Court Opinion

ID: 2970742
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:21:00.543624+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:01:12.118008
License: Public Domain

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
             3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH                       8QLWHG6WDWHVY.ROOH\                       1R
     (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
                 )LOH 1DPH DS
                                                                                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                                                                                         23,1,21
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6                                                       BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
               )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7                              s8/,$ 60,7+ *,%%216 &LUFXLW sXGJH  'HIHQGDQW
                 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                              DSSHOODQW sHII /HH .ROOH\ ZDV FRQYLFWHG RI RQH FRXQW RI
                                                                SRVVHVVLRQ RI DQ XQUHJLVWHUHG GHVWUXFWLYH GHYLFH DQG RQH
                                                                FRXQW RI NQRZLQJO\ DQG LQWHQWLRQDOO\ PDQXIDFWXULQJ
 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$        ;                             PHWKDPSKHWDPLQH  .ROOH\ DSSHDOV KLV FRQYLFWLRQ RQ WKH
           3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH                                 JURXQGVWKDWWKHHYLGHQFHSUHVHQWHGDWWULDOZDVLQVXIILFLHQWWR
                                                               HVWDEOLVK EH\RQG D UHDVRQDEOH GRXEW WKDW KH PDQXIDFWXUHG
                                     1R               PHWKDPSKHWDPLQH.ROOH\DOVRDUJXHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
            Y                                                 LPSURSHUO\DSSOLHGDIRXUOHYHOHQKDQFHPHQWWRKLVVHQWHQFH
                                    !                           )RUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQVZHDIILUP.ROOH\jVFRQYLFWLRQDQG
                                   
 s()) /(( .2//(<                                              VHQWHQFH
          'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW 
                                                                                                ,
                                  1
       $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW                2Q $XJXVW   RIILFHUV IURP WKH .HQWXFN\ 6WDWH
    IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI.HQWXFN\DW/RXLVYLOOH         3ROLFH WKH +DUGLQ &RXQW\ 6KHULIIjV 'HSDUWPHQW DQG WKH
    1Rn7KRPDV%5XVVHOO'LVWULFWsXGJH             +DUGLQ &RXQW\ 7DVN )RUFH ZHQW WR WKH PRELOH KRPH RI
                                                                GHIHQGDQWDSSHOODQWsHII/HH.ROOH\DQGKLVZLIH&KDUORWWH
                  $UJXHG$SULO                       LQRUGHUWRVHUYHDIHORQ\ZDUUDQWXSRQ&KDUORWWH$QRIILFHU
                                                                NQRFNHG RQ WKH GRRU RI WKH PRELOH KRPH DQG DQQRXQFHG
             'HFLGHGDQG)LOHGsXQH                   m.HQWXFN\ 6WDWH 3ROLFHl ZKHUHXSRQ WKH GRRU RSHQHG DQG
                                                                VRPHPRYHPHQWZDVKHDUG7KHRIILFHUHQWHUHGWKHWUDLOHU
%HIRUH6,/(5*,/0$1DQG*,%%216&LUFXLWsXGJHV            VKLQHGKLVIODVKOLJKWDQGVDZ.ROOH\VWDQGLQJLQWKHGRRUZD\
                                                                7KHRIILFHUDVNHG.ROOH\LI&KDUORWWHZDVWKHUHDQGKHVDLG
                   BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                            WKDWVKHZDVQRW+RZHYHUDQRWKHURIILFHUIRXQG&KDUORWWHLQ
                                                                WKHEHGURRPDUHD
                        &2816(/
                                                                   :KLOH LQ WKH WUDLOHU WKH RIILFHUV QRWLFHG SDUDSKHUQDOLD
$5*8('  0LFKDHO 5 0D]]ROL &2; 	 0$==2/,              mFRQVLVWHQW ZLWK GUXJ DFWLYLW\l  $ IHZ KRXUV ODWHU DIWHU
/RXLVYLOOH .HQWXFN\ IRU $SSHOODQW  &DQGDFH * +LOO   REWDLQLQJDVHDUFKZDUUDQWWKHRIILFHUVEHJDQDVHDUFKRIWKH
$66,67$1781,7('67$7(6$77251(</RXLVYLOOH                   PRELOHKRPH2QWKHDWWDFKHGZRRGHQSRUFKLQIURQWRIWKH
.HQWXFN\IRU$SSHOOHH21%5,()0LFKDHO50D]]ROL         PRELOHKRPHWKHRIILFHUVIRXQG5HG'HYLOO\HVWDUWHUIOXLG
&2; 	 0$==2/, /RXLVYLOOH .HQWXFN\ IRU $SSHOODQW       FRQWDLQLQJHWKHUDQGVRPHPXULDWLFDFLG,QDEODFNOHDWKHU
&DQGDFH*+LOO7HUU\0&XVKLQJ$66,67$1781,7('             MDFNHWLQWKHEHGURRPRIWKHPRELOHKRPHRIILFHUVDOVRIRXQG
67$7(6$77251(<6/RXLVYLOOH.HQWXFN\IRU$SSHOOHH           D GRFXPHQW UHFLWLQJ mWKH HSKHGULQH UHGXFWLRQ SURFHVV RU
                                                                H[WUDFWLRQSURFHVVl7KHGRFXPHQWGHVFULEHVWKHSURFHVVRI

                             
1R                          8QLWHG6WDWHVY.ROOH\                     8QLWHG6WDWHVY.ROOH\                          1R

XVLQJZHLJKWORVVWDEOHWVHWKHU5HG'HYLOO\HDQGPXULDWLF              5DGLR6KDFNUHPRWHFRQWUROV\VWHPZLWKDUDQJHRIIHHW
DFLGWRH[WUDFWHSKHGULQH'HWHFWLYH/DUU\+HQGHUVRQRIWKH               'HWHFWLYH+HQGHUVRQWHVWLILHGWKDWm>L@IDOOIRXUFDVWSULPHUV
.HQWXFN\6WDWH3ROLFHWHVWLILHGWKDWH[WUDFWLRQRUUHGXFWLRQRI            ZHUH XVHG DQG WKH\ ZHUH LQLWLDWHG RII LW ZRXOG GR VHYHUH
HSKHGULQH LV WKH ILUVW VWHS LQ WKH SURFHVV RI PDQXIDFWXULQJ       GDPDJHRUOHYHOWKHPRELOHKRPHl$FFRUGLQJWRWKH%XUHDX
PHWKDPSKHWDPLQH$WWULDOWKHJRYHUQPHQWDOVRHQWHUHGLQWR               RI$OFRKRO7REDFFRDQG)LUHDUPVDQGWKH1DWLRQDO)LUHDUPV
HYLGHQFHZULWWHQJULHYDQFHVILOHGE\.ROOH\ZKLOHLQ+DUGLQ                5HJLVWUDWLRQ 7UDQVIHU RI 5HFRUG QHLWKHU sHII QRU &KDUORWWH
&RXQW\MDLODQGDVNHGWKHMXU\WRFRPSDUHWKHKDQGZULWLQJ                 .ROOH\KDGUHJLVWHUHGDQ\ILUHDUPV
ZLWKWKHGRFXPHQWIRXQGLQWKHEHGURRPRIWKHPRELOHKRPH
                                                                             2Q$XJXVW.ROOH\ZDVLQGLFWHGRQRQHFRXQWRI
  1R HYLGHQFH RI HSKHGULQH ZDV IRXQG DW WKH .ROOH\                 SRVVHVVLRQRIDQXQUHJLVWHUHGGHVWUXFWLYHGHYLFHLQYLRODWLRQ
UHVLGHQFH EXW PHWKDPSKHWDPLQH UHVLGXH ZDV IRXQG RQ D               RI86&DQGRQHFRXQWRILOOHJDOO\PDQXIDFWXULQJ
VPDOOVSRRQDQGDSODVWLFFRQWDLQHUVHL]HGIURPWKHWUDLOHUDV            PHWKDPSKHWDPLQH LQ YLRODWLRQ RI  86&  D
ZHOO DV LQ DQ LQKDOHU IRXQG LQ WKH EODFN OHDWKHU MDFNHW  ,Q   7KHMXU\IRXQG.ROOH\JXLOW\RQERWKFRXQWVRQ'HFHPEHU
DGGLWLRQ WKLUWHHQ\HDUROG sHVVLFD 3ULFH WHVWLILHG WKDW RQ            2Q 0DUFK   WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRQGXFWHG D
$XJXVWVKHKDGYLVLWHGWKH.ROOH\UHVLGHQFHZLWKKHU              VHQWHQFLQJKHDULQJ$WWKHKHDULQJWKHFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDW
IDWKHU'DYLG3ULFHDQGKDGREVHUYHGmVWXIIEHLQJFRRNHGl                .ROOH\jV SRVVHVVLRQ RI WKH XQUHJLVWHUHG GHVWUXFWLYH GHYLFH
6KH GHVFULEHG ZKDW VKH VDZ DV mPHWKl DQG DGGHG WKDW VKH          ZDVmLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKDQRWKHUIHORQ\RIIHQVHlDQGWKDWD
mNQHZLWZDVQjWIRRGRUDQ\WKLQJOLNHWKDW,WVPHOOHGOLNH               IRXUOHYHO HQKDQFHPHQW XQGHU  .E RI WKH 8QLWHG
FKHPLFDOVl6KHDOVRWHVWLILHGWKDWVKHGLGQjWNQRZH[DFWO\               6WDWHV6HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHVZDVDSSURSULDWH3XUVXDQWWR
ZKDWWKHVXEVWDQFHZDVDQGWKDWVKHGLGQjWNQRZWKHFKHPLFDO               WKLVGHWHUPLQDWLRQ.ROOH\UHFHLYHGDWRWDOVHQWHQFHRI
FRPSRVLWLRQRIPHWKDPSKHWDPLQH                                           PRQWKVLQSULVRQ2Q0DUFK.ROOH\ILOHGKLVQRWLFH
                                                                           RIDSSHDO
   ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHLWHPVSUHYLRXVO\GHVFULEHGRIILFHUVDOVR
GLVFRYHUHG VHYHUDO PDULMXDQD SODQWV LQ D SRW RQ WRS RI WKH                                         ,,
UHIULJHUDWRULQWKHPRELOHKRPH$PDULMXDQDSODQWZDVIRXQG
LQWKHEDFN\DUGRIWKHWUDLOHUDQGKLJKSUHVVXUHVRGLXPOLJKWV                                               $
FRPPRQO\XVHGLQWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRIPDULMXDQDZHUHIRXQG
LQ WKH FUDZO VSDFH XQGHUQHDWK WKH WUDLOHU  $ SDSHU EDJ            .ROOH\DVVHUWVWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQWSUHVHQWHGLQVXIILFLHQW
FRQWDLQLQJPDULMXDQDZDVUHFRYHUHGIURPEHKLQGWKHFRXFKLQ                HYLGHQFH WR VXVWDLQ KLV FRQYLFWLRQ XQGHU  86&
WKH OLYLQJURRPRIWKHPRELOHKRPH0RUHPDULMXDQDDQG                   D. +RZHYHU.ROOH\FRQFHGHVWKDWmKHFDQQRWSURYH
PDULMXDQD VHHGV ZHUH IRXQG LQ WKH EHGURRP RI WKH PRELOH           WKDW KLV WULDO DWWRUQH\ UHQHZHG KHU PRWLRQ IRU MXGJPHQW RI
KRPH                                                                      DFTXLWWDO DQG KH DJUHHV ZLWK WKH JRYHUQPHQW WKDW WKH
                                                                           µPDQLIHVW PLVFDUULDJH RI MXVWLFHj VWDQGDUG JRYHUQV KLV
  :KLOHFRQGXFWLQJWKHLUVHDUFKRIILFHUVDOVRFDPHDFURVVD               FKDOOHQJH WR WKH VXIILFLHQF\ RI WKH HYLGHQFHl  $EVHQW D
GXIIOHEDJRQWKHWRSVKHOIRIWKHFORVHWLQWKHEHGURRP7KH             PDQLIHVWPLVFDUULDJHRIMXVWLFH.ROOH\jVIDLOXUHWRUHQHZKLV
FORVHWGLGQRWKDYHDGRRURUDFXUWDLQ8SRQH[DPLQDWLRQ                PRWLRQLVDZDLYHURIWKHULJKWWRFKDOOHQJHWKHVXIILFLHQF\RI
WKH GXIIOH EDJ ZDV IRXQG WR FRQWDLQ VHSDUDWH SODVWLF EDJV
ZUDSSHG LQ GXFW WDSH  7KH SODVWLF EDJV FRQWDLQHG HOHFWULF
EODVWLQJFDSVIRXUH[SORVLYHVWLFNVRUmFDVWSULPHUVlIURP                  
                                                                                .ROOH\ DOVR ZDV LQGLFWHG RQ RQH FRXQW RI SRVVHVVLRQ RI D ILUHDUP E\
ZKLFK WKH GDWH VKLSSHG FRGH KDG EHHQ PDUNHG RXW DQG D           D FRQYLFWHG IHORQ LQ YLRODWLRQ RI  86&  J EXW WKDW FKDUJH
                                                                           ZDV ODWHU VHYHUHG IURP WKH RWKHU WZR FRXQWV RI WKH LQGLFWPHQW
1R                          8QLWHG6WDWHVY.ROOH\              8QLWHG6WDWHVY.ROOH\                         1R

WKHHYLGHQFHRQDSSHDO8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUURZ)G            DQ\ILUHDUPRUDPPXQLWLRQLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKDQRWKHUIHORQ\
WK&LU6LQFHQRPDQLIHVWPLVFDUULDJHRI           RIIHQVHl 7KH WHUP mILUHDUPl LV GHILQHG E\  '
MXVWLFHRFFXUUHGKHUH.ROOH\jVFODLPLVEDUUHG                      DSSOLFDWLRQQRWHWRLQFOXGHDGHVWUXFWLYHGHYLFH%HFDXVH
                                                                      .ROOH\ REMHFWHG WR WKH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ RI WKH SUHVHQWHQFH
  0RUHRYHU HYHQ LI WKH FRXUW ZHUH WR FRQVLGHU .ROOH\jV       LQYHVWLJDWLRQUHSRUWWKDW.DSSO\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWZDV
FKDOOHQJHWRWKHVXIILFLHQF\RIWKHHYLGHQFHWKHJRYHUQPHQW          UHTXLUHG WR PDNH ILQGLQJV RI IDFW LQ RUGHU WR GHWHUPLQH
LQWURGXFHGDPSOHHYLGHQFHIURPZKLFKWKHMXU\FRXOGLQIHU             ZKHWKHURUQRWWKLVJXLGHOLQHLVDSSOLFDEOHWRKLVVHQWHQFH
WKDW .ROOH\ PDQXIDFWXUHG PHWKDPSKHWDPLQH  :KHQ                  6HH )HG 5 &ULP 3 L  $IWHU KHDULQJ .ROOH\jV
UHYLHZLQJDFKDOOHQJHWRWKHVXIILFLHQF\RIWKHHYLGHQFHWKLV        DUJXPHQWFRQWHVWLQJWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI.WKHGLVWULFW
FRXUWPXVWQRWmZHLJKWKHHYLGHQFHSUHVHQWHGFRQVLGHUWKH            FRXUWRYHUUXOHGKLVREMHFWLRQV7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWREVHUYHG
FUHGLELOLW\RIZLWQHVVHVRUVXEVWLWXWHRXUMXGJPHQWIRUWKDWRI      WKDW mWKH GHVWUXFWLYH GHYLFH ZDV LQ WKH FORVHW VKHOI RI WKH
WKHMXU\l8QLWHG6WDWHVY'DYLV)GWK&LU       FORVHWLQWKHEHGURRPlDQGmZDVUHDGLO\VHHQE\WKHRIILFHUV
,QVWHDGWKLVFRXUWPXVWmGHWHUPLQHPHUHO\ZKHWKHU           ZKHQWKH\ZHUHLQWKHUHl7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWDOVRQRWHGWKDW
DIWHUYLHZLQJWKHHYLGHQFHLQWKHOLJKWPRVWIDYRUDEOHWRWKH         mLWKDGQROHJLWLPDWHDSSOLFDWLRQDWDOOHYHQDQ\LQIHUHQFHRI
SURVHFXWLRQDQGDIWHUJLYLQJWKHJRYHUQPHQWWKHEHQHILWRIDOO       DOHJLWLPDWHDSSOLFDWLRQDQGWRXVHLWLQDQ\W\SHRIIDUPLQJ
LQIHUHQFHVWKDWFRXOGUHDVRQDEO\EHGUDZQIURPWKHWHVWLPRQ\         RSHUDWLRQ,JXHVV\RXKDGWRUXQDQH[WHQVLRQFRUGRXWWRLW
DUDWLRQDOWULHURIIDFWFRXOGILQGWKHHOHPHQWVRIWKHFULPH         IRUWKHGHWRQDWLQJGHYLFHDQGLWjVQRWSUDFWLFDODQGLWjVQRW
EH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWl,G                                    GRQHl7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWSRLQWHGRXWWKDWmWKLVWUDLOHUZDVD
                                                                      VPDOOWUDLOHUHVVHQWLDOO\NLQGRIDQHIILFLHQF\lDQGWKDWWKH
   ,QWKLVFDVHWKHJRYHUQPHQWSUHVHQWHGHYLGHQFHWKDWVHYHUDO       GHYLFHmZDVFORVHHQRXJKWRWKHXQGHUO\LQJDFWLYLW\WKDWZDV
LQJUHGLHQWV LQYROYHG LQ WKH ILUVW VWHS RI WKH SURFHVV RI     LQYROYHG KHUH    LW FRXOG EH DVVHPEOHG E\ VRPHRQH ZKR
PDQXIDFWXULQJPHWKDPSKHWDPLQHZHUHIRXQGLQWKHPRELOH                NQHZZKDWWKH\ZHUHGRLQJYHU\TXLFNO\l7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW
KRPHDORQJZLWKDKDQGZULWWHQGRFXPHQWGHVFULELQJWKHILUVW          DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWmPD\EHLWZDVQjWEHVWIRUVRPHRQHWRXVH
VWHS0DQ\REMHFWVFRQWDLQLQJWUDFHVRIPHWKDPSKHWDPLQH              WRSURWHFWWKHLUGUXJDFWLYLW\lEXWQRWHGWKDWmSRRUMXGJPHQWl
UHVLGXH DOVR ZHUH IRXQG LQ WKH PRELOH KRPH  ,Q DGGLWLRQ   ZDVQRWDGHIHQVH7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWWKXVFRQFOXGHGWKDWDQ
3ULFH WHVWLILHG WKDW RQ WKH GD\ EHIRUH WKH VHDUFK VKH KDG   DGMXVWPHQW SXUVXDQW WR  .E RI WKH 6HQWHQFLQJ
REVHUYHG mVWXII EHLQJ FRRNHGl ZKLFK mVPHOOHG OLNH               *XLGHOLQHVZDVDSSURSULDWH
FKHPLFDOVl  $OWKRXJK .ROOH\ DUJXHV WKDW m3ULFHjV
VXSSRVLWLRQJLYHQIXOOZHLJKWDQGFUHGLWE\WKHMXU\LVQRW          .ROOH\QRZFKDOOHQJHVWKLVFRQFOXVLRQDQGDQDORJL]HVWKH
HQRXJK E\ LWVHOI WR VXSSRUW D FRQYLFWLRQ RI .ROOH\ IRU       GHVWUXFWLYHGHYLFHIRXQGLQWKLVFDVHWRDVLWXDWLRQZKHUHmD
SURGXFLQJ PHWKDPSKHWDPLQHl WKH MXU\ ZDV QRW SUHVHQWHG          GHIHQGDQWDUUHVWHGDWKLVUHVLGHQFHKDVDQXQORDGHGKXQWLQJ
ZLWK3ULFHjVWHVWLPRQ\DORQH3ULFHjVREVHUYDWLRQFRPELQHG          ULIOH LQ WKH FORVHWl  6HH  ' DSSOLFDWLRQ QRWH 
ZLWK WKH HYLGHQFH IRXQG LQ WKH PRELOH KRPH DGHTXDWHO\        6SHFLILFDOO\ .ROOH\ DUJXHV WKDW WKH GHYLFH ZDV FDSDEOH RI
VXSSRUWHG WKH MXU\jV GHFLVLRQ WR FRQYLFW .ROOH\ RI             OHJLWLPDWH XVH WKDW mWKH GHYLFH LQ .ROOH\jV KRPH ZDV
PDQXIDFWXULQJPHWKDPSKHWDPLQH                                        LQRSHUDEOHDQGLQFDSDEOHRITXLFNDVVHPEO\lWKDWWKHmGHYLFH
                                                                      ZDV QRW ORFDWHG LQ FORVH SUR[LPLW\ WR WKH DOOHJHG LOOHJDO
                                %                                    DFWLYLW\lDQGWKDWmWKHUHVLGHQFHFRQWDLQHGQRGUXJVLQQHHG
                                                                      RIGHIHQGLQJDQGQRHYLGHQFHZDVSUHVHQWHGWRVKRZWKDWWKH
  6HFWLRQ .E RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 6HQWHQFLQJ           .ROOH\UHVLGHQFHHYHUFRQWDLQHGODUJHDPRXQWVRIFRQWUROOHG
*XLGHOLQHVLQVWUXFWVDFRXUWWRLQFUHDVHDGHIHQGDQWjVIHORQ\         VXEVWDQFHVIRUVDOHl2QWKLVEDVLV.ROOH\FODLPVWKDWWKHUH
RIIHQVHE\IRXUOHYHOVm>L@IWKHGHIHQGDQWXVHGRUSRVVHVVHG
1R                        8QLWHG6WDWHVY.ROOH\                8QLWHG6WDWHVY.ROOH\                    1R

ZDV QR QH[XV EHWZHHQ WKH GHVWUXFWLYH GHYLFH DQG DQRWKHU        KRPHDUHJHQHUDOO\XVHGmERWKWRLQMXUHDQRWKHUSDUW\RUWR
IHORQ\RIIHQVH                                                        LQMXUHWKHRIILFHUVZKRDUHPD\EHFRPLQJLQWRWKHORFDWLRQ
                                                                       ZKHUHWKHGUXJVPD\EHRUWRERRE\WUDSWKHSODFHl,QOLJKW
  :KHQUHYLHZLQJDGLVWULFWFRXUWjVVHQWHQFLQJGHFLVLRQVZH           RI WKLV WHVWLPRQ\ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW SURSHUO\ IRXQG D
mZLOOGLVWXUEWKHXQGHUO\LQJIDFWXDOILQGLQJVRQO\LIWKH\DUH         FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH GHYLFH DQG .ROOH\jV FRQGXFW
FOHDUO\HUURQHRXVl8QLWHG6WDWHVY+LOO)G         UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHWKHU WKH GHYLFH ZDV FDSDEOH RI UDSLG
WK &LU   7KH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH     DVVHPEO\
6HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHVWRWKHIDFWVLVUHYLHZHGGHIHUHQWLDOO\
8QLWHG6WDWHVY(QQHQJD)GWK&LU                                        ,,,
   3RVVHVVLRQ RI D GHVWUXFWLYH GHYLFH WKDW LV PHUHO\              )RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZHDIILUP.ROOH\jVFRQYLFWLRQ
FRLQFLGHQWDO WR DQRWKHU IHORQ\ RIIHQVH LV LQVXIILFLHQW WR       DQGVHQWHQFH
VXSSRUW WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI  .  ,G DW   ,Q LWV
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHmLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKlFODXVHRI.
WKLVFRXUWKDVDGRSWHGWKHmIRUWUHVVWKHRU\lZKLFKVWDWHVWKDW
mDVXIILFLHQWFRQQHFWLRQLVHVWDEOLVKHGLILWUHDVRQDEO\DSSHDUV
WKDWWKHILUHDUPVIRXQGRQWKHSUHPLVHVFRQWUROOHGRURZQHG
E\DGHIHQGDQWDQGLQKLVDFWXDORUFRQVWUXFWLYHSRVVHVVLRQDUH
WREHXVHGWRSURWHFWWKHGUXJVRURWKHUZLVHIDFLOLWDWHDGUXJ
WUDQVDFWLRQl,GTXRWDWLRQRPLWWHG
   ,QWKLVFDVHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVILQGLQJVRIIDFWZHUHQRW
FOHDUO\HUURQHRXVQRUZDVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHJXLGHOLQHVWR
WKRVHIDFWVLPSURSHU)LUVWDOWKRXJK.ROOH\DUJXHVWKDWWKH
GHYLFHZDVFDSDEOHRIOHJLWLPDWHXVHLQFOXGLQJmUHPRYDORI
WUHH VWXPSV DQG RWKHU VLPLODU WDVNVl WHVWLPRQ\ DW WULDO
HVWDEOLVKHGWKDWQRFRQVWUXFWLRQZDVWDNLQJSODFHLQWKHDUHD
VXUURXQGLQJWKHPRELOHKRPHLQ$XJXVWQRUKDG.ROOH\
EHHQDVNHGWREORZXSVWXPSVRQWKHSURSHUW\VXUURXQGLQJWKH
PRELOHKRPH6HFRQGWKHGHYLFHZDVIRXQGLQWKHEHGURRP
ZKHUHWKHLQKDOHUFRQWDLQLQJPHWKDPSKHWDPLQHUHVLGXHDQG
WKHKDQGZULWWHQGRFXPHQWGHVFULELQJWKHHSKHGULQHH[WUDFWLRQ
SURFHVVZHUHDOVRIRXQG7KLUGDOWKRXJK.ROOH\UHSHDWHGO\
HPSKDVL]HV WKDW WKH GHYLFH UHTXLUHG IXUWKHU DVVHPEO\ WKH
GLVWULFW FRXUW FRUUHFWO\ H[SODLQHG WKDW WKH GHYLFH ZDV QRW
UHTXLUHGWREHWKHEHVWPHWKRGRISURWHFWLQJ.ROOH\jVGUXJ
DFWLYLW\  5DWKHU WKH GHYLFH QHHG RQO\ WR KDYH mKDG VRPH
HPEROGHQLQJ UROH LQ GHIHQGDQWjV IHORQLRXV FRQGXFWl WR
VXSSRUWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI.,G'HWHFWLYH+HQGHUVRQ
WHVWLILHGWKDWGHYLFHVVLPLODUWRWKHRQHIRXQGLQWKHPRELOH