Court Opinion

ID: 2669412
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-10 15:10:49.190726+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:03:22.050747
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 13-1721
                        ___________________________

                    In re: Affiliated Foods Southwest Inc.

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                           ------------------------------

                           Richard L. Cox, Trustee

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant

                                         v.

                             Momar Incorporated

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellees
                                  ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
               for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                ____________

                         Submitted: December 20, 2013
                             Filed: April 10, 2014
                                ____________

Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
        This is an adversary proceeding commenced by Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee
Richard Cox to recover as avoidable preferences two payments that Momar, Inc.
received from the debtor, Affiliated Foods Southwest, Inc., during the 90 days prior
to Affiliated Foods filing a voluntary Chapter 11 petition (later converted to a Chapter
7 proceeding). At that time, Affiliated Foods was a wholesale food cooperative.
Momar was a supplier of cleaning and sanitation products. Momar conceded that the
payments were preferential transfers as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 547(b) and asserted
affirmative defenses to preference liability, including the exception for transfers made
in the ordinary course of business in 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2). Momar demanded a jury
trial and refused to consent to trial by jury in the bankruptcy court.

       Acknowledging Momar’s right to a jury trial, the bankruptcy court referred the
case to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. See
Langenkamp v. Culp, 498 U.S. 42, 45 (1990) (“a creditor’s right to a jury trial on a
bankruptcy trustee’s preference claim depends upon whether the creditor has
submitted a claim against the estate,” quotation omitted). In the district court, the
trustee conceded that one of the two transfers was not an avoidable preference. The
parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on Momar’s claim that the second
transfer -- a payment of $31,470.50 made on April 26, 2009, to satisfy a Momar
invoice dated March 31, 2009 -- fell within the ordinary course of business exception
in § 547(c)(2). The trustee appeals the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment
excepting that second transfer. We affirm.

                                           I.

       “In general, an avoidable preference is a transfer of the debtor’s property, to or
for the benefit of a creditor, on account of the debtor’s antecedent debt, made less than

      1
        The Honorable Kristine G. Baker, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.

                                          -2-
ninety days before bankruptcy while the debtor is insolvent, that enables the creditor
to receive more than it would in a Chapter 7 liquidation. See § 547(b). If a transfer
is avoidable under § 547(b), the creditor may escape preference liability by proving
that it falls within one of the exceptions set forth in § 547(c).” In re Jones Truck
Lines, Inc., 130 F.3d 323, 326 (8th Cir. 1997). This appeal concerns the often-
litigated exception in § 547(c)(2) for transfers in the ordinary course of business.

       The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005
(“BAPCPA”) significantly amended the ordinary course of business exception in
§ 547(c)(2). Pub. L. No. 109-8, § 409, 119 Stat. 23, 106 (2005). The prior version
required a creditor seeking to avoid preference liability to prove three elements: (i)
that the preferential transfer paid a debt incurred in the ordinary course of the debtor’s
business; (ii) that it was “made in the ordinary course of business . . . of the debtor and
the transferee”; and (iii) that it was made “according to ordinary business terms.” 11
U.S.C. § 547(c)(2) (2003); see In re U.S.A. Inns of Eureka Springs, Ark., Inc., 9 F.3d
680, 682-84 (8th Cir. 1993).

      In the BAPCPA amendment, Congress responded to widespread creditor
concern that this three-part test was unfair and created needless uncertainty:

      Quite often industry standards are extremely difficult to ascertain outside
      bankruptcy and difficult to prove in the context of preference litigation.
      Thus, it is more accurate to rely on the relationship between the parties.

In re Nat’l Gas Distribs., LLC, 346 B.R. 394, 401 (Bankr. E.D.N.C. 2006), quoting
a 1997 Report of the National Bankruptcy Review Commission; see generally Charles
J. Tabb, The Brave New World of Bankruptcy Preferences, 13 Am. Bankr. Inst. L.
Rev. 425, 440-45 (2005). Amended § 547(c)(2) now provides that a creditor that
received a preferential transfer, such as Momar, will avoid preference liability if it
proves that:

                                           -3-
      . . . such transfer was in payment of a debt incurred by the debtor in the
      ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the
      transferee, and such transfer was --

               (A) made in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs
             of the debtor and the transferee; or

               (B) made according to ordinary business terms.

While the preferred creditor must still prove that the debt was incurred in the ordinary
course of the debtor’s business,2 the remainder of the test is now disjunctive. The
creditor must prove that the transfer either was made in the “ordinary course of [its]
business” with the debtor, or that it was made “according to ordinary business terms.”
The preferred creditor “has the burden of proving the nonavoidability of a transfer
under subsection (c).” 11 U.S.C. § 547(g).

       This is the first case requiring us to apply amended § 547(c)(2). The district
court ruled in the alternative that the preferential transfer in question was both “made
in the ordinary course” of Momar’s business with Affiliated Foods, and was “made
according to ordinary business terms.” The parties briefed both issues on appeal.
Because Momar must satisfy only one of these requirements under the amended
statute, our conclusion that the transfer was “made in the ordinary course of business”
within the meaning of § 547(c)(2)(A) means that we need not address the “ordinary
business terms” standard in amended § 547(c)(2)(B).

                                          II.

      The facts regarding the course of dealings between Momar and Affiliated Foods
are undisputed. Momar supplied cleaning and sanitation products on an as-needed

      2
       In this case, the trustee does not dispute that the transfer at issue paid “a debt
incurred by the debtor in the ordinary course of [its] business” with Momar.
                                          -4-
basis, sending products and invoices to Affiliated Foods every three to four months.
The bankruptcy petition was filed May 5, 2009. The following is a list of all
transactions between the parties in the two years prior to that filing:

        Period              Invoice/     Payment       Payment      Days
                            Ship Date    Date          Amount       Elapsed
        Pre-Preference      1/22/07      2/26/07       $16,840.20   35 days
                            4/23/07      5/7/07        $23,872.10   13 days
                            7/31/07      8/20/07       $24,667.80   20 days
                            10/31/07     12/17/07      $22,399.10   47 days
                            1/31/08      3/7/08        $34,450.09   35 days
                            5/29/08      7/15/08       $26,631.20   47 days
                            8/28/08      10/17/09      $29,089.00   49 days
        Preference          12/31/08     2/16/09       $34,661.80   47 days
                            3/31/09      4/26/09       $31,470.50   26 days

       In concluding that the last payment, the preferential transfer at issue, was made
in the ordinary course of Momar’s on-going business with Affiliated Foods, the
district court noted that these nine payments were made between 13 and 49 days after
the invoice date; that the seven pre-preference payments were made, on average, 35
days after the invoice date; that the four payments made in the year prior to
bankruptcy were made, on average, 42 days after the invoice; and that the two pre-
preference transfers during that year were made, on average, 48 days after the invoice.
The transfer at issue was made 26 days after the invoice, well within this overall
range. Based on this data, and the absence of evidence of “unusual collection
activity,” the district court concluded that Momar “demonstrated the requirements of
11 U.S.C. § 547(c)(2)(A) by a preponderance of the evidence [and] is entitled to
summary judgment in its favor as to this transaction.”

                                          -5-
        A. Our initial concern with this ruling is that Momar never withdrew its
demand for a jury trial, § 547(c)(2)(A) requires “a peculiarly factual analysis,” and the
district court in granting summary judgment applied a “preponderance of the
evidence” standard that is appropriate after trial but not for the grant of summary
judgment. See, e.g., Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986)
(summary judgment may be granted “if there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law”); Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a). However, on appeal, the trustee does not argue that the court committed
Rule 56 error. Instead, the Standard of Review section of the trustee’s Brief states that
we should review the district court’s determination of “whether the payment to
Momar was made in the ordinary course of business of the parties . . . under the
clearly erroneous standard,” the standard we applied in reviewing § 547(c)(2) post-
trial rulings in case such as Lovett v. St. Johnsbury Trucking, 931 F.2d 494, 500 (8th
Cir. 1991).

       We are unwilling to increase the parties’ litigation expense on account of a
procedural issue neither has raised. The § 547(c)(2)(A) issue has been resolved at the
summary judgment stage in prior cases, and here the parties could have avoided this
Rule 56 problem by submitting that issue to the district court on stipulated facts, rather
than on cross motions for summary judgment. Cf. Nielsen v. Western Elec. Co., 603
F.2d 741, 743 (8th Cir.1979). Therefore, like the district court, we will decide the
issue using post-trial standards. But we caution district courts and parties in future
preferential transfer cases that the Seventh Amendment right to jury trial must be
respected and therefore, unless a proper demand for jury trial has been waived, the
normal rules limiting the grant of summary judgment apply. See In re
Healthcentral.com, 504 F.3d 775, 790-91 (9th Cir. 2007).

       B. Turning to the merits, “[t]here is no precise legal test” to determine whether
a preferential transfer was made in the ordinary course of business between the debtor
and the creditor; “rather, the court must engage in a peculiarly factual analysis.”

                                           -6-
Lovett, 931 F.2d at 497 (quotations omitted). As we explained in Lovett, and as the
plain meaning of the statute suggests, “the cornerstone” of the inquiry is that the
creditor must demonstrate “some consistency with other business transactions between
the debtor and the creditor.” Id. Other factors may be relevant in a particular case,
such as whether the preferential transfer involved an unusual payment method or
resulted from atypical pressure to pay. See In re Spirit Holding Co., 153 F.3d 902,
905-06 (8th Cir. 1998) (change to expedited method of payment on the eve of
bankruptcy was not in the ordinary course of business). But when those factors are
absent, as in this case and in Lovett, “the analysis focuses on the time within which
the debtor ordinarily paid the creditor’s invoices, and whether the timing of the
payments during the 90-day [preference] period reflected ‘some consistency’ with that
practice.” 931 F.2d at 498. This inquiry is not resolved simply by looking at the
terms of any contract between the parties. “[A] ‘late’ payment really isn’t late if the
parties have established a practice that deviates from the strict terms of their written
contract.” In re Tolona Pizza Prods. Corp., 3 F.3d 1029, 1032 (7th Cir. 1993); accord
Lovett, 931 F.2d at 498-99.

       The trustee argues that the district court committed clear error because the 26-
day delay in making the challenged payment was not consistent with the ordinary
business dealings between Momar and Affiliated Foods. Specifically, the trustee
notes that Affiliated Foods made three payments to Momar in the year preceding the
preference period that were 36, 47, and 49 days after the invoice being paid, for a
mean days-to-pay of 44 days. Because the challenged payment was made more
quickly than any payment in the previous year, the trustee argues, it was not made in
the ordinary course of business. Momar responds by noting that in the two years prior
to the preference period, Affiliated Foods made seven payments to Momar, on
average, 35.43 days after the invoice, with payment times ranging from 13 to 49 days
following invoicing. Therefore, Momar argues, the challenged payment’s 26-day
delay was within the ordinary course of business between the parties.

                                          -7-
       The trustee argues the district court erred in considering this two-year period
because we “held that the appropriate look-back period is one year” in Lovett, 931
F.3d at 498. This misreads our decision. We ruled only that twelve months preceding
the 90-day preference period was “an appropriate standard for determining the
ordinary course of business between the parties” in that case. Obviously, when
considering this type of fact-intensive issue, what is appropriate in one case is not
necessarily appropriate in the next case. The purpose of a look-back period is to
evaluate whether challenged transfers “conform to the norm established by the debtor
and the creditor in the period before, preferably well before, the preference period.”
Tolona, 3 F.3d at 1032. To make a sound comparison, “[n]umerous decisions support
the view that the historical baseline should be based on a time frame when the debtor
was financially healthy.” Quebecor World (USA), Inc., 491 B.R. 379, 387 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 2013) (adopting two-year period), and cases cited.

       In Lovett, a one year look-back captured 720 invoices paid prior to the 90-day
preference period, and 122 invoices paid during that period. 931 F.2d at 498. Here,
by contrast, Affiliated Foods and Momar had an established relationship with regular
dealings, but there were only nine transactions in the two years prior to the bankruptcy
filing. The one-year look-back suggested by the trustee included only three
transactions outside the preference period, all occurring at a time when Affiliated
Foods was suffering, in the trustee’s own words, “severe cash flow problems.” In
these circumstances, a two year look-back capturing all nine transactions is a far better
benchmark.

      Surveying these nine transactions, we observe a wide range of payment delays
but some recurring patterns. Invoices sent in December and January were paid after
consistently longer delays -- 35-47 days -- than invoices in March and April -- 13 days
in 2007 and 26 days for the April 2008 invoice at issue. There were increased delays
in mid-2008, consistent with Affiliated Foods’ financial distress. Momar’s
willingness to tolerate those delays was consistent with one purpose of the Bankruptcy

                                          -8-
Code’s preference rules, “to encourage creditors to work with troubled businesses.”
In re LGI Energy Solutions, Inc., No. 12-3899, slip op. at 4 (8th Cir. Mar. 20, 2014).3
On this record, with a historical average of 35 days between invoice and payment and
a range of 13 to 49 days, we cannot conclude that the district court clearly erred in
finding that the preferential transfer at issue, a payment made to a regular supplier 26
days after the supplier’s invoice, was made “in the ordinary course of business”
between debtor Affiliated Foods and transferee Momar.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________

      3
       Without an ordinary course of business exception, the Supreme Court has
explained, “trade creditors and other suppliers of necessary goods and services might
have been reluctant to extend even short-term credit and might have required advance
payment instead, thus making it difficult for many companies in temporary distress
to have remained in business.” Union Bank v. Wolas, 502 U.S. 151, 158-59 (1991).
                                          -9-