Court Opinion

ID: 2768412
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-09 00:58:29.440734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:12:44.526013
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                          Before
                              TOZZI, KRAUSS, and PENLAND
                                 Appellate Military Judges

                             UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                          v.
                            Specialist JAMEL E. GREENE
                            United States Army, Appellant

                                      ARMY 20120805

       Headquarters, United States Army Combined Arms Support Command,
                 Sustainment Center of Excellence, and Fort Lee
                          Denise R. Lind, Military Judge
                 Colonel Andrew J. Glass, Staff Judge Advocate

For Appellant: William E. Cassara, Esq.; Captain Michael J. Millios, JA (on brief
and reply brief).

For Appellee: Colonel John P. Carrell, JA; Lieutenant Colonel James L. Varley, JA;
Major Steven J. Collins, JA; Captain Benjamin W. Hogan, JA (on brief).

                                      28 October 2014

                                 ----------------------------------
                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                 ----------------------------------

  This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.

PENLAND, Judge:

       A panel of officer and enlisted members sitting as a general court-martial
convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of carnal knowledge with a child who had
attained the age of 12 but was under the age of 16 in violation of Article 120,
Uniform Code of Military Justice [hereinafter UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. § 920 (2000 &
Supp. V); aggravated sexual assault of a child, aggravated sexual assault by causing
bodily harm, wrongful sexual contact in violation of Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 920 (2006 & Supp. I); sodomy with a child under the age of 12, and forcible
sodomy with a child who had attained the age of 12 but was under the age of 16 in
violation of Article 125, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 925 (2000). The panel sentenced
appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for thirty-five years, forfeiture of
all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening authority
GREENE — ARMY 20120805

approved only so much of the sentence as provided for a dishonorable discharge,
confinement for 35 years, and reduction to the grade of E-1.

      Appellant raises several assignments of error, three of which merit discussion
and one of which merits relief.

        WRONGFUL SEXUAL CONTACT (Specification 4 of Charge II)

      Specification 4 of Charge II alleged:

             In that [appellant], did, at or near Fort Story, Virginia, on
             divers occasions, between on or about 1 October 2007 and
             on or about 30 April 2009, wrongfully engage in sexual
             contact, to wit: touching the breasts and rubbing the
             vaginal area of Miss [DC], with, and without the
             permission of, Miss [DC].

       During the charged time period between 1 October 2007 and 30 April 2009,
DC was between fifteen years old and seventeen years old. After discussion with the
parties, the military judge instructed the panel that “[a] person cannot consent to
sexual activity as charged in Specification 4 of Charge II if that person is under
16 years of age.”

       Appellant argues the plain reading of the specification alleges conduct that is
both lawful and unlawful—appellant engaging in sexual contact “with, and without
the permission of” DC—and that the panel rendered an improper general verdict of
guilt. See generally Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931); Yates v. United
States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957), overruled on other grounds by Burks v. United States,
437 U.S. 1 (1978). We disagree. Despite its circuitous grammatical construction,
the specification plainly alleges that appellant wrongfully engaged in sexual contact
with DC and that such contact was without her permission. The specification cannot
reasonably be read to allege any lawful conduct.

       A review of the military judge’s instructions leaves us with no doubt that the
panel convicted appellant of only unlawful conduct. The judge correctly instructed
on all of the elements of the wrongful sexual contact offense, including the
explanation that “‘[w]ithout permission’ means without consent.” Coupled with the
additional consent instruction regarding children under the age of 16, the judge left
for the panel to decide that, if they believed any sexual contact occurred when DC
was under 16, she was incapable of consenting; but, that if any sexual contact
occurred after DC turned 16, they had to determine whether it was “without her
permission” or without her consent. Absent evidence to the contrary, panel members
are presumed to comply with the judge’s instructions. United States v. Hornback,
73 M.J. 155, 161 (C.A.A.F. 2014).

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GREENE — ARMY 20120805

                          PANEL MEMBER’S QUESTIONS

       As part of its case-in-chief, the government presented evidence that on or
about the charged time period pertaining to the offenses against DC, DC became
pregnant, believed “it [was] most likely her uncle’s,” and obtained an abortion.
During the defense’s case, DC’s boyfriend testified that he believed he was the
father of the child because he and DC engaged in sexual intercourse during the same
time period. Appellant also testified, inter alia, that prior to the charged time
period, he had a vasectomy and a subsequent reversal procedure, and that he and his
wife had been trying to become pregnant with no success for years.

       The military judge handled panel members’ proposed questions in accordance
with Military Rule of Evidence 614(b), which requires members to submit their
questions to the judge in writing “so that a ruling may be made on the propriety of
the questions or the course of questioning and so that questions may be asked on
behalf of the court by the military judge in a form acceptable to the military judge.”
The military judge carefully reviewed the dozens of questions submitted by various
panel members and, despite lack of objection from either party to some questions,
properly ruled that certain questions were objectionable and did not ask them.

       Panel member, Captain (CPT) AA, proposed the following questions to
appellant: “[w]hy should the court believe them and not you?,” “[w]hy should the
court believe you and not them?” [1] , and “[d]on’t you think it was an important part
in your case to prove that you could not have physically impregnated [DC]?”
Defense counsel objected to the questions without stating specific grounds, and the
judge did not ask them. Defense counsel did not request an Article 39(a) session, an
option indicated on the member’s question form. Defense counsel did not object to
the remaining seven questions CPT AA asked appellant. 2

1
    The panel member was referring to the two alleged victims in this case.
2
  A different panel member later asked the following questions: “Have there been
post-op visits to verify the success or failure of the vasectomy reversal? If so, what
are the results of [the] post-op visits? Was the reversal successful?” Defense
counsel did not object to these questions and the military judge asked the questions.
Appellant responded that: he underwent a test, which indicated he had “some
blockage”; he was referred to urology; he never went to urology once the allegations
that were the subject of the trial arose; and that he “kn[e]w for a fact the vasectomy
was not successful” because he and his wife had been trying to have a baby for years
and were unable and his “wife [was] tested, and there [was] nothing wrong with
her.”

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GREENE — ARMY 20120805

      Appellant now argues that the military judge had a sua sponte duty “to
examine CPT [AA], particularly after the question regarding the burden of proof, to
determine whether she understood the instructions and would follow them” and that
appellant “did not receive a fair trial because the military judge failed to excuse CPT
[AA] sua sponte” on the grounds of both actual and implied bias.

       The right to an impartial and unbiased panel is guaranteed to an accused in the
military justice system by the Constitution, federal statutes, regulations and
directives, and case law. United States v. Nash, 71 M.J. 83, 88 (C.A.A.F. 2012)
(citations and quotation marks omitted). This right is “upheld through military
judges’ determinations on the issues of actual bias, implied bias, and the mandatory
disqualifying grounds in the Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) that preclude persons
from serving on a panel.” Id.

       Actual bias is “personal bias which will not yield to the military judge’s
instructions and the evidence presented at trial.” Id. Actual bias is “reviewed
through the eyes of the military judge or the court members . . . .” United States v.
Leonard, 63 M.J. 398, 402 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (quoting United States v. Wiesen,
56 M.J. 172, 176 (C.A.A.F. 2001)). Implied bias exists when, “despite a
disclaimer,” most people in the same position as the panel member would be
prejudiced against an accused. United States v. Townsend, 65 M.J. 460, 463
(C.A.A.F. 2008). Implied bias is evaluated “objectively, ‘through the eyes of the
public,’ reviewing ‘the perception or appearance of fairness of the military justice
system.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Schlamer, 52 M.J. 80, 93 (C.A.A.F. 1999)).
When there is no actual bias, implied bias should rarely be invoked. United States v.
Strand, 59 M.J. 455, 458 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

       R.C.M. 912(f)(1) lists several grounds for excusing a member for cause.
R.C.M. 912(f)(1)(M) provides that a member “shall be excused for cause whenever it
appears that the member . . . [h]as formed or expressed a definite opinion as to the
guilt or innocence of the accused as to any offense charged.” This rule encompasses
actual bias. Nash, 71 M.J. at 88. R.C.M. 912(f)(1)(N) provides that a member
“shall be excused for cause whenever it appears that the member . . . [s]hould not sit
as a member in the interest of having the court-martial free from substantial doubt as
to legality, fairness, and impartiality.” This rule applies to both actual and implied
bias, however, “the thrust of this rule is implied bias.” Strand, 59 M.J. at 458.

       Finally, R.C.M. 912(f)(4) provides that: “Notwithstanding the absence of a
challenge or waiver of a challenge by the parties, the military judge may, in the
interest of justice, excuse a member against whom a challenge for cause would lie.”
(Emphasis added); see also Strand, 59 M.J. at 458 (“It is clear that a military judge
may excuse a member sua sponte.”).

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GREENE — ARMY 20120805

       The standard of review for a case under these facts is unclear. In Strand, our
superior court stated that a “judge’s decision whether or not to excuse a member sua
sponte is subsequently reviewed for an abuse of discretion,” but nonetheless held
that “[s]ince the judge did not abuse his discretion, there was no plain error.”
59 M.J. at 458, 460. Regardless of the standard, we hold the military judge did not
abuse her discretion or commit error by not exercising her authority to remove
CPT AA.

       CPT AA’s first two questions evidenced her concern with weighing
appellant’s credibility as a result of his decision to testify. By asking the third
question, CPT AA was seeking additional evidence from appellant himself in order
to assess his credibility. We recognize that the phrasing of the third question,
suggesting that appellant needed to “prove” a fact, contravened the judge’s initial
instructions to the members that “[t]he government has the burden of proving the
accused’s guilt by legal and competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt” and
CPT AA’s agreement during voir dire that “the burden never shifts to the defense to
establish the accused’s innocence . . . [and that] the defense has no obligation to
present any evidence or to disprove the elements of the offenses.” However, we
hold that CPT AA’s questions did not reflect that she had formed or expressed a
definite opinion as to appellant’s guilt or that she was personally biased against
appellant.

      Finding no actual bias or a violation of R.C.M. 912(f)(1)(M), we address
whether CPT AA should have been excused for implied bias under R.C.M.
912(f)(1)(N). We review implied bias through the eyes of the public and ask
whether CPT AA’s question regarding paternity undermined the public’s perception
or appearance of fairness of the military justice system. See Townsend, 65 M.J. at
463. Based on the record before us, we answer in the negative.

       The record merely suggests the possibility of implied bias when CPT AA
asked a question in contravention of instructions provided earlier. Defense
counsel’s sole reaction at trial was to object to CPT AA’s question. Defense counsel
was satisfied when the judge did not ask the question and specifically did not
request to voir dire or excuse CPT AA or for a curative instruction to be given to
CPT AA. The military judge’s instructions and actions further and appropriately
reduced any potential implication of bias. The judge twice explained to the members
that “questions of witnesses are subject to objection. During the trial, when I
sustain an objection, disregard the question and the answer,” and immediately before
CPT AA proposed her three questions, the judge reminded the panel that “[o]nce
again, if I did not ask your question, you can assume it’s the subject of a sustained
objection.” After the judge did not ask CPT AA’s paternity question, CPT AA did
not seek to ask it again, evidencing her ability to follow the judge’s instructions.
Additionally, during the findings instructions, the judge again instructed the panel,
inter alia, “the burden of proof to establish the guilt of the accused beyond a

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GREENE — ARMY 20120805

reasonable doubt is on the government. The burden never shifts to the accused to
establish his innocence or to disprove facts necessary to establish each element of
each offense.”

       Implied bias is a long-recognized basis for concluding that a panel member
should not serve on a court-martial. While the facts and circumstances surrounding
the questions submitted by CPT AA present a close case, we are convinced upon
review of the record as a whole and the applicable law, that the military judge did
not commit error or abuse her discretion in refraining from conducting individual
voir dire of CPT AA or excusing CPT AA.

      AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT BY CAUSING BODILY HARM
                (SPECIFICATION 3 OF CHARGE II)

                         Facts and Procedural Background

      Specification 3 of Charge II alleged:

             In that [appellant], did, at or near Fort Story, Virginia,
             between on or about 22 November 2007 and on or about
             30 April 2009, engage in a sexual act, to wit: penetrating
             with his penis the vulva of Miss [DC], by causing bodily
             harm upon her, to wit: placing his body weight on her so
             that Miss [DC] could not avoid the sexual contact.

       Before issuing instructions on findings, the military judge gave both trial and
defense counsel a written copy of the proposed instructions. With regard to
Specification 3 of Charge II, the proposed instructions included the element: “that
the accused did [cause DC to engage in a sexual act] by causing bodily harm to
[DC], to wit: vaginal pain.” Neither party objected to the proposed instruction, and
the military judge instructed the panel accordingly.

       The record reveals no evidence that any amendment was made to
Specification 3 of Charge II to except the words, “placing his body weight on her so
that Miss [DC] could not avoid the sexual contact,” and substitute the words,
“vaginal pain.” However, we need not address the effect of this error because there
is insufficient evidence in the record to convince us beyond a reasonable doubt that
appellant placed his body weight on DC so that she could not avoid the sexual
contact during the charged time period. See United States v. Washington, 57 M.J.

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GREENE — ARMY 20120805

394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). 3 We conclude the evidence is factually insufficient to
support appellant’s conviction of Specification 3 of Charge II.

                                    CONCLUSION

      The finding of guilty of Specification 3 of Charge II is set aside and
dismissed. The remaining findings of guilty are AFFIRMED.

        In United States v. Sales, our superior court set forth the standard for sentence
reassessment: “if the [service] court can determine to its satisfaction that, absent
any error, the sentence adjudged would have been of at least a certain severity, then
a sentence of that severity or less will be free of the prejudicial effects of
error . . . .” 22 M.J. 305, 308 (C.M.A. 1986). After conducting a thorough analysis
on the basis of the entire record and in accordance with the principles articulated in
United States v. Sales, id., and United States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 15-16
(C.A.A.F. 2013), we are confident in our ability to reassess appellant’s sentence
without the need for a rehearing.

       In evaluating the Winckelmann factors, we find there is no dramatic change in
the penalty landscape or significant decrease in sentencing exposure. See
Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 15-16. While a conviction for aggravated sexual assault by
causing bodily harm carries a maximum sentence that includes 30 years confinement
and a dishonorable discharge, two of appellant’s remaining convictions (sodomy
with a child under 12 and forcible sodomy) each subjected him to a maximum
punishment of life without the possibility of parole and a dishonorable discharge.
Manual for Courts-Martial, United States [hereinafter MCM] (2008 ed.), pt. IV,
¶¶ 45.f(2), 51.e(1), (3). Appellant’s convictions for carnal knowledge with a child
who had attained the age of 12 but was under the age of 16, aggravated sexual
assault of a child, and wrongful sexual contact subjected him to an additional
41 years of confinement. See MCM (2005 ed.), pt. IV, ¶ 45.e(2); MCM (2008 ed.),
pt. IV, ¶ 45.f(3), (7). The gravamen of appellant’s misconduct remains his serial
sexual abuse of children—his wife’s two nieces—while they were under his care.
See Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 16. Finally, this court reviews the records of a
substantial number of courts-martial involving sexual abuse of children and we have
extensive experience with the level of sentences imposed for such offenses under
various circumstances. See id.

3
 Even if the specification had been amended to state appellant caused “vaginal
pain,” there is insufficient evidence in the record to establish that appellant caused
vaginal pain during the charged time period.

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GREENE — ARMY 20120805

       After our review of the record, we are confident that the panel would have
adjudged the same sentence absent the error noted. See Sales, 22 M.J. at 307-08. We
also conclude, pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ, that such a sentence is also appropriate
for the remaining guilty findings.

       The sentence is AFFIRMED. All rights, privileges, and property, of which
appellant has been deprived by virtue of that portion of the findings set aside by this
decision, are ordered restored.

      Senior Judge TOZZI and Judge KRAUSS concur.

                                        FORTHE
                                       FOR  THECOURT:
                                                COURT:

                                       MALCOLM
                                        MALCOLMH.H.SQUIRES,
                                                       SQUIRES,JR.
                                                                JR.
                                       Clerk of Court
                                        Clerk of Court

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