Court Opinion

ID: 3206774
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-25 18:02:15.863534+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:58.000594
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/25/16 Gardner v. Lifehouse Health Services CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                         (Butte)
                                                            ----

DARYL GARDNER et al.,                                                                        C078332

                   Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                      (Super. Ct. No. 160932)

         v.

LIFEHOUSE HEALTH SERVICES, LLC, et al.,

                   Defendants and Respondents.

         In this elder abuse case, plaintiffs Daryl and Max Gardner contend the trial court
erred in sustaining the demurrers of defendants Lifehouse Health Services, LLC, and
Lifehouse Holdings, LLC, without leave to amend. We agree and therefore reverse.
                         FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         We take the following facts from the first amended complaint:
         Cypress Healthcare Center (Cypress) is a 24-hour health facility in Butte County.
Defendant Lifehouse Cypress Operations, LLC, (Cypress Operations) does business as
Cypress. Cypress Operations is wholly owned and controlled by defendant Lifehouse

                                                             1
Health Services, LLC, (Lifehouse Health) -- which we take to mean that Lifehouse
Health is the sole member-manager of Cypress Operations. In turn, Lifehouse Health is
wholly owned and controlled by defendant Lifehouse Holdings, LLC, (Lifehouse
Holdings) -- which we take to mean that Lifehouse Holdings is the sole member-manager
of Lifehouse Health. (We will refer to all three defendants jointly as defendants.)
       Maxine Gardner had been a resident at Cypress since at least 2009. After a
choking episode in June 2010, Maxine’s plan of care provided that she was to receive
“ ‘cuing’ ” and “ ‘verbal reminders’ ” regarding certain precautions she needed to take
while eating to prevent another choking episode. Despite this plan, Maxine, who took all
her meals in her room, was consistently and repeatedly not supervised while she ate. In
December 2011, following an unsupervised dinner, Maxine died after she was found not
breathing and with no pulse and with large quantities of food in her mouth and upper
airway.
       In June 2014, Maxine’s sons, Daryl and Max, for themselves and as Maxine’s
successors in interest,1 filed the first amended complaint in this action against Cypress
Operations, Lifehouse Health, and Lifehouse Holdings, alleging four causes of action
arising from Maxine’s stay at Cypress and her resulting death, two of which were
directed only at Cypress Operations. The two causes of action directed at Lifehouse
Health and Lifehouse Holdings (and also Cypress Operations) were for violation of the
Elder Abuse and Dependent Adult Civil Protection Act (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15600 et
seq.) (the Elder Abuse Act) and wrongful death. Both causes of action were based on
allegations that defendants (1) were Maxine’s “custodial care providers during the time
[she] was a resident at [Cypress]”; (2) as such, “were responsible for protecting [her]
from health and safety hazards, for providing [her] with medical care and treatment for

1      We will refer to Daryl and Max Gardner jointly as the Gardners.

                                             2
her physical and mental health needs, and for carrying out the orders of [her] physicians”;
and (3) “withheld services and subjected [Maxine] to neglect . . . by failing to protect
[her] from health and safety hazards, failing to provide her with medical care for her
physical and mental health needs, and failing to carry out dietary orders, as set forth
herein, and, as a result, caused [her] to suffer serious physical and emotional injuries,
including death.” The first amended complaint also included a boilerplate allegation that
“[a]t all times herein mentioned and in doing the things herein alleged, each of the
defendants . . . acted as the agents . . . of each of their co-defendants . . . .”
       In July 2014, Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings each filed a demurrer.2
As relevant here, in support of their demurrers, Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings
argued (among other things) that the Gardners had failed to state facts sufficient to hold
them directly liable; or to hold them liable under the alter ego doctrine; or to hold them
vicariously liable under an agency theory.
       In October 2014, the trial court sustained the demurrers of Lifehouse Health and
Lifehouse Holdings without leave to amend. From the resulting judgment of dismissal,
the Gardners timely appealed.
                                         DISCUSSION
                                                 I
                                      Standard Of Review
       “On appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a demurrer
without leave to amend, the standard of review is well settled. The reviewing court gives
the complaint a reasonable interpretation, and treats the demurrer as admitting all
material facts properly pleaded. [Citations.] The court does not, however, assume the

2       Cypress Operations also filed a demurrer, which the trial court sustained in part
and overruled in part. As the case against Cypress Operations was not terminated by the
trial court’s ruling, that part of the case is not before us.

                                                 3
truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of law. [Citation.] The judgment must be
affirmed ‘if any one of the several grounds of demurrer is well taken.’ ” (Aubry v. Tri-
City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 966-967.)
                                                II
                                         Applicable Law
       As will become apparent hereafter, resolution of the issues in this case depends in
significant part on application of the statutes governing limited liability companies. In
presenting their arguments, the parties have referred exclusively to those statutes
currently in effect, which are part of the California Revised Uniform Limited Liability
Company Act (Corp. Code, § 17701.01 et seq.) (the Revised Act). But the Revised Act
did not become operative until January 1, 2014 (Corp. Code, § 17713.13) -- years after
the events at issue here (which culminated in Maxine’s death in December 2011), and the
Revised Act is clear that it does not apply retroactively. (See Corp. Code, § 17713.03
[“This title does not affect an action commenced, proceeding brought, or right accrued or
accruing before this title takes effect”]; § 17713.04, subd. (b) [“Except as otherwise
specified in this title, this title applies only to the acts or transactions by a limited liability
company or by the members or managers of the limited liability company occurring . . .
on or after January 1, 2014. The prior law governs all acts or transactions by a limited
liability company or by the members or managers of the limited liability company
occurring . . . prior to [January 1, 2014]”].) Accordingly, this action is governed not by
the Revised Act, but by its predecessor -- the Beverly-Killea Limited Liability Company
Act (former Corp. Code, § 17000 et seq.) (the Act).
                                                III
                                        Agency Liability
       On appeal, the Gardners contend the facts alleged in the first amended complaint
support holding Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings vicariously liable for the acts
of Cypress Operations based on an agency theory pursuant to the reasoning of Sonora

                                                 4
Diamond Corp. v. Superior Court (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 523, 539 (Sonora Diamond)
and directly liable as the actual perpetrators of elder abuse.3 We begin with the
Gardners’ claim of agency liability.
       Sonora Diamond involved (among other things) the question of whether the
California courts had jurisdiction over an out-of-state parent corporation (Sonora
Diamond) because of the degree of control that corporation exercised over its subsidiary
(Sonora Mining), which operated a gold mine within the state. (Sonora Diamond, supra,
83 Cal.App.4th at pp. 530-534, 540-552.) The appellate court explained that “[a]gency
may confer general jurisdiction in the forum state over a foreign corporation,” but
“neither ownership nor control of a subsidiary corporation by a foreign parent
corporation, without more, subjects the parent to the jurisdiction of the state where the
subsidiary does business.” (Id. at p. 540.) The court went on to explain as follows:
       “ ‘Control’ in this context means the degree of direction and oversight normal and
expected from the status of ownership; it comprehends such common characteristics as
interlocking directors and officers, consolidated reporting, and shared professional
services. [Citations.] The relationship of owner to owned contemplates a close financial
connection between parent and subsidiary and a certain degree of direction and
management exercised by the former over the latter. [Citations.]
       “However, the case law identifies one situation when the acts of the parent may be
found to trespass the boundaries of legitimate ownership and control of the subsidiary
and expose the parent to the power of the state in which the subsidiary does business.
Thus, where the nature and extent of the control exercised over the subsidiary by the

3      In their briefs, the Gardners also contended Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse
Holdings could be held liable under an alter ego theory, but before oral argument the
Gardners expressly conceded “that the complaint fails to allege facts supporting
application of the alter ego doctrine” and conceded that it could not be amended to do so.
Accordingly, we need not address the alter ego theory of liability.

                                             5
parent is so pervasive and continual that the subsidiary may be considered nothing more
than an agent or instrumentality of the parent, notwithstanding the maintenance of
separate corporate formalities, jurisdiction over the parent may be grounded in the acts of
the subsidiary/agent. [Citation.] In this instance, the question is not whether there exists
justification to disregard the subsidiary’s corporate identity, the point of the alter ego
analysis, but instead whether the degree of control exerted over the subsidiary by the
parent is enough to reasonably deem the subsidiary an agent of the parent under
traditional agency principles. [Citation.] The jurisdiction acquired by the forum state
under this rationale is general. [Citation.]
       “Control is the key characteristic of the agent/principal relationship. [Citation.]
Accordingly, if a parent corporation exercises such a degree of control over its subsidiary
corporation that the subsidiary can legitimately be described as only a means through
which the parent acts, or nothing more than an incorporated department of the parent, the
subsidiary will be deemed to be the agent of the parent in the forum state and jurisdiction
will extend to the parent. [Citations.]
       “The nature of the control exercised by the parent over the subsidiary necessary to
put the subsidiary in an agency relationship with the parent must be over and above that
to be expected as an incident of the parent’s ownership of the subsidiary and must reflect
the parent’s purposeful disregard of the subsidiary’s independent corporate existence.
[Citation.] The parent’s general executive control over the subsidiary is not enough;
rather there must be a strong showing beyond simply facts evidencing ‘the broad
oversight typically indicated by [the] common ownership and common directorship’
present in a normal parent-subsidiary relationship. [Citations.] As a practical matter, the
parent must be shown to have moved beyond the establishment of general policy and
direction for the subsidiary and in effect taken over performance of the subsidiary’s day-
to-day operations in carrying out that policy.” (Sonora Diamond, supra, 83 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 540-542, fn. omitted.)

                                               6
       Here, the Gardners contend they alleged sufficient facts to establish agency
liability because they alleged that Lifehouse Holdings owns and controls Lifehouse
Health and that Lifehouse Health owns and controls Cypress Operations, and they alleged
that each defendant is the agent of the other defendants. Regardless of whether their
argument might have carried the day if defendants were, in fact, corporations, their
argument cannot carry the day given that defendants are limited liability companies,
because that different status makes all the difference. Essentially, Sonora Diamond rests
on the principle that agency is established when the parent corporation “trespass[es] the
boundaries of legitimate ownership and control of the subsidiary” corporation and,
despite observing corporate formalities, “in effect take[s] over performance of the
subsidiary’s day-to-day operations.” (Sonora Diamond, supra, 83 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 541-542.) Under the Act, however, a member-manager did not trespass the
boundaries of legitimate ownership and control of a limited liability company by taking
over performance of the company’s day-to-day operations. Under the Act, unless the
articles of organization included a statement that the limited liability company was to be
managed by one or more managers and not by all its members, “every member [wa]s an
agent of the limited liability company for the purpose of its business or affairs, and the
act of any member, including, but not limited to, the execution in the name of the limited
liability company of any instrument, for the apparent purpose of carrying on in the usual
way the business or affairs of the limited liability company of which that person [wa]s a
member, binds the limited liability company in the particular matter, unless the member
so acting ha[d], in fact, no authority to act for the limited liability company in the
particular matter and the person with whom the member is dealing ha[d] actual
knowledge of the fact that the member has no such authority.”4 (Former Corp. Code,

4     The law remains the same in this regard under the Revised Act. (See Corp. Code,
§ 17703.01, subd. (a).)

                                              7
§§ 17151, subd. (b), 17157, subd. (a).) Thus, it was entirely appropriate under the Act for
a member-manager to manage the day-to-day operations of the limited liability company
of which that person or entity was a member, and in doing so the member-manager did
not make the company its agent; instead, the Act expressly provided that the member-
manager was the agent and the company the principal, and not the other way around. If
we were to accept the Gardners’ argument that agency liability could be imposed here
under the reasoning of Sonora Diamond, we would turn the statutory scheme for limited
liability companies on its head, which we are not entitled to do. By controlling the
operation of Cypress Operations, Lifehouse Health did what it was entitled to do as the
member-manager of Cypress Operations, and by controlling the operation of Lifehouse
Health, Lifehouse Holdings did what it was entitled to do as the member-manager of
Lifehouse Health. Contrary to the Gardners’ argument, under these circumstances no
agency relationship was created that would make the member-manager vicariously liable
for the wrongful acts of the limited liability company. Accordingly, the trial court did not
err in concluding that the Gardners failed to state sufficient facts to establish liability on
the part of Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings under agency principles.
                                              IV
                                       Direct Liability
       Next, the Gardners contend their first amended complaint alleged facts that
support the direct liability of Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings as perpetrators of
elder abuse. They contend that both of these entities had care or custody of Maxine
and/or were care custodians of Maxine -- along with Cypress Operations -- and therefore
can be held liable coextensively with Cypress Operations. This time, we agree.
       As we have noted, the first amended complaint alleges that defendants (1) were
Maxine’s “custodial care providers during the time [she] was a resident at [Cypress]”;
(2) as such, “were responsible for protecting [her] from health and safety hazards, for
providing [her] with medical care and treatment for her physical and mental health needs,

                                               8
and for carrying out the orders of [her] physicians”; and (3) “withheld services and
subjected [Maxine] to neglect . . . by failing to protect [her] from health and safety
hazards, failing to provide her with medical care for her physical and mental health
needs, and failing to carry out dietary orders, as set forth herein, and, as a result, caused
[her] to suffer serious physical and emotional injuries, including death.”
       On their face, these allegations appear sufficient to provide a basis for direct
liability on the part of Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings for what happened to
Maxine. Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings argue, however, that these allegations
are not sufficient for several reasons. We address those arguments in turn.
                                               A
                              Statutory Limitations On Liability
       In arguing that the Gardners have not adequately alleged a basis for holding them
directly liable for what happened to Maxine, Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings
first argue that “the sole allegation . . . that appears to be directed specifically against
[Lifehouse Health] is that [Lifehouse Health] ‘consciously refused to provide adequate
and qualified staffing to protect [Maxine] from [choking] risks.’ ” In their view, such an
action -- undertaken by Lifehouse Health in its role as the sole member-manager of
Cypress Operations -- is precisely the sort of action a member-manager is supposed to
take, but the Act “protects the member-manager from liability” for such acts.
       Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings are mistaken for two reasons. First, the
Gardners’ complaint is not limited to alleging that Lifehouse Health refused to provide
adequate staffing in its role as the member-manager of Cypress Operations. Rather, as
we have shown, the complaint alleges, far more broadly, various failures by Lifehouse
Health (and the other two defendants) while acting as Maxine’s custodial care provider.
Although the complaint also alleges (effectively) that Lifehouse Health was the sole
member-manager of Cypress Operations, and that Lifehouse Holdings was the sole
member-manager of Lifehouse Health, the complaint does not specifically allege that the

                                                9
liability of either entity depends solely and exclusively on actions taken in those roles.
Thus, the factual premise for this argument does not withstand scrutiny.
       Second, the legal premise for this argument also does not withstand scrutiny.
Essentially, Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings suggest that the Act protected a
member-manager from liability for any action taken as a member-manager because the
Act provided that no member or manager would be personally liable for any liability of
the limited liability company “solely by reason of being” a member or a manager of the
limited liability company. (Former Corp. Code, §§ 17101, subd. (a) [member], 17158,
subd. (a) [manager].)5 Yet the Act also provided that nothing in the relevant section of
the Act was to “be construed to affect the liability of a member of a limited liability
company . . . to third parties for the member’s participation in tortious conduct.” (Former
Corp. Code, § 17101, subd. (c).) And case law construed the limitation on liability for
managers similarly. Specifically, the court in People v. Pacific Landmark, LLC (2005)
129 Cal.App.4th 1203 held that “whereas managers of limited liability companies may
not be held liable for the wrongful conduct of the companies merely because of the
managers’ status, they may nonetheless be held accountable under [former] Corporations
Code section 17158, subdivision (a) for their personal participation in tortious or criminal
conduct, even when performing their duties as manager.” (Pacific Landmark, LLC, at
p. 1213.) Thus, even if the Gardners had limited the allegations in their complaint
against Lifehouse Health to its actions taken as the member-manager of Cypress
Operations, the Act would not have cloaked Lifehouse Health with statutory protection
from liability.
       Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings contend that under Pacific Landmark,
liability for personal participation in tortious conduct “does not apply merely because a

5     A substantially similar provision appears in the Revised Act. (See Corp. Code,
§ 17703.04, subd. (a)(2).)

                                             10
member has ‘perform[ed] a general administrative duty’ ” (quoting People v. Pacific
Landmark, LLC, supra, 129 Cal.App.4th at p. 1215), and they suggest this rule applies
here because the Gardners’ “opening brief does not identify a single allegation in the
[first amended complaint] that [Lifehouse Health], as an entity distinct from Cypress
[Operations] -- or [Lifehouse] Holdings, which has no corporate connection to Cypress
[Operations] -- participated in [Maxine’s] treatment at Cypress.” As we have explained,
however, the Gardners’ complaint does allege that Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse
Holdings acted, along with Cypress Operations, as Maxine’s custodial care providers and
in that capacity neglected Maxine’s care in various regards. Those allegations are
sufficient to allege personal participation in tortious conduct going beyond the mere
performance of a general administrative duty. Moreover, it is not for us, particularly at
the pleading stage, to say that Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings could not have
acted in concert with Cypress Operations in jointly serving as custodial care providers for
Maxine. On the contrary, we must treat the demurrers of Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse
Holdings as admitting all material facts properly pleaded; thus, we must treat the
demurrers as having admitted that they, along with Cypress Operations, were Maxine’s
custodial care providers during the time she was a resident at Cypress.
                                             B
                                     Care And Custody
       Irrespective of the statutory limitations on liability in the Act, Lifehouse Health
and Lifehouse Holdings contend they cannot be held liable under the Elder Abuse Act
because they do not qualify as “health practitioners” or “care custodians” within the
meaning of the Elder Abuse Act. They later admit that “liability under the [Elder Abuse]
Act can be interpreted to include ‘anyone having “care or custody” of an elder,’ ”6 but

6      This is a wise admission, given that the Elder Abuse Act defines “abuse” as
including “neglect” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.07, subd. (a)) and in turn defines

                                             11
they contend the Gardners’ “allegations do not show that [Lifehouse Health] or
[Lifehouse] Holdings had any care or custody of [Maxine].”
       Not so. As we have shown, the Gardners’ complaint alleges that all three
defendants were Maxine’s “custodial care providers during the time [she] was a resident
at [Cypress]” and, as such, “were responsible for protecting [her] from health and safety
hazards, for providing [her] with medical care and treatment for her physical and mental
health needs, and for carrying out the orders of [her] physicians.” Thus, the Gardners’
complaint does allege that Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings had care and
custody of Maxine.
                                             C
                       Elder Abuse Versus Professional Negligence
       Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings next contend that the Gardners’
allegations “do not state a cause of action under the Elder Abuse Act; at most, the
allegations describe professional negligence, which is distinct from elder abuse.” They
contend that liability under the Elder Abuse Act requires recklessness, and the facts
alleged here do not rise to the level of recklessness because the Gardners’ allegations “do
not describe a fundamental failure to provide medical services.”
       To the extent Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings rely on Worsham v.
O’Connor Hospital (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 331 for the proposition that a fundamental
failure to provide medical services must be shown in a case like this, we disagree. As we
have noted, “neglect” within the meaning of the Elder Abuse Act includes “[t]he
negligent failure of any person having the care or custody of an elder or a dependent adult
to exercise that degree of care that a reasonable person in a like position would exercise.”
(Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.57, subd. (a)(1).) And as our Supreme Court has explained,

“neglect” as including “[t]he negligent failure of any person having the care or custody of
an elder or a dependent adult to exercise that degree of care that a reasonable person in a
like position would exercise” (id., § 15610.57, subd. (a)(1), italics added).

                                             12
“neglect” within the meaning of the Elder Abuse Act refers to “the failure of those
responsible for attending to the basic needs and comforts of elderly or dependent
adults . . . to carry out their custodial obligations.” (Delaney v. Baker (1999) 20 Cal.4th
23, 34.) Here, the Gardners essentially alleged that defendants, as Maxine’s custodial
care providers, failed to attend to her basic needs because they failed to ensure that she
received the supervision they knew she needed during her meals to protect her from the
risk of choking on her food. Not only could this failure qualify as “neglect” within the
meaning of the Elder Abuse Act, it could also be deemed reckless because defendants
failed to provide Maxine with the requisite supervision day-in and day-out for a period of
18 months. Construed in the light most favorable to the Gardners, these facts are
sufficient to state a cause of action under the Elder Abuse Act.
                                               D
                                        Wrongful Death
          Noting that the Gardners styled their wrongful death cause of action as
“WRONGFUL DEATH [Elder Abuse],” Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings argue
that “a wrongful death/elder abuse cause of action does not exist under California law.”
They further note that the Gardners “apparently seek to pursue a claim of wrongful death
under the Elder Abuse Act because they believe doing so will avoid a statutory damage
limit.”
          A demurrer is not the proper vehicle for determining the applicability of potential
limitations on a claim for damages; the only question before us is whether the Gardners
have adequately pled a cause of action for wrongful death. They have -- and Lifehouse
Health and Lifehouse Holdings do not argue otherwise. Where “the death of a person [is]
caused by the wrongful act or neglect of another,” the surviving children of the decedent
may bring a cause of action for wrongful death. (Code Civ. Proc., § 377.60.) Here, the
Gardners have alleged that Maxine’s death was caused by the wrongful acts or neglect of
the three defendants. Accordingly, the Gardners have properly stated a cause of action

                                               13
for wrongful death. What remedies they may be entitled to on that cause of action is not
an issue to be resolved by demurrer.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed, and the trial court is directed to vacate its order
sustaining the demurrers of Lifehouse Health and Lifehouse Holdings and to enter a new
order overruling those demurrers. The Gardners shall recover their costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(2).)

                                                  /s/
                                                  Robie, J.

We concur:

/s/
Nicholson, Acting P. J.

/s/
Renner, J.

                                             14