Court Opinion

ID: 4677699
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-15 19:02:39.492755+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:39.978539
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/15/21 P. v. Perry CA1/1
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                        FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                    DIVISION ONE

 THE PEOPLE,
             Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                       A159464
 v.
 JOSHUA LEE PERRY,                                                     (Contra Costa County
                                                                       Super. Ct. No. 5-131497-0)
             Defendant and Appellant.

                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION1

         Defendant Joshua Lee Perry was charged with murder (Pen. Code,
§ 187),2 with enhancing allegations of prior serious or violent felony
convictions (§ 1170, subds. (h)(3)(A), (f)), a prior “three strikes” conviction
(§§ 667, 1170.12), probation ineligibility due to prior felony convictions
(§ 1203, subd. (e)(4)), and that the charged offense was committed while
released on bail. (§ 12022.1)
         Approximately one and a half years later, defendant agreed to a
negotiated disposition. The prosecution moved to amend the information to

        This appeal is appropriately resolved by way of memorandum opinion
         1

pursuant to California Standards of Judicial Administration, section 8.1,
subdivisions (1) and (3).
       All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless
         2

otherwise indicated.

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add a count of voluntary manslaughter (§ 192, subd. (a)), to which defendant
pled no contest. Defendant also admitted the “three strikes” enhancement
allegation. The remaining charges and enhancements were dismissed, and
the court sentenced defendant to 22 years in state prison.3
      Defendant subsequently filed a petition for resentencing under section
1170.95, which the trial court denied on the ground section 1170.95 does not
apply to convictions for voluntary manslaughter. The only issue defendant
raises on appeal is whether section 1170.95 applies to defendants, like him,
who pled to voluntary manslaughter to avoid going to trial for murder.
      Effective January 1, 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.)
amended murder liability under the felony-murder and natural and probable
consequences theories. The bill redefined malice under section 188 to require
that the principal acted with malice aforethought. Now, “[m]alice shall not
be imputed to a person based solely on his or her participation in a crime.”
(§ 188, subd. (a)(3).) The bill also amended section 189 to provide that a
defendant who was not the actual killer and did not have an intent to kill is
not liable for felony murder unless he or she “was a major participant in the
underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as
described in subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.” (§ 189, subd. (e)(3).)
      Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) also enacted section 1170.95,
which authorizes “[a] person convicted of felony murder or murder under a
natural and probable consequences theory [to] file a petition with the court
that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder conviction
vacated and to be resentenced on any remaining counts” so long as three

      3  The court also sentenced defendant to serve a concurrent four-year
term for first degree residential burglary (§§ 459, 460), charged and admitted
in a different underlying case.

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conditions are met: “(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed
against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory
of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine. [¶] (2) The petitioner was convicted of first degree or second degree
murder following a trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the
petitioner could be convicted for first degree or second degree murder. [¶] (3)
The petitioner could not be convicted of first or second degree murder because
of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95,
subd. (a)(1)-(3).) Any petition that fails to make “a prima facie showing that
the petitioner falls within the provisions of [section 1170.95]” may be denied
without a hearing. (§ 1170.95, subds. (c) & (d).)
      Defendant concedes the Courts of Appeal that have addressed the issue
have held that section 1170.95 does not apply to individuals who pled to
voluntary manslaughter to avoid going to trial for murder. He claims,
however, those cases were wrongly decided and not binding on this court.
      As Division Two of this court recently explained in People v. Paige
(2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 194 (Paige), read “as a whole, considering both its
structure and its language,” the statute “cannot reasonably be understood to
encompass persons who accept a plea offer in lieu of trial for a crime other
than murder. The first paragraph of section 1170.95, subdivision (a) sets
forth the basic ‘who’ and ‘what’ of the statute—who may seek relief and what
they may seek. The ‘who’ is ‘[a] person convicted of felony murder or murder
under a natural and probable consequences theory’ and the ‘what’ is the
opportunity to ‘file a petition with the court . . . to have the petitioner’s
murder conviction vacated.’ [Citation.] . . . Given the structure of the statute
and the language in the first paragraph of section 1170.95, subdivision (a),
the reference to a person who ‘accepted a plea offer’ in subdivision (a)(2) must
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necessarily mean a person who accepted a plea to, and was convicted of, first
or second degree murder in lieu of a trial at which he could have been
convicted of either of those charges. Also relevant are section 1170.95,
subdivision (d)(1), which refers to the court determining ‘whether to vacate
the murder conviction,’ and section 1170.95, subdivision (d)(2), which allows
the parties to stipulate ‘that the petitioner is eligible to have his or her
murder conviction vacated.’ These provisions also expressly limit their
application to murder convictions, and neither they nor any other part of the
statute address granting relief from a conviction of any crime other than
murder.” (Paige, at p. 202, fn. & italics omitted, quoting People v. Turner
(2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 428, 435–436 (Turner).)
      Division Two therefore agreed, as do we, with Turner and other cases
that have concluded “ ‘the petitioning prerequisites and available relief
indicate that the Legislature intended to limit relief to those convicted of
murder under a theory of felony murder or natural and probable
consequences murder’ ” and “ ‘section 1170.95 is unambiguous and does not
provide relief to persons convicted of manslaughter.’ ”4 (Paige, supra,
51 Cal.App.5th at p. 202, italics omitted; see People v. Sanchez (2020)
48 Cal.App.5th 914, 917–920 (Sanchez); Turner, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 435–436; People v. Flores (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 985, 992–997; People v.
Cervantes (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 884, 887 [“The plain language of [section
1170.95] is explicit; its scope is limited to murder convictions.”].)
      Defendant also claims the legislative history advances his cause, as in
Paige, “based on a snippet of language from the uncodified section of Senate

      4Defendant claims the court in Paige “conced[ed the] statute’s
ambiguity” It did not. (Paige, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at p. 202.)

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Bill No. 1437 stating the purpose of the bill is to more equitably sentence
offenders ‘in accordance with their involvement in homicides’ (Stats. 2018,
ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (b), italics added).” (Paige, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at
p. 203.) But this disregards other provisions. “[I]n the same uncodified
section of the bill that sets forth its general purposes of fairly addressing
culpability and reducing prison overcrowding caused by inequitable
sentences, the Legislature also made the following findings. ‘It is necessary
to amend the felony murder rule and the natural and probable consequences
doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability is not
imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent to
kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with
reckless indifference to human life.’ ([§ 1170.95], subd. (f). . . .) ‘Except as
stated in subdivision (e) of Section 189 of the Penal Code, a conviction for
murder requires that a person act with malice aforethought. A person’s
culpability for murder must be premised upon that person’s own actions and
subjective mens rea.’ (Id., subd. (g). . . .)” (Paige, at p. 203, italics omitted;
see Turner, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th at pp. 436–438.)
      Defendant next claims denying resentencing to defendants who pled
guilty to manslaughter leads to “absurd consequences” in sentencing.
Defendant, however, overlooks the significant point that defendants who
proceeded to trial and were convicted of murder, were sentenced accordingly,
whereas those defendants who pled guilty to lesser charges were sentenced
commensurately to lesser crimes. “As the court noted in Turner, ‘[t]he
punishment for manslaughter is already less than that imposed for first or
second degree murder, and the determinate sentencing ranges of 3, 6, or 11
years for voluntary manslaughter . . . permit a sentencing judge to make
punishment commensurate with a defendant’s culpability based on
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aggravating and mitigating factors.’ (Turner, [supra, 45 Cal.App.5th] at
p. 439; see § 193, subd. (a).) Construing section 1170.95 to exclude those
convicted of voluntary manslaughter by plea agreement therefore does not
‘produce absurdity by undermining the Legislature’s goal to calibrate
punishment to culpability.’ (Turner, at p. 439.)” (Sanchez, supra,
48 Cal.App.5th at pp. 919–920, fn. omitted.)
      Lastly, defendant asserts “state and federal equal protection
guarantees require that section 1170.95 apply to persons charged with
murder who pled to manslaughter.” (Capitalization omitted.) This is so, he
claims, because “persons charged with murder who pled to manslaughter are
similarly situated to persons convicted of murder” and to “persons charged
with first-degree murder who pled to second-degree murder.” (Capitalization
omitted.)
      As the Paige court noted, “In Cervantes, in an opinion authored by
Justice Arthur Gilbert, the Second District rejected a similar argument.”
(Paige, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at p. 205.) As did Paige, we agree with the
analysis in Cervantes and adopt it here:
      “ ‘The first step in an equal protection analysis is to determine whether
the defendant is similarly situated with those who are entitled to the
statutory benefit. [Citation.] Cervantes was convicted of voluntary
manslaughter, a different crime from murder, which carries a different
punishment. Normally “offenders who commit different crimes are not
similarly situated” for equal protection purposes. [Citation.] “[O]nly those
persons who are similarly situated are protected from invidiously disparate
treatment.” [Citation.] [¶] . . . [¶]
      “ ‘When the Legislature reforms one area of the law, it is not required
to reform other areas of the law. (Kasler v. Lockyer (2000) 23 Cal.4th 472,
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488. . . .) It may elect to make reforms “ ‘ “one step at a time, addressing
itself to the phase of the problem which seems most acute to the legislative
mind.” ’ ” (Ibid.) Here the legislative focus was centered on the unfairness of
the felony murder rule. The Legislature could rationally decide to change the
law in this area and not be currently concerned with crimes not involved with
that rule. (Ibid.) It also could reasonably decide that the punishment for
voluntary manslaughter was appropriate, but the punishment for murder
based on the felony murder rule could be excessive and reform was needed
only there. (Williams v. Illinois (1970) 399 U.S. 235, 241 . . . [“A State has
wide latitude in fixing the punishment for state crimes”].) Legislators in
making this choice could also consider a variety of other factors including the
number of prisoners subject to the change and its impact on the
“administration of justice.” [Citation.]
      “ ‘The decision not to include manslaughter in section 1170.95 falls
within the Legislature’s ‘line-drawing’ authority as a rational choice that is
not constitutionally prohibited. (People v. Chatman (2018) 4 Cal.5th 277,
283. . . .) “[T]he Legislature is afforded considerable latitude in defining and
setting the consequences of criminal offenses.” (Johnson v. Department of
Justice (2015) 60 Cal.4th 871, 887. . . .) A classification is not arbitrary or
irrational simply because it is “underinclusive.” (Ibid.) “A criminal
defendant has no vested interest ‘ “ in a specific term of imprisonment or in
the designation [of] a particular crime [he or she] receives.” ’ ” (People v.
Turnage (2012) 55 Cal.4th 62, 74. . . .) “Courts routinely decline to intrude
upon the ‘broad discretion’ such policy judgments entail.” (Ibid.)’ (Cervantes,
supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at pp. 888–889.)” (Paige, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 205–206.)

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      Additionally, the court in Paige noted: “In Sanchez, the court likewise
addressed an equal protection challenge to section 1170.95 as it has been
interpreted, and agreed with the analysis in Cervantes. (See Sanchez, supra,
48 Cal.App.5th at pp. 920–921.) The Sanchez court also rejected an
argument similar to one made by Paige . . . [holding:] ‘We reject Sanchez’s
assertion that the distinction [between persons convicted of murder under a
felony murder or natural and probable consequences doctrine and persons
who were charged with murder under one of those theories and pled to
voluntary manslaughter] was not reasonable in light of the Legislature’s
intent to save money on the costs of incarceration. Whether expanding
section 1170.95 to include those who pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter
would result in more savings is irrelevant. That is exactly the type of fiscal
line-drawing and policymaking decision that the Legislature is free to make.
([People v.] Rajanayagam [2012] 211 Cal.App.4th [42,] 55–56. . . .) It does not
demonstrate that it was irrational to distinguish between those convicted of
murder by plea and those convicted of voluntary manslaughter by plea.’ ”
(Paige, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at p. 206, citing Sanchez, at p. 921.)
      As in Paige, we “agree with the Cervantes and Sanchez courts’ analyses
and adopt them here” (Paige, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th at p. 206), and reject
defendant’s equal protection claim.

                               DISPOSITION
      The order denying defendant’s petition under section 1170.95 is
AFFIRMED.

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                                _________________________
                                Banke, J.

We concur:

_________________________
Humes, P.J.

_________________________
Margulies, J.

A159464, People v. Perry

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