Court Opinion

ID: 4017147
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-19 19:03:53.944381+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:07:06.968292
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

DEREK S. JETER, TURN 2              )
ENTERPRISES, LLC, and DEREK S.      )
JETER 2002 TRUST,                   )
                                    )
            Plaintiff/Counterclaim- )
            Defendant,              )
                                    )
    v.                              ) C.A. No. 11706-VCG
                                    )
REVOLUTIONWEAR, INC.,               )
                                    )
            Defendant/              )
            Counterclaimant.        )

                      MEMORANDUM OPINION

                     Date Submitted: April 21, 2016
                      Date Decided: July 19, 2016

David J. Teklits, Kevin M. Coen, and Thomas P. Will, of MORRIS, NICHOLS,
ARSHT & TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, DE; OF COUNSEL: Edward H.
Tillinghast, III, Rena Andoh, and Brian B. Garrett, of SHEPPARD, MULLIN,
RICHTER & HAMPTON LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for
Plaintiff/Counterclaim-Defendant.

Marc S. Casarino, of WHITE AND WILLIAMS LLP, Wilmington, DE; OF
COUNSEL: Joseph Tacopina and Matthew G. DeOreo, of TACOPINA & SEIGEL,
New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaimant.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
          This case provides a cautionary tale of the mixing of roles in a corporate-

governance setting. The Defendant and Counterclaimant is RevolutionWear, Inc.

(“RWI” or the “Company”), manufacturer of a high-technology undergarment,

which it distributes under the FRIGO® brand (“FRIGO”).1 The Company wished

to use the marketing power of the endorsement of a well-known athlete, Derek Jeter,2

to enhance sales of FRIGO. Instead of negotiating with Jeter for the right to use his

likeness, or hiring his services to promote FRIGO, RWI pursued a different strategy:

it negotiated to bring Jeter into the Company as an owner and member of the board

of directors, so that it could indirectly point to his involvement in a way that,

presumably, RWI thought would appear more sincere to the underpants-buying

public than would a standard paid endorsement. Jeter and RWI entered a director’s

agreement, which imposed contractual duties on the parties and made Jeter a

fiduciary for RWI. I understand, in light of the counterclaims, that RWI had little or

no interest in Jeter’s stewardship of the Company; the arrangement was seen by RWI

as a marketing ploy. In furtherance of that interest, RWI alleges that it required

certain representations from Jeter: that he would consent to public promotion of the

fact that he was a director, investor in, and “founder” of RWI, and that such would

not conflict with a promotional contract Jeter had with the Nike sportswear

1
    Specifically, RWI distributes a product known colloquially as “underpants” or “underdrawers.”
2
    As the reader is probably aware, Jeter played shortstop for the New York Yankees baseball team.

                                                  1
company. Jeter and his agents, according to RWI, made such representations, which

were material to RWI entering the director’s agreement, and on which

representations RWI relied in creating and funding a marketing strategy. Jeter also

made similar representations to investors on behalf of RWI. According to the

counterclaims, however, Jeter’s representations were false: either he misrepresented

the Nike contract or for other reasons was unwilling to allow RWI to publicize his

involvement with the Company.           Jeter also attempted to influence Company

decisions; in other words, he acted like a “real” board member, but for allegedly self-

serving reasons. The counterclaims, accordingly, seek to impose damages for fraud

and breach of contract, as well as breach of fiduciary duty. Jeter has moved to

dismiss the counterclaims; the results are mixed. My reasoning follows.

                                  I. BACKGROUND3

       A. The Parties

       Defendant     and    Counterclaimant      RWI     is   a   Delaware     corporation

headquartered in New York, New York.4 Incorporated in 2010,5 RWI is a men’s

clothing company that develops and markets men’s undergarments under the FRIGO

brand.6

3
  The facts are drawn from the Counterclaimant’s Amended Answer to the Verified Amended
Complaint and Counterclaims (the “Counterclaims” or “Countercls.”) and are presumed true for
purposes of evaluating the Counterclaim-Defendant’s motion to dismiss.
4
  Countercls. ¶ 26.
5
  Id. at ¶ 66.
6
  Id. at ¶ 28.

                                             2
       Plaintiff and Counterclaim-Defendant Derek S. Jeter is a former professional

baseball player and a stockholder, noteholder, and former director of RWI.7 By at

least March 2011, and at all relevant times thereafter, Jeter owned 15% of the

Company.8

       B. Jeter Joins RWI and Agrees to Publically Announce His Role

       RWI targets consumers using a unique marketing strategy that it refers to by

the odd misnomer “reverse-endorsement.”9 “Reverse-endorsement” is a concept in

which celebrities and famous athletes join the Company as “significant owners,

directors, advisers and founders,” rather than simply endorsing or promoting the

product.10 RWI believes that “consumers [are] more impressed if a well-respected

celebrity or famous athlete [is] actually part of the business, [as] a board member,

[and] co-founder and invest[s] his/her own money, time and effort into the

company.”11

       In 2009, after learning of RWI’s FRIGO undergarment product and its

reverse-endorsement strategy, David VanEgmond, Jeter’s financial and tax adviser,

and Casey Close, Jeter’s sports agent, met with a group of RWI representatives,

7
  Id. at ¶¶ 27, 29. Although the Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint, filed November 25, 2011 (the
“Complaint” or “Compl.”), refers to Turn 2 Enterprises, LLC and Derek S. Jeter 2002 Trust as
Plaintiffs, neither party is identified in the Counterclaims. Therefore, while I list those parties in
the caption, I refer to Jeter as the Plaintiff throughout this Memorandum Opinion.
8
  Id. at ¶ 149.
9
  Id. at ¶¶ 41–43.
10
   Id.
11
   Id. at ¶ 42.

                                                  3
including Mathias Ingvarsson, a co-founder of the Company and its eventual

Chairman and CEO, to discuss Jeter’s potential involvement with RWI.12 Later,

after Ingvarsson sent Jeter samples of FRIGO products, Jeter requested a meeting

with Ingvarsson.13 On February 17, 2010, Ingvarsson and the RWI team met with

Jeter, VanEgmond, and Close.14 At the meeting, the RWI team made a presentation

to Jeter which outlined Jeter’s possible involvement with FRIGO.15 Among other

things, the presentation stressed the value of Jeter’s potential “high profile

involvement” in the Company and indicated that Jeter would make media

appearances to discuss FRIGO as a “substantial owner, co-founder and director” of

RWI.16

       Shortly after the presentation, Jeter’s representatives contacted RWI to

express Jeter’s interest in joining the Company.17 At that time, Jeter was under

contract with Nike, a relationship Jeter considered “incredibly important.”18

Accordingly, Jeter’s representatives stated that he would need to obtain permission

from Nike to become a “publically announced co-founder, substantial owner and

director” of RWI.19 Recognizing the importance of Jeter’s relationship with Nike,

12
   Id. at ¶¶ 45–50.
13
   Id. at ¶¶ 51–52.
14
   Id. at ¶ 53.
15
   Id.
16
   Id. at ¶¶ 54–56.
17
   Id. at ¶ 57.
18
   Id. at ¶¶ 59–60.
19
   Id. at ¶ 59.

                                        4
RWI requested a copy of the Nike contract and any carve-out related to Jeter serving

as a “director, co-founder and significant owner” of RWI.20 Jeter’s representatives,21

however, refused to provide Jeter’s Nike contract, stating that the contract was

confidential.22 Instead, Jeter’s agents represented that Jeter’s impending relationship

with RWI was “carved-out” in his Nike contract. During a telephone conversation

on or about February 17, 2011 between VanEgmond, Ingvarsson, and RWI officer

Kinda Younes, VanEgmond stated that the language in the carve-out “was in

accordance with what RWI requested and wished to accomplish with Jeter.”23 In

addition, VanEgmond represented that Jeter had received Nike’s written permission

to be a “publically announced co-founder, substantial owner and director” of RWI.24

       On March 23, 2011, based partly on Jeter’s representations concerning his

Nike contract, Jeter and RWI executed a Memorandum of Agreement for Service

upon the Board of Directors (the “Director Agreement”).25 Two provisions in the

Director Agreement are pertinent to the reverse-endorsement strategy at issues here.

20
   Id. at ¶ 63.
21
   I generally refer to David VanEgmond, Jeter’s financial and tax adviser, and Casey Close, Jeter’s
sports agent, as Jeter’s “representatives” or “agents.”
22
   Countercls. ¶ 63.
23
   Id.
24
   Id. at ¶¶ 66–67. It is unclear from the Counterclaims whether VanEgmond spoke to Ingvarsson
and Younes individually in separate calls or whether VanEgmond spoke with Ingvarsson and
Younes together on a single joint call.
25
   The Director Agreement is not attached to the Counterclaims, but is attached to the Plaintiff’s
Complaint. See Compl., Ex. B (“Director Agreement”). The Counterclaimant refers to the Director
Agreement in its pleadings. Countercls. ¶ 73. I find that the Director Agreement is integral to the
Counterclaims and I therefore consider it as part of my analysis of the motion here. See Orman v.
Cullman, 794 A.2d 5, 15 (Del. Ch. 2002).

                                                 5
First, Section Seven of the Director Agreement provides, in part, that

“RevolutionWear may disclose the identity, and a brief biographical sketch, of the

Director in the context of information about [] RevolutionWear’s management or

otherwise.”26 Second, Exhibit E of the Director Agreement, titled “Specific Services

to be Provided by Director,” provides that “RevolutionWear may issue a press

release disclosing [the] Director’s role with RevolutionWear provided that Director

approves the press release in advance.”27 Therefore, despite RWI’s ability to

unilaterally disclose Jeter’s identity “in the context of information about [RWI’s]

management,” the Company’s ability to issue a formal press release is dependent on

Jeter’s approval in advance.

       A third provision is important here: notwithstanding the provisions governing

the disclosure of Jeter’s role with the Company, the Director Agreement specifically

excludes the obligation that Jeter endorse the product. Section Six of the Director

Agreement states, in part, that Jeter’s “services to RevolutionWear under this

Agreement do not include endorsement or marketing RevolutionWear’s products or

the use of [Jeter’s] likeness or name in connection with the marketing of

RevolutionWear’s products.”28

       In return for the obligations imposed on Jeter in the Director Agreement, Jeter

26
   Director Agreement § 7.
27
   Id., Ex. E (emphasis added).
28
   Id. § 6.

                                          6
received, among other things, non-qualified stock options to purchase shares in the

Company.29

       Months after executing the Director Agreement, Jeter’s agents continued to

represent that Jeter’s Nike contract did not conflict with the “reverse-endorsement”

strategy envisioned by RWI. In a September 15, 2011 meeting with Ingvarsson and

other RWI officials, Close purported to “read”—that is, orally quote verbatim—the

carve-out from the Nike contract that was, as RWI explains, consistent with

VanEgmond’s earlier statement on February 17.30 Based on that representation,

RWI continued to believe that Jeter could publically announce that he was a director,

co-founder, and significant owner of the Company.

       C. Jeter Refuses to Announce His Role with RWI

       Once he became an investor and director of RWI, the Counterclaimant

contends that Jeter began to influence the direction of the FRIGO product by

threatening to withhold the pledged public announcement of his role with the

Company. In or about November 2012, Jeter told RWI that he could not publically

announce his role with RWI unless it changed the FRIGO product from a “sports

undergarment” to a “fashion undergarment.”31 As RWI explains, Jeter feared that if

29
   Id. § 3.
30
   Countercls. ¶ 63.
31
    Id. at ¶ 77. It is not clear whether such a reformulation required a change in high-tech
underdrawer technology, or simply to the marketing of the product.

                                             7
the product was too “sporty,” it would upset and damage his relationship with Nike.32

In order to preserve its relationship with Jeter, therefore, RWI “invested substantial

funds into redesigning the message, packaging and product line, and changed the

distribution plan, to make the product less ‘sporty/athletic.’”33

       Nonetheless, RWI continued to pursue its “reverse-endorsement” strategy

with Jeter.     Jeter, however, repeatedly “refused to allow” RWI to publically

announce that he was a “co-founder, substantial owner and director.”34 Although

RWI had a contractual right to disclose this information without Jeter’s permission

in accordance with the Director Agreement, it allegedly demurred in the hope of

maintaining a good relationship with Jeter; it therefore sought his approval.35

       Finally, on November 13, 2013, Close informed Ingvarsson via email that,

due to Jeter’s Nike contract, “there will be no mention of Derek’s presence in the

marketplace.”36 Close’s email, according to RWI, revealed for the first time that

Jeter’s prior representations relating to his Nike contract were false and misleading.37

Until Close’s email, RWI alleges that it was unaware and could not discover the

falsity of those representations because Jeter’s representatives refused to give RWI

32
   Id.
33
   Id. at ¶ 78.
34
   Id. at ¶ 69.
35
   Id. at ¶ 79. Presumably, RWI refers to the contractual right provided in Section Seven of the
Director Agreement that allows RWI to “disclose the identity, and a brief biological sketch, of the
Director.” Director Agreement § 7.
36
   Countercls. ¶ 69.
37
   Id. at ¶ 70.

                                                8
access to the terms of the Nike contract.38

          The Counterclaimant points to later communications that solidified Jeter’s

refusal to publicly disclose his role with the Company. Following a July 2014 article

in the New York Post naming Jeter an “owner” of RWI, Close sent an email to

Ingvarsson in which he objected to the publication of Jeter’s role, characterizing any

mention of Jeter as an owner of RWI as “improper.”39 Specifically, Close stated that

“[w]e don’t speak about it”—referring to Jeter’s role at RWI.40

          Months later, in September 2014, Jeter refused to approve a formal press

release announcing that he was a co-founder, significant owner, and director of

RWI.41 Instead, Jeter allowed a statement expressing his “excitement” about the

product and that he looked forward to seeing its continued progress.42 Notably, in

an email following the press release, VanEgmond explained that “[i]f Derek wants

to be a silent investor at this point, let him.”43 Finally, following a December 2014

report by “Crain’s”44 that characterized Jeter as an RWI “investor,” Jeter’s

representatives demanded that RWI halt further press releases discussing Jeter’s

role.45

38
   Id. at ¶ 80.
39
   Id. at ¶ 130.
40
   Id.
41
   Id. at ¶¶ 131–32.
42
   Id. at ¶¶ 132–33.
43
   Id. at ¶ 134.
44
   The Complaint does not define the report, or article, published by Crain’s.
45
   Countercls. ¶¶ 138–39.

                                                9
       D. Jeter’s Misrepresentations to Investors

       While the Counterclaims focus mostly on Jeter’s representations to the

Company, RWI also identifies instances in which Jeter falsely represented to

investors that he would publicly announce that he was a “co-founder, substantial

owner and director” of RWI. Specifically, RWI alleges that Jeter made such false

representations to investors in Sweden in November 2011, as well as to investors in

Tampa, Florida in January 2012.46 Moreover, in a September 2012 video shot to

show to RWI investors and retailers, Jeter stated that he was “involved in this

business as an investor, entrepreneurial co-founder [and] Board Member.”47 Jeter’s

statements in the video, according to RWI, strengthened investor belief that Jeter

would publically announce his role with the Company pursuant to its reverse-

endorsement campaign.48

       Following the video, on January 25, 2013, Jeter attended an RWI “marketing

and investor” meeting in Stockholm.49        At the meeting, Jeter represented to

Ingvarsson, RWI’s marketing team, and investors that he would publicize his full

involvement with RWI at an upcoming product launch.50          Shortly before the

November 2013 product launch, however, Jeter declared that he would not permit

46
   Id. at ¶¶ 108–09.
47
   Id. at ¶ 110.
48
   Id.
49
   Id. at ¶ 84.
50
   Id.

                                        10
RWI to disclose his full involvement with the Company at the event.51 Instead, at

the product launch, Jeter merely stated:       “I’m supporting my man, Mathias

Ingvarsson. He gave me this product and I fell in love with it.”52 Moreover, rather

than fulfill the Company’s expectations, RWI asserts that Jeter used the product

launch to promote his new publishing venture.53

       The Counterclaimant alleges that investors invested significant funds in RWI

based upon Jeter’s false representations regarding a public announcement.54 Shortly

after the November 2013 product launch, RWI explains that investors became upset

with Jeter and the Company because it was clear that Jeter would not state publically

that he was a co-founder, substantial owner, and director of RWI, thereby inhibiting

its ability to raise necessary funds.55

       E. Jeter’s Plan to “Take Over” RWI

       RWI alleges that Jeter’s ultimate plan was to purposefully reduce the value of

the Company in hopes of later obtaining control. In the midst of the Company’s

financial hardship in early 2014—a direct result of Jeter’s “misconduct,” according

to the Counterclaimant—Jeter and his representatives brought in Mary Gleason as

an outside consultant to assist RWI in licensing the FRIGO brand.56 As RWI

51
   Id. at ¶ 86.
52
   Id. at ¶ 87.
53
   Id. at ¶ 88.
54
   Id. at ¶ 111.
55
   Id. at ¶¶ 115–16.
56
   Id. at ¶ 118.

                                          11
explains, Jeter and his representatives wanted Gleason to “take over” RWI’s

management.57          According to RWI, Jeter and his representatives, without the

authority of the RWI board, instructed Gleason to run the Company and the FRIGO

brand.58 Jeter’s alleged efforts, RWI contends, caused “great confusion” within the

Company, as well as “significant financial harm.” 59 There is no indication in the

Counterclaims, I note, that Gleason did, in fact, control the Company’s management.

       Finally, RWI alleges that in late 2014, Jeter attempted to become the

Company’s largest stockholder in an attempt to capitalize on RWI’s financial

suffering. According to RWI, one of the Company’s co-founders sought to sell

shares of stock representing approximately 10% of RWI.60              Through his

representatives, Jeter “demanded” the opportunity to purchase the shares, which

would have made him the Company’s largest stockholder at approximate 25%.61

RWI, however, “refused” to sell the shares to Jeter.62 Instead, another investor

ultimately purchased the shares and Jeter remained a 15% owner.63

       According to the Counterclaims, Jeter desired full control of the Company

because his plan had always been to either own his own clothing brand or, upon

57
   Id. at ¶ 119.
58
   Id. at ¶ 120.
59
   Id. at ¶ 123.
60
   Id. at ¶ 146.
61
   Id. at ¶¶ 148–49.
62
   Id. at ¶ 150.
63
   Id. at ¶¶ 149–50.

                                           12
seizing control of RWI, transferring its patented technology to a sports apparel

company, such as Nike, to incentivize a long-term endorsement deal.64 Based on the

pleadings, Jeter’s “plan” failed as he never obtained control of the Company.

Ultimately, Jeter’s directorship ended on July 22, 2015.65

       F. Procedural History

       Jeter filed a Verified Complaint on November 13, 2015 and a Verified

Amended Complaint on November 25, 2015, alleging three counts. In Count I, Jeter

sought a declaration that he had fully complied with, and performed under, the

Director Agreement. In Count II, Jeter sought a declaration that he was entitled to

indemnification and advancement. In Count III, Jeter sought an order compelling

the inspection of the Company’s books and records. Counts II and III have since

been resolved by the parties. Count I remains to be litigated and is not at issue in

this Memorandum Opinion.

       RWI filed its Answer and Counterclaim on December 14, 2015 and its

Amended Answer and Counterclaim on February 16, 2016. Generally, RWI asserts

that Jeter initially represented, and continued to represent, that his Nike contract

64
   Id. at ¶ 142.
65
    The Plaintiff’s (Counterclaim-Defendant’s) Complaint asserts that “by letter dated July 22,
2015, Jeter resigned as director of the Company, effective immediately.” Compl. ¶ 27. In its
Answer, however, RWI “denies Plaintiffs’ characterization of [that] document[],” explaining that
its “terms speak for themselves.” Countercls. 17. Furthermore, RWI contends that it is “without
knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of Jeter’s reasoning for sending
the July 22, 2015 letter,” and on that basis denies the Plaintiff’s averments. Id. Nonetheless, it
appears from the briefs and oral argument that Jeter is no longer a director of the Company.

                                                13
would allow the Company to publically announce his role as a co-founder,

substantial owner, and director. Based on Jeter’s actions and later representations,

however, RWI contends that Jeter’s representations were false. RWI alleges five

counts in which it asserts that Jeter’s actions support claims of fraud, breach of the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and breach of fiduciary duties. In

relief, RWI seeks, among other things, compensatory damages of no less than $30

million and rescission of the Director Agreement.

       On February 19, 2016, Jeter moved to dismiss RWI’s Counterclaims pursuant

to Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6). Following briefing on the motion, I heard oral

argument on April 21, 2016. This is my Memorandum Opinion.

                                      II. ANALYSIS

       The Plaintiff and Counterclaim-Defendant move to dismiss the Counterclaims

under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) on the ground that the Counterclaims fail to

state a claim upon which relief may be granted. When considering a motion to

dismiss under this rule, I must accept all well-pled factual allegations as true and

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-movant—the Defendant and

Counterclaimant here.66 The Court need not, however, accept conclusory allegations

unsupported by specific facts.67 The motion will be denied unless the non-movant

66
   Touch of Italy Salumeria & Pasticceria, LLC v. Bascio, 2014 WL 108895, at *3 (Del. Ch. Jan.
13, 2014) (citations omitted).
67
   Id.

                                             14
“could not recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances

susceptible of proof.”68

       The Counterclaimant has alleged five causes of action, some of which are

related and are thus analyzed together. I address the motion as to each count below,

finding that it must be granted in part and denied in part.

       A. Count II: Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair
       Dealing

       In Count II, the Counterclaimant alleges that Jeter breached the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing within the Director Agreement by refusing

to issue a press release announcing his role as a significant owner, co-founder, and

director of RWI. In addition, the Counterclaimant alleges that Jeter breached the

implied covenant by stating at the November 2013 product launch that he was there

as Ingvarsson’s friend. Based on the following analysis, the Counterclaimant’s latter

allegation fails to state a claim and must be dismissed. Its former allegation,

however, survives the motion.

       Assessing the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is a “cautious

enterprise.”69 In Delaware, the implied covenant inheres to every contract.70 To

68
   Id.
69
   Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1125 (Del. 2010) (citing Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas.
Co., 878 A.2d 434, 441 (Del. 2005)).
70
   Peco Logistics, LLC v. Walnut Inv. Partners, L.P., 2015 WL 9488249, at *11 (Del. Ch. Dec. 30,
2015) (citing Great–West Investors LP v. Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P., 2011 WL 284992, at *14
(Del. Ch. Jan. 14, 2011)).

                                              15
successfully plead a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing,

“the plaintiff must allege a specific implied contractual obligation, a breach of that

obligation by the defendant, and resulting damage to the plaintiff.”71 The Court will

not imply contractual terms, however, when the dispute at issue is expressly

addressed by the terms of the contract.72 Further, the implied covenant will only

engage when “the party asserting the implied covenant proves that the other party

has acted arbitrarily or unreasonably, thereby frustrating the fruits of the bargain that

the asserting party reasonably expected.”73              Finally, “[w]hen conducting this

analysis, we must assess the parties' reasonable expectations at the time of

contracting and not rewrite the contract to appease a party who later wishes to rewrite

a contract he now believes to have been a bad deal.”74

               1. Jeter’s Refusal to Issue a Press Release

       The Counterclaimants’ first allegation is that Jeter breached the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing by refusing to issue a press release

announcing his role as a significant owner, co-founder, and director of the Company.

Jeter moves to dismiss RWI’s claim for three reasons: (1) the Director Agreement

71
   Id. (citing Fitzgerald v. Cantor, 1998 WL 842316, at *1 (Del. Ch. Nov. 10, 1998)).
72
   Sanders v. Devine, 1997 WL 599539, at * 6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 24, 1997) (“[T]he law is settled that
where the terms of a contract expressly address the terms of a dispute, those express contractual
terms-not an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing-govern the parties' relations.”)
(citations omitted).
73
   Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1126 (citing Dunlap, 878 A.2d at 442).
74
   Id. (citations omitted).

                                               16
expressly covers the issuance of a press release, leaving no room for operation of the

implied covenant; (2) RWI is precluded from relying on the implied covenant, since

it could have reasonably anticipated the current issues when negotiating the Director

Agreement and thus could have negotiated for a contractual provision that it now

seeks to imply; and (3) Jeter’s alleged refusal to issue a press release could not

frustrate the overall purpose of the Director Agreement, and thus does not implicate

the implied covenant. I have already explained that this Court regards appeals to the

implied covenant with a gimlet eye, lest its application frustrate, rather than perfect,

the parties’ intentions as explicitly stated in the contract. Here, however, Jeter’s

concession at oral argument alleviates the need for such scrutiny.

         I turn first to the pertinent contractual provision in the Director Agreement.

Attached to the Director Agreement is Exhibit E, titled “Specific Services to be

Provided by Director.” Exhibit E provides, in part, that “RevolutionWear may issue

a press release disclosing [the] Director’s role with RevolutionWear provided that

Director approves the press release in advance.”75 RWI’s ability to issue a press

release is, accordingly, conditioned on Jeter’s approval. RWI contends that, implied

in this condition, is the requirement that Jeter not withhold approval unreasonably.

I need not decide, and specifically decline to decide, whether under the facts as pled,

the implied covenant should attach to impose an objective good-faith or

75
     Director Agreement, Ex. E.

                                           17
reasonableness requirement here, because the issue has been conceded by Jeter. At

oral argument, counsel addressed the intentions of the parties as provided for in this

section.       The parties, including Jeter through his counsel, agreed that a

“reasonableness” requirement attaches and must be imputed to Jeter’s approval of a

press release.76 In other words, Jeter concedes that the terms of the Director

Agreement, including any term implied by the covenant of good faith and fair

dealing, provide that he may only reject a proposed press release if his rejection is

reasonable and not arbitrary. Given this concession, I need not further scrutinize

the contract in light of the implied covenant. As the parties have agreed, Jeter will

have breached the Director Agreement, and thus deprived RWI of the fruits of its

bargain, if Jeter unreasonably refused to approve the issuance of a press release. The

remaining issue before me in this regard, therefore, is whether Jeter’s refusal to issue

a press release was reasonable, as required by the Director Agreement.

         In its Counterclaims, RWI alleges that, after many failed requests that Jeter

approve a press release, RWI proposed a formal press release in September 2014

(the “Proposed Press Release”).77 Although RWI failed to submit the Proposed Press

Release as part of its pleadings, the Counterclaimant represents that it would have

announced that Jeter was a co-founder, significant owner, and director of RWI in

76
     Oral Arg. Tr. 24:1–30:1, 39:5–41:24, 70:22–72:11.
77
     Countercls. ¶ 131.

                                                18
furtherance of the Company’s reverse-endorsement strategy.78 Jeter, upon RWI’s

request for approval of the Proposed Press Release, withheld his approval and

instead approved the following statement:

          FRIGO® is a brand I am excited about because of their innovation and
          patented technology. I was introduced to FRIGO® when it was a
          prototype and believe it fills a void in the marketplace. I am looking
          forward to seeing its continued progress, thanks to the hard work of the
          RevolutionWear team, led by founder and CEO Mathias Ingvarsson.79

That official statement, according to RWI, falls short of a disclosure of Jeter’s full

role at RWI as contemplated by Exhibit E of the Director Agreement, which was

bargained for in aid of the reverse-endorsement strategy. Moreover, RWI asserts

that Jeter’s refusal to disclose his role with the Company was unreasonable and thus

violated Exhibit E. Jeter’s refusal to approve the Proposed Press Release, RWI

explains, was either arbitrary or driven by an undisclosed provision of Jeter’s Nike

contract precluding such disclosure. The latter explanation, if true, would be

unreasonable, RWI argues, because at the time of contracting, Jeter represented that

his Nike contract included a carve-out that allows Jeter to issue a press release that

publically announces his role as a co-founder, significant owner, and director of

RWI. Otherwise, according to RWI, Jeter had no legitimate reason for refusing the

Proposed Press Release and such a refusal is, therefore, arbitrary.

78
     Id.
79
     Id. at ¶ 132.

                                            19
      Based on the pleadings, I find that it is reasonably conceivable that Jeter’s

refusal to approve the Proposed Press Release was not reasonable and thus his refusal

is a breach of the Directors Agreement. To the extent Jeter refused to approve the

Proposed Press Release because of its potential conflict with his Nike contract, his

refusal frustrated the overall purpose of the Director Agreement as determined at the

time of contract, contradicts his representation concerning a carve-out, and is

therefore conceivably unreasonable. If Jeter’s decision to withhold approval of the

Proposed Press Release was not based on the Nike contract, it is reasonably

conceivable that his refusal was arbitrary and thus unreasonable. The motion to

dismiss is accordingly denied as to that portion of Count II.

             2. Jeter’s Statements at the 2013 Product Launch

      The Counterclaimant also alleges that the implied covenant of good faith and

fair dealing was breached by Jeter’s statements at the November 2013 product

launch in which he stated that he was at the launch as Mr. Ingvarsson’s friend.

Specifically, at the November 2013 product launch, Jeter stated: “I’m supporting

my man, Mathias Ingvarsson. He gave me this product and I fell in love with it.”

According to RWI, Jeter’s statements are false and are another example of an

arbitrary and unreasonable refusal by Jeter to announce his full role with the

Company in violation of the Director Agreement.

      This portion of RWI’s claim fails to state a cause of action. My understanding

                                         20
of RWI’s claim is that the necessary implication of Jeter’s statements is that he was

only at the product launch to “support [his] man, Ingvarsson” and was not at the

event, therefore, as a co-founder, director, and substantial owner. It is not reasonably

conceivable, however, that Jeter’s statements at the November 2013 product launch

equate to an unreasonable refusal to issue a press release as contemplated by Exhibit

E. Jeter’s statements were not categorical as characterized by the Counterclaimant:

Jeter did not say that his sole purpose for attending the event was to support

Ingvarsson. Jeter’s statements are silent as to any official role with RWI and do not

create an implication that Jeter has no other role with the Company. Moreover,

Exhibit E contemplates a press release, and not some other type of an announcement,

such as an interview at a product launch party. The parties’ agreement makes clear,

in fact, that Jeter does not have a duty to promote the company or its products,

beyond not unreasonably interfering with the specified press release addressed

above.80 Therefore, this portion of Count II is dismissed.

         B. Counts I, III, & V: Fraud-Based Claims

         RWI alleges three counts based in fraud: fraudulent inducement (Count I),

fraudulent concealment (Count V), and fraud (Count III). In order to sufficiently

plead a fraud claim, the plaintiff must allege:

         (1) the defendant falsely represented or omitted facts that the defendant
         had a duty to disclose; (2) the defendant knew or believed that the

80
     See Director Agreement § 6.

                                            21
       representation was false or made the representation with a reckless
       indifference to the truth; (3) the defendant intended to induce the
       plaintiff to act or refrain from acting; (4) the plaintiff acted in justifiable
       reliance on the representation; and (5) the plaintiff was injured by its
       reliance.81

In addition, Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) requires that the claimant state with

particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.82 Specifically, fraud claims must

be pled with particularity concerning: “(1) the time, place, and contents of the false

representation; (2) the identity of the person making the representation; and (3) what

the person intended to gain by making the representations.”83

       The Counterclaimant’s claims for fraudulent inducement and fraudulent

concealment are intertwined. I thus analyze those claims together and find that each

claim survives the motion to dismiss. I then turn to the Counterclaimant’s separate

count for fraud, finding that it is dismissed because the count fails to state a separate

claim of fraud.

              1. Fraudulent Inducement and Concealment

       In Count I, the Counterclaimant alleges that RWI was fraudulently induced

by Jeter into entering the Director Agreement. It asserts that Jeter fraudulently

induced RWI to enter into the Director Agreement by falsely representing to the

81
   Eurofins Panlabs, Inc. v. Ricerca Biosciences, LLC, 2014 WL 2457515, at *7 (Del. Ch. May
30, 2014) (citing Abry Partners V, L.P. v. F & W Acquisition LLC, 891 A.2d 1032, 1050 (Del. Ch.
2006)).
82
   Ct. Ch. R. 9(b).
83
   Eurofins Panlabs, Inc., 2014 WL 2457515, at *7 (citing Abry Partners V, L.P., 891 A.2d at
1050).

                                              22
Company that he had “explicit, written approval from Nike to announce, and allow

RWI to announce, that Jeter was a co-founder, substantial owner and director of

RWI.”84 Thereafter, as alleged in Count V, RWI argues that Jeter concealed its

fraud. According to RWI, Jeter “actively concealed the truth about the Nike contract

by affirmatively making statements to RWI . . . that he would allow the public

announcement of his role as director, co-founder and significant owner of RWI,”

and that such acts “prevented RWI from gaining knowledge of material facts

concerning the truth about the Nike contract and led RWI astray from the truth.”85

The Counterclaim-Defendants contend that the fraudulent inducement and

fraudulent concealment claims should be dismissed on two grounds: first, they argue

that the fraudulent inducement claims are time-barred; second, they contend that

RWI fails to sufficiently allege the falsity of the statements regarding Jeter’s Nike

contract. I conclude that the Counterclaimant’s claims for fraudulent inducement

survive the motion to dismiss. I start with the Counterclaim-Defendant’s assertion

that the fraudulent inducement claims are untimely.

       In Delaware, claims based in fraud are subject to a statute of limitation of three

years.86 Generally, “the cause of action accrues at the time of the alleged wrongful

84
   Countercls. ¶ 152.
85
   Id. at ¶ 197.
86
   10 Del. C. § 8106.

                                           23
act, even if the plaintiff is ignorant of the cause of action.”87 Here the alleged

contract-inducing misstatements were made to induce RWI to enter the Director

Agreement in 2011.            The Counterclaims assert that on February 17, 2011,

VanEgmond spoke with Kinda Younes, an officer of RWI, and represented that Jeter

had received written permission from Nike to be a publically announced co-founder,

substantial owner and director of RWI.88 On that same day, VanEgmond also made

a similar representation to Ingvarsson.89               According to RWI, VanEgmond’s

representations were false and were knowingly made on behalf of Jeter to induce

RWI to enter the Director Agreement.                  Earlier in this litigation, before the

Counterclaims were amended, Jeter denied that RWI’s pleadings were sufficient to

allege VanEgmond was acting as his agent in dealing with RWI, but in briefing this

motion Jeter has dropped that assertion, based upon what he describes as RWI’s

“more fulsome” pleadings.90 RWI’s original counterclaims were filed on December

14, 2015, nearly five years after the alleged misstatements by Jeter’s agent. It

therefore follows, according to the Counterclaim-Defendants, that the fraud-based

counterclaims should be dismissed as they were filed outside the three-year statute

87
   Seiden v. Kaneko, 2015 WL 7289338, at *7 (Del. Ch. Nov. 3, 2015) (citations omitted).
88
   Countercls. ¶ 66.
89
   Id. at ¶ 67.
90
   See Pl’s Opening Br. 30 n.12. I hereby renounce, in defeat, a pedantic pet peeve: I confess that
in today's United States, 'fulsome' is a sesquipedalian synonym for 'full,' Mr. Webster's dictionary
be damned. I give up, I give in, I yield to the majority; I will no longer be stuck in fulsome prison.

                                                 24
of limitation.

       RWI’s claim of fraudulent inducement must be measured in light of its claim

of fraudulent concealment, however.               According to RWI, Jeter’s fraudulent

concealment tolls the statute of limitation until November 2013, at which time it

received an email from Close revealing Jeter’s fraudulent inducement. In order to

toll the statute of limitation under the fraudulent concealment exception, “the

plaintiff must allege some affirmative act by the defendant ‘that either prevented the

plaintiff from gaining knowledge of material facts or led the plaintiff away from the

truth.’”91 When the exception is satisfied, the statute will be tolled and will not begin

to run until the “discovery of facts constituting the basis of the cause of action or the

existence of facts sufficient to put a person of ordinary intelligence and prudence on

inquiry which if pursued, would lead to the discovery [of the injury].”92

       In Count V, RWI alleges that Jeter concealed the truth concerning the

fraudulent representations—that Jeter’s Nike contract did not preclude a public

announcement of his role with the Company—by “affirmatively making statements

to RWI while he was a director of RWI that he would allow the public announcement

of his role as director, co-founder and significant owner of RWI.”93 In other words,

91
   Smith v. Mattia, 2010 WL 412030, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb. 1, 2010) (quoting In re Tyson Foods,
Inc., 919 A.2d 563, 585 (Del. Ch. 2007)).
92
   Id. at *4 (citing Krahmer v. Christie's Inc., 903 A.2d 773, 778–79 (Del. Ch. 2007)).
93
   Countercls. ¶ 195.

                                             25
following the fraudulently induced execution of the Director Agreement, Jeter

allegedly continued to represent to RWI that he could (and would) publically

announce his role with the Company as co-founder, substantial owner, and director,

thereby concealing the fact that his Nike contract provided otherwise. For example,

RWI alleges that in or about November 2012, Jeter stated to RWI that if it changed

the style of the product from a sports undergarment to a fashion undergarment that

he would “fully support RWI and publically announce that he was a co-founder,

substantial owner and director.”94       According to RWI, Jeter’s continued

representations prevented RWI from gaining knowledge of the falsity of the alleged

fraudulent statements and that, as a result, RWI continued to devote significant

resources, funds, and time to developing the reverse-endorsement plan around Jeter.

It was not until Close’s email of November 13, 2013—written over two years after

Jeter executed the Director Agreement—that RWI discovered the falsity of

VanEgmond’s representations.       According to RWI, Close’s email informed

Ingvarsson that because of Jeter’s Nike contract, “there will be no mention of

Derek’s presence in the marketplace.”95 Moreover, RWI explains that it could not

have discovered the truth concerning the Nike contract because at all times, Jeter’s

Nike contract was in the sole possession of Jeter and his agents, who have refused

94
     Id. at ¶ 77.
95
     Id. at ¶ 69.

                                        26
to provide a copy to RWI.

      Jeter, on the other hand, contends that RWI’s fraudulent inducement claim is

not subject to equitable tolling. According to Jeter, RWI was aware, or should have

been aware, of facts sufficient to put the Company on inquiry notice that Jeter’s

representations regarding the Nike contract were false. Jeter’s agents’ repeated

refusal to provide the Nike contract, Jeter explains, should have deterred RWI from

moving forward with Jeter and should have provoked further investigation into the

contents of the Nike contract. Therefore, it would follow, RWI failed to perform

reasonable diligence to investigate the contents of the Nike contract and should thus

not benefit from equitable tolling. Jeter’s argument assumes, however, that it was

unreasonable for RWI to trust Jeter’s agents’ repeated representations that Jeter’s

Nike contract did not serve as an impediment to the reverse-endorsement strategy. I

cannot make that fact-based assumption at this stage of the litigation. Jeter’s

argument cannot, therefore, serve as a basis to dismiss RWI’s claim.

      Jeter asserts a second rationale for barring equitable tolling here.      Jeter

contends that tolling of the statute of limitations is inappropriate because RWI has

admitted that Close read the relevant provisions of the Nike contract, or the carve-

out, to RWI on September 15, 2011, at which point RWI must have known the truth

of the matter. Jeter’s argument, however, borders on tautology: it ignores the fact

that RWI’s claim contemplates that Jeter’s representatives read something other than

                                         27
the actual provisions of the Nike contract—that is, that the purported reading was a

lie to further the fraud. Therefore, at this stage of the litigation, Jeter’s agent’s

reading of what he purported to be the relevant provisions of the Nike contract do

not preclude the equitable tolling of RWI’s fraudulent inducement claim.

         Based on its pleadings in Counts I and V, therefore, it is reasonably

conceivable that RWI’s fraud claims are timely because Jeter fraudulently concealed

the preclusive contents of his Nike contract, thereby tolling the statute of limitations

until November 2013. Accordingly, Count I cannot be dismissed on the ground that

it was untimely.

         The Plaintiffs second argument in support of dismissal of RWI’s fraudulent

inducement and fraudulent concealment claims is that RWI has failed to sufficiently

state that the representations regarding the Nike contract were false. According to

Jeter, RWI never pleads that it “discovered that any of the alleged statements or

representations were false,” and that RWI instead “assumes that [the] alleged

statements must have been false . . . because Jeter later refused to make a public

announcement.”96 Moreover, Jeter argues that RWI admits that it was free to

publicly announce Jeter’s role without Jeter’s permission and, in fact, shot a video

with Jeter to show to investors in which Jeter stated that he was involved with RWI

as an investor, co-founder, and board member. While RWI’s fraud claims appear

96
     Defs’ Opening Br. 34.

                                          28
weakened by various admissions in its pleadings, RWI nonetheless sufficiently

alleges that Jeter’s representations regarding his Nike contract were false.

Specifically, RWI points to Close’s representation in his November 2013 email that

Jeter’s “presence in the marketplace” could not be disclosed due to his Nike contract.

Therefore, RWI has sufficiently pled falsity in support of its fraudulent inducement

and concealment claims.

       Based on the foregoing, the motion is denied as to Counts I and V.

               2. Fraud

       In Count III, RWI alleges a separate claim of fraud that resembles an

amalgamation of its claims of fraudulent inducement and concealment. In its fraud

claim, RWI alleges that Jeter made “knowing false statements to RWI that he would

publically announce that he was a co-founder, substantial owner and director of

RWI,”97 and that “these statements were false, because, upon information and belief,

Jeter could not make such announcements due to the Nike contract.”98 RWI explains

that “Jeter used these fraudulent statements to induce RWI into spending substantial

money, time and effort into creating the reverse-endorsement plan around Jeter and

changing its product and marketing to his personal liking to please Nike.”99

       I find that RWI has failed to identify statements that contributed to fraud that

97
   Countercls. ¶ 173.
98
   Id. at ¶ 174.
99
   Id. at ¶ 175.

                                          29
RWI relied on to its detriment separate from those statements made to allegedly

fraudulently induce the Director Agreement and fraudulently conceal their falsity.

To the extent RWI has alleged statements that I have not identified here that have

contributed to RWI’s continued reliance on Jeter’s initial fraudulent statements, any

related claim for fraud is subsumed by the surviving counts for fraudulent

inducement and concealment. As a result, an additional, distinct claim of fraud is

not present in the Counterclaims.100 The motion to dismiss is accordingly granted

as to Count III.101

       C. Count IV: Breach of Fiduciary Duties

       In Count IV, RWI asserts several allegations that Jeter acted in bad faith and

in violation of the duty of loyalty. It alleges that Jeter breached his fiduciary duties

in seven ways: (1) making fraudulent statements to RWI and RWI’s investors; (2)

using the November 2013 product launch to promote a separate business interests;

(3) causing RWI to alter the FRIGO product and marketing strategy to fit Jeter’s

personal liking in return for his false promise that he would publically announce his

role with RWI; (4) demanding that RWI not pursue a certain branding strategy that

100
    I note that RWI seeks monetary damages in relief for its fraud claim in Count III. RWI also
seeks monetary damages, in addition to rescission, in relief for its fraudulent inducement claim in
Count I.
101
    The Counterclaim-Defendants argue that RWI’s fraud claim must be dismissed because RWI
improperly “bootstrapped” a contract claim into a fraud claim. Because I’ve found that RWI’s
fraud claim must be dismissed for failure to state a claim, I need not determine whether RWI’s
fraud claim is improperly duplicative of a breach of contract claim.

                                                30
the board had already agreed to pursue; (5) attempting to take over the management

of RWI; and (6) attempting to capitalize on RWI’s financial suffering by buying

additional shares of RWI at a depressed price to become the largest stockholder of

RWI.102

       The Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, I note, includes an exculpatory

clause that absolves a director of liability to the Company for monetary damages

“[t]o the fullest extent permitted by law.”103 In order to withstand a motion to

dismiss, therefore, the allegations against Jeter must make it reasonably conceivable

that Jeter has breached a non-exculpated duty: the fiduciary duty of loyalty.104 This

Court has held that “the duty of loyalty mandates that the best interest of the

corporation and its shareholders takes precedence over any interest possessed by a

director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the stockholders

generally.”105 Accordingly, “Corporate fiduciaries ‘are not permitted to use their

position of trust and confidence to further their private interests’”106 in ways inimical

to the corporation. Encompassed within the duty of loyalty is the requirement that

102
    Countercls. ¶ 188.
103
    Pls.’ Opening Br., Ex. A, at 17.
104
    In re Alloy, Inc., 2011 WL 4863716, at *7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 13, 2011) (explaining that “if the
corporation’s certificate contains an exculpatory provision pursuant to § 102(b)(7) barring claims
for monetary liability against directors for breaches of the duty of care, the complaint must state a
nonexculpated claim, i.e., a claim predicated on a breach of the directors’ duty of loyalty or bad
faith conduct”)) (citing Lyondell Chem. Co. v. Ryan, 970 A.2d 235, 239–40 (Del. 2009).
105
    In re Orchard Enters., Inc. S’holder Litig., 88 A.3d 1, 33 (Del. Ch. 2014) (citing Cede & Co.
v. Technicolor, Inc., 634 A.2d 345, 361 (Del. 1993)).
106
    Id. (quoting Guth v. Loft, Inc., 5 A.2d 503, 510 (Del. 1939)).

                                                31
a director act in good faith.107 Although the duty to act in good faith may be invoked

with regard to a variety of behavior,108 RWI contends that it has pled a breach of the

duty to act in good faith by showing that Jeter “intentionally act[ed] with a purpose

other than that of advancing the best interests of the corporation.”109

       RWI’s allegations, in my mind, illustrate the difficulties that may arise in the

fiduciary duty context when a corporation expects its directors to perform acts

outside of their traditional fiduciary role. Here, for example, the purpose of Jeter’s

membership on RWI’s board was essentially for marketing purposes: the Company

hoped that consumers would recognize Jeter’s role on the board, and his substantial

investment in the Company, and be persuaded thereby to purchase its product. The

Director Agreement, therefore, contains certain provisions to facilitate RWI and

Jeter’s “reverse-endorsement” strategy that obligate Jeter beyond his fiduciary

obligations. Specifically, the Director Agreement contemplates a press release

announcing Jeter’s role with the Company, as well as a biographical sketch to be

107
    See Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 369–70 (Del. 2006) (“The failure to act in good faith may
result in liability because the requirement to act in good faith ‘is a subsidiary element[,]’ i.e., a
condition, ‘of the fundamental duty of loyalty.’”) (quoting Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 506
n.34 (Del. Ch. 2003)).
108
    See e.g., In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 906 A.2d 27, 67 (Del. 2006) (describing examples
of bad-faith acts, such as “where the fiduciary intentionally acts with a purpose other than that of
advancing the best interests of the corporation, where the fiduciary acts with the intent to violate
applicable positive law, or where the fiduciary intentionally fails to act in the face of a known duty
to act, demonstrating a conscious disregard for his duties”) (citations omitted).
109
    In re Rural/Metro Corp S’holder Litig., 102 A.3d 205, 253 (Del. Ch. 2014) (citing In re Walt
Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 906 A.2d 27, 67 (Del. 2006)).

                                                 32
disclosed in the context of information about RWI’s management.110 While such

contractual obligations may give rise to breach-of-contract claims, they do not alter

the fiduciary obligations of the director. Here, it appears that Jeter’s contractual

obligations have enlarged the Company’s expectations of Jeter beyond his fiduciary

obligations. For this reason, all but the claim that Jeter made false statements to

investors must be dismissed for failure to state a claim. I address each of RWI’s

allegations in turn below. I note at the outset, however, that (with the exception of

the misrepresentation to investors and actions at the November 2013 product launch,

addressed directly below) RWI’s claims of breach of duty, ironically, involve Jeter

acting like a director of the Company, and not like the promoter manqué that RWI

apparently intended he be.

                 1. Allegation 1: Misrepresentations to Investors

          In RWI’s first allegation, it asserts that Jeter made fraudulent statements to

RWI and RWI’s investors.               RWI explains that on multiple occasions, Jeter

represented to RWI investors that he would publically announce his role as a co-

founder, investor, and director of RWI. It points to statements made in Stockholm,

Sweden in November 2011, and in Tampa, Florida in January 2012. In reliance on

those representations, RWI explains, investors made significant investments in the

Company.         Jeter, however, knew he was unable to comply, because he was

110
      See Director Agreement, Ex. E; id. § 7.

                                                33
(allegedly) contractually prohibited from doing so under his contract with Nike.

After Jeter inevitably reneged on his obligation to RWI, those investors became

unhappy with RWI and lost faith in the Company. As a result, RWI asserts, the

Company was unable to raise the necessary funds to implement its business plans.

      Assuming, as I must at this stage, the truth of RWI’s pleadings, Jeter’s

statements to investors, made to encourage investment and knowingly false, were

made in bad faith, and RWI’s allegation, therefore, sufficiently pleads a claim of

breach of fiduciary duty. Jeter, while acting as a fiduciary to the Company, made

statements that were knowingly false and caused investors to invest in the Company.

After discovering the falsity of Jeter’s statements, investors lost faith in the

Company, thereby limiting the Company’s ability to raise capital. Based on RWI’s

allegations, Jeter acted with a purpose other than that of advancing the best interests

of the Company. The motion as to the first allegation, therefore, is denied.

             2. Allegation 2: Promotion of Other Interests

      In RWI’s second allegation, it asserts that Jeter breached his duty of loyalty

and acted in bad faith by using the November 2013 product launch to promote a

separate business interests. Specifically, RWI points to statements Jeter made at the

product launch in which he described a recent opportunity to enter the publishing

business. This allegation fails to state a breach of the fiduciary duty of loyalty and

does not amount to a bad faith act as pled.

                                          34
      Assuming for the purposes of this analysis that Jeter attended the November

2013 product launch and promoted a business other than the Company, the fiduciary

duty of loyalty does not preclude a director from discussing other business ventures

at a promotional event that he has no fiduciary obligation to facilitate or even attend.

RWI’s allegation, as I see it, is merely another iteration of its contract and fraud

claims. RWI expected that at the November 2013 product launch, Jeter would

publically announce that he was a co-founder, substantial owner, and director of

RWI. Instead, Jeter stated only that he attended the product launch to support

Ingvarsson and the product. While Jeter’s discussion of his other business interest

may have offended RWI’s expectations, such expectations are based in contract and

cannot state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty. The statements regarding the

publishing venture, as opposed to Jeter’s failure to disclose his role, are not alleged

to have harmed the Company. Accordingly, it is not reasonably conceivable that

RWI will prevail, and the motion is granted as to RWI’s second allegation.

             3. Allegations 3 & 4: Influence on Marketing Strategies

      In RWI’s third allegation, it asserts that Jeter breached the fiduciary duty of

loyalty and acted in bad faith by causing RWI to change the FRIGO product and

marketing strategy to his “personal liking” in return for his false promise that he

would publically announce his role with RWI. Similarly, in its fourth allegation,

RWI alleges that Jeter “demanded” that RWI halt a branding strategy that had been

                                          35
approved by the board in favor of his own strategy. Both of RWI’s allegations fail

to state a claim of breach of the fiduciary duty of loyalty and do not arise to bad faith

acts.

        In the Counterclaims, RWI states that Jeter insisted that the FRIGO product

was “too sporty,” allegedly because, unless the products were redesigned as

“fashion” undergarments, his relationship with Nike could be damaged by the

similarities between the FRIGO products and Nike products. According to RWI,

VanEgmond informed Ingvarsson in November 2012 that Jeter would not publically

support RWI if the FRIGO product remained “sporty.” To save its relationship with

Jeter, and thus preserve its “reverse-endorsement” strategy, RWI “redesign[ed] the

message, packaging and product line, and changed the distribution plan, to make the

product less ‘sporty/athletic’ and more of a fashion product.”111

        Later, in April 2013, RWI’s board of directors approved a marketing

campaign that featured a social media strategy spearheaded by Curtis James Jackson

III, also known as the rapper 50 Cent.112 Subsequently, however, Jeter objected to

the strategy, causing RWI to abandon the effort.          According to RWI, Jeter’s

obstruction caused “the waste of significant funds, time and effort, and caused RWI

irreparable harm with retailers, customers and investors.”113

111
    Countercls. ¶ 78.
112
    Id. at ¶ 98.
113
    Id. at ¶ 104.

                                           36
      According to RWI, Jeter’s advocacy of changes to the Company’s marketing

strategy were not just bad business decisions made by a corporate fiduciary, but were

acts made in bad faith, in breach of his duty of loyalty. RWI’s Counterclaims,

however, lack factual allegations sufficient to show that Jeter breached his fiduciary

duties. Strikingly absent from RWI’s Counterclaims is how Jeter was able to

unilaterally alter the direction of the Company. RWI, for example, has not alleged

that Jeter holds a controlling ownership interest in the Company or that he controls

the board; it has not described how the Company implemented Jeter’s bad-faith

marketing decisions; and it has failed to allege whether RWI’s officers and other

directors supported or challenged Jeter’s decisions. In sum, RWI has failed to allege

how Jeter acted in breach of his fiduciary duty; instead, to the extent these allegations

relate to any of RWI’s claims, they seem to again converge with its contract and

fraud allegations. While RWI’s reaction to Jeter’s demands may have relevance to

the damages formulation with respect to its fraud or contract claims, they do not, as

pled, implicate Jeter’s fiduciary duties. Accordingly, the motion is granted as to

RWI’s third and fourth allegations.

             4. Allegations 5 & 6: Efforts to Obtain Control

      In its fifth allegation, RWI contends that Jeter attempted to take over the

management of RWI; and in its sixth allegation, RWI asserts that Jeter attempted to

capitalize on RWI’s financial suffering by purchasing additional shares at a

                                           37
depressed price pursuant to a plan to take control of the Company. According to

RWI, Jeter acted in bad faith and in violation of the duty of loyalty that he owed

RWI.

        In its Counterclaims, RWI alleges that in early 2014, Jeter and his

representatives hired an outside consultant to assist RWI in licensing the FRIGO

brand. Jeter did not stop there, however. According to RWI, Jeter attempted to

install the outside consultant as a “shadow director” and instructed the consultant to

run the Company.114 Although Jeter’s efforts allegedly caused financial harm and

great confusion within the Company, there is no indication that Jeter’s plan was

successful. Finally, in late 2014, after Jeter had “single handedly caused great

financial harm to RWI, Jeter attempted to capitalize on RWI’s financial suffering by

buying additional shares of RWI at a reduced price [to] become, by far, the largest

shareholder.”115 Ultimately, however, Jeter bought no additional shares.

        RWI’s allegations again fail to sufficiently describe the actions Jeter took as

a fiduciary. Based on the Counterclaims, it is unclear how Jeter, a single director,

was able to hire an outside consultant and give it clear instruction to “run the

[C]ompany and the brand.”116 Similarly, the ultimate culmination of Jeter’s alleged

plan—to control the Company by purchasing RWI stock at a depressed price—also

114
    Id. at ¶ 122.
115
    Id. at ¶ 141.
116
    Id. at ¶ 120.

                                          38
simply never occurred. Therefore, RWI’s fifth and sixth allegations do not support

a claim for breach of fiduciary duty and are dismissed.

                               III. CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing, the motion to dismiss is denied as to the

Counterclaimant’s counts for fraudulent inducement (Count I) and fraudulent

concealment (Count V). Likewise, the motion is denied as to the noted portions of

the counts for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing of the

Director’s Agreement (Count II) and breach of fiduciary duties (Count IV). The

motion is otherwise granted. The parties should submit a proposed order consistent

with this Memorandum Opinion.

                                        39