Court Opinion

ID: 4657146
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-03 20:01:10.130996+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:11.481772
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 19-12293      Date Filed: 02/03/2021     Page: 1 of 23

                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 19-12293
                          ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 2:16-cv-00814-SPC-MRM

ANITA ANDREWS,

                                                                Plaintiff – Appellant,

                                      versus

BRANDON MARSHALL, et al.,

                                                             Defendants – Appellees.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Middle District of Florida
                         ________________________

                               (February 3, 2021)

Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

MARTIN, Circuit Judge:

      On election night in November 2012, Plaintiff, Anita Andrews, was a

passenger in a pickup truck when police stopped that truck on account of a broken
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headlight. In the back of the truck were a number of campaign signs that Ms.

Andrews had collected after the polls closed. The officers suspected her of having

stolen the signs. The encounter ended with Ms. Andrews’s arrest and her detention

at a county jail.

       Ms. Andrews brought suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendants,

Deputy Brandon Marshall; Sergeant Robert Kizzire; Carmine Marceno in his

official capacity as Sheriff of Lee County, Florida; and Corizon Health, Inc.

(“Corizon Health”). She alleged false arrest and made other claims as well. Now

before us is Ms. Andrews’s appeal of the District Court order granting summary

judgment to the Defendants. After careful consideration, we affirm.

                                         I.

   A. Factual Background

       On election day, November 7, 2012, Ms. Andrews worked as a “political

campaign worker” in Lee County, Florida. As part of her job, she checked on poll

workers and brought them food and water. After the polls closed, Ms. Andrews

and Keith O’Bryant, her fiancé, drove to various polling locations to pay poll

workers. They also collected campaign signs at the last polling location they

visited. Ms. Andrews and Mr. O’Bryant then drove home and to a post-election

party. Ms. Andrews removed additional campaign signs as they drove. Because

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she believed signs left over after the close of polls were trash, Ms. Andrews

thought collecting them was a “service to the community.”

        As Ms. Andrews and Mr. O’Bryant returned from the party at approximately

2:00 A.M., Deputy Marshall observed their vehicle traveling on Highway 41.

Deputy Marshall noticed that one headlight was out and initiated a traffic stop.

Mr. O’Bryant was in the driver’s seat and Ms. Andrews was in the front passenger

seat.

        Deputy Marshall and Mr. O’Bryant initially had a “cooperative”

conversation. But the interaction took a turn when Deputy Marshall asked why, if

Mr. O’Bryant had a Virginia driver’s license, he was in Florida. He asked whether

Mr. O’Bryant and Ms. Andrews were “sleeping together.” Ms. Andrews

interjected that Mr. O’Bryant did not have to answer those questions, at which

point Deputy Marshall engaged with Ms. Andrews. Deputy Marshall asked for her

identification, which Ms. Andrews said she did not have with her.

        As Deputy Marshall walked back to his vehicle to run Mr. O’Bryant’s

information, he noticed the campaign signs in the bed of the pickup truck.1 He

began asking Ms. Andrews about the signs, which she insisted she was authorized

to possess. The parties dispute the precise content and sequence of the

conversation, but they agree that Ms. Andrews repeatedly insisted upon her right

        1
            All told, there were 67 signs in the back of the truck.
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not to state her name because she was not being investigated for a crime. Deputy

Marshall called his supervisor, Sergeant Kizzire. Upon his arrival, Sergeant

Kizzire also questioned Mr. O’Bryant about the signs. By this time, six patrol cars

were on the scene. Eventually, Ms. Andrews and Mr. O’Bryant were arrested.

      Following her arrest, Ms. Andrews was detained at the Lee County Jail,

where she says she suffered mistreatment. Specifically, she says that Corizon

Health, which Lee County contracted with to provide medical care to people at the

jail, refused her requests for aspirin, water, and a blanket. The parties dispute what

underlying medical conditions Ms. Andrews has, but Andrews says she fainted

several times and hit her head on the concrete floor during her stay at the jail. Ms.

Andrews was committed to the mental health unit pursuant to Florida’s Baker Act,

which allows for the temporary treatment and detention of people with a mental

health need. See Fla. Stat. §§ 394.451; 394.4625; 394.463. She was released after

two days in custody.

      Ms. Andrews and Mr. O’Bryant were charged with the crime of loitering

and prowling. Those charges were ultimately dismissed.

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   B. Procedural History

       Ms. Andrews brought this action in 2016. Defendants filed motions to

dismiss, which the District Court granted in part and denied in part.2 Ms. Andrews

amended her complaint, which is the pleading we evaluate here. She brought

claims under § 1983, alleging false arrest; failure to supervise, train, or take

corrective action; retaliation; excessive force; and deliberate indifference. She also

brought claims under state law, alleging assault and battery; intentional infliction

of emotional distress; breach of contract; and negligent hiring, retention, and

supervision.

       The District Court entered judgment for Defendants on all claims. This is

Ms. Andrews’s appeal.

                                              II.

       We review de novo a grant of summary judgment. Furcron v. Mail Ctrs.

Plus, LLC, 843 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is

appropriate where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In making this

determination, we view all evidence and make all reasonable inferences in favor of

the party opposing summary judgment. Pennington v. City of Huntsville, 261 F.3d

       2
         Some of the Defendants appealed the District Court’s denial of qualified immunity at
the motion to dismiss stage. A panel of this Court affirmed that decision. See Andrews v. Scott,
729 F. App’x 804, 812 (11th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (unpublished).
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1262, 1265 (11th Cir. 2001). We may affirm the grant of summary judgment on

any adequate ground for doing so. Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112,

1117 (11th Cir. 1993).

                                         III.

      Ms. Andrews asserts five grounds on appeal. She challenges the District

Court’s grant of summary judgment to: (1) Deputy Marshall, Sergeant Kizzire, and

Sheriff Marceno on the false arrest and retaliation claims; (2) Sergeant Kizzire and

Sheriff Marceno on the excessive force and state law assault and battery claims;

(3) Deputy Marshall and Sergeant Kizzire on the intentional infliction of emotional

distress claim; (4) Sheriff Marceno and Corizon Health on the deliberate

indifference claim; and (5) Corizon Health on the breach of contract claim. We

address each in turn.

   A. False Arrest and Retaliation Claims Against Deputy Marshall, Sergeant
      Kizzire, and Sheriff Marceno

      Ms. Andrews argues the District Court erred in granting summary judgment

to Deputy Marshall, Sergeant Kizzire, and Sheriff Marceno, sued in his official

capacity, on her false arrest and retaliation claims. Her argument fails for the

reasons that follow.

      A warrantless arrest without probable cause violates the Fourth Amendment

and provides the basis for a § 1983 claim. Ortega v. Christian, 85 F.3d 1521, 1525

(11th Cir. 1996). Likewise, arrest in retaliation for exercising one’s First
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Amendment rights may also provide a basis for liability under § 1983. See Redd v.

City of Enterprise, 140 F.3d 1378, 1383 (11th Cir. 1998). However, the existence

of probable cause is an absolute bar to both claims. Ortega, 85 F.3d at 1525; Redd,

140 F.3d at 1383.

      Probable cause exists “when the facts and circumstances within the officer’s

knowledge, of which he or she has reasonably trustworthy information, would

cause a prudent person to believe, under the circumstances shown, that the suspect

has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.” Lee v. Ferraro,

284 F.3d 1188, 1195 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotation marks omitted).

      Even if an officer did not have actual probable cause, he is still entitled to

qualified immunity if he had “arguable probable cause.” Montoute v. Carr, 114

F.3d 181, 184 (11th Cir. 1997). Qualified immunity shields government officials

from liability for civil damages for torts committed while performing discretionary

duties unless their conduct violates a clearly established statutory or constitutional

right. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 2738 (1982).

Because only arguable probable cause is needed, “the inquiry is not whether

probable cause actually existed, but instead whether an officer reasonably could

have believed that probable cause existed, in light of the information the officer

possessed.” Montoute, 114 F.3d at 184. “Even law enforcement officials who

reasonably but mistakenly conclude that probable cause is present are entitled to

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immunity.” Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227, 112 S. Ct. 534, 536 (1991) (per

curiam) (quotation marks omitted). The existence of arguable probable cause for

any arrestable offense provides qualified immunity. Devenpeck v. Alford, 543

U.S. 146, 153–55, 125 S. Ct. 588, 593–94 (2004) (holding that an arrest is

constitutionally valid as long as the circumstances known to the officers, viewed

objectively, give probable cause to arrest for any crime, even if probable cause was

lacking as to the announced charges).

      The District Court found the officers had probable cause to arrest Ms.

Andrews for several offenses: loitering and prowling, theft, trespassing, and

resisting an officer without violence. We may affirm on any basis, see Fitzpatrick,

2 F.3d at 1117, and conclude that the officers had arguable probable cause to arrest

Ms. Andrews for petit theft of campaign signs.

      Whether there is arguable probable cause depends on the elements of the

offense and the operative fact pattern. Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130,

1137–38 (11th Cir. 2007). Thus, we look to the elements of petit theft. Under

Florida law:

               A person commits theft if he or she knowingly obtains or
               uses, or endeavors to obtain or to use, the property of
               another with intent to, either temporarily or permanently:

               (a) Deprive the other person of a right to the property or a
               benefit from the property.

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             (b) Appropriate the property to his or her own use or to the
             use of any person not entitled to the use of the property.

Fla. Stat. § 812.014(1).

      Ms. Andrews argues she was authorized to remove and collect the 67

campaign signs she had in the bed of the pickup truck. She claims the signs were

taken from public places, and argues that, “given the general public perception that

leftover campaign signs in public rights-of-way are a nuisance, i.e., trash,” her

removal of them was “simply a service to the community.” However, based on

this record, we cannot say the District Court erred in granting summary judgment

to Defendants.

      Most importantly, the relevant state statutory regime authorizes the removal

of campaign signs by certain entities, and Ms. Andrews has not produced evidence

in support of her belief that she had permission to collect the signs. Florida law

specifies that political candidates are responsible for removing signs after the post-

election deadline set by localities. Fla. Stat. § 106.1435(1), (5). In Lee County,

where the traffic stop occurred, candidates have ten days after an election to collect

signs. See Lee Cnty. Land Dev. Code 30-151(4)b. Florida law further provides

that if signs are “not removed within the specified period, the political subdivision

or governmental entity has the authority to remove such advertisements and may

charge the candidate the actual cost for such removal.” Fla. Stat. § 106.1435(2).

Ms. Andrews, however, did not work for a particular political campaign or the
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local government. And she has not provided any authority indicating that, absent

the referenced statutory authorization to collect campaign signs, she could have

done so lawfully. Instead, Ms. Andrews appears to have taken the signs under a

mistake of law. See Fla. Stat. § 812.014(3)(a) (theft of any property not otherwise

specified under subsection 2 of the statute is a petit theft and a misdemeanor of the

second degree); cf. Information, State v. Good, No. 14-mm-3394 (Fla. Hernando

County Ct. Oct. 23, 2014) (charging defendant with petit theft under $100 for

taking campaign signs from private property in violation of Florida Statutes

§§ 812.014(1) and 812.014(3)(a)).

       On these facts, the officers could have reasonably believed that Ms.

Andrews took campaign signs without authorization, which constitutes a petit theft

under Florida law. Thus the existence of arguable probable cause to arrest Ms.

Andrews for petit theft is a bar to her false arrest and retaliation claims.3 Manners

v. Cannella, 891 F.3d 959, 969 (11th Cir. 2018) (“[I]t is now settled law that there

is probable cause for a warrantless custodial arrest even for a seemingly

insignificant crime.”); Ortega, 85 F.3d at 1525; Redd, 140 F.3d at 1383.

       3
         Even if Ms. Andrews were correct that the officers had other motives in arresting her,
their subjective intent is not relevant to the arguable probable cause inquiry. See Grider v. City
of Auburn, 618 F.3d 1240, 1257 (11th Cir. 2010) (“The standard [for arguable probable cause] is
an objective one and does not include an inquiry into the officer’s subjective intent or beliefs.”).

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       Because we conclude arguable probable cause existed for one criminal

offense, we need not address the existence of arguable probable for any other

offense. 4 See Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1117 (noting that this Court may affirm the

grant of summary judgment on any ground). And because Deputy Marshall and

Sergeant Kizzire are entitled to summary judgment on these claims, Sheriff

Marceno cannot be liable in his official capacity either. See City of Los Angeles v.

Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799, 106 S. Ct. 1571, 1573 (1986) (“[N]either Monell v.

Department of Social Services of the City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S. Ct.

2018 (1978), nor any other of our cases authorizes the award of damages against a

municipal corporation based on the actions of one of its officers when in fact . . .

the officer inflicted no constitutional harm.”).

       Therefore, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Deputy Marshall,

Sergeant Kizzire, and Sheriff Marceno on the false arrest and retaliation claims.

       4
          We do not reach any other potential grounds justifying the arrest, but we are skeptical
that Florida’s loitering or prowling statute could supply probable cause for Ms. Andrews’s arrest.
See Fla. Stat. § 856.021(1) (“It is unlawful for any person to loiter or prowl in a place, at a time
or in a manner not usual for law-abiding individuals, under circumstances that warrant a
justifiable and reasonable alarm or immediate concern for the safety of persons or property in the
vicinity.”). Charging a person with “loitering or prowling” as she and her fiancé drive home at
night on a highway seems more befitting the fictional movie “Minority Report” than modern-day
America. See Minority Report (20th Century Fox 2002).
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   B. Excessive Force and State Law Assault and Battery Claims Against Sergeant
      Kizzire and Sheriff Marceno

      Ms. Andrews argues the District Court erred in granting summary judgment

to Sergeant Kizzire and Sheriff Marceno, sued in his official capacity, on the

excessive force and state law assault and battery claims. According to Ms.

Andrews, the officers are not entitled to qualified immunity because she was not

resisting arrest and posed no threat to the officers.

      Officers are entitled to qualified immunity on an excessive force claim

“unless application of the standard would inevitably lead every reasonable officer

to conclude the force was unlawful.” Slicker v. Jackson, 215 F.3d 1225, 1232

(11th Cir. 2000) (quotation marks omitted and alterations adopted). The

“‘reasonableness’ inquiry in an excessive force case is an objective one: the

question is whether the officers’ actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the

facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent

or motivation.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397, 109 S. Ct. 1865, 1872

(1989). A court should also consider “the severity of the crime, whether the

suspect posed an immediate threat, and whether the suspect was resisting or

fleeing.” Slicker, 215 F.3d at 1233 (quotation marks omitted and alterations

adopted).

      To defeat qualified immunity, Ms. Andrews must show that “(1) the

defendant violated a constitutional right, and (2) this right was clearly established
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at the time of the alleged violation.” Holloman ex rel. Holloman v. Harland, 370

F.3d 1252, 1264 (11th Cir. 2004). We can address either prong first. Pearson v.

Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236, 129 S. Ct. 808, 818 (2009). “A right may be clearly

established for qualified immunity purposes in one of three ways: (1) case law with

indistinguishable facts clearly establishing the constitutional right; (2) a broad

statement of principle within the Constitution, statute, or case law that clearly

establishes a constitutional right; or (3) conduct so egregious that a constitutional

right was clearly violated, even in the total absence of case law.” Lewis v. City of

West Palm Beach, 561 F.3d 1288, 1291–92 (11th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted).

      Even if we assume that Sergeant Kizzire and Sheriff Marceno’s use of force

violated the Constitution, Ms. Andrews cannot demonstrate that the law was so

clearly established as to give Kizzire and Marceno fair warning that the force used

here would have violated the Fourth Amendment.

      We review the record in the light most favorable to Ms. Andrews as the

party opposing summary judgment. See Pennington, 261 F.3d at 1265. These

officers opened the passenger door and unfastened her seatbelt only after

repeatedly asking her to get out of the truck. Ms. Andrews says she was “drug

out” of the truck, frisked, and handcuffed tightly, which resulted in injury to her

wrists, a “swollen” upper arm, and a bruise to the outside of her right thigh. She

did not require medical treatment for her injuries.

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       Under this Circuit’s precedent, it is not clearly established that the amount of

forced used against Ms. Andrews is unlawful. See, e.g., Croom v. Balkwill, 645

F.3d 1240, 1252–53 (11th Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (officer entitled to qualified

immunity on excessive force claim where officer held a woman to the ground with

his foot or knee in her back for ten minutes); Gold v. City of Miami, 121 F.3d

1442, 1446–47 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (same, where handcuffs resulted in

skin abrasions for which plaintiff did not seek medical treatment); Post v. City of

Fort Lauderdale, 7 F.3d 1552, 1559–60 (11th Cir. 1993) (same, where officers

placed plaintiff in a chokehold later requiring medical treatment and pushed

plaintiff against a wall). And in light of the facts and circumstances facing

Sergeant Kizzire, including Ms. Andrews’s refusal to exit the vehicle despite

repeated requests, we cannot say every reasonable officer would conclude the

amount of force used to effectuate the arrest was unlawful.5 Graham, 490 U.S. at

397, 109 S. Ct. at 1872; Slicker, 215 F.3d at 1232.

       Additionally, Ms. Andrews’s state law assault and battery claims fail for the

same reason her excessive force claim fails. See City of Miami v. Sanders, 672 So.

2d 46, 47 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 1996) (“A battery claim for excessive force

       5
          Because Ms. Andrews’s excessive force claim against Sergeant Kizzire fails, it also
fails against Sheriff Marceno. See Heller, 475 U.S. at 799, 106 S. Ct. at 1573.
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[under Florida law] is analyzed by focusing upon whether the amount of force used

was reasonable under the circumstances.”).

      Therefore, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Sergeant Kizzire

and Sheriff Marceno on the excessive force and state law assault and battery

claims.

   C. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim Against Deputy Marshall
      and Sergeant Kizzire

      Ms. Andrews argues the District Court erred in granting summary judgment

to Deputy Marshall and Sergeant Kizzire on the intentional infliction of emotional

distress (“IIED”) claim.

      To prove IIED under Florida law, a plaintiff must demonstrate: “(1) the

defendant’s conduct was intentional or reckless; (2) the conduct was outrageous,

beyond all bounds of decency, and odious and utterly intolerable in a civilized

community; (3) the conduct caused emotional distress; and (4) the emotional

distress was severe.” Moore v. Pederson, 806 F.3d 1036, 1053 (11th Cir. 2015).

      Ms. Andrews’s IIED claim is based on her treatment prior to her transport to

the jail. Again, reading the record in the light most favorable to Ms. Andrews, she

was “drug out” of the truck, frisked, and handcuffed tightly, resulting in injury to

her wrists, a “swollen” upper arm, and a bruise to the outside of her right thigh.

But beyond these facts, Ms. Andrews has not produced any evidence that the

officers’ conduct goes “beyond all possible bounds of decency” and is “atrocious,
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and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Steadman, 968 So. 2d 592, 594–95 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2007) (quotation marks

omitted). Nor has Ms. Andrews produced evidence showing that the officers’

conduct caused severe emotional distress.

       Therefore, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Deputy Marshall

and Sergeant Kizzire on the IIED claim.

   D. The Deliberate Indifference Claim Against Sheriff Marceno and Corizon
      Health

       Next, Ms. Andrews argues that Sheriff Marceno and Corizon Health were

deliberately indifferent to her medical needs at the Lee County Jail.6 She advances

a theory of municipal liability against Corizon Health and Sheriff Marceno, in his

official capacity, pursuant to Monell, 436 U.S., 98 S. Ct. We conclude, however,

that Ms. Andrews has failed to establish municipal liability, because she does not

point to any official policy or practice that caused her injuries.

       “A plaintiff seeking to impose liability on a municipality for injuries its

employees or agents have inflicted must show that the plaintiff suffered injuries

inflicted pursuant to an official government policy or custom.” Brown v. City of

Hialeah, 30 F.3d 1433, 1438 (11th Cir. 1994). The plaintiff “must identify a

       6
         “To prevail on a deliberate indifference to serious medical need claim, Plaintiffs must
show: (1) a serious medical need; (2) the defendants’ deliberate indifference to that need; and
(3) causation between that indifference and the plaintiff’s injury.” Mann v. Taser Int’l, Inc., 588
F.3d 1291, 1306–07 (11th Cir. 2009).
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municipal policy or custom that caused [her] injury.” Grech v. Clayton County,

335 F.3d 1326, 1329 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted). A plaintiff may

establish a policy in one of two ways: by “identify[ing] either (1) an officially

promulgated county policy or (2) an unofficial custom or practice of the county

shown through the repeated acts of a final policymaker for the county.” Id.

      A single incident of unconstitutional actions can be enough to establish

municipal liability. City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 823–24, 105 S.

Ct. 2427, 2436 (1985). But the plaintiff must show that a final policymaker

(1) ratified unconstitutional conduct, or (2) delegated policymaking authority to a

subordinate such that the subordinate’s discretionary decisions are not constrained

or subject to further review. See Hoefling v. City of Miami, 811 F.3d 1271, 1279–

80 (11th Cir. 2016) (ratification); Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 792–94 (11th Cir.

1989) (delegation). A private entity like Corizon Health can be subject to liability

under § 1983 when it “performs a function traditionally within the exclusive

prerogative of the state.” Craig v. Floyd County, 643 F.3d 1306, 1310 (11th Cir.

2011) (quotation marks omitted). This includes contracting with the county to

provide medical services to people detained at the jail, because it becomes “the

functional equivalent of the municipality” under § 1983. Id. (quotation marks

omitted).

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      For this claim, Ms. Andrews argues that the denial of water, aspirin, and a

blanket, as a single incident, are enough to establish municipal liability against

Sheriff Marceno and Corizon Health for deliberate indifference. However, Ms.

Andrews’s assertion of municipal liability is conclusory, insofar as she fails to

explain how the actions she complains of were ratified or delegated by a final

policymaker.

      For starters, Ms. Andrews has not articulated any policy or custom she

believes Sheriff Marceno or Corizon Health ratified. Nor has she provided any

evidence in support of Sheriff Marceno’s liability, which she must at the summary

judgment stage. See Hoefling, 811 F.3d at 1280 (noting that a plaintiff must

“identify (and provide proof concerning) a single final policymaker in order to

survive summary judgment”). Because she has not provided any such evidence,

her claim against Sheriff Marceno in his official capacity fails as a matter of law.

See, e.g., Leigh v. Warner Bros., Inc., 212 F.3d 1210, 1217 (11th Cir. 2000)

(noting that conclusory assertions are insufficient to withstand summary

judgment); Sammons v. Taylor, 967 F.2d 1533, 1544–45 & n.5 (11th Cir. 1992)

(same).

      As to Corizon Health, Ms. Andrews has also failed to produce evidence

showing municipal liability. Ms. Andrews relies on news articles detailing

Corizon Health’s poor performance in prisons and jails generally. These news

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articles, however, do not withstand summary judgment. Most glaringly, they do

not address the kinds of injuries Ms. Andrews says she experienced. While the

articles indicate that Corizon Health engaged in cost cutting, Ms. Andrews asserts

that the poor medical treatment she received was in response to her refusal to

provide her name to medical staff, a predicament unrelated to the cost of services

referenced in the articles. Thus, as with her claim against Sheriff Marceno, Ms.

Andrews has failed to provide any evidence to establish municipal liability against

Corizon Health.7 See Leigh, 212 F.3d at 1217 (11th Cir. 2000); Sammons, 967

F.2d at 1544–45 & n.5.

       Therefore, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Sheriff Marceno and

Corizon Health on the deliberate indifference claim.

       7
         Relevant to Ms. Andrews’s deliberate indifference claim are her underlying conditions,
which are disputed by the parties. Ms. Andrews submitted an expert report that explains that
Andrews has had episodes of loss of consciousness and headaches since early childhood. To
manage her condition, she was instructed to stay hydrated, take aspirin as an anticoagulant
because she may be at risk for blood clotting, and avoid extreme temperatures. Ms. Andrews
and the expert report both refer to the condition as her having “thick blood.” She argues these
conditions made it important for her to have water, aspirin, and a blanket at the jail.
        Corizon Health’s expert reviewed Ms. Andrews’s medical records and opined that
Andrews has various psychiatric disorders, including “Somatic Symptom Disorder,” “Histrionic
Personality Disorder,” and “Psychotic Disorder,” and that she does not have a condition known
as “thick blood.”
       Even accepting that Ms. Andrews has the medical conditions she asserts, she does not
survive summary judgment on her deliberate indifference claim because she does not provide
any evidence showing a policy or practice behind her injuries.

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   E. The Breach of Contract Claim Against Corizon Health

      Finally, Ms. Andrews argues she was a third-party beneficiary to the

contract between Lee County and Corizon Health, and that the medical treatment

she received breached that contract.

      To succeed as a third-party beneficiary on a breach of contract claim under

Florida law, the plaintiff must prove “(1) existence of a contract; (2) the clear or

manifest intent of the contracting parties that the contract primarily and directly

benefit the third party; (3) breach of the contract by a contracting party; and

(4) damages to the third party resulting from the breach.” Gables Ins. Recovery,

Inc. v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 813 F.3d 1333, 1338 (11th Cir.

2015) (per curiam) (quoting Found. Health v. Westside EKG Assocs., 944 So. 2d

188, 195 (Fla. 2006)).

      Ms. Andrews argues that she was an intended third-party beneficiary of the

contract between Lee County and Corizon Health. The express language of the

contract, however, says otherwise. The contract states:

             [Corizon Health and Lee County] agree that they have not
             entered into this [contract] for the benefit of any third
             person or persons, and it is their express intention that the
             [contract] is intended to be for their respective benefit only
             and not for the benefit of others who might otherwise be
             deemed to constitute third-party beneficiaries hereof.

      The contract’s terms indicate that Lee County and Corizon Health did not

intend for a third party like Ms. Andrews to benefit from their agreement.
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           USCA11 Case: 19-12293           Date Filed: 02/03/2021    Page: 21 of 23

Moreover, Corizon Health provided an affidavit in support of this interpretation,

explaining that the parties did not intend to include non-parties to the agreement as

third-party beneficiaries. Ms. Andrews has not provided any evidence rebutting

this affidavit.8 And because Ms. Andrews is not a third-party beneficiary to the

contract, no triable issue remains on the breach of contract claim.

       Therefore, we affirm the grant of summary judgment to Corizon Health.

                                       *        *     *

       We affirm the grant of summary judgment to Defendants on all claims.

       AFFIRMED.

       8
         Contrary to Ms. Andrews’s assertions, nothing in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
prevents Corizon Health from providing an affidavit that is self-serving. See United States v.
Stein, 881 F.3d 853, 856 (11th Cir. 2018) (en banc).
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         USCA11 Case: 19-12293       Date Filed: 02/03/2021    Page: 22 of 23

NEWSOM, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment:

      The main opinion concludes that arguable probable cause existed for

Andrews’s arrest. See Maj. Op. at 7–11. I agree. If it were up to me, though, I

would rest the decision on the ground that the officers had arguable probable cause

to arrest Andrews not for petit theft, but for a different offense—resisting an

officer without violence under Florida law.

      Arguable probable cause exists where “reasonable officers in the same

circumstances and possessing the same knowledge as the [officer] could have

believed that probable cause existed to arrest.” Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d

1130, 1137 (11th Cir. 2007) (emphasis in original) (quotation marks omitted).

This inquiry “naturally depends on the elements of the alleged crime.” Id. Under

Florida law, the crime of resisting an officer without violence, see Fla. Stat.

§ 843.02, comprises two elements: “(1) the officer was engaged in the lawful

execution of a legal duty; and (2) the defendant’s action, by his words, conduct, or

a combination thereof, constituted obstruction or resistance of that lawful duty.”

C.E.L. v. State, 24 So. 3d 1181, 1185–86 (Fla. 2009).

      Both elements are satisfied here. As an initial matter, no one disputes that

Fla. Stat. §§ 316.217(1) and 316.220(1) authorized Deputy Marshall to pull

O’Bryant over for driving a vehicle with a broken headlight. Moreover, the

Supreme Court has made clear that police officers may order not only drivers but

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          USCA11 Case: 19-12293     Date Filed: 02/03/2021    Page: 23 of 23

also passengers out of the vehicle during a traffic stop. Maryland v. Wilson, 519

U.S. 408, 415 (1997). Deputy Marshall was therefore engaged in the lawful

execution of a legal duty when he asked Andrews to exit the vehicle. Further,

according to Andrews’s own testimony, she refused multiple requests to exit the

vehicle, which constitutes obstruction of or resistance to a lawful duty. See Rodi v.

Rambosk, No. 13-cv-00556, 2014 WL 1876218, at *5 (M.D. Fla. May 9, 2014);

Billips v. State, 777 So. 2d 1094, 1095 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001); State v. Mahoy,

575 So. 2d 779, 781 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1991).

      A reasonable officer surely could have believed that Andrews violated the

law by refusing multiple lawful requests to get out of the car. Accordingly, the

district court correctly concluded that arguable probable cause existed for

Andrews’s arrest and granted summary judgment on her false-arrest and retaliation

claims.

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