Court Opinion

ID: 9898036
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:27:59.515505+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:09.019947
License: Public Domain

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                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                   APRIL 25, 2023
                                                                           In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                          WA State Court of Appeals Division III

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                             DIVISION THREE
       STATE OF WASHINGTON,                            )
                                                       ) No.  38749-6-III
                             Respondent,               )
                                                       )
              v.                                       )
                                                       ) ORDER GRANTING
       DAVID RAY BROWN,                                ) MOTION TO PUBLISH
                                                       )
                             Appellant.                )

              THE COURT has considered the respondent’s motion to publish the court’s opinion of
       February 23, 2023, and is of the opinion the motion to publish should be granted. Therefore,
              IT IS ORDERED, the motion to publish is granted. The opinion filed by the court on
       February 23, 2023, shall be modified on page 1 to designate it is a published opinion and on page
       10 by deletion of the following language:
                      A majority of the panel has determined that this opinion will not be
              printed in the Washington Appellate Reports but it will be filed for public record
              pursuant to RCW 2.06.040.

              PANEL: Judges Fearing, Lawrence-Berrey, Staab

              FOR THE COURT:

                                                       ________________________________
                                                       GEORGE B. FEARING
                                                       Chief Judge
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                                                                                FILED
                                                                           FEBRUARY 23, 2023
                                                                       In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                      WA State Court of Appeals Division III

                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                                      DIVISION THREE

       STATE OF WASHINGTON,                           )
                                                      )         No. 38749-6-III
                            Respondent,               )
                                                      )
              v.                                      )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                                      )
       DAVID RAY BROWN,                               )
                                                      )
                            Appellant.                )

              FEARING, J. — David Brown appeals his conviction for second degree burglary.

       He contends his trial counsel performed deficiently when failing to offer a lesser included

       offense jury instruction for second degree trespass. We reject his contention because

       trespass is not a lesser included offense of burglary.

                                                 FACTS

              This prosecution arises from the presence of David Brown, on March 23, 2020, on

       the business premises of Automotive Specialties, a north Spokane used car dealership.

       On that day, Automotive Specialties was in the process of moving its business location

       two blocks hence.
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

              Lyle Click, a tow truck operator, arrived at Automotive Specialties on the morning

       of March 23 to assist the dealership with moving its inventory to the new sales lot. Click

       noticed a person inside a truck. The truck sat on a tennis court surrounded by a twelve-

       foot-high gated fence. Automotive Specialties stored some of its car inventory inside the

       fenced area. Click blocked the outside of the gate with his truck so that the person seated

       in the other truck could not escape the premises. The interloper inside the other truck

       was David Brown. Brown owned the other truck.

              A trailer owned by Gregor Klante was hitched to the truck occupied by David

       Brown. Klante operated a separate dealership that shared space with Automotive

       Specialties. Lyle Click phoned Klante, who arrived fifteen minutes later. Before

       Klante’s arrival, Brown barked at Click to move his truck so that he could drive the truck

       he occupied through the gate. Brown threatened to ram Click’s truck. Brown insisted

       that he owned the trailer, although Click knew otherwise.

              Greg Klante appeared at Automotive Specialties minutes later. Automotive

       Specialists detailer Gary Litzenberger arrived at the location near the same time as Klante

       appeared. Litzenberger noticed the presence of a different lock on the fence than the lock

       regularly used by the dealership. The interloper, David Brown, insisted that he owned

       the business property. Litzenberger insisted that Brown open the gate. Brown ignored

       Litzenberger. Litzenberger telephoned Automotive Specialties general manager John

       Rostollan, who arrived five minutes later.

                                                    2
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

              John Rostollan, while employing colorful language, asked the intruder, David

       Brown, to explain his presence. Rostollan insisted that Brown unlock the gate. After

       hesitation, Brown opened the gate. Brown insisted that he owned the trailer to which he

       had hooked his truck. Rostollan demanded that Brown unhook the trailer. Brown

       eventually conceded he did not own the trailer and released the trailer from his truck.

              James Stewart, a Spokane Police Department detective, responded to Automotive

       Specialties business property. Stewart saw red paint on Brown’s hands, although the

       detective discovered no paint cans within the vicinity. Someone had spray-painted the

       trailer red within the last hour because the paint still felt new. A remote control for the

       trailer’s winch, which had been locked in a box inside the trailer, was found in Brown’s

       truck. Stewart found a crowbar in Brown’s truck.

                                              PROCEDURE

              The State of Washington charged David Brown with second degree burglary. At

       the close of trial, Brown did not propose any jury instruction permitting the jury to

       convict him of a lesser included offense. Nevertheless, during closing arguments,

       counsel for Brown argued that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

       Brown committed second degree burglary. Brown’s counsel asserted that Brown

       committed second degree trespass, not second degree burglary. The jury found David

       Brown guilty of second degree burglary.

                                                     3
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

                                        LAW AND ANALYSIS

              On appeal, David Brown contends his trial counsel performed ineffectively by

       failing to propose a jury instruction allowing the jury to convict him of second degree

       trespass as a lesser included offense of the charged crime: second degree burglary. This

       contention assumes that second degree trespass constitutes a lesser included offense of

       second degree burglary. We conclude that second degree trespass does not comprise a

       lesser included offense. Therefore, trial counsel did not perform deficiently. We first

       review principles that apply to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, before

       analyzing whether trespass is a lesser included offense of burglary.

              The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of

       the Washington Constitution guarantee effective assistance of counsel. State v. Classen,

       4 Wn. App. 2d 520, 535, 422 P.3d 489 (2018). To prevail on an ineffective assistance of

       counsel claim, a defendant must prove that (1) his or her counsel performed deficiently,

       and (2) counsel’s deficient performance resulted in prejudice. Strickland v. Washington,

       466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State v. Classen, 4 Wn.

       App. 2d 520, 535 (2018). Performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard

       of reasonableness. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). To show

       prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable possibility that, but for counsel’s

       purportedly deficient conduct, the outcome of the proceeding would have differed. State

       v. Classen, 4 Wn. App. 2d 520, 535 (2018).

                                                    4
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

              David Brown’s appeal illustrates the overlapping nature of the two elements

       comprising an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. If second degree trespass does not

       constitute a lesser included offense of second degree burglary, the trial court would not

       have given a lesser offense jury instruction such that Brown can show no prejudice. If

       trespass does not act as a lesser included offense of burglary, trial counsel also did not

       perform ineffectively by failing to propose a jury instruction particularly since the trial

       court would not have delivered the instruction.

              Although the common law recognized the right to a lesser included offense jury

       instruction, a Washington statute confirms the right to the instruction. State v. Davis, 121

       Wn.2d 1, 4, 846 P.2d 527 (1993), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Berlin, 133

       Wn.2d 541, 947 P.2d 700 (1997). RCW 10.61.006 reads:

                      In all other cases the defendant may be found guilty of an offense the
              commission of which is necessarily included within that with which he or
              she is charged in the indictment or information.

              Both the prosecution and the defense may seek a lesser included offense jury

       instruction. State v. Berlin, 133 Wn.2d 541, 548 (1997). The rule of a lesser included

       offense benefits the defendant by providing a third alternative to either conviction of the

       offense charged or acquittal. State v. Berlin, 133 Wn.2d 541, 544-45 (1997). The rule

       seeks to ensure that juries considering the case of a defendant plainly guilty of some

       offense do not set aside reasonable doubt in order to convict her and avoid letting her go

                                                     5
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

       free. Keeble v. United States, 412 U.S. 205, 212-13, 93 S. Ct. 1993, 36 L. Ed. 2d 844

       (1973).

              Washington law applies a two-part test, known as the Workman test, when

       ascertaining whether a party is entitled to a jury instruction on a lesser included offense.

       State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382 (1978). In part one, the court

       asks whether each of the lesser included offense elements also are necessary to

       conviction of the greater, charged offense. State v. Condon, 182 Wn.2d 307, 316, 343

       P.3d 357 (2015); State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 447-48 (1978). In part two, the court

       asks whether the evidence presented in the case supports an inference that only the lesser

       offense was committed, to the exclusion of the greater, charged offense. State v. Condon,

       182 Wn.2d 307, 316 (2015). The first prong is the legal prong, and the second prong is

       the factual prong. State v. Berlin, 133 Wn.2d 541, 546 (1997). The proponent of the jury

       instruction must satisfy both prongs. State v. Condon, 182 Wn.2d 307, 316 (2015). We

       rest our decision in David Brown’s appeal solely on the legal prong.

              We compare the crime of second degree burglary with second degree theft.

       RCW 9A.52.030 creates the crime of second degree burglary:

                    (1) A person is guilty of burglary in the second degree if, with intent
              to commit a crime against a person or property therein, he or she enters or
              remains unlawfully in a building other than a vehicle or a dwelling.

       Thus, the elements of second degree burglary are: (1) entering or remaining unlawfully in

       a building other than a vehicle or dwelling, (2) with the intent to commit a crime against a

                                                     6
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

       person or property therein. State v. Brunson, 128 Wn.2d 98, 104-05, 905 P.2d 346

       (1995). “Building,” in the context of the criminal code, includes any “fenced area.”

       RCW 9A.04.110(5). David Brown does not challenge the fenced area on Automotive

       Specialties lot being a building.

              RCW 9A.52.080 defines the crime of second degree trespass. The statute

       declares:

                     (1) A person is guilty of criminal trespass in the second degree if he
              or she knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in or upon premises of
              another under circumstances not constituting criminal trespass in the first
              degree.

       The elements of second degree trespass are (1) entering or remaining unlawfully on

       premises of another, and (2) knowingly doing so. The statute has an ambiguity in that the

       reader does not know whether the accused must know that she entered premises, that she

       knew the premises belonged to another, that she knew she engaged in unlawful conduct,

       some combination of two of the alternatives, or all three. In State v. Moreno, 14 Wn.

       App. 2d 143, 470 P.3d 507 (2020), aff’d, 198 Wn.2d 737, 499 P.3d 198 (2021), this court

       analyzed the statute as if the accused must know that he entered the premises unlawfully.

       This ambiguity is unimportant to this appeal regardless how one construes the statute.

              The comparison of RCW 9A.52.030 and 9A.52.080 reveals that second degree

       trespass does not consist solely of elements necessary for a conviction of second degree

       burglary. The defendant must enter the building knowingly or with knowledge that the

                                                    7
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

       entry is unlawful to be guilty of trespass. The accused need not knowingly enter the

       premises or know that entry is unlawful to be guilty of second degree burglary. The

       defendant need only enter a building with the intent to commit a crime to be guilty of

       burglary. We expect that one who enters a building with the intent to commit a crime

       typically knows that he enters the building and that he even knows he enters unlawfully,

       but still the State need not prove such for second degree burglary. We can conceive of

       someone entering a building lawfully and only later developing an intent to commit a

       crime.

                David Brown cites State v. Olson, 182 Wn. App. 362, 375, 329 P.3d 121 (2014),

       State v. J.P., 130 Wn. App. 887, 895, 125 P.3d 215 (2005), and State v. Soto, 45 Wn.

       App. 839, 840-41, 727 P.3d 999 (1986), to support his assertion that trespass is a lesser

       included offense of burglary. We agree that all three decisions contain passages that

       declare trespass to be a lesser included offense. In State v. Soto, Division One of this

       court held that first degree criminal trespass is a lesser included offense of second degree

       burglary. In State v. J.P., Division Three cited Soto when asserting that criminal trespass

       is a lesser included offense of burglary. In State v. Olson, Division One of this court

       cited Soto for the proposition that criminal trespass in the first degree serves as a lesser

       included offense of burglary in the second degree.

                We agree with Division One’s more recent decision in State v. Moreno, 14 Wn.

       App. 2d 143 (2020) that repudiates the Soto rule. This court wrote in State v. Moreno:

                                                      8
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

                      [T]he analysis in Soto was flawed. First degree criminal trespass
              requires a person to know that their entry or remaining in a building is
              unlawful. But, the first degree burglary statute requires no such knowledge.
              A person’s entry or remaining must be factually unlawful. The required
              mental state for first degree burglary is the intent to commit a crime against
              a person or property therein. . . . As a result, not all of the elements of first
              degree criminal trespass are necessary elements of first degree burglary. A
              person could commit all of the elements of first degree burglary, but not be
              guilty of first degree criminal trespass because they did not know that their
              entry or remaining was unlawful. Thus, to the extent our previous cases
              support that first degree criminal trespass is a lesser included offense of
              first degree burglary, we disagree with them and decline to follow them.
                      Knowledge of the unlawfulness of one’s entry or remaining is not an
              element of first degree burglary.

       State v. Moreno, 14 Wn. App. 2d 143, 156 (2020) (emphasis added).

              The Supreme Court affirmed this court’s decision in Moreno. State v. Moreno,

       198 Wn.2d 737, 744, 499 P.3d 198 (2021). The high court focused, however, on the

       question of whether the crime of burglary possesses an implied element of knowledge

       rather than if trespass is a lesser included offense of burglary.

                                          CONCLUSION

              Because second degree trespass is not a lesser included offense of second degree

       burglary, trial counsel did not perform ineffectively for failing to ask for a lesser included

       offense jury instruction. We affirm David Brown’s conviction for second degree

       burglary.

                                                     9
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       No. 38749-6-III
       State v. Brown

             A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

       Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

       2.06.040.

                                                   ______________________
                                                   Fearing, J.

       WE CONCUR:

       ______________________________
       Lawrence-Berrey, A.C.J.

       ______________________________
       Staab, J.

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