Court Opinion

ID: 3020640
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:23:15.143566+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:24.273591
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                   ___________

                                   No. 97-1593
                                   ___________

United States of America               *
                                       *
         Appellee,                     *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
     v.                                * District Court for the
                                       * District of Nebraska.
                                       *
Henry "Hank" Belitz                    *
                                       *
      Appellant.                       *

                                   ___________

                      Submitted:   January 15, 1998

                          Filed:   April 1, 1998
                                   ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit
     Judge and SACHS,1 District Judge.

                                   ___________

SACHS, District Judge.

     Appellant Henry Belitz was indicted for conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine, use of a firearm during and in relation to a drug
trafficking crime, possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine,
and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.        Belitz pled guilty to
the conspiracy charge and was sentenced by the district court2 to 60 months
imprisonment.   On appeal, Belitz

     1
      The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge
for the Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
     2
      The Honorable Thomas M. Shanahan, United States District
Judge for the District of Nebraska.
contends that the district court erred in (1) enhancing his sentence for
possession of a firearm pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1) of the Sentencing
Guidelines and (2) refusing to reduce Belitz's base offense level for his
mitigating role in the offense pursuant to § 3B1.2 of the Sentencing
Guidelines.   We affirm.

                                        I.
     In 1994, law enforcement personnel began investigating a methamphet-
amine distribution conspiracy involving, among other individuals, Michael
Crestoni.     Mr. Crestoni cooperated with law enforcement and admitted
selling methamphetamine to various street dealers.        The investigation led
to the execution of a search warrant on appellant Belitz's residence.

     In the course of executing the search warrant, police discovered
approximately six and one-half pounds of methamphetamine in Belitz's
basement.     Two   locked   bags   containing    approximately   six   pounds   of
methamphetamine were found in a small refrigerator; the remainder of the
narcotics, 380 grams of methamphetamine, were found in a locked tool box.
Belitz did not have a key to the locked bags and, although he owned the key
to the tool box, had given that key to Crestoni and did not have it in his
possession at the time of the search.        Money, scales and weapons were also
found in the basement.     Upstairs, in Belitz's living room, police found a
loaded semi-automatic pistol on the television set.

     Belitz pled guilty to conspiracy with intent to distribute metham-
phetamine.    At the direction of the district court, the probation office
prepared a presentence report.       Belitz objected to the amount of metham-
phetamine used to calculate his base offense level, in addition to the
firearm enhancement and the role in the offense appraisal.

     At an evidentiary hearing, the district court sustained appellant's
first objection, finding that Belitz had accountability

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for only between 100 and 400 grams of methamphetamine, the drugs found in
the tool box.     The court rejected his other objections, which are the
subject of this appeal.

                                    II.
                    A.   Section 2D1.1(b)(1) Enhancement
     Section 2D1.1(b)(1) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides for a two
level increase in a defendant's base offense level "[i]f a dangerous weapon
(including a firearm) was possessed."     The Government has the burden at
sentencing to show by a preponderance of the evidence that a weapon was
present and that it is not clearly improbable that the weapon was connected
with the criminal activity.     United States v. Vaughn, 111 F.3d 610, 616
(8th Cir. 1997), applying U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, Application Note 3.         The
district court's finding that a weapon was sufficiently connected to the
offense is reviewed for clear error.   United States v. Fairchild, 122 F.3d
605, 614 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, sub nom. Leisinger v. United
States, ___ U.S. ___, 118 S.Ct. 1086 (1998).

     Belitz contends that it was clearly improbable that the gun found in
his living room had any connection with the drugs stored in his basement.
In support of this contention Belitz first asserts that he had a legitimate
and innocent reason for possessing the gun.   At sentencing, Belitz offered
testimony that the gun belonged to a friend of his and that Belitz, a
gunsmith, had been given the gun for the purpose of making repairs.   At the
time the search warrant was executed, Belitz had completed the repairs and
had told his friend that he could pick up his gun.     He asserted that he
left the gun on top of the television so that his friend could easily
retrieve it, and that he loaded the gun because the weapon was loaded when
he received it.   Belitz stated he had directed the two people with whom he
shared his residence to return the gun to his friend when he arrived.

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     Belitz also contends that he should not receive an enhancement
because he had no reason to use a weapon to protect the drugs and, when the
opportunity arose to use a weapon against the police, he was nonviolent and
cooperative.     Belitz   testified   that   he   had   been   storing   valuables,
including the methamphetamine, for Crestoni, a long-time friend.                 He
reported that he and Crestoni often exchanged favors and, on a number of
occasions, Belitz had allowed Crestoni to store valuables in his home.
Approximately one month before the execution of the search warrant,
Crestoni was in the process of moving and, afraid that one of his
associates would rob him, asked to store some valuables in Belitz's
residence.   Belitz gave Crestoni access to his basement, including use of
a locked tool box and the key to that tool box.         At that time, Belitz said
he did not know what Crestoni was storing.        Approximately two weeks later,
Belitz testified, he observed Crestoni place money in the tool box and
remove a bag of powder from the tool box; at that time he supposedly told
Crestoni to remove the drugs from his house.       Crestoni had not removed the
drugs when the search warrant was executed.          Belitz testified he had no
motive to protect the methamphetamine because he did not share in the
profits from Crestoni's drug distribution.        Furthermore, he testified that
on the morning the search warrant was executed, he made no attempt to elude
police or to use a weapon against the police, despite the fact that he had
a handgun in the truck in which he arrived at his house.           Belitz reported
that he cooperated with police, even leading them to the handgun in the
vehicle.3

     Belitz's contentions do not require reversal.             Another's ownership
of the gun is not controlling if a defendant had constructive possession,
including dominion or control, over the weapon.           Fairchild, 122 F.3d at
614; United States v. Payne, 81

     3
      At sentencing, the district court ruled that the Government
had established no nexus between the gun in the truck and the
criminal activity. Accordingly, that handgun is not relevant for
purposes of this appeal.

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F.3d 759, 762 (8th Cir. 1996).       Belitz clearly had dominion over the
firearm at the time it was found.     Nor is the fact that Belitz allegedly
possessed the gun for a legitimate purpose controlling.   See United States
v. Early, 77 F.3d 242, 244 (8th Cir. 1996) (upholding enhancement where
defendant claimed he was trying to sell firearm in a transaction separate
from drug sale); United States v. Kinshaw, 71 F.3d 268, 271 (8th Cir. 1995)
(upholding enhancement where defendant possessed a gun he was allegedly
"merely adjusting" for the owner).         Although Belitz may have had an
innocent reason for obtaining the gun, the weapon was found in an open area
leading to the drugs, was loaded and was easily accessible.   A temporal and
spatial relation thus existed between Belitz, the weapon, and the drugs.
See Payne, 81 F.3d at 763.         Although he had no financial stake in
Crestoni's operation, Crestoni was a friend and Belitz was aware that he
was storing methamphetamine and cash in his basement.     At the very least,
the district court was entitled to conclude that the readily accessible gun
enhanced appellant's comfort level while the drugs were in his home.
Although Belitz testified that he had no reason to protect Crestoni's
property, such self-serving testimony need not be accepted when the
surrounding circumstances create doubt and a high incentive to fabricate
exists.    The district court based its ruling in part on "witness credibil-
ity."     It was not clear error for the district court to find that the
Government's circumstantial showing established the required nexus between
the handgun and the drug activity.    The persuasive nature of that showing
was not necessarily overcome by the attempted rebuttal.

                         B.   Section 3B1.2 Reduction
        Section 3B1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides for a reduction
in a defendant's base offense level if the defendant is found to be a
minimal or minor participant in the criminal offense.      The Commentary to
§ 3B1.2 explains that the 4 level minimal role reduction is "intended to
cover defendants who are plainly among the least culpable of those involved
in the conduct of a group."

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§   3B1.2,   Application   Note   1.    A     defendant's   lack   of   knowledge    or
understanding of the scope and structure of the enterprise is indicative
of a role as minimal participant.       Id.    A 2 level reduction is authorized
where a defendant's role is minor but not minimal.                 § 3B1.2(b).      The
propriety of a downward adjustment is determined by comparing the acts of
each   participant in relation to the relevant conduct for which the
participant is held accountable and by measuring each participant's
individual acts and relative culpability against the elements of the
offense.     United States v. Goebel, 898 F.2d 675, 677 (8th Cir. 1990).
Whether a defendant's role in the criminal activity was minimal or minor
is a factual determination and, accordingly, we will affirm the district
court's conclusion that Belitz was not a minimal or minor participant
unless it is clearly erroneous.        Id.

       Belitz argues that he is entitled to a reduction because he was
unaware of the scope of the criminal enterprise and even unaware of most
of the drugs stored in his house.        The district court agreed with Belitz
that he could not have foreseen the full amount of drugs in his home or the
scope of the enterprise in which Crestoni was involved.            Accordingly, the
court held him accountable only for the amount of narcotics Belitz knew was
being stored in his home or, at least, the amount Belitz assumed the risk
that his friend would store.      He was admittedly aware of drugs in the tool
box, and the quantity was not so extraordinary as to be treated as
unforeseeable.   The purpose for reducing a defendant's base offense level
where the defendant had little or no understanding of the scope of the
enterprise had thus already been accomplished.
       If a defendant has received a lower offense level by virtue of
       being convicted of an offense significantly less serious than
       warranted by his actual criminal conduct, a reduction for a
       mitigating role under this section ordinarily is not warranted
       because such defendant is not substantially less culpable than
       a defendant whose only conduct involved the less serious
       offense.

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U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, Application Note 4.      Although he was not convicted of a
less serious offense, Belitz's base offense level was based not on the full
six and one-half pounds of methamphetamine found in his home, but upon only
380 grams.      In relation to this small amount for which he was held
accountable, Belitz was not a minimal or minor actor.

     Appellant also argues that his base offense level should be reduced
because he played no vital role in the conspiracy but merely served as a
storage facility for Crestoni; he arranged no sales and received no
profits.    The district court, however, found that his voluntary and knowing
storage of a substantial amount of methamphetamine was sufficient to
preclude a decrease for a minor role.          We cannot conclude that this
determination was erroneous.     Crestoni needed a place to store his drugs
and Belitz provided him a safe haven.       Belitz also provided a place for
Crestoni to store proceeds from his drug distribution.    Belitz thus played
a significant role in the conspiracy.    The fact that Belitz did not profit
from the arrangement and stored the narcotics only as a favor is not
dispositive.     See United States v. Ellis, 890 F.2d 1040, 1041 (8th Cir.
1989).   Accordingly, we agree with the district court's conclusion that a
decrease in the offense level is not warranted.

     For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
affirmed.

     A true copy.

             Attest:

                   CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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