Court Opinion

ID: 9403330
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 21:00:49.289219+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:06.207215
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                 File Name: 23a0285n.06

                                        Case No. 22-3884

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             FILED
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                           Jun 20, 2023
                                                                             DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                 )
 ZA’KARI DIJON,
                                 )
      Plaintiff - Appellant,     )                     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                 )                     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
 v.                              )                     THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                 )                     OHIO
 CENTRAL OHIO TRANSIT AUTHORITY, )                                        OPINION
      Defendant - Appellee.      )
                                 )

Before: BOGGS, GIBBONS, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

          JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Following her termination, Za’Kari Dijon sued

her former employer, Central Ohio Transit Authority (“COTA”), alleging unlawful sex

discrimination and retaliation under Title VII. Dijon appeals the district court’s grant of summary

judgment to COTA on her sex discrimination claim. Because Dijon fails to establish that COTA’s

stated reason for her termination—violation of the COTA attendance policy—was pretextual, we

affirm.

                                                 I.

          On September 16, 2019, Za’Kari Dijon began working at COTA as a student bus operator.

Dijon was assigned male at birth but now identifies as a transgender woman. As an employment

requirement, Dijon had to provide COTA with her Commercial Driver’s License (“CDL”) and a

Department of Transportation medical card. Her CDL at that time identified Dijon’s sex as male,

but her medical card identified her as female.
No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

       Because Dijon had a CDL, she began her employment by participating in COTA’s fast-

track, nine-week training program for student bus operators. Dijon’s training involved classroom

work and actual bus driving. Todd Kegler was Dijon’s classroom trainer, responsible for checking

in students each day and distributing COTA’s policies. Leslie Wilks was her road trainer. Harvey

Richardson was the Superintendent and Manager of Transportation Training.

       On the second day of the program, Kegler distributed the Student Operator Attendance

Policy to his students. The policy requires students “to report to work on-time for both classroom

instruction and driving. This includes: start-of-day . . . [.] Tardiness of even one minute is not

acceptable and can disqualify you from employment with COTA.” DE 21-2, Student Operator

Attendance Policy, Page ID 422 (emphasis at original). Further, the policy explains that, “[i]f you

are sick and unable to report to work, you must call the Division Supervisor at least one hour before

your scheduled report time. If you do not call one hour prior to the scheduled report time, you can

be disqualified from employment with COTA.” Id. (emphasis at original). Finally, the policy

warns employees that two days of absence “will disqualify you from the current training class.”

Id. Absences were qualified as “no-shows or [being] late.” DE 23-1, Richardson Dep., Page ID

846. Kegler also explained to the class that attendance issues could be excused if students provide

documentation, such as a doctor’s note, upon their return to work. Dijon confirmed that Kegler

explained the policy as he was handing it out. Dijon signed the policy on her second day of

employment.

       Three days into her employment, Dijon alleges that she was on the bus with several

classmates and Wilks when she overheard Wilks making offensive comments about transgender

individuals. She recounted that Wilks “went on and on about” how “some people . . . give

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No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

. . . [their] ovaries . . . [their] woman parts to trans women so they can have kids . . . that’s just

disgusting, and that’s not what God intended.” DE 21, Dijon Dep., Page ID 248.

       Dijon did not comment on or engage in that conversation on the bus, but later that day she

went to speak with Kegler. Without indicating the person about whom she was talking or the

content of the conversation, Dijon asked Kegler how she could “report someone pushing their

agenda on [others]” and inquired about how long the bus tapes were available. DE 22-1, Kegler

Dep., Page ID 490. Although Dijon did not specify the situation or person at issue, Kegler was

aware that Dijon was referring to a supervisor. Kegler informed Dijon that she could file a

complaint with him, which he would take to Richardson, his boss, or she could go directly to

Richardson. Dijon responded that “nothing will happen anyway,” to which Kegler countered that

COTA had steps to address any issues. Id. at Page ID 492. Dijon did not file a complaint or

otherwise take action. However, Kegler did tell Richardson what Dijon had asked him and

questioned whether something had occurred on the bus that day. Kegler asked Wilks and another

manager, Frank Burgess, the same question but did not follow up on the matter further.

       The following week, Dijon arrived late to training on two separate occasions. The times

of classes depended on bus availability, so they varied each week. On September 23, training was

scheduled to begin at 5:00 a.m., but Dijon did not arrive until 5:20 a.m. Upon her arrival, Dijon

explained to Kegler that she believed class began at 5:30 a.m. Kegler documented her tardiness

on a Performance Counseling & Discipline form. The next morning, Dijon again arrived late:

although scheduled to arrive at 5:00 a.m., Dijon arrived at 5:35 a.m. without calling ahead to report

her delay or providing a doctor’s note on arrival. Upon her late arrival, Dijon told Kegler that she

had the stomach flu. Kegler documented her tardiness on another discipline form and provided

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No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

the form to his boss, Richardson. Kegler does not recall whether he asked Dijon if she had a

doctor’s note.

       Kegler and Richardson told Wilks that Dijon’s employment would be terminated because

of her two tardy arrivals. Wilks said they should give Dijon another chance, although she

recognized that Dijon would not be entitled to one under the policy. But Kegler and Richardson

emphasized that the employee policy required termination. Richardson—whom Kegler and Wilks

agreed held the sole discretion to terminate someone based on tardiness—notified Dijon that she

was terminated for violating the attendance policy. Dijon objected and explained to Richardson

that she had been ill, but, when asked if she had been to the doctor or had reached out to anyone,

she said no. Dijon refused to sign her termination paperwork.

       Dijon reported her termination as wrongful to Holly Hill, Human Resources Generalist for

COTA, later that day. During Hill’s investigation into the termination, Kegler stated that a male,

cisgender student bus operator in his class had also been tardy three times but was not terminated

for those violations. Kegler explained that the student’s first late arrival was excused by COTA

because it involved an expired CDL, which “should have been handled before [the issue] got to

[COTA.]” DE 22-1, Kegler Dep., Page ID 548. The student’s other two late arrivals involved the

student’s daughter’s allergic reaction and an illness. After both of these tardy arrivals, the student

was told “to go home and think about whether or not he wanted his job over the weekend and that

he needed to bring in documentation, a doctor’s note, for his daughter on Monday,” or else he

would be terminated. Id. at Page ID 549-50. He brought the doctor’s note that Monday and was

not terminated.

       Dijon filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission and received a Right to Sue Letter in November 2020. She filed suit shortly

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No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

thereafter. On COTA’s motion for summary judgment, the district court found that Dijon

established a prima facie case of sex discrimination but could not show that COTA’s proffered

reason for terminating her was pretextual. Second, the district court concluded that Dijon’s

retaliation claim failed because Dijon did not show that she engaged in an activity protected by

Title VII or that there was a causal connection between her conversation with Kegler and her

termination. The district court therefore granted COTA’s motion for summary judgment on both

claims. Dijon timely appealed, challenging only the district court’s decision as to her sex

discrimination claim.

                                                 II.

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Colvin v. Caruso,

605 F.3d 282, 288 (6th Cir. 2010). Summary judgment is appropriate only when “no genuine issue

of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (citing

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2)). At this stage, “the district court must draw all reasonable inferences in

favor of the nonmoving party.” Id. (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475

U.S. 574, 587 (1986)). Summary judgment is not proper where there is “sufficient evidence

supporting a factual dispute such that a judge or jury is required to ‘resolve the parties’ differing

versions of the truth at trial.’” Gibson v. Foltz, 963 F.2d 851, 853 (6th Cir. 1992) (quoting

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986)). A genuine dispute of material fact

exists “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving

party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.

                                                III.

       Dijon’s sex discrimination claim arises under Title VII, which prohibits an employer from

terminating an individual based on his or her sex. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). In Bostock v.

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No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

Clayton County, 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020), the Supreme Court held that Title VII also prohibits

discrimination based on an individual’s status as a transgender person. 140 S. Ct. at 1754. Because

Dijon supports her claim with circumstantial evidence, the claim is analyzed under the burden-

shifting framework articulated in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See

Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 582 (6th Cir. 1992).

       To survive summary judgment, the McDonnell Douglas framework requires that Dijon first

establish a prima facie case of discrimination by showing that she: (1) is a member of a protected

class; (2) is qualified for the job; (3) suffered an adverse employment decision; and (4) was treated

differently than similarly situated employees outside Dijon’s class. Chattman v. Toho Tenax Am.,

Inc., 686 F.3d 339, 347 (6th Cir. 2012); see Hrdlicka v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 63 F.4th 555, 575 (6th

Cir. 2023). If a prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to COTA to “articulate some

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for the adverse employment action. Blizzard v. Marion

Tech. Coll., 698 F.3d 275, 283 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802).

Once a nondiscriminatory reason is asserted, the burden returns to Dijon to show that COTA’s

proffered reason was pretextual. See Hartsel v. Keys, 87 F.3d 795, 800 (6th Cir. 1996). The

dispute on appeal solely concerns whether Dijon can show that COTA’s proffered reason was

pretextual.

       To show that an employer’s stated justification was pretext for discrimination, a plaintiff

“must produce sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably reject [the defendant’s]

explanation of why it fired [the plaintiff].” Chen v. Dow Chem. Co., 580 F.3d 394, 400 (6th Cir.

2009) (citations omitted). In other words, the plaintiff must produce “enough evidence to . . .

rebut, but not to disprove” the employee’s stated reason. Yazdian v. ConMed Endoscopic Techs.,

Inc., 793 F.3d 634, 651 (6th Cir. 2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Shazor v. Prof’l Transit

                                                -6-
No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

Mgmt., Ltd., 744 F.3d 948, 957 (6th Cir. 2014)). A plaintiff can establish pretext by showing:

(1) that the proffered reason has no basis in fact; (2) it did not actually motivate the employer’s

actions; or (3) it was insufficient to motivate the employer’s actions. Miles v. S. Cent. Hum. Res.

Agency, Inc., 946 F.3d 883, 888 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Chen, 580 F.3d at 400)).

       Dijon first argues that there is no factual basis for her termination because similarly situated

persons outside her class who were late were not terminated like Dijon. In her reply brief, however,

she apparently concedes that this argument has little support, shifting to rely on the latter two tests.

See CA6 R. 22, Reply Br., at 7 (“[T]he two tardies allegation mainly fails the pretext tests of ‘not

actually motivating the employer’s challenged conduct,’ and being ‘insufficient to warrant the

challenged conduct.’”). This concession was appropriate, as Dijon’s argument of differential

treatment still leaves intact the factual basis for her termination: that Dijon was admittedly late two

separate days, that these instances of tardiness were documented, and that COTA acted to terminate

her in accordance with its written attendance policy and its strict timeliness expectations. Dijon

fails to establish that COTA’s stated reason for termination has no basis in fact.

       For the next two pretext tests, Dijon’s argument is the same. She contends that COTA’s

focus on timeliness and her tardiness did not motivate—and was insufficient to motivate—Dijon’s

termination because COTA was not motivated to terminate other similarly-situated, non-protected

comparators on those same grounds. Dijon argues that COTA enforced its attendance policy more

strictly towards her because it desired to “rid [the company] of a transgender person.” CA6 R. 18,

Appellant Br., at 30. COTA maintains that it applied its attendance policy consistently. It further

argues that Dijon’s offered comparators are insufficient to show pretext because they received

different discipline based on different contextual circumstances.

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No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

       “Where an employer argues that the plaintiff’s differential discipline was justified by

material differences in context, we evaluate whether that justification is pretextual by looking to

the same or similar factors as when evaluating the ‘similarly situated’ element of the prima facie

case.” Jackson v. VHS Detroit Receiving Hosp., Inc., 814 F.3d 769, 779 (6th Cir. 2016) (citations

omitted). But when we consider this analysis at the pretext stage, “the factual inquiry proceeds to

a new level of specificity.” Id. at 780 (quoting Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affs. v. Burdine, 450 U.S.

248, 255 (1981)). In other words, we can review whether the actions of Dijon’s comparators

violated the same company rule or policy, the different circumstances involved in the separate

actions, or whether the employees suffered a different type or severity of their actual or potential

consequences. Id. (citations omitted); see Chattman, 686 F.3d at 350 (6th Cir. 2012) (comparing

the “severity” and “commonality” of the employees’ conduct); Clayton v. Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d

605, 612 (6th Cir. 2002) (holding differential discipline could not create inference of

discrimination where, although several employees violated the same rule, only plaintiff's violation

led to the injury of coworker).

       Dijon references three individuals whom she claims COTA treated differently under its

attendance policy. Charlia Anderson was a female student bus operator trainee in Dijon’s class,

also under Wilks’s instruction. Wilks testified that Anderson called COTA thirty minutes before

her starting time to report that she would be tardy. Wilks documented Anderson’s tardiness and

notified Richardson of her delay, and Anderson was not terminated.

       The second comparator offered by Dijon is the male, cisgender student bus operator in

Dijon’s class who was tardy three times but was not terminated for those violations. According to

Kegler, the student’s first late arrival was excused by COTA because it involved an expired CDL,

and his next two late arrivals involved his daughter’s allergic reaction and an illness. The student

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No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

told Kegler that he had a doctor’s note for his daughter and Kegler allowed him to bring it the next

workday, a Monday, or else he would be terminated. The student brought the doctor’s note on

Monday and was not terminated.

       Finally, the last offered comparator1 is an individual who notified COTA on her way to

work that she had a flat tire on the freeway. However, Dijon does not provide any additional

information regarding that student because she was not Wilks’s student and thus Wilks could not

confirm whether this person received a write-up.

       All of these proffered comparators fail to support pretext. The first and third comparators

fail because they both involved different conduct than Dijon: both employees were only late once

and both notified COTA before their delayed arrival, unlike Dijon who was late twice without any

prior notification. The second comparator is a closer call, but again can be distinguished from

Dijon based on conduct. We start with the similarities of Dijon and this comparator. Both student

bus operators violated the attendance policy without having previously notified COTA of the issue.

As they were in the same class, presumably the male student and Dijon received the same

attendance policy materials and explanation from Kegler. The record reveals that Dijon and this

male student also received the same initial treatment after their respective late arrivals: they were

both called into a meeting regarding their termination for violating the attendance policy.

       The students’ subsequent conduct distinguishes their situations.         In her termination

meeting, Dijon did not proactively offer that she could produce a doctor’s note and, when asked

by Richardson if she had been to the doctor, she admitted that she had not. By contrast, the male

1
  Dijon also claims that other unidentified student bus operators called in sick and were not
terminated but provides no further identifying information. Even if the court had enough
information to consider these offered comparators, the comparison would fail—these students
apparently reported their sickness in advance, whereas Dijon provided no notice of her tardy
arrivals.
                                                -9-
No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

student proactively stated that he could bring in a doctor’s note after being told that he would be

terminated. This variance in conduct is sufficient to result in a variance in consequence.

       Even if Dijon were to establish pretext, COTA would still be entitled to summary judgment

based on the “honest belief” doctrine. “If the employer had an honest belief in the proffered basis

for the adverse employment action, and that belief arose from reasonable reliance on the

particularized facts before the employer when it made the decision, the asserted reason will not be

deemed pretextual even if it was erroneous.” Upshaw v. Ford Motor Co., 576 F.3d 576, 586 (6th

Cir. 2009). “The key inquiry in assessing whether an employer holds such an honest belief is

whether the employer made a reasonably informed and considered decision before taking the

complained-of action.” Sybrandt v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., 560 F.3d 553, 559 (6th Cir. 2009)

(quoting Michael v. Caterpillar Fin. Serv. Corp., 496 F.3d 584, 598-99 (6th Cir. 2007)). The

“honest belief” doctrine generally precludes differing interpretations of company policy from

creating genuine issues of material fact. Id. at 558-59.

       The record indicates that COTA honestly believed that Dijon’s tardiness on two separate

occasions without any documented excuse warranted termination. The attendance policy makes

clear that a late arrival could result in termination and that employees were to report absence or

tardiness to their supervisors one hour prior to their scheduled arrival time. Multiple staff members

at COTA confirmed the consistent application of the policy but also that a documented medical

note could excuse a late arrival. Further, Kegler testified that he shared this fact with the class

when reviewing the attendance policy. Dijon does not refute that this fact was shared, although

she does not remember hearing it. According to the record, these factors readily informed COTA’s

interactions with Dijon.

                                               - 10 -
No. 22-3884, Dijon v. Central Ohio Transit Authority

       COTA also made a considered decision before terminating Dijon. Each time that Dijon

was tardy, Kegler asked her for the reason for her tardiness and included in his documentation the

explanation provided for by Dijon. Richardson then made the termination decision based on her

two tardy arrivals, met with Dijon, and asked her if she had been to the doctor for her asserted

illness. Dijon did not offer that she had seen a doctor or had a doctor’s note, so he terminated her.

On this record, we cannot reasonably find that COTA’s decision was ill-informed or ill-considered.

       Dijon challenges this conclusion, relying on Bloomfield v. Whirlpool Corp., 984 F. Supp.

2d 771, 780 (N.D. Ohio 2013) to argue that the “honest belief” rule does not apply. In Bloomfield,

the district court recognized that the “honest belief” rule applies in the Sixth Circuit but concluded

that it did not apply in that case because the defendant did not establish that its reliance on

incomplete facts was reasonable. 984 F. Supp. 2d at 780-81. However, Dijon does not supply any

explanation for why Bloomfield, a district court decision, would command a different outcome

than the one we have reached here, particularly as she does not argue that COTA relied on any

incomplete facts in making its decision to terminate her.

       Dijon does not meet her burden to establish that COTA’s legitimate, non-discriminatory

reason for her termination was pretext for unlawful discrimination. Thus, the district court did not

err by granting summary judgment in COTA’s favor on Dijon’s sex discrimination claim.

                                                 IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

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