Court Opinion

ID: 7800981
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-16 15:15:43.015737+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:13.253336
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                  2022 WY 96

                                                  APRIL TERM, A.D. 2022

                                                        August 16, 2022

GERALD L. SPENCE; JOHN ZELBST;
REX PARRIS; JOSEPH H. LOW and
KENT SPENCE, directly on their own
behalf and derivatively on behalf of The
Trial Lawyers College, a Wyoming
nonprofit corporation,

Appellants
(Plaintiffs),

v.

JOHN SLOAN; MILTON GRIMES;
MAREN CHALOUPKA; J.R. CLARY,                     S-21-0243
JR.; DANA COLE and ANNE
VALENTINE,

Appellees
(Defendants),

and

THE TRIAL LAWYERS COLLEGE, a
Wyoming nonprofit corporation,

Appellee
(Nominal Defendant).

                Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County
                 The Honorable Thomas T.C. Campbell, Judge
Representing Appellants:
      J. Kenneth Barbe, II and Hampton K. O’Neill, Welborn Sullivan Meck & Tooley,
      P.C., Casper, Wyoming; James E. Fitzgerald, The Fitzgerald Law Firm, Cheyenne,
      Wyoming. Argument by Mr. Barbe, II and Mr. Fitzgerald.

Representing Appellees:
      Patrick J. Murphy and Zara S. Mason, Williams, Porter, Day & Neville, P.C.,
      Casper, Wyoming. Argument by Mr. Murphy.

Before FOX, C.J., and KAUTZ, BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, and FENN, JJ.

FOX, C.J., delivers the opinion of the Court; KAUTZ, J., files a specially concurring
opinion.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers are
requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of
any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in the
permanent volume.
FOX, Chief Justice.

[¶1] This appeal arises out of a dispute between two factions of the former Board of
Directors of the Wyoming Trial Lawyers College; the Spence Group and the Sloan Group.
The Spence Group filed a derivative action against both the College and the Sloan Group
seeking removal of the Sloan Group from the College’s Board and a declaration that the
Spence Group constituted the duly acting Board. The district court found the Spence Group
lacked standing to bring the derivative action and granted the Sloan Group’s motion for
summary judgment. We affirm.

                                           ISSUES

[¶2]   The issues are:

              1. Was the summary judgment order in favor of the Sloan
                 Group an appealable order?

              2. Did the district court correctly conclude that the Spence
                 Group lacked standing to bring a derivative action?

              3. Did the district court abuse its discretion in ruling that the
                 Spence Group could not bring its derivative action in
                 equity?

                                           FACTS

[¶3] In 1993, Gerald L. “Gerry” Spence established the Trial Lawyers College as a
nonprofit corporation pursuant to the Wyoming Nonprofit Corporation Act. The College’s
bylaws express its mission as follows:

              The Trial Lawyer’s [sic] College is dedicated to training and
              educating lawyers and judges who are committed to the jury
              system and to representing and obtaining justice for
              individuals; the poor, the injured, the forgotten, the voiceless,
              the defenseless and the dammed [sic], and to protecting the
              rights of such people from corporate and government
              oppression.

              In all of its activities, the Trial Lawyer’s [sic] College will
              foster and nourish an open atmosphere of caring for people
              regardless of their race, age, creed, religion, nation [sic] origin,
              physical abilities, gender or sexual orientation. We do not offer

                                               1
              training for those lawyers who represent government,
              corporations or large business interests.

[¶4] At some point, tensions developed between members of the College’s Board of
Directors. The parties disagree whether those tensions stemmed from concerns with alleged
deviations from the College’s mission by some directors, or the refusal of some directors
to approve the use of College savings to build an education center in Gerry Spence’s honor.
Whatever their genesis, those tensions came to a head in April 2020.

[¶5] On April 13, 2020, the board held a meeting attended by the following directors:
John Sloan; Gerry Spence; Joseph Low; Dana Cole; Rex Parris; Anne Valentine; John
Zelbst; J.R. Clary, Jr.; Mel Orchard; Milton Grimes; and Maren Chaloupka. During that
meeting, Gerry Spence, without offering a reason for the request, asked that Dana Cole and
Mel Orchard resign from the board. He informed them that if they refused to resign, the
Spence Foundation would terminate the College’s lease of the Thunderhead Ranch, where
it held courses, and the College would be prohibited from using his name or likeness or the
Thunderhead Ranch brand. Mr. Orchard declined the request to resign during the meeting.
As to Mr. Cole, Mr. Spence said to him, “I’m going to ask you, [Dana] one more time. Are
you going to resign or not.” Mr. Cole responded, “I am.”

[¶6] That same day, Mr. Spence’s attorney provided Board president John Sloan notice
of the Spence Foundation’s termination of the Thunderhead Ranch lease. The notice
allowed the College thirty days to vacate the premises and ordered it to cease and desist
use of Mr. Spence’s name or likeness, and the Thunderhead Ranch name or brand.

[¶7] On April 26, 2020, Mel Orchard emailed his written resignation to Mr. Sloan,
effective immediately. Two days later, on April 28, Gerry Spence, John Zelbst, Rex Parris,
Joseph Low, and Kent Spence, in their capacity as Board members, filed a complaint
against the College seeking its dissolution and distribution of its assets to another nonprofit
corporation to carry out its purpose. Alternatively, the complaint asked “that the court
exercise its equitable powers to remove all directors other than plaintiffs and allow
plaintiffs, therefore, to carry on the mission of the organization.” Also on April 28, Mr.
Spence’s attorney filed with the Secretary of State articles of incorporation for a nonprofit
corporation called “Gerry Spences [sic] Trial Lawyers College at the Thunderhead Ranch.”

[¶8] Also that day, Mr. Sloan emailed Mr. Cole and advised him that resignations must
be in writing to be effective. He also informed Mr. Cole that he was preparing to send out
a meeting notice and did not wish to include Mr. Cole unnecessarily. Mr. Cole responded:

              In our board meeting on April 13, 2020, Gerry Spence asked
              for my resignation from the Board of Directors of the Trial
              Lawyers College. I was preparing to do so in writing as
              required by Wyoming law. However, it has come to my

                                              2
                attention that a lawsuit has been filed seeking to dissolve the
                Trial Lawyers College. While I was reluctantly willing to walk
                away from the organization I have served for 25 years, I am
                unwilling to see it destroyed. Therefore, a written notice of
                resignation will not be forthcoming. I will remain in my
                position as a member of the Board of Directors of the Trial
                Lawyers College and will continue to fulfill my fiduciary
                duties.

[¶9] Mr. Sloan sent written notice of a special meeting to be held on May 6, 2020. The
notice went to John Sloan, Milton Grimes, J.R. Clary, Jr., Dana Cole, Anne Valentine,
Maren Chaloupka, Kent Spence, Rex Parris, Gerry Spence, Joseph Low, and John Zelbst.
The notice indicated that the meeting’s purpose was to discuss and vote upon the following
agenda items:

                1.      Amend Article IV(B)(1) of the existing Bylaws of the
                        Trial Lawyers College -- which currently says, “The
                        number of Directors shall not be less than seven (7) and
                        not more than fourteen (14)” -- to reduce the number of
                        Directors to now provide, “The number of Directors
                        shall not be less than five (5) and not more than eleven
                        (11).”

                2.      Election of Directors.

                3.      Election of all Officers.

[¶10] Each of the notified directors attended the May 6 meeting. 1 They were aligned then
and remain aligned as follows:

        Sloan Group                                     Spence Group
        1. John Sloan, President                        1. Gerry Spence
        2. Milton Grimes, Vice President                2. Joseph Low
        3. Dana Cole, Secretary                         3. John Zelbst
        4. JR Clary, Jr., Treasurer                     4. R. Rex Parris
        5. Maren Chaloupka                              5. Kent Spence
        6. Anne Valentine

[¶11] During the meeting, Mr. Clary moved to amend the bylaws to reduce the minimum
and maximum number of directors as detailed in the meeting agenda, and Mr. Grimes

1
 Gerry Spence’s wife, Imaging Spence, attended the meeting as well, purportedly as a director. The parties
have since agreed that Ms. Spence was no longer a director at the time of the May 6 meeting.

                                                    3
seconded the motion. The motion passed by a vote of six to four, with the Sloan Group
voting in its favor and the Spence Group against it. 2 The Board then moved to the second
agenda item, the election of officers. Ms. Chaloupka nominated each member of the Sloan
Group to the Board, including herself, and Ms. Valentine seconded the nomination. The
Sloan Group voted in favor of the nominated slate with six votes, and the Spence Group
voted against it with four, so the Sloan Group was reelected to the Board. Mr. Zelbst then
nominated each member of the Spence Group to the Board, including himself, and Mr.
Parris seconded the motion. The Spence Group voted in favor of the nominated slate with
four votes, and the Sloan Group voted against it with six. The Spence Group was therefore
not reelected to the Board.

[¶12] Mr. Sloan excused the Spence Group from the meeting and proceeded to the election
of officers. Ms. Valentine nominated Mr. Sloan for president, Mr. Grimes for vice
president, Mr. Clary for treasurer, and Mr. Cole for secretary, and Ms. Chaloupka seconded
the nominations. The nominations passed with a unanimous vote. The meeting then
adjourned with no other action taken. 3

[¶13] On June 22, 2020, the Spence Group filed a derivative action against the Sloan
Group and the College. The complaint alleged that Dana Cole was not a director because
of his April 13, 2020, resignation, and Maren Chaloupka was not a director because her
election five years earlier had not been held in compliance with statutory and bylaw
requirements. It further alleged that some or all the Sloan Group directors should be
removed from the Board because they represented big business, insurance companies,
corporations, or the government, and/or had engaged in dishonest conduct or a gross abuse
of authority or discretion. It sought a declaration that Dana Cole and Maren Chaloupka
were not directors; and removal of any Sloan Group director found to have engaged in
fraudulent or dishonest conduct, or a gross abuse of authority or discretion, or activities
contrary to the College’s mission statement. It also sought a declaration that the Spence
Group members are the duly acting directors.

[¶14] The parties stipulated to consolidation of the dissolution and derivative actions for
purposes of discovery. Their stipulated motion noted that the parties “take no position, at
this time, as to whether or not these two cases should also be consolidated for trial[.]” The
district court consolidated the cases for purposes of discovery, stating it “defers making
any ruling or pronouncement on whether these cases should also be consolidated for
purposes of trial.”

2
  Mr. Sloan took the position that Kent Spence had been suspended from the Board and thus refused to
recognize his vote on any agenda item, which we will address later in the opinion as needed.
3
  After the Spence Group was excused from the Board meeting, it reconvened and reelected itself to what
it claimed as the College’s board. At a subsequent meeting, the Spence Group elected an additional five
directors to its claimed board.

                                                  4
[¶15] The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment in both actions. The district
court entered a combined order consolidating the two actions, denying the Spence Group’s
motion for summary judgment, and granting in part the Sloan Group’s motion for summary
judgment. As to consolidation, the court stated, “[T]he Court having agreed with the parties
that the August 13, 2020 Order Consolidating Cases for Purposes of Discovery was proper
while reserving the question of further consolidation now finds common questions of law
and fact in the two matters mandate the consolidation of the above captioned cases pursuant
to W.R.C.P. 42 (a).” In so ruling, the court fully consolidated the two actions. 4

[¶16] As to the summary judgment motions, the district court ruled that disputed issues of
fact precluded either party’s motion on the Spence Group’s claims that members of the
Sloan Group engaged in fraudulent or dishonest conduct or abused their authority or
discretion, and on its claim that removal of the Sloan Group directors would be in the best
interest of the College. The court, however, granted the Sloan Group’s motion for summary
judgment on the Spence Group’s claim that the Board was deadlocked. In so ruling, the
court found: Dana Cole’s April 2020 resignation was not effective because it was not in
writing; the doctrine of laches precluded the Spence Group’s challenge to Maren
Chaloupka’s directorship; and the Sloan Group constituted the duly elected Board. The
court then ordered that “as this ruling raises the additional issue of standing as to some of
the relief requested, the parties have leave to file any additional motions on that issue.”

[¶17] The Sloan Group filed a W.R.C.P. 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss and/or motion for
summary judgment in the derivative action, contending the Spence Group lacked standing
to bring it. It argued that a derivative complaint may only be filed by a member or director
of a corporation, and per the district court’s summary judgment order, no member of the
Spence Group remained a director after the May 6, 2020, Board meeting. The Spence
Group countered that its members remained as “holdover” directors after the May 6
meeting, and they thus had standing to bring the derivative complaint. Alternatively, they
argued they should be permitted to pursue the derivative action in equity.

[¶18] The district court dismissed the Spence Group’s derivative complaint for lack of
standing. It rejected the Spence Group’s claim to status as holdover directors, concluding
that the May 6, 2020, amendment to the College’s bylaws, which decreased the number of
directors, ended the holdover status of all the directors.

4
  Although it does not appear that either party moved for full consolidation, as Rule 42 generally requires,
neither party objected to the district court’s consolidation of the cases. See Bard Ranch, Inc. v. Weber, 538
P.2d 24, 40 (Wyo. 1975) (“In the light of the judicial development of interpretations relating to this
particular rule of civil procedure, it would be necessary in order to effect the merger of cases into one action
that a formal motion be filed requesting that result, and a specific order effectuating such a merger be
entered.”); see also Skaf v. Wyo. Cardiopulmonary Servs., P.C., 2018 WY 126, 430 P.3d 294 (Wyo. 2018)
(“Upon motion, the district court consolidated the two actions, ‘creating a single action.’”); Bozner v. Jim’s
Water Serv., Inc., 2018 WY 125, 430 P.3d 293 (Wyo. 2018) (“While Appellant and Mr. Hoy filed separate
complaints, upon motion the cases were consolidated into Appellant’s docket, Civil No. C-16-231-L.”).

                                                       5
                     The Court finds the vote to decrease the required
              number of directors as being the event which allowed the TLC
              Board members to hold an election of new directors. This vote
              did not remove all or any of the directors, while it did provide
              the need for an election of all directors, as every director’s term
              had expired. At the May 6, 2020 [meeting], both parties voted
              to elect new directors and officers to the Board. The Spence
              Group attended the meeting, nominated themselves to the
              Board and lost the election. This left the Sloan Group as the
              valid directors to the TLC Board.

[¶19] Because no member of the Spence Group remained as a director on the Board, the
district court concluded the Spence Group lacked standing to bring the derivative action.

                      Looking to the plain meaning of Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-
              19-630(b), it is clear the Wyoming legislature drafted this
              statute with the intent that only directors or members are
              suitable complainants to a derivative action. This Court held in
              its Order, the actions of the Sloan Group in changing the TLC
              bylaws and electing new directors and officers to the TLC
              Board of Directors to be legally proper. Order at 30. On May
              6, 2021 [sic], the Sloan Group was elected to the Board of
              Directors, while the Spence Group was nominated but failed to
              be reinstated as directors. As a result, not one member of the
              Spence Group was on the TLC Board of Directors when they
              filed their Derivative Action on June 22, 2020. As the Spence
              Group was not on the board at the time of filing their Derivative
              Action, they lacked the requisite standing to bring such [sic]
              this lawsuit.

[¶20] The district court also rejected the Spence Group’s alternative argument that it be
permitted to pursue its derivative action in equity. The court found the Spence Group had
not made the required showing that it had no relief at law. It further found that the members
of the Spence Group were not deprived of their positions on the Board by wrongful acts of
the Sloan Group but rather by a lawfully held election at a lawfully called meeting.

[¶21] The Spence Group appealed the dismissal of its derivative complaint to this Court.
Its dissolution action remains pending in district court and is set for a bench trial on March
20, 2023.

                                              6
                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶22] The district court dismissed the derivative action pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), but it
relied on its earlier summary judgment ruling, which relied on materials outside the
pleadings. We will therefore review the dismissal as a summary judgment ruling. 5 “We
review a district court’s ruling on summary judgment de novo and may affirm on any legal
ground appearing in the record.” Miller v. Sweetwater Cnty. Sch. Dist. # 1, 2021 WY 134,
¶ 13, 500 P.3d 242, 246 (Wyo. 2021) (citing James v. James, 2021 WY 96, ¶ 23, 493 P.3d
1258, 1264 (Wyo. 2021)).

                We ... afford no deference to the district court’s ruling.
                Thornock v. PacifiCorp, 2016 WY 93, ¶ 10, 379 P.3d 175, 179
                (Wyo. 2016). This Court reviews the same materials and uses
                the same legal standard as the district court. Id. The record is
                assessed from the vantage point most favorable to the party
                opposing the motion ..., and we give a party opposing summary
                judgment the benefit of all favorable inferences that may fairly
                be drawn from the record. Id. A material fact is one that would
                have the effect of establishing or refuting an essential element
                of the cause of action or defense asserted by the parties. Id.

Id.

[¶23] Concerning the parties’ burdens on summary judgment, we have said:

                        The party moving for summary judgment bears the
                burden of establishing a prima facie case and showing there is
                no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
                entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Once that burden is
                met, the opposing party is obligated to respond with materials
                beyond the pleadings to show a genuine issue of material fact.
                When the moving party does not have the ultimate burden of
                persuasion, it establishes a prima facie case for summary
                judgment by showing a lack of evidence on an essential
                element of the opposing party’s claim.

Miller, 2021 WY 134, ¶ 14, 500 P.3d at 246 (cleaned up).

5
 To the extent that any aspect of our review requires a different standard of review, we will set that out in
our discussion.

                                                     7
                                      DISCUSSION

I. The district court’s dismissal of the Spence Group’s derivative action was not a final
appealable order absent a W.R.C.P. 54(b) certification, but this Court will exercise its
authority to convert the appeal to a writ of review.

[¶24] Although the parties have not raised the question of whether dismissal of the
derivative action was a final appealable order, we may do so sua sponte because it
implicates our jurisdiction over the appeal. Davidson-Eaton v. Iversen, 2021 WY 49, ¶ 9,
484 P.3d 23, 24 (Wyo. 2021) (citing Edsall v. Moore, 2016 WY 71, ¶ 10, 375 P.3d 799,
801 (Wyo. 2016)). Whether we have jurisdiction is a question of law we consider de novo.
Jontra Holdings Pty Ltd v. Gas Sensing Tech. Corp., 2021 WY 17, ¶ 28, 479 P.3d 1222,
1231 (Wyo. 2021).

[¶25] Appealability is an issue because the district court consolidated the dissolution and
derivative actions. Only part of the consolidated matter has been resolved, and therefore
the question arises whether the order dismissing the derivative action is a final order. See
Matter of Est. of Rowe, 2021 WY 87, ¶ 7, 492 P.3d 888, 891 (Wyo. 2021) (“The Supreme
Court’s jurisdiction is generally limited to appeals from final orders.”); W.R.A.P. 1.05(a).
Courts generally take one of three approaches to this question.

                      In determining the appealability of an interim judgment
              in consolidated cases, other jurisdictions have developed three
              different approaches. Several jurisdictions are of the view that
              consolidated cases remain separate actions so that a judgment
              entirely resolving one action will be appealable without a Rule
              54(b) certification. Others apply a case-by-case approach in
              determining whether a Rule 54(b) certification is a prerequisite
              to an appeal. In those courts, the decision turns upon such
              factors as the extent and purpose of the consolidation, the
              relationship of the consolidated actions, the severability of the
              issues appealed, whether the cases could have been filed as a
              single action in the first place, and the potential harm to the
              appellant’s interests if the appeal is delayed. A third group of
              jurisdictions permit appeal from a judgment disposing of less
              than all of the consolidated claims only if a Rule 54(b)
              certification has been entered by the trial court.

Matter of Doe, 911 P.2d 140, 143 (Idaho 1996) (citations omitted); see also Leslie v. Est.
of Tavares, 122 P.3d 803, 807-08 (Haw. 2005); Spraytex, Inc. v. DJS&T, 96 F.3d 1377,
1379-80 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Mission Viejo Co. v. Willows Water Dist., 818 P.2d 254, 259-60
(Colo. 1991); Trinity Broad. Corp. v. Eller, 827 F.2d 673, 675 (10th Cir. 1987); Jacqueline

                                             8
Gerson, Comment, The Appealability of Partial Judgments in Consolidated Cases, 57 U.
Chi. L. Rev. 169, 170-71 (1990).

[¶26] The first approach, which treats consolidated cases as separate and allows
immediate appeal of any final order, and the second approach, which considers the nature
of the consolidation to determine appealability, have been criticized as creating uncertainty
for litigants and encouraging piecemeal review. Leslie, 122 P.3d at 809; Spraytex, 96 F.3d
at 1382; Trinity, 827 F.2d at 675.

              In our opinion, it is essential that the point at which a judgment
              is final be crystal clear because appellate rights depend upon it.
              The opportunity to appeal could be lost by a mistaken belief
              that the judgment is not final and a consequent failure to file
              timely a notice of appeal. On the other hand, uncertainty as to
              the finality of the judgment could lead to the premature filing
              of a notice of appeal with the consequent waste of time and
              resources. . . .

Leslie, 122 P.3d at 809 (quoting Huene v. United States, 743 F.2d 703, 704 (9th Cir. 1984),
reversed on rehearing, 753 F.2d 1081 (9th Cir. 1984)).

[¶27] In an early case, our Court adopted the third approach, which permits appeal from
a judgment disposing of less than all the consolidated claims only with a Rule 54(b)
certification.

                      It is generally recognized that the provisions of Rule 54,
              W.R.C.P., are of importance in an interpretation of Rule 42. 2B
              Barron and Holtzoff, Federal Practice and Procedure, p. 186
              (1961). Although the word ‘consolidation’ is used in different
              senses, 2B Barron and Holtzoff, Federal Practice and
              Procedure, p. 172 (1961), 1 C.J.S. Actions § 107, the type
              apparently employed here does not merge the suits into a single
              action so far as ultimate relief is concerned, but it must for the
              purposes of effective administration of justice consolidate
              them to such an extent that they may be handled as one upon
              the appeal where such effect has been given in the trial court.
              To that extent, cases such as the ones before us are within the
              purview of Rule 54(b), which permits the entry of a final and
              appealable judgment upon the express determination by the
              trial court that there is no just reason for delay. If this were not
              so, an appellate court might be called upon to review piecemeal
              numerous cases which were in the principal aspects identical
              and during such period the various parties interested in the

                                               9
                litigation would be subject to much confusion in attempting to
                comply with the requisite steps in appeal. . . .

State ex rel. Pac. Intermountain Express, Inc. v. Dist. Ct. of the Second Jud. Dist.,
Sweetwater Cnty., 387 P.2d 550, 552 (Wyo. 1963); see also CSC Grp. Holdings, LLC v.
Automation & Elecs., Inc., 2016 WY 26, ¶ 27, 368 P.3d 302, 308 (Wyo. 2016) (“[Rule 54]
applies to consolidated cases.”).

[¶28] In recent orders, we have deviated from the requirement of a Rule 54(b) certification
in the appeal of consolidated claims and have looked to the extent of the consolidation to
determine appealability. See Skaf, 2018 WY 126, 430 P.3d at 294-95; Bozner, 2018 WY
125, 430 P.3d at 293-94. Because we consider that clarity best serves the litigants and the
courts, we take this opportunity to reaffirm our rule that an appeal may be taken from a
judgment disposing of less than all consolidated claims only with a Rule 54(b)
certification. 6

[¶29] The Spence Group did not obtain a Rule 54(b) certification. Thus, if we are to retain
jurisdiction, we must convert its appeal to a writ of review.

                       A writ of review may be granted by the reviewing court
                to review an interlocutory order of a trial court in a civil or
                criminal action, . . . which is not otherwise appealable under
                these rules, but which involves a controlling question of law as
                to which there are substantial bases for difference of opinion
                and in which an immediate appeal from the order may
                materially advance resolution of the litigation.

W.R.A.P. 13.02.

[¶30] Rule 13.02 review is discretionary, and we grant it only under limited
circumstances. Tram Tower Townhouse Ass’n v. Weiner, 2022 WY 58, ¶ 40, 509 P.3d 357,
366 (Wyo. 2022) (quoting CIBC Nat’l Tr. Co. v. Dominick, 2020 WY 56, ¶ 19, 462 P.3d
452, 460 (Wyo. 2020)). We will do so only “when the case raises a question of law and

6
  The United States Supreme Court recently held that when cases are consolidated under Rule 42,
“constituent cases retain their separate identities at least to the extent that a final decision in one is
immediately appealable by the losing party.” Hall v. Hall, ___ U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct. 1118, 1122, 200 L.Ed.2d
399 (2018). This effectively adopted the first approach to appealability for all federal courts and overruled
the Tenth Circuit’s longstanding approach of requiring a Rule 54(b) certification, as we do. See Trinity, 827
F.2d at 675. Because of the similarity between federal and state rules, we often look to federal precedent
for assistance in interpreting our rules. Miller v. State, 2021 WY 100, ¶ 16, 495 P.3d 290, 294 (Wyo. 2021).
We remain convinced, however, that the better rule in determining the appealability of partial judgments in
consolidated cases is to require a Rule 54(b) certification, and we thus decline to adopt the rule announced
in Hall.

                                                    10
appellate review of the district court’s order would materially advance resolution of the
litigation.” Id.

[¶31] This appeal meets both conditions. It presents questions of law in that it requires us
to interpret provisions of the Wyoming Nonprofit Corporations Act that we have not
previously addressed. Additionally, answering these questions will advance resolution of
the litigation. The dissolution action is set for trial, and one ground the Spence Group
alleged for dissolution is that the Board is deadlocked between the Spence and Sloan
Groups. The district court’s ruling that the Sloan Group constitutes the Board effectively
removed that ground from the dissolution action. If we affirm, the dissolution action will
proceed on the remaining grounds alleged by the Spence Group. If we reverse, it will
proceed on all grounds asserted by the Spence Group, including the ground that the Board
is deadlocked. See Tram Tower, 2022 WY 58, ¶ 41, 509 P.3d at 366 (granting writ where
Court’s decision would focus future proceedings); Snell v. Snell, 2016 WY 49, ¶ 16, 374
P.3d 1236, 1240 (Wyo. 2016) (resolution of legal issue “will materially advance the
litigation as our decision will either result in a dismissal of the action or focus further
proceedings”). We thus convert the Spence Group’s appeal to a writ of review. Future
parties seeking appeal of part of a consolidated case should seek W.R.C.P 54(b)
certification.

II. The district court properly granted the Sloan Group summary judgment on its claim
that the Spence Group lacked standing to bring its derivative action.

[¶32] In reaching its conclusion that the Sloan Group constituted the Board after the May
6, 2020, meeting, the district court found that Dana Cole and Maren Chaloupka were
eligible to vote and that the Spence Group members did not retain their status as holdover
directors after the May 6 meeting. We agree with the court’s findings, though our reasoning
differs.

A. Dana Cole did not resign on April 13, 2020, and was therefore eligible to vote in
the May 6, 2020, meeting.

[¶33] The Wyoming Nonprofit Corporation Act provides that “[a] director may resign at
any time by delivering written notice, signed either manually or in facsimile, to the board
of directors, its presiding officer or to the president or secretary.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-
807(a) (LexisNexis 2021). The district court agreed with the Sloan Group that this
provision requires written notice of a director’s resignation. It thus concluded that Dana
Cole’s verbal agreement to resign during the April 2020 meeting was not effective and he
remained on the Board and eligible to vote in the May 6 meeting. The Spence Group
contends the court erred in its interpretation of the statute, and that the Act allows a
director’s notice of resignation to be oral or written.

                                              11
[¶34] We interpret Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-807(a) in keeping with our well-established
rules of interpretation.

              In interpreting statutes, our task is to give effect to the
              legislature’s intent. We look first to the plain meaning of the
              language chosen by the legislature and apply that meaning if
              the language is clear and unambiguous. A statute is clear and
              unambiguous if its wording is such that reasonable persons are
              able to agree on its meaning with consistency and
              predictability. All statutes must be construed in pari materia;
              and in ascertaining the meaning of a given law, all statutes
              relating to the same subject or having the same general purpose
              must be considered and construed in harmony. If, however, the
              wording of a statute is ambiguous or capable of varying
              interpretations, we employ well-accepted rules of statutory
              construction.

Matter of Longwell, 2022 WY 56, ¶ 21, 508 P.3d 727, 733 (Wyo. 2022) (cleaned up)
(quoting Bangs v. Schroth, 2009 WY 20, ¶ 32, 201 P.3d 442, 456 (Wyo. 2009)).

[¶35] Neither party contends that section 807(a) is ambiguous, but they disagree over its
use of the permissive term “may.” See Saunders v. Saunders, 2019 WY 82, ¶ 16, 445 P.3d
991, 997 (Wyo. 2019) (“[T]he term ‘may’ is generally permissive.”). The Sloan Group
argues, and the district court agreed, that the term “may” in section 807(a) refers to a
director’s ability to resign at any time, but that the remainder of the language specifies
exclusively how the resignation must be accomplished. In support of this position, it relies
on the Idaho Supreme Court’s interpretation of similar language.

              Idaho Code section 30–3–69(1) states: “A director may resign
              at any time by delivering written notice to the board of
              directors, its chairman, or the corporation.” I.C. § 30–3–69(1).
              The permissive term “may” applies to the right of a director to
              “resign at any time.” The remainder of the sentence specifies
              what the director must do in order to resign—“by delivering
              written notice to the board of directors, its presiding officer or
              to the president or secretary.” Thus, although a director “may
              resign at any time,” the exclusive method for doing so is “by
              delivering written notice....” I.C. § 30–3–69(1). E.g., Martin v.
              State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 138 Idaho 244, 247, 61 P.3d
              601, 604 (2002) (“A cardinal rule of statutory construction is
              that where a statute is plain, clear and unambiguous, courts are
              constrained to follow that plain meaning, and neither add to the
              statute nor take away by judicial construction.”).

                                             12
Kemmer v. Newman, 387 P.3d 131, 135-36 (Idaho 2016) (footnote omitted).

[¶36] Although the Kemmer interpretation is a fair one, we reject it. We must read our Act
as a whole, and above all, we must give effect to the legislature’s intent. When we consider
section 807(a) in that light, the Kemmer interpretation does not fit. In adopting the Act,
the legislature instructed:

              Section 4. The legislature finds that this act is modeled from
              the Revised Model Nonprofit Corporation Act that was
              adopted by the Committee on Corporate Laws of the American
              Bar Association in 1987 and that the comments to the model
              act should be used interpreting this act.

1992 Wyo. Sess. Laws ch. 53, § 4 at 314.

[¶37] The applicable comments to the model act provide that “[u]nder appropriate
circumstances a court may find that an oral resignation combined with acts or omissions
evidencing an intent to resign results in an effective resignation.” Revised Model Nonprofit
Corp. Act § 8.07 (Am. Bar Ass’n 1987). The legislature’s direction that the Act be
interpreted in keeping with the comments indicates it understood that its use of the
permissive “may” in section 807(a) meant that there may be circumstances in which oral
notice of a resignation will be adequate and effective. See C-Ville Fabricating, Inc. v.
Tarter, 2022 WL 896104, *8 (E.D. Ky. 2022) (“Though both provisions state a director
‘may’ resign via written resignation, they do not say a director ‘must’ or ‘may only’ resign
in writing. In its plain and ordinary meaning, the word ‘may’ is permissive and allows for
discretion.”); Biolase, Inc. v. Oracle Partners, L.P., 97 A.3d 1029, 1033-34 (Del. 2014)
(holding that use of the term “may” in statute providing that “[a]ny director may resign at
any time upon notice given in writing or by electronic transmission to the corporation” was
permissive and did not mean “may only”). This intent is confirmed by the Act’s general
notice requirement, which specifies that “[n]otice under this act shall be in writing unless
oral notice is reasonable under the circumstances.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-141(a). We
must therefore conclude that an oral notice of resignation may be effective under Wyo.
Stat. Ann. § 17-19-807(a), provided it is reasonable under the circumstances.

[¶38] A director’s written resignation is no doubt preferred because of the clarity it
provides. 2 Fletcher Cyc. Corp. § 346 (June 2022 update) (“[A] resignation in writing is
the more orderly and proper mode of procedure.”). For an oral resignation to be reasonable
under the circumstances, it must offer equal clarity. Id. (“Oral declarations do not constitute
a resignation where ambiguous and subsequent acts and declarations are entirely
inconsistent with any intention to resign.”) (footnote omitted); see also C-Ville, 2022 WL
896104, *10 (“[A]n act of resignation must be . . . an action that clearly manifests that the
director has resigned his fiduciary position.”); Hockessin Cmty. Ctr., Inc. v. Swift, 59 A.3d

                                              13
437, 458 (Del. Ch. 2012) (“Loose and ambiguous language will not be regarded as
sufficient to establish a resignation, at least where the subsequent acts and declarations of
the individual are inconsistent with any such contention.”).

[¶39] During the April 2020 meeting, Gerry Spence asked Dana Cole, “Are you going to
resign or not?” Mr. Cole responded, “I am.” At the close of the meeting, plans were made
to reconvene at a later date, and Mr. Cole stated, “I will not be joining, it’s been an honor
to serve with you.” Thereafter, Mr. Cole began preparing a written resignation as it was his
understanding that his resignation had to be in writing. He then sent an email to John Sloan
informing him that he had changed his mind and would not be resigning from the Board.

[¶40] Dana Cole’s statements during the April 2020 meeting do not amount to an
unambiguous oral resignation. They instead reflect an intention to resign in the future. In
that regard, they are like statements rejected as resignations in Hockessin. In that case, a
board president sent an email to certain directors informing them of the board’s
reconstitution and inviting them to serve on an advisory committee. Hockessin, 59 A.3d at
450. In response, one director responded, “I will be tendering my resignation,” and “I will
formally submit my resignation in writing.” Id. at 451. The other responded that he would
resign in writing and provided an effective date for the resignation. Id. The court held that
neither director’s communication was a resignation and were instead merely statements
that “they would be resigning in writing in the future.” Id. at 458.

[¶41] Dana Cole’s actions following the April 2020 meeting further belie any contention
that he orally resigned during the meeting. First, he began work on a written resignation,
which is not an act that is consistent with having already orally resigned. Second, and more
importantly, within a couple weeks of the April meeting, he informed John Sloan that he
would not be resigning. This confirms that his statements during that meeting were not
themselves a resignation, but rather a statement of his intent to resign in the future. Finally,
he attended and fully participated in a meeting of the Board less than a month later, on May
6. See Hockessin, 59 A.3d at 458 (“Loose and ambiguous language will not be regarded as
sufficient to establish a resignation, at least where the subsequent acts and declarations of
the individual are inconsistent with any such contention.”).

[¶42] Dana Cole’s statements during the April 2020 meeting did not unambiguously
accomplish his resignation, and his conduct following the meeting was inconsistent with
the alleged resignation. A finding of an oral resignation would therefore not be reasonable
under these circumstances, and Mr. Cole remained on the Board.

                                              14
B. The Board ratified Maren Chaloupka’s election to the Board, and she was
therefore eligible to vote in the May 6, 2020, meeting.

[¶43] Maren Chaloupka was elected to the Board on January 5, 2015, pursuant to an email
vote initiated by Board president John Sloan. Mr. Sloan wrote (format differs from the
original):

                     In advance of the upcoming board meeting, I would like
              for us to consider adding two people to the Board. Ann
              Valentine has nominated Maren Chaloupka. I am nominating
              Imaging Spence. I believe that each bring enormous talents that
              we can use in furtherance of our work on behalf of TLC. Their
              longstanding and tireless work on behalf of the College
              demonstrate clearly their commitment. I would suggest that I
              entertain a second, then some discussion, if there is a need, and
              then we vote. If anyone has any objection to this process,
              please let me know. I am doing it this way so that, hopefully,
              Imaging and Maren can join us in San Diego.

[¶44] Pursuant to the email vote, Ms. Chaloupka was elected to the Board by an 8-0 vote,
including three votes from members of the Spence Group. Three directors did not vote. No
one objected to the procedure, and Joseph Low and Kent Spence, both members of the
Spence Group, indicated no further discussion was needed before casting their votes in
favor of Ms. Chaloupka’s election.

[¶45] A corporation acts through its board, not its individual directors, and as a result,
actions of a board must be taken through a meeting. 2 Fletcher Cyc. Corp. § 392; see also
Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-801(b) (“[A]ll corporate powers shall be exercised by or under
the authority of, and the affairs of the corporation managed under the direction of, its
board.”). The Wyoming Nonprofit Corporation Act allows a corporation to conduct
business without a meeting “if the action is taken by all members of the board [and]
evidenced by one (1) or more written consents describing the action taken, signed by each
director.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-821(a). Based on this requirement, the Spence Group
contends that Ms. Chaloupka’s election to the Board was ineffective, and she has served at
most as a de facto director, without the right to participate in the election of directors. We
disagree.

[¶46] A corporate board may ratify the informal acts of its directors by receiving and
accepting the benefits of those acts.

                     By the overwhelming weight of authority, when a
              corporation’s power is vested in the directors or trustees to do
              particular acts or generally manage its affairs, it is vested in

                                             15
              them not individually but as a board. As a general rule, they
              can act so as to bind the corporation only when they act as a
              board and at a legal meeting or, unless restricted by the articles
              or bylaws, by unanimous written consent. If they act or give
              their consent separately or if they act at a meeting that is not a
              legal meeting, their action is not that of the corporation,
              although all may consent, and the corporation is not bound.
              However, if the corporation has estopped itself, or has ratified
              the acts of the individual directors by receiving and accepting
              the benefits of their acts adopted in such manner, the
              corporation will be bound.

2 Fletcher Cyc. Corp. § 392 (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted).

[¶47] This principle of ratification was described in Nevins v. Bryan, 885 A.2d 233 (Del.
Ch. 2005), a case very like the one before us. In Nevins, the founder of a nonprofit
corporation (also board chairman and executive director) brought an action seeking a
declaration that he was the corporation’s only valid member and that votes to remove him
as a board member and executive director were invalid. Id. at 237. He based his claims on
the allegedly invalid appointment of three of the directors and the board’s refusal to allow
him to participate in the vote on his removal. Id.

[¶48] In abbreviated form, the underlying facts were as follows. In July 2000, Nevins
nominated the three disputed directors to the nonprofit’s board. Nevins, 885 A.2d at 238.
They were elected by written consent, but as in this case, not all directors participated in
the vote. Id. From that point forward, the disputed directors participated in board meetings
and were held out as directors. Id. at 238-39. During a September 2001 board meeting, not
attended by Nevins because he was in federal custody on “air rage” charges, counsel for
the board advised that the three disputed directors had not been properly elected. Id. at 241.
The directors then nominated and reelected all the directors, including Nevins, and ratified
actions previously taken by the improperly constituted board. Id. This corrective action
failed, however, because once the election was held, the meeting became a special meeting
to elect directors, which required ten days’ notice rather than the two days’ notice that had
been provided. Id. at 245.

[¶49] The board met again on October 24, 2001, and during that meeting it voted to
terminate Nevins’s employment as executive director and to remove him from the board.
Nevins, 888 A.2d at 242. Before taking that vote, the board excused Nevins from the
meeting and did not allow him to participate in the vote. Id. at 242-43. On October 15,
2002, Nevins filed suit. Id. at 243. He claimed he had not been properly removed from the
board because the three disputed directors had not been properly elected to the board and
he had not been permitted to participate in the vote on his removal. Id. at 243-44. The
chancery court found all Nevins’s claims variously barred by the doctrines of laches,

                                             16
equitable estoppel, and ratification. Id. at 247-55. The court described the requirements of
ratification as follows:

                Defendants must show that, in addition to the first two
                elements of laches discussed above, Nevins freely did what
                amounts to recognition of the complained of act; or acted in a
                manner inconsistent with the subsequent repudiation, which
                leads the other party to believe the act has been approved.
                Acquiescence properly speaks of assent by words or conduct
                during the progress of a transaction, while ratification suggests
                an assent after the fact. Ratification may be implied from
                conduct, as well as expressed by words. Conscious intent is not
                an element, nor does ratification require a change of position
                or prejudice. Thus, where the conduct of a complainant,
                subsequent to the transaction objected to, is such as reasonably
                to warrant the conclusion that he has accepted or adopted it, his
                ratification is implied through his acquiescence.

Id. at 254 (quoting Frank v. Wilson & Co., 32 A.2d 277, 283 (Del. 1943)) (cleaned up and
footnotes omitted). 7

[¶50] Since her election in 2015, Ms. Chaloupka has attended every meeting of the Board,
and before the May 6, 2020, meeting, no one objected to her status as a director. In her
time on the Board, she has volunteered more than 2,000 hours. Her responsibilities have
included reviewing and scoring all applications for the College’s two annual three-week
courses, which is between 220–300 applications per year, and working in curriculum and
staff development.

[¶51] The Delaware court barred Nevins’s challenges to the validity of the disputed
directors on grounds of laches and equitable estoppel, but we conclude that ratification is
a good fit here. The Spence Group consists of five experienced attorneys who knew or
should have known of their right to challenge the procedure used to elect Ms. Chaloupka
to the Board. Its delay of over five years in exercising that right is patently unreasonable.
See Nevins, 885 A.2d at 253 (finding a delay of over one year unreasonable); Stengel v.
Rotman, 2001 WL 221512, *7 (Del. Ch. 2001) (delay of one and a half months constituted
unreasonable delay when raising a “technical objection” to the validity of an election).
Moreover, there is no question that the Board and the College accepted and enjoyed the
benefits of Ms. Chaloupka’s services during the five-plus years following her election, and
no member of the Spence Group at any time challenged her as a director. In sum, the

7
 The first two elements of laches the court referenced in its description were “1) Nevins knew (or should
have known) of his rights or claim; (2) unreasonably delayed in challenging the vote.” Nevins, 885 A.2d at
253.

                                                   17
Spence Group acted in a manner that approved of Ms. Chaloupka’s presence on the Board
and in a manner wholly inconsistent with its present objection. Its challenge to her status
as a director is therefore barred.

C. The May 6, 2020, amendment to the bylaws and election reduced the number of
directors on the Board, and the Spence Group therefore did not remain as holdover
directors.

[¶52] Because we have affirmed the district court’s ruling that Dana Cole and Maren
Chaloupka were eligible to vote at the May 6, 2020, meeting, the Sloan Group had six votes
at that meeting, and the Spence Group had at most five votes. 8 The majority vote thus
passed the amendment to the bylaws, which reduced the number of directors from a
minimum of seven and maximum of fourteen, to a minimum of five and maximum of
eleven. The majority vote also reelected the Sloan Group to the Board and voted against
the reelection of the Spence Group.

[¶53] On appeal, the Spence Group does not contend that Board president did not have
the authority to call the May 6 meeting, to call for the amendment to the bylaws, or to hold
the election. Indeed, the Act expressly authorizes such actions and places no restrictions
on the timing and number of meetings and/or elections, and the College’s bylaws likewise
authorized the special meeting and election of directors. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-
302(a)(iii), (xi) (corporate powers to amend bylaws and hold elections); §§ 17-19-804, 805
(governing election and terms of directors); §§ 17-19-820 to 825 (governing meetings).
The Spence Group instead contends that despite its failure to be reelected, its members
continued to serve in their capacity as holdover directors. In support, it cites to the
following provision of the Act:

                (d)    Despite the expiration of a director’s term, the director
                continues to serve until the director’s successor is elected,
                designated or appointed and qualifies, or until there is a
                decrease in the number of directors.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-805(d).

[¶54] It is undisputed that going into the May 6 meeting, all the directors’ terms had
expired, and each was serving in the holdover status contemplated by section 805(d). The
Spence Group contends the plain language of section 805(d) means that a holdover director
remains in that capacity until his or her successor is elected, designated, or appointed. It

8
  Because we have affirmed the district court’s conclusion that Dana Cole and Maren Chaloupka were
eligible to vote at the May 6, 2020, meeting, we need not address the eligibility of Kent Spence to vote.
Even if Kent Spence were eligible to vote in alignment with the Spence Group, the Sloan Group would
have had a six member to five voting advantage over the Spence Group.

                                                   18
thus argues that because no successors were elected to fill their positions, the members of
the Spence Group continued in their holdover status. We disagree.

[¶55] First, the Spence Group’s interpretation of section 805(d) fails to give meaning to
the phrase “or until there is a decrease in the number of directors.” Bernal-Molina v. State,
2021 WY 90, ¶ 13, 492 P.3d 904, 908 (Wyo. 2021) (“We do not interpret a statute in a
manner that renders any part meaningless.”) (citing Sena v. State, 2019 WY 111, ¶ 20, 451
P.3d 1143, 1148 (Wyo. 2019)). Certainly, a director’s holdover status will end if a
successor is elected to that position, but it will also end in the separate event of a decrease
in the number of directors. The question therefore is whether there was a decrease in the
number of directors. 9

[¶56] After the election in the May 6 meeting, there was in fact a decrease in the number
of directors. All eleven directors were nominated for reelection, but only the six members
of the Sloan Group received the majority vote required for their election. That left six
directors on the Board, which was a permissible minimum number of directors under the
amended bylaw. Thus, following the election, the Board decreased from eleven members
to six members. That decrease in the number of directors ended the Spence Group’s
holdover status. 10

[¶57] An additional flaw underlying the Spence Group’s argument is its presumption that
a director in holdover status can never be required to stand for reelection. That is not the
aim of the holdover doctrine. The holdover doctrine is intended to give continuity to a
corporate organization in the event a board fails to hold elections and the terms of all its
directors expire, or enough expire before reelection that there can be no quorum. 2 Fletcher
Cyc. Corp. § 344. That is its sole purpose, and nothing in the law precludes a holdover
director from being subject to an election. Indeed, the College’s bylaws provide that “a
Director may be re-elected for an additional term by an appropriate vote of the Board of
Directors,” and they thus contemplate that directors will be subject to continuing elections.

9
  For this reason, we are unpersuaded by the Delaware authority the Spence Group cites. The Delaware law
does not contain the same language as Wyoming’s Act and instead allows a director’s holdover status to
continue until a successor is elected or the director resigns or is removed. See Kalageorgi v. Victor Kamkin,
Inc., 750 A.2d 531, 540 (Del. Ch. 1999) (“Under Delaware law, each director ‘shall hold office until such
director’s successor is elected and qualified or until such director’s earlier resignation or removal.’”).
10
   In this regard, our reasoning differs from that of the district court. We do not conclude that the amendment
to the bylaws triggered the need for an election or decreased the number of directors. As discussed above,
neither the Act nor the bylaws restricted the Board’s president from calling a special meeting or election,
and likewise neither the Act nor the bylaws mandated an election based on the amendment to the bylaws.
Additionally, the amendment to the Board’s size, which changed it from a range of seven to fourteen
directors to a range of five to eleven directors did not actually affect the Board’s size because the Board at
that time had eleven directors, which was within the amended range. In this case, it was the actual election
itself that decreased the number of directors.

                                                     19
[¶58] Following the May 6, 2020, election, the Board decreased in size from eleven to six
directors, and the Spence Group’s holdover status therefore ended. In keeping with the
holdover doctrine’s purpose, the newly elected Board was duly and fully constituted, and
able to continue the business of the College.

D. Because no member of the Spence Group remained on the Board after the May 6,
2020, meeting, the Spence Group lacked standing to bring its June 22, 2020, derivative
action.

[¶59] The Spence Group filed its June 22, 2020, complaint as a derivative action pursuant
to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-630. A derivative action may only be brought by a corporation’s
member or director, and the statute requires that each complainant be a member or director
at the time of filing. 11 Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-630(a), (b). Because no member of the
Spence Group remained on the Board after May 6, 2020, it did not have standing to bring
its derivative action pursuant to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-630(a). See Matter of Phyllis v.
McDill Revocable Tr., 2022 WY 40, ¶ 29, 506 P.3d 753, 762 (Wyo. 2022) (statutory
standing requires that plaintiff have a cause of action under statute).

III. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Spence Group’s request
to pursue an equitable derivative claim.

[¶60] “Requests for equitable relief are matters over which the district court exercises
broad discretion.” EME Wyo., LLC v. BRW E., LLC, 2021 WY 64, ¶ 36, 486 P.3d 980, 990
(Wyo. 2021) (quoting Harber v. Jensen, 2004 WY 104, ¶ 8, 97 P.3d 57, 60 (Wyo. 2004)).
We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s rejection of the Spence Group’s
equitable claim.

[¶61] First, equity may not be invoked as a means to negate statutory intent. Estate of
Seader, 2003 WY 119, ¶ 23, 76 P.3d 1236, 1244 (Wyo. 2003) (“Equity ‘arose in response
to the restrictive and inflexible rules of the common law, and not as a means of avoiding
legislation that courts deemed unwise or inadequate.’”) (quoting Lankford v. Wright, 489
S.E.2d 604, 608 (N.C. 1997). We have explained:

                         A court of equity has no more right than has a court of
                  law to act on its own notion of what is right in a particular case;
                  it must be guided by the established rules and precedents.
                  Where rights are defined and established by existing legal
                  principles, they may not be changed or unsettled in equity. A
                  court of equity is thus bound by any explicit statute or directly
                  applicable rule of law, regardless of its views of the equities.

11
     The College had directors, but no members.

                                                  20
Seader, 2003 WY 119, ¶ 23, 76 P.3d at 1244-45 (quoting Lankford, 489 S.E.2d at 608).
[¶62] Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 17-19-630(a) and (b) clearly express the legislature’s intent that
only a director or member may bring a derivative action and “each complainant shall be a
member or director at the time of bringing the proceeding.” Equity does not permit this
Court or any court to expand the statutorily defined list of those eligible to bring a
derivative action. See In re Est. of Scherer, 2014 WY 129, ¶ 12, 336 P.3d 129, 133 (Wyo.
2014) (“We cannot create an ambiguity within the statute by asking whether we should
apply an equitable doctrine to broaden the class of persons identified by the statute.”)
(quoting Seader, 2003 WY 119, ¶ 27, 76 P.3d at 1245).

[¶63] In any case, a “mainstay of equitable relief is that equity will not be invoked if an
adequate remedy at law exists.” McNeill Fam. Tr. v. Centura Bank, 2003 WY 2, ¶ 17, 60
P.3d 1277, 1285 (Wyo. 2003) (citing Texaco, Inc. v. State Bd. of Equalization, 845 P.2d
398, 402 (Wyo. 1993)). The Spence Group’s dissolution and derivative complaints made
similar allegations and sought nearly identical relief, and the dissolution complaint remains
pending and set for trial. In fact, the Spence Group’s brief argues it should be allowed to
pursue its derivative action to remove the Sloan Group as Board members “because of their
‘fraudulent or dishonest conduct, or gross abuse of authority or discretion, with respect to
the corporation.’” At the same time, the district court’s order dismissing the derivative
complaint states, “The Spence Group’s claims for judicial removal of the Sloan Group
surrounding Plaintiffs’ claims of abuse of authority or discretion arising from numerous
actions on the behalf of the Sloan Group remain before the Court.” Given the pending
dissolution action, we can find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s ruling that the
Spence Group failed to show it does not have an adequate remedy at law. McNeill Fam.
Tr., 2003 WY 2, ¶ 17, 60 P.3d at 1285 (“As one seeking the benefits of equity, Centura
must show it had no adequate remedy at law.”) (citing BHP Petroleum Co., Inc. v. Okie,
836 P.2d 873, 876 (Wyo. 1992)).

[¶64] Affirmed.

                                             21
KAUTZ, J., specially concurring.

[¶65] I fully concur in the result of the majority opinion. I cannot concur, however, in the
majority’s conclusion that Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-19-807(a) (LexisNexis 2021) permits a
nonprofit board member to resign verbally, and not in writing, whenever “it is reasonable
under the circumstances.” Such a conclusion is contrary to the plain language of the statute
and effectively re-writes it, eliminating the requirement that a resignation be written.

[¶66] Section 17-19-807(a) is unambiguous. The majority opinion does not find the
statute ambiguous, and indeed, it is not. It simply states: “A director may resign at any
time by delivering written notice, signed either manually or in facsimile, to the board of
directors, its presiding officer or to the president or secretary.” The word “may” applies
only to the phrase which follows it: “resign at any time.” As a permissive term, the word
“may” indicates that a nonprofit director is permitted to submit a resignation at any time
(as opposed to some specified or limited time). The remainder of the statute, specifying
the method of submitting a resignation, is not modified by “may.”

[¶67] The above is the only possible reasonable construction of the statute. No principle
of the English language would view the word “may” as applying to the term “written
notice,” making the giving of a written notice optional. Construing the statute in a way
that makes giving written notice optional strays from the legislature’s intent as expressed
in the statute. It results in a vague drafter’s comment overriding the express language used
by the legislature. See In re JB, 2017 WY 26, ¶ 15, 390 P.3d 357, 361 (Wyo. 2017) (a
statute should not be interpreted in a manner which strays from the legislature’s intent and
leads to absurd results). The majority’s conclusion that the statute makes giving written
notice optional re-writes the statute by entirely eliminating the word “written.” Courts are
not the legislature and must not re-write what the legislature adopts. Triangle Cross Ranch,
Inc. v. State, 2015 WY 47, ¶ 18, 345 P.3d 890, 894 (Wyo. 2015) (“‘[A] court cannot, under
the guise of its powers of construction, rewrite a statute, supply omissions, or make other
changes[.]’”) (quoting In re Adoption of Voss, 550 P.2d 481, 484 (Wyo. 1976)).

[¶68] The majority re-drafts § 17-19-807(a) on the basis of a statement included in the
session laws when Wyoming adopted this version of the Revised Model Nonprofit
Corporation Act. 1992 Wyo. Session Laws ch. 53, §4 at 314. There the legislature stated
comments from the Revised Model Nonprofit Corporation Act “should be used in
interpreting this act.” Id. In this case, no interpretation is required or appropriate. The
statute is plain and unambiguous and speaks for itself. When a statute is plain and
unambiguous, we construe it solely according to the language in the statute, without resort
to other sources or principles of statutory construction.

[¶69] Over a century ago, this Court said: “If the language employed [in a statute or
constitution] is plain and unambiguous, there is no room left for construction.” Rasmussen
v. Baker, 7 Wyo. 117, 50 P. 819, 821 (1897). That principle has been restated countless

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times, most recently in Roman v. State, 2022 WY 48, ¶ 15, 507 P.3d 453, 457 (Wyo. 2022):
“When a statute is sufficiently clear and unambiguous, we give effect to the plain and
ordinary meaning of the words and do not resort to the rules of statutory construction.”
This principle dictates that we not resort to external sources, including drafter’s comments,
to construe plain and unambiguous language. No additional construction or interpretation
is needed or appropriate.

[¶70] The majority asserts it is necessary to consult the comments from the revised model
act in order to give effect to the legislature’s intent. Even if we consider the comments
from the revised model act, they do not authorize unwritten resignations whenever
“reasonable under the circumstances.” To properly understand the comment, it is
necessary to read it in its entirety. The full comment to Section 8.07 of the Revised Model
Nonprofit Corporation Act states:

       A director may resign at any time by delivering written notice as set forth in section
8.07. The notice may be effective when delivered, unless it specifies a later effective date.
Section 1.41 governs the effective date of a notice. In resigning, directors must meet their
obligations under section 8.30 [(which address their duty of care, good faith, etc.)].

       Under appropriate circumstances, a court may find that an oral resignation
combined with acts or omissions evidencing an intent to resign results in an effective
resignation.

      If a director elected by the members resigns or ceases to serve as a director, the
vacancy may be filled by the members or directors.

[¶71] The comment begins by reiterating the requirement that resignations be made by
delivering written notice to the board. The statement relied upon by the majority, that
“[u]nder appropriate circumstances, a court may find an oral resignation combined with
acts or omissions evidencing an intent to resign results in an effective resignation,” is only
as a potential exception to the general rule that resignations be written. Until now,
Wyoming has not identified what those appropriate circumstances might be. An obvious
exception constituting “appropriate circumstances” would exist when principles of
estoppel apply—a director verbally resigns so the board can select a replacement, and the
board in fact selects that replacement. The Spence Group does not argue any appropriate
circumstances exist which would provide an exception to the general rule requiring written
notice and did not present any evidence of such circumstances in support of, or in
opposition to, summary judgment.

[¶72] I conclude § 17-19-807(a) requires written notice of resignation unless the party
claiming an effective verbal resignation shows appropriate circumstances that override the
general rule, such as estoppel. Because the Spence Group did not present facts to establish

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an exception to the general rule that resignations be written, and because director Cole did
not submit a written resignation, I conclude he did not resign.

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