Court Opinion

ID: 8206699
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-15 17:00:29.374325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:18.302581
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                            _______________________

                                    No. 21-2360
                              _______________________

                                STEVE BARTNICKI,
                                        Appellant

                                           v.

               SCRANTON SCHOOL DISTRICT; ALEXIS KIRIJAN
                         ______________________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                            District Court No. 3:18-cv-01725
                    District Judge: Honorable Malachy E. Mannion
                             __________________________

                     Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 September 9, 2022

             Before: JORDAN, HARDIMAN, and SMITH, Circuit Judges

                              (Filed: September 15, 2022)
                            __________________________

                                     OPINION *
                            __________________________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       Steve Bartnicki, a public school teacher employed by Scranton School District at

West Scranton High School, brought claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Pennsylvania

law against the School District and its then-superintendent, Alexis Kirijan. He claimed

that Kirijan violated the First Amendment and state tort law by retaliating against him—

in the classroom, on the soccer field, and even at his church—for his public criticism of

her “handling of school district matters.” A61.

       At the pleadings stage, the District Court concluded that Bartnicki failed to state

federal or state law claims with respect to Kirijan’s alleged intervention at Barnicki’s

church. And on Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, the District Court

determined that Bartnicki’s remaining theories—alleging that Kirijan prevented his

assignment to an honors class and his hiring as the assistant soccer coach—failed to raise

triable questions of material fact.

       Bartnicki now appeals. Because the District Court did not err in entering either

order, we will affirm. 1

1
  The District Court had federal question jurisdiction over Bartnicki’s First Amendment
retaliation claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and supplemental jurisdiction over his state law
claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291.

We apply de novo review to both the District Court’s dismissal order, Beasley v. Howard,
14 F.4th 226, 231 (3d Cir. 2021), and its entry of summary judgment, Panzarella v. Navient
Sols., Inc., 37 F.4th 867, 872 (3d Cir. 2022).

                                             2
                                               I

       First, we agree with the District Court that Bartnicki did not state a First

Amendment retaliation claim insofar as the claim was based on Kirijan’s comments to

Bartnicki’s priest. First Amendment claims require “state action,” so Bartnicki could not

have maintained a claim premised on official action unless Kirijan, in speaking with

Bartnicki’s priest, can “‘fairly be said’” to have “act[ed] in h[er] official capacity or while

exercising h[er] responsibilities pursuant to state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 49–

50 (1988) (quoting Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., Inc., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982)). Failing

that, Bartnicki could not have proceeded on his claim unless he plausibly alleged that

Kirijan “used authority derived from the state in causing the alleged harm.” Harvey v.

Plains Twp. Police Dept., 421 F.3d 185, 189 (3d Cir. 2005).

       At best, even after “accept[ing] as true all factual matters” in Bartnicki’s

complaint, Beasley v. Howard, 14 F.4th 226, 231 (3d Cir. 2021), Bartnicki alleged no

more than Kirijan’s “mere presence” as a private citizen at Bartnicki’s church, Harvey,

421 F.3d at 190. Bartnicki did not explain why Kirijan’s position as superintendent was a

“but-for cause” of her ability to speak with his priest. Id. at 191. Accordingly, we

conclude as the District Court did that Kirijan, unlike a police officer accused of abusing

his appearance of “public authority” to improperly access private property, id., was not

taking action “made possible only because [she was] clothed with the authority of state

law,” West, 487 U.S. at 49 (citation and quotation marks omitted).

                                              3
                                               II

       Second, we agree with the District Court’s dismissal of Bartnicki’s state law

defamation and false light claims, which were also based on Kirijan’s conversation with

Bartnicki’s priest. 2 Kirijan’s alleged statements to the priest—that Bartnicki was

“offensive” and implied that he was a “bully,” A65–66—were nothing more than her

opinion. And an opinion, “without more,” is not actionable as defamation under

Pennsylvania law. Baker v. Lafayette College, 532 A.2d 399, 402 (Pa. 1987). Because

Bartnicki’s defamation claim relied only on this alleged statement and implication, his

defamation claim was legally insufficient. 3

       Bartnicki also failed to state a false light claim. He did not allege that Kirijan

called him offensive or a bully to anyone other than his priest. And Kirijan cannot be

held liable under the tort of false light unless her allegedly offensive statement was

communicated “‘to the public at large, or to so many persons that the matter must be

regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge.’” Curran v.

Children’s Serv. Ctr. of Wyo. Cnty., Inc., 578 A.2d 8, 12 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990) (quoting

2
 “In an action for defamation, it is the court’s duty to determine if the publication is capable
of the defamatory meaning ascribed to it by the party bringing suit.” MacElree v. Phila.
Newspapers, Inc., 674 A.2d 1050, 1053 (Pa. 1996).
3
  There is no merit to Bartnicki’s contention that the District Court should have abstained
from reaching Bartnicki’s state law defamation claim. The supplemental jurisdiction
statute makes declination of jurisdiction over a state law claim “permissive, not
mandatory.” New Rock Asset Partners, L.P. v. Preferred Entity Advancements, Inc., 101
F.3d 1492, 1508 (3d Cir. 1996) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1367). We will not second guess
the District Court’s exercise of its discretion.

                                               4
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652D cmt. A (Am. Law Inst. 1977)). Thus, Bartnicki’s

false light claim was deficient for failure to plead widespread public dissemination or its

equivalent.

                                             III

       Third, and finally, we agree with the District Court’s entry of summary judgment in

favor of Defendants with respect to Bartnicki’s remaining First Amendment retaliation

theories. According to Bartnicki, Kirijan violated his First Amendment rights by denying

him an assignment to a West Scranton High School honors class and preventing his hire as

the school’s assistant soccer coach.

       Bartnicki did not claim that anyone other than Kirijan wronged him. Yet Bartnicki

proffered no evidence other than his own speculation that could connect Kirijan to the

complained-of employment actions.         The record is devoid of evidence that Kirijan

participated in selection for the assistant soccer coach position.

       No one other than Bartnicki testified that Kirijan was involved in the honors class

assignment or soccer coach hiring decisions. Bartnicki’s testimony, in turn, was based on

his speculation that the Scranton School District superintendent “holds final say over all

appointments.” A767. But Bartnicki himself observed that, under the Scranton School

District Policy Manual, “[t]he Superintendent or designee shall provide a system of

assignment or reassignment for district employees.” E.g., A765–66 (emphasis added). So

Bartnicki’s reference to the Policy Manual, on its own, is not evidence capable of

implicating Kirijan in the complained-of employment actions. See Shelton v. Univ. of Med.

                                              5
& Dentistry of N.J., 223 F.3d 220, 227 (3d Cir. 2000) (“Such speculation is insufficient to

raise a fact issue precluding summary judgment.”).

       Bartnicki suggested before the District Court that his principal at West Scranton

High School confirmed Kirijan’s involvement in the complained-of employment actions,

but Bartnicki’s principal did not actually say anything to that effect. Instead, according to

Bartnicki in his deposition, his principal merely “put his hands up and shrugged” when

asked if Bartnicki was not could be assigned to the honors class. A789.

       Because the principal’s response was “not in words or was in body language,” and

Bartnicki did not provide contextual evidence capable of suggesting that his principal was

referring to Kirijan, “the only reasonable reading of [Bartnicki’s] testimony as a whole is

that [his principal] remained silent [on Kirijan’s involvement], and we assess [Bartnicki’s]

case on that basis.” Weston-Smith v. Cooley Dickinson Hosp., Inc., 282 F.3d 60, 66 n.5

(1st Cir. 2002) (cleaned up). Accordingly, we conclude that Bartnicki’s reference to his

principal’s body language was not enough to raise a genuine dispute as to whether Kirijan

was involved in the honors class assignment or soccer coach hiring decisions.

                                             IV

       For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the District Court’s dismissal of

some of Bartnicki’s claims and its entry of summary judgment in favor of Defendants

with respect to Bartnicki’s remaining claims.

                                             6