Court Opinion

ID: 9960311
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-15 21:10:34.437552+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:19:22.160620
License: Public Domain

04/15/2024
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT JACKSON
                                January 9, 2024 Session

  ALICE CARTWRIGHT GARNER, ET AL. V. THOMASON, HENDRIX,
         HARVEY, JOHNSON & MITCHELL, PLLC, ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                No. CT-3564-19    Robert E. Lee Davies, Senior Judge
                      ___________________________________

                           No. W2022-01636-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

In this case, the plaintiffs sued the former attorneys of her opponent in a multitude of
unsuccessful actions involving family trusts. In their complaint, the plaintiffs argued that
they were damaged by the tortious conduct of the attorneys under the tort of another
doctrine. The defendant-attorneys filed a petition to dismiss under the Tennessee Public
Protection Act. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss on the basis that the act was
inapplicable. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
                                    Remanded

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which KENNY ARMSTRONG
and CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JJ., joined.

Lucian T. Pera, J. Bennett Fox, Jr., and John D. Woods, III, Memphis, Tennessee, for the
appellants, Justin Edward Mitchell, Mitchell Law Firm, LLC, Jerry Edward Mitchell,
Thomason Hendrix, P.C., Thomason, Hendrix, Harvey, Johnson & Mitchell, PLLC, and
Lewis, Thomason, King, Krieg & Waldrop, PC (Memphis).

David Wade, Memphis and Andrew Gardella, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees,
Alice Garner Cartwright, Alan L. Garner, Jackson Capital Partners, Limited Partnership,
and Jackson Capital Management, LLC.

                                        OPINION
                         I.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        Over a period of more than ten years, the beneficiary of certain family trusts filed a
total of seven lawsuits concerning their administration against his sister, as trustee, and
others. This is at least the sixth in a series of appeals involving these parties. See Cartwright
v. Jackson Cap. (Cartwright I), No. W2011-00570-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 1997803
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 5, 2012); Cartwright v. Garner, 751 F.3d 752 (6th Cir. 2014)
[hereinafter “the federal lawsuit”]; Cartwright v. Jackson Cap. (Cartwright II), 478
S.W.3d 596 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015); Cartwright v. Garner (Cartwright III), No. W2016-
01423-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 3814632 (Tenn. Ct. App. August 10, 2018); Cartwright v.
Garner (Cartwright IV), No. W2016-01424-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 4492742 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Sept. 19, 2018).1 Together, we refer to these lawsuits as the “Trust Lawsuits.”2 Having
failed to exhaust their fighting spirit in the prior cases against one another, the siblings each
filed an action against the attorneys who have represented the brother in the Trust Lawsuits.
This appeal involves the claim of the non-client sister against her brother’s attorneys.
A seventh appeal in which the brother sued his own attorneys is also pending before
this Court.3

       The genesis of this appeal involved a dispute between siblings Alan Cartwright and
Plaintiff/Appellee Alice C. Garner over the administration of various trusts by Mrs. Garner
and her husband, Plaintiff/Appellee Alan Garner (together with Mrs. Garner, “the
Garners”).4 After over a decade of litigation in which the Garners prevailed at essentially
every turn, on August 12, 2019, the Garners5 filed a complaint in the Shelby County Circuit
Court (“the trial court”) for damages against Mr. Cartwright’s former attorneys, Jerry E.
Mitchell6 and Justin E. Mitchell, their former law firm,7 and Justin Mitchell’s current law
firm, Mitchell Law Firm, LLC (collectively, “Appellants”).

        1
           Not all of the lawsuits resulted in appeals.
        2
           More details concerning the Trust Lawsuits can be found by reviewing the listed Opinions.
         3
           See Cartwright v. Thomason Hendrix, P.C., et al., No. W2022-01627-COA-R3-CV. By order of
March 2, 2023, the two appeals were consolidated only such that oral argument was held on the same docket
before the same panel. An Opinion reversing the trial court in the companion case is being filed
contemporaneously with this Opinion.
         4
           Because of the procedural posture of this appeal, we take the facts from the complaint.
         5
           The complaint was also filed in the name of Plaintiffs/Appellees Jackson Capital Partners, L.P.
(“JCP”) and Jackson Capital Management, LLC. We use “the Garners” to signify all of the
Plaintiffs/Appellees for clarity.
         6
           After the complaint was filed, Jerry Mitchell died. His son was appointed as his personal
representative and was substituted as a party.
         7
           According to the complaint, the former law firm went through a series of name changes and
mergers. The named parties to the complaint were Thomason, Hendrix, Harvey, Johnson & Mitchell, PLLC;
Thomason Hendrix, P.C.; and Lewis, Thomason, King, Krieg & Waldrop, P.C. The complaint noted that
the claims against the law firms related only to their vicarious liability for the tortious conduct of Jerry and
Justin Mitchell.
                                                     -2-
       The complaint alleged that in 2005, Jerry Mitchell agreed to represent Mr.
Cartwright in a lawsuit filed by Mr. Cartwright’s mother, Betty Goff Cartwright. The
attorney contract provided that Jerry Mitchell would be entitled to a contingency fee of “33
1/3% of the gross proceeds received or recovered on behalf of [Mr.] Cartwright.” The
lawsuit named Mr. Cartwright, Mrs. Garner, and other persons as defendants and sought to
dismantle some of the financial planning that had been put into place by Mrs. Cartwright’s
late husband. In the course of this representation, Mr. Cartwright, by and through Mr.
Mitchell, filed a cross-claim against the other defendants, essentially joining in his
mother’s claims. Mrs. Cartwright died while the matter was pending, and her claims were
settled by her surviving spouse and dismissed. The cross-claim, however, remained
pending, and would be supplemented by five additional lawsuits involving the trusts filed
by Mr. Cartwright, by and through Jerry Mitchell and/or Justin Mitchell, over the next
fourteen years.8 During this time, Justin Mitchell, Jerry Mitchell’s son, also worked on the
matter. The damages sought in these lawsuits ballooned from $10 million to $120 million.

        Each of the Trust Lawsuits was resolved in favor of the Garners and either affirmed
on appeal or not appealed. In general, the courts held that the trust documents were valid,
that the trustees had followed the trust documents, and Mr. Cartwright had received all of
the distributions to which he was entitled.9 In many of the cases, the Garners were awarded
substantial attorney’s fees. See Cartwright II, 478 S.W.3d at 628 (following a remand in
Cartwright I, affirming summary judgment in favor of the Garners, resulting in the
dismissal of all claims by Mr. Cartwright, and affirming the trial court’s award of attorney’s
fees); Cartwright III, 2018 WL 3814632, at *3 (affirming the dismissal of Mr.
Cartwright’s complaint and awarding attorney’s fees against him personally); Cartwright
IV, 2018 WL 4492742, at *9 (same). According to the Garners, there was no reasonable
basis for the filing of any lawsuits after the federal lawsuit in which Jerry Mitchell
acknowledged that further lawsuits would be procedurally barred.

       The complaint further alleged that Mr. Cartwright was an unknowing participant in
this scheme by Appellants.10 Specifically, the Garners alleged that Mr. Cartwright did not
understand the litigation or that judgments had been entered against him. The complaint
further alleged that Jerry Mitchell made false statements to Mr. Cartwright and refused to
allow Mr. Cartwright to communicate with Mrs. Garner. The siblings were finally able to
communicate in August 2015; according to the complaint, however, the Garners only
learned the full extent of Appellants’ allegedly tortious conduct in late 2018 and early 2019.

        8
           The Garners alleged that Appellants were involved in another lawsuit by “ghost” writing a
complaint for Mr. Cartwright. According to the instant complaint, that lawsuit is still pending, but
Appellants do not represent Mr. Cartwright.
        9
          In fact, Mr. Cartwright had received over $1.3 million more than what he was entitled to receive
under the trust documents as written.
        10
           As previously discussed, Mr. Cartwright filed a companion case against Appellants alleging that
he was also damaged by Appellants’ tortious conduct. See Cartwright v. Thomason Hendrix, P.C., et al.,
No. W2022-01627-COA-R3-CV.
                                                  -3-
In particular, the Garners alleged that Mr. Cartwright was shocked by the judgments against
him in Cartwright III and Cartwright IV.

        According to the complaint, Jerry and Justin Mitchell’s false statements were
intended to persuade Mr. Cartwright “to continue to perpetuate meritless litigation for their
own gain with the apparent hope that one of the lawsuits would eventually pay-off in the
form of a contingency-fee award[.]” The Garners also alleged that Jerry Mitchell pressed
Mr. Cartwright to continue the Trust Lawsuits through veiled threats. As the complaint
stated, “Jerry Mitchell’s and Justin Mitchell’s continued pursuit of repetitive lawsuits on
behalf of [Mr.] Cartwright seeking a multi-million dollar settlement was motivated by their
own, personal, financial gain . . . and not in the best interests of their own client.”

       In pursuing these allegedly meritless lawsuits, Appellants depleted the assets at
issue and resulted in significant costs and expenses. As the complaint explained,

       [The Garners] bring this lawsuit to recover damages against Jerry Mitchell
       and Justin Mitchell, and the other law firm defendants, including without
       limitation for (i) the depletion and waste of assets of JCP and its limited
       partners, (ii) the fees, costs and expenses paid to their legal counsel to protect
       their interests and the Trust structures established by the Cartwright family
       by defending against the prior lawsuits that [Appellants] filed on behalf of
       [Mr.] Cartwright, (iii) for loss of time, cost and expenses in defending against
       the lawsuits, (iv) for the legal fees, costs and expenses incurred in
       prosecuting this lawsuit, and (v) the loss of time, costs and expenses in
       prosecuting this lawsuit. All of these damages are a direct and proximate
       cause of [Appellants’] tortious conduct in representing [Mr.] Cartwright and
       their pursuit of objectively unreasonable litigation on behalf of [Mr.]
       Cartwright over the years, which was perpetuated by (a) their tortious
       concealment and failure to inform [Mr.] Cartwright, while under a duty to
       make such disclosures to him, of the actual results of the various lawsuits,
       thereby inducing him through false pretense and hopes of a financial windfall
       to continue to pursue meritless litigation, (b) their failure and/or refusal to
       explain to [Mr.] Cartwright, while under a duty to make such disclosures to
       him, or their failure to explain to him in terms that he could understand, the
       adverse rulings and judgments entered against him in the lawsuits, and (c)
       their use of veiled threats to dissuade [Mr.] Cartwright from terminating the
       lawsuits to his own detriment.

Thus, the Garners alleged that they incurred expenses acting in protection of their interests
in the prior “meritless lawsuits filed and pursued by [Mr.] Cartwright through his counsel
[i.e., Appellants].”

       Appellants filed a motion to dismiss on December 2, 2019, arguing that the
                                        -4-
complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and that it was barred
by the applicable statute of limitations. On May 31, 2022, the Garners then amended their
complaint to delete one claim and to add additional facts relating to the discovery of the
alleged torts.11

        On July 1, 2022, Appellants filed a second motion to dismiss, raising generally the
same arguments as their prior motion. On the same day, Appellants also filed a petition to
dismiss the Garners’ complaint on the basis of Tennessee’s Anti-SLAPP statute,12 the
Tennessee Public Participation Act (“TPPA”). Therein, Appellants argued that the
complaint against them was filed in response to and was based on Appellants’ exercise of
their constitutional right to petition, which was protected by the TPPA. The petition further
noted that the Garners had sought sanctions in the underlying lawsuits, which requests had
been denied or were still pending.13 Appellants asserted that the proper venue for these
claims was therefore within the underlying allegedly frivolous lawsuits at issue. Thus,
Appellants asserted that under the TPPA, the burden shifted to the Garners to establish a
prima facie case—a burden that the Garners could not meet due to the expiration of the
statute of limitations and the fact that the Garners’ tort of another claim failed as a matter
of law.

       The Garners filed responses in opposition to the motion to dismiss and petition to
dismiss on August 1, 2022. The Garners argued, inter alia, that the TPPA was simply not
implicated in this case because the torts alleged were unrelated to the right to petition, but
instead related to the representation of Mr. Cartwright. The Garners further argued that
because Appellants were not named parties in the prior lawsuits, they have no standing
under the TPPA. In the Garners’ view, only Mr. Cartwright would have standing to raise a
TPPA defense. The Garners further asserted that the constitution does not protect frivolous
lawsuits. Finally, the Garners asserted that even if the burden shifted to them, they could
make out a prima facie case against Appellants.

       After each party filed additional responses, the trial court entered an order on
October 21, 2022, denying the petition to dismiss under the TPPA. Therein, the trial court
characterized the Garners’ claims as follows:
        11
            There is no functional difference in the two complaints for purposes of this appeal, so we simply
refer to “the complaint” in this Opinion. When specifically quoting from the complaint, however, we quote
from the amended complaint as it is the operative complaint in this case.
         12
            “The term ‘SLAPP’ stands for ‘strategic lawsuits against public participation,’ meaning lawsuits
which might be viewed as ‘discouraging the exercise of constitutional rights, often intended to silence
speech in opposition to monied interests rather than to vindicate a plaintiff’s right.’” Nandigam Neurology,
PLC v. Beavers, 639 S.W.3d 651, 657 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2021) (quoting Todd Hambidge et al., Speak Up.
Tennessee’s New Anti-SLAPP Statute Provides Extra Protections to Constitutional Rights, 55 Tenn. B.J.,
September 2019, at 14, 14, 15).
         13
            Specifically, the trial court entered an order on July 18, 2018, denying sanctions in Cartwright
IV and Cartwright V. On November 22, 2019, however, the trial court set aside the July 18 order due to a
possible conflict of the prior trial judge. As such, the Rule 11 sanctions appear to be unresolved at this time.
                                                     -5-
        [Appellants] failed and/or neglected to disclose the actual results of the
         various lawsuits that they filed on [Mr.] Cartwright’s behalf, telling [Mr.]
         Cartwright throughout the years that he was winning the lawsuits and
         encouraging him to continue to pursue the litigation, when in fact he was
         not winning and the courts continued to dismiss his lawsuits.
        [Appellants] had persuaded [Mr.] Cartwright, through promises of multi-
         million-dollar financial win falls, to continue to perpetrate meritless
         litigation for their own gain with the apparent hope that one of the
         lawsuits would eventually pay off in the form of a contingency-fee award.
        [Appellants] had pressured [Mr.] Cartwright, in response to his inquiring
         whether he could end the lawsuits, telling him that if he did so, he would
         immediately owe hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Mitchells’ law
         firm for expenses they had advanced during the course of the lawsuits.
        [Appellants] continued pursuit of repetitive lawsuits on behalf [Mr.]
         Cartwright seeking a multi-million-dollar settlement was motivated by
         their own, personal, financial gain to recover the expenses they had
         advanced in the case, and to reap a contingency fee win fall for
         themselves and not in the best interest of [Mr.] Cartwright as their client.

        The trial court then framed the threshold question under the TPPA as “whether
[Appellants] were exercising their right to petition in the underlying lawsuits, thereby
providing them with the protection afforded by the Tennessee Anti-SLAPP statute.” After
citing law from California and Texas,14 the trial court ruled that “a lawsuit by a non-client
alleging causes of action against an attorney in representing the attorney’s client in the
underlying litigation generally will fall within the protection of that state’s Anti-SLAPP
statute which satisfies the first prong of the statute.” But the trial court found that an
“exception to the general rule” must exist when the plaintiff argues that he or she was
“injured by the intentional malpractice of [the defendant attorneys], who breached their
fiduciary duty to their client for their own personal gain in filing these multiple frivolous
lawsuits.” So the trial court found that the petition to dismiss should be denied, but denied
the Garners’ claim for attorney’s fees. This appeal as of right followed. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 20-17-106 (“The court’s order dismissing or refusing to dismiss a legal action
pursuant to a petition filed under this chapter is immediately appealable as a matter of right
to the court of appeals.”).

                                     II.     ISSUES PRESENTED

       14
          See Loanvest I, LLC v. Utrecht, 235 Cal. App. 4th 496, 501, 185 Cal. Rptr. 3d 385, 390 (Cal.
Ct. App. 2015); PrediWave Corp. v. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, LLP, 179 Cal. App. 4th 1204, 1227,
102 Cal. Rptr. 3d 245, 263 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009); Youngkin v. Hines, 546 S.W.3d 676 (Tex. 2018).
                                                -6-
        Appellants raise the following issues, which are taken from their brief:

        1. Whether the trial court erred in concluding that [Appellants’] conduct is
           not protected by the Tennessee Public Participation Act.
        2. Whether the litigation privilege is a complete defense to [the Garners’]
           cause of action.

In response, the Garners assert that the trial court’s denial of the petition to dismiss should
be affirmed. In the event that Appellants prevail on that issue, however, the Garners assert
that this Court should remand to the trial court for consideration of whether they met their
burden under the second prong of the TPPA’s burden-shifting analysis. The Garners also
assert, in the alternative, that any defense under the litigation privilege was waived.

                                     III.     STANDARD OF REVIEW
        The appeal involves the denial of a petition to dismiss under the TPPA. In a typical
case, the denial of a motion to dismiss presents an issue of law, which we review de novo
with no presumption of correctness. Ultsch v. HTI Mem’l Hosp. Corp., 674 S.W.3d 851,
860 (Tenn. 2023). In our review, we accept the factual allegations of the complaint as true.
Id. To the extent that this case also requires that we construe the TPPA, our review is
similarly de novo with no presumption of correctness. Nandigam Neurology, PLC, 639
S.W.3d at 657. As we have explained,

        The polestar of statutory interpretation is the intent and purpose of the
        legislature in enacting the statute. We begin by reading the words of the
        statutes using their plain and ordinary meaning in the context in which the
        words appear. When the language is clear and unambiguous, we look no
        further than the language of the statute itself to determine its meaning.

Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (citing Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co.
v. Memphis Light, Gas & Water, 578 S.W.3d 26, 30 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018)).15

                                             IV.      ANALYSIS
       In this appeal, we must determine whether the trial court erred in denying
Appellants’ petition to dismiss the complaint on the basis of the TPPA. The stated purpose
of the TPPA is “to encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights of persons to petition,
to speak freely, to associate freely, and to participate in government to the fullest extent
permitted by law and, at the same time, protect the rights of persons to file meritorious

        15
          At various points, the parties also characterize the issues in this case as involving standing. The
question of whether a party has standing is also a question of law, which we likewise review de novo.
Massengale v. City of E. Ridge, 399 S.W.3d 118, 123 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012) (citing Cox v. Shell Oil Co.,
196 S.W.3d 747, 758 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)).
                                                   -7-
lawsuits for demonstrable injury.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-102.16

        The TPPA provides that “[i]f a legal action is filed in response to a party’s exercise
of the right of free speech, right to petition, or right of association, that party may petition
the court to dismiss the legal action.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-104(a). This case involves
only the right to petition. The exercise of the right to petition is defined as follows:

        “Exercise of the right to petition” means a communication that falls within
        the protection of the United States Constitution or the Tennessee Constitution
        and:

                 (A) Is intended to encourage consideration or review of an issue by a
                 federal, state, or local legislative, executive, judicial, or other
                 governmental body; or
                 (B) Is intended to enlist public participation in an effort to effect
                 consideration of an issue by a federal, state, or local legislative,
                 executive, judicial, or other governmental body . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-103(4).

        If the petitioning party meets their burden to “make a prima facie case that a legal
action against the petitioning party is based on, relates to, or is in response to that party’s
exercise of the . . . right to petition,” then “the court shall dismiss the legal action unless
the responding party establishes a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim
in the legal action.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(a), (b). Additionally, “the court shall
dismiss the legal action if the petitioning party establishes a valid defense to the claims in
the legal action.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(c). When considering a petition filed under
the TPPA, the court may consider “supporting and opposing sworn affidavits stating
admissible evidence upon which the liability or defense is based and on other admissible
evidence presented by the parties.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(d). If an action is
dismissed based on a TPPA petition, the court “shall award to the petitioning party . . .
[c]ourt costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, discretionary costs, and other expenses” and other
relief “necessary to deter repetition of the conduct by the party who brought the legal action
or by others similarly situated.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-107(a). If, however, the court

        16
           The Garners assert that Appellants cannot meet this purpose because they were not “meritorious”
in the Trust Lawsuits. Assuming arguendo that this language provides any mandates governing this issue
rather than the more specific statutory provisions set forth below, we note that the Garners misapprehend
the language of section 20-17-102. This provision provides that the purpose of the statute is to protect the
constitutional free speech, free association, and free petition rights of persons, while also protecting the
rights of persons to file meritorious actions. Thus, this portion of the statute explains that the intent is to
balance the rights of defendants to exercise their constitutional rights with the rights of plaintiffs to file
meritorious actions against them. In other words, the second portion of the sentence does not equate to a
requirement that a defendant only has a right to petition so long as he or she is meritorious.
                                                    -8-
finds that the petition was frivolous or filed solely for purposes of delay, the court may
award costs and reasonable attorney’s fees to the party opposing the TPPA petition. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 20-17-107(b).

       In this case, Appellants filed a petition for dismissal under the TPPA, arguing that
the Garners’ complaint falls within the purview of the TPPA and should be dismissed. In
support of their contention that the trial court erred in dismissing their petition, Appellants
note that the TPPA should be construed broadly and that their actions in filing lawsuits on
behalf of their client should be protected by the TPPA. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-102
(“This chapter . . . shall be construed broadly to effectuate its purposes and intent.”).
Moreover, they note that the central focus of the Garners’ complaint is the six prior lawsuits
filed by Mr. Cartwright by and through Appellants, the defense of which the Garners
contend caused them damages. So then, Appellants assert that the Garners’ lawsuit is a
legal action “based on, relate[d] to, or [] in response to” Appellants’ communications
seeking review of an issue by a state judicial body. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 20-17-105(a), -
103(4). Appellants therefore assert that they met their burden to make a prima facie case
that the TPPA is applicable and that the burden then shifted to the Garners to establish a
prima facie case for their cause of action. Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(b).

      In response, the Garners raise several arguments in an effort to establish that the
TPPA is not applicable here.17 The Garners first assert that their lawsuit is not governed by
the TPPA because it is not based on, related to, or in response to the lawsuits filed by Mr.
Cartwright by and through Appellants. This argument is easily dispensed with. While the
Garners couch their cause of action under the “tort of another” doctrine,18 “the plaintiff’s

        17
            In addition to their statutory arguments, the Garners also argue that Appellants’ TPPA petition
should have been dismissed because it was untimely. Tennessee Code Annotated section 20-17-104(b)
provides that a TPPA petition “may be filed within sixty (60) calendar days from the date of service of the
legal action or, in the court’s discretion, at any later time that the court deems proper.” The Garners assert
that Appellants’ petition was untimely, as it was filed nearly three years after service of process on the
initial complaint. But the TPPA petition was filed within sixty calendar days of the filing of the amended
complaint. The trial court did not specifically rule on this argument in its order, suggesting that the trial
court exercised its discretion to allow the TPPA petition under these circumstances. The Garners have not
shown that the trial court abused its discretion in that decision. Still, given the trial court’s silence on this
issue, the parties are not foreclosed from re-litigating this issue upon remand.
         18
            The tort of another doctrine provides as follows:

        One who through the tort of another has been required to act in the protection of his
        interests by bringing or defending an action against a third person is entitled to recover
        reasonable compensation for loss of time, attorney fees and other expenditures thereby
        suffered or incurred in the earlier action.

Whitelaw v. Brooks, 138 S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (quoting Pullman Standard, Inc. v. Abex
Corp., 693 S.W.2d 336, 340 (Tenn. 1985)). This doctrine is utilized to avoid the American Rule, which
generally provides that parties must pay their own attorney’s fees, absent a contract, statute, or other
recognized circumstance. HCTec Partners, LLC v. Crawford, 676 S.W.3d 619, 644 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2022).
                                                     -9-
choice of what cause of action to plead matters little” in determining whether the TPPA
applies. Nandigam Neurology, 639 S.W.3d at 658 (quoting Sandholm v. Kuecker, 356 Ill.
Dec. 733, 962 N.E.2d 418, 427 (Ill. 2012)).

       Here, there can be no reasonable conclusion from reading the Garners’ complaint
other than that it was filed in response to, or at least, relates to, the filing of the Trust
Lawsuits. Relate, Webster’s New World College Dictionary (5th ed. 2014) (defining
“relate” as, inter alia, “having to do with”). As previously discussed, the complaint details
the multitude of Trust Lawsuits filed against the Garners, the Garners’ success in defending
each lawsuit, and the damages the Garners assert that they incurred “in defending against
the lawsuits[.]” Moreover, the Garners allege that Appellants’ tortious conduct involves
Appellants’ “pursuit of meritless litigation” against the Garners. In other words, the
Garners allege that they were damaged by Appellants’ participation in the filing of petitions
against them. So then, we must conclude that the Garners’ claim, at least, relates to a
communication seeking review before a state government body as required by the TPPA.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-103(4).

       Still, the Garners argue that the TPPA does not apply to Appellants because they
did not “establish that they were a party to the prior Trust Lawsuits.” Because Appellants
were not parties to any of the prior seven lawsuits involving the trusts, the Garners argue
that they lack standing under the TPPA. We agree that there can be no dispute that
Appellants were not parties to any of the prior litigation. We disagree, however, that the
language of the TPPA includes that requirement.

        In relevant part, the TPPA provides that petitioning parties, in this case Appellants,
meet their burden as to the first prong of the TPPA by making a prima facie case that “a
legal action against the petitioning party is based on, relates to, or is in response to that
party’s exercise of the right of free speech, right to petition, or right of association[.]” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 20-17-105(a) (emphasis added). Nothing in the above language requires a
prior lawsuit to which the petitioning party was also a party. All that is required is that the
petitioning party be a party to the instant action—a requirement that Appellants clearly
meet. Indeed, it would defy logic to impose a prior lawsuit burden on the “that party[]”
requirement, as this language applies not only to the right to petition, but also the right of
free speech and the right of association. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(a). These rights,
of course, do not always implicate litigation. And indeed, the right to petition does not
necessarily implicate court action, as it also applies to other types of applications for review
before other government bodies. So then, we conclude that this argument lacks merit.

        The Garners make a similar argument that their complaint is not based on, related
to, or in response to Appellants’ exercise of the right to petition because only Mr.
Cartwright was petitioning in the underlying litigation. In the Garners’ view, only Mr.
Cartwright was exercising his right to petition, and therefore, Appellants had no petitioning
activity to protect. As the trial court noted, however, courts that have considered this issue
                                              - 10 -
have held that attorneys acting on behalf of clients are exercising the right to petition. As
the trial court explained

        The California and Texas courts appear to agree that a lawsuit by a non-client
        alleging causes of action against an attorney in representing the attorney’s
        client in the underlying litigation generally will fall within the protection of
        that state’s Anti-SLAPP statute[,] which satisfies the first prong of the
        statute. This general rule regarding non-clients suing an attorney would also
        apply [] to the TPPA.

In support, the trial court cited Youngkin v. Hines, 546 S.W. 3d 676 (Tex. 2018),19 and
Peregrine Funding, Inc. v. Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP, 133 Cal. App. 4th
658, 35 Cal. Rptr. 3d 31 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).20

      On appeal, the Garners cite no law in which a court anywhere in the United States
has come to an opposite conclusion, either within the context of an anti-SLAPP statute or
otherwise,21 nor do they argue that the Texas and California courts reached the wrong
conclusion based on constitutional jurisprudence.22 Rather, they merely argue that this case

        19
            In Youngkin, the Texas Supreme Court held that the Texas anti-SLAPP statute applied to a claim
by a non-client against an attorney related to the attorney’s action in dictating an agreement into the court
record during a trial. Id. at 681. In reaching this result, the court specifically rejected the non-client’s
argument that the attorney was required to show that he was exercising his “personal First Amendment
rights” as an “attempt to add a requirement to the statute that does not exist in its text.” Id. at 680–81.
         20
            In Peregrine Funding, the California Court of Appeals held that California’s anti-SLAPP statute
applied to claims against an attorney surrounding the attorney’s efforts to oppose Securities and Exchange
Commission restraining orders. Id. at 671. But see PrediWave Corp., 179 Cal. App. 4th at 1228, 102 Cal.
Rptr. 3d at 263 (disagreeing with Peregrine Funding to the extent that it allowed an anti-SLAPP action by
a client against its own attorney, but agreeing that the California anti-SLAPP statute “protect[s] qualifying
statements made or conduct undertaken by a person on another person’s behalf against a cause of action by
a third person”).
         21
            But see, e.g., Jacoby & Meyers, LLP v. Presiding Justs. of the First, Second, Third & Fourth
Dep’ts, App. Div. of the Sup. Ct. of N.Y., 852 F.3d 178, 187 (2d Cir. 2017) (holding, in the context of a
challenge to a rule prohibiting non-lawyer investment in law practices, that the line of cases cited “do not
establish that an attorney is entitled to access the court on a client’s behalf, at least not under the First
Amendment rights to petition or association”). Still courts have held that, even applying this rule, “[w]hen
the lawyers’ own expressive interests align with [a client’s First Amendment] rights, the lawyers themselves
may have a cognizable First Amendment interest in pursuing the litigation.” Powers v. Cnty. of Suffolk,
No. CV 15-5116, 2017 WL 2465168, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. June 6, 2017) (citing Jacoby & Meyers,
852 F.3d at 187). Of course, in this case, the Garners allege that it is Appellants’ own interests that led them
to pursue the allegedly frivolous litigation against the Garners, with Mr. Cartwright as essentially an
unknowing patsy to their scheme. So then, the allegations of this particular case appear to meet even this
heightened requirement.
         22
            In fact, they insist that Appellants, having relied on the California and Texas precedent in the
trial court, should not be able to avoid the application of those precedents in this appeal and have waived
any argument otherwise. As discussed infra, however, the trial court ruled that despite the general rule
expressed in these opinions, a different rule would be applicable to this case. We do not find waiver in this
                                                    - 11 -
does not fall within the general rule due to the specific allegations raised in their complaint
or the specific language of the TPPA, which we have addressed supra. As such, we accept
as true for purposes of this appeal the trial court’s conclusion that, in general, an attorney
representing a client in court is exercising the constitutional right to petition. See Forbess
v. Forbess, 370 S.W.3d 347, 356 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (holding that an appellee can waive
an argument that it fails to properly raise when it is seeking affirmative relief from the trial
court’s ruling).

        Although they object to any characterization of their arguments as exceptions to this
general rule or the TPPA, the Garners next argue that certain considerations take this case
out of the ambit of the general rule noted above. First, they emphasize that the filing of
frivolous lawsuits is not protected by either the Tennessee or United States Constitutions.
Thus, they assert that Appellants’ actions did not meet the definition of an exercise of the
right to petition under the TPPA because they do not “fall[] within the protection of the
United States Constitution or the Tennessee Constitution[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-
103(4) (defining the exercise of the right to petition).

        It is true that the federal courts have generally held that frivolous lawsuits are not
entitled to protection under the United States Constitution. See United States v. Cabrera,
811 F.3d 801, 816 (6th Cir. 2016) (stating that there is “no constitutional right to file
frivolous litigation” (quoting United States v. Miller, 531 F.3d 340, 351 (6th Cir. 2008));
Wolfe v. George, 486 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Just as false statements are not
immunized by the First Amendment right to freedom of speech, . . . baseless litigation is
not immunized by the First Amendment right to petition.” (quoting Bill Johnson’s Rests.,
Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 461 U.S. 731, 743, 103 S. Ct. 2161, 2170, 76 L. Ed. 2d 277 (1983))).
Moreover, Appellants have not asserted that the Tennessee Constitution offers additional
protections beyond the United States Constitution in this context. Cf. State v. Vaughn, 29
S.W.3d 33, 39 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (“Our Supreme Court has held that, in certain
contexts. Article I, § 19 of the Tennessee Constitution is ‘coextensive with the scope of the
First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.’” (quoting Davis-Kidd Booksellers, Inc. v.
McWherter, 866 S.W.2d 520, 525 (Tenn. 1993))).

        We do not agree, however, that this allegation prevents application of the TPPA. In
general, the burden is on the party asserting that a claim is frivolous. See Project Creation,
Inc. v. Neal, No. M1999-01272-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 950175, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 21, 2001) (citing McGaugh v. Galbreath, 996 S.W.2d 186, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)
(involving sanctions under Rule 11 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure)); see also
5 Am. Jur. 2d Appellate Review § 825; 20 C.J.S. Costs § 213; cf. Coppedge v. United
States, 369 U.S. 438, 447–48, 82 S. Ct. 917, 922, 8 L. Ed. 2d 21 (1962) (“Since our statutes
and rules make an appeal in a criminal case a matter of right, the burden of showing that
that right has been abused through the prosecution of frivolous litigation should, at all

circumstance.
                                             - 12 -
times, be on the party making the suggestion of frivolity. It is not the burden of the
petitioner to show that his appeal has merit, in the sense that he is bound, or even likely, to
prevail ultimately.”). And indeed, the Garners’ attempts to be awarded sanctions under
Rule 11 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure related to the alleged frivolity of the
underlying actions have so far not been resolved in their favor. Thus, at this juncture no
court has ever held that the claims in the underlying lawsuits were frivolous.23

        Thus, the question of frivolity as it pertains to the Garners’ cause of action is akin
to the question of falsity in a defamation action. Again, like a frivolous claim, a false
statement is generally not afforded constitutional protection. See Bill Johnson’s Rests.,
461 U.S. at 743, 103 S. Ct. at 2170. But the burden to show the falsity of a statement is on
the party asserting the defamation claim. Wagner v. Fleming, 139 S.W.3d 295, 302 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Pate v. Serv. Merch. Co., 959 S.W.2d 569, 573 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1996)). The fact that a plaintiff claims that a statement is false for purposes of defamation,
however, does not defeat a defendant’s assertion that the TPPA applies to such a claim.
Indeed, if that were the case, no defendant could ever meet its burden under the first prong
of the TPPA burden-shifting framework, as the TPPA likewise defines an “[e]xercise of
the right of free speech” as “a communication made in connection with a matter of public
concern or religious expression that falls within the protection of the United States
Constitution or the Tennessee Constitution[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-103(3). Instead,
this Court has held that a defendant has met his or her burden under the first prong of the
TPPA despite the fact that the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily alleges that the
communication at issue was false, as that is the very nature of a defamation claim. See
Nandigam Neurology, 639 S.W.3d at 668 (holding that “the communication at issue was
an exercise of Defendant’s right of free speech as that right is defined for purposes of the
TPPA[,]” despite the plaintiff alleging that it was defamatory); Doe v. Roe, 638 S.W.3d
614, 620 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2021) (holding that the defendant’s filing of a Title IX complaint
was “an exercise of free speech that comes within the purview of the TPPA[,]” despite the
plaintiff’s allegation that it was defamatory).24 Indeed, it would be fairly absurd to construe
the TPPA as inapplicable to claims of defamation, as a defamation claim is a textbook
example of a SLAPP. See Nandigam Neurology, 639 S.W.3d at 658 (noting that SLAPPs
“include myriad causes of action, including defamation” (quoting Sandholm, 962 N.E.2d
        23
            Specifically, on July 18, 2018, the trial court in Cartwright IV and Cartwright V found that
Appellants had not engaged in sanctionable conduct and that, in general, Appellants’ actions were
“objectively reasonable” under the circumstances. This order, however, was later set aside and proceedings
on the Garners’ request for sanctions are ongoing. The Garners have also previously asked this Court to
award them attorney’s fees incurred in defending against a frivolous appeal. Twice we have awarded fees,
but under a different statute in which frivolity is not required. Once we denied the request for fees altogether.
See Cartwright II, 478 S.W.3d at 628 (denying the Garner’s request for frivolous appeal attorney’s fees);
Cartwright III, 2018 WL 3814632, at *3 (awarding fees under Tenn. Code Ann. § 35-15-1004(a));
Cartwright IV, 2018 WL 4492742, at *9 (same).
         24
            In Doe, this Court also specifically rejected the plaintiff’s argument that the defendant had to
establish that she made a “truthful statement” for purposes of her right to petition claim, as nothing in the
TPPA contained such a requirement. Id. at 622–23.
                                                     - 13 -
at 427)); see also Yebuah v. Ctr. for Urological Treatment, PLC, 624 S.W.3d 481, 486
(Tenn. 2021) (“In construing statutes, Tennessee law provides that courts are to avoid a
construction that leads to absurd results.”). Thus, the truth or falsity of an allegedly
defamatory statement need not be addressed in the first prong of the TPPA framework, but
rather in the second prong, where the burden rests on the plaintiff. Cf. Pragnell v. Franklin,
No. E2022-00524-COA-R3-CV, 2023 WL 2985261, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 18, 2023)
(considering the falsity of the statements relative to whether the plaintiffs met their burden
to prove defamation, including that “the statements were false and made with knowledge
of their falsity”). Because the burden is likewise on the Garners to prove the frivolity of
the prior lawsuits, this question is also properly addressed under the second prong of the
TPPA analysis.

        We also note that courts who have addressed similar issues have come to similar
conclusions. For example, in Seltzer v. Barnes, the plaintiff sued, among others, an
attorney who had represented an opposing party during settlement negotiations. 182 Cal.
App. 4th 953, 958–59, 106 Cal. Rptr. 3d 290, 294 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010). The defendant
attorney sought to dismiss the claims against him under California’s anti-SLAPP statute.
Id. at 959, 106 Cal. Rptr. at 295. The plaintiff did not dispute that settlement negotiations
were generally protected activity under the right to petition, but argued that the specific
settlement negotiations at issue were not constitutionally protected because they were
unlawful. Id. at 964–65, 106 Cal. Rptr. at 298–99. The California Court of Appeals held,
however, that despite these allegations, the defendant was not required to show that “his
actions were constitutionally protected as a matter of law.” Id. Rather, the court held that
this issue was for the plaintiff to establish in the second prong of the anti-SLAPP burden-
shifting framework. Id. (citing Fox Searchlight Pictures, Inc. v. Paladino, 89 Cal. App.
4th 294, 305, 106 Cal. Rptr. 2d 906, 916 (Cal. Ct. App. 2001) (holding that this argument
“confuses the threshold question of whether the SLAPP statute applies with the question”
under the second prong of the analysis)); see also Seltzer, 182 Cal. App. 4th at 961, 106
Cal. Rptr. 3d at 296 (noting that the California anti-SLAPP statute establishes a two-part
test wherein first the defendant demonstrates that the act is applicable and second the
plaintiff demonstrates a likelihood of success on the merits).25 We likewise conclude that
the Garners’ allegation that Appellants’ actions resulted in the filing of frivolous lawsuits
is therefore not a bar to application of the first prong of the TPPA.

       Finally, we address the trial court’s basis for declining to apply its own general rule
of TPPA applicability in this case—that such a rule does not apply when the plaintiff
alleges “intentional malpractice of [the defendant attorneys], who breached their fiduciary
duty to their client for their own personal gain in filing these multiple frivolous lawsuits.”
In reaching this result, the trial court relied on both Texas and California law.

        25
           Although we conclude, infra, that the proof needed to meet the first prong under the TPPA is
different than the California anti-SLAPP statute, the Garners do not dispute that both the California statute
and the TPPA contain similar two-prong burden-shifting mechanisms.
                                                   - 14 -
        In particular, the trial court noted that in determining the applicability of California’s
anti-SLAPP law against attorneys, the claims had been divided into three classes: “(1)
clients’ causes of action against attorneys based upon the attorneys’ acts on behalf of those
clients, (2) clients’ causes of action against attorneys based upon statements or conduct
solely on behalf of different clients, and (3) non-clients’ causes of action against attorneys.”
PrediWave Corp., 179 Cal. App. 4th at 1227, 102 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 263. Because a claim of
the first class is not being brought “primarily to chill the exercise of constitutional rights[,]”
and the attorney’s alleged misconduct was not an act “in furtherance” of his or her
constitutional rights, the California court held that it was unreasonable to apply the anti-
SLAPP statute to such a claim. Id. at 1227–28, 102 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 263 (first quoting Cal.
Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(a); then quoting Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 425.16(b)(1)).

        Utilizing the language employed by the California court, the trial court explained
that the relevant inquiry was “whether [the Garners’] cause of action itself was based on
an act in furtherance of [Appellants’] right of petition.” But because the Garners alleged
that Appellants breached their fiduciary duty to Mr. Cartwright “for their own personal
gain,” Appellants were not acting in furtherance of “their client’s interest.” Thus, the trial
court concluded that this situation fell into a gap that the Texas court had specifically
determined was “outside the scope” of the issue before it: “[w]hether an attorney may be
liable to non-clients for conduct engaged in to benefit the lawyer personally, as opposed to
the client[.]” Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 683 n.3.26 The trial court therefore concluded that
it would apply “an exception to the general rule” such that Appellants were not entitled to
the protection of the TPPA.

       Respectfully, we cannot agree with the trial court’s analysis. As an initial matter,
we note that neither PrediWave nor Youngkin involve the type of claim at issue here: a
claim by a non-client that an opposing party’s attorneys were acting in their own self-
interest in filing multiple frivolous lawsuits that caused the non-client financial damage.

        26
           We further note that the Youngkin court made this pronouncement outside the context of the first
prong of Texas’s anti-SLAPP statute. Rather, after concluding that the TPPA was applicable under the first
prong, without any discussion of whether the attorney’s actions benefitted him personally, the Texas court
proceeded to consider the second prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis, i.e., whether the non-client established
sufficient evidence for each essential element of his claims. Id. at 681. Under this prong, the court
considered the affirmative defense of attorney immunity and explained that “an attorney may be liable to
nonclients only for conduct outside the scope of his representation of his client or for conduct foreign to the
duties of a lawyer.” Id. (citation omitted). But the court noted that it was not the wrongfulness of the
conduct, but “the kind of conduct at issue” that determined liability. Id. (citation omitted). This means that
an attorney may be liable under Texas law to a non-client when his or her actions “do not qualify as the
kind of conduct in which an attorney engages when discharging his duties to his client[,]” such as engaging
in a fraudulent business scheme with his client, knowingly assisting a client in evading a judgment, or
assaulting opposing counsel, as these “acts are entirely foreign to the duties of an attorney[.]” Cantey
Hanger, LLP v. Byrd, 467 S.W.3d 477, 482 (Tex. 2015) (citations omitted). As noted infra, we do not
reach the question of whether Appellants have established a defense under the litigation privilege as it exists
in Tennessee law.
                                                    - 15 -
While the decisions of our sister states may be persuasive in this Court, “[i]t is axiomatic
that judicial decisions do not stand for propositions that were neither raised by the parties
nor actually addressed by the court.” Staats v. McKinnon, 206 S.W.3d 532, 550 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2006) (citing Shousha v. Matthews Drivurself Serv., Inc., 210 Tenn. 384, 390, 358
S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tenn. 1962)). As such, these cases offer little guidance as to whether the
Appellants met their burden under the first prong of the TPPA in the particular
circumstances of this case.

        Additionally, to the extent that the trial court appeared to place heavy reliance on its
conclusion that Appellants’ actions were not in furtherance of a right to petition, that
language does not exist in the TPPA.27 Specifically, the California anti-SLAPP statute
states that it applies to “[a] cause of action against a person arising from any act of that
person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States
Constitution or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue[.]” Cal. Civ.
Proc. Code § 425.16(b) (emphasis added). The plain language of the TPPA contains no
such requirement.

        Moreover, the California act further clarifies that an “act in furtherance of a person’s
right of petition” means, inter alia, nothing more than a “any written or oral statement or
writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding[.]” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code
§ 425.16(e) (emphasis added). So then, any written statement made before a court is an act
in furtherance of the right to petition under California law. The Trust Lawsuits filed by Mr.
Cartwright by and through Appellants clearly meet this definition.

       Other California decisions have made clear that it is not necessarily the “in
furtherance of” language that limits the application of California’s anti-SLAPP statute, but
the “arising from” language. Indeed, this language has been central to various courts’
conclusions that anti-SLAPP protection did not apply to claims by a client against his or
her own former attorney. See, e.g., Kolar v. Donahue, McIntosh & Hammerton, 145 Cal.
App. 4th 1532, 1539–40, 52 Cal. Rptr. 3d 712, 716 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006); see also Deep
Photonics Corp. v. LaChapelle, 282 Or. App. 533, 546–47, 385 P.3d 1126, 1135 (Or. Ct.
App. 2016) (relying on the same language in the Oregon anti-SLAPP statute). Specifically,
California courts have held that the “‘arising from’ requirement is not always easily met[.]”
Kolar, 145 Cal. App. 4th at 1537, 52 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 716 (citing Equilon Enters. v.
Consumer Cause, Inc., 29 Cal. 4th 53, 66, 52 P.3d 685, 693 (Cal. 2002)). For example,
“the mere fact an action was filed after protected activity took place does not mean it arose
from that activity.” Equilon Enters., 29 Cal. 4th at 66, 52 P.3d at 693. Nor is an act
“triggered by” or “associated with” a protected act enough to necessarily conclude that it
arises from the act. Kolar, 145 Cal. App. 4th at 1537, 52 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 716 (citation

        27
          As discussed more fully in the companion to this case, the TPPA also does not include express
language limiting its application to acts that “primarily” chill petitioning activity. Cartwright Thomason
Hendrix, No. W2022-01627-COA-R3-CV.
                                                 - 16 -
omitted). Instead, “the act underlying the plaintiff’s cause or the act which forms the basis
for the plaintiff’s cause of action must itself have been an act in furtherance of the right of
petition or free speech.” Equilon Enters., 29 Cal. 4th at 66, 52 P.3d at 693 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).

        The language of the TPPA, however, is broader in that it applies to an action that
“is based on, relates to, or is in response to that party’s exercise of the . . . right to
petition[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(a). “This Court presumes that the General
Assembly used each word in a statute deliberately, and that the use of each word conveys
a specific purpose and meaning.” State v. Strode, 232 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tenn. 2007) (noting
that “we must give effect to every word, phrase, clause, and sentence in constructing a
statute” (quoting State v. Jennings, 130 S.W.3d 43, 46 (Tenn. 2004))). The Tennessee
General Assembly’s use of the phrase “relates to” is particularly expansive and equates
fairly closely to the “associated with” relationship that the California courts have rejected.
See Relate, Webster’s New World College Dictionary (discussed, supra). Consequently,
whether Appellants were acting in their own best interests or the best interests of Mr.
Cartwright in filing the Trust Lawsuits, there can simply be no reasonable reading of the
Garners’ complaint other than that the instant action both relates to and was filed in
response to the Trust Lawsuits. Indeed, the Garners allege that it was those very lawsuits,
i.e., Appellants’ “pursuit of objectively unreasonable litigation,” that caused their
injuries.28

       In sum, we conclude that the trial court’s decision to engraft an exception to the
general applicability of the TPPA to Appellants’ actions in this case is not supported by
the plain language of the TPPA. Instead, we conclude that Appellants met their burden to
establish the first prong of the TPPA. The trial court’s ruling that Appellants’ petition be
dismissed on this basis is reversed. The burden therefore shifted to the Garners to
“establish[] a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim in the legal action.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(b). In the alternative, Appellants may “establish[] a valid
defense to the claims in the legal action.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-17-105(c).

       Appellants assert that this Court should dismiss the Garners’ complaint because they
have established several defenses to the action, including the litigation privilege, the
inapplicability of the tort of another doctrine, and the expiration of the applicable statute
of limitations. The Garners respond that these issues were not properly preserved on appeal
or are not ripe for review in this appeal because they were not ruled on by the trial court.
We agree on the latter.

       In general, this Court only reviews issues that are presented and decided by the trial

       28
          Furthermore, unlike the companion case in which the plaintiff’s involvement with Appellants
stems from an attorney-client fiduciary relationship, here the relationship between the Garners and
Appellants stems solely from their participation in litigation.
                                               - 17 -
court. See Dorrier v. Dark, 537 S.W.2d 888, 890 (Tenn. 1976) (“This is a court of appeals
and errors, and we are limited in authority to the adjudication of issues that are presented
and decided in the trial courts. . . .”); In re Estate of Boykin, 295 S.W.3d 632, 636 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2008). In other words, “when the trial court fails to address an issue in the first
instance, this Court will not consider the issue, but will instead remand for the trial court
to make a determination in the first instance.” Mid-S. Maint. Inc. v. Paychex Inc., No.
W2014-02329-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 4880855, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 14, 2015).
This rule has been applied even when our review is de novo. See, e.g., Johnson v.
Rutherford Cnty., No. M2017-00618-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 369774, at *9 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Jan. 11, 2018) (“[T]he trial court did not rule on [the] motion for summary judgment;
therefore, this Court could not address it in the first instance.” (citing Dorrier, 537 S.W.2d
at 890)).

       Here, the trial court denied Appellants’ motion to dismiss solely on the basis that
Appellants had not met the first prong of the TPPA burden-shifting framework. We
therefore conclude that the proper remedy is to remand to the trial court for consideration
of these remaining issues.

                                     V.      CONCLUSION
       The judgment of the Shelby County Circuit Court is reversed, and this cause is
remanded to the trial court for further proceedings as are necessary and consistent with this
Opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Appellees, Alice C. Garner, Alan C. Garner,
Jackson Capital Partners, L.P., and Jackson Capital Management, LLC, for which
execution may issue if necessary.

                                                     S/ J. Steven Stafford
                                                     J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

                                            - 18 -