Court Opinion

ID: 9428029
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-02 23:22:36.36734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:23:11.244624
License: Public Domain

APPENDIX TO OPINION OF POWELL, J.,
DISSENTING
A small sample of statutes that arguably could give rise to § 1983 actions after today may illustrate the nature of the “civil rights” created by the Court’s decision. The relevant enactments typically fall into one of three categories: (A) regulatory programs in which States are encouraged to participate, either by establishing their own plans of regulation that meet conditions set out in federal statutes, or by entering into cooperative agreements with federal officials; (B) resource management programs that may be administered by cooperative agreements between federal and state agencies; and (C) grant programs in which federal agencies either subsidize state and local activities or provide matching funds for state or local welfare plans that meet federal standards.
A. Joint regulatory endeavors
1. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 86 Stat. 973, as amended, 7 U. S. C. § 136 et seq. (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§ 136u, 136v (1976 ed., Supp. III).
2. Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974, 88 Stat. 2148, 7 U. S. C. §§ 2801-2813; see § 2808.
3. Historic Sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act, 49 Stat. 666, as amended, 16 U. S. C. §§461-467 (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see § 462 (e).
4. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 48 Stat. 401, as amended, 16 U. S. C. §§ 661 — 666c; see §661.
5. Anadromous Fish Conservation Act, 79 Stat. 1125, as amended, 16 U. S. C. §§ 757a-757d (1976 ed., Supp. Ill) ; see § 757a (a) (1976 ed., Supp. III).
6. Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act, 85 Stat. *35649, as amended, 16 U. S. C. §§ 1331-1340 (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see § 1336.
7. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 86 Stat. 1027, as amended, 16 U. S. C. §§ 1361-1407 (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see § 1379.
8. Wagner-Peyser National Employment System Act, 48 Stat. 113, 29 U. S. C. § 49 et seg.; see § 49g (employment of farm laborers).
9. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, 91 Stat. 447, 30 U. S. C. § 1201 et seg. (1976 ed., Supp. Ill); see § 1253 (1976 ed., Supp. III).
10. Interstate Commerce Act, 49 Stat. 548, as amended, 49 U. S. C. § 11502 (a)(2) (1976 ed., Supp. Ill) (enforcement of highway transportation law).
B. Resource management
1. Laws involving the administration and management of national parks and scenic areas: e. g., Act of May 15, 1965, § 6, 79 Stat. Ill, 16 U. S. C. § 281e (Nez Perce National Historical Park); Act of Sept. 21, 1959, § 3, 73 Stat. 591, 16 U. S. C. §410u (Minute Man National Historical Park); Act of Oct. 27, 1972, § 4, 86 Stat. 1302, 16 U. S. C. § 460bb-3 (b) (Muir Woods National Monument).
2. Laws involving the administration of forest lands: e. g., Act of Mar. 1, 1911, §2, 36 Stat. 961, 16 U. S. C. § 563; Act of Aug. 29, 1935, 49 Stat. 963, 16 U. S. C. §§ 567a-567b.
3. Laws involving the construction and management of water projects: e. g., Water Supply Act of 1958, § 301, 72 Stat. 319, 43 U. S. C. § 390b; Boulder Canyon Projects Act, §§ 4, 8, 45 Stat. 1058, 1062, as amended, 43 U. S. C. §§ 617c, 617g; Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899, § 9, 30 Stat. 1151, 33 IT. S. C. § 401.
4. National Trails System Act, 82 Stat. 919, as amended, 16 *36U. S. C. §§ 1241-1249 (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see § 1246 (h) (1976 ed., Supp. III).
5.Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendment of 1978, § 208, 92 Stat. 652, 43 U. S. C. § 1345 (1976 ed., Supp. Ill) (oil leasing).
C. Grant programs
In addition to the familiar welfare, unemployment, and medical assistance programs established by the Social Security Act, these may include:
1. Food Stamp Act of 1964, 78 Stat. 703, as amended, 7 U. S. C. §§ 2011-2026 (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§ 2020 (e)-2020 (g) (1976 ed., Supp. III).
2. Small Business Investment Act of 1958, § 602 (d), 72 Stat. 698, as amended, 15 U. S. C. § 636 (d) (1976 ed., Supp. III).
3. Education Amendments of 1978, 92 Stat. 2153, as amended, 20 U. S. C. § 2701 et seq. (1976 ed., Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§ 2734, 2902.
4. Federal-Aid Highway Act legislation, e. g., 23 U. S. C. §§ 128, 131 (1976 ed. and Supp. III).
5. Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Amendments of 1978, 92 Stat. 1909, 29 U. S. C. § 801 et seq. (1976 ed., Supp. HI); see, e. g., §§ 823, 824.
6. United States Housing Act of 1937, as added, 88 Stat. 653, and amended, 42 U. S. C. § 1437 et seq. (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§ 1437d (c), 1437j.
7. National School Lunch Act, 60 Stat. 230, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 1751 et seq. (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., § 1758 (1976 ed. and Supp. III).
8. Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, 79 Stat. 552, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 3121 et seq.; see, e. g., §§ 3132, 3151a, 3243.
9. Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, 93 Stat. 1167, 42 U. S. C. § 3701 et seq. (1976 ed., Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§ 3742, 3744 (c).
*3710. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974. 88 Stat. 1109, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 5601 et seg. (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., § 5633 (1976 ed. and Supp. III).
11. Energy Conservation and Production Act, 90 Stat. 1125, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 6801 et seg. (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§ 6805, 6836 (1976 ed. and Supp. III).
12. Developmentally Disabled Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, § 125, 89 Stat. 496, as amended, 42 U. S. C. § 6000 et seg. (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§ 6011, 6063 (1976 ed. and Supp. III).
13. Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, 78 Stat. 302, as amended, 49 U. S. C. § 1601 et seg. (1976 ed. and Supp. Ill); see, e. g., §§1602, 1604 (g)-(m) (1976 ed. and Supp. III).