Court Opinion

ID: 4766042
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-16 18:00:34.109317+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:09:15.141236
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 21-1580
                                       __________

                                MERSADIES BONILLA,
                                            Appellant

                                             v.

                 AMERICAN HERITAGE FEDERAL CREDIT UNION
                    ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 2-20-cv-02276)
                      District Judge: Honorable Mark A. Kearney
                      ____________________________________

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  August 12, 2021
              Before: JORDAN, MATEY and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: August 16, 2021)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Pro se appellant Mersadies Bonilla appeals from the District Court’s order

granting defendant American Heritage Federal Credit Union’s motion for summary

judgment and denying her motion for summary judgment. For the following reasons, we

will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

                                             I.

       As we write primarily for the parties, who are familiar with the facts, we will

discuss the details only as they are relevant to our analysis. In 2016, someone transferred

several thousand dollars into Bonilla’s accounts at American Heritage Federal Credit

Union from the account of another Credit Union shareholder. The Credit Union believed

this transfer was fraudulent and reversed the payment, which left Bonilla’s accounts with

negative balances. The Credit Union began reporting these negative balances to credit

reporting agencies.

       After the Credit Union reported the suspected fraud, the Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania brought criminal charges against Bonilla regarding the transfer of funds.1

In July 2019, the Commonwealth attempted to file a motion to nolle pros the charges.

Due to administrative confusion, no motion was docketed and the charges remained

pending until March 2020, when the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas granted the

1
 While those charges were pending, Bonilla filed a federal lawsuit against the Credit
Union alleging violations of federal consumer protection and banking statutes. The
District Court ultimately granted the Credit Union’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings, and Bonilla did not appeal. See Bonilla v. Am. Heritage Fed. Credit Union,
No. 2:18-cv-03293, 2019 WL 1506012 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 4, 2019).

                                             2
Commonwealth’s motion to nolle pros the charges at a status hearing. In April 2020, the

Credit Union ceased reporting the negative balances to credit reporting agencies.

       That month, Bonilla filed two complaints, one in federal court and one in state

court. In both complaints, Bonilla brought claims against the Credit Union and three

individual employees of the Credit Union for alleged violations of state and federal laws. 2

Since Bonilla filed her federal complaint in forma pauperis, the District Court screened it

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). After permitting an amendment, the District

Court ruled that Bonilla stated a claim under the Fair Credit Reporting Act but failed to

state a claim under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Truth in Lending Act, or state

law. Bonilla v. Am. Heritage Fed. Credit Union, No. 2:20-cv-2053, 2020 WL 2539197

(E.D. Pa. May 19, 2020).

       The defendants removed the state-filed case to federal court, and, with Bonilla’s

consent, the District Court consolidated the two cases. The District Court granted the

defendants’ motion to dismiss the removed complaint and gave Bonilla leave to file an

amended complaint addressing both the Fair Credit Reporting Act claim and the

deficiencies in her state claims. Bonilla filed a first amended complaint, and the

defendants again moved to dismiss. The District Court granted the motion in part and

determined that Bonilla stated only a claim against the Credit Union under the Fair Credit

Reporting Act. The District Court dismissed without prejudice Bonilla’s claims against

2
 The federal complaint focused on the alleged violations of federal law and the state
complaint on alleged violations of state law, but both complaints alleged both types of
violations.

                                             3
the individual defendants, claims under Pennsylvania law, and renewed efforts to bring

other federal statutory claims. Mem., ECF No. 16, & Order, ECF No. 17.

      After the Credit Union answered the First Amended Complaint and Bonilla

unsuccessfully moved for summary judgment, Bonilla sought leave to amend her

complaint, based on discovery, to seek punitive damages for willful violation of the Fair

Credit Reporting Act.3 The District Court denied without prejudice this first motion,

which did not include a proposed Second Amended Complaint. Bonilla filed a second

motion to amend, attaching a proposed Second Amended Complaint asserting claims

against the Credit Union under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (including punitive

damages), Truth in Lending Act, Regulation Z, and Electronic Fund Transfer Act, but

without any Pennsylvania law claims. The District Court explained that Bonilla failed to

justify including the twice-dismissed Truth in Lending Act, Regulation Z, and Electronic

Fund Transfer Act claims and denied her motion without prejudice to moving to amend

“by showing good cause to add punitive damages alone or otherwise asserting claims

consistent with [the District Court’s] earlier Orders.” Order, ECF No. 29.

      Bonilla filed a third motion to amend with a proposed amended complaint

containing only the Fair Credit Reporting Act claim and related claim for punitive

3
  Each of Bonilla’s motions to amend requested “leave to supplement her first amended
complaint according to Rule 15(a)(2).” ECF Nos. 26, 28, 30. Bonilla did not cite Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d), allege any new transactions, occurrences, or events within
the meaning of that provision, or otherwise refer to supplementation in her motions. She
thus moved to amend, not merely to supplement. Cf. Lewis v. Att’y Gen., 878 F.2d 714,
722 n.20 (3d Cir. 1989) (explaining that a pro se pleading must be “judged by its
substance rather than according to its form or label”) (citation omitted).

                                            4
damages. The District Court granted this motion in part and denied in part, rejecting

Bonilla’s inclusion, in her prayer for relief, of a request for a declaration that her rights

under the United States Constitution had been violated. With that request removed,

Bonilla filed her Second Amended Complaint and the Credit Union answered.

       After discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The

District Court granted the Credit Union’s motion and denied Bonilla’s motion. Mem.,

ECF No. 58. Bonilla appealed.4

                                              II.

       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a

grant of summary judgment, applying the same standard that the District Court applies.

Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs. of Panther Valley Sch. Dist., 877 F.3d 136, 141 (3d Cir. 2017).

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a). Although “[w]e view the facts and draw all reasonable inferences in the

non-movant’s favor,” we will conclude that “[a] disputed issue is ‘genuine’ only if there

is a sufficient evidentiary basis on which a reasonable jury could find for the non-moving

party.” Resch v. Krapf’s Coaches, Inc., 785 F.3d 869, 871 n.3 (3d Cir. 2015) (citation

and quotation marks omitted).

4
  Bonilla did not name the previously dismissed individual defendants in her notice of
appeal and does not argue on appeal that her claims against those defendants should be
revived.

                                               5
                                            III.

       First, we address the scope of this appeal. Bonilla primarily argues that the

District Court erred in dismissing her fraud claim against the Credit Union under

Pennsylvania law. She contends that the District Court improperly focused on intentional

fraud and overlooked Pennsylvania case law finding liability for negligent or innocent

misrepresentations. But Bonilla’s operative pleading is the Second Amended Complaint,

and it does not contain any Pennsylvania law claims. In general, an amended pleading

“supersedes the earlier pleading and renders the original pleading a nullity.” Palakovic v.

Wetzel, 854 F.3d 209, 221 (3d Cir. 2017). The failure to include a dismissed claim in an

amended pleading constitutes a waiver of the right to challenge that claim on appeal

unless repleading the particular cause of action would have been futile. United States ex

rel. Atkinson v. Pa. Shipbuilding Co., 473 F.3d 506, 516 (3d Cir. 2007). “Repleading is

futile when the dismissal was ‘on the merits,’” which is “when it is with prejudice or

based on some legal barrier other than want of specificity or particularity.” Id.

       The District Court dismissed Bonilla’s fraud claim because she failed to identify

any misrepresentation that the Credit Union made to her upon which she justifiably

relied. This dismissal was based on factual insufficiency and was explicitly without

prejudice. Bonilla did not include any fraud claim in any draft of the Second Amended

Complaint, even when she included several previously dismissed statutory claims, and

never specifically asserted claims for negligent or innocent misrepresentation. She also

did not take any affirmative action to preserve the dismissed fraud claim for appellate

review, such as filing a notice with the District Court. Atkinson, 473 F.3d at 517. Under

                                             6
these circumstances, repleading was not futile and Bonilla has waived her right to

challenge the District Court’s dismissal of her fraud claim.5

       Aside from her arguments about her fraud claim, Bonilla contends that the District

Court erred in its summary judgment analysis of her Fair Credit Reporting Act claim.6

She maintains that the Credit Union violated its statutory duty to investigate and implies

that Pennsylvania’s doctrines of negligent and innocent misrepresentation impact the

scope of this duty. Those doctrines do not aid Bonilla and, in any case, do not determine

the reasonableness of an investigation under the Fair Credit Reporting Act. See Seamans

v. Temple Univ., 744 F.3d 853, 864-65 (3d Cir. 2014) (explaining the reasonableness

standard). Bonilla also makes several factual arguments, albeit without explanation of

5
  If we were to review the dismissal, we would conclude that the District Court did not
err. Bonilla focuses on intentionality, but the District Court dismissed her claim based on
other elements of fraud. Bonilla failed to allege that she justifiably relied on a
misrepresentation, as required to state a claim for intentional, negligent, or innocent
misrepresentation under Pennsylvania law. See Bortz v. Noon, 729 A.2d 555, 560-61
(Pa. 1999). And the doctrine of innocent misrepresentation is limited to claims seeking
recission in the real estate context. Id. at 61. Bonilla based her claim on alleged
misrepresentations made to credit reporting agencies, but she does not cite, and we are
not aware of, any Pennsylvania authority permitting a claim for intentional or negligent
misrepresentation where the plaintiff’s injury did not result from the plaintiff’s own
justifiable reliance. See Feudale v. Aqua Pennsylvania, Inc., 122 A.3d 462, 466 n.5 (Pa.
Commw. Ct. 2015) (“[The plaintiff] does not cite, and we are unaware of, any authority
which would allow a third party to recover for a misrepresentation made to and relied
upon by another party.”).
6
  In her appellate brief, Bonilla claims in passing that the Credit Union violated the Truth
in Lending Act. Even if this claim is not waived by Bonilla’s failure to include it in the
Second Amended Complaint, she provides no substantive argument about the District
Court’s dismissal of that claim and thus forfeits the issue. See N.J. Dep’t of Env’t Prot.
v. Am. Thermoplastics Corp., 974 F.3d 486, 492 n.2 (3d Cir. 2020).

                                             7
how they are material to her claim. We conclude that there is no genuine issue of

material fact concerning whether the Credit Union conducted reasonable investigations of

Bonilla’s disputes in 2019 and 2020, for substantially the same reasons given by the

District Court. We will thus affirm the District Court’s grant of the Credit Union’s

motion for summary judgment and its denial of Bonilla’s motion for summary judgment.

                                           IV.

       Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

                                            8