Court Opinion

ID: 3035848
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:53:18.923678+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:07:16.602916
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 03-4004
                                   ___________

Jeraldine Cole,                    *
                                   *
                Appellant,         * Appeal from the United States
                                   * District Court for the Eastern
     v.                            * District of Missouri.
                                   *
The May Department Stores Company, *      [UNPUBLISHED]
                                   *
                Appellee.          *
                              ___________

                             Submitted: September 14, 2004
                                Filed: September 20, 2004
                                 ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, BRIGHT, and FAGG, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

PER CURIAM.

       Jeraldine Cole, an African American, was initially employed by The May
Department Stores Company in 1987 as a debt collector. She later became a training
supervisor. In November 1994, Cole filed a discrimination charge alleging May had
not given her a managerial title because of race discrimination. The charge resulted
in a finding of “no probable cause,” and Cole never requested a right to sue. May
promoted Cole to training manager in January 1995, entitling her to a salary and
executive benefits. Following May’s consolidation of all its debt collection
departments into one location in another city, May reassigned Cole to the new
location. Her title, benefits, and pay did not change with the move. Cole took a
medical leave of absence from December 1995 to June 1996 for anxiety and
depression, additional intermittent medical leave, and more leave to care for sick
family members. In August 1998, Cole took a medical leave of absence to care for
her seriously ill daughter and mother, who were both battling cancer, and to help care
for her daughter’s four children. Cole never returned to work. She applied for and
received long-term disability benefits through November 2000. Cole contends she
is still disabled, and May eventually dropped Cole from its employee rolls in
November 2001, more than three years after she last worked.

       Cole brought this employment discrimination action alleging that May
retaliated against her for filing discrimination charges and that May constructively
discharged her. The district court* granted summary judgment to May, concluding
Cole failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation or constructive discharge. On
appeal, Cole contends there are genuine issues of material fact precluding the grant
of summary judgment. Having reviewed the grant of summary judgment de novo
and having drawn all reasonable inferences in Cole’s favor, we conclude there is no
genuine dispute of material fact and May is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Jackson v. Flint Ink N. Am. Corp., 370 F.3d 791, 792-93 (8th Cir. 2004). We thus
affirm the district court.

       To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Cole had to show she engaged in
an activity protected by Title VII, she suffered an adverse employment action, and the
existence of a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse
action. Id. at 797. Cole presents a long list of complaints that she believes shows
adverse action by May, including her promotion to training manager at a salary below
her total compensation the previous year, her failure to receive a promised review and

      *
       The Honorable Frederick R. Buckles, United States Magistrate Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri, sitting by agreement of the parties.

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pay increase soon after her promotion, and her failure to get an office after moving
to the new location.

       Having reviewed all of Cole’s complaints, including some we need not discuss,
we agree with the district court that Cole failed to show any adverse employment
action. To show adverse action, Cole must establish “‘a material employment
disadvantage, such as a change in salary, benefits, or responsibilities.’” Tademe v.
Saint Cloud State Univ., 328 F.3d 982, 992 (8th Cir. 2003) (quoting Bradley v.
Widnall, 232 F.3d 626, 632 (8th Cir. 2000)). Although outright termination and
other lesser actions that interfere with an employee’s ability to do her job may satisfy
the standard, “not everything that makes an employee unhappy is an actionable
adverse action.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

        In this case, when May promoted Cole to the managerial position in January
1995, Cole was taken off hourly pay and given a stable salary of $35,000. Although
the salary was $1600 less than Cole earned in hourly pay and bonuses in 1994, Cole’s
bonuses fluctuated yearly. In 1993, for example, Cole earned only $32,700. Further,
as a manager, Cole was eligible for other valuable executive benefits, including up
to ninety days per year in sick pay and the option of participating in May’s long-term
disability plan. Indeed, less than a year after Cole became a manager, she took her
first leave of absence, which lasted six months. She received a full ninety days of pay
for that time, amounting to about $10,000, which she would not have received as an
hourly employee. In addition, Cole began receiving long-term disability benefits in
November 1998, and received the payments for two years. This substantial increase
in managerial benefits offset the decrease in pay. Likewise, May’s failure to raise
Cole’s salary a couple of months after she took the managerial position is not adverse
employment action. Id. Indeed, the record shows Cole received her review and raise
a few months later after May had moved the combined collections group to the new
location. Cole also continued to receive regular raises and favorable reviews
throughout the next three years. See id. Cole received a salary increase in 1997 to

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$38,000, and another in 1998 to $42,500. Cole also complains about various actions
of Joe Williams, the Vice President of Collections, but the alleged actions, such as
moving Cole’s cubicle near him, being rude, and failing to invite her to meetings, did
not cause any material employment disadvantage. See LaCroix v. Sears, Roebuck &
Co., 240 F.3d 688, 692 (8th Cir. 2001). Similarly, May’s failure to give Cole an office
at the new location did not impact Cole’s ability to perform her job duties, and her
increase in workload was a result of the consolidation.

       We also agree with the district court that Cole failed to show any connection
between the alleged adverse actions and her filing of a discrimination charge. Cole's
starting managerial salary was higher than the salary paid to two white managers with
more managerial experience than Cole. Further, the timing of Cole’s promotion and
her discrimination charge do not establish a causal connection between the promotion
and the discrimination charge. Kiel v. Select Artificials, Inc., 169 F.3d 1131, 1136
(8th Cir. 1999).      There is no evidence that anyone who was aware of the
discrimination charge caused the delay in Cole’s review or set her managerial salary.
Williams’s alleged remark that Cole’s raise “went bye-bye” is no more than a stray
remark by someone who did not make the challenged employment decision. Denesha
v. Farmers’ Ins. Exchange, 161 F.3d 491, 500 (8th Cir. 1998). Likewise, the person
responsible for assigning offices did not know of Cole’s discrimination claim.

       To prevail on her constructive discharge claim, Cole had to show that May
deliberately created intolerable working conditions with the intention of forcing her
to quit, and that she did quit. Breeding v. Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., 164 F.3d 1151,
1159 (8th Cir. 1999). After filing her discrimination charge, Cole continued to work
for May for more than three years. Cole did not show any change in conditions that
rendered the workplace more intolerable immediately before she left on her last leave
of absence. See Jones v. Fitzgerald, 285 F.3d 705, 716 (8th Cir. 2002). Cole's
increased workload was simply a result of the consolidation and the need to train
many people at the new location. Although Cole may have been unhappy with May’s

                                         -4-
business decisions, her working conditions were not so bad that a reasonable person
would resign. Instead, the evidence shows Cole did not return to work because of
tragic family circumstances. In late 1998, Cole’s doctors indicated Cole was
suffering significant stress because she was the only caretaker for her terminally ill
daughter, her daughter’s four children, and her invalid mother. The doctors indicated
Cole’s condition was not due to injury or sickness arising out of her employment.

      Having concluded Cole failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation or
constructive discharge, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
May.
                      ______________________________

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