Court Opinion

ID: 3152306
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-05 16:06:01.916814+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:07:32.354858
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                             Nov 05 2015, 8:40 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES
Fronse W. Smith, Jr.                                     Andrew S. Williams
Mishawaka, Indiana                                       Hunt Suedhoff Kalamaros, LLP
                                                         Fort Wayne, Indiana

                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Equity Trust Company,                                    November 5, 2015
Custodian FBO Linda R. Smith,                            Court of Appeals Case No.
Accounts #71474 and #75695,                              71A03-1411-PL-393
Equity Trust Company,                                    Appeal from the St. Joseph Circuit
Custodian FBO Fronse W.                                  Court
Smith, Jr., Account #75961,                              The Honorable Michael G.
Linda R. Smith, and Fronse W.                            Gotsch, Judge
Smith, Jr.                                               Trial Court Cause No.
Appellants-Plaintiffs,                                   71C01-1206-PL-127

        v.

James P. Knepp and Andrea K.
Slagh d/b/a Hahn, Walz &
Knepp
Appellees-Defendants.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 1 of 12
      Bradford, Judge.

                                          Case Summary
[1]   In 2009, Appellants-Plaintiffs Linda and Fronse Smith (“the Smiths”) used

      three retirement accounts1 to purchase several tax liens on properties located in

      South Bend, Indiana. The Smiths retained Appellees-Defendants James Knepp

      and Andrea Slagh d/b/a Hahn, Walz & Knepp (collectively “HWK”) as

      counsel to assist in providing statutorily required notice of the tax sale to

      interested parties as was required for them to obtain tax deeds on the properties.

      HWK failed to provide the proper notice by the statutory deadline. In 2012, the

      Smiths filed suit against HWK for malpractice. HWK conceded that they were

      negligent in failing to provide the proper notice, however, they contested the

      amount of damages suffered by the Smiths.

[2]   The case was tried to a jury who returned a verdict in favor of the Smiths in the

      amount of $26,098.26. On appeal, the Smiths argue that (1) the trial court erred

      by instructing the jury that the Smiths had a duty to mitigate their damages, (2)

      the trial court abused its discretion in excluding testimony regarding HWK’s

      malpractice insurance limits, and (3) whether there was sufficient evidence to

      support the jury award. We affirm.

      1
       The three IRAs were identified as Equity Trust Company, Custodian FBO Linda R. Smith, #71474 and
      #75695, and Equity Trust Company, Custodian FBO Fronse W. Smith, Jr., Account #75961.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 2 of 12
                                Facts and Procedural History
[3]   On October 29, 2009, the Smiths purchased seven tax-lien certificates at a tax

      sale auction for properties located in South Bend. In order to obtain title to the

      properties, the Smiths were required to provide notice of the tax sales to any

      parties who had an interest in the properties (e.g. owner of record, lienholders,

      mortgagees, etc.) within nine months after the date of sale.2 The Smiths retained

      HWK as legal counsel to assist in sending notice to the interested parties. With

      respect to four of the properties, Slagh admitted that it was her duty to provide

      the “nine month notice” to the interested parties by July 29, 2010, and that

      those notices were not sent until mid-August of 2010. Tr. p. 207. HWK

      notified the Smiths of the belatedly-sent notices and, in a meeting with Fronse

      Smith (“Smith”) in November of 2010, Knepp offered to write the Smiths a

      2
          Indiana Code section 6-1.1-25-4.5 (2009) provided as follows:

                 (a) Except as provided in subsection (d), a purchaser or the purchaser’s assignee is entitled to a tax
                 deed to the property that was sold only if:
                          (1) the redemption period specified in section 4(a)(1) of this chapter has expired;
                          (2) the property has not been redeemed within the period of redemption specified in section
                          4(a) of this chapter; and
                          (3) not later than nine (9) months after the date of the sale:
                                   (A) the purchaser or the purchaser’s assignee; or
                                   (B) in a county where the county auditor and county treasurer have an agreement
                                   under section 4.7 of this chapter, the county auditor;
                 gives notice of the sale to the owner of record at the time of the sale and any person with a
                 substantial property interest of public record in the tract or real property.
      Pursuant to Indiana Code section 6-1.1-25-4 (2009), the redemption period was one year from the date of
      sale.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015                Page 3 of 12
      check for the purchase price of the tax liens so that they could purchase

      additional liens to mitigate their damages. The Smiths declined Knepp’s offer.

[4]   On June 27, 2012, the Smiths filed suit against Knepp and Slagh for legal

      malpractice. The Smiths sought to recover the fair market value of the

      properties or, in the alternative, the money they invested in the properties plus

      an additional amount for time and effort in researching properties prior to the

      tax sale. HWK conceded liability but contested the amount of the Smiths’

      damages. A jury trial was held from July 22-24, 2014.

[5]   At the pretrial conference, the trial court heard argument concerning the

      parties’ various motions in limine. The Smiths have not included any of the

      parties’ motions in limine in their appendix. Although it is somewhat unclear,

      it appears that the Smiths’ motion in limine at issue sought to prevent any

      discussion of HWK’s defense that the Smiths had a duty to mitigate their

      damages. The trial court denied the Smiths’ motion in limine.

[6]   At trial, the Smiths presented the testimony of expert witness Sharon LeVeque

      who conducted retrospective appraisals of the four properties in 2014 to

      estimate the market value of the properties as of December 31, 2010. LeVeque

      determined the combined value of the properties, as of 2010, to be $215,500.00.

      LeVeque did not go inside any of the properties and did not know the condition

      of the inside of the properties, or the condition of the properties in general as of

      2010, when conducting her appraisals. LeVeque assumed that the properties

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 4 of 12
      were in “average” condition, tr. p. 446, however, she later stated that tax sale

      properties often require tens of thousands of dollars in rehabilitation.

[7]   HWK presented expert testimony of appraiser Phillip Krause who disagreed

      with LeVeque’s appraisals. Krause averred that LaVeque’s appraisals were

      flawed because she lacked tax sale data to find comparable properties, that

      houses facing tax sale are often in significant disrepair, and that an appraiser

      cannot accurately estimate the cost of repairs without examining the interior of

      the property.

[8]   Prior to closing arguments, the Smiths requested permission to present

      testimony regarding HWK’s malpractice insurance and the policy limits thereof

      for impeachment purposes. Smith testified, outside the presence of the jury, as

      to an exchange between himself and Knepp at the meeting in November of

      2010.

              So [Knepp] said; ‘why don’t you tell us what you have in these
              properties.’ And I said; ‘well, you guys have malpractice
              insurance for this kind of thing, don’t you?’ And he said; ‘yes.’
              And then I said; ‘well, how much?’ And he said; ‘I believe we
              have a million dollars.’ And then he said; ‘so, yeah, when do
              you think you can get me this number?’ I said; ‘I have final
              exams, and we’ll get back to you.’

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 5 of 12
      Tr. p. 667.3 The Smiths argued that the jury should be able to hear this

      evidence for purposes of impeaching Knepp’s testimony that he did not recall

      the parties discussing HWK’s “financial responsibility” beyond his offer to

      reimburse the Smiths. Tr. p. 646. The trial court allowed Smith to testify

      generally that HWK’s malpractice insurance was discussed but that he could

      not testify to the specific limits thereof, finding that the relevance of the

      coverage amount was outweighed by its prejudicial effect.

[9]   Before issuing the final instructions to the jury, the trial court asked the parties

      if they wanted to make any record concerning the instructions, to which the

      parties replied that they did not. The trial court issued the following jury

      instruction regarding mitigation of damages.

              Plaintiffs must use reasonable care to minimize their damages
              after they are injured. Plaintiffs may not recover for any item of
              damage or loss that they could have avoided through the use of
              reasonable care. The defendants have the burden of proving by
              the greater weight of the evidence that plaintiffs failed to use
              reasonable care to minimize their damages or loss.

      Tr. p. 716.

      3
       We note however that, at the pretrial conference, both Smith and his counsel averred that specific amounts
      of insurance coverage were not mentioned during this meeting.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015          Page 6 of 12
[10]   On July 24, 2014, the jury returned a verdict for the Smiths in the amount of

       $26,098.26. On August 28, 2014, the Smiths filed a motion to correct error,

       which the trial court denied on October 13, 2014.

                                 Discussion and Decision
[11]   The Smiths raise three issues on appeal: (1) whether the trial court erred by

       instructing the jury that the Smiths had a duty to mitigate their damages; (2)

       whether the trial court abused its discretion in excluding testimony regarding

       HWK’s malpractice insurance limits; and (3) whether there was sufficient

       evidence to support the jury award.

                            I. Jury Instructions on Mitigation
[12]   “When error is predicated on the giving or refusing of any instruction, the

       instruction shall be set out verbatim in the argument section of the brief with the

       verbatim objections, if any, made thereto.” Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(e). A

       party’s failure to “set out verbatim its objection to the instructions” waives the

       issue for appellate review. Elkhart Cmty. Sch. v. Yoder, 696 N.E.2d 409, 413

       (Ind. Ct. App. 1998). Furthermore, “No party may claim as error the giving of

       an instruction unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its

       verdict, stating distinctly the matter to which he objects and the grounds of his

       objection.” Ind. Trial Rule 51(C). “The objection must be made on the record

       to preserve the matter for appeal.” Fratter v. Rice, 954 N.E.2d 497, 505 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2011).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 7 of 12
[13]   Although the Smiths claim they objected to the mitigation instruction at trial,

       they do not set out verbatim their objections. In fact, there is no indication that

       the Smiths’ objected to the mitigation instruction at any point during the trial.

       Before proceeding to final arguments, the trial court asked the parties if they

       had any issue with the jury instructions (which included an instruction on the

       Smiths’ duty to mitigate), to which counsel for both parties replied that they did

       not.

[14]   In addition to arguing that they objected to the instruction at trial, the Smiths

       also point to their arguments at the pretrial conference regarding the Smiths’

       motion in limine concerning mitigation. Apparently, the Smiths argue on

       appeal that their pretrial arguments, and/or their motion in limine, amounts to

       an objection sufficient to preserve the argument on appeal. However, “[o]nly

       trial objections, not motions in limine, are effective to preserve claims of error

       for appellate review.” Walnut Creek Nursery, Inc. v. Banske, 26 N.E.3d 648, 653

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting Raess v. Doescher, 883 N.E.2d 790, 796-97 (Ind.

       2008)).

       II. Exclusion of Evidence Regarding HWK’s Malpractice
                           Insurance Limits
[15]   We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of

       discretion. Lanni v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 989 N.E.2d 791, 797-98 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2013). We will reverse a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude

       evidence only if that decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts

       and circumstances before the court, or the reasonable, probable, and actual
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 8 of 12
       deductions to be drawn therefrom. Id. at 798. Additionally, the trial court’s

       decision will not be reversed unless prejudicial error is shown. Id.

[16]   The Smiths argue that the trial court abused its discretion by limiting Smith’s

       testimony concerning HWK’s insurance coverage to the fact that HWK had

       malpractice insurance and not allowing testimony regarding the one-million-

       dollar policy limit of that coverage. Although it is unclear in their appellate

       brief, the Smiths’ seem to argue that, based on the general concept of

       “wholeness”, the jury should have been allowed to hear testimony regarding the

       entirety of the information discussed at the November 2010 meeting to provide

       context to the jury. Appellants’ Br. p. 27-28. To support this claim the Smiths’

       cite to Federal Rule of Evidence 106 which provides that “If a party introduces

       all or part of a writing or recorded statement, an adverse party may require the

       introduction, at that time, of any other part––or any other writing or recorded

       statement––that in fairness ought to be considered at the same time.” We

       assume that the Smiths’ intended to cite to the analogous and identical Indiana

       Evidence Rule 406. Nevertheless, this rule is inapplicable because neither side

       introduced written or recorded statements regarding the November meeting.

       The Smiths cite no other cases or statutes to support their argument.

[17]   The trial court permitted Smith to testify, for impeachment purposes, that

       Knepp averred that HWK had malpractice insurance coverage. However, the

       trial court did not permit Smith to testify regarding the policy limits of that

       coverage, finding that the relevance of the testimony on the amount of

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 9 of 12
       malpractice coverage was outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice

       pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule 403.

[18]   Rule 403 provides that “The court may exclude relevant evidence if its

       probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the

       following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue

       delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” “Evidence is relevant if:

       (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be

       without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the

       action.” Ind. Evid. Rule 401.

[19]   The only relevance of Smith’s testimony was to impeach Knepp’s assertion that

       the parties did not discuss “financial responsibility” beyond Knepp’s offer to

       reimburse the Smiths. Tr. p. 646. Accordingly, the trial court permitted Smith

       to testify that the parties discussed HWK’s malpractice insurance, thereby

       impeaching Knepp’s statement. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in

       declining to permit Smith to testify about policy limits discussed because (1)

       that information was cumulative in the sense that its only minimal relevance

       was to call into question Knepp’s already impeached statement, (2) it provided

       no standalone relevance, and (3) revealing information regarding a defendant’s

       insurance coverage carries an inherent risk of unfair prejudice. See generally

       Indiana Evidence Rule 411; see also State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Earl, 33
N.E.3d 337, 342 (Ind. 2015) (“[W]e are sympathetic to litigants concerns that a

       jury may improperly rely on that coverage limit as a frame of reference.”). The

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 10 of 12
       trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the testimony pursuant to

       Indiana Evidence Rule 403.

                                            III. Jury Award
[20]           This court applies a strict standard when reviewing a jury verdict
               containing a damage award claimed to be excessive or
               inadequate. Dee v. Becker, 636 N.E.2d 176, 177 (Ind. Ct. App.
               1994). On appeal, we will consider only the evidence that
               supports the award together with the reasonable inferences
               therefrom. If there is any evidence to support the amount of the
               award, even if it is conflicting, this court will not reverse.

               Traditionally, the jury has been afforded a great deal of discretion
               in assessing damage awards. Sears Roebuck & Co. v. Manuilov, 742
N.E.2d 453 (Ind. 2001); Dollar Inn v. Slone, 695 N.E.2d 185, 190
               (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied.

       Ritter v. Stanton, 745 N.E.2d 828, 843 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). The verdict will be

       upheld if the award falls within the bounds of the evidence. Id. at 845. In

       conducting our review, we will neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the

       credibility of the witnesses. Harbour v. Bob Anderson Pontiac, 624 N.E.2d 475,

       478 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993).

[21]   The Smiths argue that the jury should have awarded expectation damages for

       the fair market value of the properties. The jury heard evidence of estimations

       of the value of the properties in question and was free to award expectation

       damages based thereon. However, the jury also heard evidence questioning the

       reliability of the property appraisals as well as evidence indicating that the

       Smiths could have mitigated their damages by purchasing comparable

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015   Page 11 of 12
       properties. The Smiths argument essentially amounts to an invitation for this

       court to reweigh the evidence and reach a different conclusion than the jury,

       which we will not do. Id. Because there was evidence to support the jury’s

       decision not to award expectation damages, we will not disturb that decision.

[22]   Ultimately, the jury awarded the Smiths $26,098.26 in damages. Including

       administrative costs, the Smiths paid a total of $17,298.03 for the tax liens and

       estimated that the time they devoted to researching and acquiring the properties

       was worth an additional $4,912.00. The Smiths also claimed that they were

       entitled to interest on their investment.4 The jury award is certainly within the

       bounds of the evidence and greater than the costs incurred by the Smiths, i.e.

       the Smiths were made whole by the award. Accordingly, we find that the jury

       award was not inadequate.

[23]   The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

       May, J., and Crone, J., concur.

       4
         The jury heard evidence that if a property owner redeems his or her property between six and twelve
       months following a tax sale, the investor who purchased the tax lien on the property is entitled to receive
       fifteen percent interest on the amount paid for the lien, assuming proper notice was given.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1411-PL-393 | November 5, 2015            Page 12 of 12