Court Opinion

ID: 4618546
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:38:52.202893+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:29.985850
License: Public Domain

BUFFALO EAGLE MINES, INC., PETITIONER v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Buffalo Eagle Mines, Inc. v. CommissionerDocket No. 70190.United States Board of Tax Appeals37 B.T.A. 843; 1938 BTA LEXIS 977; May 13, 1938, Promulgated 1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*977  Petitioner, having acquired a fully equipped and operating coal property in exchange for stock and an agreement to pay 10 cents a gross ton on all coal produced, paid $23,308.41 during the taxable period pursuant to its agreement.  Held, petitioner's payment, being an operating expense based on production, is deductible as royalty, or as an ordinary and necessary business expense within the meaning of section 23(a), Revenue Act of 1928; held, further, the contractual liability of petitioner was not a scheme devised to distribute corporate earnings under the guise of royalty payments.  E. L. Hogsett, Esq., for the petitioner.  P. M. Clark, Esq., and S. B. Pierson, Esq., for the respondent.  ARNOLD 37 B.T.A. 843">*843  This proceeding involves income taxes and a fraud penalty totaling $6,259.12 for the taxable period January 21 to December 31, 1929, inclusive.  The Commissioner determined a deficiency of $4,172.75 and a fraud penalty of $2,086.37.  The petitioner sets forth allegations of error lettered (a) to (k), inclusive.  All of these allegations of error, except the one hereinafter mentioned, have been disposed of by the following stipulation1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*978  of the parties: The parties herein stipulate and agree that the adjusted net income in this proceeding is $29,259.74, instead of $37,934.12, as set forth in the notice of deficiency for the taxable year 1929.  Included in the amount of $29,259.74 is the amount of $23,308.41 of royalties claimed as deductions by the petitioner in its return in said year, and disallowed by the respondent in the notice of deficiency.  37 B.T.A. 843">*844  Petitioner's right to deduct the amount of $23,308.41 is the sole issue remaining, as the respondent stated at the hearing he waived the fraud issue and withdrew the allegation of fraud.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner is a West Virginia corporation, organized on or about January 22, 1929, with its principal office and place of business at Braeholm, West Virginia.  During the taxable period it was engaged in mining and shipping coal.  The property upon which the petitioner was operating was acquired under the circumstances hereinafter related.  Under date of October 23, 1912, the Altizer Coal Land Co. leased to the Avon Coal Co. 1,109.06 acres of land for a stated consideration of $5 and the performance of the terms, conditions, covenants, and stipulations1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*979  contained in the "Deed of Lease." It is stated in the lease that the lessor, "reserving as rent the royalties hereinafter mentioned, doth let and lease to the Avon Coal Company", the "sole and exclusive right and privilege of mining coal and manufacturing coke from the veins or seams of coal in * * *" the above acreage for a period of 40 years, with the privilege of renewing for a further period of 40 years upon the same terms, stipulations, and conditions.  The lessee covenanted and agreed to pay the lessor "as rental for said premises", royalties of 10 cents a gross ton for each and every ton of run-of-mine coal, and to pay 15 cents a gross ton for each and every ton of coke manufactured on the premises.  A yearly minimum royalty, amounting to $6 per acre in 1929, was provided for, regardless of whether the coal mined in any one year equaled that amount.  Under date of October 27, 1913, the Avon Coal Co. assigned its interest in the above lease, with the written consent of the lessor, to P. J. Riley, as trustee for himself and nine other individuals, in consideration of $8,000 and the assumption of the rent due and other charges accruing under the lease.  Under date of April 26, 1916, P. 1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*980  J. Riley, trustee, assigned the lease to the Buffalo Eagle Colliery Co., hereinafter referred to as the Colliery Co., which assignment was consented to by the Altizer Coal Land Co.  Under date of August 1, 1916, the Altizer Coal Land Co. modified its original lease, by including certain lands which had been excluded from the original lease, in consideration of the payment of $100 a year "rent", which was stated to be in addition to any and all royalties paid upon coal mined as set out and specified in the lease of October 23, 1912.  Under date of March 31, 1922, the Colliery Co. acquired the sole and exclusive privilege and right of mining and removing the coal underlying 5.61 acres of land upon a royalty of 10 cents a ton plus $150 per month for the rental of the premises and the improvements thereon.  37 B.T.A. 843">*845  Upon these leases the Colliery Co. built or placed sidetracks, tipples, headhouse, mining track, power lines, powerhouse, some 120 dwelling houses, a club house, a store building and office building, 8 electric locomotives, 300 mine cars, supplies, and equipment, and opened, equipped, and operated coal mines up to January 20, 1929.  The total book value of these investments1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*981  of the Colliery Co. was $465,658.07.  On or about January 7, 1929, the collector of internal revenue for the district of West Virginia seized all the property of the Colliery Co. under three warrants of distraint for the nonpayment of United States internal revenue taxes duly assessed and unpaid.  The property was advertised for sale at public auction on January 21, 1929.  On that date the entire property and assets of the Colliery Co. were sold at public auction and were purchased by Joseph Lemkuhl for $31,000 cash.  The stockholders of the Colliery Co. at the date of sale were P. J. Riley, Catherine B. Riley, and John R. Simpson.  In purchasing the property and assets of the Colliery Co., Joseph Lemkuhl was acting for P. J. Riley, Catherine B. Riley, and John R. Simpson.  Following his purchase on January 21, 1929, Lemkuhl brought about the organization and incorporation of the petitioner.  After petitioner was organized, Lemkuhl offered, in writing, to "sell, transfer and convey" all the property formerly owned by the Colliery Co. in consideration of 1,995 "shares of the no par value capital stock of your company to be issued to me, fully paid and non-assessable, and for the1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*982  further payment to me of Ten Cents (10??) per gross ton on the production of Buffalo Eagle Mines, Inc., payable quarterly." On January 24, 1929, Lemkuhl's proposition was duly accepted by the then stockholders and directors of the petitioner, and petitioner's officers were instructed to take the necessary legal steps to secure the property, to issue its stock to Lemkuhl, and "to pay quarterly on the production of this company tne cents (10??) per gross ton." Thereupon Lemkuhl executed a "Deed of Transfer and Conveyance" to the petitioner, dated January 24, 1929, which recites that "for and in consideration of" 1,995 shares of petitioner's stock, "and certain other good and valuable considerations", Lemkuhl "has bargained and sold and by these presents doth grant, transfer and convey" the leases, chattels, and property therein listed, being the property acquired by Lemkuhl at public auction on January 21, 1929.  At the same time, January 24, 1929, the petitioner executed an agreement with Lemkuhl which recites the transfer and conveyance to petitioner of all that certain property and assets acquired by Lemkuhl in consideration for petitioner's stock and a "change of 37 B.T.A. 843">*846  ten1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*983  cents per gross ton quarterly on the production of said company"; and agrees that petitioner "will pay to said Joseph Lemkuhl, quarterly, the sum of ten cents per gross ton on the production of" this company.  The stock held by Lemkuhl and the payments which he was to receive under the contract of January 24, 1929, actually belonged to P. J. Riley, Catherine B. Riley, and John R. Simpson.  On its tax return for the period here involved the petitioner reported gross income of $337,321.21 and total deductions of $340,449.50.  Petitioner claimed no deduction for depletion, but deducted as "Rent on Business Property - Royalty" the sum of $46,616.82.  This item included $23,308.41 paid or credited to Lemkuhl under the agreement of January 24, 1929.  The respondent refused to allow the deduction for the reason that the payment was not an ordinary and necessary expense, and because "these royalties were credited to Joseph Lemkuhl but were in fact paid to J. C. Riley." OPINION.  ARNOLD: Part of the $46,616.82 payment made by petitioner was made pursuant to the terms of the Altizer lease, and part thereof was pursuant to the agreement between petitioner and its assignor, Lemkuhl Each1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*984  of these instruments obligated the petitioner to pay 10 cents a ton upon coal produced.  The lease expressly characterizes the payments of 10 cents a ton therein provided for as royalties or rents, and there is no dispute between the parties as to the tax significance of the payments to the original lessors.  The petitioner has deducted them as "Rent on Business Property - Royalty", and the respondent has allowed the deduction.  The Lemkuhl agreement makes no attempt to characterize the payments therein provided for.  The agreement, after reciting that Lemkuhl has "sold, transferred and conveyed" the properties to petitioner, contains an outright promise to pay 10 cents per gross ton on the production of the company.  The petitioner has treated the payments made thereunder as being in the same category as the payments made under the Altizer lease.  Compare C. H. Mead Coal Co., 31 %.b.t.a./ 190, where advance royalties were held to constitute income of the lessor.  The respondent contends that the payments made to Lemkuhl were expenditures for the acquisition of capital assets, or represented a distribution of the profits of the corporation.  Whether the disputed payments are1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*985  deductible depends upon the nature of the obligation created.  An analysis of the agreement in the light of all the surrounding facts and circumstances should indicate the nature of the obligation, from which we can determine whether the aggregate 37 B.T.A. 843">*847  payment was an ordinary and necessary business expense, a capital expenditure, or a plan devised to distribute profits of the corporation in the guise of royalty payments.  At the hearing the parties stipulated that "the amount of $23,308.41 of royalties", which is here in question, was included in the adjusted net income, as stipulated, of $29,259.74.  We do not understand that the parties have stipulated that $23,308.41 is, as a matter of fact, a payment of "royalty." Furthermore, the opening statements of counsel and the statements in their briefs, which referred to the total amount paid under the Lumkuhl agreement as royalty, does not preclude us from a determination of the legal significance of the transaction between Lemkuhl and the petitioner.  When Lemkuhl purchased the Colliery assets at the tax sale he acquired all of the right, title, and interest that the Colliery Co. had in the lease and in the improvements and1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*986  equipment used in mining the coal.  If Lemkuhl had elected to operate the properties, individually, he would have had the same legal and economic interests with respect to the remaining coal in place as the original lessee.  That is to say, Lemkuhl acquired by his purchase the unexpired term of the original lease, which gave the owner of the lease the exclusive possession of and the right to mine and remove the remaining coal in place upon payment of certain rentals or royalties.  We think it beyond question that Lemkuhl's purchase gave him property rights which would have been subject to depletion if he had individually operated the property.  Palmer v. Bender,287 U.S. 551">287 U.S. 551; Thomas v. Perkins,301 U.S. 655">301 U.S. 655; Bankers Pocahontas Coal Co. v. Burnet,287 U.S. 308">287 U.S. 308; Holly Development Co. v. Commissioner (C.C.A., 9th Cir.), 93 Fed.(2d) 146; Commissioner v. Jamison Coal & Coke Co. (C.C.A., 3d Cir.), 67 Fed.(2d) 342: Strother v. Commissionr (C.C.A., 4th Cir.), 55 Fed.(2d) 626; affd., 1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*987 Strother v. Burnet,287 U.S. 314">287 U.S. 314. Cf. Helvering v. Elbe Oil Land Development Co.,302 U.S. 677">302 U.S. 677, affirming 34 B.T.A. 333">34 B.T.A. 333. Lemkuhl, however, did not elect to operate the coal properties in any capacity.  He caused the petitioner to be created, offered the properties acquired to it, and upon acceptance of his offer transferred the property rights so acquired to petitioner, subject to a continuing charge of 10 cents per gross ton on each ton of coal mined.  Lemkuhl thereby retained an interest in each and every ton of coal in the ground, for which he was to receive 10 cents for each ton mined.  If there was no production, there was no obligation to pay Lemkuhl.  The obligation to pay and the amount due were equally contingent upon the exercise of the right to exploit and remove the coal.  This was no less true of the payments to be made under the original lease, except for minimum royalties, and if the 37 B.T.A. 843">*848  one is admittedly royalties, and deductible from gross income, we think the other falls in the same category.  The respondent relies upon the reasoning in our decision in 1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*988 Comar Oil Co.,24 B.T.A. 688">24 B.T.A. 688; affd., Comar Oil Co. v. Burnet, 64 Fed.(2d) 965; certiorari denied, 290 U.S. 652">290 U.S. 652. In that case certainn oil and gas leases were transferred to the Comar Oil Co. in consideration of stated sums of money, which sums were payable partly in cash and partly out of oil and gas as produced from the leased property.  The deferred payments out of oil produced were claimed to be rentals or royalties for the use of the property.  The Board held that the deferred payments out of oil and gas were not royalties, but were capital transactions.  In the course of our opinion we said (p. 691): * * * The terms of the various assignments of leases effected absolute conveyances to the petitioner of the entire interests owned by the respective assignors, none of whom made any reservation of royalties.  A royalty, as to minerals, is a rent reserved.  Here, the grantor sold and the petitioner bought mineral rights for definite, fixed considerations which were to be met, in part, by deferred payments out of minerals if, as, and when produced from the leased lands.  Such payments in our opinion do not constitute rentals or royalties1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*989  for the use of the property.  We cited in support of our decision Mrs, J. C. Pugh, Sr., Executrix,17 B.T.A. 429">17 B.T.A. 429; affd., Pugh v. Commissioner, 49 Fed.(2d) 76; certiorari denied, 284 U.S. 642">284 U.S. 642; L. T. Waller,16 B.T.A. 574">16 B.T.A. 574; affd., Waller v. Commissioner, 40 Fed.(2d) 892; Lena Brown,24 B.T.A. 30">24 B.T.A. 30; S. L. Herold,17 B.T.A. 933">17 B.T.A. 933; affd., Herold v. Commissioner, 42 Fed.(2d) 942. The Eighth Circuit, in affirming the Board's conclusion, spoke of the deferred payments as "overriding royalties", concluded that the overriding royalties were correctly included in the gross income of the Comar Oil Co., and denied the deduction of the amount thereof because "it is clear that title to the property [the leases] was taken by the petitioner." Subsequent to the denial of certiorari in the Comar Oil Co. case, supra, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in Thomas v. Perkins,300 U.S. 653">300 U.S. 653, because of an apparent conflict in the decision of the Fifth Circuit in 1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*990 Perkins v. Thomas, 86 Fed.(2d) 954, with the decision of the Eighth Circuit in 24 B.T.A. 688">Comar Oil Co. v. Burnet, supra. The decision of the Supreme Court in Thomas v. Perkins,30 U.S. 655">30 U.S. 655, reveals an assignment of oil and gas leases in consideration of cash paid, $10, and the further sum of $395,000, to be paid out of the oil produced and saved from the lands, and to be one-fourth of all the oil produced and saved until the full sum was paid.  The assignment recites that in consideration of the foregoing sum we "do hereby bargain, sell, transfer, assign, and convey all our rights, title, and interest in and to said leases and rights thereunder." The fixed sum 37 B.T.A. 843">*849  was payable only out of oil produced and was not a personal obligation of the assignee.  The purchaser of the oil was to make payments directly to the assignors until the $395,000 was fully paid.  The question which the Supreme Court was asked to determine was whether the assignee's gross income should include moneys paid to the assignors by purchasers of the oil produced.  The Supreme Court held that payments to the assignors should not be included in the assignee's1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*991  income because the proceeds received by the assignors "necessarily covered and were derived from oil not transferred by the assignment." As the case of 24 B.T.A. 688">Comar Oil Co., supra, and cases cited in support of the principle there announced is inconsistent with the pronouncements of the Supreme Court in 301 U.S. 655">Thomas v. Perkins, supra, they can no longer be considered as controlling.  In 287 U.S. 551">Palmer v. Bender, supra, which was reviewed at length in the Perkins case, the Supreme Court, in commenting with approval on Lynch v. Alworth-Stephens Co.,267 U.S. 364">267 U.S. 364, stated: * * * regardless of the technical ownership of the ore before severance, the taxpayer, by his lease, had acquired legal control of a valuable economic interest in the ore capable of realization as gross income by the exercise of his mining rights under the lease.  * * * The Court further said: Similarly, the lessor's right to a depletion allowance does not depend upon his retention of ownership or any other particular form of legal interest in the mineral content of the land.  It is enough if, by virtue of the leasing transaction, he has retained a right to share in the oil1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*992  produced.  If so he has an economic interest in the oil, in place, which is depleted by production.  Thus we have recently held that the lessor is entitled to a depletion allowance on bonus and royalties, although by the local law ownership of the minerals, in place, passed from the lessor upon execution of the lease.  * * * In the present case the two partnerships acquired by the leases to them, complete legal control of the oil in place.  Even though legal ownership of it, in a technical sense, remained in their lessor, they, as lessees, nevertheless acquired an economic interest in it which represented their capital investment and was subject to depletion under the statute.  * * * When the two lessees transferred their operating rights to the two oil companies, whether they became technical sublessors or not, they retained, by their stipulations for royalties an economic interest in the oil in place identical with that of a lessor.  Burnet v. Harmel, supra, [287 U.S. 103, 11 A.F.T.R. (RIA) 1085]; 287 U.S. 308">Bankers Pocahontas Coal Co. v. Burnet, supra, [287 U.S. 308]. Thus throughout their changing relationships with respect to the properties, the oil in the ground1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*993  was a reservoir of capital investment of the several parties, all of whom, the original lessors, the two partnerships, and their transferees, were entitled to share in the oil produced.  Production and sale of the oil would result in its depletion and also in a return of capital investment to the parties according to their respective interests.  * * * In Helvering v. Twin Bell Oil Syndicate,293 U.S. 312">293 U.S. 312, the syndicate, as the assignee of the lessee named in an oil and gas lease, extracted substantial quantities of oil.  By the terms of the lease and 37 B.T.A. 843">*850  the assignment the syndicate was obligated to pay royalties in cash or in kind totaling one-fourth of the oil extracted.  The taxpayer wanted to compute its depletion allowance upon the gross proceeds of all the oil produced.  The Commissioner computed the deduction upon the taxpayer's portion of the oil produced.  The Supreme Court upheld the Commissioner's computation, denying the syndicate's contention that its gross income was the gross production of the wells.  The Court specifically stated that the taxpayer's gross income from the property was gross income from production less the amounts which1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*994  the taxpayer was obliged to pay as royalties.  This proceeding differs from the last cited Supreme Court cases in that here we have the assignee claiming the right to deduct royalties paid pursuant to contract, but not in any fixed aggregate sum.  The royalties are due so long as coal is produced from the lands leased.  If the question at issue was the inclusion of the royalties paid in the petitioner's gross income, 301 U.S. 655">Thomas v. Perkins, supra, would be directly in point.  The petitioner having included in its gross income the gross receipts from production, now seeks to deduct the payments as royalty in order to correctly reflect its income.  The Fourth Circuit in Burnet v. Hutchinson Coal Co., 64 Fed.(2d) 275; certiorari denied, 290 U.S. 652">290 U.S. 652, permitted such a deduction, and certainly if the question here for decision was the depletion to which petitioner was entitled, 287 U.S. 551">Palmer v. Bender, supra, would prevent the computation of a depletion allowance based in part on the gross income of the lessor and petitioner's assignor. Whether the deduction be characterized as a part of the cost of production, an ordinary and necessary1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*995  business expense, or as royalties or rentals for the use of the property, we are of the opinion that the $23,308.41 should be deducted from petitioner's gross income.  The obligation to pay is based upon a contractual liability which is a charge upon the operation of petitioner's business and the production of coal.  If the amount be not deductible as rental or royalty, it is certainly deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense for petitioner's continued operation was dependent upon the payments being made quarterly while the mine was being operated, and without the expenditure petitioner could not operate.  Monroe Sand & Gravel Co.,36 B.T.A. 747">36 B.T.A. 747, 36 B.T.A. 747">751; Louis C. Rollo,20 B.T.A 799, 806; sec. 23(a), Revenue Act of 1928. In reaching our decision herein we have treated Lemkuhl as though he were the real party in interest.  We have not, however, lost sight of the fact that Lemkuhl at all times pertinent to the issue presented was acting for the former stockholders of the Colliery Co., and that by subsequent conveyances the former stockholders became petitioner's stockholders and owners of the contractual rights in the 37 B.T.A. 843">*851  aforementioned1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*996  Lemkuhl agreement.  We do not believe that this fact is controlling, since the bona fides of the transaction is not questioned.  Its chief importance lies in the possibilities afforded under like circumstances to distribute profits as royalties.  Respondent's principal argument is directed to the possibilities afforded by this transaction.  He asserts that the relationship of the parties and their formal acts indicate an intention to distribute profits in the form of extraordinary royalties.  He relies upon the Board's decision in George La Monte & Son,13 B.T.A. 365">13 B.T.A. 365, and a decision of the Third Circuit in Traylor Engineering & Manufacturing Co. v. Lederer,271 F. 399. The La Monte decision was reversed in La Monte & Son v. Commissioner (C.C.A., 2d Cir.), 32 Fed.(2d) 220, and the Traylor Engineering case is distinguishable in that the contract there was to pay a portion of the profits after they were created, which is entirely different from an obligation to pay a fixed charge on production regardless of earnings or profits necessary for the payment of dividends.  Our decisions in 1938 BTA LEXIS 977">*997 W. N. Thornburgh Manufacturing Co.,17 B.T.A. 29">17 B.T.A. 29, and L. Schepp Co.,25 B.T.A. 419">25 B.T.A. 419, involved situations where taxpayers were attempting to distribute profits under the guise of royalty payments.  The facts in those cases are so divergent from the facts herein that we deem it unnecessary to make a detailed comparison.  The deficiency should be recomputed in accordance with the stipulation of the parties and with our decision herein.  Reviewed by the Board.  Decision will be entered under Rule 50.