Court Opinion

ID: 9380956
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-21 18:01:07.103884+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:28.637659
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 ENGERGY POLICY ADVOCATES,
         Plaintiff,
          v.                                             Civil Action No. 21-1411 (JDB)

 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
         Defendant.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       At issue in this case are two requests for records submitted by plaintiff Energy Policy

Advocates (“EPA”) to the United States Department of the Interior (“Interior”) under the Freedom

of Information Act (“FOIA”). The requests were submitted in 2021, and Interior conducted a

search and produced responsive records—with numerous documents withheld or produced with

redactions—in late 2021 and early 2022. Interior filed the present motion for summary judgment

on both the adequacy of its search and its bases for withholding information. EPA opposes both.

For the reasons set forth below, the Court will grant Interior summary judgment as to the adequacy

of its searches and the propriety of its withholdings under FOIA Exemption 6 but will deny

summary judgment as to Interior’s withholdings under Exemption 5.

                                          Background

       EPA submitted its first request to Interior on April 15, 2021, seeking certain “records of

and/or associated with the Outlook account of Senior Counselor to the Secretary Elizabeth Klein”

(“Outlook Request”). Apr. 15, 2021 FOIA Req. [ECF No. 26-2] at 1. Specifically, EPA requested:

       1. Calendar Invitations: all calendar and/or meeting invitations sent to or from
          (including copying) Elizabeth Klein dated January 21, 2021 through the date
          you process this request, inclusive; and
       2. Microsoft Teams: all logs of Microsoft Teams meetings sent to or from
          (including copying) Elizabeth Klein and involving one or more participants

                                                1
            with a non-@ios.doi.gov address dated January 1, 2021 through the date you
            process this request, inclusive.

Id. In response to this request, Interior “searched Ms. Klein’s Microsoft Outlook and Calendar for

all calendar and Microsoft Teams invitations” from January 1, 2021 to May 18, 2021. Decl. of

Leah Fairman [ECF No. 25-4] (“Fairman Decl.”) ¶ 8. According to Interior, this search “would

return any and all calendar requests or Microsoft Teams meeting invitations.” Id.

         EPA filed its second FOIA request on April 16, 2021 (“Correspondence Request”), which

sought

         all electronic correspondence, whether email, text, SMS, etc. . . . and any
         accompanying information, including also any attachments, a) sent to or from or
         copying Senior Counselor to the Secretary Elizabeth Klein, b) at any time from
         January 1, 2021 through April 15, 2021, inclusive, that c) is to, from or copies
         Special Assistant to the President David Hayes.

See Apr. 16, 2021 FOIA Req. [ECF No. 26-3] at 1. In response to this request, Interior “searched

Ms. Klein’s SharePoint, Desktop Outlook, Calendar, and Desktop OneDrive for potentially

responsive records using the search term David Hayes” from January 1, 2021 to April 15, 2021.

Fairman Decl. ¶ 9. Klein also “searched both her personal and work cell phones for any texts or

SMS between her and Mr. Hayes” during the same time frame. Id.

         Thus, according to Interior, it has conducted searches responsive to both the Outlook

Request and the Correspondence Request covering any materials that would be relevant and

responsive. See Fairman Decl. ¶¶ 8–9. EPA disagrees and filed this case in May 2021, arguing

that Interior’s search for both requests was inadequate and that it improperly withheld responsive

records. See Compl. for Declaratory & Injunctive Relief [ECF No. 1]. Interior filed a motion for

summary judgment on August 26, 2022. See Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF No. 25]; Mem. of

Law in Supp. of Mot. [ECF No. 25-1] (“Mot.”). EPA filed an opposition on September 26, 2022,

see Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Mot. [ECF No. 26] (“Opp’n”), and Interior replied on October 28,

                                                2
see Def.’s Reply to Opp’n [ECF No. 30] (“Reply”). The summary judgment motion is now ripe

for decision.

                                             Analysis

       Interior moves for summary judgment on both the adequacy of it search and the propriety

of its withholdings. See Mot. at 6. “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions

for summary judgment.” Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87

(D.D.C. 2009) (citing Bigwood v. U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., 484 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73 (D.D.C.

2007)). At the summary judgment stage, a court “must view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party[,] . . . draw all reasonable inferences in her favor, and eschew

making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.” Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360,

363 (D.C. Cir. 2007). “The agency is entitled to summary judgment if no material facts are

genuinely in dispute and the agency demonstrates ‘that its search for responsive records was

adequate, that any exemptions claimed actually apply, and that any reasonably segregable non-

exempt parts of records have been disclosed after redaction of exempt information.’” Prop. of the

People, Inc. v. Off. of Mgmt. & Budget, 330 F. Supp. 3d 373, 380 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting

Competitive Enter. Inst. v. EPA, 232 F. Supp. 3d 172, 181 (D.D.C. 2017)).

  I.   Adequacy of Interior’s Search

       Interior first argues it is entitled to summary judgment as to the adequacy of its searches in

response to EPA’s requests. See Mot. at 6–8. To prevail on summary judgment based on the

adequacy of its search, “an agency must show that it made a good faith effort to conduct a search

for the requested records, using methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the

information requested, which it can do by submitting a reasonably detailed affidavit, setting forth

the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring that all files likely to contain

                                                 3
responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched.” Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 40

F.4th 609, 612–13 (D.C. Cir.) (cleaned up), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 526 (2022).

         Declarations detailing the search are given “a presumption of good faith, which cannot be

rebutted by ‘purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other

documents.’” Bartko v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 898 F.3d 51, 74 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (quoting SafeCard

Servs., Inc. v. Sec. Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). Such declarations,

however, must be “specific enough to enable [plaintiffs] to challenge the procedures utilized.”

Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 627 F.2d 365, 371 (D.C. Cir. 1980). Interior’s search is described

in a declaration submitted by Leah Fairman, the Deputy FOIA Officer for Interior’s Office of the

Secretary. 1 See Fairman Decl. ¶ 1.

         EPA challenges Interior’s search in response to both FOIA requests. Starting with the

Outlook Request, Interior “searched Ms. Klein’s Microsoft Outlook and Calendar for all calendar

and Microsoft Teams invitations.” Fairman Decl. ¶ 8. This search “would return any and all

calendar requests or Microsoft Teams meeting invitations.” Id. EPA argues that this description

of the search “expressly acknowledges that it only searched Interior’s Outlook platform” and

excluded other calendars possibly used by Klein. Opp’n at 6–7. But as Interior points out, this is

precisely what EPA asked for in its FOIA request: it seeks only “records of and/or associated with

the Outlook account of” Klein. See Apr. 15, 2021 FOIA Req. at 1 (emphasis added); Reply at 2.

Searching only Outlook is of course “reasonably expected,” Shapiro, 40 F.4th at 612, to produce

         1
           EPA argues that this declaration is inadmissible hearsay, which may not be considered at the summary
judgment stage. See Opp’n at 6 & n.2. But parties at summary judgment are not “required to produce evidence in a
form that would be admissible at trial”—the only requirement is that the evidence “be capable of being converted into
admissible evidence.” Gleklen v. Democratic Cong. Campaign Comm., Inc., 199 F.3d 1365, 1369 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
There is no indication that Fairman would not be able to testify at trial about the search performed based on personal
knowledge. See Fairman Decl. ¶ 2 (“I make this declaration based upon my personal knowledge and information
available to me . . . .”). In any event, courts in this District have held that, at the summary judgment stage, “courts
may consider hearsay in FOIA cases when assessing the adequacy of the agency’s search.” Humane Soc’y of U.S. v.
Animal & Plant Health Inspection Serv., 386 F. Supp. 3d 34, 44 (D.D.C. 2019) (citing Niskanen Ctr., Inc. v. U.S.
Dep’t of Energy, 328 F. Supp. 3d 1, 9–10 (D.D.C. 2018)).
                                                          4
the requested information—namely, Outlook records. Thus, the Court will grant summary

judgment to FOIA on the adequacy of this search.

         As for the Correspondence Request—which sought certain “electronic communications”—

Interior has searched Klein’s SharePoint, Outlook, Calendar, OneDrive, and Teams, and Klein

searched her personal and work phones. See Fairman Decl. ¶ 9; Def.’s Resp. to Mar. 3, 2023 Order

[ECF No. 32] (“Def.’s Teams Resp.”) ¶¶ 3–5. Interior used the search term “David Hayes,” or

variations thereof, Fairman Decl. ¶ 9; Def.’s Teams Resp. ¶ 5, to find messages that were “to, from,

or copie[d] Special Assistant to the President David Hayes,” Apr. 16, 2021 FOIA Req. at 1.

         EPA takes issue with Interior’s decision not to search Teams and Zoom chats as part of its

Correspondence Request search. See Opp’n at 8–9. On March 3, 2023, the Court ordered Interior

to file a notice informing the Court whether it had searched Microsoft Teams chats in response to

the Correspondence Request. See Mar. 3, 2023 Order [ECF No. 31]. Interior responded on March

10, stating that it was not sure whether Teams chats had been included in the initial search, but that

it had searched Teams chats following the Court’s March 3 Order and found no responsive records.

See Def.’s Teams Resp. 2

         As for Zoom chats, EPA notes that Zoom has a function allowing in-meeting chats and

alleges that Interior used “Zoom prolifically during COVID to host meetings.” Opp’n at 8. In

response, Interior argues that Zoom chats are not “agency records”—and thus not covered by

         2
            EPA responded to this filing on March 13, 2023. See Pl.’s Position with Respect to Def’s Teams Resp.
[ECF No. 33] (“Pl.’s Teams Resp.”). It argued that because the Correspondence Request sought communications
“sent to or from or copying” Klein and Hayes, Interior’s March 2023 search—which “filter[ed] Ms. Klein’s Microsoft
Teams through a sender and recipient filter for any chats between Ms. Klein’s account and” Hayes, Def.’s Teams
Resp. ¶ 5—was insufficient. See Pl.’s Teams Resp. at 2–3. EPA is concerned that the search may have missed chats
that were “authored by any other party, e.g., among multiple parties in . . . ‘threads’ to which Ms. Klein and Mr. Hayes
participated or were parties and so received the records.” Id. But Interior’s search and its results should assuage that
concern. Interior’s search started with “Ms. Klein’s Microsoft Teams” and filtered her messages using a “sender and
recipient filter” and variations of Hayes’s name. Def.’s Teams Resp. ¶ 5. Any messages that were sent to (or “copied”)
Klein would be in her Teams records, and filtering those messages by Hayes’s name in the “received” field would
thus capture any messages sent in a group to both Klein and Hayes. Interior represented that there were no such
messages, so there are no relevant threads to review.
                                                           5
FOIA—and, in any event, the dearth of other communications and meetings between Klein and

Hayes suggests there would be no responsive Zoom records. Mot. at 7 n.5; Reply at 3–5.

       District courts may only order agency action under FOIA upon “a showing that an agency

has (1) improperly (2) withheld (3) agency records.” U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S.

136, 142 (1989) (cleaned up and emphasis added); see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). The term “agency

records” “extends only to those documents that an agency both (1) creates or obtains, and (2)

controls at the time the FOIA request was made.” Aguiar v. Drug Enf’t Admin., 865 F.3d 730,

735 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (cleaned up) (quoting Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Secret Service, 726 F.3d 208,

216 (D.C. Cir. 2013)).

       Interior notes that it “does not retain control or possession of Zoom files . . . and as such

has no ability to search for potential records stored in those systems.” Fairman Decl. ¶ 9; see Mot.

at 7 n.5. In response, EPA asserts in passing that Interior did have control or possession of Zoom

chats. See Opp’n at 9 (“[T]his ignores the fact that Interior possessed the chat correspondence

when received (and/or created) by Interior officials . . . .”). But this “purely speculative claim[],”

Bartko, 898 F.3d at 74 (internal quotation marks omitted), is rebutted by Interior’s declaration and

a commonsense understanding of the Zoom platform—chats are not saved by the sender or user in

the same way as is true for other platforms, like text messages or Teams.

       EPA accordingly argues that if Interior indeed “[n]ever captured the records,” then, by

failing to retain them, it created an impermissible “loophole to FOIA” by keeping those records

away from the public. Opp’n at 10. But EPA cites no authority for the proposition that Interior

was obligated to retain custody over these specific communications. Instead, the weight of

authority counsels that the government is under no obligation to capture adnd obtain control over

every written communication by its employees. See Kissinger v. Reps. Comm. for Freedom of

the Press, 445 U.S. 136, 151–52 (1980) (“FOIA is only directed at requiring agencies to disclose

                                                  6
those ‘agency records’ for which they have chosen to retain possession or control.”). Courts—

including the Supreme Court—have frequently held that documents that arguably could be

captured and stored, but were not, are not “agency records” for FOIA purposes. See, e.g., Forsham

v. Harris, 445 U.S. 169, 182 (1980) (rejecting argument that “agency records” includes “all

documents created by a private [party] to which the Government has access, and which the

Government has used”).

       Interior did not control chats sent over the Zoom platform at the time of the FOIA request.

See Fairman Decl. ¶ 9. There is no genuine dispute as to that. Because Interior had no FOIA

obligation to obtain and store such chats, declining to search for and produce them was not

improper. The Court will accordingly grant summary judgment to Interior on the adequacy of its

searches for both FOIA requests.

 II.   Department of Interior’s Withholdings

       Interior also moves for summary judgment on the propriety of its withholdings and

redactions. See Mot. at 8–19. Certain categories of documents are exempt from FOIA and thus

can be properly withheld by an agency in response to a FOIA request. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

Interior withheld information pursuant to two statutory exemptions: Exemption 6, which protects

“personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly

unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” id. § 552(b)(6), and Exemption 5, which covers certain

information “that would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with

the agency,” id. § 552(b)(5). EPA challenges Interior’s withholdings under both exemptions. See

Opp’n at 14–22.

       Summary judgment on the propriety of withholdings is proper when the agency’s

declarations “describe the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail,

demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are

                                                7
not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.”

Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d

773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). “Ultimately, ‘when an agency seeks to withhold information, it must

provide a relatively detailed justification, specifically identifying the reasons why a particular

exemption is relevant.’” Cause of Action Inst. v. Exp.-Imp. Bank of the United States, 521 F.

Supp. 3d 64, 76 (D.D.C. 2021) (quoting Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1122 (D.C. Cir. 2007)).

           A. Exemption 6 Withholdings

       FOIA exempts “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would

constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). This

exemption can apply to “bits of personal information, such as names and addresses, the release of

which would ‘create[] a palpable threat to privacy.’” Jud. Watch, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin.,

449 F.3d 141, 152 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Carter v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 830 F.2d 388,

391 (D.C.Cir.1987)).     To determine whether an agency appropriately withheld personal

information pursuant to Exemption 6, courts “must balance the private interest involved (namely,

the individual’s right of privacy) against the public interest (namely, the basic purpose of the

Freedom of Information Act, which is to open agency action to the light of public scrutiny).”

Horowitz v. Peace Corps, 428 F.3d 271, 278 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Accordingly, when a plaintiff fails to identify a “public interest that would be served by the

disclosure” of the personal information, “invocation of FOIA Exemption 6 [i]s proper.” Cleveland

v. United States, 128 F. Supp. 3d 284, 300 (D.D.C. 2015).

       Interior withheld (1) “the personal e-mail address of Department of Interior employees

where they had also included their Department of the Interior e-mail address on the same email

chain or meeting invitation,” Fairman Decl. ¶ 30, (2) “the government email addresses for White

House and Executive Office of the President employees, Department of Defense employees, and

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Department of Homeland Security employees,” id., and (3) David Hayes’s cell phone number, see

Vaughn Index [ECF No. 25-5] at 2–3. 3 For email redactions, if after the redaction the reader could

not tell who the redacted email address corresponded to, Interior “overlaid the redaction with the

name of the individual.” Fairman Decl. ¶ 30. Thus, the records show who was involved but do

not show contact information for everyone. EPA opposes those redactions. It argues that phone

numbers and emails are not the type of information covered by Exemption 6 and that there is a

“public interest” in the redacted information. See Opp’n at 14–17.

        Phone numbers, email addresses, and other contact information may qualify as

“personnel . . . files” implicating personal privacy interests. See, e.g., Jud. Watch, Inc., 449 F.3d

at 152–53; Pinson v. Dep’t of Just., 313 F. Supp. 3d 88, 112 (D.D.C. 2018); Cleveland, 128 F.

Supp. 3d at 300. In those instances, for disclosure to be required, such information must serve the

public interest in some way.

        EPA first argues that disclosure of the phone numbers would “allow the public to learn if

senior government appointees are using, e.g., a communications app such as ‘Signal’ . . . in lieu of

their agency-provided cell phone.” Opp’n at 16. The only challenged redacted phone number

appears to be David Hayes’s cell phone number. See Vaughn Index at 2–3; Exhibit C to Opp’n at

57. EPA does not explain how knowing his cell phone number would give the public any

information about anyone’s use of Signal or other messenger apps. And Hayes certainly has an

interest in “preventing at least some unsolicited, unwanted calls from reaching [him] at [his]

home”—a foreseeable effect of publicizing his cell phone number. See Bader Fam. Found. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Educ., No. 21-CV-1741 (DLF), 2022 WL 4355259, at *7 (D.D.C. Sept. 20, 2022)

(cleaned up) (approving redaction of employee cell phone number).

        3
         It also withheld conference call dial-in numbers, but EPA does not challenge that withholding. See Exhibit
C to Opp’n [ECF No. 26-4] at 47; Mot. at 8 n.6.
                                                        9
       As for personal email addresses, EPA suggests that knowing whether government

employees use their personal email may inform the public whether they “copy [their] office as

legally required[,] and the public/congressional oversight/targets of SEC actions may pursue that.”

Opp’n at 16. Whether an official uses his or her personal email in that manner may be a matter of

public interest—but revealing the personal email address itself does not shed light on that practice.

The redacted documents are more than sufficient to determine whether an employee copies their

personal email address—such a practice is indicated by Interior’s redaction labeled “30(b)(6)” over

an Interior employee’s email. See, e.g., Exhibit C to Opp’n at 56 (redacting Klein’s personal

email); see also Competitive Enter. Inst. v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 12 F. Supp. 3d 100, 122

(D.D.C. 2014) (“The public interest in exposing potential violations of agency policy has already

been satisfied by the Vaughn entries in question . . . .”). Knowing what the personal email address

is adds no relevant information. And on the other side of the scale, there is a strong privacy interest

in keeping federal employees’ personal email addresses private. See, e.g., Long v. Immigr. &

Customs Enf’t, 279 F. Supp. 3d 226, 244 (D.D.C. 2017) (withholding employee contact

information as “federal employees have a legitimate privacy interest in avoiding targeted

harassment based on their role”).

       Interior also withheld other agencies’ employees’ work emails.             Some courts have

recognized that employees may have some privacy interest in their work contact information. See

Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 112 (approving of redaction of work phone numbers because “in some

instances, employees’ direct contact information may be personal information” the disclosure of

which could lead to “harassment”); see also Shurtleff v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 991 F. Supp. 2d

1, 18 (D.D.C. 2013). And even if that interest is somewhat small, “something, even a modest

privacy interest, outweighs nothing every time.” Nat’l Ass’n of Retired Fed. Emps. v. Horner,

879 F.2d 873, 879 (D.C. Cir. 1989). EPA does not offer a plausible public interest served by

                                                  10
disclosure of White House and other agency employees’ work emails—it merely states that they

are “inherently work-related” without explaining why they pertain to a matter of public interest.

Opp’n at 15.

       Because any public interest in publishing the relevant email addresses and phone

numbers—assuming such an interest even exists—does not outweigh the privacy interest in

preventing unwanted attention and harassment, the Court will grant Interior summary judgment

on its Exemption 6 withholdings.

           B. Exemption 5 Withholdings

       FOIA exempts “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would not be

available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(5). This exemption applies to “those documents, and only those documents, normally

privileged in the civil discovery context.” Nat’l Lab. Rels. Bd. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S.

132, 149 (1975). Interior withheld a significant amount of information under two privileges: the

deliberative process privilege and the presidential communications privilege.

                   i. Deliberative Process Privilege

       “The deliberative-process privilege shields internal agency ‘advisory opinions,

recommendations and deliberations’ in order to ‘protect[] the decision making processes of

government agencies.’” Cause of Action Inst. v. Exp.-Imp. Bank of the U.S., 521 F. Supp. 3d 64,

76 (D.D.C. 2021) (quoting Sears, 421 U.S. at 150). To qualify for withholding under the

deliberative process privilege, a record must be both pre-decisional and deliberative. Jud. Watch,

Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 847 F.3d 735, 739 (D.C. Cir. 2017). A record is pre-decisional if it was

“generated before the adoption of an agency policy” and deliberative if it “reflect[s] the give-and-

take of the consultative process.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Further, an agency may

only withhold a document if it “reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest

                                                11
protected by” the exemption, and “boilerplate” recitations of harm are insufficient. Cause of

Action, 521 F. Supp. 3d at 77 (internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, the agency “bears the

burden of establishing the character of the decision, the deliberative process involved, and the role

played by the documents in the course of that process.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v.

U.S. Dep’t of Just., 45 F.4th 963, 972 (D.C. Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Interior has not met this burden for any withheld record. Interior gives the same conclusory

explanation in the Vaughn index for each record withheld pursuant to Exemption 5:

        withheld this portion of the email thread between a senior Department official and
        a senior White House official concerning major policy decisions under the
        Deliberative Process Privilege. The material reflects frank and open discussion of
        Departmental decisions and considerations. If these views were to be released to
        public scrutiny, it would chill future officials from freely discussing important
        Departmental policy choices and considerations, thereby impairing the
        Department’s ability to make informed decisions.

Vaughn Index at 4–67. Amazingly, it provides this explanation—which purports to apply to an

“email thread”—even for documents that are not emails. See, e.g., id. at 26. And the declaration

provided by Leah Fairman adds very little—it restates the legal test for the deliberative process

exemption and concludes that it is met, see Fairman Decl. ¶¶ 17–18, and then identifies the subject

of the documents as (a) “Inter-agency coordination on effort led by the White House” and (b) “U.S.

policy concerning the management and operations of the Department of the Interior and its bureaus

and offices,” id. ¶ 19.

        Unfortunately for Interior, this broad-brush approach will not cut it. The repeated generic

explanations in its Vaughn index (which are not improved by Interior’s declaration) are insufficient

to demonstrate the “character of the decision, the deliberative process involved, and the role played

by the documents in the course of that process.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash., 45 F.4th at

972. In short, the Court knows nothing about the reason for withholding the records, except that

the agency has read the relevant legal standard and believes that its withholding was proper, but

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that is clearly not enough. See, e.g., Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. Fed. Bureau of

Investigation, 3 F.4th 350, 370 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (rejecting assertion of harm that was “wholly

generalized and conclusory, just mouthing the generic rationale for the deliberative process

privilege itself”).

        Interior has thus not carried its burden—or even come close to doing so—to show that the

withheld information is exempt based on the deliberative process privilege, and the Court will

deny summary judgment as to this category of withholdings.

                      ii. Presidential Communications Privilege

        Each record withheld pursuant to the deliberative process privilege discussed above was

also withheld pursuant to the presidential communications privilege. This privilege applies to

“communications that directly involve the President” and those “authored or solicited and received

by those members of an immediate White House adviser’s staff who have broad and significant

responsibility for investigating and formulating the advice to be given the President on the

particular matter to which the communications relate.” In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 748, 752

(D.C. Cir. 1997). On one hand, the presidential communications privilege is narrower than the

deliberative process privilege because it covers only “presidential decisionmaking and

deliberations,” Loving v. Dep’t of Def., 550 F.3d 32, 37 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (emphasis added); yet,

within that narrower category, it offers broader protections, as it applies “regardless of whether the

documents are predecisional or not,” id., and it may cover “factual material” outside the scope of

the deliberative process privilege, In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 751.

        Interior’s justification for its withholdings pursuant to the presidential communications

privilege suffers from the same flaw as its justification for invoking the deliberative process

privilege—the Vaughn index lists the same boilerplate explanation for each entry:

                                                 13
       [w]ithheld portions of this email under the Presidential Communications Privilege
       because the redacted portions of this email reflect information solicited by the
       President’s immediate advisors through the White House Climate Policy Office,
       which serves to advise the President. The information concerns the operations of
       the Department of the Interior and briefing of the Presidential Advisor’s [sic] on
       the topic. Release of the withheld information would harm the expression of
       candid, objective, and even blunt or harsh opinions as well as the comprehensive
       exploration of all policy alternatives before a presidential course of action is
       selected.

Vaughn Index at 4–67. Fairman’s declaration adds little additional detail. It broadly concludes

that these records do, in fact, fall under the presidential communications privilege and claims that

they concern the same topics cited in the deliberative process privilege explanation—(a)

interagency coordination on a White House-led effort and (b) policy on the management of

Interior. See Fairman Decl. ¶¶ 25–28.

       This generic explanation entirely fails to explain why the withheld documents fall under

the presidential communications privilege. Interior identifies a list of individuals it asserts are “an

immediate White House advisor’s staff” but neither demonstrates whether they “have broad and

significant responsibility for investigating and formulating the advice to be given the President”

nor explains how the withheld documents relate to any such specific responsibility. See In re

Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 752; Fairman Decl. ¶ 26.

       Most concerningly, there are documents that are not even connected to one of the White

House staffers that Interior identifies, which is plainly insufficient. See, e.g., Vaughn Index at 31

(describing “Email from Elizabeth [Klein] to Tanya Trujilo,” neither of whom are identified as a

White House staffer or advisor). But even for those documents connected to a White House

advisor, not all advisors fall within this privilege—“the D.C. Circuit . . . has unambiguously

rejected an approach that would classify a broad assortment of Executive Branch officials as such

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advisers.” 4 Prop. of the People, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 387 (citing Jud. Watch, Inc., 365 F.3d at 1112–

17); see also In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 752 (“The presidential communications privilege

should never serve as a means of shielding information regarding governmental operations that do

not call ultimately for direct decisionmaking by the President.”). Asserting that every individual

“was an immediate advisor to the President, or a member of the staff of an immediate advisor to

the President,” Fairman Decl. ¶ 25, gives the Court no basis to decide whether the privilege

actually applies to these particular advisors, giving this specific advice on the particular matter

involved, as memorialized in these specific documents. Put simply: “[t]he government cannot

justify its withholdings on the basis of summary statements that merely reiterate legal standards or

offer far-ranging category definitions for information.” Prop. of the People, 330 F. Supp. 3d at

380 (cleaned up). But that is unfortunately all that Interior offers here.

         The Court will therefore deny Interior’s motion for summary judgment on the propriety of

all its withholdings under Exemption 5.

                                                  *        *         *

         The Court will grant summary judgment as to Interior’s search and the propriety of its

withholdings under Exemption 6. It will, however, deny summary judgment as to its withholdings

         4
           EPA also suggests that some of the White House staff and advisors listed are employed in roles that are
themselves subject to FOIA. Courts have declined to extend the presidential communications privilege to employees
at departments subject to FOIA, even when the individual employee wears a “dual-hat” as agency employee and
presidential advisor. See Jud. Watch, Inc. v. Dep’t of Just., 365 F.3d 1108, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“[T]he Attorney
General, as head of the Justice Department, could not be treated as a non-agency exempt from the FOIA when he was
engaged in his presidential advisory functions.” (citing Ryan v. Dep’t of Just., 617 F.2d 781, 788 (D.C. Cir. 1980)));
Prop. of the People, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 388 (“[H]eads of agencies that are subject to FOIA are not immediate White
House advisers for purposes of the application of the privilege.”).
         For example, courts have found that the White House Council on Environmental Quality is subject to FOIA.
See S. Env’t. Law Ctr. v. Council on Env’t. Quality, 507 F. Supp. 3d 694 (W.D. Va. 2020); see also Pac. Legal Found.
v. Council on Env’t. Quality, 636 F.2d 1259 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (holding that the Council is an “agency” for purposes
of Government in Sunshine Act). Particularly in light of this precedent, if Interior wishes to rely on those advisors for
presidential communication privilege purposes, see Fairman Decl. ¶ 26(b), (c), (h), it must offer significantly more
explanation and argument.
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under Exemption 5, and order the parties to submit a joint status report recommending next steps

in this litigation. A separate Order consistent with this Opinion will issue on this date.

                                                                                   /s/
                                                                            JOHN D. BATES
                                                                        United States District Judge
Dated: March 21, 2023

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