Court Opinion

ID: 177339
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-10-16 00:02:59+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:43:19.396555
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 10a0650n.06

                                            No. 08-4412

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                           FILED
                                                                                        Oct 15, 2010
                                                                                  LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
PAUL MORRIS                       )
                                  )
     Plaintiff–Appellant,         )
                                  )
v.                                )                           On Appeal from the United States
                                  )                           District Court for the Southern
AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER LONG-TERM )                           District of Ohio
DISABILITY PLAN                   )
                                  )
     Defendant–Appellee.          )

Before:          BOGGS, MOORE and GIBSON,* Circuit Judges.

          BOGGS, Circuit Judge. Paul Morris was injured in a work-related automobile accident in

1992 and, as a consequence, began receiving long-term disability benefits from the Appellee (“the

Plan”) in 1993.      In 2004, the Plan’s new third-party administrator, Broadspire, requested

documentation of Morris’s ongoing disability. Following a series of independent examinations and

Plan-sponsored file reviews, the Plan terminated Morris’s long-term disability benefits. Morris, after

exhausting his internal appeals, appealed to the district court, which affirmed the Plan’s

determination as being neither arbitrary nor capricious. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm

the judgment of the district court.

          *
        The Honorable John R. Gibson, United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting
by designation.
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

                                                    I

       Paul Morris was employed as a meter reader for American Electric Power (“AEP”) when he

was injured in an on-the-job automobile accident in August 1992. Though he continued to work in

the months immediately following the accident, by April 1993 his condition was such that he could

not perform the walking, climbing, standing, and moving of objects that his job required. On that

basis, and further claiming that he suffered from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder as a

result of the accident, Morris applied for and was granted long-term disability status by AEP’s then-

plan administrator, Aetna. At the same time, and with the encouragement of the Plan, he applied for

and obtained Social Security disability benefits.

       Under the terms of the Plan, disability determinations are two-tiered. For the first two years

that a participant receives long-term disability benefits, he is considered disabled if he is unable to

perform the work required of him in his “own occupation”—that is, the occupation he held

immediately prior to going on disability. After that initial two-year period, in order for long-term

disability benefits to continue, the participant must be unable to perform any occupation that he is

qualified to perform, as long as that occupation pays at least 60% of his pre-disability base rate of

pay and is consistent with the participant’s formal education, training, and work experience (the

“any-occupation standard”).

       In April 1995, Aetna informed Morris that he had met the any-occupation standard, entitling

him to benefits beyond the initial two-year time frame. Under the terms of the plan, Morris was

subject to provisions requiring him to provide continuing objective proof of his disability at least

once each year.

                                                 -2-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

       Over the next ten years, Morris continued to see a neurologist, Dr. Nahid Dadmehr, for

complaints of headaches, pains in his back and legs, and right elbow pain. He also saw a

psychiatrist, Dr. Maureen Stark, on several occasions for depression.

       In June 2004, the Plan’s new claims administrator, Broadspire, sought updated

documentation of Morris’s disability pursuant to the terms of the plan document. Broadspire asked

Morris to complete a questionnaire and an “attending physician statement and evaluation of physical

abilities” and to submit medical records as proof of continued disability. Morris eventually

submitted those forms, which indicated that he was still limited by back and leg pain, as well as by

panic attacks, depression, and irritability. The plan then requested that he complete a functional

capacity evaluation (“FCE”), which resulted in a finding that Morris was “functioning in the Medium

Physical Demand Category.” The FCE evaluator, Jessica Iams, believed that Morris “appear[ed]

rehabable if pain can be controlled,” and recommended “frequent change in position, allowances for

self management of symptoms while working or exercising, and some type of work conditioning

program” to facilitate a return to regular daily work.

       The Plan also arranged for Morris to undergo an independent psychiatric examination by Dr.

Don McIntire, the results of which included a diagnosis of moderate Bipolar II Disorder and mild

post-traumatic stress disorder. Morris tested within the average range for overall intellectual

functioning, and did not exhibit any clinically significant behavioral impairments during the

evaluation. Dr. McIntire also administered an MMPI-2 personality inventory assessment, which

revealed that Morris had significant difficulties with depression and anxiety and was likely to be

uncomfortable being around other people.

                                                -3-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

       Upon receiving the results of the FCE and Dr. McIntire’s examination, Broadspire forwarded

them to its own reviewing physicians: Dr. Vaughn Cohan, a neurologist, and Dr. Barry Glassman,

a psychiatrist. Dr. Cohan concluded that Morris’s medical file showed his neurological symptoms

to be consistent with sedentary or light work, and that there was no indication that the medications

Morris was taking would prevent him from working. Dr. Glassman agreed that Morris would be best

placed in a low-stress, physically undemanding position, but also noted that there were no

examination findings to indicate that such would be medically necessary.

       The Plan then obtained an employment assessment report (“EAR”), which was prepared after

a vocational consultant interviewed Morris and reviewed the results of the FCE and Dr. McIntire’s

psychiatric examination, as well as the reports of Drs. Cohan and Glassman. Taking into account

the “sedentary or light work” limitations indicated by Dr. Cohan’s recommendation, the EAR

identified two occupations that Morris could perform: Automatic Presser and Shirt Presser. Both

of these jobs were indicated to be available in Columbus, Ohio, where Morris resided, and met the

necessary salary and physical requirements. As a result of the EAR’s identification of jobs that

Morris could perform, Broadspire determined that Morris did not meet the any-occupation standard

and would no longer be eligible for disability payments.

       Morris appealed, using the Plan’s internal appeals process. Over the course of the two

appeals permitted by the plan document, Morris submitted additional materials from his treating

physicians and records from a recent hospital stay incurred after he experienced “seizure-like

symptoms.” The Plan obtained reports from eight more reviewing physicians, each of which found

                                               -4-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

no objective data to support a finding of disability under the any-occupation standard. The Plan

denied Morris’s appeals, and this litigation followed.

                                                  II

                                                  A

       We “review de novo the decision of a district court granting judgment in an ERISA disability

action based on an administrative record.” Glenn v. MetLife, 461 F.3d 660, 665 (6th Cir. 2006),

aff’d, Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105 (2008). If the plan administrator is vested with

discretion to interpret the plan, we review the administrator’s denial of benefits to determine whether

that denial was arbitrary and capricious. Ibid. (citing Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489

U.S. 101, 115 (1989)). Though highly deferential, this standard nevertheless requires “some review

of the quality and quantity of the medical evidence and the opinions on both sides of the issues” and

does not require us merely to rubber-stamp the administrator’s decision. McDonald v. Western-

Southern Life Ins. Co., 347 F.3d 161, 172 (6th Cir. 2003).

       The ultimate question in any given disability case on “arbitrary and capricious” review is

whether a plan can offer a reasoned explanation, based on the evidence, for its judgment that a

claimant was not “disabled” within the plan’s terms. Elliott v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 473 F.3d 613,

617 (6th Cir. 2006). In pertinent part, the plan here at issue reads:

       After the first 24 months following your date of disability, disability is defined as an
       illness or injury that requires the regular treatment of a duly qualified physician that
       may reasonably be expected to prevent you from performing the duties of any
       occupation for which you are reasonably qualified by your education, training and
       experience. If you meet the requirements of this “two-year test,” you will continue
       to be considered to be disabled and receive benefits up to the maximum benefit
       period.

                                                 -5-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

        Once the Plan makes a judgment as to whether a claimant has met the requirements of the

“two-year test,” its determination is entitled to deference unless it is arbitrary and capricious. That

is, if the Plan’s determination that an individual can perform any occupation “is the result of a

deliberate, principled reasoning process and if it is supported by substantial evidence,” it will not be

disturbed.

                                                    B

        Notwithstanding the deference afforded a plan administrator’s decisions under arbitrary-and-

capricious review, courts must evaluate potential conflicts of interest and consider them as factors

in determining whether the decision to deny benefits was arbitrary and capricious. Gismondi v.

United Techs. Corp., 408 F.3d 295, 298 (6th Cir. 2005). For ERISA purposes, a conflict of interest

is present when the same entity both funds the plan and evaluates claims for benefits thereunder.

Glenn, 128 S. Ct. at 2348; DeLisle v. Sun Life Assur. Co. of Canada, 558 F.3d 440, 445 (6th Cir.

2009). At the root of this kind of conflict is the fact that “every dollar provided in benefits is a dollar

spent by . . . the employer; and every dollar saved . . . is a dollar in [the employer’s] pocket.” Glenn,

128 S. Ct. at 2348 (quoting Bruch v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 828 F.2d 134, 144 (3d Cir.

1987)). In such circumstances, an employer’s immediate financial interest creates an inherent

conflict with its fiduciary duty under ERISA, which requires that plan administrators discharge their

duties solely in the interests of the participants and beneficiaries of the plan. Id. at 2350.

Application of this “heightened” form of arbitrary-and-capricious review is shaped by the

circumstances of the inherent conflict of interest. Borda v. Hardy, Lewis, Pollard & Page, P.C., 138

F.3d 1062, 1069 (6th Cir. 1998).

                                                   -6-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

       Morris has conceded that the plan administrator in this case is vested with sufficient

interpretive discretion to qualify for review under the arbitrary-and-capricious standard. He does

contend, however, that a conflict of interest exists as to Broadspire, the plan administrator, in that

Broadspire’s advertising materials contain language indicating that its mission is to help its clients

“contain costs” and “have a positive impact on [their] employees and [their] bottom line.” In

Morris’s view, such promises align Broadspire’s interests with those of the Plan enough to conclude

that the two ought to be treated interchangeably for conflict-of-interest analysis, and therefore it is

functionally true that the same entity both makes eligibility determinations under the plan and pays

benefits to those found eligible.

       We do not appear to have ever held that a conflict of interest inherently exists in such a

situation, and we will not do so now. In Glenn, the Supreme Court made it clear that the conflicted

entity need not be an employer, but could instead be (for example) an insurance company—as long

as it was the same entity that performed both the benefits-determination and the benefits-payout

functions. Though the Court acknowledged that insurance companies were not necessarily affected

to the same extent by the prospect of paying out claims they determined to be valid (because they

could recoup a fraction of their costs by imposing a per-claim service charge), they nevertheless

suffered an immediate financial loss. The difference, in other words, was one of degree.

       Here, the difference is one of kind. Morris is, in effect, arguing that the third-party

administrator has implemented a long-term strategy to carry out its duties as plan administrator for

the benefit of the employer, rather than for the benefit of the plan participants and

beneficiaries—presumably on the belief that, in so doing, they will be able to attract new and

                                                 -7-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

continued business, thus eventually lining their own pockets. Such an accusation is critically distinct

from the inherent conflict of interest present when a decision maker will benefit or suffer as a direct

consequence of her decisions. Because Broadspire’s theoretical advantage from making benefit

denials would be neither immediate nor guaranteed, it cannot be said to be “inherent” in the way that

a conflict is when the same entity is responsible for both benefits eligibility determinations and

benefits payments. Even if we were to assume, therefore, that an independent claims administrator

could be so motivated by market forces as to effectively be an alter-ego of those funding the plan,

it would be necessary to demonstrate that the administrator had, in fact, acted on those motivations

before a conflict could be said to exist.

        There is no such evidence in our case. The appellant relies on generic promotional language

contained on Broadspire’s website. Such language is of a kind that one would very much expect to

see, given that the entity responsible for paying benefits is generally the one that selects a third-party

administrator. Advertisements emphasizing cost savings to that entity are neither surprising nor

especially probative of conflict. Further, the language cited by the appellant is hardly damning:

promising to “contain costs” and “have a positive impact on your employees and your bottom line”

is a far cry from even implying that the administrator will evaluate otherwise-viable claims harshly.

Indeed, Broadspire’s advertisements could simply refer to the benefits of economies of scale, or to

the savings to a company from using expert claims administrators to quickly pay legitimate claims

while weeding out fraudulent ones.1

        1
          For the same reasons, Morris’s argument that a conflict exists because Broadspire markets
itself as offering “integrated disability management” services, such as employer-advocacy services

                                                  -8-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

       Morris argues that a conflict in cases like ours is inherent, because no self-funded plan would

turn over administration of its claims without an expectation that the administrator will act in its

interest. This simply proves too much. Taken as true, this argument would necessitate a finding of

conflict every time a third-party administrator was used. Because it is generally true that the failure

to use a third-party administrator—i.e., when the same entity both determines claim eligibility and

pays benefits—produces a conflict of interest, the holding Morris proposes would effectively render

the distinction between “normal” arbitrary and capricious review and the so-called “heightened”

arbitrary and capricious review utilized in the presence of a conflict meaningless.2

       In this case, we therefore apply ordinary arbitrary-and-capricious review to the Plan’s decision

to deny long-term disability benefits to Morris.

in worker’s compensation and Family and Medical Leave Act cases, must fail. There is simply no
evidence that Broadspire even provides these services to the Plan, let alone that it has deliberately
engaged in violations of their fiduciary duties to the Plan’s participants.
        2
         Morris also argues that evidence of Broadspire’s conflict can be found in the fact that it has
engaged in a broad pattern of denials of long-term disability. As proof of this alleged pattern,
however, Morris cites just two decisions of district courts: Powell v. Am. Elec. Power Sys. Long
Term Disability Plan, 2008 WL 885956 (S.D. Ind. Mar. 28, 2008), and Madden v. Am. Elec. Power
Sys. Long Term Disability Plan, 2009 WL 277447 (E.D. Ky. Feb. 5, 2009). Curiously, the latter of
these decisions upheld the decision of the administrator. Thus, Morris appears to be inviting us to
find that Broadspire has engaged in a pattern of bad-faith claims denials when its evidence consists
of a single denial of summary judgment and the unsubstantiated allegations made in his own case.
We decline.

                                                   -9-
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

                                                  III

                                                  A

       Morris argues that Broadspire’s denial of claims was arbitrary and capricious in that there was

no evidence in the record suggesting that his medical condition had improved between the time the

Plan most recently found him to be disabled and the time his benefits were terminated.

       In Kramer v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 571 F.3d 499 (6th Cir. 2009), we held cancellation

of benefits by a plan administrator to be arbitrary and capricious when done in the absence of

evidence showing that the claimant’s condition had improved, and no explanation existed for the

apparent discrepancy from earlier assessments. Morris cites Kramer, along with three district courts

in our circuit, as support for his argument that we have adopted an Eighth Circuit decision—McOsker

v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 279 F.3d 586 (8th Cir. 2002)—that holds, in Morris’s words, “that an

administrator acts arbitrarily and capriciously when it terminates benefits absent an indication in the

record that a claimant’s medical condition had improved sufficiently to justify terminating long-term

disability benefits previously awarded.”

       Morris overstates the holdings of the cases he cites from within our circuit and, in our view,

also overstates the holding of McOsker. In Kramer, we indicated that:

       Moreover, there is no explanation for the decision to cancel benefits that had been
       paid for some five years based upon the initial determination of total disability in the
       absence of any medical evidence that the plaintiff’s condition had improved during
       that time. The best that can be said of the opinions of [the company’s consultants]
       is that they support the proposition that [the claimant] was, in fact, never disabled
       from her “own occupation.” But that conclusion flies in the face of all the other
       evidence in the record, and the plan administrator’s reliance upon it can only be
       described as arbitrary and capricious.

                                                - 10 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

Kramer, 571 F.3d at 507 (emphasis in original). This is not, however, a wholesale endorsement of

the notion that a lack of evidence of improvement is sufficient unto itself to prove a plan

administrator’s decision arbitrary and capricious. Rather, Kramer coupled the absence of such

evidence with a lack of explanation or support for the plan’s decision, among other factors.

       Surely it is reasonable to require a plan administrator who determines that a participant meets

the definition of “disabled,” then reverses course and declares that same participant “not disabled”

to have a reason for the change; to do otherwise would be the very definition of “arbitrary and

capricious.” It does not follow, however, either logically or from our decision in Kramer, that the

explanation must be that the plan administrator has acquired new evidence demonstrating that the

participant’s medical condition has improved. While Morris contends that the legal issue “is not

whether there is ‘new evidence,’ but whether the evidence—new or old—establishes that Morris’s

medical condition had improved,” the ultimate question is whether the plan administrator had a

rational basis for concluding that Morris was not disabled at the time of the new decision. Under the

any-occupation standard at issue in this case, any number of factors could be germane to such a

determination—including evidence of improvement, certainly, but also including evidence better

defining the participant’s medical condition, or even, given the plan’s definition of “disabled,”

newly-acquired skills that would permit the previously disabled participant to perform an occupation

he had not been qualified for at the time of his disability.3

        3
         To take one hypothetical example, a high-school dropout who became disabled from a job
that required intense physical labor, but then successfully pursued an advanced degree in computer
science, might no longer be “disabled” even in the absence of improvement to his or her physical
condition.

                                                 - 11 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

       Such an interpretation comports not only with the “no explanation” language in Kramer, but

also with each of the other cases cited by Morris. These cases, at most, merely characterize the lack

of evidence of improvement as a circumstance to be weighed by a reviewing court, rather than per

se proof of arbitrariness. See McOsker, 279 F.3d at 589 (“We are not suggesting that paying benefits

operates forever as an estoppel so that an insurer can never change his mind; but unless information

available to an insurer alters in some significant way, the previous payment of benefits is a

circumstance that must weigh against the propriety of an insurer’s decision to discontinue those

payments”) (emphasis added); Rabuck v. Hartford Life and Accident Ins. Co., 522 F. Supp. 2d 844,

872 (W.D. Mich. 2007) (characterizing prior payment of disability benefits as a circumstance that

weighs against the propriety of discontinuing payments); Boyd v. Am. Elec. Power Sys. Long-Term

Disability Plan, 2007 WL 2778667 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 21, 2007) (“The fact that defendant’s decision

to terminate benefits was not based on new significant evidence or evidence of improvement since

the prior determination of disability weighs against the propriety of defendant’s decision to terminate

plaintiff’s LTD benefits.”). As a “circumstance to be weighed,” we may therefore accord greater or

lesser import to a lack of evidence of improvement, depending upon whether that lack is explained

by other relevant information.

       In this case, there is no reason to believe that the purported lack of evidence of improvement

rendered the Plan’s decision arbitrary, given the extent to which it obtained new information about

his current condition. The Plan’s decision was based upon the recommendations of ten reviewing

physicians and an employability assessment report. These sources were, in turn, provided with

contemporaneously-issued reports from an independent psychologist, an independent functional

                                                - 12 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

capacity evaluator, and, in most cases, the entire contents of the Plan’s file relating to Morris dating

back to 1993. There is, in fact, nothing in the record to indicate that Morris even underwent an EAR

prior to September 15, 2005, let alone that the Plan had access to the information generated by the

FCE and the independent psychiatrist’s examination. Even assuming that these reports did not

explicitly demonstrate “improvement” in the sense of showing that the specific physical and

psychological bases for Morris’s initial disability determination had been ameliorated, the additional

detail and analysis they provide serve as adequate explanation for the administrator’s decision to

revoke those benefits under the arbitrary and capricious standard.

                                                   B

       Morris also argues that Broadspire’s decision was arbitrary and capricious because it did not

address the fact that Morris had successfully applied for Social Security disability benefits in 1993.

       We have held that if a plan administrator (1) encourages an applicant to apply for Social

Security disability payments, (2) financially benefits from the applicant’s receipt of Social Security,

and then (3) fails to explain why it is taking a position different from the Social Security

Administration on the question of disability, a court reviewing that determination should weigh this

in favor of a finding that the decision was arbitrary and capricious. Bennett v. Kemper Nat’l Svcs.,

Inc., 514 F.3d 547, 553 (6th Cir. 2008). The rationale for according this factor any weight is that it

serves as a form of estoppel, reducing fraud in the legal process by forcing a modicum of consistency

on a repetitive litigant. Glenn, 461 F.3d at 667–68 (quoting Ladd v. ITT Corp., 148 F.3d 753, 756

(7th Cir. 1998)).

                                                 - 13 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

        Morris asserts (and the Plan does not dispute) that the Plan encouraged him to apply for Social

Security disability payments when he first became disabled, and that the Social Security

Administration’s subsequent grant of disability benefits lightened the Plan’s financial obligation to

Morris under the terms of the plan document. It is similarly undisputed that Broadspire did not refer

at all to Morris’s Social Security award in its initial letter denying him benefits, and merely listed it

as one of seventy or so documents that had been reviewed in its second and third denial letters.

        Again, however, the language of Bennett indicates that a failure to take into account a Social

Security disability award is to be weighed in favor of a finding that the decision was arbitrary and

capricious, not that such a decision is arbitrary and capricious per se. As such, we may give it greater

or lesser weight, depending on the circumstances. Given that the purpose of weighing it at all is to

prevent the plan, as an interested party, from effectively committing fraud on the court by taking

inconsistent positions to minimize its financial exposure, it makes a great deal of sense to weigh an

unexplained inconsistency in this area heavily when those positions are taken in quick succession.4

        In this case, however, the dissonance between the plan’s encouragement of Morris’s Social

Security claim and its subsequent denial of benefits is muted, because more than twelve years had

passed between the time Morris was determined to be disabled by the Social Security Administration

and the time Broadspire informed him that they no longer considered him disabled. It seems highly

unlikely that a plan would encourage a claimant to apply for Social Security disability benefits as part

        4
         This was, in fact, the case in both Bennett and Glenn. In both cases, the plans’ denials of
benefits were virtually simultaneous with the their encouragement of the participants to apply for
Social Security benefits.

                                                 - 14 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

of a disingenuous scheme to lessen its potential exposure on a claim, then abide twelve years while

paying its own share of disability benefits before cutting those benefits off for no legitimate reason.

It is far more reasonable to believe that a 1993 determination of disability was simply not very

relevant to a 2005 decision on the same issue.

       To be sure, Broadspire’s decision to cut off benefits is inconsistent with the Plan’s previous

encouragement of Morris to apply for Social Security disability, and to that extent weighs slightly in

Morris’s favor when it comes to evaluating whether that decision was arbitrary and capricious. We

will not merely assume, in the absence of an explanation by Broadspire, that it considered the Social

Security Administration’s determination to be obsolete and thereby excuse their failure to take it into

account entirely. Given that the Plan’s encouragement of Morris to apply for those benefits happened

so long ago, however, and that it obtained new information about Morris’s disability from numerous

sources in a contemporaneous investigation, we do not find the Plan’s behavior to be particularly

troubling.

                                                  C

       We now turn to the question of whether Broadspire acted arbitrarily and capriciously in

evaluating the medical evidence available to it while making the decision to terminate Morris’s

benefits. Morris contends that Broadspire ignored the medical evidence and the conclusions

contained in the reports of his own doctors, as well as those set forth in the independent functional

capacity evaluation and the independent psychiatric evaluation.

       Generally speaking, a plan may not summarily reject the opinions of a treating physician, but

must instead give reasons for adopting an alternative opinion. Elliott, 473 F.3d at 620. Giving

                                                 - 15 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

greater weight to a non-treating physician’s opinion for no apparent reason lends force to the

conclusion that a plan administrator’s decision is arbitrary and capricious. Ibid. Plan administrators,

however, “are not obligated to accord special deference to the opinions of treating physicians.” Black

& Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 825 (2003). To that extent, a lack of objective

medical evidence upon which to base a treating physician’s opinion has been held sufficient reason

for an administrator’s choice not to credit that opinion. See, e.g., Boone v. Liberty Life Assur. Co.

of Boston, 161 F. App’x 469, 473 (6th Cir. 2005) (administrator’s decision not to credit treating

physicians’ assessments not arbitrary because the assessments were not supported by the objective

evidence, as required by the plan document).

       In looking to the various communications sent from Broadspire to Morris during the process

of terminating Morris’s benefits, we find that Broadspire set forth a lack of objective data as its

primary reason for choosing not to credit the assessments of Drs. Dadmehr and Stark. In addressing

the conclusions of Dr. Dadmehr, Broadspire’s letter denying Morris’s first internal appeal indicated

that

       . . . there were no physical examination findings included in this note substantiating
       Mr. Morris’ inability to perform the duties of any occupation. Therefore based on the
       medical evidence, Mr. Morris can sit, stand and ambulate. He is also capable of
       lifting up to 8 to 10 pounds on a repetitive basis. Therefore, based on the medical
       information from an orthopedic standpoint Mr. Morris is capable of performing the
       duties of any occupation.

With regard to Morris’s alleged neurological problems, the appeal decision observed that “there

weren’t any clinical neurological abnormalities documented by Dr. Dadmehr from the neurological

examinations. There also was no clinical documentation provided to support recurrent seizure

                                                 - 16 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

activity in the last ten years. Additionally, there was no clinical documentation of a recurrence of

syncopal episodes since the early 1990's.”

       Similarly, Broadspire’s first appeal denial indicated that “there were no documented physical

examination findings, lab abnormalities including blood sugar values such as a hemoglobin AIC

provided for review to determine the degree of control of his diabetes.” With regard to his psychiatric

condition, the letter notes that “Dr. Stark did not provide any specific examination findings

substantiating the presence of impairment in psychological functioning,” and “did not provide

findings to substantiate impairment in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that would

preclude Mr. Morris from performing the duties of any occupation.”

       The Plan’s references to a lack of objective data to support Morris’s physicians’ conclusions

are consistent with its overall conclusion that “[b]ased on a review of the aforementioned medical

data, there was a lack of medical evidence to substantiate . . . inability to perform any occupation.”

It is also consistent with the Plan Summary, which states:

       To continue receiving benefits, you will be required to provide continuing proof of
       your disability at least once each year. Objective medical evidence must be supplied
       supporting your case for disability. A letter from your treating physician merely
       stating that you are unable to work without any supporting information will not be
       considered as conclusive proof of your disability.

       Nor was there any great mystery as to what kinds of objective medical data Broadspire was

looking for in this case. Broadspire’s first appeal denial informed Morris that it would consider

relevant data to include specific psychiatric findings, a complete orthopedic examination, complete

neurological testing, other abnormal diagnostic test results, and examination findings to substantiate

the presence of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral impairment. Under the terms of the plan

                                                 - 17 -
No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

document, it was Morris’s responsibility to obtain this data; he did not, and therefore the Plan was

not arbitrary and capricious in choosing to discount the conclusions of his treating physicians.5

       Moreover, Broadspire did not ignore the findings of its own independent examinations.

Morris points out that neither the functional capacity evaluation nor the independent psychological

examination came to a conclusion as to whether Morris could return to work. Yet a definitive

conclusion as to whether Morris met the any-occupation standard does not appear to have been the

point of either exam. Rather, they provided information on Morris’s relevant physiological and

psychological limitations, which were reviewed by the vocational counselor who prepared the

Employability Assessment Report that concluded Morris could work as an automatic presser or shirt

presser. While Morris makes much of a single sentence in the FCE noting that “[h]e appears

rehabable if pain can be controlled,” (implying that he cannot return to work without rehab, and

cannot be rehabbed without pain control), the FCE puts Morris in the “Medium Physical Demand

Category,” whereas the ultimate conclusion of the EAR and Plan was that Morris could return to

sedentary or light work. The jobs in the sedentary/light work category would presumably involve

lesser physical demands than Morris was already capable of during the FCE, and could also include

        5
         The (small) handful of objective tests performed at the behest of Morris’s treating physicians
over the years appear to have been unremarkable from a medical standpoint, as were EMGs
performed in 1998 and 2000, or of unexplained significance, as was an MRI performed in 2000.
Although Morris did undergo testing in connection with his admission to St. Ann’s Hospital for
“seizure-like symptoms” in 2005, even Dr. Dadmehr’s notes disclose that the cause of this episode
was essentially unknown, with possibilities being “[c]omplex partial seizure versus micturition
syncope versus transient ischemic attack versus vasodepression syncope versus cardiogenic.” If a
treating physician cannot tell from the data he has gathered what a patient’s condition is, it stands
to reason that one cannot credibly claim that it would be arbitrary and capricious to discount the
conclusion that the same data is objective medical evidence supporting a finding of disability.

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No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

the “frequent change in position, allowances for self-management of symptoms while working or

exercising, and . . . work conditioning” recommended by the FCE evaluator. Similarly, while the

independent psychological examination conducted by Dr. McIntire did not opine one way or another

as to the question of whether Morris could “return to work,” it pointed out that he had difficulties

with depression and anxiety, and in interacting with others. These conclusions, too, were reviewed

for the EAR.6

                                                  D

       The remainder of Morris’s arguments may be disposed of in short order.

       Morris argues that the plan administrator’s decision to terminate his benefits was arbitrary and

capricious because it was done without considering whether, after more than twelve years of being

out of the workforce, he was “employable.” This argument has some basis in the language of the plan

document, which requires that the Plan may only consider Morris to be not disabled under the any-

occupation standard if Morris can work in an occupation that is “consistent with the participant’s

formal education, training, and work experience.” However, it appears that the EAR relied upon by

the plan administrator did take those factors into account. Generally, the purpose of the report was

to make a determination regarding the potential to find Morris “feasible employment”; though the

meaning of “feasible” is not defined in the EAR, the report specifically details Morris’s education,

        6
        Morris considers the EAR itself to be inconsistent with the medical record, inasmuch as it
acknowledges that work as a presser is fast-paced and stressful. Yet the EAR refers to the physical
stress of maintaining a production pace, rather than the type of psychological stress that the
Independent Medical Examination found relevant in Morris’s case, which is the stress of interacting
with authority figures and co-workers.

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No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

notes his job skills, and makes an explicit “transferability of skills analysis” in order to identify

current jobs that made use of his previously-existing skills. Morris presents no evidence that his prior

skills have declined, nor that the occupations identified by the EAR require particularly up-to-date

knowledge.

       Morris also argues that Broadspire did not provide his full medical file to the vocational

consultant who prepared the EAR, instead creating a misleading picture of Morris’s condition by

withholding the reports of Morris’s own treating physicians. See Spangler v. Lockheed Martin

Energy Systems, Inc., 313 F.3d 356, 361-62 (6th Cir. 2002) (“cherry-picking” claimant’s file in hopes

of obtaining a favorable report from a vocational consultant as to the claimant’s ability to work held

arbitrary and capricious). In Spangler, however, the decision to terminate was based solely on a

transferability of skills analysis performed by an expert who had been forwarded a single aberrant

physician’s report. In this case, the vocational consultant was provided with both of the independent

examination reports, along with the report of a reviewing physician considered the most favorable

to Morris of the ten such reports prepared at the behest of the plan. Moreover, the decision to

terminate was not based solely on the EAR, but also on those reviewing physicians’ reports.7

        Morris further contends that the Plan’s decision to terminate his benefits was arbitrary and

capricious because it relied on peer-review physicians who had conflicts of interest stemming from

long-term professional relationships with Broadspire. Morris cites our decision in Kalish v. Liberty

        7
         Additionally, we note that it would make little sense to permit the plan to discount the
reports of a claimant’s treating physicians in favor of those prepared by the plan’s own physicians,
as per Black & Decker, while at the same time requiring it to provide those same materials to the
preparers of “derivative” reports like the EAR.

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No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

Mutual/Liberty Life Assur. co. of Boston, 419 F.3d 501, 507-08 (6th Cir. 2005) for the proposition

that “a plan administrator, in choosing the independent experts who are paid to assess a claim [has]

a clear incentive to contract with individuals who were inclined to find it its favor that [a claimant]

was not entitled to continued [disability] benefits.” In Kalish, however, we also noted that conclusory

allegations of bias with respect to a plan-chosen reviewer, without statistical evidence that the

reviewer consistently opined the claimants were not disabled, could not permit a conclusion that

relying on that reviewer’s opinion was arbitrary and capricious. Id. at 508. Morris seeks to forestall

this objection by averring that a WESTLAW database search identified 30 cases since 2005 in which

Dr. Cohan served as a physician-reviewer for Broadspire, along with various lesser numbers for eight

of the other reviewing physicians. Yet Kalish requires evidence that reviewers consistently opine that

claimants are not disabled, not that they frequently do so. Morris provides no context for his

numbers; we do not know, for example, if Dr. Cohan’s “not disabled” findings account for 30 cases

out of 30 in which he was retained by Broadspire, or 30 out of 300.

       Finally, Morris claims that the Plan was arbitrary and capricious in relying upon peer-review

physicians who made “critical credibility determinations” as to his psychiatric condition without

having evaluated him personally. We have held that whether a doctor has physically examined the

claimant is one factor that may be considered in determining whether a plan administrator acted

arbitrarily and capriciously in giving greater weight to the opinion of its own consulting physician.

Kalish, 419 F.3d at 509. However, “reliance on a file review does not, standing alone, require the

conclusion that [a plan administrator] acted improperly.” Id. Importantly, this is not a situation in

which the reviewing psychiatrists and psychologists are flatly contradicting the conclusions of those

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No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

who examined the patient, nor is it the case that the Plan did not have Morris examined personally.

Dr. Stark, Morris’s treating psychiatrist, consistently indicated that she believed Morris could perform

some “parttime, low-stress work.” Dr. McIntire, the independent psychiatric evaluator, saw Morris

personally and recommended limitations that were taken into account by the EAR. Dr. McIntire’s

observations were also provided to the reviewing psychiatrists who made the final recommendations

to the administrator as to Morris’s psychiatric limitations. Thus, to the extent that the Plan’s

determinations relied upon an accurate assessment of Morris’s credibility, the Plan was not arbitrary

and capricious in relying on recommendations that were based on the in-person evaluation of an

independent medical professional and were not inconsistent with the patient’s own treating

psychiatrist.

                                                  IV

        For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the Plan appears to have put forth a

reasoned explanation based on the evidence for the termination of Morris’s benefits. The opinions

of Morris’s own physicians, to they extent that they supported Morris’s disability claim, were

unsupported by the objective evidence required in the plan document. By contrast, an employability

assessment report that was based on objective evidence, an interview with Morris, and a relatively

claimant-favorable report by a reviewing physician concluded that he could perform certain kinds of

light-duty work. Though we find Broadspire’s failure to address the grounds for Morris’s Social

Security disability award relevant as a matter of law, when weighed in the balance and considered

in context it does not suffice to render the administrator’s decision arbitrary and capricious. The

judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.

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No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

          KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent from the

majority’s conclusion that the decision of Broadspire, the Plan’s administrator, was not arbitrary and

capricious. Most important, similar to its defective rationale described in Bennett v. Kemper National

Services, Inc., 514 F.3d 547 (6th Cir. 2008), Broadspire once again failed to explain why it disagreed

with the Social Security Administration’s disability determination in favor of Morris. We have

observed that a plan administrator’s failure to consider the Social Security disability determination

is a “significant factor” that weighs in favor of finding a plan’s termination of benefits to be arbitrary

and capricious. Glenn v. Metlife (Metro. Life Ins. Co.), 461 F.3d 660, 669 (6th Cir. 2006), aff’d, 554

U.S. 105 (2008); see also Bennett, 514 F.3d at 553-54. Although the Plan here required claimants

to file for Social Security disability benefits and then offset such benefits against Plan benefits,

Broadspire did not discuss in its three denial letters to Morris its reasons (if any) for disagreeing with

the Social Security disability determination. Our decision in Bennett requires that the benefits-denial

letters provide “discussion about why the administrator reached a different conclusion from the SSA”

and rejects the adequacy of “mere mention of the [SSA] decision” as one of many items considered

by the Plan administrator. Id. at 553 n.2. As in Bennett, we should “vacate the judgment of the

district court and remand with instructions to remand to Broadspire for a full and fair review.” Id.

at 556.

          In addition, I believe that on remand some weight should be placed on the conflict of interest

that exists in light of Broadspire’s mission statement that it seeks to help client-employers “contain

costs” and affect their “bottom line.” As in Glenn, the existence of a conflict of interest should be

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No. 08-4412
Morris v. Am. Elec. Power Long-term Disability Plan

weighed as a factor in applying the deferential standard of review when plan administrators are

afforded discretion under the terms of the plan. Glenn, 554 U.S. at ___, 128 S. Ct. 2343, 2350–52.

       Finally on remand Broadspire should assure itself and any future reviewing entities that the

evaluators such as the vocational expert creating the Employability Assessment Report consider all

relevant medical reports, especially including those of treating physicians Dr. Dadmehr and Dr. Stark,

which appear to have been funneled through peer review reports rather than directly provided.

       I respectfully dissent.

                                                - 24 -