Court Opinion

ID: 4407635
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-18 13:45:08.991872+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:45.699027
License: Public Domain

[J-80-2018]
                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                               WESTERN DISTRICT

   SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

 GEORGE R. BOUSAMRA, M.D.                       :    No. 5 WAP 2018
                                                :
                                                :    Appeal from the Order of the Superior
               v.                               :    Court entered July 19, 2017 at No.
                                                :    1637 WDA 2015, affirming the Order
                                                :    of the Court of Common Pleas of
 EXCELA HEALTH, A CORPORATION;                  :    Allegheny County entered October 6,
 WESTMORELAND REGIONAL                          :    2015 at No. G.D. 12-003929, and
 HOSPITAL, DOING BUSINESS AS                    :    remanding.
 EXCELA WESTMORELAND HOSPITAL,                  :
 A CORPORATION; ROBERT ROGALSKI;                :    ARGUED: October 24, 2018
 JEROME E. GRANATO, M.D.; LATROBE               :
 CARDIOLOGY ASSOCIATES, INC., A                 :
 CORPORATION; ROBERT N. STAFFEN,                :
 M.D.; MERCER HEALTH & BENEFITS,                :
 LLC; AND AMERICAN MEDICAL                      :
 FOUNDATION FOR PEER REVIEW AND                 :
 EDUCATION, INC., A CORPORATION                 :
                                                :
                                                :
 APPEAL OF: EXCELA HEALTH,                      :
 WESTMORELAND REGIONAL                          :
 HOSPITAL, ROBERT ROGALSKI,                     :
 JEROME E. GRANATO, M.D., AND                   :
 LATROBE CARDIOLOGY ASSOCIATES,                 :
 INC.                                           :

                                         OPINION

JUSTICE MUNDY                                       DECIDED: JUNE 18, 2019
       In this appeal by allowance, we consider whether Excela Health waived the

attorney work product doctrine or the attorney-client privilege by forwarding an email from

outside counsel to its public relations and crisis management consultant, Jarrard, Phillips,
Cate & Hancock. We conclude that the attorney work product doctrine is not waived by

disclosure unless the alleged work product is disclosed to an adversary or disclosed in a

manner which significantly increases the likelihood that an adversary or anticipated

adversary will obtain it. Accordingly, we remand this matter to the trial court for fact finding

and application of the newly articulated work product waiver analysis. Further, we affirm

the Superior Court’s finding that Excela waived the attorney-client privilege.

       George R. BouSamra, M.D. (BouSamra), along with his colleague, Ehab Morcos,

M.D. (Morcos), were members of Westmoreland County Cardiology (WCC), a private

cardiology practice located in Westmoreland County.1            BouSamra and Morcos are

interventional cardiologists, who use intravascular catheter-based techniques to treat,

among other things, coronary artery disease.              Interventional cardiologists utilize

catheterization and angiography to measure blood flow through patients’ coronary

arteries and evaluate the presence of blockages.           If a blockage is severe enough,

interventional cardiologists implant a stent--a device which increases the blood flow

through the affected artery by widening the narrowed section.

        Westmoreland Regional Hospital is operated by Excela Health (Excela), a

corporation. As of 2006, approximately 90% of the interventional cardiology procedures

at Westmoreland Regional Hospital were performed by WCC. As a result, most of the

income Excela realized from interventional cardiology procedures at Westmoreland

Regional Hospital stemmed from WCC’s procedures.

       In 2007, Excela acquired Latrobe Cardiology (Latrobe). Although Latrobe was a

cardiology practice, it did not employ interventional cardiologists.         Instead, Latrobe

referred its patients requiring interventional cardiac procedures to other cardiologist

1Like the Superior Court, we rely on the facts as alleged by BouSamra in his complaint
because a factual record has not yet been established by the trial court.

                                        [J-80-2018] - 2
groups, including WCC.     Because WCC and Latrobe competed for patients, some

animosity existed between the practices.

      In 2008, Dr. Robert N. Staffen (Staffen), a member of Latrobe, complained to

Excela that BouSamra and Morcos were not properly referring back to Latrobe those

patients whom Latrobe had referred to WCC for interventional cardiology procedures.

Additionally, some Latrobe physicians began accusing WCC doctors, particularly

BouSamra and Morcos, of performing improper and medically unnecessary stenting. In

light of these accusations, one of the principals of WCC, one of the cardiologists from

Latrobe, and the then-Chief Medical Officer of Westmoreland Regional Hospital agreed

that Dr. Mahdi Al-Bassam, a skilled interventional cardiologist, would perform a review of

WCC’s procedures.

      On April 26, 2009, Dr. Al-Bassam issued a report concluding that the accusations

made against WCC were unfounded. In fact, Dr. Al-Bassam found that the interventional

cardiologists demonstrated outstanding skills and judgment, and found no evidence of

misuse or abuse of interventional cardiology. He further concluded that the procedures

performed by WCC involved no increased complications or mortality.

      In February 2010, Robert Rogalski (Rogalski) was appointed CEO of Excela, at

which point he became aware of the acrimonious relationship between WCC and Latrobe.

Seeking to control the market for interventional cardiology in Westmoreland County,

Rogalski began negotiating with WCC intending to bring WCC into Excela’s network. The

negotiations were ultimately unsuccessful, and in April 2010, WCC rejected any further

negotiations.

      In June 2010, Excela engaged Mercer Health & Benefits, LLC (Mercer) to review

whether physicians at Westmoreland Regional Hospital, including BouSamra, were

performing medically unnecessary stenting. Mercer’s review was based on a sampling

                                     [J-80-2018] - 3
of interventional cardiology procedures.     The results of the study were critical of

BouSamra’s work, and concluded that he had performed medically unnecessary

interventional cardiology procedures.

      BouSamra received the results of the Mercer peer review on December 18, 2010.

On January 11, 2011, BouSamra resigned his privileges at Westmoreland Regional

Hospital, hoping to minimize negative professional repercussions resulting from the peer

review study. Prior to resigning, however, BouSamra had already gained provisional

privileges to perform coronary interventions at Forbes Regional Hospital, which served

patients in Westmoreland County and eastern Allegheny County.

      On February 9, 2011, Excela hired American Medical Foundation for Peer Review

and Education, Inc., (American) to conduct a more thorough peer review focusing on

interventional cardiology procedures performed specifically by BouSamra in 2010. The

stated goal of the American study was to determine if any of the procedures BouSamra

performed at Excela’s hospital were medically unnecessary.

        While Mercer was completing its peer review but prior to American beginning its

peer review, Excela contracted with an outside public relations consultant, Jarrard,

Phillips, Cate & Hancock (Jarrard), to assist Excela in managing the anticipated publicity

stemming from the results of the peer review studies. Molly Cate (Cate) was the principal

at Jarrard who worked on the Excela media plan and frequently communicated with

Excela through Timothy Fedele (Fedele), who was Excela’s Senior Vice-President and

General Counsel during the relevant events. Cate also worked with other members of

Jarrard as part of the team handling Excela’s media plans, including Kim Fox (Fox), Alan

Taylor (Taylor), and Magi Curtis (Curtis). On February 23, 2011, American issued a final

report to Excela in which it concluded that BouSamra and Morcos regularly overestimated

arterial blockages and inappropriately implanted stents.

                                     [J-80-2018] - 4
      On February 25, 2011, Excela informed Cate that legal concerns prevented it from

publically naming BouSamra as one of the doctors alleged to have implanted medically

unnecessary stents. The next day, outside counsel sent legal advice by email to Fedele.

Fedele forwarded that email to Cate and other employees at Excela. Cate subsequently

forwarded that same email to Fox, Taylor, and Curtis--Jarrard employees working on

Excela matters with Cate. On February 28, 2011, Excela informed Cate that, contrary to

its position taken two days earlier, it was planning to publically identify BouSamra and

Morcos as the cardiologists responsible for over-stenting.

      On or about March 2, 2011, Excela held a press conference and publicly

acknowledged the results of the peer review studies. In its press release, Excela stated

that the peer review process had identified 141 patients of BouSamra and Morcos who,

in the last twelve months, had received stents which may not have been medically

necessary. The press conference received significant media attention the following day.

See Excela Health Press Release, Excela Health Launches Medical Necessity Review of

Coronary Stent Procedures, March 3, 2011.

      BouSamra initiated this action by filing a complaint on March 1, 2012, seeking

damages for, among other things, defamation and interference with prospective and

actual contractual relations. As the matter continued through the phases of litigation, the

parties disagreed as to the scope of discoverable materials. On November 18, 2014,

Marvin A. Fein, Esquire, was appointed Special Master to resolve all discovery disputes.

See Order of Court, Nov. 18, 2014. In anticipation of resolving the discovery problems,

Appellants (referred to collectively as Excela)2 created a privilege log of materials it

2In this appeal, Appellants include Excela Health; Westmoreland Regional Hospital;
Robert Rogalski; Jerome E Granato, M.D.; Latrobe Cardiology Associates, Inc.; Robert
N. Staffen, M.D.; Mercer Health & Benefits, LLC; and American Medical Foundation for
Peer Review and Education, Inc.

                                     [J-80-2018] - 5
asserted were protected from discovery. This privilege log included the February 26,

2011 email from outside counsel to Fedele, which Fedele forwarded to Excela

management-level personnel and Cate, who in turn forwarded it to other Jarrard

employees. The log also included various other emails among the members of the

Jarrard team. In the interest of brevity, we will refer to these documents as the “Jarrard

documents,” as the Superior Court did below.

       BouSamra filed a motion to compel Excela to produce the Jarrard documents on

April 6, 2015. Excela responded by claiming that both the attorney-client privilege and

the work product doctrine applied, barring discovery of the Jarrard documents. Appellees

argued, however, that both privileges were waived when Fedele forwarded outside

counsel’s email to Cate because Cate was a third party outside the attorney-client

relationship.

       After conducting an in camera review of the documents, Special Master Fein

issued a report on May 16, 2015, wherein he recognized that “it is likely that the contents

of these documents will be disclosed at some point in this proceeding.” Special Master’s

Report at 6, May 16, 2015. Special Master Fein reasoned, however, at that point in the

proceedings, Excela had not waived any privilege which would render the documents

discoverable. Id. In a proposed order of court issued by Special Master Fein, he

recommended that “Plaintiff’s Motion for Defendants to produce correspondence dated

on or about February 26, 2011, between Excela’s outside counsel, inside counsel, and

[Jarrard], Excela’s agent, [be] denied.”3 Proposed Order of Court issued May 16, 2015,

¶5.

3 Special Master Fein did not provide any legal analysis in concluding that the emails were
protected by the attorney-client privilege. Further, he did not address the applicability of
the attorney work product doctrine.

                                      [J-80-2018] - 6
       BouSamra filed exceptions to Special Master Fein’s report and proposed order on

June 3, 2015, and filed a supporting brief on July 6, 2015. After reviewing the emails in

camera, on October 6, 2015, the trial court sustained BouSamra’s exception regarding

the Jarrard documents. Memorandum and Order of Court, October 6, 2015. The trial

court reasoned that communications between counsel and a third party are generally not

protected by the attorney-client privilege; in fact, the court reasoned, the privilege is lost

when a protected communication is shared with a third person. Id. Although the court

did recognize that an exception may exist where a third party is acting as an agent of a

lawyer and is facilitating the lawyer’s representation, the court held that exception was

inapplicable because employees of Jarrard “were not agents of defendants’ counsel

facilitating the representation.”   Id. at 1-2 (citing RESTATEMENT (THIRD)      OF THE   LAW

GOVERNING LAWYERS § 70 (2000)). Rather, the court reasoned, Excela retained Jarrard

to assist in public relations matters. Thus, the court concluded:
              It was not the role of defendants’ counsel to make decisions
              regarding communications with the public. At the most, a
              lawyer will give advice to a client asking the lawyer to advise
              it regarding the legal issues with respect to communications
              with the public. The presence of Jarrard would not in any way
              assist counsel in giving such legal advice.

See id. at 2. Neither Special Master Fein nor the trial court addressed the applicability of

the attorney work product doctrine. Excela appealed the trial court order, asserting that

both the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine barred discovery of the

Jarrard documents.

       On July 19, 2017, a unanimous panel of the Superior Court affirmed. BouSamra

v. Excela Health, 167 A.3d 728 (Pa. Super. 2017). In considering whether the work

product doctrine applied to the Jarrard documents, the Superior Court recognized that the

privilege bars discovery of materials which disclose the mental impressions, conclusions,

or opinions of a party’s attorney. Id. at 743 (citing Pa.R.C.P. 4003.3). The panel first

                                       [J-80-2018] - 7
looked to whether Excela properly raised the doctrine by delineating facts showing that

the privilege had been properly invoked. Id. The Superior Court concluded that Excela

failed to meet this burden because the doctrine protects the files of counsel from

examination, not documents or property which belong to the client. Id. (citing Pa.R.C.P.

4003.3, Explanatory Comment-1978).          The court reasoned that BouSamra was

attempting to discover an email directly from the client, not the client’s attorney. Id.

Further, that email, as found by the Superior Court, is a document that belonged to

Excela, not outside counsel. Id. Additionally, the panel noted that Excela did not send

the documents to Jarrard to help outside counsel prepare for litigation. Id. at 744. On

these bases, the Superior Court reasoned, the work product doctrine was inapplicable.

Id.

       Next, the court considered whether the Jarrard documents were protected by the

attorney-client privilege. The court first recognized that, as a communication between

outside counsel and Fedele, the email was initially protected by the attorney-client

privilege. Id. at 735, n.4. Thus, the court considered whether the privilege was waived

by disclosure, or whether the privilege should be extended to Jarrard, an agent of Excela,

the client.

       Relying on United States v. Kovel, 296 F.2d 918 (2d Cir. 1961), the Superior Court

opined the attorney-client privilege may extend to a client’s agent when the presence of

an agent is necessary or useful to the lawyer’s dissemination of legal advice. Id. at 737.

The court concluded, however, that Kovel is inapposite in this case because Jarrard was

not involved in outside counsel’s dissemination of legal advice. Specifically, Jarrard did

not assist outside counsel in providing legal advice to Excela:

              That, of course, is the “legal issue” involved in the case.
              Outside counsel reviewed the materials sent by Mr. Fedele
              and outside counsel rendered advice as to their contents.

                                     [J-80-2018] - 8
              Outside counsel sent his advice only to in-house counsel.
              Outside counsel’s email does not solicit input.

Id. at 739. In fact, the Superior Court recognized that none of the Jarrard employees

responded directly to outside counsel in that email chain. Id. at 739-40. Thus, based on

this factual record, the court concluded that it was unnecessary for it to determine whether

an agent of the client is under the umbrella of attorney-client privilege pursuant to Kovel.

       Appellants filed a petition for allowance of appeal with this Court. We granted

allocatur to consider two issues, which as stated by Appellants, are:
              (1) Did the Superior Court commit an error of law when
              holding that a client waives the work-product protection of its
              counsel’s pre-litigation e-mail by forwarding the e-mail to its
              public relations consultant?
              (2) Did the Superior Court commit an error of law when
              holding that, to qualify as a privileged person within the
              attorney-client privilege, a third party must provide legal
              advice and have the lawyer or client control its work?

BouSamra v. Excela Health, 179 A.3d 1079 (Pa. 2018) (per curiam). The application of

the work product doctrine and the attorney-client privilege are questions of law over which

our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. In re Thirty-Third

Statewide Investigating Grand Jury, 86 A.3d 204, 215 (Pa. 2014).

       Initially, Excela argues that the email chain should not be subject to discovery

because it is protected as attorney work product. Excela’s Brief at 26. Relying on several

secondary sources and decisions from other courts, Excela contends that the real

purpose of the work product doctrine is to protect evidence from disclosure to opposing

counsel, not the outside world generally. In Excela’s view, application of the work product

doctrine is not waived unless work product is disclosed to the adversary or if the

disclosure increases the likelihood that an adversary will discover the work product.

Excela maintains that the protection should remain regardless of whether the attorney or

client makes the disclosure. Id. at 30.

                                      [J-80-2018] - 9
         Next, Excela asserts that Rule 4003.3 does not require that documents protected

by the work product doctrine be prepared in anticipation of litigation, as that requirement

is not included in the text of the rule. In support, Excela relies on two cases from our

intermediate courts which, it argues, both hold that the protections of Rule 4003.3 are not

limited to work product produced in anticipation of litigation. See Estate of Paterno v.

NCAA, 168 A.3d 187, 200 (Pa. Super. 2017) (noting “the Rule does not limit work product

protections to materials prepared in anticipation [of litigation].”); Bagwell v. Pa. Dept. of

Educ., 103 A.3d 409, 416 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014) (“The anticipation of litigation part of the

work-product doctrine is not an absolute requirement[.]”). Further, Excela contends that

although the words “anticipation of litigation or trial” do appear in the statute, they are

used as words of inclusion rather than exclusion. Excela’s Brief at 31-32.

         Lastly, Excela argues that the core policy and purpose of the work product doctrine

is to protect an attorney’s mental impressions from disclosure to an adversary. In this

case, Excela contends that the February 26, 2011 email unquestionably contains the

mental impressions of the attorney. Thus, in furtherance of the purpose of rule, Excela

argues that the email must be protected as work product. Id. at 33-34.

         Conversely, BouSamra contends that in this case, the work product privilege either

does not apply, or was waived by disclosure. First, BouSamra argues that the February

26, 2011 email is not protected by the work product doctrine because he sought to obtain

the email chain from Jarrard, not Excela’s counsel. Relying on the comment to the rule,

BouSamra explains that documents belonging to the client are explicitly excluded from

the definition of attorney work product. Thus, in this case, BouSamra argues that because

he is attempting to recover documents from Jarrard and not from Excela’s attorney, the

documents cannot possibly be considered attorney work product. BouSamra’s Brief at

26-28.

                                      [J-80-2018] - 10
       BouSamra next argues that neither Cate nor any other Jarrard employees provided

insight or advice to the attorney while crafting the message. Thus, although BouSamra

recognizes that Rule 4003.3 protects the work product of a party’s representative,4

BouSamra alleges that the documents cannot be considered Jarrard’s work product,

because Jarrard did not advise the lawyer on their creation.          Similarly, BouSamra

contends that Jarrard cannot be construed to be an agent of Excela, because Jarrard is

a separate legal entity with other clients and was hired by Excela for a specific public

relations project.

       Next, BouSamra contends that Excela’s disclosure of the email to Jarrard

increased the likelihood that he, an adversary, would obtain the document. Thus, even

relying on the broadly interpreted waiver rule Excela urges us to adopt, BouSamra

contends he should still be permitted to obtain the document because disclosure to

Jarrard increased the likelihood that the document would be obtained by an adversary.

BouSamra’s Brief at 33.

       Finally, BouSamra contends that Excela’s suggested rule will lead to an absurd

result because it would permit attorney work product to be shared with virtually anyone

except an adversary without waiving the privilege. In BouSamra’s view, such a rule is too

broad, unreasonable, and unsupported by the law. Rather, BouSamra urges this Court

to adopt a more practical waiver analysis, which requires reasonable measures be taken

to protect an attorney’s work product. BouSamra’s Brief at 38-39.

       In its reply brief, Excela contends that the language of Rule 4003.3 is clear in that

it protects the mental impressions of attorneys along with the mental impressions of the

4 Rule 4003.3 states, in relevant part: “With respect to the representative of a party other
than the party’s attorney, discovery shall not include disclosure of his or her mental
impressions, conclusions or opinions respecting the value or merit of a claim or defense
or respecting strategy or tactics.” Pa.R.C.P. 4003.3.

                                     [J-80-2018] - 11
“representative of a party . . . respecting strategy or tactics.” Pa.R.C.P. 4003.3. In this

regard, Excela maintains that not only is the email sent by counsel privileged work

product, but the commentary of Jarrard employees--acting as a representative of Excela-

-should be protected work product as well. Excela’s Reply Brief at 7-9. Finally, Excela

explains that contrary to BouSamra’s framing of its position, it is not advocating that the

work product doctrine can only be waived by disclosure to an adversary. Rather, Excela

concedes that “widely disseminating the work product may result in work product waiver.”

Excela’s Reply Brief at 10. Notwithstanding this position, however, Excela relies on the

RESTATEMENT (THIRD)     OF THE   LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS, § 91 cmt. b (2000), for the

proposition that application of the work product doctrine should not be deemed waived

when the work product is shared with agents, representatives, or other professionals

working for the client. Excela’s Reply Brief at 10.

       Initially, we recognize “that evidentiary privileges are not favored.” Commonwealth

v. Stewart, 690 A.2d 195, 197 (Pa. 1997) (observing “[e]xceptions to the demand for every

man’s evidence are not lightly created nor expansively construed, for they are in

derogation of the search for truth.”). Courts should permit utilization of an evidentiary

privilege “only to the very limited extent that . . . excluding relevant evidence has a public

good transcending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all rational means for

ascertaining the truth.” Id. (quoting In re Grand Jury Investigation, 918 F.2d 374, 383 (3d

Cir. 1990)). Additionally, unlike the attorney-client privilege, the protection flowing from

the work product doctrine belongs to the attorney, not the client. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer

Inc. v. Home Indemnity Co., 32 F.3d 851, 866 (3d Cir. 1994); Burnham v. Cleveland Clinic,

89 N.E.3d 536, 541 (Oh. 2016); see also Magnetar Tech. Corp. v. Six Flags Theme Park,

Inc., 886 F. Supp. 2d 466, 479 (D. Del. 2012) (“[T]he work product protection belongs to

the attorney.”).

                                      [J-80-2018] - 12
       This Court has not yet articulated the proper analysis for waiver of the attorney

work product doctrine in Pennsylvania. See LaValle v. Office of Gen. Counsel, 769 A.2d
449, 460 n.16 (Pa. 2001) (noting “we decline to undertake an assessment of the

appropriate waiver analysis generally applicable to the work product doctrine in

Pennsylvania.”). Other courts tasked with shaping a principled waiver analysis of the

work product doctrine first consider the purpose of the privilege, because when the

purpose is no longer being furthered, the privilege must yield to the truth seeking process.

In re Chevron Corp., 633 F.3d 153, 165 (3d Cir. 2011) (“[P]rivileges should be recognized

only when necessary to achieve their respective purposes.”); Fisher v. U.S., 425 U.S.
391, 403 (1976) (noting that a privilege “applies only where necessary to achieve its

purpose.”). Notwithstanding Justice Donohue’s classification of this discussion as dicta,

we find a brief review of the scope and applicability of the work product doctrine critical to

discerning the full purpose of the protection, which in turn is a worthwhile step for

developing a waiver analysis.5

       The privilege emanating from the work product doctrine is codified in Pennsylvania

Rule of Civil Procedure 4003.3:
              Subject to the provisions of Rules 4003.4 and 4003.5, a party
              may obtain discovery of any matter discoverable under Rule
              4003.1 even though prepared in anticipation of litigation or
              trial by or for another party or by or for that other party’s
              representative, including his or her attorney, consultant,
              surety, indemnitor, insurer or agent. The discovery shall not
              include disclosure of the mental impressions of a party’s
              attorney or his or her conclusions, opinions, memoranda,
              notes or summaries, legal research or legal theories. With
              respect to the representative of a party other than the party’s
              attorney, discovery shall not include disclosure of his or her
              mental impressions, conclusions or opinions respecting the

5 We recognize that dicta is generally regarded as information in an opinion which is “not
necessary to the determination of the case.” In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1079 (Pa. 2013).
In order to articulate a proper waiver analysis for the work product doctrine, we must first
determine the applicability and scope of the doctrine.

                                      [J-80-2018] - 13
              value or merit of a claim or defense or respecting strategy or
              tactics.

Pa.R.C.P. 4003.3. The explanatory comment further clarifies the scope of the Rule:
              The essential purpose of the Rule is to keep the files of
              counsel free from examination by the opponent . . . .
              Documents, otherwise subject to discovery, cannot be
              immunized by depositing them in the lawyer’s file. The Rule
              is carefully drawn and means exactly what it says. It
              immunizes the lawyer’s mental impressions, conclusions,
              opinions, memoranda, notes, summaries, legal research and
              legal theories, nothing more.

Id. (Explanatory Comment-1978). The purpose of the work product doctrine is to protect

the mental impressions and processes of an attorney acting on behalf of a client,

regardless of whether the work product was prepared in anticipation of litigation. Lepley

v. Lycoming Cnty. Court of Common Pleas, 393 A.2d 306, 310 (Pa. 1978) (citing United

States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 238 (1975)).6 Work product protection “provid[es] a

6   Rule 4003.3 makes clear that work product protection is not confined to materials
prepared in anticipation of litigation, as the text utilizes the phrase “even though prepared
in anticipation of litigation or trial” as a term of inclusion, not exclusion. Pa.R.C.P. 4003.3;
Estate of Paterno, 168 A.3d at 200 (“Thus, the Rule does not limit work product protection
to materials prepared in anticipation [of litigation]. Rather, materials prepared in
anticipation are not automatically protected.”); Bagwell, 103 A.3d at 416 (the anticipation
of litigation language “does not limit the doctrine to only materials prepared in anticipation
of litigation. Rather, materials prepared in anticipation of litigation constitute an example
of the doctrine’s coverage.”).
         In her concurrence, Justice Donohue suggests that the work product privilege
should be limited to work-product prepared in anticipation of litigation. Such a reading,
however, does not comport with the plain language of the rule. Justice Donohue supports
her conclusion with a comparison to the federal rule governing the work product doctrine,
and notes that this Court “did not recognize any intent to differentiate our rule from its
federal counterpart in this manner.” Justice Donohue’s Concurrence at 2 n.1. This line
of reasoning, however, fails to mention that Federal Rule 26(b)(3)(A) explicitly states “a
party may not discover documents and tangible things that are prepared in anticipation of
litigation[.]” As both the Bagwell court and Paterno court recognized, Rule 4003.3 does
not include similar mandatory language requiring the materials be prepared in anticipation
of litigation. Paterno, 168 A.3d at 200; Bagwell, 103 A.3d at 416-17. If only work product
created in anticipation of litigation were protected, then the privilege would only apply to

                                       [J-80-2018] - 14
privileged area within which [an attorney] can analyze and prepare [a] client’s case . . .

by enabling attorneys to prepare cases without fear that their work product will be used

against their clients.” Barrick v. Holy Spirit Hosp. of the Sisters of Christian Charity, 32
A.3d 800, 812 (Pa. Super. 2011), aff’d 91 A.3d 680 (Pa. 2014) (quoting T.M. v. Elwyn,

Inc., 950 A.2d 1050, 1062 (Pa. Super. 2008)); accord Commonwealth v. Kennedy, 876
A.2d 939, 948 (Pa. 2005) (“[W]e agree with the proposition that the doctrine promotes the

adversary system by enabling attorneys to prepare cases without fear that their work

product will be used against them.”) (internal citations omitted).

       As is clear from the text of the rule as well as the jurisprudence surrounding the

work product doctrine, confidentiality is not a cornerstone of the accompanying privilege.

Pa.R.C.P. 4003.3; Bagwell, 103 A.3d at 417-18 (contrasting the attorney-client privilege,

which flows from confidential communication, to the attorney work product doctrine, which

does not) ; U.S. v. Am. Telephone & Telegraph Co., 642 F.2d 1285, 1299 (D.C. Cir. 1980)

(“[T]he work product privilege does not exist to protect a confidential relationship”); U.S.

v. Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., 129 F.3d 681, 687 (1st Cir. 1997) (“the [attorney-client

privilege] . . . is designed to protect confidentiality, so that any disclosure outside the

magic circle is inconsistent with the privilege; by contrast, work product protection is

provided against adversaries[.]”); see also Barrick, 91 A.3d at 687 (Baer, J., Opinion in

Support of Affirmance) (“If [an attorney work product] document was sent to the expert

witness, it would be protected by Rule 4003.3’s work product provision.”). In fact, some

courts and commentators have suggested that the minority of courts finding waiver of the

work product doctrine on the basis of disclosure are confusing the work product and

attorney-client privileges. See Kittitas Cnty. v. Allphin, 416 P.3d 1232, 1243 n.13 (Wash.

2018) (“While it does not appear that any states or federal courts have officially adopted

litigation attorneys, and would not protect attorney memoranda, drafts of transactional
documents, or other non-litigation material. Bagwell, 103 A.3d at 417.

                                     [J-80-2018] - 15
the same standard of waiver for both the attorney-client privilege and work product

protection, the standards for waiver are sometimes conflated.”) (citing 8 Wright & Miller,

Fed. Prac. & Proc. (civ.), The Work-Product Rule - Matters Protected by the Work-Product

Rule § 2024 (3d. ed. April 2017)). Accordingly, because the purposes of the attorney-

client privilege and the work product doctrine are different, the waiver analysis for each

rule necessarily diverges as well. See Allphin, 416 P.3d at 1243 (“The different standards

of waiver for the attorney-client privilege and work product protection result from the

differing purposes behind the doctrines.”).

      Whereas disclosure to a third party generally waives the attorney-client privilege,7

the same cannot be said for application of the work product doctrine because disclosure

does not always undermine its purpose. See Bagwell, supra; Allphin, supra. As the

purpose of the doctrine must drive the waiver analysis, we hold that the work product

doctrine is waived when the work product is shared with an adversary, or disclosed in a

manner which significantly increases the likelihood that an adversary or anticipated

adversary will obtain it. This waiver rule comports with the prevailing view in state and

federal courts across the country, and the rule’s fact intensive structure requires

evaluation on a case-by-case basis.       Allphin, supra; Am. Zurich Ins. Co. v. Mont.

Thirteenth Judicial Dist. Court, 280 P.3d 240, 248 (Mont. 2012) (“Disclosure only waives

7 Joe v. Prison Health Servs., Inc., 782 A.2d 24, 31 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001) (“[O]nce the
attorney-client communications have been disclosed to a third party, the privilege is
deemed waived.”); Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Fleming, 992 A.2d 65, 68 (Pa. 2010)
(Eakin, J., Opinion in Support of Affirmance) (recognizing waiver of attorney-client
privilege upon disclosure to a third-party). Disclosure does not, however, always mandate
waiver of attorney-client privilege. See Commonwealth v. Harris, 32 A.3d 243, 252-53
(Pa. 2011) (attorney-client privilege extended to testifying expert); Commonwealth v. Noll,
662 A.2d 1123, 1126 (Pa. Super. 1995) (attorney-client privilege extended to accident
reconstruction expert privy to confidential information); Commonwealth v. duPont, 730
A.2d 970, 977 (Pa. Super. 1999) (recognizing that “the attorney-client privilege does
extend to an agent of an attorney who assists in the provision of legal advice to the
client.”).

                                     [J-80-2018] - 16
the work product protection if it is inconsistent with the maintenance of secrecy from the

disclosing party’s adversary.”) (quoting U.S. v. Deloitte, 610 F.3d 129, 140 (D.C. Cir.

2010); Fox v. Alfini, 432 P.3d 596, 604 (Colo. 2018) (Hood, J., concurring) (“[V]oluntary

disclosure of information to third parties does not ordinarily constitute a waiver of

exemption from discovery under the work product doctrine, unless such disclosure is to

an adversary in the litigation[.]”); Chevron, 633 F.3d at 165 (“it is only in cases in which

the material is disclosed in a manner inconsistent with keeping it from an adversary that

the work-product doctrine is waived.”); Blattman v. Scaramellino, 891 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.

2018) (same); RESTATEMENT (THIRD)      OF THE   LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 91(4) (2000)

(“Work-product immunity is waived if the client, the client’s lawyer, or another authorized

agent of the client . . . discloses the material to third persons in circumstances in which

there is a significant likelihood that an adversary or potential adversary in anticipated

litigation will obtain it.”).

        After an in camera review of the Jarrard documents, it is readily apparent that the

email from outside counsel to Fedele constituted attorney work product. 8 The critical

inquiry, then, is whether the work product doctrine was waived. We recognize that a fact

intensive analysis is required to determine whether Fedele sending outside counsel’s

email to Cate “significantly increased the likelihood that an adversary or potential

adversary would obtain it.” RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 91(4)

(2000). Courts tasked with analyzing similar factual situations generally consider whether

the disclosure was “inconsistent with the maintenance of secrecy from the disclosing

party’s adversary.” Deloitte, 610 F.3d at 140. In evaluating the maintenance of secrecy

8Given the confidential nature of the documents at issue, we are precluded from publicly
analyzing the specific contents of the emails, and fully explaining why the emails qualify
as attorney work product, but the emails clearly contain the mental impressions,
conclusions, and opinions of counsel.

                                     [J-80-2018] - 17
standard, a lower court should consider whether a reasonable basis exists for the

disclosing party to believe “that the recipient would keep the disclosed material

confidential.” Id.

       The level of confidentiality, however, should not be conflated with the heightened

level of confidentiality required under the attorney-client privilege. Indeed, “while the mere

showing of a voluntary disclosure to a third person will generally suffice to show waiver

of the attorney-client privilege, it should not suffice in itself for waiver of the work product

privilege.” Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 642 F.2d at 1299. Commentators have recognized the

confusion which can follow in comparing the confidentiality associated with attorney-client

privilege and the work product doctrine.
              There are some cases that suggest that any disclosure of a
              document to a third person waives the work-product immunity
              to which it would otherwise be entitled. Decisions to this effect
              confuse the work-product immunity with the attorney-client
              privilege. The attorney-client privilege has its basis in the
              confidential nature of the communication and the reason for
              the privilege ordinarily ceases to exist if confidentiality is
              destroyed by voluntary disclosure to a third person. But the
              purpose of the work-product rule is not to protect the evidence
              from disclosure to the outside world but rather to protect it only
              from the knowledge of opposing counsel and his client,
              thereby preventing its use against the lawyer gathering the
              materials.

The Work-Product Rule - Matters Protected by the Work-Product Rule § 2024 (3d. ed.

April 2017) (citations and quotations omitted).       Attorney work product need be kept

confidential only from the adversary. Fox, 432 P.3d at 604; Allphin, 416 P.3d at 1243;

Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., 129 F.3d at 687 (“the [attorney-client privilege] . . . is

designed to protect confidentiality, so that any disclosure outside the magic circle is

inconsistent with the privilege; by contrast, work product protection is provided against

adversaries[.]”).

                                       [J-80-2018] - 18
       In this case, the factual record is insufficient for us to conduct a waiver analysis.

Accordingly, we remand to the trial court for factual findings and application of the newly

articulated waiver analysis,9 as it is not an appellate court’s function to engage in fact

finding. Icicle Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington, 475 U.S. 709, 714 (1986) (“If the Court of

Appeals believed that the District Court had failed to make findings of fact essential to a

9 In her concurrence, Justice Donohue stresses that “[t]he manner in which Fedele
disseminated the work product will thus be an important, if not dispositive, consideration
in deciding whether a finding of waiver is in order.” Justice Donohue’s Concurrence at 7.
While we agree that the manner of dissemination is an important consideration in applying
the broader test we articulate, we do not agree with Justice Donohue’s suggestion that
the manner of dissemination should be dispositive in this case. The record as it stands
before this Court is clear regarding the manner in which the documents were disclosed:
Fedele forwarded an email from outside counsel to Cate, who in turn forwarded it to the
Jarrard team. If the manner of disclosure in this case were dispositive of the legal
question herein, we would not need to remand for additional fact finding and application
of the test. In our view, Justice Donohue’s approach focuses too heavily on the
confidential treatment of the documents in question and the maintenance of secrecy from
the outside world generally, and does not focus on confidentiality as it relates to actual or
anticipated adversaries. Further, we find that Justice Donohue’s approach conflates the
standards of confidentiality between the work product doctrine and the attorney-client
privilege. See discussion supra, at 18; Wynn Resorts, Ltd. v. Eighth District Court in and
for Cnty. of Clark, 399 P.3d 334, 349 (“Unlike the attorney-client privilege, selective
disclosure of work product to some, but not to others, is permitted.”)

        In any event, dissemination of work product to third parties does not always have
to be accompanied with instruction on confidentiality. In re Sealed Case, 676 F.2d 793,
809 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (“[B]ecause [the work product doctrine] looks to the vitality of the
adversary system rather than simply seeking to preserve confidentiality, the work product
privilege is not automatically waived by any disclosure to a third party.”); see also Allphin,
416 P.3d at 1242 (“Since the purposes of the work product doctrine and the attorney-
client privilege are different, it should come as no surprise that standards for waiving
attorney-client privilege and work product protection are also different. The work product
protection permits disclosure to some, but not all, third parties.”) Depending on the facts
of a given case, the disclosing party may have a reasonable basis to believe that the
recipient will not disseminate the material to actual or anticipated adversaries, regardless
of the explicit inclusion of instructions on confidentiality. Deloitte, 610 F.3d at 140. As we
have made clear, the waiver rule articulated herein relies on a fact-intensive analysis.
Supra, at 17-18. As such, when analyzing waiver, it is for the trial court to determine
which facts and circumstances should bear the most weight in any given analysis.

                                      [J-80-2018] - 19
proper resolution of the legal question, it should have remanded to the District Court to

make those findings . . . [the Court of Appeals] should not simply have made factual

findings on its own.”)

       We must now review the second issue upon which we granted review, specifically,

whether the attorney-client privilege protects the documents in question. Excela argues

that the attorney-client privilege should extend to the email from Fedele to Jarrard

because Jarrard is, as Excela claims, an agent or representative of Excela. Had Fedele

conferred internally with a public relations employee within the company, Excela argues

any claim of waiver would not be colorable.         Moreover, Excela asserts that it is

inconsistent and unsound policy to permit a private attorney to discuss legal strategy with

consultants and agents while barring in-house and government lawyers from doing the

same. In support of this position, Excela relies on United States v. Kovel, 296 F.2d 918

(2d Cir. 1961), which it describes as a “landmark opinion” concerning the scope of

attorney-client privilege. Excela’s Brief at 42.

       In Kovel, a law firm hired a former Internal Revenue Service agent to assist an

attorney in the provision of legal advice to a client who was being investigated for income

tax violations. Kovel, 296 F.2d at 918. Kovel, the former IRS agent, was subpoenaed

and asked about communications he had with the client during the client’s conversations

with the attorney and Kovel. Id. at 919. Kovel refused to disclose any communications

and was eventually held in contempt of court. Id. at 920.

       On appeal, the Second Circuit vacated Kovel’s sentence. Id. at 924. Holding that

the attorney-client privilege protected the communications between the client and Kovel,

the court compared Kovel’s expertise as an accountant to a third party interpreter:
              Accounting concepts are a foreign language to some lawyers
              in almost all cases, and to almost all lawyers in some cases.
              Hence, the presence of an accountant, whether hired by the
              lawyer or by the client, while the client is relating a

                                      [J-80-2018] - 20
              complicated tax story to the lawyer, ought not destroy the
              privilege . . . [because] the presence of the accountant is
              necessary, or at least highly useful, for the effective
              consultation between the client and lawyer which the privilege
              is designed to permit. . . . What is vital to the privilege is that
              the communication be made for the purpose of obtaining legal
              advice from the lawyer.

Id. at 922.

       Here, Excela asserts that Jarrard played a similar role to the accountant in Kovel,

in that Jarrard and its employees facilitated the procurement of legal advice between

Excela and its attorney. In this regard, Excela urges this court to expand the attorney

client privilege to include confidential communications between the client, lawyer, and

either parties’ representative. Excela’s Brief at 43-44. This interpretation of the attorney-

client privilege, Excela contends, is consistent with at least 15 other states’ rules of

evidence governing the attorney-client privilege. Excela’s Brief at 46.10 Moreover, Excela

notes several federal district court cases which have treated communications between in-

house counsel, outside counsel, and public relations firms as protected under the

attorney-client privilege. Excela’s Brief at 49-54.11 Relying on this precedent, Excela

argues that the demands of modern legal practice require that lawyers’ communications

with public relations experts, particularly in the face of a public crisis, remain confidential.

10Excela cites to the following states’ rules of evidence as examples of rules based on
proposed Rule 502: Ala.R.E. 502; Ark.R.E. 502; De.R.E. 502; Haw.R.S. § 626-1, R. 503;
Idaho.R.E. 502; Ky.R.E. 503; Mass.G.E. § 502; Me.R.E. 502; Miss.R.E. 502; N.H.R.E.
502; N.D.R.E. 502; 12 Okla.S. § 2502(B); S.D. Codified Laws § 19-19-502(b); Tex.R.E.
503(b); Vt.R.E. 502.
11 Specifically, Excela cites to: F.T.C. v. GlaxoSmithKline, 294 F.3d 141 (D.C. Cir. 2002)
(holding that attorney-client privilege extended to counsel’s communications with outside
public relations and government affairs consultants); Copper Market, 200 F.R.D. 213, 219
(S.D.N.Y. 2001) (holding that communications between public relations firm, in-house
counsel, and outside counsel are shielded from discovery under the attorney-client
privilege); Schaeffer v. Gregory Vill. Partners, L.P., 78 F. Supp. 3d 1198, 1202-04 (N.D.
Cal. 2015) (holding that attorney-client privilege extended to communications between
counsel and public relations consultant because public relations consultant was a
“functional employee” of the client).

                                       [J-80-2018] - 21
       BouSamra, however, argues that, in order for a communication to be protected

under the attorney-client privilege, the communication must be confidentially

communicated between the attorney and client. For this reason, BouSamra asserts,

Excela’s claim of privilege fails, because the communication at issue was disclosed to

Cate, a third-party. Thus, according to BouSamra, Excela’s assertion of the attorney-

client privilege is facially flawed. BouSamra’s Brief at 43.

       Moreover, aside from the transmittal of the communication to Jarrard employees,

BouSamra alleges that the communication was also potentially waived depending on

which employees at Excela received the information. Relying on Red Vision Sys., Inc. v.

Nat’l Real Estate Info. Servs., L.P., 108 A.3d 54, 60 (Pa. Super. 2015), BouSamra alleges

that when dealing with corporations, the attorney-client privilege applies only to the

directors, officers, and other individuals who may act on behalf of the corporation. Thus,

BouSamra claims, if the communication was made to employees outside of that group,

the privilege is waived. On this ground, BouSamra avers that even if Jarrard was acting

as an in-house public relations department for Excela, the communication would not be

protected by attorney-client privilege. BouSamra’s Brief at 48.

       Further, BouSamra rejects Excela’s reliance on Kovel, supra, arguing that Kovel is

inapposite to this case. Specifically, BouSamra alleges that unlike in Kovel, where the

accountant was required for the effective consultation and communication between the

attorney and the client, Jarrard employees were sent the email in question after it was

communicated to Fedele. Thus, in this case, BouSamra argues that Jarrard employees

were not sent the email in order to effectuate the legal representation, and the lawyer

giving the advice did not require the assistance of Jarrard employees in comprehending

complex facts, necessitating expert assistance. BouSamra’s Brief at 55.

                                     [J-80-2018] - 22
       Lastly, BouSamra asserts that Excela’s reliance on decisions from other

jurisdictions is misplaced for several reasons. First, BouSamra points out that many of

the cases Excela cites are interpreting either other states’ rules on attorney-client

privilege, or are applying the federal rule, which BouSamra alleges is broader in scope

than the protections offered by the attorney-client privilege in Pennsylvania. Additionally,

BouSamra directs us to several cases, also from other jurisdictions, which purport to

reject the Kovel standard, or refuse to protect communications between public relations

firms and outside counsel. BouSamra’s Brief at 56-63.12

       In its reply brief, Excela alleges that we have approved of the Superior Court’s

extension of the attorney-client privilege to agents in the criminal context. Commonwealth

v. Harris, 32 A.3d 243, 253 (Pa. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Noll, 662 A.2d 1123,

1126 (Pa. Super. 1995)). Thus, Excela claims the same extension should be proffered

to agents in civil cases, which, Excela avers, Jarrard is in this case. Excela’s Reply Brief

at 13-14.

       The attorney-client privilege has long been recognized as imperative in

effectuating sound legal representation, facilitating honest and frank communication

between an attorney and client. Commonwealth v. Maguigan, 511 A.2d 1327, 1333-34

(Pa. 1986) (“The attorney-client privilege is deeply rooted in our common law and can be

traced to the reign of Elizabeth I, where it was already unquestioned.”) (citing 8 Johns.
12Scott v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., 94 F. Supp. 3d 585, 592 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (noting
that the “Second circuit’s current interpretation of Kovel [] is that the inclusion of a third
party in attorney-client communications does not destroy the privilege if the purpose of
the third party’s participation is to improve the comprehension of the communications
between attorney and client[]”); Egiazaryan v. Zalmayev, 290 F.R.D. 421, 430 (S.D.N.Y.
2013) (recognizing an exception to attorney client privilege under New York law where
“communications are made to counsel through a hired interpreter, or one serving as an
agent of either attorney or client to facilitate communication.”).

                                      [J-80-2018] - 23
Wigmore, Evidence § 2290 (McNaughton Rev. 1961)). Today, the modern iteration of

the attorney-client privilege is established in statute:
              In a civil matter counsel shall not be competent or permitted
              to testify to confidential communications made to him by his
              client, nor shall the client be compelled to disclose the same,
              unless in either case this privilege is waived upon the trial by
              the client.

42 Pa.C.S. § 5928. The codification of the privilege is essentially “a restatement of the

common law privilege and its attendant case law interpretations.” Maguigan, 511 A.2d at

1333.

        Courts have consistently recognized that the purpose of the attorney-client

privilege is “to foster the free and open exchange of relevant information between the

lawyer and client.” Gillard v. AIG Ins. Co., 15 A.3d 44, 47 (Pa. 2011) (citing Jaffee v.

Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 10 (1996); Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981);

RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 68 cmt. c (2000)). Indeed, “the

privilege is grounded in a policy entirely extrinsic to protection of the fact-finding process;”

instead, the interest of trusting, open, and honest attorney-client communications is

paramount. Estate of Kofsky, 409 A.2d 1358, 1362 (Pa. 1979). In light of this purpose,

however,    the   privilege   is   deemed     waived       once   confidential   attorney-client

communications are disclosed to a third party. Joe v. Prison Health Servs., Inc., 782 A.2d
24, 31 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001); Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Fleming, 992 A.2d 65, 68 (Pa.

2010) (Eakin, J., Opinion in Support of Affirmance).

        A party claiming a communication is privileged must set forth facts showing the

privilege was properly invoked. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Fleming, 924 A.2d 1259, 1266

(Pa. Super. 2007), aff’d 992 A.2d 65 (2010). In this regard, the moving party must prove

four elements:
              1) [t]he asserted holder of the privilege is or sought to become
              a client[;]

                                       [J-80-2018] - 24
              2) [t]he person to whom the communication was made is a
              member of the bar of a court, or his subordinate[;]
              3) [t]he communication relates to a fact of which the attorney
              was informed by his client, without the presence of strangers,
              for the purpose of securing either an opinion of law, legal
              services or assistance in a legal matter, and not for the
              purpose of committing a crime or tort[;]
              4) [t]he privilege has been claimed and is not waived.

Id. at 1264. Upon that showing, the burden shifts to the party seeking disclosure, which

must explain why the communication at issue should not be privileged. Id.; see also

Custom Designs & Mfg. Co. v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 39 A.3d 372, 376 (Pa. Super. 2012).

       Where, as here, the client is a corporation, the attorney-client privilege “extends to

communications between its attorney and agents or employees authorized to act on the

corporation’s behalf.”   Pa. State Univ. v. W.C.A.B. (Sox), 83 A.3d 1081, 1092 (Pa.

Cmwlth. 2013); Red Vision, 108 A.3d at 60; Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Found. v.

Ziegler, -- A.3d --, 2019 WL 290010, at *14 (Pa. 2019). This application of the attorney-

client privilege is consistent with the prevailing view, and is in accordance with the United

States Supreme Court’s opinion:
              The administration of the attorney-client privilege in the case
              of corporations, however, presents special problems. As an
              inanimate entity, a corporation must act through agents. A
              corporation cannot speak directly to its lawyers. Similarly, it
              cannot directly waive the privilege when disclosure is in its
              best interest. Each of these actions must necessarily be
              undertaken by individuals empowered to act on behalf of the
              corporation.
              *      *      *
              The parties in this case agree that, for solvent corporations,
              the power to waive the corporate attorney-client privilege rests
              with the corporation’s management and is normally exercised
              by its officers and directors.

Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Weintraub, 471 U.S. 343, 348 (1985).

                                      [J-80-2018] - 25
       Under the nonbinding authority of Kovel, discussed supra, some Pennsylvania

courts have extended the attorney-client privilege to third parties; specifically, agents of

the client or lawyer. See Commonwealth v. Noll, 662 A.2d 1123, 1126 (Pa. Super. 1995).

In Commonwealth v. Noll, Noll was involved in a motor vehicle accident which resulted in

the death of a passenger in the other vehicle. Id. at 1125. Noll hired an attorney to

represent him in a prospective civil suit. Id. The attorney subsequently hired an accident

reconstruction expert. Id. As a result of the expert’s findings, Noll elected not to pursue

a civil action. Id.

       Subsequently, the Commonwealth hired the exact same expert to investigate the

accident, which led to the Commonwealth charging Noll with homicide by vehicle. Noll

filed a motion in limine, arguing that the expert’s testimony should be precluded from trial.

Id. at 1125-26. The trial court agreed, and the Superior Court affirmed, reasoning:
               The attorney-client privilege has been part of Pennsylvania
               law since the founding of the Pennsylvania colony, and has
               been codified in our statutory law. The attorney-client
               privilege is not waived where a client allows disclosure to an
               agent assisting the attorney in giving legal advice to the client.
               Thus, where legal assistance is rendered by an agent of an
               attorney, communications are permanently protected from
               disclosure by the agent, the attorney, or the client, unless
               waived by the client. As [the accident reconstruction expert]
               was an agent of [Noll’s attorney] hired to assist in providing
               legal advice to Mr. Noll, the attorney-client privilege was not
               waived. . . . In the instant case, [the accident reconstruction
               expert] was retained by [Noll’s attorney] to investigate an
               incident in order to provide legal advice. Therefore, any
               information regarding [the accident reconstruction expert’s]
               investigation of the accident would be privileged.

Id. at 1126 (citations omitted); accord Commonwealth v. duPont, 730 A.2d 970, 977 (Pa.

Super. 1999) (recognizing that “the attorney-client privilege does extend to an agent of

an attorney who assists in the provision of legal advice to the client.”). This court has

similarly recognized that the attorney-client privilege can, in some circumstances, extend

                                       [J-80-2018] - 26
to a testifying expert as an agent of the lawyer who retained the expert. Commonwealth

v. Harris, 32 A.3d 243, 252-53 (Pa. 2011) (finding a psychologist who testified on behalf

of the defendant was “privy to such confidential attorney-client communications” such that

he could not later testify for the Commonwealth in related proceedings).

       Here, after careful consideration of the foregoing, we hold that Excela waived the

attorney-client privilege. The email in question was sent from Excela’s outside counsel

to Fedele, the Senior Vice-President and General Counsel of Excela.            Thus, as a

communication between Excela’s attorney and an employee authorized to act on Excela’s

behalf, the email was originally a protected communication pursuant to the attorney-client

privilege. See Red Vision, supra; 42 Pa.C.S. § 5928.

       The critical inquiry, then, is whether Fedele forwarding the email to Cate

constituted a waiver of the privilege. As we recognized above, the attorney-client privilege

is waived when a confidential communication is shared with a third party. See Prison

Health Servs., Fleming, supra. Cate was an employee of Jarrard, not Excela, and thus

under the current iteration of the law, Cate was not capable of acting on Excela’s behalf,

as she is not an officer, executive, or director of Excela.       See Yocabet v. UPMC

Presbyterian, 119 A.3d 1012, 1028 (Pa. Super. 2015). Accordingly, Fedele could not

send the email to Cate as an individual under the ambit of the attorney-client privilege as

it applied to Excela and its outside counsel. Id.13 Excela points out, however, that under

13 Because we hold that Excela waived the attorney-client privilege by sending the email
in question to Cate, we need not address whether Excela waived the privilege when
Fedele sent the communication to other Excela employees. See Yocabet, 119 A.3d at
1028 (Pa. Super. 2015) (noting that the board of directors of a corporation, in addition to
officers, “can act on [a corporation’s] behalf for purposes of application of the attorney-
client privilege.”). In any event, evaluating this argument is a fact-intensive exercise
because a court would be required to determine whether each individual included on the
email was a director, officer, or other employee permitted to act on the corporation’s
behalf. Id.; accord Petrina v. Allied Glove Corp., 46 A.3d 795, 799 (Pa. Super. 2012) (“A
corporation is a creature of legal fiction which can act or speak only through its officers,

                                     [J-80-2018] - 27
the reasoning of Noll and Kovel, the privilege should not be waived, as Jarrard and its

employees were agents of Excela who were facilitating the lawyer’s ability to provide legal

advice.

       We find this reasoning unpersuasive. In both Kovel and Noll, the respective third

parties--an accountant and an accident reconstruction expert--were privy to confidential

information as a necessary means of improving the comprehension between the lawyer

and client which facilitated the lawyer’s ability to provide legal advice. In Kovel, the

accountant’s presence and opinion were necessary for the lawyer to understand the

client’s tax story, a prerequisite to furnishing legal advice. Kovel, 296 F.2d at 922 (“the

presence of an accountant . . . while the client is relating a complicated tax story to the

lawyer, ought not destroy the privilege[.]”). Similarly, in Noll, the accident reconstruction

expert was hired by the lawyer to prepare for possible litigation--again, a step that was

required prior to the lawyer being able to give legal advice to the client. Noll, 662 A.2d at

1125 (noting that the attorney hired an accident reconstruction expert “to assist in

preparation for possible litigation.”); accord Harris, 32 A.3d at 253 (extending attorney

client privilege to expert witness); duPont, 730 A.2d at 977 (“[A]ttorneys today often

consult with and rely upon the advice of other professionals to assist them in providing

legal services. However, application of the privilege requires confidential communications

made in connection with providing legal services.”).

directors, or other agents. Where a representative for a corporation acts within the scope
of his or her employment or agency, the representative and the corporation are one and
the same entity, and the acts performed are binding on the corporate principal.”).
Similarly, it is unclear whether an in-house employee overseeing Excela’s
communications, marketing, and public relations departments would be an individual
capable of acting on behalf of the corporation pursuant to Red Vision, supra. Thus, we
do not analyze the parties’ arguments regarding whether Cate should be viewed as an
in-house employee or outside consultant, and whether the attorney-client privilege would
extend to that hypothetical in-house employee.

                                      [J-80-2018] - 28
       In both cases, the critical fact is that the third-party’s presence was either

indispensable to the lawyer giving legal advice or facilitated the lawyer’s ability to give

legal advice to the client. That is not the case here. Fedele sending the email in question

to Cate, after it was sent to him, did not retroactively assist either outside counsel or

Fedele in providing legal advice to Excela. In fact, the email did not solicit advice or input

from Cate, nor did the attorney send it to Cate. Thus, this case is not akin to Kovel or

Noll, where the third-party’s receipt of information facilitated or improved the lawyer’s

ability to provide legal advice.14

       Neither the original email from outside counsel, nor the email from Fedele

forwarding that email solicits input, advice, or opinion. That finding is in accordance with

Cate’s testimony, where she claimed that the decision to name the physicians involved in

the alleged stenting scandal was made by Rogalski, Excela’s CEO. Deposition of Molly

Cate, June 26, 2014, at 135-37. While she testified that she had conversations with

upper-level management regarding disclosure of the doctors’ identities, that alone, is

insufficient to establish that Cate and Jarrard employees were indispensable to outside

counsel or Fedele’s giving of legal advice to Excela. Id. at 135.

14 The lynchpin of the Kovel court’s reasoning was “whether the presence of the
accountant is necessary, or at least highly useful, for the effective consultation between
the client and lawyer which the privilege is designed to permit.” Kovel, 296 F.2d at 922.
This is echoed by the court’s foreign language and interpreter example. Id. at 921.
Whether the subject is foreign accounting concepts or a foreign language, the third-party’s
presence and knowledge of confidential information is necessary for the lawyer to give
legal advice to the client. Id. Similarly, in Noll, the lawyer solicited the advice and
consultation of the accident reconstruction expert to determine whether pursuing a civil
action was worthwhile. Unlike the present matter, in all three cases, the third-party’s
receipt of confidential information was either solicited by the attorney, or necessary for
the attorney to give legal advice.

                                      [J-80-2018] - 29
       In some situations, a third-party’s presence may be necessary for a lawyer to

provide legal advice to a client.15 This is the type of situation that Kovel contemplates,

where an accountant or interpreter must be present in order to explain foreign concepts

or terms. In that situation, the lawyer cannot, or would find it exceedingly difficult, to

provide legal advice. That is, however, not the case here, where, upon receiving a

privileged communication from an attorney, a client sends that communication to a third-

party. As a result, we hold that Excela waived the attorney-client privilege when Fedele,

a high ranking officer permitted to act on behalf of the corporation, see Red Vision, supra,

forwarded a privileged communication to Cate, a third-party. Accordingly, the order of the

Superior Court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and this matter is remanded to the trial

court for factual findings and application of the attorney work product doctrine consistent

with this opinion.

Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Baer and Wecht join the opinion.

Justice Donohue files a concurring opinion in which Justices Todd and Dougherty join.

Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion.

15 Such a situation may, in instances unlike the present matter, involve soliciting advice
or input from a public relations firm. We acknowledge that, as Amici and Excela point
out, the modern practice of law, specifically for litigators, can involve managing and
utilizing media relations. That involvement, however, does not always require, or permit,
the disclosure of confidential information to a media consultant. Thus, while situations
may arise that require a public relations firm to provide insight, advice, or opinion on legal
advice, the scope of such situations must remain narrowly tailored, as evidentiary
privileges remain highly disfavored in Pennsylvania. Commonwealth v. Stewart, 690 A.2d
195, 197 (Pa. 1997).

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