Court Opinion

ID: 5127939
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-20 02:05:03.913085+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:03.887367
License: Public Domain

2021 IL 126163

                                    IN THE
                          SUPREME COURT
                                       OF
                     THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                              (Docket No. 126163)

          THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
                    ROBERT J. ROGERS, Appellee.

                         Opinion filed October 21, 2021.

   JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

   Justices Theis, Michael J. Burke, and Overstreet concurred in the judgment and
opinion.

    Chief Justice Anne M. Burke specially concurred, with opinion, joined by
Justice Neville.

   Justice Carter took no part in the decision.
                                          OPINION

¶1       The People of the State of Illinois filed charges against defendant, Robert J.
     Rogers, for driving under the influence pursuant to section 11-501 of the Illinois
     Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501 (West 2014)). A stipulated bench trial before the
     circuit court of Will County found defendant guilty of driving under the influence
     of any amount of drugs in violation of section 11-501(a)(6) (id. § 11-501(a)(6))
     after the parties stipulated the officer found defendant in physical control of the
     vehicle and chemical tests revealed defendant had tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in
     his system at the time of arrest.

¶2        On direct appeal, defendant argued (1) retained counsel was ineffective for
     failing to move for dismissal on speedy-trial grounds and (2) section 11-501(a)(6)
     violated his right to due process.

¶3       The appellate court reversed the conviction, holding retained counsel was
     ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the charges on speedy-trial grounds. The
     court concluded that the compulsory-joinder rule applied and that a speedy-trial
     challenge would have been successful. Thus, retained counsel’s performance was
     deficient and prejudiced defendant. See 2020 IL App (3d) 180088.

¶4       We allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Oct.
     1, 2019).

¶5                                    BACKGROUND

¶6       On November 25, 2015, a police officer investigated a motor vehicle accident.
     The officer found defendant in physical control of the vehicle and suspected him to
     be under the influence. The officer charged defendant, by uniform citation and
     complaint, with driving under the influence of drugs or combination of drugs
     pursuant to section 11-501(a)(4) of the Vehicle Code. See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(4)
     (West 2014). Defendant was arrested and transported from the scene to a hospital
     for treatment. At the hospital, defendant underwent a blood test, which revealed the
     presence of THC.

¶7      The officer subsequently filed the uniform citation on December 1, 2015. On
     December 14, 2015, defendant’s counsel filed a demand for speedy trial.

                                             -2-
¶8          On April 6, 2016, the State charged defendant by superseding information with
       two counts of misdemeanor driving under the influence. Count I alleged defendant
       drove with any amount of drugs in his system in violation of section 11-501(a)(6).
       See id. § 11-501(a)(6). Count II alleged defendant drove under the influence of
       drugs or combination of drugs in violation of section 11-501(a)(4). See id. § 11-
       501(a)(4). The parties stipulated to a bench trial and, by agreement, continued the
       trial to May 20, 2016.

¶9          On May 20, 2016, the circuit court granted the State’s motion to continue the
       trial. Defendant initially objected but then agreed to the continuance. On June 27,
       2016, the court again granted a continuance, to which defendant initially objected
       but then agreed. On September 20, 2016, the court granted the State’s motion for a
       continuance over defendant’s objection.

¶ 10        On October 28, 2016, the State filed a superseding three-count information.
       Count I charged defendant with driving or being in physical control of any vehicle
       while having any amount of drug, substance, or compound in the person’s breath,
       blood, or other bodily substance pursuant to section 11-501(a)(6). Id. § 11-
       501(a)(6). Count II charged defendant with driving under the influence of any drug
       or combination of drugs pursuant to section 11-501(a)(4). Id. § 11-501(a)(4). Count
       III charged defendant with having a presence of THC in his blood or other bodily
       substance while driving or within two hours of driving, pursuant to section 11-
       501(a)(7). Id. § 501(a)(7).

¶ 11      On December 1, 2016, the trial was continued by agreement. After numerous
       continuances, the trial was ultimately set for January 17, 2018.

¶ 12       On January 17, 2018, the parties entered into a stipulated bench trial. The State
       moved to dismiss counts II and III of the three-count information. The circuit court
       found defendant guilty of count I (id. § 11-501(a)(6)), after the parties stipulated
       the arresting officer found defendant in actual physical control of the vehicle and
       the chemical test results revealed defendant had THC in his system at the time of
       his arrest. Defendant was sentenced to 12 months of court supervision.

¶ 13       On appeal, defendant argued (1) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move
       for dismissal on speedy-trial grounds and (2) section 11-501(a)(6) violated his right

                                               -3-
       to due process. 1 The appellate court reasoned that, because of the similarity of the
       offenses and the officer having sufficient knowledge to ticket both offenses at the
       time the officer issued the first citation, compulsory joinder applied and the clock
       for speedy-trial purposes began to run on December 14, 2015. Having found
       compulsory joinder applied, the court reversed the conviction, holding defendant
       was denied his right to speedy trial and his right to the effective assistance of
       counsel. 2

¶ 14      This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff.
       Oct. 1, 2019).

¶ 15                                             ANALYSIS

¶ 16        The issue presented for review is whether counsel was ineffective for failing to
       file a motion to dismiss premised on a speedy-trial violation.

¶ 17       Whether a defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel is subject to the
       standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v.
       Manning, 227 Ill. 2d 403, 412 (2008). “To establish that a defendant was deprived
       of effective assistance of counsel, a defendant must establish both that his attorney’s
       performance was deficient and that the defendant suffered prejudice as a result.”
       People v. Pugh, 157 Ill. 2d 1, 14 (1993).

¶ 18       The State argues defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails
       because (1) defendant did not have a constitutional right to effective counsel and
       (2) the underlying speedy-trial claim was meritless.

¶ 19       First, the State maintains that, because defendant was not sentenced to a term
       of imprisonment, he did not have a federal constitutional right to effective counsel.
       The State concedes, however, that defendant has a statutory right to counsel
       pursuant to section 113-3(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS

           1
              Whether section 11-501(a)(6) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(6) (West 2014)) violated defendant’s
       right to due process is not before this court.
            2
              Having found defendant was denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel, the
       appellate court rendered the issue regarding the constitutionality of section 11-501(a)(6) (625 ILCS
       5/11-501(a)(6) (West 2014)) moot. 2020 IL App (3d) 180088, ¶ 43.

                                                      -4-
       5/113-3(b) (West 2014)), but it argues that right does not include the right to
       effective counsel. The appellate court agreed, noting “defendant did not have a
       federal constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel because he was not
       sentenced to a term of imprisonment”; however, defendant did have a statutory right
       to counsel. 2020 IL App (3d) 180088, ¶ 16.

¶ 20      To the extent the State and appellate court posit defendant did not have a federal
       constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel, we disagree.

¶ 21       The State and appellate court rely on Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), for
       the proposition that a defendant is not entitled to effective counsel where he is not
       subject to a term of imprisonment. This argument is misplaced. In Scott, the
       defendant was convicted of shoplifting and fined $50 after a bench trial. Id. at 368.
       On appeal, the defendant argued the sixth and fourteenth amendments of the United
       States Constitution (U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV) required the State of Illinois to
       provide him with trial counsel at its expense. Scott, 440 U.S. at 368. The United
       States Supreme Court disagreed and held the sixth and fourteenth amendments only
       require that an indigent criminal defendant cannot be sentenced to a term of
       imprisonment unless the State has afforded him the right of assistance of appointed
       counsel. Id. at 373-74.

¶ 22       What goes unappreciated here is the distinction between the right to effective
       counsel and the right to appointed counsel. Scott does not stand for the proposition
       that a defendant does not have a federal constitutional right to the effective
       assistance of counsel during a criminal trial because he was not subject to a term of
       imprisonment; rather, a term of imprisonment cannot be imposed where an indigent
       criminal defendant does not have a federal constitutional right to the appointment
       of counsel.

¶ 23       This is not a matter of whether defendant was entitled to appointed counsel,
       rather effective counsel. The sixth amendment of the United States Constitution
       states, in relevant part, “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
       right to a speedy and public trial *** and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
       defence.” U.S. Const., amend. VI. The right to the assistance of counsel, appointed
       or not, necessarily includes the right to effective counsel. See McMann v.
       Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 (1970) (“[I]f the right to counsel guaranteed by the
       Constitution is to serve its purpose, defendants cannot be left to the mercies of

                                               -5-
       incompetent counsel, and that judges should strive to maintain proper standards of
       performance by attorneys who are representing defendants in criminal cases in their
       courts.”). The Illinois Constitution provides similar protections. “In criminal
       prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to appear and defend in person and
       by counsel ***.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. “Both the United States and Illinois
       Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the right to effective assistance of
       counsel.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 79; U.S.
       Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8.

¶ 24       The State and appellate court note that where a defendant does not have a
       federal constitutional right to appointed counsel, however, a defendant may have a
       statutory right to appointed counsel pursuant to section 113-3(b) of the Code of
       Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/113-3(b) (West 2014)). 2020 IL App (3d)
       180088, ¶¶ 15-16. The applicability of section 113-3(b) is nonetheless irrelevant
       here, as defendant was not appointed counsel. Instead, defendant retained private
       counsel throughout the entirety of the circuit court criminal proceedings.

¶ 25       Having established the right to counsel necessarily includes the right to
       effective counsel, we turn our attention to whether defendant’s counsel was
       ineffective.

¶ 26       Defendant argues he was denied effective assistance of counsel when counsel
       failed to move to dismiss the charges premised on a speedy-trial violation.
       Defendant asserts a 114-day delay began to accrue when the State filed the
       superseding three-count information on April 6, 2016, and then continued the case
       from September 20, 2016, to December 5, 2016, over defendant’s objection.
       Defendant argues the superseding information was subject to compulsory joinder
       and, thus, the additional 114 days between the original charge and the supplanting
       charges were attributable to the State. Defendant argues the speedy-trial violation
       occurred when the new charges filed on April 6, 2016, plus the State’s
       continuances, exceeded the 160-day speedy-trial period.

¶ 27       The State argues defendant’s claim fails because he cannot satisfy the
       deficiency prong of the Strickland test and any objection premised on a speedy-trial
       violation would have been meritless.

                                              -6-
¶ 28      Whether the objection would have been meritless hinges on whether the
       compulsory-joinder rule applies and, in turn, whether the speedy-trial period
       expired.

¶ 29       The speedy-trial rule requires, in relevant part, “Every person on bail or
       recognizance shall be tried by the court having jurisdiction within 160 days from
       the date defendant demands trial unless delay is occasioned by the defendant ***.”
       725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2014). If the delay is occasioned by the defendant, the
       applicable statutory period is tolled. People v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 327 (2000).

¶ 30       Calculating the 160-day speedy-trial period becomes more complex if
       additional charges are subsequently filed. Under those circumstances, it must be
       determined whether the compulsory-joinder rule applies.

          “ ‘Where new and additional charges arise from the same facts as did the
          original charges and the State had knowledge of these facts at the
          commencement of the prosecution, the time within which trial is to begin on
          the new and additional charges is subject to the same statutory limitation that is
          applied to the original charges.’ ” People v. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d 1, 13 (1998)
          (quoting People v. Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d 241, 248-49 (1981)).

¶ 31       The State directs this court to the Third District’s decision in People v. Kazenko,
       2012 IL App (3d) 110529, ¶ 14, which held the compulsory-joinder rule “does not
       apply to offenses that are charged by a uniform citation and complaint form
       provided for traffic offenses because the compulsory-joinder rule does not apply to
       offenses charged in that manner.” Defendant and the appellate court, however,
       point to and rely upon the Second District’s decision in People v. Thomas, 2014 IL
       App (2d) 130660, which reached the opposite conclusion after criticizing
       Kazenko’s application of the compulsory-joinder rule.

¶ 32       “[W]hen conflicts arise amongst the districts, the circuit court is bound by the
       decisions of the appellate court of the district in which it sits.” Aleckson v. Village
       of Round Lake Park, 176 Ill. 2d 82, 92 (1997). The circuit court of Will County sits
       in the Third District. Thus, the Third District decision in Kazenko controls. In
       conformity with Kazenko, the charges for which defendant sought to apply the
       compulsory-joinder rule were brought by the arresting officer through a uniform
       citation and complaint. Thus, pursuant to the rule announced in Kazenko, the

                                                -7-
       additional 114-day delay was not attributable to the State, and the compulsory-
       joinder rule did not apply. Counsel cannot be considered ineffective for failing to
       make or pursue what would have been a meritless motion or objection. People v.
       Edwards, 195 Ill. 2d 142, 165 (2001). Counsel’s performance, as alleged here,
       could not have been deficient for failing to make an objection where binding
       precedent would have made such an objection meritless and any motion to dismiss
       on speedy-trial grounds premised on the compulsory-joinder rule would have been
       otherwise futile.

¶ 33                                    CONCLUSION

¶ 34        For the foregoing reasons, we find defendant did not receive ineffective
       assistance of counsel when counsel failed to move to dismiss the charges on speedy-
       trial grounds. The judgment of the appellate court is reversed, and we remand the
       cause to the appellate court for further proceedings.

¶ 35      Appellate court judgment reversed and remanded.

¶ 36      CHIEF JUSTICE ANNE M. BURKE, specially concurring:

¶ 37       I agree with the majority that the appellate court judgment must be reversed. I
       cannot join the majority opinion, however, because of serious errors in the
       majority’s analysis and because the opinion fails to address the principal issue
       raised in this appeal. Accordingly, I specially concur.

¶ 38                                   BACKGROUND

¶ 39       Defendant was involved in a vehicular accident on November 25, 2015, and the
       responding police officer charged defendant by uniform citation with misdemeanor
       driving while under the influence (DUI) under section 11-501(a)(4) of the Illinois
       Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(4)) (West 2014). That provision makes it
       unlawful to drive under the influence of any drug other than alcohol or combination
       of drugs to a degree that renders the person incapable of safely driving. Defendant
       was transported to the hospital, where he voluntarily submitted to a blood test. He

                                              -8-
       was later released on bond. On December 1, 2015, the police officer filed the
       uniform citation with the circuit court, and defendant filed a demand for speedy
       trial on December 14, 2015.

¶ 40       On April 6, 2016, the State charged defendant by superseding information with
       two counts of misdemeanor DUI. Count I charged defendant with driving while
       there was any amount of any of the listed drugs in his breath, blood, or urine under
       section 11-501(a)(6) of the Vehicle Code (id. § 11-501(a)(6)), and count II charged
       him with DUI under section 11-501(a)(4) (id. § 11-501(a)(4)), the same section
       charged in the uniform citation.

¶ 41       With the parties’ agreement, the court continued the matter for a bench trial set
       for May 20, 2016, thereby tolling the speedy-trial clock. Thereafter, with one
       exception—the 72-day period from September 20, 2016, until December 5, 2016,
       when the State was granted a continuance over defendant’s objection to pursue
       additional laboratory testing—all additional continuances were granted by
       agreement until a stipulated bench trial was ultimately held on January 17, 2018.
       At trial, count II was nol-prossed, and defendant was found guilty on count I. A
       disposition of 12 months’ court supervision was entered. The appellate court
       reversed, finding that defense counsel had provided ineffective assistance of
       counsel in failing to raise a speedy-trial argument. 2020 IL App (3d) 180088. This
       appeal followed.

¶ 42                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 43        At issue before this court is whether defense counsel provided ineffective
       assistance for failing to seek dismissal, based on speedy-trial grounds, of the
       misdemeanor charges brought by the State against defendant for driving under the
       influence (DUI). To answer this question, two matters must be resolved: (1) what
       is the standard by which we measure defense counsel’s conduct and (2) whether the
       charges brought by the State’s Attorney are subject to the compulsory-joinder rule
       where, as here, a police officer initially files charges by uniform citation and the
       State’s Attorney later charges additional misdemeanors by superseding information
       or indictment.

                                               -9-
¶ 44                  Standard for Measuring Defense Counsel’s Conduct

¶ 45       As to the first matter, the State first argues, and the appellate court held, that
       because defendant was given a disposition of court supervision and not a term of
       imprisonment, the right to counsel under the sixth amendment (U.S. Const., amend.
       VI) did not attach and, therefore, defendant cannot contend that he received
       ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the sixth amendment. I agree.

¶ 46       More than 40 years ago, in Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), the United
       States Supreme Court held that a defendant charged with a misdemeanor has no
       constitutional right to counsel where no sentence of imprisonment is imposed. In
       so holding, the Court explained that, because the loss of liberty—even for a brief
       period of time—is such a severe sanction, different in kind from fines or the mere
       threat of imprisonment, it is appropriate to adopt actual imprisonment as the line
       defining when the constitutional right to counsel attaches. Id. at 373. Thus, the sixth
       amendment guarantee of the right to counsel—which encompasses both the right
       to appointed counsel and the right to effective counsel—only applies in cases where
       imprisonment is actually imposed. Stated otherwise, under Scott, no person may be
       sentenced to a term of imprisonment if convicted in the absence of effective
       assistance of counsel, unless the right to counsel has been validly waived.
       Accordingly, a defendant may challenge his conviction on appeal on sixth
       amendment grounds only if he was imprisoned. The Scott rule is blackletter law
       and has been recognized and applied by this court. See, e.g., People ex rel. Glasgow
       v. Kinney, 2012 IL 113197.

¶ 47       In this case, defendant received 12 months of supervision. Whether supervision
       is a term of imprisonment within the meaning of Scott was addressed by this court
       in City of Urbana v. Andrew N.B., 211 Ill. 2d 456, 469-70 (2004). In that case, we
       reviewed the consolidated appeals of two minors who had been charged with
       ordinance violations and, after appearing in municipal court without counsel,
       received dispositions of supervision and fines. Noting that the constitutional right
       to counsel is not absolute but, rather, tracks the punishment imposed (id. at 467),
       we held that the minors were not entitled to counsel at their proceedings because
       they received supervision and supervision is not imprisonment (id. at 469). We
       explained that, when supervision is entered, the trial court must defer entering any
       judgment on the charges until the end of the supervision period, at which time, if

                                               - 10 -
       the defendant has successfully complied with all the terms of supervision, the court
       must discharge the defendant and dismiss the charges. Id. at 471; see 730 ILCS 5/5-
       1-21 (West 2014). We likened supervision to a continuance, with a dismissal of the
       charge against the defendant conditioned upon compliance with the terms of release
       set by the court. Andrew N.B., 211 Ill. 2d at 471.

¶ 48       Also, we distinguished supervision from a suspended sentence, which was at
       issue in Alabama v. Shelton, 535 U.S. 654 (2002), stating “[t]he United States
       Supreme Court defined a suspended sentence as ‘a prison term imposed for the
       offense of conviction.’ ” Andrew N.B., 211 Ill. 2d at 472 (quoting Shelton, 535 U.S.
       at 662. We held that the defendants in Andrew N.B., unlike the defendant in Shelton,
       were “not given suspended sentences of imprisonment, but instead court
       supervision. That is, they were not sentenced at all.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 473.

¶ 49       Andrew N.B. establishes that supervision is not imprisonment within the
       meaning of Scott. Accordingly, in this case, the federal constitutional right to
       counsel did not attach, and defendant cannot now contend that he received
       ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the sixth amendment.

¶ 50       Despite the foregoing, the majority holds that defendant can raise a claim of
       ineffective assistance of counsel under the sixth amendment. According to the
       majority, if a defendant is represented by retained counsel, the sixth amendment
       right is triggered, and the defendant may challenge counsel’s effectiveness on
       appeal. This is obviously incorrect. As we stated in Andrew N.B., the constitutional
       right to effective assistance of counsel tracks the punishment imposed. Here,
       defendant’s sixth amendment right to counsel is not dependent on whether he had
       retained counsel but, rather, on whether imprisonment was imposed.

¶ 51        The flaw in the majority’s reasoning is illustrated by Wainwright v. Torna, 455
       U.S. 586 (1982). In that case, the defendant maintained that he had been denied his
       right to the effective assistance of counsel by the failure of his retained counsel to
       file a timely application for writ of certiorari. The Court rejected this contention on
       the basis that there was no sixth amendment right to the assistance of counsel in
       filing the writ and, therefore, respondent could not have been deprived of the
       effective assistance of counsel by his retained counsel’s failure to file a timely
       application. If the retention of counsel triggers the sixth amendment right to
       effective counsel, as the majority holds, the Supreme Court would not have ruled

                                               - 11 -
       as it did in Wainwright. Indeed, if it were true that the retention of counsel triggers
       the sixth amendment right to counsel, then in all instances where there currently is
       no such constitutional right, as in postconviction proceedings (People v. Lander,
       215 Ill. 2d 577, 583 (2005)), the constitutional right would spring into existence
       simply by hiring an attorney.

¶ 52       The majority’s reasoning is not only at odds with long-standing caselaw but
       also results in unreasonable, discriminatory outcomes. Consider the following. Two
       defendants are each convicted of a misdemeanor offense that is punishable only by
       a fine. The first defendant is indigent and is convicted without the assistance of
       counsel. The second can afford to hire an attorney and does so. Under Scott, there
       is no question that the first defendant would have no right to appointed counsel and,
       thus, could not raise a constitutional claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on
       appeal. However, according to the majority, the second defendant could raise such
       a claim. In other words, the majority has concluded that the sixth amendment
       provides greater protection to the wealthy defendant than it does to the indigent
       defendant. Not surprisingly, the majority cites no authority in support of this novel
       conclusion.

¶ 53       As Scott made clear, the sixth amendment right to effective assistance of
       counsel tracks the punishment imposed. This is an objective standard that applies
       equally to all defendants. The majority’s contrary conclusion—that the
       constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel attaches based on the ability
       of the defendant to retain counsel—is a serious and unwarranted departure from
       settled law.

¶ 54       Although defendant had no sixth amendment right to counsel in this case, the
       State concedes that he did have a statutory right to counsel pursuant to section 113-
       3(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/113-3(b) (West
       2014)). That provision states that “[i]n all cases, except where the penalty is a fine
       only, if the court determines that the defendant is indigent and desires counsel, the
       Public Defender shall be appointed as counsel.” Id.

¶ 55       The majority, however, rejects the State’s concession, finding that section 113-
       3(b) is inapplicable because “defendant was not appointed counsel.” Supra ¶ 24. I
       disagree.

                                               - 12 -
¶ 56        Section 113-3(b) provides for the appointment of counsel “[i]n all cases, except
       where the penalty is a fine only.” 725 ILCS 5/113-3(b) (West 2014). By so
       providing, the legislature is necessarily stating that there is a right to counsel since
       the appointment of counsel can only be required if the right to counsel exists in the
       first place. In section 113-3(b) the legislature has extended the right to assistance
       of counsel beyond the Scott rule. This is so regardless of whether counsel is retained
       or appointed. The majority reaches the opposite conclusion, holding that section
       113-3(b) is inapplicable here because defendant has hired his own attorney. Thus,
       the majority is denying defendant the statutory right to assistance of counsel for
       having exercised his right to retain counsel. This clearly is not what the legislature
       intended.

¶ 57      I would conclude that defendant was statutorily entitled to the assistance of
       counsel under section 113-3(b). However, what precise level of assistance is
       required under the statute we need not decide. As the State correctly contends,
       under any standard for defining attorney effectiveness, defendant cannot prevail
       because the compulsory-joinder rule does not apply in this case.

¶ 58                                    Compulsory Joinder

¶ 59       The appellate court in this case held that the superseding information filed by
       the State’s Attorney on April 6, 2016, was subject to compulsory joinder with the
       charges brought by the police officer via uniform citation and complaint. As a
       result, the court held that the 114 days between defendant’s speedy-trial demand
       and the filing of the superseding information were attributable to the State.
       Combining those 114 days with the 72 days when the State was granted a
       continuance over defendant’s objection meant that the 160-day speedy-trial period
       had expired by the time that defendant’s stipulated bench trial was held on January
       17, 2018. Accordingly, the appellate court held that defense counsel was ineffective
       for failing to seek dismissal on speedy-trial grounds. This is incorrect.

¶ 60      The compulsory-joinder statute (720 ILCS 5/3-3(b) (West 2016)) provides:

          “If the several offenses are known to the proper prosecuting officer at the time
          of commencing the prosecution and are within the jurisdiction of a single court,

                                                - 13 -
          they must be prosecuted in a single prosecution *** if they are based on the
          same act.”

       We interpreted this provision in People v. Jackson, 118 Ill. 2d 179, 192-93 (1987),
       abrogated on other grounds by People v. Stefan, 146 Ill. 2d 324, 336 (1992). We
       said in Jackson, 118 Ill. 2d at 192, “We hold today that the compulsory-joinder
       provisions of section 3-3 do not apply to offenses that have been charged by the use
       of a uniform citation and complaint form provided for traffic offenses.” In so
       holding, we explained that the language of the compulsory-joinder statute requires
       joinder of offenses only if “the several offenses are known to the proper prosecuting
       officer at the time of the commencement of the prosecution.” Id. at 192-193. The
       proper prosecuting officer, we concluded, was “the State’s Attorney who has the
       responsibility to commence and prosecute all actions in which the people of the
       State or the county may be concerned.” Id. at 193. Since the joinder statute
       contemplates active involvement by the proper prosecuting officer at the
       commencement of the prosecution (id.) and the State’s Attorney would not
       generally be an active participant at the time when charges are filed by a police
       officer by means of a uniform citation and complaint form, we concluded that
       compulsory joinder did not apply to offenses brought by uniform citation.

¶ 61       In People v. Kazenko, 2012 IL App (3d) 110529, under facts identical to those
       in the case now before us, the Third District of our appellate court applied the
       reasoning in Jackson and held that the misdemeanor DUI charges brought by the
       State’s Attorney by superseding information were not subject to compulsory
       joinder with the misdemeanor DUI charges brought by the police officer via
       uniform citation and complaint. Subsequently, the Second District, in People v.
       Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 130660, rejected the judgment in Kazenko and held that
       subsequent charges brought by the State were not subject to compulsory joinder
       only if the State’s charges were for felonies, which could not have been charged by
       uniform citation. Thus, a conflict arose between the two districts. In the present
       case, the Third District appellate court departed from precedent by rejecting
       Kazenko and adopting the reasoning in Thomas, thereby creating a split within the
       Third District itself.

¶ 62       The majority acknowledges that a conflict exists on whether compulsory
       joinder applies to charges brought by uniform citation. However, the majority does

                                              - 14 -
       not even attempt to resolve this conflict. Instead, the majority simply holds that,
       because the present case was tried in the Third District, Kazenko stood as the
       controlling law when defendant’s trial took place. Based on this governing
       precedent, there was no compulsory joinder and, thus, no speedy-trial violation.
       Therefore, defense counsel was not deficient, and the ineffective assistance claim
       fails.

¶ 63       By disposing of defendant’s ineffective assistance claim in this way, the
       majority merely decides the case before us, based on the specific factual
       circumstances present here. It avoids the overarching compulsory-joinder issue,
       even though resolution of the conflict between Kazenko and Thomas regarding the
       application of the compulsory-joinder rule was the sole reason for our acceptance
       of the petition for leave to appeal in this case. The majority provides no explanation
       for its failure to decide this dispute. The issue is squarely before us and was fully
       briefed by the parties, and there is no jurisdictional bar or impediment that would
       foreclose our ability to rule. By avoiding the issue, the majority fails to fulfill its
       obligation to settle the law where a conflict divides our appellate districts and
       neglects its duty to provide guidance to the bench and bar on an issue that is certain
       to recur.

¶ 64       I would resolve the conflict and hold, as the court did in Kazenko, that the
       compulsory-joinder rule does not apply to offenses that were initially charged by a
       uniform citation and complaint. In my view, our decision in Jackson clearly and
       unequivocally holds that the compulsory-joinder rule does not apply to offenses
       that have been charged by the use of a uniform citation and complaint. Our analysis
       in Jackson was sound. It makes no sense to limit the State’s Attorney’s prosecuting
       authority by requiring compulsory joinder with charges that were brought by a
       police officer and were unknown to the State’s Attorney when prosecution on the
       citation was commenced. To be sure, in Jackson, the charge filed by uniform
       citation was misdemeanor DUI, and the charge brought by the State’s Attorney was
       reckless homicide, a felony, which could not have been brought by uniform citation.
       However, that was not the basis for our holding that compulsory joinder did not
       apply. Rather, the critical point was that a State’s Attorney—the proper prosecuting
       officer—is not an active participant in the issuance of the uniform citation. That
       point remains true regardless of whether the charges brought by the State’s
       Attorney include a felony or not. Consequently, I would find that the appellate court

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       erred when it ruled in this case that compulsory joinder applied to the charges
       brought by uniform citation.

¶ 65       Having determined that the compulsory-joinder rule does not apply to the DUI
       charges brought by the State in its superseding information, I would further find
       that the speedy-trial clock began to run on April 6, 2016, when the superseding
       information was filed, and that the only delay attributable to the State is the 72 days
       from September 20, 2016, until December 5, 2016, when the State was granted a
       continuance over defendant’s objection. Because the speedy-trial period had not
       expired prior to defendant’s trial, defense counsel could not have been ineffective
       for failing to seek dismissal on speedy-trial grounds.

¶ 66                                      CONCLUSION

¶ 67       The majority commits three serious errors. First, the majority fundamentally
       alters sixth amendment law, holding that the right to effective assistance of counsel
       is triggered by a defendant’s decision to retain counsel rather than whether the
       defendant was actually imprisoned. Second, the majority incorrectly holds that
       section 133-3(b) applies only to appointed counsel, thereby depriving defendants
       who retain counsel of their statutory right to effective assistance. Third, the majority
       improperly declines to address the compulsory-joinder issue, thus leaving in place
       a split of authority in our appellate court on a matter that is certain to recur.

¶ 68       Like the majority, I would reverse the appellate court judgment and remand the
       cause to that court for further proceedings. However, for the reasons stated above,
       I cannot join the majority opinion and, therefore, specially concur.

¶ 69      JUSTICE NEVILLE joins in this special concurrence.

¶ 70      JUSTICE CARTER took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

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