Court Opinion

ID: 72973
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 07:51:04+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:58:58.677695
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United States Court of Appeals,

                                          Eleventh Circuit.

                                      Nos. 95-8244, 97-8636.

                              Wilburn DOBBS, Petitioner-Appellant,

                                                  v.

 Tony TURPIN, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison, Respondent-Appellee.

                               Wilburn Dobbs, Petitioner-Appellee,

                                                  v.

  Tony Turpin, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison, Respondent-Appellant.

                                            June 9, 1998.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (No. 4:80-CV-
247), Harold L. Murphy, Judge.

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT and BIRCH, Circuit Judges.

       HATCHETT, Chief Judge:

       In this capital case, we (1) affirm the district court's finding that Wilburn Dobbs received

ineffective assistance of counsel during the sentencing phase of his trial, (2) grant the petition for

writ of habeas corpus and (3) remand the case for resentencing.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       On May 22, 1974, a jury in the Superior Court of Walker County, Georgia, convicted Dobbs

on two counts of aggravated assault, two counts of armed robbery and one count of murder. The

convictions arose out of an armed robbery at a convenience store in Chickagmauga, Georgia, on

December 14, 1973, and Dobbs's murder of the store's owner, Roy Sizemore. The state trial court

held Dobbs's sentencing hearing several hours after the jury rendered its guilty verdicts. During the

hearing, Dobbs's lawyer, J. Donald Bennett, failed to present any mitigating evidence on Dobbs's
behalf, and during his closing argument read extensively from Justice Brennan's concurrence in

Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 286-90, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 2750-53, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972)

(Brennan, J., concurring). The state court sentenced Dobbs to death on the murder conviction. The

Georgia Supreme Court affirmed Dobbs's convictions and the death sentence. See Dobbs v. State,

236 Ga. 427, 224 S.E.2d 3, 4-5 (1976), cert. denied, 430 U.S. 975, 97 S.Ct. 1667, 52 L.Ed.2d 370

(1977).1

       In December 1980, Dobbs filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. The district court

granted relief from the death sentence, ruling that the state superior court's instructions regarding

the function of mitigating circumstances were constitutionally deficient. The district court, however,

denied relief for alleged constitutional errors in the guilt phase of the trial, including Dobbs's

ineffective assistance of counsel issue. The district court also reserved ruling on six unrelated

sentencing phase issues.

   1
    The Georgia Supreme Court's opinion on direct review contains a detailed recitation of the
evidence presented at Dobbs's trial. See Dobbs v. State, 236 Ga. 427, 224 S.E.2d 3 (1976), cert.
denied, 430 U.S. 975, 97 S.Ct. 1667, 52 L.Ed.2d 370 (1977). After his conviction, Dobbs filed
numerous petitions in the Georgia state court system and the United States Supreme Court
throughout the late 1970s, and the courts denied all of the petitions. In 1977, Dobbs petitioned
the superior court for a writ of habeas corpus, and the superior court denied relief. See Dobbs v.
Hooper, No. 77-185 (Tattnall Super. Ct., Oct. 9, 1979). Dobbs then filed an application for
probable cause to appeal the superior court ruling, and the Georgia Supreme Court denied the
application. The United States Supreme Court denied Dobbs's petition for writ of certiorari. See
Dobbs v. Hopper, 447 U.S. 930, 100 S.Ct. 3029, 65 L.Ed.2d 1125 (1980). While Dobbs's state
habeas corpus petition was pending, he filed an extraordinary motion for new trial, which the
superior court denied. See Georgia v. Dobbs, No. 8403 (Walker Super. Ct., Aug. 13, 1979).
The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed this decision, and the United States Supreme Court denied
certiorari. See Dobbs v. State, 245 Ga. 208, 264 S.E.2d 18(Ga.), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 913, 100
S.Ct. 1845, 64 L.Ed.2d 267 (1980).

                                                  2
       Because of an unavailability of the sentencing transcript, the district court relied on Bennett's

testimony regarding the ineffective assistance of counsel issue and the content of his closing

argument. Bennett testified at Dobbs's federal habeas corpus proceeding in 1982 that (1) he assumed

that he argued that the slaying was impulsive; and (2) he assumed that he argued that "it was not

within the jury's province to impose the death penalty." Based on this testimony, the district court

found that Bennett had rendered effective assistance. See Dobbs v. Zant, No. C80-247 (N.D.Ga. Jan.

13, 1984).

       On appeal, this court reversed the district court's grant of relief and remanded the case to the

district court for consideration of the six additional sentencing phase claims. This court also relied

on Bennett's testimony concerning his closing argument. See Dobbs v. Kemp, 790 F.2d 1499, 1514

n. 15 (11th Cir.1986), reh'g denied with modifications, 809 F.2d 750 (11th Cir.1987), cert. denied,

481 U.S. 1059, 107 S.Ct. 2203, 95 L.Ed.2d 858 (1987). On remand, the district court denied relief

on the reserved issues. See Dobbs v. Zant, 720 F.Supp. 1566 (N.D.Ga.1989).

       In October 1989, during a search of the superior court reporter's storage buildings, Dobbs's

appellate lawyers discovered stenographic notes of the closing arguments from Dobbs's sentencing

hearing. Dobbs then filed a(1) motion to expand the record, (2) motion for leave to amend his

petition and (3) motion to reopen and reconsider pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59

and 60. The district court denied these motions, but ordered the discovered notes transcribed and

made part of the record. See Dobbs v. Zant, No. 4:80-247-HLM at 23-26 (N.D.Ga. Mar. 6, 1990).

Upon review of the district court's denial of Dobbs's relief, this court held that the law of the case

doctrine precluded revisiting Dobbs's ineffective assistance of counsel claim and affirmed the district

court's denial of Dobbs's petition for a writ of habeas corpus. See Dobbs v. Zant, 963 F.2d 1403,

                                                  3
1409, 1412 (11th Cir.1991).         Finding that this court erred in refusing to consider the

newly-discovered sentencing transcript, the Supreme Court reversed. See Dobbs v. Zant, 506 U.S.

357, 359, 113 S.Ct. 835, 836, 122 L.Ed.2d 103 (1993).

       On remand, the district court held that the new evidence found in the transcript did not

warrant a reconsideration of its prior factual findings regarding Dobbs's ineffective assistance claim.

See Dobbs v. Zant, No. 4:80-CV-247-HLM (N.D.Ga. July 29, 1994). This court again reversed and

remanded, directing the district court "to conduct de novo hearings on all issues regarding

ineffective assistance of counsel in the sentencing phase of this case." Dobbs v. Thomas, 74 F.3d

239 (11th Cir.1996). This court further instructed the district court to "make written findings of fact

and conclusions of law" at the conclusion of the hearings. Dobbs, 74 F.3d at 239.

       On remand, the district court conducted evidentiary hearings on the issue of whether Bennett

rendered ineffective assistance at sentencing, and found that: (1) Bennett's failure to investigate

Dobbs's background, including the circumstances of his childhood, was not reasonable and was

"outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance" that the Sixth Amendment demands;

(2) Bennett did not make an informed or reasonable tactical decision to exclude mitigating evidence

of Dobbs's background and upbringing; (3) Bennett's sentencing argument likely minimized the

jury's sense of responsibility for determining the appropriateness of death, because he argued that

the Supreme Court would find Georgia's death penalty statute unconstitutional, and because it led

the jurors to believe that a death sentence would not result in Dobbs's execution; (4) Bennett's

sentencing argument was inadequate because he failed to address the particularized nature of

Dobbs's crime and the particularized nature of Dobbs's background; (5) Bennett's sentencing

argument was nothing more than a lecture, excerpted from Justice Brennan's concurring opinion in

                                                  4
Furman v. Georgia; (6) Bennett never asked the jury to have mercy on Dobbs, to spare Dobbs's life,

or to sentence Dobbs to life imprisonment; and (7) Bennett's failure to investigate and present

mitigating evidence prejudiced Dobbs. The district court concluded that Dobbs was denied effective

assistance of counsel, that Dobbs's writ of habeas corpus as to his death sentence should be granted

and that Dobbs should be granted a new sentencing hearing. See Dobbs v. Thomas, No. 4:80-cv-

HLM (N.D.Ga. May 19, 1997).2

                                             II. ISSUE

       The sole issue we discuss is whether Dobbs received effective assistance of counsel.3

                                        III. DISCUSSION

        An ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact, subject to de

novo review. See Waldrop v. Jones, 77 F.3d 1308, 1312 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117

S.Ct. 247, 136 L.Ed.2d 175 (1996). The purpose of a sentencing hearing is to provide the jury with

the information necessary for it to render an "individualized sentencing determination ... [based

upon] the character and record of the individualized offender and the circumstances of the particular

offense." Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 316, 109 S.Ct. 2934, 2945, 106 L.Ed.2d 256 (1989)

   2
   The state of Georgia filed an appeal from this order (No. 97-8636). We consolidated the
appeals.
   3
     Warden Tony Turpin raises the following additional issues: (1) that the district court erred in
expanding the record to include evidence not related to the sentencing transcript; (2) that Dobbs
has failed to establish any cause or prejudice or any basis to excuse his failure to present to the
state habeas corpus court or to the magistrate judge the sentencing transcript evidence; and (3)
that the district court made clearly erroneous factual findings, i.e., ignoring Bennett's testimony
at a previous hearing and instead relying on the sentencing transcript, finding that it was possible
that Dobbs did not cooperate with Bennett because he perceived Bennett to be racially biased
and finding that Dobbs's mother's testimony was more credible than Bennett's. We find no merit
in any of these issues and affirm the district court's findings without discussion. See 11th Cir. R.
36-1.

                                                 5
(citing Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 304, 96 S.Ct. 2978, 2991, 49 L.Ed.2d 944 (1976));

see also Armstrong v. Dugger, 833 F.2d 1430, 1433 (11th Cir.1987) ("The major requirement of the

penalty phase of a trial is that the sentence be individualized by focusing on the particularized

characteristics of the individual.").

        The Supreme Court enunciated a two-prong test for analyzing an ineffective assistance of

counsel claim in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

According to Strickland,

        First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This requires
        showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
        "counsel" guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the
        deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires a showing that counsel's errors
        were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. We review the district court's findings under each

of the Strickland prongs.

A. Performance

                                        1. Failure to investigate

        The district court found that Bennett's performance was deficient in that he failed to conduct

a reasonable investigation into Dobbs's background for purposes of discovering and presenting

mitigating evidence. A sentencing jury should "not be precluded from considering as a mitigating

factor, any aspect of a defendant's character or record and any of the circumstances of the offense

that the defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death." Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586,

604, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 2964-65, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978).

        Bennett testified at the state habeas corpus proceeding that Dobbs gave him the impression

that he "did not want to put up any evidence in mitigation." Bennett could only recall a few people

                                                   6
he may have talked to concerning Dobbs's sentencing, despite his familiarity with people from

Dobbs's hometown. The district court also found that Bennett did not discuss any aspect of the

sentencing phase with Dobbs's mother, including the circumstances of Dobbs's upbringing, his

family background and whether she knew the names of any witnesses who might present mitigating

evidence on Dobbs's behalf. At the sentencing hearing, the state introduced evidence of Dobbs's

prior convictions for shoplifting, forgery and escape. Bennett, however, presented no mitigating

evidence on Dobbs's behalf.

        Under Strickland, Dobbs must show that Bennett's "acts or omissions" were not "the result

of reasonable professional judgment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. Dobbs

contends that Bennett's failure to conduct an investigation of his background and resulting failure

to present mitigating evidence at the sentencing hearing did not constitute reasonable professional

judgment. This circuit has held that, in preparing for a death penalty case, "a[n] attorney has a duty

to conduct a reasonable investigation, including an investigation of the defendant's background, for

possible mitigating evidence." Porter v. Singletary, 14 F.3d 554, 557 (11th Cir.) (citing Thompson

v. Wainwright, 787 F.2d 1447, 1450 (11th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1042, 107 S.Ct. 1986,

95 L.Ed.2d 825 (1987)), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1009, 115 S.Ct. 532, 130 L.Ed.2d 435 (1994). "The

failure to do so may render counsel's assistance ineffective." Baxter v. Thomas, 45 F.3d 1501, 1513

(11th Cir.) (quotations and citations omitted), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 946, 116 S.Ct. 385, 133 L.Ed.2d

307 (1995).

        This circuit also recognizes that "under some circumstances an attorney may make a

strategic choice not to conduct a particular investigation." Armstrong, 833 F.2d at 1432-33 (citations

omitted). "In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly

                                                  7
assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to

counsel's judgments." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. A lawyer's failure to pursue

a particular investigation may be reasonable "when a defendant has given counsel reason to believe

that pursuing certain investigations would be fruitless or even harmful...." Strickland, 466 U.S. at

691, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. In this circuit, "counsel's decision not to further investigate and develop

mitigating evidence must be reasonable and fall within the range of professionally competent

assistance." Jackson v. Herring, 42 F.3d 1350, 1366 (11th Cir.), cert. dismissed, 515 U.S. 1189, 116

S.Ct. 38, 132 L.Ed.2d 919 (1995).

       After reviewing the record, the district court found that had Bennett investigated, he could

have discovered mitigating evidence in Dobbs's background. We hold that the district court's factual

findings were not clearly erroneous. Porter, 14 F.3d at 558. Bennett testified that he was familiar

with many of the people in Dobbs's community, yet he did not interview any potential witnesses.

The district court found that witnesses could have testified regarding Dobbs's unfortunate childhood,

including testimony that his mother would often not allow him to stay in the same house with her,

and when she allowed him to stay with her, she ran a brothel where she exposed him to sexual

promiscuity, alcohol and violence.

       Bennett advanced four justifications for failing to investigate Dobbs's background and failing

to present mitigating evidence at sentencing: (1) he was concerned that if he introduced testimony

showing that Dobbs "was a pretty good child," that the prosecutor on cross examination would

impeach him with his criminal record as an adult; (2) he believed that the spectators at trial, whom

Dobbs identified as potential witnesses, expressed a desire not to testify; (3) he did not believe that

mitigating evidence, which could have shown that Dobbs "was a good child," was admissible; and

                                                  8
(4) he believed that mitigating evidence could only be admitted to mitigate the crime, and could not

include evidence concerning Dobbs's background to mitigate the sentence.

       Bennett's justifications are unavailing. This court has held that "[t]o fail to do any

investigation because of the mistaken notion that mitigating evidence is inappropriate is indisputably

below reasonable professional norms." Horton v. Zant, 941 F.2d 1449, 1462 (11th Cir.1991), cert.

denied, 503 U.S. 952, 112 S.Ct. 1516, 117 L.Ed.2d 652 (1992). In addition, this court has found that

"strategic" decisions based on a misunderstanding of the law are entitled to less deference. See

Horton, 941 F.2d at 1461 n. 30. Bennett's belief that mitigating evidence of Dobbs's childhood was

inadmissible and that mitigating evidence could only be admitted to mitigate the crime, as opposed

to the sentence, is unreasonable.

       As for Bennett's other contention that introducing mitigating evidence would "open the door"

to impeachment on cross examination, this court has permitted lawyers to make strategic decisions

limiting certain types of mitigating evidence. See, e.g., Smith v. Dugger, 840 F.2d 787, 795 (11th

Cir.1988) (finding that lawyer who, after an exhaustive background search, decided not to present

mitigating evidence at a sentencing hearing based on a strategic decision was not ineffective), cert.

denied, 494 U.S. 1047, 110 S.Ct. 1511, 108 L.Ed.2d 647 (1990). These strategic decisions,

however, "must flow from an informed decision." Harris v. Dugger, 874 F.2d 756, 763 (11th Cir.),

cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1011, 110 S.Ct. 573, 107 L.Ed.2d 568 (1989). This circuit "rejects the notion

that a "strategic' decision can be reasonable when the attorney has failed to investigate his options

and make a reasonable choice between them." Baxter, 45 F.3d at 1514 (citing Horton, 941 F.2d at

1462). With respect to Bennett's claim that Dobbs stated that he "did not want to put up any

evidence in mitigation," this court has held that lawyers may not "blindly follow" such commands.

                                                  9
Although the decision whether to use mitigating evidence is for the client, this court has stated, "the

lawyer first must evaluate potential avenues and advise the client of those offering possible merit."

Thompson, 787 F.2d at 1451. Therefore, Dobbs has shown that Bennett's failure to conduct a

reasonable background investigation, and his failure to present mitigating evidence at sentencing,

satisfies Strickland 's performance prong because his representation fell below professionally

competent standards.

                                        2. Closing Argument

        The district court also found Bennett's closing argument to be deficient for several reasons:

(1) he told the jury that the Supreme Court had struck down Georgia's previous death penalty statute

and would likely do the same with the present version; (2) he told the jury that he believed no

executions would occur; (3) he minimized the jury's sense of responsibility; (4) he did not describe

the particularized nature of Dobbs's crime, including whether the crime was "impulsive"; (5) he

failed to ask the jury to have mercy on Dobbs; and (6) he read verbatim from Justice Brennan's

concurring opinion in Furman v. Georgia as his closing argument.

       This court has found that a sentencing argument can be harmful when the argument "would

have been likely misunderstood by the jurors as meaning that their judgment call on the

appropriateness of a death sentence did not really matter." Mann v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1446, 1457

(11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1071, 109 S.Ct. 1353, 103 L.Ed.2d 821 (1989). Bennett

argued at sentencing that "there ha[d] been more or less a moratorium as far as death sentences are

concerned," that Georgia had not executed anyone in more than seven years and that he believed that

the Supreme Court would attack Georgia's then recently-enacted death penalty statute. We agree

                                                  10
with the district court that Bennett's comments likely minimized the jury's responsibility for

determining the appropriateness of the death penalty.

       Bennett's closing argument also failed to focus the sentencing jury's attention on "the

character and record of the individualized offender and the circumstances of the particular

offense...." Penry, 492 U.S. at 316, 109 S.Ct. at 2945-46 (citing Woodson, 428 U.S. at 304, 96 S.Ct.

at 2991); see also Armstrong, 833 F.2d at 1433 ("[Petitioner's] trial counsel failed to provide the

jury with the information needed to properly focus on the particularized characteristics of this

petitioner."). Bennett could have argued, for instance, that Dobbs's shooting of Roy Sizemore was

impulsive, as opposed to deliberate. The failure to focus the jury's attention on these types of

particularized circumstances demonstrates deficient performance. See, e.g., Magill v. Dugger, 824

F.2d 879, 889 (11th Cir.1987) ("Counsel's ... closing arguments did nothing to raise a reasonable

doubt in the jurors' minds that the killing was impulsive.... Lingering doubts as to whether the

murder was premeditated can be an important factor when the jurors consider whether to recommend

the death penalty."). Also, Bennett never asked the jury to have mercy on Dobbs, to spare Dobbs's

life or to sentence Dobbs to life imprisonment. Instead, he merely asked the jury to impose a

sentence with which they could live. This failure also demonstrates deficient performance. See,

e.g., Horton, 941 F.2d at 1462 (holding that a sentencing argument that included "[m]aybe [the

defendant] ought to die, but I don't know" to be inadequate).

       Another problem with Bennett's closing argument was his reading verbatim from a portion

of Justice Brennan's concurring opinion in Furman v. Georgia. This type of "argument" did not

focus the jury's attention on Dobbs's character and record or the circumstances underlying the crime.

Further, Bennett offered no strategic or tactical reasons for this decision. While we find that

                                                 11
Bennett's failure to conduct a reasonable investigation into Dobbs's background for mitigating

evidence to be unreasonable, we also find that Bennett's failure to investigate, combined with his

deficient closing argument, shows that Dobbs has satisfied the "performance" prong enunciated in

Strickland. See Tyler v. Kemp, 755 F.2d 741, 745-46 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1026, 106

S.Ct. 582, 88 L.Ed.2d 564 (1985); King v. Strickland, 714 F.2d 1481, 1491 (11th Cir.1983), vacated

on other grounds, 467 U.S. 1211, 104 S.Ct. 2651, 81 L.Ed.2d 358 (1984), adhered to on remand,

748 F.2d 1462 (11th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1016, 105 S.Ct. 2020, 85 L.Ed.2d 301 (1985).

B. Prejudice

        We turn next to a discussion of whether Dobbs has satisfied Strickland 's "prejudice" prong,

which requires a showing that Bennett's deficient performance deprived him of "a trial whose result

[was] reliable." Horton, 941 F.2d at 1463 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064).

In assessing the "prejudice" prong, this court must determine whether

       a reasonable probability [exists] that but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the
       proceeding would have been different.... A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
       to undermine confidence in the outcome ... [but] a defendant need not show that counsel's
       deficient conduct more likely than not altered the outcome in the case.

Jackson, 42 F.3d at 1361 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068) (internal citations

omitted).

       This court has found capital defendants to have been prejudiced in past cases where their

lawyer's failure to investigate resulted in omissions of mitigating evidence. See, e.g., Jackson, 42

F.3d at 1368-69 (concluding that prejudice arose where defendant's lawyer failed to discover and

introduce mitigating evidence showing that the defendant suffered a "brutal and abusive

childhood"); Harris, 874 F.2d at 763 (finding that defendant suffered prejudice when his lawyer's

failure to investigate led to the omission of potentially mitigating evidence concerning his family,

                                                  12
scholastic, military and employment background); Blake v. Kemp, 758 F.2d 523, 533-34 (11th Cir.)

(holding that defendant demonstrated a reasonable probability that he would have received a lower

sentence but for his lawyer's failure to search out mitigating character evidence), cert. denied, 474

U.S. 998, 106 S.Ct. 374, 88 L.Ed.2d 367 (1985). The record supports the district court's factual

finding that Bennett could have elicited and presented mitigating evidence showing that Dobbs

experienced an "unfortunate" upbringing had he conducted a reasonable investigation into Dobbs's

background.

         Our analysis of the prejudice prong, however, must also take into account the aggravating

circumstances associated with Dobbs's case, to determine whether "without the errors, there is a

reasonable probability that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances would have

been different." See Bolender v. Singletary, 16 F.3d 1547, 1556-57 (11th Cir.) (citing Strickland,

466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1022, 115 S.Ct. 589, 130 L.Ed.2d 502

(1994). The government's evidence presented the following aggravating circumstances: (1) Dobbs

had been previously convicted of three nonviolent crimes; (2) Dobbs murdered Sizemore during

the commission of an armed robbery; (3) Dobbs struck Sizemore in the head with his gun, and shot

him after Sizemore told Dobbs to take whatever he wanted from the store and asked that he not harm

him; (4) Dobbs shot at a milk delivery man after the man entered the store; and (5) Dobbs struck

a 62-year-old female patron on the head with his gun, and took her purse before exiting Sizemore's

store.

         We find that a reasonable probability exists that Dobbs's sentence would have been different

had the jury balanced the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. We note that "[m]any death

penalty cases involve murders that are carefully planned, or accompanied by torture, rape or

                                                 13
kidnapping." Jackson, 42 F.3d at 1369. In these types of cases, this court has found that the

aggravating circumstances of the crime outweigh any prejudice caused when a lawyer fails to

present mitigating evidence. See, e.g., Francis v. Dugger, 908 F.2d 696, 703-04 (11th Cir.1990)

(finding that "evidence of a deprived and abusive childhood [was] entitled to little, if any, mitigating

weight," in a case concerning a deliberately planned torture murder); Thompson, 787 F.2d at 1453

(holding that "evidence of a difficult youth, an unsavory codefendant, and limited mental capacity

would [not] have altered this jury's decision," in a case involving a rape and brutal torture murder).

The aggravating circumstances surrounding Dobbs's case, while deplorable, do not rise to such a

level as to overshadow the significant mitigating evidence that Dobbs's jury had no occasion to

consider.

       The district court concluded that Bennett's failure to investigate and present mitigating

evidence at sentencing prejudiced Dobbs, finding that "a reasonable probability exist[ed] that a jury

hearing this evidence would have sentenced [Dobbs] to life imprisonment, even after considering

the aggravating circumstances presented by this case." We agree, and conclude that Dobbs has

satisfied Strickland 's "prejudice" prong.

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we find that Dobbs has satisfied the test for ineffective assistance

of counsel as enunciated in Strickland. We affirm the district court granting of Dobbs's petition for

writ of habeas corpus, and remand this case for resentencing within a reasonable time.

                                             AFFIRMED.

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