Court Opinion

ID: 4392034
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-30 15:00:10.993376+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:24:20.138483
License: Public Domain

17-3277 (L)
Melito v. Experian Mktg. Solutions, Inc.

                               In the
                   United States Court of Appeals
                      For the Second Circuit

                                   August Term, 2018

                               Argued: November 5, 2018
                                Decided: April 30, 2019

                   Docket Nos. 17-3277-cv (L), 17-3279-cv (Con)

                      CHRISTINA MELITO, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
                     BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED,
                    RYAN METZGER, ALISON PIERCE, GENE ELLIS,
                      WALTER WOOD, CHRISTOPHER LEGG, ON
                         BEHALF OF HIMSELF AND ALL OTHERS
                                  SIMILARLY SITUATED,

                                                 Plaintiffs–Appellees,

                      AMERICAN EAGLE OUTFITTERS, INC., A
                   DELAWARE CORPORATION, AEO MANAGEMENT
                        CO, A DELAWARE CORPORATION,

                                                 Defendants–Third-Party-
                                                 Plaintiffs–Appellees,

                                           v.

                       EXPERIAN MARKETING SOLUTIONS, INC.,

                                                 Consolidated Defendant–Third-
                                                 Party-Defendant–Appellant,

                                       KARA BOWES,

                                                 Objector–Appellant,
                      EBAY ENTERPRISE, INC., FKA EBAY
                   ENTERPRISE MARKETING SOLUTIONS, INC.,

                                               Defendant.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of New York
                No. 14-cv-2440 – Valerie E. Caproni, Judge.

Before: HALL and LYNCH, Circuit Judges, and ENGELMAYER, District Judge.*
       Plaintiffs each received unsolicited spam text messages sent from or on
behalf of American Eagle Outfitters (“AEO”). They then filed a putative class-
action lawsuit against AEO, claiming that these text messages were sent in
violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227.
Plaintiffs alleged no injury other than the receipt of the unwanted texts.

       Plaintiffs and AEO agreed to settle the class action and moved in district
court for approval of the settlement and certification of the settlement class.
Third-party defendant Experian Marketing Solutions, Inc. (“Experian”)
objected to certification, arguing that Plaintiffs lacked standing under Spokeo,
Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016). Class member Kara Bowes objected to
the class settlement as unfair. The district court (Caproni, J.) approved the
settlement and certified the settlement class, and Experian and Bowes appeal.

       The principal question we are tasked with deciding is whether Plaintiffs’
receipt of the unsolicited text messages, sans any other injury, is sufficient to
demonstrate injury-in-fact. We hold that it is. First, the nuisance and privacy
invasion attendant on spam texts are the very harms with which Congress was
concerned when enacting the TCPA. Second, history confirms that causes of
action to remedy such injuries were traditionally regarded as providing bases
for lawsuits in English or American courts. Plaintiffs were therefore not
required to demonstrate any additional harm. Having concluded that
Plaintiffs have satisfied Article III’s standing requirement, we dismiss
Experian’s appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction and affirm the judgment of
the district court with respect to Bowes’s appeal.

      AFFIRMED IN PART AND DISMISSED IN PART.

*Judge Paul A. Engelmayer, of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
                                       2
                                 MEIR FEDER, Jones Day, New York, NY (John
                                 A. Vogt, Jones Day, Irvine CA, on the brief),
                                 for Consolidated Defendant–Third-Party-
                                 Defendant–Appellant Experian Marketing
                                 Solutions, Inc.

                                 ERIC ALAN ISAACSON, Law Office of Eric Alan
                                 Isaacson, La Jolla, CA (C. Benjamin Nutley,
                                 Pasadena, CA, on the brief), for Objector–
                                 Appellant Kara Bowes.

                                 BETH E. TERRELL, Terrell Marshall Law
                                 Group PLLC, Seattle, WA (Joseph A.
                                 Fitapelli, Fitapelli & Schaffer, LLP, New
                                 York, NY , on the brief), for Plaintiffs–
                                 Appellees.

HALL, Circuit Judge:

      Plaintiffs each received unsolicited spam text messages sent from or on

behalf of American Eagle Outfitters (“AEO”). They then filed a putative class-

action lawsuit against AEO, claiming that these text messages were sent in

violation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227.

Plaintiffs alleged no injury other than the receipt of the unwanted texts.

      Plaintiffs and AEO agreed to settle the class action and moved in district

court for approval of the settlement and certification of the settlement class.

Third-party defendant Experian Marketing Solutions, Inc. (“Experian”)

objected to certification, arguing that Plaintiffs lacked standing under Spokeo,

Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016). Class member Kara Bowes objected to

                                       3
the class settlement as unfair. The district court (Caproni, J.) approved the

settlement and certified the settlement class, and Experian and Bowes appeal.

       The principal question we are tasked with deciding is whether Plaintiffs’

receipt of the unsolicited text messages, sans any other injury, is sufficient to

demonstrate injury-in-fact. We hold that it is. First, the nuisance and privacy

invasion attendant on spam texts are the very harms with which Congress was

concerned when enacting the TCPA. Second, history confirms that causes of

action to remedy such injuries were traditionally regarded as providing bases

for lawsuits in English or American courts.          Plaintiffs were therefore not

required to demonstrate any additional harm.              Having concluded that

Plaintiffs have satisfied Article III’s standing requirement, we dismiss

Experian’s appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction and affirm the judgment of

the district court with respect to Bowes’s appeal.

                                          I.

       “In the interest of reducing the volume of unwanted telemarketing calls,

the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, in relevant part, makes it

‘unlawful . . . to make any call (other than a call made for emergency purposes

or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any automatic

telephone dialing system [(“ATDS”)] . . . to any telephone number assigned to

a . . . cellular telephone service, . . . unless such call is made solely to collect a

debt owed to or guaranteed by the United States.’” King v. Time Warner Cable

Inc., 894 F.3d 473, 474 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)). In

                                          4
enacting the Act, Congress found that “[u]nrestricted telemarketing . . . can be

an intrusive invasion of privacy” and that “[b]anning such automated or

prerecorded telephone calls to the home, except when the receiving party

consents to receiving the call[,] . . . is the only effective means of protecting

telephone consumers from this nuisance and privacy invasion.” Telephone

Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-243, §§ 5, 12, 105 Stat. 2394

(1991).

       The TCPA delegated the authority to implement these requirements to

the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”).                     See 47 U.S.C.

§ 227(b)(2). Although text messages are not explicitly covered under the TCPA,

the FCC has interpreted the Act to cover them. See In the Matter of Rules and

Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991, 7 FCC Rcd.

14014, 14115 (July 3, 2003); see also Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 136 S. Ct.
663, 667 (2016) (“A text message to a cellular telephone, it is undisputed,

qualifies as a ‘call’ within the compass of § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii).”).1

       The TCPA provides for statutory damages of $500 per violation, which

can be trebled “[i]f the court finds that the defendant willfully or knowingly

violated” the statute. 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii).

1 In Campbell-Ewald, the parties did not dispute that text messages were
covered based on prior Ninth Circuit precedent deferring to the FCC’s
interpretation of the TCPA. See Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 569 F.3d
946, 952–54 (9th Cir. 2009).
                                          5
                                       A.

      Plaintiffs Christina Melito, Christopher Legg, Alison Pierce, and Walter

Wood (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) brought a putative class-action lawsuit against

American Eagle Outfitters, AEO Management Co. (collectively, “AEO”), and

Experian Marketing Solutions, Inc. (“Experian”).        Plaintiffs alleged that

Experian, acting on behalf of AEO, sent spam text messages to their phones

using an ATDS platform designed by nonparty Archer USA, Inc. Plaintiffs

alleged only that they received the unconsented-to messages in violation of the

TCPA.

      The district court dismissed the claims against Experian, and AEO filed

a third-party complaint against Experian, claiming contractual indemnity,

breach of contract, common-law indemnity, and negligence based on

Experian’s handling of the alleged spam text messages.

      Experian moved to dismiss the class-action complaint for lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction. According to Experian, all of AEO’s claims against it were

derivative of Plaintiffs’ claims against AEO.     Therefore, Experian argued,

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 14(a)(2)(c), it could assert any

defense that AEO would have had against the Plaintiffs’ claims. Experian

asserted that Plaintiffs lacked standing under Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S.

Ct. 1540 (2016), because they alleged only a bare statutory violation and

statutory damages cannot substitute for concrete harm. While Experian’s

                                       6
motion was pending, Plaintiffs and AEO filed a notice of conditional

settlement. The district court then denied Experian’s motion as moot.

                                        B.

      Plaintiffs moved for preliminary approval of the class settlement and

conditional certification of the settlement class. The district court granted the

motion and conditionally certified the following class:

      The approximate[ly] 618,289 persons who, on or after April 8,
      2010 and through and including the date of entry of the
      Preliminary Approval Order, received a text message from AEO
      or any entity acting on its behalf, to her or her [sic] unique cellular
      telephone number, and who did not provide AEO with
      appropriate consent under the TCPA. Excluded from the
      Settlement Class are the Judge to whom the Action is assigned
      and any member of the Court’s staff and immediate family, and
      all persons who are validly excluded from the Settlement Class.

Sp. App. 3. The court appointed a claims administrator who compiled a list of

class members consisting of 618,301 unique phone numbers.2                      The

administrator provided class notice via email or postcard to those members for

whom he had addresses and posted notice regarding the class settlement on a

website. The notices explained the nature of the lawsuit. They informed the

recipients that AEO had agreed to pay a total of $14,500,000 and explained

that, after attorneys’ fees, costs, and potential service awards, each claimant

could expect to receive between $142 and $285. Further, the notices informed

2The list of class members was submitted under seal in the district court.
Plaintiffs have moved to supplement the appendix on appeal with redacted
portions of the list showing that they are indeed among the class members.
                                        7
the class members that they could withdraw or object and explained how to do

so.

      As relevant here, two objections were received. Experian objected to

class certification, arguing that Plaintiffs failed adequately to allege injury, not

all class members may have received text messages from an ATDS, and the

class was unascertainable.      Kara Bowes, a class member, objected to the

reasonableness of the settlement, arguing that the award was too low, the

notice was inadequate, and incentive awards were inappropriate.

                                        C.

      After a final approval hearing, the district court entered a final order

approving the settlement. The court explained its reasoning in a subsequent

memorandum. It first concluded, for the following reasons, that Plaintiffs did

not lack standing. Under Spokeo, “alleging only a statutory violation, without

alleging any additional harm beyond the one Congress has identified could be

sufficient to establish a concrete injury,” and “unwanted and unauthorized

telephone contact by an automated system is precisely the harm that Congress

was trying to avoid when it enacted the TCPA.” Sp. App. 32 (internal quotation

marks, citation, and alteration omitted).

      The court then went on to conclude that the requirements of Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and (b)(3) were satisfied.          With respect to

Experian’s ascertainability objection, the court ruled that Experian lacked

standing to object because it was a nonsettling third-party defendant.

                                         8
Moreover, even if Experian did have standing to object, its objection was

meritless because the settling class was clearly ascertainable.

      Regarding the settlement, the district court determined that it was fair,

adequate, and reasonable. In doing so, it analyzed the nine factors under City

of Detroit v. Grinnell Corp., 495 F.2d 448, 463 (2d Cir. 1974), and concluded

that all but one (the ability of AEO to withstand a greater judgment) weighed

in favor of approving the settlement.3 The district court overruled Bowes’s

objection to the adequacy of the settlement amount, noting that she overlooked

the very real litigation risks that Plaintiffs would have faced. The court then

concluded that notice was adequate and that attorneys’ fees, costs, and an

incentive award were appropriate.        It entered an amended final order,

certifying under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) that there was “no just

reason for delay of enforcement or appeal of the Final Approval Order.” Sp.

App. 62–63. These consolidated appeals follow.

3  The factors are “(1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the
litigation; (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the
proceedings and the amount of discovery completed; (4) the risks of
establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6) the risks of
maintaining the class action through the trial; (7) the ability of the defendants
to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of reasonableness of the
settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery; [and] (9) the range of
reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all the
attendant risks of litigation.” Grinnel Corp., 495 F.2d at 463 (citations
omitted).
                                       9
                                       II.

      On appeal, Experian argues that it has standing to pursue its appeal of

the district court’s class-certification ruling and that, regardless of Experian’s

standing to appeal, Plaintiffs lack standing under Spokeo to bring this action.

For her part, Bowes joins Experian’s argument that Plaintiffs lack standing

under Spokeo, albeit for different reasons, and additionally raises a host of

challenges to the district court’s approval of the class settlement. We first

address Experian’s standing to appeal. Next, we assure ourselves of our own

(and the district court’s) subject-matter jurisdiction.     Finally, we turn to

Bowes’s class-settlement challenges.

                                       A.

      “[W]e review de novo the issue of whether [nonsettling parties] have

standing to bring this appeal.” Bhatia v. Piedrahita, 756 F.3d 211, 217 (2d Cir.

2014) (citing Denney v. Deutsche Bank AG, 443 F.3d 253, 262 (2d Cir. 2006);

Shain v. Ellison, 356 F.3d 211, 214 (2d Cir. 2004)). Plaintiffs urge that, as a

nonsettling party, Experian lacks standing to appeal. Plaintiffs rely primarily,

as did the district court, on Bhatia, in which we held that nonsettling

defendants in a putative class action did not have standing to challenge a

provision in a settlement agreement that allegedly barred those defendants’

rights. Bhatia, 756 F.3d at 215–16.

      In Bhatia, we “observed that a non-settling defendant generally lacks

standing to object to a court order approving a partial settlement because a

                                       10
non-settling defendant is ordinarily not affected by such a settlement.” Id. at

218.   We noted, however, an exception to the general rule: a nonsettling

codefendant could appeal “where it can demonstrate that it will sustain some

formal legal prejudice as a result of the settlement.” Id. We further explained

that such prejudice “exists only in those rare circumstances when, for example,

the settlement agreement formally strips a non-settling party of a legal claim

or cause of action, such as a cross-claim for contribution or indemnification,

invalidates a non-settling party’s contract rights, or the right to present

relevant evidence at a trial.” Id. Here, the district court concluded that

Experian could not demonstrate formal legal prejudice because, although the

court’s approval of the settlement would necessarily decide the Spokeo issue

against Experian, Experian had at least had an opportunity to press its

argument.

       Experian protests that a third-party defendant is a different creature

than a codefendant.      It relies on Rule 14’s provision that a third-party

defendant may “assert against the plaintiff any defense that the third-party

plaintiff has to the plaintiff’s claim,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 14(a)(2)(C), to argue that,

as a third-party defendant, it “enjoy[s] a broad range of procedural rights

designed to protect [its] interests and ensure that [it is] not prejudiced by the

original defendant’s failure to exercise its rights.” Experian Br. at 18. Among

these rights, Experian insists, is the right to appeal a judgment against the

                                        11
original defendant. See Kicklighter v. Nails by Jannee, Inc., 616 F.2d 734, 738

n.1 (5th Cir. 1980).

      While true enough, this argument misses the point. Experian still can

appeal the district court’s conclusion that Plaintiffs satisfied Spokeo—just not

yet. As in Kicklighter, on which Experian relies, Experian can challenge that

ruling on appeal from a final judgment in the third-party proceeding. See id.

(noting that “it logically follows that the third-party defendant may assert on

appeal errors in the main case” where the third-party defendant was appealing

from a judgment entered in the third-party case).

      In other words, that a third-party defendant cannot be made to

indemnify a defendant for nonexistent liability does not entitle it to object to

that defendant’s decision to settle a claim made against it.         Should the

defendant, having settled its claim, pursue its action for indemnity against the

third-party defendant, the latter may raise any defenses that it has, including

any argument the defendant could have raised that it was not liable in the first

place. But unless the settlement agreement itself purports to strip the third-

party defendant of its defenses, all of that must await the development of the

third-party action. Because the settlement in itself does not purport to deprive

Experian of its right to raise any of its defenses in the third-party action, it

lacks standing to object to AEO’s decision to settle its dispute with Plaintiffs.

      Accordingly, because Experian has not been “formally strip[ped]” of any

claim or defense, it lacks standing to pursue its appeal, see Bhatia, 756 F.3d at

                                       12
218,4 which we therefore must dismiss. But as we discuss below, that does not

mean that we are free to ignore the jurisdictional issue Experian raises.

      Having concluded that Experian lacks standing to appeal, we next turn

to whether Plaintiffs nonetheless lack standing to bring this case.

                                       B.

      Experian asserts that, regardless of its standing to challenge Plaintiffs’

standing, we must reach the Spokeo issue. We agree. It is fundamental that

we have an “independent obligation to satisfy ourselves of the jurisdiction of

this court and the court below.” In re Methyl Tertiary Ether (“MTBE”) Prods.

Liab. Litig., 488 F.3d 112, 121 (2d Cir. 2007). “We review de novo a [district

court’s] decision as to a plaintiff’s standing to sue based on the allegations of

the complaint and the undisputed facts evidenced in the record.” Rajamin v.

Deutsche Bank Nat’l Trust Co., 757 F.3d 79, 84–85 (2d Cir. 2014). We therefore

proceed to address the question of Plaintiffs’ standing to bring the underlying

action. Because Experian’s brief helpfully advances the argument that they do

not, we treat that brief as, in effect, an amicus curiae submission and address

4 The other sources cited by Experian are in accord with our conclusion.
Experian cites to 6 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1463 n.21 (3d ed.), for the
proposition that “[t]he third-party defendant should be able to appeal from a
judgment on the original claim against the third-party plaintiff . . . since if no
liability were established between the original plaintiff and defendant then the
claim for secondary liability no longer would exist.” However, the case citation
supporting that footnote is Tejas Dev. Co. v. McGough Bros., 167 F.2d 268 (5th
Cir. 1948), a case where the main claims and third-party claims were tried
together. Accord United States for Use of Barber-Colman Co. v. U.S. Fid. &
Guar. Co., 19 F.3d 1431 (4th Cir. 1994) (per curiam).
                                       13
the standing question in part through the lens of the arguments Experian

presents.

      Article III limits federal judicial power to “Cases” and “Controversies,”

U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, and standing to sue “limits the category of litigants

empowered to maintain a lawsuit in federal court to seek redress for a legal

wrong,” Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1547. To satisfy Article III standing, “[t]he

plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to

the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed

by a favorable judicial decision.” Id. A plaintiff establishes injury in fact if he

suffered “‘an invasion of a legally protected interest’ that is ‘concrete and

particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.’” Id.

at 1548 (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)).

      Experian contends that Plaintiffs lack standing because they failed to

allege a “concrete” injury in fact. We disagree. “In determining whether an

intangible harm,” as alleged here, “constitutes injury in fact, both history and

the judgment of Congress play important roles.” Id. at 1549. To be sure, this

“does not mean that a plaintiff automatically satisfies the injury-in-fact

requirement whenever a statute grants a person a statutory right and purports

to authorize that person to sue to vindicate that right.” Id. Despite Experian’s

contrary protestations, however, Plaintiffs here do not “allege a bare

procedural violation, divorced from any concrete harm.” Id.

                                        14
      First, Plaintiffs allege “the very injury [the TCPA] is intended to

prevent.” See Sussino v. Work Out World Inc., 862 F.3d 346, 351 (3d Cir. 2017)

(internal quotation marks omitted). As noted above, “nuisance and privacy

invasion” were the harms Congress identified when enacting the TCPA. Pub.

L. No. 102-243, §§ 5, 12. And text messages, while different in some respects

from the receipt of calls or faxes specifically mentioned in the TCPA, present

the same “nuisance and privacy invasion” envisioned by Congress when it

enacted the TCPA.5 See id.

      Second, this injury “has a close relationship to a harm that has

traditionally been regarded as providing a basis for a lawsuit in English or

American Courts.” See Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549. As both the Ninth and

Third Circuits have noted, the harms Congress sought to alleviate through

passage of the TCPA closely relate to traditional claims, including claims for

“invasions of privacy, intrusion upon seclusion, and nuisance.” Van Patten v.

5  Experian argues in passing that it was the FCC, not Congress, that
interpreted the TCPA to cover text messages. True, but irrelevant. We need
not consider the impact of the FCC’s interpretation of the TCPA, or whether
the Hobbs Act bars our jurisdiction to consider that interpretation, see 28
U.S.C. §§ 2342, 2343; Carlton & Harris Chiropractic, Inc. v. PDR Network,
LLC, 883 F.3d 459 (4th Cir.), cert. granted, 139 S. Ct. 478 (2018) (mem.); Nigro
v. Mercantile Adjustment Bureau, LLC, 769 F.3d 804, 806 n.2 (2d Cir. 2014)
(per curiam) (“Since neither party actually challenges the FCC’s interpretation
of the TCPA, we need not decide the extent to which the Administrative Orders
Review Act, also known as the ‘Hobbs Act,’ limits our jurisdiction to review
that interpretation.”), because this argument concerns whether Plaintiffs have
a cause of action under the TCPA, not whether a federal court has subject-
matter jurisdiction over the action. See Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control
Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 127 & n.4 (2014).
                                      15
Vertical Fitness Grp., LLC, 847 F.3d 1037, 1043 (9th Cir. 2017); Sussino, 862
F.3d at 351–52 (focusing on intrusion upon seclusion); see also Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 652B (Am. Law Inst. 1977) (discussing intrusion upon

seclusion). Neither Experian nor Bowes meaningfully contend otherwise, and

we see no reason to diverge from our sister circuits on this point.

        Because Plaintiffs have demonstrated a harm directly identified by

Congress and of the same character as harms remediable by traditional causes

of action, the district court correctly concluded that they “need not allege any

additional harm beyond the one Congress has identified.” See Spokeo, 136 S.

Ct. at 1549. Experian protests this conclusion at length, relying on decisions

including ours in Katz v. Donna Karen Co., LLC, 872 F.3d 114 (2d Cir. 2017),

and Strubel v. Comenity Bank, 842 F.3d 181 (2d Cir. 2016). These cases,

however, concern the risk of harms attendant a statutory violation. See, e.g.,

Katz, 872 F.3d at 116–17 (no standing to pursue Fair and Accurate Credit

Transactions Act claim because defendants’ stores’ provision of receipt

containing first six digits of credit card did not necessarily entail “any

consequence that stemmed from the display” of those numbers); Strubel, 842
F.3d at 188–95 (distinguishing between notice deficiencies that created a

concrete and personal risk of harm and those creating only a general risk of

harm). Here, by contrast, the receipt of unwanted advertisements is itself the

harm.

                                       16
      Experian also contends that even the cases on which Plaintiffs rely

involved allegations of harm beyond a statutory violation.      For instance,

Experian observes that the plaintiff in Van Patten alleged that the text

messages sent by the defendants caused “actual harm, including the

aggravation that necessarily accompanies wireless spam and that consumers

pay their cell phone service providers for the receipt of such wireless spam.”

See Van Patten, 847 F.3d at 1041 (internal quotation marks omitted). This is

inaccurate and irrelevant. First, the allegations to which Experian points

concern harms that general “consumers” experienced; the only allegation of

harm personal to the plaintiff that the Ninth Circuit noted was “that he

received two text messages.” Id. Second, and in any event, the Ninth Circuit’s

analysis in no way relied on allegations of harm beyond the statutory

violations. “Unsolicited telemarketing phone calls or text messages, by their

nature, invade the privacy and disturb the solitude of their recipients. A

plaintiff alleging a violation under the TCPA ‘need not allege any additional

harm beyond the one Congress has identified.” Id. at 1043 (quoting Spokeo,
136 S. Ct. at 1549; see also Susinno, 862 F.3d at 352 (“For these reasons, we

hold that Susinno has alleged a concrete, albeit intangible, harm under the

Supreme Court’s decision in Spokeo . . . . Because we so hold, we need not

                                     17
address her additional arguments that her various tangible injuries provide

alternative grounds for standing.”).6

      Bowes purports additionally to raise a factual challenge to Plaintiffs’

standing under Spokeo. Unlike Experian, she concedes that Plaintiffs have

adequately alleged standing but protests that they have proffered no evidence

in support thereof and urges that such evidence is required at the class-

certification stage. Cf. In re LIBOR-Based Fin. Instruments Antitrust Litig.,

299 F. Supp. 3d 430, 530–31 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (observing that “class certification

does not always fit neatly into [Lujan’s] framework,” which allows plaintiffs to

rely on their allegations at the pleading stage but requires evidence in response

to a motion for summary judgment). We have our doubts as to whether Bowes’s

challenge is properly considered a factual challenge as opposed to a facial

challenge: her evidence that she received unsolicited text messages in no way

calls into question Plaintiffs’ allegations that they did as well. See, e.g., Carter

v. HealthPort Techs., LLC, 822 F.3d 47, 57 (2d Cir. 2016) (“On appeal, we

review the district court’s decision on such a facial challenge de novo, accepting

as true all material factual allegations of the complaint and drawing all

reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” (internal quotation marks,

citations, and alterations omitted)); accord John v. Whole Foods Mkt. Grp.,

6 Experian’s remaining arguments—whether the text messages in question
were actually sent by an ATDS, whether absent class members ineffectively
revoked consent, and whether the class is unascertainable—though framed as
challenges to the district court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, actually attack the
merits of Plaintiffs’ claims. Accordingly, we do not reach these issue.
                                        18
Inc., 858 F.3d 732, 736 (2d Cir. 2017). In any event, Plaintiffs have moved to

supplement the appendix with evidence, submitted under seal in the district

court, demonstrating that they did in fact receive the text messages in

question. That motion is GRANTED. Thus, we need not, and do not, decide

whether plaintiffs generally may rely on allegations in their complaint to

establish standing at the class-certification stage.7

      Accordingly, we hold that Plaintiffs have demonstrated injury-in-fact as

required by Article III and that the district court therefore did not lack subject-

matter jurisdiction. Having satisfied ourselves of our and the district court’s

jurisdiction, we turn finally to Bowes’s challenges to the class settlement.

                                        C.

      Bowes presses a potpourri of challenges to the fairness of the class

settlement, each of which we review for abuse of discretion. See D’Amato v.

Deutsche Bank, 836 F.3d 78, 85 (2d Cir. 2001); see also Denney, 443 F.3d at 263

7 Although Experian opposes the motion to supplement the appendix, its oppo-
sition relies on an understanding of Spokeo’s injury-in-fact requirement that
we reject. Bowes also opposes the motion, but her objections are meritless. For
instance, Bowes complains that the list provided by Plaintiffs does not include
two of the named plaintiffs. To be sure, Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement incor-
rectly lists six, rather than four, named plaintiffs. But as the operative com-
plaint and settlement make clear, two of these individuals are no longer pro-
ceeding as named plaintiffs on behalf of the class. See, e.g., App. 51. Finally,
in a post-argument letter, Bowes called this Court’s attention to the recent Su-
preme Court decision in Frank v. Gaos, 139 S. Ct. 1041 (2019). But Frank
merely reaffirms the holding of Spokeo and remands for the district court to
reconsider the standing of the plaintiffs there. Nothing in Frank alters or elab-
orates on the Spokeo doctrine or casts any doubt on our analysis of the standing
issue.
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(class notice); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 396 F.3d 96, 120 (2d

Cir. 2005) (discovery rulings); Lobur v. Parker, 378 F. App’x 63, 65 (2d Cir.

2010) (summary order) (incentive awards). We address them in turn.

      First, Bowes argues that class notice was insufficient because it did not

inform the class members of the potential payout if the case went to trial. To

the contrary, our review of the record demonstrates that the class notice “fairly

apprise[d] the prospective members of the class of the terms of the proposed

settlement and of the options that [were] open to them in connection with the

proceedings.” Wal-Mart, 396 F.3d at 114 (quoting Weinberger v. Kendrick, 698
F.2d 61, 70 (2d Cir. 1982)).

      Second, Bowes argues that the district court erred in its weighing of the

nine Grinnell Corp. factors. We disagree. The court carefully analyzed each

of the factors. Bowes essentially argues that the settlement was just not

enough. She contends that she herself stood to recover nearly $90,000, and

that the “paltry” $14.5 million settlement could therefore in no way be

reasonable, especially given the district court’s purported failure to address

AEO’s ability to withstand a greater judgment.          Bowes understandably

believes that the number arrived at is insufficient given what she allegedly

stood to collect. But the litigation risks in this case were real on both the law

and the facts. Because of those uncertainties, it cannot be said “that the

district court’s well-reasoned conclusion constituted an abuse of discretion,

                                       20
especially given the deference we accord to trial courts in these situations.” See

Charron v. Wiener, 731 F.3d 241, 248 (2d Cir. 2013).

      Third, Bowes faults the district court for accepting a settlement that

purports to release liability for claims accruing after the class period. But

“[t]he law is well established in this Circuit and others that class action

releases may include claims not presented and even those which could not have

been presented as long as the released conduct arises out of the ‘identical

factual predicate’ as the settled conduct.” Wal-Mart, 396 F.3d at 107 (quoting

TBK Partners, Ltd. v. W. Union Corp, 675 F.2d 456, 460 (2d Cir. 1982)). Bowes

does not realistically argue that text messages sent after the class period, as

opposed to those sent during, are somehow different.

      Fourth, Bowes contends that incentive bonuses here are unlawful, given

that the case involves common funds.        The cases cited by Bowes for this

proposition are inapposite. Neither Cent. R.R. & Banking Co. v. Pettus, 113
U.S. 116 (1885), nor Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U.S. 527 (1881), provide factual

settings akin to those here. See Muransky v. Godiva Chocolatier, Inc., __ F.3d

__, 2019 WL 1760292, at *14–15 (11th Cir. 2019) (summarily rejecting the

same argument by Bowes’s counsel as an objector).

      Fifth and finally, Bowes accuses the district court of “concealing”

deposition transcripts of Plaintiffs in this case. But Bowes provided below (and

has provided here) no reason why those transcripts are relevant to her

                                       21
settlement objections.8 See Wal-Mart, 396 F.3d at 120 (“Generally, such a

discovery request depends on ‘whether or not the District Court had before it

sufficient facts intelligently to approve the settlement offer. If it did, then

there is no reason to hold an additional hearing on the settlement or to give

appellants authority to renew discovery.” (quoting Grinnell Corp., 495 F.2d at

462–63)).

                                 CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we hold that (1) Experian lacks standing to

pursue   its   appeal,   (2) Plaintiffs   satisfied   Article   III’s   injury-in-fact

requirement, and (3) the district court acted within its discretion in approving

the class settlement. We DISMISS Experian’s appeal and otherwise AFFIRM

the judgment of the district court.

8To the extent Bowes has argued that the deposition transcripts were relevant
to her challenge to Plaintiffs’ standing, this argument is unavailing given our
disposition of that issue in this case.
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