Court Opinion

ID: 9764171
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 03:13:31.452241+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:57:49.506424
License: Public Domain

*917PER CURIAM.
K & E Investments, Inc., appeals from four orders, each characterized by the parties and the trial court as “a final order in mandamus,” by which the court ordered K & E to deliver to the plaintiffs certificates of ownership to certain used motor vehicles. Although the orders were erroneously designated, we affirm.
FACTS
In late 1991, the plaintiffs attempted to purchase used motor vehicles from John Charleston and Cheryl Charleston who conducted business under the name Country Auto Sales. The plaintiffs paid for the vehicles and received possession of them, but they did not receive certificates of ownership. John Charleston told Gary Taber “he had his floor plan on his vehicles through a finance company in Kansas City,” and Cheryl Charleston told him “it would be three to four days to get the title back.” The remaining plaintiffs who testified said they were led to believe the Charlestons had the certificates of ownership. Cheryl Charleston told Doug Bradley she had the certificate and would send it to him in two days; she gave Ray Gallette a photocopy of the certificate and told him she would send the original to his bank. Sam Simpson obtained a vehicle on a weekend from John Charleston who told him he did not know where the certificate was and that Cheryl Charleston would find it. The plaintiffs later learned the certificates were held by K & E Investments, Inc.
In February and March 1992, the plaintiffs filed separate actions against K & E, the Gallettes’ and Simpsons’ actions denominated “Petition for Mandamus” and the Bradleys’ and the Tabers’ actions denominated “Petition for Mandamus, Petition for Preliminary Injunction and Petition for Conversion.”1 In each petition, the plaintiffs sought “an Order in Mandamus compelling Defendant K & E Investments, Inc., to immediately provide the certificate of title to the vehicle purchased.”
K & E filed a separate “Counterclaim for Declaratory Relief to Quiet Title” in each action.2 After separating the conversion counts (See Rule 66.02), the court tried the four causes, including the counterclaims, together.
At trial, Keith L. Roberts, secretary-treasurer and 50 percent owner of K & E, testified that K & E provides floor plan financing to used car dealers. Roberts explained the arrangement by which K & E furnishes floor plan financing to about 30 dealers for some 6,000 vehicles a year:
The dealer, when they wanted to arrange for money on a vehicle they would provide us the title. And then we would advance the funds. And when they wanted to reclaim the title, they’d pay us off and we’d give them the title.
Concerning the vehicles the plaintiffs attempted to purchase, Roberts testified that K & E did not receive payment from Country Auto so it refused to surrender the certificates of ownership.
Attached to this opinion as appendices A, B, C, and D are reproductions of four documents admitted into evidence as K & E’s trial exhibits. Of those four documents, Roberts testified:
They are our security agreement with Country Auto Sales, a statement of terms for Country Auto Sales, a power of attorney from Country Auto Sales, and a fee schedule.
*918For convenience, we shall refer collectively to these four documents as the “floor plan agreement.”
All the plaintiffs who testified denied knowing that the vehicles were subject to a lien or security interest. Only Gary Taber said he was aware that John Charleston had floor plan financing on his vehicles.
The certificates of ownership for the vehicles the Bradleys and the Simpsons attempted to purchase identify “Country Auto Sales” as “owner.” The certificates applicable to the Gallette and Taber vehicles show “Country Auto Sales” as ultimate assignee.
On March 26, 1992, the trial court entered its “Final Order in Mandamus” by which it denied K & E’s counterclaims and directed K & E to deliver to the plaintiffs the original certificates of ownership for the respective vehicles they had attempted to purchase from Country Auto Sales. On April 3, 1992, the court entered an order designating its order of March 26 “as final for the purposes of appeal pursuant to Missouri Rule of Civil Procedure 74.01, for the reason that there is no just reason for delay of said appeal.”
In the description of the case portion of its notice of appeal, K & E specified the judgment or order appealed from as follows: “The Circuit Court ordered K & E to deliver the certificates of title to the vehicles to [the plaintiffs]. K & E alleges that the order in mandamus for delivery of said certificates of title is error....”
NATURE OF THE CAUSES OF ACTION AND THE TRIAL COURT ORDERS
The parties and the trial court erroneously characterized as mandamus the plaintiffs’ claims for possession of the certificates of ownership.
Mandamus is a command issuing from a court of law of competent jurisdiction, in the name of the state or sovereign, directed to some inferior court, tribunal, or board, or to some corporation or person, requiring the performance of a particular duty therein specified, which duty results from the official station of the party to whom the writ is directed, or from operation of law. This definition, which is frequently in effect carried into the statutes defining the writ, recognizes the public character of the remedy, and clearly excludes the idea that it may be resorted to for the purpose of enforcing the performance of duties in which the public has no interest.
52 Am.Jur.2d Mandamus § 1 (1970) (footnotes omitted). The public character of the remedy of mandamus has long been recognized in Missouri. In State ex rel. Kelleher v. Board of President and Directors of St. Louis Public Schools, 134 Mo. 296, 35 S.W. 617 (1896), this state’s supreme court said of mandamus:
The ordinary function of this extraordinary original writ at common law is familiar. It is a command, in the name of the state, directed to some tribunal, corporation, or public officer, requiring it or him to do some specific act or particular thing, in the writ specified, which the court has previously determined that it is the duty of such tribunal, corporation, or officer to perform.
35 S.W. at 619. “The function of a writ of mandamus is to enforce, not establish, a claim or right and its purpose is to execute, not adjudicate.” Naugher v. Mallory, 631 S.W.2d 370, 374 (Mo.App.1982).
Mandamus was not available to any of the plaintiffs in the actions they brought against K & E. The plaintiffs were not attempting to have a public body or officer enforce an already established right, and K & E had no established duty that the public had an interest in enforcing.
We note, however, “the character of a cause of action is determined from the facts stated in the petition and not by the prayer or name given the action by the pleader.” State ex rel. Conaway v. Consolidated School Dist. No. 4 of Iron County, 417 S.W.2d 657, 659[3] (Mo. banc 1967). “The case is whatever the pleadings and the facts make it, regardless of what name plaintiff gave it.” W.A. Boss Const. Co. v. Chiles, 344 Mo. 1084, 130 S.W.2d 524, 528[2] (1939).
*919In their petitions, the plaintiffs alleged they had demanded that K & E deliver the certificates of title and that K & E had refused, and the plaintiffs requested court orders directing K & E to deliver the certificates of ownership to them. What the plaintiffs sought were mandatory injunctions.
“An injunction is a writ framed according to the circumstances of the case commanding an act which the court regards as essential to justice, or restraining an act which it esteems contrary to equity and good conscience.” Cutten v. Latshaw, 344 S.W.2d 257, 262[5] (Mo.App.1961) (quoting 43 C.J.S. Injunctions § 1 [now § 2 (1978)]). An injunction “commanding an act” is a mandatory injunction. Chemical Fireproofing Corp. v. Bronska, 553 S.W.2d 710, 714[6] (Mo.App.1977).
Missouri courts have invoked equitable principles to resolve competing claims related to motor vehicles where the parties to transactions did not comply with § 301.-210.4, RSMo 1986. See, e.g., Van Hooser v. Banks, 816 S.W.2d 25 (Mo.App.1991) (court declared good faith purchaser to be owner of vehicle; seller estopped to assert lack of compliance with statute); Strebler v. Hampton Metro Bank, 686 S.W.2d 28 (Mo.App.1984) (plaintiff stated a cause of action for a mandatory injunction for the delivery of a motor vehicle certificate of ownership). In the case before us, the trial court orders, each erroneously designated as “a final order in mandamus,” shall be considered as mandatory injunctions.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
The trial court denied K & E’s counterclaims and ordered it to deliver the original certificates of ownership of the four subject vehicles to the respective plaintiffs. By its notice of appeal and its brief and argument, K & E limits this appeal to a single issue: the right to possession of the certificates. Where this opinion discusses matters such as ownership of the vehicles, the parties’ respective rights to possession of the vehicles, and the existence and perfection of security interests or other liens, such discussion is entered solely for the purpose of resolving the question of the right to possession of the certificates of ownership.
In its sole point on appeal, K & E sets out what is essentially a twofold argument: the plaintiffs are not entitled to the certificates of ownership because the purported sales of the vehicles were fraudulent and void under § 301.210.4, RSMo 1986,3 and K & E is entitled to possession of the certificates under its floor plan agreement with Country Auto Sales.
It is true, as K & E argues, that absolute technical compliance with § 301.-210 is required; without it a purported sale is fraudulent and void and the purported buyer acquires no ownership interest in the vehicle. See, e.g., State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. M.F.A. Mut. Ins. Co., 485 S.W.2d 397, 400-01 (Mo. banc 1972); State v. Glenn, 423 S.W.2d 770, 774[1, 2] (Mo. 1968); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co., 311 S.W.2d 41, 46[2, 3] (Mo.App.1958). Because the sales to the plaintiffs by Country Auto Sales are void, K & E concludes, the plaintiffs are not entitled to possession of the certificates of ownership. K & E’s conclusion is erroneous.
Pending completion of the sales, Country Auto Sales, as the certificate owner of the respective vehicles, had a legal right to transfer possession of the vehicles to the plaintiffs without delivering properly assigned certificates of ownership. Strebler, 686 S.W.2d at 30 (citing Allstate Ins., 311 S.W.2d at 47[10]). Each transaction was “an executory contract to be completed in the future.” Strebler, 686 S.W.2d at 30. See also Allstate Ins., 311 S.W.2d at 47[10]. The contracts were enforceable, *920absent repudiation by Country Auto Sales or the plaintiffs. Strebler, 686 S.W.2d at 30; Smith v. G.F.C. Corp., 255 S.W.2d 69, 70[1] (Mo.App 1953). See also Cantrell v. Sheppard, 247 S.W.2d 872, 875-76 (Mo. App.1952). As in Strebler, repudiation did not occur in any of the transactions now under consideration.
There is no evidence in the record to refute the existence of an executory contract, no evidence from which we reasonably could infer an intent by the plaintiffs to obtain ownership to the vehicles without proper assignment of the certificates of ownership. Moreover, we do not presume such intent. See Strebler, 686 S.W.2d at 30; Allstate Ins., 311 S.W.2d at 47[10], Thus the plaintiffs had the right to compel assignment of the certificates of ownership by Country Auto Sales; to do so they had the right to seek delivery of the certificates from K & E. See Strebler, 686 S.W.2d at 30.4 Section 301.210.4 does not operate to prohibit the plaintiffs from obtaining possession of the certificates of ownership.
K & E’s second argument in support of its allegation of trial court error is that its floor plan agreement with Country Auto Sales entitles it to possession of the certificates. Undergirding this argument is K & E’s assertion that, pursuant to agreement with Country Auto Sales, it had liens on the vehicles that the plaintiffs attempted to purchase, and its possession of the certificates of ownership constituted some sort of substitute for perfection of those liens. We quote from K & E’s brief:
[John Charleston] created the lien with K & E by entering into the floor plan financing agreement with K & E, and by accepting financing for those vehicles.... [T]here is no provision under Missouri law for an individual providing financing for a motor vehicle dealer under a floor plan agreement in this state to perfect its lien_ The only protection available to K & E and other floor-plan financiers is to do exactly what K & E did — hold the certificates of title to all financed vehicles. This is the method used by virtually all floor planners within the state. To interpret the statutes otherwise would place the financing for nearly every motor vehicle in the state in jeopardy.
At oral argument K & E insists the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.) is not applicable to this case; however, at no point in its briefs and oral argument does K & E inform us of the theory upon which it bases its claim that it obtained liens on the vehicles.
K & E’s argument that the U.C.C. is inapplicable is incorrect. U.C.C. Article 9, Secured Transactions, is found at §§ 400.9-101 through 400.9-507, RSMo 1986 & Supp. 1988. The scope of Article 9 is stated in § 400.9-102, RSMo Supp.1988:
(1) Except' as otherwise provided in section 400.9-104 on excluded transactions, this article applies
(a) to any transaction (regardless of its form) which is intended to create a security interest in personal property....
(2) This article applies to security interests created by contract including pledge, assignment, chattel mortgage, chattel trust, trust deed, factor’s lien, equipment trust, conditional sale, trust receipt, other lien or title retention contract and lease or consignment intended as security. This article does not apply to statutory liens except as provided in section 400.9-310.
The term security interest is defined in § 400.1-201(37), RSMo Supp.1988, as “an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation.”
From the testimony of K & E’s officer and co-owner Keith Roberts concerning the floor plan agreement, we conclude Country Auto Sales and K & E intended to create a security interest in personal property, namely, the motor vehicles. The exceptions noted in §§ 400.9-104 and 400.9-310 *921are inapplicable to this case. U.C.C. Article 9 applies. § 400.9-102, RSMo Supp. 1988.5
The applicability of Article 9 to the creation of a security interest in a motor vehicle is stated succinctly in 8 Anderson on the Uniform Commercial Code § 9-203:8 at 664 (3d ed. 1985):
Secured transactions in motor vehicles are governed by the same principles as govern secured transactions in other types of collateral insofar as the creation and effect of a secured transaction therein is concerned. The fact that title certificate notation is required in most states to perfect a security interest in a motor vehicle in the hands of the ultimate user has no effect upon the creation of a security interest in a motor vehicle. (Footnote omitted).
We return now to K & E’s argument that it is entitled to retain possession of the certificates of ownership because it has an unperfected “lien” on the vehicles. We first must determine whether John Charleston created a security interest in the vehicles in favor of K & E. To do so, we examine the floor plan agreement in light of relevant provisions of U.C.C. Article 9. Section 400.9-203, RSMo Supp.1988, provides, in pertinent part:
(1) ... [A] security interest is not enforceable against the debtor or third parties with respect to the collateral and does not attach unless
(a) the collateral is in the possession of the secured party pursuant to agreement, or the debtor has signed a security agreement which contains a description of the collateral ... and
(b) value has been given; and
(c) the debtor has rights in the collateral.
(2) A security interest attaches when it becomes enforceable against the debtor with respect to the collateral. Attachment occurs as soon as all of the events specified in subsection (1) have taken place unless explicit agreement postpones the time of attaching.
(3)Unless otherwise agreed a security agreement gives the secured party the rights to proceeds provided by section 400.9-306.
We have already recited the U.C.C. definition of a security interest. The term security agreement “means an agreement which creates or provides for a security interest.” § 400.9-105(l)(i), RSMo Supp. 1988. A security agreement has been described as “the document which delineates the scope of the debtor/creditor relationship and gives meaning to the abbreviated terms of the financing statement.” Polk County Bank v. Graven, 745 S.W.2d 793, 795[1] (Mo.App.1988). Although no precise words are required by the statutory definition of security agreement, the definition indicates there must be some language in the agreement that actually conveys a security interest. Shelton v. Erwin, 472 F.2d 1118, 1120[3] (8th Cir.1973).
For purposes of Article 9, a description of personal property is sufficient “if it reasonably identifies what is described.” § 400.9-110, RSMo 1986.
For several reasons, the floor plan agreement appended to this opinion fails to create a security interest in favor of K & E in the vehicles the plaintiffs attempted to purchase.
First, we find no language in the floor plan agreement that meets the § 400.9-203(l)(a) requirement that the debtor, Country Auto Sales, sign a security agreement as that term is defined in § 400.9-105(l)(l). Examination of the floor plan agreement reveals that it was “for servicing titles only.” Any fees charged under the agreement were “soley for title fees” and were “not to be construed as interest or on an interest bearing basis.” The floor plan agreement avoids the use of terms commonly associated with secured transactions such as lien, collateral, debtor, secured party, security agreement, security *922interest, chattel paper, chattel mortgage, mortgagor, or mortgagee. Although phrases in the floor plan agreement such as “all funds K & E has paid,” “if default should occur,” “unpaid balances of accounts,” and “all funds due” might be read to hint at the existence of some sort of lender-borrower relationship, they do not convey a security interest. See Shelton, 472 F.2d at 1120[3].
Second, the floor plan agreement does not meet the § 400.9-203(l)(a) “description of the collateral” requirement as defined in § 400.9-110. In Coseo v. Alpena Savings Bank, 612 F.2d 276 (6th Cir.1980), the court, applying Michigan law, concluded that the phrase “all inventory financed through these transactions” in a dealer floor plan agreement met the requirement of U.C.C. 9-110 that the collateral be reasonably identified. 612 F.2d at 277. Although the phrase “all inventory financed through these transactions” does not of itself identify specific vehicles, it does set parameters for a subsequent determination of whether a specific vehicle is subject to a security interest. See also Richard C. Tin-ney, Annotation, Sufficiency of Description of Collateral in Security Agreement under UCC §§ 9-110 and 9-208, 100 A.L.R.3d 940 §§ 26 and 45 (1980).
In the case before us, although the floor plan agreement refers to “cars,” “vehicles,” and “a unit,” the agreement not only does not use these terms in the context of a secured transaction, it also fails to indicate that the “cars,” “vehicles,” and “a unit” are inventory. We find nothing in the floor plan agreement that meets the relatively lenient threshold of § 400.9-110.
We conclude that under U.C.C. Article 9, no security interest was created in the vehicles. K & E develops no argument that it has a common law lien, or any other type of lien, on the vehicles.
We turn now to K & E’s argument that its holding of the certificates of ownership was a substitute for lien perfection which was otherwise not available. This argument is without merit for at least two reasons, the first of which is that, because K & E had no security interest in the vehicles, the concept of perfection is irrelevant. See, e.g., Shelton, 472 F.2d at 1120[4],
Second, under U.C.C. Article 9, perfection was available, had a security interest existed. As K & E correctly points out, §§ 301.600 to 301.660, RSMo 1986, provide the exclusive method of perfecting and giving notice of liens or encumbrances on motor vehicles, unless one of five statutory exceptions applies. One of those exceptions does apply to this case. § 301.650.-1(3) provides, “Sections 301.600 to 301.660 do not apply to or affect ... [a] lien or encumbrance on a motor vehicle or trailer created by a manufacturer or dealer who holds the motor vehicle or trailer for sale_” However, the fact that §§ 301.-600 to 301.660 do not apply to this case does not mean a security interest in a motor vehicle dealer's inventory cannot be perfected. Under U.C.C. Article 9, a floor plan lender can perfect a security interest in a dealer’s inventory and proceeds. §§ 400.9-203(3), 400.9-302(3)(b), and 400.9-306, RSMo Supp.1988; Farmers and Merchants Bank of St. Clair v. Borg-Warner Acceptance Corp., 665 S.W.2d 636, 640[5, 6] (Mo.App.1983); In Re Crewse, 5 B.R. 391, 397 (W.D.Mo.1980).
Relying on § 301.210.1, RSMo 1986, K & E argues it has no duty as the holder of a certificate of ownership to deliver it to a buyer until there is a sale, and, in the case of the instant transactions, there were no sales because there was no delivery of the certificates of ownership. The circularity of this argument is patent; the reason for the argument is negated by the availability of a perfected security interest in proceeds pursuant to §§ 400.9-203(3) and 400.9-306, RSMo Supp.1988.
K & E’s argument for possession of the certificates of ownership as a substitute for perfection has no merit.
Because it is unclear to us whether K & E also views the certificates of ownership as collateral, the following observations are necessary. § 400.9-203(l)(a) provides for attachment of a security interest in collateral in the absence of a signed *923security agreement where “the collateral is in the possession of the secured party pursuant to agreement....” We have serious doubts about whether a motor vehicle certificate of ownership can be subject to a security interest or any other type of lien.
Moreover, the floor plan agreement is insufficient to satisfy the introductory portion of § 400.9-203(l)(a). In Grossmann v. Saunders, 237 Va. 113, 376 S.E.2d 66 (1989), the Virginia Supreme Court examined the phrase “pursuant to agreement” and held that “evidence of agreement must establish that the secured party possesses the collateral for the purpose of securing the debtor’s obligation.” Id. 376 S.E.2d at 71[6] (emphasis added). We have already expressed our view about the shortcomings of the floor plan agreement for purposes of creating a security interest under U.C.C. Article 9.
We find analogous support for our decision in Pearson v. Allied Finance Co., 366 5.W.2d 6 (Mo.App.1963), the facts of which are remarkably similar in most respects to those of the case before us. Two significant factual differences exist. One, in Pearson, the motor vehicle dealer, Page-Way Motors, executed a chattel mortgage, pursuant to § 443.460, RSMo 1959, encumbering the subject vehicle in favor of lender, Allied Finance Company. In our case, there is nothing analogous to a chattel mortgage because of the inadequacy of the floor plan agreement to serve as a security agreement. The second factual distinction is that, after Allied’s repossession, Pearson sought possession of the vehicle itself, not the certificate of ownership as the plaintiffs in our case seek. The court of appeals concluded that Pearson could bring the re-plevin action against Allied, which had not recorded the chattel mortgage and which the court characterized as “one without any right, such as a mere trespasser.” 366 S.W.2d at 9[4]. The court permitted Pearson to recover possession of the vehicle from Allied, which had a chattel mortgage (albeit unrecorded) on it; it appears the plaintiffs before us have a stronger case for recovery from K & E of certificates of ownership of vehicles in which K & E has no security interest.
The trial court did not err in ordering K & E to deliver the certificates of ownership to the plaintiffs. The judgments are affirmed.6
PARRISH, C.J., dissents in separate opinion.
APPENDICES
(All underscored words were handwritten in the original documents)
APPENDIX A
(On K & E Investments, Inc. letterhead)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION
The undersigned hereby acknowledge that he/she has read the attached agree*924ment carefully, understands said agreement and the effects thereof, and that said agreement is a legally binding contractual agreement.
The undersigned further states that he/ she is aware that they have the right to have their own independent legal representative review all documents before signing.
Country Auto Sales 7s/ John L. Charleston
(Acknowledgement by notary public)
APPENDIX B
K & E INVESTMENTS, INC.
20572 Oak Str.
P.O. Box 236
Bonner Springs, Ks. 66012
422-2073
This agreement between K & E Investments, Inc., hereafter referred to as K & E., and John Charleston hereafter referred to as dealer, is for servicing titles only. Costs are based on a prorated basis and fee schedule is a part of this agreement.
Dealer agrees to pay K & E all funds K & E. has paid plus title processing fee according to the schedule attatched [sic]. Dealer agrees if default should occur all cars and titles belong to K & E. and K & E. has sole right to sell all vehicles and apply funds to unpaid balances of accounts which the dealer has with K & E..
Dealer agrees to give K & E. a blanket Power of Attorney and agrees K & E. may use this to dispose of or sell all vehicles and titles as K & E. deems is necessary and apply proceeds to the dealers accounts.
Dealer agrees to allow K & E. to inspect all vehicles for which K & E. has processed titles at any time.
Dealer agrees to pay fees up current when a vehicle reaches 60 Days Old. Dealer also agrees to pay a 10% reduction when a unit reaches 90 Days Old as well as the additional fee due. K & E. will send out a statement reflecting the fees and reductions due on the twentieth of each month. This statement is due upon receipt.
Either party, K & E. or dealer may cancell [sic] this agreement with or without written notice. If cancellation does occur dealer agrees to pay K & E. all funds due within three days.
It is understood that fees charged by K & E. are soley [sic] for title fees and are not to be construed as interest or on an interest bearing basis.
K & E INVESTMENTS, INC.
Country Auto Sales
Accepted By: 7s7 Ed Roberts, Jr.7
Accepted By: 7s7 John L. Charleston
DATE: 12/31/90
APPENDIX C
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*925[[Image here]]
New Rate Chart effective October 20th, 1989.
APPENDIX D
K & E INVESTMENTS, INC.
205½ Oak Str.
P.O. Box 236
Bonner Springs, Ks. 66012
422-2073
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Know all men by these presents, that the undersigned
John Charleston
Buyer, Seller or Legal Owner
does hereby make, constitute and appoint K & E Investments, Inc., its officers or employees my(our) true and lawful Attorney and do give and grant to my said attorney, full power and authority to sign in the name, place and stead of the undersigned Certificates of Ownership (titles), title to
Country Auto Sales.
Accepted by Dealer: Country Auto Sales By: /s/ John L. Charleston In witness whereof, I (we) have signed this instrument this 31 day of December, 1990.
(Acknowledgement by notary public)

. The Bradleys and the Tabers alleged their respective vehicles had been repossessed at the direction of K & E.

. In its counterclaims, K & E sought relief that included:
1. Declare that the attempted sale between John Charleston, d/b/a/ Country Auto Sales, and Plaintiffs ... was fraudulent and void pursuant to Mo.Rev.Stat. § 301.210.4;
2. Declare that Plaintiffs ... have no right, title, or interest in and to said vehicle;
3. Declare that Defendant/Counterclaimant, K & E Investments, Inc., possesses full right to title and possession of said vehicle;
4. Quiet Defendant/Counterclaimant's title in said vehicle against Plaintiffs and all persons claiming under them, and permanently enjoin said individuals from asserting any adverse claim to Defendant/Counterclaimant's title to said property;
5. Declare that Defendant/Counterclaimant is entitled to full use, title and all possessory rights of said vehicle....

. Section 301.210.4, RSMo 1986, provides:
It shall be unlawful for any person to buy or sell in this state any motor vehicle or trailer registered under the laws of this state, unless, at the time of the delivery thereof, there shall pass between the parties such certificates of owner-
ship with an assignment thereof, as provided in this section, and the sale of any motor vehicle or trailer registered under the laws of this state, without the assignment of such certificate of ownership, shall be fraudulent,and void.

. K & E attempts to distinguish this case from "the result-oriented decision in Strebler." To do so, it contrasts its situation with that of the lienholder bank in Strebler. However, K & E’s argument is based on the erroneous assumption it had acquired liens on the vehicles in question. As we will discuss, we have concluded K & E had no liens.

. Our concern at this point is the question of whether security interests in the vehicles were created. We recognize, and will discuss, the provisions of RSMo Chapter 301 regarding the “perfecting and giving notice of liens or encumbrances" on certain motor vehicles. See § 301.-650, RSMo 1986.

. In his dissent, Chief Judge Parrish states his view that the judgments should be reversed and the causes remanded to the trial court because the Charlestons, operators of Country Auto Sales, are indispensable parties who were not joined in these actions. Our understanding of Rule 52.04(a) and our reading of Strebler, 686 S.W.2d 28, convince us otherwise.
Rule 52.04(a) provides:
A person shall be joined in the action if (1) in his absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already parties, or (2) he claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that the disposition of the action in his absence may (i) as a practical matter impair or impede his ability to protect that interest or (ii) leave any of the persons already parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of
his claimed interest. If he has not been joined, the court shall order that he be made a party. If he should join as a plaintiff but refuses to do so, he may be made a defendant.
We believe complete relief regarding the right to possession of the certificates of ownership could be accorded among those already parties without joining the Charlestons in the actions. Moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest the Charlestons claim an interest relating to the possession of the certificates.
From the Strebler opinion, it appears the only parties to the action were the purported purchaser of the vehicle and the defendant bank that possessed the certificate of ownership. The other party to the attempted sale, J-B Enterprises, Inc., the certificate owner of the vehicle, was not a party. The Strebler court did not question the absence from the lawsuit of the certificate owner of the vehicle.

. (From the testimony of Keith Roberts, we learn that Ed Roberts, Jr. is the president and 50 percent owner of K & E Investments, Inc. Keith Roberts and Ed Roberts, Jr. are brothers.)