Court Opinion

ID: 4016215
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-15 19:14:01.80162+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:17.258395
License: Public Domain

J-A11014-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

ESTATE OF CLARA FLATOW, DECEASED,                IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

APPEAL OF: SAMANTHA WESTON

                                                      No. 1248 EDA 2015

               Appeal from the Order Entered March 25, 2015
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
          Orphans' Court at No(s): No. 677 of 2011; No. 2312-2900

BEFORE: SHOGAN, MUNDY, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                               FILED JULY 15, 2016

       Samantha Weston (“Niece”) appeals from the March 25, 2015 order

denying her exceptions in this will contest, thereby making final the orphans’

court’s February 10, 2015 order denying her motion for summary judgment

and granting summary judgment in favor of The New York Public Library;

Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations; The Sierra Club Foundation; The

Salvation Army of New York City; The Pennsylvania SPCA; and Surrey

Services for Seniors (collectively “The Charities”).1 We affirm.

____________________________________________

*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
   Attorney John Potts (“Attorney Potts”) and the Pittsburgh Office of the
Attorney General (“the Commonwealth”) joined The Charities’ motion. The
Commonwealth participated in this matter as parens patriae.           See
Commonwealth’s Brief at 20 (citing Commonwealth Attorneys Act, 71 P.S.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
J-A11014-16

      Clara Flatow (“Decedent”) was a childless widow who lived most of her

life in New York and her final years as a resident of Dunwoody Village in

Newton Square, Pennsylvania. She died in 2012 at the age of 99 with an

estate valued at $5.1 million.          Prior to the circumstances underlying this

matter, Decedent executed seven wills. Pepper Hamilton LLP prepared the

first three wills, and Attorney Potts prepared the last four wills, which

Decedent executed in May of 2004, December of 2005, December of 2007,

and June of 2011 (“June 2011 Will”).                 In each of the four wills,

Attorney Potts was named executor with no benefit and no discretion

regarding how to distribute the estate. Niece was a named beneficiary, but

the residuary clause distributed the vast majority of Decedent’s estate to

various charities.

      Niece is the daughter of one of Decedent’s two brothers.           Although

Niece lived in Colorado before and during these proceedings, she re-entered

Decedent’s life in 2006—shortly after Decedent’s sister died in 2005—with

occasional visits and copious phone calls. At Niece’s urging, Decedent gave

Niece a durable power of attorney in August of 2010. In July of 2011, Niece

informed Attorney Potts that Decedent wanted to change her June 2011 Will.

Upon reviewing the proposed changes, Attorney Potts explained that he

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

§ 732-204(c) (“[P]ursuant to the Commonwealth Attorneys Act, the Attorney
General is authorized to intervene in any action ‘involving charitable
bequests and trusts.’”)).

                                            -2-
J-A11014-16

would need to meet with Decedent independently before modifying the June

2011 Will.    In response, Niece contacted Attorney Edward Glickman, who,

after meeting with Niece and Decedent together and Decedent individually,

prepared a new will for Decedent. On August 18, 2011, Decedent executed

the new will (“August 2011 Will”), which distributed the majority of

Decedent’s estate into a trust for Niece and named Niece’s husband as

executor and trustee with absolute discretion to make distributions of the

trust principle to Niece and her heirs.

       When Attorney Potts learned of the August 2011 Will via a letter from

Attorney Glickman, he consulted three independent legal experts2 about his

concern that Decedent had been financially exploited.3        Based on those

____________________________________________

2
     Attorney Potts first consulted with Bradley Rainer, Director of the
Pennsylvania Bar Institute, co-chair of the Professional Responsibility
Committee of the Pennsylvania Bar, and co-chair of the Professional
Guidance Committee of the Philadelphia Bar Association. Next, Attorney
Potts consulted with Mary Kenney of the Pennsylvania Attorney General’s
Office. Lastly, Attorney Potts consulted with Joe Lastowka, Esquire, an
estate planning attorney. Orphans’ Court Opinion, 2/6/15, at 8–9.
3
  Under the Older Adults Protective Services Act, 35 P.S. § 10225.101–
10225.5102, “exploitation” is defined as follows:

       An act or course of conduct by a caretaker or other person
       against an older adult or an older adult’s resources, without the
       informed consent of the older adult or with consent obtained
       through misrepresentation, coercion or threats of force, that
       results in monetary, personal or other benefit, gain or profit for
       the perpetrator or monetary or personal loss to the older adult.

Id. at § 10225.103.

                                           -3-
J-A11014-16

conversations, Attorney Potts filed a report with the Delaware County Office

of Services for the Aging (“COSA”) in September of 2011.          COSA case

manager, Jamilla Allen (“Ms. Allen”), opened an investigation and met with

Decedent on September 12, 2011.           At the meeting, Decedent asked

Ms. Allen for more time to consider what she wanted to do with her estate.

Ms. Allen and Decedent agreed to meet again on September 21, 2011.

Neither Attorney Potts nor anyone from COSA, including Ms. Allen, contacted

Decedent from September 12 through September 21, 2011; however, during

that period, Niece repeatedly contacted Decedent by telephone.

      Ms. Allen met with Decedent on September 21, 2011, as scheduled.

As a result of that meeting, Attorney Potts met with Decedent the next day

and prepared a will (“September 2011 Will”) reflecting Decedent’s earlier

wills. Consistent with Decedent’s prior wills, the September 2011 Will made

a specific bequest of $50,000 to Niece, distributed the majority of

Decedent’s estate to the Charities as residuary beneficiaries, and named

Attorney Potts as executor with no benefit or discretion as to distribution of

the estate. COSA closed its investigation on October 7, 2011.

      Decedent passed away on September 20, 2012.         Six days later, the

Delaware County Register of Wills admitted the September 2011 Will to

probate.   Niece filed a petition for citation sur appeal, alleging undue

influence and fraud. Petition for Citation Sur Appeal, 6/18/13, at ¶ 71. The

Charities filed preliminary objections, which the orphans’ court denied on

                                    -4-
J-A11014-16

October 25, 2013. After the filing of answers and extensive discovery, Niece

filed a motion for summary judgment solely on her undue-influence claim,

and the Charities filed a motion for summary judgment on both of Niece’s

claims.    Motion of Petitioner for Summary Judgment, 11/20/14; The

Charities’ Motion for Summary Judgment, 12/8/14. The orphans’ court held

oral argument on January 16, 2015; it then granted the Charities’ motion for

summary judgment and denied Niece’s competing motion on February 6,

2015. Order of Court, 2/10/15. Niece filed timely exceptions to the order

pursuant to Pa.O.C.R. 7.1 on February 27, 2015, which the orphans’ court

denied on March 25, 2015. This timely appeal followed on April 22, 2015.

     Niece presents the following questions for our consideration:

     1. Did the Orphans’ Court err in denying a Motion for Summary
        Judgment in favor of a contestant in a will contest where that
        contestant demonstrated that:

          a. the testator was falsely advised that her niece, a
             beneficiary of her existing will, was stealing from her;

          b. the contested will was made hastily prior to a pending
             emergency psychiatric evaluation of the testator;

          c. that emergency evaluation conducted just days after
             the will was signed found the testator to be unable to
             handle her own affairs;

          d. those participating in the procuring of the will
             incorrectly claimed that the testator wished to cut off all
             contact with the disfavored niece; and

          e. on the basis of that incorrect claim, those procuring the
             new will attempted to prevent the disfavored niece from
             contacting testator?

                                      -5-
J-A11014-16

       2. Did the Orphans’ Court err in denying a Motion for Partial
          Summary Judgment in favor of contestant that [sic] the
          three-part test to impose a burden on the proponents of the
          contested will was not met, where the contestant
          demonstrated that the testator suffered from a weakened
          intellect, had a confidential relationship with the proponent,
          and the proponent derived a substantial benefit from the
          making of the new will?

       3. Did the Orphans’ Court err in entering summary judgment
          against the contestant, both as to her claims of fraud and
          undue influence, and as to her alternative claim that the
          Court should shift the burden of proof to the proponents of
          the will?

Niece’s Brief at 4.4

       The scope and standard of review on appeal from a decree of the

orphans’ court in a will contest are as follows:

       The record is to be reviewed in the light most favorable to [the
       contestant], and review is to be limited to determining whether
       the trial court’s findings of fact were based upon legally
       competent and sufficient evidence and whether there is an error
       of law or abuse of discretion. Only where it appears from a
       review of the record that there is no evidence to support the
       court’s findings or that there is a capricious disbelief of evidence
       may the court’s findings be set aside. In re Bosley, 26 A.3d
       1104, 1107 (Pa.Super. 2011) (internal citations omitted).

____________________________________________

4
    We discern only the slightest correlation between Niece’s statement of
questions presented and the argument section of her brief in contrast to
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), which provides, “The argument shall be divided into as
many parts as there are questions to be argued.” However, because Niece
is clearly challenging the denial of her motion for summary judgment and
the grant of the Charities’ motion for summary judgment, we prefer to
address the various claims she raises within the framework of her questions
presented.

                                           -6-
J-A11014-16

In re Estate of Schumacher, 133 A.3d 45, 49–50 (Pa. Super. 2016); see

also In re Estate of Harrison, 745 A.2d 676, 678 (Pa. Super. 2000)

(noting that standard of review of decree of orphans' court is deferential).

“Because the Orphans’ Court sits as the fact-finder, it determines the

credibility of the witnesses and, on review, we will not reverse its credibility

determinations   absent    an   abuse   of   that   discretion.”    Estate   of

Pendergrass, 26 A.3d 1151, 1153 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quoting In re Estate

of Harper, 975 A.2d 1155, 1158 (Pa. Super. 2009)) (internal citation

omitted).

      Additionally, we review the grant of summary judgment according to

the following standards:

      A reviewing court may disturb the order of the trial court only
      where it is established that the court committed an error of law
      or abused its discretion. As with all questions of law, our review
      is plenary.

      In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter summary
      judgment, we focus on the legal standard articulated in the
      summary judgment rule. Pa.R.C.P. 1035.2. The rule states that
      where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving
      party is entitled to relief as a matter of law, summary judgment
      may be entered. Where the non-moving party bears the burden
      of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his pleadings or
      answers in order to survive summary judgment. Failure of a
      non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an issue
      essential to his case and on which he bears the burden of proof
      establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a
      matter of law. Lastly, we will review the record in the light most
      favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts as to the
      existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved
      against the moving party.        Michael Salove Co. v. Enrico
      Partners, L.P., 23 A.3d 1066, 1069 (Pa.Super.2011) (citation
      omitted).

                                     -7-
J-A11014-16

In re Estate of Hooper, 80 A.3d 815, 818 (Pa. Super. 2013).

      In her first question presented, Niece argues that the orphans’ court

erred in denying her motion for summary judgment because she presented

clear and convincing evidence of undue influence directly exerted upon

Decedent. Niece’s Brief at 31–33. Specifically, Niece submits the following

as evidence supporting her claim: (a) Decedent was falsely advised that

Niece was stealing from her, id. at 42; (b) the contested will was made

hastily prior to a pending emergency psychiatric evaluation of the testator,

id. at 32; (c) an emergency evaluation conducted just days after the

September 2011 Will was signed found Decedent unable to handle her own

affairs, id. at 44; (d) Attorney Potts and COSA incorrectly claimed that

Decedent wished to cut off all contact with Niece, id. at 48; and (e) on the

basis of that incorrect claim, those procuring the new will attempted to

prevent the disfavored niece from contacting testator, id. at 33.

      Our Supreme Court has defined undue influence as follows:

      The word “influence” does not refer to any and every line of
      conduct capable of disposing in one’s favor a fully and self-
      directing mind, but to control acquired over another that
      virtually destroys his free agency. . . . In order to constitute
      undue influence sufficient to void a will, there must be
      imprisonment of the body or mind, . . . fraud, or threats, or
      misrepresentations, or circumvention, or inordinate flattery or
      physical or moral coercion, to such a degree as to prejudice the
      mind of the testator, to destroy his free agency and to operate
      as a present restraint upon him in the making of a will. In re
      Estate of Ziel, 467 Pa. 531, 359 A.2d 728, 733 (1976)
      (citations omitted).

Estate of Schumacher, 133 A.3d at 52.

                                    -8-
J-A11014-16

      Relying on the definition of undue influence expressed in In re Estate

of Ziel, 467 Pa. 531, 359 A.2d 728, 733 (1976), the orphans’ court disposed

of this claim with the following analysis:

             In the present matter, [Niece] strongly believes that there
      is evidence of direct undue influence sufficient to meet the
      definition [set forth in Ziel]. To support this argument, [Niece]
      relies on COSA’s investigation of the Decedent’s situation based
      on the report of [Attorney Potts].         According to [Niece],
      [Attorney Potts] was appalled by the August 18, 2011 Will which
      was prepared by Edward Glickman, Esquire because it did not
      reflect the testamentary plan that [Attorney Potts] wanted in
      place for the Decedent.         To correct this, [Niece] argues,
      [Attorney Potts] reported to COSA, a government agency, how
      the Decedent was being exploited by [Niece] in order to make
      COSA [Attorney Potts’] de facto agent. As his agent, the COSA
      primary care manager, Ms. Allen, under the auspices of the
      government agency, then reported the allegation that [Niece]
      was financially exploiting the Decedent to the Decedent who, in
      her weakened and elderly state, believed them without question.
      Once appropriately shocked by the actions of [Niece], as
      reported, the Decedent immediately changed her will to rid it of
      the exploitation. [Niece] adamantly argues that, at that time,
      the Decedent was profoundly impaired and thus more prone to
      influence as evidenced by the report of [Niece’s] doctor, Dr.
      Barry Rovner, who reviewed the medical records of the Decedent
      as well as Dunwoody Village reports and the depositions [of] Ms.
      Allen and [Attorney Potts].

            This theory is not supported by the record despite the fact
      that the record in this matter is vast and thorough because the
      parties were granted near unlimited discovery. Instead, a
      recitation of the record does not raise any genuine issue of
      material fact that there was “imprisonment of the body or
      mind . . . fraud,   or   threats,  or    misrepresentations,   or
      circumvention, or inordinate flattery or physical or moral
      coercion, to such a degree as to prejudice the mind of the
      testator, to destroy her free agency and to operate as a present
      restraint upon her in the making of the September 22, 2011
      Will” which Ziel’s Estate, quoted and cited above, informs us to
      be the standard for meeting the burden of proving under
      influence directly.    Instead, the record reflects a carefully

                                      -9-
J-A11014-16

      thought out course of action undertaken by [Attorney Potts] to
      understand the Decedent’s testamentary wishes and to
      effectuate them without influencing the Decedent in any way.

Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur Summary Judgment, 2/6/15, at 7–8.               The

orphans’ court continued with a thorough recitation of factual findings and

the following conclusion:

             Despite ample, unfettered discovery and despite giving
      [Niece] the benefit of all reasonable inferences, there is nothing
      in the record that comes close to clear and convincing evidence
      of direct undue influence as [defined] above. Far from being
      isolated or imprisoned, the Decedent was residing in Dunwoody
      Village where nurses and aids were coming and going all the
      time. In addition, [Niece] regularly contacted the Decedent via
      telephone and was able to physically visit the Decedent. Despite
      that access to and conversations with the Decedent, [Niece]
      never questioned the Decedent’s capacity.        After the initial
      meeting with COSA, the Decedent had nine (9) days, which is
      ample time for any intimidation felt as a result of COSA being
      involved to dissipate, to consider her wishes. The Decedent’s
      body and mind were not imprisoned, she was not coerced, and
      her free agency was not destroyed. Instead, her free agency
      was encouraged and fostered to ensure that her testamentary
      plan was, in fact, hers and hers alone devoid of any third party
      influence.

            Accordingly, this [c]ourt finds [Niece] has failed to raise
      any genuine issue of material fact to support her argument of
      direct undue influence upon the Decedent by [Attorney Potts].

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 2/6/15, at 10.

      Upon review of the certified record, we find support therein for the

orphans’ court’s findings.   Moreover, we find support in the law and the

record for the orphans’ court’s analysis and conclusion, which we adopt as

our own. Orphans’ Court Opinion, 2/6/15, at 6–10.

                                    - 10 -
J-A11014-16

      We write separately to address Niece’s more specific arguments.

Niece complains that the orphans’ court used an incorrect standard of review

for summary judgment.     Niece’s Brief at 36.   She challenges the orphans’

court’s use of the phrase, “there is nothing in the record that comes close to

clear and convincing evidence of direct undue influence.”     Orphans’ Court

Opinion Sur Summary Judgment, 2/6/15, at 10. This argument lacks merit.

Upon reading the orphans’ court’s analysis as a whole, we reach the same

conclusion it did in rejecting Niece’s third exception: “[T]he statement that

the evidence ‘did not come close to clear and convincing evidence of undue

influence’ has the clear meaning that no genuine issue of material fact of

undue influence was raised to proceed to trial.” Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur

Exceptions, 6/26/15, at 6.   The interplay between the burden of proof for

establishing undue influence and the standard for summary judgment is

straightforward.   Because Niece failed to present clear and convincing

evidence of undue influence, she failed to raise a genuine issue of material

fact to be tried by a jury. See In re Estate of Clark, 334 A.2d 628, 632

(1975) (“Generally, undue influence, being somewhat akin to fraud, must be

proved by clear and convincing evidence.”); Babb v. Ctr. Cmty. Hosp., 47

A.3d 1214, 1223 (Pa. Super. 2012) (“[O]ur responsibility as an appellate

court is to determine whether the record either establishes that the material

facts are undisputed or contains insufficient evidence of facts to make out a

                                    - 11 -
J-A11014-16

prima facie cause of action, such that there is no issue to be decided by the

fact-finder.”) (citation omitted).

      Next, Niece argues that the orphans’ court drew unwarranted

inferences against her. Niece’s Brief at 37. The orphans’ court addressed

this issue in denying Niece’s third exception.     Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur

Exceptions, 6/26/15, at 6–7. Upon review of that analysis and the record,

we discern no basis on which to disturb the conclusion of the orphans’ court.

The record indicates that the orphans’ court consistently viewed the

evidence, and all reasonable inferences therefrom, in favor of Niece, even

when she was the party moving for summary judgment.             See Orphans’

Court Opinion Sur Summary Judgment, 2/6/15, at 12 (“[T]his Court will

consider [Niece] to be the nonmoving party so that she may receive the

benefit of any and all reasonable inferences.”).

      Niece also argues that the orphans’ court did not consider all of the

evidence related to Decedent’s cognitive impairment.      Niece’s Brief at 44.

Our review of the certified record belies Niece’s argument and confirms the

conclusion reached by the orphans’ court in rejecting Niece’s first exception:

             Exception #1 reads as though [Niece] challenged the
      testamentary capacity of the Decedent and the [c]ourt
      improperly ruled on that cause of action. That simply is not the
      case. The only two (2) causes of action before the [c]ourt on
      the Summary Judgment Motions were fraud and undue
      influence. With respect to those causes of action, the [c]ourt did
      consider the evidence submitted regarding the Decedent’s
      cognitive state and the Opinion entered on February 6, 2015
      reflects that consideration.

                                     - 12 -
J-A11014-16

Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur Exceptions, 6/26/15, at 5.

      Lastly, Niece argues that the orphans’ court erred in rejecting evidence

of Attorney Potts’ efforts to isolate Decedent.    Niece’s Brief at 48.   The

orphans’ court rejected this argument, and so do we, with the following

analysis:

      [Niece] argues that, from August 18 to September 22, when the
      [September 2011 Will] was executed, [Niece] was in Colorado
      and was unaware that COSA had opened an investigation
      regarding the Decedent. That fact does nothing to suggest that
      the Decedent was isolated from [Niece]. It only serves to
      suggest what [Niece] was or was not aware of which is irrelevant
      to determining whether there was a genuine issue of material
      fact of undue influence. [Niece] may not have been aware of
      COSA’s involvement but, the record presented to this [c]ourt and
      outlined in the February 6, 2015 Opinion, reveals that [Niece]
      had unfettered access to the Decedent from August 18 to
      September 22 and even contacted the Decedent at least ten (10)
      times between September 8 and September 22. Such access
      supports the [c]ourt’s finding that the Decedent was not isolated
      from [Niece].

            [Niece] also argues that the Decedent was isolated
      because [Attorney Potts] caused the Decedent to sign a letter,
      just after executing the September 22 Will, stating that the
      Decedent wished to have no further contact with [Niece]. Again,
      this does not support a finding of isolation that would raise a
      genuine issue of material fact that the Decedent was unduly
      influenced. To raise a genuine issue of material fact of undue
      influence, [Niece] must point to an example of isolation prior to
      the execution of the September 22 Will would could have caused
      the execution. By citing the letter, [Niece] only points out a
      statement of the Decedent’s desire to not have contact with
      [Niece] after the September 22 Will had been executed.

Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur Exceptions, 6/26/15, at 7–8.

      In her second question presented, Niece argues that the orphans’

court erred in denying her motion for partial summary judgment because

                                    - 13 -
J-A11014-16

she satisfied the tripartite test for shifting the burden of proving undue

influence. Niece’s Brief at 33, 51. According to Niece, she established that:

(1) Decedent suffered from a weakened intellect and diminished capacity;

(2) Attorney Potts had a confidential relationship with Decedent; and (3)

Attorney    Potts    derived    a   substantial    benefit   just   from   making   the

September 2011 Will according to his purposes, not Decedent’s.5                     This

evidence, Niece concludes, shifted the burden to the Charities “to prove that

the September [2011] Will was not the product of undue influence.” Id. at

33.

       Contrarily, the Charities and the Commonwealth argue that the

orphans’ court did not err in denying Niece’s motion for partial summary

judgment because she presented no evidence of undue influence; therefore,

the burden did not shift. Specifically, the Charities and the Commonwealth

insist that, because Attorney Potts did not receive anything under the

September 2011 Will and had no discretion in distributing the estate

pursuant thereto, Niece failed to meet her burden of proof. The Charities’

Brief at 36–45; Commonwealth’s Brief at 25–32.

       “The resolution of a question as to the existence of undue influence is

inextricably linked to the assignment of the burden of proof.”              Estate of

Clark, 334 A.2d at 632. We recently explained:
____________________________________________

5
   No one disputes that the substantial-benefit factor is the sticking point in
this case.

                                          - 14 -
J-A11014-16

             In making a will, an individual may leave his or her
      property to any person or charity, or for any lawful purpose he
      or she wishes, unless he or she “lacked mental capacity, or the
      will was obtained by forgery or fraud or undue influence, or was
      the product of a so-called insane delusion.” In re Johnson’s
      Estate, 370 Pa. 125, 127, 87 A.2d 188, 190 (1952). If an
      individual challenges a will on any of these bases, the burden is
      on the proponent of the will to present evidence of the
      formalities of probate. In re Clark’s Estate, 461 Pa. 52, 59,
      334 A.2d 628, 631 (1975). Once the proponent presents this
      evidence, a presumption of validity arises, and the burden shifts
      to the person contesting the will to prove that the testator lacked
      mental capacity, or the will was obtained by forgery, fraud, or
      undue influence, or was the product of an insane delusion. See
      In re Bosley, 26 A.3d at 1107.

In re Estate of Nalaschi, 90 A.3d 8, 11–12 (Pa. Super. 2014).           In the

specific context of undue influence, the burden of proof is assigned as

follows:

             Once the proponent of the will in question establishes the
      proper execution of the will, a presumption of lack of undue
      influence arises; thereafter, the risk of non-persuasion and the
      burden of coming forward with evidence of undue influence shift
      to the contestant. [Estate of Clark, 334 A.2d] at 632. The
      contestant must then establish, by clear and convincing
      evidence, a prima facie showing of undue influence by
      demonstrating that: (1) the testator suffered from a weakened
      intellect; (2) the testator was in a confidential relationship with
      the proponent of the will; and (3) the proponent receives a
      substantial benefit from the will in question. Id. Once the
      contestant has established each prong of this tripartite test, the
      burden shifts again to the proponent to produce clear and
      convincing evidence which affirmatively demonstrates the
      absence of undue influence. Id.

In re Estate of Smaling, 80 A.3d 485, 493 (Pa. Super. 2013).

      Mindful of the burden-shifting standard for claim of undue influence,

the orphans’ court opined as follows:

                                    - 15 -
J-A11014-16

            If direct undue influence cannot be proven by clear and
     convincing evidence, the contestant of a will may still attempt to
     shift the burden to the proponent of a will to prove the lack of
     undue influence. Clark, [334 A.2d 628]; Smaling, 80 A.3d 485.

                                    * * *

            In the instant matter, [Niece] has both filed a motion for
     summary judgment and had a motion for summary judgment
     filed against her to which she filed a response. For purposes of
     this section, this [c]ourt will consider [Niece] to be the
     nonmoving part so that she may receive the benefit of any and
     all reasonable inferences. In that light, it is possible to infer that
     the first two (2) elements, weakened intellect and confidential
     relationship, of the three-part burden shifting test have been
     met4 for purposes of analyzing the Motion for Summary
     Judgment. Nevertheless, even proceeding as if the first two
     elements are met, [Niece] has failed to raise a genuine issue of
     material fact that there is clear and convincing evidence of a
     substantial benefit to [Attorney Potts].
           4
              This is merely for the sake of argument and
           analysis and in no way reflects a conclusion of law
           reached by this Court. This Court chooses not to
           analyze the element of weakened intellect or
           confidential relationship because the record is
           completely devoid of evidence of a substantial
           benefit to [Attorney Potts].

           [Niece] argues [Attorney Potts] received a substantial
     benefit because he was strongly motivated to have the Decedent
     execute a will which reflected his, not the Decedent’s, preferred
     testamentary plan. There is no case law to support this
     argument that motivation to modify a will equals a substantial
     benefit. Rather, the case law demonstrates that a substantial
     benefit is what motivates one to change a will. Motivation in and
     of itself is not a substantial benefit but, rather, a substantial
     benefit produces motivation to change a will.

            The September 22, 2011 Will names [Attorney Potts]
     executor but grants him no discretion as to how the estate is
     distributed and makes no bequest to [Attorney Potts]. That
     being the case, there is not even a substantial collateral benefit
     let alone a substantial benefit. Unlike [In re Estate of] LeVin,

                                    - 16 -
J-A11014-16

     [615 A.2d 38, 42 (Pa. Super. 1992), [Attorney Potts] does not
     receive significant, ongoing compensation for his role as
     executor and [Attorney Potts] does not have any discretion in
     distributing the estate. Unlike [In re Button’s Estate, 328 A.2d
     480 (Pa. 1974), Attorney Potts] has no relationship with the
     primary beneficiaries similar to the parent-child relationship in
     Button which would motivate him to ensure that those
     beneficiaries receive the majority of the estate.

Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur Summary Judgment, 2/6/15, at 12–13.              The

orphans’ court then concluded:

            Accordingly, this [c]ourt finds that [Niece] has failed to
     raise a genuine issue of material fact that there is clear and
     convincing evidence of a substantial benefit. Because evidence
     of the element of substantial benefit is so completely absent, this
     Court finds it unnecessary to discuss the elements of weakened
     intellect and confidential relationship.

Id. at 13.    Notably, the orphans’ court reached the same conclusion in

disposing of Niece’s eighth and ninth exceptions:

     This [c]ourt appropriately inferred, to the benefit of [Niece], that
     weakened intellect and confidential relationship, two (2) of the
     three (3) elements necessary to shift the burden, were satisfied
     and appropriately found that there was no genuine issue of
     material fact that [Attorney Potts] received a substantial benefit
     based upon the record presented. Given the lack of a genuine
     issue of material fact as to the necessary element of substantial
     benefit, summary judgment was appropriate and an affirmative
     finding as to the other two (2) elements was unnecessary.

                                   * * *

     [Niece] also argues that [Attorney Potts’] substantial benefit was
     the testamentary scheme that he desired for the Decedent which
     was accomplished with the September [2011] Will. However, as
     was outlined in [the court’s] February 6, 2015 opinion, obtaining
     a testamentary scheme, without more, is not a substantial
     benefit.   In fact, in [Niece’s] attempt to argue that the
     motivation to obtain a certain testamentary scheme and
     obtaining said testamentary scheme equals a substantial benefit,

                                    - 17 -
J-A11014-16

      [Niece] contradicts herself and echoes this [c]ourt’s logic by
      stating that “the substantial benefit that he will gain by the
      terms of the will is what motivates him to seek to have the
      testator sign such will. (Exceptions to Adjudication on Motions
      for Summary Judgment p. 12). This is precisely the logic behind
      this [c]ourt’s finding that [Niece] failed to raise a genuine issue
      of material fact that there was a substantial benefit.          The
      motivation to change a will does not equal a substantial benefit
      as [Niece] argued before contradicting herself. Rather, the
      substantial benefit is what creates the motivation to change the
      will. The testamentary scheme of the September [2011] Will
      does not confer a substantial benefit upon [Attorney Potts].

Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur Exceptions, 6/26/15, at 9–11.

      Upon review, we discern no legal error or abuse of discretion. Estate

of Shumacher, 133 A.3d at 49–50.                   Attorney Potts was designated

executor under the September 2011 Will, not a beneficiary. His position as

executor, without more, did not confer a substantial benefit.          See In re

Estate of Stout, 746 A.2d 645, 649 (Pa. Super. 2000) (holding that “receipt

of commissions received for executor’s service to the estate is not enough to

establish substantial benefit”).    Moreover, as executor, Attorney Potts was

not given any latitude or discretion in distributing Decedent’s assets.

Decedent was specific in all of her devises and bequests, leaving no room for

any exercise of discretion as to the identity of beneficiaries or the amount of

their gifts. Additionally, Decedent created no ongoing authority under which

Attorney Potts might maintain control of Decedent’s assets for any

significant duration. Compare In re Estate of LeVin, 615 A.2d 38, 43 (Pa.

Super.    1992)     (holding       that      substantial   benefit   accrued   to

executor/testamentary trustee where he was vested with power to select

                                          - 18 -
J-A11014-16

beneficiaries, revise terms of testamentary trust, invest, sell or dispose of

trust   assets;   and    determine      when/if    trust   became   impracticable    to

administer).      Although the September 2011 Will contains boilerplate

language granting Attorney Potts the authority and powers necessary to

effectively    administer     and    distribute    Decedent’s   assets,    in   reality,

Attorney Potts possessed little to no latitude in the ultimate distribution of

the assets of the estate.           Petition for Citation Sur Appeal, 6/18/13, at

Exhibit 1.

        Nor are we persuaded by Niece’s novel “motive, means, and

opportunity” theory. Niece’s Brief at 31. As the Charities contend, “[i]t is a

made-up legal theory and [Niece] cannot cite any case law to support.” The

Charities Brief at 40.       Indeed, the case Niece does cite, In re Miller’s

Estate, 108 A. 616 (Pa. 1919), is factually distinguishable.              Therein, the

Supreme Court explained that the burden would shift to the will’s proponent

“[w]here a person has testamentary capacity, but is so weak physically or

mentally as to be susceptible to undue influence, and a substantial part of

his estate is left to one occupying a confidential relation to him.”            Id. at

616.6    The substantial benefit in Miller was a residuary bequest to the

testator’s physician/executor. Id. at 617.

____________________________________________

6
   Niece also cites In re Estate of Button, 328 A.2d 480 (Pa. 1974), in
support of her substantial benefit argument. Niece’s Brief at 53. We
distinguish Estate of Button for the reasons set forth by the Charities in
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                          - 19 -
J-A11014-16

      In sum, we agree with the orphans’ court that Attorney Potts did not

receive a substantial benefit under the September 2011 Will. Consequently,

Niece failed to shift the burden of proving undue influence to the Charities.

      In her final issue, Niece argues that the orphans’ court erred in

granting the Charities’ motion for summary judgment on all her claims.

Having disposed of Niece’s undue influence claims, we are left with the fraud

claim. Notably, Niece does not present a separate argument regarding fraud

in her appellate brief.       To the extent she raises such a claim, it appears

within the folds of her direct undue influence analysis. Niece’s Brief at 28–

33. In response, the Charities argue that the orphans’ court did not err in

granting its motion for summary judgment because Niece presented no

evidence of fraud. The Charities’ Brief at 36–45.

      Viewing the evidence in favor of Niece as the non-moving party and

giving her the benefit of all reasonable inferences therefrom, the orphans’

court analyzed Niece’s fraud claim as follows:

      [Niece] argues that [Attorney Potts], in his report to COSA,
      misstated that [Niece] had exploited and/or influenced the
      Decedent into changing the Decedent’s will. This accusation is
      not borne out in the record.

            There is no evidence that [Attorney Potts] intentionally
      misstated any facts. The record reveals that it was Ms. Allen, on
      behalf of COSA, who told the Decedent that there was a report
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

their appellate brief, see Charities’ Brief at 36–37 (“Button’s Estate is
unavailing to [Niece] for at least three reasons.”), and by the orphans’ court,
see Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur Summary Judgment, 2/6/15, at 12–13.

                                           - 20 -
J-A11014-16

      that [Niece] was financially exploiting her. [Attorney Potts]
      reasonably reported his concerns to COSA based on the fact that
      the August 18, 2011 Will was drastically inconsistent with the
      Decedent’s prior wills and the fact that [Niece] obtained a
      different attorney to draft the will after [Attorney Potts], the
      Decedent’s long-time estate attorney, insisted on meeting the
      with [sic] Decedent alone to review the proposed changes.

            Even accepting, for purposes of summary judgment
      review, that the Decedent believed the statement that [Niece]
      was financially exploiting her, there is no evidence that the
      Decedent would not have made the same bequests had she
      known the truth. The record reveals just the opposite. The
      Decedent executed six (6) wills prior to the Will at issue—the
      September 22, 2011 Will. Five (5) of those (6) wills were
      virtually identical to the will at issue. In addition, [Niece]
      continued to have telephone contact with the Decedent during
      this period of time and the Decedent continued to take [Niece’s]
      calls which belies the allegation of animosity created by the
      COSA primary care manager, Ms. Allen.

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 2/6/15, at 5–6.

      Upon review, we find support in the law and the record for the

orphans’ court’s conclusion that Niece’s fraud claim lacked merit.         We

recently reiterated that:

      [g]enerally speaking, fraud with respect to a will consists in
      anything calculated to deceive, whether by single act or
      combination, or by suppression of truth, or a suggestion of what
      is false, whether it be direct falsehood or by innuendo, by speech
      or silence, word of mouth, or look or gesture, by which a person
      is deceived to his or her disadvantage. However, to invalidate
      a will, the fraudulent act must have the effect of
      misleading the testator, which can occur only if the
      testator relies on it.         Thus, if the testator to whom a
      misrepresentation was made knew the truth at the time he or
      she executed the will, it cannot be said that the testator relied
      on such representation, and fraud is not established. In order to
      establish that a will was fraudulently induced, it must also be
      shown that: (1) the testator had no knowledge of the concealed

                                    - 21 -
J-A11014-16

     or misstated fact; and (2) the testator would not have made the
     same bequest had he or she known the truth.

In re Estate of Sacchetti v. Sacchetti, 128 A.3d 273, 288–289 (Pa.

Super. 2015) (quoting 31 Standard Pennsylvania Practice 2d § 148:76

(emphasis supplied; footnotes and illustration omitted)).

     Significantly, the orphans’ court:

     never made a finding that false accusations were made to the
     Decedent. In addition, [the c]ourt found that, regardless of
     what statements were made to the Decedent, there was strong
     evidence that the Decedent would have made the same bequests
     given that five (5) of the six (6) wills executed by the Decedent
     prior to the September [2011] Will had virtually identical
     distribution schemes.

Orphans’ Court Opinion Sur Exceptions, 6/26/15, at 8. The record before us

confirms that Attorney Potts did not mislead Decedent and cause her to

execute the September 2011 Will through fraud.            Rather, as Decedent’s

long-term   attorney   and   the   scrivener   of   her   four   previous   wills,

Attorney Potts thought the Decedent “could have been subject to undue

influence by [Niece] to change her will leaving the residue of her estate

outright to [Niece]” and not to the Charities.        N.T. (Potts Deposition),

6/25/14, at 49–52, 68. As the Charities point out, Niece’s position “ignores

[Decedent’s] testamentary history, which is entirely consistent with the

challenged Final Will.” The Charities’ Brief at 6 (citing Burns v. Kabboul,

595 A.2d 1153, 1162 (Pa. Super. 1991) (“It is well-settled that a prior will

containing the same testamentary disposition is strong evidence against

undue influence.”)). Moreover, there is no indication that Decedent relied on

                                    - 22 -
J-A11014-16

any allegedly disparaging statements about Niece.            Indeed, the record

suggests otherwise in two regards.              First, Decedent had a personal

relationship with Niece and, therefore, knew exactly how Niece treated her.

Second,      despite   any   allegations   concerning   Niece’s   conduct   toward

Decedent, Decedent still bequeathed Niece $50,000 under the September

2011 Will.

      Troubled by the about-face in Decedent’s testamentary direction,

Attorney Potts consulted with experts in the fields of legal ethics and estate

planning.     Based on their advice, he contacted COSA and reported his

concern that Niece may have been financially exploiting the Decedent. N.T.

(Potts Deposition), 6/25/14, at 23–33. In turn, Ms. Allen conducted a legally

mandated investigation. See 34 P.S. § 10225.303(a) (requiring agency to

investigate a report within seventy-two hours after receipt, and to determine

whether the report is substantiated or unsubstantiated; if the latter, the

agency is to provide protective services to the older adult). Attorney Potts

had no contact with Decedent during COSA’s investigation, nor did Ms. Allen.

N.T. (Potts Deposition), 6/25/14, at 170.        Attorney Potts became involved

again only after Decedent told Ms. Allen that she wanted a new will, which

Attorney Potts then prepared. Id. at 45. Finally, as discussed above, the

evidence Niece cites in support of her argument that Attorney Potts

prevented her from contacting Decedent occurred after execution of the

                                       - 23 -
J-A11014-16

September 2011 Will.      Appellant’s Brief at 16–21.   As such, it does not

support Niece’s fraud claim. Estate of Nalaschi, 90 A.3d at 13.

     In sum, we agree with the orphans’ court that Niece failed to establish

by clear and convincing evidence that (a) Attorney Potts exerted undue

influence on Decedent, (b) Attorney Potts obtained a substantial benefit

under the September 2011 Will, or (c) Attorney Potts committed fraud,

causing Decedent to execute the September 2011 Will. Because Niece failed

to satisfy her burdens of proof or to shift the burden to the Charities, we

further agree with the orphans’ court that there are no genuine issues of

material fact regarding Niece’s claims of undue influence or fraud.

Consequently, we conclude that the orphans’ court did not err in granting

the Charities’ motion for summary judgment and in denying Niece’s

opposing motion.

     Order affirmed.

     Judge Mundy and Justice Fitzgerald Concur in the Result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/15/2016

                                    - 24 -
                                                                                          Received 05/20/2015 Circulated
                                                                                                              Superior Court  Eastern 10:14
                                                                                                                         06/30/2016    District
                                                                                                                                             AM

                                                                                                 Filed 05/20/2015 Superior           Court Eastern District
                                                                                                                                          1248 EDA 2015

     IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                         ORPHANS' COURT DIVISION

   Estate of Clara Flatow, deceased                                       No. 677 of 2011

                                                         OPINION

          This matter came before the Court on a Petition for Citation Sur· Appeal From the

   Decision of the Register of Wills to Admit Wlll to Probate flied by Samantha Weston
   (hereinafter referred to as Petitioner) on June 17, 2013. On June 18, 2013, this Court received a

   certified copy of the Register of Wills file.
           In response to the Petition, Prellmlnary Objections were flied by The New York Publlc
   library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, The Sierra Club Foundation and The Salvation
  Army of New York City (hereinafter referred to as Respondent-Charities), who were named the
   residuary beneficiaries In the probated Wiii, and by John Potts, Esquire (herelnafter-referredto                                                                     _

   as Respondent-Scrivener), whom the Petitioner accused of undue Influence and fraud.                                                           In
   addition, the Office of the Attorney General, as parens patrlae, joined the Preliminary

   Objections filed by the Respondent-Charities.
           On October 25, 2013, the Prellmlnary Objections were denied and, In November of
·----w13;Ariswers-·with··-NeW-l'v'fatters were fllecr·oy"lne··Responaent-ch-arlt1es;--1he-'Re·s1lcmdent:::-

   scrivener and the Office of the Attorney General. After a protracted period of discovery during
                               ·-------------··--••-••-••••••••,.•----••••-••-•·----··-H---·----···----~----~-u••-•H•-••--·•-•n•••-··--••-•••-••-··••••••••'"••H••--•--•

   which the Petitioner was ordered to and did ftle an Accounting of her administration as agent
   for the Decedent under a Durable Power of Attorney, both the Petitioner and Respondent-
   Charltles flied Motions for Summary Judgment and Responses. Both the Respondent-Scrivener
   and the Office of the Attorney General joined the Motion and Response flied by the

   Respondent-Charities.

                                                                                                                                                               (        1
                                                                                                                                                               \____/

                                                                   1
                            On January 16, 2015, oral argument was held on the Motions for Summary Judgment.
                    For the reasons set forth below, this Court grants the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by

                    the Respondent-Charities and denies the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by the Petltloner.

                                                                     I.       FACTS
                            Clara Flatow (hereinafter referred to as Decedent) died on September 20, 2012 at the

                    age of 99. The Decedent's husband died In 1976 and the Decedent never had any children.
                    However, the Decedent had a brother who had three (3) chlldren one of whom is the Petitioner
                    which makes the Petitioner the niece of the Decedent. The Petitioner and the Decedent did not
                    have much of a relatlonshlp       untll 2006 because the Petitioner        lived ln Colorado1 and the
                    Decedent lived most of her life In New York City and her final decades In Pennsylvania during

                    which time she resided at Dunwoody VIiiage. In 2006, the Petitioner became Involved In the
                    Decedent's life when, after the Decedent's sister died In 2005, the Decedent had no family In
                    Pennsylvanla.    In August 2010, the Decedent executed a Durable Power of Attorney which

                    named the Petitioner her agent.
                            Prior to her death, the Decedent executed at least seven (7) wllls. The first of those wllls              (~)
 ________________   was e_re_p~red __ by Pe_pper _H_amllton, LLP and was executed by the _Decedent on May 24~ 1999.                                   _
                    The provisions of that will distributed the residue of the Decedent's estate, the vast majority of
                    her estate, to charities. The next four (4) wills were all prepared by the Respondent-Scrivener
                    and were executed by the Decedent In May 2004, December 2005, December 2007, and June
                    2011. In each of those wills, the majority of the estate was to be distributed to charities
-------1"-truhrY'l.otfgh=the=:residtHtt..y=cla.ttSt=an€t.=the=R-esponde~et:iv.en-el=Wa5=t'lame.Ei:::eMe.eutef.:=With:::a.Ho_-.--     . -.-------------
                                                                                                                                                  ..--
                                                                                                                                                    .-

                    discretion as to how to distribute the estate property.
· · -· --·-······-··· ---------inlu(yoriorr;tfiePetfflon   er contacted lfieRespon dent .:Scrlvener a na "stated·rnarttfe- --------------- ---

                    Decedent wanted to make some changes to her wlll so a meeting of the Respondent-Scrivener
                    the Petitioner, and the Decedent was scheduled. At that meeting, the Petitioner provided the
                    Respondent-Scrivener with a two-page document which outllned the changes that were to be

                    made to the Decedent's will. Upon review of the proposed changes the Respondent-Scrivener

                    1
                     Throughout the entire process of the will contest and at the time of the oral arguments on the Motions for       ( i
                    Summary Judgment the Petitioner resided In Colorado.
                                                                                                                                      '-.   _   _./

                                                                          2
             Informed the Petitioner            that he would need to meet Independently                                                   with the Decedent to

             review the proposed changes with her before modifying the Decedent's will.

                            After that meeting and Instead of allowing the Respondent-Scrivener                                                           to meet with the

             Decedent independently,             the Petitioner contacted Edward Glickman, Esquire to prepare a new

            will for the Decedent.            Mr. Glickman met with the Petitioner and the Decedent as a group and

            with the Decedent individually.            Mr. Glickman prepared a new will and the Decedent executed

            that will on August            18, 2011. That will incorporated the proposed changes and distributed the
             residue of the Decedent's estate, the majority of her estate, into a trust for the benefit of the
             Petitioner. It also provided that the Petitioner's husband would be the executor of the estate
            and the trustee of the trust with absolute discretion to make principal distributions from the

            trust for expenses Incurred by the Petitioner on behalf of herself and her heirs.
                            The Respondent-Scrivener learned of this new August 18, 2011 will when he received a
            fax from Mr. Glickman. In response, the Respondent-Scrivener consulted with three (3)
            attorneys who were all well-respected In their fields - professional responsibility and estate
            planning - and expressed his concerns that the Decedent may have been financially exploited.
            After consulting with these attorneys, the Respondent-Scrivenercontacted the County Office of
           ·-··-·-·-···-··-..·---------·---·--··------------------------_,._----·--------------·--
            Services for the Aging (hereinafter referred to as COSA) In September 2011 and, again,
            expressed his concerns that the Decedent may have been the victim of financial exploitation

            particularly with respect to her will and estate plan.
                            A COSA primary care manager, Jamilla Allen, opened an Investigation on September 8,
            2011 to determine if the Decedent had been financially exploited. Ms. Allen first met with the
             ••   To••...   -•·•·-·•   0                        0   -••       ....   oO   -·-••   00   _d   .. h..,_,.000   _......   ••     ..........     ... _, .........

            Decedent on September 12, 2011 at which time Ms. Allen asked the Decedent questions
--····-· -··-··-··-·-regarding--the-allegatl0ns-made-in-the-repor-trthe.-Decedent'--s-relatlonshlp-wlth-the-.Petitloner,                                                              ··--···-·--          .

            and the Decedent's wishes for her estate. Ms. Allen reported that the Decedent wanted more

            time to consider what she wanted to do with her estate so Ms. Allen and the Decedent
            arranged for Ms. Allen to meet with the Decedent again on September 21, 2011.                                                                                      From
            September 12, 2011 to September 21, 2011, neither Mr. Potts nor anyone from COSA (including

            Ms. Allen) contacted the Decedent but the Petitioner was still able to contact the Decedent
            during that time and, In fact, dld contact her via telephone during that time. As arranged, Ms.
                                                                                                                                                                                                    (__)
                                                                          3
                 Allen met with the Decedent on September 21, 2011 and again asked the Decedent her wishes

                 for her estate.
                                                                                                                                              ..
                             As a result of that meeting, Mr. Potts, his law partner, Stephen Potts, and his assistant,

                 Ellen Clinton, met with the Decedent on September 22, 2011 and prepared a will which
                 reflected        the    Decedent's          earlier   wllls   and   named   the   Respondent-Charities      reslduary

                 beneficiaries. Mr. Potts discussed the key terms and read the document to the Decedent after
                 which the Decedent executed the wlll. The September 22, 2011 Will named the Respondent-
                 Charltles residuary beneficiaries receiving the majority of the Decedent's estate, gave a specific
                 bequest of $50,000.00 to the Petitioner, and named Mr. Potts executor but gave Mr. Potts

                 neither a specific bequest nor any discretion as to how the estate was to be distributed.
                          · COSA closed Its investigation on October 7, 2011 and on September 26, 2012, six (6}
                 days after the Decedent's death, the September 22, 2011 Will was admitted to probate.

                                                                           II. DISCUSSION
                                                              A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
                             Orphans' Court may properly consider motions for summary Judgment. In re Estate of
                 Kostenbader. 23 Flduc.Rep.2d 39 (Monr. Co. 2002}; Pa.O.C.Rule 3.1. Summary Judgment Is
                 appropriate when there Is no genuine Issue of material fact as to a necessary element of the
                cause of action and the moving party Is entitled to relief as a matter of law. Pa.R.C.P. 1035.2(1).
                When conslderlng a motion for summary Judgment, the Court views the record in the light most
                favorable to the nonmoving party, and accepts as true all well-pleaded allegations, giving that

··-··········· ············· ·-···par.t1t.J:h.L.boodlt oLallr~ble       ~.thatcan             be dra\•.'ILB'..Q!l'l_ those .all@Batlons. _,       .
                 Kostenbader, 23 Flduc.Rep.2d 39. However, If the nonmovlng party fails to set forth specific
·        ···· · .. · tactsthstd   emonstrate···a··genul n·e 1ssue···otmate·r1a1 ·tact··tor ·trlal;···summ-arrJudgmenr ·shaU··be·····
                entered In favor of the moving party. Pa.R.C.P. 1035.3.
                       B. THE PETITIONER HAS FAILED TO RAISE A GENUINE ISSUE OF MATERIAL FACT THAT THE
                                        SEPTEMBER 22, 2011 WILL WAS OBTAINED BY FRAUD

                            Fraud is a trick, artifice or management which induces a person to dispose of her
                property or to do some act contrary to her wishes, or In such a way as she would not do but for
                the fraud. See Markantone Will, 16 Flduc. Rep. 2d 134 (O.C. Allegh. 1996). In order to prove                                  (       )
                                                                                                                                              \_;

                                                                                 4
                      fraud, the contestant of a probated will must show by clear and convincing evidence that the

                      (1) decedent had no knowledge of the concealed or misstated fact, and (2) the decedent would

                      not have made the same bequest had she known the truth,                      Estate of Paul, 407 Pa. 30 (1962);

                      Cressman Estate, 346 Pa. 400 (Pa. 1943). In Paul, the               testatrlx's attorney and scrivener of her
                      will received 84 shares of a corporation which amounted to 33% of the testatrlx's gross estate.
                      The other beneficiaries under the will challenged the bequest on the basis of fraud alleging that
                      the scrivener had misrepresented to the testatrix that the shares were worth $50.00 each when
                      they were really worth $800.00 each. The challengers contended that the testatrlx relied on
                      this misrepresentation and bequeathed the shares to the scrivener never Intending to
                      bequeath him such a large percentage of her estate. The Court found no fraud because the

                      record made It clear that the testatrix had Intended for the scrivener to be a beneficiary and
                      that the testatrix was an Intelligent business woman who would have known that the value of

                      the shares was much more than $50.00. Therefore, the Court found that neither element of
                      fraud had been met.
                              In the present matter, fraud was addressed only tangentially at the oral argument on
                                                                                                                                                          ()
                                                                                                                                                           '-·   ....
                      the summary judgment motions.              Nevertheless, the Petitioner argues that the Respondent-
                     Scrivener, in his report to COSA, misstated that the Petitioner had exploited and/or Influenced
                     the Decedent into changing the Decedent's will. This accusation Is not borne out In the record.
                              There is no evidence that the Respondent-Scrivener intentionally misstated any facts.
                     The record reveals that it was Ms. Allen, on behalf of COSA, who told the Decedent that there

4- - . ~.. . . . .   .,.,was
                           . . _. . a ... .report
                                           _,     that
                                                   _.. ._, the
                                                            .,. ,_ - Petitioner was flnanclally exploiting her. The Respondent-Scrivener
                     reasonably reported his concerns to COSA based on the fact that the August 18, 2011 Wiii was
. . ········ · ·· · ·· ·· ·····drastically-inconsistent-with-the Decedent's prlorwllls and· the factthat-the Petltlonerobtatned · ··· · · ···· ··· ··· ··· · · ····
                     a different attorney to draft the wlll after the Respondent-Scrivener, the Decedent's long-time

                     estate attorney, insisted on meeting the with Decedent alone to review the proposed changes.
                              Even accepting, for purposes of summary judgment review, that the Decedent believed

                     the statement that the Petitioner was fl nancl ally exploiting her, there Is no evidence that the
                     Decedent would not have made the same bequests had she known the. truth.                                    The record

                     reveals just the opposite. The Decedent executed six (6) wills prior to the Will at Issue - the
                                                                                                                                                          (_)
                                                                              5
  September 22, 2011 Wiii.      Five (5) of those (6) wills were vlrtually Identical to the will at issue.

  In addition, the Petitioner continued to have telephone contact with the Decedent during this

  period of time and the Decedent continued              to take the Petitioner's   calls which belles the

  allegation of animosity created by the COSA primary care manager, Ms. Allen. Indeed, after the

  Will was executed the Decedent continued to want to take the calls of the Petitioner who, by

  the way, as a result of all the phone calls, never raised a concern about the Decedent being in a

  profoundly weakened state.        Thus, there Is evidence that the Decedent would have made the

  same bequests.

                C. THE BURDEN TO PROVE UNDUE INFLUENCE WAS ON THE PETITIONER

            Once the proponent       of a will      presents evidence   of a formally    probated   will, a

  presumption of lack of undue Influence arises and the burden of producing evidence to support

  an allegatlon of undue Influence shifts to the contestant of the will. Estate of Clark. 461 Pa. 52

  (1975).

            In the present matter, the September 22, 2011 Wiii was admitted             to probate by the

  Register of Wiiis of Delaware County on September 26, 2012. As such, there Is a presumption

  of a lack of undue Influence and the Petitioner, as the contestant          of the September 22, 2011

  Will, has the burden of proving undue Influence. The Petitioner must raise at least one genuine

  issue of material   fact as to that allegation.
             D, THE PETITIONERHAS FAILED TO RAISE A GENUINEISSUE OF MATERIALFACT
                                   AS TO DIRECT UNDUEINFLUENCE
            Undue influence Is defined as "lrnprlsonment of the body or mind ..• fraud, or threats,
-··- o-r mlsrepresentatlons;···a·r-circumvention: or inordfnate flattery or pnysfcaformoral coercion,

  [t]o such a degree as to prejudice the mind of the testator, to [d]estroy his free agency and to

  operate as a present restraint upon him In the making of a wlll." In re Ziel's Estate, 467 Pa. 531
  (Pa. 1976). A contestant to a will which has been formally probated can either attempt to meet

  the burden directly by producing clear and convincing evidence of a situation and/or incident

  which meets the definition of undue influence or a contestant may attempt to shift the burden
  to the proponents by showing clear and convincing evidence that (1) the testator suffered from
  a weakened Intellect; (2) the testator was In a confidential relationship with the proponent of

  the will; and (3) the proponent receives a substantial benefit from the will in question. Clark.
                                                                                                              ( )
                                                                                                              '-~.... ·'

                                                        6
  461 Pa. 52; In re Estate of Smallng, 80 A.3d 485 (Pa. Super. 2013).        The burden of clear and
                                                                                                           c·-)
 convincing   evidence    means that     mere suspicions, opinions      or beliefs not    founded    on

  established facts are lnsufflcient   to support a charge of undue Influence.        lg. In addition,
  Pennsylvanlahas found that financial benefit from compensation as executor Is de mlnimis.          !.n
  re Peterman's Estate, 367 Pa. 302 (1951).
         In the present matter, the Petitioner strongly believes that there Is evidence of direct
  undue Influence sufficient to meet the deflnltlon quoted above. To support this argument, the

  Petitioner re lies on COSA's Investigation of the Decedent's situation based on the report of the
  Respondent-Scrivener. According to the Petitioner, the Respondent-Scrivenerwas appalled by

 the August 18, 2011 Wiii which was prepared by Edward Glickman, Esquire because It did not
  reflect the testamentary plan that the Respondent-Scrivenerwanted In place for the Decedent.
 To correct this, the Petitioner argues, the Respondent-Scrivener reported to COSA, a
 government agency, how the Decedent was being exploited by the Petitioner In order to make
 COSA the Respondent-Scrivener's de facto agent.             As his agent, the COSA primary care
  manager, Ms. Allen, under the auspices of the government agency, then reported the allegation

 that the Petitioner was financially exploltlng the Decedent to the Decedent who, in her
                                                                                                           C)
 weakened and elderly state, believed them without question. Once appropriately shocked by

  the actions of the Petitioner, as reported, the Decedent Immediately changed her wlll to rid It
  of the exploitatlon. The petitioner adamantly argues that, at that time, the Decedent was
  profoundly Impaired and thus more prone to Influence as evidenced by the report of the
  Petitioner's doctor, Or. Barry Rovner, who reviewed the medical records of the Decedent as
 well as Dunwoody VIiiage reports and the depositions Ms. Allen and the Respondent-Scrivener.

· · · · ·····This theory Is not-supported by-the-record despite the fact. that the record In this matter
  is vast and thorough because the parties were granted near unlimited discovery. Instead, a

  recitation of the record does not raise any genuine issue of materlal fact that there was
  "Imprisonment of the body or mind . . . fraud, or threats, or misrepresentations, or
  circumvention, or Inordinate flattery or physical or moral coercion, [t]o such a degree as to
  prejudice the mind of the testator, to [d]estroy [her] free agency and to operate as a present

  restraint upon [her) In the making of [the September 22, 2011 Wiii]" which Zlel's Estate, quoted
                                                                                                           (   ,   .•. /
                                                                                                                           )

                                                    7
       and cited above, Informs us to be the standard for meeting the burden of proving undue

       Influence directly.     Instead, the record reflects a carefully thought out course of action
                                                                                                                       (~)
       undertaken by the Respondent-Scrivener to understand the Decedent's testamentary wishes

       and to effectuate them without influencing the Decedent In any way.
                When the Petitioner Informed the Respondent-Scrivener that the Decedent wanted to

       change her will, he did not hesitate to meet with both the Petitioner and the Decedent. Once
       presented with the proposed changes, the Respondent-Scrivener reviewed them and
       appropriately Informed the Petitioner that he would need to meet with the Decedent alone to
       review the changeswith her before actually drafting them. However, there was no follow-up
       meeting and the Petitioner, instead, hired Edward Glickman, Esquire to make the proposed

      changes. Mr. Glickman made those changes and the executed August 18, 2011 Wiii reflects

      them.
                Upon learnIng of the August 18, 2011 Wiii, via fax from Mr. Glickman, the Respondent-

      Scrivener became concerned that the Petitioner may have exploited and/or Influenced the
       Decedent in some way. Cognizant of his role as the Decedent's attorney, the Respondent-
      Scrivener knew he possessed privileged Information about the Decedent and her affairs. To
                                                                                                                       CJ
       ensure that he did not act unethlcally,2 the Respondent-Scrivener consulted with three (3)
       attorneys. The Respondent-Scrivener first spoke to Bradley Rainer, Esquire who was well-
       respected and accomplished In the field of professlonal responsibility.                 The Respondent-
      Scrivener then spoke with Mary Kenney, Esquire of the PennsylvaniaAttorney General's Office

···- ·--2-rne recorclreflects thanhe Resporrdent~se1ve11er-was'"att1nnurscmnrttrPelfflsylvantrRule=oFProfesslonal
       Conduct 1.14 which reads ln pertinent part:
                (a) When a client's capacity to make adequately considered decisions In connection with a
                representation ls diminished, whether because of minority, mental Impairment or for some other
                reason, the lawyer shall, as far as reasonably possible, maintain a normal client-lawyer
                relatlonshlp with the client.
                (b) When the lawyer reasonably believes that the client has diminished capacity, Is at risk of
                substantlal physical, financial or other harm unless action Is taken and cannot adequately act In
                the dlent's own Interest, the lawyer may take reasonably necessary protective action, Including
                consulting with Individuals or entitles that have the ability to take action to protect the client
                and, In appropriate cases, seeking the appointment of a guardian ad lltem, conservator or
                guardian.
       Pa. R.P.C. 1.14, Although the Respondent-Scrivener was convinced that the Decedent had testamentary capacity,
       the Respondent-Scrivener was aware of the Decedent's short-term memory deficits and reasonably believed that
       the Decedent was at risk of financial harm as a result.                                                         ( )
                                                                                                                       \   ..   -·

                                                            8
 and, flnally, the Respondent~Scrivener spoke with Joseph lastowka,        Esquire, a well-respected

 and accompllshed estate planning attorney who was also famillar with the ethics code. Based
                                                                                                            (~)
 on his discussions with those three       (3) attorneys,   the Respondent-Scrivener      reported   his

 concerns to COSA - particularly     the differences   between the August       18, 2011 Wiii and all
 previous wills executed by the Decedent. Once the Respondent-Scrivenersubmitted his report

 to COSA, he removed himself from the situation and let COSA do their Job. As such, COSA was
 not acting as the Respondent-Scrivener's agent. Rather, COSA followed its normal course of

 action without any consultation with the Respondent-Scrivener. The Respondent-Scrivener
 purposely did not contact the Decedent directly and purposely did not interfere with COSA's
 Investigation in order to avoid Influencing the Decedent.
         After the report was filed, Ms. Allen, the COSA primary care manager, opened her
 Investigation on September 8, 2011 and met with the Decedent on September 12, 2011. At
 that meeting, Ms. Allen introduced herself, explained the purpose of her visit, and asked the

 Decedent what her wishes were for her estate. The Decedent requested more time to consider
 her wishes. Ms. Allen respected that request and Ms. Allen and the Decedent arranged for Ms.
                                                                                                            (_)
 Allen to return on September 21, 2011. From September 12, 2011 to September 21, 2011,
 neither the Respondent-Scrivener nor anyone from COSA contacted the Decedent.                       On
 September 21, 2011, Ms. Allen met with the Decedent again. The Decedent recognized Ms.
 Allen and explained that she wanted the Respondent-Scrivener to prepare a new will which
 reflected the terms and provisions of the wills pre-dating the August 18, 2011 Will. Even If the

. Petitlooer were. gJyen the benefit Qf ao lnfereoce. tbal .COS.A. w.a.s tbe   B~sp9ndeol~?!,;rjyener'~ .
 agent, which this Court must do at this summary Judgment stage of the proceeding, It Is belled

 by the fact that, In the course of her Investigation, Ms. Allen noted that the Decedent wanted
 more time to consider what she wanted as her testamentary plan and Ms. Allen honored that
 desire by giving the Decedent nine (9) days with her own thoughts during which time neither

 the Respondent-Scrivenernor anyone from COSA contacted the Decedent.
        After that September 21, 2011 meeting, the Respondent-Scrivener drafted a will

 reflecting the Decedent's pre-August 18, 2011 wills. On September 22, 2011, the Respondent-
 Scrivener, accompanied by his law partner, Stephen Potts, Esquire, and his assistant, Ellen
                                                                                                            l_)
                                                  9
 Clinton/    met with the Decedent who then executed the September 22, 2011 Wiii. At all times

 prior to the execution of the September 22, 2011 Will and after, the Petitioner had telephone

 access to the Decedent but did not visit the Decedent because the Petitioner chose to remain In

 Colorado. In    fact, the record reflects that the Petitioner spoke with the Decedent on the phone
 at least ten (10} times between September 8, 2011 and September 22, 2011, including the
 morning of September 22, 2011 just before the September 22, 2011 Wiii was executed.
            Even if this Court were to accept as true the Petitioner's arguments that the Decedent
 was profoundly impaired when she executed the September 22, 2011 Wiii and that the
 Decedent was Intimidated by the Involvement of COSA as a government agency and, thus,

 more Inclined to believe Ms. Allen as their representative when she said that the Petitioner was
 financially explottlng the Decedent, the record as outl!ned above and presented to this Court at

 oral argument still does rise to the level of undue Influence.
            Despite ample, unfettered discovery and despite giving the Petitioner the benefit of all
 reasonable Inferences, there is nothing In the record that comes close to clear and convincing
 evidence of direct undue Influence as quoted above. Far from being Isolated or Imprisoned, the

 Decedent was residing in Dunwoody Village where nurses and aids were coming and going all
 the time. In addition, the Petitioner regularly contacted the Decedent via telephone and was
 able to physically visit the Decedent. Despite that access to and conversations with the
 Decedent, the Petitioner never questioned the Decedent's capacity. After the initial meeting
with COSA, the Decedent had nine (9} days, which Is ample time for any intimidation felt as a

. result of CO~f.\..beir,g Involved to dlssl_P,ate,. to c_e>n._sld~r. ~er wishes. The Dece_df:!r.i_t's. _bo_dy_ a_n_d
 mind were not Imprisoned, she was not coerced, and her free agency was not destroyed.
 Instead, her free agency was encouraged and fostered to ensure that her testamentary plan
was, In fact, hers and hers alone devoid of any third party influence.
         Accordingly, this Court finds the Petitioner has failed to raise any genuine Issue of
 material fact to support her argument of direct undue Influence upon the Decedent by the

 Respondent-Scrivener.

3
 It Is worth noting that, while the Petitioner attempted to prove undue Influence dlrectly, the Petitioner did not
depose the two (2) people, other than Mr. Potts and the Decedent, who were actually In the room when the                (___)
September 221 2011 WUI was executed despite having the opportunity to do so.

                                                         10
              E. THE PETITIONER HAS FAILED TO RAISE A GENUINE ISSUE OF MATERIAL FACT                       (, '.
               SUFFICIENT TO CONSIDER THE UNDUE INFLUENCE THREE PART BURDEN SHIFTING                       \ J
                                            TEST AT TRIAL

            If direct undue Influence cannot be proven by clear and convincing evidence, the
     contestant of a wlll may still attempt to shift the burden to the proponent of a will to prove the

     lack of undue Influence. Clark. 461 Pa. 52; Smallng, 80 A.3d 485. In order to shift the burden to
     the proponent of a formally probated will, the contestant must show by clear and convincing

     evidence that (1) the testator suffered from a weakened Intellect; (2) the testator was In a
     confidential relatlonshlp with the proponent of the will; and (3) the proponent receives a
     substantlal benefit from the wlll In question. Id. For the first element, Pennsylvania courts

     have defined weakened Intellect as:
            [A] mind which, In all circumstances of a partlcular situation, Is inferior to normal
            minds In reasoning power, factual knowledge, freedom of thought and decision,
            and other characteristics of a fully competent mentality. It should be viewed
            essentlally as a relative state as the term Is applied to cases of undue Influence,
            as these always Involve the effect of one Intellect upon another; If the Intellect Is
            substantially Impaired in comparison to that of the proponent or beneficiary It
            must be regarded as weakened since there could be no equal dealings between                    ( _)
            the two parties.

     Paolinl Wiii. 13 Fiduc. Rep. 2d 185, 187-88 (O.C. Montg. 1993) (quoting Heffner Wiii. 19 Flduc.
     Rep. 542, 546-47). For the second element, "a confldentlal relationship exists when the
     circumstances make It certain that the parties do not deal on equal terms, with one side
     exercising an over-mastering Influence over the other." In re King's Estate, 87 A.2d 469, 472
· · ··· · (00)~drorfl1e tnlrd element, "Ts]u6sfantlal 6enefif,....lias nofoeen specifical1ycleflnecrby
     Pennsylvanlacourts, and whether one receives a substantial benefit is determined on a case-
     by-case basis." In re Estate of Fritts, 906 A.2d 601 (Pa. Super. 2006). The most typical

     substantial benefit Is direct financial gain by the proponent but a substantial benefit can also be
     collateral. In re Button's Estate, 328 A.2d 480 (Pa. 1974); In re Estate of LeVln, 615 A.2d 38 at
     42 (Pa. Super. 1992). For Instance, a substantial collateral benefit exists "where a proponent
     holds the position of executor and trustee, has control over the entire estate and has a possible
     residuary Interest In the whole estate." In re Estate of LeVln, 615 A.2d 38 at 42 (Pa. Super.

     1992). In Button. the Supreme Court found a substantial collateral benefit sufficient to shift the
                                                                                                           /.
                                                                                                           \ __ j
                                                                                                                    '
                                                     11
burden because the proponents' children received practically the entire probate estate. In

LeVln, the court found that a substantial collateral benefit existed sufficient enough to shift the
burden to the proponent of a contested will because the proponent was appointed

testamentary trustee with extensive powers over the distribution of the remainder of the

testator's $1.5 million estate and with significant compensation.
        In the Instant matter, the Petitioner has both filed a motion for summary judgment and
had a motion for summary Judgment flied against her to which she filed a response. For

purposes of this section, this Court will consider the Petitioner to be the nonmoving party so
that she may receive the benefit of any and all reasonable Inferences. In that light, it is possible
to infer that the first two (2) elements, weakened intellect and confidential relationship, of the
three-part burden shifting test have been met4 for purposes of analyzing the Motion for
Summary Judgment. Nevertheless, even proceeding as If the first two elements are met, the
Petitioner has failed to raise a genuine Issue of material fact that there Is clear and convincing

evidence of a substantial benefit to the Respondent-Scrivener.
        The Petitioner argues the Respondent-Scrivenerreceived a substantial benefit because

he was strongly motivated to have the Decedent execute a will which reflected his, not the
                                                                                                                    C)
Decedent's, preferred testamentary plan. There Is no case law to support this argument that

motivation to modify a will equals a substantial benefit. Rather, the case law demonstrates
that a substantial benefit is what motivates one to change a will. Motivation In and of Itself is
not a substantial benefit but, rather, a substantial benefit produces motivation to change a will.
        The September 22, 2011 Will names the Respondent-Scrivenerexecutor but grants him
       . ·····   ... .                   . ...   ·-

no discretion as to how the estate is distributed and makes no bequest to the Respondent-
Scrivener. That being the case, there is not even a substantial collateral benefit let alone a
substantial benefit.      Unlike LeVin, the Respondent-Scrivener does not receive significant,

ongoing compensation for his role as executor and the Respondent-Scrivenerdoes not have any
discretion In distributing the estate.                Unlike Button, the Respondent-Scrivener has no

4
  This Is merely for the sake of argument and analysis and In no way reflects a conclusion of law reached by this
Court. This Court chooses not to analyie the element of weakened Intellect or confidential relatlonshlp because     ( )
the record Is completely devoid of evidence of a substantial benefit to the Respondent-Scrivener.                   \. __/

                                                         12
relationship wlth the primary beneficiaries similar to the parent-child relationship In Button
which would motivate him to ensure that those beneficiaries receive the majority of the estate.
       Accordingly, this Court finds that the Petitioner has failed to raise a genuine issue of
material fact that there ls clear and convincing evidence of a substantial benefit. Because
evidence of the element of substantial benefit Is so completely absent, this Court finds It

unnecessaryto discussthe elements of weakened Intellect and confidential relationship.

                                          Ill, CONCLUSION
       There was extensive discovery In this matter and the only arguments offered by the
Petitioner are that COSA, a government agency, acted as the Respondent-Scrivener's agent to

directly unduly Influence and/or defraud the Decedent when she was profoundly impaired and

that, at the very least, the evidence is sufficient to shift the burden to the proponent because
the Respondent-Scrivener was highly motivated to have the Decedent execute a will which
reflected his desired testamentary plan.        However, based on the law cited, the record
presented and the reasons set forth above, this Court finds that the Petitioner has failed to
raise a genuine Issue of material fact sufficient to proceed to trial on the Issue of direct undue
Influence or fraud and has falled to raise a genuine Issue of material fact as to the undue
                                                                                                                                                          (~)
Influence three-part burden shifting test sufficient to allow this matter to proceed to trial.
       Accordingly, this Court enters the attached Final Decree which DENIES the Motion for
Summary Judgment filed by the Petitioner and GRANTS the Motion for Summary Judgment

filed by the Respondent-Charities and Joined by the Respondent-Scrivenerand the Office of the
Attorney General.                                 • .:··==:x,...   ~ .. ~   ,   m,~   M   """   """"   "~""""""'H'   -""""'~   "'   H"'""' ,   ,-,,   ~    - .. ,-,   ""   •

DATED:    d~ ~ - d,Q\ <                                    BV THE COURT:

                                                                                                                                                          ( l
                                                                                                                                                          \_j

                                                13
        IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF DELAWARECOUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                            ORPHAN'S COURT DIVISION
                                                                                                                                                                                o I
    Estate of Clara Flatow                                                             No. 677 of 2011
                                                                                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                                                                                  !

               AND NOW, this
                                               (
                                               lO'
                                                        ,~   FINAL DECREE
                                                            day of February, 2015, based upon the Motions for
                                                                                                                               .

   Summary Judgment, the Responses thereto, and oral argument thereon, it is

    hereby ORDEREDand DECREED that the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by

   the Petitioner, Samantha Weston, is DENIED and the Motion for Summary
                                                        '
   Judgment filed by the Respondents, the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and

   Tilden Foundations, The Sierra Club Foundation and The Salvation Army of New

   York City, and joined by John Potts, Esquire and the Office of the Attorney General                                                                                    (_)

   is GRANTED.

               It is further ORDERED that all discovery produced in this matter shall be

   made part of the record and marked as discovery documents.                                                         The parties to this

   proceeding shall review                           the Orphans' Court to ensure that all discovery
· U:::iocuments a·r·e· ·p··-a··r·
                            . t· a·JI· ·~l.·;n.;e·
                                            I It . ··r·eco"r·
                                                      ·    U·:;:J·.·- .... ·    ....              .. _.   ..   _ ..      . _   ..   · -.........   . ·........... ....__, ...

                                                                                                                                                                        (_J
                                                                           14