Court Opinion

ID: 4602423
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:29:41.899281+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:52:40.339131
License: Public Domain

THE EVENING STAR NEWSPAPER COMPANY, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Evening Star Newspaper Co. v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 61870, 66855.United States Board of Tax Appeals28 B.T.A. 762; 1933 BTA LEXIS 1072; July 27, 1933, Promulgated *1072  A contribution to a community chest by a local newspaper of large circulation, especially devoted to local interests, held to be deductible as a business expense where it is shown that the paper in line with its policy of long duration took the lead in campaigns for contributions to the chest, and its contribution was reasonably motivated by or related to the proper conduct of its business.  Edward H. Hart, Esq., for the petitioner.  W. F. Wattles, Esq., for the respondent.  MARQUETTE *763  These proceedings have been consolidated for hearing and involved deficiencies in income tax for the calendar years 1929 and 1930, in the respective amounts of $677.81 and $3,547.84.  The parties have stipulated that the petitioner suffered a loss of $9,321.41 in the year 1929 by reason of the demolition of a building and that this amount may be taken as a deduction from gross income in that year.  The only issue presented for determination is whether the petitioner is entitled to take as deductions, for the years 1929 and 1930, contributions made by it in these years to the Washington Community Chest.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner, a corporation, *1073  is the publisher of The Evening Star, a family newspaper, which, despite strenuous competition, has the largest circulation and more than half the advertising business in the city of Washington.  In dollars it carries more business than all the other papers in the city.  Its circulation and advertising revenue for the following years were as follows: CirculationYearDailySundayAdvertising revenue1928102,164108,301$2,296,5451929105,978111,0762,211,7221930110,018115,3892,068,442The circulation in these years grew beyond the growth of the city.  A reputable newspaper's profits depend on its advertising revenue and this in turn depends on the size of its circulation and the character of its readers.  A newspaper has a character just as an individual and its circulation is dependent on its reputation, prestige and quality.  It is under constent scrutiny of the public as to what it does and prints.  For more than sixty years it has been the policy of the Star to further what its management considers the best interests of the citizens of Washington.  It does not advertise by billboards, radio, circulars or the like.  Its promotion*1074  expense is negligible compared to those usually incurred by other newspapers.  Its method of advertising is by indirect promotion - that is, by contributing to and promoting the interests of the community.  That it has done in its columns and by giving money and the time of its employees.  *764  When the first community chest of Washington was proposed, the Star took the lead in advocating and promoting it.  This it did editorially, in its news columns and by contributing the service of its officers and employees.  It offered prizes for essays on the subject.  It continued such support through the chest campaigns of 1929 and 1930.  Editorially it urged giving to the chest, giving until it hurt, and in its columns it published the names and contributions of many donors, but not all.  The Washington Community Chest contributed to 57 charitable and civic organizations in 1929 and 1930.  In 1929 and 1930 the petitioner's board of directors authorized and the petitioner made contributions to the chest, in the respective amounts of $20,000 and $25,000.  At these meetings the members of the board discussed the business value of these contributions and it was their opinion that*1075  it was essential that the contributions be made, that the contributions would materially help in promoting the prestige of the paper, that they would further its circulation, would aid in securing advertising and were in line with their previous policy.  Further, it was their belief that a failure to make the contributions would be prejudicial to the paper, and that it was essential to its success.  These contributions were the largest made in either year by any local corporation and when announced created much enthusiasm among the chest workers.  The contributions were given much publicity in the campaign and the Star carried them on its front page.  The petitioner has about 600 employees, who would participate in the benefit to be conferred by the chest to the same extent as other residents of Washington.  Before 1929 the petitioner contributed to such charities as it deemed worthy and employed a visiting nurse at an expense of about $1,500 a year.  After the chest began to function, those activities ceased.  The petitioner did not seek in its income tax return for 1929 to deduct its contribution made in that year, but did take as a deduction in its return for 1930 its contribution*1076  made in that year, and this deduction was disallowed by the respondent.  The net income of the petitioner as determined by the respondent for 1929, was $1,382,530.88, and for 1930, $1,061,122.54.  OPINION.  MARQUETTE: The sole question for decision is whether the petitioner should be permitted to deduct from its gross income its contributions of the Washington Community Chest.  Such a contribution when in the nature of a gift is deductible to a limited extent *765  from the gross income of an individual.  Sec. 23(n)(2), Revenue Act of 1928.  No such deduction is allowed to a corporation.  But either may deduct such a contribution when it is shown that the contribution is in fact a business expense. ; . Since a contribution may be either a charitable gift or a business expense, a taxpayer in order to secure a deduction as a business expense must show by sufficient evidence that the expenditure had in a direct sense a reasonable relation to its business.  (*1077 ) or, as said in , it must be "reasonably motivated by or related to the proper conduct of the business." See also Tested by these standards we think that the petitioner has shown that its contributions were ordinary and necessary expenses within the meaning of section 23(a) of the Revenue Act of 1928.  . The petitioner depends on its advertising revenue for its profits and these in turn depend on the circulation of the Star.  By a long and consistent policy of advocating those causes and policies, civic and political, which its management believed to be for the good of the residents of Washington, this paper now enjoys the largest circulation of any paper in that city.  Its advocacy of the community chest was in direct line with this policy.  It could not have done otherwise without to some extent forfeiting the good with of its readers.  It advocated and insisted on giving by all, rich and poor, and giving until it hurt.  While other papers also took part, the Star took the*1078  lead - a course to be expected of this family newspaper, devoted especially to local interests.  This was not only a proper policy; it was good publicity.  It was the same character of publicity by which the Star had previously advertised itself and which has secured for it the prestige it enjoys.  These contributions were given publicity by the workers in the campaign and advertised by the Star on its front pages "shamelessly", to use the word of its business manager.  The contributions were reasonable in amount when compared with the net income of the petitioner.  In our opinion they had a reasonable and direct relation to its business.  They were the result of a policy long continued with the results shown in our findings.  In view of the attitude of this paper to the people of the city, it could not well have declined to take the lead in the campaign for subscriptions and, having taken the lead, it could not have afforded to refuse to do what it was urging others to do.  Such was the judgment of the petitioner's directors who viewed the matter as a purely business proposition.  After a mature consideration of all the facts presented we concur.  *1079 *766  Counsel for the respondent points out that the petitioner's witnesses were unable to show any specific gain in dollars arising from the contributions.  This is an unreasonable demand. ; . It is sufficient that the directors had reasonable grounds to believe that their actions would be beneficial to the corporation.  It was not necessary for them to expect additional gain.  It was sufficient that they, with reasonable grounds, expected that it would prevent a loss.  . Under either aspect we think the petitioner is entitled to the deductions claimed.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered under Rule 50.SEAWELL, BLACK SEAWELL, dissenting: The Washington Community Chest is a charity, its purpose the alleviation of the poor.  Contributions to it are prima facie charitable.  Indeed, it is difficult to see how they could be otherwise.  It is hard for me to perceive that donations to it could be made to advance, in any way as a business is carried on, the giver's "trade or*1080  business"; or to accumulate wealth for the donor; that is, for any of those things which a trade or business, carried on, has for its object.  Newspapers are quasi-public institutions, and accept as their natural duty the creation and maintenance of a healthy moral public sentiment, and the guardianship of the good name and fame of the community where they circulate.  The Star, with its exceptional facilities, has for years lived well within this duty and prospered.  Content that its conduct has been conformable to its creation, at the first it demanded no deduction in taxes because of its contributions for the relief of contemporary men through this agency of the Community Chest.  Its former generous contributions recognized by it to have been mere charitable donations, tend strongly to estop us, and it, to claim them now as a business expense.  There is nothing in the years here under review to change the quality of these donations from that of former years.  But such contributions can not be, it seems to me, in any sense business expenses such as are contemplated under the statute.  (Section 214(a) of the Revenue Act of 1926.) Every good deed produces its reward, often in a material*1081  way; but good deeds performed with hope of material results are not necessarily a business expense even when money is used.  There must be that quality and character of expense usually understood as the ordinary and necessary outgo in carrying on a business.  The expenditure to a charity that men charitably minded may think well of the contributor and be *767  possibly drawn to patronize the contributor is too remote to be considered as a business expense.  It is certainly not of the ordinary and necessary kind.  , cited as authority for the conclusion of the majority opinion, occupies a twilight zone and is, in my judgment, as far as the law can be stretched.  The mill company employed half the wage earners of the city where it was located.  To promote the contentment of these wage earners, and prevent strikes among them, and secure their permanent employment for the petitioner and advance their efficiency the petitioner, the mill company, contributed to the erection of a Y.M.C.A. and a hospital where the sick and injured employees might receive rest, recreation, care and treatment. *1082  It is inconceivable that petitioner in this case expected any of its relatively few employees in Washington to receive alms from the Community Chest, or that they would be restrained from moving away and leaving petitioner's employ, or prevented from going on a strike or becoming discontented, by reason of the fact that the Chest was established here.  The case of , wherein a contribution made to the "Charity Chest of the Fur Industry of the City of New York," by the corporation, a world-wide dealer in furs, was denied as a business expense, notwithstanding in that case it was found as a fact that the contribution to the charity possessed a "definite advertising value" to the petitioner, is direct authority against the majority opinion in this case.  Congress intended to differentiate between a business expense and a charitable donation, but the prevailing opinion would seem to make them synonymous when desired.  ARUNDELL and MATTHEWS concur in the above dissent.  BLACK, dissenting: I think the majority opinion is in conflict with our decision in *1083 . I believe that decision interpreted the law correctly and I see no reason why we should depart from the rule there laid down.  MORRIS concurs.