Court Opinion

ID: 4324622
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-25 19:38:38.117773+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:19.142046
License: Public Domain

Rule 803. Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay - Regardless of Whether the
Declarant Is Available as a Witness

      The following are not excluded by the rule against hearsay, regardless of whether
the declarant is available as a witness:

Rule 803(1). Present Sense Impression

(1)   Present Sense Impression. A statement describing or explaining an event or
      condition, made while or immediately after the declarant perceived it. When the
      declarant is unidentified, the proponent shall show by independent
      corroborating evidence that the declarant actually perceived the event or
      condition.

                                       Comment

      This rule [is identical to] differs from F.R.E. 803(1) insofar as it requires
independent corroborating evidence when the declarant is unidentified. See
Commonwealth v. Hood, 872 A.2d 175 (Pa. Super. 2005).

      For this exception to apply, declarant need not be excited or otherwise
emotionally affected by the event or condition perceived. The trustworthiness of the
statement arises from its timing. The requirement of contemporaneousness, or near
contemporaneousness, reduces the chance of premeditated prevarication or loss of
memory.

Rule 803(2). Excited Utterance

(2)   Excited Utterance. A statement relating to a startling event or condition, made
      while the declarant was under the stress of excitement that it caused. When the
      declarant is unidentified, the proponent shall show by independent
      corroborating evidence that the declarant actually perceived the startling
      event or condition.

                                       Comment

      This rule [is identical to] differs from F.R.E. 803(2) insofar as it requires
independent corroborating evidence when the declarant is unidentified. See
Commonwealth v. Upshur, 764 A.2d 69 (Pa. Super. 2000).

      This exception has a more narrow base than the exception for a present sense
impression, because it requires an event or condition that is startling. However, it is
broader in scope because an excited utterance (1) need not describe or explain the
startling event or condition; it need only relate to it, and (2) need not be made
contemporaneously with, or immediately after, the startling event. It is sufficient if the
stress of excitement created by the startling event or condition persists as a substantial
factor in provoking the utterance.

       There is no set time interval following a startling event or condition after which an
utterance relating to it will be ineligible for exception to the hearsay rule as an excited
utterance. In Commonwealth v. Gore, [262 Pa. Super. 540, 547,] 396 A.2d 1302, 1305
(Pa. Super. 1978), the court explained:

       The declaration need not be strictly contemporaneous with the existing
       cause, nor is there a definite and fixed time limit.... Rather, each case must
       be judged on its own facts, and a lapse of time of several hours has not
       negated the characterization of a statement as an “excited utterance.” ...
       The crucial question, regardless of the time lapse, is whether, at the time
       the statement is made, the nervous excitement continues to dominate while
       the reflective processes remain in abeyance.

                                      *      *      *

Note: Adopted May 8, 1998, effective October 1, 1998; Comment revised March 23,
1999, effective immediately; Comment revised March 10, 2000, effective immediately;
Comment revised May 16, 2001, effective July 1, 2001; amended November 2, 2001,
effective January 1, 2002; rescinded and replaced January 17, 2013, effective March
18, 2013; amended November 9, 2016, effective January 1, 2017; amended October
25, 2018, effective December 1, 2018.

Committee Explanatory Reports:

       Final Report explaining the March 23, 1999 technical revisions to the Comment
for paragraph 25 published with the Court’s Order at 29 Pa.B. 1714 (April 3, 1999).
Final Report explaining the March 10, 2000 revision of the Comment for paragraph 25
published with the Court’s Order at 30 Pa.B. 1641 (March 25, 2000). Final Report
explaining the May 16, 2001 revision of the Comment for paragraph 18 published with
the Court's Order at 31 Pa.B. 2789 (June 2, 2001). Final Report explaining the
November 2, 2001 amendments to paragraph 6 published with the Court’s Order at 31
Pa.B. 6384 (November 24, 2001). Final Report explaining the January 17, 2013
rescission and replacement published with the Court’s Order at 43 Pa.B. 620 (February
2, 2013). Final Report explaining the November 9, 2016 amendments to paragraph 6,
8, 10, and revision of the Comment for paragraph 7 and 9 published with the Court’s
Order at 46 Pa.B. 7436 (November 26, 2016). Final Report explaining the October
24, 2018 amendments to paragraph 1 and 2 published with the Court’s Order at 48
Pa.B. __ (_____ __, 2018).