Court Opinion

ID: 7900394
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 21:55:04.100782+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:21:05.690932
License: Public Domain

Pearce, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This suit was instituted by the appellee in the Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore City, and the narr. was filed under secs. 167 and 168 of Art. 4, of the Local Code of Baltimore City (known as the Rule Day Act), as amended by ch. 173 of 1894. The narr. contained the common counts and a count upon a promissory note for $200, which note was filed, and annexed thereto was an affidavit of the plaintiff that there was “ justly due and owing by the defendant to the plaintiff, on the annexed promissory note (the cause of action in said cause) the sum of $200 with interest from January 20th, 1893, over and above all discounts.” The defendant appeared and pleaded: 1st. That he never was indebted as alleged. 2nd. That he did not promise as alleged; and appended to these pleas his affidavit, “ that every plea so pleaded is true, and that he admits $59 of the plaintiff’s claim to be due and owing, and $141 is disputed,” &c. The sum thus admitted to be due was below the jurisdiction of the Court, but the plaintiff instead of taking judgment, as he might have done for the amount so admitted, and joining issue as to the disputed portion, joined issue generally on the defendant’s pleas, and the case proceeded to trial in regular course. The plaintiff offered one prayer which was rejected, and the defendant offered five prayers which were rejected, and the Court gave no instructions to the jury. The defendant excepted to the rejection of his prayers, and the jury rendered a verdict for the plaintiff for $260, on which the judgment was entered from which this appeal is taken. Before considering the prayers, it will be necessary to consider the purpose and effect of the Rule Day *177Act, and to determine, in view of what was done under that Act, and what was done outside of it, how far this case is controlled by it. An examination of this Act makes it clear that its purpose was to provide a summary method of obtaining judgment upon admittedly just claims, and to accomplish this purpose, both plaintiff and defendant are required before the case is brought to trial, to present their respective contentions under oath, and thus to eliminate from the matters to be put to formal issue, everything claimed in the plaintiff’s affidavit and not disputed in the defendant’s affidavit. The effect of full and fair compliance with these requirements entitles the plaintiff, on motion in writing after fifteen days from the return day, to judgment for what is conceded by defendant, and to proceed forthwith to trial as to what is disputed. As is said in Adler v. Crook, 68 Md. 497: “ The object of this Act is the speedy collection of debts in Baltimore City, and we see no difficulty in applying them in practice. They do not change or affect the rules of pleading — all that this Act requires is that; in addition to the plea, defendant must state specifically to what part of the plaintiff’s claim his plea applies. If to the whole, he must so state, and if to part, he must state what part. The affidavit only narrows the scope of the plea to the precise point in issue.” The plaintiff is not entitled to judgment, unless at the time of action brought, he files an affidavit stating the true amount the defendant is indebted to him over and above all discounts, and also files the bond, promissory note, or other writing or account, by which the defendant is so indebted; or if the action is founded upon a verbal or implied contract, unless he files a statement of the particulars of the defendant’s indebtedness thereunder. This being a statutory proceeding, no remedy can be had thereunder without a strict compliance with its provisions, and it is plain from the language of the Act: 1st. That no judgment can be had under it upon any cause of action not verified by proper affidavit; and 2nd. That when any cause of action is so verified, the defendant cannot defeat judgment as to the whole or *178any part thereof, unless his plea states what part of the plaintiff’s claim is admitted and what part is denied, and is verified by proper affidavit, or, as expressed in Adler v. Crook, supra: “ The object of the Act is in cases to which it applies, to obtain from both plaintiff and defendant, a dennite and sworn statement of both the claim and defence, if any, so that the parties may know exactly where they differ, and shape their action accordingly.” It follows, therefore, in this case, that the remedy and procedure under this Act are available only as to the cause of action which was verified by affidavit, the promissory note, and that the defendant so far as that Act is concerned, was only required to verify his plea in respect to the verified cause of action. We think it is manifest also that the experienced and able attorney of the plaintiff when he filed the narr. with the note and affidavit, understood the note to be the sole cause of action; otherwise he would have filed the open account, together with the note, and the alleged credits on the account, and would have required the plaintiff to verify the account as well as the note, and the defendant to verify his plea as to the note and account; and we think it is equally manifest, that when defendant verified his plea, he understood, as he had a right to do, that he was called on only to defend against the promissory ■ note which plaintiff set forth in his affidavit as the sole cause of action. Had the plaintiff desired to avail himself at the trial of the Rule Day Act, he should have taken judgment on motion in writing for the $59, admitted by the plea, and joined issue on the $141 which was disputed, and the execution of the judgment or judgments obtained, would have been a matter of procedure under that Act. But instead of doing this he joined issue on the defendant’s pleas as died, not as narrowed in their scope by the affidavit; and in doing this he withdrew the case from the operation of the Act, and placed it in all respects on the footing of a suit at common law, as was held in Hutton v. Marx, 69 Md. 252. There the defendant’s affidavit was in fact defective. Plaintiffs joined issue on two pleas, and replied *179to a third but subsequently withdrew the joinder of issue and replication, and took judgment on motion, for want of a proper affidavit. On appeal from the order to enter judgment, Judge Bryan said: “The plaintiffs joined issue on two pleas and replied to a third. From these steps it is a conclusion of law that the plaintiffs elected to go to trial on the facts averred in the pleas; there would otherwise be no significance in thus pleading to them. And if they elected to go to trial on the pleas they necessarily waived their right to move for judgment, notwithstanding their existence; for these two proceedings are inconsistent with each other.” This cause therefore stood for trial as if the Rule Day Act had no existence.
“ Where the defendant has appeared and pleaded and the cause has been brought to trial in regular course, the affidavit filed with the declaration to entitle the plaintiff to a judgment by default, in no manner controls the nature and character of the proof that may be offered by the plaintiff in support of his action.” McSherry v. Brooks & Barton, 46 Md. 122; Traber v. Traber, 50 Md. 1. No argument is required to show that the above authority is equally applicable to the defendant’s affidavit in respect of the nature and character of proof he may offer in support of his defence. The affidavits are in no sense part of the pleadings, and as this case is presented, neither plaintiff nor defendant, is in any manner to be bound or prejudiced by his own affidavit, nor can either avail himself of any benefit of his adversary’s affidavit except in so far as the respective averments of these affidavits may strengthen or weaken the other testimony of the party making the affidavit. The plaintiff is at liberty to claim anything recoverable under his declaration, and the defendant may avail himself of any defence and any evidence admissible under his plea. 46 Md. 122.
We now come to the ruling on the prayers as based on the evidence iri the case. We find the plaintiff claiming both on the promissory note of $200 and the open account of $340, while the defendant denies that any *180open account ever existed, but admits the execution and delivery of the note, and claims it has been fully paid through the credits admitted by the plaintiff, which are more than sufficient for that purpose. It is thus evident that the only thing actually in controversy between the parties is the existence of the open account for $340. The plaintiff’s testimony if accepted by the jury as controlling the case, proves an open account of $340, reduced by credits applied by him to the open account (in the absence of any application by the defendant) to $59, and also proves the whole of the note to be due and unpaid. The defendant’s testimony, if believed by the jury, shows there never was any open account between the parties, and that the credits of $281 must have been paid by him, as he swears they were paid, on the note, though they in fact exceeded the amount due on the note. Plaintiff and defendant were the only witnesses. The slips of paper upon which plaintiff testified he kept a memorandum of the debits and credits in the open account, and the checks of plaintiff, and receipts of defendant for payments made, as well as the cash book produced by plaintiff upon notice served, were offered in evidence, but it does not appear from the record what light they throw upon the transaction. It is plain from what we have heretofore said that the admission by defendant in his affidavit, as the case then stood, that $59 was still due on the note, was made on the supposition that his credits, as he still claims they should have been, had been applied on the note, and this concession made under such circumstances, cannot be regarded as conclusive upon him in this trial as an admission of any amount due on the note — whatever effect may be given to it by the jury — on consideration of all the evidence in the case; but the rejection of the plaintiff’s fifth prayer is apparently based upon the view that this admission was conclusive upon the defendant.
Before the plaintiff can recover both the amount of the note and the open account, less the credits he admits, he must establish by legal proof to the satisfaction of the jury, that both were actually due and owing by the *181defendant, and upon that issue the defendant was entitled at least to some one instruction offered by him, if it correctly announced the law applicable to the facts in evidence. His fifth prayer, which instructed the jury that the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish his claim by a preponderance of evidence, states a correct proposition fully applicable in this case, and we think should have been granted. Ohlendorf v. Kanne, 66 Mcl. 499, 500. There a prayer was refused “ that the burden of establishing the contract set up by the plaintiff in this case by a preponderance of testimony satisfactory to the jury, is upon the plaintiff, and that if the testimony in this case should be such as to leave the minds of the jury in a state of equipoise as to the making of the contract their verdict should be for the defendant”; and on appeal this Court said that prayer announced a correct legal proposition, and should have been granted.
In Powers v. Powell, 13 Pick. 69, the rule is laid down by Ch. J. Shaw with his accustomed force and clearness in these words: “ Where the proof on both sides applies to the affirmative or negative of one and the same issue or proposition of fact, the party whose case requires the establishment of such fact, has all along the burden of proof, although the weight, in either scale may at times preponderate.” See also Coit v. Church-hill, 61 Iowa 296.
For error therefore in rejecting this prayer the judgment must be reversed.
As the case must be remanded for a new trial we think it proper to advert to the other prayers of the defendant. By his 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th prayers, which all present substantially the same legal proposition, the defendant sought to have the jury instructed as to the legal effect of the entry made by him on the note April 17th, 1896, “ Renewed for one year from date.” The whole question before the jury was one of indebtedness vel non. Whatever indebtedness they found to exist, they were bound to include in their verdict; but if they found none to exist, they were bound to give their verdict for de*182fendant. The entry made on the note was competent proof of defendant’s recognition of existing indebtedness — if the jury found such indebtedness and that the entry was made as such recognition — but it could not create an indebtedness, if the note had in fact been paid, and if the jury found it had been paid, defendant could not be held by virtue of such entry. It was for the jury to find from all the evidence, whether that entry was made because defendant knew he owed the whole note •and intended thereby to acknowledge an indebtedness ■existing in fact, or whether he made it simply to keep the note alive for such balance as he testifies he then thought might be unpaid, and without any implied recognition of the open account. If he did not in fact ■owe the plaintiff anything April 17th, 1896, this entry •could not make him owe anything. We think these prayers correctly instructed the jury as to the legal effect •of the entry and should have been granted.
(Decided June 29th, 1898.)

Judgment reversed and new trial awarded.