Court Opinion

ID: 9895419
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-07 13:06:35.835326+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:35.273933
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                    No. COA21-34

                               Filed 7 November 2023

Cleveland County, Nos. 16 CRS 54918-20, 22, 29

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

MARIO WILSON, Defendant.

      Appeal by Defendant from judgments entered 5 March 2020 by Judge Todd

Pomeroy in Cleveland County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5

October 2021.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Zachary K.
      Dunn, for the State.

      Marilyn G. Ozer for defendant-appellant.

      MURPHY, Judge.

      This appeal arises out of Defendant Mario Wilson’s convictions of two counts

of first-degree murder, one count of attempted first-degree murder, one count of

attempted robbery with a dangerous weapon, and one count of conspiracy to commit

robbery with a dangerous weapon. On appeal, Defendant argues (A) the trial court

erred in denying his motion to dismiss all charges based on sufficiency of the evidence

to support his being the perpetrator and (B) the trial court made inadequate Batson

findings in light of State v. Hobbs. 374 N.C. 345 (2020).
                                        STATE V. WILSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

       As explained more fully below, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the State, the trial court correctly denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss the

charges. His specific arguments, which concern the alleged physical impossibility of

witness testimony, do not actually establish the evidence at issue was impossible.

However, because we agree that the trial court’s Batson findings were procedurally

inadequate under Hobbs, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent

with the procedure set forth by our Supreme Court.

                                       BACKGROUND1

       In early October of 2016, two friends—Stevie Murray and Miranda Woods—

reunited via the internet. At some point after reuniting, Woods asked whether she

and her partner, a drug dealer named Jerrod Shippy, could come to Murray’s house

to weigh and package drugs. Murray agreed; and, when Woods and Shippy arrived

at Murray’s house, they were introduced to Aubre Sucato and Morris Abraham, a

couple who frequently spent the night at Murray’s house.

       At various points throughout the evening of 26 October 2016, Murray, Woods,

Shippy, Sucato, and Abraham began spending time at Murray’s house, drinking

alcohol and taking drugs until the early morning hours of 27 October 2016. Murray’s

three-year-old son, Liam, and ten-month-old baby were in the house, the former of

       1 As the details of the crimes with which Defendant was charged are material only to the

arguments concerning his motion to dismiss, we present the evidence of those events in the light
most favorable to the State. State v. Irwin, 304 N.C. 93, 98 (1981).

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                                  STATE V. WILSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

whom was watching television in the living room where some of the adults were

spending time.   Abraham left just as Shippy arrived, and the two exchanged a

moment of hostility. Shippy was armed with a handgun.

      Later in the evening, the four remaining in the house—Murray, Woods,

Shippy, and Sucato—went to sleep. Sucato went to one of the bedrooms, Woods fell

asleep in another bedroom, and Murray and Shippy remained in the living room with

Liam. While in bed, between 6:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m., Sucato received three calls from

Abraham in which Abraham expressed a desire to rob Shippy of his drugs. During

the second call, Sucato got up and passed the phone to Murray, to whom Abraham

also expressed that he wanted to rob Shippy. Both Sucato and Murray told Abraham

not to rob Shippy because there were children in the house. During these calls,

Defendant—Abraham’s brother and former sexual partner of Murray—was audible

in the background.

      Twenty minutes after the third call, a man in a large hoodie wielding a

handgun entered the house at the living room where Murray, Shippy, and Liam were

resting. The hooded gunman fired at least 18 shots at Shippy after Shippy fired one

shot at the hooded gunman. Shippy was left permanently paralyzed from the wounds

he sustained in the gunfire, and two of the hooded gunman’s shots connected with

Liam’s head, killing the toddler almost instantly.

      Murray, awakened by the shots, began screaming and fled to the room where

Sucato was sleeping, waking Sucato. Sucato then went to the living room, where she

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                                        STATE V. WILSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

recognized Defendant as the hooded gunman. Sucato asked where Abraham was,

and the hooded gunman replied that Abraham was not there.

       After this exchange, Woods stopped in a hallway between the room she had

been staying in and the living room to observe what was happening. Upon seeing

her, the hooded gunman placed the barrel of his gun inches from her face and fired,

killing her instantly.

       Defendant’s trial began on 17 February 2020. At trial, the State exercised two

peremptory challenges to excuse African-American2 female prospective jurors after

another was removed for cause at the State’s request. Defendant raised a Batson

objection after the State’s exercise of its peremptory challenges, alleging that the

State had vetted African-American female jurors more aggressively than similarly

situated white jurors. Without ruling on whether Defendant had made a prima facie

case of discrimination through these allegations, the trial court asked the State for

its input, at which point the State responded that it had exercised peremptory

challenges against the two jurors for knowing a witness and not paying attention,

respectively. The trial court then stated it did not “believe [there had] been a prima

facie case for a Batson challenge.”

       At trial, the State presented a variety of evidence of the events that took place

on 26 October 2016, including, in relevant part, testimony from responding officers,

       2 For consistency with the Record, we use the term “African-American” in this opinion, though

we use it interchangeably with the term “black” referenced in our caselaw.

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                                   STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

Murray, Shippy, and Sucato, as well as expert testimony from a forensic pathologist.

The forensic pathologist testified that the shot that killed Woods was fired no more

than six inches from her face, and likely no more than two to three inches, and one of

the responding officers testified that a shell casing near the location where Woods

died was found “in the threshold of the bedroom[.]” Of the evidence presented, only

Sucato’s testimony expressly identified Defendant as the hooded gunman.

      Defendant moved to dismiss all charges against him for insufficiency of the

evidence at the close of the State’s evidence, at the close of all evidence, and after

sentencing. The trial court denied each of these motions.

      Defendant was found guilty on all charges on 5 March 2020 and appealed in

open court. Between 13 December 2021 and 6 April 2023, we held this case in

abeyance pending our Supreme Court’s resolution of State v. Campbell, 384 N.C. 126

(2023).

                                     ANALYSIS

      On appeal, Defendant argues that (A) the trial court erred in denying his

motion to dismiss the charges and (B) the trial court’s response to his Batson objection

was procedurally inadequate.

                               A. Motion to Dismiss

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                                        STATE V. WILSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

       Defendant offers several bases for his argument that the trial court erred in

denying his motion to dismiss for insufficient evidence,3 all of which pertain to the

alleged physical impossibility of the testimony of Aubrey Sucato, the only witness

identifying Defendant as the hooded gunman. As a result of these deficiencies,

Defendant contends, the denial of his motion to dismiss amounted to a denial of his

right to due process. Reviewing the matter de novo, see State v. Bagley, 183 N.C. App.

514, 523 (2007), we disagree.

       “In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court need determine only whether

there is substantial evidence of each essential element of the crime and that the

defendant is the perpetrator.” State v. Call, 349 N.C. 382, 417 (1998). As to his

argument concerning impossibility, however, Defendant appears to misunderstand

when the concept of evidentiary impossibility applies. Our Supreme Court has long

held that “evidence which is inherently impossible or in conflict with indisputable

physical facts or laws of nature is not sufficient to take the case to the jury.” State v.

Cox, 289 N.C. 414, 422-23 (1976) (quoting Jones v. Schaffer, 252 N.C. 368, 378 (1960)).

However, it remains the case that “[t]he credibility of a witness’s identification

testimony is a matter for the jury’s determination, and only in rare instances will

       3 All of Defendant’s arguments relate to his being the perpetrator of the crimes alleged and not

to whether sufficient evidence of the elements of the crimes themselves had been satisfied. See State
v. Winkler, 368 N.C. 572, 574 (2015) (emphasis added) (remarking that, when ruling on a motion to
dismiss, “the trial court need determine only whether there is substantial evidence of each essential
element of the crime and that the defendant is the perpetrator”).

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                                   STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

credibility be a matter for the court’s determination.” State v. Green, 296 N.C. 183,

188 (1978) (citation omitted).

      North Carolina appellate courts have reserved the application of the principle

of evidentiary impossibility for cases where there is no “reasonable possibility” of the

evidence being reconcilable with basic physical facts or laws of nature, see State v.

Miller, 270 N.C. 726, 732 (1967), such that the evidence is “inherently incredible[.]”

State v. Coffey, 326 N.C. 268, 283 (1990). However, all cases applying this standard

have done so on an ad hoc basis without further clarification as to the specific

principles animating the distinction between impossible evidence and evidentiary

conflicts susceptible to resolution by a jury. See Miller, 270 N.C. at 732; Cox, 289 N.C.

at 423; State v. Wilson, 293 N.C. 47, 52 (1977); State v. Sneed, 327 N.C. 266, 273

(1990). As such, we turn to the existing caselaw to determine more precisely when

evidence is deemed inherently incredible.

      Inherent incredibility, in the criminal context, has most often related to the

positioning of a witness and the surrounding environment vis-à-vis the witness’s

physical ability to perceive the subject of the testimony at issue. Compare Miller, 270

N.C. at 732 (finding witness testimony to be impossible evidence where the witness

purported to identify the defendant, a stranger, as the perpetrator at a distance of

286 feet before any crime had been committed), with Cox, 289 N.C. at 423 (holding

“there [was] a reasonable possibility of observation sufficient to permit subsequent

identification” where a witness observed the defendant at multiple points for

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                                        STATE V. WILSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

prolonged periods of time despite the defendant often wearing a mask throughout the

duration), and Coffey, 326 N.C. at 283 (“[T]he defendant argues that the evidence at

trial was insufficient to support his conviction because the testimony of all of the

witnesses who purported to identify him as the man with the victim was inherently

incredible. He contends this is so because of the extended period between the time

when the witnesses observed him at the scene of the crime and their identification of

him at trial and because the witnesses were very young and some of them viewed him

at a distance. We do not agree.”). In this way, the inquiry is typically closer to one of

competency4 than one of credibility per se, the latter of which remains solely for the

jury. See State v. Bowman, 232 N.C. 374, 376 (1950) (“The defendant insists [the

evidence] was incredible in character, and that the trial court ought to have nonsuited

the action on the ground that the witnesses giving it were unworthy of belief. This

argument misconceives the office of the statutory motion for a judgment of nonsuit in

a criminal action.      In ruling on such motion, the court does not pass upon the

credibility of the witnesses for the prosecution, or take into account any evidence

contradicting them offered by the defense.”); see also State v. Green, 295 N.C. 244,

248-49 (1978) (rejecting a purported evidentiary impossibility argument where the

basis for the argument related to the mental capacity and honesty of the witness).

       4 Despite this similarity, evidentiary impossibility remains an issue of sufficiency and not of

admissibility. See Sneed, 327 N.C. at 272 (“Miller was not, strictly speaking, a case involving the
admissibility of evidence. Instead, Miller concerned the question of whether the State's evidence was
sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss (at that time denominated a motion for nonsuit).”).

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                                          STATE V. WILSON

                                         Opinion of the Court

And, while some criminal cases have involved questions of evidentiary impossibility

that did not relate to a witness’s ability to perceive the subject of testimony, our

research, even including unpublished cases,5 reveals no such case where such an

argument has actually succeeded on appeal. State v. Scriven, COA12-1188, 226 N.C.

App. 433, 2013 WL 1314774, *2 (unpublished) (rejecting an evidentiary impossibility

argument where the victim’s testimony allegedly conflicted with physical evidence

presented by the State); State v. Green, COA02-1357, 160 N.C. App. 415, 2003 WL

22145857, *3-4 (unpublished) (rejecting an evidentiary impossibility argument where

the defendant contended the evidence suggested a police officer moved out of the way

of Defendant’s vehicle and fired two shots with superhuman speed); see also State v.

Windsor, COA09-713, 206 N.C. App. 332, 2010 WL 3001945, *4 (unpublished)

(“However unlikely it may seem that an adult woman could be asphyxiated by an

adult man’s taping a plastic bag over her head, we do not view it as a physical

impossibility.”), disc. rev. denied, 364 N.C. 607 (2010).

        5 While we remain observant of the rule that “unpublished opinion[s] establish[] no precedent

and [are] not binding authority,” Long v. Harris, 137 N.C. App. 461, 470 (2000), we nonetheless find
the above-cited cases useful as illustrations, in part, of the general patterns of reasoning employed to
distinguish between impossible evidence and evidentiary conflicts susceptible to resolution by a jury.
In light of the scarcity of caselaw on the topic of evidentiary impossibility generally, we mention these
cases for this illustrative purpose and not for the purpose of attempting to alter or expand their
precedential weight.

                                                   9
                                           STATE V. WILSON

                                           Opinion of the Court

        Bearing this background in mind, we find it clear that, at least in a criminal

context,6 evidence is only inherently incredible where the alleged impossibility

fundamentally undermines the reliability of the evidence as opposed to creating

conflicts at the margins.7 For this reason, and in keeping with the language of the

Cox standard itself, a defendant must establish that the comparison point against

which he argues evidence is inherently incredible does, in fact, amount to a “physical

        6 We note that the precursors to the notion of evidentiary impossibility in our jurisdiction were

civil suits where contributory negligence was at issue, many of which applied the concept to
discrepancies between details. See, e.g., Atkins v. White Transp. Co., 224 N.C. 688, 691 (1944)
(reasoning from the rate of speed at which the plaintiff was driving and his proximity to a nearby bus
that it was impossible for him to avoid a collision); Jones, 252 N.C. at 377-78 (1960) (performing similar
calculations to determine which party, if any, was negligent in a multi-vehicle wreck at an
intersection); Powers v. S. Sternberg & Co., 213 N.C. 41, 41 (1938) (determining that a driver was
contributorily negligent based on the force with which he rammed into another vehicle and the scale
of the ensuing destruction). However, we further note that this type of analysis has never been
employed in a criminal matter since evidentiary impossibility was first applied in a criminal context
in State v Miller. See generally Miller, 270 N.C. 726. This is perhaps attributable to the inherent
tension between these types of arguments and the long-held principle that “[c]ontradictions and
discrepancies in the [evidence in criminal cases] are to be resolved by the jury,” State v. Simpson, 244
N.C. 325, 331 (1956), as well as the understanding in our caselaw that summary judgment on the issue
of contributory negligence, by contrast, necessarily requires a judicial determination of an issue
ordinarily reserved for the finder of fact. Cone v. Watson, 224 N.C. App. 241, 245 (2012) (“The existence
of contributory negligence is ordinarily a question for the jury[.]”). In light of this divide between
doctrinal norms, these civil cases predating our established evidentiary impossibility jurisprudence,
while helpful to contextualize the doctrine, do not directly inform our analysis of its application in
criminal cases.
         7 This is, in part, why a significant subset of criminal cases in which evidentiary impossibility

is at issue reference the doctrine as pertaining exclusively to witness identification of the defendant.
See, e.g., State v. Turner, 305 N.C. 356, 363 (1982) (marks omitted) (“According to Miller, the test to
be employed to determine whether the identification evidence is inherently incredible is whether there
is a reasonable possibility of observation sufficient to permit subsequent identification. Where such a
possibility exists, the credibility of the witness’ identification and the weight given his testimony is for
the jury to decide.”); State v. Hoff, 224 N.C. App. 155, 161 (2012) (citing Miller as applicable only to
witness identification of a defendant), disc. rev. denied, 367 N.C. 211 (2013); State v. Jackson, 215 N.C.
App. 339, 346-47 (2011) (same). While we do not hold that evidentiary impossibility in criminal cases
can only apply in cases where a witness’s ability to perceive the subject of testimony is physically
impossible, we observe from the existing caselaw that only the rarest of criminal cases would see it
apply outside that context.

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                                         STATE V. WILSON

                                         Opinion of the Court

fact[] or law[] of nature . . . .”8 Cox, 289 N.C. at 422-23. A conclusory allegation of

physical impossibility, even together with some conflict in the evidence, is not

sufficient to reverse a trial court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to dismiss on appeal

absent a showing of what physical fact or law of nature was established and how that

rendered the evidence at issue impossible. E.g. Bowman, 232 N.C. at 376 (rejecting

a defendant’s evidentiary impossibility argument where the alleged conflict was a

matter of credibility, not physical impossibility); Green, 295 N.C. at 248-49 (rejecting

a purported evidentiary impossibility argument where the basis for the argument

was the mental capacity and honesty of the witness rather than a conflict with

physical facts or laws of nature); supra at footnote 7 and accompanying citations. To

       8 The only case seemingly contesting this notion is State v. Gamble, in which we remarked that

“[t]he witness’s credibility is a matter for the court when the only testimony justifying submission of
the case to the jury is inherently incredible and in conflict with the State’s own evidence[,]” omitting
mention of physical impossibility entirely. State v. Gamble, 243 N.C. App. 414, 423 (2015) (marks
omitted). However, for two reasons, the language in Gamble does not alter our reading of the
governing standards with respect to evidentiary impossibility.
         First, the language in Gamble, despite appearing to deviate from the governing standard set
out in Cox and Miller, was actually a truncated quotation to Wilson, the full relevant language of which
reads as follows: “While ordinarily the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their
testimony is exclusively a matter for the jury, this rule does not apply when the only testimony
justifying submission of the case to the jury is inherently incredible and in conflict with the physical
conditions established by the State’s own evidence.” Wilson, 293 N.C. at 51 (emphasis added). The
standard established by our Supreme Court has therefore remained unchanged.
         Second, and more importantly, Gamble did not actually purport to change the applicable
standard in evidentiary impossibility cases. Despite the omission of critical language in Wilson, the
use of the truncated quote in Gamble was immediately followed by a reiteration of the principle that
evidentiary conflicts are to be resolved by the finder of fact and a rejection of the defendant’s
evidentiary impossibility argument. See Gamble, 243 N.C. App. at 423 (“No such conflict exists here.
Any issue concerning Detective Russell’s credibility, or the weight to be given to his testimony, was a
matter for the jury. The trial court therefore did not err, much less commit plain error, in admitting
this testimony.”). Accordingly, there is no actual conflict between Gamble and the foundational
principle that evidentiary impossibility arguments must be grounded in “physical facts or laws of
nature . . . .” Cox, 289 N.C. at 422.

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                                    STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

hold otherwise would undermine the bedrock principle that “[c]ontradictions and

discrepancies, even in the State’s evidence, are for the jury to resolve . . . .” Cox, 289

N.C. at 423 (citing State v. Mabry, 269 N.C. 293, 296 (1967)); see also Wilson, 293 N.C.

at 51 (“[O]rdinarily the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their

testimony is exclusively a matter for the jury[.]”).

      Turning to the case at hand, we think only some of Defendant’s arguments, if

true, would render Sucato’s testimony inherently incredible. Defendant makes three

specific arguments: first, Sucato’s testimony conflicts with other witness testimony;

second, Sucato’s testimony is internally inconsistent; and, third, Sucato’s testimony

that the hooded gunman shot Miranda Woods while standing in the living room

places her at a vantage point that conflicts with the State’s other evidence. Of these,

only the last, if true, would amount to evidentiary impossibility.

      The first alleged conflict—conflict between Sucato’s testimony and that of other

witnesses—does not, even if true, render Sucato’s testimony impossible. The specific

conflict alleged by Defendant in connection with this argument is that neither Murray

nor Shippy saw Sucato despite the fact that, if all of their testimony were to be

believed, they would have necessarily crossed paths.         However, conflict between

witness testimony does not necessarily amount to “conflict with indisputable physical

facts or laws of nature[,]” and this specific conflict in testimony amounts only to a

discrepancy between individuals’ recollection and perspectives. Cox, 289 N.C. at 422.

Defendant points us to no physical fact or law of nature that Murray or Shippy’s

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                                           STATE V. WILSON

                                           Opinion of the Court

testimony established that Sucato’s testimony, in turn, violated.                       Defendant has

therefore not established that Sucato’s testimony was inherently incredible on this

basis, and any associated contradictions and discrepancies in the evidence were for

the jury to resolve. Id. at 423.

        The second alleged conflict—internal inconsistency in Sucato’s testimony—

also does not, if true, render Sucato’s testimony impossible. With respect to this issue,

the specific conflict alleged is that Sucato claims to have been able to identify

Defendant as the hooded gunman despite having not looked at his face or being able

to identify key details about Defendant’s appearance from memory. However, this

argument is also not predicated on impossibility; rather, it relates to the witness’s

credibility in light of her inability to recall previously observed details of Defendant’s

appearance. As Defendant has not argued that this testimony is actually in conflict

with a physical fact or law of nature, Defendant cannot establish on this basis that

the evidence was inherently incredible and, by extension, impossible.9

        9 We note that this argument, unlike the other arguments in this section of Defendant’s brief,

does not explicitly reference evidentiary impossibility as the basis for the allegation that the trial court
erred. To the extent Defendant intended this argument as a freestanding argument that his
identification was unsupported by substantial evidence, we still disagree. State v. Stallings, which
Defendant primarily relies upon for the argument that Sucato’s testimony was too internally
inconsistent to qualify as substantial evidence, concerned the testimony of a witness who identified a
suspect as the defendant using only general characteristics:

                [The witness] testified that defendant was a regular customer. She
                never positively identified [the] defendant as the robber, however. She
                testified that [the] defendant's eyes were blue, but failed to identify
                them as the same distinctive eyes. Ms. King did not match [the]

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                                          STATE V. WILSON

                                         Opinion of the Court

        This brings us back to the third alleged conflict—discrepancy between the

vantage point at which Sucato claims to have been standing when she observed

Defendant and the location where the State’s other evidence would have placed

Defendant. This argument is divided into two further sub-arguments that Sucato’s

testimony “places [Defendant] at a distance from [] Woods which is incompatible with

[Woods’s] autopsy” and that Sucato’s testimony “places [Defendant] in the living room

when he fired the gun, while the shell casing was located in the back bedroom

requiring the shooter to have been standing next to the bedroom at the end of the

hallway[.]” Unlike the other alleged conflicts, Defendant relies on the structure of

the house, pathologist testimony, photographic evidence, and ballistics evidence to

support the proposition that Sucato was in a location where her observing Defendant

                defendant’s voice with the robber’s. She stated that the robber had an
                unusual walk, and that [the] defendant had a “similar walk.”

                ....

                [The witness’s testimony] alone did not suffice to carry the issue of
                defendant’s identity to the jury. Although she testified that she clearly
                remembered the robber’s voice, walk and eyes, she never positively
                identified defendant by these characteristics despite extensive
                examination and opportunity. Taking her evidence in the light most
                favorable to the State, the most that can be inferred is that defendant
                and the robber walked similarly and had blue eyes. Such limited and
                equivocal evidence, standing alone, will not withstand a timely motion
                to dismiss.

State v. Stallings, 77 N.C. App. 189, 190 (1985), disc. rev. denied, 315 N.C. 596 (1986). Here, Stallings
is inapposite because, while Sucato testified she only recognized the shooter as Defendant by his voice,
build, and walk, this testimony was further contextualized by a prior phone conversation about robbing
Shippy in which Defendant was audible and a verbal exchange between the hooded gunman and
Sucato that implied a familiarity with Abraham, Defendant’s brother. Even as a standalone argument,
then, the trial court did not err on this basis.

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                                  STATE V. WILSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

would have been physically impossible. As these arguments are based on “physical

facts[,]” Cox, 289 N.C. at 422, they may, if true, support a conclusion that Sucato’s

testimony constituted impossible evidence.

      Notwithstanding the requisite foundation of physical impossibility, this

argument does not withstand scrutiny.        With respect to the shooting of Woods,

Defendant contends that Sucato could not have been standing between the hooded

gunman and the front door—a location where she testified she was standing at the

time she spoke to him—when Woods was shot. He argues this is the case because the

physical evidence, supported by pathologist testimony, placed the hooded gunman no

more than a few feet, if not inches, from the victim when the shot was fired, rendering

Sucato’s testimony inherently incredible by virtue of the positioning discrepancy.

However, Defendant’s interpretation of the testimony only creates a discrepancy

under the assumption that the hooded gunman remained in a fixed location in the

living room between the time he spoke to Sucato and the time he shot Woods. Sucato’s

testimony contains no such statement, and Defendant points us to no portion of

Sucato’s testimony inconsistent with Defendant having moved toward Woods before

he shot her.

      Similarly, with respect to the ballistics evidence, Defendant points to

photographic evidence and expert testimony indicating the shell casing from the

bullet that killed Woods was found in a bedroom in the hallway, a location where it

could not have landed if Defendant had been in the living room when he shot Woods.

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                                 STATE V. WILSON

                                 Opinion of the Court

As with Defendant’s previous argument, though, nothing in Sucato’s testimony

indicates Defendant did not move before shooting Woods.          Moreover, despite

Defendant characterizing the shell casing as having been “a few feet inside the

bedroom[,]” the uncontradicted evidence was that the shell casing was found “in the

threshold of the bedroom,” a location consistent with Sucato’s ability to observe

Woods and the hooded gunman.

      Consequently, the trial court did not err in denying Defendant’s motion to

dismiss on this basis.

                              B. Batson Objection

      Defendant also argues the trial court made inadequate Batson findings in light

of State v. Hobbs. 374 N.C. 345 (2020). Under Batson v. Kentucky,

             a defendant may establish a prima facie case of purposeful
             discrimination in selection of the petit jury solely on
             evidence concerning the prosecutor’s exercise of
             peremptory challenges at the defendant’s trial.         To
             establish such a case, the defendant first must show that
             he is a member of a cognizable racial group and that the
             prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges to remove
             from the venire members of the defendant’s race. Second,
             the defendant is entitled to rely on the fact, as to which
             there can be no dispute, that peremptory challenges
             constitute a jury selection practice that permits those to
             discriminate who are of a mind to discriminate. Finally,
             the defendant must show that these facts and any other
             relevant circumstances raise an inference that the
             prosecutor used that practice to exclude the veniremen
             from the petit jury on account of their race.

             ....

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                                   STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

             Once the defendant makes a prima facie showing, the
             burden shifts to the State to come forward with a neutral
             explanation for challenging [jurors of the excluded class].

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 96, 97 (1986) (marks and citations omitted); see also

Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 409-410 (1991) (applying the principles of Batson even

where the stricken juror’s race did not match the defendant’s), cert. denied, 558 U.S.

851 (2009). Put differently, a Batson analysis consists of a three-step process: “First,

the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the [S]tate exercised a race-

based peremptory challenge.” State v. Taylor, 362 N.C. 514, 527 (2008). Second, “[i]f

the defendant makes the requisite showing, the burden shifts to the [S]tate to offer a

facially valid, race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenge.” Id. “Finally,

the trial court must decide whether the defendant has proved purposeful

discrimination.” Id.

      In State v. Hobbs, our Supreme Court held that a trial court is required to

consider on the record factors weighing for and against findings of discrimination in

order to sufficiently respond to a Batson challenge where the trial court moved to

Batson’s second step without ruling on the defendant’s prima facie case. Hobbs, 374

N.C. at 360 (“On remand, considering the evidence in its totality, the trial court must

consider whether the primary reason given by the State for challenging [the stricken

juror] was pretextual.     This determination must be made in light of all the

circumstances, including how [the stricken juror’s] responses during voir dire

compare to any similarly situated white juror, the history of the use of peremptory

                                           17
                                    STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

challenges in jury selection in that county, and the fact that, at the time that the

State challenged [the stricken juror], the State had used eight of its eleven

peremptory challenges against black potential jurors.”). Moreover, it reiterated the

principle that, “[w]here the State has provided reasons for its peremptory challenges,

thus moving to Batson’s second step, and the trial court has ruled on them,

completing Batson’s third step, the question of whether a defendant initially

established a prima facie case of discrimination becomes moot.” Id. at 354 (citing

State v. Robinson, 330 N.C. 1, 17 (1991)). Thus, the overall effect of Hobbs was to

clarify the procedural requirements for a trial court responding to a Batson objection

not only in cases where the trial court actually finds a prima facie case has been

shown, but also in cases where the trial court proceeds to the second and third steps

of Batson, thereby mooting the first step.

      These principles were further elaborated upon in State v. Campbell, 384 N.C.

126 (2023), in which our Supreme Court further clarified under what circumstances

a trial court’s analysis of the first step of Batson becomes moot. In that case, the trial

court sought, purportedly during the first step of Batson, race-neutral reasons from

the State for its peremptory challenges to two African-American jurors. Id. at 127.

The trial court denied the defendant’s Batson challenge on the basis that there had

been no prima facie showing. Id. However, despite the trial court having already

ruled on the Batson objection and the State cautioning the trial court that offering

race-neutral reasons at that stage in the proceedings “could be viewed as a stipulation

                                             18
                                   STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

that there was a prima facie showing,” the trial court “ordered the State to proceed

as to stating a racially-neutral basis for the exercise of the peremptory challenges.”

Id. at 128. After hearing the State’s race-neutral reasons, the trial court stated that

it “continue[d] to find[] . . . that there ha[d] not been a prima facie showing as to

purposeful discrimination.” Id. at 130.

      Ultimately, our Supreme Court reasoned that, because the trial court had

already announced its ruling as to the first step of Batson, its own analysis on appeal

was limited to whether the trial court had clearly erred in determining the defendant

failed to establish a prima facie case. Id. at 136; see also State v. Augustine, 359 N.C.

709, 715 (2005) (marks and citations omitted) (“The trial court’s [Batson] ruling is

accorded deference on review and will not be disturbed unless it is clearly

erroneous.”), cert. denied, 548 U.S. 925 (2006). However, it further remarked that

“[t]he State appropriately objected to the trial court’s attempt to move beyond step

one[,]” clarifying that the reservation of its analysis to the first step of Batson was

based on the fact that “the trial court clearly ruled there had been no prima facie

showing before the State articulated its reasons[.]” Id. (marks omitted) (emphasis

added) (quoting State v. Hoffman, 348 N.C. 548, 552 (1998)).

      Here, the full exchange between the trial court, the State, and Defendant

following Defendant’s Batson objection reads as follows:

             THE COURT: All right. So what is the objection?

                                           19
                      STATE V. WILSON

                      Opinion of the Court

[DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, this is a
Batson. So far, what I’ve seen is the State, I believe, has
used two peremptory challenges and both were African-
Americans that she struck, especially the first juror, [Juror
No. 9].

THE COURT: Right, who knew one of the relatives of the
defendant. They went to high school.

[DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL]: Yes, they did, but the State
passed on others who knew some members. And Juror No.
4, although it was for cause, she was also an African-
American female. Now, she has struck [Juror No. 9] who
is an African-American female. [Juror No. 10], other
than—she did not know any of the family members. And
all I heard was that she had issues with the child care,
which [Juror No. 11] also had issues with child care, and
she passed on her.

THE COURT: Okay. Does the State want to be heard?

[THE STATE]: Your Honor, I am not sure that the Court
can consider Juror No. 4 because it was for cause and there
was no objection. I really liked [Juror No. 9], but, of course,
I’m concerned that she points out someone who’s sitting on
the front row. She points out [Defendant’s family member]
as someone that she knows. I’m not going to keep anybody
that knows—unless I absolutely have to—that knows a
member of the defendant’s family. There’s too strong of a
feeling there.

In my past experience, even if it is tangential—we went to
the high school; tie to the family—I do not keep that. In all
honesty, I probably would have stricken Juror No. 4
because her daughter dated [Defendant’s family member’s]
son and she knew two of [Defendant’s] relatives. Just to be
honest with the Court, that would have been the reason
there.

The reason that I attempted to strike [Juror No. 10] is
when she came up and sat down, she immediately began to

                              20
                                STATE V. WILSON

                                Opinion of the Court

           yawn. She’s yawned several times throughout the brief
           period of time I talked to her. That concerns me. I have
           had jurors fall asleep and not listen to the evidence before.

           And when I asked her about paying the fine, she said “I
           have the baby and I don’t have time to come up here and
           mess with anything like an open container.” So I do have
           real concerns about her commitment to paying attention,
           to being awake and alert, and to how serious this
           proceeding is. Those are my reasons for striking her.

           THE COURT: Yes, sir, anything else?

           [DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL]: I understand knowing
           someone in the family. However, knowing the family of—
           [Defendant’s family member], his family is well known in
           the community. And you will strike a lot of African-
           Americans just because the family is African-American,
           which although it may not be systematic in its nature
           although it does sound race neutral. But and [sic] another
           thing I would like to point out is there are several people
           on the jury that has said they know [the prosecutor] and
           she passed on them.

           THE COURT: All right. I don’t believe there’s been a prima
           facie case for a Batson challenge. The Court is going to
           deny that challenge[.]     [A]nything else we need to
           address[?]

           [THE STATE]: Not from the State.

           THE COURT: For the record, the juror in question is a
           black female. Juror No. 6 was left on the jury and he is a
           black African-American male. The State has not targeted
           race as a component of its questioning. The Court did note
           the demeanor of Juror No. 10 during questioning and
           certainly was concerned about her.

     Unlike in Campbell, the trial court in this case immediately sought the State’s

input upon hearing Defendant’s argument under Batson’s first step, issuing no

                                        21
                                  STATE V. WILSON

                                  Opinion of the Court

preliminary ruling on whether Defendant had made a prima facie case.               And,

although the trial court’s ruling nominally concerned whether Defendant had

established a prima facie case, the fact that it issued the ruling after hearing the

State’s race-neutral reasons made the ruling, in substance, a ruling on the third step

of Batson. Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 355 (“The facts of this case are governed by the rule as

stated by this Court in Robinson because the trial court here did consider the

prosecution’s race-neutral reasons for excusing jurors [], ultimately concluding that

there was no racial discrimination.”) Thus, under the clear command of Hobbs,

“[w]here the State has provided reasons for its peremptory challenges, thus moving

to Batson’s second step, and the trial court has ruled on them, completing Batson’s

third step, the question of whether a defendant initially established a prima facie

case of discrimination becomes moot.” Id. at 354 (citing Robinson, 330 N.C. at 17).

      As the trial court issued its ruling after soliciting input from the State, it was

required, pursuant to Hobbs, to engage in a full analysis of Defendant’s arguments

that the State employed its peremptory strikes in a racially discriminatory manner.

Id. at 355, 356 (marks and citations omitted) (“[W]hether a defendant has established

a prima facie case of discrimination in a Batson challenge becomes moot after the

State has provided purportedly race-neutral reasons for its peremptory challenges

and those reasons are considered by the trial court. . . . A defendant may rely on all

relevant circumstances to support a claim of racial discrimination in jury selection.

It follows, then, that when a defendant presents evidence raising an inference of

                                          22
                                   STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

discrimination, a trial court, and a reviewing appellate court, must consider that

evidence in determining whether the defendant has proved purposeful discrimination

in the State’s use of a peremptory challenge.”). Evidence on which a defendant may

rely in arguing the State discriminated on the basis of race includes, but is not limited

to, the following:

              • statistical evidence about the prosecutor’s use of
              peremptory strikes against black prospective jurors as
              compared to white prospective jurors in the case;

              • evidence of a prosecutor’s disparate questioning and
              investigation of black and white prospective jurors in the
              case;

              • side-by-side comparisons of black prospective jurors who
              were struck and white prospective jurors who were not
              struck in the case;

              • a prosecutor’s misrepresentations of the record when
              defending the strikes during the Batson hearing;

              • relevant history of the State’s peremptory strikes in past
              cases; or

              • other relevant circumstances that bear upon the issue of
              racial discrimination.

Id.

       Here, Defendant has only argued at trial, and only argues on appeal, that the

State’s use of peremptory challenges was discriminatory for the following reasons: (1)

both of the State’s peremptory challenges at that point had been used on African-

American prospective jurors; (2) the State used a peremptory strike to excuse Juror

                                           23
                                        STATE V. WILSON

                                        Opinion of the Court

No. 9 for knowing Defendant’s relative, but did not use strikes on similarly situated

white jurors who knew individuals connected with the case; (3) the State moved to

strike for cause Juror No. 4, another African-American prospective juror, for

childcare-related reasons but did not make a similar motion with respect to Juror No.

11, a white juror who also had childcare-related concerns; and (4) the State did not

move to strike for cause, or exercise a peremptory challenge against, any juror who

knew the prosecutor.10

       At trial, the entirety of the trial court’s analysis of these arguments was as

follows:

               For the record, the juror in question is a black female.
               Juror No. 6 was left on the jury and he is a black African-
               American male. The State has not targeted race as a
               component of its questioning. The Court did note the
               demeanor of Juror No. 10 during questioning and certainly
               was concerned about her.

Under Hobbs, these findings are inadequate. “[T]he trial court did not explain how

it weighed the totality of the circumstances surrounding the prosecution’s use of

       10 At trial, Defendant also remarked of the family member known to Juror No. 9 that “his

family is well known in the community. And you will strike a lot of African-Americans just because
the family is African-American, which although it may not be systematic in its nature although it does
sound race neutral.” We note that the wording of this argument makes his point somewhat unclear;
and, although Defendant also mentions this argument on appeal, he does not elaborate beyond what
was said at trial.
        To the extent Defendant argues for the expansion of Batson to cases where the State exercises
strikes in a manner that incidentally, rather than purposefully, results in disproportionate exercises
of peremptory strikes by race, the requisite showing in Batson cases remains “purposeful
discrimination.” Campbell, 384 N.C. at 135 (2023). Thus, this argument will not factor further into
our analysis, as it is predicated on the incorrect legal standard.

                                                 24
                                    STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

peremptory challenges,” nor did it conduct a comparative analysis between the

stricken African-American jurors and the other jurors alleged to have been similarly

situated. Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 358. Indeed, many of Defendant’s arguments went

completely unaddressed.

       Ordinarily, where a Defendant appeals a trial court’s ruling on a Batson

objection, we conduct a comparable analysis to that of the trial court in order to

determine whether the ruling at issue was clearly erroneous. Id. at 356 (“[W]hen a

defendant presents evidence raising an inference of discrimination, a trial court, and

a reviewing appellate court, must consider that evidence in determining whether the

defendant has proved purposeful discrimination in the State’s use of a peremptory

challenge.”); see also Augustine, 359 N.C. at 715 (marks and citations omitted) (“The

trial court’s [Batson] ruling is accorded deference on review and will not be disturbed

unless it is clearly erroneous.”). However, here, Defendant has not sought our review

of the trial court’s substantive ruling; rather, he argues only that “the trial court []

failed to conduct a comparative juror analysis as required by Hobbs” and that “this

case must be remanded to the trial court for further proceedings[.]” Accordingly, we

reverse and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with those

set out in Hobbs. Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 360 (“The trial court is instructed to conduct

a Batson hearing consistent with this opinion, to make findings of fact and

conclusions of law, and to certify its order to this Court within sixty days of the filing

date of this opinion[.]”).

                                           25
                                   STATE V. WILSON

                                   Opinion of the Court

                                   CONCLUSION

      We are unpersuaded by Defendant’s argument that the trial court erred in

failing to dismiss the charges against him. However, we reverse and remand for a

new Batson hearing in light of the trial court’s procession to Batson’s third step and

subsequent failure to conduct an analysis satisfactory under the procedural

requirements established in State v. Hobbs.

      In the event that the trial court conducts an adequate Batson hearing and

determines no purposeful discrimination occurred, Defendant’s conviction will

remain undisturbed as no error will have occurred at trial. However, in the event the

trial court rules in Defendant’s favor on his Batson challenge, Defendant shall receive

a new trial. State v. Alexander, 274 N.C. App. 31, 47 (2020). Pursuant to Rule 32(b)

of our Rules of Appellate Procedure, we direct that the mandate of this Court will

issue to the trial court in five business days following the filing of this Opinion. N.C.

R. App. P. 32(b) (2023).

      NO ERROR IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.

      Judge DILLON concurs.

      Judge STADING concurs in part and dissents in part.

                                           26
 No. COA21-34 – State v. Wilson

      DILLON, Judge, concurring.

      I concur in the majority. I write separately regarding Defendant’s Batson

challenge. The trial court stated that it had determined that there had not been a

prima facie showing of discrimination during jury selection, thereby implying that

it had not moved beyond step one of the Batson analysis. And, based on the Record

before us, I would hold that the trial court would not be in error for so determining.

      Certainly, the State may be heard during step one. For instance, assume a

defendant points to the fact that the State excused a number of black jurors to make

out its prima facie case during step one. In such a case, the State could point out

that it had also objected to several white potential jurors and had not otherwise

objected to other black jurors without ever moving to step two. But, even if the

State on its own mentions “step-two” evidence, showing race-neutral reasons why

it excused certain black jurors, the trial court could ignore this step-two evidence

and make a ruling on whether a prima facie showing had been made.

      But, here, it appears the trial court did consider at least some of the State’s

step-two evidence. For instance, the trial court mentioned how one juror was

inattentive as a race-neutral reason for this juror being excused. Therefore, it

appears from the Record that the trial court moved beyond step one. Based on our

current jurisprudence, we must hold that the trial court must conduct a full Batson

inquiry.
No. COA21-34 – State v. Wilson

      STADING, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

      I concur with the majority’s decision that the trial court did not err in denying

defendant’s motion to dismiss. However, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s

holding that the trial court failed to meet necessary procedural requirements imposed

by State v. Hobbs, 374 N.C. 345, 841 S.E.2d 492 (2020).

      Defendant argues, and the majority agrees, that the question of whether

defendant established a prima facie case of discrimination became moot when the

State volunteered its reasoning for challenging the prospective jurors. The majority

opinion turns on Hobbs, in which the trial court first determined that the defendant

“had not made out a prima facie case of discrimination.” Id. at 348, 841 S.E.2d at

496. “However, [then] the trial court asked the State, for purposes of the record, to

explain the State’s use of peremptory challenges. . . .” Id. On appeal, the North

Carolina Supreme Court held that “[w]here the State has provided reasons for its

peremptory challenges, thus moving to Batson’s second step, and the trial court has

ruled on them, completing Batson’s third step, the question of whether a defendant

initially established a prima facie case of discrimination becomes moot.” Id. at 345,

354, 841 S.E.2d at 499 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). In holding the inquiry of

a prima facie showing of discrimination moot, the Hobbs opinion cited Hernandez v.

New York: “Once a prosecutor has offered a race-neutral explanation for the

peremptory challenges and the trial court has ruled on the ultimate question of

intentional discrimination, the preliminary issue of whether the defendant had made
                                    STATE V. WILSON

                   STADING, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

a prima facie showing becomes moot.” Id. at 354, 841 S.E.2d at 500 (citing Hernandez

v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359, 111 S. Ct. 1859, 1866 (1991) (emphasis added)).

      The majority also maintains that an application of State v. Campbell to this

case supports the proposition that the first step of the trial court’s Batson analysis

was moot. 384 N.C. 126, 884 S.E.2d 674 (2023). In that case, the defendant argued

to the North Carolina Supreme Court that our Court erred in affirming the trial

court’s determination that he failed to make a prima facie showing of discrimination

under Batson. Id. at 135, 884 S.E.2d at 682. At trial, the prosecutor in Campbell was

careful to remind the trial court to rule on the first step of the Batson analysis before

offering an argument in furtherance of the second step. Id. at 128, 884 S.E.2d at 677.

The trial court then ruled that the defendant failed to establish a prima face case. Id.

at 128, 884 S.E.2d at 678. Nonetheless, the trial court ordered “the State to proceed

as to stating a racially-neutral basis for the exercise of the peremptory challenges.”

Id. Ultimately, the Court held that “[t]he State appropriately objected to the trial

court’s attempt to move beyond step one” and precluded a consideration of the step

two response at a step one analysis. Id. at 136, 884 S.E.2d at 682. However, the

Court did not speak to whether the State’s response to step two would have precluded

the trial court judge from issuing a ruling on step one of the Batson analysis.

      In the matter presently before us, after concluding the State’s response

compelled the trial court to proceed to the third Batson step, the majority deemed the

trial court’s findings inadequate to conduct a comparative-juror analysis. While the

                                           -2-
                                     STATE V. WILSON

                    STADING, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

record may lack substance to survive the third Batson step, such an inquiry presumes

that step one is moot. However, in the instant case, a determination of the first

Batson step is not moot. Thus, engagement in a step three analysis is premature

since the trial court determined that defendant did not meet his burden at step one.

State v. Hoffman, 348 N.C. 548, 554, 500 S.E.2d 718, 722–23 (1998) (“We do not

proceed to step two of the Batson analysis when the trial court has not done so.”).

        The record shows that it was not the trial court, but the State, that proceeded

to step two of the Batson inquiry. See id. Once defendant raised the Batson challenge

and stated his grounds, the trial court invited the State to respond. The State

prematurely sought to address the second prong of the Batson inquiry—an act which

was beyond the control of the trial court. Existing case law does not impute the

actions of the parties or their counsel to the trial court in conducting a legal analysis

under Batson. Unless the trial court itself improperly proceeds beyond the initial

inquiry in its analysis—as was done in Hobbs—precedent does not dictate that the

trial court forfeits the ability to redirect the proceedings back to an earlier analytical

step.    Batson provides trial courts broad latitude in assessing discriminatory

inferences as such judges “experienced in supervising voir dire, will be able to decide

if the circumstances concerning the prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges creates

a prima facie case of discrimination. . . .” Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 97, 106 S.

Ct. 1712, 1723 (1986). A holding to the contrary takes the power of prescribing when

the first step of a Batson inquiry ends out of the hands of the trial court judge and

                                            -3-
                                    STATE V. WILSON

                   STADING, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

into the power of a party—the State in this case—effectively allowing it to control the

direction of the proceedings.

      Our precedent establishes that a trial judge may invite the State to comment

before issuing a ruling on the preliminary step of a Batson analysis—which is what

the trial judge did here. See State v. Smith, 351 N.C. 251, 262, 524 S.E.2d 28, 37

(2000) (“[T]he trial court concluded that defendant had not made a prima facie

showing that the peremptory challenge was exercised on the basis of race, but the

trial court permitted the State to make any comments for the record that it chose to

make.”). Unlike Hobbs, in this case, the trial court judge did not ask the State for the

reasons underlying its peremptory challenges because the judge had not yet made a

ruling on them. See Hobbs, 374 N.C. at 348, 841 S.E.2d at 496; Smith, 351 N.C. at

262, 524 S.E.2d at 37 (“[O]ur review is limited to whether the trial court erred in

finding that defendant failed to make a prima facie showing, even if the State offers

reasons for its exercise of the peremptory challenges.”). Once the State provided

comment, the trial court permitted defendant to respond. Cf. Hoffman, 348 N.C. at

554, 500 S.E.2d at 723 (noting that, as to a Batson first-step inquiry, “although the

State was given an opportunity to articulate its reasons for its peremptory challenges,

defendant was not given an opportunity to respond. Defendant must be accorded this

opportunity. . . .”). Defendant then remarked that his family was “well known in the

community” and mentioned the prosecutor’s passing on potential jurors who knew

the prosecutor.    Following defendant’s response, the trial court directed the

                                           -4-
                                    STATE V. WILSON

                   STADING, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

proceedings back to step one and ruled “I don’t believe there’s been a prima facie case

for a Batson challenge. The Court is going to deny that challenge. . . .”

      After hearing the State’s comments and defendant’s response, the trial court

concluded that defendant failed to meet the prima facie case necessary for a Batson

challenge. Moreover, a review of the record shows that the trial court already made

this determination on step one of the analysis prior to offering any commentary on

juror demeanor. Discerning no error, I find that the trial court’s Batson ruling falls

within the parameters of the great deference afforded to trial judges. See, e.g., State

v. Floyd, 343 N.C. 101, 104, 468 S.E.2d 46, 48, cert. denied, 519 U.S. 896, 117 S. Ct.

241, 136 L.Ed.2d 170 (1996) (“[T]he trial court’s ruling . . . must be accorded great

deference by a reviewing court.”); Hoffman, 348 N.C. at 554, 500 S.E.2d at 722–23.

Accordingly, I concur with the majority’s decision that the trial court did not err in

denying the defendant’s motion to dismiss.          But I respectfully dissent from the

majority’s holding that the trial court’s step one Batson determination was moot.

                                           -5-