Court Opinion

ID: 7805032
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-31 00:01:04.89661+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:55.987825
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-20274     Document: 00516453561         Page: 1     Date Filed: 08/30/2022

              United States Court of Appeals
                   for the Fifth Circuit                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                             Fifth Circuit

                                                                           FILED
                                                                     August 30, 2022
                                No. 21-20274
                            consolidated with                         Lyle W. Cayce
                                No. 21-20474                               Clerk

   DHI Group, Incorporated; Rigzone.com, Incorporated,

                                                           Plaintiffs—Appellees,

                                       versus

   David W. Kent, Jr.; Single Integrated Operations
   Portal, Incorporated,

                                                       Defendants—Appellants,

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Texas
                           USDC No. 4:16-CV-1670

   Before Higginbotham, Haynes, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam:*
          DHI Group, Inc. and Rigzone.com (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed
   this civil lawsuit against David Kent and Single Integrated Operations Portal,
   Inc. (“Oilpro”) (collectively, “Defendants”), alleging, inter alia, claims

          *
            Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
   opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
   circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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                            No. 21-20274 c/w No. 21-20474

   under the Texas Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“TUTSA”), Texas Theft
   Liability Act (“TTLA”), and Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
   Organizations Act (“RICO”). The district court entered a final judgment
   awarding Rigzone approximately $3 million in damages. All parties appealed.
           For the following reasons, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in
   part.

                                I.   Background
           Kent was the creator and founder of Rigzone.com, an oil and gas
   recruiting and employment opportunity website.           To generate income,
   Rigzone used its résumé database to gain subscribers. Oil and gas companies,
   looking to recruit and hire new employees, would purchase Rigzone
   subscriptions to search the résumé database. The résumés themselves were
   not sold individually; they could only be accessed by purchasing a
   subscription to the database.
           After selling Rigzone to DHI, Kent left the company and launched
   Oilpro. He proceeded to illegally hack into Rigzone’s database and copy
   hundreds of thousands of résumés between 2013 and 2015. The parties
   dispute Kent’s intentions behind these hacks; there is some indication that
   his actions were done to benefit Oilpro.
           Kent’s hacks were eventually discovered, and he was subsequently
   arrested and criminally charged. He pled guilty to violating the Computer
   Fraud and Abuse Act (“CFAA”) for his unauthorized access of Rigzone’s
   résumé collection. He was sentenced to one year and one day in prison and
   ordered to pay approximately $3.3 million in restitution.
           While Kent’s criminal case was pending, Plaintiffs filed the instant
   action against Kent and Oilpro, asserting various claims under the TUTSA,
   RICO, TTLA, and CFAA, as well as common law claims for breach of

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   fiduciary duty and misappropriation of confidential information. 1                  In
   response, Oilpro asserted counterclaims against Rigzone and DHI under the
   CFAA, as well as breach of contract and common law misappropriation.
   Before the jury returned a verdict, the district court granted judgment as a
   matter of law in favor of Oilpro as to Plaintiffs’ claims because Plaintiffs did
   not oppose Defendants’ Rule 50(a) motion as to their claims against Oilpro.
          As for Kent, the jury found violations of: (1) TUTSA, awarding
   approximately $3 million in damages to Rigzone; and (2) Texas common law
   for   the      misappropriation      of    confidential    information,     awarding
   approximately $2.5 million in damages. The jury also found a (3) violation of
   RICO and (4) breach of a fiduciary duty but did not award damages as to
   either claim. As for the remaining claims, the jury found in Kent’s favor as
   to the CFAA claim and in Plaintiffs’ favor on all of Oilpro’s counterclaims.
          In light of the jury verdict, the parties filed additional motions.
   Defendants moved to (1) offset their damages with the $3.3 million paid as
   criminal restitution and sought relief under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
   50, 59, and 60; and (2) recover fees and costs for their successful defense of
   the TTLA claim. Plaintiffs moved, inter alia, for an award of attorney’s fees
   on their RICO claim. Oilpro moved, inter alia, for costs as a prevailing party
   under Rule 54(d).
          The district court denied the various motions in an extensive order
   discussing the parties’ arguments. See DHI Grp., Inc. v. Kent, No. 16-CV-
   1670, 2021 WL 4203235, at *1–9 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 23, 2021). Specifically, the
   court found that “Plaintiffs have not shown they were injured in their
   business or property by Kent’s RICO violation,” and “viewing the case as a
   whole, Oilpro is not the prevailing party” under Rule 54. Id. at *2, *4. As to

          1
              Plaintiffs eventually agreed that their TTLA claim was preempted by TUTSA.

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   Plaintiffs’ TTLA claim, the district court explicitly acknowledged that
   “Defendants prevailed against Plaintiffs’ TTLA claim” and were “thus
   entitled to reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees on the TTLA claim.” Id.
   at *5. However, the court denied Defendants’ motion for fees because of
   insufficient segregation and Defendants’ failure “to meet their burden to
   produce evidence sufficient to perform the lodestar calculation.” See id. at
   *5–8.
           Later, the court denied, with no discussion, Defendants’ motion for
   offset and relief and entered its final judgment, which: (1) awarded Plaintiff
   Rigzone $3,003,036.90 in damages—exactly the same amount the jury
   awarded on the TUTSA trade secret claim; (2) ordered that both DHI and
   Defendants “take nothing”; and (3) determined that the amount of pre-
   judgment and post-judgment interest, attorney’s fees, and costs would be
   decided at a later date. Defendants appealed, and Plaintiffs cross-appealed.

                            II.    Standards of Review
           Several relevant and sometimes overlapping standards guide our
   review.
      A. Rule 50(a) and the Jury Verdict
           Regarding Plaintiffs’ TUTSA claim, Defendants argue that the
   district court erroneously denied Kent’s Rule 50(a) motion for judgment as
   a matter of law. We review such a denial de novo, using “the same standard
   as the district court.” Kevin M. Ehringer Enters., Inc. v. McData Servs. Corp.,
   646 F.3d 321, 324 (5th Cir. 2011). 2 In ruling on this motion, “the court must
   draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may

           2
            “A Rule 50(a) motion is a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence.”
   Kevin M. Ehringer Enters., 646 F.3d at 324.

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   not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence.” Id. at 325
   (quotation omitted).
          With respect to the jury verdict, this court’s standard of review “is
   especially deferential.” Apache Deepwater, L.L.C. v. W&T Offshore, Inc., 930
   F.3d 647, 653 (5th Cir. 2019) (quotation omitted). “A party is only entitled
   to judgment as a matter of law on an issue where no reasonable jury would
   have had a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find otherwise.”        Id.
   Therefore, we will not conclude “the district court erred unless the evidence
   at trial points so strongly and overwhelmingly in the movant’s favor that
   reasonable jurors could not reach a contrary conclusion.” Wellogix, Inc. v.
   Accenture, L.L.P., 716 F.3d 867, 874 (5th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks
   and citation omitted).
      B. Damages
          We review a district court’s damages award for clear error as a finding
   of fact, though “conclusions of law underlying the award are reviewed de
   novo.” Jauch v. Nautical Servs., Inc., 470 F.3d 207, 213 (5th Cir. 2006) (per
   curiam).
      C. Remittitur
          We construe Defendants’ motion for offset as a motion for remittitur,
   which seeks “[a]n order awarding a new trial, or a damages amount lower
   than that awarded by the jury.” Remittitur, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY
   (11th ed. 2019). Generally, remittitur is only ordered when the court is “left
   with the perception that the verdict is clearly excessive.” Thomas v. Tex.

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   Dep’t of Crim. Just., 297 F.3d 361, 368 (5th Cir. 2002) (quotation omitted).
   We review the denial of remittitur for abuse of discretion. Id. 3
       D. Rule 54(d) Costs
           We review an award of costs under Rule 54(d) “for a clear abuse of
   discretion.” United States ex rel. Long v. GSDMIdea City, L.L.C., 807 F.3d
   125, 128 (5th Cir. 2015); see Pacheco v. Mineta, 448 F.3d 783, 793 (5th Cir.
   2006) (same, regarding the denial of costs).                  However, we review a
   “‘prevailing party’ determination” de novo. Long, 807 F.3d at 128. There is
   “a strong presumption that the court will award costs to the prevailing
   party.” Salley v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 966 F.2d 1011, 1017 (5th Cir.
   1992). If “the court does not award costs to the prevailing party,” the district
   court must “state its reasons.” Id.
       E. Attorney’s Fees
           Generally, “[a]n award of attorney’s fees is entrusted to the sound
   discretion of the trial court.” Transverse, L.L.C. v. Iowa Wireless Servs.,
   L.L.C., 992 F.3d 336, 343 (5th Cir. 2021) (quotation omitted). 4                      The
   availability of attorney’s fees is a question of law that we review de novo. Id.
   But we review a district court’s decision to grant or deny attorney’s fees for
   abuse of discretion. See id.; Davis v. Credit Bureau of the S., 908 F.3d 972, 975

           3
             Texas courts review motions for remittitur for factual sufficiency. Pope v. Moore,
   711 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam). This standard differs from the federal
   standard and appears to be even more deferential to the jury verdict. See Larson v. Cactus
   Util. Co., 730 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex. 1987) (“To review trial court remittiturs under a
   different standard and continue the ‘abuse of discretion’ test conflicts with a system that
   allows juries to set damages. The abuse of discretion standard robs of its vitality the
   constitutionally mandated right of trial by jury.”).
           4
              “State law controls both the award of and the reasonableness of fees awarded
   where state law supplies the rule of decision.” Mathis v. Exxon Corp., 302 F.3d 448, 461
   (5th Cir. 2002).

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   (5th Cir. 2018) (per curiam). 5 An abuse of discretion occurs when the district
   court “bases its decision on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly
   erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Davis, 908 F.3d at 975 (quotation
   omitted). In making this determination, we “review[] the factual findings
   supporting the grant or denial of attorney’s fees for clear error and the
   conclusions of law underlying the award de novo.” Id. (quotation omitted).

                                   III.    Discussion
           There are several issues on appeal related to: (1) TUTSA,
   (2) TUTSA damages, (3) the offset of damages, (4) Rule 54 costs, (5) TTLA,
   and (6) RICO. 6 We discuss each issue in turn.
           TUTSA claim
           The parties dispute whether there is sufficient evidence of a trade
   secret. TUTSA defines a “trade secret” as:
           all forms and types of information, including business,
           scientific, technical, economic, or engineering information,
           and any formula, design, prototype, pattern, plan, compilation,
           program device, program, code, device, method, technique,
           process, procedure, financial data, or list of actual or potential

           5
            Texas uses similar standards of review. Brinson Benefits, Inc. v. Hooper, 501
   S.W.3d 637, 641 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016, no pet.) (“We therefore review the issue of
   whether appellees were entitled to an award of attorney’s fees under the TTLA de novo. If
   we determine any of the appellees were entitled to an award of attorney’s fees, we then
   review the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion.” (citation
   omitted)).
           6
             As noted above, the jury awarded approximately $2.5 million to Plaintiffs on their
   misappropriation of confidential information claim. However, it appears that the district
   court did not award Plaintiffs any damages on this claim, and Plaintiffs conceded it was
   likely preempted by TUTSA, at least as to Rigzone. Because we uphold the TUTSA
   damages award, we need not reach this issue or opine on whether Texas law recognizes a
   cause of action for misappropriation of confidential information.

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           customers or suppliers, whether tangible or intangible and
           whether or how stored, compiled, or memorialized physically,
           electronically, graphically, photographically, or in writing.
   Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 134A.002(6) (emphasis
   added).
           The statute also requires that: (1) “the owner of the trade secret has
   taken reasonable measures under the circumstances to keep the information
   secret; and” (2) “the information derives independent economic value,
   actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily
   ascertainable through proper means by, another person who can obtain
   economic value from the disclosure or use of the information.”                         Id.
   § 134A.002(6)(A), (B).
           Defendants maintain that the stolen résumés were not a trade secret,
   and their value derived from “being shared” rather than “being kept
   secret.” 7 Plaintiffs, in turn, cite to witness testimony indicating that it took
   a considerable amount of time and monetary resources to collect the
   résumés; the uniqueness of the résumé collection provided it a competitive
   advantage; and customers pay significant sums for the right to access the
   résumé database. Moreover, Plaintiffs argue that “Rigzone took reasonable
   measures” to maintain the secrecy of the contents of its résumé database,
   including a contract prohibiting the reselling of and limiting the use of

           7
             Specifically, Defendants focus on the “individual” aspect of the resumes, largely
   discounting Plaintiffs’ argument that “the alleged trade secret was not individual résumés
   but a compilation.” Indeed, Defendants seemingly admit that Plaintiffs’ argument is based
   on a “compilation theory,” but they maintain that is “no basis for affirmance” because
   “there is no evidence—and no finding—about a compilation of résumés.” Defendants’
   counterargument is not supported by the record. Moreover, as Plaintiffs note, the jury
   instructions expressly provided that the definition of a trade secret includes a
   “compilation.”

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   information obtained from the database, as well as password protected access
   for subscribers. 8
          We agree with Plaintiffs. There is little doubt that a “compilation”
   qualifies as a trade secret, and there is sufficient evidence that the value of
   the résumés stemmed from the “comprehensive” nature of Rigzone’s
   collection (even if the individual résumés were not themselves trade secrets).
   Indeed, Texas courts have recognized “customer lists, pricing information,
   client information, customer preferences, buyer contacts, market strategies,
   blueprints, and drawings” as examples of viable trade secrets. T-N-T
   Motorsports, Inc. v. Hennessey Motorsports, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 18, 22 (Tex.
   App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. dism’d); see Nova Consulting Grp., Inc.
   v. Eng’g Consulting Servs., Ltd., 290 F. App’x 727, 735 (5th Cir. 2008)
   (holding, under Texas law, “client information,” including “names,
   locations, cell-phone and work-telephone numbers, and other important
   information” inputted into a database was a trade secret); In re AmeriSciences,
   L.P., 781 F. App’x 298, 310 (5th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (“Whether this
   material is branded as a network or as a list, it was valuable information easily
   characterized as a trade secret.”).             Rigzone’s résumé database fits
   comfortably within these general parameters.
           We turn to the question of sufficient evidence that Rigzone took
   “reasonable measures under the circumstances to keep the information
   secret.” 9 There is evidence that Rigzone customers had to sign contracts

          8
              Rigzone also locked users out of the database if they downloaded too many
   resumes over a short period of time. This locking function protected the compilation
   aspect of the trade secret.
          9
             The fact that the individual resumes are publicly accessible or that customers
   could pay for unlimited access to the database or downloads does not destroy the secret.
   See Bishop v. Miller, 412 S.W.3d 758, 767 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)
   (noting that even if “some or all of the components of the trade secret are well-known,”

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   between 2011 and 2016 to gain access to the database. But the contract
   provided by Plaintiffs does not explicitly prohibit the sharing of résumés;
   instead, it refers to the terms and conditions on Rigzone’s website and
   compels the customer to “comply with such terms of use.” The website’s
   terms, in turn, forbid (without “prior written authorization”) the reselling or
   making available of “any information obtained” from the website, “including
   without limitation the résumés/CVs,” as well as the sharing of login
   information, user identification, and passwords. 10
           Despite this lack of direct prohibition, customers had constructive
   knowledge of the website’s terms and conditions after signing the written
   agreement.       Under the circumstances, this created a valid contractual
   obligation. 11 Coupled with its other security protocols, the evidence supports
   a jury finding that Rigzone took “reasonable” precautions to protect its trade
   secret. We therefore conclude that the district court did not err by accepting
   the jury verdict on this point and entering judgment in Rigzone’s favor on its
   TUTSA claim.

   that “does not preclude protection for a secret combination, compilation, or integration of
   the individual elements” (quotation omitted)); Metallurgical Indus. Inc. v. Fourtek, Inc., 790
   F.2d 1195, 1200 (5th Cir. 1986) (“If disclosure to others is made to further the holder’s
   economic interests, it should, in appropriate circumstances, be considered a limited
   disclosure that does not destroy the requisite secrecy.”).
           10
               The website’s terms also forbid activities that would “otherwise allow multiple
   offices or users to access the Rigzone service on a basis that is other than what was originally
   subscribed for.”
           11
              The agreement described on the website is known as a “‘browsewrap’
   agreement,” which “does not require the user to manifest assent to the terms and
   conditions expressly.” Sw. Airlines Co. v. BoardFirst, L.L.C., No. 3:06-CV-0891-B, 2007
   WL 4823761, at *4 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 12, 2007). “A party instead gives his assent simply by
   using the website.” Id. Importantly, “the validity of a browsewrap license turns on
   whether a website user has actual or constructive knowledge of a site’s terms and
   conditions prior to using the site.” Id. at *5.

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            TUTSA Damages
            The parties next dispute whether the district court erred in awarding
   approximately $3 million in TUTSA damages based on the jury verdict. The
   jury was instructed to award damages based on “[t]he value that a reasonably
   prudent investor would have paid for the trade secret.” Plaintiffs argue this
   metric was appropriate and “a bedrock damages measure in trade-secret
   cases.” Defendants contend that “a trade secret’s value is recoverable only
   if that value was destroyed by the misappropriation,” which Plaintiffs did not
   prove.
            We agree with Plaintiffs that complete destruction of a trade secret’s
   value is not necessary under the reasonably prudent investor measure of
   damages. As we have previously held, “the value of the secret to the
   defendant . . . is usually the accepted approach where the secret has not been
   destroyed and where the plaintiff is unable to prove specific injury.” Univ.
   Computing Co. v. Lykes-Youngstown Corp., 504 F.2d 518, 536 (5th Cir. 1974)
   (emphasis added). “Value to the defendant,” in turn, “may be measured
   by . . . the value a reasonably prudent investor would have paid for the trade
   secret.” Sw. Energy Prod. Co. v. Berry-Helfand, 491 S.W.3d 699, 711 (Tex.
   2016). 12 Because the jury used this metric to measure damages, we conclude
   the district court did not err in awarding approximately $3 million on the
   TUTSA claim based on the jury verdict. See Wellogix, 716 F.3d at 874. 13

            12
              “Value to the defendant” could also “be measured by the defendant’s actual
   profits resulting from the use or disclosure of the trade secret (unjust enrichment), . . . or
   development costs that were saved.” Sw. Energy, 491 S.W.3d at 711.
            13
             During oral argument, Defendants appeared to abandon any argument that the
   reasonably prudent investor metric is not a valid measure of damages. Instead, Defendants
   asserted that there is a lack of sufficient evidence to support the damages award.
           To the extent Defendants argue that “the various damage measures continued to
   be viable insofar as they fit within the statutory text of TUTSA,” we note that TUTSA

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            Offset of Damages
            Related to the damages issue, Defendants argue that the district court
   erred in failing to offset the $3 million damages award with the $3.3 million
   paid by Kent as criminal restitution. According to Defendants, the one-
   satisfaction rule prohibits double recovery under Texas common law, as well
   as under state and federal restitution statutes. See Tex. Code Crim.
   Proc. Ann art. 42.037(f)(2); 18 U.S.C. § 3664(j)(2). Under this double
   recovery theory, Defendants maintain that Rigzone “already recovered” via
   Kent’s criminal restitution payment because he paid both Rigzone and
   DHI—hence, there was only “one victim.”                      Unsurprisingly, Plaintiffs
   disagree with this “one victim” characterization. 14
            Although there is conflicting evidence on this issue, we conclude that
   Rigzone and DHI were not treated as the same victim. Kent was ordered to
   pay criminal restitution to DHI—not Rigzone.                       Moreover, the jury
   instructions specifically identified Rigzone—not DHI—as the entity that
   owned the trade secret and was therefore entitled to damages. Finally, the

   does not expressly limit damages to those articulated in the statute. Rather the statute uses
   permissive language (“include”) to describe possible damages. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &
   Rem. Code Ann. § 134A.004. Given the lack of an explicit limitation in the statute and
   no Texas case holding that “reasonably prudent investor” damages are no longer
   recoverable, deference to the jury verdict is appropriate. See Apache, 930 F.3d at 652–53.
            14
                 Plaintiffs make three arguments explaining why Defendants’ offset argument
   fails:
            (1) Kent cites no authority that entitles him to any civil settlement credit
            against Rigzone based on the criminal restitution he paid to DHI; (2) Kent
            failed to show that Rigzone recovered some portion of the restitution he
            paid DHI; and (3) Rigzone proved it did not receive a penny of the
            restitution Kent paid to DHI.
          We need not address all these arguments because we conclude that DHI and
   Rigzone were not considered one victim.

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   district court’s final judgment reflected that understanding by awarding
   Rigzone approximately $3 million in damages and nothing to DHI. Because it
   is reasonably clear that Rigzone and DHI were treated as separate entities
   regarding the TUTSA claim and there was no double recovery, we conclude
   the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Defendants’
   motion for offset (construed as a remittitur). See Thomas, 297 F.3d at 368. 15
           Rule 54(d)
           The district court dismissed all Plaintiffs’ claims against Oilpro, which
   later moved for costs under Rule 54(d) as a “prevailing party.” See Fed. R.
   Civ. P. 54(d)(1) (“Unless a federal statute, these rules, or a court order
   provides otherwise, costs—other than attorney’s fees—should be allowed to
   the prevailing party.”). The district court denied this motion, noting that
   “Rigzone is the only party in whose favor a judgment was entered in this
   case,” and “[n]either Defendant prevailed on any of their counterclaims.”
   DHI Grp., 2021 WL 4203235, at *4.
           In deciding whether a party prevailed, “[t]he case must be viewed as
   a whole.” Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH v. Eastman Kodak Co., 713 F.2d 128,
   131 (5th Cir. 1983). Importantly, it is unnecessary for a party to “prevail on
   every issue in order to be entitled to costs.” Fogleman v. ARAMCO, 920 F.2d
   278, 285 (5th Cir. 1991). Here, Oilpro prevailed on its defense but lost on its
   counterclaims. Because the district court could have reasonably found that
   Oilpro did not prevail on its case as a whole and the deferential abuse of

           15
              The jury instructions did refer to “Plaintiffs” regarding the misappropriation of
   confidential information claim. However, that claim was distinct from the TUTSA claim,
   which specifically refers to Rigzone. To the extent this creates ambiguity, we resolve it in
   favor of the district court’s denial. See Thomas, 297 F.3d at 368.

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   discretion standard applies, we conclude the district court did not err in
   denying Oilpro costs under Rule 54(d). See Pacheco, 448 F.3d at 793.
          TTLA
          The parties also disagree as to whether the district court erred in
   failing to award Defendants attorney’s fees and costs under the TTLA:
   “Each person who prevails in a suit under this [statute] shall be awarded
   court costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees.” Tex. Civ.
   Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 134.005(b).
          Here, the district court expressly acknowledged that “Defendants
   prevailed against Plaintiffs’ TTLA claim” and were “thus entitled to
   reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees on the TTLA claim.” DHI Grp.,
   2021 WL 4203235, at *5. Yet the court denied Defendants’ motion for fees
   and costs due to calculation concerns. Id. at *5–8. Because Defendants were
   “entitled to some fee award on the TTLA claim,” the district court could not
   just deny their motion. See Transverse, 992 F.3d at 346 (emphasis added).
   Accordingly, we remand for reconsideration of attorney’s fees and costs on
   the TTLA claim.
          RICO
          Lastly, the parties dispute whether the district court erred in failing to
   award Plaintiffs attorney’s fees under RICO, which also contains a
   mandatory attorney’s fees provision: “Any person injured in his business or
   property by reason of a violation of [RICO] may sue . . . and shall recover
   threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of the suit, including a
   reasonable attorney’s fee.” 18 U.S.C. § 1964 (emphasis added). To be
   entitled to attorney’s fees, a plaintiff must show a “conclusive” injury, rather
   than a “speculative” one. Gil Ramirez Grp., L.L.C. v. Hous. Indep. Sch. Dist.,
   786 F.3d 400, 409 (5th Cir. 2015) (quotation omitted); see In re Taxable Mun.
   Bond Sec. Litig., 51 F.3d 518, 523 (5th Cir. 1995). That said, fees are required

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   when a plaintiff establishes RICO liability, even if a jury does not award any
   compensatory damages. 16 See Sciambra v. Graham News, 892 F.2d 411, 415–
   16 (5th Cir. 1990) (concluding that “the actual recovery of compensatory
   damages [is] irrelevant to the recoverability of attorneys’ fees” under the
   Clayton Act attorney’s fees provision); see also Ducote Jax Holdings LLC v.
   Bradley, 335 F. App’x 392, 402 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (relying on
   Sciambra and holding the same under RICO).
           The district court applied relevant precedent and acknowledged the
   jury’s finding that Kent had violated RICO. See DHI Grp., 2021 WL
   4203235, at *2.        Nevertheless, the court declined to award Plaintiffs
   attorney’s fees because they did not establish that “they were injured in their
   business or property by Kent’s RICO violation.” Id. In reaching this
   conclusion, the district court noted that the jury awarded zero damages on
   the RICO claim and rejected Plaintiffs’ argument that the amount of damages
   awarded on the TUTSA and misappropriation of confidential information
   claims indicated “implied damages on the RICO claim.” 17 Id. Since
   “Plaintiffs present[ed] no further proof of injury as to the RICO violation,”
   the district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion for attorney’s fees. Id.
           We agree with the district court’s conclusion. Attorney’s fees are
   required when a plaintiff establishes RICO liability, regardless of the amount,
   if any, of compensatory damages awarded. See Sciambra, 892 F.2d at 415–16;
   Ducote, 335 F. App’x at 402. But to establish liability, a plaintiff must

           16
             Because the RICO attorney’s fees provision “tracks the attorneys’ fee provision
   of the Clayton Act,” our “precedent interpreting the essentially identical provision in the
   Clayton Act is instructive, if not controlling.” Ducote, 335 F. App’x at 402.
           17
            The district court also noted that “the jurors were instructed not to increase or
   reduce the amount in one answer because of their answer to any other question about
   damages, or to speculate about what any party’s ultimate recovery may be.” DHI Grp.,
   2021 WL 4203235, at *2 (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted).

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   demonstrate both a violation of the law and a resulting injury. See Response of
   Carolina, Inc. v. Leasco Response, Inc., 537 F.2d 1307, 1320 (5th Cir. 1976)
   (noting that liability “means that one has violated the . . . laws and that
   violation has resulted in an injury to the business or property of the plaintiff,
   i.e., there was fact of damage”), abrogated on other grounds by Cont’l T. V., Inc.
   v. GTE Sylvania Inc., 433 U.S. 36 (1977). A plaintiff may be able to establish
   a resulting injury (a “fact of damage”) without showing “the amount of
   damages flowing from the defendant’s wrongful conduct.” See Terrell v.
   Household Goods Carriers’ Bureau, 494 F.2d 16, 21–22 (5th Cir. 1974).
   Plaintiffs, however, were unable to make that demonstration.
           Here, Plaintiffs established that Kent committed a RICO violation but
   failed to show a RICO injury. On the issue of RICO liability, the jury was
   only instructed as to whether the statute was violated. Injury was addressed
   in a separate question assessing RICO damages. Though the jury found zero
   damages—which does not preclude attorney’s fees—there is no indication
   that they understood RICO liability required both a violation and an injury, or
   that an injury could exist apart from damages. 18 Because a violation, by itself,
   does not establish RICO liability and Plaintiffs have otherwise failed to show
   a RICO injury, 19 we conclude the district court did not err in denying
   Plaintiffs attorney’s fees under RICO. See Davis, 908 F.3d at 975.

           18
              In other words, by addressing “RICO Liability” and “RICO Damages” in
   separate questions with different instructions, the jury instructions made it seem as if a
   violation of RICO was enough to establish liability without consideration of injury.
           19
             On appeal, Plaintiffs argue that Kent is “estopped” from disputing a RICO injury
   because he “knowingly stipulated to the concrete financial loss he caused DHI” as part of
   his CFAA guilty plea, and they suffered a RICO injury because they incurred costs “to
   investigate how the resume thefts had occurred and how to prevent them in the future.”
   These arguments are either unpersuasive, see RJR Nabisco, Inc. v. Eur. Cmty., 579 U.S. 325,
   330 (2016) (“A predicate offense implicates RICO when it is part of a ‘pattern of
   racketeering activity’—a series of related predicates that together demonstrate the existence

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                                 IV.     Conclusion
          For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment
   regarding the TUTSA claim and damages, the denial of costs under Rule
   54(d), and the denial of attorneys’ fees under RICO. We REVERSE and
   REMAND the court’s determination regarding attorney’s fees and costs
   related to the TTLA claim.

   or threat of continued criminal activity.” (emphasis added)), or waived, see Arbuckle
   Mountain Ranch, Inc. v. Chesapeake Energy Corp., 810 F.3d 335, 339 n.4 (5th Cir. 2016)
   (“Arguments subordinated in a footnote are insufficiently addressed in the body of the
   brief, and thus are waived.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

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