Court Opinion

ID: 2801739
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-19 14:06:15.582944+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:41.810272
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                               March 10, 2015 Session

                  JIMMY HEARD v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

               Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rutherford County
                      No. F-68961    M. Keith Siskin, Judge

                 No. M2013-02661-CCA-R3-PC – Filed May 19, 2015

Petitioner, Jimmy Heard, stands convicted of criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated
robbery, aggravated robbery, and attempted second degree murder, for which he received
an effective twenty-nine-year sentence. He unsuccessfully sought post-conviction relief
from his convictions and now appeals, claiming ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel for failing to: (1) submit a transcript of the hearing on petitioner‟s motion to
recuse the trial judge; (2) address petitioner‟s bond increase without a hearing; (3)
address petitioner‟s allegedly unlawful interrogation by law enforcement officers; and (4)
object to a judge hearing his appeal who allegedly was once assigned to hear his case at
trial. Upon our review, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROGER A. PAGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD WITT,
JR., and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ., joined.

Darwin Keith Colston, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for appellant, Jimmy Heard.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Senior
Counsel; William C. Whitesell, Jr., District Attorney General; and J. Paul Newman,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

                             I. Facts and Procedural History

                                        A. Trial

      A grand jury indicted petitioner for criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated
robbery, aggravated robbery, attempted first degree murder, aggravated assault, felony
evading arrest, and felony possession of a weapon for his involvement in the September
15, 2005 robbery of a Cash Express store in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and the
subsequent car chase. State v. Jimmy Lee Heard, No. M2010-01030-CCA-R3-CD, 2012
WL 976188, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. March 5, 2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 15,
2012). A full recitation of the facts established at trial can be found in this court‟s
opinion on direct appeal from petitioner‟s convictions. Id. at *1-3.

       Following the close of proof and deliberations, the jury acquitted petitioner of
aggravated assault and convicted him of criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated
robbery, aggravated robbery, evading arrest, and the lesser-included offense of attempted
second degree murder. Id. at *4. The State dismissed the weapons charge prior to jury
selection. Id. at *1. The trial court sentenced petitioner as a Range II, multiple offender
to consecutive terms of eight years for conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery; fifteen
years for aggravated robbery; fifteen years for attempted second degree murder; and six
years for evading arrest, for an effective sentence of forty-four years. Id. at *4.

        Petitioner argued in his motion for new trial that the court erred in its jury
instructions regarding the lesser-included offenses of attempted first degree murder. The
trial court granted a new trial as to petitioner‟s conviction for attempted second degree
murder but denied the motion as to the other convictions. Id. The State appealed the trial
court‟s grant of a new trial, but this court affirmed the trial court‟s ruling. Id.; see State v.
Jimmy Heard, No. M2007-01805-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 723527, at *1 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Mar.18, 2009). Petitioner ultimately pleaded guilty to attempted second degree
murder, and the trial court sentenced him to fifteen years as a Range II, multiple offender,
to run concurrently with his other sentences, effectively modifying his sentence from
forty-four years to twenty-nine years. Jimmy Lee Heard, 2012 WL 976188, at *4.

       On direct appeal, petitioner argued that the evidence was insufficient to support
his convictions and that the trial court erred by denying his motion for recusal and by
imposing consecutive sentences. Id. at *1. This court affirmed his convictions and
sentences.

                                     B. Post-Conviction

       In his November 1, 2012 pro se petition for post-conviction relief, petitioner
claimed that: (1) he was denied appellate review of his motion to recuse due to counsel‟s
failure to procure and file the transcript of the hearing; (2) his bond was improperly
raised without affording him notice or appointment of counsel; (3) the trial court erred by
remanding his case to general sessions court for a second preliminary hearing without
dismissing the first indictment; (4) the trial judge failed to recuse himself after accusing
petitioner of plotting to kill him; and (5) several claims of ineffective assistance of

                                               -2-
counsel.1 Appointed counsel filed a “Statement of Amended Petition,” stating that he and
petitioner disagreed about the need to file an amended petition; that he was unable to
obtain a copy of the record because a flood at the Court of Criminal Appeals destroyed
the original and the court reporter did not possess a copy; and that he was without the
means to file an amended petition without reference to the trial record. Following a
March 7, 2014 evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court denied relief. This appeal
follows.

                                              II. Analysis

       In this appeal, petitioner argues that appellate counsel erred by failing to: (1)
submit a transcript of the hearing on petitioner‟s motion to recuse the trial judge; (2)
address petitioner‟s bond increase without a hearing; (3) address petitioner‟s allegedly
unlawful interrogation by law enforcement officers; and (4) object to a judge hearing his
appeal who was allegedly once assigned to hear his case at trial.

                                       A. Standard of Review

       To obtain relief in a post-conviction proceeding, a petitioner must demonstrate that
his or her “conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of any
right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United
States.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103. A post-conviction petitioner bears the burden of
proving his or her factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-30-110(f). “„Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious or
substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.‟”
Lane v. State, 316 S.W.3d 555, 562 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting Grindstaff v. State, 297
S.W.3d 208, 216 (Tenn. 2009)).

       Appellate courts do not reassess the post-conviction court‟s determination of the
credibility of witnesses. Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 292 (Tenn. 2009) (citing
R.D.S. v. State, 245 S.W.3d 356, 362 (Tenn. 2008)). Assessing the credibility of
witnesses is a matter entrusted to the post-conviction judge as the trier of fact. R.D.S.,
245 S.W.3d at 362 (quoting State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). The
post-conviction court‟s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal unless the
preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Berry v. State, 366 S.W.3d 160, 169 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2011) (citing Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997); Bates v.
State, 973 S.W.2d 615, 631 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)). However, conclusions of law
receive no presumption of correctness on appeal. Id. (citing Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d
450, 453 (Tenn. 2001)). As a mixed question of law and fact, this court‟s review of

1
 Petitioner has abandoned on appeal several of the issues he raised in the post-conviction court; therefore,
our recitation of the facts from the post-conviction hearing will be limited to the issues raised on appeal.
                                                     -3-
petitioner‟s ineffective assistance of counsel claims is de novo with no presumption of
correctness. Felts v. State, 354 S.W.3d 266, 276 (Tenn. 2011) (citations omitted).

       The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the
states through the Fourteenth Amendment, and article I, section 9 of the Tennessee
Constitution require that a criminal defendant receive effective assistance of counsel.
Cauthern v. State, 145 S.W.3d 571, 598 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Baxter v. Rose,
523 S.W.2d 930 (Tenn. 1975)). When a petitioner claims that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel, he must demonstrate both that his lawyer‟s performance was
deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Finch v. State, 226 S.W.3d 307, 315 (Tenn. 2007) (citation
omitted). It follows that if this court holds that either prong is not met, we are not
compelled to consider the other prong. Carpenter v. State, 126 S.W.3d 879, 886 (Tenn.
2004).

       To prove that counsel‟s performance was deficient, petitioner must establish that
his attorney‟s conduct fell below an objective standard of “„reasonableness under
prevailing professional norms.‟” Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 315 (quoting Vaughn v. State, 202
S.W.3d 106, 116 (Tenn. 2006)). As our supreme court held:

      “[T]he assistance of counsel required under the Sixth Amendment is
      counsel reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective
      assistance. It is a violation of this standard for defense counsel to deprive a
      criminal defendant of a substantial defense by his own ineffectiveness or
      incompetence. . . . Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a
      lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law and must
      conscientiously protect his client‟s interest, undeflected by conflicting
      considerations.”

Id. at 315-16 (quoting Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 934-35). On appellate review of trial
counsel‟s performance, this court “must make every effort to eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel‟s conduct, and to
evaluate the conduct from the perspective of counsel at that time.” Howell v. State, 185
S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).

        To prove that petitioner suffered prejudice as a result of counsel‟s deficient
performance, he “must establish a reasonable probability that but for counsel‟s errors the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 116 (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A „reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.‟” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). As
such, petitioner must establish that his attorney‟s deficient performance was of such
magnitude that he was deprived of a fair trial and that the reliability of the outcome was
                                            -4-
called into question. Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 316 (citing State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 463
(Tenn. 1999)).

       In post-conviction proceedings, we likewise apply the two-prong test of Strickland
to evaluate claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Carpenter, 126 S.W.3d
at 886. This court has held:

       There are two approaches to appellate advocacy, known generally as the
       „rifle shot‟ approach and the „shotgun‟ approach. Under the rifle shot
       procedure, counsel presents only those issues which arguably have merit.
       Under the „shotgun‟ approach, every conceivable issue is raised in hope,
       albeit slim, that the appellate court will see merit in some arcane issue. The
       choice of which method to use and the choice as to which issues to present
       under either approach obviously requires strategic and tactical decisions by
       appellate counsel. Of course, those decisions are judged by the same
       standards as all other decisions of counsel.

Hanson Lee Davis, Jr. v. State, No. 02C01-9104-CC-00064, 1992 WL 69655, at *1
(Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 8, 1992) (footnote omitted) (internal citations omitted). We will
not fault appellate counsel for not raising every possible issue on appeal. Carpenter, 126
S.W.3d at 887 (citing King v. State, 989 S.W.2d 319, 334 (Tenn. 1999); Campbell v.
State, 904 S.W.2d 594, 596-97 (Tenn. 1995)). Experienced appellate advocates have
long “emphasized the importance of winnowing out weaker arguments on appeal and
focusing on one central issue if possible, or at most a few key issues.” Cooper v. State,
849 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tenn. 1993) (quoting Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751 (1983)).
Determination of the issues to raise on appeal is a matter left to appellate counsel‟s sound
discretion. Carpenter, 126 S.W.3d at 887 (citing Jones, 463 U.S. at 751). We accord
appellate counsel‟s professional judgment considerable deference with regard to which
issues he believes to be meritorious on appeal. Id. As in a review of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel, we should not second-guess appellate counsel‟s decisions and
must avoid the distorting effects of hindsight. Id. However, we will only defer to
counsel‟s tactical choices if such choices are within the range of competence required of
attorneys in criminal cases. Id. (citing Campbell, 904 S.W.2d at 597).

       Moreover,

       [i]f a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is based on the failure to
       raise a particular issue, as it is in this case, then the reviewing court must
       determine the merits of the issue. Obviously, if an issue has no merit or is
       weak, then appellate counsel‟s performance will not be deficient if counsel
       fails to raise it. Likewise, unless the omitted issue has some merit, the
       petitioner suffers no prejudice from appellate counsel‟s failure to raise the
                                            -5-
        issue on appeal. When an omitted issue is without merit, the petitioner
        cannot prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

Carpenter, 126 S.W.3d at 887-88. Thus, to fully review petitioner‟s claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel, we must first determine whether the underlying issues are
meritorious. The facts pertinent to each issue and the post-conviction court‟s ruling on
each are set forth in the relevant subsection below.

                                       B. Petitioner‟s Claims

        Petitioner testified that when he was first charged in these cases, an assistant
district public defender (hereinafter “ADPD”) was appointed to his case. However, at
trial, he was represented by private counsel (hereinafter “trial counsel”).

        Trial counsel2 testified that in his thirty-one years of practicing law, he had
participated in over one hundred jury trials, and he agreed that he was one of the more
experienced trial attorneys in the city. He explained that procedurally, petitioner‟s case
was in circuit court and was then remanded to general sessions court. When the case
returned to circuit court on a superceding indictment, trial counsel was appointed to
represent petitioner. Therefore, he was not involved in any issues prior to that time. In
characterizing his working relationship with petitioner, trial counsel stated that they “got
along very well” and said that petitioner was very well-spoken and would verbalize his
opnions. Trial counsel estimated that he spent “hundreds of hours” working on
petitioner‟s case because it spanned “a full jury trial, . . . two different appeals, [and]
some motions beforehand.” He recalled that petitioner desired to go to trial because he
wanted to “have his day before a jury.” Trial counsel filed all motions that he deemed
viable and said that his philosophy was that trial strategies should be formulated by the
attorney after consultation with the accused. He described his personal approach as a
“rifle” approach wherein he carefully considered which motions to file, how to argue
them, how to present and question witnesses, and what issues to raise.

       1. Failure to Include the Motion to Recuse and the Transcript of the Hearing
                     Preceding the Motion to Recuse on Direct Appeal

       In his testimony during the post-conviction hearing, petitioner stated that his first
complaint against trial counsel was that he failed to obtain a transcript of a hearing that
ultimately led to petitioner‟s motion to recuse the trial judge. Petitioner asserted that in a
June 5, 2006 hearing, the trial judge addressed him in open court and said that he had
received information that petitioner said he was going to kill the judge. The judge stated

2
  Petitioner was represented at trial and on direct appeal by the same attorney. Although we refer to him
as “trial counsel,” it should be noted that he also served as appellate counsel.
                                                       -6-
that he was planning to seek an indictment against petitioner, prompting petitioner to ask
if the trial judge was going to recuse himself. Petitioner, through counsel, subsequently
filed a motion for the trial judge to recuse himself, which was denied after a June 21,
2006 hearing. Petitioner said that when counsel addressed the trial court‟s failure to
recuse on direct appeal, this court declined to rule on the issue because no transcript of
the June 5 hearing had been provided.

        On cross-examination, petitioner acknowledged that on June 21, 2006, a hearing
was held on his motion to recuse and that the transcript of that hearing was included on
appeal. He agreed that this court addressed the trial court‟s ruling on the motion but
stated that the transcript of the June 21 hearing did not include pertinent information that
was addressed at the June 5 hearing, namely that the trial court had received information
that petitioner was going to kill him.

       Trial counsel said that he filed a motion in the trial court seeking recusal. In filing
the motion to recuse, trial counsel relied upon what petitioner had told him because trial
counsel was not his attorney of record at that juncture. The trial court denied the motion,
and counsel raised the issue of the trial judge‟s failure to recuse himself on direct appeal.
Trial counsel assigned two associate attorneys in his firm to locate and obtain a transcript
of the June 5 hearing, but they were unable to do so. At the hearing on the motion to
recuse, trial counsel presented petitioner as a witness because there was no other evidence
relating to the June 5 exchange.

       He acknowledged that on the subsequent appeal, this court determined that the
record was insufficient for review because the motion was not contained in the record nor
was the transcript of the June 5 hearing. Trial counsel explained that a flood had
occurred that destroyed many records and that an associate handled that appeal.

        In denying relief on this matter, the post-conviction court held that “[t]he issue of
[the trial judge‟s] recusal was addressed on direct appeal, with the Court of Criminal
Appeals finding the record „totally devoid of any evidence to support [petitioner‟s]
contention that the trial judge should have recused himself.‟” (quoting Jimmy Lee Heard,
2012 WL 976188, at *6). The post-conviction court further noted that “[a]lthough no
transcript exists of the hearing wherein the alleged death threat was disclosed, [the trial
judge‟s] June 22, 2006 Order denying the motion to recuse contains specific findings of
fact regarding the alleged threat and communications with the Sheriff‟s Department
regarding the alleged threat.”

       We note that trial counsel testified that he, through his associates, attempted, albeit
unsuccessfully, to locate a transcript of the June 5 hearing. In these proceedings,
petitioner has failed to provide a copy of the transcript, which further buttresses trial
counsel‟s testimony that the transcript was not available. We cannot conclude that trial
                                             -7-
counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to include a copy of the transcript in the
appellate record when petitioner himself has been unable to locate and include this
transcript.

        Our review of the merits of the underlying claim further yields no relief for
petitioner. This court has held that the issue of a trial judge‟s recusal based upon alleged
bias or prejudice is a matter entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court. Caruthers
v. State, 814 S.W.2d 64, 67 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). A trial judge should grant a motion
for recusal in cases where his or her “impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” Code
of Judicial Conduct, Canon 3(E)(1); see State v. McCary, 119 S.W.3d 226, 260 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2003). A trial court‟s decision in this regard will not be overturned on appeal
absent an abuse of discretion. Owens v. State, 13 S.W.3d 742, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999); Caruthers, 814 S.W.2d at 67.

       In State v. Richard Lowell Blanchard, No. M2010-01186-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL
2533753, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 24, 2011), this court addressed a case wherein the
defendant made the following remarks to his trial counsel within the hearing of a court
officer: “If I am convicted you will be sorry you ever defended me,” “I will shoot every
mother f****** in here,” and “the trial judge „need[ed] to be put on his knees and shot in
the head.‟” Id. In denying Blanchard‟s motion for recusal, the trial court reasoned that

       “if the [c]ourt were to recuse itself . . . every defendant we‟ve got would
       make these same kind of threats at the judge.” The trial judge characterized
       what had happened as “[j]ust an occupational hazard” and ruled, “I‟m
       confident I can follow the law in doing this case and there‟s no need for me
       to recuse in the case.”

Id. This court denied relief, stating that the record was “devoid” of any indication that
the trial court had abused its discretion. Id.

       Applying the reasoning in Blanchard and the accepted standard of review, we
conclude that absent a showing of abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court,
petitioner would not have been entitled to relief on direct appeal. Accordingly, trial
counsel cannot be found to have performed ineffectively.

        Petitioner has not demonstrated how he was prejudiced by the trial judge‟s failure
to recuse. Petitioner was convicted after a jury trial, not a bench trial. In our review of
the trial court‟s imposing consecutive sentences, we concluded that the record supported
the sentence alignment due to petitioner‟s record of extensive criminal activity. Id. at *9.
Petitioner has demonstrated neither deficient performance nor prejudice. Given our
deference to the factual findings of the post-conviction court and the dearth of evidence
supporting petitioner‟s claim, we conclude that he is not entitled to relief.
                                             -8-
           2. Failure to Address Petitioner‟s Bond Increase without a Hearing

        The State correctly points out that petitioner, without further argument, merely
states that “the failure to trial counsel [to raise this issue on appeal] deprived him of his
right to due process.” “Issues which are not supported by argument . . . will be treated as
waived in this court.” Tenn. R. Ct. Crim. App. 10(b). Accordingly, this issue is waived.

           3. Failure to Address Petitioner‟s Allegedly Unlawful Interrogation
                              by Law Enforcement Officers

       Here again, the State correctly points out that petitioner, without further argument,
merely states that “the failure of trial counsel [to raise this issue on appeal] deprived him
of his right to due process.” “Issues which are not supported by argument . . . will be
treated as waived in this court.” Tenn. R. Ct. Crim. App. 10(b). This issue is waived.

         4. Failure to Object to a Judge Hearing His Appeal Who Was Allegedly
                         Once Assigned to Hear His Case at Trial

        Petitioner failed to include this issue in his petition for post-conviction relief. He
also failed to present any evidence with regard to the issue. In fact, during arguments to
the court following the evidentiary hearing, post-conviction counsel stated, “[I]t didn‟t
appear to me . . . before today that anybody even realized that a judge that was appointed
to hear [petitioner‟s] case ultimately heard and wrote the opinion in his appeal.”
(emphasis added). Seemingly, post-conviction counsel himself did not notice this fact
until standing before the post-conviction court. Rather, petitioner‟s argument was “that
trial counsel was completely unaware of the connection” until the hearing on the petition
for post-conviction relief. Petitioner, in his brief, admits, “Candidly, [petitioner] has no
evidence that [the successor judge] ever presided over any proceeding involving
petitioner]. The record in this matter indicates that he did not.” (emphasis added).
Because petitioner did not raise this issue in his petition for post-conviction relief and
instead raises it for the first time on appeal, this court is precluded from considering it.
Lawrence Ralph, Jr., v. State, No. M2011-02067-CCA-R3-PC, 2012 WL 6645037, at *9
(Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 20, 2012) (citing Charles Orlando Fields v. State, No. W2003-
02051-CCA-R3-PC, 2004 WL 1405012, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 23, 2004)). This
issue is waived. Moreover, this court declines to consider as error an issue that petitioner
himself concedes resulted in no prejudice to him. He is not entitled to relief on this
claim.

                                             -9-
                                   CONCLUSION

       Based on the arguments of counsel, the briefs of the parties, and the applicable
legal authority, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

                                                _________________________________
                                                ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE

                                         -10-