Court Opinion

ID: 2790198
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-31 14:07:18.317656+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:53.307462
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and Decker
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

              RAYON LAVELLE PORK
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1140-14-1                                  JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                                                 MARCH 31, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                              FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH
                                              James C. Hawks, Judge

                               Charles E. Haden for appellant.

                               Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Rayon Lavelle Pork (“Pork”) appeals the ruling of the Circuit Court of the City of

              Portsmouth (“trial court”) denying his motion to suppress the evidence recovered pursuant to a

              Terry seizure and frisk. Pork’s single assignment of error alleges the trial court erred in denying

              his motion because the officer “lacked a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activity

              afoot at the moment he drew his gun on Pork and ordered Pork out of his car” and also because

              “the incriminating character of the plastic baggy and capsules seized from Pork’s pocket was not

              immediately apparent to [the officer] since the officer could not distinguish from feel alone

              whether the plastic baggy or capsules contained legal or illegal drugs.”

                     For the following reasons, we hold that the seizure and pat down of Pork were lawful

              because the officer had reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot and that

              Pork was armed. We further conclude that we need not determine whether the seizure of the

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
heroin from Pork’s pocket was constitutionally proper because this argument was waived by

Pork’s failure to assign error to the trial court’s alternative holding regarding the doctrine of

inevitable discovery. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court.

       In reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “we determine whether the

accused has met his burden to show that the trial court’s ruling, when the evidence is viewed in

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was reversible error.” Roberts v.

Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 146, 150, 684 S.E.2d 824, 826 (2009). This Court is “bound by the

trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them

and we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law

enforcement officers.” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261

(1997) (en banc). “However, we consider de novo whether those facts implicate the Fourth

Amendment and, if so, whether the officers unlawfully infringed upon an area protected by

the Fourth Amendment.” Hughes v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 447, 454, 524 S.E.2d 155,

159 (2000) (en banc) (citing McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d at 261).

                   The Transition from Consensual Encounter to Terry Seizure

       This appeal arises from an interaction between Pork and Officer Siniscalchi of the

Portsmouth Police Department that occurred when Officer Siniscalchi responded to a citizen’s

complaint of a suspicious occupied vehicle.

               Police-citizen confrontations generally fall into one of three
               categories. First, there are consensual encounters which do not
               implicate the Fourth Amendment. Next, there are brief
               investigatory stops, commonly referred to as “Terry” stops, which
               must be based upon reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal
               activity is or may be afoot. Finally, there are “highly intrusive,
               full-scale arrests” or searches which must be based upon probable
               cause to believe that a crime has been committed by the suspect.
Andrews v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 479, 489, 559 S.E.2d 401, 406 (2002) (citations

omitted). Before we can assess whether Officer Siniscalchi’s actions were constitutional, we

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must first determine the nature of his encounter with Pork, and whether it changed at any point

during the course of their interaction. Both parties agree that the encounter was initially

consensual. Pork contends that he was seized when Officer Siniscalchi drew his weapon and

ordered him out of the car. Conversely, the Commonwealth contends that Pork was not seized

until he complied with Officer Siniscalchi’s command to step out of the vehicle. By then, the

Commonwealth argues Siniscalchi had a reasonable, articulable suspicion that Pork was carrying

a concealed weapon and, thus, was engaged in criminal activity and was armed. We agree with

the Commonwealth.

       “An encounter between a law enforcement officer and a citizen in which the officer

merely identifies himself and states that he is conducting a[n] . . . investigation, without more, is

not a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment but is, instead, a consensual

encounter.” McGee, 25 Va. App. at 199, 487 S.E.2d at 262. Likewise, “interrogation relating to

one’s identity or a request for identification by the police does not, by itself, constitute a Fourth

Amendment seizure.” INS v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216 (1984).

       Pork was sitting in the driver’s seat of a vehicle parked legally on the street. Officer

Siniscalchi approached the vehicle on foot from the driver’s side at an angle that would have

made his approach obvious to Pork. Officer Siniscalchi then explained to Pork that he was there

to investigate a citizen’s report that two men were sitting in a vehicle for unknown reasons. Pork

was initially cooperative and provided his identification to Officer Siniscalchi. Thus, the

encounter between Pork and the officer, at least at the outset, was indeed a consensual encounter.

                                            Terry Seizure

       The next inquiry we must answer is when the interaction transformed from a consensual

encounter to a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. “A person is ‘seized’

within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment if, under the circumstances presented, a reasonable

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person would believe that he was not free to leave the scene of an encounter with the police.”

McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 490, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001) (citations omitted).

Therefore, a “seizure occurs when a law enforcement officer, by physical force or some display

of authority, restrains in some manner a citizen’s freedom of movement. Only when such

restraint is imposed is there a basis for invoking Fourth Amendment safeguards.” Id. at 490-91,

545 S.E.2d at 545. Courts consider factors such as the presence of multiple officers, language or

tone of voice of the officer, physical touching of the person by the officer, and the display of a

weapon by an officer when determining if a person is seized within the meaning of the Fourth

Amendment. See United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980). However,

               [T]here is a condition precedent to a seizure: The individual
               must submit to the officer’s force or authority. “[The Mendenhall]
               test is not applicable until the person submits to the officer’s show
               of authority.” Cochran v. Commonwealth, 258 Va. 604, 608, 521
S.E.2d 287, 289 (1999). “A seizure does not occur in the absence
               of . . . a defendant’s submission to an officer’s assertion of
               authority.” McCain, 261 Va. at 491, 545 S.E.2d at 546.

Jones v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 548, 557, 665 S.E.2d 261, 265 (2008).

       In the present case, Pork was not seized until he submitted to Officer Siniscalchi’s

display of force, show of authority, and complied with the officer’s demand and exited the

vehicle. The record establishes that after Officer Siniscalchi observed the “silhouette of a

firearm” in the backseat of the vehicle that was easily accessible to both occupants of the vehicle,

he then asked Pork if there were any weapons in the car. Pork “hesitated completely,” and his

eyes shifted to the right. Officer Siniscalchi then asked Pork to step out of the vehicle, but Pork

ignored the command and immediately concealed his right hand near his right hip, between the

driver’s seat and center console. Officer Siniscalchi told Pork to put his hands on the steering

wheel at least three times, but Pork continued to reach to the right. In response to Pork’s refusal

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to keep his hands on the steering wheel, Officer Siniscalchi drew his weapon and again told Pork

to step out of the car, at which point, Pork complied.

       We have addressed this precise issue in two prior cases with strikingly similar facts.

First, in Jones, this Court reasoned that because the appellant failed to comply with three

commands from the police officer to put his hands on the steering wheel and instead reached for

the floorboard, the appellant had not submitted to the officer’s authority. 52 Va. App. at 557,

665 S.E.2d at 265-66. It was not until the police officer drew his weapon, upon learning of the

presence of a knife, and ordered the appellant out of the car that the appellant complied with the

officer’s command and exited the vehicle. Id. Therefore, we held that “it was at that point, when

[the appellant] exited the car, and not before, that [the appellant] was seized.” Id. Similarly, in

Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 381, 394, 728 S.E.2d 499, 505 (2012), we held that the

appellant “only actually submitted to [the police officer’s] show of authority when the appellant

stopped moving his hands furtively following [the police officer’s] third instruction to keep his

hands on his lap where they could be seen,” and thus became seized when he actually complied

with the officer’s instructions and stopped moving his hands.

       Similar to the appellants in Jones and Beasley, Pork initially ignored Officer Siniscalchi’s

multiple commands to keep his hands where they could be seen. It wasn’t until Officer

Siniscalchi drew his weapon and Pork complied with his command to exit the vehicle that Pork

actually submitted to Officer Siniscalchi’s authority and was seized within the meaning of the

Fourth Amendment.

       Having resolved when the seizure of Pork occurred, to determine if such seizure was

lawful, we must next determine if, at the time of the seizure, Officer Siniscalchi had a

reasonable, articulable suspicion that Pork may have been involved in criminal activity.

Pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), “[i]f a police officer has reasonable, articulable

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suspicion that a person is engaging in, or is about to engage in, criminal activity, the officer may

detain the suspect to conduct a brief investigation without violating the person’s Fourth

Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.” McGee, 25 Va. App. at

202, 487 S.E.2d at 263 (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). In the context of a consensual encounter, a

police officer may elevate such encounter with a citizen into an investigatory detention only if

the officer has a “reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity ‘may

be afoot,’ even if the officer lacks probable cause.” United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7

(1989). When a court reviews whether an officer had reasonable suspicion to temporarily detain

a person, it must view the totality of the circumstances and view those facts objectively through

the eyes of a reasonable police officer with the knowledge, training, and experience of the

investigating officer. Murphy v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 139, 144, 384 S.E.2d 125, 128

(1989).

          In this case, Officer Siniscalchi first encountered Pork at night in a high crime area

known for illegal drug activity that was dimly lit. Officer Siniscalchi observed the silhouette of

what appeared to be a handgun in the backseat that was within reaching distance of both Pork

and the other passenger. When asked if there were any weapons in the car, Pork hesitated in

answering. When Officer Siniscalchi asked Pork to step out of the vehicle, Pork began reaching

towards his right side, immediately concealing his right hand in the area between the driver’s

seat and center console. Despite Officer Siniscalchi’s repeated commands for Pork to stop

reaching and to place his hands on the steering wheel, Pork continued to conceal his right hand.

Given these facts, Officer Siniscalchi had reasonable, articulable suspicion that Pork possessed a

concealed weapon.

          The holdings in Jones and Beasley further demonstrate that Officer Siniscalchi

reasonably suspected that Pork possessed a concealed weapon. In Jones, we held that the

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officers had reasonable suspicion that the appellant possessed a concealed weapon, given that the

encounter occurred late at night in an area known for drug trafficking, the appellant acted

“furtively” and ignored several commands from the officers, and the observation of a knife

behind the passenger seat within reach of appellant. 52 Va. App. at 552-54, 665 S.E.2d at 264.

In Beasley, we similarly concluded reasonable suspicion existed when the encounter occurred at

night in an area known for “narcotics transactions and gun crimes,” the appellant and other

passenger of the minivan moved their hands in a “furtive manner” and continued to do so despite

repeated directives from the officer to stop, and the officer’s experience that persons “who move

their hands in such a furtive manner are likely attempting to hide illegal drugs or weapons from

the police.” 60 Va. App. at 395-97, 728 S.E.2d at 506. In consideration of all the present

circumstances in this case, we conclude that at the time of Pork’s seizure, Officer Siniscalchi had

reasonable, articulable suspicion that Pork possessed a concealed weapon, which also rendered

him potentially armed and dangerous.

                                            Terry Frisk

       In addition to allowing brief investigatory detentions, Terry also held that “when an

officer is justified in believing that the individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating

at close range is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or to others,” the officer may

conduct a limited search of the suspect’s outer clothing “to determine whether the person is in

fact carrying a weapon.” 392 U.S. at 24. Such frisk “must be limited to that which is necessary

for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others nearby.” Id. at

26. “The purpose of this limited search is not to discover evidence of crime, but to allow the

officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence.” Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143,

146 (1972). If the protective search goes beyond what is necessary to determine if the suspect is

armed, it is no longer valid. Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 65-66 (1968).

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               [T]he search of the passenger compartment of an automobile,
               limited to those areas in which a weapon may be placed or hidden,
               is permissible if the police officer possesses a reasonable belief
               based on “specific and articulable facts which, taken together with
               the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant” the
               officer in believing that the suspect is dangerous and the suspect
               may gain immediate control of weapons.

Jones, 52 Va. App. at 567, 665 S.E.2d at 271 (quoting Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1050

(1983)). For the reasons stated above that supported the seizure of Pork based upon a

reasonable, articulable suspicion that Pork had a concealed weapon, the subsequent pat down of

Pork and protective sweep of the vehicle for weapons were also reasonable.

                                       Inevitable Discovery

       During the pat down, Officer Siniscalchi removed a baggy of capsules from Pork’s front

pocket, which were later determined to be heroin. Pork argues that the seizure of the baggy was

improper under the holdings of Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366 (1993), Cost v.

Commonwealth, 275 Va. 246, 657 S.E.2d 505 (2008), and Grandison v. Commonwealth, 274
Va. 316, 645 S.E.2d 298 (2007). The Commonwealth contends that Officer Siniscalchi testified

that the character of the heroin capsules was immediately apparent as contraband, therefore

satisfying the “plain feel” doctrine of Dickerson. The Commonwealth further argues that even if

the seizure was improper, the heroin capsules would have inevitably been discovered as a result

of the sweep for weapons of the area around the driver’s seat, which uncovered a concealed

weapon.

       On appeal, Pork assigns error only to the trial court’s holding with respect to 1) whether

reasonable suspicion existed for Pork’s seizure and detention and 2) the applicability of the

“plain feel” doctrine of Dickerson. Pork fails to assign error or even address the trial court’s

alternative holding regarding the application of the inevitable discovery doctrine. The

Commonwealth contends that because Pork failed to assign error to the trial court’s inevitable

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discovery ruling on brief, he has waived any issue regarding error to this ruling on appeal before

this Court. We agree.

       This Court’s jurisprudence is clear that when a trial court issues one or more alternative

holdings, the appellant’s failure to address one of those holdings constitutes a waiver of any

challenge to the trial court’s ruling on that issue. See Johnson v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App.
113, 115-16, 609 S.E.2d 58, 59 (2005). In Johnson, the trial court denied the appellant’s motion

to suppress heroin obtained during a Terry frisk, holding first, that the officer did not exceed the

permissible limits of a weapons frisk, and second, the evidence proved the heroin would have

been “inevitably discovered” by the officer even if the weapons frisk had not taken place. Id. at

115, 609 S.E.2d at 59. This Court further held that the inevitable discovery doctrine, when

properly applied, serves as an adequate and independent legal basis for denying the appellant’s

motion to suppress. Id. at 117, 609 S.E.2d at 60. Therefore, because the appellant only

challenged the trial court’s first holding on appeal, without assigning error to the ruling regarding

inevitable discovery, this Court deemed the appellant’s argument relating to the illegality of the

seizure of drugs waived, and declined to consider whether the trial court properly applied the

doctrine of inevitable discovery. Id.

       Although Pork challenged the trial court’s inevitable discovery ruling below, he

completely abandoned this challenge on appeal. The trial court specifically held that Officer

Siniscalchi’s sweep of the area of the driver’s area of the car for weapons as part of the pat down

of Pork would have resulted in the discovery of the concealed firearm that was located in

between the driver’s seat and the center console and that, “the arrest would have been made and

everything else would have flowed from there in inevitable discovery.” Accordingly, the trial

court deemed it unnecessary to address the impact of the exclusionary rule to the “plain feel”

doctrine to determine if the drugs should have been suppressed. Because the seizure and frisk

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were proper under the Fourth Amendment and because Pork failed to assign error to the

alternative ruling of the trial court on appeal, which is procedurally waived pursuant to Johnson,

we need not reach the merits of Pork’s argument regarding the illegality of the seizure of the

heroin.

          In sum, based upon the totality of the circumstances, we find that the seizure and pat

down of Pork were lawful because Officer Siniscalchi had reasonable, articulable suspicion that

Pork had a concealed weapon. We further conclude that we need not address the merits of the

legality of the seizure of the baggy of heroin in light of Pork’s failure to assign error to the trial

court’s alternative ruling based on the doctrine of inevitable discovery. Accordingly, we affirm

the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                                              Affirmed.

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