Court Opinion

ID: 2961125
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-19 00:08:54.796487+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:42:12.753596
License: Public Domain

J-A13035-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

PAULINE ABRAMOWICH AND JOSEPH                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
ABRAMOWICH                                               PENNSYLVANIA

                      v.

ANDREW MICHAEL ALBERT, M.D.,
CONEMAUGH HEALTH SYSTEM, INC.,
I/A/T/D/B/A
MEMORIAL MEDICAL CENTER, AND
CONEMAUGH HEALTH INITIATIVES, INC.

APPEAL OF: ANDREW MICHAEL ALBERT,
M.D.

                                                        No. 1039 WDA 2014

             Appeal from the Judgment Entered August 22, 2014
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County
                      Civil Division at No(s): 2010-1986

BEFORE: PANELLA, J., SHOGAN, J., and OTT, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.:                            FILED SEPTEMBER 18, 2015

      Andrew Michael Albert, M.D., (“Dr. Albert”) appeals from the judgment

entered on August 22, 2014 in the Cambria County Court of Common Pleas,

in   favor   of   Pauline   Abramowich      (“Wife”)   and   Joseph     Abramowich

(“Husband”),      (collectively,   “the   Abramowiches”)     in   the   amount   of

$111,713.70, and against Dr. Albert, Conemaugh Health System, Inc.,

i/a/t/d/b/a Memorial Medical Center, and Conemaugh Health Initiatives,
J-A13035-15

Inc.1   On appeal, Dr. Albert alleges the trial court abused its discretion by

precluding him from testifying as an expert witness in the field of radiology.

After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, and the

applicable law, we affirm.

        The facts and procedural history of this case, pertinent to this appeal,

have been gleaned from the certified record and the parties’ briefs, since the

trial court did not set forth such information in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.

The medical malpractice suit stems from the administration of anesthesia by

Dr. Albert, an anesthesiologist, to Wife, a 73 year-old woman, on December

30, 2008, at the Memorial Medical Center in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, while

she was undergoing a scheduled laparoscopic cholecystectomy.                         The

Abramowiches claim Dr. Albert negligently intubated Wife, causing a one-

centimeter     esophageal     laceration       that   required   a   secondary   surgical

procedure and further hospitalization and treatment.

        On May 10, 2010, the Abramowiches instituted this action. Pleadings

and discovery were exchanged.           Prior to trial, Dr. Albert indicated that he

intended to testify as an expert in the field of anesthesiology, which the trial

court accepted. He also retained an expert diagnostic radiologist, Dr. Robert

Hurwitz, to provide testimony regarding diagnostic images and how they

impacted the Abramowiches’ theory of liability. It was Dr. Hurwitz’s opinion
____________________________________________

1
   Conemaugh Health System, Inc. and Conemaugh Health Initiatives, Inc.
are not parties to this appeal.

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J-A13035-15

that the air or carbon dioxide that was pumped in Wife’s stomach during the

procedure played an integral role in her injury, and not Dr. Albert’s actions.2

       However, shortly before trial, Dr. Albert indicated that he also intended

to testify on his own behalf regarding issues of diagnostic radiology.3 The

____________________________________________

2
    Specifically, he stated:

       It [is] my opinion with reasonable medical probability that this is
       the event that occurred as surgery was begun with distention of
       the abdominal cavity with CO2 under pressure at time of the
       laparoscopic cholecystecytomy.     Proof is the finding on the
       digital scanogram of considerable residual abdominal air (CO2)
       on the CT scan the night of December 30, 2008.

Dr. Robert Hurtwitz’s Expert Report, 9/3/2012, at 2.
3
   At his deposition, Dr. Albert provided his theory for the cause of Wife’s
injury based on radiographs and the CAT scan:

       [Wife]’s pneumomediastinum [or air present in the mediastinum]
       is the consequence of air tracking around her aortic hiatus,
       which occurred as a result of her pneumoperitoneum in the
       laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The air simply tracked up her
       chest,    her  neck,    and  that    is  what     caused    the
       pneumomediastinum. The pneumomediastinum, if you look at
       the CAT scan, compressed her esophagus and she couldn’t
       swallow. The CAT scan was misread to show – and it claims
       there was a dilated esophagus and it was an extremely
       compressed esophagus.

             After they had the CAT scan and they did not figure what
       was going wrong, they performed a bronchoscopy, which failed
       to give any useful information other than the fact that the
       bronchus was -- the trachea was intact. So they proceeded to
       an esophagram.

                                               …

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Abramowiches filed a motion in limine, seeking the exclusion of expert

testimony by Dr. Albert on the issue of diagnostic radiology, claiming the

doctor was not qualified to testify as a diagnostic radiologist, and that any

such testimony by Dr. Albert would be cumulative of Dr. Hurwitz’s

testimony. A hearing was held on March 3, 2014.       The following day, the

trial court granted the Abramowiches’ motion. The matter then proceeded

to a jury trial.

      On March 6, 2014, the jury entered a verdict in favor of Wife in the

amount of $60,000.00, and in favor of Husband in the amount of

$40,000.00, and against the Defendants. The Abramowiches filed a motion
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

            The esophagram unfortunately was a traumatic event.
      Because she had a compressed esophagus and could not
      swallow, … she kind of vomited and retched.         And if you
      remember her deposition, she described it as being water
      boarding. The water boarding effect is you are trying to get a
      person to swallow who can’t, so the gastrografin basically hits
      the vocal cords, and when something like that happens you feel
      like you are drowning, because that is what happens when you
      drown[] is fluid goes down your larynx. She kept on vomiting.
      She said she was held down and this increased the inner thoracic
      pressure. It caused pressure on the air that was retained in her
      chest, raising her inner thoracic pressure.

             Now, the only place for that air to go is, one, it can go
      back out the aortic hiatus where it entered, or it can go up and
      go up in the neck. And, in fact, what happened is it perforated
      the esophagus at the level just above her first rib, where your --
      where your tissues are no longer supported by the rib cage. So
      that is where it perforated, and that is when it perforated is the
      esophagram, which is about 2:30 in the morning.

Deposition of Dr. Andrew Michael Albert, 9/11/2012, at 122-123.

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for delay damages on March 13, 2014.             That same day, Dr. Albert filed a

motion for post-trial relief, arguing the court erred in prohibiting from

testifying about certain radiology studies concerning Wife because it

impeded his ability to defend the allegations against him.

       On March 21, 2014, the court granted the Abramowiches’ motion for

delay damages in the amount of $11,713.70, resulting in a final verdict of

$111,713.70.       On June 2, 2014, the trial court also entered an order,

denying the Defendants’ motion based on the following: (1) Dr. Albert did

not possess the required common law medical expertise in the field of

radiology; (2) Dr. Albert did not possess the required medical expertise in

the field of radiology pursuant to the Medical Care Availability and Reduction

of Error Act4 (MCARE Act); and (3) in any event, Dr. Albert’s expert

testimony would have been cumulative of Dr. Hurwitz’s testimony, who was

his retained expert. This appeal followed.5, 6

____________________________________________

4
    40 P.S. § 1303.512.
5
   On June 26, 2014, the trial court ordered Dr. Albert to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Dr. Albert filed a concise statement on July 17, 2014. The trial court issued
an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) on August 13, 2014, relying on its
June 2, 2014, order.
6
   We note Dr. Albert filed his notice of appeal from the court’s June 2, 2014,
denial of post-trial relief. Although this appeal was filed prior to entry of
final judgment, this Court has previously determined jurisdiction may be
perfected after the appeal notice has been filed upon the proper docketing of
a final judgment. Johnston the Florist v. Tedco Const. Co., 657 A.2d
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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      In his sole issue on appeal, Dr. Albert claims the trial court erred by

granting the Abramowiches’ motion in limine and precluding him from

providing expert testimony on the issue of causation of the esophageal tear

based on a radiologic opinion.            See Dr. Albert’s Brief at 5.   Dr. Albert

contends he was qualified under both the common law and statutory

standards, and that his testimony was not cumulative of Dr. Hurwitz’s

testimony.

      “Preliminarily, we note our standard of review concerning a trial court’s

ruling on a motion for new trial is as follows. This Court will not reverse a

trial court’s decision regarding the grant or refusal of a new trial absent an

abuse of discretion or an error of law.”          Yacoub v. Lehigh Valley Med.

Assocs., P.C., 805 A.2d 579, 586 (Pa. Super. 2002), appeal denied, 825

A.2d 639 (Pa. 2003).

      Further, if the basis of the request for a new trial is the trial
      court’s rulings on evidence, then such rulings must be shown to
      have been not only erroneous but also harmful to the
      complaining party. Evidentiary rulings which did not affect the
      verdict will not provide a basis for disturbing the jury’s
      judgment. Ratti v. Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp., 2000
      PA Super 239, 758 A.2d 695, 707 (Pa. Super. 2000) [appeal
      denied, 567 Pa. 715, 785 A.2d 90, 2001 Pa. LEXIS 41 (Pa.
      January 4, 2001)] (quoting Foflygen v. Allegheny General
      Hosp., 1999 PA Super 6, 723 A.2d 705 (Pa. Super. 1999),
      appeal denied, 559 Pa. 705, 740 A.2d 233 (1999)).
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

511, 513 (Pa. Super. 1995) (en banc). Moreover, because final judgment
has now been entered on the docket, as of August 22, 2014, we will “regard
as done that which ought to have been done” in this matter. Fanning v.
Davne, 795 A.2d 388, 391 (Pa. Super. 2002).

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Detterline v. D'Ambrosio’s Dodge, Inc., 763 A.2d 935, 938 (Pa. Super.

2000). Furthermore,

      [w]hen we review a ruling on the admission or exclusion of
      evidence, including the testimony of an expert witness, our
      standard is well-established and very narrow. These matters are
      within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we may
      reverse only upon a showing of abuse of discretion or error of
      law. “An abuse of discretion may not be found merely because
      an appellate court might have reached a different conclusion, but
      requires a result of manifest unreasonableness, or partiality,
      prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support so as to be
      clearly erroneous.” Grady v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 576 Pa. 546, 559,
      839 A.2d 1038, 1046 (2003). In addition, “[t]o constitute
      reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be
      erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the complaining
      party.” McClain v. Welker, 2000 PA Super 299, 761 A.2d 155,
      156 (Pa.Super. 2000) (citation omitted).

Freed v. Geisinger Med. Ctr., 910 A.2d 68, 72 (Pa. Super. 2006), aff’d,

971 A.2d 1202 (Pa. 2009).

      First, Dr. Albert claims the court erred in finding that he did not qualify

as an expert witness pursuant to the common law standard. Specifically, Dr.

Albert states because the court found he possessed “some expertise reading

and interpreting radiology images” by being an anesthesiologist, “all

common law requirements for testifying as an expert witness were

satisfied.” Dr. Albert’s Brief at 11. Dr. Albert points to his curriculum vitae

(CV) and deposition testimony to demonstrate his radiology experience,

which included, but is not limited, to the following: (1) he has the additional

qualification in transesophageal echocardiography, which involves the

interpretation of x-ray imaging; (2) he is familiar with chest imaging; (3) he

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is experienced in reading computerized tomography (CT) scans as a result of

his anesthesia experience with thoracic patients; (4) during his residency, he

gained experience in radiology; (5) he has experience in co-reading films

with radiologists; and (6) in cases of managing a patient, he reads radiology

films himself. Id. at 12. Dr. Albert relies on Freed, supra, in support of his

argument that an otherwise competent and qualified witness can provide

expert testimony about causation.

       In general, to qualify as an expert witness, one must only
       “possess more expertise than is within the ordinary range of
       training, knowledge, intelligence, or experience.” Flanagan v.
       Labe, 547 Pa. 254, 257, 690 A.2d 183, 185 (1997); see also
       Pa.R.E. 702; [McClain v. Welker, 761 A.2d 155, 156 (Pa.
       Super. Ct. 2000)] (noting that the standard for qualification of
       an expert witness is a liberal one).      Thus, in determining
       whether to admit expert testimony, the usual test to be applied
       is “whether the witness has a reasonable pretension to
       specialized knowledge on the subject matter in question.”
       Flanagan, supra at 257, 690 A.2d at 185.

       Applying this broad standard for expert testimony to an issue of
       medical causation, this Court in McClain, supra, cited our
       Supreme Court for the proposition that “an otherwise qualified
       non-medical expert [may] give a medical opinion so long as the
       expert witness has sufficient specialized knowledge to aid the
       jury in its factual quest.” McClain, supra at 157 (citing Miller
       v. Brass Rail Tavern, Inc., 541 Pa. 474, 664 A.2d 525
       (1995)).

Freed, 910 A.2d at 73 (footnote omitted). “If a witness possesses neither

experience nor education in the subject matter under investigation, the

witness should be found not to qualify as an expert.” Yacoub, 805 A.2d at

591.

       Here, the court found the following:

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             In the instant matter, the Court does not doubt Dr. Albert
      possesses “training, knowledge, intelligence, or experience” in
      the field of radiology, which he intends to testify as an expert in.
      By virtue of being [i]n anesthesiology, he will have some
      experience reading and interpreting radiology images.           His
      September 11, 2012 testimony confirms as much. The question
      for the Court, though, is does he “possess more expertise than is
      within the ordinary range of training, knowledge, intelligence or
      experience[?]” The Court does not find that he does.

             Dr. Albert has said: “[T]here is a fair bit of radiology in
      ultrasound … internal medicine … anesthesia. There is enough of
      it that you pick things up. You may not be willing to make the
      call of whether what type of tumor is what type of tumor, but
      you know that there is a mass there. Okay.” Dr. Albert
      Deposition Tr. 40:13-20 (Sept. 11, 2012).          In that same
      Deposition, Dr. Albert also says: “You kind of pick up radiology
      as you go.” Id. at 39:6. These comments suggest to the Court
      Dr. Albert has some experience in radiology but not the required
      “more expertise than … the ordinary” that is required. Experts
      do not simply pick things up as they go or have a fair bit here
      and there.

Trial Court Order, 6/2/2014, at 2-3.

      We agree with the court’s sound analysis. At his deposition, Dr. Albert

proffered the following:

      You kind of pick up radiology as you go. Most of mine is thoracic
      stuff. So you read chest x-rays. Even -- even as internal
      medicine, you just keep on going back and reading more,
      because as you learn more you can kind of fit things together to
      complete the disease process. There is always chest x-rays and
      CT’s in the thoracic rooms when you are doing a bulk -- doing
      thoracic cases, lung resections. So you learn that you have to
      figure out what the surgeon is doing. You learn to read the films
      ahead of time to see what disease processes, whether you can
      figure out if it is going to be a difficult placement of a double
      wound tube, whether there is large pleural effusions that the
      person is going to desat on you very quickly. So you learn that
      your -- the more information you get out from the diagnostic
      tests actually do affect your anesthesia care, so you just keep on
      reading more and studying more.

                                       -9-
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Deposition of Dr. Andrew Michael Albert, 9/11/2012, at 39.         Other than

expressing familiarity with radiology necessary to perform his services as an

anesthesiologist, Dr. Albert has not demonstrated he has a “reasonable

pretension to specialized knowledge on the subject matter in question.” See

Flanagan, supra. Likewise, while Dr. Albert may have some experience in

reading radiology images, he has not expressed that he has experience in

interpreting and analyzing the images as applied to cases like Wife’s surgery

to the extent that the pressure flow of air or carbon dioxide caused such a

disturbance in her body that an esophageal tear resulted.

     Moreover, Dr. Albert’s reliance on Freed is misplaced as we find that

case is distinguishable from the present matter.       In Freed, the plaintiff

proffered an expert witness-nurse’s testimony as evidence for the crucial

causation issue in his case, “i.e., that breaches in the standard of nursing

care were the cause of the development and/or worsening of [his] pressure

wound.” Freed, 910 A.2d at 75. The trial court had refused to allow the

nurse “to testify that breaches in the standard of nursing care had caused

[the plaintiff’s] pressure wounds.”    Id. at 74.   On appeal, a panel of this

Court noted that the expert witness nurse was “a registered nurse, having

received a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing from the University of New

Mexico in 1974. She ha[d] worked in various hospitals and private facilities,

including a rehabilitative nursing home where she gained experience with

adult wound care and long-term rehabilitation.” Id. at 75. Based on these

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qualifications, the panel determined the trial court abused its discretion, and

concluded:

            [The nurse was] competent to provide expert testimony
      not only on the standard of nursing care, but also on the
      causative relationship between breaches in the standard of care
      and Appellant’s pressure wounds. Her education and experience
      provide her with “more expertise than is within the ordinary
      range of training, knowledge, intelligence, or experience”
      concerning the cause of pressure wounds.

Id. Unlike the expert witness-nurse in Freed, Dr. Albert has not met his

burden in presenting those specialized qualifications that would demonstrate

he had the training, knowledge, intelligence, or experience necessary to

testify about the field of radiology.   Accordingly, we detect no abuse of

discretion on the part of the trial court in precluding Dr. Albert from

rendering expert radiology testimony under the common law standard.

      Second, Dr. Albert argues the court erred in finding that he did not

qualify as an expert under the MCARE Act standard. Dr. Albert’s Brief at 13.

Specifically, he states he only had to meet two qualifications under the

MCARE Act because he was only speaking to causation, and not to the

standard of care. Id. at 14. Relying on Weiner v. Fisher, 871 A.2d 1283

(Pa. Super. 2005), appeal denied, 936 A.2d 41 (Pa. 2007), Dr. Albert asserts

the “more stringent requirements concerning the specialty and expert

qualifications only apply when a medical expert is to testify” about the

standard of care in a case. Dr. Albert’s Brief at 14. As such, he states the

only requirements he must meet are as follows:             (1) possessing an

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unrestricted physician’s license to practice medicine in any state or DC; and

(2) be engaged in or retired within the previous five years from active clinic

practice or teaching. Id. Dr. Albert notes he “currently enjoys an unlimited

physicians’ license to practice medicine in Pennsylvania, Alabama, Kentucky,

and Idaho” and he “is continuing to practice medicine and also teaches

medicine.”   Id. (record citations omitted).     Additionally, Dr. Albert alleges

that a panel of this Court in Gartland v. Rosenthal, 850 A.2d 671 (Pa.

Super. 2004), appeal denied, 936 A.2d 41 (Pa. 2007), held that a doctor’s

CV, showing that he was a licensed physician, was sufficient prima facie

evidence that he was qualified to read x-rays.

      With respect to expert testimony under the MCARE Act, we are guided

by the following:

      With passage of the MCARE Act, the General Assembly created a
      more stringent standard for admissibility of medical expert
      testimony in a medical malpractice action by the imposition of
      specific additional requirements not present in the common law
      standard. Gbur v. Golio, 600 Pa. 57, 963 A.2d 443, 452 (Pa.
      2009) (Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court); id. at
      464 (Greenspan, J., concurring) (agreeing that, with the MCARE
      Act, the General Assembly raised the standards for an expert
      witness testifying to a physician’s standard of care, but also
      noting that the statute permitted waiver of certain requirements
      under appropriate circumstances); Wexler v. Hecht, 593 Pa.
      118, 928 A.2d 973, 986 (Pa. 2007) (Castille, J., dissenting). The
      MCARE Act’s provisions as to the requisite qualifications for an
      expert witness testifying in a medical malpractice action against
      a physician are found in Section 512, which provides, in relevant
      part, as follows:

         (a) General rule.--No person shall be competent to offer
         an expert medical opinion in a medical professional liability
         action against a physician unless that person possesses

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       sufficient education, training, knowledge and experience to
       provide credible, competent testimony and fulfills the
       additional qualifications set forth in this section as
       applicable.

       (b) Medical testimony.--An expert testifying on a
       medical matter, including the standard of care, risks and
       alternatives, causation and the nature and extent of the
       injury, must meet the following qualifications:

       (1) Possess an unrestricted physician's license to practice
       medicine in any state or the District of Columbia.

       (2) Be engaged in or retired within the previous five years
       from active clinical practice or teaching.

                                 ****

       (c) Standard of care.--In addition to the requirements
       set forth in subsections (a) and (b), an expert testifying as
       to a physician's standard of care also must meet the
       following qualifications:

       (1) Be substantially familiar with the applicable standard of
       care for the specific care at issue as of the time of the
       alleged breach of the standard of care.

       (2) Practice in the same subspecialty as the defendant
       physician or in a subspecialty which has a substantially
       similar standard of care for the specific care at issue,
       except as provided in subsection (d) or (e).

       (3) In the event the defendant physician is certified by an
       approved board, be board certified by the same or a
       similar approved board, except as provided in subsection
       (e).

                                 ****

       (e) Otherwise adequate training, experience and
       knowledge.-- A court may waive the same specialty and
       board certification requirements for an expert testifying as
       to a standard of care if the court determines that the
       expert possesses sufficient training, experience and

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        knowledge to provide the testimony as a result of active
        involvement in or full-time teaching of medicine in the
        applicable subspecialty or a related field of medicine within
        the previous five years.

     40 P.S. § 1303.512.

            Thus, pursuant to Section 512, to testify on a medical
     matter in a medical malpractice action against a defendant
     physician, an expert witness must be a licensed and active, or a
     recently retired, physician. In addition, in order to render an
     opinion as to the applicable standard of care, the expert witness
     must be substantially familiar with the standard of care for the
     specific care in question. Furthermore, the expert witness must
     practice in the same subspecialty as the defendant physician, or
     in a subspecialty with a substantially similar standard of care for
     the specific care at issue (“same specialty requirement”).
     Finally, if the defendant physician is board certified, the expert
     witness must be board certified by the same or a similar board
     (“same board certification requirement”).         Importantly, the
     expert witness must meet all of these statutory requirements in
     order to be competent to testify. However, there is an exception
     to    the    same     specialty   and   same     board-certification
     requirements:      if a court finds that an expert witness has
     sufficient training, experience, and knowledge to testify as to the
     applicable standard of care, as a result of active involvement in
     the defendant physician’s subspecialty or in a related field of
     medicine, then the court may waive the same specialty and
     same board certification requirements.

Vicari v. Spiegel, 989 A.2d 1277, 1281-1282 (Pa. 2010).

     Here, the court found the following:

     Subsections (a) and (b) apply to non-standard of care testimony
     and subsection (a), (b), and (c) apply to standard of care
     testimony.

           Of the two, Dr. Albert argues he did not want to testify to
     the standard of care but rather the non-standard of care issue of
     causation. Even if that is true, the Court properly excluded his
     testimony. First, the key phrase in subsection (a) is “sufficient
     education, training, knowledge and experience to provide
     credible, competent testimony.”      Dr. Albert desires to use

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     radiology reports as a basis to proffer his causation theory. The
     problem with this is he does not have the “sufficient education,
     training, knowledge and experience to” interpret those reports to
     craft credible, competent testimony. The Court hearkens back to
     Dr. Albert’s deposition testimony where he stated he picked
     things up as he went along and had a fair bit here and there. If
     the MCARE Act is allegedly more stringent than the common law
     and the common law requires a witness to “possess more
     expertise than is within the ordinary range of training,
     knowledge, intelligence, or experience” than the Court interprets
     the word “sufficient” in subsection (a) to be at the very least
     akin to the common law standard. Consequently, if Dr. Albert
     cannot satisfy the common law standard, he cannot meet the
     MCARE Act standard as well.

Trial Court Order, 6/2/2014, at 4.

     While Dr. Albert is correct that with respect to Subsection (b) of the

MCARE Act and causation, only two requirements are necessary for an

expert to be qualified. See 40 P.S. § 1303.512(b)(1-2). Nevertheless, Dr.

Albert ignores the fact he must still meet the general requirements under

Subsection (a) before he can be deemed qualified to testify as an expert

witness, and as the trial court properly opined, Dr. Albert does not possess

the “sufficient education, training, knowledge and experience to” interpret

those radiology reports to provide competent testimony.     See 40 P.S. §

1303.512(a).

     Furthermore, we find Gartland is distinguishable from the present

matter.   In that case, the trial court determined that although the expert

witness was knowledgeable about neurology, he did not have sufficient

specific expertise to offer an opinion about the defendant-doctors, who were

either radiologists or a neurologist. Gartland, 850 A.2d at 675. On appeal,

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a panel of this Court disagreed, finding that the expert’s CV indicated he was

a neurologist, and that evidence “established prima facie his qualifications to

read the X-rays in this case and to offer an opinion on what should have

been done under the circumstances.” Id. Nevertheless, the panel did note

the following:   “While we would probably not find him qualified to render

such an opinion if the radiologists were reading X-rays of a leg, we believe

that at least at the summary judgment stage and on this record, his opinion

on x-rays relating to neurological problems and the standard of care for

radiologists reading such x-rays should have been allowed.”      Id. at   675-

676.

       Gartland differs from the present case for two reasons:         (1) the

proceedings were at the summary judgment stage as opposed to the trial;

and (2) Dr. Albert attempts to read radiology images in order to determine

the cause of Wife’s injury when he has not demonstrated that it is integral to

his common practice of anesthesiology.       Therefore, we conclude the court

did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Dr. Albert was not qualified

under the MCARE Act to opine about the radiology imaging.

       Lastly, Dr. Albert complains the trial court erred in finding his

testimony would have been cumulative of Dr. Hurwitz’s testimony and

therefore, excludable under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 403. The doctor

states the testimony was corroborative and not cumulative because it is

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evidence that “strengthens or bolsters existing evidence.” Dr. Albert’s Brief

at 16.

         Rule 403 provides:    “The court may exclude relevant evidence if its

probative value is outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following:

unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,

wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.

“Evidence that strengthens or bolsters existing evidence is corroborative

evidence; we have previously explained that corroborative evidence is not

cumulative evidence.” Commonwealth v. Flamer, 53 A.3d 82, 88 n.6 (Pa.

Super. 2012) (citation omitted).

         Here, the trial court found the following:

                In the instant matter, Dr. Albert proffered Robert Hurwitz,
         M.D. (“Dr. Hurwitz”) as his expert witness. Dr. Hurwitz, an
         expert radiologist, intended to testify and proffer a causation
         theory of how [Wife]’s injury occurred that differed from the
         Plaintiff’s. Dr. Hurwitz did this using the radiological images and
         clinical information available. Dr. Hurwitz’s theory centered on
         the “periaortic air channels above the diaphragm and to the left
         of the expected course of a normal esophagus” as well as “a
         moderate right pleural effusion … [and] a small left
         pneumothorax.”       In light of this, Dr. Hurwitz reached the
         conclusion that the air dissected “the mediastinum from the
         retroperitoneal space.” In other words, the air or carbon dioxide
         that was pumped into [Wife]’s stomach for the procedure played
         an integral role in her injury – not Dr. Albert’s actions. Dr.
         Albert intended to testify about the same.          In the Court’s
         opinion, this is cumulative evidence and therefore properly
         excludable.

Trial Court Order, 6/2/2014, at 5.

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J-A13035-15

       We note that other than a bald assertion, Dr. Albert fails to explain

how such evidence “strengthens or bolsters” existing evidence. As such, we

agree with the trial court that Dr. Albert’s and Dr. Hurwitz’s theories behind

the causation of Wife’s injury were substantially similar.7    Therefore, we

again find the court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Dr. Albert’s

radiology testimony as cumulative.

       Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/18/2015

____________________________________________

7
   See Klein v. Aronchick, 85 A.3d 487, 501 n.7 (Pa. Super. 2014) (three
different defense expert witnesses were permitted to testify on causation,
and their testimony was not considered needlessly cumulative, because
while all three experts reached the same conclusion, they approached the
subject matter from diverse clinical perspectives), appeal denied, 104 A.3d 5
(Pa. 2014).

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