Court Opinion

ID: 9382078
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-24 20:01:19.614831+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:36.985659
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                                          No. 21-911C
                                    (Filed: March 24, 2023 ∗)

                                                       )
    POWER DENSITY SOLUTIONS, LLC                       )
    and JAMES J. HILDEBRANDT,                          )
                                                       )      Patent infringement; Standing;
                Plaintiffs,                            )      Assignment of Claims Act,
                                                       )      31 U.S.C. § 3727; Patent Rule 4:
         v.                                            )      Infringement contentions.
                                                       )
    UNITED STATES,                                     )
                                                       )
                Defendant.                             )

Trevor Q. Coddington, Insigne PC, Austin, TX, for plaintiffs.

Grant D. Johnson, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant, with whom on the
briefs were Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General,
and Gary L. Hausken, Director, Philip Charles Sternhell, Assistant Director,
and David L. Pace, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

                                  OPINION AND ORDER 1

BONILLA, Judge.

      Power Density Solutions, LLC (Power Density) and James J. Hildebrandt–
assignee and inventor, respectively, of two patents related to electronics cooling

∗
  This Opinion and Order was originally filed under seal on March 17, 2023, in accordance with
the Protective Order entered in this case. The Court provided the parties an opportunity to review
the decision for any proprietary, confidential, or other protected information and submit proposed
redactions. On March 23, 2023, the parties jointly proposed several limited and justified redactions.
Accordingly, the Court accepts the proposed redactions and reissues the Opinion, with redacted
language replaced with the following: “[XXXXX].”
technologies–filed this patent infringement action against the United States. In
their complaint, as amended, plaintiffs allege participants in a federally funded
research and development program, including a number of research institutions
and defense contractors, developed certain infringing products.

        On April 8, 2022, the Court dismissed plaintiffs’ claims against the identified
research institutions for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Power Density Sols.
LLC v. United States, 159 Fed. Cl. 208, 215–18 (2022). Pending before the Court is
the government’s Motion to Strike Plaintiffs’ Preliminary Infringement Contentions
as to claims concerning the identified defense contractors (ECF 45). Through
an Order to Show Cause, the Court directed the parties to address, inter alia,
Mr. Hildebrandt’s standing and the disputed sufficiency of plaintiffs’ infringement
contentions. For the reasons set forth below, Mr. Hildebrandt is TERMINATED
for lack of standing and Defendant’s Motion to Strike is GRANTED.

                                      BACKGROUND 2

I.     Patents-in-Suit and Accused Products

       Power Density claims to be the assignee of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,313,992 (the
’992 patent) and 6,552,901 (the ’901 patent). Both patents list Mr. Hildebrandt as
the sole inventor. The patents describe systems and methods for cooling electronic
components by directing a cooling fluid through a network of interior passageways
formed within electronic components and on their surfaces. See ’992 patent at
Abstract, col. 3:14–35; ’901 patent at Abstract, col. 2:61–3:3. Both patents expired
on December 21, 2019.

      According to plaintiffs, the accused infringing products were developed
through the Intrachip/Interchip Enhanced Cooling (ICECool) program administered
by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The ICECool
program was an initiative to explore advanced solutions to cool computer circuitry
and other electronic components, particularly in military electronic systems. The
program consisted of a Fundamentals phase–focused on scientific and engineering
research performed by research institutions–and, relevant here, an Applications
phase–involving the development of prototype systems by defense contractors.

1This case was transferred to the undersigned for adjudication on April 11, 2022, pursuant to
Rule 40.1(b) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC). See ECF 25–26.
Briefing on the pending motions continued through February 14, 2023. See ECF 45, 49–50, 52–56,
59–61.

2The Court’s April 8, 2022 decision summarized the patents and the government research and
development program at issue. See Power Density, 159 Fed. Cl. at 211–12. For clarity, the Court
provides a brief recap where necessary for the analysis herein.

                                                2
       In their amended complaint, plaintiffs allege eleven defense contractors
developed infringing products “for the United States and with the authorization or
consent of the United States[,]” through their participation in the ICECool program,
including: BAE Systems, Inc., Booz Allen Hamilton, International Business
Machines Corp. (IBM), L3 Technologies (f/k/a L-3 Communications Holdings),
Lockheed Martin Corp., Northrop Grumman Corp., Nuvotronics LLC, Raytheon
BBN, Raytheon Technologies Corp., SelectTech Services Corp., and SPC Federal,
LLC. See ECF 16 at ¶¶ 9–10. In denying the government’s motion to dismiss
claims directed at certain defense contractors, the Court noted the allegations
lacked detail but were nevertheless sufficient to state a claim under the “notice and
plausibility” standard. See Power Density, 159 Fed. Cl. at 220. On June 13, 2022,
the Court entered a preliminary scheduling order consistent with the parties’ joint
proposal. ECF 33. The initial deadline for plaintiffs to serve their preliminary
infringement contentions was August 1, 2022.

II.    Infringement Contentions

        After a one-week extension, on August 8, 2022, plaintiffs served their
initial infringement contentions. See ECF 45-5. Under “Asserted Claims,”
plaintiffs listed claims 1, 2, 21, and 22 of the ’992 patent, and claims 16, 17, 20,
and 22 of the ’901 patent. 3 Id. at 3. For the “Accused Products,” plaintiffs stated:

       The Accused Products include electronic components and heat sinks
       developed in response to the [ICECool] program . . . and derivatives
       thereof . . . . For example, the Accused Products include but are not
       limited to an unnamed IBM device, a Northrup [sic] Grumman device
       referred to as ICED 3D Integrated Fluid Manifold, an unnamed
       Raytheon device, and an unnamed Lockheed Martin device.

Id. The initial contentions include a claim chart for each of the four defense
contractors, citing disclosures in patents and other literature in the column
identifying accused products. For the asserted claims of the ’901 patent,
plaintiffs cite:

               Defense Contractor               U.S. Patent 4
               Lockheed Martin                  No. 10,306,802 (the ’802 patent)
               Northrop Grumman                 No. 9,484,284 (the ’284 patent)
               Raytheon                         No. 9,502,330 (the ’330 patent)

3Although listed in the cover pleadings under Asserted Claims, plaintiffs did not provide claim
charts directed to claims 21 and 22 of the ’992 patent. Compare ECF 45-5 at 3 with id. at 7–23.

4On the face of the patents, the ’802, ’330, and ’284 patents were applied for by and assigned to
Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, and Northrop Grumman, respectively.

                                                  3
Plaintiffs also include a quote from an unspecified “Exhibit A” in each of the
three claim charts. See ECF 45-5 at 8–9 17, 20–21. For the asserted claims of the
’992 patent, plaintiffs cite a confidential IBM report designated as “AFRL-RY-WP-
TR-2017-0064.” 5 See id. at 12.

       In a letter dated August 23, 2022, the government challenged plaintiffs’
reliance on theoretical products rather than existing, real-world ICECool prototypes
or devices, and further requested plaintiffs address various other deficiencies
to comply with the requirements of Patent Rule 4. See Patent Rules of the Court of
Federal Claims (PR-CFC) Rule 4; ECF 45-7. After several follow-up requests from
the government, the parties met and conferred on September 16, 2022, wherein
plaintiffs agreed to serve supplemental contentions to correct the deficiencies. At
the parties’ joint request, the Court modified the preliminary scheduling order to
allow plaintiffs additional time to serve supplemental contentions by September 30,
2022. See ECF 42 at 2–3. Plaintiffs did not serve supplement contentions by the
extended deadline.

       Instead, on October 12, 2022, plaintiffs filed an untimely motion to further
extend the September 30, 2022 deadline until October 14, 2022. See ECF 43.
The motion was granted, and plaintiffs served their supplemental infringement
contentions on October 14, 2022. In the supplemental contentions, plaintiffs
continue to assert claims 1, 2, 21, and 22 of the ’992 patent, and claims 16, 17, and
20 of the ’901 patent. 6 For the “Accused Products,” plaintiffs similarly state:

        The Accused Products include but are not limited to electronic
        components and heat sinks developed in response to the [ICECool]
        program . . . and derivatives thereof . . . . For example, the Accused
        Products include but are not limited to devices implementing
        microvalves and integrated microchannels as taught in DARPA’s
        conceptual ICECool device, an IBM device referred to as an embedded
        two-phase liquid-cooled microprocessor (ECM), a Northrop Grumman
        device referred to as ICED 3D Integrated Fluid Manifold, an unnamed
        Raytheon device, and an unnamed Lockheed Martin device.

5According to the government, the cited report is a confidential/restricted document produced under
a protective order in a prior patent infringement suit litigated in the United States District Court for
the Northern District of California, Power Density Sols LLC v. IBM Corp., No. 19-3710 (N.D. Cal.).
Plaintiffs retained the report after the case concluded in violation of the protective order. After
dismissing Power Density’s complaint in part and then granting summary judgment in IBM’s favor
on the remaining claims, the district court entered judgment on August 14, 2020.

6 Similar to their initial contentions served on August 8, 2022, although claims 21 and 22 of the
’992 patent are listed in the cover pleadings, plaintiffs did not provide claim charts directed to these
claims in the October 14, 2022 supplemental contentions. Compare ECF 45-5 at 3, 12–13 with
ECF 45-10 at 3, 27–28.

                                                    4
ECF 45-10 at 3 (underlining denotes modifications to corresponding statements
in the August 8, 2022 initial contentions found at ECF 45-5 at 3). The appended
claim charts for Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Raytheon again cite the
’802 patent, ’284 patent, and ’330 patent, respectively. See id. at 7–9, 59–61, 89–91.
The claim chart for Raytheon also cites a research article authored by Raytheon
personnel. Compare ECF 45-5 at 16–17 with ECF-10 at 59–60. For the asserted
claims of the ’992 patent, the supplemental contentions remove references to the
confidential IBM report cited in the initial contentions and, instead, refer to two
research articles authored by IBM personnel. 7 Compare ECF 45-5 at 12–13 with
ECF 45-10 at 27–28.

III.    Motion to Strike

       On October 20, 2022, the government moved to strike plaintiffs’ infringement
contentions, arguing that despite multiple extensions granted for plaintiffs to
address identified deficiencies, the supplemental contentions remain noncompliant
with the Court’s Patent Rules. After reviewing the parties’ filings, the Court issued
an Order to Show Cause directing plaintiffs to, inter alia, “identif[y] with
specificity” and as required under Patent Rule 4:

            a. Each and every real-world, non-theoretical and existing,
               accused product corresponding to the literature citations
               plaintiffs included in the four claim charts (ECF No. 45-10),
               including specifying the name, model number, or an otherwise
               uniquely assigned product identifier; and

            b. For each accused product sufficiently identified under the
               preceding paragraph, the basis supporting that such product
               was “developed and supplied [to] the United States” through
               the ICECool program.

ECF 52 at 3–4 (quoting Power Density, 159 Fed. Cl. at 220). Additionally, because
plaintiffs’ infringement contentions–initial and supplemental–are devoid of any
mention of seven (of the eleven) defense contractors identified in the amended
complaint, the Court “directe[d] plaintiffs to show cause why their claims against
the initially-named seven (7) defense contractors not included in plaintiffs’
infringement contentions, as supplemented, should not be deemed waived or

7According to plaintiffs, the cited articles “publicly disclose most, if not all, of the information
Plaintiffs previously relied on from the Final Report in ICECool Applications Program under the
award number FA8650-14-C-7466.” ECF 45-10 at 27; see id. at 29–58.

                                                   5
otherwise abandoned.” 8 See id. at 2; accord id. at 3. Both parties timely responded
to the show cause order. ECF 53–54, 60.

                                           DISCUSSION

I.      Standing

       Pursuant to a March 20, 2018 assignment, Mr. Hildebrandt assigned to
Power Density “the entire right, title and interest” to the ’901 and ’992 patents.
See ECF 53-2 at 2; ECF 16 at ¶ 6. The assignment specifically included: “the right
to sue for and recover damages for any infringement prior to this Assignment.”
See ECF 53-2 at 2. Consequently, when this case was filed nearly three years later
on February 10, 2021, Mr. Hildebrandt did not own any interest in either patent.
As such, Mr. Hildebrandt lacks standing to pursue any infringement action under
these patents. See, e.g., Abraxis Bioscience, Inc. v. Navinta LLC, 625 F.3d 1359,
1364 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (to establish standing “plaintiff must demonstrate that it
held enforceable title to the patent at the inception of the lawsuit”); Lans v. Digital
Equip. Corp., 252 F.3d 1320, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (affirming dismissal where
plaintiff-inventor assigned patent prior to filing action).

       In their response to the Court’s Order to Show Cause, plaintiffs contend
Mr. Hildebrandt’s addition was intended to circumvent the restrictions of the
Assignment of Claims Act (ACA), 31 U.S.C. § 3727. Under the ACA, Power Density
may only pursue patent infringement claims against the government arising after
the patents were duly assigned and is thus barred from recovering pre-assignment
damages (i.e., prior to March 20, 2018). See, e.g., 3rd Eye Surveillance, LLC v.
United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 273, 277–78 (2017) (discussing ACA purpose and
application in the patent infringement context). As this Court has explained:
“Assignments of patent rights are subject to the [ACA], and voluntary assignments
of patent claims are ineffective against the government unless they qualify for [a]
judicially-recognized exception[] or otherwise do not run afoul of the purposes of
the Act.” Id. at 277. Plaintiffs do not dispute the constraint imposed by the ACA
or seek to qualify under a judicially-recognized exception. 9 See ECF 53 at 2
(recognizing “[Power Density] is barred from receiving pre-Assignment
infringement damages”).

8 The seven defense contractors identified in the amended complaint but not included in plaintiffs’
infringement contentions, as supplemented, include: BAE Systems, Inc. (BAE), Booz Allen Hamilton,
L3 Technologies (f/k/a L-3 Communications Holdings), Nuvotronics LLC, Raytheon BBN, SelectTech
Services Corp., and SPC Federal, LLC.

9 Judicially-recognized exceptions neither claimed nor applicable here include “transfers by will
or ‘general assignments for the benefit of creditors.’” See 3rd Eye Surveillance, 133 Fed. Cl. at 277
(quoting United States v. Shannon, 342 U.S. 288, 292 (1952) (citing cases)).

                                                   6
      Plaintiffs’ position improperly conflates the requirements of constitutional
standing and the ACA restrictions involving patent infringement claims against
the United States. At bottom, as the sole owner of the asserted patents at the
time this suit was filed, Power Density stands as the only plaintiff satisfying
the constitutional standing requirements. Accordingly, the Court must terminate
Mr. Hildebrandt as an improper plaintiff for lack of standing.

II.   Infringement Contentions

      A.     Legal Standard

       A plaintiff asserting patent infringement is required to serve its preliminary
infringement contentions early in the litigation, generally within two months after
the defendant files an answer to the complaint. See PR-CFC 4. Under Patent
Rule 4, preliminary infringement contentions must identify each asserted claim and
for each asserted claim, each accused infringing product; the contentions must also
include a claim chart explaining where each element of each asserted claim is
present in the accused product. Id.; see, e.g., Golden v. United States (Golden I),
No. 13-307, 2021 WL 3238860, at *3–4 (Fed. Cl. July 29, 2021) (discussing patent
rule requirements for infringement contentions).

       The purpose of the required detail and specificity “is to put a defendant on
notice of all contentions regarding how each claim limitation is allegedly met by
the accused device.” Iris Corp. Berhad v. United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 12, 16 (2008)
(citing O2 Micro Int’l Ltd. v. Monolithic Power Sys., Inc., 467 F.3d 1355, 1362–63
(Fed. Cir. 2006); Refac Int’l, Ltd. v. Hitachi Ltd., 921 F.2d 1247, 1255 (Fed. Cir.
1990)), quoted in Golden, 2021 WL 3238860, at *3. As the Court recently observed,
such requirements “serve an important function–to narrow and focus the issues
and theories that must be pursued during the litigation.” Golden v. United States
(Golden II), 156 Fed. Cl. 623, 632 (2021), aff’d, No. 2022-1196, 2022 WL 4103287
(Fed. Cir. Sept. 8, 2022). Plaintiffs’ lack of specificity in their infringement
contentions fails to focus the issues for discovery and claim construction and,
concomitantly, frustrates defendant’s ability to formulate its defense.

      B.     Accused Devices

       Proper infringement contentions must identify “each product, process,
or method that allegedly infringes.” PR-CFC 4(b). Despite a series of extensions,
plaintiffs’ assurances to correct identified deficiencies, and the Court’s show cause
order, plaintiffs’ infringement contentions, as supplemented, fail to identify a
single real-world device that allegedly infringes the asserted patents. Plaintiffs’
continued invocation of generic “ICECool Products” and references to solutions
or instrumentalities described in patents and research literature, see generally
ECF 45-10, deprive defendant of reasonable and fair notice of plaintiffs’

                                           7
infringement theories. Likewise, the Court is left to speculate what issues and
theories plaintiffs intend to pursue. More than a perfunctory submission, the
required early exchange of contentions is designed to prevent the exact situation
presented here. See, e.g., Golden II, 156 Fed. Cl. at 627 (infringement contentions
must be specific enough to put opposing party and the court on notice of plaintiff’s
position to focus issues for discovery and trial).

               1.      The ’901 Patent

         In the cover pleading of their infringement contentions, plaintiffs describe
the accused devices as “Government devices or systems that incorporate one or
more electronic components or heat sinks utilizing evaporative cooling.” ECF 45-10
at 3. 10 In the claim charts directed at Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, and Northrop
Grumman, plaintiffs cite disclosures in three patents (i.e., the ’802 patent, the
’330 patent, and the ’284 patent, respectively) as infringing claims 16, 17, 20,
and 22 of the ’901 patent. See ECF 45-10 at 7, 59, 89. For the claim limitation of
“means for adjusting the rate at which said cooling fluid passes through said
interior passageway so that substantially no cooling liquid is vaporized within said
interior passageway,” plaintiffs further cite “page 174 of Exhibit A” for Lockheed
Martin and Northrop Grumman, and a research article authored by Raytheon
personnel. See ECF 45-10 at 9, 91 (chart for claim 20); id. at 60 (chart for claim 16).
Plaintiffs did not produce “Exhibit A” with their August 8, 2022 preliminary
infringement contentions or their October 14, 2022 supplemental contentions;
nor is the referenced document in the record before the Court. 11

       Plaintiffs fail to identify any specific real-world products or instruments
by name, model number, or other unique identifying characteristic. Vague and
generic product descriptions and references to patent literature do not satisfy
Patent Rule 4’s required identification of a “product . . . that allegedly infringes
the identified claim.” See PR-CFC 4(b); see, e.g., Demodulation, Inc. v. United
States, 126 Fed. Cl. 499, 510 (2016) (finding insufficient “vague and overly broad
device descriptions” and “conjectural and hypothetical” products described in

10Plaintiffs’ cover pleading lists “a Northrop Grumman device referred to as ICED 3D Integrated
Fluid Manifold.” ECF 45-10 at 3. Plaintiffs’ infringement contentions do not include any additional
identifying information for the referenced device or explain how it allegedly infringes the asserted
patents. As to Lockheed Martin and Raytheon, plaintiffs’ cover pleading refers to “unnamed
device(s).” See id.

11The “Exhibit A” quote describes certain intended or desired performance, as may appear in
documentation relating to the underlying procurement or research initiative. To the extent plaintiffs
attempt to rely on the procurement initiative as allegedly infringing products, such citation does not
suffice for the required product identification under the Patent Rules. As this Court has observed:
“A procurement initiative is a not a product or a method. At most, it is an ambition.” Golden I,
2021 WL 3238860, at *5 (finding infringement contentions insufficient where plaintiff cited
government procurement initiative as meeting claim limitations).

                                                  8
literature); id. at 507 (“In the absence of any identification of an actual accused
device, Plaintiff’s mere references to patents held by the Government do not amount
to identification of an accused device.”). Plaintiffs’ contentions for claim 20 (and its
dependent claim 22) directed at Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman also fail
to establish how the instrumentalities implicated in “Exhibit A” relate to the cited
patent literature, or how the exhibit relates to actual products developed and
supplied to the government through the ICECool program. Plaintiffs’ contentions
regarding asserted claims 16 and 17 directed at Raytheon with respect to the cited
research article are similarly deficient.

                2.      The ’992 Patent

       For the ’992 patent, plaintiffs assert the accused products include “an IBM
device referred to as an embedded two-phase liquid-cooled microprocessor (ECM),”
citing the description of a proposed cooling solution in two articles published by
IBM research personnel. 12 ECF 45-10 at 3, 27–57. The infringement contentions
do not include additional identifying information indicating whether the literature
description relates to a real-world product or how that product is physically
configured. Additionally, even if the referenced device exists, it remains unclear
whether it was designed for and delivered to the United States under the ICECool
program. 13

        C.      Claim Limitations

       The government contends plaintiffs also fail to identify how each claim
limitation is found in the accused devices as required under PR-CFC 4(c). The
Court agrees. Setting aside plaintiffs’ deficient identification of accused devices,
and assuming arguendo that plaintiffs’ claim chart citations relate to actual
products, plaintiffs’ cited descriptions nonetheless fail to state where and how
any accused device incorporates each claim limitation.

12 As noted supra, the cover pleading of plaintiffs’ infringement contentions lists four asserted claims
of the ’992 patent (i.e., claims 1, 2, 21 and 22), but the claim charts only include claims 1 and 2.

13To be clear, both articles reference the ICECool program in their respective acknowledgements.
See ECF 45-10 at 40 (authors extending thanks to IBM personnel “involved in the ICECool
programs”); id. at 50 (noting research “was supported in part” by the ICECool program and
disclaiming that the article represents IBM authors’ opinions only). While such mention may aid
in satisfying the “plausibility” pleading standard, it does not satisfy the specificity required under
PR-CFC 4. See, e.g., Iris Corp. Berhad v. United States, No. 15-175C, 2019 WL 2317143, at *3
(Fed. Cl. May 8, 2019) (“When arguing that the court should deny the government’s motion to
dismiss, plaintiff was correct that it could plead infringement broadly and nail down its theories
in its disclosures. Now is the time to be specific so that the parties and the court can focus their
attention on the pertinent accusations during claim construction.”).

                                                    9
       For example, each of the four asserted claims of the ’901 patent requires,
inter alia, a “means for adjusting the rate at which said cooling fluid passes through
said interior passageway so that substantially no cooling fluid is vaporized within
said interior passageway.” See ’901 patent, col. 14:17–20, 48–51. For this
limitation, plaintiffs’ claim charts state:

      Lockheed Martin: “Because the ’802 patent discusses varying the pressure
      of fluid, it inherently includes a means for adjusting the desired flow rate.
      See, e.g., Col. 4: 53-55 (“Depending on the desired flow rate, fluid supplied to
      the jets 40 may be pressurized to approximately 30 to 100 pounds per square
      inch (PSI).”).” See ECF 45-10 at 8.

      Raytheon: “Col. 6:31-35 (‘Partitions 50 (FIG. 1A) between micro-channels 26
      are strategically located in proximity to the HEMT 20 being cooled to
      maximize conjugate convection/conduction) heat transfer performance.’).
      See also Ex. 1 (‘Performance is optimised [sic] by placing the channels next
      to the hot spots of the GaN-on-diamond MMIC, and using a silicon manifold
      layer to regulate the direction, flow rate, and pressure of the coolant.’).”
      See id. at 60–61 (citing disclosure in the ’330 patent and a research
      publication by Raytheon personnel).

      Northrop Grumman: “Pump 92 inherently includes a means for adjusting the
      flow rate.” See id. at 90 (citing the ’284 patent).

      Lockheed Martin & Northrop Grumman (identical entry): “As stated on
      page 174 of Exhibit A, ‘in the interest of achieving near-term system
      insertions of ICECool Apps technology, proposers will apply embedded
      microfluidic thermal management techniques to existing liquid-cooled
      systems, in which the external thermal management hardware (pumps,
      valves, heat exchangers, etc.) can be harnessed in an ICECool-driven
      design[.]’” See id. at 9 (Lockheed Martin); id. at 91 (Northrop Grumman).

None of the cited descriptions disclose the claimed means for adjusting the cooling
fluid flow rate. Instead, they either fail to identify any corresponding structure
or, at most, reference a general structural component (e.g., “[p]artitions,” “silicon
manifold layer,” “[p]ump”) without addressing the specific restrictions built into the
claim limitation (i.e., “adjusting the rate at which said cooling fluid passes through
said interior passageway so that substantially no cooling fluid is vaporized within
said interior passageway.”). References to components merely “capable of operating
in a manner that infringes” do not suffice to identify which component meets the
claim limitation and functions as claimed. See Golden II, 156 Fed. Cl. at 630;
see also e.g., Telemac Cellular Corp. v. Topp Telecom, Inc., 247 F.3d 1316, 1330
(Fed. Cir. 2001) (“[T]hat a device is capable of being modified to operate in an
infringing manner is not sufficient, by itself, to support a finding of infringement.”).

                                           10
       Likewise, plaintiffs’ claim charts for asserted claim 2 of the ’992 patent
suffer the same flaw. Claim 2 recites, in part, “means for controlling the flow rate
of said cooling fluid so that at least some of the fluid flowing through said other
passageways vaporizes prior to contact with the surface of said component to cool
the component through both conductive and evaporative cooling.” See ’992 patent,
col. 10: 32–37. In their claims charts, plaintiffs solely reference a “flow meter
in Fig. 11,” which is a “Schematic of the test system” in one of two cited articles,
without addressing whether or how this “flow meter” functions in the same manner
as claimed. See ECF 45-10 at 28, 36.

        For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ supplemental infringement contentions
fail to articulate any infringement theory with the specificity necessary to provide
reasonable notice to the defendant. As such, they must be stricken. See Golden I,
2021 WL 3238860, at *3 (“[D]eficient infringement contentions fail to provide
defendant with notice and thereby prejudice defendant’s ability to proceed with its
own invalidity and claim construction disclosures.”).

III.   Leave to Amend

       Urging the Court to strike plaintiffs’ infringement contentions, as
supplemented, the government argues no good cause exists warranting further
leave to amend. The Court agrees. Plaintiffs have had ample notice of the
deficiencies–including the Court’s show cause order–and several opportunities
to provide compliant contentions. Plaintiffs’ lack of due diligence, despite their
repeated commitments to remedy the deficiencies, negates a finding of good cause
and warrants dismissal under RCFC 41(b) for failure to prosecute.

        To amend infringement contentions once served, a plaintiff must seek leave
of the Court upon a showing of good cause. See PR-CFC 24. “Establishing good
cause requires a showing that the moving party acted with diligence and that the
amendment would not prejudice the non-moving party.” ACME Worldwide Enters.,
Inc. v. United States, No. 17-843, 2022 WL 6853387, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Oct. 11, 2022);
see also O2 Micro, 467 F.3d at 1366 (discussing local patent rule requiring good
cause for amending contentions, noting party seeking to amend must demonstrate
due diligence). If the Court finds the moving party did not act diligently, the Court
need not address the prejudice factor. See, e.g., ACME, 2022 WL 6853387, at *2.

      Plaintiffs assert their “infringement contentions in their initial or current
form are sufficient,” and, in one sentence, generally request an additional
opportunity to supplement if the Court finds otherwise. See ECF 49 at 3, 6.
Plaintiffs fault the government for “incorrect[ly] . . . portray[ing them] as having
conceded that their initial infringement contentions were deficient[.]” Id. at 2.
Plaintiffs’ representations to defendant and the Court belies this assertion.

                                          11
       In requesting additional time to supplement their initial contentions,
plaintiffs agreed “to address the issues raised in the Government’s [August 23,
2022] correspondence.” ECF 41 at 3; see also ECF 45-8 (parties’ exchange regarding
government-raised deficiencies and joint motion to modify case schedule). In
subsequently seeking additional time–in an untimely motion filed 12 days after the
already-extended September 30, 2022 deadline–plaintiffs represented to the Court:

      Plaintiffs will fully and completely address the deficiencies in
      Plaintiffs’ infringing contentions that were previously raised in the
      Government’s August 23, 2022 correspondence including but not
      limited to the identification of each and every product, process, or
      method that allegedly infringes each asserted claim and how the
      accused products, processes, or methods infringe.

ECF 43 at 3 (emphasis added). As memorialized in plaintiffs’ motion, the
government consented to the requested extension on the condition that plaintiffs
would “fully and completely” address the identified deficiencies. See id. at 4.
Plaintiffs’ commitment did not materialize. As discussed supra, plaintiffs’
contentions, as supplemented, include the same deficiencies the government
identified since at least August 23, 2022.

       Moreover, in their five-page response to the government’s motion to strike,
plaintiffs summarily assert that the government’s productions were limited or
“included irrelevant information.” ECF 49 at 4. The Court finds this post hoc
excuse unconvincing. Having had the government’s initial and follow-up production
since July and August 2022, respectively, plaintiffs had ample opportunity to
request additional discovery and, if unsuccessful, seek court intervention through
a motion to compel. They did neither. Instead, plaintiffs first criticized the
government’s document production on October 17, 2022–over two weeks after
missing the (previously extended) September 30, 2022 deadline, and three days
after serving deficient supplemental contentions. See ECF 45-1 at 2; ECF 45-6 at 2;
ECF 50-1 at 2–3.

       Plaintiffs’ response did not identify specific issues with the government’s
productions that purportedly hindered plaintiffs’ preparation of their infringement
contentions; nor did they detail any effort to pursue additional discovery, the
scope of contemplated discovery, or how the discovery would yield information
critical to their contentions. See generally ECF 45-1; see also ECF 50-2 at 2–3
(government’s November 3, 2022 renewed request for identification of specific
production deficiencies and to meet and confer). Plaintiffs’ general reference to
“upcoming third-party discovery” is similarly unconvincing. ECF 49 at 6.

                                         12
       Tellingly, in contrast to the government’s itemized deficiencies for each
defense contractor, plaintiffs’ response only addressed the claim charts for
Lockheed Martin. The two-page argument section–aside from reproducing the text
of Patent Rule 4 and an unidentified and unsourced product image discussed infra–
provides little substantive response beyond a blanket assertion that Patent Rule 4’s
requirements are satisfied. 14 With regard to IBM, Raytheon, and Northrop
Grumman, plaintiffs’ combined response consists of the following statement:
“The other three claim charts for IBM, Raytheon, and Northrup [sic] Grumman
are similarly sufficiently supported.” ECF 49 at 6.

      Plaintiffs did not respond to or otherwise contest the government’s
August 23, 2022 representation–documented in the ICECool program final reports
produced on July 22, 2022–that [XXXXX] did not deliver any protypes to the
government and, therefore, no infringing products could be identified. See, e.g.,
ECF 45-7 at 6; [XXXXX] (“[T]he final technical reports for both [XXXXX] make clear
that no prototype or device that could plausibly be accused of infringement was
ever delivered to the Government in connection with the ICECool Applications
Program.”). For IBM, plaintiffs continued to disregard, among other deficiencies
the government noted, the two uncharted claims listed in the cover pleading.

       On December 15, 2022, after reviewing the parties’ filings, the Court issued
an Order to Show Cause directing plaintiffs to clarify and specifically identify
accused real-world, non-theoretical products–granting plaintiffs an additional
45 days to cure the deficiencies in their infringement contentions. See ECF 52 at 2–
3. Plaintiffs responded by repackaging the deficient product identification included
in their initial contentions, citing the same product images, and again relying on
research and patent literature. 15 Compare ECF 45-10 with ECF 54. Regarding
their position that the accused devices were developed for and supplied to the
United States through the ICECool program, plaintiffs cite the same article
describing research initiatives (for Lockheed Martin and Raytheon), a photo of

14Addressing the specific product identification required under PR-CFC 4(b), plaintiffs point to
a claimed product image asserting: “a picture conveys more meaning than a mere description.”
ECF 49 at 5. Whatever meaning an unidentified and unsourced picture might convey, it does
not translate to compliance with PR-CFC 4(b) or provide the requisite notice of infringement.

15For example, regarding the identification of accused ICECool products purportedly developed by
Lockheed Martin, plaintiffs’ response cites: the same unidentified and unsourced product image
noted above; “[a] circuit die 31” described in the ’802 patent; and a quote from an April 24, 2018
research article generally describing initiatives to develop electronics cooling solutions. See ECF 54
at 1–2. Plaintiffs do not elaborate on the “tested amplifiers” noted in the article, see ECF 54-2 at 9,
or explain how they relate to the unsourced image or patent literature citations. Nor do plaintiffs
address the article’s ambivalent forecast that integration of the technology was possible “within a
year” or that the technology might undergo further development “within a few years.” See id. at 10.
As noted supra, the ’901 patent and ’992 patents expired 20 months after the cited article was
published.

                                                  13
technology showcased at a conference (for IBM), and several newly cited research
articles (for Northrop Grumman). 16 ECF 54 at 5–7.

       Like the literature citations included in plaintiffs’ infringement contentions,
nothing in the record supports findings that the solutions referenced in the
cited patents and articles correspond to real-world devices, represent the same
instruments depicted in the cited images, or were developed for and supplied to
the government through the ICECool program. Putting aside the lack of record
evidence corroborating the quoted statements in the cited articles, neither general
descriptions of research purportedly conducted by the contractors or aspirational
descriptions of proposed research satisfy plaintiffs’ burden under Patent Rule 4.

       Further, as noted supra, plaintiffs identified seven other defense contractors
in their amended complaint but did not mention any of them in their infringement
contentions, as supplemented. Plaintiffs have not identified any accused devices
these contractors purportedly developed through their involvement in the ICECool
program or any claim(s) each such device allegedly infringed, let alone chart such
devices against the asserted claims. Nor did plaintiffs, in response to the show
cause order, attempt to substantiate their infringement allegations with respect to
any of the seven defense contractors. Having failed to identify any accused products
and set forth a viable infringement theory despite receiving relevant document
production in July and August 2022, plaintiffs have abandoned these claims. 17
See, e.g., Finjan, Inc. v. Proofpoint, Inc., No. 13-5808, 2015 WL 1517920, at *5
(N.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2015) (infringement allegations limited to products expressly
identified in infringement contentions).

       At bottom, plaintiffs’ repeated failure to comply with the Patent Rules,
despite notice of specific deficiencies and multiple opportunities to remedy and
adequately articulate an infringement theory, compels the conclusion that it cannot
be done. The Court finds no good cause exists warranting further leave to amend.
This action must therefore be dismissed. See Golden II, 156 Fed. Cl. at 627, 632
(discussing functions of Patent Rule 4’s specificity requirements, noting: “It is . . .

16 For IBM, the cited image from a GOMACTech conference–reproduced from a restricted report
subject to the Protective Order entered in this case–prompted defendant’s motion to seal, which
the Court addressed during oral argument on March 14, 2023. Beyond the cited image–and
illustrative of plaintiffs’ response to the show cause order in general–plaintiffs simply assert:
“GOMACTech was established primarily to review developments in microcircuit applications for
government systems.” ECF 54 at 6. The response did not explain the relevance of the cited image
or how the referenced [XXXXX] connects to the unidentified image or literature citations in the
infringement contentions or any allegedly infringing products.

17The record before the Court indicates that only 2 of the 7 identified contractors were involved
in the ICECool Applications phase and neither [XXXXX] produced a prototype or other system to
the government at the conclusion of the program. See ECF 45-14 (DARPA Final Report) at 3, 14–18,
22–23.

                                                14
not a triumph of form over function to dismiss the case for plaintiff’s repeated
failure to [serve proper infringement contentions].”); see, e.g., Xiaohua Huang v.
MediaTek USA, Inc., 815 F. App’x 521, 525 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (affirming district
court’s dismissal due to plaintiffs’ repeated failure to serve proper infringement
contentions).

                                   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons,

   (1) The Clerk of Court is directed to LIFT the Stay (ECF 47);

   (2) Plaintiff James J. Hildebrandt is TERMINATED for lack of standing;

   (3) The Clerk of Court is directed to TERMINATE plaintiff James J.
       Hildebrandt from this matter;

   (4) Defendant’s Motion to Strike Plaintiffs’ Preliminary Infringement
       Contentions (ECF 45) is GRANTED; and

   (5) The Clerk of Court is directed to DISMISS this action for failure to prosecute
       in accordance with RCFC 41(b) and ENTER Judgment accordingly. Costs to
       defendant.

      It is so ORDERED.

                                                     ___________________
                                                     Armando O. Bonilla
                                                     Judge

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