Court Opinion

ID: 4911415
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-16 14:03:28.530573+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:32.167807
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN THE MATTER OF                    )
THE ESTATE OF                       )     C.A. No. 2018-0741-PWG
MEREDITH L. SULLIVAN                )

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                      Date Submitted: September 2, 2021
                      Date Decided: September 16, 2021

Charles J. Durante, Scott E. Swenson, and Shaun Michael Kelly, of CONNOLLY
GALLAGHER LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Petitioner Luke R.
Chapman.

Jason C. Powell and Thomas J. Reichert, of THE POWELL FIRM, LLC,
Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Respondents Faye Sullivan, Thomas Sullivan,
III and Jessica Sullivan.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
      The Masters in Chancery have been doing creditable and honorable service in

courts of equity dating back to the original English court. It is an understatement to

say that, within the arenas of equity over which they typically preside, Masters’

experience is the equal of that of the other judicial officers on this Court; their

judgment is also equivalent, I believe. It is not surprising that at least four Masters

in Chancery have become constitutional judges, including two current Vice

Chancellors. It is an unfortunate historical artifact, in my view, that unlike, say,

Superior Court Commissioners (who are also respected jurists who play an

indispensable part in the administration of justice in the law court) the judicial

decisions of Masters in Chancery are, effectively, precatory. That is, these decisions,

including findings of fact based on testimony at trial, are entitled to no deference on

appeal.    Upon such an appeal—denominated “exceptions” to the Master’s

“report”—a Chancellor or Vice Chancellor must undertake a full de novo review of

findings of law and fact. To the extent the forgoing may be viewed solely as the

grumbling of a judicial officer disgruntled by being forced into effort best avoided,

it is not merely that. De novo review of Masters’ decisions creates unnecessary

uncertainty, delay, and expense for litigants. It encourages long-shot appeals,

because the losing party is able to proceed with a clean slate. It delays justice in the

case being reviewed, and the other cases pending in the Court which are behind it in

the judge’s queue. The work the Masters do adds much efficiency and value to the

                                           1
Court; given the current caseload, they are indispensable. But their utility is

diminished by the required de novo review.

       Before me are exceptions by all parties to the Master in Chancery’s final

report in this matter dated February 22, 2021 (the “Report”). 1 At issue is the proper

beneficiary under three policies of insurance on the life of the decedent, Meredith L.

Sullivan (“Ms. Sullivan” or the “Decedent”). The facts of the case are salacious and

sensational.    Ms. Sullivan was a Delaware resident and an employee of the

University of Delaware. While married to the Petitioner, Luke Chapman (“Mr.

Chapman” or the “Petitioner”), Ms. Sullivan became romantically involved with a

co-worker, also married. Presumably upon learning of this fact, Mr. Chapman

sought a divorce. Thereafter, Ms. Sullivan moved to Pennsylvania and began

working for another college. The wife of her paramour traveled to Ms. Sullivan’s

home in Pennsylvania, fatally shot Ms. Sullivan, then committed suicide. At the

time of her murder, the Family Court had issued a decree of divorce in Ms. Sullivan’s

case, although she had not yet received word that she had become divorced.2

       The primary issue addressed by the Master upon the Petitioner’s Motion for

Judgement on the Pleadings and to Dismiss the Counterclaim, and now before me

de novo, is deceptively straightforward: which state’s law applies to the life

1
  In the Matter of the Estate of Meredith L. Sullivan, 2021 WL 668005 (Del. Ch. Feb. 22, 2021)
[hereinafter “In re Sullivan”].
2
  See generally id. at *1.

                                              2
insurance policies? They were issued in Delaware to a then-Delaware resident, but

the benefits were payable on the death of a Pennsylvania domiciliary. The question

is outcome-determinative; under the Pennsylvania statute, where (as in the instant

case) the contract of life insurance designates a spouse as beneficiary, and where

subsequently the owner of the policy becomes divorced but has not changed the

beneficiary at death, public policy requires the presumption that that the decedent

nonetheless intended to remove the ex-spouse, and substitute the successor

beneficiaries or the decedent’s estate as the beneficiary. Delaware, by contrast, has

evidenced no such legislative intent; under Delaware common law, the contract itself

controls, here leading to ex-husband Mr. Chapman remaining the beneficiary, as

designated in the policies.

       The Petitioner, Mr. Chapman, accordingly advocates for the application of

Delaware law to the three policies; the Respondents, the alternative beneficiaries

under one of the policies (and one of whom is the administratrix of the Decedent’s

estate), 3 conversely advocate for the law of Pennsylvania.

       Resolution of this choice of law issue, under applicable Delaware law, is

subject to the analysis of the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (the

3
 There are no contingent beneficiaries associated with the individual policies, which state that the
proceeds will be paid to the Decedent’s estate if no beneficiary is entitled to payment at the time
of a claim. See id. at *1 n.7.

                                                 3
“Restatement”). 4 Under that analysis, the Master concluded, two individual life

insurance policies owned by Ms. Sullivan are controlled by the law of Pennsylvania.

The third policy at issue, a group policy taken out on behalf of Ms. Sullivan by her

former employer, the University of Delaware, is subject to Delaware law. In

addition, the Master found that a counterclaim brought by the Respondents for

equitable relief failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. I find the

facts largely undisputed, and in any event, upon the required review de novo, I make

the same factual conclusion as did the Master. In addition, I reach the same

conclusions of law as did the Master in her Report.

       My reasoning follows.

                                      I.      FACTS

       The adumbration of the facts that follows is sufficient to this Memorandum

Opinion; for a more detailed statement, see the Report, the facts of which, upon de

novo review, I have adopted.

       The Decedent and the Petitioner were married in 2009.5 As of February 2018,

the Decedent was a Delaware domiciliary. 6 At that time, the Petitioner filed for

divorce.7 Shortly thereafter, the Decedent left Delaware and became a domiciliary

4
  Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (Am. Law. Inst. 1971).
5
  In re Sullivan, 2021 WL 668005 at *1.
6
  See id. at *5.
7
  Id. at *1.

                                              4
of Pennsylvania, where she was living at the time she was murdered, on April 23,

2018. 8 Shortly before her death, the Family Court of Delaware entered a decree of

divorce.9

       At her death, the Decedent’s life was insured by three policies. 10 Two were

individual policies (the “Individual Policies”) owned by the Decedent, issued by the

Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (“MassMutual”). 11 The Petitioner

was the sole designated beneficiary on the Individual Policies. 12                 Should the

Petitioner predecease the insured, the benefits on the Decedent’s death would flow

to her estate, currently open in Pennsylvania. 13 The Petitioner had previously opened

an estate in New Castle County, but his letters of administration were revoked by

the Register of Wills.

       Decedent’s life was also insured by a group policy (the “Group Policy”)

extended to her by her former employer, the University of Delaware. 14 The insurer

for the Group Policy was Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MetLife”).15 The

Petitioner was the primary beneficiary of this policy, that is, entitled to all the

benefits thereof; should he predecease the Decedent, the policy named the

8
  Id. at *2.
9
  Id. at *1.
10
   Id.
11
   Id.
12
   Id.
13
   Respondent Faye Sullivan, the Decedent’s mother, is administratrix of the Decedent’s estate.
14
   Id. at *8.
15
   Id.

                                               5
Decedent’s mother, sister and brother16 (the “Respondents”) as contingent

beneficiaries to receive the benefits. 17

       The benefits of all three policies were paid by the insurers to the Petitioner, in

2018. 18

                           II.    PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       This litigation was originally brought to reverse the revocation of Petitioner’s

letters of administration.19 I will omit much of the procedural history of the litigation

before the Master, which history the interested reader20 may find in the Report.

Currently before me is Petitioner’s Amended Petition filed in June 2019. 21 Salient

here in that Petition is a request for a declaration that Delaware law applies to the

Individual and Group Policies, leading to the proceeds being payable to the

Petitioner.22 Respondents filed a counterclaim alleging that all the policies are

subject to Pennsylvania law, which as laid out above, adopts, by statute, a public

policy of revocation of the designation of an ex-spouse as beneficiary, upon divorce

(the “Counterclaim”). 23 Notably, neither the Individual Policies nor the Group

16
   Faye, Jessica, and Thomas Sullivan, respectively.
17
   Id. at *1.
18
   Id.
19
   Am. Pet. for Rev. of Revocation of Letters of Admin. & for Declaratory J., Dkt. No. 16.
20
   If any.
21
   Id.
22
   Id. ¶ 67.
23
   In re Sullivan, 2021 WL 668005 at *2.

                                               6
Policy contains a choice of law provision.24 The principal issue thus before me is

choice of law. The Counterclaim also seeks equitable relief, should I find Delaware

law applicable.

       The Report resolved the Petitioner’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

on the choice-of-law issue, and also Petitioner’s Motion to Dismiss Respondents’

equitable counterclaim. 25 The Master found that Pennsylvania law applies to the

Individual Policies, that Delaware law applies to the Group Policy, and that the

equitable relief requested in the Counterclaim fails to state a claim. 26 Each of these

findings was subject to exception from one party or the other; all must therefore be

addressed de novo. For the reasons below, I agree with the Master on all counts.

                                III.           ANALYSIS

       The standard for review of a motion for judgment on the pleadings is similar

to that on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6); 27 I must view the well-pled facts

in the pleadings in the way most favorable to the non-moving party, together with

reasonable inferences therefrom.28 Only if upon such a review it appears that no

material factual issue is present, and the movant is entitled to a judgement as a matter

of law, may the motion be granted.29

24
   Id. at *3.
25
   See generally id.
26
   See generally id.
27
   McMillan v. Intercargo Corp., 768 A.2d 492, 500 (Del. Ch. 2000).
28
   Id.
29
   Id. at 499.

                                              7
       Delaware law is contractarian; it respects the rights of parties as set forth in

written contracts, and, if unambiguous, enforces them as written. 30 A similar spirit

permeates the construction of a decedent’s wills.31 An exception to the latter occurs

where a married person makes a will and designates a spouse as beneficiary,

divorces, and then dies with the pre-divorce will in place. In such a case, the

Delaware legislature, as a matter of public policy, has provided that it is likely that

the intention of the decedent will best be expressed by enforcing the testamentary

document as though the ex-spouse has predeceased the decedent. 32

       What of life insurance policies? If the same scenario exists—spouse as

designated beneficiary, then divorce, then the death of insured with pre-divorce

policy in place—the Delaware legislature has not acted. Under the common law,

the insurance policy is a type of contract, and the parties are held to their

unambiguous bargain, which in this scenario requires the insurer to pay the death

benefit to the designated beneficiary despite the change in marital status. 33

30
   NACCO Indus., Inc. v. Applica Inc., 997 A.2d 1, 35 (Del. Ch. 2009) (“Delaware upholds the
freedom of contract and enforces as a matter of fundamental public policy the voluntary
agreements of sophisticated parties.”).
31
   See, e.g., In re Will of Fleitas, 2010 WL 4925819, at *4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2010) (“[W]here the
language of a will is unambiguous, the court must enforce its terms as written . . . .”).
32
   12 Del. C. § 209.
33
   See Emmert v. Prade, 711 A.2d 1217, 1219 (Del. Ch. 1997) (holding that reformation was
inappropriate with respect to unambiguous life insurance beneficiary designation despite will
expressly disinheriting named beneficiary).

                                                8
       Pennsylvania’s legislature has addressed this issue. It applies the presumption

that the intent of the insured would be to treat the ex-spouse/beneficiary as though

he or she has predeceased the testator, or the insured, in either scenario. 34 Here, the

Decedent became insured while in Delaware, but was a Pennsylvania domiciliary at

the time she was killed. Unsurprisingly, the parties advocate for a choice of law

position consistent with their financial self-interest.

       A.     Choice of Law

       Delaware generally follows the choice-of-law scheme set out in the

Restatement.35 That scheme generally applies a “most significant relationship” test

to the jurisdictions in question.36 The parties agree that Delaware law has a

“revocation on divorce” (“ROD”) provision at 12 Del. C. § 209, but that such

automatic revocation applies only to decedent’s wills, and not to life insurance

policies.37 They agree that Pennsylvania has an ROD statute 38 that, if applicable

here, would treat the Petitioner as having predeceased under the Policies. In that

case, benefits from the Individual and Group Policies would flow to the Decedent’s

Estate and the alternative beneficiaries, respectively. They also agree that the

specific question of choice of law in this situation is one of first impression in

34
   20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6111.2(c)(1) (2010).
35
   PharmAthene, Inc. v. Siga Techs., Inc., 2008 WL 151855, at *7 (Del. Ch. Jan. 16. 2008).
36
   Id.
37
   12 Del. C. § 209.
38
   20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6111.2 (2010).

                                               9
Delaware. It is clear that the laws of the competing jurisdictions are in conflict, and

that none of the Policies contains a choice-of-law provision.39 Because there are

differences in the relationships with the jurisdictions posed by the Individual Policies

as opposed to the Group Policy, I analyze them separately.

               1.      Choice of Law and the Individual Policies.

       The Individual Policies were owned by the Decedent. She contracted 40 with

MassMutual to insure her life, and entered the contracts forming the Individual

Policies in Delaware.41 She died a resident of Pennsylvania, at which point benefits

under the policy became payable. Her estate is a Pennsylvania estate. Payment of

premiums would have been made from the Decedent’s domicile; it appears that those

payments were made from Delaware, although I may presume they would have been

thereafter made from Pennsylvania. Delaware has expressed no particular interest

in the issue of the public policy of applying the ROD presumption to life insurance

proceeds; the Pennsylvania legislature has done so, applying the ROD presumption

by statute. 42 Upon this framework, I apply the factors of the Restatement.

       Before I do, let me address an argument of the Petitioner that to my mind is a

red herring. The Petitioner posits that the dispute over the insurance benefits is really

39
   In re Sullivan, 2021 WL 668005 at *3.
40
   The role of the Petitioner in procuring these policies is discussed in connection with the equitable
relief sought by the Counterclaim, below.
41
    Tr. of 4.9.20 Telephonic Oral Arg. on Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J., 33:23–34:6, Dkt. No. 48
[hereinafter “Oral Arg.”].
42
   See supra notes 36–37 and accompanying text.

                                                 10
a dispute over the decree of divorce issued by the Delaware Family Court, and

therefore relies on the observation by this court in Richetti v. Sanzo 43 that “the law

of the state in which a divorce decree is rendered should govern disputes concerning

its interpretation and effect.”44 This holding is axiomatic, but inapplicable. The

insurance proceeds are not marital assets, and this case does not involve

interpretation of the Family Court decree. Nor is its “effect” at issue: Pennsylvania

law applies ROD in this situation where a petition for divorce is sought, regardless

of whether a decree has issued. 45 The interest of Delaware in having Delaware law

apply to Delaware court orders is simply absent here, and Richetti is of no effect.

        Section 6 of the Restatement provides the general framework for the analysis.

Absent (as here) a statutory provision dictating the choice of law, the court must

consider:

              (a) the needs of the interstate and international systems,
              (b) the relevant policies of the forum,
              (c) the relevant policies of other interested states and the relative
              interests of those states in the determination of the particular issue,
              (d) the protection of justified expectations,
              (e) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law,
              (f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of result, and
              (g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be
              applied. 46

43
   1994 WL 18683 (Del. Ch. Jan. 5, 1994).
44
   Id. at *1.
45
   20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6111.2(a)(3)(ii) (2010).
46
   Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 6(2) (Am. Law. Inst. 1971).

                                               11
Of these, I note, of principal interest here are the relevant policy of Delaware, which

is limited primarily in this instance to the common-law expressed sanctity of

contract; the relevant policy of Pennsylvania, enforcing the presumed intent of a

Pennsylvania decedent; the protection of justified intentions; and the basic policies

underlying contractual and insurance law. These general principles are informed by

Sections 188 and 192 of the Restatement. When addressing the factors enumerated

in the Restatement, of course, the process is qualitative, not quantitative. In other

words, the degree to which factors apply to the issues involved is more important

than the absolute number that militate for one jurisdiction rather than another.47

       Section 188 applies to contracts in general. 48 In the absence of a choice of

law provision, to determine the jurisdiction with the most significant relationship to

the contact, a court should consider the place of contracting (Delaware), the place of

negotiation (presumably Delaware, although the Individual Policies appear to be

formulaic policies of the insurer), the place of performance (which is not applicable,

here, because it is not certain at the time of contracting), the location of the subject

matter of the contract (the life of Decedent, again not certain as of the time of

contracting and thus not instructive) and the domicile, place of incorporation and

47
   See id. at cmt. c (“Varying weight will be given to a particular factor, or to a group of factors, in
different areas of choice of law”); see also Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, London v. Chemtura
Corp., 160 A.3d 457, 465 (Del. 2017) (stating that the factors in a § 193 choice-of-law analysis
should be assessed according to their “relative importance in the particular case”).
48
   Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188 (Am. Law. Inst. 1971).

                                                  12
place of business of the parties (indeterminate because the Decedent was domiciled

in Delaware at the time of contracting and in Pennsylvania at the time of

performance). 49 I find these factors inconclusive. The Restatement provides further

guidance specific to life insurance at Section 192, however.50

        Section 192 provides that where the validity of a life insurance policy is at

issue, or where (as here) the issue is the rights created by the policy, the law of the

jurisdiction in which the insured was domiciled when the contract was formed is the

default choice. 51 This makes sense in terms of the general factors of Restatement

Section 6. If the issue is validity, both parties’ expectations would be met by the law

of the forum, and the forum also has an interest in the contractual rights and

responsibilities undertaken by its domiciliary.       The Restatement provides an

exception to this general rule, however. If with respect to the “particular issue” at

bar, some other state has a more significant relationship as determined generally by

applying the factors enumerated in Section 6, the law of that jurisdiction shall

apply. 52 That, I find, is the case here.

        The particular issue at hand does not involve the validity of the policy. Both

jurisdictions would enforce the policy. Nor is the issue the rights of the policy holder

49
   Id. § 188(2).
50
   Id. § 192.
51
   Id.
52
   Id.

                                            13
(or the insurer) under the policy. The only right before me is that of third-party

beneficiaries to receive benefits under the policies. The Decedent had a contractual

right under the policies to designate her beneficiary. Delaware presumes that her

intent as explicitly expressed in the Individual Policies represents her contractual

intent, as the beneficiary designation (and therefore the Decedent’s intent) remained

unchanged at death. Pennsylvania presumes that her intent changed upon the

petition to divorce, and gives effect to this presumed change in intent by the

application of the ROD statute. Which state bears the most significant relationship

with respect to this issue?

         I start with the presumption that Delaware law applies, consistent with the

default provision of Section 192. I then examine the Section 6 factors in light of the

particular issue involved: intent of the Decedent as to the applicable beneficiary at

the time of death.

         Again, Section 6 sets out seven factors, 6(a) through 6(g).53 Part 6(a) invokes

the needs of the interstate/international system. I find this inapplicable because the

limited issue here, the identity of the beneficiary, is not germane to this interest. Part

6(d) involves the protection of justified expectations.           Neither the justified

expectations of the insurer or the decedent are involved here. Moreover, while third-

party beneficiaries, including designated beneficiaries under a contract of life

53
     See supra note 45 and accompanying text.

                                                14
insurance, have the capacity to enforce the agreement, the beneficiary under such a

policy has little justified reliance on the question of ROD policy, which itself is about

fulfilling the presumed intent of the contracting party with the appointment power,

the insured. 54 Part 6(e), which implicates the “basic policies” of insurance law,

militates for neither jurisdiction. Parts 6(f) and 6(g), which involve certainty of

result and ease of identification of applicable law, favor Delaware law.

       This leaves the factors set out in Parts 6(b) and 6(c), which invoke “the

relevant policies of the forum” and “other interested states.” With respect to the

issue of the ROD presumption at issue here, both of these factors favor Pennsylvania.

Both Delaware and Pennsylvania, as a matter of policy, make the intent of the actor

(the testator of a will, or the parties to contracts) the touchstone of interpretation of

instruments. 55 Both determine that intent from the unambiguous words of written

instruments. 56 Both recognize an exception for a decedent’s will, where public

policy, expressed by statute, supports a particular presumption: that the testator’s

intent is that a designated beneficiary in an unambiguous will is nonetheless not the

intended recipient of the testator’s bounty if the beneficiary is an ex-spouse and the

designation as an ex-spouse temporally precedes the divorce.57 Pennsylvania has a

54
   See Sveen v. Melin, 138 S. Ct. 1815, 1823 (2018) (“[A]n insured cannot reasonably rely on a
beneficiary designation remaining in place after a divorce.”).
55
    See Emmert, 711 A.2d at 1219 (indicating that interpreting an insurance contract per its
unambiguous beneficiary designation gives effect to the original intent of the parties).
56
   Id.
57
   See 12 Del. C. § 209; see also 20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6111.1 (2010).

                                             15
policy, provided via statute, extending that presumption to designation of

beneficiaries of life insurance, as well. 58 This represents a clearly articulated

legislative finding that the intent of the insured is best reflected by the ROD

presumption. Delaware has not articulated a policy on this issue with respect to life

insurance policies, allowing the default contractual rule—enforcing the agreement

as written—to prevail. Moreover, Delaware has no particular public policy concern

involving Pennsylvania domiciliaries, like the Decedent here. Pennsylvania, by

contrast, has a significant policy interest in ensuring the vindication of the intent of

its domiciliary regarding who should receive the domiciliary’s life insurance

benefits.

          With regard to the issue of who is to receive benefits as a designated life

insurance beneficiary, then, the interests of certainty and ease in determination of

the applicable law—set forth in Parts 6(f) and 6(g)—support the default “place of

contracting rule” of Section 192; the interests in Parts 6(b) and 6(c) support

application of Pennsylvania law. I find, on weighing these interests, that for the

“particular issue” involved, Pennsylvania’s relationship is more profound. With

respect to designation of a beneficiary, certainty is a second-order consideration in

the case of the Individual Policies, because the contracting party—the insured—

retains the right to appoint new beneficiaries at will. And with respect to policy of

58
     20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6111.2 (2010).

                                           16
the jurisdiction, Delaware has not expressed a strong interest in application of ROD,

unlike Pennsylvania, 59 and Pennsylvania surely has more interest in the vindication

of the intent of its residents than Delaware has over non-residents.

       This determination is bolstered by Comment d. to Section 192. The Comment

applies to change in domicile by the insured, post-contract. “In such a situation, the

state of the insured’s new domicil will have the dominant interest in him, and it may

be that its local law should be applied to at least some issues arising under the policy.

The local law of the insured’s new domicil is most likely to be applied in the case of

issues that do not substantially affect the obligations of the insurance company.”60

The Comment then proceeds to give exemplars of such situations, starting,

significantly, with the precise situation presented here. “So, for example, if the

insured has appointed his [spouse] as a beneficiary, the local law of the new

domicil[e] might well determine whether the appointment of the spouse as

beneficiary is automatically revoked by a divorce.” 61 The Comment supplies other

59
   See generally Focus Fin. Partners, LLC v. Holsopple, 241 A.3d 784, 821 (Del. Ch. 2020)
(“Against this fundamental interest, Delaware has only a generalized interest in promoting freedom
of contract. As this court has explained, when a state has a specific public policy interest in
regulating a particular substantive area, that policy interest will typically override overrides [sic]
a generalized interest in promoting freedom of contract.”).
60
   Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 192 cmt. d (Am. Law. Inst. 1971). Under
Pennsylvania law, the obligations of the insurance company are specifically protected by statute:
“[N]o insurance company . . . shall be liable for making payments to a spouse or former spouse
which would have been proper in the absence of this section.” 20 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6111.2(c)
(2010).
61
   Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 192 cmt. d (Am. Law. Inst. 1971).

                                                 17
examples, and explains why some, unlike the ROD situation, significantly impinge

on the burdens of the counterparty insurer, and are thus problematic.62 For the

reasons given above, I find the reasoning of Comment d. persuasive with respect to

the limited issue here, application of the ROD presumption. I find that Pennsylvania

is the jurisdiction with the most significant relationship to this issue, and that

Pennsylvania law accordingly applies.

               2.     Choice of Law and the Group Policy.

       I will not repeat the predicate to the analysis above, many factors of which

apply to the Group Policy. There is a fundamental difference, however, between the

Group Policy and the Individual Policies. The contracting parties to the Individual

Policies were the purchaser and owner of the policy, the Decedent—a Delaware

resident when the contracts were entered but a Pennsylvania domiciliary at the time

the insured life ended—and her insurer, MassMutual. By contrast, the contracting

parties to the Group Policy were the purchaser, the University of Delaware,

obviously a Delaware resident, and its insurer, MetLife. The Group Policy, by its

nature, was one of a series of policies offered by the University to its Delaware

employees, presumably under an overriding master policy. The same Restatement

factors apply as with the Individual Policies, but they must be weighted differently—

62
    Comment (d) ends by noting that due process interests may obtain and that “[e]xisting authority
is too fragmentary to permit the statement of definite rules.” Id.

                                                18
I find that the importance of certainty and clarity as to applicable law are more

weighty factors here, given the uniform nature of the group of policies at issue. This

analysis, too, finds resonance with the commentary on Section 192. Comment h.

provides that “the rights of a particular employee against the insurer will usually be

determined . . . , at least as to most issues, not by the local law of the state where the

employee was domiciled and received his certificate but rather by the law governing

the master policy.”63 Comment h. notes that the applicable law thus “will usually be

the state where the employer has his principal place of business,” and notes that

applying the law of this jurisdiction with the most significant relationship with the

master policy is desirable so that “each individual insured should enjoy the same

privileges and protection.”64 I find that with respect to the Group Policy, the interests

of certainty, including the certainty and uniformity of the benefits provided by the

group insurance to covered individuals, outweigh the interests of the state of the

Decedent’s domicile in construing the policy, including the ROD presumption.

Accordingly, Delaware law applies to the Group Policy.

63
     Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 192 cmt. h (Am. Law. Inst. 1971).
64
     Id.

                                                19
       B.      The Respondents’ Counterclaim for Equitable Relief

       The Respondents argue that—notwithstanding my finding, above, that

Delaware law applies to the Group Policy—the benefits under the Group Policy

should be put in a constructive trust for the benefit of the Respondents.65

       A constructive trust is not a trust created by the intentions of a settlor. Instead,

it is an equitable remedy that may be imposed where a party’s actions with respect

to specific property are fraudulent or unconscionable; in a proper case equity will

regard the innocent party as the beneficial owner of such property. 66

       The Respondents here point out that the Petitioner was an insurance agent,67

and that he changed his own life insurance beneficiary (removing the Decedent as

beneficiary) prior to filing for divorce. 68 Thus, I may make the reasonable inference

that Petitioner had knowledge that Delaware did not have a ROD provision

applicable to life insurance. Respondents allege that Petitioner brokered the sale of

65
   The Respondents also asserted a right to have the proceeds placed in a resulting trust in their
favor. However, Respondents’ counsel (not the same counsel who drafted the counterclaims) was
unable to articulate this theory at oral argument, and in any event it appears to be without merit.
To the extent not waived, the claim for a resulting trust is dismissed.
66
   Adams v. Jankouskas, 452 A.2d 148, 152 (Del. 1982) (“[A] constructive trust does not arise
from the presumed intent of the parties, but is imposed when a defendant’s fraudulent, unfair or
unconscionable conduct causes him to be unjustly enriched at the expense of another to whom he
owed some duty.”); see also Hogg v. Walker, 622 A.2d 648 (Del. 1993) (“When one party, by
virtue of a fraudulent, unfair or unconscionable conduct, is enriched at the expense of another to
whom he or she owes some duty, a constructive trust will be imposed.”).
67
   Oral Arg. 15:12-16.
68
   See id. at 16:1-8.

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the Decedent’s Individual Policies with MassMutual.69 As a result, they posit that

the Petitioner was the Decedent’s insurance agent at the time he filed for divorce,

and had a fiduciary duty to advise her to change her beneficiary designation in the

Policies to remove him as an object of her bounty. 70

       The parties disagree as to whether the relationship of insurance agent and

client implicates fiduciary duties.            I need not reach this issue, because the

Counterclaim does not allege that the Petitioner was the insurance agent for the

Group Policy, the proceeds of which are the only property to which a constructive

trust could apply.

       The Respondents have simply pled no facts which, if true, could plausibly

result in a finding that the Petitioner’s actions with respect to the beneficiary

designation on the Group Policy were fraudulent or unconscionable.                               The

Respondents fail to state a claim under which it is reasonably conceivable that they

are entitled to a constructive trust over the Group Policy proceeds.71

69
   Resp’ts’ Opening Br. in Supp. of Their Exceptions to Master’s Final Report Dated Feb. 22,
2018, at 4.
70
   Id. at 18.
71
   The Respondents also allege that the Petitioner was the “financial advisor” to his wife, and thus
breached fiduciary duties by not advising her to change the beneficiary designation on the Group
Policy once he filed for divorce. The assertion of an equitable relationship based on a common
law “financial advisor” status arising between a husband and wife in the midst of divorce, assuming
such may exist, is entirely conclusory here. It is not reasonably conceivable, based on the well-
pled allegations of the Counterclaim, that such a relationship existed at the applicable time, that it
involved a duty to recommend a change of beneficiary for the Group Policy, or that unconscionable
actions of the Petitioner support imposition of a constructive trust on this theory.

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                               IV.    CONCLUSION

      For the reasons above, upon de novo review, I adopt the facts and legal

conclusions recommended by the Master. I find that the law of Pennsylvania applies

to the Individual Policies, that Delaware law applies to the Group Policy, and that

the Counterclaim fails to state a claim for equitable relief.

      The exceptions by the Petitioner to the Master’s February 22, 2021 Final

Report are DENIED. The exceptions by the Respondents to the Master’s February

22, 2021 Final Report are DENIED. The matter is remanded to the Master for any

further proceedings appropriate. IT IS SO ORDERED.

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