Court Opinion

ID: 4686898
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-14 14:08:22.280799+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:37.040463
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MAY 7, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                 Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals
                               NO. 2020-CA-0405-MR

VIVIAN HILL                                                            APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
v.                HONORABLE THOMAS L. TRAVIS, JUDGE
                         ACTION NO. 17-CI-03411

CHI KENTUCKY, INC.; AND                                                APPELLEES
CATHOLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

ACREE, JUDGE: Vivian Hill appeals the Fayette Circuit Court’s February 4,

2020 order granting CHI Kentucky, Inc.’s (CHI) motion in limine and the February

28, 2020 trial verdict and judgment. She alleges the trial court erred by: (1)

excluding a photograph from evidence; and (2) erroneously instructing the jury.

Finding no error, we affirm.
                                  BACKGROUND

              On October 27, 2016, Hill accompanied her daughter to a medical

appointment at CHI. When Hill entered the building’s foyer, she tripped and fell.

According to Hill, a “puckered” or “wrinkled” edge of a floor mat caused her fall.

She brought a premises liability action against CHI claiming the mat was a

hazardous condition CHI had a duty to eliminate or warn against.

              During discovery, CHI produced three photographs of the foyer.

Photo #1 was of poor quality. Hill alleged the photo showed the wrinkle she said

caused her fall. Photos #2 and #3 were better quality but showed the mat was flat

to the floor; Hill alleged these photos showed the mat had been modified or

straightened after her fall. However, there is no testimony or other evidence that

any of the photos accurately reflected the condition of the mat at the time of Hill’s

fall. CHI filed a pre-trial motion in limine to exclude the use of the photographs

because they lacked the proper foundation or authentication.

              At the time of the pretrial conference, both parties acknowledged the

photos lacked authentication. The trial court reviewed the photographs and found

as follows:

              The Court was presented with 3 color pictures of
              commercial floor mats in place in vicinity of the Plaintiffs
              [sic] fall, which it marked as #1, #2, #3 which are attached
              to this order and placed in the record. The Court
              understands there [sic] were produced by the Defendant in
              discovery, yet there seems to be some uncertainty as to

                                          -2-
             when, why and by whom they were taken. The original
             digital images are unavailable.

             Photo #1 is inadmissible, therefore the Defendant’s
             motion to exclude is SUSTAINED. This photo is of poor
             quality making it unreliable. The prejudicial effect of
             admitting this photograph outweighs any probative value
             it may have had.

             Photos #2 and #3 may be admissible, dependent upon
             a showing of relevance and a proper foundation being
             made. Defendant’s motion to exclude is OVERRULED
             at this time. These photos shall not be shown or
             published to the jury until they are admitted into evidence
             at trial.

(Trial Record (T.R.) at 515). Hill moved the trial court to reconsider its ruling, but

the motion was denied.

             The trial spanned two days. Hill’s counsel, despite the trial court’s

prior ruling excluding Photo #1, attempted to have two witnesses authenticate it.

(Video Record (V.R.) 2/11/20; 1:26:11-1:31:38; 2/11/2020; 1:14:20-1:18:19.)

Neither witness could do so and Hill’s counsel did not pursue introduction of Photo

#1 further. Counsel made no attempt to introduce Photo #2 or Photo #3 at trial.

             At the close of evidence, the trial court presented its draft jury

instructions to counsel for both parties, and both parties submitted proposed jury

instructions to the court. Hill’s wanted language from §24.04 of Palmore’s

Kentucky Instructions to Juries to be included regarding the duty and breach

                                          -3-
elements. After considering counsel’s arguments, the trial court used language

reflecting that found in Palmore’s §24.03, §24.04, and §24.07.

             After jury deliberations, the jury returned a verdict in favor of CHI.

This appeal followed.

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

             We review decisions to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of

discretion standard. Clephas v. Garlock, Inc., 168 S.W.3d 389, 393 (Ky. App.

2004). “The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial judge’s decision was

arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.”

Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999) (citations omitted).

The test is not whether an appellate court would have decided the matter

differently, but whether the trial court’s rulings were clearly erroneous or

constituted an abuse of discretion. Cherry v. Cherry, 634 S.W.2d 423, 425 (Ky.

1982). Reversal is only warranted if the error, unless corrected, would prejudice

the substantial rights of a party. Davis v. Fischer Single Family Homes, Ltd., 231

S.W.3d 767, 776 (Ky. App. 2007). A substantial possibility that the jury verdict

would have been different had the excluded evidence been allowed to be presented

                                         -4-
must exist. Crane v. Commonwealth, 726 S.W.2d 302, 307 (Ky. 1987); CR1 61.01,

KRE2 103.

                Alleged errors in jury instructions are considered questions of law

examined under a de novo standard of review. Hamilton v. CSX Transp., Inc., 208

S.W.3d 272, 275 (Ky. App. 2006).

                                         ANALYSIS

Photograph #1

                Hill contends the trial court abused its discretion by excluding Photo

#1. Only that photograph’s admissibility is under review. The order in limine says

the prejudicial effect of admitting that photograph substantially outweighed its

probative value and, therefore, it was disallowed under KRE 403. But, at trial,

before a trial court reaches the question raised by KRE 403, there are preliminary

hurdles to clear.

                First, the photograph shall be properly authenticated. “An
                authentic photograph is one that constitutes a fair and
                accurate representation of what it purports to depict.”
                Thus, “the photograph must . . . be verified testimonially
                as a fair and accurate portrayal of [what] it is supposed to
                represent.” Second, the photograph must be relevant by
                having a tendency to make the existence of any fact that is
                of consequence to the determination of the action more
                probable or less probable than it would be without the
                photograph. “[I]f the fact to be evidenced by the

1
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
2
    Kentucky Rules of Evidence.

                                            -5-
             photograph is itself not admissible, obviously it cannot be
             proved by photograph or otherwise.” Third, the trial court
             must determine that the photograph’s probative value is
             not “substantially outweighed by the danger of undue
             prejudice, confusion of the issues or misleading the jury,
             . . . or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

Gorman v. Hunt, 19 S.W.3d 662, 668-69 (Ky. 2000) (citations omitted).

             The order in limine approached the admissibility question by noting

the “uncertainty as to when, why and by whom” all three photographs then in

question were taken. The order in limine presumes Hill would be able to

authenticate the photographs at trial. Even with that presumption in Hill’s favor,

the trial court concluded KRE 403 would prevent its use at trial. With that pretrial

context in mind, we pause to address the purpose of orders in limine.

             Orders in limine are pretrial procedural devices that facilitate

management of a case, generally by addressing difficult evidentiary issues in

advance of trial. 75 AM. JUR. 2D Trial § 37. They are interlocutory only and

subject to change during trial. Id. No doubt, that is why Hill sought to admit

Photo#1 despite the interlocutory ruling against its admissibility.

             At trial, counsel’s foundational task was to authenticate the

photographs. Hall v. Commonwealth, 468 S.W.3d 814, 831 (Ky. 2015)

(“Authentication is a foundational requirement or condition precedent to

admissibility.”). “The burden on the proponent of authentication is slight; only a

prima facie showing . . . is required.” Sanders v. Commonwealth, 301 S.W.3d 497,

                                         -6-
501 (Ky. 2010). “[A]uthentication . . . is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support

a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” KRE 901(a).

              Not improperly, but implicitly, Hill challenged the interlocutory ruling

that Photo #1 was inadmissible by questioning both Nurse Manager Joan Morrin

and Hospital Administrator Denise Hundley about all three photographs. CHI did

not object.

              The testimony elicited from Morrin did not help Hill in authenticating

Photo #1. She acknowledged the photograph depicted a place with which she was

familiar – the lobby of her place of work. But she could not testify whether the

photograph was taken contemporaneously with Hill’s fall, or that it depicted the

condition of the lobby or the mat at that time. Nor could Hill’s counsel

demonstrate that Morrin took the photo. Even after allowing Morrin to look at her

cell phone, Hill’s counsel apparently concluded she did not have the pictures on

her device and ended his questioning without urging admission of the photos.

(V.R. 2/11/2020 1:14:20-1:18:19.)

              Hill’s counsel then questioned the hospital administrator, Denise

Hundley, about Photo #1 which was on a single piece of paper that also included

another photograph. She recognized it as the same photograph counsel had shown

her at her deposition but did not know who took the photograph. She answered

affirmatively when asked whether the photograph “accurately, and fairly,

                                         -7-
depict[ed] the area, where . . . Hill fell, the person fell that you helped up?” That

prompted Hill’s counsel to ask that the photograph be marked as a plaintiff’s

exhibit and then passed the witness.

             On cross-examination, Hundley clarified that she had been focused on

assisting Hill and could not recall taking notice of the condition of the lobby mats.

When asked whether she could testify that “either of those pictures accurately

represent the condition of that foyer either before or after Ms. Hill’s fall,” she said,

“I can’t.” (V.R. 2/11/2020 1:26:11-1:31:36.)

             We do not know whether the trial court would have accepted this or

any other testimony as sufficient authentication because Hill’s counsel never

moved the court to admit any of the photographs. To some degree at least, this

renders moot Hill’s argument that the trial court erred at the pretrial by disallowing

the evidence on KRE 403 grounds. Hill failed to present the trial court an

opportunity to rule on KRE 901(a) grounds.

             However, Hill’s efforts at trial regarding Photo #1 eliminated any

doubt whether the possible danger of undue prejudice, confusion, or misleading the

jury substantially outweighed the photograph’s probative value. To be probative,

there must be proof the evidence “is what its proponent claims.” KRE 901(a). Hill

claims Photo #1 depicts the condition of the mat when she fell. But there was no

                                          -8-
“[t]estimony that [Photo #1] is what it is claimed to be.” KRE 901(b)(1). Without

such testimony, there is no probative value to the photograph.

             Obviously, then, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion

when it ruled Photo #1 inadmissible on KRE 403 grounds.

Jury Instructions

             “[T]he general rule for the content of jury instructions on negligence

is that they should be couched in terms of duty. They should not contain an

abundance of detail, but should provide only the bare bones of the question for jury

determination.” Rogers v. Kasdan, 612 S.W.2d 133, 136 (Ky. 1981).

             In premise liability cases, a plaintiff must prove negligence on the part

of the defendant. “[A] landowner has a general duty to maintain the premises in a

reasonably safe manner; and the scope of that duty is outlined according to the

status of the plaintiff.” Smith v. Smith, 563 S.W.3d 14, 16 (Ky. 2018) (quoting

Shelton Kentucky Easter Seals Soc’y, Inc., 413 S.W.3d 901, 909 n.28) (Ky. 2013)).

So, the first step in resolving a premises liability case is to determine the plaintiff’s

status.

             In this case, there was no dispute Hill was an invitee. The question,

then, is whether the instruction properly stated CHI’s duty to Hill as an invitee.

             The instruction stated:

                                           -9-
                               INSTRUCTION NO. 2

              It was the duty of Defendant CHI Kentucky, Inc. and its
              employees to exercise ordinary care to maintain it [sic]
              premises in a reasonably safe condition for visitors,
              including Plaintiff Vivian Hill.

              You will find for the Plaintiff, Vivian Hill, if you are
              satisfied from the evidence that:

              A. Due to the manner in which Defendant CHI Kentucky,
                 Inc. maintained the floor mats in the foyer of its
                 building, its premises were not in a reasonably safe
                 condition for use by visitors including Plaintiff;

              AND

              B. Defendant CHI Kentucky, Inc.’s failure to comply
                 with this duty was a substantial factor in causing
                 Plaintiff Vivian Hill’s injuries.

              Otherwise you will find for the Defendant.

              Even though you might otherwise find for the Plaintiff
              under Instruction No. 2, you will nevertheless find for
              Defendant if you are further satisfied from the evidence
              that Defendant’s employees neither knew of, nor in the
              exercise of ordinary care, should have discovered the
              presence of the alleged hazard in sufficient time to remove
              it or warn Plaintiff before her fall.

(T.R. 581.)

              As noted earlier, this instruction was derived from Palmore’s

Instructions to Juries §24.03, §24.04, and §24.07. It accurately states CHI owed a

duty to maintain the premises in a safe condition. Significantly, there is no

evidence CHI created a hazardous condition in the first place by the manner in

                                         -10-
which it placed the mats or had them placed. As Hill points out, the evidence was

that the mats tended to pucker when other invitees walk on them.3 (Appellant’s

brief, p. 1.) At most, Hill’s evidence “shift[ed] the burden of proving the absence

of negligence, i.e., the exercise of reasonable care, to the party who invited the

injured customer to its business premises” – CHI. Brewster v. Colgate-Palmolive

Co., 279 S.W.3d 142, 149-50 (Ky. 2009) (citation omitted).

              Palmore’s Instruction §24.04 is best suited to cases in which the

evidence establishes the possessor of the property, because it does not include the

second part of the instruction that allows the jury to find for the defendant who has

not created the hazard and, therefore, might not have known, or in the exercise of

ordinary care discovered, the presence of the alleged hazard in sufficient time to

remove it or warn of it. That provision is part of the other two sections of Palmore

relied upon by the trial court, Palmore’s §24.03 and §24.07.

              We conclude the trial court’s instructions were in harmony with the

law. Shelton, 413 S.W.3d at 909 (“possessor of land owes a duty to an invitee to

discover unreasonably dangerous conditions on the land and either eliminate or

warn of them”). “No liability is imposed when the defendant is deemed to have

acted reasonably under the given circumstances.” Id. at 911.

3
  Hill does argue that CHI should have used different business judgment in selecting and placing
the mats, or not placing the mats during sunny weather. We are not persuaded that this is the
equivalent, in this case at least, to CHI’s creation of a hazard.

                                              -11-
                                 CONCLUSION

            For the foregoing reasons, the Fayette Circuit Court’s February 4,

2020 order in limine and the February 28, 2020 trial verdict and judgment are

affirmed.

            ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

Joseph Rugg                              Holly R. Iaccarino
Lexington, Kentucky                      Jeffrey T. Barnett
                                         Lexington, Kentucky

                                       -12-