Court Opinion

ID: 3146082
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:12:57.740523+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:55:10.804925
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court

                           People v. Smulik, 2012 IL App (2d) 110110

Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption                    JERRY SMULIK, Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.             Second District
                           Docket No. 2-11-0110

Rule 23 Order filed        November 18, 2011
Rule 23 Order
withdrawn                  January 6, 2012
Opinion filed              January 6, 2012

Held                       The trial court properly granted defendant’s motion to quash his arrest for
(Note: This syllabus       DUI based on an anonymous tip provided by a person who claimed to
constitutes no part of     have observed defendant drinking at two bars and then followed him as
the opinion of the court   he drove away, since the arresting officer had no personal knowledge of
but has been prepared      any facts suggesting defendant was committing or was about to commit
by the Reporter of         a crime at the time the officer parked behind defendant when he stopped
Decisions for the          at a convenience store and the officer’s personal observations
convenience of the         corroborated only the noninculpatory aspects of the tip, namely, that a
reader.)
                           vehicle fitting a particular description could be found at a certain location.

Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Du Page County, No. 09-DT-2819; the
Review                     Hon. William I. Ferguson, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                 Robert B. Berlin, State’s Attorney, of Wheaton (Lisa Anne Hoffman,
Appeal                     Assistant State’s Attorney, and Lawrence M. Bauer and Gregory L.
                           Slovacek, both of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of
                           counsel), for the People.

                           Earl A. Vergara, of Ramsell & Associates, LLC, of Wheaton, for
                           appellee.

Panel                      JUSTICE SCHOSTOK delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                           Justices McLaren and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1          The State appeals from an order of the circuit court of Du Page County granting the
        motion of defendant, Jerry Smulik, to quash his arrest for driving under the influence of
        alcohol (DUI) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2008)) and to suppress evidence. We
        affirm.
¶2          At the hearing on his motion, defendant testified that on the evening of Friday, June 5,
        2009, he dined with a friend, Kimberly Woodhall, at Volare’s Restaurant. Defendant had two
        glasses of wine with dinner, and he left the restaurant at about 11:30 p.m. after having an
        argument with Woodhall. He drove to a bar called “Redstone,” where he had a glass of wine.
        He ordered another glass of wine at Redstone, but did not finish it. After leaving Redstone,
        defendant drove to a gas station. He testified that he did not go there to purchase gasoline.
        Rather, he pulled into the gas station to “cool[ ] down a bit” from his argument with
        Woodhall. He parked in a marked space alongside the main building and carwash. After
        parking, he turned off the engine and had a cigarette. There were no vehicles parked in the
        other spaces alongside the building. Suddenly, he saw a police car’s emergency lights behind
        him. Then he saw another police car to the left. The police car that had pulled in behind
        defendant’s vehicle was about 15 feet away, and defendant “really couldn’t back up.” Two
        police officers–one male and one female–approached defendant and told him to get out of
        the vehicle.
¶3          Oakbrook Terrace police officer Victoria Johnson testified that on June 6, 2009, at about
        12:30 a.m., she received a dispatch regarding “a possible DUI with a complainant
        following.” Johnson was advised that the complainant had observed the subject drinking at
        Redstone and was concerned about him driving. The complainant thought that the subject
        was drunk. The complainant was following the subject–who was driving a silver Jeep–and

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     she1 relayed to police the vehicle’s license plate number and location. Johnson located a
     vehicle fitting the description of the subject’s vehicle at a gas station. There were three
     marked parking spaces by a carwash. The subject’s vehicle was parked in the space farthest
     from the carwash and there were vehicles in the other two spaces. With her emergency lights
     activated, Johnson pulled into the gas station and parked at an angle behind the subject’s
     vehicle. Johnson’s vehicle was about seven feet away from the subject’s, and she did not
     believe that her vehicle was positioned so as to block the subject’s. Johnson approached the
     vehicle and discovered defendant seated inside it. The keys were in the ignition. Defendant
     had bloodshot eyes and Johnson detected the odor of alcohol coming from him. When
     Johnson made contact with defendant, two other police officers had arrived, or were arriving,
     at the gas station in separate vehicles. After speaking with defendant, Johnson spoke with the
     complainant, who had followed defendant to the gas station. The complainant told Johnson
     that she had seen defendant drinking wine and vodka at the Volare Restaurant and then at
     Redstone. Johnson then returned to defendant’s vehicle and, during the conversation that
     followed, defendant indicated that he had wine and “vodka grapefruit” at the Volare
     Restaurant. He had the same drinks at Redstone.
¶4        On appeal from a trial court’s ruling on a motion to quash and suppress, the reviewing
     court “will accord great deference to the trial court’s factual findings and will reverse those
     findings only if they are against the manifest weight of the evidence.” People v. Close, 238
Ill. 2d 497, 504 (2010). However, the trial court’s ultimate decision to grant or deny the
     motion is subject to de novo review. Id. A defendant moving to quash and suppress bears the
     burden of establishing a prima facie case that he or she was doing nothing unusual to justify
     the intrusion of a warrantless search or seizure. People v. Linley, 388 Ill. App. 3d 747, 749
     (2009). “If the defendant makes the required showing, the burden shifts to the State to
     present evidence to justify the search or seizure.” Id.
¶5        In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the United States Supreme Court held that the public
     interest in effective law enforcement makes it reasonable in some situations for law
     enforcement officers to temporarily detain and question individuals even though probable
     cause for an arrest is lacking. Terry authorizes a police officer to effect a limited
     investigatory stop where there exists a reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and
     articulable facts, that the person detained has committed or is about to commit a crime.
¶6        Initially, it is necessary to determine at what point a seizure occurred. We have observed:
          “A particular encounter constitutes a seizure for fourth amendment purposes when,
          considering all the surrounding circumstances, the police conduct would have
          communicated to a reasonable person that the person was not free to decline the officer’s
          requests or otherwise end the encounter. [Citation.] Additionally, either the police must
          use physical force or the defendant must submit to the assertion of police authority.”
          Village of Mundelein v. Minx, 352 Ill. App. 3d 216, 219 (2004).
     In City of Highland Park v. Lee, 291 Ill. App. 3d 48 (1997), we held that, when a police

            1
             The record reveals that the complainant was female. It is not clear whether Johnson knew
     the complainant’s gender when responding to the dispatch.

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     officer activates his or her emergency lights to curb a vehicle, a reasonable person in the
     driver’s position would not feel free to decline the encounter with the officer. Id. at 54. In
     Minx we extended the rule to cases such as this one, where, with his or her vehicle’s
     emergency lights activated, a police officer pulls up behind a parked vehicle. Minx, 352 Ill.
     App. 3d at 220; see also Lawson v. State, 707 A.2d 947, 951 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1998)
     (“Few, if any, reasonable citizens, while parked, would simply drive away and assume that
     the police, in turning on the emergency flashers, would be communicating something other
     than for them to remain.”). When Johnson pulled in behind defendant’s vehicle with her own
     vehicle’s emergency lights activated, defendant made no attempt to drive off. He therefore
     submitted to the encounter and was seized at that point. Minx, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 220 (“when
     [the defendant] noticed the emergency lights, he submitted to them and did not leave”).
¶7       At the point at which the seizure occurred, Johnson had no personal knowledge of any
     facts suggesting that defendant was committing or was about to commit a crime. In Linley,
     we summarized the general principles that apply when a Terry stop is based on facts not
     personally known to the officer who effects the stop. We observed:
             “An investigatory stop need not be based on personal observations by the officer
         conducting the stop (or by those officers whose knowledge is imputed to the officer
         conducting the stop). [Citation.] A stop may also be based on information received from
         members of the public. [Citation.] However, the informant’s tip must bear ‘ “some
         indicia of reliability” ’ in order to justify the stop. [Citation.] ‘[A] reviewing court should
         consider the informant’s veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge.’ [Citation.]
         Whether a tip is sufficient to support a stop is not determined according to any rigid test
         but rather depends on the totality of the circumstances. [Citation.]
             The nature of the informant is relevant. All other things being equal, information
         from a concerned citizen is ordinarily considered more credible than a tip from an
         informant who provides information for payment or other personal gain. [Citation.]
         Another significant factor in determining the reliability of a tip received from a member
         of the public is whether, prior to conducting a Terry stop, the officer is aware of facts
         tending to corroborate the tip. [Citation.] This court has observed that ‘[c]orroboration
         is especially important when the informant is anonymous [citation] and is even more
         important when the anonymous tip is given by telephone rather than in person.’
         [Citation.] There is authority, however, that a tip conveyed via an emergency telephone
         number–a 911 call for instance–should not be considered ‘truly anonymous,’ even if the
         caller does not specifically identify himself or herself. [Citation.] The rationale is that
         such a caller is likely aware that, because the authorities often record emergency calls and
         have the means to instantly determine the telephone number from which a call was
         placed, they may therefore be able to determine the caller’s identity. That an informant
         has placed his or her anonymity at risk may be considered in assessing the reliability of
         the tip. [Citations.]” Linley, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 750-51.

                                                -4-
¶8        Here the stop was based on a tip received from an informant.2 The tip was conveyed to
     Johnson by a dispatcher; it does not appear that Johnson spoke with the informant until after
     initiating the Terry stop by parking her police car, with its emergency lights activated, behind
     defendant’s vehicle. Accordingly, only the information relayed by the dispatcher to Johnson
     is germane to the question of whether the stop was supported by a reasonable suspicion that
     defendant had committed or was about to commit a crime. What Johnson knew based on the
     dispatch was that the informant had observed an individual drinking at an establishment
     called Redstone. The informant thought that the subject of the tip was “drunk,” and she was
     “concerned about him driving.” The subject was driving a silver Jeep, and the informant,
     who was following him, advised police of the vehicle’s location and license plate number.
     There is no evidence that the informant provided her name or that she contacted the police
     through an emergency number. Thus the tip must be treated as an anonymous one, and its
     reliability hinges on the existence of corroborative details observed by the police. In this
     regard, the evidence falls short.
¶9        When Johnson initiated the Terry stop, her personal observations corroborated only
     noninculpatory aspects of the tip–that a vehicle fitting a certain description would be found
     at a particular location. Two United States Supreme Court decisions, Florida v. J.L., 529
U.S. 266 (2000), and Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325 (1990), teach that corroboration of
     such details is not enough to establish the requisite degree of reliability. In what it
     acknowledged was a close case, the White Court upheld a Terry stop that stemmed from an
     anonymous telephone call indicating that the defendant “would be leaving 235-C Lynwood
     Terrace Apartments at a particular time in a brown Plymouth station wagon with the right
     taillight lens broken, that she would be going to Dobey’s Motel, and that she would be in
     possession of about an ounce of cocaine inside a brown attaché case.” White, 496 U.S. at
     327. Police observed a vehicle that matched the one described by the caller and that was
     parked in front of the building at 235 Lynwood Terrace. They later observed the defendant
     drive away in the vehicle, and they followed her as she proceeded along the most direct route
     to Dobey’s Motel. The police stopped the vehicle just before it would have reached the
     motel. In upholding the stop, the White Court observed that it was not “unreasonable to
     conclude in this case that the independent corroboration by the police of significant aspects
     of the informer’s predictions imparted some degree of reliability to the other allegations
     made by the caller.” Id. at 332. The Court added:
              “We think it also important that *** ‘the anonymous [tip] contained a range of details
          relating not just to easily obtained facts and conditions existing at the time of the tip, but
          to future actions of third parties ordinarily not easily predicted.’ [Citation.] The fact that
          the officers found a car precisely matching the caller’s description in front of the 235
          building is an example of the former. Anyone could have ‘predicted’ that fact because
          it was a condition presumably existing at the time of the call. What was important was

             2
               Although the word “informant” carries the connotation of “a person in the underworld or
     a person on its periphery” (2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 3.3, at 98 (4th ed. 2004)), it
     is convenient here to use the word in the broader sense of any person providing information to
     police. Id.

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            the caller’s ability to predict respondent’s future behavior, because it demonstrated inside
            information–a special familiarity with respondent’s affairs. The general public would
            have had no way of knowing that respondent would shortly leave the building, get in the
            described car, and drive the most direct route to Dobey’s Motel. Because only a small
            number of people are generally privy to an individual’s itinerary, it is reasonable for
            police to believe that a person with access to such information is likely to also have
            access to reliable information about that individual’s illegal activities. [Citation.] When
            significant aspects of the caller’s predictions were verified, there was reason to believe
            not only that the caller was honest but also that he was well informed, at least well
            enough to justify the stop.” (Emphasis in original.) Id.
¶ 10        In J.L., the Court held that an anonymous tip that a young black male standing at a
       particular bus stop was carrying a firearm did not bear sufficient indicia of reliability to
       justify a Terry stop of a person fitting that description who was waiting at the bus stop in
       question. The J.L. Court stressed that the anonymous tip “provided no predictive information
       and therefore left the police without means to test the informant’s knowledge or credibility.”
       J.L., 529 U.S. at 271. The J.L. Court concluded that, “[i]f White was a close case on the
       reliability of anonymous tips, this one surely falls on the other side of the line” (id.), and that
       is true here as well. The anonymous tip in this case similarly lacked the predictive value that
       was essential to the outcome in White. The informant did not predict anything; she merely
       reported contemporaneous observations as to the description and location of a vehicle she
       was following.3
¶ 11        We note that there is authority that the threat that intoxicated drivers pose to public safety
       justifies some relaxation of the corroboration requirement. See People v. Shafer, 372 Ill.
       App. 3d 1044, 1052-53 (2007). Courts taking this view have distinguished anonymous tips
       concerning drunk drivers from tips concerning individuals carrying weapons. In this regard,
       the Shafer court relied, in part, on Rutzinski, in which the Wisconsin Supreme Court cited
       the following passage from State v. Boyea, 765 A.2d 862 (Vt. 2000):
            “ ‘In contrast to the report of an individual in possession of a gun *** an anonymous
            report of an erratic or drunk driver on the highway presents a qualitatively different level
            of danger, and concomitantly greater urgency for prompt action. In the case of a
            concealed gun, the possession itself might be legal, and the police could, in any event,
            surreptitiously observe the individual for a reasonable period of time without running the
            risk of death or injury with every passing moment. An officer in pursuit of a reportedly
            drunk driver on a freeway does not enjoy such a luxury. Indeed, a drunk driver is not at
            all unlike a “bomb,” and a mobile one at that.’ ” Rutzinski, 2011 WI 22, ¶ 35, 623

               3
                State v. Rutzinski, 2001 WI 22, ¶ 16, 623 N.W.2d 516, suggests that such contemporaneous
       reporting by an informant indicates the basis for the informant’s knowledge of a defendant’s erratic
       driving. The court offered no explanation, however, of how a contemporaneous report of information
       readily observable by anyone traveling the same route as the defendant demonstrated the veracity
       of an anonymous informant. See J.L., 529 U.S. at 271 (“The anonymous call concerning [the
       defendant] provided no predictive information and therefore left the police without means to test the
       informant’s knowledge or credibility.”).

                                                   -6-
           N.W.2d 516 (quoting Boyea, 765 A.2d at 867).
       That reasoning does not apply here. Defendant’s vehicle was not moving and Johnson could
       have attempted to initiate a consensual encounter in order to determine whether the tip
       relayed by the dispatcher was reliable. See generally People v. Luedemann, 222 Ill. 2d 530,
       544 (2006). The urgency that would have existed if defendant’s vehicle had been in motion
       was absent here.
¶ 12       For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is
       affirmed.

¶ 13      Affirmed.

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