Court Opinion

ID: 5119571
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-20 13:01:42.549977+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:13.124184
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 20-1535
                                    (Filed: 19 October 2021)

***************************************
SAM RAYBURN MUNICIPAL POWER           *
AGENCY,                               *
                                      *
                  Plaintiff,          *             RCFC 12(b)(1); Subject-Matter Jurisdiction;
                                      *             RCFC 12(b)(6); Failure to State a Claim;
v.                                    *             Motion to Dismiss; Breach of Contract;
                                      *             Monetary Damages; Remedy
THE UNITED STATES,                    *
                                      *
                  Defendant.          *
                                      *
***************************************

      Neil H. Koslowe, with whom was Michael J. Rustom, Potomac Law Group, PLLC, both
of Washington, D.C., for plaintiff.

       Kelly A. Krystyniak, Trial Attorney, with whom were Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant
Attorney General, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Elizabeth M. Hosford, Assistant Director,
Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, John D. Bremer,
General Counsel, Southwestern Power Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, and
Katharine S. Talbot, Assistant District Counsel, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, all of
Washington, D.C., for defendant.

                                   OPINION AND ORDER

HOLTE, Judge.

        Plaintiff, Sam Rayburn Municipal Power Agency, filed an amended complaint alleging
breach of contract and requesting monetary damages. The government moved to dismiss
plaintiff’s claims under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims
(“RCFC”). For the following reasons, the Court DENIES the government’s motion to dismiss.
I. Factual and Procedural History

         A. Factual History 1

        The Flood Control Act of 1944 authorizes the United States Department of Energy,
through its Power Marketing Administrations, “to sell energy produced at hydropower facilities
operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers” (“the Army” or “the Corps”). Def.’s
Mot. to Dismiss Am. Compl. (“Def.’s MTD”) at 2, ECF No. 13 (citing 16 U.S.C. § 825s; 42
U.S.C. § 7152). The Southwestern Power Administration (“SWPA” or “the government”) “is
one of four ‘Power Marketing Administrations’ within the Department of Energy, responsible for
marketing federally-generated hydroelectric power.” Id. at 3 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 7152). “By
law, power owned by [SWPA] is marketed and delivered primarily to public bodies, such as
rural electric cooperatives and municipal utilities, known as ‘preference’ customers.” Id. (citing
16 U.S.C. § 825s). The Sam Rayburn Municipal Power Agency (“plaintiff” or “Sam Rayburn”),
“as a preference customer, is ‘entitled to a preference in the sale and disposition of power and
energy by [SWPA], and, following a public notice and participation process’ was ‘selected to
receive the power and energy produced at [the Town Bluff Hydropower Project].’” Id. (quoting
Contract No. DE-PM75-85SW00117 (“Contract” 2) at 2, ECF No. 13-1).

        On 28 June 1985, the government, “acting by and through the Commander, Fort Worth
District of the Corps, and . . . the Administrator of SWPA, executed a first-of-its-kind
Construction Agreement for the Town Bluff Hydropower Project” (“the Project”) with plaintiff.
Am. Compl. at 3, ECF No. 6. Plaintiff “agreed to pay 100% of the total construction costs for
[the Project], and the Corps agreed to construct and then operate the Town Bluff Dam, including
the hydropower generating facilities resulting from the construction of that Project.” Id. Also on
28 June 1985, the government, “acting by and through the Administrator of SWPA, executed
‘Contract No. DE-PM75-85SW00117,’ entitled ‘Power Sales Contract Between United States of
America and Sam Rayburn Municipal Power Agency’ . . . .” Id.; see also Def.’s MTD at 2
(“[Plaintiff] entered into Contract No. DE-PM75-855W00117 [sic] with the Government . . . .”).

        In 1989, plaintiff “entered into an agreement with the Sam Rayburn Generation and
Transmission Cooperative (‘SRG&T’) by which [Sam Rayburn] agreed to an allocation of
68.06% of the electric power and energy produced by [the Project] and SRG&T agreed to an
allocation of 24.89% of that electric power and energy.” Am. Compl. at 8. “The remaining
7.05% of the electric power and energy was allocated to the Vinton (Louisiana) Public Power
Authority,” which is not party to the suit. Id. Plaintiff, however, “is contractually responsible to
pay for 100% of SWPA’s billings for the power and energy i[t] delivers to these three power
purchasers.” Id. at 9.

1
  For the government’s motion to dismiss, the Court “accept[s] as true all undisputed facts asserted in the plaintiff’s
[amended] complaint.” Acevedo v. United States, 824 F.3d 1365, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting Trusted
Integration, Inc. v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2011)) (internal quotation marks omitted). See
also Athey v. United States, 908 F.3d 696, 705 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Bell/Heery v. United States, 739 F.3d 1324,
1330 (Fed. Cir. 2014)) (holding for RCFC 12(b)(6) motions, the Court “must accept well-pleaded factual allegations
as true”).
2
  While the parties dispute whether the document is a contract or a cooperative agreement, the Court’s use of the
term “contract” in this opinion reflects only the document’s name for itself and is not a legal finding.

                                                         -2-
        The Contract provides: “SWPA shall sell and deliver and [Sam Rayburn] shall purchase
and receive, or cause to be received, all of the electric power . . . and energy . . . generated at the
Project which is made available to SWPA . . . .” Contract at 4; Am. Compl. at 4; Def.’s MTD at
2, 12; see also Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss Am. Compl. (“Def.’s Reply”) at 4, ECF
No. 15). Regarding compensation, the Contract says:

        [Sam Rayburn] shall compensate SWPA each month for Hydro Power and Energy
        purchased under this Contract at the rates and under the terms and conditions set
        forth in the rate schedule . . . . It is understood and agreed that said rates are to be
        isolated project rates and are only intended to recover all operating, maintenance,
        addition, replacement, marketing, and concomitant interest expenses associated
        with the Project and with this Contract and not intended to recover (through
        amortization, depreciation, or any other means) any Project construction costs . . . .
        [F]ollowing start of deliveries under this Contract, such rates shall be applicable
        regardless of the quantity of Hydro Power and Energy available or delivered to
        [Sam Rayburn]; Provided, however, That if an Uncontrollable Force prevents
        utilization of both of the Project’s power generating units for the purposes of this
        Contract for an entire billing period, and if during such billing period water releases
        were being made which otherwise would have been used to generate Hydro Power
        and Energy, then SWPA shall, upon request by [Sam Rayburn], suspend billing for
        subsequent billing periods, until such time as at least one of the Project’s generating
        units is again available for the purposes of this Contract.

Contract at 5–6; see Am. Compl. at 5–6; Def.’s MTD at 4–5, 12; Def.’s Reply at 5. The Contract
defines an “Uncontrollable Force” as:

        any force which is not within the control of the party affected, including, but not
        limited to failure of water supply, failure of facilities, flood, earthquake, storm,
        lightning, fire, epidemic, war, riot, civil disturbance, labor disturbance, sabotage,
        or restraint by court of general jurisdiction, which by exercise of due diligence and
        foresight such party could not reasonably have been expected to avoid.

Contract at 4; see Am. Compl. at 5; Def.’s MTD 5 n.5; Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss
(“Pl.’s Resp.”) at 16 n.63, ECF No. 14; Def.’s Reply at 6, 10. Regarding payment to SWPA, the
Contract says:

        If [Sam Rayburn] fails to pay any amount due under this Contract, SWPA may, at
        its option, cause the delivery of power and energy under this Contract to be
        discontinued upon 90 days’ prior written notice to [Sam Rayburn], unless payment
        of the amount due is made by [Sam Rayburn] within such 90-day period. Such
        discontinuance of the delivery of power and energy, as herein provided, shall not
        relieve [Sam Rayburn] of liability for the SWPA rate schedule charges during the
        period of such discontinuance, and the rights granted SWPA herein shall be in
        addition to all other remedies available to SWPA, either at law or in equity, for the
        breach of any of the provisions of this Contract.

                                                  -3-
Contract at 11; see Def.’s MTD at 10; Pl.’s Resp. at 17–18; Def.’s Reply at 7–8. The Contract
further provides:

       Hydro Power and Energy shall be delivered by SWPA as scheduled except for
       interruptions or curtailments in delivery caused by an Uncontrollable Force, or by
       the operations of devices installed for system protection, or by the necessary
       installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of equipment.                 Such
       interruptions or reductions in service, as hereinbefore set forth, shall not constitute
       a breach of this Contract, and neither party shall be liable to the other for damages
       resulting therefrom. Except in case of an emergency, SWPA shall give [Sam
       Rayburn] reasonable advance notice of temporary interruptions or curtailments in
       service necessary for such installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of
       equipment, and shall schedule such interruptions or curtailments so as to cause the
       least inconvenience to [Sam Rayburn].

Contract at 15; see Am. Compl. at 5; Def.’s MTD at 5, 9, 11, 15; Pl.’s Resp. at 16, 22; Def.’s
Reply at 6, 7, 10–11. The Contract also contains a provision regarding termination for breach:

       If either party hereto breaches a material provision of this Contract and such breach
       shall be continuing, the other party, at its option, may terminate this Contract upon
       30 days’ prior written notice of its intention to do so, and this Contract ipso facto
       shall terminate at the end of such 30-day period unless within that period such
       period is extended by mutual agreement or unless such violation is corrected.
       Neither party hereto, however, shall be considered to be in default or breach with
       respect to any obligation under this Contract if prevented from fulfilling such
       obligation by reason of an Uncontrollable Force.

Contract at 20; see Am. Compl. at 7–8; Def.’s MTD at 5–6, 10–11, 15; Pl.’s Resp. at 17–18;
Def.’s Reply at 7 n.4, 8.

         Plaintiff alleges: “By the year 2006, the two generator units at [the Project] began to fail
frequently. In November 2015, both units were put out of service as a result of the failures.”
Am. Compl. at 9. “From December 2015 through April 2017, the two generator units at [the
Project] did not produce any electric power or energy, and SWPA did not deliver any electric
power or energy during this 17-month period to [Sam Rayburn] . . . .” Id. Nonetheless, “SWPA
continue[d] to bill [Sam Rayburn] at its regular rates and [Sam Rayburn] continued to pay those
bills in full. During this 17-month period, [Sam Rayburn] paid SWPA a total of $1,758,446.90.”
Id.

         In November of 2016, plaintiff and SRG&T “informally raised with the Corps severe
reliability and quality of service issues regarding [the Project] that called into question its
continuing economic viability.” Id. In a 13 February 2017 letter, plaintiff and SRG&T
“formally requested and urged the Corps, as the service agent for SWPA, to evaluate, in an
expeditious manner, the appropriate disposition of [the Project], including de-commissioning
options[,] . . . sent a copy of the request to SWPA[,] and asked for a final decision on that
disposition within 120 days.” Id. at 9–10.

                                                 -4-
         The Corps and SWPA issued a “final White Paper dated March 24, 2017, [in which] a
‘Project Delivery Team’ consisting of representatives of SWPA and the Corps identified a long
list of problems” at the Project. Am. Compl. at 10. Those problems included the following:

       (1) a failed station service transformer;
       (2) a faulty fixed-mounted emergency diesel generator;
       (3) unit control system programmable logic controllers whose software did not run
           on modern operating systems and whose parts were almost impossible to find;
       (4) increasingly unreliable and worn governors which required non-standard parts
           because of the unavailability of replacement parts;
       (5) a [supervisory control and data acquisition] system comprised of equipment of
           different vintages which had numerous hardware failures;
       (6) communications equipment near the end of its life which could not be expanded;
       (7) unit exciters which experienced numerous failures and for which replacement
           parts were scarce;
       (8) bushings for the wicket gates which must be replaced and whose seals had
           failed, allowing water leaks; and
       (9) bearings that had worn to a point that the governor system had to operate at a
           level much higher than appropriate.

Id. at 10–11. The White Paper concluded, “as a consequence of these problems, the availability
of the two generator units at [the Project] during the period 2012 to 2017 was less than 25%.”
Id. at 11.

        The White Paper outlined “five alternative options for dealing with the severe problems
at [the Project].” Am. Compl. at 11. The only option that would allow the government to
maintain its existing relationship with plaintiff “called for capital replacement and rehabilitation
work that would cost an estimated $6,577,000.” Id. “SWPA and the Corps noted that
$5,500,000 of that amount was available from ‘customer funding.’” Id. The government told
plaintiff, “the ‘[m]ajority of the repairs are estimated to be completed in 2020,’ and that those
repairs would” fix the Project. Id.

       Plaintiff alleges, “none of the capital replacement and rehabilitation work at [the Project]
recommended in the 2017 White Paper by SWPA and the Corps was performed, except for some
minor engineering studies.” Am. Compl. at 11. “Nevertheless, from 2017 to date, the rate
SWPA billed [Sam Rayburn] included the amortized cost of the $5,500,000 funding provided to
the Corps by SWPA preference customers, and [Sam Rayburn] paid that amortized cost.” Id. at
11–12.

       Plaintiff further alleges the plant “produced no electric power or energy from January
2019 through August 2020 . . . .” Id. at 12. “[D]uring this 20-month period SWPA billed [Sam
Rayburn] and [Sam Rayburn] paid SWPA a total of $2,138,060.” Id. At oral argument the

                                                 -5-
parties discussed their disagreement as to the current operational status of the plant. 3 Transcript
of Oral Argument on 19 May 2021 (“Tr.”) at 16:5–23, ECF No. 22. Plaintiff alleges the plant is
not operational and has been sitting idle for 41 months. Tr. at 52:16–19 (“We’re not talking
about an interruption caused by a raccoon for a couple of weeks or even a couple of months.
We’re talking about forty-one months. That’s three years of no service.”). At oral argument, the
government conceded “there are currently significant operational problems with the plant” and—
at the time of oral argument—the plant was sitting idle. Tr. at 15:3–17. The parties agree the
plant was not under repair at the time of oral argument but disputed the reason for the delay in
repairs. 4 Tr. at 16:24–18:19. The government concedes it has a duty to make repairs under the
Contract. Tr. at 18:20–25 (“COURT: So under the [Contract] . . . who [has] the duty to conduct
the repairs? [GOVERNMENT]: The [Contract] shifts the duty for the operation and
maintenance of the plant to the [g]overnment.”).

         Plaintiff requests money damages as claimed in three counts: (1) breach of contract for
failure to deliver power and energy; (2) breach of contract for failure to maintain and repair the
Project; and (3) breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. See Am. Compl. at
12–15.

                  1. Plaintiff’s Claim for Breach of Contract for Failure to Deliver Power and
                     Energy

       The first count of plaintiff’s amended complaint alleges breach of contract to deliver
power and energy. Id. at 12–13. Plaintiff argues, “[b]y failing to deliver any Hydro power or
energy to [Sam Rayburn] . . . during the 17-month period from December 2015 through April
2017 and during the 20-month period from January 2019 through August 2020, the United States
breached material provisions of the [Contract] and caused significant money losses to [Sam
Rayburn].” Id. at 13. Plaintiff requests at least $3,896,506.90 in damages under this count. Id.

                  2. Plaintiff’s Claim for Breach of Contract for Failure to Maintain and
                     Repair the Facilities

        The second count of plaintiff’s amended complaint alleges breach of contract for failure
to maintain and repair the project. Am. Compl. at 13–14. Plaintiff argues the government
“failed properly to maintain and repair [the Project] facilities, and to perform the needed capital
replacement and rehabilitation work at those facilities, in breach of material provisions of the
[Contract].” Id. at 13. Plaintiff argues the government “shifted the burden of maintaining [the

3
  “[GOVERNMENT]: [A]t the time that this complaint was filed, the plant was not producing energy due to repairs
that had to be made. However, I know that as of the February time frame it was back online. As far as its status
today, I do not know. [SAM RAYBURN]: Your Honor, if I may . . . [the two units at the plant] are both offline
now. Neither was working. Neither is producing anything. The last production in May was 8 megawatts. That’s
0.33 percent of the capacity. That’s less than 1 percent of the capacity. So right now it’s totally inoperative. As I
said, it fell apart. COURT: . . . I assume agency counsel agrees with that number or has no reason to dispute it?
[GOVERNMENT]: I have no reason to dispute it.” Tr. at 16:7-23.
4
  The parties agreed $5 million dollars is held in trust for the government to make repairs to the plant. Tr. at 17:4–
18:14. The government states—per Sam Rayburn’s request—the repairs are pending a decision regarding whether
the plant should be decommissioned, Tr. at 17:4–11, while Sam Rayburn states repairs were supposed to begin in
2017, Tr. at 17:18–18:6.

                                                         -6-
Project] in good working order from the United States to [Sam Rayburn].” Id. at 14. Plaintiff
requests at least “some proportion of $8,553,333.10” in damages under this count. Id.

                  3. Plaintiff’s Claim for Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair
                     Dealing

        Plaintiff’s third count alleges breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
Am. Compl. at 14–15. Plaintiff argues, “[a] covenant of good faith and fair dealing is implied in
the [Contract].” Id. at 14. Plaintiff argues the government breached this covenant “[b]y failing
to deliver any Hydro power or energy to [Sam Rayburn]” during the above-stated periods “and
by failing properly to operate, maintain, repair, replace, and rehabilitate the facilities at [the
Project] in a manner that would enable SWPA to meet its obligations under the [Contract] and
that would comply with the accepted standards of reliability and adequacy in the electric utility
industry . . . .” Id. at 14–15. Plaintiff requests at least “$3,896,506.90 plus some proportion of
$8,553,333.10” in damages under this count. Id. at 15.

         B. Procedural History

         Plaintiff filed its complaint on 6 November 2020 and its amended complaint on 2
December 2020. See Compl., ECF No. 1; Am. Compl. On 23 December 2020, the government
requested an extension of time until 8 March 2021 to file its answer to the amended complaint.
See Def.’s Mot. for an Enlargement of Time in Which to Respond to Pl.’s Compl., ECF No. 7.
On 7 January 2021, the Court scheduled a status conference for 25 January 2021. See Order,
ECF No. 10. Plaintiff filed a motion for partial summary judgment on 19 January 2021. See
Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J., ECF No. 11. During the status conference, the government
stated it planned to file a motion to dismiss; by the parties’ agreement, the Court denied the
government’s motion for an extension of time as moot and stayed plaintiff’s motion for partial
summary judgment pending resolution of the government’s motion to dismiss. See Order, ECF
No. 12.

       On 1 March 2021, the government filed a motion to dismiss all three of plaintiff’s counts
under RCFC 12(b)(1) and plaintiff’s first count under RCFC 12(b)(6). See Def.’s MTD. On 15
March 2021, plaintiff filed its response to the government’s motion to dismiss. See Pl.’s Resp.
The government filed its reply on 22 March 2021. 5 See Def.’s Reply.

       On 19 May 2021, the Court held oral argument on the government’s motion to dismiss.
See Order, ECF No. 18. At oral argument, the parties stated they were not prepared to discuss
the Federal Circuit’s decision in Boaz Housing Authority v. United States, 994 F.3d 1359 (Fed.
Cir. 2021)—a precedential case issued 16 April 2021 reviewing issues relevant to the
government’s motion to dismiss. Tr. at 46:3–20. The parties further did not address certain

5
  Plaintiff also filed a motion for leave to file supplemental opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss. See
Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to File Suppl. Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 16. The government filed a response
“tak[ing] no position on the motion.” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. Seeking Leave to File “Suppl. Opp’n” at 1, ECF
No. 17. At oral argument, the government clarified it “do[es] not oppose the filing of that brief.” Tr. at 6:17–24.
Accordingly, for good cause shown, the Court grants plaintiff’s motion for leave to file supplemental opposition to
the government’s motion to dismiss.

                                                         -7-
relevant provisions of the Contract in their briefing and were not adequately prepared to discuss
them at oral argument. Tr. at 38:16–45:17. Accordingly, following oral argument, the Court
ordered supplemental briefing addressing: (1) the Federal Circuit’s decision in Boaz; and (2) any
relevant portions of the Contract the parties were not prepared to discuss. See Order, ECF No.
20. On 1 June 2021, the government filed its supplemental brief, see Def.’s Suppl. Br., ECF No.
23, and the plaintiff filed its supplemental brief the next day, see Pl.’s Suppl. Br., ECF No. 24.

II. Applicable Law

       A. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

        A party may move to dismiss a complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction under
RCFC 12(b)(1). Plaintiffs “bear the burden of establishing the court’s jurisdiction by a
preponderance of the evidence.” Acevedo v. United States, 824 F.3d 1365, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2016)
(citing Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2011)). “In
determining jurisdiction, a court must accept as true all undisputed facts asserted in the plaintiff’s
complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Id. (quoting Trusted
Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163). “Allegations of subject matter jurisdiction, to suffice, must
satisfy a relatively low standard” of merely “exceed[ing] a threshold that has been equated with
such concepts as ‘essentially fictitious,’ ‘wholly insubstantial,’ ‘obviously frivolous,’ and
‘obviously without merit.’” Boeing Co. v. United States, 968 F.3d 1371, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2020)
(quoting Shapiro v. McManus, 577 U.S. 39, 45–46 (2015)).

        The Tucker Act vests this Court with “jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim
against the United States founded . . . upon any express or implied contract with the United
States”; however, the Tucker Act does not establish a substantive right enforceable against the
United States for monetary damages. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1); United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S.
535, 538 (1980). To invoke jurisdiction under the Tucker Act and thereby survive a 12(b)(1)
motion to dismiss, plaintiff must prove a substantive source of law creates the right to recover
monetary damages. Hamlet v. United States, 63 F.3d 1097, 1101 (Fed Cir. 1995) (citing United
States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976)). The substantive source of law can be a money-
mandating constitutional provision, statute, regulation, or an express or implied contract with the
United States. Loveladies Harbor, Inc. v. United States, 27 F.3d 1545, 1554 (Fed. Cir. 1994). In
other words, “when a breach of contract claim is brought in the Court of Federal Claims under
the Tucker Act, the plaintiff comes armed with the presumption that money damages are
available, so that normally no further inquiry is required.” Holmes v. United States, 657 F.3d
1303, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The Federal Circuit has found an exception only in limited cases:

       where a contract expressly disavows money damages . . . where the breach
       alleged was of a confidentiality provision in an agreement defining the terms of
       an alternative dispute resolution process . . . where the agreement concerned a
       criminal defendant’s release on bail . . . and where a special government cost-
       sharing agreement, rather than a procurement or sales contract, was at issue . . . .

Rocky Mountain Helium, LLC v. United States, 841 F.3d 1320, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (first citing
Holmes, 657 F.3d at 1314; then citing Higbie v. United States, 778 F.3d 990, 995 (Fed. Cir.

                                                 -8-
2015); then citing Sanders v. United States, 252 F.3d 1329, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2001); and then
citing Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d 1338, 1344–46 (Fed. Cir. 2008)).

       B. Facial Plausibility Requirement

         Under RCFC 12(b)(6), a party may assert by motion the defense of failure to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted. A defendant may seek dismissal of an action for failure to
allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). Facial plausibility requires plaintiff plead “factual content
that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). This requires “more than a
sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. “Threadbare recitals of the elements
of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. When
deciding a motion to dismiss under RCFC 12(b)(6), the Court “must accept well-pleaded factual
allegations as true and must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the claimant.” Athey v.
United States, 908 F.3d 696, 705 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Bell/Heery v. United States, 739 F.3d
1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2014)). The Court, however, is “not required to accept the asserted legal
conclusions.” Am. Bankers Ass’n v. United States, 932 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citing
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678).

       C. Breach of Contract

        To state a claim for a government breach of contract, a plaintiff must plausibly allege the
existence of a contract with the United States, which requires: “(1) mutuality of intent to
contract; (2) offer and acceptance; (3) consideration; and (4) a government representative having
actual authority to bind the United States.” Hometown Fin., Inc. v. United States, 409 F.3d 1360,
1364 (Fed. Cir. 2005). These requirements “are identical for both express and implied
contracts.” Trauma Serv. Grp. v. United States, 104 F.3d 1321, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 1997). Plaintiff
must also prove a breach of contract by showing “a failure to perform a contractual duty when it
is due.” Id. at 1325 (citations omitted).

III. Parties’ Arguments

       A. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

               1. Presumption of Availability of Damages Under Government Contracts

         During oral argument in this case, the Court asked, “[i]s it [p]laintiff’s position now that a
[Contract Disputes Act (“CDA”)] claim does not apply” to which plaintiff admitted, “[y]es.” Tr.
at 66:5–10. Although plaintiff’s claim is outside the CDA, the government admitted this Court
can still exercise jurisdiction over this contract dispute “provided the agreement is money-
mandating.” Tr. at 66:15–22. The government’s primary 12(b)(1) argument is the Contract is
not money-mandating. Def.’s MTD at 6. The government argues the contract is akin to a

                                                 -9-
cooperative agreement and thus is “not presumed to provide money damages.” 6 Def.’s MTD at
11 (quoting St. Bernard Par. Gov’t v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. 730, 734 (2017), aff’d on other
grounds, 916 F.3d 987 (Fed. Cir. 2019)). The government contends the contract is “akin” to a
cooperative agreement because “the ‘princip[al] purpose’ of the agreement is ‘to transfer a thing
of value’ to [Sam Rayburn]—namely, all power produced at the project.” 7 Def.’s MTD at 6, 12
(first quoting 31 U.S.C. § 6305(1); and then citing Contract at 4). The government further
argues, “[t]he fees [paid by plaintiff to the government] thus serve only to compensate the
Government for some portion of the costs of providing a Service” to plaintiff. Id. at 12.
Additionally, the government argues the Contract “‘carr[ies] out a public purpose of support or
stimulation authorized by a law of the United States,’ by fulfilling the Flood Control Act of 1944
. . . .” Id. at 12–13 (first quoting 31 U.S.C. § 6305(1); then citing 16 U.S.C. § 825s; and then
citing Contract at 2). Thus, the government argues the nature of the Contract defeats the
presumption that damages are available and thus the Contract is “outside this Court’s subject
matter jurisdiction.” Id. at 13 (citing St. Bernard, 134 Fed. Cl. 730).

        In response, plaintiff argues the Contract is not a cooperative agreement because its
“monthly payments totaling millions of dollars to the government . . . . indisputably constitute a
‘benefit’ to the government.” Pl.’s Resp. at 2. Plaintiff further argues, “[t]he Power Contract
was drafted with that title by the government, and it refers to itself as a contract 95 times.” Id. at
19. Plaintiff argues the Contract meets the Federal Circuit’s standard for a contract because the
recitations profess mutual intent, the government does not deny there was offer and acceptance,
and the Contract was signed by an administrator with authority to bind the government. Id.
Additionally, plaintiff argues the Contract is not a cooperative agreement because it is not a grant
provided by the government to an eligible grantee as defined by federal regulation; plaintiff also
argues the Contract was not executed as a cooperative agreement and has not been administered
as one either. Id. at 19–20 (citing 10 C.F.R. §§ 600.202, 600.210, 600.222, 600.226, 600.231). 8
Finally, plaintiff states the government fails to distinguish this court’s holding in Anchorage v.
United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 709 (2015), which plaintiff argues “squarely rejected the identical
‘cooperative agreement’ argument the government makes here.” Am. Compl. at 20. Plaintiff
concludes, the Contract “is a money-mandating contract, not a cooperative agreement, and the
Court has subject matter jurisdiction over it.” Id. at 21.

6
  In a heading of the government’s motion to dismiss, the government argued the Contract is a cooperative
agreement. See Def.’s MTD at 11 (“The Agreement Is Also Not Money-Mandating Because It Is A Cooperative
Agreement.”). During oral argument, however, government counsel clarified it is not asserting the contract is a
cooperative agreement per se, rather this is a “cooperative agreement type situation.” Tr. at 59:15–60:11, 57:16–17.
7
  “An executive agency shall use a cooperative agreement as the legal instrument reflecting a relationship between
the United States Government and a State, a local government, or other recipient when—(1) the principal purpose of
the relationship is to transfer a thing of value to the State, local government, or other recipient to carry out a public
purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States instead of acquiring (by purchase, lease,
or barter) property or services for the direct benefit or use of the United States Government . . . .” 31 U.S.C. §
6305(1).
8
  According to 10 C.F.R. §600.202, the word grant means “an award of financial assistance, including cooperative
agreements, in the form of money, or property in lieu of money, by the Federal Government to an eligible grantee.”
Federal regulations governing cooperative agreements: require prospective applicants to complete a prescribed
form; limit the use of funds provided by the government; require recipients to submit to audits; and vest title to
property acquired under the agreement in recipients. 10 C.F.R. §§ 600.210, 600.222, 600.226, 600.231.

                                                          -10-
         The government argues in reply it never stated the Department of Energy regulations
regarding cooperative agreements apply and never denied there was offer, acceptance, mutual
intent, and an authorized government representative, rather it “established that the nature of the
rights negotiated and agreed to by the parties confirms that the parties did not intend for
monetary damages to be available if the project fails to produce power for a period of time for
any of an expansive list of reasons.” Def.’s Reply at 3. The government distinguishes
Anchorage by arguing the Contract “does not simply fail to explicitly provide for ‘monetary
remedy upon breach’ but rather explicitly disavows monetary remedy and provides an alternative
remedy” and the benefit received by the government “is significantly different from any ‘benefit’
that would be realized here.” Id. at 3–4 (citing Hymas v. United States, 810 F.3d 1312, 1328
(Fed. Cir. 2016)). The government further argues the Project “exists only for the provision of
power to plaintiff . . . .” Id. at 4. Finally, the government argues “[d]ue to the significant
maintenance and upgrades required to keep an aging power plant online, any ‘benefit’ of owning
title to a fifty-year old power plant at the conclusion at [sic] the agreement is, at best, de
minimis.” Id. at 5.

               2. Availability of Damages Under the Language of the Contract

        The government further argues the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction because the
Contract “explicitly provides that damages are not available to [Sam Rayburn] for the conduct
alleged, and instead contemplates an alternative remedy for breach.” Def.’s MTD at 6. The
government argues the failure to provide power for any reason is not a breach under the explicit
language of the Contract. Id. at 9 (quoting Contract at 15) (“such interruptions or reductions in
service, as hereinbefore set forth, shall not constitute a breach of this Contract, and neither party
shall be liable to the other for damages resulting therefrom”).

        The government further argues because the Contract “granted the right to seek ‘all other
remedies’—in the limited situation where [Sam Rayburn] fails to pay agreed-to fees—to only the
[g]overnment . . . damages are not otherwise recoverable” under the Contract. Id. at 10 (quoting
Contract at 11). Finally, the government argues the Contract’s “Termination for Breach”
provision constitutes an “alternate remedy.” Id. (citing Contract at 20). The government argues,
“[t]his provision establishes that the parties bargained and agreed to a remedy other than that
now sought by [Sam Rayburn].” Id. The government analogizes to the Federal Circuit’s Higbie
decision, which the government characterizes as holding “the provision of an alternative remedy
for breach of the confidentially [sic] provision defeated the presumption that damages were
available.” Id. at 10–11 (citing Higbie, 778 F.3d at 994).

        In response, plaintiff argues the Contract does not “expressly disavow[] [Sam Rayburn’s]
presumptive entitlement to money damages.” Pl.’s Resp. at 2. Plaintiff argues the language the
government cites for exempting the government from liability for any failure to provide power
“insulates the government from having to pay money damages only with respect to ‘interruptions
or curtailments in delivery’ resulting from the designated causes.” Id. at 16. Plaintiff explains it
does not request damages for an interruption or curtailment due to any of the designated causes
and thus damages are not expressly disavowed for its claim. Id.

                                                -11-
        Plaintiff then argues the provision “guarantee[ing] the government’s right to seek legal or
equitable relief . . . when [Sam Rayburn] fails to pay agreed-to fees . . . says nothing about [Sam
Rayburn]’s right to money damages due to the government’s breach of the [Contract] and
certainly does not ‘expressly’ disavow that presumptive right.” Id. at 17. Finally, plaintiff
argues the government’s preceding argument regarding its ability to seek legal or equitable relief
contradicts its argument that termination is the sole alternative remedy available under the
Contract. Pl.’s Resp. at 18. Plaintiff then argues this provision does not prevent Sam Rayburn
from seeking damages but rather provides an “additional legal remedy to its presumptive
entitlement to money damages, and does not ‘express[ly] disavow[]’ such entitlement.” Id.
Plaintiff distinguishes Higbie on the basis the agreement in that case was a “mediation
agreement” as opposed to an “ordinary contract.” Id. at 18–19.

        In reply, the government argues “the breadth of circumstances considered to be
‘Uncontrollable Forces’ . . . indicate that the parties contemplated significant, long-term
interruptions to the production of power as circumstances that would not entitle plaintiff to
money damages for breach.” Def.’s Reply 6 (citing Contract at 4). The government then argues
plaintiff “fails to articulate a legal or factual theory under which the outages are due to a
circumstance beyond those covered by the expansive prohibition on damages.” Id. at 7. Finally,
the government argues “the Federal Circuit did not limit its ruling to mediation agreements like
the one at issue in Higbie, but rather applied its own legal precedent to the specific facts at issue,
as any appellate court does.” Id. at 8–9 (citing Higbie, 778 F.3d at 993). The government argues
Higbie “applies here not because of factual similarities between the two matters, but rather
because the agreement in Higbie was silent as to damages yet deemed not to contemplate them
because it offered a non-monetary remedy, and here the agreement explicitly disallows damages
as well as providing an alternative remedy.” Id. at 9.

       B. Facial Plausibility

        The government argues the first count of plaintiff’s amended complaint, alleging breach
by failure to deliver any power or energy, “fails to state a claim upon which relief may be
granted, and should be dismissed” under RCFC 12(b)(6) because the Contract “does not mandate
the provision of any quantity of power . . . .” Def.’s MTD at 15. The government cites the
Continuity of Service provision of the Contract as support for this premise:

       Hydro Power and Energy shall be delivered by [SWPA] as scheduled except for
       interruptions or curtailments in delivery caused by an Uncontrollable Force, or by
       the operation of devices installed for system protection, or by the necessary
       installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of equipment. Such interruptions
       or reductions in service, as hereinbefore set forth, shall not constitute a breach of
       this Contract, and neither party shall be liable to the other for damages resulting
       therefrom.

Id. (quoting Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10)). The government argues this language “does not
mandate provision of any power, and indeed explicitly contemplates that the provision of power
may not always be possible, and that such failure would not be considered a breach of the
agreement . . . .” Id. at 14–15.

                                                -12-
        In response, plaintiff argues the language cited by the government “implies that other
failures to deliver—such as [SWPA]’s alleged failure to provide any power or energy to [Sam
Rayburn] for 41 months—do constitute a breach” of the Contract. Pl.’s Resp. at 22. Plaintiff
also argues this provision “does mandate the delivery of power ‘except for’ interruptions or
curtailments in delivery caused by force majeure or the other designated causes which are not the
subject of Count One of the Amended Complaint,” emphasizing the first phrase of the provision:
“Hydro Power and Energy shall be delivered by [SWPA] as scheduled except for . . . .” Id. at 3
(emphasis omitted). Thus, plaintiff argues “this language does not render [its] claim in Count
One implausible or insufficient to be cognizable.” Id. at 22.

        In reply, the government argues the Contract “places no limitation on the duration of an
‘uncontrollable force’” and emphasizes the presence of exceptions in the Contract not related to
force majeure, such as “necessary installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of
equipment” and “the operation of devices installed for system protection.” Def.’s Reply at 10–
11 (quoting Contract at 4, 15) (emphasis omitted). The government further argues “it is hard to
imagine an outage not caused by either an ‘uncontrollable force,’ the ‘operation of devices
installed for system protection,’ or the ‘installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of
equipment’—and, importantly, plaintiff has not alleged one in its complaint.” Id. (citing Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 680–81).

       C. Supplemental Briefing

        In its supplemental brief, the government argues the Federal Circuit’s decision in Boaz
“only confirms the legal principles upon which the Government’s motion to dismiss this case
relies: the general presumption that monetary damages are available can be defeated by explicit
language disavowing that remedy.” Def.’s Suppl. Br. at 2. The government argues while the
Federal Circuit confirmed in Boaz that “for claims founded upon a contract, ‘there is a
presumption in the civil context that a damages remedy will be available upon the breach of an
agreement,’” the Federal Circuit also “reaffirmed that the presumption of the availability of
money damages can be defeated in the case of ‘contracts that expressly disavow money
damages.’” Id. (quoting Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1363, 1365 (internal citations omitted)).

        The government also argues the “Availability of Funds to SWPA” section of the Contract
“has no bearing on the availability of monetary damages in this instance,” and “[t]o the extent
the plaintiff interprets this clause to provide for monetary damages except when appropriated
funds are unavailable, the [g]overnment reasserts its legal position that the allegations of the
amended complaint fall within the ‘Continuity of Service’ clause, the language of which
explicitly bars damages in these circumstances.” Id. at 3–4 (citing Contract at 19 (Art. VII, Sec.
5)).

        In its supplemental brief, plaintiff argues Boaz reaffirms the principle that “for claims
founded upon a contract, ‘there is a presumption in the civil context that a damages remedy will
be available upon the breach of an agreement,” and “[t]his presumption normally satisfies the
money-mandating requirement for Tucker Act jurisdiction, ‘with no further inquiry being
necessary.’” Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1364 (quoting Holmes, 657 F.3d at 1314) (internal citations

                                               -13-
omitted). Plaintiff reiterated its argument that Article V, Section 10 of the Contract does not
expressly disavow money damages but disavows money damages “only for a narrow band of
‘interruptions or reductions in service’ caused by ‘an Uncontrollable Force, or by the operation
of devices installed for system protection, or by the necessary installation, maintenance, repair,
and replacement of equipment.’” Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 2 (quoting Contract at 15). According to
plaintiff, its allegations do not fit in this narrow band of exempted interruptions or reductions in
service. Id. at 3. Plaintiff also argued the Contract is not properly categorized in any of the three
categories of contracts the Federal Circuit recognized in Boaz as exempt from the presumption
damages are available upon a breach of contract. Id. (citing Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1370).

       Regarding Article VII, Section 5 of the Contract, plaintiff argued the provision suggests
the Contract contemplates money damages for a breach of contract because there would be no
need for this exemption otherwise. Id. at 4. “[I]f the government were right,” plaintiff argued,
“[SWPA] could never be held liable in money damages for breach of the [Contract], regardless
of whether the breach were [sic] caused by Congress’ failure to appropriate needed funds.” Id.

IV. The Government’s RCFC 12(b)(1) Motion Plaintiff’s Complaint Should be Dismissed
    Because the Agreement is Not Money-Mandating

        To survive a 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, plaintiff must prove a substantive source of law
which can be fairly interpreted as contemplating money damages. Hamlet, 63 F.3d at 1101. If
the Contract can be fairly interpreted as contemplating money damages, as plaintiff contends,
then this Court has jurisdiction under the Tucker Act. A court deciding a RCFC 12(b)(1) motion
to dismiss, “must accept as true all undisputed facts asserted in the plaintiff’s complaint and draw
all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff,” thus the Court’s interpretation of the Contract
in this Opinion and Order is limited to the government’s motion to dismiss and determining the
Court’s jurisdiction. Acevedo, 824 F.3d at 1368 (citing Trusted Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163);
see also Anchorage, 119 Fed. Cl. at 712–14 (holding two agreements could “fairly be interpreted
as contemplating money damages, thus giving the Court jurisdiction under the Tucker Act.”).

       A. Whether a Presumption of Money Damages Applies to the Contract

        The government argues the Contract “does not provide for money damages—indeed, it
explicitly contemplates that none are available to [Sam Rayburn]—and instead provides [Sam
Rayburn] with an alternative remedy for breach.” Def.’s MTD at 8–9. The government refers to
Article V, Section 10 of the Contract, titled “Continuity of Service,” which requires SWPA to
provide electric power except for “interruptions or curtailments in delivery” caused by: (1)
“Uncontrollable Force,” (2) “the operation of devices installed for system protection,” or (3) “the
necessary installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of equipment.” Contract at 15.
Referring to these exceptions, the Contract provides “[s]uch interruptions or reductions in
service . . . shall not constitute a breach of this Contract, and neither party shall be liable to the
other for damages resulting therefrom.” Id. (emphasis added). During oral argument, the
government was “not able to locate” any case holding a contract with similar terms expressly
disavowed money damages. Tr. at 56:3–12. The government argues the Continuity of Service
provision, plus the parties’ rights to unilaterally terminate the Contract in the event of a material

                                                 -14-
breach, suggests the Contract explicitly disallows monetary damages and therefore is not “money
mandating.” Def.’s MTD at 1.

        Plaintiff alleges a valid contract by proving “offer, acceptance, consideration, and the
signature of an authorized government official” and notes “the presumption that money damages
are available satisfies the Tucker Act’s money-mandating requirement.” Pl.’s Resp. at 1 (quoting
Higbie, 778 F.3d at 993). Plaintiff also argues within the provisions the government cites to
demonstrate the contract is not money-mandating, “[n]othing . . . expressly disavows [plaintiff’s]
presumptive entitlement to money damages” when the government fails to perform. Pl.’s Resp.
at 2. Rather, plaintiff observes the provisions the government cites instead serve to: (1)
“insulate [the government] from liability for money damages for temporary interruptions or
curtailments in service caused by a force majeure or necessary repairs;” (2) “authorize [the
government] to discontinue service and avail itself of any legal or equitable remedy to collect
rate payments if [Sam Rayburn] fails to pay . . . for 90 days;” and (3) “allow each party to
terminate the [Contract] if the other breaches a material provision.” Id. Plaintiff also argues
Article VII, Section 6(b)—which exempts the government from liability for breach in the event
Congress fails to appropriate funds to carry out its obligations—only has meaning if the parties
intended for money damages to be the default remedy. Pl.’s Suppl. Br. at 4.

        When considering a 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss in a breach of contract case, “there is a
presumption in the civil context that a damages remedy will be available upon the breach of an
agreement.” Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1364 (quoting Holmes, 657 F.3d at 1314) (holding the court had
subject matter jurisdiction over Housing and Urban Development annual contributions contracts
because contracts contemplated money damages). “This presumption normally satisfies the
money-mandating requirement for Tucker Act jurisdiction, ‘with no further inquiry being
necessary.’” Id. (quoting Holmes, 657 F.3d at 1314). The Federal Circuit, however, has
“recognized that three types of contracts are exempt from the presumption that damages are
available upon the breach of a contract: (1) contracts that expressly disavow money damages,
Holmes, 657 F.3d at 1314; (2) agreements that are entirely concerned with the conduct of parties
in a criminal case and that lack ‘an unmistakable promise to subject the United States to
monetary liability,’ Sanders, 252 F.3d at 1334, 1336; and (3) cost-sharing agreements with the
government, Rick’s Mushroom, 521 F.3d at 1343.” Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1365. A “fair-inference
inquiry” is required in cases where “relief for breach of contract could be entirely non-
monetary.” Id. (quoting Higbie, 778 F.3d at 993). The inquiry requires “a demonstration that
‘the agreement[] could fairly be interpreted as contemplating monetary damages in the event of
breach,” Id. (quoting Higbie, 778 F.3d at 993), and “is informed by the fact that contracts
normally do not contain provisions specifying the basis for the award of damages in case of
breach,” Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1365 (citing Holmes, 657 F.3d at 1314).

        “Contract interpretation begins with the language of the written agreement.” NOAA Md.,
LLC v. Adm'r of Gen. Servs. Admin., 997 F.3d 1159, 1165 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting NVT Techs.,
Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). If the terms of the Contract “are
clear and unambiguous, they must be given their plain and ordinary meaning.” Bell/Heery, 739
F.3d at 1331 (quoting McAbee Const., Inc. v. United States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1435 (Fed. Cir. 1996).
The Continuity of Service provision of the Contract reads in relevant part:

                                              -15-
       Hydro Power and Energy shall be delivered by SWPA as scheduled except for
       interruptions or curtailments in delivery caused by an Uncontrollable Force, or by
       the operation of devices installed for system protection, or by the necessary
       installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of equipment.                 Such
       interruptions or reductions in service, as hereinbefore set forth, shall not constitute
       a breach of this Contract, and neither party shall be liable to the other for damages
       resulting therefrom.

Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10). The Court starts with a presumption the default remedy for
breach of contract is money damages. Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1364. In this case, the Contract
requires SWPA to deliver hydro power and energy as scheduled, with three enumerated
exceptions for service interruptions caused by (1) “Uncontrollable Force,” (2) “operation of
devices installed for system protection,” or (3) “necessary installation, maintenance, repair, and
replacement of equipment.” Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10). The plain language of the
provision states “[s]uch interruptions or reductions in service . . . shall not constitute a breach of
this Contract.” Id. (emphasis added); see also Bell/Heery, 739 F.3d at 1331. While this
provision plainly defines what “shall not constitute breach of this Contract,” it does not plainly
foreclose damages from potential breaches outside these three enumerated exceptions for service
interruptions. Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10); see also Bell/Heery, 739 F.3d at 1331.

        During oral argument, the Court asked the parties to provide “a category or some
categories of interruption that fall outside [the Continuity of Service enumerated exceptions],” to
which plaintiff responded, “[t]here’s . . . nine examples . . . alleged in Paragraph 29 of our
complaint . . . . None of these qualifies for the exception clause.” Tr. at 83:1–25 (citing Am.
Compl. at 10–11). Plaintiff is applying the negative implication canon, a tool of contract
interpretation this court has employed many times. See, e.g., Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 v. United
States, 20 Cl. Ct. 696, 700 (1990) (interpreting a contract using the doctrine of expressio unius
est exclusion alterius); United Pac. Ins. v. United States, 497 F.2d 1402, 1405 (Ct. Cl. 1974)
(applying the rule of expressio unius est exclusio alterius to find when language specifically
provided where flashings were to be installed, there was manifested an intention the flashings are
not required to be installed elsewhere); Nicholson v. United States, 29 Fed. Cl. 180, 196 (1993)
(explaining where particular things are specified in a contract, others of the same general
character are impliedly excluded); see also Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law:
The Interpretation of Legal Texts 107–11 (2012) (describing the negative implication canon as
“[t]he expression of one thing implies the exclusion of others”). The government also argues the
negative implication canon is “a basic tenet of contract construction” as “when a right is
specifically carved out for one party and not for another, that indicates that the parties considered
that and that they did not intentionally extend that right to another party.” Tr. at 26:18–22. By
enumerating three specific categories of service interruptions as nonbreaching events for which
neither party is liable to the other in damages, the parties implied non-enumerated service
interruptions could constitute a breach for which damages would be available. See, e.g., Pub.
Util. Dist. No. 1, 20 Cl. Ct. at 700. At oral argument, the government agreed the enumerated list
in the Continuity of Service provision could imply the government should be liable for money
damages for service interruptions outside the listed exceptions. Tr. at 30:5–22 (“COURT: . . .
[Article V, Section 10] seems to clearly say that any failure to deliver power outside the
exceptions listed would constitute breach of contract and that the implication would be that such

                                                 -16-
a breach outside of the exceptions could lead to liability for damages. Does it not?
[GOVERNMENT]: Yes, Your Honor. I think that . . . is a way that this contract could be
read.”). For subject-matter jurisdiction analysis, therefore, the Continuity of Service provision
does not disavow damages in the event of a breach. Bell/Heery, 739 F.3d at 1331; see also
Hamlet, 63 F.3d at 1101.

        Further, no express language in the Contract indicates the parties did not intend for
money damages to be available in the event of breach. Tr. at 57:1–5 (“COURT: . . . the
Government agrees that there is no express sentence that disavows money damages.
[GOVERNMENT]: Yes, Your Honor, we would agree.”). This fact weighs in favor of finding
the parties intended for money damages to be available in the event of breach. Holmes, 657 F.3d
at 1316 (explaining absence of express disavowal of money damages suggested money damages
were available). For jurisdictional analysis, the Contract can reasonably be interpreted to require
money damages so long as plaintiff’s claim does not fall within the Continuity of Service
provision’s three enumerated exceptions. See Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1364–65. This conclusion is
also consistent with, and supported by, other terms of the Contract.

        If Sam Rayburn fails to pay any amount due under the Contract, SWPA may discontinue
service and “the rights granted SWPA herein shall be in addition to all other remedies available
to SWPA, either at law or in equity, for the breach of any of the provisions of this Contract.”
Contract at 11 (Art. IV, Sec. 2(d)) (emphasis added). When asked whether this term is consistent
with the default assumption the Contract includes a damages remedy for breach, the government
conceded “it could certainly be read that way . . . .” Tr. at 26:4–16. Further, it would be
unnecessary to exempt SWPA from liability in the event Congress fails to appropriate funds as
provided by Article VII, Section 5 if the Contract does not contemplate money damages.
Contract at 19.

        The Contract requires the parties to take “appropriate corrective or remedial action” in
the event electric service does not “meet accepted standards of reliability and adequacy.”
Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 9). A consistent reading of the Contract requires the term remedies
as used in Article IV, Section 2(d) and remedial action in Article V, Section 9 (which uses the
adjectival form of remedy) to be given a consistent meaning. United Int’l Investigative Servs. v.
United States, 109 F.3d 734, 737 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (quoting Granite Constr. Co. v. United States,
962 F.2d 998, 1003 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (holding a contract must be interpreted “in a manner which
gives reasonable meaning to all its parts and avoids conflicts or surplusage of its provisions.”);
see also Remedy, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“[t]he means of enforcing a right or
preventing or redressing a wrong; legal or equitable relief.”). The government argues, corrective
and remedial both “refer to fixing the plant.” Tr. at 29:3–6. Plaintiff counters with a non-
frivolous argument that avoids surplusage by assigning different meanings to corrective and
remedy: “Corrective action would be fixing the plant . . . . Remedial action, a remedy, includes
the remedy of money damages . . . .” Tr. at 29:14–17; see also United Int’l Investigative Servs.,
109 F.3d at 737.

       To survive a 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, plaintiff
need only plead “a non-frivolous claim based on a money-mandating source of law” which
source can be “an express contract with [the government].” Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1370 (citing

                                               -17-
Trauma Serv. Grp. v. United States, 104 F.3d 1321, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 1997)). The Court
accordingly applies the presumption of money damages, at least for 12(b)(1) purposes, as
plaintiff sufficiently pled a “non-frivolous claim” based “on a money-mandating” contract with
the government. See Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1370.

        B. The Government Argues the Contract is Not Money-Mandating Because it
           Contemplates an Alternate Remedy

        The government also argues the Contract is not money-mandating because it provides an
alternate remedy in place of money damages: unilateral termination upon thirty day’s written
notice. Def.’s MTD at 10; Tr. at 9:14–19, 20:14–22; Contract at 20 (Art. VII, Sec. 6).
According to the government, the presence of an alternate remedy in a contract defeats the
money damages presumption. Def.’s MTD at 10–11. The government cites the Federal
Circuit’s decision in Higbie as support for their argument, though it acknowledges Higbie is
factually distinct from the present case. Tr. at 48:1–4 (“[Government]: . . . [the agreement in
Higbie] obviously was a different sort of agreement.”).

        In Higbie, the government entered into a mediation agreement with Mr. Higbie in which
the confidentiality provision read, the “statements made during the mediation are for settlement
purposes only.” Higbie, 778 F.3d at 992. Employees for the government later gave affidavits to
an equal employment opportunity investigator disclosing statements made during mediation by
Mr. Higbie. Id. The Federal Circuit held the mediation agreement was not money-mandating
because the agreement itself provided a remedy by restricting statements made during mediation
to “settlement purposes only.” Id. at 994. The Federal Circuit in Higbie also found the
agreement did not contain any provision expressly contemplating money damages. Id. The
Contract in this case, however, includes such terms. Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 9) (“If
questions are raised concerning the quality of service . . . corrective or remedial action shall be
promptly taken by the party at fault.”) (emphasis added); Contract at 19 (Art. VII, Sec. 5) (stating
in the event Congress fails to appropriate funds for SWPA to carry out its obligations under the
Contract, Sam Rayburn “hereby releases SWPA from any and all liability for failure to perform
and fulfill its obligations under this Contract for that reason.”).

        The Federal Circuit’s reasoning in Higbie is instructive. The Federal Circuit reviewed
the remedy available to Mr. Higbie—restricting use of his statements to settlement purposes
only—for its appropriateness. Higbie, 778 F.3d at 994. The purpose of a breach of contract
remedy is to restore the nonbreaching party to the position it would have enjoyed had the
breaching party fully performed. Ind. Mich. Power Co. v. United States, 422 F.3d 1369, 1373
(Fed. Cir. 2005) (citing San Carlos Irr. & Drainage Dist. v. United States, 111 F.3d 1557, 1563
(Fed. Cir. 1997) (“[t]he remedy for breach of contract is damages sufficient to place the injured
party in as good a position as it would have been had the breaching party fully performed.”).
The remedy in Higbie was appropriate because it eliminated the prejudicial effect of the
employees’ unauthorized disclosure in other proceedings. Higbie, 778 F.3d at 994.

       Here, the government suggests the Contract’s unilateral termination provision is a
remedy, but the Contract does not use this word to describe the provision. See Contract at 20
(Art. VII, Sec. 6) (“[i]f either party hereto breaches a material provision of this Contract . . . the

                                                 -18-
other party, at its option, may terminate this Contract . . . .”). Under the government’s
interpretation of the Contract, if SWPA refused to deliver power immediately after the plant
became operational, Sam Rayburn’s only remedy would be to terminate the Contract. 9 Tr. at
61:4–11, 76:16–77:12. Sam Rayburn could escape further performance by terminating the
Contract—but termination would not restore Sam Rayburn to the position it would have been in
had the government fully performed. The Contract’s unilateral termination clause, therefore, can
reasonably be distinguished from the remedy in Higbie because the termination clause does not
appropriately restore the nonbreaching party to the position it would have been in absent the
other party’s breach. Higbie, 778 F.3d at 994.

        Further, the Contract itself can be reasonably interpreted to suggest a party can be liable
for breach even after termination. Contract at 20 (Art. VII, Sec. 6). The Contract provides an
exemption from liability after a breach in the event either party is prevented from fulfilling its
obligation by reason of an Uncontrollable Force. Id. (“Neither party hereto, however, shall be
considered to be in default or breach with respect to any obligation under this Contract if
prevented from fulfilling such obligation by reason of an Uncontrollable Force.”). By negative
implication, this term reasonably suggests the parties could be liable for breach resulting from
non-Uncontrollable Forces after the Contract has been terminated. See, e.g., United Pac. Ins.,
497 F.2d at 1405 (applying negative implication canon for contract interpretation). To say the
Contract does not allow money damages for breach after termination would render this term
meaningless, and the Court is obliged to interpret the Contract in a sensible manner that gives
meaning to each provision. NOAA Maryland, 997 F.3d at 1166 (quoting Langkamp v. United
States, 943 F.3d 1346, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2019)) (“[w]e must interpret a contract ‘in a manner that
gives meaning to all of its provisions and makes sense.’”).

        C. The Government’s Arguments Concerning Exceptions in the Continuity of
           Service Provision

         In its original motion, the government argued the Contract expressly disavows money
damages, Def.’s MTD at 11, but when asked to identify language in the Contract expressly
disavowing money damages, the government conceded there was none. Tr. at 57:1–5 (“COURT:
. . . [T]he government agrees that there is no express sentence that disavows money damages.
[GOVERNMENT]: Yes, Your Honor, we would agree.”). Instead, the government argues the
conduct falls within the three exceptions provided in the Contract’s Continuity of Service
provision. Tr. at 62:10–15. When pressed further, the government recognized the pleading does
not claim the service interruptions in this case were due to an Uncontrollable Force. Tr. at 65:1–
12, 79:19–80:3. Instead, the government argues plaintiff’s claim does not address “any of that
other language under the continuity of service clause.” Tr. at 65:1–12. The government reasons
“[w]e believe that . . . language is broad enough that at the very least [p]laintiff should be

9
  “COURT: So is it the [g]overnment’s position then that similar to the ADR provision in Higbie there’s a provision
in this contract that supplants money damages? [GOVERNMENT]: Yes, Your Honor. It’s our position that the
termination for breach on page 20 of the [C]ontract is the alternative remedy that the parties agreed to in lieu of
money damages.” Tr. at 61:4–11. “COURT: . . . is it the [g]overnment’s position that it’s impossible for the
government to breach the contract since the [g]overnment believes the [C]ontract never requires the [g]overnment to
provide power? [GOVERNMENT]: No, Your Honor, that is certainly not the case. If anything, the termination
clause contemplates that there could be a material breach by either party and gives the other party the right to
terminate there.” Tr. at 76:16–25.

                                                       -19-
required to specifically plead which claims it’s bringing and how it is outside of that express
disavowal of damages that the parties agreed to in that clause.” Id.

         Plaintiff’s amended complaint lists several technical problems with the plant—including
broken, outdated, faulty, and worn equipment—and alleges these problems resulted in reductions
in service sufficient to reduce “availability of the [generators] during the period 2012 to 2017
[to] less than 25%.” Am. Compl. at 11; see Acevedo, 824 F.3d at 1368 (citing Trusted
Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163). The government admits: “there are currently significant
operational problems with the plant,” Tr. at 15:3–5; “at the time that this complaint was filed, the
plant was not producing energy due to repairs that had to be made,” Tr. at 16:5–11; and the
government does not dispute plaintiff’s assertion that “[t]he last [power] production [before oral
argument] . . . . [Was] less than 1 percent of [the plant’s] capacity, Tr. at 16:12–23. The
government further acknowledges serious issues after a transformer was wrecked by a raccoon. 10
Tr. at 33:1–13. Although the government does not dispute the plant’s poor condition, Tr. at
15:3–5, it admits the reason repairs have been delayed “is a factual dispute between the
parties.” 11 Tr. at 20:24–21:11.

        According to plaintiff, these technical problems caused service interruptions “during the
17-month period from December 2015 through April 2017 and during the 20-month period from
January 2019 through August 2020.” Am. Compl. at 13. “In determining jurisdiction, a court
must accept as true all undisputed facts asserted in the plaintiff’s complaint and draw all
reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Acevedo, 824 F.3d at 1368 (citing Trusted
Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163). The Court thus accepts plaintiff’s allegations regarding the
plant’s condition as true for jurisdiction analysis. Id.

         The government argues interruptions due to these technical problems are exempt from
damages liability under the Contract’s Continuity of Service provision; specifically, the
exception for interruptions due to “the necessary installation, maintenance, repair, and
replacement of equipment.” Tr. 84:6–12; Contract 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10). The question, therefore,
is whether plaintiff alleges a breach caused by a condition the Contract exempts from damages
liability. Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1365.

       The government recognizes the pleading does not claim the service interruptions in this
case were due to an Uncontrollable Force. 12 Tr. at 65:1–12, 79:19–80:3. The Contract exempts

10
   At oral argument, counsel for the government explained: “[w]ith regard to the transformer, if it’s the transformer
I’m thinking of, I believe the issue was actually—it sounds like there was a raccoon that got over a fence and onto
the transformer, and the transformer exploded somehow. And that was—that is a major issue for a power plant.
There’s only two transformers. It really impacts operations.” Tr. at 33:7–13.
11
   According to the government, plaintiff requested the government delay making repairs pending a decision on
decommissioning the plant. Tr. at 20:24–21:11 (“COURT: . . . is there anything that is preventing the repairs from
being started? [GOVERNMENT]: Again, it sounds like there is a factual dispute between the parties. My
understanding from talking to the agencies is that this is an ongoing process with Sam Rayburn and that there has
been a request to pause and see what can be done, whether or not it . . . makes sense to repair the plant. . . . I see
obviously there is a disagreement between the parties as to the status of that . . . .”).
12
   Plaintiff expressly states the failure in service was not caused by an Uncontrolled Force. Am. Compl. at 10–11.
The Contract defines Uncontrollable Force as “any force which is not within the control of the party affected . . .
which by exercise of due diligence and foresight such party could not reasonably have been expected to avoid.”

                                                         -20-
failures in service when caused by “the operation of devices installed for system protection.”
Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10). Plaintiff alleges the failure in service was caused, not by any
device’s operation, but by the failure of certain necessary equipment. Am. Compl. at 10–11.
For jurisdiction analysis purposes, the facts plaintiff alleges do not suggest the operation of any
device installed for system protection, therefore the Contract’s exemption from liability based on
the operation of devices installed for system protection does not apply. Acevedo, 824 F.3d at
1368 (citing Trusted Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163).

        As for the government’s argument concerning the third exception, the Continuity of
Service provision reads: “Hydro Power and Energy shall be delivered by SWPA as scheduled
except for interruptions or curtailments in delivery caused by . . . the necessary installation,
maintenance, repair, and replacement of equipment.” Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10). The plain
language of the Contract exempts the government from liability for interruptions in service due
to the necessary installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement of equipment. Id. Plaintiff,
however, has not alleged these conditions caused the interruptions—plaintiff alleges faulty
equipment (e.g., a failed station service transformer) caused the interruptions. Am. Compl. at
10–11. According to plaintiff, interruptions in service were the result of the equipment’s “total
failure”—not the government’s installing, maintaining, repairing, or replacing of equipment. Tr.
at 35:9–16.

Contract at 4 (Art. I, Sec. 5). The definition lists examples of Uncontrollable Forces, including: “failure of water
supply, failure of facilities, flood, earthquake, storm, lightning, fire, epidemic, war, riot, civil disturbance, labor
disturbance, sabotage, or restraint by court of general jurisdiction.” Id. A reasonable inference can be drawn from
the technical problems plaintiff alleges that the failure in service could have reasonably been avoided if SWPA had
exercised due diligence and foresight; thus, the exemption from liability for reason of being an Uncontrollable Force
does not apply. Acevedo, 824 F.3d at 1368 (citing Trusted Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163).

The government also theorized the poor condition of the plant falls under the definition of an Uncontrollable Force
because it falls under “failure of facilities.” Tr. at 37:10–19. However, the term facilities as used in the Contract
could reasonably be interpreted as referring to equipment used to transmit power, not produce it. Contract at 2
(“WHEREAS, transmission facilities of the United States are not available for the delivery, by SWPA to [Sam
Rayburn], of the electric power and energy purchased by [Sam Rayburn] under this Contract . . .”) (emphasis
added); Contract at 3 (“. . . hydroelectric power and energy purchased by [Sam Rayburn] from SWPA under this
Contract will be received by Gulf States for the account of [Sam Rayburn] from the facilities of the United States . .
.”) (emphasis added); Contract at 3 (“The term ‘System of [Sam Rayburn]’ as used herein, shall mean the
transmission and related facilities of [Sam Rayburn]”) (emphasis added); Contract at 8 (“It is recognized that power
and energy purchased under this Contract will be delivered from the System of SWPA into the transmission and
related facilities of an entity not party to his Contract . . .”) (emphasis added); Contract at 11–12 (“Section 1.
Facilities to be Furnished by SWPA and [Sam Rayburn]. SWPA and [Sam Rayburn] shall furnish, install, maintain,
and operate . . . such facilities and equipment, including metering equipment, as may be necessary to fulfill their
respective obligations under this Contract and to assure reasonable protection to the facilities of others.”) (emphasis
added); but see Contract at 3 (“The term ‘System of SWPA,’ as used herein, shall mean the generation,
transmission, and related facilities of the United States Government . . .”) (emphasis added); Contract at 17 (“It is
recognized by the parties hereto that the sale and delivery of Hydro Power and Energy under this Contract is
conditioned and contingent upon the construction of hydropower generating facilities at the Town Bluff Dam
pursuant to the [Construction Agreement] . . .”). Even if the service interruptions can be attributed to failure of
facilities, the definition of Uncontrollable Force also requires the condition be outside SWPA’s control. Contract at
4 (Art. I, Sec. 5). A reasonable inference can be drawn from the problems identified by plaintiff that service
interruptions related to faulty equipment were within SWPA’s control to prevent.

                                                         -21-
        The Court interprets the Continuity of Service provision by studying the meaning of its
plain language. NOAA Maryland, 997 F.3d at 1165–66 (citations omitted). The Court must
interpret a contract “in a manner that gives meaning to all [the Contract’s] provisions and makes
sense.” Id. at 1166 (quoting Langkamp, 943 F.3d at 1353)). In this case, the adjective necessary
modifies the entire subsequent series of nouns such that each listed condition must be
necessary. 13 SIMO Holdings, Inc. v. Hong Kong uCloudlink Network Tech. Ltd., 983 F.3d 1367,
1377 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting Scalia & Garner, supra, at 147). This principle has “particular
force when the term joining the items in a series is ‘and.’” Id. (citing SuperGuide Corp. v.
DirecTV Enters., 358 F.3d 870 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). For jurisdiction analysis purposes, the plain
language of the Continuity of Service’s third category can reasonably be interpreted as only
exempting necessary interruptions or reductions in service. Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec. 10).

        This meaning is further consistent with a subsequent term in the Continuity of Service
provision which says “SWPA shall give [Sam Rayburn] reasonable advance notice of temporary
interruptions or curtailments in service necessary for such installation, maintenance, repair, and
replacement of equipment . . . .” Id. A reasonable inference can be drawn from plaintiff’s list of
faulty equipment that SWPA neglected its contractual obligation to maintain the plant, 14
allowing it to fall into disrepair and ultimately fail to produce power. Acevedo, 824 F.3d at 1368
(citing Trusted Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163). That the alleged interruptions in service endured
for such lengthy periods—seventeen and twenty months—further supports a reasonable
inference that SWPA unnecessarily delayed repairing or replacing faulty equipment. Id. For
12(b)(1) purposes, the Court finds these unnecessary interruptions in service are not exempt from
money damages under the Continuity of Service provision. See Contract at 15 (Art. V, Sec.10);
Acevedo, 824 F.3d at 1368 (citing Trusted Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163).

         D. Whether the Contract Is a Cooperative Agreement that Is Not Money-
            Mandating

        The government argues the Contract is “of a nature that is ‘not presumed to provide
money damages’” as it is “akin to a cooperative agreement, which serves to ‘transfer a thing of
value to the State, local government, or other recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or
stimulation authorized by a law of the United States.’” Def.’s MTD at 11–12 (first quoting St.
Bernard Par., 134 Fed. Cl. at 734; and then quoting 31 U.S.C. § 6305(1)).

         According to the government, the Contract is “akin” to a cooperative agreement because
its “principal purpose” is to “transfer a thing of value”—namely, all power produced at the

13
   A prepositive modifier generally modifies the entire series that follows it if there is a straightforward, parallel
construction involving all nouns or verbs in the series. Scalia & Garner, supra, at 147–51.
14
   The Contract requires SWPA to “furnish, install, maintain, and operate, or cause to be furnished, installed,
maintained, and operated, such facilities and equipment . . . as may be necessary to fulfill [its] obligations under this
Contract.” Contract at 11–12 (Art. V, Sec. 1). It also requires SWPA to “construct, maintain, and operate [its]
transmission and related facilities, or cause [its] transmission and related facilities, to be constructed, maintained,
and operated, in accordance with standards at least equal to those provided by the National Electrical Safety Code of
the United States Bureau of Standards.” Id. at 12 (Art. V, Sec. 2). Further, Article V, Section 9 says “[e]lectric
service rendered by SWPA under this Contract shall meet accepted standards of reliability and adequacy in the
electric utility industry.” Id. at 15.

                                                          -22-
plant—to Sam Rayburn. 15 Def.’s MTD at 12 (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 6305(1)). The government
argues “when an agreement is structured like a cooperative agreement, the presumption that
monetary damages are available is rebutted.” Tr. at 25:1–3; see also Def.’s MTD at 6. Although
Sam Rayburn pays monthly fees to SWPA, the government argues “those fees are structured so
as ‘to be isolated project rates’ that ‘are only intended to recover all operating, maintenance,
addition, replacement, marketing, and concomitant interest expenses associated with this
Contract.’” Def.’s MTD at 12 (quoting Contract at 5–6 (Art. II, Sec. 3(a))). The government
continues, “[t]he fees thus serve only to compensate the [g]overnment for some portion of the
costs of providing a service to [Sam Rayburn].” Id. Accordingly, the government argues
damages should not be presumed because the Contract does “not provide for the transfer of
goods or services to the [g]overnment.” Tr. at 57:14–22. The government cites Rick’s
Mushroom, 521 F.3d at 1343–44, for support, although it acknowledges this case involves
“different circumstances.” 16 Tr. at 59:15–60:11. The government further argues “the agreement
‘car[ries] out a public purpose’ . . . by fulfilling the Flood Control Act of 1944.” 17 Def.’s MTD
at 12–13 (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 6305(1)).

        The general rule that money damages are available as a remedy does not apply to
cooperative agreements because they lack a necessary element of contract formation—
consideration. See St. Bernard Par., 134 Fed. Cl. at 736 (holding absence of consideration in
cooperative agreement rendered it unenforceable). In Rick’s Mushroom, the Federal Circuit held
the cost-share agreement at issue did not provide a substantive right to recover money damages
because the agreement did not provide for transfer of goods or services to the government, there
was no evidence of a buyer-seller relationship, and the government did not receive a direct
benefit. Rick’s Mushroom, 521 F.3d at 1343–44 (holding also a claim for breach of implied-in-
fact contract with the government fails for similar reasons). All three factors bear on whether
there was consideration sufficient to form a binding contract.

        In this case, plaintiff alleges, and the government does not dispute the elements of a
contract—including consideration—are present, thus for 12(b)(1) purposes, the Court is obliged
to find a valid contract. Tr. at 68:16–20 (“COURT: . . . So the [g]overnment, to confirm, does
not dispute any of the four elements then to create a contract . . . ? [GOVERNMENT]: No, the
[g]overnment does not.”); see also Acevedo, 824 F.3d at 1368. As previously stated, a valid
contract invokes the presumption money damages are available upon breach. Boaz, 994 F.3d at
1365; Higbie, 778 F.3d at 993. At least for 12(b)(1) purposes, the Contract therefore is
distinguishable from the cooperative agreement in Rick’s Mushroom, 521 F.3d at 1344.

15
   Article II, Section 1, of the Contract reads: “SWPA shall sell and deliver and [Sam Rayburn] shall purchase and
receive, or cause to be received, all of the electric power . . . and energy . . . generated at the Project . . . .” Contract
at 4.
16
   Plaintiff distinguishes this case from Rick’s Mushroom stating Rick’s Mushroom involved “a gift by the
[g]overnment to a private entity . . . . That’s not this. This is a standard contract: Government, we have built for
you a plant; you have title to the plant; now you operate the plant and you produce electricity and [Sam Rayburn]
will pay for it.” Tr. at 58:18–25.
17
   The Flood Control Act of 1944 “requires the Department of energy to: ‘[T]ransmit and dispose of such power and
energy in such manner as to encourage the most widespread use thereof at the lowest possible rates to consumers
consistent with sound business principles, the rate schedules to become effective upon confirmation and approval by
the Secretary of Energy.’” Def.’s MTD at 12–13 (citing 16 U.S.C. § 825s).

                                                           -23-
        In a comparable case, Anchorage, this court found two agreements between the parties
were not cooperative agreements and could “fairly be interpreted as contemplating money
damages, thus giving the Court jurisdiction under the Tucker Act.” Anchorage v. United States,
119 Fed. Cl. 709, 712–14 (2015). The agreements tasked the Maritime Administration with
certain oversight and financial responsibilities related to a project for expanding the Port of
Anchorage. Id. at 710–12. The government argued the agreements were cooperative agreements
because their purpose “was not for [the Maritime Administration] to purchase or lease anything
from Anchorage,” but to “work cooperatively” to “benefit the efforts of [Anchorage] in
execution of its Port Expansion.” Id. at 713. This court found the agreements at issue were not
cooperative agreements, however, due to their “reciprocal nature.” Id. As evidence of
reciprocity, the court explained Anchorage’s payments to the Maritime Administration toward
construction of the port and Anchorage’s contractual obligation to provide new staging areas in
the port for military use. Id.

        In this case, the parties agreed Sam Rayburn would pay to construct the power plant at
issue and pay monthly fees to SWPA. The Contract incorporates a Construction Agreement
which, under the heading of “Consideration and Payment,” requires Sam Rayburn to fund
construction of a power plant which SWPA would own and operate. Contract Ex. 1 at 2–3. The
government argues the conveyance of the plant does not benefit the government because the
plant can only be used to produce power for Sam Rayburn. Def.’s Reply at 5. The government
asserts the Contract “has a term of fifty years” and argues “any ‘benefit’ of owning title to a
fifty-year old power plant at the conclusion [of] the agreement is, at best, de minimis.” Id.

        This argument places too much emphasis on the sufficiency of the benefit, and too little
on whether one exists. The Court looks for a government benefit to determine whether the
government has received any consideration sufficient to form a contract. St. Bernard Par., 134
Fed. Cl. at 736 (finding the absence of consideration in cooperative agreement rendered it
unenforceable). The Federal Circuit explains “it is well-established that ‘the law will not inquire
into the adequacy of consideration so long as the consideration is otherwise valid to support a
promise.’” SGS-Thomson Microelectronics, Inc. v. Int’l Rectifier Corp., 1994 WL 374529, at *5
(Fed. Cir. 1994) (unpublished table decision) (quoting 3 Williston, Contracts, § 7:21 (4th ed.
1992)).

        Sam Rayburn paid approximately $20 million dollars—one hundred percent—of the
construction costs to build the Town Bluff Hydropower Project. Am. Compl. at 8. Beyond
paying the full cost of the project, Sam Rayburn also agreed to pay monthly fees to SWPA.
Contract at 5 (“[i]n consideration of the benefits to [Sam Rayburn] hereunder, [Sam Rayburn]
shall compensate SWPA each month for Hydro Power and Energy purchased under this
Contract.”). Sam Rayburn states it has paid fees for power as required by the Contract for thirty-
one consecutive years. Pl.’s Resp. at 2. The government’s assertion the fees only compensate
the government for the costs of providing a service is weakened by this court’s holding in
Anchorage, where this court found reciprocity although payments made to the government
agency were only used to further the project. Anchorage, 119 Fed. Cl. at 713. Sam Rayburn’s
years of fee payments and its significant investment in constructing the government’s power
plant support a reasonable inference the nature of the agreement was reciprocal. Acevedo, 824
F.3d at 1368. Accepting as true all undisputed facts asserted in plaintiff’s complaint and drawing

                                               -24-
all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiff, the Court concludes principles governing
cooperative agreements do not apply and the presumption of money damages is available.
Anchorage, 119 Fed. Cl. at 713; see also Trusted Integration, 659 F.3d at 1163.

V. The Government’s RCFC 12(b)(6) Motion Plaintiff’s Complaint Should be Dismissed
   Because the Contract Does Not Mandate Providing Power

        The government argues plaintiff’s Count I fails to state a claim pursuant to RCFC
12(b)(6) because the agreement does not provide money damages as a remedy for failing to
provide power. Def.’s Reply at 10. According to the government, the parties understood it may
not always be possible to deliver power, and so the Contract does not require SWPA to provide
any power. Def.’s MTD at 14 (“the plain language of the agreement does not mandate provision
of any power . . . .”). During oral argument, however, the government conceded a breach of
contract claim for failing to deliver power could satisfy the requirements of RCFC 12(b)(6) if the
Contract were money-mandating and the failure to deliver power were due to a condition not
exempted from damages liability. Tr. at 78:18–79:3. The government essentially repeats its
12(b)(1) arguments and in this regard strays close to merging a 12(b)(1) inquiry with a 12(b)(6)
inquiry. This Court, however, understands these inquiries are typically distinct. See Boaz, 994
F.3d at 1370.

        To survive a motion to dismiss under RCFC 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. The Court “must accept as true all of
the factual allegations in the complaint” and “must indulge all reasonable inferences in favor of
the non-movant.” Sommers Oil Co. v. United States, 241 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
(citations omitted). A court’s 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) determinations are “generally distinct.”
Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1370. For a 12(b)(1) determination “all that is required is a determination that
the claim is founded upon a money-mandating source and the plaintiff has made a nonfrivolous
allegation that is within the class of plaintiffs entitled to recover under the money-mandating
source.” Id. at 1371 (quoting Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 525 F.3d
1299, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2008). By contrast, for a 12(b)(6) merits inquiry the court must
“consider[] whether the plaintiff has established all elements of its cause of action.” Id. (quoting
Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1175 (Fed. Cir. 2005)).

        The Contract is money-mandating for RCFC 12(b)(6) purposes as it is for jurisdiction
purposes. See Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173 (“[T]he determination that the source is money-
mandating shall be determinative both as to the question of the court’s jurisdiction and thereafter
as to the question of whether, on the merits, plaintiff has a money-mandating source on which to
base his cause of action.”). The Court must next consider whether plaintiff sufficiently
established all elements of its cause of action. Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1371. Plaintiff alleges—and
the government does not dispute—the elements of contract formation, thus the Court finds
plaintiff established a valid contract. Tr. at 68:16–20.

        “A breach of contract is a failure to perform a contractual duty when it is due.” Trauma
Serv. Grp., 104 F.3d at 1325. Article II, Section 1 of the contract provides “SWPA shall sell and
deliver and [Sam Rayburn] shall purchase and receive . . . all of the electric power . . . and

                                                  -25-
energy . . . generated at the Project.” Contract at 4. Plaintiff argues the plain language of this
provision requires SWPA to deliver power to Sam Rayburn but SWPA failed to deliver electric
power over two periods for a total of thirty-seven months. Am. Compl. at 13.

Plaintiff alleges at least nine technical problems with the plant caused extended periods of
service interruption, including:

       a failed station service transformer; a faulty fixed-mounted emergency diesel
       generator; unit control system programmable logic controllers whose software did
       not run on modern operating systems and whose parts were almost impossible to
       find; increasingly unreliable and worn governors which required non-standard parts
       because of the unavailability of replacement parts; a [supervisory control and data
       acquisition] system comprised of equipment of different vintages which had
       numerous hardware failures; communications equipment near the end of its life
       which could not be expanded; unit exciters which experienced numerous failures
       and for which replacement parts were scarce; bushings for the wicket gates which
       must be replaced and whose seals had failed, allowing water leaks; and bearings
       that had worn to a point that the governor system had to operate at a level much
       higher than appropriate.

Am. Compl. at 10–11. These technical problems, according to plaintiff, contributed to service
interruptions “during the 17-month period from December 2015 through April 2017 and during
the 20-month period from January 2019 through August 2020.” Am. Compl. at 13. As
discussed in the Court’s 12(b)(1) section it can be reasonably inferred the alleged delays were
not caused by any exempted condition. See supra Part IV. Accepting as true all undisputed facts
asserted in plaintiff’s complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiff, these
facts are sufficient to state a claim for breach of contract that is plausible on its face. Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678; Boaz, 994 F.3d at 1370–71; Athey, 908 F.3d 696 at 705.

VI. Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS plaintiff’s motion for leave to file
supplemental opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss, DENIES the government’s
motion to dismiss pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, and
DENIES the government’s motion to dismiss pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6) for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted. The parties SHALL FILE a joint status report on or
before 2 November 2021 detailing the next steps to be taken in this case, including the parties’
positions on lifting the stay of plaintiff’s 19 January 2021 Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                       s/ Ryan T. Holte
                                                       RYAN T. HOLTE
                                                       Judge

                                                -26-