Court Opinion

ID: 9386390
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-12 15:03:14.239353+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:06.095198
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

ONTARIO PROVINCIAL COUNCIL OF                         )
CARPENTERS’ PENSION TRUST FUND,                       )
POLICE & FIRE RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF                    )
THE CITY OF DETROIT, AND NORFOLK                      )
COUNTY RETIREMENT SYSTEM, Derivatively                )
on Behalf of WALMART INC.,                            )
                                                      )
               Plaintiffs,                            )
                                                      )
        v.                                            ) C.A. No. 2021-0827-JTL
                                                      )
S. ROBSON WALTON, GREGORY B. PENNER,                  )
STEUART WALTON, TIMOTHY P. FLYNN,                     )
THOMAS W. HORTON, MARISSA A. MAYER,                   )
DOUG MCMILLON, STEVEN S. REINEMUND,                   )
PHYLLIS HARRIS, and JAY JORGENSEN,                    )
                                                      )
               Defendants,                            )
                                                      )
        and                                           )
                                                      )
WALMART INC.,                                         )
                                                      )
              Nominal Defendant.                      )

                 OPINION ADDRESSING DEFENDANTS’
              MOTION TO DISMISS ON THE BASIS OF LACHES

                             Date Submitted: January 13, 2023
                              Date Decided: April 12, 2023

Gregory V. Varallo, Mae Oberste, & Daniel E. Meyer, BERNSTEIN LITOWITZ
BERGER & GROSSMANN LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Mark Lebovitch & Edward G.
Timlin, BERNSTEIN LITOWITZ BERGER & GROSSMANN LLP, New York, New
York; Leslie R. Stern, Nathaniel L. Orenstein, & Steven L. Groopman, BERMAN
TABACCO, Boston, Massachusetts; Counsel for Police & Fire Retirement System of the
City of Detroit and Norfolk County Retirement System.
Ned Weinberger & Mark Richardson, LABATON SUCHAROW LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware; David MacIsaac, LABATON SUCHAROW LLP, New York, New York;
Counsel for The Ontario Provincial Council of Carpenters’ Pension Trust Fund.

Raymond J. DiCamillo & John M. O’Toole, RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER, P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware; Sean M. Berkowitz & Nicholas J. Siciliano, LATHAM &
WATKINS LLP, New York, New York; Andrew W. Stern & Charlotte K. Newell,
SIDLEY AUSTIN LLP, New York, New York; William M. Regan & Allison M. Wuertz,
HOGAN LOVELLS US LLP, New York, New York; Frank R. Volpe, SIDLEY AUSTIN
LLP, Washington, District of Columbia; Counsel for Defendants and Nominal Defendant.

LASTER, V.C.
       Walmart Inc. operates over 5,000 pharmacies that dispense prescription opioids.

Until April 2018, Walmart acted as a wholesale distributor of prescription opioids for its

pharmacies. Walmart has incurred significant liabilities due to its involvement with

prescription opioids.

       The plaintiffs are stockholders who seek to hold accountable the fiduciaries whom

they say caused Walmart to suffer harm. They maintain that the directors and officers of

Walmart breached their fiduciary duties by (i) knowingly causing Walmart to fail to

comply with its obligations under the federal Controlled Substances Act and its

implementing regulations (collectively, the “Controlled Substances Act”) when acting as a

dispenser of opioids through its pharmacies (the “Pharmacy Issues”), (ii) knowingly

causing Walmart to fail to comply with its obligations under the Controlled Substances Act

when acting as a distributor of opioids (the “Distributor Issues”), and (iii) knowingly

causing Walmart to fail to comply with its obligations under a settlement with the U.S.

Drug Enforcement Agency (the “DEA Settlement Issues”).

       For each set of issues, the plaintiffs advance three species of claims: an Information-

Systems Claim, a Red-Flags Claim, and a Massey Claim. The Information-Systems Claim

asserts that Walmart’s directors and officers knew they had an obligation to establish

information systems sufficient to enable them to monitor Walmart’s compliance with the

Controlled Substances Act and the DEA Settlement, yet consciously failed to make a good

faith effort to fulfill that obligation. The Red-Flags Claim asserts that a steady stream of

red flags put Walmart’s directors and officers on notice of its noncompliance, yet the

directors and officers consciously ignored them. The Massey Claim asserts that Walmart
did not comply with the Controlled Substances Act and the DEA Settlement because its

officers and directors made a conscious decision to prioritize profits over legal compliance,

thereby choosing to violate the law.

       In their lead argument for dismissal, the defendants argue that all of the plaintiffs’

claims are untimely. Applying the principles set forth in Lebanon County Employees’

Retirement Fund v. Collis, 287 A.3d 1160 (Del. Ch. 2022), this decision rejects that

argument.

       In Collis, the court evaluated three different methods of measuring the time when a

claim accrues: the discrete act approach, the continuing wrong approach, and the separate

accrual approach. The Collis decision applied the separate accrual approach to a Red-Flags

Claim and assumed that it would govern a Massey Claim, while holding out the possibility

that because of the seriousness of a Massey Claim, the continuing wrong approach might

apply. Addressing an issue of first impression, this decision holds that the separate accrual

approach governs an Information-Systems Claim.

       To apply the separate accrual approach, a court picks a lookback date by identifying

when the plaintiff began pursuing its claims. Usually, that will be when the plaintiff filed

suit, but when a plaintiff has engaged in diligent efforts to obtain books and records, the

lookback date can be tied to those efforts. In this case, the plaintiffs filed suit on September

27, 2021, but they started making diligent efforts to pursue books and records on May 4,

2020. That is the lookback date for this case.

                                               2
       The next step in the separate accrual approach is to measure backward from the

lookback date using the statute of limitations for a closely analogous legal claim. The result

is the actionable period. For a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, the analogous statute of

limitations is three years. Measuring back from the lookback date of May 4, 2020, results

in an actionable period that started on May 4, 2017.

       The third step in the separate accrual approach is to determine whether any of the

ongoing conduct that gives rise to the claim occurred during the actionable period. If so,

then the claim is timely. If not, then the court must analyze any tolling doctrines that the

plaintiffs have asserted.

       The timeliness analysis for the Pharmacy Issues is straightforward. In August 2022,

a federal judge entered an injunction order requiring Walmart to remediate deficient

controls and reporting systems. Then, as part of a nationwide settlement that Walmart

agreed to in November 2022, Walmart agreed to implement extensive procedures and

controls. Those events support a reasonable inference that the Pharmacy Issues continued

throughout the actionable period. The plaintiffs’ claims based on the Pharmacy Issues are

timely.

       The timeliness analysis for the Distributor Issues is equally straightforward.

Management decided to exit that business in November 2017, and the winddown was over

by April 2018. The actionable period extends backward to May 2017, so there is overlap

between the wrongdoing and the actionable period. Just as a filing under a discrete act

                                              3
approach is timely if it beats the statute of limitations by one day, so too is a plaintiff’s suit

timely under the separate accrual approach if some overlap exists between the conduct and

the actionable period. The plaintiffs’ claims based on the Distributor Issues are timely.

       The analysis is more complex for the DEA Settlement Issues. The DEA Settlement

expired on March 11, 2015, so any violations of the settlement ceased on that date. The

actionable period only extends backward to May 4, 2017, so there is no overlap between

the wrongdoing and the actionable period. Absent tolling, the plaintiffs’ claims based on

the DEA Settlement Issues are untimely.

       Tolling doctrines can push back the starting date of the actionable period, which

may enable a plaintiff to assert an otherwise untimely claim. The plaintiffs have invoked

three tolling doctrines: equitable tolling, inherently unknowable injury, and fraudulent

concealment.

       Equitable tolling applies because the defendants are fiduciaries, charged with acting

in the best interests of the corporation and its stockholders. As stockholders, the plaintiffs

were entitled to rely on the presumption that their fiduciaries were acting loyally, in good

faith, and with due care. The pleading-stage record supports an inference that there was no

information available about the DEA Settlement Issues until March 2020. During the

intervening period, Walmart issued disclosures indicating that the directors and officers

were fulfilling their fiduciary duties. There was no indication that Walmart’s directors and

                                                4
officers had breached their fiduciary duties by consciously disregarding the compliance

requirements built into a settlement agreement with its primary regulator.

       Tolling cannot preserve an otherwise untimely claim after the point of inquiry

notice. After that, a plaintiff must pursue the claim within a reasonable time. The

defendants point to the barrage of cases filed against Walmart in 2016 and 2017, later

consolidated into a multidistrict litigation (the “Opioid MDL”) and argue that those

lawsuits put stockholders on inquiry notice that Walmart might not be complying with its

obligations under the Controlled Substances Act. The defendants claim that by providing

reason to suspect that Walmart might not be complying with its obligations under the

Controlled Substances Act, those lawsuits also put stockholders on inquiry notice that

Walmart might not be complying with other legal obligations, such as the compliance

requirements built into an undisclosed settlement agreement with its primary regulator that

was in effect from March 2011 until March 2015.

       The court cannot determine at the pleading stage that the filing of the cases that led

to the Opioid MDL put stockholders on inquiry notice about the DEA Settlement

Agreement. For lawsuits to suggest potential problems at a company is one thing. It is

something else entirely to argue that those lawsuits should have suggested to stockholders

that Walmart might have entered into an undisclosed settlement agreement with its primary

regulator and had failed to comply with its obligations under that settlement agreement.

                                             5
       The court can only apply the defense of laches at the pleading stage if it is clear

from the face of the complaint that the claims are time-barred. Because of the uncertainties

surrounding inquiry notice about the DEA Settlement Issues, the court cannot determine at

the pleading state that those claims are time-barred.

       The defendants’ motion to dismiss on the basis of laches is denied. The claims based

on the Pharmacy Issues and the Distributor Issues are timely. The claims based on the DEA

Settlement Issues may be timely because of equitable tolling, subject to further proceedings

on the subject of inquiry notice.

                           I.       FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The facts are drawn from the operative complaint, the documents it incorporates by

reference, and public documents that are subject to judicial notice.1 At this stage of the

proceedings, the complaint’s allegations are assumed to be true, and the plaintiffs receive

the benefit of all reasonable inferences, including inferences drawn from the documents.

       1
         The complaint incorporates by reference documents produced in federal
proceedings involving Walmart. The complaint also incorporates documents filed with the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The court may consider both sets
of documents at this stage of the proceedings.

        Citations in the form “Compl. ¶ —” refer to the paragraphs of the operative
complaint. Citations in the form “Ex. [number] at —” refer to exhibits that the defendants
filed in support of their motion. Citations in the form “Ex. [letter] at —” refer to exhibits
that the plaintiffs filed with their answering brief. Page citations refer to the internal
pagination or, if there is none, then to the last three digits of the control number.

                                             6
A.     Walmart, Its Governance, And The Applicable Regulatory Framework

       Walmart is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in

Bentonville, Arkansas. Walmart operates three primary business segments: Sam’s Club,

Walmart International, and Walmart U.S.

       Walmart has a board of directors (the “Board”) charged with overseeing the

business and affairs of the corporation. The Board meets at least four times per year. The

Board’s duties include “overseeing the Company’s policies with respect to compliance

with applicable laws and regulations and adopting policies of corporate conduct designed

to assure compliance with applicable laws and regulations and to assure maintenance of

necessary accounting, financial, and other controls.” Ex. 4 at 3.

       The Board has established an Executive Committee that “[i]mplements policy

decisions of the Board” and “[a]cts on the Board’s behalf between Board meetings.” Ex.

80 at 28. The Executive Committee meets “as often as it determines to be necessary or

appropriate.” Ex. 70 at 50.

       The Board has established an Audit Committee to oversee and monitor “compliance

by the Company with legal and regulatory requirements.” Ex. 5 at 1. The Audit Committee

meets at least quarterly and reports to the Board. The Audit Committee meets “no less than

annually” with Walmart’s ethics and compliance senior executives. Id. at 8.

       Through its Health and Wellness Division, Walmart operates one of the largest

pharmacy chains in the United States, with more than 5,000 retail pharmacies located in its

Walmart and Sam’s Club stores. Until 2018, Walmart engaged in the wholesale

                                             7
pharmaceutical distribution business by operating distribution centers that supplied its

retail pharmacies.

       Walmart engaged in the retail dispensing and wholesale distribution of prescription

opioids under licenses from the DEA, which required that Walmart comply with the

Controlled Substances Act. See 21 U.S.C. § 801 et seq.; 21 C.F.R. § 1300 et seq. In its

public filings, Walmart acknowledges that its business depends on compliance with its

legal obligations related to the distribution and dispensing of controlled substances. See,

e.g., Ex. 1 at 22.

       As a “dispenser,”2 a pharmacy must establish and maintain “effective controls and

procedures to guard against theft and diversion of controlled substances.” 21 C.F.R. §

1301.71(a). The regulations for dispensers include specific requirements that pharmacies

must meet. A pharmacy must implement security measures to maintain control over its

inventory of controlled substances, 21 C.F.R. § 1301.75, and the security measures must

enable the pharmacy to identify instances of loss or theft and notify the DEA, id. § 1301.76.

       2
         See 21 C.F.R. § 1300.01 (“Dispenser means an individual practitioner, institutional
practitioner, pharmacy or pharmacist who dispenses a controlled substance.” (emphasis
added)); see also 21 U.S.C. § 802(10) (defining dispenser as “a practitioner who so delivers
a controlled substance to an ultimate user”). “[D]ispensers of controlled substances are
obligated to check for and conclusively resolve red flags of possible diversion prior to
dispensing those substances.” See In re Nat’l Prescription Opiate Litig., 477 F. Supp. 3d
613, 629 (N.D. Ohio 2020), clarified on denial of reconsideration, 2020 WL 5642173
(N.D. Ohio Sept. 22, 2020).

                                             8
       As a “practitioner,”3 a pharmacy must maintain records about the prescriptions that

its pharmacists process. See 21 C.F.R. § 1304.22(c). Exercising their professional

judgment, pharmacists must refuse to fill prescriptions that are suspicious, report the

refusal to the DEA, and maintain records on red-flagged prescriptions. See In re Nat’l

Prescription Opiate Litig., 2020 WL 5642173, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 22, 2020).

       While operating as a wholesale distributor of prescription opioids, Walmart was

obligated to maintain “effective control against diversion of [opioids] into other than

legitimate medical, scientific, and industrial channels.” 21 U.S.C. § 823(b)(1). A distributor

must “design and operate a system” to identify “suspicious orders of controlled substances”

and report them to the DEA. 21 C.F.R. § 1301.74(b). “Suspicious orders include orders of

unusual size, orders deviating substantially from a normal pattern, and orders of unusual

frequency.” Id. Once a distributor has reported a suspicious order, the distributor must

either decline to ship the order or conduct due diligence to determine whether the order is

likely to be diverted into illegal channels. The distributor can only ship the order if it

determines after conducting due diligence that the order is not likely to be diverted into

illegal channels. See Masters Pharm., Inc. v. Drug Enf’t Admin., 861 F.3d 206, 212 (D.C.

       3
         See 21 U.S.C. § 802(21) (“The term ‘practitioner’ means a physician, dentist,
veterinarian, scientific investigator, pharmacy, hospital, or other person licensed,
registered, or otherwise permitted . . . to distribute, dispense, conduct research with respect
to, administer, or use in teaching or chemical analysis, a controlled substance in the course
of professional practice or research.” (emphasis added)).

                                              9
Cir. 2017) (discussing distributor obligation under Southwood Pharm., Inc., 72 Fed. Reg.

36,487, 36,501 (Drug Enf’t Admin. July 3, 2007)).

       The Controlled Substances Act does not mandate strict compliance with its

requirements. Only substantial compliance is necessary. In re Nat’l Prescription Opiate

Litig., 2021 WL 3917174, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 1, 2021) (citing 21 C.F.R. § 1301.71(b)).

B.     The DEA Settlement

       On November 13, 2009, the DEA issued an order to show cause regarding a

Walmart pharmacy in San Diego, California. The order to show cause asserted that the

pharmacy:

       (1) improperly dispensed controlled substances to individuals based on
           purported prescriptions issued by physicians who were not licensed to
           practice medicine in California;

       (2) dispensed controlled substances to individuals located in California based
           on Internet prescriptions issued by physicians for other than a legitimate
           medical purpose and/or outside the usual course of professional practice
           in violation of federal and state law; and

       (3) dispensed controlled substances to individuals that [the San Diego
           Walmart pharmacy] knew or should have known were diverting
           controlled substances.

Ex. A § II. Walmart disputed the factual allegations alleged in the order to show cause and

disagreed with the DEA’s position. Id.

       In February 2011, Walmart and the DEA entered into the DEA Settlement, which

required that Walmart implement and maintain a compliance program for all of its

                                            10
pharmacies and imposed a list of specific requirements. Id. § III.4.a. The term of the DEA

Settlement ran from March 11, 2011 to March 11, 2015. Id. at § III.13.

C.     Walmart’s Initial Efforts To Comply With The DEA Settlement

       Walmart took some steps to comply with the DEA Settlement. Most notably,

Walmart generated a set of policies and procedures that documented various obligations

that its personnel would fulfill. Those policies and procedures described an oversight

structure for achieving compliance within the Health and Wellness Division.

       Problems arose when it came time to create the infrastructure that would enable

Walmart’s pharmacists and other personnel to follow the policies and procedures. The team

responsible for creating and implementing a monitoring program that would comply with

the DEA Settlement estimated that it would require $40 million to complete all of the

team’s projects. Walmart gave them a budget of $11 million. That budget could fund

Walmart’s existing compliance projects, but would not cover the cost of any new programs.

See Compl. ¶¶ 11, 156; Ex. 82.

       In January 2012, nine months into the term of the DEA Settlement, Walmart’s Chief

Administrative Officer reported to the Audit Committee and the Executive Committee that

compliance efforts had fallen behind schedule and that “[s]ignificant compliance issues

remain unresolved.” Ex. 6 at ’035. A supporting slide deck explained that a “[n]ew

compliance plan is being developed” to achieve compliance within five years. Id. at ’037.

Compliance on that timeline meant January 2017, nearly two years after the DEA

Settlement would expire. At this stage of the case, plaintiffs are entitled to the inference

                                            11
that the directors knew Walmart was not on track to comply with the DEA Settlement and

would not achieve compliance during its term.

       In November 2012, a committee of senior compliance executives held a meeting.

The minutes span seven pages. Walmart redacted all of the substantive portions for non-

responsiveness and attorney-client privilege, with the exception of the following sentence:

“Ms. Harris then provided an update to the Committee on the overall status of Health and

Wellness Compliance projects.” Ex. 11 at 2. Without any other substantive text to draw on,

there are at least two possible inferences. One is that the update described Walmart as

making good progress and being on track to achieve compliance with the DEA Settlement.

The other is that the update described Walmart as remaining behind and unable to achieve

compliance with the DEA Settlement. At the pleading stage, the plaintiffs are entitled to

the latter inference.

       In March 2013, Walmart’s Chief Compliance Officer provided a report to the Audit

Committee. The report gave each project a color to indicate its status: green for “on

schedule,” yellow for “watch list,” and red for “major issues.” See Ex. 46 at ’601. The

report stated that the “diversion analytics tool to monitor suspicious controlled substance

activity remains in a status of red.” Id. Development of the diversion analytics tool had

stopped because of a problem with Walmart’s Data Centralization project, which was also

in a status of red. Walmart had only purchased a limited amount of database capacity, and

nothing could be done until more was purchased. Without more capacity, Walmart could

                                            12
only implement a read-only database, which could not support “several critical business

and compliance initiatives.” Id.

       During a two-day meeting of the Board in September 2013, the Audit Committee,

two members of the Executive Committee, and Walmart’s CEO had a “legal, compliance,

and ethics session,” where Jay Jorgensen, Senior Vice President and Global Chief

Compliance Officer for Walmart, presented a health and wellness compliance update. Ex.

47 at 18. The meeting minutes comprised eighteen pages. Walmart redacted all but the

following three lines: “Mr. Williams reported that the [Audit] Committee had conducted a

legal, compliance and ethics session. He stated that during this session, the Committee had

received [REDACTED] . . . reports regarding Walmart’s health and wellness compliance

initiatives. . . .” Id. Mr. Williams is presumably Christopher J. Williams, then-Chairman of

the Audit Committee. Consistent with Walmart’s redaction practice, the unredacted portion

identifies a topic without providing any indication as to its substance. One inference is that

Mr. Williams told his fellow directors that everything was on track. Another inference is

that Mr. Williams told the directors that key aspects of Walmart’s program were not on

track, that those components were in a status of red, and that Walmart was not complying

with the DEA Settlement. At this stage of the proceedings, the plaintiffs are entitled to the

latter inference.

       In October 2013, the Health and Wellness Division provided the Board with an

assessment of Walmart’s controlled substances risk, which reported that the project to

                                             13
“[d]esign & operate a systems [sic] to detect suspicious orders and report to the DEA when

discovered” remained in red. Ex. C. at ’751. The summary reported that the project to

“[e]stablish additional maximum order limits of highly abused drugs” was in yellow. Id.

Neither project had a delivery date. For both, the delivery date was marked “TBD.” Id.

       The four-year term of the DEA Settlement was scheduled to end on March 11, 2015.

As of October 2013, Walmart had used up two years and seven months of the four-year

term. Walmart had only seventeen months left to implement the mandates in the DEA

Settlement, including a full-scale suspicious order monitoring system.

D.     Walmart Prioritizes Inventory Diversion.

       In March 2014, Walmart publicly announced that during fiscal year 2014, the

company had made certain improvements to its Health and Wellness compliance program

that included “[c]reating a diversion analytics tool to deter, detect and remedy attempts at

pharmaceutical diversion in U.S. Walmart and Sam’s Club pharmacies.”4 Walmart’s new

system only monitored for theft and loss of controlled substances within Walmart. The new

system did not address other aspects of Walmart’s anti-diversion obligations. Walmart

       4
         Compl. ¶ 352; Dkt. 40 at 51; accord Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Definitive Additional
Materials (Schedule 14A), at 9 (Apr. 23, 2014). Neither party submitted the proxy
statement or its definitive additional materials as exhibits. The court may, however, take
judicial notice of the statement. In re Rural Metro Corp. S’holders Litig., 2013 WL
6634009, at *7 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17, 2013) (“Applying [Delaware] Rule [of Evidence] 201,
Delaware courts have taken judicial notice of publicly available documents that ‘are
required by law to be filed, and are actually filed, with federal or state officials.’” (quoting
Tyson Foods, 919 A.2d at 584)).

                                              14
notably took a step to meet a compliance obligation that helped its bottom line, while not

taking steps that didn’t. See Compl. ¶ 191.

       That same month, the head of compliance for the Health and Wellness Division

reported to the Audit Committee on the division’s compliance priorities for fiscal year

2015. See Ex. B. The presentation included a photograph from a Walmart pharmacy in

Tampa, Florida that depicted scores of patrons waiting in line at 7:00 a.m., two hours before

the pharmacy opened, with a “very high number of prescriptions for Oxycodone.” Compl.

¶ 185. The presentation reported that after the July 2012 incident, the compliance team

“began to assess our processes” to avoid the “risk of our pharmacies becoming the

pharmacy of choice for ‘pill mills.’” See Ex. B.

E.     Additional Reports On Walmart’s Compliance Efforts

       In May 2014, the Audit Committee received a fourteen-page report that summarized

the status of compliance efforts within the Health and Wellness Division. The report

discussed Walmart’s new diversion analytics tool that monitored for internal inventory

diversion. With the tool in place, the compliance team uncovered major instances of

internal opioid diversion, including a shortfall of 16,000 dosage units from a pharmacy in

Indiana and a shortfall of 4,689 dosage units from two pharmacies in Maryland. After

discussing Walmart’s obligations under the Controlled Substances Act, the report observed

that Walmart had experienced a 114% increase in incidents relative to the prior year. The

report noted that during fiscal year 2014, state and federal regulatory agencies made 2,096

visits to Walmart pharmacies, with 547 visits (26%) resulting in violations of record-

                                              15
keeping requirements, associate licensing requirements, equipment deficiencies,

prescription discrepancies, incomplete logs, or instances of internal diversion.

       The report did not mention the DEA Settlement, Walmart’s obligations under it, or

the status of Walmart’s efforts to comply with those obligations. Only ten months remained

before the term of the DEA Settlement ended.

       In June 2014, the Health and Wellness Division evaluated the progress of the

suspicious order monitoring project. See Ex. D. The assessment recognized that the project

was part of the DEA Settlement and that a suspicious order monitoring system still was not

in place. The assessment included the following question: “Is the Risk being mitigated

today by manual, systemic, or a combination of both today [sic] (regardless of optimal or

not)?” Id. at ’701. The assessment gave a pointed answer: “No.” Id. The suspicious order

monitoring project had “no process in place.” Id. The report stated “Board Informed,”

supporting an inference that the Board had been informed of the situation. Id.

       In November 2014, the Board reviewed Walmart’s compliance with the Controlled

Substances Act. Walmart withheld the meeting minutes in their entirety. Compl. ¶ 222.

One inference is that the Board was told that everything was A-OK. Another inference is

that the Board was told that Walmart was failing to comply with the DEA Settlement and

could not achieve compliance before it expired.

       In February 2015, just one month before the DEA Settlement expired, a pharmacist

in Texas wrote to one of Walmart’s compliance directors. The pharmacist expressed

                                             16
concern about filling prescriptions for a pill-mill doctor. Id. ¶¶ 124, 260. The compliance

director candidly explained how Walmart had approached the DEA Settlement:

       The [DEA Settlement] that requires the reporting of Refusal to fills expires
       in 30 days. We have not invested a great amount of effort in doing analysis
       on the data since the agreement is virtually over. Driving sales and patient
       awareness is a far better use of our Market Directors and Market manager’s
       time.

Id. ¶ 27. That statement openly prioritized profits (“[d]riving sales”) over compliance.

F.     The DEA Settlement Expires.

       On March 11, 2015, the DEA Settlement expired. There are no non-privileged,

unredacted documents from the months leading up to the DEA Settlement that could

support an inference that Walmart achieved compliance with its legal obligations under the

DEA Settlement. To be clear, Walmart took some steps towards compliance. But at the

pleading stage, the plaintiffs are entitled to inferences that (i) Walmart did not achieve

compliance with its legal obligations under the DEA Settlement, (ii) Walmart’s directors

and officers knew that Walmart was not complying with its legal obligations, and (iii)

Walmart’s directors and officers did not take action to cause Walmart to achieve

compliance.

       In April 2015, just after the DEA Settlement expired, Walmart’s proxy statement

disclosed that “management reported regularly to the Audit Committee regarding ongoing

enhancements to our global compliance program and progress in implementing these

objectives. At the end of fiscal 2015, the Audit Committee determined that, in its qualitative

                                             17
judgment, adequate progress had been achieved in implementing these objectives.”5 The

disclosure did not mention the DEA Settlement. Similar disclosures appeared in Walmart’s

proxy statements for 2016, 2017, and 2018.6

G.       The Pharmacy Issues Continue.

         After the DEA Settlement expired, Walmart introduced a software program to

capture information about prescriptions that pharmacists refused to fill. But Walmart

prohibited pharmacists from accessing the information, thus limiting pharmacists’ ability

to make informed decisions about whether to refuse to fill prescriptions. As of July 29,

2018, pharmacists still could not access the information. Compl. ¶¶ 253–255.

         In November 2016, there was a meeting of compliance function executives. Ex. 13

at ’682. The minutes of the meeting are virtually all redacted. The only substantive sentence

         5
             Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 53 (Apr. 22,
2015).
         6
         See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 49–50
(Apr. 20, 2016) (“[O]ver the past few years, our company has made significant
improvements to our ethics and compliance program around the world. To further
emphasize our commitment to ethics and compliance, in early fiscal 2016, our company’s
senior leadership again developed a timetable for implementing further enhancements to
our global ethics and compliance program on a prioritized basis. These objectives covered
such subject matters as . . . health and wellness compliance . . . These objectives sought to
enhance key elements of a corporate ethics and compliance program, including but not
limited to developing and implementing enhanced compliance protocols and procedures,
hiring and training of key compliance personnel, monitoring and assessment of various
elements of the program, internal communications, and access to information.”); Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 60 (Apr. 20, 2017) (same);
Walmart Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 51 (Apr. 20, 2018) (same).

                                                18
states, “Mr. Jorgensen noted that the materials for the Committee’s October 13, 2016

meeting included U.S. Health and Wellness Compliance training materials.” Id. at ’683.

One possible inference is that Mr. Jorgensen provided a positive update on the training

materials. Another possible inference is that Mr. Jorgensen reported on inadequacies in the

training materials. At this stage of the proceedings, the plaintiffs receive the benefit of the

latter inference.

H.     Distribution Issues

       From the early 2000s until April 2018, Walmart distributed opioids to its pharmacies

from its distribution center in Bentonville, Arkansas. Compl. ¶ 131. Before November

2010, Walmart had no written policies or procedures about monitoring for suspicious

orders. Id. ¶ 133. Instead, Walmart charged its hourly wage employees—who had no

medical, pharmaceutical, or public health training—with identifying any orders that looked

suspicious. Walmart did not provide any standards, training, or processes to assist them in

making that determination. Id. ¶ 134.

       In November 2010, Walmart implemented the first written policy for its distribution

business. Titled “Identifying and Reporting Purchases of Controlled Substances,” it

contemplated employees at the Bentonville distribution center reviewing a monthly report

by hand and identifying any orders for controlled substances that constituted more than

3.99% of a single pharmacy’s total drug purchases during the prior month. Id. ¶ 139. The

policy did not identify any other criteria that could render an order suspicious. The

employees were instructed to “forward the reports to the appropriate [Walmart] Drug

                                              19
Diversion Coordinator for further review.” Id. ¶ 140 (alteration in original). There were no

written policies about what the Drug Diversion Coordinator was supposed to do. The

Executive Committee and the Audit Committee were briefed on this system. Id. ¶ 141.

       Walmart later determined that it needed a computerized system. Rather than

obtaining a specialized compliance system, Walmart repurposed an existing inventory tool

called Reddwerks that had not been designed for compliance. To flag suspicious orders,

Walmart implemented “hard limits” on orders of more than 2,000 dosage units of

oxycodone and 5,000 dosage units of other opioid medications. Id. ¶ 174. The Reddwerks

system had no ability to flag suspicious orders based on other criteria. Id. ¶ 176.

       Walmart’s policy called for identifying orders that exceeded those hard limits,

labeling them as suspicious, and reporting them to the DEA. Choosing a more profitable

approach, Walmart adopted a practice of cutting back suspicious orders and filling them

up to the hard-limit thresholds as non-suspicious orders. Walmart then passed along the

balance of the orders to another distributor to fill. Walmart thus ensured that all of the

orders were filled, even though they exceeded the hard limits. Id. ¶¶ 173–177.

       The cut-back system resulted in Walmart reporting almost no suspicious orders to

the DEA. At this stage of the proceedings, the plaintiffs are entitled to an inference that

Walmart knowingly circumvented its own suspicious order monitoring system.

       In January 2014, Walmart hired an external consulting outfit, called MuSigma, to

evaluate the repurposed Reddwerks system and its hard limits. MuSigma identified serious

                                             20
flaws and recommended modifications to enable the tool to do more than simply cap

prescriptions at hard limits. The modifications would have cost $185,000. Walmart rejected

the proposal. See id. ¶ 218–220.

      Walmart did not contemplate implementing a true suspicious order monitoring

system until 2015. At a meeting in February 2015, the Audit Committee reviewed

Walmart’s compliance objectives for fiscal year 2016. Id. ¶ 224. A pre-meeting

memorandum from the Global Chief Compliance Offer identified a noteworthy initiative:

“In the U.S., implement controlled substance suspicious-order monitoring enhancements

(which include both software and personnel changes) in the U.S. distribution facilities.”

Ex. 51 at ’002. The memorandum did not describe the “enhancements,” and the books and

records produced by Walmart support a reasonable inference that Walmart did not have a

meaningful system that could be enhanced. What Walmart contemplated was

implementing its first meaningful system.

      The Audit Committee signed off on the plan, which called for implementation to

begin in August 2015. The full Board met the following day, and the Audit Committee

reported that it had approved Walmart’s compliance objectives. See Compl. ¶¶ 228–233.

All of the directors knew that Walmart was not yet complying with its obligations as a

distributor under the Controlled Substances Act.

I.    The Opioid MDL

      During 2016 and 2017, Walmart faced a barrage of legal actions based on its roles

as a dispenser and distributor of prescription opioids. In November 2017, Walmart

                                            21
management decided to stop acting as a distributor of prescription opioids. After winding

down the business, Walmart stopped distributing prescription opioids in April 2018.

Walmart continued to dispense prescription opioids through its pharmacies.

       In December 2017, the federal cases that thousands of plaintiffs had filed across the

country were consolidated into the Opioid MDL. The bellwether complaint alleged that

Walmart failed to:

•      “adequately train their pharmacists and pharmacy technicians on how to properly
       and adequately handle prescriptions for opioid painkillers”;

•      “put in place effective policies and procedures to prevent their stores from
       facilitating diversion and selling into a black market”;

•      “conduct adequate internal or external reviews of their opioid sales to identify
       patterns regarding prescriptions that should not have been filled”;

•      “effectively respond to concerns raised by their own employees regarding
       inadequate policies and procedures regarding the filling of opioid prescriptions”;
       and

•      “take meaningful action to investigate or to ensure that they were complying with
       their duties and obligations under the law with regard to controlled substances.”

Compl. ¶ 289.

J.     Walmart Tries To Avoid Criminal Prosecution.

       In May 2018, the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Texas informed Walmart

that it would bring a criminal indictment against Walmart for its role in the opioid epidemic.

       Facing the threat of criminal charges, Walmart amended its pharmacy operating

manual. The new manual detailed a number of prescriber and patient red flags. After taking

this step, Walmart issued a press release titled, “Walmart Introduced Additional Measures

                                             22
to Help Curb Opioid Abuse And Misuse.” Ex. H. The press release promised that within

the next sixty days, Walmart would restrict initial acute opioid prescriptions to no more

than a seven-day supply. Walmart also promised to require e-prescriptions for controlled

substances starting in January 2020:

       In an effort to continue to be part of the solution to our nation’s opioid
       epidemic, Walmart is introducing new policies, programs and tools aimed at
       curbing opioid misuse and abuse. These initiatives apply to all Walmart and
       Sam’s Club pharmacies and pharmacists in the United States and Puerto
       Rico.

       ...

       Further, by the end of August 2018 . . . [i]n states that allow access, the
       company’s pharmacists will have access to and use the controlled substance
       tracking tool, NarxCare. NarxCare is a tool that helps pharmacists make
       dispensing decisions and provides pharmacists with the real-time interstate
       visibility that currently exists.

Id.

K.     The ProPublica Article

       In March 2020, ProPublica published an article detailing Walmart’s role in the

opioid epidemic. Before the article was published, Walmart stockholders were unaware of

the DEA Settlement. The article also revealed that between 2000 and 2018, the DEA sent

fifty letters of admonition to Walmart for its dispensing practices, and multiple pharmacists

raised concerns about filling prescriptions for pill-mill doctors.

       On April 14, 2020, the Board met. There was no discussion of compliance issues in

the Health and Wellness Division.

                                             23
        On September 14, 2020, Walmart issued a nine-page report summarizing the

“important components of Walmart’s response to the opioid crisis and the Board’s

oversight of Walmart’s activities related to the dispensing of prescription opioid

medications in the United States.” See Ex. 12 at 1. The report asserted that “[a]s a whole

and through its committees, Walmart’s Board of Directors oversees Walmart’s risk

management policies and practices, including related [sic] to prescription opioids.” Id.

According to the report, the Board oversaw Walmart’s “risk tolerance” and received

“regular reports from Board committee chairpersons and members of senior management

regarding risk-related matters.” Id. The report discussed the Audit Committee’s oversight

of global compliance and emphasized that the committee consisted “solely of independent

directors.” Id.

        As for steps that Walmart actually had taken to address the opioid crisis, the report

highlighted the availability of NarxCare. The report then discussed Walmart’s deference

to its pharmacists’ discretion in refusing to fill orders:

        We support our pharmacists when they exercise their professional judgment
        not to fill a controlled substance. Individual Walmart pharmacists may refuse
        to fill a particular prescription of concern (known as a “refusal to fill” or
        “RTF”), based on the presence of certain unresolved “red flags” (warning
        signs that a prescription might not be for a legitimate medical purpose) or
        combinations of unresolved red flags. If a pharmacist has more general
        concerns about a prescriber’s controlled-substance prescribing practices, the
        pharmacist may refuse to fill all controlled-substance prescriptions written
        by that provider (a “blanket refusal to fill” or “BRTF”).

Id. at 4.

                                               24
        In December 2020, the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) filed a civil

complaint against Walmart in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. See

Complaint, United States v. Walmart Inc., No. 1:20-CV-01744-CFC (D. Del. Dec. 22,

2020). The DOJ sought injunctive relief to restrain Walmart’s continuing violations of the

law and alleged that Walmart repeatedly violated the Controlled Substances Act, both as a

dispenser and as a distributor. Compl. ¶¶ 300, 350; Dkt. 40 at 24.

        The DOJ alleged that from June 2013 to November 2017, Walmart reported only

2,014 suspicious orders to the DEA, even though it shipped an estimated 37.5 million

orders of controlled substances to its pharmacies. By comparison, Walmart’s backup

distributor, McKesson Corporation, reported more than 13,000 suspicious orders from

Walmart’s pharmacies during the same period, despite fulfilling far fewer orders. Compl.

¶ 25.

L.      Liability In Opioid MDL

        On November 23, 2021, after six weeks of trial, a jury in the Opioid MDL found

that two Ohio counties “prove[d] by the greater weight of the evidence” that Walmart

“engaged in intentional and/or illegal conduct which was a substantial factor” in the

“oversupply of legal prescription opioids, and diversion of those opioids into the illicit

                                            25
market outside of appropriate medical channels.”7 The jury found that “widespread

prevalence of opioid-use disorder . . . and addiction” was “the direct and foreseeable result

of the ‘oversupply of legal prescription opioids, and diversion of these opioids . . . ,’ caused

by [Walmart’s] wrongful conduct.” Id. at *13. The jury also found that Walmart engaged

in “improper dispensing conduct” as “evidenced by [its] systemic failures to investigate

and resolve red-flag prescriptions . . . .” Id. at *30. “[S]pecific evidence . . . demonstrated

that [Walmart] dispensed massive quantities of red-flagged prescriptions without taking

adequate measures to investigate or otherwise ensure the prescriptions were appropriately

dispensed.” Id. From this, “[t]he jury reasonably concluded that [Walmart] dispensed

opioids without having in place effective controls and procedures to guard against

diversion—controls and procedures they knew were required and knew they had not

adequately employed.” Id. at *32.

       During the trial, the jury heard from Susanne Hiland, a Walmart employee from the

Health and Wellness Division, who observed that Walmart did not provide enough funding

to pursue anti-diversion initiatives. During her testimony, Hiland confirmed that, as late as

March 4, 2016, regional directors did not have access to refusal-to-fill reports. Hiland also

       7
       Abatement Order, In re Nat’l Prescription Opiate Litig., No. 1:17-MD-2804 (N.D.
Ohio Aug. 17, 2022), 2022 WL 3443614 at *4, appeal pending, Trumbull Cnty. v. Purdue
Pharma, L.P., No. 22-3753 (6th Cir.).

                                              26
confirmed that pharmacists could not determine from Walmart’s system whether another

Walmart pharmacy had refused to fill a prescription. Compl. ¶ 253–254.

      After the jury verdict, the court held a bench trial to determine the appropriate

remedy. In August 2022, the court directed Walmart and its fellow pharmacy defendants

to pay $650.6 million into an abatement fund.8 The court entered an injunction order

requiring Walmart to adopt substantially compliant reforms to remediate deficient controls

and reporting systems under the Controlled Substances Act.9

M.    The Books And Records Action

      On May 4, 2020, two months after the Pro Publica article, two of the three plaintiffs

sent Walmart a demand to inspect books and records under Section 220. Walmart rejected

the demand in its entirety. See Compl. ¶¶ 57–63.

      On June 17, 2020, Plaintiff Police and Fire Retirement System of the City of Detroit

pursued its enforcement actions.10 Plaintiff Norfolk County Retirement System pursued its

      8
       Judgment Order, In re Nat’l Prescription Opiate Litig., No. 1:17-MD-2804 (N.D.
Ohio Aug. 22, 2022), 2022 WL 4099669, appeal pending, Trumbull Cnty. v. Purdue
Pharma, L.P., No. 22-3753 (6th Cir.).
      9
        Injunction Order, In re Natl Prescription Opiate Litig., No. 1:17-MD-2804 (N.D.
Ohio Aug. 17, 2022), ECF No. 4611-1, appeal pending, Trumbull Cnty. v. Purdue Pharma,
L.P., No. 22-3753 (6th Cir.).
      10
        See Verified Complaint Pursuant to 8 Del. C. 220 to Compel Inspection of Books
and Records, Police & Fire Ret. Sys. of City of Detroit v. Walmart Inc., C.A. No. 2020-
0478-JTL, Dkt. 1 (Del. Ch. June 17, 2020).

                                           27
enforcement action on the same date. 11 Plaintiff Ontario Provincial Council of Carpenters’

Pension Trust Fund filed its enforcement action on August 21, 2020.12 The three plaintiffs

agreed to coordinate their Section 220 actions. On October 19, 2020, the court found that

Walmart lacked any reasonable basis to dispute the proper purpose element for production

under Section 220 and that the plaintiffs were entitled to many of Walmart’s books and

records that they requested. See Walmart, C.A. No. 2020-0478-JTL, Dkt. 37 at 50–51. By

final order dated October 29, 2020, the court required Walmart to produce various

categories of documents. See Walmart, C.A. No. 2020-0478-JTL, Dkt. 39.

      On January 27, 2021, Walmart purported to complete its production of books and

records and produced a certification of completeness. The plaintiffs asserted that

Walmart’s Section 220 production and its privilege log were utterly deficient. After

additional correspondence between the parties, Walmart produced a revised privilege log

on April 9, 2021, and a supplemental production on April 12, 2021.

      11
         See Verified Complaint Pursuant to 8 Del. C. 220 to Compel Inspection of Books
and Records, Norfolk Cnty. Ret. Sys. v. Walmart Inc., C.A. No. 2020-0482-JTL, Dkt. 1
(Del. Ch. June 17, 2020).
      12
         See Verified Complaint Pursuant to 8 Del. C. 220 to Compel Inspection of Books
and Records, Ontario Provincial Council of Carpenters’ Pension Trust Fund v. Walmart
Inc., C.A. No. 2020-0697-JTL, Dkt. 1 (Del. Ch. Aug. 21, 2020).

                                            28
N.     This Litigation

       The plaintiffs filed their initial complaint on September 27, 2021. Dkt. 1. The

defendants moved to dismiss, and the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint as

contemplated by Court of Chancery Rule 15(aaa). The plaintiffs filed the currently

operative complaint on February 22, 2022. It names as defendants eight members of the

Board and two Walmart officers who were not on the Board. Three members of the Board

also served as Walmart officers.

       In Count I, the complaint asserts that the directors breached their fiduciary duties by

consciously failing to ensure that Walmart complied with the Controlled Substances Act

and the DEA Settlement. Compl. ¶ 363. The complaint alleges that the directors also failed

to make a good faith effort “to implement and monitor internal reporting policies and

systems.” Id. ¶ 364.

       In Count II, the complaint asserts that the officers breached their fiduciary duties in

the same manner as the directors. An additional, officer-specific theory asserts that the

officers breached their fiduciary duties “by failing to inform the Board about Walmart’s

regulatory compliance failures in dispensing and self-distributing opioids.” Id. ¶ 375.

       On June 24, 2022, the defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint in its

entirety. The defendants argued that the claims were time-barred, that the plaintiffs had not

established demand futility under Rule 23.1, and that the claims against two of the

defendants should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6). Alternatively, Walmart requested a

                                             29
stay of litigation pending resolution of the DOJ’s Delaware action. On September 28, 2022,

the court heard oral argument on this motion.

O.     The Nationwide Settlement

       On November 15, 2022, Walmart announced that it had agreed to “a $3.1 billion

nationwide opioid settlement framework designed to resolve substantially all opioid

lawsuits and potential lawsuits by state, local, and tribal governments, if all conditions are

satisfied.” Press Release, Walmart, Inc., Walmart Announces Nationwide Opioid

Settlement Framework (Nov. 15, 2022). The settlement did not resolve all of the opioid

cases involving Walmart. Most notably, the DOJ’s Delaware action remains pending.

       In the settlement, Walmart agreed to implement expansive procedures and controls,

including procedures to avoid diversion of controlled substances. It is reasonable to infer

that before the settlement, although Walmart had taken some steps over the years to

improve its oversight policies, its policies remained inadequate.

       By letter dated as of November 21, 2022, the court asked the parties to address

whether the settlement had implications for the court’s consideration of the pending

motions. The parties submitted supplemental briefs on that topic on January 13, 2023.

       This decision addresses laches and whether the plaintiffs are entitled to equitable

tolling of the statute of limitations. It does not address the defendants’ other bases for

dismissal, nor does it address the stay.

                                             30
                                II.    LEGAL ANALYSIS

       In their lead argument for dismissal, the defendants assert that the plaintiffs’ claims

are untimely. When asserting a timeliness defense, a defendant contends that even if a

claim were viable, the plaintiff cannot assert it. To analyze the timeliness issue, the court

assumes the validity of the claim, then applies timeliness principles. Collis, 287 A.3d at

1193. For a court to grant a motion to dismiss on timeliness grounds under Rule 12(b)(6),

the complaint’s allegations must show that the claim was filed too late. Kahn v. Seaboard

Corp., 625 A.2d 269, 277 (Del. Ch. 1993) (Allen, C.). A court “must draw the same

plaintiff-friendly inferences required in a 12(b)(6) analysis” when evaluating whether the

factual allegations in a complaint support a timeliness defense. State ex rel. Brady v.

Pettinaro Enters., 870 A.2d 513, 524–25 (Del. Ch. 2005) (internal citation omitted).13

       13
          The Pettinaro decision asserts that “[t]his plaintiff-friendly stance does not govern
assertion of tolling exceptions to the operation of a statute of limitations (or the running of
the analogous period for purposes of a laches analysis), however. A plaintiff asserting a
tolling exception must plead facts supporting the applicability of that exception.” Id. at 525
(citing In re Dean Witter P’ship Litig., 1998 WL 442456, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 17, 1998),
aff’d, 725 A.2d 441 (Del. 1999) (TABLE) (“[T]he party asserting that tolling applies . . .
bear[s] the burden of pleading specific facts to demonstrate that the statute of limitations
was, in fact, tolled.”)). As the quotation from the Dean Witter decision shows, that case
supports the proposition that a plaintiff has the burden to allege facts at the pleading stage
that support the application of a tolling doctrine. Other pre-Pettinaro authorities said the
same thing. E.g., Carlton Invs. v. TLC Beatrice Int’l Hldgs., Inc., 1995 WL 694397, at *14
(Del. Ch. Nov. 21, 1995) (Allen, C.); In re USACAFES, L.P. Litig., 1993 WL 18769, at *3
(Del. Ch. Jan. 21, 1993). Those authorities do not say that once a plaintiff has pled facts
that could support the application of a tolling doctrine, the plaintiff does not receive the
benefit of pleading-stage inferences that would support the tolling doctrine’s application.
The Pettinaro decision introduces that concept, without explaining why Rule 12(b)(6)
would not govern the inferences to be drawn from pled facts. Subsequent decisions have

                                              31
When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court (i) accepts as true all well-pled factual

allegations in the complaint, (ii) credits vague allegations if they give the opposing party

notice of the claim, and (iii) draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiffs. Cent.

Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Cap. Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 535 (Del. 2011).

Dismissal is inappropriate “unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any

reasonably conceivable set of circumstances.” Id.

       The plaintiffs have asserted an Information-Systems Claim, a Red-Flags Claim, and

a Massey Claim.14 Each is an equitable claim for breach of fiduciary duty, so laches

repeated Pettinaro’s statement about Rule 12(b)(6)’s inapplicability, without investigation.
See, e.g., Bocock v. INNOVATE Corp., 2022 WL 15800273, at *12 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28,
2022); Matter of Est. of du Pont Dean, 2017 WL 3189552, at *4 (Del. Ch. July 13, 2017);
Eni Hldgs., LLC v. KBR Gp. Hldgs., LLC, 2013 WL 6186326, at *11 (Del. Ch. Nov. 27,
2013).

        Under Rule 8, a plaintiff must plead facts supporting an inference that tolling
applies. If the plaintiff invokes fraudulent concealment, then the plaintiff must plead
particularized facts in compliance with Rule 9. Regardless of the pleading burden, once the
plaintiff meets it by adequately pleading the pertinent facts, then the plaintiff is entitled to
all reasonable inferences to be drawn from those facts. I understand why a plaintiff must
plead facts supporting a tolling doctrine. It is not clear why a plaintiff would not be entitled
to inferences drawn from those pled facts, simply because the issue relates to a tolling
doctrine. See, e.g., In re Am. Int’l Gp., Inc. Consol. Deriv. Litig. (AIG), 965 A.2d 763, 805–
06 (Del. Ch. 2009) (“But, even though fraud must be stated with particularity, this is still a
motion to dismiss, and the Stockholder Plaintiffs are entitled to have me draw all
reasonable inferences in their favor.” (internal citation omitted)), aff’d sub nom. Tchrs.’
Ret. Sys. of La. v. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 11 A.3d 228 (Del. 2011) (TABLE).

        See In re McDonald’s Corp. S’holders Deriv. Litig., 289 A.3d 348, 359–63 (Del.
       14

Ch. 2023) (explaining origins and nature of an Information-Systems Claim and a Red-Flags
Claim); City of Detroit Police & Fire Ret. Sys. v. Hamrock, 2022 WL 2387653, at *17

                                              32
provides the proper framework for analyzing timeliness. See Collis, 287 A.3d at 1194.

Because the plaintiffs only seek money damages, which is relief available at law, the most

closely analogous statute of limitations establishes a presumptive period within which the

claim must be filed after it accrues. Id. at 1195. For a claim for breach of fiduciary duty,

the analogous statute of limitations is three years. Id.

       To apply a limitations period, a court must determine when the claim accrued. Id.

The Collis decision considered three different approaches to claim accrual: the discrete act

approach, the separate accrual approach, and the continuing wrong approach. Id. at 1195–

1201. The court held that for a Red-Flags Claim, the proper framework is the separate

accrual approach, under which each day that the defendants’ ongoing course of conduct

continues constitutes a separate violation for purposes of claim accrual. Id. at 1202–05.

The Collis decision held that, at a minimum, the separate accrual approach applies to a

Massey Claim, while holding out the possibility that the continuing wrong approach could

apply. Id. at 1205–08. The Collis case did not involve an Information-Systems Claim.

A.     Selecting An Accrual Method For An Information-Systems Claim

       Because this case involves an Information-Systems Claim, the court must determine

what accrual method to use for that species of claim.

(Del. Ch. June 30, 2022) (explaining origins and nature of a Red-Flags Claim and a Massey
Claim).

                                              33
       1.     Choosing An Accrual Method Based On The Characteristics Of An
              Information-Systems Claim

       The discrete act approach “makes the most sense when (i) the gravamen of the action

involves a finite quantum of conduct that causes all of the harm which may result, such

that the continuation or repetition of the act will not increase the plaintiff’s damages, and

(ii) the initial impact of the act provides the potential plaintiff with both knowledge of the

conduct and an incentive to sue.” See Collis, 287 A.3d at 1202 (citing Developments in the

Law Statutes of Limitations, 63 Harv. L. Rev. 1177, 1205 (1950)). For a claim with those

features, the discrete act approach gives the plaintiff an incentive to promptly file a single

suit that can address all of the harm resulting from the discrete act. The continuing wrong

approach and the separate accrual approach make more sense when it is difficult to identify

a clear starting point for a claim and the conduct persists over time. Id.

       The gravamen of an Information-Systems Claim is that corporate fiduciaries

“utterly failed to implement any reporting or information system or controls” to address a

central compliance risk. See Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006). “[W]hen

directors fail to make any effort to establish an information system to address central

compliance risks, then that failure supports an inference of bad faith.” In re McDonald’s

Corp. S’holder Deriv. Litig. (McDonald’s Directors), — A.3d —, 2023 WL 2293575, at

*17 (Del. Ch. Mar. 1, 2023). Essential and mission critical risks necessarily qualify as

central compliance risks. Id. at *16.

                                             34
       To plead an Information-Systems Claim, a plaintiff must allege (i) facts supporting

an inference that the risk in question was a central compliance risk and (ii) facts supporting

an inference that the directors or officers did not make a good faith effort to establish an

information system to address it. Sometimes the inherent nature of the issue will support a

reasonable inference that it qualifies as a central compliance risk, such as food safety for

an ice cream company or airplane safety for an airplane manufacturer. Other times, whether

an issue qualifies as a central compliance risk will be less clear.

       One reason for ambiguity is that risks evolve over time. In 1996, when Chancellor

Allen authored Caremark, the idea that cybersecurity might be a central compliance risk

would not have registered. Even today, the relative importance of cybersecurity risk has

not yet led to a Caremark claim surviving a motion to dismiss, although someday it might.15

       Another reason is that “[t]ime and attention are precious commodities, and with

limited supplies of each, officers and directors must make judgments about what risks to

monitor.” McDonald’s Directors, 2023 WL 2293575, at *17. The business judgment rule

       15
          See Firemen’s Ret. Sys. of St. Louis v. Sorenson, 2021 WL 4593777, at *12 (Del.
Ch. Oct. 5, 2021) (noting that cybersecurity threats could become a central compliance risk
“as the legal and regulatory frameworks governing cybersecurity advance and the risks
become manifest,” but dismissing Information-Systems Claim as pled); see also Constr.
Indus. Laborers Pension Fund v. Bingle, 2022 WL 4102492, at *9 (Del. Ch. Sept. 6, 2022)
(rejecting Information-Systems Claim based on cybersecurity risks where the claim was
pled as involving business risk rather than legal risk).

                                              35
protects the decisions that officers and directors make about how and where to devote their

time and resources. Id.

       Outside of what intuitively registers as a central compliance risk, a plaintiff will

have difficulty rebutting the business judgment rule when officers or directors have used a

rational process to identify risks and made a good faith decision about the level of

monitoring resources to deploy. Id. By contrast, it may be difficult for a court not to draw

a pleading-stage inference that an issue could qualify as a central compliance risk if a

company:

•      Has an enterprise risk management system and has identified a risk as central (such
       as an enterprise risk report identifying “Respectful Workplace” as a “Top Tier 2”
       risk that is “Critical to [the company’s] mission and values,” id. at *18); or

•      Has a mission statement or set of policies that call out an issue as a priority for the
       company (such as Standards of Business Conduct and a Human Rights Policy that
       call for cultivating “respectful workplaces” and creating a professional environment
       that “builds trust, protects the integrity of our brand, and fuels our success,” id. at
       *3); or

•      Has touted the importance of and its proficiency in a particular area (such as a
       company that describes itself as providing “America’s best first job,” id.).

When a company makes statements like the examples above, it becomes reasonably

conceivable that protecting employees is a central compliance risk. Id. at *17–18.

       A party pleading an Information-Systems Claim must also allege facts supporting

an inference that corporate fiduciaries failed to make a good faith effort to try to create a

suitable monitoring system. Rarely will there be a single and definitive point at which

directors or officers consciously fail to address a central compliance risk. Grounds for

                                             36
concern about a particular issue typically add up over time. At some point, a signal emerges

from the noise and alerts fiduciaries to the risk. As the situation continues, the ongoing

failure to address the risk supports an inference that the fiduciaries failed to make a good

faith effort to try.

       Identifying the point when the bells start going off is not an easy task, and different

individuals may hear them at different times. At some point, however, the fiduciaries have

notice of the need to act. From then on, the fiduciaries are making an ongoing series of

explicit or implicit decisions to continue not acting. Fiduciaries who have committed a

knowing failure to act on day one continue to engage in the same knowing failure on day

two and on each day thereafter until they make a good faith attempt to create a monitoring

system.

       These attributes make the discrete act approach ill-suited for an Information-

Systems Claim. Using the discrete act approach treats an Information-Systems Claim as if

it were easy to identify a singular act of failing to make a good faith effort to implement a

monitoring system. The approach ignores the developing and ongoing nature of the claim.

       A discrete act approach also fares poorly when evaluated from the perspective of

equity. Compared to other accrual methods, a discrete act approach is more likely to deliver

the benefits of repose to defendants, because it is more likely to result in claims being time-

barred. But the discrete act approach achieves these benefits at the cost of providing a fair

opportunity for plaintiffs to identify and present their claims. Collis, 287 A.3d at 1203.

                                              37
       One typical justification for a discrete act approach is to encourage the prompt

assertion of claims. In stockholder derivative litigation, entrepreneurial plaintiffs’ counsel

already have powerful incentives to sue quickly because of the competitive dynamics

involved in gaining control of a case. See La. Mun. Police Empls.’ Ret. Sys. v. Pyott, 46

A.3d 313, 336–38 (Del. Ch. 2012), rev’d on other grounds, 74 A.3d 612 (Del. 2013). A

discrete act regime would increase that pressure and generate cases about conceptual harms

that might never ripen into meaningful disputes. Decisions addressing premature

complaints are likely to result in dismissals, which under current law have preclusive effect

on the ability of any other stockholder to pursue the same or similar claims. See Cal. State

Tchrs.’ Ret. Sys. v. Alvarez, 179 A.3d 824, 843–44 (Del. 2018); Pyott v. La. Mun. Police

Employs.’ Ret. Sys., 74 A.3d 612, 617 (Del. 2013). The resulting system would weaken

Delaware’s ability to rely on private plaintiffs to enforce fiduciary duties. Meanwhile,

because the premature lawsuits are unlikely to reach the merits, the potential benefits from

resolving cases while evidence is fresh would never arise. Collis, 287 A.3d at 1204.

       When the wrongdoing is ongoing, the discrete act approach cuts off the

accountability mechanism and gives the wrongdoers a free pass once the limitations period

runs. After it is too late to sue, the behavior can continue with impunity. The discrete act

approach thus can facilitate ongoing wrongdoing, suggesting that the approach should not

apply to an Information-Systems Claim.

                                             38
       The next possibility is to apply the continuing wrong approach and treat an

Information-Systems Claim as viable until the fiduciary takes action to address the

compliance risk. Conceptually, that approach is a better fit, but it goes too far in the other

direction. It affords full significance to the ongoing nature of the decision not to implement

an information system, while eliminating any opportunity for repose. It thus opens the door

to the potential assertion of stale claims, with an increased risk of erroneous results.

       The separate accrual approach takes the middle path. It recognizes that an

Information-Systems Claim has two dimensions. The wrong begins at some point, then

persists until the fiduciaries make an effort to implement a monitoring system or the issue

no longer qualifies a central compliance risk. The separate accrual approach accommodates

the difficulty in identifying when the claim arose and does not add another reason for a

plaintiff to sue quickly. Unlike with the discrete act approach, a single point of accrual does

not threaten to make wrongdoing nonactionable, and unlike the continuing wrong

approach, the claim cannot extend back across time to the earliest possible point. Using a

separate accrual approach for an Information-Systems Claim strikes an appropriate balance

by respecting defendants’ interests in finality and repose, while preserving a litigation

vehicle that can provide accountability and compensation.

       2.     Choosing An Accrual Method Based On The Similarities Between The
              Three Types Of Claims

       Using the separate accrual approach for an Information-Systems Claim also makes

sense because of the similarities between an Information-Systems Claim, a Red-Flags

                                              39
Claim, and a Massey Claim. The three types are all variants of the same foundational

concept: a breach of the duty of loyalty grounded on bad faith action.

       When stockholder plaintiffs contend that corporate fiduciaries have breached their

duties, they often challenge an affirmative decision that the fiduciaries have made. A board

has approved a merger, or granted a compensation package to a CEO, or adopted an

advance-notice bylaw. To evaluate whether the fiduciaries have breached their duties, the

court applies one of three standards of review: the business judgment rule, enhanced

scrutiny, or the entire fairness test. Reis v. Hazelett Strip-Casting Corp., 28 A.3d 442, 457

(Del. Ch. 2011). Sometimes, evaluating the challenged decision may require considering

events that happened during a period before or after the decision, such as when reviewing

a sale process under enhanced scrutiny or examining a squeeze-out merger under the entire

fairness test. But there remains a focal point—a decision itself—to which the standard of

review applies.

       In his landmark decision in Caremark, Chancellor Allen focused the corporate

world’s attention on a different scenario: “a board of directors’ obligation to supervise or

monitor corporate performance.” In re Caremark Int’l Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 961

(Del. 1996). In this setting, there typically will not be an obvious decision to anchor the

standard of review. Instead, there will be a period of time (perhaps prolonged) marked by

a combination of inaction and occasional action, followed by a corporate trauma in which

the corporation suffers substantial harm. The question becomes whether grounds exist to

                                             40
shift the loss that the corporation suffered to the fiduciaries who allegedly caused or

permitted the harm to occur.

       Many of us are fortunate not to encounter individuals in our day-to-day lives who

intentionally seek to cause harm. Consistent with that experience, the most intuitive

explanation for a corporate trauma is that it happened due to inadvertence by fiduciaries

who otherwise would have prevented it. The logical foundation for oversight liability is

therefore the duty of care, with liability premised on a showing of gross negligence.

       After Caremark, considerable debate existed about whether oversight liability

derived from the duty of care, the duty of loyalty, or both. In Graham v. Allis-Chalmers

Manufacturing Co., the predecessor to Caremark, the Delaware Supreme Court

contemplated potential liability for both, stating as follows:

       In the last analysis, the question of whether a corporate director has become
       liable for losses to the corporation through neglect of duty is determined by
       the circumstances. If he has recklessly reposed confidence in an obviously
       untrustworthy employee, has refused or neglected cavalierly to perform his
       duty as a director, or has ignored either willfully or through inattention
       obvious danger signs of employee wrongdoing, the law will cast the burden
       of liability upon him. This is not the case at bar, however, for as soon as it
       became evident that there were grounds for suspicion, the Board acted
       promptly to end it and prevent its recurrence.

188 A.2d 125, 130 (Del. 1963).

                                             41
       In Caremark, Chancellor Allen used different formulations to frame or refer to the

duty of oversight.16 Most his formulations drew on the duty of care.17 One passage,

however, described the duty as follows:

       Generally where a claim of directorial liability for corporate loss is
       predicated upon ignorance of liability creating activities within the
       corporation, as in Graham or in this case, in my opinion only a sustained or
       systematic failure of the board to exercise oversight—such as an utter failure
       to attempt to assure a reasonable information and reporting system exists—
       will establish the lack of good faith that is a necessary condition to liability.
       Such a test of liability—lack of good faith as evidenced by sustained or
       systematic failure of a director to exercise reasonable oversight—is quite
       high. But, a demanding test of liability in the oversight context is probably
       beneficial to corporate shareholders as a class, as it is in the board decision
       context, since it makes board service by qualified persons more likely, while

       16
          See, e.g., Stephen M. Bainbridge et al., The Convergence of Good Faith and
Oversight, 55 UCLA L. Rev. 559, 596–97 (2008) (describing different passages); Robert
T. Miller, Wrongful Omissions by Corporate Directors: Stone v. Ritter and Adapting the
Process Model of the Delaware Business Judgment Rule, 10 U. Pa. J. Bus. & Emp. L. 911,
937–40 (2008) (discussing different formulations).
       17
            Caremark, 698 A.2d at 960 (“The suit involves claims that the members of
Caremark’s board of directors . . . breached their fiduciary duty of care to Caremark . . .
.”); id. at 964 (“The original complaint, dated August 5, 1994, alleged, in relevant part, that
Caremark’s directors breached their duty of care . . . .”); id. at 967 (“The complaint charges
the director defendants with breach of their duty of attention or care in connection with the
on-going operation of the corporation’s business.”); id. (referencing the “good policy
reasons why it is so difficult to charge directors with responsibility for corporate losses for
an alleged breach of care”); id. at 967 (discussing how to evaluate “compliance with a
director’s duty of care”); id. at 968 (explaining that “the core element of any corporate law
duty of care inquiry” is “whether there was good faith effort to be informed and exercise
judgment”); id. at 970 (analyzing the “claims asserted with this concept of the directors’
duty of care … in mind”); id. at 971 (discussing what the plaintiffs would have to establish
“[i]in order to show that the Caremark directors breached their duty of care”).

                                              42
       continuing to act as a stimulus to good faith performance of duty by such
       directors.

Id. at 971. Those references suggested that liability required disloyal conduct that took the

form of a lack of good faith.18

       Writing as a member of this court, Chief Justice Strine took up the question and held

that liability for a breach of the duty of oversight always requires a showing of bad faith.

See Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 506 (Del. Ch. 2003). Conceived in that way, the

oversight duty only derives from the duty of loyalty, with no room for the duty of care. In

Stone v. Ritter, the Delaware Supreme Court adopted the Guttman formulation and held

that a breach of the duty of loyalty, such as action in bad faith, is a “necessary condition to

liability.” 911 A.2d 362, 369–70 (Del. 2006); see Bainbridge et al., supra, at 595.

       After Stone, then-Vice Chancellor Strine acknowledged that although the duty of

oversight might carry overtones of care, director liability requires more: “[T]o hold

directors liable for a failure in monitoring, the directors have to have acted with a state of

mind consistent with a conscious decision to breach their duty of care.” Desimone v.

Barrows, 924 A.2d 908, 935 (Del. Ch. 2007). After becoming the Chief Justice, he authored

       18
           One possible explanation for the different lineaments in the decision is that the
corporation in Caremark had an exculpatory provision in its charter that eliminated director
liability for breaches of the duty of care. See 698 A.2d at 971 & n.28. Theoretically,
therefore, the Caremark framework could have treated the oversight duty as implicating
both loyalty and care, but with the exculpatory provision ruling out the possibility of
liability for a breach of the latter duty.

                                              43
a Delaware Supreme Court decision that made a similar statement: “If Caremark means

anything, it is that a corporate board must make a good faith effort to exercise its duty of

care. A failure to make that effort constitutes a breach of the duty of loyalty.” Marchand v.

Barnhill, 212 A.3d 805, 824 (Del. 2019). Liability for the duty of oversight is not subject

to exculpation because the duty of care has been conceptually excluded. After the

reformulation, exculpatory provisions are irrelevant to an oversight claim.19

       An Information-Systems Claim, a Red-Flags Claim, and a Massey Claim each

operate within this framework. The Information-Systems Claim and the Red-Flags Claim

rest on the premise that a conscious decision not to act is itself a decision that can be the

       19
           That fact notwithstanding, Delaware decisions continue to refer to the presence
of an exculpatory provision as a factor when analyzing an oversight claim, consistent with
the intuitive reaction that oversight liability is more closely associated with care. See, e.g.,
Firemen’s Ret. Sys. of St. Louis v. Sorenson, 2021 WL 4593777, at *8 (Del. Ch. Oct. 5,
2021) (“Because Marriott’s certificate of incorporation contains a provision exculpating its
directors for breaches of the duty of care, as permitted under 8 Del. C. § 102(b)(7), the
plaintiff must plead with particularity facts that support a meritorious claim for breach of
the duty of loyalty.” (cleaned up)); In re Goldman Sachs Gp., Inc. S’holder Litig., 2011
WL 4826104, at *18 (Del. Ch. Oct. 12, 2011) (“The likelihood of directors’ liability [for a
Caremark claim] is significantly lessened where, as here, the corporate charter exculpates
the directors from liability to the extent authorized by 8 Del. C. § 102(b)(7).”); In re
Citigroup Inc., S’holder Deriv. Litig., 964 A.2d 106, 125 (Del. 2009) (“[T]he protection of
an exculpatory § 102(b)(7) provision, and the difficulty of proving a Caremark claim
together function to place an extremely high burden on a plaintiff to state a claim for
personal director liability for a failure to see the extent of a company’s business risk.”).

                                              44
product of bad faith.20 The Massey Theory looks for or implies an affirmative decision to

violate the law, which is itself a decision to act in bad faith.

       For each theory, the court looks at a series of fiduciary inactions and actions, made

over time, to determine whether they support an inference that the corporate fiduciaries

were operating in bad faith. In each case, the evidentiary pattern may suggest a point when

the court can infer conscious wrongdoing. If so, then from that point on, the conscious

wrongdoing continues until the corporate fiduciaries cause the wrongdoing to cease.

       A strong pattern of conduct can support an inference that the corporate fiduciaries

intentionally decided to cause the corporation to violate the law, typically because of the

       20
          See Aronson, 473 A.2d at 813 (“[A] conscious decision to refrain from acting may
nonetheless be a valid exercise of business judgment and enjoy the protections of the rule”);
Quadrant Structured Prods. Co. v. Vertin, 102 A.3d 155, 183 (Del. Ch. 2014) (“The
Complaint alleges that the Board had the ability to defer interest payments on the Junior
Notes, that the Junior Notes would not receive anything in an orderly liquidation, that
[Defendant] owned all of the Junior Notes, and that the Board decided not to defer paying
interest on the Junior Notes to benefit [Defendant]. A conscious decision not to take action
is just as much of a decision as a decision to act.”); In re China Agritech, Inc. S’holder
Deriv. Litig., 2013 WL 2181514, at *23 (Del. Ch. May 21, 2013) (“The Special Committee
decided not to take any action with respect to the Audit Committee’s termination of two
successive outside auditors and the allegations made by Ernst & Young. The conscious
decision not to take action was itself a decision.”); Krieger v. Wesco Fin. Corp., 30 A.3d
54, 58 (Del. Ch. 2011) (“Wesco stockholders had a choice: they could make an election
and select a form of consideration, or they could choose not to make an election and accept
the default cash consideration.”); Hubbard v. Hollywood Park Realty Enters., Inc., 1991
WL 3151, at *10 (Del. Ch. Jan. 14, 1991) (“From a semantic and even legal viewpoint,
‘inaction’ and ‘action’ may be substantive equivalents, different only in form.”); Jean-Paul
Sartre, Existentialism Is a Humanism 44 (Carol Macomber trans., Yale Univ. Press 2007)
(“[W]hat is impossible is not to choose. I can always choose, but I must also realize that,
if I decide not to choose, that still constitutes a choice.”).

                                               45
cost of compliance and its effect on profits. It is highly unlikely that any formal record of

such a decision would exist, nor will there be an after-the-fact confession. What will exist

are external manifestations from which, using the theory of mind, an external observer like

a judge or a jury can infer conscious intent.21 The inference that corporate fiduciaries made

a decision to violate the law is the foundation for a Massey Claim.

       A less strong pattern of conduct can support an inference that the corporate

fiduciaries were put on notice that the corporation was violating the law or otherwise

headed for a corporate trauma, but did nothing in response. Here too, any formal record of

a decision is not likely to exist, nor will there be admissions to that effect. Yet an external

observer may be able to draw an inference that the corporate fiduciaries willfully turned a

blind eye to the evidence and hence consciously decided to do nothing. That inference is

the foundation for a Red-Flags Claim.

       In its weakest actionable version, the pattern of conduct can support an inference

that corporate fiduciaries became aware of a risk that the corporation was violating the law

or otherwise heading toward a corporate trauma, yet did nothing. Once again, there is

unlikely to be any formal record of a decision not to create a system to monitor the risk,

nor any confessions or admissions. Yet an observer may be able to infer that the fiduciaries

       21
          See generally Diamantis, Mihailis, How To Read a Corporation’s Mind (October
2022). U Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2022-32, Forthcoming, The Culpable
Corporate      Mind      (Elise    Bant      ed.,   2022),     available   at   SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=4155933 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4155933

                                              46
consciously decided not to set up a monitoring system that would generate information

pertinent to that risk in the ordinary course of business. That inference is the foundation for

an Information-Systems Claim.

       A Massey Claim, a Red-Flags Claim, or an Information-Systems Claim thus each

depend on the court being able to draw an inference of a conscious decision. In a Massey

Claim, it will be a conscious decision to act. In a Red-Flags Claim or an Information-

Systems Claim, it will be a conscious decision not to act. Once that conscious decision is

made, the situation continues until the fiduciaries fix it. The fiduciaries could take remedial

action at any time, and so the failure to take remedial action is ongoing.

       Because of the similarities among the three claims, the same principles for

determining claim accrual logically apply to all three claims. In Collis, the court held that

the separate accrual approach should apply to a Red-Flags Claim. 287 A.3d at 1205. The

court also reasoned that at a minimum, the separate accrual approach should apply to a

Massey Claim, with the possibility that because of the seriousness of a conscious decision

to violate the law, the continuing wrong doctrine could apply. Id. at 1207.

       The Information-Systems Claim is a close relative of the Red-Flags Claim and the

Massey Claim, so the separate accrual approach should apply. As between the two, the

Information-Systems Claim is more closely related to a Red-Flags Claim, because in both

cases the court infers a conscious decision not to act, rather than the conscious decision to

act. While it may be possible that the continuing wrong approach could govern a Massey

                                              47
Claim because of the greater opprobrium associated with a conscious decision to violate

the law, the same is not true for an Information-Systems Claim. As with a Red-Flags Claim,

the separate accrual approach should apply to an Information-Systems Claim.

       Both as a matter of independent analysis and for consistency with the Red-Flags

Claim and the Massey Claim, this decision concludes that the separate accrual approach is

the proper method for determining when an Information-Systems Claim has accrued. As

in Collis, it is unnecessary in this case to choose between the separate accrual approach

and the continuing wrong approach for the Massey Claim. As a result, this decision uses

the separate accrual method for all of the claims in the case.

B.     Determining The Lookback Date

       To apply the separate accrual method, the court must determine a lookback date to

use when measuring the actionable period. The presumptive lookback date is when the

plaintiff filed suit. This case was filed on September 27, 2021.

       In a derivative action where the plaintiff sought books and records before filing suit,

the court can calculate the actionable period using an earlier date tied to the plaintiff’s

exercise of its informational rights. See Collis, 287 A.3d at 1208–11 (collecting

authorities). One option is to use the date when the plaintiff filed a Section 220 enforcement

action, but “a rule that turned on the filing of a Section 220 enforcement action would

incentivize the filing of more enforcement actions (which the court does not need), simply

to secure a tolling benefit.” Id. at 1211. Such a rule also would undermine this court’s

efforts to promote extra-judicial resolution of books-and-records disputes. Id. Such a rule

                                             48
also fails to address situations where, as here, the plaintiffs made a demand on one date,

then each pursued separate enforcement actions.

       A stockholder therefore should receive credit for serving a demand and
       obtaining books and records without the need for an enforcement action. But
       that does not mean that simply sending a demand will yield a benefit in every
       case. The stockholder plaintiff must pursue the demand diligently to gain a
       benefit. That does not mean pressuring the defendant corporation
       relentlessly, and it does not mean always filing an enforcement action, but it
       also should not involve months-long periods of stockholder-side inactivity.
       The process should move forward with deliberate speed.

Id. (citation omitted).

       In this case, two of the three plaintiffs sent a demand on May 4, 2020, which

Walmart rejected in its entirety. A third plaintiff sent a demand on July 2, 2020. After

efforts to negotiate were unsuccessful, two of the three plaintiffs filed enforcement actions

on June 17, 2020. The third filed its enforcement action on August 21, 2020. By final order

dated October 29, 2020, the court required Walmart to produce various categories of

documents. See Police & Fire Ret. Sys. of City of Detroit v. Walmart Inc., 2020 WL

6379117, at *1 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2020) (ORDER).

       Walmart completed its production on January 27, 2021. The plaintiffs contended

that the production was incomplete and challenged Walmart’s privilege log. After further

negotiations, Walmart produced a revised privilege log on April 9, 2021, and a

supplemental production on April 12, 2021.

       After reviewing and evaluating the information they obtained, the plaintiffs decided

to file suit. They filed their initial complaint on September 27, 2021, five months later. The

                                             49
complaint was thorough and evidenced considerable effort. It spanned 132 pages and

contained 316 numbered paragraphs. It was not a pastiche of prolix invective, but rather a

detailed effort to assert viable derivative claims.

       The pace at which the plaintiffs proceeded is consistent with a steady and diligent

effort to use Section 220. A rush to file a lawsuit is neither desirable nor expected. The

court therefore will use the date of the Section 220 demands as the lookback date.

       Because the plaintiffs sent their demands on two separate dates, there are two

possible lookback dates: May 4, 2020 and July 2, 2020. Using the later date could create a

disincentive for plaintiffs to work together and coordinate their actions. In a situation where

there is a substantial gap between the demands, the earlier stockholder may not want to

coordinate with the later filer because of the risk that the earlier filer would lose the tolling

benefit. Using the later date has the benefit of avoiding that problem and encouraging

coordination, which reduces the burden on responding corporations and the courts. But

using the earlier date also creates a risk of a rush to serve Section 220 demands.

       As with the question of whether to use an earlier lookback date than the filing of the

complaint, which earlier date to use will depend on the facts and circumstances. A bright-

line rule is likely undesirable. In this case, the demands were sent in rapid succession, and

the choice between the dates has no effect on the timeliness analysis, so this decision uses

a lookback date of May 4, 2020 for convenience.

                                               50
C.     Measuring The Actionable Period

       The next step in the separate accrual approach is to use the statute of limitations for

a closely analogous legal claim to measure the actionable period by working backward

from the lookback date. For a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, the analogous statute of

limitations is three years. 10 Del. C. § 8106. Measuring back from the lookback date of

May 4, 2020, means that the actionable period for this case started on May 4, 2017.

D.     Determining Whether Any Of The Ongoing Conduct Took Place During The
       Actionable Period

       The third step under the separate accrual approach is to determine whether any of

the ongoing conduct that gives rise to the plaintiffs’ claim took place during the actionable

period. If yes, then the claim is timely. If no, then the court must consider any tolling

doctrines that the plaintiffs have raised.

       1.     The Pharmacy Issues

       The first category of claims involves the Pharmacy Issues. The actionable period

stretches back to May 4, 2017. Walmart acted as an operator of retail pharmacies

throughout the actionable period and continued to do so after suit was filed. In August

2022, a federal judge entered an injunction order requiring Walmart to remediate deficient

controls and reporting systems. In November 2022, Walmart agreed to a settlement that

involved a payment of $3.1 billion, plus the implementation of extensive procedures and

controls. It is therefore reasonable to infer that the Pharmacy Issues extended throughout

the actionable period. The plaintiffs’ claims based on the Pharmacy Issues are timely.

                                             51
       2.        The Distributor Issues

       The second category of claims involves the Distributor Issues. Once again, the

actionable period stretches back to May 4, 2017. Walmart management made the decision

to stop acting as an opioid distributor in November 2017 and completed its exit from the

business in April 2018. That level of overlap is sufficient to make the plaintiffs’ claims

based on the Distributor Issues timely.

       Because of the limited amount of conduct included in the actionable period, it bears

emphasizing that conduct before the actionable period is not actionable. See Collis, 287

A.3d at 1180. Evidence from earlier periods may be relevant and discoverable, but conduct

that took place before the actionable period cannot support liability. A plaintiff can invoke

tolling doctrines to extend the actionable period and bring more conduct within its scope,

but that issue need not be addressed at the pleading stage. For purposes of the defendants’

timeliness defense, some overlap between the ongoing conduct and the actionable period

is sufficient.

       3.        The DEA Settlement Issues

       The third category of claims involves the DEA Settlement Issues. The DEA

Settlement was in effect from March 11, 2011 to March 11, 2015. The actionable period

only extends back to May 4, 2017. The plaintiffs’ claims are therefore presumptively

untimely. The plaintiffs, however, have invoked three tolling doctrines: equitable tolling,

inherently unknowable injury, and fraudulent concealment. This decision need only

consider equitable tolling. Considering that doctrine also implicates the question of inquiry

                                             52
notice, because “[i]f the ongoing conduct has stopped and a plaintiff has invoked a tolling

doctrine to save an otherwise untimely lawsuit, inquiry notice operates the same way as in

a discrete act system and may prevent the plaintiff from relying on a tolling doctrine to

make the claim timely.” Collis, 287 A.3d at 1213.

              a.     Equitable Tolling

       “[T]he doctrine of equitable tolling stops the statute from running while a plaintiff

has reasonably relied upon the competence and good faith of a fiduciary.” In re Tyson

Foods, Inc. Consol. S’holder Litig., 919 A.2d 563, 585 (Del. Ch. 2007)). “The obvious

purpose of the equitable tolling doctrine is to ensure that fiduciaries cannot use their own

success at concealing their misconduct as a method of immunizing themselves from

accountability for their wrongdoing.” AIG, 965 A.2d at 813.

       The defendants argue that equitable tolling only applies to self-dealing claims and

is therefore unavailable. As this court discussed in Collis, limiting equitable tolling to one

subspecies of loyalty violation—self-dealing—does not accurately reflect Delaware case

law. Collis, 287 A.3d at 1218–20. The duty of loyalty is the core fiduciary principle, and

when fiduciaries act disloyally or in bad faith, equitable tolling should still apply. Id. at

1219. Applied in this manner, the doctrine of equitable tolling resembles a similar tolling

doctrine that permits a plaintiff to rely in blameless ignorance on the silence of

professionals, where tolling is not artificially limited to self-dealing. See Hillblom v. Wilm.

Tr. Co., 2022 WL 17428978, at *11 (Del. Ch. Dec. 6, 2022). For equitable tolling,

stockholders are relying on the silence of their professional fiduciaries.

                                              53
          The plaintiffs’ claims invoke the duty of loyalty. The Information-Systems Claim

and the Red-Flags Claim require an inference that the corporate fiduciaries consciously

decided in bad faith that they would not take action to establish an information system or

respond to red flags. The Massey Claim requires an inference that the corporate fiduciaries

consciously decided in bad faith not to comply with the law, likely because of the cost of

compliance and its impact on profits. Because each claim implicates the duty of loyalty,

equitable tolling is available for all three.

          The defendants never disclosed the existence of the DEA Settlement or their failure

to fulfill its obligations. Equitable tolling consequently applies until the point of inquiry

notice.

          Applying the doctrine of equitable tolling is all the more warranted because the

defendant fiduciaries reassured Walmart’s stockholders that they were complying with

their legal obligations. For example, in April 2013, while the DEA Settlement was in effect

and the directors and officers were failing to meet its obligations, Walmart disclosed in its

proxy statement that “Board committees, which meet regularly and report to the full Board,

play active roles in fulfilling the risk oversight function.”22 In March 2014, the start of the

last year of the DEA Settlement, Walmart publicly stated that it was “[c]reating a diversion

analytics tool to deter, detect and remedy attempts at pharmaceutical diversion in U.S.

          22
               Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Global Compliance Report on Fiscal Year 2014 (Mar. 14,
2014).

                                                54
Walmart and Sam’s Club pharmacies.”23 In April 2015, just after the DEA Settlement

expired, Walmart disclosed that, “management reported regularly to the Audit Committee

regarding ongoing enhancements to our global compliance program and progress in

implementing these objectives. At the end of fiscal 2015, the Audit Committee determined

that, in its qualitative judgment, adequate progress had been achieved in implementing

these objectives.”24 Similar disclosures appeared in Walmart’s proxy statements for 2016,

2017, and 2018.25

       More reassuring disclosures appeared in a press release from May 2018:

       In an effort to continue to be part of the solution to our nation’s opioid
       epidemic, Walmart is introducing new policies, programs and tools aimed at
       curbing opioid misuse and abuse. These initiatives apply to all Walmart and

       23
         Compl. ¶ 352; Dkt. 40 at 51; accord Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Definitive Additional
Materials (Schedule 14A), at 9 (Apr. 23, 2014).
       24
         Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 53 (Apr.
22, 2015).
       25
          See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 49–50
(Apr. 20, 2016) (“[O]ver the past few years, our company has made significant
improvements to our ethics and compliance program around the world. To further
emphasize our commitment to ethics and compliance, in early fiscal 2016, our company’s
senior leadership again developed a timetable for implementing further enhancements to
our global ethics and compliance program on a prioritized basis. These objectives covered
such subject matters as . . . health and wellness compliance . . . These objectives sought to
enhance key elements of a corporate ethics and compliance program, including but not
limited to developing and implementing enhanced compliance protocols and procedures,
hiring and training of key compliance personnel, monitoring and assessment of various
elements of the program, internal communications, and access to information.”); Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 60 (Apr. 20, 2017) (same);
Walmart Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 51 (Apr. 20, 2018) (same).

                                             55
         Sam’s Club pharmacies and pharmacists in the United States and Puerto
         Rico.

         ...

         Further, by the end of August 2018 . . . [i]n states that allow access, the
         company’s pharmacists will have access to and use the controlled substance
         tracking tool, NarxCare. NarxCare is a tool that helps pharmacists make
         dispensing decisions and provides pharmacists with the real-time interstate
         visibility that currently exists.

Ex. H.

         In contrast to these disclosures, the complaint alleges facts and points to internal

documents that support an inference that Walmart failed to comply with the DEA

Settlement. See Compl. ¶¶ 191, 211–214, 352. The complaint’s factual allegations support

an inference that while the DEA Settlement was in effect, Walmart’s policies and

operations hindered the ability of its pharmacists to track suspicious prescriptions and

thwarted pharmacists’ access to refusal-to-fill information. Id. ¶¶ 251–255.

         It is reasonable to infer that Walmart’s disclosures reassured stockholders, put them

off the scent of wrongdoing, and reinforced their confidence in their fiduciaries. Because

equitable tolling is available, laches based on the presumptive three-year statute of

limitations does not apply.

                b.     Inquiry Notice

         The availability of a tolling doctrine does not end the analysis, because inquiry

notice universally limits tolling. A plaintiff must sue within a reasonable time after the

plaintiff “was objectively aware, or should have been aware, of facts giving rise to the

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wrong.” Tyson Foods, 919 A.2d at 585. “Even where a defendant uses every fraudulent

device at its disposal to mislead a victim or obfuscate the truth, no sanctuary from the

statute will be offered to the dilatory plaintiff who was not or should not have been fooled.”

Id. Once the plaintiff is aware of the injury, or should have discovered it in the exercise of

reasonable diligence, then the period for bringing a claim starts to run. See Dean Witter,

1998 WL 442456, at *6. Under a separate accrual system, if the ongoing conduct has

stopped, then inquiry notice may prevent a plaintiff from invoking a tolling doctrine to save

an otherwise untimely lawsuit.

       After a plaintiff is on inquiry notice, the plaintiff must sue within a reasonable time.

       Inquiry notice does not require full knowledge of the material facts; rather,
       plaintiffs are on inquiry notice when they have sufficient knowledge to raise
       their suspicions to the point where persons of ordinary intelligence and
       prudence would commence an investigation that, if pursued would lead to
       the discovery of the injury.

Pomeranz v. Museum P’rs, L.P., 2005 WL 217039, at *3 (Del. Ch. Jan. 24, 2005). “Inquiry

notice does not require a plaintiff to have actual knowledge of a wrong, but simply an

objective awareness of the facts giving rise to the wrong—that is, a plaintiff is put on

inquiry notice when he gains possession of facts sufficient to make him suspicious, or that

ought to make him suspicious.” Sunrise Ventures, LLC v. Rehoboth Canal Ventures, LLC,

2010 WL 363845, at *7 (Del. Ch. Jan. 27, 2010) (cleaned up). When a plaintiff has relied

upon a fiduciary’s statements, then inquiry notice does not arise unless the plaintiff had

some reason to suspect that the fiduciary’s statements were inaccurate. Tyson Foods, 919

A.2d at 600.

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       As with the application of timeliness defenses more generally, the issue of inquiry

notice may not be suitable for resolution on a motion to dismiss. “[T]he question of inquiry

notice is factually-intensive [sic] and case-specific.” Bredberg v. Boston Sci. Corp., 2021

WL 2816897, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. July 2, 2021). In some cases, it may be possible to

determine at the pleading stage that a plaintiff was on inquiry notice; in others, that

determination must await further developments. Id.

       The defendants argue that the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice in 2017 after the

filing of the bellwether complaints in the Opioid MDL. It is fair to infer that the complaints

in the Opioid MDL put stockholders on notice of problems with Walmart’s compliance

with the Controlled Substances Act. But the extent to which the Opioid MDL put

stockholders on notice of Walmart’s years of non-compliance with the DEA Settlement is

not clear from the face of the complaint. Failing to comply with a regulatory statute like

the Controlled Substances Act is a problem. Failing to comply with the specific obligations

in a settlement agreement between a company and its principal regulator is a bigger

problem. Inquiry notice about the former need not result in inquiry notice about the latter.

       The two complaints in the Opioid MDL that the defendants cite do not contain

references to the DEA Settlement. The Cabell County Commission filed the first complaint

in March 2017 in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia against

Walmart in its capacity as a distributor and against other distributors, collectively referred

to as the “Distributor Defendants.” Ex. 57. The Cabell County complaint alleged that

                                             58
Walmart failed to meet its obligations as a distributor to “maintain effective controls

against diversion of prescription opiates” and “monitor, detect, investigate, refuse and

report suspicious orders of prescription opiates.” Id. ¶¶ 81, 87. The Cabell County

complaint identified orders to show cause that the DEA issued against AmerisourceBergen

and Cardinal Health, and settlement agreements between the DEA and McKesson and

Cardinal Health. The complaint did not identify the 2007 order to show cause against

Walmart or the 2011 DEA Settlement. That is not surprising. The order to show cause and

the DEA Settlement addressed Walmart’s obligations as a dispenser, not a distributor, and

Walmart had never disclosed the existence of the DEA Settlement.

      The Cherokee Nation filed the second complaint in April 2017 in the District Court

of the Cherokee Nation against three “Distributor Defendants”—McKesson, Cardinal

Health, and AmerisourceBergen—and three “Pharmacy Defendants”—CVS, Walgreens,

and Walmart. Ex. 58 ¶¶ 12–17. The complaint alleged that the Pharmacy Defendants

“engaged in improper dispensing practices” and “participated in nuisance-causing

activities,” including “failing to implement effective controls and procedures in their

supply chains to guard against theft, diversion and misuse of controlled substances” and

“failing to adequately design and operate a system to detect, halt and report suspicious

orders of controlled substances.” Id. ¶¶ 177–181. In its Walmart-specific allegations, the

complaint alleged:

      Walmart has had two orders entered against it and its employees. In January
      of 2015, Walmart was cited for “failing to have a pharmacy manager who

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       established and maintained effective controls against the diversion of
       prescription drugs and failing to have a pharmacy manager who supervises
       employees as they related to the practice of pharmacy.” Notably, this
       particular Walmart is not only within the Cherokee Nation, but is also
       number eight on the top-ten list of opioid dispensing pharmacies in
       Oklahoma. Then, on June 15, 2016, a pharmacy technician employed by
       Walmart in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma had an order entered against her and
       her license revoked stemming from diversion of prescription opioids.

Id. ¶ 160. The complaint did not identify the 2007 order to show cause against Walmart or

the 2011 DEA Settlement, even though the complaint extended to Walmart’s activities as

a dispenser.

       The allegations in these complaints do not contain anything that would have put

stockholders on the trail of the DEA Settlement. The allegations in the complaints also did

not contain allegations about board-level compliance and oversight. It is not clear at this

stage of the case that the complaints that the defendants have cited from the Opioid MDL

constituted inquiry notice for claims relating to the DEA Settlement Issues.

       Inquiry notice also requires the court to have confidence that the plaintiff could have

discovered the claim if the plaintiff had caught the scent.

       Determining when a stockholder plaintiff is on inquiry notice for a claim that
       otherwise would survive a motion to dismiss therefore involves a two-step
       analysis. First, sufficient information must be available to arouse a
       reasonable stockholder's suspicions. Second, the reasonable stockholder
       must be able to commence an investigation and discover the facts necessary
       to plead the claim and survive the motion to dismiss. If the stockholder could
       not obtain the information necessary to file a viable complaint, then the
       stockholder could continue to rely reasonably on the competence and good
       faith of the fiduciary, and equitable tolling would continue to apply.

In re Primedia, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2013 WL 6797114, at *12 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).

                                             60
       It is not clear at this stage of the case whether the plaintiffs could have obtained

information about the DEA Settlement if they had served demands for books and records

in 2017 that did not identify the DEA Settlement specifically. To obtain the DEA

Settlement, the plaintiffs would have had to request records going back six years, which is

a time period that respondents often resist. Courts are aware of the burden that books and

records requests can impose on a responding corporation, and it is not clear that a court

would have gone beyond five years without a good reason for doing so.

       The court cannot determine from the face of the complaint whether the plaintiffs

were on inquiry notice before the publication of the Pro Publica article in March 2020. At

this stage of the case, it appears that equitable tolling is available for the DEA Settlement

Issues until March 2020, which means that the plaintiffs have advanced timely claims. At

a later stage of the case, it may become apparent that the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice

at an earlier date. At present, the defendants cannot rely on inquiry notice to render the

plaintiffs’ claims untimely.

E.     Prejudice To The Defendants

       A second dimension of the laches analysis is prejudice to the defendants. “Laches

is fundamentally concerned with the prevention of inequity in permitting a claim to be

enforced. Inequity for this purpose arises where there occurs some change in the condition

or relation of the parties or the property involved in the pending lawsuit.” Donald J. Wolfe,

Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger, Corporate & Commercial Practice in the Delaware Court of

Chancery § 15.07[c][4], at 15-18 (2021). The defendants have not pointed to any prejudice

                                             61
that could render the plaintiffs’ suit untimely. They made a straightforward statute of

limitations argument, which this decision has rejected.

       If anything, now is the appropriate time to litigate the case. In November 2022,

Walmart announced that it had agreed to a $3.1 billion settlement. The bulk of the harm to

Walmart has now been quantified, and the time has come to consider whether grounds exist

to shift responsibility for the harm to the individuals who made decisions on its behalf.

F.     Other Equitable Considerations

       When conducting a laches analysis, a court may take into account “unusual

conditions or extraordinary circumstances.”26 There are none in this case.

                                  III.    CONCLUSION

       To the extent that the defendants have moved to dismiss the plaintiffs’ claims on the

grounds of untimeliness, their motion is denied.

       26
            Levey v. Brownstone Asset Mgmt., LP, 76 A.3d 764, 770; accord
IAC/InterActiveCorp. v. O’Brien, 26 A.3d 174, 178 (Del. 2011) (same); Wright v. Scotton,
121 A. 69, 73 (Del. 1923) (“[I]f unusual conditions or extraordinary circumstances make
it inequitable to allow the prosecution of a suit after a briefer, or to forbid its maintenance
after a longer period than that fixed by the statute [a court] will determine the extraordinary
case in accordance with the equities which condition it.”).

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