Court Opinion

ID: 9966163
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-06 09:09:54.507218+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:38.433843
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued April 30, 2024

                                      In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-23-00125-CV
                            ———————————
               VICTOR ANTHONY CHARLES, JR., Appellant
                                        V.
                ESTATE OF ROSE KORNBACHER, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 295th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2021-05763

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Victor Anthony Charles, Jr., acting pro se, appeals the trial court’s

judgment in favor of the Representative of the Estate of Rose Kornbacher holding

the estate “remain[ed] the holder[] of record title” of certain property in Harris

County, Texas. In a single issue, Charles argues the Estate lacked standing to
bring the lawsuit and thus the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the

matter.

      We affirm.

                                    Background

      In January 2021, the Estate of Rose Kornbacher sued Victor Anthony

Charles, Jr. in connection with an ownership dispute concerning certain property in

Houston, Texas (the “Property”).       Joseph C. Kornbacher and his wife Rose

Kornbacher purchased the Property in 1968. They lived together on the Property

from 1968 until Joseph died in 2006. After 2006, Rose continued to live on the

Property until her death in 2018.

      The underlying litigation was filed after the Kornbachers’ nephew, Eric

Roberts, learned that someone was seeking to open title with a title company to

close on a sale of the Property. Roberts was contacted by Charles, who told him he

had purchased the Property from Joseph. Roberts advised Charles that Joseph

“died in 2006, and certainly did not sell the property to him.” The Estate sought to

enjoin Charles from obtaining access to the Property and from “the exercise of any

control over the real estate including soliciting or otherwise participating, directly

or indirectly, in any financial agreements relating to the real estate.” Arguing that

Charles forged a deed to the Property, the Estate asserted claims for violation of

                                          2
Section 12.002 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code,1 trespass to try

title, suit to quiet title, and for a declaratory judgment seeking a declaration that

Charles had no interest, title, or right to the Property, among other things. The

Estate also sought injunctive relief and attorney fees under Sections 12.002 and

37.0092 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code.3

      Charles filed a general denial, and later a motion for summary judgment and

plea to the jurisdiction seeking dismissal of the claims. He argued (1) the Estate

1
      Section 12.002 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides in pertinent part:
             A person may not make, present, or use a document or other record
             with:
             (1)    knowledge that the document or other record is a fraudulent
                    court record or a fraudulent lien or claim against real or
                    personal property or an interest in real or personal property;
             (2)    intent that the document or other record be given the same
                    legal effect as a court record or document of a court created
                    by or established under the constitution or laws of this state or
                    the United States or another entity listed in Section 37.01,
                    Penal Code, evidencing a valid lien or claim against real or
                    personal property or an interest in real or personal property;
                    and
             (3)    intent to cause another person to suffer:
                    (A)    physical injury;
                    (B)    financial injury; or
                    (C)    mental anguish or emotional distress.
      TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 12.002(a).
2
      Chapter 37 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code is the Uniform Declaratory
      Judgments Act.
3
      Henry Leon Campbell, the notary public who notarized the deed, was also named
      as a defendant in the lawsuit. Campbell was nonsuited at trial and is not a party to
      this appeal.

                                              3
lacked standing because it had not initiated proper probate proceedings in the

probate court to legally establish an estate, (2) no will had been provided to

establish an administrator or executor, (3) the Estate “failed to timely initiate

probate proceedings to establish heirship” with respect to the Kornbachers, who

apparently died intestate, (4) limitations precluded the Estate from timely

transferring property from Joseph’s estate to Rose’s estate, and (5) the district court

lacked jurisdiction because the matter involved probate proceedings. Charles also

asserted there was no longer a live controversy because he filed an “Affidavit of

Release of Title and Deed” with the Harris County Real Property Records,

“thereby restoring Title and Deed to Joseph C. Kornbacher.”

      The Estate responded that Charles was precluded from asserting unpled

affirmative defenses in its summary judgment motion and it objected to the court’s

consideration of any such unpled defenses. On the merits, the Estate responded

that there were fact issues precluding summary judgment because contrary to

Charles’ contention, the Property was owned by both Joseph and Rose. It further

responded that the district court had concurrent jurisdiction with the statutory

probate court over the case, that limitations did not foreclose the Estate’s causes of

action, and that Charles’s “Affidavit of Release of Title and Deed” was defective

and did not resolve all controversies. In his summary judgment reply, Charles

                                          4
argued the trial court lacked jurisdiction because the lawsuit was initiated by the

Estate and an estate, which is not a legal entity, cannot sue or be sued.

        The trial court denied Charles’s motion for summary judgment and plea to

the jurisdiction. Charles filed a motion for reconsideration of the trial court’s

ruling and the Estate filed a response. The record does not reflect a written order

on the motion.

        The trial court conducted a bench trial and on December 27, 2022, it

rendered final judgment in favor of the Estate of Rose Kornbacher, through its

personal representative, Eric Roberts. The final judgment provides in pertinent

part:

              On December 14, 2022 this case was called to trial, without a
        jury. Plaintiff, ESTATE OF ROSE KORNBACHER, through its
        personal representative, ERIC ROBERTS, appeared for trial,
        represented by counsel who announced “ready” for trial. Defendant
        VICTOR ANTHONY CHARLES, JR., representing himself pro se,
        appeared and announced “ready” for trial. Defendant HENRY LEON
        CAMPBELL did not appear and was non-suited by Plaintiff.

        ...

               Plaintiff’s suit alleges that Defendant VICTOR ANTHONY
        CHARLES, JR. filed with the Harris County records a forged deed to
        the above-identified real estate. Defendant CHARLES has admitted
        in open court that he no longer asserts any interest in the subject real
        estate, and is in agreement with a finding that title to the subject real
        estate rightfully lies with JOSEPH and ROSE KORNBACHER . . . .

             ACCORDINGLY, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED and
        DECREED that JOSEPH and ROSE KORNBACHER (both now
        Deceased) remain the holders of record title and subsequent filings of
                                           5
      conveyance of the subject real estate that are inconsistent with this
      ruling are held to be void.

            This Court having admitted documentary evidence, heard
      testimony of witnesses, weighed the arguments of counsel and
      reviewed the applicable law, makes the following findings and
      rulings:

             Plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to establish
      Plaintiff’s right to actual damages under Section 12.002 et seq[.] of
      the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code, in the amount of $10,000.

            ACCORDINGLY, it is ORDERED, ADJUDGED and
      DECREED that judgment is rendered against Defendant VICTOR
      ANTHONY CHARLES, JR. and in favor of Plaintiff, ESTATE OF
      ROSE KORNBACHER, DECEASED, through its personal
      representative, ERIC ROBERTS, in the amount of $10,000.

            Plaintiff has also presented sufficient evidence to establish that
      the conduct of Defendant VICTOR ANTHONY CHARLES, JR. was
      committed with such extreme and wanton disregard for the rights of
      others as to merit the imposition of punitive damages;

            ACCORDINGLY, it is ORDERED, ADJUDGED and
      DECREED that judgment is rendered against Defendant VICTOR
      ANTHONY CHARLES, JR. and in favor of Plaintiff, ESTATE OF
      ROSE KORNBACHER, DECEASED, through its personal
      representative, ERIC ROBERTS, in the amount of $75,000 as
      punitive damages.

The trial court denied the Estate’s request for attorney fees.

      Charles filed a motion for new trial and plea to the jurisdiction, asserting the

trial court lacked jurisdiction because the Estate of Rose Kornbacher is not a legal

entity and thus lacked standing to sue. The trial court denied the motion and plea

by written order on February 7, 2023. This appeal ensued.

                                           6
                                        Discussion

       In his sole issue on appeal, Charles argues the trial court lacked subject

matter jurisdiction because the Estate of Rose Kornbacher lacked standing to file

suit. He argues that because an estate is not a legal entity it can neither sue nor be

sued.4, 5

4
       Charles’s notice of appeal indicates he is appealing from the final judgment and
       the denial of his motion for new trial and plea to the jurisdiction. His appellate
       brief, however, does not delineate separate arguments for either order. Rather, the
       brief is based entirely on Charles’s argument that the Estate lacked standing to sue
       and thus the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. We address this sole issue on
       appeal.
5
       Charles states in his brief that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his
       summary judgment motion. But Charles did not identify the summary judgment in
       his notice of appeal. Charles only identified the final judgment and the order
       denying his motion for new trial and plea to the jurisdiction in his notice of appeal.
       The denial of his summary judgment is thus not before us. See Ortiz v. St. Teresa
       Nursing & Rehab. Ctr., LLC, 579 S.W.3d 696, 702 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2019,
       pet. denied) (“[W]e are precluded from considering an appeal from an order never
       identified in the notice of appeal.”) (quoting TEX. R. APP. P. 25.1(b) (“The filing
       of a notice of appeal by any party invokes the appellate court’s jurisdiction over all
       parties to the trial court’s judgment or order appealed from.”) (emphasis in
       original)). Moreover, even if we could consider the order on his summary
       judgment motion, we would not find in favor of Charles. “It is well established
       that an order denying summary judgment is not reviewable on appeal after the
       case has been tried on the merits.” Wil-Roye Inv. Co. II v. Washington Mut. Bank,
       FA, 142 S.W.3d 393, 399 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.) (citing Reese v.
       Duncan, 80 S.W.3d 650, 665 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, pet. denied)); see also
       Cullum v. White, 399 S.W.3d 173, 188 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet.
       denied) (“The denial of a motion for summary judgment is not reviewable after a
       trial on the merits.”); Lambertz v. Montz, No. 01-11-00491-CV, 2012 WL
       3042996, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 26, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.)
       (“As a general matter, appellate courts do not have jurisdiction to hear the denial
       of a motion for summary judgment on appeal.”) (citing Ackermann v.
       Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362, 365 (Tex.1966)).

                                             7
A.    Standard of Review

      “Without standing, a court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear [a] case.”

Austin Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Lovato, 171 S.W.3d 845, 849 (Tex. 2005) (citing Tex.

Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993)). We

review questions of standing de novo.         Farmers Tex. Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Beasley, 598 S.W.3d 237, 240 (Tex. 2020) (citing Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. City of

Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 646 (Tex. 2004)). In our de novo review of

standing, we “construe the pleadings in the plaintiff’s favor, but we also consider

relevant evidence offered by the parties.” In re H.S., 550 S.W.3d 151, 155 (Tex.

2018) (citing Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 555 (Tex. 2000)).

B.    Standing

      A decedent’s estate “is not a legal entity and may not properly sue or be sued

as such.” Belt v. Oppenheimer, Blend, Harrison & Tate, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 780,

786 (Tex. 2006) (citing Austin Nursing Ctr., 171 S.W.3d at 849). A suit on behalf

of an estate must thus be brought by the personal representative of the estate. See

Austin Nursing Ctr., 171 S.W.3d at 849 (“Although a minor, incompetent, or estate

may have suffered an injury and thus have a justiciable interest in the controversy,

these parties lack the legal authority to sue; the law therefore grants another party

the capacity to sue on their behalf.”); see also Miller v. Est. of Self, 113 S.W.3d

554, 556 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (holding “[a] suit seeking to

                                          8
establish the liability of an estate should be filed against the personal

representative” of the estate).

      In some cases, however, a judgment involving an estate without a named

representative “may be valid.” Embrey v. Royal Ins. Co. of America, 22 S.W.3d

414 (Tex. 2000).       In Embrey v. Royal Ins. Co. of America, the “Estate’s

representative was not named by either party, and the court of appeals’ judgment

list[ed] the appellants as ‘James Embrey, Guardian of Donald L. McNeilly, and the

Estate of Donald L. McNeilly.” 22 S.W.3d at 415 n.2. The Supreme Court

explained that while “[a]n estate itself is not a legal entity and therefore cannot sue

or be sued[,] . . . if the personal representative of an estate participates in the case,

the judgment involving the estate may be valid.” Id.6; see also Estate of C.M. v.

S.G., 937 S.W.2d 8, 10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ) (“A

judgment against an estate individually is not necessarily void . . . if the personal

representative of the estate appears in or participates in the lawsuit.”); Dueitt v.

Dueitt, 802 S.W.2d 859, 861 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, no writ) (“[A]

suit on behalf of a decedent’s estate is a nullity, unless the estate’s personal

6
      In Embrey v. Royal Ins. Co. of America, 22 S.W.3d 414 (Tex. 2000), the estate’s
      purported representative was a party to the suit in his capacity as the decedent’s
      guardian. Id. at 415. The trial court rendered an agreed judgment in favor of the
      guardian and the decedent’s estate and no party objected, thus the court assumed
      the guardian was the estate’s representative. Id. at 415 & n.2.

                                           9
representative appears in or participates in the suit.”) (citing Price v. Estate of

Anderson, 522 S.W.2d 690, 691 (Tex. 1975)).

      The level of necessary “participation” required by the personal

representative is not defined and appears to be case-specific. See Dueitt, 802

S.W.2d at 861 (holding representative participated in case by attaching affidavit to

petition that verified estate’s petition, and similar affidavit was attached to

summary judgment response); Bernstein v. Portland Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 850

S.W.2d 694, 700 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993, writ denied) (holding

representative participated because he was served and he filed motion for

sanctions, memorandum, and amended answers individually and as estate’s

personal representative); cf. Garcia v. Guerrero, No. 04-09-00002-CV, 2010 WL

183480, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 20, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(holding judgment awarded estate was not void because judgment identified

personal representatives of estate and they participated at trial); compare with

Miller, 113 S.W.3d at 558 (holding representative who was served but did not

attend trial or file any documents in his capacity as personal representative did not

participate in lawsuit); Supak v. Zboril, 56 S.W.3d 785, 794 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (holding representative who appeared at trial but was

not identified in pleadings or other documents did not “participate[] sufficiently in

                                         10
the case as the purported representative of [the decedent’s] estate to make the

judgment binding against him in that capacity”).

      In Supak v. Zboril, our sister court held the trial court lacked jurisdiction to

order an estate to pay attorney fees in connection with a property dispute because

there was no evidence that anyone had actively participated in the case as the

personal representative of the estate. 56 S.W.3d at 794. In arguing the judgment

against the estate was valid, the appellees relied on two “courtroom exchanges that

took place before trial began” to prove Michael Kubena had appeared at trial as the

personal representative for the Estate of Eugene Kubena.7 Id. at 794. First, during

voir dire, the appellees’ attorney introduced Kubena and stated, “So Mike Kubena

will be representing that family in this litigation, or at least I presume that’s the

case.” Id. Second, the trial counsel for appellants requested that Kubena not be

excluded from the courtroom as a witness under Texas Rule of Evidence 614,8

“identifying him as ‘the representative for the estate.’” Id. After questioning

Kubena about the estate, appellees’ attorney said he had “no objection to [Kubena]

sitting in.” Id. The appellate court rejected the appellees’ arguments, noting that

7
      Eugene Kubena, a named defendant in the suit, “died at some point after the
      [lawsuit] was filed, but before the trial that led to [the] appeal.” Supak v. Zboril,
      56 S.W.3d 785, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.).
8
      Texas Rule of Evidence 614 states in pertinent part, “At a party’s request, the
      court must order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear other witnesses’
      testimony.” TEX. R. EVID. 614. The representative of a party that is not a “natural
      person” generally is not subject to the rule. Id. at 614(b).

                                           11
while Kubena had testified at trial, he had done so only in his individual capacity

as a fact witness. Id. The appellate court further noted that “neither the estate of

Eugene Kubena, nor any representative of the estate, was ever made a party of

th[e] lawsuit.” Id. at 793. Thus, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter an order

binding the estate.

      Unlike in Supak, the Estate was a named party in the underlying suit. The

judgment was rendered in favor of “the Estate of Rose Kornbacher, Deceased,

through its Personal Representative, Eric Roberts.” (Emphasis added.) And the

judgment states that “the ESTATE OF ROSE KORNBACHER, through its

personal representative, ERIC ROBERTS, appeared for trial, represented by

counsel who announced ‘ready’ for trial.”

      We cannot discern from the appellate record the extent of Roberts’

participation during trial. The reporter’s record from the trial is incomplete9 and

lacks any documentary evidence, witness testimony, or arguments by the parties,

all of which the trial court considered, according to the judgment.10 In the absence

of a complete reporter’s record, we must presume the evidence presented during

trial supported the trial court’s judgment in favor of Eric Roberts as the

9
      The only reporter’s record is an excerpt of a conversation during trial about which
      pleading was the live pleading.
10
      The judgment states that the court “admitted documentary evidence, heard
      testimony of witnesses, weighed the arguments of counsel and reviewed the
      applicable law[.]”

                                          12
representative of the Estate of Rose Kornbacher. See Burton v. Prince, No. 14-17-

00783-CV, 2019 WL 1339655, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 26,

2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Absent a complete record, we must presume that the

omitted portions of the record are relevant to the disposition of the appeal and that

they support the trial court’s judgment.”); see also Huston v. United Parcel Serv.,

Inc., 434 S.W.3d 630, 636 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied)

(“The appellant bears the burden to bring forward on appeal a sufficient record to

show the error committed by trial court.”); Willms v. Americas Tire Co., Inc., 190

S.W.3d 796, 803 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (“[W]hen an appellant

fails to bring a reporter’s record, an appellate court must presume the evidence

presented was sufficient to support the trial court’s order.”).

      Given the wording of the final judgment and the lack of reporter’s record,

we conclude Roberts participated in the case as the Estate’s personal representative

and thus the trial court had jurisdiction to enter judgment in favor of the Estate of

Rose Kornbacher, through its personal representative, Eric Roberts. We overrule

Charles’s sole issue.

                                     Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                          13
                                             Veronica Rivas-Molloy
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Countiss, and Rivas-Molloy.

                                        14