Court Opinion

ID: 8214348
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-14 20:10:35.56839+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:42:29.929500
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Counts, 2022-Ohio-3666.]

                                   COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                   :

                 Plaintiff- Appellee,            :
                                                            No. 111042
                         v.                      :

KAYLYNN COUNTS,                                  :

                 Defendant-Appellee.             :

[Appeal by L.T. and F.K.,                        :

                 Named Victims]                  :

                                    JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 13, 2022

              Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                  Case No. CR-18-634510-A

                                             Appearances:

                 Synenberg & Associates, LLC, and Roger Synenberg, for
                 appellee Kaylynn Counts.

                 Ohio Crime Victim Justice Center and Elizabeth A. Well,
                 for appellants.
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J.:

             In this case, the trial court ordered appellants F.K. and L.T., the named

victims in an indictment (“victims”), to submit to an inspection of their home by

appellee Kaylynn Counts, the defendant in the case. The trial court’s order is

reversed because the wrong legal standards were applied in conducting a balancing

test of the victims’ rights and Counts’s rights under both the federal and Ohio

Constitutions. Judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND RELEVANT FACTS

      A. Procedural History

      1. The criminal case against Counts and the discovery process

               Counts was indicted in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas

for several counts of attempted murder and felonious assault, with the named

victims F.K. and L.T. (hereinafter referred to collectively as the “victims”). The

incident giving rise to the indictment occurred in the victims’ home in November

2018. The parties have related in briefing to the trial court that Counts was living in

the home for several months and was asked to leave. While leaving, there was a

dispute about Counts’s possessions. The victims reported to police that Counts was

out of the house and then forced her way back in where a fight ensued, resulting in

F.K. being stabbed approximately 30 times and L.T. suffering a stab wound

requiring stitches. Counts disputes the victims’ version of the events.

               During the criminal case, the state of Ohio provided discovery.

Included within the discovery was body-camera footage of police officers who
arrived at the end of the incident. The footage includes scenes of the interior of the

home and the injuries sustained by F.K. The facts and procedural history relevant

to this appeal have been set forth by this court in State ex rel. Thomas v. McGinty,

2019-Ohio-5129, 137 N.E.3d 1278 (8th Dist.) (“McGinty I”), and more recently by

the Ohio Supreme Court in State ex rel. Thomas v. McGinty, 164 Ohio St.3d 167,

2020-Ohio-5452, 172 N.E.3d 824 (“McGinty II”).

      B. The request for inspection of L.T.’s home and the initial trial court ruling

              On April 1, 2019, Counts filed a “Motion for Criminal Rule 16 Entry

Upon Land for Inspection and Photograph,” requesting to inspect the home where

the victims reside. Counsel wanted access to the home to aid in “forensically

recreating the incident” for the defense’s case. The state opposed the motion,

arguing that the trial court lacked authority to order access by a criminal defendant

to a victim’s home under Crim.R. 16. The trial court’s journal entry allowing Counts

and the defense team to inspect the home stated:

      The parties communicate to provide 3 available days with a specific
      time to allow State to confer with homeowner. The state will indicate
      to defense counsel the date for the discovery. The court orders that
      bailiff shall be the court representative and be present at all times
      while the defendant, defense counsel and their experts are within the
      residence. At all times, the defendant, defense counsel and their
      expert shall be within the view of bailiff. The court orders that a
      sheriff’s deputy shall assist bailiff in this procedure. The victim shall
      not be in the residence once the discovery process commences. The
      court further orders that Cleveland Police Department and County
      Prosecutor [personnel] may be present, but may not be within the
      residence when the discovery is ongoing.[1]

      C. Victims sought writ of prohibition to foreclose the discovery order

               In McGinty I, the victims filed an original action in this court seeking

a writ to restrain the trial court from enforcing his discovery order. They argued that

Article I, Section 10a of the Ohio Constitution, a.k.a. Marsy’s Law, provided them

the right to refuse to provide the requested discovery and that the U.S. Constitution

Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures further

prevented the trial court from permitting Counts and the defense team to have

access to their residence.

               In considering the victims’ petition, this court held that a trial court

“has broad discretion, and thus the jurisdiction, over discovery matters, such that

the writ of prohibition will not lie.” McGinty I at ¶ 26. Relying on cases from other

jurisdictions to form the decision to dismiss the petition, this court determined that

a third party’s privacy rights “must be weighed against a criminal defendant’s rights

to due process, to confront witness[es], to have compulsory process to obtain

evidence, and to effective assistance of counsel.” Id. at ¶ 42.

               The dismissal of the writ was appealed to the Ohio Supreme Court,

which affirmed our dismissal of the writ in McGinty II. The Ohio Supreme Court

1The state unsuccessfully sought leave to appeal this order. See State v. Counts, 157 Ohio
St.3d 1408, 2019-Ohio-3731, 131 N.E.3d 73.
found that the trial court acted within its jurisdiction to issue discovery. Id. at ¶ 19,

26. Of a procedural note in this case, the Ohio Supreme Court found that “Section

10a(B)’s grant of a right to ‘petition the court of appeals’ does not, however, mean

that a writ of prohibition is the proper remedy.” Id. at ¶ 30. Rather, the court found

that a discovery order that implicated a victim’s right under Marsy’s Law could

immediately appeal the order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(4). Id. at ¶ 42.

      D. The trial court’s second order granting Counts’s motion to dismiss

               Following the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in McGinty II, the trial

court held a further hearing on Counts’s motion for the inspection of the victims’

home.2 F.K., L.T., their attorney, the state, Counts, and her counsel were present at

the hearing. The trial court granted the motion. In its opinion granting the motion,

the trial court reasoned:

      A comparison review of Marsy’s Law and the Defendant’s rights under
      the 4th, 5th, 6th and 14th amendments to the United States
      Constitution and Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution
      compels one to rule in favor of the Defendant’s rights to a fair trial and
      effective assistance of counsel. To deny the Defendant the right to
      obtain evidence in order to assist in her defense at trial would facially
      and substantially deny her constitutional rights. One accused of a
      crime may face jail, prison, or even death. The victim in this case is
      being ordered to allow the Defendant the right to inspect the victim’s
      premises with counsel, under supervision, for a short period of time.

      The possible loss of the Defendant’s liberty preempts the brief
      invasion of the victim’s privacy. Inherent in the Defendant’s right to
      counsel, is the right to have the accused’s case properly investigated,

2In McGinty II, the Ohio Supreme Court questioned whether the initial discovery order
directed the victims to submit to discovery. Id. at ¶ 22.
      and when necessary, to have property inspected without the State or
      its agents peering over the shoulders of counsel.

(Trial Court’s Judgment Entry, Nov. 19, 2021.)

             In addition to this balancing test, the trial court found it had the

authority to order the inspection of the victims’ property under its power to regulate

the discovery process. The trial court also set specific conditions on the inspection

of the home, to include restrictions on the portions of the home to be inspected and

a time limit for Counts and her counsel’s inspection.

              It is from this order that the victims appeal.

II. LAW AND ARGUMENT

      A. Assignment of error and issues raised

             This is a case of first impression for this court. We are asked under

what circumstances may a trial court order victims to allow a criminal defendant the

ability to inspect their home when those victims object pursuant to Marsy’s Law.

Marsy’s Law provides in relevant part:

      (A) To secure for victims justice and due process throughout the
      criminal and juvenile justice systems, a victim shall have the following
      rights, which shall be protected in a manner no less vigorous than the
      rights afforded to the accused:

      ***

      (6) except as authorized by section 10 of Article I of this constitution,
      to refuse an interview, deposition, or other discovery request made by
      the accused or any person acting on behalf of the accused;

      ***
      (B) The victim, the attorney for the government upon request of the
      victim, or the victim’s other lawful representative, in any proceeding
      involving the criminal offense or delinquent act against the victim or
      in which the victim’s rights are implicated, may assert the rights
      enumerated in this section and any other right afforded to the victim
      by law. If the relief sought is denied, the victim or the victim’s lawful
      representative may petition the court of appeals for the applicable
      district, which shall promptly consider and decide the petition.

      ***

      (E) All provisions of this section shall be self-executing and severable,
      and shall supersede all conflicting state laws.

              The victims allege one assignment of error, which reads:

      The trial court erred in its November 19, 2021 journal entry by
      ordering [F.K. and L.T.] to vacate their home and allow Defendant and
      the defense team to search, measure, and photograph the home in
      violation of Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 10a(A)(1), (6) and
      Amendment IV to the United States Constitution and contrary to the
      criminal rules.

               Within the assignment of error, the victims argue that the trial court

erred where it improperly elevated a criminal’s statutory rights to discovery in a

criminal case over the victims’ federal and state constitutional rights. Further, the

victims argue that the order in this case is contrary to the Ohio Rules of Criminal

Procedure. For her part, Counts argues that she has a constitutional right to fully

defend herself and, as such, the trial court had the authority to issue, and properly

issued, the order allowing her and counsel to inspect the victims’ home.

      B. The trial court had the authority to issue a discovery order to a
      nonparty in this case

              The victims, who are not parties to the criminal case, have been

ordered to allow the inspection of their home. They argue that the trial court had no
authority under Crim.R. 16 to order them to submit to discovery because that rule is

limited in scope to the parties to a criminal case, the state, and the criminal

defendant, and that Crim.R. 16(J) prohibits material “otherwise prohibited from

disclosure.” Counts argues that both this court and the Ohio Supreme Court have

recognized the trial court’s authority to issue discovery orders to nonparties in a

criminal case.

                 Prior to the addition of Marsy’s Law to the Ohio Constitution, the

Ohio Supreme Court recognized that trial courts have the authority to issue a

discovery order to a nonparty. See State ex rel. Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Williams, 63

Ohio St.2d 51, 407 N.E.2d 2 (1980); McGinty II at ¶ 25. The decision to issue such

discovery orders are within the trial court’s discretion. McGinty II at ¶ 26-28.

Accordingly, we do not find the victims’ argument that Crim.R. 16 prohibits the

order in this case persuasive.

      C. Applicable law and standard of review of discovery orders

      1. Discovery orders are generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion

                 A trial court’s discovery orders are reviewed for an abuse of

discretion. State ex rel. Sawyer v. Cuyahoga Cty. Dept. of Children & Family

Servs., 110 Ohio St.3d 343, 2006-Ohio-4574, 853 N.E.2d 657, ¶ 9. In McGinty II,

the Ohio Supreme Court found that Marsy’s Law grants victims the right to refuse

discovery, but noted that this right to refuse is not absolute, stating, “Under [Marsy’s

Law], a crime victim has a constitutional privilege to refuse a discovery request made

by the accused, albeit a qualified privilege subject to a trial court’s determination
that Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution overrides the victim’s privilege and

authorizes the discovery.” McGinty II at ¶ 45. Because the Ohio Supreme Court

likened the right to refuse discovery to a qualified privilege, the victims ask us to

review the order in this case de novo, the standard of review applied to an order

requiring a party to disclose privileged information.         Med. Mut. of Ohio v.

Schlotterer, 122 Ohio St.3d 181, 2009-Ohio-2496, 909 N.E.2d 1237, ¶ 13 (“But

whether the information sought is confidential and privileged from disclosure is a

question of law that is reviewed de novo.”).

               In stating that the right to refuse discovery is qualified or subject to

exception, the Ohio Supreme Court was not determining that the discovery sought

was privileged information, especially where the Ohio Supreme Court explicitly

stated that the discovery order “does not implicate the discovery of records that are

protected by a statutory or common-law privilege.” McGinty II at id. In this case,

we recognize that once the accused is allowed to enter the victims’ premises, the

“proverbial bell cannot be unrung.” Id. at ¶ 48. A discovery order to disclose

privileged material is reviewed de novo, but without clear precedent from the Ohio

Supreme Court otherwise, the discovery order in this case is reviewed for an abuse

of discretion. “[T]he allowance or overruling of various discovery motions in a

criminal case rests within the sound discretion of the trial court, and only in cases of

clear abuse will that discretion be disturbed upon review.” State v. Laskey, 21 Ohio

St.2d 187, 192, 434, 257 N.E.2d 65 (1970), vacated in part, 408 U.S. 936, 92 S.Ct.

2861, 33 L.Ed.2d 753 (1972).
                 An abuse of discretion is more than mere error in judgment, it implies

that the court’s attitude is “unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” State ex

rel. Grady v. State Emp. Rels. Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183, 677 N.E.2d 343 (1997).

More recently, the Ohio Supreme Court has refined it’s understanding of what

constitutes an abuse of discretion, finding that an error in the application of law by

a trial court exercising discretion is an abuse of discretion. Johnson v. Abdullah, 166

Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 38 (“This should be axiomatic:

a court does not have discretion to misapply the law.”). Our court has found that

“[a]n abuse of discretion may be found where a trial court ‘applies the wrong legal

standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous

findings of fact.’” Heltzel v. Verikakis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110866, 2022-Ohio-

1764, ¶ 16, quoting Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720,

892 N.E.2d 454, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.).

      2.    Victims’ right to refuse a discovery request and right to be
      secure in their home

                 Marsy’s Law grants a victim the right to refuse a discovery request

made by the accused, except for an accused’s rights specifically authorized by the

Ohio Constitution. Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 10a. Pursuant to Ohio

Constitution, Article I, Section 10, an accused may depose a witness prior to trial in

certain circumstances, but has no other specifically enumerated rights to discovery

from a victim.
              The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides

that “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and

effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated[.]” The

Ohio Constitution further recognizes “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their

persons, houses, papers, and possessions, against unreasonable searches and

seizures shall not be violated” except upon a warrant issued upon probable cause.

Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 10. These constitutional protections have been

generally interpreted as being co-extensive, but the Ohio Supreme Court has found

the Ohio Constitution to have independent force that affords greater protection. See,

e.g., State v. Brown, 99 Ohio St.3d 323, 2003-Ohio-3931, 792 N.E.2d 175. Further,

both the United States and Ohio Constitutions provide added protection of the right

to privacy. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 484, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d

51o (1965); Housh v. Peth, 165 Ohio St. 35, 38-39, 133 N.E.2d 340 (1956).

              “It is a ‘“‘basic principle of Fourth Amendment law that searches and

seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable.’”’”

Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 403, 126 S.Ct. 1943, 164 L.Ed.2d 650 (2006),

quoting Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 559, 124 S.Ct. 1284, 157 L.Ed.2d 1068

(2004), quoting Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d

639 (1980). “‘[W]arrants are generally required to search a person’s home or his

person unless “the exigencies of the situation” make the needs of law enforcement

so compelling that the warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment.’” Id., quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 393-394, 98 S.Ct.
2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978). If the state of Ohio were to seek entry into the victims’

homes against their will, it would have to demonstrate probable cause to obtain a

warrant for such entry.

      3. Criminal defendants’ trial rights and right to discovery

               Counts argues the trial court properly issued the discovery order

allowing her entry into the victims’ home because the trial court simply enforced her

right to due process, her right to counsel, and her right to a fair trial. See, e.g., Crane

v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986) (“Whether

rooted directly in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Chambers

v. Mississippi, [410 U.S. 284, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973),] or in the

Compulsory Process or Confrontation clauses of the Sixth Amendment, Washington

v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 23 (1967); Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974), the

Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present

a complete defense.’ California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S., at 485; cf. Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 684-685 (1984).”).

               The Ohio Supreme Court recently summarized a criminal defendant’s

rights in State v. Montgomery, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-2211. It found that the

right to a fair trial is derived from the Sixth Amendment protections granted

criminal defendants at trial. The Ohio Supreme Court listed the rights comprising

the right to fair trial to include those trial rights contained within the Sixth

Amendment and those found in the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the

U.S. Constitution:
       [A criminal defendant’s] right to a fair trial stem from the Sixth
       Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states:

          In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to
          a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and
          district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which
          district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be
          informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be
          confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
          process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
          Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

       This right is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth
       Amendment. See Ramos v. Louisiana, ____ U.S. ___, ___, 140
       S.Ct. 1390, 1397, 206 L.Ed.2d 583 (2020)

       ***

               The Fourteenth Amendment provides added protection for a
       fair trial in its equal-protection and due-process clauses. See Estelle
       v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 503, 96 S.Ct. 1691, 48 L.Ed.2d 126 (1976)
       (“The right to a fair trial is a fundamental liberty secured by the
       Fourteenth Amendment”); see also State v. Lane, 60 Ohio St.2d 112,
       114, 397 N.E.2d 1338 (1979), quoting In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133,
       136, 75 S.Ct. 623, 99 L.Ed. 942 (1955) (‘“A fair trial in a fair tribunal is
       a basic component of due process’”). What constitutes fairness is not
       discrete. “[C]ourts must be alert to factors that may undermine the
       fairness of the fact-finding process * * * and carefully guard against
       dilution of the principle that guilt is to be established by probative
       evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt.” Estelle at 503, citing In re
       Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970). “It
       is well established that the mere probability of deleterious effects on
       fundamental rights calls for close judicial scrutiny.” Lane at 115.

Id. at ¶ 7-8.

                The rights directly asserted by Counts in this case include her right to

due process, a right to fair trial, the right to counsel, as well as a right to present a

complete defense. These rights, whether directly enumerated or found through

more general provisions of the U.S. Constitution, have been asserted as forming a
basis to justify the discovery request in this case. Although a defendant is entitled

to the constitutional trial rights of Due Process, counsel, and a fair trial as

guaranteed under both the state and federal constitution, “‘[t]here is no general

constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case * * *.’” State v. Widmer, 12th

Dist. Warren No. CA2012-02-008, 2013-Ohio-62, ¶ 31; Weatherford v. Bursey 429

U.S. 545, 559, 97 S.Ct. 837, 51 L.Ed.2d 30 (1977). Recently, in affirming the denial

of a criminal defendant’s request to inspect a crime scene not under the control of

the government, the United States Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals found no

constitutional right to pretrial discovery and further, there was no constitutional

right to inspect property not in the control of the government. United States v.

Bullcoming, 22 F.4th 883, 889-890 (10th Cir.2022). The court noted that

      [w]hile no federal appellate courts appear to have addressed this
      issue, the federal district courts that have considered it have declined
      to grant such authority. See, e.g., United States v. Hawk, No. CR 12-
      50044-JLV, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27701, 2013 WL 773908, at *2 n.1
      (D.S.D. Feb. 28, 2013) (unpublished) (“The defendant has not
      presented any case law, nor is this court aware of any case law within
      the Eighth Circuit, which supports an absolute constitutional right to
      enter a private residence not in control of the government in order to
      view the scene of the charged offense.”); United States v. Bryant, No.
      8:08CR377, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69924, 2009 WL 3229756, at
      *1-2 (D. Neb. Oct. 5, 2009) (unpublished) (denying the defendant’s
      motion for leave to inspect the premises of a nonparty).

Id.

              Although the United States Constitution provides no right to

discovery, Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 10 does provide that “provision may

be made by law for the taking of the deposition by the accused or by the state, to be
used for or against the accused, of any witness whose attendance cannot be had at

the trial, always securing to the accused means and the opportunity to be present in

person and with counsel at the taking of such deposition, and to examine the witness

face to face as fully and in the same manner as if in court.”

      4. Discovery of confidential or privileged information

               In McGinty II, the Ohio Supreme Court found the victim’s right to

refuse a discovery request is not absolute, and explained the right to refuse as being

analogous to a privilege. Id. at ¶ 45. In likening an alleged victim’s rights under

Marsy’s Law to being a privilege, the Ohio Supreme Court in McGinty II made it

clear that these rights are subject to exception. In J&C Marketing, L.L.C. v.

McGinty, 143 Ohio St.3d 315, 2015-Ohio-1310, 37 N.E.3d 1183, the court stated,

“privilege is not absolute: it is limited by ‘the fundamental requirements of fairness,’

so that when the privileged information ‘is relevant and helpful to the defense of an

accused, or is essential to a fair determination of a cause, the privilege must give

way.’ Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 60-61, 77 S.Ct. 623, 1 L.Ed.2d 639

(1957). A strong presumption militates against lifting the privilege. In re New York

City[, 607 F.3d 923 (2d Cir.2010)] at 929.” Id. at ¶ 18.

               In reviewing criminal discovery requests not impacted by Marsy’s

Law, e.g., privileged or confidential police personnel files, this court has required a

defendant to demonstrate a reason or need for discovery of that information in order

to overcome the privilege associated with those documents. See, e.g., State v. Jones,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98175, 2013-Ohio-815, ¶ 32, citing State v. Harris, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 44029, 1982 Ohio App. LEXIS 15403 (Mar. 11, 1982), State v.

Bonnell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 55927, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 4982, 16-17 (Oct. 5,

1989) (Trial court did not abuse discretion in denying motion for discovery of

officer’s personnel files based on “a generalized statement that the files might

contain helpful information.”); see also Columbus v. Robinson, 33 Ohio App.3d 151,

514 N.E.2d 919 (10th Dist.1986).

      D. The trial court abused its discretion by ordering an inspection of the
victim’s home

      1. A balancing test of competing rights is necessary when seeking to
      order a victim to comply with discovery orders over her objection

               A victim’s right to refuse discovery is not absolute; it is subject to

exception as is the Fourth Amendment right to be secure in one’s home. In

determining that a writ of prohibition would not lie to preclude the trial court’s order

in this case, this court stated that the trial court must engage in a balancing test of

the defendant’s right to a fair trial against the victims’ rights:

      A person’s right to privacy; the right to be secure in persons, houses,
      papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures; and
      the right, as stated in Section 10a, to refuse a discovery request must
      be weighed against a criminal defendant’s rights to due process, to
      confront witness, to have compulsory process to obtain evidence, and
      to effective assistance of counsel, especially in preparation, all to the
      end that justice be effected.
McGinty I at ¶ 42. In McGinty II, the Ohio Supreme Court noted that the trial court

would need to determine whether or not a discovery request “overrides” a victim’s

right to object. Id. at ¶ 45.3

               Accordingly, where a trial court is moved to order a victim to produce

discovery, other than a deposition, the trial court should conduct a balancing test to

determine whether the victim’s right to refuse a discovery request is outweighed by

a criminal defendant’s rights.

               However, because this is a case of first impression, prior precedent

has not outlined the scope of the balancing test and the considerations to be

undertaken. In McGinty I, this court reviewed decisions from other state courts

confronted with the issue of ordering a victim of crime to allow an inspection of their

home by a defendant. McGinty I at ¶ 31-32. In State in Interest of A.B., the court

adopted a balancing test to weigh the defendant’s rights to those of a victim of crime.

In considering the request, the court outlined the defendant’s rights and found that

the discovery order was appropriate where

       the defense has made a legitimate request to inspect a crime scene that
       is an alleged victim’s home and has articulated a reasonable basis to
       believe the inspection will lead to relevant evidence on a material
       issue, then, subject to appropriate time, place, and manner
       restrictions intended to protect the privacy interests of the alleged
       victim and her family, the discovery should be granted. * * * The

3 Other state courts that have found a defendant may inspect a nonparty, or victim’s,
property in criminal discovery under state law have adopted a balancing test that weighs
the rights of the victim against the rights of the accused. E.g., State in Interest of A.B.,
219 N.J. 542, 99 A.3d 782 (2014), finding that a balancing of rights was to be conducted
where a defendant requested an inspection of the victim’s home.
       burden rests with the defendant to show a reasonable basis to believe
       that a home inspection of limited duration will yield relevant
       evidence.

Id.4

               At a minimum, the New Jersey court found that the request to inspect

a victim’s home must be “legitimate” and articulate “a reasonable basis to believe

the inspection will lead to relevant evidence on a material issue” in order to outweigh

the rights of a victim. Id. In that case, the court found that there was a legitimate

reason for the discovery request. The defendant was charged with sexual offenses

against a minor child that allegedly occurred during a three-week period when the

minor child was staying with the defendant’s aunt. Defendant sought to inspect the

victim’s home in order to better document the layout of the home in order to show

that the alleged offenses could not have occurred undetected by five other adults in

the home at the time. Id. at 795.

               With this standard in mind, a balancing test between a victim’s Ohio

Constitutional right to refuse discovery under Marsy’s Law, Ohio Constitution,

Article I, Section 10a, and the victims’ right to privacy and to be secure in their home

pursuant to the Fourth Amendment and Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 14,

against a criminal defendant’s request for the inspection, must at a minimum

4The court conducted a full analysis of the balancing of rights in that case; however, New
Jersey law does not contain a state constitutional right on the part of a victim to refuse a
discovery request.
consider if there exists a specific need for the inspections in order to preserve the

defendant’s rights.

       2. The trial court failed to apply the correct analysis when conducting
       the balancing test of competing rights

                In this case, after the writ of prohibition was dismissed, the trial court

conducted a hearing upon Counts’s request to inspect the victims’ home and

employed a balancing test. Throughout the proceedings, Counts provided the

reasons she sought an inspection of the home. She argued that the material in the

possession of the state was inadequate to recreate the scene and that Counts’s

presence was necessary to assist counsel in the inspection. Counsel further argued

that the request was grounded in a good-faith belief that the inspection would be

material to Counts’s defense. These arguments were premised upon an assertion of

her constitutional rights to due process, to counsel, to present a complete defense,

and to a fair trial. However, beyond statements as to how the inspection could be

helpful, counsel did not articulate why in this case and upon these facts it was

necessary to conduct an inspection of the premise.5 Throughout the proceedings,

5 The dissenting opinion provides a list of the trial court’s considerations, to include that
“(3) no one can intrude with the relationship between a defense attorney and their client,
which is a private, privileged conversation.” Counts did not argue that she did not present
information to the trial court because of the attorney-client privilege. The trial court
referenced the attorney-client privilege to explain to the victims why they could not be
present at the inspection. Even if such privilege were at issue, the trial court could have
held an in-camera hearing to receive any privileged information.

The dissenting opinion also compiles a list of Counts’s reasons for wanting the inspection.
These reasons do not demonstrate why an inspection is necessary and will lead to relevant
counsel did not articulate a specific reason or need as to why the failure to inspect

the victims’ home would result in a violation of Counts’s trial rights.

                 At the hearing, the victims were willing to withdraw their objection to

the inspection, so long as Counts was not permitted in the home. Despite this

willingness to compromise, the victims did not waive their ability to refuse the

discovery request.

                 In conducting the balancing test, the trial court determined that

Counts’s rights in total outweighed the victims’ rights to refuse discovery. In

explaining its decision, the trial court outlined what it considered in its balancing

test, stating:

       A comparison review of Marsy’s Law and the Defendant’s rights under
       the 4th, 5th, 6th and 14th amendments to the United States
       Constitution and Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution
       compels one to rule in favor of the Defendant’s rights to a fair trial and
       effective assistance of counsel.

                 The trial court did not reference the victims’ Fourth Amendment

rights in conducting the balancing test. However, the trial court indicated that it

considered the extent of harm that could befall the parties by comparing the

potential prison sentence Counts faced to the extent of the invasion of the victims’

evidence that may prove or disprove either a defense at trial or a theory propounded by
the state in the case. In all, the list lacks a substantive connection to the case.
privacy and their home when it found that the intrusion or harm caused by the entry

into the home for inspection was “for a short period of time.”

               The Fourth Amendment is not inviolate, but an intrusion into a home

by order of the government to be lawful requires specific justification. For a search

warrant to issue, the intrusion must be based upon a finding of probable cause.

Additionally, in considering ordering the production of privileged or confidential

documents in discovery, the party seeking that material must articulate a

demonstrated need for the material. Thus, any balancing of rights to be undertaken

between Counts’s trial rights and the victims’ right to privacy; the right to be secure

in persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures;

and the right to refuse a discovery request must recognize that the requested

discovery is necessary to preserve a defendant’s trial rights. A showing that the

discovery requested is necessary is akin to the heightened requirements a court must

find to order disclosure of privileged information, as well as the heightened

requirements that a court must find to allow the state to enter a home.

               The trial court did not apply the proper standards in its balancing test

when assessing the victims’ rights against Counts. As discussed supra, the trial court

did not find that Counts demonstrated a specific need for the discovery requested.

The trial court compared the effects of denying Counts’s request for discovery

against the intrusion into the victims’ home, noting the potential prison sentence

Counts faced and contrasted this potential penalty against the effect the victims

would suffer as being a de minimis intrusion into their home and a “brief invasion
of privacy.”    By so doing, the trial court applied an incorrect standard when

conducting the balancing test. The trial court did not require a showing that the

discovery was necessary and did not balance the competing constitutional rights

between Counts and the victims, but instead balanced the potential effects the grant

or denial of the order would have on them.6 Further, we note that the trial court

stated that a denial of Counts’s “right to obtain evidence in order to assist in her

defense at trial” would deny her constitutional rights implicating her right to

counsel. To the extent that the trial court elevated any procedural right of discovery

to be a constitutional trial right, we similarly find the trial court applied an incorrect

standard where no constitutional right to discovery has been found.7

                We recognize that a criminal defendant is entitled to due process of

law, effective assistance of counsel, and a fair trial. In this case, Counts argues that

her right to inspect the crime scene is protected under the panoply of trial rights

found to be constitutional rights. The trial court agreed and found Counts’s right to

inspect the crime scene was inherent within the right to counsel by holding that to

“deny [Counts] the right to obtain evidence in order to assist in her defense at trial

6 Such a balancing of the effects of a discovery order could easily lead to disparate results
for criminal defendants as a defendant facing less severe penalties would not be afforded
the same consideration as a defendant facing more severe sanctions if convicted.

7 To the extent the trial court considered the victims’ willingness to compromise and allow

counsel the opportunity to inspect the home, such consideration would be improper in
conducting a balancing test of rights. The victims’ offer to compromise does not diminish
the importance of their rights.
would facially and substantially deny her constitutional rights.” However, neither

the United States or Ohio Constitutions have been interpreted to define discovery

from nonparties as a constitutional right.     See Bullcoming, 22 F.4th at 889-890

(10th Cir.2022). It is evident that the citizens of Ohio sought to elevate victim’s

rights by placing Marsy’s Law into the Ohio Constitution. This right to refuse a

discovery request is in addition to all citizens’ rights to privacy and security of their

homes. Any balancing of rights needs to recognize the importance of the range of

victims’ rights, which may only be disregarded when a legitimate request to inspect

a victim’s home, based upon an articulated reason that the inspection will lead to

relevant evidence on a material issue is presented to the trial court. See State in

Interest of A.B., 219 N.J. 542, 99 A.3d 782.

               In this case, the defendant did not articulate a specific need

necessitating entry into the victims’ home to vindicate her right to due process, right

to counsel, or right to fair trial, nor did the trial court find that such need existed.

Although the trial court determined that the invasion of privacy it ordered was de

minimis in relation to the potential prison sentence defendant faced if convicted, the

length of time of an intrusion into a home should not be the principal consideration

in a balancing test. Rather, the framework to be applied needs to balance the

inviolate rights one has in the privacy and security of one’s home against the

criminal defendant’s necessity for such entry. Without requiring a defendant to

show a specific need for discovery to be compelled from a victim, a criminal

defendant would be able to gain entry into a victim’s home for any purpose, so long
as they state that they have a good-faith belief such intrusion would merely be

helpful. Constitutional rights afforded a victim cannot give way to a request that

may only provide helpful information; such rights should only be overridden based

upon a demonstrated necessity.

               For these reasons, we find the trial court abused its discretion. The

victims’ assignment of error is well taken and the judgment of the trial court is

reversed.

III. CONCLUSION

                In this case of first impression, the trial court applied a balancing test

to determine whether it would allow a criminal defendant to inspect a victims’ home

over her objection. In applying that balancing test of the criminal defendant’s

constitutional and trial rights versus the victims’ constitutional rights, the trial court

did not apply the correct standards of law nor did it require the defendant to state a

specific need for the discovery. By employing incorrect standards of law in assessing

the weight of the respective rights of the defendant and the victims, the trial court

abused its discretion.

               This cause is reversed and remanded to the lower court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      It is ordered that appellants recover of appellee costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

_________________________________
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, PRESIDING JUDGE

CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY (WITH
SEPARATE OPINON ATTACHED);
MARY J. BOYLE, J., DISSENTS (WITH SEPARATE DISSENTING OPINION
ATTACHED)

CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., J., CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT ONLY:

               Since the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, judges in the Ohio territory

have been asked to weigh and balance the interests of justice, the rights of the

accused, the rights of the victims, and the sensibilities of the community at large.

               Perhaps unsatisfied with the way that some courts were balancing

these often-competing interests, an initiative by Ohio voters named “Marsy’s Law”

was devised and placed on the ballot for the November 7, 2017 election. It was

adopted, and Marsy’s Law became effective on February 5, 2018, amending Article I,

Section 10a of the Ohio Constitution. Marsy’s Law does not ask the courts to balance

the interests of the accused with those of the victim. Marsy’s Law is that balance.

               Marsy’s Law provides, in relevant part:

      (A) To secure for victims justice and due process throughout the
      criminal and juvenile justice systems, a victim shall have the following
      rights, which shall be protected in a manner no less vigorous than the
      rights afforded to the accused:
        (1) to be treated with fairness and respect for the victim’s safety,
        dignity and privacy;
        ***
        (6) except as authorized by section 10 of Article 1 of the constitution,
        to refuse an interview, deposition, or other discovery request made by
        the accused or any person acting on behalf of the accused;
        ***
        (E) All provisions of this section shall be self-executing and severable,
        and shall supersede all conflicting state laws.
(Emphasis added.)

                Marsy’s Law, now embedded into Ohio’s Constitution, places no

limits on a victim’s right to refuse an interview, deposition, or other discovery

request made by the accused or their counsel. Marsy’s Law expands the rights

afforded to victims of crimes and expressly provides that a victim shall be treated

with fairness and respect for the victim’s privacy and that a victim can refuse a

discovery request.    By inserting the words “or other discovery request” into the

Constitution, clearly a victim can refuse any discovery request, except as authorized

by section 10 of Article I of the Ohio Constitution. Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio

Constitution does not grant a defendant the constitutional right to access a victim’s

home.

                The Ohio Supreme Court has never recognized that a trial court’s

discretion in regulating discovery between the parties under Crim.R. 16 extends to

permit a trial court to force a nonparty to open his or her private residence to a

criminal defendant. Nor has the Ohio Supreme Court held that a defendant has a
constitutional right to access a nonparty's home for purposes of preparing a

defense.

               The plain language of Marsy’s Law allows a victim to refuse all

discovery requests. The state has the burden of proof in criminal cases. There is no

constitutional right to discovery in particular, nor a constitutional right for a court

to order a person to open their home to the state, to the defendant or to anyone

designated by the state, for any reason or for any amount of time. Marsy’s Law is

not in conflict with any provision of the Ohio or U.S. Constitution and trumps a

defendant’s nonspecific rights. There is no room for a trial court’s discretion or

balancing tests. In other words, it is not necessary for this court to discuss a trial

court’s broad discretion under Crim.R. 16 or engage in a balancing test. Marsy’s Law

leaves the decision solely in the hands of the victim, not the court.

               Finally, I would suggest that the standard of review in this case is de

novo. As the lead opinion outlines, the Ohio Supreme Court has likened the

constitutional right to refuse discovery to a qualified privilege. In light of the

constitutional authority granted the victim, and because, as noted, once the accused

is permitted access to the domicile, the damage is done and the “proverbial bell”

cannot be unrung, I would review the matter de novo.               The victim has a

constitutional privilege to refuse this discovery. Under that standard this case must

be reversed.

               Even if we review for an abuse of discretion, the standard has been

met. An abuse of discretion is when a legal rule entrusts a decision to a judge’s
discretion and the judge’s exercise of that discretion is outside of the legally

permissible range of choices. State v. Hackett, 164 Ohio St.3d 74, 2020-Ohio-6699,

172 N.E.3d 75, ¶ 19. By failing to follow the clear and unambiguous dictates of

Marsy’s Law, the trial judge’s decision was outside of the legally permissible choices.

               For the foregoing reasons, I concur in judgment only.

MARY J. BOYLE, J., DISSENTING:

               Because the lead opinion first conflates our abuse of discretion

standard of review on appeal with a new “legal standard” that the trial court should

have followed without explaining what that standard entails, and then conflates its

application of the abuse-of-discretion standard by substituting its own judgment for

that of the trial court, I must respectfully dissent. I would affirm the trial court’s

decision allowing Counts to inspect the alleged victims’ residence. To conclude

otherwise would undermine the fairness of the fact-finding process accorded to a

criminal defendant.

               The lead decision finds that the trial court applied an incorrect legal

standard in its balancing test when it assessed the weight of the alleged victims’

rights against Counts’ rights. The lead decision states that the trial court did not

reference the alleged victims’ Fourth Amendment rights in conducting the balancing

test, yet the lead acknowledges that the trial court considered Marsy’s Law and

considered the intrusion into the alleged victims’ home, which goes to the heart of

the Fourth Amendment’s right to privacy in the home. The lead decision finds that
the framework to be applied by the trial court “needs to balance the inviolate rights

one has in the privacy and security of one’s home against the criminal defendant’s

necessity for such entry.” This is exactly what the trial court did in the instant case.

But because the lead decision does not agree with the trial court’s exercise of

discretion, it creates a “legal standard” with which the trial court must comply with

without explaining what that standard entails. This proverbial “dog chasing its tail”

analysis provides the trial court with no guidance.

                The applicable legal standard of review in the instant case for the

discovery order is an abuse of discretion, which the lead decision acknowledges.

“Abuse of discretion” is “‘commonly employed to justify an interference by a higher

court with the exercise of discretionary power by a lower court, implies not merely

error of judgment, but perversity of will, passion, prejudice, partiality, or moral

delinquency.’” Johnson, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463 at ¶

35, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 11 (2d Ed.1910).8

8 The concurring-in-judgment-only decision suggests that the standard of review in this
case is de novo. In McGinty II, however, the Ohio Supreme Court stated that the trial
court issued a discovery order, which is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. The court
stated, “Though appellants contend that the order exceeds the authority granted by
Crim.R. 16, the common law, and the state and federal Constitutions, appellants’
objections implicate an alleged error in Judge McGinty’s exercise of jurisdiction, not in
his jurisdictional power to issue discovery orders in criminal cases.” McGinty II at 164
Ohio St.3d 167, 2020-Ohio-5452, 172 N.E.3d 824, at ¶ 19. The court went on to state that
“[b]ecause of the discretionary authority vested in the common pleas courts, “‘an
extraordinary writ will not issue to control [the trial court’s] judicial discretion, even if
that discretion is abused.’”” Id. at. ¶ 20, quoting State ex rel. Mason v. Burnside, 117 Ohio
St.3d 1, 2007-Ohio-6754, 881 N.E.2d 224, ¶ 1, quoting Berthelot v. Dezso, 86 Ohio St.3d
257, 259, 714 N.E.2d 888 (1999).
               In Johnson, the Ohio Supreme Court recently recognized that its

long-standing definition of abuse of discretion, which the lead decision cites, “has

been noted by at least one Ohio appellate court * * * [as] an ‘offensive formulation.’”

Id. at ¶ 34, quoting State v. Boles, 187 Ohio App.3d 345, 2010-Ohio-278, 932 N.E.2d

345, ¶ 17 (2d Dist.). The Johnson Court stated that the notion that an abuse of

discretion is more than an error of law can be traced back to Steiner v. Custer, 137

Ohio St. 448, 31 N.E.2d 855 (1940). In Steiner, the Ohio Supreme Court relied on

the second edition of Black’s Law Dictionary as support for its statement that ‘“[t]he

meaning of the term “abuse of discretion” in relation to [the granting of a motion for

a new trial] connotes something more than an error of law or judgment.’” Id. at ¶ 34,

quoting Steiner at 451. The Johnson Court noted, however, that the Steiner Court

did not quote the Black’s Law Dictionary definition in its decision. Id.

               The Black’s Law Dictionary definition used by the Johnson Court and

quoted above “squares with the common understanding of what constitutes an

abuse of discretion: a court exercising its judgment, in an unwarranted way, in

regard to a matter over which it has discretionary authority.” Id. at ¶ 35. “Absent

from this definition is any indication that the abuse-of-discretion standard applies

when a court is making a determination of law.” Id. The court used Johnson as an

opportunity to clarify “that courts lack the discretion to make errors of law,
particularly when the trial court’s decision goes against the plain language of a

statute or rule.” Id. at ¶ 39.9

                Moreover, it is well-settled that when applying an abuse-of-discretion

standard of review, an appellate court is not permitted to substitute its judgment for

that of the trial court. In re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio St.3d 135, 566 N.E.2d 1181 (1991);

Berk v. Matthews, 53 Ohio St.3d 161, 559 N.E.2d 1301 (1990); Kapadia v. Kapadia,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94456, 2011-Ohio-2255, ¶ 7, citing Marx v. Marx, Cuyahoga

App. No. 83681, 2004-Ohio-3740; Schumann v. Schumann, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

Nos. 83404, 83631, 2005-Ohio-91, ¶ 42; Di v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 2016-Ohio-

686, 60 N.E.3d 582, ¶ 72 (8th Dist.). Rather, a “reviewing court should be guided

by a presumption that the findings of a trial court are correct, since the trial judge ‘*

* * is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice

inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered

testimony. * * *’” In re Jane Doe 1 at 138, quoting Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland,

10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E. 2d 1273, 1276 (1984). Indeed, “[t]he exercise of an

honest judgment, however erroneous it may appear to be, is not an abuse of

discretion.”’ (Emphasis sic.) Johnson at ¶ 35, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 11

(2d Ed.1910).

9 In Johnson, the court held that the trial court committed an error of law when it found
that a physician employed in an executive position, who does not directly oversee
physicians who treat patients, could testify as a defense expert because the physician’s
employment does not satisfy the plain language of the active-clinical-practice
requirement of Evid.R. 601. Id. at ¶ 39 and 42.
                The lead opinion cites to State in Interest of A.B. at 219 N.J. 542, 99

A.3d 782 (2014), as guidance for the balancing test to be applied when seeking to

order a victim to comply with a discovery order.10 In A.B., a 17-year-old juvenile was

accused of sexually molesting his six-year-old cousin at his cousin’s home. The

defense sought its own inspection of the alleged victim’s home despite having access

to all the photographs and material the prosecutor possessed. Defense counsel

argued that the inspection was necessary to prepare for trial. The trial court allowed

the search, limiting the search to 30 minutes, allowing an investigator from the

prosecutor’s office to be present, prohibiting the parents from participating but

allowing them to be in another part of the house and to determine the time of the

inspection. Id. at 550. The state of New Jersey appealed and the Appellate Division

affirmed the family court’s inspection order. The Appellate Court found that the

family court

       “carefully considered the pertinent facts and balanced the competing
       interest of defendant’s due process rights to prepare and present a
       defense against the right of the victim and her family to the privacy

10 I am aware of a recent decision by the United States District Court for the Northern
District of Ohio, Eastern Division regarding the Fourth Amendment in the context of a
method used by Cleveland State University with remote testing that involves the use of a
student’s camera to briefly scan their surroundings for potential impermissible study aids
or notes. Ogletree v. Cleveland State Univ., N.D.Ohio No. 1:21-cv-00500, 2022 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 150513, at 1 (Aug. 22, 2022). The plaintiff, a student at Cleveland State, filed suit
alleging that this practice or policy violated his rights when a proctor asked him to conduct
a room scan of his bedroom before taking a remote test. Id. The District Court employed
a balancing test in determining the reasonableness of the search and found that the
student’s privacy interest in his home outweighed Cleveland State’s interests in scanning
his room. As a result, the court found that Cleveland State’s practice of conducting room
scans were unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 29.
      and security of their own home.” The panel noted that the case
      “turn[s] on the credibility of the witnesses” and whether the juvenile
      could have committed the alleged sexual abuse of his cousin “without
      detection.” The panel determined that the family court “fully
      comprehended the invasion of the victim’s family’s privacy and
      security entailed by allowing defendant and his defense team access
      to their home.” The panel did not second-guess the court’s judgment
      that the home inspection “was relevant to [A.B.’s] claims of innocence
      and could produce exculpatory evidence” and that the defense should
      not be limited to “the photographs taken by the State.” Finally, the
      panel concluded that the family court “soundly exercised its
      discretion” by crafting an order that limited the “intrusion on the
      victim’s family” to no more than what was “absolutely necessary to
      accommodate defendant’s due process rights.”
Id. at 551-552.

                  The issue before the New Jersey Supreme Court was “whether the

family court abused its discretion by entering a discovery order allowing the

accused, his attorney, and his investigator to inspect and photograph specified areas

of the alleged victim’s home for no more than thirty minutes in the presence of a

prosecutor’s investigator.”     The A.B. Court noted that this “issue presents a

balancing of the right of the accused to a fair trial and the right of an alleged victim

and her family to privacy in their home.” Id. at 554.

                  Like Ohio, New Jersey has a constitutional provision, the Victim’s

Rights Amendment, which guarantees that a crime victim “‘shall be treated with

fairness, compassion and respect.’” Id. at 598, quoting N.J. Const. Art. I, ¶ 22. New

Jersey’s criminal discovery rules provides automatic access to a wide range of

evidence, including building or places within the possession or control of the

prosecutor, and its criminal discovery law recognizes that trial courts have “‘the
inherent power to order discovery when justice so requires[,]”’ even beyond the

stated provisions of the rules. Id. at 555, quoting State ex rel W.C., 85 N.J. 218, 221,

426 A.2d 50 (1981), and citing N.J. Court Rules, R. 3:13-3(b).

               In affirming the trial court’s decision, the New Jersey Supreme Court

noted that it required the balancing of the right to a fair trial and the right of the

alleged victims to privacy in their home. The A.B. Court was mindful that the

purpose of pretrial discovery is to ensure a fair trial. The court stated, “[a] criminal

trial where the defendant does not have ‘access to the raw materials integral to the

building of an effective defense’ is fundamentally unfair.” Id. at 556, quoting Ake v.

Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 77, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed. 2d 53 (1985). The court also

noted that visiting a crime scene can be critical in preparing a defense. Id. A trial

attorney must know what the crime scene looks like to be able to interview witnesses

and prepare direct and cross-examination. Id. Indeed, the failure to investigate a

crime scene could constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Id., citing Thomas v.

Kuhlman, 255 F.Supp.2d 99, 109, 112 (E.D.N.Y. 2003).

               Because the criminal defendant’s request for access to inspect the

alleged victim’s residence was not within the general scope of the automatic

discovery rule since the alleged victim’s residence is not “within the possession,

custody or control of the prosecutor,” the A.B. Court reasoned that the criminal

defendant must demonstrate that the inspection is justified.          Id., citing W.C.

Therefore, the court considered the “burden that a defendant bears when seeking

access to a home of an alleged victim that is a crime scene.” Id.
              In doing so, the court noted that New Jersey’s Victim’s Rights

Amendment requires that “[a] victim of a crime shall be treated with fairness,

compassion and respect.” Id. at 558, quoting N.J. Const. Art. I, ¶ 22. But the court

also noted that the rights of the accused and alleged victims and witnesses rights are

not mutually exclusive. Indeed, “[o]ne right does not have to be sacrificed for

another. They can and must be harmonized.” Id. This harmony can be achieved by

weighing “the accused’s need for a particular species of discovery against the impact

the discovery request may have on the privacy and lives of witnesses and alleged

victims.” Id. at 560.

              In examining the criminal defendant’s rights, the A.B. Court

acknowledged that “a defense attorney’s visit to the scene of the crime is a rather

ordinary undertaking, and in some circumstances, such an inspection might

constitute a professional obligation.” Id. at 561, citing Thomas. The court noted

that the “State generally will have thoroughly investigated a crime scene, securing

evidence and taking photographs” and “[f]amiliarity with a crime scene may be

essential for an effective direct or cross-examination of a witness — and even for

presenting exculpatory evidence.” Id. The court further acknowledged that “[i]n

many instances, the defense will not be on an equal footing with the prosecution if

it is barred from a crime scene to which the prosecutor has access.” Id.

              In examining the alleged victim’s rights, the court acknowledged that

“when a crime scene is the home of a victim, other significant concerns arise. The

right to privacy in one’s home is a basic right, and all alleged victims of crime have
an interest in not revisiting a traumatic event.” Id. The court further acknowledged

that “the undeniable reality is that a criminal prosecution will intrude into an alleged

victim’s privacy” and “[p]articipation in the criminal justice process will

undoubtedly be a source of inconvenience and anxiety, and will result in some

incursion into privacy rights of witnesses.” Id. The court noted that “some of these

adverse consequences are the inevitable price that must be paid to ensure the

accused receives a fair trial.” Id. at 561-62.

               In light of the foregoing, the A.B. Court held that

      when the defense has made a legitimate request to inspect a crime
      scene that is an alleged victim’s home and has articulated a reasonable
      basis to believe the inspection will lead to relevant evidence on a
      material issue, then, subject to appropriate time, place, and manner
      restrictions intended to protect the privacy interests of the alleged
      victim and her family, the discovery should be granted. * * * The
      burden rests with the defendant to show a reasonable basis to believe
      that a home inspection of limited duration will yield relevant
      evidence.
Id. at 562, 99 A.3d 782.

               Similarly, in the instant case, the defense made a legitimate request

to inspect the location of the crime, which is the alleged victims’ residence, and

articulated a reasonable basis to believe the inspection would lead to relevant

evidence on a material issue. The trial court granted the discovery request, subject

to appropriate time, place, and manner restrictions intended to protect the privacy

interests of the alleged victim.

               The record demonstrates that the trial court employed a balancing

test by clearly taking the parties’ competing interests into consideration,
appropriately balancing these interests, and, in its honest belief, determining that

Counts’s constitutional right to a fair trial outweighed the alleged victims’ right to

privacy in their home. The court thoughtfully noted that: (1) the defense needs

access to the home for measurements and photographs; (2) the defense has the right

to put their case together; (3) no one can intrude with the relationship between a

defense attorney and their client, which is a private, privileged conversation; (4)

Counts is entitled to the ability for an unvarnished look with her counsel; (5) with

Counts present, counsel could get an understanding of what their client told them;

and (6) to deny Counts the right to obtain evidence in order to assist in her defense

at trial would facially and substantially deny her constitutional rights. With regard

to the victims’ rights, the trial court assured the victims that it would have a person

present there and their representative would be with the defense as they conduct the

investigation, so that the defense will not go into any drawers or closets.

               The court found that the possible loss of Counts’s liberty (potential of

over 40 years in prison for attempted murder and four counts of felonious assault)

preempts the brief invasion of the alleged victims’ privacy. The court noted that

inherent in Counts’s right to counsel is the right to have her case properly

investigated, and when necessary, to have property inspected without the State or

its agents peering over the shoulders of counsel. It is also important to note that the

trial in this case is likely to be a credibility contest between F.K. and L.T. and Counts

because Counts claims she acted in self-defense. The court then carefully crafted an

order protecting the parties’ respective rights using the least intrusive means. The
court limited Counts to one and a half hours on the premises, with permission to

only enter the front entryway, the staircase, the area under the staircase, the upstairs

hallway, and the upstairs bathroom. The court further ordered that the defense will

be accompanied by a member of the court staff and a Cuyahoga County sheriff’s

deputy, who would be present at all times while Counts, her counsel, and their

experts are within the residence, and should be within the view of the court staff and

sheriff’s deputy.   Lastly, the court ordered that the alleged victims, county

prosecutor’s office personnel, and the Cleveland police department may be present,

but may not be within the residence during the discovery process. The court noted

that

       To deny the Defendant the right to obtain evidence in order to assist
       in her defense at trial would facially and substantially deny her
       constitutional rights. One accused of a crime my face jail, prison, or
       even death. The victim in this case is being ordered to allow the
       Defendant the right to inspect the victim’s premises with counsel,
       under supervision, for a short period of time. The possible loss of the
       Defendant’s liberty preempts the brief invasion of the victim’s privacy.
       Inherent in the Defendant’s right to counsel, is the right to have the
       accused’s case properly investigated, and when necessary, to have
       property inspected without the State or its agents peering over the
       shoulders of counsel.
(Trial Court’s Judgment Entry, Nov. 19, 2021.)

               It is clear from the foregoing order that trial court properly exercised

its discretion when ruling on Counts’s “Motion for Criminal Rule 16 Entry Upon

Land for Inspection and Photograph” by employing a balancing test and

determining that Counts’s constitutional right to a fair trial outweighed the alleged

victims’ right to privacy in their home.
               The lead decision further finds that Counts did not articulate a

specific need necessitating entry into the alleged victims’ home. It is worth noting

that the lead did not cite to any authority supporting the necessity of a specific need.

Rather, in A.B., the New Jersey Court found that the “burden rests with the

defendant to show a reasonable basis to believe that a home inspection of limited

duration will yield relevant evidence.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 562, 99 A.3d 782.

I disagree with the lead decision and would find that the record demonstrates that

Counts articulated a reasonable basis that a home inspection of limited duration will

yield relevant evidence. I would also find that if a specific need were required,

Counts demonstrated several needs necessitating entry into the alleged victims’

home.

               Here, defense counsel argued to the trial court that: (1) the photos

and videos provided by the state are not sufficient; (2) the videos provided depict

the events and activity that occurred within the residence towards the end of the

incident when the police arrived; (3) the intention is to map out the home and

forensically recreate the incident with the good faith belief that this is material to

Counts’s defense; (4) the blueprint that was provided does not help with anything in

the case because it is a sketch of the property; (5) it would be ineffective assistance

of counsel if defense counsel did not request an inspection; (6) the defense does not

object to the presence of a police officer or the bailiff; (7) without the ability to

examine the crime scene, Counts’s due process rights will be significantly impacted;

(8) without Counts there to explain what took place, defense counsel’s presence
would not be of any significance or value; (9) with a representative of the alleged

victims present while Counts is there, defense counsel would not be free to have any

discussions; (10) the defense has no intentions of entering anywhere other than the

area of the incident and has no interest in going into any closets or any drawers;

(11) it is impossible to mount a defense without the ability to see the crime scene;

(12) a video inspection is not the same as physically being there; and (13) the defense

cannot permit itself to be in a position where it compromises the possibility of

missing something if the inspection is carried out by means of Zoom or FaceTime.

               In contrast, the alleged victims argued that the inspection would be

“inconvenient” and stated they are not “comfortable” with Counts coming back into

the house and “[i]t’s very upsetting.” The state acknowledged that it would not

oppose a jury view.

               I am mindful that the balancing test will not always result in a

criminal defendant’s favor, despite their constitutional rights. This case, however,

is not one of those instances. We are constrained to the record before us and an

abuse-of-discretion standard of review. Here, the trial court properly exercised its

discretion when it found that Counts demonstrated a reasonable basis and several

needs for limited access to the victims’ home. Therefore, I defer to the trial court’s

judgment and would not substitute my judgment for that of the trial court’s. I

decline to find that the carefully crafted inspection of the alleged victims’ residence

evidences the “‘perversity of will, passion, prejudice, partiality, or moral
delinquency.’” Johnson, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463 at

¶ 35, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 11 (2d Ed.1910).

              As a result, I would find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

and I would overrule the sole assignment of error.

              Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court’s judgment.