Court Opinion

ID: 4413540
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-03 09:05:15.521781+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:45.197645
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                               COURT OF APPEALS

VALERIE URECH,                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     July 2, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

and

JAGANNATHAN NEUROLOGICAL
INSTITUTE PLLC,

               Intervening plaintiff-Appellee

v                                                                    No. 339784
                                                                     Wayne Circuit Court
PIONEER STATE MUTUAL INSURANCE                                       LC No. 16-013750-NF
COMPANY,

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and BECKERING and M. J. KELLY, JJ.

SHAPIRO, P.J., (dissenting).

        I respectfully dissent. In this no-fault personal protection insurance (PIP) case, defendant
Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company (Pioneer) appeals the trial court order denying its
motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact).
Pioneer failed to pay sought PIP benefits to the plaintiff-insured following an auto accident from
which she claims injury. Plaintiff Valerie Urech (Urech) filed suit and Pioneer sought summary
disposition on the basis of policy language providing for rescission in the event of fraud. In its
motion Pioneer claimed that there was proof beyond a question of material fact that Urech and
her caregivers acted fraudulently in the billing records they completed. The majority concludes,
and I agree, that fraudulent action by a caregiver is not grounds for rescission. And because
there is a genuine issue of material fact whether Urech engaged in fraud, I would affirm and
remand for further proceedings.

                                                -1-
                  I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On July 14, 2016, Urech was driving her husband to a doctor’s appointment. She claims
that she lost consciousness while driving, causing the vehicle to hit a tree.1 Urech was
hospitalized for approximately one week following the crash and claims orthopedic injuries and
a traumatic brain injury. After her release, she was prescribed 24-hour per day attendant care
and daily replacement services for a 3-month period, later renewed for another 3 months.
Urech’s son, Brian Urech, and Brian’s fiancée, Kelly Haynie (later Urech)2 agreed to provide
that care.

        Pioneer does not dispute that it is Urech’s no-fault insurer and in first priority to pay her
PIP benefits in this case.3 Nor does it dispute, for purposes of this appeal, that the services
prescribed for Urech were reasonably necessary for her care and rehabilitation. On three
occasions, Urech’s attorney sent letters requesting payment for the attendant care services
performed. As proof of loss, enclosed with the letters were forms on which the caregivers
recorded the services provided and the hours worked. The form used for July through October
2016 contained a box for each day of the month. The services provided (indicated by a letter
code), the hours of attendant care and the person who provided it were written in the box. The
testimony from Urech, Brian and Kelly is consistent: they all agreed that Urech did not record
the hours or services. At the bottom of the form there were two signature lines—one for the
claimant and one for the provider. The forms were all signed by Urech, Brian and Kelly on the
appropriate lines. A different form was used beginning in November 2016 when attendant care
services began to be provided through McGuffey Home Care (McGuffey), which paid Brian and
Kelly as contractors.

        In October 2016, Urech filed suit against Pioneer for failure to pay PIP benefits. Pioneer
answered and responded with multiple affirmative defenses, including notice that “[i]f proved,
Defendant may move to rescind this policy based upon Plaintiff’s fraudulent conduct.” Pioneer’s
summary disposition motion was brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10) and alleged that Urech was
in violation of the following provision:4

1
  In the lower court proceedings, Pioneer disputed this version of events and claimed that Urech
deliberately crashed the vehicle; however, that factual discrepancy is not relevant to the issues
raised on appeal. And when reviewing a motion for summary disposition, we view the facts in
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, which in this case is Urech. See Klein v HP
Pelzer Auto Sys, Inc, 306 Mich. App. 67, 75; 854 NW2d 521 (2014).
2
  Kelly married Brian in January 2017. Therefore, at the times relevant to the issue on appeal,
she was not Urech’s family member as that term is defined by the no-fault policy.
3
    Urech does not seek wage loss benefits.
4
    The provision is in a section of the policy captioned, “General Provisions.”

                                                  -2-
       The entire policy will be void if, in obtaining or maintaining this policy, or
       whether before or after a loss, you, an “insured,” a “family member” or any other
       person seeking coverage has:

       1.      Intentionally concealed or      misrepresented any material fact         or
               circumstance;

       2.      Engaged in fraudulent conduct; or

       3.      Made false statements;

       relating to this insurance.

       The term “void” is not defined in the policy. In the insurance policy setting, the term has
the same meaning as “rescind.” See Meemic Ins Co v Fortson, 324 Mich. App. 467, 486-487; 922
NW2d 154 (2018).

        Pioneer claims that the attendant care forms contained material false statements in that
(1) some forms show Kelly providing 12 hours of attendant care daily, however, she admitted in
deposition that she was working or caring for her daughter during several if not many of these
days, (2) the forms for December 25, 28 and 29, 2016, show Kelly as providing 12 hours of care
per day when she was in fact out of town and (3) Brian and Kelly each stated that they provided
6 hours of attendant care on July 17, 2016, a date on which Urech was taken to the hospital, as
well as 12 hours of care on July 18, 19 and 20, 2016, dates during which Urech was hospitalized.
As to (1) and (2), Brian testified that on the days Kelly was not available he provided Urech with
24-hour care, but he and Kelly listed the time as 12 hours each because they thought they were
not supposed to work more than 12 hours at a time. As to the time in the hospital, both Brian
and Kelly testified that they were each with Urech for the period claimed and assisting her and
there is no evidence to the contrary. 5

       Following oral argument on Pioneer’s motion, the trial court concluded that there were
questions of fact precluding summary disposition.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

        The majority and I agree that because the caregivers were not “seeking coverage” any
fraud committed by them alone, i.e., not the covered individual, does not provide grounds to
rescind. Contrary to the majority, however, I conclude there is a question of fact whether Urech

5
  Whether attendant care services should be paid for the 4 days during which Urech was
hospitalized is not before us. Whether those services were reasonable and necessary can surely
be contested. However, assuming the attendant care during hospitalization was not reasonable
and necessary, there is no basis in the record to conclude that Brian and Kelly were knowingly
attempting to commit fraud by listing those dates. The fact that a claimed benefit need not be
paid does not render the claim fraudulent.

                                               -3-
committed fraud. I do so for two reasons. First, Pioneer has failed to demonstrate—beyond a
question of fact—whether any of the alleged misrepresentations were material. Second, Pioneer
has not established—beyond a question of fact—that by signing the forms, Urech acted with
fraudulent intent.

                                      A. MATERIALITY

        Pioneer has demonstrated that some of the attendant care forms show Kelly as the care
provider for periods when she was not present. However, given Brian’s testimony that he was
present anytime Kelly could not be and both of their testimony that someone was at Urech’s
residence available to assist at all times, there is at least a question of fact whether these
misstatements were material. If a jury believes that testimony, then the materiality requirement
cannot be satisfied because the claimed rate —$8.50 per hour—would still have had to be paid
by Pioneer, i.e., Pioneer’s duty to pay for attendant care services remains the same regardless of
the identity of the caregiver.

       Before an insurer may void a policy because of the insured’s misrepresentation of a
material fact, the insurer must show:

       (1) the misrepresentation was material, (2) that it was false, (3) that the insured
       knew that it was false at the time it was made or that it was made recklessly,
       without any knowledge of its truth, and (4) that the insured made the material
       misrepresentation with the intention that the insurer would act upon it. [Bahri v
       IDS Prop Cas Ins Co, 308 Mich. App. 420, 424-425; 864 NW2d 609 (2014),
       (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

 “Generally, whether an insured has committed fraud is a question of fact for a jury to
determine.” Fortson, 324 Mich. App. at 473.

        Pioneer has not established beyond a question of fact that there were hours of attendant
care claimed when such care was not being provided. Pioneer relies on the fact that the times
listed for Kelly were sometimes inaccurate. However, Kelly testified that Brian was always at
Urech’s house. And when asked why the forms showed that he and Kelly each provided 12
hours of care, Brian explained:

               Q. I’ve marked as Exhibit 3 all the forms for attendant care . . . that you
       filled out for December. If you’d flip through those and let me know if they’re all
       exactly the same in terms of . . . 9:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m. for Kelly and 9:00 a.m. to
       9:00 p.m. for you?

                A. Yes. They would all be the same. Because that’s the number that we
       had chose to put on there. I was there all the time. Kelly was there for most of
       that time. We didn’t mark down that we were both there for 24 hours. So we
       split 9:00 a.m. to—we split them into 12s so that way she’d have 12 hours and I’d
       have 12 hours.

                      I was told that I’m not supposed to mark down 24 hours . . . .

                                               -4-
               Q. Who told you that?

               A. McGuffey.

               Q. Okay.

             A. So the reason why we marked down 9:00 to 9:00 is because that’s our
       12-hour shifts. But I was there 24 hours a day.

               Q. All right.

             A. And then—and then sometimes we were both there 24 hours a day but
       we don’t mark down that we were both working for them 24 hours a day.

                                                 * * *

              Q. Was there always somebody in their house with them [i.e., Urech and
       her husband]?

               A. Yes.

Brian also testified that no one showed him or Kelly how to fill out the paperwork, that they
were doing so to the best of their ability, and if there were errors they were not intentional or
intended to obtain payment for periods in which attendant care was not provided.

        If we accept the Brian and Kelly’s testimony as true, as we must since this is a (C)(10)
motion, the only misstatement in the billing form was the identity of the caregiver. However,
whether Kelly or Brian provided the attendant care, the cost to Pioneer was the same. In other
words, the misstatement had no effect on the care provided or the amount to be paid and so was
not material. While the hours of each individual provider should have been accurately listed, it
has not been established that this error was for a fraudulent purpose or that it prejudiced Pioneer
in terms of the amount of the charges. Brian and Kelly each testified that Urech received 24-
hours per day of attendant care. A jury may choose not to credit their testimony, but given the
posture of this case, we must accept that testimony as true. And given that testimony Pioneer has
not shown “clear, satisfactory and convincing” proof of material fraud. See Cooper v Auto Club
Ins Ass’n, 481 Mich. 399, 414; 751 NW2d 443 (2008) (“Because fraud . . . is not to be lightly
presumed, but must be clearly proved by clear, satisfactory and convincing evidence, trial courts
should ensure that these standards are clearly satisfied with regard to all of the elements of a
fraud claim.”) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

        My colleagues in the majority agree that materiality is an element that must be shown by
an insurer in order to lawfully rescind a policy. However, they conclude that we may not address
this issue because it was not raised below or in the briefing to this Court. I cannot criticize my
colleagues for their fidelity to principle of judicial restraint, however, in my view Pioneer’s
failure to address the materiality requirement should not be ignored. It is Pioneer’s burden to
prove fraud, yet in seeking summary disposition Pioneer provides no explanation, let alone
offered proof, that the identity of the particular family caregiver was material. Given that, the

                                                -5-
fact that Urech failed to rebut Pioneer on the issue of materiality should not limit our treatment
of the issue. Moreover, it is our duty to review the record de novo.

        The failure to have raised the argument below appears to have been due to an assumption
that, because the rescission provision speaks to “false statements” in addition to fraud and
intentional concealment, the making of a false statement—even if not material—is grounds to
rescind. This is incorrect. The caselaw is clear that materiality is a necessary element that must
be shown in order to rescind even if it is not so stated in the policy. Bahri, 308 Mich. App. at 424;
Bernadich v Bernadich, 287 Mich. 137, 143-144; 283 N.W. 5 (1938). In my view, the majority
allows the tail to wag the dog when it refuses to consider whether an element of the affirmative
defense has been factually demonstrated because of an incorrect legal assumption by the parties
that the element was not required. We routinely affirm trial courts on the grounds that they
reached the right result for the wrong reason. See e.g., Lewis v Farmers Ins Exch, 315 Mich. App.
202, 216; 888 NW2d 916 (2016).

                                           B. INTENT

        I also conclude that there are questions of material fact whether Urech possessed the
requisite intent to commit fraud. Contrary to Pioneer’s position, Urech’s signature on the
submitted attendant care forms is not enough to establish fraud as a matter of law. Further,
Urech presented sufficient evidence to create a question of fact about whether she was able to
comprehend the forms due to a traumatic brain injury.

        “Where an insurance policy provides that an insured’s concealment, misrepresentation,
fraud, or false swearing voids the policy, the insured must have actually intended to defraud the
insurer.” West v Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co of Mich, 402 Mich. 67, 69; 259 NW2d 556 (1977).
Intent to defraud requires “something more than mistake of fact or honest misstatements on the
part of the insured.” Mina v Gen Star Indemnity Co, 218 Mich. App. 678, 686; 555 NW2d 1
(1996), rev’d in part on other grounds 455 Mich. 866 (1997). “In cases involving state of mind,
such as the scienter requirement in fraud, summary judgment will be appropriate in relatively
few instances because it will be difficult to foreclose a genuine dispute over this factual question.
Goldsmith v Moskowitz, 74 Mich. App. 506, 518; 254 NW2d 561 (1977) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). See also Pemberton v Dharmani, 207 Mich. App. 522, 529 n 1; 525 NW2d 497
(1994) (“[S]ummary disposition is inappropriate where questions of motive, intention or other
conditions of mind are material issues.”).

        Pioneer argues that Urech’s signature at the bottom of the form constitutes a guarantee
that Brian and Kelly’s entries are accurate, and as a result, any inaccuracy by them is considered
to have been made by Urech. With this argument Pioneer seeks to avoid the holding on which
the majority and I agree; namely that Urech does not lose coverage because of someone else’s
error or fraud unless she is actively complicit and shares their fraudulent intent. Pioneer’s

                                                -6-
suggestion that a patient’s bare signature on a care provider’s record represents approval of the
content, as a matter of law, is without precedent.6

        For the same reason, Pioneer’s argument that Urech was reckless for not reviewing the
record of hours for accuracy, an argument the majority adopts, also fails.7 First, from a legal
standpoint, Urech had no contractual duty to review the form completed by her caregivers for
accuracy any more than she would have a duty to review a hospital billing and confirm the
nature, dates and times of service. In addition, the form itself does not create such a duty since it
contains no language stating or even suggesting that her signature represents that she has
reviewed and approved the caregiver’s billing forms.8 When a caregiver commits fraud on the
patient’s insurer, the insurer’s primary remedy is with the caregiver unless the patient was
knowingly complicit in the fraud. And when an insurer claims that the patient was knowingly
complicit, it is not entitled to summary disposition unless it proves its claim beyond any question
of material fact.

        Pioneer has also failed to demonstrate a lack of factual dispute regarding Urech’s claim
that her mental status interfered with her ability to understand and review the forms prepared by
Brian and Kelly. In opposing Pioneer’s motion for summary disposition, Urech asserted that
although she signed the forms, she could not make competent statements whether she had ever
reviewed the forms that were submitted because she was diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury
and the symptoms of that injury included short-term memory loss. At Pioneer’s request Urech
underwent a multiple battery of neuropsychological testing as part of an insurance medical
examination. The examination included a “validity assessment” of Urech’s effort and honesty

6
  Perhaps recognizing that the signatures alone are not conclusive proof of their defense,
Pioneer’s motion below misrepresented the record by claiming on several occasions that the
accuracy of the forms were “sworn to” by Urech. A review of the record reveals that no such
“swearing” took place.
7
  Urech testified at deposition that she signed the attendant care forms without knowing what
they were. She stated, “I didn’t look at them. I just signed them.” Urech was deposed near the
end of discovery, and therefore the trial court did not have her deposition transcript. However,
both parties made arguments before the trial court regarding Urech’s testimony, and at oral
argument they stipulated to the deposition transcript being considered as part of the lower court
record on appeal.
8
  Notably, it is well established that when a party relies on recklessness to show fraudulent intent,
there is a corresponding requirement that the misrepresentation constitute a positive assertion.
See e.g., Bell Isle Grill Corp v Detroit, 256 Mich. App. 463, 477; 666 NW2d 271 (2003)
(“[W]hen the defendant made the representation, the defendant knew that it was false, or made it
recklessly, without knowledge of its truth and as a positive assertion[.]”) (citation omitted). I am
unaware of any Michigan caselaw explaining what constitutes a “positive assertion” for purposes
of fraud. But it clearly requires something more than a negligent misrepresentation. And the
fact that this requirement exists only for reckless misrepresentations suggests that active, rather
than passive, fraud is required in these circumstances.

                                                -7-
during the testing. The examining neuropsychologist concluded that “the patient put forth good
effort on testing, and we felt that the current testing accurately reflects the patient’s current levels
of cognitive strengths and weaknesses.” As to the effects of the injury, the report concluded:

       On formal cognitive testing, deficits were noted with regard to fluctuating
       working memory, speed of information processing, verbal learning (initial), visual
       memory (immediate and delayed), perceptual reasoning, deductive reasoning,
       integration of multiple bits of information for problem solving, hypothesis testing,
       impulsivity/cognitive immobility, fine motor control and speed bilaterally, and
       numerical operations.

 A probate court appointed a guardian for Urech in February 2017, which required the court to
find by clear and convincing evidence “that the individual for whom a guardian is sought is an
incapacitated individual and that the appointment is necessary as a means of providing
continuing care and supervision of the incapacitated individual, with each finding supported
separately on the record.” MCL 700.5306(1).

        Viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmovant, the results of the neuropsychological
testing, the probate court’s determination that Urech is legally incapacitated and the deposition
testimony create a material question of fact as to Urech’s cognitive status. That is, reasonable
minds could differ on whether Urech understood the nature of the documents her son had her
sign and whether at the end of the month she could have recalled who her assisted her when.
Accordingly, Pioneer has not established as a matter of law that Urech acted with fraudulent
intent.

        In sum, because there are questions of fact as to the materiality of the alleged
misrepresentations and as to Urech’s cognitive status, I would affirm the trial court and so
respectfully dissent.

                                                               /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro

                                                  -8-