Court Opinion

ID: 9691772
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 06:00:32.430838+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:19:10.699973
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
                                      2023 MSPB 24
                            Docket No. DC-1221-15-1168-W-1

                                       Iris Cooper,
                                        Appellant,
                                             v.
                            Department of Veterans Affairs,
                                          Agency.
                                      August 24, 2023

           Scott Oswald, Esquire, and Nicholas Woodfield, Esquire, Washington,
             D.C., for the appellant.

           Richard Johns, Esquire, Washington, D.C., for the agency.

                                         BEFORE

                              Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
                               Raymond A. Limon, Member

                                 OPINION AND ORDER

¶1        The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     dismissed her individual right of action (IRA) appeal for lack of jurisdiction. For
     the reasons discussed below, we GRANT the appellant’s petition for review,
     VACATE the initial decision, and REMAND the case to the regional office for
     further adjudication in accordance with this Opinion and Order.

                                      BACKGROUND
¶2        The appellant was formerly employed by the Department of Veterans
     Affairs (VA or agency) as the Associate Deputy Assistant Secretary for
                                                                                          2

     Acquisitions, a Senior Executive Service position, until January 2014 when she
     accepted a position with the Department of the Treasury.          Initial Appeal File
     (IAF), Tab 1 at 6, 19. On September 18, 2015, she filed this IRA appeal alleging
     that the agency took various personnel actions against her in reprisal for protected
     disclosures she made between 2009 and 2014. IAF, Tab 1. In particular, she
     alleged that from June 2012 to December 2014, her former supervisor, the Deputy
     Assistant Secretary for the Office of Acquisitions and Logis tics, caused the VA
     Office of Inspector General (VA OIG) to investigate her, dissuaded the VA OIG
     from abandoning its investigation, caused the VA OIG to issue a report
     containing false conclusions about her conduct related to a particular Government
     contract, and threatened that he wanted to send the report to the Department of
     the Treasury to ruin her career. IAF, Tab 7 at 6, 13-15, 17-18; Tab 14 at 12. The
     appellant also alleged that, following the issuance of the VA OIG report in
     December 2014, the Department of the Treasury conducted its own investigation
     regarding the allegations against her, during which time it temporarily withheld
     her 2014 raise and bonus. IAF, Tab 7 at 33. Additionally, she alleged that, also
     following the VA OIG report, in February 2015, the VA retroactively downgraded
     her 2012 performance evaluation from an Outstanding rating to an Unsatisfactory
     rating. Id. at 35. Finally, she alleged that her former VA supervisor removed her
     responsibility for approving Federal Acquisition Certification for Contracting
     (FAC-C) certifications for interns. Id. at 8; IAF, Tab 1 at 47-48.
¶3         Without holding the appellant’s requested hearing, the administrative judge
     issued an initial decision dismissing the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.        IAF ,
     Tab 19, Initial Decision (ID). The administrative judge found that the appellant
     failed to nonfrivolously allege that the removal of her ability to grant FAC -C
     certifications to interns constituted a significant change in duties, responsibilities,
     or working conditions because it appeared from her submissions that this job duty
                                                                                           3

     arose once per year, which did not suggest that it was significant in relation to her
     overall duties. 1 ID at 5-7. Next, the administrative judge found that the VA OIG
     investigation, including its initiation, continuation, and ultimate report of
     investigation, did not amount to a personnel action under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2).
     ID at 4. He further concluded that the appellant’s allegations concerning the OIG
     investigation did not provide a basis for Board jurisdiction because the appellant
     did not identify any personnel action related to the OIG investigation. ID at 4 -5.
     Although he considered the appellant’s claim that, in March 2015, following the
     issuance of the VA OIG report in December 2014, the VA retroactively
     downgraded her 2012 performance evaluation, he found that she failed to prove
     that she exhausted this personnel action before the Office of Special Counsel
     (OSC). Id. Finally, the administrative judge found that the appellant’s allegation
     that the agency threatened to remove her from her position at the Department of
     the Treasury failed to constitute a nonfrivolous allegation that she was subjected
     to a personnel action because the VA lacked the authority to remove her from her
     position at another agency. ID at 5 n.2.
¶4         The appellant has filed a petition for review. Petition for Review (PFR)
     File, Tab 1. The agency has opposed the appellant’s petition, and the appellant
     has filed a reply. PFR File, Tabs 3-4.

     1
      The appellant does not challenge this finding on review, and we discern no error in the
     administrative judge’s analysis, considering the standard set forth in Skarada v.
     Department of Veterans Affairs, 2022 MSPB 17, which was decided after the issuance
     of the initial decision. See Skarada, 2022 MSPB 17, ¶¶ 15-16 (holding that to
     constitute a significant change under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A)(xii), an agency action
     must have practical and significant effects on the overall nature or quality of an
     employee’s working conditions, responsibilities, or duties).
                                                                                        4

                                         ANALYSIS
     The appellant has established that she exhausted before OSC some, but not all, of
     her alleged personnel actions.
¶5        Under 5 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(3), to establish Board jurisdiction over an IRA
     appeal, an appellant must prove by preponderant evidence that she exhausted
     administrative remedies with OSC before seeking corrective action from the
     Board. Chambers v. Department of Homeland Security, 2022 MSPB 8, ¶ 10. The
     substantive requirements of exhaustion are met when an appellant has provided
     OSC with a sufficient basis to pursue an investigation. Id. The purpose of the
     exhaustion requirement is to give OSC the opportunity to take corrective action
     before involving the Board in the case. Id. Thus, the Board’s jurisdiction in an
     IRA appeal is limited to those issues that have been raised with OSC. Id. An
     appellant, however, may give a more detailed account of the whistleblowing or
     protected activity before the Board than was given to OSC. Id.
¶6        The record reflects that the appellant alleged in her OSC complaint tha t, in
     reprisal for her alleged disclosures, her former VA supervisor caused the VA OIG
     to investigate her actions related to the award of a contract to a particular
     contractor, dissuaded the VA OIG from abandoning its investigation, caused the
     VA OIG to issue a report containing untrue allegations about her, and threatened
     to send the report to the Department of the Treasury to ruin the appellant’s career.
     IAF, Tab 1 at 26-52. Thus, we find that she exhausted such claims before OSC.
¶7        However, nothing in the record indicates that she raised before OSC her
     claim that, in February 2015, following the December 2014 OIG report, the VA
     downgraded her 2012 performance evaluation. IAF, Tab 7 at 35. On review, the
     appellant has not presented any evidence that such a claim was raised before
     OSC; rather, she asserts that, had OSC pursued an investigation of her claims, it
     would have discovered the downgrade of her 2012 performance evaluation. PFR
     File, Tab 1 at 12. Although an appellant can give a more detailed a ccount of her
     whistleblowing activities before the Board than she did to OSC, see Chambers,
                                                                                             5

     2022 MSPB 8, ¶ 10, we find that the appellant’s claim regarding her performance
     evaluation amounts to a new allegation that was not presented to OSC. In Miller
     v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 122 M.S.P.R. 3, ¶ 10 (2014), aff’d,
     626 F. App’x 261 (Fed. Cir. 2015), the Board found that an appellant’s claims
     were not exhausted because he presented new allegations rather than providing a
     more detailed account of the claims presented to OSC. Consistent with Miller,
     we agree with the administrative judge that the appellant has not shown that she
     exhausted her administrative remedies with OSC regarding her performance
     evaluation. 2 ID at 5.

     The appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that she was subjected to a threat of
     removal.
¶8         In addition to exhausting remedies with OSC as discussed above, to
     establish Board jurisdiction over an IRA appeal, an appellant must make
     nonfrivolous allegations 3 that:       (1) she made a protected whistleblowing
     disclosure under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or engaged in protected whistleblowing
     activity under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D); and (2) the disclosure
     or activity was a contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take or fail to
     take, or threaten to take or fail to take, a personnel action as defined by 5 U.S.C.

     2
       If the appellant has filed or intends to file an OSC complaint regarding the dow ngrade
     of her 2012 performance evaluation, she may file a new IRA appeal regarding such a
     claim. Such an appeal must be filed consistent with law and the Board’s regulations.
     Under 5 U.S.C. § 1214(a)(3), an appellant may file an IRA appeal with the Board once
     OSC closes its investigation into her complaint and no more than 60 days have elapsed
     since notification of the closure was provided to her or 120 days ha ve elapsed since she
     sought corrective action from OSC and she has not been notified by OSC that it shall
     seek corrective action on her behalf. Wells v. Department of Homeland Security,
     102 M.S.P.R. 36, ¶ 6 (2006).
     3
       A nonfrivolous allegation is an assertion that, if proven, could establish the matter at
     issue. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(s); see Hessami v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 979 F.3d
     1362, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
                                                                                          6

     § 2302(a)(2)(A). 4 5 U.S.C. §§ 1214(a)(3), 1221(e)(1); Chambers, 2022 MSPB 8,
     ¶ 14; Salerno v. Department of the Interior, 123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 5 (2016);
     5 C.F.R. § 1201.57(a)(1), (b), (c). We start our analysis by discussing whether a
     personnel action was threatened against the appellant, including whether a
     personnel action can be considered threatened when the two individuals involved
     work for different Federal agencies. We then turn to whether the appellant made
     a protected disclosure and whether a protected disclosure was a contributing
     factor in a personnel action.
¶9         “Personnel    actions”    are   defined   as   follows:     (i)   appointments;
     (ii) promotions; (iii) actions under 5 U.S.C. chapter 75 or other disciplinary or
     corrective actions; (iv) details, transfers, or reassignments; (v) reinstatements;
     (vi) restorations; (vii) reemployments; (viii) performance evaluations under
     5 U.S.C. chapter 43 or under Title 38; (ix) decisions regarding pay, benefits, or
     awards, or involving education or training if it reasonably may be expected to
     lead to an appointment, promotion, performance evaluation, or other action
     described in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A); (x) decisions to order psychiatric testing
     or examination; (xi) implementations or enforcements of any nondisclosure
     policy, form, or agreement; and (xii) any other significant changes in duties,
     responsibilities, or working conditions. 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A). Absent any
     disciplinary action, however, the mere threat of disciplinary action can amount to
     a personnel action.    5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)-(9); see Spivey v. Department of
     Justice, 2022 MSPB 24, ¶ 7; Hoback v. Department of the Treasury, 86 M.S.P.R.

     4
       This appeal involves events that occurred both before and after the December 27, 2012
     effective date of the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 (WPEA) , Pub.
     L. No. 112-199, §§ 101(b)(1)(A), 202, 126 Stat. 1465, 1476, which expanded the
     Board’s IRA jurisdiction. However, the changes made by the WPEA do not affect our
     jurisdictional analysis because the appellant’s claims of reprisal that occurred before
     the effective date of the WPEA all arise under section 2302(b)(8).
                                                                                         7

      425, ¶¶ 9-10 (2000) (clarifying that a threat of discipline is a covered personnel
      action); 5 C.F.R. §§ 1209.2(a), 1209.6(a)(5)(i).
¶10         The appellant alleged that her former supervisor at the VA threatened to
      have her removed from the Department of the Treasury based on the following
      actions: (1) in June 2012, he filed an anonymous complaint with the VA OIG
      alleging that she improperly awarded a contract based on her personal association
      with an owner of the company; (2) he caused the VA OIG to continue its
      investigation of her after she left the agency, notwithstandin g the VA OIG’s
      intent to abandon its investigation; (3) he caused the VA OIG to issue a report on
      December 8, 2014, that contained untrue statements about her; and (4) he stated
      to the appellant’s former coworker that he pressured the VA OIG to issue the
      report, that he was going to send a copy of the VA OIG report to the Department
      of the Treasury, that he wanted to ruin the appellant’s career, and that he hoped
      that she would end up in jail. IAF, Tab 7 at 13-15, 17-18; Tab 14 at 12. The
      administrative judge, in a footnote, found that the appellant failed to raise a
      nonfrivolous allegation that she was subjected to a threat of removal because the
      VA lacked the authority to take or effect any employment action after the
      appellant became employed by the Department of the Treasury. ID at 5 n.2. On
      review, the appellant asserts that the administrative judge erred in finding that she
      failed to nonfrivolously allege that she was subjected to a personnel action and
      that her subsequent transfer to work for the Department of the Treasury does not
      preclude Board jurisdiction over her claims. PFR File, Tab 1 at 25 -29.
¶11         We find that the appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that her former
      supervisor had the authority to recommend a personnel action.                    The
      administrative judge did not cite any authority in support of his finding that the
      agency lacked the authority to take or effect any action against her.         Under
      5 U.S.C. § 2302(b), it is a prohibited personnel practice for “[a]ny employee who
      has the authority to take, direct others to take, recommend, or approve any
      personnel action” to “take or fail to take, or threaten to take or fail to take, a
                                                                                        8

      personnel action” because of an employee’s protected disclosures or activities.
      5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)-(9). The Board has construed the exercise of supervisory
      or personnel authority under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b) quite broadly to include
      instances where a manager’s recommendation or threat that an employee be
      removed is given some weight and consideration, even if no action was ultimately
      taken against the employee. See Caster v. Department of the Army, 62 M.S.P.R.
      436, 443 (1994) aff’d sub nom. Manning v. Merit Systems Protection Board,
      59 F.3d 180 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (Table).      Moreover, the Board has held that an
      employee need not be employed by the agency alleged to have retaliated against
      her so long as she meets the definition of an “employee.” See Weed v. Social
      Security Administration, 113 M.S.P.R. 221, 227 (2010). Here, at the time of the
      alleged retaliatory actions, the appellant was employed by the VA and, as of
      January 2014, the Department of the Treasury, neither of which is excluded from
      the definition of agency under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(C).
¶12        Next, we address whether the appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that she
      was subjected to a threat of a personnel action. As set forth below, we conclude
      that the appellant raised a nonfrivolous allegation that her former supervisor
      threatened to have her removed. The Board has held that the term “threaten” in
      section 2302 should be given a fairly broad interpretation. Campo v. Department
      of the Army, 93 M.S.P.R. 1, ¶ 5 (2002).          In Gergick v. General Services
      Administration, 43 M.S.P.R. 651, 654 (1990), an agency investigation resulted in
      a record of inquiry in which the agency notified the appellant that it appeared that
      he had violated the agency’s standards of acceptable conduct or behavior, which
      could result in disciplinary action. The Board found that the record of inquiry
      amounted to a threat to take a personnel action, reasoning that, although the
      record of inquiry did not state that any discipline was being proposed, the
      language nonetheless indicated that discipline was possible. Id. at 654-57. The
      Board further highlighted that the likelihood of discipline was not insignificant
                                                                                          9

      given that the record of inquiry was issued following an investigation of the
      appellant’s activities that resulted in a substantial file. Id. at 657.
¶13         Here, although the VA OIG report did not recommend any discipline
      because the appellant was no longer employed at t he VA, IAF, Tab 7 at 221, the
      possibility of the appellant being disciplined based on the severity of the
      substantiated allegations against her as a high-ranking Government official would
      not be insignificant. Additionally, the appellant further alleged t hat her former
      supervisor made the complaint to the VA OIG that caused the OIG to investigate
      her, that he routinely threatened other employees that he would have the VA OIG
      investigate them, and that, due to his control over a supply fund which partially
      funded the salaries of VA OIG employees, he exerted control and/or influence
      over the VA OIG. IAF, Tab 7 at 14-15. Finally, the appellant alleged that her
      former supervisor admitted to another employee that he had convinced the VA
      OIG to issue the December 2014 report, notwithstanding the VA OIG’s stated
      intent to abandon its investigation after the appellant left the VA, and that he was
      going to send the report to the Department of the Treasury because he wanted to
      ruin the appellant’s career and see her go to jail. Id. at 33-34. Moreover, the
      Department of the Treasury conducted its own investigation and concluded that
      “witness testimony consistently indicated that the VA OIG was directed by a
      senior official at the VA to conduct the VA OIG investigation, and have i t
      released months after [the appellant] left the VA, in an effort to ruin [her] career
      and reputation.”    IAF, Tab 14 at 17.        We find that such allegations, taken
      together, amount to a nonfrivolous allegation of a threat to remove the appellant.
      See 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A)(iii) (listing an action under chapter 75 as a
      personnel action). In so finding, under the circumstances of this case, we broadly
      interpret the word “take” in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), given that the section covers
      employees who also have the authority to recommend personnel actions, see
      Maloney v. Executive Office of the President, 2022 MSPB 26, ¶ 23 (construing
      the whistleblower statutes liberally to embrace all cases fairly within their scope),
                                                                                      10

and given the ordinary, contemporary, and common meaning of the word “take,”
see Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2330 (1993) (defining “take”
as, among other things, “undertake” or “set in motion”); see also Maloney,
2022 MSPB 26, ¶ 13 (referring to dictionary definitions in the absence of a
statutory definition or clear guidance in the legislative history). Although we
acknowledge that the Department of the Treasury’s repor t of investigation
completely exonerated the appellant, IAF, Tab 14, the fact that it declined to
carry out the threat to remove her is not dispositive because whether a threatened
action is carried out or not does not determine the Board’s jurisdiction in an IRA
appeal, see Hoback, 86 M.S.P.R. 425, ¶ 9.            Accordingly, we find that the
appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that she was subjected to a personnel action. 5

5
  On review, the appellant also asserts that the administrative judge erred in failing to
address her argument that the VA OIG investigation, including its initiation,
continuation, and ultimate report of findings, amounted to a significant change in her
working conditions. PFR File, Tab 1 at 16. She alleges that the VA OIG report cast a
shadow over her many successes in her career and received media attention, and she
was forced to undergo a second investigation by the Department of the Treasury, during
which they temporarily withheld her 2014 raise and bonus. IAF, Tab 7 at 30, 33; PFR
File, Tab 1 at 23-24. We find that such assertions fail to amount to a nonfrivolous
allegation of a “significant change” personnel action because the appellant has not
alleged any practical or significant effects that the investigation had on the overall
nature of her working conditions, duties, or responsibilities. See Spivey, 2022 MSPB
24, ¶ 13 (finding that the appellant did not nonfrivolously allege that she suffered a
significant change in duties, responsibilities, or working conditions based on her
participation in an interview and preparation of an affidavit as part of an agency
investigation); Skarada, 2022 MSPB 17, ¶¶ 15-16; S. Rep. No. 112-155, at 20 (2012),
as reprinted in 2012 U.S.C.C.A.N. 589, 608 (explaining that agency investigations
come within the definition of a personnel action only if they result in a significant
change in job duties, responsibilities, or working conditions, or have effects that
otherwise fit within one of the items listed under the statutory definition of “personnel
action”). Furthermore, although the Department of the Treasury’s 2014 withholding of
the appellant’s raise and bonus would qualify as a personnel action under 5 U.S.C.
§ 2302(a)(2)(A)(ix), there is no evidence that the appellant exhausted this claim before
OSC.
                                                                                         11

      The appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that she made protected disclosures.
¶14         We now turn to whether the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she made
      a protected disclosure.     A protected disclosure is one which the employee
      “reasonably believes evidences: (i) any violation of any law, rule, or regulation,
      or (ii) gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a
      substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.” 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8).
      The proper test for determining whether an employee had a reasonable belief that
      her disclosure was protected is whether a disinterested observer with knowledge
      of the essential facts known to and readily ascertainable by the employee could
      reasonably conclude that the disclosure evidenced one of the circumstances
      described in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). Shannon v. Department of Veterans Affairs,
      121 M.S.P.R. 221, ¶ 28 (2014). The test for protected status is not the truth of the
      matter disclosed but whether it was reasonably believed. Id. A reasonable belief
      that a violation of law is imminent is sufficient to establish a protected disclosure.
      Reid v. Merit Systems Protection Board, 508 F.3d 674, 676-78 (Fed. Cir. 2007).
      A disclosure of a violation of a Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) can
      evidence a violation of law, rule, or regulation. See McCarthy v. International
      Boundary and Water Commission, 116 M.S.P.R. 594, ¶ 37 (2011), aff’d, 497 F.
      App’x 4 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Schnell v. Department of the Army, 114 M.S.P.R. 83,
      ¶ 20 (2010).
¶15         Because the administrative judge found that the appellant failed to raise a
      nonfrivolous allegation that she was subjected to a personnel action, he did not
      address whether she raised nonfrivolous allegations that she made a protected
      disclosure. Thus, we do so now.
                                                                                        12

¶16         Regarding disclosures of alleged FAR violations, the appellant contended
      that she disclosed the following: (1) in December 2010, 6 she informed her former
      supervisor that efforts to rewrite a technical evaluation so that it would result in
      the type of furniture they wanted were improper because technical evaluation
      requirements cannot be altered unless the solicita tion is amended and all vendors
      have the opportunity to revise their proposals; (2) in 2011 and 2012, she disclosed
      to her former supervisor and her former second-level supervisor, among others,
      that a contractor was working outside the original scope of i ts contract to provide
      acquisition policy support; (3) in June 2012, she disclosed to her former
      supervisor, among others, that delaying awarding contracts to big businesses and
      placing the money in the supply fund to hold until the next fiscal year was il legal;
      and (4) in 2013, she disclosed to her former second-level supervisor and the
      Director of Policy that the agency’s use of the services of a support contractor on
      a sole-source basis was improper because the services they provided for
      acquisition policy support were not unique enough to justify a sole-source
      contract. IAF, Tab 7 at 23-28, 179.
¶17         Regarding disclosure 1, the appellant alleges that she reasonably believed
      that she disclosed a violation of law because having a contractor provide
      significant changes to the furniture from what was competed violated the
      requirements in the FAR that all quotes received be fairly considered and the
      award be made in accordance with the basis for selection in the request for
      quotes. Id. at 24-25, 182-83. Regarding disclosure 2, the appellant contends that
      the contractor was working outside of its contract by holding outreach events to
      train vendors on the VA acquisition process, an inherently governmental function .
      Id. at 25.   Regarding disclosure 3, the appellant asserts that she reasonably

      6
        The appellant also alleged that she later made this same disclosure during her
      testimony before an Administrative Investigative Board (AIB) on October 30, 2013.
      IAF, Tab 7 at 16, 129-32.
                                                                                     13

      believed that this action would violate the FAR provision which prohibits the
      Government from requesting a proposal that it could not or did not intend to
      award or fund, as well as appropriations laws that she understood to al lot money
      to agencies on a yearly basis and to take away money not spent at the end of the
      fiscal year. Id. at 27-28, 179-80. Regarding disclosure 4, the appellant contends
      that she reasonably believed she was disclosing a violation of the FAR provision
      that requires the Government to ensure that companies compete for Government
      contracts. Id. at 23. We find that the appellant was in a position to reasonably
      believe that her disclosures evidenced FAR violations given her background
      experience and employment as the Associate Deputy Assistant Secretary for
      Acquisitions.   See, e.g., Kalil v. Department of Agriculture, 96 M.S.P.R. 77,
      84-85 (2004) (considering the appellant’s status as an attorney in determining
      whether he reasonably believed his disclosures amounted to violations of law).
      Moreover, any doubt or ambiguity as to whether the appellant has made a
      nonfrivolous allegation of a reasonable belief should be resolved in favor of
      affording the appellant a hearing. Id. at 85; Ivey v. Department of the Treasury,
      94 M.S.P.R. 224, ¶ 13 (2003). Thus, regarding these matters, we find that the
      appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she made a disclosure concerning a violation
      of law, rule, or regulation.
¶18         The appellant also alleges that she disclosed additional violati ons of law,
      rule, or regulation, including:   (5) in September 2009 and October 2010, she
      disclosed to her former supervisor that his request that she grant FAC-C Level 1
      certifications to interns after completing 1 year at the VA Acquisition Academy
      was a violation of certification requirements; 7 and (6) in 2011 and 2012, she
      objected to her second-level supervisor that a contractor was being used as an
      industry advisory group to circumvent the requirements of the Federal Advisory

      7
        The appellant also alleged that she later made this same disclosure during her
      testimony before an AIB on October 30, 2013. IAF, Tab 7 at 16, 134 -35.
                                                                                   14

Committee Act (FACA) which established a process for setting up advisory
groups through the General Services Administration (GSA). IAF, Tab 7 at 20-21,
25-26. Regarding disclosure 5, the appellant asserts that the interns’ experience
was predominately classroom-based and lacked the hands-on experience required
to meet the 1 year of contract work experience requirement . Id. at 20-21, 179.
The appellant’s belief that proper certification required 1 year of work experience
based on the Contract Specialist (GS-1102) Qualification Standard is purportedly
supported by the Federal Acquisition Institute (FAI)’s Certification Requirements
as well as a 2014 memorandum regarding revisions to the FAC-C Certification
from the Office of Federal Procurement Policy.            Id. at 21-22; see GSA,
FAI, FAC-C (Legacy) Certification Requirements, https://www.fai.gov/certificati
on/fac-c/contracting-fac/fac-c-legacy-cert-reqs   (last   visited   Aug.   8,   2023);
Memorandum for Chief Acquisition Officers Senior Procurement Executives from
Lesley A. Field, Acting Administrator of the Office of Management and
Budget (May 7, 2014), https://www.fai.gov/sites/default/files/2014-05-07-FAC-
C_Refresh.pdf. 8   Thus, regarding this matter, we find that the appellant has
nonfrivolously alleged that she disclosed a violation of a rule.      See Chavez v.
Department of Veterans Affairs, 120 M.S.P.R. 285, ¶ 25 (2013) (stating that the
Board has suggested that “rule” includes established or authoritative standards for
conduct or behavior); Rusin v. Department of the Treasury, 92 M.S.P.R. 298,
¶¶ 15-16 (2002) (finding that alleged disclosures of violations of a n agency’s
procurement instruction memorandum and a Government commercial credit card
program constituted nonfrivolous allegations of violations of rules). Regarding
disclosure 6, the appellant asserts that she had a reasonable belief that her former
supervisors used a contractor to set up an advisory group in conjunction with a
major university without obtaining GSA approval because she heard her former

8
  The links to these documents that the appellant provided with her jurisdictional
submission in 2015 appear to be no longer available. IAF, Tab 7 at 20-21.
                                                                                            15

      supervisor boast in meetings that he had circumvented FACA. IAF, Tab 7 at 179.
      As with the appellant’s above-referenced alleged violations of law, we find that,
      given her experience and position, she nonfrivolously alleged that she had a
      reasonable belief that she was disclosing a violation of law, rule, or regulation.
¶19           We also find that the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she disclosed an
      abuse    of   authority by her     former    supervisor    during   her   October    30,
      2013 testimony before an Administrative Investigative Board (AIB). 9                  In
      particular, the appellant alleges that, during her testimony, she disclosed that her
      former supervisor used the VA OIG as a form of intimidation against anybody
      who dared cross him as well as made abusive comments and engaged in alleged
      harassment and intimidation. IAF, Tab 7 at 15-16, 111. She also alleges that,
      from Spring 2012 through January 2014, she disclosed monthly to her former
      supervisor and her former second-level supervisor that her former supervisor was
      refusing to correct inaccurate data presented during monthly meetings with her
      peers across the agency and manipulating data to discredit and embarrass her. Id.
      at 26-27.     We find such allegations amount to a nonfrivolous allegation of a
      disclosure of an abuse of authority.        See Mithen v. Department of Veterans
      Affairs, 122 M.S.P.R. 489, ¶ 27 (2015) (explaining that an abuse of authority
      occurs when there is an arbitrary or capricious exercise of power by a Federal
      official or employee that adversely affects the rights of any person or that results
      in personal gain or advantage to himself or to preferred other persons), aff’d,

      9
        Effective December 12, 2017, the National Defense Authorization Act of 2018 (2018
      NDAA) amended 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(C) to provide that, in addition to the Inspector
      General of an agency or the Special Counsel, a disclosure to “any other component
      responsible for internal investigation or review” is also protected. Pub. L. No. 115 -91,
      § 1097(c)(1), 131 Stat. 1283, 1618 (2017). We need not decide whether the appellant’s
      2013 AIB testimony also falls within the coverage of the amended
      section 2302(b)(9)(C) because the statutory provision is not retroactive. Edwards v.
      Department of Labor, 2022 MSPB 9, ¶¶ 29-33, aff’d, No. 2022-1967, 2023 WL
      4398002 (Fed. Cir. July 7, 2023). In any event, we find, as discussed here, that the
      appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she made a protected disclosure.
                                                                                            16

      652 F. App’x 971 (Fed. Cir. 2016); Murphy v. Department of the Treasury,
      86 M.S.P.R. 131, ¶ 6 (2000) (stating that a supervisor’s use of his influence to
      denigrate other staff members in an abusive manner and to threaten the careers of
      staff members with whom he disagrees constitutes an abuse of authority).
      Accordingly, in sum, we find that the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she
      disclosed violations of law, rule, or regulation and an abuse of authority. 10

      The appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that her alleged disclosures were a
      contributing factor in the agency’s decision to threaten her removal.
¶20         An appellant may meet her jurisdictional burden regarding the contr ibuting
      factor element if she nonfrivolously alleges that the official who took or
      threatened to take the personnel action at issue knew of the protected
      whistleblowing disclosures or activity and that the personnel action occurred
      within a period of time such that a reasonable person could conclude that the
      disclosures or activity were a contributing factor in the personnel action. Carney
      v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 121 M.S.P.R. 446, ¶ 7 (2014). The Board has
      found that personnel actions alleged to have begun within 1 to 2 years of the
      appellant’s protected whistleblowing disclosures or activity satisfy the timing
      prong of this knowledge/timing test. See, e.g., Mastrullo v. Department of Labor,
      123 M.S.P.R. 110, ¶¶ 20-22 (2015).
¶21         Except for the appellant’s alleged disclosures regarding a contractor being
      improperly used on a sole-source basis and a second contractor being improperly
      used as an industry advisory group, and alleged disclosures made during her
      AIB testimony, the appellant’s remaining alleged disclosures were all made to her

      10
        To the extent the appellant alleges that she engaged in protected activity by filing an
      equal employment opportunity complaint (EEO) against her former supervisor, IAF,
      Tab 7 at 28, we find such an allegation fails to amount to a nonfrivolous allegation that
      she engaged in protected activity under section 2302(b)(9), see Edwards, 2022 MSPB 9,
      ¶ 25 (holding that complaints to the EEO office regarding discrimination are not within
      the purview of section 2302(b)(9)(A)(i) and the Board lacks jurisdiction to consider
      such allegations in the context of an IRA appeal ).
                                                                                           17

      former supervisor, whom she alleges threatened her removal. Thus, her former
      supervisor had knowledge of such disclosures. Many of these alleged disclosures
      occurred between approximately October 2010 11 and June 2012, within 2 years
      prior to when the appellant’s former supervisor is alleged to have initiated the
      OIG investigation in July 2012. Although the VA OIG report and the appellant’s
      former supervisor’s comments regarding his intent to harm the appellant’s ca reer
      did not occur until December 2014, we find that the appellant has nonfrivolously
      alleged that such actions were part of a continuum of related actions that
      commenced with the July 2012 OIG complaint. See Agoranos v. Department of
      Justice, 119 M.S.P.R. 498, ¶¶ 22-23 (2013) (finding that an appellant could
      satisfy the timing prong of the knowledge/timing test by showing that the
      personnel actions at issue were part of a continuum of related performance -based
      actions, the first of which occurred within 2 years of the appellant ’s disclosure).
      Moreover, the appellant also made alleged disclosures between Spring 2012 and
      January 2014 to her former supervisor, which were followed within 2 years by the
      December 2014 report.
¶22         Accordingly, we find that the appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that she
      made at least one protected disclosure that was a contributing factor in at least
      one covered personnel action.       See Fitzgerald v. Department of Agriculture,
      97 M.S.P.R. 181, ¶ 10 (2004). Thus, we find that she has established jurisdiction
      over this IRA appeal and is entitled to a hearing on the merits. 12            Salerno,
      123 M.S.P.R. 230, ¶ 5; 5 C.F.R. § 1201.57(c)(4).

      11
        Although one of the appellant’s alleged disclosures to her former supervisor occurred
      in September 2009, she alleges that she made the same disclosure on October 10, 2010.
      IAF, Tab 7 at 20, 47-48.
      12
         Because the appellant need only nonfrivolously allege that she made at least one
      protected disclosure that was a contributing factor in at least one personnel action to
      establish jurisdiction and entitlement to a hearing, we need not address the appellant’s
      remaining alleged protected disclosures. On remand, the administrat ive judge shall also
      address whether the appellant met her contributing factor burden under the
                                                                                           18

                                             ORDER
¶23         For the reasons discussed above, we remand this case to the regional office
      for further adjudication in accordance with this Opinion and Order.

      FOR THE BOARD:

      /s/
      Jennifer Everling
      Acting Clerk of the Board
      Washington, D.C.

      knowledge/timing test or pursuant to the factors set forth in Dorney v. Department of
      the Army, 117 M.S.P.R. 480, ¶ 15 (2012) with respect to her alleged disclosures
      regarding a contractor being improperly used on a sole source basis, a second contractor
      being improperly used as an industry advisory group, and the appellant’s AIB
      testimony.