Court Opinion

ID: 2766043
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-31 23:05:02.744494+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:41:26.795029
License: Public Domain

Court of Appeals, State of Michigan

                                             ORDER
                                                                         Stephen L. Borrello
In re S Kanjia Minor                                                       Presiding Judge

Docket No.    320055                                                     Deborah A. Servitto

LC No.        I 1-053881 -NA                                              Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                                           Judges

               The Court orders that the motion for reconsideration is GRANTED, and this Court's
opinion issued October 2 1, 2014 is hereby VACATED . A new opinion is attached to this order.

                       A true copy entered and certified by Jerome W. Zimmer Jr., Chief Clerk , on

                               DEC 3 o 2014
                                      Date
                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                    FOR PUBLICATION
In re S. KANJIA, Minor.                                             December 30, 2014
                                                                    9:00 a.m.

                                                                    No. 320055
                                                                    Kent Circuit Court
                                                                    Family Division
                                                                    LC No. 11-053881-NA

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SERVITTO and SHAPIRO, JJ.

SHAPIRO, J.

        Respondent father appeals as of right the trial court order terminating his parental rights
to the minor child under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) (failure to rectify other conditions causing the
child to come within the court’s jurisdiction) and (3)(g) (failure to provide proper care and
custody). For the reasons set forth below, we vacate the order of termination and remand for
further proceedings.

       Following the entry of the termination order, respondent filed an appeal by right. On
April 23, 2014, respondent’s appointed appellate counsel moved this Court to allow him to
withdraw his representation pursuant to MCR 7.211(C)(5), asserting that he could not identify
any appellate issues of legal merit, thereby rendering the appeal wholly frivolous.1 This Court
denied the motion and ordered counsel to address two issues: (1) whether the termination must
be vacated in light of our Supreme Court’s opinion in In re Sanders, 495 Mich. 394; 852 NW2d
524 (2014), and (2) whether respondent’s appointed trial counsel was ineffective where counsel
had no contact with respondent for ten months after her appointment and only met with
respondent after the trial court had authorized the filing of a supplemental petition to terminate
respondent’s parental rights.2

1
    See Anders v California, 386 U.S. 738; 87 S. Ct. 1396; 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967).
2
  In re S Kanjia Minor, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 18, 2014
(Docket No. 320055).

                                                -1-
                             I. APPLICATION OF IN RE SANDERS

       Respondent argues that, in light of Sanders, his adjudication in these child protective
proceedings violated his procedural due process rights.3

    A. ADJUDICATION IN CHILD PROTECTIVE PROCEEDINGS AND THE ONE-PARENT
                                 DOCTRINE

        “In Michigan, child protective proceedings comprise two phases: the adjudicative phase
and the dispositional phase.” Sanders, 495 Mich. at 404. “Generally, a court determines whether
it can take jurisdiction over the child in the first place during the adjudicative phase.” Id.
Jurisdiction is established pursuant to MCL 712A.2(b). Id. “When the petition contains
allegations of abuse and neglect against a parent, MCL 712A.2(b)(1), and those allegations are
proved by a plea or [by a preponderance of the evidence] at the [adjudication] trial, the
adjudicated parent is unfit.” Id. at 405. “While the adjudicative phase is only the first step in
child protective proceedings, it is of critical importance because the procedures used in the
adjudicative hearings protect the parents from risk of erroneous deprivation of their parental
rights.” Id. at 405-406 (quotations and citation omitted).

         Child protective proceedings are initiated by the state filing a petition in the family
division of the circuit court requesting the court take jurisdiction over a child. Id. at 405. A
respondent-parent may admit to allegations in the petition, plead no contest to the allegations, or
demand a trial. Id. In any event, to take jurisdiction over a child, the trial court must find that
the petitioner has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that one or more statutory grounds
for the taking of jurisdiction alleged in the petition. Id. If the court takes jurisdiction over the
child, the proceedings enter the dispositional phase, wherein the trial court has broad authority to
effectuate orders aimed at protecting the welfare of the child, including ordering the parent to
comply with the Department of Human Services (DHS) case service plan and ordering the DHS
to file a petition for the termination of parental rights if progress is not being made. Id. at 406-
407.

        Before Sanders was decided, pursuant to the one-parent doctrine, a trial court was not
required to adjudicate more than one parent; instead, a trial court could establish jurisdiction over
a minor child by virtue of the adjudication of only one parent, after which it had authority to
subject the other, unadjudicated parent to its dispositional authority. Id. at 407. See In re CR,
250 Mich. App. at 202-203.

        In simpler terms, the one-parent doctrine permits courts to obtain jurisdiction over
        a child on the basis of the adjudication of either parent and then proceed to the
        dispositional phase with respect to both parents. The doctrine thus eliminates the
        petitioner’s obligation to prove that the unadjudicated parent is unfit before that

3
 “Whether child protective proceedings complied with a parent’s right to procedural due process
presents a question of constitutional law, which we review de novo.” Sanders, 495 Mich. at 403-
404.

                                                -2-
          parent is subject to the dispositional authority of the court. [Sanders, 495 Mich. at
          408.]

        However, in Sanders, our Supreme Court held that the one-parent doctrine violated
procedural due process. Id. at 422. Recognizing that the right of a parent to make decisions
concerning the care, custody, and control of his or her children is fundamental, id. at 409, and
that due process “demands minimal procedural protections be afforded an individual before the
state can burden a fundamental right,” id. at 410, our Supreme Court held that a parent must be
individually adjudicated as unfit before the state can interfere with his or her parental rights, id.
at 415, 422. Because the one-parent doctrine allowed a trial court to interfere with the
constitutionally protected parent-child relationship without any finding that the parent was unfit,
it violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 422. To comply with
due process requirements, the state is required to do the following:

          When the state is concerned that neither parent should be entrusted with the care
          and custody of their children, the state has the authority – and the responsibility –
          to protect the children’s safety and well-being by seeking an adjudication against
          both parents. In contract, when the state seeks only to deprive one parent of the
          right to care, custody and control, the state is only required to adjudicate that
          parent. [Id. at 421-422.]

                                      B. RESPONDENT’S CASE

        The child protective proceedings in respondent’s case began on November 29, 2011,
when the DHS filed a petition requesting the removal of the child from the home of his mother,4
who was not living with respondent at the time. The petition alleged, as grounds for the taking
of jurisdiction, that a parent of the child had neglected or refused to provide proper care and
support, MCL 712A.2(b)(1), and that the home environment, by reason of neglect, cruelty,
drunkenness, criminality or depravity on the part of a parent, had become unfit for the children,
MCL 712A.2(b)(2).5 At the December 1, 2011 preliminary hearing, at which respondent was not
present, the trial court found probable cause that one or more of the allegations in the petition
was true and authorized the filing of the petition. The court then placed the child with the DHS,
which subsequently placed the child in a licensed foster home.

       An adjudication hearing was held on January 20, 2012. Respondent was present at the
hearing. The child’s mother pleaded no contest to the allegations in the petition. The trial court
founds that grounds for jurisdiction over the child pursuant to MCL 712A.2(b) existed based on
mother’s plea and independent evidence substantiating the allegations in the petition.

       The trial court in this case clearly applied the one-parent doctrine when subjecting
respondent to its dispositional authority, and consequently, under Sanders, respondent’s due

4
    The child’s mother is not party to this appeal.
5
    The particular facts of the petition are irrelevant to this issue on appeal.

                                                      -3-
process rights were violated when his parental rights were terminated. The original petition
focused on mother, and contained only two allegations concerning respondent—that he was the
putative father of the child, and that mother had previously been involved with the DHS because
of domestic violence with respondent. Mother entered a no-contest plea to the allegations
against her, thereby allowing the trial court to assume jurisdiction over the child. However,
petitioner did not pursue any allegations against respondent at the adjudication trial, and
respondent did not enter a plea. Consequently, he was never adjudicated as unfit by the trial
court. In fact, the trial court’s February 13, 2012 order of adjudication did not even name
respondent himself as a respondent. Nonetheless, respondent was subjected to the trial court’s
dispositional authority; he was ordered to comply with a parent-agency treatment plan and
ultimately his parental rights were terminated. Thus, under Sanders, respondent’s due process
rights were violated.

       Despite the merit of respondent’s claim, whether he is entitled to relief depends on two
questions: first, whether he may now raise the issue for the first time on direct appeal from the
order of termination, and second, whether Sanders applies retroactively to his case, which was
pending on appeal at the time Sanders was decided. We answer these questions in the
affirmative.

                                  C. COLLATERAL ATTACK

        It is a well-settled rule that “[o]rdinarily, an adjudication cannot be collaterally attacked
following an order terminating parental rights” unless “termination occur[ed] at the initial
disposition as a result of a request for termination contained in the original, or amended,
petition[.]” In re SLH, 277 Mich. App. 662, 668-669; 747 NW2d 547 (2008). Instead, “[m]atters
affecting the court’s exercise of its jurisdiction may be challenged only on direct appeal of the
jurisdictional decision[.]” In re Gazella, 264 Mich. App. 668, 679-680; 692 NW2d 708 (2005).
See also In re Hatcher, 443 Mich. 426, 437; 505 NW2d 834 (1993) (whether a trial court
properly exercised jurisdiction over a child can only be challenged on direct appeal). We have
continually invoked this rule to preclude collateral challenges to a trial court’s exercise of
jurisdiction, including in cases—before Sanders was decided—where the challenge related to the
trial court’s use of the one-parent doctrine. See, e.g., In re Wangler, 305 Mich. App. 438, 445-
448; 853 NW2d 402 (2014) (holding that the respondent’s challenge to the trial court’s exercise
of jurisdiction—based on the fact that a written plea was allegedly invalid and the fact that the
respondent was not present at the adjudication trial—was collateral, and therefore precluded); In
re Curran, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 15, 2014
(Docket No. 317470), p 8 (finding that the respondent mother had waived any challenge to the
trial court’s adjudication, “ostensibly based on the one-parent doctrine,” by failing to directly
appeal the jurisdictional decision); In re Coleman, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court
of Appeals, issued June 18, 2013 (Docket No. 313610), p 4 (declining to examine the substance
of the respondent’s argument that the trial court “misapplied the one-parent doctrine to obtain

                                                -4-
jurisdiction” because the argument “constitute[d] a collateral attack regarding adjudication-
jurisdiction matters”).6

         Assuming a Sanders challenge constitutes an attack on jurisdiction, respondent is
generally precluded from now raising the issue since it would constitute a collateral attack: his
rights were terminated following a supplemental petition and he did not appeal the initial order
of adjudication. However, no case has yet decided whether the rule prohibiting collateral attack
of a trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction applies to cases in which the rule announced in Sanders
applies. In the only case decided since Sanders to acknowledge this issue, a panel of this Court
expressly declined to address “whether a Sanders-related challenge may be raised as a collateral
attack on appeal.” In re Cochran, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals,
issued July 22, 2014 (Docket No. 319813), p 4 n 5.7 Notably, this Court in Cochran, id.,
implicitly concluded that a Sanders challenge to a trial court’s order of termination constitutes a
collateral attack on the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction, and other opinions from this Court
have expressly declared that a challenge to the trial court’s use of the one-parent doctrine
constitutes a collateral attack on jurisdiction. See Curran, unpub op at 8; Coleman, unpub op at
4.

        Nonetheless, we conclude that a Sanders challenge, raised for the first time on direct
appeal from an order of termination, does not constitute a collateral attack on jurisdiction, but
rather a direct attack on the trial court’s exercise of its dispositional authority. In Sanders, our
Supreme Court distinguished between adjudicated and unadjudicated parents; it held that “due
process requires a specific adjudication of a parent’s unfitness before the state can infringe the
constitutionally protected parent-child relationship.” Sanders, 495 Mich. at 422. In other words,
the Court in Sanders held that due process prevents a trial court from entering dispositional
orders—including orders of termination—against an unadjudicated respondent. Based on this
reasoning, a respondent who raises a Sanders challenge on direct appeal from a trial court’s order
of termination is not collaterally attacking the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction, but rather is
directly challenging the trial court’s decision to terminate the respondent’s parental rights
without first having afforded the respondent sufficient due process, i.e., an adjudication hearing
at which the respondent’s fitness as a parent was decided.

6
 “Although unpublished opinions of this Court are not binding precedent, they may, however, be
considered instructive or persuasive.” Paris Meadows, LLC, v Kentwood, 287 Mich. App. 136,
145 n 3; 783 NW2d 133 (2010) (citations omitted).
7
  In Cochran, this Court first noted the general rule prohibiting collateral attacks on a trial court’s
exercise of jurisdiction, after which it concluded that the respondent was “barred from attacking
the trial court’s adjudication.” Cochran, unpub op at 4 n 5. However, this Court nevertheless
addressed the issue because the respondent’s appeal was pending at the time In re Sanders was
decided. Id. It did so, however, without deciding whether, in other cases, a Sanders challenge
could be raised on collateral attack from an order of termination. Id. This Court ultimately
found the respondent’s argument to be without merit. Id. at 4.

                                                 -5-
        It also noteworthy that, in finding the one-parent doctrine unconstitutional, the Court in
Sanders recognized the inherent problem in requiring an unadjudicated parent to directly appeal
an order of adjudication: “as a nonparty to those proceedings, it is difficult to see how an
unadjudicated parent could have standing to appeal any unfavorable ruling.” Sanders, 495 Mich.
at 419. Such is the case here. Because respondent was never adjudicated, and in fact was not
named as a respondent in the trial court’s order of adjudication, it is difficult to see how he could
have appealed that order of adjudication. Id. The hurdles to a direct appeal from the order of
adjudication are further demonstrated by the fact that, in the instant case, respondent did not have
an attorney at the time the trial court entered its order of adjudication. Thus, it would have been
exceedingly difficult, if not effectively impossible, for respondent to have challenged the trial
court’s exercise of jurisdiction in a direct appeal from the order of adjudication.

        Accordingly, we find that the general rule prohibiting a respondent from collaterally
attacking a trial court adjudication on direct appeal from a termination order does not apply to
cases where a respondent raises a Sanders challenge to the adjudication. Therefore, we hold that
respondent is entitled to raise his Sanders challenge on direct appeal from the trial court’s order
of termination, notwithstanding the fact that he never appealed the initial order of adjudication.

                                      C. RETROACTIVITY

       Because we conclude that respondent is entitled to raise his Sanders challenge on direct
appeal from the trial court’s order of termination, we must next decide whether the holding in
Sanders applies to his case.8 Sanders was not decided until June 2, 2014, approximately six
months after the trial court in this case terminated father’s parental rights. However,
respondent’s appeal was pending before this Court at the time Sanders was decided.

        “‘The general rule in Michigan is that appellate court decisions are to be given full
retroactivity unless limited retroactivity is justified.’” Jahner v Dep’t of Corrections, 197 Mich
App 111, 113; 495 NW2d 168 (1992), quoting Fetz Engineering Co v Ecco Systems, Inc, 188
Mich. App. 362, 371; 471 NW2d 85 (1991). “‘[L]imited retroactivity’ is the favored approach
‘when overruling prior law.’” Jahner, 197 Mich. App. at 114, quoting Tebo v Havlik, 418 Mich.
350, 360; 343 NW2d 181 (1994). Moreover, “[p]rospective application is warranted when
overruling settled precedent or deciding cases of first impression whose result was not clearly
foreshadowed.” Jahner, 197 Mich. App. at 114 (internal quotations and citation omitted). See
Lindsey v Harper Hosp, 455 Mich. 56, 68; 564 NW2d 861 (1997) (“[W]here injustice might
result from full retroactivity, this Court has adopted a more flexible approach, giving holdings
limited retroactivity or prospective effect.”). Decisions that are given limited retroactivity apply
to pending cases where the issue was raised and preserved. McNeel v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co
of Mich, 289 Mich. App. 76, 95 n 7; 795 NW2d 205 (2010) (quotations and citations omitted);
Jahner, 197 Mich. App. at 115-116. Decisions that are applied only prospectively “do not apply
to cases still open on direct review” or to “the parties in the cases in which the rules are
declared.” McNeel, 289 Mich. App. at 94. “In deciding whether to give retroactive application,

8
 The retroactivity of a court’s ruling presents of a question of law reviewed de novo. People v
Maxson, 482 Mich. 385, 387; 759 NW2d 817 (2008).

                                                -6-
‘[t]here are three key factors’ to be considered: ‘(1) the purpose of the new rule; (2) the general
reliance on the old rule; and (3) the effect on the administration of justice.’ ” Jahner, 197 Mich
App at 114, quoting People v Hampton, 384 Mich. 669, 674; 187 NW2d 404 (1971).

        After reviewing these factors and the parties’ arguments concerning their application, we
conclude that full retroactivity of the rule in Sanders is justified. As to the first factor, the
purpose of the rule articulated in Sanders is to safeguard the due process rights of parents who
have not been found unfit and to assure that the state shows that a child’s parent is unfit before
interfering with parental rights. Proper protection of those rights constitutes a substantial and
weighty purpose. Indeed, as stated in Sanders, the importance of such a purpose “cannot be
overstated,” id. at 415, since the adjudication trial “is the only fact-finding phase regarding
parental fitness” and no other phase of the proceedings adequately prevents the possible
erroneous deprivation of the fundamental right, id. at 417-418. Turning to the second factor,
reliance on the old rule, Jahner, 197 Mich. App. at 114, the one-parent doctrine has been relied
upon in numerous cases since CR was decided and, until Sanders was decided, the DHS and the
trial court would have been justified in relying on CR and the one-parent doctrine. On its face,
therefore, this factor weighs against retroactivity, as it would burden the state with additional
procedures in cases where it had justifiably relied upon the one-parent doctrine. However,
petitioner DHS, the state agency with the authority and duty to act in these matters, takes the
view that application of Sanders to all cases still pending on direct appeal would not constitute
an administrative burden, at least not one sufficient to outweigh the interests of justice and
fairness provided by retroactive application. Moreover, the Sanders decision rested, at least in
part, on the due process guarantee of the United States Constitution and, where federal law is
concerned, full retroactivity is the rule. Harper v Virginia Dep’t of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86, 97; 113
S. Ct. 2510; 125 L. Ed. 2d 74 (1993) (“When this Court applies a rule of federal law to the parties
before it, that rule is the controlling interpretation of federal law and must be given full
retroactive effect in all cases still open on direct review and as to all events, regardless of
whether such events predate or postdate our announcement of the rule.”).

         Finally, with respect to the third factor, the effect on the administration of justice, Jahner,
197 Mich. App. at 114, “there is no doubt that requiring adjudication of each parent will increase
the burden on the state in many cases.” Sanders, 495 Mich. at 417. However, requiring
adjudication of each parent before subjecting that parent to the trial court’s dispositional
authority also “significantly reduce[s] any risk of a parent’s erroneous deprivation of the parent’s
right to parent his or her children[,]” id., a risk which outweighs any burden imposed upon the
state, id. at 418-419. Accordingly, we hold that Sanders should be given full retroactive effect
to all cases pending on direct appeal at the time it was decided.

                                         D. CONCLUSION

        We hold that a respondent may raise a Sanders challenge to a trial court’s adjudication in
a child protective proceeding on direct appeal from the trial court’s order terminating that
respondent’s parental rights. That is, such an appeal does not constitute an impermissible
collateral attack on the trial court’s adjudication. We further hold that Sanders is to be given full

                                                  -7-
retroactive effect to all cases pending on direct appeal at the time it was decided. Accordingly,
we vacate the lower court’s order terminating respondent’s parental rights and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion and Sanders.9 We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                              /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

9
    In light of our holding, we need not consider respondent’s other arguments on appeal.

                                                 -8-