Court Opinion

ID: 2975365
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:33:11.673168+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:56.024341
License: Public Domain

By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect
                 of this decision is limited to the case and parties pursuant to
             6th Cir. BAP LBR 8013-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8010-1(c).

                                     File Name: 07b0010n.06

           BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: KARL EDWIN MAY,                            )
                                                  )
            Debtor.                               )
______________________________________            )
                                                  )
PRIM CAPITAL CORPORATION,                         )
                                                  )
              Plaintiff-Appellant,                )            No. 06-8044
                                                  )
              v.                                  )
                                                  )
KARL EDWIN MAY,                                   )
                                                  )
            Defendant-Appellee.                   )
______________________________________            )

                       Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                        for the Northern District of Ohio, at Cleveland
                               No. 05-10521; Adv. No. 06-8044

                                 Submitted: February 7, 2007

                               Decided and Filed: July 19, 2007

         Before: AUG, LATTA, and PARSONS, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

                                     ____________________

                                          COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Demetrios P. Koutrodimos, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Paul A. Bayer, Mayfield
Heights, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                      ____________________

                                            OPINION
                                      ____________________

       J. VINCENT AUG., JR., Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Chief Judge. Prim Capital Corporation
(“Prim”) filed an adversary complaint seeking a finding that a debt owed by the chapter 7 debtor,
Karl May (“Debtor”), is nondischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(2) and (a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code.
The bankruptcy court granted summary judgment in favor of the Debtor, and Prim appeals that order.
We affirm the decision of the bankruptcy court.

                                    I. ISSUES ON APPEAL

       The issues raised by this appeal are: (1) whether there were genuine issues of material fact
precluding summary judgment; (2) whether the bankruptcy court erred in refusing to consider Prim’s
alternative theory of nondischargeability first raised at the summary judgment stage; and (3) whether
the bankruptcy court erred in refusing to permit additional discovery beyond the discovery deadline.

                    II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit (“BAP”) has jurisdiction to decide this
appeal. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio has authorized appeals
to the BAP and a final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of right pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). For purposes of appeal, a final order “ends the litigation on the merits and
leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United
States, 489 U.S. 794, 798, 109 S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989) (citations omitted). An order granting
summary judgment for the only defendant is a final order. Wicheff v. Baumgart (In re Wicheff), 215
B.R. 839 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1998).

       The bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Treinish v. Norwest
Bank Minn., N.A. (In re Periandri), 266 B.R. 651, 653 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2001). De novo review
requires the “appellate court [to determine] the law independently of the trial court’s determination.”
O’Brien v. Ravenswood Apartments, Ltd. (In re Ravenswood Apartments, Ltd.), 338 B.R. 307, 310
(B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2006) (citing In re Periandri, 266 B.R. at 653). Essentially, the reviewing court

                                                  -2-
decides the issue as if it had not been heard before. In re Marketing & Creative Solutions, Inc., 338
B.R. 300, 302 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2006). No deference is given to the trial court’s conclusions of law.
Id.

       A bankruptcy court’s refusal to permit additional discovery is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Official Unsecured Creditors Comm. of Valley-Vulcan Mold Co. v. Ampco-Pittsburgh
Corp. (In re Valley-Vulcan Mold Co.), 237 B.R. 322, 326 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1999) (citing Bush v.
Dictaphone Corp., 161 F.3d 363, 367 (6th Cir. 1998)). “An abuse of discretion occurs only when
the [trial] court relies upon clearly erroneous findings of fact or when it improperly applies the law
or uses an erroneous legal standard.” Volvo Commercial Fin. LLC the Americas v. Gasel Transp.
Lines, Inc. (In re Gasel Transp. Lines, Inc.), 326 B.R. 683, 685 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2005) (citing
Schmidt v. Boggs (In re Boggs), 246 B.R. 265, 267 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2000)). The bankruptcy court’s
decision, under this standard, will only be disturbed if it “relied upon clearly erroneous findings of
fact, improperly applied the governing law, or used an erroneous legal standard.” Elec. Workers
Pension Trust Fund of Local Union #58, IBEW v. Gary’s Elec. Serv. Co., 340 F.3d 373, 378 (6th Cir.
2003) (citing Blue Cross & Blue Shield Mut. of Ohio v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass’n, 110 F.3d
318, 322 (6th Cir. 1997)). See also Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, Md. v. West Virginia (In
re Eagle-Picher Indus., Inc.), 285 F.3d 522, 529 (6th Cir. 2002). The reviewing court must ask
“whether a reasonable person could agree with the bankruptcy court’s decision; if reasonable persons
could differ as to the issue, then there is no abuse of discretion.” Id. at 529.

                                            III.   FACTS

       The Debtor is an attorney who represented Prim from 1997 to 2003. In late 2000, the Debtor
left his employment as a shareholder with the law firm Brouse McDowell to serve as general counsel
for Prim at the request of Prim’s chief operating officer, Joseph Lombardo (“Lombardo”). At
approximately the same time, the Debtor joined the law firm of Doepken, Keevican, & Weiss
(“DKW”) as “of counsel.” Prim provided the Debtor with office space but did not pay him a salary.
Lombardo allegedly offered to refer clients to the Debtor but never guaranteed any such referrals.
The Debtor also did not receive a salary from DKW but rather was working under a fee-splitting
agreement.

                                                   -3-
       At or around the time the Debtor began his employment with Prim, the Internal Revenue
Service assessed substantial back taxes to the Debtor. Prim, through Lombardo, assisted the Debtor
in obtaining a one-year, $100,000 loan from Huntington Bank. The Debtor contends that because
he did not receive a salary from either employer, he needed the loan to pay the IRS tax assessment
as well as for monthly living expenses and escalating expenses due to his daughter’s ice skating
career. The Debtor further contends that the loan was essentially obtained in lieu of a salary. Prim,
however, asserts that it understood the money was needed solely to pay taxes.

       Although Prim was the obligor on the loan, the money was wired directly to the Debtor. The
parties dispute who was to repay the loan. The Debtor contends he was to make payments on the
loan only from legal fees he earned as a result of referrals from Prim. If no such fees were
forthcoming, Prim would make the loan payments. Prim contends that the Debtor was to repay the
loan in full and asserts that the Debtor represented that he could repay the loan with fees he expected
to receive from the impending settlement of a case. The Debtor disputes having made such a
statement.

       When the loan was not repaid according to its terms, the loan was restructured and converted
into an installment loan in September 2002 with the Debtor as obligor and Prim, Lombardo, and
other principals of Prim as guarantors. One of Prim’s principals, Michael Brady, pledged his
personal home as security for the restructured loan. Prim contends that the Debtor promised to
pledge his own home as substitute collateral but failed to do so. The Debtor denies making such a
representation to Prim. The Debtor made several payments on the restructured loan but ultimately
defaulted in December 2003. On January 21, 2004, Huntington Bank obtained a judgment against
the Debtor, Prim and the other obligors in the amount of $83,458.18. Prim then satisfied the
judgment.1

       In March 2004, Prim sued the Debtor in state court to recover the funds paid to satisfy the
judgment. On January 16, 2005, during the pendency of the state court litigation, the Debtor filed
a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. On February 25, 2005, Prim

       1
         Apparently, Lombardo loaned Prim the funds with which to pay the judgment. According
to the affidavit of Prim’s certified public accountant, the repayment of the note was treated as a
corporate obligation of Prim and not a personal obligation of Lombardo. (J.A. at Entry 29, Ex. 6.)

                                                  -4-
filed an adversary proceeding alleging that the debt owed to it by the Debtor was nondischargeable
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). The Debtor moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state
a claim and for failure to plead with particularity. Finding that the complaint did not meet the special
pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7009, the bankruptcy court ordered
Prim to amend its complaint.

        On July 19, 2005, the bankruptcy court held a status conference at which a discovery deadline
of October 19, 2005, was set. On August 19, 2005, Prim filed its amended complaint, which
included an allegation that the obligation was not dischargeable under § 523(a)(2). The Debtor again
filed a motion to dismiss on the same grounds he had pled earlier. The Debtor also moved to
disqualify Prim’s counsel because he was the Debtor’s own counsel of record in a foreclosure case.

        On October 18, 2005, the bankruptcy court extended the discovery deadline at the joint
request of the parties. On November 9, 2005, the bankruptcy court granted the Debtor’s motion to
disqualify Prim’s counsel and ordered new counsel to file a second amended complaint in response
to the second motion to dismiss.

        In Prim’s second amended complaint, filed on December 7, 2005, Prim contended that the
Debtor made the following material misrepresentations upon which it reasonably relied in agreeing
to obtain and guarantee the loan with Huntington Bank: (1) the Debtor needed the money to resolve
his tax obligation; (2) the Debtor could repay the loan within a year with fees he expected to receive
from the impending settlement of a case; and (3) the Debtor would replace his own home for Brady’s
as collateral. Finally, Prim alleged that the Debtor knowingly, maliciously and intentionally failed
and refused to repay the loan that Prim guaranteed.

        In a scheduling order entered February 2, 2006, the bankruptcy court set a discovery deadline
of March 15, 2006. After this deadline, Prim filed a motion to compel the Debtor to produce
additional documents relating to his financial condition. The Debtor objected to the motion, with
the bankruptcy court considering the matter in a telephonic hearing on April 24, 2006. During the
hearing, the court held that discovery was closed and that no additional discovery would be ordered
or permitted.

                                                  -5-
       On April 13, 2006, the Debtor moved for summary judgment, asserting that Prim had failed
to produce any evidence that the Debtor’s statements with respect to his tax obligation were false.
The Debtor also contended that Prim had failed to produce evidence that the Debtor ever stated he
would be able to repay the loan using expected settlement fees. Lastly, the Debtor asserted that he
never promised to pledge his house as collateral on the restructured loan.

       Rather than specifically responding to the assertions in the Debtor’s motion for summary
judgment, Prim responded with a seemingly new theory of nondischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(B)
via 11 U.S.C. § 509. Prim alleged that the Debtor provided Huntington Bank with personal written
financial statements in connection with the loans that contained numerous falsehoods. Prim further
argued that because Prim satisfied the loan, it was subrogated to Huntington Bank’s rights pursuant
to § 509. Accordingly, Prim claimed that it could assert any nondischargeability claim against the
Debtor that Huntington Bank could have asserted. Moreover, Prim asserted that the Debtor intended
to deceive Huntington Bank by supplying the allegedly false statements and that the bank reasonably
relied upon those misrepresentations in providing the loans.

       In a memorandum opinion and order entered August 14, 2006, the bankruptcy court found
that the Debtor’s allegedly false statements were all made orally and, therefore, were not actionable
under § 523(a)(2)(B). Additionally, the court found that 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) did not apply
because, with the exception of the statement regarding the home as collateral, the statements were
with respect to the Debtor’s financial condition. In regard to the statement regarding the home as
collateral, the bankruptcy court found that Prim brought forth no evidence that such a statement was
made and made no mention of the claim in its response to the Debtor’s motion for summary
judgment.

       The bankruptcy court further declined to consider the Debtor’s financial statements given to
Huntington Bank under § 523(a)(2)(B) because the financial statements were never mentioned in the
pleadings and could only be introduced if § 509 applied. Because § 509 had not previously been
pled, the bankruptcy court held that Prim’s subrogation argument was not properly before the court.
The court, however, elaborated that even if it were to consider the theory, summary judgment would
still be granted because Prim satisfied the Huntington Bank judgment prepetition and, therefore,
could not claim subrogation under § 509. This timely appeal followed.

                                                 -6-
                                         IV.    DISCUSSION

        Summary judgment in adversary proceedings is governed by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy
Procedure 7056, which incorporates Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. As previously
recognized by the BAP, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has succinctly described the
standard to grant a motion for summary judgment as follows:

        A court must grant summary judgment “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
        interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
        there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled
        to judgment as a matter of law.” Under this test, the moving part may discharge its
        burden by “pointing out to the [bankruptcy] court . . . that there is an absence of
        evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” The nonmoving party cannot rest
        on its pleadings, but must identify specific facts supported by affidavits, or by
        depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file that show there is a
        genuine issue for trial. Although we must draw all inferences in favor of the
        nonmoving party, it must present significant and probative evidence in support of its
        complaint. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the
        [nonmoving party’s] position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which
        the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmoving party].”

Gibson v. Gibson (In re Gibson), 219 B.R. 195, 198 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1998) (citing Hall v. Tollett,
128 F.3d 418, 421-22 (6th Cir.1997) (internal citations omitted)) (alterations in Gibson).

        A material fact is one whose resolution will affect the determination of the underlying action.
Tenn. Dep’t of Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Paul B., 88 F.3d 1466, 1472 (6th Cir. 1996).
An issue is genuine if a rational trier of fact could find in favor of either party on the issue. Schaffer
v. A.O. Smith Harvestore Prods., Inc., 74 F.3d 722, 727 (6th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). “The
substantive law determines which facts are ‘material’ for summary judgment purposes.” Hanover
Ins. Co. v. American Eng'g Co., 33 F.3d 727, 730 (6th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted).

        When deciding a case at the summary judgment stage, courts must be cautious in determining
issues that involve a person’s state of mind. Wilson v. Seiter, 893 F.2d 861, 866 (6th Cir. 1990). In
fact, summary judgment is “particularly inappropriate” when an individual’s intent is at issue.
Marohnic v. Walker, 800 F.2d 613, 617 (6th Cir. 1986). However, as shown in the discussion below,
because of a lack of evidence, we never get to the point where we must examine the Debtor’s intent
in this case. Instead we rely on the Debtor’s uncontested affidavit and deposition testimony. In

                                                   -7-
determining whether each party has met its burden, the court must keep in mind that “[o]ne of the
principal purposes of the summary judgment rule is to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported
claims or defenses . . . .” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 2553
(1986).

Dischargeability under § 523(a)(2)(A)

          After an individual debtor files for chapter 7 relief, a court discharges all of the debtor’s pre-
existing debts. See 11 U.S.C. § 727. The Bankruptcy Code, however, prohibits the discharge of
debts that are incurred as a result of the debtor’s fraudulent actions or statements. 11 U.S.C.
§ 523(a)(2). The Bankruptcy Code provides a list of actions or statements that will prevent a debtor
from obtaining a discharge.

          Section 523(a)(2) provides, in pertinent part:

          (a) A discharge under section 727 . . . of this title does not discharge an individual
          debtor from any debt –
              ...
              (2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of
              credit, to the extent obtained by –
                    (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a
                    statement respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition;
                    (B) use of a statement in writing –
                        (i) that is materially false;
                        (ii) respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition;
                        (iii) on which the creditor to whom the debtor is liable for such
                        money, property, services, or credit reasonably relied; and
                        (iv) that the debtor caused to be made or published with intent
                        to deceive; . . .

11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2). Subsections (A) and (B) are mutually exclusive. All statements regarding
a debtor’s financial condition, whether written or oral, are expressly excluded from subsection (A).
Armbrustmacher v. Redburn (In re Redburn), 202 B.R. 917, 924 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 1996) (citing,
inter alia, Eugene Parks Law Corp. Defined Benefit Pension Plan v. Kirsh (In re Kirsh), 973 F.2d
1454, 1457 (9th Cir. 1992)). Rather, such a creditor must proceed under subsection (B) and satisfy

                                                        -8-
the requirement that the statement of financial condition be in writing. A debt based upon an oral
misrepresentation of financial condition is not actionable and will be dischargeable. Conversely, a
debt obtained through fraudulent written statements about a debtor’s financial condition will be
nondischargeable. As a result of this construction, whether a debt under this section is dischargeable
or nondischargeable depends on whether the fraudulent misrepresentation (i) is oral or in writing and
(ii) whether the statement concerns the debtor’s financial condition.

        In the case presently before this Panel, the alleged statements were oral so Prim must proceed
under subsection (A). The second consideration under § 523(a)(2)(A) is whether the Debtor’s oral
statements related to his financial condition.

Determining Whether Statements are Related to the “Financial Condition” of the Debtor

        The phrase “respecting the debtor’s . . . financial condition” is not defined in the Code and
is thus subject to interpretation. The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has not directly
addressed this issue. The Sixth Circuit has, however, implied that statements showing a debtor’s net
worth are statements respecting an individual’s financial condition. See Investors Credit Corp. v.
Batie (In re Batie), 995 F.2d 85, 89-90 (6th Cir. 1993) (explaining that a debtor made “‘statements
in writing respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition’ . . . because [the debtor]
submitted written statements at the closing which plainly showed his net worth”). In the absence of
binding precedent in this jurisdiction, a review of other circuit court opinions addressing this issue
is instructive.

        Few circuit courts have directly addressed this issue. Two views have emerged on the proper
interpretation of the phrase “respecting the debtor’s . . . financial condition.”         The “broad
interpretation” includes any communication that has a bearing on the debtor’s financial position. In
other words, any communication addressing the status of a single asset or liability qualifies. See
Cadwell v. Joelson (In re Joelson), 427 F.3d 700, 705 (10th Cir. 2005), cert. denied __ U.S. __ , 126
S. Ct. 2321 (2006). The “strict interpretation,” on the other hand, limits statements “respecting the
debtor’s . . . financial condition” to communications that purport to state the debtor’s overall net
worth, overall financial health, or equation of assets and liabilities. See id. at 705.

                                                  -9-
          The Fourth Circuit has adopted the broad interpretation. Engler v. Van Steinburg (In re Van
Steinburg), 744 F.2d 1060 (4th Cir. 1984). Meanwhile, the Eighth Circuit provides support for the
strict interpretation. Rose v. Lauer (In re Lauer), 371 F.3d 406, 413-14 (8th Cir. 2004). Likewise,
the Tenth Circuit in a detailed opinion also has adopted the strict interpretation. Joelson, 427 F.3d
at 705.

          The strict interpretation, limiting statements concerning the debtor’s financial condition only
to those that actually claim to state the debtor’s overall financial health, net worth or assets and
liabilities, is most consistent with the text and structure of the Bankruptcy Code. In Joelson, the
Tenth Circuit engaged in an exhaustive analysis of § 523(a)(2)(A) and (B). The Tenth Circuit
explained that oral communication is somewhat less reliable than written statements because oral
statements are often made spontaneously and without careful consideration. Id. at 707. Accordingly,
“it is logical to give more leeway (and more dischargeability) to a debtor who errs in stating his or
her overall position orally, since it is more likely that he or she may have made a mistake
inadvertently.” Id. Likewise, a debtor who misrepresents his or her overall financial condition in
writing, does not deserve more dischargeability since written communications are generally more
formal and allow a debtor to consider his or her statements more carefully. Id.

          A broad interpretation simply brings too many statements under the rubric “concerning the
debtor’s financial condition,” rendering the limitation meaningless. See Joelson, 427 F.3d at 710-11.

          The operative terms in § 523(a)(2)(A), . . . , ‘false pretenses, a false representation,
          or actual fraud,’ carry the acquired meaning of terms of art. They are common-law
          terms, and, . . . , they imply elements that the common law has defined them to
          include.

Field v. Mann, 516 U.S. 59, 69, 116 S. Ct. 437 (1995) (citations omitted). In fact, “if the phrase
‘respecting the debtor’s . . . financial condition’ were given a broad reading, the resulting exclusion
might eliminate coverage for many misrepresentations typical of the common-law torts that Field
represents as lying at the heart of [§] 523(a)(2)(A).” Joelson, 427 F.3d at 710 (citing Field, 516 U.S.
at 68–69) (explaining that § 523(a)(2)(A) refers mainly to common-law torts set forth in
§ 523(a)(2)(A)). A broad interpretation of the phrase “concerning the debtor’s . . . financial
condition” would allow debts incurred as a result of these common-law torts to be dischargeable.

                                                    -10-
Joelson, 427 F.3d at 710. That result is not in line with the Court’s analysis in Field. See id. at
710–11.

       There is support in the Bankruptcy Code for a narrow construction of the phrase “concerning
the debtor’s . . . financial condition” that would define the term as relating only to information on
the debtor’s overall financial condition. Id. at 706. The term “insolvent,” as defined in the Code,
refers to the “financial condition such that the sum of [an] entity’s debts is greater than all of such
entity’s property . . . exclusive of [certain types] of property.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(32)(A). The Code
also defines a municipality’s insolvency as the financial condition such that the municipality fails
or is unable to pay its debts as they come due. 11 U.S.C. § 101(32)(C). The use of the term financial
condition to describe insolvency suggests that the term financial condition “relates to a debtor’s net
worth or overall financial condition.” Joelson, 427 F.3d at 707-08. Thus, a narrow interpretation,
defining financial condition as statements that are made regarding a debtor’s overall net worth, assets
and liabilities, best adheres to the meaning and purpose of the Bankruptcy Code and is the
interpretation that we adopt.

Application of the Narrow Interpretation

       In the present case, the bankruptcy court analyzed three oral statements that the Debtor
allegedly made to Prim: (1) that the Debtor needed the loan to satisfy a large tax assessment; (2) that
the Debtor would be able to repay the loan with proceeds from an expected large settlement; and
(3) that the Debtor promised to pledge his own house as collateral.

       The bankruptcy court determined that the first two statements related to the Debtor’s
financial condition and were, therefore, dischargeable since they were not in writing. We find,
however, that neither of the first two statements is in respect of the Debtor’s financial condition as
we strictly interpret that phrase. Regarding the first statement, no conclusions can be drawn about
the Debtor’s net worth, overall financial health or equation of assets or liabilities from the simple
statement that a loan is needed to satisfy a tax obligation. That is a statement about only one of the
Debtor’s liabilities and not the Debtor’s overall financial condition. Similarly, the second statement
is not related to the Debtor’s overall financial health but is again related to a single debt and the
potential of one source of income.

                                                 -11-
        With respect to the third statement, we agree with the bankruptcy court’s analysis that Prim’s
allegation that the Debtor promised to pledge his own house as collateral is not related to the
Debtor’s overall financial condition.

        Therefore, we conclude that each of the Debtor’s oral statements is subject to being evaluated
under § 523(a)(2)(A).

Analysis of Whether Bankruptcy Court Erred in Granting Summary Judgment

        Once a statement is determined to be in the scope of § 523(a)(2)(A), additional analysis is
necessary to determine whether the debt is excepted from discharge. To except a debt from
discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A), the creditor must prove that: (1) the debtor obtained money through
a material misrepresentation that, at the time, the debtor knew was false or made with gross
recklessness as to its truth; (2) the debtor intended to deceive the creditor; (3) the creditor justifiably
relied on the false representation; and (4) its reliance was the proximate cause of the loss. Rembert
v. AT&T Universal Card Servs., Inc. (In re Rembert), 141 F.3d 277, 280-81 (6th Cir. 1998). The
creditor must prove each of these elements by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 281 (citing
Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 291, 111 S. Ct. 654, 661 (1991)). Exceptions to discharge are to
be strictly construed against the creditor. In re Rembert, 141 F.3d at 281.

        A nonmoving party may not rest upon its allegations but must set forth specific facts
supported by admissible evidence in the form of affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories
or admissions showing that there is a genuine issue. In re Gibson, 219 B.R. at 198-99.

        As to the first two asserted misrepresentations, the Debtor denied in both his affidavit and
his deposition that he stated that he would repay the loan from a case that would settle shortly. With
respect to the alleged representation by the Debtor that he needed the loan to pay a tax obligation,
the Debtor admitted in his affidavit and deposition that he made this statement and that he used
$46,000 of the proceeds for this purpose. The Debtor further stated in this regard that he also
represented that he needed the money to live on and that the balance of the loan was used for this
purpose. Lombardo’s affidavit submitted in opposition to the Debtor’s summary judgment motion
did not contradict the Debtor’s statements; rather, Lombardo only stated that the Debtor told him that
he needed money to pay past due federal income taxes. Moreover, Prim neither alleged not offered

                                                   -12-
any evidence that it would not have assisted the Debtor in having Huntington Bank make the loan
in the first instance had it known the Debtor was not planning to use the entire proceeds to pay taxes
but intended to use some portion for living expenses. Because Prim failed to submit any evidence
showing that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to the first two alleged misrepresentations,
summary judgment in favor of the Debtor was appropriate.

       With respect to the third alleged misrepresentation, Prim’s claim that the Debtor promised
to pledge his own house as collateral for the loan, the Debtor similarly denied in his deposition
making this statement. As previously noted, the bankruptcy court granted the Debtor summary
judgment because Prim failed to present any evidence to the contrary. Because there is nothing in
the record indicating a genuine issue of fact in this regard, we find no error by the bankruptcy court.

Section 523(a)(6) claim

       Prim’s second amended complaint asserted that the debt was nondischargeable pursuant to
§ 523(a)(6). Based on the lack of facts alleged and evidence submitted in support of such a claim,
the bankruptcy court also granted the Debtor’s summary judgment as to that claim. Prim, however,
did not present this issue to the Panel on appeal. Consequently, this issue is abandoned and need not
be considered by the Panel. United States v. Pugh, 405 F.3d 390, 401 (6th Cir. 2005).

Prim’s Theory of Nondischargeability Pursuant to §§ 523(a)(2)(B) and 509

       A non-moving party may not raise a new legal theory for the first time in response to the
opposing party’s summary judgment motion. Tucker v. Union of Needletrades, Indus. & Textile
Employees, 407 F.3d 784, 788 (6th Cir. 2005). The proper procedure is for the party to seek leave
to amend its complaint. Id. at 788; Stemler v. City of Florence, 126 F.3d 856, 872 (6th Cir. 1997)
(affirming district court’s refusal to consider claim that was raised for the first time on summary
judgment because plaintiff had been “free to seek leave to amend her complaint”).

       The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure incorporate the liberal notice pleading standards
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7008. At the summary judgment stage,
however, “the liberal pleadings standards . . . are inapplicable.” Tucker, 407 F.3d at 788 (quoting
Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2004)). A party may not amend

                                                 -13-
its complaint through argument in a brief opposing summary judgment. Gilmour, 382 F.3d at 1315.
To permit a party to do so would subject the Debtor to unfair surprise. Tucker, 407 F.3d at 788.

         Here, Prim identified only § 523(a)(2) in its second amended complaint as the basis for its
cause of action. Prim did not specify whether it was proceeding under § 523(a)(2)(A) or (B). Prim’s
argument at summary judgment was based on alleged misrepresentations on the Debtor’s financial
statements to Huntington Bank. Prim did not allege that it relied on those written financial
statements in deciding to guarantee the loan. Rather, Prim, for the first time in its response to the
motion for summary judgment, claimed that its rights were subrogated to Huntington Bank’s rights
under § 509 of the Bankruptcy Code. Nowhere in its complaint or its pleadings did Prim refer to
subrogation rights under § 509. Prim contends in this appeal that its identification of § 523(a)(2) in
its second amended complaint was sufficient to put the Debtor on notice of its theory of
nondischargeability based on its subrogation to the rights of Huntington Bank pursuant to § 509.
This argument is unpersuasive. Prim should have moved to amend its pleadings or moved to have
the pleadings conform to the evidence. It did neither.

         Prim’s complaint based its nondischargeability claim solely on oral statements of the Debtor
allegedly made to it regarding the Debtor’s reasons for needing the loan, his ability to repay the loan
from settlement proceeds, and his alleged promise to substitute his home as collateral. Nowhere in
the complaint did Prim refer to the written financial statements of the Debtor provided to Huntington
Bank. Nor did Prim allege that it was subrogated to the rights of Huntington Bank pursuant to § 509.
Consequently, the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that the theory was improperly before the
court.

Additional Discovery

         Courts have broad discretion over the scope of discovery. See, e.g., Bush v. Dictaphone
Corp., 161 F.3d 363, 367 (6th Cir. 1998); Lewis v. ACB Bus. Servs. Inc., 135 F.3d 389, 402 (6th Cir.
1998). An order denying additional discovery “will be grounds for reversal only if it was an abuse
of discretion resulting in substantial prejudice.” Lewis, 135 F.3d at 402. “Courts are particularly
skeptical of requests for additional discovery where the moving party has already been accorded
ample time and opportunity for discovery.” Valley-Vulcan Mold Co., 237 B.R. at 336.

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       In this appeal Prim argues that the bankruptcy court erred in refusing to permit it to conduct
additional discovery after the deadline. Prim states that the additional discovery was necessary in
order to substantiate that the Debtor provided Huntington Bank with falsified written financial
statements. Unfortunately, no formal order on Prim’s motion to compel is found in the record on
appeal. The only evidence of the bankruptcy court’s ruling is found in its own recitation of the
procedural background of this matter in its August 14, 2006, memorandum opinion.

       Based on the record on appeal, Prim appears to have had adequate opportunity to conduct
discovery. The complaint was filed approximately fourteen months prior to the filing of the Debtor’s
motion for summary judgment and the discovery deadline was extended twice. Without a record of
the bankruptcy court’s decision to deny additional discovery, it is impossible to discern whether the
court abused its discretion. Additionally, Prim has failed to show that it was substantially prejudiced
by the bankruptcy court’s denial of additional discovery. Accordingly, we find no basis for reversal
of the bankruptcy court’s decision in this regard.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the bankruptcy court is AFFIRMED in all respects.

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