Court Opinion

ID: 7800138
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-12 14:05:44.307347+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:02.378277
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: AUGUST 5, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

            Commonwealth of Kentucky
                   Court of Appeals

                      NO. 2021-CA-0051-MR

CV LOUISVILLE OPCO I, LLC D/B/A
OR A/K/A SYCAMORE HEIGHTS
HEALTH AND REHABILITATION;
THE PORTOPICCOLO GROUP, LLC;
THOMAS RAWLINS IN HIS
CAPACITY AS ADMINISTRATOR
OF SYCAMORE HEIGHTS HEALTH
AND REHABILITATION; AND
ULTRACARE MANAGEMENT
GROUP, LLC                                          APPELLANTS

           APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.        HONORABLE SUSAN SCHULTZ GIBSON, JUDGE
                   ACTION NO. 20-CI-004497

SHEILA DOUGLAS AS
ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE
OF LARRY DOUGLAS                                      APPELLEE

                           OPINION
            AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART,
                      AND REMANDING

                         ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ACREE, CETRULO, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
TAYLOR, JUDGE: CV Louisville Opco I, LLC d/b/a or a/k/a Sycamore Heights

Health and Rehabilitation; the Portopiccolo Group, LLC; Thomas Rawlins in his

capacity as Administrator of Sycamore Heights Health and Rehabilitation; and

Ultracare Management Group, LLC (collectively referred to as Sycamore) bring

this appeal from an Order entered December 14, 2020, by the Jefferson Circuit

Court denying their motion to compel arbitration of negligence and wrongful death

claims brought by Sheila Douglas as the Administratrix of the Estate of Larry

Douglas (herein referred to as the resident or decedent) on behalf of beneficiaries

of the decedent against Sycamore (a nursing home). As will be discussed, Douglas

entered into an arbitration agreement in her role as attorney-in-fact under a power

of attorney (POA) as part of a larger Admissions Agreement to ensure the

resident’s care at Sycamore. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm in part,

reverse in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

                                 BACKGROUND

             In 2019, Larry Douglas appointed his sister, Sheila Douglas, as his

lawful attorney-in-fact pursuant to an executed power of attorney, which is not in

dispute in this appeal. In February of 2019, Sheila executed the Admissions

Agreement on Larry’s behalf for his admission to Sycamore’s facility. Larry was

treated at the facility between February 1, 2019, and May 29, 2019. Larry died on

June 4, 2019. Thereafter, Douglas filed an action in Jefferson Circuit Court on

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August 3, 2020, as administratrix of the Estate, asserting negligence and wrongful

death claims against Sycamore. The circuit court denied Sycamore’s motion to

compel arbitration by order entered December 14, 2020. This appeal followed.

                           STANDARD OF REVIEW

            The standard of review for this Court of an order below denying a

motion to compel arbitration can be summarized as follows:

            Ordinarily, such orders are interlocutory and are not
            immediately appealable. However, an order denying a
            motion to compel arbitration is immediately appealable.
            [Kentucky Revised Statutes] KRS 417.220(1). See
            also Conseco Finance Servicing Corp. v. Wilder, 47
            S.W.3d 335, 340 (Ky. App. 2001). The enforcement and
            effect of an arbitration agreement is governed by the
            Kentucky Uniform Arbitration Act (KUAA), KRS
            417.045 et seq., and the Federal Arbitration Act, (FAA) 9
            U.S.C.4 §§ 1 et seq. “Both Acts evince a legislative
            policy favoring arbitration agreements, or at least
            shielding them from disfavor.” Ping v. Beverly
            Enterprises, Inc., 376 S.W.3d 581, 588 (Ky. 2012).

                   But under both Acts, a party seeking to compel
            arbitration has the initial burden of establishing the
            existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate. Id. at 589.
            That question is controlled by state law rules of contract
            formation. Id. at 590. The FAA does not preempt state
            law contract principles, including matters concerning the
            authority of an agent to enter into a contract and which
            parties may be bound by that contract. Arthur Andersen
            LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 630-31, 129 S. Ct. 1896,
            1902, 173 L. Ed. 2d 832 (2009). Since this matter is
            entirely an issue of law, our standard of review is de
            novo. Conseco, 47 S.W.3d at 340.

Genesis Healthcare, LLC v. Stevens, 544 S.W.3d 645, 648-49 (Ky. App. 2017).

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             The circuit court, in denying Sycamore’s motion to compel

arbitration, found that Douglas signed the Admissions Agreement, which contained

the arbitration agreement, only in her representative capacity. The court also found

that the arbitration agreement was unconscionable. Although the circuit court did

not cite any authority in support of its decision, we agree that Douglas signed only

in her representative capacity as attorney-in-fact and affirm in that regard.

However, as concerns the conscionability of the arbitration agreement, for the

reasons stated, we conclude the arbitration agreement was not unconscionable.

Further facts will be developed as necessary.

                                     ANALYSIS

             The Admissions Agreement presented to Douglas upon the decedent’s

admission to Sycamore is an eleven-page document, excluding the signature pages.

It is divided into ten sections and various subsections within. Several sections

and/or subsections within the Admissions Agreement contain lines for a signature

or initials of either the Resident or the Resident’s Sponsor. Douglas signed or

initialed each item as “Sponsor.” Section 4 of the Admissions Agreement defines

“Sponsor,” in relevant part, as:

             [A] person legally responsible for the Resident or must
             be in the process of obtaining such status, including a
             guardian, a person holding a durable power of attorney
             and/or a conservator. The Facility must receive written
             documentation from the person who will act as the
             Sponsor showing the legal right to act on behalf of the

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             Resident and the date on which the person was appointed
             by a court and/or the Resident.

             The arbitration agreement is found in Section 10(G), of the

Admissions Agreement, entitled “Disputes,” and does not have an accompanying

line for signatures or initials as found in other sections and/or subsections. Section

10 contains the final substantive provisions of the Admissions Agreement.

Following Section 10 is a separate signature page for the Admissions Agreement.

Appearing at the top of the signature page is the following:

             THE UNDERSIGNED ACKNOWLEDGE THAT
             EACH OF THEM HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD
             THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING THE
             ARBITRATION PROVISION IN SECTION 10.G. AND
             HAS RECEIVED A COPY OF THIS AGREEMENT,
             AND THAT EACH OF THEM VOLUNTARILY
             CONSENTS TO AND ACCEPTS ALL OF ITS
             TERMS[.]

             Douglas signed her name on the line below that says “(Resident

(individual or by legal representative)[)].” However, below that is a section for the

Sponsor to sign. It has a similar statement preceding the signature line that appears

in all caps and boldface type and reads:

             SPONSOR MUST COMPLETE AND SIGN BELOW
             AS ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS/HER HAVING
             READ AND FULLY UNDERSTOOD, AND
             AGREED TO THE PERSONAL UNDERTAKINGS
             OF THE SPONSOR, AS PROVIDED FOR IN THE
             AGREEMENT[.]

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             Douglas printed her name, provided her signature, and on the

“Relation” line wrote “Sister/POA.” Notably, there is no dispute over Douglas’s

role as attorney-in-fact, and whether, as such, she had the authority to sign the

Admissions Agreement which included the arbitration agreement. However,

“Sister” does not in any way comport with the nursing home’s definition of a

Sponsor in Section 4 of the Admissions Agreement. Douglas’s role as “Sister”

would not provide the necessary authority to sponsor the decedent for

admission. Only her role as attorney-in-fact under the POA does that.

Accordingly, this language in the agreement is not sufficient to bind Douglas

individually to the arbitration provisions including her personal wrongful death

claim. We can find no definitive statement that Douglas was signing in her

individual capacity.

             The arbitration agreement in Section 10(G) reads as follows:

             Disputes. (i) To the fullest extent allowed by law,
             Resident and/or the Resident’s legally authorized
             representative who signs this Agreement, on behalf of the
             Resident, the Resident’s heirs, assigns, and all others
             acting or purporting to act for the Resident or the
             Resident’s estate, and Facility agree that all civil claims
             arising in any way out of this Agreement or the
             nursing care that Facility, its employees, or agents
             provide to Resident, other than claims by the Facility to
             collect unpaid bills for services rendered, or to
             involuntarily discharge the Resident, shall be resolved
             exclusively through mandatory mediation, and, if
             such mediation does not resolve the dispute, through
             binding arbitration using the commercial mediation

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             and arbitration rules and procedures of
             JAMS/Endispute. JAMS shall hold such mediation and,
             if needed, such arbitration in its office located closest to
             the Facility. If any mediator, arbitrator, or court of
             competent jurisdiction finds any portion of this Section
             unenforceable for any reason, then they shall delete those
             unenforceable provisions and enforce the remaining
             provisions. Except as stated in this paragraph,
             JAMS/Endispute’s commercial mediation and arbitration
             rules shall apply to any mediation or arbitration[;] (ii)
             Resident and Facility also agree that, to the greatest
             extent allowed by law, both Resident and Facility
             shall seek only actual damages in any such mediation
             or arbitration, and that neither of them will pursue
             any claim for punitive damages, treble damages or
             any other type of damages the purpose of which are to
             punish one party in an amount greater than the actual
             damages allegedly caused by the other party; (iii) If
             circumstances justifying a temporary restraining order or
             a preliminary injunction exist, then either party may seek
             such a temporary restraining order and/or such a
             preliminary injunction from any court with jurisdiction
             over the dispute. After the court rules on such motion for
             temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction,
             however, the parties will then engage in the mediation
             and, if necessary, arbitration, detailed in paragraphs A
             and B of this Section above; [and] (iv) Resident,
             Resident’s authorized representative, and Facility all
             agree that they have read this section, that they
             understand all of its provisions, and that they agree to all
             of the provisions detailed in this Section[.]

             Despite the language purporting to bind the decedent’s “heirs, assigns,

and others acting or purporting to act for the Resident or the Resident’s estate,” it

is well-settled law in Kentucky that a decedent cannot bind wrongful death

claimants to an arbitration agreement. “[T]he decedent whose death becomes the

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basis of a wrongful death claim had no authority during his lifetime, directly or

through the actions of his attorney-in-fact, to prospectively bind the beneficiaries

of the wrongful death claim to an arbitration agreement.” Extendicare Homes, Inc.

v. Whisman, 478 S.W.3d 306, 313 (Ky. 2015), judgment rev’d in part, vacated in

part sub nom. Kindred Nursing Centers Ltd. P’ship v. Clark, 137 S. Ct. 1421,

(2017) (emphasis added).1 Similarly, had Douglas signed the Admissions

Agreement in her individual capacity, which did not occur, other than herself, she

could not have bound the Estate or any other wrongful death beneficiaries to

arbitrate any claims under the agreement. See LP Louisville East, LLC v. Patton,

621 S.W.3d 386, 399 (Ky. 2020). In short, Douglas, as attorney-in-fact, only

possessed the authority to bind the decedent to the arbitration agreement. See id. at

394. Although she indicated in the agreement that her relation was “Sister/POA,”

the relationship of “Sister” would not create any personal liability for Douglas

under the Admissions Agreement, including Section 4 regarding sponsors. We

therefore affirm the circuit court in that regard.

              The circuit court also found that the arbitration agreement is

unconscionable, concluding that it “is a mutual agreement in name only” because

1
  As this Court has noted in Preferred Care Partners Management Group, L.P. v. Alexander, 530
S.W.3d 919, 924 (Ky. App. 2017), KRS 411.130, Kentucky’s wrongful death statute, including
its predecessor statute preceded the enactment of the Federal Arbitration Act and is not
antiarbitration legislation.

                                            -8-
only the decedent gave up the right to proceed in a court of law for any disputes.

The circuit court pointed to the fact that the part of the agreement binding the

decedent to arbitration appears in boldface type while the language that reserves

Sycamore’s right to bring its actions in court does not. The court found that this

“borders on fraud and certainly appears to be in bad faith.” We disagree.

                    A fundamental rule of contract law holds that,
             absent fraud in the inducement, a written agreement duly
             executed by the party to be held, who had an opportunity
             to read it, will be enforced according to its terms. The
             doctrine of unconscionability has developed as a narrow
             exception to this fundamental rule. The doctrine is used
             by the courts to police the excesses of certain parties who
             abuse their right to contract freely. It is directed against
             one-sided, oppressive and unfairly surprising contracts,
             and not against the consequences per se of uneven
             bargaining power or even a simple old-fashioned bad
             bargain.

                    An unconscionable contract has been characterized
             as “one which no man in his senses, not under delusion,
             would make, on the one hand, and which no fair and
             honest man would accept, on the other.”
             Unconscionability determinations being inherently fact-
             sensitive, courts must address such claims on a case-by-
             case basis.

Conseco Fin. Serv. Corp. v. Wilder, 47 S.W.3d 335, 334-42 (Ky. App. 2001)

(footnotes omitted).

             This Court, in Conseco, also defined the different types of

unconscionability applicable to a contract dispute:

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             Procedural, or unfair surprise, unconscionability pertains
             to the process by which an agreement is reached and the
             form of an agreement, including the use therein of fine
             print and convoluted or unclear language . . . . [It]
             involves, for example, material, risk-shifting contractual
             terms which are not typically expected by the party who
             is being asked to assent to them and often appear [ ] in
             the boilerplate of a printed form. The notion of
             procedural unconscionability thus includes many of the
             concerns raised by contracts of adhesion. Substantive
             unconscionability refers to contractual terms that are
             unreasonably or grossly favorable to one side and to
             which the disfavored party does not assent.

Id. at 343 n.22 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

             In the case sub judice, Douglas does not claim she was misled by

Sycamore. Nor does she claim that she did not read or did not have an opportunity

to read the arbitration agreement. The provision itself is not hidden or obscured in

fine print. Indeed, it is the only subsection within the entirety of the Admissions

Agreement containing portions that are in both boldface type and underlined. It is

the only section of the Admissions Agreement that mentions arbitration. We are

unpersuaded by Douglas’s argument using Flesch-Kincaid scores to convince this

Court that the language in the arbitration agreement is incomprehensible to a

person of ordinary experience and education. Douglas points to no examples in

Kentucky law where Flesch-Kincaid scores have been used in contract

interpretation. The language in the Arbitration Agreement is such that its general

import is understandable to a person of ordinary experience and education.

                                        -10-
             Although the arbitration agreement does provide that Sycamore may

use the courts for “unpaid bills for services rendered, or to involuntarily discharge

the Resident,” we are not persuaded that this renders the agreement

unconscionable. These potential claims of Sycamore are such that they could be

decided expeditiously in the courts. “The potential for uneven remedies does not

render the arbitration clause unconscionable.” Hathaway v. Eckerle, 336 S.W.3d

83, 89 (Ky. 2011). Accordingly, we reverse and remand the circuit court’s finding

that the arbitration agreement was unconscionable for lack of mutuality.

             In summation, we conclude that the arbitration agreement is

enforceable against the Estate except as concerns any wrongful death claims. And,

Douglas is not personally liable under the Admissions Agreement. Accordingly,

we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with this

Opinion.

             ALL CONCUR.

 BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:                    BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

 James P. Grohmann                         Matthew D. Swindle
 A. Pete Pullen                            Robert W. Francis
 Louisville, Kentucky                      Little Rock, Arkansas

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