Court Opinion

ID: 9363410
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-16 00:09:27.44419+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:31.776495
License: Public Domain

Opinion filed January 12, 2023

                                       In The

        Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                    __________

                                 No. 11-21-00034-CR
                                     __________

                         IGNACIO LOZA, Appellant
                                        V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 42nd District Court
                             Taylor County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. 28564A

                                    OPINION
      The jury convicted Ignacio Loza of possession of methamphetamine in an
amount of less than one gram, a state jail felony. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ANN. § 481.115(b) (West Supp. 2022).         Upon finding the two enhancement
allegations to be true, the jury assessed Appellant’s punishment at confinement for
a term of eight years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice and a fine of $1,000. Appellant challenges his conviction in four
issues and requests an acquittal or, in the alternative, a remand for a new trial. We
affirm.
                                 Background Facts
      On June 18, 2019, Sergeant John Ramirez of the Abilene Police Department
received a confidential tip that Appellant was located at an apartment in Abilene. At
the time, Appellant had an outstanding felony arrest warrant for failure to register as
a sex offender. After confirming that Appellant had an outstanding felony arrest
warrant, Sergeant Ramirez decided to conduct a “knock-and-talk” at the apartment.
Sergeant Ramirez defined a knock-and-talk as “just a knock on the door [to] see who
opens the door. The second step obviously depends on who is actually answering
the door and what the agents see at that time.”
      Appellant testified that he had arrived at the apartment at around 8:00 or 9:00
a.m. that morning. Appellant planned on spending a few nights at the apartment
because he was friends with the resident, Carol Price, and he usually spent a couple
nights at her apartment when he visited her. Appellant had all of his belongings with
him at Price’s apartment because he was homeless at the time of his arrest.
      Sergeant Ramirez assigned Agent Brady Broyles to conduct the knock-and-
talk because Agent Broyles had been working in an undercover capacity and was
dressed in plain clothes, meaning he was less likely to be immediately identifiable
as a police officer. After arriving at the apartment, Sergeant Ramirez and other
officers created a perimeter around the building to ensure that Appellant would be
unable to escape while Agent Broyles approached the door.
      After Agent Broyles knocked on the apartment door, Price answered it. What
occurred after Price answered the door is disputed. Agent Broyles testified that he
was immediately able to see most of Appellant’s body sitting on a couch because

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Price opened the door “a good three-quarters of the way” when she answered it.
Agent Broyles testified that he identified himself as a police officer, asked Price if
Appellant was in the apartment, and stepped to the left while remaining in the
apartment’s threshold.    Agent Broyles said that he was then able to identify
Appellant as the person with the outstanding arrest warrant because he could see
Appellant’s entire body and face after stepping to the left. Agent Broyles stated that,
after identifying Appellant, he crossed the apartment’s threshold and arrested
Appellant for the outstanding arrest warrant.
      In contrast, Appellant testified that Price walked to the door after hearing a
knock and noticed that someone had covered the door’s peephole. Appellant stated
that Price only opened the door six inches—just enough to put her face in the
doorway—because she did not want her dogs to run out of the apartment. Appellant
asserted that he could not see who was at the door and that there was “no way
possible” the person at the door could see Appellant. Appellant testified that when
the person at the door asked if “Ignacio Loza” was at the apartment, Price began to
close the door because she did not know Appellant by his real name. Appellant said
that the person at the door then called Appellant by his street name, “Nacho,” and
again asked if he was at the apartment. Appellant stated that Price turned to look at
Appellant as she was reaching down to pick up one of her dogs that was trying to
escape. Appellant said that the door opened further as Price reached for the dog
because Sergeant Ramirez was standing next to Agent Broyles and pressing his foot
against the door to push it open.
      Agent Broyles testified that he did not cross the threshold of the apartment
until he was able to fully see and identify Appellant and denied needing to open the
door further in order to get a better view of Appellant. Sergeant Ramirez testified
that Agent Broyles was still in the doorway as Sergeant Ramirez approached and

                                          3
that he and Agent Broyles entered the apartment at the same time. Both Agent
Broyles and Sergeant Ramirez testified that Agent Broyles did not cover the
peephole with his hand when he knocked on the door. Neither Agent Broyles nor
Sergeant Ramirez remembered dogs being in the apartment.
      After Sergeant Ramirez walked into the apartment, he assisted in Appellant’s
arrest and conducted a search incident to the arrest of Appellant. Sergeant Ramirez
searched Appellant’s left shirt pocket and found a clear plastic bag containing an
“off-white crystal-like substance” that, through Sergeant Ramirez’s training and
experience, he believed was methamphetamine. The substance was field-tested and
positively identified as methamphetamine. The substance was later lab-tested and
identified as 0.38 grams of methamphetamine. Appellant was subsequently booked
into the Taylor County Jail for the outstanding arrest warrant and for possession of
methamphetamine.
                                       Analysis
      Appellant presents four issues on appeal. Appellant’s first three issues center
around his contention that officers illegally entered Price’s apartment to arrest
Appellant. Appellant contends that officers also needed a search warrant in addition
to an arrest warrant in order to enter Price’s apartment to arrest Appellant.
      The trial court considered the legality of the officers’ entry into Price’s
apartment during a hearing on the State’s motion in limine. The State requested the
trial court to instruct the parties to approach the bench before Appellant made “any
reference to any purported or alleged illegality” regarding the warrant for
Appellant’s arrest or Appellant’s seizure, arrest, and search incident to arrest. At
the pretrial hearing on the State’s motion in limine, Appellant’s trial counsel
informed the trial court that he intended to cross-examine testifying officers
about the legality of the entry into the apartment. Trial counsel stated that it was

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Appellant’s contention that he was not in plain view when Price partially opened the
door of her apartment and that the officers pushed the door of Price’s apartment open
further in order to see him.
      Appellant’s trial counsel also argued that Appellant had standing to assert that
the entry was illegal. Trial counsel called Appellant to testify at the pretrial hearing
on the issue of standing. Appellant testified about his history of staying with Price
from time to time. In response, the State called Sergeant Ramirez to testify
concerning the tip that the officers received about Appellant being inside Price’s
apartment and the officers’ conduct when they knocked on Price’s apartment. At
the conclusion of the pretrial hearing, the trial court instructed Appellant’s trial
counsel to request a final ruling—on his request for an Article 38.23 instruction—
after the State rested its case-in-chief. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23
(West 2018).
      After the State rested its case-in-chief, the trial court announced that
Appellant’s standing was not at issue because no search of Price’s apartment
occurred. The trial court explained that the warrant for Appellant’s arrest granted
arresting officers the authority to enter Price’s apartment to arrest Appellant so long
as they had a reasonable belief that Appellant was within the apartment. The trial
court did, however, announce that it would include an Article 38.23 instruction in its
charge to the jury, instructing the jury that it must find that the arresting officers had
a reasonable belief that Appellant was within Price’s apartment before considering
any evidence obtained as a result of the officers’ entry into the apartment.
      Jury Charge Error
      In his first issue, Appellant contends that the Article 38.23 instruction was
incomplete because it should have instructed the jury that officers were required to
obtain a search warrant in addition to an arrest warrant when executing an arrest

                                            5
warrant in the home of a third party. Appellant asserts that a complete instruction
would have allowed the jury to conclude that his arrest was illegal because the
officers who arrested Appellant did not have a search warrant for Price’s apartment.
Appellant argues that, had the additional instruction been included, the jury would
have disregarded the methamphetamine found on Appellant at the time of his arrest
and returned a not-guilty verdict.
      Under Article 36.14, the trial court is required to give the jury a written charge
“setting forth the law applicable to the case.” CRIM. PROC. art. 36.14 (West 2007);
Vega v. State, 394 S.W.3d 514, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). We note at the outset
that Appellant did not object to the Article 38.23 instruction that was included in the
jury charge. “[A]ll alleged jury-charge error must be considered on appellate review
regardless of preservation in the trial court.” Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649
(Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
      When reviewing a jury charge, we first determine whether error occurred; if
no error occurred, our analysis ends. Id. If error did occur, whether it was preserved
then determines the degree of harm required for reversal. Id.; see Barrios v. State,
283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d
157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). When a defendant does not raise a timely
objection to the jury instructions, he will obtain a reversal only if the error is so
egregious and created such harm that he “has not had a fair and impartial trial.”
Barrios, 283 S.W.3d at 350 (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). As set forth
below, the Article 38.23 instruction in the trial court’s jury charge was not erroneous
under the facts of this case.
      Appellant cites Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204 (1981), and Hudson v.
State, 662 S.W.2d 957 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984), for the proposition that a search
warrant is required in addition to an arrest warrant when an arrest warrant is executed

                                           6
in the home of a third party. In Steagald, the U.S. Supreme Court held that law
enforcement officers must obtain a search warrant, absent exigent circumstances or
consent, in order to legally search for the subject of an arrest warrant in the home of
a third party. 451 U.S. 204. In Hudson, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals applied
Steagald to hold that “officers must be armed with a search warrant if they are
seeking to arrest a suspect in the home of a third person, absent consent or exigent
circumstances.” 662 S.W.2d at 960 (citing Brown v. Texas, 442 U.S. 47 (1979)).
      The facts in Steagald and Hudson are distinguishable from the circumstances
of Appellant’s arrest. Importantly, the defendants claiming a Fourth Amendment
violation in Steagald and Hudson were not the subjects of an arrest warrant. Instead,
the guest they were hosting had an outstanding arrest warrant. Steagald, 451 U.S.
at 206–07; Hudson, 662 S.W.2d at 958. In both cases, law enforcement officers
executed the guest’s arrest warrant while the guest was in the third party’s residence
without obtaining a search warrant for the third party’s home. Steagald, 451 U.S. at
206–07; Hudson, 662 S.W.2d at 958.            After entry, law enforcement officers
discovered illegal substances in the homes and arrested the homeowners. Steagald,
451 U.S. at 206–07; Hudson, 662 S.W.2d at 958.
      The analysis in Steagald and Hudson was limited to whether an arrest warrant
for a guest adequately protected the Fourth Amendment interests of a homeowner
when law enforcement entered the home without a search warrant, without consent,
and in the absence of exigent circumstances. Steagald, 451 U.S. at 219; Hudson,
662 S.W.2d at 958. Both courts held that a contemporaneous search warrant for the
home was required in order to protect the homeowner from the warrantless search
of his home that occurred when officers executed an arrest warrant for the
homeowner’s guest. Steagald, 451 U.S. at 213, 216; Hudson, 662 S.W.2d at 958–
60. As a result, both courts held that the lack of a search warrant violated the

                                          7
homeowner’s Fourth Amendment right against warrantless searches of his home.
Steagald, 451 U.S. at 222–23; Hudson, 662 S.W.2d at 959–60.
      Steagald and Hudson are based on the Fourth Amendment’s guarantee that
protects homeowners against warrantless searches of their property. Steagald, 451
U.S. at 222–23; Hudson, 662 S.W.2d at 959–60; see U.S. CONST. amend. IV. But
the question before us is not whether Price, the homeowner in this case, suffered a
Fourth Amendment violation when officers entered her apartment to execute
Appellant’s arrest. Rather, we must decide whether Appellant’s Fourth Amendment
privacy interests were violated when officers executed his arrest warrant in Price’s
apartment without first obtaining a search warrant for Price’s apartment. We hold
that they were not.
      In United States v. Jackson, the Seventh Circuit recognized the inapplicability
of Steagald when the defendant is the subject of an arrest warrant. 576 F.3d 465,
467–68 (7th Cir. 2009). The court cited Steagald for the proposition that “if officers
enter a third party’s residence in order to effect an arrest, the third party herself may
have a Fourth Amendment claim against the officers.” Id. at 468 (citing Steagald,
451 U.S. at 212). However, Steagald was “quite explicit that ‘the narrow issue
before [the Court was] whether an arrest warrant—as opposed to a search warrant—
is adequate to protect the Fourth Amendment interests of persons not named in the
warrant.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Steagald, 451 U.S. at 212) (emphasis
in Jackson, not in Steagald); see Talley v. State, No. 09-08-00533-CR, 2010 WL
546740, at *2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Feb. 17, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (holding that a person named in an arrest warrant cannot
rely on Steagald when arrested in a third party’s home).
      The court in Jackson rejected the defendant’s argument that the police needed
a search warrant as well as an arrest warrant in order to arrest him in another

                                           8
person’s home. 576 F.3d at 467. The court reasoned that Steagald did not hold that
the subject of an arrest warrant has a higher expectation of privacy in another
person’s residence than he does in his own residence. Id. at 468 (citing United
States v. Underwood, 717 F.2d 482, 483–84 (9th Cir. 1983) (en banc)). The court
further noted that “nearly every court of appeals to consider the issue has held that
law enforcement officers do not need a search warrant in addition to an arrest warrant
to enter a third party’s residence in order to effect an arrest.” Id. (citing United
States v. Agnew, 407 F.3d 193, 197 (3d Cir. 2005); United States v. Kaylor, 877 F.2d
658, 663 (8th Cir. 1989); United States v. Underwood, 717 F.2d 482, 483–84 (9th
Cir. 1983); United States v. Buckner, 717 F.2d 297, 299–300 (6th Cir. 1983)).
      The court in Jackson also recognized that the holding in Payton v. New York,
445 U.S. 573 (1980), is applicable with respect to the degree of suspicion needed by
the police to enter a third party’s residence to execute a search warrant. Id. at 468–
69. In Payton, the U.S. Supreme Court held that “for Fourth Amendment purposes,
an arrest warrant founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited
authority to enter a dwelling in which the suspect lives when there is reason to
believe the suspect is within.” 445 U.S. at 603. Payton established two prerequisites
to the lawful execution of a felony arrest warrant in a suspect’s home: (1) officers
must have a reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered; and
(2) officers must have a reasonable belief that the suspect is present at the time the
warrant is executed. See Morgan v. State, 963 S.W.2d 201, 204 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.).          Thus, the Seventh Circuit in Jackson
determined that the analysis in Payton extends to situations where the police enter a
third party’s residence to execute an arrest warrant upon a guest—the police must
have reason to believe that the guest is within the residence. Jackson, 576 F.3d at
468–69.

                                          9
       Appellant contends that the first prerequisite established in Payton was not
met because officers could not have reasonably believed that Appellant was a
resident of Price’s apartment. Irrespective of the police’s belief as to whether
Appellant was a resident of Price’s apartment, the critical inquiry is whether the
police reasonably believed that Appellant was there at the time the arrest warrant
was executed. See id. (“Although officers do not need a search warrant to execute
an arrest warrant in a third party’s home, they do need some basis for believing that
the suspect is actually present in the home.”).
      The court in Jackson rejected the appellant’s implicit contention that a person
named in an arrest warrant has a higher expectation of privacy in the home of a third
party than he does in his own home. See id. at 467–68. As noted by the Minnesota
Supreme Court in State v. deLottinville:
             We conclude that Payton sets the ceiling on a guest’s Fourth
      Amendment rights. A guest should not receive any greater Fourth
      Amendment protection when outside her home than when inside it. The
      home is “first among equals” under the Fourth Amendment,
      representing the “very core” of a person’s constitutional protections.
      Florida v. Jardines, ––– U.S. ––––, 133 S.Ct. 1409, 1414, 185 L.Ed.2d
      495 (2013) (quoting Silverman v. United States, 365 U.S. 505, 511, 81
      S.Ct. 679, 5 L.Ed.2d 734 (1961) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
      Yet Payton held that it is constitutionally reasonable for police to enter
      a person’s own home when police have an arrest warrant for that
      person. Payton, 445 U.S. at 602, 100 S.Ct. 1371. Because Fourth
      Amendment rights are at their apex in one’s own home, it necessarily
      follows that the subject of an arrest warrant enjoys no greater protection
      as a guest in another’s home.
            In other words, it is a person’s status as the subject of the arrest
      warrant, not whether the person is in her own home or the home of
      another, that is decisive under Payton’s logic. Here, police lawfully
      obtained an arrest warrant for [Appellant] and entered the home
      knowing that she was there, so their entry did not violate her Fourth
      Amendment rights.

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890 N.W.2d 116, 120 (Minn. 2017). We conclude that the holdings in Jackson and
deLottinville correctly set out the law in this matter—as far as Appellant’s criminal
prosecution was concerned, the police did not need a search warrant in addition to
an arrest warrant in order to arrest Appellant in Price’s apartment. Accordingly, the
trial court did not err by failing to include a requirement for a search warrant in its
Article 38.23 instruction. See Jackson, 576 F.3d at 467–68.
      Appellant does not address the second prerequisite established in Payton
concerning whether the arresting officers had a reasonable belief that Appellant was
within Price’s apartment.      However, the question of whether officers had a
reasonable belief that Appellant was in Price’s home at the time of his arrest was
presented to the jury in the Article 38.23 instruction. Thus, the Article 38.23
instruction correctly stated the law applicable to the case. See id. at 467–69. We
overrule Appellant’s first issue.
      Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Failing to Object to Article 38.23
      Instruction
      In his third issue, Appellant contends that his trial counsel was ineffective by
failing to object to the Article 38.23 jury instruction regarding illegally obtained
evidence. Specifically, Appellant argues that his trial counsel’s failure to object
based on the matter we addressed in Appellant’s first issue prevented Appellant from
preserving error and heightened Appellant’s burden of proof on appeal because
Appellant is now required to demonstrate that he suffered “egregious harm” rather
than “some harm.” See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
      To establish that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance at trial,
Appellant must show that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that the result would have
been different but for counsel’s errors. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex.

                                          11
Crim. App. 1999) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984)).
A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome of the trial. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. There is a strong presumption that
counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance,
and the defendant must overcome the presumption that the challenged action could
be considered sound trial strategy. Id. at 689.
      A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel “must be firmly founded in the
record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.”
Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814 (quoting McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1996)). Direct appeal is usually an inadequate vehicle to raise such a
claim because the record is generally undeveloped. Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d
390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Direct appeal is especially inadequate when
counsel’s strategy does not appear in the record. Id. Trial counsel should ordinarily
have an opportunity to explain his actions before an appellate court denounces
counsel’s actions as ineffective. Id. Without this opportunity, an appellate court
should not find deficient performance unless the challenged conduct was “so
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” Id. (quoting
Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim App. 2001)).
      “In order to succeed with an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim based on
counsel’s failure to object, one ‘must show that the trial judge would have committed
error in overruling such objection.’” Ex Parte Parra, 420 S.W.3d 821, 824–25 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013) (quoting Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011)). We have already concluded that the Article 38.23 instruction given at
trial contained no error. Therefore, even if Appellant’s trial counsel had objected to
the jury charge on the basis that Appellant asserts in his first issue, the trial court

                                          12
could have properly overruled the objection. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s
third issue.
       Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Failing to File Motion to Suppress
       In his second issue, Appellant asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective in
failing to file a motion to suppress the methamphetamine seized from Appellant’s
person after he was arrested. Appellant reasserts that his arrest was illegal in the
absence of a search warrant for the reason set out in his first issue. He contends that,
had his trial counsel filed a motion to suppress the methamphetamine, “it is likely
that the drugs would have been suppressed and the case dismissed—a wholly
different outcome for Appellant.” Appellant’s contention is incorrect.
       Trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress is not per se ineffective
assistance of counsel. Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384 (1986); Ex parte
Jones, 473 S.W.3d 850, 854 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d).
Counsel is not required to engage in the filing of futile motions. Mooney v. State,
817 S.W.2d 693, 698 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Ex parte Jones, 473 S.W.3d at 854.
To satisfy the Strickland test and prevail on an ineffective assistance claim premised
on counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress, an appellant must show that a
motion to suppress would have been granted. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954,
956–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
       Appellant erroneously claims that the methamphetamine found during the
search incident to his arrest should have been suppressed because his arrest was
illegal in the absence of a search warrant.          Appellant again relies on his
misapplication of Steagald and Hudson as discussed in his first issue, claiming that
“Appellant’s arrest was a situation where a search warrant was needed.” Just as we
held in our discussion of Appellant’s first issue, the police did not need a
search warrant, in addition to the arrest warrant, in order to arrest Appellant in

                                          13
Price’s apartment. See Jackson, 576 F.3d at 467–68. Accordingly, trial counsel was
not ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress on the basis asserted by
Appellant on appeal—that his arrest was unlawful in the absence of a search warrant.
See id. Thus, we overrule Appellant’s second issue.
         Impeachment Evidence
         In his fourth issue, Appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion
when it allowed the State to impeach Appellant with his prior conviction for delivery
of methamphetamine during his cross-examination in the guilt/innocence phase of
trial. Appellant asserts that he did not put his character for truthfulness at issue and
that the prejudicial effect of admitting his prior conviction outweighed its probative
value.
         Appellant testified at the guilt/innocence phase in support of his claim that the
police forced their way into Price’s apartment in order to arrest him. On cross-
examination, Appellant replied in the affirmative that he “intentionally and
knowingly possessed” methamphetamine. He further testified that he had used
methamphetamine on the previous night. The prosecutor then informed the trial
court that he sought to cross-examine Appellant regarding his prior conviction for
delivery of methamphetamine. Appellant’s trial counsel objected on the basis that
Appellant’s prior conviction was irrelevant to the facts of the current charge and that
Appellant’s character had not come into question.            The trial court overruled
Appellant’s objection.
         We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence for an abuse
of discretion. Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We will
uphold the trial court’s decision unless it lies outside the zone of reasonable
disagreement. Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 153–54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
We will uphold a trial court’s evidentiary ruling on appeal if it is correct on any

                                             14
theory of law that finds support in the record. Gonzalez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 114,
125–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Dering v. State, 465 S.W.3d 668, 670 (Tex. App.—
Eastland 2015, no pet.)
      Evidence of criminal convictions may be used to attack the credibility of a
witness under Rule 609 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Rule 609(a) provides that
evidence of a criminal conviction must be admitted if the crime is a felony or
involved moral turpitude and the trial court determines that the probative value of
admitting the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect, provided no more than ten
years have elapsed since the witness’s conviction or release from confinement.
TEX. R. EVID. 609(a), (b). Here, Appellant’s release from confinement had occurred
within the preceding ten years.
      When considering the probative effect of evidence versus its possible
prejudicial effect, we presume that the trial court conducted the balancing test, which
need not be shown in the record. See Bryant v. State, 997 S.W.2d 673, 676 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.). In Theus v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals
set out a nonexclusive list of factors courts should use when applying Rule 609(a) to
weigh the probative value of admitting a testifying witness’s prior conviction against
its prejudicial effect. 845 S.W.2d 874, 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). The Theus
factors are: (1) the impeachment value of the prior crime; (2) the temporal proximity
of the past crime relative to the charged offense and the witness’s subsequent
criminal history; (3) the similarity between the past crime and the offense being
prosecuted; (4) the importance of the witness’s testimony; and (5) the importance of
the witness’s credibility. Id. at 881. In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on the
admissibility of a prior conviction, “we must accord the trial court ‘wide
discretion.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Oaxaca, 569 F.2d 518, 526 (9th Cir.
1978)).

                                          15
      A defendant who testifies puts his or her veracity at issue and “may be cross-
examined and impeached in the same manner as any other witness.” Bowley v. State,
310 S.W.3d 431, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d
738, 755 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). Accordingly, we disagree with Appellant’s
contention that his testimony did not place his veracity in question. We compare the
probative value of Appellant’s 2010 conviction for delivery of methamphetamine
with its prejudicial effect using the Theus factors. Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881; see
Schmidt v. State, 373 S.W.3d 856, 862–63 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, pet. ref’d)
(using the five Theus factors to weigh the probative value of using defendant’s prior
convictions as impeachment evidence).
      The impeachment value of crimes involving deception is higher than for
crimes not involving deception. See Hankins v. State, 180 S.W.3d 177, 181 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2005, pet. ref’d).        Determining whether or not a drug crime
constituted a crime of deception typically depends on the facts and circumstances of
the offense. Id. at 181 n.2. Because no specific facts and circumstances of
Appellant’s previous conviction are available in the record, we assume that the prior
drug offense was not a crime of deception. Id. Thus, the first Theus factor weighs
against admission of the prior conviction. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881 (“when a
party seeks to impeach a witness with evidence of a crime that relates more to
deception than not, the first factor weighs in favor of admission”).
      The second factor will weigh in favor of admission if the past crime is recent
and the witness has “demonstrated a propensity for running afoul of the law.” Id.
The State informed the trial court that Appellant had been incarcerated in the
Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice within ten years
before trial commenced for the offense of delivery of methamphetamine.
Additionally, before evidence of the prior conviction was admitted, the jury had

                                         16
heard of three instances of Appellant running afoul of the law. Appellant had already
testified that he intentionally and knowingly possessed methamphetamine on the
date of his arrest, that he had last used methamphetamine on the night before his
arrest, and that he knew he had an outstanding felony arrest warrant. Because
Appellant had been imprisoned for the prior drug conviction within the past ten years
and had demonstrated a propensity for running afoul of the law, the second Theus
factor weighs in favor of admission. See TEX. R. EVID. 609(a); Theus, 845 S.W.2d
at 881.
      The third factor will weigh against admission if the prior conviction and
charged crime are similar. Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881. Here, the third factor weighs
against admission because both offenses involve methamphetamine and “the
admission for impeachment purposes of a crime similar to the crime charged
presents a situation where the jury would convict on the perception of a past pattern
of conduct, instead of on the facts of the charged offense.” Id.
      The fourth and fifth factors “both depend on the nature of a defendant’s
defense and the means available to him of proving that defense.” Id. “When the
case involves the testimony of only the defendant and the State’s witnesses, . . . the
importance of the defendant’s credibility and testimony escalates.” Id. As the
importance of the defendant’s credibility rises, so does the State’s need for an
opportunity to impeach the defendant. Id. Here, Appellant was the only witness
who testified in his defense. Furthermore, Appellant’s recounting of the events
leading up to his arrest were far different than that of Agent Broyles and Sergeant
Ramirez. Consequently, Appellant’s credibility was of high importance, and the
State’s need for an opportunity to impeach Appellant’s credibility rose in turn. See
id. Therefore, the fourth and fifth factors weigh in favor of admission.

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          In conclusion, the majority of the Theus factors weigh in favor of admitting
the challenged evidence. Based on our consideration of all five Theus factors and
the wide discretion we afford the trial court, we hold that the probative value of
Appellant’s prior conviction outweighed its prejudicial effect and that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in allowing the State to impeach Appellant with his prior
conviction for delivery of methamphetamine. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881;
Davis v. State, 259 S.W.3d 778, 784 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.
ref’d).
          Moreover, even if the trial court erred in admitting evidence of Appellant’s
prior conviction for delivery of methamphetamine at the guilt/innocence stage, the
evidence was not harmful. As noted previously, Appellant admitted at trial to being
in possession of methamphetamine at the time of his arrest and to using
methamphetamine on the previous night. Accordingly, Appellant’s fourth issue is
overruled.
                                   This Court’s Ruling
          We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                 JOHN M. BAILEY
                                                 CHIEF JUSTICE

January 12, 2023
Publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.

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