Court Opinion

ID: 6112667
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-26 16:00:46.507825+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:54:25.437166
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CYNTHIA GATLING,

                Plaintiff,

       v.                                                    Civil Action No. 20-3770 (FYP)

JUBILEE HOUSING, INC., et al.,

                Defendants.

                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Plaintiff Cynthia Gatling is a wheelchair user who lives in an apartment building owned

and operated by Defendants Jubilee Housing, Inc., and Jubilee Housing Limited Partnership. See

ECF No. 16 (Amended Complaint), ¶ 7. Gatling alleges that the wheelchair ramp she must use

to access the building is unsafe, and that the building’s wheelchair lift has been inoperable for

years. See generally id. When Defendants refused to fix these problems after multiple requests,

Plaintiff filed suit. After amending her complaint once, this Court dismissed all but one of

Plaintiff’s claims, see ECF No. 23 (Memorandum Opinion). Gatling now brings the instant

Motion seeking Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint. See ECF No. 24 (Plaintiff’s

Motion). 1 For the following reasons, this Court grants in part and denies in part Plaintiff’s

Motion.

                                              BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff Cynthia Gatling resides at the “Mozart,” a low-income apartment building

located at 1630 Fuller Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. See Am. Compl., ¶ 1. Defendant Jubilee

1
       Defendants filed an opposition, see ECF No. 26 (Defendants Opposition), and Plaintiff filed a reply, see
ECF No. 27 (Plaintiff’s Reply).
Housing, Inc., is a non-profit in Washington, D.C., that provides affordable housing through

various financing programs and structures. Id., ¶ 8. In September 2005, Jubilee Housing, Inc.,

sold the Mozart to Defendant Jubilee Housing Limited Partnership (“JHLP”). Id., ¶ 11. The two

Defendants jointly own and operate the Mozart. Id.

       Gatling alleges that, over the last several years, she has fallen out of her wheelchair while

entering and exiting the Mozart because the wheelchair ramp at the front of the building is too

steep and is not in compliance with architectural standards. Id., ¶ 17. Moreover, Gatling

allegedly cannot access the building’s mailroom because there is a step leading into the room

that prevents wheelchair access. Id., ¶ 19. She also alleges that the wheelchair lift on the side of

the building has been inoperable for years. Id., ¶ 20. Plaintiff, her children, and her caregivers

have repeatedly requested that the wheelchair lift, and wheelchair ramp be repaired or replaced.

Id., ¶¶ 21–22. Defendants have allegedly ignored or dismissed those requests. Id., ¶ 27.

       Gatling filed her original Complaint on December 21, 2020. See ECF No. 1. Her

original Complaint alleged claims under the Fair Housing Act and violations of the D.C. Human

Rights Act (“DCHRA”). See generally id. After Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss, see ECF

No. 13, Plaintiff requested, and was granted, permission to file an Amended Complaint. See

ECF No. 14, Minute Order dated March 4, 2021. Gatling’s Amended Complaint alleged (1)

violations of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. (“Rehabilitation Act”); (2)

violations under the DCHRA, D.C. Code § 2-1401.01 et seq.; (3) breach of her lease agreement;

and (4) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied by her lease agreement.

See Am. Compl., ¶ 1. After Defendants filed a renewed Motion to Dismiss, see ECF No. 17, this

Court dismissed all of Plaintiff’s claims in the Amended Complaint except for the Rehabilitation

Act claim. See Mem. Op. Gatling now seeks leave to file a Second Amended Complaint.

                                                 2
                                      LEGAL STANDARDS
       “[T]he grant or denial of leave to amend is committed to a district court’s discretion.”

Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996). The court, must, however, heed

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15’s mandate that leave is to be “freely given when justice so

requires.” Id.; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). “Thus, leave to amend may ordinarily be denied

based only upon sufficient reasons, such as ‘undue delay, bad faith[,] . . . repeated failures to

cure deficiencies[,] . . . undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the

amendment, [and] futility of amendment.’” Townsend v. United States, 282 F. Supp. 3d 118, 124

(D.D.C. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)).

       “The most important factor the Court must consider when deciding whether to grant a

motion for leave to amend is the possibility of prejudice to the opposing party.” Djourabchi v.

Self, 240 F.R.D. 5, 13 (D.D.C. 2006). An amendment may be unduly prejudicial if it

“substantially changes the theory on which the case has been proceeding and is proposed late

enough so that the opponent would be required to engage in significant new preparation.” Id.

(citation omitted).

                                            ANALYSIS

       Gatling seeks leave to amend her complaint for the second time, proposing to add three

claims under various provisions of the DCHRA related to disability discrimination: D.C. Code

§§ 2-1402.21(a)(4), (d)(2)(A), and (d)(3)(B); and D.C. Code § 2-1402.62. She also requests

leave to add claims of breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; breach of

the warranty of habitability; and breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. See generally Sec.

Am. Compl. Defendants assert that the Motion to Amend should be denied because Plaintiff

already “had sufficient opportunity to state a plausible claim.” See Def. Opp. at 5. Defendants

                                                  3
argue that granting leave to amend would be unduly prejudicial to Defendants and that the new

proposed claims are futile. Id. The Court addresses these arguments in turn.

I.     Undue Prejudice and Substantial Delay

       Defendants first argue that granting leave to amend would be unduly prejudicial and

would significantly delay the resolution of the case. See Def. Opp. at 5. Moreover, Defendants

contend that Plaintiff relies on facts which were already known to her, and she should not be

allowed to “seek a third bite at the apple.” Id.

       “The most important factor the Court must consider when deciding whether to grant a

motion for leave to amend is the possibility of prejudice to the opposing party.” Djourabchi, 240

F.R.D. at 13. Yet the Court is not convinced that Defendants would be substantially prejudiced

by a second amendment of the complaint. Courts rarely find prejudice in the early stages of

litigation where, as here, discovery has not yet commenced. See, e.g., Darbeau v. Progressive

Tech. Fed. Sys. Inc., No. 06-cv-1080, 2007 WL 744726, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 7, 2007) (finding

defendant would not be prejudiced because “no discovery has been taken to date”). Furthermore,

prejudice is unlikely to exist when the amended complaint is based on the “same nucleus of

facts” as the original one. See Johnson v. District of Columbia, No. 13-cv-1445, 2015 WL

4396698, at *3 (D.D.C. Jul. 17, 2015) (finding no prejudice where the amended complaint was

based on the same facts as the first complaint and merely served to clarify plaintiff’s allegations);

see also Dave v. District of Columbia, 811 F. Supp. 2d 111, 120 (D.D.C. 2011) (prejudice may

exist when the amendment would “expand the allegations beyond the scope of the initial

complaint”). Here, the Second Amended Complaint rests on the same factual allegations as

Plaintiff’s prior pleadings. See Def. Opp. at 5 (arguing that the “underlying facts upon which

                                                   4
Plaintiff relies have not fundamentally changed”). The Court therefore discerns no substantial

prejudice to Defendants by allowing Plaintiff to amend her complaint for a second time.

       Defendants also assert that leave should be denied because of the potential delay in

resolving the case. See Def. Opp. at 5. This argument is equally unavailing. “[T]he contention

of undue delay is less persuasive in light of the lack of any prejudice.” Clark v. Feder Semo &

Bard, PC, 560 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2008). Additionally, the “length of a litigation is

relevant only insofar as it suggests either bad faith on the part of the moving party or potential

prejudice to the non-moving party[.]” Caribbean Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless, PLC.,

148 F.3d 1080, 1084 (D.C. Cir. 1998). A court “should not deny leave to amend based solely on

time elapsed between the filing of the complaint and the request for leave to amend.”

Appalachian Voices v. Chu, 262 F.R.D. 24, 27 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Atchinson v. District of

Columbia, 73 F.3d 418, 426 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). Here, any delay is likely to be modest, given that

discovery has not even commenced. The Court also does not find any bad faith on the part of

Plaintiff, nor any substantial prejudice to Defendants. The alleged delay in the proceedings is

therefore not a sufficient reason to deny Plaintiff’s motion.

II.    Futility

       Defendants argue that leave to amend should be denied because Plaintiff’s proposed

claims are all futile. See Def. Opp. at 6. “An amended complaint would be futile if it merely

restates the same facts as the original complaint in different terms, reasserts a claim on which the

court previously ruled, fails to state a legal theory, or could not withstand a motion to dismiss.”

Robinson v. Detroit News, Inc., 211 F. Supp. 2d 101, 114 (D.D.C. 2002). Thus, for practical

purposes, review for futility is identical to that for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. See In re

Interbank Funding Corp. Sec. Litig. v. Radin Glass & Co, LLP, 629 F.3d 213, 215–16 (D.C. Cir.

                                                  5
2010); see also Foman, 371 U.S. at 182 (“If the underlying facts or circumstances relied upon by

a plaintiff may be a proper subject for relief, he ought to be afforded an opportunity to test his

claim on the merits.”).

       a.      D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(a)(4)

       Gatling’s first proposed new claim alleges a violation of D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(a)(4).

See Sec. Am. Compl., ¶¶ 68–69. This provision of the DCHRA states that “[i]t shall be an

unlawful discriminatory practice” to “refuse or restrict facilities, services, repairs or

improvements for a tenant or lessee” for “a discriminatory reason based on [an] actual or

perceived . . . disability.” D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(a)(4). Gatling alleges that Defendants’ failure

to provide legally compliant accessibility equipment “discriminated against [her] on the basis of

disability” by “significantly restricting the facilities, services and/or improvements on the

Subject Property.” Sec. Am. Compl., ¶ 69.

       The facts alleged by Gatling do not state a claim under Section 2-1402.21(a)(4). The

statute provides that there must be a “discriminatory reason” for the discriminatory practice, and

that the violation must be “based on . . . disability.” D.C. Code. § 2-1402.21(a). In other words,

this provision of the DCHRA requires discriminatory intent or animus on the part of Defendants.

See, e.g., Brandywine Apartments, LLC v. McCaster, 964 A.2d 162, 167 (D.C. 2009) (requiring

“intentional and purposeful conduct” based on membership in a protected class under D.C. Code

§ 2-1402.21(a)); Henneghan v. District of Columbia, 916 F. Supp. 2d 5, 11 (D.D.C. 2013)

(dismissing a claim under D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(a) because the complaint did not allege a

“discriminatory reason for [the] alleged violation”). Gatling’s theory of liability is simply that

Defendants refused to make improvements to the Mozart that would have given her full access to

the building and its amenities. She does not allege that Defendants’ conduct was motivated by

                                                   6
discriminatory animus based on her disability. She thus fails to state a claim of discrimination

“based on” her disability within the meaning of Section 2-1402.21(a)(4). The Court therefore

denies her request to amend the complaint to add this futile claim.

       b.      D.C. Code §§ 2-1402.21(d)(2)(A) & (d)(3)(B)

       Gatling also proposes new claims asserting violations of other provisions of the DCHRA

— D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(d)(2)(A) and D.C. § Code 2-1402.21(d)(3)(B). Subsection (d) of

D.C. Code § 2-1402.21 deals specifically with disability and states:

            (d) Disability –
               ...
               (2) It shall be unlawful to discriminate against any person in the
               terms, conditions, or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling or in
               the provision of services or facilities in connection with the dwelling
               because of a disability of:
                     (A) That buyer or renter; or
                     (B) Any person residing in or intending to reside in that dwelling
                     after it is sold, rented or made available; or any person associated
                     with that buyer or renter.
               (3) For the purpose of this subsection, “unlawful discrimination”
               includes:
                     ...
                     (B) A refusal to make reasonable accommodations in rules,
                     policies, practices, or services, when these accommodations may
                     be necessary to afford any person equal opportunity to use and
                     enjoy a dwelling.

D.C Code § 2-1402.21(d) (emphasis added).

       Gatling alleges that Defendants’ refusal to provide legally complaint accessibility

equipment “discriminated against Ms. Gatling on the basis of disability” by “adversely affecting

the terms, conditions and/or privileges” of her occupancy, and by “substantially restricting her

ability to use and enjoy the Subject Property like other non-disabled residents.” Sec. Am.

                                                    7
Compl., ¶ 71. She goes on to allege that Defendants have failed to provide reasonable

accommodations in the form of an operable wheelchair lift and ramp that would allow her an

“equal opportunity to use and enjoy the Subject Property as other non-disabled residents.” Id., ¶

73.

       Plaintiff’s theory of liability fits neatly into these provisions of the DCHRA. Subsection

(d)(3) of D.C. Code § 2-1402.21 defines what constitutes “unlawful discrimination” under

subsection (d)(2); and that definition includes a failure to make reasonable accommodations for a

tenant’s disability. See D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(d)(3) (stating “[f]or the purposes of this

subsection, ‘unlawful discrimination’ includes . . . [a] refusal to make reasonable

accommodations . . .”) (emphasis added); see also Parham v. CIH Properties, Inc., 148 F. Supp.

3d 5, 12 n.4 (D.D.C. 2015) (“The DCHRA prohibits landlords from discriminating against

persons with disabilities and includes in its definition of ‘unlawful discrimination’ a ‘refusal to

make reasonable accommodations’ for disabled tenants.”) (emphasis added).

       To succeed on a failure to accommodate claim, a plaintiff must show “(1) the existence of

a handicap [within the meaning of the statute]; (2) that defendants knew . . . of the handicap; (3)

that the accommodation may be necessary to afford [her] an equal opportunity to use and enjoy

the dwelling; and (4) that defendants refused to make the requested accommodation.” United

States v. District of Columbia, 538 F. Supp. 2d 211, 217–18 (D.D.C. 2008) (internal quotations

omitted); see also Flemmings v. Howard Univ., 198 F.3d 857, 861 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“[The]

underlying assumption of any reasonable accommodation claim is that plaintiff . . . has requested

an accommodation which the defendant . . . has denied.”). Here, Gatling plainly meets the

definition of “disabled” due to her use of a wheelchair. See D.C. Code § 2-1401.02(5A)

(defining “disability” as a physical impairment “that substantially limits one or more of the major

                                                  8
life activities of an individual”). Gatling also alleges that she made numerous requests of

Defendants to fix the ramp and the wheelchair lift, such that Defendants had ample notice of her

disability, yet Defendants refused to make the requested accommodations. See, e.g., Sec. Am.

Compl., ¶ 42 (stating that Gatling “requested that the ramp be repaired and brought into

architectural compliance with proper slope and handhold bars,” and that “[her] requests have

either been ignored or dismissed”); ¶ 34 (“Plaintiff . . . [has] repeatedly requested in 2020 that

the wheelchair lift be repaired and/or replaced.”); ¶ 36 (“Ms. Gatling’s repeated requests have

either been ignored or dismissed repeatedly.”).

        Lastly, Gatling sufficiently alleges that the requested accommodations are necessary for

her to have an equal opportunity to enjoy and use the property. See, e.g., Sec. Am. Compl., ¶ 37

(stating that because of the inadequate wheelchair ramp, Gatling “fears to travel down the ramp

out of fear of falling again”); ¶ 38 (asserting that the current conditions require Gatling to obtain

the “assistance of one or two people” to navigate the building’s entrance); ¶ 39 (stating that

Gatling “has been virtually home-bound and unable to use and enjoy the benefits and privileges

of living in the Mozart” due to the failure to provide an accessible means to enter and exit the

building), ¶ 75 (alleging that it is not an “undue hardship for Defendants to provide a legally

complaint wheelchair lift” and wheelchair ramp to allow Gatling to enter and exit the property).

Gatling’s allegations thus meet all the necessary elements of a failure to accommodate claim. 2

2
          Unlike D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(a)(4), which requires intentional discrimination, the case law is clear that
intentional discrimination is not required for a reasonable accommodation claim. See Hunter v. District of
Columbia, 64 F. Supp. 3d 158, 173 (D.D.C. 2014) (stating that failure-to-accommodate claims “do not require proof
of intentional discrimination”). The established standard for establishing a failure to accommodate claim under
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act is further proof that reasonable accommodation claims under the DCHRA do
not require intentional discrimination. “[Section 504] and DCHRA are generally interpreted to be coextensive with
regard to the requirement to reasonably accommodate.” Parham v. CIH Properties, Inc., No. 14-cv-1613, 2015 WL
5294683, at *4 (D.D.C. Sept. 8, 2015). This Circuit has found that Section 504 “does not require proof of
discriminatory intent because ‘[d]iscrimination against the handicapped was perceived by Congress to be most often
the product, not of invidious animus, but rather of thoughtlessness and indifference — of benign neglect.’” See Am.
Council of the Blind v. Paulson, 525 F.3d 1256, 1261 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (alteration in original) (quoting Alexander v.

                                                         9
         The Court is not persuaded by Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff’s claim under

subsections (d)(2)(A) and (d)(3)(B) is futile. Defendants assert that Plaintiff’s proposed claims

are, at their core, still claims that Defendants violated design and construction guidelines of the

DCHRA that are not applicable to the Mozart. See Def. Opp. at 6–10; see id. at 9 (arguing that

Plaintiff’s “cannot merely cite to, or rely on, different subsections of the DCHRA to otherwise

state Defendants are liable for allegedly failing to provide Plaintiff with a more accessible

route”). But subsections (d)(2)(A) and (d)(3)(B) of D.C. Code § 2-1402.21 provide an

independent basis to bring a claim of disability discrimination under the DCHRA, and Plaintiff

has alleged facts that support such a claim. The proposed amendment therefore is not futile, and

the Court will grant Gatling’s motion to add a claim under D.C. Code §§ 2-1402.21(d)(2)(A) and

(d)(3)(B). 3

         c.       D.C. Code § 2-1402.62

         Gatling seeks to resurrect her claim under D.C. Code § 2-1402.62 for aiding and abetting

discrimination, alleging that Defendants “aided and/or abetted discrimination against Plaintiff on

the basis of her disability and/or in housing in violation of D.C. Code §§ 2-1402.21(a)(4),

(d)(2)(A), and/or (d)(3)(B).” See Sec. Am. Compl., ¶¶ 85–87. Section 2-1402.62 of the DCHRA

states that “[i]t shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice for any person to aid, abet, invite,

compel, or coerce the doing of any of the acts forbidden under the provisions of this chapter or to

Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 295 (1985)).
3
          Gatling also relies on standards published by the American National Standards Institute (“ANSI”) to her
allegation that Defendants violated D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(d)(3)(B). D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(d)(4) states that
“[c]ompliance with the appropriate requirements of the American National Standard for buildings and facilities
providing accessibility and usability for persons with disabilities suffices to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (3)
of this subsection.” D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(d)(4). Gatling submits pictures and measurements of the current
wheelchair ramp showing that the slope and design are not in compliance with ANSI standards. See Sec. Am.
Compl., ¶¶ 21–28. Defendants argue that D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(d)(4) only applies to the design and construction
standards listed in subsection (d)(3)(C) and (d)(3)(D), but this is contrary to the plain language of subsection (d)(4),
which states it applies to all of subsection (d)(3). Thus, Plaintiff may rely on violations of the ANSI standards as
evidence of Defendants’ alleged violation of D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(d)(3)(B).

                                                           10
attempt to do so.” D.C. Code § 2-1402.62. This Court previously dismissed Plaintiff’s claim of

aiding and abetting discrimination because it dismissed Plaintiff’s other DCHRA claims, and a

violation of D.C. Code § 2-1402.62 requires an underlying violation. See Mem. Op. at 15–16.

While this Court will allow Plaintiff to amend her complaint to add new DCHRA claims, the

facts alleged by Gatling do not support liability under a theory of aiding and abetting; rather,

Gatling’s Second Amended Complaint asserts that Defendants, who jointly own the Mozart, are

principal actors. The aiding and abetting clause “is meant to prohibit an individual from

assisting another person in discriminating,” and thus, the actors who performed the

discriminatory acts cannot also aid and abet the alleged discrimination. See McCaskill v.

Gallaudet Univ., 36 F. Supp. 3d 145, 156 (D.D.C. 2014) (emphasis added) (dismissing a claim of

aiding and abetting because the defendant was the party accused of affirmatively discriminating

against plaintiff, and a party cannot aid and abet itself). Here, Gatling alleges that Defendants

have aided and/or abetted discrimination by “refusing and/or failing to provide legally compliant

accessibility equipment” and by “refusing and/or failing to reasonably accommodate her

disabilities.” Sec. Am. Compl., ¶ 85. These are the same acts that Defendants allegedly

committed in violation of D.C. §§ Code 2-1402.21(d)(2)(A) and (d)(3)(B). See Sec. Am.

Compl., ¶¶ 71, 75–76. Defendants cannot aid and abet their own allegedly discriminatory acts.

Therefore, the proposed violation of D.C. Code § 2-1402.62 is futile, and the Court will deny

Plaintiff’s request to add this claim.

       d.      Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

       Gatling seeks to add a claim that Defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing by failing to provide reasonable accommodations for her disability. See Sec.

Am. Compl., ¶¶ 91–96 (stating that “Defendant JHLP has breached the implied covenant of good

                                                 11
faith and fair dealing in the Contract by evading the spirit of the Contract by . . . imposing

significant restrictions on Plaintiff’s ability to gain egress” to and from the property). But the

proposed amendment is substantially the same as a claim that this Court previously dismissed.

See Mem. Op. at 18–20 (dismissing claim of breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing in Amended Complaint); Am. Compl., ¶ 85 (“Defendant JHLP has breach the covenant

of good faith and fair dealing in the Contract by . . . denying requested reasonable

accommodations for her disabilities so that she may navigate through the Subject Property with

her wheelchair without impediments.”). The Court therefore denies Plaintiff’s request to add this

claim because it is futile. See Robinson, 211 F. Supp. 2d at 114 (holding that an amended

complaint is futile if it “reasserts a claim on which the court previously ruled”).

        e.       Implied Warranty of Habitability

        Gatling further seeks to add a claim that Defendant JHLP breached the implied warranty

of habitability, alleging that by refusing or failing to provide accessible equipment and entrances

to the Mozart, “Defendant JHLP has failed to exercise reasonable care to keep safe all common

areas of the Subject Property, comply with D.C. Housing Regulations, and fulfill the implied

warranty of habitability.” Sec. Am. Compl., ¶ 102. 4

        “[A] warranty of habitability, measured by the standards set out in the Housing

Regulations for the District of Columbia, is implied by operation of law into leases of urban

dwelling units covered by those Regulations[.]” Javins v. First Nat’l Realty Corp., 428 F.2d

1071, 1072–73 (D.C. Cir. 1970); see also id. at 1080 (stating that the warranty is non-waivable

and read into all leases for residential housing.). Under the implied warranty of habitability,

4
       While Gatling argued that Defendants breached the implied warranty of habitability in her opposition to the
Defendants’ motion to dismiss her Amended Complaint, see ECF No. 18, she did not include that claim in her
Amended Complaint, see Am. Compl. The Court thus did not previously dismiss that claim.

                                                       12
“landlords are required to comply substantially with the Housing Regulations of the District of

Columbia which provide . . . that every premises . . . shall be maintained and kept in repair so as

to provide decent living accommodations for the occupants.” George Washington Univ. v.

Weintraub, 458 A.2d 43, 46 (D.C. 1983). A landlord’s failure to comply with the housing

regulations constitutes a breach of the implied warranty of habitability. See Javins, 428 F.2d at

1082. In addition, the D.C. Court of Appeals has stated that the failure “to provide wheelchair

access to [an] apartment building would clearly be a breach of the implied warranty of

habitability.” Killingham v. Wilshire Inv. Corp., 739 A.2d 804, 810 (D.C. 1999). While not

relying on a provision of the D.C. Housing Code, Killingham relied on then D.C. Code § 6-1706,

now codified at D.C. Code § 7-1006, which states that “[p]ersons with physical or mental

disabilities shall be entitled to full and equal access, as other members of the general public, to

all housing accommodations offered for rent, lease, or compensation in the District of

Columbia.” D.C. Code § 7-1006(a). This statute “may naturally be read . . . as imposing an

obligation on rental housing providers to provide full access for disabled persons.” Killingham,

739 A.2d at 810.

       Here, Gatling’s proposed Second Amended Complaint alleges that she has been denied

“full and equal access” to the Mozart based on the Defendants failure to fix the wheelchair ramp

and wheelchair lift. See, e.g., Sec. Am. Compl., ¶ 39 (“Ms. Gatling has been virtually home-

bound an unable to use and enjoy the benefits and privileges of living in the Mozart.”); ¶ 69

(alleging that Defendants’ refusal to fix the wheelchair ramp and lift affect “Ms. Gatling’s ability

to use and enjoy the Subject Property like other non-disabled residents”); see also Section II.b.

Because Gatling has sufficiently alleged that Defendants have failed to provide “full and equal

                                                 13
access” for disabled persons in violation of D.C. Code § 7-1006, see Killingham, 739 A.2d at

810, her proposed claim of a breach of the implied warranty of habitability is not futile. 5

         f.       Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment

         Lastly, Gatling seeks to add a claim that Defendants breached the covenant of quiet

enjoyment. Gatling alleges that as a result of their failures to address her complaints, Defendants

have “obstructed, interfered with and/or taken away from Ms. Gatling in a substantial degree the

beneficial use of her leasehold.” Sec. Am. Compl., ¶ 105. Gatling asserts that she is “not free to

come and go from the Subject Property without the landlord’s interference and assistance from

others.” Id., ¶ 106 (emphasis omitted).

         “Courts set a high bar for finding a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment — there is

no breach of the covenant ‘unless there is an eviction from, or some actual disturbance in, the

possession by the landlord or by some third person under paramount title.’” Whole Foods Mkt.

Grp., Inc. v. Wical Ltd. P’Ship, 288 F. Supp. 3d 176, 191 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Hyde v.

Brandler, 118 A.2d 398, 400 (D.C. 1955)); see also Hyde, 118 A.2d at 400 (“The covenant is not

broken unless there is an eviction from, or some actual disturbance in, the possession by the

landlord.”). “Absent departure from the premises, a tenant has great difficulty in claiming a

‘constructive eviction’ equivalent to the actual physical interference with his possessory rights.”

Sobelsohn v. Am. Rental Mgmt. Co., 926 A.2d 713, 716 (D.C. 2007).

5
           Gatling alleges that Defendants also are in violation of 14 DCMR § 902.1. See Sec. Am. Compl., ¶¶ 99–
101. This provision states that “it shall be the duty of the operator of each housing business to keep fire escapes,
stairways, and other egress facilities in a good state of repair and free from obstruction.” 14 DCMR § 902.1.
Gatling interprets the term “egress facilities” to extend to the ramp and wheelchair lift, as those are necessary for
wheelchair users to enter and exit the facility. See Pl. Reply at 13. Plaintiff also contends that because a wheelchair
lift is essentially a stairway for disabled people, the failure to maintain it in working order constitutes a violation of
this provision. Id. Defendants counter that this regulation applies only to stairways and fire escapes, which are not
at issue here. See Def. Opp. at 12; see also id. (noting that the regulation pertains to “Safety and Fire Prevention,”
rather than accessibility features). The Court agrees with Defendants that the cited regulation does not address
reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities, and that Plaintiff does not sufficiently allege a violation of
14 DCMR § 902.1.

                                                            14
         Gatling fails to allege facts that meet the “high bar” of actual interference required to

prove a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. See Whole Foods Mkt. Grp., 288 F. Supp. 3d

at 191. While Gatling alleges that she has been “virtually home bound,” Sec Am. Compl., ¶ 39,

she also states that she has the ability to enter and exit the Mozart “with the assistance of one or

two people,” id., ¶ 38. These facts do not amount to a “constructive eviction” equivalent to an

actual interference with Gatling’s possessory rights. See Sobelsohn, 926 A.2d at 716.

Importantly, Gatling is still in full possession of her apartment. See Whole Foods Mkt. Grp., 288

F. Supp. 3d at 191. This proposed claim is therefore futile, and Plaintiff may not amend her

complaint to add it. 6

                                                CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part Plaintiff’s Motion

for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint. The Motion is granted to the extent that it seeks

to add claims of violations of D.C. Code §§ 2-1402.21(d)(2)(A) and (d)(3)(B), and a breach of

the implied warranty of habitability. The Motion is denied with respect to Plaintiff’s requests to

add claims of violations of D.C. Code § 2-1402.21(a)(4), D.C. Code § 2-1402.62, and breaches

of the implied covenant of good faith and faith dealing and the implied covenant of quiet

enjoyment. A separate Order will issue this day.

Date: January 26, 2022
                                                               ____________________________
                                                               FLORENCE Y. PAN
                                                               United States District Judge

6
          Gatling relies on a recent D.C. Court of Appeals case which stated that a “tenant’s right to quiet enjoyment
means that the tenant ‘has possession of the property and is free to come and go from the property without the
landlord’s interference.’” See Odumn v. United States, 227 A.3d 1099, 1105 (D.C. 2020) (quoting 49 Am. Jur. 2d
Landlord and Tenant § 469). It is worth noting, however, that Odumn was not a case about a breach of the covenant
of quiet enjoyment. Rather, the court discussed the covenant to understand the meaning of an unlawful entry statute.
Odumn, 227 A.3d at 1107. Further, no other courts in this jurisdiction have adopted such an expansive definition of
the breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. The Court therefore declines to rely on one sentence, taken out of
context, from an opinion that does not fully discuss or analyze the covenant of quiet enjoyment.

                                                         15