Court Opinion

ID: 1082363
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 20:58:08.983365+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:15.122546
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

                                AT NASHVILLE             FILED
                              APRIL 1998 SESSION
                                                         September 10, 1998

                                                       Cecil W. Crowson
STATE OF TENNESSEE,             *    C.C.A. # 01C01-9707-CR-00236 Clerk
                                                     Appellate Court

             Appellee,          *    DAVIDSON COUNTY

VS.                             *    Hon. Thomas H. Shriver, Judge

WILLIAM JETT, JR.,              *    (Stalking)

             Appellant.         *

For Appellant:                       For Appellee:

Terry J. Canady, Attorney            John Knox Walkup
211 Printers Alley Building          Attorney General and Reporter
Suite 400
Nashville, TN 37201-1414             Marvin E. Clements, Jr.
                                     Assistant Attorney General
                                     Criminal Justice Division
                                     Cordell Hull Building, Second Floor
                                     425 Fifth Avenue North
                                     Nashville, TN 37243-0493

                                     S. Carran Daughtrey
                                     and
                                     Kymberly Haas
                                     Assistant District Attorneys General
                                     222 Second Avenue North
                                     Suite 500
                                     Nashville, TN 37201

OPINION FILED:__________________________

AFFIRMED

GARY R. WADE, JUDGE
                                       OPINION

              The defendant, William Jett, Jr., was convicted of Class C felony

stalking. The trial court imposed a Range II, seven-year sentence which is to be

served consecutively to a prior sentence he is serving as the result of a probation

violation. In this appeal of right, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence, complains that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on the

crime of harassment and argues that the jury was improperly informed of his prior

conviction for stalking. We find no error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

              The defendant and the victim, Jamie Carter, initiated a relationship in

March of 1994 and began to live together at the victim's residence in March 1995.

On July 22, 1995, the defendant had an argument with the eleven-year-old daughter

of the victim. In consequence, the victim then directed the defendant to leave and

asked him not to call, write, or otherwise communicate with her. The defendant left

but remarked that "it wasn't over yet...."

              On August 30, 1995, the victim received three telephone calls. She

did not answer and no message was left on the voice mail system. On the following

day, there was another call. Again, no message was left. Shortly thereafter, the

defendant left a recorded message for the victim, acknowledging that he should not

have called. He expressed his love for her and asked her "not to get him in trouble

for calling." The victim continued to receive calls later that evening; three messages

were left from a Nashville pay phone by a disguised voice. In these recordings, the

caller left word that he was "coming for her," out to "get her," and going to "blow her

up."

              It was the victim's opinion that the defendant had left the messages.

                                             2
Her conclusion was based upon the caller's utilization of phrases commonly used by

the defendant and his obvious knowledge of information personal to the victim. The

recordings included threats to rape, kill, and "rip the insides out" of the victim. The

caller stated that he enjoyed watching the victim and would enjoy hurting her. The

victim estimated at twelve the number of hang-up telephone calls she received

during the course of that particular day. There were other calls involving either

hangups or messages by a disguised voice. The calls continued through

September 8. In a call from a pay phone, a disguised voice left the following

message:

              Listen to what I say. You and Bill better get back
              together or people will get hurt. Work it out or pay the
              price.

              The victim had not received any threatening or harassing calls before

August 30 and did not receive any after September 8. During this period, the victim

changed her telephone number four times; on the last change, she told no one of

her new number, including her daughter. When the calls persisted, the victim and

her daughter moved to the residence of a friend, Mickey W alker, for a period of six

to eight weeks in September and October.

              During this time, the victim was employed by the Baptist Hospital in

Nashville. Timothy Harrington, a security officer at the hospital, had been briefed

about a possible situation involving the victim on September 8. He observed the

defendant at the victim's place of work the next day, only a short time after a

telephone call had been received by a hospital receptionist. The telephone

equipment indicated that the call had been made from inside the hospital. The

caller asked for the victim. After learning of the call, Harrington saw the defendant,

who had parked his car on a public street, walk three of the levels inside the hospital

                                            3
employee parking garage. The garage required an access card. When confronted

by Harrington, the defendant claimed that he was there to see an orthopedist about

his knee. The orthopedic group he referred to no longer had an office near the

garage. After this incident, the victim swore out a warrant against the defendant for

stalking.

              At trial, Mickey Walker testified that when she learned of the

threatening calls, she gave permission to the victim and her daughter to stay with

her and her husband at night. Ms. Walker recalled that the defendant made several

calls to her residence, professing love for the victim and expressing his desire to get

her back. She remembered that the defendant left word for the victim to page or

telephone either him or his mother. She estimated that the defendant called

between two and three times a day from August 31 to September 8. Ms. Walker

testified that the defendant became angry when the victim was not there and

demanded to know her whereabouts. She informed the defendant, who had

threatened to destroy the victim's flowers, that the victim was staying with her at

night. Ms. Walker testified that the defendant continued to call her residence even

though he had been asked not to do so.

              Bobby Comfort testified that on September 1, he had seen the

defendant walking out of a video store in the Fairview area where the victim resided.

A clerk in the store, Amy White, testified that on that date, a male had rented some

items and charged them to the victim's account. The time of the transaction was

8:56 P.M.

              Joyce LaTrina Johnson, a receptionist and clerical worker at the food

court at Baptist Hospital, answered several telephone calls during that period. She

                                           4
was familiar with a male voice who had made previous calls to the victim at the

hospital. When she received a call on September 8, Ms. Johnson contacted

security and the defendant was eventually arrested. On cross-examination, Ms.

Johnson admitted that she did not know whether the defendant was the person who

had made the telephone calls. She did say, however, that only one male voice had

ever telephoned the victim at the hospital. Ms. Johnson explained that she chose

not to inform the victim of the September 8 call because "we didn't want to alarm

her."

              The defendant did not testify. He did not offer any witnesses in his

defense.

                                            I

              Initially, the defendant contends that no rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of stalking beyond a reasonable doubt. He maintains

that the victim never knew the defendant was following her.

              On appeal, the state is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence and all reasonable inferences which might be drawn therefrom. State v.

Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). The credibility of the witnesses, the

weight to be given their testimony, and the reconciliation of conflicts in the evidence

are matters entrusted exclusively to the jury as the trier of fact. Byrge v. State, 575
S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). A conviction may only be set aside when

the reviewing court finds that the "evidence is insufficient to support the finding by

the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Tenn. R. App. P. 13 (e). A jury

verdict, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the

state and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the prosecution. State v.

                                            5
Hatchett, 560 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Tenn. 1978).

              The statute prohibiting stalking provides as follows:

              Stalking.--(a)(1) A person commits the offense of
              stalking who intentionally and repeatedly follows or
              harasses another person in such a manner as would
              cause that person to be in reasonable fear of being
              assaulted, suffering bodily injury or death.
              As used in this subsection:
                (A) "Follows" means maintaining a visual or physical
              proximity over a period of time to a specific person in
              such a manner as would cause a reasonable person to
              have a fear of an assault, bodily injury or death;
                (B) "Harasses" means a course of conduct directed at
              a specific person which would cause a reasonable
              person to fear an assault, bodily injury, or death,
              including, but not limited to, verbal threats, written
              threats, vandalism, or unconsented-to physical contact;
              and
                (C) "Repeatedly" means on two (2) or more separate
              occasions.

              (b)(1) Stalking is a Class A misdemeanor.
              (2) A second or subsequent violation of subsection (a)
              occurring within seven (7) years of the prior conviction is
              a Class E felony. A second or subsequent violation of
              subsection (a) involving the same victim and occurring
              within seven (7) years of the prior conviction is a Class C
              felony.

                (c) The provisions of this section shall not be construed
              to prohibit following another person during the course of
              a lawful business activity.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-315 (emphasis added).

              While conceding that stalking may be established by "following or

harassing," the defendant asserts that the indictment charged "repeatedly followed

and harassed" and thus placed the burden on the state to prove that the defendant

both followed and harassed the victim. The defendant also contends that the state

proved neither following nor harassing. Because, he asserts, the victim did not

know that she was being followed at the hospital, she could not have been in fear of

an assault at that time.

                                           6
              The tapes of the telephone messages were played for the jury. They

contained the threats made against the victim and the suggestion that she was

being followed. Because she was familiar with certain phrases unique to the

defendant and some of the subject matter was of a personal nature, the victim was

able to express an opinion that the defendant was the caller. Later, a security

worker found the defendant in the secured employee parking garage at the Baptist

Hospital, where the victim worked, shortly after a receptionist received a call for the

victim. The call was made on a hospital telephone. The receptionist recognized the

male voice as one that had previously contacted the victim regularly. There was

proof that the defendant was near the victim's residence on September 1 and proof,

of course, that he was at the hospital on September 8. The nature of the telephone

calls during that period warranted a fearful reaction by the victim. In our view, the

proof, circumstantial and otherwise, is sufficient for the jury to have concluded that

the victim had been both followed and harassed, within their statutory definitions, on

a repeated basis.

                                           II

              Next, the defendant contends that the trial court should have charged

the lesser offense of harassment:

              Harassment.--(a) A person commits an offense who
              intentionally:
                (1) Threatens, by telephone or in writing, to take action
              known to be unlawful against any person, and by this
              action knowingly annoys or alarms the recipient;
                (2) Places one (1) or more telephone calls
              anonymously, or at an inconvenient hour, or in an
              offensively repetitious manner, or without a legitimate
              purpose of communication, and by this action knowingly
              annoys or alarms the recipient; or
                (3) Communicates by telephone to another that a
              relative or other person has been injured, killed or is ill
              when such communication is known to be false.
                (b) A violation of this section is a Class A
              misdemeanor.

                                           7
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-308. While the state concedes that the trial court had

announced that the crime of harassment would not be instructed to the jury, it takes

the position that the failure to include all of the instructions in the record results in a

waiver of the issue. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(c); Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. 10(b). The state

had argued previously that harassment is not a lesser offense because of the

differing elements.

              The trial court made the following comment while denying a motion by

the defendant for acquittal:

              I think you've got a whole lot better case with telephone
              harassment than you do with stalking. But you don't
              want that charged. And I--really in reviewing it, I suppose
              it's not, strictly speaking, a lesser included offense,
              although I think that's what you've proved....

              The trial judge has a duty to give a complete charge of the law

applicable to the facts of the case. State v. Harbison, 704 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tenn.

1986). It is settled law that when "there are any facts that are susceptible of

inferring guilt of any lesser included offense or offenses, then there is a mandatory

duty upon the trial judge to charge on such offense or offenses. Failure to do so

denies a defendant his constitutional right of trial by a jury." State v. Wright, 618
S.W.2d 310, 315 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981) (citations omitted); Tenn. Code Ann. §

40-18-110(a).

              In State v. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 310 (Tenn. 1996), our supreme

court set forth guidance on how to determine whether one offense is a lesser

offense of another:

              Tennessee law recognizes two types of lesser offenses
              that may be included in the offense charged in the
              indictment: offenses necessarily included in the
              indictment and offenses that are lesser grades of the

                                             8
              charged offense. An offense is necessarily included in
              the indictment ... only if the elements of the included
              offense are a subset of the elements of the charged
              offense and only if the greater offense cannot be
              committed without also committing the lesser offense.

Id. In that case, our supreme court also provided guidance on how to determine

whether an offense is a lesser grade or class of the offense charged: "[o]ne need

only look to the statutes to determine whether a given offense is a lesser grade or

class of the crime charged." Id. at 310. The court observed that the legislature has

divided criminal homicide "into the grades of first-degree murder, second-degree

murder, voluntary manslaughter, criminally negligent homicide, and vehicular

homicide." Id.

              This court has previously held that harassment is not a lesser included

offense of stalking. See State v. Gregory Jay Hoxie, No. 03C01-9506-CR-00183,

slip op. at 12-13 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Nov. 7, 1996), aff'd, 963 S.W.2d
737 (Tenn. 1998). In Trusty, it was held that an offense is "necessarily included in

the indictment ... only if the elements of the included offense are a subset of the

elements of the charged offense and only if the greater offense cannot be

committed without also committing the lesser offense." Trusty, 919 S.W.2d at 310

(emphasis added). Because one may commit stalking without committing

harassment, harassment is not a lesser included offense of stalking.

              Harassment requires (1) communication which threatens unlawful

action against another, (2) repetitive or inconvenient phone calls, or (3) false

communication that a relative or other person has been injured, killed or is ill. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 39-17-308. Stalking requires intentionally and repeatedly following or

harassing another in such a manner as would cause that person to be in reasonable

fear of being assaulted, suffering bodily injury or death. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-

                                           9
315. While the stalking statute mentions the word "harass," the term has been

defined differently in the stalking statute than in the harassment statute. For

harassment to constitute stalking, it must be a "course of conduct directed at a

specific person which would cause a reasonable person to fear an assault, bodily

injury or death, including, but not limited to verbal threats, written threats, vandalism,

or unconsented-to physical contact." Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-315(a)(1)(B).

              One can commit stalking, as defined in Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-315,

without committing harassment, as defined in Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-308. For

example, one could commit stalking by vandalizing the victim's property. Such

conduct would not also amount to harassment under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-308.

Because stalking can be committed without committing the offense of harassment,

harassment is not a lesser included offense. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d at 309.

              No determination was made in Hoxie as to whether harassment could

be a lesser grade offense of stalking. We must conclude that it is not. See Trusty,

919 S.W.2d at 310. Both stalking and harassment are Class A misdemeanors. In

consequence, neither is a lesser grade than the other. Enhancement to felony

status only occurs where one has been previously convicted of stalking within seven

years. While both offenses are codified in Title 39, Chapter 17, Part 3, it is doubtful

that Trusty's "lesser grade" analysis would be applicable to this part of the Code.

The offenses of obstructing highway or other passageway, disrupting meeting or

procession, riot, disorderly conduct, civil rights intimidation, public intoxication, etc.,

are also codified in that chapter. See Tenn. Code Ann. 39-17-301 et seq. All of

these offense are loosely characterized under Title 39 as "offenses against public

health, safety, welfare" and under Part 3 as "disorderly conduct and riots." In our

view, Trusty's "lesser grade" analysis does not readily apply to this chapter of the

                                             10
Code.

              In consequence, the trial court had no obligation to charge

harassment. While the two offenses at issue are similar, they are separate and

distinct crimes and one is neither included in nor lesser than the other.

                                           III

              Finally, the defendant contends that the original indictment had also

charged the defendant with having been found guilty of stalking the victim within

seven years of this offense. When that portion of the indictment referring to the

prior conviction was stricken, the remainder of the indictment was accurately read to

the jury. The defendant complains that the full document, including information

about the prior conviction, was sent to the jury for consideration during its

deliberations. See State v. Morgan, 541 S.W.2d 385 (Tenn. 1976).

              Nothing in the record supports the claim that the jury was aware of the

prior offense. No objection was made by the defendant before or during

deliberations and none was made upon the return of the verdict. While the issue

was raised on motion for new trial, the transcript of the hearing has not been

included in the appellate record. It is the obligation of the appellant, of course, to

provide this court with an adequate record in regard to any claim. The failure to do

so results in a waiver of the issue as a possible ground for relief. Tenn. R. App. P.

13(c); Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. 10(b). Pleadings in the form of a motion for new trial do

not qualify as proof.

                                           11
          Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.

                                     ________________________________
                                     Gary R. Wade, Judge

CONCUR:

_____________________________
Thomas T. W oodall, Judge

_____________________________
L.T. Lafferty, Special Judge

                                     12