Court Opinion

ID: 1082873
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 21:05:17.960389+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:15.712370
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                        OCTOBER SESSION, 1997

                                                             FILED
STATE OF TENNESSEE,         )
                                                              March 18, 1998
                            )    No. 02C01-9612-CR-00449
      Appellee              )
                                                             Cecil Crowson, Jr.
                            )    SHELBY COUNTY               Appellate C ourt Clerk
vs.                         )
                            )    Hon. JOHN P. COLTON, JR., Judge
DANIEL D. NAUGHTON, SR.,    )
                            )    (Aggravated Child Abuse)
      Appellant             )

For the Appellant:               For the Appellee:

A C Wharton                      John Knox Walkup
Public Defender                  Attorney General and Reporter

Tony N. Brayton                  Elizabeth T. Ryan
Asst. Public Defender            Assistant Attorney General
201 Poplar St., Suite 201        Criminal Justice Division
Memphis, TN 38103                450 James Robertson Parkway
                                 Nashville, TN 37243-0493

                                 William L. Gibbons
                                 District Attorney General

                                 Robert Carter
                                 Asst. District Attorney General
                                 Criminal Justice Complex, Suite 301
                                 201 Poplar Street
                                 Memphis, TN 38103

OPINION FILED:

CONVICTION AFFIRMED; SENTENCE MODIFIED

David G. Hayes
Judge
                                         OPINION

       The appellant, Daniel D. Naughton, was found guilty of one count of

aggravated child abuse by a Shelby County jury. Following this verdict, the trial

court imposed the maximum sentence of twelve years confinement in the

Tennessee Department of Correction. In this appeal as of right, the appellant raises

the following issues:

       I. Whether the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict;

       II. Whether the trial court erroneously permitted the introduction of
       hearsay testimony; and

       III. Whether the trial court’s imposition of a twelve year sentence was
       excessive.

       After a review of the record and the applicable law, we affirm the judgment of

the trial court, but, for reasons discussed herein, the appellant’s sentence is

modified to reflect a term of nine years in the Department of Correction. This case

is remanded to the trial court for entry of judgment consistent with this opinion.

                                       Background

       At approximately 3:00 a.m. on November 30, 1991, the appellant, a Navy

seaman, took his eleven week old son to the emergency room of Millington Naval

Hospital. When the appellant arrived, the victim was crying inconsolably. The child

was first examined by Dr. Richard O’Donnell, an expert in pediatric emergency

medicine. Dr. O’Donnell testified that the appellant had told him that the child had

fallen out of his stroller onto the floor. He further testified that the fact that the child

could not be consoled was a “red flag” that something of a serious physical nature

had happened to the infant.

                                            2
       Upon examination, Dr. O’Donnell discovered that the child’s upper right thigh

bone looked distorted. He further discovered a discolored area on the child’s chest

that looked like a bruise. Dr. O’Donnell testified that the bruise had appeared to

have the shape of an adult hand. After x-raying the child, Dr. O’Donnell determined

that the right thigh bone had been completely fractured. He testified that the

fracture was “fresh,” meaning that it had occurred within the last twelve hours, most

likely within the last five to six hours. Dr. O’Donnell testified that a great deal of

force had to have caused the fracture. He further testified that the child would have

been in a lot of pain from the injury. Because of the nature of the injuries, Dr.

O’Donnell alerted the proper authorities about possible child abuse.

       The possibility of abuse was investigated by Hershal Jones, who at the time

was a sergeant with the Millington Police Department, and by Gail Jackson Beasley,

a special agent with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. Beasley testified that

she had spoken to Dr. O’Donnell and that she had been told the child had likely

been abused. Beasley then questioned the appellant as to what had happened to

the child. The appellant gave Beasley a statement and the statement was read to

the jury at trial. In his statement, the appellant related that he and his wife had been

watching videos until about 2:00 a.m. when his wife left the house in order to show a

girlfriend her new hairstyle. He said that the victim had been sleeping in his stroller

in the living room. The appellant explained that, around 2:20 a.m., he left the living

room to go to the bathroom. While in the bathroom, he heard his son “chuckle,”

heard a faint thump and then heard the stroller fall. He further stated that he

emerged from the bathroom to find his two-year old daughter trying to pick up the

stroller. The defendant began to examine the child and noticed that his right leg felt

warm and tight and that he “felt the middle of the bone move a little.” Thus, he

decided to take the child to the emergency room. His wife arrived at the hospital a

short time later.

                                           3
       Because the naval hospital was not equipped to handle injuries to small

children, the victim was transferred to Le Bonheur Children’s Medical Center in

Memphis for further treatment. While there, he was examined by Dr. Robert V.

Walling. Dr. Walling testified before the court as an expert in pediatric child abuse.

Dr. Walling testified that during his examination of the victim, he discovered

unexplained bruising about the face, chest and arm. He further found that the thigh

bone and collar bone had been fractured along with several ribs. The child had also

suffered a “buckle fracture” on his wrist. Dr. Walling testified that numerous ribs

were broken and that the rib fractures as well as the wrist fracture had been caused

by external force. He further testified that a significant impact had been the cause of

the broken thigh bone. Dr. W alling stated that the impact would have had to have

been much greater than the impact of the child’s own body weight falling onto a

surface of less than six feet away. He further testified that the injuries suffered by

the victim had been nonaccidental and had been most likely caused by some form

of abuse.

       Dr. Thomas F. Boulden, a radiologist at Le Bonheur, testified as an expert in

the field of pediatric radiology. He testified that he had studied the x-rays of the

victim and had determined that the fracture to the thigh bone was typical of a

fracture caused by a direct blow. He further testified that a child’s fall could not have

resulted in that type of injury. Dr. Boulden testified that the “buckle fracture” on the

victim’s wrist was a peculiar injury for such a young child. Generally, that type of

injury is seen in an older child who has attempted to prevent a fall by catching

himself with his hands. As to the rib fractures, Dr. Boulden testified that six of the

right ribs had been fractured while four of the left had also been fractured. He

testified that such fractures are typically caused by squeezing the rib cage.

       Dr. Boulden testified that he had also studied x-rays taken at the victim’s

birth. He detected no injuries to the child at that time. Dr. Boulden stated that

                                          4
abuse had been the cause of the victim’s injuries and that the multiple fractures had

been caused by multiple mechanisms over time. He further stated that it would

have been apparent by the child’s behavior that the child was in pain.

       The appellant offered no proof, and the jury returned a guilty verdict.

                           I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his

conviction. Specifically, he contends that his conviction was based entirely on

circumstantial evidence as there were no witnesses to the alleged crime. In

essence, the appellant argues that the “finger of guilt” does not point unerringly to

him as the perpetrator of this crime.

       Initially, a defendant is cloaked with the presumption of innocence. State v.

Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). However, a jury conviction removes

this presumption of innocence and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal a

convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is

insufficient. Id. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court does not

reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn.

1978). On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence and all legitimate or reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom.

State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). It is the appellate court's duty to

affirm the conviction if the evidence viewed under these standards was sufficient for

any rational trier of fact to have found the essential elements of the offense beyond

a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 317, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789

(1979); State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn. 1994); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e).

This rule is applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct evidence,

                                         5
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and circumstantial evidence.

State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        Circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. See

State v. Buttrey, 756 S.W.2d 718, 821 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988); State v. Cooper,

736 S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987); State v. Gilliam, No. 01C01-9603-

CC-00105 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, May 7, 1997) (for publication). However,

if a conviction is based purely on circumstantial evidence, the facts and

circumstances must be so overwhelming as to exclude any other explanation except

for the defendant's guilt. State v. Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 900 (Tenn. 1987);

Cooper, 736 S.W.2d at 129. In addition, “it must establish such a certainty of guilt of

the accused as to convince the mind beyond a reasonable doubt that the [appellant]

is the one who committed the crime.” Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d at 896. When reviewing

the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence, this Court must remember that the jury

decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence and that “[t]he inferences

to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are

consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence are questions primarily for the

jury.” Gilliam, No. 01C01-9603-CC-00105 (citations omitted).

        Before the jury could find the appellant guilty of aggravated child abuse, the

State was required to prove that the appellant committed the act of child abuse, as

defined in Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-401 (1991),1 which resulted in serious bodily

injury to the child.2 See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-402 (1991). In the present case,

        1
          Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-401(a) makes it an offense for a person to “knowingly other
than by accidental means, treat[] a child under eighteen years of age in such a manner as to inflict
injury or neg lect[] such a child so a s to adve rsely affec t the child’s he alth and w elfare. . . .”

        2
         "Serious bodily injury” is defined as “bodily injury which involves:
        (A) A substantial risk of death;
        (B) Protracted unconsciousness;
        (C) Extreme physical pain;
        (D) Protracted or obvious disfigurement; or
        (E) Protracted loss or substantial impairmen t of a function of a bodily member,
        organ o r men tal faculty.”

Tenn. Code A nn. § 39-11-106(a)(33) (1991).

                                                  6
there is no dispute that the infant was the victim of abuse and that the infant

suffered serious bodily injury in the form of several fractured bones which caused

him extreme physical pain. Thus, the only question is whether the appellant is the

perpetrator of the abuse.

         The evidence established that the eleven week old child was in the primary

care of the appellant and his wife, the child’s mother. At the time of the injury,

however, the appellant, by his own admission, alone was supervising the child and

his two year old daughter. The appellant explained that the injury to the victim’s leg

resulted from the stroller tipping over. The testimony of medical experts

contradicted this explanation, rather, the medical proof found that the injuries

sustained resulted from a direct blow applied by a “lot of force.” The appellant also

conceded that the leg injury occurred immediately preceding the initial trip to the

emergency room for treatment. From these facts and circumstances, a rational jury

could draw no other inference save the guilt of the appellant. See State v.

Crawford, 470 S.W.2d 610, 613 (Tenn. 1971). Thus, we conclude that, when

viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence presented at trial was

sufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact finding that the appellant

committed aggravated child abuse beyond a reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P.

13(e).

                                 II. Hearsay Evidence

         The appellant next contends that the trial court erred in admitting hearsay

evidence. Specifically, he argues that the court impermissibly allowed Special

Agent Beasley to repeat a statement Dr. O’Donnell had made to her in an effort to

bolster the doctor’s credibility, i.e., that Dr. O’Donnell had told her that he suspected

child abuse as the cause of the victim’s injuries.

                                           7
       At trial, Dr. O’Donnell testified that he completed the initial examination of the

victim at Millington Naval Hospital. After examining the victim, Dr. O’Donnell

determined that the victim had suffered a traumatic mid-shaft fracture of the right

femur and needed to be transferred to Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital for further

medical attention. He also remarked that, because of the nature of the victim’s

injuries, he “could not rule out the possibility of foul play.” On cross-examination, Dr.

O’Donnell was confronted with an assessment diagnosis form he completed on

November 30, 1991, which contained the words “rule out foul play.” Despite

defense attempts to establish otherwise, Dr. O’Donnell maintained that these words

signified that he could not rule out the possibility of foul play.

       Sergeant Hershal Jones testified that he had spoken with Dr. O’Donnell

during the course of his investigation. On cross-examination, he recalled that Dr.

O’Donnell had stated that “he could not say that this was child abuse.”

       On direct examination of Special Agent Gail Beasley, the State attempted to

inquire as to statements made by Dr. O’Donnell to Agent Beasley in the course of

her investigation of this case. Whereupon, defense counsel objected claiming that

O’Donnell’s statements to Beasley were hearsay and, therefore, inadmissible. The

State responded that they were trying to rehabilitate O’Donnell’s testimony, which

had been questioned during the testimony of Sergeant Jones. The court permitted

Agent Beasley to continue. Agent Beasley testified that Dr. O’Donnell reported to

her that he had suspected child abuse.

       Although, generally, a prior consistent statement is not admissible to bolster a

witness’ credibility, it is well-established in this state that a prior consistent statement

is admissible to rehabilitate a witness after insinuations of recent fabrication or

deliberate falsehood or to respond to impeachment by a prior inconsistent

statement. See Farmer v. State, 296 S.W.2d 879, 882 (Tenn. 1956); State v.

                                           8
Tizard, 897 S.W.2d 732, 746 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Meeks, 867 S.W.2d

361, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). See also NEIL P. COHEN ET AL ., TENNESSEE LAW

OF   EVIDENCE § 803(1.1).3, at 509-510 & n.61 (3d ed. 1995). However, the prior

consistent statement must have been made before the motive to lie arose or before

the inconsistent statement was made. NEIL P. COHEN ET AL ., TENNESSEE LAW OF

EVIDENCE § 803(1.1).3, at 509-510 & n.61.

        Despite the appellant’s assertion, Dr. O’Donnell was not impeached by his

assessment diagnosis form, although clearly that was defense counsel’s purpose in

introducing the form. Nonetheless, this background does permit the use of the prior

consistent statement to Agent Beasley to negate defense counsel’s attack, albeit

unsuccessful, on Dr. O’Donnell’s credibility. See Meeks, 867 S.W.2d at 374.

Additionally, Sergeant Johnson, on cross-examination, related a statement of Dr.

O’Donnell, received during the course of his investigation, which was inconsistent

with Dr. O’Donnell’s in-court testimony. Again, evidence of Dr. O’Donnell’s prior

consistent statement to Agent Beasley is admissible to rehabilitate the witness after

introduction of the prior inconsistent statement. See Tizard, 897 S.W.2d at 746.

The trial court permitted introduction of Dr. O’Donnell’s prior consistent statement

through the testimony of Agent Beasley for the limited purpose of corroborating Dr.

O’Donnell’s in-court testimony. Such introduction was proper. A prior consistent

statement properly offered to rehabilitate a witness does not constitute hearsay

because it is not being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tenn. R.

Evid. 801(c). This issue is without merit.

                                     III. Sentencing

        In his final issue, the appellant contends that the trial court erred in imposing

                                           9
the maximum sentence within the applicable range.3 Specifically, he complains that

the court failed to enter findings of facts on the record regarding the applicability of

mitigating factors and by erroneously applying one enhancement factor.

Additionally, the appellant argues that he should have been considered for

alternative sentencing.

        A sentencing hearing was held on May 30, 1996. Orlando Brown testified

that he and his wife have been and remain the legal guardian of the victim in this

case.4 Mr. Brown explained that, although their custody of the infant was initially

temporary, the court eventually ruled that it was in the best interest of the child to

remain in the Browns’ care due to the appellant and his wife’s failure to “meet

whatever requirements they had to get him back. They failed to pay child support.

They never visited.” Brown related that the infant remained in a half body cast for

about six to eight weeks after the incident. Brown also stated that, because of the

long drawn out battle over the custody of the child, psychological counseling was

required.

        Lynn Peachy, the appellant’s mother, testified that the appellant was “raised

in church” and “respect[ed] [her] as a parent.” She stated that the appellant has

never been in any other trouble and “[h]e wouldn’t even fight his brother back.” She

further stated that the appellant was deserving of an alternative sentence.

        The appellant testified on his own behalf. He stated that, presently he is

twenty-four years old, but, at the time of the incident leading to this conviction, he

was only nineteen. He is originally from New York State and enlisted in the Navy

        3
          The offe nse of ag grav ated child a bus e is a c lass B felo ny. Th us, th e app licable
senten cing rang e for a ran ge I offen der is betw een eigh t and twelve years. Te nn. Cod e Ann. §
40-35-112(a)(1) (1990). Additionally, although irrelevant to the present case, we acknowledge
that, effective July 1, 1994, aggravated child abuse of a child six years old or younger became a
Class A felony. Tenn. Code A nn. § 39-15-402(b) (1994 S upp.).

        4
            Mr. Brown stated that his wife was the second cousin of the appellant’s wife.

                                                   10
when he was eighteen upon graduation from high school. On the date of this

offense, his occupational speciality was aviation electrician. After completing his

enlistment period, he received a General Discharge under honorable conditions.

Because this case was pending, the appellant was prohibited from re-enlisting. He

stated that he has three children, not including the victim in this case. Although he

expressed remorse to the court that his son was injured, he maintained that he did

not commit this crime. The appellant stated that his wife was the “major child-care

provider,” while he attended school on the naval base. From the date of his

discharge from the Navy until his conviction, the appellant was employed at Wal-

Mart on Austin Peay Highway. On cross-examination, the appellant stated that, on

the night of the incident, he heard noises that sounded like tapping at the window.

When he arose to investigate, “[he] stepped on [his] daughter’s toy and fell back on

[the victim]. And that’s how the femur got broken.” He explained that, at the time of

the incident, he was scared of losing his son, so he cast the blame on his daughter.

       The presentence report confirmed that the appellant had no prior history of

criminal conduct nor did the appellant use either alcohol or illegal substances.

Attached to the report were sixteen letters from family, friends, and acquaintances

attesting to the appellant’s positive attributes.

       The trial court imposed a sentence of twelve years in the Department of

Correction, the maximum punishment for a range I offender.

       When the length, range, or manner of service of sentence is challenged on

appeal, this court conducts a de novo review conditioned upon the presumption that

the determination made by the trial court is correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

201(d)(1990). This presumption only applies, however, if the record demonstrates

that the trial court properly considered relevant sentencing principles. State v.

Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). In the case before us, because of the

                                          11
incomplete findings of fact by the trial court, we cannot apply the presumption. On

appeal, the appellant bears the burden of showing that the sentence imposed was

improper. Sentencing Commission Comments, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d)

(1990).

                               A. Length of Sentence

       The appellant first contends that the trial court failed to include on the record

whether it found any mitigating factors applicable. At the conclusion of the

sentencing hearing, the trial court stated that no mitigating factors were presented in

the presentence report, but did not explicitly recite whether or not the court found

any mitigating factors applicable. However, the court’s written findings of fact reflect

that no mitigating factors were applicable. The Sentencing Act directs that

“[w]henever the court imposes a sentence, it shall place on the record either orally

or in writing, what enhancement or mitigating factors it found, if any . . . .” Tenn.

Code Ann. § 40-35-210(f) (1990). This issue is without merit.

       Next, in determining the appropriate sentence for the appellant’s conviction,

the trial court applied two enhancement factors, i.e., the defendant treated the

victim with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense and the

personal injuries inflicted upon the victim was particularly great. Tenn. Code Ann. §

40-35-114(5), -114(6) (1990). The appellant contests the applicability of

enhancement factor (5), exceptional cruelty.

       Initially, we acknowledge that to be applicable, enhancement factors must be

“appropriate for the offense” and “not themselves essential elements of the offense.”

State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 98 (Tenn. 1997) (citation omitted). Thus,

enhancement by Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(6), that the injuries inflicted upon the

victim were particularly great, is inapplicable to offenses where "serious bodily

injury" is an element of the offense. See Poole, 945 S.W.2d at 98; State v. Jones,

                                         12
883 S.W.2d 597, 602 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Crowe, 914 S.W.2d 933, 939 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1995). Since “serious bodily injury” is an element of aggravated child

abuse, as defined in the present case, use of enhancement factor (6) is erroneous.

       However, in State v. Poole, our supreme court distinguished that “serious

bodily injury” does not necessarily establish the enhancement factor of exceptional

cruelty. Poole, 945 S.W.2d at 98. “In other words, the facts in a case may support

a finding of ‘exceptional cruelty’ that ‘demonstrates a culpability distinct from and

appreciably greater than that incident to’ the crime of [aggravated child abuse.]” Id.

(citing Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 603). In such circumstances, “the trial court should

state what actions of the defendant, apart from the elements of the offense,

constituted ‘exceptional cruelty.’” Id. (citing State v. Goodwin, 909 S.W.2d 35, 45

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)).

        In the present case, the trial court did not make any findings to support

application of this factor other than the injuries inflicted upon the victim. Although

the victim suffered multiple injuries during his eleven week life, no proof connected

the appellant to any injury other than the broken right femur. Moreover, albeit the

appellant’s actions were reprehensible and certainly cruel, a finding of “exceptional

cruelty” is usually found in cases of long-term abuse or torture. See State v. Davis,

825 S.W.2d 109, 113 (Tenn. 1991). The facts before us do not implicate the

appellant’s involvement in a continuous pattern of abusive behavior towards the

victim. Additionally, immediately after the incident, the appellant rushed the child to

the emergency room for treatment. But see State v. Walton, No. 02C01-9610-CR-

00321 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Aug. 19, 1997) (upholding use of “exceptional

cruelty” enhancement factor where defendant failed to seek treatment for victim).

Thus, the facts which give any support to this factor are the same facts used to

elevate the offense to aggravated child abuse under the law. This case involved no

extended length of torture, no weapons, nor any unusual type of abuse. Beyond the

                                         13
obvious cruelty inherent in every incident of aggravated child abuse, we find no

evidence in the record to support a finding of exceptional cruelty. Thus, we

conclude that the trial court erroneously applied this factor.

       Notwithstanding these findings, we do find applicable enhancement factor (4),

that the victim was particularly vulnerable because of age, and enhancement factor

(15), that the defendant abused a position of private trust. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-

35-114(4), -114(15). See Poole, 945 S.W.2d at 96; State v. Hayes, 899 S.W.2d

175, 187 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Additionally, the facts clearly support some

consideration of the combination of the appellant’s lack of criminal history, good

employment and social history, and military service as a mitigating factor. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 40-35-113(13) (1990). See, e.g., State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448,

453 (Tenn. Crim. App.), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 1995); State v. Joslin, No.

03C01-9510-CR-00299 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Sept. 22, 1997); State v.

Overton, No. 02C01-9510-CC-00303 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, June 2, 1997);

State v. Cotham, No. 01C01-9509-CC-00287 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Dec. 5,

1996), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. July 7, 1997); State v. Ivey, No. 03C01-9509-

CR-00292 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Dec. 3, 1996); State v. Yelloweyes, No.

01C01-9407-CC-00256 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, May 11, 1995), perm. to

appeal denied, (Tenn. Sept. 25, 1995). In view of our finding that the trial court

misapplied enhancing factors and failed to apply a mitigating factor, modification of

the maximum sentence is necessary. Upon de novo review, after weighing the two

applicable enhancement factors found and the non-statutory mitigator, we conclude

that a sentence of nine years as a range I offender is justified. Tenn. Code Ann. §

40-35-210(e) (1990).

                               B. Alternative Sentence

       Although the trial court found the appellant ineligible for probation,

presumably because a sentence in excess of eight years was imposed, the court,

                                         14
otherwise, failed to make any appropriate consideration and findings relative to the

imposition of any other non-incarcerative sentencing alternative. Tenn. Code Ann. §

40-35-210(f). The appellant contends that he should have been considered for

sentencing alternatives other than total incarceration.

        Initially, we note that, because the appellant was convicted of a class B

felony, he is not presumed to be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6) (1990). Moreover, the appellant is not eligible for a

sentence involving probation because his sentence is in excess of eight years. 5

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a) (1990). See also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-306

(1990). Thus, the only remaining alternative is a sentence to a community

corrections program pursuant to the requirements of Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-106

(1990).

        The appellant does not meet the eligibility requirements for community

corrections participation prescribed in Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-106(a), (b), and (c).

Only persons “who are convicted of non-violent felony offenses” are eligible for

community corrections. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-106(a)(3). Aggravated child

abuse is a violent crime, therefore, the appellant cannot meet the requirements of

subsection (a). However, even if ineligible under subsection (a), an offender may

still be qualified for community corrections under subsection (c), if he demonstrates

a special need that is treatable and could best be served in the community, i.e.,

chronic alcohol and drug abuse or mental health problems. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-

35-106(c). The appellant has failed to establish a special need under subsection

(c). Accordingly, the appellant is ineligible for a community corrections sentence.

For these reasons, the only available sentence is one of total confinement.

        5
          Effective July 1, 1994 a defendant convicted of aggravated child abuse is no longer
eligible for probation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a) (1994 Supp.).

                                                15
                                  IV. Conclusion

      For the reasons discussed herein, the judgment of conviction entered by the

trial court is affirmed. However, upon de novo review of the appellant’s sentence,

we modify the sentence imposed by the trial court from twelve years to nine years to

be served in the Department of Correction. This case is remanded to the trial court

for entry of an order modifying the sentence in the manner consistent with this

opinion.

                                  ____________________________________
                                  DAVID G. HAYES, Judge

CONCUR:

(See separate concurring opinion)
JOHN H. PEAY, Judge

________________________________
PAUL G. SUMMERS, Judge

                                       16