Court Opinion

ID: 4661990
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-22 21:00:58.399992+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:17.916168
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                               FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    GURU P. PALAKURU,

                          Plaintiff,

                          v.                            Case No. 1:20-cv-02065 (TNM)

    TRACY RENAUD, Senior Official
    Performing the Duties of the Director, U.S.
    Citizenship and Immigration Services, 1

                          Defendant.

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

          Plaintiff Guru P. Palakuru sues Tracy Renaud, who currently performs the duties of

Director of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS” or “the Government”).

Palakuru claims that the Government’s delay in adjudicating his visa petition is unreasonable.

Among other relief, he seeks an order compelling the Government to adjudicate his petition

within 30 days. The Government moves to dismiss. Because Palakuru has failed to allege a

plausible claim of unreasonable delay under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), the

Court will grant the motion.

                                                  I.

                                                  A.

          This case concerns the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program, which allows foreign investors

to enter the United States “for the purpose of engaging in a new commercial enterprise” that

1
  Under Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Tracy Renaud is substituted for
Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, former Senior Official Performing the Duties of the Director of the U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Services, as the Defendant in this suit.
meets certain criteria. 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5)(A). To qualify, the investment must “create full-

time employment for not fewer than 10 United States citizens or aliens lawfully admitted for

permanent residence or other immigrants lawfully authorized to be employed in the United

States (other than the immigrant and the immigrant’s spouse, sons, or daughters).” Id.

§ 1153(b)(5)(A)(ii). The investment must also be at or above a certain dollar amount. See id.

§ 1153(b)(5)(C); 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(f).

         Aside from creating jobs directly by hiring employees, foreign investors can invest in a

“regional center” designated by USCIS that is designed to create jobs indirectly through

economic growth. See 8 C.F.R. § 204.6(m); see also id. § 204.6(e) (defining a “[r]egional

center” as “any economic unit, public or private, which is involved with the promotion of

economic growth, including increased export sales, improved regional productivity, job creation,

and increased domestic capital investment”).

         Foreign investors may petition to be classified as an EB-5 immigrant by using a Form I-

526. See id. § 204.6(a), (c). The approval of the Form I-526 is the first step towards becoming a

lawful permanent resident. Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 8, ECF No.

9-1. 2 An approved Form I-526 allows the foreign investor and his dependent family members to

obtain “legal U.S. resident” status “on a conditional basis for two years.” Wang v. USCIS, 375 F.

Supp. 3d 22, 26 (D.D.C. 2019).

         USCIS generally processes petitions according to a “first-in, first-out” method, but

prioritizes petitions from countries “where visas are immediately available, or soon available”

based on per-country limits. 3 This process allows visa petitioners from countries where visas are

2
    All page citations are to the page numbers that the CM/ECF system generates.
3
  USCIS Adjusts Process for Managing EB-5 Visa Petition Inventory, U.S. Citizenship and
Immigr. Servs. (Jan. 29, 2020), https://www.uscis.gov/news/news-releases/uscis-adjusts-process-

                                                  2
immediately available to more efficiently use their country’s annual allotment of visas. See

USCIS Adjusts Process for Managing EB-5 Visa Petition Inventory, supra note 3.

         Palakuru is a citizen and national of India who resides in the United States. Compl. ⁋ 1,

ECF No. 1. He alleges that he invested the required amount “into a new commercial enterprise

in the United States”—specifically, a regional center in New York—“that created at least ten

jobs for lawful United States workers.” Id. ⁋⁋ 9, 60. Palakuru filed his Form I-526 petition in

October 2018, so his petition has been pending for over two years. See id. ⁋ 61.

         He sues claiming that the Government’s delay in addressing his petition constitutes

unreasonable delay under the APA. Id. ⁋⁋ 87–108. Palakuru “demands discovery” and asks the

Court to compel the Government to adjudicate his petition “within 30 days.” Id. ⁋⁋ 107, 114.

He also seeks fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act. Id. ⁋⁋ 109–12. The Government

moves to dismiss. Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 9; Def.’s Mem. The motion is ripe. 4

                                                  II.

         To defeat a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must “state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (cleaned up). The plaintiff

must plead “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. The Court must “treat the complaint’s

factual allegations as true and must grant the plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be

for-managing-eb-5-visa-petition-inventory; see also Questions and Answers: EB-5 Immigrant
Investor Program Visa Availability Approach, U.S. Citizenship and Immigr. Servs. (Sept. 17,
2020), https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/permanent-workers/employment-
based-immigration-fifth-preference-eb-5/questions-and-answers-eb-5-immigrant-investor-
program-visa-availability-approach. The agency also factors in whether “[t]he underlying
project has been reviewed.” Questions and Answers: EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program Visa
Availability Approach, supra.
4
    The Court has jurisdiction over this matter under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.

                                                  3
derived from the facts alleged.” L. Xia v. Tillerson, 865 F.3d 643, 649 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (cleaned

up). But the Court need not credit legal conclusions couched as factual allegations. Iqbal, 556

U.S. at 678. “In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim,” the Court “may

consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated

in the complaint and matters of which [it] may take judicial notice.” Trudeau v. FTC, 456 F.3d

178, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (cleaned up).

                                               III.

       The Government argues that Palakuru’s complaint must be dismissed because it fails to

state a claim of unreasonable delay. See Def.’s Mem. at 13. The Court agrees.

       The APA “imposes a general but nondiscretionary duty upon an administrative agency to

pass upon a matter presented to it ‘within a reasonable time,’ and authorizes a reviewing court to

‘compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.’” Mashpee Wampanoag

Tribal Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1099 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting 5 U.S.C.

§§ 555(b), 706(1)). Courts in this circuit consider six factors (the “TRAC factors”) when

evaluating unreasonable-delay claims:

       1. the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of
          reason;
       2. where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with
          which it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory
          scheme may supply content for this rule of reason;
       3. delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less
          tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake;
       4. the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency
          activities of a higher or competing priority;
       5. the court should also consider the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced
          by delay; and
       6. the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in
          order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.

                                                4
Telecomms. Rsch. & Action Ctr. v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“TRAC”) (cleaned

up). The D.C. Circuit has emphasized that “[r]esolution of a claim of unreasonable delay is

ordinarily a complicated and nuanced task requiring consideration of the particular facts and

circumstances before the court.” Mashpee, 336 F.3d at 1100.

                                                 A.

       For starters, the Court rejects Palakuru’s argument that the Government’s “motion is

premature.” Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Resp.”) at 10, ECF No. 10. True, some

courts have held that it is inappropriate to decide unreasonable-delay claims at the motion-to-

dismiss stage before discovery. See, e.g., Thomas v. Pompeo, 438 F. Supp. 3d 35, 44 (D.D.C.

2020) (“conclud[ing] that any determination of whether defendants have unreasonably delayed

adjudication . . . is premature at this juncture” because the inquiry is “fact intensive” (cleaned

up)). But the weight of authority appears to cut in the opposite direction. See, e.g., Sarlak v.

Pompeo, No. 20-cv-35-BAH, 2020 WL 3082018, at *5 (D.D.C. June 10, 2020) (acknowledging

the plaintiffs’ argument that applying the TRAC factors at the motion-to-dismiss stage was

premature, but deciding that “[n]evertheless, in cases like this one involving claims of

unreasonably delayed waiver determinations, the TRAC factors have been generally employed at

the motion to dismiss stage to determine whether a plaintiff’s complaint has alleged facts

sufficient to state a plausible claim for unreasonable administrative delay” (cleaned up)); see also

Ghadami v. DHS, No. 19-cv-00397-ABJ, 2020 WL 1308376, at *7 n.6 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2020)

(acknowledging the split in authority but deciding that “it is appropriate for the Court to apply

the factors at th[e] [motion-to-dismiss] stage”); Didban v. Pompeo, 435 F. Supp. 3d 168, 176–77

(D.D.C. 2020) (applying the TRAC factors at the motion-to-dismiss stage); Bagherian v.

                                                  5
Pompeo, 442 F. Supp. 3d 87, 95–96 (D.D.C. 2020) (same); Skalka v. Kelly, 246 F. Supp. 3d 147,

153–54 (D.D.C. 2017) (same).

       It is appropriate now to consider whether Palakuru’s complaint meets Rule 12(b)(6)’s

pleading standards. As another judge in this district put it after acknowledging the split in

authority, “the Court is not determining whether there has been an unreasonable delay; rather, it

is determining whether plaintiffs’ complaint has alleged facts sufficient to state a plausible claim

for unreasonable administrative delay.” Ghadami, 2020 WL 1308376, at *7 n.6. The

Government’s motion is thus timely. 5

                                                 B.

       Applying the TRAC factors, the Court determines: (1) that the Government’s adjudication

of petitions is governed by a rule of reason and that any indication from Congress does not

suggest otherwise; (2) that the effect of expediting Palakuru’s petition would undermine the

Government’s competing priorities; and (3) that the rest of the TRAC factors do not warrant

granting Palakuru the relief he seeks. 6

5
  The Court has considered Palakuru’s notices of supplemental authority. See Notice of Suppl.
Authority, ECF No. 12; Second Notice of Suppl. Authority, ECF No. 13. While these cases
declined to decide unreasonable-delay claims at the motion-to-dismiss stage, see Addala v.
Renaud, No. 20-cv-2460-RCL, 2021 WL 244951, at *3 (D.D.C. Jan. 25, 2021); Gutta v. Renaud,
No. 20-cv-06579-DMR, 2021 WL 533757, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2021), the Court still finds
that the weight of authority suggests that it is appropriate to do so here. One of Palakuru’s cases
in fact acknowledges that there are “a number of cases where courts have resolved unreasonable
delay cases on motions to dismiss,” which shows that “other courts have exercised their
discretion differently.” Addala, 2021 WL 244951, at *3.
6
  The Court will grant the Government’s motion to waive compliance with Local Civil Rule
7(n)’s requirement that the agency submit an index of the administrative record. See Def.’s
Mem. at 12 n.6; see also Nat’l Law Ctr. on Homelessness & Poverty v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans
Affairs, 842 F. Supp. 2d 127, 130 (D.D.C. 2012) (explaining that “there is no administrative
record for a federal court to review” in cases of alleged agency inaction (cleaned up)); Addala,

                                                 6
                                                  1.

       The first TRAC factor is the “most important.” In re Core Commc’ns, Inc., 531 F.3d 849,

855 (D.C. Cir. 2008). It requires an inquiry into whether there is “any rhyme or reason” for the

Government’s delay—in other words, “whether the agency’s response time . . . is governed by an

identifiable rationale.” Ctr. for Sci. in the Pub. Interest v. FDA, 74 F. Supp. 3d 295, 300 (D.D.C.

2014). The Court finds that the Government’s process for adjudicating I-526 petitions is

governed by a rule of reason.

       The Government “prioritizes I-526 petitions for individuals from countries where visas

are currently available or soon to be available,” “factors in whether the underlying project has

been reviewed,” and “otherwise manages workflows in first-in, first-out order.” Def.’s Reply

Supp. Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Reply”) at 14, ECF No. 11. Such a process is reasonable. Courts

have recognized that a “first-in, first-out method” satisfies the rule-of-reason inquiry. See, e.g.,

Muvvala v. Wolf, No. 20-cv-02423-CJN, 2020 WL 5748104, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 25, 2020)

(“Other federal courts have held that this first-in, first-out method of adjudication constitutes a

‘rule of reason’ and satisfies the first TRAC factor.”). And the Government’s prioritization of

certain petitions based on visa availability is justified by its stated rationale—to “allow[]

qualified EB-5 petitioners from traditionally underrepresented countries to have their petitions

approved in a more timely fashion.” Def.’s Mem. at 16. The Court thus rejects Palakuru’s

contention that the Government has not sufficiently “outlined the contours of [its] alleged Rule

of Reason.” Pl.’s Resp. at 14.

2021 WL 244951, at *3 (“grant[ing] the agency relief from the requirements of Local Civil
Rule 7(n)” because “there is no administrative record to produce” in a case of agency inaction).

                                                  7
       Palakuru also argues that the Government has not applied its rule of reason to his petition.

He contends: (1) that the Government has not adjudicated his petition even though there are

visas available for Indian nationals; and (2) that he is entitled to priority status because he

invested in a regional center. See Pl.’s Resp. at 14–15. But Palakuru’s arguments do not account

for the possibility that many others in his situation—those with available visas who invested in a

regional center—filed their petitions before he did. As the Government explains, “USCIS

generally manages its workflows in first-in, first-out order,” and the agency “is still working

through its inventory of earlier-filed petitions from thousands of other petitioners whose visas are

currently available.” Def.’s Reply at 16.

       The second TRAC factor directs courts to consider whether a statutory timetable supplies

content for the rule-of-reason inquiry. TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. Palakuru argues that 8 U.S.C.

§ 1571(b)—which states that “[i]t is the sense of Congress that the processing of an immigration

benefit application should be completed not later than 180 days after the initial filing of the

application”—sets “a timeframe” by which the Government must adjudicate petitions like his.

Pl.’s Resp. at 16.

       The Court is inclined to agree with the Government that the prefatory “sense of

Congress” language in § 1571(b) is best interpreted as nonbinding. See Def.’s Mem. at 17.

Several courts, including the D.C. Circuit, have recognized that “a sense of Congress resolution

is not law.” Emergency Coal. to Defend Educ. Travel v. U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, 545 F.3d 4,

14 n.6 (D.C. Cir. 2008); see also Nat’l Ass’n of Mfrs. v. SEC, 800 F.3d 518, 529 n.26 (D.C. Cir.

2015) (noting the First, Third, and Ninth Circuits, have treated similar language as “precatory”

and “a statement of opinion,” rather than “a statement of fact”); Emergency Coal. to Defend

Educ. Travel v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 498 F. Supp. 2d 150, 165 (D.D.C. 2007) (“Courts have

                                                   8
repeatedly held that such ‘sense of Congress’ language is merely precatory and non-

binding.”), aff’d, 545 F.3d 4. It makes practical sense that § 1571(b)’s language be interpreted as

precatory rather than binding, as “Congress has given the agencies wide discretion in the area of

immigration processing.” Skalka, 246 F. Supp. 3d at 153–54.

       Even if the Court was to conclude that § 1571(b) provides some “indication of the speed

with which [Congress] expects the agency to proceed,” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80, though, the

Court’s rule-of-reason analysis would remain unchanged. And the TRAC factors on the whole—

particularly the first factor and the fourth factor (discussed below)—would still decisively favor

the Government. Accord Uranga v. USCIS, No. 20-cv-0521-ABJ, 2020 WL 5763633, at *12–13

(D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2020) (finding that 8 U.S.C. § 1571(b) provides “an indication of what the

legislature had in mind,” but still concluding that the “plaintiff ha[d] failed to state a claim for

unreasonable delay” because two TRAC factors favored the Government).

       Courts have regularly found that a waiting time like Palakuru’s is not unreasonable. See,

e.g., Bagherian, 442 F. Supp. 3d at 95 (“[T]he twenty-five-month delay at issue here is not

unreasonable as a matter of law, given the circumstances.”); Ghadami, 2020 WL 1308376, at *8

(“[M]any courts evaluating similar delays [i.e., 25 months] have declined to find a two-year

period to be unreasonable as a matter of law.”); see also Yavari v. Pompeo, No. 2:19-cv-02524-

SVW-JC, 2019 WL 6720995, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2019) (“District courts have generally

found that immigration delays in excess of five, six, seven years are unreasonable, while those

between three to five years are often not unreasonable.”). 7

7
  The Court acknowledges Palakuru’s argument that “delays in the processing of different types
of immigration applications” are not persuasive because “not all delays can be considered the
same.” Pl.’s Resp. at 17. The Court in no way relies on these cases to justify the outcome here.
They merely show that others waiting for immigration benefits face similar delays and thus
reinforce the determination that Palakuru has not stated a claim of unreasonable delay.

                                                   9
                                                  2.

       The Court finds that the fourth TRAC factor—“the effect of expediting delayed action on

agency activities of a higher or competing priority,” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80—weighs heavily in

favor of the Government.

       The D.C. Circuit has repeatedly emphasized “the importance of competing priorities in

assessing the reasonableness of an administrative delay.” Mashpee, 336 F.3d at 1100 (cleaned

up). This factor is so critical that the Circuit has “refused to grant relief, even though all the

other factors considered in TRAC favored it, where a judicial order putting the petitioner at the

head of the queue would simply move all others back one space and produce no net gain.” Id.

(cleaned up) (referring to In re Barr Lab’ys, Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 75 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). This is so

because courts “have no basis for reordering agency priorities.” In re Barr, 930 F.2d at 76.

Rather, agencies are “in a unique—and authoritative—position to view its projects as a whole,

estimate the prospects for each, and allocate its resources in the optimal way.” Id.

       Just so here. Were the Court to compel the Government to act on Palakuru’s petition, it

would simply move him to “the head of the queue” because he sued. “[I]t is notable that

[Palakuru] does not point to any unique considerations that warrant an expedited review of his”

petition. Uranga, 2020 WL 5763633, at *13. He also does not argue that the Government has

treated him “differently than any of the other” petitioners who are facing similar circumstances.

Id.

       Palakuru’s counterarguments are unpersuasive. He contends that the Government

“permits and endorses so-called line jumping by giving priority to petitioners like [him] who

ha[ve] an immediately available [visa] and who are investors in regional centers.” Pl.’s Resp. at

21. This argument misses the point. Granting Palakuru relief here would advance his petition in

                                                  10
front of others similarly situated—with respect to the availability of visas and investment in a

regional center—who filed their petitions earlier. See supra Part III.B.1.

       Palakuru also argues that accepting the line-jumping argument would insulate

unreasonable-delay claims from judicial review. Pl.’s Resp. at 21–22. But as the Government

points out, the fourth factor is only one of six. See Def.’s Reply at 23. And although it “is a

significant hurdle for [a] plaintiff to overcome” when it weighs in the Government’s favor, see

Uranga, 2020 WL 5763633, at *12, it is not insurmountable, see, e.g., In re Barr, 930 F.2d at 75

(suggesting that judicial intervention may be warranted if a plaintiff were “singled . . . out for

especially bad treatment”).

                                                  3.

       The remaining TRAC factors also do not convince the Court that Palakuru has stated a

claim of unreasonable delay.

       The third and fifth factors require the Court to consider “the interests prejudiced by

delay,” including how delays affect “human health and welfare.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80.

Palakuru alleges that his life “and the lives of his family members are on hold” and that the

agency’s overdue consideration of his petition “depriv[es] them of the ability to acquire visas.”

Compl. ⁋ 100. While the Court does not doubt that Palakuru has an interest in prompt

adjudication, so too do many others facing similar circumstances. This interest does not override

the other factors favoring the Government—particularly the Government’s competing priorities

and the fact that granting relief to Palakuru “would simply move all others back one space.”

Mashpee, 336 F.3d at 1100 (cleaned up). At most, these factors would weigh only slightly in

support of finding an unreasonable delay. They are not enough to overcome the other factors

that weigh strongly in the Government’s favor.

                                                 11
       The sixth and final TRAC factor simply “notes that the Court need not find any

impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably

delayed.” Ghadami, 2020 WL 1308376, at *9. Palakuru’s complaint alleges that the

Government has engaged in “purposeful[] delay” and has “artificially inflate[d] Form I-526

processing times.” 8 Compl. ⁋ 105. But he does not press these arguments in support of the sixth

factor in his opposition. See Pl.’s Resp. at 22–23; Def.’s Reply at 22; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

678 (requiring a plaintiff to plead “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged”). As TRAC directs, though, the

lack of plausible allegations of impropriety does not weigh against Palakuru. This factor is thus

neutral and does not alter the Court’s analysis.

                                          *        *    *

       In sum, the Court determines that Palakuru has not stated a claim for unreasonable delay.

The Court accordingly denies Palakuru’s request for attorneys’ fees under the Equal Access to

Justice Act. See Compl. ⁋⁋ 109–12, 115; 28 U.S.C. § 2412 (providing that a “prevailing party”

may receive fees and expenses). If Palakuru’s complaint can be construed as seeking a writ of

mandamus, that request is denied. Cf. Ghadami, 2020 WL 1308376, at *9 (construing complaint

as raising a request for mandamus even though the “plaintiffs ha[d] not alleged a separate claim”

because “they asked the Court to compel defendants to promptly complete all administrative

processing within sixty days” (cleaned up)). The Court would evaluate (and reject) a claim for

mandamus under the same analysis as the unreasonable-delay claim. See id.

8
   To the extent that Palakuru argues that the Government’s published processing times for EB-5
visas are “inaccurate” and “inconsistent,” see Pl.’s Resp. at 19–20, the Court finds the argument
irrelevant to the TRAC analysis. Even if Palakuru is correct, the Court finds that the delay he has
faced is not unreasonable when applying the TRAC factors to the allegations in his complaint.

                                                   12
                                               IV.

       For these reasons, the Court will grant the Government’s motion to dismiss. 9 A separate

Order will issue.
                                                                         2021.02.22
                                                                         14:49:52 -05'00'
Dated: February 22, 2021                             TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.

9
  The Government asks the Court to dismiss the complaint with prejudice. See Def.’s Proposed
Order, ECF No. 9-2. But “[a] dismissal with prejudice is warranted only when a trial court
determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading could not
possibly cure the deficiency.” Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1996)
(cleaned up). It remains possible that Palakuru can cure the deficiencies in his complaint down
the road. For example, the delay in adjudication may continue beyond a reasonable amount of
time or he may be singled out for disfavored treatment. It is thus too soon to forever foreclose
Palakuru’s claims.

                                               13