Court Opinion

ID: 9405509
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-28 18:06:36.491608+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:22.457341
License: Public Domain

Roseberline Turenne v. State of Maryland, No. 714, September Term 2022. Opinion by
Wells, C. J.

CRIMINAL LAW — CHILD PORNOGRAPHY — SEXUAL CONDUCT—
“LASCIVIOUS EXHIBITION OF THE GENITALS” — STANDARD

In 2019, the General Assembly added “lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area
of any person” to its definition of sexual conduct but left the word “lascivious” undefined.
We decline to adopt either the federal courts’ leading definition of the term, or a minority’s
definition. Instead, we adhere to a “totality of the circumstances” approach to determine
whether a photograph depicting a child’s genitals constitutes “lascivious exhibition” as
now codified in the statute.

CRIMINAL LAW — CHILD PORNOGRAPHY — SEXUAL CONDUCT—
“LASCIVIOUS EXHIBITION OF THE GENITALS” — SUFFICIENCY OF THE
EVIDENCE

The evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the State, against the defendant,
Roseberline Turenne, was sufficient to sustain her convictions for child pornography. The
evidence showed that she had taken close-up photographs of the vaginas of several toddlers
who were her charges at a daycare where Ms. Turenne worked under circumstances from
which the jury could rationally infer she derived sexual gratification from the images.
Circuit Court for Wicomico County
Case No. C-22-CR-21-000263
                                                                               REPORTED

                                                                      IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                                                                            OF MARYLAND*

                                                                                 No. 714

                                                                          September Term, 2022

                                                                ______________________________________

                                                                       ROSEBERLINE TURENNE

                                                                                    v.

                                                                        STATE OF MARYLAND
                                                                ______________________________________

                                                                     Wells, C.J.,
                                                                     Arthur,
                                                                     Eyler, James R.
                                                                      (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                                  JJ.
                                                                ______________________________________

                                                                          Opinion by Wells, C.J.
                                                                ______________________________________

Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials          Filed: June 28, 2023
Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this
document is authentic.
                    2023-06-28 13:20-04:00

Gregory Hilton, Clerk

*At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional
amendment changing the name of the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland to the
Appellate Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.
       This case arises out of the State’s recovery of eight images of children’s genitalia

taken by and stored on the cell phone of appellant, eighteen-year-old Roseberline Turenne.

Turenne was charged in the Circuit Court for Wicomico County with eight counts of sexual

abuse of a minor, eight counts of knowingly allowing a minor to engage as a subject in a

visual representation that depicts a minor engaged as a subject in sexual conduct, and eight

counts of possession of child pornography. A jury convicted Turenne of all counts, and the

court sentenced her to 280 years of incarceration with all but 126 years suspended, followed

by five years of probation, and lifetime registration as a sex offender. Turenne timely

appealed and submits the following issues for our review, which we have slightly

rephrased1:

   1. Was the evidence insufficient to sustain Turenne’s convictions?

   2. Did the court plainly err by failing to instruct the jury on the meaning of “lascivious
      exhibition” relating to the child pornography charges, and “sexual exploitation”
      relating to the sexual abuse of a minor charge?

   3. Did the court plainly err by allowing the prosecutor to say in closing arguments that
      the jury should consider Turenne’s sexual orientation as evidence that she took the
      photos for sexual gratification?

For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       1
           Turenne’s questions presented, verbatim, read:

   1. Was the evidence sufficient to sustain Appellant’s convictions?

   2. Did the court plainly err by failing to adequately instruct the jury on the elements of
      the offenses?

   3. Did the court plainly err by allowing the prosecutor to impermissibly appeal to the
      prejudices of the jury by relying on homophobic tropes?
                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      In June 2021, Turenne worked as a teacher’s aide in the daycare center Stepping

Stones Early Learning Center in Salisbury, Maryland. She worked primarily in a classroom

with toddlers (children ranging in age from approximately fourteen months to two years)

but floated between classes as needed. Turenne’s duties included changing and feeding the

children and getting them ready for naps. She typically worked from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.

There was almost always a senior teacher in the classroom, but teachers would begin to

leave around 4:30 p.m. and children could be picked up as late as 6 p.m. Stepping Stones

employees were prohibited from taking pictures of the children and using their phones

outside of the breakroom.

      On June 10, 2021, Turenne was with another aide, Nadasia Miller, in the daycare

center’s breakroom. Turenne handed Miller Turenne’s phone to show her an online adult

pornographic video that Turenne had downloaded to her phone. After watching the video

clip, Miller examined the camera roll on Turenne’s phone and saw multiple pictures of

children’s vaginas. Miller recognized that the images depicted a changing table and a

bathroom in Stepping Stones. Miller did not confront Turenne, but returned Turenne’s

phone to her and immediately reported what she saw to Stepping Stones’ manager, Barbara

Brittingham. Brittingham immediately contacted Child Protective Services.

      Detective Rockwell and Social Worker Amy Kelly of the Wicomico County Child

Advocacy Center arrived at Stepping Stones that same afternoon. In an empty room

provided by Brittingham, Detective Rockwell and Kelly interviewed Turenne. With

                                            2
Turenne’s consent, Rockwell took Turenne’s phone and looked through the camera roll

alongside her. He saw the photos that Miller had described. When Detective Rockwell

acknowledged the photos, stating they were of children, Turenne disagreed and said they

were of adults and came from Google. Turenne then stated the photos were from Tik Tok,

or that they had been sent to her and automatically downloaded to her phone through the

application WhatsApp. Sometime after Turenne offered those explanations, Detective

Rockwell left the room and inspected and photographed the changing tables in the daycare

center. He confirmed that they were the same changing tables in the photos on Turenne’s

phone. When Detective Rockwell returned to the room where Turenne and Kelly were still

seated, he asked Turenne if she had taken the photos inside the daycare. Turenne admitted

to taking the photos in the daycare but repeatedly stated she took them “for no reason.”

                                   Trial Court Proceedings

                                     A. Photo Evidence

       Turenne was charged in the Circuit Court for Wicomico County with 24 counts

relating to eight images found on her phone: counts 1 through 8 for sexual abuse of a minor,

Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (CR) § 3-602(b)(1); counts 9 through 16 for knowingly

permitting a minor to engage as a subject in a visual representation that depicts a minor

engaged as a subject in sexual conduct, CR § 11-207(a)(1); and counts 17 through 24 for

possession of child pornography, CR § 11-208(b)(2). The eight photos were admitted into

evidence. An extraction of Turenne’s phone’s contents demonstrated that the photos were

taken between February and April 2021, and six of them were taken between 4:30 and 5:30

                                             3
p.m., one at 7:22 p.m., and one at 11:08 a.m. Seven of the photos show the children on the

changing table, and one shows a child standing up. All of the photos had zoomed in to

focus on the children’s unclothed vaginas; none included a child’s face. Turenne testified

to being able to see rashes (or diaper cream she had applied to a rash) in five of the photos.

Conversely, the State, in closing, commented that many of the images do not appear to

show any diaper rash, but acknowledged that was for the jury to review.

                                         B. Testimony

       Turenne testified in her own defense. She stated that she took the photos following

a parent’s complaint about a child coming home with diaper rash. Turenne explained that

the purpose of the photos was to demonstrate that the children had diaper rash “before she

came in or before she was leaving.” Turenne explained that she did not tell Detective

Rockwell that she took the photos at Stepping Stones because once he asked her about

child pornography, she became afraid of getting in trouble and getting deported. 2 Turenne

also testified that she had initially thought Detective Rockwell was asking her about the

adult pornographic photos on her phone, which is why she responded that they were not

photos of children but adults. She said the images had come from WhatsApp—an app

where other individuals would send her adult pornographic photos and they would

automatically download to her camera roll.

       On cross-examination, Turenne admitted that she would not be able to identify the

children by the faceless photos she took, if a parent was to complain about their child

       2
           Turenne is a Haitian immigrant.

                                              4
having diaper rash. Turenne also testified that she did not recall any parent approaching

her about diaper rash, and that she did not see diaper rashes on any of the boys, which is

why she only had pictures of girls. She also testified that she had not seen any other staff

taking photos of children’s diaper rash. Turenne stated she did not recall telling Detective

Rockwell that one of the photos of a child on a changing table came from Google, as

Detective Rockwell claimed.

        Brittingham also testified. She stated that she had never asked staff to take pictures

to document any diaper rash on children or infants attending the daycare center, and that

doing so would be in violation of the policy forbidding taking pictures of children. She also

testified that she had never reprimanded a teacher or an assistant for a child having a diaper

rash.

        Prior to trial, Brittingham provided Detective Rockwell with Turenne’s punch card

documenting her hours, as well as logs of children’s arrivals and departures from the

daycare center and diaper changes for children under two years. Detective Rockwell used

these items to attempt to identify the children in the photos but was only able to identify

two children based on pieces of clothing captured in the photos. A parent of one of the

identified children testified that she had never complained to the daycare about her child

having diaper rash.

        Detective Rockwell also testified. He explained that aside from the photos of the

children’s vaginas, there were no other photos of the children engaged in sexual acts or

contact, or internet searches for child pornography, on Turenne’s phone. Detective

                                              5
Rockwell did recount that “there’s plenty of other things on the phone in regards to, like,

pornography”:

       There was, uh . . . to be politically correct, I guess, there was female
       pornography, there was heterosexual pornography, there was pictures of
       vaginas, of breasts, there were pictures of male penises. So there was an array
       of different types of pornography in the phone.

       The State asked Turenne if it was true that she had told Nadasia Miller that she was

attracted to women. Turenne answered that she did not recall telling Miller that.3 The State

then asked Turenne if it was a fair statement that she was attracted to women, to which

Turenne responded that she was bisexual, or “confused” about whether she liked men or

women, “[b]ut not children, no.”

                                       C. Jury Instructions

       Regarding the child sex abuse charge, the court instructed the jury using modified

pattern instructions:

       The defendant is charged with the crime of child sexual abuse. Child sexual
       abuse is sexual exploitation of a child under 18 years of age caused by a
       person with temporary care, custody, or responsibility for supervision of a
       child. In order to convict the defendant of child sexual abuse, the State must
       prove

       (1) That the defendant sexually abused (name) by other sexual offense or
           sexual exploitation;
       (2) That at the time of abuse, (name) was under 18 years of age; and
       (3) That at the time of the abuse, the defendant was a person with temporary
           responsibility for the supervision of (name).

       In order to convict the defendant, you must all agree that the defendant
       sexually abused (name), but you do not have to all agree on which specific
       act or acts constituted the abuse.

       3
           Miller testified that Turenne had told her that she was attracted to women.

                                               6
       Abuse does not include the performance of an accepted medical or behavior
       procedure ordered by a health care provider authorized to practice by law and
       acting within the scope of that authorization.

       In the absence of pattern instructions for child pornography, the trial court gave the

following instruction on the production of child pornography charge, in relevant part:

       In order to convict the defendant, the State must prove that the defendant
       knowingly allowed a minor to engage as a subject in a visual representation
       that depicts a minor engaged as a subject in sexual conduct. Sexual conduct
       means lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.

Likewise, the court gave the following instruction for the possession of child pornography

charge, in relevant part:

       In order to convict the defendant the State must prove that the defendant
       knowingly possessed and intentionally retained a photograph showing an
       actual child under the age of 16 years engaged in sexual conduct. Sexual
       conduct, again, is defined as lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic
       area of any person.

Both parties responded that they were satisfied with the instructions provided.

                                    D. Closing Arguments

       In describing the requirements for finding sexual exploitation as the manner of

sexual abuse in closing, the prosecutor said:

       So you can consider sexual exploitation by looking at the images themselves.
       And I think it’s pretty self-explanatory when you’re looking at, I don’t know
       why we need to discuss the intent when you look at the pictures itself, but I
       think the pictures themselves are hard to look at because they’re just zoomed
       in on a child’s crotch.

The prosecutor then described the pictures, arguing that most of the photos did not show

any diaper rash. The prosecutor continued:

                                                7
       So other than the pictures themselves, which I think speak for themselves as
       to her intent, you can look at the circumstances during which she took these
       pictures, of how the pictures were taken.

The prosecutor noted that the pictures were taken primarily at times when there were few

other adults around at the daycare, and how the photos were “sort of intertwined with other

adult porn” in Turenne’s camera roll.

                               E. Juror Deliberations and Note

       Deliberations began at 12:35 p.m. At 12:57 p.m., the jurors sent a note, which read:

       Under what condition could the defendant be guilty of child abuse – sexual
       abuse and not be guilty of the other charges?

       If it is determined that the pictures were sexual exploitation [then] wouldn’t
       that determine the next 2 charges?

       At 1:23 p.m., the court addressed the note with the parties. The judge explained he

thought it was “important for the [c]ourt to provide some clarity, the [c]ourt can’t play

ostrich when it knows that there’s a question like this.” The judge proposed calling the

jurors back out, reading the three substantive instructions again, as well as the instruction

for the jurors to separately consider each charge, and the distinct elements of each charge.

Before the court could respond to the jury however, they reached a verdict. Neither party

asked that the jury still receive the court’s answer to its inquiry. The record reflects that

after the court asked the parties if they were “ready to bring the jury out to receive the

verdict?,” defense counsel responded, “Yes, Your Honor.” The jury returned at 1:30 p.m.

and convicted Turenne of all counts. Turenne timely appealed.

       We will supply additional details where they are relevant to our analysis.

                                             8
                                       DISCUSSION

                               I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

                                    Standard of Review

       “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we view

the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and assess whether ‘any rational trier

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

State v. Krikstan, 483 Md. 43, 63 (2023) (quoting Walker v. State, 432 Md. 587, 614

(2013)).

       Our role is not to review the record in a manner that would constitute a
       figurative retrial of the case. This results from the unique position of the fact-
       finder to view firsthand the evidence, hear the witnesses, and assess
       credibility. As such, we do not re-weigh the credibility of witnesses or
       attempt to resolve any conflicts in the evidence. Our deference to reasonable
       inferences drawn by the fact-finder means we resolve conflicting possible
       inferences in the State’s favor, because we do not second-guess the jury’s
       determination where there are competing rational inferences available.

Id. at 63–64 (internal citations and quotations omitted) (cleaned up).

       To the extent we must review the trial court’s interpretation of statutes, our review

is de novo, as these are matters of law. Elsberry v. Stanley Martin Companies, LLC, 482

Md. 159, 178 (2022).

                  Child pornography charges – “lascivious exhibition”

A. Parties’ Contentions

       Turenne first argues there is insufficient evidence that the photos at issue show

children engaged in “sexual conduct” by “lascivious exhibition.” To reach this conclusion,

she contends this Court should adopt the interpretation of “lascivious exhibition” of the

                                               9
District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals, interpreting a parallel federal statute, that

“the minor’s depicted conduct must connote lust and suggest a sexual act, such that the

image is objectively sexual.” In support of this, Turenne avers that (1) this interpretation is

most consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s construction of the phrase; (2) the

definition of “lascivious” includes “lustful”; and (3) “lascivious” appears in a list of other

sexual acts.

       The State counters that this Court does not need to adopt a precise test for construing

“lascivious exhibition” in this case, as there are plenty of factors present that would satisfy

even a narrow construction of the phrase. Even so, the State posits that the approach

adopted by seven circuits and many state courts interpreting similar statutes—applying the

six Dost4 factors—is more appropriate than the minority approach advanced by Turenne.

The State concludes that applying the Dost factors yields a finding that the photos do

constitute “lascivious exhibition.”

B. Analysis

       Turenne was charged under two Maryland statutes that criminalize conduct with

respect to a minor involved in “sexual conduct”: Sections 11-207(a)(1) and 11-208(b)(2)

of the Criminal Law Article (“CR”). Section 11-207(a)(1) provides, in relevant part:

       A person may not . . . cause, induce, solicit, or knowingly allow a minor to
       engage as a subject in the production of obscene matter or a visual

       4
         United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828 (S.D. Cal. 1986). This case and the factors
will be discussed in detail in our analysis below.

                                              10
       representation or performance that depicts a minor engaged as a subject in .
       . . sexual conduct[.]

And, CR § 11-208(b)(2) provides, in relevant part:

       A person may not knowingly possess and intentionally retain a film,
       videotape, photograph, or other visual representation showing an actual child
       . . . engaged in sexual conduct[.]

“Sexual conduct” is defined in CR § 11-101(d), and in 2019 the General Assembly added

“lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person” to its definition:

       “Sexual conduct” means:
       (1) human masturbation;
       (2) sexual intercourse;
       (3) whether alone or with another individual or animal, any touching of or
       contact with:
              (i) the genitals, buttocks, or pubic areas of an individual; or
              (ii) breasts of a female individual; or
       (4) lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.

CR § 11-101(d) (emphasis added); 2019 Maryland Laws Ch. 325 (H.B. 1027).

       The parties here agreed that only paragraph (4) in the definition of “sexual conduct”

was at issue. Accordingly, in the trial court’s instructions to the jury, it defined “sexual

conduct” using only this newest provision (“Sexual conduct means lascivious exhibition

of the genitals or pubic area of any person.”). It did not provide any definition of “lascivious

exhibition” itself.

       The Supreme Court of Maryland5 noted that the purpose of the addition of

“lascivious exhibition” to the definition of “sexual conduct” was “to update the standard

       5
         At the November 8, 2022, general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a
constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Appeals of Maryland to the
Supreme Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.

                                              11
for ‘sexual conduct’ so that it was consistent with the federal standard and to close a

loophole that prevented the prosecution of certain individuals in Maryland.” In re S.K., 466

Md. 31, 56 (2019). Indeed, testimony in support of the amendment suggests its purpose

was to allow prosecution of “child pornographers who produce or possess images that are

undeniably sexually explicit, but do not show active touching.” Maryland Coalition

Against Sexual Assault, Testimony Supporting H.B. 1027 with Amendment. See also Del.

Lesley J. Lopez Letter to the Maryland House of Delegates, Support: HB 1027- Criminal

Law- Child Pornography (“HB 1027 will strengthen our current child porn laws by

elevating them to that of the federal standard. Specifically, we seek to include the phrase

‘lascivious exhibition’ to the definition of what constitutes sexual conduct. Lascivious

exhibition essentially involves a sexual act or exhibition that does not involve actual

physical or sexual contact with the victim.”). The General Assembly did not include any

legislation defining the phrase itself.

       To date, no Maryland appellate courts have interpreted the “lascivious exhibition”

provision and no Maryland pattern jury instructions define it.

       The federal standard referenced in the legislative history above is found in 18 U.S.C.

§ 2256(A). That statute defines “sexually explicit conduct” as

       actual or simulated—
       (i) sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or
       oral-anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex;
       (ii) bestiality;
       (iii) masturbation;
       (iv) sadistic or masochistic abuse; or
       (v) lascivious exhibition of the anus, genitals, or pubic area of any
       person

                                              12
18 U.S.C. § 2256 (emphasis added).

                                The Dost-Factor Approach

       In United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828 (S.D. Cal. 1986), the court articulated the

following six factors for aiding in the determination of whether an image constitutes a

“lascivious exhibition” under the federal statute:

       1) whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the child’s genitalia
          or pubic area;

       2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually suggestive, i.e., in
          a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity;

       3) whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate
          attire, considering the age of the child;

       4) whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude;

       5) whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willingness to
          engage in sexual activity;

       6) whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sexual
          response in the viewer.

Id. at 832 (S.D. Cal. 1986). The court followed that list with the proviso:

       Of course, a visual depiction need not involve all of these factors to be a
       “lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area.” The determination will
       have to be made based on the overall content of the visual depiction, taking
       into account the age of the minor.

Id. Seven circuits have since adopted—or at least recognized the frequent usefulness of—

the Dost factors, albeit with varying degrees of flexibility, for determining whether an

image is lascivious. See United States v. Rivera, 546 F.3d 245, 250 (2d Cir. 2008); United

States v. Knox, 32 F.3d 733, 747 (3d Cir. 1994); United States v. McCall, 833 F.3d 560,

                                             13
563 (5th Cir. 2016); United States v. Stewart, 729 F.3d 517, 527 (6th Cir. 2013); United

States v. Lohse, 797 F.3d 515, 520 (8th Cir. 2015); United States v. Hill, 459 F.3d 966, 972

(9th Cir. 2006); United States v. Wolf, 890 F.2d 241, 245 (10th Cir. 1989). The Fourth

Circuit has so far declined to adopt the factors,6 stating that their application is unnecessary

when lasciviousness can be found “based on the objective characteristics of the [images]

alone.” United States v. Courtade, 929 F.3d 186, 192 (4th Cir. 2019), as amended (July 10,

2019).

         Even amidst their somewhat widespread adoption, the Dost factors have been

criticized for their potential to limit too severely the material that constitutes child

pornography. Rivera, 546 F.3d at 251 (“[Dost-factor critics’] underlying concern is that the

factors sweep too narrowly”); United States v. Wiegand, 812 F.2d 1239, 1244 (9th Cir.

1987), (“[t]he [Dost-test] standard employed by the district court was over-generous to the

defendant”); United States v. Frabizio, 459 F.3d 80, 88 (1st Cir. 2006) (“there is a risk that

the Dost factors will be used to inappropriately limit the scope of the statutory definition.”);

United States v. Wolf, 890 F.2d 241, 245 n.6 (10th Cir.1989) (“We do not hold that more

than one Dost factor must be present to constitute a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a).”).

         The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals did state in a 2017 opinion, “We likewise
         6

conclude that the Dost factors offer helpful guidance in determining whether conduct is
lascivious, within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 2256(2)(A)[,]” but its order was later vacated
on different grounds, Sims v. Labowitz, 877 F.3d 171, 182 (4th Cir. 2017), on reh’g, 885
F.3d 254 (4th Cir. 2018), and reh’g granted, order vacated, 714 F. App’x 289 (4th Cir.
2018), and it has not applied the test since.

                                              14
       The fifth factor—“whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a

willingness to engage in sexual activity”—has been a specific target of criticism, since

“[c]hildren do not characteristically have countenances inviting sexual activity,” Frabizio,

459 F.3d at 89, and limiting “lascivious exhibitions” to those explicit displays would

protect perpetrators who surreptitiously photograph or record children acting innocently,

United States v. Holmes, 814 F.3d 1246, 1252 (11th Cir. 2016). The circuits utilizing the

Dost factors appear to agree this factor is often irrelevant. See, e.g., Rivera, 546 F.3d at 251

(citing and agreeing with conclusions from the First, Ninth, and Tenth circuits that the fifth

factor “look[s] the wrong way”).

       The sixth Dost factor—“whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to

elicit a sexual response in the viewer”—appears to present the most confusion and is

applied differently among those circuits who use the factors. Critically, it gives rise to the

questions on which Turenne’s and the State’s “lasciviousness” arguments turn:

       Is this a subjective or objective standard, and should we be evaluating the
       response of an average viewer or the specific defendant in this case?
       Moreover, is the intent to elicit a sexual response analyzed from the
       perspective of the photograph’s composition, or from extrinsic evidence
       (such as where the photograph was obtained, who the photographer was,
       etc.)?

United States v. Amirault, 173 F.3d 28, 34 (1st Cir.1999). The Ninth Circuit, for instance,

has held that it is enough to satisfy this factor for the image to have appealed to the sexual

desires of the defendant. Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244 (“lasciviousness is not a characteristic

of the child photographed but of the exhibition which the photographer sets up for an

audience that consists of himself or likeminded pedophiles[,]” and “[i]t was a lascivious

                                              15
exhibition because the photographer arrayed it to suit his peculiar lust.”). Conversely, the

Third and Eighth Circuits have held that the images must objectively be of a sexual nature.

United States v. Villard, 885 F.2d 117, 125 (3d Cir. 1989) (“We must, therefore, look at

the photograph, rather than the viewer. If we were to conclude that the photographs were

lascivious merely because Villard found them sexually arousing, we would be engaging in

conclusory bootstrapping rather than the task at hand—a legal analysis of the sufficiency

of the evidence of lasciviousness.”); United States v. Kemmerling, 285 F.3d 644, 646 (8th

Cir. 2002) (“We emphasize that the relevant factual inquiry in this case is not whether the

pictures in issue appealed, or were intended to appeal, to Mr. Kemmerling’s sexual interests

but whether, on their face, they appear to be of a sexual character. If not, they are not illegal

under the statute, because they are not lascivious.”).

                     The Hillie Approach: Objectively Sexual Conduct

       Turenne argues we should reject application of the Dost factors, and adopt instead

the holding of the D.C. Circuit in United States v. Hillie, 39 F.4th 674 (D.C. Cir. 2022):

       Based on the foregoing, we construe “lascivious exhibition of the anus,
       genitals, or pubic area of any person” in 18 U.S.C. § 2256(2)(A)(v) to mean
       that the minor displayed his or her anus, genitalia, or pubic area in a manner
       connoting that the minor, or any person or thing appearing with the minor in
       the image, exhibits sexual desire or an inclination to engage in any type of
       sexual activity.

Id. at 685 (emphasis in original). The court purported to reach this conclusion through a

chain of U.S. Supreme Court precedent:

       In sum, [New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982)] explained that the Court
       had previously construed the phrase “lewd exhibition of the genitals” in
       [Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973)], and that the phrase referred to “the

                                               16
       hard core of child pornography.” Ferber, 458 U.S. at 764–65, 773, 102 S.Ct.
       3348. In [United States v. X-Citement Video, 513 U.S. 64 (1994)], the Court
       found that the term “lascivious exhibition of the genitals” as currently used
       in § 2256(2)(A)(v), has the same meaning as “lewd exhibition of the
       genitals,” as that phrase was construed in Miller and Ferber. X-Citement
       Video, 513 U.S. at 78–79, 115 S.Ct. 464. And in [United States v. Williams,
       553 U.S. 285 (2008)], the Court reaffirmed that § 2256(2)(A)’s definition of
       “sexually explicit conduct” means essentially the same thing as the definition
       of “sexual conduct” at issue in Ferber, except that the conduct defined by §
       2256(2)(A) must be, if anything, more “hard-core” than the conduct defined
       by the New York law at issue in Ferber, given that the federal statute
       prohibits “sexually explicit conduct” rather than merely “sexual conduct,” as
       in the state law. Williams, 553 U.S. at 296, 128 S.Ct. 1830.

Hillie, 39 F.4th at 683. Our analysis results in a different conclusion. The Ferber Court did

not find “lewd exhibition of the genitals” in the child pornography standard equivalent to

the phrase when construed in Miller, which was in the context of an obscenity standard for

adult pornography. In fact, it appears the Ferber Court indicated the bar should be lower

for finding the exhibition of genitals lewd when in the context of children:

       The test for child pornography is separate from the obscenity standard
       enunciated in Miller, but may be compared to it for the purpose of clarity.
       The Miller formulation is adjusted in the following respects: A trier of fact
       need not find that the material appeals to the prurient interest of the average
       person; it is not required that sexual conduct portrayed be done so in a
       patently offensive manner; and the material at issue need not be considered
       as a whole.

Ferber, 458 U.S. at 764. In fact, the Ferber Court’s “adjustment” of the Miller standard for

the child pornography context removes the requirement that Hillie and now Turenne argue

for—that the image must be objectively sexual without regard to the mental state or

preferences of the defendant.

                                             17
       We also highlight the last line of the Hillie court’s explanation, citing the U.S.

Supreme Court’s conclusion in Williams that the conduct defined in the federal statute must

be more “hard-core” than that defined in New York’s statute, since the federal statute

proscribes imagery of minors engaged in “sexually explicit conduct” while the New York

statute proscribes imagery of minors engage in plain “sexual conduct.” This reasoning

would also weigh in favor of construing Maryland’s statute more broadly than the federal

standard, as it too proscribes imagery of minors engaged in any “sexual conduct”—not just

“sexually explicit conduct.”

       Turenne also relies on Hillie’s rejection of the reasoning that lasciviousness could

be found if an image “is designed to elicit a sexual response . . . perhaps not in the ‘average

viewer,’ but perhaps in the pedophile viewer.” Hillie, 39 F.4th at 688 (quoting Dost, 636

F. Supp. at 832). To reach this conclusion, the Hillie court says the U.S. Supreme Court

previously rejected this reasoning in Williams. But again, we read Williams differently.

There, the Court was reviewing the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals’ holding that the

federal statute criminalizing the possession and distribution of material pandered as child

pornography was overbroad and thus unconstitutional. One of the underlying conclusions

of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals was “that the [federal] statute could apply to

someone who subjectively believes that an innocuous picture of a child is ‘lascivious.’”

Williams, 553 U.S. at 301.

       The U.S. Supreme Court disagreed:

       That is not so. The defendant must believe that the picture contains certain
       material, and that material in fact (and not merely in his estimation) must

                                              18
       meet the statutory definition. Where the material at issue is a harmless picture
       of a child in a bathtub and the defendant, knowing that material, erroneously
       believes that it constitutes a “lascivious exhibition of the genitals,” the statute
       has no application.

Id. As we read Williams, the Court was not saying that, necessarily, only conduct which is

objectively sexual will satisfy the federal statute. Rather, a picture that does not satisfy the

statute by its terms will not be the subject of a statutory violation even if the defendant

believes the picture qualifies as pornography. The focus in Williams was on the knowledge

of the defendant. Id. at 300–01. The Court was not opining on whether an image of a child

engaged in otherwise innocent conduct (versus objectively sexual conduct) would ever

satisfy the statute. The Court was addressing the scenario where a defendant promises to

send another person “child pornography,” believing it is indeed pornographic, when in

actuality the image does not constitute pornography under the terms of the statute—for

example, a photograph of a child in a bathtub. As we see it, this is distinct from a someone

taking or possessing an image solely focused on a child’s genitals ostensibly during an

innocuous activity like a diaper change.

                   This Court’s Approach: Totality of the Circumstances

       We decline to adopt the Hillie test Turenne urges for “lascivious exhibition,”

requiring “that the minor displayed his or her anus, genitalia, or pubic area in a manner

connoting that the minor, or any person or thing appearing with the minor in the image,

exhibits sexual desire or an inclination to engage in any type of sexual activity.” Hillie, 39

F.4th at 685 (emphasis in original). First, as we have discussed, we do not find the legal

analysis in Hillie persuasive. Second, we believe that limiting the construction of

                                               19
“lascivious exhibition” to only those depictions that are objectively sexual would leave

unprotected some of the most vulnerable minors—those who are too young to possibly

emote sexual coyness or to be made to engage in an objectively sexual position.7 We

believe this runs counter to the General Assembly’s ostensible intention in 2019 to broaden

the reach of Maryland’s child pornography statute to depictions of children that are not

“stereotypical” instances of child pornography but are nonetheless harmful to and

exploitative of children. 8

       7
         We find especially compelling the Ninth Circuit’s position and reasoning for
considering the adult-defendant’s intentions in producing or possessing the depiction:

       In order to be lascivious, the exhibition must be pornographic, even if it need
       not be obscene. At the same time, it must be recognized that the type of
       sexuality encountered in pictures of children is different from that
       encountered in pictures of adults. This is because children are not necessarily
       mature enough to project sexuality consciously. Where children are
       photographed, the sexuality of the depictions often is imposed upon them by
       the attitude of the viewer or photographer. The motive of the photographer
       in taking the pictures therefore may be a factor which informs the meaning
       of “lascivious.”

United States v. Arvin, 900 F.2d 1385, 1391 (9th Cir. 1990)
       8
         See United States v. Knox, 32 F.3d 733, 747 (3d Cir. 1994) (“Children posing for
pornographic pictures may suffer dramatic harm regardless of whether they have an “adult”
look of sexual invitation or coyness on their face. Therefore, we adhere to the view that
“lasciviousness”. . . does not involve an inquiry concerning the intent of the child subject.
Our interpretation of the “lasciviousness” element is consistent with the plain meaning of
the statute and furthers Congress’ intent in eradicating the pervasive harm children
experience when subjected to posing for pornographic purposes.”).

                                             20
       But we also decline to adopt the Dost factors for two reasons. First, even the Dost

factors do not definitively resolve the issue of whether a depiction must contain overtly

sexual conduct. The varying interpretations of the sixth factor among Dost-applying

circuits are proof of this. We also agree with the criticism that the specific factors may be

too limiting in light of the myriad forms that child pornography could take. Second, we do

not need to adopt this test to resolve the case before us.

       We find most persuasive the position of those circuits that have not embraced

specific (and thus limiting) tests such as the Dost factors, nor the narrow, limiting position

of the D.C. Circuit in Hillie. Rather, these circuits rely on the plain meaning of “lascivious

exhibition” and apply a totality of the circumstances approach, which is most appropriate

given the varied and nuanced contexts of child pornography. The Fourth Circuit has

explained that “[t]he plain meaning of ‘lascivious exhibition’ requires that we ask whether

the video depicts [the minor’s] genitals or pubic area ‘in order to excite lustfulness or sexual

stimulation in the viewer.’” Courtade, 929 F.3d at 192 (quoting Knox, 32 F.3d. at 745 (3d

Cir. 1994) (citing Webster’s and Black’s Law)). Answering this question requires

consideration of all circumstances surrounding a depiction; not just the image itself, but

the actions and preferences of the defendant. We find the summary of the approach and

reasoning taken by the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Circuits, as explained by the

Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals,9 a useful guide for our own review:

       9
        We emphasize that this 2016 opinion from the Eleventh Circuit, Holmes, supra,
was issued years after its Williams opinion was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in
2008.

                                              21
[W]e join each of our sister circuits who have addressed this issue and
concluded that depictions of otherwise innocent conduct may in fact
constitute a “lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area” of a minor
based on the actions of the individual creating the depiction.

The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have each confronted this same
question. In considering whether an image constitutes a lascivious
exhibition, those courts have looked to the intent of the producer or editor
of an image. For example, in United States v. Horn, 187 F.3d 781 (8th Cir.
1999), the court held that “[b]y focusing the viewer’s attention on the pubic
area, freeze-framing can create an image intended to elicit a sexual response
in the viewer. The ‘lascivious exhibition’ is not the work of the child, whose
innocence is not in question, but of the producer or editor of the video.” Id.
at 790.

...

Similarly, the Ninth and Tenth Circuits have focused on the intent of the
producer. The Ninth Circuit has made clear that the image at issue may be a
lascivious exhibition based on how the photographer arranges it. “Each of
the pictures featured the child photographed as a sexual object.... [T]hat is,
so presented by the photographer as to arouse or satisfy the sexual cravings
of a voyeur.” [Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244]. The court continued, explaining,
“[L]asciviousness is not a characteristic of the child photographed but of the
exhibition which the photographer sets up for an audience that consists of
himself or like-minded pedophiles.” Id.

The Tenth Circuit has also reached this same conclusion. Citing the Ninth
Circuit’s decision in Wiegand, that court concluded that “[t]o find otherwise
would ignore the obvious exploitive nature of the depiction and require the
child to exhibit lust, wantonness, sexual coyness or other inappropriate
precocity. Such an interpretation would pervert both the language and the
logic of the legislation and the case law.” United States v. Wolf, 890 F.2d
241, 246 (10th Cir.1989).

Today, we join the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits and hold that a
lascivious exhibition may be created by an individual who surreptitiously
videos or photographs a minor and later captures or edits a depiction, even
when the original depiction is one of an innocent child acting innocently.

                                      22
Holmes, 814 F.3d at 1251–52. We will apply this totality of the circumstances approach,

which incorporates the intent of the image’s producer, to the instant case.

       The relevant facts here, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, consist of

the following: Regarding the content of the photos themselves, all are taken of female

infants. Each photo is zoomed in to focus, indisputably, on the child’s unclothed vagina as

she lies on a changing pad or stands in a bathroom. The photos contain nothing else, aside

from, in a few photos, the child’s stomach and upper thighs. Most photos, if not all, do not

depict any apparent diaper rash. None of the photos contain faces.

       Regarding Turenne’s motive for taking the photos, seven of the eight photos were

taken at times in the evening after teachers would begin to leave the daycare for the day.

Some were taken in the bathroom. No teacher would be in the bathroom if an aide, such as

Turenne, was already in there with a child, because the teacher would be in the classroom

with the rest of the children. Turenne initially lied to the investigators by stating that the

photos were from the internet, not of children in the daycare. The reasoning she ultimately

alleged for taking the photos—that she was documenting diaper rash—was not offered at

the initial interview. Turenne also testified that she would be unable to identify a child

based on the photos. The daycare’s manager had never admonished any employees for not

preventing or taking care of diaper rash, no parent had ever admonished Turenne for not

preventing or taking care of diaper rash, and the daycare manager had never received any

complaints from parents regarding diaper rash. Daycare employees were never instructed

to document diaper rash care or prevention, and in fact, employees agreed to a policy that

                                             23
prohibits taking pictures of children or using the employees’ phones anywhere in the

daycare other than the breakroom. Finally, one of the photos at issue depicted a child with

underwear—not a diaper—pulled down.

       The camera roll on Turenne’s phone on which the photos were contained also

contained adult pornography. It was an adult pornographic video that Turenne was showing

to a co-worker when the co-worker discovered the eight photos at issue.

       Based on the times and places the photos were taken, a reasonable juror could

conclude that Turenne surreptitiously took the photos, and that she was discreet because

she knew taking and possessing pictures of the children’s vaginas was impermissible. A

reasonable juror could infer Turenne’s knowledge that what she did was impermissible and

even morally—and perhaps legally—wrong, based on her initial lies to investigators about

where the photos came from. A reasonable factfinder could conclude that Turenne was not

credible when she claimed she took the photos to document diaper rash, based on the

testimony that there had been no complaints of diaper rash among parents or staff at the

daycare, and Turenne’s own testimony that she would not have been able to identify any

of the children from the photos if a parent were to complain about diaper rash.

       A reasonable juror could also infer that Turenne took these photos for sexual

gratification, based on the photos’ exclusive focus on the children’s vaginas and the

absence of any credible, innocuous reason for taking and storing such photos, and the

photos’ location among other pornographic images on Turenne’s phone.

                                            24
         These inferences, taken together, support the conclusion that the minors in the

photos were engaged in lascivious exhibition of the genitals. Reaching this conclusion

based on the aforesaid facts is consistent with the holdings of several federal circuits. For

instance, in Holmes, the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the jury’s verdict that

         [The defendant’s] conduct—including placement of the cameras in the
         bathroom where his stepdaughter was most likely to be videoed while nude,
         his extensive focus on videoing and capturing images of her pubic area, the
         angle of the camera set up, and his editing of the videos at issue—was
         sufficient to create a lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area.

Id. at 1252. Similarly, in affirming that images which had been cropped from photos of

children bathing on a beach, could have been found to be lascivious beyond a reasonable

doubt, the Sixth Circuit explained:

         The evidence showed that these images involved minors, . . . the focal point
         of the images was the children[’]s genitalia, the children were partially
         clothed or nude, and these images were cropped and brightened from larger
         photographs that largely were innocuous. The jury could have reasonably
         inferred that the act of image editing, combined with the peculiar
         composition of the resultant images, demonstrated that the images were
         designed or intended to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.

United      States   v.    Stewart,   729     F.3d    517,    527–28     (6th   Cir.      2013).

Particularly relevant to the photos Turenne produced and retained, the Sixth Circuit

reasoned in United States v. Brown that the fact that the photographs at issue did

         not include the girls’ heads is odd and repeated, and when considered
         together with the focus on the girls’ pubic area, suggests that there may have
         been an inappropriate or lascivious focus.

579 F.3d 672, 681 (6th Cir. 2009). The Third Circuit likewise reasoned in Knox:

         In several sequences, the minor subjects, clad only in very tight leotards,
         panties, or bathing suits, were shown specifically spreading or extending

                                              25
       their legs to make their genital and pubic region entirely visible to the viewer.
       In some of these poses, the child subject was shown dancing or gyrating in a
       fashion indicative of adult sexual relations. Nearly all of these scenes were
       shot in an outdoor playground or park setting where children are normally
       found. Although none of these factors is alone dispositive, the totality of
       these factors lead us to conclude that the minor subjects were engaged in
       conduct—namely, the exhibition of their genitals or pubic area—which
       would appeal to the lascivious interest of an audience of pedophiles.

32 F.3d at 747. See also United States v. Kemmerling, 285 F.3d 644, 646 (8th Cir. 2002)

(“A factfinder could decide . . . without being clearly wrong, that the other pictures are

lascivious because they are of children who are nude or partially clothed, the focus of the

images is the child’s genitals or pubic area, and their purpose appears to be to elicit a sexual

response from the viewer. These images were not designed, for instance, simply to provide

a clinical view of the portions of the children's anatomy that are pictured.”); United States

v. Johnson, 639 F.3d 433, 440–41 (8th Cir. 2011) (holding that a reasonable jury could find

that videos of minors weighing themselves in an examination room constitute lascivious

exhibitions based on how the video was recorded, how the zoom feature was adjusted, and

the producer’s intent to elicit a sexual response in the viewer, even though the victims did

not act in a sexual manner).

       We conclude that viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a

reasonable juror could have found the essential elements of the pornography charges—

permitting a minor to engage as a subject in the production of a visual representation that

depicts a minor engaged as a subject in sexual conduct by lascivious exhibition of the

genitals of that minor, and retaining those same visual representations, CR §§ 11-207(a)(1)

& (b)(2); CR § 11-101(d)—beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                              26
                    Sexual abuse of a minor by “sexual exploitation”

A. Parties’ Contentions

       Turenne also asserts that there is insufficient evidence for finding that her taking of

the photos constitutes “sexual exploitation” of the children. She posits that the conduct

must have some sexual undertone, such that the person doing the exploiting is taking the

action for his or her own sexual gratification. Turenne argues that there was no evidence

to this effect.

       The State says this argument mischaracterizes certain factors that have existed in

past “sexual exploitation” cases as actual requirements for a finding of sexual exploitation.

The State argues that both the case law and legislation emphasize how broad, not narrow,

the statute is. The State also points once more to each of the factors it alleged in its

“lascivious exhibition” argument to indicate Turenne took the photos for sexual

gratification, and asserts that the innocuous reason Turenne advanced for taking the

photos—her only means of demonstrating the photos were not exploitative—was

discredited at trial and not believed by the jury.

B. Analysis

        Section 3-602(b)(1) of the Criminal Law Article states that

       A parent or other person who has permanent or temporary care or custody or
       responsibility for the supervision of a minor may not cause sexual abuse to
       the minor.

                                              27
Section 3-602(a)(4)(i) provides that

       “Sexual abuse” means an act that involves sexual molestation or exploitation
       of a minor, whether physical injuries are sustained or not.

Turenne does not dispute the elements of her temporary care, custody or responsibility for

the children in the photos, or that the children in the photos were minors. It is only whether

her conduct satisfies the “sexual abuse” by “sexual exploitation” element that she

challenges.

       The Supreme Court of Maryland recently explained that “sexual exploitation is not

limited to incidents involving physical contact and can include a wide range of behavior.”

State v. Krikstan, 483 Md. 43, 51 (2023). “The legislative history of the statute indicates

an intent by the General Assembly that the statute be interpreted broadly to include a wide

range of conduct and to protect children.” Id. at 53. In explaining the meaning of the statute,

the court quoted a previous opinion:

       Our review of Maryland case law leads us to several conclusions about CR
       § 3-602. The statute … can encompass a wide range of behavior that need
       not, in itself, be criminal. Child sexual abuse can be committed as part of a
       single act or a series of actions and it is not necessary that the defendant
       physically touch the child in order to commit the crime. The context in which
       the abuse occurs matters and failing to act to prevent abuse can be criminal.
       Finally, exploitation requires that the defendant “took advantage of or
       unjustly or improperly used the child for his or her own benefit.”

Id. at 51–52 (quoting Walker v. State, 432 Md. 587, 622 (2013)) (emphasis in Walker). The

statute prohibits a wider array of conduct than just child pornography or prostitution. Id. at

622.

                                              28
       In Scriber v. State, 236 Md. App. 332 (2018), this Court affirmed a high school

teacher’s conviction for sexual abuse by sexual exploitation, where he had taken photos of

multiple female students’ clothed buttocks. We explained that “assessing the sufficiency

of evidence to support appellant’s conviction for sexual abuse” of the victim

       requires consideration of all the circumstances, including the context in
       which the pictures were taken, i.e., appellant was a high school teacher and
       the minor-victim . . . was his student, and the content of the pictures, which
       the circuit court accurately described as multiple images of [the victim]
       “bending over, taking the picture from the back to the virtual exclusion of
       every other part of her body.” The circuit court, in assessing the totality of
       the circumstances, concluded that this “was not an accident,” particularly
       when considered with State’s Exhibit 20, which included photos of another
       young woman, depicting only the “young woman’s legs and buttocks.”
       Viewing all of the evidence, the court found that “these pictures were taken
       to memorialize [the victim’s] backside,” and it determined that the evidence
       was sufficient to show that appellant’s actions were exploitative. We agree.

Id. at 349–50.

       To start, we agree with Turenne that there must be some sexual aspect to the conduct

alleged to be exploitive. Our Supreme Court explicated this in Walker. 432 Md. at 616

(“Although the word ‘sexual’ is not placed in front of exploitation, and could be viewed as

not modifying the term, the title of the statute itself, ‘sexual abuse of a minor,’ makes clear

that the exploitation must be also of a sexual nature.”). We also agree that the defendant

must receive some benefit from the conduct for it to constitute “sexual exploitation.” Id. at

625. And although that benefit need not be sexual gratification (it might be, for instance, a

financial gain), id., in the instant case, the benefit to Turenne argued by the State was sexual

gratification. Turenne’s response is that her “actions of taking the photos do not constitute

                                              29
sexual exploitation because the photos themselves do not have a sexual undertone and there

is no evidence that the photos were taken for [her] own gratification.”

       Turenne’s response ignores that it was for the jury to determine whether there was

a sexual aspect to her taking and/or possessing the photos. Relatedly, Turenne’s argument

ignores that the State presented evidence, even if circumstantial, that Turenne received

sexual gratification for taking and/or possessing the photos—the combination of the

surreptitious manner in which she took the photos, the photos’ location in her camera roll

among adult pornography, that she shared some of that adult pornography on her phone

with a co-worker, and the absence of any credible, innocuous reason for taking photos of

children’s genitalia in violation of the daycare’s policy. The evidence of her sexual

gratification may not have been direct, as it was in Schmitt v. State, 210 Md. App. 488,

491–92 (2013) where the defendant masturbated with the minor’s clothing on camera, but

we have found no case holding such evidence is required for finding sexual exploitation.

Generally, our case law teaches that “[c]ircumstantial evidence is entirely sufficient to

support a conviction, provided the circumstances support rational inferences from which

the trier of fact could be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused.”

Neal v. State, 191 Md. App. 297, 314–15 (2010) (quoting Hall v. State, 119 Md. App. 377,

393 (1998)).

       This case is similar to Scriber, particularly in Turenne’s effort to undermine the

State’s case for “sexual exploitation.” In Scriber, there was no direct evidence of a benefit

                                             30
the teacher received for taking the photos, but the trial judge explained that he could

conceive of

       no value reason where a high school teacher would be using his cellphone,
       face down, camera up, while dealing with a student in a dress standing over
       him.

       No satisfactory explanation has been given to me. I can think of none. And
       it's my job to try to find a reasonable doubt here.... I can think of no reason
       why, given [the victim’s] testimony, which I found absolutely credible, the
       [appellant] would have been doing anything other than trying to take her
       picture. So, I find the [appellant] guilty of Count 1.

236 Md. App. at 341. Interestingly, Turenne references these statements as support for her

position—that because she did provide a reason for taking the photos (documenting diaper

rash), her case is distinguishable from Scriber. To the contrary, Scriber supports the jury’s

finding that Turenne committed sexual exploitation. Although at trial Turenne provided an

explanation for taking the photos, a rational factfinder could have found it incredible (for

reasons discussed at length earlier), which is, in fact, what the jury did. In Scriber, the

factfinder also found there was “no satisfactory explanation” for the defendant taking and

possessing the photos, other than for sexual gratification. And while we do not hold that

this logic would apply to every case where sexual abuse by sexual exploitation is alleged,

it is applicable here, where the totality of circumstances surrounding Turenne’s taking and

possession of the photos, as well as their content, lend themselves to no other credible

explanation. In sum, we cannot say that no rational factfinder could have found beyond a

reasonable doubt that Turenne’s taking of photos of infants’ bare vaginas, and her

                                             31
possession of those photos among adult pornography on her phone, had a sexual aspect,

and that she derived sexual gratification from that conduct.

               II. Jury Instructions on Elements of Offenses – Plain Error

                                     Standard of Review

       Although Turenne did not object at trial to either of the errors she now alleges

regarding jury instructions, she argues that we can and should exercise plain error review

to reverse the trial court on this basis.

       We rarely engage in plain error review. It is “reserved for those errors that are

compelling, extraordinary, exceptional or fundamental to assure the defendant of a fair

trial.” Newton v. State, 455 Md. 341, 364 (2017) (quoting Robinson v. State, 410 Md. 91,

111 (2009)).

       Before we can exercise our discretion to find plain error, four conditions must
       be met: (1) “there must be an error or defect—some sort of ‘deviation from
       a legal rule’—that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned, i.e.,
       affirmatively waived, by the appellant”; (2) “the legal error must be clear or
       obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute”; (3) “the error must have
       affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means
       he must demonstrate that it ‘affected the outcome of the district court
       proceedings’”; and (4) the error must “seriously affect the fairness, integrity
       or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”

Id. (quoting State v. Rich, 415 Md. 567, 578 (2010)) (cleaned up). Our courts have found

serious errors in jury instructions to be plain error when they “undermined a core value of

constitutional criminal jurisprudence.” Id. (quoting Savoy v. State, 420 Md. 232, 255

(2011)). Such plain error has been found when, for example, the court erred in its

reasonable doubt instruction, Savoy, 420 Md. at 255; when it failed to instruct the jury that

                                             32
they could find the defendant not guilty, State v. Hutchinson, 287 Md. 198, 208 (1980);

and when its instruction placed the burden of proving self-defense on the defendant, Squire

v. State, 280 Md. 132, 133 (1977). Likewise, we have declined to find plain error, for

instance, when jury instructions omitted intellectual disability as a basis for finding insanity

and thus that the defendant could be found not guilty. Trimble v. State, 300 Md. 387, 399,

(1984).

A. Parties’ Contentions

       Turenne asserts that the court plainly erred by “failing to adequately instruct the jury

on the distinct actus rei” for child sex abuse, production of child pornography, and

possession of child pornography, and that the court’s failure to answer the jury note before

the court received the verdict compounded that error. Specifically, Turenne says the court’s

instruction regarding the child pornography charges—that sexual conduct is defined as

“lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person”—failed to give the jury

context or define “lascivious exhibition.” The court could have rectified that shortcoming,

according to Turenne, by providing the Dost factors as the federal pattern jury instructions

do, or by listing lascivious exhibition as one of the forms of sexual conduct listed in the

statute to provide context.

       Similarly, regarding the court’s instruction for the sexual abuse charge, Turenne

posits that its failure to explain what constitutes “sexual exploitation” was error. Turenne

points out that the pattern jury instructions include such an instruction, and that Maryland

courts favor the use of pattern jury instructions. The jury’s question demonstrated its lack

                                              33
of clarity and its assumption that if the evidence was sufficient to convict Turenne of child

sex abuse, it was sufficient to convict her of the pornography charges. Turenne concludes

that the court was required to provide further instruction, and its failure to do so,

compounding its failure to instruct properly initially, deprived her of a fair trial.

       The State counters that Turenne’s claims fail to meet the four prongs of the plain-

error test articulated in State v. Rich, 415 Md. 567, 578 (2010). First, the State says, defense

counsel affirmatively waived both claims. Second, Turenne fails to establish that the error

is clear or obvious; she does not affirmatively say what instruction should have been given,

cites no cases finding error for failure to use these pattern instructions, nor any Maryland

cases finding plain error for failing to use a federal pattern instruction. Further, the State

adds, the “sexual exploitation” definition Turenne cites is designated as a “may be

helpful”—not a mandatory—definition. Third, Turenne fails to establish that the failure to

give more detailed instructions affected the jury’s verdict, and finally, she fails to establish

that an exercise of the trial court’s discretion in giving more detailed instructions, both

initially and after receiving the jury’s note, would have been appropriate. The State asserts

it would have been inappropriate, as Defense counsel’s failure to object in both instances

might have been a strategic choice. And specifically, regarding the court’s failure to

address the jury’s note, the State says the jury’s reaching of a verdict before then

“essentially communicated that they were no longer confused about the question.”

                                              34
B. Analysis

       We decline to exercise plain error review of Turenne’s claim regarding jury

instructions. At a minimum, Turenne’s challenge to the absence of a “lascivious

exhibition” definition fails at the second plain error review prerequisite: the alleged error

is not so clear or obvious to be beyond dispute. As our earlier discussion made painfully

clear, no Maryland law has established a precise definition for “lascivious exhibition,”

much less required that the phrase be further defined or contextualized for the jury. 10

       Regarding a definition of “sexual exploitation,” Turenne is correct that the

Maryland Pattern Jury Instructions provide one. However, as Turenne also acknowledges,

following the pattern instructions is not mandatory. Cousar v. State, 198 Md. App. 486,

521 (2011).11 And in the case of this phrase and the associated pattern definition—“Sexual

exploitation means that a person takes advantage of or unjustly or improperly uses the

minor for [his][her] own benefit[,]” MPJI-Cr 4:07.2 CHILD ABUSE--SEXUAL

ABUSE12—we cannot easily imagine, nor does Turenne demonstrate, how providing that

definition to the jury might have affected the outcome of the case. This definition seems

       10
          See Arvin, 900 F.2d at 1391 (“The distinction between a pornographic depiction
and an innocent one is a distinction the jury should be able to make from its own
experience. How much instruction should be given beyond telling the jurors that they must
find the statutory imperatives and must use their common sense to decide whether the
pictures are lascivious is essentially up to the discretion of the judge.”).
       11
         We do, of course, continue to encourage the use of pattern jury instructions where
applicable. See, e.g., Johnson v. State, 223 Md. App. 128, 152 (2015).
       12
            This definition came from this Court in Brackins v. State, 84 Md. App. 157, 162
(1990).

                                             35
rather straightforward in that it does not stray from the plain meaning of “exploitation.”13

We hold that the court’s failure to provide this optional definition does not clear the second

or third perquisites to plain error review.

    III. The State’s mention of Turenne’s sexual orientation in closing argument

       A. Parties’ Contentions

       Turenne asserts the court plainly erred by allowing the prosecutor to comment on

her adult same-sex attraction, because sexual orientation is not an element of the offense

of child sex abuse, and its mention served only to inflame the jury. Turenne cites to this

Court’s opinion in Killie v. State, 14 Md. App. 465, 470–71 (1972), where we held, in

       13
          In fact, in Brackins, this Court reviewed several definitions of “exploitation” prior
to arriving at the phrase now used in the pattern definition for “sexual exploitation”:

       “To take advantage of.... To make use of meanly or unjustly for one's own
       advantage or profit.... Unjust or improper use of another person for one's own
       profit or advantage.” Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 1976
       Edition.

       “To make use of.... To make unethical use of for one's own advantage or
       profit.” Webster's New World Dictionary, Third College Edition (1988).

       “Taking unjust advantage of another for one's own advantage or benefit.”
       Black's Law Dictionary (5th Ed., 1979).

       “The utilization of another person for selfish purposes.... To employ to the
       greatest possible advantage (exploit).... To make use of selfishly or
       unethically.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
       (1969).

84 Md. App. at 161.

                                              36
Turenne’s words, “that the State’s reference to the defendant’s sexual orientation and

insinuating his interest in young boys was likely to prejudice the jury, and therefore denied

the defendant a fair and impartial trial.” Turenne also cites to a Fourth District California

Court of Appeal opinion holding that a prosecutor’s repeated reference to the appellant’s

sexual orientation in a same-sex abuse case was prejudicial misconduct.

       The State counters that its comments were in the permissible scope of closing

argument. The State says Killie is distinguishable from the instant case, since there, the

State introduced the notion of the defendant’s sexuality for the first time in closing. The

State also disputes the relevance of the California case, explaining that it is not binding on

this Court and so it cannot be used to establish that any error of the trial court in neglecting

to stop the State from mentioning Turenne’s sexual orientation was obvious or clear. The

State also details four ways the case is distinguishable from the instant case.

   C. Analysis

       In the prosecutor’s closing argument, she said the following about Turenne’s sexual

orientation:

       So you can consider other things beyond the picture, just the circumstances,
       the fact that these are all females. It’s interesting that apparently no boys had
       rashes at the time. She told one of her friends that she was gay or bisexual,
       which obviously doesn’t matter, but it matters when you’re looking at
       whether she had any sexual gratification for taking these pictures, holding on
       to these pictures for as long as she did.

       In his closing, defense counsel said of the State’s argument, “[t]hey want you to just

assume that automatically the photo means there was a sexually-based intent[,]” and argued

                                              37
that the photos themselves, as well as all the adult pornographic photos, actually helped

Turenne’s case. Defense counsel stated that although he could have objected and said all

the photos were too prejudicial, he chose not to because he

       …wanted you all to see that because, again, there’s nothing to hide in this
       case.

       [Turenne’s] preferences are in men and women. Now, the State is saying that
       she was gay and look at the pictures and they’re trying to imply that because
       you’re gay somehow you then become an abuser.

       But here’s the thing they don’t mention. There’s pictures of male genitalia,
       too, of adult male genitalia. They don’t mention that. They’re making the
       argument that she’s gay, but she has male genitalia in these pictures. And she
       even said herself, I’m bisexual.

In rebuttal, the prosecutor responded to defense counsel on the issue Turenne’s intent:

       I think the intent and the way they take these pictures is what speaks for itself.
       So if you’re zooming in on a child’s crotch, if you’re taking a picture of a
       child under their skirt, we’re not presenting this is playful. I think the intent
       is obvious. So it seems silly to spend a lot of time talking about the intent.
       And we keep talking about the fact that she’s a young woman. If we were
       looking at an older male and he had a bunch of pictures of young children’s
       vaginas or penises on his phone, would we need to spend this much time on
       what the intent was?

       It just seems ridiculous to me that we are arguing it for that long, what the
       intent is, because it seems obvious.

       There’s no inference made by the fact that she would be gay or bisexual.
       That’s irrelevant. The only reason we’re considering that is the inference that
       she had sexual gratification and that that connects to the pictures themselves.
       That’s why it becomes relevant. Nobody is making any inference from it.

       The only reason it was brought out is, again, to consider the sexual, or
       potential sexual gratification that she’s getting from these pictures.

We reiterate the four prerequisites to plain error review:

                                              38
       (1) An error or defect that has not been affirmatively waived by the appellant;

       (2) The legal error is clear or obvious, and not subject to reasonable dispute;

       (3) The appellant has demonstrated that the error affected the outcome of the
           proceedings; and

       (4) The error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
           proceedings.

Newton, 455 Md. at 364 (internal citations and quotations omitted). We add that “this Court

is reluctant to find plain error in closing arguments,” particularly when “there [is] ample

evidence against the defendants and the arguments [do] not vitally affect their right to a

fair trial.” Lawson v. State, 389 Md. 570, 605 (2005) (internal quotations and citations

omitted).

       Once more, we decline to exercise plain error review. We conclude that Turenne’s

challenge to the prosecutor’s comments fails the second prerequisite to plain error review,

because the error is not so clear or obvious to be beyond reasonable dispute. We conclude

the impact of the prosecutor’s comments, particularly her rebuttal, though mentioning

Turenne’s sexual orientation, focused on explaining Turenne’s interest in female children.

In other words, the prosecutor was not arguing that Turenne was probably a child abuser

because she was lesbian or bisexual, but rather that her sexual attraction to women might

mean that she was sexually attracted to girls—which in turn, would explain the photos she

took exclusively of female infants’ genitalia. Though this point is debatable, it is not

plainly wrong, particularly in the absence of an objection and given the substantial latitude

that lawyers have in closing argument. Lee v. State, 405 Md. 148, 162 (2008).

                                              39
        Further, we conclude that Turenne’s challenge does not meet the third prerequisite,

because Turenne did not demonstrate how the comments affected the verdict. Even if the

prosecutor had not referenced Turenne’s sexual orientation, the jury had already heard

Miller’s testimony that Turenne said she was attracted to women, Turenne’s testimony that

she was bisexual or confused as to whether she was attracted to women or men, and

Detective Rockwell’s testimony that her phone contained both male and female

pornography. The jury was also aware that all the photos were of female infants. Even

without the State’s closing comments, the jury had the evidence from which it might have

inferred that Turenne was attracted to female children and took the photos for sexual

gratification.

       Though we reach these conclusions, we note that the prosecutor’s comments could

be misinterpreted. Linking one’s sexual orientation, particularly a same-sex orientation, to

sexually abusing children is a canard that reinforces a terrible stereotype of gay and lesbian

people. We think the prosecutor’s comments, though perhaps unintentional, came

dangerously close to perpetrating a pernicious falsehood about same-sex orientation and

should be avoided.14

       14
         One’s sexual orientation has little to do with sexual attraction to children of either
sex. Of the many informative websites on this topic is: https://www.nationalcac.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/CSA-Perpetrators.pdf.

                                              40
       Concluding that the circuit court did not commit reversible error on any of the

preserved grounds alleged by Turenne, we affirm.15

                                                 THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                 COURT FOR WICOMICO COUNTY
                                                 IS AFFIRMED. APPELLANT TO
                                                 PAY THE COSTS.

       15
         Finally, we note that a post-conviction proceeding is perhaps the most effective
way for Turenne to address the perceived deficiencies in defense counsel’s performance in
not objecting to either the jury instruction or the prosecutor’s allegedly biased comment in
closing argument.

                                            41