Court Opinion

ID: 806463
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-08-13 14:10:29+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:20.292148
License: Public Domain

11-2003-cv
     Shakhnes, et al v. Berlin, et al

 1                                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 2                                            FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 3                                        _______________________________
 4
 5                                                 August Term, 2011
 6
 7                           (Argued: June 28, 2012              Decided: August 13, 2012)
 8
 9                                              Docket No. 11-2003-cv
10                                        _______________________________
11
12   BORIS SHAKHNES, by his next friend Alla Shakhnes, individually and on behalf of
13          all others similarly situated, by his next friend Mikhail Feldman, individually and on
14          behalf of all others similarly situated, by his next friend Fei Mock, individually and on
15          behalf of all others similarly situated, by his next friend Sha-Sha Willis, individually and
16          on behalf of all others similarly situated, by his next friend Chaio Zhang, individually and
17          on behalf of all others similarly situated,
18
19                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,
20
21                                                       —v.—
22
23   ELIZABETH R. BERLIN, Executive Deputy Commissioner of the New York State
24         Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance, NIRAV R. SHAH, as Commissioner of the
25         New York State Department of Health,
26
27                                                                Defendants-Appellants,
28
29   VERNA EGGLESTON, Commissioner, New York City Human Resources
30         Administration,
31
32                                                                Defendant.
33
34                                        _______________________________
35
36   Before:
37                                      WINTER, STRAUB, and CHIN, Circuit Judges.
38                                        _______________________________
39
40           Appeal from an Order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
41   New York (Richard J. Holwell, Judge) granting declaratory and injunctive relief in favor of class
42   plaintiffs, who are applicants for, or recipients of, certain Medicaid services. The District Court
43   permanently enjoined defendants to ensure that—in accordance with the Medicaid Act and an
44   applicable federal regulation—“final administrative action” is taken within 90 days of plaintiffs’

                                                           -1-
 1   requests for Medicaid fair hearings. The District Court declared “final administrative action” to
 2   include the holding of fair hearings, the issuance of fair hearing decisions, and the
 3   implementation of relief ordered in such decisions. We hold that plaintiffs’ statutory right to an
 4   opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings, as construed by the regulation, is enforceable through 42
 5   U.S.C. § 1983. But we also hold that the District Court’s injunctive order is overbroad because
 6   “final administrative action” does not include the implementation of relief ordered in fair hearing
 7   decisions. Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part and VACATE in part the Order of the District
 8   Court, and we REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
 9
10                                 _______________________________
11
12                  SANDRA D. HAUSER, SNR Denton LLP, New York, N.Y., for
13                       Plaintiff-Appellee.
14
15                  YISROEL SCHULMAN, New York Legal Assistance Group, New
16                        York, N.Y., for Plaintiff-Appellee.
17
18                  SIMON HELLER, Assistant Solicitor General (Barbara D.
19                        Underwood, Solicitor General, Richard Dearing, Deputy Solicitor
20                        General, on the brief), for Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General of the
21                        State of New York, New York, N.Y., for Defendants-Appellants.
22
23                                 _______________________________
24
25   STRAUB, Circuit Judge:

26          Defendants-Appellants, commissioners of the New York State Office of Temporary and

27   Disability Assistance and of the New York State Department of Health, appeal from an Order

28   entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Richard J.

29   Howell, Judge) granting declaratory and injunctive relief against them and in favor of Plaintiffs-

30   Appellees, who are applicants for, or recipients of, Medicaid home health services who are not

31   solely challenging any decision regarding Medicaid eligibility.

32          Plaintiffs allege that they have a statutory right, enforceable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, to

33   an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings. Plaintiffs further allege that this right, as construed by

34   an applicable federal regulation, entitles them to “final administrative action” within 90 days of

35   their fair hearing requests, and that Defendants violated this right.

                                                      -2-
 1          The District Court agreed. It declared that “final administrative action” includes the

 2   holding of Medicaid fair hearings, the issuance of fair hearing decisions, and the implementation

 3   of any relief ordered in those decisions. And it permanently enjoined Defendants to ensure that

 4   “final administrative action”—so defined—is implemented within 90 days of Plaintiffs’ fair

 5   hearing requests.

 6          We AFFIRM in part the Order of the District Court, because we conclude that Plaintiffs

 7   have a right to a Medicaid hearing and decision ordinarily within 90 days of their fair hearing

 8   requests, and that such right is enforceable under § 1983. But we also conclude that the District

 9   Court’s permanent injunction is overbroad because “final administrative action” refers not to the

10   implementation of relief ordered in fair hearing decisions, but to the holding of fair hearings and

11   to the issuance of fair hearing decisions. Accordingly, we VACATE in part the Order of the

12   District Court, and we REMAND the matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

13                                           BACKGROUND

14   I.     Overview of Medicaid and the Fair Hearing System.

15          A.      Medicaid.

16          “Medicaid is a cooperative federal-state program through which the Federal Government

17   provides financial assistance to States so that they may furnish medical care to needy

18   individuals.” Wilder v. Va. Hosp. Ass’n, 496 U.S. 498, 502 (1990).1 The federal and state

19   governments share the cost of Medicaid, but each state government administers its own Medicaid

20   plan. See Conn. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Leavitt, 428 F.3d 138, 141 (2d Cir. 2005). State

21   Medicaid plans must, however, comply with applicable federal law and regulations. See 42

22   U.S.C. § 1396c; 42 C.F.R. § 430.0.

     1
            Title XIX of the Social Security Act (“Medicaid Act”) is codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1396 et
     seq.

                                                     -3-
 1          Any state that participates in Medicaid must designate “a single State agency” (“State

 2   agency”) to administer—or to supervise the administration of—the state’s Medicaid plan. See 42

 3   U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(5). Although the State agency may delegate to local entities the performance

 4   of certain responsibilities, see 42 C.F.R. § 431.10(e), the State agency must (1) “[h]ave methods

 5   to keep itself currently informed of the adherence of local [entities] to the State plan provisions

 6   and the agency’s procedures for determining eligibility,” and (2) “[t]ake corrective action to

 7   ensure their adherence,” 42 C.F.R. § 435.903.

 8          B.      The Fair Hearing System.

 9                  1.      Applicable Federal Law and Regulations.

10          States that participate in Medicaid must grant “an opportunity for a fair hearing before the

11   State agency to any individual whose claim for medical assistance under the plan is denied or is

12   not acted upon with reasonable promptness.” 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3).

13          Section 431.244 of Title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations—entitled “Hearing

14   decisions”—provides that the State agency “must take final administrative action . . .

15   [o]rdinarily, within 90 days” of the date a fair hearing is requested. See 42 C.F.R.

16   § 431.244(f)(1)(ii) (“regulation”). The phrase “final administrative action” is not defined in the

17   regulation or in the Medicaid Act.

18                  2.      New York’s Fair Hearing System.

19          In New York, the State agency responsible for administering Medicaid is the New York

20   State Department of Health (“DOH”). See N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law § 363-a(1).

21          In accordance with federal law, the DOH has established a Medicaid fair hearing system,

22   which purportedly allows individuals an opportunity to be heard with respect to claims for

23   medical assistance that are “denied or [are] not acted upon with reasonable promptness.” 42

                                                      -4-
 1   U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3); see N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law § 22. The DOH has elected to delegate to the

 2   New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance (“OTDA”) the duty to conduct

 3   Medicaid fair hearings. But the DOH itself remains responsible for “making final administrative

 4   determinations and issuing final decisions,” see N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law § 364(2)(h), and for

 5   ensuring the fair hearing system’s compliance with federal law and regulations, see 42 C.F.R.

 6   § 431.205.

 7   II.    The Instant Matter.

 8          A.      The Complaint.

 9          Plaintiffs in this class action are residents of New York City who applied for or received

10   Medicaid-funded home health services,2 and who requested or will request fair hearings to

11   challenge the denial, reduction, or termination of such services.

12          For purposes of this appeal, Plaintiffs allege that DOH and OTDA (collectively,

13   “Defendants”) failed “to take and/or ensure final administrative action within 90 days from the

14   date [Plaintiffs] request fair hearings challenging the denial, discontinuance and/or reduction of

15   Medicaid home health services” (“90-day claim”). Am. Compl. ¶ 131. According to Plaintiffs,

16   this conduct violated their statutory right to an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings, see 42

17   U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3)—a right which, as construed by the regulation, allegedly entitles Plaintiffs

18   to “final administrative action . . . [o]rdinarily, within 90 days” from the dates they requested fair

19   hearings, see 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f)(1)(ii). See id.

20          Plaintiffs claim they may enforce the foregoing statutory right—as construed by the

21   regulation—through an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

22   //

     2
            “Home health services” is a category of services provided to Medicaid recipients in the
     home, rather than in a hospital or other facility. See 42 C.F.R. § 440.70.

                                                      -5-
 1          B.      Proceedings in the District Court.

 2          Following discovery, Plaintiffs moved for class certification and for partial summary

 3   judgment on the 90-day claim. Defendants cross-moved for summary judgment, arguing

 4   “primarily . . . that there is no cause of action for the alleged deficiencies in Medicaid Fair

 5   Hearing procedures.” Shakhnes ex rel. Shakhnes v. Eggleston, 740 F. Supp. 2d 602, 609

 6   (S.D.N.Y. 2010).

 7                                              *       *       *

 8          By Memorandum Opinion & Order filed September 30, 2010 (“2010 Order”), the District

 9   Court certified Plaintiffs’ proposed class, granted partial summary judgment in favor of Plaintiffs

10   on the 90-day claim, and denied Defendants’ cross-motion for summary judgment. See

11   Shakhnes, 740 F. Supp. 2d at 637.

12          First, the District Court held that the fair hearing requirement in 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3)

13   is enforceable through a cause of action under § 1983. See id. at 615-16.

14          Second, the District Court concluded that the regulation’s 90-day requirement defines the

15   content of the statutory right to a fair hearing. That is, the District Court held that the

16   “‘ordinarily, within 90 days’ requirement defines the temporal element of a § 1983 cause of

17   action for enforcement of 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3).” Id. at 618 (quoting 42 C.F.R.

18   § 431.244(f)(1)).

19          In short, the District Court concluded that Plaintiffs have a cause of action to enforce

20   their statutory right to an opportunity for a fair hearing, as defined by the regulation’s

21   requirement that “final administrative action” be taken within the specified time frame. Based

22   on the record evidence, the District Court concluded that Defendants violated that right.

23                                              *       *       *

                                                       -6-
 1           The District Court subsequently issued an Order granting declaratory and injunctive relief

 2   in favor of Plaintiffs. See Order, Shakhnes ex rel. Shakhnes v. Eggleston, No. 06 Civ. 4778,

 3   (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 15, 2011), ECF No. 146 (“2011 Order”).

 4           In pertinent part, the District Court declared that

 5           Final Administrative Action occurs when defendants, separately or collectively,
 6           have scheduled a Fair Hearing, held the Fair Hearing, issued a Decision After
 7           Fair Hearing (“DAFH”), and taken all actions necessary to implement the relief
 8           ordered in the DAFH. For cases in which care is ordered by the DAFH, Final
 9           Administrative Action occurs on the date on which an aide goes to the
10           Appellant’s home to provide the ordered home health care services.
11
12   Id. at 2 ¶ 4.
13
14           The District Court also directed Defendants to ensure that “Final Administrative

15   Action”—as defined above—is provided “within 90 days of . . . [a] request for a Fair Hearing.”

16   Id. at 3 ¶ 7.

17           C.      Subsequent Proceedings.

18           Defendants now appeal.

19           First, they argue that the District Court erred by concluding that the regulation “merely

20   flesh[es] out the meaning of” the statutory right to an opportunity for a fair hearing. Def. Mem.

21   at 22. Defendants contend that because the regulation’s 90-day requirement is an “additional”

22   obligation “not contained or reasonably implicit in [the Medicaid Act], the regulation cannot be

23   enforced through § 1983.” Id.

24           Second, Defendants argue that the District Court’s injunction is overbroad. Specifically,

25   they argue (1) that “the district court’s construction of the phrase ‘final administrative action’ to

26   include the actual provision of services is wrong as a matter of law,” id. at 21; and (2) that the

27   injunction applies the 90-day requirement to certain hearings “that are outside the express terms

28   of the regulation,” id. at 43.

                                                      -7-
 1                                             DISCUSSION

 2   I.     Standards of Review.

 3          We review de novo a district court’s legal conclusions made in the context of an order

 4   granting summary judgment. See Vera v. Saks & Co., 335 F.3d 109, 116 (2d Cir. 2003) (per

 5   curiam).

 6          “We review the scope of a district court’s injunction for abuse of discretion, which can be

 7   found if the district court . . . incorrectly applied the law.” Catanzano v. Wing, 103 F.3d 223,

 8   228 (2d Cir. 1996) (citation and quotations omitted).

 9   II.    The Right to an Opportunity for a Fair Hearing.

10          The District Court correctly concluded in its 2010 Order that Plaintiffs’ statutory right to

11   an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings—as construed by the regulation—is enforceable

12   through § 1983.3

13   //
     3
             Plaintiffs argue that we lack jurisdiction to consider any aspect of the District Court’s
     2010 Order granting partial summary judgment, because Defendants appealed only from the
     District Court’s 2011 Order granting declaratory and injunctive relief.

             Plaintiffs are wrong. In reviewing an order granting a permanent injunction, we “may
     also address the summary judgment order that served as the district court’s principal legal basis
     for granting the injunction,” at least where “the district court’s ruling on summary judgment was
     inextricably intertwined with its ruling granting a permanent injunction.” Law v. NCAA, 134
     F.3d 1010, 1015 (10th Cir. 1998); see also SongByrd, Inc. v. Estate of Grossman, 206 F.3d 172,
     178 (2d Cir. 2000) (an “appeal from a final judgment brings up for review all reviewable rulings
     which produced the judgment” (quotations omitted)).

            The 2010 Order served as the District Court’s “principal legal basis for granting”
     declaratory and injunctive relief in the 2011 Order. See Law, 134 F.3d at 1015. Any doubt as to
     whether the two Orders are “inextricably intertwined” should have been dispelled by the first
     sentence of the 2011 Order, which states that the District Court granted certain relief “[f]or the
     reasons set forth in [the 2010 Order].” See 2011 Order at 1.

            In short, Defendants’ failure to explicitly state in their Notice of Appeal that they sought
     to appeal from the 2010 Order does not preclude our review of that Order.

                                                      -8-
 1          A.      Applicable Framework.

 2          Section 1983 creates a cause of action against any person who, acting under color of state

 3   law, abridges “rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws” of the

 4   United States. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Violations of rights thus give rise to § 1983 actions; mere

 5   violations of laws do not. See Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 284-85 (2002). The

 6   question, then, is whether an alleged right is enforceable under § 1983.

 7                  1.      Source of the Alleged Right.

 8          We think it important to underscore the source of the alleged right here at issue.

 9          Defendants correctly observe that many of our Sister Courts have held that regulations

10   may not independently create individual rights enforceable under § 1983.4 But this observation

11   is beside the point, because the District Court did not hold that the regulation here at issue

12   independently creates a right enforceable under § 1983.

13          Instead, the District Court held that Plaintiffs have a statutory right under 42 U.S.C.

14   § 1396a(a)(3) to an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings that is enforceable through a cause of

15   action under § 1983. Defendants do not argue that this particular holding was in error.

16                  2.      Determining the Scope of the Alleged Right.

17          Defendants do, however, argue that the District Court misconstrued the scope of

18   Plaintiffs’ statutory right to an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings. That is, Defendants argue

19   that the regulation requiring “final administrative action” ordinarily within 90 days of a fair

20   hearing request cannot properly be deemed to “merely flesh out the meaning of” the statutory

     4
            See, e.g., Johnson v. City of Detroit, 446 F.3d 614, 629 (6th Cir. 2006); Save Our Valley
     v. Sound Transit, 335 F.3d 932, 939 (9th Cir. 2003); S. Camden Citizens in Action v. N.J. Dep’t
     of Envtl. Prot., 274 F.3d 771, 790 (3d Cir. 2001); Harris v. James, 127 F.3d 993, 1009 (11th Cir.
     1997); Smith v. Kirk, 821 F.2d 980, 984 (4th Cir. 1987); see also D.D. v. N.Y.C. Bd. of Educ.,
     465 F.3d 503, 513 (2d Cir. 2006) (declining to address the issue).

                                                      -9-
 1   right to an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings. Def. Mem. at 22 (quotations omitted). As a

 2   result—say Defendants—Plaintiffs cannot enforce the statute in conjunction with the regulation.

 3                            a.      Applicable Standard.

 4             It is well-settled that, “[a]s an agency interpretation of a statute, a regulation may be

 5   relevant in determining the scope of the right conferred by Congress.” Save Our Valley v. Sound

 6   Transit, 335 F.3d 932, 943 (9th Cir. 2003). The following rubric guides our inquiry in that

 7   regard:

 8                      [S]o long as the statute itself confers a specific right upon the plaintiff,
 9             and a valid regulation merely further defines or fleshes out the content of that
10             right, then the statute—in conjunction with the regulation—may create a federal
11             right as further defined by the regulation. . . .
12
13                     On the other hand, if the regulation defines the content of a statutory
14             provision that creates no federal right . . . , or if the regulation goes beyond
15             explicating the specific content of the statutory provision and imposes distinct
16             obligations in order to further the broad objectives underlying the statutory
17             provision, . . . the regulation is too far removed from Congressional intent to
18             constitute a “federal right” enforceable under § 1983.
19
20   Harris v. James, 127 F.3d 993, 1009 (11th Cir. 1997) (quotations omitted) (emphasis and

21   formatting added); see also D.D. v. N.Y.C. Bd. of Educ., 465 F.3d 503, 513 (2d Cir. 2006)

22   (parenthetically quoting Harris).

23                            b.      Applications of the Standard.

24             A review of the case law in this area proves instructive.

25                                                *       *      *

26             We begin with Wright v. City of Roanoke Redevelopment and Housing Authority, 479

27   U.S. 418 (1987), a decision on which the Eleventh Circuit relied in formulating the rubric we

28   apply here, see Harris, 127 F.3d at 1008-09.

                                                        -10-
 1          The plaintiffs in Wright brought a § 1983 claim alleging that a public housing authority

 2   overbilled them for utilities. According to the plaintiffs, the housing authority’s conduct violated

 3   (i) a federal statute, which imposed a rent ceiling based on plaintiffs’ incomes, and (ii) the

 4   statute’s implementing regulations, which required the housing authority to include a reasonable

 5   utility allowance in plaintiffs’ rents. See Wright, 479 U.S. at 419-20. In response, the housing

 6   authority argued that neither the statute nor the regulations gave the plaintiffs a right enforceable

 7   through § 1983. See id. at 429-430.

 8          The Court rejected this argument. According to the Court, the applicable statute “could

 9   not be clearer: . . . tenants could be charged as rent no more and no less than 30 percent of their

10   income.” Id. at 430. In addition, the applicable regulations “expressly required that a

11   ‘reasonable’ amount for utilities be included in rent that [the housing authority] was allowed to

12   charge.” Id. The Court then observed that the relevant federal agency had “adhered” to the

13   regulations’ “interpretation” of the statute, and noted that the agency’s “view is entitled to

14   deference.” See id. The Court rejected the argument that the regulations’ “definition of rent as

15   including a reasonable charge for utilities is not authorized by the statute.” Id. at 431 n.11.

16          The Court subsequently described its holding in Wright as follows:
17
18          [A] statute providing that tenants in low-income housing could only be
19          charged 30% of their income in rent, in conjunction with regulations
20          providing that “reasonable utilities” costs were included in the rental
21          figure, created [a] right under § 1983 to not be charged more than a
22          “reasonable” amount for utilities.
23
24   Suter v. Artist M., 503 U.S. 347, 361 n.13 (1992).

25          We emphasize that “the regulation at issue in Wright merely defined the specific right

26   that Congress already had conferred through the statute.” See S. Camden Citizens in Action v

27   N.J. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., 274 F.3d 771, 783 (3d Cir. 2001). In other words, “the Wright Court

                                                     -11-
 1   located the alleged right in the statutory provision and then relied upon the implementing

 2   regulations to define and interpret that right.” Id.; see also Harris, 127 F.3d at 1007-08 (same).

 3                                             *       *      *

 4          Our decision in D.D. v. New York City Board of Education, 465 F.3d 503 (2d Cir. 2006)

 5   provides another example of a regulation deemed to “define” the scope of an extant, statutory

 6   right, such that the right—so defined—is enforceable under § 1983.

 7          The plaintiffs in D.D. alleged that the New York City Department of Education (“DOE”)

 8   violated their rights under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”). Id. at 506.

 9          Pursuant to the IDEA, states must provide disabled students with “free appropriate public

10   education” designed to serve the students’ needs. Id. “Free appropriate public education” is

11   defined in part as “special education and related services that . . . are provided in conformity with

12   the individualized education program [“IEP”] required under [the IDEA].”5 Id. at 512

13   (quotations omitted). The IDEA does not specify a time frame for implementing an IEP after it

14   has been developed. Id. But the applicable federal regulation requires that the IEP be

15   “implemented as soon as possible” following its development. Id. at 512-13 (quotations

16   omitted) (emphasis added). The plaintiffs in D.D. alleged that the DOE violated the IDEA by

17   failing to implement their IEPs “immediately, or at least within 30 days, after their IEPs [were]

18   developed.” Id. at 512 & n.11.

19          Citing to Wright, we concluded (i) that the IDEA “creates the right to a free appropriate

20   public education enforceable through § 1983,” and (ii) that the federal regulation “merely defines

21   the scope of that right with respect to the requisite time frame for implementing an IEP.” Id. at

22   513. We emphasized, however, that the federal regulation “requires only that IEPs be
     5
             The IEP “is a written statement that . . . describes the specially designed instruction and
     services that will enable the child to meet [certain] objectives.” D.D., 465 F.3d at 507-08
     (quotations omitted).

                                                     -12-
 1   implemented ‘as soon as possible,’” and not “immediately” or within 30 days, as the plaintiffs

 2   had asserted. See id.

 3                                               *       *       *

 4           The Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Harris provides an example of a regulation that “goes

 5   beyond explicating the specific content of [a] statutory provision,” such that the underlying

 6   statutory right—at least as “defined” by the regulation—could not be enforced under § 1983.

 7   See Harris, 127 F.3d at 1009.

 8           In Harris, the court considered whether Medicaid recipients have a federal right to

 9   transportation to and from Medicaid providers, which right may be enforced in an action under

10   § 1983. Id. at 996. The court answered that question in the negative.

11           As a preliminary matter, the Harris court noted that “the plaintiffs seek to enforce a

12   transportation requirement that appears explicitly not in the Medicaid Act, but in a federal

13   regulation.” Id. at 1005. But the court rejected any suggestion that an enforceable right could be

14   created (i) by a regulation alone, or (ii) by a regulation’s “valid . . . interpretation of a statute that

15   creates some enforceable right.” Id. at 1008. Instead, the court held that the plaintiffs’ purported

16   right would be enforceable under § 1983 only if “the statute itself confers a specific right upon

17   [them], and [the] valid regulation merely further defines or fleshes out the content of that right.”

18   Id. at 1009. Under such circumstances, “the statute—in conjunction with the regulation—

19   [would] create a federal right as further defined by the regulation.” Id. (quotations omitted).

20           The court then examined certain of the statutory provisions which allegedly conferred

21   specific rights on the plaintiffs. See id. at 1010-12. One required state Medicaid plans to provide

22   medical assistance “with reasonable promptness.” Id. at 1005. Another required the plans to

23   provide comparable assistance to different categories of needy individuals. See id. The court

                                                        -13-
 1   assumed that these provisions “create[ ] some federal right.” See id. at 1011 & n.27. And the

 2   court further assumed that “the transportation regulation is a valid interpretation of each of these

 3   provisions.” See id. at 1011. But the court nevertheless concluded that the plaintiffs enjoyed no

 4   “federal right to transportation.” Id. The court reasoned as follows:

 5                  [T]he transportation regulation would be valid not because it
 6          reasonably defines the content of rights created by the statutory
 7          provisions, as did the regulation in Wright, but only because the regulation
 8          furthers the broad objectives underlying each statutory provision.
 9
10                  In other words, we do not think that transportation to and from
11          providers is reasonably understood to be part of the content of a [statutory]
12          right to prompt provision of assistance [or] comparable assistance . . . .
13          Instead, if the regulation is a valid interpretation of these [statutory]
14          provisions, it would be because transportation may be a reasonable means
15          of ensuring the prompt provision of assistance [or] comparable assistance .
16          . . . Such links to Congressional intent may be sufficient to support the
17          validity of a regulation; however, we think they are too tenuous to support
18          a conclusion that Congress has unambiguously conferred upon Medicaid
19          recipients a federal right to transportation enforceable under § 1983.
20
21   Id. at 1011-12 (first emphasis and formatting added).

22          B.      Analysis.

23          The District Court correctly held that 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3)—as construed by the

24   regulation—creates a right, enforceable under § 1983, to receive a fair hearing and a fair hearing

25   decision “[o]rdinarily, within 90 days” of a fair hearing request.

26                  1.      Fair Hearings.

27          We conclude that the regulation’s 90-day requirement “merely further defines or fleshes

28   out the content” of the right to “an opportunity” for Medicaid fair hearings, such that Plaintiffs

29   have a right—enforceable under § 1983—to final administrative action “[o]rdinarily, within 90

30   days” of their request, see 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f).

31                                             *      *       *

                                                     -14-
 1           As discussed, the regulation here at issue says Defendants must take “final

 2   administrative action . . . [o]rdinarily, within 90 days” of the date a fair hearing is requested. See

 3   id. § 431.244(f)(1)(ii). Defendants strenuously argue that “final administrative action” refers to

 4   the issuance of decisions after fair hearings.6 Defendants’ argument makes sense; the regulation

 5   is, after all, entitled “Hearing decisions.” See id. § 431.244. If the regulation calls for the

 6   issuance of a decision after a fair hearing “[o]rdinarily, within 90 days” of the date the fair

 7   hearing was requested, the regulation necessarily also calls for the hearing itself to be held within

 8   that time frame.

 9           But does this aspect of the regulation merely further define or flesh out the content of the

10   statutory right to an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings? We conclude it does. And we think

11   our decision in D.D. leaves no room to conclude otherwise.

12           The statute at issue in D.D.—the IDEA—did not specify a time frame for implementing

13   the statutory right to a free appropriate public education. The regulation at issue in D.D.,

14   however, required that IEPs be implemented “as soon as possible” following their development.

15   We concluded that this regulation “merely defines the scope” of the statutory right to a free

16   appropriate public education “with respect to the requisite time frame for implementing” that

17   right. See D.D., 465 F.3d at 513.

18           Similarly, the Medicaid Act does not specify a time frame within which Defendants must

19   provide Plaintiffs with Medicaid fair hearings; the relevant statutory provision says only that
     6
              See Def. Mem. at 30 (“[T]he ninety-day time frame of 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f) applies to
     the adjudication of fair hearings.”); id. at 35 (“[T]he term ‘final administrative action’ refers . . .
     to the issuance of a final administrative decision by the state agency that is subject to judicial
     review.”); id. at 37 (“[T]he plain text of the regulation governs hearing decisions.”); id. (“[T]he
     term ‘final administrative action’ is most reasonably read to mean a final and definitive decision
     after fair hearing by the state agency.”); id. at 41 (noting that the relevant federal agency has
     “repeatedly described the ninety-day time limit in § 431.244(f) as a deadline for issuance of a
     final hearing decision”).

                                                      -15-
 1   Defendants must grant “an opportunity” for such hearings to individuals whose claims for

 2   medical assistance have not been decided with reasonable promptness. See 42 U.S.C.

 3   § 1396a(a)(3). Just as the regulation in D.D. “merely define[d]” the time frame for implementing

 4   the right to a free appropriate public education, the 90-day requirement in the regulation here at

 5   issue “merely defines” the time frame with respect to Plaintiffs’ right to an “opportunity” for

 6   Medicaid fair hearings.7 Or, as the District Court reasoned, the right to an opportunity for a fair

 7   hearing includes the right to a fair hearing within some period of time, and the regulation’s 90-

 8   day requirement simply defines what that period of time is.

 9                                             *       *       *

10          We find no merit in Defendants’ contention that D.D. is inapposite to the instant matter.

11          Defendants argue that, unlike the regulation at issue in D.D., the regulation at issue here

12   imposes specific temporal guidelines and thus affords Plaintiffs greater relief than they could

13   obtain under the Medicaid Act itself. Specifically, Defendants contend that, in D.D., we

14   “construed the regulation’s ‘as soon as possible’ language as by design, a flexible requirement,

15   and stressed that the regulation did not impose a rigid, outside time frame for implementation,

16   but rather permitted specific inquiry into the causes of the delay in the particular case.” Def.

17   Mem. at 29 (quotations omitted). By contrast—Defendants argue—the regulation at issue in the

18   instant matter “imposes a rigid, outside time frame for final administrative action . . ., and does

19   not permit specific inquiry into the causes of the delay on a case-by-case basis.” Id. at 30

20   (quotations omitted).

     7
             Cf. Doe v. Chiles, 136 F.3d 709, 717 (11th Cir. 1998) (statutory right to medical
     assistance “with reasonable promptness” was deemed to be “fleshed out” by corresponding
     regulations, which required (a) that medical aid be furnished “without any delay caused by the
     agency’s administrative procedures,” and (b) that eligibility determinations be made within 90
     days for disability-based applications and within 45 days for all others).

                                                     -16-
 1          Contrary to Defendants’ reading of D.D., we did not hold in that case that a regulation

 2   may be deemed to “further define[ ]” or “flesh[ ] out the content” of a statutory right only if the

 3   regulation imposes “flexible” requirements. Rather, our discussion in D.D. of the “flexible”

 4   nature of the language in the regulation there at issue came in response to an argument made by

 5   the plaintiffs: According to the plaintiffs, the regulation in D.D. required that their statutory right

 6   to a free appropriate public education be implemented either “immediately,” or “within 30 days.”

 7   See D.D., 465 F.3d at 513. We rejected that argument based on our review of certain rulemaking

 8   “commentary.” We observed that the Secretary of Education had explicitly declined to adopt “a

 9   rigid, outside time frame for implementation.” See id. at 514. This observation does not,

10   however, signify that a regulation’s “rigid” temporal guideline may never “further define[ ]” or

11   “flesh[ ] out the content” of an underlying statutory right.

12                                             *       *       *

13          Finally, we note that the statute and regulation at issue here stand in contrast to those that

14   were at issue in Harris. The regulation in Harris required that the plaintiffs be given

15   transportation to and from Medicaid providers. Harris, 127 F.3d at 996. Such a requirement

16   could not “reasonably [be] understood to be part of the content of,” for example, a statutory right

17   to receive medical assistance with reasonable promptness; the regulation thus did not merely

18   define the content of that underlying right. See id. at 1012. By contrast, the 90-day requirement

19   in the regulation at issue here may reasonably be understood to be part of the content of the right

20   to an opportunity for Medicaid fair hearings; the regulation merely defines the scope of that right

21   with respect to the time frame in which the right must be provided. See D.D., 465 F.3d at 513.

22   //

23   //

                                                      -17-
 1                   2.      Fair Hearing Decisions.

 2           We further conclude that the right to an opportunity for Medicaid “fair hearings” includes

 3   a right to a decision following such hearings. That being so, we have little difficulty concluding

 4   that the regulation’s 90-day requirement “merely further defines or fleshes out the content of that

 5   right.” See Harris, 127 F.3d at 1009.

 6                                              *       *       *

 7           The Medicaid Act does not define the contours of “a fair hearing” for purposes of 42

 8   U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3). But the applicable federal regulation says that the Medicaid “hearing

 9   system must meet the due process standards set forth in Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970).”

10   See 42 C.F.R. § 431.205(d).

11           The due process standards set forth in Goldberg entitle Plaintiffs to decisions following

12   their Medicaid fair hearings. For one, Goldberg says that “the decisionmaker’s conclusion . . .

13   must rest solely on the legal rules and evidence adduced at the hearing,” and that “the decision

14   maker should state the reasons for his determination and indicate the evidence he relied on.”

15   Goldberg, 397 U.S. at 271 (emphasis added). In addition, the Goldberg Court emphasized that

16   “an impartial decision maker is essential.” Id. We see little reason why this would be so unless

17   the right to a fair hearing includes the right to a decision.8

     8
             See, e.g., Morgan v. United States, 304 U.S. 1, 18-19 (1938) (“Those who are brought
     into contest with the Government in a quasijudicial proceeding . . . are entitled . . . to be heard
     upon its proposals before it issues its final command.” (emphasis added)); Grossmuller v. Int’l
     Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agric. Implement Workers of Am., 715 F.2d 853, 858 n.5 (3d
     Cir. 1983) (“[T]he persistent core requirements of review intended to be full and fair include . . .
     having the decision-maker consider the evidence presented by both parties prior to reaching and
     rendering his decision.” (emphasis added) (citing Morgan)); Billington v. Underwood, 613 F.2d
     91, 95 (5th Cir. 1980) (per curiam) (“The very notion of a hearing, however informal, connotes
     that the decision maker will listen to the arguments of both sides before basing a decision on the
     evidence and legal rules adduced at the hearing.” (emphasis added)); Whitfield v. Hanges, 222 F.
     745, 749 (8th Cir. 1915) (“Indispensable requisites of a fair hearing . . . are that . . . the decision
     shall be governed by and based upon the evidence at the hearing, and that only; and that the

                                                       -18-
 1          In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the statutory right to an opportunity for a “fair

 2   hearing” includes the right to a decision. Implicit in the right to a decision is that the decision

 3   must be issued within some period of time. The regulation—which, Defendants concede,

 4   encompasses the issuance of fair hearing decisions—says what that period of time is.

 5   Accordingly, we hold that the regulation merely defines or fleshes out Plaintiffs’ fair hearing

 6   right, which is enforceable under § 1983. See D.D., 465 F.3d at 513.

 7   III.   Scope of the Injunction.

 8          Although the District Court correctly held that the statutory right to an opportunity for

 9   Medicaid fair hearings—as construed by the regulation—is enforceable under § 1983, the

10   District Court exceeded the bounds of its allowable discretion by granting an impermissibly

11   broad injunction.9

12          An injunction is overbroad when it restrains defendants from engaging in legal conduct.

13   See City of N.Y. v. Mickalis Pawn Shop, LLC, 645 F.3d 114, 145 (2d Cir. 2011).

14          The injunction here at issue is thus overbroad because it compels Defendants to

15   implement the relief ordered in a fair hearing decision within the regulation’s 90-day time frame,

16   despite the fact that the regulation imposes on Defendants no such obligation.

     decision shall not be without substantial evidence taken at the hearing to support it.”); see also
     Slaney v. Int’l Amateur Athletic Fed’n, 244 F.3d 580, 592 (7th Cir. 2001) (“A fundamentally fair
     hearing is one that meets the minimal requirements of fairness—adequate notice, a hearing on
     the evidence, and an impartial decision by the arbitrator.” (quotations omitted) (emphasis
     added)).
     9
             Defendants’ arguments as to the scope of the injunction are advanced for the first time on
     appeal. We nevertheless exercise our discretion to consider these arguments, because (a) they
     raise pure issues of law, see, e.g., Dean v. Blumenthal, 577 F.3d 60, 67 n.6 (2d Cir. 2009);
     Vintero Corp. v. Corporacion Venezolana de Fomento, 675 F.2d 513, 515 (2d Cir. 1982) (per
     curiam); and (b) doing so is “necessary to remedy [the] obvious injustice,” Greene v. United
     States, 13 F.3d 577, 586 (2d Cir. 1994), that would result if Defendants were forced to comply
     with an impermissible injunction.

                                                      -19-
 1          Defendants also contend that the injunction is overbroad because it applies the

 2   regulation’s 90-day requirement to persons who are not enrollees in Medicaid managed care

 3   organizations. We disagree.

 4          A.      “Final Administrative Action” Does Not Include the Implementation of Relief.

 5          In its 2011 Order, the District Court enjoined Defendants to provide “final administrative

 6   action” within 90 days of a request for a Medicaid fair hearing. According to the District Court,

 7   “[f]inal [a]dministrative [a]ction occurs when [D]efendants . . . have . . . taken all actions

 8   necessary to implement the relief ordered” in decisions after fair hearings. 2011 Order at 2 ¶ 4

 9   (emphasis added).

10          We do not agree with the District Court’s construction of “final administrative action.”

11   That phrase is not defined in the Medicaid Act or in the applicable regulations. But the structure,

12   text, and drafting history of the applicable regulations, together with a review of administrative

13   law principles and other statutory and regulatory provisions, convince us that “final

14   administrative action” does not include the implementation of relief ordered in fair hearing

15   decisions. Accordingly, although we have previously acknowledged that the statutory right to

16   Medicaid fair hearings under 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3) “must include within it the right to

17   effective redress,” Catanzano, 103 F.3d at 229, that right—at least in conjunction with the

18   regulation here at issue—does not require Defendants to implement the relief ordered in fair

19   hearing decisions within the regulation’s 90-day time frame. The District Court’s injunction is

20   thus overbroad. Cf. Mickalis Pawn Shop, 645 F.3d at 145.

21   //

22   //

23   //

                                                      -20-
 1                  1.      Structure, Text, and Drafting History.

 2          The structure and text of the applicable regulations lead us to conclude that “final

 3   administrative action” refers to the holding of fair hearings and to the issuance of fair hearing

 4   decisions, rather than to the implementation of relief ordered in those decisions.

 5          As a preliminary matter, the regulation appears under a subpart entitled “Fair Hearings

 6   For Applicants and Recipients.” The regulation itself is entitled “Hearing decisions.” See 42

 7   C.F.R. § 431.244 (emphasis added). It sets forth the required elements of fair hearing

 8   decisions,10 and it states that such decisions “must be based exclusively on evidence introduced

 9   at the hearing,” id. § 431.244(a). Subsection (f) of § 431.244—the subsection at issue here—

10   appears between two subsections which relate exclusively to the issuance of decisions after fair

11   hearings: Section 431.244(e) details the requisite elements of a decision following a de novo

12   hearing; Section 431.244(g) states that the public must have access to all hearing decisions.

13          The subject matter of § 431.244 is thus generally confined to the composition and

14   issuance of decisions after fair hearings. And nothing in the regulation’s text suggests that “final

15   administrative action” encompasses the implementation of relief authorized in such decisions.

16   This makes sense, because a separate regulation, entitled “Corrective action,” covers the

17   implementation of certain types of relief. See 42 C.F.R. § 431.246 (stating that Defendants must

18   provide retroactive benefits and provide for the admission to medical facilities if hearing

19   decisions so require). Indeed, we have observed that “the results of [fair] hearings will be

20   binding on the state” based on the “Corrective action” regulation, rather than on the “Hearing

21   decision” regulation that is at issue here. See Catanzano, 103 F.3d at 228.

     10
            See, e.g., 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(d) (stating that, in an evidentiary hearing, the decision
     must be in writing, and must summarize the facts and identify the regulations supporting the
     decision); id. § 431.244(e) (stating that, in a de novo hearing, the decision must specify the
     reasons for the decision, and must identify the supporting evidence and regulations).

                                                     -21-
 1                                             *      *       *

 2          The drafting history of the regulation further demonstrates that the 90-day time frame

 3   applies to the issuance of decisions rather than to the implementation of relief.

 4          We begin with 45 C.F.R. § 205.10, the predecessor to 42 C.F.R. § 431.244. Section

 5   205.10 was entitled “Fair hearings.” See Fair Hearings, 35 Fed. Reg. 8448 (May 29, 1970).

 6   Subsection (11) of § 205.10 provided that “[p]rompt, definitive and final administrative action

 7   will be taken within 60 days from the date of the request for a fair hearing, except where the

 8   claimant requests a delay in the hearing.” Id. at 8449. The time frame for “[p]rompt, definitive,

 9   and final administrative action” was later extended to 90 days. See Methods for Determination

10   of Eligibility, 38 Fed. Reg. 22,005, 22,008 (Aug. 15, 1973). The relevant agency explained the

11   need for the change as follows: “In view of the difficult position facing States with substantially

12   increased hearing caseloads, the 60-day period is considered insufficient for the orderly

13   processing of cases.” Id. at 22,006 (emphasis added). The agency concluded that “[n]inety days

14   for processing hearings” was “a more realistic time frame.” Id. (emphasis added). And the

15   agency described the change as an “[e]xtension from 60 to 90 days for hearing decisions.” Id.

16   (emphasis omitted).

17          Later agency commentary similarly referred to the 90-day requirement in § 431.244 as a

18   deadline for the issuance of hearing decisions. See, e.g., Medicaid Program; Medicaid Managed

19   Care: New Provisions, 67 Fed. Reg. 41,989, 41,060 (June 14, 2002) (referencing “the 90-day

20   clock for a fair hearing decision” (emphasis added)); id. (“[T]he State is required to resolve the

21   State fair hearing within 90 days.” (emphasis added)); id. at 41,064 (referencing “the overall 90-

22   day timeframe for a final fair hearing decision” (emphasis added)); id. at 41,076 (referencing

23   “the 90-day timeframe for resolution of the State fair hearing” (emphasis added)).

                                                     -22-
 1          The agency’s commentary with respect to § 431.244(f)(2) and (3) is particularly

 2   revealing. These provisions once required that “final administrative action” be taken within “72

 3   hours” for certain cases necessitating expedited review. See 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f)(2), (3)

 4   (2001). The agency described this requirement as follows: “States must conduct a State fair

 5   hearing and issue a final decision on these cases . . . no later than 72 hours from receipt of the

 6   appeal.” Medicaid Program; Medicaid Managed Care, 66 Fed. Reg. 6228, 6338 (Jan. 19, 2001)

 7   (emphasis added).

 8          The provisions were later amended, such that “final administrative action” for expedited

 9   cases was required “within 3 working days” of certain triggering events. See 42 C.F.R.

10   § 431.244(f)(2), (3) (2002). In explaining this amendment, the agency noted that “commenters

11   recommended that the State Medicaid agency be permitted 3 working days to hear expedited

12   appeals that they receive, rather than 72 hours.” 67 Fed. Reg. at 41,062 (emphasis added). The

13   agency “agree[d],” and noted that the amended regulation “now requires the State to conduct a

14   fair hearing and make its decision within 3 working days.” Id. (emphasis added).

15          If taking “final administrative action” “within 3 working days” means that the State is

16   required to implement relief in that time frame, the agency made no mention of it.

17                  2.         The State Medicaid Manual.

18          The State Medicaid Manual (“Manual”), to which we owe deference,11 further indicates

19   that “final administrative action” refers not to the implementation of relief, but to the issuance of

20   fair hearing decisions.

     11
              See, e.g., Sai Kwan Wong v. Doar, 571 F.3d 247, 258-60 (2d Cir. 2009); see also id. at
     253 n.6 (noting that the Manual “makes available to all State Medicaid agencies . . .
     informational and procedural material needed by the States to administer the Medicaid program.
     . . . The manual provides instructions, regulatory citations, and information for implementing
     provisions of Title XIX of the Social Security Act (the Act). Instructions are official

                                                     -23-
 1          For one, the Manual says that “[a] conclusive decision in the name of the State agency

 2   shall be made by the hearing authority.” Manual § 2903.2(A) (emphasis added). Although the

 3   hearing authority may remand the matter to a local hearing officer where “the materials

 4   submitted are insufficient to serve as [a] basis for a decision,” the Manual clarifies that such a

 5   remand “is not a substitute for definitive and final administrative action.” Id. (emphasis added)

 6   (quotations omitted). If “final administrative action” refers to the issuance of a final agency

 7   decision, the foregoing clarification is justifiable: It could make sense to clarify that a decision

 8   to remand a matter for further consideration does not discharge the obligation to issue a final

 9   decision. But if, as Plaintiffs contend, “final administrative action” refers to the implementation

10   of relief, the foregoing clarification would be unnecessary: The decision to remand a matter for

11   further consideration could never constitute the implementation of relief.

12          In addition, § 2903.3 of the Manual—entitled “State Agency Responsibility In Carrying

13   Out The Hearing Decision”—states that Defendants “are responsible for assuring that the

14   [hearing authority]’s decision is carried out promptly.” Id. § 2903.3(A) (emphasis added).

15   “Promptly” does not, however, necessarily mean “within 90 days” of a request for a hearing.

16   Had the drafters of the Manual wished to use the latter standard in § 2903.3(A), they certainly

17   could have done so; indeed, the Manual recites that standard in the very next subsection, see id.

18   § 2903.3(B).

19                  3.      Administrative Law Principles.

20          Well-settled principles of administrative law further indicate that the phrase “final

21   administrative action” in the regulation here at issue refers to a final determination after a

22   Medicaid fair hearing, rather than to the implementation of relief.

     interpretations of the law and regulations, and, as such, are binding on Medicaid State agencies”)
     (quotations omitted).

                                                      -24-
 1          Under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq., courts may not review

 2   agency actions unless such actions are “final.” See, e.g., Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177

 3   (1997); Fund for Animals, Inc. v. United States BLM, 460 F.3d 13, 18 (D.C. Cir. 2006). An

 4   agency action is final if two conditions are met: (1) “the action must mark the ‘consummation’

 5   of the agency’s decisionmaking process—it must not be of a merely tentative or interlocutory

 6   nature,” and (2) “the action must be one by which ‘rights or obligations have been determined,’

 7   or from which ‘legal consequences will flow.’” Bennett, 520 U.S. at 177-78 (citation omitted).

 8          Defining “final administrative action” in accordance with the background principles of

 9   administrative law makes good sense. Plaintiffs may not obtain judicial review of Medicaid fair

10   hearing decisions until such decisions are “final.” See N.Y. Soc. Serv. L. § 22(9)(b) (“Any

11   aggrieved party . . . may apply for review as provided in [N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 7801].”); N.Y.

12   C.P.L.R. § 7801 (“[A] proceeding under this article shall not be used to challenge a

13   determination . . . which is not final.”). The drafters of 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f) were no doubt

14   aware of the administrative law scheme to which they contributed. We thus cannot discount the

15   possibility that they used the phrase “final administrative action” to signify the final

16   determination of rights or obligations which sets the stage for judicial review in state court.

17                  4.      Other Statutory and Regulatory Provisions.

18          Finally, we note that other statutory and regulatory provisions not at issue in this case

19   explicitly cover the furnishing of Medicaid. Section 1902(a)(8) of the Medicaid Act requires

20   state plans for medical assistance to provide that “medical assistance . . . shall be furnished with

21   reasonable promptness to all eligible individuals.” 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(8). A regulation that

22   implements § 1902(a)(8) directs state agencies to “[f]urnish Medicaid promptly to beneficiaries

23   without any delay caused by the agency’s administrative procedures.” 42 C.F.R. § 435.930(a).

                                                     -25-
 1           Had the drafters of 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f) wished to require the “furnish[ing]” of

 2   Medicaid within the regulation’s 90-day time frame, they clearly knew how to do so.

 3                  5.      Summary.

 4           In light of the foregoing, we conclude that “final administrative action” in 42 C.F.R.

 5   § 431.244(f) does not include the implementation of relief ordered in decisions after Medicaid

 6   fair hearings. The District Court thus exceeded the bounds of its allowable discretion by

 7   enjoining Defendants to “take[ ] all actions necessary to implement the relief ordered” in such

 8   decisions within 90 days of Plaintiffs’ fair hearing requests. See 2011 Order at 2 ¶ 4.

 9           B.      “Enrollees.”

10           As discussed, the injunction requires Defendants to ensure that “every New York City

11   applicant for, and recipient of,” Medicaid-funded home health services receive final

12   administrative action within the time frame specified in 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f). See 2011 Order

13   at 3 ¶ 7.

14           Defendants argue that the injunction is overbroad because it applies the 90-day

15   requirement “to fair hearings that are outside the express terms of the regulation.” Def. Mem. at

16   43. In particular, Defendants argue that

17           [T]he regulation’s ninety-day time frame, on its face, applies only to fair
18           hearings requested by enrollees in Medicaid [managed care organizations
19           and prepaid inpatient health plans]. Yet the [D]istrict [C]ourt’s injunction
20           applies the ninety-day deadline to all Medicaid applicants’ and recipients’
21           requests for fair hearing[s] . . ., even if those individuals are not enrollees
22           in Medicaid managed care.
23
24   Id.

25           We reject Defendants’ construction of the regulation. In our view, the regulation applies

26   to all Medicaid “enrollees,” and not just to enrollees in managed care organizations (“MCOs”).

27                                              *       *       *

                                                      -26-
 1          Section 431.244(f), by its terms, applies to “enrollees.” Specifically, the regulation

 2   provides that “final administrative action” must be taken

 3          [o]rdinarily, within 90 days from the earlier of the following:
 4
 5                  (i) The date the enrollee filed [a managed care organization or
 6                  prepaid inpatient health plan appeal], not including the number
 7                  of days the enrollee took to subsequently file for a State fair
 8                  hearing; or
 9
10                  (ii) If permitted by the State, the date the enrollee filed for direct
11                  access to a State fair hearing.
12
13   42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f) (emphasis added).

14          What, then, is the intended scope of “enrollees”? The term is not defined in 42 C.F.R.

15   § 431.244. But the regulation’s drafting history, together with a definition provided in a related

16   regulation, convince us that the term must simply refer to persons who are enrolled in the

17   Medicaid program.

18          As originally implemented, the regulation provided that “[t]he agency must take final

19   administrative action within 90 days from the date of the request for a hearing.” See 42 C.F.R.

20   § 431.244(f) (1979); see also Medicaid Program: Redesignation and Rewrite, 44 Fed. Reg.

21   17,926, 17,933 (Mar. 23, 1979). In 2001, the regulation was amended to its current form. See 42

22   C.F.R. § 431.244(f) (2001).

23          The enactment of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (“BBA”), Pub. L. No. 105-33, 111

24   Stat. 251 (1997), led to the 2001 amendment. In brief, when the Medicaid program was

25   originally created, “coverage typically was provided through reimbursements by the State agency

26   to health care providers who submitted claims for payment after they provided health care

27   services to Medicaid beneficiaries.” 67 Fed. Reg. at 40,989. This “fee-for-service” arrangement

                                                      -27-
 1   gradually faded from prominence as State agencies began to provide Medicaid coverage through

 2   contracts with MCOs. See id.; see also id. at 40,992.

 3          The BBA “significantly renovated the Medicaid managed care program.” Id. at 40,990.

 4   In pertinent part, the BBA required MCOs “to establish internal grievance procedures under

 5   which Medicaid enrollees . . . may challenge the denial of coverage of, or payment for, medical

 6   assistance.” See 42 C.F.R. § 438.400(a)(3) (emphasis added); see also 67 Fed. Reg. at 41,054.

 7   An applicable regulation clarified that each MCO “must have a system in place for enrollees that

 8   includes a grievance process, an appeal process, and access to the State’s fair hearing system.”

 9   42 C.F.R. § 438.402 (emphasis added).

10          It was against this backdrop that the drafters of 42 C.F.R. § 431.244(f) “proposed

11   conforming amendments . . . to reflect changes in terminology and other new provisions enacted

12   in the BBA.” 67 Fed. Reg. at 41,054. In particular, the drafters “made conforming changes to

13   the fair hearing regulations in [§ 431.244], to reflect the MCO grievance and appeals process.”

14   Id. at 41,054-55. Those changes appear in the current version of the regulation, which, by its

15   terms, now explicitly applies only to Medicaid “enrollees.”

16          We find nothing in the foregoing drafting history which suggests that the relevant federal

17   agency intended to strip non-MCO enrollees of their long-standing statutory right to “final

18   administrative action” “[o]rdinarily, within 90 days.” See 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3); 42 C.F.R. §

19   431.244(f). As noted, the agency itself described the 2001 revision to the regulation as a mere

20   “conforming” amendment. 67 Fed. Reg. at 41,054. Defendants offer no evidence that the

21   agency additionally intended its “conforming” amendment to eviscerate the statutory fair hearing

22   right enjoyed by the millions of people nationwide who are not enrolled in MCOs.12

     12
            According to government statistics, as of July 2010, approximately 15.6 million people
     nationwide were enrolled in Medicaid, but were not enrolled in MCOs. See Centers for

                                                    -28-
 1           In addition, we note that another regulation defines the term “enrollee” as encompassing

 2   persons beyond those who are enrolled in MCOs. Part 1003 of Title 42 of the Code of Federal

 3   Regulations in part provides for the imposition of civil money penalties against persons who

 4   “[s]ubstantially fail to provide an enrollee with required medically necessary items and

 5   services.” See 42 C.F.R. § 1003.100(b)(1)(vii) (emphasis added); see also id.

 6   § 1003.103(f)(1)(i). For purposes of Part 1003, “enrollee” is defined broadly as “an individual

 7   who is eligible for . . . Medicaid and who enters into an agreement to receive services from a

 8   contracting organization that contracts with the Department under . . . title XIX of the Act.” 42

 9   C.F.R. § 1003.101.13 We fail to see why a similarly broad definition of “enrollee” would not

10   apply in the context of the statutory right at issue here. That right, after all, aims to help

11   individuals secure the provision of Medicaid-funded services to which they are entitled, just as

12   does Part 1003.

13           In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the regulation applies to all Medicaid

14   “enrollees.” The District Court’s injunction thus is not overbroad on the ground that it covers

15   such persons. And we note that Defendants do not dispute that the certified class consists only of

16   persons who, at a minimum, are Medicaid “enrollees.”14

     Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicaid Managed Care Enrollment as of July 1, 2010,
     available at https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Computer-Data-and-
     Systems/MedicaidDataSourcesGenInfo/Downloads/2010July1.pdf.
     13
             The same regulation defines “contracting organization” as “a public or private entity . . .
     which has contracted with the Department or a State to furnish services to . . . Medicaid
     recipients.” 42 C.F.R. § 1003.101.
     14
             As noted, the District Court certified a class of

             all New York City applicants for, and recipients of, Medicaid-funded
             home health services, who have requested or will request fair hearings
             challenging adverse actions regarding their home health services and who
             are not solely challenging any decision regarding Medicaid eligibility, and

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 1   IV.    Conclusion.

 2          We have considered the parties’ remaining contentions, and find them to be moot or

 3   without merit.

 4          To summarize, we hold as follows:

 5          (a) Section 1396a(a)(3) of Title 42 of the U.S. Code, as construed by 42 C.F.R.

 6   § 431.244(f), creates a right—enforceable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983—to have Medicaid fair

 7   hearings held, and fair hearing decisions issued, within the regulation’s specified time frame;

 8          (b) The District Court’s injunction is overbroad because it compels Defendants to

 9   implement the relief ordered in fair hearing decisions within the regulation’s 90-day time frame,

10   despite the fact that the regulation contemplates no such obligation.

11          On remand, the District Court must craft an order of injunctive relief consistent with this

12   opinion.

13          For the reasons stated above, the Order of the District Court is AFFIRMED in part and

14   VACATED in part, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.

            who do not receive final administrative action from Defendants within
            ninety days of their requests for fair hearings.

     2011 Order at 2 ¶ 5.

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