Court Opinion

ID: 810594
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-10-19 20:30:54+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:38.404434
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                          To be cited only in accordance with
                                   Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

              United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Seventh Circuit
                                  Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                Submitted October 18, 2012*
                                 Decided October 19, 2012

                                          Before

                            JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge

                            KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge

                            DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

No. 12-1659

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                          Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellee,                           Court for the Central District of Illinois.

       v.
                                                   No. 07-40084
MATTHEW A. TURNER,
    Defendant-Appellant.                           Michael M. Mihm,
                                                   Judge.

                                        ORDER

       Matthew Turner appeals the denial of his challenge to the administrative forfeiture
of a BMW vehicle seized after his arrest on drug conspiracy charges. We affirm.

       Turner was arrested in fall 2007, and several weeks later law enforcement agents
seized a 2002 BMW 745Li from his sister’s garage and initiated administrative forfeiture

      *
         After examining the briefs and record, we have concluded that oral argument is
unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and record. See FED. R. APP. P.
34(a)(2)(c).
No. 12-1659                                                                                Page 2

procedures. See 18 U.S.C. § 983; 19 U.S.C. §§ 1602–19. In January 2008 the Drug Enforcement
Administration sent forfeiture notices via certified mail return receipt requested to Turner
at three addresses: Henry County Jail, where he was incarcerated; his last known home
address; and his counsel’s office. The notices identified the vehicle seized, explained that
the forfeiture could be contested by filing a claim with the DEA Forfeiture Counsel, and
warned that the DEA must receive the claim by February 28, 2008. Return receipts were
signed at the jail and counsel’s office, but the notice to Turner’s last known home address
was returned as undeliverable. Notice also was published in the Wall Street Journal weekly
over three consecutive weeks in early 2008.

       The BMW was declared forfeited by the DEA in May 2008. See 19 U.S.C. § 1609. Less
than a year later, Turner was convicted by a jury of conspiring to distribute drugs and
firearm possession.

        In December 2009 Turner filed a motion under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
41(g) for return of the BMW, alleging denial of due process because he did not receive
notice of the forfeiture proceeding. In subsequent filings he added that the BMW’s seizure
was unreasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.

       The district court recognized that 18 U.S.C. § 983(e), not Rule 41(g), was the proper
mechanism to challenge an administrative forfeiture and recast Turner’s submission
accordingly. See United States v. Sims, 376 F.3d 705, 708 (7th Cir. 2005). Construing Turner’s
action under § 983(e), the court denied the motion, concluding that (1) actual receipt of
notice was not required for due process and (2) in any event the government took
reasonable steps to provide notice of the administrative forfeiture proceeding. The court
did not address Turner’s Fourth Amendment argument.

        On appeal Turner challenges the district court’s conclusion that due process does
not require actual receipt of notice, particularly when the party seeking return of property
is a prisoner in the government’s custody. This conclusion, in Turner’s view, violates “plain
American notions of fairness” and any “meaningful interpretation of . . . due process.”

       In an administrative forfeiture proceeding, individuals whose property interests are
at stake are entitled to notice “reasonably calculated under all the circumstances” to
apprise them of the proceedings. Dusenbery v. United States, 534 U.S. 161, 173 (2002)
(quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)); Chairez, 355
F.3d at 1101. “Due process requires no more.” Dusenbery, 534 U.S. at 173. Due process
requires neither actual notice, see id. at 171; Ho v. Donovan, 569 F.3d 677, 680 (7th Cir. 2009),
nor special or “heroic” efforts by the government to assure that a particular piece of mail
reaches a prisoner in custody. Dusenbery, 534 U.S. at 170–72.
No. 12-1659                                                                                 Page 3

        As for the manner in which notice of forfeiture must be sent to incarcerated
prisoners in order to comply with due process, we have approved sending notice by
certified mail to the prisoner at the jail, where an authorized jail employee signs for it.
See Chairez, 355 F.3d at 1101. Any requirement that a reviewing court (or federal agency
seeking forfeiture) inquire into the mail-distribution procedures would be “burdensome
and impractical,” given the variation in how jails and prisons handle mail. Id. At least six
other circuits agree that notice sent by certified mail to the prisoner at the jail
presumptively satisfies due process. United States v. $73,919.00 in U.S. Currency More or Less,
No. 10-50728, 2011 WL 5984713, at *3 (5th Cir. 2011) (unpublished decision); United States v.
Williams, No. 04-12829, 2005 WL 1004096, at *1 (11th Cir. 2005) (unpublished decision);
Whiting v. United States, 231 F.3d 70, 77 (1st Cir. 2000); Dusenbery v. United States, 223 F.3d
422, 424–25 (6th Cir. 2000), aff’d 534 U.S. 161 (2002); United States v. Real Prop., 135 F.3d 1312,
1315–16 (9th Cir. 1998); United States v. Clark, 84 F.3d 378, 381 (10th Cir. 1996). But see Nunley
v. Dept. of Justice, 425 F.3d 1132, 1137–38 (8th Cir. 2005) (rejecting presumption; “Chairez
underemphasizes the likelihood that a second distribution system affects the delivery of
mail to prisoners, overemphasizes the difficulty of assessing such systems, and
misconstrues Dusenbery”); United States v. One Toshiba Color Television, 213 F.3d 147, 150 (3d
Cir. 2000) (en banc) (requiring government to prove mail-delivery procedures at prison are
reasonably calculated to provide notice because “the relative difficulty to the government
to effect actual notice is reduced, while the ability of prisoners to ensure that they received
notices directed to them suffers”); United States v. Minor, 228 F.3d 352, 358 (4th Cir. 2000)
(acknowledging that due process will usually be satisfied if government sends certified
mail to prison, but adding that any notice requirement still “mandates a context-specific
inquiry”).

       The DEA’s notices more than satisfy our rule. Although hand-delivering notice to
prisoners for signature—as Turner requests—may be a preferable procedure, due process
does not require the best possible method of notification. See Krecioch v. United States, 221
F.3d 976, 981 (7th Cir. 2000).

        Turner also argues that the district court overlooked his claim that his BMW was
unreasonably seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. He maintains that the
government cannot prove that he bought the BMW with drug-trafficking proceeds. But the
district court lacked jurisdiction to review this claim after having determined that the
DEA’s notice procedure satisfied due process. See Chairez, 355 F.3d at 1101.

                                                                                    AFFIRMED.