Court Opinion

ID: 9951887
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-19 14:18:12.022006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:18.407055
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Huff, O’Brien and AtLee
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

              ANGELA M. GREENE
                                                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1461-22-1                                    JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
                                                                               MARCH 19, 2024
              CITY OF PORTSMOUTH, ET AL.

                              FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH
                                        Pamela S. Baskervill, Judge Designate

                              Thomas K. Plofchan, Jr. (Jacqueline A. Kramer; Westlake Legal
                              Group, PLLC, on briefs), for appellant.

                              Melissa Y. York (Harman, Claytor, Corrigan & Wellman, on
                              brief), for appellee Lydia Pettis Patton. 1

                              (James A. Cales III; Furniss, Davis, Rashkind and Saunders, P.C.,
                              on brief), for appellee City of Portsmouth.

                              (Elliott O. Moody; Eric O. Moody & Associates, on brief), for
                              appellee LaVoris Pace.

                              (Verbena M. Askew; The Verbena Askew Law Firm, P.C., on
                              brief), for appellee L. Louise Lucas. Appellee L. Louise Lucas
                              submitting on brief.

                              (Shepherd D. Wainger; Alexandra M. Gabriel; Kaleo Legal, on
                              brief), for appellee Lisa Lucas-Burke.

                              (S.W. Dawson; Dawson, P.L.C., on brief), for appellee Milton Roy
                              Blount.

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
                     1
                      Ms. York presented oral argument on behalf of all appellees, except for Lucas who had
              previously waived oral argument in her brief.
       In April 2021, Angela M. Greene (“appellant”) filed suit in the Circuit Court for the City

of Portsmouth (the “circuit court”) against several individuals and the City of Portsmouth (the

“City”) on allegations of wrongful termination, tortious interference, gross negligence, and

defamation. Appellant challenges the circuit court’s final orders, entered in August 2022,

dismissing all claims with prejudice. For the following reasons, this Court affirm s in part,

reverses in part, and remands the case for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

                                          ALLEGATIONS2

       This litigation arises from events occurring June 9, 2020, and the days immediately

following. At that time, appellant served as the chief of police for the City of Portsmouth; she was

an at-will employee and reported to the city manager. Lydia Patton served as Portsmouth’s city

manager until her resignation on September 8, 2020, at which point LaVoris Pace became interim

city manager. Lisa Lucas-Burke was a member of the city council and vice-mayor of Portsmouth.

Her mother, L. Louise Lucas, was president pro tempore of the Senate of Virginia and a deaconess

of New Mount Olivet Baptist Church. Milton Blount was Mt. Olivet’s senior pastor and the

president of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Leadership Steering Committee.

       Events of June 9-11, 2020: “The Monument Incident”

       Late on the evening of June 9, 2020, a group of individuals gathered at the site of a

Confederate monument located in the City of Portsmouth. The monument was comprised of a

stone obelisk surrounded by four statues at its base. It sat in the middle of a street and was

       2
          On appeal from a sustained demurrer, this Court “accept[s] as true all factual allegations
expressly pleaded in the complaint and interpret[s] those allegations in the light most favorable
to the plaintiff.” Coward v. Wellmont Health System, 295 Va. 351, 358 (2018); see also Wright
v. Graves, 78 Va. App. 777, 784 (2023). Because special pleas of sovereign immunity are
treated like other types of pleas in bar, “the facts stated in the plaintiff’s [complaint] are deemed
true” on appellate review where, as here, the lower court took no evidence in support of the plea.
Massenburg v. City of Petersburg, 298 Va. 212, 216 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting
Lostrangio v. Laingford, 261 Va. 495, 497 (2001)).
                                                  -2-
surrounded by a fence. The individuals who gathered around the monument intended to deface

it, and one member of the group told a police officer on scene that members of the city council

had told them “they could deface the monument.”

       Upon learning of this statement, appellant attempted to contact Patton to determine

whether any authorized person or valid authority had given permission for the monument to be

defaced, damaged, or destroyed. Patton did not return appellant’s calls. Appellant then

contacted the city attorney and asked him whether the city council or authorized person “gave

permission” for individuals to deface, damage, or destroy the monument. The city attorney told

appellant that no such permission had been given. Appellant then spoke with police officers at

the scene and told them not to allow any damage, destruction, or defacement to occur.

       The individuals gathered at the monument later hung signs on the fence surrounding the

obelisk and used washable chalk to write messages in the area. They also placed a trash bag

and/or a sheet around the face of one of the monument’s statues. Police told the protestors that

they would be arrested for destruction of property if the monument was defaced or damaged.

       Early on the morning of June 10, Patton called appellant and requested an update on the

situation. She told appellant that the city would not allow the monument’s statues to be covered

every night and that the city council would discuss the matter promptly.

       Between 8:30 and 10:30 a.m. that morning, appellant spoke several times with two

individuals who had remained at the monument. Appellant told them that if they did not leave,

they would be arrested for trespassing. Around 11:30 a.m., police gave the two individuals a

fourth and final warning to leave the area. When the individuals refused to leave or to sign a

summons, they were arrested. At about the same time, appellant informed Patton and the city

attorney that she had received new information that another group of protestors planned to gather

at the monument that evening and that members of the groups planned to deface or otherwise

                                              -3-
damage the monument with paint and sheets. Shortly thereafter, around 12:00 p.m., appellant

updated Patton that no trespassing signs had been posted around the monument. With Patton’s

approval, barricades were also placed around the monument and the entry to its enclosure was

locked.

          At approximately 2:00 p.m. that afternoon, police officers on scene told appellant that

Lucas had approached the monument and stated that Patton and the mayor would allow damage

to the monument and that the police were not to make any arrests. Appellant called Patton to

confirm Lucas’ statements, and Patton informed appellant that she had not told Lucas that

individuals could damage, deface, destroy, or cover the monument. Appellant then went to the

monument, where she saw Lucas addressing a crowd and heard her say, “to hell with City

Council, they had three years.”

          As members of the crowd shook cans of spray paint, Lucas repeatedly told them to “go

cover it”; the crowd began converging on the monument while repeating, “cover it.” Lucas also

told the crowd that they would not be stopped because she had spoken with the city manager and

would ensure that no one was arrested. Lucas then told police she had “just talked to . . . Patton”

and that the crowd was “gonna put some paint on this thing and y’all can’t arrest them. I’m

Senator Louise Lucas, I know I’m in disguise, but they are going to put some paint on this

thing.” She also told officers, “[y]ou cannot arrest them. You need to call . . . Patton, because

they are going to do it. You can’t stop them. This is City property.”

          As appellant spoke with some of the individuals gathered around the monument and told

them that they still were not permitted to be on the site, Lucas approached appellant and told her,

“they are now. . . . Patton just gave permission through me. You need to give her a call. I talked

to her 15 minutes ago.” Appellant replied that she would call Patton, but that she had “just

talked to [Patton] less than 5 minutes ago and no one is allowed on the property.” As members

                                                -4-
of the crowd began spray-painting the monument, appellant called Patton at two different phone

numbers, but Patton did not answer the calls. Appellant then called the city attorney, who

advised her to focus police efforts on the preservation of life rather than property.

         Shortly after 3:30 p.m., appellant sent messages to Patton and the city attorney informing

them that the crowd around the monument was nonviolent at that time. She also communicated

that her objective was the preservation of life, given she had received no other directives from

Patton. More than an hour later, Patton responded to appellant and told her to “keep everyone

safe.”

         The city council held an emergency meeting that evening at about 5:00 p.m. Appellant

was not advised or informed that there should be any change to police tactics at the monument.

By 8:00 p.m., the size of the crowd around the monument had increased to more than 200

people. The city’s leadership made no change to its position that the monument was city

property and should be protected, although with an emphasis on the preservation of life.

         Around 8:43 p.m., individuals in the crowd began breaking off pieces of the monument,

and Patton advised appellant to stop them. Appellant called the city attorney to discuss the

matter before instructing officers to create a two-block perimeter around the monument. She

also attempted to contact organizers of the crowd to seek their assistance in stoppi ng the crowd

from breaking off pieces of the monument because that conduct might lead to injuries. The

organizers declined to speak with appellant.

         Not long after, appellant learned that a person had suffered a life-threatening injury from

getting struck by a piece of the monument that had been broken or pried loose. Appellant

immediately initiated efforts to disperse the crowd; she even obtained assistance from the

crowd’s organizers, who acquiesced to her request and began instructing people to depart.

                                                -5-
         Once the area around the monument was clear, appellant called in a police forensic and

homicide unit to investigate the life-threatening injury. Due to the complicated political situation

surrounding the events at the monument, appellant later requested the Virginia State Police

(“VSP”) to initiate a full investigation of the events. Ultimately, the VSP investigated only the

injury and denied appellant’s request for a broader investigation.

         Around 2:15 a.m. on June 11, while appellant was still at the monument, local television

media asked her who had given the order for police to “stand down.” Appellant replied that she

had not ordered police to ignore the destruction of property, but that “an elected official” had

directed officers to allow the crowd to vandalize the monument.

         Attempts to Investigate the Events of June 9-11, 2020

         On June 11, 2020, Lucas told local media that appellant had “abdicated her responsibility

to maintain peace and failed to uphold the law” during the incidents at the monument. Lucas

also stated that Patton should fire appellant “immediately.” That same day, Patton and the city

attorney chastised appellant for her comment to local media about an elected official saying that

officers could not make arrests. Although appellant reported only to the city manager, it was the

city attorney who informed appellant that she would be fired if she spoke about elected officials

again.

         The city attorney also directed appellant to contact the VSP and advise them that city

officials had requested a complete investigation of events. Despite appellant’s desire for the

VSP to investigate, a VSP Lieutenant Colonel told appellant he did not believe anything had

occurred during the events at the monument that constituted an “abuse of power,” which was the

threshold requirement for the VSP to conduct a full investigation. Nevertheless, that official told

appellant he would relay her request to his superiors. After appellant informed them about the

VSP’s response, Patton and the city attorney became concerned about VSP’s reference to the

                                               -6-
term “abuse of power.” Patton told appellant to contact the VSP again and inform them that the

city no longer wanted a complete investigation. Appellant complied.

       Sometime during the week of June 13, appellant and Patton spoke by telephone.

Appellant informed Patton that she was forming a team of detectives to investigate the

monument incident and determine whether criminal charges were justified for acts committed in

appellant’s presence or in the presence of other officers. Patton told her that the matter was

closed and ordered that neither she nor her department conduct such an investigation by any

means. Patton also stated that the city attorney had discussed the matter with the city council and

that the council agreed that the investigation would be a “conflict of interest.” Patton never

elaborated on the specific nature of the supposed “conflict.”

       Patton then instructed the city attorney to call appellant. The city attorney told appellant

that the members of city council were his clients and he had advised them that, once an

investigation into the monument incident commenced, he could not guarantee the investigation

would not implicate some of the council members. The city attorney then told appellant that no

investigation into the incidents at the monument should occur. The Commonwealth’s Attorney

for Portsmouth also announced that she would not request a special grand jury to investigate the

incidents at the monument.

       Appellant, whose duties as chief of police required her to “ensure[] that laws and

ordinances are enforced,” met with police detectives on July 22 to discuss the June incidents at

the monument. She directed the detectives to investigate the incidents and advise her of any

applicable criminal charges. She also asked them to research how other jurisdictions and

localities charged people for the destruction of monuments.

       On August 6, appellant’s investigators told her they had determined there would be no

conflict of interest if the police department conducted the investigation. Six days later, the

                                               -7-
investigators provided appellant with a probable cause summary relating to the monument

incident along with a list of felony charges and persons to be charged. They also informed her

that the Commonwealth’s Attorney for the city was a potential witness to the incidents and

would therefore be excluded from reviewing the cases for presentation to a magistrate.

       On August 17, appellant spoke to Patton and the city attorney about her decision to seek

felony property crime charges against certain persons. She stated that, based on her team’s

research of the issue, there was no conflict of interest in her investigation and that she planned to

present several cases to a magistrate. Appellant also told Patton that it was her sworn duty to

investigate and that, under relevant statutory law, it was her prerogative to seek a magistrate’s

review of the cases. Neither Patton nor the city attorney wished to discuss the matter with

appellant, telling her that the matter was “closed.” They also repeatedly insisted there was a

“conflict,” although they did not explain the nature of the putative conflict. When appellant

reiterated that it was her duty to seek a magistrate’s review of possible felony charges, Patton

responded that she did not want to hear it and ordered appellant to stop seeking magistrate

review of warrants. Referencing Virginia law and her sworn oath, appellant stated that she could

not comply. Patton then yelled that appellant needed to control her officers and abruptly ended

the phone call with appellant.

       Later that day, appellant’s investigating officers presented a magistrate with fourteen

applications for felony warrants for destruction of property. Upon review, the magistrate found

probable cause to bring the charges and issued the fourteen warrants. One of the individuals

arrested was Lucas.

       Appellant’s Termination Following the Filing of Charges

       After the felony warrants were issued on August 17, Lucas-Burke spoke to the media and

city council, demanding appellant be fired for her “disrespectful act of insubordination.” Using

                                                -8-
her city email account, and identifying herself as the vice-mayor, Lucas-Burke also emailed city

officials calling for appellant’s termination despite the existence of a city ordinance prohibiting

the council and its members from requesting the removal of city employees appointed by the city

manager. Lucas-Burke publicly disseminated her email by posting it on her social media

account (Facebook) and providing it to news media.

       Two days later, during a press conference specifically scheduled to call for appellant’s

termination, Lucas-Burke advocated for appellant to be fired and criticized the conduct of the

police. When a reporter questioned Lucas-Burke’s power to compel appellant’s termination,

Lucas-Burke replied that if Patton didn’t do so then firing appellant would be “the first order of

business that I want the new city manager to take on.” Blount also appeared at the press

conference and implied that, under appellant’s leadership, the police had impugned Lucas’s

character and made her “look like [she] committed a crime.” He then advocated for Patton to

request appellant’s immediate resignation and called on the VSP to “conduct investigations” into

the city police.

       On September 4, the city’s director of human resources met with appellant to inform her

that Patton had placed her on administrative leave. According to the letter signed by Patton,

appellant was to remain “on administrative leave with pay” while the city investigated

“concerns” that her recent “decision making, actions and behavior . . . may implicate either

serious policy violations and/or critical lapses in judgment, and omissions in communications.”

Patton noted that the City’s concerns called into question appellant’s “ability to meet [Patton’s]

legitimate expectations for optimum performance of [appellant’s] job as Chief of the Portsmouth

Police Division.”

       Four days later, on September 8, Patton resigned as city manager. Her successor, Pace,

met with appellant two days later to tell her that he was not investigating her and that he was

                                               -9-
unaware of any investigation into her conduct. He further stated that if an investigation began,

he would advise appellant of its nature.

       On September 22, the Martin Luther King, Jr. Steering Committee (“MLK Committee”),

a political action committee affiliated with Lucas, sent a public letter to city council calling for

appellant to be fired. The letter was signed exclusively by Blount, who was the committee’s

president and a pastor at the church where Lucas served as a deaconess. In the letter, Blount

alleged that appellant had “ignored a conflict of interest”; disregarded “the advice of legal

counsel and the law and decided to have her department police themselves”; “displayed a

dereliction of duty” during the monument’s destruction, thereby thrusting the city “into an

embarrassing light across the nation and the globe”; “falsified information” about VSP

investigations; and “withheld critical information” from city authorities “[i]n an attempt . . . to

cover up her neglect and dereliction of duty,” which “left the city in a vulnerable and

embarrassing position.” The letter concluded by stating that “[t]hese issues can only be resolved

by terminating [appellant].”

       During an interview with local news media on September 23, Pace stated that appellant

was under investigation. He also told the media that there were pending investigations by the

VSP and FBI. Pace subsequently sent appellant a letter stating that there would be an

investigation into her recent conduct and that she was to remain on administrative leave.

       Upon motion by the Commonwealth, the criminal charges against Lucas were dismissed

on November 16, 2020. Lucas then made a statement to local news media alleging that the

charges against her had been “racist.” She also stated that the police involved had made “a

mockery of the justice system” by bringing “bogus” charges. She further remarked that

dismissal of the charges against her would “give[] people . . . hope that when they come to these

                                               - 10 -
courtrooms that they will be treated in a fair and just manner, even though you may have a rogue

police department who intends to criminalize the justice system against people like me.”

       That same day, November 16, Pace terminated appellant’s employment following “a

review of [her] performance, decision making, and policy compliance in the last few months.”

After reminding appellant that she was an at-will city employee, Pace “concluded that it [wa]s in

the best interest of the City and, in particular, the best interest of the City’s Police Department,

that [appellant’s] employment as Chief of Police be terminated.”

       Appellant’s Complaint and the Circuit Court’s Rulings

       On April 9, 2021, appellant filed a complaint against the City, Patton, Pace, Lucas-Burke,

Lucas, and Blount. In Count I, she alleged that the City, Patton, and Pace had wrongfully

terminated her in retaliation for her refusal to obey “unlawful directives . . . not to investigate the

monument incident.” Count II, against those same parties, alleged wrongful termination in

retaliation for appellant’s compliance with the law when she followed her “sworn duty” to

“prosecute offenses against the Commonwealth” and “investigate and present warrants to a

magistrate.”

       Count III alleged that Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke had tortiously interfered with

appellant’s contract and/or business expectancy with the City when they “manufactured

falsehoods” about her, asserted those falsehoods as facts, and used those falsehoods to bring

political pressure for appellant’s termination. In Count IV, appellant alleged that Patton and

Lucas-Burke were grossly negligent in taking actions that interfered with appellant’s right to be

free from unlawful termination, including Lucas-Burke’s “violation of Portsmouth City Code”

when she called for appellant’s termination. Finally, in Counts V, VI, and VII, respectively,

appellant raised individual claims of defamation against Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke.

                                                - 11 -
          In response, the City filed a demurrer and special plea arguing that the complaint failed to

state a claim for which relief could be granted and that the City enjoyed sovereign immunity

from suit. Patton and Pace likewise filed demurrers and special pleas of sovereign immunity.

Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke also filed demurrers for the claims against them. The parties

appeared for a hearing on appellees’ demurrers and special pleas on March 3, 2022. 3

          After hearing argument from the City, Patton, Pace, and appellant, the circuit court ruled

on the demurrers and special pleas related to Counts I and II alleging wrongful termination.

Without making any factual findings, the court held that it “agree[d] with the position of the

defendants” and would “sustain the pleas of sovereign immunity.” Noting that its ruling “could

be dispositive for the completeness of the [c]ourt’s consideration for purposes of appellate

review,” the court also ruled that it would sustain the demurrers for those three appellees. The

court then dismissed Counts I and II with prejudice and denied appellant leave to amend those

claims.

          Next, the circuit court sustained the demurrers of Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke with

respect to Count III and denied appellant’s request for leave to amend that count. The court

noted that it had “read this complaint on more than one occasion” and that Count III’s allegations

were “conclusory” and “[t]here was no relationship with the [c]ity . . . so I’m sustaining the

demurrer as to the three defendants. I’m dismissing count 3 with prejudice.”

          As to Count IV, the circuit court sustained Patton and Lucas-Burke’s demurrers, noting

only that it “agree[d] with the arguments of defense counsel.” It also denied appellant’s request

for leave to amend. Finally, the circuit court sustained the demurrers that Blount, Lucas, and

          3
        The matter was heard by a retired judge sitting by designation after the judges of the
Third Judicial Circuit, which includes the City of Portsmouth, recused themselves.
                                              - 12 -
Lucas-Burke had filed with respect to Counts V, VI, and VII. Because it granted appellant leave

to amend those claims, the circuit court dismissed the three defamation counts without prejudice.

       The circuit court subsequently entered an order on August 24, 2020, memorializing its

rulings from the March 3 hearing. The order explicitly sustained the City’s and Pace’s demurrers

and special pleas, dismissing all claims against them with prejudice and without leave to amend. 4

Despite the court’s ruling from the bench during the March 3 hearing, the August 24 order

sustained Patton’s demurrer but failed to mention her plea of sovereign immunity.

Notwithstanding that omission, the order then dismissed “all counts against . . . Patton, with

prejudice and without leave to amend.” The court further sustained the demurrers brought by

Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke, and dismissed the claims against them with prejudice, except

for the three defamation claims which were dismissed without prejudice based on the court’s

grant of leave for appellant to amend.

       Appellant’s amended complaint was filed on June 1, 2022, and contained amended

claims of defamation against Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke. For purposes of appeal, appellant

also restated Counts I through IV in the amended complaint. Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke

filed renewed demurrers seeking dismissal of the amended defamation counts. Without

conducting another hearing, the circuit court issued a series of orders on August 25, 2022,

sustaining appellees’ demurrers and dismissing all three defamation counts with prejudice. This

appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

       Appellant raises nine assignments of error challenging the circuit court’s dismissal of her

case. The first four allege that the circuit court erred in sustaining both the special pleas of

sovereign immunity and the demurrers filed by the City, Patton, and Pace regarding Counts I and

       4
           The circuit court did not, however, explain its decision in any written document.
                                                - 13 -
II in the initial complaint for wrongful termination. Next, appellant argues in assignments of

error five and six that the circuit court erred in sustaining the demurrers filed against her claims

of tortious interference (Count III) and gross negligence (Count IV) in the initial complaint. The

final three assignments of error assert that the circuit court erroneously sustained the “renewed

demurrer[s]” filed by Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke regarding their individual defamation

counts (V, VI, and VII) in the amended complaint. 5 Appellant asks this Court to remand all of

the claims made against each appellee.

       In considering appellant’s claims on appeal, this Court is bound by the applicable

standard of review, under which this Court renders no determination on the merits of the case. 6

Although the circuit court did not state the basis for its decision, this Court nevertheless

concludes, for the following reasons, that the circuit court did not err in dismissing appellant’s

claims against the City, Patton, Pace, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke for failure to state a claim.

                                        Standard of Review

       This Court reviews de novo a circuit court’s decision to sustain or overrule a demurrer as

well as its ruling on a plea of sovereign immunity. Givago Growth, LLC v. iTech AG, LLC, 300

       5
         Although appellant preserved a challenge to the circuit court’s dismissal without
prejudice of the defamation counts in the initial complaint, she has not raised that claim on
appeal. Accordingly, in determining whether the circuit court erred in dismissing the amended
defamation counts, this Court will only consider the sufficiency of the pleadings alleged in the
amended complaint.
       6
          “A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the facts alleged in a complaint assuming that
all facts alleged therein and all inferences fairly drawn from those facts are true.” Givago
Growth, LLC v. iTech AG, LLC, 300 Va. 260, 264 (2021). Thus, appellant “need show only that
the court erred, not that . . . [she] would have prevailed on the merits of the case.” Tronfeld v.
Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 272 Va. 709, 713 (2006); see also Francis v. Nat’l Accrediting
Comm’n of Career Arts & Sciences, Inc., 293 Va. 167, 171 (2017) (“The trial court is not
permitted on demurrer to evaluate and decide the merits of the allegations set forth in a
[complaint], but may only determine whether the factual allegations of the [complaint] are
sufficient to state a cause of action.” (alteration in original) (quoting Harris v. Kreutzer, 271 Va.
188, 195 (2006))).
                                                  - 14 -
Va. 260, 264 (2021); Pike v. Hagaman, 292 Va. 209, 214 (2016). Both matters raise a pure

question of law. Butler v. Stegmaier, 77 Va. App. 115, 125 (2023); Commonwealth v.

Muwahhid, 77 Va. App. 821, 828 (2023).

        “The purpose of a demurrer is to determine whether a complaint states a cause of action

upon which the requested relief may be granted.” Assurance Data, Inc. v. Malyevac, 286 Va.

137, 143 (2013).7 Because a demurrer “‘tests the legal sufficiency of facts alleged in pleadings,

not the strength of proof[,]’ . . . ‘we consider as true all material facts alleged in the . . .

complaint, all facts impliedly alleged, and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from such

facts.’” Id. (first quoting Dunn, McCormack & MacPherson v. Connolly, 281 Va. 553, 557-58

(2011); and then quoting Concerned Taxpayers v. Cnty. of Brunswick, 249 Va. 320, 323

(1995)).8 Regarding special pleas of sovereign immunity, this Court similarly accepts as true

“[t]he facts as stated in the pleadings by the plaintiff . . . .” Muwahhid, 77 Va. App. at 828 (first

alteration in original) (quoting Niese v. City of Alexandria, 264 Va. 230, 233 (2002)). In

reviewing the alleged facts, this Court gives no weight to unreasonable inferences—those that

are “strained, forced or contrary to reason”—and “do[es] not accept the veracity of conclusions

of law camouflaged as factual allegations or inferences.” Coward v. Wellmont Health System,

        7
          “[U]nlike a motion for summary judgment, a demurrer ‘does not allow the court to
evaluate and decide the merits of a claim.’” Malyevac, 286 Va. at 143 (quoting Fun v. Va. Mil.
Inst., 245 Va. 249, 252 (1993)).
        8
         “In ruling on the demurrers, this Court considers not only the pleadings, but also the
documents attached thereto.” Mansfield v. Bernabei, 284 Va. 116, 121 (2012). By doing so,
“we accept as true all allegations of historical fact pleaded . . . and interpret them in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff. We review the circuit court’s legal conclusions de novo.” Viers
v. Baker, 298 Va. 553, 558 (2020). “In addition to accepting all sufficiently definite factual
allegations in the complaint as true, we ‘accept as true unstated inferences’ in the complaint ‘to
the extent that they are reasonable,’ but ‘give them no weight to the extent that they are
unreasonable.’” Parrish v. Callahan, 78 Va. App. 630, 638 (2023) (quoting Patterson v. City of
Danville, 301 Va. 181, 197 (2022)). Nevertheless, “[a] court considering a demurrer may ignore
a party’s factual allegations contradicted by the terms of authentic, unambiguous documents that
properly are part of the pleadings.” Schaecher v. Bouffault, 290 Va. 83, 107 (2015).
                                                - 15 -
295 Va. 351, 358 (2018) (first quoting Cnty. of Chesterfield v. Windy Hill Ltd., 263 Va. 197, 200

(2002); and then quoting AGCS Marine Ins. v. Arlington Cnty., 293 Va. 469, 473 (2017)).

       Accordingly, to survive a demurrer, the complaint must adequately state a cause of action

by “alleg[ing] sufficient facts to constitute a foundation in law for the judgment sought and not

merely conclusions of law.” Hubbard v. Dresser, Inc., 271 Va. 117, 122 (2006); see also

Patterson v. City of Danville, 301 Va. 181, 197 (2022) (holding that the factual allegations in the

complaint must be “made with sufficient definiteness to enable the court to find the existence of

a legal basis for its judgment” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Squire v. Va. Hous.

Dev. Auth., 287 Va. 507, 514 (2014))).9 On the other hand, “[a] special plea of sovereign

immunity, if proven, creates a bar to a plaintiff’s claim of recovery” against all immunized

defendants. City of Chesapeake v. Cunningham, 268 Va. 624, 633 (2004).10

                                         Procedural Issues

       Before assessing the propriety of the circuit court’s judgment, this Court must address the

following miscellaneous procedural issues raised by appellees or apparent on the record.

                                      Errors in Final Order

       On March 3, 2022, the circuit court conducted a hearing on the appellees’ demurrers as

well as the special pleas of sovereign immunity filed by the City, Patton, and Pace. At the

conclusion of the parties’ arguments, the circuit court stated its rulings from the bench. The

       9
          See also Francis, 293 Va. at 171, and Qiu v. Huang, 77 Va. App. 304, 317 (2023), both
finding a demurrer properly sustained where the challenged pleading did not allege sufficient
facts stating a valid cause of action.
       10
           A special plea of sovereign immunity is a type of “plea in bar” “presenting distinct
issues of fact which, if proved, create a bar to the plaintiff’s right of recovery.” Pike, 292 Va. at
215 (quoting Whitley v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 482, 493 (2000)). Although “[t]he party
asserting the plea in bar bears the burden of proof[,] . . . ‘where no evidence is taken in support
of a plea in bar, the trial court, and the appellate court upon review, consider solely the pleadings
in resolving the issue presented.” Massenburg, 298 Va. at 216 (quoting Lostrangio, 261 Va. at
497). “This approach results in functionally de novo review of the trial court’s judgment.” Id.
                                                  - 16 -
written order to memorialize those rulings was issued on August 24, 2022, but the rulings therein

differed from those recorded in the transcript of the March 3 hearing, which is a part of the

record considered by this Court on appeal. Specifically, the order does not address Patton’s plea

of sovereign immunity or the dismissal of Count III as part of Lucas’s demurrer.

       I. Patton’s Sovereign Immunity Plea

       At the March 3 hearing, the circuit court heard argument on the special pleas of sovereign

immunity filed by the City, Patton, and Pace. Without distinguishing among those appellees, the

circuit court stated that it was “going to sustain the pleas of sovereign immunity” and dismiss

those “three defendants.” It later reiterated that it “granted the pleas of sovereign immunity and

sustained the demurrers.” Both the plain language of those statements and the context in which

they were made lead this Court to conclude that the circuit court’s ruling referred equally to the

demurrers and pleas of sovereign immunity filed by the City, Patton, and Pace.

       Nevertheless, the final order meant to memorialize those rulings explicitly granted

Patton’s demurrer without mentioning her plea of sovereign immunity. In contrast, the order

specifically granted both the demurrers and pleas of sovereign immunity for the City and Pace.

Neither the circuit court nor appellees appear to have noticed this discrepancy, let alone intended

it. And appellant’s challenge to the circuit court’s grant of Patton’s sovereign immunity plea

indicates she too was under the reasonable impression that the circuit court’s final order

contained that ruling. Considering the impact of such ruling for both appellant and appellees,

this Court cannot conclude that its absence from the final order was an intentional reflection of

the circuit court’s rulings from March 3, 2022.

       II. Lucas’s Demurrer

       As relevant here, the initial demurrers filed by Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke all sought

dismissal of Count III (tortious interference) in addition to dismissal of their respective

                                               - 17 -
defamation claims (Counts V, VI, and VII) in the original complaint. In referring to Count III at

the March 3 hearing, the circuit court stated that it was “sustaining the demurrer as to the three

defendants.” Yet, the August 24 order neglected to explicitly dismiss Count III against Lucas,

despite dismissing that count against Blount and Lucas-Burke, as well as dismissing the

defamation claims against all three appellees based on their individual demurrers.11 Consistent

with the reasoning above regarding Patton’s plea of sovereign immunity, this Court finds that the

final order’s silence as to dismissing Count III against Lucas was a mere oversight that neither

the circuit court nor the parties noticed at the time.12

       III. Clerical Errors Correctible on Remand

       Based on the record, as well as the complexity of this multi-count and multi-party case,

this Court finds that the above anomalies in the August 24 final order are clerical errors subject

to correction under Code § 8.01-428(B).13

       “[I]t is well settled law in Virginia that a ‘court speaks through its orders and those orders

are presumed to accurately reflect what transpired.’” Rubino v. Rubino, 64 Va. App. 256, 265

(2015) (quoting McBride v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 30, 35 (1997)). That presumption,

however, can be overcome by “competent evidence” demonstrating a clerical error. Zhou v.

       11
         Count III was dismissed with prejudice, whereas Counts V, VI, and VII (defamation
claims) were dismissed without prejudice. The circuit court gave appellant leave to amend the
defamation claims, but later dismissed those counts with prejudice after granting appellees’
renewed demurrers.
       12
           See also Rule 1:1(c) (“An order sustaining a demurrer or sustaining a demurrer with
prejudice or without leave to amend is sufficient to dispose of the claim(s) or cause(s) of action
subject to the demurrer, even if the order does not expressly dismiss the claim(s) or cause(s) of
action at issue.”).
       13
           Code § 8.01-428(B) states, in relevant part: “Clerical mistakes in all judgments or other
parts of the record and errors therein arising from oversight or from an inadvertent omission may
be corrected by the court at any time on its own initiative or upon the motion of any party and
after such notice, as the court may order.”
                                                 - 18 -
Zhou, 38 Va. App. 126, 133 (2002).14 Examples of correctable clerical errors include “a

misstatement on the record . . . regarding the length of incarceration a defendant was ordered to

serve,” Zhou, 38 Va. App. at 133-34, “a typographical error made by a court reporter while

transcribing a court proceeding,” and “an unintended error in the drafting of a divorce decree,”

Morgan v. Russrand Triangle Assocs., LLC, 270 Va. 21, 25-26 (2005). “Such errors cause a

final decree or the court’s record to fail to ‘speak the truth.’” Zhou, 38 Va. App. at 133.

Therefore, “‘when the justice and truth of the case requires it[,]’” a trial court can exercise its

authority under Code § 8.01-428(B) “to correct ‘clerical mistakes’ in its decree or errors in the

record so as to cause the acts and proceedings to be set forth correctly.” Id. (quoting Netzer v.

Reynolds, 231 Va. 444, 449 (1986)).

       By comparing the final order against the hearing transcript, this Court believes that the

circuit court’s intended judgment—granting Patton’s plea of sovereign immunity and dismissing

Count III against Lucas—was lost in transmission in the five months between the March 3

hearing and entry of the final order on August 24. The fact that none of the parties, nor the

circuit court itself, noticed these omissions in the final order further demonstrates a shared

understanding of the intended judgment and a joint assumption that the order would faithfully

memorialize the March 3 rulings. As it currently stands, however, the final order does not meet

those expectations. Accordingly, the August 24 order containing these clerical errors should be

corrected on remand to accurately reflect the circuit court’s rulings from the March 3 hearing. 15

       14
         “Scrivener’s or similar errors in the record, which are demonstrably contradicted by all
other documents, are clerical mistakes.” Zhou, 38 Va. App. at 133.
       15
           Because the mistakes in the August 24 order are mere oversights constituting clerical
error, this Court will not deem as moot any of appellant’s arguments relating to these issues.
Rather, this Court will proceed as if the August 24 order included the circuit court’s rulings on
both Patton’s plea of sovereign immunity and dismissal of Count III against Lucas. Likewise,
this Court considers the four orders issued together on August 24 and 25 to constitute a final
                                              - 19 -
                                       Assignments of Error

       I. Preservation

       Blount and Lucas-Burke assert in their briefs that appellant failed to preserve her

arguments regarding the circuit court’s orders sustaining the renewed demurrers to the amended

defamation counts. They point to the fact that appellant filed no brief in response to the renewed

demurrers, that the circuit court did not conduct a hearing before sustaining the renewed

demurrers, and that appellant did not file any objections to the August 25, 2022 orders for which

the circuit court waived counsel’s endorsement. This Court disagrees. Under the particular

circumstances here, this Court finds that appellant did not waive her challenge to the court’s

dismissal of Counts V, VI, and VII because her objections to the initial demurrers adequately

preserved the arguments she makes on appeal.

       Ordinarily, this Court “will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented

to the trial court.” Fletcher v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 493, 510 (2020) (quoting Ohree v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308 (1998)). Thus, to preserve an argument for appeal,

appellant must state the objection “with reasonably certainty at the time of the ruling.” Rule

5A:18; see also Code § 8.01-384(A) (“[I]t shall be sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling or

order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which he desires the

court to take or his objections to the action of the court and his grounds therefor.”).16 The

purpose of “requir[ing] a litigant to make timely and specific objections[ is] so that the trial court

appealable order, thereby conferring jurisdiction upon this Court to resolve the appeal on its
merits. See Rule 1:1 (finality of orders); Code § 8.01-428(B) (correction of clerical mistakes).
       16
          This Court notes that the circuit court’s waiver of counsel’s endorsement after forgoing
another hearing on the amended defamation claims might constitute alternate grounds for
refusing to find appellant’s arguments on appeal barred by Rule 5A:18. “[I]f a party has no
opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the time it is made, the absence of an objection shall
not thereafter prejudice him on motion for a new trial or on appeal.” Code § 8.01-384(A).
                                                - 20 -
has ‘an opportunity to rule intelligently on the issues presented, thus avoiding unnecessary

appeals and reversals.’” Brown v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 210, 217 (2010) (quoting West v.

Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 327, 337 (2004)). If, however, the circuit court “is aware of a

litigant’s legal position[,] and the litigant did not expressly waive such arguments, the arguments

remain preserved for appeal.” Id.

       This Court finds that the record indicates the circuit court’s awareness of appellant’s legal

position regarding all of her claims, including the defamation counts. In response to appellees’

initial demurrers, the circuit court held a hearing on March 3, 2022, at which it ruled in favor of

appellees and dismissed with prejudice all of appellant’s claims except for the three defamation

counts against Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke, which it dismissed without prejudice and

allowed appellant leave to amend. Although the circuit court did not articulate its reasoning in

making those rulings, appellant made specific arguments at the hearing objecting to the

demurrers and dismissal of her claims. By doing so, appellant informed the circuit court as to

the nature of her belief that the complaint sufficiently stated a cause of action for each

enumerated claim. That argument, which is the basis of appellant’s appeal, therefore remained

preserved without appellant having to restate it again in response to the renewed demurrers. See

Code § 8.01-384(A) (“No party, after having made an objection or motion known to the court,

shall be required to make such objection or motion again in order to preserve his right to appeal,

challenge, or move for reconsideration of, a ruling, order, or action of the court.”).

       Indeed, the circuit court appears to have held the same opinion as to the continuing nature

of appellant’s objection because its instructions to the parties at the March 3 hearing, in

anticipation of appellees filing renewed demurrers, indicate its intention to rule on the

sufficiency of the amended complaint without requiring further argument or briefing from

appellant. Those directives serve as evidence not only that appellant had no obligation to submit

                                               - 21 -
additional briefing after filing her amended complaint, but also that the circuit court would

automatically take her arguments from the March 3 hearing into account when considering the

sufficiency of the amended defamation counts.

       In fact, each of the August 25 orders sustaining the renewed demurrers contained a

handwritten note explaining that the court had waived counsel’s endorsement but that

“objections are noted and preserved.” Taken together, these circumstances lead this Court to

conclude that the circuit court was aware of appellant’s legal position and was thus afforded the

“opportunity to rule intelligently on the issues presented” when issuing the August 24 and 25,

2022 orders sustaining both the initial and amended demurrers. 17

       Furthermore, by including Counts I, II, III, and IV in her amended complaint, along with

the amended defamation counts, appellant preserved for appeal her claim that each of the seven

counts pled sufficient facts to overcome any demurrer. Contra Lewis v. Kei, 281 Va. 715, 719

(2011) (holding that where “a circuit court sustains a demurrer to an amended complaint that

does not incorporate or refer to any of the allegations that were set forth in a prior complaint,”

the appellate court “‘will consider only the allegations contained in the amended pleading to

which the demurrer was sustained’” (quoting Yuzefovsky v. St. John’s Wood Apartments, 261 Va.

97, 102 (2001))). This Court therefore holds that appellant has adequately preserved for

appellate review her objection to the circuit court’s dismissal with prejudice all alleged claims.18

       17
          Subject to the clerical errors discussed above, the first order entered August 24
memorializes the rulings the circuit court made at the March 3 hearing. Counsel for appellant
signed that order as “Seen and objected to for reasons stated in open court and in plaintiff’s
briefing.
       18
           Appellant has not, however, assigned error to the circuit court’s dismissal without
prejudice of the three initial defamation claims contained in the original complaint. This Court is
“limited to reviewing the assignments of error presented by the litigant.” Banks v.
Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 289 (2017); see also Rule 5A:20(c)(1) (“Only assignments of
error listed in the brief will be noticed by this Court.”).
                                                 - 22 -
       II. Sufficiency

       The City, Patton, Pace, and Lucas-Burke argue on brief that the generic nature of

appellant’s assignments of error is insufficient to support the arguments she asserts in her brief.

This Court disagrees.

       “The purpose of assignments of error is to ‘point out the errors with reasonable certainty

in order to direct this court and opposing counsel to the points on which appellant intends to ask

a reversal of the judgment, and to limit discussion to these points.’” Delaune v. Commonwealth,

76 Va. App. 372, 380 (2023) (quoting Chesapeake Hosp. Auth. v. Commonwealth, Dep’t of

Tax’n, 262 Va. 551, 556 n.2 (2001)). Appellant’s assignments of error follow a similar formula,

using substantially similar words, first listing the relevant claim and then alleging that the facts in

the pleadings were legally sufficient to establish each cause of action. The lack of further detai l

in the assignments of error does not render them insufficient for consideration by this Court

because appellant clearly establishes her objection to the circuit court’s judgment, which itself

lacked specificity. See Rule 5A:20(c)(2).

       In ruling on appellees’ demurrers, and the special pleas of sovereign immunity, the circuit

court heard no evidence and made no specific findings of fact or conclusions of law either from

the bench or in its written orders. Consequently, the only error appellant could, and does, point

to on appeal is the circuit court’s grant of those demurrers and special pleas. See Carroll v.

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 641, 649 (2010) (holding that appellant has the duty to “lay his finger

on the error” he intends to raise on appeal (quoting First Nat’l Bank v. William R. Trigg Co., 106

Va. 327, 342 (1907))).

                                                - 23 -
       Appellant’s challenge, therefore, is based on the standard of review for demurrers:

whether the complaint states a cause of action upon which the requested relief may be granted. 19

Because such determinations are reviewed de novo on appeal, the lack of reasoning articulated

by the circuit court in rendering its judgment does not preclude this Court from conducting an

independent analysis as to the sufficiency of appellant’s pleadings. 20 Accordingly, this Court’s

assessment dictates whether the circuit court erred in granting the special pleas and sustaining the

demurrers.

       III. Abandonment

       As part of assignments of error one through six, appellant claims that the circuit court

erred in sustaining appellees’ demurrers without granting her leave to amend Counts I, II, III, and

IV from the original complaint.21 She also argues, in assignments of error one and two, that the

circuit court erroneously granted the City’s, Patton’s, and Pace’s special pleas of sovereign

immunity because they “presented no evidence to meet their burden of establishing their

       19
          This Court finds that appellees were given sufficient notice as to the arguments
appellant makes on appeal, namely, that the pleadings stated a cause of action for each claim
supported by adequate facts. Moreover, the Supreme Court has applied Code § 8.01-273 “to bar
consideration on appeal of an argument that was not included in the defendant’s demurrer.”
Theologis v. Weiler, 76 Va. App. 596, 604 (2023). The statute “requires that each demurrant
‘state specifically the grounds on which the demurrant concludes that the pleading is insufficient
at law,’ and ‘[n]o grounds other than those stated specifically in the demurrer shall be
considered by the court.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Code § 8.01-273(A)). Therefore,
none of the appellees here could “benefit from an argument that he [or she] did not include in his
own demurrer.” Id.
       20
          The same rationale applies for reviewing whether the pleas of sovereign immunity
should have been granted. See Massenburg, 298 Va. at 216 (recognizing that “where no
evidence is taken in support of a plea in bar, the trial court, and the appellate court upon review,
consider solely the pleadings in resolving the issue presented” (quoting Lostrangio, 261 Va. at
497)).
       21
            Assignments of error 1(c), 2(c), 3(b), 4(b), 5(b), and 6(d).
                                                - 24 -
defenses.”22 Despite including those two claims in her assignments of error, appellant did not

argue either in her opening brief. See Ceres Marine Terminals v. Armstrong, 59 Va. App. 694,

708 (2012) (“[A]n appellant must supply this Court with principles of law and authorities in

support of a particular argument.”). Accordingly, this Court considers those arguments

abandoned and will not address them on appeal. See Bartley v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App.

740, 744 (2017) (“Unsupported assertions of error ‘do not merit appellate consideration.’”

(quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 730, 734 (2008))).

       Under Rule 5A:20(e), an opening brief must contain “[t]he standard of review and the

argument (including principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment of error.” “A

significant omission in this regard will result in waiver of the argument on appeal.” Ceres, 59

Va. App. at 708; see also Bartley, 67 Va. App. at 746 (“[I]t is not the role of the courts, trial or

appellate, to research or construct a litigant’s case or arguments for him or her.” (quoting Sneed

v. Bd. of Prof. Resp. of the Sup. Ct. of Tenn., 301 S.W.3d 603, 615 (Tenn. 2010))). Thus, “where

a party fails to develop an argument in support of his or her contention or merely constructs a

skeletal argument, the issue is waived.” Bartley, 67 Va. App. at 746 (quoting Sneed, 301 S.W.3d

at 615). Appellant’s abandonment of the arguments above renders those subsections in her

assignments of error waived on this appeal.

                           Counts I and II: Wrongful Termination

       Appellant first argues that the circuit court erred in dismissing her counts of wrongful

termination against the City, Patton, and Pace. She asserts that the circuit court should neither

have granted the special pleas of sovereign immunity nor sustained the demurrers filed by

appellees. This Court disagrees, finding that the inadequacy of appellant’s pleadings justifies

       22
          Assignments of error 1(a) and 2(a). This Court notes that argument mischaracterizes
the law. Under general principles regarding special pleas, a circuit court may resolve a special
plea solely on the pleadings without taking any evidence. See Massenburg, 298 Va. at 216.
                                              - 25 -
dismissal of the charges against these three appellees on both sovereign immunity and demurrer

grounds.

                                       Immunity of the City

       “Sovereign immunity is a rule of social policy, which protects the state from burdensome

interference with the performance of its governmental functions and preserves its control over

state funds, property, and instrumentalities.” Cunningham, 268 Va. at 633 (quoting City of

Virginia Beach v. Carmichael Dev. Co., 259 Va. 493, 499 (2000)). Generally speaking, this

doctrine renders “the Commonwealth and its agencies . . . immune from liability for the tortious

acts or omissions of their agents and employees” unless an “express statutory or constitutional

provision[] waiv[es] immunity.” Muwahhid, 77 Va. App. at 829 (second and third alterations in

original) (quoting Melanson v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 178, 181 (2001)). “Unlike counties,

which share fully in the sovereign’s immunity from tort,” municipalities are only entitled to such

protection for “tort liability arising from governmental functions, but not proprietary functions.”

Massenburg v. City of Petersburg, 298 Va. 212, 217-18 (2019).23

       “A municipality engages in a governmental function when it exercises powers and duties

exclusively for the public welfare, effectively acting ‘as an agency of the state to enable it to

better govern that portion of its people residing within its corporate limits.’” Id. at 218 (quoting

Hoggard v. City of Richmond, 172 Va. 145, 147 (1939)). “Proprietary functions, however,

involve the municipality’s exercise of its power and privileges primarily for its own benefit[]

. . . even though ‘the general public may derive a common benefit’ from their performance.” Id.

(quoting Hoggard, 172 Va. at 148). Thus, the test for differentiating between these two

       23
           Although the General Assembly has “enact[ed] a limited waiver of [the
Commonwealth’s sovereign] immunity in the Virginia Tort Claims Act[,] . . . [c]laims against
localities and their employees, however, continue to be governed by the common-law
principles.” Patterson, 301 Va. at 189 (quoting AlBritton v. Commonwealth, 299 Va. 392, 399
(2021)).
                                             - 26 -
functions is “whether, in providing such services, the governmental entity is exercising the

powers and duties of government conferred by law for the general benefit and well-being of its

citizens.” Massenburg, 298 Va. at 218 (quoting Carter v. Chesterfield Cnty. Health Comm’n,

259 Va. 588, 593 (2000)).24

       Accordingly, while “routine maintenance or operation of a municipal service is

proprietary[,]” the Supreme Court has “consistently held that when a municipality plans, designs,

regulates or provides a service for the common good, it performs a governmental function.” 25

Cunningham, 268 Va. at 634; compare Edwards v. City of Portsmouth, 237 Va. 167, 172 (1989)

(provision of ambulance services is a governmental function), with City of Richmond v. Branch,

205 Va. 424, 428 (1964) (routine maintenance of existing streets is a proprietary function). Over

time, the Supreme Court has categorically classified certain municipal actions as governmental

functions based on their contribution to the public welfare. 26 This includes operation of a fire

department, provision of hospital and ambulance services, emergency removal of snow from

       24
          “[W]here governmental and proprietary functions coincide, the governmental function
is the overriding factor.” Trans., Inc. v. City of Falls Church, 219 Va. 1004, 1006 (1979)
(quoting Taylor v. Newport News, 214 Va. 9, 10 (1973)); see also Bialk v. City of Hampton, 242
Va. 56, 58 (1991) (holding that clearing streets after a large snowstorm was both a governmental
act in opening streets to vital public services and a proprietary act in maintaining the surface of
streets).
       25
          Likewise, a function that “entails the exercise of an entity’s political, discretionary, or
legislative authority” is governmental in nature. Cunningham, 268 Va. at 634. Conversely, “[i]f
the function is a ministerial act and involves no discretion, it is proprietary.” Id. “In determining
whether a municipality is engaged in a governmental or proprietary function, this Court has
rejected a simple inquiry into whether private entities also perform the same service.”
Massenburg, 298 Va. at 218.
       26
           See, e .g., Gambrell v. City of Norfolk, 267 Va. 353, 359 (2004) (holding that
firefighting falls under a municipality’s power and duty to provide emergency services “for the
general safety and welfare of the citizenry”); Trans., Inc., 219 Va. at 1006 (holding a
municipality “immune from liability for negligence in failing to repair a malfunctioning [traffic]
signal” because maintaining such signals served “the purpose of protecting the general public
health and safety” (quoting Taylor, 214 Va. at 10)).
                                                - 27 -
roads, and even garbage collection. See Massenburg, 298 Va. at 218; City of Richmond v. Long,

58 Va. (17 Gratt.) 375 (1867); Edwards, 237 Va. at 171 (finding ambulance services “akin to the

provision of hospital services[] . . . because it is difficult to imagine anything more directly tied

to the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens”); Bialk v. City of Hampton, 242 Va. 56, 58

(1991) (holding that clearing streets for vital public services after a large snowstorm was a

governmental act); Ashbury v. Norfolk, 152 Va. 278 (1929) (deeming garbage collection a

governmental function because it concerned the preservation of public health).

       Under this framework, the provision and management of law enforcement is no different

from the above services; it is an exercise of police power for the good of the public.27 The

Supreme Court has even recognized that, like operating a jail, “maintenance of a police force is a

governmental function.” Patterson, 301 Va. at 190 (quoting Niese, 264 Va. at 240); see also

Short Pump Town Ctr. Cmty. Dev. Auth. v. Hahn, 262 Va. 733, 743 n.11 (2001) (holding that

operating a jail is a governmental function). In tasking the city manager with such maintenance,

the Portsmouth City Charter and Code confer upon the city manager full authority over the

composition of the police department.28 Implied within that discretionary authority is the ability

to both hire and fire members of the police force, including the police chief, as deemed necessary

       27
           The police not only engage in crime prevention and investigation but also provide
community caretaking services. See also Edwards, 237 Va. at 171 (holding that providing
ambulance services is an exercise of police power, and rejecting “the argument that ambulance
services are not governmental simply because similar services may be provided by private
entities”).
       28
          See Portsmouth City Charter, Sec. 5.02(b) (assigning the city manager the power and
duty “[t]o appoint and manage all employees in all departments, offices, and agencies of the
city”; Portsmouth City Code, Sec. 2-166 (directing the city manager to “employ officers and
employees needed to operate” “all city departments necessary to perform city governmental
functions”), 27-1 (mandating the police department to “consist of a chief and such officers and
employees as may, from time to time, be deemed necessary by the city manager”), and 27-2
(“The chief of police department shall be appointed by the city manager.”).
                                             - 28 -
to ensure the continued efficacy of the department as a whole. 29 See Niese, 264 Va. at 240

(“[T]he decision to retain an individual police officer is an integral part of the governmental

function of maintaining a police force.” (quoting Hoggard, 172 Va. at 148)).

       Thus, because management of an effective police force necessarily entails employment

decisions, this Court finds that appellant’s termination occurred within the scope of the City’s

governmental functions. Accordingly, the City cannot be held liable for such decision and the

circuit court did not err in sustaining the City’s pleas of sovereign immunity to appellant’s claims

of wrongful termination via respondeat superior. See Neise, 264 Va. at 239 (“[A] municipality is

immune from liability for intentional torts committed by an employee during the performance of

a governmental function.”); Hoggard, 172 Va. at 154 (holding that municipalities are not liable

for the “negligent acts or omissions of its officers and agents . . . in the exercise of the police

power, or . . . where the act or omission occurs in the exercise of what are deemed to be

governmental powers”).

                                  Immunity of the City Managers

       That brings us next to the question of whether Patton and Pace benefit from “the

derivative sovereign immunity of a municipal employee . . . .” Patterson, 301 Va. at 189. “The

first step in this analysis is to determine the scope of the governmental entity’s immunity.” Id.

Having already found that control over its police force constitutes a governmental function, the

City is entitled to absolute sovereign immunity against appellant’s wrongful termination claims.

“The second step in the analysis engages the premise that ‘government can function only through

its servants,’ and thus, ‘certain of those servants must enjoy the same immunity in the

       29
           Although routine cleaning or building maintenance for the department’s physical
facilities may very well constitute a proprietary function, managing the conduct and employment
of individual officers, including the police chief, qualifies as a governmental function under the
framework established by Supreme Court precedent.
                                                - 29 -
performance of their discretionary duties as the government enjoys.’” Id. at 190 (quoting First

Va. Bank-Colonial v. Baker, 225 Va. 72, 79 (1983)); see also Messina v. Burden, 228 Va. 301,

312 (1984) (“If an individual works for an immune governmental entity then, in a proper case,

that individual will be eligible for the protection afforded by the [sovereign immunity]

doctrine.”).

       High-ranking officials are generally entitled to derivative sovereign immunity by nature

of their position within the governing entity. See Messina, 228 Va. at 309. “Governors, judges,

members of state and local legislative bodies, and other high level governmental officials have

generally been accorded absolute immunity.” Id.; see also James v. Jane, 221 Va. 43, 53

(1980).30 This Court finds that the position of city manager in Portsmouth fits that classification.

       Notwithstanding the immunity bestowed upon Patton and Pace during their tenure as city

managers, sovereign immunity does not protect municipal employees who “commit[] intentional

torts, irrespective of whether they acted within or without the scope of their employment . . . .”

Fox v. Deese, 234 Va. 412, 424 (1987) (internal citations omitted). 31 A cause of action for

wrongful termination is an intentional tort. Consequently, the final question in this analysis is

whether appellant has established a prima facie case of wrongful termination against Patton and

Pace. If those claims cannot survive appellees’ demurrers, the shield of sovereign immunity

remains intact.

       30
          “General agreement breaks down, however, the farther one moves away from the
highest levels of government. Nevertheless, on a case-by-case basis, this Court has extended
immunity to other governmental officials of lesser rank.” Messina, 228 Va. at 309 (internal
citation omitted).
       31
         Generally, “[c]onduct outside the scope of the employment is not protected by
sovereign immunity.” Tomlin v. McKenzie, 251 Va. 478, 482 (1996); see also Fox, 234 Va. at
424.
                                             - 30 -
       Whether a plaintiff has adequately stated a claim for wrongful termination depends on the

nature of the employment contract. Here, appellant acknowledges in the complaint that she was

an at-will employee of the City. “Virginia adheres to the employment at-will doctrine, which

allows that ‘[a]n employee remains at liberty to leave his employment for any reason or for no

reason,’ and ‘[b]y the same token, the employer is free to terminate the employment relationship

without the need to articulate a reason.” Francis v. Nat’l Accrediting Comm’n of Career Arts &

Sciences, Inc., 293 Va. 167, 171-72 (2017) (alterations in original) (quoting Johnston v. William

E. Wood Assocs., 292 Va. 222, 225-26 (2016)). As a result, no cause of action exists for

wrongful termination of an at-will employment contract unless the plaintiff sufficiently pleads a

Bowman claim.

       “The phrase ‘Bowman claim’ stems from this Court’s decision in Bowman v. State Bank

of Keysville, 229 Va. 534 (1985), in which we first recognized an exception to the doctrine of

employment-at-will based on an employer’s violation of public policy in the discharge of an

employee.” Rowan v. Tractor Supply Co., 263 Va. 209, 213 (2002). There, the Supreme Court

concluded that the discharge was tortious “because the employer had misused its freedom to

terminate the service of at-will employees in order to subvert a right guaranteed to stockholders

by statute.” Francis, 293 Va. at 174 (quoting Miller v. SEVAMP, Inc., 234 Va. 462, 467 (1987)).

Since then, the Supreme Court has recognized “only three circumstances or ‘scenarios’”—the so-

called Bowman claims or exceptions—in which “a claim was sufficient to constitute a common

law cause of action for wrongful termination of an at-will employee under the Bowman public

policy exception[.]” Id. Those claims arise when (1) “an employer violated a policy enabling

the exercise of an employee’s statutorily created right”; (2) “the public policy violated by the

employer was explicitly expressed in the statute and the employee was clearly a member of that

class of persons directly entitled to the protection enunciated by the public policy”; or (3) “the

                                              - 31 -
discharge was based on the employee’s refusal to engage in a criminal act.” Id. at 172-73

(quoting Rowan, 263 Va. at 213-14). When addressing “cases dealing with Bowman-type

exceptions to the employment at-will doctrine, [the Supreme Court] has consistently

characterized such exceptions as ‘narrow.’” Id. at 172.

       Appellant has not pled sufficient facts in either Count I or II to establish a cause of action

for her termination. In Count I she alleges that she “was terminated by Pace for refusing Patton’s

illegal order not to investigate the monument incident.” Her characterization of such order as an

“unlawful, illegal directive[]” is not grounded in the alleged facts, and appellant does not plead

that she was terminated for refusal “to engage in a criminal act” (Bowman Scenario 3). Francis,

293 Va. at 173 (emphasis added) (quoting Rowan, 263 Va. at 214). Albeit rephrased, Count II

relies upon the same rationale—that appellant was terminated because she investigated the

monument incident despite Patton’s directive to the contrary. Accordingly, neither count states a

cause of action under Bowman Scenario 3.32

       Appellant also alleges in both Counts I and II that her termination was “in violation of the

clear public policies of the Commonwealth of Virginia.”33 That conclusory statement does not

establish an exception to Bowman under Scenarios 1 or 2. See Francis, 293 Va. at 173 (“[T]o

successfully state a claim for wrongful discharge under Bowman Scenario 1, it must be shown

       32
          In Count II, appellant alleged that she was “terminated in retaliation for complying
with the law.” That assertion, as stated, does not fall into any of the three well-established
exceptions under Bowman. Nor does the allegation that Patton breached a duty to appellant by
placing her on administrative leave. Although Scenario 3 permits a claim of retaliatory
termination for an employee’s refusal “to engage in a criminal act[,]” the Supreme Court has not
recognized a general claim of retaliation against an employee for “complying with the law.”
       33
          In Counts I and II, appellant merely alleges that the “clear public policies” Patton and
Pace violated included, “but [are] not limited to, policies embodied in Article 1, § 11 of the
Constitution of Virginia, the Code of Virginia, and the City’s own regulations and policies.”
That unspecific assertion is inadequate to meet the pleading requirements for a Bowman claim.
See Francis, 293 Va. at 172-73.
                                              - 32 -
that the employer’s termination violated public policy. . . . [And] it is important to discern what

right was conferred on an employee by statute, and then whether the employer’s termination

violated the public policy underlying that right.”). Appellant identified no specific public policy

or accompanying statute in connection with her claim of retaliatory termination. See id. at 172

(“[W]hile virtually every statute expresses a public policy of some sort, we continue . . . to hold

that termination of an employee in violation of the policy underlying any one statute does not

automatically give rise to a common law cause of action for wrongful discharge.” (second

alteration in original) (quoting Rowan, 263 Va. at 213)).

       The complaint thus fails to show that Patton or Pace violated a public policy either

designed to enable the exercise of appellant’s “statutorily created right” (Bowman Scenario 1) or

“explicitly expressed in the statute” (Bowman Scenario 2). Nor does it establish that appellant

“was clearly a member of that class of persons directly entitled to the protection enunciated by

the public policy” (Bowman Scenario 2). Consequently, appellant has not sufficiently

demonstrated that Patton and Pace breached any duty owed to appellant under the law.

       Finally, this Court concludes that appellant has not adequately established that her

termination was a result of retaliation by either Patton or Pace. To find otherwise would require

sufficient facts of causation, which are conspicuously absent here. By keeping the Bowman

exceptions “narrow,” the Supreme Court continues to protect the right of employers to terminate

their at-will employees for any or no cause at all so long as the termination is not the result of

retaliation under any of the Bowman scenarios. See Francis, 293 Va. at 172.

       Consistent with that approach, this Court finds appellant’s complaint insufficient to

establish (1) that Patton or Pace took any retaliatory action toward appellant, and (2) that the

proximate cause of appellant’s termination was the alleged retaliation. Although Patton placed

appellant on administrative leave while investigating the propriety of her actions in the aftermath

                                               - 33 -
of the monument incident, he did not take any action to remove her as police chief. Appellant

does not allege that Patton made any verbal or written statements recommending appellant’s

termination, either prior or subsequent to Patton’s resignation on September 8, 2020.

       Nor does appellant allege outright that Patton terminated her; instead, she attempts to

insert Patton into this claim by alleging that Patton caused Pace to fire appellant as an act of

retaliation. The pleadings do not support that misguided claim. See Wetlands Am. Trust, Inc. v.

White Cloud Nine Ventures, L.P., 291 Va. 153, 174 (2016) (“[A] litigant’s pleadings are as

essential as his proof . . . . Thus, a court is not permitted to enter a decree or judgment order

based on facts not alleged or on a right not pleaded and claimed.” (quoting Dabney v. Augusta

Mut. Ins. Co., 282 Va. 78, 86 (2011))). The complaint, therefore, fails to show a causal

connection necessary for successfully pleading a wrongful termination claim.

       In sum, because appellant did not establish a prima facie claim of wrongful termination,

Patton’s and Pace’s derivative sovereign immunity remained intact. Accordingly, the circuit

court did not err in sustaining appellees’ demurrers and special pleas. See Francis, 293 Va. at

175 (“[B]ecause the amended complaint . . . failed to state a claim for wrongful termination

under Bowman, the circuit court did not err in dismissing it with prejudice.”).

                                 Count III: Tortious Interference

       In general, “[t]he elements required for a prima facie showing” of tortious interference by

a third party are: “(1) the existence of a valid contractual relationship or business expectancy;

(2) knowledge of the relationship or expectancy on the part of the interferor; (3) intentional

interference inducing or causing a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy; and

(4) resultant damage to the party whose relationship or expectancy has been disrupted.” Chaves

                                               - 34 -
v. Johnson, 230 Va. 112, 120 (1985); see also Schaecher v. Bouffault, 290 Va. 83, 106 (2015).34

But the mere fact that “Virginia recognizes the existence of the tort . . . does not mean that every

contract relationship which is terminated or disrupted through the interference of a third party . . .

will result in tort liability for that party.” Lewis-Gale Med. Ctr., LLC v. Alldredge, 282 Va. 141,

153 (2011).

       To establish a prima facie case of tortious interference where the contract is terminable at

will, the plaintiff “‘must allege and prove not only an intentional interference that caused the

termination of the at-will contract, but also that the defendant employed “improper methods.”’”

Perk v. Vector Res. Grp., Lt., 253 Va. 310, 314 (1997) (quoting Duggin v. Adams, 234 Va. 221,

226-27 (1987)). See Maximus, Inc. v. Lockheed Info. Mgmt. Sys. Co., 254 Va. 408, 413 (1997)

(“[N]ot all business relationships are entitled to the same level of protection and . . . a contract

not terminable at will was entitled to more protection than a contract terminable at will.”).

“Interference is considered ‘improper’ if it is illegal, independently tortious, or violates an

established standard of trade or profession.” Dunn, 281 Va. at 559; see also Lewis-Gale Med.

Ctr., 282 Va. at 153 (holding that, for at-will employees, “the law provides a remedy in tort only

       34
          The Restatement (Second) Torts § 766 (1977) describes the tort of “intentional
interference with performance of contract by third party” as follows:

               One who intentionally and improperly interferes with the
               performance of a contract (except a contract to marry) between
               another and a third person by inducing or otherwise causing the
               third person not to perform the contract, is subject to liability to the
               other for the pecuniary loss resulting to the other from the failure
               of the third person to perform the contract.

Both Chaves, 230 Va. at 120, and Francis, 296 Va. at 363, quote this language verbatim.
                                            - 35 -
where the plaintiff can prove that the third party’s actions were illegal or fell so far outside the

accepted practice of th[e] ‘rough-and-tumble world’ as to constitute improper methods”).35

       Appellant’s pleadings clearly define her position as police chief “terminable at will” by

the city manager. Therefore, to defeat the demurrers, appellant needed to specifically allege

facts demonstrating that appellees’ interference with her at-will employment was conducted by

engaging in “improper” conduct. Her complaint fails to do so for the claims against Lucas and

Lucas-Burke.

       Although she did not explicitly acknowledge or name the element of “improper

methods,” appellant’s allegation that appellees interfered with her employment “by lying” is

premised exclusively on her claims of defamation against them. See Dunn, 281 Va. at 559

(acknowledging that defamation can constitute an improper method). In doing so, she asserts

only that appellees “manufactured falsehoods and asserted them as factual” to create “political

pressure . . . for the termination of [appellant] based on the[ ] manufactured falsehoods.” That

allegation relies on the false and defamatory nature of the statements made, without which mere

public criticism does not support a cause of action for tortious interference in this case. See, e.g.,

Chaves, 230 Va. at 120-22 (considering the elements of a cause of action for tortious interference

“accomplished by words”); Code § 8.01-233.2 (establishing immunity from tort liability for

statements “regarding matters of public concern” made without actual malice).

       35
           The methods used “need not be ‘inherently illegal or tortious’ to support a cause of
action for tortious interference by ‘improper method.’” Maximus, 254 Va. at 414; see also
Duggin, 234 Va. at 228 (identifying sufficient “improper” actions, such as unfair competition or
unethical conduct, that are not themselves tortious or illegal). Rather, plaintiff must prove “‘only
that the interference was intentional and improper under the circumstances’ of the particular
case.” Lewis-Gale Med. Ctr., 282 Va. at 150 (quoting Maximus, 254 Va. at 414). Here,
however, appellant’s allegation that appellees “manufactured falsehoods” raises a claim of
defamation as a tortious action.
                                               - 36 -
       As discussed in the section below regarding the defamation claims, this Court finds that

appellant failed to sufficiently state a cause of action for defamation against Lucas and Lucas-

Burke, in part because appellant did not adequately plead the falsity of the statements or actual

malice.36 Consequently, appellant’s tortious interference claims against Lucas and Lucas-Burke

for “lying”—based solely on supposedly defamatory statements—must fail for lack of sufficient

facts establishing an “improper method” of interference. See, e.g., Fairfax v. CVS Corp., 2 F.4th

286, 296 (4th Cir. 2021) (“[O]ur analysis of [plaintiff’s] failure to sufficiently plead actual

malice [for his defamation claim] applies equally to his claim for intentional infliction of

emotional distress.”).37

       In contrast, the remaining claim against Blount should be reinstated and remanded at this

stage in the litigation. Appellant pleads sufficient facts of defamation and actual malice to

demonstrate that Blount engaged in “improper” methods when calling for appellant’s

       36
           Appellant argues on brief it was a “reasonable inference” that “she was fired following
the [city council’s] receipt of Blount’s letter” during Pace’s tenure as city manager, but that
argument does not address the causality of Lucas’s and Lucas-Burke’s statements.
       37
           This Court is mindful of its “obligation to decide cases on the best and narrowest
grounds available.” Theologis, 76 Va. App. at 604 (quoting Esposito v. Va. State Police, 74
Va. App. 130, 134 (2022))). Accordingly, under the doctrine of judicial restraint, this Court
refrains from opining on the interplay among the following authorities in the context of the
tortious interference claim against Lucas-Burke: Code § 8.01-233.2 (providing immunity from
tort liability based on statements made to “any local governmental entity concerning matters
properly before such body”); Portsmouth City Charter Section 3.11 (prohibiting city council
members from interfering “in any way” with the “removal of officers and employees of the
city”); and Supreme Court rulings addressing the sufficiency of tortious interference pleadings
against an agent of a municipality. See, e.g., Francis Hosp., Inc. v. Read Prop., LLC, 296 Va.
358, 363 (2018) (“[O]nly a party outside the contractual relationship with the plaintiff is subject
to liability as an interferor.”); Fox, 234 Va. at 427 (holding that a City employee “acting within
the scope of his employment” is “an agent of the City” such that “the City’s contract [with
plaintiff is] also his contract” and thus he cannot, as a matter of law, be held liable for
“intentionally interfere[ing] with his own contract”).
                                                 - 37 -
termination.38 Thus, the circuit court erred in granting Blount’s demurrers for both the tortious

interference and defamation counts.

                                   Count IV: Gross Negligence

       The basis for appellant’s claims of gross negligence against Patton and Lucas-Burke is

her termination as police chief. Relying on the same facts alleged in Counts I and II, appellant

asserts that Patton’s negligence in responding to the aftermath of the monument incident resulted

in her termination. Similarly, appellant attributes her termination to Lucas-Burke’s demands for

such. She argues that Lucas-Burke’s statements to city officials constitute gross negligence

because they are expressly prohibited by the Portsmouth City Code. This Court disagrees,

finding that appellant’s pleadings do not allege sufficient facts to establish a prima facie case of

gross negligence against either Patton or Lucas-Burke.

       “All negligence causes of action are based on allegations that a person having a duty of

care to another person violated that duty of care through actions that were the proximate cause of

injury to the other person.” Steward ex rel. Steward v. Holland Fam. Props., LLC, 284 Va. 282,

286 (2012). Thus, to establish a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must offer sufficient

facts to establish all four legally distinct elements: “a legal duty on the part of the defendant, a

breach of that duty, and [a] showing that such breach was the proximate cause of injury, resulting

       38
           No privilege renders Blount immune from suit for tortious interference on the
adequately pled grounds of malicious defamation. See Givago, 300 Va. at 267 (“Absolute
privilege does not apply to non-defamation torts in Virginia, specifically including malicious
abuse of process, tortious interference with contractual relations, and civil conspiracy.”);
Maximus, 254 Va. at 413 (“Other than the ‘improper methods’ requirement, no additional
elements were imposed to establish a prima facie case, even when an affirmative defense was
asserted.”).
        This Court recognizes, however, that Blount is not precluded from raising any affirmative
defenses of justification or privilege on remand for both the tortious interference and defamation
counts. See Chaves, 230 Va. at 121 (holding that the burden for proving an affirmative defense
of “justification or privilege” rests upon the defendant); Fox, 234 Va. at 427 (“Once a prima
facie showing is made, the burden of proof shifts to [defendant] to show the affirmative defense
of justification or privilege.”).
                                                - 38 -
in damage to the plaintiff.” Blue Ridge Service Corp. of Va. v. Saxon Shoes, Inc., 271 Va. 206,

218 (2006).39

       For “simple negligence,” a plaintiff need only show that, in breaching his duty, the

defendant failed “to use the degree of care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise

under similar circumstances to avoid injury to another.” Cowan v. Hospice Support Care, Inc.,

268 Va. 482, 486 (2004). “Gross negligence,” however, is “a heedless and palpable violation of

legal duty respecting the rights of others which amounts to the absence of slight diligence, or the

want of even scant care.” Patterson, 301 Va. at 198 (quoting Commonwealth v. Giddens, 295

Va. 607, 613 (2018)). For claims of gross negligence, a plaintiff must adequately allege that the

breach of duty “would shock fair-minded persons,” Elliott v. Carter, 292 Va. 618, 622 (2016)

(quoting Cowan, 268 Va. at 487), by “show[ing] an utter disregard of prudence amounting to

complete neglect of the safety of another,” Frazier v. City of Norfolk, 234 Va. 388, 393 (1987).40

       As to each of the required elements for gross negligence, appellant’s pleadings offer

merely conclusory statements of law that cannot support a cause of action. See Patterson, 301

Va. at 198. She alleges that Patton and Lucas-Burke (a) “had a duty not to take action that

interfered with [appellant]’s right to be free from unlawful termination”; (b) “knew or should

have known that the ramifications of their actions . . . would result in harm to [appellant]”; and

(c) “consciously disregarded the risk of this harm” by “intentionally disregard[ing] [appellant]’s

rights[.]” She then concludes that “[Lucas-]Burke’s and Patton’s breaches are direct and

       39
          “[D]amages are generally recoverable for the reasonable and proximate consequences
of the breach of duty . . . [but] are not presumed.” Gilliam v. Immel, 293 Va. 18, 26 n.6, 28
(2017).
       40
          The third level of negligence recognized by the Supreme Court is “willful and wanton
negligence,” defined as “acting consciously in disregard of another person’s rights or acting with
reckless indifference to the consequences, with the defendant aware, from his knowledge of
existing circumstances and conditions, that his conduct probably would cause injury to another.”
Doe by and Through Doe v. Baker, 299 Va. 628, 652 (2021) (quoting Cowan, 268 Va. at 487).
                                              - 39 -
proximate causes of [appellant]’s damages.” This Court finds that appellant’s pleadings neither

establish that Patton and Lucas-Burke breached a legal duty to appellant nor that such alleged

breach was a proximate cause of appellant’s termination.

       Starting with Patton, appellant appears to presume that the position of city manager

imputed to Patton a duty to refrain from taking any action that would “interfere[] with

[appellant]’s right to be free from unlawful termination.” This assertion is inadequate.

Appellant presents no facts or legal authority in support of her premise that the city manager

owes such a duty to the police chief. See Cline v. Dunlora South, LLC, 284 Va. 102, 106 (2012)

(“Whether such duty exists is ‘a pure question of law.’” (quoting Yuzefovsky, 261 Va. at 106)).41

       Rather, the Portsmouth City Code and City Charter grants the city manager authority to

appoint and terminate all positions within the police department, including the police chief. See

Portsmouth City Charter, Sec. 5.02; Portsmouth City Code, Sec. 2-166, 27-1, and 27-2; see also

Steward, 284 Va. at 286 (“The standard of care required to comply with the duty of care may be

established by the common law or by statute.”). And here, the crux of appellant’s claim is that

her termination was “unlawful,” but she does not explain what that means in the context of her

at-will employment with the City.42 Consequently, appellant does not allege facts showing that

her termination as police chief was “unlawful” or that such termination was caused by any action

Patton took in contravention of a legal duty. Indeed, it was Pace who fired appellant over two

months after she replaced Patton as city manager.

       41
           “A claim for gross negligence must fail as a matter of law when the evidence shows
that the defendants exercised some degree of care” or when the evidence fails to establish a legal
duty owed to the plaintiff. Giddens, 295 Va. at 614 (quoting Elliott, 292 Va. at 622).
       42
          Similarly, appellant does not plead facts to support her further assertions that Patton
gave “illegal” orders to her or that Patton acted “unlawfully” in placing appellant on
administrative leave.
                                               - 40 -
       “The proximate cause of an event is that act or omission which, in natural and continuous

sequence, unbroken by an efficient intervening cause, produces the event, and without which that

event would not have occurred.” Ford Motor Co. v. Boomer, 285 Va. 141, 150 (2013) (quoting

Wells v. Whitaker, 207 Va. 616, 622 (1966)). “[T]o impose liability upon one person for

damages incurred by another, it must be shown that the negligent conduct was a necessary

physical antecedent of the damages.” Id. (quoting Wells, 207 Va. at 622). Thus, the term

“proximate cause” represents a “descriptive phrase for the limits the law has placed upon an

actor’s responsibility for his conduct.” Wells, 207 Va. at 622.

       Although proximate cause is generally a question of fact to be resolved by the factfinder,

“[t]he evidence tending to show causal connection must be sufficient to take the question out of

the realm of mere conjecture, or speculation, and into the realm of legitimate inference . . . .”

Estate of Moses ex rel. Moses v. Sw. Va. Transit Mgmt. Co., 273 Va. 672, 679-80 (2007); see

also Norfolk & W. Ry. Co. v. Wright, 217 Va. 515, 520 (1976) (“Not every inference that springs

to mind is legally sufficient.”). In the absence of sufficient evidence of causation, a prima facie

claim of negligence does not exist as a matter of law, regardless of whether the evidence shows

that the defendant breached a duty owed to the plaintiff. See, e.g., Blue Ridge Service Corp., 271

Va. at 218-19 (holding that the trial court “abused its discretion when it denied” defendant’s

motion to strike plaintiff’s evidence and submitted the case to the jury in the “absence of a prima

facie case of negligence”).

       Here, not only has appellant failed to establish that Patton breached a legal duty owed to

appellant, but she also has not sufficiently shown a causal link between Patton’s actions and

appellant’s termination at the hands of Pace. Thus, appellant’s complaint does not state a cause

of action for even simple negligence, let alone gross negligence. Moreover, because the

complaint does not sufficiently allege gross negligence, appellant has failed to pierce the veil of

                                               - 41 -
derivative sovereign immunity afforded to Patton as city manager. See generally, Patterson, 301

Va. at 197 (“Allegations of gross negligence can pierce through a derivative-sovereign-immunity

defense asserted by an otherwise immune government employee.”); Colby v. Boyden, 241 Va.

125, 130 (1991) (“Under Virginia law, where, as here, a defendant’s actions are clothed with

sovereign immunity, a plaintiff must establish gross negligence in order to prevail.”).43

Accordingly, the circuit court did not err in sustaining Patton’s demurrer and plea of sovereign

immunity.44 See Patterson, 301 Va. at 200 (finding “the circuit court did not err in concluding

that [defendant] was entitled to the protection of derivative sovereign immunity and that the

allegations of gross negligence were insufficient as a matter of law”).

       Likewise, the circuit court did not err in granting Lucas-Burke’s demurrer and dismissing

the gross negligence claim against her because appellant’s pleadings did not adequately allege

either duty or causation. Regarding duty, appellant asserts that Lucas-Burke’s violation of

noninterference provisions in the Portsmouth City Code constitutes breach of a legal duty owed

to appellant.45 This Court is not convinced by that argument and observes that appellant pleaded

       43
          This Court addressed Patton’s derivative sovereign immunity as city manager in the
above section discussing Counts I and II for wrongful termination. “If an individual working for
an immune governmental entity is entitled to the protection of sovereign immunity under the
common law, he is not immunized from suit. ‘Rather, the degree of negligence which must be
shown to impose liability is elevated from simple to gross negligence.’” Burns v. Gagnon, 283
Va. 657, 677 (2012) (quoting Colby, 241 Va. at 128).
       44
          As previously discussed, this Court concludes that the circuit court intended to
memorialize its oral rulings from the bench on March 3 in its August 24 order. The failure to do
so accurately is nothing more than a clerical error capable of being remedied on remand.
       45
         Section 3.11 of the Portsmouth City Charter, titled “Noninterference in appointment or
removals,” instructs that

               [n]either the city council nor any of its members shall direct or
               request the appointment of any person to or the removal of any
               person from any office or employment by the city manager or by
               any of the manager’s subordinates, or in any way take part in the
                                               - 42 -
no facts linking Lucas-Burke’s alleged criminal conduct to a duty owed to appellant under the

City Code.

       Notwithstanding that conclusion, this Court separately finds that appellant has not

adequately pled facts establishing that Lucas-Burke’s statements to city council members was a

proximate cause of appellant’s subsequent termination. 46 First, the timeline of events shows only

that appellant was terminated on November 16, 2020, more than two months after the statements

Lucas-Burke made. Second, those statements were made to members of the city council and the

media, not to the city manager directly. Only the city manager has the authority to make

decisions about hiring or firing the police chief. See Portsmouth City Charter, Sec. 5.02;

Portsmouth City Code, Sec. 2-166, 27-1, 27-2.

       Third, appellant’s pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to conclude, without

speculating, whether Pace’s decision to terminate appellant was influenced by Lucas-Burke’s

statements. Pace’s official justification for the termination does not raise a reasonable inference

that any political pressure, let alone Lucas-Burke’s previous demands during Patton’s tenure as

city manager, had any effect on his decision to appoint a new police chief. For these reasons,

               appointment of or removal of officers and employees of the city
               except as specifically provided in this Charter.

The language of this section is substantially the same as Portsmouth City Code Section 2-33,
titled “Interference with appointees of city manager.”
       46
          Applying principles of statutory construction, this Court does not read either Code
Section 2-33 or Charter Section 3.11 to necessarily impose a duty on Lucas-Burke for which a
violation constitutes an actionable breach. Rather, those sections place a prohibition on the
actions of city council members and provide that a violation of such constitutes a misdemeanor.
None of the sections in Chapter 3 (City Council) address any “duties” of city council members
other than the mayor, whose “duties” appear in Section 3.09. In contrast, other sections of the
City Charter and Code explicitly provide “powers and duties” for certain city officials, including
the city manager. See also Sections 4.02 (duties of the city clerk); 5.02 & 2-166 (duties of the
city manager); 6.02 (duties of the city attorney); 7.02 (duties of city assessor); 7.1.02 (duties of
city auditor); and 11.01 & 2-142 (duties of civil service commission to the police and fire
departments).
                                               - 43 -
appellant’s complaint does not state a cause of action against Lucas-Burke for gross negligence;

therefore, the trial court did not err in granting her demurrer and dismissing this claim.

                            Counts V, VI, and VII: Defamation Per Se

       In her amended complaint, appellant alleges three separate counts of defamation per se

against Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke for public statements they made about appellant’s

character and fitness in her role as police chief. She assigns error to the circuit court’s dismissal

of those counts with prejudice in response to each appellee’s renewed demurrer.

                          Elements of a Prima Facie Case of Defamation

       In asserting a claim of defamation, a plaintiff must plead facts showing “(1) publication

of (2) an actionable statement with (3) requisite intent.” Nestler v. Scarabelli, 77 Va. App. 440,

453 (2023) (quoting Jordan v. Kollman, 269 Va. 569, 575 (2005)); see also Theologis v. Weiler,

76 Va. App. 596, 605 (2023) (“Not all false and disparaging statements about a person are

defamatory.”). If a plaintiff’s alleged facts do not adequately establish all three elements, a cause

of action for defamation does not exist. In order words, a demurrer should be sustained when the

complaint pleads insufficient facts as to any one of the three elements. As explained below,

appellant’s amended complaint establishes a prima facie case of defamation only against Blount;

the claims against Lucas and Lucas-Burke, respectively, do not sufficiently demonstrate

actionability or the requisite level of intent.

       I. Publication

       Starting with the first element, appellant alleges that Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke

made oral and written statements about her to various other individuals, including reporters and

governmental officials. See Jackson v. Hartig, 274 Va. 219, 228 (2007) (“Virginia law allows a

person who has been the subject of libel or slander to bring a cause of action for defamation.”);

                                                  - 44 -
Davis v. Heflin, 130 Va. 169, 173 (1921) (“If a libel is published, or a slander communicated to

some third person, the action accrues.”).47

       On June 11, 2020, and November 16, 2020, the media issued news articles discussing the

monument incident, including statements purportedly made by Lucas asserting appellant’s poor

handling of the situation and its aftermath. See James v. Powell, 154 Va. 96, 112 (1930) (“It is

not necessary that the published report be verbatim, but it must be substantially correct.”) . “It is

well settled that the author or originator of a defamat[ory statement] is liable for a republication

or repetition thereof by third parties, provided it is the natural and probable consequence of his

act, or he has presumptively or actually authorized or directed its republication.” Weaver v.

Beneficial Finance Co., 199 Va. 196, 199 (1957).

       Following appellant’s issuance of several arrest warrants for individuals present during

the monument incident, including Lucas, Lucas-Burke made a speech to city council on August

17, 2020, demanding appellant’s termination. Later that day, she expressed the same sentiments

in an email that was sent to the news media from her city email account and that identified her as

“Vice Mayor.” She even posted a copy of the email on her social media (Facebook) account,

which any member of the public could read. See James, 154 Va. at 114 (holding that “one who

publishes” a defamatory statement “in a newspaper or magazine . . . evidences his intention that

the readers shall read it”).

       Two days later, Lucas-Burke held a press conference at which both she and Blount made

statements calling for city officials to terminate appellant from the position of police chief.

Blount further sent a letter to the mayor and the members of city council on September 22, 2020,

in which he criticized appellant’s conduct as police chief both during and after the monument

       47
           “Written defamation is libel; spoken is slander. We make ‘no distinction between’
libel and slander.” Nestler, 77 Va. App. at 454 n.5 (internal citation omitted) (quoting Fleming v.
Moore, 221 Va. 884, 889 (1981)).
                                              - 45 -
incident. Because “published” in this context encompasses the communication of the

defamatory statements to a third party through either direct speech or written materials, see

Jackson, 274 Va. at 228; Davis, 130 Va. at 173, the amended complaint satisfies the first element

as to each appellee.

       II. Actionability

       Turning to the second element, “[w]hether an alleged defamatory statement is actionable

is a question of law to be reviewed de novo” on appeal. Nestler, 77 Va. App. at 452-53.48 In

doing so, this Court must determine whether the statement (a) “‘is capable of being proved true

or false, and (b) whether it has the requisite defamatory “sting” to one’s reputation.’” Bryant-

Shannon v. Hampton Roads Community Action Program, Inc., 299 Va. 579, 585 (2021) (quoting

Handberg v. Goldberg, 297 Va. 660, 558 (2019)).

       To be “actionable,” the alleged defamation must be a “false factual statement that

concerns and harms the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s reputation.” Lewis, 281 Va. at 725. “A

statement is not actionable if it ‘does not contain a provably false factual connotation,’ or if it

does not contain the requisite defamatory ‘sting.’” Nestler, 77 Va. App. at 453 (internal citations

omitted) (first quoting Fuste, 265 Va. at 132; and then quoting Schaecher, 290 Va. at 92). The

Supreme Court “has described the requisite defamatory ‘sting’ for an actionable claim as

containing language that: ‘tends to injure one’s reputation’” “to a magnitude sufficient to render

one odious, infamous, or ridiculous, or subject to disgrace, shame, scorn, or contempt.” Bryant-

       48
         “The trial court has the ‘gatekeeping function’ to determine as a matter of law’ whether
a statement is reasonably capable of defamatory meaning before allowing the matter to be
presented to a finder of fact.’” Theologis, 76 Va. App. at 605 (quoting Schaecher, 290 Va. at
94).
                                              - 46 -
Shannon, 299 Va. at 587 (quoting Schaecher, 290 Va. at 92, 101).49 “By contrast, ‘language that

is insulting, offensive, or otherwise inappropriate, but constitutes no more than “rhetorical

hyperbole” is not defamatory.’” Theologis, 76 Va. App. at 606 (quoting Schaecher, 290 Va. at

92); see also Bryant-Shannon, 299 Va. at 585 (holding that “[m]erely offensive or unpleasant

statements are not defamatory” (alteration in original) (quoting Schaecher, 290 Va. at 101)).

       The limited “per se” categories of defamatory words inherently establish the required

defamatory sting if adequately pled. These include words that falsely impute to a person (1) “the

commission of some criminal offense involving moral turpitude, for which the party, if the

charge is true, may be indicted and punished”; (2) an infection of “some contagious disease,

where if the charge is true, it would exclude the party from society”; (3) “unfitness to perform

the duties of an office or employment of profit, or want of integrity in the discharge of the duties

of such an office or employment”; as well as words that (4) prejudice a person “in his or her

profession or trade.” Tronfeld v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 272 Va. 709, 713 (2006) (quoting

Fleming v. Moore, 221 Va. 884, 889 (1981)). Appellant primarily alleges that the statements

made by Blount, Lucas, and Lucas-Burke fall into the latter two categories. 50

       Although “[a] defamatory statement may be made ‘by inference, implication or

insinuation[,]’” Fuste v. Riverside Healthcare Ass’n, Inc., 265 Va. 127, 132 (2003), “[s]peech

that does not contain a provably false factual connotation, or statements which cannot reasonably

be interpreted as stating actual facts about a person, are not actionable,” Tronfeld, 272 Va. at 714

       49
          “In evaluating whether a statement carries enough sting, courts ‘take all inferences in
favor of the plaintiff, but such inferences cannot rise above the language of the documents or
statements themselves.’” Theologis, 76 Va. App. at 605-06 (quoting Schaecher, 290 Va. at 93).
       50
         See also Fuste v. Riverside Healthcare Ass’n, Inc., 265 Va. 127, 132 (2003) (“At
common law, defamatory words that ‘prejudice [a] person in his or her profession or trade’ are
actionable as defamation per se.” (alteration in original) (quoting Carwile v. Richmond
Newspapers, Inc., 196 Va. 1, 7 (1954))).
                                               - 47 -
(citing Yeagle v. Collegiate Times, 255 Va. 293, 295 (1998)).51 Likewise, “[s]tatements that are

relative in nature and depend largely upon the speaker’s viewpoint are expressions of opinion”

protected by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Id. This Court is mindful,

however, that “[s]imply couching . . . statements in terms of opinion does not dispel [factual]

implications.” Schaecher, 290 Va. at 103 (quoting Raytheon Tech. Servs. Co. v. Hyland, 273 Va.

292, 303 (2007) (alterations in original). 52 Therefore, “[w]hether an alleged defamatory

statement is one of fact or opinion is a question of law . . . properly decided by the court instead

of a jury.” Tronfeld, 272 Va. at 714; see also Hyland v. Raytheon Tech. Servs. Co., 277 Va. 40,

48 (2009) (“[O]nce a trial judge has determined that an allegedly defamatory statement is

capable of being proved false, the jury’s function is to evaluate the evidence presented and to

determine whether the plaintiff has met her burden of proving that the allegedly defamatory

statement is false.”).

        III. Intent

        Finally, the third element in a defamation claim is the speaker’s intent in making the

defamatory statement. The requisite level of intent that must be established “depends, in part, on

whether [the] plaintiff is a public or private figure.” Jackson, 274 Va. at 228. Since its ruling in

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), the United States Supreme Court has

prohibited “public official[s] from recovering damages for defamatory falsehoods related to

[their] official conduct except upon proof that the defamatory statement was made ‘with “actual

         Only statements “‘capable of being proven true or false’ . . . are actionable in
        51

defamation.” Tronfeld, 272 Va. at 715 (quoting Chaves, 230 Va. at 118).
        52
          This Court further acknowledges that the United States Supreme Court has “refused to
‘create a wholesale defamation exemption for anything that might be labeled “opinion.”’”
Raytheon, 273 Va. at 303 (quoting Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 18 (1990)).
Rather, “opinions may be actionable where they ‘imply an assertion’ of objective fact.” Id.
(quoting Milkovich, 497 U.S. at 21). As a result, considering an allegedly defamatory statement
“as a whole . . . is vital to a determination of the truth or falsity of a defamation claim.” Id. at 47.
                                                  - 48 -
malice”—that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was

false or not.’” Id. (quoting Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 279-80).53 It has also extended the requirement

of proof of actual malice to cases in which “a political candidate asserts a claim for damages

allegedly caused by defamatory statements touching on his fitness for office.” Id. (citing

Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401 U.S. 265, 271-72 (1971)).

       “In order to establish actual malice, a plaintiff ‘must demonstrate by clear and convincing

evidence that the defendant realized that his statement was false or that he subjectively

entertained serious doubt as to the truth of his statement.’” Id. (quoting Jordan, 269 Va. at

577).54 “Upon review, the appellate court ‘must exercise independent judgment and determine

whether the record establishes actual malice with convincing clarity.’” Shenandoah Pub. House,

Inc. v. Gunter, 245 Va. 320, 325 (1993) (quoting Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union, Inc., 466 U.S.

485, 514 (1984); Gazette, Inc. v. Harris, 229 Va. 1, 19 (1985)). In the case at hand, the circuit

       53
           Although Sullivan did not “determine how far down into the lower ranks of
government employees the ‘public official’ designation would extend[,]” 376 U.S. at 283 n.23, it
made clear that such designation “cannot be thought to include all public employees,”
Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 443 U.S. 111, 119 n.8 (1979). As a result, “courts are to determine who
is a ‘public official’ in accordance with ‘the purposes of a national constitutional protection,’ and
not by reference to state law standards.” Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Lipscomb, 234 Va. 277,
284 (1987) (quoting Rosenblatt v. Baer, 383 U.S. 75, 84 (1966)).
       54
          “[I]n the context of the actual malice inquiry, a duty to investigate the accuracy of
one’s statements does not arise until the publisher of those statements has a high degree of
subjective awareness of their probable falsity.” Jackson, 274 Va. at 230. Similarly, “[w]hile ‘it
cannot be said that evidence concerning motive or care never bears any relation to the actual
malice inquiry,’ proof of a media defendant’s ill will toward a public figure plaintiff is, without
more, insufficient to establish knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth.” Jackson,
274 Va. at 231 (quoting Harte-Hanks Commc’ns Inc. v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657, 688
(1989)). Compare St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 731 (1968) (“[R]eckless conduct is not
measured by whether a reasonably prudent man would have published, or would have
investigated before publishing. There must be sufficient evidence to permit the conclusion that
the defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his publication.”), with Harte-
Hanks, 491 U.S. at 692 (“Although failure to investigate will not alone support a finding of
actual malice, the purposeful avoidance of the truth is in a different category.” (internal citation
omitted)).
                                               - 49 -
court made no factual finding of appellant’s status and appellees contest her unsupported

assertion that she is not a public figure. Thus, to assess whether the complaint sufficiently pleads

the requisite intent, this Court must first determine whether appellant was a public or private

figure at the time the alleged defamatory statements were made.

       This Court finds that appellant has not pled any facts to support her bare assertion that

she is not a public figure. In fact, the complaint and accompanying exhibits demonstrate the

opposite—that appellant held a position of “such apparent importance that the public ha[d] an

independent interest in [her] qualifications and performance . . . beyond the general public

interest in the qualifications and performance of all government employees . . . .” Rosenblatt v.

Baer, 383 U.S. 75, 86 (1966).55 The United States Supreme Court recognized in Rosenblatt that

the designation of “public official” “applies at the very least to those among the hierarchy of

government employees who have, or appear to the public to have, substantial responsibility for

or control over the conduct of governmental affairs.” Id. at 85.

       As police chief, appellant held a position of public trust and was responsible for

managing the police department, subject to direction from the city manager. 56 The authority and

visibility that comes with that position is inextricably linked to the public’s perception of the

police force—the chief’s reputation inherently reflects upon the department she leads. That

appellant was appointed rather than elected to that position does not detract from her level of

influence over public controversies or government policy, as demonstrated by her actions

       55
         See also Shenandoah, 245 Va. at 324 (“In defamation actions based on statements
regarding matters of public concern, actual malice must be proved before presumed or punitive
damages can be awarded.”).
       56
          Appellant’s employment contract with Patton, signed on June 21, 2019, provides that
she “will serve at the pleasure of and report directly to the City Manager” as “Police Chief for
the City of Portsmouth.”
                                               - 50 -
following the monument incident. Accordingly, this Court must assess whether appellant

sufficiently pled actual malice in each of her defamation claims.

                                 Appellees’ Alleged Defamation

       Having considered each of the statements made by each appellee, this Court concludes

that appellant has established a prima facie claim of defamation only against Blount. See Lewis,

281 Va. at 725 (“In determining whether a statement is one of fact or opinion, . . . a court must

consider the statement as a whole.”); Hyland, 277 Va. at 48 (“[T]he factual portions of an

allegedly defamatory statement . . . must be considered in view of any accompanying opinion

and other stated facts.”). The pleadings contain sufficiently definite facts of publication,

actionability, and intent to survive Blount’s demurrer at this stage in the proceedings. The same

cannot be said of the claims against Lucas and Lucas-Burke. Therefore, this Court affirms the

circuit court’s judgment sustaining Lucas’s and Lucas-Burke’s demurrers.57

       I. Blount’s Statements (Count V)

       The defamation claim against Blount in appellant’s amended complaint is based on his

“remarks at the August 19, 2020 press conference” and the statements in his September 22, 2020

open letter to the mayor and members of city council.

       57
          Without rendering any opinion as to whether appellees would qualify for immunity
under Code § 8.01-233.2(A), this Court denies appellees’ request for “reasonable attorney fees
and costs” under subsection (C). Under that provision of Virginia’s anti-SLAPP (Strategic
Lawsuit Against Public Participation) statute, such fees and costs may be awarded only to a
“person who has a suit against him dismissed . . . or otherwise prevails in a legal action, pursuant
to the immunity provided by this section.” Code § 8.01-233.2(C) (emphasis added). Therefore,
not only is such an award discretionary but it is also inapplicable here where dismissal of the
charges against Lucas and Lucas-Burke is not based on affirmative evidence of appellees’
immunity under Code § 8.01-233.2(A). Rather, in affirming the circuit court’s judgment
sustaining Lucas’s and Lucas-Burke’s demurrers, this Court concludes only that appellant did
not carry her burden of alleging sufficient facts in the amended complaint to state a cause of
action.
                                               - 51 -
       At the press conference on August 19, Blount called for the “immediate resignation” of

appellant based on her actions in connection with the monument incident, particularly her arrest

of Lucas on August 17. He expressly told the press that the police department, “under the

leadership of [appellant,] has thrown State Senator Louise Lucas in the mix . . . to impugn [her]

character and make [her] look like [she] committed a crime.” Blount made similar statements on

behalf of himself and other members of the MLK Committee in his September 22 letter,

including accusations that appellant “ignored a conflict of interest, displayed a dereliction of

duty, falsified information, and withheld critical information from the City Manager, the Mayor

and the City Council.”58

       Appellant’s defamation claim against Blount thus presents factual statements of-and-

concerning appellant that “are capable of being proven true or false” and that carry the requisite

defamatory “sting.” Chaves, 230 Va. at 118; see also Handberg, 297 Va. at 666 (holding that a

plaintiff claiming defamation must show “that a defendant has published a false factual statement

that concerns and harms the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s reputation” (quoting Hyland, 277 Va. at

46)).59 Blount’s statements target appellant directly in her capacity as police chief and disparage

her fitness to hold that office. They contain assertions of fact about her untrustworthiness, which

appellant could prove false by introducing contradictory evidence at trial. 60 See Tronfeld, 272

       58
           In the letter, Blount acknowledges that he “called for the immediate termination of
[appellant]” at the August 19 press conference. After claiming that some people “may believe
that was a retaliatory request,” Blount purports to offer his defamatory statements as “the
justifiable reasons why [appellant] should not be reinstated.”
       59
          This Court does not purport to hold that every single sentence in the September 22,
2020 letter constitutes a defamatory statement; rather, the letter as a whole serves as a sufficient
ground for appellant’s claim of defamation against Blount.
       60
          This Court conceives that appellant could offer evidence demonstrating the falsity of
the claims that she “decided to have her department police themselves”; “displayed a complete
and utterly [sic] dereliction of duty”; “demonstrated that she didn’t know her role or
responsibility”; “falsely responded that the State Police had completed their investigation”; and
                                              - 52 -
Va. at 714; see also Schaecher, 290 Va. at 103 (“[A]n accusation of lying and manipulating facts

. . . can imply underlying facts, and ‘opinions may be actionable where they “imply an assertion”

of objective fact.’” (quoting Raytheon, 273 Va. at 303)).

       Furthermore, those allegations are harmful to appellant’s “‘reputation in the common

estimation of mankind’” and “vilifies, shames, or disgraces” her as Portsmouth’s police chief.

Nestler, 77 Va. App. at 454 (quoting Schaecher, 290 Va. at 92). “The false accusation of the

commission of [a] criminal act generally is sufficient to establish an injury to the plaintiff’s

reputation.” Lewis, 281 Va. at 726-27; see also Fuste, 265 Va. at 133 (finding actionable the

statement that there were “concerns about [the doctors’] competence” because it “prejudice[d]

the doctors in the practice of their profession” and “evidence could be presented to show whether

there were, in fact, concerns about the plaintiff’s competence”). And such charge need not be

made in express terms if the words used “impute a criminal offense . . . in the plain and popular

sense in which the rest of the world would naturally understand them.” Schnupp v. Smith, 249

Va. 353, 361 (1995) (quoting Moss v. Harwood, 102 Va. 386, 388 (1904)).

       In addition to the actionability of the alleged statements, appellant has pled sufficient

facts of actual malice to overcome Blount’s demurrer. “A plaintiff is entitled to prove the

defendant’s state of mind through circumstantial evidence . . . and it cannot be said that evidence

concerning motive or care never bears any relation to the actual malice inquiry.” Harte-Hanks

Commc’ns v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657, 668 (1989). Within the context of her pleadings,

“chose not to share with the city manager, the mayor, nor city council the crucial and vital
actions that would have long-term negative impact on the city, its image and its economy.” For
example, testimony from a VSP official could prove that appellant responded truthfully when
informing the media on the status of the VSP’s investigation into the monument incident.
Indeed, appellant even alleges in the complaint that the VSP never “assumed control of any
monument investigation” because a Lieutenant Colonel advised appellant “that he did not believe
anything that occurred at the monument incident was an ‘abuse of power,’ the threshold for the
VSP to fully investigate.”
                                              - 53 -
appellant’s amended complaint demonstrates that Blount’s defamatory statements were made, at

the very least, with reckless disregard of their truth or falsity. Consequently, Blount cannot rely

upon the immunity provided by Code § 8.01-233.2—Virginia’s anti-SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuit

Against Public Participation) statute—to support his demurrer.

       In the interest of protecting citizens’ right to free speech, Code § 8.01-233.2 bestows

immunity “from tort liability” for persons whose statements, either “(i) regarding matters of

public concern . . . communicated to a third party, [or] (ii) made at a public hearing before, or

otherwise communicated to, the governing . . . bodies of any local government entity concerning

matters properly before such body,” are the sole basis for the tort claim. Code § 8.01-233.2(A).61

Such immunity, however, does “not apply to any statements that the declarant knew or should

have known were false or were made with reckless disregard for whether they were false.” Code

§ 8.01-233.2(B). Thus, a person who makes statements with actual malice cannot receive the

protection afforded by Code § 8.01-233.2. Here, because appellant’s amended complaint

sufficiently alleges that Blount made defamatory statements with actual malice, Code

§ 8.01-233.2 does not provide a basis for sustaining Blount’s demurrer. 62

       61
         The statute also immunizes statements “(iii) made by an employee against an employer
where retaliatory action arising from such statements is prohibited . . . .” Code § 8.01-233.2(A).
       62
          In coming to that conclusion, this Court does not suggest that Code § 8.01-233.2 may
not be applicable at other points in the proceedings upon remand. Conceivably, after appellant
presents evidence at a hearing or trial, Blount could move to strike on the grounds that his
statements were immune from tort liability under Code § 8.01-233.2(A) and that appellant failed
to prove malice, thereby rendering subsection (B)’s bar on immunity irrelevant.
                                               - 54 -
         II. Lucas’s Statements

         Appellant challenges as defamatory statements attributed to Lucas by the media,

purportedly made during her “interviews with the media on June 11, 2020, and November 16,

2020.”

         An online article about the monument incident, issued by the media group 10 On Your

Side, contained quoted statements from Lucas’s June 11 interview, including her belief that

appellant should be fired “immediately” because she had “abdicated her responsibility to

maintain peace and failed to uphold the law” during the protests. During the interview, 10 On

Your Side asked Lucas about statements she made at the site of the protests, which were filmed

and posted on her Facebook page. In the video, Lucas can be seen next to the confederate

monument telling protestors and police officers that, “because the city owns this property[,]”

peaceful protestors cannot be arrested “for being on city property.” Lucas told 10 On Your Side

that the monument was “nothing more than a symbol of racism to be rubbed in the faces of the

black community every time we see it,” but that she never advocated for vandalism or property

destruction.

         Appellant’s amended complaint further alleges that, “[f]ollowing the dismissal of the

charges against Lucas, Lucas made a statement to local news media that the charges against her

were ‘racist.’” Without attaching any supporting exhibits or providing additional context,

appellant then appears to quote three paragraphs supposedly written by the media containing

statements attributed to Lucas on November 16. According to appellant, Lucas “said police

officers involved in the case had made ‘a mockery of the justice system’” by bringing “bogus”

charges against her and other Black community members. Presumably referring to the dismissal

of her charges, Lucas “said she was grateful for the outcome” because it “gives people in the

community hope that when they come to these courtrooms that they will be treated in a fair and

                                              - 55 -
just manner, even though you may have a rogue police department who intends to criminalize the

justice system against people like me.”

       Under a reasonable reading of the language used, this Court concludes that appellant has

not stated a cause of action for defamation against Lucas. First, the only statement of-and-

concerning appellant is Lucas’s June 11 opinion that appellant “abdicated her responsibility to

maintain peace and failed to uphold the law.” See Schaecher, 290 Va. at 99 (“A pleading for

defamation must allege or otherwise make apparent on the face of the pleading that the alleged

defamatory statements are ‘of and concerning’ the plaintiff.” (quoting Dean v. Dearing, 263 Va.

485, 488 (2002))). As presented by appellant, Lucas’s alleged statements from November 16

refer to the police generally and make no specific mention of appellant. See Yeagle, 255 Va. at

295 (“[S]tatements which cannot reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts about a person

cannot form the basis of a common law defamation action.”).

       Appellant nevertheless asserts that Lucas’s statements “insinuated that [appellant], as

police chief, ran a racist . . . [and] ‘rogue police department.’” This Court disagrees. Although a

plaintiff “need not show that [s]he was mentioned by name in the publication[,]” a statement “is

not actionable” “if the publication on its face does not show that it applies to the plaintiff.”

Gazette, 229 Va. at 37. Moreover, the Supreme Court has held that

               the “of and concerning” element of common law defamation
               cannot be satisfied as a matter of law by either the “small group
               theory” or allegations and evidence that readers of allegedly
               defamatory statements understood the statements referred to a
               member of the governmental group based solely on that person’s
               membership in the identified governmental group.

Dean, 263 Va. at 490. Therefore, “[a] member of a governmental group against which an

allegedly defamatory statement is made can sustain a common law action for defamation only if

that member can show that statement specifically implicated that member or each member of t he

group.” Id. at 489-90. Appellant’s pleadings do not satisfy this standard. And in the absence of
                                               - 56 -
additional context, this Court cannot conclude that Lucas’s November 16 statements satisfy the

of-and-concerning element required for a defamation action. See Yeagle, 255 Va. at 297

(“[I]inferences cannot extend the statements, by innuendo, beyond what would be the ordinary

and common acceptance of the statement.”).

       Second, even were this Court to assume without deciding that the June 11 statement

concerning appellant was actionable as defamation, appellant’s claim still fails for insufficient

pleadings of actual malice.63 Appellant’s conclusory assertions that Lucas “knew or should have

known the statement[] to be false” and that Lucas “spoke with reckless disregard to the truth or

falsity of the statement[]” are not supported by the facts. 64 To the contrary, the pleadings

demonstrate that Lucas’s statement was made on the heels of receiving information about the

monument incident that could reasonably support a belief in the truth of her resulting statement.

       Notably, in less than 24 hours, Lucas learned that two peaceful protestors had been

arrested; went to the monument in person to champion the rights of the citizens to protest

peacefully on city property; returned to her office to continue working; and was then informed

shortly thereafter that a protestor had been injured because the police had failed to stop the crowd

from removing pieces of the monument. By that point, Lucas was already aware that appellant

was in charge of the officers on scene. In fact, appellant had even told Lucas on scene that the

city manager forbid anyone from trespassing on the property. Based on that chain of events, this

       63
          Because the November 16 statements do not concern appellant and therefore do not
support a defamation cause of action, this Court need not reach the question of malice as to those
statements. Theologis, 76 Va. App. at 605 (acknowledging this Court’s “obligation to decide
cases on the best and narrowest grounds available” (quoting Esposito, 74 Va. App. at 134)).
       64
          Appellant also incorrectly states the standard for actual malice by alleging that Lucas
“should have known” that the statement was false. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that
malice can only be proven by presenting clear and convincing facts showing “that the defendant
made the statements knowing they were false or made them so recklessly as to amount to a
willful disregard for the truth.” Gazette, 299 Va. at 42.
                                               - 57 -
Court cannot conclude that Lucas’s criticism of appellant on June 11 was made maliciously.

Accordingly, the circuit court’s judgment sustaining Lucas’s demurrer and dismissing this count

is affirmed.

       III. Lucas-Burke’s Statements (Count VII)

       Appellant alleges defamation for the statements contained in Lucas-Burke’s August 17,

2020 email, which was sent to city officials and posted on her public Facebook page. 65 In that

email, Lucas-Burke decried appellant’s “arrest of several members of the Portsmouth

Community” and called for appellant’s termination as police chief. She further stated that

appellant’s action—“moving to felony charge Portsmouth Citizens”—was “viewed by many

(myself included) as a disrespectful act of insubordination to the City Manager” because

appellant “blatantly disregarded the authority” of the city council, city manager, and city

attorney.

       “Insubordination” in its broadest sense refers to actions taken by a person in direct

contradiction to proper commands given by a superior authority. See, e.g., Kennedy’s Piggly

Wiggly Stores, Inc. v. Cooper, 14 Va. App. 701, 704 (1992) (affirming the trial court’s finding

that employee’s remarks to his employer did not constitute “misconduct or insubordination”

because they did “not show flagrant disrespect, nor deliberately defy proper authority”);

Arrington v. Murray, 182 Va. 1, 5-6 (1943) (finding that an employee “would probably be

discharged for insubordination” “if he refused to do the work” directed by his employer).

Appellant also defines “insubordination” in her complaint as “defiance of authority and/or

refusal to obey lawful orders.” She even readily acknowledges having orchestrated the execution

of several felony arrest warrants despite Patton ordering her not to do so.

       65
         Appellant also alleges that Lucas-Burke made those same statements in her August 17,
2020 speech to city council members.
                                            - 58 -
       Nevertheless, appellant argues that her actions were not insubordinate because Patton’s

order was unlawful and “[o]n[]e cannot insubordinately disobey an illegal order.” “To determine

whether a statement can be reasonably understood as stating or implying actual facts, whether

those statements are verifiable, and whether they are reasonably capable of defamatory meaning,

we must examine them in context . . . .” Schaecher, 290 Va. at 93. Thus, the first question at

hand is not whether appellant’s actions, taken in defiance of her superior’s commands, actually

constitute insubordination, but rather whether Lucas-Burke’s characterization of appellant’s

behavior is a provably false factual statement or merely an opinion. 66

       Conceivably, appellant could present evidence establishing the illegality of the orders she

received from Patton, thereby demonstrating that her disregard of such orders was not an act of

insubordination. Therefore, the second question this Court must answer is whether Lucas-

Burke’s statements were made with the requisite intent to sustain a claim of defamation. As

discussed above, appellant’s status as a public figure required her to plead actual malice by clear

and convincing proof that Lucas-Burke “made the statements knowing they were false or made

them so recklessly as to amount to a willful disregard for the truth.” Gazette, 229 Va. at 42. The

facts presented in the amended complaint do not satisfy this standard, nor do they prove the

falsity of Lucas-Burke’s belief that Patton’s orders to appellant were lawful.

       66
           See Schaecher, 290 Va. at 93 (“[I]t is a general rule that allegedly defamatory words
are to be taken in their plain and natural meaning and to be understood by courts and juries as
other people would understand them, and according to the sense in which they appear to have
been used.”); Shenandoah, 245 Va. at 326 (finding no actionable defamation arising from the
“use of the words ‘escapes,’ ‘controversial,’ and ‘spared’” because plaintiff did not establish
“that any of th[o]se words were false in the context in which they were used”).
                                               - 59 -
       In the absence of sufficient proof of malice, appellant has not established a prima facie

claim of defamation against Lucas-Burke.67 Accordingly, this Court affirms the circuit court’s

judgment sustaining appellee’s demurrer and dismissing this count.

                                           CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, this Court affirms the circuit court’s dismissal of appellant’s

claims against all appellees, except Blount, for failure to allege facts sufficient to establish a

cause of action. Accordingly, this Court hereby reverses that judgment only as to Blount,

reinstates the claims against Blount for tortious interference and defamation per se, and remands

the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

       67
          Under the doctrine of judicial restraint, this Court refrains from commenting on
whether Lucas-Burke’s position as vice mayor of the city council afforded a qualified privilege
to her August 17, 2020 communications. See Cashion v. Smith, 286 Va. 327, 337 (2013)
(holding that whether “[a] qualified privilege attaches to ‘[c]ommunications between persons on
a subject in which the persons have an interest or duty[]’ . . . is a question of law” reviewed de
novo on appeal (second alteration in original) (quoting Larimore v. Blaylock, 259 Va. 568, 572
(2000))). This Court likewise declines to consider whether her alleged violation of Portsmouth
City Charter, Section 3.11 denies her any otherwise applicable qualified privilege.
                                               - 60 -