Court Opinion

ID: 4302849
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-10 17:01:49.400526+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:02:34.052658
License: Public Domain

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               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

SARAH M. WHALEN,                )
                                )                       Supreme Court No. S-16200
                Appellant,      )
                                )                       Superior Court No. 3AN-15-03474 CI
     v.                         )
                                )                       OPINION
SEAN PATRICK WHALEN,            )
                                )                       No. 7268 – August 10, 2018
                Appellee.       )
_______________________________ )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third

              Judicial District, Anchorage, Frank A. Pfiffner, Judge.

              Appearances: Gregory R. Henrikson, Walker & Eakes,

              Anchorage, for Appellant. No appearance by Appellee Sean

              Patrick Whalen. Christine Pate, Sitka, for Amicus Curiae

              Alaska Network on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault.

              Elizabeth Hague, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer,

              Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae Domestic Violence

              Legal Empowerment and Appeals Project.

              Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, Bolger,

              and Carney, Justices.

              STOWERS, Chief Justice.

              MAASSEN, Justice, with whom WINFREE, Justice, joins, dissenting in

              part.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              Sarah and Sean Whalen’s relationship had been plagued by domestic
violence prior to the incidents involved in this appeal. Sarah had petitioned for multiple
domestic violence protective orders against Sean, some of which had been granted. In
November 2015 Sarah filed a petition for a long-term domestic violence protective order
against Sean. The superior court ruled that she could not rely on Sean’s past history of
domestic violence alone to obtain a new protective order but had to show that Sean had
committed a new incident of domestic violence since the previous protective order. The
court also found that Sarah had not proved any new incident and denied her petition.
Sarah appeals, arguing that she should be allowed to rely on past incidents of domestic
violence that had supported past protective orders to obtain a new protective order. In
the alternative she argues that there had been a new incident of domestic violence. We
affirm the superior court’s denial of the petition for a domestic violence protective order.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              Sarah M. Whalen and Sean Patrick Whalen married in May 2004 and have
three children. They separated in April 2012. In June 2015 the superior court issued a
decree of divorce.
              Sarah had petitioned for and received multiple domestic violence protective
orders against Sean, most recently in September 2014. In September 2015 Sarah filed
a request to modify the September 2014 protective order. Because most provisions of
long-term protective orders last for only one year,1 this was effectively a request to renew
or extend an expiring order. Sarah used a court-form domestic violence petition to file
her motion. On the form, she selected the option to request that the court “modify the
. . . long-term protective order issued in this case as follows” and wrote, “Extend the
order for an additional year and modify visitation.” In the section for “reason(s) for this
request” she wrote that she was “still in fear” of Sean for herself and for their children.

       1
              See AS 18.66.100(b)(2).

                                            -2-                                       7268
             The superior court held a hearing in November 2015 and orally denied the
motion. The court explained that Sarah could not get an extension of a previously issued
protective order but would have to file a petition for a new long-term protective order.
Sarah did not appeal this ruling.
             Later that month Sarah filed a petition for ex parte and long-term domestic
violence protective orders.2 In the petition she recounted a recent incident involving
Sean and the children at a lake and described Sean’s history of domestic violence. The
superior court held a hearing in December 2015. Sarah and Sean testified. Sarah was
represented by counsel; Sean represented himself. The court explained at the outset of
the hearing that under the domestic violence protective order statute a party could not
receive a new protective order where a prior protective order had been issued unless
there was a new incident of domestic violence. The court instructed Sarah not to present
evidence of incidents of domestic violence that occurred before her last protective order
was issued. In accordance with this instruction the parties gave testimony only
concerning incidents that took place after the September 2014 order.
             Testimony addressed three separate incidents: Sarah alleged that Sean had
tampered with her house’s heating system, that he had entered her garage to collect his
possessions, and that he had screamed at and intimidated their children at the lake. The
court declined to find by a preponderance of the evidence that Sean had tampered with
Sarah’s heating system. Next the court found that Sarah had given Sean permission to
enter her premises to collect his possessions and concluded that Sean therefore had not

      2
             An ex parte protective order lasts for 20 days. AS 18.66.110(a). A
long-term protective order may be issued only after a hearing for which the respondent
received proper notice. AS 18.66.100(b).

                                           -3-                                     7268

committed criminal trespass in the second degree, a domestic-violence crime.3 Finally,
the court concluded, and Sarah conceded, that the incident with the children at the lake
did not constitute a new incident of domestic violence. The court orally denied the
petition and subsequently issued a written order. Sarah appeals the court’s legal rulings
that the domestic violence protective order statute requires a new incident of domestic
violence for a new protective order and that Sean did not commit second-degree criminal
trespass. Sean does not participate in this appeal. Amici curiae Alaska Network on
Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Legal Empowerment and
Appeals Project filed a brief in support of Sarah’s position that the statute does not
require a new incident of domestic violence for a new protective order to be issued.
III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
             Sarah’s appeal raises issues of res judicata and the interpretation of the
domestic violence protective order statute and the second-degree criminal trespass
statute. “Whether res judicata applies is a question of law that we review de novo.”4
“We review the interpretation of a statute de novo, adopting the rule of law most
persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.”5
IV.    DISCUSSION
       A.    The Domestic Violence Protective Order Statute
             Alaska Statute 18.66.100 provides a statutory method for “[a] person who
is or has been a victim of a crime involving domestic violence” to obtain “a protective

       3
             Criminal trespass against a former spouse is a crime involving domestic
violence. See AS 18.66.990(3)(C), (5)(A).
       4
            Pister v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 354 P.3d 357, 362 (Alaska 2015) (quoting
Smith v. CSK Auto, Inc., 132 P.3d 818, 820 (Alaska 2006))
       5
              L.D.G., Inc. v. Brown, 211 P.3d 1110, 1118 (Alaska 2009) (citing Alaskans
for Efficient Gov’t, Inc. v. Knowles, 91 P.3d 273, 275 (Alaska 2004)).

                                           -4-                                     7268

order against a household member”;6 “household member” is defined to include a former
spouse no longer living with the victim.7 “If the court finds by a preponderance of
evidence that the respondent has committed a crime involving domestic violence against
the petitioner, regardless of whether the respondent appears at the hearing, the court may
order any relief available under [AS 18.66.100(c)].”8 The statute further provides that
“provisions of a protective order issued under . . . [AS 18.66.100(c)(1)] are effective until
further order of the court” and that those issued under “(c)(2)-(16) . . . are effective for
one year unless earlier dissolved by court order.”9 Subsection (c)(1) allows for
protective orders that “prohibit the respondent from threatening to commit or committing
domestic violence, stalking, or harassment.”10 Subsections (c)(2)-(15) allow courts to
issue orders that prohibit different types of interactions with the petitioner, allocate use
of property, and assign temporary custody of children and child support obligations,
among other things.11 Subsection (c)(16) allows the court to “order other relief the court
determines necessary to protect the petitioner or any household member.”12 Subsection
(e) provides that “[a] court may not deny a petition for a protective order under this

       6
              AS 18.66.100(a).
       7
              AS 18.66.990(5)(A).
       8
            AS 18.66.100(b). “[C]rime involving domestic violence” is defined in
AS 18.66.990(3).
       9
              AS 18.66.100(b).
       10
              AS 18.66.100(c)(1).
       11
              AS 18.66.100(c)(2)-(15).
       12
              AS 18.66.100(c)(16).

                                            -5-                                        7268

section solely because of a lapse of time between an act of domestic violence and the
filing of the petition.”13
              Sarah has petitioned for and received multiple protective orders under this
framework. She now seeks a new protective order based on the same incidents of
domestic violence for which she received the prior orders.
              Sarah’s and amici’s briefs discuss the importance of protections against
domestic violence generally and of renewal of protective orders specifically. Amici note
the high rates of domestic violence in Alaska14 and the cyclical nature of domestic
violence situations.15 There is no question that Sarah’s and amici’s policy arguments are
compelling. But at its core this appeal involves questions of res judicata and statutory
interpretation. The superior court correctly ruled that Sarah could not receive a new
protective order without showing a new incident of domestic violence.

       13
              AS 18.66.100(e).
       14
              The 2015 Alaska Victimization Survey, analyzed by the University of
Alaska Anchorage Justice Center for the Council on Domestic Violence and Sexual
Assault, reported that 40% of adult women residing in Alaska experienced intimate
partner violence. UNIV. OF ALASKA ANCHORAGE JUSTICE CTR. &COUNCIL ON DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE & SEXUAL ASSAULT, INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE
IN THE STATE OF ALASKA: KEY RESULTS FROM THE 2015 ALASKA VICTIMIZATION
SURVEY (2015), https://www.uaa.alaska.edu/academics/college-of-health/departments/
justice-center/research/alaska-victimization-survey/_documents/avs-alaska-statewide­
2015.summary.1103.051a.pdf.
       15
              See Mary Ann Dutton, Understanding Women’s Responses to Domestic
Violence: A Redefinition of Battered Woman Syndrome, 21 HOFSTRA L. REV. 1191,
1208-09 (1993); see also B.C. v. T.G., 65 A.3d 281, 288 (N.J. Super. Ch. Div. 2013)
(“The New Jersey Supreme Court has expressly recognized the reality that domestic
violence often repeats itself in cycles.” (citing State v. Kelly, 478 A.2d 364 (1984)));
Krank v. Krank, 541 N.W.2d 714, 718 (N.D. 1996) (“It is common for domestic abuse
to occur as a stage in a cycle of violence.”).

                                           -6-                                     7268

              1.	    Res judicata extinguished Sarah’s claim for a new protective
                     order.
              “The doctrine of res judicata, or claim preclusion, ‘prevents a party from
suing on a claim which has been previously litigated to a final judgment by that
party . . . .’ ”16 “When a valid and final personal judgment is rendered in favor of the
plaintiff[,] . . . [t]he plaintiff cannot thereafter maintain an action on the original claim
or any part thereof, although [s]he may be able to maintain an action upon the
judgment.”17 The question, then, is whether Sarah is attempting to receive a second
judgment on a claim that she has previously asserted.
              Alaska Statute 18.66.100 sets forth the elements of a claim for a domestic
violence protective order: a person may petition for and receive a domestic violence
protective order if “the respondent has committed a crime involving domestic violence
against the petitioner.” Sarah’s claim against Sean for a domestic violence protective
order accrued when Sean committed a crime involving domestic violence against her.
Under the doctrine of claim preclusion, this claim was then extinguished when she
received a valid and final personal judgment against him in the form of a domestic
violence protective order. Sarah “may be able to maintain an action upon th[is]
judgment,” but she may not “maintain an action on the original claim.”18
              Sarah argues that protective orders are a form of injunctive relief that
addresses an abatable condition and therefore “res judicata does not apply.”19 Sarah cites

       16
            Girdwood Mining Co. v. Comsult LLC, 329 P.3d 194, 200 (Alaska 2014)
(quoting McElroy v. Kennedy, 74 P.3d 903, 906 (Alaska 2003)).
       17
              RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 18(1) (Am. Law Inst. 1982).
       18
              Id.
       19
              Van Deusen v. Seavey, 53 P.3d 596, 600 (Alaska 2002).

                                            -7-	                                       7268

to nuisance law for this proposition.20 A nuisance caused by an abatable condition
constitutes a temporary nuisance and “gives rise to a new cause of action with each
invasion or injury.”21 But this analogy fails because Sarah has not alleged a new
statutory invasion or injury in the form of a new domestic violence incident. Instead, she
argues that she is still in fear of Sean based on the domestic violence that formed the
factual basis of her earlier domestic violence protective order. Res judicata bars her most
recent action.
              Sarah also argues that McComas v. Kirn22 supports allowing a new petition
for a protective order. In McComas the superior court issued an ex parte protective order
but then declined to issue a long-term protective order, instead opting to include a no-
contact order in the parties’ divorce decree.23 Later, when the respondent was scheduled
to be released from custody, the petitioner again petitioned for ex parte and long-term
protective orders, which the court granted.24 On appeal we held that res judicata did not
bar issuing the long-term protective order because the end of the respondent’s
incarceration constituted a change in circumstances.25
              But the superior court in McComas never granted the original petition for
a long-term protective order, nor did it deny the petition because it found no incidents
of domestic violence. It instead exercised its discretion in issuing a different remedy,

       20
              See id.

       21
             Id. (citing Beatty v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 860 F.2d 1117, 1122

(D.C. Cir. 1988)).
       22
              105 P.3d 1130 (Alaska 2005).
       23
              Id. at 1131, 1135.
       24
              Id. at 1131-32.
       25
              Id. at 1135-36.

                                           -8-                                       7268

discretion that AS 18.66.100 gives the court.26 When circumstances changed, the court
was free to again exercise its discretion and grant the protective order. In this case, the
superior court did grant a protective order. The court may only grant another protective
order if there is a new claim in the form of a new domestic violence incident. A change
in circumstances may establish a new claim for res judicata purposes,27 but under
AS 18.66.100 a claim for a protective order requires a new incident of domestic violence
to obtain a subsequent protective order.28
              Because Sarah had already received a judgment on her claim for a domestic
violence protective order, res judicata prevents her from obtaining another protective
order based on the same conduct that gave rise to the first protective order.29

       26
              See AS 18.66.100(b) (“[T]he court may order any relief available under (c)
of this section.” (emphasis added)).
       27
             See Jackinsky v. Jackinsky, 894 P.2d 650, 656 (Alaska 1995) (“Res judicata
does not act as a bar when the conduct giving rise to the later suit post-dates the
conclusion of the first suit.” (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 24 cmt.
f (Am. Law Inst. 1982))).
       28
               In McComas we noted that “[t]he . . . no-contact order was apparently
insufficient to deter McComas from contacting Kirn” because he repeatedly violated it.
McComas, 105 P.3d at 1136. A violation of the terms of a domestic violence protective
order is itself a crime involving domestic violence, see AS 18.66.990(3)(G), which
allows for a petition for a new protective order.
       29
              This case concerns only the claim-preclusive effect of a domestic violence
protective order in a second proceeding on a petition for a domestic violence protective
order involving the same parties. It does not concern any principles of issue preclusion,
see Harris v. Governale, 311 P.3d 1052, 1057 (Alaska 2013) (“It was within the court’s
discretion to decline to give the protective order collateral estoppel effect . . . .”), nor
does it concern the claim-preclusive effect of a domestic violence protective order
proceeding on other types of proceedings, cf. AS 18.66.130(e) (“A protective order
issued under this chapter is in addition to and not in place of any other civil or criminal
                                                                             (continued...)

                                             -9-                                      7268

              2.     The statute does not allow for multiple protective orders.
              Sarah argues that AS 18.66.100 allows courts to grant additional protective
orders even if there has been no new incident of domestic violence. We disagree.
              The statute sets out the full framework for protective orders, and it does not
provide for the issuance of additional protective orders. Rather, the language of the
statute unambiguously provides for the duration of the various kinds of protective relief
that can be ordered. The protective relief under AS 18.66.100(c)(1) has an indefinite
time limitation; this relief remains “effective until further order of the court.”30 Relief
under the other subsections of AS 18.66.100(c) is expressly limited to “one year unless
earlier dissolved by court order.”31
              This one-year limit was enacted in 2004, replacing the previous limit of six
months provided in the Domestic Violence Prevention and Victim Protection Act of
1996.32 The 1996 Act replaced former AS 25.35.010, which provided for a 90-day

       29
       (...continued)
remedy.”).
              Sarah alternatively argues that the superior court should have issued a
no-contact order under its inherent equitable power. See Wee v. Eggener, 225 P.3d 1120,
1126-28 (Alaska 2010). But Sarah did not ask for a no-contact order in superior court.
We therefore review for plain error, see Sharpe v. Sharpe, 366 P.3d 66, 75 (Alaska 2016),
and find none. “Plain error ‘exists where an obvious mistake has been made which
creates a high likelihood that injustice has resulted.’ ” Id. at 75 n.65 (quoting David S. v.
State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 270 P.3d 767, 774 (Alaska 2012)). Whether to issue
a no contact order is a heavily fact dependant question, and the superior court has broad
discretion. See Wee, 225 P.3d at 1124. We cannot conclude the court plainly erred.
       30
              AS 18.66.100(b)(1).
       31
              AS 18.66.100(b)(2).
       32
              Ch. 124, § 23, SLA 2004; ch. 64, § 33, SLA 1996.

                                            -10-                                       7268

protective order that could be extended for another 45 days.33 In enacting the Domestic
Violence Prevention and Victim Protection Act of 1996 the legislature chose to replace
a statute that included an express extension provision with a statute that did not include
any similar provision but provided specific time limits. Those specific time limits were
expanded by the 2004 legislation. If the legislature intended to allow for multiple
protective orders from the same incident of domestic violence, it did not say so in the
statute.34
              Sarah argues that AS 18.66.100(e), combined with the purpose of the
statute, suggest that the legislature intended to allow for multiple protective orders.
Alaska Statute 18.66.100(e) provides, “A court may not deny a petition for a protective
order under this section solely because of a lapse of time between an act of domestic
violence and the filing of the petition.” But the superior court in this case did not deny
the protective order because of any lapse of time between the acts of domestic violence
and the filing of the petition; it denied the order because it had already issued an earlier
order addressing those same acts of domestic violence. Alaska Statute 18.66.100(e),
therefore, does not apply. It is true that “[t]he purpose of [AS 18.66.100] is self-evident

       33
              Former AS 25.35.010(c), repealed by ch. 64, § 33, SLA 1996.
       34
                The one-year limit and lack of a renewal procedure in AS 18.66.100
distinguish this case from Muma v. Muma, 60 P.3d 592 (Wash. App. 2002). In Muma
the Washington Court of Appeals concluded that res judicata did not prevent an
additional protective order because “the domestic violence issues . . . ha[d] not been fully
litigated to their finality.” Id. at 595. But under Washington’s domestic violence
protective order statute, “the court may either grant relief for a fixed time period or enter
a permanent order of protection.” Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 26.50.060(2) (West 2017).
“If the court grants an order for a fixed period, the petitioner may apply for renewal of
the order . . . at any time within three months before the order expires,” and “[t]he court
shall grant the petition for renewal unless the respondent proves by a preponderance of
the evidence that the respondent will not resume acts of domestic violence.” Id. §
26.50.060(3).

                                            -11-                                       7268

— to protect victims of domestic violence.”35 But we will not rewrite a statute to
promote that statute’s purpose.36 Here the legislature set forth a detailed framework for
protecting victims of domestic violence, and it is the legislature’s prerogative to make
any policy changes to the statute.
             Amici argue that discussion in senate committees about the 2004 change
in duration of protective orders from six months to one year shows that the legislature
believed petitioners could renew orders. Both senators and witnesses expressed the view
that the change from six months to one year would reduce the number of renewal
hearings, thus increasing judicial efficiency and avoiding the need for the parties to be
together as often.37 But a victim may apply for additional protective orders if there has
been a new incident of domestic violence, and any violation of a domestic violence order
itself constitutes a new incident of domestic violence.38 One senator noted that in most
instances only one protective order will ever be issued and characterized hearings for
additional protective orders as occurring when there were “still . . . problems in the
relationship.”39 This understanding is consistent with allowing additional orders only

      35
             MacDonald v. State, 997 P.2d 1187, 1189 (Alaska App. 2000).
      36
             See State, Dep’t of Commerce, Cmty. & Econ. Dev., Div. of Ins. v. Alyeska
Pipeline Serv. Co., 262 P.3d 593, 597-98 (Alaska 2011).
      37
             See Minutes, Sen. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on S.B. 308, 23rd Leg., 2d
Sess. 21 (Mar. 26, 2004) (comments of Sen. Hollis French); Minutes, Sen. State Affairs
Comm. Hearing on S.B. 308, 23rd Leg., 2d Sess. 13-17 (Mar. 11, 2004) (comments of
Sen. Hollis French and Sen. Gretchen Guess and testimony of Lauree Huganon, Alaska
Network on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault).
      38
             See AS 18.66.990(3)(G).
      39
            Minutes, Sen. State Affairs Comm. Hearing on S.B. 308, 23rd Leg., 2d
Sess. 16 (Mar. 11, 2004) (comments of Sen. Hollis French).

                                          -12-                                     7268

when the prior order has been violated or when a new incident of domestic violence has
occurred. Even if amici are correct that the legislature believed in 2004 that domestic
violence victims could receive a new protective order without showing a new incident
of domestic violence, we will not rewrite the law to conform to a mistaken view of the
law that the legislature had when it amended the statute.40
             It is the legislature’s role to establish Alaska’s policy with respect to
domestic violence protective orders, including the time limits for protective orders and
the availability of extension or renewal. Here the legislature enacted an unambiguous
statute with a clear time limit — originally six months then later one year — and it did
so while replacing a statute that permitted an extension. It is not the court’s role or
prerogative to modify the legislature’s policy decision. “[W]e will not invade the
legislature’s province by extending the plain language of” AS 18.66.100 to allow for
renewal of protective orders.41 Sarah’s “remedy lies with the legislature.”42
      B.     The Second-Degree Criminal Trespass Statute
             Although Sarah cannot renew or extend her previous domestic violence
protective order, she would be eligible to receive a new protective order if she were able
to prove that Sean committed a new incident of domestic violence. Sarah appeals the
superior court’s determination that Sean did not commit second-degree criminal trespass,

      40
            State, Dep’t of Revenue, Child Support Enf’t Div. ex rel Gause v. Gause,
967 P.2d 599, 602-03 (Alaska 1998) (citing City of Fairbanks v. Schaible, 375 P.2d 201,
209 (Alaska 1962), overruled on other grounds by Scheele v. City of Anchorage, 385
P.2d 582 (Alaska 1963)).
      41
             Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co., 262 P.3d at 598.
      42
             Id.

                                          -13-                                      7268

a domestic-violence crime.43 “A person commits the crime of criminal trespass in the
second degree if the person enters or remains unlawfully . . . in or upon premises.”44
                Sarah and Sean both testified that Sean entered the garage at a house Sarah
owned and took a box of his things. Sean testified that he had received an email from
Sarah telling him that his “belongings were underneath a blue tarp in the front yard and
[he] could go by and get them.” When he got to the house, there was nothing under the
tarp. He thought that maybe she had placed his belongings in the backyard because the
weather had been bad recently. He went into the backyard, and the back door to the
garage was open. He took the box of his belongings and left. Sarah’s testimony
contradicted only Sean’s claim that the back door was open: Sarah testified that she left
the back door closed and locked. The court credited Sean’s testimony that the door was
not locked.45
                Based on this testimony the superior court ruled that as a matter of law Sean
had not committed criminal trespass in the second degree. The court explained:
                In order to have [criminal trespass in the second degree],
                you’ve got to enter [or] remain unlawfully . . . upon
                premises. . . . And I believe [Sean’s] testimony that
                [Sarah] — and she didn’t contradict this — that she invited
                him onto the premises by email to get his stuff under a tarp —
                of course, it didn’t happen to be under the tarp. It happened
                to be in the open door garage. He was invited to enter upon

       43
                See AS 18.66.990(3)(C).
       44
                AS 11.46.330(a)(1).
       45
              To the extent the superior court resolved this factual dispute in Sean’s
favor, we find no clear error. Findings of fact that rely on the testimony of witnesses are
reviewed with particular deference: “the trial court, not this court, judges the credibility
of witnesses and weighs conflicting evidence.” Norris v. Norris, 345 P.3d 924, 928
(Alaska 2015) (quoting Limeres v. Limeres, 320 P.3d 291, 296 (Alaska 2014)).

                                             -14-                                      7268

              the premises to get his personal property. It wasn’t unlawful
              because he was invited. It’s not [second-degree] criminal
              trespass.
              On appeal Sarah challenges the superior court’s interpretation of the
statutory language, arguing that the court should have considered the scope of Sean’s
permission to be on Sarah’s premises, citing to cases on the tort of trespass.46 But
criminal trespass is a creature of statute and not the common law of torts.47 And there
is case law that supports the court’s conclusion that Sean did not commit second-degree
criminal trespass because Sarah gave him permission to enter her premises, even though
the permission arguably was limited.48 Sarah does not discuss the statutory definitions
of “enter or remain unlawfully” or “premises,” nor does she discuss prior cases

       46
               See, e.g., Matanuska Elec. Ass’n v. Weissler, 723 P.2d 600, 605-06 (Alaska
1986); see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 169 (Am. Law Inst. 1965) (“A
consent given by a possessor of land to the actor’s presence on a part of the land does not
create a privilege to enter or remain on any other part.”); id. § 169 cmt. b (“If the
possessor’s consent is restricted as stated in this Section, the actor’s presence on the land
outside of the permitted area, unless it is otherwise privileged, is a trespass for which he
is liable to the possessor and which deprives him of the rights which as licensee he has
against the possessor.”).
       47
             See AS 11.46.330(a) (defining “criminal trespass in the second degree”);
AS 11.46.350(a) (defining “enter or remain unlawfully”); AS 11.81.900(b)(50) (defining
“premises”). Turney v. State, 922 P.2d 283, 285-90 (Alaska App. 1996).
       48
              In Arabie v. State, 699 P.2d 890 (Alaska App. 1985), the court of appeals
considered the similar second-degree burglary statute: “[a] person commits the crime of
burglary in the second degree if the person enters or remains unlawfully in a building
with intent to commit a crime in the building.” AS 11.46.310(a). The court ruled that
the defendant who entered a walk-in cooler at a liquor store by a back door did not “enter
or remain unlawfully in a building” because the liquor store was open at the time.
Arabie, 699 P.2d at 892-93. That the cooler itself was not open to the public did not
matter because it was all one building. Id. at 892.

                                            -15-                                       7268

interpreting the second-degree criminal trespass statute or related statutes.49 “Failure to
develop an argument constitutes a waiver of that argument, and the argument will be
considered abandoned.”50 We decline to import tort law principles into this criminal
statute absent more thorough briefing and consider the issue waived.
V.     CONCLUSION
              We AFFIRM the superior court’s denial of the petition for a long-term
protective order.

       49
              See supra notes 47-48.
       50
            Wright v. Anding, 390 P.3d 1162, 1175 (Alaska 2017) (citing Shearer v.
Mundt, 36 P.3d 1196, 1199 (Alaska 2001)).

                                           -16-                                      7268

MAASSEN, Justice, with whom WINFREE, Justice, joins, dissenting in part.
              I dissent from part IV.A of today’s opinion. I would hold that if a court
finds that the petitioner still needs protection following the expiration of a long-term
domestic violence protective order, neither the governing statute nor the doctrine of res
judicata precludes the court from issuing a second order based on the same “crime
involving domestic violence.”
              First, I disagree with the court’s interpretation of AS 18.66.100. The court
writes that “[i]f the legislature intended to allow for multiple protective orders from the
same incident of domestic violence, it did not say so in the statute,”1 but the inverse is
also true: The legislature did not say it intended to prohibit “multiple protective orders
from the same incident of domestic violence,” which it could easily have done had it
intended that result. The court finds oblique support for its holding in the directive of
AS 18.66.100(b)(2) that most provisions of a long-term protective order “are effective
for one year unless earlier dissolved by court order.” But that directive simply assures
that there will be a new judicial review of an order’s most intrusive terms before they are
extended or reimposed. Long-term protective orders may contain a number of provisions
that restrict some ordinary concomitants of daily living: seeing one’s children,2
communicating with family members,3 visiting particular neighborhoods,4 or using

       1
              Op. at 11.
       2
             See AS 18.66.100(c)(9) (authorizing court to “award temporary custody of
a minor child to the petitioner and . . . arrange for visitation”).
       3
              See AS 18.66.100(c)(2) (authorizing court to “prohibit the respondent from
telephoning, contacting, or otherwise communicating directly or indirectly with the
petitioner”).
       4
              See AS 18.66.100(c)(4) (authorizing court to “direct the respondent to stay
                                                                           (continued...)

                                           -17-                                      7268

firearms.5 It is not unreasonable to require a petitioner to return to court to justify the
continuation of such extraordinary restrictions if, after a year has passed, she still
requires protection.6
              Second, I believe that the court is mistaken in its application of the res
judicata doctrine. As the court observes, res judicata “prevents a party from suing on a
claim which has been previously litigated to a final judgment by that party.”7 The court
describes a petitioner’s claim for a domestic violence protective order as having a single
element — the respondent’s commission of a crime involving domestic violence against
the petitioner — and concludes that once that element has been established on a petition,
the claim is extinguished.8 But finding that a crime of domestic violence was committed
is only the first of two steps in a trial court’s analysis of the petition; having made that
finding of fact, the court has discretion whether to grant the protective order.9 The

       4
        (...continued)
away from the residence, school, or place of employment of the petitioner or any
specified place frequented by the petitioner or any designated household member”).
       5
             See AS 18.66.100(c)(6), (7) (authorizing court under certain circumstances
to order respondent to surrender firearms and to prohibit respondent from using or
possessing deadly weapons).
       6
              In contrast, a long-term protective order’s prohibition on “threatening to
commit or committing domestic violence, stalking, or harassment” — which is “effective
until further order of the court” and thus potentially indefinitely — does not require
periodic judicial review because it applies to all members of society regardless.
AS 18.66.100(b)(1), (c)(1).
       7
            Op. at 7 (quoting Girdwood Mining Co. v. Comsult LLC, 329 P.3d 194, 200
(Alaska 2014)); see also McElroy v. Kennedy, 74 P.3d 903, 906 (Alaska 2003).
       8
              Op. at 7-8.
       9
              See Cooper v. Cooper, 144 P.3d 451, 454 (Alaska 2006) (“We review the
                                                                      (continued...)

                                           -18-                                       7268

touchstone of the court’s exercise of discretion is implicit in the title of the order sought:
It is a “protective order,” intended not only to acknowledge a past bad act on the part of
the respondent but also, and primarily, to protect the petitioner from future harm.10
Today’s opinion necessarily recognizes this.11 And whether the petitioner requires
continuing protection from future harm does not depend on whether the act of domestic
violence is new12 or on whether it was raised and litigated before.
              For res judicata purposes, a domestic violence petition is thus much
different from, say, a claim for the tort of assault, in which the plaintiff is awarded
compensation for a past wrong and then closes the books on it forever. A domestic
violence petitioner is seeking ongoing protection, not compensation for a past wrong.
              Assume, for example, that an act of domestic violence prompted the
petitioner to seek a protective order in 2017. If an order was issued, it answered only the
question whether the petitioner needed a protective order in 2017. It did not decide a
claim which was not and could not have been raised yet: whether the petitioner will still
need a protective order after the one-year term of the 2017 order expires. Because that

       9
        (...continued)
decisions to deny a protective order and grant a mutual restraining order for abuse of
discretion.”).
       10
             See AS 18.66.100(c)(16) (providing that a long-term protective order may
“order other relief the court determines necessary to protect the petitioner or any
household member” (emphasis added)).
       11
           Op. at 11-12 (“It is true that ‘[t]he purpose of [AS 18.66.100] is self-evident
— to protect victims of domestic violence.’ ” (alterations in original) (quoting
MacDonald v. State, 997 P.2d 1187, 1189 (Alaska App. 2000)).
       12
             See AS 18.66.100(e) (“A court may not deny a petition for a protective
order under this section solely because of a lapse of time between an act of domestic
violence and the filing of the petition.”).
                                            -19-                                        7268

claim was not and could not have been litigated in 2017, the doctrine of res judicata, by
definition, cannot apply.13 The passage of time since the act of domestic violence
occurred and the respondent’s good behavior in the meantime are certainly relevant to
whether the petitioner continues to need protection, but they are in no way dispositive.14
              The court today distinguishes our decision in McComas v. Kirn15 as
involving a change in circumstances that allowed the granting of a second petition for
a long-term protective order after the first petition had been denied.16 I agree that
McComas is distinguishable. But McComas’s factual context highlights the problems
with today’s restrictive interpretation of the protections available to those who
legitimately fear domestic violence. The respondent in McComas was in prison at the
time the parties were divorced, and we cited that fact as support for the initial denial of
the petition: “McComas was incarcerated and did not constitute a threat.”17 But suppose
the first petition had been granted and McComas got out of prison a year later. Under

       13
             See Patterson v. Infinity Ins. Co., 303 P.3d 493, 497 (Alaska 2013) (“[A]
fundamental tenet of the res judicata doctrine is that it precludes relitigation between the
same parties not only of claims that were raised in the initial proceeding, but also of
those relevant claims that could have been raised then.” (quoting Calhoun v. Greening,
636 P.2d 69, 72 (Alaska 1981) (alteration in original))).
       14
              Issue preclusion may apply in this context, but not in the way the court
today holds. Collateral estoppel may (but does not necessarily) establish the statutory
predicate for the second petition: “that the respondent has committed a crime involving
domestic violence against the petitioner.” AS 18.66.100(a). See, e.g., Andrea C. v.
Marcus K., 355 P.3d 521, 527 (Alaska 2015) (“[T]he superior court retains discretion
regarding when it will apply the doctrine” of collateral estoppel to a prior finding that a
crime of domestic violence had been committed.).
       15
              105 P.3d 1130 (Alaska 2005).
       16
              Op. at 8-10.
       17
              McComas, 105 P.3d at 1135-36 (quoting appellee’s argument).

                                           -20-                                       7268

today’s opinion, the fact that the petitioner’s fear is now real and immediate will not
alone support a new protective order; she must await a new incident of domestic
violence.
             Such a result is anathema to the purpose of domestic violence protective
orders, and AS 18.66.100 does not require it. I would therefore reverse the superior
court’s decision on this issue.

                                         -21-                                     7268