Court Opinion

ID: 4630593
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 03:07:49.324265+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:57:34.743824
License: Public Domain

CREDIT & INVESTMENT CORPORATION, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Credit & Inv. Corp. v. CommissionerDocket No. 105528.United States Board of Tax Appeals47 B.T.A. 673; 1942 BTA LEXIS 661; September 15, 1942, Promulgated *661  In 1926, petitioner, an American corporation, purchased a bond of a German corporation, payable in dollars.  In 1933 a German law was enacted providing that such obligations should be paid in marks, the use and transfer of which were subject to restrictions.  Permission of the German Government was required for the transfer of the to use them in the purchase of securities listed on German stock exchanges.  In 1935 the German corporation paid petitioner in petitioner invested a portion of them in securities of other German corporations.  During the taxable year it sold these securities, receiving blocked marks which it immediately converted into dollars.  Held, a completed transaction resulted from the payment in blocked marks in 1935 of the bond acquired by petitioner in 1926.  The investment of a portion of the blocked marks in German securities was a separate and distinct transaction and when such securities were sold petitioner sustained a loss measured by the difference between the value in dollars of the blocked marks at the time of purchase and the amount realized from the sale.  Value of the blocked marks used in making the purchase in 1935 determined to be the price at*662  which they were quoted on the New York market.  Charles C. Parlin, Esq., and Samuel A. McCain, Esq., for the petitioner.  Charles Oliphant, Esq., for the respondent.  MELLOTT*674  Respondent determined deficiencies in the income tax of petitioner for the fiscal years ended January 31, 1937, and January 31, 1938, in the respective amounts of $10,838.57 and $4,305.51.  The sole issue is whether petitioner's basis for computing loss on the sale of certain German securities in the taxable year ended January 31, 1937, is $51,842.92, as determined by the respondent, $145,408.98 as claimed by the petitioner, or some other amount.  Stated generally the question arises as follows: Petitioner invested in German securities payable in dollars.  Subsequently payment in dollars was suspended and holders were required to accept Marks. given to petitioner upon retirement of the securities owned by it was, used to purchase listed securities in Germany, the proceeds from the sale of the last mentioned securities also being blocked marks.  Ultimate receipt of dollars in the taxable period resulted in a loss.  Shall the amount be computed upon the basis of the*663  dollars originally invested or upon the cost of the securities last owned?  If the latter, was the cost of the securities the quoted price of blocked marks on the New York market on the date the purchase was made or some other amount?  The basic facts were stipulated and are found accordingly.  Other facts set out in our findings are based upon evidence adduced at the hearing.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioner, a corporation duly organized under the laws of the State of Maryland in the year 1926 under the name German Credit & Investment Corporation, was formed for the purpose of investing and reinvesting its funds in German securities and investments.  Its corporate name was changed to that appearing in the caption since the commencement of this proceeding.  It filed its Federal corporation income and excess profits tax returns for the fiscal years ended January 31, 1937, and January 31, 1938, with the collector of internal revenue for the fifth district of New Jersey.  In 1930 petitioner had total assets of $4,934,000.  Of this amount $3,780,000 was invested in German securities.  At the end of the fiscal year ended January 31, 1942, all of its assets were invested in American*664  securities.  At the commencement of its fiscal year ended January 31, 1936, petitioner held for investment the bond of a German company, Ostdeutsche Textilindustrie, A. G., formerly Schlesiche Textilwerke Methner & Frahne, A. G. (hereinafter called Ostdeutsch).  The *675  amount remaining unpaid on this bond at that time was $213,890.43 in dollars.  Subsequent to the date of the original loan the German Law of June 9, 1933, was enacted.  It provided, in part, as follows: § 1. :1) Interest, dividends and regular amortizations, as well as real estate rents, payments under leases and similar regularly recurring payments on accounts, credits, loans * * * and other capital investments of foreigners must be paid by the debtor at the contractual due date in Reichsmarks, to the credit of the foreign creditor, to the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts :§ 2).  The permits necessary under the legal provisions concerning foreign exchange are to be granted when the conditions of sentence 1 are at hand.  In case the debtor is required to pay in foreign currency, the amount is to be question on the working-day preceding the date of payment.  * * * (2) To the extent to which*665  the debtor makes payment to the Conversion Office for German Foreign Debts, he is freed from his obligation.  * * * * * * After the enactment of the above law petitioner and other holders of dollar obligations of German companies doing business solely in Germany had no method of enforcing payment in dollars of obligations held by them.  During the fiscal year ended January 31, 1936, Ostdeutsch paid in full, in accordance with German laws, the final principal amount of $177,062.38 on petitioner's loan to it.  This payment was made in kreditsperrmarks (blocked credit marks) into an account for petitioner in a devisenbank in Germany, by consent of the German foreign exchange authorities, in lieu of payment to the German governmental agency under the law of June 9, 1933.  The amount of kreditsperrmarks paid by Ostdeutsch in satisfaction and discharge of its obligation to petitioner was 440,000 :a rate of $0.4024145 per kreditsperrmark).  During the fiscal years ended January 31, 1936, January 31, 1937, and January 31, 1938, the official Berlin rate was about 40 cents per mark.  The Ostdeutsch bond had been purchased by petitioner in 1926 for cash at 87 percent of the principal*666  amount thereof, and accordingly the cash cost of $177,062.38 principal amount of the loan in respect of which payment had been made was $154,004.27 or 35 cents in cash cost for each of the 440,000 marks received.  Kreditsperrmarks were subject to governmental restriction :commonly called blocking).  With permission of the German Government they could be used for investment in German real estate, mortgages, insurance in favor of the holder or his family, and for the *676  payment in Germany of personal traveling expenses, legal expenses, taxes, etc.  Permission of the German Government was required for transfer of kreditsperrmarks for purposes of sale outside Germany.  Blocked marks, without governmental permission, could be used for purchasing German securities listed on a German stock exchange; but the proceeds of the sale of such securities became blocked marks.  Shortly after the payment of the Ostdeutsch bond and in the year ended January 31, 1936, petitioner used 360,771.89 of the 440,000 marks held for its account in Germany in the purchase of securities of Siemens & Halske, A. G., Salzdetfurth Kali, I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., and Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Unternehmungen. *667  All of these securities were listed on the Berlin Stock Exchange or Bourse and their purchase did not require German governmental permission.  The evidence does not show that petitioner made any effort to obtain permission of the German Government to transfer the 360,771.89 marks for the purpose of sale outside Germany nor what was done with the other 79,228.11 marks received for the Ostdeutsch bond.  During the taxable period ended January 31, 1936, $115,520.69 was remitted to petitioner under regulations issued by the German Government controlling removal of funds from that country.  It was the general policy of petitioner to get its money out of Germany as soon as possible and blocked marks were sold by it during each year from 1933 through 1941.  A kreditsperrmark, transfer of which the seller guaranteed, was quoted on the market in New York at $0.1437 in the fiscal year ended January 31, 1936.  This market price took into account restrictions on the market only after transfer had been made from the seller.  The securities purchased during the fiscal year ended January 31, 1936, were sold by petitioner for 377,891 marks in the fiscal year ended January 31, 1937, and such*668  marks could then be and were immediately disposed of in such year at an average price of $0.1043.  Respondent determined that petitioner's basis for gain or loss of the securities sold was $51,842.92 :360,771.89 times $0.1437).  In its return for the year ended January 31, 1936, petitioner treated the payment of the Ostdeutsch dollar loan in kreditsperrmarks in Germany and the use of such marks to purchase securities as being without tax effect, and no gain or loss was reported in its return for that year.  On its corporate books petitioner wrote down the marks received in respect of the Ostdeutsch loan from the cost of the bond to an amount in dollars at a rate equal to 4.2 marks to the dollar, or about 23.8 cents per mark.  The difference between these amounts was carried on its books to its profit and loss account during the year *677  ended January 31, 1936, as a loss.  The rate of 23.8 cents per mark was the parity of exchange prior to 1931, but in the year in question had no relation to the value of any marks.  In prior years, the petitioner in its income tax returns, took losses in respect of marks received in payment of some loans similar to the Ostdeutsch loan.  Such*669  tax returns would have shown no taxable net income even had such losses not been deducted therein.  In its return for the year ended January 31, 1937, petitioner took a loss on account of the sale of the securities above referred to, purchased in its preceding fiscal year, using as the cost basis for such securities the number of marks in the purchase price times the 40 cent rate into which dollars owed by Ostdeutsch had been converted under German law.  Petitioner filed its petition in this proceeding on November 13, 1940.  On April 9, 1941, it wrote a letter to the collector of internal revenue at Newark, New Jersey, attaching thereto its check for $17,173.84, as a payment on account of the deficiencies determined against it, plus accumulated interest.  The check was received by the collector on April 10, 1941, and deposited in bank the following day.  In its letter to the collector petitioner claimed the right to a credit or refund of all or a portion of the payment in the event a decision is rendered by this Board in its favor.  OPINION.  MELLOTT: Petitioner contends that its basis for the computation of gain or loss upon the sale, in the taxable year, 1 of the German*670  securities purchased by it in 1935 1 upon the Bourse, was $145,408.98.  This amount is the allocable portion of the sum originally invested by it in the Ostdeutsch bond.  Respondent determined that the basis is the cost of the securities purchased in 1935 :$51,842.92), which is equivalent to the quoted price of New York market at the time the purchase was made and which he determined was the fair market value of the 360,771.89 marks used in the acquisition of the securities.  Upon brief petitioner divides its arguments into four parts, some of its contentions being in the alternative.  They will be discussed in the order presented.  Petitioner's first contention is that the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1934 relating to involuntary conversions :section 112:f)) are applicable and that its basis should be determined under section 113 : *678  a):9) of the Revenue Act of 1936.  The sections*671  relied upon are shown in the margin. 2*672  The substance of petitioner's argument is that the German law of June 9, 1933, was, for all practical purposes, foreign exchange or rights to foreign exchange marks instead of dollars conversion within the terms of section 112:f) securities purchased by it in 1935 were or use basis.  Respondent denies that the sections relied upon are applicable. He argues that petitioner had an obligation which matured and which, pursuant to restrictive regulations of the German Government, was paid in reichsmarks at the prevailing rate of exchange; that the fact it was paid in reichsmarks instead of dollars is relevant only in determining the amount of loss sustained, or, possibly, in determining whether there was a closed transaction; that the reichsmarks were convertible into dollars (albeit at a discount) and had a fair market value of $0.1437 when received; and that the transaction was complete, for tax purposes, when the bond was sold.  He also contends that petitioner has failed to show that the property purchased in 1935 was by him in article 112:f) - 1 of Regulations 86, 3 since the bond was a secured obligation while the securities purchased were stock of other corporations. *673 *679  The respondent's determination should not, in our judgment, be overthrown upon the ground suggested.  Only by a strained construction of its language could section 112:f) be held to be applicable.  Inferentially petitioner admits as much when it is compelled to resort to the fiction that the German Government condemned its property.  the statute, has always, so far as we have been able to ascertain, been construed to refer to the taking of private property for public use, i.e., to the taking of private property through the exercise of the power of eminent domain.  The German law, set out in part in our findings but shown at length in the evidence, did not attempt to make any condemnation of foreign exchange or rights to foreign exchange.  It provided that in case a debtor was required to pay his obligation in goreign currency the amount should be converted into reichsmarks middle rate of the currency in question on the working-day preceding the date of payment." After the enactment of that law petitioner had no method of enforcing payment in dollars of the obligations held by it.  Cf. *674 . But it could enforce payment in reichsmarks and payment was made.  True, the reichsmarks were kreditsperrmarks, or to third parties only with governmental approval or sold to Deutsche Golddiskontbank against foreign exchange.  While blocked credit marks were worth less than free marks, they were not without fair market value, as is indicated by the fact that they were quoted on the New York market at $0.1437.  They could be used in Germany for many purposes, some uses requiring special permission of the German Government and others requiring no permission.  One of the latter was selected by petitioner.  As we view the stipulated facts there was no involuntary conversion of petitioner's property in 1935, but a mere reinvestment in German securities of the amount received in payment of a bond which it owned.  If we have erred in holding, as we do, that the involuntary provisions of the statute are not applicable, still we think petitioner can not prevail upon the theory advanced because of its failure to show that the securities purchased in 1935 were use aught appearing in the stipulated facts, may have been capital stock. *675  It is unnecessary to dwell at length upon the difference between bonds and stock.  In the former the relation of debtor and creditor exists, while in the latter capital is subjected to the ordinary risks of a corporate business.  Cases cited by petitioner construing the expression of 1921 are not pertinent.  *680  Another circumstance militating against petitioner's contention that its property was property similar or related in service or use 1935 it was able to take out of Germany more than $115,000.  This is some indication that the investment of the amount received from the Ostdeutsch bond in German securities was voluntary, notwithstanding the testimony of petitioner's witness to the effect that it was the policy of the company to get all of its money out of Germany at the earliest possible date.  In any event, since the evidence does not prove that petitioner attempted to secure permission to transfer the amount in issue for the purpose of sale outside of Germany and was unable to do so, no compulsion has been shown.  Petitioner's second contention is, that if cost is the basis for computing its gain or loss upon the securities, then the value of the marks used in*676  computing such cost was $0.40.  This was the official German rate of exchange applicable to free marks.  Respondent determined that the cost of the securities was the fair market value of the marks used in their purchase, or $0.1437 per mark, which was the price at which blocked credit marks were quoted on the market in New York at the time the purchase was made.  Ordinarily the cost of property purchased with foreign exchange is determined by reducing the foreign currency to dollars at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date of purchase.  ; ; . If the purchase were made with free marks, then petitioner's present contention should be upheld; for it has been stipulated that per mark.  The fact that the marks could be used for certain purposes within Germany without permission of the German Government did not, in our opinion, make them free marks.  They were blocked marks when received and upon sale of the securities in which they were invested the proceeds again became blocked marks.  If they had been transferred outside of Germany*677  in 1935 petitioner could have received $0.1437 per mark.  As pointed out above, petitioner took out of Germany at about the same time more than $115,000 on that basis.  Instead of taking out the 360,771.89 blocked marks remaining to its credit from the sale of the Ostdeutsch bond petitioner invested them in securities which it sold later for 377,891 blocked marks.  On the face of the transaction it made a profit of 17,119.11 blocked marks.  Respondent has not attempted to tax it upon this paper profit, but has recognized that the purchase and sale of securities in Germany resulted in an actual loss to petitioner equivalent to the difference, in dollars, between their cost :360,771.89 blocked marks at $0.1437 or $51,842.92) and their *681  selling price :377,891 blocked marks at $0.1043 or $39,414.43) or $12,428.49.  If petitioner's contention that it invested free marks in the securities in 1935 were upheld, by a parity of reasoning the transaction resulted in a gain; for it received in 1936 precisely the same kind of marks which it invested in 1935.  In our judgment, however, the marks received upon the payment of the Ostdeutsch bond, the marks used in the purchase of the securities*678  upon the Bourse, and the marks received upon their sale were all blocked marks.  Having concluded that the marks used in the purchase of the securities in 1936 were blocked marks, the question remains whether they had a fair market value.  Petitioner urges that "the fourteen-cent rate which was stipulated ($0.1437) to be the sale price in the United States of 'blocked' marks of the kind here in question was not applicable@ to the 360,771.89 invested in 1935 in the other securities.  It relies upon the testimony of its American director as having shown conclusively that those particular marks could not be transferred to this country.  We do not so construe his testimony.  While he stated that it was the petitioner's policy to get its funds out of Germany as speedily as possible, he admitted he did not know whether any of its officers had requested that it be permitted to transfer the particular marks in question or not.  Later he expressed the opinion that they either had applied for permission to transfer the funds and permission had been refused or prevailing, they could not obtain permission upon application and therefore did not apply. far short of conclusively showing, as petitioner*679  must show, that the particular marks could not have been transferred out of Germany and sold.  That a market for them existed is clear.  Under the circumstances, therefore, we are of the opinion the Commissioner committed no error in holding that the blocked marks received in 1935 had a fair market value of $0.1437.  Petitioner's alternative contention is that no gain or loss was recognizable on the receipt of the blocked marks in 1935 and therefore the basis for the computation of its gain or loss upon the securities sold in 1936 was the cost of the Ostdeutsch bond.  It relies primarily upon the rationale of , its postulate being that that it was impossible to realize dollars upon them. finding, in effect, was made by this Board in . In that proceeding the petitioner could not obtain permission and was unable to transfer out of Germany any of the marks on deposit in German banks on July 13, 1931, there was no market in 1931 for the restricted marks, and the Commissioner's determination that the acquisition of such marks had resulted in a*680  gain to the taxpayer was set aside.  But no such fact *682  has been stipulated or shown in the evidence in the instant proceeding.  The restrictions did not prevent the sale of blocked marks; they merely required that permission to transfer them be secured.  Blocked marks were quoted on the market in New York at $0.1437 and some were transferred and sold by petitioner at that figure.  No showing has been made that request for permission to transfer the 360,771.89 marks in issue had been made and refused.  The evidence shows that $115,629.69 in dollars was remitted to petitioner during 1935.  The notice of deficiency and the Revenue agent's report attached to the petition indicate that almost a half million dollars :$423,284.15) was remitted during the next year, and the only witness who testified stated that blocked marks were sold by petitioner during each year from 1933 to 1941.  In the face of this evidence it can not be found that the restrictions imposed by the German Government made it impossible for petitioner to have taken out the 360,771.89 if it had endeavored to do so.  the authorities relied upon are therefore inapplicable.  *681  Petitioner's final contention is that the rule of , is applicable.  It argues that "the Ostdeutsch transaction, including the securities purchased with the blocked mark proceeds thereof, should be regarded as a single transaction in which petitioner attempted to realize dollars and that the result in dollars was exactly that shown by its Federal income tax returns. not agree.  The Ostdeutsch bond transaction was concluded in 1935 when petitioner received 440,000 blocked marks.  Its subsequent investment of 360,771.89 blocked marks in other securities was a separate transaction.  The cited case does not sanction the postponement of realized losses.  The sale of the securities purchased with the 360,771.89 blocked marks resulted in a loss, in dollars.  This loss has been allowed by the Commissioner in determining the deficiency in tax.  Petitioner has failed to show that it sustained a greater one.  Decision will be entered under Rule 50.Footnotes1. The record indicates that the sales in the taxable year ended January 31, 1937, all occurred in the year 1936 and that the purchases were made upon the Bourse during 1935.  In this opinion, therefore, the date of purchase will be referred to as 1935 and the date of sale as 1936. ↩2. SEC. 112.  RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS.  * * * (f) INVOLUNTARY CONVERSIONS. - If property (as a result of its destruction in whole or in part, theft or seizure, or an exercise of the power of requisition or condemnation, or the threat or imminence thereof) is compulsorily or involuntarily converted into property similar or related in service or use to the property so converted, or into money which is forthwith in good faith, under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary, expended in the acquisition of other property similar or related in service or use to the property so converted, or in the acquisition of control of a corporation owning such other property, or in the establishment of a replacement fund, no gain or loss shall be recognized.  If any part of the money is not so expended, the gain, if any, shall be recognized, but in an amount not in excess of the money which is not so expended.  SEC. 113.  ADJUSTED BASIS FOR DETERMINING GAIN OR LOSS.  :a) BASIS :UNADJUSTED) OF PROPERTY. - The basis of property shall be the cost of such property; except that - * * * (9) INVOLUNTARY CONVERSION. - If the property was acquired, after February 28, 1913, as the result of a compulsory or involuntary conversion described in section 112(f), the basis shall be the same as in the case of the property so converted, decreased in the amount of any money received by the taxpayer which was not expended in accordance with the provisions of law :applicable to the year in which such conversion was made) determining the taxable status of the gain or loss upon such conversion, and increased in the amount of gain or decreased in the amount of loss to the taxpayer recognized upon such conversion under the law applicable to the year in which such conversion was made. ↩3. In the regulation it is stated: "* * * The benefits of section 112(f) cannot be extended to a taxpayer who does not purchase other property similar or related in service or use, notwithstanding the fact that there was no other such property available for purchase." ↩