Court Opinion

ID: 3523506
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 22:35:39.380734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:19:59.020270
License: Public Domain

Appellant has made and respondent has accepted the following statement:
"This was an action to recover delinquent corporation franchise taxes. Defendant, respondent here, is a private corporation, organized and existing for profit under the laws of plaintiff. In compliance with the terms of the Corporation Franchise Tax Law, defendant made a report in writing to the State Tax Commission for the year 1919. The report disclosed a capital stock and surplus *Page 94 
of $240,000, and under the authority of that law the State Tax Commission assessed a tax against defendant in the sum of $180 for that year. The tax remaining due and unpaid on May 1, 1919 (the delinquent day named in the statute), the State Treasurer certified the name of the defendant to the Attorney-General for collection of the tax. The Attorney-General brought this suit to collect the tax, together with the statutory penalty and interest.
"Defendant demurred to the petition on the ground that the Corporation Franchise Tax Law is unconstitutional in that it violates Sections 3 and 4 of Article X, and Section 30 of Article II of the Constitution of the State of Missouri, and Article XIV of the Constitution of the United States. The demurrer was sustained by the trial judge and judgment was entered for defendant. From this judgment plaintiff appeals to this court."
The act under which the suit was brought is found in Laws of 1917 at pages 237 to 242. It was amended in 1919 and again in 1921. Such amendments need not be noticed, for the reason that the validity of the corporation franchise tax here involved must be determined from the original 1917 act.
Briefly sketched, Section 1 of the act then in force provides that every corporation, whether organized under the laws of this State or not, engaged in business in this State, shall pay an annual franchise tax equal to three-fortieths of one per cent of the par value of its outstanding capital stock and surplus employed in this State. The act does not apply to corporations not organized for profit or to express and insurance companies, a tax upon which was otherwise provided for. The details provided for determining and collecting the tax need not be recited. Sections 4, 5 and 6 of the act provide for reports from, and payment of certain flat fees by, corporations having no capital stock, insurance companies and building and loan associations.
It is the contention of respondent that the act violates certain provisions of our State Constitution and the *Page 95 
Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. In its brief respondent has apparently abandoned the contentions, made below in its demurrer to the petition, that the act violates Section 4 of Article X of our Constitution, which provides that "all property subject to taxation shall be taxed in proportion to its value." We think the question is no longer an open one in this State, in view of the following cases: State ex rel. Marquette Hotel Investment Co. v. Tax Commission, 282 Mo. 213; Mass. Bond. Ins. Co. v. Chorn, 274 Mo. 15; Express Co. v. St. Joseph,66 Mo. 675.
The great weight of authority is to the effect that a franchise tax is not a property tax. [Southern Gum Co. v. Laylin, 64 N.E. (Ohio) 564; State v. Railroad Co., 45 Md. 361; Phoenix Carpet Co. v. State, 118 Ala. 143; State v. Insurance Co., 89 Ala. 338; People ex rel. v. Knight, 174 N.Y. 475; People v. Insurance Co.,92 N.Y. 328.]
Respondent does not contend in its brief here, as in its demurrer below, that the act violates Section 30 of Article II of our Constitution, or the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. This very act was sustained by the United States Supreme Court as against such attack in St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. v. Middlekamp, 256 U.S. l.c. 229.
The constitutional attacks still made by respondent are that the act violates Section 3 of Article X of the Missouri Constitution and the "equal protection of the laws" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. It is asserted that the act does not afford equal protection of the laws, for the reason that the tax is not uniform upon the same class of subjects within the State, as required by Section 3 of Article X of the Missouri Constitution. Therefore, if the act be found not to be violative of this section of the Missouri Constitution, we may safely assume it affords equal protection of the laws, as required under the Federal Constitution. *Page 96 
In State ex rel. Standard Tank Car Co. v. Sullivan, 282 Mo. 261
(221 S.W. 728), this court required the Secretary of State to grant authority to do business in this State to a corporation organized under the laws of another state and having shares of common stock of no stated par value. Our statutes were there held to contain no authority for the organization in this State of such a corporation. At pages 280 and 281, Judge GOODE used the following language:
"We think of no reason why the State should desire to exclude from its borders companies organized in other states and having those species of stock, merely because companies similarly constituted cannot be organized here. Instead, legislation has occurred in recognition of the possibility of corporations having no capital stock and organized for profit in another State, being admitted to this State, and to the fact that they have beenadmitted. In the act laying a franchise tax on corporations generally, foreign corporations without a capital stock are required to report to the taxing authorities regarding their business, in such manner as may be prescribed, and a lump annual tax is laid upon them. [Laws 1917, pp. 238, 239, secs. 4, 5 and 6.] Our statutes make no provision for the formation of such companies, except certain classes of mutual insurance companies and possibly a few others, though the mutual insurance companies are all we call to mind. [R.S. 1909, Arts. X, XI and XII.] But Section 6 of the Franchise Tax Law includes, among foreign corporations having no capital stock upon which a franchise tax may be laid, not only mutual and other insurance companies organizable under our statutes, but any other foreigncorporation organized for profit and without a capital stock. The language of one section prescribing the tax, makes it apply to every corporation organized as a mutual insurance corporation with no capital stock, and any other corporation not organized strictly for religious, charitable or educational purposes and having no capital stock." *Page 97 
Respondent has seized upon this language as authority for the proposition that a foreign corporation, without capital stockand organized for profit, may be admitted to do business in this State and be subject only to the flat corporation franchise tax of $25 per annum, while a Missouri corporation, engaged in like business and employing the same amount of property and assets in this State, is subject to a corporation franchise tax much greater in amount. Thus respondent finds discrimination under the act against Missouri corporations, in favor of corporations not organized under the laws of this State, but engaged in business herein, and argues that thus the franchise tax provided for does not apply uniformly upon the same class of subjects and violates Section 3 of Article X of our Constitution.
For the purposes of the case, we will assume that, if respondent's contention that only the $25 flat fee is imposable upon such corporations is sound, discrimination and therefore want of uniformity exist. But we do not agree with respondent's premise that a corporation, organized for profit under the laws of a foreign state and having no capital stock, may come into this State and do business herein and satisfy the Corporation Franchise Tax Law of 1917 by paying a flat fee of $25 per annum.
Let us first attend the Standard Tank Car Case. It must be remembered that the amount and application of the corporation franchise tax were not in any wise matters of decision in that case. In deciding that a corporation having common stock of no stated par value should be licensed to do business in this State, Judge GOODE merely referred to the corporation franchise tax law to illustrate his point that the Legislature had passed laws looking to the possibility of corporations without capital stock being organized in this State and providing for taxing corporations of other states having no capital stock.
But if Judge GOODE in that case intended to hold (and we think he had no intention of so holding) that a foreign corporation, having no capital stock and organized for *Page 98 
profit, could do business in this State by paying the flat corporation franchise tax of $25 per annum, such holding must be regarded as obiter. When Judge GOODE observed, "But Section 6 of the Franchise Tax Law includes, among foreign corporations having no capital stock upon which a franchise tax may be laid, not only mutual and other insurance companies organizable under our statutes, but any other foreign corporation organized forprofit and without a capital stock," he did not use the exact language of Section 6. Nowhere in the section, and particularly not in referring to "other corporation not organized strictly for religious, charitable or educational purposes and having no capital stock," is any use whatever made of the words "organized for profit" found in the italicized words used by Judge GOODE.
It cannot fairly be gleaned from the 1917 Act that corporations of this or any other state, organized for profit and having no capital stock, are subject only to the flat corporation franchise tax of $25 per annum. Quite the contrary is evidently the fact. After providing in Section 1 for the payment of such tax by domestic and foreign corporations upon their business in this State, we find this proviso: "Provided, that this act shall not apply to corporations not organized for profit, nor to express companies, which now pay an annual tax on their gross receipts in this State; and insurance companies, which pay an annual tax on their gross premium receipts in this State." Said Section 1 clearly provides that every corporation, whether organized under the laws of this State or not, shall pay a corporation franchise tax to the extent that such corporation employs its capital and surplus in its business in this State. That the tax applies to every corporation organized for profit, is apparent from the proviso at the end of Section 1 above quoted. Under the maximinclusio unius est exclusio alterius, the only corporations exempt from the franchise tax of three-fortieths of one per cent are those not organized for profit and those engaged in the express or insurance business. *Page 99 
It is evident that the General Assembly regarded corporations having no capital stock, referred to in Sections 4, 5 and 6 of the act, as corporations not organized for profit, and hence not subject to the tax provided for in Section 1. Section 6 illustrates the kind of corporations referred to in Section 4 as those having no capital stock. The first class is composed of mutual insurance companies. It is well understood that such companies are not organized for profit. The second class is composed of corporations "not organized strictly for religious, charitable or educational purposes and having no capital stock." The use of the word "strictly," which we have italicized, is significant. Its use indicates that corporations not organized for profit may nevertheless fail to come within the definition of corporations organized for religious, charitable or educational purposes. Corporations organized to further activities of a purely social nature, assuming such a corporation may be organized, might well be considered as being included in this class. They would not be strictly corporations organized strictly for religious, charitable or educational purposes. Certainly, the Legislature never intended that a business corporation,organized for profit, existing under the laws of some foreign state or organized under the laws of this State, if our laws should hereafter be amended to permit such corporations to be organized here, should come within the provisions of Section 6 of the act and pay a flat corporation franchise fee of $25 per annum. The context of the three sections (4, 5 and 6) is inconsistent with any such idea.
The third class, mentioned in Section 6, is composed of companies organized to transact the business of life or accident insurance on the assessment plan for mutual protection and benefit of its members, etc. Profit is not the purpose of such corporations.
The general words "any other corporation . . . having no capital stock," following particular words, under the ruleejusdem generis, must be regarded as limiting *Page 100 
such other corporations to those of the same class and character as those described by the particular words.
The foreign insurance companies mentioned in the latter portion of Section 6 are those having capital stock and the amount of the flat incorporation franchise tax imposable upon them is fixed at $50 or $100 dependent upon the amount of such capital stock. Building and loan associations pay a flat fee of $25, but they are of a character entirely different from ordinary corporations organized for profit.
The conclusion is unescapable that none of the corporations mentioned in Sections 4, 5 and 6 are corporations organized for profit. There is a sound basis for so classifying them and for taxing them upon a different basis from that employed in taxing corporations organized for profit.
Respondent relies upon the case of Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Middlekamp (printed as an appendix to appellant's brief, but apparently not officially reported), as supporting its contention that the 1917 corporation franchise tax law is violative of the "equal protection of the laws" provision of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution and of Section 3, Article X, of our State Constitution. The per curiam opinion in that case holds that the opinion of this court in the Standard Tank Car case "clears up any possible doubt of the construction which must be placed upon the words `corporations having no capital stock' as used in the Franchise Tax Law." The percuriam opinion then quotes from Judge GOODE'S opinion in the Standard Tank Car case the words we have above quoted therefrom. After stating its understanding of the views of this court's construction of the corporation franchise tax law, the Federal judges said:
"From the foregoing, it must be apparent that an ordinary corporation with capital stock must pay a franchise tax based upon `three-fortieths of one per cent' of certain values defined in the statute; while a corporation, *Page 101 
without capital stock, doing business in Missouri, is only required to pay a fee of twenty-five dollars.
"A telephone company, organized in some other state, without capital stock, but transacting as much business, and using as much capital as does the plaintiff, would, under the provisions of the act, pay twenty-five dollars, while the facts in this case show that the plaintiff is assessed approximately fifty-three thousand dollars."
The conclusion reached by the Federal court judges was that "the Franchise Tax Law, in the foregoing respect, violating the constitutional requirements that `no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, . . . nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws' must be held void."
But the persuasive authority of Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Middlekamp, supra, is completely destroyed by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. v. Middlekamp, 256 U.S. 226, which in effect overruled the opinion of the Federal district court in the Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. case, although the Supreme Court opinion was not written in that case. Mr. Justice HOLMES said:
"The next objection to the tax has assumed greater importance than any other because it induced the same judges who sat in this case to change their opinion and issue a temporary injunction in a suit like this brought by the Southwestern Bell Telephone Company. We will comsider it, although it hardly is open on the bill. It now has been decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri that corporations with stock having no stated par value can be admitted to do business in the State (State ex rel. Standard Tank Car Co. v. Sullivan, 282 Mo. 261), and that decision was taken to mean that all such corporations fall within a provision imposing a tax of only twenty-five dollars upon foreign corporations without a capital stock. *Page 102 
On that ground it was held that the Southwestern Bell Telephone Company was denied the equal protection of the laws. We hesitate to differ from judges presumably familiar with local conditions, but we cannot read the careful discussion by the Missouri court as having the meaning supposed. It is true that it adverts to the lump annual tax imposed upon foreign corporations without a capital stock while arguing that the policy and laws of Missouri do not forbid their entering the State. But at a later page it quotes with approval a Kansas case to show not only that the absence of a stated value for the stock would create no difficulty in determining whether a corporation should be admitted, but also that it would create equally little difficulty in applying the tax imposed upon corporations with stock having a stated par. Until the Supreme Court of the State decides otherwise we shall assume that the supposed inequality of treatment does not exist."
The result was that the Supreme Court of the United States disagreed with the conclusion reached by the United States District Court in the Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. case, and refused to hold our corporation franchise tax law to be violative of the "equal protection of the laws" provision of the Federal Constitution. Since Section 1 of the Act of 1917 contemplates, as we have above held, that every corporation, organized for profit and doing business in this State, except express and insurance companies, shall pay a corporation franchise tax equal to
three-fortieths of one per cent of the par value of its outstanding stock and surplus and since it is plain that corporations without capital stock, which are not organized for profit, shall pay the flat fee of $25 per annum, the contention of discrimination and inequality, so earnestly urged upon us by respondent, must be overruled. If all corporations organized for profit are required to pay a franchise tax upon the same basis, there is no want of uniformity, as denounced by Section 3, of Article X of our Constitution, and no want of equal protection *Page 103 
of our laws, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. We, therefore, need not notice the many cases cited by respondent holding that laws permitting such discrimination and inequality, when found to exist, are invalid.
But the question arises whether the tax provided for in Section 1 can be applied under said act to a foreign business corporation organized for profit and having no capital stock. It will be noted that the tax is not levied upon the capital stock and surplus, but is merely measured thereby. It is a tax imposed upon corporations for the privilege of doing business in this State. The act was apparently drawn with the idea that all business corporations, domestic as well as foreign, would be stock companies having shares of stated par value. But the act carries another equally effective method of measuring the tax. With the exception of the word "outstanding," the following provision for measuring the tax upon the proportion of the property and assets employed in this State, by both domestic and foreign corporations organized for profit, is provided by Section 1, to-wit: "for the purposes of this act such corporation shall be deemed to have employed in this State that proportion of its entire (outstanding) capital stock and surplus that its property and assets in this State bears to all its property and assets wherever located." Our statutes do not provide for the organization of a corporation not having shares of stock of definite par value and no difficulty can arise in measuring the tax payable by Missouri corporations on the capital stock and surplus basis. If a corporation, not organized under our laws, but organized for profit and having no capital stock, comes into this State and engages in business herein, the corporation franchise tax, imposable upon its capital stock and surplus employed in this State, can be determined by the provision above quoted. Even as to Missouri corporations doing business exclusively within this State, the tax upon surplus, if any, must be *Page 104 
determined by some other means than by the par value of capital stock.
Section 9792, Revised Statutes 1919 (Sec. 3039, R.S. 1909), provides that a corporation, not organized under the laws of this State and licensed to do business in this State, "shall be required to pay into the State Treasury upon the proportion of its capital stock represented by its property and business in Missouri" certain fees. In the Standard Tank Car case this provision was not regarded as presenting any "unusual difficulty in determining what taxes ought to be paid by relator and similar corporations if licensed to come into this State." Nor do we think any greater difficulty will be encountered by the tax commission in determining the corporation franchise tax due from and payable by a foreign corporation organized for profit without capital stock and doing business in this State. The act is perhaps not happily worded, but we think the intent of the Legislature is clear and that the law is valid and workable.
It is contended that corporations having no capital stock are only required to report the information called for in Section 5 of the act and that, therefore, the tax commission would have no means of determining the amount of tax due from them. This would be true only upon the assumption that corporations, having no capital stock and organized for profit, come within the provisions of Section 4. But the moment it is ascertained that a corporation is organized for profit, it cannot be considered as coming within the provisions of Section 4, as we have above held, and such corporation must be regarded as coming within the provisions of Section 1, which clearly cover all corporations organized for profit. Such corporations, therefore, must make the reports called for by Section 2 and are subject to the power of the tax commission to make independent investigation under the provisions of Section 3 and no difficulty is in the way of the tax commission assessing a franchise tax against such foreign corporations equal to three-fortieths of one per *Page 105 
cent of their capital stock and surplus employed in business in this State.
For the reasons above stated, it results that the judgment of the court below, holding the Corporation Franchise Tax Act of 1917 unconstitutional, should be reversed and remanded with directions to enter judgment in that court for plaintiff, as prayed in its petition. It is so ordered. All concur.