Court Opinion

ID: 4099467
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-18 04:56:54.630052+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:40.731463
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Turner v. Certainteed Corp., 2016-Ohio-7776.]

                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 103475

                              BOBBY TURNER, ET AL.
                                                           PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES

                                                     vs.

               CERTAINTEED CORPORATION, ET AL.
                                                           DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS

                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED

                                      Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CV-14-820027

        BEFORE: Keough, J., Jones, A.J., and E.T. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 17, 2016
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

Richard D. Schuster
Perry W. Doran, II
Stephen C. Musilli
Daniel E. Shuey
Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, L.L.P.
P.O. Box 1008
52 East Gay Street
Columbus, Ohio 43216

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

Christopher J. Hickey
Kevin E. McDermott
McDermott & Hickey, L.L.C.
20525 Center Ridge Road, Suite 200
Rocky River, Ohio 44116

Keith W. Binder
Jerome H. Block
Donald Blydenburgh
Levy Konigsberg, L.L.P.
800 Third Avenue, 11th Floor
New York, New York 10022
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Union Carbide Corporation, appeals the trial court’s

decision denying its renewed motion for administrative dismissal pursuant to R.C.

2307.92 and 2307.93. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       {¶2} In April 2013, plaintiff-appellee, Bobby Turner, was diagnosed with lung

cancer. In January 2014, Turner and his wife filed a lawsuit against Union Carbide and

other named defendants,1 alleging that his lung cancer was caused by his occupational

exposure to asbestos as a drywall finisher from approximately 1962 until 1978. In

February 2014, Union Carbide moved to administratively dismiss Turner’s complaint

pursuant to R.C. 2307.93, contending that Turner failed to submit prima facie evidence

pursuant to R.C. 2307.92 within the prescribed time.

       {¶3} In response, Turner filed an affidavit stating that during the year of 1956 he

smoked one cigar a month, but quit thereafter. He stated that he is “a nonsmoker and

[has] been since approximately 1957.”         Additionally, Turner attached some of his

medical records supporting his contention that he was a nonsmoker. Included was a

record from his treating pulmonologist, Dr. Jay Kumar, dated April 17, 2013, that

provides:   “Any Info:    COPD/50 cigar years”; a record dated April 25, 2013 from

Regional Medical Center at Bayonet Point, that provides: “He never smoked and does

         Defendants, Certainteed Corporation, Clark Industrial Insulation Co., Georgia Pacific
       1

Corporation, Kaiser Gypsum Company, Inc., Red Seal Electric Company, R.T. Vanderbilt Company,
Inc., Technical Products, Inc., and Akron Sales Company are not parties to the appeal.
not drink”; record dated May 10, 2013 that provides: “Smoking hx from nursing assess

Current SOME day smoker; Social history: Denies alcohol, drugs, smoker”; a record

dated April 29, 2013, from Bayonet Point that provides: “never smoker” “Adult cigarette

smoking history w/in last year — No,” “Currently Uses Tobacco Products — N,”

Smoking Cessation Information Given — Y”; a record dated April 30, 2013 from

Bayonet Point that provides: “never smoker,” and provides “no” answers for “adult

cigarette smoking history w/in last year” and “currently uses tobacco products”; a record

from Bayonet Point dated May 10, 2013 that provides: “Denies any history of smoking

or alcohol use”; a record dated May 10, 2013 from Bayonet Point Center that provides

under “Social History,” “former smoker,” “adult cigarette smoking history w/in last year -

No,” “Smoking Cessation Information Given: Y.”

      {¶4} Based on Turner’s affidavit response and corresponding medical records,

Union Carbide withdrew its motion to administratively dismiss Turner’s complaint. The

case proceeded forward for the next 16 months.

      {¶5} However, approximately two weeks prior to trial in August 2015, Union

Carbide filed a renewed motion for administrative dismissal challenging the adequacy of

Turner’s prima facie evidence of physical impairment.        Specifically, it claimed that

based on recently obtained medical records and deposition testimony, Turner is a smoker

as defined in R.C. 2307.91(DD), and therefore failed to meet the minimum medical

requirements for a tort action alleging asbestos exposure as prescribed in R.C.

2307.92(C). In support, Union Carbide identified fourteen instances in Turner’s medical
records that indicated that Turner smoked cigars for 40 years. Union Carbide attached to

its motion Turner’s medical records purporting to evidence the same, including some of

the records Turner attached to his affidavit in response to Union Carbide’s initial motion

to dismiss in February 2014. Also attached to its motion was deposition testimony from

Turner’s general physician, Dr. Joel Nunag, that purportedly also established that Turner

was a smoker. Additionally, Union Carbide attached a medical expert affidavit and

supporting documents linking the effect of cigar smoking to lung cancer.

       {¶6} Turner opposed Union Carbide’s motion contending that the totality of

Turner’s medical records and testimony of his treating pulmonologist confirm that Turner

is not a smoker. Turner also stated that even if Union Carbide’s assertion was true that

he smoked an occasional cigar until 2012, he still does not qualify as a “smoker” under

R.C. 2307.91 because the definition does not include cigar smoking or the occasional use

of tobacco.

       {¶7} Following a hearing on the matter, the trial court denied Union Carbide’s

motion. In its written opinion, the trial court found that the parties submitted conflicting

evidence, which included inconsistent references that Turner was an occasional smoker.

However, the court concluded that the overwhelming majority of notations in Turner’s

medical records support his claim of no recent smoking history. Accordingly, the court

held that Union Carbide “failed to prove that Mr. Turner is a smoker, as defined in R.C.

2307.91(DD).”
       {¶8} Union Carbide appeals, raising as its sole assignment of error that the trial

court erred when it denied its renewed motion for administrative dismissal under R.C.

2307.92 and 2307.93. The following issue is raised Union Carbide:

       In an asbestos tort action alleging lung cancer, when there is evidence that a
       plaintiff has smoked in the past fifteen years, does the plaintiff have the
       burden of proving, through a “written report of a competent medical
       authority,” that he is not a smoker as defined by R.C. 2307.91(DD).2

Union Carbide does not challenge the trial court’s ultimate decision that Turner is not a

smoker; rather, only maintains that the trial court applied the wrong standard and should

not have weighed the evidence to make that determination. This purely legal issue

renders this court’s review de novo.          See Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, L.L.P. v.

Givaudan Flavors Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92366, 2009-Ohio-2490, ¶ 38 (where a

court has misstated the law or applied an incorrect legal standard, giving rise to a purely

legal issue on appeal, the reviewing court applies a de novo review).

       {¶9} Essentially, this case centers around the question of when there is conflicting

evidence of plaintiff’s smoking status, does the plaintiff need to present a written report

of competent medical authority to withstand his burden of proving he is a nonsmoker.

This court provided the answer to this question in Farnsworth v. Allied Glove Corp., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91731, 2009-Ohio-3890.

         Union Carbide acknowledges, and we agree, that the trial court erroneously concluded that
       2

Union Carbide was required to prove Turner is a smoker. The law is clear that the plaintiff bears
this burden. However, Union Carbide does not raise this issue as reversible error.
       {¶10} In Farnsworth, this court held that when there is a dispute as to whether an

exposed person is a smoker, the parties must first submit evidence regarding his smoker

status and then the trial court must review the evidence submitted by both parties to

resolve the issue. Id. at ¶ 31. If the defendant submits competent, credible evidence

establishing that the exposed person is a smoker, then the burden shifts to the plaintiff to

establish that the exposed person is not a smoker as defined in R.C. 2307.91(DD) because

“the plaintiff * * * has the ultimate burden to prove that the exposed person is not a

smoker[.]” Id. at ¶ 32.

       {¶11} However, Union Carbide asks this court to modify Farnsworth because of

the Ohio Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in Renfrow v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 140

Ohio St.3d 371, 2014-Ohio-3666, 18 N.E.3d 1173.             Union Carbide contends that

although Farnsworth properly placed the burden on the plaintiff to prove the smoking

status, it improperly ignored and deleted the statutory requirement that a plaintiff meet

that burden through a “written report of a competent medical authority” as provided in

R.C. 2307.91(DD). It argues that Renfrow mandates that Farnsworth be modified to

include that the plaintiff must establish that the exposed person is not a smoker with “a

written report of a competent medical authority.”        We disagree because this court

considered and rejected this argument in Farnsworth. Additionally, our reading of the

Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Renfrow does not require this court to revisit this issue.

       {¶12} In Farnsworth, this court considered and addressed Union Carbide’s current

argument, by concluding that the determination of whether a person is a smoker is a
threshold question that must be determined prior to requiring a plaintiff to submit a

written report of a competent medical authority as prima facie evidence of the exposed

person’s physical impairment that meets the minimum medical requirements under R.C.

Chapter 2307.

       {¶13} Robert Farnsworth and his wife filed an asbestos-related claim alleging that

Robert’s exposure to asbestos during his employment caused him to develop lung cancer.

 In response, the defendants moved to administratively dismiss the case, arguing that

because Robert was a smoker for purposes of R.C. 2307.92 and 2307.93, the Farnsworths

were required to establish a prima facie case through competent medical authority, which

they failed to do. In their brief in opposition, the Farnsworths argued that Robert was not

a smoker as defined under R.C. 2307.91(DD) and, therefore, they did not have to

establish a prima facie showing. The trial court found that Robert was a smoker and

granted the defendants’ motion to administratively dismiss the case. The Farnsworths

appealed.

       {¶14} The Farnsworth court noted,

       R.C. 2307.92 outlines the minimum medical requirements for tort actions
       alleging asbestos claims. R.C. 2307.92(B), (C), and (D), respectively,
       prohibit plaintiffs from maintaining asbestos actions based upon: (1)
       nonmalignant conditions; (2) smoker lung-cancer claims; * * * and (3)
       wrongful death, unless the plaintiffs in each of these situations can establish
       a prima facie showing in the manner described in R.C. 2307.93(A).

Farnsworth, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91731, 2009-Ohio-3890, at ¶ 10.

       {¶15} Under R.C. 2307.93(A)(1), any plaintiff who bases his claim on R.C.

2307.92(B), (C), or (D), must file a written report and supporting test results constituting
prima facie evidence of the exposed person’s physical impairment. A defendant may

challenge the adequacy of the plaintiff’s prima facie evidence under R.C. 2307.93(B).

However,

       the court “shall determine from all of the evidence submitted” whether the
       proffered prima facie evidence meets the minimum requirements for cases
       involving nonmalignant conditions, smoker lung cancer, or wrongful death,
       as specified in R.C. 2307.92(B), (C), or (D). If the court finds, after
       considering all of the evidence, that the plaintiff failed to make a prima
       facie showing, then “[t]he court shall administratively dismiss the plaintiff’s
       claim without prejudice.” R.C. 2307.93(C).

Id. at ¶ 12.

       {¶16} On appeal, the Farnsworth defendants argued that a lung cancer claimant

who contends that he is exempt from establishing a prima facie case must bear the burden

of proving he is exempt through competent medical authority. The Farnsworths argued

that the defendants had the burden to prove through competent medical authority that the

exposed person is a smoker.

       {¶17} Pursuant to R.C. 2307.91(DD), “smoker” means “a person who has smoked

the equivalent of one-pack year, as specified in the written report of a competent medical

authority pursuant to sections 2307.92 and 2307.93 of the Revised Code, during the last

fifteen years.” Although R.C. 2307.91 does not define a “nonsmoker,” the Tenth District

noted that “by implication, a party must have smoked less than one pack per year during

the last 15 years to be deemed a nonsmoker.” Penn v. A-Best Prods. Co., 10th Dist.

Franklin Nos. 07AP-404, 07AP-405, 07AP-406, and 07AP-407, 2007-Ohio-7145, ¶ 26.

A “pack year” is a term used to “measure the amount a person has smoked over a long
period of time.”      Fields v. CSX Transp., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98612,

2013-Ohio-822,       ¶ 15,     quoting    NCI      Dictionary      of     Cancer     Terms,

http://cancer.gov/dictionary (accessed Jan. 22, 2013). “A pack year is calculated by

multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the

person has smoked.” Id.

       {¶18}    In examining R.C. 2307.91(DD), the Farnsworth court found that the

definition of “smoker” is ambiguous. The court stated that:

       The definition refers to terms to define “smoker” that only apply to
       plaintiffs who are smokers. The phrase refers to a medical doctor’s written
       report that a plaintiff must submit to meet the prima facie showing — after
       it has already been determined that the person is a smoker. It is
       nonsensical. It raises the question (or more colloquially, begs the
       question): what comes first, the smoker or the written report; the smoker
       or competent medical authority?

(Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 23.

       {¶19} The court concluded that “the smoker must come first — since the written

report, which will include the diagnosis from a competent medical authority, is not

required until after it has been determined that the person is a smoker.” Id. at ¶ 24. If it

is determined that the exposed person is a smoker, “then the plaintiff must meet the

requirements under H.B. 292 by filing the written report establishing a prima facie case

through competent medical authority and the other evidence that is required. See R.C.

2307.92 and 2307.93.” Id. at ¶ 25.

       {¶20} Accordingly, the court stated

       [t]hat at this preliminary stage of the litigation, when courts are simply
       attempting to prioritize its asbestos docket, neither plaintiffs nor defendants
      are required to use a competent medical authority — which again is a
      medical doctor who provides a diagnosis for purposes of establishing prima
      facie evidence of an exposed person’s physical impairment — to prove that
      an exposed person is or is not a smoker.

Id. at ¶ 30. Therefore, a party does not need to use a competent medical authority to

prove whether a person is a smoker; this is an underlying determination that must be

made to determine which subsection of R.C. 2307.92 applies — what is the prima facie

showing, i.e. what are the minimum medical requirements for the tort action alleging an

asbestos claim.

      Thus, when there is a dispute as to whether a person is or is not a smoker,
      the parties must submit admissible evidence to prove their contention,
      which may very well include the exposed person’s medical history.
      Whether a person is a smoker may be very clear. It may be equally as clear
      that a person is not a smoker. But when there is a question as to whether the
      person is or is not a smoker * * * the trial court must review the evidence
      submitted by both parties to resolve the issue.

      Based on the requirements of these provisions, it logically follows that if a
      defendant submits competent, credible evidence establishing that a plaintiff
      is a smoker, then the burden should shift to a plaintiff to establish that the
      exposed person is not a smoker as defined in R.C. 2307.91(DD). The
      plaintiff has the ultimate burden to prove that the exposed person is not a
      smoker, since it is the plaintiff who ultimately must establish a prima facie
      case, if the exposed person is indeed a smoker, to prevent the case from
      being dismissed.

Farnsworth, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91731, 2009-Ohio-3890, ¶ 31-32.

      {¶21} Whether someone is a smoker is a factual determination, not a medical

determination.    Under the law, competent medical authority is necessary to make a

medical determination that an exposed person’s diagnosis of lung cancer was a result of

asbestos exposure, and not from smoking. The General Assembly’s intent of requiring
competent medical authority was for this purpose and not for a determination whether a

person was a smoker.      As the statute reads, a “competent medical authority” is “a

medical doctor who is providing a diagnosis for purposes of constituting prima-facie

evidence of an exposed person’s physical impairment that meets the requirements

specified in section 2307.92 * * *.” R.C. 2307.91(Z). A “competent medical authority”

is not defined as a medical doctor to prove a plaintiff’s smoker status.

       {¶22} To hold the opposite would mean that all plaintiffs, whether a smoker or

nonsmoker, would potentially be required to submit a written report from a competent

medical authority in order to maintain any action alleging an asbestos claim based on lung

cancer of an exposed person. This requirement is contrary to the statute that requires

only certain asbestos litigants provide a written report of a competent medical authority.

See R.C. 2307.92 and 2307.93(A).

       {¶23} Accordingly, plaintiffs are not required to submit “the written report of a

competent medical authority” until it has been determined that they are smokers.

Farnsworth at ¶ 40. This conclusion is consistent with the Tenth District’s observation

that R.C. 2307.92 and 2307.93 fails to impose any requirement upon a nonsmoker

alleging an asbestos claim based on lung cancer to submit evidence via a competent

medical authority to indicate his smoking status.         Penn, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos.

07AP-404, 07AP-405, 07AP-406, and 07AP-407, 2007-Ohio-7145, at ¶ 27.

Accordingly, Union Carbide’s argument on appeal in this case fails much like the

arguments raised by both the plaintiffs and defendants in Farnsworth — neither plaintiffs
nor defendants are required to use competent medical authority to prove a person’s

smoking status. Farnsworth at ¶ 30.

      {¶24} Moreover, the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Renfrow does not require

this court to revisit this issue. Union Carbide contends that the Ohio Supreme Court

made it clear that when the General Assembly requires a plaintiff to provide a report from

a “competent medical authority,” courts may not deviate from that requirement.

      {¶25} In Renfrow, the court was presented with an asbestos litigant who was

attempting to establish a prima facie showing as required under R.C. 2307.92 and

2307.93 to prevent administrative dismissal. The court was asked to review whether

plaintiffs who do not have traditional doctor-patient relationships as described in R.C.

2307.91, like Veteran’s Affairs patients, must still satisfy the minimal medical

requirements in establishing a prima facie case, and, if so, does Ohio law governing

asbestos litigation deprive such litigants their substantive rights granted by the Ohio

Constitution because VA physicians are prohibited from providing an expert report or

opinion.

      {¶26} In response to the first issue, the Ohio Supreme Court held that a

smoker-plaintiff who brings an action alleging an asbestos claim based upon lung cancer

must provide a diagnosis by a competent medical authority that the exposed person has

primary lung cancer and that the exposure to asbestos is a substantial contributing factor.

This requirement applies equally to VA patients.
       {¶27} The Ohio Supreme Court concluded that the physician who issued the report

in support of Gerald Renfrow’s case did not satisfy the definition of “competent medical

authority” because he did not treat Renfrow or have a doctor-patient relationship with him

as required by R.C. 2307.91(Z). Additionally, the report did not establish that Gerald

Renfrow’s exposure to asbestos was the predominate cause of his lung cancer.

       {¶28} However, the court did not decide if a strict application of “competent

medical authority” would be upheld if an asbestos litigant was prohibited from satisfying

the definition of competent medical authority. The Renfrow plaintiff contended that the

“competent medical authority” requirements found under R.C. 2307.91(Z)(2) deprives a

VA asbestos litigant of substantive rights because it requires the litigant to produce an

expert report from the VA physician who are prohibited from giving that expert opinion

under federal law. The Ohio Supreme Court, recognizing this obstacle, noted that while

federal law prohibits a VA physician from giving an expert report, the law does not

prohibit a litigant from issuing a subpoena to a VA official for that expert report. The

Renfrow plaintiff did not issue the subpoena. Therefore, because the plaintiff did not

attempt to subpoena the VA treating physician, the Ohio Supreme Court held that plaintiff

still had an available remedy; thus, no substantive rights were violated.

       {¶29} Therefore, whether R.C. 2307.92 and 2307.93 deprived the plaintiff of a

substantive right under the constitution was not addressed because the case was resolved

on a procedural deficiency, not on substantive grounds.             Therefore, despite the

nontraditional patient who utilize VA physicians, the statutory requirements must still be
met, until it is shown that the asbestos plaintiff has exhausted all attempts to comply and

is prevented under federal law.

       {¶30} Accordingly, as Justice Pfeifer noted in his concurring opinion, “one does

wonder whether the outcome would have been different had counsel subpoenaed the [VA

doctors] who treated Renfrow. At a minimum, that action would have prevented this

court from concluding that Cleo Renfrow had abandoned her efforts to comply with R.C.

2307.92.” Renfrow, 140 Ohio St.3d 371, 2014-Ohio-3666, 18 N.E.3d 1173, at ¶ 34

(Pfeifer, J., concurring).   Thus, the ultimate underlying issue was not resolved —

whether a strict application of law deprives nontraditional patients access to the courts for

asbestos litigation.

       {¶31} Contrary to Union Carbide’s assertion in this appeal, no new guidance was

established by the Ohio Supreme Court in Renfrow regarding how courts should interpret

the laws governing asbestos litigation. The Ohio Supreme Court merely reiterated that,

until it can be proven that an asbestos litigant is prohibited from satisfying the

requirements under Ohio law, to establish a prima facie tort action alleging an asbestos

claim based on lung cancer requires a person who is a smoker to include a diagnosis by a

competent medical authority as defined under R.C. 2307.91(Z) that the exposure to

asbestos is a substantial contributing factor. Renfrow at paragraphs one and two of the

syllabus. That issue is not in dispute in the case before this court. The issue here is

whether competent medical authority is needed to prove a threshold question before
getting to the prima facie evidence stage. That issue was addressed and resolved in

Farnsworth as previously discussed.

       {¶32} Accordingly and following this court’s holding in Farnsworth, the

determination of whether the plaintiff is a smoker is a threshold question that the trial

court considers based on the evidence presented and determines prior to a plaintiff

submitting prima facie evidence pursuant to R.C. 2307.92 and 2307.93.

       {¶33} Although not specifically challenged by Union Carbide, reviewing the

evidence presented to the trial court, the court’s decision finding that Turner does not

meet the statutory definition of a “smoker” is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence. When conducting a manifest weight review, every reasonable presumption

must be made in favor of the trial court’s finding, and when the evidence is susceptible of

more than one construction, reviewing courts are bound to apply an interpretation that is

consistent with the trial court’s decision. CSX II at ¶ 18, citing Eastley v. Volkman, 132

Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 21. “An appellate court should not

substitute its judgment for that of the trial court where some competent and credible

evidence supports the trial court’s factual findings.”     Farnsworth at ¶ 42, quoting

Wisintainer v. Elcen Power Strut Co., 67 Ohio St.3d 352, 355, 617 N.E.2d 1136 (1993),

citing Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984).

       {¶34} The record demonstrates that trial court considered all the evidence

submitted by both parties on the issue. During its review, the trial court attempted to

reconcile an apparent contradiction with Turner’s history of smoking. Additionally, our
review revealed that even within the same medical documents, contradictions appeared

concerning Turner’s smoking history. The court noted that an “overwhelming majority

of notations in Mr. Turner’s medical records support his claim of no recent smoking

history.” The trial court concluded that based on Turner’s medical records, deposition

testimony by Turner and Drs. Kumar and Nunag, and affidavits of friends and relatives, it

was more likely that mistakes were made in the notations in Turner’s medical records

indicating that he was a smoker; or that he was, at best, an occasional cigar smoker.

       {¶35} Accordingly, the record establishes that the trial court had competent,

credible evidence before it to support its decision finding Turner to be a nonsmoker. The

trial court’s decision was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.             Union

Carbide’s assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶36} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellees recover from appellants costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into

execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., A.J., and
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR