Court Opinion

ID: 9385892
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-10 17:00:41.366695+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:56.199822
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         APR 10 2023
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

IVANA KIROLA, On Behalf of Herself and           No.   21-15621
The Certified Class of Similarly Situated
Persons,                                         D.C. No. 4:07-cv-03685-SBA

                Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
 v.

CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN
FRANCISCO; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                  Saundra B. Armstrong, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted February 15, 2023
                            San Francisco, California

Before: WARDLAW, NGUYEN, and KOH, Circuit Judges.

      Ivana Kirola (“Kirola”), on behalf of herself and a certified class of

mobility-impaired individuals (collectively, “plaintiffs”), appeals from the district

court’s grant of judgment to the City and County of San Francisco (“the City”) on

remand from this court. See Kirola v. City & County of San Francisco, 860 F.3d

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
1164 (9th Cir. 2017). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further

proceedings.

      1.       The district court found that the plaintiffs proved multiple Americans

with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) violations. Specifically, the district court found

multiple ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (“ADAAG”)

violations at the Main Library, the lack of an ADAAG-compliant route at St.

Mary’s Playground,1 and a missing grab bar in a restroom in Golden Gate Park.2

We remand for the district court to determine injunctive relief tailored to these

violations.

      The district court’s reasoning does not support denying relief entirely.

Although the district court was concerned that Kirola, the sole class representative,

1
 The plaintiffs’ contention that the district court failed to address other purported
ADAAG violations at St. Mary’s Playground lacks merit. Contrary to the
plaintiffs’ contention, the district court did address the bridgeway barriers.
Moreover, the district court’s finding that St. Mary’s Playground “lacks an
accessible route” appears to encompass the expert testimony about the lip to the
entrance to the play equipment, which the expert testified would “render th[e] path
of travel inaccessible.” The plaintiffs do not develop an argument to the contrary.
2
 The plaintiffs argued at oral argument that the district court also found ADAAG
violations in its prior findings of fact and conclusions of law, Kirola v. City &
County of San Francisco, 74 F. Supp. 3d 1187 (N.D. Cal. 2014). Although the
district court acknowledged there that lipped curb ramps do not conform to
ADAAG requirements and noted that “some legacy curb ramp lips still exist,” id.
at 1206 n.4, this does not amount to a finding that the plaintiffs proved ADAAG
violations because it does not account for whether these existing lip ramps were
built after January 26, 1992, such that the ADAAG applied.

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had not personally encountered any of the ADAAG violations that the plaintiffs

ultimately proved at trial, that takes too narrow a view of injunctive relief under the

ADA. See Pickern v. Holiday Quality Foods Inc., 293 F.3d 1133, 1138 (9th Cir.

2002) (holding that an ADA plaintiff “need not necessarily have personally

encountered all the barriers that [] bar his access to [a facility] in order to seek an

injunction to remove those barriers”); see also Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.)

Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 944 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (“[W]e hold that an ADA

plaintiff who establishes standing as to encountered barriers may also sue for

injunctive relief as to unencountered barriers related to his disability.”). Moreover,

we previously held that the plaintiff class here “has standing for claims related to

all facilities challenged at trial,” “whether Kirola personally visited that facility or

not.” Kirola, 860 F.3d at 1176. “[A]lthough in a class-action lawsuit, as in any

other suit, ‘the remedy must . . . be limited to the inadequacy that produced the

injury in fact that the plaintiff has established,’ the ‘plaintiff’ has been broadened

to include the class as a whole, and no longer simply those named in the

complaint.” Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 871 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Lewis

v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 357 (1996)), abrogated on other grounds by Johnson v.

California, 543 U.S. 499 (2005).

      Although the district court appropriately found that the plaintiffs’ evidence

did not warrant the sweeping class-wide relief that the plaintiffs sought, the district

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court abused its discretion in denying relief for the ADAAG violations found.

      2.     On remand, the district court should also consider whether the

evidence at trial established ADAAG violations at the facilities listed in the

plaintiffs’ opposition to the motion for judgment that the district court did not

address—specifically, the Bernal Heights Recreation Center, Eureka Valley

Recreation Center, St. Mary’s Recreation Center, Upper Noe Recreation Center,

Tenderloin Recreation Center, Woh Hei Yuen Recreation Center, Minnie and

Lovie Ward Recreation Center, Gene Friend Recreation Center, Joseph Lee

Recreation Center, Richmond Recreation Center, and the Botanical Gardens. See

Kirola, 860 F.3d at 1185.

      3.     The plaintiffs also challenge the district court’s findings as to the

facilities and purported ADAAG violations the district court addressed. We

review the district court’s findings of fact following a bench trial for clear error,

Kohler v. Presidio Int’l, Inc., 782 F.3d 1064, 1068 (9th Cir. 2015), and we affirm

the district court as to all but one such finding.

      The district court permissibly found that the plaintiffs failed to prove

ADAAG violations in the City’s curb ramps because the plaintiffs did not show

that any curb ramps with an ADAAG-noncompliant lip or slope were subject to the

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ADAAG.3 The plaintiffs argue that the district court overlooked their expert’s data

analysis showing ADAAG-noncompliant curb ramps on streets resurfaced after

January 26, 1992. The plaintiffs’ argument that this set of ramps was necessarily

subject to the ADAAG fails. The plaintiffs’ evidence did not account for whether

the resurfacing affected the crosswalk and, therefore, the usability of the street to

pedestrians. See 28 C.F.R. § 35.151(b), (i). The district court did not err in its

determination that resurfacings that do not affect the crosswalk do not trigger the

obligation in 28 C.F.R. § 35.151(i) to provide ADAAG-compliant crosswalks.

Kirola, 74 F. Supp. 3d at 1207.4

      The plaintiffs also raise three specific challenges related to the district

court’s library-related findings, all of which fail.5 First, the district court found that

the plaintiffs did not prove ADAAG violations based on step stools left in—and

obstructing an accessible path of travel in—library aisles. The plaintiffs have not

shown clear error in the district court’s factual finding that step stools are removed

from library aisles within a reasonable period of time. Although Chapman v. Pier

3
 These requirements apply only to facilities constructed or altered after January
26, 1992. 28 C.F.R. § 35.151(a)(1), (b)(1).
4
 Because we uphold the district court’s evidentiary finding regarding curb ramps,
we need not reach the plaintiffs’ statute-of-limitations argument.
5
  To the extent the plaintiffs challenged additional findings in their reply brief, they
forfeited those arguments by failing to raise them in their opening brief. See Smith
v. Marsh, 194 F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir. 1999).

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1 Imports (U.S.) Inc. instructs that obstructions “must be viewed systemically,” the

district court found that the plaintiffs’ evidence did not establish “repeated and

persistent” access barriers because it was not clear how many times the plaintiffs

encountered obstructed aisles. 779 F.3d 1001, 1006–09 (9th Cir. 2015). Second,

the district court did not err in finding that, as the Richmond Branch Library had at

least one ADAAG-compliant entrance, newly constructed ramps to other entrances

did not have to comply with the ADAAG’s requirements for accessible entrances.

The ADAAG do not require that every public entrance be accessible, see, e.g., 28

C.F.R. pt. 36, app. A, § 4.1.3(8), and they contemplate that an entrance may be

altered without being made accessible, see id. § 4.1.6(1)(h). Third, the district

court permissibly found the plaintiffs’ expert testimony about the Richmond

Branch security gate insufficient to meet the plaintiffs’ burden of proof, as the

expert’s testimony did not offer any basis for his conclusion that the gates

exceeded the depth for “pinch points.” See Strong v. Valdez Fine Foods, 724 F.3d

1042, 1045 (9th Cir. 2013) (noting that a plaintiff who “proffer[s] evidence of

precise measurements” “no doubt present[s] a more powerful case at trial”).

      The plaintiffs also challenge multiple district court findings related to

purported ADAAG violations in City parks, playgrounds, and recreational

facilities. Contrary to the plaintiffs’ contentions, the district court did not run afoul

of Kohler, 782 F.3d at 1068–69, and Strong, 724 F.3d at 1045–47, when it found

                                            6
that the plaintiffs’ evidence was not specific enough to establish ADAAG

violations. Although it is well established that neither expert testimony nor precise

measurements are required to prove an ADAAG violation, the district court

understood as much but fairly concluded that the plaintiffs had not met their

burden of proof as to the purported violations at the Golden Gate Park Children’s

Playground, Stow Lake, Alamo Square Park, Holly Park, and the Conservatory of

Flowers. See Strong, 724 F.3d at 1046 (noting that testimony may be insufficiently

probative of an ADA violation where it does not exclude other possibilities). As to

the purported violations in the Japanese Tea Garden, the district court’s conclusion

rested on its finding that the plaintiffs’ expert testimony was not credible. The

plaintiffs have not shown clear error in that finding or argued that the evidence

established ADAAG violations in the Japanese Tea Garden without the expert

testimony.

      Next, the plaintiffs raise two challenges to the district court’s pool-related

findings. Given the inconsistency in the record regarding the uninsulated sink

pipes, the district court did not reversibly err in finding no violation at Coffman

Pool. As to the MLK Pool restroom stall door latch, the district court should

reconsider on remand whether the plaintiffs proved an ADAAG violation in light

of ADAAG § 4.13.9. See 28 C.F.R. pt. 36, app. A, § 4.13.9 (providing that a door

latch must “not require tight grasping [or] pinching”).

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         4.    Finally, we disagree with the plaintiffs that the district court erred in

failing to consider current conditions. Similarly, the district court has no

obligation to consider new evidence of new violations on remand.6

         To clarify what should occur on remand, the district court should first issue

injunctive relief as to the ADAAG violations it found in its 2021 order. The

district court should then evaluate the evidence of alleged violations in the

facilities listed above in paragraph 2 and the evidence regarding the MLK Pool

restroom stall door latch. If the district court finds any further ADAAG violations,

the district court should revisit the question of injunctive relief that is systemwide

or tailored to any additional violations found.7

         AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.8

6
 The plaintiffs again request that the case be reassigned on remand. Because the
“rare and extraordinary circumstances” meriting reassignment are not present here,
we decline to reassign this case. Krechman v. County of Riverside, 723 F.3d 1104,
1112 (9th Cir. 2013).
7
    The request for judicial notice, Dkt. 12, is denied.
8
    The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

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