Court Opinion

ID: 3072131
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 00:43:39.971503+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:46.295619
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-13-00401-CV

                           COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

JOHN KLEAS CO. INC.,                                                      Appellant,

                                          v.

MICHAEL PROKOP, DAVID A. CARP
AND HERZOG & CARP, P.C.,                                                 Appellees.

                   On appeal from the 423rd District Court
                         of Bastrop County, Texas.

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Garza
               Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
      Appellant John Kleas Co., Inc. (“Kleas”) challenges the trial court’s summary

judgment and its award of attorney’s fees as sanctions in favor of appellees, Michael

Prokop, David A. Carp, and Herzog & Carp, P.C. By five issues, Kleas contends that: (1)

the trial court erred by denying its motion to continue a hearing on appellees’ summary
judgment motions; (2) Kleas produced an affidavit which defeated appellees’ summary

judgment motions; (3) the sanctions order contained insufficient findings of fact; (4) the

order incorrectly concluded that all of Kleas’s causes of actions were groundless and filed

in bad faith; and (5) the award of sanctions was excessive. We affirm.1

                                              I. BACKGROUND

        On July 11, 2008, Kleas purchased eight acres of property in Bastrop, Texas, from

Lena Ruth Prokop-Purcell. Prokop-Purcell provided part of the financing for the sale,

obtaining a promissory note for $303,160.17 and a second lien on the property. The

remainder of the financing was provided by a bank which obtained the primary lien on the

property. Three months later, in October of 2008, Kleas purchased additional acreage

from Prokop-Purcell; again, the sale was partly owner-financed, with Prokop-Purcell

taking a $150,000 promissory note and a second lien. Under both promissory notes,

Kleas owed four quarterly payments and a balloon payment. Later in October of 2008,

Prokop-Purcell provided an unsecured $50,000 loan to Kleas, due in one payment.

        After Kleas defaulted on all eleven payments, Prokop-Purcell hired appellee Carp,

an attorney, to begin foreclosure proceedings. Carp sent Kleas a letter on January 27,

2011, stating that Kleas was in default and that, if he did not cure the default within twenty

days, Prokop-Purcell would seek to enforce her rights under the loan documents.2 Twelve

days after sending the notice letter, on February 8, 2011, Carp sent to Kleas a “Notice of

        1 This appeal was transferred from the Third Court of Appeals pursuant to a docket equalization
order issued by the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West, Westlaw through
2013 3d C.S.).
        2  The letter stated that, “[i]n accordance with federal and Texas laws regarding fair debt collections,”
the “indebtedness will be assumed to be valid” if Kleas did not dispute the validity of the debt within thirty
days. The letter further explained that, if Kleas notified Carp within that thirty-day period that he was
disputing the validity of the debt, Carp would “obtain a verification of the indebtedness and will mail that
verification to you.”

                                                       2
Trustee’s Sale” stating that the properties at issue would be offered for sale at a public

auction at the Bastrop County Courthouse on March 1, 2011.

        On February 24, 2011, Kleas filed suit against Prokop-Purcell alleging breach of

contract and improper foreclosure. The lawsuit alleged that foreclosure was improper

because, among other things, Prokop-Purcell did not provide him with proper notice or

opportunity to cure the default.3             Kleas contended that he was in the process of

refinancing the properties and that the refinancing, if closed, would have cured the default

and obviated the need for a foreclosure sale; but that the foreclosure notice clouded the

properties’ titles and precluded refinancing, thereby causing him to suffer irreparable

harm. The suit requested damages, temporary and permanent injunctions against the

foreclosure, and attorney’s fees.

        The trial court granted a temporary restraining order enjoining the foreclosure sale,

and it set a hearing for March 10, 2011, which was later postponed to April 7, 2011. Carp

then sent another letter to Kleas notifying him of a new foreclosure sale date of April 5,

2011. The trial court held an emergency hearing on March 30, 2011 regarding this new

foreclosure sale date. At the hearing, the parties entered into a Rule 11 agreement under

which Prokop-Purcell agreed to “cease the foreclosure sale currently scheduled for April

5, 2011” and Kleas agreed to provide Prokop-Purcell with certain information regarding

encumbrances on the properties.                The Rule 11 agreement also provided that “the

          3 In particular, Kleas argued that, in the event of default, the deeds of trust at issue allowed him

thirty days within which to cure the default, contrary to Carp’s January 27 letter which gave him twenty days.
Kleas further alleged that, in the event the default cannot be fully cured within thirty days, the deeds of trust
allow him an additional “reasonable period of time” of up to ninety days to cure or remedy the default,
provided that he began the cure before the initial thirty-day period expired and “continue[d] to proceed with
diligence to complete the cure or remedy.” The lawsuit concluded that, “[p]ursuant to the Deeds of Trust at
issue, in regards to a default, [Kleas] would have a total of one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of
the first notice of default before any foreclosure can legally proceed.”

                                                       3
Temporary Restraining Order currently in effect will remain so until further order from this

Court.”

       Carp sent another notice of default to Kleas on April 1, 2011; and eleven days later,

Carp filed and posted two notices of foreclosure with respect to the properties at issue.

       On June 6, 2011, Kleas filed an amended petition that added Prokop-Purcell’s

daughter Deborah Ruth Prokop Cecil and Carp as defendants. The amended petition

added claims that the defendants (1) tortiously interfered with two contracts that Kleas

had entered into with commercial developers, (2) tortiously interfered with prospective

business relations with two other entities, and (3) tortiously disparaged his business. The

amended petition also asked the trial court to assess sanctions against Prokop-Purcell,

Cecil, and Carp for filing the notices of foreclosure, which Kleas contended were frivolous

pleadings. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. ch. 10 (West, Westlaw through 2013

3d C.S.) (“Sanctions for Frivolous Pleadings and Motions”).

       Subsequently, on September 2, 2011, Kleas settled his claims against Prokop-

Purcell and later non-suited his claims against her and Cecil. Carp remained as a

defendant.

       Kleas then filed three additional amended petitions, the last two of which added

Prokop-Purcell’s son Michael Prokop and Carp’s law firm Herzog & Carp, P.C. (“Herzog

& Carp”) as defendants. Kleas’s live petition, his fourth amended petition dated August

29, 2012, contained additional factual assertions, including allegations that: (1) the

defendants undertook an “obvious ploy to seize control of the Properties” by offering to

purchase the note held by the properties’ first lienholder, a bank, without disclosing their

identity to the bank; (2) the defendants “called Austin Title Company to shut down the

                                             4
sale transaction that was intended, yet again, to pay the second liens”; and (3) the

defendants “obstruct[ed] the discovery processes that would have revealed their

wrongdoing in detail.” The fourth amended petition alleged the following causes of action

against all three appellees: (1) fraud, (2) breach of the deeds of trust and promissory

notes, (3) wrongful foreclosure, (4) slander of title, (5) tortious interference with existing

contracts, (6) tortious interference with prospective business relations, (7) business

disparagement and defamation, (8) breach of a Rule 11 agreement, (9) promissory

estoppel, (10) declaratory judgment, (11) negligence and gross negligence, (12) negligent

management and supervision, and (13) negligent misrepresentation. The petition also

retained the request for sanctions for frivolous pleadings. The petition alleged that Kleas

had suffered over $4 million in damages as a result of the defendants’ actions.

       On September 6, 2012, Prokop filed a “special motion to dismiss” in which he

asked the trial court to dismiss Kleas’s claims pursuant to the Texas Citizens’ Participation

Act (“TCPA”). See id. ch. 27 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.) (providing generally

that a defendant may move to dismiss a claim that is “based on, relates to, or is in

response to a party’s exercise of the right of free speech, right to petition, or right of

association” and that the trial court shall grant such motion unless the plaintiff “establishes

by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim

in question”). The trial court granted the motion in part after a hearing and ordered that

Kleas pay $4,000 in attorney’s fees to Prokop.

       Carp filed a motion to dismiss and for traditional summary judgment on October

10, 2012, contending that Kleas’s claims fail as a matter of law in part due to the doctrine

of qualified immunity. See, e.g., James v. Easton, 368 S.W.3d 799, 802 (Tex. App.—

                                              5
Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (noting that attorneys have “qualified immunity” from

civil liability with respect to non-clients for actions taken in connection with representing

a client in litigation). The motion was accompanied by evidence, including an affidavit by

Carp. Prokop filed a motion for no-evidence summary judgment on November 7, 2012,

alleging that “adequate time for discovery has passed” and asserting that Kleas’s various

claims were supported by no evidence.4 On November 27, 2012, Carp also filed a motion

for no-evidence summary judgment. A hearing on the summary judgment motions was

set for December 17, 2012.

        Ten days prior to the hearing date, Kleas filed a motion for continuance, claiming

that the parties “have commenced and are in the process of completing discovery in this

cause.” The motion asserted that “[d]uring discovery, [Kleas] has uncovered several facts

that have a high potential to lead to admissible facts that will prove [Kleas]’s case.” It

further alleged that “the time is not ripe for a ruling on qualified immunity” because Kleas

has not “completed its fact discovery.” The trial court denied the motion without a hearing.

Subsequently, Kleas filed an affidavit in response to appellees’ summary judgment

motions.     After the December 17, 2012 hearing, the trial court granted Carp’s and

Prokop’s summary judgment motions.

        Appelees’ requests for sanctions remained pending, and an evidentiary hearing on

        4 Prokop’s motion for no-evidence summary judgment argued specifically that: (1) the fraud and
negligent misrepresentation claims fail because there is no evidence that Prokop ever communicated to
Kleas; (2) the breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and declaratory judgment claims fail because there
is no evidence that Kleas and Prokop were in privity of contract; (3) the wrongful foreclosure claim fails
because there is no evidence that Prokop ever attempted foreclosure or owned an interest in the properties;
(4) there is no evidence of slander of title; (5) the tortious interference claims fail because there is no
evidence that Prokop “had any contract with any of the named companies”; (6) there is no evidence that
Prokop made any disparaging or defamatory statements about Kleas; (7) the negligence claims fail because
there is no evidence that Prokop “was ever a lender” to Kleas; and (8) the negligent management and
supervision claim fails because there was no evidence that Prokop was ever represented by Carp or had
any control over Carp.

                                                    6
that matter was held on January 8, 2013. Kleas did not appear at the hearing but was

represented by counsel. After hearing testimony, the trial court granted the sanctions

motions, finding that all of Kleas’s claims were brought in bad faith and for the purpose of

harassment.5 The trial court subsequently rendered final judgment, based on its prior

summary judgment rulings, that Kleas take nothing from his claims against Carp and

Prokop, and further stating as follows:

        With respect to the claims for sanctions, after taking into account all five
        volumes of the case files, all conduct, evidence and exhibits discussed at
        all previous hearings, and all of the evidence and argument offered at the
        evidentiary hearing on January 8, this Court finds as follows:

        1.      [Kleas’s counsel] has engaged in no wrongful behavior, improper
                conduct, or otherwise sanctionable actions, no such allegation has
                been made, and the Court finds no wrongful conduct by [Kleas’s
                counsel].

        2.      The Court finds that the wrongful activity that has taken place is the
                doing of [Kleas].

        3.      The Court finds that every single one of the fourteen causes of action
                alleged against Defendants [Carp], [Herzog & Carp], and [Prokop]
                are frivolous, baseless, [and] groundless[.]

        4.      The Court finds that every allegation made by [Kleas] against these
                three Defendants has been demonstrated to be groundless,
                baseless, worthless, and frivolous.

        5.      The Court finds that every allegation made by [Kleas] against the
                Defendants was filed in bad faith and for purposes of harassment.

        6.      The Court finds that Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13 and Chapter
                10 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code warrant the imposition
                of sanctions against [Kleas] for improper behavior.

        The order provided that Kleas shall pay to Carp and Herzog & Carp the amount of

$102,000 for “reasonable attorney[’]s fees necessarily expended for defense of the claims

        5 Kleas filed an objection to the entry of judgment and a motion for new trial, both of which were

denied by operation of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(c).

                                                    7
in this Court.” The order further provided that Kleas shall pay to Prokop the amount of

$25,000 “for reasonable attorney[’]s fees necessarily expended in this Court,” minus the

$4,000 in fees previously awarded. As to each of Carp and Prokop, Kleas was ordered

to additionally pay $40,000 “for responding to the already perfected appeal in the Court

of Appeals,” an additional $10,000 if a petition for review is filed in the Texas Supreme

Court by any party, and an additional $30,000 if the Texas Supreme Court grants review.6

The trial court later rendered two additional sets of findings of fact and conclusions of law,

each dated March 21, 2013; the first set contained 28 factual findings and five legal

conclusions and the second set contained 167 factual and legal findings. This appeal

followed.

                                           II. DISCUSSION

A.      Motion for Continuance

        By his first issue, Kleas contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

continue the December 7, 2012 summary judgment hearing.

        When a party contends that it has not had an adequate opportunity for discovery

before a summary judgment hearing, it must file either an affidavit explaining the need for

further discovery or a verified motion for continuance. Tenneco Inc. v. Enter. Products

Co., 925 S.W.2d 640, 647 (Tex. 1996). A trial court may continue a hearing on a motion

for summary judgment if it appears from the evidence presented that the party opposing

the motion “cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify his

opposition.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(g). When reviewing a trial court’s order denying a

        6 The trial court rendered an amended final judgment on February 27, 2013, reflecting that Kleas

had since amended its corporate name to become “Jackson Purcell JV, Inc.”

                                                   8
motion for continuance, we consider whether the trial court committed a clear abuse of

discretion on a case-by-case basis. Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, 145 S.W.3d
150, 161 (Tex. 2004). A trial court abuses its discretion when it reaches a decision so

arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law. Id. When

deciding whether a trial court abused its discretion in denying a motion for continuance

seeking additional time to conduct discovery, we consider the length of time the case has

been on file, the materiality and purpose of the discovery sought, and whether the party

seeking the continuance has exercised due diligence to obtain the discovery sought. Id.

In the summary judgment context, it is generally not an abuse of discretion to deny a

motion for continuance if the party moving for a continuance has received 21 days’ notice

of the hearing as required by Rule 166a(c). Carter v. MacFadyen, 93 S.W.3d 307, 310

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). A party

seeking more time to oppose a summary judgment motion must describe the evidence

sought, explain its materiality, and show the due diligence used to obtain the evidence.

Carter, 93 S.W.3d at 310 (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(g), 251, 2527). The movant must

        7   Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 251 and 252 provide:
        No application for a continuance shall be heard before the defendant files his defense, nor
        shall any continuance be granted except for sufficient cause supported by affidavit, or by
        consent of the parties, or by operation of law.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 251.
        If the ground of such application be the want of testimony, the party applying therefor shall
        make affidavit that such testimony is material, showing the materiality thereof, and that he
        has used due diligence to procure such testimony, stating such diligence, and the cause
        of failure, if known; that such testimony cannot be procured from any other source; and, if
        it be for the absence of a witness, he shall state the name and residence of the witness,
        and what he expects to prove by him; and also state that the continuance is not sought for
        delay only, but that justice may be done; provided that, on a first application for a
        continuance, it shall not be necessary to show that the absent testimony cannot be
        procured from any other source.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 252.

                                                     9
show why the continuance is necessary; conclusory allegations are not sufficient. Id.

(citing Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517,

520–22 (Tex. 1995)); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 252.

        Kleas’s motion, which was verified by counsel, argued that certain witnesses—

including Prokop, Prokop-Purcell, and Prokop Cecil—had not yet been deposed but that

the parties “have agreed to a schedule of depositions.”8 The motion argued that “certain

fact[s] can exist that can destroy” an attorney’s qualified immunity and that Kleas “has a

right to discover the nature of the actions taken with reference to foreclosure and to the

actions taken by [Carp] and Herzog & Carp with regard to the failure of the former

Defendants to perform under the terms [of] a Rule 11 [agreement] reached in this matter.”

The motion argued that Kleas “has a right to determine if facts exist[] that would cause

the doctrine of qualified immunity to not apply” and that, “[u]ntil [Kleas] has completed its

fact discovery, the Court will not be in a position to determine whether such facts exist[]

and are or are not in issue.”

        We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by denying this

motion. Although this was the first motion for continuance filed by Kleas with regard to

his claims against the appellees,9 it came over four years after Kleas initially filed suit and

          8 The record contains two Rule 11 agreements, one dated August 6, 2012 and one dated November

12, 2012, regarding discovery scheduling. The August agreement states, among other things, that Kleas’s
counsel and Prokop’s counsel agreed to take the depositions of Prokop and Prokop-Purcell on September
11, 2012. The November agreement states, among other things, that Kleas’s counsel and Carp’s counsel
agreed to take Prokop’s deposition on November 14, 2012. The record does not reveal why those
depositions did not take place as scheduled. Kleas asserts on appeal that “[t]he parties subsequently
agreed” to reschedule those depositions for after December 17, 2012. Prokop asserts on appeal that Kleas
“failed to abide by his own Rule 11 Agreement.” We express no opinion on the matter except to note that,
according to the record, Prokop was eventually deposed on January 7, 2013.
        9Kleas asserts that the motion was the first motion for continuance that he filed in the case. In fact,
Kleas’s prior counsel filed an agreed motion for continuance on March 8, 2011, asking to continue the
hearing on the injunction proceedings against Prokop-Purcell.

                                                     10
over two years after Carp was first named as a defendant. Carp filed his summary

judgment motions more than sixteen months after he was first named as a defendant,

and Kleas does not dispute that he was given the requisite 21 days’ notice of the

hearing.10 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Joe, 145 S.W.3d at 161. Moreover, Kleas’s motion

did not discuss whether he had exercised due diligence in attempting to procure the

testimony of the witnesses yet to be deposed. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 252; Joe, 145 S.W.3d

at 161; Carter, 93 S.W.3d at 310.

        Kleas cites Laughlin v. Bergman, in which the First Court of Appeals found that the

trial court abused its discretion, requiring a new trial, by denying the plaintiff’s motion to

continue a summary judgment hearing in a legal malpractice case. 962 S.W.2d 64, 66

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied). Laughlin is distinguishable. There,

the record included an affidavit by the plaintiff’s counsel stating that “he had made

numerous attempts to schedule [the defendant]’s deposition to no avail,” thereby

evidencing his due diligence. Id. Moreover, in Laughlin the plaintiff sought a continuance

in order to depose the defendant, who was “the attorney blamed for the malpractice” and

“is also in possession of the files that [the plaintiff] asserts will evidence this malpractice.”

Id. It was therefore “abundantly apparent” to the court of appeals that the ability to depose

the defendant and review the files was “absolutely critical” to the plaintiff’s case. Id. Here,

on the other hand, though Kleas’s motion asserted generally that “certain fact[s] can exist

that can destroy” appellees’ defenses, he did not specify what evidence he expected to

        10  We note that the November 12, 2012 Rule 11 agreement—which was drafted by Kleas’s counsel
and signed by Kleas—states that Carp and Herzog & Carp agreed to “not proceed with their Motion for
Summary Judgment . . . until on or after December 17, 2012.” Moreover, in a letter to the trial court judge
written after the continuance was denied, Kleas’s counsel stated in part: “With some difficulty, we have
finalized, filed and served our papers in opposition to defendants’ motions for summary judgment and are
ready for argument on Monday, December 17 at 1:30.”

                                                   11
obtain from the depositions of Prokop, Prokop-Purcell, and Prokop Cecil, or how that

evidence would support his various causes of action against Carp and Prokop. See

Carter, 93 S.W.3d at 310.

       We overrule Kleas’s first issue.

B.     Summary Judgment

       Kleas argues by his second issue that his affidavit was sufficient to defeat

appellees’ summary judgment motions.

       1.      Standard of Review

       We review summary judgments de novo. Joe, 145 S.W.3d at 156; Nalle Plastics

Family L.P. v. Porter, Rogers, Dahlman & Gordon, P.C., 406 S.W.3d 186, 199 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 2013, pet. denied). We take as true all evidence favorable to the

non-movant and indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the non-

movant’s favor. Joe, 145 S.W.3d at 157.

       In advancing a traditional motion for summary judgment, the movant has the

burden of showing there is no genuine issue of material fact and it is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Joe, 145 S.W.3d at 157. An issue of fact is

raised if more than a mere scintilla of evidence is produced. See, e.g., City of Keller v.

Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex. 2005). Evidence is less than a scintilla is if it is “so

weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion that the fact exists.”

Regal Fin. Co. v. Tex Star Motors, Inc., 355 S.W.3d 595, 603 (Tex. 2010). Evidence is

more than a scintilla if it “rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded

people to differ in their conclusions.” Serv. Corp. Int’l v. Guerra, 348 S.W.3d 221, 228

(Tex. 2011).

                                            12
       A motion for no-evidence summary judgment must establish that there is no

evidence of at least one essential element of the plaintiff’s cause of action. Hamilton v.

Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425, 426 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam).                          The burden of producing

evidence is entirely on the plaintiff; the defendant has no burden to attach any evidence

to the motion, and if the plaintiff produces evidence raising a genuine issue of material

fact, summary judgment is improper. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a (i). All that is required of the

plaintiff is to produce more than a scintilla of probative evidence to raise a genuine issue

of material fact on the challenged element. Forbes, Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc.,

124 S.W.3d 167, 172 (Tex. 2003).

2.     Applicable Law

       To promote zealous representation, courts have held that an attorney has

“qualified immunity” from civil liability with respect to non-clients for actions taken in

connection with representing a client in litigation. James, 368 S.W.3d at 802; Alpert v.

Grain, Caton & James, P.C., 178 S.W.3d 398, 405 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,

pet. denied). Under this doctrine, an attorney is generally immune from personal liability

stemming from conduct that the attorney “engages in as part of the discharge of his duties

in representing a party in a lawsuit.” Bradt v. West, 892 S.W.2d 56, 72 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied)11; see McCamish, Martin, Brown & Loeffler v. F.E.

       11   In Bradt v. West, the First Court of Appeals explained the policy rationale for this rule:
       The public has an interest in loyal, faithful and aggressive representation by the legal
       profession. An attorney is thus charged with the duty of zealously representing his clients
       within the bounds of the law. In fulfilling this duty, an attorney has the right to interpose
       any defense or supposed defense and make use of any right in behalf of such client or
       clients as the attorney deems proper and necessary, without making himself subject to
       liability in damages. Any other rule would act as a severe and crippling deterrent to the
       ends of justice for the reason that a litigant might be denied a full development of his case
       if his attorney were subject to the threat of liability for defending his client’s position to the
       best and fullest extent allowed by law, and availing his client of all rights to which he is

                                                       13
Appling Interests, 991 S.W.2d 787, 792 (Tex. 1999) (“At common law, the rule of privity

limits attorney liability to third parties. . . . The general rule is that persons who are not in

privity with the attorney cannot sue the attorney for legal malpractice. . . . In practical

terms, this privity requirement means that an attorney is not liable for malpractice to

anyone other than her client.”) (citations omitted). This qualified immunity focuses on the

type of conduct in which the attorney engages rather than on whether the conduct was

meritorious. Byrd v. Vick, Carney & Smith LLP, 409 S.W.3d 772, 780 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2013, pet. granted). Thus, an attorney cannot be held liable to a third party for

conduct that requires “the office, professional training, skill, and authority of an attorney.”

Id. (quoting Miller v. Stonehenge/Fasa-Tex., JDC, L.P., 993 F. Supp. 461, 464 (N.D. Tex.

1998) (order)). “Incorrect, meritless, and even frivolous conduct is not actionable if it

satisfies this standard.” Id. (quoting Miller, 993 F. Supp. at 464).

        An attorney’s protection from liability is not boundless, however. Id. An attorney

can be held liable by a third party for actions that are not part of the discharge of his duties

to his client. See Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at 406; Bradt, 892 S.W.2d at 71. If a lawyer

participates independently in fraudulent activities, his action is “foreign to the duties of an

attorney.” Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at 406; see Sacks v. Zimmerman, 401 S.W.3d 336, 340

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied); see also Poole v. Houston & T.C.

Ry., 58 Tex. 134, 137 (1882) (holding that attorneys acting on behalf of their clients are

not shielded from liability for their fraudulent conduct because fraudulent acts are “entirely

foreign to the duties of an attorney”). In other words, the law does not provide absolute

        entitled.
892 S.W.2d 56, 71 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied) (citations omitted).

                                                   14
immunity for every tort committed by a lawyer that may be tangentially related to his

professional role or which may occur during litigation. Byrd, 409 S.W.3d at 780; see

Bradt, 892 S.W.2d at 71–72. By way of extreme example, an attorney who assaults the

opposing party or lawyer during trial could be held liable for that act. Byrd, 409 S.W.3d

at 780.

       The attorney’s qualified immunity generally applies even if conduct is wrongful in

the context of the underlying lawsuit. Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at 405. For example, a third

party has no independent right of recovery against an attorney for filing motions in a

lawsuit, even if frivolous or without merit, even though such conduct may be sanctionable

or contemptible as enforced by the statutory or inherent powers of the court. Id. (citing

Bradt, 892 S.W.2d at 72); see also Sacks, 401 S.W.3d at 343 (holding that if the plaintiff

“had any evidence that opposing counsel were abusing the discovery process, discovery

sanctions would be available to her” but that opposing counsel were nonetheless entitled

to immunity). If an attorney’s conduct violates his professional responsibility, the remedy

is public, not private. Byrd, 409 S.W.3d at 780.

       3.     Evidence

       Carp’s affidavit, which was attached to his motion for traditional summary

judgment, stated in part as follows:

       I have never had any financial interest in the real property at issue or the
       transaction at issue. My only financial interest was the legal fees I would
       make by representing my clients in this case. I never had a contingent fee
       in this case. Before I was hired I did not have any knowledge of Mr. Kleas,
       his company, or any of the transactions at issue. All actions which I took
       related to this case arose from my attorney-client relationship [with Prokop-
       Purcell]. . . .

       I have never done anything to intentionally, maliciously, or gratuitously harm
       Mr. Kleas or his company. I have never done anything intended or designed
       to interfere with, obstruct, or delay any financing or re-financing by Mr. Kleas
                                             15
      or his company relating to the property in issue or any other property he
      owns. I have tried to get Mrs. Prokop-Purcell paid all the money she was
      owed on the three promissory notes in dispute. My efforts to get Mrs.
      Prokop-Purcell paid in full did not involve any intent to harm, damage, or
      injure Mr. Kleas, his company, or any property they owned. I certainly
      intended to compel the company to pay what they owed: beyond that I had
      no intent to require them to do anything else. I did nothing beyond providing
      legal services to my client. No conduct of mine related to this case was for
      my own benefit or outside the scope of my legal representation of her.

      Kleas’s affidavit, the only summary judgment evidence that Kleas produced in

response to the summary judgment motions, stated in its entirety as follows:

      My name is John Kleas. I am over the age of eighteen years and am
      competent to make this affidavit. I am also President of the John Kleas Co.,
      Inc. and am authorized to make this affidavit on behalf of the John Kleas
      Co., Inc. (“Plaintiff”). I have never been convicted of a felony or a crime
      involving moral turpitude. I have personal knowledge of the facts stated in
      this affidavit and they are true and correct.

      Plaintiff has previously filed Fourth Amended Petition which is attached to
      this Affidavit as Exhibit A and incorporated into this Affidavit for all purposes.
      I am the President of the Plaintiff. I have personal knowledge of the facts
      contained in the Plaintiff’s Fourth Amended Petition and the facts contained
      therein are true and correct. The Plaintiff purchased several tracts of land
      in Bastrop County which came to be known as the Purcell Tract and the
      Jackson Square Tract[] (collectively called “the disputed tracts”).

      In February 2011, [Prokop] and [Carp] initiated a series of actions that
      prevented Plaintiff from completing the development of the disputed tracts
      for sale as retail pad sites. Specifically, Defendant Carp initiated foreclosure
      proceedings to foreclose on the disputed tracts which were the security for
      two promissory notes owed to [Prokop-Purcell]. The procedure followed by
      Defendant Carp to foreclose on the tract were not consistent with the notice
      and cure provisions of the Deed of Trust.

      Unknown to Plaintiff, Robert Leffingwell, a real estate broker doing business
      in Bastrop, Texas, delivered to Defendant Carp a letter dated December 10,
      2010 outlining a number of options for acquisition or use of the disputed
      tracts in the event of foreclosure. A copy of the December 10, 2010 letter
      is attached to this Affidavit as Exhibit B and incorporated into this Affidavit
      for all purposes. In point of fact, this letter was delivered to Defendant Carp
      two month[s] prior to the first notice of foreclosure being issued.

      On January 27, 2011, Carp issued a Notice [] to Plaintiff of a proposed non-
      judicial foreclosure sale of the disputed tracts on February 8, 2011. A copy

                                             16
        of the January 27,2011 letter from Defendant Carp is attached to this
        Affidavit as Exhibit C and incorporated into this Affidavit for all purposes.
        Prior to beginning foreclosure proceedings, Defendant Carp contacted the
        first lien holder, Noble Capital, in an attempt to gain information regarding
        the payoff amount for the first lien and whether that lien could be purchased
        at a discount. A copy of a March 28, 2011 statement written by Rodney
        Navarro is attached to this Affidavit as Exhibit D and incorporated into this
        Affidavit for all purposes. Defendant Carp began foreclosure proceedings
        against Plaintiff, even though Defendant was fully aware that Plaintiff was
        in the process of selling several pad sites. A copy of the contracts regarding
        the proposed sales are attached to this Affidavit as Exhibits E and F and
        incorporated into this Affidavit for all purposes.

        After several unsuccessful attempts to foreclose on the disputed tracts, and
        two court hearings, the Plaintiff and the then-defendants entered into a
        written Rule 11 Agreement intended to bring this litigation to an end. A copy
        of the Rule 11 Agreement is attached to this Affidavit as Exhibit G and
        incorporated into this Affidavit for all purposes. Despite the agreement of
        all parties to the litigation, the Rule 11 Agreement was not performed
        according to its terms. The Plaintiff secured financing for the purpose of
        performing under the terms of the Rule 11 Agreement. Defendants Prokop
        and Carp’s actions prevented the finalization of several sales transactions
        which remained pending the completion of Plaintiff’s refinancing. The
        actions were consistent with the purpose of taking the disputed tracts from
        the Plaintiff and completing the strategy outlined in the December 10, 2010
        letter from Robert Leffingwell. At the time of the breach of the Rule 11
        Agreement, the Plaintiff was fully capable of carry[ing] out its terms and
        capable of fully paying the notes owed to [Prokop-Purcell]. A copy of the
        HUD 1 Statement scheduling a November 10, 2011 closing is attached to
        this Affidavit as Exhibit H and incorporated into this Affidavit for all
        purposes.[12]

The record does not contain any exhibits to Kleas’s affidavit.

         12 Carp filed formal objections to Kleas’s affidavit on the grounds that it is “unauthenticated

hearsay,” contains facts “beyond the personal knowledge” of the affiant, and contains improper legal
opinions and conclusions. Carp’s formal objections asked the trial court to “rule Exhibits 7 and 8
inadmissible” and to rule “the selected portions of [Kleas’s] affidavit inadmissible.” The document did not
otherwise refer to “Exhibits 7 and 8,” however, and the parties neither explain this reference nor direct us
to any location in the record where the “exhibits” may be found. In any event, on the day of the summary
judgment hearing, the trial court rendered an order sustaining Carp’s objections as to “Exhibits 7 and 8”
and also stating that “[Kleas’s] affidavit is accepted in part, rejected in part.” The order did not state which
parts of Kleas’s affidavit were excluded, if any. For purposes of this opinion, we will assume that the entirety
of Kleas’s affidavit was admitted as summary judgment evidence.

                                                      17
       4.       Analysis

       Kleas, in his petition and affidavit, made the following specific factual allegations

against Carp: that he initiated foreclosure proceedings while knowing that Kleas “was in

the process of selling several pad sites”; that he followed improper foreclosure procedure;

that he issued a notice of a proposed non-judicial foreclosure sale; and that he contacted

the first lienholder of the properties “in an attempt to gain information regarding the payoff

amount for the first lien and whether that lien could be purchased at a discount.” Carp’s

affidavit established that each of these activities was undertaken in furtherance of his

representation of Prokop-Purcell regarding the properties at issue. Kleas’s affidavit does

nothing to refute that.      In particular, Kleas’s affidavit does not show that Carp

“participate[d] independently in fraudulent activities” which were not part of the discharge

of his duties to Prokop-Purcell. See Sacks, 401 S.W.3d at 340; Alpert, 178 S.W.3d at

406; Bradt, 892 S.W.2d at 71. Kleas’s affidavit is therefore insufficient to establish a fact

issue as to whether Carp retained qualified immunity as to all of Kleas’s causes of action.

See Bradt, 892 S.W.2d at 71. We conclude that traditional summary judgment was proper

as to Carp.13

       As to Prokop, we find that no-evidence summary judgment was proper. Kleas’s

affidavit—which, again, was the only evidence produced by Kleas in response to the no-

evidence summary judgment motions—did not make any specific factual allegations

against Prokop. The affidavit summarily stated that “[Prokop] and [Carp] initiated a series

of actions that prevented [Kleas] from completing the development of the disputed tracts

       13 Because traditional summary judgment in favor of Carp was proper, we need not determine

whether his motion for no-evidence summary judgment was meritorious. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

                                               18
for sale as retail pad sites” and that “Prokop and Carp’s actions prevented the finalization

of several sales transactions which remained pending the completion of [Kleas]’s

refinancing,” but it did not explain what specific “actions” Prokop took that support the

causes of action raised by Kleas. No more than a scintilla of evidence supporting those

causes of action appears in the record; accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting

summary judgment in favor of Prokop. See Forbes, Inc., 124 S.W.3d at 172. Kleas’s

second issue is overruled.

C.     Sanctions

       Kleas’s remaining three issues challenge the trial court’s sanctions award. Kleas

posits by his third issue that the sanctions order contains insufficient findings; by his fourth

issue that the trial court erred in determining that all of his causes of action were

“groundless, baseless, worthless, and frivolous”; and by his fifth issue that the amount of

sanctions ordered was excessive.

       1.     Adequacy of Findings

       By his third issue, Kleas argues that the sanctions order does not comply with the

particularity requirements of Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13 and section 10.005 of the

Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.

       Rule 13 provides that an attorney’s signature on an instrument filed with the court

“constitutes a certificate” by the attorney “that to the best of their knowledge, information,

and belief formed after reasonable inquiry the instrument is not groundless and brought

in bad faith” nor “groundless and brought for the purpose of harassment.” TEX. R. CIV. P.

13. The rule further states that “[n]o sanctions under this rule may be imposed except for

good cause, the particulars of which must be stated in the sanction order.” Id. Section

                                              19
10.001 of the civil practice and remedies code similarly provides that an attorney’s

signature on a pleading or motion “constitutes a certificate” that, among other things,

“each claim, defense, or other legal contention in the pleading or motion is warranted by

existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of

existing law or the establishment of new law.”         TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 10.001(2) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). Section 10.005 states that “[a] court

shall describe in an order imposing a sanction under this chapter the conduct the court

has determined violated Section 10.001 and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.”

Id. § 10.005 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.).             We have observed that the

particularity requirement imposed by chapter 10 and Rule 13 “serves several important

purposes”:

       First, it ensures that the trial court is held accountable and adheres to the
       standard of the rule. Second, it requires the trial court to reflect carefully on
       its order before imposing sanctions. Third, it informs the offending party of
       the particular conduct warranting sanction for the purpose of deterring
       similar conduct in the future. And fourth, it enables the appellate court to
       review the order in light of the particular findings made by the trial court.

Rudisell v. Paquette, 89 S.W.3d 233, 237 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.)

(citations omitted).

       Kleas cites Tarrant County v. Chancey, in which the Fort Worth Court of Appeals

reversed a sanctions order where the trial court merely found that the appellant’s motion

was filed “for the purposes of harassment, causing unnecessary delay, needles [sic]

increase in the cost of litigating of Plaintiffs [sic] case, and for the purpose of denying

Plaintiff access to relevant documents.” 942 S.W.2d 151, 155 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

1997, no writ). The court found that “[s]uch general findings are insufficient to satisfy the

particularity requirements of Rule 13” because “[t]he court must specify, in its order, the

                                              20
particular acts or omissions on which the sanctions were based.” Id. (citing Zarsky v.

Zurich Mgmt., Inc., 829 S.W.2d 398, 399 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ)).

Kleas also cites several other cases where sanctions orders have been reversed for lack

of particularity. See III Forks Real Estate, L.P. v. Cohen, 228 S.W.3d 810, 818 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.) (sanctions order stated only that “Defendant’s claims and

causes of action brought against Plaintiffs and Third–Party Defendant in this cause are

groundless and/or were brought in bad faith for the purposes of harassing Plaintiffs and

Third–Party Defendant in violation of Rule 13 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, as

such claims and causes of action were, or should have been, fully litigated in a prior

arbitration proceeding between the parties”); Rudisell, 89 S.W.3d at 237 (sanctions order

stated only that “it appear[s] that the Request for Sanctions in Respondent’s Response

has merit”); Jimenez v. Transw. Prop. Co., 999 S.W.2d 125, 130 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (sanctions order stated only that a pleading was filed “in

violation of Rule 13” and that a paralegal “misrepresented facts to the court”); Friedman

& Assocs., P.C. v. Beltline Rd., Ltd., 861 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, writ dism’d

by agr.) (sanctions order contained no findings).

       Appellees do not dispute that the sanctions order rendered by the trial court in this

case lacked the particularity required by Rule 13. Instead, Carp contends that Kleas

waived the issue by failing to object to the lack of particularity in the sanctions order in

either of its post-judgment motions; and both appellees assert that the failure of the

sanctions order to comply with the particularity requirement is harmless error because the

trial court filed two extensive sets of findings of fact and conclusions of law addressing

the grounds for sanctions.

                                            21
        We agree with Carp that the issue has not been preserved for appellate review.

See Connell Chevrolet Co., Inc. v. Leak, 967 S.W.2d 888, 895 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998,

no pet.) (finding that appellant failed to preserve his appellate issue regarding the lack of

particularity in a sanctions order because he failed to object at trial to the lack of

particularity); Land v. AT & S Transp., Inc., 947 S.W.2d 665, 667 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997,

no writ) (same).14

        Even if the issue were preserved, any error regarding the lack of particularity in the

sanctions order would be harmless. In 1989, this Court held that the failure of a sanctions

order to comply with the particularity requirements was harmless because “[t]he trial court

did not obscure its reasoning at the hearing, and the situation has been adequately

presented to us.” Powers v. Palacios, 771 S.W.2d 716, 719 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

1989, writ denied); see TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a) (“No judgment may be reversed on appeal

on the ground that the trial court made an error of law unless the court of appeals

concludes that the error complained of: (1) probably caused the rendition of an improper

judgment; or (2) probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the case to

the court of appeals.”). A majority of Texas appellate courts that have considered the

        14 In Rudisell, this Court held that the appellant preserved his issue regarding lack of particularity
in the sanctions order by filing a motion for new trial which argued that his motion was “legally supportable”
and which “detailed the statutory evidence in support of his claim and asserted that his claim had merit.”
Rudisell v. Paquette, 89 S.W.3d 233, 236 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.) (citing West v. Maint.
Tool & Supply Co., 9 S.W.3d 96, 109 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.) (finding that appellant
preserved his issue regarding lack of particularity in the sanctions order by filing a motion for new trial in
which he “denie[d] that his claims constitute groundless pleadings” and “addresse[d] the evidence
supporting his claims”)). Here, Kleas’s motion for new trial generally alleged that the trial court erred in
assessing sanctions but did not detail or address any evidence which he believed supported his claims.
        In any event, because this is a transfer case, we are required to apply the precedent of the
transferor court—here, the Austin Court of Appeals—to the extent it differs from ours. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
Accordingly, pursuant to the Austin court’s Connell Chevrolet and Land opinions, we conclude that the issue
has not been preserved because it was not raised at trial. See Connell Chevrolet Co., Inc. v. Leak, 967
S.W.2d 888, 895 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, no pet.); Land v. AT & S Transp., Inc., 947 S.W.2d 665, 667
(Tex. App.—Austin 1997, no writ).

                                                     22
issue have agreed that the lack of particularity in a sanctions order may constitute

harmless error, and have found that subsequently-rendered findings of fact and

conclusions of law may be considered to satisfy the particularity requirement.                         See

Gaspard v. Beadle, 36 S.W.3d 229, 239 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet.

denied) (finding no abuse of discretion where the sanctions order “did not list the

particulars of the good cause” supporting sanctions, because “[i]n her findings, the trial

judge specified the conduct upon which she was basing the sanctions”); Univ. of Tex. at

Arlington v. Bishop, 997 S.W.2d 350, 356 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied)

(“While we do not condone the practice of using findings of fact and conclusions of law to

satisfy section 10.005, we conclude that the findings and conclusions supplied the

particulars lacking in the sanctions order . . . .”); Campos v. Ysleta Gen. Hosp., Inc., 879
S.W.2d 67, 70 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, writ denied) (abating appeal to allow trial court

to file findings of fact and conclusions of law stating particulars of good cause for sanction

order); but see Friedman & Assocs., P.C. v. Beltline Road Ltd., 861 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1993, writ dism’d by agr.) (“[A] trial court cannot avoid the clear directive of

the rule by gratuitously making findings in separately filed findings of fact after a sanction

order is entered and in effect.”).15

        The trial court in the instant case, after rendering its sanctions order, issued a total

of two hundred numbered findings of fact and conclusions of law, including the following:

        142.    Having reviewed the affidavits filed with respect to summary
                judgment and heard oral testimony in support, and having no
                evidence that contradicts those claims, this Court finds that [Carp]
                never acted with intent to harm Kleas, never acted for [Carp]’s own
                interest, and never acted in violation of the disciplinary rules or Texas
        15The parties have directed us to no cases from the Austin Court of Appeals, and we find none,
addressing the issue of whether the lack of particularity in a sanctions order may constitute harmless error
when separate findings of fact and conclusions of law are subsequently filed. See id.

                                                    23
       laws. Instead, this Court finds [Carp] acted solely and exclusively in
       an effort to zealously represent and protect the interests of [Prokop-
       Purcell], his client, and to obtain payment of the funds owed to
       [Prokop-Purcell].

143.   With respect to the claims of defamation and business
       disparagement, this Court finds no evidence that either [Carp] or
       [Prokop] ever said or did anything that was faIse with regard to
       Kleas. . . .

146.   With respect to the claims of negligence, gross negligence, negligent
       management,        negligent      supervision,     and      negligent
       misrepresentation, this Court finds no evidence that either [Carp] or
       [Prokop] made any false representation to Kleas. . . .

147.   . . . [T]his Court finds that no false or frivolous pleadings were filed
       by [Carp] or [Herzog & Carp]. . . .

149.   This Court finds that [Carp] never improperly spoke with the first lien
       holder. . . .

150.   . . . [T]he Court finds [Carp] acted in good faith and as competent
       counsel for [Prokop-Purcell] without malice and without ill intent. . . .

152.   This Court finds that all fourteen causes of action alleged against
       [Carp], [Herzog & Carp], and [Prokop] were groundless, brought in
       bad faith, and brought for the purpose of harassment. No reasonable
       person could believe that the claims had any merit. In addition, the
       Court finds no evidence of a reasonable inquiry conducted in
       accordance with Rule 13 before the unfounded frivolous allegations
       were made.

153.   This Court finds that there is no basis in law and no basis in fact for
       any of the causes of action alleged in this case against [Carp],
       [Herzog & Carp], and [Prokop]. There were no allegations for the
       creation, extension, modification, or reversal of any existing law.

154.   This Court finds that thirteen of the causes of action alleged against
       [Carp] and [Herzog & Carp] were precluded by attorney qualified
       immunity. [Carp] never engaged in any independent fraudulent
       activities, any conspiracy to defraud, or conducted any fraudulent act
       outside the scope of his representation of [Prokop-Purcell]. . . .

156.    . . . Since [Carp], [Herzog & Carp], and [Prokop] were not parties to
       the notes or deed of trust it is impossible for a legal theory to be
       properly stated against them for breach. . . .

                                      24
157.   This Court finds that the cause of action for wrongful foreclosure is
       factually impossible since no foreclosure ever occurred. . . .

158.   This Court finds that [Carp] never filed any document in the real
       property records, wrote anything, or said anything that could possibly
       constitute a cloud on title or slandering of Kleas’[s] title. . . .

159.   This Court finds, with respect to the tort[i]ous interference claim,
       [Carp] never acted for his own interest or the interest of his firm.
       [Carp] never acted to harm Kleas. [Carp] was justified in posting the
       property for foreclosure, privileged to post the property for
       foreclosure, and any claim against [Carp] or his firm was precluded
       by attorney qualified immunity.

160.   This Court finds that the cause of action for tort[i]ous interference
       against [Prokop] had no factual or legal support. The only person he
       spoke with, Ms. Tracy Hendrix at the title company repeatedly
       indicated in sworn testimony that the phone call had no real effect
       upon her and certainly did not harm Kleas or title to the property.
       There is no evidence that [Prokop] did anything to harm Kleas.
       Instead, this Court finds that [Prokop] attempted to help Kleas in
       hopes that Kleas’[s] success would allow him to pay [Prokop]’s
       mother the money that was owed to [her].

161.   This Court finds that the cause of action for defamation and business
       disparagement never had any factual support. There was no
       evidence presented that [Carp] or [Prokop] said anything false about
       Kleas. In addition, the claims against [Carp] and the firm were
       precluded by attorney qualified immunity.

162.    . . . [Carp] and his firm were not parties to the Rule 11 Agreement
       and therefore cannot be liable for breach.           The undisputed
       evidence . . . was that a third party bank destroyed the effectiveness
       of the Rule 11 Agreement. . . .

164.   With respect to the claims for negligence, gross negligence,
       negligent management, negligent supervision and negligent
       misrepresentation, the Court finds [Carp] and [Herzog & Carp],
       together with [Prokop], owed no duty to Kleas; there was no false
       representation; Kleas never relied on anything [Carp] or [Prokop] did;
       and the claims against [Carp] and the firm were barred by attorney
       qualified immunity.

165.   With respect to the claim of frivolous pleadings, the Court finds that
       none of the pleadings filed by [Carp] or [Herzog & Carp] were
       frivolous.

                                     25
Although these findings were not contained in the actual order awarding sanctions, we

conclude that any error in that regard is harmless because the trial court’s comprehensive

findings of fact and conclusions of law, including those listed above, fully apprised the

parties and this Court of the bases of the trial court’s decision to award sanctions.16 See

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a); Powers, 771 S.W.2d at 719; see also Gaspard, 36 S.W.3d at 239;

Bishop, 997 S.W.2d at 356; Campos, 879 S.W.2d at 70. Kleas’s third issue is overruled.

        2.       Legal Conclusions

        Kleas contends by his fourth issue that the trial court erred by concluding that all

of his causes of action were “frivolous, baseless, groundless” and brought “in bad faith”

and “for the purpose of harassment.” In particular, he contends that the record contains

evidence supporting his tortious interference and slander of title claims against Prokop.17

Kleas points to testimony by Prokop at the hearing on his “special motion to dismiss” that

Prokop called Tracey Hendrix, a representative of Austin Title Company, to ask whether

“there was a closing fixing to take place by Kleas Company.” Prokop testified that he

“may have” told Hendrix that he and Cecil “filed the paperwork to foreclose” on the

        16  Kleas argues that the trial court’s decision to enter findings after the sanctions had been awarded
“runs contrary to one of the recognized purposes for including detailed findings in the sanctions order”: i.e.,
that “it requires the trial court to reflect carefully on its order before imposing sanctions.” Rudisell, 89 S.W.3d
at 237. We agree, and for that reason, we do not condone the practice of entering sanctions findings after
the sanctions award. See Univ. of Tex. at Arlington v. Bishop, 997 S.W.2d 350, 356 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
1999, pet. denied). However, here, there is no indication that the trial court failed to reflect carefully on its
sanctions order prior to rendering it. The trial court rendered its order only after a full evidentiary hearing
at which all parties were represented. For the reasons stated herein, we do not believe that a trial court’s
failure to make sufficient findings in the sanctions order is necessarily harmful error. See TEX. R. APP. P.
44.1(a); Powers v. Palacios, 771 S.W.2d 716, 719 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied).
        17  Kleas also argues by this issue that he did not have a “‘reasonable opportunity for further
investigation or discovery’ with respect to the majority of [his] claims” against each of the appellees. See
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 10.001(3) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). For the reasons
cited in our discussion of Kleas’s first issue, we disagree. In any event, whether or not Kleas actually had
the opportunity to engage in full discovery is immaterial to an analysis of whether the claims raised in his
pleadings were “likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or
discovery.” Id. (emphasis added).

                                                       26
properties at issue.     According to Prokop, Hendrix replied by saying “Yes, we’re

suppose[d] to have [a closing]” and that “she was waiting on some pay-off figures.” Kleas

testified as follows at the same hearing: “[F]rom my standpoint, [Prokop] claimed he

represented his sister and his family to the title company, for my assumption he

represents facts and conclusions for the title company to react. Therefore, he blocked

my closing.” Kleas asserts that this testimony “support[s] a prima facie case of slander

of title and tortious interference with existing contracts.” See Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.

v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77–78 (Tex. 2000) (stating that the elements

of tortious interference with an existing contract are: “(1) an existing contract subject to

interference, (2) a willful and intentional act of interference with the contract, (3) that

proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury, and (4) caused actual damages or loss”; and

noting that “as an affirmative defense, a defendant may negate liability on the ground that

its conduct was privileged or justified”).

       We review the imposition of sanctions under an abuse of discretion standard. Low

v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007). We will reverse the trial court’s ruling only if

the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles, such that its

ruling was arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. To determine if the sanctions were appropriate

or just, we examine whether there is a direct nexus between the improper conduct and

the sanction imposed. Id.

       For purposes of Rule 13, “groundless” means “no basis in law or fact and not

warranted by good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing

law.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. Generally, courts presume that pleadings and other papers are

filed in good faith, and the party seeking sanctions bears the burden of overcoming that

                                             27
presumption. Low, 221 S.W.3d at 614; see TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. Sanctionable conduct

under chapter 10 includes signing a pleading with “any improper purpose, including to

harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation”; and

signing a pleading which does not have evidentiary support nor “is likely to have

evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 10.001(1), (3).18 Upon finding that a person has

signed a pleading in violation of either Rule 13 or section 10, the court may impose

sanctions against the party signing the pleading, the represented party, or both. See id.

§ 10.004(a) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.); TEX. R. CIV. P. 13.

        At the sanctions hearing, Carp testified that he has been a licensed attorney since

1981. In his career, he has done “almost exclusively civil work,” and business litigation

in particular. He became a partner in the firm of Herzog & Carp around early 2000, and

he has been the president of the firm since its inception. At that time, he knew Cecil

because her children were in some school activities with his children. Cecil introduced

Carp to her mother, Prokop-Purcell, and Prokop-Purcell’s husband.                           Carp began

representing Prokop-Purcell and her husband in “a variety of different legal” matters.

They hired Carp to help them in the instant dispute in late 2010.

        18 Conduct that is sanctionable under chapter 10 also includes signing a pleading with a legal
contention that is not “warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension,
modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law.” Id. § 10.001(2). However, “[t]he
court may not award monetary sanctions against a represented party for a violation of Section 10.001(2).”
Id. § 10.004(d) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). We note that Kleas does not argue on appeal that
the sanctions are improper pursuant to section 10.004(d).

                                                    28
        Carp identified a five-page list of accusations drawn from Kleas’s pleadings which

he claimed to be groundless.19 When asked on cross-examination whether the list of

accusations showed malice or bad faith, Carp replied:

        They definitely represent bad faith. . . . Because I am just trying to represent
        my client and get what my client is entitled to under the law. Which is to
        have your client pay the money that he owes. And if he could pay the note,
        then he could have had the property and gone on and done whatever he
        wanted to with it.

Carp later stated:

        This case should have been over with when there was a settlement between
        my clients and [Kleas] and his company. And, instead, what [Kleas] and his
        company have done is to try and prolong the situation, try to waste judicial
        resources, try to waste resources, time, and effort of the people involved.
        And it’s what . . . gives the legal profession sometimes a bad name. And if
        that’s not dealt with appropriately, then I think it’s only being encouraged.

Carp testified that, during the course of the dispute, Kleas was represented by no fewer

than thirteen different attorneys at various times. He stated that, when a client “goes

through . . . [thirteen] lawyers on a deal in the space of two years,” that indicates “[t]hat

there’s probably a problem . . . [w]ith the client.”

        Harry Herzog, Carp’s partner, testified that he filed an answer to Kleas’s claims

against Herzog & Carp around September 2011. Herzog stated that, “within a couple of

weeks,” Kleas filed a motion for sanctions to strike the firm’s pleadings and enter default

judgment against it for discovery abuse even though “without question no discovery had

ever been sent to the law firm. None.” He “didn’t see any way” that the applicable law

        19 The list of accusatory language used by Kleas in his pleadings included: “stunning plethora of
falsehoods”; “massive fraud”; “systematic annihilation of Kleas”; “distortions and contradictions”;
“unrelenting campaign of foreclosure”; “lied”; “systematic, fraudulent scheme”; “outright deception”;
“outrageous conduct”; “deceitful sham”; “malicious efforts to seize the properties”; “false pretense of debt
collection”; “dereliction of duty”; “professional irresponsibility of an unprecedented order of magnitude”; and
many others.

                                                     29
“could support striking of the pleadings of a law firm for discovery abuse when the law

firm had never received any discovery to respond to.” Herzog testified that this is “an

example of bad faith and harassment.” He conceded, however, that prior to the time he

joined the case as counsel of record, there may have been a “good faith, legitimate,

honest” discovery dispute.

       Herzog further stated that he got no response from Kleas’s counsel when he

“offered them in various e-mails ten to twelve dates for our deposition,” so he finally

“noticed our depositions, ourselves” but neither Kleas nor his counsel showed up at the

depositions. Herzog testified that this is “evidence of bad faith and malice” by Kleas and

his counsel. He stated that he would put “90 percent or more of the blame” on Kleas and

“approximately 10 percent of the blame” on Kleas’s former attorneys. 20

       Herzog referred to the list of accusatory terms used by Kleas in his pleadings and

stated: “[T]o make slander, after slander, after slander, after slander, and all of these

horribly abusive allegations, cannot be in good faith, has to be in bad faith.” Herzog stated

that, when his law firm had been groundlessly accused in the past of committing fraud,

his malpractice insurance premiums increased “600 percent.” He stated:

       We’ve already had limits placed on what we can and cannot do as a law
       firm within our insurance coverage because of [Kleas’s] lawsuit. We have
       a rider on our policy, we cannot take a real estate foreclosure. We can’t
       post a piece of property for foreclosure anywhere in the State of Texas
       without violating our policy and l[o]sing our insurance coverage because of
       this lawsuit. So it’s already affecting us. . . . [T]he fact that we owed no
       duty to [Kleas], and never actually foreclosed on any property, and we never
       did any of the things that we’re accused of doing means nothing to the
       underwriter setting the rates on malpractice policies.

       20   Herzog testified that Herzog & Carp settled with one of Kleas’s prior trial attorneys.

                                                      30
       Prokop testified that he has never met Kleas and never had any conversations with

him prior to the time Kleas filed suit against him. He was not involved in the litigation

between Kleas and his mother; he was not a party to any deed of trust, promissory note,

or Rule 11 agreement; he never filed anything in the public records concerning the

properties at issue; and he never knew about any contracts regarding development on

the properties. Prokop stated that, when he called Austin Title Company, he did not intend

to stop any closing; rather, it was for “basically informational” purposes. When asked

whether the claims against him were “brought just in bad faith, just to harass you,” Prokop

replied: “I would assume.”

       On cross-examination, Prokop conceded that, had his family carried through on

the foreclosure and reacquired the properties, the bank was willing to loan his family funds

sufficient to pay off the first lien. He disagreed, however, that the bank made this decision

because of the extent of the improvements already made by Kleas on the property;

instead, Prokop testified that the decision was “more based on the standing in the

community that my family had had through the years, versus any equity built up in the

property.” Prokop agreed that, based on his experience, a title company will not approve

a title if it cannot get a release from someone holding a prior lien; but he denied Kleas’s

accusation that he told Austin Title Company that he would not grant a release of his

mother’s lien. Prokop further denied that he even had the authority to refuse to release

his mother’s lien. He could not speak to what Kleas thought about the matter, however. 21

       Prokop’s counsel testified that, at a deposition, Kleas threatened to sue “four or

five other people” in the event his claims against Carp and Prokop are dismissed, and

       21   Kleas did not appear at the hearing.

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that: “The only way that I can think that the Court could stop this man from carrying

forward is to sanction him into the ground.” Prokop’s counsel stated that Kleas “knew

what was in those pleadings because he said those same things” at his deposition.

        We conclude that Carp and Prokop each met their burden to overcome the

presumption that Kleas’s pleadings were filed in good faith. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 13; Low,
221 S.W.3d at 614. The trial court’s conclusion that all of Kleas’s causes of action were

groundless and brought in bad faith was supported by the evidence.22 Specifically, the

evidence supported a finding that the factual contentions in Kleas’s pleadings did not

have evidentiary support, nor were they “likely to have evidentiary support after a

reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 10.001(3). The evidence also supported a finding that Kleas, rather than

his attorney, was primarily responsible for bringing the claims. Finally, the sanctions were

intended to deter Kleas from bringing further unsupported claims; therefore, there was a

direct nexus between the improper conduct and the sanctions imposed. See Low, 221
S.W.3d at 614. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding

sanctions under Rule 13 and chapter 10. We overrule Kleas’s fourth issue.

        3.       Amount of Sanctions

        Kleas argues by his fifth issue that the sanctions award was excessive. “[I]n order

to safeguard constitutional due process rights, a sanction must be neither unjust nor

excessive.” Nath v. Tex. Children’s Hosp., 446 S.W.3d 355, 363 (Tex. 2014). Sanctions

under chapter 10 “must be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of the conduct

        22  Carp asserts on appeal that “[t]hese numerous pleadings set a sad new standard for the most
frivolous, groundless, and malicious claims filed and sanctioned in Texas history.” We express no opinion
on the historical status of Kleas’s pleadings, but merely hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in awarding sanctions in this case.

                                                      32
or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 10.004(b). In Low, the Texas Supreme Court stated that

        the determination of the amount of a penalty to be assessed under Chapter
        10, which is not limited to attorney’s fees and costs, should nevertheless
        begin with an acknowledgment of the costs and fees incurred because of
        the sanctionable conduct. This provides a monetary guidepost of the impact
        of the conduct on the party seeking sanctions and the burdens on the court
        system.
221 S.W.3d at 621.23 The amount of sanctions “is limited by the trial court’s duty to

exercise sound discretion.” Id. at 619.

        23The Low Court stated that, in assessing the amount of sanctions, courts "should consider relevant
factors” which may include the following factors identified by the American Bar Association:
        a.      the good faith or bad faith of the offender;
        b.      the degree of willfulness, vindictiveness, negligence, or frivolousness involved in
                the offense;
        c.      the knowledge, experience, and expertise of the offender;
        d.      any prior history of sanctionable conduct on the part of the offender;
        e.      the reasonableness and necessity of the out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the
                offended person as a result of the misconduct;
        f.      the nature and extent of prejudice, apart from out-of-pocket expenses, suffered by
                the offended person as a result of the misconduct;
        g.      the relative culpability of client and counsel, and the impact on their privileged
                relationship of an inquiry into that area;
        h.      the risk of chilling the specific type of litigation involved;
        i.      the impact of the sanction on the offender, including the offender’s ability to pay a
                monetary sanction;
        j.      the impact of the sanction on the offended party, including the offended person’s
                need for compensation;
        k.      the relative magnitude of sanction necessary to achieve the goal or goals of the
                sanction;
        l.      burdens on the court system attributable to the misconduct, including consumption
                of judicial time and incurrence of juror fees and other court costs;
        m.      the degree to which the offended person attempted to mitigate any prejudice
                suffered by him or her;
        n.      the degree to which the offended person's own behavior caused the expenses for
                which recovery is sought.
Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 620 n.5 & 621 (Tex. 2007) (citing American Bar Association, Standards &
Guidelines for Practice Under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, reprinted in 121 F.R.D. 101

                                                       33
           At the sanctions hearing, Carp identified billing records for work on the claims

against him from April 2012, after Kleas settled his claims against Prokop-Purcell, to

January 2013. The records, introduced into evidence as Carp’s Exhibit 13, showed that

a total of $120,900 was billed for services and $494 for costs. Carp stated that around

$35,000 had been billed for work defending Carp personally between the time Carp was

named a defendant and the time Prokop-Purcell’s claims settled, but those amounts were

not included in the exhibit. Carp billed at $300 per hour and Herzog billed at $500 per

hour. He agreed that the rates he and Herzog charged for their services are customary

and reasonable. Carp stated that $40,000 would be a reasonable and necessary fee to

defend against an appeal in this Court; $10,000 would be a reasonable and necessary

fee to file a petition for review with the Texas Supreme Court; and $30,000 would be a

reasonable and necessary fee if the supreme court grants review.

           Herzog testified that he was first licensed to practice in 1982 and does primarily

business litigation. He has been board certified in civil trial law since 1989 and in civil

appellate law since 1992. He stated that he is a “longtime director and past officer and

president of the Texas Association of Civil Trial and Appellate Specialists” and that he

has previously “testified as an expert witness in fee disputes involving large law firms.”

Herzog stated that he has charged $500 per hour, billed in quarter-hour increments,

throughout the time this case has been pending. He testified: “I believe that fee is the

lowest fee in Harris County for any lawyer with my experience. And I believe it is below

a reasonable fee. And I purposefully have it priced below a reasonable fee to help get

work. Particularly in this disastrous economic climate.”

(1988)).

                                               34
       Herzog stated that around $35,000 included in Exhibit 13 was attributable to work

done by Carp in Carp’s defense. He agreed that, out of “fairness,” Carp would not seek

to recover those fees.        He stated:      “[W]hen you subtract all of [Carp]’s time out

of . . . Exhibit 13, you should come to right at $90,000. The precise number is [$]89,969.

But I round that off to [$]90,000.” Herzog testified that, since the time the exhibit was

prepared, he had spent 32.25 additional hours on the case.24

       Herzog opined that $35,000 to $40,000 would be a reasonable and necessary fee

for an appeal to this Court; $10,000 to $15,000 would be a reasonable and necessary fee

if a petition for review is filed with the Texas Supreme Court; and $40,000 to $45,000

would be a reasonable and necessary fee if the supreme court grants review.

       Prokop identified a bill from his attorney detailing the services provided defending

against Kleas’s suit. The bill showed 83 hours of work at a $300 hourly rate, for a total of

$24,900, as well as $444.50 in costs. Prokop said he had to borrow money from his

mother and sister so that he could pay roughly half of the bill; the rest remains unpaid.

       Prokop’s counsel testified that he has been a licensed attorney since 1975 and

typically charges $300 to about $650 per hour. He stated that he charged Prokop $300

per hour and that the amount he charged is fair, reasonable, and necessary. He stated

that reasonable and necessary appellate fees would be $40,000 for an appeal to the court

of appeals, $10,000 for a petition for review in the Texas Supreme Court, and $30,000 if

the supreme court grants review.

        24 At Herzog’s $500 hourly rate, those additional hours cost $16,125. Adding that amount to the

“precise number” as testified to earlier by Herzog, the total amount incurred would be $106,094.

                                                  35
        Kleas argues that, because the attorneys testified that Kleas’s counsel was about

ten percent responsible, and because Carp and Prokop had already settled with Kleas’s

prior trial counsel, the award of “100 percent” of the requested fees is excessive. But

sanctions under Rule 13 and chapter 10 are not limited to attorney’s fees and costs. Id.

at 621. Here, evidence showed that Carp spent dozens of hours, which would be billed

at nearly $35,000, defending himself from Kleas’s groundless claims. Although pro se

litigants may generally not recover attorney’s fees as sanctions, see, e.g., Beasley v.

Peters, 870 S.W.2d 191, 196 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1994, no writ) (“[A]n award of

attorney’s fees to an attorney appearing pro se as a litigant is not an appropriate

sanction.”), the trial court could have considered this evidence in determining what

amount was appropriate in order to deter future sanctionable behavior.

        Kleas further argues that, though Herzog testified that $500 is a reasonable hourly

rate for an attorney with his experience in Harris County, he did not testify that $500 was

a reasonable hourly rate in Bastrop County, which is where this litigation occurred.

However, at least three courts of appeals have held that proof of the necessity or

reasonableness of attorney’s fees is not required when such fees are assessed as

sanctions. Gorman v. Gorman, 966 S.W.2d 858, 868–69 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1998, pet. denied); Stites v. Gillum, 872 S.W.2d 786, 797 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1994,

writ denied); Glass v. Glass, 826 S.W.2d 683, 688 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992, writ

denied). Moreover, there was no evidence adduced that $500 is an unreasonable hourly

rate.

        Considering all of the evidence, including evidence that Herzog & Carp’s

malpractice insurance has already been affected by Kleas’s suit, we conclude that the

                                            36
trial court’s award of sanctions was not excessive or unjust. See Nath, 446 S.W.at 363.

Kleas’s fifth issue is overruled.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                    DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
                                                    Justice

Delivered and filed the
2nd day of April, 2015.

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