Court Opinion

ID: 4199593
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-28 22:08:03.442589+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:24.705944
License: Public Domain

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                                                              Electronically Filed
                                                              Supreme Court
                                                              SCWC-14-0000355
                                                              28-AUG-2017
                                                              08:22 AM

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

                                ---o0o---

         STATE OF HAWAI#I, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee

                                    vs.

        WILLIAM MCDONNELL, Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant

                            SCWC-14-0000355

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
             (CAAP-14-0000355; FC-CR. NO. 13-1-0002)

                            AUGUST 28, 2017

         RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, AND McKENNA, JJ.,
    WITH POLLACK, J., DISSENTING, WITH WHOM WILSON, J., JOINS

             OPINION OF THE COURT BY RECKTENWALD, C.J.

          William McDonnell was found guilty of sexually

assaulting his minor daughter (Minor) in November 2013.            On

appeal to the Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA), McDonnell

argued that the family court improperly admitted the testimony of

the State’s expert witness, Dr. Alexander Bivens.           Dr. Bivens
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testified with regard to the dynamics of child sexual abuse,

including delayed reporting and underreporting by victims of

abuse, and “grooming” techniques typically used by abusers.

Bivens’ testimony included statistics regarding how often abuse

occurs in the child’s home, and how frequently it involves

individuals who are known to the child.         McDonnell argued that

Dr. Bivens’ testimony was irrelevant, was unduly prejudicial, and

improperly profiled McDonnell as a child molester.           The ICA

affirmed McDonnell’s conviction, and he now seeks review in this

court.

          This case requires us to consider how expert testimony

can properly assist a jury in understanding the relationship

between victims of child sexual abuse and their abusers.            As we

explained in State v. Batangan, 71 Haw. 552, 556, 799 P.2d 48, 51

(1990), “sexual abuse of children is a particularly mysterious

phenomenon, and the common experience of the jury may represent a

less than adequate foundation for assessing the credibility of a

young child who complains of sexual abuse[.]”

          We conclude that the family court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting most of Dr. Bivens’ testimony since the

testimony helped explain the interaction between Minor and

McDonnell, and its probative value outweighed its prejudicial

effect.   While we further conclude that the statistical evidence

should not have been admitted, that error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt.

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            Accordingly, we affirm the ICA’s judgment on appeal.

                               I.   Background

            McDonnell was charged with three counts of sexual

assault in the first degree1 (Counts I, II, and III) and three

counts of sexual assault in the third degree2 (Count IV, V, and

VI) in the Family Court of the First Circuit3 for six separate

acts that occurred on or about November 1, 2012.

A.    Trial Proceedings

      1.    Motions in Limine

            McDonnell filed a motion in limine asking the family

      1
            Hawai#i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 707-730(1)(b) (Supp. 2009)
provides:

            (1) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in
            the first degree if:
            . . . .
            (b) The person knowingly engages in sexual penetration
            with another person who is less than fourteen years
            old[.]
      2
            HRS § 707-732(1) (Supp. 2009) provides:

            (1) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in
            the third degree if:
                  (a) The person recklessly subjects another
                  person to an act of sexual penetration by
                  compulsion;
                  (b) The person knowingly subjects to sexual
                  contact another person who is less than fourteen
                  years old or causes such a person to have sexual
                  contact with the person;
                  (c) The person knowingly engages in sexual
                  contact with a person who is at least fourteen
                  years old but less than sixteen years old or
                  causes the minor to have sexual contact with the
                  person; provided that:
                        (i) The person is not less than five years
                        older than the minor; and
                        (ii) The person is not legally married to
                        the minor[.]
      3
            The Honorable Randal K.O. Lee presided.

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court to exclude Dr. Bivens’ testimony as irrelevant and overly

prejudicial.    In response, the State filed a motion in limine

asking the court to admit Dr. Bivens “as an expert witness on the

dynamics of child sexual assault.”

            McDonnell filed a second motion in limine asking that

the court exclude evidence regarding the “general area of the

dynamics of child sexual assault” as “irrelevant, confusing or

misleading” under HRE Rules 4014 and 403.5         He noted that Dr.

Bivens planned to testify to “actions said to be commonly

performed by the so-called typical sexual abuser and the typical

characteristics of a sexual abuser, i.e., ‘profile evidence,’ as

exhibited in the ‘abuse process’ and ‘grooming process.’”              He

argued that such expert testimony was not relevant, had the

potential to bolster Minor’s credibility, and risked profiling

him as a sex offender.

            The family court held a hearing on the parties’ motions

in limine.    In response to defense counsel’s arguments that Dr.

Bivens’ proposed testimony was based on “statistics for studies

      4
            HRE Rule 401 defined “relevant evidence” as “evidence having any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence.”
      5
            HRE Rule 403 provides:

            Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its
            probative value is substantially outweighed by the
            danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,
            or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue
            delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of
            cumulative evidence.

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which the defendant’s not a part of and has [sic] nothing to do

with this case,” the family court stated:

          Well, isn’t it the jurors[’] credibility to determine
          credibility? Because the jurors going to be
          instructed that the expert testimony can be
          disbelieved by them, okay. And doesn’t that goes
          [sic] to credibility of the witness, such as like, for
          example, your client is saying, well, you know, this
          person has a motive to accuse me of these crimes and,
          therefore, you want all these letters and e-mails come
          in, wouldn’t Dr. Bivens be the same? His credibility
          is on trial.

          The family court ruled that Dr. Bivens would be allowed

to testify because testimony on the “phenomena of child abuse” is

relevant under Batangan.      The court noted that, if Dr. Bivens

testified to statistics, the defense could “challenge him on

those studies.”

     2.   Trial Testimony: Minor and Mother

          At trial, the State presented Minor and McDonnell’s

wife, Minor’s mother (Mother), among other witnesses.              Minor was

thirteen years old at the time of trial.

          Mother testified that she and Minor typically slept in

a separate bedroom than McDonnell.        She testified that Minor fell

asleep in McDonnell’s bedroom on November 19, 2012, and that

McDonnell said not to wake her.

          Minor testified that, while she slept in McDonnell’s

bed that night, she woke up around 2:00 a.m. because she felt a

hand on her thigh.    Minor testified that McDonnell moved his hand

into her underwear, rubbed her vagina, and inserted a finger into

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it.    Minor testified that she “sat there dumbstruck” and “wanted

it to stop.”      She testified that she turned her back to

McDonnell, but he did not stop, so she left the room.

             Minor testified that she went into the bedroom where

Mother was sleeping, but did not wake Mother up because she had

to work in the morning.        Minor testified that, when she woke the

next morning, Mother had already left for work.             Minor testified

that, later that day, she told Mother that McDonnell “had touched

[her] that night.”6

             Mother testified that she then talked to McDonnell

about what Minor told her.         Mother told McDonnell “don’t do that

again because it’s a crime,” and then told him to “apologize to

[Minor].”      She testified that McDonnell responded “yes.”           When

Mother asked McDonnell why he did it, he replied, “I don’t know,”

and added, “I’m so sorry.”         After that night, they did not talk

any more about the incident, and nobody called the police.

             Minor testified to several other incidents where

McDonnell touched her in a sexual way.            For example, during one

incident she “was sitting on his computer ordering this game and

then he kind of came up behind me and he kind of like groped my

boobs.”     Minor also testified that McDonnell gave her a “sexual

hug” where he “put his hands like down my pants and . . .

       6
            Minor also testified that she wrote a note that day stating that
her father had touched her inappropriately and that she left the note in the
glove compartment of McDonnell’s car. After Minor reported the abuse in
January 2013, police searched the car but did not find the note. Minor
testified that she found the note and gave it to Mother in March 2013.

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touch[ed] my butt.”     In another incident, Minor testified that

she asked for a foot massage, and McDonnell moved his hands up

her leg and inserted his finger into her vagina.           Another time,

she asked for a back massage, and McDonnell “massage[d] my butt

and then . . . put his finger inside my butt hole.”           Minor also

testified to an incident where McDonnell took pictures of her

while she was undressed and “after taking the pictures he like

put his mouth on my vagina and started like kissing it and

sucking on it.”    Minor explained that she did not report the

abuse to Mother at that time because “I didn’t want to see my mom

sad.”

          Minor also discussed a pattern of trading sexual

contact for things that she wanted.        She testified that McDonnell

“came up with the term ‘benefits’ to get stuff I wanted.”             She

explained that “benefits” meant that “I would willingly let him

touch me to get what I wanted” and that “I wouldn’t tell

anybody[.]”   She would generate a “wish list” of expensive items,

and when she asked McDonnell to buy them, “[h]e would kind of

pull out the term ‘benefits.’”

          Minor testified that the last time McDonnell touched

her was on a Saturday or Sunday.         According to Minor, McDonnell

put his hands down her pants, “touched my butt and kind of like

massage[d] it,” and then “tr[ied] to touch my vagina.”            When

McDonnell wanted to touch her the next day, Minor testified that

she was “fed up” and “wouldn’t do it,” and that he said “you know

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one day I’ll screw you.”      Minor became “really mad” and responded

“one day I’ll kill you for all the pain you caused me.”            She then

“slammed the door in his face” and left.

          The following Monday, on January 14, 2013, Minor went

to school and told her school counselor about the incidents with

McDonnell.    Minor’s school then notified the police.

          On cross-examination, Minor admitted that after

McDonnell was arrested, she “hacked” his computer and made

purchases using his Amazon account.        Minor also admitted that she

told the police detective that she did not look at pornography,

and that she was lying when she told the officer that.

     3.   Trial Testimony: Dr. Wayne Lee

          The State also presented Dr. Wayne Lee, an expert

regarding the “examination of individuals for alleged sexual

assault[.]”    Dr. Lee testified that he examined Minor on January

14, 2013, and that Minor described “an incident that occurred 48

hours previous to [the] exam between her and [McDonnell].”             Dr.

Lee testified that he followed “a check off list asking specific

questions relative to a sexual assault.”         He asked Minor whether

her genitals were penetrated, and Minor stated that her vagina

was penetrated by McDonnell’s fingers.

          Dr. Lee also testified to other questions on his list:

          [Dr. Lee]: The other check marks that she answered in
          affirmative was whether or not William McDonnell had
          fondled her. And she said he touched my butt, I said
          stop. And also with regard to masturbation, I asked
          her if he had tried to put his hand on her genital

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              area. And her response was yes. And that I asked . .
              . what she meant by that. She said he was massaging
              it, meaning her genital area.

              [State]: And did she say anything with regard to
              touching or penetration of her anus?

              [Dr. Lee]: When I asked about the penetration of her
              anus she indicated no.

Dr. Lee testified that Minor told him that the abuse had occurred

“more than 20 times” since September 2012.

              Dr. Lee testified that after going through the

questions, he asked Minor “if there was anything else you want to

add.”      Minor then answered that McDonnell “inserted his finger in

my asshole twice” since September 2012.            During the physical

examination, Dr. Lee did not see any injuries or detect any

physical abnormalities, but opined that fewer than half of

patients “that present like Minor did” would have injuries at the

time of examination.

      4.      Trial Testimony: Dr. Bivens

              The State called Dr. Bivens, who first testified as to

his qualifications.        These qualifications included a Ph.D. in

clinical psychology,7 a postdoctoral fellowship in Kaua#i “in a

      7
              Dr. Bivens testified that his dissertation:

              compared a group of convicted child molesters to a
              group of men who were matched for the same age and
              same ethnicity and same general background but were
              not child molesters, and then we administered test
              data to distinguish some of the traits that child
              molesters have that normal men don’t have.

Dr. Bivens did not reference or rely on this dissertation in his subsequent
testimony.

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program that serves underserved youth in the community,” and

experience in private practice, where he treated “maybe 700 or

800” adolescent patients.      Defense counsel reasserted his

objection to Dr. Bivens’ testimony, and the family court

overruled the objection, reasoning:

           In following Batangan and State versus Silva . . . the
           expert testimony in Silva explained the girl’s,
           perhaps, bizarre behavior like going back into the
           room. I don’t know. So, over your objection, there
           is some relevance in some expert testimony to assist
           the jurors with scientific and complex type of issue.

           The court thus qualified Dr. Bivens as an expert in

“clinical psychology with a subspecialty in child sexual abuse.”

           Dr. Bivens testified that he uses the term

“molestation” interchangeably with the term “sexual abuse.”             When

asked if molestation usually involves physical force, he

responded, “Well, usually not, and so probably 80 percent of the

time there’s not any real physical force involved.”           Based on the

research and literature on the relationship between victims of

child sexual abuse and molesters, Dr. Bivens testified that “85

percent of the time, . . . the child has a pre-existing nonsexual

relationship with [his or her] molester.”

           Dr. Bivens stated that “there’s a documented phenomenon

called incest when the molester is living in the child’s own home

is somehow affiliated with the family, whether they’re a direct

blood member or stepparent or an uncle that’s living in the

home.”   When asked whether “the research say[s] where child

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sexual abuse usually occurs[,]” Dr. Bivens responded:

          A. Yes, it does. And so there are two studies that I
          usually rely on, large numbers of -- you know, so
          large number meaning more than 100 molesters talking
          about where they commit their crimes. So 100 percent
          of incest offenders report molesting in their own
          home, and even non-incest offenders will molest in the
          child’s own home. So it’s usually in the child’s home
          or the molester’s home. . . .

          Dr. Bivens testified that “the most typical thing for a

child to do when [he or she has] been molested is not tell

anybody for a long time.”      Dr. Bivens testified about studies in

which a majority of abused children delayed disclosing their

abuse for over one month.      He also testified about a study in

which children did not disclose that their genitalia had been

touched by a doctor, noting that there is “some natural tendency

that children [would] not . . . want to talk about that type of

touching.”   Dr. Bivens also explained a study on over two hundred

incest survivors that indicated that “they were being subjected

to sexual relations to a relative, [but that] they let it go on

without telling anybody for a significantly long period of time.”

          Dr. Bivens described studies identifying the reasons

for nondisclosure by child victims of sexual assault.              One study

found that victims expected themselves to be blamed and therefore

“were embarrassed, . . . didn’t want to upset anybody, and . . .

expected not to be believed.”       Another study found that victims

felt scared, did not want to get in trouble, felt that no one

would believe them, embarrassed, and did not want to get anybody

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else into trouble.

          Dr. Bivens testified that two studies demonstrate that

a sexually abused child will most likely report the abuse to

mothers and close friends.      Regarding what triggers a child to

finally disclose the sexual abuse, one study identified “an anger

inducing event where the child feels that [he or she is] being

subjected to still more unfairness perhaps at the hands of [his

or her] perpetrator or someone related to [him or her].”            Dr.

Bivens described another trigger is “the proximity of the

offender,” e.g., “if the offender leaves the child’s sphere they

may feel more safe, better able to disclose.”

          Dr. Bivens was then asked to discuss the “abuse

process,” and he explained that there are four primary methods in

which molestation is committed: “[s]educing and testing, masking

sex as a game, emotional and verbal coercion, and taking

advantage of a child in a vulnerable position.”

          According to Dr. Bivens, “[s]educing and testing refers

to how a molester will establish a healthy touching relationship

with a child in advance of any sexual contact.”          The molester

then slowly incorporates sexual touching into the healthy

touching relationship.     The molester “tests” the child by

“monitoring the child’s responses for any type of startle or any

type of upset.”

          Dr. Bivens testified that masking sex as a game is

similar to seducing and testing; the only difference is that it

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starts with “a playful touch relationship,” such as “tickling,

wrestling, carrying around, [and] swinging around.”           Thereafter,

the child molester slowly incorporates sexual touching into the

playful touch relationship.

          Dr. Bivens described emotion and verbal coercion as

often involving a “sort of bargaining or bribing -- if you give

me this, I’ll give you that.”       Dr. Bivens gave examples, like

“giving gifts or giving treats,” “withholding punishments[,]” or

guilt tripping in order to emotionally and coercively obtain sex

from the child.

          Lastly, Bivens discussed “taking advantage of a child

in a vulnerable position” as most often referring “to approaching

a sleeping child.”    In those instances, most of the children are

in fact awake, “but . . . were playing possum because they didn’t

know what to do, and the sex offense continues in that fashion.”

          As to the completeness of the initial disclosures of

sexually abused children, Dr. Bivens identified a study involving

college students who had reported being molested as children:

          [The college students] were simply asked: What was
          your initial disclosure like when you first told
          somebody? How much of what happened did you tell?
          And about 75 percent said that they just gave some
          very vague, you know, general descriptions of what had
          happened -- some touching that was inappropriate, when
          in fact it may have been much more elaborate than
          that.

          Another study compared the disclosures made by sexually

abused children and the sexual abuse documented on confiscated

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video tapes.   Dr. Bivens testified:

           The researchers compared what the children said
           happened to them with what was actually captured on
           the videotape. And what they found was that the
           children, in those three days, reported roughly half
           of the number of incidents and also half the severity
           of incidents that was actually represented on the
           videotapes. . . . And so what they found is that, you
           know, kids who had been penetrated were not talking
           about being penetrated. Kids who had been forced to
           perform oral sex were not disclosing certain of those
           kinds of details. And so what we know now in that
           same study some additional researchers came in, and
           eventually many of the kids were able to get to the
           point where they could disclose, but it took much more
           than the initial three days.

           Defense counsel moved to strike this testimony on

incomplete disclosures, arguing that it was “extremely

prejudicial” by “inviting the jury to speculate” that McDonnell

did something more severe than what Minor already disclosed.                The

court asked whether this testimony would explain to the jury why

Minor did not disclose all of the alleged instances of abuse to

Dr. Lee.   Defense counsel responded that the testimony may be

probative in that respect, but was more prejudicial for

insinuating “the rule not the exception” is that more abuse

occurs than what is disclosed.       The court overruled the

objection, reasoning that Dr. Bivens said “it could be 50 percent

accurate, 50 percent not accurate,” which is not “an overwhelming

percentage.”

           Dr. Bivens further testified that episodes of child

sexual abuse “tend to be a more memorable event itself” and

opined that there is “reason to believe that the memories of the

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event itself tend to be good.”       However, “the nature of those

memories are consistent with other forms of traumatic memory such

that the event itself loomed so large that peripheral details

tend to blur.”    Hence, there is “tunnel memory” with respect to

recollection of child sexual abuse, “where the event itself is

recalled well, but . . . the clothes that [the child was]

wearing, maybe the time of day or . . . certain things get to be

blurred in the way the memory is reported on by the child.”

          When asked whether there is a profile to a typical

child molester, Dr. Bivens answered that “there is not” and that

it is not possible to look at “demographic characteristics” or

“personality characteristics” to determine whether someone is a

child molester.    Dr. Bivens stated that “[c]hild molesters are

defined by the child molestation behavior itself, not by any sort

of profiling evidence or anything like that.”          Dr. Bivens also

indicated that he was not familiar with any of the facts of the

case and that he had not spoken with any of the witnesses.

          During cross-examination, Dr. Bivens acknowledged that

the statistics he cited during his testimony were derived from

studies that did not use the same analytical framework or

procedure.   Dr. Bivens also testified that the studies may have

had different criteria for determining which children were

actually molested, and some studies would not validate whether

the child’s report of sexual abuse was actually true.

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     5.    Closing Arguments, Verdict, and Sentencing

           Following the State’s case,8 the defense rested without

presenting any evidence.       In its closing, the State argued that

Minor’s and Mother’s testimony demonstrated that McDonnell

knowingly engaged in sexual penetration and sexual conduct with

Minor.    The State recounted Minor’s testimony regarding the abuse

and argued that Mother’s testimony corroborates Minor’s

testimony.    The State cited Dr. Bivens’ testimony to explain why

Minor delayed disclosing the abuse to her school counselor.              The

State noted that Dr. Bivens spoke about “triggers” such as an

anger-inducing event and that Minor and McDonnell had gotten into

an argument before she disclosed to her school counselor.

           The State also cited to Dr. Bivens’ testimony about the

abuse process, specifically “the emotional and verbal coercion.”

The State argued that McDonnell conditioned Minor into a “‘this

for that’ type of relationship” and “manipulate[d] her to let him

do what he wanted” by giving her things.          The State stated that

“Dr. Bivens talked about that.”

           Defense counsel argued that the evidence presented by

the State was insufficient to sustain the charges of sexual

      8
            The State also presented the following witnesses: two Honolulu
Police Department (HPD) evidence specialists who examined the evidence
obtained from McDonnell’s apartment, the director of human resources at
McDonnell’s workplace who testified to McDonnell’s typical work schedule,
Minor’s counselor to whom she reported the abuse, two HPD officers who
investigated Minor’s case, and who searched McDonnell’s car but did not
recover the note Minor said she wrote on November 20, 2012, and an HPD
forensic examiner who examined McDonnell’s computer and camera but did not
find any pornography or nude photographs of Minor.

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assault.    Defense counsel argued that “the evidence begins and

ends” with Minor and that “her credibility, how much you believe

her, is everything in this case.”        Defense counsel stated that

“[w]e would all like to believe that a child wouldn’t lie, that a

child wouldn’t make up this kind of thing, let alone your

child[,]” but that “[w]e know sometimes kids lie.”           Defense

counsel noted that “Dr. Bivens even acknowledged . . . that

sometimes there may be people in the studies of kids who make

false allegations.”

            Defense counsel argued that Minor’s story “doesn’t make

any sense with the physical evidence.”         Defense counsel argued

that Minor’s testimony had several inconsistencies and noted that

Minor lied about watching pornography and hacked McDonnell’s

computer after he was arrested to “go on a shopping spree[.]”

            Defense counsel argued that Minor’s testimony was not

consistent with Dr. Bivens’ testimony “about testing and

nonsexual touch” because Minor had asked for massages from

McDonnell.    Defense counsel also emphasized that Dr. Bivens

“knows nothing about the case,” has “no publications in the

area,” and discussed studies using “some flaws and inconsistent

methods.”    Defense counsel argued that Mother is “just dead set

on backing up [Minor’s] story out of her . . . feeling of loyalty

and love for her.”

            In rebuttal, the State argued that Minor’s inability to

recall certain details did not indicate that Minor was lying.

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The State noted that “Dr. Bivens told you children remember the

main facts, the main stuff that happens when they’re molested[,]”

but might not remember “what they were wearing” or “an exact

date[.]”

            The jury found McDonnell guilty as charged in Count I

of sexual assault in the first degree and counts IV-VI of sexual

assault in the third degree.9        The family court sentenced

McDonnell to a term of imprisonment of twenty years.

B.    Appeal to the ICA

            On appeal, McDonnell argued, among other things, that

the family court erred in allowing Dr. Bivens to testify because

his testimony was inadmissible under HRE Rules 401, 403, and 702.

            The ICA held that Dr. Bivens’ testimony was properly

admitted, dividing the testimony into three categories.              First,

the ICA found that the court did not err in allowing Dr. Bivens’

testimony about delayed reporting and tunnel memory by child

victims.    The ICA found that Minor reported two of the alleged

incidents soon after they occurred, but also testified to other

incidents that were not immediately reported.            The ICA noted that

Dr. Bivens’ description of tunnel memory gave the jury context in

which to evaluate Minor’s giving of “different accounts as to the

date of the initial abuse.”

            Second, the ICA found that the family court did not err

      9
            The jury found McDonnell not guilty of Counts II and III of sexual
assault in the first degree.

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in admitting Dr. Bivens’ testimony regarding incomplete

reporting.     The ICA reasoned that the testimony was helpful in

understanding “not only [Minor’s] silence after first disclosing

to her mother, but also why she may not have described any

details of the abuse initially.”

             Third, the ICA determined that Dr. Bivens’ testimony

regarding the abuse process did not constitute improper profile

evidence.     The ICA stated that the testimony was “relevant to

explain that a child may delay reporting because the molester has

normalized the abuse.”      The ICA found that Dr. Bivens did not

profile McDonnell as a sex offender, noting that Dr. Bivens “told

the jury he did not know the facts of the case” and made clear

that there is no profile for “a typical child molester.”

             Because the ICA found Dr. Bivens’ testimony to be

admissible, the ICA affirmed the family court’s judgment as to

Count I.10

             In his concurring and dissenting opinion, Judge

Reifurth agreed with regard to the testimony on incomplete

disclosures and delayed reporting.         He dissented with respect to

the “abuse process” testimony because its probative value was

outweighed by its potential prejudicial effect.           He warned that

“courts must be particularly careful to consider the degree to

      10
            The ICA vacated the convictions on Counts IV-VI and remanded those
counts for dismissal without prejudice, finding that the State failed to
allege an attendant circumstance that was an element of the offenses charged
in the counts.

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which common characteristic testimony of this sort undermines the

foundational principles of our criminal justice system.”              He

concluded that the family court’s error in admitting the

testimony was not harmless because the evidence against McDonnell

was not overwhelming.

                          II.    Standard of Review

A.    Admission of Opinion Evidence (Expert Testimony)

            “Generally, the decision whether to admit expert

testimony rests in the discretion of the trial court.              To the

extent that the trial court’s decision is dependant upon

interpretation of court rule[s], such interpretation is a

question of law, which [the appellate] court reviews de novo.”

Barcai v. Betwee, 98 Hawai#i 470, 479, 50 P.3d 946, 955 (2002)

(citations omitted).

                                III.   Discussion

            On certiorari, McDonnell presents the following

question:

            Whether the ICA gravely erred in holding that
            the Family Court did not err in allowing the
            testimony of Dr. Alexander Bivens, the
            State’s expert on the dynamics of child
            sexual abuse.

McDonnell makes three arguments challenging the introduction of

Dr. Bivens’ testimony.       First, he argues that the ICA gravely

erred because Dr. Bivens’ testimony on delayed reporting, tunnel

memory, incomplete disclosure, and the abuse process was

irrelevant.     Second, he contends that the probative value of the

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testimony on incomplete disclosure was substantially outweighed

by the danger of unfair prejudice.          Lastly, he asserts that Dr.

Bivens’ testimony on the abuse process and use of statistics

constituted improper profile evidence and created a danger of

unfair prejudice.

            We conclude the ICA correctly held that the family

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the testimony of

Dr. Bivens, with the exception of portions of the statistical

evidence.     However, the admission of that evidence was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt.

A.    The Circuit Court Exercised its Discretion in Admitting Dr.
      Bivens’ Testimony.

            As a threshold matter, we note that the circuit court

clearly exercised its discretion in admitting Dr. Bivens’

testimony.     The Dissent disagrees, citing State v. Hern’s

observation that “[t]he existence of discretion requires its

exercise[,] and a court fails to properly exercise its discretion

when it bases a decision on categorical rules and not on the

individual case before it.”        133 Hawai#i 59, 65, 323 P.3d 1241,

1247 (App. 2013).      Dissent at 9.       Hern was a consolidated appeal

in which two defendants challenged the dismissal of criminal

charges without prejudice.        Id. at 60, 323 P.3d at 1242.        For the

first defendant, the trial court stated that its dismissal was

“based on its ‘typical practice on [HRPP] Rule 48.’”              Id. at 65,

323 P.3d at 1242.      For the second defendant, the trial court did

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not state a reason for its dismissal without prejudice.               Id. at

62, 323 P.3d at 1244.        The ICA vacated the trial court’s

judgments:      Regarding the first defendant, the ICA concluded that

the trial court applied a blanket rule where it should have

exercised its discretion; regarding the second defendant, the ICA

concluded that the record was inadequate to meaningfully review

whether the trial court exercised its discretion, as transcripts

from relevant hearings were missing from the record on appeal.

Id.    The instant case is thus distinguishable from Hern, as the

circuit court did not rely on a blanket policy in allowing Dr.

Bivens’ testimony, and the record on appeal is adequate for this

court to review its decision.11

             The Dissent asserts that in the present case the

circuit court “based its determination on a categorical rule that

Batangan deemed such evidence to be somewhat relevant and thus

admissible.”      Dissent at 11.     This characterization is not

supported by the transcript of the circuit court’s ruling on this

issue, which states: “In following Batangan and State versus

Silva . . . the expert testimony in Silva explained the girl’s,

      11
            The Dissent’s citation to State v. Martin, 56 Haw. 292, 535 P.2d
127, is also inapposite. Dissent at 9. In Martin, the trial court “summarily
rejected” a criminal defendant’s motion to defer acceptance of his guilty
plea, with the judge “emphasizing, as he had in the past, that he did not and
would not under any circumstances consider any motion for deferred acceptance
of a guilty plea.” Id. at 293, 535 P.2d at 127. This court reversed the
trial court, holding that “[d]iscretionary action must be exercised on a
case-by-case basis, not by any inflexible blanket policy of denial.” Id. at
294, 535 P.2d at 128. In the instant case, the circuit court clearly
considered the arguments for and against allowing Dr. Bivens’ testimony, and
it cannot be said that its ruling was based on an “inflexible blanket policy.”

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perhaps, bizarre behavior like going back into the room. . . .

So, over your objection, there is some relevance in some expert

testimony to assist the jurors with scientific and complex type

of issue.”     An oral ruling such as this can support multiple

interpretations upon close reading, but the fact that the court

referenced Batangan does not mean that it abdicated its

discretion.     Rather, it merely indicates that the court

considered relevant precedent when it determined that Dr. Bivens’

testimony was admissible.

B.    Dr. Bivens’ Testimony Regarding Child Victims of Assault was
      Relevant Under HRE Rule 702.

            McDonnell argues that delayed reporting, tunnel memory,

and incomplete disclosure “played no significant role in this

case,” and thus Dr. Bivens’ testimony was irrelevant.              He also

argues that testimony regarding the abuse process and the

accompanying statistics “were completely irrelevant to explaining

any behavior on the part of Minor.”          McDonnell further asserts

that Dr. Bivens’ testimony “did almost nothing to assist the jury

in ascertaining truth in relevant areas outside the ken of

ordinary laity” because the record does not indicate that

“[Minor’s] behavior was, to average people, superficially

inconsistent with the occurrence of sexual abuse or uniquely

attributable to child sexual abuse rather than general stress or

trauma.”

            The admission of expert testimony is governed by HRE

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Rule 702, which states:

            If scientific, technical, or specialized knowledge
            will assist the trier of fact to understand the
            evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness
            qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
            experience, training, or education may testify thereto
            in the form of an opinion or otherwise. In
            determining the issue of assistance to the trier of
            fact, the court may consider the trustworthiness and
            validity of the scientific technique or mode of
            analysis employed by the proffered expert.

            One of the “touchstones of admissibility or expert

testimony under HRE 702” is relevance.          State v. Vliet, 95

Hawai#i 94, 106, 19 P.3d 42, 54 (2001).         “In determining the

relevancy issue, the trial courts’ function is akin to the

relevancy analysis adopted in applying HRE Rules 401 (1993)[12]

and 402 (1993)[13].”    Id.   Expert testimony must assist the trier

of fact by providing “a resource for ascertaining truth in

relevant areas outside the ken of ordinary laity,” and should

include “knowledge not possessed by the average trier of fact who

lacks the expert’s skill, experience, training, or education.”

Batangan, 71 Haw. at 556, 799 P.2d at 51.          A trial court’s

relevancy determination is reviewed under the right/wrong

      12
            HRE Rule 401 defines “relevant evidence” as “evidence having any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence.”
      13
            HRE Rule 402 provides:

            All relevant evidence is admissible, except as
            otherwise provided by the Constitutions of the United
            States and the State of Hawai#i, by statute, by these
            rules, or by other rules adopted by the supreme court.
            Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.

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standard.    State v. Pulse, 83 Hawai#i 229, 247, 925 P.2d 797, 815

(1996).

            In Batangan, this court addressed HRE Rule 702 in the

context of expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases.            71 Haw.

at 556, 799 P.2d at 51.     The defendant in Batangan was accused of

having sexual contact with his daughter, who did not report the

incidents until several months after they occurred and then later

recanted her allegations.      Id. at 554, 799 P.2d at 50.        Dr. John

Bond, an expert in clinical psychology and child sexual abuse,

evaluated the daughter and testified for the prosecution at

trial.    Id. at 554-55, 799 P.2d at 50.       This court held that Dr.

Bond’s testimony was inadmissible because it improperly vouched

for the victim’s credibility, reasoning that “experts may not

give opinions which in effect usurp the basic function of the

jury.”    Id. at 562, 799 P.2d at 54.

            However, the Batangan court also recognized that

“sexual abuse of children is a particularly mysterious

phenomenon, and the common experience of the jury may represent a

less than adequate foundation for assessing the credibility of a

young child who complains of sexual abuse[.]”          Id. at 557, 799

P.2d at 51 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Child victims can exhibit behavior “seemingly inconsistent with

behavioral norms of other victims of assault[,]” such as delayed

reporting and recantation of abuse allegations, which would

normally “be attributed to inaccuracy or prevarication.”            Id. at

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557, 799 P.2d at 51.     “In these situations it is helpful for the

jury to know that many child victims of sexual abuse behave in

the same manner.”    Id. 557, 799 P.2d at 52.        Expert testimony,

therefore, can explain to the jury “the unique interpersonal

dynamics involved in prosecutions for intrafamily child sexual

abuse” and correct “widely held misconceptions . . . so that [the

jury] may evaluate the evidence free of the constraints of

popular myths.”    Id. at 557-58, 799 P.2d at 52 (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted; ellipses in original).

            Thus, the Batangan court concluded that expert

testimony explaining “seemingly bizarre behavior of child sex

abuse victims is helpful to the jury and should be admitted,” but

“conclusory opinions that abuse did occur and that the child

victim’s report of abuse is truthful and believable” are not

admissible.    Id. at 558, 799 P.2d at 52 (internal quotation marks

omitted).

            We conclude that Dr. Bivens’ testimony regarding

delayed reporting, tunnel memory, and incomplete disclosure was

relevant under Batangan because it assisted the jury in

understanding the “seemingly bizarre behavior” exhibited by Minor

and did not vouch for Minor’s credibility.

            With regard to delayed reporting, Dr. Bivens explained

the reasons why victims may not disclose sexual abuse.            He also

testified to triggers that may cause victims to finally disclose

the abuse, such as “an anger inducing event” involving the

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abuser.    In this case, Minor disclosed the first incident of

sexual abuse to Mother the next day, and she disclosed the final

incident to a school counselor within approximately forty-eight

hours.    However, there was a period of approximately two months,

from November 2012 to January 2013, where Minor testified to

multiple incidents of abuse that went unreported until January

2013.    Morever, Minor testified that she became very angry with

McDonnell prior to disclosing the abuse to her school counselor.

Dr. Bivens’ testimony regarding delayed reporting may have

assisted the jury in understanding why Minor would not have

reported the abuse right away and what ultimately caused her to

report the abuse in January 2013.        Indeed, Batangan explicitly

stated that “delayed reporting of the offenses” is the type of

behavior that could be misconstrued by a jury.          71 Haw. at 557,
799 P.2d at 51.

            With respect to “tunnel memory,” Dr. Bivens testified

that a child may recall sexual abuse so that “the event itself is

recalled well, but . . . maybe the time of day or . . . certain

things get to be blurred.”      This testimony was relevant because

Minor gave different accounts as to the date of the initial

abuse.    She testified at trial that the first instance of abuse

was in November 2012, but had told Dr. Lee that the abuse started

in September 2012.    Dr. Bivens’ testimony regarding tunnel memory

would therefore assist the jury in evaluating Minor’s

inconsistent recollection of the dates.

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          McDonnell argues that the tunnel memory testimony did

not assist the jury in understanding Minor’s behavior because Dr.

Bivens testified that the tunnel memory of child victims “was not

significantly different from any memory related to stress or

trauma in general.”     This argument misstates Dr. Bivens’

testimony.   Dr. Bivens compared tunnel memory in child victims to

“traumatic memories where a police officer has to use his weapon

or traumatic memories that happen with war veterans.”            These are

examples of extreme trauma, not “stress or trauma in general” as

McDonnell asserts.    The type of stress exhibited in these

scenarios is not experienced by ordinary individuals and

therefore would fall “outside the ken of ordinary laity.”

Batangan, 71 Haw. at 556, 799 P.2d at 51.

          With regard to incomplete disclosure, Dr. Bivens

testified that sexually abused children may not provide details

regarding the full extent of their abuse.         Minor testified that

McDonnell inserted his finger into her vagina during the first

instance of abuse, but that she only told Mother that McDonnell

had “touched” her.    Further, Dr. Lee testified that when he

initially asked Minor whether McDonnell had penetrated her anus,

she said no.   However, at the end of their interview, Minor told

Dr. Lee that McDonnell inserted his finger into her anus twice.

There were also various types of abuse that Minor alleged at

trial, but that she never reported to Dr. Lee.          These include

Minor’s trial testimony that McDonnell “put his mouth on

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[Minor’s] vagina and started like kissing it and sucking on it,”

and that, on another occasion, McDonnell “massaged” her breasts.

Therefore, Dr. Bivens’ testimony regarding the behavior of child

sex abuse victims would assist the jury in understanding why

Minor did not initially disclose the full extent of the abuse.

           Lastly, Dr. Bivens discussed the abuse process and the

ways in which children can be coerced into submitting to sexual

abuse.   He explained that abusers may slowly incorporate sexual

touching into healthy or playful touching, bribe the child with

gifts, or take advantage of a sleeping child who would “play[]

possum.”   Minor testified that the first night McDonnell abused

her, she “sat there like dumbstruck.”        She later testified to

instances in which McDonnell would start giving her a massage or

hug and then move his hands to her genital area.           Minor also

testified to a pattern of trading sexual contact for “benefits”

or things that she wanted.      Therefore, Dr. Bivens’ testimony

would have helped explain why Minor did not actively resist the

abuse, as might otherwise be expected by the jury.

           McDonnell further argues that Dr. Bivens’ testimony

“usurped the function of the jury by creating a false impression

that statistical probability supported the conclusion that

Minor’s testimony was credible,” but this argument is

unconvincing.   Unlike in Batangan, Dr. Bivens’ did not provide

“conclusory opinions that abuse did occur and that the child

victim’s report of abuse [was] truthful and believable.”            Id. at

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558, 799 P.2d at 52 (internal quotation marks omitted).              In fact,

at no point did Dr. Bivens testify to Minor’s credibility or even

mention Minor.      Rather, he indicated that he was not familiar

with any of the facts of the case and that he had not spoken with

any of the witnesses.       Morever, the jury was instructed that they

were to decide how much weight to give Dr. Bivens’ testimony:

“Merely because such a witness has expressed an opinion does not

mean . . . that you must accept this opinion.            It is up to you to

decide whether to accept this testimony and how much weight to

give to it.”     See State v. Sawyer, 88 Hawai#i 325, 329 n.7, 966
P.2d 637, 641 n.7 (1998) (“It is presumed that the jury adhered

to the court’s instruction.”).         Thus, Dr. Bivens’ testimony did

not improperly usurp the jury’s function or make credibility

determinations.

            We therefore conclude that, in accordance with

Batangan, the family court did not err in determining that

Bivens’ testimony regarding delayed reporting, child memory, and

incomplete disclosure was relevant under HRE Rule 702.

C.    The Testimony on Incomplete Disclosure was more Probative
      than Prejudicial.

            McDonnell next argues that, even if Dr. Bivens’

testimony on incomplete disclosure was relevant, “its relevance

was overwhelmingly outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.”

He argues that “Bivens’ testimony about studies where victims

underreported the number and severity of incidents created an

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extreme and unwarranted danger that the jury would conclude that

Minor was also probably significantly underreporting the abuse in

this case.”    Specifically, “the jury could presume that it was

statistically likely that the actual abuse that Minor experienced

was more severe and more frequent than she disclosed at trial.”

            Even if expert testimony is relevant and admissible

under HRE Rule 401, 402, and 702, it may be excluded under HRE

Rule 403, which states:

            Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its
            probative value is substantially outweighed by the
            danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,
            or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue
            delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of
            cumulative evidence.

            When weighing probative value versus prejudicial effect

in this context, a court must consider a variety of factors,

including “the need for the evidence, the efficacy of alternative

proof, and the degree to which the evidence probably will rouse

the jury to overmastering hostility.”         State v. Renon, 73 Haw.
23, 38, 828 P.2d 1266, 1273 (1992) (quotation marks and citation

omitted).

            “The determination of the admissibility of relevant

evidence under HRE Rule 403 is eminently suited to the trial

court’s exercise of its discretion because it requires a

‘cost-benefit calculus’ and a ‘delicate balance between probative

value and prejudicial effect.’”        State v. Balisbana, 83 Hawai#i

109, 114, 924 P.2d 1215, 1220 (1996).         Thus, a trial court’s

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determination under HRE Rule 403 will not be overturned unless it

“clearly exceeds the bounds of reason or disregards rules or

principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a

party litigant.”    State v. Matias, 74 Haw. 197, 203, 840 P.2d
374, 377 (1992) (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citation

omitted).

            We find that the family court did not abuse its

discretion in allowing Dr. Bivens’ testimony regarding incomplete

disclosure.

            The believability and accuracy of Minor’s testimony was

one of the central issues at trial.        As mentioned above,

testimony at trial established that Minor gave incomplete

disclosures to Dr. Lee.     For example, Minor initially told Dr.

Lee that McDonnell had touched her genital area, but had not

penetrated her anus; later she told Dr. Lee that McDonnell

“inserted his finger in my asshole twice.”         Such seemingly

inconsistent reporting might normally “be attributed to

inaccuracy or prevarication” of Minor’s allegations.            Batangan,

71 Haw. at 557, 799 P.2d at 51.       Other than Dr. Bivens’

testimony, there was no other testimony to explain why Minor may

have failed to initially disclose the full extent of the abuse to

Dr. Lee.    Therefore, the probative value of Dr. Bivens’ testimony

regarding the initial disclosures of sexually abused children was

high.   See State v. Cordeiro, 99 Hawai#i 390, 416, 56 P.3d 692,

718 (2002) (concluding that the probative value of evidence that

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the defendant used and sold illegal drugs was “very high” where

“there was no other evidence available” to establish the

defendant’s motive).

          Further, the potential for prejudice was not as great

as McDonnell suggests.     McDonnell argues that Dr. Bivens’

testimony created a danger that the jury would conclude that

Minor’s abuse was worse than what her testimony described.

However, Bivens’ testimony focused on underreporting in “initial”

disclosures, and did not suggest that victims would underreport

at the time of trial.     The State never argued that McDonnell’s

conduct went beyond Minor’s allegations.         See State v. Behrendt,

124 Hawai#i 90, 108 (2010) (testimony regarding uncharged child

sex abuse allegations did not cause “overmastering hostility”

against the defendant “particularly since the State did not argue

in closing that [the complaining witness’s] age at the time of

the [uncharged] contacts made [the defendant’s] conduct more

culpable or reprehensible”).      Moreover, the court specifically

instructed the jury to determine whether McDonnell was guilty of

the offenses as charged, and it instructed the jury that they

could not find McDonnell guilty based on “mere suspicion” or

“probabilities.”    Ultimately, the jury acquitted McDonnell on two

counts of first degree sexual assault.         Thus, the jury clearly

focused on the evidence in the case, as relevant to each count,

and did not display “overmastering hostility” against McDonnell.

Thus, there was only a remote possibility that the jury would

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conclude that McDonnell’s conduct was worse than what Minor

described and find him guilty on that basis.

            As such, the family court did not “clearly exceed[] the

bounds of reason” in determining that the prejudicial effect of

Dr. Bivens’ testimony on incomplete disclosure did not

substantially outweigh its probative value.            Matias, 74 Haw. at

203, 840 P.2d at 377.       Therefore, the court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting this testimony.

D.    The Testimony on the Abuse Process was not more Prejudicial
      than Probative and did not Constitute Improper Profile
      Evidence.

            Lastly, McDonnell argues that “Bivens’ testimony

regarding typical child molesters, the abuse process, and his use

of statistics to substantiate his claims amounted to improper

profile evidence” and was substantially more prejudicial than

probative.     McDonnell argues that Dr. Bivens’ testimony “related

to a particular class of offenders, not victims,” and therefore

Batangan, which addressed behaviorial norms of assault victims,

does not apply here.       He also argues Dr. Bivens’ use of

statistics “imbued [his testimony] with an air of scientific

certainty” and “planted the idea that there are scientifically

identifiable traits that distinguish ‘child molesters’ from

‘normal men.’”

            As an initial matter, we must determine whether

McDonnell preserved this issue for appeal.           The State asserts

that this issue is waived because McDonnell objected to the

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relevance of Dr. Bivens’ testimony and “did not voice a single

objection to the testimony on the grounds that it was ‘profile

evidence.’”   McDonnell responds that he objected to this issue in

both his motions in limine and at the motions in limine hearing,

and that he was not required to renew his objection at trial

because the family court definitively ruled that Dr. Bivens’

testimony was admissible.

          Generally, if a party does not raise an argument at

trial, that argument is deemed waived on appeal.           State v. Moses,

102 Hawai#i 449, 456, 77 P.3d 940, 947 (2003).          Despite the

State’s assertion, McDonnell clearly raised the “profile

evidence” argument in his second motion in limine.           He argued

that Dr. Bivens’ testimony regarding “‘profile evidence,’ as

exhibited in the ‘abuse process’ and ‘grooming process’”, risked

profiling him a sex offender.       At the hearing, McDonnell argued

that testimony on “grooming” would be “highly prejudicial” and

not “very probative.”     At the close of the hearing, the family

court ruled that Dr. Bivens’ testimony was admissible and stated,

“I’m going to deny, [McDonnell’s counsel], your motion in limine

to preclude Dr. Bivens.”      Because the court definitively ruled on

McDonnell’s motion, he was not required to renew his objection

regarding “profile evidence” at trial.         See Kobashigawa v. Silva,

129 Hawai#i 313, 321, 300 P.3d 579, 587 (2013) (“[W]hen the trial

court makes a definitive pretrial ruling that evidence is

admissible, the party opposing the ruling need not renew its

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objection during trial in order to preserve its claim on appeal

that the evidence was erroneously admitted.”).

          As such, McDonnell’s objection was preserved on appeal,

and accordingly, we address the merits of McDonnell’s argument.

We find that the family court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting Dr. Bivens’ testimony on the abuse process.

          Dr. Bivens explained that abusers may slowly

incorporate sexual touching into healthy or playful touching,

bribe the child with gifts, or take advantage of a sleeping child

who would “play[] possum.”      Dr. Bivens’ testimony explained the

abuse process, i.e., the behavior exhibited by some offenders and

the ways in which children react to that behavior.           We therefore

disagree with McDonnell and the Dissent that Dr. Bivens’

testimony was unfairly prejudicial because it related only to the

behavior of offenders, and not victims.         Dissent at 39-42.

          The need for this testimony was strong, since there was

no other evidence available to explain Minor’s behavior of not

actively resisting the abuse, and indeed, seemingly acquiescing

by engaging in a pattern of trading sexual contact for things she

wanted.   See Renon, 73 Haw. at 38, 828 P.2d at 1273 (courts must

consider “the need for the evidence” and “the efficacy of

alternative proof” in determining the probative value of

evidence).   As such, Dr. Bivens was appropriately permitted to

testify regarding the dynamics of the relationship between child

victims of sexual abuse and their abusers.

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           This court considered an analogous situation in State

v. Clark, where the defendant was charged with attempted murder

after stabbing his wife in the chest with a kitchen knife.             83

Hawai#i 289, 926 P.2d 194 (1996).        Although the complaining

witness initially told police that defendant had stabbed her, she

recanted at trial and testified that she had stabbed herself.

           On appeal, this court held that the trial court

properly admitted expert testimony regarding the relationship

between victims of domestic abuse and their abusers, including

why “victims of domestic violence often recant allegations of

abuse.”   Id. at 299, 926 P.2d at 204.       We thus recognized that

the expert testimony would help the jury understand the

complaining witness’s seemingly inexplicable decision to

exculpate someone who had tried to murder her.          Similarly here,

Dr. Bivens’ testimony would help the jury understand why Minor

would barter sexual contact for favors, rather than reporting the

abuse.

           Indeed, the Batangan court expressly recognized the

importance of such testimony, explaining that “sexual abuse of

children is a particularly mysterious phenomenon, and the common

experience of the jury may represent a less than adequate

foundation for assessing the credibility of a young child who

complains of sexual abuse.”      71 Haw. at 557, 799 P.2d at 51

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted).           Without Dr.

Bivens’ testimony, the jury would not have heard an explanation

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for Minor’s “seemingly bizarre behavior” of passively permitting

the abuse and accepting gifts from McDonnell.           Id. at 558, 799

P.2d at 52; see also State v. Behrendt, 124 Hawai#i 90, 106, 237
P.3d 1156, 1172 (2010) (emphasizing “the importance of the need

factor” in HRE Rule 403 balancing).         In other words, “[t]he

testimony helped to explain not only how a child molester could

accomplish his crimes without violence, but also why a child

victim would acquiesce and be reluctant to turn against her

abuser.”    Jones v. United States, 990 A.2d 970, 978 (D.C. 2010).

Therefore, Dr. Bivens’ testimony was not only relevant, but was

also highly probative of Minor’s credibility.

            We further disagree with McDonnell that Dr. Bivens’

testimony on the abuse process constituted improper profile

evidence.    McDonnell argues that Dr. Bivens “planted the idea”

that there are “scientifically identifiable traits” that differ

between child molesters and normal men and that Dr. Bivens “was

an expert in distinguishing between the two groups.”

            As noted by the D.C. Circuit:

            In general, the “profile” label is not helpful in
            distinguishing admissible from inadmissible expert
            testimony. Instead, courts focus on the [applicable
            rules of evidence] and the purpose for which the
            evidence is offered: whether it is designed improperly
            to illuminate the defendant’s character or propensity
            to engage in criminal activity, or whether instead it
            seeks to aid the jury in understanding a pattern of
            behavior beyond its ken.

United States v. Long, 328 F.3d 655, 666 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

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            Here, Dr. Bivens explicitly testified that “there is

not” a typical child molester profile and that it is not possible

to look at “demographic characteristics” or “personality

characteristics” to determine whether someone is a child

molester.    Dr. Bivens did not know the specific facts of this

case, and thus could not have tailored his testimony to unfairly

prejudice or profile McDonnell as a child molester.           Further, the

State did not argue in closing that McDonnell was a child

molester because he had certain characteristics or exhibited

certain behaviors.    Thus, McDonnell’s argument that Dr. Bivens’

testimony “provided the avenue for the jury to conclude that

McDonnell was guilty merely because he fit the profile of a child

molester” is unconvincing.

            Similarly, Dr. Bivens’ testimony did not constitute the

use of profile evidence “as evidence of substantive guilt,” as

argued by the Dissent.     Dissent at 44.      Child sexual abuse

necessarily involves a victim and an abuser, and any expert

account of the relationships within which such abuse occurs will

inevitably make reference to both actors.         That expert testimony

describes the behavior of child sex abuse offenders does not

automatically render the testimony inadmissible.           Rather, the

trial court must apply HRE Rule 403, weighing the probative value

of such testimony against the risk that it will prejudice the

defendant.    The Dissent points to cases from other jurisdictions

as evidence of the “inherently prejudicial” nature of such

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“profile evidence,” but many of these cases actually counsel

against a blanket prohibition on expert testimony regarding the

behavior of child sexual abuse offenders.         Dissent at 20.      See,

e.g., People v. Williams, 987 N.E.2d 260, 263 (N.Y. 2013) (“Here,

the admission of the expert’s testimony concerning abusers’

behavior that was relevant to explain the accommodation syndrome

was a proper exercise of discretion.”); People v. Robbie, 112
Cal. Rptr. 2d 479, 488 (2001) (“We do not hold that admission of

profile evidence is reversible per se.”); Kurtz v. Com., 172
S.W.3d 409, 414 (Ky. 2005) (“A careful review of these

circumstances, when viewed in light of the entire record, compels

us to deem the error in this case prejudicial . . . .”) (emphasis

added).

          Moreover, other jurisdictions have upheld the admission

of similar expert testimony on the phenomena of child abuse as

more probative than prejudicial.         See, e.g., State v. Stafford,

972 P.2d 47, 55 (Or. 1998) (upholding the admission of testimony

regarding the “the cognizable behavior patterns of sex offenders

as steps toward the ultimate completion of sexual abuse”); Perez

v. State, 313 P.3d 862, 868 (Nev. 2013) (“As a general matter, we

hold that whether expert testimony on grooming behavior is

admissible in a case involving sexual conduct with a child must

be determined on a case-by-case basis, considering the

requirements that govern the admissibility of expert

testimony.”); United States v. Romero, 189 F.3d 576, 585 (7th

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Cir. 1999) (allowing expert testimony on the methods of “modern

child molesters”); Long, 328 F.3d at 667-69 (allowing expert

testimony on characteristic patterns of “preferential sex

offenders,” noting that “the average layperson lacks knowledge

regarding the manner in which preferential sex offenders

operate”); United States v. Hayward, 359 F.3d 631, 636-37 (3d.

Cir. 2004) (allowing expert testimony that “elucidated the

motives and practices of an acquaintance molester”).

           Accordingly, the family court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting Dr. Bivens’ testimony on the abuse

process.

           Lastly, McDonnell argues that the statistics mentioned

by Dr. Bivens amounted to profile evidence.          Specifically,

McDonnell challenges the following three statistics:

“[(1) P]robably 80 percent of the time there’s not physical force

involved” in molestation, (2) “85 percent of the time . . . the

child has a pre-existing non-sexual relationship with their

molester,” and (3) in two studies, “100 percent of incest

offenders report molesting in their own home.”

           The first statistic does not constitute improper

profile evidence, as it does not describe any personal

characteristics of abusers that can unfairly prejudice McDonnell.

The statistic explains that the vast majority of child sexual

abuse does not involve violence, which––similar to the abuse

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process testimony––helped the jury to understand the dynamics of

the abuser-victim relationship.

            In contrast, with regard to the second and third

statistics, the risk of profiling McDonnell as an abuser was high

because they implied a high statistical likelihood that abusers

would exhibit certain characteristics, and those characteristics

happened to fit McDonnell.       The “85 percent” statistic implied

that McDonnell was more likely to be an abuser because Minor was

McDonnell’s adopted father and she had a pre-existing non-sexual

relationship with him.      The “100 percent” statistic informed the

jury that all abusers in the two studies who were related to

their victims committed abuse in their homes.           This presented a

risk of misleading the jury into believing that, since McDonnell

was both related to Minor and lived with her, McDonnell must have

abused her in their home.       Dr. Bivens could have testified

generally that abusers are often related to their victims and

that such abuse normally occurs in the home, but the use of

statistics in this manner was unfairly prejudicial to

McDonnell.14   Moreover, there was no curative instruction

explaining to the jury that these statistics could not be used as

      14
            The Dissent asserts that even the use of such non-numerical terms
“inherently make generalizations regarding molester behavior based on the
science of statistics.” Dissent at 32 n.11. We respectfully disagree. The
Dissent appears to conflate testimony that could be interpreted as assigning a
high numerical probability that the defendant sexually abused the complaining
witness, which is inadmissible, with general testimony regarding the
phenomenon of child sexual abuse, which may be allowed if it satisfies HRE
Rule 403.

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profile evidence.     As such, the family court erred in admitting

this testimony.15

            However, we find that the error in admitting the “85

percent” and “100 percent” statistics was harmless.            See Hawai#i

Rules of Penal Procedure (HRPP) Rule 52(a) (“Any error, defect,

irregularity or variance which does not affect substantial rights

shall be disregarded.”).       Error “should not be viewed in

isolation and considered purely in the abstract,” but “must be

examined in light of the entire proceedings and given the effect

to which the whole record shows it is entitled.”            State v.

Sprattling, 99 Hawai#i 312, 320, 55 P.3d 276, 284 (2002)

(internal quotation marks, citation, and brackets in original

omitted).    We “must determine whether there is a reasonable

possibility that the error complained of might have contributed

to the conviction.”      State v. Pauline, 100 Hawai#i 356, 378, 60
P.3d 306, 328 (2002) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted).

            McDonnell was convicted under Count I for sexual

assault in the first degree for inserting his finger in Minor’s

genital opening.     Minor testified in detail to the first instance

of abuse, in which she fell asleep in McDonnell’s bedroom and she

      15
            To mitigate the risk of prejudice to defendants in similar cases,
we note generally that trial courts may wish to give a cautionary instruction
to the jury following any expert testimony regarding the abuser-victim
relationship. The instruction could clarify that the testimony can only be
considered for the specific purpose of understanding the dynamics of the
relationship, and not to profile the defendant as an abuser.

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felt his hand move into her underwear, rub her vagina, and insert

a finger into it.    Minor testified that, later that day, she told

Mother that McDonnell “had touched [her] that night.”            Mother

corroborated Minor’s testimony.       Mother also testified that she

confronted McDonnell, telling him “don’t do that again because

it’s a crime” and told him to “apologize to [Minor].”            She

testified that McDonnell responded “yes.”         Dr. Lee further

testified that he asked Minor whether her genitals were

penetrated, and Minor stated that her vagina was penetrated by

McDonnell’s fingers.     Thus, given the strength of this testimony,

there was not a reasonable possibility that the “85 percent” and

“100 percent” statistics contributed to McDonnell’s conviction

under Count I.    Accordingly, the error in admitting the

statistics was harmless.

                            IV.   Conclusion

          For the foregoing reasons, the ICA correctly concluded

that the family court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

Dr. Bivens’ testimony.     We therefore affirm the ICA’s March 13,

2015 judgment on appeal.

Craig W. Jerome                          /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
for petitioner
                                         /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
Stephen K. Tsushima
for respondent                           /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna

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