Court Opinion

ID: 9376649
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-03 15:04:11.206242+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:08.010618
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: FEBRUARY 24, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                    Commonwealth of Kentucky
                               Court of Appeals

                                   NO. 2021-CA-0516-MR

CHRISTINA MARCUM                                                  APPELLANT

                    APPEAL FROM MADISON CIRCUIT COURT
v.                HONORABLE BRANDY OLIVER BROWN, JUDGE
                         ACTION NO. 11-CR-00283-002

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                            APPELLEE

                                         OPINION
                                        AFFIRMING

                                       ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND CETRULO, JUDGES.

ACREE, JUDGE: Appellant Christina Marcum appeals the Madison Circuit

Court’s March 23, 2021 order denying her RCr1 11.42 motion for ineffective

assistance of counsel. We affirm.

1
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
                                BACKGROUND

            On January 19, 2011, law enforcement discovered the dismembered

body of Angela Singleton. In the ensuing investigation, law enforcement came to

believe Angela’s husband, Jason, and Marcum killed Angela and dismembered her

body. Jason, a codefendant in the underlying case, and Marcum hotly debated who

killed Angela and who dismembered the body. Jason took a plea deal from the

Commonwealth, and Marcum allowed a jury to decide her case.

            The jury convicted Marcum of complicity to murder, complicity to

tampering with physical evidence, and first-degree hindering apprehension or

prosecution and, on May 23, 2014, the judge sentenced her to 30-years

imprisonment based on the jury recommendation. Marcum appealed her

conviction to the Kentucky Supreme Court, which affirmed her conviction on all

substantive grounds. Marcum v. Commonwealth, No. 2014-SC-000337, 2015 WL

6605546, at *1 (Ky. Oct. 29, 2015) (Marcum I).

            On November 16, 2018, Marcum filed a motion for relief under RCr

11.42 alleging ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. The Madison Circuit Court

denied Marcum’s motion, doing so without a hearing. Marcum now appeals this

ruling.

            On appeal, Marcum contends the legal assistance she received was

ineffective in two ways. First, Marcum alleges her counsel provided ineffective

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assistance by mishandling the introduction of certain evidence; namely, three

statements Jason made to law enforcement. The first statement came in 2011,

early in the murder investigation, when Jason told law enforcement Marcum had

nothing to do with the murder. In a second statement, in 2013, when Jason pleaded

guilty to certain crimes, he said Marcum murdered Angela, and that he

dismembered the body. Jason made a third statement in 2014 when Detective

Reeder, a detective involved in the homicide investigation, visited him in prison.

Jason told Detective Reeder Marcum murdered Angela.

             Prior to trial, Marcum’s counsel and the Commonwealth agreed to

keep all three statements out. However, once the trial began, Marcum’s counsel

did everything he could to get the 2011 exculpating statement in front of the jury

while keeping the 2013 and 2014 statements out. Marcum’s counsel referenced the

statement in his opening argument and closing argument and attempted to elicit the

statement from numerous witnesses.

             Most notably, during cross-examination of Detective Reeder,

Marcum’s counsel successfully got parts of Jason’s 2011 exculpatory statement in

front of the jury, did so at the risk that evidence Reeder spoke to Jason in 2014

would also be allowed in, and it was. This opened the door on re-direct, to allow

the Commonwealth to read Jason’s 2013 plea colloquy to show why Reeder went

to talk to Jason in 2014. The judge immediately gave the jury instructions not to

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take the plea colloquy for the truth of the matter asserted but instead to show the

effect it had on Reeder. Nevertheless, Marcum argues her counsel provided

ineffective assistance when he opened the door for the 2014 and 2013 inculpating

statements to come in.

             Additionally, Marcum alleges her counsel provided ineffective

assistance when he failed to assert Marcum’s Sixth Amendment right to confront

witnesses as the basis of an objection to the reading of the Jason’s 2013 plea

colloquy.

             Marcum also alleges the issues she raises could not be resolved by

resorting solely to the record; consequently, she argues, the circuit court erred by

not holding a hearing on her RCr 11.42 motion.

             We address each of these arguments in turn.

                                    ANALYSIS

             No defendant is entitled to perfect counsel; instead, every defendant is

entitled to reasonably effective counsel. Fegley v. Commonwealth, 337 S.W.3d

657, 659 (Ky. App. 2011). Accordingly, “[i]n a motion brought under RCr 11.42,

‘[t]he movant has the burden of establishing convincingly that he or she was

deprived of some substantial right which would justify the extraordinary relief

provided by [a] post-conviction proceeding.’” Haley v. Commonwealth, 586

S.W.3d 744, 750 (Ky. App. 2019) (quoting Simmons v. Commonwealth, 191

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S.W.3d 557, 561 (Ky. 2006), overruled on other grounds by Leonard v.

Commonwealth, 279 S.W.3d 151, 159 (Ky. 2009)).

             Additionally, “counsel is strongly presumed to have rendered

adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable

professional judgment.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 690, 104 S. Ct.

2052, 2066, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Thus, “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s

performance [is] highly deferential.” Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065.

             When reviewing an RCr 11.42 claim for ineffective assistance of

counsel, this court applies the two-part test articulated by the United States

Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington. See Gall v. Commonwealth, 702

S.W.2d 37 (Ky. 1985). To satisfy this test, the defendant must first show counsel’s

performance was so deficient the defendant did not receive counsel as guaranteed

by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Strickland, 466 U.S. at

687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; see also Commonwealth v. Tamme, 83 S.W.3d 465, 469

(Ky. 2002). Second, the defendant must show counsel’s defective performance in

some way prejudiced the defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at

2064.

             To show prejudice, the defendant must show “there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. We also

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note that we must make every effort “to eliminate the distorting effects of

hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to

evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 690, 104 S. Ct.

at 2065.

             When an appellate court reviews an attorney’s strategy at trial, “It is

not the function of [an appellate court] to usurp or second guess counsel’s trial

strategy.” Commonwealth v. York, 215 S.W.3d 44, 48 (Ky. 2007) (quoting Baze v.

Commonwealth, 23 S.W.3d 619, 624 (Ky. 2000)). The rationale behind this is that

from our perspective, “strategic choices made after [a] thorough investigation of

law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable[.]”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.

             Here, it is clear from the record that Marcum’s counsel employed

reasonable strategy to defend her. The strategy was to convince the jury that law

enforcement unreasonably focused on Marcum at the beginning of the

investigation, and that such a fixation biased them to new pieces of information as

the investigation unfolded. A crucial piece of evidence counsel wanted the jury to

see was Jason’s 2011 exculpatory statement that Marcum did not commit the

murder.

             For this theory to work, Marcum’s counsel attempted to keep away

from the jury Jason’s inculpating statements – his 2013 plea colloquy and his 2014

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statements. The strategy was partly successful but the circuit court ruled the 2013

and 2014 statements could come in for impeachment purposes. However, a

counsel’s trial strategy cannot be labelled ineffective merely because it does not

fully succeed. Commonwealth v. Harbin, 602 S.W.3d 166, 173 (Ky. App. 2019).

That is what happened here.

             Additionally, waiver of Marcum’s Sixth Amendment right was part of

a tactic to get into the record Jason’s statement inculpating Marcum. As the

Supreme Court explained in Marcum’s direct appeal, counsel perceived Jason to be

a “wildcard”; it was better, in counsel’s judgment, to have Jason’s clear and

immutable written words in the record than to risk his unpredictable testimony.

The Supreme Court has already explained how waiver of Marcum’s Sixth

Amendment right was part of counsel’s reasonable trial strategy, as follows:

                    Detective Reeder testified that, between the 2011
             interview and the 2014 interview, he had learned about
             Jason’s statements in his plea proffer.                 The
             Commonwealth then sought to introduce Jason’s 2013
             plea proffer, and defense counsel objected. At the ensuing
             bench conference, defense counsel argued that the
             statement was drafted by Jason’s lawyer and thus not
             admissible. The court ruled that the plea proffer was
             admissible for two reasons: (1) for the effect it had on the
             investigation; and (2) because defense counsel opened the
             door during his cross-examination by questioning
             Detective Reeder about why he reinterviewed Jason in
             2014. Defense counsel concluded the bench conference
             by saying, “let’s just play all of [Jason’s] statements. Let
             [the jury] have them all.”

                                         -7-
Marcum argues that by permitting the 2013 plea proffer to
be admitted without calling Jason to testify the trial court
violated her Sixth Amendment right.            The Sixth
Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees
a criminal defendant the right to confront her accusers at
trial. California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 157 (1970). The
Confrontation Clause has been interpreted to mean that
“[t]estimonial statements of witnesses absent from trial
have been admitted only where the declarant is
unavailable, and only where the defendant has had a prior
opportunity to cross-examine.” Crawford v. Washington,
541 U.S. 36, 59 (2004). Certainly, in the context of a joint
trial, the admission of a non-testifying defendant’s
confession that expressly implicated his codefendant
violates the Confrontation Clause. Barth v.
Commonwealth, 80 S.W.3d 390, 394 (Ky. 2001) (citing
Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968)).

       However, both this Court and the United States
Supreme Court have recognized that a criminal defendant
may waive her constitutional right of confrontation.
Parson v. Commonwealth, 144 S.W.3d 775, 783 (Ky.
2004), as modified (June 21, 2004), as modified on denial
of reh’g (Oct. 21, 2004); Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337,
342-43 (1970). In such situations, counsel can waive a
defendant’s right of confrontation “so long as the
defendant does not dissent from his attorney’s decision,
and so long as it can be said that the attorney’s decision
was a legitimate trial tactic or part of a prudent trial
strategy.” Parson, 144 S.W.3d at 783 (Ky. 2004) (quoting
United States v. Stephens, 609 F.2d 230, 232-33 (5th Cir.
1980)).

. . . [W]e hold that defense counsel waived Marcum’s
Sixth Amendment right to confront Jason. It is clear from
the record that Marcum’s only objection to entering
Jason’s proffer was that it was drafted by his lawyer. The
trial court addressed this by finding that the statement was
an adoptive admission. Following that, defense counsel
requested that all of Jason’s statements be read to the jury.

                            -8-
               Marcum has pointed to no evidence, and we have found
               no evidence, that she dissented from counsel’s request that
               all of Jason’s statements be read to the jury without Jason
               being called as a witness. Furthermore, it is clear from the
               record that counsel considered calling Jason to testify, but
               made the strategic decision not to do so. On the first day
               of trial, counsel stated that he was wary about calling Jason
               as a witness, labeling him as a “wildcard.” Later in the
               trial, counsel stated that he was seriously considering
               calling Jason, but he did not do so. Based on Jason’s
               conflicting statements regarding Marcum’s culpability,
               we cannot say that the tactical decision not to call him or
               to insist on his presence, was illegitimate or imprudent
               strategy.

Marcum I, 2015 WL 6605546, at *2-3 (emphasis added). As the Supreme Court

notes, there is no evidence Marcum objected to waiving her Sixth Amendment

right as part of her counsel’s trial strategy. Furthermore, we agree with the

Supreme Court that counsel’s trial strategy regarding this point was both legitimate

and prudent.

               Finally, Marcum contends the circuit court erred when it failed to

conduct a hearing on her RCr 11.42 motion. “A hearing is required if there is a

material issue of fact that cannot be conclusively resolved, i.e., conclusively

proved or disproved, by an examination of the record.” Fraser v. Commonwealth,

59 S.W.3d 448, 452 (Ky. 2001). See Wilson v. Commonwealth, 975 S.W.2d 901,

904 (Ky. 1998); Stanford v. Commonwealth, 854 S.W.2d 742, 743-44 (Ky. 1993);

Lewis v. Commonwealth, 411 S.W.2d 321, 322 (Ky. 1967). The Kentucky

Supreme Court “has consistently held that a hearing is not necessary when a trial

                                           -9-
court is able to resolve issues on the basis of the record or when ‘it determine[s]

that the allegations, even if true, would not be sufficient to invalidate [the]

convictions.’” Commonwealth v. Searight, 423 S.W.3d 226, 231 (Ky. 2014)

(quoting Wilson, 975 S.W.2d at 904). Also, if a circuit court properly denies an

RCr 11.42 motion because a criminal defendant cannot meet the prejudice prong of

Strickland, then a circuit court does not err by denying the RCr 11.42 motion

without a hearing. Searight, 423 S.W.3d at 231. This is the case here.

             Marcum’s argument does not convince this Court that her counsel’s

trial strategy prejudiced her to the extent required by Strickland; in fact, she

struggles to show the trial strategy was even error at all. Because of this, ordering

a hearing on the issues presented in her RCr 11.42 motion would be “nugatory,” as

the Kentucky Supreme Court would put it. Id.

             No material fact is left unresolved by limiting consideration of

Marcum’s RCr 11.42 motion to an examination of the record alone. To the

contrary, that Marcum received effective assistance of counsel is apparent from the

record. Thus, the circuit court did not err by denying Marcum’s RCr 11.42 motion

without a hearing.

                                   CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s order.

                                          -10-
           ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Andrea Reed                Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky        Attorney General of Kentucky

                           Jenny L. Sanders
                           Assistant Attorney General
                           Frankfort, Kentucky

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