Court Opinion

ID: 9381824
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-23 21:01:58.535315+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:34.687295
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 AMERICANS FOR FAIR TREATMENT,

          Plaintiff,

 v.                                                          Case No. 1:22-cv-1183-RCL

 UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE, et
 al.,

          Defendants.

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

         This case concerns a Freedom oflnformation Act ("FOIA") request by plaintiff Americans

for Fair Treatment ("AFFT"), a nonprofit organization focused on public-sector employees and

their rights surrounding union membership, for information from the defendant United States

Postal Service ("USPS" or "the agency") related to the website USPS created for the distribution

of free COVID-19 test kits. Before the Court are USPS's partial motion to dismiss, ECF No. 24,

USPS' s motion for summary judgment and for judgment on the pleading, ECF No .. 14, and AFFT' s

cross-motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 18. For the reasons that follow, the Court will

GRANT USPS's partial motion to dismiss, GRANT in part and DENY in part USPS's motion

for summary judgment, and GRANT in part and DENY WITH PREJUDICE in part and

WITHOUT PREJUDICE in part AFFT's cross-motion for summary judgment.

                                       I.   BACKGROUND

      A. AFFT's FOIA Request

        On February 7, 2022, AFFT submitted a FOIA request to USPS for the following:

                       1. All records concerning the "Privacy Act Statement"
                          contained on USPS's webform through which members of
                          the public may order rapid antigen COVID-19 tests
                          (https://special.usps.com/testkits). The records requested

                                                   1
                        include, but are not limited to, those that reflect USPS's
                        decision to depart from using its default "Privacy Act notice'
                        that is "for personal information collected online" (which is
                        published at https://about.usps.com/who/legal/privacy-
                        policy/foll-privacypolicy.htm) and instead to use a "Privacy
                        Act Statement" that says USPS may, without' consent,
                        disclose information it obtains about the public through the
                        COVID-19 test webform to "labor organizations as required
                        by applicable law."

                    2. All records concerning USPS's disclosure to any labor
                       organization of information it obtained through the COVID-
                       19 test webform.

FOIA Request at 1, Ex. A to Compl., ECF No. 1-1. USPS refers to the two paragraphs of AFFT's

request as "Item #1" and "Item #2," respectively, and the Court will do the same.

        USPS originally replied to AFFT's request with a letter calling that request "very broad in

scope" and informing AFFT that USPS would "take no further action and incur no chargeable

costs to you unless we hear back from you" with a reformulated request, such as one limited "to a

specific department or geographic area of interest or to a particular timeframe." Initial FOIA

Decision Letter at PDF p. 17, Ex. 4 to First Deel. of Elisabeth Kines Messenger, ECF No. 18-2.

AFFT apparently corresponded with a FOIA officer at USPS to narrow the scope of the request in

some way, though the record does not indicate how. Deel. of Janine Castorina ("Castorina Deel.")

,r 6, ECF No. 14-2. USPS then sent a further letter informing AFFT that there were "no responsive
records" to either part of the FOIA request. Second FOIA Decision Letter at 1, Ex. D to Compl.,

ECF No. 1-4. Specifically, the letter stated that Item #1 "appears to compare the Privacy Act

Statement, contained on the" test kit website, "with the Postal Service's general Privacy Policy

contained on its website," and explained that "Privacy Act Statements and Privacy Policies are

separate and distinct with different purposes," and thus "[t]here was no decision to substitute one

for the other." Id. Furthermore, the letter stated with respect to Item #2 that "Labor Relations was

contacted to locate [responsive] records" and that "[a]fter the search was completed it was

                                                 2
 determined no records have been released to any labor organizations," and thus "there are no

 records responsive to your request." Id.

           AFFT administratively appealed that decision to USPS's General Counsel, who affirmed

 in part and reversed in part. Gen. Counsel Op., Ex. H to Compl., ECF No. 1-8. The General

 Counsel held that USPS did not initially conduct an adequate search with respect to Item #1 of

 AFFT's request, because the "request was not only limited to a purported decision to depart from

 the Privacy Act Notice language," but that USPS did conduct an adequate search with respect to

 Item #2. Id. at 2-4.

           Pursuant to the General Counsel's decision, USPS conducted a search with respect to Item

#1 of AFFT's FOIA request. After that search, USPS produced nine pages ofresponsive records,

comprising five email chains with extensive redactions pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, and 6.

See FOIA Response at PDF pp. 17-25, Ex. 1 to Deel. of Janine Castorina, ECF No. 14-2.

Specifically, with respect to Exemption 5, which incorporates various privileges, USPS invoked

the deliberative process and attorney-client privileges but did not delineate which of the two

applied to which Exemption 5 withholdings. Id. USPS still did not produce any records in response

to Item #2, claiming again that its search turned up no responsive records. Castorina Deel. ,r 26.

      B. Proceedings in this Court

          AFFT filed suit in this Court on April 28, 2022 against USPS, as well as the Postmaster

General and USPS General Counsel in their official capacities (together, "USPS"). See Compl.,

ECF No. 1. The complaint asserted four counts: (1) violation ofFOIA by withholding responsive,

non-exempt records, id.      ,r,r 54-60; (2) violation ofFOIA by failing to conduct an adequate search,
id.   ,r,r 61-68;   (3) arbitrary and capricious or contrary-to-law action in violation of the APA by

                                                     3
 failing to allow an appeal to the head of the agency himself, id.   ,r,r 69-75; and (4) ultra vires action
 by failing to allow an appeal to the head of the agency himself, id.    ,r,r 76-80.
          USPS filed its motion for summary jud~ent and for judgment on the pleadings on July

29, 2022. ECF No. 14. AFFT filed its combined opposition and cross-motion for summary

judgment on September 2, 2022. ECF No. 18. USPS filed its combined reply in support of its own

motion and reply to AFFT's motion on October 26, 2022. ECF No. 22. AFFT filed its combined

reply in support of its own motion and opposition to USP S's motion on November 18, 2022. ECF

No. 26. The motions for summary judgment and for judgment on the pleadings are now ripe for

review.

          While the summary judgment briefing was still underway, USPS additionally filed a

motion to dismiss Counts III and IV of the complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. ECF

No. 24. AFFT filed its opposition to that motion on December 2, 2022, ECF No. 27, and USPS

filed its reply on December 22, 2022, ECF No. 29. The partial motion to dismiss is also ripe for

review.

                                  II.   LEGAL STANDARDS

    A. FOIA and its Exemptions

          FOIA provides a mechanism for members of the public to obtain government records. The

statute "mandates a strong presumption in favor of disclosure," ACLU v. Dep 't of Just., 655 F.3d

1, 5 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and "agencies may withhold

only those documents or portions thereof that fall under one of nine delineated statutory

exemptions," Elliott v. US. Dep 't ofAgric., 596 F.3d 842, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citing 5 U.S. C.

§ 552(b)). Furthermore, under the FOIA Improvement Act, Pub. L. No. 114-185, 130 Stat. 538

(2016), an amendment to the statute that Congress enacted in 2016, the requested agency may only

                                                  4
 withhold information if it "reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected

 by" the relevant exemption, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I).

        In this case, USPS invoked FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, and 6.

        Exemption 3 applies to information "specifically exempted from disclosure by statute

 (other than [5 U.S.C. § 552b]) if that statute (A)(i) requires that matters be withheld from the public

in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or (ii) establishes particular criteria for

withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld; and (B) if enacted after the

enactment of the OPEN FOIA Act of 2009, specifically cites to" the statutory subsection

containing Exemption 3. Id. § 552(b)(3).

        Exemption 5 covers "inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would not

be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency, provided that the

deliberative process privilege shall not apply to records created 25 years or more before the date

on which the records were requested." Id. § 552(b)(5).

        Exemption 6 extends to "personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of

which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." Id. § 552(b)(6).

    B. Motions to Dismiss for Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Article III Standing

        Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(h)(3), "[i]fthe court determines at any time that

it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action." A motion styled as one

under Rule 12(h)(3) is treated in the same way as a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(l). Murray v. Amalgamated Transit

Union, 206 F. Supp. 3d 202,207 (D.D.C. 2016). A court considering such a motion must take all

the well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in the

plaintiffs favor. Doe v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 453 F. Supp. 3d 354,361 (D.D.C. 2020).

                                                   5
 "However, those factual allegations receive closer scrutiny than they do in the Rule 12(b)(6)

 context," and the court "may look to documents outside of the complaint in order to evaluate

 whether or not it has jurisdiction to entertain a claim." Id. (internal quotation marks and citations

 omitted).

        One way a court might lack subject-matter jurisdiction is if a plaintiff lacks Article III

standing. See Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987). The plaintiff bears the burden

of establishing standing by demonstrating (1) a concrete injury in fact that is (2) traceable to the

complained-of conduct and (3) redressable by the relief sought. See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504

U.S. 555, 560----61 (1992). Furthermore, "[i]n a case of this sort, where the plaintiffs seek

declaratory and injunctive relief, past injuries alone are insufficient to establish standing," Dearth

v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C. Cir. 2011), and "a threatened injury must be 'certainly

impending' or there has to be a 'substantial risk that the harm will occur,"' Union of Concerned

Scientists v. Dep 't ofEnergy, 998 F.3d 926, 929 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting Susan B. Anthony List

v. Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149, 158 (2014)).

    C. Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings

        A party to a civil action may also move under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) for

judgment on the pleadings "[a]fter the pleadings are closed-but early enough not to delay trial."

"A motion pursuant to rule 12(c) is appropriately granted when, at the close of the pleadings, no

material issue of fact remains to be resolved, and the movant is clearly entitled to judgment as a

matter oflaw." McNamara v. Picken, 866 F. Supp. 2d 10, 14 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal quotation

marks, citation, and brackets omitted).

                                                 6
        D. Motions for Summary Judgment

            Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

    to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P.

    56(a). A court evaluating a summary judgment motion must "view the evidence in the light most

    favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor." Arthridge v.

    Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 604 F.3d 625, 629 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation

    omitted). "[S]ummary judgment will not lie if the dispute about a material fact is 'genuine,' that

    is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party."

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,248 (1986). A fact is "material" if it "might affect

the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Id.

           "[T]he vast majority of FOIA cases can be resolved on summary judgment." Brayton v.

Off ofthe US. Trade Representative, 641 F.3d 521,527 (D.C. Cir. 2011). "An agency withholding

responsive documents from a FOIA release bears the burden of proving the applicability of

claimed exemptions." ACLU v. Dep 't ofDefense, 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011). "Typically

it does so by affidavit," id., and by submitting "Vaughn indices describing the withheld documents

and explaining why the withheld information fell under the claimed exemptions." Larson, 565

F.3d at 862. 1 "Summary judgment is warranted on the basis of agency affidavits [and the Vaughn

index] when the affidavits [and/or the Vaughn index] describe the justifications for nondisclosure

with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the

claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by

evidence of agency bad faith." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Miller v. Casey, 73 0

1
  A Vaughn index is a table, common in FOIA cases, "describing the withheld documents and explaining why the
withheld information fell under the claimed exemptions." Larson v. Dep 't ofState, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009)
(citing Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973)).

                                                         7
 F.2d 773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). "Ultimately, an agency's justification for invoking a FOIA

 exemption is sufficient ifit appears 'logical' or 'plausible."' Wolfv. C.LA., 473 F.3d 370, 374-75

 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).

        However, "[b ]efore approving the application of a FOIA exemption, the district court must

make specific findings of segregability regarding the documents to be withheld." Sussman v. U.S.

Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007). The Court must also determine whether

the agency has shown "a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using

methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the information requested." Oglesby v.

Dep't of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). If the Court finds it necessary "in order to

make a responsible de novo determination on the claims of exemption," it may, in its discretion,

conduct in camera review of the records at issue. Carter v. Dep 't ofCommerce, 830 F.2d 388,392

(D.C. Cir. 1987); see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

                                     III.   DISCUSSION

        The Court will begin with USP S's motion to dismiss Counts III and IV of the complaint,

concluding that AFFT lacks standing to pursue those claims, and thus the Court lacks subject-

matter jurisdiction to entertain them. The Court will then tum to the cross-motions for summary

judgment, concluding that each party is entitled to summary judgment in part. Specifically, USPS

has not adequately explained its search; and while USPS has met its burden of showing that FOIA

Exemption 5 applies to some (but not all) of its withholdings, it has not met its burden of showing

that disclosure of any of its withholdings would cause reasonably foreseeable harm. Finally, the

Court will consider the appropriate remedy given the shortcomings in USPS's explanations of its

search and withholdings, concluding that USPS must conduct an additional search and submit a

new Vaughn index and supporting affidavit adequately explaining its search and withholdings.

                                                 8
    A. The Court Lacks Subject-Matter Jurisdiction over Counts III and IV

        USPS moves to dismiss Counts III and IV of the complaint for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction on the ground that AFFT lacks standing to bring those claims. As a part of the same

filing as its summary judgment motion, USPS also moves for judgment on the pleadings on those

same counts. As to both Counts, AFFT asks for injunctive and declaratory relief because USPS

does not procedurally permit an appeal to the head of the agency upon an adverse decision by the

agency's general counsel, which it argues the text ofFOIA requires. The Court agrees with USPS

that AFFT lacks standing to pursue these claims and will thus grant the partial motion to dismiss

and deny the motion for judgment on the pleadings as moot.

        A plaintiff challenging an agency's procedures for the administrative adjudication ofFOIA

requests may show that "a threatened injury [is] 'certainly impending' or there [is] a 'substantial

risk that the harm will occur,"' Union of Concerned Scientists, 998 F.3d at 929 (quoting Susan B.

Anthony List, 573 U.S. at 158), by showing that it is likely the plaintiff will encounter the allegedly

deficient FOIA procedure again in the future. For example, the plaintiff might show that it has

another FOIA request pending before the agency, see Cause ofAction Inst. v. Dep 't of Just., 999

F .3d 696, 704 (D.C. Cir. 2021 ), or that it frequently files FOIA requests with the agency, see Better

Gov 't Ass 'n v. Dep 't ofState, 780 F .2d 86, 88, 91, 96 n.53 (D.C. Cir. 1986).

       USPS argues that AFFT cannot demonstrate a concrete past, present, or future harm

sufficient for purposes of standing stemming from the unavailability of an appeal personally to the

head of the agency. See Mot. to Dismiss at 4-7, ECF No. 24. AFFT responds that the inability to

appeal is a cognizable procedural injury and that it is likely to suffer that injury in the future

because it currently has another FOIA request pending before USPS. See Pl.'s Opp'n to Mot. to

Dismiss at 2-7, ECF No. 27. USPS is correct in substantial part: Although AFFT alleges what

                                                  9
 could in theory be a cognizable past harm, the relief it now seeks on its procedural claims is

 prospective, and it does not allege a sufficient risk offuture harm to support standing to seek that

 relief.

           Contrary to USPS's argument, since AFFT alleges a procedural injury, it is under no

 obligation to demonstrate that the outcome of its FOIA appeal would have been any different here

 had the Postmaster General adjudicated that appeal himself. Once plaintiffs alleging procedural

injuries demonstrate that an "agency action threatens their concrete interest," they "need not

demonstrate that but for the procedural violation the agency action would have been different."

Mendoza. v. Perez, 754 F.3d 1002, 1010 (D.C. Cir. 2014). "Rather, if the plaintiffs can demonstrate

a causal relationship between the final agency action and the alleged injuries, the court will assume

the causal relationship between the procedural defect and the final agency action." Id. (internal

quotation marks, citation, and brackets omitted). So, if AFFT wanted to appeal the adverse FOIA

decision to the Postmaster General himself and was unable to because of USPS's FOIA

regulations, that could in itself be a procedural injury sufficient to support standing if past harm

were sufficient.

           But AFFT seeks prospective relief on its procedural claims, and that requires a substantial

risk of future harm. To be sure, the Circuit has held that the pendency of other FOIA requests

before the same agency may entail a sufficiently substantial risk of future harm to supply standing

to pursue injunctive relief concerning that agency's FOIA procedures. See Cause of Action Inst.,

999 F.3d at 704. But "[s]tanding is assessed 'at the time the action commences."' Adv. Mgmt.

Tech., Inc. v. FAA, 211 F.3d 633, 636 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting Friends of the Earth, Inc. v.

Laidlaw Envt'l Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 191 (2000)). Here, AFFT filed its second FOIA

request on September 2, 2022---over three months after commencing this action. Third Deel. of
 Elisabeth Kines Messenger ,r 3, ECF No. 27-1. Accordingly, that request is irrelevant for purposes

 of assessing standing. Moreover, the complaint does not allege any other facts suggesting a

 likelihood of future harm, such as a pattern of filing frequent FOIA requests with USPS. Cf Better

 Gov 't Ass 'n, 780 F.2d at 88, 91, 96 n.53. AFFT therefore has not demonstrated that "a threatened

 injury [is] 'certainly impending' or there [is] a 'substantial risk that the harm will occur."' Union

 of Concerned Scientists, 998 F.3d at 929 (quoting Susan B. Anthony List, 573 U.S. at 158).

        Because AFFT cannot establish a substantial risk of future harm from USPS's FOIA

regulations as of the time the action commenced, it lacks standing to pursue its challenges to those

regulations, and consequently, the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over those claims. The

Court, will therefore grant USPS's motion to dismiss Counts III and IV and deny its motion for

judgment on the pleadings as moot.

    B. USPS Has Not Adequately Explained its Search

        The first issue in the cross-motions for summary judgment for the Court to consider is the

adequacy ofUSPS's searches with respect to both items of AFFT's FOIA request. USPS broadly

defends the adequacy of those searches on the ground that the Court must afford its explanation of

them a presumption of good faith. Defs.' S.J. Mem. at 5-8, ECF No. 14-1. AFFT responds by

poking a number of holes in that explanation, primarily by noting certain details that are lacking

and by pointing out potential trails USPS did not follow that became apparent either through the

documents USPS did disclose or through its filings over the course of this litigation. Pls.' S.J.

Mem. at 6-13, ECF No. 18-1. The Court agrees with AFFT in part. USPS's explanation of its

searches omits key details that the applicable case law requires. The agency also did not search the

records of three employees who were obviously involved in placing the Privacy Act Statement on

the COVID-19 test kit website. Finally, USPS does not adequately explain why it apparently failed

                                                 11
 to search for certain documents that likely existed at the time it conducted' its new search after

 AFFT's administrative appeal. The remainder of AFFT's adequacy arguments are unavailing.

        "In order to obtain summary judgment" where a FOIA plaintiff alleges an inadequate

search, "the agency must show that it made a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested

records, using methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the information requested."

Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. "A reasonably d,etailed affidavit, setting forth the search terms and the

type of search performed, and averring that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such

records exist) were searched, is necessary to afford a FOIA requester an opportunity to challenge

the adequacy of the search and to allow the district court to determine if the search was adequate

in order to grant summary judgment." Id. "An agency fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can

demonstrate beyond material doubt that its search was 'reasonably calculated to uncover all

relevant documents.'" Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321,325 (D.C. Cir. 1999)

(quoting Truittv. Dep't ofState, 897 F.2d 540,542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). An agency's explanation to

that effect is entitled to a presumption of good faith. Defs. of Wildlife v. Dep 't of Interior, 314 F.

Supp. 2d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2004). "However, if a review of the record raises substantial doubt,

particularly in view of well defined requests and positive indications of overlooked materials, ...

summary judgment is inappropriate." Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326 (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted).

       USPS has not met that standard here. First, as AFFT argues, see Pis.' S.J. Mem. at 11-12,

the supporting agency affidavit does not include all of the necessary information. Janine Castorina,

USPS's Chief Privacy and Records Management Officer and head of the Postal Service Privacy

and Records Management Office ("PRMO"), explains in her declaration that as to Item #1, "[eJach

staff member" "involved in creating the language" of the Privacy Act Statement "conducted a

                                                  12
 search of their emails," because "the drafting ... was done entirely over email by the three staff

 members." Castorina Deel.    ,r 16. That statement is "reasonably detailed" as far as it goes, and it
 sets forth "the type of search performed." Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. However, Castorina does not

 "set[] forth the search terms" those employees used. Id; see Castorina Deel.   ,r,r 13-16. And in her
 explanation of the search with respect to Item #2, Castorina discloses neither the "search terms"

nor the "type of search performed." Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68; see Castorina Deel.     ,r,r 26-27.
        Moreover, as AFFT points out, see PI.'s SJ. Mem. at 10-11, the documents themselves

show why Castorina's assertion that "[a]s to the Statement at issue, there were three staff members,

including [her]self, within the PRMO involved in creating the language," Deel.            ,r 16,   is an

insufficient explanation of the scope of the search. The redacted email chains and the Vaughn

index both indicate that the email exchanges over the Privacy Act Statement involved six different

staff members: Castorina, Christopher Gillespie, Christopher Lind, Christopher Karpenko,

Kimberly Workinger, and Heather Dyer. See FOIA Production at PDF pp. 17-25; Vaughn Index

at PDF pp. 27-37, Ex. 2 to Castorina Deel., ECF No. 14-2. Castorina clarifies in her supplemental

declaration that it was she, Gillespie, and Lind, all legal personnel, who searched their records,

and that "[i]ntemal clients, including Heather Dyer, Vice President of the Corporate Information

Security Office ... , Christopher Karpenko, Executive Director of Brand Marketing, and Kimberly

Workinger, Digital Brand Marketing Manager, called [her] to request legal advice to ensure that

the COVID-19 rapid test webform was compliant with the Privacy Act." Supp. Deel. of Janine

Castorina ("Supp. Castorina Deel.") ,r 4, ECF No. 22-1.

        Nowhere does Castorina attempt to explain why USPS did not search Dyer's, Karpenko's,

or Workinger's records. See generally Castorina Deel.; Supp. Castorina Deel. USPS's only

response to this argument in its reply is that, "[c]ontrary to Plaintiffs claims, no other individuals

                                                 13
    were involved in the creation of the statement." Defs.' S.J. Reply at 6, ECF No. 22. But Item #1

    of AFFT's FOIA request does not merely ask for the drafting history of the statement-it asks for

    "[a]ll records concerning the 'Privacy Act Statement."' FOIA Request at 1. 2 And given that Dyer,

    Karpenk:o, and Workinger were included on email chains concerning the statement, it seems highly

    likely that they would have at least some records "concerning" that statement, even if they were

    not personally responsible for drafting it. In other words, those their inclusion on some of the

    emails are "positive indications of overlooked materials" that make summary judgment for USPS

    inappropriate. Valencia-Lucena, 180 F .3d at 326 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

           Finally, AFFT observes, and USPS does not dispute, that "USPS changed its published

Privacy Act Statement after AFFT submitted its FOIA request" but before AFFT's administrative

appeal and the new search that the decision on that appeal prompted, and that USPS apparently

did not search for records related to that change. See Pl.'s S.J. Mem. at 9- 10; Defs.' S.J. Reply at

10-11. USPS' s response is to defend the permissibility under FO IA ofits "cut-off date" forrecords

to be searched, which is set by regulation at "the date of the search." 39 C.F.R. § 265.4(a); see

Defs.' S.J. Reply at 10-11. But the permissibility of using such a cut-off is beside the point,

because the record here demonstrates that "the date of the search" with respect to Item #1 was after

AFFT' s administrative appeal, and thus necessarily after the Privacy Act Statement was changed.

Castorina's declaration explicitly states that USPS's "initial determination that there were no

responsive records was based on" an interpretation of the request indicating that there could be no

responsive records-in other words, there initially was no search-and that USPS then conducted

"[a]n additional search," which was really the first search with respect to Item #1, after AFFT' s

2
 As noted above, AFFT and USPS apparently agreed to narrow the scope of the request in some unspecified fashion
before USPS issued its decision. See Castorina Deel. ,i 6. But there is no indication in the record that that agreement
had anything to do with which specific employees' records would be searched.

                                                          14
administrative appeal. Castorina Deel.   ,r,r 14, 16. Nowhere does USPS explain why it apparently
did not look for all documents available on the date of that "additional search." Id.

        That being said, three of AFFT's arguments in its summary judgment brief go too far.

        First, AFFT faults USPS for failing to disclose each email in every chain individually, on

grounds that emails sent later in the chain would have omitted any attachments sent earlier and

might have edited the text of earlier emails. See Pl.'s S.J. Mem. at 8-9. An attachment to an email

may be a responsive document within the meaning ofFOIA. See, e.g., Brady Ctr. to Prevent Gun

Violence v. Dep 't ofJust., 410 F. Supp. 3d 225,235 (D.D.C. 2019). And it is theoretically possible

that someone later in an email chain could edit their records of earlier emails. But here there is no

"positive indication[]" in the record that any of the emails had attachments or that earlier responses

were doctored by later recipients in the email chain, and so the Court must afford USPS a

presumption of good faith in its search. Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326 (quotation marks and

citation omitted).

        Second, AFFT contends that Castorina's declaration discloses for the first time the

existence of "various versions of its COVID test kit webpage and comments thereto," and that

USPS should have produced those records. Pl.'s S.J. Mem. at 9. But AFFT's FOIA request was

not that broad. Rather, it was limited to the "Privacy Act Statement" and disclosures to labor

unions. FOIA Request at 1. AFFT does not explain why all versions of the webpage and comments

thereto would be responsive to its FOIA request as originally formulated, and AFFT may not now

broaden its request during the course of litigation. See Nat'! Ass 'n of Def Lawyers v. Dep 't of

Just., No. 04-cv-697-PLF, 2006 WL 666938, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 15, 2006).

       Third, AFFT generally criticizes Castorina' s explanations of the offices searched and the

decision to search only emails as vague and conclusory. See Pl.'s S.J. Mem. at 12-13. Not so.

                                                 15
 Castorina explains that the search with respect to Item #1 "was conducted by the PRMO because

 all Privacy Act Statements originate in this office." Castorina Deel.     ,r 16.   She explains that the

 search with respect to Item #2 spanned "PRMO, Information Technology ('IT'), Corporate

Information Security ('CISO'), and Labor Relations," because "PRMO handles initial FOIA

responses and advice on the Privacy Act," "IT and CISO ran the COVID-19 test kit program," and

"Labor Relations handles all matters concerning labor organizations"-thus, "[t]hese are the

departments most likely to have responsive records." Id.      ,r 26.   That is all FOIA requires. See

Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68 (emphasis added) (holding that the agency must "aver[] that all files likely

to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched"). And AFFT does not give

the Court any reason to doubt Castorina's statement with respect to Item #1 that "the drafting ...

was done entirely over email." Castorina Deel. ,r 16. The Court will therefore afford that statement

a presumption of good faith.

        In sum, then, USPS fails to explain the adequacy of its search in three ways and three ways

only. First, the supporting affidavits do not "set[] forth the search terms" used for either item of

the request or "the type of search performed" with respect to Item #2. Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68.

Second, USPS did not search the records of three employees who had some interaction about the

Privacy Act Statement with the attorneys who were drafting it. Third, USPS apparently did not

search for records of the revised Privacy Act Statement that must have existed at the time of its

eventual search, despite its own regulations requiring it to search all documents in existence on the

date of the search. USPS is entitled to summary judgment on the adequacy of its search beyond

those three points. The Court will discuss the proper remedy for the shortcomings in USPS' s

explanations below. See infra Part III.D.

                                                 16
        C. USPS Has Not Adequately Explained Its Exemption 5 Withholdings

            The other main issue in the cross-motions for summary judgment is the propriety of

    USPS ' s withholdings under FOIA Exemption 5. 3 The parties dispute whether USPS has met its

    burden of establishing that (1) the deliberative process and attorney-client privileges actually apply

    to those withholdings, (2) reasonably foreseeable harm would result from disclosure of those

    withholdings, and (3) USPS properly segregated non-exempt information from exempt

    information in each document. The Court concludes that USPS has carried its burden with respect

    to the applicability of the deliberative process privilege in full and the attorney-client privilege in

 part. However, the Court further concludes that USPS has not carried its foreseeable harm burden

 with respect to any of its Exemption 5 withholdings. Accordingly, the Court need not consider

segregability at this stage.

           1. Applicability of the claimed privileges

           As an initial matter, as AFFT rightly notes, see Pl.'s S.J. Mem. at 16-17, USPS has failed

in this case to delineate its deliberative process privilege withholdings from its attorney-client

privilege withholdings. USPS therefore has not given the Court enough information to determine

which withholdings are proper and which are not, to the extent that the privileges do not perfectly

overlap. See Bloche v. Dep 't ofDef, 414 F. Supp. 3d 6, 49 (D.D.C. 2019). But as explained below,

see infra Part III.D, the Court will order USPS to produce a new Vaughn index and supporting

affidavit that more adequately explains its withholdings. Accordingly, at this stage, the Court will

consider the explanation given for each application of each privilege on its own terms and will

3 A"> n oted above, USPS also withheld certain "infonnation pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 3 and 6. However, USPS
now explains that its Exemption 3 withholding are more properly conceptualized under Exemption 6 see D efs. S.J.
Mem. at 12 & n.5 , and AFFT does not cba1lenge the Exemption 6 withholdings in this case, see Pl. 's SJ . Mem. at 16
n.7. Accordingly, the Court will discuss only the Exemption 5 withholdings.

                                                        17
 order USPS to make clear in those new materials which privilege applies to which redactions. Cf

 Blache, 414 F. Supp. 3d at 49.

               (i) USPS has adequately explained its deliberative process privilege withholdings

        The deliberative process "privilege may only be invoked for documents that are both [1]

predecisional and [2] deliberative." Reporters Committee for Freedom ofthe Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th

350, 362 (D.C. Cir. 2021). "Documents are 'predecisional' if they were generated before the

agency's final decision on the matter." U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc., 141 S. Ct.

777, 786 (2021 ). A document is not predecisional if "the agency treats the document as its final

view on the matter." Id. To be deliberative, a "document must be a direct part of the deliberative

process in that it makes recommendations or expresses opinions on legal or policy matters."

Vaughn, 523 F.2d at 1144. "Purely factual material usually cannot be withheld under Exemption

5 unless it reflects an exercise of discretion and judgment calls." Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v.

Dep't ofState, 641 F.3d 504,513 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       USPS has established that all its deliberative process privilege withholdings in this case

are predecisional. USPS argues that "[t]he redacted communications are necessarily pre-decisional

because they took place prior to [] the Postal Service's final decision to include a Privacy Act

Statement on the COVID-19 test kit webpage, which was in the testing phase at the time of the

communications." Defs.' S.J. Mem. at 10. AFFT responds that USPS "has failed to provide this

Court enough information to determine whether the record or portions thereof have lost their

predecisional status." PL' s S.J. Mem. at 22. That gives USPS' s submissions too little credit.

Castorina states in her declaration that "[t]he redacted communications ... occurred before any

final actions were taken relating to the COVID-19 test kit webpage in which the Privacy Act

Statement appears" and that "[t]he draft language differs :from the final Privacy Act Statement,

                                                18
 which appears on the test-kit webpage." Castorina Deel.   ,r 18; see also   Vaughn Index at PDF pp.

 27, 29, 31, 33, 35. Those statements are accorded the presumption of regularity and there are no

 indications that the statements should be treated otherwise.

        USPS has also established that all its deliberative process privilege withholdings in this

 case are deliberative. USPS argues that the emails "are deliberative because they comprise drafts

of the Privacy Act Statement and discussions related thereto in connection to testing the webpage."

Defs.' S.J. Mem. at 11. AFFT responds that USPS "has not identified 'the nature' of the

decisionmaking authority vested in the office or person issuing the disputed documents. m Pl.' s

S.J. Mem. at 23-24 (quoting Hardy v. ATF, 243 F. Supp. 3d 155, 168 (D.D.C. 2017)). But that

again mischaracterizes USPS's submissions. The emails are between Castorina, who states she is

"responsible for establishing Postal Services policies relating to information disclosure, privacy,

and record management," Castorina Deel.     ,r 3, and her "subordinates and colleagues" who were
discussing "drafts of the Privacy Act Statement and placement on the test kit webpage," id.    ,r 18.
The affidavit could hardly be more specific about the decision-making authority or chain of

command. AFFT also argues that USPS has not met its burden of establishing that the information

withheld is not purely factual. See Pl.'s Mem. at 22-23. But Castorina explains that the emails

"consist of drafts and proposed edits to the Privacy Act Statement and discussions related to those

drafts in connection with the testing of the webpage," Castorina Deel.   ,r 18-information that by
its nature involves legal judgment calls and cannot be purely factual in nature-and there is no

indication in the record that would lead the Court to doubt that explanation.

       The Court therefore concludes that USPS has met its burden of demonstrating that the

deliberative process privilege applies to its withholdings under that privilege in all five of the

redacted email chains.

                                                19
                 (ii) USPS has adequately explained only some of its attorney-client privilege
                      withholdings

         "The attorney-client privilege protects confidential communications from clients to their

 attorneys made for the purpose of securing legal advice or services," as well as "communications

 from attorneys to their clients if the communications 'rest on confidential information obtained

from the client.'" Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d 607,618 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (quoting In re Sealed

Case, 737 F.2d 94, 99 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). "In the governmental context, the 'client' may be the

agency and the attorney may be an agency lawyer." Id. "Moreover, the privilege is not lost because

an attorney consults other attorneys about the subject matter of the communication." Mead Data

Cent., Inc. v. Dep't ofAir Force, 566 F.2d 242,253 n.24 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

        Here, USPS has adequately established that the attorney-client privilege applies to at least

two of the five redacted email chains, specifically those listed in the Vaughn index as USPS-4 and

USPS-5. Those emails are between C.astorina and her "agency clients," Workinger, Karpenko, and

Dyer, and they "contain[] the product of confidential legal discussion amongst government counsel

and agency clients." Vaughn Index at PDF pp. 33-36. It thus appears from the explanations USPS

has given, which the Court has no reason to doubt, that the redacted portions are "confidential

communications from clients to their attorneys made for the purpose of securing legal advice or

services," or "communications from attorneys to their clients" that '"rest on confidential

information obtained from the client.'" Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d at 618 (quoting In re Sealed

Case, 73 7 F .2d at 99).

        AFFT argues that "USPS failed to provide the threshold information required to even be

allowed to assert the attorney-client privilege." Pl.' s S .J. Mem. at 17. In support of this contention,

AFFT cites Am. Oversight v. USPS, No. 20-cv-2580-RC, 2021 WL 4355401, at *8 (D.D.C. Sept.

23, 2021) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), for the proposition that an agency

                                                   20
 asserting that privilege must explain "the nature of the decisionmaking authority vested in the

 office or person issuing the disputed document(s), and the positions in the chain of command of

 the parties to the documents." But even setting aside the fact that the cited passage concerns the

 deliberative process privilege, Castorina' s declarations explain enough about the chain of

command and the parties' positions for the Court to determine that attorney-client privilege's

applicability. She explains her own position at USPS and identifies the others as her "subordinates

and colleagues," including "Heather L. Dyer, the Chieflnformation Security Officer and Kimberly

Workinger, the Postal Service's Manager of Digital Brand Marketing." Id.         ,r 20.   She further

explains that Gillespie and Lind are her subordinates. Supp. Castorina Deel. ,r 2.

        However, at least some of the information in the three other redacted email chains, which

are between attorneys and/or legal personnel only, does not appear to rest on confidential client

communications. The first three email chains all involve only Castorina, Gillespie, and Lind,

attorneys and/or support staff who worked together "to answer the agency clients' request for legal

advice." Vaughn Index at PDF p. 28. Neither the Vaughn index nor either of Castorina's

declarations explains the extent to which the emails between Castorina, Gillespie, and Lind rested

on confidential communications from their agency clients. Rather, the Vaughn index simply states

that the email chains "arise[] from agency clients' request for legal advice concerning the

application of the Privacy Act, including its requirements for Privacy Statements, to the COVID-

19 test kit webpage." Id. at PDF pp. 27-32 (emphasis added). Arising from a request for legal

advice is not the same thing as resting on a confidential communication. For example, an abstract

discussion of the Privacy Act's requirements would not necessarily reveal client communications.

Were it otherwise, there would be no need for the attorney work-product doctrine, a separate

privilege, also incorporated by Exemption 5, that "protects documents that were prepared in

                                                21
 anticipation oflitigation by an attorney or an attorney's agent." Jud. Watch, Inc. v. Dep't ofJust.,

 391 F. Supp. 3d 43, 50 (D.D.C. 2019).

        The Court therefore concludes that USPS has met its burden of demonstrating that the

 attorney-client privilege applies to all of its withholdings under that privilege in the email chains

it labels USPS-4 and USPS-5, but to at most some of its withholdings under that privilege in in

those marked USPS-I, USPS-2, and USPS-3.

        2. Reasonably foreseeable harm

        As explained above, USPS has shown that the relevant privilege applies to the portions of

its Exemption 5 withholdings that rest on the deliberative process privilege and some, but not all,

portions that rest on the attorney-client privilege. But that is not the end of the matter. Under the

FOIA Improvement Act, USPS must also demonstrate that that it is "reasonably foresee[ able] that

disclosure" of those portions of the documents "would harm an interest protected by" Exemption

5. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I). The Court concludes that USPS has not met that burden as to

either category of Exemption 5 withholdings.

                (i) USPS 's foreseeable harm justifications for its deliberative process privilege
                    withholdings are insufficiently specific

        With respect to its deliberative process privilege withholdings, USPS offers two

foreseeable harm justifications: that disclosure would (1) chill internal agency discussions and (2)

cause public confusion. Neither explanation is sufficient.

       "In the context of withholdings made under the deliberative process privilege, the

foreseeability requirement means that agencies must concretely explain how disclosure 'would'-

not 'could'-adversely impair internal deliberations." Reporters Committee, 3 F.4th at 369-70.

The agency may not simply rely on "boilerplate and generic assertions that release of any

deliberative material would necessarily chill internal discussions." Id. at 370. Rather, it must give

                                                 22
"a focused and concrete demonstration of why disclosure of the particular type of material at issue

will, in the specific context of the agency action at issue, actually impede those same agency

deliberations going forward." Id.

        Castorina summarizes the first justification for USPS's deliberative process privilege

withholdings as follows:

               Disclosure of these deliberative, pre-decisional communications
               would constrain the day-to-day discussions amongst Postal Service
               staff who would not freely share their ideas and proposals because
               they would feel inhibited from effectively communicating with one
               another. Accordingly, disclosing internal agency deliberations
               would diminish the overall quality of the Postal Service's decision-
               making process by exposing preliminary discussions and drafts
               concerning the appropriate language to be used in the Privacy Act
               Statement.

Castorina Deel. ,r 19. Every single entry in the Vaughn index repeats that justification in no more

specific form. See Vaughn Index at PDF pp. 27, 29, 31, 33-36.

       That justification is insufficiently specific to carry USPS's burden under the FOIA

Improvement Act. It is virtually indistinguishable from similarly boilerplate justifications this

Court has found insufficient in two recent cases. See Nat' l Pub. Radio v. Dep 't of Homeland

Security ("NPR"), No. 20-cv-2468-RCL, 2022 WL 4534730, at *7-8 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2022);

Project on Gov 't Oversight v. Dep 't ofHomeland Security, Office of Civ. Rights & Civ. Liberties

("POGO"), No. 18-cv-2051-RCL, 2023 WL 2139380, at *9 (D.D.C. Feb. 21, 2023). In those cases,

the Court concluded that the Department of Homeland Security failed to meet its foreseeable harm

burden by offering the following explanation:

              Court-ordered disclosure of the information would severely
              undermine the Department's ability to efficiently and effectively
              investigate allegations of civil rights or civil liberties violations and
              for its investigators and decision-makers at various points of the
              decisional process . . . to offer uninhibited opinions and
              recommendations on the matters at issue. With.out the continued
              assurance of confidentiality, CRCL's expert consultants would not

                                                 23
                provide the Department with the meaningful information it needs to
                properly investigate civil rights complaints. Maintaining the
                confidentiality of these types of pre-decisional and deliberative
                communications is critical for the Department to carry out its
                m1ss10n.

 NPR, 2022 WL 4534730, at *7; see also POGO, 2023 WL 2139380, at *9.

        Castorina's explanation is also no more meaningfully specific than one the Circuit rejected

 in Reporters Committee:

               Disclosure of [material containing or prepared in connection with
               the formulation of opinions, advice, evaluations, deliberations,
               policies, proposals, conclusions, or recommendations] would have
               an inhibiting effect upon agency decisionmaking and the
               development of policy because it would chill full and frank
               discussions between agency personnel and decision makers
               regarding a decision. If agency personnel know that their
               preliminary impressions, opinions, evaluations, or comments would
               be released to the general public, they would be less candid and more
               circumspect in expressing their thoughts, which would impede the
               fulsome discussion of issues necessary to reach a well-reasoned
               decision.

3 F.4th at 370. The only significant difference is that Castorina's explanation mentions USPS and

the Privacy Statement.

        As this Court explained in NPR, "[t]he fatal flaw" with such a justification "is that it is

essentially a restatement of 'the generic rationale for the deliberative process privilege itself.'"

2022 WL 4534730, at *8 (quoting Reporters Committee, 3 F.4th at 370). An agency cannot carry

its burden simply by turning that generic rationale "into a game of 'Mad Libs' and fill[ing] in the

blanks with the name of the agency and the things that it does," as USPS attempts to do here. Id.

Accordingly, the Court cannot accept USPS's first foreseeable harm justification for its

deliberative process privilege withholdings.

       As for the second justification, Castorina states that "disclosure of these internal

deliberations also could confuse the public because, as here, the draft versions of the Privacy Act

                                                24
 Statement differ from the final version of the Privacy Act Statement." Castorina Deel. ,r 19. Courts

have recognized guarding against public confusion as one of the interests protected by the

deliberative process privilege. See, e.g., Huthnance v. District of Columbia, 268 F.R.D. 120, 122

(D.D.C. 2010). However, under the FOIA Improvement Act, an agency must demonstrate in each

case "a specific link between the specified harm-public confusion-and the nature of the

withheld documents." Pub. Empts.for Envt'l Resp. v. Dep't ofHomeland Security, 575 F. Supp.

3d 34, 51 (D.D.C. 2021). So, for example, in Reporters Committee, the Circuit rejected a

justification that disclosure "would potentially confuse the public about the reasons for" the

agency's actions, 3 F.4th at 371, while the court in Public Employees for Environmental

Responsibility accepted the far more specific justification that disclosure of certain Federal

Emergency Management Agency documents would "prematurely reveal[] threats and hazards ...

and may result in members of the public taking action on potential threats and hazards where no

action is warranted," 575 F. Supp. 3d at 51 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        While the public confusion justification here is not quite as vague as the one that the Circuit

rejected in Reporters Committee, it is still insufficiently specific to carry the agency's burden. If

stating simply that a draft version "differ[s] from the final version" of a policy or statement,

Castorina Deel.   ,r 19, were enough to show reasonably foreseeable harm, agencies would never
need to provide a situation-specific reason for withholding a nonfinal draft. USPS's explanation

here does not provide a "specific link between the specified harm ... and the nature of the withheld

documents." Pub. Empts. for Envt'l Responsibility, 575 F. Supp. 3d at 51. Neither Castorina's

affidavit nor the Vaughn index states, for example, that the differences are substantive in nature,

nor why, in concrete terms, a misconception about the precise language of a privacy statement on

                                                 25
a website that, as AFFT points out, the agency itself changed at least once, would be harmful. See

Pl. 's S.J. Mem. at 15; First Deel. of Elizabeth Kines Messenger ,r,r 8-9, ECF No. 18-2.

        For these reasons, USPS has not carried its burden of establishing that it is "reasonably

foresee[ able] that disclosure" of its deliberative process privilege withholdings "would harm an

interest protected by" that privilege. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I).

               (ii) USPS offers no foreseeable harm justification for its attorney-client privilege
                    withholdings

        Remarkably, USPS makes no attempt whatsoever in its summary judgment brief to offer a

foreseeable harm justification for its attorney-client privilege withholdings, see Defs.' S.J. Mem.

at 14--15, nor does it do so in its reply brief, even after AFFT points out that omission in its

summary judgment brief, see Pl.'s S.J. Mem. at 14; Defs.' S.J. Reply at 18-19. The Court could

therefore treat as conceded AFFT's argument that USPS has failed to establish that reasonably

foreseeable harm would result from disclosure of its attorney-client privilege withholdings. See

Crisman v. Dep't ofJust., 332 F. Supp. 3d 139, 149 (D.D.C. 2018). However, as discussed in the

following section, the Court will grant USPS a second chance to give an appropriate explanation.

   D. The Appropriate Remedy

       In sum, USPS has failed to carry its burden at summary judgment to explain the adequacy

of its search and the propriety of its withholdings in the following ways:

                   •   USPS ' s explanation of its seai-ch is partially inadequate
                       because (1) the supporting affidavits do not set forth the
                       search terms used for either item of the request or the type of
                       search perfonned with respect to Item #2, (2) USPS did not
                       search tbe records of three employees who had some
                       interaction about the Privacy Statement with the attorneys
                       who were drafting it, and (3) USPS does not explain why it
                       failed to search for records of the revised Privacy Act
                       Statement that likely existed at the time of its eventual
                       search.

                                                 26
                    •   USPS's explanation of its attorney-client privilege
                        withholdings in the email chains marked as USPS-1,
                        USPS-2, and USPS-3 is inadequate because it does not
                        explain the extent to which those email chains, which are
                        only between legal personnel, rest on confidential client
                        communications.

                    •   USPS does not offer a sufficiently specific foreseeable harm
                        justification for its deliberative process privilege
                        withholdings, nor any foreseeable harm justification for its
                        attorney-client privilege withholdings.

 It now remains to be decided what USPS must do to remedy those shortcomings.

        First, as to the adequacy of the search, USPS will have to conduct an additional search in

a manner consistent with this Memorandum Opinion. Specifically, the Court will order USPS to

search the records of the three additional employees involved in the email chains marked as

USPS-4 and USPS-5. The Court will also order USPS to search for records related to the change

in the Privacy Act Statement that apparently occurred before the search prompted by the General

Counsel's decision on appeal, or to explain why its "date of the search" cut-off regulation allows

it exclude such records from the scope of its search. Finally, the Court will order USPS to provide

a further explanation of its initial search laying out the search terms used with respect to both items

of the FOIA request and the type of search performed with respect to Item #2.

       Second, as to the withholdings, Court would be within its discretion to simply grant

summary judgment for AFFT and order the agency to re-process its disclosures without any

Exemption 5 withholdings. Cf NPR, 2022 WL 4534730, at *10. But in cases "where [the plaintiff]

has not questioned [the agency's] motives and where the matter is not particularly old or otherwise

marked with the signs of dilatory behavior," courts will often afford agencies a "second chance"

to explain their withholdings. S. Alliance for Clean Energy v. Dep 't of Energy, 853 F. Supp. 2d

60, 79 (D.D.C. 2012). This is just such a case. The Court sees no indication that USPS has acted

in bad faith, the case has been pending before the Court for less than a year, and USPS has

                                                 27
attempted to resolve the matter as promptly as possible, filing its motion for summary judgment

within just a few months of commencement. Moreover, the shortcomings in USPS's explanation

of the adequacy of its search foreclose the possibility of terminating the case from the Court's

docket at this stage, and thus the "strong medicine," id., of ordering immediate disclosure would

do little to serve the interests of judicial economy. Accordingly, the Court will give USPS a second

chance and allow it to file a new, more detailed Vaughn index and supporting affidavit. Those

materials shall specify whether the deliberative process privilege, the attorney-client privilege, or

both apply to each Exemption 5 redaction. Cf Blache, 414 F. Supp. 3d at 49.

       Of course, further disputes may arise as USPS attempts to comply with this Memorandum

Opinion and the accompanying Order. But once the agency has filed the appropriate materials in

this Court and produced them to AFFT, the parties may file renewed motions for summary

judgment.

                                     IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will GRANT USPS's partial motion to dismiss,

DENY AS MOOT USPS' s motion for judgment on the pleadings, GRANT in part and DENY in

part USPS's motion for summary judgment, and GRANT in part and DENY WITH

PREJUDICE in part and WITHOUT PREJUDICE in part AFFT's cross-motion for summary

judgment. In sum:

                    •   AFFT lacks standing to challenge USPS's FOIA appeal
                        procedures, and thus the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear
                        Counts III and IV of the complaint.

                    •   USPS's explanation of its search is partially inadequate
                        because (1) the supporting affidavits do not set forth the
                        search terms used for either item of the request or the type of
                        search performed with respect to Item #2, (2) USPS did not
                        search the records of three employees who had some
                        interaction about the Privacy Statement with the attorneys
                        who were drafting it, and (3) USPS does not explain why it

                                                  28
                       failed to search for records of the revised Privacy Act
                       Statement that likely existed at the time of its eventual
                       search. USPS's explanation of its search is adequate in all
                       other respects.

                   •   USPS's explanation of the applicability of the attorney-
                       client privilege to the email chains marked as USPS- I,
                       USPS-2, and USPS-3 is inadequate because it does not
                       explain the extent to which those email chains which are
                       only between legal personnel, rest on confidential client
                       communications.

                   •   USPS's explanation of the applicability of the attorney-
                       client privilege to the email chains marked as USPS-4 and
                       USPS-5 and of the deliberative process privilege to all five
                       email chains is adequate.

                   •   USPS does not offer a sufficiently specific foreseeable harm
                       justification for its deliberative process privilege
                       withholdings, nor any foreseeable harm justification for its
                       attorney-client privilege withholdings.

Accordingly, the Court will order USPS (1) to conduct an additional search, and give an adequate

justification for that search, in a manner consistent with this Memorandum Opinion; and (2) to file

a new Vaughn index and supporting affidavit explaining the propriety of its Exemption 5

withholdings. A separate Order shall issue this date.

 Date: March Z.J, 2023
                                                                   Royce C. Lamberth
                                                                   United States District Judge

                                                29