Court Opinion

ID: 2709839
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-05 19:24:26.590909+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:20.095807
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court

                       In re Marriage of Eckersall, 2014 IL App (1st) 132223

Appellate Court              In re MARRIAGE OF RAYMOND A. ECKERSALL III, Petitioner
Caption                      and Counterrespondent-Appellee, and CATHERINE ECKERSALL,
                             Respondent and Counterpetitioner-Appellant.

District & No.               First District, Third Division
                             Docket No. 1-13-2223

Filed                        May 28, 2014

Held                         The “custody/visitation injunction order” entered by the trial court in
(Note: This syllabus         marriage dissolution proceedings and referred to by the parties and the
constitutes no part of the   court as an injunction was not an appealable injunctive order under
opinion of the court but     Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1), since the order placed terms and
has been prepared by the     conditions on the parties’ visitation rights, it did not adjudicate any
Reporter of Decisions        substantive issues, it precluded the parties from engaging in specified
for the convenience of       conduct that could be detrimental to the children’s welfare, there was
the reader.)                 no indication of any injunctive relief, there was no indication that a
                             prohibitory injunction was sought or that a grant of injunctive relief
                             was intended, and the order was not an injunction or the functional
                             equivalent of an injunction; rather, it was ministerial to the extent that
                             it set the terms and conditions on visitation, and in the absence of any
                             injunctive relief, the appeal was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-D-1635; the
Review                       Hon. William S. Boyd, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                     Appeal dismissed.
     Counsel on                Pamela Hutul, Benton Page, and Errol Zavett, all of Davis Friedman,
     Appeal                    LLP, of Chicago, for appellant.

                               No brief filed for appellee.

     Panel                     PRESIDING JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court,
                               with opinion.
                               Justices Pucinski concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                               Justice Mason dissented, with opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1          All too frequently children become casualties, caught in the crossfire of their parents’
       hostilities. Alert judges and lawyers aware of the signs of potential trouble, as a matter of
       course, will enter an order placing restrictions on the parents when their children are in their
       custody. Restrictions, for purposes of illustration, may preclude the parents from engaging in
       electronic surveillance, using alcohol and drugs, discussing the divorce, administering
       corporal punishment, and criticizing, demeaning, or disparaging the other parent. At issue is
       this type of order, which in this case was characterized as an “injunction.”
¶2          Catherine Eckersall filed what she contends is an interlocutory appeal under Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), from a so-called injunction order entered
       against her and Raymond Eckersall. The order directs the divorcing couple from participating
       in certain behaviors when their three children are in their custody. Catherine argues: (i) the trial
       court lacked jurisdiction to enter the order in the absence of either party filing a motion; (ii) the
       order violates her right to due process because it was entered without an evidentiary hearing;
       (iii) the trial court failed to make findings of fact as required by section 11-101 of the Illinois
       Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/11-101 (West 2012)); (iv) the order infringes on her
       rights to parent her children in violation of the fourteenth amendment (U.S. Const., amend.
       XIV), and section 2, article I, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2); and (v)
       the order violates her freedom of speech under the United States and Illinois constitutions.
¶3          We dismiss the appeal because the trial court order did not enter an injunction subject to a
       Rule 307 interlocutory appeal.

¶4                                           BACKGROUND
¶5         On February 25, 2013, Raymond Eckersall filed a petition for dissolution of marriage to
       Catherine and for joint custody of the couple’s three daughters, ages 14, 12, and 10. Catherine
       filed a counterpetition for dissolution of marriage and also sought joint custody, but requested
       sole custody if the parties could not reach an agreement on custody. On April 8, 2013, by
       agreement of the parties, the trial court appointed attorney Howard Rosenberg to represent the
       minor children under section 506(a)(3) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage
       Act (Act) (750 ILCS 5/506(a)(3) (West 2012)).

                                                     -2-
¶6        Raymond had moved out of the marital home, and on March 21, 2013, he filed a petition to
     set a temporary parenting schedule stating that he and Catherine had been unable to reach an
     agreement on visitation. On May 1, 2013, the trial court ordered the parties and the minor
     children to immediately begin family therapy and scheduled a June 5 hearing on Raymond’s
     petition to set a temporary parenting schedule if the parties could not reach an agreement in the
     interim.
¶7        After the June 5 status hearing, the trial court entered an order scheduling a June 24 hearing
     date for the petition to set a temporary parenting schedule, stating, “The parties shall enter a
     parenting order (enjoining discussion of court/case related issue with the children) on the June
     24 status date.” On June 24, 2013, the trial court entered an order setting July 10, 2013, as a
     status date “for the entry of a custody/visitation injunctive order.” The court warned, “If the
     parties cannot reach an agreement on the terms of said order, the court shall set the terms.”
¶8        At the July 10 status hearing, the counsel for the minor children submitted to the trial judge
     a proposed custody and visitation injunction order. He first informed the court he met with the
     children and worked out a “decent schedule” that provided for visitation with their father all
     day on Saturday and one week night and that at the children’s request, Raymond’s family was
     not to be present while they are in their father’s custody. The children’s representative also told
     the court that he and the parties negotiated the terms of a “prophylactic” order setting forth the
     conditions of visitation but were unable to reach agreement on the terms. Catherine and her
     attorney, as well as Raymond’s attorney, were present in court. Under the proposed order, the
     parties would be prohibited from engaging in specific types of conduct regarding the minor
     children, including: (1) beating, striking, threatening or in any way interfering with the
     personal liberty of the minor children; (2) discussing any aspect of the pending litigation in the
     presence of the minor children, including custody, visitation, support, grounds for dissolution,
     financial information, and court dates; (3) questioning or discussing with the children their
     preferences regarding custody or visitation; (4) questioning, discussing, rehearsing or coaching
     the minor children regarding court testimony or interviews with the court, mediators,
     attorneys, investigators or any other person related to the dissolution proceeding; (5) engaging
     in any kind of electronic surveillance of the other party or the minor children; (6) using,
     consuming or possessing alcohol or nonprescription drugs in the presence of the minor
     children; (7) permitting an unrelated member of the opposite sex to reside on an overnight
     basis while the minor children are present; and (8) criticizing, demeaning, disparaging or
     placing either party in a negative light. The order also prohibited either party from using
     corporal punishment in disciplining the children or from removing the children from the state
     without written consent from the other party or by court order.
¶9        Raymond’s attorney requested a single change–that the parties be permitted to have
     alcohol in the home, even if they were not permitted to drink it in the presence of the children.
     Catherine’s attorney, however, objected to the order as a whole on the grounds that it infringed
     on Catherine’s right to parent and communicate with her children. Her attorney asserted the
     minor children were having productive conversations with their mother, who encouraged the
     children to attend therapy sessions and to see their father, and the order would prevent the
     children from confiding in their mother about the divorce. After hearing from both sides, the
     trial court agreed to the change requested by Raymond and entered the order over Catherine’s
     objection. On July 16, 2013, Catherine filed a notice of appeal.

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¶ 10                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 11       As an initial matter, neither Raymond nor the children’s representative filed a responsive
       brief. Because the record is not complex, and the claimed errors can be decided without the aid
       of an appellee’s brief, we will decide this appeal on Catherine’s brief alone. State Farm Mutual
       Insurance Co. v. Ellison, 354 Ill. App. 3d 387, 388 (2004).
¶ 12       A trial court may grant temporary relief in the nature of temporary maintenance or child
       support, preliminary injunctions, “or *** other appropriate temporary relief.” (Emphasis
       added and internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Marriage of Meyer, 197 Ill. App. 3d 975,
       978 (1990). “Section 501(a)(3) [of the Act] is an all-inclusive provision which allows a party to
       move for any other appropriate temporary relief, such as temporary custody; exclusive
       possession of the marital residence; sequestration of assets; and temporary attorney fees.” Id.
       “Temporary relief *** is often in the form of neither a temporary restraining order nor a
       preliminary injunction.” Id.
¶ 13       In the initial stages of a dissolution proceeding, a trial court may enter temporary orders
       addressing custody of minor children and the terms of visitation with the noncustodial parent.
       The issue of visitation is governed by section 607(a) of the Act, which provides that “[a] parent
       not granted custody of the child is entitled to reasonable visitation rights.” 750 ILCS 5/607(a)
       (West 2012). The “trial court has broad discretion in fashioning the terms of visitation and
       those terms will not be overturned absent proof that the court has abused its discretion.” In re
       Marriage of Engelkens, 354 Ill. App. 3d 790, 792 (2004). An abuse of discretion exists where
       no reasonable person would agree with the position of the trial court. Brax v. Kennedy, 363 Ill.
       App. 3d 343, 355 (2005).
¶ 14       Shortly after initiating the dissolution proceedings, Raymond filed a petition to set a
       temporary parenting schedule. At the July 10 status hearing on that petition, the children’s
       representative informed the judge the parties reached an informal agreement as to visitation,
       with some limitations on Raymond’s family requested by the children. Although the court did
       not enter a formal visitation schedule as requested by Raymond’s attorney, the court entered
       the order at issue, setting forth the terms and restrictions on each parent when the minor
       children are in their custody. The children’s representative drafted the order. A children’s
       representative is tasked with “advocat[ing] what [he or she] finds to be in the best interests of
       the child after reviewing the facts and circumstances of the case.” 750 ILCS 5/506(a)(3) (West
       2012). The children’s representative carries “the same authority and obligation to participate in
       the litigation as does an attorney for a party.” 750 ILCS 5/506(a)(3) (West 2012). Orders like
       the one here are a wise and often necessary tool that diligent and experienced child
       representatives or GALs, parents’ attorneys, and judges will insist on. While dissolution
       proceedings often become overly contentious, where custody of minor children is involved,
       the parents’ battle must yield to the welfare of the children and to the trial court’s power to set
       ground rules for the parents while the children are in their custody. In re Marriage of Duffy,
       307 Ill. App. 3d 257, 261 (1999) (trial court authorized to enter joint parenting order on its own
       motion and modify the parties’ proposed joint parenting agreement, if it fails to protect best
       interest of the children).
¶ 15       After several meetings with Raymond and Catherine, as well as the children, Rosenberg
       determined that an order establishing rules of conduct was needed. Catherine contends,
       however, that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter the order in the absence of a motion by
       either party and that by entering an injunction without a hearing, the trial court violated her

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       right to due process. She also asserts the order violates her right to parent her children and to
       engage in free speech.
¶ 16       Catherine’s assertion that her right to due process was denied is without merit. Before the
       July 10 status hearing, the trial judge informed the parties that if they could not reach an
       agreement on a “parenting order (enjoining discussion of court/case related issue with the
       children),” he would set the terms of the order. Before entering the July 10 order, the trial judge
       heard from the attorneys for both parties regarding its terms and indeed one of the provisions
       was changed at the request of Raymond’s attorney. The trial judge also specifically asked
       Catherine’s attorney to explain why she thought the order was inappropriate. Therefore, both
       parties were given an opportunity to raise specific and general objections before the trial court
       approved the terms of the order. Further, the order states it “is subject to hearing upon request
       of either party as to any or all of the prohibitions set forth therein.” Thus, Catherine or
       Raymond may request a hearing before the judge to present evidence showing why this
       ongoing order should be changed or rescinded.

¶ 17                                    Was the Order an Injunction?
¶ 18        As a threshold issue we must determine whether this order entered by the trial court
       constitutes an injunction. If it is not, its entry is not an appealable interlocutory order under
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), and this court lacks jurisdiction to hear
       the appeal.
¶ 19        Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) states that “[a]n appeal may be taken to the
       Appellate Court from an interlocutory order of court: *** granting, modifying, refusing,
       dissolving, or refusing to dissolve or modify an injunction.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 307(a)(1) (eff. Feb.
       26, 2010). “An injunction has been defined as a ‘ “judicial process, by which a party is required
       to do a particular thing, or to refrain from doing a particular thing.” ’ ” In re Marriage of
       Tetzlaff, 304 Ill. App. 3d 1030, 1036 (1999) (quoting In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d 247, 261
       (1989), quoting Wangelin v. Goe, 50 Ill. 459, 463 (1869)). The order entered by the trial court
       is titled a “custody/visitation injunction order” and the parties and trial judge refer to the order
       as an injunction. But what constitutes an appealable injunctive order under Rule 307(a)(1)
       depends on the substance of the action, not its form. In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 260. “Not
       every nonfinal order of a court is appealable, even if it compels a party to do or not do a
       particular thing.” Id. at 261-62. For example, court orders that are ministerial or administrative
       cannot be the subject of an interlocutory appeal under the rule allowing appeal from
       interlocutory order granting an injunction. Id. at 262. The character of an order must be
       determined in the context of the facts and relief sought in each case. In re Marriage of Meyer,
       197 Ill. App. 3d at 978.
¶ 20        Despite its label, the order’s effect and aim is to place terms and conditions on the parties’
       visitation rights. The order regulates an aspect of the pretrial proceeding, namely, the parties’
       custody and visitation. The order does not purport to adjudicate any substantive issues, but,
       rather, precludes the parents from engaging in specified conduct that could be detrimental to
       the welfare of the children. Evidence of this intent appears in the record of proceedings. During
       a discussion with the trial judge about the children’s reluctance to see their father and their
       compliance with orders issued by the court, including the order to attend therapy, the
       children’s representative, stated, “Visitation, therapy, you want them to know something, put it

                                                    -5-
       in an order. Make a copy for them.” In response, before entering the order, the experienced trial
       judge stated, “they need to understand that I run this show. They do not.”
¶ 21        Absent from the record are the indicia of injunctive relief. An injunction is an
       extraordinary remedy applicable only to situations where an extreme emergency exists and
       serious harm would result if it were not issued. In re Marriage of Centioli, 335 Ill. App. 3d
       650, 654 (2002). A party seeking an injunction must file a complaint pleading facts that justify
       a right to injunctive relief. In re Marriage of Schmitt, 321 Ill. App. 3d 360, 371 (2001). Section
       501(a)(2) of the Act requires a party seeking a temporary restraining order or injunction to
       present an affidavit showing a factual basis for relief. 750 ILCS 5/501(a)(2) (West 2012). The
       party must demonstrate that he or she: (1) possesses a certain and clearly ascertainable right
       that needs protection; (2) will suffer irreparable harm without the protection of the injunction;
       (3) has no adequate remedy at law; and (4) is likely to succeed on the merits of the case.
       Centioli, 335 Ill. App. 3d at 654. Further, section 11-101 of the Illinois Code of Civil
       Procedure requires that “[e]very order granting an injunction and every restraining order shall
       set forth the reasons for its entry.” 735 ILCS 5/11-101 (West 2012).
¶ 22        The children’s representative has the authority to file a complaint or petition for an
       injunction, along with an affidavit showing a factual basis for relief. The absence of a petition
       and an affidavit or an order from the trial judge setting forth reasons why an injunction was
       necessary all goes to show that the children’s attorney was seeking something other than an
       injunction and that the trial court viewed its order as something other than granting what
       amounts to injunctive relief. We “presume that a trial judge knows and follows the law unless
       the record demonstrates otherwise.” People v. Jordan, 218 Ill. 2d 255, 269 (2006).
¶ 23        In addition, the order was intended to place restrictions on the parents and, if necessary,
       inform the children of the conditions of visitation. It was not the equivalent of a preliminary
       injunction whose function is “to preserve the status quo pending resolution of the merits of the
       case.” In re Marriage of Slomka, 397 Ill. App. 3d 137, 143 (2009). As noted, a trial court has
       great latitude in setting the terms and conditions of visitation. And, at the suggestion of the
       children’s representative or the lawyers or on its own, the court may arrive at terms and
       conditions that serve the best interests of the minor children. In re Marriage of Seitzinger, 333
       Ill. App. 3d 103, 112 (2002) (“A trial court has broad discretion in determining the visitation
       rights of a nonresidential parent with the best interest of the child being of primary concern.”).
¶ 24        There is no evidence suggesting that the children’s representative or the parents sought a
       prohibitory injunction to preserve the status quo or the trial judge intended to grant injunctive
       relief without following the statutory requirements. Plus, the character and function of the
       order more closely conform to appropriate temporary relief as detailed in the Act than an
       injunction. Accordingly, we find the order is not an injunction or the functional equivalent of
       an injunction.
¶ 25        The dissent focuses on the order as an injunction despite the order lacking the attributes of
       an injunction. The focus should be on the Act and its procedures and standards and methods.
       Dissolution of marriage proceedings take place under the authority of the Act, and the Act
       gives the trial court broad discretion in fashioning the custody and visitation order.
       In re Marriage of Oros, 256 Ill. App. 3d 167, 170 (1994). Once filed, the petition unleashes the
       Act’s provisions and many aspects of the family’s life before the filing become subject to the
       court’s discretion, including custody and visitation, afterwards. In re Marriage of Davis, 341
       Ill. App. 3d 356, 359 (2003). “[C]ustody proceedings under the Marriage and Dissolution of

                                                   -6-
       Marriage Act are guided by the overriding lodestar of the best interests of the child or children
       involved” (In re A.W.J., 197 Ill. 2d 492, 497-98 (2001)), and when deciding issues pertaining
       to custody, the trial court has broad discretion over the proceedings. In re Marriage of
       Debra N., 2013 IL App (1st) 122145.
¶ 26       Whether contested or not, divorce often leads to poor decisions on the part of the parents
       due to the emotional and financial pressures divorce triggers. Trial courts, along with or as part
       of temporary visitation and custody orders, enter “rules of the road” orders like this one. Orders
       by their nature assign burdens and limits and this order merely assigns temporary and
       modifiable burdens and limits on both parents when the children are in their care. See Khan v.
       BDO Seidman, LLP, 2012 IL App (4th) 120359, ¶ 49 (“just because an order requires parties to
       do something or to refrain from doing something *** does not necessarily follow that the order
       is an injunction”). Significantly, the Act also places the best interest of the children above the
       interests of the parents, which usually interferes with the very thing the dissent takes issue
       with–the parents “fundamental right to care for and guide [their] children and, absent to
       exceptional circumstances, to do so without judicial interference.” Infra ¶ 45.
¶ 27       For instance, the right to reasonable visitation in section 607(a) of the Act “implies a ‘ “best
       interest of the child” ’ standard”–that is, a noncustodial parent’s right to visitation in the first
       place is determined by the child’s best interests. In re Marriage of Chehaiber, 394 Ill. App. 3d
       690, 696 (2009). Section 607(a) provides that a noncustodial parent has a right to reasonable
       visitation, “unless the court finds, after a hearing, that visitation would endanger seriously the
       child’s physical, mental, moral or emotional health.” 750 ILCS 5/607(a) (West 2012). The
       committee comment to section 407 of the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act, the model
       statute upon which section 607(a) is based, illustrates the primacy of the best interests of the
       child standard in making accommodations for visitation. This comment provides, in relevant
       part, as follows:
                    “With two important exceptions, this section states the traditional rule for visitation
                rights. The general rule implies a ‘best interest of the child’ standard. Although the
                judge should never compel the noncustodial parent to visit the child, visitation rights
                should be arranged to an extent and in a fashion which suits the child’s interest rather
                than the interest of either the custodial or noncustodial parent. The empirical data on
                post-divorce living arrangements suggests that, if the judge can arrange visitation with
                a minimum of contest, most parties will eventually reach an accommodation and the
                bitterness accompanying the divorce will gradually fade.” Unif. Marriage and Divorce
                Act § 407 (amended 1973), 9A U.L.A., Comment (1998).
¶ 28       Orders like the one here simplify the parent’s interaction with their children by addressing
       usual and oft-contentious-producing issues before anything bad happens. All too often divorce
       turns parents into malicious foes, and children into pawns. And even when it does not, divorce
       frequently exposes children to negative behavior and parental conflict that can have harmful,
       long-lasting repercussions on them. For the sake of the children, precautions are preferable to
       remedial measures, prevention is preferable to punishment, and court ordained protocol is
       preferable to parental anarchy. Experienced judges and lawyers realizing this err on the side of
       protection rather than risk a child’s well-being.
¶ 29       Because this court’s jurisdiction is premised on Catherine’s characterization of the circuit
       court’s order of July 10, 2013, as one granting injunctive relief, and we find that relief was not
       granted by the challenged order, we lack jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.

                                                    -7-
¶ 30                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 31      No injunctive relief under Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) was granted by the circuit court’s
       order. Instead, the order was ministerial, setting the terms and conditions on visitation. We
       have no jurisdiction to address this appeal.

¶ 32      Appeal dismissed.

¶ 33       JUSTICE MASON, dissenting.
¶ 34       I believe we have jurisdiction to review the broad-ranging injunction entered by the trial
       court and that the order Catherine appeals from is defective on both procedural and substantive
       grounds. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
¶ 35       To determine whether an order is injunctive in nature, a court must look beyond form and
       address the substance of the order. In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d 247, 260 (1989) (construing an
       order prohibiting publication of a minor’s name as an injunction even though not labeled as
       such). The majority concedes this, but concludes we lack jurisdiction under Supreme Court
       Rule 307(a)(1) (Ill. S. Ct. R. 307(a)(1) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)), reasoning that because there is no
       evidence that the order was intended to grant injunctive relief, we should presume the order is
       not an injunction.
¶ 36       This reasoning turns the logic of In re A Minor on its head. The order is labeled an
       “injunction”; it “restrains” and “enjoins” the parties, “until further order,” from 11 categories
       of conduct and speech, which are “prohibited.” It is only by ignoring the plain language of the
       order that the majority is able to characterize it as something other than what it says it is.
¶ 37       The entry of the order was not accompanied by any of the procedural protections normally
       attendant to the award of this drastic remedy. The court did not have before it a verified
       pleading stating a cause of action to which injunctive relief is ancillary. In re Marriage of
       Hartney, 355 Ill. App. 3d 1088 (2005) (complaint for preliminary injunction must plead facts
       that clearly establish a right to relief); Exchange National Bank of Chicago v. Cullerton, 17 Ill.
       App. 3d 392, 394 (1974) (verification essential to grant of injunctive relief); 750 ILCS
       5/501(a)(2) (West 2012) (requiring application for injunctive relief to be accompanied by
       affidavit showing a factual basis for relief requested). There is no pleading in the record in
       which either party claims that the other is engaging in conduct detrimental to their children’s
       interests. There is no evidence that the trial court made any findings of fact or conclusions of
       law that would justify entering an injunction. 735 ILCS 5/11-101 (West 2012).
¶ 38       Under ordinary circumstances, the procedural defects preceding entry of this order would
       be grounds for reversal. Instead, rather than address the substance of the order and the manner
       of its entry, the majority concludes the order must not be an injunction because customary
       procedures were not followed and that the order is in the nature of “temporary relief”
       authorized under section 501 of the Act. 750 ILCS 5/501 (West 2012). By so recasting the
       nature of the order, the majority concludes that although it does restrain Catherine’s and
       Raymond’s speech and conduct, it is nevertheless “administrative” or “ministerial” in nature.
       Such administrative and ministerial orders are not appealable because they operate solely to
       regulate the procedural details of litigation and are distinguishable from traditional forms of
       injunctive relief because they do not affect the relations of the parties in their daily activities
       outside the litigation. In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 262.

                                                    -8-
¶ 39       The trial court’s order clearly does affect the most intimate details of Catherine’s
       relationship with her children. The order does not merely place a “condition” on or regulate
       aspects of pretrial preparation such as who will reside in the marital home and who will pay the
       bills until the property division is sorted out. It does not even address the temporary parenting
       schedule that was the impetus for its entry in the first place. Rather, the order places restrictions
       on the parties’ parental rights and significantly affects the relationship of the parties in their
       everyday activities apart from the litigation.
¶ 40       The majority’s reasoning underscores why the order is exactly what it purports to be: an
       effort to bring the authority of the court to bear on a parent’s decision to speak to or behave
       toward their children in a particular way. The majority notes that parents embroiled in
       dissolution proceedings often behave in ways that negatively affect their children. The precise
       purpose of the order, therefore, is to “restrain” and “enjoin” Catherine or Raymond from
       engaging in such harmful speech and behavior before it ever happens. I do not know what label
       to place on such an order other than an injunction. And I am unaware of any authority for
       entering an injunction whose purpose is purely prophylactic. See Callis, Papa, Jackstadt &
       Halloran, P.C. v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 195 Ill. 2d 356, 371 (2001) (right to injunctive
       relief “rests on actual or presently threatened interference with another’s rights;” damage must
       be “likely and not merely possible”).
¶ 41       Once the order is viewed as an injunction, the record reveals no basis for its entry. These
       dissolution proceedings had been pending for only a few months at the time the order was
       entered. The most substantive motion practice in the scant record before us has concerned
       Raymond’s opposition to Catherine’s request for temporary support and maintenance for
       herself and their three children.
¶ 42       The worst that can be said is that although Catherine and Raymond agreed on a temporary
       parenting schedule, their children, three girls ages 14, 12 and 10, upset with their father for
       leaving, refused to go along with it. In her response to Raymond’s petition to set a temporary
       parenting schedule, Catherine represented “the minor children are currently upset with
       Raymond and have been extremely resistant to the encouragement by Catherine and others that
       they resume their relationship with their father.” And, in fact, the record shows that the impetus
       for entry of the order was the trial court’s intention to demonstrate to the children that they
       were required to comply with the parenting schedule the court intended to set. In addressing
       Catherine’s objections to entry of the order, in which she raised the procedural and substantive
       arguments she pursues on appeal (“I’m afraid my client can’t accept an injunction that doesn’t
       allow her to speak with her children about the most important details of their life”), the court
       stated: “[T]hey [the children] need to understand I run this show. They do not.”
¶ 43       Nothing in the record even hints that Catherine or Raymond do or intend to use corporal
       punishment to discipline their children, have criticized, demeaned or disparaged the other to
       their children, have used or intend to use nonprescription drugs in front of their children or
       have engaged in electronic surveillance of each other or their children. And although no
       reasonable person would defend such conduct, the chance that one party may engage in
       harmful conduct in the future–in the absence of a showing of “an ascertainable right in need of
       protection”–is an insufficient basis upon which to predicate an injunction.
¶ 44       Further, certain aspects of the injunction are clearly overbroad. For example, neither party
       may discuss “any aspect of the pending litigation with and/or in the presence of the minor
       children.” The parties’ three daughters reside with Catherine. If, as I would expect would

                                                     -9-
       happen often, the children want to talk to their mother about their feelings regarding the
       divorce or how the divorce will affect them, Catherine must refer them to their child
       representative, a stranger. Or if she fails to do so, Catherine faces the prospect of a rule to show
       cause, for there is nothing on the face of the order that exempts willful violations from the
       court’s inherent contempt power. Catherine is likewise prohibited from assuaging any fear or
       anxiety her children may express regarding who will have custody of them, interviews they
       may be required to participate in with the trial judge, mediators, attorneys, social workers and
       the like, or whether a visitation schedule will conflict with a slumber party or sporting event. If
       Catherine wants to take a video of a ballet recital, soccer game or school graduation, she
       violates the order’s proscription against “[e]ngaging in any and all forms of audio and/or video
       recording *** regardless of whether such conduct is known ***, overt *** [or] voluntary.”
       The record does not disclose that any concrete concern for the children’s well-being prompted
       these broad incursions on a parent’s right to care for her children.
¶ 45       It is no answer to say that the parties are entitled to seek relief from the order. (“This Order
       is subject to hearing upon request of either party as to any or all of the prohibitions set forth
       herein.”) If there is no factual or legal basis for the injunction in the first place, allowing the
       parties to seek relief from its prohibitions on a piecemeal basis is meaningless. Such a process
       unnecessarily burdens the exercise of parental rights and increases the cost of litigation.
¶ 46       In its broad-based and unconditional restrictions, the order impinges upon a parent’s
       fundamental right to care for and guide his or her children and, absent exceptional
       circumstances, to do so without judicial interference. See Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65,
       68-69 (2000) (“[T]he interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children–is
       perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court.”; “[S]o long as
       a parent adequately cares for his or her children (i.e., is fit), there will normally be no reason for
       the State to inject itself into the private realm of the family to further question the ability of that
       parent to make the best decisions concerning the rearing of that parent’s children.”); In re
       M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 362 (2001). Nothing in the record even remotely suggests that Catherine
       (or Raymond, for that matter) is an unfit parent and, in fact, the order itself disavows any such
       finding. (“This Order is entered *** without any assumption to suggestion that either party will
       or has engaged in the conduct prohibited by this Order.”) Unless a case is made that placing
       such conditions or restrictions on the parties are necessary to protect the best interest of their
       children, a parent’s right to raise his or her children (Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy
       Names of Jesus & Mary, 268 U.S. 510, 534-35 (1925)) and the freedom of personal choice in
       the matters of family life (Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982)) should not be
       restricted.
¶ 47       I have no doubt that the trial court was well-intentioned. I also recognize that the friction
       inherent in custody and visitation disputes may render it necessary for a court to intervene to
       protect the best interest of the children involved. But such restrictions on parental rights must
       be tailored to the circumstances; there is no “one size fits all.” And given the practical and
       wide-ranging effect this order places on a parent’s rights, the judicial oversight it contemplates
       must be based on pleading and proof of conduct warranting the drastic remedy of an
       injunction. Because those essential prerequisites are missing here, I would reverse.

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