Court Opinion

ID: 9481447
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 08:19:08.066568+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:48:19.187300
License: Public Domain

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge SENTELLE.
Concurring opinion filed by Chief Judge MIKVA.
SENTELLE, Circuit Judge:
This appeal concerns two separate questions under the United States Sentencing Guidelines: the interplay between the career offender and criminal history provisions, and the meaning of the acceptance of responsibility guideline. Appellant was labeled a career offender under § 4B1.1, but, because one of the two prior convictions could have been set aside at the time, the district court decided to depart downward on the Criminal History Category under § 4A1.3, without however adjusting Mr. Hazel’s career offender status. The trial judge also rejected Hazel’s request for a downward departure for acceptance of responsibility under § 3E1.1, pointing out *422that Hazel had not accepted responsibility for “all” of the criminal conduct for which he was convicted (having admitted to only one of the three charges). We affirm the sentencing order.
I. Background
Robert D. Hazel was convicted on three separate counts: (1) possession with intent to distribute cocaine; (2) possession of a firearm in connection with a drug trafficking offense; and (3) possession of a firearm by a felon. After finding that he was a career offender and rejecting an acceptance of responsibility claim, the trial judge sentenced Hazel to 270 months in prison. Since Count 2 carries a mandatory consecutive 60-month sentence, the issue here is the propriety of the 210-month sentence for the first and third counts.
The Presentence Report had calculated Hazel’s Criminal History Category as V and Base Offense Level as 30, giving a range of 151-188 months. See Table, U.S. S.G. Chap. 5. After enhancing both of these levels (to Category VI and Offense Level 34) with a career offender classification under § 4B1.1 because of Hazel’s two prior felonies, the report recommended a sentence of 262-327 months on the first and third counts. One of the prior felony convictions arose under the Federal Youth Corrections Act (“FYCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 5005, repealed, Pub.L. 98-473 (1984), Title II, § 218(a)(8). Hazel argued that, since he was entitled to have the conviction “set aside” after serving the entire sentence (the conviction was not, in fact, ever formally set aside), it should not have counted as a prior conviction under the career offender guideline. Hazel also sought a downward departure for acceptance of responsibility because he admitted to the gun possession charge.
The trial judge rejected Hazel’s claim that he was not a career offender because a set-aside conviction would not qualify as an expunged conviction under § 4A1.2(j), note 10. The court did, however, agree to depart downward on the Criminal History Category (from VI to IV), recognizing that the FYCA conviction overrepresented Hazel’s criminal history. The trial judge took as his range 210-262 months (Category IV and Offense Level 34) and chose the lowest sentence (210 months). After sentencing Hazel, the judge remarked, “I think still if I had my discretion in this matter, I would not give you as long a sentence as I have. I find I’m compelled to by the guidelines, even departing downward, that I feel it’s fully justified by the guidelines to depart downward, that I have recognized in your case.”
Mr. Hazel is satisfied with the two-level reduction in the Criminal History Category, and does not challenge the career offender classification as such, but he wants the Offense Level dropped from 34 to 30 as if it had never been enhanced by the career offender classification.
II. Analysis
A. Career Offender and Criminal History Guidelines
Hazel argues that the trial judge violated § 4A1.3 in the way he fashioned the sentence and failed to explain adequately his reasons for imposing this sentence. According to Hazel, § 4A1.3 sets forth an adjustment methodology for downward departures when a criminal history is overstated, and the District Court should have applied it as well to the career offender provision (§ 4B1.1). Moreover, Hazel argues, the trial judge must explain how he is applying this methodology. This second argument is related to the first; a reviewing court can review effectively a departure only if it is made aware of the justifications for that departure. See United States v. Dean, 908 F.2d 1491, 1496 (10th Cir.1990).
However, neither of Hazel’s claims is reviewable by this Court. The Sentencing Guidelines allow a defendant to appeal a sentencing decision if the sentence “(1) was imposed in violation of the law; (2) was imposed as a result of an incorrect application of the sentencing guidelines; or (3) is greater than the sentence specified in the applicable guideline range____” 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). Thus, under § 3742, a defen*423dant may challenge either the judge’s application of the guidelines or the judge’s departure from the guidelines if it is an upward departure. Parallel provisions apply to government appeals, enabling the government to challenge sentences imposed in violation of the law, as a result of incorrect application of the guidelines, or departing downward from the guidelines. 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b).
Accordingly, under § 3742, we are able to review a trial judge’s decision to depart from the guidelines, as that decision is made within the guidelines themselves. For example, in the present case, the trial judge’s decision to depart is governed by § 4A1.3 of the guidelines. Therefore, we may require the trial judge to articulate the reasons for the departure to enable our review of that decision within the guidelines. See United States v. Allen, 898 F.2d 203, 204-05 (D.C.Cir.1990). Moreover, we may review the judge’s decision to depart (or not to depart) where it is evident that the judge misunderstood the scope of his sentencing authority under the guidelines because that, too, would be a misapplication of the guidelines. See United States v. Zine, 906 F.2d 776 (D.C.Cir.1990); United States v. Ortez, 902 F.2d 61, 64 (D.C.Cir.1990).
However, beyond this limited area, we are not authorized to review the departure itself. It is true that there is no “rigid or technical” line between the guidelines and policy-based departures. United States v. Franz, 886 F.2d 973, 977 (7th Cir.1989). Nonetheless, we must account for the distinction made in § 3742 between incorrect applications of the guidelines and upward departures. If a departure decision could also be characterized as an incorrect application of the guidelines, there would be no need for § 3742(a)(3). See United States v. Wright, 895 F.2d 718, 721 (11th Cir.1990) (“[t]o permit a defendant to appeal a sentence which falls below the guideline range would make meaningless the specificity of section 3742(a)(3) which permits a defendant to raise on appeal the district court’s upward departure from the guideline range”) (emphasis in original); Franz, 886 F.2d at 978 (“if we were to interpret section 3742(a)(2) to allow appeals for departure-related decisions as incorrect applications of the guidelines, we would render section 3742(a)(3) redundant”).
Therefore, if we are to give an independent effect to § 3742(a)(3), we must interpret the extent of departure to be a question outside the application of the guidelines. For this reason, departure-related decisions are governed exclusively by § 3742(a)(3), authorizing defendants to appeal upward departures, and § 3742(b)(3), authorizing the government to appeal downward departures.1 Wright, 895 F.2d at 720 & n. 2; Franz, 886 F.2d at 978. This interpretation is consistent with the Sentencing Commission’s vision of judicial review of sentencing decisions.
[T]he sentencing court must select a sentence from within the guideline range. If, however, a particular case presents atypical features, the Act allows the court to depart from the guidelines and sentence outside the prescribed range. In that case, the court must specify reasons for departure. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b). If the court sentences within the guideline range, an appellate court may review the sentence to determine whether the guidelines were correctly applied. If the court departs from the guideline range, an appellate court may review the reasonableness of the departure. 18 U.S.C. § 3742....
United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 1.1 (Nov.1990).
Moreover, this interpretation is consistent with legislative intent to establish only “a limited practice of appellate review of sentences in the Federal criminal justice system.” S. Rep. No. 225, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 149 (1983), reprinted in 1984 U.S. *424Code Cong, and Admin. News 3182, 3332. Indeed, Congress made this distinction for the purpose of “avoid[ing] unnecessary appeals.” S. Rep. No. 225 at 154, 1984 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News at 3337. The Senate Report explains:
The limitations on both defendant and government appeal of sentences outside the guidelines based upon the size of the sentence imposed are further restrictions on the use of appellate review of sentences in order to avoid unnecessary appeals. Clearly, sentences at the bottom range are less likely to be abusive to defendants. The same applies to the government when sentences imposed approach the upper range of sentences recommended. The guidelines, therefore, provide a practical basis for distinguishing the cases where review is most needed from those where appeal would most likely be frivolous.
S. Rep. No. 225 at 154, 1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News at 3337. Thus, the legislative history supports a narrow interpretation of our authority to review sentencing decisions.
Finally, this Court has previously espoused a narrow interpretation, holding that “[djecisions not to depart downward from an applicable guideline range are generally reviewable only to the extent that they were imposed in violation of law or were imposed as a result of an incorrect application of the Sentencing Guidelines, 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a).” Ortez, 902 F.2d at 63. Thus, a trial judge may decide not to depart from the guidelines at all, without being subject to appellate review. This holding has been nearly universally adopted among the courts of appeals. See, e.g., United States v. Wheelwright, 918 F.2d 226, 231 (1st Cir.1990); United States v. Colon, 884 F.2d 1550, 1552-56 (2d Cir.1989); United States v. Denardi, 892 F.2d 269, 272 (3d Cir.1989); United States v. Bayerle, 898 F.2d 28, 30-31 (4th Cir.1990); United States v. Buenrostro, 868 F.2d 135, 139 (5th Cir.1989); United States v. Franz, 886 F.2d 973, 981-82 (7th Cir.1989); United States v. Evidente, 894 F.2d 1000, 1003-04 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 110 S.Ct. 1956, 109 L.Ed.2d 318 (1990); United States v. Morales, 898 F.2d 99, 101-03 (9th Cir.1990); United States v. Spedalieri, 910 F.2d 707, 712 (10th Cir.1990); United States v. Fossett, 881 F.2d 976, 979 (11th Cir.1989).
Given these holdings, granting the defendant’s request for review in this case would place us in the inconsistent position of being able to review the methodology and justifications for the degree of a downward departure, while leaving us unable to review a decision not to depart in the first instance. Thus, should we remand a downward departure decision to the trial court, the sentencing judge could easily resolve the methodology problem by providing for no departure at all — a decision we would be unable to review, and one that would place a defendant such as Hazel in a worse position than that in which he presently finds himself. See Wright, 895 F.2d at 722 (“It would be illogical to insulate from review a harsher sentence that fell within the guidelines while permitting the court of appeals to order further downward departures from a sentence already less than that provided for by the guidelines.”) (citation omitted); cf. also United States v. Pighetti, 898 F.2d 3, 4 (1st Cir.1990) (“the extent of a departure, like the decision to depart itself, is essentially discretionary, ... and the statute affords no grounds for the beneficiary of a departure decision to complain that the deviation should have been greater”) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original). Thus, the scope of our review over other sentencing decisions indicates that a narrow interpretation of § 3742 is in order.
In accordance with this interpretation of § 3742, it is inappropriate for us to review either the methodology or reasoning applied by Judge Hogan to reach the sentence at which he ultimately arrived. Although these claims would be proper subjects for review in the event of an appeal by the government, § 3742 affords us no authority to review these claims upon an appeal by the defendant.
Instead, we should address only Hazel’s additional claim that the judge misunderstood the scope of his authority to de*425part from the guidelines. This alleged misunderstanding is evidenced by the trial judge's concluding statement that he would not have imposed as long a sentence if he had a greater degree of discretion. In United States v. Baskin, 886 F.2d 383 (D.C.Cir.1989), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 110 S.Ct. 1831, 108 L.Ed.2d 960 (1990), this Court reviewed a sentencing decision to determine whether the judge understood the scope of his authority where the trial judge stated, “I tell you freely, I would give you a significant sentence if it weren’t for the Guidelines, but I wouldn’t give you the sentence I feel I have to.” 886 F.2d at 389. In Baskin, as in the present case, the trial judge implied that his discretion was constrained in a way that it actually was not.
Yet the trial judge’s statement in the present case is not sufficient to compel our review in light of other statements the judge made in the course of sentencing. After imposing the sentence, the judge commented that the sentence “reflects the seriousness of the actions engaged in in this case,” and “will assure the purposes for which we are sentencing you to deterrence and rehabilitation, as well as removing you from the streets for an extremely long period of time.” Given these statements, “it would be unrealistic ... to suggest that the judge did not realize that he could depart if he wanted to or that he misunderstood what it meant to depart.” Zine, 906 F.2d at 778. As the trial judge evinced sufficient understanding of the scope of his authority, we have no occasion to question his downward departure in the present case.
B. Acceptance of Responsibility
Section 3El.l(a) of the guidelines authorizes a two-level reduction in Offense Level if a defendant “clearly demonstrates a recognition and affirmative acceptance of personal responsibility for his criminal conduct.” Under the facts of this case, where Hazel only admitted at trial to possessing the firearm but refused to admit guilt on the two drug-related charges, the district court was correct in not giving the defendant a two-level reduction. Hazel complains of the trial judge’s passing reference to United States v. Gordon, 895 F.2d 932, 936 (4th Cir.) (“a defendant must first accept responsibility for all of his criminal conduct”) (emphasis added), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 111 S.Ct. 181, 112 L.Ed.2d 98 (1990). That gloss on § 3E1.1 may be somewhat extreme. The distinction between admission of all and nearly all might not present a significant difference. But here, the trial judge was not faced with a case where a defendant had accepted responsibility for all but a trivial element of the offenses charged. The trial judge was not grounding his decision on Gordon’s specific construction of the guidelines but cited it only for the undoubtedly correct proposition that § 3E1.1 is to be construed narrowly. He then exercised his discretion in not granting any reduction given the facts in this case. Indeed, the factual context in Gordon was quite similar: “Gordon’s claim that he was entitled to [credit for acceptance of responsibility] while at the same time denying the criminal conduct for which he was convicted by a jury borders on the frivolous.” 895 F.2d at 937.
III. Conclusion
The trial judge acted properly in exercising his limited discretion under the guidelines. Therefore, the district court’s sentencing order is

Affirmed.

. That is not to say, as our colleague interprets our position, see concurrence, infra at 426, that those reductions governed by the guidelines are non-reviewable. Thus, where the guidelines require a two-level reduction under § 3E1.1, a defendant could challenge a one-level reduction as an incorrect application of the guidelines. What we have before us in this case, in contrast, is a policy-based departure — a judge’s decision to act outside the application of the guidelines.