Court Opinion

ID: 3145168
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:06:50.328709+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:48:28.967279
License: Public Domain

No. 2-09-0249    Filed: 5-17-10
______________________________________________________________________________

                                                IN THE

                                APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

LELAND STAHELIN and JES VENTURES,       ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
L.L.C.,                                 ) of Du Page County.
                                        )
      Plaintiffs-Appellants,            )
                                        )
v.                                      ) No. 05--MR--1426
                                        )
FOREST PRESERVE DISTRICT OF             )
DU PAGE COUNTY,                         )
                                        )
      Defendant                         ) Honorable
                                        ) Bonnie M. Wheaton,
(Morton Arboretum, Defendant-Appellee). ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

        JUSTICE BURKE delivered the opinion of the court:

        The circuit court of Du Page County awarded defendant, Morton Arboretum (Morton),

$94,578 in attorney fees, pursuant to section 1988 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Act) (42 U.S.C.

§1988 (2000)), finding that plaintiffs, Leland Stahelin and JES Ventures, L.L.C., frivolously

appealed to this court and the Illinois Supreme Court the trial court's dismissal of their action against

Morton. On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the trial court lacked the authority to award the fees,

because Morton failed to seek them directly in this court pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 375(b)

(155 Ill. 2d R. 375(b)), and because the trial court allowed Morton to file a supplemental motion for

fees before we issued a mandate on the merits. Plaintiffs also maintain that the trial court abused
No. 2--09--0249

its discretion (a) in determining that plaintiffs' action against Morton was frivolous under section

1988 and (b) in determining the amount of the fees. We affirm.

                                          BACKGROUND

                                        The Initial Complaint

        The specific facts of the history of this case are set forth in Stahelin v. Forest Preserve

District, 376 Ill. App. 3d 765, 767-70 (2007)). We briefly set forth those facts that are relevant to

this appeal. Plaintiffs, owners of an 18-acre parcel of land bordered on three sides by Morton,

desired to develop their property. Morton and the Forest Preserve District of Du Page County

(hereinafter the District) both desired to preserve plaintiffs' property in its current state, for the

benefit of the public. The District entered into negotiations with plaintiffs to buy their property. The

negotiations were authorized by an enabling ordinance (Phase I ordinance). However, good-faith

negotiations fell apart. The District enacted another ordinance (Phase II ordinance), authorizing

acquisition of the property through negotiation or condemnation. On the date the Phase II ordinance

was enacted, the District filed a suit for condemnation, which it later voluntarily dismissed. The

District enacted a third ordinance (Abandonment ordinance), which authorized the voluntary

dismissal and stated that, although it continued "to believe the fee simple acquisition of the property

is important and necessary for the furtherance of the purposes set forth in this Ordinance, the

[District] has determined that at this time, it is in the best interest of the [District] to abandon the

acquisition of the property and dismiss the condemnation proceedings currently pending." The

Abandonment ordinance further provided that the District "hereby expressly states that the

acquisition of the property in the future would be important to furthering the statutory purposes of

the [District]."

                                                  -2-
No. 2--09--0249

        Plaintiffs did not make any improvements to the land, such as a subdivision development,

"fearing" the purposes set forth in the Abandonment ordinance, and they requested that the District

delete that language from the ordinance. The District refused to do so.

        Subsequently, plaintiffs filed a multicount complaint against the District and Morton. Only

count II of plaintiffs' complaint, which was brought against Morton, is at issue in the present appeal.

Plaintiffs alleged in count II that Morton was liable under section 1983 of the Act (42 U.S.C. §1983

(2000)) for an alleged conspiracy between Morton and the District to "take" plaintiffs' property in

violation of the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution. The other counts sought inverse

condemnation and the issuance of a writ of mandamus to initiate condemnation proceedings, a

declaration that certain ordinances approved by the District were ultra vires acts, and an elimination

of the cloud on plaintiffs' title to the property. The District and Morton filed motions to dismiss,

pursuant to sections 2--615 and 2--619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2--615,

2--619 (West 2006)), and the trial court dismissed the complaint.

                                           The Initial Appeal

        We affirmed the trial court's order in all respects. Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 780. We held

that the Abandonment ordinance did not amount to a regulatory taking of plaintiffs' property; the

language did not give the District any power to regulate, limit, or control plaintiffs' ability to use their

land or develop their property. We further held that, "[d]espite [plaintiffs'] apparent apprehension

about the language, the fact remains that the ordinance provides the District no enforcement

mechanism to regulate plaintiffs' property." Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 774. We also pointed out

that, although at some future time a municipal corporation, with powers of eminent domain, may

require the land of a private owner, it is one of the conditions under which the owner holds the land,

                                                    -3-
No. 2--09--0249

and entering a petition to condemn or passing resolutions or ordinances vests no interest in the land.

Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 775.

        As to count II's alleged constitutional deprivation of property rights, we concluded that

plaintiffs alleged the type of governmental petitioning that is protected by the first amendment and

that it was the District's right to listen to Morton's petition because it is within the District's statutory

authority to exercise eminent domain. Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 777.

        We found that the Abandonment ordinance and the Phase I ordinance were not outside the

broad grant of implied powers vested with the District's board and that, thus, neither ordinance was

ultra vires. Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 778-79. Finally, we held that the Phase I ordinance was

inoperative and could not constitute a semblance of title or an adverse claim and that the

Abandonment ordinance did not assert that the District had any right or claim to the property. We

found that neither ordinance had the legal effect that plaintiffs ascribed to it. Stahelin, 376 Ill. App.
3d at 780. In short, we concluded that if plaintiffs obtained the proper permits, they could "begin

bulldozing trees on their property at any time and the District would be powerless to stop them based

on either of the ordinances." Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 780.

                                      The Section 1988 Fee Award

        Morton filed a motion for attorney fees pursuant to section 1988 following the trial court's

dismissal of count II but before plaintiffs filed the initial appeal. Section 1988 provides a court

discretion to award a prevailing defendant in a section 1983 action its reasonable attorney fees upon

a "finding that the plaintiff's action was frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation, even though

not brought in subjective bad faith." Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 14, 66 L. Ed. 2d 163, 172, 101
S. Ct. 173, 178 (1980), citing Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity

                                                    -4-
No. 2--09--0249

Comm'n, 434 U.S. 412, 421, 54 L. Ed. 2d 648, 657, 98 S. Ct. 694, 700 (1978). Morton argued that

plaintiffs' claim was "doomed" for at least three independent legal reasons, each readily identifiable

from controlling legal precedent, and that therefore the action should be deemed frivolous. Plaintiffs

filed their notice of appeal and requested that the proceedings on the fee motion be stayed pending

the resolution of the appeal. Morton did not object and the trial court agreed to grant the stay.

        After we affirmed the trial court's decision to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint, Morton sought

leave to supplement its fee motion to include the failed appeal. However, the fee proceedings were

stayed again while plaintiffs pursued a petition for leave to appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court.

Following the rejection of plaintiffs' appeal by the supreme court, the trial court allowed Morton to

supplement its fee motion to include additional law and facts. Morton's motion focused on plaintiffs'

decision to continue bringing appeals after the trial court's dismissal order set forth the legal defects

in their claim against Morton.

        The trial court awarded attorney fees to Morton. However, it awarded fees only from the

appellate proceedings and not from the inception of plaintiffs' case. The trial court gave plaintiffs

the benefit of the doubt as to the filing of the initial complaint and denied those fees requested for

defending the trial proceedings, finding that the law was made clear "in the [motion-to-dismiss]

briefs so that I can only conclude that the appeal not only to the Appellate Court but to the Supreme

Court was without legal foundation and has to be deemed frivolous." In the final hearing on the

motion for fees, the trial judge further commented:

                "This started out as a 1983 action. The petition for fees is not being brought by a

        governmental entity which was named as a defendant. The petition for fees is being brought

                                                  -5-
No. 2--09--0249

       or was brought and is now being defended by a presumably not-for-profit entity which was

       dragged into this and what I previously found to be a frivolous piece of litigation."

       Following the award of fees, plaintiffs timely appeal.

                                             ANALYSIS

                                          Section 1988 Fees

       We first address plaintiffs' argument that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that

plaintiffs' filing appeals following the dismissal of the action against Morton was frivolous within

the meaning of section 1988. Morton contends that the claim was frivolous from the start for at least

three independent reasons, but by the time the motion-to-dismiss briefing was complete, there could

be no dispute that the action was frivolous, and it was certainly within the trial court's discretion to

award fees incurred from that point. We address this argument first because our conclusion obviates

the need to consider plaintiffs' remaining arguments.

       We commence with a review of the applicable statute and case law. As plaintiffs proceeded

against Morton in a section 1983 action, section 1988 governs the award of attorney fees. Section

1988 provides, in relevant part:

               "In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of section[ ] *** 1983 *** of this

       title, *** the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United

       States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs ***." 42 U.S.C. §1988(b) (2000).

Courts have interpreted this statute to allow for an award of attorney fees as part of an award of costs

to a prevailing defendant only where a plaintiff's claim was "frivolous, unreasonable, or without

foundation, even though not brought in subjective bad faith." Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 421, 54

L. Ed. 2d at 657, 98 S. Ct. at 700 (addressing Title VII's fee-shifting provision); Doe v. Busbee, 684

                                                  -6-
No. 2--09--0249

F.2d 1375, 1378-79 (11th Cir. 1982). Generally speaking, the "plaintiff should not be assessed his

opponent's attorney's fees unless a court finds that his claim was frivolous, unreasonable, or

groundless, or that the plaintiff continued to litigate after it clearly became so." Christiansburg, 434
U.S. at 422, 54 L. Ed. 2d at 657, 98 S. Ct. at 701. The Supreme Court has specifically applied this

standard in civil rights actions brought pursuant to section 1983. Hughes, 449 U.S. at 14, 66 L. Ed.
2d at 172, 101 S. Ct. at 178). The purpose of allowing attorney fees to defendants in all of these

contexts is to protect defendants from burdensome litigation having no legal or factual basis.

Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 420, 54 L. Ed. 2d at 656, 98 S. Ct. at 700.

        A suit is "frivolous" when it "has no reasonable basis, whether in fact or law." Tarkowski

v. County of Lake, 775 F.2d 173, 176 (7th Cir. 1985). Whether a plaintiff ultimately loses his case

is not in itself a sufficient justification for the assessment of fees. Hughes, 449 U.S. at 14, 66 L. Ed.
2d at 172, 101 S. Ct. at 178. Whether a plaintiff's claim is frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless

must be judged by an objective standard, although if the court finds that a plaintiff has brought or

continued a claim in bad faith, a stronger basis exists for charging the plaintiff with the attorney fees

incurred by the defendant. Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 422, 54 L. Ed. 2d at 657, 98 S. Ct. at 701;

Cordoba v. Dillard's, Inc., 419 F.3d 1169, 1176-80 (11th Cir. 2005). In this circumstance, the court

should " 'focus on the question whether the case is so lacking in arguable merit as to be groundless

or without foundation rather than whether the claim was ultimately successful.' " Sullivan v. School

Board, 773 F.2d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir. 1985), quoting Jones v. Texas Tech University, 656 F.2d
1137, 1145 (5th Cir. 1981). In the context of a Title VII case, to which the same standard applies,

the Supreme Court has cautioned that, in considering whether a plaintiff's claim is frivolous,

unreasonable, or groundless:

                                                  -7-
No. 2--09--0249

               "[I]t is important that a district court resist the understandable temptation to engage

       in post hoc reasoning by concluding that, because a plaintiff did not ultimately prevail, his

       action must have been unreasonable or without foundation. This kind of hindsight logic

       could discourage all but the most airtight claims, for seldom can a prospective plaintiff be

       sure of ultimate success. No matter how honest one's belief that he has been the victim of

       discrimination, no matter how meritorious one's claim may appear at the outset, the course

       of litigation is rarely predictable. Decisive facts may not emerge until discovery or trial. The

       law may change or clarify in the midst of litigation. Even when the law or the facts appear

       questionable or unfavorable at the outset, a party may have an entirely reasonable ground for

       bringing suit." Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 421-22, 54 L. Ed. 2d at 657, 98 S. Ct. at 700-01.

       Plaintiffs point out that, under Seventh Circuit precedent, once a plaintiff files a claim that

is not then frivolous, that claim can become frivolous thereafter only when it should be clear to the

plaintiff, in light of a failure to uncover necessary facts, that further efforts will not produce

sufficient evidence to warrant a trial. Hermes v. Hein, 742 F.2d 350, 358 (7th Cir. 1984). Plaintiffs

state that the Seventh Circuit has identified the following four factors to determine if a claim was

frivolous when filed: (1) whether the issue is one of first impression requiring judicial resolution;

(2) whether the controversy is sufficiently based upon a real threat of injury to the plaintiff; (3)

whether the trial court decided that the suit was frivolous under the Christiansburg guidelines; and

(4) whether the record supports that decision. Reichenberger v. Pritchard, 660 F.2d 280, 288 (7th

Cir. 1981). The Seventh Circuit also requires the trial court, in order to provide a basis for appellate

review, to discuss the specific information that forms the basis of the plaintiff's suit and to explain

                                                  -8-
No. 2--09--0249

why this information does not constitute adequate factual substance for a nonfrivolous suit. Hermes,
742 F.2d at 357.

        Plaintiffs further argue that here the trial court's analysis was backwards and assert that, if

the complaint was not frivolous when filed, then plaintiffs had the absolute right to seek this court's

review of its dismissal. Ergo, if they had an absolute right to the review, plaintiffs presume, then it

cannot be said that they acted frivolously when exercising that absolute right. Plaintiffs point out

that the record lacks any evidence that during the case plaintiffs learned of any inaccuracies in their

factual allegations, which Morton conceded by filing its motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs also assert that

we chose to publish our ruling because it addressed a matter of first impression requiring judicial

resolution and therefore the complaint "probably" cannot be deemed frivolous. Plaintiffs observe

that even the tone of our opinion supports this conclusion, as it fails to state that their contention was

"without merit."

        Given that the case had a reasonable basis in fact when it was filed, the trial court reasonably

concluded that plaintiffs' claim against Morton was not frivolous at the outset. We do not find that

the trial court abused its discretion in giving plaintiffs the benefit of the doubt as to the initial filing

of the complaint. However, when the briefs were submitted and argued on Morton's motion to

dismiss, the legal shortcomings of plaintiffs' case revealed that continuing the case against Morton

was fruitless and " 'so lacking in arguable merit as to be groundless or without foundation' " by

section 1983 standards. Sullivan, 773 F.2d at 1189, quoting Jones, 656 F.2d at 1145.

        Plaintiffs alleged in count II that, pursuant to section 1983, its substantive due process rights

were violated as a result of an alleged conspiracy between Morton and the District to use the

District's power of eminent domain to deprive plaintiffs of their property rights. Morton filed a

                                                    -9-
No. 2--09--0249

motion to dismiss, pursuant to section 2--619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2--619(a)(9) (West

2006)), arguing that Morton's action of petitioning the District was privileged under the first

amendment and the Noerr-Pennington doctrine (see Eastern R.R. Presidents Conference v. Noerr

Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127, 5 L. Ed. 2d 464, 81 S. Ct. 523 (1961); United Mine Workers v.

Pennington, 381 U.S. 657, 14 L. Ed. 2d 626, 85 S. Ct. 1585 (1965)).1 Under section 2--619, a party

admits all well-pleaded facts and admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint but asserts an

affirmative defense or other matter that avoids or defeats the claim. T&S Signs, Inc. v. Village of

Wadsworth, 261 Ill. App. 3d 1080, 1083 (1994).

       During briefing on the matter, plaintiffs conceded that Morton's action generally was entitled

to protection under the first amendment and the Noerr-Pennington doctrine but argued that Morton

and the District's conspiratorial conduct fell within the very narrow "sham" exception to Noerr-

Pennington immunity. Following argument, the trial court dismissed the claim, finding that under

the first amendment Morton had the right to petition the government and that there was no

conspiracy to commit an unlawful act where Morton was within its rights to petition the District and

the District was "charged with the obligation to listen to its constituents."

       We stated that the Noerr-Pennington doctrine, which has been extended to section 1983

actions and to local governmental bodies, is subject to a "sham" exception when the petition is

       1
           Morton also filed a motion to dismiss count II under section 2--615 (735 ILCS 5/2--615

(West 2006)), on the ground that count II failed to properly state a claim for relief under section 1983

because plaintiffs did not sufficiently allege that Morton acted under color of state law and did not

exhaust state remedies. The trial court dismissed count II on both section 2--615 and section 2--619

grounds. We affirmed the trial court's section 2--619 dismissal.

                                                 -10-
No. 2--09--0249

" 'objectively baseless in the sense that no reasonable [petitioner] could realistically expect success

on the merits.' " Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 776, quoting Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc.

v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 508 U.S. 49, 60, 123 L. Ed. 2d 611, 624, 113 S. Ct. 1920, 1928

(1993). The sham exception to the Noerr-Pennington doctrine applies only when a defendant

petitions the government with no realistic expectation of a favorable result, but merely to force

expense and delay on the other party.        Filing a frivolous objection to a competitor's license

application, with no expectation of achieving denial of the license but simply to impose expense and

delay, is one example. Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 776, citing City of Columbia v. Omni Outdoor

Advertising, Inc., 449 U.S. 365, 380, 113 L. Ed. 2d 382, 398, 111 S. Ct. 1344, 1354 (1991).

       Plaintiffs specifically alleged that Morton petitioned the District to acquire the property for

Morton's private benefit and to then transfer the property to Morton for management; that Morton

suggested to the District that it use its condemnation power to have Morton undertake possession

and management; that Morton met with representatives of the District to discuss having the District

use its condemnation power with the intent that the District would ultimately have the property

transferred to Morton; and that the purpose of the condemnation action was to have the property

turned over to Morton. Plaintiffs asserted that the District ultimately filed the complaint for

condemnation at Morton's urging and for Morton's benefit and that it ultimately served Morton's goal

of stalling and preventing the proposed development of the property. Plaintiffs also asserted that the

voluntary dismissal of the suit served as evidence that neither Morton nor the District ever truly

desired to physically acquire the property but that they conspired to forever preclude development

of the property and to harm and harass plaintiffs by forcing them to sell the property to the District

or by destroying the developmental potential of the property.

                                                 -11-
No. 2--09--0249

       As the trial court held, and as we explained in our opinion, the allegations, even taken as true,

could never amount to a sham exception because they merely described an activity that Morton

legally was entitled to pursue under the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 777.

Alleging that Morton petitioned the District either to acquire the property for Morton or to preclude

development of the property was just another way of depicting Morton's attempt to preserve open

space, which necessarily involved preventing development. Further, the District's alleged conspiracy

to exercise eminent domain to acquire the property could never amount to a sham exception, because

it was not only Morton's right to petition the District to exercise eminent domain but it was also the

District's right to listen to Morton's petition, as it is within the District's statutory authority to

exercise eminent domain. Stahelin, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 777. Finally, we pointed out:

               "[P]laintiffs did not, and cannot, allege that the District's condemnation proceeding

       was 'objectively baseless,' because, as plaintiffs acknowledge: the District has 'powers of

       eminent domain to acquire involuntarily real estate within Du Page County for forest

       preserve purposes.' Thus, the District had a realistic expectation of succeeding in its

       condemnation action, thereby rendering the 'sham' exception inapplicable. Because of the

       District's statutory right to condemn property, there was substantial likelihood of the District

       succeeding on the merits in its condemnation action. Thus, Morton was protected by the

       Noerr-Pennington doctrine to petition the District, and the doctrine reciprocally protects the

       District, which had a right to act on the petition of its constituent." Stahelin, 376 Ill. App.
3d at 777.

       In Brown v. City of Palmetto, Georgia, 681 F.2d 1325 (11th Cir. 1982), the plaintiff filed a

section 1983 suit against the city, an insurance company, and a number of individual defendants,

                                                 -12-
No. 2--09--0249

seeking to recover for the demolition of a fire-damaged building. The plaintiff alleged that the

defendants conspired to remove the building to lessen the insurance company's liability and to

benefit the city, in violation of his due process and equal protection rights. The district court granted

a directed verdict for the defendants because the plaintiff offered no evidence at trial to prove that

a conspiracy existed. Brown, 681 F.2d at 1326. After the plaintiff's unsuccessful appeal, the

defendants filed a motion for an award of attorney fees, and the district court denied the motion on

the grounds that the motion was filed too late and that it was not clear until the directed verdict was

entered that the plaintiff's case was frivolous. Brown, 681 F.2d at 1326.

        On appeal, the defendants argued that the case was frivolous from the outset and that the

district court's holding was erroneous because there is no jurisdictional time limit for filing a motion

under section 1988. The appellate court found that the motion for attorney fees was timely filed.

Brown, 681 F.2d at 1327. As to the award of attorney fees, the appellate court noted that the district

court held that the plaintiff's case was weak from the beginning but that it was not apparent until the

close of the evidence that the case was frivolous. Although the appellate court was puzzled by the

suggestion that a case that was clearly frivolous at the close of the evidence could have been anything

else at the beginning, it concluded that the defendants had failed to show that it was an abuse of

discretion to deny attorney fees incurred at the district court level. The appellate court further

observed, however, that the district court also found that the plaintiff continued to litigate after it

became clear that his case was frivolous. The appellate court therefore held that the denial of

attorney fees with respect to the appeal was an abuse of discretion and remanded for computation

of fees incurred after the district court directed a verdict for the defendants. Brown, 681 F.2d at

1327.

                                                  -13-
No. 2--09--0249

        While, as plaintiffs argue, they have an absolute right to an appeal, they do so at their peril

if the appeal is frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless. Moreover, although it is true that plaintiffs'

allegations of fact were never challenged, the problem with this argument is that such a challenge

would have been meaningless in this case. We were never asked to decide in the initial appeal if the

case was frivolous and that we failed to state so in our decision and that we published it makes no

difference. Plaintiffs had no reasonable expectation of succeeding on count II against Morton and

yet they continued to litigate it to this court and to the supreme court. Pursuing appeals after it is

clear that doing so would be fruitless subjects a plaintiff to liability for appellate attorney fees

pursuant to section 1988. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that

the case was clearly frivolous after the motion-to-dismiss briefing and in awarding attorney fees

incurred for defending the baseless appeals.

                                       Supreme Court Rule 375

        Having found that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney fees for

defending the frivolous appeals, we next address plaintiffs' argument that Morton's failure to seek

the fees directly in the appellate court, pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 375(b) (155 Ill. 2d R.

375(b)), left the trial court without the authority to award such fees. Plaintiffs maintain that the trial

court lacked the authority to award any fees associated with the appellate proceedings in the first

instance because the only avenue available to seek appellate fees was to file a motion in the appellate

court pursuant to Rule 375, which Morton did not do. Plaintiffs essentially argue that Rule 375

effectively preempts federal law, which leaves Illinois circuit courts powerless to utilize section

1988.

                                                  -14-
No. 2--09--0249

        Plaintiffs first raised this preemption argument in their motion for reconsideration of the trial

court's fee award. Arguments raised for the first time in a motion for reconsideration are forfeited

on appeal. See Rodgers-Orduno v. Cecil-Genter, 312 Ill. App. 3d 1150, 1154 (2000) (argument on

appeal forfeited where movant mentioned the issue for the first time in the motion for

reconsideration). Plaintiffs had a year in which they could have raised the issue, from when Morton

filed its initial motion for fees to the trial court's decision. As pointed out by Morton, plaintiffs'

preemption argument should have been timely presented in order to preserve it for appeal. See

Haudrich v. Howmedica, Inc., 169 Ill. 2d 525, 539 (1996).

        Plaintiffs argue that Morton "opened the door and allowed [plaintiffs] to preserve the

[preemption] issue" when Morton filed a supplemental motion for fees. We reject this argument.

The supplemental fee motion was filed after the trial court had denied plaintiffs' motion to reconsider

and at the invitation of the trial court. We find that plaintiffs have forfeited their argument by failing

to timely raise it before the trial court.

        Even if we had found no forfeiture, plaintiffs' argument lacks merit. While it is true that Rule

375 does provide a path for the award of attorney fees associated with defending against a frivolous

appeal, it is not the only route, and the failure to file a motion under Rule 375 does not preclude a

section 1988 motion. Section 1988 provides another mechanism for fee-shifting where a litigation

matter is deemed frivolous, and it applies to all phases of litigation, at the trial and appellate levels.

In applying section 1988, the Supreme Court "favors treating a case as an inclusive whole."

Commissioner, Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 161-62, 110 L. Ed. 2d
134, 144, 110 S. Ct. 2316, 2320 (1990) (holding that district court has the power to award appellate

fees under fee-shifting statute). Many cases have found that the trial court, with its greater facility

                                                  -15-
No. 2--09--0249

for evidentiary hearings and fact-finding, should award fees for appellate services to a litigant

entitled to fees under section 1988, despite that appellate courts routinely have their own rules for

seeking attorney fees, similar to Rule 375. See, e.g., Ekanem v. Health & Hospital Corp. of Marion

County, Indiana, 778 F.2d 1254, 1257 (7th Cir. 1985) (petition on entitlement to appellate attorney

fees may be filed in either district court or court of appeals); Northcross v. Board of Education of

Memphis City Schools, 611 F.2d 624, 637 (6th Cir. 1979) (services relating to various appeals are

compensable, and district court, with its greater facility for evidentiary hearings and fact-finding,

should make awards for appellate services in first instance, subject to appellate review).

        Plaintiffs cite Alexander v. Human Rights Comm'n, 166 Ill. App. 3d 515 (1988), in support

of their position that appellate attorney fees cannot be sought in the trial court. In Alexander, the

Illinois Human Rights Commission denied the complainant's request for attorney fees pursuant to

the Illinois Human Rights Act for legal representation in an administrative review action before the

circuit court of Cook County. The appellate court held that the Illinois Human Rights Act did not

expressly permit awards for costs of appellate representation. Alexander, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 518.

When the complainant urged on appeal that his claim be analogized to section 1988 claims for

attorney fees in appeals in discrimination suits brought under Title VII for employment

discrimination, the court declined, finding that it had no authority to add language to the Illinois

Human Rights Act or otherwise construe it to interject provisions not found therein, however

desirable or beneficial the outcome. Alexander, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 518. Alexander did not involve

a litigant's right to seek section 1988 fees in a section 1983 case, as is the case here, where the trial

court had the authority to award appellate fees under section 1988.          Alexander does not help

plaintiffs' position.

                                                  -16-
No. 2--09--0249

                      Motion to Supplement Fees Prior to Mandate on Appeal

        We next address plaintiffs' contention that the trial court lacked the authority to award

Morton attorney fees when the trial court allowed Morton to file its supplemental motion for fees

before this court issued a mandate on the merits. This assumes that Morton's motion for fees was

legally tied to the trial court's final judgment on the merits. However, a motion for fees under section

1988 is collateral to a final judgment on the merits and is unaffected by an appeal of that judgment.

See, e.g., White v. New Hampshire Department of Employment Security, 455 U.S. 445, 451-52, 71
L. Ed. 2d 325, 331, 102 S. Ct. 1162, 1166 (1982) (fee awards under section 1988 "require an inquiry

separate from the decision on the merits"); In re Estate of Kunsch, 342 Ill. App. 3d 552, 555-59

(2003) (a collateral motion for costs did not affect final judgment, for jurisdictional purposes).

Accordingly, plaintiffs' subsequent appeals on the merits were separate from Morton's motion for

fees and did not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction to resolve the fee issue.

        Plaintiffs' reliance on Bank of Viola v. Nestrick, 94 Ill. App. 3d 511 (1981), is ineffectual.

In Viola, the trial court made substantive decisions while the appellate court was considering a

timely appeal and had jurisdiction over the case. Viola, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 513-14. In this case, the

fee decision and the judgment on the merits are treated as separate. See McCarter v. Retirement Plan

For District Managers of American Family Insurance Group, 540 F.3d 649, 652 (7th Cir. 2008).

Unlike in Viola, we never had jurisdiction over Morton's motion for fees, which remained

exclusively within the trial court.

                                      The Amount of the Fee Award

                                                 -17-
No. 2--09--0249

        We last address plaintiffs' argument that the trial court abused its discretion in determining

the amount of fees awarded to Morton. Plaintiffs' claim concerns the assessment of the hourly rate

and the hours expended on the case.

        "In assessing such a claim, reviewing courts recognize that this is a factual determination that

is usually given great deference since it depends heavily on the trial court's greater familiarity with

the case." Demitro v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 388 Ill. App. 3d 15, 24 (2009).

Determining an award under section 1988 calls for the court to apply the "lodestar" method, where

"reasonable hourly rates" are "multiplied by hours reasonably expended." People Who Care v.

Rockford Board of Education, 90 F.3d 1307, 1310 (7th Cir. 1996). This is what the trial court did

in this case.

        As to the hourly rates, Morton voluntarily made substantial reductions, limiting its request

to the hourly rate that its counsel charged when the case began in 2005 rather than the rate counsel

charged when the fee motion was filed. Judge Wheaton, who relied upon her "20 year career," ruled

that Morton's "discounted rates" were "not unreasonable" in light of what is "reasonable and

customary in Du Page County." Plaintiffs offer no contrary evidence to challenge this finding.

        Regarding the amount of hours spent defending, Morton submitted documentation detailing

the activities of its counsel and again made significant concessions with respect to the hours it

claimed, eliminating a number of hours and seeking recovery only for the efforts of the two principal

counsel who worked on the matter, even though several others contributed. Judge Wheaton found

that the entries submitted were for work that was actually performed and, after disallowing certain

entries relating to travel, she approved the rest as reasonable. We do not find that the trial court

abused its discretion in awarding $94,578 in attorney fees to Morton.

                                                 -18-
No. 2--09--0249

      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is affirmed.

      Affirmed.

      O'MALLEY and SCHOSTOK, JJ., concur.

                                             -19-