Court Opinion

ID: 9631763
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 10:49:30.729263+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:08:00.993045
License: Public Domain

*553BERZON, Circuit Judge,
concurring:
I concur in full in the opinion. If, however, the “cat out of the bag” contention resolved in section II.B were not foreclosed by Medeiros v. Shimoda, 889 F.2d 819 (9th Cir.1989), I would adopt the trenchant analysis of Judge Norris in dissent in that case. Here, as in Medeiros, no valid Miranda warnings were given after the unwarned inculpatory statement was first made. Judge Norris would have held that in those circumstances, any later statement is not made voluntarily. See Medeiros, 889 F.2d at 828, 832 (Norris, J., dissenting) (noting that in Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 105 S.Ct. 1285, 84 L.Ed.2d 222 (1985), “the presumption that the coercive effect of Elstad’s first confession undermined the voluntariness of his second confession was rebutted by the administration and waiver of Miranda warnings prior to the second,” and expressing the view that absent such intervening warnings (or some other “tangible intervening event”), Elstad and United States v. Bayer, 331 U.S. 532, 67 S.Ct. 1394, 91 L.Ed. 1654 (1947), “teach that the coercive effect of the initial confession is sufficient to require suppression of a later confession”). Were I free to do so, I would come to the same conclusion.