Court Opinion

ID: 4573031
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-05 17:02:24.677355+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:38.182447
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

                                Before
                  CRISFIELD, GASTON, and STEWART
                       Appellate Military Judges

                        _________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee

                                     v.

                         James A. HALE III
                Staff Sergeant (E-6), U.S. Marine Corps
                               Appellant

                             No. 201600015

                          Decided: 5 October 2020

    Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

                           Military Judges:
                     John L. Ferriter (arraignment)
                   Matthew J. Kent (motions and trial)

 Sentence adjudged 14 November 2018 by a general court-martial con-
 vened at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, consisting of officer and
 enlisted members. Sentence approved by the convening authority: re-
 duction to E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, confinement for 25
 years, and a dishonorable discharge.

                           For Appellant:
           Lieutenant Commander Jeremy J. Wall, JAGC, USN

                              For Appellee:
               Lieutenant Kevin G. Edwards II, JAGC, USN
          Lieutenant Commander Timothy C. Ceder, JAGC, USN

 Senior Judge GASTON delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
 Chief Judge Emeritus CRISFIELD and Judge STEWART joined.
                 United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                             Opinion of the Court

                           _________________________

         This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
              may be cited as persuasive authority under
               NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.

                           _________________________

GASTON, Senior Judge:
    This case is before us a second time. At his first general court-martial,
Appellant was found guilty of various offenses and sentenced to reduction to
E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, confinement for 26 years, and a
dishonorable discharge. On appeal, we held that his trial defense counsel’s
undisclosed conflicts of interest deprived him of the effective assistance of
counsel, and we set aside the findings and sentence and authorized a rehear-
ing. United States v. Hale, 76 M.J. 713 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2017).
    At his second trial, Appellant was found guilty, pursuant to his pleas, of
violation of a lawful general order and wrongful use of an anabolic steroid in
violation of Articles 92 and 112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ],
10 U.S.C. §§ 892, 912a (2012). He was additionally found guilty, contrary to
his pleas, of rape, aggravated assault, adultery, kidnapping, and indecent
language in violation of Articles 120, 128, and 134, UCMJ.
    He now asserts two assignments of error [AOEs]: (1) the military judge
erred by not suppressing evidence obtained from the search of Appellant’s
gym bag and subsequent urinalysis; and (2) the evidence is factually insuffi-
cient to sustain Appellant’s convictions for the offenses to which he pleaded
not guilty. We find no prejudicial error and affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

     While assigned to recruiting duty in Anchorage, Alaska, Appellant be-
came involved with a prostitute, Ms. “Kelly,” 1 whom he met online, texted
and talked with on the phone, and eventually met in person. Ms. Kelly
provided the following testimony at trial. On an afternoon in late-August
2013, Appellant picked her up in his truck and took her to buy illegal drugs—
i.e., painkillers—for him. He then dropped her off, and she used the money

   1All names in this opinion, other than those of the judges and counsel, are pseu-
donyms.

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

she gained during the transaction to purchase and use crack cocaine. He
picked her up again later that night and gave her money to buy more pain-
killers for him, but this time he was unhappy with the pills she brought back.
When the dealer she bought them from was unwilling to provide a refund,
Appellant became angry, pulled a black handgun out of the center-console
area of his truck, pointed it at Ms. Kelly, and drove to a secluded area, where
he had her empty her pockets and take her clothes off and forced her to
perform oral sex on him. He then placed the gun on the dashboard and
vaginally raped her across the front seats of his truck with her head toward
the passenger door, such that she could feel the seatbelt buckler scraping
against her lower back. After he ejaculated, he had her put her clothes back
on, put her out of the truck, said something to the effect of “Welcome to the
HIV world, whore,” and then drove off, keeping her phone and identification.
    Ms. Kelly ran to a nearby house, where, crying and disoriented, she told
the residents she had been attacked by a sex client who hit her on the head
with a gun, took her money and phone, and shoved her out of his vehicle.
While she did not say she was raped or forced to have sex, she said he told
her he had AIDS when he was penetrating her. The residents of the house
helped her get a taxicab back to the women’s shelter where she had been
living for over two years, having had her stay extended longer than the usual
resident’s. Once there, she appeared visibly shaken as she reported to a staff
member that she had been assaulted and raped. The staff member encour-
aged her to call the police.
   The following day, Ms. Kelly reported what happened to the Anchorage
Police Department [APD], describing Appellant as a “buff” Marine named
“Jay” with whom she had texted and talked on the phone before meeting in
person. An admitted prostitute and drug user, Ms. Kelly testified at trial that
she did not call the police immediately after the assault because they had not
been helpful to her in the past. Not wanting to get herself in trouble, she did
not initially mention the drug transactions in her account of Appellant
kidnapping and raping her at gunpoint, which was otherwise substantially
consistent with how she later testified at trial. After her police interview, she
underwent a sexual assault forensic examination [SAFE], which noted no
vaginal injuries but did document and photograph scratch marks on the
lower left side of her back that were consistent with being scraped by a
seatbelt buckler. Swabs collected from her vagina and cervix later tested
positive for semen that was a match for Appellant’s DNA.
   A month later, the APD identified Appellant through phone records and
surveillance video from a store Ms. Kelly had visited with him, and appre-
hended him at a local gym. Before leaving the gym, Appellant notified the
arresting officers about a gym bag he had placed in one of the gym lockers.

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

He requested that the officers access the bag and get his truck keys, so that
the door locks to his truck would not be damaged when it was towed to the
APD station. One of the officers retrieved the gym bag, got the truck keys out
of it, and put it in the trunk of his patrol car without further searching it.
Appellant was then taken to the APD station, where he was turned over to a
police detective along with his truck keys, phone, and gym bag.
    During his interrogation, after waiving his rights, Appellant gave the fol-
lowing account to the APD detective. He got in touch with Ms. Kelly through
an online site listing her as a prostitute, and they texted a few times and
talked on the phone. When they eventually agreed to meet in person for sex,
he picked her up in his truck and gave her the money, but she started talking
about drugs and then said she was too busy to have sex and would have to
meet him later, so he dropped her off. He picked her up again later that
night, and she directed him to a location where they had sexual intercourse
across the front seats of his truck. As they were getting ready to have sex, he
pulled a loaded .40-caliber Beretta handgun out from between the front seats
and moved it to the dashboard to get it out of the way. He did not point the
gun at Ms. Kelly, threaten her with it, or force her to have sex, and had never
pointed a weapon at anybody or done anything like that. When he ejaculated
during intercourse, his condom broke, which upset Ms. Kelly and she tried to
increase her fee. When he refused to pay her more money, she threatened to
tell everyone at his recruiting office about what happened. At that point he
told her to get out of his truck, drove off, and later threw her belongings out
the window. Appellant stated that he occasionally used painkillers that were
prescribed to him and previously used certain steroids before they became
illegal, but not during his time in the Marine Corps.
    After Appellant’s interrogation, the APD detective immediately went and
obtained warrants from a local magistrate to search Appellant’s cellular
phone (for text messages and other evidence pertaining to Ms. Kelly), person
(for his DNA and truck keys), and truck (for the gun, Ms. Kelly’s belongings,
and evidence of sexual intercourse). The detective did not obtain a warrant to
search Appellant’s gym bag. When the detective returned to the interrogation
room, Appellant told him the cell phone he had used to communicate with
Ms. Kelly was at his apartment. The detective then said he would need to get
the phone from Appellant’s apartment and offered to give Appellant a ride
there to retrieve the phone, which Appellant accepted.
    The detective then returned Appellant’s gym bag to him. But because Ap-
pellant would be (a) waiting in the lobby until they left the police station and
(b) riding in the detective’s car—with access to the gym bag—while on the
way to Appellant’s apartment, for officer safety the detective searched the
bag to check for guns or other weapons. As the detective was searching the

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

bag for weapons, he came across a depressed syringe, a needle, and an empty
drug-tablet “blister” packet. The detective did not seize these items, but
photographed them as he believed they might be evidence of a crime under
military law. He then returned the gym bag to Appellant and went to Appel-
lant’s truck, where he retrieved Appellant’s apartment keys and found a
loaded, black, .40-caliber Beretta handgun tucked between the front seats
beneath the center console.
    Appellant’s command was notified of the APD investigation, including
what was found in Appellant’s gym bag. Based on this information and his
own observations of Appellant’s rapid gain of muscle mass during the preced-
ing weeks, Appellant’s commander found probable cause to order Appellant to
undergo urinalysis. Appellant’s urine sample tested positive for a metabolite
of an anabolic steroid called Boldenone, a Schedule III controlled substance.
See 21 U.S.C. § 812 (2012). Designed to help the body build muscle mass,
Boldenone is formulated so that if injected into a large muscle group, it is
gradually released into the body and can remain at a detectable level for as
long as two to three months. The drug-tablet blister packet found in Appel-
lant’s bag was labelled clomiphene citrate, a substance bodybuilders use to
kick start the body’s natural production of testosterone after completion of a
steroid cycle.
    Upon referral of charges, the Government moved for an admissibility rul-
ing regarding the evidence obtained from the gym bag and the urinalysis,
which the Defense opposed. The military judge ruled admissible both the
evidence obtained during the search of the gym bag and the derivative
urinalysis evidence. Upon receiving this ruling, Appellant pleaded guilty
unconditionally to wrongfully using Boldenone between 1 April and 1 October
2013. During providency, he admitted using a syringe to inject himself
intramuscularly with the steroid three times during this period at his apart-
ment in Anchorage, Alaska, in order to increase his appetite and help him
gain weight.
    The Government introduced the evidence obtained from Appellant’s gym
bag and subsequent urinalysis in its case-in-chief on the offenses to which
Appellant pleaded not guilty. The Government used the evidence as proof of
motive under Military Rule of Evidence 404(b) to support its theory that
Appellant was experiencing “roid rage” during the kidnapping, assault, and
rape of Ms. Kelly. Government experts testified to how Boldenone and clomi-
phene citrate work and opined that steroid use is known to cause irritability,
verbal and physical aggressiveness, and increased sex drive, which can lead
to an increased risk of sexually violent behavior.
   The Government also introduced other evidence of Appellant’s prior drug
use and assaultive conduct. Appellant’s first wife testified that in 2003, after

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

she rebuffed his sexual advances, he forcibly raped her anally. She also
testified that in 2004, after accusing her of infidelity, he pointed an unloaded
gun at her, pulled the trigger, and later strangled her and threatened to kill
their daughter if she took her from him. Appellant’s ex-fiancée testified that
during their relationship (2006-2012) she observed him using painkillers that
he had obtained without a prescription; that she saw him with vials of what
he identified to be steroids; that he talked about using the steroids to help
him build muscle mass; and that when she visited him in Alaska in May 2013
(three months before Ms. Kelly reported being raped by Appellant), she found
a used syringe in a garbage can in his apartment.
    At trial, Appellant testified in own defense as follows. He sent not just a
few, but upwards of a hundred text messages to Ms. Kelly in which they
discussed various topics, including her prostitution services. When they
eventually met to have sex, she brought up the subject of drugs, but he did
not have her buy any drugs for him. He paid her $40.00 for oral sex as they
had agreed, and she had him drive her to a location where she disappeared
around the corner of a building. After 15-20 minutes she returned happier
and more upbeat. He then told her he did not have time and had somewhere
else to be. She said she no longer had the money Appellant had given her, but
that they could meet later that night to finish their “date.” When he picked
her up later that night, she convinced him to pay an additional $20.00 for
vaginal sex, then had him take her to meet someone, after which she came
back to the truck bubbly as before. She then had him drive to a secluded
parking lot, where she pulled out a condom, put it on him, and they began
having sex. She hit her wrist on the loaded handgun that he kept in “condi-
tion one” 2 between his truck’s front seat and center console, so he put it up on
the dashboard. They had sex in multiple sexual positions due to the confines
of the truck’s front seat area, and the condom she gave him was too small and
broke during ejaculation. This upset her, and she wanted him to pay an
additional $50.00, which he refused to do. They argued about the fee increase
until she finally said to forget it and just take her home. Instead, he told her
to get out of the truck and drove off. He later noticed her phone and identifi-
cation cards in the truck, and threw them out the window.
    Appellant also testified to being HIV-negative; to having unlawfully used
painkillers without a prescription; and to lying to the APD detective when he
said he had only used steroids while out of the Marine Corps.

   2A handgun in “condition one” has a round in the chamber and can be fired im-
mediately.

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                 United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                             Opinion of the Court

   In response to Ms. Kelly’s testimony about her cocaine use, a Defense ex-
pert testified that cocaine users experience euphoria while using the drug
and when they come down from this high, become frantic and paranoid. The
expert also challenged the scientific foundation of the Government expert’s
opinion that steroids like Boldenone cause users to be at increased risk for
sexual violence.

                                II. DISCUSSION

A. Suppression Motion
    Appellant asserts the military judge erred in failing to suppress the evi-
dence obtained from the gym bag and the derivative urinalysis. We review
such rulings by the trial court for an abuse of discretion. United States v.
Baker, 70 M.J. 283, 287 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omitted). “The abuse of
discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere difference of
opinion. The challenged action must be arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreason-
able, or clearly erroneous.” United States v. Lloyd, 69 M.J. 95, 99 (C.A.A.F.
2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

   1. Waiver
    As an initial matter, the Government argues Appellant waived the sup-
pression issue when he pleaded guilty unconditionally to wrongful use of
Boldenone. “Whether an appellant has waived an issue is a legal question
that this Court reviews de novo. Waiver is different from forfeiture. Whereas
forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the
intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” United States
v. Davis, 79 M.J. 329, 331 (C.A.A.F. 2020) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted).
    “[An unconditional] plea of guilty to an offense that results in a finding of
guilty waives all issues under the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of
the United States and Mil. R. Evid. 311-317 with respect to the offense,
whether or not raised prior to plea.” Mil. R. Evid. 311(e) (emphasis added);
see also R.C.M. 910(j) (“Except as provided in [the rule relating to conditional
pleas], 3 a plea of guilty which results in a finding of guilty waives any objec-

   3  Conditional pleas are those into which an accused may enter “[w]ith the ap-
proval of the military judge and the consent of the Government . . . reserving the
right, on further review or appeal, to review of the adverse determination of any
specified pretrial motion. If the accused prevails on further review or appeal, the
accused shall be allowed to withdraw the plea of guilty.” R.C.M. 910(a)(2).

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

tion, whether or not previously raised, insofar as the objection relates to the
factual issue of guilt of the offense(s) to which the plea was made.”) (emphasis
added). On the face of the rule, an unconditional plea of guilty waives any
suppression issues with respect to the offense to which the accused pleads
guilty; however, the rule’s language leaves open the question of whether the
same suppression issues are waived with respect to any offenses to which the
accused pleads not guilty.
    Our superior court has held that this issue “cannot simply be determined
by [an] appellant’s pleas of not guilty” to one or more other offenses. United
States v. Cooper, 32 M.J. 83, 86 (C.A.A.F. 1991). Rather, courts must examine
whether the accused’s guilty plea has “judicially admitted the essential facts”
that the evidence at issue would establish. United States v. Hamil, 35 C.M.R.
82, 83 (C.M.A. 1964). The rationale for this principle is that
       the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure is not
       judicially recognized as a mere abstract principle, but is vindi-
       cated by keeping out of evidence the results of the search or
       seizure. If a fact is judicially admitted by the accused, no legal
       or practical purpose can be served by reviewing the propriety of
       the search which produced some evidence of the conceded fact.
Id. Thus, in this regard, “[a] voluntary and informed plea of guilty does not
necessarily preclude appellate review of the denial of the constitutionally
protected right of an accused.” Id.
    The examination for judicial admission essentially looks at whether “the
defense [did or] did not act in a way which preserved appellant’s Fourth
Amendment claim.” Cooper, 32 M.J. at 86. In Cooper, after the military judge
denied a motion to suppress certain seized evidence connecting the victim
and his vehicle to the crime scene, the appellant pleaded guilty uncondition-
ally to adultery, but not guilty to rape. Id. at 84-85. The government admitted
a laboratory report derived from the seized evidence in its case-in-chief to
prove the victim’s presence in the appellant’s car, which was corroborated by
other evidence not subject to the suppression motion. The appellant then
elected to defend himself on grounds of consent, requested the members be
informed of his guilty plea to adultery prior to the contested trial, stipulated
he had sex with the victim in his car during the incident in question (contrary
to his pretrial statements denying that the victim was ever in his car at the
crime scene), and testified that the sex they had was consensual. The appel-
lant was convicted of rape, after which the military judge set aside the
adultery conviction as a lesser-included offense. On appeal, the court held
that Cooper’s plea of not guilty to rape did not preserve the suppression issue,
in part because his “plea [to adultery] and the ensuing finding of guilty were
to a lesser-included offense of the rape charge and extended to admission of

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

the precise element of proof for which the seized items were offered.” Id. at
85.
    In addition to considering facts established by an accused’s guilty plea,
the examination for judicial admission also looks at “inferences to be drawn
from his own freely given testimony concerning the fruits of the searches.”
United States v. Woodruff, 29 C.M.R. 84, 86 (C.M.A. 1960). In Woodruff, the
appellant, suspected of barracks theft, was asked to identify his baggage at a
train depot without being advised of his rights under Article 31, UCMJ. His
bag was then searched and found to contain two stolen cameras. After his
motion to suppress the search was denied, he pleaded not guilty to larceny.
At trial, he took the stand in his own defense and testified he had no idea
how the cameras got into his bag and that he must have put them there by
mistake. Because the appellant’s testimony conceded that the stolen cameras
were found in his bag, the court concluded that any error in the suppression
ruling—which was focused precisely on the issue of whether the evidence was
lawfully obtained from his bag—was “overcome by the accused’s later judicial
declarations.” Id. at 86.
    Here, the Article 112a offense to which Appellant pleaded guilty is not a
lesser-included offense that effectively established an element of a contested
offense. Rather, it is a completely different offense that was connected to the
Appellant’s contested trial only by the Government’s use of the related
evidence as proof of motive for the contested offenses. Unlike the appellant in
Cooper, Appellant did not affirmatively incorporate the steroid evidence into
his defense or in-court testimony. He did not request that the members be
informed of his guilty plea prior to trial or otherwise seek to explain or
expound upon his wrongful use of Boldenone. His defense was simply di-
rected at confronting the Government’s evidence on the contested offenses,
including attacking the scientific foundation of the Government expert’s
testimony about “roid rage.”
    Nor did Appellant concede during his trial testimony that the drug-
related evidence was found in his gym bag, such that we may conclude he
judicially admitted possessing or using the items found therein. Unlike the
appellant’s testimony in Woodruff, Appellant’s direct testimony was limited
to addressing the Government’s evidence on the contested offenses, maintain-
ing they did not happen, as opposed to offering an explanation for the evi-
dence obtained during the contested search. Only during cross-examination
did Appellant admit that he lied to the APD detective about not using ster-
oids while on active duty, which we find insufficient to constitute a judicial
admission as to the contested offenses. See United States v. Pruitt, 30 C.M.R.
322, 331 (C.M.A. 1961) (Ferguson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in
part) (where an accused’s direct testimony is properly limited to confronting a

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                  United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                              Opinion of the Court

particular charge, the rule regarding judicial admission / confession applies
only that charge).
    We conclude that Appellant’s unconditional guilty plea to wrongful use of
Boldenone waived any and all suppression issues only with respect to that
offense. It did not waive such issues with respect to the evidence’s use under
Military Rule of Evidence 404(b) as proof of motive for his commission of the
other offenses that he pleaded not guilty to and contested at trial.

   2. Search Incident to Apprehension
    Accordingly, we move to the substance of Appellant’s AOE regarding the
trial court’s suppression ruling. Evidence obtained as a result of an unlawful
search or seizure by a governmental agent is generally inadmissible against
an accused if:
         (1) the accused makes a timely motion to suppress or an objec-
         tion to the evidence under this rule; (2) the accused had a rea-
         sonable expectation of privacy in the person, place, or property
         searched; the accused had a legitimate interest in the property
         or evidence seized when challenging a seizure; or the accused
         would otherwise have grounds to object to the search or seizure
         under the Constitution of the United States as applied to mem-
         bers of the Armed Forces; and (3) exclusion of the evidence re-
         sults in appreciable deterrence of future unlawful searches or
         seizures and the benefits of such deterrence outweigh the costs
         to the justice system.
Mil. R. Evid. 311(a).
    Here, the military judge ruled the evidence obtained from the gym bag
admissible as the fruits of a lawful search and the urinalysis evidence admis-
sible as derivative of that lawful search. He concluded that the search of the
gym bag was lawful for several reasons: (1) as obtained within the scope of a
valid search warrant based on probable cause; (2) as obtained during the
APD detective’s good faith execution of a search warrant; and (3) as obtained
during a search conducted for officer safety that was reasonable and neces-
sary under the totality of circumstances. 4 We focus our analysis on the
military judge’s third rationale, that the evidence was found during a reason-
able search conducted for purposes of officer safety.

   4   App. Ex. LXIX.

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

    “Evidence is admissible if seized in a search of a person who has been law-
fully apprehended or if seized as a result of a reasonable protective sweep.”
Mil. R. Evid. 314(g)(1). Searches incident to apprehension
       include a search for weapons . . . in the area within the imme-
       diate control of a person who has been apprehended. “Immedi-
       ate control” means that area in which the individual searching
       could reasonably believe that the person apprehended could
       reach with a sudden movement to obtain such property.
Mil. R. Evid. 314(g)(2). Searches incident to apprehension are “full” searches,
as opposed to the more limited protective searches incident to investigatory
stops under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), and they are not invalidated by
even a substantial delay between the apprehension and the search. United
States v. Curtis, 44 M.J. 106, 143 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (citing United States v.
Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 235 (1973); Gustafson v. Florida, 414 U.S. 260, 264
(1973)). As the Supreme Court has explained,
       Once the accused is lawfully arrested and is in custody, the ef-
       fects in his possession at the place of detention that were sub-
       ject to search at the time and place of his arrest may lawfully
       be searched and seized without a warrant even though a sub-
       stantial period of time has elapsed between the arrest and the
       subsequent administrative processing, on the one hand, and
       the taking of the property for use as evidence, on the other. . . .
       “While the legal arrest of a person should not destroy the priva-
       cy of his premises, it does—for at least a reasonable time and to
       a reasonable extent—take his own privacy out of the realm of
       protection from police interest in weapons, means of escape, and
       evidence.”
United States v. Edwards, 415 U.S. 800, 807 (1974) (quoting United States v.
DeLeo, 422 F.2d 487, 493 (1st Cir. 1970)) (emphasis added) (finding 10-hour
delay between apprehension and search reasonable under the circumstances).
    Since Edwards, the Supreme Court has held that “warrantless searches of
luggage or other property seized at the time of arrest cannot be justified as
exigent to that arrest either if the search is remote in time or place from the
arrest or if no exigency exists.” United States v. Chadwick, 433 U.S. 1, 15
(1977), abrogated on other grounds by California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565,
111 S. Ct. 1982, 114 L. Ed. 2d 619 (1991) (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted). In Chadwick, at the time the appellants were apprehended,
a locked footlocker was seized from the trunk of their car and searched for
evidence without a warrant an hour and a half later. The Supreme Court
held the search unlawful, reasoning that

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
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       [o]nce law enforcement officers have reduced luggage or other
       personal property not immediately associated with the person of
       the arrestee to their exclusive control, and there is no longer
       any danger that the arrestee might gain access to the property to
       seize a weapon or destroy evidence, a search of that property is
       no longer an incident of the arrest.
Chadwick, 433 U.S. at 15 (emphasis added).
    On the facts presented here, we find the detective’s search of Appellant’s
gym bag for weapons was lawfully conducted incident to Appellant’s appre-
hension. As the military judge properly found, the bag was in a gym locker at
the time Appellant was apprehended. Appellant specifically notified the
arresting officers of the bag and requested that they open it to retrieve his
truck keys, to minimize any damage to his truck when it was towed to the
APD station. Thus, at Appellant’s own request, the bag and its contents
became “effects within his possession” at the place of detention, as opposed to
closed baggage subject to the greater restrictions imposed under Chadwick.
This request effectively caused the bag to become “immediately associated
with his person” at the time of his apprehension.
    In addition, there was a real danger that Appellant’s bag contained a
weapon that he might access and use once the bag was returned to him at the
APD station. Appellant had admitted that he owned and possessed a loaded
.40-caliber handgun that he kept in condition one. Ms. Kelly had alleged that
Appellant used the same sort of handgun while kidnapping and raping her
only a month earlier. Under these circumstances, we find it would be ex-
traordinarily unreasonable for the detective not to search the bag for weap-
ons before returning it to Appellant within eight hours of his apprehension at
the gym.
    We therefore conclude that under the circumstances the detective’s search
for purposes of officer safety was reasonable in both time and extent under
Edwards. As the search for weapons was lawful, the drug-related items that
the detective came across during his search were properly subject to photo-
graphing under the doctrine of plain view, because “while in the course of
otherwise lawful activity [the detective] observe[d] in a reasonable fashion
[the items] that [he] ha[d] probable cause to seize.” Mil. R. Evid. 316(c)(5)(C).
    We further agree with the military judge’s conclusion that the command-
directed urinalysis evidence was derivative of this lawful search of the gym
bag. “Evidence obtained from reasonable searches conducted pursuant to a
search warrant or search authorization . . . is admissible at trial when rele-
vant and not otherwise inadmissible under these rules or the Constitution of
the United States as applied to members of the Armed Forces.” Mil. R. Evid.

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

315(a). Such search authorizations must be based on probable cause, which
means “a reasonable belief that the person, property, or evidence sought is
located in the place or on the person to be searched.” Mil. R. Evid. 315(f)(2).
Based on the evidence found in the gym bag and his own observation of
Appellant’s rapid gain of muscle mass over the preceding weeks, the search
authority for the urinalysis had ample basis for his probable cause determi-
nation.
    Even assuming arguendo the detective’s search was unlawful, we con-
clude Appellant has failed to show that “exclusion of the evidence results in
appreciable deterrence of future unlawful searches or seizures and the
benefits of such deterrence outweigh the costs to the justice system.” Mil. R.
Evid. 311(a)(3). In this case, the APD detective did precisely what the law
contemplates in his handling of the gym bag. After Appellant’s truck keys
had been retrieved from it—at Appellant’s specific request—the bag accom-
panied Appellant to the APD station along with other personal effects. The
detective then interrogated Appellant and, based on the information he
received, obtained warrants to search his phone, truck, and person. When it
subsequently became apparent that Appellant would be riding with him to
Appellant’s apartment to retrieve the phone, the detective had eminently
sound reason to search the bag for a gun or other weapons before returning it
to Appellant at the APD station. Conduct of this sort—directed at ensuring
officer safety in a case involving an alleged assault with a loaded handgun
that had not yet been found—is not what the exclusionary rule aims to deter.
Nor would the benefits of deterring such conduct outweigh the costs to the
justice system.
   Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the military judge’s sup-
pression ruling.

B. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
    Appellant asserts the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sup-
port his convictions. We review such questions de novo. UCMJ, art. 66(c);
United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). To determine
legal sufficiency, we ask whether, considering the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable fact-finder could have found all the
essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Turner, 25
M.J. 324, 324-25 (C.M.A. 1987) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979)). In conducting this analysis, we must “draw every reasonable infer-
ence from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v.
Gutierrez, 74 M.J. 61, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2015).
   In evaluating factual sufficiency, we determine whether, after weighing
the evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

observed the witnesses, we are convinced of the appellant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. Turner, 25 M.J. at 325 (C.M.A. 1987). In conducting this
unique appellate function, we take “a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,”
applying “neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt” to
“make [our] own independent determination as to whether the evidence
constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Washington, 57 M.J. at 399. Proof beyond a “[r]easonable doubt, however,
does not mean the evidence must be free from conflict.” United States v.
Rankin, 63 M.J. 552, 557 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2006).
    Here, Ms. Kelly’s testimony is corroborated by both real and testimonial
evidence. Video footage from a local store supports her testimony about her
activity with Appellant prior to the assault. Her description of the handgun
matches the handgun later found in Appellant’s truck that he admitted
taking out and placing on the dashboard as she described. The scraping of
her back against the seatbelt that she described feeling while being raped is a
precise match with both the scratch marks on her lower back photographed
during the SAFE exam and the location of the seatbelt buckler in the front
seat of Appellant’s truck. Both the residents of the house that she ran to and
the staff of the women’s shelter testified that she was noticeably upset and
shaken as she told them about what happened. The overall framework and
timeline of her account to the APD the day following the assault is largely
supported by Appellant’s own testimony. And the semen found in her vagina
contains Appellant’s DNA.
    Appellant’s account, by contrast, is often contradicted by other evidence,
including his own prior statements to the APD detective. Telephone records
support that prior to meeting with her in person, he communicated with Ms.
Kelly far more often than he originally maintained, which he subsequently
admitted at trial. Testimony from his ex-wife about his prior assaults against
her contradicts his statement that he had never pointed a gun at anybody or
done anything like what Ms. Kelly was alleging. His ex-fiancée’s testimony,
along with the evidence from the gym bag and subsequent urinalysis, contra-
dicts his claim to the detective that he had never used painkillers without a
prescription or used steroids during his time in the Marine Corps, which he
admitted lying about during his testimony.
    These contradictions, in turn, increase the believability of Ms. Kelly’s ac-
count and outweigh her own credibility issues. The fact that, unbeknownst to
her, Appellant had previously used illegal painkillers greatly strengthens her
testimony that he twice gave her money to purchase that sort of illegal drugs,
as opposed to money for her own prostitution services. By contrast, her own
cocaine use, status as a prostitute living in a women’s shelter, and other
credibility issues make more plausible her reaction to being assaulted, her

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                United States v. Hale, NMCCA No 201600015
                            Opinion of the Court

initial unwillingness to go to the police, and her reason for not giving the full
story to the APD during her initial interview.
    We find the evidence adduced at trial vastly more supportive of an armed
bodybuilder kidnapping and sexually assaulting Ms. Kelly out of drug-fueled
anger, than a cocaine-addicted prostitute concocting a detailed, false allega-
tion for an unpaid $50.00 add-on fee or additional resident time at her wom-
en’s shelter. We find the evidence both legally and factually sufficient to
sustain Appellant’s convictions.

                              III. CONCLUSION

    After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the findings and sentence are correct in law and
fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights
occurred. UCMJ arts. 59, 66. The findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
   Chief Judge Emeritus CRISFIELD and Judge STEWART concur.

                                 FOR THE COURT:

                                 RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                 Clerk of Court

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