Court Opinion

ID: 3029202
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:42:25.263043+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:37:25.722300
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 01-3486
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  * Appeal from the United States
                                        * District Court for the
      v.                                * District of South Dakota.
                                        *
Ronald N. Totaro,                       * [UNPUBLISHED]
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: June 11, 2002

                                  Filed: July 8, 2002
                                   ___________

Before BOWMAN, FAGG, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

PER CURIAM.

       Ronald Totaro was sentenced to thirty years in prison and fined $2.3 million
after a jury convicted him of sixty-one counts of mail fraud, wire fraud, money
laundering, engaging in unlawful money transactions and racketeering. Totaro now
appeals a raft of issues involving his trial and sentence. We affirm.

      Totaro operated an “advance fee” scheme in which he bilked investors out of
millions of dollars. He controlled a web of corporations and associates who obtained
advance fees from credit-risk individuals and small businesses in need of money.
Posing as an international banker, Totaro represented he could broker high-risk loans
to individuals by pooling their loans with others and offering the package as a private
placement offering geared to European banks and other investors. He enlisted the
services of prominent New York law firms, banks, and brokerage houses. He falsely
told individuals that Moody’s Investor Service and Standard & Poor’s had given his
offering high ratings. He showed individuals a forged letter from a London attorney
stating the closing would occur within two weeks. But he never disclosed that he had
been convicted of mail fraud in the Western District of New York in 1984 for
hatching a similar scheme. In the end, Totaro never held the offering and simply
pocketed the advance fees mailed or wired to his bank accounts by individuals,
including many from South Dakota.

       Totaro offered a good faith defense at trial. He claimed his lawyers and
bankers worked diligently to make the private placement offering a success, but that
individuals lost money when—through no one’s fault—European investors lost
interest in the offering. Totaro claimed individuals’ loss of advance fees was simply
a business risk incurred in trying to obtain high-risk loans. He therefore requested
a jury instruction on the defense of good faith. The district court1 agreed to give one,
but Totaro now contends the district court’s instruction was legally insufficient to
provide the jury an opportunity to accept his defense.

       The district court’s instruction on good faith followed our Model Criminal Jury
Instruction 9.08, which we endorsed in United States v. Cheatham, 899 F.2d 747,
751-52 (8th Cir. 1990). The instruction followed the model charge and its note 2(c)
verbatim, save for the omission of the first paragraph in note 2(c). The district court
omitted that paragraph because it was not convinced Totaro had introduced sufficient
evidence during trial to support that portion of the instruction. We believe the
instruction was appropriate because it properly conformed to the evidence offered at

      1
       The Honorable Richard H. Battey, United States District Judge for the District
of South Dakota.

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trial while conveying the essence of the good faith defense to the jury: “Good faith
is a complete defense to the charges contained in the indictment if it is inconsistent
with the intent to defraud which is an essential element of the charges.” See id. at
751 (noting a district court’s “wide discretion in formulating appropriate jury
instructions”).

       We likewise reject Totaro’s argument that the instruction shifted the burden of
proof by failing to specify that the government bore the burden of disproving good
faith. The last sentence of the instruction advises the jury to consider evidence of
good faith in order to determine “whether or not [Totaro] acted with the intent to
defraud”—an element of the very crimes the government was required to prove.

      Totaro also contends the district court abused its discretion in permitting the
government to introduce evidence of his earlier mail fraud conviction. We disagree.
Totaro’s conviction was admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 404(b), which permits the
introduction of evidence of past crimes to demonstrate the “absence of mistake or
accident.” Given Totaro’s defense of good faith, the government was entitled to
admit the old conviction to prove Totaro’s conduct was not a “mistake or accident.”
See United States v. Misle Bus & Equip. Co., 967 F.2d 1227, 1234 (8th Cir. 1992).

       Totaro argues venue was improper in South Dakota as to the money laundering
charges. Venue was proper, however, because Totaro’s criminal scheme began with
the transfer of funds from bank accounts in South Dakota to his lending institutions.
An offense “begun in one district and completed in another” may be “prosecuted in
any district in which [the] offense was begun, continued, or completed,” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3237(a), and we have approved of venue in similar circumstances, Prosper v.
United States, 218 F.3d 883, 884 (8th Cir. 2000) (per curiam).

       Turning to the indictment, Totaro contends the district court erred in denying
his pretrial motion to dismiss various money laundering, mail fraud, and wire fraud

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charges for pleading deficiencies. He argues the indictment pleaded the money
laundering charges duplicitously, by joining multiple charges of “reinvestment” and
“concealment” money laundering in single counts. This argument fails because Fed.
R. Crim. P. 8(a) permits such charging if “the offenses charged . . . are based on . . .
two or more acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common
scheme or plan.” Where a “statute specifies two or more ways in which one offense
may be committed, all may be alleged in the conjunctive in one count of the
indictment, and proof of any one of the methods will sustain a conviction.” United
States v. Street, 66 F.3d 969, 974 (8th Cir. 1995) (quotation omitted). The
government alleged Totaro reinvested some of the ill-gotten advance fees to pay
lawyers and investment bankers to keep the scheme going, while also concealing
portions of the profit by paying utility bills and improving his wife’s country estate.
Because Totaro used the same pool of funds to reinvest and conceal, the government
properly charged both types of money laundering in single counts.

       As to the mail and wire fraud counts, Totaro believes the indictment failed to
provide him adequate notice of the basis for the charges. “Indictments are normally
sufficient unless no reasonable construction can be said to charge the offense.”
United States v. Nabors, 45 F.3d 238, 240 (8th Cir. 1995) (quotation omitted). And
Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(c)(1) provides an indictment “shall be a plain, concise and definite
written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged.” Totaro’s
indictment easily satisfied this low threshold by providing lists of the dates, origins,
and amounts of many of the transfers, and in some instances, the names of persons
involved or a description of the types of transfers.

       Totaro challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the jury verdict on
the mail and wire fraud counts, as well as the racketeering counts. We review a
sufficiency of the evidence challenge in a jury trial strictly, viewing all of the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and overturning a conviction “only
if no reasonable jury could have concluded that the defendant was guilty beyond a

                                          -4-
reasonable doubt on each essential element of the charge.” United States v.
Jimenez-Villasenor, 270 F.3d 554, 558 (8th Cir. 2001). Totaro admits accepting
money that individuals wired or mailed to him from South Dakota. And Totaro’s
associates testified they used that money to pay their utility and legal bills, kept some
of it for themselves, and even diverted money to improve the country estate of
Totaro’s wife. These activities took place as Totaro was fraudulently representing to
borrowers he would pool their high-risk loans in a private placement offering. We
believe there was ample evidence to sustain the jury’s verdict on the mail and wire
fraud counts.

       Likewise, we find sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict of guilt on
the RICO charges. “[A] RICO enterprise must exhibit three basic characteristics: (1)
a common or shared purpose; (2) some continuity of structure and personnel; and (3)
an ascertainable structure distinct from that in a pattern of racketeering.” Nabors, 45
F.3d at 240 (quotation omitted). Totaro claims the government failed to introduce
sufficient evidence to prove the second and third elements.

       The government presented the case to the jury as a wheel-and-spoke enterprise
in which Totaro occupied the center of the conspiracy and controlled the actions of
numerous confederates round him. Totaro argues this evidence does not prove
“continuity of structure and personnel,” the second element, because his cast of
characters changed over time. We have rejected this very argument in prior cases:
“both the structure and the personnel of an enterprise may undergo alteration without
loss of the enterprise’s identity as an enterprise.” United States v. Kragness, 830 F.2d
842, 856 (8th Cir. 1987). The government introduced evidence showing that Totaro’s
associates played the same role from year to year, even if their identities changed.

       In addition, Totaro contends the government failed to introduce evidence
sufficient to support the third element—an ascertainable structure distinct from that
in a pattern of racketeering. We cannot accept Totaro’s argument because of our

                                          -5-
decision in Diamonds Plus, Inc. v. Kolber, 960 F.2d 765, 770 (8th Cir. 1992).
Diamonds Plus involved an enterprise that placed national ads for people to meet in
Houston with the RICO enterprise’s director to obtain “financing.” Interested
individuals placed deposits, which the RICO enterprise pocketed without ever
providing the financing promised in the ads. We concluded the alleged RICO
enterprise in that case had a structure apart from that used to commit the predicate
acts of mail fraud and wire fraud, namely, the listing of ads in a newspaper and
maintenance of a phone line where potential customers could call. Totaro’s RICO
enterprise operated similarly. He placed ads on the internet and in periodicals seeking
borrowers to defraud. He rented office space, hired secretaries and placed ads—all
acts separate and apart from the RICO enterprise itself. Thus, the government met its
burden of introducing sufficient evidence to permit a jury to convict Totaro.

      We reject Totaro’s remaining claims and arguments without discussion. See
8th Cir. R. 47B.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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