Court Opinion

ID: 9499520
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 17:50:39.511835+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:59:32.750538
License: Public Domain

REINHARDT, Circuit Judge,
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I
I concur in the majority holding that the ambiguous jury instruction on accomplice liability, when viewed in the context of the entire trial, unconstitutionally relieved the State of its burden of proof. I therefore join the decision to affirm the district court’s grant of habeas relief on that ground.
I dissent, however, from the majority’s conclusion that the incredibly “thin” evidence the State presented at trial, maj. op. at 692-93, was sufficient to support Sarau-sad’s convictions under Jackson v. Virgi*695nia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), and AEDPA. In fact, the evidence isn’t thin. It’s non-existent. The state court relied heavily on its determination that Sarausad heard a conversation about a plan to shoot the victim. Yet, there is absolutely no evidence in the record that he did. The majority itself points out that there was “no direct evidence” and “limited circumstantial evidence” of Sarausad’s guilt. Maj. op. at 692-93. Unlike the majority, I would take the next step — a step compelled by its own description of the evidence. I would hold, with the district court, that the evidence against Sarausad was insufficient, would, like the district court, grant relief on his Jackson claim, and, finally, would hold that the Double Jeopardy Clause bars the State from retrying him.
My disagreement with the majority on the Jackson issue relates both to its analysis and to its result. I strongly disagree with my colleagues’ assertion that “[w]e ... evaluate a state court’s resolution of a Jackson sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim in all cases under § 2254(d)(1) rather than § 2254(d)(2).” Maj. op. at 678 (emphasis added). As I will explain, I see nothing in law or logic preventing us from evaluating Jackson claims under § 2254(d)(2), which authorizes us to grant habeas relief when the state court decision we are reviewing is “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” § 2254(d)(2). In fact, in this case, and in others in which the question is whether the state court has correctly addressed the evidence in the record, we cannot properly analyze the state court decision without reviewing it under that provision. I do not think that any particular type of habeas claim, including a Jackson claim, must in all cases be considered under only (d)(1) or (d)(2). See Weston v. Dormire, 272 F.3d 1109, 1112 (8th Cir.2001) (analyzing a Jackson challenge under both (d)(1) and (d)(2)). Based on the nature of the specific arguments Sarausad makes in this case, I believe that we are compelled to review his Jackson claim under § 2254(d)(2), as the district court did; I would therefore issue the writ on that ground. Having done so, I would correct the only error the able district judge made by holding in addition that, under the Double Jeopardy Clause, Sarausad may not be tried again. See Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 12-18, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978).
II
The majority states that “ § 2254(d)(2) is not readily applicable to Jackson cases.” Maj. op. at 677. This is because, in the majority’s view, “[a] court under Jackson makes no ‘determination of the facts’ ” in the way that § 2254(d)(2) contemplates. Maj. op. at 678. This characterization of the judicial decisionmaking process in Jackson cases is mistaken. Without question, the state court makes factual determinations in the course of reviewing a conviction under Jackson. As with any legal claim, the court must first determine what the facts are and then decide whether those facts support the legal basis for relief asserted by the defendant. To be sure, the ultimate question in a Jackson case — whether the evidence is sufficient to support the verdict — is a legal one. See Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 330, 115 S.Ct. 851, 130 L.Ed.2d 808 (1995). This observation, however, does not imply that the state court makes no “determination of the facts” on the way to rendering its legal decision. The state court must, after viewing the material in the record in the light most favorable to the prosecution, decide what the “evidence” is before it can assess whether a rational factfinder could find the defendant guilty. It does so by reviewing the record and determining the relevant *696facts, often by drawing the inferences it concludes are appropriate. An unreasonable determination of what the evidence is — how it is properly to be characterized — may, as here, lead the state court to err in answering the ultimate legal question of sufficiency. It is therefore that determination — what the “evidence” is— that a federal habeas court may review, even if deferentially, under § 2254(d)(2). Viewing the evidence favorably to the prosecution does not, as the majority suggests, somehow relieve the state court of its obligation to make the determination of what the “evidence” is: it simply describes the way in which the court goes about performing that task.
It is true that in adjudicating a Jackson claim a state court need not actually determine factual conflicts in the record, or, put another way, that it must deem evidentiary conflicts to be resolved in favor of the state. See Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 296-97, 112 S.Ct. 2482, 120 L.Ed.2d 225 (1992) (plurality opinion). A state court may not, however, do what the state court did here: it may not, when determining whether to uphold a conviction, rely on “evidence” that does not appear in, or is contrary to, the record. If, for example, one witness testifies that the defendant pulled the trigger, while another witness testifies that he did not, the state court may credit only the first witness’s testimony in determining whether the evidence is sufficient. It may not, however, determine that a witness testified that the defendant pulled the trigger — and that this testimony provides the basis for upholding a guilty verdict — if no witness actually so testified. To do so would not be to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, but actually to misstate what the evidence is. When a state court commits such an egregious error, a federal court on habeas review need not, indeed may not, ignore it. If the state court’s error in determining the facts was both critical and objectively unreasonable, habeas relief may be granted on a Jackson claim, just as it may in a case raising any other type of constitutional claim. See, e.g., Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F.3d 351, 353 (9th Cir.2006) (en banc) (granting habeas relief on a Bat-son claim because the state court decision resulted from an unreasonable determination of the facts). Determining that nonexistent facts exist (and then relying on them) of course involves an “unreasonable determination of the facts,” not an unreasonable application of the law, and thus is properly addressed under § 2254(d)(2), not (d)(1).1
*697If the state court’s factual determinations are not objectively unreasonable, however, or if the petitioner does not challenge them, we may not ignore what the state court found the facts to be and analyze the record for ourselves.2 We must, for purposes of § 2254, accept its findings as correct. See Taylor, 366 F.3d at 1000 (“Once the state court fact-finding process survives [review for unreasonableness under § 2254(d)(2) ] — or in those cases where petitioner does not raise [such a] challenge to the facts as found by the state court— the state court’s findings are dressed in a presumption of correctness.... ”). We may then proceed under § 2254(d)(1) to determine whether the state court unreasonably applied Jackson in concluding that the evidence — as that court found it-was sufficient to support the verdict.3
Jackson challenges in general are permissible under both (d)(1) and (d)(2), but these two types of challenges are different in kind. Assuming that the case does not involve new evidence presented for the first time in federal court, a petitioner bringing a Jackson challenge under (d)(1) argues that, accepting the state court’s factual determinations as correct — that is, accepting the state court’s characterization of what the evidence is — the state court applied Jackson in an “unreasonable” manner in concluding that such evidence was sufficient to show the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See, e.g., Torres v. Mullin, 317 F.3d 1145, 1151 (10th Cir.2003) (noting intracircuit split regarding treatment of Jackson cases under AED-PA; analyzing Jackson claim under (d)(1) because “[i]n this instance,” the petitioner “does not contend that the [state court’s] factual findings are erroneous” but only that “the court’s ultimate conclusion — that the evidence is sufficient to support his ... convictions — constitutes an unreasonable application of Jackson ” (emphasis added)). A challenge under (d)(2), by contrast, asserts that, on the basis of the trial record, the state court’s factual determinations — ■ its characterizations of the evidence — are “unreasonable” (not just wrong) and must be set aside, see Taylor, 366 F.3d at 1008, and that on the basis of the facts as properly determined, the evidence is insufficient under Jackson to convict. Of course, in some cases a petitioner may argue that *698the state court both applied the law and determined the facts in an unreasonable manner, bringing challenges under both § 2254(d)(1) and (d)(2), and in such cases both provisions will be implicated.
In actuality, in reviewing Sarausad’s Jackson claim, the majority employs § 2254(d)(2) although it denies doing so at every step. The majority spends five pages criticizing the state court’s most important factual determination — that the shooting was discussed in Sarausad’s car during the return trip to the school — concludes that the determination was “objectively unreasonable,” and sets the determination aside. Maj. op. at 679-80. Without doubt, such actions may be undertaken only under § 2254(d)(2), not (d)(1). See Taylor, 366 F.3d at 1008. In other words, after asserting that “§ 2254(d)(2) is not readily applicable to Jackson cases,” maj. op. at 677, the majority readily applies it.4 Why the majority insists on asserting that § 2254(d)(2) is out of reach for Jackson claims, then uses that very provision sub silentio for the limited purpose of setting aside a particular factual determination, while continuing to maintain that the provision may not serve as the statutory basis for habeas relief, simply escapes me. The reason for the majority’s assertion is particularly difficult to understand as AEDPA itself creates no hierarchy between (d)(1) and (d)(2), and as (d)(2) has served as the sole basis for habeas relief in other decisions of this court. In short, the majority actually holds that “a material factual finding of the state court” is objectively unreasonable; it may then “grant a writ of habeas corpus” under § 2254(d)(2). See Juan H., 408 F.3d at 1270 n. 8. For reasons I am unable to grasp, however, the majority refuses to do so on the basis of an imagined categorical bar against issuing the writ under that section in cases involving Jackson claims.
Ill
Sarausad’s Jackson challenge belongs under § 2254(d)(2). While legal questions are ultimately involved, the core issue in Sarausad’s claim concerns the state court’s adoption of facts purportedly from, and characterization of facts purportedly in, the record. Sarausad’s habeas argument centers on a number of factual matters as to which he contends the state court reached an objectively unreasonable determination, although one such wholly unwarranted and unreasonable factual determination is clearly dispositive of the outcome.
The magistrate judge, in findings the district court adopted, correctly understood that Sarausad was asserting a Jackson challenge under § 2254(d)(2), explicitly finding that Sarausad had satisfied that provision. She wrote, unequivocally, that “[t]he [state] appeals court’s conclusion that the cited evidence amounted to circumstantial evidence from which the jury could infer that petitioner knew of the gun was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts, in light of the testimony. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).” Later in her report, the magistrate judge reiterated that “the court’s presumption that the jurors [found that Sarausad knew that one of his passengers had a gun] was based on ‘an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.’ 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).” On appeal, the section of Sarausad’s opening brief that addresses the AEDPA standard argues that “[t]he Washington court’s *699analysis depends on a patchwork of multi-tiered and strained inferences.” The brief makes a number of arguments that the state court misapprehended the record or drew factual conclusions that were unsupported by sufficient evidence. These are (d)(2) arguments. See Taylor, 366 F.3d at 999, 1001.
It is our duty, then, in my opinion, tp decide whether Sarausad’s claim under § 2254(d)(2) has merit. The magistrate judge’s extensive analysis of the evidence, as well as an independent review of the record, leads to the inevitable conclusion that the state court’s factual determinations, which formed the basis for its rejection of Sarausad’s Jackson claim, were objectively unreasonable, and that no justification for reversing the district court’s decision exists. Indeed, after analyzing under (d)(2) each of the factual determinations on which the state court based its legal conclusion, and after perusing the record independently, I believe that there is virtually no “evidence,” direct or circumstantial, as to Sarausad’s purported knowledge that is not a product of the state court’s unreasonable determination of the facts.
In Taylor v. Maddox, we interpreted § 2254(d)(2), which, we explained, covers claims in which a petitioner “challenges the state court’s findings based entirely on the state record.” 366 F.3d at 999. We deemed such claims “intrinsic” challenges, and contrasted them with “extrinsic” attacks in which a petitioner seeks to overturn state court factfinding on the basis of evidence presented for the first time in federal court. Id. at 1000. Specifically, we wrote that state court findings may be unreasonable under § 2254(d)(2) where, inter alia, “the state courts plainly misapprehend or misstate the record in making their findings, and the misapprehension goes to a material factual issue that is central to petitioner’s claim.” Id. at 1001. “Such a challenge may [also] be based on the claim that the finding” — not to be confused with the verdict itself — “is unsupported by sufficient evidence.” Id. at 999.5 Finally, “[w]hen we determine that state-court fact-finding is unreasonable,” we continued, “we have an obligation to set those findings aside and, if necessary, to make new findings.” Id. at 1008. In performing our (d)(2) review, we of course give substantial deference to the state court findings. In Taylor, we applied the requisite deference and issued the writ under § 2254(d)(2), as the magistrate judge implicitly did here. The Taylor analysis fits the facts and circumstances of this case to a “t.”
The state court’s key factual determinations in this case cannot withstand the deferential “intrinsic” review prescribed in Taylor. In its most important finding, the state court concluded that “Gosho and Marckx testified that ‘capping’ was discussed on the return trip to the school.”6 Sarausad v. Washington, 109 Wash.App. 824, 39 P.3d 308, 319 (2001). This fact, if true, would lend strong support to the State’s argument that Sarausad knowingly facilitated the shooting — it clearly “goes to a material factual issue that is central to *700petitioner’s claim.” Taylor, 366 F.3d at 1001. Without this finding, there is unquestionably insufficient evidence under Jackson of the only disputed element of the case — whether Sarausad knew of the intended criminal act. As the magistrate judge demonstrated, even under the deferential standard prescribed in Taylor, the state court’s “capping” determination was objectively unreasonable under § 2254(d)(2), and must be set aside. Indeed, as the majority concludes, maj. op. at 680, neither Gosho nor Marckx actually testified, as the state court found each did, that “capping” was “discussed” in Sarau-sad’s car. I agree with the majority that the state court’s determination to the contrary — that is, its determination that two witnesses testified to damning facts to which they did not in actuality testify — is, therefore, obviously unreasonable and must be set aside. See maj. op. at 680-81. I would do so, however, under § 2254(d)(2), not (d)(1).
In another factual determination — this time one on which the majority does rely, maj. op. at 682-83 — the state court found that Ronquillo, the shooter, “tied a bandana over the lower part of his face.” Sarausad, 39 P.3d at 319. The State seizes upon this finding to argue that, because it takes more than a moment to tie a bandana, the occupants of Sarausad’s car, including Sarausad (who was driving), had warning that a shooting was going to occur. Yet all of the car’s occupants testified that they did not see Ronquillo put on the bandana. Instead, the record contains several references to “pulling the bandana on,” and the magistrate judge, after carefully reviewing the record, characterized the action that way. As the magistrate judge concluded, the record contains no support for the assertion that Sarausad saw Ronquillo don the bandana. The difference between “tying” a bandana around one’s head and simply “pulling” up a pre-tied bandana may seem slight, but it is enormously important in the context of this case. Without the state court’s wholly unsupported — and thus objectively unreasonable, see Taylor, 366 F.3d at 999— determination that Ronquillo tied the bandana on in a way that Sarausad would have seen, the State’s case, which already lacks sufficient evidence in the absence of the erroneous “capping” determination, falls even farther short of meeting the Jackson standard. All this, of course, is without even considering that the inference that the state court drew as to guilt from the wearing or purported tying on of a bandana is, as the magistrate judge found, wholly speculative. See United States v. Lewis, 787 F.2d 1318, 1323 (9th Cir.1986) (“[Mjere suspicion or speculation cannot be the basis for creation of logical inferences.”).
The state court also found that “Sarau-sad ... drove the car in such a manner as to facilitate a drive-by shooting, not in such a manner as to stop, park the vehicle and engage in fisticuffs.” Sarausad, 39 P.3d at 319. This finding, on which the majority relies, maj. op. at 682, also goes to a material factual issue. The magistrate judge ruled this finding unreasonable because it was “an incorrect characterization of the complete testimony.” The only evidence lending support to the state court’s finding is the testimony of one witness, James Cooke, who described Sarau-sad’s driving as “swooping.” Yet Cooke admits that in his initial statement to the police he did not describe the driving as “swooping.” In addition, Cooke stated that he was directly behind Sarausad’s car, but every other witness testified that Vi-cencio’s car was behind Sarausad’s. Cooke also stated that when Sarausad sped off, there was no other car following. Again, every other witness testified to the contrary. Multiple witnesses described *701the path of Sarausad’s car in a manner that was consistent with stopping to get out. Furthermore, as the State conceded at oral argument before this court, even if Sarausad did “swoop,” such driving was just as consistent with a planned fístfíght as it was with a drive-by shooting. See United States v. Bautista-Avila, 6 F.3d 1360, 1363 (9th Cir.1993).
The same is true, as the magistrate judge found, of Sarausad’s “Are you ready?” comment. It is nothing but speculation to conclude that in uttering this question Sarausad meant “Are you ready to shoot someone?” rather than “Are you ready to fight?” Indeed, as the magistrate judge pointed out, the only witness who testified that Sarausad asked “Are you ready?” also testified that the Diablos had discussed returning to the school only for a fight, not for a shooting.7
Without the “evidence” described above, and especially without the objectively unreasonable determination, wholly unsupported by the record, that a discussion of capping occurred in Sarausad’s vehicle, there is almost nothing to suggest that Sarausad had the slightest indication or reason to believe that a shooting might take place. In its effort to reverse the district court, however, the majority seizes upon tiny shreds of “evidence” that even the state court itself deemed entirely unworthy of comment. In addition to lending little support to the case against Sa-rausad, many of these bits of evidence are unsupported by the record; one is even contradicted by the majority’s own opinion.
For example, the majority suggests that Sarausad was present for a conversation in which Gosho discussed the possibility of a shooting, maj. op. at 680, and that this provides a basis for the jury’s verdict. As noted above, the majority itself set aside the state court’s finding that the shooting was discussed during the return trip to the school. Now the majority suggests that Gosho discussed the shooting at the house, before the return trip, while “everybody” was present. Maj. op. at 680. But the majority elsewhere points out that “if the conversation [about shooting] took place before the return trip to the school, as Gosho testified, there is no direct evidence that Sarausad heard it. Gosho never testified that Sarausad participated in or heard the conversation.” Maj. op. at 680. Furthermore, as the majority itself also reports, even if the conversation did occur within Sarausad’s earshot, nobody, not even Gosho, took it seriously. Maj. op. at 680.
As another example, the majority’s opinion relies on the testimony of witnesses who claimed to have seen “a gun in the hands of a Diablo” during the first trip to the school. Maj. op. at 682. However, as the magistrate judge concluded after a careful analysis of the record, “there was no evidence whatsoever that ties [the testimony] to whether[Sarausad] saw or knew of the alleged gun.” The district court’s factual finding is hardly clearly erroneous.
The majority’s efforts to save the state court’s decision from its unreasonable factual determinations by combing the record for inconsequential shreds of evidence that do not actually support an inference of guilt should not survive under § 2254(d)(2). Our review under (d)(2) is deferential, but “deference does not by definition preclude relief.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003).
*702IV
A final question is whether a petitioner who has satisfied § 2254(d)(2) must also show that the state court’s application of law was “objectively unreasonable” under § 2254(d)(1), or instead may simply show that it constituted an error of constitutional magnitude. In the Jackson context, the question is whether a petitioner who demonstrates that the state court’s material factual determinations were objectively unreasonable must then show that, if the state court were to reject his Jackson claim on the basis of the corrected facts, such rejection would constitute an objectively unreasonable application of Jackson under § 2254(d)(1). The answer must be “No.” Section 2254(d) is written in the disjunctive: to obtain federal habeas relief, a petitioner must show, in addition to a substantive federal constitutional violation, see § 2254(a), either that the state court decision was contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court law OR that it was based on an unreasonable determination of facts. See § 2254(d). By AEDPA’s own unambiguous terms, a petitioner need not satisfy both §§ 2254(d)(1) and (d)(2). See Davis v. Grigas, 443 F.3d 1155, 1158-59 (9th Cir.2006) (remanding to determine whether petitioner was entitled to relief under § 2254(d)(2) after expressly holding that he was not entitled to relief under § 2254(d)(1)). Both this court and the Supreme Court have granted habeas relief under § 2254(d)(2) without even mentioning (d)(1) or suggesting that its strictures must also be satisfied. See, e.g., Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 125 S.Ct. 2317, 162 L.Ed.2d 196 (2005); Kesser, 465 F.3d at 353; see also Kesser, 465 F.3d at 371-72 (Wardlaw, Circuit Judge, concurring) (joining the majority’s opinion granting relief under § 2254(d)(2) and recommending relief “on the alternative ground” of § 2254(d)(1)).
The text and structure of AEDPA compel the conclusion that, where the state court decision rejecting a habeas petitioner’s constitutional claim resulted from an unreasonable determination of the facts, the petitioner is entitled to relief if, under the corrected version of the facts, a constitutional violation would be established. The deference due state courts under AEDPA has already been given and is overcome at the time the factual determination is set aside. There is no need for a further exercise of deference, or, as it might be put, for double deference. See, e.g., Rolan v. Vaughn, 445 F.3d 671, 683 (3rd Cir.2006) (affirming habeas relief for petitioner who satisfied § 2254(d)(2) and under the correct facts established a Strickland violation); id. (“Because we conclude that the [state court’s] findings of fact ... were unreasonable and that, when looked at under the Strickland standard, [petitioner’s] attorney’s failure to investigate ... fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and that there is a reasonable probability that but for that failure the result would have been different, we will affirm the grant of the writ of habeas corpus by the District Court.”).
Specifically, in the context of sufficiency of the evidence, after making a successful § 2254(d)(2) argument, a petitioner need not also show that if the state court had applied Jackson to the proper facts and reached the same result, its adverse decision would have been objectively unreasonable. A straight application of Jackson is all that is necessary once the requirements of (d)(2), and thus AEDPA, are satisfied. In Juan H. v. Allen III, we held that “after AEDPA, we apply the standard of Jackson with an additional layer of deference.” 408 F.3d at 1274. But Juan H. is a(d)(l) case. It does not speak to how we apply Jackson after we have already satisfied the provisions of AEDPA under (d)(2) *703and have already given the state court’s decision its proper level of deference. Juan H., as well as (d)(1), is simply inap-posite to a(d)(2) challenge or, to put it differently, the “additional layer of deference” required by AEDPA has already been given. No super-deference is required by that statute.
When a state court denies relief under Jackson on the basis of an unreasonably determined set of erroneous facts, and we set aside those factual findings under (d)(2) after giving them the requisite deference, and we then substitute either our own factual determinations or accept the district court’s, there is simply no state court decision that has considered the proper facts to which we can defer. Cf. Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 390, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005) (applying de novo review under AEDPA to an issue that the state court “never reached”). No state court has decided whether the facts, as properly determined, satisfy the Jackson standard. AEDPA is about deferring to state courts, not about blindly raising the bar for habeas petitioners seeking to establish constitutional violations; were we to “defer” to a state court decision that does not exist, we would be doing just that.8
V
The State presented insufficient evidence in this case to allow a rational fact-finder to find Sarausad guilty of second-degree murder and attempt beyond a reasonable doubt. The contrary decision of the Washington Court of Appeals was “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” § 2254(d)(2). Accordingly, we are required to grant relief on Sarausad’s Jackson claim under § 2254(d)(2). I would do so without hesitation. I cannot join an opinion that characterizes the State’s evidence as “thin” — as consisting of “no direct evidence” and “limited circumstantial evidence” — that describes in detail the state court’s severe distortions and misstatements of the little potentially significant evidence that there is, and that then, relying on shreds of gossamer that the state court deemed unworthy even of mention, holds the evidence to be sufficient to bar habeas relief and thus permits Sarau-sad’s retrial in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause. See Burks, 437 U.S. at 12-18, 98 S.Ct. 2141. I dissent from the majority’s holding on the Jackson claim.

. The majority is completely mistaken in asserting that Juan H. v. Allen III, 408 F.3d 1262 (9th Cir.2005) (as amended), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 126 S.Ct. 1142, 163 L.Ed.2d 1000 (2006), and — U.S.-, 126 S.Ct. 1145, 163 L.Ed.2d 1000 (2006), previously decided that we may analyze Jackson claims only under § 2254(d)(1) and never under (d)(2). The open question that Juan H. resolved was not whether we should apply (d)(1) instead of (d)(2), but whether AEDPA affected our review of Jaclcson claims at all— whether the extra layer of deference it requires is afforded in insufficiency of the evidence cases.
In Bruce v. Terhune, 376 F.3d 950 (9th Cir.2004), one of the cases we cited in Juan H. as leaving the question open, we noted that "[t]he question whether AEDPA requires an additional degree of deference to state court resolution of sufficiency of the evidence claims is unsettled in our circuit.” Id. at 957. In Bruce we cited two post-AEDPA decisions that had reviewed Jaclcson claims without applying any extra deference as well as one decision that had noted in dicta that additional deference was appropriate. See id. (citing cases). This was the conflict that Juan H. resolved. Neither Bruce nor Juan H. even remotely suggests that a review of a Jackson claim under (d)(2) would be inappropriate. Nor does any of the four out-of-circuit cases that Juan H. cites, and on which the majority now relies, in any way suggest as much.
*697There is, of course, no suggestion in Juan H. that the petitioner argued that the state court had determined any material facts unreasonably. Juan H. merely holds that we cannot review Jackson claims under AEDPA by conducting, as some of our prior decisions had, a straight application of Jackson. Although Juan H. tells us that under AEDPA, extra deference is required, Juan H. takes no position on whether, in a case presenting (d)(2) arguments, that deference may be paid under (d)(2) instead of (d)(1). Indeed, although the petitioner in Juan H. did not argue that his conviction stemmed from unreasonable factual determinations, we expressly noted in that case that "under § 2254(d)(2), a federal court may also grant a writ of habeas corpus if a material factual finding of the state court reflects ‘an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.’ ” Juan H., 408 F.3d at 1270 n. 8 (quoting § 2254(d)(2)). We did not suggest that the principle we had just announced — which follows directly from the statutory text — is inapplicable to Jackson claims, one of the very claims we were considering in Juan H.

. If "the state court should have made a finding of fact but neglected to do so,” we may make the finding ourselves. In such a case, the state court’s error is treated as an unreasonable determination of the facts under § 2254(d)(2). See Taylor v. Maddox, 366 F.3d 992, 1000-01, 1008 (9th Cir.2004).

. In such cases, we must presume that the state court’s factual determinations are correct. They may be rebutted, however, in what we term an "extrinsic” challenge, by clear and convincing evidence presented for the first time in federal court. See § 2254(e)(1); Taylor, 366 F.3d at 1000.

. The majority's decision to set aside an objectively unreasonable state court factual determination also belies its unfounded assertion that state courts adjudicating Jaclcson claims make no factual determinations (or at least no factual determinations of the type cognizable under § 2254(d)(2)) to begin with.

. Although § 2254(e)(1) accords state court factual determinations a "presumption of correctness” rebuttable only by "clear and convincing evidence” (introduced at the federal habeas proceeding), these commands “do not apply to a challenge that is governed by the deference implicit in the 'unreasonable determination’ standard of section 2254(d)(2).” Id. at 1000. That is, § 2254(e)(1) does not apply to challenges brought under § 2254(d)(2).

. "Capping” is shooting. Thus the purported testimony was that the subject of shooting was discussed in Sarausad’s car when Sarau-sad and the others were in the vehicle on the way to the site of the offense.

. The majority recounts Sarausad’s "Follow me” comment as though it were an additional piece of evidence separate from the "Are you ready?” comment. The record is clear, however, that only one statement was uttered. One witness testified that the statement was "Are you ready?” while others testified that it was "Follow me” or "Follow us.”

. Even if we did conclude, contrary to statutory text and structure, that a petitioner who satisfies § 2254(d)(2) must subsequently satisfy § 2254(d)(1) in order to obtain relief, I would still issue the writ on Sarausad's Jackson claim. A state court decision upholding Sarausad's conviction on the basis of the evidence that remains after the unreasonable factual determinations are set aside would constitute an objectively unreasonable application of Jackson.