Court Opinion

ID: 8405516
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-26 16:00:29.953118+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:54.178208
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 22a0436n.06

                                           No. 21-3062

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                    FILED
                                                                                  Oct 26, 2022
                                                         )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 JESSICA ROSMERY MURILLO-OLIVA,                          )
                                                         )
         Petitioner,                                            ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
                                                         )
                                                                OF AN ORDER OF THE
                                                         )
         v.                                                     BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                         )
                                                                APPEALS
 MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,                   )
                                                         )
         Respondent.                                                                  OPINION
                                                         )
                                                         )

Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; BOGGS and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

       BOGGS, Circuit Judge. In February 2014, two years after the gruesome killing of her

cousin in Honduras, Jessica Murillo-Oliva illegally entered the United States. She applied for asy-

lum and withholding of removal, claiming that she feared persecution as a member of a particular

social group (PSG) consisting of “females from Honduras whose family members have been

threatened or harmed by the gangs.” An immigration judge (IJ) denied her applications, and the

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissed her appeal. The agency rejected Murillo-Oliva’s

proposed group under the Immigration and Nationality Act, a decision that Murillo-Oliva argues

is inconsistent with two recent decisions by the Attorney General. But the agency also found that

Murillo-Oliva failed to prove that she would be persecuted in Honduras because she was a female

family member of a victim of gang violence—the nexus requirement. Substantial evidence sup-

ports this second part of the agency’s decision, making a remand futile. Accordingly, we deny the

petition for review.
No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       A. Facts

       Late in the summer of 2012, Luis Omar Garcia went missing. He had been living with the

family of his cousin, Jessica Murillo-Oliva, who was fourteen years old at the time, in Olancho,

Honduras. Before Garcia disappeared, he had taken care of a friend or colleague’s house and vis-

ited frequently, only to stop visiting, which Murillo-Oliva and her family found strange. When

Garcia went missing, Murillo-Oliva’s family thought that he might have gone somewhere else to

preach, as he had done in the past, but people in the community had not seen him.

       Weeks later, the family found out through the news that Garcia was dead. According to

Murillo-Oliva, “you couldn’t recognize his face, blood was smeared on the walls, and his clothing

was just thrown on the floor.” The family reported Garcia’s killing to the authorities, but Murillo-

Oliva does not know whether they investigated and never found out who killed him. Soon after

Garcia’s death, Murillo-Oliva and her family relocated within Honduras. They did not experience

any threats or harassment at their new location.

       Two years later, in February 2014, Murillo-Oliva illegally entered the United States at or

near Hidalgo, Texas.

       B. Agency Proceedings

       On February 28, 2014, DHS served a Notice to Appear on Murillo-Oliva, charging her with

inadmissibility. On September 28, 2015, at a hearing before an IJ, Murillo-Oliva conceded the

charge. That same day, she applied for asylum and withholding of removal.

       On October 29, 2018, Murillo-Oliva appeared before an IJ in Memphis, Tennessee, where

she testified that she came to the United States because of her cousin’s killing. She was afraid that

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

she, too, would be killed because “even if you don’t have any problems with someone else, [the

gangs] could do something to you.” Murillo-Oliva also stated that she thought that “maybe they

would either rape me and then they would kill me,” because “that’s what they do in Honduras,”

adding that “[y]ou couldn’t even go out at night anymore” because there are gang members in the

street.

          The IJ found Murillo-Oliva to be credible, but decided that she had established neither past

persecution nor a well-founded fear of future persecution. The IJ rejected Murillo-Oliva’s proposed

particular social group, “females from Honduras whose family members have been threatened or

harmed by the gangs,” as insufficiently particular on the ground that Murillo-Oliva had failed to

establish which family members—hers or her cousin’s—her PSG encompassed.

          The IJ also found that Murillo-Oliva had failed to establish a nexus between the harm she

feared and her membership in her proposed PSG. The IJ found no evidence that Garcia was killed

because of his family membership, and no evidence that there was any animus against Murillo-

Oliva because of her family-member circle. The IJ also concluded that Murillo-Oliva had failed to

establish that she could not reasonably relocate within Honduras. Accordingly, the IJ ordered Mu-

rillo-Oliva removed.

          Murillo-Oliva appealed to the BIA, which dismissed her appeal on December 23, 2020.

The BIA agreed with the IJ that Murillo-Oliva’s proposed PSG was insufficiently particular and

not clearly defined. The BIA also affirmed the IJ’s conclusion on nexus, finding that Murillo-Oliva

had not identified any evidence that she would be harmed on account of her family membership

or relationship to her cousin. Finally, the BIA concurred with the IJ’s ruling on the possibility of

internal relocation.

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

        C. The Attorney General’s Vacaturs

        Since the BIA’s decision in this case, Attorney General Garland has vacated two Trump-

administration decisions that had substantially limited PSG-based asylum claims. See Matter of L-

E-A-, 28 I. & N. Dec. 304 (AG 2021) (L-E-A- II); Matter of A-B-, 28 I. & N. Dec. 307 (AG 2021)

(A-B- III).

        The first vacatur concerned family-based PSGs. In Matter of L-E-A-, Attorney General Barr

overruled a BIA decision that had recognized the immediate family of an applicant’s father as a

PSG. 27 I. & N. Dec. 581, 581 (AG 2019) (L-E-A- I). Despite Attorney General Barr’s acknowl-

edgment that several courts of appeals had recognized family-based social groups, L-E-A- I ruled

that “most nuclear families are not inherently socially distinct and therefore do not qualify as ‘par-

ticular social groups.’” Id. at 589. On June 16, 2021, Attorney General Garland directed that IJs

and the BIA should no longer follow L-E-A- I pending an ongoing rulemaking on the definition of

PSG. L-E-A- II, 28 I. & N. Dec. at 304.

        The second vacatur dealt with PSGs based on non-governmental conduct. In Matter of A-

B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 316 (AG 2018) (A-B- I), and Matter of A-B-, 28 I. & N. Dec. 199 (AG 2021)

(A-B- II), Attorney General Sessions and subsequently Acting Attorney General Rosen reviewed a

BIA decision concerning a proposed PSG of “Salvadoran women who are unable to leave their

domestic relationships where they have children in common with their partners.” A-B- I overruled

the BIA’s earlier decision in Matter of A-R-C-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 388 (BIA 2014), which had

recognized as a PSG “married women in Guatemala who are unable to leave their relationship.”

27 I. & N. Dec. at 319. A-B- I also appeared to hold that victims of private criminal activity were

presumptively ineligible for asylum. See id. at 317, 320. A-B- II reaffirmed and clarified A-B- I’s

conclusions regarding the cognizability of private persecution that the government is “unable or

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

unwilling to control.” A-B- II, 28 I & N. Dec. at 200–07. On June 16, 2021, Attorney General

Garland directed that IJs and the BIA should no longer follow A-B- I or A-B- II pending forthcom-

ing rulemaking. A-B- III, 28 I. & N. Dec. at 307.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

       A. Legal Framework

       This court reviews the BIA’s separate opinion as the final agency determination, but also

considers the IJ’s reasoning where the BIA has adopted it. Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435

(6th Cir. 2009). We review de novo the agency’s legal determinations, such as the question of

whether a particular social group is cognizable under the INA. Sanchez-Robles v. Lynch, 808 F.3d

688, 692 (6th Cir. 2015). We review the agency’s factual determinations, such as the finding of a

nexus between persecution and a protected ground, under the substantial-evidence standard. See

Zometa-Orellana v. Garland, 19 F.4th 970, 976, 977–78 (6th Cir. 2021). Under that standard, we

may reverse only when the evidence “not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed compels

it.” Mandebvu v. Holder, 755 F.3d 417, 424 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700,

702–03 (6th Cir. 2004)).

       To obtain asylum, Murillo-Oliva must prove that she is “unable or unwilling” to return to

Honduras “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . . mem-

bership in a particular social group.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To qualify for withholding, she

must establish that her “life or freedom would be threatened” in Honduras “because of” her mem-

bership in a “particular social group.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b).

       Murillo-Oliva’s burden of proof differs for her asylum and withholding-of-removal claims.

One difference concerns the required likelihood of future persecution. For asylum, she must prove

either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution, which requires her to show a

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

“reasonable possibility” that she will suffer persecution. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); 8 C.F.R. §

1208.13(b)(2)(i)(B); Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 950–51 (6th Cir. 2004). Her burden is higher

for withholding: she must prove a “clear probability” of future persecution. Al-Ghorbani v. Holder,

585 F.3d 980, 993–94 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 413 (1984)). Another

distinction is that, whereas asylum applicants must show that a protected ground is “at least one

central reason” for persecution, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), withholding applicants need only

show that a protected ground is “a reason” for persecution, § 1231(b)(3)(C); Guzman-Vazquez v.

Barr, 959 F.3d 253, 272 (6th Cir. 2020).

       But to receive either kind of relief, Murillo-Oliva must prove (1) that she is a member of a

particular social group and (2) that she fears persecution because of her membership in that group.

See, e.g., Bi Xia Qu v. Holder, 618 F.3d 602, 606–08 (6th Cir. 2010) (engaging in a two-step anal-

ysis for asylum); Al-Ghorbani, 585 F.3d at 994 (same for withholding of removal).

       In this case, the second step—nexus—is “where the rubber meets the road.” See Cece v.

Holder, 733 F.3d 662, 673 (7th Cir. 2013). The agency’s determination that Murillo-Oliva failed

to establish nexus is supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, we affirm the BIA’s decision

and deny Murillo-Oliva’s petition for review without reaching the question of whether her claimed

social group is cognizable.

       B. Nexus

       To satisfy the nexus requirement, Murillo-Oliva must establish that she is likely to be per-

secuted, at least in part, because of her membership in her claimed social group. See Bi Xia Qu,

618 F.3d at 608. Pointing to widespread gang violence alone is insufficient. See Umana-Ramos v.

Holder, 724 F.3d 667, 671 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Gomez-Romero v. Holder, 475 F. App’x 621, 624

(6th Cir. 2012)). Instead, Murillo-Oliva must connect the persecution that she fears to her

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

membership in her claimed social group. Cruz-Guzman v. Barr, 920 F.3d 1033, 1037 (6th Cir.

2019). We may reverse the agency’s decision only if Murillo-Oliva has provided proof—direct or

circumstantial—that compels the conclusion that the gangs are likely to persecute her because she

is a female from Honduras whose family members have been threatened or harmed by the gangs.

See id.; INS v. Elias-Zacharias, 502 U.S. 478, 483 (1992).

       Substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding on nexus. The record contains little di-

rect or circumstantial evidence that supports Murillo-Oliva’s claim that she will be targeted be-

cause of her relationship to her cousin. Murillo-Oliva does not know who killed Garcia, and neither

she nor other members of her family were harmed or threatened by the gangs in the two years after

Garcia’s death during which they remained in Honduras. Indeed, Murillo-Oliva’s testimony sug-

gests that she fears generalized gang violence and violence against women in Honduras rather than

persecution as a female family member of a victim of gang violence.

       Murillo-Oliva’s brief on appeal suggests that her situation represents a mixed-motive case,

and that she fears persecution both because of her cousin’s killing and because of her status as a

woman. It is true that Murillo-Oliva need not show that she fears persecution based on her group

membership alone. See Bi Xia Qu, 618 F.3d at 608; Guzman-Vazquez, 959 F.3d at 270. But Murillo-

Oliva cannot dodge the nexus requirement by breaking up her proposed social group into its con-

stituent elements, without claiming that either of those elements—her cousin’s killing or her status

as a woman—independently entitles her to protection under the INA. She must show that she is

likely to be persecuted because she is a member of her claimed social group, the statutory ground

upon which she relies for relief. See Al-Ghorbani, 585 F.3d at 994–98. Substantial evidence sup-

ports the agency’s conclusion that she has not satisfied the nexus requirement.

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

       C. Futility of Remand

       Because the record does not compel the conclusion that Murillo-Oliva is likely to be per-

secuted because of her membership in her claimed social group, we need not remand for consid-

eration of whether her proposed group is cognizable.

       In general, when a reviewing court concludes that the agency has failed to consider a legal

issue, “the proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional

investigation or explanation.” Mapouya v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 396, 405 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting

Gonzales v. Thomas, 547 U.S. 183, 186 (2006) (per curiam)); see also Xin Mao Wu v. Gonzales,

214 F. App’x 592, 595 (6th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (citing Orlando Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16–17

(2002)). Accordingly, if a decision on which the agency relied has been vacated or abrogated, this

change in law “counsels remand.” Zometa-Orellana, 19 F.4th at 979 (quoting Antonio v. Barr, 959

F.3d 778, 790 n.3 (6th Cir. 2020)). This court has remanded other cases to the BIA following the

two vacaturs that Murillo-Oliva cites in her briefs. See id.; Corea v. Garland, 860 F. App’x 397

(6th Cir. 2021); Palma-Ulloa v. Garland, 854 F. App’x 42 (6th Cir. 2021). In Zometa-Orellana, we

also suggested that changes in the agency’s interpretation of “particular social group” might affect

the nexus analysis. 19 F.4th at 979 (“And to the extent that [the agency’s] analysis regarding a

particular social group changes on remand, it should then reassess the nexus requirement.”).

       But remand is not required where it would be futile. Karimijanaki v. Holder, 579 F.3d 710,

721 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Chen v. United States, 471 F.3d 315, 339 (2d Cir. 2006)). More con-

cretely, in cases where applicants had failed to establish nexus, this court and others have declined

to decide whether a particular social group was cognizable and refused to remand to the agency

for that purpose. See Santana v. Lynch, 627 F. App’x 447, 451 (6th Cir. 2015); Kanagu v. Holder,

781 F.3d 912, 919 (8th Cir. 2015); Gjura v. Holder, 502 F. App’x 91, 92 (2d Cir. 2012).

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

       Here, though the Attorney General’s vacaturs arguably affect the cognizability of Murillo-

Oliva’s claimed social group, they do not change the agency’s nexus analysis and cannot lead to a

different outcome on remand. For example, Murillo-Oliva could have argued that the BIA relied

on L-E-A- I in dismissing Murillo-Oliva’s family-based group as insufficiently particular or that

the IJ relied on A-B- I in dismissing her fear of harm by non-governmental actors.1 But both the

BIA and the IJ analyzed nexus separately, apparently assuming, arguendo, that her group was cog-

nizable. Because the agency’s denial of relief rested on a ground independent of the cognizability

of Murillo-Oliva’s social group, a remand to the agency would be futile.

       Zometa-Orellana is distinguishable. There, the BIA more explicitly relied on A-B- I by

categorically excluding victims of non-governmental actors from relief. Zometa-Orellana, 19 F.4th

at 978. Crucially, the court also found that the IJ and BIA’s determination that the nexus require-

ment had not been met “relied on their conclusion that there was no cognizable social group.” Id.

at 978. In other cases that this court has remanded to the agency, the BIA had similarly expressly

and repeatedly relied on the now-overruled decisions. See Corea, 860 F. App’x at 401; Palma-

Ulloa, 854 F. App’x at 43.

       No such reliance is apparent from the record in this case. Neither the IJ nor the BIA men-

tioned A-B- I or L-E-A- I in their decisions or suggested that claims based on family membership

or harm by non-governmental actors were presumptively not cognizable. On the contrary, the IJ,

whose decision predated L-E-A- I, expressly acknowledged that family-based groups were

1
 Murillo-Oliva does not make these arguments. She argues only that the vacaturs impact her eli-
gibility for relief, not that the agency relied on the vacated decisions. The IJ, at least, could not
have relied on L-E-A- I or A-B- II, which postdated its decision. While the legal addendum ap-
pended as an exhibit to the IJ’s decision does refer to A-B- I, that addendum does not characterize
that decision as changing the law.

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No. 21-3062, Murillo-Oliva v. Garland

cognizable. Unlike in Zometa-Orellana, there is also no indication that the agency’s assessment of

Murillo-Oliva’s proposed group colored its nexus analysis.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       A remand to the agency cannot change the outcome in this case. Even if Murillo-Oliva’s

proposed group—“females from Honduras whose family members have been threatened or

harmed by the gangs”—were cognizable under post-vacatur law, the agency’s findings on nexus

would still prevent her from obtaining asylum or withholding of removal.

       The petition for review is DENIED.

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