Court Opinion

ID: 2644635
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-12-03 17:37:22.272724+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:33.021336
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-30327      Document: 00512457649         Page: 1    Date Filed: 12/02/2013

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                Fifth Circuit

                                    No. 13-30327                              FILED
                                                                       December 2, 2013
                                  Summary Calendar
                                                                         Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                              Clerk

United States of America, ex rel, WANDA STEPHENSON,

              Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

ARCHER WESTERN CONTRACTORS, L.L.C., formerly known as Archer
Western Contractors, Limited; ALBERICI ENTERPRISES, also known as
Alberici Constructors, Incorporated; PATCO TRANSPORT,
INCORPORATED, doing business as Patco Logistics, L.L.C.; C.K.A., L.L.C.;
R. PEADEN TRUCKING, INCORPORATED; TAMMANY HOLDING
COMPANY, L.L.C., formerly known as Tammany Holding Corporation;
WILLOW BEND VENTURES, L.L.C.; BAYOU SAND & GRAVEL, L.L.C.;
BATOM ENTERPRISES, L.L.C.; BERTUCCI CONTRACTING COMPANY,
L.L.C.; PEARLINGTON DIRT, L.L.C.; PATCO LOGISTICS, L.L.C.,

              Defendants - Appellees

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                             USDC No. 2:21-CV-1043

Before JOLLY, SMITH, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: *

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
    Case: 13-30327     Document: 00512457649         Page: 2   Date Filed: 12/02/2013

                                         13-30327

      Wanda Stephenson appeals the district court’s grant of a motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6) and 9(b). For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM.
                           FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
      In   August    2005,    the   levees      surrounding    New    Orleans    failed
catastrophically,    and    the   city    was    submerged     by    the   floodwaters.
Subsequently, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (“USACE”)
orchestrated the construction of a system of levees that was said to provide
one hundred years of flood protection to the New Orleans area. To rebuild
and construct these levees, USACE contracted with Archer Western
Contractors, L.L.C. and Alberici Enterprises (the “prime contractors”). These
companies contracted with trucking brokers and trucking companies to haul
clay and other earthen materials to build up the levees, including Patco
Transport, Inc., R. Peadon Trucking, Inc., Patco Logistics, L.L.C., Bertucci
Contracting Company, L.L.C., and Batom Enterprises, L.L.C. (the “trucking
brokers”). These truckers drew clay and sand materials from pits run by
Tammany Holding Co., L.L.C., Willow Bend Ventures, L.L.C., Pearlington
Dirt, L.L.C., and Bayou Sand & Gravel, L.L.C.                  (the “pit operators”).
Collectively, these companies are the Defendants.
      The contract between the USACE and the prime contractors contained
a provision mandating compliance with all “Federal, state, and municipal
laws, codes and regulations applicable to the performance of the work.” This
contract required express certification of compliance with all of the
specifications, terms, and conditions of the contract in each pay application
and payment voucher.

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                                         13-30327

       Wanda Stephenson, the owner and manager of a trucking company,
brought a qui tam suit under the False Claims Act (“FCA”) alleging that
these companies filed false certifications with the USACE as a pre-requisite
for payments under their contracts to provide earthen materials to the levee
projects. Specifically, she alleges that truckers consistently hauled loads in
excess of the weight limits on highways (80,000 lbs.) and bridges (40,000 lbs.).
These truckers then made express certifications with USACE that they were
complying with all provisions in their contract, including the provision that
they were in compliance with all “Federal, State, and municipal laws, codes
and regulations applicable to the performance of their work.” She accuses the
trucking brokers of submitting claims for payment to the prime contractors in
violation of contracts that required compliance with the weight laws. She
alleges that the pit operators “were required by law to ensure that trucks
leaving their pits were not violating the legal weight limits,” and they ignored
this obligation to let “visibly overweight trucks” travel the highway.
       Stephenson filed her complaint under seal on April 24, 2012.                       The
United States declined to intervene and Stephenson amended the complaint.
The Defendants filed motions to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(1), 1 12(b)(6), and
9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. On March 6, oral argument was
held on the motions to dismiss and the district court ruled for the Defendants
on the Rules 12(b)(6) and 9(b) motions. The court stated, “I don’t think the
plaintiff has successfully alleged that any of the defendants have made false
certifications of compliance on which payment was conditioned under the
jurisprudence.” The district court gave Stephenson twenty days to file an
amended complaint that would pass Rule 9(b) muster. Stephenson declined

       1
          Because the district court dismissed based on Rules 12(b)(6) and 9(b), it did not
rule on the prime contractors’ Rule 12(b)(1) motion.
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                                   13-30327

to do so.    Final judgment of dismissal was entered on April 1, 2013.
Stephenson appeals.
      The prime contractors respond that the government knew that some
trucks were overweight, but any issues about the trucks’ weights or speeds
were discussed with USACE during the project and resolved satisfactorily.
The remedy under the contract was to issue a stop work order, which never
occurred. The pit operators respond that Stephenson’s argument is not that
the Defendants provided less or lower quality clay than required, but that the
“clay was delivered too quickly, i.e. defendants should have utilized more
trucks to deliver the same amount of clay.”
                          STANDARD OF REVIEW
      “We review de novo a district court’s ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.”
United States ex. rel. Steury v. Cardinal Health, Inc., 625 F.3d 262, 266
(2010). “A dismissal for failure to plead fraud with particularity under Rule
9(b) is treated as a dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).”
United States ex. rel. Thompson v. Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp., 125
F.3d 899, 901 (1997).
                                DISCUSSION
      Stephenson challenges the district court’s dismissal of her claims
against the defendants for failure to state a claim under the FCA. To find a
FCA violation, this court looks to see “(1) whether there was a false
statement or fraudulent course of conduct; (2) made or carried out with the
requisite scienter; (3) that was material; and (4) that caused the government
to pay out money or to forfeit moneys due (i.e., that involved a claim).”
United States ex. rel. Longhi v. Lithium Power Techs., Inc., 575 F.3d 458, 467
(5th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

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                                    13-30327

        “The term ‘material’ means ‘having a natural tendency to influence, or
be capable of influencing, the payment or receipt of money or property.’”
Steury, 625 F.3d at 267. “The FCA is not a general ‘enforcement device’ for
federal statutes, regulations, and contracts.” Id. at 268. The key is whether
the
    certification is a prerequisite to obtaining a government benefit. Thus,
    where the government has conditioned payment of a claim upon a
    claimant’s certification of compliance with, for example, a statute or
    regulation, a claimant submits a false or fraudulent claim when he or
    she falsely certifies compliance with a statute or regulation.
Thompson, 125 F.3d at 902.
        We agree with the district court that the certification in this case was
not a “prerequisite for payment.” The certification was one of compliance
with the contract’s specifications, terms, and conditions.         The contract
contained boilerplate language stating that the company would follow the
law.    Absent a more specific certification of compliance, for example with
traffic or roadway regulations, the FCA would here become a general
enforcement device for traffic infractions.
        Most tellingly, both Stephenson and the Defendants point out that the
government knew the trucks were overweight: Stephenson tells us this was
visible, and the Defendants provide emails from the government discussing
the issue with the contractors. Yet, no stop work order was issued. The clay
continued to be delivered to the levees. The contractors were paid. How
could such “fraud” be material to payment if the defrauded party knows
about it and remains satisfied with the work? It appears beyond doubt that
USACE was not defrauded and the focus of the contract was on rapidly
providing earthen material to provide one hundred years of flood protection
to New Orleans, not on policing roadway weight regulations. Any inaccurate
certifications were not material to payment.

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                                    13-30327

      In the alternative, Stephenson’s claims would fail under Rule 9(b).
“Claims brought under the FCA must comply with Rule 9(b). At a minimum,
Rule 9(b) requires that a plaintiff set forth the who, what, when, where, and
how of the alleged fraud.” Thompson, 125 F.3d at 903 (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted).         “The frequently stated, judicially-created
standard for a sufficient fraud complaint . . . instructs a plaintiff to plead the
time, place and contents of the false representation, as well as the identity of
the person making the misrepresentation and what that person obtained
thereby.” United States ex rel. Grubbs v. Kanneganti, 565 F.3d 180, 186 (5th
Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).
      We agree with the district court that Stephenson’s allegations fail to
meet the requirements of specificity under Rule 9(b). Even if she were able to
allege in part the particularity which the Rule requires, she has not alleged
the “identity of the person making the misrepresentation and what that
person obtained thereby.” The contractors were not paid more for having
more clay in individual trucks; they were paid for providing the entirety of
the clay required for the levee projects. The district court offered Stephenson
the opportunity to amend her complaint with the specifics that would meet
Rule 9(b) requirements, and she declined to do so.
                                CONCLUSION
      We AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Stephenson’s complaint.

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