Court Opinion

ID: 9403727
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-21 16:09:10.671171+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:09.058005
License: Public Domain

J-A09017-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    PHILIP MOORE                               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    EMOGENE RENEA SNYDER                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1515 MDA 2022

              Appeal from the Order Entered September 28, 2022
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
                   Civil Division at No(s): 2019-FC-1066-03

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., OLSON, J., and KUNSELMAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                                 FILED: JUNE 21, 2023

       Emogene Renea Snyder (“Mother”) appeals pro se from the September

28, 2022 order1 that reaffirmed the May 20, 2022 custody modification order

awarding Philip Moore (“Father”) primary physical custody of the parties’

daughter, E.M., born in July of 2017, and Mother partial physical custody

during the school year. The order awarded the parties shared physical custody

during the summer. We affirm.

____________________________________________

1 Mother timely filed a motion for reconsideration on June 13, 2022, which the
trial court expressly granted by order filed on June 17, 2022. A hearing
occurred on August 12, 2022, and by order entered on September 28, 2022,
the court found “no need to change the underlying order.” Trial Court Order,
9/28/22, at 2. Because the trial court expressly granted reconsideration,
Mother’s appeal from the September 28, 2022 order is timely. See Pa.R.A.P.
1701(b)(3).
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      We glean the following facts and procedural history from the certified

record. Father is a self-employed physician and resides in the West Shore

School District in York County.   See Joint Stipulation of Facts, at ¶¶ 7, 9.

Mother has a degree in psychology and began a doctorate program in 2019,

but she has not completed it. See N.T., 4/4/22, at 63-65. She works remotely

as a mental health professional. See Joint Stipulation of Facts, at ¶¶ 11-14.

Mother rents a townhome in Cumberland County in the East Pennsboro

Township School District, which is a distance of approximately nine miles from

Father’s residence. See id. at ¶ 8; see also N.T., 3/1/22, at 227-228; Trial

Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 13. Mother is divorced and shares two sons with

her ex-husband who were ages twelve and eight at the time of the subject

proceeding. See id. at ¶ 6. Father never married, and E.M. is his only child.

See id. at ¶ 5. As such, although Father and Mother cohabited, they never

married.

      There is no dispute that this is a “high conflict” custody case, which has

involved extensive litigation since Father initiated it in June 2019. See N.T.,

8/12/22, at 54. The record reveals that the parties’ relationship is marred by

distrust and hostility.

      By interim order dated July 23, 2019, the parties were awarded shared

legal and physical custody on a 2-2-3 basis.       Mother alleged that Father

abused alcohol, and Father acknowledged that, ten years prior, he was

convicted of a criminal charge of driving under the influence. Therefore, the

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same interim order directed Father to undergo a drug and alcohol test at

Mother’s expense. Father tested positive for alcohol, but there is no indication

in the record that his level was above the legal limit. Nonetheless, by order

dated October 17, 2019, the court directed Father to begin using Soberlink, a

breathalyzer application. The order provided that Mother may request Father

to submit to a test within one hour of receiving custody of E.M., and at one

additional time during his custodial period. Father was required to submit to

the test within thirty minutes of Mother’s request.

      Following a custody trial, the court issued a final order on October 29,

2020 (“the existing custody order”), when E.M. was three years old, which

Mother timely appealed, but subsequently withdrew.        The existing custody

order awarded the parties shared legal custody; Father primary physical

custody; and Mother partial physical custody on a two-week rotating schedule

from Thursday evening until Monday morning in week one and Thursday

evening until Friday evening in week two.

      The order also directed the parties to “make every effort for the

exchange to occur at” E.M.’s daycare. See Order, 10/29/20, at 5. In the

event that E.M. is not in daycare at the time of a custody exchange, the court

directed that the exchange should occur at a Sheetz gas station in

Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.      The court provided details regarding the

manner in which E.M. was to be exchanged, including, but not limited to, that

the parties do not communicate during the custody exchange. See id. at 6.

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Further, the court directed that the parties engage in individual counseling

and co-parenting counseling. The court also directed the parties to select a

therapist for E.M.    The court appointed Leanne M. Miller, Esquire, as a

“parenting coordinator” to assist the parties in making all required

appointments and in resolving any issues that may arise out of the existing

custody order.

      Finally, the court directed Father to continue complying with the prior

order regarding the Soberlink device.       The court concomitantly permitted

Father to request that Mother submit to one drug test per month.

      The trial court related the remaining procedural history, as follows.

      On March 26, 2021, Father filed a petition for special relief
      requesting sole legal custody and sole physical custody pending
      an evaluation of Mother, reallocation of the costs of the parenting
      coordinator to Mother, inclusion of the nanny in the
      non-disparaging language of the custody order, and payment of
      [Father’s] legal fees and costs. On March 31, 2021, Father filed
      his petition for modification of custody and for contempt, which is
      presently before the court. On April 19, 2021, [the trial] court
      appointed Heather Reynosa, Esquire, as Guardian Ad Litem
      [(“GAL”)] for the child. On April 19, 2021, Mother filed an answer
      to Father’s petition for special relief as well as counterclaims for
      special relief and for contempt.

      On April 28, 2021, a status conference was held that included
      attorneys representing York County Children, Youth and Families
      and the York County District Attorney’s Office to discuss interviews
      of the child. On May 4, 2021, Father filed an answer to Mother’s
      counterclaims for special relief and contempt. On May 6, 2021,
      [the trial] court entered an order resolving both parties’ special
      relief petitions.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 1-2 (cleaned up).      The court resolved the

special relief petitions by, inter alia, prohibiting the parties from taking E.M.

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for a medical examination of any kind without first speaking to the other

parent, and, if a disagreement arises, they were directed to discuss it with the

parenting coordinator or the GAL. Further, the court directed the parties to

comply with prior orders by immediately commencing co-parenting counseling

and individual counseling. See Order, 5/6/21, at 2-3.

      The following procedural history then occurred:

      On August 9, 2021, a status conference was held via Zoom. On
      November 6, 2021, the parties adopted an interim custody
      stipulation wherein the parties agreed to participate in a
      co-parenting program and co-parenting counseling with Kim
      Melhorn, M.S. On November 30, 2021, the parties agreed to
      reappoint [Attorney] Miller as the parties’ parenting coordinator
      for another twelve-month term. On January 4, 2022, another
      status conference was held via Zoom. Finally, a custody trial was
      held on February 28, 2022, March 1, 2022, April 4, 2022, April 5,
      2022, and May 11, 2022.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 3 (cleaned up).

      E.M. was four years old at the time of the custody trial, and the trial

court interviewed her in camera. Father testified on his own behalf. He no

longer requested sole legal or physical custody but sought to alternate custody

for the Christmas and Thanksgiving holidays; to alternate the responsibility of

taking E.M. to her medical appointments and to her court-ordered therapy;

and that the custody exchanges occur at E.M.’s school. See N.T., 2/28/22, at

83-84. Father also presented the testimony of Joan Weston, E.M.’s nanny

since she was three weeks old, via Zoom; and the GAL, who recommended

that the parties (1) share legal custody; (2) Father maintain primary physical

custody during the school year; and (3) the parties share physical custody

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during the summer on an alternating weekly basis. See Addendum to GAL

Report, at 10-13.

      Mother testified on her own behalf.      She requested shared legal and

physical custody on a 2-2-3 basis.     See N.T., 4/4/22, at 58.      Mother also

presented the testimony of Chris Fonseca, via Zoom, a manager at Soberlink;

Emogene Diane Powell, E.M.’s maternal grandmother; Karen Eichelberger,

Mother’s former neighbor; and Karry Felix, Mother’s current neighbor.

      In a twenty-five-page order entered on May 20, 2022, the trial court

awarded the parties shared legal custody; Father primary physical custody;

and Mother partial physical custody during the school year on alternating

weekends from after school on Thursday until the start of school on Monday

and on alternating Thursdays after school until the start of school on Friday.

With respect to the summer months, the order awarded the parties shared

physical custody on an alternating weekly basis. The order also provided a

holiday schedule.      Further, the order contained numerous provisions

concerning, in part, communication protocols for the parties, individual

counseling, and the parties’ utilization of Soberlink for testing Father, the cost

of which shall be shared equally by the parties.

      On June 13, 2022, Mother timely filed a motion for reconsideration,

wherein she requested that the court reopen the record to provide Mother the

opportunity to present testimony from Kim Melhorn, the parties’ co-parenting

counselor since October of 2021. The trial court granted Mother’s motion on

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June 17, 2022, and the court received Melhorn’s testimony on August 12,

2022.     By order entered on September 28, 2022, the court reaffirmed its

custody order, which Mother, acting pro se, timely appealed on October 28,

2022.     On the same date, Mother filed a concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). 2 The

trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion on November 23, 2022.

        Mother raises the following issues for review, which we have re-ordered

for ease of disposition:

        1.        Did the trial court fail to provide justification and abuse
        judicial discretion for the decision to place Father as the primary
        physical custodian of the child, which [contradicted] the evidence
        at trial for each of the custody factors?
____________________________________________

2 In her 1925(b) statement, Mother raised 28 issues in 11 pages, which is by
no means a “concise statement.” We could find all issues waived on that basis
alone. See Jones v. Jones, 878 A.2d 86 (Pa. Super. 2005) (holding that a
seven-page, twenty-nine issue statement resulted in waiver); Kanter v.
Epstein, 866 A.2d 394, 401 (Pa. Super. 2004) (holding that “[b]y raising an
outrageous number of issues” in a Rule 1925(b) statement, an appellant
impeded the trial court's ability to prepare an opinion addressing the issues
on appeal, thereby effectively precluding appellate review”). In her appellate
brief, Mother reduced the number of issues she raises to nine, but this is still
excessive. Moreover, Mother failed to follow numerous rules of appellate
procedure. See Father’s Brief at 20-23. Because this child is young and the
parties have been in court several times already, we caution Mother moving
forward in this litigation. “Although this Court is willing to liberally construe
materials filed by a pro se litigant, pro se status confers no special benefit
upon the appellant. To the contrary, any person choosing to represent himself
in a legal proceeding must, to a reasonable extent, assume that his lack of
expertise and legal training will be his undoing.” In re Ullman, 995 A.2d
1207, 1211–1212 (Pa. Super. 2010). Accordingly, pro se litigants must
comply with the procedural rules set forth in the Pennsylvania Rules of Court;
if there are considerable defects, we will be unable to perform appellate
review. Commonwealth v. Tchirkow, 160 A.3d 798, 804-805 (Pa. Super.
2017) (citation omitted).

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      2.      Did the trial court abuse its discretion and show judicial
      bias when it ordered that the parents could have a shared custody
      schedule during the summer months, but not during the school
      year, based on a belief by the trial court and GAL that the child
      needs a primary home during the school year?

      3.        Did the trial court show judicial biases when it included
      Father’s family living in Michigan as part of the reasoning for the
      sustained custody schedule, but excluded Mother’s family and the
      child’s siblings?

      4.       Did the trial court fail to operate in the best interest of
      the child and abuse its discretion when it failed to prioritize the
      child’s safety, regarding Father’s current and past drug and
      alcohol concerns?

      5.       Did the trial court show judicial biases regarding Mother’s
      employment status, when employed by the U.S. Department of
      Human Services by removing shared custody schedule of child,
      but then allowing Father to sustain primary custody of child when
      his employment and work schedule was proven to be more
      rigorous than Mother’s?

      6.       Did the trial court overreach its authority when it denied
      or restricted child abuse interviews with [crimes against children
      (“CAC”) investigators] and other authorities in an active child
      abuse [investigation]?

      7.       Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it appointed
      [the] GAL. . . , essentially as a “gatekeeper” giving her
      investigative authority in child abuse cases?

      8.      Did the trial court use status conferences to intentionally
      delay the motion for modification, rather than using the status
      conferences to expedite litigation?

      9.       Did the trial court show judicial biases when it ordered
      the child to attend kindergarten in Father’s school district rather
      than Mother’s long-established school district?

Mother’s Brief at 7-9 (cleaned up).

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      We review custody orders for an abuse of discretion. See R.L. v. M.A.,

209 A.3d 391, 395 (Pa. Super. 2019). We will not find an abuse of discretion

merely because we would have reached a different conclusion.             See id.

Rather, we will find an abuse of discretion if the trial court overrode or

misapplied the law in reaching its conclusion, or the record shows the trial

court’s judgment was manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality,

prejudice, bias, or ill will. See id.

      Our scope of review is broad. See id. Because this Court does not

make independent factual determinations, however, we must accept findings

of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of record. See

S.C.B. v. J.S.B., 218 A.3d 905, 913 (Pa. Super. 2019). Importantly, we defer

to the trial court on matters of credibility and weight of the evidence, as the

trial court viewed and assessed witnesses firsthand.       See id.   We are not

bound by the trial court’s deductions or inferences. See id.

      “When a trial court orders a form of custody, the best interest of the

child is paramount.” S.W.D. v. S.A.R., 96 A.3d 396, 400 (Pa. Super. 2014).

Once a custody arrangement is established by order, a court may modify it at

any time upon a party’s petition if it serves the best interests of the child. See

23 Pa.C.S. § 5338.     To that end, the Child Custody Act sets forth sixteen

factors that a court must consider before making any custody determination,

including a modification of a custody order. See E.B. v. D.B., 209 A.3d 451,

460 (Pa. Super. 2019). “It is within the trial court’s purview as the finder of

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fact to determine which factors are most salient and critical in each particular

case.” Id. (citation omitted). The statutorily required factors are as follows:

      § 5328. Factors to consider when awarding custody.

            (a) Factors. – In ordering any form of custody, the court
      shall determine the best interest of the child by considering all
      relevant factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors
      which affect the safety of the child, including the following:

             (1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
           frequent and continuing contact between the child and
           another party.

             (2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
           member of the party’s household, whether there is a
           continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party and
           which party can better provide adequate physical safeguards
           and supervision of the child.

             (2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a)(1) and
           (2) (relating to consideration of child abuse and involvement
           with protective services).

             (3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf
           of the child.

             (4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
           education, family life and community life.

             (5) The availability of extended family.

             (6) The child’s sibling relationships.

             (7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the
           child's maturity and judgment.

             (8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the
           other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
           reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the
           child from harm.

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             (9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
           consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate
           for the child's emotional needs.

             (10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
           physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special
           needs of the child.

             (11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

             (12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability
           to make appropriate child-care arrangements.

             (13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
           willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
           another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by
           another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to
           cooperate with that party.

            (14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
           member of a party’s household.

            (15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
           member of a party’s household.

             (16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).

      Instantly, the trial court set forth its consideration of the statutory

factors in its opinion dated May 27, 2022. See A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820

(Pa. Super. 2014) (providing that trial courts shall set forth the mandatory

assessment of Section 5328(a) best interest factors “prior to the deadline by

which a litigant must file a notice of appeal”).

      The court based its custody decision on “[M]other’s lack of judgment

and insight about how her behavior affects the child.” Trial Court Opinion,

5/27/22, at 17. The court recognized “Father’s lack of candor, his lack of

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credibility, and his absenting himself from discussions with Mother,” all of

which it concluded “impact [Father’s] effective communication with Mother.”

Id. at 7, 17. However, the court concluded, “in terms of weight, Mother’s lack

of judgment and insight has more of a direct impact on the child.” Id.; see

also N.T., 8/12/22, at 54. These findings determined the weight that the

court placed upon the statutory factors.

       Specifically, the court weighed Section 5328(a)(1), (8), (10), (16) in

Father’s favor, and it “gave substantial weight” to (8).       See Trial Court

Opinion, 5/27/22, at 10, 12. The court weighed (6) in Mother’s favor and, as

best we can discern, it weighed (14) slightly in her favor.3 The court equally

weighed (3), (4), (5), (9), (12), (13), and (15) between the parties. The court

found the remaining factors inapplicable. See id. at 6-16.

       With respect to Section 5328(a)(8), the attempts of a parent to turn

child against the other parent, the court concluded that it “has serious

concerns about Mother’s insight as well as judgment and how her actions

____________________________________________

3 With respect to Section 5328(a)(14), the court determined, “Both parties
played games in getting alcohol testing set up and both parties continue to
play games with the testing. Father has failed to set up the text messaging
[on the Soberlink application], but then wants to use the excuse that he did
not get the email [requesting that he take the breathalyzer test] for his failure
to timely complete the test. On the other hand, Mother seems to be
requesting tests at times when she knew or should have known that it would
be inconvenient for Father to test. . . . Nonetheless, the [trial] court does
not have serious concerns that [F]ather is intoxicated during his periods of
custody. Despite this, Father has not demonstrated a commitment to
following the testing in a timely manner such that Mother and the court can
be ensured of his sobriety.” Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 14-15.

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consciously and subconsciously affect the child’s relationship with Father.” Id.

at 10. The court reasoned as follows.

      The long good-bye and arriving early at custody exchanges is just
      one example. While Mother would have the [c]ourt believe that
      she is seeing resistance of the child going to Father’s house, in
      fact, it is likely just resistance to the exchange itself. . . . The
      maternal grandmother testified that, the longer the child is at a
      custody exchange, the more anxious she becomes. Mother
      testified that she has started going to the custody exchanges
      early. It raises the question of why Mother would knowingly take
      steps to increase the child’s level of anxiety regarding custody
      exchanges when it is clear to her own mother that this is
      occurring.

      In contrast, the nanny testified that the child looks forward to
      seeing Father and that there are no issues when the child is
      transitioning from her house to Father.          The GAL went to
      specifically look at that issue and noted no problems. Therefore,
      Mother should be examining how her own behavior is contributing
      to the issues the child is having. Similarly, Mother testified that
      she plays with the child “right up to the time” she has to leave to
      go to [the custody exchange.]” [W]hy is she engaging the child
      in play exactly at the time the child is to be leaving for a custody
      exchange?      The answer is a lack of insight and judgment.
      Father[,] while not perfect, does not seem to be engaging in the
      types of [behaviors that] undermine Mother’s relationship [with
      the child] to the degree that Mother is attempting to undermine
      Father’s relationship. Nor is he attempting to “poison the well”
      with the others who work with the family. Mother’s attempts were
      clearly noted in the GAL’s report. . . .

Id. at 10-11.

      The testimony of Mother, the maternal grandmother, and the nanny

supports the court’s findings.   See N.T., 3/1/22, at 236; N.T., 4/4/22, at

74-76; N.T., 4/5/22, at 143, 150, 200; N.T., 5/11/22, at 14-15. In addition,

the GAL expressed “concerns regarding” Section 5328(a)(8) and stated, “See

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‘Note’ in Factor 2.” Addendum to GAL Report at 7. With respect to (a)(2),

the present and past abuse committed by a party, the GAL stated:

       The GAL is unaware of any confirmed, substantiated (in either a
       criminal or a children and youth services capacity) abuse matter
       regarding [E.M.] since her involvement in the matter to the time
       of this report. NOTE: Following the first two half-days of
       trial, it was brought to the attention of the GAL by at least
       two (2) professionals that Mother was raising past
       concerns regarding Father and that Mother requested or
       made statements that they were not to advise the GAL of
       Mother’s alleged concerns regarding Father.

Id. at 5 (emphasis added).4

       Turning to Mother’s first issue on appeal, she claims that the court

abused its discretion in its determinations regarding credibility and weight of

the evidence. However, it is within the discretion of the trial court to make

these determinations.       S.C.B., 218 A.3d at 913.   “Indeed, the knowledge

gained by a trial court in observing witnesses in a custody proceeding cannot

adequately be imparted to an appellate court by a printed record.” Ketterer

v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 540 (Pa. Super. 2006). Moreover, “it is not this

Court’s function to determine whether the trial court reached the ‘right’

decision; rather, we must consider whether, ‘based on the evidence

____________________________________________

4  As stated above, the trial court found Section 5328(a)(2) and (2.1)
inapplicable in this case. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 7. The court
found that “referrals were made in August 2019, October 2019, and March
2021 to child protective services with regard to the child. The [c]ourt is not
aware of any further referrals. Again, none resulted in any indicated or
founded reports. In the context of high conflict custody litigation, the [c]ourt
is more concerned about the parties using referrals as a weapon rather than
any actual abuse of the child.” Id.

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presented, given due deference to the trial court’s weight and credibility

determinations,’ the trial court erred or abused its discretion in awarding

custody to the prevailing party.” E.B. v. D.B., 209 A.3d 451, 469 (Pa. Super.

2019), quoting King v. King, 889 A.2d 630, 632 (Pa. Super. 2005).

      Specifically, Mother disagrees with the court’s conclusion that it is not

in E.M.’s best interest to arrive early for custody transfers to Father.    As

discussed above, the testimonial evidence amply supports the court’s decision.

Thus, we discern no abuse of discretion.

      In addition, Mother disagrees with the court’s decision to equally weigh

between the parties Section 5328(a)(3), the parental duties performed by the

parties.   Although the court found that both parents can perform parental

duties, it determined that “Mother’s lack of judgment and insight extends to

her parenting duties.” Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 8. The court stated,

for example,

      [F]our-year-olds do not get to decide whether to dye their hair
      pink in light of a clear direction from Father that he is not in
      agreement. That is clearly Mother’s decision. She complained
      that Father tried to bleach the dye out of [E.M.’s] hair, but that
      would not have been a problem had Mother not dyed her hair to
      begin with. The [trial c]ourt does not condone Father’s response
      but the problem was started by Mother[,] and it should have been
      foreseeable by her. Similarly, four-year-olds do not get to use
      unlimited makeup and perfume. It is [Mother’s] job as a parent
      to reign in those excesses. . . .

      The most concerning part is the polarization of the child’s eating
      habits. Mother’s neighbor testified that essentially the child
      gorges herself on snack food before going to Father’s house.
      Mother is undermining healthy eating at Father’s house by sending
      snacks and junk food without his consent. Polarization on the

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      other side also involved Father. The testimony supported that,
      because Father believes that Mother is providing an excess of junk
      food, Father may be sending a polarizing message by being overly
      restrictive. . . .

      The parents are also polarized over antibiotics. Father does not
      believe that they should be given as much as they are, and Mother
      apparently provided them to the child either without telling Father
      or without his consent. Given that Father is a physician, it would
      have been reasonable and required under the legal custody
      provisions for Mother to consult with Father on this issue.

Id. at 8-9.      The testimony of Father, Mother, and Eichelberger, Mother’s

former neighbor, supports the court’s findings. See N.T., 2/28/22, at 31-38;

N.T., 3/1/22, at 234-239; N.T., 4/5/22, at 218. We again discern no abuse

of discretion.

      To the extent Mother argues that the testimony of Melhorn, the

co-parenting counselor, contradicts the trial court’s determination regarding

her lack of judgment and insight impacting E.M., her claim fails.

      Mother presented Melhorn’s testimony during the reargument hearing,

wherein Melhorn explained, “there are definitely things for both parents to be

working on, but [Mother] is definitely much more motivated to participate [in

co-parenting counseling].” N.T., 8/12/22, at 37. Melhorn explained, “I do

suspect that [Father] has had some anxiety related to giving information,

feeling as though there will be allegations [made against him by Mother]. He

has verbalized that a lot, if he does participate or he is alone somewhere [with

Mother] something is going to happen.”        Id. at 21-22.   For example, she

stated that Father has been resistant to attending E.M.’s extracurricular

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activities when Mother is present. Id. at 22. Melhorn also explained that

Father resisted providing Mother updated addresses of his family members in

Michigan when he visited them with E.M.         Id. at 24.   However, Melhorn

acknowledged that Father recently attended three of E.M.’s activities with

Mother present, and, without providing specifics, she testified that the parties

“actually even problem[-]solved a situation.” Id. at 35. In addition, Father

ultimately provided the updated addresses to Mother. Id. at 44-45. Further,

Melhorn testified that, as part of her co-parenting counseling, she needs the

parties to execute releases so that she can speak with their individual

counselors. Id. at 32. Because Father had not provided the release, the court

directed him on the record during the reargument hearing, as follows.

      [L]et me be clear, [Father] is going to get a counselor that will
      work with you. . . . [H]e has been under that [c]ourt [o]rder and
      in violation of the [c]ourt [o]rder for a substantial amount of time.
      There will be a counselor so that if Ms. Melhorn has some issues
      she can call and the counselor can address it with you in an
      individual session. End of discussion. . . .

      You have seven days, sir, to get a counselor she can work with. .
      ..

N.T., 8/12/22, at 33. At the conclusion of the reargument hearing, the court

placed the following order on the record:

      The parties have agreed that . . . the co-parenting counseling will
      continue with Ms. Melhorn on Monday evenings from 7:15 to 8:15
      [p.m.] by use of electronic communication. . . . [A]t this point[,
      it] will occur biweekly.

      [Father] will have seven days to provide a workable release for an
      individual counselor on an ongoing basis to Ms. Melhorn.

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      We are going to look forward, rather than back. Seven days,
      ongoing counselor, workable release.

Id. at 63.

      We discern no abuse of discretion by the court in fashioning the subject

custody order based on Melhorn’s testimony. The trial court considered the

co-parenting counselor’s testimony       with respect to Father’s “lack of

commitment to counseling” and weighed it against the other evidence in this

case. In addition, the court considered Melhorn’s testimony in light of the

foregoing order regarding Father’s participation in both co-parenting and

individual counseling. See id. We deem the custody order reasonable based

on the court’s sustainable findings of fact. Thus, Mother’s first issue fails.

      In her second claim, Mother contends that the trial court abused its

discretion in granting the parties equally shared physical custody during the

summer only and not during the school year. She relies upon our decision in

R.S. v. T.T., 113 A.3d 1254 (Pa. Super. 2015), wherein this Court vacated

the order awarding the mother primary physical custody during the school

year and shared physical custody during the summer. This Court concluded:

      [T]here is no discussion by the trial court about the possibility of
      harm to [c]hild in uprooting him from the care pattern he has
      known from a young age. We agree with [the f]ather that the trial
      court’s decision is rendered more problematic by the conclusion
      that [the m]other is less likely than [the f]ather to encourage
      [c]hild’s relationship with the other parent. The court’s decision
      dramatically reduces [the f]ather’s custodial time with [c]hild
      during most of the year, and may result in considerable damage
      to [c]hild’s relationship with [the f]ather, despite the court’s
      conclusion that [the f]ather is a capable parent.

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Id. at 1261. R.S. is distinguishable from this case insofar as the trial court

here weighed Section 5328(a)(8), the attempts of a parent to turn child

against the other parent, in Father’s favor and found it determinative. Further,

in contrast to R.S., the court maintained “the care pattern” E.M. has known

since the existing custody order. Thus, Mother second issue fails.

      In her third issue, Mother contends that the trial court improperly

fashioned the subject order on Father’s “extended family’s residence in

Michigan” at the expense of E.M. “losing the attachment she has developed

with her two siblings and maternal extended family.” Mother’s Brief at 46-47.

Mother fails to refer to any place in the record that supports her argument,

and she fails to cite relevant legal authority.   Therefore, we conclude that

Mother has waived her third issue. See In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d 462,

465-466 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted) (reiterating that a claim is

waived where an appellate brief fails to provide any discussion of the claim

with citation to relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other

meaningful fashion capable of review); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). Even if

not waived, we would conclude that this issue would also fail substantively.

Indeed, the record does not support Mother’s claims that (1) the trial court

fashioned the custody order based on Father’s extended relatives living in

Michigan; and (2) her partial physical custody award during the school year

and equally shared physical custody during the summer will make E.M. lose

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any level of relationship with the maternal side of her family, including, but

not limited to, E.M.’s half-brothers.

       In her fourth issue, Mother argues that the court abused its discretion

based on Father’s past history of alcohol abuse and on one positive Soberlink

test result. See Mother’s Brief at 47-50. The trial court recognized that Father

had one positive test result on June 30, 2021, through the Soberlink

application. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/27/22, at 15; see also N.T., 2/28/22,

at 60-63. Father denied that he had used alcohol at that time, and the court

did not credit his testimony.        See id.; see also N.T., 2/28/22, at 62-63.

Nevertheless, the court concluded that it did “not have serious concerns that

[F]ather is intoxicated during his periods of custody.”      Id.   We discern no

abuse of discretion in the court’s holding.

       Specifically, the record fails to demonstrate Father’s intoxication with or

without E.M. in his custody. Weston, E.M.’s nanny since she was three weeks

old,5 testified as follows on direct examination:

       Q. Are you concerned that [Father] may be drinking while he’s
       exercising custody of E.M.?

       A. I have never seen any evidence of it. I don’t live with them,
       but I have never seen any evidence of it.

       Q. Has he ever dropped her off and you’ve noticed the smell of
       alcohol or he appearing to be intoxicated?

       A. Never. I would not allow her to go with him if he did.
____________________________________________

5Weston testified that E.M. is in her care every Monday through Thursday.
N.T., 4/5/22, at 140.

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J-A09017-23

      Q. Now, you said you have spent some time with [Father]. He’s
      come to some family events with you. Since October of 2020,
      have you seen him consume any alcohol?

      A. There was one time where he came over for — and I don’t
      remember the reason, if it was a party or a holiday, but E.M. was
      not with him. He did come over and he had a beer with my fiancé
      and my brother[,] I believe. But, yes, he did have a beer, but
      E.M. was not there.

      Q. Has there been any other times where you have witnessed him
      consuming alcohol?

      A. No.

N.T., 4/5/22, at 150-151. In addition, the GAL stated that she has “seen no

direct evidence” of Father abusing alcohol during her time on the case, i.e.,

since the April 19, 2021 court order. See Addendum to GAL Report at 9.

Based on the record evidence, and giving due deference to the trial court’s

credibility findings in favor of Weston, we discern no abuse of discretion by

the court on the weight it placed on Father’s alcohol use. See S.C.B., 218

A.3d at 913.

      In her fifth issue, Mother contends that the trial court issued the existing

custody order because of her work location in Rockville, Maryland for the U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services. See Mother’s Brief at 50. She

asserts that she has since left that employment “to appease the trial court and

resume the shared custody schedule of E.M.” Id. at 50-51. Mother argues

that the court abused its discretion in granting Father primary physical custody

during the school year because she “is capable and available to parent and

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based on her schedule and can accommodate E.M.[’s] needs with a minimum

of shared custody.”6        Id. at 51-52.      We discern no abuse of discretion.

Specifically, Mother refers to nothing in the record establishing that the trial

court issued the existing custody order based on her work schedule.

Moreover, the subject order was not based on the parties’ work schedules.

Rather, as discussed above, the court found Section 5328(a)(8) to be

determinative. Mother’s fifth issue fails.

       In her sixth and seventh issues, Mother asserts that the trial court

demonstrated bias against her and erred in ordering that the GAL be present

for any forensic interview of E.M. conducted because of any child abuse

allegations. See Mother’s Brief at 26-31 (citing trial court’s order set forth on

the record and in open court during a judicial conference on April 28, 2021,

which included the parties’ counsel, the GAL, and local agencies investigating

potential child abuse claims that may arise). Specifically, Mother asserts that,

on unspecified dates after the April 28, 2021 order, “there were at least two

additional mandated reports filed” against Father with the child and welfare

____________________________________________

6 Mother stipulated that, since February of 2021, she has been a subcontractor
for the Pennsylvania Department of Health; that her work “is entirely remote,
and her normal working hours are Monday through Thursday 8:45 a.m. until
5:30 or 6:00 p.m. and Fridays 9:45 a.m. until 11:30 a.m.” Joint Stipulation
at ¶ 12. In addition, Mother stipulated that, since March of 2021, she has
been employed part time as an unspecified mental health professional and her
hours “fluctuate but typically are alternating Saturdays and Sundays from
9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and longer/additional shifts if offered and available,
including some weeknights.” Id. at ¶ 14.

                                          - 22 -
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agency in Cumberland County, but the investigations were not completed due

to the above-described order. See Mother’s Brief at 31.

      However, Mother fails to refer to any place in the record that supports

her argument and/or that demonstrates her issues were raised in the trial

court and, therefore, preserved for our review. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(c)-(e).

As such, we conclude that Mother has waived her sixth and seventh issues.

See In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d at 465-466 (citation omitted); see also

State Farm Mutual v. Dill, 108 A.3d 882, 885 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc)

(emphasis added) (citation omitted) (“On appeal, we will not consider

assignments of error that were not brought to the tribunal’s attention at a

time at which the error could have been corrected or the alleged prejudice

could have been mitigated.”). Even if not waived, we would conclude that

these issues fail on the merits inasmuch as Mother has not substantiated

them. Indeed, our close inspection of the certified record has uncovered no

evidence pertaining to “two additional mandated reports filed in Cumberland

County [Children and Youth Services] against Father.” Mother’s Brief at 31;

see also Hrinkevich v. Hrinkevich, 676 A.2d 237, 240 (Pa. Super. 1996)

(“For purposes of appellate review, what is not of record does not exist.”). We

will not speculate on matters absent from the record.

      In her eighth issue, Mother contends that the trial court “used status

conferences to extend” the custody litigation over eleven months rather than

schedule it for trial.   Mother’s Brief at 31.   Mother cites to the relevant

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Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure, but she fails to set forth how the court

violated it.7 The court explained that most of this case occurred during the

COVID-19 pandemic, during which it made efforts to establish appropriate

counseling for E.M. and the parties, and that unavoidable delays occurred.

See Trial Court Opinion, 11/23/22, at 9-10. Upon careful review, we conclude

that Mother again fails to support her claim, and we further discern no abuse

of discretion after careful review of the record.

        In her ninth and final issue, Mother argues that the court demonstrated

bias against her when it ordered E.M. to attend kindergarten for the

2022-2023 school year in Father’s school district. Specifically, Mother asserts

that the court “denied E.M. access to public education in the school district

that her brothers have attended since 2012 and that the child has a deep

connection with teachers and students.” Mother’s Brief at 33. Mother has

waived her final claim because she failed to include it in her concise statement

of errors complained of on appeal. See In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d at 466

____________________________________________

7   Rule 1930.7 provides:

        At any time in the proceedings, the court, the court’s designee or
        the hearing officer, sua sponte or upon application of any party,
        may hold a status conference, in person or by any other means
        permitted by these rules, with the parties’ counsel, the parties and
        counsel, or self-represented parties in order to review the case
        status and expedite the litigation.

Pa.R.C.P. 1930.7.

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(“[I]t is well-settled that issues not included in an appellant’s statement of

questions involved and concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

are waived. . . . With respect to issues not included in a concise statement,

our Supreme Court has instructed that this Court has no discretion in choosing

whether to find waiver. Waiver is mandatory, and this Court may not craft ad

hoc exceptions or engage in selective enforcement. City of Philadelphia v.

Lerner, 151 A.3d 1020, 1024 (Pa. 2016)”) (some citations omitted). Even if

not waived, we would conclude that the claim would fail because there is no

evidence on this record with respect to any relationship that E.M. has with

teachers and students in Mother’s school district. Mother’s ninth issue fails.

Because the evidence of record amply supports the custody order, and we

discern no abuse of discretion, we affirm the order.

       Order affirmed.8

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/21/2023

____________________________________________

8 In his brief, Father renewed his motion to quash Mother’s appeal based upon
her failure to comply with our appellate rule. See Father’s Brief at 18-19. We
decline Father’s invitation, as Mother’s noncompliance did not pose an
insurmountable impediment to our review.

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