Court Opinion

ID: 42241
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 21:17:24+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:52.166154
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT         FILED
                      ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                        ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                           October 14, 2005
                             No. 05-11508
                                                         THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                       ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 03-00183-CR-F-N

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,

     versus

MICHAEL DELOW MEDLOCK,

                                                     Defendant-Appellant.

                     __________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Alabama
                      _________________________

                            (October 14, 2005)

Before DUBINA, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Appellant Michael Delow Medlock appeals his conviction and 108-month

sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

922(g). On appeal, Medlock argues that the district court (1) erred by denying his

motion to suppress where the investigating officer who discovered the firearm in

his back pocket lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct a stop-and-frisk search

pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); and

(2) violated United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d

621 (2005), by applying a two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)

for possession of a stolen firearm based on facts that were not proved beyond a

reasonable doubt or admitted by him.

      Upon a thorough review of the record on appeal, including the transcripts of

the suppression, change-of-plea, and sentencing hearings, as well as the

presentence investigation report (“PSI”), and after consideration of the briefs of

the parties to this court, we find no reversible error and affirm.

                                           I.

      Medlock first argues that Montgomery Police Officer Jason Lloyd Brosius

did not have an independent reasonable suspicion that Medlock was in possession

of a weapon. Medlock contends that the named informant who contacted the

police regarding an individual with a gun did not reasonably identify him as a

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suspect because the call referenced only two men (one of whom was in a

wheelchair), while Officer Brosius observed three men when he responded to the

scene. Medlock further states that there was nothing inherently suspicious about

any of the three mens’ actions in crossing the street, and that it was not unusual for

individuals to be outside at night in the residential area where the relevant events

occurred. Medlock asserts that another individual’s separate act of throwing down

a baggie of marijuana near the officers’ patrol car did not raise any reasonable

suspicion regarding Medlock’s own conduct and did not justify an investigatory

search. Finally, Medlock argues that this case is similar to Florida v. J.L., 529

U.S. 266, 120 S.Ct. 1375, 146 L.Ed.2d 254 (2000), because the calls received by

the police did not contain any inherently reliable description of illegal conduct,

and the officers “did not observe illegal or even unusual conduct.”

      On appeal of a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we review the

district court’s factual findings for clear error and its application of the law to

those facts de novo. United States v. Gil, 204 F.3d 1347, 1350 (11th Cir. 2000).

The facts must be construed in the light most favorable to the party that prevailed

in the district court. United States v. Santa, 236 F.3d 662, 668 (11th Cir. 2000).

      The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits “unreasonable

searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Although warrantless searches are

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presumptively unreasonable, the Supreme Court in Terry recognized a narrow

exception, noting that “an officer may, consistent with the Fourth Amendment,

conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer has a reasonable, articulable

suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” United States v. Gordon, 231 F.3d 750,

754 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123, 120 S.Ct.

673, 675, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000)). When evaluating whether such reasonable

suspicion exists, the district court must examine the totality of the circumstances

to determine whether the arresting officer had a “particularized and objective basis

for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” United States v. Hunter, 291 F.3d 1302, 1306

(11th Cir. 2002) (quoting United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274, 122

S.Ct. 744, 750, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002)) (internal quotations omitted). The

reputation of an area for criminal activity is a factor that may be considered when

determining whether reasonable suspicion exists. Gordon, 231 F.3d at 755-56.

      “An officer who has a reasonable suspicion that an individual is engaged in

illegal activity and is armed with a concealed weapon” may search the individual

for weapons. Hunter, 291 F.3d at 1307. The test is “whether a reasonably prudent

man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of

others was in danger.” Id. (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27, 88 S.Ct. at 1883).

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      According to the Supreme Court, an uncorroborated, anonymous tip that a

person is carrying a gun does not provide a police officer with reasonable

suspicion to stop and frisk that person. Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. at 268, 120 S.Ct.

at 1377. One of the primary justifications for not allowing uncorroborated,

anonymous tips to establish probable cause is that the anonymous informant

cannot be held responsible if the information is determined to be fabricated. Id. at

270, 120 S.Ct. at 1378. Additionally, the presence of an individual, matching the

physical description given by an anonymous tip, in the area indicated by the tip is

insufficient, standing alone, to establish reasonable suspicion. Id. at 271-72, 120

S.Ct. at 1379. However, “a tip from a known, albeit unproven, informant coupled

with subsequent corroboration of the tip’s details” can provide reasonable

suspicion. United States v. Kent, 691 F.2d 1376, 1380 (11th Cir. 1982).

      Because we conclude from the record that Officer Brosius had a reasonable

suspicion to conduct a stop-and-frisk search of Medlock, we hold that the district

court correctly denied the motion to suppress evidence.

                                         II.

      Medlock next argues that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment

rights under Booker by applying a two-level enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(4) for

possession of a stolen firearm based on facts not charged in the indictment or

                                          5
proved beyond a reasonable doubt. According to Medlock, the only information a

sentencing court may consider after Booker are facts either found by a jury beyond

a reasonable doubt or admitted by the defendant. Medlock also claims that the use

of extra-verdict findings to increase his sentence violated his Fifth Amendment

right to due process. Medlock then asserts that his 108-month sentence is

unconstitutional under Booker because it exceeds the 105-month guideline

maximum applicable solely to the facts to which he admitted, which did not

include any admission by him that the firearm was stolen. Medlock argues that the

district court erred in relying on this Court’s “unconstitutional interpretation of

Booker/Fanfan” in United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291 (11th Cir.), cert.

denied, 125 S.Ct. 2935 (2005), because the Supreme Court “in its part one

holding” did not state that the Sixth Amendment was violated only if the sentence

was imposed in a mandatory guideline scheme.

      Because Medlock raised a timely, constitutional objection to his sentence

under Blakely at the sentencing hearing, he is entitled to de novo review on appeal.

United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that appellant

was entitled to de novo review of his Booker claim because he raised a

constitutional objection to his sentence in the district court). “We will reverse the

district court only if any error was harmful.” Id. “[C]onstitutional errors are

                                           6
harmless where the government can show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the

error did not contribute to the defendant’s ultimate sentence.” United States v.

Phillips, 413 F.3d 1288, 1293 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Mathenia,

409 F.3d 1289, 1291 (11th Cir. 2005)).

      In Booker, the Supreme Court held that the Federal Sentencing Guidelines

violate the Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury to the extent that they permit a

judge to increase a defendant’s sentence based on facts that are neither found by

the jury nor admitted by the defendant. Booker, 543 U.S. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 756.

To remedy this violation, the Court excised two specific provisions of the

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984—18 U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1) (requiring a sentence

within the guideline range, absent a departure) and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e)

(establishing standards of review on appeal, including de novo review of

departures from the applicable guideline range)—thereby rendering the guidelines

“effectively advisory.” Id. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 756-57. As a result, a sentencing

court must still “consider Guidelines ranges,” but it may “tailor the sentence in

light of other statutory concerns as well.” Id. at ___, 125 S.Ct. at 757 (citing 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a)).

      In Rodriguez, we clarified that Booker error “is not that there were

extra-verdict enhancements—enhancements based on facts found by the judge that

                                          7
were not admitted by the defendant or established by the jury verdict—that led to

an increase in the defendant’s sentence. The error is that there were extra-verdict

enhancements used in a mandatory guidelines system.” Rodriguez, 398 F.3d

at 1300. Thereafter, in Shelton, we further noted that district courts also can

violate Booker, even in the absence of a Sixth Amendment violation, by applying

the Guidelines as mandatory. United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330-31

(11th Cir. 2005).

      Notably, we recently rejected the exact argument raised by Medlock in this

appeal, namely, that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial prohibits the

sentencing court from making factual determinations that go beyond a defendant’s

admissions even when the sentencing guidelines are applied in an advisory

fashion. United States v. Chau, ___ F.3d ___, No. 05-10640 (11th Cir. Sept. 27,

2005). In Chau, we stressed that “all nine [justices in Booker] agreed that the use

of extra-verdict enhancements in an advisory guidelines system is not

unconstitutional.” Id. at ___ (quoting Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1301). As such, we

held that “[i]t was okay” for the district court to make additional factual findings

by a preponderance of the evidence “because it applied the guidelines in an

advisory way. Nothing in Booker is to the contrary.” Id. at ___.

                                          8
      Because the district court applied the Sentencing Guidelines as advisory, we

conclude that the court did not violate Booker by enhancing Medlock’s sentence

two levels under § 2K2.1(b)(4) based on extra-verdict facts found under the

preponderance-of-the-evidence standard.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Medlock’s conviction and sentence.

      AFFIRMED.

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