Court Opinion

ID: 5175657
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-03 18:11:21.15366+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:17.050363
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

David D. Ritter,                               :
                      Appellant                :
                                               :   No. 1322 C.D. 2021
               v.                              :
                                               :   Submitted: December 8, 2021
Lehigh County Board of Elections               :

BEFORE:        HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
               HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
               HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH                                         FILED: January 3, 2022

               David D. Ritter (Ritter), a candidate for a judgeship on a court of
common pleas, initiated a statutory appeal under the Pennsylvania Election Code1
(Election Code) in the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County (trial court) from a
decision by the Lehigh County Board of Elections (Board) to canvass and count 261
mail-in ballots for the November 2, 2021 Municipal Election (Municipal Election).
“Of the 261 ballots at issue, 257 ballots contain no date at all on the return envelope
and 4 ballots contain a date on the return envelope but not on the line designated for
that purpose on the envelope.” (Trial court op. at 2.)            The trial court affirmed the
Board’s decision in an order and opinion dated November 30, 2021.

      1
          Act of June 3, 1937, P.L. 1333, as amended, 25 P.S. §§2600-3591.
             Briefly, by way of background, in October 2019, the General Assembly
enacted Act 77 of 2019, which amended the Election Code and authorized “mail-in
voting”—also known as no-excuse absentee voting—for the first time in
Pennsylvania. See generally Act of October 31, 2019, P.L. 552, No. 77, 25 P.S.
§§3150.11-3150.17. Pursuant to this statute, each county board of election, among
other things, is required to provide the mail-in ballot elector with two envelopes—an
inner secrecy envelope in which the executed ballot is placed and an outer mailing
envelope in which the secrecy envelope, containing the executed ballot, is placed for
mailing. See section 1304-D of the Election Code, 25 P.S. §3150.14. The outer
mailing envelope must include an elector declaration and the name and address of the
proper county board of elections. 25 P.S. §3150.14(a).
             Reproduced in full, section 1306-D(a) of the Election Code, setting forth
the procedure for the submission of a mail-in ballot, states:

             (a) General rule.--At any time after receiving an official
             mail-in ballot, but on or before eight o’clock P.M. the day
             of the primary or election, the mail-in elector shall, in
             secret, proceed to mark the ballot only in black lead pencil,
             indelible pencil or blue, black or blue-black ink, in fountain
             pen or ball point pen, and then fold the ballot, enclose and
             securely seal the same in the envelope on which is printed,
             stamped or endorsed “Official Mail-in Ballot.” This
             envelope shall then be placed in the second one, on which is
             printed the form of declaration of the elector, and the
             address of the elector’s county board of election and the
             local election district of the elector. The elector shall then
             fill out, date and sign the declaration printed on such
             envelope. Such envelope shall then be securely sealed and
             the elector shall send same by mail, postage prepaid, except
             where franked, or deliver it in person to said county board
             of election.

25 P.S. §3150.16(a) (emphasis added).

                                           2
             Upon review, we conclude that the 257 ballots that do not contain a date
must be set aside and not counted in the Municipal Election. Because the remaining
4 ballots will not have an impact as to whether Ritter obtained enough votes to be
elected to a judgeship, we decline to determine their validity or invalidity under the
Election Code. Accordingly, we reverse the order of the trial court and remand to the
trial court to issue an order sustaining Ritter’s challenge to the Board’s determination
and directing the Board to exclude the 257 ballots from the certified returns of the
Municipal Election.

                                     Background
             The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:

             Among other contests in the [] Municipal Election [] was
             the election of three judges to its court of common pleas.
             The latest computation of votes is that the candidate with
             the third most votes, [] Ritter, is 74 votes ahead of the
             candidate with the fourth most votes, Zac Cohen.

             ....

             All of the 261 ballots were signed and cast by qualified
             electors and received timely by the Board. The receipt date
             of each of the 261 ballots is verifiable without the date
             filled-in by the elector. None of the electors of the 261
             ballots at issue appeared at the polls to vote twice. Other
             than not including the date, or including it in the wrong
             place, on the return envelope, there is no evidence of fraud
             or misconduct associated with any of the 261 ballots.

             Approximately 22,000 votes were cast in Lehigh County in
             the [Municipal] Election. The 261 ballots at issue represent
             approximately 1.14% of the total votes cast.

             ....

                                           3
              [T]he sole issue before the court focuses on the statutory
              language “[t]he elector shall then fill out, date and sign the
              declaration printed on such [i.e., the outer, “return”]
              envelope.” [Section 1306-D(a) of the Election Code,] 25
              P.S. §3150.16(a) [(emphasis added)].

(Trial court op. at 1, 6-7.)
              In its opinion, the trial court surveyed the three legal positions taken by
the Supreme Court in a fractured, plurality opinion, In re Canvass of Absentee and
Mail-In Ballots of November 3, 2020 General Election, 241 A.3d 1058 (Pa. 2020)
(opinion announcing the judgment of the court) (hereinafter “In re Canvass of
Absentee and Mail-In Ballots”).2 In that case, the Supreme Court was presented with,
among other issues, “the question of whether the Election Code requires a county
board of elections to disqualify mail-in [] ballots submitted by qualified electors who
signed the declaration on their ballot’s outer envelope but did not handwrite [the]
date, where no fraud or irregularity has been alleged.” Id. at 1062 (hereinafter the
“undated mail-in ballots”). In short, Justice Donohue authored the lead opinion or
Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court (hereinafter the “OAJC”), which was
joined by now-Chief Justice Baer and Justice Todd, and concluded, in pertinent part,
that a county board of elections does not have to disqualify undated mail-in ballots.
Speaking for three Justices, Justice Dougherty, joined by then-Chief Justice Saylor
and Justice Mundy, wrote a concurring and dissenting opinion, in which he disagreed
with the OAJC on the undated mail-in ballots issue, concluding instead that such

       2
         In In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots, a majority of our Supreme Court
reversed this Court’s unreported decision in In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots of
November 3, 2020 General Election (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1162 C.D. 2020, filed November 19, 2020)
(unreported), which was authored by then Judge—now President Judge—P. Kevin Brobson. We
mention this fact because Supreme Court referenced Judge Brobson by name, and, in notable part,
reproduced his analysis, in its opinion.

                                              4
ballots are invalid and should not be counted (hereinafter the “CDO Opinion”).
Justice Wecht concurred in the result of the OAJC and filed a concurring and
dissenting opinion, and, in the dissenting portion of that opinion, he expressed the
view that undated mail-in ballots were invalid (hereafter the “CIR Opinion”);
nonetheless, Justice Wecht declined to employ this rule to the then-present case, In re
Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots, and deferred its application to future
elections.
               Ultimately, the trial court adopted and applied the reasoning and result
of the OAJC to arrive at its conclusion that the undated mail-in ballots must be
counted. In so doing, the trial court expounded upon the rationale of the OAJC in
determining that the legal position of the OAJC was, on balance, more persuasive
than that of the CDO Opinion and the CIR Opinion. See Trial court op. at 12-14, 16-
17. Moreover, the trial court noted that the four Justices, those that comprised the
OAJC and the CIR Opinion, were concerned about—but did not rule upon—the
applicability of section 10101(a)(2)(B) of the federal Voting Rights Act,3 which
generally prohibits a State from denying an individual’s right to vote for “immaterial
reasons.” 52 U.S.C. §10101(a)(2)(B). However, the trial court never made an express
determination that the Voting Rights Act would be violated if the undated mail-in
votes were not counted in the Municipal Election. See Trial court op. at 14-15.

                                           Discussion
               Because “[t]he integrity of the election process requires immediate
resolution of disputes that prevent certification,” In re 2003 Election for Jackson

      3
          52 U.S.C. §§10101-10702, formerly set forth at 42 U.S.C. §1971.

                                                 5
Township Supervisor, 840 A.2d 1044, 1046 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003) (Kelley, S.J., single-
judge opinion), we briefly recount the arguments and various positions of the parties.4
At bottom, everyone agrees that our Supreme Court has already spoken on the precise
issue presented in this case in In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots, and the
parties and amicus curiae advance their respective reasons as to why this Court
should adopt or otherwise favor the reasoning of the OAJC, the CIR Opinion, and/or
the CDO Opinion.
              Initially, we note that as an intermediate appellate court, this Court is
required to follow the mandates of our Supreme Court and is duty-bound to effectuate
its decisional law. See Walnut Street Associates, Inc. v. Brokerage Concepts, Inc., 20
A.3d 468, 480 (Pa. 2011). At the cornerstone of the debate among the three opinions
that constituted In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots was whether the term
“shall” in the phrase, “[t]he elector shall . . . date . . . the declaration printed on such
envelope,” was mandatory versus directory and how to differentiate between the two.
              The three Justices that constituted the OAJC concluded “that dating the
declaration is a directory, rather than a mandatory, instruction, and thus the
inadvertent failure to comply does not require that ballots lacking a date be excluded
from counting.” OAJC, 241 A.3d at 1076. In so deciding, the OAJC “reiterated that
the distinction between directory and mandatory instructions applies with respect to a
voter’s obligations under the Election Code, and that only failures to comply with
mandatory obligations, which implicate both legislative intent and ‘weighty interests’

       4
         The Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General has filed an amicus brief in support of the
trial court’s decision, and the Speaker and Majority Leader of the Pennsylvania House of
Representatives, and the President Pro Tempore and Majority Leader of the Pennsylvania Senate
have filed an amicus brief in support of Ritter.

                                               6
in the election process, like ballot confidentiality or fraud prevention, will require
disqualification.” Id. The OAJC then explained that,

             the inclusion of the word “date” in the statute does not
             change the analysis because the word “shall” is not
             determinative as to whether the obligation is mandatory or
             directive in nature. That distinction turns on whether the
             obligation carries “weighty interests.” The date that the
             declaration is signed is irrelevant to a board of elections’
             comparison of the voter declaration to the applicable voter
             list, and a board can reasonably determine that a voter’s
             declaration is sufficient even without the date of signature.
             Every one of the [] ballots challenged . . . were received by
             the boards of elections by 8:00 p.m. on Election Day, so
             there is no danger that any of these ballots was untimely or
             fraudulently back-dated. Moreover, in all cases, the receipt
             date of the ballots is verifiable, as upon receipt of the ballot,
             the county board stamps the date of receipt on the ballot-
             return and records the date the ballot is received in the
             SURE system. The date stamp and the SURE system
             provide a clear and objective indicator of timeliness,
             making any handwritten date unnecessary and, indeed,
             superfl[u]ous.

Id. at 1076-77.
             The OAJC then rejected the appellant’s two assertions of a “weighty
interest”—(1) “that the date on which the declaration was signed may reflect whether
the person is a ‘qualified elector’ entitled to vote in a particular election,” and (2)
“that the date of signature of the declaration will serve to prevent double voting.” Id.
at 1077.   Ultimately, the OAJC held “that a signed but undated declaration is
sufficient and does not implicate any weighty interest. Hence, the lack of a
handwritten date cannot result in vote disqualification.” Id. at 1079.
             By contrast, the three Justices of the CDO disagreed with the OAJC
“that the obligation of electors to set forth the date they signed the declaration on that

                                            7
envelope does not carry ‘weighty interests.’” CDO, 241 A.3d at 1090. In reviewing
the pertinent statutory language, Justice Dougherty, on behalf of the CDO, opined:

            The meaning of the terms “date” and “sign”—which were
            included by the legislature—are self-evident, they are not
            subject to interpretation, and the statutory language
            expressly requires that the elector provide them.
            Accordingly, I do not view the absence of a date as a mere
            technical insufficiency we may overlook.

            In my opinion, there is an unquestionable purpose behind
            requiring electors to date and sign the declaration. As
            Judge Brobson observed below, the date on the ballot
            envelope provides proof of when the “elector actually
            executed the ballot in full, ensuring their desire to cast it in
            lieu of appearing in person at a polling place. The presence
            of the date also establishes a point in time against which to
            measure the elector’s eligibility to cast the ballot[.] The
            date also ensures the elector completed the ballot within the
            proper time frame and prevents the tabulation of potentially
            fraudulent back-dated votes. I recognize there is presently
            no dispute that all undated ballots at issue here arrived in a
            timely manner.       But I am also cognizant that our
            interpretation of this relatively new statute will act as
            precedential guidance for future cases.
CDO, 241 A.3d at 1190-91 (internal citations omitted).
            The CIR opinion written by Justice Wecht essentially served as a tie-
breaker in the case. Unlike the OAJC and the CDO, both of which engaged, to some
extent, in a “weighty interest” or “materiality” analysis, the CIR, citing his previous
stance on the issue, restated his “increasing discomfort with [the] Court’s willingness
to peer behind the curtain of mandatory statutory language in search of some
unspoken directory intent.” CIR, 241 A.3d at 1080. The CIR opined that if the
Supreme Court is “to maintain a principled approach to statutory interpretation that

                                           8
comports with the mandate of our Statutory Construction Act [of 1972],[5]” and
“maximize the likelihood that we interpret statutes faithfully to the drafters’ intended
effect,” then the Court “must read mandatory language as it appears” and “recognize
that a mandate without consequence is no mandate at all.” Id. The CIR expressed the
view that

               [a] court’s only ‘goal’ should be to remain faithful to the
               terms of the statute that the General Assembly enacted,
               employing only one juridical presumption when faced with
               unambiguous language: that the legislature meant what it
               said. And even where the legislature’s goal, however
               objectionable, is to impose a requirement that appears to
               have a disenfranchising effect, it may do so to any extent
               that steers clear of constitutional protections.
Id. at 1082 (emphasis in original).       Further, noting “the difficulties endemic to
judicial efforts to discern ulterior meanings ostensibly obscured by the legislature’s
use of mandatory language,” the CIR “observed that relying upon such unbounded
investigations invited courts to bend unclear texts toward whatever ends that they
believe to be consonant with legislative intent, but with little or no contemporaneous
insight into whether they have done so successfully.” Id. at 1084 (internal citation
and quotation marks omitted).
               From this line of judicial thought, the CIR stated that, with respect to the
undated mail-in ballots, the “the date [] requirement [] derives from an unmistakable
statutory directive.” Id. at 1085. The CIR then went on to criticize the OAJC as
follows:

               Drawing upon our less rigorous case law, and relying
               heavily upon the interpretive latitude this Court has
               arrogated to itself sporadically for generations, the OAJC

      5
          1 Pa.C.S. §§1501-1991.

                                             9
             assumes that our mission is to determine whether the
             apparent mandate is in fact directory, hanging the entire
             inquiry upon the question of mandatory versus directory
             effect. That reading, in turn, must rely upon the “minor
             irregularity”/”weighty interest” dichotomy underlying the
             cases that [recent Supreme Court precedent] have called
             into question.

             ....

             [T]he OAJC involves protean characterizations of voting
             requirements as “technicalities,” “minor irregularities,” and
             even “superfluous.” As illustrated in my review of earlier
             case law, the OAJC does not conjure this terminology from
             the ether—all but the last of these terms have been central
             to this Court’s decisional law going back decades. But
             properly understood, all of these terms signal (and
             implicitly bless) the substitution of judicial appraisals for
             legislative judgments.

             The OAJC’s approach ultimately requires that in any case
             requiring interpretation of the Election Code to determine
             the validity of votes nonconforming with facially
             mandatory requirements, the Court must assess the effect of
             that language de novo before deciding whether the
             legislature intended for it to be interpreted as mandatory or
             merely directory. Thus, while a court embracing that test
             might take it as obvious, e.g., that the signature requirement
             should be construed as mandatory, it could not merely have
             taken its mandatory effect as a given by virtue of the
             statutory language alone.        If the mandatory/directory
             inquiry is ever appropriately applied to mandatory
             language, then the Court can only conclude that mandatory
             language must be applied as such after applying its
             balancing test, with cases that seem obvious merely
             reflecting that the Court deemed the “interest” to be
             protected so “weighty” that its omission clearly cannot be
             viewed as a “minor irregularity.”
Id. at 1085-87 (footnotes omitted; emphasis in original).
             The CIR continued,

                                          10
             I do not dispute that colorable arguments may be mounted
             to challenge the necessity of the date requirement, and the
             OAJC recites just such arguments. But colorable arguments
             also suggest its importance, as detailed in Judge Brobson’s
             opinion as well as [the CDO]. And even to indulge these
             arguments requires the court to referee a tug of war in
             which unambiguous statutory language serves as the rope.
             That reasonable arguments may be mounted for and against
             a mandatory reading only illustrates precisely why we have
             no business doing so.

Id. at 1087 (footnotes omitted; emphasis in original). To reconcile this dilemma, the
CIR posited that “[t]he only practical and principled alternative is to read ‘shall’ as
mandatory” for this would “restore to the legislature the onus for making policy
judgments about what requirements are necessary to ensure the security of our
elections against fraud and avoid inconsistent application of the law, especially given
the certainty of disparate views of what constitute ‘minor irregularities’ and
countervailing ‘weighty interests.’” Id.
             The CIR further “agree[d] with Judge Brobson’s description of the
greatest risk that arises from questioning the intended effect of mandatory language
on a case-by-case basis,” and quoted from his opinion from this Court:

             While we realize that our decision in this case means that
             some votes will not be counted, the decision is grounded in
             law. It ensures that the votes will not be counted because
             the votes are invalid as a matter of law. Such adherence to
             the law ensures equal elections throughout the
             Commonwealth, on terms set by the General Assembly.
             The danger to our democracy is not that electors who failed
             to follow the law in casting their ballots will have their
             ballots set aside due to their own error; rather, the real
             danger is leaving it to each county board of election to
             decide what laws must be followed (mandatory) and what
             laws are optional (directory), providing a patchwork of
             unwritten and arbitrary rules that will have some defective
             ballots counted and others discarded, depending on the

                                           11
            county in which a voter resides. Such a patchwork system
            does not guarantee voters an “equal” election, particularly
            where the election involves inter-county and statewide
            offices. We do not enfranchise voters by absolving them of
            their responsibility to execute their ballots in accordance
            with law.
Id. at 1087 (internal citations and footnotes omitted).
            To finalize his point, the CIR said that “the Election Code should be
interpreted with unstinting fidelity to its terms, and that election officials should
disqualify ballots that do not comply with unambiguous statutory requirements, when
determining noncompliance requires no exercise of subjective judgment by election
officials,” and stated that “[t]he date requirement here presents such a case.” Id. at
1089. Yet, the CIR was concerned with invalidating the undated mail-in ballots in
the 2020 General Election because, given the novelty of Act 77 and mail-in voting
during the COVID-19 pandemic, he “[could not] say with any confidence that even
diligent electors were adequately informed as to what was required to avoid the
consequence of disqualification,” and, thus, “it would be unfair to punish voters for
the incidents of systemic growing pains.” Id. at 1089.
            From all of this, the penultimate conclusion of the CIR was as follows:

            I part ways with the conclusion reflected in the [OAJC] that
            a voter’s failure to comply with the statutory requirement
            that voters date the voter declaration should be overlooked
            as a “minor irregularity.” This requirement is stated in
            unambiguously mandatory terms, and nothing in the
            Election Code suggests that the legislature intended that
            courts should construe its mandatory language as directory.
            Thus, in future elections, I would treat the date and sign
            requirement as mandatory in both particulars, with the
            omission of either item sufficient without more to
            invalidate the ballot in question. However, under the
            circumstances in which the issue has arisen, I would
            apply my interpretation only prospectively. So despite

                                          12
             my reservations about the OAJC’s analysis, I concur in its
             disposition[.]
Id. at 1079-80 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted; emphasis added).
             This Court does not take the decisions of our Supreme Court lightly,
especially, where, as here, our High Court just recently issued an opinion that directly
addressed a legal issue that, in legalese, is on “all fours” with the facts of this case.
That said, although In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots is technically a
plurality opinion, we must nonetheless decide whether it has attained precedential
value. See Walnut Street Associates, Inc., 20 A.3d at 480. Significantly, the CIR,
despite concurring in the result of the OAJC, rejected the conclusion and legal
reasoning of the OAJC with respect to the undated mail-in ballots. Instead, the CIR
determined, consistent with the CDO, that the undated mail-in ballots were invalid
and must be stricken in all elections after 2020, including the present one. As such, a
majority of the Justices (4 of them) in In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots
generally agreed that—at least in this point in time—the undated mail-in ballots must
be set aside. See In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1088 (Pa. 2018) (explaining how, in a
fractured plurality opinion, the rationale expressed by two Justices in a concurring
opinion and two Justices in a concurring and dissenting opinion combined together to
form a majority of Justices and a controlling principle of law). In other words, for
present purposes, the CDO reflects the majority view of the Supreme Court with
respect to the question of law at issue in this case. For one of two reasons, or for
both, we conclude that the CDO, in conjunction with the CIR, should be considered

                                           13
as precedential authority that is binding on this Court and controls the outcome of this
case.6
              Broadly speaking, a plurality opinion issued by our Supreme Court may
be precedential and binding on lower courts, among other ways, under the doctrine of
(1) “result” stare decisis and/or (2) “false plurality” analysis. See Commonwealth v.
McClelland, 233 A.3d 717, 730 (Pa. 2020).
              First, in describing “result” stare decisis, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Third Circuit explained:

              [I]t seems clear that lower courts must adhere at the
              minimum to the principle of ‘result’ stare decisis, which
              mandates that any specific result espoused by a clear
              majority of the Court should be controlling in substantially
              identical cases. The absence of a clear majority rationale
              supporting the result may give a lower court some
              flexibility to formulate a justifying rule[;] it does not,
              however, justify a court in embracing a line of reasoning
              that will lead to a contrary result. . . . Adherence to ‘result’
              stare decisis is essential if principles of certainty and
              uniformity are to have any meaning at all.
Rappa v. New Castle County, 18 F.3d 1043, 1061 n.26 (3rd Cir. 1994) (internal
citation omitted); see Anker Energy Corp. v. Consolidation Coal Company, 177 F.3d
161, 170 (3d Cir. 1999) (“[T]he only binding aspect of a splintered decision is its
specific result.”). In some cases, our Supreme Court appears to have adhered to this
view. See Commonwealth v. Bethea, 828 A.2d 1066, 1073 (Pa. 2003) (“When a court
is faced with a plurality opinion, usually only the result carries precedential weight;
the reasoning does not.”); Commonwealth v. Haefner, 373 A.2d 1094, 1095 (Pa.

         6
        Of course, our Supreme Court has sole authority to decide whether, or to what extent, its
previous opinions possess precedential value because only that Court, alone, may overrule its
precedent.

                                               14
1977) (stating that, in a plurality opinion, where a majority of the Justices of the
Supreme Court agree in a result, the result of the decision is precedential); see also
Finnegan v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 838 A.2d 684, 687 & n.2
(Pa. 2003). Here, while the CDO and the CIR employed different legal reasoning to
obtain their respective conclusions, the ultimate holding of both the CDO and the
CIR, as mentioned directly above, was that the undated mail-in ballots were invalid.
Because 4 Justices clearly agree on this result, that result, no matter what legal
reasoning was used to support it, should be deemed as precedential and binding on
this Court under the rule of “result” stare decisis.
             Second, in what has been described as the “false plurality” doctrine, a
majority agreement among the Justices may be deduced from the rationales of the
fragmented opinions. As one commentator stated:

             The key characteristic that makes plurality decisions
             troublesome is the presence of at least two distinct
             rationales that will justify the result reached in a case,
             neither of which commands a majority. In some cases that
             are nominally plurality decisions, however, a majority of
             the Court does support a rationale sufficient to justify the
             holding. Such cases take the form of plurality decisions
             only because some justices go on to state additional ideas.
             Thus, when proposition A is sufficient to justify the holding,
             and either the plurality opinion supports A while the
             minority opinion supports both A and B, or the plurality
             opinion supports A and B while the minority opinion
             supports A, a ‘false plurality’ decision results.
Plurality Decisions and Judicial Decision Making, 94 HARV. L. REV. 1127 (1981).
             Here, based upon our reading, the CDO reached its conclusion based on
(A) the mandatory language of the statute, and (B) the affirmative weighty interests
that support reading the language as mandatory. In contrast, the CIR reached its
conclusion based on (A) the mandatory language of the statute. Notably, there is a

                                            15
passage in the CDO suggesting that that the mandatory language of the statute, in and
of itself, would be enough to support its conclusion and that the weighty interests
analysis was merely an additional rationale used to refute the OAJC. See CDO, 241
A.3d at 1090 (“[T]he meaning of the terms ‘date’ and ‘sign’—which were included
by the legislature—are self-evident, they are not subject to interpretation, and the
statutory language expressly requires that the elector provide them.                    See In re
Canvass of Absentee Ballots of Nov. 4, 2003 General Election, 843 A.2d 1223, 1231
(Pa. 2004) (“[A]ll things being equal, the law will be construed liberally in favor of
the right to vote but, at the same time, we cannot ignore the clear mandates of the
Election Code.”) (citation omitted). Accordingly, I do not view the absence of a date
as a mere technical insufficiency we may overlook.”); CDO, 241 A.3d at 1090 (“I
cannot agree [with the OAJC] that the obligation of electors to set forth the date they
signed the declaration on that envelope does not carry ‘weighty interests.’”).
Consequently, it appears that the CIR is the “narrowest ground” of the various
opinions in In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots, and being “a logical
subset of the other, broader opinion,” i.e., the CDO, represents “a common
denominator of the Court’s reasoning.” King v. Palmer, 950 F.2d 771, 781 (D.C. Cir.
1991) (en banc).7 Therefore, we conclude that the CIR should be viewed as binding
authority on this Court. See McClelland, 233 A.3d at 732-33 (concluding that a

       7
         This conclusion is buttressed by the fact that the CIR, notwithstanding all of the language
in the opinion emphasizing the mandatory nature of the word “shall,” specifically couched its
conclusion with explicit reference to the absence of legislative intent to the contrary. See CIR, 241
A.3d at 1079 (“[T]he statutory requirement that voters date the voter declaration should be
overlooked as a ‘minor irregularity.’ This requirement is stated in unambiguously mandatory terms,
and nothing in the Election Code suggests that the legislature intended that courts should construe
its mandatory language as directory.”). Thus, while the CDO found that legislative intent
constituted an affirmative “weighty interest” to construe “shall” as mandatory, the CIR seemingly
noted the absence of such intent.

                                                 16
previous case was precedential where the three-Justice plurality or lead opinion
determined that hearsay could not establish a prima facie case at the preliminary
hearing stage as a violation of both due process and the right to confrontation, and the
concurring opinion reached the same conclusion based on a violation of due process,
but not as a violation of the right to confrontation, because a majority of the Justices
held that “hearsay alone is insufficient to establish a prima facie case at a preliminary
hearing because to do so violates principles of fundamental due process.”).
             In the alternative, assuming that the collective result of the CDO and the
CIR are not binding, or the reasoning of the CIR is not precedential, we conclude that
either the CDO or the CIR is the most persuasive of the opinions and that one or the
other should be adopted by this Court as such. To begin, we reiterate that, at this
moment, a majority of the Justices agree the undated mail-in ballots are invalid.
Although the rationale of the CDO and the CIR may differ, they are not worlds apart
and, in a theoretical sense, complement and are compatible with another. See supra
n.7. Considering the opinions, it is evident that the CDO represents a universally
applicable, yet implicitly, shared common ground of legal reasoning between the two.
This is because, in every situation in which the CDO would determine that the word
“shall” should be read as mandatory, the CIR would necessarily reach the same
conclusion. Therefore, given the substantial overlap in their reasoning, it is difficult
for this Court to disregard the expressed conclusion enunciated by a majority of the
Justices in the CDO and the CIR, who have recently decided the exact same issue
presented in this case. Instead, we believe that this Court should follow and adopt the
will of the majority of the Justices, whether it be the CDO or the CIR.
             Moreover, in our view, both the CDO and the CIR effectively discredit
the OAJC. In sum, we find that the CDO persuasively explains why there are

                                           17
“weighty interests” that sustain an interpretation of “shall” as mandatory. We further
find the CIR provides a compelling critique of the OAJC and the problems associated
with construing “shall” in a manner that reflects the proverbial “legislating from the
bench,” and the ideals inherent in reading the language of statute according to its
plain meaning. Therefore, if this Court had (or has) the freedom to choose among the
opinions in In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots, it would chose either the
CIR or the CDO over the OAJC. In so deciding, this Court notes that, as a practical
matter, it is not necessary for us to pick one over the other because we are not
applying In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots to a distinctive statute, let
alone to a different provision in the Election Code, and the will of the majority of
Justices has been expressed in terms of the validity of the undated mail-in ballots.8
               Finally, to the extent the parties refer to section 10101(a)(2)(B) of the
federal Voting Rights Act, that provision states:

               No person acting under color of law shall . . . deny the right
               of any individual to vote in any election because of an error
               or omission on any record or paper relating to any
               application, registration, or other act requisite to voting, if
               such error or omission is not material in determining
               whether such individual is qualified under State law to
               vote in such election.
52 U.S.C. §10101(a)(2)(B) (double emphasis added).

       8
          In response to the Dissent, the bare and undisputed fact is that a majority of Justices in In
re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots have clearly spoken on the precise issue at bar. As
such, this Court is required to follow and adopt the volition of the majority of Justices—not to
ignore it or pretend as though a “majority” does not otherwise exist. See Walnut Street Associates,
Inc., 20 A.3d at 480 (“It is beyond peradventure that the [Commonwealth] Court must follow this
Court’s mandates, and it generally lacks the authority to determine that this Court’s decisions are no
longer controlling.”); Behers v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 842 A.2d 359, 367
(Pa. 2004) (“We caution the courts below that their task is to effectuate the decisional law of this
Court, not to restrict it through curtailed readings of controlling authority.”).

                                                 18
                Here, the trial court arguably erred in raising the issue of this statutory
provision sua sponte, and we note that the trial court never actually decided whether
it was relevant to the case. Nonetheless, we conclude that section 10101(a)(2)(B) is
inapplicable because section 1306-D(a) of the Election Code dictates the validity of a
mail-in vote that has been cast by an elector who is otherwise qualified to vote, and
does not, in any way, relate to the whether that elector has met the qualifications
necessary to vote in the first place. See Friedman v. Snipes, 345 F. Supp. 2d 1356,
1371 (S.D. Fla. 2004); (“Nothing in my review of the case law in this jurisdiction or
in other jurisdictions indicates that [section 10101(a)(2)(B)] was intended to apply to
the counting of ballots by individuals already deemed qualified to vote.”) (emphasis
in original); id. at 1372-73 (“[Section 10101(a)(2)(B)] provides specifically for
protections against denials based on errors or omissions on ‘records or papers’ that
are immaterial to the determination of an individual’s qualification to vote. The error
and omission alleged here did not pertain to determining eligibility to vote.”).
Further, because this Court has, among other things, adopted the rationale of the CDO
as persuasive authority, we conclude that the dating of mail-in ballots is a “material”
requisite under the Election Code because it is justified by the “weighty interests”
pronounced by Judge Brobson in his opinion from this Court and endorsed by the
CDO. As such, section 10101(a)(2)(B) cannot serve as a basis to alter our conclusion
in this case.

                                        Conclusion
                For the above-stated reasons, we conclude that the 257 ballots that do
not contain a date must be set aside and not counted in the Municipal Election.
Accordingly, we reverse the order of the trial court and remand to the trial court to

                                             19
issue an order sustaining Ritter’s challenge to the Board’s determination and directing
the Board to exclude the 257 ballots from the certified returns of the Municipal
Election.

                                           ________________________________
                                           PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

                                          20
             IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

David D. Ritter,                        :
                   Appellant            :
                                        :    No. 1322 C.D. 2021
            v.                          :
                                        :    Submitted: December 8, 2021
Lehigh County Board of Elections        :

                                     ORDER

            AND NOW, this 3rd day of January, 2022, the November 30, 2021
order of the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County (trial court) is REVERSED
and the matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings in accordance
with the accompanying opinion.
            Jurisdiction RELINQUISHED.

                                            ________________________________
                                            PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

David D. Ritter,                      :
                                      :
                         Appellant    :
                                      :
            v.                        : No. 1322 C.D. 2021
                                      : Submitted: December 8, 2021
Lehigh County Board of Elections      :

BEFORE:     HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
            HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
            HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

DISSENTING OPINION
BY JUDGE WOJCIK                          FILED: January 3, 2022

            I dissent from the Majority’s decision to reverse the order of the
Lehigh County Court of Common Pleas (trial court) in this matter.          As the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained:

            ‘The power to throw out a ballot for minor irregularities,
            like the power to throw out the entire poll of an election
            district for irregularities, must be exercised very
            sparingly and with the idea in mind that either an
            individual voter or a group of voters are not to be
            disfranchised at an election except for compelling
            reasons. * * * ‘The purpose in holding elections is to
            register the actual expression of the electorate’s will’ and
            that ‘computing judges’ should endeavor ‘to see what
            was the true result.’ There should be the same reluctance
            to throw out a single ballot as there is to throw out an
            entire district poll, for sometimes an election hinges on
            one vote.’
                     In resolving election controversies it would not be
               amiss to consider the following criteria:

               1. Was any specific provision of the Election Code
               violated?

               2. Was any fraud involved?

               3. Was the will of the voter subverted?

               4. Is the will of the voter in doubt?

               5. Did the loser suffer an unfair disadvantage?

               6. Did the winner gain an unfair disadvantage?
Appeal of James, 105 A.2d 64, 67 (Pa. 1954) (citation omitted). It is undisputed
that only the first of the foregoing six criteria is at issue with respect to the
contested ballots herein.
               The Act of October 31, 2019, P.L. 552, No. 77, added Section 1306-
D(a) to the Pennsylvania Election Code (Election Code),1 which states:

               (a) General rule.--At any time after receiving an official
               mail-in ballot, but on or before eight o’clock P.M. the
               day of the primary or election, the mail-in elector shall,
               in secret, proceed to mark the ballot only in black lead
               pencil, indelible pencil or blue, black or blue-black ink,
               in fountain pen or ball point pen, and then fold the
               ballot, enclose and securely seal the same in the envelope
               on which is printed, stamped or endorsed “Official
               Election Ballot.” This envelope shall then be placed in
               the second one, on which is printed the form of
               declaration of the elector, and the address of the elector’s
               county board of election and the local election district of
               the elector. The elector shall then fill out, date and sign
               the declaration printed on such envelope.              Such
               envelope shall then be securely sealed and the elector

      1
          Act of June 3, 1937, P.L. 1333, as amended, 25 P.S. §3150.16(a).

                                           MHW - 2
              shall send same by mail, postage prepaid, except where
              franked, or deliver it in person to said county board of
              election.
Emphasis added.
              In light of the foregoing statutory requirements, the Majority seeks to
disenfranchise 261 registered voters who timely returned their mail-in ballots to the
Lehigh County Board of Elections (Board), which ballots were sealed in secrecy
envelopes and inserted in sealed outer envelopes containing a declaration that the
voters signed, but did not properly date, and which ballots the Board received by
8:00 p.m. on the date of the Municipal Election, November 2, 2021. Unlike the
Majority, I do not believe that a “majority” reasoning may be divined from the
plurality opinion of the Supreme Court in In re Cavass of Absentee and Mail-In
Ballots of November 3, 2020 General Election, 241 A.3d 1058 (Pa. 2020), or that
such reasoning compels a different result, particularly in light of the recent change
to that Court’s composition in the 2021 Municipal Election. See, e.g., In the
Interest of O.A., 717 A.2d 490, 496 n.4 (Pa. 1998) (“While the ultimate order of a
plurality opinion, i.e., an affirmance or reversal, is binding on the parties in that
particular case, legal conclusions and/or reasoning employed by a plurality
certainly do not constitute binding authority.”).2

       2
          In footnote 8, the Majority asserts that there is a “bare and undisputed fact” that a
majority of the then Supreme Court Justices have “clearly spoken on the issue at bar,” ignoring
the fact that it took the Majority 13 pages to precisely determine what the Supreme Court’s
“clear” holding was on this issue in In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots of November
3, 2020 General Election. To the contrary, as outlined above, the Supreme Court’s opinion in In
re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots of November 3, 2020 General Election is a plurality
opinion that does not establish binding precedent on this issue. As the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court has explained:

              The United States Supreme Court announced in Marks v. United
              States, 430 U.S. 188 [(1977)], that when it “decides a case and no
(Footnote continued on next page…)
                                 MHW - 3
              There is no dispute that the voters who cast the questioned 261 ballots
were qualified, registered electors. Moreover, there is no allegation that any of the
261 voters in question had voted more than once.                   Importantly, there is no
allegation that the subject 261 ballots were not received by the Board prior to the
deadline for receipt on Municipal Election Day. In fact, it is beyond dispute that
each challenged ballot was received by the Board by 8:00 p.m. on Municipal
Election Day. The only sin that would lead these votes to be discarded is that the
qualified, registered voters failed to either enter a date, or properly enter a date, on
the declaration portion of the ballot’s outer envelope. I would agree that an
entirely blank declaration properly would be discarded, as there would be no
confirmation that the ballot is genuinely that of the registered elector. This result
would ameliorate purported voter fraud, which is not at issue here.
              I view the requirement of a voter-inserted date on the declaration as
similar to the issue of the color of ink that is used to fill in the ballot. As outlined
above, Section 1306-D(a) of the Election Code plainly states that the voter “shall,

(continued…)

              single rationale explaining the result enjoys the assent of five
              Justices, the holding of the Court may be viewed as that position
              taken by those Members who concurred in the judgments on the
              narrowest grounds . . . .” Id. at 193[] (quotation marks and citation
              omitted). We apply the Marks rule. See Commonwealth v.
              McClelland, [233 A.3d 717, 731 (Pa. 2020)] (applying Marks).

Commonwealth v. Alexander, 243 A.3d 177, 197 (Pa. 2020). Because Justice Wecht did not
apply the “weighty interest” or “materiality” analysis in his Concurring and Dissenting Opinion
in In re Canvass of Absentee and Mail-In Ballots of November 3, 2020 General Election, the
Majority errs in determining that that opinion, in conjunction with the Concurring and Dissenting
Opinion of Justice Dougherty applying this analysis, constitutes a “holding” of the majority of
that Court in that case that is applicable to the facts of this case. This is simply an incorrect
application of the Marks rule.

                                          MHW - 4
in secret, proceed to mark the ballot only in black lead pencil, indelible pencil or
blue, black or blue-black ink, in fountain pen or ball point pen.”             25 P.S.
§3150.16(a) (emphasis added).         Our Supreme Court approved the marking of
absentee ballots with green or red pen to be appropriate despite the General
Assembly’s use of the word “shall” when describing the method of marking the
ballots. See In re Luzerne County Return Board, 290 A.2d 108, 109 (Pa. 1972).
There, our Supreme Court construed the Election Code liberally so as to not
disenfranchise Pennsylvania voters over a technicality. In light of the foregoing
criteria, I would do so here as well, and I would not blithely disenfranchise those
261 voters who merely neglected to properly enter a date on the declaration of an
otherwise properly executed and timely-submitted ballot.
                Accordingly, unlike the Majority, I would affirm the trial court’s order
in this case.

                                          MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

                                        MHW - 5