Court Opinion

ID: 3179188
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-22 15:23:38.256753+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:06:28.511601
License: Public Domain

Mashea Ray-Simmons & Antionette McGouldrick v. State, No. 28, September Term, 2015

CRIMINAL LAW — PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES — The State’s explanation of
its reasons for exercising peremptory challenges constituted a Batson step two discussion,
rendering moot the question of whether Petitioners established a prima facie case of
discrimination. The prosecutor’s remark that she intended to replace a challenged juror
with another juror of the same race and gender, moreover, did not constitute a race- and
gender-neutral explanation under Batson.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 110308026; Case No. 110308027;
Case No. 110293019; Case No. 110293021
Argued: November 6, 2015

                                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 OF MARYLAND

                                                        No. 28

                                                September Term, 2015

                                          MASHEA LOUISE RAY-SIMMONS
                                          A/K/A TAYANA SIMMONS AND
                                          ANTIONETTE MCGOULDRICK

                                                           v.

                                              STATE OF MARYLAND

                                            Barbera, C.J.,
                                            Battaglia
                                            Greene
                                            Adkins
                                            McDonald
                                            Watts
                                            Harrell, Jr., Glenn T. (Retired,
                                            Specially Assigned),

                                                         JJ.

                                               Opinion by Barbera, C.J.
                                                McDonald, J., dissents.

                                               Filed: February 22, 2016
       We apply in this case Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), and its progeny to

the State’s exercise of peremptory challenges and its subsequent explanations for making

those challenges. We hold that, because the State’s explanation for one of its peremptory

challenges was not neutral as to both race and gender, Petitioners are entitled to relief under

Batson. We accordingly reverse the decision of the Court of Special Appeals and grant

Petitioners a new trial.

                                              I.

       Petitioners, Mashea Ray-Simmons and Antionette McGouldrick, were tried jointly

with a third co-defendant before a jury in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City on charges

of first degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and related handgun offenses. Trial

proceeded over the course of eight days in April 2012. Petitioners were acquitted of first

degree murder but were found guilty and sentenced for second degree murder, conspiracy

to commit murder, and use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence. The

Court of Special Appeals affirmed Petitioners’ convictions in an unreported opinion. We

granted Petitioners’ petition for writ of certiorari to answer the following question:

       Does a prosecutor’s response to an allegation of racial and gender
       discrimination in the exercise of a peremptory challenge that she intended to
       replace the stricken African American male juror with another African
       American male satisfy the requirement of Batson v. Kentucky, that the State
       a) provide a specific explanation for each challenged strike, which b) is
       racially, and with respect to gender, neutral?

                                              II.

       Batson and its progeny instruct that the exercise of peremptory challenges on the

basis of race, gender, or ethnicity violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment.1 Excusing a juror on any of those bases violates both the defendant’s right

to a fair trial and the potential juror’s “right not to be excluded on an impermissible

discriminatory basis.” Edmonds v. State, 372 Md. 314, 329 (2002). Moreover, when the

striking party’s “choice of jurors is tainted with racial bias, that overt wrong casts doubt

over the obligation of the parties, the jury, and indeed the court to adhere to the law

throughout the trial, invit[ing] cynicism respecting the jury’s neutrality and undermin[ing]

public confidence in adjudication.”      Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 238 (2005)

(citations, internal quotation marks, and ellipses omitted).

       The Supreme Court announced in Batson a three-step process to assist the trial court

in deciding a claim that a party to the case exercised a peremptory challenge to eliminate a

prospective juror based on his or her race, gender, or ethnicity. The Supreme Court has

hewed to that process ever since Batson and has clarified how trial courts are to employ

the process and appellate courts are to review trial courts’ decisions. The Supreme Court

has emphasized that, throughout the process of evaluating such claims, “[t]he trial court

has a pivotal role.” Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 477 (2008).

       At step one, the party raising the Batson challenge must make a prima facie

showing—produce some evidence—that the opposing party’s peremptory challenge to a

prospective juror was exercised on one or more of the constitutionally prohibited bases.

See Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767 (1995) (per curiam). “[T]he prima facie showing

1
 See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986) (prohibiting challenges based on race);
Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 369 (1991) (plurality opinion) (indicating that
challenges based on ethnicity are prohibited); J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127,
130-31 (1994) (prohibiting challenges based on gender).
                                               2
threshold is not an extremely high one—not an onerous burden to establish.” Stanley v.

State, 313 Md. 50, 71 (1988). A prima facie case is established if the opponent of the

peremptory strike(s) can show “that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an

inference of discriminatory purpose.” Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162, 168 (2005)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Merely “a ‘pattern’ of strikes against black jurors in

the particular venire . . . might give rise to or support or refute the requisite showing.”

Stanley, 313 Md. at 60-61 (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 97).

       If the objecting party satisfies that preliminary burden, the court proceeds to step

two, at which “the burden of production shifts to the proponent of the strike to come

forward with” an explanation for the strike that is neutral as to race, gender, and ethnicity.

Purkett, 514 U.S. at 767. A step-two explanation must be neutral, “but it does not have to

be persuasive or plausible. Any reason offered will be deemed race-neutral unless a

discriminatory intent is inherent in the explanation.” Edmonds, 372 Md. at 330 (citation

omitted). “At this step of the inquiry, the issue is the facial validity of the prosecutor’s

explanation.” Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360 (1991) (plurality opinion). The

proponent of the strike cannot succeed at step two “by merely denying that he had a

discriminatory motive or by merely affirming his good faith.” Purkett, 514 U.S. at 769.

Rather, “[a]lthough there may be any number of bases on which a prosecutor reasonably

might believe that it is desirable to strike a juror who is not excusable for cause,” the

striking party “must give a clear and reasonably specific explanation of his legitimate

reasons for exercising the challenge.” Miller-El, 545 U.S. at 239 (alterations omitted);

Stanley, 313 Md. at 61 (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 n.20).

                                                3
       If a neutral explanation is tendered by the proponent of the strike, the trial court

proceeds to step three, at which the court must decide “whether the opponent of the strike

has proved purposeful racial discrimination.” Purkett, 514 U.S. at 767. “It is not until the

third step that the persuasiveness of the justification becomes relevant—the step in which

the trial court determines whether the opponent of the strike has carried his burden of

proving purposeful discrimination.” Johnson, 545 U.S. at 171 (quoting Purkett, 514 U.S.

at 768) (emphasis omitted); see also Edmonds, 372 Md. at 330. At this step, “the trial court

must evaluate not only whether the [striking party’s] demeanor belies a discriminatory

intent, but also whether the juror’s demeanor can credibly be said to have exhibited the

basis for the strike attributed to the juror by the [striking party].” Snyder, 552 U.S. at 477.

Because a Batson challenge is largely a factual question, a trial court’s decision in this

regard is afforded great deference and will only be reversed if it is clearly erroneous.

Edmonds, 372 Md. at 331.

       Relevant to this case, the question of whether the challenger has made a prima facie

case under step one becomes moot if the striking party offers an explanation for the

challenged strike. See id. at 332 (citing Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359) (holding that “whether

petitioner has made a prima facie showing that the State’s challenges were racially

motivated . . . is moot because the State offered explanations for its peremptory challenges

and the court ruled, in part, on the ultimate question of intentional discrimination”); Davis

v. Balt. Gas & Elec. Co., 160 F.3d 1023, 1027 (4th Cir. 1998) (holding that “whether the

party disputing the peremptory strikes has established a prima facie case of discrimination

is moot, since Defendant voluntarily offered racially neutral reasons for its strikes”). “The

                                                4
effect of a prima facie case of racial or gender discrimination is to shift the burden of

production to the party exercising the strike to offer a race or gender-neutral explanation.

Once a [race- and gender-neutral] explanation is offered, the prima facie case dissipates[.]”

Gilchrist v. State, 340 Md. 606, 634 (1995) (Chasanow, J., concurring).

        It is against this backdrop that we determine whether the trial court correctly applied

the Batson process. Before doing so, however, we must resolve a preliminary matter that

requires our examination of what occurred before and during the process of selecting the

jury.

                                                III.

        On March 28, 2012, on what, save for a postponement, evidently was to have been

the first day of jury selection, Ms. McGouldrick’s counsel requested a “ruling that an

objection made by one defendant would be deemed made by the others.” The trial court

responded, “That’s fine. All objections are preserved.” During jury selection on April 9,

2012, the State initially exercised peremptory challenges to excuse Juror 4579 and Juror

4692, both of whom are African American men. When twelve jurors were seated, the trial

court asked the State if the panel was acceptable. At that point, the State asked to excuse

Juror 4583, another African American man who had not answered any questions during

voir dire. As counsel continued their attempt to seat a twelfth juror, the State exercised

two additional peremptory challenges of African American men, Juror 4773 and Juror

4909.

        Upon the State’s exercise of its fifth peremptory challenge to excuse Juror 4909,

counsel for Petitioner Ray-Simmons asked to approach the bench. The following colloquy

                                                 5
occurred between the trial court, Ms. Ray-Simmons’s counsel, and the State, with counsel

for the remaining defendants also present at the bench:

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: On behalf of Defendant Ray-Simmons, Your
                         Honor, the State has stricken – made five
                         peremptory strikes; all five of them black, all five
                         of them male. All five of them are no[t] educated
                         and with all [due] respect, there seems to be very
                         little other cause for striking. I think that it’s
                         inappropriate.

      THE COURT:                  All right. [State]?

      [THE STATE]:                Your Honor, as to 4909, the State struck him
                                  because of his age. As to 4773, that man
                                  appeared to have a real issue with numbers. He
                                  either wasn’t here this morning when his number
                                  was called or just doesn’t – he just appeared to
                                  have some issues with that.

                                  As to 4583, I intended to replace him with
                                  another black male. Defense, I believe it was
                                  two[2] actually, ended up striking that person.

                                  ....

                                  As to 4692 - . . . His brother was convicted of
                                  CDS and he was unemployed. As to 4579 he’s
                                  also young.

      THE COURT:                  Okay. All right.

      [THE STATE]:                I intend to strike more that would also be young.

      THE COURT:                  That’s fine. Noted. I don’t think it would be used
                                  to establish a prima facie case. Thank you.

2
 For purposes of jury selection, defense counsel were designated, respectively, as Defense
One (Defendant Warren Savage, the remaining codefendant who is not a party to this
appeal), Defense Two (Defendant Ray-Simmons), and Defense Three (Defendant
McGouldrick).
                                              6
         [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay.

(Emphasis added). Jury selection resumed. When again twelve jurors were seated, the

trial court asked counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons if the panel was acceptable to his client, to

which he replied “Acceptable.” Then, in response to the same question, counsel for Ms.

McGouldrick answered, “Acceptable, safe from [sic]3 prior objections, Your Honor.” Two

alternates were chosen without further controversy and the trial proceeded.

                                             IV.

         In its unreported opinion in this case, a panel of the Court of Special Appeals held

as a preliminary matter, without mention of the trial court’s March 28, 2012, ruling, that

neither Petitioner had preserved the Batson claim for appellate review because both had

accepted the composition of the jury at the close of jury selection. The panel nonetheless

addressed the Batson claim and held, in the alternative, that the trial court had not erred in

ruling that the claim failed for want of a prima facie case of discrimination and that the

prosecutor’s explanation was race- and (presumably) gender-neutral. Petitioners asked this

Court to accept certiorari to review not only the Court of Special Appeals’s holding on the

merits of their Batson claim, but also the intermediate appellate court’s preliminary

determination that Petitioners had not preserved the claim for appellate review. The State,

not surprisingly, agreed with the Court of Special Appeals on both grounds. The State later

noted in its brief before this Court that our decision on the merits of the Batson claim would

be advisory because it would leave standing the Court of Special Appeals’s threshold

3
    We strongly suspect that counsel used the phrase “save for” rather than “safe from.”
                                                7
holding on non-preservation grounds. Notwithstanding that we denied certiorari on the

question of preservation, we deem it appropriate to address it to lay to rest any concern that

this be merely an advisory opinion. Upon our review of the record, it is clear to us that the

Batson claim was properly preserved by both Petitioners.

       Based upon the trial court’s ruling at the outset of trial proceedings that “an

objection made by one defendant would be deemed made by the others,” the Batson

challenge raised expressly by counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons was joined automatically by

counsel for Ms. McGouldrick. Likewise, when at the end of jury selection counsel for Ms.

McGouldrick stated that the jury was acceptable “safe from [sic] prior objections,” counsel

for Ms. McGouldrick preserved the Batson challenge for his client as well as Ms. Ray-

Simmons. It is of no consequence, therefore, that counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons accepted

the composition of the jury without repeating his prior objection.4

4
  The dissent declares that we are engaging in a “sleight of hand” in concluding that both
Petitioners have preserved the Batson challenge for appellate review because the trial court
ruled on March 28, 2012, that an objection made by one defense counsel “would be deemed
made by the others.” In the view of the dissent, the court’s ruling was limited to the pretrial
motions that occurred later that day. We disagree.
        Certainly, as the dissent points out, pretrial motions were litigated later that day.
But the ruling concerning preservation of objections was made earlier, in the context of a
discussion among the trial court and all counsel concerning the general ground rules that
would apply throughout trial. We come to this conclusion by reference to other rulings the
court made that same morning. The trial court stated at the outset of the proceedings that
“it’s my understanding[] that we are here to begin trial in this case.” The court then turned
to a discussion with counsel about the trial schedule, including how many days the trial
would take and at what times the proceedings would start and finish. The court next issued
a rule on witnesses, requiring that all witnesses who would be testifying must stay outside
of the courtroom, which we have little doubt was intended to apply throughout trial and
was not limited to pretrial motions. Similarly, the court ruled that members of the audience
who could not contain their emotions would be removed from the courtroom; that ruling,
too, cannot reasonably be interpreted as applying solely to pretrial motions on evidentiary
                                                8
       In a prior criminal case involving codefendants, we noted without contradiction one

commentator’s observation that, in cases involving codefendants, “[u]nless the identity

and/or status of the objecting party is a factor in the trial judge’s decision to overrule the

objection, any counsel’s objection really should be allowed to preserve the issue, at least

for all similarly situated parties.” Bundy v. State, 334 Md. 131, 146 (1994) (quoting Joseph

F. Murphy, Jr., Maryland Evidence Handbook § 102(C), at 13 (2d ed. 1993)). The State’s

exercise of peremptory challenges affected Ms. Ray-Simmons no more prominently than

Ms. McGouldrick. Indeed, a claim that the State is exercising its peremptory challenges

on the basis of race and gender implicates not only the parties to the case, but also the jurors

who were stricken on a discriminatory basis and the public’s perception generally of our

system of justice. These are the very concerns underpinning the Batson decision that bring

us here today. See Miller-El, 545 U.S. at 238. Taking together Ms. Ray-Simmons’s

objection and Ms. McGouldrick’s preservation of that objection, given the trial court’s

earlier ruling, we hold that both Petitioners preserved for appellate review their challenge

issues. The court also confirmed that counsel had secured an order that would allow their
clients to wear civilian clothing. That concern, of course, does not arise in the context of
pretrial motions litigated before a jury is sworn.
        Of particular note is that, moments prior to the ruling at issue, the trial court
explained its expectations regarding objections made during trial. The court stated, “All
right. Counsel, with regard to objections; objections to a certain extent should be limited
to one or two or three word objections.” The court explained that: “I just hate to have the
trial continually be delayed by approaching.” Shortly thereafter, counsel for Ms.
McGouldrick raised the request for a ruling in favor of joint objections as a “housekeeping
matter” made “[i]n terms of the Court’s policy regarding objections.” Viewed in that
context, counsel’s request was part of the same discussion as the court’s expectations
towards objections generally, and was not limited to the pretrial motions the court
entertained that day.
                                                 9
to the State’s peremptory challenges. We therefore reverse the Court of Special Appeals’s

holding to the contrary.

                                             V.

       We turn now to Petitioners’ challenge to the trial court’s Batson ruling. Their

argument has several prongs. They argue that the court, by calling upon the State to explain

its peremptory strikes, rendered moot the question of whether Petitioners had carried their

preliminary burden of making out a prima facie case; even so, Petitioners had satisfied their

burden of producing evidence of discrimination in the State’s exercising all five strikes—

the only strikes the State had made by that point of jury selection—to remove African

American men from the jury. Petitioners further argue that the prosecutor’s explanation

for striking Juror 4583 violated the dictates of Batson because the explanation lacked the

requisite specificity and on its face was based on the juror’s race and gender. We agree

with Petitioners on all scores.

                                             (a)

       The preliminary “step one” determination of whether the objecting party has made

out a prima facie case of a Batson violation becomes moot when the striking party tenders

an explanation for the challenged peremptory strike(s). Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359; Davis,

160 F.3d at 1027; Edmonds, 372 Md. at 332. When in this case Petitioners asserted a

Batson violation, the court turned its attention to the prosecutor, who immediately provided

an explanation for each of the five peremptory strikes. If, in calling upon the State to

respond, the trial court was looking to the State merely to address Petitioners’ showing of

a prima facie case, the court erred as a matter of law. “What reasons a prosecutor may

                                               10
advance for his challenges are not relevant to a prima facie showing vel non. It is the

‘circumstances’ concerning the prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges which may

create a prima facie case of discrimination against black jurors, not the reasons given for

the challenges.” Tolbert v. State, 315 Md. 13, 18 (1989).

       The prosecutor explained that she excused Juror 4909 and Juror 4579 because of

their youth; Juror 4773 had an issue with numbers; and Juror 4692 was unemployed and

his brother had been convicted of a crime. With regard to Juror 4583, the prosecutor

explained only: “I intended to replace him with another black male.” Notwithstanding

that the court evidently believed the Batson inquiry remained at step one, even after the

prosecutor’s proffered explanations for her strikes, those explanations automatically

moved the Batson inquiry from the first to the second step. Edmonds, 372 Md. at 332.

       Furthermore, the record demonstrates that Petitioners satisfied their preliminary

burden of producing a prima facie case of race- and gender-based strikes by the State.

When Petitioners lodged their Batson challenge, the State had exercised five peremptory

challenges, all of which were to remove African American men. This evidence sufficed to

establish a prima facie case of race and gender discrimination. See Johnson, 545 U.S. at

173; Batson, 476 U.S. at 97 (noting that a mere “‘pattern’ of strikes against black jurors

included in the particular venire might give rise to an inference of discrimination,” thereby

satisfying step one); Stanley, 313 Md. at 72 (concluding that a prima facie case of racial

discrimination was established where “the State used 80 percent of its peremptory

challenges (eight of 10 strikes) to strike blacks from the jury panel”). The trial court erred

in ruling that Petitioners had not made out a prima facie case of a Batson violation.

                                               11
                                              (b)

       The State, by proffering an explanation for each of its strikes, moved the Batson

inquiry to step two. At that step, the State, as the party exercising the challenged

peremptory strike, carries the burden of coming forward with “a clear and reasonably

specific explanation of its legitimate reasons for exercising the challenge.” Miller-El, 545

U.S. at 239 (alteration omitted) (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 n.20); see also Chew v.

State, 317 Md. 233, 245 (1989) (noting that the striking party must provide an explanation

for every strike). The State in this case failed to do so.

       Petitioners have no quarrel with the State’s explanation of its reasons for striking

Jurors 4579, 4692, 4773, and 4909; their concern focuses squarely on the State’s

explanation for challenging Juror 4583.        They argue that the prosecutor’s proffered

explanation that she intended to replace Juror 4583 with another juror of the same race and

gender—“I intended to replace him with another black male”—fails to satisfy the

requirement of Batson that the explanation be “clear and reasonably specific”; moreover,

the explanation on its face is race- and gender-based. We agree. A desire to replace a juror

with another unspecified member of the panel does not explain in any way, race-neutral or

otherwise, the prosecutor’s reasons for striking that particular juror. See State v. Hicks,

499 S.E.2d 209, 212 (S.C. 1998) (concluding that the defendant failed to comply with

Batson by explaining that he wanted “to reach some jurors further down the list” because

he did not explain “which jurors he was attempting to seat or why other jurors were more

desirable” and therefore “[t]he effect was the same as if no reason was given”) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

                                                12
       The State acquiesces on this point, acknowledging that the prosecutor’s response

vis-à-vis Juror 4583 hardly amounts to an explanation of the reason for striking that

prospective juror. Yet, in the State’s view, the prosecutor’s statement was merely an

attempt to dispute Petitioners’ prima facie case and did not move the conversation to a step

two Batson inquiry. We explained in part (a) why that argument fails. Rather, the fact that

the State’s explanation for striking Juror 4583 was non-responsive establishes that the

peremptory strike did not comply with Batson. See Bui v. Haley, 321 F.3d 1304, 1311-12

(11th Cir. 2003) (concluding that “the State’s total failure to present any reason for the

striking of the eleventh juror prevented it from rebutting the defendant’s prima facie case

of race discrimination”).

       Not only was the prosecutor’s explanation insufficiently clear and specific, it was

also not race- and gender-neutral. We agree with Petitioners that the prosecutor’s apparent

intention to replace Juror 4583 with another African American man discloses that race and

gender factored improperly into the prosecutor’s decision, in violation of Batson. In Tyler

v. State, 330 Md. 261, 267-68 (1993), the prosecutor explained that his reason for striking

African American female jurors was not because of their race, but rather because they were

women and the prosecutor desired to have more men on the jury. We held, prior to the

Supreme Court’s decision in J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel T.B., 511 U.S. 127, 130-31 (1994),

that exercising a peremptory challenge on the basis of gender violates Article 24 of the

Maryland Declaration of Rights. Tyler, 330 Md. at 270. Had Tyler been decided today,

we have no doubt that an explanation like the one provided by the prosecutor in that case

also would run afoul of the Batson line of cases. See also Elliott v. State, 185 Md. App.

                                              13
692, 719 (2009) (holding that the State’s exercise of peremptory challenges against men

did not comply with Batson—even though the State’s intention was to reach a more

balanced jury—because the State based its decision on gender).

       Decisions of our sister jurisdictions are in accord with our conclusion. State v.

Coleman, 970 So. 2d 511 (La. 2007), is one such case. The prosecutor in Coleman had

proffered in response to the defendant’s Batson challenge that one African American juror

“has filed a lawsuit against the city alleging institutional discrimination. Defense counsel

voir dired on the race issue. There is a black defendant in this case. There are white

victims.” Id. at 513-14 (footnote omitted). The Supreme Court of Louisiana concluded

that this explanation was not race-neutral under Batson because the prosecutor “specifically

referenc[ed] the race of the defendant and the victim.” Id. at 516. As a result, “the explicit

interjection of race, without further explanation, renders implausible any explanation other

than that the decision to strike this prospective juror was not race-neutral.” Id.; see also

People v. Mallory, 993 N.Y.S.2d 609, 612 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014) (rejecting the

prosecutor’s explanation that the stricken juror “believes that police sometimes single out

minorities and I have Caucasian police officers that are going to be taking the stand”

because “the prosecutor explicitly referenced race in explaining his reasons”) (internal

quotation marks omitted); Guzman v. State, 85 S.W.3d 242, 247 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)

(en banc) (emphasizing that “the fact that a litigant mentions race in his explanation for

peremptory challenge is indicative . . . of purposeful discrimination”).

       We hold that the prosecutor’s explanation for striking Juror 4583, in addition to

lacking the requisite specificity, violated Batson because on its face the explanation was

                                               14
neither race- nor gender-neutral.

                                              V.

       It remains for us to decide the remedy to which Petitioners are entitled. Under some

circumstances, we have ordered a limited remand after a Batson violation instead of a new

trial to allow the trial court to complete the three-step inquiry. We noted in Edmonds that,

       unless it is impossible to reconstruct the circumstances surrounding the
       peremptory challenges, due perhaps to the passage of time or the
       unavailability of the trial judge, the proper remedy where the trial court does
       not satisfy Batson’s requirements is a new Batson hearing in which the trial
       court must satisfy the three-step process mandated by that case and its
       progeny.

372 Md. at 339-40. A limited remand may be appropriate, for example, where the State

was not given an opportunity at trial to explain its reasons for exercising the contested

peremptory challenges. See Mejia, 328 Md. at 540 (ordering a limited remand because less

than two years had passed since the trial began and “the State was not given the opportunity

to explain its striking of [the challenged juror]”); Stanley, 313 Md. at 75-76 (ordering a

limited remand “to permit the State to provide, if it can, racially neutral reasons for its use

of peremptories”).    We also have recognized, however, that “certain difficulties are

inherent in attempting to reconstruct events that occurred a year or more earlier.” Chew,

317 Md. at 239.

       We are persuaded that it would be impossible to reconstruct a jury that tried and

convicted Petitioners almost four years ago. See id. (noting that a new trial is the

appropriate remedy for a Batson violation when “the passage of time precludes fair

consideration of the relevant issues”). Nor is there any legitimate reason for doing so given

                                                15
that the prosecutor explained her reasons for exercising her peremptory challenges. See

Tyler, 330 Md. at 271 (“In the face of what the prosecutor said at trial, he is not entitled to

come forward at this time in an attempt to present a neutral explanation for challenging

women jurors. [Petitioners] are entitled to a new trial without further ado.”). We therefore

conclude that Petitioners are entitled to a new trial.

                                            JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                            SPECIAL APPEALS REVERSED; CASE
                                            REMANDED TO THAT COURT WITH
                                            INSTRUCTIONS TO REVERSE THE
                                            JUDGMENTS OF CONVICTION AND
                                            REMAND THE CASES TO THE CIRCUIT
                                            COURT FOR A NEW TRIAL FOR EACH
                                            PETITIONER; COSTS IN THIS COURT
                                            AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL
                                            APPEALS TO BE PAID BY THE MAYOR
                                            AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE
                                            CITY.

                                                16
Circuit Court for Baltimore County
Case No. 110308026
Case No. 110308027
Case No. 110293019
Case No. 110293021                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
Argued: November 6, 2015                    OF MARYLAND

                                                  No. 28

                                           September Term, 2015

                                     MASHEA LOUISE RAY-SIMMONS
                                     A/K/A TAYANA SIMMONS AND
                                      ANTOINETTE MCGOULDRICK

                                                     v.

                                         STATE OF MARYLAND

                                               Barbera, C.J.,
                                               Battaglia
                                               Greene
                                               Adkins
                                               McDonald
                                               Watts
                                               Harrell, Jr., Glenn T.
                                                      (Retired, Specially
                                                      Assigned),

                                                      JJ.

                                     Dissenting Opinion by McDonald, J.

                                          Filed: February 22, 2016
       In Batson v. Kentucky1 and subsequent cases, the Supreme Court established an

analysis for courts to employ in dealing with an allegation of purposeful racial or gender

discrimination in the exercise of peremptory strikes. Key information and data relating to

that analysis B the racial and gender make-up of the jury panel, other observable

characteristics of the prospective jurors who are struck, and the ultimate composition of

the jury selected B may be unknown to an appellate court, but self-evident to the trial judge.

Accordingly, the Batson analysis relies heavily on the determinations of the trial judge

whose findings are to be accorded Agreat deference@ and reversed only if clearly erroneous.2

       In this case, the Court attempts to apply the Batson analysis amid some confusion

as to whether one or both Petitioners actually preserved a Batson issue and what step of the

Batson inquiry is being reviewed. Based on my review of the record, I agree with the Court

of Special Appeals that, even if a Batson issue was preserved, the Circuit Court was not

clearly erroneous in finding that the Petitioners did not carry their burden of establishing

purposeful discrimination. Moreover, this case illustrates the wisdom of dispensing with

peremptory strikes altogether.

       1
           476 U.S. 79 (1986).
       2
         E.g., Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 363-66 (1991); Batson, 476 U.S. at
98 n. 21.
                                     The Batson Issue

       Preservation

       The Court of Special Appeals decided this case primarily on the ground that the

Petitioners failed to preserve a Batson issue in the trial court. The Majority opinion comes

to a different conclusion. Although my primary concerns do not relate to preservation, we

should acknowledge that there is a bit of sleight of hand in concluding that the issue was

preserved.

       Neither Petitioner actually preserved a Batson issue the way we would ordinarily

require. In particular, after questioning the prosecutor=s use of peremptory strikes late in

the selection of the jury, Ms. Ray-Simmons ultimately stated that she was satisfied with

the jury that was seated B which would ordinarily waive any issue concerning jury

selection. See State v. Stringfellow, 425 Md. 461, 469-70, 42 A.3d 27 (2012) (acceptance

of the jury panel without qualification waives prior objection because Aaccepting the

empaneled jury, without qualification or reservation, is directly inconsistent with the earlier

complaint@) (quotation and alteration marks omitted); Gilchrist v. State, 340 Md. 606, 617,

667 A.2d 876 (1995) (discussing waiver rule in case involving Batson objection); Calhoun

v. State, 297 Md. 563, 579, 468 A.2d 45 (1983).

       Ms. McGouldrick did not raise any Batson issue at all in the Circuit Court B also a

circumstance that would usually be fatal to an attempt to raise a Batson challenge on appeal.

The Majority opinion surmounts that obstacle by citing a discussion at a pretrial motions

hearing on March 28, 2012, that allowed one defendant to adopt objections made by

                                              2
another, although it is not at all clear that it pertained to jury selection.3 Majority slip op.

at 7-10. The selection of the jury that sat in this case began a week later on April 4, 2012,

and the Batson issue was not raised by counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons until the following

week on April 9, 2012. It seems a very generous reading of the discussion at the motions

hearing to apply it to a discussion of peremptory strikes two weeks later B when each party,

including all three defendants, were exercising their strikes separately. In any event, the

Majority opinion is willing to say that Ms. McGouldrick got on Ms. Ray-Simmons= train

for purposes of making a Batson objection, but got off it by the time Ms. Ray-Simmons

waived her own Batson objection at the end of jury selection.4

       While only Ms. McGouldrick B at best B preserved a Batson issue for appeal in this

case, the question whether the prosecutor=s strikes demonstrated a prima facie case of

purposeful racial discrimination was presented to the trial court and the trial court ruled on

it. In the end, the purpose of the preservation rule is to ensure that the trial court and the

opposing party have fair warning of an issue such that the trial court has an opportunity to

       3
         The discussion appeared to relate to the conduct of the trial B the motions hearing
dealt with what evidence could be admitted at trial B not jury selection. An aborted attempt
at jury selection did not start until the next day, March 29, 2012. After devoting two days
to qualifying the initial jury panel, the Circuit Court dismissed that venire when a threat
against one of the prosecution=s witnesses and a possibly related shooting required a recess
for investigation and possible postponement of the trial. The jury selection process began
anew with a new jury panel on April 4, 2012.
       4
          The Majority opinion notes that, in contrast to Ms. Ray-Simmons= counsel (who
stated that the jury was Aacceptable@ without reservation), Ms. McGouldrick=s counsel
stated that the jury panel was acceptable Asafe from prior objections,@ although he made no
specific reference to the Batson issue raised by counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons. Majority
slip op. at 8.

                                               3
correct any error. Cf. Peterson v. State, 444 Md. 105, 124-26, 118 A.3d 925 (2015). That

appears to have occurred here, although the failure to make and flesh out any Batson issue

in the trial court only reinforces the conclusion reached by the Circuit Court for Baltimore

City B and the Court of Special Appeals B that the Petitioners failed to establish purposeful

discrimination.

       Merits

       As is sometimes the case when a Batson issue reaches an appellate court, we know

little about the racial and gender composition of the jury venire or of the jury that was

ultimately selected.5 In alleging that a Batson violation, counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons

provided only cryptic information about five members of the jury pool, which hinders our

consideration of it in this appeal. Neither he nor other defense counsel B to the extent they

are deemed to have joined in that allegation B put any information on the record concerning

the racial or gender composition of the jury pool or of the jury that was seated.6 But what

is obscure to us was obvious to the trial judge. The trial judge was able to assess that

allegation in light of his own observations of, and interactions with, the prospective jurors

       5
         We can surmise the gender of most jurors from statements of the court clerk, who
politely addressed each prospective juror as ASir@ or AMa=am.@ But the record provides little
information about race, age, and other characteristics that would have been immediately
obvious to those in the courtroom.
       6
         As best I can tell, the only reference to the racial make-up of the venire occurred
in a different context B with the first venire B when counsel for Ms. McGouldrick noted
that 14 of the 15 jurors who responded to a question on religious beliefs were African-
American.

                                             4
over several days. Based on what is in the record, there is no reason to hold that the trial

judge was clearly erroneous in his ruling.

       The Majority opinion accurately describes the three-step Batson analysis. Majority

slip op. at 2-4. The Majority=s decision to reverse the murder convictions in this case

appears to turn on one peremptory strike made by the prosecution. It is useful to provide

the context, as best we know it from this record, in which that strike was made.

       Two Batson challenges were made during jury selection. First, the prosecution

alleged that there was a racial pattern in the 12 strikes made up to that point by one of the

co-defendants (who is not a party to this appeal). The trial court asked defense counsel to

explain a sampling of those strikes before concluding that there was not even a prima facie

case for a Batson violation.

       Counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons then made a similar allegation as to the five strikes

made by the prosecution. As he had done with respect to the first Batson challenge, the

trial judge turned to the attorney who had made the strikes B the prosecutor. As the

Majority opinion recounts, the prosecutor provided more than a sampling, stating reasons

for each strike, which tended to focus on the youth of the prospective jurors and past

encounters with law enforcement.     As he had with respect to the earlier Batson challenge

as to the defense strikes, the trial judge concluded that not even a prima facie case had been

established.

       Neither the Petitioners nor the Majority opinion seem to take issue with the reasons

offered for four of the strikes. Everything focuses on the prosecutor=s statement with

respect to her strike of Juror 4583. The prosecutor stated that she Aintended to replace him

                                              5
with another black male@ (but that counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons had struck the prospective

replacement). The prosecutor also stated that she would make additional strikes based on

youth.

         The record appears to corroborate this explanation. It is notable that, with respect

to the other four prospective jurors who were the subject of the State=s peremptory strikes,

the prosecutor exercised a peremptory strike against each of those jurors before they were

seated in the jury box. However, when Juror 4583 was initially considered, the prosecutor

deemed him Aacceptable@ and Juror 4583 was seated in the box as Trial Juror 5. After the

box had been filled with 12 jurors, counsel for each party proceeded to strike jurors from

the box, presumably to substitute the next member of the remaining venire as a preferable

juror. Most such strikes were exercised by the defendants, but the prosecution struck Juror

4583 from seat 5, which would have had the effect of substituting the next juror in line B

Juror 4765 B as Trial Juror 5.7 However, that juror was immediately struck by counsel for

Ms. Ray-Simmons. The record corroborates that the substitute juror 4765 was male (the

clerk addressed him as ASir@). While the written record does not indicate his race, none of

defense counsel disputed the prosecutor=s assertion that he was black. Nor did anyone

dispute that she was striking prospective jurors who were younger.

         The Majority opinion concludes that the prosecution=s strike of Juror 4583 was not

race and gender neutral, because she made reference to the race and gender of the juror

         7
         Five more jurors were struck from the box, as the parties apparently attempted to
replace seated jurors with remaining members of the venire that they deemed in some way
preferable.

                                              6
who would have taken his place. Majority slip op. at 13. In context, the statement does

not support a finding of purposeful discrimination.       It appears that the prosecutor=s

explanation was that she had found the next prospective juror in line preferable to the one

she had already agreed to seat as Trial Juror 5. She was pointing out that her intended

substitution would not have affected the gender and racial make-up of the jury B which

contradicted the contention that there was a prima facie showing of purposeful

discrimination. In other words, she was contesting step one of the inquiry B whether there

was a prima facie showing of purposeful discrimination. The trial judge, who was able to

assess any pattern in strikes against the composition of the entire venire, agreed with her

and found that a prima facie case had not been made.

       From our perch on the appellate bench, perhaps it would be helpful to have a fuller

explanation from the prosecutor as to why she preferred Juror 4765 to Juror 4583, even

though it would not have changed the racial and gender make-up of the jury, or to have

more information about the jury venire.8 The trial judge was in a position to assess whether

Trial Juror 5 was younger than his intended replacement and whether that strike fit the

       8
         Perhaps if we knew the composition of the jury pool, we could make our own
assessment whether the prosecution was striking black male jurors at a disproportionate
rate. For example, in Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162 (2005) and Batson itself, a prima
facie case was established when the prosecution=s peremptory strikes had the effect of
eliminating all of the prospective black jurors. See also Central Alabama Fair Housing
Center, Inc. v. Lowder Realty Co., 236 F.3d 629, 637 (11th Cir. 2000) (Aan inference of
discrimination based on the number of jurors of a particular race may arise where there is
a substantial disparity between the percentage of jurors of one race struck and the
percentage of their representation on the jury.@). However, Ms. Ray-Simmons provided no
such information when she made her challenge.

                                             7
pattern proffered by the prosecutor. It is evident to anyone who reads the transcript of the

five days spent on jury selection in this case that the trial judge carefully controlled the jury

selection process and was very attentive throughout it.9 He concluded that a prima facie

case of purposeful discrimination had not been established, and I cannot say that his

assessment of the facts relating to the Batson issue was clearly erroneous.10

                                     Peremptory Strikes

       The prosecutor=s statement, even if not a Batson violation, may be disquieting as it

seems to treat an individual as a crudely defined commodity who is interchangeable with

other individuals who share particular characteristics. This is not unusual in the world of

peremptory strikes. It is one of several reasons for abolishing peremptory strikes.

       In Batson itself, Justice Thurgood Marshall suggested in a concurring opinion that

ending discrimination in peremptory strikes would be best achieved by abolishing

peremptory strikes altogether.11 Others have come to the same conclusion.12 And we have

       9
         For example, at the conclusion of the selection process, he reminded defense
counsel that they had raised questions earlier about one of the seated jurors and inquired
whether they wished to exercise one of their unused peremptories to excuse that juror.
       10
         The Majority opinion contends that it is irrelevant whether there was a prima facie
case on the ground that the prosecutor=s statements automatically moved the discussion to
step two of the Batson analysis. Majority slip op. at 12. But the prosecutor=s statement
appears to be addressed to step one of the analysis B and that is apparently how the trial
judge understood it as well.
       11
            476 U.S. 105-8.
       12
         See, e.g., Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 266-73 (2005) (Breyer, J.) (cataloging
the inadequacies of the Batson approach and concluding that Aa jury system without
peremptoriness is no longer unthinkable@); Washington v. Saintcalle, 309 P.3d 326, 347-
71 (Wash. 2013) (Gonzalez, J., concurring); Minetos v. City University of New York, 925
                                               8
the power to do that in Maryland through a change in the rules.13

       There is no compelling reason to retain peremptory strikes. They are not required

by the State or federal constitutions.14 They are a product of English common law, under

which the Crown (the prosecution) had an unlimited number of strikes and a defendant was

given 35 peremptory strikes as a sort of compensation.15 The number of peremptory strikes

for each side was reduced over the years and eliminated altogether in England during the

last century.16

       There are good reasons to disclaim this part of our legal inheritance. In practice,

even when not based on invidious discrimination, peremptory strikes are usually the

F. Supp. 177 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (Motley, J.); M. Hoffman, Peremptory Challenges Should
be Abolished: A Trial Judge=s Perspective, 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 809 (1997).
       13
          In criminal cases in Maryland, peremptory challenges are provided by rule and
statute. See Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, '8-420; Maryland
Rule 4-313. However, because peremptory strikes concern practice and procedure in the
circuit courts, a later-enacted rule that abolishes peremptory strikes would trump not only
the current rule, but also the statute. See, e.g., County Federal Savings & Loan Ass=n v.
Equitable Savings & Loan Ass=n, 261 Md. 246, 252-53, 274 A.2d 363 (1971); Smith v.
State, 5 Md. App. 633, 634 n.1, 248 A.2d 913, cert. denied, 254 Md. 719 (1969) (statute
forbidding guilty pleas in murder cases overridden by later court rule); 66 Opinions of the
Attorney General 80, 84 (1981) (Aas between an inconsistent rule of the Court of Appeals
and a statute enacted by the General Assembly, the last enacted will prevail@).
       14
            See Rivera v. Illinois, 556 U.S. 148, 157 (2009); Gilchrist, supra, 340 Md. at 620
n.2.
       15
          See M. Hoffman, Peremptory Challenges Should be Abolished: A Trial Judge=s
Perspective, 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 809, 816-22 (1997). The prosecution received unlimited
strikes apparently on the theory that the Crown could do no wrong and that its strikes were
necessarily for good cause. Needless to say, we no longer subscribe to that theory.
       16
         Peremptory challenges were abolished in England in 1988. See Miller-El, supra,
545 U.S. at 272.

                                               9
product of hunches, stereotypes, and folklore. The renowned trial lawyer, Clarence

Darrow, once explained his rules of thumb for exercising peremptory strikes:

                Never take a German; they are bullheaded. Rarely take a
                Swede; they are stubborn. Always take an Irishman or a Jew;
                they are the easiest to move to emotional sympathy. Old men
                are generally more charitable and kindly disposed than young
                men; they have seen more of the world and understand it.

quoted in R. Hanley, Getting to Know You, 40 Am U. L. Rev. 865, 866 (1991). (We do

not know what Mr. Darrow thought of women or members of racial minorities as

prospective jurors as they were absent from the jury pool in his day.) Other famous trial

lawyers have relied on body types, physiognomy, and the like. Id. Given the limited

inquiry that typically occurs during voir dire,17 trial lawyers likely have little else on which

to base their strikes. Counsel for Ms. Ray-Simmons made precisely this point in despairing

of the limited information available during the jury selection process in this case:

                So, where B how do we just X them? Based on looks alone or,
                Your Honor, that=s like asking us all to pick a jury based on tea
                leaf reading or something ....

State v. Ray-Simmons, et al., Case No. 110308026, etc. (Transcript of March 28, 2012 at

p. 208). As long as we retain challenges for cause as part of the jury selection process,

there is no reason to enshrine such arbitrary judgments as part of our system of justice.

                                          Conclusion

       The respected trial judge, now a federal judge, who oversaw the lengthy jury

selection process in this case aptly summarized the purpose of that process: A[P]icking a

       17
            See Pearson v. State, 437 Md. 350, 86 A.3d 1232 (2014).

                                               10
jury isn=t rocket science, all you want is a group of people that are fair.@ State v. Ray-

Simmons, et al., Case No. 110308026, etc. (Transcript of March 30, 2012 at p. 240) (Hon.

George L. Russell, III). In my view, he was not clearly erroneous when he found that a

prima facie case of purposeful discrimination was not established. Reversing the murder

conviction of a defendant who professed to be satisfied that she was being tried by a fair

and impartial jury ultimately does little to improve the jury selection process. Instead, we

should follow the example of the legal system that gave us peremptory strikes and abolish

them in favor of a process limited to challenges for cause.

                                            11