Court Opinion

ID: 4551565
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-28 17:11:31.847697+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:23.346661
License: Public Domain

J-A03023-20

                                  2020 PA Super 176

    STEVEN L. TALMADGE, ADMINISTRATOR                 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
    OF THE ESTATE OF DEBRA ELIZABETH                     OF PENNSYLVANIA
    TALMADGE, DECEASED AND STEVEN L.
    TALMADGE, INDIVIDUALLY

                             Appellants

                        v.

    FRANK H. ERVIN, R.PH., CARL'S DRUG
    STORE, INC., NATHAN DERSTINE, D.O.,
    AND GREENCASTLE FAMILY PRACTICE,
    P.C.

                             Appellee                   No. 1070 MDA 2019

                    Appeal from the Order Entered June 3, 2019
    In the Court of Common Pleas of the 39th Judicial District, Franklin County
                     Branch, Civil Division at No: 2013-04640

BEFORE: LAZARUS, STABILE, JJ., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY STABILE, J.:                                   FILED JULY 28, 2020

        Appellant, Steven L. Talmadge, in his own right and as administrator of

the estate of decedent Debra Elizabeth Talmadge (“Decedent”), appeals from

the June 3, 2019 judgment entered in favor of Appellees, Frank H. Ervin

(“Ervin”), R.PH., Carl’s Drug Store, Inc. (“Carl’s”), Nathan Derstine, D.O. (“Dr.

Derstine”), and Greencastle Family Practice, P.C. (“Greencastle”). We vacate

and remand for a new trial.

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A03023-20

          The trial court recited the pertinent facts in its opinion denying post-trial

relief:

               The instant medical malpractice action arises from the
          untimely death of Debra Talmadge on November 29, 2011. At the
          time of her death, [Decedent] was under the medical care and
          supervision of [Dr. Derstine], a physician and partner at the
          [Greencastle].

                On November 22, 2012, [Decedent] presented at
          [Greencastle] with complaints of nausea; she was prescribed and
          began taking Phenergan in addition to her long-term prescription
          for Lexapro. On November 25, 2011, five days prior to her death,
          [Decedent] again sought treatment from Dr. Derstine. Based on
          [Decedent’s] symptoms, Dr. Derstine suspected pneumonia and
          prescribed Biaxin.

                [Decedent’s] Biaxin prescription was later filled at [Carl’s],
          by on-duty pharmacist Shane Clugston, under the supervision of
          [Ervin].

Trial Court Opinion, 6/3/19, at 1-2 (footnotes omitted).

          Several days later, Decedent passed away. Appellant filed this medical

malpractice action against all Appellees on November 19, 2013. Appellant

alleged that the interaction between Phenergan, Lexapro, and Biaxin triggered

a condition called prolonged QT syndrome that caused Decedent’s death. The

jury entered a defense verdict on February 13, 2019. Appellant filed a timely

post-trial motion alleging that the trial court erred in granting Appellee’s

pretrial motion in limine, and in finding Appellee’s expert witness to be

qualified to testify in this matter. The trial court denied Appellant’s post-trial

motions on June 3, 2019, and this timely appeal followed.

          The following principles govern our review:

                                          -2-
J-A03023-20

             [O]ur standard of review when faced with an appeal from
      the trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial is whether the
      trial court clearly and palpably committed an error of law that
      controlled the outcome of the case or constituted an abuse of
      discretion. In examining the evidence in the light most favorable
      to the verdict winner, to reverse the trial court, we must conclude
      that the verdict would change if another trial were granted.
      Further, if the basis of the request for a new trial is the trial court's
      rulings on evidence, then such rulings must be shown to have
      been not only erroneous but also harmful to the complaining
      parties. Evidentiary rulings which did not affect the verdict will
      not provide a basis for disturbing the jury's judgment.

Ratti v. Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp., 758 A.2d 695, 707 (Pa. Super.

2000), appeal denied, 785 A.2d 90 (Pa. 2001).

      First, Appellant challenges the trial court’s order granting Appellees’ pre-

trial motion in limine to exclude a document contained with the Pennsylvania

State Police report and Appellant’s expert’s testimony as to that document.

We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Czimmer v. Janssen

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 122 A.3d 1043, 1058 (Pa. Super. 2015).                     The

document in question (the “Pill Count Document”) was an unsigned,

handwritten note indicating that Decedent was prescribed twenty pills of

Biaxin, of which twelve remained in the bottle after her death. The Pill Count

Document was part of the police investigation file, produced in response to

Appellees’ subpoena.       The matter arose during the pre-trial recorded

deposition testimony of Appellant’s expert witness, Dr. Douglass Peter Zipes.

The deposition was recorded for use at trial, and was introduced in redacted

form after Appellees’ successful motion in limine.

                                       -3-
J-A03023-20

       Appellant wished to argue, based on the date of the prescription and the

date of death, that Decedent ingested all eight of the missing pills, which

would have been in accord with the prescribed dosage over that time.

Appellees’ argument was that there was no direct evidence Decedent took

more than one Biaxin; the pill that Appellant saw her ingest. The autopsy

toxicology screen did not reflect Biaxin present (though it is unclear whether

the person conducting the autopsy screened for Biaxin).             N.T. Zipes

Deposition, 1/29/19, at 45.         No one other than Appellant reported seeing

Decedent take a Biaxin, and he saw her take only one. Id. at 46.

       The trial court ruled that the Pill Count Document was hearsay, and that

Appellant did not authenticate it under the business records exception (Pa.R.E.

806) because it was handwritten and unsigned.1 Nonetheless, the trial court

permitted Appellant to attempt to authenticate the Pill Count Document at trial

by calling the State Police Officer who prepared and produced the report.

Appellant did not do so.

       Presently, Appellant argues that Appellees’ objections during the

deposition were insufficient to preserve this issue. Appellant relies on Pa.R.E.

103(a)(1), which requires the party opposing the evidence to make a timely

____________________________________________

1 We are cognizant that the law permits experts to rely on hearsay in forming
their opinions. See Klein v. Aronchick, 85 A.3d 487, 502 (Pa. Super. 2014),
appeal denied, 104 A.3d 5 (Pa. 2014). Here, Appellant’s expert did not rely
on the Pill Count Document in the preparation of his written report, and
Appellant does not argue that the expert was entitled to rely on hearsay in
giving his testimony.

                                           -4-
J-A03023-20

objection and state the grounds for it. The trial court concluded that counsel

for Dr. Derstine and Greencastle sufficiently preserved this issue in the

following exchange during Dr. Zipes’ examination by counsel for Dr. Derstine,

and Greencastle:

             Q.    Doctor, I’m looking at the two last paragraphs there
      that indicate according to the report by Dr. Wayne Ross – and Dr.
      Wayne Ross is the pathologist hired by the plaintiffs in his case,
      correct?

            A.     I think that’s correct, yes.

             Q.    Not the pathologist that actually did the autopsy in
      this case.

            A.     Yes.

            Q.    What you’re saying is in his report he believes Mrs.
      Talmadge took one pill on the 25th, the day she got the
      prescription of Biaxin, correct?

            A.     Yes.

            Q.     Two pills on the 26th and 27th and one on the 28th.
      See that?

            A.     I do.

            Q.     Then she’s found dead in bed on the 29th?

            A.     Yes.

            Q.   So have you based your understanding of her taking
      Biaxin on what Dr. Ross opined in his report?

           A.   Yes, I’ve been shown a police report, which I did
      not have when I wrote my report that indicates that –

           Q.    Objection. Objection. Just stick to things you
      had at the time of your report, Doctor.

N.T. Zipes Deposition, 1/29/19, at 39-40 (emphasis added).

                                       -5-
J-A03023-20

     At the time of the foregoing objection—the only one Appellees lodged

on this issue during the deposition—counsel for Dr. Derstine and Greencastle

was unaware the Pill Count Document existed.         This is evident from a

subsequent exchange:

           Q.     We can agree no pill count was done by anybody
     involved in the autopsy?

           A.    I lost that last half. The pill count was done and –

           Q.    There was no pill count done, period?

           A.   I was shown a police report that had a pill count that
     there were 12 pills left out of the 20.

           Q.    Where did you get that from?

           A.    Counsel.

           Q.    When did you get that?

           A.    Couple days ago.

N.T. Zipes Deposition, 1/29/19, at 46-47.     Counsel for Dr. Derstine and

Greencastle did not pursue the matter further at that time.

     Subsequently, counsel for Ervin and Carl’s followed up:

            Q.   Let me circle back to your testimony earlier about the
     pill count and your testimony about how many pills [Decedent]
     had taken. All right?

           A.    Yes, sir.

           Q.    I want to understand if we can go back to your report,
     D27, page 4, can we pull that back up? The same paragraph that
     was highlighted previously, the first one on that page, please. Can
     you see that, doctor?

           A.    Yes.

                                    -6-
J-A03023-20

             Q.    Okay. I think you already told [counsel for Dr.
      Derstine and Greencastle] and we read in your report that you
      state according to the report by Dr. Wayne Ross, then you list the
      pills you believe [Decedent] was taking from the 25th through the
      28th, correct?

            A.    That’s correct.

            Q.    That’s what it says there, correct?

            A.    Yes.

             Q.    Can we also agree if we turn to page 1 of your report,
      can we pull that up, there we go, that nowhere in the materials
      that you reviewed is the police report that you referenced listed;
      is that right?

            A.    That’s correct. I did not have it at that time.

            Q.    Okay. Am I also correct, sir, you did not author any
      supplemental report in which you reference reviewing a police
      report to substantiate your conclusions about what [Decedent]
      was taking, correct?

            A.    Correct.

            Q.    Do you have any idea whether Dr. Ross reviewed a
      police report when he reached his conclusion about the pills she
      may have been taking?

            A.    I have no idea.

             Q.    Okay. Is it fair to say, sir, as you sit here today
      testifying you have not included any reference to a police report
      or relied upon a police report in the report that is the basis for
      your opinions in this case, correct?

            A.    That’s correct.

Id. at 53-54. Thus, this line of inquiry established only that Dr. Zipes did not

have the Pill Count Document, or any other part of the police file, when he

prepared his expert report.

                                     -7-
J-A03023-20

     Finally, on re-cross examination, counsel for Dr. Derstine and

Greencastle examined Dr. Zipes in more detail on the police report:

          Q.   Doctor […] I have the police report sitting in front of
     me. Can you point out to me where there’s a pill count in there?

            A.   I don’t have it in front of me. I don’t remember. It’s
     page—it’s well into the report. I don’t remember what page but
     it’s there.

           Q.     Okay.

           A.     Counsel could point it out to you.

           Q.    I believe I have the whole report here, Doctor, and
     there is no pill count in here. You say there is. You say you’ve
     got some document that purports to have a pill count on it?

         A.    That’s correct. I don’t have – the document’s on my
     computer. I don’t have that with me.

           Q.     Okay. Thank you very much.

           A.     The document showed 20 pills.

           [Defense counsel]: There’s no question, doctor.

Id. at 57-58.

     On redirect examination, Appellant’s counsel finally introduced the Pill

Count Document:

           Q.     Okay. Can you put up plaintiff’s exhibit 1337, please?
     Is that the pill count you were talking about?

           A.     That’s it exactly.

            Q.   Those are all the questions I have – wait. Actually one
     more question. The medication listed at the bottom, is that
     clarithromycin?

           A.     Yes.

           Q.     Is that Biaxin?

                                       -8-
J-A03023-20

            A.    Yes.

            Q.    If we look at the dosage, is that 500 milligrams once
      per day or twice a day?

            A.    That’s twice a day, b.i.d.

            Q.    Okay. Under number dispensed, that’s 20, right?

            A.    Correct.

            Q.    Then the number found is?

            A.    Twelve.

            Q.    So do the math for me. How many are gone?

            A.    Eight.

Id. at 59-60.

      Neither of Appellees’ lawyers objected when Appellant introduced the

Pill Count Document, i.e. plaintiff’s exhibit 1337.     Moreover, Appellant’s

introduction of the Pill Count Document during re-direct was directly

responsive to questions Appellees’ posed on cross-examination.       Thus, the

trial court relied on Appellees’ lone objection, bolded in the first exchange

quoted above, in support of its conclusion that Appellees’ preserved the issue.

The trial court believed Rule 4016(c) supported its result.

            (c) Errors and irregularities      occurring at the oral
      examination in the manner of taking the deposition, in the form
      of oral questions or answers, in the oath or affirmation, or in the
      conduct of parties and errors of any kind which might have been
      obviated, removed, or cured if objections had been promptly
      made, are waived unless seasonable objection is made at the
      taking of the deposition.

Pa.R.C.P. No. 4016(c).

                                     -9-
J-A03023-20

      The trial court concluded that the initial objection (“Objection. Just stick

to things you had at the time of your report, Doctor.”), combined with

Appellees’ motion in limine, was sufficient to obviate this error prior to trial,

when the parties introduced a redacted version of Dr. Zipes’ deposition into

evidence. The trial court admitted a redacted version omitting references to

the Pill Count Document. Dr. Zipes gave his deposition by video conference

from Bonita Springs, Florida.     N.T. Zipes Deposition, 1/29/19, at 4.       The

deposition was to be used at trial, in lieu of having Dr. Zipes appear at trial.

Significantly, the transcript reflects no stipulation deferring objections to the

time of trial.

      We observe that Rule 4016(c), is titled “Taking of Depositions.

Objections.” Pa.R.C.P. No. 4016. Subsection (c) governs errors of any kind,

and requires that an objection be “promptly made” and “seasonable … at the

taking of the deposition.” In construing the Rules of Civil Procedure, this Court

looks to the rules of statutory construction. Horwath v. DeGrazio, 142 A.3d

877, 880 (Pa. Super. 2016). The intent of our Supreme Court controls, and

the best evidence of that intent is the rule’s plain language. Id.; see also 1

Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(b) (“When the words of a statute are clear and free from all

ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of

pursuing its spirit.”) 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(b).

      We conclude that Appellees’ lone objection did not comply with the plain

language of Rule 4016(c). The only objection occurred when Dr. Zipes began

                                     - 10 -
J-A03023-20

to discuss the police report in general, without any reference to the Pill Count

Document. Subsequent exchanges establish that counsel for Dr. Derstine and

Greencastle was unaware of the Pill Count Document when the objection was

lodged. Indeed, counsel later revisited the pill count issue and asked Dr. Zipes

to confirm that no pill count was done. Dr. Zipes disagreed, but could not

produce the document he had in mind. Appellant’s counsel introduced the Pill

Count Document, identified as plaintiff’s exhibit 1337, and examined Dr. Zipes

on it with no objection from Appellees. Thus, there was no specific objection

to the Pill Count document at the deposition, much less a prompt, seasonable

one.   Appellees’ subsequent motion in limine does not change the result,

inasmuch as Rule 4016(c) expressly requires an objection at the taking of the

deposition.

       For additional guidance, we look to Rule 4020, titled “Use of Depositions

at Trial.” Pa.R.C.P. No. 4020.2 In particular, Rule 4020(c) states: “Subject

to the provisions of Rule 4016(b), objection may be made at the trial or

hearing to receiving in evidence any deposition or part thereof for any reason

which would require the exclusion of the evidence if the witness were then

present and testifying.”       Pa.R.C.P. No. 4020(c).   Our Supreme Court has

addressed the relationship of Rules 4020 and 4016:

____________________________________________

2  Rule 4020(a)(5) permits the deposition of a medical witness to be used at
trial regardless of the availability of the witness. Pa.R.C.P. No. 4020(a)(5).
Similarly, pursuant to Rule 4017(g), a video deposition of an expert witness
may be used at trial regardless of the witness’ availability.

                                          - 11 -
J-A03023-20

            Read together, Pa.R.Civ.P. 4020(c) and 4016(b), […]
      provide that, while an objection may be made at trial to the
      introduction of any part of a deposition in the same manner as if
      the deponent were then testifying, the failure to object during the
      taking of the deposition will preclude an objection at trial if ‘the
      ground of the objection is one which was known to the objecting
      party and which might have been obviated or removed if made’ at
      the time of the deposition.

Starner v. Wirth, 269 A.2d 674, 677 (Pa. 1970).           Where, however, the

parties stipulate to reserve all objections until trial, the court will honor the

stipulation. Id. Instantly, there was no stipulation to reserve objections, the

Pill Count Document was in the possession of all parties prior to the deposition,

and Appellees failed to object when Appellant’s counsel introduced it on re-

direct examination, in direct response to Appellees’ questions on cross

examination. The only objection in the passages quoted above—that Dr. Zipes

confine his testimony to items he considered in preparation of his expert

report—did not address the Pill Count Document, much less object to that

document as inadmissible hearsay.      Appellees could have made a hearsay

objection when Appellant’s counsel introduced the Pill Count Document, but

they failed to do so. We therefore conclude that Appellees failed to preserve

their objection to the Pill Count Document in accord with Rules 4016, 4020,

and our Supreme Court’s analysis in Starner. Moreover, since the number of

Biaxin pills Decedent ingested was an important issue at trial, we cannot

                                     - 12 -
J-A03023-20

conclude the error was harmless.           We therefore vacate the judgment and

remand for a new trial.3

       Because we have concluded Appellees waived their objection to the Pill

Count Document, we need not address Appellant’s argument that it was

admissible under Pa.R.E. 806.             We will, however, address Appellant’s

argument that the trial court erred in finding Harvey Millman, Ph.D., expert

for Appellees Ervin and Carl’s, qualified to testify, as that issue may present

itself again on retrial.

             Whether a witness has been properly qualified to give expert
       witness testimony is vested in the discretion of the trial court. It
       is well settled in Pennsylvania that the standard for qualification
       of an expert witness is a liberal one. When determining whether
       a witness is qualified as an expert the court is to examine whether
       the witness has any reasonable pretension to specialized
       knowledge on the subject under investigation.

             The determination of whether a witness is a qualified expert
       involves two inquiries:

              When a witness is offered as an expert, the first question
       the trial court should ask is whether the subject on which the
       witness will express an opinion is so distinctly related to some
       science, profession, business or occupation as to be beyond the
       ken of the average layman. ... If the subject is of this sort, the
       next question the court should ask is whether the witness has
       sufficient skill, knowledge, or experience in that field or calling as
       to make it appear that his opinion or inference will probably aid
       the trier in his search for truth.

____________________________________________

3  Although we have concluded Appellees did not timely object to preserve
their issue regarding the Pill Count Document, it remains that upon retrial the
admissibility of this document will again be at issue, since both parties, barring
any stipulation to the contrary, will be presenting their evidence and
objections de novo.

                                          - 13 -
J-A03023-20

Wexler v. Hecht, 847 A.2d 95, 98–99 (Pa. Super. 2004) (internal citations

and quotation marks omitted), affirmed, 928 A.2d 973 (Pa. 2007).

       Appellees Ervin and Carl’s Drug Store proffered Dr. Millman as an expert

in pharmacy practice, pharmacology, and toxicology. Appellant argues Dr.

Millman was not qualified in any respect as to the latter two, and that he

demonstrated no knowledge of the computer systems used in present-day

pharmacy practice. The record reveals that Dr. Millman had been a licensed

pharmacist for 30 years, approximately ten of which were in retail and clinical

pharmacy. He also worked for the United States Public Health Service, the

National Cancer Institute, and the Environmental Protection agency, during

his pharmacy career. He gave up his license in 2004, but remains a member

of the American Pharmacists Association and continues to review its

publications.

       At trial, Dr. Millman opined only as to pharmacy practice: he opined

that Ervin and Carl’s Drug Store complied with the standard of care for

pharmacy practice.4        In particular, he noted that a review of Decedent’s

prescribed drugs would have been by the CVS computer system, Dr. Derstine’s

computer system, and the insurance company’s computer system. The retail

pharmacist was not required to obtain a list of Decedent’s medications before

dispensing the drug, and Appellant, who picked up the Biaxin on Decedent’s

____________________________________________

4  We therefore need not address his qualifications as to pharmacology and
toxicology.

                                          - 14 -
J-A03023-20

behalf, declined counseling from the pharmacist. Given the limited nature of

Dr. Millman’s testimony, the length and breadth of his career in pharmacy,

and the liberal standard for determining an expert’s qualifications, we discern

no error in the trial court’s decision.

         Based on the foregoing, we vacate the judgment and remand for a new

trial.

         Judgment vacated.     Case remanded for new trial.        Jurisdiction

relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 07/28/2020

                                      - 15 -