Court Opinion

ID: 4503641
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-01-31 21:00:25.834159+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:57:08.285092
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                       JAN 31 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                    U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

KENNETH KON,                                  No.   18-55401

                Petitioner-Appellant,         D.C. No.
                                              8:16-cv-00397-SVW-SK
 v.

STUART SHERMAN, Warden,                       ORDER

                Respondent-Appellee.

Before: BERZON and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and WHALEY,* District
Judge.

      Respondent’s Petition for Panel Rehearing, Docket Entry No. 41, is

DENIED. The Memorandum Disposition filed December 13, 2019, Docket Entry

No. 35, is WITHDRAWN and REPLACED by a new Memorandum Disposition

filed concurrently with this order.

      *
             The Honorable Robert H. Whaley, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Washington, sitting by designation.
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 31 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

KENNETH KON,                                    No.    18-55401

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No.
                                                8:16-cv-00397-SVW-SK
 v.

STUART SHERMAN, Warden,                         MEMORANDUM*

                Respondent-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted November 15, 2019
                              Pasadena, California

Before: BERZON and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and WHALEY,** District
Judge.

      Kenneth Kon appeals from the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas

corpus. We granted a certificate of appealability on the sole issue of whether his

statements to the police were admitted in violation of his Fifth Amendment rights

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Robert H. Whaley, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Washington, sitting by designation.
under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). We reverse and remand for an

evidentiary hearing on this discrete issue.

      1.      The parties dispute what standard of review should govern our

analysis. The Warden argues that the California Court of Appeal’s and Supreme

Court’s summary denials of Kon’s state petitions were adjudications “on the

merits” and therefore entitled to deference under the Antiterrorism and Effective

Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). However, the state

superior court issued a reasoned opinion denying Kon’s petition on purely

procedural grounds1 and nothing indicates the appellate courts’ subsequent

summary denials relied on different reasoning. In these situations, we “look

through” those summary denials and review the superior court’s decision. See

Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1195-96 (2018); Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S.

797, 803-04 (1991). Because the superior court did not reach the merits of Kon’s

claim here at issue—despite the fact that he properly presented it—AEDPA does

not apply and we review de novo. See Pirtle v. Morgan, 313 F.3d 1160, 1167 (9th

Cir. 2002).

      2.      Kon contends that he invoked his right to counsel on three

1
  The Warden did not raise a procedural default defense before either the district
court or this court. At oral argument, counsel advised that this was a deliberate,
tactical decision. As a result, any procedural default defense has been waived. See
Wood v. Milyard, 566 U.S. 463, 472-74 (2012).

                                          2                                    18-55401
occasions—first in the high school parking lot immediately after his arrest, then

twice more at the police station at the beginning of the recorded custodial

interrogation. He argues that the police ignored these requests, continued to

interrogate him, and elicited a confession, and that the admission of the recording

at trial violated his rights under the Fifth Amendment.

      Given that a suspect only needs to ask for counsel once and does not need to

renew his or her request if interrogated again later, see Edwards v. Arizona, 451

U.S. 477, 482, 484-85 (1981), the key issue in this case is Kon’s first alleged

request. And here, Kon consistently alleged in his state and federal habeas petitions

that after the police arrested him in the high school parking lot, he “asked an

officer for a lawyer but was told that it was the end of the work day, none

available.” Because this allegation, if true, would entitle Kon to relief, and because

he has never been afforded a state or federal hearing on his claim, we conclude that

the district court erred in denying his request for an evidentiary hearing. See Hurles

v. Ryan, 752 F.3d 768, 791-92 (9th Cir. 2014); Earp v. Ornoski, 431 F.3d 1158,

1167 (9th Cir. 2005).

      3.     The Warden argues that even if the Fifth Amendment violation

occurred as alleged, it was nevertheless harmless because the jury also heard the

victim’s testimony and the recording of the covert telephone call conversation

between Kon and the victim’s mother.

                                          3                                       18-55401
      In habeas proceedings, relief is only available if the constitutional error had

a “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.”

Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993). In a case nearly identical to this

one, we held that the admission of a recorded confession met this standard when—

despite the victim’s detailed testimony—there was no physical evidence, the

defendant’s entire interrogation and apology letter were played for or read to the

jury, and the prosecutor relied heavily on the custodial statements in closing

argument. Garcia v. Long, 808 F.3d 771, 782-84 (9th Cir. 2015). The Warden

emphasizes that the jury also heard the recording of the covert telephone call

conversation between Kon and the victim’s mother. However, the statements Kon

made during this call were considerably less incriminating than the ones he made

during the custodial interrogation.2 He admitted to penetrating the victim—an

element of one of the offenses for which he was convicted, Cal. Pen. Code §

288.7(b)—in the confession only. Accordingly, we conclude that the Miranda

violation, if it occurred as alleged in the petition, had a substantial and injurious

effect on the jury’s decision with respect to Kon’s conviction for Sexual

Penetration With a Child 10 Years of Age or Younger, Cal. Pen. Code, § 288.7(b).

2
  The Warden also argues that because Kon testified, his custodial statements were
still admissible for impeachment. While true, see, e.g., Bradford v. Davis, 923 F.3d
599, 615 (9th Cir. 2019), the prosecutor did not use Kon’s statements to impeach
him but rather used them as substantive evidence of his guilt.

                                           4                                     18-55401
      With respect to Kon’s conviction for Committing a Lewd or Lascivious Act

on a Child Under the Age of 14 Years, Cal. Pen. Code § 288(a), however, we

conclude that the admission of the covert telephone call conversation rendered the

alleged Miranda violation harmless. Thus, further habeas proceedings, including

the evidentiary hearing, shall be limited to reviewing the legality of Kon’s

detention only as it relates to his conviction for Sexual Penetration With a Child 10

Years of Age or Younger.

      REVERSED and REMANDED for an evidentiary hearing.

                                          5                                    18-55401