Court Opinion

ID: 4203864
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-15 16:01:48.545277+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:05.481169
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 JAKKS PACIFIC, INC.,

         Plaintiff,
                 v.                                    Miscellaneous Action No. 16-1977 (JDB)
 ACCASVEK, LLC,

         Defendant.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Before the Court are several motions, none of which can be addressed until the Court

resolves a preliminary issue: whether it has subject-matter jurisdiction. The plaintiff, Jakks

Pacific, Inc., obtained a default judgment against Accasvek, LLC, in the Central District of

California, which it then registered in this District. Jakks now invokes this Court’s jurisdiction to

compel discovery in aid of enforcing that judgment. A non-party witness, Matthew Cunningham,

and another interested non-party, Fortress Credit Co., LLC, assert that the default judgment is void

because the Central District of California lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. This Court only has

subject-matter jurisdiction to enforce that judgment insofar as the default judgment is itself valid.

After conducting a hearing and requiring declarations from the appearing parties and non-parties,

the Court agrees that the Central District of California lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. The

default judgment is therefore void, and thus this Court has no authority to enforce it. This Court

will therefore vacate the default judgment and dismiss the case filed in this District.

                                         BACKGROUND

                                                  1
         Jakks filed a complaint against Accasvek in the Central District of California on March 15,

2016, asserting that Accasvek breached a contract with Jakks. See Compl., 16-cv-1432-R-AGR

(C.D. Ca.), Dkt. No. 8. 1 Jakks alleged that the court had diversity jurisdiction, but did not plead

any facts regarding the citizenship of the members of the defendant Limited Liability Company

(LLC). Id. ¶¶ 2, 3. Instead, Jakks pleaded facts that would support diversity jurisdiction if both

parties were corporations: namely, that Jakks is incorporated in Delaware and has its principal

place of business in California, and that Accasvek is “a Texas limited liability company, with its

principal place of business in Longview, Texas.” Id. ¶¶ 1–2. In June 2016, after Accasvek failed

to enter an appearance or respond to the complaint, the court granted Jakks a default judgment and

awarded it $678,867.88. Order, June 23, 2016, 16-cv-1432-R-AGR (C.D. Ca.), Dkt. No. 29;

Judgment, Aug. 8, 2016, 16-cv-1432-R-AGR (C.D. Ca.), Dkt. No. 32. In its written opinion, the

court did not analyze jurisdiction or make any findings regarding jurisdiction or the citizenship of

the parties.

         On September 20, 2016, Jakks registered that judgment in this Court. Registration of a

Foreign Judgment, Sept. 20, 2016 [ECF No. 1]. Jakks now seeks to discover assets that it believes

Accasvek acquired in a different litigation proceeding, and then hid to avoid satisfying this

judgment by transferring them to another entity, Fortress. Jakks has filed a motion to compel

Matthew Cunningham, a former COO and CFO of Accasvek, to produce a contract between

Fortress and either Accasvek or its parent company, Medici Portfolio, LLC, that allegedly concerns

transferring those assets. See Pl.’s Mot. to Compel [ECF No. 12]; Cunningham Opp’n [ECF No.

         1
           References to the docket in this format refer to the docket in the Central District of California. References
to the docket in the format of [ECF No. 1] refer to docket entries in this matter in the U.S. District Court for the District
of Columbia.

                                                             2
17] at 2. Both Cunningham and Fortress oppose Jakks’s motion. See Cunningham Opp’n;

Fortress’s Notice of Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction [ECF No. 14] (“Fortress’s Notice”).

       Fortress filed with this Court a “Notice of Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction and

Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel” pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(h)(3).

See Fortress’s Notice at 1–2. Rule 12(h)(3) states that “[i]f the court determines at any time that

it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.” Fortress argues that Jakks

did not plead any facts in the Central District of California that would give that court diversity

jurisdiction, because the citizenship of an LLC is determined by the citizenship of its members,

but Jakks did not plead any facts regarding Accasvek’s members. Fortress’s Notice at 1–2.

Fortress also contends, in the alternative, that if the default judgment is not void, the motion to

compel should be denied for various other reasons. Id. at 4. Cunningham opposes the motion to

compel and adopts Fortress’s arguments to that end. Cunningham’s Opp’n at 2.

       Jakks, in turn, responds that the default judgment cannot be “reopened” through this

collateral attack, and that Fortress lacks standing to raise its arguments. See Pl.’s Reply [ECF No.

18] at 1–3 & n.1–2. Jakks further contends that Cunningham and Fortress have the burden of

showing that the parties were actually non-diverse, i.e., by producing evidence that a member of

Accasvek is a citizen of California or Delaware. Id. at 2. Because they have not produced any

such evidence, Jakks argues, this Court must presume that the default judgment is valid and

enforceable.

       Also before the Court are two other motions. Jakks has filed a motion to strike Fortress’s

reply in support of its initial motion. Pl.’s Mot. to Strike [ECF No. 23]. Jakks has also filed a

                                                 3
motion for sanctions against another non-party witness, Michael Connelly. See Pl.’s Mot. for

Sanctions [ECF No. 13]. 2

        On September 6, 2017, the Court held a hearing with Jakks, Cunningham, and Fortress

regarding whether this Court has jurisdiction to enforce the foreign judgment. 3 The parties

reiterated and expanded upon the legal arguments presented in their briefs. In addition, Jakks

proffered that it believes none of the members of Accasvek are (or were at the time the complaint

was filed in the Central District of California) citizens of Delaware or California for the purpose

of diversity jurisdiction. Thus, Jakks argued, the Central District of California actually had

subject-matter jurisdiction regardless of any pleading defect. Fortress, on the other hand, proffered

that at least at least one member of an LLC that is a member of Accasvek is or was a citizen of

California or Delaware, and thus the Central District of California actually lacked jurisdiction.

The Court ordered Jakks, Cunningham, and Fortress to each submit a sworn declaration or affidavit

providing any knowledge each respectively has regarding whether Accasvek’s members are or

were citizens of California or Delaware for the purposes of diversity jurisdiction—and if

Accasvek’s members are or were LLCs, whether the members of those LLCs are or were citizens

of California or Delaware. See Order, Sept. 6, 2017 [ECF No. 26].

        In response to the Court’s order, Fortress submitted a declaration from Michele Moreland,

an asset manager employed by “an affiliate of Fortress.” See Moreland Decl. [ECF No. 27] ¶ 1.

        2
           It appears that Connelly was CEO of both Accasvek and Medici. See Cunningham’s Opp’n at 2. On
February 26, 2017, Jakks subpoenaed Connelly for a deposition and production of documents. Pl.’s Mot. for Sanctions
at 1–2. He failed to appear, and was ultimately held in contempt and ordered to pay attorney’s fees and costs.
Contempt Order, Apr. 19, 2017 [ECF No. 11]. Jakks asserts that it has made repeated attempts to contact Connelly
and has had some communication with him, but that he has since stopped responding and has yet to produce the
relevant documents or appear for a deposition. Pl.’s Mot. for Sanctions at 2–3. Jakks therefore requests that the
Court enter an order “confining Connelly as a recalcitrant witness under 28 U.S.C. § 1826” until he produces the
documents and appears for a deposition, and award Jakks additional attorney’s fees and costs in the amount of
$25,237.52. Id. at 4.
         3
           Accasvek has not filed any documents in this matter, nor has any attorney entered an appearance on its
behalf. It did not participate in the hearing.

                                                        4
Moreland attests that The Medici Portfolio, LLC, is a member of Accasvek; that the members of

Medici include CF DB EZ LLC; that the members of CF DB EZ include CF EZ LLC and

Drawbridge Special Opportunities Fund LP; and (at long last) that the members of CF EZ include

“at least one natural person who is a citizen of California” and that “Drawbridge has over five

hundred limited partners, and those limited partners include both natural persons and legal entities

that are citizens of California.” Id. ¶¶ 2–5. Cunningham submitted a declaration stating that

Medici was the sole member of Accasvek at the time the complaint was filed; that Michael

Connelly, Cunningham, and CF DB EZ LLC were the sole members of Medici at the time; that

Connelly was a citizen of Maryland; and that he has no knowledge of the members of CF DB EZ

LLC. Cunningham Decl. [ECF No. 28-1] ¶¶ 3–6.

       Jakks submitted a supplemental memoranda stating that it has no knowledge of the

members of Accasvek and their citizenship, and reiterating the legal arguments that it previously

raised. See Jakks’ Supp. Mem. [ECF No. 29] at 1–3. It also argues that the Court should not

consider Fortress’s affidavit because it only references the current members of Accasvek and of

Medici, not the members at the time that the complaint was filed, because it does not actually

identify the natural persons or legal entities that are citizens of California, and because Moreland’s

knowledge of those persons’ and entitles’ citizenship must be hearsay. Id.

       Based on the parties briefing, the hearing held on September 6, and the parties’ post-

hearing submissions, the Court concludes that the Central District of California did not have an

“arguable basis” for subject-matter jurisdiction and therefore the default judgment is void. The

Court therefore will vacate the default judgment in the Central District of California and dismiss

the case in this Court.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                                  5
          “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of

America, 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). A court has an independent obligation to assure itself of its

subject-matter jurisdiction, and “[t]he objection that a federal court lacks subject-matter

jurisdiction, may be raised by a party, or by a court on its own initiative, at any stage in the

litigation, even after trial and the entry of judgment.” Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 506

(2006) (internal citation omitted); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3) (“If the court determines at any

time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.”).

          A federal court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 “only if diversity of

citizenship among the parties is complete, i.e., only if there is no plaintiff and no defendant who

are citizens of the same State.” Wisconsin Dept. of Corrections v. Schacht, 524 U.S. 381, 388

(1998) (emphasis omitted).        For the purposes of diversity jurisdiction, “[u]nincorporated

associations, including LLCs, have the citizenship of each of their members.” CostCommand,

LLC v. WH Adm’rs., Inc., 820 F.3d 19, 21 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (citing Americold Realty Trust v.

Conagra Foods, Inc., 136 S. Ct. 1012, 1015 (2016)); see also Johnson v. Columbia Props.

Anchorage LP, 437 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 2006) (“[A]n LLC is a citizen of every state of which

its owners/members are citizens.”). The citizenship of the members of an LLC is traced all the

way through—that is, when a member of an LLC is itself an LLC, the citizenship of the members

of that LLC are relevant for diversity purposes, and so on. See Bayerische Landesbank v. Aladdin

Capital Management, LLC, 692 F.3d 42, 49 (2d Cir. 2012). This is distinct from a corporation,

which has the citizenship of the State in which it is registered and the State in which it has its

principal place of business. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1); Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 130 S. Ct. 1181, 1192

(2012).

                                                  6
        Generally, the burden of demonstrating jurisdiction “rests upon the party asserting

jurisdiction.” Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1) (the plaintiff must

include in the complaint “a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction”).

However, “[w]hen diversity jurisdiction is not property alleged,” typically courts “allow a plaintiff

to amend his complaint to cure the deficiency or to supplement his brief to provide clarification.”

McCready v. eBay, Inc., 453 F.3d 882, 891 (7th Cir. 2006). Courts may also look to materials

outside of the pleadings, and may make factual findings, as necessary to determine jurisdiction.

See St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Univ. Builders Supply, 409 F.3d 73, 82 (2d Cir. 2005).

        The standard method for challenging subject-matter jurisdiction after judgment is a motion

for relief under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4). That Rule states: “On a motion and just

terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment, order, or

proceeding for the following reasons: . . . (4) the judgment is void.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(4). As

the Supreme Court has explained, while ordinarily final judgments may only be attacked on appeal,

“Rule 60(b), however, provides an ‘exception to finality,’ that ‘allows a party to seek relief from

a final judgment, and request reopening of his case, under a limited set of circumstances.’

Specifically, Rule 60(b)(4) . . . authorizes the court to relieve a party from a final judgment if the

judgment is void.” United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa, 559 U.S. 260, 269–70 (2010)

(some internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 534 (2005)).

        Here, although Fortress and Cunningham have not styled their filings as motions under

Rule 60(b)(4), that is in essence the relief that they seek. See Cunningham’s Opp’n at 5 (requesting

that the Court “dismiss Jakks’ lawsuit and deny the motion to compel as moot” because the Central

District of California lacked subject-matter jurisdiction); Fortress’s Notice at 4 (similar); Fortress’s

Response to Pl.’s Motion to Strike [ECF No. 24] at 1–2 (characterizing Fortress’s Notice as a

                                                   7
motion for relief). Thus, the Court will look to the body of law discussing how a court where a

foreign judgment is registered (“the registering court”) should analyze a challenge to the

jurisdiction of the court that rendered the judgment (“the rendering court”). But because the Court

has an independent obligation to ensure jurisdiction, 4 the exact method of informing the court of

a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction—whether through motion under Rule 60(b)(4) or a

notification under Rule 12(h)(3)—is not pertinent.

         The judgment from the Central District of California was registered in this Court pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 1963. That statute states:

         A judgment in an action for the recovery of money or property entered in any . . .
         district court . . . may be registered . . . in any other district . . . . A judgment so
         registered shall have the same effect as a judgment of the district court of the district
         where registered and may be enforced in like manner.

Id. The First, Second, Third, Fifth, Ninth, and Tenth circuits have held or stated in dicta that a

registering court can entertain a Rule 60(b)(4) motion challenging a judgment from the rendering

court to the same extent that the registering court would consider a motion to vacate its own

judgment. See Indian Head Nat’l Bank of Nashua v. Brunelle, 689 F.2d 245, 250–51 (1st Cir.

1982) (stating in dicta that a registering court could consider the claim that the rendering court

lacked personal jurisdiction); Covington Indus., Inc. v. Resintex A.G., 629 F.2d 730, 732 (2d Cir.

1980) (holding that the registering court could consider whether the rendering court lacked

personal jurisdiction); Budget Blinds, Inc. v. White, 536 F.3d 244, 258–259 (3d Cir. 2008) (same);

Harper Macleod Solicitors v. Keaty & Keaty, 260 F.3d 389, 391 (5th Cir. 2001) (same); FDIC v.

Aaronian, 93 F.3d 636, 639 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding that the registering court could consider

         4
             It is because of this same principle that Jakks’s argument that Fortress lacks “standing” to challenge the
default judgment is inapposite. A court has an independent obligation to confirm that it has subject-matter jurisdiction;
it is irrelevant whether a party or a non-party first alerts the court to potential jurisdictional defects. See Arbaugh, 526
U.S. at 583.

                                                             8
whether the rendering court’s judgment was void for due process violation); Morris ex rel. Rector

v. Peterson, 759 F.2d 809, 811 (10th Cir. 1985) (holding that the registering court could grant relief

when the rendering court lacked personal jurisdiction).

       The only circuit court to disagree is the Seventh, which has held that if the registering court

finds the judgment of the rendering court void for lack of jurisdiction, then the registering court

must disregard it but not formally vacate it. See Bd. of Trustees v. Elite Erectors, Inc., 212 F.3d

1031, 1034 (7th Cir. 2000). The Seventh Circuit explained that if a registering court vacates the

judgment of the rendering court, that could cause conflicting decisions if the same judgment is

registered in multiple districts, and some districts vacate the judgment while others do not. Id.

       All of these courts, however, have counseled that a registering court should be hesitant to

entertain 60(b) motions challenging a judgment from a rendering court. See, e.g., Budget Blinds,

Inc., 536 F.3d at 251–52. Indeed, several courts have gone so far as to hold that other 60(b)

motions besides 60(b)(4) must be heard in the rendering court. See, e.g., Indian Head Nat’l Bank,

689 F.2d at 249, 251–52; cf. First Beverages, Inc. v. Royal Crown Cola Co., 612 F.2d 1164, 1172

(9th Cir. 1980) (stating that 60(b) “motions must be directed in the first instance to the district

court” as opposed to the appeals court because district courts “ha[ve] heard all of the evidence in

a case”). This general hesitancy to consider challenges to the judgment of the rendering court is

based on concerns of judicial comity and deference, judicial efficiency (the rendering court is

likely to be more familiar with the case), and a desire for consistent enforcement (there could be

conflicting rulings if a judgment is registered in multiple districts). See Budget Blinds, Inc., 536

F.3d at 252–54; Indian Head Nat’l Bank, 689 F.2d at 248; Bd. of Trustees, 212 F.3d at 1035;

Covington Indus., 629 F.2d at 733; First Beverages, 612 F.2d at 1172. Moreover, in instances

where the rendering court actually decided the issue that is later raised on a 60(b) motion, the

                                                  9
registering court is likely to be bound by the law of the case or issue preclusion, and the parties

might be estopped from raising certain arguments. See Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Republic of

Bolivia, 811 F.2d 1543, 1547 (D.C. Cir. 1987); On Track Transp., Inc. v. Lakeside Warehouse &

Trucking Inc., 245 F.R.D. 213, 221 (E.D. Pa. 2007). Not all of these concerns, however, apply in

all instances—for example, where the rendering court issued a default judgment, there may be no

reason to assume that the rendering court is more familiar with the case than the registering court.

See On Track Transp., Inc., 245 F.R.D. at 221, 222–23.

       However, all of these courts considered challenges to the rendering court’s judgment based

on lack of personal jurisdiction or procedural due process, not based on lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction. The only case that the Court is aware of regarding how a registering court should

consider a claim that the rendering court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction is On Track

Transportation Inc. v. Lakeside Warehouse & Trucking Inc., 245 F.R.D. 213 (E.D. Pa. 2007). In

a comprehensive and well-reasoned opinion, that court adopted the view of the majority of circuit

courts and determined that “[i]n spite of the[] differences” between subject-matter jurisdiction and

personal jurisdiction, “the power of the registering court to entertain Rule 60(b)(4) challenges

should be the same, whether the rendering court’s judgment is allegedly void because of a lack of

subject matter or personal jurisdiction.” Id. at 222. This Court is persuaded by the reasoning of

On Track Transportation, and the numerous circuit courts that decision follows, and will therefore

consider Fortress’s and Cunningham’s challenge to the rendering court’s judgment as if it were

analyzing a challenge to its own judgment.

       Jakks argues that although the pleading does not contain any relevant facts about

Accasvek’s citizenship, the judgment is not void, relying on United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v.

Espinosa, 559 U.S. 260 (2010). In Espinosa, the Supreme Court stated that courts have generally

                                                10
found that relief is only appropriate under a Rule 60(b)(4) motion in “the exceptional case in which

the court that rendered the judgment lacked even an arguable basis for jurisdiction.” Id. at 271

(internal quotation marks omitted) (citing United States v. Boch Oldsmobile, Inc., 909 F.2d 657,

661–62 (1st Cir. 1990) (“[T]otal want of jurisdiction must be distinguished from an error in the

exercise of jurisdiction, and . . . only rare instances of a clear usurpation of power will render a

judgment void” (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted)). Jakks contends that the

“arguable basis” for jurisdiction in the Central District of California is the judgment itself: a

judgment is presumptively valid and therefore this Court should look to the existence of a final

judgment, rather than to the pleadings in the rendering court, to find the “arguable basis” for

jurisdiction.

        But Espinosa did not speak to the issue at hand. The question here is whether there is an

“arguable basis” for jurisdiction—specifically, whether in the absence of any facts that support or

call into question diversity jurisdiction, this Court can assume that the rendering court had

jurisdiction. The Espinosa court itself explained that “[t]his case presents no occasion to engage

in such an ‘arguable basis’ inquiry or to define the precise circumstances in which a jurisdictional

error will render a judgment void,” because the alleged error at issue there was not jurisdictional.

Id. at 271. Thus, while Espinosa is controlling on the topic that it addresses—i.e., the rule that a

final judgment may only be vacated if the rendering court lacked even an arguable basis for

jurisdiction—it does not provide any insight into whether the existence of a default judgment from

the Central District of California provides that “arguable basis” for jurisdiction.

        Rather than immediately deciding whether a default judgment itself can provide the

“arguable basis” for subject-matter jurisdiction, this Court sought additional facts regarding

whether the parties were actually diverse. The Court ordered Jakks, Fortress, and Cunningham to

                                                 11
provide declarations supporting the assertions they proffered in court. Based on the submissions,

the Court now has factual allegations (from Fortress) that there are natural persons and legal

entities that are “members of members of a member of a member” of Accasvek and that are citizens

of California. See Moreland Decl. at 1–2. This declaration, however, does not provide the names

of such natural persons and legal entities, define the legal structure of those entities (e.g., LLC,

corporation, etc.), identify facts that establish the citizenship of those natural persons and entities

(e.g., residence for natural persons, or principal place of business and place of corporation for

corporations), or state whether the citizenship of those natural persons and legal entities was the

same at the time that the initial complaint was filed as it is now. The Court has no other facts

regarding diversity, because the facts contained in the complaint in the Central District of

California are not relevant to Accasvek’s citizenship (i.e., the complaint states Accasvek’s place

of incorporation and principal place of business, rather than the citizenship of Accasvek’s

members). Thus, based on the only information available to the Court, it appears that the Central

District of California lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, although that information is incomplete.

       Although Rule 60(b)(4) says “the court may relieve a party . . . from a final judgment,”

there is no discretion if the court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to enter the judgment. Bell

Helicopter Textron, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 734 F.3d 1175, 1180 (D.C. Cir. 2013); Fafel

v. Dipaola, 399 F.3d 403, 409–10 (1st Cir. 2005); see also Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller,

et al. 11 Federal Practice & Procedure, § 2826 (3d. ed., June 2017 Update). This is consistent with

the rule that “a void judgment is a legal nullity.” Espinosa, 559 U.S. at 270. Or as the D.C. Circuit

put it, “judgments in excess of subject-matter jurisdiction are not voidable, but simply void.” Bell

Helicopter, 734 F.3d at 1180 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)

                                                  12
         Additionally, there is reason to believe that a registering court is just as obligated to vacate

a judgment in excess of subject-matter jurisdiction as the rendering court would be—in other

words, that the mere presence of a default judgment does not itself provide an arguable basis to

assume subject-matter jurisdiction. As the Supreme Court has stated, “[a] defendant is always free

to ignore the judicial proceedings, risk a default judgment, and then challenge that judgment on

jurisdictional grounds in a collateral proceeding.” Ins. Corp. of Ireland, Ltd., v. Compagnie des

Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 706 (1982); see also Practical Concepts, Inc., 811 F.2d at 1547

(R. B. Ginsburg, J.) (“A defendant who knows of an action but believes the court lacks jurisdiction

over his person or over the subject matter . . . may refrain from appearing, thereby exposing himself

to the risk of a default judgment. When enforcement of the default judgment is attempted,

however, he may assert his jurisdictional objection.”).

         Given the available information, the Court must conclude that the Central District of

California lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. The only relevant facts available to the Court are the

ones that Fortress has put forth, indicating that the parties are in fact not diverse. So even if the

Court were to accept Jakks’s argument that the default judgment itself provides an “arguable basis”

for jurisdiction, Fortress has put forth facts undermining that “arguable basis.” Because the Court

has both an independent obligation to ensure jurisdiction and no discretion as to whether or not to

vacate a judgment entered in excess of subject-matter jurisdiction, the Court cannot ignore these

facts.

         Still, as Jakks notes, there are significant holes in the facts that Fortress presents. But this

does not, ultimately, help Jakks’s argument. If the Court discards Fortress’s declaration based on

these flaws, it is then back in the position it was in at the hearing: determining whether the default

judgment can itself provide an “arguable basis” for jurisdiction. The Court concludes that the

                                                   13
default judgment cannot itself provide an “arguable basis” for jurisdiction. Both the Supreme

Court and the D.C. Circuit have indicated that a litigant who “risk[s] a default judgment” by not

appearing can then “challenge that judgment on jurisdictional grounds in a collateral proceeding”

without, presumably, any heightened burden of persuasion. See Ins. Corp. of Ireland, Ltd., 456

U.S. at 706; Practical Concepts, Inc., 811 F.2d at 1547. In other words, if a defendant believes

that a court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, “he is given a right to ignore the proceeding at his

own risk but to suffer no detriment if his assessment proves correct.” Restatement (Second) of

Judgments § 65 cmt. b (1982) (emphasis added). If a default judgment could itself supply an

“arguable basis” of jurisdiction, then a litigant would suffer substantial detriment should he attempt

to challenge that default judgment in later collateral proceedings. Jakks’s interpretation of

Espinosa is therefore inconsistent with Insurance Corp. of Ireland, and does not have any other

support in precedent of which this Court is aware. This Court, then, must look to the pleadings

and the record to determine if the rendering court had jurisdiction. As explained above, there is

nothing in the pleadings or elsewhere in the record (whether in the Central District of California

or in the declarations submitted in this Court) that provides an “arguable basis” for the Central

District of California’s subject-matter jurisdiction. The default judgment is therefore void, and

this Court must vacate it. Because the rendering court’s judgment forms the basis of this Court’s

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1963, this Court also lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, and must

therefore deny all pending motions and dismiss the case in this district.

       The Court is aware that, given the flaws in Fortress’s declaration, Jakks might wish to

further pursue the factual question whether there is complete diversity between the parties.

Nothing in this decision prevents Jakks from seeking leave from the Central District of California

to amend its complaint and to conduct jurisdictional discovery to allow it to do so. Whether the

                                                 14
Central District of California would grant such a motion, and how proceedings would continue

from there, is beyond this Court’s power to predict.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the Court will vacate the default judgment entered by the

Central District of California, will deny Jakks’s motion to compel, motion for sanctions, and

motion to strike, and will dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

                                                                            /s/
                                                                     JOHN D. BATES
                                                                United States District Judge

Dated: September 15, 2017

                                                 15