Court Opinion

ID: 7862682
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 18:04:10.807923+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:54:35.067866
License: Public Domain

SCHALLER, J.,
dissenting. Although I agree with the majority on the resolution of the double jeopardy claim, I respectfully disagree on the disposition of the claim of prosecutorial misconduct. Because I believe that prosecutorial misconduct of a classic nature occurred during both cross-examination and closing argument, and deprived the defendant, Richard R. Quint, of a fair trial in this case, which hinged on the credibility of witnesses, I would reverse the convictions.
Prosecutorial misconduct claims are addressed frequently by this court and by our Supreme Court. It is *96useful, as the majority has done, to review the relevant standards of review and principles of law as established by our Supreme Court. Even when those standards and principles are accurately interpreted and precisely applied, however, because they are fact specific, they may appear to produce inconsistent results. When the prosecutorial misconduct cases decided by the Supreme Court and this court are assessed together, it may be difficult to identify actions that will consistently be deemed misconduct and to define precisely the pattern of misconduct that will be deemed to deprive a defendant of the right to a fair trial.1 A review of several pivotal cases of our Supreme Court, however, provides guidance as to the prevailing standards and the method for analyzing prosecutorial misconduct claims.2
In the present case, the majority concludes that the prosecutor did not engage in misconduct by cross-examining the defendant on the veracity of the state’s witnesses and subsequently emphasizing that testimony during closing argument. In addition, the majority concludes that the prosecutor’s expressions of personal opinion during cross-examination were not misconduct and merely assumes arguendo that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by expressing his personal opinion during closing argument. I believe that each of these instances constituted misconduct and that the defendant was deprived of his right to a fair trial. Furthermore, I suggest that the majority’s determination that the prosecutor did not engage in misconduct by cross-examining the defendant on the veracity of the state’s *97witnesses and emphasizing that testimony during closing argument resulted from a misapplication of the prevailing method of analysis. In short, that determination was made by taking into account, in the first step of the analysis, a Williams factor; see State v. Williams, 204 Conn. 523, 529 A.2d 653 (1987); that applies only to the second step of the analysis, that is, whether a due process violation occurred. Because this case hinged almost exclusively on the relative credibility of witnesses, I conclude that a finding of prosecutorial misconduct leads to a conclusion that the defendant’s due process right to a fair trial was violated.
I agree in general with the majority’s statement of the current principles that our Supreme Court has articulated to govern prosecutorial misconduct claims. As the majority correctly states, in examining claims of prosecutorial misconduct, Connecticut courts presently engage in a two step analytical process. First, we consider whether “misconduct occurred in the first instance”; (internal quotation marks omitted) State v. Stevenson, 269 Conn. 563, 572, 849 A.2d 626 (2004); and second, if misconduct has occurred, we determine “whether that misconduct deprived [the] defendant of his due process right to a fair trial.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Because I conclude, however, that this process was not precisely applied in the resolution of the present claim, I wish to emphasize key points of the pivotal Supreme Court cases. Although our Supreme Court has addressed prosecutorial misconduct claims for more than one century, for my present purposes, I will focus on the key Supreme Court decisions beginning with State v. Williams, supra, 204 Conn. 523, and concluding with State v. Stevenson, supra, 563.
In Williams, decided in 1987, the defendant claimed that the prosecutor engaged in various instances of misconduct during the cross-examination of the defendant and a defense witness, as well as during closing *98arguments. State v. Williams, supra, 204 Conn. 524. In addressing the defendant’s claims, the Williams court first noted that prosecutorial misconduct may occur during both cross-examination as well as during closing arguments.3 The court next sought to determine whether the alleged misconduct was so serious as to amount to a denial of the defendant’s due process right to a fair trial. To assist in this determination, the court set forth a multifactored analytical framework focusing on several factors. “Among them [were] the extent to which the misconduct was invited by defense conduct or argument . . . the severity of the misconduct . . . the frequency of the misconduct . . . the centrality of the misconduct to the critical issues in the case . . . the strength of the curative measures adopted . . . and the strength of the state’s case.” (Citations omitted.) Id., 540. Applying these factors to the facts of the case, the court concluded that the defendant had been denied his due process right to a fair trial and, accordingly, set aside the conviction and ordered a new trial. Id., 548-50.
Despite the Williams court’s adoption of a multifac-tored analytical framework with which to determine whether misconduct deprived a defendant of a fair trial, few post-Williams decisions used this approach in any detail. C. Champagne, “Prosecutorial Misconduct in Connecticut: A Review,” 78 Conn. B.J. 196, 208 (2004). Indeed, it was not until State v. Heredia, 253 Conn. 543, *99754 A.2d 114 (2000), and State v. Alexander, 254 Conn. 290, 755 A.2d 868 (2000), more than one decade later, that our Supreme Court embraced the multifactored approach adopted in Williams. Although the Heredia and Alexander courts reached different conclusions with regard to whether the respective defendants were deprived of a fair trial, both courts conducted a thorough due process analysis by applying the Williams multifactored approach.
The next significant development in prosecutorial misconduct analysis occurred in State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364, 832 A.2d 14 (2003). In Ceballos, which involved claimed prosecutorial improprieties similar to those in the present case, the court expressly separated prosecutorial misconduct analysis into two distinct steps, determining first whether the particular conduct alleged was improper and then turning to the ultimate question of “whether the impropriety . . . deprived the defendant of a fair trial.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 375. The court explained that these two analytical steps are “separate and distinct: (1) whether misconduct occurred in the first instance; and (2) whether that misconduct deprived a defendant of his due process right to a fair trial.” Id., 381 n.29. The court further emphasized that “misconduct is misconduct, regardless of its ultimate effect on the fairness of the trial; whether that misconduct caused or contributed to a due process violation is a separate and distinct question that may only be resolved in the context of the entire trial . . . .” Id. Employing this methodology, the Ceballos court first determined that multiple prose-cutorial improprieties had occurred and then applied the Williams multifactored approach in concluding that the defendant was denied his right to a fair trial. Id., 374-417.
Following Ceballos, our Supreme Court again addressed a claim of prosecutorial misconduct in State *100v. Thompson, 266 Conn. 440, 832 A.2d 626 (2003). In that case, the court found numerous occurrences of misconduct, but following its application of the Williams factors, reversed this court’s conclusion that the defendant was deprived of his right to a fair trial. Id., 467-85. Essentially, the Thompson court explained that only egregious misconduct will result in reversal on the basis of a due process violation and stressed that the actions of defense counsel can be crucial to determining whether misconduct has deprived a defendant of a fair trial. The court stated that it “consider[ed] it highly significant that defense counsel failed to object to any of the improper remarks, request curative instructions, or move for a mistrial. Defense counsel, therefore, presumably [did] not view the alleged impropriety as prejudicial enough to jeopardize seriously the defendant’s right to a fair trial. . . . Given the defendant’s failure to object, only instances of grossly egregious misconduct will be severe enough to mandate reversal.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 479-80. Put differently, although improprieties may occur, whether they amount to prosecutorial misconduct, thus necessitating consideration of the Williams factors, involves a factual review.
Finally, in State v. Stevenson, supra, 269 Conn. 563, our Supreme Court provided additional guidance and clarification with respect to prosecutorial misconduct analysis. The Stevenson court first explained that, with respect to unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct, “it is unnecessary for the defendant to seek to prevail under the specific requirements of State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989), and, similarly, it is unnecessary for a reviewing court to apply the four-pronged Golding test.”4 State v. Stevenson, supra, 572-73. Rather, the Stevenson court held *101that a reviewing court must apply the Williams factors to the entire trial. Specifically, the court noted that because the application of the Williams factors is identical to the third and fourth prongs of Golding review, applying both Williams and Golding would result in “confusion and duplication of effort.” Id., 574.
Perhaps more significant to our present discussion, however, the Stevenson court also indicated that the two steps of prosecutorial misconduct analysis are not only “separate and distinct,” but also sequential. In Stevenson, the court stated that “following a determination that prosecutorial misconduct has occurred, regardless of whether it was objected to, an appellate court must apply the Williams factors to the entire trial.” (Emphasis added.) Id., 575. The court, therefore, indicated that a reviewing court should not consider the second step of prosecutorial misconduct analysis, the determination of whether the defendant has been deprived of a fair trial, without first determining that misconduct has in fact occurred, and further mandated that the Williams factors “must” be applied if misconduct has occurred. Id.
Although other cases will be discussed in greater detail, I note here that those other cases have determined that questions and answers similar to those in the present case crossed the boundaries of proper conduct. State v. Ceballos, supra, 266 Conn. 377-80 (concluding that prosecutor improperly asked defendant to testify as to veracity of other witnesses, then used answers from improper cross-examination during closing argument); State v. Singh, 259 Conn. 693, 702-12, 793 A.2d *102226 (2002) (concluding that prosecutor committed misconduct by asking witness to comment on veracity of another witness and by emphasizing that testimony during closing arguments).
Although cases of this court and our Supreme Court have concluded that similar conduct was not misconduct, those cases blurred the boundary between the two steps of the analysis. In State v. Sells, 82 Conn. App. 332, 844 A.2d 235, cert. denied, 270 Conn. 911, 853 A.2d 529 (2004), for example, a Williams factor was used in the first step determination. Id., 337-38 (concluding that prosecutor did not commit misconduct by asking defendant to comment on veracity of witness because prosecutor’s question invited by defense counsel). State v. Burton, 258 Conn. 153, 778 A.2d 955 (2001), involves a similar situation. Id., 165-66 (concluding that prosecutor’s comments were invited by defense counsel and, therefore, not misconduct). It appears that, in those instances, the court, in effect, moved directly to a second step analysis without first determining whether the claimed improprieties constituted misconduct. What purported to be a consideration of whether misconduct occurred was, in reality, a consideration of whether the claimed improprieties amounted to a violation of the defendant’s right to a fair trial on the basis of at least the first Williams factor, that is, invited misconduct. Following the conclusion on the merged steps, the court’s decision was then stated in terms of whether misconduct occurred at all. I believe this is not appropriate because the reviewing court, in effect, moved to the constitutional question before resolving the factual question. Consequently, this approach runs afoul of the precedent, established by Stevenson, that “following a determination that prosecutorial misconduct has occurred ... an appellate court must apply the Williams factors to the entire trial.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Stevenson, supra, 269 Conn. 575. Furthermore, *103this approach is counter to the “[established wisdom [that] counsels us to exercise self-restraint so as to eschew unnecessary determinations of constitutional questions.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Lemon, 248 Conn. 652, 663 n.15, 731 A.2d 271 (1999).
To my mind, the determination of whether misconduct occurred is an important step, one that a court, confronted with the challenge, must undertake in clear terms.5 Assessing and controlling prosecutorial misconduct serves an important function in and of itself. As our Supreme Court stated in Ceballos, “misconduct is misconduct, regardless of its ultimate effect on the fairness of the trial . . . .” State v. Ceballos, supra, 266 Conn. 381 n.29. Additionally, controlling misconduct is of particular importance given that “[a] prosecutor is not only an officer of the court, like every other attorney, but is also a high public officer . . . [who] [b]y reason of his [or her] office . . . usually exercises great influence upon jurors.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Singh, supra, 259 Conn. 701.
Although Golding review allows for skipping steps; see State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 241-42; Williams review does not allow it at the present time, at least not until authorized by our Supreme Court. Cf. State v. Ritrovato, 85 Conn. App. 575, 596, 858 A.2d 296 (“we need not reach the question of whether counsel’s argument to the jury constituted misconduct because the claim fails under our due process analysis”), cert. granted, 272 Conn. 905, 863 A.2d 699 (2004). Indeed, prosecutorial misconduct cases are difficult enough *104without blurring the boundary between the two steps or skipping them altogether. Even when the steps are kept distinctly separate, each reviewing court must make its own assessment from a cold record of whether questions or arguments were improper. Given the fact specific nature of the inquiry, one fact specific analysis may not lead inevitably to another. No bright line test can facilitate the factual determination that each reviewing court must make.
In summary, our Supreme Court has made it clear that the analysis consists of two separate and distinct steps. The first is to identify whether the alleged improprieties constitute misconduct; the second, to determine whether any such misconduct caused a due process violation. The Williams factors are employed in the second step but not in the first. The first inquiry is necessarily fact specific and governed by cases bearing directly on the claimed misconduct, in this case, improper cross-examination and improper closing argument. Although certain contextual factors are important, such as whether the alleged misconduct occurred in the presence of the jury; see State v. Stevenson, supra, 269 Conn. 580 (concluding “that the questions asked outside the jury’s presence during a hearing on the defendant’s motion to suppress and during the assistant state’s attorney’s voir dire of the defendant were not improper”); others, such as whether the conduct was invited by defense counsel’s conduct, are not. It is also evident that only egregious misconduct is likely to result in reversal. In addition, in the second step analysis, the court’s curative instructions, either general or specific, and the failure of defense counsel to object during trial may be important factors. See State v. Thompson, supra, 266 Conn. 479-80; State v. Beaulieu, 82 Conn. App. 856, 873-74, 848 A.2d 500 (2004), rev’d in part on other grounds, 274 Conn. 471, 876 A.2d 1155 (2005).
*105I
CLAIMED PROSECUTORIAL IMPROPRIETIES
Turning to the present case, my first concern, briefly put, is that the majority makes what purports to be the first step determination by considering the invited conduct Williams factor, which is part of the second step inquiry. My second concern is that, in employing this Williams factor in the analysis, the majority applies the factor in a way that justifies responsive conduct by the prosecutor that cannot be authorized as invited by defense conduct under any circumstances under prevailing law.
I begin by restating the instances of claimed improper cross-examination by the prosecutor, which occurred in front of the juiy. In accordance with the two step analysis, defense counsel’s conduct is not relevant at this point. On cross-examination, the prosecutor questioned the defendant as follows:
“Q. Okay. So, you heard live testimony today from [the victim] that you went to the residence three times?
“A. Allegedly, yes.
“Q. Okay. That was July 22 twice and August 20 once. You heard that testimony today?
“A. I guess that’s what I said.
“Q. Do you believe that [the victimas] testimony is fabricated?
“A. Yes, I do.
“Q. And we are to believe you that you weren't there?
“A. Yes.
“Q. Did you hear Officer Dunaj testify that he had a phone conversation with you on July 27?
*106“A. Yes.
“Q. Did you hear Officer Dunaj testify that you admitted going on the property, you were invited and that you wanted just to get your stuff back; you heard that testimony today?
“A. As I already said.
“Q. So, he’s lying, too.

“A. That’s not what I told him.

“A. So, is it your testimony that [the victim] and . . . Officer Dunaj are both lying to this jury?
“A. Well, Mr. Dunaj must be, and [the victim] definitely is.
“Q. Okay. But you’re not, you are telling the truth — •
“A. Yes, I am.
“Q. —as you sit here today? Why should we believe you?” (Emphasis added.)
During a later portion of cross-examination, the prosecutor again returned to this line of questioning:
“Q. So, when the officer testified here today that you admitted going to the property and that you knew of the protective order, that officer on this [witness] stand, sworn in front of this jury, was lying?

“A. Yes, he was perjuring himself.

“Q. But you are not perjuring yourself?

“A. No, I am not.

“Q. And is it your testimony that your belongings were being stored after your arrest at [the victim’s] residence?
“A. Yes, as far as I know. I never went and got them, so — that’s what she stated.
*107“Q. You heard [the victim] testify today that on August 20, you came on the property to come and get your belongings; did you not hear that testimony?
“A. I heard that testimony, yes.
“Q. So, she is lying, too?
“A. Yes, she is.
“Q. But you’re telling the truth?
“A. Yes, I am.
“Q. And we are supposed to believe you?” (Emphasis added.)
At this point, defense counsel objected on the ground that the question had been asked and answered. The court sustained the objection, and the prosecutor continued cross-examination:
“Q. Is it your testimony that since the incidents of July 20 — July 22 and August 20, that you have not gone to the [victim’s] premises . . . ?
“A. Yes.
“Q. So, is it your testimony that the testimony we heard today is fabricated?
“A. Yes.” (Emphasis added.)
Thereafter, the prosecutor concluded with the following:
“Q. And you expect us to believe this? I withdraw the question. So, all of the other witnesses that testified in this case are all lying?
“A. Yes.” (Emphasis added.)
Subsequently, during closing argument, the prosecutor emphasized the defendant’s cross-examination testimony as follows: “But we are dealing with July 22 and *108August 20 here. What happened then? Who claims all the other witnesses are lying? . . .
“[The defendant] testified under cross-examination when I asked him why the other witnesses would lie, and he said, well, the officer would lie because he needs, he wants to get the conviction.” (Emphasis added.)
During rebuttal argument, the prosecutor also stated: “If you believe it’s not a violation, you’d have to totally discount all of [the victim’s] testimony, and why would you do that?”
In assessing the prosecutor’s questions and argument under the first step principles, it is clear to me that the questions pertaining to other witnesses’ veracity and the closing argument emphasizing those same improper questions and their answers were improper conduct. In State v. Singh, supra, 259 Conn. 706,6 our Supreme Court adopted the “well established evidentiary rule that it is improper to ask a witness to comment on another witness’ veracity.” There, as is the case here, the defendant claimed that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by compelling the defendant, during cross-examination, to comment on the veracity of other witnesses7 and then improperly emphasized that testimony *109during closing argument.8 Id., 704-706. In concluding that the prosecutor’s conduct was indeed improper, the Singh court explained that (1) “questions that ask a defendant to comment on another witness’ veracity invade the province of the jury,” which includes the determination of witness credibility, and (2) “questions of this sort also create the risk that the jury may conclude that, in order to acquit the defendant, it must find *110that the witness has lied.” Id., 707-708; see also State v. Ceballos, supra, 266 Conn. 380 (relying on Singh, court “conclude[d] that the line of questioning about whether [a state’s witness] was lying, and its use by the state’s attorney in closing argument, constituted misconduct”).
With respect to Singh violations, our Supreme Court has also stated that “[c]ourts have long admonished prosecutors to avoid statements to the effect that if the defendant is innocent, the jury must conclude that witnesses have lied. . . . The reason for this restriction is that [t]his form of argument . . . involves a distortion of the government’s burden of proof. . . . Moreover, like the problem inherent in asking a defendant to comment on the veracity of another witness, such arguments preclude the possibility that the witness’ testimony conflicts with that of the defendant for a reason other than deceit.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Thompson, supra, 266 Conn. 470-71.9
In the present case, the record reveals that the prosecutor repeatedly questioned the defendant about whether the state’s witnesses were lying and emphasized that line of questioning during closing argument. In addition, the prosecutor suggested during closing argument that in order for the jury to conclude that the defendant was innocent, it must conclude that the state’s witnesses had lied. In light of the precedent established by Singh, Ceballos and Thompson, a “separate and distinct” first step analysis reveals that the *111prosecutor’s questions and argument constituted misconduct.
I note, moreover, that the state has conceded that the prosecutor, during his initial and rebuttal closing arguments,10 expressed his personal opinion on the *112credibility of the witnesses.11 In addition to those conceded expressions of personal opinion, the prosecutor also expressed his personal opinion by asking the defendant numerous questions, during cross-examination, that implicitly conveyed his disbelief of the defendant’s testimony. Among those questions were: (1) “we are to believe you that you weren’t there?”; (2) “[w]hy should we believe you?”; (3) “[b]ut you are not perjuring yourself?”; (4) “[b]ut you’re telling the truth?”; and (5) “[w]e are supposed to believe you?”
“It is well established that a prosecutor may not express her own opinion, either directly or indirectly, as to the credibility of a witness or the guilt of the defendant. . . . Such expressions of personal opinion are a form of unsworn and unchecked testimony. . . . These expressions of opinion are particularly difficult for the jury to ignore because of the special position held by the prosecutor. ... A prosecutor’s voucher for a witness is particularly dangerous for two reasons. First, such comments may convey the impression that the prosecutor is aware of evidence supporting charges *113against the defendant of which the jury has no knowledge. . . . Second, the prosecutor’s opinion carries with it the imprimatur of the Government and may induce the jury to trust the Government’s judgment rather than its own view of the evidence.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Alexander, 254 Conn. 290, 304-305, 755 A.2d 868 (2000). “While the prosecutor is permitted to comment upon the evidence presented at trial and to argue the inferences that the jurors might draw therefrom, he is not permitted to vouch personally for the truth or veracity of the state’s witnesses.” State v. Payne, 260 Conn. 446, 454, 797 A.2d 1088 (2002).12 Such “[ijmproper comments on the part of the prosecutor regarding the veracity of one party over the other can easily skew a proper jury deliberation.” State v. Alexander, supra, 305. Accordingly, I conclude that the prosecutor improperly expressed his opinion with respect to witness credibility.13
II
DUE PROCESS ANALYSIS
Having determined that the improprieties in the prosecutor’s cross-examination and closing argument did constitute misconduct, I move to the second step inquiry, that is, whether the misconduct deprived the defendant of his right to a fair trial. As noted previously, “[i]n determining whether prosecutorial misconduct was so serious as to amount to a denial of due process, [our Supreme Court], in conformity with courts in other *114jurisdictions, has focused on several factors. Among them are the extent to which the misconduct was invited by defense conduct or argument . . . the severity of the misconduct. . . the frequency of the misconduct . . . the centrality of the misconduct to the critical issues in the case . . . the strength of the curative measures adopted . . . and the strength of the state’s case.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Williams, supra, 204 Conn. 540. I now examine each of these factors seriatim and conclude that the defendant was deprived of his right to a fair trial by the prosecutorial misconduct in the present case.
A
Whether the Misconduct Was Invited
At first blush, it appears that the prosecutor’s cross-examination of the defendant regarding the credibility of other witnesses and his use of that testimony during closing argument was invited, as the majority has concluded. I disagree. It is true that the defense attorney asked improper questions and argued improperly. For example, during direct examination, defense counsel asked the defendant to comment on the veracity of the victim and, during closing argument, expressed his personal opinion as to the victim’s veracity.14 In light *115of defense counsel’s direct examination, the prosecutor was invited to cross-examine the defendant concerning his opinion of the veracity of the victim. That invitation, however, did not permit extensive cross-examination that delved into the defendant’s opinion as to the veracity of other witnesses, including himself. One improper question does not justify a barrage of improper questions concerning witnesses other than the one at issue. The doctrine of opening the door is a qualified one and “cannot ... be subverted into a rule for injection of prejudice.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Morascini, 62 Conn. App. 758, 766, 772 A.2d 703, cert. denied, 256 Conn. 921, 774 A.2d 141 (2001). While State v. Sells, supra, 82 Conn. App. 332, appears contrary to this position, it is distinguishable on two grounds. First, the statement in Sells, that “once [the] door [has been] opened, the prosecutor ha[s] the right to inquire into the defendant’s statement and ask whether all the witnesses in the case were lying”; (emphasis added) id., 338; went far beyond the facts of that case. Second, that statement, I submit, does not find support in Connecticut case law, including State v. Burton, supra, 258 Conn. 153, the only case cited for the proposition.
In addition, the present case involves far more egregious conduct on the part of the prosecutor than that of the prosecutor in Sells. There, the prosecutor, during cross-examination, asked the defendant a single question relating to the veracity of a state’s witness. In contrast, the prosecutor in the present case questioned the defendant repeatedly, with respect to the veracity of all of the state’s witnesses, and then exploited that improper cross-examination during closing argument. Moreover, I agree with the defendant that defense counsel’s closing argument was necessitated by both the prosecutor’s cross-examination and the prosecutor’s first closing argument.
*116B
The Frequency and Severity of the Misconduct
I next consider the frequency and severity of the misconduct in this case and conclude that the misconduct was both frequent and severe. My review of the record reveals numerous instances of improper questions or statements by the prosecutor. These improprieties were pervasive. They occurred throughout the cross-examination of the defendant and during the state’s initial and rebuttal closing arguments. Moreover, both forms of misconduct, (1) questioning the defendant regarding the credibility of other witnesses and (2) expressing personal opinion regarding the credibility of witness, involved the ultimate issue of the case, credibility. The prosecutor’s misconduct, therefore, occurred during both portions of the state’s case and directly involved the determinative issue. See State v. Beaulieu, supra, 82 Conn. App. 873. I recognize the significance of defense counsel’s failure to object at trial to the substance of the prosecutor’s cross-examination and closing argument. When credibility, however, is the pivotal factor, as in the present case, “such a failure cannot be dispositive.” Id. (“[although the absence of a contemporaneous objection might excuse this misconduct in other circumstances, it cannot do so in the case of the credibility contest that [dominates a] case”).
C
The Centrality of the Misconduct to Critical Issues in the Case and the Strength of the State’s Case
As the majority and the state acknowledge, the state’s case hinged solely on a credibility contest between the defendant and the state’s witnesses. The misconduct in this case, (1) questioning of the defendant regarding the credibility of other witnesses and (2) expressing personal opinion regarding the credibility of witnesses, *117like the misconduct in Singh and Alexander, is particularly troubling because it is inextricably connected to the critical issue of credibility. See State v. Singh, supra, 259 Conn. 707 (“[Determinations of credibility are for the jury, and not for witnesses. . . . Consequently, questions that ask a defendant to comment on another witness’ veracity invade the province of the jury.” [Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.]); State v. Alexander, supra, 254 Conn. 305 (“[Expressions of personal opinion] are likely to sway a jury in favor of the prosecutor’s argument without properly considering the facts in evidence. This is especially significant in the present case, where the credibility of the victim and the defendant comprised the principal issue of the case.”).
Moreover, the fact that this case was determined solely by weighing the credibility of the witnesses supports the conclusion that the state’s case was not strong. See id., 308 (“state’s case was not particularly strong in that it rested on the credibility of the victim” [internal quotation marks omitted]). Although our Supreme Court has indicated that the absence of conclusive physical evidence does not automatically render a case weak, it is axiomatic that “that same absence surely does not strengthen the state’s case against the defendant.” State v. Ceballos, supra, 266 Conn. 416. Indeed, absent additional evidence to support a finding of guilt, the prosecutor’s multiple questions and comments suggesting that the defendant had lied and that the state’s witnesses were “merely [in court] to tell the truth” takes on increased significance. See id., 416-17 (“without independent physical evidence to prove that the defendant had sexually assaulted [the victim], or even that [the victim] had been sexually assaulted at all, the significance of the state’s attorney’s improper conduct increases considerably”).
*118D
Curative Instructions
The court gave no specific curative instruction, nor did defense counsel request one or object to the substance of any of the prosecutor’s cross-examination or closing argument. The defendant, therefore, bears responsibility for this misconduct going uncured. See State v. Thompson, supra, 266 Conn. 483. The court did give the jury general instructions.15 Our Supreme Court, however, “has not established a bright line rule about the corrective power of general instructions. Compare *119State v. Ceballos, supra, 266 Conn. 413-15 (general instruction has only limited curative effect) with State v. Thompson, supra, 485 (presumption that jury followed court’s general instructions). Both cases emphasize . . . that general instructions are only one factor, and not a determinative factor, in evaluating the prejudicial effect of a prosecutor’s misconduct.” State v. Beaulieu, supra, 82 Conn. App. 874. Nevertheless, because of the egregious nature of the misconduct in the present case, I am persuaded that the general instructions in this case did not remove the harmful effect of the prosecutor’s thumb on the scale of credibility. See id. In sum, given the other factors and the importance of credibility in this case, I conclude that the defendant’s fair trial right was violated. Accordingly, I would reverse the convictions.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

 Claims of prosecutorial misconduct pose a unique problem to courts because they involve a court labeling a prosecutor’s actions during a trial as “misconduct,” a term that may suggest ethical misconduct. In reality, the improprieties claimed can range from ethical misconduct to mere evidentiary improprieties.

 For a comprehensive and scholarly study of the development of prosecutorial misconduct case law in Connecticut, see C. Champagne, “Prosecutorial Misconduct in Connecticut: A Review,” 78 Conn. B.J. 196 (2004).

 Specifically, the court explained that: “Prosecutorial misconduct may occur in the course of cross-examination of witnesses . . . and may be so clearly inflammatory as to be incapable of correction by action of the court. . . . In such instances there is a reasonable possibility that the improprieties in the cross-examination either contributed to the jury’s verdict of guilty or, negatively, foreclosed the jury from ever considering the possibility of acquittal. . . .
“Prosecutorial misconduct may also occur in the course of closing argument. . . . Such argument may be, in light of all of the facts and circumstances, so egregious that no curative instruction could reasonably be expected to remove [its] prejudicial impact.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Williams, supra, 204 Conn. 538-39.

 Under Golding review, “a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the *101claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial; and (4) if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt. In the absence of any one of these conditions, the defendant’s claim will fail.” (Emphasis in original.) State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239-40.

 Notably, since Heredia, much of the Supreme Court’s attention has been devoted to analyzing the second, or due process, step of the analysis. The first step, determining whether the claimed improprieties constitute misconduct, remains constant and is based on pre-Williams cases. See generally State v. Laudano, 74 Conn. 638, 645, 51 A. 860 (1902) (concluding that prosecutor’s remarks not misconduct because they did not exceed “the limits of fair argument and comment”).

 Although the Singh decision involved a blurring of the first and second steps of prosecutorial misconduct analysis; see State v. Singh, supra, 259 Conn. 716 n.22; it is significant that it preceded both Ceballos and Stevenson, the decisions that clarified the “separate and distinct” two step approach.

 On cross-examination, the Singh prosecutor questioned the defendant as follows:
“Q. It is your testimony here, is it not, that you were not present when the dog alerted to your shoes, right?
“A. I was in the apartment.
“Q. But you didn’t see it happen?
“A. No.
“Q. And you recall that’s different than what the people who were handling the dog said and [w]hat the detective said, right? Do you recall that’s different than what they testified to?
“A. Yes.
“Q. And are they lying about that? You shrugged your shoulders. Does that mean I don’t know?
*109“A. I don’t know.
“Q. In fact, when you saw the dog alert to them and they said the dog has said there is some kind of flammable [liquid] on those shoes you immediately said ‘I wore those shoes to the restaurant after I talked to you last night,’ didn’t you? Yes or no? Did you understand the question?
“A. No. . . .
“Q. The police told you they believed there was some kind of flammable liquid on your shoe[s]?
“A. They don’t tell me nothing. . . .
“Q. Did they tell you why they wanted to seize your shoes?
“A. Because I gave them the shirt, my pants and they said the dog — they told me the dog pointed [to these] shoes, we have to take it. I said no problem, take it.
“Q. So when they testified that in fact they informed you that they believed there was gasoline on the shoes, they were wrong or lying, correct,?
“A. They told me they want to take shoes. I say okay.” (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Singh, supra, 259 Conn. 704-705.

 The following closing argument by the prosecutor occurred in Singh: “What does [the defendant] tell you? He insists on telling you that he’s telling the truth. At the most damaging point in his testimony, he remembers all these details about that night but he [forgets] exactly what he said when the dog alerts [to] his shoe. And why does he have to tell you that? He has to tell you that he doesn’t remember it because otherwise he has to directly call [a police officer and a fire investigator] liars when they tell you . . . what [the defendant] does [when] the dog alerts on the shoes in his presence, they told him what the dog — what that means and [the defendant] says T wore these back to the scene.’
“So everyone else lies. . . . [T\hey all must be lying because you’re supposed to believe this defendant, this defendant who is the only person who continually tells you and almost always at key moments in the testimony when there is some question that is .. . hard to answer . . . without looking like [he is] guilty, that is when he said ‘I’m telling the truth’ ....
“Again, remember that if you buy the argument that [the eyewitness] couldn’t have done it, couldn’t have seen what he says he saw, then you *110have to conclude that [the eyewitness] lied.” (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Singh, supra, 259 Conn. 705-706.

 In Thompson, our Supreme Court concluded that it was improper for the prosecutor, during his rebuttal closing argument, to state that “[f]or you [the jury] to believe that the defendant is innocent, you must believe that [two state witnesses] are both lying. You must believe that when they got up on the [witness] stand and took the oath they committed perjury.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Thompson, supra, 266 Conn. 470.

 During closing argument, the prosecutor stated: “Why, ladies and gentlemen, would the officer fabricate testimony, fabricate information that’s presented to the state’s attorney’s office and to a judge? There’s no reason because the officer is telling the truth based on his investigation.
“Why would [the victim] make up this whole story and subject herself to peijury for the charge of issuing a false statement? She’s not. She is here in court, she is telling an honest story with respect to what happened on those occasions.
“Why would [the victim’s brother] fabricate a story and submit himself to [charges of] issuing a false statement of perjury. Because what he told you is true. He is living with his sister, [the defendant] showed up on August 20, 2002, attempted to enter the dwelling and left before the police were there and [the victim’s brother] called the police.

“'These witnesses are all sworn in. 'They all understand the obligation of an oath.

“The other witness we heard from is [the defendant], [The defendant] is the one charged with these crimes. [The defendant] is the one who denied ever going on the property. Ladies and gentlemen, if you believe the testimony that he never went there, then your deliberations should then deliver a verdict of not guilty.
“But consider. Why would these other witnesses fabricate their testimony when they have nothing to gain or lose depending on the outcome of this trial? They are merely here to tell, the truth.
“So, ladies and gentlemen, when you really add up all the testimony, the state feels it’s fairly clear beyond a reasonable doubt what happened here. What happened here is that [the defendant] should be found guilty for his actions on July 22, 2002, and August 20, 2002.
“During your deliberation process, I’m going to ask you to carefully consider each of the witnesses’ testimony from this chair and think about the things we talked about. If you feel that [the defendant] was the one telling the truth, 1 hen it’s a not guilty [verdict], but I think clear and careful consideration of the evidence will show you that the four other witnesses, who have no interest in the outcome of the case, are the ones telling the truth and [that the defendant] has fabricated testimony for you to find him not guilty.
“The other thing to consider, the only person other than myself, [defense counsel], the clerk, the court reporter and the judge, who sat through the eni ire trial, in addition to the jurors, was [the defendant]. The other witnesses were kept out of the courtroom, and they were called in individually. So, they didn’t hear' each other’s testimony. [The defendant] heard the whole trial, the whole state’s case. So, he had a perfect opportunity to fill in the *112blanks, to get up there and deny everything they said as all lies. He heard all the testimony; the other witnesses didn’t. The other witnesses came in independently and testified to you, ladies and gentlemen, truthfully." (Emphasis added.)
During rebuttal argument, the prosecutor continued in this vein of argument: “If you believe it’s not a violation, you’d have to totally discount all of [the victim’s] testimony, and why would you do that? She is telling the truth as she recollects it. She told the officer on the very day [the defendant] came over twice, clearly in violation of the order.
“She was there August 20, she was in the yard, she was not in the residence. When [the victim’s brother] testified she was out, she was out of the house, she wasn’t out of the area. Again, if she was out of the area, she couldn’t have talked to the police officer who arrived shortly after the call came in.
“[The victim] is not lying. [The victim’s brother] is not lying. [Thepolice officer] is not lying. There is only one person that’s lying, and that’s the person who has the interest in the outcome of the case." (Emphasis added.)

 The state expressly admitted in its brief that “[h]ere [referring to the prosecutor’s initial and rebuttal closing argument], without question, the trial prosecutor, during closing argument, expressed his personal opinion on the credibility of the witnesses.”

 I note that in light of our Supreme Court’s recent decision in State v. Warholic, 278 Conn. 354, 897 A.2d 569 (2006), it is a closer question whether the state’s expressions of personal opinion made during closing argument, although conceded, constitute misconduct.

 I also note, without expressly finding, that the prosecutorial improprieties in this case appear to implicate rule 3.4 (5) of the Rules of Professional Conduct, which prohibits a lawyer from stating “a personal opinion as to . . . ihe credibility of a witness . . . .”

 During direct examination, defense counsel engaged in the following exchange with the defendant:
“Q. You are telling the jury and the court that [the victim] is lying?
“A. Yes, I am.
“Q. Why would she lie?
“A. I have no idea. I had her arrested. I don’t know.”
Defense counsel also argued to the jury: “So, who is lying? I submit that it is [the victim] who is lying. Why? I can’t tell you why; I can only speculate.
* ** *
“Again, I want you to take everything into account; was [the victim] lying? I submit that she was.
* *
“Again, I can’t tell you why [the victim is] lying, but she is. Therefore, I ask you not to find her testimony credible and to find [the defendant] not guilty.”

 In its initial charge to the jury, the court provided the following instructions: “Your function, the function of the jury, is to determine the facts. You are the sole and exclusive judges of the facts, you alone determine the weight, the effect, the value of the evidence, as well as the credibility and believability of the witnesses. You must consider and weigh the testimony of all the witnesses who appear before you. You alone are to determine whether to believe any witness to the extent to which any witness should be believed. It is your responsibility to resolve any conflicts in testimony which may arise during the course of the trial and to determine where the truth lies.”
During its final instructions, the court further explained: “You alone are responsible for determining the facts. It is your exclusive province to deal with the evidence and determine what the facts are and to reach the final conclusion as to whether the accused is guilty or not guilty. By applying the law as I give it to you to the facts as you find them to be, you will arrive at your verdict. You are the sole judges of the facts. It is your duty to find the facts. You are to recollect and weigh the evidence and form your own conclusions as to what the ultimate facts are. You may not go outside the evidence introduced in court to find the facts. . . . Also, your verdict must be based absolutely and solely upon the evidence given to you in the trial of the case. . . .
“You should keep in mind that the arguments, the statements by the attorneys in final argument or during the course of the case, are not evidence. You should not consider as evidence their recollection of the facts, nor their personal beliefs as to any facts or as to the credibility of any witnesses. Nor any facts which any attorney may have presented to you in argument which that attorney’s knowledge was not present — was not presented to you as evidence during the course of the trial. Furthermore, I emphasize to you that if there is any difference between what any attorney recalls as the evidence and what you recall as the evidence, it is your recollection that controls. Follow your recollection, not anyone else’s.”