Court Opinion

ID: 4736577
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-12 14:10:30.102621+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:08:17.936905
License: Public Domain

RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3579-19

L.B.I.,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.

W.F.A.-Y.,1

     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________

                   Argued July 27, 2021 – Decided August 12, 2021

                   Before Judges Rothstadt and Enright.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                   Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
                   Docket No. FV-09-0532-18.

                   Jeremy S. Price argued the cause for appellant (Law
                   Offices of Jef Henninger, attorneys; Jef Henninger, on
                   the briefs).

                   Armando R. Horta argued the cause for respondent.

PER CURIAM

1
     Improperly pled as "W.F.A.Y."
        Defendant W.F.A.-Y. appeals from the Family Part's February 27, 2020

order,2 granting his former girlfriend, plaintiff L.B.I. a final restraining order

(FRO) under the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-

17 to -35.3 We affirm.

        We incorporate by reference the facts set forth in our prior unpublished

opinion in this matter, L.B.I. v. W.F.A.-Y, A-3211-17 (App. Div. Dec. 12,

2019), but also highlight certain testimony and findings from the initial and

remand hearings to provide context to the instant appeal.

        Plaintiff and defendant were in a dating relationship from November 2015

to August 2017. They lived together from March to August 2017 in plaintiff's

apartment. According to plaintiff, she terminated the relationship on August 20,

2017. On August 27, 2017, plaintiff filed a domestic violence complaint and

obtained a temporary restraining order (TRO) against defendant, alleging

defendant committed the predicate act of harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4,4 by

2
   The challenged order was amended on March 13, 2020 to include a
compensatory damages award to plaintiff in the sum of $4800.
3
  We use initials to protect the identity of victims of domestic violence and to
preserve the confidentiality of these proceedings. R. 1:38-3(d)(9)-(10).
4
    N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4 provides, in part, that

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                                         2
calling her over two hundred times, making her feel unsafe in her apartment.

Plaintiff also alleged past instances of domestic violence.

        On September 8, 2017, plaintiff amended her complaint to include two

other    predicate    offenses;   assault,       N.J.S.A.   2C:12-1,5   and   criminal

coercion, N.J.S.A. 2C:13-5.6 When she amended her complaint, plaintiff did not

              a person commits a petty disorderly persons offense if,
              with purpose to harass another, he [or she]:

                     ....

              (b) Subjects another to striking, kicking, shoving, or
              other offensive touching, or threatens to do so; or

              (c) Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or
              of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or
              seriously annoy such other person.

              [N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4.]
5
  "A person is guilty of assault if the person: (1) Attempts to cause or purposely,
knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another[.]" N.J.S.A. 2C:12-
1(a)(1). N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1(a) defines: "bodily injury" as "physical pain, illness
or any impairment of physical condition[.]"
6
    N.J.S.A. 2C:13-5 provides, in part:

              A person is guilty of criminal coercion if, with purpose
              unlawfully to restrict another’s freedom of action to
              engage or refrain from engaging in conduct, he [or she]
              threatens to:

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allege as a predicate act that defendant acted in "contempt of a [domestic

violence] order." Instead, she contended defendant committed the predicate acts

of assault and criminal coercion when he left plaintiff a "vulgar" voicemail on

her mother's cell phone, sent two letters to plaintiff and her mother in

violation of the TRO; broke into plaintiff's apartment and destroyed her

belongings; contacted plaintiff's employer in attempt to get her fired from her

job if she did not resume a relationship with defendant; threatened to distribute

            (1) Inflict bodily injury on anyone or commit any other
            offense, regardless of the immediacy of the threat;
            (2) Accuse anyone of an offense;
            (3) Expose any secret which would tend to subject any
            person to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or to impair his
            credit or business repute;
            (4) Take or withhold action as an official, or cause an
            official to take or withhold action;
            (5) Bring about or continue a strike, boycott or other
            collective action, except that such a threat shall not be
            deemed coercive when the restriction compelled is
            demanded in the course of negotiation for the benefit of
            the group in whose interest the actor acts;
            (6) Testify or provide information or withhold
            testimony or information with respect to another’s legal
            claim or defense; or
            (7) Perform any other act which would not in itself
            substantially benefit the actor but which is calculated to
            substantially harm another person with respect to his
            health, safety, business, calling, career, financial
            condition, reputation or personal relationships.

            [N.J.S.A. 2C:13-5 (Emphasis added).]
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explicit photographs and videos of plaintiff to her family and friends; and,

followed plaintiff to her apartment twice in the days following the breakup.

Plaintiff also amended her complaint to include two additional alleged past

instances of domestic violence.

      After a bench trial, during which the parties testified, the judge rendered

an oral decision, concluding an FRO should issue in each party's favor. Pertinent

to the instant appeal, the judge determined, in part,

            [defendant] did, before the incidents in the complaint,
            threaten to send out some sexual material related to
            [plaintiff], to her family and friends and that . . . he
            threatened before that to call her employer . . . to tell
            the employer about the video. And he admitted later
            that he did do that and told them about the video which
            he believed would have been in violation of her work
            rules and would lead her to be fired. Those are acts of
            harassment.

            And . . . also . . . he did leave the letter, P-1, on the car
            window after the service of the [TRO] and left the other
            letter, which refers to the prior episodes between them,
            when he removed his personal belongings. And both of
            those constitute violations of the restraining order.

      Accordingly, the judge found defendant committed the predicate act of

harassment and had violated the TRO, although plaintiff had not alleged a

violation of the TRO as a predicate act. The judge also determined defendant

was entitled to an FRO against plaintiff, noting defendant had testified to "a

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series of incidents in the months leading up to [the parties'] breakup where she

assaulted him."

       Defendant appealed from the FRO entered against him but plaintiff did

not appeal from the FRO entered against her. We vacated the FRO against

defendant and remanded the matter, based on the trial court's failure to make the

requisite factual findings for the entry of an FRO, consistent with Rule 1:7-4

and Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112 (2006).

      At the remand hearing, newly retained counsel for the parties elected not

to provide additional argument to the court. The same judge who presided over

the initial final hearing conducted the remand hearing. The judge prefaced his

remarks by noting that only defendant had challenged the FRO entered against

him, so the judge confined his findings accordingly. The trial court then referred

to its factual findings from the initial hearing and explained:

            The harassment finding was based on a finding that
            [defendant] had threatened to send sexual material to
            people that [plaintiff] knew and to call her employer
            about an issue that he believed to have been a violation
            of her work rules, and he admitted making that call.
            Those findings are still intact.

            I find that [defendant] did threaten to send sexual
            material to other people. That he did, in fact, call her
            employer for the purpose of trying to affect her
            employment. That constitutes a course of conduct
            designed to annoy or alarm under N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c)

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            and constituted harassment because it was for the
            purpose of harassing her and annoying or alarming her.
            It also constituted criminal coercion under N.J.S.A.
            2C:13-5 because it was designed to unlawfully restrict
            [plaintiff's] freedom to engage or [refrain] from
            engaging in conduct, namely the resumption of her
            relationship with [defendant], and that he performed an
            act which in and of itself substantially benefit[s] the
            actor, but which is calculated to substantially harm
            another person. The actor being [defendant] and the
            other person being [plaintiff], with respect to his health,
            safety, business, calling, career, financial condition,
            reputation or personal relationships. His purpose in
            making that phone call to the employer was to restrict
            her ability to end her relationship with him and served
            no substantial benefit to him. It therefore constituted
            criminal coercion. 7

            The assault issue, although the assault box is checked
            off, the only assault [plaintiff] testified to were two
            remote acts that would constitute prior acts of domestic
            violence in 2016 where, on two separate occasions, she
            was injured by [defendant] and required medical
            attention.

            Based on that, based on the prior history of assault,
            based on the nature of the harassment and criminal
            coercion, I find that [plaintiff] did prove harassment
            and criminal coercion. She did not prove assault as a
            predicate act, although she did prove it as prior acts of
            domestic violence. That history and the conduct she
            alleged and testified to and proved in terms of the

7
   A fair reading of the transcript suggests that the remand judge initially
misquoted from the criminal coercion statute, but corrected himself to confirm
his finding that the phone call defendant admittedly made to plaintiff's employer
was "calculated to substantially harm" plaintiff and restrict her ability to end her
relationship with defendant, without serving a "substantial benefit to" defendant.
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                                         7
             threats justify the final restraining order. There is a
             need to protect her against further domestic violence by
             [defendant]. Although the Appellate Division held that
             the violations that I found had not been alleged as
             predicate acts, they do go to the issue of a need for a
             restraining order and the fact that [defendant] violated
             the restraining order after it was issued, also supports
             the conclusion that a final restraining order is
             necessary. So, the final restraining order will be put
             back into place.

             [Emphasis added.]

      On appeal, defendant argues "[t]he trial court erred in finding that the

appellant committed the predicate acts of harassment and criminal coercion." In

his reply brief, he adds the contention that "[t]he trial court erred in finding that

a[n FRO] was necessary" by improperly considering the two prongs set forth in

Silver. We are not persuaded.

      Preliminarily, we note that we need not address arguments raised for the

first time in a reply brief. See Gormley v. Wood-El, 218 N.J. 72, 95 n.8 (2014);

Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP v. N.J. Dep't. of Law & Pub. Safety, 421 N.J. Super.

489, 496 n.5 (App. Div. 2011) (claims not addressed in merits brief deemed

abandoned and could not properly be raised in a reply brief); see also Pressler

and Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 5 on R. 2:6-2 (2021) ("It is, of

course, clear that an issue not briefed is deemed waived."). However, we do so

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here because defendant's belated argument touches on the very reason we

remanded this matter in 2019.

      Our scope of review of Family Part orders is limited. Cesare v. Cesare,

154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). We owe substantial deference to the Family Part's

findings of fact because of its special expertise in family matters.         Id. at

413 (citations omitted). Deference is especially appropriate in bench trials when

the evidence is "largely testimonial and involves questions of credibility." Id. at

412 (citations omitted). A trial judge who observes witnesses and listens to their

testimony is in the best position to "make first-hand credibility judgments about

the witnesses who appear on the stand." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v.

E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008). We will not disturb a trial court's factual findings

unless "they are so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the

competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests

of justice." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412 (quoting Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Invs.

Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). However, we do not accord such

deference to legal conclusions and review such conclusions de novo. Thieme v.

Aucoin-Thieme, 227 N.J. 269, 283 (2016).

      The purpose of the PDVA is to "assure the victims of domestic violence

the maximum protection from abuse the law can provide." G.M. v. C.V., 453

                                                                             A-3579-19
                                        9
N.J. Super. 1, 12 (App. Div. 2018) (quoting State v. Brown, 394 N.J. Super. 492,

504 (App. Div. 2007)); see also N.J.S.A. 2C:25-18. Consequently, "[o]ur law is

particularly solicitous of victims of domestic violence," J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J.

458, 473 (2011) (quoting State v. Hoffman, 149 N.J. 564, 584 (1997)), and

courts will "liberally construe[] [the PDVA] to achieve its salutary

purposes," Cesare, 154 N.J. at 400.

      To determine whether the entry of an FRO is appropriate, the court must

first "determine whether the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the

credible evidence, that one or more of the predicate acts set forth in N.J.S.A.

2C:25-19[(a)] has occurred." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. If the court finds

the defendant committed a predicate act of domestic violence, then the second

inquiry "is whether the court should enter a restraining order that provides

protection for the victim." Id. at 126.     While the second inquiry "is most

often perfunctory and self-evident, the guiding standard is whether a restraining

order is necessary, upon an evaluation of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-

29[(a)](1) to -29[(a)](6), to protect the victim from an immediate danger or to

prevent further abuse." Id. at 127; see also J.D., 207 N.J. at 475-76.

      Here, the remand judge found defendant not only threatened to send

sexual material involving plaintiff to other people, but defendant also called her

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                                       10
employer to affect her employment, thereby engaging in a course of conduct for

the purpose of harassing, annoying or alarming plaintiff. Additionally, the judge

found defendant threatened plaintiff that he would call her employer "to tell the

employer about the video. And he admitted later that he did do that and told

them about the video, which he believed would have been in violation of her

work rules."

      The judge's findings that defendant committed the predicate acts of

harassment and criminal coercion are amply supported by the record. Indeed,

defendant admitted during cross-examination that he "threaten[ed] to call

[plaintiff's] employer to get her in trouble" and did so because he "was angry at

her." Also, when asked by plaintiff's counsel if there was "anything [he] was

hoping to get by making that threat," defendant answered "Not really. It was

just something that I said in the moment." Defendant further admitted that he

contacted plaintiff's employer "[p]robably mid-September," i.e., well after the

TRO was entered.

      Regarding the second Silver prong, the judge observed that defendant not

only admitted to certain actions, but plaintiff also "did prove [assault] as prior

acts of domestic violence," and that defendant "violated the restraining order

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                                       11
after it was issued." Accordingly, the judge was satisfied there was a "need to

protect [plaintiff] against further domestic violence by [defendant]."

      Given our deferential standard of review, and having reviewed the record

in its totality, we find no basis to disturb the judge's factual and credibility

findings, nor do we find any reason to second-guess his legal conclusions.

See Cesare, 154 N.J. at 411-12.

      All other points raised by defendant lack sufficient merit to warrant

discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

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