Court Opinion

ID: 9913949
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-29 06:05:35.461584+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:09:42.937278
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    December 28, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 361942
                                                                    Isabella Circuit Court
JAMES IAN POKRIEFKA,                                                LC No. 2020-001310-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SWARTZLE and PATEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant was driving a vehicle that was stopped by the police because the vehicle did not
have proper registration on the license plate. After defendant was arrested, a police officer found
knives in defendant’s vehicle, drugs on defendant’s person, and defendant’s urine in the back of
the police car. A jury convicted defendant of carrying a concealed weapon, maliciously destroying
police property, and possessing a controlled substance. We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Mount Pleasant Police Officer Jeffrey Thompson stopped defendant’s vehicle when he
noticed that the vehicle did not have proper registration. Defendant told Officer Thompson that
he did not have a valid license, and defendant was arrested for driving with a suspended license
and driving a vehicle without insurance. Officer Thompson placed defendant in the back of the
police car and searched defendant’s vehicle without a warrant. During the search, Officer
Thompson seized a “hunting style knife” from the center console and “a large double-edged knife”
from the floor on the rear driver’s side of the vehicle.

        When Officer Thompson returned to the police car, he discovered that defendant had
urinated inside the car. A camera captured video of defendant slipping his hands to the front of
his person, unzipping his pants, and urinating on the floor of the vehicle. When Officer Thompson
questioned defendant about the urine in the car, defendant denied that he had urinated and claimed
that the pool of liquid was spit or that Officer Thompson was somehow at fault.

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       Officer Thompson took defendant to the county jail before defendant was transported to
the emergency room because defendant complained of feeling ill. While in the emergency room,
defendant was yelling, kicking equipment, and spitting on the floors and walls. During his tirade,
16 packets of an unknown substance fell out of defendant’s underwear. The Michigan State Police
Crime lab later confirmed that the substance was Suboxone, and the police confirmed that
defendant did not have a valid prescription for that substance.

        Defendant was charged with operating a vehicle on a suspended license, operating a vehicle
without proper insurance, carrying a concealed weapon for the knives that Officer Thompson
found in the car, destruction of police property for urinating in the police car, and possession of a
controlled substance for the Suboxone that was found. The prosecutor dismissed the first two
charges on the grounds that there was not sufficient evidence to establish the elements of the crime.

       During the preliminary examination, the prosecutor questioned Officer Thompson about
the process for cleaning the urine from his police car. Officer Thompson testified that the police
department “went above and beyond” to sanitize the vehicle as well as a special service to
decontaminate the bodily fluids. Additionally, the prosecutor asked about the search of
defendant’s vehicle, and Officer Thompson testified that it was his department’s standard
procedure to conduct an inventory search before a vehicle would be impounded. Further, Officer
Thompson explained that defendant’s car would need to be impounded because it was sitting in
the middle of the road, defendant was going to jail, and the car had no insurance.

        During the subsequent trial, the video of defendant urinating in the police car was played
for the jury. Additionally, Officer Thompson testified that the police car needed to be cleaned
with “special chemicals” to decontaminate the bodily fluids. Defense counsel cross-examined
Officer Thompson about the decontamination, and asked whether cleaning the police car for that
urine was comparable to decontaminating a police car for Covid. The officer explained that the
cleaning exceeded that needed for mere exposure to Covid. The officer further testified that
defendant did inform him that he had to use the bathroom, but the officer did not permit him to do
so prior to taking him to jail. The jury convicted defendant as stated above.

        After the trial, defendant moved for an evidentiary hearing to argue, among other issues,
that his counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge Officer Thompson’s testimony about the
damage to the police car during the trial. The trial court denied defendant’s motion without a
hearing.

       Defendant now appeals.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                            A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Defendant first argues that there was not sufficient evidence to support his conviction of
malicious destruction of police property. “Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence are
reviewed de novo.” People v Wang, 505 Mich 239, 251; 952 NW2d 334 (2020). To evaluate
“defendant’s claim regarding the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court reviews the evidence in a
light most favorable to the prosecutor to determine whether any trier of fact could find the essential
elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quotation marks and citation

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omitted). This “standard of review is deferential: a reviewing court is required to draw all
reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” People v
Gonzalez, 468 Mich 636, 640-641; 664 NW2d 159 (2003) (cleaned up).

        Defendant was convicted of malicious destruction of police property under MCL 750.377b,
which states: “Any person who shall wilfully and maliciously destroy or injure the personal
property of any fire or police department, including the Michigan state police, shall be guilty of a
felony.” A conviction of malicious destruction of police property requires proof of the following
elements: “the defendant did (1) willfully and maliciously destroy or injure, (2) personal property
belonging to the police department.” People v Richardson, 118 Mich App 492, 494; 325 NW2d
419 (1982). “The phrase ‘willfully and maliciously’ means that the defendant committed the act
while knowing it to be wrong and without any just cause or excuse and did it intentionally or with
a conscious disregard of known risk to the property of another.” Id. at 496 (quotation marks and
citation omitted).

        There is no dispute that the police car belonged to the police department. Defendant argues
that there was not sufficient evidence to prove that he injured the police car by urinating in it or
that he did so maliciously. Defendant ignores that the video of him urinating in the police car was
played for the jury and that Officer Thompson testified about the rigorous cleaning process to
remove the urine from the car. This evidence alone is sufficient to allow a reasonable fact-finder
to determine that defendant urinated in the police car willfully and that the urine injured the
property. Furthermore, the video captured defendant lying to Officer Thompson about urinating
in the car. This evidence is sufficient by itself to allow a reasonable fact-finder to determine that
defendant intended to urinate in the police car maliciously because he attempted to cover up the
fact that he had urinated.

        Defendant argues that he told Officer Thompson that he needed to urinate before being put
in the car, and his urination was a result of not being able to control his bodily function. Defendant
also presented that argument to the jury, and the jury rejected it. When drawing all reasonable
inferences in support of the jury verdict, Gonzalez, 468 Mich at 640-641, a jury reasonably could
have concluded that defendant willfully and maliciously injured the police car, People v Kanaan,
278 Mich App 594, 622; 751 NW2d 57 (2008).

                        B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       Next, defendant argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel because
defense counsel did not attempt to impeach Officer Thompson with the preliminary-examination
testimony and did not object to the introduction of evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds.

        Defendant’s right to counsel is guaranteed by the United States and Michigan
Constitutions. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. This right includes the right to the
effective assistance of counsel. People v Cline, 276 Mich App 634, 637; 741 NW2d 563 (2007).
“Whether a defendant has been denied the effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
fact and constitutional law.” People v Solloway, 316 Mich App 174, 187; 891 NW2d 255 (2016).
Defendant moved earlier to remand this matter for an evidentiary hearing alleging, among other
things, that trial counsel was ineffective. This Court denied the motion, so we review defendant’s

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ineffective assistance of counsel claims for errors apparent on the record. See People v Horn, 279
Mich App 31, 38; 755 NW2d 212 (2008).

        To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show that: (1)
defense counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. People v Taylor, 275 Mich App 177, 186; 737 NW2d 790 (2007). Defense counsel’s
performance is deficient if it fell below an objective standard of professional reasonableness.
People v Jordan, 275 Mich App 659, 667; 739 NW2d 706 (2007). Defendant bears a heavy burden
to show that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not performing as guaranteed by the
Sixth Amendment, and defendant must overcome a strong presumption that counsel’s performance
constituted sound trial strategy. People v Carbin, 463 Mich 590, 599-600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001),
citing Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 104 S Ct 2052, 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984); People v
Rockey, 237 Mich App 74, 76-77; 601 NW2d 887 (1999). The performance will be deemed to
have prejudiced the defense if it is reasonably probable that, but for counsel’s error, the result of
the proceeding would have been different. Jordan, 275 Mich App at 667.

         Defendant argues that defense counsel performed unreasonably by failing to impeach
Officer Thompson’s trial testimony regarding the cleaning of the police car with his preliminary-
examination testimony on the same topic. In essence, defendant argues that Officer Thompson’s
earlier testimony that the police department had to go “above and beyond” to clean the car was
inconsistent with his subsequent testimony that “special chemicals” needed to be used to clean the
car.

        Defendant has not shown, however, how Officer Thompson’s testimonies were
inconsistent because in each of Officer Thompson’s testimonies he indicated that the car needed
to be cleaned more than usual. On a fair reading, there is no substantive difference in Officer
Thompson’s testimonies on this topic. Even assuming for the sake of argument that Officer
Thompson’s testimony that the cleaning required “special chemicals” was an exaggeration that
improperly biased the jury, defense counsel cross-examined Officer Thompson to inquire about
the cleaning procedures for Covid contamination.

        There is a strong presumption that defense counsel was effective, People v Vaughn, 491
Mich 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012), and defendant has not provided that defense counsel’s
strategy to compare the decontamination of the police car for the urine with the decontamination
of a police car for Covid was not a sound trial strategy, People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 52;
826 NW2d 136 (2012). Moreover, defendant has not demonstrated how his counsel’s alleged
deficiency affected the jury’s decision to find him guilty after the jury observed a video of him
purposefully urinating in the police car.

        Lastly, defendant argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the search
of his vehicle without a warrant in violation of the Fourth Amendment. “The Fourth Amendment
of the United States Constitution and the analogous provision in Michigan’s Constitution
guarantee the right of the people to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.” People v
Champion, 452 Mich 92, 97; 549 NW2d 849 (1996). “Searches and seizures conducted without a
warrant are unreasonable per se, subject to several specifically established and well-delineated
exceptions.” Id. at 98 (citation omitted).

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        This Court has held that trial counsel’s failure to raise a Fourth Amendment challenge may
constitute deficient performance for the purposes of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
See People v Hughes (On Remand), 339 Mich App 99, 107; 981 NW2d 182 (2021). Where trial
counsel’s failure to litigate a Fourth Amendment claim is the basis of an ineffectiveness challenge,
this Court should consider “whether the violation of defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights entitled
defendant to exclusion” of the evidence in dispute. People v Hughes, 506 Mich 512, 552; 958
NW2d 98 (2020) (cleaned up).

        Defendant argues that the search of his vehicle was not valid under the inventory-search
exception, which permits the police to conduct the search of a vehicle without a warrant before the
vehicle is impounded under police-department policy. People v Toohey, 438 Mich 265, 271; 475
NW2d 16 (1991). “To be constitutional, an inventory search must be conducted in accordance
with established departmental procedures, which all police officers are required to follow, and
must not be used as a pretext for criminal investigation.” Id. at 284. “The legality of [an] inventory
search that follow[s a driver’s] arrest depends in part on whether the car was lawfully impounded.”
People v Poole, 199 Mich App 261, 265; 501 NW2d 265 (1993). A police policy that permits
officers to impound a vehicle that will be left unattended after the driver is arrested is likely a
“reasonable impoundment policy provision.” Toohey, 438 Mich at 286.

       Defendant’s argument is without merit. Officer Thompson testified at the preliminary
examination that it was his department’s “standard procedure” to conduct “an inventory search”
when a vehicle was going to be impounded. Further, Officer Thompson described the
circumstances that led to the vehicle being impounded, and that his department’s policy was that
an inventory search was required to protect the property of all persons involved.

       Officer Thompson’s preliminary-examination testimony was sufficient to show that the
search was valid under the inventory exception. There is no dispute that the vehicle was legally
impounded or that the inventory search was conducted in accordance with the Mount Pleasant
Police Department inventory-search policy. Further, there was no evidence to conclude that the
search was conducted in bad faith.

         Thus, defense counsel did not act ineffectively by failing to challenge the search because
it is not ineffective assistance of counsel to fail to make a futile motion. People v Henry (After
Remand), 305 Mich App 127, 141; 854 NW2d 114 (2014).

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                              /s/ Sima G. Patel

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