Court Opinion

ID: 4236726
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-01-16 13:12:17.789358+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:32:48.456812
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA17-254

                               Filed: 16 January 2018

Buncombe County, Nos. 13 CVD 5370, 15 CVS 3789

SONIA KABASAN, Plaintiff,

              v.

DENNIS KABASAN, Defendant.

        Appeal by defendant from orders entered 22 August 2016 by Judge Andrea F.

Dray in Buncombe County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 24 October

2017.

        Siemens Family Law Group, by Jim Siemens, for plaintiff-appellee.

        Cecilia Johnson for defendant-appellant.

        ZACHARY, Judge.

        This appeal arises from domestic litigation between Dennis Kabasan

(defendant) and his ex-wife Sonia Kabasan (plaintiff). Defendant appeals from

equitable distribution, alimony, and child support orders entered by the trial court

on 22 August 2016. Defendant has raised fourteen issues on appeal, in two of which

he challenges the trial court’s acceptance of Phaedra Xanthos as an expert in

accounting, as well as the court’s adoption of most of plaintiff’s proposed findings and

conclusions. Defendant also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in the

classification, valuation, and distribution of certain assets in its equitable
                                KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                  Opinion of the Court

distribution order.   Defendant further argues that the trial court erred in the

calculations and rulings made in the court’s alimony and child support orders. After

consideration of defendant’s arguments, in light of the record on appeal and the

applicable law, we affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

                        Factual and Procedural Background

      The parties met in Brazil and were married there on 16 January 1999.

Plaintiff was born in Brazil in 1960, and lived in Brazil until her marriage to

defendant. Defendant, who was born in 1946, worked until his retirement in 2010 as

a physician at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina.

Prior to marrying, the parties executed a prenuptial agreement. After they married,

the couple moved to Asheville. One child was born to the marriage, a daughter born

in 2000. During the marriage, the parties acquired property in the United States and

Brazil. They traveled to Brazil, and plaintiff spent time in Brazil with her family.

      On 27 December 2013, plaintiff filed a complaint, which was assigned

Buncombe County No. 13 CVD 5370, seeking divorce from bed and board,

postseparation support, alimony, attorney’s fees, and possession of the marital home.

Defendant filed an answer on 31 January 2014, denying the material allegations of

plaintiff’s complaint, raising various defenses, stating a counterclaim for joint legal

and physical custody of their daughter, and asking the court to impose travel

restrictions on the minor child. In his answer and counterclaim, defendant also

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                                   Opinion of the Court

alleged that the parties’ prenuptial agreement barred plaintiff’s claims for alimony,

postseparation support, and attorney’s fees, and that the terms of the prenuptial

agreement should govern the division of the parties’ property. Plaintiff filed a reply

on 28 March 2014, in which she agreed that the prenuptial agreement was valid,

asked the court to determine child custody, and sought child support from defendant.

On the same day, the trial court entered an order that awarded plaintiff temporary

postseparation support and child support, granted the parties joint legal and physical

custody of the minor child, and granted plaintiff a writ of possession of the marital

home. On 9 July 2015, the trial court entered a final child custody order granting the

parties joint legal and physical custody of their daughter.

      On 26 August 2015, plaintiff filed a complaint that was assigned Buncombe

County No. 15 CVD 3789, seeking absolute divorce, equitable distribution of the

parties’ marital assets, and consolidation of the action with her previously-filed

complaint. Plaintiff alleged that the prenuptial agreement did not bar her claim for

equitable distribution, and that a division of the marital estate “in favor of plaintiff”

would be equitable. On 18 September 2015, defendant filed an answer and

counterclaim seeking, inter alia, an equal division of the marital estate. The parties

were divorced on 26 February 2016. On 8 March 2016, the trial court entered a

declaratory judgment that the prenuptial agreement was valid and would be

enforced, and that an equal division of the marital estate would be equitable.

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                                   Opinion of the Court

      A trial was conducted on the issues raised by the parties’ pleadings beginning

on 25 April 2016, and on 22 August 2016, the trial court entered orders for equitable

distribution, alimony, and child support. The evidence adduced at trial and the

provisions of the court’s orders are discussed below, as relevant to the issues raised

on appeal. Defendant has appealed to this Court from these orders.

                                 Standard of Review

      “It is undisputed that ‘[t]he standard of review on appeal from a judgment

entered after a non-jury trial is whether there is competent evidence to support the

trial court’s findings of fact and whether the findings support the conclusions of law

and ensuing judgment.’ ” Cushman v. Cushman, __ N.C. App. __, __, 781 S.E.2d 499,

501 (2016) (quoting Pegg v. Jones, 187 N.C. App. 355, 358, 653 S.E.2d 229, 231

(2007)). “The trial court’s findings of fact are binding on appeal as long as competent

evidence supports them, despite the existence of evidence to the contrary.” Resort

Realty of the Outer Banks, Inc. v. Brandt, 163 N.C. App. 114, 116, 593 S.E.2d 404,

408 (2004) (citation omitted). “Simply stated, where the trial court’s findings of fact

are supported by competent evidence, and the findings of fact, in turn, support the

trial court’s conclusions of law, the decision of the trial court will be affirmed. This

Court will not reweigh the evidence.” Pegg, 187 N.C. App. at 358, 653 S.E.2d at 231.

Moreover, “where a trial court’s findings of fact are not challenged on appeal, they

are deemed to be supported by competent evidence and are binding on appeal.” Juhnn

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v. Juhnn, 242 N.C. App. 58, 63, 775 S.E.2d 310, 313 (2015) (citation omitted). “While

findings of fact by the trial court in a non-jury case are conclusive on appeal if there

is evidence to support those findings, conclusions of law are reviewable de novo.”

Robbins v. Robbins, 240 N.C. App. 386, 394, 770 S.E.2d 723, 728 (internal quotation

marks omitted), disc. review denied, 368 N.C. 283, 775 S.E.2d 858 (2015).

      Defendant has appealed from orders for equitable distribution, child support,

and alimony. “[W]hen reviewing an equitable distribution order, this Court will

uphold the trial court’s written findings of fact as long as they are supported by

competent evidence. However, the trial court’s conclusions of law are reviewed de

novo. Finally, this Court reviews the trial court’s actual distribution decision for

abuse of discretion.” Mugno v. Mugno, 205 N.C. App. 273, 276, 695 S.E.2d 495, 498

(2010) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Similarly, our review of a child

support order

             is limited to a determination whether the trial court abused
             its discretion. Under this standard of review, the trial
             court’s ruling will be overturned only upon a showing that
             it was so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of
             a reasoned decision. The trial court must, however, make
             sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law to allow
             the reviewing court to determine whether a judgment, and
             the legal conclusions that underlie it, represent a correct
             application of the law.

Spicer v. Spicer, 168 N.C. App. 283, 287, 607 S.E.2d 678, 682 (2005) (citations

omitted). This Court has summarized our review of alimony orders as follows:

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                                   Opinion of the Court

             If the court’s findings of fact are supported by competent
             evidence, they are conclusive on appeal, even if there is
             contrary evidence. Whether a spouse is entitled to an
             award of alimony or post-separation support is a question
             of law. This Court reviews questions of law de novo. . . .
             The trial court’s determination of the amount of alimony is
             reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

Collins v. Collins, __ N.C. App. __, __, 778 S.E.2d 854, 856 (2015) (citing Rickert v.

Rickert, 282 N.C. 373, 379, 193 S.E.2d 79, 82 (1972)) (other citations omitted).

                      Qualification of Plaintiff’s Expert Witness

      Defendant first argues that the trial court “abused its discretion when it

accepted Phaedra Xanthos as an expert in forensic accounting and valuation” and

that the court “should have disqualified her and her testimony once it became

apparent she was not competent to testify as an expert.” We disagree.

           Initial Qualification of Ms. Xanthos as an Expert in Accounting

      Defendant argues that it was error to allow Ms. Xanthos to testify as an expert

in “forensic accounting and valuation.” Although in its equitable distribution order,

the trial court found that Ms. Xanthos “was qualified as an expert in forensic

accounting and valuation,” the transcript establishes that, following voir dire, the

trial court ruled that “Ms. Xanthos is qualified by this Court in the area -- as an expert

in the area of accounting.” At no time during the trial did the trial court rule that Ms.

Xanthos was an expert in forensic accounting and valuation. We conclude that Ms.

Xanthos testified as an expert in accounting, rather than as an expert in related

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                                    Opinion of the Court

specialties. Moreover, at trial, defendant did not dispute that Ms. Xanthos was well-

qualified as an expert in accounting, forensic accounting, or valuation. Following voir

dire, defendant’s counsel stated:

             Your Honor, I certainly don’t deny that she, Miss Xanthos,
             has an impressive resume. Certainly she’s well qualified in
             fraud investigations, in business valuations, all of these
             things listed here. I would contend, however, that she is
             certainly not an expert in coverture fractions, in valuing
             pensions in North Carolina, anything like that. . . . So I
             have very real reservations about Miss Xanthos presenting
             herself as an expert in this case specifically as to a
             retirement account and an annuity.

                                       Discussion

      On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing

to disqualify Ms. Xanthos as an expert, on the grounds that she offered “speculative”

testimony as to the value of certain financial assets and real property, and that her

responses to defendant’s cross-examination raised doubts as to whether Ms. Xanthos

was familiar with Brazilian family law or with the proper interpretation of Watkins

v. Watkins, 228 N.C. App. 548, 746 S.E.2d 394 (2013). Defendant contends that

although Ms. Xanthos was “qualified as an expert initially” she “should have later

been disqualified” and that the trial court “abused its discretion in not disqualifying

Ms. Xanthos and striking her testimony[.]”

      During the trial, defendant objected to the trial court’s consideration of certain

portions of Ms. Xanthos’s testimony, but did not move to disqualify Ms. Xanthos as

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                                   Opinion of the Court

an expert in accounting. Thus, defendant’s appellate argument is apparently that

that the trial court erred by not disqualifying her ex mero motu. Defendant has not

cited any legal authority in support of his position. “It is not the role of the appellate

courts . . . to create an appeal for an appellant.” Viar v. N.C. DOT, 359 N.C. 400, 402,

610 S.E.2d 360, 361 (2005). “It is likewise not the duty of the appellate courts to

supplement an appellant’s brief with legal authority or arguments not contained

therein.” State v. Hill, 179 N.C. App. 1, 21, 632 S.E.2d 777, 789 (2006).

      Furthermore, it is well-established that doubts as to an expert’s opinions go “to

the weight of the witness’s testimony and not to his competence as a witness.”

Winston-Salem v. Cooper, 315 N.C. 702, 714, 340 S.E.2d 366, 373 (1986). In Winston-

Salem, the appellant argued that “its own expert showed [the appellee’s expert’s]

opinion was based on an erroneous understanding of the applicable zoning

ordinances, thus disqualifying [him] as a competent expert witness.” Id. at 713, 340

S.E.2d at 373. Our Supreme Court rejected this argument:

             Even if [the expert] based his ultimate opinion as to value
             on a misunderstanding of the allowable uses permitted by
             the zoning ordinance, this would not be grounds for
             striking his testimony. It would constitute an attack on
             part of the data he might have considered in arriving at his
             opinion. “The process or method used . . . might be
             considered on the question of the credibility of the expert
             witnesses, but not on the competency or admissibility of
             their evidence.”

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                                       Opinion of the Court

Winston-Salem, 315 N.C. at 714, 340 S.E.2d at 373 (quoting State v. Tola, 222 N.C.
406, 409, 23 S.E.2d 321, 323 (1942)). We conclude that defendant has failed to

establish that he is entitled to relief on the basis of this argument.

                      Court’s Valuation of Financial Instruments

      Defendant argues next that the trial court abused its discretion in “how it

valued the marital portion of the TSP account, the Aviva annuity, the Vanguard

Trust, and the Vanguard IRA, as of [the] date of separation[.]” We have carefully

considered defendant’s contentions concerning this issue, and conclude that

defendant is not entitled to relief.

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20.1 (2016) addresses equitable distribution awards of

vested and nonvested “pension, retirement, or other deferred compensation benefits.”

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20.1(d) provides that the percent of such benefits to which each

spouse is entitled is calculated as follows:

             (d) The award shall be determined using the proportion of
             time the marriage existed (up to the date of separation of
             the parties), simultaneously with the employment which
             earned the vested and nonvested pension, retirement, or
             deferred compensation benefit, to the total amount of time
             of employment. The award shall be based on the vested and
             nonvested accrued benefit, as provided by the plan or fund,
             calculated as of the date of separation, and shall not
             include contributions, years of service, or compensation
             which may accrue after the date of separation. The award
             shall include gains and losses on the prorated portion of the
             benefit vested at the date of separation.

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                                    Opinion of the Court

       “The numerator of this fraction, termed a coverture fraction, ‘represents the

total number of years of marriage, up to the date of separation, which occurred

simultaneously with the employment which earned the vested [and nonvested]

pension. The denominator represents the total years of employment during which the

pension accrued.’ ” Robertson v. Robertson, 167 N.C. App. 567, 572, 605 S.E.2d 667,

670 (2004) (quoting Bishop v. Bishop, 113 N.C. App. 725, 729-30, 440 S.E.2d 591, 595

(1994) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       In the present case, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion

by applying the coverture fraction to determine the value of the marital portion of

four financial assets: the TSP, the Aviva account, the Vanguard IRA, and the

Vanguard Trust. Defendant has not challenged the evidentiary support for any

specific findings of fact in the trial court’s order. Accordingly, the court’s findings are

conclusively established. “Unchallenged findings of fact are binding on appeal. . . .

The trial court’s conclusions of law must be supported by adequate findings of fact.”

Peters v. Pennington, 210 N.C. App. 1, 13, 707 S.E.2d 724, 733 (2011) (citing Koufman

v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991)).

       In the present case, the trial court’s findings of fact included the following

findings relevant to the court’s valuation of the marital portion of the TSP account,

the Aviva annuity, the Vanguard IRA, and the Vanguard Trust:

              37. The Defendant retired from the V.A. on May 17, 2010.

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                     Opinion of the Court

38. During the Defendant’s employment at the V.A., he
participated in the Federal Employees Retirement Savings
program (hereinafter, FERS) and in the Federal Thrift
Savings Plan (hereinafter, TSP).

                             ...

46. The TSP is similar to a 401(k) type plan except that the
TSP associated with the FERS employees includes
employer or agency contributions which are subject to
vesting. FERS employees have a time in service
requirement before agency contributions vest.

47. The Defendant transferred TSP funds, including TSP
funds properly classified as marital funds, into an Aviva
Annuity and into a Vanguard IRA.

48. The parties disagree about the proper method of
valuing the marital portion of the TSP, and therefore
disagree as to the value of the marital portion of the Aviva
Annuity and the Vanguard IRA.

49. The parties also disagree about the fair market value of
the Aviva Annuity at date of separation and presently.

50. To resolve these issues, the Court must first consider
the proper valuation approach to take in determining the
value of the marital portion of the TSP. The Plaintiff
contends that the use of the coverture fraction is proper
pursuant to N.C.G.S. §50-20.1. Using this approach, the
Plaintiff concludes that 50.2% of the TSP is marital.

51. The Plaintiff then goes on to conclude that 50.2% of the
money transferred from the TSP to purchase the Aviva
Annuity created a 50.2% interest in the Aviva Annuity.

52. The Defendant rolled $400,000 in TSP money into the
Aviva Annuity, in order to purchase the Aviva Annuity on
June 2, 2011. . . .

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                     Opinion of the Court

53. The Plaintiff concludes that $200,738 or 50.2% of the
Aviva Annuity was purchased with marital money from the
TSP.

54. The Defendant also rolled $196,193 in TSP money out
to a Vanguard IRA on March 11, 2013. . . .

55. The Plaintiff concludes that $98,458 or 50.2% of this
rollover was marital money. . . .

56. Both the Aviva Annuity and the Vanguard IRA have
passively increased in value since these rollovers occurred.

57. On the date of separation, the Plaintiff contends that
the marital portion of the Vanguard IRA was $103,219. . .
. The Plaintiff contends that date of distribution value is
$112,372, again due to passive growth.

58. The Defendant has valued the TSP by using a tracing
method, considering and totaling each contribution to the
account made during the marriage, together with passive
gains and losses on these amounts. In support of this
approach, which is not supported by N.C.G.S. §50-20.1, the
Defendant relies on Watkins v. Watkins, 228 N.C. App. 548,
746 S.E.2d 394 (2013).

59. In Watkins, the trial court was reversed for failing to
use a coverture fraction to divide an IRA that was funded
with “deferred compensation” even though all
compensation had been earned by Defendant Watkins at
his date of separation.

60. The TSP in this case likewise contained deferred
compensation; that is, compensation from the employer
that was subject to vesting. Although the Defendant’s TSP
was fully vested at the time of his retirement, Defendant
Kabasan’s [situation] cannot be discerned from that of
Defendant Watkins, who had also separated from his
employer and whose benefits were fully vested at the time
of his trial.

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                     Opinion of the Court

61. The Court of Appeals in Watkins has stated that: “We
note that there are certain 401(k) plans pursuant to which
employer contributions vest over a designated period of
time and that employer contributions in these instances
might be construed as ‘deferred compensation benefits.’ ”
Watkins v. Watkins, 228 N.C. App. 548[, 554,] 746 S.E.2d
394[, 398] (2013). . . .

62. The TSP in this case is analogous to a 401(k) that
contains “deferred compensation benefits” in that a certain
portion of the TSP contributions made by the Defendant’s
employer were subject to vesting.

63. The Defendant’s expert, Edward Fidelman, did not
consider Watkins before using his tracing valuation
method with respect to the TSP.

64. Mr. Fidelman was unable to state what portion of TSP
contributions by the Defendant’s employer [was] subject to
vesting requirements.

65. Mr. Fidelman defined deferred compensation as all
compensation by an employer that is “not immediately
subject to tax[,]” a definition that is actually broader than
the definition provided in Watkins.

66. The Court has no evidence upon which it can make a
determination as to what part of the TSP contributions
occurring during marriage [was] subject to vesting and
therefore “deferred compensation” and what portion of said
contributions [was] immediately vested.

67. The Defendant’s analysis, produced by Edward
Fidelman, . . . contains an assumption that all marital
money traced in the TSP was used to purchase the Aviva
Annuity. Because the methodology applied by the
Defendant to determine the marital portion of the TSP is
rejected, the Court need not further consider whether or
not the Defendant’s assumption is correct.

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                    Opinion of the Court

68. The Court finds that Phaedra Xanthos, the Plaintiff’s
expert, has correctly applied a coverture fraction to the
TSP.

69. The Court finds it equitable therefore, that this
coverture fraction be extended to the Aviva Annuity, in
order to determine the marital component of the Aviva
Annuity, and extended to the Vanguard IRA, in order to
determine the marital component of the Vanguard IRA.

70. The Court finds that on the date of separation, the
marital value of the Vanguard IRA was $103,219. . . . The
Court finds that the date of distribution marital value of
this IRA is $112,372 due to passive growth.

                            ...

81. On the date of separation, the Aviva Annuity
accumulated value was $484,707.86.

82. The present Aviva Annuity accumulated value is
$543,877.40.

83. The marital portion of the Aviva Annuity is 50.2% or
$272,942 of the present value.

                            ...

136. The parties dispute whether or not a portion of the
balance of the Defendant’s Vanguard Securities Account,
which existed as a Family Trust at date of separation, is
marital.

137. Defendant’s exhibit 2 was introduced through the
Defendant’s expert Ed Fidelman, CPA.

138. Schedule 4 of exhibit 2 traces separate and marital
contributions into this account.

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                    Opinion of the Court

139. It is clear from schedule 4 of exhibit 2 that
contributions were made into this account during
marriage, and Mr. Fidelman has calculated passive gains
on those contributions during marriage.

140. Mr. Fidelman then assumes that any marital
contributions made during marriage were spent during
marriage for the remodel of 9 Crowningway Drive and for
the acquisition of 240 Collins Avenue, Unit 6D, otherwise
referred to as Terrace View Towers.

141. Mr. Fidelman’s assumption is not supported by the
evidence, the Defendant having testified clearly that he
used separate funds to remodel 9 Crowningway Drive and
for the acquisition of 240 Collins Avenue, Unit 6D,
otherwise referred to as Terrace View Towers.

142. The parties have further testified that 9 Crowningway
Drive and 240 Collins Avenue, Unit 6D, otherwise referred
to as Terrace View Towers, are marital property.

143. Marital funds, therefore, remained in the Vanguard
Securities Account/Family Trust, at date of separation.

144. Plaintiff’s expert, Phaedra Xanthos, CPA has
conducted the same tracing analysis as Ed Fidelman, to
determine the balance of marital funds existing in the
Family Trust at date of separation, which total $153,140.

145. Ms. Xanthos’ analysis of marital money moving
through the Vanguard Securities Account and into the
Family Trust, was introduced as Plaintiff’s exhibit 28.

146. The Court finds Ms. Xanthos’ tracing of marital funds,
as illustrated by exhibit 28, to be credible.

147. At date of separation, the Defendant was in possession
of $153,140 in marital funds, held in a Family Trust.

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      Based upon these and other findings, the trial court entered findings and

conclusions stating that the financial assets at issue had the date of separation values

cited above. Defendant does not challenge the evidentiary support for the court’s

findings, contend that the court’s findings fail to support its conclusions, or dispute

the mathematical calculations made by the court. Instead, defendant’s sole challenge

to the trial court’s valuation of these assets is that the court abused its discretion by

adopting the approach taken by Ms. Xanthos which, according to defendant, fails “to

comply with Watkins [v. Watkins, 228 N.C. App. 548, 746 S.E.2d 394 (2013), disc.

review denied, 367 N.C. 290, 753 S.E.2d 670 (2014).]” We conclude that this argument

lacks merit.

      In Watkins, as in this case, the defendant appealed the trial court’s equitable

distribution order. On appeal, the defendant argued that, inter alia, “the trial court

erred in classifying and valuing two of his investment retirement accounts (IRAs).”

Watkins, 228 N.C. App. at 551, 746 S.E.2d at 396. The defendant had funded one

IRA with the proceeds of a defined benefit pension plan, and the other with the

proceeds of a 401(k) account to which he and his employer had contributed during his

employment. The trial court relied upon the calculations of plaintiff’s expert, Mr.

Shriner,1 in its determination of the respective values of the marital and separate

components of the IRAs. Mr. Shriner computed the total value of the IRAs at the date

      1   Mr. Shriner testified as an expert for defendant in the instant case.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

of marriage, which he considered to be separate property, and applied a rate of growth

to these funds during the marriage. Mr. Shriner thus “traced” the defendant’s

premarital contribution to the IRAs, multiplied by a fixed rate of growth for the

duration of the marriage, and reported the resulting figure as defendant’s separate

property.

      On appeal, Mr. Watkins argued that the trial court erred by accepting Mr.

Shriner’s approach, on the grounds that “the coverture fraction method . . . was the

required method of valuation under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20.1 (2011) and this Court’s

precedent.” Watkins at 552, 746 S.E.2d at 397. This Court held that the statute did

not require the court to apply the coverture fraction in every circumstance:

             In the case sub judice, Defendant posits that N.C. Gen.
             Stat. § 50-20.1 required the trial court to apply the
             coverture ratio because Defendant’s IRAs are “defined
             contribution plans.” Defendant relies upon Robertson v.
             Robertson, 167 N.C. App. 567, 605 S.E.2d 667 (2004), in
             support of this contention. . . . [W]e believe that neither
             N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20.1 nor our holding in Robertson
             requires that a trial court apply the coverture ratio to
             determine the marital portion of an IRA, except to the
             extent that the IRA is funded through a deferred
             compensation plan or is otherwise brought within the
             purview of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20.1.

Id. at 352-53, 746 S.E.2d at 397 (emphasis in original).

      This Court concluded that if the funds in an IRA were immediately available

to the employee, the IRA would not include “deferred compensation” and, as a result,

the trial court would not be required to apply the coverture fraction, because imposing

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                                   Opinion of the Court

such a mandatory requirement might “lead to grossly inequitable results[.]” Watkins

at 555, 746 S.E.2d at 398. On the facts of Watkins, this Court held that, because the

funds in the 401(k) did not include any deferred compensation, the trial court had the

discretion to apply the tracing approach espoused by Mr. Shriner. The Court reached

a different conclusion with regard to the IRA that was funded with the proceeds of a

traditional defined benefit pension. Because those funds had been subject to a vesting

requirement, the Court reversed and remanded for recalculation of the value, using

the coverture fraction system. In sum, Watkins applied the provisions of N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 50-20.1 to an IRA funded with the proceeds of a deferred compensation plan,

as specified in the statute. On the other hand, the Court held that a trial court was

not required to apply the coverture fraction approach to valuation of a financial asset

that included no deferred compensation.

      Defendant argues that the application of the coverture fraction to the financial

assets at issue in this case did not “comply” with Watkins. First of all, the value of the

Vanguard Trust was determined by use of the “tracing” method for which defendant

argues, and not by application of the coverture fraction approach. With regard to the

valuation of the remaining financial assets at issue, it must be noted that this Court’s

opinion in Watkins emphasized that “neither N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20.1 nor our holding

in Robertson requires that a trial court apply the coverture ratio to determine the

marital portion of an IRA, except to the extent that the IRA is funded through a

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                                    Opinion of the Court

deferred compensation plan or is otherwise brought within the purview of N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 50-20.1.” Id. at 552, 746 S.E.2d at 397. This Court did not hold that in such a

situation the trial court was barred from applying the coverture fraction, if

appropriate. Nor did the opinion announce some other mandatory practice restricting

the discretion traditionally afforded to a trial court.

      In support of his position, defendant relies primarily upon the opinions of his

two expert witnesses, Mr. Shriner and Mr. Fidelman, which are not binding on this

Court. Defendant also alleges that “Mr. Shriner had to use a coverture fraction in

the Watkins trial, because there were no records on which to base an accurate tracing

of separate funds. The trial court agreed with him and was upheld.” Defendant’s

contention is both puzzling and inaccurate. As discussed above, (1) in Watkins, Mr.

Shriner did not use the coverture fraction approach, and (2) his use of the “tracing”

approach was reversed as to one of the IRAs. Moreover, the opinion includes no

discussion of what records were available to Mr. Shriner.

      We conclude that defendant has failed to show that the trial court erred by

adopting the coverture fraction approach employed by Ms. Xanthos in the valuation

of the TSP account, the Aviva annuity, or the Vanguard IRA, or that the trial court’s

findings and conclusions on this issue violated a mandatory requirement enunciated

in our opinion in Watkins. As this is the only basis upon which defendant challenges

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                                    KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                     Opinion of the Court

the trial court’s valuation of the subject assets, we conclude that defendant is not

entitled to relief on this issue.

               Trial Court’s Treatment of Potential Surrender Penalties

       Defendant argues next that the trial court “abused its discretion when it found

that potential surrender charges/early withdrawal penalties on the Aviva annuity

were speculative and could not be considered, when in the child support and alimony

orders, this same court imputed additional income specifically based on these assets

being immediately drawn against.” This argument lacks merit.

       The terms of the Aviva annuity included a penalty for withdrawal of funds

during the first twelve years after purchase. It is undisputed that defendant did not

intend to withdraw money from the annuity during this period. In its equitable

distribution order, the trial court made several findings of fact concerning the penalty

for early withdrawal of funds from the Aviva annuity:

              71. The parties experts disagree as to the total value of the
              Aviva Annuity at date of separation, and presently.

              72. The Defendant’s expert, Ed Fidelman, CPA, contends
              that the correct value of the Aviva Annuity at date of
              separation and presently is the cash “surrender” value.

              73. Both the Defendant and the Defendant’s expert,
              concede, however, that the Defendant does not intend to
              surrender the policy.

              74. Any potential surrender charges are therefore
              speculative and should not be considered by the trial Court.

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                                KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                  Opinion of the Court

             75. “Evidence of circumstances not in existence on the date
             of separation [such as surrendering the annuity] is not
             competent evidence for the purpose of valuing a marital
             asset.” Crowder v. Crowder, 147 N.C. App. 677, 682[,] 556
S.E.2d 639, 642 (2001).

      The effect of these findings was that the trial court rejected defendant’s proffer

of a reduced value for the Aviva annuity. On appeal, defendant does not dispute the

evidentiary support for these findings, or challenge the trial court’s decision to

disregard the penalties for early withdrawal, given that there was no evidence that

defendant intended to incur this penalty by accessing the annuity. Defendant argues,

instead, that having made these findings, it was “contradictory” for the trial court to

include the annuity among defendant’s potential sources of income in its orders for

child support and alimony. Defendant’s argument is not supported by citation to legal

authority and rests on the premises that “Plaintiff-wife’s attorney wanted Defendant-

husband ordered to immediately access his annuity” and that “the trial court force[d]”

defendant to incur surrender penalties by including the annuity in its child support

and alimony orders. Defendant cites no authority suggesting that the wishes or

strategy of opposing counsel is legally relevant to our analysis of whether the trial

court abused its discretion, and we decline to consider this.

      Nor has defendant identified any findings or conclusions in the child support

or alimony orders that support his assertion that the provisions of either order will

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                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

“force” him to access the Aviva annuity. In its child support order, the trial court

found that:

              13. Counsel for the parties have stipulated and agreed that
              the Court may make a determination of the parties’
              income, for purposes of determining child support, by
              considering evidence presented in the alimony case.

              14. The application of the North Carolina Child Support
              Guidelines meets the reasonable needs of the minor child
              in this cause.

                                           ...

              23. Health insurance for the benefit of [the child] is paid by
              the Defendant at the rate of $355 per month.

              24. The minor child does attend private school at Veritas.
              The Court finds tuition, which the Defendant pays, to be
              an extraordinary need of the minor child, in the monthly
              amount of $975 for the 2016/2017 school year.

              25. The calculation that results from these findings is
              attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein.

              26. The Defendant owes a duty of support in the amount of
              $636.40 per month.

              27. The Defendant shall pay support of $636.40 per month
              commencing August 1st, 2016 and thereafter on the first of
              each month.

              28. The Defendant shall continue to provide health
              insurance for the use and benefit of the minor child.

              29. The Defendant shall continue to pay Veritas tuition.

      In its alimony order, the trial court made the following findings:

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                  KABASAN V. KABASAN

                    Opinion of the Court

61. The Defendant’s income includes a monthly FERS
payment of $3136 per month.

62. The Defendant also receives social security payments
of $2,094 for himself.

                            ...

68. The Defendant lives modestly, showing his living
expenses of $2762 per month on his 2015 financial
affidavit.

69. The Defendant shows expenses associated with the
parties’ minor child in the amount of $1678 which includes
private school tuition[, court-ordered child support, and
health insurance].

70. On his 2015 affidavit, the Defendant shows total gross
income of $6,972.

71. By the Defendant’s own representation, he has a
surplus of his claimed income over his expenses in the
amount of $4210, even without considering whether or not
the Defendant should or could draw against retirement or
elect to receive an annual benefit from the Aviva Annuity.

72. Including the minor child’s expenses as the Defendant’s
own expenses, he still has a surplus of his claimed income
over expenses in the amount of $2532.

                            ...

85. Based upon all of the foregoing findings, the Court
further finds that alimony in the amount of $1,250 per
month, terminable upon the Plaintiff’s death, the
Defendant’s death, the Plaintiff’s remarriage, or
cohabitation is equitable.

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                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

      These unchallenged findings show that after subtracting alimony, court-

ordered child support, private school tuition, health insurance premiums for the

minor child, and defendant’s claimed expenses, from defendant’s stated gross

monthly income of $6972, defendant would have a surplus of $1282, and thus would

not be “forced” to immediately surrender the Aviva annuity.

      Moreover, despite a passing reference to “other pre-tax investments,”

defendant’s appellate argument is restricted to the Aviva annuity. In its child support

order, the trial court found that defendant could potentially receive $2812 per month

from his IRA. Defendant has not directed our attention to testimony or other evidence

of a penalty that would be triggered by withdrawal from his IRA. In fact, defendant’s

expert witness testified that the only “penalty” would be the taxation of the funds

upon withdrawal. Finally, we observe that defendant has not indicated what the

amount of any withdrawal penalty would be for defendant’s access to either source of

income.

      Defendant argues that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to

include defendant’s potential income from the Aviva annuity in calculating

defendant’s child support obligation, because defendant would be “forced” by the

court’s orders to immediately access the annuity and incur a withdrawal penalty that

the trial court did not include in its valuation of the annuity for equitable distribution

purposes. Defendant has failed to establish that the terms of the child support and

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                                KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                  Opinion of the Court

alimony orders, considered separately or together, would require him to cash in the

annuity. We conclude that defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                Trial Court’s Valuation of the Miami Condominium

      Defendant argues next that the trial court “abused its discretion when it

assigned a current fair market value of $255,000 for the Miami condo[minium].” We

have considered this argument, and conclude that it is without merit.

      In its equitable distribution order, the trial court made the following findings

of fact regarding the value of the condominium:

             90. 240 Collins Avenue, Unit 6D, otherwise referred to as
             Terrace View Towers is a condominium in Dade County,
             Miami Beach, FL.

             91. The parties acquired the FL Condominium in 2011
             using the Defendant’s separate funds.

             92. The condominium was titled to the parties jointly and
             the parties have stipulated that the condominium is
             marital property.

             93. The parties have stipulated that the condominium, at
             date of separation, had a value of $250,000.

             94. The Plaintiff contends the condominium has a date of
             distribution value of $255,000, based upon a recent
             comparable sale of a unit of identical square footage, in the
             same building, which has been improved.

             95. The unit owned by the parties has not been improved
             since purchase, and has been rented, with the Defendant
             receiving the rental income.

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                                KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                  Opinion of the Court

             96. The Plaintiff’s opinion with respect to date of
             distribution value is credible, and supported by a credible
             comparable sale.

             97. The Defendant has also offered his opinion as to date of
             distribution value, pointing to the report of a comparable
             sale of “5G” occurring in May of 2016 for $299,000.

             98. The Defendant offered as evidence of this comparable
             sale, a marketing letter from a realtor.

             99. The marketing letter does not reference an address or
             a building but only “unit 5G.”

             100. The Defendant did not testify to the square footage of
             his comparable and the marketing letter is silent as to that
             fact.

             101. The Defendant also conceded on cross examination
             that he has not visited the unit that sold for $299,000 and
             that he knew nothing about its condition[] or
             improvements.

             102. The Defendant offered no other evidence to
             corroborate the content of the realtor’s letter which
             references the sale of “5G.”

             103. The Defendant’s opinion as to date of distribution
             value is not credible.

             104. The date of distribution value of 240 Collins Avenue,
             Unit 6D, Miami Beach, FL, otherwise referred to as
             Terrace View Towers, is $255,000.

      Defendant does not challenge the evidentiary support for any specific finding,

or argue that the findings fail to support the trial court’s conclusions regarding the

value of the condominium. We conclude that the court’s evidentiary findings support

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                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

its ultimate finding that the value of the condominium on the date of distribution was

$255,000.

      In urging us to reach a contrary result, defendant argues that the evidence

offered by plaintiff’s expert regarding the value of the condominium on the date of

distribution did not comply with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-21(b) (2016), which provides in

relevant part that “[d]ivisible property and divisible debt shall be valued as of the

date of distribution.”

      Defendant has argued that this “is not an issue where the trial court can, in its

discretion, consider the weight of each opinion[,]” because, as a matter of law, the

evidence offered by plaintiff’s expert as to the value of the condominium on the date

of distribution “must be disqualified[.]” The sole basis for this contention is that the

comparable sale upon which plaintiff’s expert witness based her opinion took place

“within the last six months” prior to the trial, rather than on the date of distribution.

On appeal, defendant cites Kiell v. Kiell, 240 N.C. App. 602, 772 S.E.2d 873 (2015)

(unpublished), for the rule that divisible property is valued as of the date of

distribution. The parties have not disputed that divisible property is valued as of the

date of distribution and as an unpublished case, Kiell is not binding on this court.

      Furthermore, the general rule is that weaknesses in a party’s evidence go to

the weight of the evidence, rather than its admissibility. “Questions of credibility and

the weight to be accorded the evidence remain in the province of the finder of facts.”

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                                  KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                    Opinion of the Court

Bodie v. Bodie, 221 N.C. App. 29, 38, 727 S.E.2d 11, 18 (2012) (internal quotation

marks omitted). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-21(b) (2016) provides that “[f]or purposes of

equitable distribution, . . . [d]ivisible property and divisible debt shall be valued as of

the date of distribution.” However, defendant has not cited any authority holding that

evidence of a sale of comparable property within the six months prior to trial is

inadmissible on the grounds that the sale did not occur on the date of distribution.

As a practical matter, there are likely many instances in which, as in the present

case, the most recent comparable sale took place several months before trial. We hold

that the date of the comparable sale upon which Ms. Xanthos based her opinion as to

the value of the Miami condominium on the date of distribution is a factor that goes

to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.

      In addition, we conclude that defendant failed to preserve this issue for

appellate review. At trial, Ms. Xanthos testified that in her opinion the condominium

had a value of $255,000. Ms. Xanthos based her opinion on evidence of the sale of a

condominium in the same building, with the same square footage and tax-assessment

value, that had been sold “within the last six months” before the trial. Defendant

objected on the grounds that Ms. Xanthos was not a real estate appraiser, and that

her reliance on public records rendered her opinion “speculative” because Ms.

Xanthos had not personally inspected the condominium that was sold. Nonetheless,

at no time did defendant object to Ms. Xanthos’s testimony based on the date of the

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                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

comparable sale, or argue that evidence of the sale was inadmissible because of the

passage of time between the sale and the trial.

      N.C. R. App. P. Rule 10(a)(1) (2016) provides in relevant part that in order to

preserve an issue for appellate review, “a party must have presented to the trial court

a timely request, objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the

party desired the court to make” and must have “obtain[ed] a ruling upon the party’s

request, objection, or motion.” “As a general rule, the failure to raise an alleged error

in the trial court waives the right to raise it for the first time on appeal.” State v.

Johnson, 204 N.C. App. 259, 266, 693 S.E.2d 711, 716-17 (2010). “Our Supreme Court

has long held that where a theory argued on appeal was not raised before the trial

court, the law does not permit parties to swap horses between courts in order to get

a better mount in the appellate courts.” Cushman at __, 781 S.E.2d at 504 (internal

quotation marks omitted). We conclude that by failing to raise this issue at the trial

level, defendant failed to preserve it for appellate review.

                 Trial Court’s Valuation of the Brazilian Properties

      Defendant argues next that the trial court abused its discretion when it

determined the value on the date of distribution for properties owned by the parties

in Brazil. Defendant asserts that “Ms. Xanthos’s opinion should be disqualified” for

the reasons stated in his earlier argument that the trial court erred by failing to

disqualify Ms. Xanthos as an expert. In that we have held that defendant failed to

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                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

show that the trial court abused its discretion in this regard, we likewise reject the

same argument as applied to Ms. Xanthos’s opinion on the value of the Brazilian

properties.

      Defendant also contends that the evidence he presented was credible, and that

Ms. Xanthos’s opinion “must be disqualified” as “being a date of separation value

multiplied by the current currency exchange rate.” Defendant cites no authority on

the proper role of evidence on currency exchange rates in determination of the value

of real estate. Moreover, even assuming, arguendo, that defendant has correctly

identified weaknesses in Ms. Xanthos’s calculations, “[t]he foregoing is all relevant in

considering the expert witness’ credibility, but it does not render his opinion

testimony inadmissible.” McLean v. McLean, 323 N.C. 543, 556, 374 S.E.2d 376, 384

(1988). We conclude that defendant has failed to establish that his generalized

assertions that plaintiff’s evidence should be disregarded entitle him to relief on

appeal.

     Determination that 501 Rua Intendente was Plaintiff’s Separate Property

      Defendant’s next argument is that the trial court abused its discretion by

determining that a specific property located in Brazil was plaintiff’s separate

property. We conclude that this argument lacks merit.

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                                      KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                         Opinion of the Court

      The property at issue is referred to by the parties by its street address, which

is 501 Rua Intendente. In its equitable distribution order, the trial court made the

following findings about the property:

                123. There is an additional piece of real property in Brazil,
                identified as 501 Rua Intendente Alfredo Azevedo, the
                classification of which is disputed.

                124. The Plaintiff has introduced a certified copy of the
                property certificate to 501 Rua Intendente Alfredo Azevedo
                . . . which has been admitted into evidence.

                121.2 This property was owned by the Plaintiff before
                marriage and was received by the Plaintiff in the context
                of a prior divorce, in Brazil, from Jose Vilmar Gomes.

                125. The Plaintiff did not register the transfer of ownership
                from her former spouse, Jose Vilmar Gomes, until after her
                marriage to the Defendant.

                        1. The Defendant testified, and the Court finds, that
                        the Plaintiff delayed the transfer of this property
                        into her name because there was a charge involved
                        in doing so.

                126. According to the Defendant, during a trip to Brazil in
                2002, the Plaintiff reported to him that she had to go [to]
                the clerk’s office to perform a legally required act with
                respect to the property certificate.

                127. The property certificate reflects. . . . that:

                        i. It has been declared by SONIA REGINA DE
                        OLIVEIRA KABASAN that she married DENNIS
                        KABASAN under the partial communi[ty] property

      2   The out-of-sequence numbering is set out as in the equitable distribution order.

                                                - 31 -
                    KABASAN V. KABASAN

                      Opinion of the Court

       regime. As from the marriage, she uses the name
       indicated above.

128. The Defendant admits that there was at no time
during the marriage a discussion between [him] and the
Plaintiff to the effect that the Plaintiff intended to gift 501
Rua Intendente Alfredo Azevedo to the marriage.

129. The Plaintiff credibly testified that at no time during
the marriage, did she discuss with the Defendant the
prospect of gifting 501 Rua Intendente Alfredo Azevedo to
the marriage.

130. The Defendant’s position in support of the
classification of this property as marital rests on the fact
that his name appears as set forth above.

131. The Court finds the Defendant’s argument on the
point of classification without merit.

132. The partial community property regime in Brazil is
consistent with North Carolina law in that property owned
before marriage remains separate (unless gifted to the
marriage), while property acquired during the marriage is
presumed to be marital or “of the community” in the
context of Brazilian law.

133. When the Plaintiff went to the Brazilian clerk’s office
in 2002, she recorded the transfer of property from her
former marriage to her, she recorded her divorce from her
former Husband, and she recorded her marriage to the
Defendant. There is no evidence of a gift of this real estate
to be discerned from this recordation.

134. The Defendant would extend the McLean
presumption, which rises from the peculiar species of
North Carolina tenancy by the entireties, to this property
certificate. Such an extension is not credible, and in any
event, the Court finds that the [Plaintiff] has rebutted any

                             - 32 -
                                KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                  Opinion of the Court

             such presumption by the greater weight of the evidence,
             pursuant to N.C.G.S. §50-20(b)(1).

             135. 501 Rua Intendente Alfredo Azevedo is the Plaintiff’s
             separate property.

      Defendant does not dispute the evidentiary support for these findings, and we

conclude that they support the trial court’s conclusion that the 501 Rua Intendente

property is plaintiff’s separate property.        In reaching this conclusion, we have

considered, but ultimately rejected, defendant’s arguments for a contrary result.

      Defendant’s primary argument is that, because the parties’ prenuptial

agreement provided that the “terms and provisions” of the agreement would be

construed and determined in accordance with North Carolina law, the trial court

erred by admitting testimony concerning Brazilian family law. For several reasons,

we hold that defendant has failed to establish a right to relief based upon this

argument. First, defendant has not identified any provision of the prenuptial

agreement that was improperly interpreted or construed under Brazilian law.

Secondly, during trial, defendant did not object to the admissibility of Ms. Xanthos’s

testimony about Brazilian law on the grounds that it was barred by the prenuptial

agreement. Instead, defendant’s objections were based, inter alia, upon a supposed

lack of foundation or the fact that certain documents were written in Portuguese.

      The thrust of defendant’s argument is that the court’s equitable distribution

order reflects an inappropriate consideration of Brazilian law in its determination

                                         - 33 -
                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

that the 501 Rua Intendente property was plaintiff’s separate property. However, the

trial court’s only reference to Brazilian law was the observation that it was consistent

with North Carolina law. Defendant does not identify findings or conclusions by the

trial court that do not comply with North Carolina law, or that were based on

Brazilian law rather than North Carolina law. We conclude that defendant has failed

to show that the trial court improperly based its decision upon Brazilian law.

      Defendant also asserts that the trial court made an error of law by stating that

plaintiff had “rebutted [the] . . . presumption [that plaintiff intended the 501 Rua

Intendente property to be a gift to the marriage] by the greater weight of the evidence,

pursuant to [N.C. Gen. Stat.] §50-20(b)(1).” Defendant contends, based upon our

Supreme Court’s opinion in McLean, that the proper standard is whether the

presumption was rebutted by “clear, cogent and convincing evidence” and that it “is

not clear whether or not, under this higher burden of proof, the trial court would still

conclude that this property was the separate property of Plaintiff-wife.” McLean was

decided in 1988, and in 1991, our legislature amended N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20 to

provide that “[i]t is presumed that all real property creating a tenancy by the entirety

acquired after the date of marriage and before the date of separation is marital

property. Either presumption may be rebutted by the greater weight of the evidence.”

(emphasis added). Therefore, this argument lacks merit.

                                          - 34 -
                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                     Opinion of the Court

      For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that defendant has failed to

establish that the trial court abused its discretion in its determination that the

property located at 501 Rua Intendente was plaintiff’s separate property.

             Prenuptial Agreement’s Provision Regarding Sale of Assets

      Defendant next contends that the trial court abused its discretion “when it

failed to comply with the parties’ valid prenuptial agreement, which required the sale

of an asset if the parties could not agree on the value, or could not agree on who would

receive the asset.” We conclude that defendant has failed to establish that the trial

court’s error, if any, prejudiced him.

      The prenuptial agreement executed by the parties stated the following with

regard to the division of marital property acquired after marriage in the event that

the parties separated or divorced:

             If the parties cannot agree as to the value of any such
             subsequently acquired marital property, it shall be sold
             and the net proceeds split equally. If the parties cannot
             agree as to who should receive which particular assets to
             effectuate the equal division required by this Agreement,
             then any disputed asset shall be sold by public or private
             sale and the net proceeds split equally.

      In its order the trial court made the following findings relevant to this issue:

             148. The parties signed a Premarital Agreement. The
             Court has previously declared that the Premarital
             Agreement is valid and therefore ordered that [the] Court
             shall make an equal division of the marital estate.

                                            - 35 -
                  KABASAN V. KABASAN

                    Opinion of the Court

149. The Premarital Agreement does not bar equitable
distribution.

150. It is the Court’s duty in an equitable distribution
proceeding to identify, classify, value and distribute
marital assets in kind.

151. The Court does not find it necessary to order any
marital property to be sold, in order to make an equal
division of the marital estate.

152. The Court notes that a provision of the premarital
agreement recites that:

      ii. If the parties cannot agree as to the value of any
      such subsequently acquired marital property, it
      shall be sold and the net proceeds split equally. If
      the parties cannot agree as to who should receive
      which particular assets to effectuate the equal
      division required by this agreement, then any
      disputed asset shall be sold by public or private sale
      and the net proceeds split equally.

153. Both parties having asserted claims for equitable
distribution rather than an action to enforce this
Premarital Agreement, except to the limited extent of the
declaratory action brought by the Defendant.

154. As to real property values at date of separation, the
parties were in complete agreement, and these sale
provisions are not triggered by disagreements with respect
to real property values at date of separation.

155. The parties disagree about the valuation of many
marital assets in this case. For many of these assets, such
as the FERS pension, the Survivor Benefit, the Aviva
Annuity, the Vanguard IRA or the Vanguard Securities
account, a forced sale would be impracticable, [and would]
result in the wasting of the marital estate, [and in]
undesired tax consequence[s].

                           - 36 -
                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                    Opinion of the Court

             156. A full scale application of the sale provision contained
             in the Premarital Agreement as to each marital asset as to
             which there is a disagreement as to value or distribution,
             is not practical and would not be equitable.

             157. Both parties having asserted claims for equitable
             distribution, and the Court hearing the same, places the
             marital estate within the jurisdiction of the Court. To the
             extent the parties have entered into Stipulations and to the
             extent that the Court has entered a Declaratory Order with
             respect to an equal division of the marital estate, the Court
             must honor the same.

      Defendant characterizes these findings as showing that “[i]nstead of

implementing [the] provision [in the prenuptial agreement,] the trial court . . .

argue[d] around it.” Defendant does not elaborate on the basis of this assertion, and

has neither challenged the evidentiary support for the court’s findings, nor identified

any specific error of law on the part of the trial court.

      Defendant cites Huntley v. Huntley, 140 N.C. App. 749, 538 S.E.2d 239 (2000),

in support of his argument that the trial court erred by not ordering that disputed

property be sold. In Huntley, the parties executed a prenuptial agreement that

expressly barred equitable distribution proceedings. When the husband sought

equitable distribution, the wife argued that the terms of their agreement precluded

it. On appeal, this Court agreed with the appellant. Defendant has not articulated

the relevance of Huntley to the facts of the present case, in which both parties sought

equitable distribution and neither party sought to prevent the equitable distribution

                                           - 37 -
                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

proceeding on the grounds that it was barred by the terms of the agreement. The

issue in this case is not the enforceability of the agreement but whether the trial court

abused its discretion in its interpretation of the agreement.

      Moreover, it is axiomatic that “ ‘[t]he party asserting error must show from the

record not only that the trial court committed error, but that the aggrieved party was

prejudiced as a result.’ ” Westlake v. Westlake, 231 N.C. App. 704, 706, 753 S.E.2d
197, 200 (2014) (quoting Lawing v. Lawing, 81 N.C. App. 159, 162, 344 N.C. 100, 104

(1986)). In this case, defendant has failed to offer any argument on the issue of

prejudice. For example, defendant has not identified any disputed property of which

he would have benefitted by a sale rather than a distribution. Nor has defendant

directed our attention to any point during the trial when he raised this issue. We

conclude that defendant has failed to show that he is entitled to relief on the basis of

this argument.

                 Trial Court’s Treatment of Defendant’s FERS Pension

      Defendant’s next two arguments challenge the court’s distribution of his FERS

pension. Defendant argues that the court abused its discretion by failing “to award

a portion of the FERS pension to plaintiff as a distribution in kind” and by “awarding

plaintiff half of the marital portion of the FERS pension [payments] that were paid

to defendant after separation, when that income was included in the income

calculation of the post separation support order.”

                                          - 38 -
                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

      After he retired in 2010, defendant received a monthly pension pursuant to his

participation in the Federal Employees Retirement System, or FERS. The parties do

not dispute that (1) the marital portion of the FERS payments that defendant

received between the date of separation and the date of distribution was $36,550; (2)

the date of distribution value of the marital component of the FERS retirement

benefit was $142,160; and (3) the value of the FERS survivor’s benefit was $169,495.

In its equitable distribution order, the trial court distributed the present value of the

survivor’s benefit to plaintiff, and the present value of the retirement benefit to

defendant. Defendant argues on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion by

failing to distribute half of the marital component of the FERS retirement benefit to

plaintiff. Defendant notes that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20(e) provides in part that “it

shall be presumed in every action that an in-kind distribution of marital or divisible

property is equitable” and apparently contends that the trial court abused its

discretion by failing to order an “in-kind” distribution of monthly benefits from the

FERS program to plaintiff.

      The sole basis of defendant’s argument on this issue is his contention that, if

plaintiff had been awarded benefits of $1500 per month, this would have had a

favorable effect on his potential liability for alimony. However, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-

20(f) expressly states that “[t]he court shall provide for an equitable distribution

without regard to alimony for either party or support of the children of both parties.”

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                                   Opinion of the Court

(emphasis added). We conclude that defendant has failed to show that the trial court

abused its discretion by distributing the FERS benefits as discussed above or by

failing to consider the alimony implications of its distribution of marital assets.

      On 28 March 2014, the trial court entered an interim order that, inter alia,

provided temporary postseparation support for plaintiff. In its determination of

defendant’s postseparation support obligation, the court included defendant’s FERS

retirement benefits in its calculation of defendant’s monthly income. The trial court

found that defendant had a monthly income of $7024 and expenses of $2539, and that

plaintiff was a dependent spouse with reasonable expenses of $1705 per month.

Defendant has not challenged any aspect of this order.

      In its equitable distribution order, the trial court included in its calculation of

the marital portion of the FERS retirement benefits the $36,550 in monthly benefits

that defendant received between the date of separation and the date of distribution.

Defendant contends that this was an abuse of discretion, and that plaintiff is “double

dipping” as a result. However, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.2A(b) (2016) provides that:

             In ordering postseparation support, the court shall base its
             award on the financial needs of the parties, considering the
             parties’ accustomed standard of living, the present
             employment income and other recurring earnings of each
             party from any source, their income-earning abilities, the
             separate and marital debt service obligations, those
             expenses reasonably necessary to support each of the
             parties, and each party’s respective legal obligations to
             support any other persons.

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                                  KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                    Opinion of the Court

      We conclude that it was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to consider

defendant’s FERS pension income in its determination of defendant’s ability to pay

postseparation support. The basis of defendant’s argument on “double dipping” is not

entirely clear, given that although defendant’s FERS benefits were included in the

trial court’s determination of postseparation support for the purpose of establishing

defendant’s ability to pay postseparation support, none of defendant’s FERS benefits

were distributed to plaintiff prior to the entry of the equitable distribution order. We

conclude that defendant has failed to show that the trial court abused its discretion

by including defendant’s FERS benefits in its postseparation support order and later

distributing a portion of these benefits to plaintiff.

                         Findings Required for Alimony Order

      Defendant argues next that the trial court “abused its discretion when it failed

to make any findings on plaintiff’s expenses, or the minor child’s expenses which

defendant pays, before concluding that plaintiff is a dependent spouse and entering

an order for permanent alimony[.]” Defendant contends that the trial court’s findings

of fact with regard to plaintiff’s and the child’s expenses were insufficient to support

its conclusion that plaintiff was a dependent spouse. We conclude that defendant’s

argument has merit.

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.1A(2) (2016) defines a dependent spouse as “a spouse,

whether husband or wife, who is actually substantially dependent upon the other

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                                   Opinion of the Court

spouse for his or her maintenance and support or is substantially in need of

maintenance and support from the other spouse.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.3A(a)

(2016) states that when a party applies for alimony, the “court shall award alimony

to the dependent spouse upon a finding that one spouse is a dependent spouse, that

the other spouse is a supporting spouse, and that an award of alimony is equitable

after considering all relevant factors, including those set out in subsection (b) of this

section.”

       “In all non-jury trials, the trial court must specifically find ‘those material and

ultimate facts from which it can be determined whether the findings are supported

by the evidence and whether they support the conclusions of law reached.’ ” Carpenter

v. Carpenter, __ N.C. App. __, __, 781 S.E.2d 828, 832 (2016) (quoting Crocker v.

Crocker, 190 N.C. App. 165, 168, 660 S.E.2d 212, 214 (2008) (internal quotation

marks omitted)). Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.3A(a), a party is entitled to

alimony if the court finds that the party “is a dependent spouse, that the other spouse

is a supporting spouse, and that an award of alimony is equitable after considering

all relevant factors[.]” This Court has previously held:

             A “dependent spouse” must be either actually substantially
             dependent upon the other spouse or substantially in need
             of maintenance and support from the other spouse. . . . A
             party is “actually substantially dependent” upon her
             spouse if she is currently unable to meet her own
             maintenance and support. A party is “substantially in need
             of maintenance and support” if she will be unable to meet
             her needs in the future, even if she is currently meeting

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                                   Opinion of the Court

             those needs. If the trial court determines that a party’s
             reasonable monthly expenses exceed her monthly income,
             and that she has no other means with which to meet those
             expenses, it may properly conclude the party is dependent.

Carpenter, __ N.C. App. at __, 781 S.E.2d at 832-33 (citing Barrett v. Barrett, 140 N.C.

App. 369, 370-71, 536 S.E.2d 642, 644 (2000) (internal citation omitted)), and Beaman

v. Beaman, 77 N.C. App. 717, 723, 336 S.E.2d 129, 132 (1985)).

      In order to decide whether a party is substantially in need of maintenance and

support, and thus is a dependent spouse, “the court must determine whether [that]

spouse would be unable to maintain his or her accustomed standard of living,

established prior to separation, without financial contribution from the other.”

Vadala v. Vadala, 145 N.C. App. 478, 481, 550 S.E.2d 536, 538 (2001). As a result,

in order to determine whether a party is a dependent spouse, “the trial court must

look at the parties’ income and expenses in light of their accustomed standard of

living.” Helms v. Helms, 191 N.C. App. 19, 24, 661 S.E.2d 906, 910 (2008) (citing

Williams v. Williams, 299 N.C. 174, 182, 261 S.E.2d 849, 856 (1980)). If the trial

court fails to make findings regarding the parties’ expenses, we must remand for

entry of additional findings. Rhew v. Rhew, 138 N.C. App. 467, 531 S.E.2d 471 (2000).

      In the present case, the court’s alimony order does not include any findings as

to plaintiff’s expenses. On appeal, plaintiff notes that in its order the trial court

stated that “the Court takes Judicial Notice of all prior Orders entered in this file

number and the same are incorporated herein as if by reference.” (Rp 109) However,

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                                    Opinion of the Court

the “general incorporation of all findings from other court documents is not

sufficiently specific to demonstrate whether the trial judge properly considered the

statutory factors for awarding alimony . . . [and] these findings of fact cannot be

considered in determining whether the court’s findings of fact are adequate under

N.C.G.S. § 50-16.3A.” Crocker, 190 N.C. App. at 170, 660 S.E.2d at 215. We conclude

that the trial court’s order must be reversed and remanded for entry of additional

findings concerning the parties’ expenses.

       Inclusion of the Child’s Social Security Income in Alimony Calculations

       Defendant also argues that the trial court “abused its discretion when it

included the child’s social security income in the defendant’s income calculation, in

the alimony order.” We conclude that defendant has failed to show that the trial

court’s error in this regard, if any, was prejudicial.

       The North Carolina Child Support Guidelines provide that, for purposes of

determining a party’s child support obligation, “Social Security benefits received for

the benefit of a child as a result of the . . . retirement of either parent are included as

income attributed to the parent on whose earnings record the benefits are paid, but

are deductible from that parent’s child support obligation.” It is less clear whether

such benefits are appropriately considered in the court’s ruling on alimony. N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 50-16.3A(b)(4) directs the court, in determining the amount and duration of

alimony, to consider the “amount and sources of earned and unearned income of both

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                                   Opinion of the Court

spouses, including, but not limited to, earnings, dividends, and benefits such as

medical, retirement, insurance, social security, or others[.]” Although the statute

references “social security,” it does not address the proper treatment of social security

benefits received by a party on behalf of a child.

      In this case, defendant included social security benefits received on behalf of

the parties’ minor child in his 2015 financial affidavit, as noted by the trial court in

its alimony order. The trial court made findings pertaining to the parties’ accustomed

standard of living and other factors relevant to an award of alimony, including

defendant’s liability for child support, and concluded that plaintiff was entitled to

alimony in the amount of $1250 a month. We have held that this order must be

reversed and remanded for entry of additional findings. We conclude, however, that

defendant has failed to show that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s inclusion of

social security benefits received by defendant on behalf of the minor child in its

alimony order. Defendant is not entitled to relief on the basis of this argument.

                    Imputation of Additional Income to Defendant

      Defendant also argues on appeal that the trial court “abused its discretion in

the child support order when it imputed additional income to defendant, after

improperly finding that defendant was deferring income in bad faith, with naive

indifference to the reasonable needs of the child, for the purpose of minimizing his

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                                   Opinion of the Court

support obligation.” Defendant contends that the trial court’s findings of fact do not

support this conclusion.

      The North Carolina Child Support Guidelines (“the Guidelines”) state:

             (3) Potential or Imputed Income. If the court finds that the
             parent’s voluntary unemployment or underemployment is
             the result of the parent’s bad faith or deliberate
             suppression of income to avoid or minimize his or her child
             support obligation, child support may be calculated based
             on the parent’s potential, rather than actual, income. . . .

      In the present case, the child support order included the following findings of

fact relevant to defendant’s potential sources of income, in addition to his retirement

and social security benefits:

             18. After equitable distribution, and based upon the
             Defendant’s 2015 form 4 affidavit and Defendant’s exhibit
             15, Defendant’s gross monthly income consists of the
             following:

             FERS Pension:                         $3136
             Social Security:                      $2026
             Social Security for [the child]:      $1262
             TOTAL:                                $6424

             19. The Defendant has acknowledged, however, deferring
             income that he could be receiving from an IRA Account, a
             Trust Account and an Aviva Annuity. The Court finds that
             the Defendant could receive the following monthly income,
             from these accounts:

             Aviva Annuity: $2488 . . .
             IRA:           $2812 . . .
             ADJUSTED TOTAL $11,724

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                                 KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                   Opinion of the Court

             20. The Court finds that the Defendant is suppressing
             income by deferring income, in bad faith and with naive
             indifference to the reasonable needs of the minor child, for
             the purpose of minimizing his support obligations.

             21. The minor child’s reasonable needs are not met without
             imputing the income that the Defendant seeks to defer in
             a guideline calculation.

             22. The Defendant’s income, for guideline purposes is
             $11,724, being the total of income actually received by the
             Defendant, and income being deferred by the Defendant.

      Defendant is correct that, in its order, the trial court characterized its

consideration of defendant’s potential investment income as “imputing” income to

defendant based upon defendant’s deliberate deferral of available income. However,

a trial court has the discretion to consider all sources of a parent’s income and is not

required to make findings that will support imputation of income before considering

income from investments. For example, in Burnett v. Wheeler, 128 N.C. App. 174,

493 S.E.2d 804 (1997), the defendant argued that the trial court had erred by

imputing additional income to him without making the requisite findings. We

rejected the defendant’s interpretation of the court’s order and held that:

             The amount of child support awarded is in the discretion of
             the trial judge and will be disturbed only upon a showing
             of abuse of that discretion. Defendant is correct in his
             contention that a person’s capacity to earn income may be
             the basis of an award only if there is a finding that the
             party deliberately depressed his income or otherwise acted
             in deliberate disregard of the obligation to provide[]
             reasonable support for the child. However, we find that
             defendant mischaracterizes Judge Foster’s order. Judge

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                                KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                  Opinion of the Court

             Foster did not “impute” an income of $ 77,000 to defendant.
             A careful review of the record reveals that the trial court
             found that defendant’s total income, from all available
             sources, equaled at least $77,000. When setting child
             support and determining the defendant’s gross income, it
             is appropriate to consider all sources of income along with
             the defendant’s earning capacity. See North Carolina Child
             Support Guidelines. The trial court found as fact that
             defendant had retirement accounts which totaled $722,384
             and that he had stocks and land valued at $60,000 and
             $74,000, respectively. . . . We find that the trial court did
             not impute any income to defendant and therefore overrule
             this assignment of error.

Burnett, 128 N.C. App. at 177, 493 S.E.2d at 806 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

Thus, Burnett upheld the trial court’s inclusion of defendant’s potential income from

real estate and investments in the absence of a finding by the court that it was

“imputing” such income to the defendant on the basis of the defendant’s capacity to

earn. We conclude that the trial court had the discretion to consider defendant’s

potential investment income, and do not reach the issue of whether the evidence

supported the court’s findings regarding imputed income.

                                  Remaining Issues

      Defendant has raised two other issues. Defendant argues that the trial court

abused its discretion by using “two different incomes for [defendant’s] income for

purposes of calculating child support and alimony,” and that the court abused its

discretion by largely adopting the terms of a proposed order submitted by plaintiff.

Defendant does not support either of these arguments by citation to authority and we

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                                KABASAN V. KABASAN

                                  Opinion of the Court

conclude that defendant is essentially asking us to reweigh the evidence, which we

will not do. “Although a party may disagree with the trial court’s credibility and

weight determinations, those determinations are solely within the province of the

trial court.” Smith v. Smith, __ N.C. App. __, __, 786 S.E.2d 12, 29 (2016) (quotation

omitted).

                                     Conclusion

      For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the trial court’s alimony

order must be reversed and remanded for entry of additional findings concerning the

parties’ expenses. We conclude that the trial court did not otherwise err and that in

all other respects, its equitable distribution, child support and alimony orders should

be affirmed.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.

      Chief Judge McGEE and Judge CALABRIA concur.

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