Court Opinion

ID: 9909774
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-14 00:01:46.188585+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:38.236684
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/13/23 (unmodified opn. attached)
                                CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                            DIVISION THREE

 THE PEOPLE ex rel. MICHAEL
 SCHLESINGER,
                                                       G061838
     Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                       (Super. Ct. No. 30‑2022-01262431)
                   v.
                                                       ORDER MODIFYING OPINION;
 ED SACHS et al.,                                      NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT

     Defendants and Appellants.
                 It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on December 4, 2023, be
modified as follows:
                 On page 2, in the counsel listing for Plaintiff and Respondent, replace
“Moskowitz Appellate Team and Myron Moskowitz” with “Moskovitz Appellate Team
and Myron Moskovitz.”
                 On page 12, first and second line from the top, delete “Sachs, Raths, and
Bucknum from the ballot for the November 2022 election” and in its place insert “the
designations of Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths as incumbents.”
                 There is no change in the judgment.
                          SANCHEZ, J.

WE CONCUR:

MOORE, ACTING P. J.

MOTOIKE, J.

                      2
Filed 12/4/23 (unmodified opinion)

                                CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION THREE

 THE PEOPLE ex rel. MICHAEL
 SCHLESINGER,
                                                     G061838
     Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                     (Super. Ct. No. 30‑2022-01262431)
                   v.
                                                     OPINION
 ED SACHS et al.,

     Defendants and Appellants.

                 Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Walter P.
Schwarm, Judge. Affirmed. Defendants’ request for judicial notice. Granted. Plaintiff’s
request for judicial notice in support of respondent’s brief. Denied. Defendants’ request
for judicial notice in support of appellants’ opening brief. Denied. Plaintiff’s request for
judicial notice and to augment the record. Denied.
                 Ring Bender, Patrick K. Bobko, Norman A. Dupont, Jay A. Tufano; Harper
& Burns, William P. Curley, III, Colin Burns, Alexandra Halfman; Klapach & Klapach
and Joseph S. Klapach for Defendants and Appellants.
              Bunsow De Mory, Aaron R. Hand; Brower Law Group, Lee K. Fink; The
Law Offices of Brett Murdock, Brett M. Murdock; Moskowitz Appellate Team and
Myron Moskowitz for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                  *           *           *

                                      INTRODUCTION
              A judgment for writ of quo warranto entered in September 2022 ordered
and decreed the removal from office of Ed Sachs, Wendy Bucknum, and Greg Raths as
members of the City of Mission Viejo (Mission Viejo) City Council. The quo warranto
judgment adjudged Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths to be holding office unlawfully because
their respective two-year terms of office, to which each had been elected in November
2018, had expired in December 2020.
              Sachs, Bucknum, Raths, and Mission Viejo (collectively defendants) appeal
from the judgment for quo warranto. We affirm.
              Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were elected to the Mission Viejo City Council
in November 2018 for two-year terms of office, rather than four years as prescribed by
Government Code section 57377 (section 57377), pursuant to the terms of a stipulated
judgment by which Mission Viejo settled a lawsuit brought to address violations of the
California Voting Rights Act of 2001 (Elec. Code, § 14025 et seq.: CVRA). The intent
of the stipulated judgment was to remedy the dilution of minority group voting rights by
implementing a system of cumulative voting for Mission Viejo City Council members to
start with the November 2020 general election.
              To maximize the remedial effect of cumulative voting, the stipulated
judgment provided that city council members elected in November 2018 would have
two-year terms of office so that all five city council seats would be up for election in the
November 2020 general election and every general election thereafter. Sachs, Bucknum,

                                              2
and Raths were city councilmembers at the time who voted to approve the stipulated
judgment.
              By July 2020 it became clear that cumulative voting could not be
implemented in time for the November 2020 general election. As a consequence,
Mission Viejo entered into an amended stipulated judgment pushing the date for
cumulative voting back to the November 2022 general election. Sachs, Bucknum, and
Raths did not stand for reelection in November 2020 but continued to hold office after
December 2020, when their two-year terms expired. After seeking leave from the
California Attorney General, plaintiff Michael Schlesinger brought this lawsuit in quo
warranto as relator on behalf of the Attorney General to remove Sachs, Bucknum, and
Raths from office.
              The cornerstone of defendants’ appeal is the argument that Elections Code
section 14029, which authorizes broad remedies for violations of the CVRA, does not
permit the implementation of two-year terms of office for city councilmembers because
section 57377 imposes an ironclad requirement of four-year terms. Although Sachs,
Bucknum, and Raths, as Mission Viejo city councilmembers voted to approve the
stipulated judgment, they argue now, as they did before the trial court, that the provision
in the stipulated judgment that council members elected in 2018 serve two-year terms of
office violates section 57377. Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths claim that, as a consequence,
they must be deemed to have been elected in November 2018 as councilmembers to
four-year terms of office and were entitled to stay in office past their two-year terms.
Accordingly, defendants argue, Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were lawfully holding office
when the judgment for writ of quo warranted was entered in August 2022.
              We do not need to address “the interplay” between Elections Code section
14029 and section 57377, as defendants claim we are called upon to do. Assuming
defendants’ construction and harmonization of Elections Code section 14029 and section
57377 are correct, the result they propose—that Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths receive

                                             3
four-year terms of office—is not. In November 2018, Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were
elected as city councilmembers for two-year terms, not four-year terms. Preelection
public announcements told the voters that Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were running for
two-year terms, the public election notice stated they were running for two-year terms,
and the city council resolution declaring the election results declared that Sachs,
Bucknum, and Raths had been elected for two-year terms. We uphold the results of the
November 2018 municipal election by affirming the judgment of quo warranto.
              The judgment adjudges Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths to be “guilty of
usurping or intruding into, or unlawfully holding . . . office as member of the City
Council of Mission Viejo.” This is traditional quo warranto language taken from Code of
Civil Procedure section 803. We stress that quo warranto is a civil proceeding, not a
criminal prosecution, and Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths have neither been charged with nor
convicted of any crime.

                                          FACTS
I. The CVRA Lawsuit Against Mission Viejo and the Stipulated Judgment
                                                  1
              Mission Viejo is a general law city governed by a city council comprised
of five members who for many years were elected for four-year, staggered terms.
(Mission Viejo Mun. Code, §§ 2.04.010 to 2.04.140; see Gov. Code, §§ 34101, 36501,
subd. (a), 36503, 57377; Elec. Code, § 1301, subd. (b).) For several decades, Mission
Viejo used an “at-large” voting system under which each councilmember represented the
entire city and each voter had the right to vote for all open council seats. (Elec. Code,
§ 14026, subd. (a).)

              1
                 California law recognizes two types of cities. A municipality organized
under a charter is a charter city. (Gov. Code, § 34101.) A municipality organized under
the general law of the state is a general law city. (Gov. Code, § 34102; Jauregui v. City
of Palmdale (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 781, 794.)

                                             4
              In 2018, the Southwest Voter Education Registration Project (SVERP)
brought a lawsuit against Mission Viejo to challenge its at-large voting system. The
SVERP alleged Mission Viejo’s at-large system for council elections diluted the voting
rights of Latino voters and thereby violated the CVRA. The lawsuit was settled in July
2018 by means of a stipulated judgment (the Stipulated Judgment) providing that all
elections for the Mission Viejo City Council would use cumulative voting unless Mission
                                           2
Viejo were to adopt voting by districts.
              Cumulative voting gives each voter as many votes as there are council seats
available and allows each voter to allocate more than one vote to any candidate. As an
example, if three seats are up for election, a voter may use three votes for one candidate,
two votes for one candidate and one vote for another, or one vote for each candidate.
Cumulative voting can make it easier for minority groups to achieve representation. In
district-based voting, a city is separated into geographical districts, each represented by a
council member, and voters within each district vote only for a candidate to represent
their district. (Elec. Code, § 14026, subd. (b); Gov. Code, § 34871.)
              The Stipulated Judgment also provided that starting in November 2020
council elections no longer would be staggered and voters simultaneously would elect all
five council seats every four years. Mission Viejo was required to amend its municipal
code to reflect this change. When the Stipulated Judgment was entered, Sachs,
Bucknum, and Raths were serving as Mission Viejo City Council members with terms
that were set to end in December 2018. In order for all five council seats to be up for
election in 2020, the Stipulated Judgment provided that the elections in 2018 for the seats
held by Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths would be for two-year terms. In succeeding

              2
              The Stipulated Judgment states that cumulative voting shall be employed
“in the same manner as order by the court in United States v. Village of Port Chester
(S.D.N.Y. 2010) 704 F.Supp.2d 411.”

                                               5
elections after 2018 (2020, 2024, 2028 etc.), the term of office for councilmembers would
be four years.
                 The trial court signed the Stipulated Judgment without conducting a hearing
and, in accordance with its terms, retained jurisdiction. Soon after entry of the Stipulated
Judgment, Mission Viejo issued a public announcement stating, “Mission Viejo City
Council Members voted into office this November will serve for two years rather than the
traditional four-year terms.” When the candidate filing period for the 2018 election
closed, Mission Viejo issued another public announcement which, after identifying the
five candidates, stated, “[T]he five candidates are running for two-year terms rather than
the typical four-year term because of the recent Voting Rights Litigation Settlement.”

II. The November 2018 Municipal Elections
                 In July 2018, Mission Viejo issued a public notice of election for its
November 2018 election that stated the election would be for three members of the city
council for “[f]ull term of two years.” The Mission Viejo City Web site announced that
Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were running for two-year terms of office “rather than the
typical four-year term because of the recent Voting Rights Litigation Settlement.”
                 At the November 2018 election, Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were elected
to two-year terms. In December 2018, the Mission Viejo City Council adopted resolution
No. 18-52 declaring that Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths had been elected as members of the
city council for terms of two years. That resolution declared the notice of election to
have been lawful and the election complied with statutory requirements for general law
cities. Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths voted in favor of the resolution, and Sachs, as mayor,
signed it.

                                                6
III. Difficulties in Implementing Cumulative Voting
              The California Secretary of State, who supervises all general elections,
would not approve the implementation of cumulative voting in Mission Viejo. In a May
2019 letter, the Secretary of State advised the Mission Viejo City Attorney that
cumulative voting in a general law city was not permitted unless authorized by the
Legislature and “the proposed use of cumulative voting as part of City of Mission Viejo
municipal elections raises issues directly related to the ability of the Secretary of State’s
office to ensure the effective administration of elections in California.”
              The Secretary of State’s chief counsel and the Mission Viejo City Attorney
conducted several telephonic discussions in an effort to resolve the matter. Thereafter, by
letter dated May 1, 2020, the Secretary of State confirmed her position that cumulative
voting in a general law city is not authorized under California law.

IV. The November 2020 Municipal Election
              On June 23, 2020, Mission Viejo City Council approved a resolution
calling for an election in November 2020 for the two council seats that were not held by
Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths. The resolution states the terms of office for the seats would
be two years. Following a closed session of the city council on June 23, 2020, the city
attorney reported that “there has been a stipulated decision between the parties” to the
lawsuit, “the Court should have no difficulty embracing the decision,” and “the 2020
election will be in the normal format, with two seats for a two-year term and the
remaining Council Members will have a four-year term until 2022.”

V. The July 2020 Amended Stipulated Judgment
              To give Mission Viejo more time to implement cumulative voting, SVERP
and Mission Viejo in July 2020 jointly applied ex parte to the trial court to amend the
Stipulated Judgment. The parties informed the court that the Orange County Registrar of

                                              7
Voters would not agree to a cumulative voting process unless it were first approved by
the California Secretary of State, Mission Viejo had participated in discussions with the
Secretary of State’s office, and that the matter was “more complicated and taking longer”
than the parties originally had anticipated. The parties explained that, given the
respective positions of the Secretary of State and Orange County Registrar of Voters, a
cumulative voting system could not be implemented in time for the November 2020
election.
              The court granted the application and ordered the Stipulated Judgment to be
amended in these four respects: (1) implementation of cumulative voting would begin
with the November 2022 election rather than the November 2020 election; (2) “[a]ll five
seats on Defendant’s City Council to be up for election in November 2022 and every four
years thereafter, rather than November 2020 and every four years thereafter;” (3) the City
                                                                       3
was to implement limited voting (with each voter receiving one vote) or district-based
voting in each election in the event cumulative voting cannot be implemented in that
election; and (4) no further postponements of the implementation of the remedial changes
to Mission Viejo’s election system would be granted for any reason. In all other respects,
the Stipulated Judgment was to remain the same. The amendments did not address the
three council seats with two-years terms set to expire in 2020.

VI. The November 2020 Municipal Election
              Mission Viejo held its municipal election in November 2020. In
accordance with the Stipulated Judgment, only two council seats rather than five were
open for election. Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths did not stand for reelection in 2020.
Patricia Kelley and Brian Goodell were elected to the Mission Viejo city council for

              3
                 In limited voting, each voter receives fewer votes than the number of
representatives being elected.

                                             8
two-year terms. The two-year terms meant all five council seats would be up for election
in 2022, as required by the amendments to the stipulated judgment.
              Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths continued to hold office as city council
members after their two-year terms expired in December 2020.

VII. Adoption of District-Based Elections
              By March 2022, Mission Viejo had concluded that the California Secretary
of State was not going to approve a cumulative voting system. After several public
meetings, Mission Viejo passed an ordinance changing the method of council elections
from at-large to district-based, as permitted by the amended stipulated judgment.
Mission Viejo created five geographical districts, one district for each of the five council
seats. A candidate would be ineligible for election as a council member unless the
candidate resided within the district from which the candidate was nominated. The
ordinance adopting district-based voting also staggered city council elections such that
district 1, 3, and 5 seats would be open for election in November 2022, and district 2 and
4 seats (then held by councilmembers Goodell and Kelley) would be open for election in
November 2024.
              Mission Viejo held a city council election on November 8, 2022. Sachs
and Raths were not reelected. Bucknum was elected in district 5. Two incumbents were
returned to office in districts 2 and 4 for four-year terms. Two candidates who were not
previously members of the city council were elected in Districts 1 and 3.

                                PROCEDURAL HISTORY
I. Plaintiff’s Writ of Mandate Lawsuit Against Mission Viejo
              In March 2022, the Mission Viejo City Council voted unanimously to
extend the terms of Kelley and Goodell, who had been elected to two-year terms in
November 2020, by not placing those two seats up for election on the November 2022

                                              9
ballot. In April 2022, plaintiff filed a lawsuit for writ of mandate against Mission Viejo
(Schlesinger v. City of Mission Viejo, Orange County Superior Court No.
30-2022-01253878-CU-WM-CJC (Schlesinger v. Mission Viejo)) to challenge that
decision. The lawsuit sought an injunction to compel Mission Viejo to place those two
council seats on the November 2022 ballot.
              Mission Viejo opposed issuance of a preliminary injunction. The trial court
granted plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction and entry of peremptory mandate,
thereby ordering Mission Viejo to call an election to fill all five city council seats in the
November 2022 election. Mission Viejo soon thereafter adopted a resolution placing all
five district council seats up for election at the November 2022 election. That decision
was confirmed by another stipulated judgment approved by the trial court.

II. The Petition for Writ of Quo Warranto
              In January 2022, plaintiff applied to the California Attorney General to
bring a quo warranto action to remove Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths from office. The
application for leave to sue alleged the elected terms of Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths had
expired.
              In May 2022, the Attorney General granted plaintiff’s application. The
Attorney General did not take sides or attempt to predict the result of a quo warranto
lawsuit: The Attorney General concluded that the issue of whether the terms of office of
Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths had expired presented substantial issues of law and fact
warranting a judicial resolution and that allowing plaintiff to bring a lawsuit in quo
warranto would be in the public interest.
              On receiving leave from the Attorney General, plaintiff filed a petition for
writ of quo warranto against Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths. Plaintiff alleged that Sachs,
Bucknum, and Raths were elected to the Mission Viejo City Council in November 2018
for two-year terms; each term expired in December 2020; Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths

                                              10
were not reelected to office; Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths had extended their terms for two
years “by fiat”; and Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths continued to serve as city council
members without legal authority. Plaintiff sought two forms of relief: (1) a
determination pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 809 that each of the three
council members be found to have “unlawfully held” office and (2) an award of costs and
attorney fees in bringing the action.
              In August 2022, Mission Viejo was granted leave to intervene in the quo
warranto lawsuit.

III. The Trial Court Grants the Quo Warranto Petition
              After the parties had submitted briefing and requests for judicial notice, the
trial court conducted a hearing on the quo warranto petition on August 30 and 31, 2022.
The court granted the petition and ordered that Sachs, Raths, and Bucknum be removed
from office as Mission Viejo City councilmembers.
              The trial court set forth its reasons at length in a minute order entered on
August 31, 2022. The court found the prescribed terms of office for Sachs, Raths, and
Bucknum were two years under the Stipulated Judgment, resolution No. 18-52, and the
notice of election. The court also found the amended stipulated judgment did not extend
those terms from two to four years. The court concluded that the two-year terms of office
did not violate section 57377 or section 2.04.140 of the Mission Viejo Municipal Code
because the court had authority under Elections Code section 14029 to “implement
appropriate remedies” for violations of the CVRA. Under Government Code section
36503, the terms of office for Sachs, Raths, and Bucknum ended on December 11, 2020,
and after that date they had been holding their offices unlawfully.
              The trial court stayed the effective date of its order for 30 days to allow the
parties to seek relief from the Court of Appeal by means of a petition for writ of mandate.
The trial court denied plaintiff’s request to direct the Orange County Registrar of Voters

                                             11
to strike or amend the ballot to delete Sachs, Raths, and Bucknum from the ballot for the
November 2022 election.
              The judgment, which was entered in September 2022, used statutory quo
warranto language to decree that Sachs, Raths, and Bucknum were “guilty of usurping or
intruding into, or unlawfully holding the office of member of the City Council of Mission
Viejo and is excluded and removed from his [or her] office as City Council member of
                                                                                     4
the City of Mission Viejo . . . .” Defendants timely appealed from the judgment.

                          REQUESTS FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE
              There are four pending requests for judicial notice to be decided in
connection with the merits of the appeal. Plaintiff has two pending requests; defendants
have two.
              In support of the respondent’s brief, plaintiff filed a request for judicial
notice of the following: (1) Mission Viejo’s opposition to motion for preliminary
injunction and entry of peremptory writ of mandate, filed in Schlesinger v. City of
Mission Viejo; (2) Mission Viejo’s notice of motion and special motion to strike pursuant
to Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16, memorandum of points and authorities, and
declaration of Kim Schmitt, filed in Schlesinger v. Mission Viejo on May 12, 2022; and
(3) Mission Viejo’s notice of demurrer and demurrer to complaint and petition and
memorandum in support, filed in Schlesinger v. Mission Viejo on May 12, 2022.

              4
                In December 2022, Plaintiff moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground it
had become moot. Plaintiff argued this court could not grant effective appellate relief
because any four-year term of office claimed by Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths had ended.
We denied the motion to dismiss because the appeal raised at least one issue pertaining to
public elections, and issues in election cases are of public importance yet are likely to
evade review.

                                             12
              Plaintiff argues these documents are relevant “to demonstrate that
[Defendants] are estopped from re-litigating an issue that was adjudicated against them,
in a matter where the judgment is now final.” Although the documents were not filed in
this case, Plaintiff contends: “They were before the trial court in the related case, which
the trial court heard simultaneously. The matter relates to proceedings occurring after the
order that is subject to appeal in this case—specifically, the judgment in the related case
was entered at the end of the first day of the Court’s two-day hearing on the writ issued in
this matter, after the Court had indicated its intent to issue the order now on appeal.”
              In opposition to plaintiff’s request for judicial notice defendants argue the
documents are irrelevant to any issue raised in this appeal because Sachs, Bucknum, and
Raths were not parties to Schlesinger v. Mission Viejo or in privity with Mission Viejo in
that action. As Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were not parties to or in privity with Mission
Viejo, defendants argue they cannot be collaterally estopped from litigating issues
decided in that case.
                                                               5
              We deny plaintiff’s request for judicial notice. Although all three
documents for which plaintiff seeks judicial notice are records of a court of this state
(Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (d)), they could have been but were not presented to the trial
court in this case. “‘An appellate court may properly decline to take judicial notice under
Evidence Code sections 452 and 459 of a matter which should have been presented to the
trial court for its consideration in the first instance.’” (Meridian Financial Services, Inc.
v. Phan (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 657, 688, fn. 10.) Moreover, the documents that plaintiff
seeks judicial notice of are not relevant to the dispositive issue in this appeal. (Ibid.)

               5
                 Defendants have also moved to augment the record with these three
documents. The motion to augment the record is denied. The documents are not
properly part of a clerk’s transcript or appellate appendix or subject to a motion to
augment the record. (Cal. Rules of Court, rules 8.120(a), 8.155(a)(1).)

                                              13
              In plaintiff’s second request for judicial notice, plaintiff requests that we
take judicial notice of the reporter’s transcript for the hearing on the motion for attorney
fees conducted in the trial court on July 25, 2023. Defendants have filed opposition to
plaintiff’s second request for judicial notice. We deny this request for judicial notice
because absent exceptional circumstances not present here, we do not take judicial notice
of matters that were not before the trial court. (Haworth v. Superior Court (2010) 50
Cal.4th 372, 379, fn. 2; Vons Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th
434, 444, fn. 3.) When reviewing the correctness of a trial court’s judgment, we only
consider matters that were part of the record at the time the court entered the judgment.
“‘This rule preserves an orderly system of [litigation] by preventing litigants from
circumventing the normal sequence of litigation.’” (Haworth, at p. 379, fn. 2.)
              Defendants’ first request for judicial notice asks us to judicially notice
Assembly Bill No. 1930 (1955 Reg. Sess.), section 1 (exhibit A to the request), which is
part of legislative history of section 57377. (Stats. 1955, ch.767, § 1.) Plaintiff does not
oppose the request, and we grant it. An assembly bill constitutes cognizable legislative
history of which we may take judicial notice. (Kaufman & Broad Communities, Inc. v.
Performance Plastering, Inc. (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 26, 31-34; see Evid. Code, §§ 451,
subd. (a), 452, subd. (c).)
              In support of the defendants’ reply brief, defendants requested we take
judicial notice of the following documents: (1) the official agenda for the regular
meeting of the Mission Viejo meeting on June 23, 2020 (exhibit B) and (2) a transcript
prepared by certified court reporter of two excerpts from the videotape recording of that
meeting (exhibit C). One of the two excerpts is of the City Attorney discussing the
results of the closed session item No. 1 on the official agenda. The other excerpt is of a
Mission Viejo resident making a comment on the proposed 2020 municipal election.
Plaintiff opposed this request for judicial notice.

                                              14
              We deny defendants’ request for judicial notice in support of the reply
brief. Neither the meeting agenda nor the transcript was presented to the trial court in
this case. (Meridian Financial Services, Inc. v. Phan, supra, 67 Cal.App.5th at p. 688. fn.
10.) In addition, the transcript is not an official act or record of Mission Viejo and does
not otherwise fall within any subdivision of Evidence Code sections 451 and 452.

                                       DISCUSSION
I. Quo Warranto
              “Quo warranto was a common law writ literally meaning ‘by what
authority’ was a public office held or claimed.” (Rando v. Harris (2014) 228
Cal.App.4th 868, 875.) “The writ of quo warranto was a writ which issued to bring the
defendant before the court to show by what authority he claimed an office or franchise,
and was applicable alike to cases where the defendant never had a right, or where, having
a right or franchise, he had forfeited it by neglect or abuse. [Citation.] [¶] An
information in the nature of quo warranto, which has succeeded the writ of that name,
was originally in form a criminal proceeding to punish the usurpation of the franchise by
a fine, as well as to seize the franchise. This information has, in process of time, become,
in substance, a civil proceeding to try the mere right to the franchise or office.” (People
v. Dashaway Assn. (1890) 84 Cal. 114, 118.)
              The common law writ of quo warranto is implemented in California by
                                      6
Code of Civil Procedure section 803, which authorizes the Attorney General or a relator

              6
                Code of Civil Procedure section 803 states: “An action may be brought
by the attorney-general, in the name of the people of this state, upon his own information,
or upon a complaint of a private party, against any person who usurps, intrudes into, or
unlawfully holds or exercises any public office, civil or military, or any franchise, or
against any corporation, either de jure or de facto, which usurps, intrudes into, or
unlawfully holds or exercises any franchise, within this state. And the attorney-general
must bring the action, whenever he has reason to believe that any such office or franchise

                                             15
acting with the Attorney General’s consent to seek the ouster of a person unlawfully
holding office. (Daly v. San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors (2021) 11 Cal.5th
1030, 1051.) “Such an action is a civil action, whether it be regarded as authorized by the
above section of the code, or as a proceeding instituted under the provision in the
constitution giving to the superior court jurisdiction to issue writs of quo warranto.”
(People v. Superior Court of S.F. (1896) 114 Cal. 466, 475.)

II. Standing
               Defendants challenge plaintiff’s standing to bring the quo warranto action
on the grounds that (1) plaintiff does not reside in a district in which any individual
defendant ran for office in 2022, (2) he is not a member of any protected class “by which
he could claim he was somehow disadvantaged in the 2020 election,” and (3) he was not
a party to the SVREP v. City of Mission Viejo lawsuit.
               Plaintiff did not need to establish standing because a quo warranto action is
brought by the Attorney General, in the name of the People of the State of California,
upon the Attorney General’s own information, “or upon a complaint of a private party.”
(Code Civ. Proc., § 803.) “In a case in which quo warranto is the proper remedy, the
cause of action is vested in the People, and not in any individual or group, no matter how
affected they may be, or how much more the subject matter may touch their interests than
it does other members of the citizenry.” (Oakland Municipal Improvement League v.
City of Oakland (1972) 23 Cal.App.3d 165, 170.) Plaintiff as a private citizen sought and
obtained leave from the Attorney General to bring this quo warranto action; it is deemed
to be brought by the Attorney General in the name of the People of this state.

has been usurped, intruded into, or unlawfully held or exercised by any person, or when
he is directed to do so by the governor.”

                                             16
               Further, plaintiff is a resident and elector of the City of Mission Viejo. The
quo warranto action sought to remove from office city council members who had been
elected at an at-large election in 2018.

III. The CVRA and Section 57377
               “The [CVRA] was enacted to implement the equal protection and voting
guarantees of article I, section 7, subdivision (a) and article II, section 2 [of the California
Constitution].” (Jauregui v. City of Palmdale, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th 781, 793.) In
particular, the CVRA was enacted to address dilution of minority votes through use of
at-large elections. (Ibid.) Elections Code section 14027 identifies the circumstances in
which an at-large electoral system may not be imposed: “An at-large method of election
may not be imposed or applied in a manner that impairs the ability of a protected class to
elect candidates of its choice or its ability to influence the outcome of an election, as a
result of the dilution or the abridgment of the rights of voters who are members of a
protected class, as defined pursuant to [Elections Code] Section 14026.” (Ibid.)
Elections Code section 14026 defines the term “Protected class” as follows: “‘Protected
class’ means a class of voters who are members of a race, color or language minority
group, as this class is referenced and defined in the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965
[citation].” (Id., subd. (d).)
               Elections Code section 14026 defines racially polarized voting as follows:
‘“Racially polarized voting’ means voting in which there is a difference, as defined in
case law regarding enforcement of the federal Voting Rights of 1965 [citation], in the
choice of candidates or other electoral choices that are preferred by voters in a protected
class, and in the choice of candidates and electoral choices that are preferred by voters in
the rest of the electorate.” (Id., subd. (e).)
               Elections Code section 14029 states: “Upon a finding of a violation of
Section 14027 and Section 14028, the court shall implement appropriate remedies,

                                                 17
including the imposition of district-based elections, that are tailored to remedy the
violation.”
              Section 57377 sets four-year terms of office for city councilmembers: “The
members of the city council elected to succeed the members elected at the incorporation
election shall hold office for four years from the Tuesday succeeding their election, and
until their successors are elected and qualified.”

IV. The Trial Court Did Not Err by Granting Quo Warranto Relief Because Sachs,
    Bucknum, and Raths Were Not Permitted to Hold Office Past the Expiration of the
    Two-year Terms to Which They Were Elected
              A. Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths Were Elected to Two-year Terms of Office
              A writ of quo warranto was necessary in this matter because, at the
November 2018 election, voters in the City of Mission Viejo elected Sachs, Bucknum,
and Raths as city councilmembers for two-year terms of office. Once those two years
ended in 2020, Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths could not unilaterally extend them for another
two years.
              The Stipulated Judgment provided that the elections in November 2018 for
the seats held by Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths would be for two-year terms. Public
announcements made by the Mission Viejo City Council stated that council members
elected at the November 2018 elections would serve two-year terms. On July 27, 2018,
the City of Mission Viejo issued a public announcement that it had settled the voting
rights litigation by agreeing to implement cumulative voting and “Mission Viejo City
Council Members voted into office this November will serve for two years rather than the
traditional four-year terms.” (Italics added.) On August 13, 2018, the City of Mission
Viejo issued another public announcement stating that Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were
up for reelection and “are running for two-year terms rather than the typical four-year
term because of the recent Voting Rights Litigation Settlement.” (Italics added.)

                                             18
              Elections Code section 12101 requires the publication of a notice of a
municipal election sometime between the 127th day and 113th day before the election.
Elections Code section 12101 states the notice “shall contain a statement of” “[t]he
offices to be filled, specifying full term or short term, as the case may be.” (Elec. Code,
§ 12101, subd. (a)(2), italics added.) Pursuant to Elections Code section 12101, on July
30, 2018, the City of Mission Viejo issued a public election notice stating the November
2018 election would be for three city council members and their terms of office would be
“Full term of two years.” (Italics added.)
              A challenge to ballot materials generally must be made before an election.
(Owens v. County of Los Angeles (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 107, 123.) Neither Sachs nor
Bucknum nor Raths challenged the ballot materials for the November 2018 election.
              Elections Code section 15400 requires a governing body to declare “elected
or nominated to each office voted on at each election under its jurisdiction the person
having the highest number of votes for that office . . . .” Pursuant to Elections Code
section 15400, in December 2018, the Mission Viejo City Council adopted resolution No.
18-52 declaring that at the November 2018 election Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths had been
elected as members of the city council for terms of two years. That resolution declared
the notice of election to have been lawful and the election complied with statutory
requirements for general law cities. Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths voted in favor of the
resolution, and Sachs, as mayor, signed it.
              At oral argument, counsel for defendants argued there was no evidence that
any voter relied upon any of the preelection materials regarding the term of office. But in
a quo warranto proceeding, the burden is on the defendant office holder to show he or she
is “lawfully holding and exercising the office.” (People v. Hayden (1935) 9 Cal.App.2d
312, 313.)
              The will of the voters in the November 2018 election was to elect Sachs,
Bucknum, and Raths to the city council for two-year terms, not four-year terms. The

                                              19
Mission Viejo City Council ratified the voters’ decision by declaring Sachs, Bucknum,
and Raths had been elected to two-year terms of office. Although section 57377
prescribes four-year terms for city council members, “‘preservation of the integrity of the
election process” (Gooch v. Hendrix (1993) 5 Cal.4th 266, 278) demands that we uphold
the results of that election, which was to elect Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths
unconditionally to two-year terms.

              B. Holdover Provisions Did Not Grant Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths
                 Authority to Stay in Office for Four Years
              Defendants argue that if Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were elected to
two-year terms of office in November 2018 then, pursuant to section 57377 and section
2.04.140 to the Mission Viejo Municipal Code, they had the right to hold office “until
their successors are elected and qualified.” Section 57377 states the city council hold
office for “four years from the Tuesday succeeding their election, and until their
                                      7
successors are elected and qualified.” Because their successors were not elected and
qualified until November 2022, defendants argue Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths were
rightfully holding office when the quo warranto lawsuit was filed.
              This argument has some superficial appeal. “First, it is the general rule,
with possibly certain exceptions [citation] not here pertinent, that when there is no
expression in the statute to the contrary, a public officer who continues to perform the

              7
                 Section 2.04.140 to the Mission Viejo Municipal Code states: “City
council members shall hold office for four years from the Monday succeeding the county
clerk’s certification of the election and until their successors are elected and qualified.”
Another such holdover provision for municipal officers appears in Government Code
section 36503, which provides: “City officers holding elective city office shall hold
office for their prescribed terms from the date of the installation of officers following
adoption by the council of the official canvass of their election and until their successors
are elected and qualified.” Appointed state officers are subject to Government Code
section 1302, which states: “Every officer whose term has expired shall continue to
discharge the duties of his office until his successor has qualified.”

                                             20
duties of the office and holds office beyond the term for which he was elected or
appointed, holds office until his successor is selected and qualifies.” (Hartford Acc. Etc.
Co. v. City of Tulare (1947) 30 Cal.2d 832, 836.) “Where the term of office is fixed,
determinate, a provision requiring the officer to continue ‘to discharge the duties of his
office, although his term has expired, until his successor has qualified’ [citation], ‘adds an
additional, contingent, and defeasible term to the original fixed term, and excludes the
possibility of a vacancy, and consequently the power of appointment, except in case of
death, resignation, ineligibility, or the like.” (People ex rel. Parsons v. Edwards (1892)
93 Cal. 153, 156.)
              This looks as though the holdover provisions of section 57377 and the
Mission Viejo Municipal Code might have granted Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths the right
to hold office until the election and qualification of their successors in November 2022.
But we agree with plaintiff that the holdover provisions were intended only to prevent
brief vacancies in office following an election and do not permit elected officeholders
who have the power to call an election to stay in office by failing to call one. (See Rice v.
National City (1901) 132 Cal. 354, 355 [elected marshal was allowed to holdover after
the marshal-elect failed to file a bond and take an oath]; People v. Ward (1895) 107 Cal.
236, 237 [outgoing district attorney allowed to holdover after elected district attorney
died between the election and the time he was to take office]; cf. People v. Brenham
(1851) 3 Cal. 477, 491 (conc. opn. of Murray, J.) [“If a different rule should be holden,
then the Governor, by refusing to issue his proclamation, or the Council, by refusing to
give the notice required by law, might continue themselves in office beyond the term for
which they were elected”].)
              “The basis for [the holdover] rule is the policy against having a vacancy in
public office—having a gap between successive office holders.” (Hartford Acc. Etc. Co.
v. City of Tulare, supra, 30 Cal.2d at p. 836, italics added.) The purpose is not to allow
officeholders to extend their own terms of office. Under the holdover rule, an officer

                                             21
does not “acquire any right to a new, fixed and definite term” but becomes “a temporary
incumbent, locum tenens, by virtue of public necessity,” and holds office only until the
office can be filled. (People v. Nye (1908) 9 Cal.App. 148, 161.)
              In the present case, the holdover provisions in section 57377 and the
Mission Viejo Municipal Code would have permitted Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths to stay
in office temporarily past the expiration of their two-year terms in November 2020 until
their positions could be filled. Under Government Code section 36512, subdivision (b), a
city council shall fill vacancies in an elected municipal office within 60 days of the
commencement of vacancy either by appointment or by calling as special election. Thus,
Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths would have been permitted to holdover in office only for so
long as it would take to call and hold a special election or to have the city council meet
and appoint their replacements. Mission Viejo did hold a municipal election in 2020 but
Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths did not run for reelection. Under the circumstances, the
holdover provisions did not extend their two-year terms of office to four years.

              C. The Stipulated Judgment Did Not Condition the Two-year Terms of
                 Office on Implementation of Cumulative Voting
              In the defendants’ reply brief, defendants assert the Stipulated Judgment
“inextricably linked” the two-year terms of office for the 2018 election “to the anticipated
                               8
remedy of cumulative voting.” They claim support for this interpretation in section 4 of
the Stipulated Judgment, which reads: “In order to maximize the remedial effectiveness
of the cumulative voting system adopted herein, and consistent with the cumulative
voting remedy ordered by the court in United States v. Village of Port Chester (S.D.N.Y
2010) 704 F. Supp.2d 411, beginning with the November 2020 election, all five seats on
the City Council shall be elected at the same time. Accordingly, the election in

              8
                 We can consider this assertion forfeited because defendants make it
under a general heading entitled “Corrections to Relator’s Separate Factual Statement”
and not as part of their legal argument. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B).)

                                             22
November 2018 shall be for two-year terms on the City Council, with all subsequent
elections (2020, 2024, 2028, etc.) being for four-year terms. [Mission Viejo] shall at an
appropriate time, amend its codes to reflect this revision.”
              Defendants argue that use of the word “accordingly” in section 4 of the
Stipulated Judgment “confirms the inextricable link between the first sentence, describing
the anticipated cumulative voting remedy, and the second sentence, providing for a two-
year term.” In addition, as defendants point out, section 1 of the Stipulated Judgment
states, “Unless [Mission Viejo] adopts district-based elections (as defined in the CVRA)
at some later date, all elections for the City’s governing board (the Mission Viejo City
Council) shall employ cumulative voting . . . .”
              It cannot be doubted that the Stipulated Judgment linked the two-year terms
for the November 2018 election to the anticipated remedy of cumulative voting: The
two-year terms of office were intended to “maximize” the effectiveness of the cumulative
voting remedy by placing all council seats up for election at the same time, starting with
the November 2020 election. But the Stipulated Judgment did not condition the two-year
terms of office upon implementation of cumulative voting or provide for the extension of
the terms of office if cumulative voting was not implemented by the time of the
November 2020 election. Judge Schwarm, who signed the Stipulated Judgment,
interpreted it in the same way. We find no abuse of discretion. (Jacuzzi v. Jacuzzi Bros.,
Inc. (1966) 243 Cal.App.2d 1, 35 [applying abuse of discretion standard to trial court’s
interpretation of its own order].) More importantly, the public announcements issued by
Mission Viejo, the public notice of the November 2018 election, and the city resolution
declaring the election results all stated the terms of office were two years without any
conditions or possible extensions.

                                             23
              In the defendants’ reply brief, they also argue that the Stipulated Judgment,
read together with the amended stipulated judgment, must be interpreted as meaning
                                                           9
Sachs, Bucknum and Raths could serve four-year terms. Neither the Stipulated
Judgment nor the amended stipulated judgment provided for four-year terms of office for
the November 2018 election in the event cumulative voting was not implemented by
November 2020. When the amended stipulated judgment was signed, the November
2018 election had been held; Sachs, Bucknum, and Raths had been elected to two-year
terms of office; and the city council had certified those election results.
              Judge Schwarm, who signed the Stipulated Judgment and the amended
stipulated judgment, disagreed with Defendants’ interpretation. He found: “Here, by
approving the Stipulated Judgment [citation] and the Amended Stipulated Judgment
[citation] in the SVREP case in the form proposed by the parties, this court did not
approve extension of Defendants’ prescribed two-year terms. The Stipulated Judgment
[citation] and the Amended Stipulated Judgment [citation] do not expressly state
Defendants’ terms would be extended beyond the prescribed two-year terms for which
they were elected. Through the Stipulated Judgment [citation] and the Amended
Stipulated Judgment [citation] SVREP and the City gave the court the authority under
Elections Code section 14029 to implement remedies to address the CVRA violation.”
The court stated, “The City Attorney’s declaration did not state that Defendants’ two-year

               9
                 Defendants argue: “Because of the amendment delaying the five-seat
election until 2022, the cumulative voting ‘remedy’ could be harmonized with the
four-year term provision of section 57377. The three councilmembers elected in 2018
could serve a four-year term and then stand for election (along with two other council
positions) in 2022. The 2018 Stipulated Judgment, as amended in July 2020, could
therefore have been interpreted in such a way as to comply with both section 14029’s
authority to implement remedies for CVRA violations and section 57377’s requirement
of four-year terms. In other words, the three council members elected in 2018 could
serve a four-year term (thereby complying with section 57377) while simultaneously
creating a remedy (per section 14029) by allowing all five seats open for voter selection
in 2022.”

                                              24
terms would be extended if the Amended Stipulated Judgment was entered. Rather, the
ex parte application and the Amended Stipulated Judgment reflected the intent of the
parties to give the City more time to attempt to implement cumulative voting as a remedy
for ‘. . . inadvertently dilut[ing] the vote of a minority population.’” We find no abuse of
discretion in this interpretation. (Jacuzzi v. Jacuzzi Bros., Inc., supra, 243 Cal.App.2d at
p. 35.)

                                      DISPOSITION
              The judgment is affirmed. Plaintiff shall recover costs on appeal.

                                                  SANCHEZ, J.

WE CONCUR:

MOORE, ACTING P. J.

MOTOIKE, J.

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