Court Opinion

ID: 2753307
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-19 22:04:45.759486+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:45:40.443672
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Miller v. Miller, 2014-Ohio-5127.]

                               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       ATHENS COUNTY

ERIC W. MILLER,                               :

        Plaintiff-Appellant,       :          Case No. 14CA6

        vs.                                          :

STEPHANIE L. MILLER,                          :      DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY

        Defendant-Appellee.                   :

_________________________________________________________________

                                                  APPEARANCES:

APPELLANT PRO SE:                             Eric W. Miller, 23251 Jordan Run Road, Coolville, Ohio

APPELLEE PRO SE:        Stephanie L. Miller, 37557 Pooler Road, Pomeroy, Ohio 45769
_________________________________________________________________
CIVIL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 11-17-14

ABELE, P.J.
         {¶ 1} This is an appeal from an Athens County Common Pleas Court judgment that (1)

granted a divorce to Eric W. Miller, plaintiff below and appellant herein, and Stephanie L.

Miller, defendant below and appellee herein, and (2) designated appellee the residential parent of

the parties’ minor child.

         {¶ 2} Appellant raises the following assignments of error for review:1

                  FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                  “THE COURT ERRED BY ALLOWING THE GUARDIAN AD
                  LITEM REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS DUE TO THE
                  GUARDIAN AD LITEM DID NOT MEET THE RULLES [SIC]
                  OF SUPERINTENDENCE FOR THE COURTS OF OHIO RULE
                  48.”

                  SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                  “THE COURT HAS ABUSED IT’S [SIC] DISCRETION BY
                  RULING AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF
                  EVIDENCE.”

                  THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                  “THE COURT ERRED BY NOT ‘GRANTING DUE PROCESS’
                  AS STATED UNDER THE 14TH AMENDMENT.”

                  FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                  “THE COURT ERRED BY NOT GRANTING ‘DUE PROCESS’
                  AND DENIED ‘EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS’ AS
                  PROVIDED FOR IN THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
                  AMENDMENT 14 SECTION 1. [SIC]”

                  FIFTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

         1
          Appellant filed a pro se appellate brief that does not contain a separate statement of the assignments of
error. See App.R. 16(A)(3). Appellant’s brief does, however, contain numbered headings within the body of his
brief. We have a policy of affording pro se appellate litigants considerable leniency, and, thus, we construe the
numbered headings as the assignments of error.
               “THE COURT ERRED BY ABUSING ITS DISCRETION AND
               BY NOT AFFORDING EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW
               AS PER THE 14TH AMENDMENT WHEN IT QUOTED O.R.C.
               3109.04(F)(2)(a)–THE ABILITY OF THE PARENTS TO
               COOPERATE AND MAKE DECISIONS JOINTLY, WITH
               RESPECT TO THE CHILDREN.”

               SIXTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

               “THE GUARDIAN AD LITEM FAILED TO MEET THE RULES
               OF SUPERINTENDENCE RULE 48. THE GUARDIAN AD
               LITEM KNEW NOT THE RULES THAT GOVERNED HER
               JOB * * *.”

               SEVENTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

               “THE COURT ERRED IN IT’S [SIC] REPORT ‘MAGISTRATE
               DECISION: FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF
               LAW.”

               EIGHTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

               “THE COURT ERRED IN ITS DISCRETION AND WENT
               AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
               WHEN IT STATED THAT THE APPELLANT ‘MADE AN
               INCREDIBLE LEAP AND CLAIMED POSSIBLE CHILD
               ENDANGERMENT.’”

       {¶ 3} Appellant and appellee married and had one child. On September 7, 2010,

appellant filed a divorce complaint against appellee and requested the trial court to designate him

the child’s residential parent. Appellee later counterclaimed for divorce and requested the court

to designate her the child’s residential parent. The court subsequently issued an agreed

temporary order that granted the parties shared parenting.

       {¶ 4} On October 14, 2011, December 14, 2011, December 15, 2011, February 23, 2012,

and May 23, 2012, the magistrate held a final hearing regarding the divorce complaint. The
guardian ad litem testified first and stated that she recommended shared parenting, even though

the parties had communication difficulties. The magistrate asked the guardian ad litem “[h]ow

realistic is it that the two parties are gonna [sic] be able to conduct shared parenting.” The

guardian ad litem stated that she did “question that,” but she hoped the parties would be able to

resolve their communication difficulties. The magistrate then pointed out that the parties have

been unable to do so during the pendency of the case.

       {¶ 5} The magistrate also asked the guardian ad litem what she would recommend if the

court did not agree with her shared parenting recommendation. The guardian ad litem stated

that she would recommend that the court designate the appellee the child’s residential parent and

legal custodian. The magistrate asked the guardian ad litem to explain her reasoning, and she

stated, “number one[:] the residence.” The guardian further explained that appellee is more

“level headed,” while appellant has filed “contempt charges ever[y] time” something has not

happened perfectly.

       {¶ 6} Appellant questioned the guardian ad litem about her experience and investigation

and asked if she was aware of Sup.R. 48. She stated: “No, if you can read it to me.” Appellant

asked the guardian ad litem to explain the extent of her investigation and she stated that she met

with appellant, appellee, and the child. She explained that she did not interview the child

outside of the parents’ presence due to the child’s young age (born 2007).

       {¶ 7} When appellee’s counsel questioned the guardian ad litem, she stated that appellee

is home during the day and would be able to provide care for the child. She believes appellee

should make final decisions regarding the child and opined that appellant may abuse that

authority.
        {¶ 8} On September 25, 2012, the magistrate issued a forty-four page decision that

contained findings of fact and conclusions of law and we summarize the decision as follows.

Appellant contacted Meigs County Children Services (MCCS) and law enforcement after he

observed bruises on the child’s legs. MCCS did not, however, substantiate any abuse or neglect

and closed the case. Appellee then took the child to a doctor and the doctor’s notes indicated

that the bruises were “non-significant minor contusions.” The guardian ad litem believed that

appellant overreacted to the bruises by contacting law enforcement and MCCS.

        {¶ 9} The guardian ad litem recommended that the trial court adopt appellee’s proposed

shared parenting plan. If, however, the court did not determine that shared parenting is in the

child’s best interest, the guardian ad litem recommended that the court designate appellee the

child’s legal custodian and residential parent. The guardian ad litem believed appellee is “more

level-headed, not quick to jump to rash conclusions, and not abusive of authority.” The

guardian ad litem also believes that appellant appears “rigid in his interpretation of parenting

time and lack flexibility.”

        {¶ 10} Appellant believed that appellee is at fault for the parties’ communication

difficulties.

        “[Appellant] offered many text messages and emails into evidence to support this
        claim. He questioned the Guardian ad litem on this issue extensively. At one
        time the Guardian ad litem stated that she believed [appellee] had reasons for not
        communicating with [appellant]. Many of the text messages and emails
        submitted into evidence by [appellant] reflect only his side of the communication;
        those that contain both parties’ communications reflect communication problems
        by both parties. An example of this is the series of text messages on or about
        March 28, 2011–neither party was able to place [the child’s] needs first; both
        engaged in critical and demeaning comments.”
The magistrate further noted:

               “[Appellant] questioned the Guardian ad litem extensively as to what he
       perceived to be her biases in the case. He questioned her investigative technique
       and skills using jargon, such as ‘standard for submission,’ with which the
       Guardian ad litem was not familiar. He questioned her as to the number of cases
       in which she has served as a Guardian ad litem–8, and how many times of those
       eight (8) cases she recommended custody to the father–5. He argued with the
       Guardian ad litem as to her description that the bruising on [the child’s] leg was
       on his shin or the front of his leg. * * * * [Appellant] further took issue that the
       Guardian ad litem did not investigate the matter further as Dr. Clark failed to take
       measurements of the bruises, note the exact locations of the bruises, and specify
       the number of bruises. It is unclear what further investigation [appellant] desired
       the Guardian ad litem to do as she contacted all professionals directly involved in
       the matter and made contact with both parties. [Appellant] further questioned how
       much time the Guardian spent with the parties during her investigation.”

       {¶ 11} The magistrate considered all of the R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) best interest factors, as

well as the R.C. 3109.04(F)(2) shared parenting best interest factors, and recommended that the

court designate the appellee the child’s legal custodian and residential parent. The magistrate

further recommended that the trial court order appellant to pay $262.60 per month in child

support, retroactive to October 14, 2011, the date the final hearing began.

       {¶ 12} Appellant objected to the magistrate’s decision and on January 7, 2014, the trial

court overruled appellant’s objections, adopted the magistrate’s findings of fact and conclusions

of law, and granted the parties a divorce. The court determined that it is in the child’s best

interest to designate appellee the child’s legal custodian and residential parent. This appeal

followed.

                                                 I

                                        PRO SE APPEAL

       {¶ 13} Before we consider appellant’s assignments of error, we observe that appellant is
acting pro se in this appeal. Because we ordinarily prefer to review a case on its merits rather

than dismiss it due to procedural technicalities, we afford considerable leniency to pro se

litigants. E.g., In re Estate of Pallay, 4th Dist. Washington No. 05CA45, 2006–Ohio–3528, ¶10;

Robb v. Smallwood, 165 Ohio App.3d 385, 2005–Ohio–5863, 846 N.E.2d 878, ¶5 (4th Dist.);

Besser v. Griffey, 88 Ohio App.3d 379, 382, 623 N.E.2d 1326 (4th Dist.1993); State ex rel.

Karmasu v. Tate, 83 Ohio App.3d 199, 206, 614 N.E.2d 827 (4th Dist.1992). “Limits do exist,

however. Leniency does not mean that we are required ‘to find substance where none exists, to

advance an argument for a pro se litigant or to address issues not properly raised.’” State v.

Headlee, 4th Dist. Washington No. 08CA6, 2009–Ohio–873, ¶6, quoting State v. Nayar, 4th Dist.

Lawrence No. 07CA6, 2007–Ohio–6092, ¶28. Furthermore, we will not “conjure up questions

never squarely asked or construct full-blown claims from convoluted reasoning.” Karmasu, 83

Ohio App.3d at 206. We will, however, consider a pro se litigant’s appellate brief so long as it

“contains at least some cognizable assignment of error.” Robb at ¶5; accord Coleman v. Davis,

4th Dist. Jackson No. 10CA5, 2011–Ohio–506, ¶14 (considering pro se litigant’s brief when it

contains “some semblance of compliance” with appellate rules of practice and procedure). In

the case sub judice, we believe that appellant’s brief contains some cognizable assignments of

error that we may consider on the merits. Cooke v. Bowen, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3497,

2013-Ohio-4771, ¶7.

                                                 II

                                     GUARDIAN AD LITEM

       {¶ 14} In his first and sixth assignments of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred

by considering the guardian ad litem’s testimony and recommendation. Appellant complains
that the court should have excluded the guardian ad litem’s recommendation because she did not

comply with Sup.R. 48.

       {¶ 15} Appellate courts will not reverse trial court decisions to admit a guardian ad

litem’s testimony and recommendation unless the court abused its discretion. Corey v. Corey,

2nd Dist. Greene No. 2013-CA-73, 2014-Ohio-3258, ¶9 (stating that “whether to consider the

report of a GAL when the GAL did not fully comply with Sup.R. 48(D) is within a trial court’s

discretion”); Smith v. Boyd, 3rd Dist. Seneca No. 13-05-49, 2006-Ohio-6931, ¶34; see Nolan v.

Nolan, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 11CA3444, 2012–Ohio–3736, ¶26 (concluding that trial court abused

its discretion by considering guardian ad litem’s testimony when guardian ad litem failed to even

minimally comply with Sup.R. 48); see, e.g., Estate of Johnson v. Randall Smith, Inc., 135 Ohio

St.3d 440, 2013-Ohio-1507, 989 N.E.2d 35, ¶22 (stating that trial court decisions regarding

admissibility of evidence reviewed using abuse-of-discretion standard). A trial court does not

abuse its discretion unless it acts in an unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable manner.

Estate of Johnson at ¶22.

       {¶ 16} The purpose of a guardian ad litem in a parental rights allocation proceeding is “to

provide the court with relevant information and an informed recommendation regarding the

child’s best interest.” Sup.R. 48(D). A guardian ad litem’s general duties in such a proceeding

include investigating the background of the parents and delivering a report and recommendation

to the court regarding the child’s best interests. In re C.D.M., 4th Dist. Hocking No. 13CA1,

2013-Ohio-3792, ¶25. Sup.R. 48(D) also outlines more specific duties. Sup.R. 48(D) is not,

however, “the equivalent of [a] rule[] of procedure and ha[s] no force equivalent to a statute.”

State v. Gettys, 49 Ohio App.2d 241, 243, 360 N.E.2d 735 (1976); see Pettit v. Pettit, 12th Dist.
Fayette No. CA2011–08–018, 2012–Ohio–1801, ¶12 (stating that the superintendence rules are

“administrative directives only, and are not intended to function as rules of practice and

procedure”). Instead, Sup.R. 48(D) is an “‘internal housekeeping rule[] which [is] of concern to

the judges of the several courts but create[s] no rights in individual[s].’” In re E.W., 4th Dist.

Washington No. 10CA18, 2011-Ohio-2123, ¶12, quoting State v. Gettys, 49 Ohio App.2d 241,

243, 360 N.E.2d 735 (1976).

       {¶ 17} This court has interpreted Sup.R. 48(D) as a general guideline for the conduct of

the courts that does not create substantive rights. E.W., citing In re K.G., 9th Wayne App. No.

10CA16, 2010–Ohio–4399, ¶11; Allen v. Allen, Trumbull App. No.2009–T–0070,

2010–Ohio–475, ¶31; Sultaana v. Giant Eagle, Cuyahoga App. No. 90294, 2008–Ohio–3658,

¶45. Thus, we have generally refused to conclude that a guardian ad litem’s failure to comply

with Sup.R. 48(D) constitutes grounds for reversal. In re C.T.L.A., 4th Dist. Hocking No.

13CA24, 2014-Ohio-1550; In re R.S., 4th Dist. Highland No. 11CA29, 2012-Ohio-2016; E.W.

Other courts have concluded that a guardian ad litem’s failure to comply with Sup.R. 48(D) is

not automatic grounds for excluding the guardian ad litem’s testimony, report, or

recommendation. Corey at ¶10 (rejecting argument that trial court abused its discretion by

considering guardian ad litem’s report even if guardian ad litem failed to comply with Sup.R.

48(D)); In re E.S., 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-14-008, 2014-Ohio-3067, ¶64 (concluding that trial

court did not abuse its discretion by admitting guardian ad litem’s testimony and report even

though appellant complained guardian failed to comply with Sup.R. 48(D)).

       {¶ 18} In the case at bar, appellant does not have any substantive right to enforce under

Sup.R. 48. Instead, the rule is a general guideline that does not have the force of statutory law.
Thus, any non-compliance with the rule is not grounds for reversal.

       {¶ 19} Furthermore, we do not believe that the trial court abused its discretion by

considering the guardian ad litem’s testimony and recommendation. Appellant extensively

questioned the guardian ad litem about, inter alia, her recommendation, her qualifications, and

the extent of her investigation. Appellant ensured both the magistrate and the trial court were

well-aware that he did not feel the guardian ad litem performed an adequate investigation. Both

the magistrate and the trial court rejected appellant’s arguments. The trial court, as the

fact-finder, is permitted to assign weight to the guardian ad litem’s testimony and

recommendation and could choose to believe or to disbelieve it. In re M.Z., 9th Dist. Lorain No.

11CA010104, 2012–Ohio–3194, ¶35 (stating that trial court permitted to “believe or disbelieve

the guardian’s testimony and to consider it in the context of all the evidence before the court”);

Hunter–June v. Pitts, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013–09–179, 2014–Ohio–2473, ¶21 (“The trial

court heard the context and the explanations of the guardian ad litem with regard to her

investigation and in support of her recommendations, which were outlined in a 11—page report.

* * * [T]he guardian ad litem was questioned by both parents’ counsel. The magistrate was

entitled to believe or disbelieve her testimony and to consider it in light of all of the other

testimony presented at the hearing.”). Here, we find nothing unreasonable about the trial court’s

decision to consider the guardian ad litem’s testimony and recommendation.

       {¶ 20} Appellant nevertheless asserts that our decision in Nolan v. Nolan, 4th Dist. Scioto

No. 11CA3444, 2012–Ohio–3736, requires us to conclude that the guardian ad litem’s alleged

failures require us to reverse the trial court’s decision. In Nolan, the guardian ad litem failed to

interview the child, the mother’s live-in boyfriend, the child’s half-sister, school personnel, and
medical-health providers. Additionally, the guardian ad litem did not visit either parent’s home.

        {¶ 21} On appeal, the father asserted that the trial court should have stricken the guardian

ad litem’s report and recommendation because the guardian ad litem failed to adhere to Sup.R.

48. Judge Kline, writing for the court, agreed and reversed the trial court’s decision. However,

two other judges concurred only in the judgment. Also, the court explicitly indicated that its

decision is limited to the “specific facts of this case” and that it did not “intend to create a

bright-line rule regarding the minimum standards of Sup.R. 48(D)(13).” Id. at ¶27. The court

stated: “based on the unique facts of this case, we find that the guardian ad litem failed to

adequately investigate the [c]hild’s situation.” Id. Thus, the court concluded that the trial court

should have stricken the guardian ad litem’s trial testimony and report. Id. However, because

the court specifically limited Nolan to its facts, we do not find it applicable to the case sub judice.

        {¶ 22} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s

first and sixth assignments of error.

                                                   III

                            MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

        {¶ 23} In his second, fifth, seventh, and eighth assignments of error, appellant asserts that

the trial court’s decision to designate the appellee the residential parent is against the manifest

weight of the evidence. Appellant additionally challenges certain factual findings set forth in the

magistrate’s decision.

        {¶ 24} An appellate court generally reviews a trial court’s judgment involving the

allocation of parental rights and responsibilities using the manifest-weight-of-the-evidence

standard. In re P.A.R., 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3550, 2014-Ohio-802, ¶15; Woody v. Woody,
4th Dist. Athens No. 09CA34, 2010-Ohio-6049, ¶17 and fn.1. When an appellate court reviews

a trial court’s decision under this standard, the court “‘“weighs the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in

the evidence, the [fact-finder] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of

justice that the [judgment] must be reversed * * *.”’” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328,

2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶20, quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103, 115,

750 N.E.2d 176 (9th Dist.2001).

       {¶ 25} Furthermore, when reviewing evidence under the manifest weight of the evidence

standard, an appellate court generally must defer to the fact-finder’s credibility determinations.

Eastley at ¶21. As the Eastley court explained:

               “‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the
       weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be made in favor of the
       judgment and the finding of facts. * * *
               If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing
       court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and
       judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.’”

Id. quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984),

fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).

       {¶ 26} Additionally, deferring to the trial court on matters of credibility is “crucial in a

child custody case, where there may be much evident in the parties' demeanor and attitude that

does not translate to the record well.” Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419, 674 N.E.2d

1159 (1997). As the Ohio Supreme Court long-ago explained: “In proceedings involving the

custody and welfare of children the power of the trial court to exercise discretion is peculiarly

important. The knowledge obtained through contact with and observation of the parties and
through independent investigation cannot be conveyed to a reviewing court by printed record.”

Trickey v. Trickey, 158 Ohio St. 9, 13, 106 N.E.2d 772 (1952).

       {¶ 27} Thus, a reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s child custody decision

absent an abuse of discretion. P.A.R. at ¶18. Generally, an abuse of discretion constitutes more

than an error of law or judgment; rather, it implies the court’s attitude was unreasonable,

arbitrary or unconscionable. E.g., Landis v. Grange Mut. Ins. Co., 82 Ohio St.3d 339, 342, 695

N.E.2d 1140 (1998); Malone v. Courtyard by Marriott L.P., 74 Ohio St.3d 440, 448, 659 N.E.2d

1242 (1996). Also, an appellate court may not find an abuse of discretion simply by substituting

its judgment for that of the trial court. State ex rel. Duncan v. Chippewa Twp. Trustees 73 Ohio

St.3d 728, 732, 654 N.E.2d 1254 (1995); In re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio St.3d 135, 137–138, 566

N.E.2d 1181 (1991). Furthermore, “[c]ustody determinations are some of the most difficult and

agonizing decisions a trial judge must make, and, therefore, appellate courts must grant wide

latitude to a trial court’s consideration of the evidence.” Id., citing Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio

St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997).

       {¶ 28} R.C. 3109.04(B)(1) requires a trial court that is considering the allocation of

parental rights and responsibilities to consider the child’s best interest. R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)

states that in determining a child’s best interest, a court must “consider all relevant factors,

including, but not limited to” the following:

               (a) The wishes of the child’s parents regarding the child’s care;
               (b) If the court has interviewed the child in chambers pursuant to division
       (B) of this section regarding the child’s wishes and concerns as to the allocation of
       parental rights and responsibilities concerning the child, the wishes and concerns
       of the child, as expressed to the court;
               (c) The child’s interaction and interrelationship with the
                        child’s parents, siblings, and any other person who
                       may significantly affect the child’s best interest;
               (d) The child’s adjustment to the child’s home, school, and community;
               (e) The mental and physical health of all persons involved in the situation;
               (f) The parent more likely to honor and facilitate court-approved parenting
       time rights or visitation and companionship rights;
               (g) Whether either parent has failed to make all child support payments,
       including all arrearages, that are required of that parent pursuant to a child support
       order under which that parent is an obligor;
               (h) Whether either parent or any member of the household of either parent
       previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to any criminal offense
       involving any act that resulted in a child being an abused child or a neglected
       child; whether either parent, in a case in which a child has been adjudicated an
       abused child or a neglected child, previously has been determined to be the
       perpetrator of the abusive or neglectful act that is the basis of an adjudication;
       whether either parent or any member of the household of either parent previously
       has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to a violation of section 2919.25 of the
       Revised Code or a sexually oriented offense involving a victim who at the time of
       the commission of the offense was a member of the family or household that is
       the subject of the current proceeding; whether either parent or any member of the
       household of either parent previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to
       any offense involving a victim who at the time of the commission of the offense
       was a member of the family or household that is the subject of the current
       proceeding and caused physical harm to the victim in the commission of the
       offense; and whether there is reason to believe that either parent has acted in a
       manner resulting in a child being an abused child or a neglected child;
               (i) Whether the residential parent or one of the parents subject to a shared
       parenting decree has continuously and willfully denied the other parent’s right to
       parenting time in accordance with an order of the court;
               (j) Whether either parent has established a residence, or is planning to
       establish a residence, outside this state.

       {¶ 29} In the case at bar, we are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by designating appellee the residential parent, or that the findings that appellant

challenges are against the manifest weight of the evidence. The magistrate's detailed, forty-four

page decision examined each of the R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) factors. The magistrate also considered

the R.C. 3109.04(F)(2) shared parenting best interest factors. The trial court subsequently

adopted the magistrate’s decision.
       {¶ 30} The trial court considered appellant’s and appellee’s wishes and stated:

               “[Appellant] testified that he prefers shared parenting with an equal
       allocation of parenting time. If the parties are unable to jointly make decisions
       concerning [the child], [appellant] wants to have decision-making authority.
               [Appellee] testified that although shared parenting would ideally be in [the
       child]’s best interest, she does not believe the parties are able to communicate
       effectively at the present time and cooperate. She attributes much of this to
       [appellant]—that he wants involved in every decision, including some typical
       day-to-day ones; that he seeks reasons to communicate with her; and that he is
       unreasonable in his communication—will text her multiple times within a short
       period of time expecting a response.”

The court also considered the child’s wishes and noted that it did not interview the child, neither

party requested the court to interview the child, and the child was only three-years-old.

With respect to the child’s interactions and interrelationships, the court explained:

               “[The child] has a close, positive relationship with both of his parents.
       Both are highly invested in his well-being and very involved in his activities.
       This was recognized by the Guardian ad litem and acknowledged by both parties.
       He is an only child. [The child] has a close relationship with [appellee]’s parents
       who live in close proximity and sees them several times per week. [Appellant]
       has been spending more time with his family during the pendency of this matter,
       and, therefore, [the child] is spending time with extended family and developing a
       closer relationship with them. This is beneficial to him.”

The court further observed that the child is well-adjusted to his home, school, and community.

       {¶ 31} The trial court considered the parties’ mental and physical health and explained:

              “Both parties and [the child] are in good mental and physical health.
       Despite [appellant]’s assertions early in the case that [appellee] was demonstrating
       behavior that raised concerns for him as to her mental health, [the psychologist]
       opined that neither party demonstrated any signs of psychosis or disturbed mental
       processes.”

Regarding which parent is more likely to honor and facilitate court-approved parenting time

rights or visitation and companionship rights, the court found:

               “[B]oth parties are equally likely to honor and facilitate court-approved
       parenting time rights. However, the key word is ‘court-approved.’ Both parties
       appear equally likely to comply with any court order. The instances of visitation
       problems and allegations of a denial of parenting time have seemed to always
       come about due to a lack of clarity and/or the parties ‘agreed’ to some
       modification that didn’t work out as anticipated. Due to the instances of an
       ‘agreed upon modification’ not working out as anticipated and resulting
       allegations that one party reneged on the deal, neither party trusts the other to
       honor any verbal agreements.”

The court further observed that it had not issued a temporary support order because the parties

resolved the matter without court intervention.

       {¶ 32} The trial court further considered whether shared parenting is in the child’s best

interest. It noted that the ability of the parents to cooperate and make joint decisions was the

“most troublesome” factor and that the record is “replete with examples of communication

difficulties and lack of cooperation.” The court further explained:

               “Of the two parties, [appellant] is much more assertive and comfortable
       with communication. * * * [Appellee] is less assertive and becomes more easily
       frustrated with attempts to negotiate what are sometimes tedious details.
       [Appellant], through his actions and filings during the pendency of this case, has
       given indication as to what lengths he will go to achieve his desired outcome. If
       he’s the decision-maker, he will probably run roughshod over [appellee] * * *. If
       [appellee] is designated as the decision-maker, [appellant] will never cease
       communicating until he has achieved his desired outcome—there will be no
       cooperation. Which is why, at some point in time, and probably sooner rather
       than later, [appellee] will declare they’re at an ‘impasse’ and make the decision
       thereby cutting off further communication on the topic.”

The court also expressed concern with appellant’s report to law enforcement and MCCS

regarding his belief that the child’s bruises resulted from appellee’s neglect. The court

explained:

               “[Appellant] took pictures of [the child]’s legs and it is clear from the
       pictures that [the child] was posing for these pictures so he was certainly aware
       that his dad was taking pictures of the bruises on his legs; the photos were not
       taken surreptitiously. If is further concerning that [appellant] did not take [the
       child] to see a doctor given his stated concerns as to the seriousness of the
       bruising but rather chose to report it to law enforcement despite the passage of
       time and the opportunities [appellant] had to seek a medical opinion. Had
       [appellant] taken [the child] to see a pediatrician and had been advised that the
       bruising was fairly typical for a child of that age his concerns may have been
       allayed and law enforcement and children’s services would never have been
       involved. He fails to recognize that the investigation by law
       enforcement/children’s services can be traumatic for a child and that his actions
       seriously undermined any trust between him and [appellee].”

The court additionally noted that appellant later hired a private investigator because he was

concerned that appellee was endangering the child. The court stated that “[i]f [appellant]

continues in this matter of reporting minor injuries and seeking investigations, it could become

trauma-inducing for [the child].”

       {¶ 33} The trial court also considered the guardian ad litem’s recommendation and noted

that she recommended shared parenting, but also expressed concern about “the parties’ ability to

effectively cooperate and communicate necessary to support shared parenting.” The guardian ad

litem further recommended that if shared parenting is not possible, then the appellee should be

designated the child’s legal custodian and residential parent, and the parties should have fairly

equal parenting time.

       {¶ 34} After considering all of the foregoing factors, the trial court concluded that

designating the appellee the child’s residential parent and legal custodian is in his best interest.

       {¶ 35} The magistrate and the trial court clearly gave due consideration to all of the best

interest factors. The parties presented evidence and testimony over the course of five days.

Both parties testified, and their testimony shows that both harbor hostility toward the other and

are unable to effectively communicate and cooperate. The trial court determined that due to the

parties’ communication difficulties, shared parenting is not feasible. The court had to designate
one of the parties the child’s residential parent and it concluded, based upon all of the evidence

and testimony before it, that appellee should be the child’s residential parent. We are unable to

state that the court reached an unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable decision. Instead, after

our review of the transcript, we believe that the trial court acted reasonably by designating

appellee the child’s residential parent. Even if some evidence favored designating appellant the

child’s residential parent, we cannot state that, on balance, that the court abused its discretion by

designating appellee the child’s residential parent.

       {¶ 36} To the extent that appellant challenges specific factual findings, we do not believe

that he has established that they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Appellant’s

challenges are based upon his interpretation of the evidence. He fails to acknowledge that the

trial court is entitled to weigh any conflicting evidence and ascertain the facts. We find nothing

to indicate that the court clearly lost its way when making its factual findings.

       {¶ 37} Appellant additionally argues that the court erred by granting retroactive child

support to October 14, 2011. He contends that the parties agreed that “neither child support nor

spousal support [shall] be required by either party during the pendency of this action.” First,

appellant cites no authority to support this argument. Second, appellant did not specifically

object to the magistrate’s decision on this basis. Therefore, he has waived this issue. State ex

rel. Muhammad v. State, 133 Ohio St.3d 508, 2012-Ohio-4767, 979 N.E.2d 296, ¶3 (noting that

party waives argument on appeal if party failed to specifically raise issue in objections to

magistrate’s decision); McClain v. McClain, 4th Dist. Athens No. 10CA53, 2011-Ohio-6101, ¶7;

see Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b)(ii) (“An objection to a magistrate’s decision shall be specific and state

with particularity all grounds for objection”).
       {¶ 38} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s

second, fifth, seventh, and eighth assignments of error.

                                                 IV

                 DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION ARGUMENTS

       {¶ 39} In his third and fourth assignments of error, appellant asserts that the trial court

deprived him of due process and equal protection of the law. Although appellant’s precise

arguments are not clear, he appears to assert that the court deprived him of due process of law

“when changing Temporary orders.” Appellant states:

               “The lower court’s action in the denial of due process when changing
       Temporary orders is apparent in the May 17th 2011 and June 2nd 2011 and
       certainly the amendments to the June 2nd 2011 order that was done in hand written
       form then initialed and dated June 3rd without a hearing and as stated before
       without an agreement. This order was changed after it was filed and against
       without no evidence [sic] or suggestion of an agreement.”

       {¶ 40} Appellant also asserts that the trial court deprived him of due process by failing to

hold “a hearing to address the changing of parenting time of [the child],” by issuing a

“Magistrate’s Modified Temporary Order” without holding a hearing, and by failing to permit

him to cross-examine appellee’s counsel.

       {¶ 41} To the extent appellant challenges the trial court’s temporary orders, we observe

that “[g]enerally, temporary or interim orders in child custody and related proceedings that

remain subject to modification pending a final ruling do not constitute final appealable orders

under R.C. 2505.02(B).” Day v. Day, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 10CA18, 2010-Ohio-5266, ¶45,

citing Overmyer v. Halm, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S–08–021, 2009–Ohio–387, ¶13 (finding the

trial court’s order temporarily modifying father’s visitation rights is not a final appealable order
of modification of visitation, but instead an interim order); Shaffer v. Shaffer, 3rd Dist. Paulding

No. 11–04–22, 2005–Ohio–3884, ¶8 (finding a temporary order allocating custody to husband is

not a final judgment from which appeal could be taken); accord Polacheck v. Polacheck, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 26551, 2013-Ohio-5788, ¶44; Kelm v. Kelm, 93 Ohio App.3d 686, 689, 639 N.E.2d

842 (10th Dist.1994). “In contrast, when an order does not contemplate further action and no

other related issues remain pending, the order generally constitutes a final order.” Day at ¶45.

Thus, we are unable to review appellant’s challenges to the temporary orders.2

        {¶ 42} Appellant’s argument that the trial court deprived him of due process by refusing

to allow him to cross-examine opposing counsel is specious. Appellant cites no authority to

support his position that he is entitled to cross-examine opposing counsel in this divorce

proceeding. He also does not show how his inability to do so affected the outcome of the

proceeding. We therefore summarily reject this argument.

        {¶ 43} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s

third and fourth assignments of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                                   JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.

                                            JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee shall recover of appellant the

costs herein taxed.

        The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

        It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Athens County

        2
           Although we decline to address the merits of appellant’s arguments regarding the temporary orders, we
observe that the trial court informed appellant that it would not have modified temporary orders unless counsel
agreed to it or the court held an evidentiary hearing.
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       Harsha, J. & Hoover, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                             For the Court

                                                             BY:
                                           Peter B. Abele
                                           Presiding Judge

                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.