio Supreme Court ultimately held that the defendant had waived the

defense of primary assumption of the risk by not raising it any time prior to trial.32 But

notably, the court further held that by raising “assumption of risk” as an affirmative

defense in its answer, the defendant had initially preserved the defense of primary

assumption of the risk and that had the defendant raised that defense at any point in

the litigation prior to trial, it would not have been waived. The court specifically

 30 Reed v. Multi-Cty. Juvenile Sys., 7th Dist. No. 09 CO 27, 2010-Ohio-6602, at ¶ 47.
 31 Gallagher v. Cleveland Browns Football Co., 74 Ohio St.3d at 432, 659 N.E.2d 1232.
 32 Id. at 430.

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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

stated, “[W]e must acknowledge that Civ.R. 8(C) simply requires a party to put forth

‘assumption of the risk’ as an affirmative defense without taking into account the

significant distinction between primary and secondary assumption of risk.”33 The

court distinguished this situation from the more common situation in which a

defendant fails to raise an affirmative defense in its answer.34

       {¶ 33} Furthermore, in Reed v. Multi-Cty. Juvenile Sys., the Seventh Appellate

District held that a failure to cite a specific statute did not constitute an automatic

waiver of a defense contained in that statute, because “[w]aiver for that reason alone

would dispose of the case on a technicality rather than on its merits.”35 Because the

facts of Reed are not analogous, I discuss them generically. In Reed, the plaintiff had

filed suit against a juvenile detention facility and its employees. In its answer, the

detention facility argued that it was entitled to governmental immunity under R.C.

2744.01(C).     But the answer failed to raise an immunity claim under R.C.

2744.03(A)(6) with respect to its employees. In a motion for summary judgment, the

employees argued that they also were entitled to governmental immunity under this

latter provision.   The Seventh Appellate District ultimately determined that the

employees had waived the defense of statutory immunity because they had failed to

raise it in the answer.36 But the court reached its conclusion based on the fact that the

answer explicitly included the employees in certain defenses but not in others.37 And

had the answer not otherwise distinguished between the detention facility and its

 33 Id. at 433, fn 3.
 34 Id. at 433.
 35 Reed, 2010-Ohio-6602, at ¶ 48.
 36 Id. at ¶ 52.
 37 Id. at ¶ 49.

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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

employees, the pleading of immunity under R.C. 2744.01(C) would have encompassed

immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6).38

       {¶ 34} Similar to Gallagher and Reed, in this case the affirmative defense of

recreational-user immunity was generically raised in the defendant’s answer by the

village’s reference to immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744 and all other types of

statutory immunity. And unlike the Gallagher case, the issue was then raised again

with specificity in a motion for summary judgment. I cannot agree with the majority’s

conclusion that this broad reference to “all other applicable statutory immunity” put

an onerous burden on Brown. In the specific factual situation involved in this case,

very few types of immunity could be deemed applicable. Therefore, I believe that the

village timely raised the affirmative defense of recreational-user immunity found in

R.C. 1533.181 through the inclusion of the phrase “and all other applicable statutory

immunity” in its answer.

       {¶ 35} Civ.R. 8(F) states that pleadings are to be “construed as to do substantial

justice.” And the Ohio Supreme Court has declared that one of the purposes of the

Civil Rules is to allow cases to be decided “ ‘ “upon their merits, not upon pleading

deficiencies.” ’ ”39 By reversing the trial court’s decision, we do just the opposite. As

the majority has noted, Civ.R. 1(B) states that the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure “shall

be construed and applied to effect just results by eliminating delay, unnecessary

expense[,] and all other impediments to the expeditious administration of justice.” In

my opinion, this only reaffirms the notion that pleadings should be construed with

 38Id. at ¶ 48-49.
 39State ex rel. Huntington Ins. Agency v. Duryee (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 530, 533, 653 N.E.2d 349,
 quoting Patterson v. V & M Auto Body (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 573, 577, 589 N.E.2d 1306, quoting
 Peterson v. Teodosio (1973), 34 Ohio St.2d 161, 175, 297 N.E.2d 113.

                                                   15
                       OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

justice in mind and that cases should be decided upon the merits, not on pleading

deficiencies.

       {¶ 36} I would not expand this discussion to include the allowance of dissimilar

unnamed affirmative defenses under the precept of being “generally pleaded.” For

example, it is not sufficient in Ohio to state in one’s responsive pleading that the

defendant is entitled to all applicable affirmative defenses. Allowing this would set a

dangerous precedent and manifest the concerns expressed by the majority. But that is

not the case here, as the village is not attempting to assert any and all types of

affirmative defenses, but rather only “all other applicable statutory immunity.”

Therefore, I am convinced that the village has not waived its right to raise recreational-

user immunity, indisputably an example of statutory immunity, as an affirmative

defense, and I would affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on that

ground.

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