Court Opinion

ID: 4695786
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-15 19:19:07.522768+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:37.252380
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                     January 2021 Term                        FILED
                     _______________                       June 15, 2021
                                                              released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                          EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                        No. 19-0890                       SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                               OF WEST VIRGINIA
                      _______________

         TESSA ANN JORDAN and LYNN JORDAN,
               Defendants Below, Petitioners

                              v.

     JOSEPH M. JENKINS and STEPHANIE D. JENKINS,
               Plaintiffs Below, Respondents

________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Circuit Court of Harrison County
        The Honorable Christopher J. McCarthy, Judge
                 Civil Action No. 18-C-65-1

              REVERSED AND REMANDED

________________________________________________________

                           AND
                      _______________

                        No. 19-0899
                      _______________

     SAFECO INSURANCE COMPANY of AMERICA and
       LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
              Defendants Below, Petitioners

                              v.

     JOSEPH M. JENKINS and STEPHANIE D. JENKINS,
               Plaintiffs Below, Respondents
         ________________________________________________________

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Harrison County
                   The Honorable Christopher J. McCarthy, Judge
                            Civil Action No. 18-C-65-1

                  AFFIRMED, IN PART, REVERSED, IN PART,
                             and REMANDED

         ________________________________________________________

                             Submitted: March 23, 2021
                               Filed: June 15, 2021

Ancil G. Ramey. Esq.                      William M. Harter, Esq.
Hannah C. Ramey, Esq.                     Frost Brown Todd, LLC
Steptoe & Johnson, PLLC                   Columbus, Ohio
Huntington, West Virginia                 Carte P. Goodwin, Esq.
                                          Elise N. McQuain, Esq.
David P. Cook Jr., Esq.                   Frost Brown Todd, LLC
MacCorkle Lavender PLLC                   Charleston, West Virginia
Charleston, West Virginia                 Counsel for Petitioners
Counsel for Petitioners                   Safeco Insurance Company
Tessa Ann Jordan &                        of America & Liberty Mutual
Lynn Jordan                               Insurance Company

David J. Romano, Esq.
Romano Law Office, LC
Clarksburg, West Virginia
Counsel for Respondents
Joseph M. Jenkins &
Stephanie D. Jenkins

JUSTICE HUTCHISON delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE WALKER concurs as to No. 19-0899, and dissents as to No. 19-0890, and
reserves the right to file a separate opinion.
JUSTICE WOOTON dissents to Nos. 19-0890 and 19-0899, and reserves the right to file
a separate opinion.
                               SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

               1.     “Although the ruling of a trial court in granting or denying a motion

for a new trial is entitled to great respect and weight, the trial court’s ruling will be reversed

on appeal when it is clear that the trial court has acted under some misapprehension of the

law or the evidence.” Syl. Pt. 4, Sanders v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 159 W. Va. 621, 225

S.E.2d 218 (1976).

               2.     “The appellate standard of review for an order granting or denying a

renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law after trial pursuant to Rule 50(b) of the

West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Fredeking v. Tyler,

224 W.Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16 (2009).

               3.     “When this Court reviews a trial court’s order granting or denying a

renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law after trial under Rule 50(b) of the West

Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998], it is not the task of this Court to review the facts

to determine how it would have ruled on the evidence presented. Instead, its task is to

determine whether the evidence was such that a reasonable trier of fact might have reached

the decision below. Thus, when considering a ruling on a renewed motion for judgment as

a matter of law after trial, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party.” Syl. Pt. 2, Fredeking v. Tyler, 224 W. Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 17 (2009).

                                                i
              4.     “When reviewing an award of punitive damages in accordance with

Syllabus point 5 of Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186 W.Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897

(1991), and Syllabus point 5 of Alkire v. First National Bank of Parsons, 197 W.Va. 122,

475 S.E.2d 122 (1996), this Court will review de novo the jury’s award of punitive

damages and the circuit court’s ruling approving, rejecting, or reducing such award.” Syl.

Pt. 16, Peters v. Rivers Edge Mining, Inc., 224 W.Va. 160, 680 S.E.2d 91 (2009),

superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Martinez v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co.,

239 W. Va. 612, 803 S.E.2d 582 (2017).

              5.     “When personal property is injured the owner may recover the cost

of repairing it, plus his expenses stemming from the injury, including loss of use during

the repair period. If the injury cannot be repaired or the cost of repair would exceed the

property’s market value, then the owner may recover its lost value, plus his expenses

stemming from the injury, including loss of use during the time he has been deprived of

his property.” Syl. Pt. 1, Checker Leasing, Inc. v. Sorbello, 181 W. Va. 199, 382 S.E.2d 36

(1989).

              6.     Where a motor vehicle owner seeks to recover for the loss of use of

his or her destroyed vehicle, the owner may not recover such damages for a period longer

than that reasonably needed to replace it, which shall be determined by the trier of fact

under the facts and circumstances presented.

                                            ii
              7.     “Where evidence of insurance is wrongfully injected at a trial, its

prejudicial effect will be determined by applying the standard set out in Rule 103(a) of the

West Virginia Rules of Evidence. In addition to the possibility that the jurors are already

aware of the existence of insurance, the trial court should consider the relative strength of

each of the parties[’] case or the lack of it, whether the jury was urged by counsel or the

witness to consider insurance in deciding the issue of negligence or damages, whether the

injection of insurance was designed to prejudice the jury, whether the mention of insurance

was in disregard of a previous order, and whether a curative instruction can effectively

dissipate any resulting prejudice.” Syl. Pt. 3, Reed v. Wimmer, 195 W. Va. 208, 465 S.E.2d

208 (1995).

              8.     “The West Virginia Rules of Evidence remain the paramount

authority in determining the admissibility of evidence in circuit courts.” Syl. Pt. 7, in part,

State v. Derr, 192 W. Va. 165, 451 S.E.2d 731 (1994).

              9.     “Rules 402 and 403 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence [1985]

direct the trial judge to admit relevant evidence, but to exclude evidence whose probative

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant.” Syl.

Pt. 4, Gable v. Kroger Co., 186 W. Va. 62, 410 S.E.2d 701 (1991).

              10.    “‘A trial court’s evidentiary rulings, as well as its application of the

Rules of Evidence, are subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.’ Syl. Pt. 4,

                                              iii
State v. Rodoussakis, 204 W. Va. 58, 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998).” Syl. Pt. 3, Roof Service of

Bridgeport, Inc. v. Trent, -- W. Va. --, 854 S.E.2d 302 (2020).

              11.    “‘It is the peculiar and exclusive province of a jury to weigh the

evidence and to resolve questions of fact when the testimony of witnesses regarding them

is conflicting and the finding of the jury upon such facts will not ordinarily be disturbed.’

Syl. Pt. 2, Skeen v. C and G Corp., 155 W. Va. 547, 185 S.E.2d 493 (1971).” Syl. Pt. 5,

Grimmett v. Smith, 238 W. Va. 54, 792 S.E.2d 65 (2016).

              12.    Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(a) [2015], an award of

punitive damages may only occur in a civil action against a defendant if a plaintiff

establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the damages suffered were the result of

the conduct that was carried out by the defendant with actual malice toward the plaintiff or

a conscious, reckless and outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of

others.

              13.    “Under our system for an award and review of punitive damages

awards, there must be: (1) a reasonable constraint on jury discretion; (2) a meaningful and

adequate review by the trial court using well-established principles; and (3) a meaningful

and adequate appellate review, which may occur when an application is made for an

appeal.” Syl. Pt. 2, Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897

(1991).

                                             iv
             14.     “When the trial court instructs the jury on punitive damages, the court

should, at a minimum, carefully explain the factors to be considered in awarding punitive

damages. These factors are as follows:

             (1) Punitive damages should bear a reasonable relationship to
             the harm that is likely to occur from the defendant’s conduct as
             well as to the harm that actually has occurred. If the
             defendant’s actions caused or would likely cause in a similar
             situation only slight harm, the damages should be relatively
             small. If the harm is grievous, the damages should be greater.

             (2) The jury may consider (although the court need not
             specifically instruct on each element if doing so would be
             unfairly prejudicial to the defendant), the reprehensibility of
             the defendant’s conduct. The jury should take into account how
             long the defendant continued in his actions, whether he was
             aware his actions were causing or were likely to cause harm,
             whether he attempted to conceal or cover up his actions or the
             harm caused by them, whether/how often the defendant
             engaged in similar conduct in the past, and whether the
             defendant made reasonable efforts to make amends by offering
             a fair and prompt settlement for the actual harm caused once
             his liability became clear to him.

             (3) If the defendant profited from his wrongful conduct, the
             punitive damages should remove the profit and should be in
             excess of the profit, so that the award discourages future bad
             acts by the defendant.

             (4) As a matter of fundamental fairness, punitive damages
             should bear a reasonable relationship to compensatory
             damages.

             (5) The financial position of the defendant is relevant.”

Syl. Pt. 3, Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991).

                                            v
              15.     “Under our punitive damage jurisprudence, it is imperative that the

amount of the punitive damage award be reviewed in the first instance by the trial court by

applying the model specified in Syllabus Points 3 and 4 of Garnes v. Fleming Landfill,

Inc., 186 W.Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991), and Syllabus Point 15 of TXO Production

Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., 187 W.Va. 457, 419 S.E.2d 870 (1992), aff’d, 509 U.S.

443, 113 S.Ct. 2711, 125 L.Ed.2d 366 (1993). Thereafter, and upon petition, this Court will

review the amount of the punitive damage award, applying the standard specified in

Syllabus Point 5 of Garnes.” Syl. Pt. 5, Alkire v. First National Bank of Parsons, 197 W.

Va. 122, 475 S.E.2d 122 (1996).

              16.     “When the trial court reviews an award of punitive damages, the court

should, at a minimum, consider the factors given to the jury as well as the following

additional factors:

             (1) The costs of the litigation;

             (2) Any criminal sanctions imposed on the defendant for his
             conduct;

             (3) Any other civil actions against the same defendant, based on
             the same conduct; and

             (4) The appropriateness of punitive damages to encourage fair
             and reasonable settlements when a clear wrong has been
             committed. A factor that may justify punitive damages is the
             cost of litigation to the plaintiff.

              Because not all relevant information is available to the jury, it
              is likely that in some cases the jury will make an award that is
              reasonable on the facts as the jury know them, but that will
              require downward adjustment by the trial court through

                                                vi
              remittitur because of factors that would be prejudicial to the
              defendant if admitted at trial, such as criminal sanctions
              imposed or similar lawsuits pending elsewhere against the
              defendant. However, at the option of the defendant, or in the
              sound discretion of the trial court, any of the above factors may
              also be presented to the jury.”

Syl. Pt. 4, Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186 W.Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991).

              17.    “The outer limit of the ratio of punitive damages to compensatory

damages in cases in which the defendant has acted with extreme negligence or wanton

disregard but with no actual intention to cause harm and in which compensatory damages

are neither negligible nor very large is roughly 5 to 1. However, when the defendant has

acted with actual evil intention, much higher ratios are not per se unconstitutional.” Syl.

Pt. 15, TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., 187 W.Va. 457, 419 S.E.2d

870 (1992), aff’d, 509 U.S. 443 (1993).

              18. When a punitive damages award falls within the limitations set forth in

West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c) [2015], the trial court, in the first instance, must apply

the model specified in Syllabus Points 3 and 4 of Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186

W.Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991), and Syllabus Point 15 of TXO Production Corp. v.

Alliance Resources Corp., 187 W.Va. 457, 419 S.E.2d 870 (1992), aff’d, 509 U.S. 443

(1993).

                                             vii
HUTCHISON, Justice:

              Before this Court are two appeals arising from adverse jury verdicts rendered

in separate trials conducted in the Circuit Court of Harrison County following an

automobile accident involving Respondent Joseph Jenkins and Petitioner Tessa Jordan.

The first trial concerned the calculation of damages sustained by Mr. Jenkins and his wife,

Stephanie Jenkins, as a result of the accident, which the parties stipulated was caused

entirely through the fault of Ms. Jordan. Ms. Jordan and her father, Petitioner Lynn Jordan,

raise various trial errors in their appeal of the jury’s calculation of damages (Appeal No.

19-0890).

              Respondents Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins also sued the Jordans’ insurance carrier,

Safeco Insurance Company of America and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company

(collectively “Safeco”), for, inter alia, the tort of conversion, and a second, bifurcated trial

was conducted on respondents’ claims for compensatory and punitive damages. Safeco

appeals the jury’s conclusion that respondents are entitled to punitive damages in the

amount of $60,000 for converting Mr. Jenkins’s totaled vehicle for which he was awarded

$1,000 in compensatory damages (Appeal No. 19-0899).

              Upon our careful review of the appendix record in both appeals, the

applicable law, and the arguments of all parties, and for the reasons set forth below, we

reverse the circuit court’s order denying the Jordans’ motion to set aside the verdict and

for a new trial in Appeal No. 19-0890, and remand that case for a new trial.

                                               1
              In Appeal No. 19-0899, we affirm the circuit court’s order denying Safeco’s

motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial but reverse the court’s

order denying Safeco’s motion to reduce the punitive damages award and remand to the

circuit court, with directions.

                          I. Factual and Procedural Background

              On October 15, 2017, Mr. Jenkins and Ms. Jordan were involved in an

automobile collision in Weston, West Virginia, when Ms. Jordan ran a red light and hit Mr.

Jenkins’s vehicle head on. While Mr. Jenkins was transported to a hospital by ambulance,

his vehicle, a 2009 Chevrolet Aveo, was towed from the accident scene to J.E. Hitt Garage

and Body Shop (“Hitt’s Garage” or “Hitt’s”) located in Weston.

              Because Mr. Jenkins believed that Ms. Jordan was at fault for the accident

given that she had been cited at the scene by law enforcement for failing to stop at a red

signal, he twice called her insurance carrier, Safeco on October 17, 2017, for the purpose
                                                     1

of obtaining a rental vehicle at Safeco’s expense. As a heavy equipment operator, Mr.

Jenkins travels extensively by car for his work and was in need of transportation. Safeco

advised Mr. Jenkins that it would not pay for a rental vehicle until liability was determined

          In their complaint, Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins alleged, upon information and belief, that
       1

Liberty Mutual Insurance Company “is the owner and controls the operations of Defendant
Safeco.” In their Answer, Safeco and Liberty Mutual denied this particular allegation.
Nonetheless, it is clear that these parties are affiliated though the exact nature of the
affiliation is not readily apparent from the record and is not relevant to this appeal.

                                             2
but that Mr. Jenkins could contact his own insurance carrier or pay out-of-pocket for a

rental and then be reimbursed if Ms. Jordan’s liability was established. According to

Safeco’s records, Mr. Jenkins “advised that he might get an attorney involved due to the

way the claim is handled [sic].” Unbeknownst to Mr. Jenkins, on October 19, 2017, Safeco

determined that its insured, Ms. Jordan, was at fault for the collision.
                                                                           2

              With financial assistance from his father, Mr. Jenkins rented a vehicle from

October 17, 2017, through November 2, 2017, for a total of seventeen days, at a rate of

$62.47 per day, and paid the total amount of $1,061.99. Mr. Jenkins purchased a

replacement vehicle in December of 2017.

              Meanwhile, Mr. Jenkins’s wrecked vehicle remained at Hitt’s Garage. It is

undisputed that the vehicle was not to be moved from Hitt’s until it was released by Mr.

Jenkins or his agent.

         Mr. Jenkins testified that, during his conversation with the Safeco representative
       2

on October 17, 2017, he advised that he intended to obtain legal counsel and identified his
trial counsel by name. Mr. Jenkins contacted counsel on or before October 19, 2017, but it
is unclear exactly when counsel was officially engaged for purposes of representing Mr.
Jenkins and communicating with Safeco on Mr. Jenkins’s behalf. Safeco representative,
Aaron Ford, testified that it is Safeco’s policy to communicate directly with counsel once
a claimant indicates that counsel has been retained. Thus, Safeco representatives attempted
to contact Mr. Jenkins’s counsel on October 19, October 23, and October 26, 2017,
although Safeco representatives mistakenly attempted to contact the office of another
attorney who shares the attorney’s last name. Ultimately, in December of 2017, Safeco and
Mr. Jenkins’s counsel engaged in a series of communications for the purpose of verifying
the location of Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle and scheduling an inspection.

                                              3
                Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle was finally inspected at Hitt’s Garage on January 3,

2018, by James B. Conrad of Conrad Claim Service LLC, and an estimate and report was

ultimately sent to Safeco. The vehicle was determined to be a total loss. Mr. Conrad

subsequently forwarded photos of the vehicle and his report to Mr. Jenkins’s counsel.

Thereafter, by letter dated January 15, 2018, approximately three months after the accident,

Safeco advised Mr. Jenkins as follows:

                We understand at this time that you have not yet decided
                whether you intend to retain the salvage of your [vehicle].

                If you decide to keep the vehicle:
                                                     3

                    • Please contact us before January 18, 2018.
                    • To go over the next steps.

                If you decide you do not want to keep the vehicle:

                    • I have set up a tow for our Copart Salvage yard to pick
                      up the vehicle, you will need to release the vehicle with
                      Hitt’s Garage for Safeco Insurance to pick up. Please
                      remove your personal belongs [sic] out of the vehicle.

                               ....

                In order for us to process your claim as quickly as possible, we
                ask that you return your properly signed paperwork [i.e., the
                vehicle’s title and a Power of Attorney] by January 19, 2018.

                If your vehicle is currently accruing storage costs at an auto
                repair facility or tow yard, please be advised that our obligation
                to pay for storage costs will end as of January 18, 2018. Any
                costs incurred after this date will be your responsibility.

           Mr. Jenkins testified that he intended to keep and fix up the vehicle.
       3

                                                4
(Footnote added and emphasis in original). 4

               Mr. Jenkins never released the vehicle. Although Safeco’s correspondence

to Mr. Jenkins was received on January 17, 2018, Mr. Jenkins was out of town for work,

and he did not open the letter until January 22, 2018. By that time, and despite Safeco’s

assurance in the letter that no action with regard to the vehicle would be taken without Mr.

Jenkins’s input, the vehicle had already been moved from Hitt’s. On January 16, 2018,

Safeco had made an assignment to Copart, Inc. (“Copart”) to store Mr. Jenkins’s totaled

vehicle for eventual sale for salvage. According to Safeco, when the assignment was made,

a Safeco claims adjuster advised Copart that she was “unsure” if Mr. Jenkins had released

the vehicle. On January 17, 2018, an employee from Hitt’s Garage advised a Copart

employee that the vehicle had been released, and the following day, a Copart vendor, Scrap

and Transport Company, transported the vehicle from Hitt’s to Copart’s lot in Hurricane,

West Virginia. By correspondence dated January 25, 2019, Safeco advised Mr. Jenkins
              5

that the vehicle had been moved to the Copart lot where it remained up until and including

the time of trial.

       4
        The letter was signed by Safeco claims adjuster Rhonda Rutledge, a named
defendant below.

         The evidence at trial was conflicting as to who released the vehicle to Scrap and
       5

Transport Company. A Hitt’s Garage representative, Russ Edwards, testified that it was a
Safeco representative who advised him that the vehicle had been released. According to
Copart and Safeco business records, however, it was Mr. Edwards who released the
vehicle. The business records also falsely represent that Mr. Jenkins was Safeco’s insured
and that Safeco was the “seller” of Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle

                                               5
                In a complaint filed on March 13, 2018, respondents alleged, as against Ms.

Jordan, negligence/gross negligence in the manner in which she caused her vehicle to strike

Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle head on, causing him to suffer bodily injury and property damage to

his vehicle. As against Ms. Jordan’s father, Lynn Jordan, the Jenkinses alleged that he was

vicariously liable for the acts of Ms. Jordan under the family purpose doctrine. Mrs. Jenkins

alleged a claim for loss of consortium. Respondents and the Jordans eventually entered into

a stipulation that, “as a matter of law, 100% of the fault for the automobile collision” was

that of Ms. Jordan. This stipulation was adopted by the circuit court.

                Respondents also alleged that the Jordans’ insurer, Safeco, and two of its

employees, claims adjusters Sara Abell and Rhonda Rutledge trespassed and converted
                                                          6

Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle without his consent or permission and “mov[ed] it to an unknown

location maintaining control and dominion over his property that they knew did not belong

to them.” Respondents alleged that Safeco’s conduct constituted negligence, gross
         7

negligence, trespass, conversion, theft, the tort of outrage, and a civil conspiracy.

Respondents sought punitive damages from all named defendants.

           Ms. Abell and Ms. Rutledge were subsequently dismissed as party defendants.
       6

        Although Mr. Conrad d/b/a Conrad Claim Service LLC was also named as a
       7

defendant, he was subsequently dismissed from this action.

                                              6
              Prior to trial, Safeco filed a motion “for a separate trial from that against the

Jordans” and “to bifurcate compensatory and punitive damages claims within the separate

trial.” Similarly, the Jordans filed a motion to bifurcate, upon, inter alia, the ground that

they would be prejudiced by the injection of “issues of insurance coverage . . . into the

underlying case.” The Jordans argued that West Virginia Rule of Evidence 411 prohibits

the admission of evidence that a person was insured against liability to prove whether the

person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully; that none of the exceptions to the

inadmissibility of evidence of insurance under Rule 411 exist in this case; and that “the

underlying case is for acts/allegations not remotely related to the insurance company

[d]efendants’ alleged failure to properly handle or adjust Mr. Jenkins’s property damage

claim.” The circuit court granted the motions to bifurcate.

              The first trial, a one-day jury trial on respondents’ claims against the Jordans,

was conducted on April 2, 2019. Because Ms. Jordan’s liability for the accident had been

stipulated by the parties, the trial was limited to the calculation of respondents’ damages.

As against the Jordans, the jury returned a total damages award of $56,928.98 that included

Mr. Jenkins’s medical expenses ($2,970), Mr. Jenkins’s lost wages ($600), the loss of use
                                        8

         We observe that, although the jury awarded Mr. Jenkins his medical expenses as
       8

damages, there was no corresponding demand for damages for Mr. Jenkins’s pain and
suffering. That is, the jury was not instructed on this element of damages nor was there a
specific line item for pain and suffering on the jury verdict form.

                                              7
of Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle ($33,358.98), aggravation and inconvenience 9 ($12,000), and Mrs.

Jenkins’s loss of consortium ($8,000). 10 The Jordans filed a motion to set aside the verdict

and for a new trial based upon various trial errors, which the circuit court denied by order

entered on September 3, 2019.

              The second, bifurcated trial as against Safeco was conducted on April 10 and

11, 2019. Respondents’ theory was that Safeco moved Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle, without his

consent or permission, from Hitt’s Garage in order to reduce Safeco’s costs related to

storing it there and to put pressure on Mr. Jenkins to accept its initial offer of payment for

the loss of his vehicle. During the compensatory phase of the bifurcated trial, respondents,

over Safeco’s objection, introduced evidence that, after Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle was moved,

Safeco made an initial offer to Mr. Jenkins of $2,426.54 for his totaled vehicle; that Mr.

Jenkins countered Safeco’s offer, requesting $3,500 as fair value; that Safeco rejected Mr.

Jenkins’s counter-offer, declaring in an e-mail that the initial offer was “not negotiable”;

and that, after Safeco was served with a copy of the complaint in this case, it increased its

settlement offer to Mr. Jenkins to $3,500. The jury found in favor of respondents on their

       In their briefs on appeal, the parties sometimes refer to this damages award as
       9

“annoyance and inconvenience.” For consistency, we will use “aggravation and
inconvenience” as used on the verdict form.

          Respondents did not seek damages for the destruction of Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle
       10

and, therefore, did not introduce evidence as to the vehicle’s fair market value. We note,
however, that Mr. Jenkins testified during both trials that, in January of 2019, several weeks
prior to trial, Safeco sent him a check in the amount of $3,645.52, but that the check was
not accompanied by any correspondence from Safeco indicating its purpose.

                                              8
conversion claim only 11 and awarded them $1,000 for annoyance and inconvenience. On

the verdict form, the jury specifically found, “by clear and convincing evidence,” that

Safeco acted “with actual malice towards [respondents], or a conscious, reckless and

outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of others.” The second phase of

the bifurcated trial – on respondents’ punitive damages claim – was thereafter conducted

and the jury awarded respondents punitive damages in the amount of $60,000 for Safeco’s

conversion of the vehicle. Safeco filed post-trial motions challenging the punitive damages

award in all respects: Safeco filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict;

alternatively, a motion for a new trial; and also in the alternative, a motion to reduce the

punitive damages award. By orders entered on September 3, 2019, the circuit court denied

Safeco’s motions.

       11
         Conversion is “‘[a]ny distinct act of dominion wrongfully exerted over the
property of another, and in denial of his rights, or inconsistent therewith, . . . and it is not
necessary that the wrongdoer apply the property to his own use.’” Syl. Pt. 17, in part,
Rodgers v. Rodgers, 184 W. Va. 82, 399 S.E.2d 664 (1990) (quoting Syl. Pt. 3, in part,
Pine & Cypress Mfg. Co. v. American Eng’g & Constr. Co., 97 W. Va. 471, 125 S.E.2d
375 (1924)). See also Mountaineer Fire & Rescue Equip., LLC v. City Nat’l Bank of W.
Va., -- W. Va. --, --, 854 S.E.2d 870, 885-86 (2020) (“‘The tortious or unlawful taking of
personal property, and the exercise of ownership and dominion over it, against the consent
of the owner is, in law, a conversion of the property[.]’” quoting Arnold v. Kelly, 4 W. Va.
642 (1871)).

                                               9
              The Jordans and Safeco now appeal the respective orders denying their post-

trial motions. Their appeals were consolidated by this Court for purposes of oral argument,

consideration, and decision. We will consider each appeal in turn.

                                  II. Standards of Review

              These appeals implicate several standards of review. With respect to a circuit

court’s ruling denying a motion for a new trial, we have held: “Although the ruling of a

trial court in granting or denying a motion for a new trial is entitled to great respect and

weight, the trial court’s ruling will be reversed on appeal when it is clear that the trial court

has acted under some misapprehension of the law or the evidence.” Syl. Pt. 4, Sanders v.

Georgia-Pacific Corp., 159 W. Va. 621, 225 S.E.2d 218 (1976). However, a new trial

should not be granted “unless it is reasonably clear that prejudicial error has crept into the

record or that substantial justice has not been done.” In re State Pub. Bldg. Asbestos Litig.,

193 W.Va. 119, 124, 454 S.E.2d 413, 418 (1994) (internal citation omitted). In further

explanation, this Court has held:

                     In reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by
              a circuit court, we apply a two-pronged deferential standard of
              review. We review the rulings of the circuit court concerning a
              new trial and its conclusion as to the existence of reversible
              error under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the
              circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly
              erroneous standard. Questions of law are subject to a de
              novo review.

Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Vance, 207 W.Va. 640, 535 S.E.2d 484 (2000).

                                               10
              As to renewed motions for judgment as a matter of law, “[t]he appellate

standard of review for an order granting or denying a renewed motion for judgment as a

matter of law after trial pursuant to Rule 50(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil

Procedure [1998] is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Fredeking v. Tyler, 224 W.Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16

(2009). The Court explained as follows:

                       When this Court reviews a trial court’s order granting
              or denying a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law
              after trial under Rule 50(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil
              Procedure [1998], it is not the task of this Court to review the
              facts to determine how it would have ruled on the evidence
              presented. Instead, its task is to determine whether the
              evidence was such that a reasonable trier of fact might have
              reached the decision below. Thus, when considering a ruling
              on a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law after
              trial, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable
              to the nonmoving party.

224 W. Va. at 1, 680 S.E.2d at 17, syl. pt. 2. We have also held:

                     In determining whether there is sufficient evidence to
              support a verdict the court should: (1) consider the evidence
              most favorable to the prevailing party; (2) assume that all
              conflicts in the evidence were resolved by the jury in favor of
              the prevailing party; (3) assume as proved all facts which the
              prevailing party’s evidence tends to prove; and (4) give to the
              prevailing party the benefit of all favorable inferences which
              reasonably may be drawn from the facts proved.

Syl. Pt. 5, Orr v. Crowder, 173 W.Va. 335, 315 S.E.2d 593 (1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S.

981 (1984). Finally, as to a ruling denying a motion to reduce a punitive damages award,

we have held that:

              [w]hen reviewing an award of punitive damages in accordance
              with Syllabus point 5 of Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186
              W.Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991), and Syllabus point 5
              of Alkire v. First National Bank of Parsons, 197 W.Va. 122,

                                            11
              475 S.E.2d 122 (1996), this Court will review de novo the
              jury’s award of punitive damages and the circuit court’s ruling
              approving, rejecting, or reducing such award.

Syl. Pt. 16, Peters v. Rivers Edge Mining, Inc., 224 W.Va. 160, 680 S.E.2d 91 (2009),

superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Martinez v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co.,

239 W. Va. 612, 803 S.E.2d 582 (2017). With these standards guiding our review, we

proceed to address the assignments of error raised in these appeals.

                                      III. Discussion

                       The Jordans’ appeal – Appeal No. 19-0890

              In their appeal of the jury verdict following the trial on damages, the Jordans

raise four assignments of error: that the circuit court erred (1) by permitting respondents to

subpoena a corporate representative from Safeco to testify at trial, which was supposed to

be limited to the calculation of damages only; (2) by allowing respondents to recover

duplicative damages for both loss of use and aggravation and inconvenience; (3) by

denying the Jordans’ request for a mitigation of damages instruction relative to

respondents’ loss-of-use claim; and (4) by permitting respondents to introduce an exhibit

that calculated the value of their alleged loss-of-use claim without any evidentiary

predicate.

                                             12
                                  Loss-of-use damages

              We first address the Jordans’ assignment of error that the circuit court erred

by denying their request for a mitigation of damages instruction relative to Mr. Jenkins’s

loss-of-use claim. It is undisputed that, following the accident, Mr. Jenkins rented a

temporary replacement vehicle for seventeen days at a rate of $62.47 per day, for a total

amount of $1,061.99, and that he purchased a permanent replacement vehicle several

weeks later, in December of 2017. However, based upon evidence that Mr. Jenkins’s

damaged vehicle – which was determined to be a total loss – had never been returned to

him, the jury awarded respondents $33,359.98 for the loss of use of the vehicle, an amount

calculated by multiplying the daily rate Mr. Jenkins paid for the rental vehicle ($62.47) by

534 days, which is the number of days from the date of the accident, October 15, 2017, to

the date of trial, April 2, 2019. On appeal, the Jordans contend that the jury should have
                                 12

been instructed that Mr. Jenkins had a duty to mitigate the loss of use of his vehicle and

that the circuit court’s refusal to give their proposed instruction foreclosed them from
                                                                   13

         This calculation was specifically set forth in an exhibit prepared by respondents’
       12

counsel, published to the jury (over the Jordans’ objection) during the testimony of
Safeco’s corporate representative, admitted into evidence, and adopted by the jury in its
loss-of-use damages award. The propriety of that exhibit is the subject of the Jordan’s
fourth assignment of error, which we need not address in light of our conclusion that the
amount of damages awarded for the loss of use of Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle must be reversed.
See discussion infra.

         The Jordans argued that Mr. Jenkins had a duty to mitigate and that “loss of use is
       13

looked at from a reasonable person standard.” They proposed the following jury
instruction, which the circuit court rejected:

                                                                             Continued . . .
                                            13
arguing that Mr. Jenkins, in fact, mitigated his damages when he purchased a permanent

replacement vehicle thereby entitling him to a loss-of-use damage award equal only to what

he paid to rent a vehicle for seventeen days prior to such purchase. The Jordans further

contend that, considering that Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle was valued at $3,500, a loss-of-use

award exceeding $33,000 was manifestly unreasonable.

              Respondents counter that the mitigation instruction proposed by the Jordans

was an incorrect statement of the law and not relevant to the facts in this case because it

failed to provide the jury with any guidance as to what it should “consider in determining

the amount of damages incurred for [r]espondents being deprived of thei[ir] work vehicle

for over 500 days.” They argue that the jury knew that Mr. Jenkins had “obtain[ed] a

replacement vehicle and other facts necessary for [it] to consider and arrive at [its] verdict.”

According to respondents, the jury was properly instructed on loss of use and that an

instruction was given (without objection) that “included informing [it] that Joe Jenkins’[s]

                      The Court instructs the jury that the law requires a party
              to use ordinary care and to make reasonable efforts and
              reasonable expense to lessen the damages he or she would
              otherwise sustain as a result of another’s breach of
              contract/negligence. In other words, an injured party is
              responsible for doing only those things which can be
              accomplished at a reasonable expense and by reasonable
              efforts.

                                              14
loss of use damages and aggravation and inconvenience damages 14 could be reduced based

on the facts as determined by the jury based on all the evidence.” (Footnote added).

         The Jordan’s second assignment of error asserts that the circuit court erred by
       14

allowing respondents to recover damages both for loss of use and aggravation and
inconvenience. They argue on appeal that these damages were duplicative and that the
award for aggravation and inconvenience should have been set aside “on post-trial
motions,” as this Court did in Hardman Trucking, Inc. v. Poling Trucking Co., Inc., 176
W. Va. 575, 346 S.E.2d 551 (1986). First, the Jordans’ reliance on Hardman Trucking is
misplaced if not misleading. In that case, the trial court set aside the $2,000 verdict for
“inconvenience and annoyance” because it found “that the [plaintiff] presented no evidence
of being inconvenienced.” Id. at 581, 346 S.E.2d at 556. For that reason, we declined to
address “the legal question of whether a corporation can recover such damages.” Id.

         Second, despite the Jordans’ representations to the contrary, their post-trial motions
did not assert that the damages awards for loss of use and aggravation and inconvenience
were duplicative and did not seek to have the latter set aside. Furthermore, the Jordans
point to no portion of the record establishing that they otherwise preserved this alleged
error for appellate review. Rather, the Jordans reference a motion for directed verdict, in
which they argued, “Plaintiff obtained a new vehicle in December of 2017. To me, that
caps the loss-of-use damages in the case. . . . And the fact of the matter is there was no loss
of use after he got that vehicle. There was no loss of use after the rental vehicle was
released.” We do not construe this motion as an argument against permitting awards for
both loss of use and aggravation and inconvenience damages. Nor do we believe that it was
intended as such because the Jordans did not object to either the instruction advising the
jury that respondents “are entitled to damages for aggravation and inconvenience caused
or contributed by [the Jordans],” or the verdict form, which included separate line items
(i.e., a breakdown) for loss of use and aggravation and inconvenience damages. Moreover,
during closing argument, the Jordans’ counsel attempted to minimize that element of
damages relative to respondents, stating, “When it comes to the annoyance [sic] and
inconvenience claim, it was minor. I mean, I understand they were frustrated.” We have
instructed that “[a] litigant may not silently acquiesce to an alleged error, or actively
contribute to such error, and then raise that error as a reason for reversal on appeal.” Syl.
Pt. 1, Maples v. W. Virginia Dep’t of Com., Div. of Parks & Recreation, 197 W. Va. 318,
475 S.E.2d 410 (1996). See also Syl. Pt. 1, Estep v. Brewer, 192 W.Va. 511, 453 S.E.2d
345 (1994) (“‘Where objections were not shown to have been made in the trial court, and
the matters concerned were not jurisdictional in character, such objections will not be
considered on appeal.’ Syl. pt. 1, State Road Commission v. Ferguson, 148 W.Va. 742, 137
                                                                                 Continued . . .
                                              15
                 At its core, the issue presented is to what extent Mr. Jenkins may recover for

the loss of use of his destroyed vehicle. We have long recognized that

                 [w]hen personal property is injured the owner may recover the
                 cost of repairing it, plus his expenses stemming from the
                 injury, including loss of use during the repair period. If the
                 injury cannot be repaired or the cost of repair would exceed
                 the property’s market value, then the owner may recover
                 its lost value, plus his expenses stemming from the injury,
                 including loss of use during the time he has been deprived of
                 his property.

Syl. Pt. 1, Checker Leasing, Inc. v. Sorbello, 181 W. Va. 199, 382 S.E.2d 36 (1989)

(emphasis added). See also Syl. Pt. 1, Ellis v. King, 184 W. Va. 227, 400 S.E.2d 235 (1990).

This rule is consistent with “the modern trend” that “the owner of personal property that

has been totally destroyed may recover loss-of-use damages in addition to the fair market

value of the property immediately before the injury.” 15 J & D Towing, LLC v. American

Alt. Ins. Corp., 478 S.W.3d 649, 676 (Texas 2016). See also Long v. McAllister, 319

N.W.2d 256 (Iowa 1982) (collecting cases). 16

S.E.2d 206 (1964).”). Accordingly, we consider this assignment of error to be waived and
decline to address it.

            In this case, Mr. Jenkins did not seek to recover the fair market value of his vehicle.
       15

          We observe that, unlike West Virginia, some jurisdictions distinguish between a
       16

damaged vehicle that is repairable and a vehicle that is beyond repair for purposes of loss
of use, allowing for the recovery of such damages in the case of the former but not the
latter. See generally Annotation, Recovery for Loss of Use of Motor Vehicle Damaged or
Destroyed 18 A.L.R. 3d 497 (1968).

                                                 16
             The parties generally agree that the basic measure of damages for loss of use

is the fair rental value of a replacement vehicle. See McCormick v. Allstate Ins. Co., 197

W. Va. 415, 428, 475 S.E.2d 507, 520 (1996) (citing O’Dell v. McKenzie, 150 W.Va. 346,

145 S.E.2d 388 (1965)). Courts that have addressed to what extent the owner of a destroyed

vehicle may recover loss-of-use damages have generally concluded that an owner may not

recover such damages for a period longer than that reasonably needed to replace the

destroyed property. In other words, the owner must mitigate the damages. We agree.

             In J & D Towing, the Supreme Court of Texas explained that,

             [a]s with all consequential damages, the availability of loss-of-
             use damages is necessarily circumscribed by commonsense
             rules. To begin with, the damages claimed may not be “too
             remote.” This is not to say they must be “the usual result of the
             wrong,” but they must be foreseeable and directly traceable to
             the tortious act. The damages also must not be speculative.
             Although mathematical exactness is not required, the evidence
             offered must rise above the level of pure conjecture. Moreover,
             the damages may not be awarded for an unreasonably long
             period of lost use. Whether framed as a duty of mitigation or a
             doctrine of avoidable consequences, the principle is the same:
             A plaintiff may not recover loss-of-use damages for a period
             longer than that reasonably needed to replace the personal
             property. That principle compels a plaintiff’s diligence in
             remedying his loss and deters an opportunistic plaintiff from
             dilly-dallying at the expense of the defendant. After all, the role
             of actual damages is to place the plaintiff in
             his rightful position, not the position he wishes to acquire.

478 S.W.3d at 677 (emphasis added and footnotes omitted).

             The Supreme Court of Hawaii has instructed that, as a general matter, loss-

of-use damages should be “limited to the period of time reasonably necessary to obtain a

                                             17
replacement (if the property is completely destroyed or cannot be returned by repair to its

previous condition),” and further, that “the reasonableness of the period of time that the

plaintiff claims he or she was deprived of the property, including whether the plaintiff

reasonably could have mitigated the damages in some manner” should be considered under

“the totality of the circumstances.” Fukida v. Hon/Hawaii Service & Repair, 33 P.3d 204,

211 (Hawaii 2001). See also Straka Trucking, Inc. v. Estate of Peterson, 989 P.2d 1181,

1183, 1184 (Wash. Ct. App. 1999) (stating that a claim for loss-of-use damages “is subject

to normal requirements . . . on mitigation of damages” and ordering, on remand, that the

plaintiff “has the burden of proving the reasonableness of the period of time for which it

claims loss of use”).

              In Bartlett v. Garrett, a New Jersey case that involved a plaintiff whose

parked vehicle was a total loss after it was struck by the defendant’s vehicle, the court

concluded that “[w]here the need for a substitute vehicle is clearly established and where

such vehicle is actually procured for a reasonable time, a plaintiff is entitled to recover for

out-of-pocket expenses in renting the substitute vehicle[.]” 325 A.2d 866, 867 (N.J. Super.

1974). The court in Bartlett found that the “plaintiff established both her [n]eed for a car

during the 2 ½-week period between the date of the accident and the date on which a

replacement vehicle was purchased, and the [r]easonableness of this period.” Id. The

evidence of “reasonableness” in that case included that the plaintiff was elderly and lived

in a community without public transportation; that the loss occurred on December 21 and

she needed transportation during the holiday season; and that she sought to purchase a used

                                              18
economical vehicle. See id. Given this evidence, the court concluded that two-and-one-half

weeks “was not an unreasonable amount of time for her to seek, find, finance and have

delivered a replacement vehicle.” Id. at 868.

              Other jurisdictions are in accord, concluding that the owner of a destroyed

vehicle may recover damages for loss of use, which is “the reasonable value of the loss of

use of the property for the reasonable amount of time required to obtain a suitable

replacement.” Chlopek v. Schmall, 396 N.W.2d 103, 110 (Neb. 1986). See also Ex parte S

& M, LLC, 120 So.3d 509, 516 (Ala. 2012) (where damaged vehicle is beyond repair,

“reasonable loss-of-use damages” are recoverable “during the time reasonably required to

procure a suitable replacement vehicle”); Allanson v. Cummings, 439 N.Y.S.2d 545, 548

(N.Y. App. Div. 1981) (plaintiff whose vehicle was totally destroyed may “recover

damages for the loss of the destroyed vehicle’s use which is the reasonable rental value of

a substitute vehicle for a reasonable period of time until a replacement can be made”); and

Washington v. Lake City Beverage, Inc., 352 So.2d 717, 722 (La. App. 1977) (where

wrecked vehicle is not repairable, damages for loss of use of the vehicle “are recoverable

only for a reasonable time, that period in which he owner becomes aware of the situation

and secures a replacement therefor”).

              We believe these cases to be in keeping with our “‘general rule [that] a person

whose property is endangered or injured must use reasonable care to mitigate the damages;

but such person is only required to protect himself from the injurious consequence of the

wrongful act by the exercise of ordinary effort and care and moderate expense.’” Hardman

                                             19
Trucking, Inc. v. Poling Trucking Co., 176 W. Va. 575, 579, 346 S.E.2d 551, 555 (1986)

(quoting Oresta v. Romano Bros., Inc., 137 W. Va. 633, 650, 73 S.E.2d 622, 632 (1952)).

See also id. (stating that “a vehicle owner might lessen his damages by renting a

replacement” and would then be entitled to recover “‘the amount it would have cost him to

replace the vehicle by renting one in its stead’” (quoting Somerville v. Dellosa, 133 W. Va.

435, 445-46, 56 S.E.2d 756, 763 (1949)).

              We hold, therefore, that where a motor vehicle owner seeks to recover for

the loss of use of his or her destroyed vehicle, the owner may not recover such damages

for a period longer than that reasonably needed to replace it, which shall be determined by

the trier of fact under the facts and circumstances presented. Because the jury should have
                                                              17

been instructed on Mr. Jenkins’s duty to mitigate the loss of use of his vehicle, we must

reverse the jury’s verdict and remand this case for a new trial on respondents’ claim for

damages against the Jordans.

          We are aware that a vehicle owner may elect to cope with the loss of use of his or
       17

her vehicle by some means other than renting a temporary replacement vehicle and then
purchasing a permanent replacement vehicle, in which case courts have recognized that it
may be “more difficult to place a monetary value upon the value of the [loss of] use of the
car to the [owner].” Kim v. Amer. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 501 N.W.2d 24, 28 (Wisc. 1993).
Nonetheless, the “[owner] is entitled to receive as damages such sum as will compensate
for the loss of use of the [destroyed] vehicle.” Id. See also Hellenbrand v. Hilliard, 687
N.W.2d 37, 47 (Wisc. Ct. App. 2004) (noting that “the owner of a damaged vehicle . . . is
free to choose how to deal with loss of use and, if the owner seeks loss-of-use damages, it
is up to a factfinder to determine the monetary value of the loss of use”). The question of
what other action taken by an owner of a destroyed vehicle may (or may not) be a measure
of loss of use and thus be recoverable is not now before us because Mr. Jenkins chose to
and did rent a temporary replacement vehicle and then purchase a permanent one.

                                            20
                       Evidence of insurance and alleged bad faith

              Finally, we briefly address the Jordans’ remaining assignment of error, in

which they argue that the circuit court erred by permitting respondents to subpoena

Safeco’s corporate representative, Aaron Ford, to testify at their trial on damages. As noted

above, the Jordans moved to bifurcate their trial from that of Safeco based upon their

concern that they would be prejudiced by the injection of “issues of insurance coverage”;

that Rule 411 prohibits the admission of such evidence; that none of the exceptions to the

inadmissibility of evidence of insurance under Rule 411 were present in the case; and that

the trial on the calculation of respondents’ damages as caused by the Jordans was not

related to respondents’ allegations that Safeco handled the settlement of Mr. Jenkins’s

claim improperly. Despite granting the Jordans’ motion to bifurcate, the circuit court

permitted respondents to subpoena Mr. Ford to testify to “any and all facts, details and

reasons regarding the [Safeco] Defendants’ conduct and actions in this matter regarding

[respondents’] claims” and “[a]ny and all facts or information that would explain any of

[the Safeco] Defendants’ actions or conduct in this claim at any time[.]”

              In that we have already determined that a new trial on damages is warranted,

we need not delve deeply into this issue except to say that the evidence of insurance should

have been excluded under Rule 411. The rule provides:

                      Evidence that a person was or was not insured against
              liability is not admissible to prove whether the person acted
              negligently or otherwise wrongfully. But the court may admit
              this evidence for another purpose, such as proving a witness’s

                                             21
              bias or prejudice or, if controverted, proving agency,
              ownership, or control. This evidence may be admissible
              against a party that places in controversy the issues of the
              party’s poverty, inability to pay, or financial status.

Id.

       Our review of the appendix record reveals that the narrow purposes for which

evidence of insurance may be admitted under Rule 411 (i.e., witness bias or prejudice;

agency, ownership, or control; or a party’s poverty, inability to pay, or financial status)

were not, nor claimed to be, present in this case. Nonetheless, Mr. Ford was questioned

extensively concerning Safeco’s delay in communicating with Mr. Jenkins after the

accident and its decision not to provide Mr. Jenkins with a rental vehicle after it determined

that its insured, Ms. Jordan, was at fault for the accident. To be clear, the evidence of

insurance introduced at the trial on damages was not a mere mention of its existence nor

was it raised in a manner that was likely harmless. See Reed v. Wimmer, 195 W. Va. 199,

208, 465 S.E.2d 199, 208 (1995). Even a cursory review of the appendix record

demonstrates that the contrary was true. And, if there was any question as to the prominent

and highly prejudicial role that Mr. Ford’s testimony played at what should have been a

straightforward trial on respondents’ damages, the jury itself answered it by asking the

circuit court during its deliberations, “Why are the defendants on trial for a lawsuit when

we feel it should be the insurance company[?]”

              In syllabus point three of Reed, we instructed that,

              [w]here evidence of insurance is wrongfully injected at a trial,
              its prejudicial effect will be determined by applying the

                                             22
              standard set out in Rule 103(a) of the West Virginia Rules of
              Evidence. In addition to the possibility that the jurors are
              already aware of the existence of insurance, the trial court
              should consider the relative strength of each of the parties[’]
              case or the lack of it, whether the jury was urged by counsel or
              the witness to consider insurance in deciding the issue of
              negligence or damages, whether the injection of insurance was
              designed to prejudice the jury, whether the mention of
              insurance was in disregard of a previous order, and whether a
              curative instruction can effectively dissipate any resulting
              prejudice.

       195 W. Va. at 208, 465 S.E.2d at 208.

              Here, Mr. Jordan and Ms. Jordan both testified to having no knowledge

concerning whether Safeco paid Mr. Jenkins for his vehicle or furnished him with a rental

vehicle. In our view, respondents’ purpose of thereafter eliciting extensive testimony from

Mr. Ford concerning Safeco’s conduct relative to Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle was to urge the

jury to consider insurance in deciding respondents’ damages and to otherwise prejudice the

jury, purposes that are expressly prohibited under Reed.

              We are further of the belief that, in the context of an action for damages

against an at-fault driver, respondents sought to recover damages from the driver’s

insurance carrier for its perceived bad faith in settling Mr. Jenkins’s claim – specifically,

the failure to provide Mr. Jenkins with a rental vehicle. Thus, in addition to violating Rule

411, the eliciting of Mr. Ford’s testimony for the purpose of weighing respondents’ loss of

use damages was, at its core, an effort to recover for Safeco’s alleged unfair claims

settlement practice relative to Mr. Jenkins’s damaged vehicle. However, statutory third-

party claims for bad faith settlement practices are expressly prohibited under West Virginia

                                             23
law. See W. Va. Code § 33-11-4a(a) (2005) (“A third-party claimant may not bring a

private cause of action or any other action against any person for an unfair claims

settlement practice. . . . A third-party claimant may not include allegations of unfair claims

settlement practices in any underlying litigation against an insured.”). See also State ex
                                                                          18

rel. Nationwide Ins. Co. v. Kaufman, 222 W. Va. 237, 244 n.8, 658 S.E.2d 728, 735 n.8

(2008). Likewise, West Virginia does not recognize a third-party claim against an

insurance carrier for the common law breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing or for common law breach of fiduciary duty. See Syl., Elmore v. State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co., 202 W. Va. 430, 504 S.E.2d 893 (1998). 19

         “A third-party claimant’s sole remedy against a person for an unfair claims
       18

settlement practice or the bad faith settlement of a claim is the filing of an administrative
complaint with the Commissioner in accordance with [West Virginia Code 33-11-4a(b)].”
W. Va. Code § 33-11-4a(a), in part. See also 114 CS.R. § 76-1 through -9 (effective April
27, 2006).

            We have explained that
       19

                the common law duty of good faith and fair dealing in
                insurance cases under our law runs between insurers and
                insureds and is based on the existence of a contractual
                relationship. In the absence of such a relationship there is
                simply nothing to support a common law duty of good faith
                and fair dealing on the part of insurance carriers toward third-
                party claimants.

Elmore v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 202 W. Va. 430, 434, 504 S.E.2d 893, 897
(1998).

                                              24
                 We strongly caution that the trial on remand should take a different, more

direct path. Respondents’ claim against Ms. Jordan and her father was for damages that

respondents sustained as the result of Ms. Jordan’s negligent operation of her vehicle when

it collided with Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle. Respondents’ claimed damages were for medical

expenses, lost wages, loss of use of the vehicle, aggravation and inconvenience, and Mrs.

Jenkins’s loss of consortium, which respondents were required to prove by a preponderance

of the evidence. In a run-of-the-mill car wreck case such as this one, such damages cannot

be proven with evidence that the at-fault driver’s insurance carrier was mean, nasty, or

unfair in settling or adjusting the injured party’s claim. Simply put, at the trial following

remand, respondents should not be permitted to make an end run around the law prohibiting

third-party bad faith claims. Therefore, we caution that evidence of the Jordans’ insurance

and of Safeco’s alleged bad faith in the settlement of Mr. Jenkins’s claim should be

excluded.

                            Safeco’s Appeal – Appeal No. 19-0899

                 We now turn to Safeco’s appeal of the punitive damages awarded to

respondents for its conversion of Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle. Safeco argues that the circuit
                                                        20

court erred in denying its post-trial motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and

for a new trial relative to punitive damages and motion to reduce the punitive damages

awarded. It asserts that (1) the evidence at trial did not satisfy the “clear and convincing”

            Safeco does not appeal the jury’s finding that it converted Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle.
       20

                                               25
legal standard required for an award of punitive damages; (2) alternatively, the punitive

damages verdict was against the clear weight of the evidence and was based upon “claim

handling” evidence improperly admitted during the compensatory phase of the trial; and

(3) also in the alternative, the punitive damages award was excessive and should have been

significantly reduced.

                     Evidence supporting a punitive damages award

              Though raised in the alternative, Safeco’s first two assignments of error

include issues that are related, and so we will address them together. Safeco argues that the

circuit court erred in admitting evidence of Safeco’s alleged failure to use good faith in the

settlement of Mr. Jenkins’s claim for damage to his vehicle caused by Safeco’s insured.

Safeco contends that not only was this evidence not relevant to respondents’ conversion

claim because it occurred after the vehicle was converted, but also, for reasons similar to

those previously discussed in connection with the Jordans’ appeal, it was evidence of

“claim handling” and, thus, inadmissible. In that same vein, Safeco argues that Mr.

Jenkins’s testimony concerning Safeco’s refusal to “even negotiate on the price with me,”

and argument by respondents’ counsel that “instead of negotiating or paying it or whatever,

we’re talking a thousand dollars difference, they told him that the amount they thought it

was worth was non-negotiable, take it or leave it,” at its core, was “impermissibly

‘dress[ing] a bad faith claim up as something else’ and ‘using this to say Safeco acted in

bad faith,’ not ‘Safeco stole the car[.]’” According to Safeco, Mr. Jenkins’s testimony that

                                             26
Safeco’s alleged failure to use good faith in the settlement of his claim “made him feel

angry, frustrated and taken advantage of” should have been excluded.

                 Further, Safeco argues that, in the absence of this inadmissible evidence, the

jury’s finding that it acted “with actual malice toward [respondents], or a conscious,

reckless and outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of others” was not

proven by clear and convincing evidence, the required legal standard. Safeco argues that,

at best, the “dubious string of mistakes” concerning who authorized the vehicle to be

moved upon which the jury found conversion does not equate to “clear and convincing

evidence” of “actual malice” or “a conscious, reckless and outrageous indifference to the

health, safety and welfare of others” for purposes of awarding punitive damages.

                 Respondents counter that there was clear and convincing evidence presented

at trial to support an award of punitive damages against Safeco for the conversion of Mr.

Jenkins’s vehicle, and that, in this Court’s appellate review, though plenary, it is bound to

view the evidence at trial in the light most favorable to the Jenkins to “determine whether

the evidence was such that a reasonable trier of fact might have reached the decision” to

award punitive damages. Respondents argue that evidence of Safeco’s alleged bad faith
                       21

in the settlement of his claim was relevant to their intentional tort claims of trespass and

conversion – that is, evidence of “how they did it and why they did it, including conduct

that may be characterized as claims handling, is relevant to prove the case, especially when

            Fredeking, 224 W. Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16, syl. pt. 2.
       21

                                               27
scienter and state of mind . . . [were] necessary and relevant requirement[s] for

[r]espondents to prove for entitlement to punitive damages[.]” Further, respondents

contend that the rules of evidence, rather than West Virginia Code § 33-11-4a, “control

what evidence is relevant and probative for admission purposes.”

              We agree with respondents. First, the evidence of Safeco’s conduct in the

settling of Mr. Jenkins’s property damage claim was, under the particular facts of this case,

relevant to prove Safeco’s motives in converting the vehicle for purposes of demonstrating

that respondents were entitled to an award of punitive damages. The theory of respondents’

case was that Safeco arranged for Mr. Jenkins’s vehicle to be removed from Hitt’s Garage

in order to put a stop to the storage costs that Safeco was obliged to pay and to pressure

Mr. Jenkins into accepting Safeco’s offer of settlement for the vehicle. We have no

hesitation in concluding that Safeco’s conversion of the vehicle, for which respondents had

a legitimate claim, occurred in connection with Safeco’s conduct in the settlement of Mr.

Jenkins’s property damage claim for that same vehicle.

              Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to respondents, in its

January 15, 2017, letter to Mr. Jenkins, Safeco advised that it had “set up a tow . . . to pick

up the vehicle” “[i]f you decide you do not want to keep the vehicle[.]” (Emphasis added).

However, before Mr. Jenkins had the opportunity to inform Safeco that he wished to keep

the vehicle, Safeco released it, had it transported 120 miles away without Mr. Jenkins’s

consent or knowledge so that Safeco would no longer be responsible for paying the cost of

storing it, and then did not tell Mr. Jenkins for another eight days. Importantly, the January

                                              28
15, 2017, letter included Safeco’s initial (low) offer of settlement for the damaged vehicle.

The fact that Mr. Jenkins did not open the letter (and learn of the settlement offer) until

after the vehicle was converted is of no moment and does not render that portion of the

letter irrelevant to Mr. Jenkins’s claim that Safeco acted with ill motives when it wrongfully

took his vehicle and then never returned, or offered to return, it to him. Clearly, the

evidence of Safeco’s “claim handling” was intertwined with the evidence relating to the

conversion.

              We have held that “[t]he West Virginia Rules of Evidence remain the

paramount authority in determining the admissibility of evidence in circuit courts.” Syl. Pt.

7, in part, State v. Derr, 192 W. Va. 165, 451 S.E.2d 731 (1994). Further, “Rules 402 and

403 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence [1985] direct the trial judge to

admit relevant evidence, but to exclude evidence whose probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant.” Syl. Pt. 4, Gable v. Kroger

Co., 186 W. Va. 62, 410 S.E.2d 701 (1991). The evidence about which Safeco complains

– including Safeco’s post-conversion conduct relative to the settlement of Mr. Jenkins’s

property damage claim – was, under the unique facts of this case, relevant to show the jury

that Safeco acted with “actual malice” towards Mr. Jenkins or with a “conscious, reckless

and outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of others” such that punitive

damages were warranted. See W. Va. Code § 55-7-29(a) [2015]. Simply put, the jury was
                                                            22

         As will be discussed infra, West Virginia Code § 55-7-29 [2015], “[l]imitations
       22

on punitive damages,” was enacted in 2015. Subsection (a) clarifies the type of conduct
                                                                          Continued . . .
                                             29
entitled to hear the full story surrounding Safeco’s wrongful taking of the vehicle. “‘A trial

court’s evidentiary rulings, as well as its application of the Rules of Evidence, are subject

to review under an abuse of discretion standard.’ Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Rodoussakis, 204 W.

Va. 58, 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998).” Syl. Pt. 3, Roof Service of Bridgeport, Inc. v. Trent, -- W.

Va. --, 854 S.E.2d 302 (2020). Accordingly, we do not find that the circuit court abused its

discretion in admitting this evidence during the compensatory phase of the trial.

              Next, Safeco argues that respondents failed to establish, by clear and

convincing evidence, that the damages they suffered were the result of conduct carried out

by Safeco with “actual malice” towards Mr. Jenkins or with a “conscious, reckless and

outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of others.” W. Va. Code 55-7-

29(a). Safeco contends that the evidence of conversion presented at trial showed that it did

not move, or hire the company that moved, the vehicle; that both Safeco’s and Copart’s

business records indicated that Safeco was uncertain whether Mr. Jenkins had released the

vehicle for transport; and that it was a representative from Hitt’s Garage (and not Safeco)

who released the vehicle. According to Safeco, this evidence fails to meet the requisite

legal standard of proof for the entitlement of punitive damages.

              We find no error. As a threshold matter, Safeco’s arguments presuppose that

evidence of its conduct relative to the settlement of Mr. Jenkins’s damaged vehicle should

that warrants consideration of punitive damages and also modifies the requisite standard of
proof.

                                             30
not be considered for purposes of determining whether respondents met the requisite

standard of proof for a punitive damages award. However, we have established that this

evidence was relevant to prove Safeco’s malevolent motives for removing the vehicle and

then never returning, or offering to return, it. The jury was thus entitled to weigh this

evidence. Additionally, the jury heard evidence that Safeco advised Mr. Jenkins that it

would not move the vehicle without first hearing from him as to whether he intended to

keep it but then moved it without his permission or knowledge. Safeco waited more than a

week to inform him that his vehicle was no longer at Hitt’s Garage. And, although Safeco

characterizes the events leading up to the conversion as simply a string of mistakes or

misunderstandings, the jury also heard evidence that Safeco attempted to shift the blame

to other actors, even going so far as to falsify business records to further that narrative.
                                                                                               23

“Credibility determinations are the prerogative of the jury and not an appellate court.

Moreover, on review, this Court will not weigh evidence. Our review, conducted on a cold

record, is not a tool to replace the finding of the jury with our own judgment.” State v.

Vilela, 238 W. Va. 11, 36, 792 S.E.2d 22, 25 (2016). We have held that “‘[i]t is the peculiar

and exclusive province of a jury to weigh the evidence and to resolve questions of fact

when the testimony of witnesses regarding them is conflicting and the finding of the jury

upon such facts will not ordinarily be disturbed.’ Syl. Pt. 2, Skeen v. C and G Corp., 155

            See n.5, supra.
       23

                                             31
W. Va. 547, 185 S.E.2d 493 (1971).” Syl. Pt. 5, Grimmett v. Smith, 238 W. Va. 54, 792

S.E.2d 65 (2016).

                 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to respondents, we will not

disturb the jury’s finding that Safeco acted with actual malice or a conscious, reckless, and

outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of others. We, therefore, affirm

the circuit court’s order denying Safeco’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict

and for a new trial.

            Excessiveness of punitive damages award and W.Va. Code § 55-7-29 [2015]

                 Finally, we turn to the question of whether the circuit court erred in failing

to grant Safeco’s motion to reduce the $60,000 punitive damage award. Relevant to this

assignment of error is West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c), which was enacted in 2015 but

which we have not yet had an occasion to consider. Before we address Safeco’s argument

that the punitive damages award was excessive and should have been substantially reduced,

we will generally review the statute in tandem with our case law on punitive damages up

to this point.

                 West Virginia Code § 55-7-29, “[l]imitations on punitive damages,”
                                                                                             24

provides:

                 (a) An award of punitive damages may only occur in a civil
                 action against a defendant if a plaintiff establishes by clear and

          We do not address the question of whether West Virginia Code § 55-7-29 is
       24

constitutional because the issue is not presently before us.

                                                32
              convincing evidence that the damages suffered were the result
              of the conduct that was carried out by the defendant with actual
              malice toward the plaintiff or a conscious, reckless and
              outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of
              others.

              (b) Any civil action tried before a jury involving punitive
              damages may, upon request of any defendant, be conducted in
              a bifurcated trial in accordance with the following guidelines:
                                                                              25

              (1) In the first stage of a bifurcated trial, the jury shall
              determine liability for compensatory damages and the amount
              of compensatory damages, if any.

              (2) If the jury finds during the first stage of a bifurcated trial
              that a defendant is liable for compensatory damages, then the
              court shall determine whether sufficient evidence exists to
              proceed with a consideration of punitive damages.

              (3) If the court finds that sufficient evidence exists to proceed
              with a consideration of punitive damages, the same jury shall
              determine if a defendant is liable for punitive damages in the
              second stage of a bifurcated trial and may award such damages.

              (4) If the jury returns an award for punitive damages that
              exceeds the amounts allowed under subsection (c) of this
              section, the court shall reduce any such award to comply with
              the limitations set forth therein.

              (c) The amount of punitive damages that may be awarded in a
              civil action may not exceed the greater of four times the
              amount of compensatory damages or $500,000, whichever is
              greater.

(Footnote added).

          We need not discuss the pretrial procedural step of bifurcation at length. On its
       25

face, it does not materially change what has traditionally been a trial court’s discretionary
authority “to order a separate trial of any claim” or “of any separate issue or of any number
of claims” “in furtherance of convenience or to avoid prejudice, or when separate trials will
be conducive to expedition and economy[.]” W. Va. R. Civ. P. 42(a). See State ex rel.
Tinsman v. Hott, 188 W. Va. 349, 424 S.E.2d 584 (1992).

                                             33
                As previously noted, West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(a) pertains to the type of

conduct that is required to justify an award of punitive damages. See Syl. Pt. 7, in part,

Alkire v. First Nat. Bank of Parsons, 197 W. Va. 122, 475 S.E.2d 122 (1996) (“Our punitive

damage jurisprudence includes a two-step paradigm: first, a determination of whether the

conduct of an actor toward another person entitles that person to a punitive damage award

. . . ; second, if a punitive damage award is justified, then a review is mandated to determine

if the punitive damage award is excessive . . . .” (emphasis in original)).

                West Virginia’s long history of punitive damages began with this Court’s

decision in Mayer v. Frobe, 26 which characterized that conduct as follows: “[i]n actions of

tort, where gross fraud, malice, oppression, or wanton, willful, or reckless conduct or

criminal indifference to civil obligations affecting the rights of others appear, . . . the jury

may assess exemplary, punitive, or vindictive damages; these terms being synonymous.”

Id. at Syl. Pt. 4. See Raines v. Faulkner, 131 W. Va. 10, 17, 48 S.E.2d 393, 397 (1947)

(where a defendant’s conduct was “willfully committed with such reckless, wanton and

criminal indifference and disregard of plaintiff’s rights[,] . . . the jury could infer malice

therefrom, as a basis for allowing punitive damages”). We later expanded “the punitive

damages definition of malice . . . to include not only mean-spirited conduct, but also

extremely negligent conduct that is likely to cause harm.” TXO Prod. Corp. v. Alliance

Res. Corp., 187 W. Va. 457, 474, 419 S.E.2d 870, 887 (1992), aff’d, 509 U.S. 443 (1993).

            40 W. Va. 246, 22 S.E. 58 (1895).
       26

                                                34
              However, with the enactment of West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(a), the

Legislature clarified the type of conduct for which a plaintiff may recover punitive damages

as “conduct that was carried out by the defendant with actual malice toward the plaintiff or

a conscious, reckless and outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of

others.” And, whereas previously, under our caselaw, a plaintiff needed only to prove an

entitlement to punitive damages by “a preponderance of the evidence,” West Virginia Code

§ 55-7-29(a) now requires that it be proved “by clear and convincing evidence.” 27 Id. Given

this modification of both the type of conduct for which a jury may assess punitive damages

and the requisite standard of proof therefor, we now hold that, pursuant to West Virginia

Code § 55-7-29(a), an award of punitive damages may only occur in a civil action against

a defendant if a plaintiff establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the damages

suffered were the result of the conduct that was carried out by the defendant with actual

         Requiring “a preponderance of the evidence” standard of proof was consistent
       27

with the standard of proof required in most civil cases. See Goodwin v. Thomas, 184 W.
Va. 611, 403 S.E.2d 13 (1991); Mutafis v. Erie Ins. Exch., 174 W. Va. 660, 674 n.15, 328
S.E.2d 675, 689 n.15 (1985). See also Campbell v. Boston Scientific Corp., 882 F.3d 70,
81 (4th Cir. 2018) (holding that “a correct statement of West Virginia [punitive damages]
law at the time of trial” was that “[v]arious trial courts in West Virginia had applied the
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard, and the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals
had affirmed such decisions”). With West Virginia Code 55-7-29(a), the Legislature has
imposed a more stringent “clear and convincing” standard of proof. “‘“[C]lear and
convincing” is the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the factfinder
a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established. It should be the
highest possible standard of civil proof.’” Brown v. Gobble, 196 W. Va. 559, 564, 474
S.E.2d 489, 494 (1996) (quoting Wheeling Dollar Sav. & Trust Co. v. Singer, 162 W. Va.
502, 510, 250 S.E.2d 369, 374 (1978) (internal citation omitted)).

                                             35
malice toward the plaintiff or a conscious, reckless and outrageous indifference to the

health, safety and welfare of others.

                In this case, following the close of the evidence in the compensatory phase

of the trial, the jury was instructed consistent with West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(a), and,

similarly, the verdict form included a special interrogatory:

                       Do you find, by clear and convincing evidence that
                damages suffered by Plaintiffs were the result of Defendants
                Liberty Mutual and/or Safeco’s conduct that was done with
                actual malice toward the Plaintiffs, or a conscious, reckless and
                outrageous indifference to the health, safety and welfare of
                others?

Because the jury answered this question in the affirmative, 28 the bifurcated trial proceeded

into the punitive damages phase and, upon its conclusion, the jury awarded respondents

$60,000 in such damages. This leads us to consider Safeco’s argument that the punitive

damages award was excessive and that the trial court should have reduced the it.

                Subsection (c) of West Virginia Code § 55-7-29 provides:

                (c) The amount of punitive damages that may be awarded in a
                civil action may not exceed the greater of four times the
                amount of compensatory damages or $500,000, whichever is
                greater.

                Safeco argues that its motion to reduce the punitive damages award should

have been granted because respondents’ evidence did not support an award that was sixty

            See discussion supra.
       28

                                               36
times the compensatory award of $1,000 under the factors established by this Court in

Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc. and its progeny. In denying Safeco’s motion, the circuit
                                  29

court determined that West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c), rather than the Garnes factors,

applies, and that “the punitive damage award was within the parameters of the statute[.]”

The court concluded that because the jury’s punitive damage award of $60,000 did not

exceed the limitations set forth in the statute, a reduction was not warranted. Safeco argues

that the circuit court’s conclusion that West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c) completely

eliminates the analysis of a punitive damage award under Garnes and TXO is incorrect,

pointing to several cases decided after the 2015 statute was enacted that determined that

Garnes was still relevant to the excessiveness analysis. 30

                Respondents argue that the circuit court correctly applied the plain and

unambiguous language of West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c). They contend that “whether

the compensatory damages are $1.00 or $124,999.99, the punitive damages can be up to

$500,000.00 without violating the statute[,]” and, “if four times the compensatory damages

are greater than $500,000.00, then it can exceed that minimum cap . . . as [$500,000.00] is

the floor or minimum . . . and not a ceiling.” In support of this argument, respondents rely

            186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991).
       29

                See Knight v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm., Inc., 323 F.Supp.3d 837 (S.D.
                30

W.Va. 2018); Lunsford v. Shy, 234 W. Va. 175, 842 S.E.2d 728 (2020); Brozik v. Parmer,
No. 18-1004, 2017 WL 65475 (W. Va. Jan. 6, 2017) (memorandum decision); State ex rel.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Cramer, 237 W. Va. 60, 785 S.E.2d 257 (2016); Richard
H. v. Rachel B., 2019 WL 6998331 (W. Va. Dec. 20, 2019) (memorandum decision).

                                             37
on Jersey Subs, Inc. v. Sodexo America, LLC, No. 1:18cv1191, 2019 WL 208882 (N.D. W.

Va. 2019), where the court was tasked with determining whether the “amount in

controversy” requirement for purposes of diversity jurisdiction was satisfied. The court

observed that it could consider the plaintiff’s “good faith claim for punitive damages in

[its] calculation of the amount in controversy.” Id. at *3 (internal citation omitted). Finding

that “[i]n West Virginia, punitive damages may be awarded in amounts up to $500,000 or

four (4) times compensatory damages, whichever is greater[,] W. Va. Code 55-7-29(c)[,]”

the court concluded that “[c]onsidering the minimum cap on claims for punitive damages

is $500,000 and [p]laintiffs’ demand for reputational harm is $20,000, the amount in

controversy is satisfied.” Id. According to respondents, Jersey Subs “established a floor

that an award of $500,000 is authorized by the Statute regardless of the amount awarded

for compensatory damages” and the phrase “‘whichever is greater,’” as used in the statute,

“establishes the amount that is both [c]onstitutional and statutorily available in any case

where punitive damages are returned.” 31

              Prior to the enactment of West Virginia Code § 55-7-29, this Court authored

a string of decisions that have provided guidance to both juries and courts in the awarding

and post-trial review of punitive damages because, “[w]hile States possess discretion over

         We can easily exclude respondents’ wholesale reliance on Jersey Subs as a
       31

legitimate basis for this argument because that case cannot be read so broadly. Jersey Subs
looked to West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c) for the singular and very narrow question of
whether the court had jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ claims, a question far from
considering whether a jury’s award of punitive damages was excessive.

                                              38
the imposition of punitive damages, it is well established that there are procedural and

substantive constitutional limitations on these awards.” 32 In syllabus point two of Garnes,

we followed the dictates of the United States Supreme Court 33 and established that,

                 [u]nder our system for an award and review of punitive
                 damages awards, there must be: (1) a reasonable constraint on
                 jury discretion; (2) a meaningful and adequate review by the
                 trial court using well-established principles; and (3) a
                 meaningful and adequate appellate review, which may occur
                 when an application is made for an appeal.

186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897. We then set out factors that a jury should be instructed

to consider in making a punitive damages award. In syllabus point three of Garnes, we

held:

                 When the trial court instructs the jury on punitive damages, the
                 court should, at a minimum, carefully explain the factors to be
                 considered in awarding punitive damages. These factors are as
                 follows:

                 (1) Punitive damages should bear a reasonable relationship to
                 the harm that is likely to occur from the defendant’s conduct as
                 well as to the harm that actually has occurred. If the
                 defendant’s actions caused or would likely cause in a similar
                 situation only slight harm, the damages should be relatively
                 small. If the harm is grievous, the damages should be greater.

                 (2) The jury may consider (although the court need not
                 specifically instruct on each element if doing so would be

        State Farm Mutual Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 416 (2003) (citing
        32

BMW of North America, Incorporated v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996); Honda Motor Corp.
v. Oberg, 512 U.S. 415 (1994); TXO, supra; Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S.
1 (1991)).

             See Haslip, supra.
        33

                                               39
             unfairly prejudicial to the defendant), the reprehensibility of
             the defendant’s conduct. The jury should take into account how
             long the defendant continued in his actions, whether he was
             aware his actions were causing or were likely to cause harm,
             whether he attempted to conceal or cover up his actions or the
             harm caused by them, whether/how often the defendant
             engaged in similar conduct in the past, and whether the
             defendant made reasonable efforts to make amends by offering
             a fair and prompt settlement for the actual harm caused once
             his liability became clear to him.

             (3) If the defendant profited from his wrongful conduct, the
             punitive damages should remove the profit and should be in
             excess of the profit, so that the award discourages future bad
             acts by the defendant.

             (4) As a matter of fundamental fairness, punitive damages
             should bear a reasonable relationship to compensatory
             damages.

             (5) The financial position of the defendant is relevant. 34

(Footnote added).

             It is the post-trial review of a punitive damages award – in light of West

Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c) – that is at issue in Safeco’s appeal. After a jury returns a

punitive damages award, Garnes requires that the trial court make a “meaningful and

adequate review” of the award. As we reiterated in Alkire,

                   [u]nder our punitive damage jurisprudence, it is
             imperative that the amount of the punitive damage award be
             reviewed in the first instance by the trial court by applying the
             model specified in Syllabus Points 3 and 4 of Garnes v.
             Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186 W.Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991),

          We observe that, in this case, the jury was properly instructed on the Garnes
      34

factors following the punitive damages phase of the bifurcated trial.

                                            40
              and Syllabus Point 15 of TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance
              Resources Corp., 187 W.Va. 457, 419 S.E.2d 870
              (1992), aff’d, 509 U.S. 443, 113 S.Ct. 2711, 125 L.Ed.2d 366
              (1993). Thereafter, and upon petition, this Court will review
              the amount of the punitive damage award, applying the
              standard specified in Syllabus Point 5 of Garnes.

197 W. Va. at 124–25, 475 S.E.2d at 124–25, syl. pt. 5. See also Garnes, 186 W. Va. at

658, 413 S.E.2d at 899, syl. pt. 2.

              Under the Alkire outline, the trial court must review the aggravating evidence

supporting the punitive damages award, as set out in syllabus point three of Garnes (and

as previously set forth herein), and, in addition, any mitigating factors that might permit it

to reduce the amount of the award. See also Syl. Pt. 7 and 8, Perrine v. E.I. duPont de

Nemours, Inc., 225 W. Va. 482, 694 S.E.2d 815 (2010). Those factors are set forth in

syllabus point four of Garnes as follows:

              When the trial court reviews an award of punitive damages, the
              court should, at a minimum, consider the factors given to the
              jury as well as the following additional factors:

              (1) The costs of the litigation;

              (2) Any criminal sanctions imposed on the defendant for his
                  conduct;

              (3) Any other civil actions against the same defendant, based
                  on the same conduct; and

              (4) The appropriateness of punitive damages to encourage fair
                  and reasonable settlements when a clear wrong has been
                  committed. A factor that may justify punitive damages is
                  the cost of litigation to the plaintiff.

                                                 41
                 Because not all relevant information is available to the jury, it
                 is likely that in some cases the jury will make an award that is
                 reasonable on the facts as the jury know them, but that will
                 require downward adjustment by the trial court through
                 remittitur because of factors that would be prejudicial to the
                 defendant if admitted at trial, such as criminal sanctions
                 imposed or similar lawsuits pending elsewhere against the
                 defendant. However, at the option of the defendant, or in the
                 sound discretion of the trial court, any of the above factors may
                 also be presented to the jury.

186 W.Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897.
                                    35

                 Additionally, Alkire instructs that the trial court must then review the amount

of the punitive damages award for excessiveness under syllabus point fifteen of TXO 36:

                        The outer limit of the ratio of punitive damages to
                 compensatory damages in cases in which the defendant has
                 acted with extreme negligence or wanton disregard but with no
                 actual intention to cause harm and in which compensatory
                 damages are neither negligible nor very large is roughly 5 to 1.

         In BMW, the United States Supreme Court instructed that “[e]lementary notions
       35

of fairness enshrined in our constitutional jurisprudence dictate that a person receive fair
notice not only of the conduct that will subject him to punishment, but also of the severity
of the penalty that a State may impose.” 517 U.S. at 574. BMW offered three guideposts to
use when examining whether an award is excessive under the Due Process Clause: (1) “the
degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct”; (2) the ratio of punitive damages
“to the actual harm inflicted on the plaintiff”; and (3) a comparison “of the punitive
damages award and the civil or criminal penalties that could be imposed for comparable
misconduct.” Id. at 575-83. In Vandevender v. Sheetz, 200 W. Va. 591, 598, 605, 490
S.E.2d 678, 685, 692 (1997), we clarified that BMW’s “guideposts” are “merely reiterations
of factors previously[ ]adopted by this Court and the United States Supreme Court” and
that the case “does not depart from existing law regarding punitive damages.” 200 W. Va.
591, 605, 490 S.E.2d 678, 692.

            See Alkire, 197 W. Va. at 125, 475 S.E.2d at 125, syl. pt. 5.
       36

                                                42
              However, when the defendant has acted with actual evil
              intention, much higher ratios are not per se unconstitutional.

187 W. Va. at 461, 419 S.E.2d at 874.

              At issue in this appeal is whether the circuit court was required to examine

the punitive damages award by applying the model specified in Garnes and TXO and as

required by Alkire. Safeco contends that West Virginia Code § 55-7-29 does not eliminate

the requirement that the punitive damages award be reviewed to determine if it complies

with constitutional due process principles particularly where, here, the award was sixty

times the compensatory award, an amount Safeco maintains is excessive. Respondents

counter that the Garnes and TXO analyses no longer apply and that West Virginia Code §

55-7-29(c) dictates that the $60,000 punitive damages award must be summarily upheld

because it is less than the statute’s “minimum cap” of $500,000 and, effectively, is

reasonable per se.

              A punitive damages award that falls within “a statutory cap provides strong

evidence that a defendant’s due process rights have not been violated.” Romano v. U-Haul

Int’l, 233 F.3d 655, 673 (1st Cir. 2000); see also Golson v. Green Tree Financial Servicing

Corp., No. 00-2365, 2002 WL 27104 (4th Cir. 2002); EEOC v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 187

F.3d 1241, 1249 (10th Cir. 1999). Nonetheless, “[i]t is conceivable that even awards

conferred upon a carefully crafted statutory scheme governing punitive damages fail to

comport with due process.” Arizona v. ASARCO LLC, 773 F.3d 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 2014).

Thus, even where a punitive damages award is within the limitations specifically prescribed

                                            43
by statute, courts have been required to conduct a judicial review of the award to determine

whether the award is excessive or within federal constitutional boundaries. See E.E.O.C. v.

Autozone, Inc., 707 F.3d 824, 838 (7th Cir. 2013) (reviewing court analyzed $200,000

punitive damages award, which had been reduced from $500,000 to comply with statutory

cap, under BMW “three guideposts” framework); see also Golson, 2002 WL 27104, at *5;

Romano, 233 F.3d at 674; Wal-Mart Stores, 187 F.3d at 1249; Lopez v. Aramark Uniform

& Career Apparel, 426 F.Supp.2d 914 (N.D. Iowa 2006); T.P. v. Weiss, 990 N.E.2d 1098

(Ohio Ct. App. 2013).

                We reiterate that the guidelines set forth in Garnes and TXO provide “both

procedural and substantive due process to defendants against whom punitive damages are

awarded in accordance” with directives from the United States Supreme Court. TXO, 187

W. Va. at 474, 419 S.E.2d at 887. Therefore, even where a punitive damages award falls

within the limitations set forth in West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c), we do not stray from

the charge that the circuit court must view the award “against [the] host of factors intended

to assure that ‘the discretion [with which punitive damages are awarded] is exercised within

reasonable constraints, [and] due process is satisfied.’” 37 An analysis under the Garnes and

TXO factors insures that the punitive damages awarded are “‘reasonable in their amount

and rational in light of their purpose to punish what has occurred and to deter its

            Vandevender, 200 W. Va. at 690, 490 S.E.2d at 603 (quoting Haslip, 499 U.S. at
       37

20).

                                             44
repetition.’” Accordingly, we hold that when a punitive damages award falls within the
               38

limitations set forth in West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(c), the trial court, in the first instance,

must apply the model specified in Syllabus Points 3 and 4 of Garnes v. Fleming Landfill

and Syllabus Point 15 of TXO. We therefore remand this matter to the circuit court so that

it may review the punitive damages award for excessiveness under the guidelines set forth

in Garnes and TXO.
                           39

            Id. (quoting Haslip, 499 U.S. at 21).
       38

            In Vandevender, we observed:
       39

                            In syllabus point fifteen of TXO[,] we distinguished
                    between conduct that demonstrates “extreme negligence or
                    wanton disregard” and conduct that evinces an “actual
                    intention to cause harm.” 187 W.Va. at 461, 419 S.E.2d at 874.
                    The significance of that distinction was our formulation of an
                    outer limit of five to one with regard to the ratio of punitives to
                    compensatory damages in cases that fall into the first
                    category—that is, those cases in which the defendant’s conduct
                    registers on the scale of extreme negligence or wanton
                    disregard. Id. Only in those cases where the defendant can be
                    shown to have actually intended to cause harm is the ratio of
                    punitives to compensatories permitted to climb higher without
                    “rais[ing] a suspicious judicial eyebrow.” TXO, 509 U.S. at
                    481, 113 S.Ct. at 2732 (O’Connor, J., dissenting).

200 W. Va. at 604, 490 S.E.2d at 691.

               In a similar vein, West Virginia Code 55-7-29(a) makes a distinction between
conduct carried out with “actual malice toward the plaintiff” and “a conscious, reckless
and outrageous indifference to the health, safety, and welfare of others” – either being
sufficient to warrant a punitive damages award. In this case, the jury answered a special
interrogatory that concluded that respondents’ damages “were the result of Defendants
Liberty Mutual and/or Safeco’s conduct that was done with actual malice toward the
Plaintiffs, or a conscious, reckless and outrageous indifference to the health, safety and
                                                                              Continued . . .
                                                    45
                                     IV. Conclusion

              For the reasons set forth above, in Appeal No. 19-0890, the circuit court’s

order denying the Jordans’ motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial is reversed,

and that case is remanded for a new trial. In Appeal No. 19-0899, the circuit court’s order

denying Safeco’s motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial are

affirmed. However, the order denying Safeco’s motion to reduce the punitive damages

award is reversed, and that case is remanded for the circuit court to conduct an

excessiveness analysis under the guidelines set forth in Garnes and TXO.

                                          Appeal No. 19-0890 – Reversed and Remanded.

                                          Appeal No. 19-0899 – Affirmed, in part,
                                          Reversed, in part, and Remanded, with
                                          directions.

welfare of others[.]” While the jury was not required to make a distinction between the two
categories of conduct provided for in West Virginia Code § 55-7-29(a), on remand, the
circuit court must determine which category Safeco’s conduct fell into for the purpose of
evaluating the excessiveness of the punitive damages award under TXO.

                                            46