Court Opinion

ID: 6112100
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-24 21:02:22.357699+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:54:22.030125
License: Public Domain

Case: 20-1046    Document: 87           Page: 1       Filed: 01/21/2022

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

 KYOCERA SENCO INDUSTRIAL TOOLS INC., FKA
       KYOCERA SENCO BRANDS INC.,
                 Appellant

                                  v.

      INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION,
                  Appellee

  KOKI HOLDINGS AMERICA LTD., FKA HITACHI
              KOKI U.S.A. LTD.,
                 Intervenor

           -------------------------------------------------

  KOKI HOLDINGS AMERICA LTD., FKA HITACHI
              KOKI U.S.A. LTD.,
                 Appellant

                                  v.

      INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION,
                  Appellee

 KYOCERA SENCO INDUSTRIAL TOOLS INC., FKA
       KYOCERA SENCO BRANDS INC.,
                  Intervenor
            ______________________

                   2020-1046, 2020-2050
                  ______________________
Case: 20-1046    Document: 87    Page: 2    Filed: 01/21/2022

 2                     KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC

    Appeals from the United States International Trade
 Commission in Investigation No. 337-TA-1082.
                 ______________________

                Decided: January 21, 2022
                 ______________________

     DANIEL SHULMAN, Vedder Price P.C., Chicago, IL, ar-
 gued for Kyocera Senco Industrial Tools Inc. Also repre-
 sented by DAVID BERNARD, JOHN K. BURKE, ROBERT
 STEPHAN RIGG.

     CLINT A. GERDINE, Office of the General Counsel,
 United States International Trade Commission, Washing-
 ton, DC, argued for appellee. Also represented by DOMINIC
 L. BIANCHI, WAYNE W. HERRINGTON, SIDNEY A.
 ROSENZWEIG.

     AMOL A. PARIKH, McDermott Will & Emery LLP, Chi-
 cago, IL, argued for Koki Holdings America Ltd. Also rep-
 resented by PAUL DEVINSKY, ALEXANDER OTT, JAY REIZISS,
 Washington, DC; JOSEPH H. PAQUIN, JR., Barnes & Thorn-
 burg LLP, Chicago, IL.
                  ______________________

     Before MOORE, Chief Judge, DYK and CUNNINGHAM,
                     Circuit Judges.
 MOORE, Chief Judge.
      Kyocera Senco Industrial Tools Inc. and Koki Holdings
 America Ltd. each appeal from an International Trade
 Commission decision. See Certain Gas Spring Nailer
 Prods. & Components Thereof, Inv. No. 337-TA-1082, 2020
 WL 2093834 (Apr. 28, 2020) (Commission opinion). For the
 following reasons, we vacate and remand.
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC    v. ITC                    3

                        BACKGROUND
                               I
     In 2017, Kyocera filed a complaint with the Commis-
 sion. It alleged Koki was violating 19 U.S.C. § 1337 (Sec-
 tion 337) by importing gas spring nailer products that
 infringe, or were made using methods that infringe, certain
 claims in five patents. 1 Those patents generally relate to
 linear fastener driving tools, like portable tools that drive
 staples, nails, or other linearly driven fasteners. E.g., ’718
 patent at 1:17–19. Some of the asserted claims cover fas-
 tener driving tools, like claim 1 of the ’296 patent:
     A fastener driving tool, comprising:
         (a) a guide body that has a receiving end,
         an exit end, and a passageway there-
         between, said guide body being configured
         to receive a fastener that is to be driven
         from said exit end;
         (b) a driver actuation device having a mov-
         able member that creates a displacement
         volume;
         (c) an elongated driver member having a
         first end and a second end, said first end
         being in mechanical communication with
         said movable member of the driver actua-
         tion device, said second end being sized and
         shaped to push a fastener from said exit

     1   U.S. Patent Nos. 8,387,718; 8,267,296; 8,267,297;
 8,286,722; and 8,602,282. The original complaint also as-
 serted infringement of a sixth patent, U.S. Patent No.
 8,011,547. But the Commission terminated proceedings
 with respect to that patent, and no party challenges that
 termination.
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 4                    KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC     v. ITC

        end of the guide body through at least a
        portion of said passageway of the guide
        body, and said driver member having at
        least one longitudinal edge with a plurality
        of spaced-apart protrusions;
        (d) a lifter member which exhibits a contact
        surface that, at predetermined locations
        along said contact surface, makes contact
        with said plurality of spaced-apart protru-
        sions of said driver member such that,
        when said lifter member is moved in a first
        direction, it causes a return stroke of an op-
        erating cycle and moves said driver mem-
        ber from a driven position toward a ready
        position, and when said lifter member is
        moved to a holding position, it temporarily
        holds said driver member at said ready po-
        sition by use of a holding contact between
        said lifter member and said driver member;
        and
        (e) a main storage chamber that is in fluidic
        communication with said displacement vol-
        ume of the driver actuation device,
        wherein:
            (i) said main storage chamber and
            said displacement volume are
            charged with a pressurized gas,
            (ii) when actuated for a driving
            stroke of said operating cycle, said
            lifter member moves in said first
            direction from said holding position
            and releases said driver member
            from said holding contact, and said
            movable member of the driver actu-
            ation device is moved by said pres-
            surized gas and moves said driver
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC    v. ITC                     5

             member from said ready position to
             said driven position, and
             (iii) said pressurized gas is not ex-
             hausted to atmosphere after said
             driving stroke, but instead is re-
             used for a plurality of said operat-
             ing cycles;
         (f) an energy source used for causing move-
         ment of said lifter member; and
         (g) a housing that substantially contains
         said driver actuation device, said elongated
         driver member, said lifter member, and
         said main storage chamber, with no exter-
         nal energy source cable and no external
         hose.
 See also, e.g., ’296 patent claim 11; ’722 patent claims 1, 16.
 Other asserted claims cover methods for controlling fas-
 tener driving tools, like claim 1 of the ’718 patent:
     A method for controlling a fastener driving tool,
     said method comprising:
         (a) providing a fastener driving tool that in-
         cludes: (i) a housing; (ii) a system control-
         ler; (iii) a safety contact element; (iv) a
         user-actuated trigger; (v) a fastener; (vi) a
         prime mover that moves a lifter member
         which moves a driver member away from
         an exit end of the mechanism; and (vii) a
         fastener driving mechanism that moves
         said driver member toward said exit end of
         the mechanism, said fastener driving
         mechanism including:
             (A) a hollow cylinder comprising a
             cylindrical wall with a movable pis-
             ton therewithin, said hollow
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 6                    KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC     v. ITC

            cylinder containing a displacement
            volume created by a stroke of said
            piston, and
            (B) a main storage chamber that is
            in fluidic communication with said
            displacement volume of the cylin-
            der, wherein said main storage
            chamber and said displacement
            volume are initially charged with a
            pressurized gas;
        (b) selecting, by a user, an operating mode
        of said driving cycle to be one of: a “bottom
        firing mode,” and a “restrictive firing
        mode;” wherein: (i) if said restrictive firing
        mode is selected, said tool will operate if
        said safety contact element has been actu-
        ated before said trigger actuator has been
        operated; and (ii) if said bottom firing mode
        is selected, said tool will operate if both:
            (A) said trigger actuator has been
            operated, and
            (B) said safety contact element has
            been actuated,
        in either sequence;
        (c) initiating a driving cycle by pressing
        said exit end against a workpiece and actu-
        ating said trigger, thereby causing said fas-
        tener driving mechanism to force the driver
        member to move toward said exit end and
        drive a fastener into said workpiece; and
        (d) actuating said prime mover, thereby
        moving said lifter member and causing
        said driver member to move away from said
        exit end toward a ready position.
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC     v. ITC                   7

 See also, e.g., ’718 patent claims 10, 16.
                               II
     Based on Kyocera’s complaint, the Commission insti-
 tuted an investigation to determine whether Koki was vio-
 lating Section 337. Notice of Investigation, 82 Fed. Reg.
 55,118 (Nov. 20, 2017). After institution, Koki had an op-
 portunity to answer Kyocera’s complaint; it denied in-
 fringement and argued the asserted claims are invalid.
     The ALJ construed various claim terms, ruled on evi-
 dentiary issues, and held an evidentiary hearing. During
 claim construction, the ALJ adopted Koki’s construction of
 “driven position” and Kyocera’s construction of “lifter mem-
 ber.” He also adopted the parties’ agreed-upon construc-
 tion of “main storage chamber.” Later, the ALJ excluded
 testimony from Dr. John Pratt (Kyocera’s technical expert)
 on infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. 2 Based
 on these prehearing rulings, the parties stipulated that
 only the ’718 patent remained at issue. J.A. 2–3. So the
 ALJ conducted an evidentiary hearing limited to that pa-
 tent.
     After that hearing, the ALJ issued an initial determi-
 nation finding Koki’s products did not infringe claims 1, 10,
 and 16 of the ’718 patent. J.A. 155. Specifically, without
 reaching any other infringement issues, he found those
 products lacked the claimed “system controller.” J.A. 120–
 24. The ALJ also rejected Koki’s invalidity challenges, in

     2    “Under [the doctrine of equivalents], a product or
 process that does not literally infringe upon the express
 terms of a patent claim may nonetheless be found to in-
 fringe if there is ‘equivalence’ between the elements of the
 accused product or process and the claimed elements of the
 patented invention.” Warner-Jenkinson Co., Inc. v. Hilton
 Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 21 (1997).
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 8                      KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC    v. ITC

 part because a prior art reference Pedicini 3 did not teach
 the “main storage chamber” limitation. J.A. 136–41.
      Kyocera petitioned, and Koki contingently petitioned,
 for the Commission to review the ALJ’s initial decision. See
 J.A. 3. The Commission elected to review only the ALJ’s
 noninfringement finding. J.A. 3–4. But, rather than con-
 sider the ALJ’s decision on the merits, the Commission re-
 manded. It directed the ALJ to address whether the
 accused products met the unaddressed claim limitations
 and whether Koki induced its customers to infringe.
      On remand, the ALJ found the accused products met
 all but two of the other limitations in the asserted claims.
 Specifically, Koki’s products lacked the claimed “displace-
 ment volume,” J.A. 182–84, and did not “initiat[e] a driving
 cycle by pressing [an] exit end [of the mechanism] against
 a workpiece,” J.A. 189–91. In analyzing the “lifter mem-
 ber” limitation, the ALJ cited Dr. Pratt’s testimony on lit-
 eral infringement.      J.A. 178.     Notwithstanding his
 noninfringement findings, the ALJ also addressed induce-
 ment. J.A. 192–93. He found that, even if direct infringe-
 ment were shown, Kyocera failed to prove the intent
 required to induce infringement.
     Again, Kyocera petitioned for review, and Koki contin-
 gently petitioned for review. J.A. 4–5. This time, however,
 the Commission reached the merits and reversed the ALJ’s
 noninfringement finding. It found the accused products
 met the “system controller,” “displacement volume,” and
 “initiating a driving cycle” limitations. J.A. 5. It also found
 that Koki induced infringement. J.A. 6. Kyocera and Koki
 separately appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 § 1295(a)(6).

     3   U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2006/0180631.
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC                     9

                         DISCUSSION
     These appeals challenge various parts of the Commis-
 sion’s opinion, which was limited to the ’718 patent, and
 several of the ALJ’s decisions, which implicate the other
 asserted patents. All told, these appeals address five parts
 of the investigation below: (I) the exclusion of Dr. Pratt’s
 testimony, (II) the construction of “driven position,” (III)
 the construction of “lifter member,” (IV) the construction of
 “initiating a driving cycle,” and (V) whether Pedicini
 teaches the “main storage chamber.”
                  I.   Dr. Pratt’s Testimony
      During claim construction, the ALJ adopted Koki’s def-
 inition of a skilled artisan:
     A person of ordinary skill in the art relevant to the
     Asserted Patents would have either (i) a Master’s
     Degree in mechanical engineering with at least two
     years of experience in power nailer design; (ii) a
     Bachelor’s Degree in mechanical engineering with
     at least five years of experience in powered nailer
     design; or, (iii) ten or more years of experience in
     powered nailer design. This experience in powered
     nailer design would include mechanical design,
     tool design, manufacturing, mechanics of materi-
     als, stress analysis, ergonomics, and human fac-
     tors.
 J.A. 1476 (emphases added). That definition requires, at
 minimum, two years’ experience designing power nailers.
 In adopting this definition, the ALJ noted how Kyocera
 chose not to contest, and even seemed to adopt, Koki’s ar-
 ticulation of the ordinary level of skill in the art. See J.A.
 217–18; J.A. 1676 (Dr. Pratt opining that he “m[et] [Koki’s]
 level of skill and [applied] it in reaching [his] conclusions
 found in [his] [rebuttal] declaration”).
     Kyocera offered Dr. Pratt as a technical expert on claim
 construction, J.A. 1669; invalidity, J.A. 756; literal
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 10                    KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC

 infringement, id.; and infringement under the doctrine of
 equivalents, id. Dr. Pratt has advanced degrees in engi-
 neering and extensive experience in the design and manu-
 facture of fastener driving tools. J.A. 754–75. But he lacks
 experience in power nailer design. J.A. 2260 (“Q[:] Dr.
 Pratt, do you have experience designing powered nailers?
 A[:] Not nailers.”).
     Because of Dr. Pratt’s lack of experience, the ALJ ex-
 cluded his testimony on infringement under the doctrine of
 equivalents. J.A. 262–68. He found that Kyocera failed to
 preserve any challenge to the level of ordinary skill in the
 art and that Dr. Pratt lacked that skill. He also reasoned
 that, because testimony from a skilled artisan is required,
 Kyocera would be unable to prove doctrine-of-equivalents
 infringement using Dr. Pratt’s testimony. While excluding
 Dr. Pratt’s testimony under the doctrine of equivalents be-
 cause he was not at a minimum an ordinarily skilled arti-
 san, the ALJ admitted Dr. Pratt’s testimony as to literal
 infringement.
       Both Kyocera and Koki challenge the ALJ’s order par-
 tially excluding Dr. Pratt’s testimony. Kyocera argues that
 Dr. Pratt should have been permitted to testify on both lit-
 eral and doctrine-of-equivalents infringement. Koki ar-
 gues Dr. Pratt should not have been permitted to testify at
 all. 4 The Commission, responding to both Kyocera and
 Koki, defends the ALJ’s order partially excluding the testi-
 mony.
     We “review the admission of expert testimony for an
 abuse of discretion.” Sundance, Inc. v. DeMonte Fabricat-
 ing Ltd., 550 F.3d 1356, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2008); see also

      4  Koki preserved this argument by raising it in its
 contingent petition for review of ALJ’s second initial deter-
 mination. See J.A. 4157. We need not reach whether Kyoc-
 era preserved its arguments.
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC    v. ITC                   11

 Winbond Elecs. Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 262 F.3d
 1363, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (reviewing an evidentiary de-
 termination by the Commission for an abuse of discretion).
 Because Dr. Pratt lacked ordinary skill in the art, the ALJ
 abused his discretion by admitting any of Dr. Pratt’s testi-
 mony.
                               A
     To offer expert testimony from the perspective of a
 skilled artisan in a patent case—like for claim construc-
 tion, validity, or infringement—a witness must at least
 have ordinary skill in the art. Without that skill, the wit-
 ness’ opinions are neither relevant nor reliable. The opin-
 ions would not be based on any specialized knowledge,
 training, or experience that would be helpful to the fact-
 finder. In fact, “[a]dmitting testimony from a person . . .
 with no skill in the pertinent art serves only to cause mis-
 chief and confuse the factfinder.” Sundance, 550 F.3d at
 1362. That testimony would “amount[] to nothing more
 than advocacy from the witness stand.” Id. at 1364–65.
     This is true regardless of whether the witness is being
 offered to testify on literal infringement, doctrine-of-equiv-
 alents infringement, or both. Nothing about literal in-
 fringement makes an unqualified witness’ testimony more
 relevant or more reliable. And the same goes for infringe-
 ment under the doctrine of equivalents. The absence of rel-
 evant knowledge and the risk for abuse apply equally to
 both situations.
     Our opinion in AquaTex Industries, Inc. v. Techniche
 Solutions, 479 F.3d 1320, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2007), is not to
 the contrary. There, we addressed when expert testimony
 is required: always for doctrine-of-equivalents infringe-
 ment and sometimes for literal infringement. Id. We did
 not, however, address the minimum qualifications neces-
 sary to offer testimony from the perspective of a skilled ar-
 tisan. Only the latter question is relevant here, and,
 therefore, AquaTex is inapt.
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 12                    KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC

      Nor does Endress + Hauser, Inc. v. Hawk Measurement
 Systems Party, 122 F.3d 1040, 1042 (Fed. Cir. 1997), pre-
 vent us from requiring a witness to possess at least ordi-
 nary skill in the art to testify from the perspective of a
 skilled artisan in a patent case. To be sure, the person of
 ordinary skill in the art is a hypothetical construct. Id.
 And as Endress recognized, it would be improper to require
 an expert witness to possess ordinary skill in the art and
 nothing more. If that were the case, “a person of excep-
 tional skill in the art would be disqualified from testifying
 as an expert because [he is] not ordinary enough.” Id. (em-
 phasis omitted). But Endress itself recognized that, to tes-
 tify as an expert, a witness must be qualified. See id. (“To
 the extent that the gravamen of defendants’ complaint is
 that Dr. Silva was unqualified to testify as an expert wit-
 ness at all, the record reflects his substantial credentials
 as an electrical engineer, and the decision to permit him to
 testify was well within the discretion of the trial judge.”).
 And to be qualified to offer expert testimony on issues from
 the vantage point of an ordinarily skilled artisan in a pa-
 tent case, an expert must at a minimum possess ordinary
 skill in the art.
                              B
     Here, Dr. Pratt does not have ordinary skill in the art.
 The level of ordinary skill in the art, adopted during claim
 construction, requires experience in power nailer design.
 And Dr. Pratt lacks such experience. Kyocera does not
 challenge these findings on appeal. See Oral Arg. at 10:4–
 7 (“We’re not arguing to change the level of ordinary skill
 in the art ruling here.”). 5 Accordingly, the ALJ abused his
 discretion by admitting Dr. Pratt’s testimony on any issue

      5   Even if Kyocera had not abandoned this challenge,
 it failed to preserve it. During claim construction, Kyocera
 accepted and applied Koki’s definition of ordinary skill.
 J.A. 1676.
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC    v. ITC                    13

 that is analyzed through the lens of an ordinarily skilled
 artisan. 6
                     II. “Driven Position”
      During claim construction, the parties disputed the
 meaning of the claimed “driven position” in the ’296, ’297,
 ’722, and ’282 patents. 7 That dispute centered around
 whether the construction included positions “at or near the
 bottom-most travel position” (Kyocera’s stance) or was lim-
 ited to the singular position “at the bottom most-travel po-
 sition” (Koki’s stance). The ALJ adopted the latter
 construction. And based on the ALJ’s construction, Kyoc-
 era did not press direct infringement for the ’296, ’297, ’722,
 and ’282 patents. Kyocera claims the ALJ’s construction is
 incorrect. We do not agree.
                               A
     We review claim construction de novo and review any
 subsidiary factual findings based on extrinsic evidence for
 substantial evidence. Cisco Sys., Inc. v. Int’l Trade
 Comm’n, 873 F.3d 1354, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Claim
 terms are generally given their plain and ordinary mean-
 ing, which is the meaning one of ordinary skill in the art
 would ascribe to a term when read in the context of the
 claim, specification, and prosecution history. See Phillips
 v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1313–14 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en
 banc). “There are only two exceptions to this general rule:
 1) when a patentee sets out a definition and acts as his own

     6   We need not decide in this case the extent to which
 a person of ordinary skill in the art may rely on the testi-
 mony or information supplied by others in reaching conclu-
 sions as to infringement or invalidity. This case presents
 no such issue.
     7   These patents share a written description, so with-
 out loss of generality, we cite only the ’296 patent’s specifi-
 cation.
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 14                     KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC

 lexicographer, or 2) when the patentee disavows the full
 scope of a claim term either in the specification or during
 prosecution.” Thorner v. Sony Computer Ent. Am. LLC,
 669 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012). “To act as its own
 lexicographer, a patentee must clearly set forth a definition
 of the disputed claim term other than its plain and ordi-
 nary meaning” and must “clearly express an intent to rede-
 fine the term.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
                               B
     Acting as their own lexicographers, the patentees de-
 fined “driven position”:
      Referring now to FIG. 3, the piston is depicted at
      its bottom-most travel position, and in this config-
      uration, the displacement volume 76 and the main
      storage chamber 74 are at their largest combined
      volumes, while the cylinder venting chamber 94 is
      at its minimum volume. This bottom position is
      also sometimes referred to herein as the “driven po-
      sition.”
 ’296 patent at 12:56–61 (emphasis added). Nothing about
 this statement suggests the “bottom position” is merely an
 example of a driven position. It is the driven position. Nor
 does “this bottom position” refer back to “this configura-
 tion.” Most naturally, “this bottom position” refers back to
 the only prior mention of the word bottom—the “bottom-
 most travel position.” As the bottom-most travel position,
 this location must be a single position.
     The surrounding written description language sup-
 ports this interpretation. It explains how various cham-
 bers are either at their minimum or maximum volume
 when the piston and driver are at their driven positions.
 See, e.g., ’296 patent at 12:56–60, 62–64; see also id. at
 26:43–54 (“[T]he displacement volume 457 and the main
 storage chamber 454 are at their largest combined vol-
 umes, while the cylinder venting chamber 492 is at its
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC                    15

 minimum volume.”). There can be only one minimum and
 one maximum volume for each chamber, so this context
 suggests the “driven position” must be a single position.
 Accordingly, a construction like Kyocera’s that includes a
 range of positions “near the bottom-most travel position”
 would be inconsistent with the written description.
     The written description’s discussion of figure 20 does
 not alter or expand this definition. That discussion is
 nearly identical to the discussion of figure 3, except that it
 includes the words “near or at”:
     Referring again to FIG. 20, the piston 458 is de-
     picted near or at its bottom-most travel position,
     and in this configuration, the displacement volume
     457 and the main storage chamber are at their
     largest combined volume, while the cylinder vent-
     ing chamber 492 is at its minimum volume. This
     bottom position is also sometimes referred to
     herein as the “driven position.”
 Id. at 26:43–49 (emphasis added). The “near or at” lan-
 guage in this portion of the written description explains
 what is depicted in the figure, rather than what is defined
 as the “driven position.” Like the written description of fig-
 ure 3, this passage defines “driven position” as “[t]his bot-
 tom position,” referring back to the singular “bottom-most
 travel position.” And the surrounding language again
 notes how volumes of certain chambers are minimized or
 maximized when the piston is at this position. Figure 20 is
 therefore consistent with, and in fact supports, the patent-
 ees’ lexicography.
      Because the patentee clearly defined “driven position”
 in the written description, that definition controls. See
 Thorner, 669 F.3d at 1365. Thus, like the ALJ below, we
 construe “driven position” as “at the bottom-most travel po-
 sition.”
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 16                       KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC

                   III.      “Lifter Member”
     Below, the parties disputed whether the claimed “lifter
 member” in the ’718 patent invokes 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6.8
 Koki argued that it did, but the ALJ did not agree. He in-
 stead construed the claimed “lifter member” to mean a “ro-
 tatable component having lifting pins on its face surface.”
 J.A. 245–54. Koki claims the ALJ erred by not applying
 § 112 ¶ 6. We agree.
                                A
     Under the text of § 112 ¶ 6, a patentee may draft claims
 “as a means or step for performing a specified function
 without the recital of structure, material, or acts in support
 thereof.” But such claims are construed to cover only “the
 structure, materials, or acts described in the specification
 as corresponding to the claimed function and equivalents
 thereof.” Williamson v. Citrix Online, LLC, 792 F.3d 1339,
 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (en banc in relevant part). Whether
 claim language invokes § 112 ¶ 6 is a question of law we
 review de novo. Id. at 1346. We review any underlying
 findings of fact for clear error. Id.
     To determine whether § 112 ¶ 6 applies to a claim lim-
 itation, we ask “whether the words of the claim are under-
 stood by persons of ordinary skill in the art to have a
 sufficiently definite meaning as the name for structure.”
 Id. at 1348. If a limitation does not use the word “means,”
 there is a rebuttable presumption that § 112 ¶ 6 does not
 apply. Id. at 1349. But that “presumption can be overcome
 and § 112, para. 6 will apply if the challenger demonstrates

      8   Congress has replaced 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6 with
 § 112(f), effective on September 16, 2012. Leahy–Smith
 America Invents Act (“AIA”), Pub. L. No. 112–29, 125 Stat.
 284 (2011). Because the application resulting in the ’718
 patent was filed before that date, we refer to the pre-AIA
 version of § 112.
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 that the claim term fails to recite sufficiently definite struc-
 ture or else recites function without reciting sufficient
 structure for performing that function.” Id. at 1348 (quo-
 tations and brackets omitted).
                                B
     The “lifter member” limitation does not use the word
 means, so there is a presumption that § 112 ¶6 does not
 apply. But because that claim term does not recite suffi-
 ciently definite structure, that presumption has been over-
 come.
      A person of ordinary skill in the art would not under-
 stand the claimed “lifter member” to have “a sufficiently
 definite meaning as the name for a structure.” See Wil-
 liamson, 792 F.3d at 1349. That phrase, alone, does not
 connote structure. It is a non-structural generic place-
 holder (member) modified by functional language (lifter).
 See, e.g., Mas-Hamilton Grp. v. LaGard, Inc., 156 F.3d
 1206, 1214–15 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (holding “movable link
 member” was subject to § 112 ¶ 6). Indeed, no party claims
 lifter member has a plain and ordinary meaning to those
 skilled in the art. See J.A. 247 (finding no such meaning
 exists).
     Likewise, the surrounding claim language does not de-
 scribe any structural detail about the “lifter member.” Cf.
 Inventio AG v. ThyssenKrupp Elevator Ams. Corp., 649
 F.3d 1350, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (holding “modernizing de-
 vice” denoted sufficient structure based on surrounding
 claim language). Claim 1 of the ’718 patent provides, in
 relevant part:
     A method for controlling a fastener driving tool,
     said method comprising:
         (a) providing a fastener driving tool that in-
         cludes . . . (vi) a prime mover that moves a
         lifter member which moves a driver
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 18                    KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC

          member away from an exit end of the mech-
          anism . . .
          (d) actuating said prime mover, thereby
          moving said lifter member and causing
          said driver member to move away from said
          exit end toward a ready position.
 This language requires the prime mover to move the lifter
 member and describes the lifter member’s function as lift-
 ing the driver member. It does not specify whether or how
 the prime mover is connected to the lifter member. Nor
 does the description of the lifter member’s function add any
 structural detail. The only thing a skilled artisan could
 glean from the claim language is that the lifter member is
 moved by the prime mover and lifts the driver member. 9
 That is a purely functional description.
      Nothing in the written description provides a clear and
 unambiguous definition of “lifter member.” See MTD
 Prods. Inc. v. Iancu, 933 F.3d 1336, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2019)
 (explaining lexicography can avoid application of
 § 112 ¶ 6). At various points, the written description pro-
 vides examples of a “lifter member.” For example, it ex-
 plains that “the rotary-to-[linear ]lifter 100 is also
 sometimes referred to herein as a lifter member, or simply
 as a lifter.” ’718 patent at 8:50–52 (quotation marks omit-
 ted); see also id. at 21:26–28. But each of these passages
 provides an example of a lifter member, rather than a def-
 inition of the lifter member. There is no lexicography. And

      9  Dr. Vallee’s testimony is not to the contrary. See
 J.A. 1612 ¶ 91. That testimony related to the “lifter mem-
 ber” term in other asserted patents: the ’296, ’297, and ’722
 patents. The claim language in each of those patents con-
 tains an extensive structural description of the lifter mem-
 ber. See ’296 patent claim 1(d). The ’718 patent lacks such
 structural claim language.
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC                   19

 the parties have not identified other language in the writ-
 ten description that indicates § 112 ¶ 6 should not apply to
 the claimed “lifter member.”
     For these reasons, § 112 ¶ 6 applies to the “lifter mem-
 ber” limitation, and it must be construed to cover only “the
 structure, materials, or acts described in the specification
 as corresponding to the claimed function and equivalents
 thereof.” Williamson, 792 F.3d at 1347 (quoting § 112 ¶ 6).
 Because the parties have not thoroughly briefed what
 structures correspond to the claimed “lifter member,” we
 leave that question for the Commission on remand.
                IV. “Initiating a Driving Cycle”
      The asserted claims in the ’718 patent require “initiat-
 ing a driving cycle by pressing said exit end against a work-
 piece.” The parties did not contest the interpretation of
 this phrase, and accordingly, the ALJ and Commission ap-
 plied its plain and ordinary meaning. J.A. 49–58 (Commis-
 sion), 189–91 (ALJ). But in their infringement arguments,
 Kyocera and Koki disputed whether this limitation could
 be met by pressing the claimed “safety contact element”
 against a work piece. See J.A. 190. To resolve that dispute,
 the ALJ expounded on the plain and ordinary meaning of
 the “initiating a driving cycle” limitation. He held that the
 claimed “safety contact element” is distinct from the
 claimed “exit end of the mechanism.” J.A. 190–91. Thus,
 initiating a driving cycle by pressing the safety contact el-
 ement, rather than the exit end, against a workpiece would
 not meet the claim language. Id.
     Kyocera petitioned for review by the Commission, in
 part arguing that the “safety contact element” is part of the
 “fastener driving mechanism.” [see Petition at 16–28, In
 Certain Gas Spring Nailers and Components
 Thereof; No. 337-TA-1082, DI 1493120] Specifically, it
 argued the exit end of the “safety contact element” was the
 “exit end of the [fastener driving] mechanism.” So under
 Kyocera’s construction, a tool that initiates a driving cycle
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 20                    KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC

 by pressing the exit end of a safety contact element against
 a workpiece would meet the claim language. The Commis-
 sion agreed with Kyocera’s construction. J.A. 56. Koki ar-
 gues the Commission erred. We agree.
                              A
     Though Koki frames this as a failure-of-proof argu-
 ment, [see GB16,] we view it as an issue of claim construc-
 tion. Koki focuses on the meaning of the claims, not the
 evidence presented below. Thus, we begin with the Com-
 mission’s argument that Koki did not preserve its claim
 construction arguments.
     Because Koki is “clarifying or defending the original
 scope of its claim construction,” we see no issue with con-
 sidering the merits of its arguments on appeal. Interactive
 Gift Exp., Inc. v. Compuserve Inc., 256 F.3d 1323, 1346
 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (declining to apply waiver). Below, the par-
 ties agreed to a plain-and-ordinary-meaning construction.
 And Koki forwarded its understanding of that meaning to
 the ALJ, Commission, and now to us on appeal. 10 Thus,
 Koki has not failed to preserve its arguments on appeal.
                              B
     The “safety contact element” and “exit end of the mech-
 anism” are distinct components. The asserted claims list
 those elements separately:

      10  Notably, this contrasts starkly with Kyocera’s ar-
 gument that “exit end of the mechanism” refers to the exit
 end of “the tool.” Kyocera never presented that argument
 below, so neither the ALJ nor the Commission addressed
 it. Instead, the parties agreed “the mechanism” refers to
 the “fastener driver mechanism.” Accordingly, Kyocera
 failed to preserve its argument on this point.
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC     v. ITC                     21

     A method for controlling a fastener driving tool,
     said method comprising:
         (a) providing a fastener driving tool that in-
         cludes: . . . (iii) a safety contact element . . .
         (vi) a prime mover that moves a lifter mem-
         ber which moves a driver member away
         from an exit end of the mechanism . . . .
 ’718 patent claim 1 (emphasis added); see also id. (sepa-
 rately listing “(vii) a fastener driving mechanism . . .”).
 There is, therefore, a presumption that those components
 are distinct. Becton, Dickinson & Co. v. Tyco Healthcare
 Grp., LP, 616 F.3d 1249, 1254 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
      No party has identified claim language overcoming the
 presumption that the exit end of the mechanism and the
 safety contact element are distinct components. Nor is
 there any language in the written description that over-
 comes that presumption. Many places in the written de-
 scription explain how pressing a safety contact element
 against a workpiece may be used to initiate a driving cycle.
 See, e.g., ’718 patent at 7:47–51, 11:60–12:15, 13:37–41,
 26:10–37, 27:54–59. But the written description is not uni-
 form on this point. At times, it describes pressing the
 safety contact element against the workpiece until the tool
 is pressed against the workpiece. See id. at 33:42–47 (“[A
 decision step] determines whether or not the safety contact
 element 418 has been pressed against a solid object to an
 extent that actuates the sensor (e.g., limit switch 432),
 which means that the tool is now pressed against a surface
 where the user intends to place a fastener.” (emphasis
 added)). Only then, once the tool’s fastener driving mech-
 anism is pressed against the workpiece, is a driving cycle
 initiated.
      Thus, the written description arguably discloses multi-
 ple embodiments. In one embodiment, a driving cycle is
 initiated by pressing the safety contact element against the
 workpiece. In another, a driving cycle is initiated by
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 22                    KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC    v. ITC

 pressing the exit end of the mechanism against the work-
 piece. The patentees were free to claim only the latter em-
 bodiment.        See TIP Sys., LLC v. Phillips &
 Brooks/Gladwin, Inc., 529 F.3d 1364, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2008)
 (“[T]he mere fact that there is an alternative embodiment
 disclosed in [a] patent that is not encompassed by [a] claim
 construction does not outweigh the language of the claim,
 especially when the court’s construction is supported by the
 intrinsic evidence.”).
     Accordingly, we construe the “safety contact element”
 and “fastener driving mechanism” as separate components.
 Thus, the “exit end of the mechanism” cannot be the exit
 end of the safety contact element, and the “initiating a driv-
 ing cycle” limitation cannot be met by pressing the exit end
 of a safety contact element against a workpiece.
                V. “Main Storage Chamber”
     Finally, the parties dispute whether a reference, Pedi-
 cini, teaches the claimed “main storage chamber.” Based
 on the parties’ agreement, the ALJ construed “main stor-
 age chamber” to mean “a chamber that is distinct from the
 volume of the cylinder and contains part of the working air
 volume during operation.” J.A. 229. The ALJ found Pedi-
 cini does not disclose a distinct main storage chamber be-
 cause it only disclosed one component—air chamber 13.
 J.A. 138–39. Based in part on that finding, the ALJ held
 the asserted claims would not have been obvious over Pedi-
 cini in combination with other references. Koki claims the
 ALJ’s finding about Pedicini’s teachings, which we review
 for substantial evidence, see Norgren Inc. v. Int’l Trade
 Comm’n, 699 F.3d 1317, 1321–22 (Fed. Cir. 2012), was
 based on an erroneous application of the agreed-upon claim
 construction. We do not agree.
     The ALJ’s analysis is supported by substantial evi-
 dence and is consistent with the agreed-upon construction.
 The specification describes the “main storage chamber” as
 distinct from the working cylinder, a.k.a., the “hollow
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 KYOCERA SENCO INDUS. TOOLS INC   v. ITC                    23

 cylinder.” See, e.g., ’718 patent claim 1, 8:29–41. That is,
 the claims require two distinct structures: the main storage
 volume and a smaller “hollow cylinder” contained within
 the main storage volume. The agreed-upon construction
 confirms that requirement, noting the “main storage cham-
 ber” must be “distinct from the volume of the cylinder,” i.e.,
 the hollow cylinder. J.A. 229. It was not error, therefore,
 for the ALJ to require Pedicini to disclose two separate
 structures for it to teach the “main storage chamber” limi-
 tation. And substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s find-
 ing that Pedicini has only one structure. The Pedicini
 figure upon which Koki relies shows a single structure. See
 J.A. 136–41 (discussing J.A. 2616, which is an annotation
 of figure 1 in Pedicini, see J.A. 2460).
                         CONCLUSION
     For the foregoing reasons, we vacate and remand for
 further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                VACATED AND REMANDED
                            COSTS
 Costs to Koki.