Court Opinion

ID: 7368902
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-27 23:54:23.828773+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:51.150034
License: Public Domain

THOMAS, J.
The first five counts of the complaint were the common counts. The sixth was a special count, alleging that the goods were sold to the defendant through Leeper & Co., agents of the defendant, acting within the line and scope of their authority.
(1) There was no error in the ruling of the trial court on defendant’s demurrers to the several counts of the complaint.
(2) The general rule that the defense of bona fide purchaser for value without notice is defensive matter that must be set up by plea or answer is appropriate (Kelly v. Chandler, 184 Ala. *279358, 63 South. 941), yet, as each count of the complaint charged a sale to defendant in manner alleged, defendant’s first plea was. inapt.
(3) Defendant’s seventh assignment of error is based on the ruling of the court sustaining the demurrer to defendant’s fourth plea. The matter thus sought to be specially pleaded could ba given in evidence under the general issue. Moreover, the argument of appellant’s counsel addressed to this assignment did not. amount to an insistence thereon. The same may b.e said of his twenty-sixth assignment of error.—Georgia Cotton Co. v. Lee, 196 Ala. 599, 72 South. 158; Republic, etc., Co. v. Quinton, 194 Ala. 126, 69 South. 604; W. U. Tel. Co. v. Benson, 159 Ala. 254, 48 South. 712; Johnson v. State, 152 Ala. 93, 44 South. 671.
The shipments were made by railroad, and the bills of lading-thereof had a tendency to show direct sale and shipment of the goods from the plaintiff to defendant, and not to Leeper & Co., and that the defendant received the same at the point wheré the. evidence shows his house was in course of erection.—Southern Railway Co. v. Brewster, 9 Ala. App. 597, 602, 63 South. 790; Code, 1907, §§ 5547, 6136.
As to the material so shipped, the testimony shows without dispute that the plaintiff made the charge therefor to the defendant in the due course of business, in plaintiff’s loose-leaf ledger— that is to say, a ledger in which each page is separate and distinct.
(4) Section 4003 of the Code of 1907 authorizes the introduction in evidence of the books of account of any merchant, shopkeeper, physician, blacksmith, or other person doing a regular business and keeping daily entries thereof, as proof of such accounts, upon these conditions: (1) That he kept no clerk, or else that the clerk is dead or is otherwise inaccessible, or that: from any cause the clerk is disqualified from testifying; (2) that proof is made (the party’s oath being sufficient) that the book tendered is his book of original entries; and (3) that there is inspection by the court to see if the books are free from any suspicion of-fraud.
Upon inspection by the trial court of this entry in the loose-leaf ledger, it was admitted in evidence, after the correctness of the charge was shown by the party making the sale, and by plaintiff’s agent who made the shipment and the entry in the merchant’s book of accounts. In fact, defendant did not deny *280the correctness of the bill of materials so charged, nor that they were used in the construction of his house, but relied for. his defense on the denial of liability for such purchase.—Code 1907, § 4003; Stoudenmire v. Harper Bros., 81 Ala. 242, 1 South. 857; Horton v. Miller & Bro., 84 Ala. 537, 4 South. 370; Davie v. Roland, 3 Ala. App. 567, 57 South. 1034; Stewart Bros. v. Harris-Cortner & Co., 6 Ala. App. 518, 60 South. 445.
There was no error in the admission of the original leaf of the ledger with the entry showing the charge to J. C.. Shepherd of the entire bill of goods, which bill, the evidence further shows, was shipped by plaintiff from Birmingham to defendant at Berry, Ala. Likewise there was no error in the giving of plaintiff’s requested charge E.
Appellant cites Beitman v. Birmingham P. & G. Co., 185 Ala. 313, 321, 64 South. 600. That case referred to the making of a memorandum by an agent, where it did not appear that the writing was made by said agent in the due course of his employment, nor that it was not made long after his employment was terminated. For such reason the writing was held not admissible as ■evidence against the defendant.
In the instant case the original ledger entry is corroborated by the bill of lading, by evidence on the part of the plaintiff that J. C. Shepherd was worthy of credit (a fact then known to plaintiff) and that Leeper & Co. had no line of credit with plaintiff (a fact then known to plaintiff), and by the further fact that immediately on the shipment of the goods plaintiff’s agent made demands for payment on account by the defendant, and gave him notice not to use the material in the construction of his building unless he had authorized the purchase and would pay the purchase price of the same. Such circumstances were competent ■•as tending to show to whom, in fact, the credit was extended by the plaintiff.
(5) It is within the discretion of the trial court to allow a leading question to direct the attention of the witness to the matter of which he is interrogated. In Anderson v. State, 104 Ala. 83, 16 South. 108, it was held that a reversal should not be •awarded for a flagrant violation of the rule against leading questions.—Washington v. State, 155 Ala. 2, 46 South. 778. However, when the objection was made to the leading question, the court said to the witness, “You can state the facts how they were ■ordered,” etc., meaning how the goods were ordered. Thus there *281was no abuse of discretion by the trial court, but the facts were permitted to be given in evidence.
(6) It was not competent to inquire’ of the witness Leeper the “reason why” the contract was “taken away” from him. He should have been allowed to state whether or not the contract was in force up to the completion of the building; and, if it was not in force, when it was terminated.
(7, 8) The agent of plaintiff testified of the sale of the building material for use in defendant’s house; that he made a memorandum of it at the time of his estimate of $585, which was the amount agreed to be paid for the material on the acceptance of plaintiff’s bid by L. F. Leeper & Co. for the account of J. C. Shepherd. Such evidence was competent as having a tendency to shed light on the inquiry to whom was the credit extended. The witness did not answer the question, “Was any credit extended to Leeper & Co. in this transaction?” hence no error resulted from the court’s ruling as to the competency of the evidence thus sought.
There is no merit in defendant’s twenty-third assignment of error. The witness was permitted to state, as nearly as he could, what was said by the defendant to plaintiff’s agent, Martin, at the designated time and place.
(9) The witness Posey, who made up the estimate for Leeper & Co., having testified for the defendant, the plaintiff was permitted to ask Leeper if Posey gave any security for the money borrowed by the latter when the estimate was made. It was a circumstance for the jury tending to illustrate the interest or bias of the witness Posey.
(10) The court committed no error in giving charges A and D at plaintiff’s request.—Little Cahaba Coal Co. v. Gilbert, 178 Ala. 515, 527, 59 South. 445.
(11) The plaintiff’s given charge B correctly stated the burden of proof under the plea of payment.
(12) Charge C given at the plaintiff’s instance properly instructed that the statute of frauds had no application, if the credit was given to the defendant.—Poke v. Wilson, 127 Ala. 240, 28 South. 665; Fuller v. Gray, 124 Ala. 388, 27 South. 458; Day v. Adcock, 11 Ala. App. 471, 66 South. 911.
(13) If the goods were delivered to Leeper & Co., and credit was given to them, any promise made by the defendant to. pay therefor would be collateral and within the statute.—Boykin v. *282Dohlonde, 37 Ala. 577; Webb v. Hawkins Lbr. Co., 101 Ala. 630, 14 South. 407; Strouse v. Elting, 110 Ala. 132, 20 South. 123.
In Fuller v. Gray, 116 Ala. 238, 22 South. 576, relied on by appellant, the opinion recites: “There was no conflict as to the fact that the goods were sold and delivered to Whatley. Plaintiff’s evidence tended to show that this was done upon an agreement made with Fuller and by his directions, he being responsible for them. Fuller denied that he ever gave any such instructions, or made any such agreement, and there was some other evidence tending to sustain him. The conflict in the evidence upon this issue did not warrant the giving of the first instruction to the jury, requested by the plaintiff. * * * This charge ignores the essential fact that plaintiff must have been authorized by the defendant to charge the goods to him, a fact directly controverted.”
(14) The instant case differs from the Fuller Case in that it is here undisputed that the goods were all shipped to the defendant, and that he paid the transportation charges; and there was evidence tending to show delivery to the defendant by the common carrier, though this is denied by defendant’s evidence.—Smith Bros. & Co. v. Miller, 152 Ala. 485, 44 South. 399. If he was notified of the true facts before the material was used in the construction of his house, that he was looked to for payment, and that the sale and shipment of the goods were made on his credit alone,- he should not have permitted the use of the material in the construction of his house. That he did so was an evidentiary fact for the jury.
(15) Charge 7 was properly refused to the defendant.—Tobler v. Pioneer M. & M. Co., 166 Ala. 517, 52 South. 86; Amerson v. Corona Coal & Iron Co., 194 Ala. 175, 69 South. 601.
(16) There was no error in the giving of plaintiff’s written ■charge F. It instructed the jury that, if they believed from the evidence that said building material was shipped to J. C. Shepherd f. o. b. cars, then delivery to the railroad company prima facie vested title in J. C. Shepherd, and was a delivery to him.—Pilgreen v. State, 71 Ala. 368; McClure v. State, 148 Ala. 625, 42 South. 813; Lake Shore & M. S. Ry. v. Nat. Live Stock Bank, 178 Ill. 506, 53 N. E. 326; Merchants’ Despatch Co. v. Smith, 76 Ill. 542; Odell v. Boston & Maine R. Co., 109 Mass. 50; Gwin v. Hopkinsville M. Co., 190 Ala. 346, 67 South. 382; Angell on *283Carriers, § 497; Parsons on Contracts (6th Ed.) 532; Dutton v. Solomanson, 3 Bos. & P. 584.
(17) Charge 2 was properly refused as misleading. Its tendency was to instruct the jury that prior or express authority of the defendant for the purchase of the material was necessary in order to bind defendant. It did not take into consideration the-evidence tending to show ratification on the part of defendant of such purchase, and the use of the material, after notice to-him that he was looked to for payment, in the construction of his building. Moreover, this charge was in effect covered by-defendant’s given charges C, 1, 5, and 8.
The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
McClellan, Mayfield, and Somerville, JJ., concur.