Court Opinion

ID: 9915112
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-04 17:08:52.096533+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:17:09.229551
License: Public Domain

34                    January 4, 2024                 No. 4

           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE
                   STATE OF OREGON

                STATE OF OREGON,
                 Plaintiff-Respondent,
                           v.
      FRANCISCO JAVIER HERNANDEZ-ESTEBAN,
                Defendant-Appellant.
           Washington County Circuit Court
                19CR60141; A177043

     Ricardo J. Menchaca, Judge.
     Submitted September 26, 2023.
   Ernest G. Lannet, Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate
Section, and Mary M. Reese, Deputy Public Defender, Office
of Public Defense Services, filed the brief for appellant.
   Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Benjamin
Gutman, Solicitor General, and Kirsten M. Naito, Assistant
Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent.
   Before Aoyagi, Presiding Judge, and Joyce, Judge, and
Jacquot, Judge.
     AOYAGI, P. J.
     Remanded for resentencing; otherwise affirmed.
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                 35

        AOYAGI, P. J.
         Defendant was convicted of sexual abuse of two chil-
dren, A and M. On appeal, he raises three assignments of
error. First, he argues that the trial court erred in denying
his pretrial motion to sever the charges involving M (Counts
1 and 2) from the charges involving A (Counts 3 to 12) for pur-
poses of trial. Second, he contends that the trial court erred
in admitting A’s out-of-court statements under the hearsay
exception in OEC 803(18a)(b). Third, as to Count 1, on which
he was convicted of first-degree sexual abuse for giving M
what she described as a peck on the lips, he challenges his
75-month prison sentence as so disproportionate that it vio-
lates Article 1, section 16, of the Oregon Constitution. For
the following reasons, we remand for resentencing on Count
1, and we otherwise affirm.
                          I.   FACTS
         In 2021, defendant was charged in a single indict-
ment with 12 counts of child sexual abuse. He was charged
with eight counts of first-degree sexual abuse, ORS 163.427
(Counts 3 to 10), and two counts of third-degree sexual
abuse, ORS 163.415 (Counts 11 and 12), for allegedly touch-
ing the vagina of his ex-girlfriend’s daughter, A, on 10 sepa-
rate occasions between 2014 and 2018, while A was approx-
imately 11 to 15 years old and was living in an apartment
with her family and defendant. Defendant was also charged
with two counts of first-degree sexual abuse, ORS 163.427,
for alleged conduct toward M—a younger cousin of A, who
sometimes visited A’s apartment—specifically “touching
[M’s] lips or mouth” (Count 1) and “touching [M’s] buttocks”
(Count 2) on separate occasions in 2016, when M was eight
or nine years old.
         The charges were tried together, after defendant
unsuccessfully moved to sever. The jury found defendant not
guilty on Count 2, resulting in his acquittal on that charge,
and found him guilty on Count 1 and Counts 3 to 12, result-
ing in his conviction on those charges. At sentencing, the trial
court imposed a combination of concurrent and consecutive
sentences. Defendant was sentenced to a total of 180 months
(15 years) in prison for his crimes against A, and he was
36                                         State v. Hernandez-Esteban

sentenced to 75 months (six years, three months) in prison
for his crime against M.
                       II. MOTION TO SEVER
         In his first assignment of error, defendant argues
that the trial court erred when it denied his pretrial motion
to sever the charges pursuant to ORS 132.560(3) so that
Counts 1 and 2, involving M, would be tried separately
from Counts 3 to 12, involving A. Defendant argues that
trying the charges together substantially prejudiced him
by “depriving him of the protection of those provisions of
the Oregon Evidence Code which limit the use of propensity
evidence” and that it “rendered defendant’s trial fundamen-
tally unfair in violation of due process.” He seeks reversal of
his conviction on Count 1 on that basis; as previously noted,
he was acquitted on Count 2.1
          Multiple offenses may be charged in a single indict-
ment if, as relevant here, the offenses “are alleged to have
been committed by the same person” and are “[o]f the same
or similar character[.]” ORS 132.560(1)(b)(A). However, “[i]f
it appears, upon motion, that the state or defendant is sub-
stantially prejudiced by a joinder of offenses under subsec-
tion (1) * * *, the court may order an election or separate trials
of counts or provide whatever other relief justice requires.”
ORS 132.560(3).
         The Supreme Court recently revisited the law on
severance in State v. Delaney, 370 Or 554, 522 P3d 855
(2022), which involved a trial of joined charges arising from
the defendant’s alleged sexual assaults of two different
women two years apart. The court reaffirmed that “whether
the joinder of multiple charges substantially prejudices a
party is a question of law” that is reviewed on appeal for
legal error. Id. at 561. The court also reaffirmed that “a
defendant seeking severance under ORS 132.560(3) must
identify a case-specific theory of substantial prejudice that
is more than the prejudice that is inherent whenever joined
     1
       In defendant’s view, the jury’s consideration of the charges involving A had
an improper effect on its verdict on Count 1. He does not contend that the jury’s
consideration of the charges involving M had an improper effect on its verdicts on
Counts 3 to 12. He therefore seeks reversal only on Count 1 based on the denial
of severance.
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                                     37

charges allow the jury to hear that the defendant may have
committed other bad acts.” Id. at 556.
         Although defendant tried to identify a case-specific
theory of substantial prejudice in his motion to sever, we
agree with the state that he ultimately failed to identify any
substantial prejudice that went beyond the prejudice inher-
ent in the joinder of separate charges for similar offenses
involving different victims.2 See, e.g., Delaney, 370 Or at 556
(affirming denial of severance in case where the defendant
was charged with sexually assaulting two different women);
State v. Buyes, 280 Or App 564, 570-71, 382 P3d 562 (2016)
(affirming denial of severance in case where the defendant
was charged with multiple sex crimes against two children);
State v. Crummett, 274 Or App 618, 622-23, 361 P3d 644
(2015), rev den, 359 Or 525 (2016) (affirming denial of sever-
ance in case where the defendant was charged with 42 sex
crimes against six children); State v. Williams, 272 Or App
770, 772, 358 P3d 299 (2015), rev den, 358 Or 611, cert den,
579 US 907 (2016) (affirming denial of severance in case
where the defendant “was charged with sex crimes against
different victims, in different locations, with distinct factual
scenarios, that were separated by several months”); State v.
Gensler, 266 Or App 1, 9, 337 P3d 890 (2014), rev den, 356
Or 690 (2015) (affirming denial of severance in case where
the defendant was charged with multiple sex crimes against
two family members). The trial court did not err in denying
the motion to sever.
                    III.    HEARSAY EXCEPTION
         In his second assignment of error, defendant con-
tends that the trial court erroneously admitted hearsay
statements of A under OEC 803(18a)(b). Hearsay is gener-
ally inadmissible. OEC 802. However, there are exceptions,
including, as relevant here, an exception for a child declar-
ant’s out-of-court statements regarding sexual abuse, if the
declarant “testifies at the proceeding and is subject to cross-
examination.” OEC 803(18a)(b). The trial court admitted

    2
      To the extent that defendant argues that, even if he was not substantially
prejudiced, the prejudice inherent in the joinder of separate offenses was suffi-
cient to deprive him of a fair trial in violation of due process, we also reject that
argument.
38                               State v. Hernandez-Esteban

into evidence, over defendant’s objection, out-of-court state-
ments made by A when she was a child. Defendant argues
that it was error to admit those statements under OEC
803(18a)(b) because, by the time that she testified at defen-
dant’s trial, A was 18 years old.
          We recently held in State v. Juarez-Hernandez, 316
Or App 741, 754, 503 P3d 487, rev den, 369 Or 856 (2022),
that it is the declarant’s age at the time that the out-of-court
statements were made that is determinative of their admis-
sibility under OEC 803(18a)(b), not the declarant’s age at the
time of the trial in which the statements are offered into evi-
dence. Defendant asserts that Juarez-Hernandez was wrongly
decided. We are unpersuaded. Because Juarez-Hernandez is
controlling, we reject defendant’s claim of error regarding the
admission of A’s out-of-court statements as a child.
              IV. SENTENCE ON COUNT 1
         In his third assignment of error, defendant chal-
lenges his sentence on Count 1 as so disproportionate to the
offense that it violates Article 1, section 16. See Or Const,
Art I, § 16 (“Cruel and unusual punishments shall not
be inflicted, but all penalties shall be proportioned to the
offense.”). The basic principle underlying the proportional-
ity requirement is that “ ‘a greater or more severe penalty
should be imposed for a greater or more severe offense, and,
conversely, that a less severe penalty should be imposed for
a less severe offense.’ ” State v. Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or 46,
59, 217 P3d 659 (2009) (quoting State v. Wheeler, 343 Or 652,
655-56, 175 P3d 438 (2007) (emphasis omitted)). “We review
for legal error the trial court’s conclusion that defendant’s
sentence was constitutional under Article I, section 16.”
State v. Ryan, 361 Or 602, 614-15, 396 P3d 867 (2017).
          Under ORS 163.427(1)(a)(A), a person commits the
crime of first-degree sexual abuse “when that person * * * [s]
ubjects another person to sexual contact and * * * [t]he victim
is less than 14 years of age[.]” “Sexual contact” is defined to
include “any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts
of a person * * * for the purpose of arousing or gratifying the
sexual desire of either party.” ORS 163.305(5). Here, Count
1 of the indictment charged defendant with committing
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                                     39

first-degree sexual abuse by knowingly subjecting M “to
sexual contact by touching her lips or mouth, an intimate
part of [M].”
         At trial, M testified that, in 2016, she would often
visit her grandmother, aunt, and cousins in their apartment
that they shared with defendant (who was in a relationship
with M’s aunt). During one visit, M’s cousin took defendant’s
phone, ran around the kitchen with it, then gave it to M.
Defendant approached M, who was on the couch, and briefly
kissed her on the lips. It surprised M, because an older man
had never kissed her, and she did not have “that kind of
relationship with [defendant].” Nothing further happened.
M would have been eight or nine years old. M disclosed the
kiss to her cousin in 2018 and to a teacher in 2019. In a 2019
CARES interview, M said that defendant kissed her—she
described it as a “peck” on the lips—and that she pushed
him away. At trial, M again described the kiss as a “peck”
on the lips .3 There is no evidence that defendant improperly
touched M on any other occasion, excluding the allegation
on which the jury found him not guilty.4
        Based on the foregoing evidence, the jury found
defendant guilty of first-degree sexual abuse of M. The court
sentenced defendant to 75 months in prison—the manda-
tory minimum sentence for first-degree sexual abuse, ORS
137.700(2)(a)(Q)—to run consecutively to his sentences for
the crimes involving A. The court rejected defendant’s pro-
portionality challenge, citing “two separate victims, the
     3
       Defendant did not testify, and no one else witnessed the kiss, so M’s descrip-
tion is the only evidence of what happened. We emphasize that M consistently
described the kiss as a “peck” because, under existing case law, the duration and
intensity of the contact is legally significant. See Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 70
(“In determining whether the penalty here is unconstitutionally disproportion-
ate, we cannot ignore the limited extent of the offenses—the physical touching—
at issue here. There is no evidence that any touching between Rodriguez and the
boy involved fondling, stroking, rubbing, or palpating. And the trial court, sitting
as the factfinder in Buck, found that his contact with the girl did not involve fon-
dling and was ‘minimal.’ The touchings were brief, if not momentary.”).
     4
       M testified that, on two or three occasions in 2017—that is, the year after
the charged incident—defendant told her “to get up on him,” and she ran out of
the room. It is unknown whether the jury found that testimony credible. In any
event, the trial court does not appear to have relied on it for the proportionality
analysis, nor do we. See 330 Or App at 51-52 (distinguishing between wrongful
conduct that could be charged as a crime and wrongful conduct in a broader
sense).
40                               State v. Hernandez-Esteban

repeated ongoing conduct, and vulnerable victims.” We now
consider the proportionality issue on appeal.
A.   Legal Standard
          Article I, section 16, provides that “[c]ruel and
unusual punishments shall not be inflicted, but all penalties
shall be proportioned to the offense.” Or Const, Art 1, § 16.
Over 100 years ago in Sustar v. County Court for Marion Co.,
101 Or 657, 665, 201 P 445 (1921), the Supreme Court stated,
“In order to justify the court in declaring punishment cruel
and unusual with reference to its duration, the punishment
must be so proportioned to the offense committed as to
shock the moral sense of all reasonable men as to what is
right and proper under the circumstances.” The same stan-
dard applies to proportionality challenges. Rodriguez/Buck,
347 Or at 57 (“Although the decision in Sustar referred to
the cruel and unusual punishment clause of Article I, sec-
tion 16, rather than the proportionality clause, in later cases
this court has made it clear that the ‘shock the moral sense’
standard also applies to proportionality challenges.”).
          The “shock the moral sense” test articulated in
Sustar “was not intended to be taken literally—’that is, that
a penalty for a particular crime would meet the proportion-
ality requirement if a single “reasonable person” could be
found whose moral sense was not “shocked” by that penalty.’ ”
Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 57-58 (quoting Wheeler, 343 Or
at 670). Rather, it is meant to emphasize that courts have
a limited role in reviewing criminal penalties authorized by
the legislature. Id. at 58. Courts should “ ‘find a penalty to be
disproportionately severe for a particular offense only in rare
circumstances.’ ” Id. (quoting Wheeler, 343 Or at 652). That
is because the legislature has a “central role” in establishing
penalties, and it is not the role of the court “to second-guess
the legislature’s determination of the penalty or range of pen-
alties for a crime.” Id. “A sentence may be harsh without being
unconstitutionally disproportionate[.]” State v. Lara-Vasquez,
310 Or App 99, 110, 484 P3d 369, rev den, 368 Or 561 (2021).
        At the same time, “it is the role of the court to
ensure that sentences conform to requirements that have
been in our constitution for 150 years[,]” which sometimes
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                               41

means recognizing that a sentence is unconstitutionally dis-
proportionate. Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 58. For example,
in Rodriguez/Buck, with respect to two different defendants,
the Supreme Court held that imposing the mandatory min-
imum 75-month prison sentence for first-degree sexual
abuse “would violate the constitutional requirement that
the penalty be proportioned to the offense.” Id. at 50. One of
the defendants, Rodriguez, had committed first-degree sex-
ual abuse by bringing a 13-year-old boy’s head into contact
with her clothed breasts for about one minute. Id. at 49. The
other defendant, Buck, had committed first-degree sexual
abuse by maintaining hand contact with a 13-year-old girl’s
clothed buttocks two or three times while she was fishing
and then brushing dirt off the back of her shorts with two
swipes of his hand. Id.
         To determine whether a criminal penalty “is so dis-
proportionate, when compared to the offense, so as to ‘shock
the moral sense’ of reasonable people,” we are to consider “at
least three factors”: (1) the severity of the penalty compared
to the gravity of the crime; (2) the comparative penalties
imposed for other, related crimes; and (3) the defendant’s
criminal history. Id. at 58.
B.   Severity of the Penalty Compared to Gravity of the Crime
     (First Factor)
         We begin with the severity of the penalty compared
to the gravity of the crime, which requires us to “assess the
gravity of the crime by examining the description of the
conduct prohibited by the statute under which defendant
was convicted, including the range of conduct prohibited
by the statute, and then examine the facts of defendant’s
case to assess where defendant’s conduct fits within that
range.” State v. Gonzalez, 326 Or App 587, 602, 534 P3d 289,
rev allowed, 371 Or 715 (2023). “For purposes of Article I,
section 16, where a statute criminalizes a broad range of
conduct and the defendant’s conduct is on the less-egre-
gious end of the range, then defendant’s crime is treated as
less grave for purposes of proportionality assessment.” Id.
at 602-03. Meanwhile, the severity of a prison sentence “is
measured primarily by its length.” Id. at 603.
42                                       State v. Hernandez-Esteban

         As the Supreme Court has recognized, the crime of
first-degree sexual abuse covers a “wide swath of conduct
when the victim is less than 14 years, including, but not lim-
ited to, momentary touching of an intimate part without the
victim’s awareness or knowledge, touching that the victim
apprehends but does not appreciate as sexual, momentary
touching over clothing, prolonged hand to genital contact,
prolonged skin to skin genital contact, and, of course, forc-
ing a person under 18 to engage in bestiality.” Rodriquez/
Buck, 347 Or at 69 (internal quotation marks omitted).
         Here, defendant kissed M in a manner that she
described as a peck on the lips, while she was in the com-
mon area of an apartment where at least one other person
was present. Although any sexually motivated act against
a child is inappropriate, that is among the least egregious
acts that constitute first-degree sexual abuse.5 The state
argues that a kiss is “more severe” sexual abuse than the
touching of clothed breasts and clothed buttocks at issue in
Rodriquez/Buck, because a kiss involves “skin to skin” con-
tact. However, that comparison is inapt. When a body part
is normally kept covered as an especially private part of the
body—as is the case with breasts and buttocks—touching
that body part under the clothes or without clothes is more
invasive, and thus graver conduct, than touching the same
body part over clothes. See, e.g., State v. Camacho-Garcia,
268 Or App 75, 82-83, 341 P3d 888 (2014), rev den, 357 Or
164 (2015) (describing the defendant’s “skin-to-skin” touch-
ing of the victim’s breasts under her clothing as “more inva-
sive” than the touching of clothed breasts in Rodriguez/
Buck). The same comparison cannot be made as to body
parts that are not normally kept covered.
         We are unpersuaded that a “peck” on the lips
is “more severe” sexual abuse than the acts at issue in
Rodriquez/Buck. Like the conduct in Rodriguez/Buck, it “is
at the outer edge of ‘sexual contact’ as that term is defined”
in ORS 163.305. Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 75; see also State
v. Carey-Martin, 293 Or App 611, 638, 430 P3d 98 (2018)
    5
      We assume for purposes of our analysis that defendant’s conduct qualifies
as first-degree sexual abuse, i.e., that a peck on the lips meets the definition
of “sexual contact” in ORS 163.305(5). The only issue before us is defendant’s
sentence.
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                                  43

(considering the three Rodriguez/Buck factors in holding
that a 25-year prison sentence for “sexting” conduct violated
Article I, section 16, including recognizing that the defen-
dant’s conduct fell “toward the less serious range of conduct”
covered by the relevant statute, even if it “does not fall at
that very outer edge of prohibited contact”).
          It should be noted that other case-specific circum-
stances that sometimes increase the gravity of an offense
above its baseline gravity—and that we often discuss only
when present—are not present here. See Rodriguez/Buck,
347 Or at 62 (allowing for consideration of “case-specific
factors, such as characteristics of the defendant and
the victim, the harm to the victim, and the relationship
between the defendant and the victim”). Defendant was
dating M’s aunt, so he was not a stranger to M, but neither
was he in a relationship of trust with her, such as a close
family member, teacher, or religious figure might be. See,
e.g., State v. Buckendahl, 308 Or App 125, 130, 480 P3d 325
(2020), rev den, 368 Or 37 (2021) (the defendant was the
victim’s teacher); State v. Padilla, 277 Or App 440, 446, 371
P3d 1242, rev den, 360 Or 401 (2016) (the defendant was “a
long-time family friend whom [the victim] had known since
she was a very young child”); Camacho-Garcia, 268 Or App
at 82-83 (the defendant “was the victim’s de facto step-fa-
ther,” which was “a trust relationship,” so his conduct was
“more likely to be psychologically damaging”). There was
no evidence that M was unusually vulnerable, relative
to other children less than 12 years old.6 See, e.g., State
v. Horseman, 294 Or App 398, 411, 432 P3d 258 (2018),
rev den, 364 Or 723 (2019) (the victim was a teenager
with a drug and alcohol problem who the defendant met
at a café serving homeless people); State v. Alwinger, 236
Or App 240, 246, 236 P3d 755 (2010) (the crime was graver
where the “conduct was aimed at a particularly vulnerable
victim”). There also was no evidence of an unusual degree
of harm. See, e.g., State v. Sokell, 360 Or 392, 397, 380 P3d
     6
       The trial court referred to both victims as “vulnerable,” but it appears to
have meant only that A and M were children and thus inherently more vulnera-
ble than an adult. All of defendant’s convictions, including Count 1, included the
victim’s age as an element of the offense. At least in these circumstances, some
additional vulnerability specific to M, beyond that inherent in the offense, would
be needed to increase the gravity of the offense above its inherent gravity.
44                               State v. Hernandez-Esteban

975 (2016) (the victim suffered “severe trauma that affected
her school and home life for years”).
          For all of those reasons, as in Rodriguez/Buck, “a
comparison of the penalty and the offense indicates that the
75-month Measure 11 sentence may be so disproportionate
to [the offense] as to violate Article I, section 16.” Rodriguez/
Buck, 347 Or at 74 (stating further, “Not only does defen-
dants’ criminal conduct appear insufficiently grave to jus-
tify the mandatory six-year and three-month sentence, but
it also is less severe than the conduct in the vast majority
of (and probably in all) other reported first-degree sexual
abuse cases since Measure 11 was passed”).
C. Comparative Penalties for Other, Related Crimes (Second
   Factor)
         We next compare penalties imposed for other,
related crimes. It is true, as defendant points out, that
the same 75-month mandatory minimum prison sentence
applies to much more severe conduct involving children only
a few years older than M was, including vaginal intercourse
with a child aged 12 or 13 years old, ORS 163.365 (second-
degree rape); oral or anal intercourse with a child aged 12 or
13 years old, ORS 163.395 (second-degree sodomy); or using
an object to penetrate the vagina, anus, or penis of a child
aged 12 or 13 years old, ORS 163.408 (second-degree unlaw-
ful sexual penetration). See ORS 137.700(2)(a)(L), (N), (P)
(setting mandatory minimum prison sentence of 75 months
for those crimes). However, that comparison is undercut by
the fact that those crimes rise from second-degree to first-
degree when committed against a child under 12 years old
and then carry a 100-month mandatory minimum prison
sentence. See ORS 163.375 (first-degree rape); ORS 163.405
(first-degree sodomy); ORS 163.411 (first-degree unlawful
sexual penetration); ORS 137.700(2)(a)(K), (M), (O) (setting
mandatory minimum prison sentence of 100 months for
those crimes).
         In other words, first-degree sexual abuse of a child
under 12 years old is subject to a lesser penalty (75 months
in prison) than the more severe crimes of first-degree
rape, first-degree sodomy, or first-degree unlawful sexual
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                      45

penetration of a child under 12 years old (100 months in
prison). To the extent that the 25-month differential seems
disproportionately small, that has more to do with a brief
kiss on the lips falling at the outer edge of what constitutes
first-degree sexual abuse than it does with any inherent
disproportionality in the penalties attached to different,
related crimes. Ultimately, the second Rodriguez/Buck fac-
tor is neutral.
D. Defendant’s Criminal History (Third Factor)
         The third Rodriguez/Buck factor is “criminal his-
tory,” which proves to be the most complicated to address.
Until his trial in this case, defendant had no convictions for
any crime of any type. If that were the end of the analysis
on the third factor, this case would fall squarely within the
purview of Rodriquez/Buck, and we would readily conclude
that a 75-month prison sentence for giving an eight- or nine-
year old child a single “peck” on the lips violates the propor-
tionality clause of Article I, section 16. What complicates
matters is defendant’s sexual abuse of A from 2014 to 2018,
which resulted in 10 convictions in the same trial. The state
argues that defendant’s “sexual abuse of [A]—although not
strictly a prior conviction—is part of defendant’s history”
and demonstrates “a pattern of abuse against young girls.”
         With the possible exception of Horseman—a case
that we will discuss later—this appears to be the first time
that we have been faced with a case in which the criminal
history factor is dispositive as to whether the penalty for the
crime is unconstitutionally disproportionate. That reality
requires us to take an unusually close look at the criminal
history factor and its role in the disproportionality analysis.
         The Supreme Court has explained that consider-
ation of a defendant’s “criminal history” as part of the pro-
portionality analysis under Article I, section 16, is “rooted
in Blackstone’s influential writings on proportionality”:
   “The idea that a penalty that might be proportional as
   applied to one who has previously committed the same
   or other crimes but not proportional as applied to a first-
   time offender is rooted in Blackstone’s influential writings
   on proportionality. Blackstone, who urged more rational,
46                               State v. Hernandez-Esteban

     proportional sentences, argued that different standards
     should apply to repeat offenders. 4 William Blackstone,
     Commentaries on the Laws of England 12, 15-16 (1769).”
Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 65-66. Given Blackstone’s
emphasis on the deterrent effect of criminal punishment,
it seems likely that Blackstone was referring to people with
prior convictions for similar offenses when he discussed
repeat offenders. See 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries
on the Laws of England 11 (1769) (asserting that the purpose
of punishment is to deter future offenses of the same kind).
         A defendant’s prior convictions have proven par-
ticularly significant to the proportionality analysis under
Article I, section 16, in cases involving repeat-offender or
habitual-offender sentencing statutes. The first and third
Rodriguez/Buck factors “ ‘overlap’ when determining pro-
portionality under a recidivism statute.” Carey-Martin, 293
Or App at 618-19 (quoting State v. Althouse, 359 Or 668, 685,
375 P3d 475 (2016)). Thus, “what matters in determining the
constitutionality of a repeat-offender sentence is the gravity
of a defendant’s criminal history.” Althouse, 359 Or at 689.
          In State v. Smith, 128 Or 515, 273 P 323 (1929), the
defendant, who had three prior felony convictions for prop-
erty crimes, was given a life sentence for receiving stolen
property, under a habitual-offender statute. In concluding
that the sentence was proportionate, the court explained
that “it does no violence to any constitutional [guarantee] for
the state to rid itself of depravity when its efforts to reform
have failed.” Id. at 525 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The defendant was “an incorrigible criminal, a man who has
heretofore been convicted at least four times for burglari-
ously preying upon the property and safety of others.” Id.
at 525-26. Although the court would have been “astounded”
by the severity of the sentence if it was his first offense, his
multiple prior felony convictions led the court to conclude
that “the sentence imposed in this case can but be deemed a
just one.” Id. at 526.
        Similarly, in Jensen v. Gladden, 231 Or 141, 372
P2d 183 (1962), the defendant was convicted of a sex crime
and sentenced to an indeterminate life sentence, under a
statute applicable to defendants with prior convictions for
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                 47

sex crimes. The court explained that whether such a sen-
tence would “shock the moral sense” would “depend upon
the seriousness of repetitive sexual conduct of this kind and
the danger that it forecasts for others unless the defendant
is segregated from society.” Id. at 144-45.
         In Wheeler, the court stated explicitly in the con-
text of a recidivist statute that the proportionality provision
of Article I, section 16, “permits the imposition of penalties
for repeat offenders that might not be permissible for a sin-
gle offense.” 343 Or at 671. “An enhanced sentence (even a
life sentence) is appropriate, and not disproportionate, when
a defendant is ‘an incorrigible criminal.’ ” Id. at 673. The
defendant in Wheeler had two prior convictions for felony sex
offenses, was convicted of new felony sex offenses, and was
sentenced to life imprisonment under a recidivist statute.
Id. at 654.
         In Althouse, 359 Or at 670, the court upheld a sen-
tence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole
for felony public indecency, where the defendant had three
prior convictions for qualifying sex offenses. By contrast, in
State v. Davidson, 360 Or 370, 372, 380 P3d 963 (2016), the
court overturned sentences of life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole for two counts of felony public indecency,
even though the defendant had not been deterred by prior
sentences, where his criminal history was extensive but less
severe than the defendant’s in Althouse.
         Smith, Jensen, Wheeler, and Althouse all involved
defendants who, by application of a repeat-offender statute,
were given a more severe sentence for the current offense due
to having prior convictions for similar offenses. It is not only
the legislature, however, that may determine that a defen-
dant’s criminal history warrants imposing more severe pun-
ishment for an offense. Even without legislative direction, a
trial court may impose a more severe sentence on someone
whose prior criminal history suggests incorrigibility or who
is unlikely to be dissuaded from future criminal activity
without a heavier punishment. Indeed, for offenses not sub-
ject to Measure 11, there is a specific mechanism to do so,
which is through consideration of the aggravating factors of
“persistent involvement in similar offenses” and “failure to
48                                         State v. Hernandez-Esteban

deter.” OAR 213-008-0002 (aggravating sentencing factors);
State v. Lennon, 348 Or 148, 157, 229 P3d 589 (2010) (discuss-
ing “failure to deter” factor); State v. Williams, 238 Or App 9,
14-15, 241 P3d 1170 (2010), rev den, 349 Or 603 (2011) (apply-
ing “persistent involvement in similar offenses” and “failure
to deter”). Post-Measure 11, criminal history is considered
in sex crime sentencing primarily in the context of constitu-
tional proportionality challenges to a mandatory sentence.7
         For example, in State v. Sills, 260 Or App 384, 399-
400, 317 P3d 307 (2013), rev den, 355 Or 380 (2014), we con-
sidered the defendant’s prior convictions for grabbing the
buttocks of a 16-year-old girl and for fondling the vaginal
area of a four-year-old girl, in concluding that his 75-month
sentence for first-degree sexual abuse was proportionate. In
Alwinger, 236 Or App at 247, we considered the defendant’s
two prior convictions “for burglary, which is a serious crime,”
in rejecting his challenge to a 300-month sentence for a
sex crime; noting that Rodriguez/Buck did not limit crim-
inal-history consideration “to the same or similar offense,”
we reasoned that the “previously imposed sentences did not
prevent [the defendant] from engaging in criminal behavior,
and, for that reason, his lengthy prison term is more propor-
tionate than it might be for a defendant with no criminal
history whatsoever.” In State v. Wiese, 238 Or App 426, 429,
241 P3d 1210 (2010), rev den, 349 Or 654 (2011), we consid-
ered the fact that the defendant had two prior convictions for
“serious” crimes, robbery and assault, “and his punishment
for those serious crimes did not deter him from engaging in
criminal behavior.”8
    7
      Under the sentencing grid, the presumptive sentence for first-degree sex-
ual abuse would be 16 to 18 months in prison, subject to upward or downward
departure, whereas, under Measure 11, the mandatory sentence is 75 months in
prison, which is both the minimum and maximum sentence—except that if the
person has two other felony sex convictions, the presumptive sentence is lifetime
imprisonment under ORS 137.719. Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 73 & n 16.
    8
      At the other end of the spectrum are defendants with no “criminal his-
tory” under any possible definition of that term, i.e., no other convictions (prior
or otherwise), no pending charges, no arrests, no police contact, and no evidence
of uncharged acts. It is unclear whether a lack of criminal history on its own
would ever be enough to establish disproportionality. Compare Smith, 128 Or
at 525 (a life sentence imposed for a property crime would have “astounded” the
court if the defendant were a first-time offender, but was proportionate where
he was “an incorrigible criminal”), with State v. Shaw, 233 Or App 427, 439, 225
P3d 855, rev den, 348 Or 415 (2010) (“Although criminal history is one factor that
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                                     49

         As the foregoing cases illustrate, when a reason is
given for considering a defendant’s prior convictions in a
constitutional proportionality analysis, it is invariably that
the sentences imposed in the past failed to deter further
criminal activity. As the court put it in Rodriguez/Buck, 347
Or at 77, “a defendant who previously has been convicted of
and served sentences for other crimes has demonstrated, by
committing additional crimes, that the previously imposed
sentences were insufficient to prevent the defendant from
returning to his or her criminal behavior.” See also, e.g.,
Lara-Vasquez, 310 Or App at 109 (“Prior criminal convic-
tions may demonstrate that previously imposed sentences
have not deterred a defendant from returning to criminal
behavior.”); State v. Delp, 297 Or App 1, 12, 13, 441 P3d 590,
rev den, 365 Or 195 (2019) (the defendant had a long his-
tory of exploitive and predatory behavior, “lesser criminal
sanctions ha[d] not deterred him,” and he committed the
current offenses “within months after being released from
custody after serving a lengthy prison sentence for the same
offenses”).
         Unlike the defendants in the cases discussed thus
far, however, defendant does not have any prior convictions.
That is, at the time of trial, he had never been convicted
of any crime and therefore, necessarily, had never served
a sentence that failed to deter him from future criminal
activity. What defendant does have is 10 other convictions
in the same case against a different victim, A. There is also
evidence of additional uncharged conduct against A, in that

could, along with the other factors, demonstrate that a penalty is disproportion-
ate under the circumstances, the lack of prior convictions alone has never been
sufficient to render an otherwise constitutional penalty disproportionate under
Article I, section 16.”). In practice, a defendant’s total lack of criminal history
tends to be relevant only when the other factors favor disproportionality. See, e.g.,
State v. Le, 327 Or App 129, 142, 534 P3d 1097, rev den, 371 Or 715 (2023) (giv-
ing the defendant’s lack of criminal history “little weight” relative to the other
Rodriguez/Buck factors); Gonzalez, 326 Or App at 604 (the defendant’s lack of
criminal history did not make her sentence disproportionate, given other con-
siderations); State v. Bentley, 301 Or App 347, 357, 456 P3d 651 (2019) (the defen-
dant’s lack of criminal history did not make his otherwise proportionate sentence
disproportionate); Padilla, 277 Or App at 447 (where the defendant “committed a
grave and invasive act of sexual abuse against an 11-year-old child[,]” his lack of
criminal history did not make the sentence disproportionate); State v. Johnson,
244 Or App 574, 585, 260 P3d 782 (2011) (even though the defendant had no
criminal history, his sentence was proportionate given the nature of his crime).
50                                         State v. Hernandez-Esteban

A testified that defendant engaged in the same conduct—
touching her vagina at night while she was in bed—many
more times than the 10 times for which he was convicted in
Counts 3 to 12.
        Existing proportionality case law is silent as to
the relevance of other convictions in the same case to the
“criminal history” factor. By contrast, there is case law on
uncharged conduct, so we begin there.
         With respect to uncharged conduct, in discuss-
ing the “criminal history” factor in Rodriguez/Buck, the
Supreme Court stated, “Traditional understandings of pro-
portionality, as well as this court’s cases, require us to con-
sider whether a defendant is a repeat offender by considering
previous criminal convictions and whether there is evidence
of multiple instances of uncharged wrongful conduct.” 347 Or
at 78 (emphases added). As to uncharged conduct, it is not
entirely clear what the court meant by “traditional under-
standings.” We have been unable to find anything regard-
ing uncharged conduct in the Blackstone treatise cited in
Rodriguez/Buck or any prior Oregon appellate decisions
that meaningfully discuss uncharged conduct. As then
Chief Justice De Muniz pointed out in his separate opinion
in Rodriguez/Buck, the cases cited by the majority—Smith,
Jensen, and Wheeler—all involved recidivist statutes. Id.
at 91 n 2 (De Muniz, C. J., concurring in part, dissenting
in part). Recidivist statutes necessarily require prior con-
victions, or at least we are unaware of any that consider
uncharged conduct.9
         Notably, in his separate opinion, Chief Justice De
Muniz expressed concern that considering a defendant’s
criminal history in sentencing outside the context of a true
recidivist statute raises “all manner of issues” and “will lead
    9
      We note that ORS 137.690, which provides for a 25-year mandatory mini-
mum prison sentence for any person convicted of a major felony sex crime “who
has one (or more) previous conviction of a major felony sex crime,” includes con-
victions in the same proceeding—and therefore is not a traditional recidivist
statute—but still requires actual convictions. Horseman, 294 Or App at 408
(“ORS 137.690 cannot be considered a recidivism statute in the traditional sense
because, although it applies only when a defendant has multiple convictions for
‘major felony sex crimes,’ it allows a previous conviction to be the predicate con-
viction even if it is imposed in the same sentencing proceeding.” (Internal quota-
tion marks omitted.)).
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                51

to inconsistent results.” Id. at 91. Regarding uncharged con-
duct, we understand “all manner of issues” to refer to the
fact that the state has never proved the conduct, let alone
proved it to a jury. It may also refer to the possibility of
excessive punishment, if a more severe sentence is imposed
on the current offense based on evidence of uncharged con-
duct and, later, the defendant is convicted and sentenced for
the previously uncharged conduct.
         The Rodriguez/Buck majority was obviously aware
of Chief Justice De Muniz’s concerns and implicitly rejected
them—at least to some degree—when it stated in the major-
ity opinion that tradition requires consideration of not only
prior convictions but also “evidence of multiple instances of
uncharged wrongful conduct.” 347 Or at 78. At the same
time, the court did not actually explain why uncharged
conduct is considered, when it is relevant (except perhaps
to suggest that “multiple instances” are required), or how
much weight it should be given. Ultimately, the court did not
need to grapple with those difficult questions, or with actual
application, because there was no evidence of uncharged
conduct as to either defendant in Rodriguez/Buck. Id.
         Rodriguez/Buck does shed some light on one aspect
of uncharged conduct—beyond the bare fact that it must be
considered—which is the court’s implicit distinction between
“wrongful conduct” that falls short of a crime and “wrongful
conduct” that constitutes a crime. Id. For purposes of the
criminal-history factor, the court treated both Rodriguez
and Buck as first-time offenders who engaged in a “single
occurrence of the wrongful conduct.” Id. It did so despite hav-
ing previously mentioned that the Rodriguez record evinced
“a litany of improper communications and conduct between
Rodriguez and the boy,” which allowed an inference that
Rodriguez had “acted wrongly” toward the victim on multi-
ple occasions, id. at 56, and that the Buck record contained
evidence that Buck had made “comments” to the girl that
suggested “inappropriate” sexual interest in her, id. at 57.
We understand that to mean that, for proportionality pur-
poses, a court should consider only uncharged conduct that
appears to have risen to the level of a crime, as distinct from
conduct that was “wrongful” in a more colloquial sense.
52                              State v. Hernandez-Esteban

         Returning to the issue of other convictions in the
same case, we can discern no logic in requiring consideration
of uncharged conduct, Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at 78, but
not allowing consideration of other convictions in the same
case. If anything, considering other convictions in the same
case seems less problematic, insofar as a jury has actually
found the defendant guilty of those offenses. We therefore
view other convictions in the same case as subject to the
same consideration as uncharged conduct, for purposes of
proportionality analysis under Article I, section 16, notwith-
standing it not being specifically mentioned in Rodriguez/
Buck as something that should be considered.
         That brings us to the most difficult question, which
is how uncharged conduct or other convictions in the same
case should be considered in a proportionality analysis under
Article I, section 16. We do not have the luxury of invoking
vague general principles in this case, because the “criminal
history” factor is dispositive as to whether the sentence on
Count 1 is unconstitutionally disproportionate.
         The only guiding principle that we have been able
to discern from existing Oregon proportionality case law is
that “criminal history,” in general, is relevant to incorrigi-
bility and failure to deter, and more severe sentences may
be imposed on defendants who have proven to be incorri-
gible criminals or who have demonstrated a resistance to
deterrence that poses a particular danger to the community.
We understand an “incorrigible” criminal to be a habitual
offender whose criminal history is so pervasive that a sen-
tencing court may reasonably conclude that the person can-
not be effectively deterred from criminal activity, such that
the only way to protect the public is to imprison them for
as long as possible. See Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary
1145 (unabridged ed 2002) (defining “incorrigible” as “inca-
pable of being corrected or amended,” as in “bad beyond
the possibility of correction or rehabilitation : utterly bad
or depraved <an [incorrigible] criminal>”). Even short of
incorrigibility, however, a defendant’s criminal history may
demonstrate a resistance to deterrence that warrants a lon-
ger sentence for the protection of the public. See Jensen, 231
Or at 144-45 (where the defendant had prior convictions for
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                              53

sex crimes, whether his sentence for his most recent sex
crime would “shock the moral sense” would “depend upon
the seriousness of repetitive sexual conduct of this kind and
the danger that it forecasts for others unless the defendant
is segregated from society”).
         The incorrigibility/failure-to-deter rationale has
been articulated many times in the case law—indeed, has
been almost universally cited—to explain why prior con-
victions are relevant to the proportionality analysis under
Article I, section 16. See, e.g., Rodriguez/Buck, 347 Or at
77; Wheeler, 343 Or at 673-74; Smith, 128 Or at 525; Lara-
Vasquez, 310 Or App at 109; Delp, 297 Or App at 12; Wiese,
238 Or App at 429; Alwinger, 236 Or App at 247. We have
also relied on that rationale with respect to uncharged con-
duct. In State v. Baker, 233 Or App 536, 543, 226 P3d 125,
rev den, 348 Or 414 (2010), the defendant had engaged in a
multi-year sexual relationship with his daughter that began
when she was a minor and continued into her adulthood,
and we observed that the “[d]efendant’s conduct persisted
even after the police alerted him that they were investigat-
ing the sexual relationship.” In Buckendahl, 308 Or App at
130, the defendant was a teacher convicted of sexual abuse
of a minor student, and we observed that, despite having
been professionally disciplined for “inappropriate conduct
with young students,” including inappropriate touching, the
defendant “nonetheless persisted” in that conduct and com-
mitted the current offense.
         Our 2018 decisions in Carey-Martin and Horseman
are particularly helpful. Carey-Martin contains a fairly sub-
stantial discussion of the third Rodriguez/Buck factor (the
defendant’s “criminal history”) in the context of resolving a
dispute between the parties as to “how defendant’s multiple
victims and multiple convictions should be considered for the
purpose of assessing proportionality.” 293 Or App at 640.
The defendant in Carey-Martin had been tried on numer-
ous charges in a single trial “for conduct that occurred over
a period of about a year and a half while he was a teen-
ager, some of it while he was underage, and which involved
requesting and receiving, by text messaging, nude images of
girls who were two to four years younger than he was.” Id.
54                               State v. Hernandez-Esteban

at 613. He was convicted of a total of 18 crimes, including
11 crimes based on “sexting.” Id. at 629. The sentencing
court ordered all concurrent sentences, resulting in a total
sentence of 25 years in prison. Id.; see ORS 137.690 (provid-
ing for a 25-year prison sentence for persons convicted of
more than one major felony sex crime).
         The state argued that the defendant qualified as a
“repeat offender” and that all of his convictions should be
considered in assessing proportionality (and even conduct
for which he was found not guilty). Carey-Martin, 293 Or App
at 640. In short, in the state’s view, “[b]ecause defendant did
more than victimize a single victim on a single occasion,” his
25-year sentences would not shock the moral sense of rea-
sonable people. Id. The defendant countered “that a repeat
offender for proportionality purposes is an offender who
has reoffended after having been previously convicted and
served a sentence.” Id. In his view, cases like Smith, Jensen,
and Rodriquez/Buck made clear that the “criminal history”
factor was inextricably linked to the state’s “constitutionally
permissible interest in imposing sentences ‘to rid itself of
depravity when its efforts to reform have failed.’ ” Id. at 640-
41 (quoting Smith, 128 Or at 525).
         We agreed with the defendant. Although we rec-
ognized that his “rampant sexual misconduct [wa]s far
from the isolated conduct exhibited by the defendants in
Rodriguez/Buck,” we “[n]evertheless” understood the state’s
proposed approach to be inconsistent with Article I, sec-
tion 16, and existing case law. Id. at 641. We observed that
“central to the Supreme Court’s formulation of the crimi-
nal history factor in Rodriguez/Buck is the state’s interest
in imposing lengthy sentences to protect the public in light
of circumstances when efforts to reform have failed.” Id.
We contrasted the criminal history of the Althouse defen-
dant—”30 years of sexual offenses and multiple previous
convictions”—against the Carey-Martin defendant’s con-
duct “over a relatively shorter period of time” and with “no
criminal history or encounters with the police prior to the
investigation of th[at] case.” Id. at 641-42. There was no evi-
dence—in the form of prior sentences that failed to deter,
or otherwise—that the defendant was “incorrigible,” that
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                  55

“attempts to reform would fail,” or that his conduct reflected
a “ ‘deeply ingrained pattern of predatory behavior.’ ” Id. at
642 (quoting Althouse, 359 Or at 687).
         Carey-Martin is also noteworthy in its emphasis
on the text of Article I, section 16, which requires that the
punishment be proportionate to “the offense.” We therefore
rejected the notion—advocated in a dissenting opinion—
that the court could look beyond the individual sentence on
the individual offense and decide proportionality based on
all of the defendant’s convictions in the proceeding and his
resulting total sentence. Id. at 643 (“The Supreme Court has
never indicated that the proportionality analysis must focus
on the propriety of all of the defendant’s sentences taken
together in one sentencing proceeding, on whether the trial
court could have arrived at the same, or greater, ‘package’
by a different route, or on whether, on remand, it could per-
missibly arrive at the same, or greater, ‘package.’ Rather,
Article I, section 16, requires that ‘all penalties shall be pro-
portioned to the offense,’ and, in an as-applied challenge,
the Supreme Court has required ‘a comparison of the sever-
ity of the penalty and the gravity of the crime.’ Rodriguez/
Buck, 347 Or at 58.”).
          Shortly after Carey-Martin, we decided Horseman.
The defendant in Horseman “was convicted of 12 sex crimes
related to the multiple sexual encounters he had with teen-
aged boys when he was in his late 40s.” 294 Or App at 400.
Five of his convictions were for using a child in a display of
sexually explicit conduct, and he received concurrent 300-
month prison sentences for four display convictions. Id. On
appeal, he challenged the 300-month sentences as uncon-
stitutionally disproportionate under Article I, section 16.
Id. We rejected that argument, viewing the first and third
Rodriguez/Buck factors together as dispositive, even though
the second factor might suggest disproportionality “if con-
sidered in isolation.” Id. at 413. We explained, “We find the
first and third factors most consequential here, as they cap-
ture the grossly exploitive nature of defendant’s sexual pur-
suit of teenage boys over a period of at least 15 years, which
culminated in defendant’s decision to repeatedly induce a
56                                  State v. Hernandez-Esteban

particularly vulnerable child to display himself masturbat-
ing, in facilitation of additional sexual abuse.” Id. at 414.
        Significantly, the defendant in Horseman did not
have prior convictions related to his “sexual pursuit of teen-
age boys.” Id. We instead relied on evidence of uncharged
conduct, specifically uncharged conduct that suggested that
the defendant was incorrigible and that efforts at reform
would likely fail, explaining that, while Rodriguez/Buck
requires consideration of uncharged conduct as part of a
defendant’s criminal history, it is important to keep in mind
why we consider criminal history:
     “We must also be mindful, however, that a defendant’s
     criminal history is important not for abstract reasons,
     but that it matters at least in part because of the state’s
     interest in protecting the public ‘when efforts to reform
     have failed.’ Carey-Martin, 293 Or App at 641. Thus, we
     take into account not only the number of previous offenses
     and uncharged incidents, but whether the record indi-
     cates that a defendant ‘is incorrigible or that attempts to
     reform would fail.’ Id. at 642. In Carey-Martin, that factor
     supported a determination of disproportionality. Although
     we could not ignore the defendant’s convictions for physical
     sex crimes against his victims (in addition to the sexual-
     display convictions), the defendant ‘was only 16, 17 and 18
     when he committed the offenses against other teenagers,’
     he had never before been involved with the criminal justice
     system, and there was a ‘lack of any unsuccessful attempt
     at rehabilitation.’ Id.
         “The circumstances are starkly different here.
     Defendant was not close in age to his victims; he was
     more than 30 years older. Defendant had a long history of
     being accused of sexual predation against young teenaged
     boys. And defendant had been contacted by police officers
     at least twice—in 1997 and 2005—about reports that he
     had engaged in sexual activity with such children. That
     history amply supports a finding—of the sort that the
     presentence investigator reached—that defendant had a
     pattern of ‘seek[ing] out vulnerable young male victims.’
     It also demonstrates that, despite having repeatedly been
     confronted with accusations that he was illegally engaging
     in sex with children, defendant persisted in that behav-
     ior, culminating in his sexual abuse of T and the five sep-
     arate episodes in which he induced G to display himself
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                     57

   masturbating and then sexually abused the boy. Finally,
   after having been prosecuted and convicted for his crimes
   against T and G at age 50, defendant has indicated that he
   has no intention of seeking treatment.
       “In short, despite never having been previously pun-
   ished for a sex crime, defendant has had other opportuni-
   ties to understand and reform his many years of criminal
   behavior, and he has not done so. The record supports a
   determination that defendant ‘is incorrigible’ and that
   ‘attempts to reform would fail.’ Carey-Martin, 293 Or App
   at 642. Accordingly, the third Rodriguez/Buck factor
   weighs strongly in favor of a conclusion that the 300-month
   prison terms are not unconstitutionally disproportionate
   as applied to the circumstances of this case.”
Id. at 413-14.
         Based on all of the foregoing case law, we understand
that a defendant’s “criminal history” is predominantly rele-
vant to the proportionality analysis under Article I, section
16, as it pertains to incorrigibility and failure to deter. (To
the extent that it may also be relevant in some other way, we
have been unable to discern it from existing case law.) That
rationale applies equally to prior convictions, other convic-
tions in the same case, and uncharged conduct—even if the
latter two categories require a more nuanced approach than
simply looking at prior criminal convictions and sentences.
         Here, the evidence does not demonstrate that defen-
dant is incorrigible or that attempts at reform are likely to
fail. Defendant has not previously been involved with the
criminal justice system. There is no evidence of any prior
police contact until this case. There have been no attempts
at rehabilitation. The only assessment of defendant that
is in the record—a psychosexual examination conducted
by an expert hired by the defense and put into evidence at
defendant’s sentencing hearing—suggests that defendant’s
crimes were opportunistic and that he is susceptible to
treatment and reform.
        Of course, the fact that defendant repeatedly sex-
ually touched another child, A, over a three- to four-year
period is quite significant—and defendant has been con-
victed and punished for that conduct. For purposes of
58                              State v. Hernandez-Esteban

sentencing defendant for the offense against M, however,
the fact that defendant has not yet served his sentences for
the conduct against A and has had no opportunity to reform
is also significant. It is also significant that defendant com-
mitted a single offense against M, that it occurred during
the same time period as the offenses against A, and that the
offense against M was less grave than the offenses against
A (rather than showing escalation).
         With respect to criminal history, defendant is more
like the defendant in Carey-Martin, who “had no criminal
history or encounters with the police prior to the investiga-
tion of this case” and whose criminal conduct against multi-
ple victims occurred “over a relatively shorter period of time”
of one to two years, Carey-Martin, 293 Or App at 613, 642,
than he is like the defendant in Althouse, who had “30 years
of sexual offenses and multiple previous convictions,” id.
at 641, or the defendant in Horseman, who, although never
criminally punished for a crime, “had a long history of being
accused of sexual predation against young teenaged boys,”
had been contacted by police at least twice, and “had other
opportunities to understand and reform his many years of
criminal behavior” that he failed to take, Horseman, 294
Or App at 413-14. In other words, there is evidence that
defendant engaged in a pattern of wrongful conduct over a
period of several years, but there is not evidence of a “deeply
ingrained pattern of predatory behavior.” Althouse, 359 Or at
687 (emphasis added).
         Each case is different, so there are obviously differ-
ences between defendant and, say, the Carey-Martin defen-
dant. The most significant one is the age difference between
defendant and A. In 2016, defendant would have been
approximately 28 years old, while M was eight or nine years
old, which is very significant. On the other hand, defendant’s
total lack of prior police contact is more significant here
than in Carey-Martin, because defendant was 31 years old
when arrested, reflecting a much longer crime-free period
as an adult than the defendant in Carey-Martin, who was
18 years old when arrested. Defendant also had far fewer
victims (two) than the defendant in Carey-Martin (eight).
Carey-Martin, 293 Or App at 626. And defendant submitted
Cite as 330 Or App 34 (2024)                                59

to a psychosexual examination in aid of sentencing, which
provides at least some information regarding whether he is
incorrigible or susceptible to treatment and reform.
         In the end, defendant’s criminal history is “worse”
than some defendants and “better” than others. We do not
understand the third Rodriguez/Buck factor to be binary.
Extensive criminal history may weigh “strongly” in favor of
proportionality in some cases, as it did in Horseman, 294
Or App at 414, and as it often does in cases involving true
recidivist statutes, such as Smith, 128 Or at 526. Conversely,
a complete lack of criminal history may combine with other
factors to establish disproportionality, as noted in Shaw, 233
Or App at 439. Criminal history that falls between the two
ends of the spectrum must be weighed against the other two
Rodriguez/Buck factors to reach an ultimate determination
whether a sentence is unconstitutionally disproportionate.
Here, the criminal-history factor tips toward disproportion-
ately, albeit not heavily.
E.   Considering the Three Factors Together
         The final step is to consider the three Rodriguez/
Buck factors together. For the reasons described, the first
factor (severity of the penalty compared to gravity of the
crime) indicates disproportionality. The second factor (com-
parative penalties for other, related crimes) is neutral. The
third factor (defendant’s criminal history) also indicates dis-
proportionality. Considering those three factors together, we
conclude that defendant’s 75-month prison sentence for giv-
ing an eight- or nine-year-old child a single kiss described
as a “peck” on the lips violates Article I, section 16.
        In concluding otherwise, the trial court appears to
have taken the view that, absent the offenses against A,
the sentence on Count 1 for the offense against M would be
unconstitutionally disproportionate, but that the existence
of “two separate victims” and “repeated ongoing conduct”
(against A) made it proportionate. Having reviewed the
body of existing case law to understand the proper role of
criminal history in assessing proportionality, we disagree.
A 75-month prison sentence for a single peck on the lips is
unconstitutionally disproportionate, and it is not rendered
60                              State v. Hernandez-Esteban

proportionate by the fact of other convictions against a dif-
ferent victim in the same case, where defendant’s criminal
history does not establish that he is incorrigible or resistant
to reform or deterrence. Of course, defendant’s current sen-
tences give him ample opportunity for reform and, should he
fail to reform, that information could be highly relevant to
future sentences.
                      V. CONCLUSION
        In sum, we affirm all of defendant’s convictions, but
we reverse his sentence on Count 1 as unconstitutionally
disproportionate and remand for resentencing.
        Remanded for resentencing; otherwise affirmed.