Court Opinion

ID: 2738918
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-01 19:03:00.434255+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:59:45.606354
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/1/14 In re Sean T. CA2/2

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                  DIVISION TWO

In re SEAN T., a Person Coming Under the                             B254583
Juvenile Court Law.
                                                                     (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. CK88494)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,

         Plaintiff and Respondent.

         v.

PATRICIA F., et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.

         APPEALS from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Tony L.
Richardson, Judge. Affirmed as to Patricia F.; dismissed as to Sean T.
         Janette Freeman Cochran, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant Patricia F.
         Neal B. Gold, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Sean T.
         John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel,
and Tracey F. Dodds, Deputy County Counsel for Plaintiff and Respondent.
       Patricia F. (mother) and Sean T. (father) appeal from the juvenile court’s order
terminating parental rights over their son Sean (born April 2007). We dismiss father’s
appeal and affirm the order terminating mother’s parental rights.
                                     BACKGROUND
Detention and section 300 petition
       On June 3, 2011, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family
Services (the Department) received a referral alleging that Sean was a victim of
emotional abuse by mother, who had untreated mental health problems. Mother had been
evaluated on May 27, 2011, after exhibiting psychotic symptoms. She had reportedly
burned papers in her bedroom while Sean was present and kicked maternal grandmother
Cecelia T. (maternal grandmother). Mother had not been hospitalized because she had
agreed to seek psychiatric treatment. She later refused to do so.
       Mother initially presented well during a June 3, 2011 interview with the
Department’s social worker at the home mother shared with maternal grandmother and
maternal great-grandmother. As the interview progressed, however, mother began
exhibiting symptoms of paranoia. She admitted suffering a “breakdown” in November or
December of 2010 and being hospitalized approximately six years ago, but denied having
any current mental health issues. Mother said she had been prescribed medication but
refused to take it because it had not worked in the past.
       The social worker spoke with a Department of Mental Health mobile response
team worker named Andrea Simmons, who had visited the family on May 27, 2011, at
maternal grandmother’s request. Mother was very agitated that day and was refusing to
take her prescribed psychotropic medication. She agreed to seek treatment. When
Simmons later followed up with the family, mother had not obtained treatment and was
still exhibiting paranoid symptoms. Simmons called in the referral to the Department
after she witnessed an altercation between mother and maternal grandmother and mother
threatened to leave the home with Sean.
       The social worker also spoke with Alison Manumaleuna, a case manager with
Children’s Institute International who had been working with mother since April 2011.

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Manumaleuna said that approximately two weeks earlier, mother was exhibiting signs of
depression after not sleeping for three days. Manumaleuna took mother to see a
psychiatrist and then accompanied mother to obtain her prescribed medication. Mother
refused to take the medication.
       The social worker, accompanied by Simmons, met with mother and maternal
grandmother on June 23, 2011. Maternal grandmother confirmed that mother had
attempted to start a fire in her bedroom while Sean was present. She said that at times
mother does not get out of bed or leave the house and that mother had failed to keep
multiple doctor appointments for Sean. Simmons attempted to persuade mother to seek
treatment through the Department of Mental Health. Mother refused to do so and stated
several times that she would not take her prescribed medication.
       Mother appeared to be in an active psychotic state during a team decision meeting
held on June 24, 2011. She referred several times to a book entitled “The Game” as the
source of her problems, but she could not coherently explain how or why this was the
case. Mother agreed during the meeting that she would take her prescribed psychotropic
medication; however, she subsequently failed to do so.
       On June 29, 2011, the Department filed a petition on behalf of Sean under Welfare
and Institutions Code section 300, subdivisions (a), (b), and (g),1 alleging that mother had
a history of engaging in violent altercations with maternal grandmother and had kicked
maternal grandmother on a prior occasion in May 2011; that mother had mental and
emotional problems rendering her incapable of providing Sean with regular care and
supervision; that mother created a detrimental and endangering situation by attempting to
start a fire in the home in the child’s presence; and that mother had a history of illicit drug
use, including marijuana, rendering her incapable of providing Sean with regular care and
supervision. The petition further alleged that father, whose whereabouts were unknown,
had failed to provide Sean with the necessities of life.

1      All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

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       The juvenile court ordered Sean detained from mother and placed with maternal
grandmother. The court also issued a statewide jail removal order for father.
       In July 2011, the Department reported that mother had been admitted to Pacific
Hospital on July 9, 2011, and discharged on July 15, 2011. Mother refused assistance
with housing and said she was going to her cousin’s home. The Department’s social
worker obtained the cousin’s telephone number from maternal grandmother and left a
message asking mother to contact the Department. Mother did not call, and her
whereabouts were then unknown.
       Mother appeared at a July 20, 2011 hearing at which the juvenile court found
father to be an alleged father. The court ordered mother to sign a release order with
regard to her medical information and ordered the Department to prepare a report
addressing mother’s mental health issues.
Jurisdiction and disposition
       The Department’s August 12, 2011 jurisdiction/disposition report summarized
interviews involving the social worker and mother, maternal grandmother, mother’s
therapist, and father.
       Mother said she was diagnosed with psychosis when she was 21 or 22 years old
and was hospitalized for four days. Discharge documents from mother’s July 2011
hospitalization indicated diagnoses of depression and bipolar disorder, and recommended
that mother find a stable and structured living arrangement and that she continue to take
her prescribed medications. Mother said she had stopped taking medication because “it
was messing me up.” Mother admitted to occasional marijuana use in the past but said
she had not used marijuana for at least a year. With regard to the alleged incident of
domestic violence, mother said she had kicked maternal grandmother after maternal
grandmother slapped mother in the face. She said Sean was not present during the
altercation. Mother denied setting any fires in the home and said she had been using
matches to light a candle. Mother said that father had been incarcerated since she was
four months pregnant, her relationship with him ended upon his incarceration, and she
did not know when he would be released.

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       According to maternal grandmother, mother had been diagnosed with psychosis,
depression, and bipolar disorder and had been prescribed two different medications. She
said that mother was in denial about her illness and believed the medication was
unnecessary. Maternal grandmother said the domestic violence allegation was untrue.
She said that mother had kicked her in the leg on one occasion outside of Sean’s presence
and there had been no other physical altercations between them. Maternal grandmother
said she had not witnessed mother setting fire to anything in the home but at the time
could smell burning paper. Maternal grandmother stated she had never met father and
that father had never provided any support for Sean.
       Mother’s therapist, Dr. Peter Jay, said that he had seen mother on July 18 and 21,
2011. Mother presented as paranoid on July 18, and was “confused, suspicious, and
argumentative” on July 21. He said that mother continues to appear psychotic.
       Father spoke with the social worker by telephone. He said he was unaware of any
physical altercations between mother and maternal grandmother, mother’s mental or
emotional health issues, or mother’s alleged drug use. He said he had been incarcerated
since 2006 as the result of a firearms conviction and that his expected release date was
sometime in 2016.
       Father appeared at a hearing held August 10, 2011, and denied the allegations of
the petition. The juvenile court ordered the Department to arrange a team decision
meeting with the paternal and maternal relatives to address visitation issues.
       Mother and father were both present at the August 12, 2011 jurisdiction and
disposition hearing at which mother submitted to an amended petition and pled no contest
to allegations that she had been diagnosed with psychosis and bipolar disorder, limiting
her ability to provide regular care and supervision for Sean, that she sometimes failed to
take her prescribed psychotropic medication, placing him at risk of harm, and that she
and maternal grandmother engaged in a verbal and physical altercation while Sean was in
the home. The juvenile court declared Sean to be a dependent of the court and ordered
him removed from mother’s custody. The court ordered mother to participate in
individual counseling to address case issues, including her relationship with maternal

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grandmother, parenting, and drug counseling; to take all prescribed psychotropic
medications; to follow up with the Department of Mental Health; to submit to six random
or on demand drug tests; and to participate in a drug rehabilitation program if any drug
tests were positive. The court accorded mother monitored visits, as often as could be
arranged, and gave the Department discretion to liberalize the visits.
       The juvenile court denied father reunification services pursuant to section 361.5,
subdivision (a) and accorded him monitored visits once a month after consultation with
minor’s counsel.
Review proceedings
       In February 2012, the Department reported that Sean was doing well in maternal
grandmother’s care. He was enrolled in preschool and attended group therapy. Maternal
grandmother said she was committed to caring for Sean and wanted Sean to remain with
her if he could not return to mother.
       Mother was in partial compliance with her case plan. She was meeting with her
psychiatrist on a regular basis and was taking her prescribed medications. She also
visited consistently with Sean, who appeared excited and happy to see her. However she
had not completed random drug testing, was not currently enrolled in a substance abuse
treatment program, and had not attended individual therapy on a regular basis.
       Sean had not visited with father because neither father nor father’s counsel had
requested visitation.
       In August 2012, the Department reported that Sean was thriving under maternal
grandmother’s care. He was attending therapy and maternal grandmother was
completing a parenting program to help manage Sean’s sometimes aggressive behavior.
Sean’s behavioral issues worsened after some visits with mother.
       Mother continued to have weekly monitored visits with Sean. She also had
unscheduled visits at maternal grandmother’s home where she often appeared
unannounced. Maternal grandmother described mother’s visits as “up and down.” Some
visits went well, but when Sean acted out and mother had difficulty handling his
aggressive behavior the visit was not successful. Mother also became upset and

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argumentative when maternal grandmother asked her not to discuss case issues with Sean
or to use physical discipline. Sean told the social worker that he enjoyed seeing mother
but that sometimes mother did not play with him and spanked him during visits.
       Given the ongoing conflict between mother and maternal grandmother, the social
worker arranged for mother’s visits to take place at the Department’s offices. A
monitored visit at the Department’s offices on August 8, 2012, went well. Mother was
affectionate and appropriate with Sean. Sean enjoyed the visit and did not want mother
to leave when it ended.
       Mother continued to be in partial compliance with court orders. She had
completed parenting and anger management classes and was attending a substance abuse
program. She failed, however, to appear for random drug testing and did not regularly
attend individual therapy sessions. Mother told the social worker that she had stopped
taking her prescribed medication, except for her anxiety medication.
       At the August 10, 2012 review hearing, the juvenile court ordered Sean to remain
placed with maternal grandmother and ordered continued reunification services for
mother. The court ordered the Department to assist mother in enrolling in a hands-on
parenting class and accorded the Department discretion to liberalize mother’s visits in a
child-centered neutral setting.
       In January 2013, the Department reported that Sean continued to thrive in the care
of maternal grandmother, who was willing to adopt him if he could not be returned to
mother. Sean appeared happy, comfortable, and well adjusted. His behavioral issues had
improved.
       Mother completed an outpatient substance abuse program and parenting and anger
management classes. She was generally consistent with her random drug testing but was
not attending individual therapy sessions on a regular basis. She had stopped taking her
prescribed medication. The social worker expressed concerns about mother’s stability
after maternal grandmother told her that mother had hit Sean with a shoe during an
unscheduled visit at maternal grandmother’s home.

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       Mother’s monitored visits with Sean had become inconsistent. She missed several
scheduled visits and had no visits at all during the month of September 2012. The social
worker observed during one monitored visit that Sean behaved aggressively toward
mother, trying to hit her with his shoe and then attempting to throw the shoe at her.
Mother did not know how to respond to Sean’s aggressive behavior, and the social
worker had to terminate the visit.
       At a January 3, 2013 hearing, the juvenile court ordered the Department to provide
a supplemental report on mother’s progress in programs and set the matter for a contested
selection and implementation hearing.
       In March 2013, the Department reported that mother was not in compliance with
her court ordered case plan. She was no longer attending individual therapy and had
stopped taking her prescribed medication. Mother said she had discontinued her
medication because she was pregnant and no longer needed it. Her visits with Sean had
been inconsistent, and she cancelled several weeks of visits. The Department
recommended termination of reunification services.
       In April 2013, the Department reported that Sean continued to thrive in maternal
grandmother’s care. He exhibited anxiety and aggressive behavior, however, and these
issues were being addressed in therapy. Mother had not resumed individual therapy, had
not obtained a psychiatric reassessment, and was not taking her prescribed psychotropic
medication.
       In July 2013, the Department learned that mother was homeless and obtaining
financial assistance from maternal grandmother. Mother was still not taking her
prescribed medication or attending individual therapy. She missed some monitored visits
at the Department’s offices, and when she did, she appeared unannounced at maternal
grandmother’s home asking to see Sean.
       Maternal grandmother reported that Sean was experiencing separation anxiety. He
did not want to leave maternal grandmother’s side after mother told him that she would
take him home with her.

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        At a hearing held on July 3, 2013, the juvenile court found that both parents had
not consistently and regularly contacted and visited with Sean and had not made
significant progress in resolving the problems that led to his removal. The court
terminated reunification services and set the matter for a contested section 366.26
hearing.
Section 366.26 proceedings
        In its October 30, 2013 section 366.26 report, the Department stated that maternal
grandmother remained committed to adopting Sean. She had an approved home study.
Although Sean had a limited understanding of what adoption meant, he said that he
wanted to remain with his grandmother forever.
        Father appeared in custody at the October 30, 2013 hearing and requested
paternity testing. The juvenile court ordered DNA testing and continued the matter to
December 2013 for those test results.
        In December 2013, the Department’s social worker reported that mother had not
maintained contact with her since reunification services were terminated. Mother called
the social worker once in November 2013 requesting visitation with Sean but then failed
to follow up. Maternal grandmother reported that mother had not visited with Sean since
the start of the school year.
        A contested section 366.26 hearing was held on January 27, 2014. The juvenile
court denied father’s request to continue the hearing because father’s DNA test results
had not yet been received. The court received the Department’s reports into evidence and
heard testimony from mother, Sean, maternal grandmother, and father.
        Mother testified that she had been seeing Sean every day, and that she walked him
to school every morning. She also spent weekends with him. Mother said maternal
grandmother interfered with the way she disciplined Sean and would not let her into the
home.
        Sean testified that mother came to see him Friday and Saturday and “sometimes”
came to visit him in the morning. He said both mother and maternal grandmother walked
him to school. Sean testified that he did not know what it meant to be adopted. When

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counsel explained to him that if he were adopted, mother would no longer be his mother,
Sean said he did not want that because he loved mother and he would be sad if he could
never see her again.
       Maternal grandmother testified that Sean, who was then six and a half years old,
had lived with her his entire life. She said she would allow mother to continue to visit
with Sean even if mother’s parental rights were terminated, but that she would continue
to monitor those visits. Maternal grandmother confirmed that mother came to her home
almost daily. She had not allowed mother to visit the previous Friday because mother
had put Sean in the closet as a form of discipline.
       Father testified that he was incarcerated before Sean’s birth and that he would not
be released for another 31 months. He last saw Sean in January 2008. He sent cards,
letters, and photos when he could. He did not want Sean to be adopted.
       At the conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court found that Sean was adoptable
and that returning him to the parents would be detrimental. The court found that the
exception under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) did not apply and terminated
mother’s and father’s parental rights. This appeal followed.
                                      DISCUSSION
I. Father’s appeal
       Father’s appointed counsel filed a brief pursuant to In re Phoenix H. (2009) 47
Cal. 4th 835, indicating an inability to find any arguable issues. We advised father that he
had 30 days in which to submit any arguments he wished us to consider and subsequently
accorded him an additional 31-day extension in which to do so. Father submitted a letter
brief in which he contends the juvenile court erred by denying him a continuance of the
section 366.26 hearing pending the results of a DNA test that would allow him to
establish biological and presumed father status and by denying him reunification services
based on the length of his incarceration. Father further contends the court erred by
terminating his parental rights after all allegations against him had been dismissed and
there was no finding that he was an unfit parent.

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       “An appealed-from judgment or order is presumed correct. [Citation.] Hence, the
appellant must make a challenge. In so doing, he must raise claims of reversible error or
other defect [citation], and ‘present argument and authority on each point made’
[citations]. If he does not, he may, in the court’s discretion, be deemed to have
abandoned his appeal. [Citation.] In that event, it may order dismissal. [Citation.]” (In
re Sade C. (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 952, 994.)
       Father has established no error in the proceedings below, nor any legal basis for
reversal. Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s conclusion that Sean was
adoptable, and that adoption was in the child’s best interest. We accordingly dismiss
father’s appeal.
II. Mother’s appeal
       A. Applicable law and standard of review
       Section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1), provides for the termination of parental rights
if family reunification services have been terminated and the juvenile court finds by clear
and convincing evidence that the child is likely to be adopted. Once reunification
services have been terminated, “‘[f]amily preservation ceases to be of overriding concern
. . . the focus shifts from the parent’s interest in reunification to the child’s interest in
permanency and stability. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (In re Richard C. (1998) 68
Cal. App. 4th 1191, 1195.) “Adoption, where possible, is the permanent plan preferred by
the Legislature. [Citations.]” (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal. App. 4th 567, 573 (Autumn
H.).) Although the statutory preference is in favor of adoption, section 366.26 lists
certain exceptions that may preclude termination of parental rights, if the juvenile court
finds “a compelling reason for determining that termination would be detrimental to the
child.” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B).)
       The juvenile court’s ruling on whether an exception applies to terminating parental
rights pursuant to section 366.26 is reviewed under the substantial evidence standard. (In
re Cliffton B. (2000) 81 Cal. App. 4th 415, 424-425; Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at
p. 576.) Under this standard, an appellate court must affirm the juvenile court’s order if
there is evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value to support the order (In re

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Christina A. (1989) 213 Cal. App. 3d 1073, 1080), and the evidence must be considered
“in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, giving the prevailing party the benefit
of every reasonable inference and resolving all conflicts in support of the order.
[Citations.]” (Autumn H., at p. 576.)
         Mother contends the order terminating her parental rights should be reversed
because the exception to terminating parental rights set forth in section 366.26,
subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) applies. That exception provides as follows: “The parents have
maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit from
continuing the relationship.”
         The parent bears the burden of proving that this exception applies. (In re L. Y. L.
(2002) 101 Cal. App. 4th 942, 952-954.) “[T]he exception does not permit a parent who
has failed to reunify with an adoptable child to derail an adoption merely by showing the
child would derive some benefit from continuing a relationship maintained during
periods of visitation with the parent.” (In re Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal. App. 4th 1339,
1348.)
         For the exception to apply, the parent must have maintained regular visitation with
the child, and the juvenile court must determine that the parent/child relationship
“promotes the well-being of the child to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the
child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive parents. In other words, the
court balances the strength and quality of the natural parent/child relationship in a
tenuous placement against the security and the sense of belonging a new family would
confer.” (Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.) A parent must establish more
than merely some benefit to the child by continuing the parent/child relationship. That
relationship must be “a substantial, positive emotional attachment such that the child
would be greatly harmed” if the relationship were severed. (Ibid.) To overcome the
benefits associated with a stable, adoptive family, the parent seeking to continue a
relationship with the child must prove that severing the relationship will cause not merely
some harm, but great harm to the child. (In re Brittany C. (1999) 76 Cal. App. 4th 847,
853.) Factors that the juvenile court should consider when determining the applicability

                                              12
of the exception include “[t]he age of the child, the portion of the child’s life spent in the
parent’s custody, the ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ effect of interaction between parent and
child, and the child’s particular needs . . . .” (Autumn H., supra, at p. 576.)
       B. Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s findings
       Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s determination that the parental
exception to terminating parental rights did not apply. Mother did not visit consistently
with Sean throughout the case. When her monitored visits with Sean were moved to the
Department’s offices, mother missed several visits. She had no visits during the month of
September 2012. She cancelled several weeks of visits during the first few months of
2013. Mother continued to miss some monitored visits during the summer of 2013, and
when she did, she appeared unannounced at maternal grandmother’s home asking to see
Sean. She did not visit at all, either at the Department’s offices, or at maternal
grandmother’s home, during most of the fall of 2013.
       The quality of mother’s visits with Sean was not always positive. Maternal
grandmother described mother’s visits as “up and down.” During one unscheduled visit
at maternal grandmother’s home, mother hit Sean with a shoe. Two monitored visits at
the Department’s offices had to be terminated because mother did not know how to
respond to Sean’s aggressive behavior. Maternal grandmother refused to allow mother
an unscheduled visit during the week preceding the section 366.26 hearing because
mother had put Sean in a closet as a form of discipline.
       Sean’s behavioral issues worsened following visits with mother. He exhibited
separation anxiety and did not want to leave maternal grandmother’s side.
       Mother argues that Sean’s testimony during the section 366.26 hearing that he did
not want to be adopted because he loved mother “a lot” was evidence that a strong and
beneficial parent-child relationship existed between them. The existence of “[i]nteraction
between natural parent and child will always confer some incidental benefit to the child.”
(In re Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.) In determining whether the
parent/child relationship gives rise to an exception to terminating parental rights, the
juvenile court must determine that the relationship “promotes the well-being of the child

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to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home
with new, adoptive parents. In other words, the court balances the strength and quality of
the natural parent/child relationship in a tenuous placement against the security and the
sense of belonging a new family would confer.” (Ibid.) To demonstrate that the
parent/child relationship exception applies, “the parent must show more than that the
relationship is ‘beneficial.’” (In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal. App. 4th 38, 52, fn. 4.)
       Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s finding that the benefits of
continuing mother’s relationship with Sean did not outweigh the benefits and permanence
of adoption by his maternal grandmother. During more than the two and a half year
duration of the case, mother lacked stable housing, failed to take her prescribed
psychotropic medication, failed to participate in court ordered individual therapy, failed
to maintain regular contact with the Department’s social worker, and failed to progress
beyond supervised visits with Sean. Sean was thriving in the home of his maternal
grandmother, with whom he had lived his entire life. Maternal grandmother, in turn,
wished to adopt Sean in order to continue to provide him with a safe, stable, loving, and
nurturing home. She had allowed mother to have daily visits with Sean throughout the
case and she was willing to allow mother to have a continued presence in the child’s life.
Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s determination that mother failed to
establish that the exception set forth in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) precluded
the termination of her parental rights.

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                                    DISPOSITION
      Father’s appeal is dismissed. The order terminating parental rights is affirmed.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

                                                ____________________________, J.
                                                CHAVEZ

We concur:

__________________________, Acting P. J.
ASHMANN-GERST

__________________________, J.*
FERNS

________________________________________________________________________
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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