Court Opinion

ID: 4334673
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 01:47:38.024271+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:29:30.690107
License: Public Domain

ESTATE OF EUGENE E. STONE, III, DECEASED, C. RIVERS STONE, E.E. STONE, IV, MARY STONE FRASER & ROSALIE STONE MORRIS, CO-PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent ESTATE OF ALLENE W. STONE, DECEASED, C. RIVERS STONE, INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentEstate of Stone v. Comm'rNo. 13647-01; No. 14195-01 United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 2003-309; 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 312; 86 T.C.M. (CCH) 551; November 7, 2003, Filed *312  None of assets owned by any of five family limited partnerships was includible in Ms. Stone's gross estate.  John W. Porter, Stephanie Loomis-Price, and Robert E. August, for petitioners.J. Craig Young, for respondent.  Chiechi, Carolyn P.CHIECHIMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINIONCHIECHI, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in Federal estate tax (estate tax) with respect to the Estate of Eugene Earle Stone, III (Mr. Stone's estate), and the Estate of Allene W. Stone (Ms. Stone's estate) in the amounts of $ 3,268,401 and $ 741,809, respectively. The only issue remaining for decision in the case of Mr. Stone's estate is whether certain assets owned by each of five family limited partnerships (Five Partnerships) are includible in his gross estate under section 2036(a)(1). 1 We hold that none of the assets owned by any of the Five Partnerships is includible in Mr. Stone's gross estate under section 2036(a)(1). There are two issues remaining for decision in the case of Ms. Stone's estate. The first issue is whether certain assets owned by each of the Five Partnerships are includible in her gross estate under section 2036(a)(1). We hold that none of the assets owned by any of the Five Partnerships is includible in Ms. *313  Stone's gross estate under section 2036(a)(1). The second issue is whether certain assets owned by one of the Five Partnerships is includible in Ms. Stone's gross estate under section 2044. We hold that none of the assets owned by that partnership is includible in Ms. Stone's gross estate under section 2044.             FINDINGS OF FACTMany of the facts have been stipulated and are so found except as discussed below.Mr. Stone was a resident of South Carolina at the time of his death on June 5, 1997. Ms. Stone was a resident of South Carolina at the time of her death on October 16, 1998.Mr. and Ms. Stone had four children (children): Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, Rosalie Stone Morris (Ms. *314  Morris), and Mary Stone Fraser (Ms. Fraser). At the time the respective petitions in these consolidated cases were filed, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, and Ms. Fraser resided in South Carolina, and Ms. Morris resided in Georgia.In 1933, Mr. and Ms. Stone founded several successful ventures in the apparel industry. Thereafter, at a time before 1976 not disclosed by the record, those ventures became Stone Manufacturing Co. (Stone Manufacturing), a global manufacturer and distributor of apparel, located in Greenville,South Carolina. At least as early as the 1980s, Stone Manufacturing focused on sports apparel and in particular soccer apparel.In 1939, Mr. Stone purchased approximately 60 acres of real property known as Cherrydale (Cherrydale property), located in Greenville County, South Carolina, for the purpose of relocating the manufacturing facilities of Mr. and Ms. Stone's apparel-industry business to that property. Shortly after purchasing the Cherrydale property, Mr. and Ms. Stone began to use it, except for the Cherrydale residence discussed below, as the location for the operations of that business. 2*315  Around 1950, after having made the repairs necessary to make it habitable, Mr. and Ms. Stone along with their children (collectively, the Stone family) began residing in the house situated on the Cherrydale property, which had been built in the 1840s. (We shall refer to the house and the approximately four acres of surrounding land on the Cherrydale property where the Stone family began residing around 1950 as the Cherrydale residence.)From at least as early as 1994 until their respective deaths, Mr. Stone lived in North Carolina on a 582.672-acre parcel of land located on certain real property known as Cedar Mountain (Cedar Mountain property), 3 and Ms. Stone lived in a villa in The Cypress of Hilton Head (Cypress villa) on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.*316  By the late 1980s or the early 1990s, the Cherrydale residence had begun to deteriorate, although the Cherrydale property was still being used as the location for Stone Manufacturing's operations. Because those operations were in such close proximity to the Cherrydale residence, Mr. Stone and Stone Manufacturing decided that that residence could serve as a place to house out-of-town business visitors to its facilities. To that end, in late summer 1995, renovation work commenced on the Cherrydale residence and was completed in the fall of 1997. During that renovation, the Cherrydale residence was uninhabitable.In 1976, Mr. Stone formed Stones, Inc., as a holding company of Stone Manufacturing and owned 100 percent of the common stock of that holding company. (For convenience, we shall sometimes refer to Stones, Inc., and Stone Manufacturing, separately and collectively, as the Company.) From 1976 until April 1997, Mr. Stone owned a preferred stock interest in Stones, Inc.On December 30, 1976, Mr. Stone made a gift of 2,250 shares, or 50 percent, of the common stock of Stones, Inc., to each of two trusts (collectively, the trusts) that he established, one for the benefit of his*317  children and one for the benefit of his grandchildren. At the time the trusts were formed, Stones, Inc., owned 83.4 percent of the common stock of Stone Manufacturing. At that time, C. Rivers Stone, who became president of Stone Manufacturing shortly before Mr. Stone established the trusts, 4 and John J. Brausch (Mr. Brausch), a senior executive officer of Stone Manufacturing, were trustees of the trusts.At least as early as April 28, 1992, Stones, Inc., owned 83.4 percent, each of the children owned 4.1 percent, and Ms. Stone owned the remaining .2 percent of the common stock of Stone Manufacturing. At least as early as that date, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, who became a vice president of Stone Manufacturing in 1978 and became its chief executive officer in 1982, 5 C. Rivers Stone, and Mr. Brausch, all of whom were also*318  officers and directors of Stones, Inc., were trustees of the trusts.At all relevant times, Ms. Morris and her husband, Charles H. Morris (Mr. Morris), were involved in the newspaper business in Savannah, Georgia. Ms. Fraser and her husband, Charles Fraser (Mr. Fraser), were, along with C. Rivers Stone, involved in the development of Sea Pines Plantation located on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. At no relevant time were Ms. Morris and Ms. Fraser involved in the day-to-day affairs of the Company.At least as early as around the late 1980s, Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone were serving as directors of the Company, but they were no longer involved in the day-to-day affairs of its business. At least as early as the last six months of 1995, Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone were in control of their respective assets, but they no longer were interested or actively involved in managing those assets and wanted their children to*319  become actively involved in the management of those assets.During the 1980s, Stone Manufacturing, which employed about 4,000 people, acquired from Umbro, an internationally known manufacturer and distributor of soccer apparel, the right to distribute Umbro's products within the United States. In late 1991, Stone Manufacturing began discussions regarding the possibility of acquiring from Umbro the right to distribute Umbro's products internationally. On April 28, 1992, Stone Manufacturing and the owners of Umbro signed a purchase agreement under which Stone Manufacturing agreed to acquire the right to distribute Umbro's products internationally.On April 28, 1992, Ms. Morris, Ms. Fraser, and their respective children filed a petition (petition) in a Probate Court in South Carolina (Probate Court) against Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, and Mr. Brausch, as trustees of the trusts, and against the children of C. Rivers Stone, as beneficiaries of one of the trusts. (We shall refer to that litigation as the litigation among the children and to all the parties in that litigation as the parties in the litigation among the children.) Eugene Earle Stone, IV, discussed the litigation*320  among the children with his parents, but neither Ms. Stone nor Mr. Stone was or became a party in that litigation.The petition in the litigation among the children included claims against the trustees for an accounting, breach of trust, breach of fiduciary duties, abuse of discretion, negligence, and self-dealing and sought the removal of Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, and Mr. Brausch as trustees of the trusts. The petition alleged in part as follows:     1. Petitioners are beneficiaries of a certain Agreement and   Declaration of Trust, dated December 30, 1976 and entered by and   between Respondents, E. E. Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, and John   J. Brausch, as Trustees, (Hereinafter "Trustees") for   two Trusts established and funded by Eugene E. Stone, III.   * * *.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     9. As Trustees of the two Trusts, Respondents, Trustees,   control 100% of the shares of Stones, Inc.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     11. In their positions as Trustees, Respondents control,   and have controlled*321  since the inception of the Trusts on   December 30, 1976, and for a period of sixteen (16) years, the   election and appointment [sic] officers and directors of Stone   Manufacturing Company, Inc., by virtue of their control of all   of the stock of Stones, Inc. and, by reason thereof, 83.4% of   shares of stock of Stones [sic] Manufacturing Company, Inc.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     16. Respondents', Trustees', control of the companies has   allowed them to appoint themselves as directors and officers of   Stone Manufacturing Company, Inc.     17. E. E. STONE, IV, C. RIVERS STONE and JOHN BRAUSCH are   the officers and directors for Stones, Inc.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     21. Respondent Trustees, for sixteen (16) years have failed   to manage the Trusts' assets in a fashion designed to generate   income for the Trusts in an amount sufficient to enable the   Trustees to distribute directly to all adult beneficiaries (and   to the parent/guardians of beneficiaries who are*322  minors) income   in an amount sufficient to meet the "standard" as set   forth in Article II and Article III as the 1976 Declaration of   Trust to each and every beneficiary each year, such   "standard" being stated in such 1976 Trust as follows:     (1) "reasonable health care"     (2) "support in his or her accustomed manner of     living"     (3) "maintenance"     Since 1976, the Trustees have produced no income whatsoever   to the Trusts from Trust investments and have made no   distributions to the beneficiaries to meet the   "standard" for such annual distributions as quoted   above.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     26. Notwithstanding the substantial net earnings of Stone   Manufacturing Company, Inc., * * * the Directors have neglected,   failed and refused to ever declare a dividend for distribution   of profits to shareholders.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     28. While Respondents, E. E. STONE, IV and C. RIVERS STONE,*323     as officers and directors of Stone Manufacturing Company, Inc.,   have taken and received substantial income and benefits for   themselves, from Stone Manufacturing Company, Inc., they have,   in their positions as Trustees, withheld and denied any similar   income and benefits to the shareholders of the company and the   beneficiaries of the Trusts.On April 28, 1992, Ms. Morris, Ms. Fraser, and their respective children filed a motion in the Probate Court for immediate restraining orders precluding Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, and Mr. Brausch from taking certain actions as trustees of the trusts. On April 28, 1992, the Probate Court granted that motion.Around May 7, 1992, Stone Manufacturing filed a motion to intervene in the litigation among the children. By order dated June 18, 1992, the Probate Court made Stone Manufacturing a party in that litigation.On a date not disclosed by the record between April 28 and July 22, 1992, Stones, Inc., became a party in the litigation among the children.On July 22, 1992, Ms. Morris, Ms. Fraser, and their respective children filed in the Probate Court what was identified as an amended complaint*324  (amended complaint). The amended complaint sought, inter alia, to enjoin Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, and Mr. Brausch, as trustees of the trusts, from, inter alia, purchasing from Umbro the right to distribute Umbro's products internationally. As grounds for granting such an injunction, the amended complaint alleged that any such purchase would necessitate the incurrence of considerable debt by Stone Manufacturing and delay the payment to the trusts of any dividends from the Company.On September 13, 1993, C. Rivers Stone filed a petition in the Probate Court (C. Rivers Stone's petition). C. Rivers Stone's petition alleged in part as follows:     Your petitioner, C. Rivers Stone, would respectfully show   unto the court:     1. That he is a Respondent in the * * * action which is   pending before this Court.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     5. That E. E. Stone, IV, is a Director and Chief Executive   officer of Stone Manufacturing Company.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     7. That E. E. Stone, IV, has never been*325  properly named or   elected as a director of Stones, Inc.     8. That on Friday, September 10, 1993, E. E. Stone, IV   called a meeting of Stones, Inc., and proposed that the Board of   Stone Manufacturing Company be reduced from five directors to   three directors and that E. E. Stone, IV vote the stock on   behalf of Stones, Inc.     9. That proper notice was not given to the directors of   this proposed change of the Directors and for E. E. Stone, IV to   vote the stocks of Stones, Inc. as required by law and by the   Company's by-laws.     10. That the Petitioner, C. Rivers Stone, is a Director and   President of Stones, Inc., and as president has always voted the   stock of Stone Manufacturing Company.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     16. That the Petitioner is informed and believes that E. E.   Stone, IV is not a properly elected Trustee of the children's   trust or the grandchildren's trust.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     19. That the moves undertaken*326  by E. E. Stone, IV with the   cooperation of John J. Brausch * * * are to take total and   complete control of the Trustees and thereby totally control and   dominate the family corporations.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     22. That the Petitioner believes that he will be removed as   President and Director of Stone Manufacturing with great loss in   salary and will cause him irreparable harm.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     WHEREFORE, having fully petitioned the Court, the   Petitioner, C. Rivers Stone, prays that the Court issue its   Order restraining E. E. Stone, IV, John J. Brausch, Stone   Manufacturing Company and Stones, Inc. from:        1. Withdrawing or reducing the compensation of the     Petitioner, C. Rivers Stone * * *        2. Removing the Petitioner, C. Rivers Stone, as     President of Stone Manufacturing Company and Stones, Inc.;        3. Removing the Petitioner, C. Rivers Stone, as a     Director of Stone*327  Manufacturing Company and Stones, Inc.;     and        4. Allowing E. E. Stone, IV from voting the stock on     behalf of Stones, Inc.On September 13, 1993, C. Rivers Stone filed a motion (C. Rivers Stone's motion) in the Probate Court seeking an immediate restraining order, as requested in C. Rivers Stone's petition, against Eugene Earle Stone, IV, Mr. Brausch, Stone Manufacturing, and Stones, Inc. On September 13, 1993, the Probate Court granted C. Rivers Stone's motion.The parties in the litigation among the children attempted to minimize any publicity about that litigation. However, that litigation was hotly contested and became very bitter. 6 As a result, the local business community, including the customers and the suppliers of the Company and the financial institutions that dealt with it, as well as the Company's employees, became aware of that litigation and concerned about its impact on them. The litigation among the children resulted in total legal fees for the parties in that litigation of between $ 2 million and $ 3 million.*328  Throughout the course of the litigation among the children, the children had certain concerns regarding Mr. Stone's assets and Ms. Stone's assets (the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets), which presented potential grounds for additional litigation among the children. The children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets included concerns relating to (1) the management of those assets (a) during their parents' lives, which became a very serious concern at least as early as the last six months of 1995 when their parents no longer were interested or actively involved in managing such assets, and (b) after their parents died; (2) certain charitable gifts that Mr. Stone had made, including a gift to Furman University in December 1994 for the design and construction of a permanent soccer facility to be named the Eugene E. Stone, III, Soccer Stadium; (3) Ms. Stone's living arrangements; and (4) the use of Ms. Stone's credit cards.With respect to the children's concerns relating to the management during their parents' lives and thereafter of their parents' respective assets, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, had a particular interest in managing, and maintaining*329  the value of, the preferred stock of Stones, Inc. C. Rivers Stone was very interested and involved in real estate development 7 and had a particular interest in managing Mr. Stone's real property known as Piney Mountain (Piney Mountain property).8 Ms. Morris, who had substantial expertise in business and financial matters, had a particular interest in managing certain of her parents' stocks and securities, including at least some of Mr. Stone's preferred stock in Stones, Inc. Ms. Fraser, who had developed a deep attachment to her parents' Cedar Mountain property, had a particular interest in managing that property and envisioned that it would be used some day as a site for religious activities. 9 All of the children had a particular interest in the Cherrydale residence, which had been the site of their home starting around 1950 and thereafter while they were living with their parents and which Mr. Stone and the Company decided could serve as a place to house out-of-town business visitors to Stone Manufacturing's operating facilities located on the Cherrydale property.*330  Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone found their children's desires to become actively involved during their parents' lives in managing certain assets that their parents owned to be consistent with their own wishes. That is because, as discussed above, at least as early as the last six months of 1995 Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, although in control of their respective assets, no longer were interested or actively involved in managing those assets. As a result, the prospect of having their children become actively involved in the management of their respective assets was very appealing to Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone. To that end, Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone encouraged their children to attempt to come to an agreement among themselves as to the particular assets that each child wanted to become actively involved in managing. Mr. and Ms. Stone believed that any such agreement, if one could be reached, would be of assistance to them in deciding which of their respective assets they wanted each of their children to become actively involved in managing.The parties in the litigation among the children engaged in extensive discussions to settle that litigation and to resolve the children's concerns regarding Mr. *331  Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets so as to avoid any future litigation as to such concerns. Those parties intended and agreed that any agreements that they were able to reach were to be comprehensive and to cover every possible issue that might arise among them as to those matters. On June 3, 1994, the parties in the litigation among the children and their respective attorneys executed a plan (1994 plan for settlement) to settle that litigation and to resolve the various issues relating to the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets. Ms. Stone and Mr. Stone were not parties to the 1994 plan for settlement, and neither of them signed that document.With respect to the issues relating to the trusts, the 1994 plan for settlement provided in part as follows:   I. TRUSTS   The existing trusts will remain as two (2) trusts administered   by three (3) independent, qualified Trustees.     A. THREE TRUSTEES TO ADMINISTER EXISTING TRUSTS     There will be three independent, qualified Trustees     ("Trustees") who shall administer the two existing     trusts ("Existing Trusts") in accordance*332  with the     terms of the 1976 Trust Agreement, as clarified by this     Plan for Settlement. The term "independent" for     purposes of the two existing trusts (Children's and     Grandchildren's trust) shall mean a person who:        (1) is not related by blood or marriage to any child,        grandchild or spouse;        (2) is not and has not been employed by such child,        grandchild or spouse, or any company which has        employed such child, grandchild or spouse;        (3) is not now and has not been engaged in any common        business effort with such child, grandchild or spouse;        (4) has not acted as attorney or accountant for such        child, grandchild or spouse or any company which has        employed such child, grandchild or spouse; and,        (5) agrees never to do business with or purchase stock        in the Company.        (6) has sole allegiance to the management of the*333  Trust        in accordance with the written provision of the Trust        Agreement, as clarified by this Plan for Settlement,        and to the impartial protection of the interest of the        beneficiaries.     The term "qualified" shall mean a person who has     been active in a senior management role in a for-profit     business within the last three (3) years.     Any action taken by the Trustees of the Existing Trusts     shall require majority vote and contemporaneous minutes of     such action shall be circulated to the adult beneficiaries.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     B. SELECTION OF TRUSTEES     Each child shall anonymously nominate one independent,     qualified trustee candidate. The Probate Court shall select     the three Trustees from the four nominated. * * *           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     H. RESIGNATION AS TRUSTEES     E.E. Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, *334  and John Brausch will     resign as trustees to facilitate the implementation of this     Article I, effective with the selection of and acceptance     by the Trustees of the Existing Trusts.With respect to the issues relating to the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets, the 1994 plan for settlement provided in part as follows:   VI. ESTATE ISSUES   The four children and John Brausch shall cooperate in an attempt   to have E. E. Stone, III, and Allene W. Stone make the following   changes in their respective estate plans:     A. PREFERRED STOCK     E.E. Stone, III, would convey or assign directly or     indirectly equally to each of the four children, the right     to one-fourth (     B. TESTAMENTARY TRUSTS     There would be no trusts for descendants under E.E. Stone,     III or Allene W. Stone's wills. After E. E. Stone, III's     death, the portion of his estate not going to Allene W.     Stone, after payment of estate taxes, will be distributed     equally*335  and directly to each of the four children or that     Child's designated beneficiaries. After Allene W. Stone's     death, the remaining E. E. Stone, III/Allene W. Stone     estate after estate taxes would be distributed equally to     the four children or that Child's designated beneficiaries.     C. FAMILY SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT     The Children and Grandchildren (or their guardians ad     litem) and the Stone Foundation (if necessary) shall     execute a Family Settlement Agreement (pursuant to      S.C. Code section 62-3-1101, et seq.) which provides for a division     inter se [sic], in the manner set forth in * * * [other     parts of this agreement] in the event E. E. Stone, III, or     Allene W. Stone fail to change or maintain their Wills in     the same manner.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     F. POWERS OF ATTORNEY     All existing powers of attorney for E. E. Stone, III and     Allene W. Stone will be revoked and new, limited, *336  permanent     powers of attorney executed that have been pre-approved by     all four children to provide management of parents' monthly     cash needs, management of the maintenance of houses, cars,     health care, etc., of both parents. All accounts relative     to the parents will be audited by the Trustees' accounting     firm.           *   *   *   *  *   *   *     H. ARBITRATION        The Children shall use their best efforts to agree on     the allocation of the property of the estate of E. E.     Stone, III and Allene W. Stone. It is agreed that Rivers     Stone shall receive Piney Mountain from the estate of E. E.     Stone, III and Allene W. Stone provided, however, Rivers     Stone shall not be entitled to receive more than one-fourth     of the total value of the net estates after estate taxes.     It is further agreed that Mary Fraser shall receive one-     half (           *   *   *   *  *   *  *337  *   Any disagreement over the provisions in this Section VI shall be   submitted to binding arbitration before the American Arbitration   Association or before an arbitrator appointed by the Probate   Court of South Carolina.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *   VII. IMPLEMENTATION AND JURISDICTION           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     B. CONTINUING JURISDICTION        The Probate Court * * * shall maintain continuing     jurisdiction to resolve any disputes which shall arise     during the implementation and enforcement of this     settlement agreement. * * *The 1994 plan for settlement also provided in part as follows:   THE FOUR CHILDREN UNDERSTAND THAT ANY RESOLUTION OF THE ESTATE   ISSUES MUST INCLUDE A COMPLETELY DEFINITIVE APPROACH TO THE   DIVISION OF THE ASSETS OF THE PARENT'S [sic] ESTATES. THE   SETTLEMENT SHALL NOT BE FINALIZED UNTIL THE CHILDREN HAVE   DETERMINED THE WILLINGNESS OF THEIR FATHER TO ADDRESS THESE   ESTATE ISSUES AND ANY CHILD MAY REFUSE*338  TO FINALIZE THE AGREEMENT   IF E. E. STONE, III REFUSES TO MAKE THE CHANGES TO HIS ESTATE   PLAN PROVIDED FOR HEREIN. * * *The parties in the litigation among the children included the above- quoted paragraph in the 1994 plan for settlement because the children were concerned about whether their parents would treat them, as a group, fairly when they decided how to divide their respective assets among their children. As reflected in the above-quoted paragraph, the children intended and agreed that they would not settle and resolve any of the issues involved in the litigation among the children and the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets unless their parents agreed to make changes to their respective estate plans that were consistent with the provisions of the 1994 plan for settlement relating to such concerns.In the summer of 1994, Mr. Stone retained David A. Merline (Mr. Merline) to prepare a will for him. Ms. Stone did not retain Mr. Merline; at all relevant times she had her own counsel.After execution of the 1994 plan for settlement, issues arose with respect to the scope of the authority of the three independent, qualified trustees*339  whom, according to the 1994 plan for settlement, the Probate Court was to select from the four candidates nominated by the children. Issues also arose with respect to whether such three independent, qualified trustees would be fully indemnified in the event of any further litigation against such trustees by any of the children. Because of the unresolved issues relating to the scope of authority and indemnification of the trustees and the fact that the litigation among the children was so hotly contested and bitter, the children were unable to find candidates who were willing to serve as independent trustees of the trusts, and the 1994 plan for settlement did not result in settlement and dismissal of the litigation among the children.During a period of time starting at least as early as 1994 that is not disclosed by the record, C. Rivers Stone was a member of three organizations: the Young Presidents Organization, the World Presidents Organization, and the Chief Executive Organization (collectively, Management Organizations). At the respective membership meetings of those organizations, various members discussed, inter alia, certain problems that they were having and other members*340  suggested different ways of dealing with such problems. C. Rivers Stone had very close friends who were also members of the Management Organizations and who were aware of the litigation among the children and the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets. At certain of the respective meetings of those organizations, the members discussed that litigation and those concerns and various ways of dealing with them. Sometime during 1995, certain members of the Management Organizations who were friends of C. Rivers Stone suggested that the children utilize family limited partnerships as a way of resolving the litigation among the children and the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets. During that year, C. Rivers Stone informed Mr. Stone, Ms. Stone, and C. Rivers Stone's siblings about that suggestion, and the Stone family became very interested in exploring it.The primary reason why the Stone family became very interested in exploring the use of family limited partnerships was to resolve the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets. The Stone family wanted to explore whether such concerns could be resolved by: (1) *341  Actively involving each of the children in the management of certain of their parents' assets during their parents' lives by giving each child the opportunity, through ownership of a general partnership interest in a different family limited partnership, to manage such assets in which such child was interested; and (2) actively involving all of the children in the management of certain of their parents' other assets during their parents' lives by giving all of them the opportunity, through ownership of general partnership interests in a fifth family limited partnership, to manage such assets in which they all were interested. Another very important reason why the Stone family desired to explore the use of family limited partnerships was to settle and bring an end to the litigation among the children. Finally, the Stone family also wanted to explore the use of family limited partnerships as a way to help avoid disputes among the children regarding the ultimate division of their parents' respective assets after their parents died, although that was not the primary reason for the Stone family's interest in exploring the use of such types of partnerships.On August 16, 1995, Ms. Fraser*342  and C. Rivers Stone filed a motion in the Probate Court for the following relief:   (a) The appointment of an arbitrator to divide the Cedar   Mountain Property;   (b) To appoint receivers for the Stone Trusts and the   Stone Corporations;   (c) To compel compliance with the * * * [1994 plan for   settlement]; and   (d) For other related relief.During the last six months of 1995, Mr. Merline and Mr. Stone discussed the suggestion of C. Rivers Stone's friends regarding the use of family limited partnerships as a means of dealing with the litigation among the children and the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets. Mr. Merline pointed out to Mr. Stone that the use of family limited partnerships also had potential transfer tax benefits. Mr. Merline explained to Mr. Stone that if Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone were to decide to use family limited partnerships, any assets that he and Ms. Stone decided to transfer to such partnerships would no longer be available to them for their own unfettered, personal use. Instead, as explained to Mr. Stone by Mr. Merline, any assets that he and Ms. Stone decided to transfer*343  to such partnerships would belong to such partnerships and would be subject to the respective partnership agreements for such partnerships.On March 28, 1996, the parties in the litigation among the children and their respective attorneys executed an amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement (1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement). At the time they executed that 1996 amendment, the parties in the litigation among the children contemplated signing a third settlement agreement in which they would amend and restate both the 1994 plan for settlement and the 1996 amendment to that plan, which, as discussed below, they did. Ms. Stone and Mr. Stone were not parties to the 1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement, and neither of them signed that document.With respect to the issues relating to the trusts, the 1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement did not change any of the provisions of that plan relating to such issues.With respect to the issues relating to the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets, the 1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement provided in part as follows:   3. CEDAR MOUNTAIN DIVISION   In implementation*344  of * * * [the paragraph of] the June 3, 1994   Plan of Settlement [requiring arbitration of any disputes among   the children regarding section VI of that plan], the parties   agree as follows:     (i) The parties agree to the two-page Cedar Mountain     division map * * * which has been signed by * * * [the     children].     (ii) The deeds to 1,054.415 acres [of the Cedar Mountain     property] from E. E. Stone III to the Mary Fraser Limited     Partnership will reserve for the 1,054.415-acre tract a * *     * qualified road right-of-way and utility permanent     easements through the adjacent 582.672-acre Life Estate     Tract following the route of the existing roads * * *.           *   *   *  *   *   *   *     (iv) The parties * * * agree to the * * * Piney Mountain     [and] Cedar Mountain * * * land appraisals.     4. Family Settlement Estate Planning: The New Limited     Partnerships Plan for the Estate.   The parties shall use their*345  reasonable best efforts to encourage   E. E. Stone III and Allene W. Stone to establish the five Family   Limited Partnerships contemplated by the New Plan for Mr. and   Mrs. Stone's estate.   Based upon an analysis of Mr. and Mrs. Stone's assets and   expenses, the Children agree to use their reasonable best   efforts to encourage Mr. Stone to transfer $ 1,600,000 of his   preferred stock in Stones, Inc. to the Mary Fraser and Rosalie   Morris Family Limited Partnerships, in accordance with the   "Family Limited Partnership" distribution schedule (the   "Chart") 10 hand dated April 12, 1996 * * *.   In the event that assets remaining in E. E. Stone, III's and   Allene W. Stone's Limited Partnership (the "Parents' L.   P.") as shown in column 7 of the Chart, together with column   8, 9, and 10 and assets of E. E. Stone, III, as managed by E. E.   Stone, IV, are not sufficient to pay (a) Mr. and Mrs. Stone's   health, maintenance, and other reasonable (1995 standard)   expenses; together with (b) estate taxes and expenses of   administration payable after their deaths, *346  the deficit shall   first be offset by contributions of Jack Stone equal to any   future gifts made from such column 8, 9, and 10 assets in the   Exhibit "A" Chart, before calling on the other three   children for parental care contributions, with each Child   agreeing to contribute a pro rata share of any remaining   shortfall from either personal assets, or * * * assigned income   rights from his or her respective Limited Partnership Interests.   Provided however, that any further gifts made from such assets   now shown on the chart shall first be offset by contributions of   Jack Stone Family Limited Partnership.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     In order to protect Mary Fraser on the Cedar Mountain   Division, a provision will be included in the Family Settlement   Agreement recognizing the Children's agreement that Mary Stone   Fraser or her Limited Partnership will receive the 1,045.415-   acre * * * parcel * * * and that the remainder interest in the   remaining 582.672 acres will be given to one or more 501-C-3   charitable*347  organizations recommended by Mary Fraser which are   mutually agreeable to Mr. Stone and the other Children, with Mr.   Stone retaining a life estate in the 582.672 acres. The Children   shall use their reasonable best efforts to encourage Mr. Stone   to convey the 582.672-acre Cedar Mountain property remainder   interest according to the foregoing provision.     The Family Settlement Agreement will acknowledge that in   the event Mr. Stone executes a new Will, Codicil or other   agreement which does not conform to the distribution outlined in   the Chart, the Children nonetheless agree to abide by the terms   of such distribution in the Chart as a Family Settlement   Agreement pursuant to SC Code Sec. 62-3-1101, et seq.; and * * *   to include whatever provisions are necessary to preserve any   applicable marital deductions.The 1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement also provided in part as follows:     9. The Family Estate Plan set forth herein represents a   compromise by the parties. There shall be no implementation of   the Family*348  Estate Plan * * * unless and until there is an   agreement between the parties [in the litigation among the   children] to an Amended and Restated Plan for Settlement.After execution of the 1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement, the children entered into intense negotiations regarding the particular assets that each child wanted their parents to transfer to a family limited partnership in which such child, as well as each of their parents, would hold a partnership interest.Between the last six months of 1995 and April 1997, Mr. Merline met with Mr. Stone approximately a dozen times to discuss the use of family limited partnerships, the status of the children's negotiations, and why each child had an interest in certain of the respective assets of Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone. Around April 1996, Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone decided to proceed with forming five family limited partnerships. To that end, at Mr. Stone's request, Mr. Merline drafted five partnership agreements (draft partnership agreements) and circulated those draft partnership agreements among Mr. Stone, Ms. Stone, the children, and their respective attorneys. The children and their respective attorneys, *349  inter alia, made comments on the draft partnership agreements that Mr. Merline had sent them and suggested changes to those agreements. The primary reason for the changes suggested by the children to the draft partnership agreements was the desire of the children to ensure that their parents, and in particular Mr. Stone, would not be unduly influenced by anyone to act in a manner inconsistent with each child's interest in managing particular assets of their parents during their parents' lives and thereafter.Mr. Stone agreed with certain of the children's comments and certain of their suggested changes to the draft partnership agreements that Mr. Merline had prepared for Mr. Stone, and Mr. Merline made changes to those draft partnership agreements in order to incorporate such comments and suggested changes. For example, one new provision incorporated into all five of the draft partnership agreements prevented anyone who obtained a power of attorney on behalf of Mr. Stone from using that power of attorney to vote any general partnership interest that Mr. Stone was to receive in each of the proposed five family limited partnerships. Another example was a new provision included only*350  in the draft partnership agreement for the proposed partnership in which C. Rivers Stone was to hold a general partnership interest and in the draft partnership agreement for the proposed partnership in which Ms. Fraser was to hold a general partnership interest. That new provision required the unanimous consent of all the prospective general partners of each such prospective partnership in order to authorize such partnership to sell, transfer, assign, exchange, lease, convey, subdivide, partition, or encumber certain of the Piney Mountain property in the case of the proposed partnership in which C. Rivers Stone was to own a general partnership interest and certain of the Cedar Mountain property in the case of the proposed partnership in which Ms. Fraser was to own a general partnership interest.On May 9, 1996, Mr. Stone and Eugene Earle Stone, IV, as both general partners and limited partners, and Ms. Stone, as a limited partner, executed a partnership agreement for a limited partnership that the Stone family intended to name The Eugene E. Stone, III, Limited Partnership (ES3LP).On May 9, 1996, Mr. Stone and Eugene Earle Stone, IV, as both general partners and limited partners,*351  and Anne M. Stone, 11 as a general partner, executed a partnership agreement for a limited partnership that the Stone family intended to name The E.E. Stone, IV, Limited Partnership (ES4LP).On May 9, 1996, Mr. Stone, C. Rivers Stone, and Charles Rivers Stone, Jr., 12 as both general partners and limited partners, and Frances O. Stone,13 as a limited partner, executed a partnership agreement for a limited partnership that the Stone family intended to name The C. Rivers Stone Limited Partnership (CRSLP).On May 9, 1996, Mr. Stone and Ms. Morris, as both general partners and limited partners, Mr. Morris, as a general partner, and Charles H. Morris, Jr., 14 and*352  Ms. Morris as custodian for Rosalie S. Morris, II, 15 as limited partners, executed a partnership agreement for a limited partnership that the Stone family intended to name The Rosalie Stone Morris Limited Partnership (RSMLP).On May 9, 1996, Mr. Stone, Ms. Fraser, Wyman Fraser Davis (Ms. Davis), 16 and Laura Lawton Fraser Arnal (Ms. Arnal), 17 as both general partners and limited partners, executed a partnership agreement for a limited partnership that the Stone family intended to name The Mary Stone Fraser Limited Partnership (MSFLP).Each of the partnership agreements for the Five*353  Partnerships set forth the following purposes of each such partnership:   to consolidate the management of certain property of the family   of EUGENE E. STONE, III (the "Family"); to make a   profit; to avoid the division of the property of the Family   which is in the Partnership in order to promote the greater   sales potential of the property; to avoid potential expensive   litigation and disputes over the property of the Family by   defining the roles and rights of Family members in the property,   and providing procedures to resolve disputes; to restrict the   transfer of interests in the property to non-Family members; to   establish protection of Family interests from interference and   disruption resulting from claims by potential creditors of any   Family member; to establish a combined investment policy for the   Partnership; to reduce the mechanics and costs of administration   of investments; * * * to facilitate the administration and   reduce the costs associated with the probate of the estates of   Family members; * * * to provide flexibility in business and   estate*354  planning not available through trusts, corporations or   other business entities; to reduce transaction costs and   multiple deeds in transferring property among Family members; *   * * and acquiring, financing, developing, subdividing, managing,   improving, operating, leasing, mortgaging, refinancing,   pledging, selling or otherwise dealing with the Partnership   Property * * *.Each of the partnership agreements for the Five Partnerships provided that distributions to partners may be made from each such partnership only after, inter alia, determining whether the financial condition of each such partnership permitted such distributions. Each of the partnership agreements for the Five Partnerships further provided that all distributions to the partners of each such partnership must, "Unless otherwise agreed by all the Partners in writing, * * * be made simultaneously to each of the Partners and must be made in proportion to the Partners' Partnership Units."The children understood that Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone would make the ultimate decision as to which, if any, of their parents' respective assets their parents would transfer to each of the Five*355  Partnerships. In this connection, although Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone agreed to form the Five Partnerships, they did not intend to transfer all of the respective assets that they owned to such partnerships in exchange for partnership interests. That was because they wanted to retain sufficient assets to enable them to maintain their respective accustomed standards of living. To that end, Mr. and Ms. Stone retained certain accountants to advise them as to what assets they should retain, and not transfer, to each of the Five Partnerships. In order to formulate such advice, those accountants performed various cashflow analyses and appraisals, using different assumptions regarding the respective life expectancies of Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone and the anticipated returns on their respective investments. The accountants retained by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone recommended that they retain, and not transfer, to the Five Partnerships total assets that would yield a monthly total cashflow of between $ 12,000 and $ 15,000.The Stone family intended and agreed that all the partners of each of the Five Partnerships were to receive respective partnership interests in each such partnership that were proportionate*356  to the fair market value of the assets that such partners respectively transferred to such partnership. To that end, during the period May 1996 through March 1997, before any of the partners of each of the Five Partnerships transferred any assets to such partnership, the process (prefunding process) of identifying, describing, and obtaining various appraisals of the respective assets of Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone took place. That process was critical to enabling Mr. Stone, Ms. Stone, and the children to make decisions about what assets to transfer to each of the Five Partnerships. During the prefunding process, various disputes arose regarding, inter alia, the appraisals of certain assets and the desire of Ms. Fraser, which her three siblings strongly opposed, that Mr. and Ms. Stone make Anne Logan Ministries a charitable beneficiary of certain of the Cedar Mountain property. Those disputes took time to resolve, and, in the case of the disputes regarding the appraisals of certain assets of Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, new appraisals had to be obtained. Until resolution of all of the disputes that arose during the prefunding process, (1) the parties in the litigation among the children did*357  not enter into the third settlement agreement that they contemplated when they executed the 1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement, and (2) the partners of each of the Five Partnerships were not able to determine what assets were to be transferred to each such partnership.On October 15, 1996, Mr. Stone and Eugene Earle Stone, IV, as general partners, filed a certificate of limited partnership for ES3LP with the Secretary of State of South Carolina (S.C. Secretary of State), thereby forming ES3LP under the laws of that State.On October 15, 1996, Mr. Stone, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, and Anne M. Stone, as general partners, filed a certificate of limited partnership for ES4LP with the S.C. Secretary of State, thereby forming ES4LP under the laws of the State of South Carolina.On October 15, 1996, Mr. Stone, C. Rivers Stone, and Charles Rivers Stone, Jr., as general partners, filed a certificate of limited partnership for CRSLP with the S.C. Secretary of State, thereby forming CRSLP under the laws of the State of South Carolina.On October 15, 1996, Mr. Stone, Ms. Morris, and Mr. Morris, as general partners, filed a certificate of limited partnership for RSMLP with the S.C. *358  Secretary of State, thereby forming RSMLP under the laws of the State of South Carolina.On October 15, 1996, Mr. Stone, Ms. Fraser, Ms. Davis, and Ms. Arnal, as general partners, filed a certificate of limited partnership for MSFLP with the S.C. Secretary of State, thereby forming MSFLP under the laws of the State of South Carolina.On January 31, 1997, Mr. Stone was diagnosed with cancer of the gallbladder. Prior to that time, Mr. Stone had been in good health, did not have any known serious health problems, and was active and alert. After Mr. Stone was diagnosed with cancer, it was the doctors' prognosis that he would live a period of months.By late March 1997, Mr. and Ms. Stone had become satisfied that the amount of assets that their accountants had recommended they retain, and not transfer to, each of the Five Partnerships was sufficient to enable them to maintain their respective accustomed standards of living, and they decided to follow their accountants' recommendations. By that time, all of the disputes that arose during the prefunding process had been resolved, and Mr. Stone, Ms. Stone, and the other partners of each of the Five Partnerships had agreed on the identities*359  and the values of the assets that they would transfer to each such partnership. Eugene Earle Stone, IV, had a particular interest in managing, and maintaining the value of, the preferred stock of Stones, Inc., and it was decided that approximately $ 1 million 18 of such stock, as well as certain other property, was to be transferred to ES4LP. C. Rivers Stone had a particular interest in managing Mr. Stone's Piney Mountain property, and it was decided that various parcels of that property totaling 366.097 acres, as well as certain other property, were to be transferred to CRSLP. 19Ms. Morris had a particular interest in managing certain of her parents' stock and securities, including at least some of Mr. Stone's preferred stock in Stones, Inc., and it was decided that various stock and securities, including approximately $ 642,000 of such preferred stock, as well as certain other property, was to be transferred to RSMLP. Ms. Fraser had a particular interest in managing her parents' Cedar Mountain property, and it was decided that the 1054.415-acre parcel of that property, as well as certain other property, was to be transferred to MSFLP. All of the children had a particular interest*360  in the Cherrydale residence, and it was decided that that property, as well as certain other property, was to be transferred to ES3LP.*361  On April 4, 1997, Mr. Stone, as both a general partner and a limited partner, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, 20 C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser, as general partners, and Ms. Stone, as a limited partner, executed an amended and restated partnership agreement for ES3LP. 21 The purpose of that amended and restated partnership agreement was to make C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser general partners of ES3LP.On April 5, 1997, the parties in the litigation among the children and their respective attorneys executed two documents*362 22 dated as of March 31, 1997, the purpose of which was to settle that litigation and to resolve the issues relating to the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets (collectively, the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement). The 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement amended and restated the 1994 plan for settlement and the 1996 amendment to that plan. Ms. Stone was not a party to the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement, and she did not sign those documents. Mr. Stone signed the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate only in his capacity as a preferred stockholder of Stones, Inc. 23 Mr. Stone signed the 1997 amendment and restated plan for settlement -- Company only in his capacity as a preferred stockholder of Stones, Inc. 24*363  With respect to the issues relating to the trusts, the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate provided in part as follows:II. TRUST ISSUESA. EXISTING TRUSTS        (a) Administrative Transfer to New Trusts The        existing trusts established by the 1976 Agreement and        Declaration of Trust ("Existing Trusts") will        remain in existence as two (2) trusts. Upon receipt by        the parties of a favorable Private Letter Ruling * * *        the Probate Court shall release * * * [documents        relating to the administrative division of the Trusts]        from escrow, and thereby administratively establish        eleven New Trusts * * *.        It is the intent of the parties that the release of        the Trust-related Plan Documents implements the Trust-        related aspects of the settlement and that no further        action by the parties shall be necessary to effect the        administrative division of*364  the two Existing Trusts        into eleven New Trusts (as defined herein), the        installation of the New Trustees (as defined herein)        and the funding of these New Trusts or that any such        action be ministerial and not discretionary in nature.        The failure of a beneficiary to identify an        Independent Trustee who has executed the Certification        and Acceptance and is willing to serve over his or her        New Trust shall not delay the release or        implementation of the Trust-related Plan Documents. In        the event an Independent Trustee selected by a        beneficiary cannot be installed over a New Trust at        the time the Probate Court releases the Trust-related        Plan Documents from escrow, that beneficiary's New        Trust shall be administered by the Existing Trustees        until such time as that beneficiary obtains an        Independent Trustee who is willing to serve*365  as the        Independent Trustee of that beneficiary's New Trust on        the terms and conditions set forth in the Amended Plan        and Trust-related Plan Documents.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *        (b) For purposes of this Amended Plan, a Trustee of a        New Trust is "qualified" if he or she is a        capable and responsible individual; a Trustee of a New        Trust is "Independent" if that individual is        not related by blood or marriage to any Child or        Grandchild (hereinafter "Independent        Trustee"). * * *           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     H. UNDERSTANDING OF DISTRIBUTION PROVISIONS        The distributions from the New Trusts shall be in     accordance with the provision of the Existing Trusts. In     this respect, there has been a legitimate dispute as to the     interpretation of the Existing Trust provisions. The     parties*366  acknowledge that the language, intent and     circumstances relating to the Existing Trusts are such that     any income received or generated by the New Trusts shall be     distributed in accordance with the distribution standards     and provisions of the 1976 Trust Agreement, as restated in     the New Trusts. * * *With respect to the issues relating to the children's concerns regarding Mr. Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets, the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate provided in part as follows:III. ESTATE ISSUESA. GENERAL        It is contemplated that prior to the release of the        Amended Plan and Plan Documents from        escrow, 25 the estate matters set forth in        this Section will have been agreed to by E. E. Stone,        III and Allene W. Stone and all documents necessary to        fully fund the Family Limited Partnerships and to        otherwise implement the Estate Section of the Amended        Plan will have been executed and placed*367  in escrow * *        *. The parties understand that E.E. Stone, III and        Allene W. Stone have the right to make such estate        decisions as they deem appropriate. In the event they        do not adopt the estate plan set forth in this        Section, the Amended Plan shall not be effective        unless and until an alternative estate plan is agreed        to.B. TESTAMENTARY TRUSTS        There shall be no trusts for descendants under the        Wills of E. E. Stone, III or Allene W. Stone. After        the death of the first of E. E. Stone, III or Allene        W. Stone, the portion of the estate not going to the        surviving spouse shall, after payment of estate taxes        and expenses of administration, be distributed equally        and directly to each of the four Children or that        Child's estate, provided, however, that the decedent's        interest in each of the Children's Limited    *368      Partnerships shall be distributed directly to the        Child for whose Partnership such interest is held.        After the death of the surviving spouse, the assets        remaining in the estate of E.E. Stone, III and/or        Allene W. Stone shall, after payment of estate taxes        and expenses of administration, be distributed equally        to the four Children or that Child's estate, subject,        however, to the provision that the decedent's interest        in each of the Children's Limited Partnerships shall        be distributed directly to the Child for whose        Partnership such interest is held.C. FAMILY SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT        The Children and Grandchildren (or their guardians ad        litem) and the Stone Foundation (if necessary) have        executed a Family Settlement Agreement (pursuant to       S.C. Code section 62-3-1101, et seq.) which        provides for a division inter*369  se [sic] of the estates        of E. E. Stone, III and Allene W. Stone in the manner        set forth in this Section III in the event E.E.        Stone, III or Allene W. Stone fail to maintain their        Wills in the same manner. The Family Settlement        Agreement acknowledges that in the event E.E. Stone,        III executes a new Will, Codicil or other agreement        which does not conform to the distribution outline in        the "Stone Family Limited Partnership Distribution        Schedule" dated April 3, 1997 and attached hereto        as Exhibit "J" ("the Chart") and in        this Amended Plan, the Children nonetheless agree (a)        the distribution outlined in such Chart and in this        Amended Plan is fair and equitable; (b) to abide by        the terms of such distribution as a Family Settlement        Agreement pursuant to South Carolina Code section 62-3-1101,et seq.         ; and*370  (c) to include whatever        provisions are necessary to preserve any applicable        marital deductions. * * *           *   *   *   *   *   *   *E. STONE FOUNDATION        The Stone Foundation shall be divided into four        separate, equal, and entirely independent foundations        with each Child (and/or designee) as one of the        trustees(s) of one separate foundation, but with 20%        of the required income to be distributed by E.E.        Stone, III to his favorite church, and/or other        charities during his lifetime. The parties shall take        all steps necessary to establish and fund the four        foundations within ten (10) business days of the entry        of the Escrow Order.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *H. NEW PLAN FOR ESTATES           *   *   *   *   *   *   *        In the event that assets remaining in the Parents' L. *371          P. [ES3LP] as shown in column G, 26 together        with assets listed in column H and other assets of        E.E. Stone, III are not sufficient to pay health,        maintenance, and other reasonable (1995 standard)        expenses for E.E. Stone, III and Allene W. Stone, the        deficit shall [be] borne equally by assets in the four        Children's Limited Partnerships. If the assets in the        residuary estate of E.E. Stone, III and the Parents'        L.P. are insufficient to pay estate tax or expenses of        administration payable after their deaths, any        remaining estate tax or expenses of administration        shall be borne equally by assets in the four        Children's Limited Partnerships.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *        The Children shall use their reasonable best efforts        to encourage E.E. Stone, III, to agree to the        following: *372  (a) to rent the Cherrydale house to Stone        Manufacturing Co. until it is sold to Stone        Manufacturing Co. for its fair market value as        determined by a competent appraiser (which appraisal        shall include, among other things the cost of the        rennovation [sic] and the new furniture and fixtures)        agreed to by the Buyer and Seller and (b) to revise        his Will accordingly. Upon the * * * death of E.E.        Stone, III, the necessary portion of the proceeds from        the life insurance policy maintained on E. E. Stone,        III, by Stone Manufacturing Co. shall be reserved and        used by Stone Manufacturing Co. to consumate [sic] the        purchase of the Cherrydale house.[I.] CEDAR MOUNTAIN DIVISION        The division of Cedar Mountain for purposes of the        Chart and the Mary Fraser Limited Partnership shall be        as follows:          (1) The parties agree*373  to the two-page Cedar          Mountain division map * * * which has been signed          by * * * [the children]. * * *          (2) The deeds to 1,054.415 acres from E. E.          Stone, III, to the Mary Fraser Limited          Partnership will reserve for the 1,054.415-acre          tract a * * * qualified road right-of-way and          utility permanent easements through the adjacent          582.672-acre Life Estate Tract following the          route of the existing roads * * *.          (3) A provision shall be included in the Family          Settlement Agreement acknowledging the Children's          agreement that the Mary Fraser Limited          Partnership shall receive the Mary Fraser Parcel,          and that the remainder interest in the Life          Estate Parcel shall be given to Ann [sic] Logan          Ministries, *374  Inc., a 501(c)(3) charitable          organization, with E. E. Stone, III, retaining a          life estate in the Life Estate Parcel.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *L. MAINTENANCE OF PARENTS          The four Children, shall jointly bear the        responsibility for the financial maintenance of E.E.        Stone, III and Allene W. Stone during their lives,        utilizing the assets available to the parents        ("Parental Assets") for such maintenance in        the same or better manner as in recent years. * * *          * * * Mary Stone Fraser shall be delegated        responsibility for the management of the care for        Allene W. Stone, supported by others. Allene W. Stone        may be moved with Mary Fraser, including to the        residence of E. E. Stone, III if he is ever        incapacitated and unable to occupy the residence        * * *.The 1997 amended*375  and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate further provided in part as follows:IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND JURISDICTION           *   *   *   *   *   *   *B. CONTINUING JURISDICTION        The Probate Court * * * shall maintain continuing        jurisdiction to resolve any Trust-related disputes        which shall arise during the implementation and        enforcement of this settlement agreement. The parties        will seek to have a hearing on the Amended Plan as        soon as practicable after its execution.Neither Mr. and Ms. Stone nor the children anticipated that their parents would need any financial assistance during their parents' respective lives. As discussed above, after consulting with their accountants, Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone retained, and did not transfer to the Five Partnerships, total assets that they believed would enable them to maintain their respective accustomed standards of living. Nonetheless, the parties in the litigation among the children included paragraphs H and L of section III in the 1997 amended and restated*376  plan for settlement-trusts and estate in order to address and resolve the possibility that their parents might need financial assistance during their parents' respective lives. Those paragraphs reflected the children's agreement that, in the unlikely event that the total assets held by ES3LP and the total assets owned by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone were insufficient to enable them to maintain their respective accustomed standards of living, the children, as a group, would share equally in providing for the maintenance of their parents at such standards of living through distributions of equal amounts from ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP, respectively.The parties in the litigation among the children also addressed in paragraph H of section III of the 1997 amended and restated plan an issue relating to estate taxes and estate administration expenses payable after Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone died. Those parties resolved that issue by agreeing in that paragraph that, in the event the total assets in Mr. Stone's residuary estate and the total assets owned by ES3LP were not sufficient to pay estate taxes and estate administration expenses owing as a result of their parents' respective deaths, the*377  children, as a group, would share equally in paying any such taxes and expenses through distributions of equal amounts from ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP, respectively.The 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- Company provided in part as follows:              PREAMBLE     This "Amended and Restated Plan for   Settlement-Company" sets forth the provisions of theparties'   settlement relating to Stones, Inc. ("Stones") and   Stone Manufacturing Co. ("SMC") (and their   subsidiaries) and amends and restates the Plan for Settlement   dated June 3, 1994 and the First Amendment dated as of March 28,   1996 among the same parties.   I. EFFECT OF THE AMENDED PLAN     (a) Executed copies of this Amended and Restated Plan for     Settlement -Company and all documents specified herein     ("Plan Documents") shall be placed in escrow with     the Probate Court and shall not be effective unless and     until they are released from escrow by the Probate Court *     * *.II. COMPANYA. GENERAL    *378   Stones and SMC may be merged * * * provided such merger     does not violate the provisions of any agreement for     borrowed money to which Stones or SMC is a party, but no     merger is required. In the event the merger does occur, any     reference contained in this Amended Plan to the     "Company", its Board, its officers, its     shareholders, its Common Stock and its obligations shall     refer to the surviving entity of the merger, its Board, its     Nominating Committee, its officers, its shareholders, its     Common Stock and its obligations. In the event the merger     does not occur and Stones and SMC continue to exist as     separate entities, except to the extent otherwise provided     herein, any reference contained in this Amended Plan to the     "Company", its Board, its Nominating Committee, its     officers, its shareholders, its Common Stock and its     obligations shall refer to each of Stones and SMC     separately, as to its own Board, its Nominating Committee,  *379     its officers, its shareholders, its Common Stock and its     obligations.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *C. BOARD OF DIRECTORS -SELECTION OF DIRECTORS     E.E. Stone, IV and C. Rivers Stone shall both be selected     as initial members of the Board. At least three members of     the Board shall be independent outside directors; provided,     however, that the Board initially may be comprised solely     of management representatives * * * prior to the proposed     initial public offering of equity securities     ("IPO") of Stones, SMC or the surviving entity of     the merger * * *.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *IV. OWNERSHIP OF COMPANYA. MERGER OF STONES AND SMC     Stones and SMC may be merged * * *. The shareholders agree     to vote their stock in favor of any such merger that is     recommended by the Board.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *B. SHARE EXCHANGE     The shares of Common Stock*380  of SMC, now held by E.E. Stone,     IV, C. Rivers Stone, Mary Stone Fraser and Rosalie Stone     Morris, the shares of Common Stock of Stones, held by the     Existing Trusts * * * may be exchanged or otherwise changed     to align their shares * * * at the Stones corporate level     in a transaction recommended by the Board. * * *           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     The shareholders agree to vote their stock in favor of a     share exchange consistent with this provision that is     recommended by the Board and to exchange their shares as     required.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *I. PREFERENTIAL RIGHT TO SELL COMMON STOCK     The New Trusts for Mary Stone Fraser, Mary Wyman Stone     Fraser Davis and Laura Lawton Stone Fraser Arnal (the     "Fraser New Trusts"), the New Trusts for Rosalie     Stone Morris, Charles Hill Morris, Jr., and Rosalie Morris     (the "Morris New Trusts"), and the New Trusts for     Chris Stone, *381  Frances Stone and Rosalie Stone shall have the     right (but not the obligation) to dispose of their entire     holding of Common Stock in the IPO and in a subsequent     offering, should they choose to do so. Mary Stone Fraser     and Rosalie Stone Morris shall have the right to sell their     directly owned shares in either the initial or subsequent     offering. * * *J. SALE OF THE COMPANY     The Board, with the approval of the shareholders * * * may     effect a sale of the Company or other sale involving all of     the stock or substantially all of the assets of the Company     upon such terms and conditions as shall be determined by     the Board.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *M. DIVIDEND PAYMENTS     (a) To the extent actually permitted under all financing     arrangements to which SMC is a party, SMC shall pay a     dividend to the shareholders in 1997 of $ 1 million for     fiscal year 1996 to shareholders of record as of December    *382   31, 1996. * * *     (b) Mandatory dividends on all Common Stock of SMC shall be     determined, and to the extent permitted under all financing     arrangements to which SMC is a party paid to the     shareholders as soon as practicable after the end of each     fiscal year in which consolidated net after-tax earnings *     * * for that year exceed $ 5 million * * *.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *VII. IMPLEMENTATION AND JURISDICTION           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     B. CONTINUING JURISDICTION AND FURTHER ASSURANCES     The parties agree to take whatever additional actions and     execute whatever additional documents are reasonably     necessary to accomplish the provisions hereof * * *. The     Probate Court * * * shall maintain exclusive continuing     jurisdiction to resolve any disputes which shall arise     during the implementation and enforcement of the Amended     Plan and the Company-related Plan Documents. The parties*383       will seek to have a hearing on the Amended Plan as soon as     practicable after its execution.Because, as discussed above, the Probate Court continued to retain jurisdiction over any issues relevant to the litigation among the children, the parties in that litigation submitted the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement to the Probate Court for approval. Until and unless the Probate Court approved that plan, none of the partnerships was to be funded. On April 5, 1997, the Probate Court entered an order approving the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement, finding it to be fair and equitable to all of the parties to that plan and consistent with South Carolina law.On April 5, 1997, the children and their respective children entered into a family settlement agreement, as provided for in the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate. That agreement provided in part as follows:     WHEREAS, in furtherance of an estate plan which has been   developed for Mr. and Mrs. Stone, the parties to this Family   Settlement Agreement entered into an Amended and Restated Plan   For Settlement, (the*384  "Plan") [the 1997 amended and   restated plan for settlement], * * *     WHEREAS, pursuant to the Plan, the Family persuaded Mr. and   Mrs. Stone to execute new Wills, (collectively the "New   Wills") [Mr. Stone's will executed on April 5, 1997,   discussed below, and Ms. Stone's will executed on May 3, 1997,   discussed below] * * *.     WHEREAS, being mindful that Mr. and Mrs. Stone could   subsequently execute other wills or codicils and revoke or amend   the New Wills, the Family has agreed, pursuant to the Plan, to   enter into this Family Settlement Agreement, the terms and   provisions of which are consistent with the New Wills and the   Plan, and which is intended to resolve the * * * [litigation   among the children and the children's concerns regarding Mr.   Stone's and Ms. Stone's assets] as it relates to any future will   contest concerning the proper disposition of Mr. Stone's estate   and Mrs. Stone's estate upon their respective deaths.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     2. Terms of Family Settlement*385  Agreement include those of   the Plan and New Wills. If either Mr. or Mrs. Stone executes   any subsequent will or codicil, or otherwise effectively revokes   the New Wills, which would cause a distribution from their   estates to the Family in a manner inconsistent with the Plan or   the New Wills, then that portion of their estates which was left   to the Family under the subsequent will or codicil shall pass to   the Family according to the provisions of the Plan and the New   Wills [Mr. and Ms. Stone's New Wills] as set forth in Exhibits   A, B and C and this Family Settlement Agreement. * * *     3. State Law to Govern. This Family Settlement   Agreement shall be construed, regulated and governed by and in   accordance with the laws of the State of South Carolina,   notwithstanding the residence in any other jurisdiction of any   member of the Family.On April 5, 1997, Mr. Stone executed his last will and testament (Mr. Stone's will). Mr. Stone's will provided in part as follows:     (1) Prior Wills. I hereby revoke all other wills and   codicils heretofore made*386  by me.     (2) Debts, Expenses and Mortgages. I direct my   Personal Representative to pay my legal debts, my funeral   expenses, any unpaid expenses of my last illness, and the cost   of a suitable tombstone or marker for my grave. Such debts and   expenses shall first be paid out of and charged against the   EUGENE E. STONE, III LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, or any proceeds   received by my estate from any individual retirement account or   deferred compensation. In the event these sources of funds are   insufficient to pay such debts and expenses, then such remaining   debts and expenses shall be paid out of and charged equally   against the limited partnerships established by me for my   children. In the event there are insufficient assets in a   limited partnership established by me for a child of mine to pay   an equal amount of such remaining debts and expenses, then the   child of mine who received or receives an interest in such   limited partnership, or such child's estate, as the case may be,   shall be responsible for the payment of an equal amount of any   such*387  remaining debts and expenses. * * *     (3) Taxes. * * *        (a) Except as provided * * * below, I direct that all     estate, generation-skipping transfer, inheritance,     transfer, succession, death, or similar taxes which may be     assessed or imposed upon or with respect to any interest in     a limited partnership established by me for a child of mine     which is included in my gross estate for the purpose of     such taxes * * * shall be paid out of and charged against     such limited partnership, and shall not be charged against     the marital deduction. In the event there are insufficient     assets in a limited partnership established by me for a     child of mine to pay such taxes, then the child of mine who     received or receives an interest in such limited     partnership, or such child's estate, as the case may be,     shall be responsible for the payment of any such remaining     taxes.        (b) Except as provided in Paragraph (3)(c) below, *388  I     direct that any taxes which may be assessed or imposed by     Section 2035(c) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended,     or corresponding provision of state law, including any     interest or penalties thereon, as a result of any gift tax     paid or payable with respect to any interest in any limited     partnerships established by me for my children which were     the subject of any gifts made by me during my lifetime,     shall be paid out of and charged equally against such     limited partnerships, and shall not be charged against the     marital deduction. In the event there are insufficient     assets in a limited partnership established by me for a     child of mine to pay an equal amount of such taxes, then     the child of mine who received a gift of an interest in     such limited partnership, or such child's estate, as the     case may be, shall be responsible for the payment of an     equal amount of any such remaining taxes.        (c) In the event the*389  Internal Revenue Service or any     other taxing authority changes the value attributable to     (i) any assets I have contributed to a limited partnership     established by me for a child of mine * * * then I direct     that all gift, estate, generation-skipping transfer,     inheritance, transfer, succession, death, or similar taxes     which may be assessed or imposed as a result of such change     in value, * * * shall be paid out of and charged against     the limited partnership that received such contribution * *     * and shall not be charged against the marital deduction.     In the event there are insufficient assets in a limited     partnership established by me for a child of mine to pay     such taxes, then the child of mine who received such gift,     or whose limited partnership received such contribution, or     such child's estate, as the case may be, shall be     responsible for the payment of any such remaining taxes.        (d) I direct that all other estate, generation-*390       skipping transfer, inheritance, transfer, succession,     death, or similar taxes, including any interest or     penalties thereon, payable by reason of my death * * * or     assessed or imposed with respect to my estate, or any part     thereof, whether or not passing under this will, or any     codicil thereto, including all policies of insurance on my     life, all bequests and devises, all transfers made by me     during my lifetime, all jointly held property, all pension     and profit-sharing benefits, deferred compensation benefits     and individual retirement accounts, and all powers, rights,     or other interests in property included in my gross estate     for the purpose of such taxes, shall first be paid out of     and charged against my residuary estate. In the event there     are insufficient assets in my residuary estate to pay such     taxes, then such remaining taxes shall be paid out of and     charged equally against the limited partnerships     established by*391  me for my children. In the event there are     insufficient assets in a limited partnership established by     me for a child of mine to pay an equal amount of such     remaining taxes, then the child of mine who received or     receives an interest in such limited partnership, or such     child's estate, as the case may be, shall be responsible     for the payment of an equal amount of any such remaining     taxes. * * *           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     (4) Specific Bequests. I hereby make the following   specific bequests:     (a) I give, devise and bequeath all of my tangible personal   effects * * * to my children * * *.     (b) If my wife * * * survives me, I give, devise and   bequeath any interest that I may own at the time of my death in   the EUGENE E. STONE, III LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, or its successor,   and any proceeds, net of taxes, received by my estate from any   individual retirement account or deferred compensation * * * to   be held in the ALLENE WYMAN STONE*392  TRUST * * *. If my wife * * *   does not survive me, then I give, devise and bequeath any   interest that I may own at the time of my death in * * * [ES3LP]   to my children * * *.     (c) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own   at the time of my death in the C. RIVERS STONE LIMITED   PARTNERSHIP, or its successor, to my son, C. RIVERS STONE, if he   survives me, to be his absolutely, but if he does not survive   me, to my said son's estate.     (d) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own   at the time of my death in the E. E. STONE, IV LIMITED   PARTNERSHIP, or its successor, to my son, E. E. STONE, IV, if he   survives me, to be his absolutely, but if he does not survive   me, to my said son's estate.     (e) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own   at the time of my death in the MARY STONE FRASER LIMITED   PARTNERSHIP, or its successor, to my daughter, MARY S. FRASER,   if she survives me, to be hers absolutely, but if she does not   survive me, to my said daughter's estate.    *393   (f) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own   at the time of my death in the ROSALIE STONE MORRIS LIMITED   PARTNERSHIP, or its successor, to my daughter, ROSALIE S.   MORRIS, if she survives me, to be hers absolutely, but if she   does not survive me, to my said daughter's estate.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     (5) Allene Wyman Stone Trust. THE ALLENE WYMAN STONE   TRUST shall be held, managed, invested and reinvested,   administered and distributed upon the following terms and   conditions and for the following uses and purposes:     (a) If my wife * * * survives me, then * * * my Trustee     shall pay all of the net income from this trust, at least     quarterly, to or for the benefit of my wife * * * for and     during the term of her life. * * *     (b) Upon the death of my wife * * * the remaining principal     of this trust shall be distributed to my children. * * *     (c) My Personal Representative shall, in its discretion,     determine whether to elect*394  under Section 2056(b)(7) of the     Internal Revenue Code * * * to qualify any specific portion     or all of this trust for the estate tax marital deduction.     * * *           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     (e) * * * It is my intention that my wife under the     provisions of this trust have substantially that degree of     beneficial enjoyment of this trust during her lifetime     which the principles of the law of trusts accord to a     person who is unqualifiedly designated as the life     beneficiary of a trust, and my Trustee shall not exercise     its discretion in a manner which is not in accord with this     expressed intention. It is also my intention that my     Trustee shall invest this trust so that it will produce for     my wife during her lifetime an income which is consistent     with the value of the trust property and with its     preservation. Therefore, non-income producing property     shall not be held as a part of this trust for more*395  than a     reasonable period of time without the approval of my wife.     In addition, my wife may require my Trustee at any time to     either make any nonproductive property of this trust     productive or to convert such nonproductive property to     productive property within a reasonable period of time. It     is expressly provided that my Trustee shall not in the     exercise of its discretion make any determination     inconsistent with the foregoing.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     (8) Powers of * * * Trustee. In addition to such   powers as my * * * Trustee may have by law, I authorize each of   them, in their discretion, to exercise the following powers,   which at all times shall be exercised in a fiduciary capacity   for the benefit of the beneficiaries herein: * * * to sell,   exchange, grant options and dispose of said property, real,   personal, tangible or intangible at such prices and on such   terms as they deem proper; * * * to invest and reinvest in any   kind of*396  property, real, personal, tangible or intangible,   including, but not limited to, common trust funds, stocks,   options, futures, contracts, rights, warrants, puts, calls,   bonds, notes, mortgages, general or limited partnership   interests, limited liability companies, savings accounts and   certificates of deposit, and similar liquid funds, mutual funds,   real estate, and stock of any corporate fiduciary serving   hereunder or the holding company of such corporate fiduciary; *   * * to make distributions in cash or in kind, * * * to continue   and operate any business owned by me at my death in the form   either of a sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability   company or corporation, and to do any and all things deemed   needful or appropriate by my * * * Trustee, including the power   to incorporate or form the business and to put additional   capital into the business, for such time as they shall deem   advisable, without liability for loss resulting from the   continuance or operation of the business except for their own   negligence; * * * and to do all other acts*397  which in their   discretion may be necessary or appropriate for the proper and   advantageous management, investment and distribution of my   estate or any trust hereunder, all of which may be done without   order of or application to any court. Notwithstanding any   provision in this will to the contrary, any duty or power   granted to my * * * Trustee shall be absolutely void to the   extent that the right to perform such duty, or to exercise such   power, or the performance or exercise thereof would in any way   cause my estate to lose all or any part of the tax benefits   afforded by the marital deduction or any exemption allowed   pursuant to the generation-skipping transfer tax provisions   under either federal or state laws * * *.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     (15) * * * Trustee. * * * I * * * nominate,   constitute and appoint my children * * * as Co-Trustees of all   trusts created in this will. * * *On May 3, 1997, Ms. Stone executed her last will and testament (Ms. Stone's will). Ms. Stone's will provided as follows:  *398     I, ALLENE WYMAN STONE, a resident of and domiciled in   Greenville County, South Carolina, do hereby make, publish and   declare this writing to be and contain my Last Will and   Testament, hereby revoking any and all other Wills or Codicils   to Wills at any time heretofore made by me.            ITEM I     I direct that all of my just debts, secured and unsecured,   be paid as soon as practicable after my death; however, I direct   that my Personal Representative may cause any debt to be   carried, renewed and refinanced from time to time upon such   terms and with such securities for its repayment as my Personal   Representative may deem advisable taking into consideration the   best interest of the beneficiaries hereunder.            ITEM II     I direct that all estate, inheritance, succession, death or   similar taxes (except generation-skipping transfer taxes)   assessed with respect to my estate herein disposed of, or any   part thereof, or on any bequest or devise contained in this my   Last*399  Will and Testament (which term wherever used herein shall   include any codicil hereto), or on any insurance upon my life or   on any property held jointly by me with another or on any   transfer made by me during my lifetime or on any other property   or interest in property included in my estate shall be paid out   of my residuary estate and shall not be charged against the   marital deduction. In the event there are insufficient assets in   my residuary estate which are not selected for the marital   deduction to my estate taxes, then my Personal Representative   may charge any such remaining tax payments against the marital   deduction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any such tax   (including any interest or penalties thereon) is imposed on   property includible in my gross estate by reason of Section 2044    of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, or corresponding   provision of state law, I direct my Personal Representative to   recover such tax as provided in Section 2207A of the Internal   Revenue Code, as amended, or corresponding provision of state   law.  *400            ITEM III           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     * * * I give and devise all of my tangible personal effects   and household effects of every kind * * * to my children * * *,   in equal shares * * *.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *            ITEM IV     If my husband * * * survives me, I give, devise and   bequeath any interest that I may own at the time of my death in   * * * [ES3LP] to be held in trust pursuant to the terms of Item   V of this Will. If my husband * * * does not survive me, then I   give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own at the   time of my death in * * * [ES3LP] * * * to my children * * *, in   equal shares * * *.           *   *   *   *   *   *   *            ITEM VI     I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and   remainder of my property of every kind and description * * * to   my children * * *.On June 14, 1997, Ms. Stone executed*401  a first codicil to Ms. Stone's will (Ms. Stone's codicil). Ms. Stone's codicil deleted Item II and Item IV of Ms. Stone's will and replaced them with the following new Item II and Item IV:              ITEM II     I direct that all estate, inheritance, transfer,   succession, death, or similar taxes, including any interest or   penalties thereon, payable by reason of my death, or assessed or   imposed with respect to my estate, or any part thereof, whether   or not passing under this Will, or any codicil thereto, shall be   paid as follows:     (a) Except as provided * * * below, I direct that all     estate, generation-skipping transfer, inheritance,     transfer, succession, death, or similar taxes which may be     assessed or imposed upon or with respect to any interest in     a limited partnership established for a child of mine which     is included in my gross estate for the purpose of such     taxes * * * shall be paid out of and charged against such     limited partnership. In the event there are insufficient*402       assets in a limited partnership established for a child of     mine to pay such taxes, then the child of mine who received     or receives an interest in such limited partnership, or     such child's estate, as the case may be, shall be     responsible for the payment of any such remaining taxes.     (b) Except as provided in subparagraph (c) below, I direct     that any taxes which may be assessed or imposed by Section     2035(c) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, or     corresponding provision of state law, including any     interest or penalties thereon, as a result of any gift tax     paid or payable with respect to any interest in any limited     partnerships established for my children which were the     subject of any gifts made by me during my lifetime, shall     be paid out of and charged equally against such limited     partnerships. In the event there are insufficient assets in     a limited partnership established for a child of mine to     pay an equal amount*403  of such taxes, then the child of mine     who received a gift of an interest in such limited     partnership, or such child's estate, as the case may be,     shall be responsible for the payment of an equal amount of     any such remaining taxes.     (c) In the event the Internal Revenue Service or any other     taxing authority changes the value attributable to (i) any     assets I have contributed to a limited partnership     established for a child of mine * * * then I direct that     all gift, estate, generation-skipping transfer,     inheritance, transfer, succession, death or similar taxes     which may be assessed or imposed as a result of such change     in value, * * * shall be paid out of and charged against     the limited partnership that received such contribution, or     was the subject of such gift, as the case may be. In the     event there are insufficient assets in a limited     partnership established for a child of mine to pay such     taxes, then the child*404  of mine who received such gift, or     whose limited partnership received such contribution, or     such child's estate, as the case may be, shall be     responsible for the payment of any such remaining taxes.     (d) I direct that all other estate, generation-skipping     transfer, inheritance, transfer, succession, death, or     similar taxes, including any interest or penalties thereon,     payable by reason of my death * * * or assessed or imposed     with respect to my estate, or any part thereof, whether or     not passing under this Will, or any codicil thereto,     including all policies of insurance on my life, all     bequests and devises, all transfers made by me during my     lifetime, all jointly held property, all pension and     profit-sharing benefits, deferred compensation benefits and     individual retirement accounts, and all powers, rights, or     other interests in property included in my gross estate for     the purpose of such taxes, shall first be paid out of and*405       charged against my residuary estate. In the event there are     insufficient assets in my residuary estate to pay such     taxes, then such remaining taxes shall be paid out of and     charged equally against the limited partnerships     established for my children. In the event there are     insufficient assets in a limited partnership established     for a child of mine to pay an equal amount of such     remaining taxes, then the child of mine who received or     receives an interest in such limited partnership, or such     child's estate, as the case may be, shall be responsible     for the payment of an equal amount of any such remaining     taxes. * * *              ITEM IVI hereby make the following specific bequests:   (a) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own at   the time of my death in the EUGENE E. STONE, III LIMITED   PARTNERSHIP, or its successor, to my children * * * in equal   shares * * *.   (b) I give, devise and bequeath any interest*406  that I may own at   the time of my death in the C. RIVERS STONE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,   or its successor, to my son, C. RIVERS STONE, if he survives me,   to be his absolutely, but if he does not survive me, to my said   son's estate.   (c) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own at   the time of my death in the E. E. STONE, IV LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,   or its successor, to my son, E. E. STONE, IV, if he survives me,   to be his absolutely, but if he does not survive me, to my said   son's estate.   (d) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own at   the time of my death in the MARY STONE FRASER LIMITED   PARTNERSHIP, or its successor, to my daughter, MARY S. FRASER,   if she survives me, to be hers absolutely, but if she does not   survive me, to my said daughter's estate.   (e) I give, devise and bequeath any interest that I may own at   the time of my death in the ROSALIE STONE MORRIS LIMITED   PARTNERSHIP, or its successor, to my daughter, ROSALIE S.   MORRIS, if she survives me, to be hers absolutely, but if she   does not survive*407  me, to my said daughter's estate.On April 8, 1997, Mr. Stone gave to each of the children an undivided .25-percent interest in the Cherrydale residence. On April 8, 1997, Mr. Stone gave to Eugene Earle Stone, IV, an undivided one-percent interest in 11.603 acres of land located on Keith Drive, in Greenville County, South Carolina (Keith Drive property). On April 8, 1997, Mr. Stone gave to C. Rivers Stone an undivided one-percent interest in each of various parcels totaling 366.097 acres of the Piney Mountain property. On April 8, 1997, Mr. Stone gave to Ms. Morris an undivided one-percent interest in a 4.263-acre parcel and an undivided one-percent interest in a .333-acre parcel of the Piney Mountain property. On April 8, 1997, Mr. and Ms. Stone gave to Ms. Fraser, an undivided one-percent interest in the 1054.415-acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property.Around the middle of September 1998, Mr. Stone's estate filed on behalf of the deceased Mr. Stone Form 709, United States Gift (& Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, for the taxable year 1997 (1997 gift tax return), in which the above-described gifts, as well as certain other gifts including those discussed below, were*408  reported.In April 1997, the partners of ES3LP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers to that partnership, as follows. On April 9, 1997, Mr. Stone transferred to ES3LP the interest that he owned in the Cherrydale residence and certain other property in exchange for both general and limited partnership interests, and the children transferred to ES3LP the respective interests that they owned in the Cherrydale residence in exchange for general partnership interests. 27 At a time not disclosed by the record in April 1997, Ms. Stone transferred certain property that she owned to ES3LP in exchange for a limited partnership interest. When the partners of ES3LP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that ES3LP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that the children contribute their services in providing such management.*409  Neither Mr. Stone nor Ms. Stone intended to, or did, live at the Cherrydale residence after Mr. Stone and the children transferred their respective interests in that residence to ES3LP. If Mr. Stone or Ms. Stone had desired to live at the Cherrydale residence after Mr. Stone and the children transferred their respective interests in the Cherrydale residence to ES3LP, the children, as the other partners of ES3LP, would not have objected, provided that Mr. Stone or Ms. Stone, as the case may be, used personal funds to pay rent to ES3LP.After the partners of ES3LP transferred the respective assets that they owned to ES3LP in exchange for certain partnership interests, the children actively managed the assets of ES3LP, as Mr. and Ms. Stone intended. In this connection, during 1998, after renovation of the Cherrydale residence was completed in the fall of 1997, ES3LP rented it to, and received rental income from, Stone Manufacturing, which used that residence to house a management team that it decided to retain in order to assist the Company in addressing certain economic difficulties that it was having. 28 In addition, the respective partnership returns that ES3LP filed for 1998 and*410  1999 reflected that ES3LP made investment decisions to sell some of its assets, including certain stock that it purchased on May 7, 1997, and that it sold approximately two years later for a substantial gain. 29 ES3LP also hired advisors and accountants who at all times were different from those of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP. At no time did the partners of ES3LP, including Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, commingle the assets that ES3LP owned with their respective personal assets. At all times, ES3LP was respected by the Stone family as a separate entity.*411  In April 1997, the partners of ES4LP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers to that partnership, as follows. On April 9, 1997, Mr. Stone transferred to ES4LP some of his preferred stock of Stones, Inc., his interest in the Keith Drive property, and certain other property, and Eugene Earle Stone, IV, transferred to ES4LP his interest in the Keith Drive property, in exchange for both general and limited partnership interests. 30 At a time not disclosed by the record in April 1997, Anne M. Stone transferred certain property that she owned to ES4LP in exchange for a general partnership interest. On April 15, 1997, Ms. Stone transferred certain property that she owned to ES4LP in exchange for a limited partnership interest. When the partners of ES4LP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that ES4LP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that Eugene Earle Stone, IV, contribute his services in providing such management.*412  After the partners of ES4LP transferred the respective assets that they owned to ES4LP in exchange for certain partnership interests, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, began actively managing the assets of ES4LP, as Mr. and Ms. Stone intended. In this connection, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, on behalf of ES4LP, managed, and made investment decisions with respect to, ES4LP's assets. The respective partnership returns that ES4LP filed for 1997 and 1999 reflected that ES4LP sold certain of its stock for substantial gains. 31 Eugene Earle Stone, IV, also hired on behalf of ES4LP advisors and accountants who at all times were different from those of ES3LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP. At no time did the partners of ES4LP, including Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, commingle the assets that ES4LP owned with their respective personal assets. At all times, ES4LP was respected by the Stone family as a separate entity.*413  In April 1997, the partners of CRSLP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers to that partnership, as follows. On April 9, 1997, Mr. Stone transferred to CRSLP his interest in each of various parcels totaling 366.097 acres of the Piney Mountain property and certain other property, and C. Rivers Stone transferred to CRSLP his interest in each of those parcels, in exchange for both general and limited partnership interests. 32 At a time not disclosed by the record in April 1997, Charles R. Stone, Jr., transferred certain property that he owned to CRSLP in exchange for both limited and general partnership interests, and Frances O. Stone transferred certain property that she owned to CRSLP in exchange for a limited partnership interest. On April 15, 1997, Ms. Stone transferred property that she owned to CRSLP in exchange for a limited partnership interest. When the partners of CRSLP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that CRSLP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that C. Rivers Stone contribute his services in providing such management.*414  After the partners of CRSLP transferred the respective assets that they owned to CRSLP in exchange for certain partnership interests, C. Rivers Stone began actively managing the assets of CRSLP, as Mr. and Ms. Stone intended. In this connection, C. Rivers Stone, on behalf of CRSLP, began a major project to convert CRSLP's Piney Mountain property into a high-end real property development which was to be known as Montebello and which was to consist of over 1,000 houses, with, inter alia, clubhouses for meetings and weddings, as well as shopping centers. In addition, the partnership return that CRSLP filed for 1997 reflected that CRSLP made investment decisions to sell certain of its stock for a substantial gain. 33 Moreover, the respective partnership returns that CRSLP filed for 1997, 1998, and 1999 reflected that CRSLP rented various real properties that it owned (other than the Piney Mountain property) from which it received and reported rental income. C. Rivers Stone also hired on behalf of CRSLP advisors and accountants who at all times were different from those of ES3LP, ES4LP, RSMLP, and MSFLP. At no time did the partners of CRSLP, including Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, commingle*415  the assets that CRSLP owned with their respective personal assets. At all times, CRSLP was respected by the Stone family as a separate entity.In April 1997, the partners of RSMLP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers to that partnership, as follows. On April 9, 1997, Mr. Stone transferred to RSMLP certain of his stock and securities, including some of his preferred stock of Stones, Inc., his interest in the 4.263-acre parcel and the .333-acre parcel of the Piney Mountain property, and certain other property, and Ms. Morris transferred to RSMLP her interest in each of those parcels, in exchange for both general and limited partnership interests. 34 At a time not disclosed by the record in April 1997, Mr. Morris transferred certain property that he owned to RSMLP in exchange for a general partnership interest, and Charles H. Morris, Jr., and Rosalie S. *416  Morris, II, transferred certain property that they owned to RSMLP in exchange for limited partnership interests. On April 15, 1997, Ms. Stone transferred certain property, including certain of her stock and securities, that she owned to RSMLP in exchange for a limited partnership interest. When the partners of RSMLP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that RSMLP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that Ms. Morris contribute her services in providing such management.After the partners of RSMLP transferred the respective assets that they owned to RSMLP in exchange for certain partnership interests, Ms. Morris began actively managing the assets of RSMLP, as Mr. and Ms. Stone intended. In this connection, Ms. Morris, on behalf of RSMLP, began actively managing*417  its real estate holdings. She also transferred certain of RSMLP's securities from a brokerage account that it had in Greenville, South Carolina, to a brokerage account that she opened for it in Savannah, Georgia, where she was living. In addition, the respective partnership returns that RSMLP filed for 1997, 1998, and 1999 reflected that RSMLP made investment decisions to sell certain of its stock for substantial gains. 35 Those partnership returns also reflected that RSMLP rented certain of its real property from which it received and reported rental income. Ms. Morris also hired on behalf of RSMLP advisors and accountants who at all times were different from those of ES3LP, ES4LP, CRSLP, and MSFLP. At no time did the partners of RSMLP, including Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, commingle the assets that RSMLP owned with their respective personal assets. At all times, RSMLP was respected by the Stone family as a separate entity.*418  In April 1997, the partners of MSFLP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers to that partnership, as follows. On April 9, 1997, Mr. Stone transferred to MSFLP his interest in the 1054.415- acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property and certain other property, and Ms. Fraser transferred to MSFLP her interest in that property, 36 in exchange for both general and limited partnership interests. 37 On the same date, Ms. Stone transferred to MSFLP the interest that she owned in the 1054.415-acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property in exchange for a limited partnership interest. At a time not disclosed by the record in April 1997, Ms. Davis and Ms. Arnal transferred certain property that they owned to MSFLP in exchange for both general and limited partnership interests. When the partners of MSFLP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that MSFLP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that Ms. Fraser contribute her services in providing such management.*419  After the partners of MSFLP transferred the respective assets that they owned to MSFLP in exchange for certain partnership interests, Ms. Fraser began actively managing the assets of MSFLP, as Mr. and Ms. Stone intended. In this connection, Ms. Fraser, on behalf of MSFLP, began actively managing MSFLP's Cedar Mountain property, which included maintaining the roads and lakes that Mr. Stone had built on that property. In addition, the respective partnership returns that MSFLP filed for 1998 and 1999 reflected that MSFLP made investment decisions to sell certain of its stock for substantial gains. 38 Ms. Fraser also hired on behalf of MSFLP advisors and accountants who at all times were different from those of ES3LP, ES4LP, CRSLP, and RSMLP. At no time did the partners of MSFLP, including Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, commingle the assets that MSFLP owned with their respective personal assets. At all times, MSFLP was respected by the Stone family as a separate entity.*420  The respective assets that Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone retained, and did not transfer in April 1997 to each of the Five Partnerships, were sufficient to maintain their respective accustomed standards of living. Mr. and Ms. Stone did not transfer to any of the Five Partnerships the 582.672-acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property on which Mr. Stone was living in April 1997. 39 Ms. Stone did not transfer to any of the Five Partnerships the Cypress villa on Hilton Head Island in which she was living in April 1997.Sometime after the respective bona fide, arm's-length transfers of assets in April 1997 to each of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP in exchange for*421  partnership interests, the Stone family realized that there had been an inadvertent, improper valuation of certain of such assets (valuation errors). Those valuation errors resulted in each of the children's having received a total partnership interest in each such partnership in which such child had a partnership interest that was larger (unintended excessive partnership interest) than the Stone family intended and agreed each should have received had the correct valuation been used. The Stone family did not intend or agree that a partner of any of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP (or ES3LP) was to receive a larger total partnership interest in each such partnership than such partner should have received based on the value of the property that such partner transferred to any such partnership. In order to correct the unintended consequences of the valuation errors, Mr. Stone made a gift as of April 9, 1997, to each of the children of the unintended excessive partnership interest in each of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP that each such child had received, as follows:   Donee's            Description of    Name             *422    Gift         Value ofGift   _______            ___________________________Eugene Earle Stone, IV     281 General Partner       $ 10,095                Units in ES4LPEugene Earle Stone, IV     1 Limited Partner Unit        36                in ES4LPC. Rivers Stone         1.02 General Partner         50                Units in CRSLPMs. Morris           136 General Partner        6,426                Units in RSMLPMs. Morris           1 Limited Partner Unit        47                in RSMLPMs. Fraser           34 General Partner         1,489                Units in MSFLPMs. Fraser           1 Limited Partner Unit        44                in MSFLP   Total Value of Gifts         *423            $ 18,187After the foregoing gifts were made as of April 9, 1997, 40 all the partners of each of the Five Partnerships received, as the Stone family intended and agreed, respective percentage interests in each such partnership that were proportionate to the fair market value of the assets that such partners respectively transferred to each such partnership, and the respective assets that the partners of each such partnership transferred to each such partnership were credited to the respective capital accounts of such partners. Upon the termination or dissolution of each of the Five Partnerships, the partners of each such partnership were entitled to distributions from each such partnership in amounts equal to their respective capital accounts.After the partners of ES3LP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers of the respective assets that they owned to that partnership*424  in exchange for certain partnership interests, the respective partnership interests owned by the partners of ES3LP in April 1997 were as follows:                    General      Limited                    Partner      Partner     Partner            Interests     Interests     _______            _________     _________   Mr. Stone              1.001%      68.972%   Ms. Stone               --       29.027%   Eugene Earle Stone, IV        .250%       --   C. Rivers Stone            .250%       --   Ms. Morris              .250%       --   Ms. Fraser              .250%       --At the time of Mr. Stone's death on June 5, 1997, Mr. Stone held the same percentage partnership interests in ES3LP that he owned in April 1997. At the time of Ms. Stone's death on October 16, 1998, Ms. Stone*425  held the same percentage partnership interest in ES3LP that she owned in April 1997.After the partners of ES4LP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers of the respective assets that they owned to that partnership in exchange for certain partnership interests, the respective partnership interests owned by the partners of ES4LP in April 1997 were as follows:                   General       Limited                   Partner       Partner   Partner             Interests      Interests   _______             _________      _________   Mr. Stone             1.003%        93.874%   Ms. Stone              --         4.120%   Eugene Earle Stone, IV      1.000%         .001%   Anne M. Stone           .002%          --At the time of Mr. Stone's death on June 5, 1997, Mr. Stone held the same percentage partnership interests in ES4LP that he owned in April 1997. At the time*426  of Ms. Stone's death on October 16, 1998, Ms. Stone held the same partnership interest in ES4LP that she owned in April 1997.After the partners of CRSLP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers of the respective assets that they owned to that partnership in exchange for certain partnership interests, the respective partnership interests owned by the partners of CRSLP in April 1997 were as follows:                  General        Limited                  Partner        Partner   Partner            Interests       Interests   _______            _________       _________   Mr. Stone            1.002%        97.483%   Ms. Stone             --          .510%   C. Rivers Stone         1.000%         .001%   Charles R. Stone, Jr.       .001%         .001%   Frances O. Stone          --          .002%At the time of Mr. Stone's*427  death on June 5, 1997, Mr. Stone held the same percentage partnership interests in CRSLP that he owned in April 1997. At the time of Ms. Stone's death on October 16, 1998, Ms. Stone held the same partnership interest in CRSLP that she owned in April 1997.After the partners of RSMLP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers of the respective assets that they owned to that partnership in exchange for certain partnership interests, the respective partnership interests owned by the partners of RSMLP in April 1997 were as follows:                  General         Limited                  Partner          Partner   Partner            Interests         Interests   _______            _________         _________   Mr. Stone            1.003%         94.29725%   Ms. Stone             --           3.6935%   Ms. Morris            1.000%          .001%   Mr. Morris      *428        .00175%          --   Charles H. Morris, Jr.       --           .00175%   Rosalie S. Morris, II       --           .00175%At the time of Mr. Stone's death on June 5, 1997, Mr. Stone held the same percentage partnership interests in RSMLP that he owned in April 1997. At the time of Ms. Stone's death on October 16, 1998, Ms. Stone held the same partnership interest in RSMLP that she owned in April 1997.After the partners of MSFLP made bona fide, arm's-length transfers of the respective assets that they owned to that partnership in exchange for certain partnership interests, the respective partnership interests owned by the partners of MSFLP in April 1997 were as follows:               General        Limited               Partner        Partner   Partner          Interests       Interests   _______          _________       _________   Mr. Stone         1.003%        90.141%   Ms. Stone   *429         --          7.851%   Ms. Fraser         1.000%         .001%   Ms. Davis          .001%         .001%   Ms. Arnal          .001%         .001%At the time of Mr. Stone's death on June 5, 1997, Mr. Stone held the same percentage partnership interests in MSFLP that he owned in April 1997. At the time of Ms. Stone's death on October 16, 1998, Ms. Stone held the same partnership interest in MSFLP that she owned in April 1997.On June 5, 1997, Mr. Stone died at the age of 89. On that date, pursuant to Mr. Stone's will, The Allene Wyman Stone Trust (AWS Trust) was formed. Pursuant to that will, (1) the 1.001 percent general partnership interest and the 68.972 percent limited partnership interest in ES3LP that Mr. Stone held on the date of his death, (2) all the assets on that date in his individual retirement account (Mr. Stone's retirement account), 41 and (3) his right on that date to certain deferred compensation from Stone Manufacturing were transferred to that trust. (We shall sometimes refer to the assets in Mr. Stone's retirement account and*430  his right to certain deferred compensation from Stone Manufacturing as certain other property.) Ms. Stone did not transfer any property to ES3LP in exchange for the general and limited partnership interests in ES3LP held by the AWS Trust as of June 5, 1997, the date of Mr. Stone's death.42On August 5, 1997, after Mr. Stone died, Ms. Morris, and Mr. Morris, as general partners, filed a first amendment to the certificate of limited partnership for RSMLP with the S.C. Secretary of State. The purpose of that amendment was to remove Mr. Stone as a general partner of RSMLP.On August 5, 1997, after Mr. Stone died, Ms. Fraser, Ms. Davis, and Ms. Arnal, *431  as general partners, filed a first amendment to the certificate of limited partnership for MSFLP with the S.C. Secretary of State. The purpose of that amendment was to remove Mr. Stone as a general partner of MSFLP.On August 7, 1997, after Mr. Stone died, C. Rivers Stone, and Charles Rivers Stone, Jr., as general partners, filed a first amendment to the certificate of limited partnership for CRSLP with the S.C. Secretary of State. The purpose of that amendment was to remove Mr. Stone as a general partner of CRSLP. 43On October 1, 1997, after Mr. Stone died, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, and Anne M. Stone, as general partners, filed a first amendment*432  to the certificate of limited partnership for ES4LP with the S.C. Secretary of State. The purpose of that amendment was to remove Mr. Stone as a general partner of ES4LP.On January 8, 1998, after Mr. Stone died, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser, as general partners, filed a second amendment to the certificate of limited partnership for ES3LP with the S.C. Secretary of State. The purpose of that amendment was to remove Mr. Stone as a general partner of ES3LP.After Mr. Stone's death, all the respective partners of each of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP agreed to make a distribution from each such partnership in order to pay the portion of the Federal estate tax and any applicable State estate tax (State estate tax) (collectively, Federal and State estate taxes) with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that was attributable to the inclusion in that estate of the total partnership interest in each such partnership held by Mr. Stone on the date of his death. After Mr. Stone's death, the partners of ES3LP did not agree to, and did not, make any distributions from that partnership to pay any Federal and State estate taxes with respect to Mr. Stone's estate. *433 44*434 At a time not disclosed by the record after Mr. Stone's death, Ernst & Young, LLP (E&Y), prepared a document entitled "Estate of E.E. Stone, III Allocation of Estate Tax" (E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule). That document showed for each of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP the amount of Federal and State estate taxes that each such partnership was to pay in 1998 and the amount of Federal and State estate taxes and interest that each such partnership was to pay in 1999, which were attributable to the inclusion in Mr. Stone's estate of the total partnership interest in each such partnership held by Mr. Stone on the date of his death. E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule provided as follows:           ES4LP      CRSLP      RSMLP       MSFLP           _____      _____      _____       _____1998 Federal   $ 496,642.00   $   80,000.00   $  599,333.00   $ 461,597.00estate tax1998 State     133,029.00    20,000.00    160,536.00    123,642.00estate tax     ___________   ___________   ___________   ___________1998 TOTAL    $ 629,671.00  *435  $ 100,000.00   $ 759,869.00   $ 585,239.00Federal andstate estatetaxes1999 Federal   $ 371,336.72 $ 1,000,641.91   $ 571,597.34   $ 514,194.67estate taxand interest1999 State      98,545.00    268,474.00    151,871.00    136,704.00estate taxand interest    ___________  _____________   ___________   ___________1999 TOTAL    $ 469,881.72 $ 1,269,115.91   $ 723,468.34   $ 650,898.67Federal andState estatetaxes andinterest        =============  =============  =============  =============GRAND TOTAL   $ 1,099,552.72 $ 1,369,115.91 $ 1,483,337.34 $ 1,236,137.67On March 5, 1998, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) received a total of $ 1,698,074 in payments for the anticipated estate tax with respect to Mr. Stone's estate. Those payments consisted of a $ 60,502 check drawn on the bank account of Mr. Stone's estate, 45 a $ 496,642 check drawn on ES4LP's bank account, an $ 80,000 check drawn on CRSLP's bank account, a $ 599,333 check drawn on RSMLP's bank account, and a $ 461,597 check drawn on MSFLP's bank account. In 1998, State estate tax totaling $ 437,207 was paid with respect to Mr. Stone's*436  estate. Of that total amount of State estate tax paid in 1998, ES4LP paid $ 133,029, CRSLP paid $ 20,000, RSMLP paid $ 160,536, and MSFLP paid $ 123,642. 46The funds used to pay Federal and State estate taxes in 1998 with respect to Mr. Stone's estate consisted of non pro rata distributions to or on behalf of his estate by each of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP.*437  The partnership return that ES4LP filed for 1998 reflected that ES4LP made distributions during that year to its partners totaling $ 639,807 (i.e., $ 639,288 to Mr. Stone's estate, $ 418 to Ms. Stone, and $ 101 to Eugene Earle Stone, IV). 47*438  ES4LP's balance sheet for 1998 included a schedule entitled "Eugene E. Stone IV Limited Partnership, Transaction Detail by Date, January through December 1998" (ES4LP's 1998 transaction schedule). ES4LP's 1998 transaction schedule reflected a check dated March 15, 1998, payable to the IRS, in the amount of $ 496,642 and a check dated March 15, 1998, payable to the S.C. Department of Revenue, in the amount of $ 133,029. 48The partnership return that CRSLP filed for 1998 reflected that CRSLP did not make distributions during that year to any of its partners. 49 However, CRSLP's "Trial Balance Worksheet -- Accounts" for 1998 (CRSLP's 1998 trial balance worksheets) reflected*439  the following adjustments to an account identified as "C. Rivers Stone-Draws": $ 510, $ 26,390, $ 66,721, $ 6,063, $ 316, and $ 100,000, or a total of $ 200,000 of adjustments to that account. CRSLP's 1998 trial balance worksheets included a schedule entitled "C. Rivers Stone LLP '98, Montebello Actual Expenses (2/9/99)" (CRSLP's 1998 Montebello expense schedule). CRSLP's 1998 Montebello expense schedule reflected in pertinent part the following entries:*440        Vendor            March 1998      1998  Totals      ______            __________      ____________Estate Taxes                 $ 0         $ 0Estate Taxes: AW Stone 4 Lots        510         510Estate Taxes: Commercial         26,390        26,390Estate Taxes: Residential         66,721        66,721Estate Taxes: Securities          6,063        6,063Estate Taxes: Tulip Street Rental      316         316The foregoing amounts, which total $ 100,000, 50 are identical to five of the six adjustments to "C. Rivers Stone -- Draws" that were reflected in CRSLP's 1998 trial balance worksheets.*441  The partnership return that RSMLP filed for 1998 reflected that RSMLP made distributions during that year to Mr. Stone's estate of $ 759,869. 51*442  The partnership return that MSFLP filed for 1998 reflected that MSFLP made distributions during that year to its partners totaling $ 654,239 (i.e., $ 585,239 to Mr. Stone's estate 52 and $ 69,000 to Ms. Fraser).53*443  Financial statements for MSFLP for 1998 (MSFLP's 1998 financial statements) reflected as an expense $ 585,239 54 of "Estate Taxes".On September 15, 1998, Mr. Stone's estate filed Form 706, United States Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return (Mr. Stone's estate tax return). Mr. Stone's estate tax return reported as part of the value of Mr. Stone's gross estate, inter alia, date-of-death values claimed for Mr. Stone's respective partnership interests in ES3LP, ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP and certain other property to be held by the AWS Trust pursuant to Mr. Stone's will. In Mr. Stone's estate tax return, the co-personal representatives 55 of Mr. Stone's estate made a qualified terminable interest property (QTIP) election under section 2056(b)(7) with respect to the AWS Trust. Consequently, although the claimed respective date-of-death values of Mr. Stone's partnership interests in ES3LP and certain other property to be held by that trust were reported in Mr. Stone's estate tax return as part of Mr. Stone's estate, Mr. Stone's estate claimed a deduction in that return under section 2056(a) for such respective values of such partnership interests and such certain other property. Mr. Stone's*444  estate tax return showed net estate tax of $ 4,031,260, prior payments of $ 1,698,074, and a balance due of $ 2,333,186.On March 10, 1999, the IRS received $ 2,524,858.57 (March 10, 1999 payment) in payment of the estate tax shown due (i.e., $ 2,333,186) in Mr. Stone's estate tax return and interest. 56 Of that total amount of estate tax and interest paid in 1999, ES4LP paid $ 371,336.72, CRSLP paid $ 1,000,641.91, RSMLP paid $ 571,597.34, and MSFLP paid $ 514,194.67. In 1999, State estate tax and interest totaling $ 655,594 were paid with respect to Mr. Stone's estate. Of that total amount of State estate tax and interest paid in 1999, ES4LP paid $ 98,545, CRSLP paid $ 268,474, RSMLP paid $ 151,871, and MSFLP paid $ 136,704. The funds used to pay Federal and State estate taxes and interest in 1999 with respect to Mr. Stone's estate consisted of non pro rata distributions to or on behalf of his estate.*445  The partnership return that ES4LP filed for 1999 reflected that ES4LP made distributions during that year to its partners totaling $ 529,254, as follows: $ 469,882 to Mr. Stone's estate, 57 $ 47,749 to Ms. Stone's estate, $ 11,602 to Eugene Earle Stone, IV, and $ 21 to Anne M. Stone.ES4LP's balance sheet for 1999 included a schedule entitled "Eugene E. Stone IV Limited Partnership, General Ledger, As of December 31, 1999" (ES4LP's 1999 general ledger). ES4LP's 1999 general ledger reflected a check dated March 4, 1999, payable to Eugene E. Stone, III, in the amount of $ 469,881.72. 58 Another schedule (capital accounts schedule) included as part of ES4LP's balance sheet for 1999 showed, inter alia, the capital accounts of the partners*446  of ES4LP. The capital accounts schedule reflected cash distributions during 1998 and 1999 from ES4LP to Mr. Stone's estate of $ 629,671 59and $ 469,882, respectively. That schedule also reflected negative adjustments to the respective capital accounts of the remaining partners of ES4LP in such amounts that all of the partners of ES4LP were shown to have received pro rata partnership distributions during 1998 and 1999. The capital accounts schedule reclassified such negative adjustments as loans made to ES4LP from all of its partners, except Mr. Stone's estate. The partnership return that CRSLP filed for 1999 reflected that CRSLP did not make distributions during that year to any of its partners. Schedule L, Balance Sheets per Books, of the partnership return that CRSLP filed for 1999 reflected a year-end asset of $ 1,369,116 identified as "Other investments". A statement attached to that return explained that such "Other investments" was an amount of $ 1,369,116 "Due From C. Rivers Stone".CRSLP's trial balance worksheets for 1999 reflected the following entries:               Current        Prior*447  Year    Year             AdjustedDescription    Balance    Balance    Adjustments     Balance___________   __________   ________    ___________    ________C.R. Stone-   $ 100,000   $ 100,000   1 $ 1,269,115.91 $ 1,369,115.9 Estate Taxes A schedule entitled "C. Rivers Stone LLP '99, Montebello Actual Expenses (1/20/00)" (CRSLP's 1999 Montebello expense schedule) reflected in pertinent part the following entries:Vendor        C/F    March 1999   1999 Totals   Grand Totals______        ___    __________   ___________   ____________Estate Taxes   $ 100,000 $ 1,269,115.91 $ 1,269,115.91 $ 1,369,115.91First Trust-Est.   *448  0       1     534,980.73   534,980.73Tax LoanSouth Trust-      0       2       14,837.39    14,837.39Estate Tax LoanThe partnership return that RSMLP filed for 1999 reflected that RSMLP made distributions during that year to Mr. Stone's estate of $ 1,041,871 60 and did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners.The partnership return that MSFLP filed for 1999 reflected that MSFLP made distributions during that year to Mr. Stone's estate totaling $ 805,693 61 and did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners.A 1999 profit and loss statement for MSFLP (MSFLP's*449  1999 profit and loss statement) reflected an expense of $ 805,6692.67 62 for "Tax: Fed".On October 16, 1998, Ms. Stone died at the age of 86. Pursuant to Mr. Stone's will, upon the death of Ms. Stone, any assets remaining in the AWS Trust were to be distributed equally to the children.On the date of Ms. Stone's death, the AWS Trust held a 69.973 percent limited partnership interest in ES3LP, 63 the assets on that date in Mr. Stone's retirement account, and the right on that date to Mr. Stone's deferred compensation from Stone Manufacturing. The respective identities and values of the assets owned by ES3LP on the date of Mr. Stone's death on June 5, 1997, were not the same as the respective identities and values of the assets owned by that partnership on the date of Ms. Stone's death on October 16, 1998. Moreover, the respective identities and values of the assets in Mr. Stone's retirement account on the date of Mr. Stone's death on June 5, 1997, were not the same as the respective identities and values of the assets in that retirement account on the date of Ms. Stone's death on October 16, 1998. In addition, the present value on the date of Ms. Stone's death of Mr. Stone's right to deferred compensation*450  from Stone Manufacturing was less than the present value of his right to such compensation on the date of his death.On July 20, 1999, the IRS received $ 875,000 (July 20, 1999 payment) in payment of the anticipated estate tax with respect to Ms. Stone's estate.On January 20, 2000, Ms. Stone's estate filed an estate tax return (Ms. Stone's estate tax return). Pursuant to section 2044, Ms. Stone's estate tax return reported*451  as part of the value of her gross estate the date-of-death values claimed for all the assets held by the AWS Trust as of October 16, 1998, the date of Ms. Stone's death (i.e., the claimed fair market value on that date of the 69.973 limited partnership interest in ES3LP, the claimed fair market value on that date of all the assets in Mr. Stone's retirement account on that date, and the claimed present value on that date of the deferred compensation from Stone Manufacturing that remained to be paid as of that date).Ms. Stone's estate tax return also reported as part of the value of her gross estate the claimed value as of the date of Ms. Stone's death of her limited partnership interest in each of the Five Partnerships. 64 Ms. Stone's estate tax return showed net estate tax of $ 861,972, a prior payment of $ 875,000, and an overpayment of $ 13,028.*452  Respondent commenced examinations of Mr. Stone's estate tax return and Ms. Stone's estate tax return after July 22, 1998. Mr. Stone's estate and Ms. Stone's estate cooperated with reasonable requests by respondent for witnesses, information, documents, meetings, and interviews.On September 7, 2001, respondent issued a notice of deficiency (notice) to Mr. Stone's estate. In that notice, respondent determined, inter alia, to increase by $ 8,491,090 the value attributable to Mr. Stone's respective partnership interests in ES3LP, ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP reported in SCHEDULE F, Other Miscellaneous Property Not Reportable Under Any Other Schedule (Schedule F), of Mr. Stone's estate tax return. In support of that determination, respondent relied on seven alternative grounds, including the substance over form doctrine, the economic substance doctrine, section 2036(a)(1) which was respondent's third alternative ground, and respondent's gift theory. 65 With respect to respondent's alternative ground under section 2036(a)(1), respondent determined in the notice that*453     the decedent retained until the time of his death the possession   or enjoyment * * * [of], or right to the income from, the assets   he contributed to the * * * [Five Partnerships] within the   meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 2036. * * *On November 13, 2001, respondent issued a notice to Ms. Stone's estate. In that notice, respondent determined to increase (1) by $ 688,385 the value attributable to Ms. Stone's respective partnership interests in ES3LP, ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP and (2) by $ 959,463 the value attributable to the partnership interest in ES3LP held by the AWS Trust, which were reported in Schedule F of Ms. Stone's estate tax return. In support of those determinations, respondent relied on six alternative grounds, including the substance over form doctrine, the economic substance doctrine, and section 2036(a)(1) which was respondent's third alternative ground. With respect to respondent's alternative ground under section 2036(a)(1), respondent determined in the notice that   the decedent retained until the time of her death the possession   or enjoyment of, or right to the income*454  from, the assets he   [sic] contributed to the * * * [Five Partnerships] within the   meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 2036. * * *                OPINIONRespondent has abandoned all of the various alternative determinations in the respective notices issued to Mr. Stone's estate and Ms. Stone's estate (collectively, the estates) except section 2036(a)(1). 66 According to respondent,   The only issue remaining for decision is whether*455    section 2036(a)(1)) applies to include the value of the assets Decedents   [Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone] transferred to the Stone LPs [ES3LP,   ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP], rather than of interests in the   partnerships, in their gross estates.However, as discussed below, on brief respondent also relies on section 2044 at the time of Ms. Stone's death, and section 2036(a)(1) at the time of Mr. Stone's death, in support of respondent's position that "the pro rata net asset value of the 69.973% interest in ES3LP held by the AWS Trust at her [Ms. Stone's] death is * * * included in Mrs. Stone's gross estate."In addition to the foregoing substantive disputes regarding sections 2036(a)(1) and 2044, the parties disagree over whether the burden of proof has shifted to respondent under section 7491(a). The parties' disagreements under section 7491(a) relate to the application in the instant cases of the term "credible evidence" in section 7491(a)(1) and the factual issue or issues with respect to which Mr. Stone's estate and Ms. Stone's estate must introduce credible evidence in order for the burden of proof regarding any such issue or issues to shift to*456  respondent. We need not and shall not address those disagreements under section 7491(a)(1). That is because resolution of the issues presented under sections 2036(a)(1) and 2044 does not depend on who has the burden of proof.Section 2036(a)(1)In order to resolve the parties' dispute under section 2036(a)(1), 67 we must consider the following three factual issues presented in each of the instant cases:*457       (1) Was there a transfer of property by the decedent?     (2) If there was a transfer of property by the decedent,   was such a transfer other than a bona fide sale for an adequate   and full consideration in money or money's worth?     (3) If there was a transfer of property by the decedent   that was other than a bona fide sale for an adequate and full   consideration in money or money's worth, did the decedent retain   possession or enjoyment of, or the right to income from, the   property transferred?Transfer of Property by the DecedentMr. Stone's estate concedes that Mr. Stone made a transfer of property to each of the Five Partnerships in exchange for the general and limited partnership interests in each such partnership that he owned on the date of his death. Ms. Stone's estate concedes that Ms. Stone made a transfer of property to each of the Five Partnerships in exchange for the limited partnership interest in each such partnership that she owned on the date of her death. In light of the foregoing concessions by Mr. Stone's estate and by Ms. Stone's estate, we hold that Mr. Stone and*458  Ms. Stone each made a transfer of property under section 2036(a). We shall address below whether such respective transfers were other than bona fide sales for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth under that section.Ms. Stone's estate disputes, and does not concede, that Ms. Stone made a transfer of property to ES3LP in exchange for the 69.973 percent partnership interest in that partnership that the AWS Trust held on the date of her death. Respondent agrees with Ms. Stone's estate. 68 In light of respondent's concession, we hold that Ms. Stone did not make a transfer of property under section 2036(a) with respect to the 69.973 percent partnership interest in ES3LP that the AWS Trust held on the date of her death. 69*459     Transfer Other Than a Bona Fide Sale for an Adequate and Full   Consideration in Money or Money's WorthSection 2036(a)excepts from its application any transfer of property otherwise subject to that section which is "a bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth". The foregoing exception is limited to a transfer of property where the transferor "has received benefit in full consideration in a genuine arm's length transaction".  Estate of Goetchius v. Commissioner, 17 T.C. 495">17 T.C. 495, 503 (1951).It is respondent's position that the respective transfers of property by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships were not bona fide sales for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth under section 2036(a). In support of that position, respondent relies principally on  Estate of Harper v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-121. 70 According to respondent, there is no evidence*460     in the record indicating that Decedents intended to conduct a   joint enterprise for the mutual profit of their children and   themselves * * *.     Further, a transfer is a sale for adequate and full   consideration only if that received in exchange is "an   adequate and full equivalent reducible to a money value."   Treas. Reg. section 20.2036-1(a) (cross-referencing Treas. Reg.  section 20.2043-1(a)). The average 43-percent valuation discounts   claimed on Decedents' estate tax returns, and the stipulated   discounts to be applied in valuing Decedents' limited partner   interests in the event the Court concludes that section  2036(a)(1) is not applicable, show that Petitioners admittedly   do not consider interests in the Stone LPs to be the "full   equivalent reducible to a money value" of the proportionate   amount of the underlying assets Decedents contributed to the   partnerships. * * * As in Estate of Harper, Decedents'   transfers to the Stone LPs were simply a mere recycling of value   and form of ownership. * * *It is*461  the estates' position that the respective transfers of property by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships were bona fide sales for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth under section 2036(a). In support of that position, the estates argue:   Because Mr. and Mrs. Stone received pro rata partnership   interests in return for the contributions made to the   Partnerships * * *, and because the contributions were properly   credited to each partner's capital account * * *, there was no   donative transfer made in connection with the creation of the   Partnerships. * * * Because no donative transfer occurred when   the Partnerships were formed section 2036(a) does not apply. * * *           *   *   *   *   *   *   *     In Harper, the Court's finding of no bona fide sale for   adequate and full consideration was based upon the conclusion   that the creation of the partnerships was not "motivated   primarily by legitimate business concerns," and constituted   only "unilateral" value recycling. * * * *462     Estate of Thompson v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2002-246">T.C. Memo 2002-246  , the Court's finding was based on its conclusion that   "the transactions were not motivated by the type of   legitimate business concerns that furnished 'adequate   consideration' as described in. Estate of Harrison v. Comm'r [T.C. Memo 1987-8">T.C. Memo. 1987-8]   and  Estate of Michelson v. Comm'r [T.C. Memo 1978-371">T.C. Memo. 1978-371]   [instant] cases, however, the creation of the [Five]   Partnerships was motivated by substantial business purposes and   their creation and funding resulted from substantial arm's-   length negotiations. * * * The creation of the [Five]   Partnerships did not constitute "value recycling," and   Mr. and Mrs. Stone received full and adequate consideration for   their transfers to the partnerships. [Fn. ref. omitted.]On the record before us, we agree with the estates' position and reject respondent's position. The instant cases are distinguishable from  Estate of Harper v. Comm'r, supra, and other cases factually similar to Estate of Harper 71 on which respondent relies, and respondent's reliance on such*463  cases is misplaced. Unlike the transfers involved in  Estate of Harper and those other cases, we have found on the record in the instant cases that the respective transfers of assets by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships, as well as the respective transfers of assets by the other partners to each such partnership, 72 were bona fide, arm's-length transfers.*464  On the record before us, we reject respondent's contention that, because Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone did not actively participate in the negotiations by the children, the respective transfers of assets by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships were not bona fide, arm's-length transfers. Each member of the Stone family was represented by his or her own independent counsel and had input into the decision-making as to how each of the Five Partnerships was to be structured and operated and what property was to be transferred to each such partnership. The Stone family understood that Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone would not be bound by any agreements that the children were able to reach as a result of the children's negotiations and that Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone would make the ultimate decision as to which, if any, of their respective assets to transfer to each of the Five Partnerships. In this connection, although Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone agreed to form the Five Partnerships, they did not intend to, and did not, transfer all their respective assets to such partnerships. Instead, they retained sufficient assets to enable them to maintain their respective accustomed standards of living. *465  Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone did not accept the children's recommendations resulting from the children's negotiations regarding the structure, funding, and operation of the Five Partnerships without thought, comment, or question. For example, it was Mr. Merline, Mr. Stone's attorney, who drafted proposed partnership agreements for the Five Partnerships. Mr. Merline discussed with Mr. Stone the children's and their respective attorneys' suggested changes to those proposed agreements. Only after Mr. Stone agreed to certain of those suggested changes did Mr. Merline revise the proposed partnerships agreements to reflect the changes to which Mr. Stone agreed.The record also establishes that the respective transfers at issue did not constitute gifts by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, respectively, to the other partners of each of the Five Partnerships. 73 In addition, the record shows that those transfers were motivated primarily by investment and business concerns relating to the management of certain of the respective assets of Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone during their lives 74 and thereafter and the resolution of the litigation among the children.*466 Unlike the decedent in Estate of Harper and other cases factually similar to that case, the record in the instant cases establishes that Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone did substantially more than "change the form in which he [and she] held his [and her] beneficial interest in the contributed property."  Estate of Harper v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-121. The record in the instant cases shows that the Five Partnerships had economic substance and operated as joint enterprises for profit through which the children actively participated in the management and development of the respective assets of such partnerships during their parents' lives (and thereafter). When the partners of ES3LP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that ES3LP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that the children contribute their services in providing such management. After ES3LP was funded in April 1997, the children actively managed the assets of that partnership, as Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone intended. When the partners of ES4LP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that ES4LP operate as a joint enterprise*467  for profit for the management of its assets and that Eugene Earle Stone, IV, contribute his services in providing such management. After the funding of ES4LP in April 1997, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, began actively managing the assets of ES4LP, as Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone intended. When the partners of CRSLP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that CRSLP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that C. Rivers Stone contribute his services in providing such management. After the funding of CRSLP in April 1997, C. Rivers Stone began actively managing the assets of that partnership, as Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone intended. When the partners of RSMLP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that RSMLP operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that Ms. Morris contribute her services in providing such management. After the funding of RSMLP in April 1997, Ms. Morris began actively managing the assets of that partnership, as Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone intended. When the partners of MSFLP formed and funded that partnership, they contemplated and intended that MSFLP operate*468  as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that Ms. Fraser contribute her services in providing such management. After the funding of MSFLP in April 1997, Ms. Fraser began actively managing the assets of that partnership, as Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone intended.On the record in the instant cases, we find that, unlike the transfers involved in  Estate of Harper and other cases factually similar to that case, the respective transfers at issue by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone did not constitute "circuitous 'recycling' of value". 75*469  On the record before us, we further find that the respective transfers of assets by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships were for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth. We have found that such transfers were not, and respondent does not claim that they were, gifts by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, respectively, to the other partners of each such partnership. We have also found, and respondent agrees and/or does not dispute, that after all the partners of each of the Five Partnerships transferred to each such partnership certain of their respective assets and after certain gifts were made by Mr. Stone in April 1997 to correct the unintended consequences of certain inadvertent valuation errors: 76 (1) All partners of each of the Five Partnerships held respective partnership interests in each such partnership that were proportionate to the fair market value of the assets that such partners respectively transferred to each such partnership; (2) the respective assets that the partners of each such partnership transferred to each such partnership were properly credited to the respective capital accounts of such partners; and (3) upon the termination or*470  dissolution of each of the Five Partnerships, the partners of each such partnership were entitled to distributions from each such partnership in amounts equal to their respective capital accounts. Under the circumstances presented in the instant cases, we find that Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone, as well as the other partners of each of the Five Partnerships, received in exchange for their respective transfers of assets to each such partnership respective partnership interests in each such partnership that were adequate and full equivalents reducible to a money value. See secs. 20.2036-1(a), 20.2043-1(a), Estate Tax Regs.; see also  Estate of Goetchius, 17 T.C. at 503.Respondent nonetheless argues that, because Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone received respective partnership interests in each of the Five Partnerships the value of which, taking into account appropriate discounts, was less than the value of the respective assets that they transferred to each such partnership, they did not receive adequate and full consideration for the assets transferred. Respondent's argument in effect reads out of section 2036(a) the exception for "a bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration*471  in money or money's worth" in any case where there is a bona fide, arm's- length transfer of property to a business entity (e.g., a partnership or a corporation) for which the transferor receives an interest in such entity (e.g., a partnership interest or stock) that is proportionate to the fair market value of the property transferred to such entity and the determination of the value of such an interest takes into account appropriate discounts. We reject such an argument by respondent that reads out of section 2036(a) the exception that Congress expressly prescribed when it enacted that statute.Respondent's argument about the discounted values of the partnership interests at issue also ignores the fact that each of the Five Partnerships was created, funded, and operated as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets in which there was a genuine pooling of property and services. We have found that, when the partners of each of the Five Partnerships formed and funded each such partnership, they contemplated and intended that each such partnership operate as a joint enterprise for profit for the management of its assets and that the children contribute services in*472  providing such management in the case of ES3LP and that Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser contribute services in providing such management in the case of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP, respectively. As Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone intended, after the funding of ES3LP, the children actively participated in the management of the assets of that partnership, and after the funding of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser, respectively, actively participated in the management of the assets of such partnerships.Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that the respective transfers of assets by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships were bona fide sales for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth under section 2036(a). 77*473     Possession or Enjoyment of, or Right to Income from, the   Transferred PropertyWe have found that the respective transfers of assets by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships were bona fide sales for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth under section 2036(a). Consequently, we need not and shall not address the third factual issue presented under section 2036(a)(1).Ultimate HoldingsBased upon our examination of the entire record before us, we hold that none of the assets owned by any of the Five Partnerships (1) on the date of Mr. Stone's death is includible under section 2036(a)(1) in his gross estate and (2) on the date of Ms. Stone's death is includible under section 2036(a)(1) in her gross estate.Section 2044Respondent argues that, because section 2036(a)(1) requires the inclusion in Mr. Stone's gross estate of 69.973 percent of the assets of ES3LP on the date of his death, section 2044 requires the inclusion in Ms. Stone's gross estate of 69.973 percent of the assets of ES3LP on the date of her death. 78 We have rejected respondent's position that section 2036(a)(1) requires the inclusion in Mr. Stone's gross estate*474  of 69.973 percent of the assets of ES3LP on the date of his death. Consequently, we need not and shall not address the argument that respondent advances under section 2044. On the record before us, we hold that none of the assets owned by ES3LP on the date of Ms. Stone's death is includible under section 2044 in her gross estate.We have considered all of the respective contentions and arguments of the estates and of respondent that are not discussed herein, and we find them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or moot.To reflect the*475  foregoing and the concessions of the parties,Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.  Footnotes1. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect on the respective dates of the deaths of Eugene Earle Stone, III (Mr. Stone), and Allene W. Stone (Ms. Stone). All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩2. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that at some time after Mr. Stone purchased the Cherrydale property he transferred that property, except for the Cherrydale residence discussed below, to Stone Manufacturing.↩3. Mr. and Ms. Stone's Cedar Mountain property, located in Little River Township, N.C., north of Greenville, S.C., consisted at least as early as 1994 of a 582.672-acre parcel, a 1054.415acre parcel, and a .338-acre parcel, which they accumulated over approximately a 50-year period. During that time, Mr. and Ms. Stone carried out their vision of developing the Cedar Mountain property by, inter alia, building various lakes and bridges and at least one residence on that property.↩4. C. Rivers Stone, who as a teenager began working for Stone Manufacturing during the summers, remained president of Stone Manufacturing until around 1999 when he stopped working for the Company.↩5. Eugene Earle Stone, IV, remained chief executive officer of Stone Manufacturing at all relevant times.↩6. The litigation among the children was so contentious that even Ms. Morris and Ms. Fraser, who, along with their respective children, had filed the petition instituting that litigation, disagreed on certain matters, as is evidenced by the fact that at a time not disclosed by the record Ms. Morris, but not Ms. Fraser, sought to settle that litigation as it pertained to Ms. Morris and her children.↩7. C. Rivers Stone pursued on a fulltime basis his strong interest in real estate development after he stopped serving as president of Stone Manufacturing around 1999. C. Rivers Stone's first exposure to real estate development was at the age of 13 when he helped his father build two 50-acre lakes on the Cedar Mountain property. At the time of the trial in the instant cases, C. Rivers Stone had been involved in five major real estate development projects.↩8. Mr. Stone's Piney Mountain property, located in Greenville, S.C., consisted at least as early as 1994 of approximately 370 acres, which he accumulated over approximately 20 to 30 years. During that time, Mr. and Ms. Stone maintained a vision as to how the Piney Mountain property should be developed. C. Rivers Stone shared that vision.↩9. When Ms. Fraser was a child, she spent a lot of time at, and developed a strong connection to, the Cedar Mountain property.↩10. The "Chart" identified in the 1996 amendment to the 1994 plan for settlement is not attached to the Court's copy of that amendment and is not otherwise part of the record in these cases.↩11. Anne M. Stone is the spouse of Eugene Earle Stone, IV.↩12. Charles Rivers Stone, Jr., is the son of C. Rivers Stone.↩13. Frances O. Stone is the daughter of C. Rivers Stone.↩14. Charles H. Morris, Jr., is the son of Ms. Morris.↩15. Rosalie S. Morris, II, is the daughter of Ms. Morris.↩16. Wyman Fraser Davis, also known as Mary Wyman Stone Fraser Davis, is the daughter of Ms. Fraser.↩17. Ms. Arnal is the daughter of Ms. Fraser.↩18. The record does not disclose the precise value of each of the assets transferred to each of the Five Partnerships as of the date of each such transfer to each such partnership. However, the record establishes the precise value of each of the assets owned by each such partnership on the respective dates of the deaths of Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone. The parties agree that, after the gifts by Mr. Stone of certain partnership interests in ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP (described below) to Eugene Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser, respectively, all the partners of each of those four partnerships (as well as ES3LP) received, as the Stone family intended and agreed, respective percentage interests in each such partnership that were proportionate to the fair market value of the assets that such partners respectively transferred to each such partnership.↩19. The parties stipulated that a one-percent interest in each of various parcels totaling 366.949 acres of the Piney Mountain property was transferred from Mr. Stone to C. Rivers Stone and that Mr. Stone and C. Rivers Stone transferred to CRSLP their respective interests in those 366.949 acres of that property. Those stipulations are clearly contrary to the deeds relating to such transfers, and we shall disregard such stipulations. See  Cal-Maine Foods, Inc. v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 181">93 T.C. 181, 195↩ (1989). Those deeds show that a total of 366.097 acres of various parcels of the Piney Mountain property was the subject of such transfers.20. As of Apr. 4, 1997, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, was no longer both a general partner and a limited partner of ES3LP; he was only a general partner.↩21. On Apr. 11, 1997, Mr. Stone, Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser, as general partners, filed a first amendment↩ to the certificate of limited partnership for ES3LP with the S.C. Secretary of State, which reflected the amended and restated partnership agreement for ES3LP executed on Apr. 4, 1997.22. The two documents were referred to as "Amended and Restated Plan for Settlement-Trusts and Estate" (1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate) and "Amended and Restated Plan for Settlement-Company (1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- Company).↩23. It was necessary for Mr. Stone to sign the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate in his capacity as a preferred stockholder of Stones, Inc., because that document provided:     E.E. Stone, III will convey or assign directly or   indirectly the preferred stock * * * to the Limited Partnerships   [ES4LP, RSMLP, and MSFLP] created as part of the New Plan for   Estate in accordance with the Chart referenced in paragraph III.   H. The preferred stock shall be changed to eliminate its voting   rights, or, if not so changed at the time of the conveyance or   assignment, then the Children and Grandchildren shall use their   reasonable best efforts to persuade E. E. Stone, III, in his   capacity as General Partner of the respective Limited   Partnerships, to consent to these changes.↩24. It was necessary for Mr. Stone to sign the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- Company in his capacity as a preferred stockholder of Stones, Inc., because that document provided:     The Company shall offer to exchange the preferred stock in   Stones [Inc.] currently held by E.E. Stone, III for new   preferred stock in Stones [Inc.] which shall be classified as   non-voting stock in all events ("New Preferred Stock").   * * *     The Company shall have the right beginning in 1999 and for   each year thereafter to redeem New Preferred Stock equal to 20%   of the New Preferred Stock outstanding on January 1, 1999 on a   pro rata basis until all New Preferred Stock has been redeemed.   The New Preferred Stock if redeemed by the Company, in its sole   discretion, shall be redeemed based on a 1996 appraised value of   the preferred stock by Houlihan, Lokey, which estimates the   value of the 5,100 shares of preferred stock at $ 4,462,500, so   that the redemption price of any redeemed share shall at all   times be $ 875.00 per share plus any dividends declared but not   yet paid.↩25. With respect to the "escrow" referred to in paragraph A of section III of the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement-trusts and estate, that plan provided in part as follows: Executed copies of * * * [this amended plan] and all documents specified therein ("Plan Documents") shall be placed in escrow with the Probate Court. * * * [this amended plan] and Plan Documents shall not be effective unless and until they are released from escrow by the Probate Court * * *.  As discussed below, on Apr. 5, 1997, the Probate Court entered an order approving the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement.↩26. It is not clear from the record the columns to which paragraph H of section III of the 1997 amended and restated plan for settlement -- trusts and estate referred.↩27. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that each of the children also transferred certain other property to ES3LP in exchange for a general partnership interest.↩28. In Form 1065, U.S. Partnership Return of Income (partnership return), that ES3LP filed for 1998, ES3LP reported gross rents of $ 34,650 from Stone Manufacturing for the rental of the Cherrydale residence. Neither before nor after Mr. Stone and the children transferred their respective interests in the Cherrydale residence to ES3LP did Mr. Stone or Ms. Stone report any rental income from that residence in any Federal income tax return. In Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (Form 1040), that Mr. and Ms. Stone filed jointly for their taxable year 1995 (1995 joint return), they reported "Rents received" from "various" rental properties totaling $ 92,798. The depreciation schedules attached to the 1995 joint return identify those "various" rental properties as properties other than the Cherrydale residence. In Mr. and Ms. Stone's joint returns for their taxable years 1996 (1996 joint return) and 1997 (1997 joint return), they reported "Rents received" from "various" rental properties totaling $ 99,435 and $ 34,440, respectively. The respective depreciation schedules attached to the 1996 joint return and the 1997 joint return identify those "various" rental properties as properties other than the Cherrydale residence and as the same properties from which Mr. and Ms. Stone reported rents in the 1995 joint return. In Form 1040 that Ms. Stone filed for the taxable year 1998 (Ms. Stone's 1998 return), Ms. Stone did not report any rental income.↩29. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that ES3LP reinvested the proceeds from the sale of its assets.↩30. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that Eugene Earle Stone, IV, also transferred certain other property to ES4LP in exchange for general and limited partnership interests.↩31. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that ES4LP reinvested the proceeds from the sale of its stock in 1997 and 1999 in certain real estate.↩32. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that C. Rivers Stone also transferred certain other property to CRSLP in exchange for general and limited partnership interests.↩33. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that CRSLP reinvested the proceeds from the sale of its stock in, inter alia, certain real estate.↩34. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that Ms. Morris also transferred certain other property to RSMLP in exchange for general and limited partnership interests.↩35. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that RSMLP reinvested the proceeds from the sale of its stock.↩36. The record is not clear as to why the deed reflecting the transfer to MSFLP of Ms. Fraser's interest in the 1054.415-acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property showed Ms. Fraser and her husband Mr. Fraser as the grantors, while the deed reflecting the transfer by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to Ms. Fraser of such interest in that parcel showed the grantee only as Ms. Fraser. We presume that applicable State law required that not only Ms. Fraser but also her husband Mr. Fraser be reflected as grantors on the deed when Ms. Fraser transferred to MSFLP her interest in the 1054.415-acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property.↩37. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that Ms. Fraser also transferred certain other property to MSFLP in exchange for general and limited partnership interests.↩38. Although not altogether clear from the record, it appears that MSFLP reinvested the proceeds from the sale of its stock.↩39. On Apr. 8, 1997, Mr. and Ms. Stone gave to Anne Logan Ministries, Inc., a charity, the remainder interest in the 582.672- acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property on which Mr. Stone was living, and Mr. Stone retained a life estate in that parcel. When Mr. Stone died, he had an ownership interest only in the .338-acre parcel of the Cedar Mountain property.↩40. The above-described gifts were reported in the 1997 gift tax return filed on behalf of the deceased Mr. Stone.↩41. On the date of Mr. Stone's death, the assets in Mr. Stone's retirement account consisted of numerous corporate stocks and securities and a Government bond.↩42. As discussed above, it was Mr. Stone who transferred certain property to ES3LP in exchange for the general and limited partnership interests that, pursuant to his will, were transferred to the AWS Trust.↩43. On Oct. 1, 1998, C. Rivers Stone, as a general partner, filed a second amendment↩ to the certificate of limited partnership for CRSLP with the S.C. Secretary of State. The purpose of that amendment was to remove Charles Rivers Stone, Jr., as a general partner of CRSLP. The record does not disclose why Charles Rivers Stone, Jr., withdrew as a general partner of CRSLP.44. None of the Federal and State estate taxes with respect to Mr. Stone's estate was attributable to Mr. Stone's total 69.973 percent partnership interest in ES3LP. As discussed above, that partnership interest was transferred along with certain other property to the AWS Trust with respect to which, as discussed below, an election under sec. 2056(b)(7) was made.Because of Mr. Stone's death in 1997, in that year, as reflected in the partnership return that ES3LP filed for 1997, ES3LP opened a capital account for his estate (Mr. Stone's estate's capital account in ES3LP), and the balances in Mr. Stone's capital account in ES3LP as a general partner and a limited partner were transferred to Mr. Stone's estate's capital account in ES3LP. The partnership return that ES3LP filed for 1997 reflected that ES3LP did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners. Because of Ms. Stone's death in 1998, in that year, as reflected in the partnership return that ES3LP filed for 1998, ES3LP opened a capital account for her estate (Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in ES3LP), and the balance in Ms. Stone's capital account in ES3LP as a limited partner was transferred to Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in ES3LP. The partnership return that ES3LP filed for 1998 reflected that ES3LP did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners. The partnership return that ES3LP filed for 1999 reflected that ES3LP made pro rata distributions during that year to its partners totaling $ 567,172, as follows: $ 396,867 to Mr. Stone's estate, $ 164,633 to Ms. Stone's estate, and $ 1,418 to each of the children. The record does not disclose the purpose or use of those distributions.↩45. The estate tax of $ 60,502 paid by Mr. Stone's estate was attributable to the inclusion in his estate of all the property that he owned on the date of his death except for his properties, including his partnership interest in ES3LP, to be held by the AWS Trust for the benefit of Ms. Stone and except for his respective partnership interests in ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP bequeathed to Eugene Earle Stone, IV, C. Rivers Stone, Ms. Morris, and Ms. Fraser, respectively.↩46. The record discloses that ES4LP paid $ 133,029 to the S.C. Department of Revenue on Mar. 15, 1998. The record does not disclose the date on which CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP made State estate tax payments with respect to Mr. Stone's estate.↩47. The only other distribution reflected in ES4LP's partner ship return for 1998 was because of Ms. Stone's death in that year. The partnership return that ES4LP filed for 1998 reflected that ES4LP opened a capital account for Ms. Stone's estate (Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in ES4LP), and the balance in Ms. Stone's capital account as a limited partner was transferred to Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in ES4LP.Because of Mr. Stone's death in 1997, in that year, as reflected in the partnership return that ES4LP filed for 1997, ES4LP opened a capital account for his estate (Mr. Stone's estate's capital account in ES4LP), and the balances in Mr. Stone's capital accounts in ES4LP as a general partner and a limited partner were transferred to Mr. Stone's estate's capital account in ES4LP. The partnership return that ES4LP filed for 1997 showed that ES4LP made distributions during that year to Eugene Earle Stone, IV, totaling $ 8,754 and that, except for the above-discussed transfer to Mr. Stone's estate's capital account in ES4LP, it did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners.↩48. The $ 496,642 distribution and the $ 133,029 distribution on behalf of Mr. Stone's estate shown in ES4LP's 1998 transaction schedule, when totaled, equal the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes with respect to Mr. Stone's estate (i.e., $ 629,671) that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by ES4LP in 1998.↩49. Although not reflected as a distribution in CRSLP's partnership return for 1998, because of Ms. Stone's death in that year, as reflected in the partnership return that CRSLP filed for 1998, CRSLP opened a capital account for Ms. Stone's estate (Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in CRSLP), and the balance in Ms. Stone's capital account as a limited partner was transferred to Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in CRSLP.Because of Mr. Stone's death in 1997, in that year, as reflected in the partnership return that CRSLP filed for 1997, CRSLP opened a capital account for his estate (Mr. Stone's estate's capital account in CRSLP), and the balances in Mr. Stone's capital accounts in CRSLP as a general partner and a limited partner were transferred to Mr. Stone's estate's capital account in CRSLP. The partnership return that CRSLP filed for 1997 showed that CRSLP did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners.↩50. The $ 100,000 expenditure shown in CRSLP's 1998 Montebello expense schedule equals the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by CRSLP in 1998.↩51. The $ 759,869 distribution to Mr. Stone's estate shown in RSMLP's 1998 partnership return equals the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by RSMLP in 1998.The only other distribution reflected in RSMLP's partnership return for 1998 was because of Ms. Stone's death in that year. The partnership return that RSMLP filed for 1998 reflected that RSMLP opened a capital account for Ms. Stone's estate (Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in RSMLP), and the balance in Ms. Stone's capital account as a limited partner was transferred to Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in RSMLP.Because of Mr. Stone's death in 1997, in that year, as reflected in the partnership return that RSMLP filed for 1997, RSMLP opened capital accounts for his estate (Mr. Stone's estate's capital accounts in RSMLP), and the balances in Mr. Stone's capital accounts in RSMLP as a general partner and a limited partner were transferred to Mr. Stone's estate's capital accounts in RSMLP. The partnership return that RSMLP filed for 1997 showed that RSMLP did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners.↩52. The $ 585,239 distribution to Mr. Stone's estate shown in MSFLP's 1998 partnership return equals the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by MSFLP in 1998.↩53. The only other distribution reflected in MSFLP's partnership return for 1998 was because of Ms. Stone's death in that year. The partnership return that MSFLP filed for 1998 reflected that MSFLP opened a capital account for Ms. Stone's estate (Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in MSFLP), and the balance in Ms. Stone's capital account as a limited partner was transferred to Ms. Stone's estate's capital account in MSFLP.Because of Mr. Stone's death in 1997, in that year, as reflected in the partnership return that MSFLP filed for 1997, MSFLP opened capital accounts for his estate (Mr. Stone's estate's capital accounts in MSFLP), and the balances in Mr. Stone's capital accounts in MSFLP as a general partner and a limited partner were transferred to Mr. Stone's estate's capital accounts in MSFLP. The partnership return that MSFLP filed for 1997 showed that MSFLP did not make distributions during that year to any of its other partners.↩54. The $ 585,239 expense reflected in MSFLP's 1998 financial statements equals the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that E&Y's estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by MSFLP in 1998. See supra note 52.↩55. All of the children are co-personal representatives of Mr. Stone's estate.↩56. The March 10, 1999 payment included interest because Mr. Stone's estate applied for and received an extension of time within which to pay the balance of the estate tax due with respect to Mr. Stone's estate.↩57. The $ 469,882 distribution to Mr. Stone's estate shown in ES4LP's 1999 partnership return equals the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes and interest with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by ES4LP in 1999.↩58. The $ 469,881.72 check reflected in ES4LP's 1999 general ledger and rounded to $ 469,882 equals the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes and interest with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that E&Y's estate allocation schedule reflected as payable by ES4LP in 1999. See supra note 57.↩59. As a result of bookkeeping entries, the $ 639,288 non pro rata distribution during 1998 from ES4LP to Mr. Stone's estate that was reflected in ES4LP's 1998 partnership return was reflected in the capital accounts schedule as a distribution to that estate of $ 629,671.↩1. The $ 1,269,115.91 expenditure reflected in CRSLP's 1999 Montebello expense schedule with respect to Mr. Stone's estate equals the amounts of Federal and State estate taxes and interest with respect to Mr. Stone's estate that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by CRSLP in 1999.↩1. The 1999 Montebello expense schedule reflected various entries on the line entitled "First Trust-Est. Tax Loan" for each of the months February through December 1999. Those entries, when totaled, equaled the "1999 Totals" reflected on that line.↩2. The 1999 Montebello expense schedule reflected various entries on the line entitled "South Trust-Estate Tax Loan" for each of the months April through July 1999. Those entries, when totaled, equaled the "1999 Totals" reflected on that line.↩60. The $ 1,041,871 distribution to Mr. Stone's estate shown in RSMLP's 1999 partnership return exceeds the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes and interest with respect to Mr. Stone's estate (i.e., $ 723,468.34) that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by RSMLP in 1999.↩61. The $ 805,693 distribution to Mr. Stone's estate shown in MSFLP's 1999 partnership return exceeds the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes and interest with respect to Mr. Stone's estate (i.e., $ 650,899) that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by MSFLP in 1999.↩62. The $ 805,692.67 expense reflected in MSFLP's 1999 profit and loss statement and rounded to $ 805,693 exceeds the total amount of Federal and State estate taxes and interest with respect to Mr. Stone's estate (i.e., $ 650,899) that E&Y's Estate tax allocation schedule reflected as payable by MSFLP in 1999. See supra note 61.↩63. On June 5, 1997, the date of Mr. Stone's death, Mr. Stone held a 1.001 percent general partnership interest and a 68.972 percent limited partnership interest in ES3LP. Both of those interests were transferred to the AWS Trust pursuant to Mr. Stone's will. The parties stipulated that on Oct. 16, 1998, the date of Ms. Stone's death, the AWS Trust held a 69.973 percent limited partnership interest in ES3LP. We presume that after Mr. Stone's death Mr. Stone's general partnership interest in ES3LP was converted pursuant to the partnership agreement of ES3LP into a limited partnership interest.↩64. E&Y was retained to provide opinions on the fair market value on the date of Ms. Stone's death of her limited partnership interest in each of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP. E&Y based those opinions on, inter alia, the assumptions that, as of the date of Ms. Stone's death, ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP had the following respective liabilities for "an estate tax payable" with respect to Mr. Stone's estate:             Erroneous Assumptions Relied on by Partnership       E&Y Regarding Estate Tax Liability ___________       __________________________________   ES4LP               $ 469,882   CRSLP               1,269,116   RSMLP                723,468   MSFLP                650,899The parties agree that neither the Federal estate tax nor the State estate tax with respect to Mr. Stone's estate was a liability of ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, or MSFLP and that, as of Oct. 16, 1998, ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP had the following total liabilities:                   Total   Partnership           Liabilities   ___________           ___________     ES4LP              $ 0     CRSLP            2,428,389     RSMLP               0     MSFLP               0↩65. With respect to respondent's alternative gift theory, respondent determined in the notice that   if it is determined that the value of the decedent's [Mr.   Stone's] interests is other than that as determined above, then,   for purposes of determining the amount of adjusted taxable   gifts, it is determined that the decedent made indirect gifts in   1997 of proportionate amounts of the property the decedent   transferred to * * * [ES3LP, ES4LP, CRSLP, MSFLP, and RSMLP]   within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Sections 2501 and  2511↩.66. With respect to the alternative economic substance doctrine that respondent advanced in the respective notices issued to Mr. Stone's estate and Ms. Stone's estate, respondent stipulated as follows:     Respondent does not contest the validity under state law of   * * * ES3LP * * * ES4LP * * * CRSLP * * * RSMLP * * * and * * *   MSFLP * * *.     Respondent does not contest the economic substance of   ES3LP, ES4LP, CRSLP, RSMLP, and MSFLP.↩67. Sec. 2036(a)(1) provides:SEC. 2036. TRANSFERS WITH RETAINED LIFE ESTATE.     (a) General Rule. -- The value of the gross estate shall   include the value of all property to the extent of any interest   therein of which the decedent has at any time made a transfer   (except in case of a bona fide sale for an adequate and full   consideration in money or money's worth), by trust or otherwise,   under which he has retained for his life or for any period not   ascertainable without reference to his death or for any period   which does not in fact end before his death --     (1) the possession or enjoyment of, or the right to the     income from, the property * * *↩68. According to respondent, "it is irrelevant that Mrs. Stone made no section 2036(a) transfer with respect to that [69.973 percent] interest [in ES3LP]." That is because, as indicated above, respondent relies on sec. 2044 at the time of Ms. Stone's death, and sec. 2036(a)(1)↩ at the time of Mr. Stone's death, to support respondent's position that 69.973 percent of the assets of ES3LP on the date of Ms. Stone's death is includible in her gross estate.69. We shall address below respondent's argument under sec. 2044↩.70. Respondent also relies on  Estate of Reichardt v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 144">114 T.C. 144 (2000), and  Estate of Thompson v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-246, which are factually similar to  Estate of Harper v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-121↩.71. See supra note 70.↩72. All the partners of each of the Five Partnerships transferred to each such partnership respective assets such partners owned. We reject respondent's contention that, because certain of the assets that the children respectively transferred to one or more of the Five Partnerships were assets that they received as gifts from Mr. Stone, the children did not make transfers to one or more of such partnerships that should be recognized for purposes of determining the applicability of sec. 2036(a)(1)↩ to such transfers. Mr. Stone gave certain property to each of the children, which they then transferred to one or more of the Five Partnerships in return for partnership interests. Mr. Stone reported the gifts that he made to the children in his 1997 gift tax return. The children owned the assets that he gave them when they respectively transferred such assets to one or more of such partnerships. In this connection, we note that respondent abandoned the alternative substance over form doctrine advanced in the respective notices issued to Mr. Stone's estate and Ms. Stone's estate.73. Respondent properly does not contend that the respective transfers of assets by Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone to each of the Five Partnerships were gifts by them to the other partners of each such partnership. See  Estate of Jones v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 121">116 T.C. 121, 127-128 (2001);  Estate of Michelson v. Commission, T.C. Memo. 1978-371↩. In this connection, respondent asserted in the notice issued to Mr. Stone's estate an alternative gift theory which respondent has since abandoned. Respondent did not assert any alternative gift theory in the notice issued to Ms. Stone's estate.74. At least as early as the last six months of 1995, Mr. Stone and Ms. Stone were in control of their respective assets. However, they no longer were interested or actively involved in managing those assets and wanted their children to become actively involved in the management of those assets.↩75. Although not cited by the parties in the instant cases because they filed their respective briefs prior to the issuance of  Estate of Strangi v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2003-145">T.C. Memo. 2003-145, Strangi insofar as it relates to sec. 2036(a)(1) is similar to  Estate of Harper v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-121, and is distinguishable from the instant cases. On the facts presented, Strangi found, as Estate of Harper did on the facts presented there, that "there has been merely a 'recycling' of value through partnership or corporate solution."  Estate of Strangi v. Comm'r, supra.↩ In so concluding, Strangi found that the arrangement involved in that case "patently fails to qualify as the sort of functioning business enterprise that could potentially inject intangibles that would lift the situation beyond mere recycling." Id.76. Respondent properly does not contend that Mr. Stone's gifts to correct the unintended consequences of certain inadvertent valuation errors are factors to be considered in determining whether the transfers at issue were bona fide sales for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth under sec. 2036(a)↩. 77. Although not altogether clear, respondent appears to take the position that, where a decedent has made a bona fide transfer of property for which the decedent has received an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth and with respect to which the transferor has retained possession or enjoyment of, or the right to income from, such property, the exception in sec. 2036(a) for "a bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth" may never apply to such a transfer. We reject any such position. That position, like respondent's position about the discounted values of the partnership interests at issue, in effect reads out of sec. 2036(a)↩ the exception that Congress expressly prescribed when it enacted that statute.78. Respondent did not raise sec. 2044 in the notice issued to Ms. Stone's estate or in the answer. We conclude that respondent's reliance on sec. 2044↩ raises a new issue that respondent advances for the first time on brief. However, the estates do not object to, and we find no prejudice to the estates as a result of, respondent's raising that issue for the first time on brief.