Court Opinion

ID: 9447273
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-03 22:30:25.226667+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:30:58.124029
License: Public Domain

WATERMAN, Circuit Judge.
All the pertinent facts bearing upon the issue before us have been stipulated. Decedent intestate, Carlton A. Shively, was a resident of Connecticut at the time of his death. He had married one Marie Wilson on March 26, 1927. A son was born of this marriage. On May 7, 1930 Shively and his wife entered into a separation agreement which provided, inter alia, that after the son attained the age of twenty-one Shively would pay Marie $40 per week until her death or remarriage, and it was further provided that these payments would be a charge upon Shively’s estate should he predecease his wife. On August 28, 1930 a court of the State of Nevada entered a decree of divorce incorporating the terms of the above-described separation agreement. Shively’s death occurred on July 8, 1952. The son had become twenty-one before his father’s death, Marie had not remarried, and the weekly payments had been acknowledged as due by Shively and were being currently paid. After Shively’s death his administrator continued to make these weekly payments until June 1953, when Mrs. Shively remarried. In the estate tax return, filed on July 28, 1953, decedent’s administrator sought a *374deduction under Section 812(b) (8), 26 U.S.C.A. (I.R.C.1939) § 812(b) (3), of $27,058.30, the stipulated actuarial present value computed as of the time of Shively’s death of Mrs. Shively’s right to future weekly payments. Before the Tax Court, and before us on appeal, the Commissioner has contended that the allowable deduction is limited to the total of the weekly payments actually paid to Mrs. Shively during the period the estate was in probate and prior to her remarriage. This amount is $2,079.96. The Tax Court in an unreported decision permitted the administrator the full deduction he sought, and the Commissioner has petitioned for review.
For the purpose of determining the value of decedent’s net estate we must decide what effect the events that occurred here subsequent to decedent’s death and prior to the filing of the estate tax return have had upon the amount of permissible deduction from the value of decedent’s gross estate under Section 812(b) (3) 1 of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code, as amended.
Respondent concedes that as to other deductible items under 812(b), namely funeral and administration expenses, events subsequent to the decedent’s death determine the amount of the permissible deduction. Nevertheless, respondent argues that “claims against the estate” should be treated differently in accordance with a general rule that, absent a clear congressional intent to the contrary, not only the value of the gross estate but also that of the net estate are to be determined as of the date of the decedent’s death. See Ithaca Trust Co. v. United States, 1929, 279 U.S. 151, 155, 49 S.Ct. 291, 73 L.Ed. 647. Hence respondent further concludes that since the Commissioner concedes that at the time of Shively’s death the present value of Mrs. Shively’s contingent claim against the estate could be actuarially determined with reasonable accuracy, see C. I. R. v. Maresi, 2 Cir., 1946, 156 F.2d 929, 931-932, the rule of Ithaca Trust, supra, should here operate to preclude consideration of any events subsequent to Shively’s death.
Section 812(b) permits deduction only of those claims against the estate “ ':i * * as are allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction * i:' * under which the estate is being administered.” In the Connecticut probate proceedings Mrs. Shively did not present a claim for the present value of her right to her continuing weekly support payments, i. e., the sum the respondent administrator seeks to have allowed under 812 (b). Furthermore, it is conceded that under Connecticut law if she had received no support payments for the period subsequent to Shively’s death and had been forced to prove her claim against the estate she would have been limited at the time the estate tax return was filed to payments due her prior to her remarriage — ■ the amount to which the Commissioner here seeks to limit the deduction. Accordingly no greater amount than the sum of these payments actually paid can be said to be “allowed by the laws” of Connecticut.
C. I. R. v. Strauss, 7 Cir., 1935, 77 F.2d 401, 405; Smyth v. Erickson, 9 Cir., 1955, 221 F.2d 1, 3, and Winer v. United States, D.C.S.D.N.Y.1957, 153 F. *375Supp. 941, stand for the proposition that deductions under Section 812(b) (3) are to be determined without reference to events occurring subsequent to the decedent’s death. These cases state that subsequent events are to be ignored even when they render the claim entirely unenforceable in the probate proceeding settling the estate. We disagree with the reasoning of these cases, for we are of the opinion that the rule they announce is incompatible with the purpose Section 812(b) is intended to serve.
Section 812 is entitled “Net Estate.” Its purpose is to define that portion of the property of a decedent that is subject to estate tax, and in so doing it eliminates from estate taxation those portions of the decedent’s gross estate that do not pass by way of gift taking effect at death, and those portions that, although they do so pass, pass by way of tax-exempt gift. See Kahn v. United States, D.C.S.D.N.Y.1937, 20 F.Supp. 312 for an admirable statement of this principle. Obviously this purpose would not be served if a deduction were permitted for claims against an estate which, though having vitality as of date of death, could never be enforced as of the date the estate tax return is filed. The property which might have been subject to such a claim were it enforceable is now certain to pass by way of gift taking eU feet at death. To permit an estate such a deduction under these circumstances would be to prefer fiction to reality and would defeat the clear purpose of Section 812. We hold that where, prior to the date on which the estate tax return is filed, the total amount of a claim against the estate is clearly established under state law, the estate may obtain under Section 812(b) (3) no greater deduction than the established sum, irrespective of whether this amount is established through events occurring before or after the decedent’s death. We believe our decision is in accord with the following cases: Du Val’s Estate v. C. I. R., 9 Cir., 1945, 152 F.2d 103, 104, certiorari denied 328 U.S. 838, 66 S.Ct. 1013, 90 L.Ed. 1613; C. I. R. v. State Street Trust Co., 1 Cir., 1942, 128 F.2d 618, 621-622, 142 A.L.R. 943; Buck v. Helvering, 9 Cir., 1934, 73 F.2d 760, 762-763; Jacobs v. C. I. R., 8 Cir., 1929, 34 F.2d 233, certiorari denied Jacobs v. Lucas, 287 U.S. 603, 50 S.Ct. 85, 74 L.Ed. 647; Smith v. United States, D.C.D.Mass.1936, 16 F.Supp. 397, 402-403, affirmed sub nom. United States v. Nichols, 1 Cir., 1937, 92 F.2d 704; Estate of Metcalf, 1946, 7 T.C. 153, affirmed 6 Cir. May 5, 1947 (unreported).
Reversed.

. Section 812(b), in pertinent part, reads as follows:
“§ 812. Net estate
“For the purpose of the tax the value of the net estate shall be determined, in the case of a citizen or resident of the United States by deducting from the value of the gross estate—
*****
“(b) Expenses, losses, indebtedness, and taxes. Such amounts—
“(1) for funeral expenses,
“(2) for administration expenses,
“(3) for claims against the estate, ***** as are allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction, whether within or without the United States, under which the estate is being administered * *