Court Opinion

ID: 819448
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-05 02:38:51.103349+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:58.426207
License: Public Domain

116 F.Supp.2d 1324 (2000)
SAVE DOMESTIC OIL, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES, Defendant,
and
API Ad Hoc Free Trade Committee et alia, Intervenor-Defendants.
Slip Op. 00-120. Court No. 99-09-00558.
United States Court of International Trade.
September 19, 2000.
*1325 Wiley, Rein & Fielding (Charles Owen Verrill, Jr. and Timothy C. Brightbill), Washington, DC, for the plaintiff.
David W. Ogden, Assistant Attorney General; David M. Cohen, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice (A. David Lafer and Lucius B. Lau); and Office of Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (Robert J. Heilferty), Washington, DC, for the defendant, of counsel.
Dewey Ballantine LLP (Harry L. Clark, Michael H. Stein, Bradford L. Ward and John W. Bohn), Washington, DC, for intervenor-defendant API Ad Hoc Free Trade Committee.
White & Case (Carolyn B. Lamm, Adams C. Lee and David L. Elmont), Washington, DC, for intervenor-defendant Saudi Arabian Oil Company.
Shearman & Sterling (Thomas B. Wilner, Jeffrey M. Winton and Jeronimo Gomez del Campo), Washington, DC, for intervenor-defendants Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. and Citgo Petroleum Corporation.
O'Melveny & Myers LLP (Gary N. Horlick and Michael A. Meyer), Washington, DC, for intervenor-defendants Petróleos Mexicanos, P.M.I. Comercio Internacional S.A. de C.V., and Pemex Exploración y Producción.
King & Spalding (Joseph W. Dorn and Duane W. Layton), Washington, DC, for intervenor-defendant Texaco Inc.
Barnes, Richardson & Colburn (Robert E. Burke, Brian F. Walsh and Robert F. Seely), Chicago, IL, for intervenor-defendant BP Amoco.

Opinion & Order
AQUILINO, Judge.
This case arises from the filing a year ago with the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce ("ITA") and the U.S. International Trade Commission ("ITC") of a nine-volume Petition for the Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties on certain crude petroleum oil products from Iraq, México, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The petitioner was stated to be an incorporated consortium of independent domestic crude petroleum oil producers, Save Domestic Oil, Inc. ("SDO"), the individual members of which were named Apache Corporation (Houston, Tex.), Arrow Oil & Gas, Inc. (Norman, Okla.), BOGO Energy Corp. (Oklahoma City, Okla.), Continental Resources, Inc. (Enid, Okla.), Crescent Exploration (Oklahoma City), Farrar Oil Company (Mt.Vernon, Ill.), Houghton Oil & Gas, Inc. (Midland, Tex.), Keener Oil & Gas Company (Tulsa, Okla.), Phoenix Production Co. (Cody, Wyo.), Pickrell Drilling Co., Inc. (Great Bend, Kan.), Royal Drilling & Producing, Inc. (Crossville, Ill.), and Tilley Oil & Gas, Inc. (Enid). The petition requested that the ITA and ITC
undertake a "regional industry" analysis in determining industry support, market penetration and injury to the domestic crude petroleum oil industry caused by subject imports[,] ... defin[ing] th[e] regional market to include, generally, the District of Columbia and the 43 contiguous States (and the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Mexico), exclusive of Washington, Oregon, *1326 California, Arizona, and Nevada.[1]
Some 40 days later, while finding the petitioner to be an "interested party" within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9) and that it had made "an adequate regional-industry claim for initiation purposes", the ITA did not accept the petition on the ground that it "did not have the required industry support". Dismissal of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Petitions: Certain Crude Petroleum Oil Products From Irag, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, 64 Fed.Reg. 44,480 (Aug. 16, 1999). Whereupon this case commenced, seeking judicial review and reversal of this determination.

I
Public information of the Department of Commerce[2] shows over one thousand one hundred petitions to have been filed with the ITA since enactment of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, yet apparently only one was subjected to the kind of threshold agency rejection at issue herein. See Carbon Steel Plate From Belgium and the Federal Republic of Germany; Rescission of Notice Announcing Initiation of Antidumping Investigations and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed.Reg. 3,503 (Jan. 27, 1984) (producers of well over 95 percent of subject merchandise opposed single-producer petition). In fact, only 17 other petitions are reported as having been summarily dismissed by the ITA over the last 20 years. Ten of them were found not to allege a basis upon which antidumping or countervailing duties could be imposed.[3] Another three petitions were dismissed because there had been no or de minimis imports of the subject merchandise in the years immediately preceding their respective filings.[4] And four were found not to *1327 have been presented by an interested party.[5]

A
Be then all those other, apparently facially-acceptable petitions as they were, from the beginning the Trade Agreements Act has contemplated ITA dismissal of petitions deemed not in compliance with the threshold standards set by Congress. As amended by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act ("URAA"), Pub.L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809 (Dec. 8, 1994), (and by the Miscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 1996, Pub.L. No. 104-295, 110 Stat. 3514 (Oct. 11, 1996)), the statute governing procedures for initiating herein an antidumping-duty investigation provided, in part, as follows:
(b) Initiation by petition
(1) Petition requirements
An antidumping proceeding shall be initiated whenever an interested party described in subparagraph (C),(D),(E),(F), or (G) of section 1677(9) of this title files a petition with the [ITA], on behalf of an industry, which alleges the elements necessary for the imposition of the duty imposed by section 1673 of this title, and which is accompanied by information reasonably available to the petitioner supporting those allegations. The petition may be amended at such time, and upon such conditions, as the [ITA] and the [ITC] may permit.
*   *   *   *   *   *
(3) Action with respect to petitions
(A) Notification of governments
Upon receipt of a petition filed under paragraph (1), the [ITA] shall notify the government of any exporting country named in the petition by delivering a public version of the petition to an appropriate representative of such country.
(B) Acceptance of communications
The [ITA] shall not accept any unsolicited oral or written communication from any person other than an interested party described in section 1677(9)(C),(D),(E),(F), or (G) of this title before the [ITA] makes its decision whether to initiate an investigation, except as provided in subsection (c)(4)(D) of this section, and except for inquiries regarding the status of the [ITA]'s consideration of the petition.
*   *   *   *   *   *
(c) Petition determination
(1) In general
(A) Time for initial determination
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), within 20 days after the date on which a petition is filed under subsection (b) of this section, the [ITA] shall 
(i) after examining, on the basis of sources readily available to the [ITA], the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence provided in the petition, determine whether the petition *1328 alleges the elements necessary for the imposition of a duty under section 1673 of this title and contains information reasonably available to the petitioner supporting the allegations, and
(ii) determine if the petition has been filed by or on behalf of the industry.
(B) Extension of time
In any case in which the [ITA] is required to poll or otherwise determine support for the petition by the industry under paragraph (4)(D), the [ITA] may, in exceptional circumstances, apply subparagraph (A) by substituting "a maximum of 40 days" for "20 days".
*   *   *   *   *   *
(2) Affirmative determinations
If the determinations under clauses (i) and (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) are affirmative, the [ITA] shall initiate an investigation to determine whether the subject merchandise is being, or is likely to be, sold in the United States at less than its fair value.
(3) Negative determinations
If the determination under clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) is negative, the [ITA] shall dismiss the petition, terminate the proceeding, and notify the petitioner in writing of the reasons for the determination.
(4) Determination of industry support
(A) General rule
For purposes of this subsection, the [ITA] shall determine that the petition has been filed by or on behalf of the industry, if 
(i) the domestic producers or workers who support the petition account for at least 25 percent of the total production of the domestic like product, and
(ii) the domestic producers or workers who support the petition account for more than 50 percent of the production of the domestic like product produced by that portion of the industry expressing support for or opposition to the petition.
(B) Certain positions disregarded
(i) Producers related to foreign producers
In determining industry support under subparagraph (A), the [ITA] shall disregard the position of domestic producers who oppose the petition[] if such producers are related to foreign producers, as defined in section 1677(4)(B)(ii) of this title, unless such domestic producers demonstrate that their interests as domestic producers would be adversely affected by the imposition of an antidumping duty order.
(ii) Producers who are importers
The [ITA] may disregard the position of domestic producers of a domestic like product who are importers of the subject merchandise.
(C) Special rule for regional industries
If the petition alleges the industry is a regional industry, the [ITA] shall determine whether the petition has been filed by or on behalf of the industry by applying subparagraph (A) on the basis of production in the region.
(D) Polling the industry
If the petition does not establish support of domestic producers or workers accounting for more than 50 percent of the total production of *1329 the domestic like product, the [ITA] shall 
(i) poll the industry or rely on other information in order to determine if there is support for the petition as required by subparagraph (A), or
(ii) if there is a large number of producers in the industry, the [ITA] may determine industry support for the petition by using any statistically valid sampling method to poll the industry.
(E) Comments by interested parties
Before the [ITA] makes a determination with respect to initiating an investigation, any person who would qualify as an interested party under section 1677(9) of this title if an investigation were initiated, may submit comments or information on the issue of industry support. After the [ITA] makes a determination with respect to initiating an investigation, the determination regarding industry support shall not be reconsidered.
(5) Definition of domestic producers or workers
For purposes of this subsection, the term "domestic producers or workers" means those interested parties who are eligible to file a petition under subsection (b)(1) of this section.
19 U.S.C. § 1673a. Similar procedure exists for initiating a countervailing-duty investigation.[6]
As indicated above, the ITA, reacting within the strict timeframe adopted by Congress, found the petitioner SDO to be an interested party within the meaning of the statute, and it upheld "for initiation purposes"[7] the claimed existence of a regional industry. However, the Department of Commerce also reported that, pursuant to the foregoing statutory authority, it invited representatives of the governments of México, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela for consultations with respect to the countervailing-duty petitions;[8] it determined *1330 that refined products are not within the domestic like product for purposes of determining industry support for the petition;[9] it exercised its statutory discretion to extend the deadline for determining whether to initiate investigations "[b]ecause there was a question as to whether the petitioner met the statutory requirements concerning industry support";[10] it sought to survey each of the 410 largest producers in the region, which accounted for over 86 percent of regional production, and a 401-company sample of the remaining producers there;[11] it received letters of opposition from a number of companies which accounted for approximately 50 percent of total regional production;[12] and it considered whether or not to disregard them, focusing on the opposing companies' attempt(s) to demonstrate that their interests as domestic producers would be affected adversely by the imposition of an antidumping or countervailing-duty order.[13] As for that focus, the ITA reports specific resort to the API Ad Hoc Free Trade Committee
because it is composed of the largest U.S. producers in opposition to the petitions and because its treatment is dispositive of the industry support issue.[14]
According to the agency's determination, the Committee argued

*1331 that its opposition is not based on foreign interests or imports, but rather ... on the fact that the Committee members' interests as domestic producers would be adversely affected by the imposition of antidumping or countervailing duties. [It] also argues that the petitioner has not alleged that each U.S. producer about which allegations were made is related to a foreign producer in each of the subject countries. Moreover, the petitioner has provided no basis for assuming that a relationship in one country would cause a producer to oppose a case against another country with potentially competing suppliers.
Even assuming there are relationships, the Committee argues, because the interest of domestic producers opposing the petition would be adversely affected by the imposition of an order, the Department must consider their views.... Finally, with respect to imports, the Committee argues that importing is a standard practice in the U.S. oil industry and that the large producers account for only a small portion of total imports. Moreover, ... domestic producers which oppose the petition are not bound to imports from the subject countries. Therefore, the Committee argues, the Department should not disregard its opposition.
64 Fed.Reg. at 44,482, col. 2. The ITA accepted these composite arguments in rendering its decision that the petitioner SDO did not have support from more than 50 percent of the production in the region of the domestic like product produced by that portion of the industry expressing support for, or opposition to, the petition.[15]

B
Plaintiff's complaint pleads nine causes of action herein, which in essence allege (1) the ITA did not include in its calculation the production of a substantial number of domestic producers which support the petition; (2) the agency attributed significant production by SDO-member Apache Corporation to ARCO rather than in support of the petition; (3) the ITA made no finding and did not recognize the views of the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical & Energy Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC in support of the petition on behalf of production-related workers employed by a number of domestic oil producing firms; (4) the agency failed to neutralize the opposition of companies, the workers of which were in support of the petition; (5) the ITA relied on the general arguments of the API Ad Hoc Free Trade Committee, which was contrary to the statutory requirement that individual domestic producers in opposition to the petition prove that their particular interests would be adversely affected by the imposition of antidumping or countervailing duties; (6) the agency should have disregarded the opposition of those domestic producers which import crude petroleum oil from one or more of the countries singled out in the petition; (7) the ITA did not allow associations to express support for SDO members unless those associations qualified themselves as interested parties; (8) in polling the domestic industry, the agency failed to include the support of the Independent Petroleum Association of America and its membership to the extent those members had not otherwise communicated their views; and (9) U.S. Secretary of Energy Richardson stated publicly that the government opposed the petition and that he would attempt to influence the process established by the Trade Agreements Act, supra.
*1332 The plaintiff has now interposed a motion for judgment upon the agency record pursuant to CIT Rule 56.2, and which is based upon the foregoing averments, save the claim of undue influence by the Secretary and/or the Department of Energy.[16] At a hearing held in open court on August 14, 2000, which was based upon initial review of the ITA record and written submissions on behalf of the parties in appearance, counsel for the defendant were invited to consider consenting to remand to the agency for reconsideration of the complex, competing positions. The defendant declined, and continues to decline, to do so. See Hearing Transcript ("Tr."), p. 23; Defendant's Response to the Court's Inquiry Concerning Remand, p. 2 ("the Government is not willing to consent to a remand").

II
Hence, the court is obligated to decide the controversy engendered by the ITA's determination, which, in accordance with the statute, issued within a brief period of time.[17] Jurisdiction is pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(1)(A) and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1581(c), 2631(c), 2632(c). The court's standard of review in a case like this is provided by section 2640(b) of Title 28 to be as specified in subsection (b) of section 1516a of Title 19, to wit:
(1) Remedy
The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found
(A) in an action brought under subparagraph (A) ... of subsection (a)(1) of this section, to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law....
(2) Record for review
(A) In general
For the purposes of this subsection, the record, unless otherwise stipulated by the parties, shall consist of
(i) a copy of all information presented to or obtained by the [ITA] ... during the course of the administrative proceeding, including all governmental memoranda pertaining to the case and the record of ex parte meetings required to be kept by section 1677f(a)(3) of this title; and
(ii) a copy of the determination, all transcripts or records of conferences or hearings, and all notices published in the Federal Register.
(B) Confidential or privileged material
The confidential or privileged status accorded to any documents, comments, or information shall be preserved in any action under this section. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the *1333 court may examine, in camera, the confidential or privileged material, and may disclose such material under such terms and conditions as it may order....[18]

A
The crux of defendant's determination is that domestic U.S. producers which opposed SDO's petition demonstrated that their interests as such would be adversely affected by any imposition of antidumping and/or countervailing duties, whereupon their production of the domestic like product was counted against the petition. But according to the statute, 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671a(c)(4)(B)(i), 1673a(c)(4)(B)(i), supra, such adverse counting has been prescribed by Congress only when domestic producers are related to foreign producers, as defined in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(B)(ii), which provides:
(4) Industry ...
(B) Related parties
(i) If a producer of a domestic like product and an exporter or importer of the subject merchandise are related parties, or if a producer of the domestic like product is also an importer of the subject merchandise, the producer may, in appropriate circumstances, be excluded from the industry.
(ii) For purposes of clause (i), a producer and an exporter or importer shall be considered to be related parties, if
(I) the producer directly or indirectly controls the exporter or importer,
(II) the exporter or importer directly or indirectly controls the producer,
(III) a third party directly or indirectly controls the producer and the exporter or importer, or
(IV) the producer and the exporter or importer directly or indirectly control a third party and there is reason to believe that the relationship causes the producer to act differently than a nonrelated producer.
For purposes of this subparagraph, a party shall be considered to directly or indirectly control another party if the party is legally or operationally in a position to exercise restraint or direction over the other party.
Obviously, the dispositive concept of this provision is control. While alluding to "serious questions about the sufficiency of the petitioner's allegations"[19] in this regard, the ITA nonetheless reached beyond those questions to decide the clearly contingent issue of whether the allegedly-foreign-related petition opponents "would be adversely affected" by any duties imposed herein. That approach did not follow the law on its face, nor was the approach even the more expedient, given the parties' presentations and the relatively few days in which to resolve the tandem elements of sections 1671a(c)(4)(B)(i) and 1673a(c)(4)(B)(i) governing disregard of opposition by domestic producers related to foreign producers.
On its part, SDO did allege that 15 of the 16 members of the API Ad Hoc Committee *1334 are related to Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., that nine of those member companies are also related to the Mexican PEMEX enterprise(s), and that eight Committee companies are related to Saudi Aramco. See, e.g., R.Docs 14, 198, 207-10, 226-30, 243, 244, 287, 288, 290. None of the 16 Committee members, however, was alleged to be related to Iraq's state-owned oil business, but SDO did assert that ten of them do import Iraqi crude, with nine companies alleged to import from México, ten from Saudi Arabia, and also ten from Venezuela. See, e.g., id.
With regard to Venezuela, the record does reflect business relationships between Committee companies and enterprises of that country,[20] but it does not substantiate that those referred to by SDO entail the kind of control contemplated by section 1677(4)(B)(ii), supra, nor did the ITA even attempt to draw any conclusion to the contrary. The same is true with respect to México[21] and Saudi Arabia.[22] Unlike CITGO, Texaco Inc., for example, is not a subsidiary in the United States of Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., nor is Petróleos Mexicanos a vassal in its home country of Kerr-McGee Corporation. In short, the failure to find controlling relationships between any of the four national exporters implicated by SDO's petition and any of the Committee companies made the agency resort to the secondary standard of 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671a(c)(4)(B)(i), 1673a(c)(4)(B)(i) inapposite and not in accord with the intent of Congress in enacting it in URAA.

B
In general, the ITA has, and has had, discretion in interpreting and administering the Trade Agreements Act of 1979. And this Court of International Trade and its Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have afforded Commerce continuing deference in carrying out its difficult statutory responsibilities. See, e.g., Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 219 F.3d 1348 (Fed.Cir.2000); Mitsubishi Heavy Indus., Ltd. v. United States, 24 CIT ___, 112 F.Supp.2d 1170 (2000). Indeed, various *1335 sections of the Trade Agreements Act, as amended, directly reflect the intent of the legislature in this regard.

(1)
Sections 1671a(c)(4)(B)(ii), 1673a(c)(4)(B)(ii), supra, which are at issue herein, state that the ITA "may" disregard the position of domestic producers of a domestic like product who are importers of the subject merchandise. In this matter, the agency apparently determined to rely on its inapposite analysis under preceding subsections (c)(4)(B)(i) that the API Ad Hoc Committee companies, en masse, would be adversely affected by the imposition of any antidumping or countervailingduty order and thus to not disregard their opposition to SDO's petition. But the application of subsections (c)(4)(B)(ii) is distinct from that of those preceding subsections and contingent upon the existing facts and circumstances precisely relevant thereto.
Here, the following 1997 domestic production figures (in thousands of barrels of crude oil) for the region represented by SDO were disclosed to the ITA by the Ad Hoc Committee counsel for the 16 members:

ARCO                                     63,592
BHP Petroleum                             1,570
BP Amoco                                 81,395
Burlington Resources                     24,600
Chevron Corporation                      71,905
Conoco Inc.                              21,320
Exxon Corporation                        53,290
Fina, Inc.                                3,806
Kerr McGee Corporation                    8,760
Marathon Oil Corporation                 38,350
Mobil Corporation                        44,895
Murphy Oil Corporation                    3,650
Occidental Petroleum Corporation         18,980
Phillips Petroleum Company               20,075
Shell Oil Company                       100,010
Texaco Inc.                              79,244

R.Doc 205. Obviously, the variance is almost one to one hundred (even without any accounting for the results of subsequent government acquiescence in the merger of Exxon and Mobil and now ARCO with BP Amoco). As for imports from the four national exporters singled out herein, SDO claims Committee companies imported millions of barrels (in 1998) as follows:

ARCO                                  2,329,065
BP Amoco                             69,744,565
Chevron Corporation                 101,805,000
Conoco Inc.                          55,530,735
Exxon Corporation                   137,154,955
Fina, Inc.                           38,652,040
Marathon Oil Corporation             88,400,000
Mobil Corporation                   120,487,595
Murphy Oil Corporation               33,852,655
Occidental Petroleum Corporation     63,480,435
Phillips Petroleum Company           37,707,785
Shell Oil Company                   133,330,485
Texaco Inc.                         198,559,635

Whatever the precise figures for a particular firm and calendar year,[23] the magnitude of U.S. crude oil imports from around the world, including Iraq, México, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, is notorious. In fact, the imports from just those four countries exceeded, if not dwarfed, the above-listed domestic, regional numbers for every individual Committee company save ARCO/BP Amoco.[24]
This phenomenon indicates, of course, and the record supports, that the Committee companies have an interest in this case, but it by no means presages the ITA's determination not to disregard their opposition to SDO's petition. To begin with, the domestic, regional industry which SDO attempts to represent consists of more than 11,000 "independent", smaller-scale enterprises, a majority of whose oil wells and related workers have been at a standstill.[25]*1336 Their business, to the extent still viable, is hardly in the same league with the truly global pursuit and production of petroleum and its multiple, finished derivatives by the "integrated", multinational members of the API Ad Hoc Committee. To be sure, such economic disparity, however extraordinary, should not be automatically dispositive under the law governing a case like this, in particular where scale and complexity increase, which is the situation of Committee companies. While Fina, Inc.'s domestic production, for example, is but a fraction of the quantum of its imports, and ARCO's U.S. production exceeds its imports from all four target nations by some 60 million barrels, and the imports of Conoco, Murphy, Occidental and Phillips combined therefrom do not equal those of Texaco alone,[26] the ITA not only acquiesced in the lumping of all those apparently-disparate competitors together, it adopted their Committee's above-quoted, composite arguments as to how "members' interests as domestic producers would be adversely affected by the imposition of antidumping or countervailing duties." 64 Fed.Reg. at 44,482, col. 2. This lump-sum statement was embraced without any reported agency analysis of perceptible elements of any adverse effect due, for example, to political displeasure, real or feigned, on the part of the government of Iraq, México, Saudi Arabia or Venezuela; to duties of say 5 percent as opposed to fifty; to attempted redirection of exports by one or more of those governments; to decreased demand in the United States induced by the prospect of yet another American impost. Cf. R.Doc 334 passim. Moreover, within the realm of conflict of interest engendered by significant imports on the part of firms also producing in PADDs I-IV but opposing SDO, there was no ITA attempted differentiation between the levels and resultant percentages of those imports, the capacities of Committee companies to draw upon sources available elsewhere on Earth or in this country,[27] or the degrees of competition among various members. Ibid. In fact, not all of those companies actually subscribed to the composite Committee claim that domestic prices would fall if any antidumping or counter-vailing duty really were to be imposed. Compare id. at 4 with R.Doc 82, p. 3 and R.Doc 293, third page. Yet, the agency took no final account of any difference of opinion.
When SDO then brought its complaint to this court, as noted above, the API Ad Hoc Free Trade Committee duly moved for leave to intervene as a party defendant, as did member companies BP Amoco, Chevron, Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Texaco, each on its own account. The Committee's motion was granted, but the court, upon reading the ITA's published determination to dismiss summarily SDO's petition, had no basis for determining how intervention of those members would not be redundant, whereupon their individual motions for leave to intervene were denied. See Save Domestic Oil, Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT ___, 1999 WL 907755 (Oct. 12, 1999). Each motion was renewed, gainsaying that *1337 the Ad Hoc Committee represented the members on anything more than "common interests", e.g.:
... Exxon [] relied on the Committee to represent their common interests through the Committee's participation in the proceedings before the ... ITC [] and the Department of Commerce....
But while the Committee represented its members' common interests, it did not represent its members on those issues as to which a member's particular facts or circumstances were involved. In this regard, Exxon itself participated actively in the administrative proceeding below, and opposed the initiation of an investigation. Toward that end, it submitted Exxon-specific questionnaire responses to both the ITC and the Commerce Department, responded to allegations that pertained solely to Exxon ... and provided additional Exxon-specific data where it was called for....
Amended Consent Motion of Exxon Corporation to Intervene, pp. 2-3 (emphasis in original). The renewed motions to intervene were thereupon granted, confirming the Committee's inability to represent its members' individual interests.

(2)
As set forth above, the provision in the Trade Agreements Act for disregard of the position of domestic producers of a domestic like product which are importers of the subject merchandise was expanded by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. And the record indicates that this case is the first in which the ITA declined to disregard importer opposition. Cf. Defendant's Brief, pp. 60-67; Tr., pp. 10-11. The Statement of Administrative Action, which issued in conjunction with the URAA enhancement and carries "particular authority",[28] explains:
Amended sections 702(c)(4)(B)(ii) and 732(c)(4)(B)(ii) also provide that, as under current practice, Commerce will not apply a bright line test to determine whether a producer who is an importer of the subject merchandise or who is related to an importer of the subject merchandise should be excluded from the domestic industry. Instead, it will look to relevant factors, such as percentage of ownership or volume of imports. For example, the exclusion of a company that imports a small amount of subject merchandise, by comparison with its total production, will depend on whether that company and petitioners have a common stake in the investigation. See Citrosuco Paulista, S.A. v. United States, 12 C.I.T. 1196, 704 F.Supp. 1075, 1085 (1988).
H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, vol. I, pp. 858-59 (1994). In the case cited with approval, which arose well before adoption of URAA and involved imports of frozen concentrated orange juice from Brazil, the court affirmed the ITA's reliance on 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(B), supra, to exclude producers from the "domestic industry" that derived a majority of their product from the imports under investigation, that is, in excess of 50 percent. In other words, the agency had taken the position
that firms with large imports of the allegedly dumped or subsidized merchandise may be excluded from the definition of the domestic industry, because they inherently lack the stake in the final investigation being pursued by the petitioner.
12 CIT at 1206, 704 F.Supp. at 1085.
The parties agree herein that, since enactment of URAA, three other proceedings encumbered the ITA with the issue at bar, two earlier and one subsequent to the determination to dismiss SDO's petition. See Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From Thailand; Final Results of Changed Circumstances Countervailing Duty Review *1338 and Revocation of Countervailing Duty Order, 61 Fed.Reg. 20,799, 20,801 (May 8, 1996) ("Objecting Parties cannot be said to have a common `stake' with the petitioner"); Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigations: Live Cattle from Canada and Mexico, 63 Fed.Reg. 71,886 (Dec. 30, 1998) (opposition to petition by importer from México of some 10-15 percent of its stock requirements disregarded); Initiation of Antidumping Investigation: Citric Acid and Sodium Citrate From the People's Republic of China, 65 Fed.Reg. 1,588, 1,589 (Jan. 11, 2000) ("The Department has disregarded Proctor & Gamble, Inc.'s opposition because ... they are a major purchaser and user of domestic and imported citric acid and sodium citrate").
This is the first case to have the issue considered anew in court. On its part, the plaintiff takes the position that those three matters reflect "consistent prior practice" and "established precedents",[29] amounting to "traditional practice",[30] and that the ITA had a duty to explain its departure from such prior norm. Plaintiff's Reply Brief, p. 11, citing Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Wichita Bd. of Trade, 412 U.S. 800, 808, 93 S.Ct. 2367, 37 L.Ed.2d 350 (1973). The defendant properly recognizes its duty in this regard but also that it "is not obligated to adhere to the same policies over time." Defendant's Brief, p. 62. Accordingly, the ITA did not follow Citrosuco "because the peculiarities of the oil industry did not warrant application of the same test." Id. at 63. That is, the agency
found that the facts present in the oil industry required the agency to consider factors other than the level of imports. Specifically, Commerce noted that "oil is a limited, non-renewable natural resource" and that "current U.S. demand cannot be satisfied solely by increasing domestic production; it can be satisfied only through a substantial level of imports." "[W]hen fairly and sympathetically read in the context of the entire opinion of the agency" (Atchison, 412 U.S. at 809, 93 S.Ct. 2367), these distinctions reveal that Commerce exercised its discretion in the Dismissal Determination in a manner consistent with congressional intent.
Id. at 63-64 (footnote omitted).
While the world of petroleum may well be sui generis, this alone does not necessarily confirm that the ITA's approach was consistent with congressional intent. For example, the government's own public data demonstrate that proved domestic reserves were almost four times even last year's gross U.S. consumption.[31] Moreover, domestic production in PADDs I-IV during 1999 nearly equalled the 1,545,866,000 barrels of crude oil imported from Iraq, México, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela and, in fact, exceeded the 1,412,161,000 barrels imported from all other countries. Included in that group is the largest single exporter to the United States, Canada, not an OPEC member. Nevertheless, the government quotes with approval the proposition of the Petroleum Industry Research Foundation, Inc. ("PIRINC") that affirmative relief for SDO in this case "would `undermine the unity and effectiveness of OPEC, and non-OPEC producers by adding incremental supply to the market' which would, in turn, lead to lower prices." Defendant's Brief, p. 53, quoting R.Doc 269, Exhibit E, p. 3.
Whatever the geological and concomitant political realities, Congress and *1339 Commerce both have referred to a "common stake" in the economics underlying a given administrative proceeding as the dispositive test. And whether an importer passes that test in order to have its opposition to a petition for imposition of antidumping or countervailing duties counted necessarily entails ITA consideration of that firm's level of imports and resultant dependency thereon. For the agency not to have administered its test on an individual basis was an abuse of its discretion. As counsel for the API Ad Hoc Committee, itself, argued to the ITA, "expressions of support by oil industry associations are non-probative in these cases". R.Doc 321, p. 5.

C
That argument was directed at associations which sought to support SDO's petition, one of which was the Independent Petroleum Association of America ("IPAA"). It asserted that a "majority of its members engage in the exploration and production of the domestic like product"[32] and therefore that it qualified as an "interested party" under the statute. Responding to an ITA questionnaire, IPAA claimed such status on the ground that a majority of its members have offices in PADDs I-IV but that it was unable to provide production figures for them within that region. See R.Doc 148, QR p. 2. Whereupon, the ITA declined to grant IPAA standing. See R.Doc 336, pp. 3-4.
The Trade Agreements Act definition of an "interested party" is, in pertinent part, as follows:
(C) a manufacturer, producer, or wholesaler in the United States of a domestic like product,
(D) a certified union or recognized union or group of workers which is representative of an industry engaged in the manufacture, production, or wholesale in the United States of a domestic like product,
(E) a trade or business association a majority of whose members manufacture, produce, or wholesale a domestic like product in the United States,
(F) an association, a majority of whose members is composed of interested parties described in subparagraph (C), (D), (E) with respect to a domestic like product....
19 U.S.C. § 1677(9). In tying such status to a domestic like product, clearly Congress intended to provide in a case such as this for associations like IPAA. See, e.g., S.Rep. No. 96-249, p. 90 (1979), 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 381. And the ITA did not proceed otherwise,[33] witness its seemingly-spontaneous embrace[34] of the API Ad Hoc Committee. Rather, the agency properly required IPAA to prove the necessary connection to the regional domestic like product. While IPAA initially was unable to obtain the requisite information, it may still be able to establish on remand that its members are regional producers.

(1)
In enacting URAA, Congress also clearly indicated its intent that "labor have equal voice with management in supporting or opposing the initiation of an investigation." H.R.Rep. No. 103-826, pt. 1, p. 48 (1994), 1995 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3773.
If workers are represented by a union, Commerce will count the production of those firms whose workers are represented by the union as being for or against the petition in accordance with the workers' position. If the management of a firm expresses a position in *1340 direct opposition to the views of the workers in that firm, Commerce will treat the production of that firm as representing neither support for nor opposition to the petition.
Id. A regulation of the Department, 19 C.F.R. § 351.203(e)(5) (1999), provides that, in conducting a poll of an industry, the ITA "will include unions, groups of workers, and trade or business associations."
Here, the record reflects an attempt by the agency, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671a(c)(4)(D), 1673a(c)(4)(D), supra, to poll each of the 410 largest producers in PADDs I-IV, which account for over 86 percent of the production therein, and 401 of the remaining producers in the region. See 64 Fed.Reg. at 44,481-82. The ITA reports receipt of responses from 41 percent of the "companies" comprising the first group and from 18 percent of the sampled 401 "companies". Id. at 44,482, col. 1. There is no indication that the agency, contrary to its own regulation and the intent of the governing statute, made any attempt to poll production workers at those particular firms, nor did it otherwise determine where labor stands vis-à-vis SDO's petition. See R.Doc 215, pp. 8-9; R.Doc 331, p. 2.
The U.S. Department of Labor reports that the petroleum industry experienced a sharp decline in domestic exploration and production and an extended period of downsizing and restructuring, losing almost 390,000 jobs from 1982 to 1995, as contrasted with some 339,000 still existent wage and salary jobs in 1998. U.S. Dep't of Labor Bulletin 2523, Career Guide to Industries 2000-01 Edition, p. 34 (Jan. 2000). Moreover, that Department projects an additional, overall 17 percent decline through the year 2008. Cf. id. at 35. As for the positions found still active, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports about 60 percent in 1999 were in just four states, three of which, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas, are within the ITA's designated region [id. at 34]; more than seven out of ten establishments employ fewer than ten workers, although more than half of all workers in the industry are employed in settings of 50 or more [id.]; and
[f]ew industry workers belong to unions. In fact, only about 4 percent of workers were union members or covered by union contracts in 1998....
Id. at 36.
Be that last statistic as it is, the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical & Energy Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC ("PACE") came forward with an expression of support for SDO, whereupon it was served with an ITA questionnaire "to ascertain whether the union qualifies as an interested party and, if so, how to account for its support." R.Doc 337, p. 1. PACE claimed support emanating from members in the employ of ten companies. The ITA disregarded the pipeline workers at four of those firms because they "are involved solely in transporting crude oil" and thus are not "engaged in the production of crude oil (i.e., operating the wells)." Id. at 3. That nuance apparently does not exist with respect to the other six companies, but the agency also took no account of their production workers' indicated support of SDO on the ground that their chosen union representative failed to provide requested information, viz.:
... [W]ithout production data for the specific facilities at which PACE represents workers engaged in the production of crude oil, we have no way of accounting for its support.
Id.
The plaintiff complains that the ITA should have accounted for the workers' support at all ten firms. It argues that the managements of those companies are possessed of the production data requested *1341 by the agency and that their workers "should not have been penalized simply because the data w[ere] wholly in management[] hands." Plaintiff's Reply Brief, pp. 19-20. It claims that, since the agency decided to conduct a poll of the industry, it was arbitrary and capricious to have done so without
eliciting information about worker support for the petition or ... determining the production of crude oil by those companies whose workers supported the petition.
Id. at 20. And the plaintiff also argues that pipeline workers are an integral part of the production of petroleum and that the production of the four firms where PACE members work should therefore have been taken into account by the ITA.
Indeed, it is hard to imagine meaningful "production" of the liquid raw material that is crude petroleum oil without its passage through pipe, often arrayed in lines for miles, whether near or in the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of México, or anywhere else, yet the court notes that the workers who man those pipelines are not necessarily classified by the government with their brethren who engage in "oil and gas extraction". Compare, e.g., Executive Office of the President, Office of Mgmt. & Budget, North American Industry Classification SystemUnited States 1997, pp. 67-68 (1998) with id. at 478-79. This is not to state that, had the ITA counted PACE's members at the four domestic companies involved in transporting crude oil as properly aligned in support of SDO's petition, such approach would have violated the Trade Agreements Act, as amended, supra. On the other hand, given that statute and the clear intent of Congress in enacting URAA, this court concludes that it was not in accordance with law for the agency to have failed to account at all for the views of labor in this case.

(2)
Under the statute as set forth above, standing is tied to a domestic like product, which Congress has defined to mean
a product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation[,]
19 U.S.C. § 1677(10), and which the ITA determined to define herein as "crude petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals testing at, above, or below 25 degrees A.P.I." 64 Fed.Reg. at 44,480, col. 3. In doing so, the agency confirmed that the class or kind of merchandise to be investigated "normally will be ... as defined in the petition"[35] and also confirmed that it followed that practice herein, thereby rejecting attempts by interested parties to have refined products and "lease condensates" also considered the domestic like product. Id. at 44,481, cols. 2-3. The inclusion of either could have an impact on this case, given the support for, and nature of the opposition to, SDO's petition.
With regard to refined products, there is little on the record to support the proponents of inclusion. Indeed, the plaintiff argues that refining needs and expectations, much of them offshore, are what genuinely motivate the Ad Hoc Committee companies in opposition to its petition, not their domestic production of the raw material SDO's members capture.[36]
Be that part of the ITA's determination as it is, Committee companies also urged *1342 the inclusion of "lease condensates", which position engendered the following reported discussion:
The issue of whether "lease condensates" are included properly within the domestic like product is more complicated. Lease condensates consist essentially of a mixture of certain hydrocarbon compounds that, in terms of weight and complexity, fall between natural gas and crude oil. They are liquids formed from natural gas as a result of temperature or pressure changes. Often lease condensates are mixed with crude oil and the resulting mixture is sold to a refinery as crude oil.
The petitioner argues that the Department should not include lease condensates in the domestic like product because the mixture of hydrocarbon compounds in lease condensates is different from the mixture of hydrocarbon compounds in crude oils. Consequently, it asserts, lease condensates can only be refined into a limited range of products. Opposing the petitioner's position, other parties have argued that lease condensates are very similar in physical characteristics and uses to light crude oil and that, when mixed, they simply become an indistinguishable part of the crude-oil stream which is sent to the refinery.
In addition to the extremely complex technical nature of the issue, ascertaining the precise nature of available production and distribution data as well as attempting to establish the appropriate analytical framework for a very diverse industry has been problematic for the Department. However, it is not necessary to decide this issue because ... we have determined that the petitioner does not have the requisite industry support, regardless of how the issue of lease condensates is resolved.
Id. Given that this case must be remanded for reconsideration by the agency, decision of this issue may become necessary. For example, if, as SDO contends, lease condensates are not found in its members' domestic product, but prove to be part of the product obtained domestically by Committee companies, then that part may have to be discounted in the opposition of those producers to the petition.

III
Perhaps, the "extremely complex technical nature" of the lease-condensates issue was exacerbated by the limited time afforded the ITA by the statute. But expeditious, generally-affirmative initial action, has been the mandate of Congress since 1979. That is, the intent of the Trade Agreements Act has been that the agency
act upon all petitions which, based upon facts reasonably available to petitioner, make reasonable allegations of the presence of the elements necessary for the imposition of a ... duty.... Consequently, the Committee expects that the [ITA] will act upon most petitions, rejecting only those which are clearly frivolous, not reasonably supported by the facts alleged or which omit important facts which are reasonably available to the petitioner.
H.R.Rep. No. 96-317, p. 51 (1979). And this expectation of Congress has been realized almost one thousand one hundred times since then, with only one petition having been summarily rejected over the past 20 years on reasoning remotely similar to that herein, and notwithstanding subsequent judicial appreciation of the ITA's limited time for rendering a determination. E.g., Fujitsu Ltd. v. United States, 23 CIT ___, ___, 36 F.Supp.2d 394, 401 (1999), and cases cited therein.
*1343 Of course, the fact that at least preliminary ITA (and ITC) investigation ensues in the "vast majority of cases", to quote from the reported URAA contemplation of Congress regarding initial agency time to consider petitions upon filing, H.R.Rep. No. 103-826, pt. 1, p. 49 (1994), 1995 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3773, does not necessarily lead to any affirmative final antidumping or countervailing-duty relief. And this court is neither at liberty nor able to project the outcome(s) of any agency investigation(s) in this case, which may genuinely entail phenomena beyond the hale of the 1979 Act. Suffice it to state at this stage, however, that the ITA's dismissal of SDO's petition, as described and discussed above, was not in accordance with law. Ergo, plaintiff's motion for judgment upon the agency record developed to date must be, and it hereby is, granted.
This case is hereby remanded to Commerce for contemplation of commencement of a preliminary investigation by its ITA (and referral for such an investigation by the ITC) in accordance with law, as set forth hereinabove. The defendant may have 60 days from the date hereof for this purpose. To the extent, in the exercise of its sound discretion during that time, the agency determines to reconsider its analysis of any of the threshold issues raised by the petition, including the nature of SDO's domestic product vis-à-vis that of other domestic producers and support for, and opposition to, the petition on the part of domestic producers and workers, the ITA may call upon the interested parties to supplement the record, and also upon the U.S. Departments of Labor and of Energy for relevant, publicly-available data not yet part of the record. If the stated opposition of the API Ad Hoc Free Trade Committee is still sought to be taken into account, the agency is hereby directed to consider the facts and circumstances of the business of each Committee company, standing on its own, including most necessarily that particular company's imports of crude petroleum oil from Iraq, México, Saudi Arabia or Venezuela.
If the result of this remand is not initiation of preliminary investigation(s) by the ITA (and the ITC), the written reasons therefor are to be filed with the court on or before the close of the aforesaid 60-day period, whereupon the parties hereto may have 30 days to serve and file comments thereon, with any replies thereto due within 15 days thereafter.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1]  ITA Record Document ("R.Doc") 1, vol. I, p. 2. This region was also described in terms of U.S. "Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts" or "PADD"s I to IV. See id at 3. See also id. at 4 ("The Region Is A Market Separate From The Rest Of The United States").
[2]  U.S. Import Administration, Antidumping Investigations Case Activity (January 1, 1980 December 31, 1999), at ; Countervailing Duty Case Activity (January 1, 1980 December 31, 1999), at .
[3]  See Pure and Alloy Magnesium From Norway: Final Negative Determination; Rescission of Investigation and Partial Dismissal of Petition, 57 Fed.Reg. 30,942 (July 13, 1992); Pure and Alloy Magnesium From Canada: Final Affirmative Determination; Rescission of Investigation and Partial Dismissal of Petition, 57 Fed.Reg. 30,939 (July 13, 1992); Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition: Chrome-Plated Lug Nuts and Wheel Locks From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"); 57 Fed. Reg. 10,459 (March 26, 1992); Dismissal of Countervailing Duty Petition and Termination of Proceeding: Pure and Alloy Magnesium From Norway, 56 Fed.Reg. 49,748 (Oct. 1, 1991); Partial Rescission of Initiation of Antidumping Investigations and Dismissal of Petitions; Antifriction Bearings (Other Than Tapered Roller Bearings) and Parts Thereof From Romania, Singapore, and Thailand, 53 Fed. Reg. 39,327 (Oct. 6, 1988); Potassium Chloride From the Soviet Union; Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed.Reg. 23,428 (June 6, 1984); Potassium Chloride From the German Democratic Republic; Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed.Reg. 23,428 (June 6, 1984); Fresh Cut Roses From Colombia; Dismissal of Antidumping Petition, 46 Fed.Reg. 33,575 (June 30, 1981); Toy Balloons and Playballs From Mexico; Dismissal of Countervailing Duty Petition, 46 Fed.Reg. 31,698 (June 17, 1981); Glass-Lined Steel Storage Tanks, Pressure Vessels and Parts Thereof From France; Dismissal of Countervailing Duty Petition, 45 Fed.Reg. 67,404 (Oct. 10, 1980).
[4]  See Initiation of Antidumping Investigation/Dismissal of Antidumping Petitions Certain Steel Products From Romania, 47 Fed. Reg. 5,752 (Feb. 8, 1982); Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations/Dismissal of Countervailing Duty Petition Certain Steel Products From Luxembourg, 47 Fed.Reg. 5,750 (Feb. 8, 1982); Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations/Dismissal of Countervailing Duty Petitions; Certain Steel Products From the Netherlands, 47 Fed.Reg. 5,743 (Feb. 8, 1982).
[5]  See Rescission of Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition: Certain Portable Electric Typewriters From Singapore, 56 Fed.Reg. 49,880 (Oct. 2, 1991); High Information Content Flat Panel Displays and Display Glass Therefor From Japan: Final Determination; Rescission of Investigation and Partial Dismissal of Petition, 56 Fed.Reg. 32,376 (July 16, 1991); Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet From Belgium and the Federal Republic of Germany; Rescission of Notice Announcing Initiation of Antidumping Investigations and Dismissal of Petition, 48 Fed.Reg. 52,757 (Nov. 22, 1983); Latchet Hook Kits From the United Kingdom; Dismissal of Antidumping Petition, 45 Fed.Reg. 81,241 (Dec. 10, 1980).
[6]  See 19 U.S.C. § 1671a. Of the elements of section 1673a set forth in haec verba in this opinion, a textual difference in section 1671a is its notification-of-governments subsection, to wit:

Upon receipt of a petition filed under paragraph (1), the [ITA] shall 
(i) notify the government of any exporting country named in the petition by delivering a public version of the petition to an appropriate representative of such country; and
(ii) provide the government of any exporting country named in the petition that is a Subsidies Agreement country an opportunity for consultations with respect to the petition.
19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b)(4)(A).
[7]  64 Fed.Reg. at 44,481, col. 1.
[8]  See id. at 44,480. If those invitation(s) issued pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b)(4)(A)(ii), supra, it should be noted that Saudi Arabia (in contrast to the two other invitees) is not a "Subsidies Agreement country" within the meaning of that section, although it is the putative leader of the world cartel, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ("OPEC"), the ráison d'être of which is to control production and fix prices of crude oil. México, while not a formal member of OPEC, apparently attempts to follow its lead. See, e.g., Ibrahim, Oil Countries Approve World Cutback of 3%, N.Y. Times, March 24, 1999, p. Cl; Preston, Mexico Playing Unfamiliar Role in World Oil Politics, N.Y. Times, March 24, 1998, p. D2. Venezuela is a member of OPEC, as are Iraq and several other countries considered either unfriendly to or genuine enemies of the United States.

Be the lack of direct diplomatic relations with Iraq (and other hostile, oil-producing lands) as it is, nothing in the language of 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671a(b)(4)(A)(i) and 1673a(b)(3), supra, exempts the ITA from at least attempting to notify Baghdad of SDO's petition, via the embassy of Poland, which ostensibly represented U.S. interests there [see, e.g., U.S. Dep't of State, Iraq  Travel Warning (Sept. 10, 1999)], or otherwise. Cf. 19 C.F.R. § 351.202(i) (1999) (ITA "will invite the government of any exporting country named in the petition for consultations"). Indeed, notwithstanding Resolution 661, which was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations on August 6, 1990 "to bring the invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq to an end and to restore the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Kuwait" and which, among other things, decreed that member states prevent the import of all commodities and products originating in Iraq, and also Executive Order No. 12,724 of the U.S. President sub nom. Blocking Iraqi Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Iraq, 55 Fed.Reg. 33,089 (Aug. 13, 1990), a report of the U.S. government itself discloses that 146,722,000 barrels of crude oil were imported from Iraq into this country during the period January  July 1999. See U.S. Energy Info. Admin., Petroleum Supply Monthly, p. 82 (Sept.1999). By way of comparison, the Table 40 on that page shows imports from México, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela during that period to have been 272.540, 299.957 and 252.837 million barrels, respectively.
Whether the imports from Iraq were under the guise of the so-called "oil-for-food" program viz. Resolution 986 of the U.N. Security Council (April 14, 1995) and subsequent resolutions or not, the court has reviewed SDO's 235-page volume II of its petition, relating to alleged dumping in America of those millions of barrels of Iraqi oil, and also its 100-page volume VI, relating to claimed benefits bestowed upon such shipments by the government of Saddam Hussein. And the court must affirm that those averments, on their face, are not clearly frivolous.
[9]  See 64 Fed.Reg. at 44,481. The ITA also concluded that it did not need to decide definitively whether "lease condensates" are included within the domestic like product. See id.
[10]  64 Fed.Reg. at 44,481, col. 3.
[11]  See id. at 44,481-82.
[12]  See id. at 44,482. Notwithstanding the Department's mandate per 19 C.F.R. § 351.303(b) (1999) that "all documents" in a matter such as this be addressed and submitted to the Secretary of Commerce, the court notes in passing that the chairman and chief executive officer of at least one major oil company expressed "strong opposition" directly to the President of the United States, with copies of that written displeasure apparently also transmitted directly to the Vice President and the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and Energy, as well as Commerce, and to an Assistant to the President, a Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, an Acting Under Secretary of State, and an Assistant Secretary of Commerce. See R.Doc 196.
[13]  64 Fed.Reg. at 44,482.
[14]  Id., col. 2. Those 16 firms, in alphabetical order, were listed as ARCO, BHP Petroleum, BP Amoco, Burlington Resources, Chevron Corporation, Conoco Inc., Exxon Corporation, Fina, Inc., Kerr-McGee Corporation, Marathon Oil Corporation, Mobil Corporation, Murphy Oil Corporation, Occidental Petroleum Corporation, Phillips Petroleum Company, Shell Oil Company, and Texaco Inc., which list included their crude-oil production figures (in thousands of barrels) for PADDs I-IV for 1997. See R.Doc 205.

Not only has the Ad Hoc Committee, itself, representing these firms, been granted leave to intervene in this case as a party defendant, BP Amoco, Chevron, Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Texaco have all intervened on their own accounts. Moreover, the court notes in passing that since then the Exxon and Mobil corporations have formally merged, as has BP Amoco PLC (itself a recent union of two erstwhile major oil companies) with ARCO, formerly known as Atlantic Richfield Company.
[15]  64 Fed.Reg. at 44,482. The agency eschewed addressing "a number of complex issues regarding the 25-percent test ... because the 50-percent test has not been met." Id., col. 3.
[16]  In filing its motion for judgment in March 2000, the plaintiff claimed that,

[m]ore than six months ago, [it] properly submitted a FOIA request to the Department of Energy regarding the Secretary's involvement in the Commerce proceeding. This request has not been acted on, in contravention of the FOIA statute.
Plaintiff's Brief, p. 42. Whereupon it filed a motion for supplemental briefing following a hoped-for response to the aforesaid request. That motion has been denied. See Save Domestic Oil, Inc. v. United States, 24 CIT ___, 2000 WL 546672 (April 26, 2000).
[17]  Indeed, the record reflects understandable concern about its shortness, given the scope and arguable complexity of this case. See, e.g., R.Doc 39 passim; R.Doc 215, pp. 7-8; R.Doc 337, p. 3; Tr., pp. 5-6, 8, 11, 20-21, 41-42, 43. See also 64 Fed.Reg. at 44,481; Defendant's Response in Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Judgment on the Agency Record ["Defendant's Brief"], pp. 7, 26, 71; Brief of Defendant-Intervenor API Ad Hoc Free Trade Comm., pp. 18, 47, 49 and 50, n. 193; Response Brief of Defendant-Intervenor Saudi Arabian Oil Company, p. 39, n. 39; Brief of Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. and CITGO Petroleum Corp., pp. 10, 11; Brief of Defendant-Intervenor Petróleos Mexicanos et al., pp. 18, 20, 22-23; Brief of Defendant-Intervenor BP Amoco Corp., pp. 7, 9.
[18]  The court is constrained to confirm persistent difficulty in reviewing and thus reporting on the complete contents of the record as compiled by the agency, perhaps due to the scope and the complexity of SDO's eight country-specific petition volumes. The ITA's most-reliable indexing seems to be that for Venezuela, Inv. No. A-307-817, ergo the R.Doc numbers cited in this opinion come from that antidumping investigation file. Moreover, certain information which has now been received pursuant to CIT Rule 71(b)(3) ["At any time, the court may order any part of the record retained by the agency to be filed"] is confidential and therefore not subject to publication herein.
[19]  64 Fed.Reg. at 44,482, col. 1.
[20]  In fact, although not disclosed by the CIT Forms 13 regarding corporate affiliations and financial interest filed in conjunction with the motion of Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. and CITGO Petroleum Corporation for leave to intervene as parties defendant herein, the latter firm is wholly-owned by the former. Neither is an Ad Hoc Committee member, however.

The types of relationships alleged by SDO to exist between Committee companies and Venezuelan enterprises are debt-financing, designated-customer, joint-venture. See, e.g., R.Docs 14, 198, 207, 208, 210, 227-30, 243, 244, 287, 288, 290.
[21]  See, e.g., R.Docs 14, 207, 209, 210, 226, 227, 229, 230, 244, 287, 290.
[22]  Indeed, volumes IV and VIII of SDO's petition regarding this nation undermine any claim of control of or by Committee companies, and thus of any relationship within the purview of the statute quoted in the text. That is, each volume states at the outset:

Oil exploration and production in Saudi Arabia began in the 1930s, when the Kingdom granted a concession to the Standard Oil Company of California (now Chevron). By the late 1940s, a joint venture of U.S. firms, including Exxon, Texaco, Chevron, and Mobil, created the Arabian American Oil Company, or Aramco.
Saudi Arabia nationalized Aramco in 1976, giving the Saudi government full ownership of all hydrocarbon reserves and oil facilities in its territory. At first, Aramco remained an incorporated U.S. company and was operated on a fee basis by its four previous owners. However, in 1988 Aramco became the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco), a Saudi-registered, state-owned corporation, by Royal decree.
R.Doc 1, vol. IV, pp. 4-5; vol. VIII, p. 1 (footnotes omitted). Each describes the current standing of the government company under the Saudi Basic Law and its corporate statute. The description does not leave room for the concept of continuing western control, nor is there ground for accepting herein a claim of Saudi control over Exxon/Mobil, Texaco, Chevron, or other multinational producers of crude oil.
[23]  See R.Docs 198, p. 13; 207, p. 21; 208, p. 11; 210, p. 16; 226, p. 21; 227, p. 9; 229, p. 22; 230, p. 14; 243, p. 14; 244, p. 14; 287, p. 13; 290, p. 15; Plaintiff's Brief, pp. 11, 34. Import figures for these firms for 1997 can be derived from publicly-available data of the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy and are, in most cases, similar to the 1998 numbers.
[24]  The record does not reflect imports from the countries in question on the part of BHP Petroleum, Burlington Resources, or Kerr-McGee Corporation.
[25]  Compare R.Doc 215, p. 7 with Tr. at 44-45.
[26]  See R.Docs 205, 226. But see Brief of Defendant-Intervenor Texaco Inc., pp. 18-19.
[27]  To quote, for example, from the Brief of Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. and CITGO Petroleum Corporation, pages 15-16, in this regard:

... [T]he major U.S. oil companies were not wedded to the "allegedly dumped imports." They simply had too many alternatives. As the experts explained, crude oil is a worldwide ... commodity that is produced around the world and sold at prices dictated by the world markets. As the report of the Petroleum Industry Research Foundation indicated, "replacement supplies appear to be readily available." Thus, the major U.S. oil companies did not need to import crude oil from the four countries named in the petitions; they could obtain the oil from a variety of other sources at the same prices.
[28]  H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, vol. I, p. 656 (1994).
[29]  Plaintiff's Reply Brief, p. 11.
[30]  Id. at 15.
[31]  See U.S. Energy Info. Admin., U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Gas Liquids Reserves 1998 Annual Report, pp. 19-26 (1998). Cf. M.A. Adelman, The Genie out of the Bottle, p. xxii (1995) ("World oil shortage is a fiction, but belief in this fiction is a fact"); Thomas Gold, The Deep Hot Biosphere (1999).
[32]  R.Doc 336, p. 1.
[33]  See id. at 2-3.
[34]  Cf. Letter from Robert J. Heilferty, Esq. to the Court (Aug. 31, 2000).
[35]  64 Fed.Reg. at 44,481, col. 2.
[36]  Compare Plaintiff's Brief, pp. 28-30 with R.Doc 82, p. 9 ("If Chevron's access to foreign crude at competitively set market prices is restricted, the cost of operating our U.S. refineries that cannot run domestic crudes efficiently will increase") and R.Doc 180, p. 5 ("Shell is vitally concerned with eventssuch as the extraordinary import duties sought by the petitioner[] in these proceedingsthat threaten ... to deprive Shell's refining operations of access to essential crude oil supplies") and Confidential Record Document ("ConfDoc") 49, p. 2 ("the imposition of additional tariffs or countervailing duties would have the potential of negatively impacting domestic refiners. Phillips ...") and ConfDoc 79, p. 61 ("These duties would increase Mobil's supply and production costs for gasoline, aviation fuel, lubricants and other petroleum products and petrochemicals in the United States").