Court Opinion

ID: 4328065
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-05 21:00:28.030748+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:47:41.577519
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        NOV 5 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

STEVEN RUSSELL, individually and on             No.    16-56493
behalf of all others similarly situated and
DONNA CAFFEY,                                   D.C. No.
                                                5:15-cv-01143-RGK-SP
                Plaintiffs-Appellees,

ANNE CARD,                                      MEMORANDUM*

                Objector-Appellant,

 v.

KOHL’S DEPARTMENT STORES, INC., a
Delaware Corporation and DOES, 1 through
100, inclusive,

                Defendants-Appellees.

SARAH MCDONALD,                                 No.    16-56650

                Objector-Appellant,             D.C. No.
                                                5:15-cv-01143-RGK-SP

BARBARA COCHRAN; et al.,

                Objectors,

      *
        This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
 v.

STEVEN RUSSELL, an individual;
DONNA CAFFEY,

                Plaintiffs-Appellees,

and

KOHL’S DEPARTMENT STORES, INC., a
Delaware Corporation,

                Defendant-Appellee,

and

DOES, 1-100, inclusive,

                Defendant.

STEVEN RUSSELL, individually and on           No.   16-56696
behalf of all others similarly situated and
DONNA CAFFEY,                                 D.C. No.
                                              5:15-cv-01143-RGK-SP
                Plaintiffs-Appellees,

BOBBI CECIO,

                Objector-Appellant,

 v.

KOHL’S DEPARTMENT STORES, INC., a
Delaware Corporation and DOES, 1 through
100, inclusive,

                                          2
                Defendants-Appellees.

STEVEN RUSSELL, individually and on             No.   16-56764
behalf of all others similarly situated and
DONNA CAFFEY,                                   D.C. No.
                                                5:15-cv-01143-RGK-SP
                Plaintiffs-Appellees,

BARBARA S. COCHRAN,

                Objector-Appellant,

 v.

KOHL’S DEPARTMENT STORES, INC., a
Delaware Corporation and DOES, 1 through
100, inclusive,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted May 17, 2018
                            San Francisco, California

Before: N.R. SMITH and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and LYNN,** Chief
District Judge.

      When the parties settled this class action regarding alleged false advertising

by Kohl’s Department Stores, several objectors raised concerns about the

      **
        The Honorable Barbara M. G. Lynn, Chief United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.

                                          3
settlement—challenging Plaintiffs’ Article III standing, the notice to class

members, the overall fairness of the settlement, and the award of attorney’s fees to

class counsel. The district court overruled the objections and approved the

settlement and attorney’s fees, and four objectors appealed. We conclude that

Plaintiffs had Article III standing and that the district court properly approved the

class notice and settlement. But we vacate the award of attorney’s fees and remand

for the district court to consider objections to the fee award and provide a renewed

opportunity for Objector Cecio to raise such objections.

      As a threshold matter, Plaintiffs had Article III standing to bring and to settle

their claims. Plaintiffs had standing to pursue restitution for misleading

promotions. See Maya v. Centex Corp., 658 F.3d 1060, 1069 (9th Cir. 2011). And

because they declared that they would purchase products from Kohl’s again if the

store changed its pricing practices, Plaintiffs also had standing to seek injunctive

relief. See Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 889 F.3d 956, 969-70 (9th Cir.

2018).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Plaintiffs

were typical members of the settlement class they sought to certify under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3). Only one named plaintiff must be a typical class

member to satisfy the requirements for class certification. See Rodriguez v. W.

Publ’g Corp., 563 F.3d 948, 961 (9th Cir. 2009). In moving for class certification

                                          4
for the purposes of settlement, Plaintiffs submitted evidence that Russell was a

typical member of the class that would receive gift cards because he had made

several purchases at Kohl’s that would place him in the class. And it appears that

Caffey was probably a member of the class as well, even though she may have

received refunds for some of her purchases.

      Notice of the settlement to the settlement class was adequate even though it

did not include an estimate of the amount that each claimant would receive and

even though Objector Bobbi Cecio says she did not receive notice. We have

explained that “the aggregate amount of the proposed settlement and the formula

for computing recoveries [is] all that [is] required” to be included in the notice

because class members’ potential recovery is “a matter of conjecture since it [is]

unknown [when notice is distributed] how many class members w[ill] opt out or

submit claims.” Torrisi v. Tucson Elec. Power Co., 8 F.3d 1370, 1374 (9th Cir.

1993) (quoting Marshall v. Holiday Magic, Inc., 550 F.2d 1173, 1177-78 (9th Cir.

1977)). The notice in this case included the required information. Although Cecio

asserts that she did not receive notice of the settlement and should have, she does

not identify any deficiency in the plan for notice approved by the district court.

Merely asserting a failure to receive notice is not sufficient to show that the notice

plan was inadequate in this case because Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(c)

requires the best notice practicable under the circumstances, not actual notice to

                                           5
every class member.1 See Silber v. Mabon, 18 F.3d 1449, 1454 (9th Cir. 1994).

      The district court did not err in holding that this was not a coupon

settlement. Several Objectors asserted that the district court should have treated

the settlement in this case as a “coupon settlement” under the Class Action

Fairness Act (“CAFA”). But the gift cards in this settlement were similar to gift

cards we held were not coupons under CAFA in In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust

Litigation, 779 F.3d 934 (9th Cir. 2015), whose factors we re-emphasized in

Romero v. Provide Commerce, No. 16-56307. The gift cards in this case were

transferrable, stackable, usable with other Kohl’s promotions, and large enough to

allow class members to buy more than 1750 items from Kohl’s without spending

their own money. All of these considerations weigh in favor of treating the gift

cards as a non-coupon settlement in this case. See id. at 951-52.

      And the district court did not abuse its discretion in deciding that the overall

settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate. See Fed R. Civ. P. 23(e). We have

explained that district courts deciding whether a settlement submitted for approval

is fair, reasonable, and adequate should discuss their application of several factors:

      1
         It is concerning that the briefs and record do not reflect any investigation
by class counsel into why Cecio did not receive notice and whether her apparent
lack of notice was indicative of a broader problem with notice in this case. But we
do not see other indications that the distribution of notice was deficient. And the
district court was in the best position in this case to consider whether Cecio’s
objection that she did not receive notice was symptomatic of a larger problem.

                                          6
      [T]he strength of the plaintiffs’ case; the risk, expense, complexity, and
      likely duration of further litigation; the risk of maintaining class action
      status throughout the trial; the amount offered in settlement; the extent
      of discovery completed and the stage of the proceedings; the experience
      and views of counsel; the presence of a governmental participant; and
      the reaction of the class members to the proposed settlement.

Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998). The district court

does not need to include a detailed analysis of the factors in the final judgment if it

discusses them elsewhere in the record. See In re Online DVD, 779 F.3d at 948.

In its preliminary approval order and at the hearing on final settlement approval,

the district court properly considered the Hanlon factors in deciding that the

settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate.2

      We have identified indicia of collusion among named plaintiffs, class

counsel, and defendants that district courts should consider in assessing

settlements. See In re Bluetooth Headset Prods. Liab. Litig. (In re Bluetooth), 654
F.3d 935, 947 (9th Cir. 2011). Although the settlement here contained a “clear

sailing” provision under which Kohl’s agreed not to challenge a request for

attorney’s fees up to a certain amount, see id. at 940 n.6, the provision raises fewer

      2
        Objector Cecio raises several specific concerns about the substance of the
settlement, but none are sufficient to show that the district court abused its
discretion. Although analysis of a settlement may involve consideration of similar
settlements in other cases, the relative settlement distribution among class
members, and the sufficiency of discovery conducted before settlement, these
considerations do not compel a conclusion that the district court abused its
discretion here.

                                           7
concerns about collusion than the one at issue in In re Bluetooth because class

counsel’s fees here would come from a common fund. Compare id. at 947. And

the remaining indicia of collusion that In re Bluetooth identified do not appear to

be present in this case. Class counsel sought the benchmark percentage of the total

monetary recovery. And the fees not awarded to counsel in this case would not

revert to Kohl’s.

      Although notice of the settlement was sufficient and the district court did not

abuse its discretion in concluding that the settlement was fair, reasonable, and

adequate, the class received an insufficient opportunity to examine and oppose

class counsel’s fee motion as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(h).

Under In re Mercury Interactive Corporation Securities Litigation, 618 F.3d 988

(9th Cir. 2010), class counsel needed to file the motion for attorney’s fees before

the deadline for objections, to provide an opportunity for class members to object

to the fee request. Id. at 993; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h)(2). Counsel did not do

so in this case. The district court invited Objector Sarah McDonald and Plaintiffs

to file supplemental briefs with respect to the reasonableness of the fees request.

But this supplemental opportunity for an existing objector to file additional

briefing did not bring the proceeding into compliance with In re Mercury. See

Allen v. Bedolla, 787 F.3d 1218, 1226 (9th Cir. 2015) (“Upon remand, the district

court must give the entire class—and not just the Objectors-Appellants here—the

                                          8
opportunity to review class counsel’s completed fee motion and to submit

objections if they so choose.”).

      Under the circumstances of this case, however, and particularly given the

comprehensive objections that Cecio filed in the briefing on appeal, the In re

Mercury error is harmless so long as Cecio’s objections are addressed on remand.

Cecio identified new, substantial objections to the fees request on appeal, several

of which raise serious concerns about the fee awarded here. Plaintiffs did not

respond to many of Cecio’s objections on appeal, and because McDonald’s

objections in the district court did not encompass all of Cecio’s objections, the

district court did not address them either. Because those objections are

comprehensive enough that they seem to encompass any objection absent class

members may have made if they had received the notice required by In re

Mercury, we conclude that the In re Mercury error is harmless so long as the

district court provides a renewed opportunity for Cecio to raise objections on

remand. We therefore vacate the district court’s order awarding attorney’s fees

and remand for consideration of Cecio’s objections to the fee award.

      The district court’s approval of the settlement can otherwise stand, however,

because vacating the award of attorney’s fees will not render the overall settlement

unfair, unreasonable, or inadequate. The settlement agreement in this case

specifically separated the approval of fees from the rest of the settlement. And the

                                          9
district court originally awarded the maximum available fees under the settlement

agreement. Any fees not awarded to counsel on remand will go to the class, so the

remand in this case can only benefit the class.3 See, e.g., In re Mercury, 618 F.3d

at 995 (reversing approval of attorney’s fees award but otherwise affirming

approval of a settlement where fees would come out of a common fund that also

provided monetary relief to class members); Rodriguez, 563 F.3d at 968-69 (same).

We therefore affirm the district court’s approval of the settlement while remanding

for further proceedings on attorney’s fees.

      AFFIRMED in part, VACATED in part, and REMANDED. The parties

shall bear their own costs on appeal.

      3
         If the district court enters a smaller fee award on remand, it is possible that
class members may receive gift cards worth more than $10, which will then not be
exchangeable for cash under California Civil Code § 1749.5(b)(2). But given how
flexible these gift cards are and given that Kohl’s sells a very large number of
items for less than the value of the approximately $10 gift card, our determination
that this was not a coupon settlement under CAFA does not depend on the
availability of a cash alternative. And class members could not have relied on the
availability of an opportunity to exchange the gift cards for cash when deciding
whether to opt out or object, because it was not known at the time those decisions
were made how many class members would submit claims, and thus it was not
known whether the value of the gift cards awarded would be more or less than $10.

                                          10