Court Opinion

ID: 3149329
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-24 01:04:27.32128+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:38:33.052274
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                  October 22, 2015
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                                 9:00 a.m.

v                                                                 No. 318329
                                                                  Wayne Circuit Court
ALEXANDER JEREMY STEANHOUSE,                                      LC No. 11-011939-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: WILDER, P.J., and OWENS and M. J. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of assault with intent to commit
murder, MCL 750.83, and receiving and concealing stolen property under $20,000, MCL
750.535(3)(a). He was sentenced to 30 to 60 years’ imprisonment for his assault with intent to
commit murder conviction and one to five years’ imprisonment for his receiving and concealing
stolen property conviction. We affirm defendant’s convictions, but remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                               I

                                               A

        Defendant and Antonin (“Anton”) Valoppi were good friends and often smoked
marijuana in the basement of the home that Anton shared with his parents, Rory and Suzanne
Valoppi.1 In September 2011, the Valoppis’ residence was robbed. Two weeks later, defendant
told Anton that he knew the individuals who had broken into the Valoppis’ home and offered to
retrieve the stolen items if Anton paid him. According to defendant, he discovered that Derrin
Evans had committed the robbery and retrieved the items from him. Defendant partially returned
the stolen property to Anton, who gave him “reward” money in return. Defendant testified that
he subsequently gave a portion of the “reward” money to Evans.

1
  We will refer to Antonin Valoppi by his nickname, “Anton,” and will refer to Rory and
Suzanne Valoppi by their first names.

                                              -1-
        On October 16, 2011, defendant came to the Valoppi residence to smoke marijuana with
Anton. Anton and Rory did not recall anyone except defendant entering their home. However,
defendant testified at trial that he and Evans both went to Anton’s home to smoke marijuana.2
When defendant arrived, Anton and defendant went into the basement. Anton then went upstairs
to retrieve his box of marijuana and returned to the basement. The next thing that Anton
remembered was waking up with his throat “hanging open” and seeing defendant standing in
front of him while staring at him, “wait[ing] for [him] to die.” Defendant made no attempt to
help Anton.

        Anton ran upstairs to get help and told Rory “[t]hat his friend tried to kill him.” While
Rory and Suzanne were helping Anton, Rory saw defendant run up the stairs and out the side
door of their home even though Rory shouted at defendant for help. Suzanne asked Anton what
happened, and Anton replied, “A.J. stabbed me.” In response to questions by the 911 operator,
Anton indicated that A.J. Steanhouse committed the assault and provided defendant’s address.
Anton did not actually see who assaulted him, but he believed that defendant was the only other
person in the basement when the assault occurred. Additionally, Anton believed that he was
struck in the head with a wrench before his throat was slit, drawing this inference from the fact
that he sustained a skull fracture and that he later found a wrench with “hair sticking out of [it].”

        According to defendant, Evans was the perpetrator of the assault. When Anton, who was
“past [sic] over the level of being high,” went upstairs, Evans told defendant that he was going to
rob and kill Anton. After Anton returned to the basement, Evans attacked him, cut his throat,
grabbed some marijuana and pills, and left the residence. Defendant then rolled Anton over, at
which time the knife came out of his neck, and called Anton’s name, waking Anton up.
Defendant testified that Anton accused defendant of stabbing him, and defendant excitedly
repeated that he was not the one who assaulted Anton. Defendant then ran upstairs and left the
residence because he was “under the influence and high” and shocked and hurt that Anton would
believe that defendant “would do something like this to him.”

        After leaving Anton’s home, defendant went to his own house and changed his clothes
because there was blood on them. He also woke up his girlfriend, Katherine McIntyre, telling
her that he had been at Anton’s home and that Anton had been stabbed, but he did not specify the
perpetrator of the assault. Defendant then left the house and stayed the night at a friend’s
residence. Defendant later told McIntyre that “Chips”3 stabbed Anton.

        The day after the incident, defendant turned himself in and was arrested. He maintained
his innocence and implicated “Chips” as the perpetrator of the assault. When the police searched
defendant’s vehicle, they discovered some of the items that were reported as stolen from the
Valoppi residence. Police officers also recovered defendant’s clothing from his home. Forensic
testing of the blood on defendant’s clothing and the possible blood stain on the knife blade
recovered from the scene matched Anton’s DNA. Additionally, forensic testing of the knife

2
    Anton testified that he did not know anyone named Derrin Evans.
3
    “Chips” is Evans’s nickname.

                                                -2-
handle recovered from the scene revealed two DNA types, but only that of the major donor, i.e.,
Anton, could be identified; the testing could not confirm whether the DNA of the minor donor
was defendant’s or Evans’s DNA.

                                                 B

       After the incident, Evans provided two statements during separate interviews with a
police detective. In his first statement, provided after the detective indicated that defendant had
implicated Evans as the perpetrator of the assault, Evans stated that he was not present at the
scene of the assault. Evans provided his second statement four months later while he was in
custody for a separate offense. After the detective informed him again that defendant had
implicated him in Anton’s assault, and the detective stated that he knew that Evans was present
when the crime was committed, Evans admitted that he was present in the basement of Anton’s
home at the time of the assault, but he claimed that defendant slit Anton’s throat, after which
Evans ran up the stairs and left the residence.

        At a pretrial hearing, the prosecutor informed the trial court of the possibility that Evans
could incriminate himself in light of his contradictory police statements and defendant’s theory
that Evans committed the assault. The prosecutor asked the trial court to appoint counsel for
Evans and conduct a hearing before trial regarding whether Evans would exercise his privilege
against self-incrimination. The trial court granted the prosecutor’s request.

        On the first day of the trial, before jury selection and outside the presence of the
prospective jurors, Evans’s appointed counsel informed the trial court that he had discussed the
Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination with Evans, and that he believed that Evans
could incriminate himself if he testified given the inconsistencies between his two statements and
his potential testimony that he was present at the scene of the crime. Evans’s attorney stated that
he had advised Evans not to testify, and that Evans had decided to invoke his Fifth Amendment
privilege. Based on Evans’s invocation of his Fifth Amendment privilege, the trial court ruled
that Evans was an unavailable witness and did not compel Evans to testify. Subsequently,
defendant moved to admit the statements that Evans made to the police pursuant to MRE
804(b)(3) and MRE 804(b)(7). The trial court ruled that Evans’s statements were not admissible
under either hearsay exception, finding that neither of Evans’s statements was against his penal
interest and that the statements lacked sufficient indicia of trustworthiness.

        During trial—after McIntrye testified that defendant stated, when he came home on the
night of the incident, that he was at Anton’s home and that Anton was stabbed without
specifying who stabbed Anton—the prosecutor introduced a brief excerpt of McIntyre’s police
interview. During the interview, McIntyre initially told the detective that defendant did not
admit that he stabbed Anton on the night of the assault, but she later told the detective that
defendant admitted that he stabbed Anton. After she left the police station, McIntyre
immediately called the detective and stated that she lied when she said that defendant admitted
that he stabbed Anton. At trial, McIntyre testified that she lied to the police and asserted that
defendant never told her that he stabbed Anton. She explained that she made the statement
during the interview because she was tired and felt threatened, pressured, not safe, and
uncomfortable when the detective mentioned her children and indicated that she could get into
trouble even though she was not present during the offense.

                                                -3-
        During his closing argument, the prosecutor argued, without objection, that defendant’s
admission to McIntyre that he stabbed Anton was substantive evidence of defendant’s guilt. The
trial court, also without objection, instructed the jurors that they could consider prior inconsistent
statements both for impeachment purposes and as substantive evidence. Afterward, defense
counsel expressly approved the instructions provided by the trial court.

        Also during trial, the prosecutor made the following references to defendant’s account of
the criminal episode as a “lie” and a “story” during his closing argument:

                  What we have here is the defendant basically, following the old axiom
          about if you’re going to lie, tell a big lie.

                 Tell one that’s so shocking and enormous that people don’t just
          immediately dismiss it as a lie, because it’s so big but they have to just stand back
          and look at him; wait a minute, is he really telling me what I think he’s telling me.

                And what you heard from the defendant about his explanation for what
          happened, is precisely that. It’s the big lie.

                  And we know that from a lot of different perspectives and for a lot of
          different reasons.

                 One of them is the fact that he got caught up in the details of what he was
          saying, and it turned out there were some pretty major inconsistencies in what he
          was saying.

                  Because when you tell the big lie, you can’t always keep your little details
          straight.

                                                 * * *

                He has not kept his details straight in the big lie he’s told you. And
          beyond just the details that he’s gotten wrong[,] it just doesn’t make sense.

During his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor stated:

          [W]hat they’re left with is the defendant’s big lie; that [sic] so obviously a big lie
          that you can’t believe it.

                                                 * * *

                   Now, I think you have to ask yourself how is it, and why is it, and when is
          it that the defendant came up with this story about Chips having done this. . . .[4]

4
    Defense counsel objected to the prosecutor’s use of the word “story” at this point.

                                                   -4-
                                             * * *

       [H]e’s faced with a situation where he’s got to tell you the big lie and he’s got to
       have you believe that big lie.

The prosecutor also argued during his closing argument that defendant was the only person to
come inside the home and only person in the basement except for Anton.

       Defense counsel asserted during his closing argument that the prosecutor failed to present
Anton’s medical records and, therefore, prevented the jury from being able to perform a “fair and
meaningful” evaluation of the extent of Anton’s injuries. In response, the prosecutor stated the
following during his rebuttal:

              Now, you may have noticed I was taking a few notes while [defense
       counsel] was talking. So I’m going to address a few of the issues that he did.

                And first on that list of issues is, I think what he mentioned, one of the
       first things, and he kept going back to it, was there’s not enough blood here[,] he
       says. There’s no[] medical records to show you what actually happened to Anton
       Valoppi.

               Well it’s true; I mean one thing you have to keep in mind throughout this
       entire process is that, as I’ve just said, I have the burden of proof.

              The defense has no burden of proof whatsoever. They don’t have to call
       any witnesses.

               They didn’t have to call his own client to the witness stand, didn’t have to
       call any witnesses whatsoever.

                As the Judge told you from the beginning of the trial[,] they could have
       just sat here and played tic-tac-toe.

              And then just got up an argument [sic] in the end, doesn’t even have to
       argue again.

              But if they got up and argued again and just said prosecutor didn’t prove
       his case and sat down, you would have to consider all the same instructions
       whether we’ve proven the case beyond a reasonable doubt; the defense doesn’t
       have to do anything.

              So I mean when you think about that argument about the medical
       records[,] though, it’s true we’ve had the medical records for three months but so
       has [defense counsel].

                                             * * *

              [Defense counsel] doesn’t have to show you the medical records he

                                               -5-
       received[;] he has no burden of proof.

              But when he argues to you that I should have shown them to you, at least
       you ought to think well, if there’s something important in there[, defense
       counsel,] you could have brought it out.

               He didn’t[] because all he wants to argue to you is that somehow we’re
       being unfair to him. We didn’t bring any medical records in here[;] he’s had them
       for three (3) months.

                                                 C

        At sentencing, defendant objected to the scoring of offense variable (OV) 5 and OV 6.
The trial court assessed 15 points for OV 5, finding that the evidence and testimony were
sufficient to establish psychological injury, especially in light of the trial court’s opportunity to
observe the witnesses as they testified, and concluding that there was “no question that
psychological injury would be an issue” when a father discovered his son with a slit throat,
which was allegedly performed by his son’s friend. The trial court assessed 50 points for OV 6
based on its finding that the jury’s verdict and the evidence presented at trial demonstrated that
defendant had “a clear, premeditated intent to kill in addition to an intent to rob.” Apart from
indicating that it believed that defendant intended to torture Anton when he committed the
assault, the trial court did not specify the portions of testimony or evidence from which he
discerned a premeditated intent to kill. Later, the trial court reiterated that it would score 50
points for OV 6 in light of defendant’s statement that he knew the individuals who stole the
property from the residence, defendant’s offer to return the property, the fact that defendant
actually returned some of the property, and the fact that some of the stolen property was found in
defendant’s car after the incident.

       The trial court departed from the minimum range recommended by the sentencing
guidelines, i.e., 171 to 285 months’ imprisonment, by 75 months, imposing a sentence of 30 to
60 years’ imprisonment for the assault with intent to commit murder conviction. The trial court
provided the following reasons for its departure:

               [T]he first two factors that the prosecutor mentions the horrendous, brutal
       assault on this young man when [it] basically appeared [from] the facts that you
       thought he was somehow rendered weak or incapacitated by his drug use at that
       time.

              And the action taken by you towards a person who considers you a friend
       does substantiate the thought that you are a person without a conscience, a person
       who’s violent and depraved and that this is an assault that is quite shocking even
       to people who have been in the courts for 20 and more years.

              The Court is going to sentence you accordingly to 30 to 60 years on the
       charge of assault with intent to commit murder and one to five concurrently on the
       charge of receiving stolen property between the amounts of [$]1,000 but less than
       $20,000.

                                                -6-
                                                  II

        First, defendant raises three related claims concerning the prosecution’s responsibility to
present Evans as a res gestae witness and the trial court’s exclusion of Evans’s testimony. He
first contends that the prosecution violated its duty to present the res gestae of the case by failing
to acknowledge that Evans was a res gestae witness and by objecting to defendant’s efforts to
call Evans as a witness, thereby depriving defendant of his right to present a defense. We
disagree.

         Because a defendant must move in the trial court for a posttrial evidentiary hearing or a
new trial preserve a claim that the prosecution failed to produce a res gestae witness, this issue is
not preserved for appeal. People v Dixon, 217 Mich. App. 400, 409; 552 NW2d 663 (1996).
Unpreserved issues are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v Carines,
460 Mich. 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). To demonstrate such an error, the defendant
must show that (1) an error occurred, (2) the error was clear or obvious, and (3) “the plain error
affected [the defendant’s] substantial rights,” which “generally requires a showing of prejudice,
i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. at 763. Reversal is
warranted only if the error resulted in conviction despite defendant’s actual innocence or if the
error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. at
763-764.

         Because Evans’s second statement to the police indicated that he was present when the
assault occurred, Evans is arguably a res gestae witness, i.e., “one who is present at the scene of
the alleged crime, at the time of the alleged crime, or one who had occasion to observe the
surrounding events and circumstances.” People v Dyer, 425 Mich. 572, 577 n 4; 390 NW2d 645
(1986). Contrary to defendant’s argument on appeal, following the enactment of MCL 767.40a,
the prosecution no longer has an affirmative duty to present the “entire res gestae,” or call at trial
all of the witnesses who were present when a crime occurred. People v Koonce, 466 Mich. 515,
518-519; 648 NW2d 153 (2002). Under MCL 767.40a, the prosecutor has a duty to disclose “all
known res gestae witnesses, to update the list as additional witnesses became known, and to
provide to the defendant a list of witnesses the prosecution intend[s] to call at trial.” Koonce,
466 Mich. at 517-521, citing MCL 767.40a(1)-(3). The prosecutor is also “compelled to render
reasonable assistance in locating and serving process upon witnesses upon the request of the
defendant.” Koonce, 466 Mich. at 521, citing MCL 767.40a(5).

        Although the prosecutor did not include Evans as a known res gestae witness on his
witness list, the record shows that the prosecutor’s omission did not prejudice defendant,
Carines, 460 Mich. at 763, or violate his right to present a defense, People v Unger, 278 Mich
App 210, 249-250; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). Because defendant implicated Evans in the assault, it
is apparent that defendant was aware that Evans could be a res gestae witness. The prosecutor
subpoenaed Evans and produced him for trial in the event that the trial court ruled that Evans
constituted a res gestae witness and defendant desired to call him, thereby satisfying the
prosecution’s obligations under MCL 767.40a even though he did not intend to present Evans as
a witness. As discussed infra, the prosecutor properly notified the trial court before trial of the
possible need for Evans to be informed of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
Dyer, 425 Mich. at 578 n 5. Because Evans invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination and refused to testify, neither the prosecution nor the defense could call Evans as a

                                                 -7-
witness. People v Paasche, 207 Mich. App. 698, 709; 525 NW2d 914 (1994). Thus, there is no
indication that the prosecution committed a plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights by
failing to include Evans on the witness list as a res gestae witness, notifying the trial court of the
need to inform Evans of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, and failing to call
Evans as a witness.

        Defendant next asserts that the trial court failed to adequately inquire into whether Evans
validly asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, and that the trial court
erroneously concluded Evans had a valid Fifth Amendment privilege. As such, defendant argues
that the trial court deprived defendant of his right to present a defense when it precluded Evans
from testifying. We disagree.

       “The decision to admit evidence is within a trial court’s discretion, which is reviewed for
an abuse of that discretion.” People v Bynum, 496 Mich. 610, 623; 852 NW2d 570 (2014).
“Preliminary questions of law, such as whether a rule of evidence or statute precludes the
admission of particular evidence, are reviewed de novo, and it is an abuse of discretion to admit
evidence that is inadmissible as a matter of law.” Id. A trial court “abuse[s] its discretion only
when its decision falls outside the principled range of outcomes.” People v Blackston, 481 Mich.
451, 460; 751 NW2d 408 (2008). Additionally, “[w]hether a defendant’s right to present a
defense was violated by the exclusion of evidence is a constitutional question that this Court
reviews de novo.” People v Mesik (On Reconsideration), 285 Mich. App. 535, 537-538; 775
NW2d 857 (2009).

        The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, § 17 of the
Michigan Constitution provide that “[n]o person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself.” People v Wyngaard, 462 Mich. 659, 671; 614 NW2d 143 (2000);
People v Schollaert, 194 Mich. App. 158, 164; 486 NW2d 312 (1992). “This prohibition ‘not
only permits a person to refuse to testify against himself at a criminal trial in which he is a
defendant, but also ‘privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any other
proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in
future criminal proceedings.’ ” Wyngaard, 462 Mich. at 671-672; quoting Minnesota v Murphy,
465 U.S. 420, 426; 104 S. Ct. 1136; 79 L. Ed. 2d 409 (1984). Thus, a witness, as well as the
accused, has a right to exercise his privilege against self-incrimination. Dyer, 425 Mich. at 578.
An attorney is not permitted to knowingly call a witness when he is aware that the witness “will
claim a valid privilege not to testify” because “critical weight is added to the prosecution’s case”
and an “adverse inference . . . may be drawn against the defendant by the jury from the claim of
testimonial privilege.” Paasche, 207 Mich. App. at 709 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Michigan courts have recognized a procedure for “protect[ing] the defendant’s rights
when the trial court is confronted with a potential witness who plans to assert a testimonial
privilege.” Id. “The proper procedure is for the prosecutor to inform the court, out of the
presence of the witness” and the jury, “of the possible need for the witness to be informed of
Fifth Amendment rights.” Dyer, 425 Mich. at 578 n 5. The “trial court must determine whether
the witness understands the privilege and must provide an adequate explanation if the witness
does not.” Paasche, 207 Mich. App. at 709-710. “[T]he court must then hold an evidentiary
hearing outside of the jury’s presence to determine the validity of the witness’[s] claim of
privilege.” Id. at 709. “If the court determines the assertion of the privilege to be valid, the

                                                 -8-
inquiry ends and the witness is excused.” Id. However, “[i]f the assertion of the privilege is not
legitimate in the opinion of the trial judge, the court must then consider methods to induce the
witness to testify, such as contempt and other proceedings.” Id. If the witness still refuses to
testify, “the court must proceed to trial without the witness, because there is no other way to
prevent prejudice to the defendant.” Id. at 709-710.

        The record reveals that the trial court complied with the applicable procedure and
properly ordered that Evans could not be called as a witness. The prosecutor informed the trial
court at a pretrial hearing of the possibility that Evans may assert his privilege against self-
incrimination if he testified at trial. The trial court appointed counsel for Evans and later held a
hearing outside the presence of the jury to determine whether Evans intended to invoke his Fifth
Amendment privilege. As defendant asserts, the trial court did not question Evans or make an
explicit determination on the record concerning the validity of Evans’s assertion of the privilege
against self-incrimination. Instead, the trial court conducted an inquiry with Evans’s appointed
counsel, who indicated that he had counseled Evans regarding his Fifth Amendment privilege,
that he had advised Evans not to testify based on the “potentially dangerous” nature of Evans’s
prospective testimony—given Evans’s inconsistent statements to the police and potential
testimony that he was present when the assault occurred—and that Evans had decided not to
testify. As such, the record shows that the trial court was notified that Evans’s attorney had
counseled Evans regarding his Fifth Amendment privilege and that the trial court was aware of
the underlying factual basis that supported Evans’s assertion of his Fifth Amendment privilege.
Additionally, the trial court was aware that defendant had implicated Evans as the perpetrator of
the assault, and, therefore, any further questioning of Evans regarding the validity of the
assertion of his privilege may have incriminated Evans. See People v Lawton, 196 Mich. App.
341, 346-347; 492 NW2d 810 (1992); Dyer, 425 Mich. at 579. We also find significant that,
before trial, the trial court provided defense counsel with an opportunity to further question
Evans’s appointed counsel regarding Evans’s intent to assert his Fifth Amendment rights, but
defense counsel did not avail himself of that opportunity; defendant cannot now complain of the
trial court’s procedure. See Lawton, 196 Mich. App. at 346.

        Moreover, we find that Evans validly asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege, and the
trial court properly excused Evans as a witness. Paasche, 207 Mich. App. at 709. To properly
assert such a privilege, a witness must have a “reasonable basis . . . to fear incrimination from
questions.” Dyer, 425 Mich. at 578. Thus, “a trial court may compel a witness to answer a
question only where the court can foresee, as a matter of law, that such testimony could not
incriminate the witness.” Id. at 579 (citation omitted). Defendant’s statements to the police, his
theory of the case, and his testimony at trial indicate that Evans may have been intimately
associated with the criminal transaction or involved with the commission of the crimes, thereby
demonstrating a reasonable basis for Evans to fear incrimination from questions regarding his
participation. Id. at 578. Additionally, the prosecutor indicated that he was unable to predict
whether charges would be brought against Evans after he testified, which left open the
opportunity of future prosecution. On this record, we find that Evans had a reasonable basis to
fear incrimination from questioning about the criminal episode, and it is not evident that the trial
court could have found, as a matter of law, that Evans’s testimony could not incriminate him. Id.
at 578-579. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded Evans as a
witness. Bynum, 496 Mich. at 623; Dyer, 425 Mich. at 578.

                                                -9-
        Finally, the trial court’s preclusion of Evans’s testimony did not violate defendant’s right
to present a defense. A defendant has a constitutionally guaranteed right to present a defense,
which includes the right to call witnesses. Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 249-250. “However, an
accused’s right to present evidence in his defense is not absolute.” Id. at 250; citing United
States v Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308; 118 S. Ct. 1261; 140 L. Ed. 2d 413 (1998); Crane v Kentucky,
476 U.S. 683, 690; 106 S. Ct. 2142; 90 L. Ed. 2d 636 (1986). “The accused must still comply with
‘established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in
the ascertainment of guilt and innocence.’ ” People v Hayes, 421 Mich. 271, 279; 364 NW2d 635
(1984), quoting Chambers v Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302; 93 S. Ct. 1038; 35 L. Ed. 2d 297
(1973). Likewise, as recognized by the Sixth Circuit, “[a] defendant’s right to force a witness to
testify must yield to that witness’[s] assertion of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self
incrimination, where it is ‘grounded on a reasonable fear of danger of prosecution.” United
States v Gaitan-Acevedo, 148 F3d 577, 588 (CA 6, 1998) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Thus, when a witness legitimately exercises his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination
and refuses to testify, neither the prosecution nor the defense can call him as a witness. Dyer,
425 Mich. at 576; Paasche, 207 Mich. App. at 709. Through his own testimony and testimony
elicited from a detective5 and McIntyre, defendant was able to present his defense theory that
Evans was at the scene of the crime and committed the assault. Thus, the trial court did not
deprive defendant of his right to present a defense. Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 249-250.

                                                III

       Second, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding as
inadmissible hearsay Evans’s statement6 to the police that he was present during the assault
because it was admissible under the statement against penal interest exception to the hearsay
rule, MRE 804(b)(3), or under the “catchall” exception to the hearsay rule, MRE 804(b)(7). We
disagree.

       This Court “use[s] a clearly erroneous standard in reviewing the trial court’s findings of
fact and an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing the trial court’s decision to exclude the
evidence.” People v Barrera, 451 Mich. 261, 269; 547 NW2d 280 (1996). However, whether a
statement was against a declarant’s penal interest is a question of law that this Court reviews de
novo. Id. at 268.

         “ ‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 801(c).
Hearsay statements are not admissible unless they fall under a recognized exception to the

5
  A detective testified that defendant claimed that Evans was present at the scene, which was
why the detective obtained a DNA sample from Evans and submitted it for forensic testing in an
attempt to eliminate “a secondary DNA sample that was on the knife handle.”
6
  Defendant only appears to assert that the trial court erred in failing to admit Evans’s statement
that he was present at the crime scene, not the first statement that Evans made to the police,
during which he denied that he was present during the offense.

                                               -10-
hearsay rule. MRE 802. MRE 804(b)(3) provides an exception for a statement against interest,
which is defined as

       [a] statement which was at the time of its making so far contrary to the declarant’s
       pecuniary or proprietary interest, or so far tended to subject the declarant to civil
       or criminal liability, or to render invalid a claim by the declarant against another,
       that a reasonable person in the declarant’s position would not have made the
       statement unless believing it to be true. [MRE 804(b)(3).]

Under that rule, “if a declarant is unavailable,[7] as defined in MRE 804(a), his out-of-court
statement against interest may avoid the hearsay rule if certain thresholds are met.” Barrera, 451
Mich. at 267 (footnote added). “A statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability
and offered to exculpate the accused is not admissible unless corroborating circumstances clearly
indicate the trustworthiness of the statement.” MRE 804(b)(3). Whether to admit or exclude a
statement against a witness’s penal interest offered under MRE 804(b)(3) is determined by
considering “(1) whether the declarant was unavailable, (2) whether the statement was against
penal interest, (3) whether a reasonable person in the declarant’s position would have believed
the statement to be true, and (4) whether corroborating circumstances clearly indicated the
trustworthiness of the statement.” Barrera, 451 Mich. at 268. A statement against a declarant’s
penal interest is “not limited to ‘direct confessions,’ ” “need not by itself prove the declarant
guilty,” and “need not have been incriminating on its face, as long as it was self-incriminating
when viewed in context.” Id. at 270-271.

       In exercising its discretion, the trial court must conscientiously consider the
       relationship between MRE 804(b)(3) and a defendant’s constitutional due process
       right to present exculpatory evidence. Likewise, appellate review necessarily
       requires a review of the importance of the statement to the defendant’s theory of
       defense in determining whether the trial court abused its discretion by excluding
       the evidence. [Id. at 269 (citation omitted).]

        The trial court properly concluded that Evans’s second police statement was not a
statement against his penal interest. Evans admitted that he was present during the assault after
the detective told Evans that defendant had blamed Evans for planning and committing the
assault and the detective claimed that he knew for a fact that Evans was present at the scene of
the crime. The context of Evans’s admission included an extensive explanation of the way in
which defendant planned and executed the assault against Anton, which does not demonstrate
that the statement “so far tended to subject the declarant to civil or criminal liability . . . that a
reasonable person in the declarant’s position would not have made the statement unless believing
it to be true.” MRE 804(b)(3). Instead, it appears that Evans made the statement in order to
emphasize that he was merely present during the offense and had no role in its commission. See
People v Wilson, 196 Mich. App. 604, 614; 493 NW2d 471 (1992) (stating that mere presence is

7
 There is no dispute that Evans was unavailable under MRE 804(a) due to his assertion of his
Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. People v Meredith, 459 Mich. 62, 66; 586
NW2d 538 (1998).

                                                -11-
insufficient to prove that someone aided and abetted the commission of a crime). Likewise, “the
mere fact that the declarant invoked his Fifth Amendment right not to testify does not make the
statement against penal interest.” Barrera, 451 Mich. at 270.
        However, even if we construe Evan’s statement as being against his penal interest
because of his earlier inconsistent statement to the police, we conclude that there were no
corroborating circumstances clearly indicating the trustworthiness of the statement for the
reasons discussed below regarding MRE 804(b)(7). See Barrera, 451 Mich. at 274-275
(adopting a totality-of-the circumstances test). In this case, Evans’s statement was not crucial to
defendant’s theory of defense because it clearly implicates him in the assault. As such, “other
factors [were appropriately] interjected to weigh against admission of the statement.” Id. at 279-
280.
        Moreover, because Evans was in custody when he made the statement to the authorities,
there are three additional factors that must be considered—the relationship between the
confessing party and the exculpated party and whether the confessor was likely fabricating the
story for the benefit of his friend, whether the statement was voluntarily made after Miranda
warnings were provided, and whether the statement was made in order to curry favor with
authorities. Id. at 275-276. Here, because the statement incriminated rather than exculpated the
defendant, Evans did not likely make the statement to benefit defendant. In addition, while there
was no evidence that the statement was involuntarily made or made to curry favor with
authorities, nevertheless, the totality of the circumstances weighs against admission.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it precluded the admission of
Evans’s statement under MRE 804(b)(3).

        Likewise, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that Evans’s
statement to the police was not admissible under the catchall exception to the hearsay rule when
the declarant is unavailable, MRE 804(b)(7).8 MRE 804(b)(7) provides for admission of a
statement that is not specifically covered by any of the other hearsay exceptions under MCR
804(b),

       but [has] equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, if the court
       determines that (A) the statement is offered as evidence of a material fact, (B) the
       statement is more probative on the point for which it is offered than any other
       evidence that the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts, and (C) the
       general purposes of these rules and the interests of justice will best be served by
       admission of the statement into evidence.

       In interpreting MRE 803(24), which is nearly identical to MRE 804(b)(7), the Michigan
Supreme Court has stated, “[t]he first and most important requirement is that the proffered
statement have circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness equivalent to those of the categorical
hearsay exceptions.” People v Katt, 468 Mich. 272, 290; 662 NW2d 12 (2003). A trial court

8
 Defendant cites MRE 803(24) in his brief on appeal, which is the catchall exception applicable
when the availability of the declarant is immaterial. However, he moved in the trial court for the
admission of Evans’s statement under MRE 804(b)(7).

                                               -12-
“should consider the ‘totality of the circumstances’ surrounding each statement to determine
whether equivalent guarantees of trustworthiness exist.” Id. at 291. Although “[t]here is no
complete list of factors that establish whether a statement has equivalent guarantees of
trustworthiness,” id., some relevant factors include:

         (1) the spontaneity of the statements, (2) the consistency of the statements, (3)
         lack of motive to fabricate or lack of bias, (4) the reason the declarant cannot
         testify, (5) the voluntariness of the statements, i.e., whether they were made in
         response to leading questions or made under undue influence, (6) personal
         knowledge of the declarant about the matter on which he spoke, (7) to whom the
         statements were made . . . , and (8) the time frame within which the statements
         were made. [People v Geno, 261 Mich. App. 624, 634; 683 NW2d 687 (2004)
         (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

        The totality of the circumstances does not demonstrate that Evans’s statement is
trustworthy. It is evident Evans had personal knowledge of whether he was present when the
assault occurred, and there is no indication that Evans’s statement was involuntary, especially
given that the detective informed Evans of his Miranda9 rights before Evans made the statement.
However, his admission was not spontaneous and was only provided to the police after the
detective reiterated that defendant had implicated him in the assault and the detective stated that
he knew that Evans was present during the assault. Additionally, Evans’s statements were not
consistent, as he expressly denied being present when the assault occurred during his first
statement to the police, when he was also aware that defendant had implicated him as the
perpetrator. Evans’s admission that he was present was provided approximately four months
after the assault while he was in custody for a separate offense. Accordingly, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it precluded the admission of Evans’s statement under MRE
804(b)(7).

                                                 IV

         Third, defendant raises three claims related to the prosecution’s use of McIntyre’s prior
inconsistent statement (i.e., that on the night of the assault, defendant told McIntyre that he
stabbed Anton) as substantive evidence of defendant’s guilt. Defendant argues that his right to a
fair trial was violated by the prosecutor’s use of McIntyre’s prior inconsistent statement as
substantive evidence of his guilt and the trial court’s failure to provide a proper cautionary
instruction. Additionally, defendant asserts that defense counsel’s failure to object to the trial
court’s improper jury instruction constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. We reject
defendant’s claims.

        Because defendant did not object to the prosecutor’s use of McIntyre’s statement, request
a limiting instruction, or object to the jury instructions provided by the trial court, this issue is
not preserved for appeal. People v Grant, 445 Mich. 535, 545-546, 553; 520 NW2d 123 (1994);
People v Sabin, 242 Mich. App. 656, 657; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). Accordingly, defendant must

9
    Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S. Ct. 1602; 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

                                                -13-
demonstrate plain error affecting his substantial rights. Carines, 460 Mich. at 763-764.10 To the
extent that defendant challenges the jury instructions provided by the trial court, he affirmatively
waived any claim of error when defense counsel expressed satisfaction with the instructions
provided by the trial court. People v Gaines, 306 Mich. App. 289, 310-311; 856 NW2d 222
(2014).

         Defendant’s ineffective assistance claim is not preserved for appeal because defendant
did not move in the trial court for a new trial or a Ginther11 hearing. People v Payne, 285 Mich
App 181, 188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). As such, this Court’s review of the issue is limited to
errors apparent from the trial court record. People v Petri, 279 Mich. App. 407, 410; 760 NW2d
882 (2008). “A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and fact. A
trial court’s findings of fact, if any, are reviewed for clear error, and this Court reviews the
ultimate constitutional issue arising from an ineffective assistance of counsel claim de novo.”
Id., citing People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich. 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). In order to prove that
defense counsel provided ineffective assistance, a defendant must demonstrate that (1) “
‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,’ ” and (2) defendant
was prejudiced, i.e., “that ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Vaughn, 491 Mich. at 669-671,
quoting Strickland v Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694; 104 S. Ct. 2052; 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).
“[D]efendant must also show that the result that did occur was fundamentally unfair or
unreliable.” People v Lockett, 295 Mich. App. 165, 187; 814 NW2d 295 (2012).

       Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement can be used “to impeach a witness
even though the statement tends to directly inculpate the defendant.” People v Kilbourn, 454
Mich. 677, 682; 563 NW2d 669 (1997); see also MRE 613(b). “The purpose of extrinsic
impeachment evidence is to prove that a witness made a prior inconsistent statement—not to
prove the contents of the statement.” People v Jenkins, 450 Mich. 249, 256; 537 NW2d 828
(1995). As such, “[a] prosecutor may not use an elicited denial as a springboard for introducing
substantive evidence under the guise of rebutting the denial.” People v Stanaway, 446 Mich. 643,
693; 521 NW2d 557 (1994). “[P]rior unsworn statements of a witness are mere hearsay and are
generally inadmissible as substantive evidence.” People v Lundy, 467 Mich. 254, 257; 650
NW2d 332 (2002). Thus, McIntyre’s prior inconsistent statement during which she incriminated
defendant could not be admitted to prove the truth of the matter asserted unless it fell within a
recognized hearsay exception. MRE 802; People v Musser, 494 Mich. 337, 350; 835 NW2d 319
(2013); see also Jenkins, 450 Mich. at 261-262.

10
    We reject the prosecution’s argument that defendant waived this issue by introducing
McIntyre’s police statement in its entirety. In light of the prosecutor’s initial introduction of
McIntyre’s prior inconsistent statement, we find that defendant permissibly “explore[d] the
extent of the inconsistencies by showing how those statements were consistent with” McIntyre’s
trial testimony, People v Sayles, 200 Mich. App. 594, 595; 504 NW2d 738 (1993); see also MRE
801(d)(1)(B), and did not invite the purported error.
11
     People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436, 443-444; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

                                                -14-
        The record shows that the prosecutor impermissibly used McIntyre’s statement as
substantive evidence by arguing that the final piece of evidence was McIntyre’s statement to the
police that, on the night of the assault, defendant told her that he stabbed Anton. The prosecution
does not argue that McIntyre’s statement was admissible under a hearsay exception, nor do we
believe that an exception applies. Compounding this error, the trial court instructed the jury at
the end of the trial, in accordance with M Crim JI 4.5(2), that the jury could consider prior
inconsistent statements as substantive evidence.            Because McIntyre’s police statement
implicating defendant in the assault was admissible only to impeach her testimony, the
prosecution’s use of the statement as substantive evidence of defendant’s guilt, and the trial
court’s instruction, constituted plain error. Carines, 460 Mich. at 763-764, 768, 774. Likewise,
given that a jury is presumed to follow a trial court’s instructions, People v Meissner, 294 Mich
App 438, 457; 812 NW2d 37 (2011), it is probable that the jury impermissibly considered
McIntyre’s statement as substantive evidence that defendant committed the assault.

        However, in light of the extensive evidence admitted at trial linking defendant to the
assault, we find that these errors did not prejudice defendant. Carines, 460 Mich. at 763-764,
772, 774. McIntyre’s trial testimony and the admission of McIntyre’s police interviews in their
entirety confirmed that she also told the defective that (1) defendant told her that Anton was
stabbed but did not indicate who stabbed him, and (2) defendant told her that he did not commit
the act, both of which were consistent with her written police statement and with her trial
testimony. Additionally McIntyre testified that she lied to the detective when she told him that
defendant had admitted that he stabbed Anton and that she immediately recanted her statement
implicating defendant when she left the police station. Further, apart from McIntyre’s
incriminating police statement, the consistent testimony of Anton, Rory, and Suzanne, as well as
the physical evidence linking defendant to the crime, provided overwhelming evidence that
defendant committed the assault. Therefore, the substantive use of McIntyre’s statement did not
constitute a plain error that affected defendant’s substantial rights. Id. at 763-764, 774.

        For the same reasons, we conclude that defense counsel’s performance did not constitute
ineffective assistance. Defense counsel’s performance arguably fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness when he failed to object to the prosecution’s improper use of McIntyre’s prior
inconsistent statement as substantive evidence of defendant’s guilt, object to the jury instructions
as given, or request a limiting instruction regarding the use of McIntyre’s statement. Vaughn,
491 Mich. at 669-671. However, in light of the overwhelming evidence implicating defendant as
the perpetrator of the assault, there is not a reasonable probability that the result of the
proceedings would have been different but for counsel’s errors.12 Id.

12
   Additionally, defense counsel employed sound trial strategy by introducing McIntyre’s police
statements in their entirety, which allowed the jury to review the portions of the interview during
which McIntyre indicated that defendant did not admit that he stabbed Anton and during which
the police officer allegedly pressured McIntyre into falsely stating that defendant admitted that
he committed the assault.

                                               -15-
                                                V

        Fourth, defendant argues that the prosecutor’s improper comments and arguments
violated his right to a fair trial. We disagree.

        “Review of alleged prosecutorial misconduct is precluded unless the defendant timely
and specifically objects, except when an objection could not have cured the error, or a failure to
review the issue would result in a miscarriage of justice.” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 234-235.
Preserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct are reviewed de novo. People v Abraham, 256
Mich. App. 265, 272; 662 NW2d 836 (2003). Unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct
are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 234-235, citing
Carines, 460 Mich. at 763.

       “The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether a defendant was denied a fair and
impartial trial.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich. App. 58, 63; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). “[A]llegations
of prosecutorial misconduct are considered on a case-by-case basis, and the reviewing court must
consider the prosecutor’s remarks in context.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich. App. 465, 475; 802
NW2d 627 (2010). “[A] prosecutor’s comments must be read as a whole and evaluated in light
of defense arguments and the relationship they bear to the evidence admitted at trial.” People v
Callon, 256 Mich. App. 312, 330; 662 NW2d 501 (2003) (citations omitted). Additionally, this
Court may not “find error requiring reversal where a curative instruction could have alleviated
any prejudicial effect.” Bennett, 290 Mich. App. at 476 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).

        First, defendant argues that the prosecutor improperly expressed his opinion regarding
defendant’s credibility and guilt by repeatedly referring to defendant’s account of the incident as
a lie during his closing argument. We disagree.

       Defendant did not object to these allegedly improper characterizations of defendant’s
testimony until defense counsel objected to the prosecutor’s characterization of defendant’s
testimony as a “story” during the prosecution’s rebuttal argument. The comments to which
defendant did not object are unpreserved and reviewed for plain error affecting defendant’s
substantial rights, Brown, 294 Mich. App. at 382; Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 234-235, and the
comment to which defendant did object is preserved and reviewed do novo, Abraham, 256 Mich
App at 272.

        Prosecutors are accorded “wide latitude” with regard to their arguments during trial.
People v Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 282-283; 531 NW2d 659 (1995); Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 66.
In general, prosecutors are “free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences from the
evidence as it relates to their theory of the case.” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 236. However,
“prosecutors should not . . . express their personal opinion of a defendant’s guilt, and must
refrain from denigrating a defendant with intemperate and prejudicial remarks.” Bahoda, 448
Mich. at 282-283. A prosecutor must also refrain from suggesting or implying that he has special
knowledge regarding whether a witness is worthy of belief, id. at 276; Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at
66, but a “prosecutor may argue from the facts that a witness, including the defendant, is not
worthy of belief, and is not required to state inferences and conclusions in the blandest possible
terms,” People v Launsburry, 217 Mich. App. 358, 361; 551 NW2d 460 (1996) (citations

                                               -16-
omitted); see also People v Howard, 226 Mich. App. 528, 548; 575 NW2d 16 (1997).

        The prosecutor’s characterization of defendant’s account of the criminal episode as a lie
or a “story” did not deprive defendant of a fair and impartial trial, Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 63, or
constitute a plain error that affected defendant’s substantial rights, Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 234-
235. Reviewing the challenged comments in context, it is evident that the prosecutor’s
references to defendant’s account of the incident as a lie properly advanced the prosecution’s
position that defendant’s testimony was not credible in light of the contradictory evidence
adduced at trial. During his closing argument, the prosecutor pointed out the inconsistencies in
defendant’s testimony and explained why he believed that defendant’s account of the criminal
episode was not worthy of belief. The prosecutor did not improperly imply that he had special
knowledge that defendant fabricated his account of the incident. Thus, the prosecutor’s
argument was properly based on the evidence admitted at trial. Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 236;
Howard, 226 Mich. App. at 548. Likewise, the prosecutor’s references to defendant’s account of
the criminal episode as a lie were not improper, as the prosecutor was not required to use the
blandest possible language in presenting his argument. Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 239.

        Moreover, any prejudice that may have resulted from the prosecutor’s remarks was cured
by the trial court’s jury instructions, which indicated that the lawyers’ statements and arguments
were not evidence; that it is the jurors’ responsibility to decide the facts of the case, to determine
which witnesses to believe, and to assess the importance of their testimony; and that the jurors
should rely on their own common sense and everyday experiences in deciding which testimony
to believe. “[J]urors are presumed to follow their instructions.” Id. at 235.

       Second, defendant argues that the prosecutor impermissibly shifted the burden of proof
by arguing that the defense had Anton’s medical records and could have introduced them at trial.
We disagree.

       We review this unpreserved issue for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights.
See Brown, 294 Mich. App. at 382; Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 235. “[A] prosecutor may not
comment on a defendant’s failure to testify or present evidence, i.e., the prosecutor may not
attempt to shift the burden of proof.” Abraham, 256 Mich. App. at 273. “[T]he prosecutor’s
comments must be considered in light of defense counsel’s comments,” and “an otherwise
improper remark may not rise to an error requiring reversal when the prosecutor is responding to
the defense counsel’s argument.” People v Watson, 245 Mich. App. 572, 592-593; 629 NW2d
411 (2001) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        During his closing argument, defense counsel advanced the theory that the prosecutor
failed to present a “fair [and] meaningful evaluation” of Anton’s injuries to the jury by failing to
present Anton’s medical records, insinuating that the records did not support the prosecution’s
theory of the case. As such, it is evident that the prosecutor’s statements regarding defendant’s
opportunity to present the medical records were made in response to defense counsel’s argument
that the prosecutor deficiently or unfairly failed to present Anton’s medical records.
Furthermore, the prosecutor did not actually argue that defendant should have introduced
Anton’s medical records; he only argued that defendant could have introduced the medical
records if he believed that something in the records was significant, which, at most, implied that
defendant had no reason to introduce the records and did not shift the burden of proof to

                                                -17-
defendant. Moreover, defendant is unable to demonstrate the requisite prejudice in light of the
prosecutor’s repeated reminders during his argument that defendant was not obligated to produce
any evidence whatsoever and that the prosecutor had the burden of proof. Additionally, because
any prejudicial effect caused by the challenged comment was cured by the trial court’s
instruction to the jury indicating that the prosecution, and not defendant, had the burden of proof,
Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 68, we find no error requiring reversal, Bennett, 290 Mich. App. at 476
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Defendant also argues that the prosecutor erroneously referred to an extrajudicial fact
when he stated that the defense had the medical records for three months. “A prosecutor may not
make a statement of fact to the jury that is unsupported by the evidence in the case.” People v
Fisher, 193 Mich. App. 284, 291; 483 NW2d 452 (1992). However, this error was cured by the
trial court’s instruction that “[t]he lawyer[s’] statements and their arguments are not evidence[;]
they’re only meant to help you understand the evidence and each side[’]s legal theory,” and there
is no indication that the prosecutor’s comment denied defendant a fair and impartial trial.
Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 63, 68.

        Finally, defendant argues that the prosecutor misled the jury and misrepresented the
evidence presented at trial by arguing that no one else was present when the assault occurred
except for defendant and Anton, despite the prosecutor’s knowledge that Evans admitted to the
police that he was present during the assault. We disagree.

        Because defendant objected and moved for a mistrial on the basis of the prosecutor’s
comment, which the trial court denied, Brown, 294 Mich. App. at 382, the prosecutor’s comment
is reviewed de novo to determine whether it denied defendant a fair and impartial trial, Bennett,
290 Mich. App. at 475. “Although a prosecutor may not argue a fact to the jury that is not
supported by evidence, a prosecutor is free to argue the evidence and any reasonable inferences
that may arise from the evidence.” Callon, 256 Mich. App. at 330.

       Anton, Rory, and Suzanne testified that the only other person that they saw in the house
before and after the incident was defendant. Additionally, Rory testified that he only saw
defendant leave the house after the assault. Considering this testimony, the prosecutor properly
argued the evidence admitted at trial and reasonable inferences arising from the evidence, id.,
and did not violate defendant’s right to a fair trial, Bennett, 290 Mich. App. at 475.

                                               VIII

        Lastly, defendant raises several issues related to the validity of his sentences. We remand
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

        As a preliminary matter, we must consider the Michigan Supreme Court’s recent decision
in People v Lockridge, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2015). In Lockridge, the Court held that
“the rule from Apprendi v New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466; 120 S. Ct. 2348; 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), as
extended by Alleyne v United States, 570 US ___; 133 S. Ct. 2151; 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013),
applies to Michigan’s sentencing guidelines and renders them constitutionally deficient,” id. at
___; slip op at 1, meaning that “to the extent that the OVs scored on the basis of facts not
admitted by the defendant or necessarily found by the jury verdict increase the floor of the

                                               -18-
guidelines range, i.e. the defendant’s ‘mandatory minimum’ sentence, that procedure violates the
Sixth Amendment,” id. at ___; slip op at 11. Accordingly,

       [t]o remedy the constitutional violation, [the Court] sever[ed] MCL 769.34(2) to
       the extent that it makes the sentencing guidelines range as scored on the basis of
       facts beyond those admitted by the defendant or found by the jury beyond a
       reasonable doubt mandatory. [The Court] also str[uck] down the requirement in
       MCL 769.34(3) that a sentencing court that departs from the applicable guidelines
       range must articulate a substantial and compelling reason for that departure. [Id.
       at ___; slip op at 2.]

The Court also stated:

       [A] guidelines minimum sentence range calculated in violation of Apprendi and
       Alleyne is advisory only and that sentences that depart from that threshold are to
       be reviewed by appellate courts for reasonableness. To preserve as much as
       possible the legislative intent in enacting the guidelines, however, we hold that a
       sentencing court must determine the applicable guidelines range and take it into
       account when imposing a sentence. [Id. ___; slip op at 2 (citations omitted).]

Likewise, the Court indicated that “[o]ur holding today does nothing to undercut the requirement
that the highest number of points possible must be assessed for all OVs, whether using judge-
found facts or not.” Id. at ___; slip op at 29 n 28. Therefore, we conclude that, given the
continued relevance of the scoring variables to the Michigan sentencing scheme, the standards of
review traditionally applied to the trial court’s scoring of the variables remain viable after
Lockridge.

       [T]he circuit court’s factual determinations are reviewed for clear error and must
       be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Whether the facts, as found,
       are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the
       application of the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which
       an appellate court reviews de novo. [People v Hardy, 494 Mich. 430, 438; 835
       NW2d 340 (2013) (citations omitted).]

This Court reviews de novo, as a question of law, the proper interpretation of the sentencing
guidelines. People v Gullett, 277 Mich. App. 214, 217; 744 NW2d 200 (2007).

        First, defendant argues that the trial court erred in scoring OV 5 because there was
insufficient evidence that Anton’s parents sustained serious psychological injury. The statutory
basis of OV 5 is MCL 777.35, which provides for an assessment of points when there “is
psychological injury to a member of a victim’s family.” MCL 777.35(1). Fifteen points shall be
assessed if “[s]erious psychological injury requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim’s
family.” MCL 777.35(1)(a). Zero points shall be assessed if “[n]o serious psychological injury
requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim’s family.” MCL 777.35(1)(b). “[T]he fact
that treatment has not been sought is not conclusive,” MCL 777.35(2), but “[t]here must be some
evidence of psychological injury on the record,” see Lockett, 295 Mich. App. at 183 (discussing
the assessment of points under OV 4 in circumstances where “[s]erious psychological injury

                                               -19-
requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim.”)

        The trial testimony, which indicated that Anton’s parents were present in their home
when the crime occurred and found their son with his throat slashed by someone whom they
believed to be their son’s close friend, clearly demonstrated the traumatic nature of the incident.
The trial court’s opportunity to observe the demeanor of Anton’s parents during their testimony
also supported the trial court’s finding that Rory and Suzanne sustained psychological injury.
Further, Anton testified at the sentencing hearing that his parents were “deeply affected” by the
incident and are in the process of seeking psychological help. Accordingly, because the facts as
found by the trial court were not clearly erroneous and were supported by a preponderance of
evidence in the record, and because the evidence sufficiently demonstrates that Anton’s parents
sustained serious psychological injury that may require professional treatment, the trial court
properly assessed 15 points for OV 5. Hardy, 494 Mich. at 438; MCL 777.35(1)(a).

        Second, defendant argues that the trial court erroneously assessed 50 points for OV 6
because there was insufficient evidence in the record to find that defendant had a premeditated
intent to kill Anton. The statutory basis of OV 6 is MCL 777.36, which provides for an
assessment of points based on “the offender’s intent to kill or injure another individual.” MCL
777.36(1). A trial court shall assess 50 points for OV 6 if “[t]he offender had premeditated intent
to kill or [a] killing was committed while committing or attempting to commit” one of the
offenses enumerated in MCL 777.36(1)(a).13 Twenty-five points shall be assessed if “[t]he
offender had unpremeditated intent to kill, the intent to do great bodily harm, or created a very
high risk of death or great bodily harm knowing that death or great bodily harm was the probable
result.” MCL 777.36(1)(b). “The sentencing judge shall score this variable consistent with a
jury verdict unless the judge has information that was not presented to the jury.” MCL
777.36(2)(a).

        “Premeditation, which requires sufficient time to permit the defendant to take a second
look, may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the killing.” People v Coy, 243 Mich
App 283, 315; 620 NW2d 888 (2000). “To premeditate is to think about beforehand; to
deliberate is to measure and evaluate the major facets of a choice or problem. . . .
[P]remeditation and deliberation characterize a thought process undisturbed by hot blood.”
People v Plummer, 229 Mich. App. 293, 300; 581 NW2d 753 (1998) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). Nonexclusive “factors that may be considered to establish premeditation
include the following: (1) the previous relationship between the defendant and the victim; (2)
the defendant’s actions before and after the crime; and (3) the circumstances of the killing itself,
including the weapon used and the location of the wounds inflicted.” Id. Additionally,
“[p]remeditation and deliberation may be inferred from all the facts and circumstances, but the
inferences must have support in the record and cannot be arrived at by mere speculation.” Id. at

13
   The trial court erroneously considered defendant’s “intent to rob” when it scored OV 6. A
killing was not committed in this case, so defendant’s purported attempt to commit robbery or
larceny, which are two of the offenses enumerated in MCL 777.36(1)(a), was not relevant to the
scoring of OV 6.

                                               -20-
301.

        The trial court’s finding that defendant had a premeditated intent to kill was not clearly
erroneous and was supported by a preponderance of evidence in the record. Hardy, 494 Mich. at
438. Anton testified that he went upstairs to retrieve his marijuana and, when he returned to the
basement, he was struck in the head, apparently without warning, and slit in the throat. When
Anton woke up and realized that his throat had been slit, he saw defendant staring at him, “[j]ust
wait[ing] for [him] to die.” Defendant made no effort to assist Anton. There was no evidence of
an altercation or argument between defendant and Anton immediately before the assault which
could indicate that the attack was provoked or instigated by hot blood. From these
circumstances, one could reasonably infer that defendant planned the attack before it occurred
and was lying in wait to attack Anton when he returned to the basement, Plummer, 229 Mich
App at 301, which justifies an assessment of 50 points under OV 6, MCL 777.36(1)(a); Hardy,
494 Mich. at 438. Thus, we find no error in the trial court’s scoring of the OVs.

        In addition, defendant raises an Apprendi/Alleyne challenge, arguing that his Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated because the trial court’s scoring of OV 3, OV 4, OV
5, and OV 6 was based on impermissible judicial fact-finding, which increased the floor of the
minimum range recommended by the sentencing guidelines. Because “defendant did not object
to the scoring of the OVs at sentencing on Apprendi/Alleyne grounds, . . . our review is for plain
error affecting substantial rights.” Lockridge, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 30.

       In this case, the trial court departed from the minimum range recommended by the
sentencing guidelines. Therefore, even if we assume that the facts necessary to score OV 3, OV
4, OV 5, and OV 6 were not established by the jury’s verdict or admitted by defendant,
defendant cannot establish plain error. As in Lockridge, because defendant

       received an upward departure sentence that did not rely on the minimum sentence
       range from the improperly scored guidelines (and indeed, the trial court
       necessarily had to state on the record its reasons for departing from that range), . .
       . defendant cannot show prejudice from any error in scoring the OVs in violation
       of Alleyne. [Id. at ___; slip op at 31.]

       However, under Lockridge, this Court must review defendant’s sentence for
reasonableness.14 Id. at ___; slip op at 2, 29, citing United States v Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 264;
125 S. Ct. 738; 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005). The appropriate procedure for considering the
reasonableness of a departure sentence is not set forth in Lockridge. We conclude that there are
two approaches that Michigan appellate courts could adopt in order to perform this
reasonableness inquiry.

14
  Because a trial court is no longer required to provide a substantial and compelling reason for a
departure from the sentencing guidelines under Lockridge, we need not review defendant’s
argument specifically concerning whether the reasons articulated by the trial court were
substantial and compelling.

                                               -21-
        The first option is the standard of review currently employed by the federal courts. After
determining whether the sentencing court committed a significant procedural error, federal
appellate courts review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of discretion.
See, e.g., Gall v United States, 552 U.S. 38, 56; 128 S. Ct. 586; 169 L. Ed. 2d 445 (2007); United
States v Pirosko, 787 F3d 358, 372 (CA 6, 2015); United States v Feemster, 572 F3d 455, 462
(CA 8, 2009). Under Booker, 543 U.S. at 261, federal courts should be guided by the factors
listed in 18 USC § 3553(a) in determining whether a sentence is reasonable.15 The factors
include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense; (2) the history and characteristics of the
defendant; (3) the need for the sentence imposed to punish the offender, protect the public from
the defendant, rehabilitate the defendant, and deter others; (4) the types of sentences available;
(5) the sentencing range established by the sentencing guidelines; (6) pertinent policy statements
issued by the United States Sentencing Commission; (7) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence
disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar
conduct; and (8) the need for restitution. 18 USC § 3553(a).

        The Eighth Circuit, among others, has noted the situations that would involve an abuse of
discretion:

       [A]n abuse of discretion may occur when (1) a court fails to consider a relevant
       factor that should have received significant weight; (2) a court gives significant
       weight to an improper or irrelevant factor; or (3) a court considers only the
       appropriate factors but in weighing those factors commits a “clear error of
       judgment.” A discretionary sentencing ruling, similarly, may be unreasonable if a
       sentencing court fails to consider a relevant factor that should have received
       significant weight, gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or
       considers only appropriate factors but nevertheless commits a clear error of
       judgment by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the limited range of choice
       dictated by the facts of the case. [United States v Haack, 403 F3d 997, 1004 (CA
       8, 2005) (citations omitted).]

See also United States v Ressam, 679 F3d 1069, 1086-1087 (CA 9, 2012). Federal appellate
courts are permitted to “apply a presumption of reasonableness to a district court sentence that
reflects a proper application of the Sentencing Guidelines,” Rita v United States, 551 U.S. 338,
347; 127 S. Ct. 2456; 168 L. Ed. 2d 203 (2007).16

15
   Federal district courts are required to first calculate the applicable guidelines range and
subsequently “consider all of the § 3553(a) factors to determine whether they support the
sentence requested by a party.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 49-50.
16
   For examples of the manner in which federal circuit courts have reviewed sentences for
reasonableness with regard to § 3553(a), see Gall, 552 U.S. at 46-60; Pirosko, 787 F3d 358, 372,
374-375 (CA 6, 2015); United States v Rosales-Bruno, 789 F3d 1249 (CA 11, 2015).

                                               -22-
        The second option is the standard of review that was in place under People v Milbourn,
435 Mich. 630; 461 NW2d 1 (1990), which is similar to the federal standard. When Milbourn
was decided, the Legislature had not enacted the statutory sentencing guidelines; the guidelines
in effect were those developed by the Michigan Supreme Court and promulgated by
administrative order. People v Hegwood, 465 Mich. 432, 438; 636 NW2d 127 (2001). Trial
court judges were not required to impose a sentence within the range recommended by the
sentencing guidelines; they were only required to score the guidelines and articulate the reasons
for a departure from the recommended range. Id. In this context—which is strikingly similar to
the role of the sentencing guidelines after Lockridge, see Lockridge, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at
29—the Michigan Supreme Court overruled the “shocks the conscience” test that was previous
employed under People v Coles, 417 Mich. 523, 550; 339 NW2d 440 (1983), and adopted the
“principle of proportionality” test in order to determine whether a trial court abused its discretion
in imposing a sentence. Milbourn, 435 Mich. at 634-636. Under the new test, “a given sentence
[could] be said to constitute an abuse of discretion if that sentence violate[d] the principle of
proportionality, which require[d] sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the
seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.” Id. at 636. As such,
trial courts were required to impose a sentence that took “into account the nature of the offense
and the background of the offender.” Id. at 651.

       With regard to the judicial sentencing guidelines, the Court stated:

              The guidelines represent the actual sentencing practices of the judiciary,
       and we believe that the second edition of the sentencing guidelines is the best
       “barometer” of where on the continuum from the least to the most threatening
       circumstances a given case falls.

       . . . We note that departures [from the guidelines] are appropriate where the
       guidelines do not adequately account for important factors legitimately considered
       at sentencing. . . . To require strict adherence to the guidelines would effectively
       prevent their evolution, and, for this reason, trial judges may continue to depart
       from the guidelines when, in their judgment, the recommended range under the
       guidelines is disproportionate, in either direction, to the seriousness of the crime.
       [Id. at 656-657.]

The Court also provided the following guidance for appellate courts reviewing a departure from
the guidelines:

               Where there is a departure from the sentencing guidelines, an appellate
       court’s first inquiry should be whether the case involves circumstances that are
       not adequately embodied within the variables used to score the guidelines. A
       departure from the recommended range in the absence of factors not adequately
       reflected in the guidelines should alert the appellate court to the possibility that
       the trial court has violated the principle of proportionality and thus abused its
       sentencing discretion. Even where some departure appears to be appropriate, the
       extent of the departure (rather than the fact of the departure itself) may embody a
       violation of the principle of proportionality. [Id. at 659-660.]

                                                -23-
        Factors previously considered by Michigan courts under the proportionality standard
included, among others, (1) the seriousness of the offense, People v Houston, 448 Mich. 312,
321; 532 NW2d 508 (1995); (2) factors not considered by the guidelines, such as the relationship
between the victim and the aggressor, id. at 323; Milbourn, 435 Mich. at 660, the defendant’s
misconduct while in custody, Houston, 448 Mich. at 323, the defendant’s expressions of remorse,
id., and the defendant’s potential for rehabilitation, id.; and (3) factors that were inadequately
considered by the guidelines in a particular case, id. at 324.

         The “principle of proportionality” previously employed by Michigan appellate courts is
consistent with the standard of review employed by federal courts after Booker.17 We conclude
that reinstating the previous standard of review in Michigan, as a means of determining the
reasonableness of a sentence, is preferable to adopting the analysis utilized by the federal courts
and is most consistent with the Supreme Court’s directives in Lockridge. Unlike the federal
district courts, Michigan trial courts are not procedurally required to expressly consider all of the
factors listed in 18 USC § 3553(a). For example, unlike federal courts, Michigan courts are not
expressly required to consider sentences imposed in other cases in order to weigh “the need to
avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been
found guilty of similar conduct.” § 3553(a)(6).18 Instead, under Lockridge, sentencing courts are
only required “to consult the applicable guidelines range and take it into account when imposing
a sentence . . . [and] justify the sentence imposed in order to facilitate appellate review.”
Lockridge, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 29. As such, it would be unworkable to expect this Court
to review a sentence for an abuse of discretion based on the factors under § 3553(a) when the
trial court was not required to expressly consider these factors in determining a reasonable
sentence. Moreover, unlike the United States Sentencing Commission, the Legislature does not
issue policy statements under the statutory sentencing scheme, MCL 777.1 et seq., such that it is
effectively impossible for a trial court or this Court to consider a factor analogous to § 3553(a)(5)
in order to determine whether a sentence is reasonable. Furthermore, although the majority
opinion in Lockridge expressly cites Booker, 543 U.S. at 261, the opinion includes no discussion
of § 3553(a) and the significant role of that statutory provision in the analysis employed by
federal appellate courts in determining the reasonableness of a sentence. See Lockridge, ___
Mich at ___; slip op at 29. Therefore, we hold that a sentence that fulfills the principle of
proportionality under Milbourn and its progeny constitutes a reasonable sentence under
Lockridge.

17
   Justice Markman noted in his Lockridge dissent that the post-severability analysis standard
utilized by the United States Supreme Court under Booker, 543 U.S. at 246, is consistent with
Michigan’s previous standard of review under Milbourn, 435 Mich. at 636. Lockridge, ___ Mich
at ___; slip op at 61 n 40 (MARKMAN, J., dissenting). This conclusion is further supported by the
fact that the Sixth Circuit and other circuits have “applied a proportionality principle based on at
least two of the § 3553(a) factors.” United States v Poynter, 495 F3d 349, 352 (CA 6, 2007); see
also id. at 355-359.
18
   Cf. United States v Begin, 696 F3d 405, 413-414 (CA 3, 2012) (explaining that a federal
district court erred in failing to consider the defendant’s argument regarding § 3553(a)(6)).

                                                -24-
         Given that Lockridge overturned the substantial and compelling reason standard,
Lockridge, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 29, which was in place at the time of defendant’s
sentencing, and given our conclusion that the principle of proportionality established under
Milbourn and its progeny is now the appropriate standard by which a defendant’s sentence
should be reviewed, we also find that the procedure articulated in Lockridge, and modeled on
that adopted in United States v Crosby, 397 F3d 103 (CA 2, 2005), should apply here.
Lockridge, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 33-36. As recently stated by this Court in People v
Stokes, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___NW2d ___ (2015); slip op at 11, “the purpose of a Crosby
remand is to determine what effect Lockridge would have on the defendant’s sentence, so that it
may be determined whether any prejudice resulted from the error.” While the Lockridge Court
did not explicitly hold that the Crosby procedure applies under the circumstances of this case, we
conclude this is the proper remedy where, as here, the trial court was unaware of and not
expressly bound by a reasonableness standard rooted in the Milbourn principle of proportionality
at the time of sentencing.

        Under the Crosby procedure, which “offers a measure of protection to a defendant[,]” “a
defendant is provided with an opportunity ‘to avoid resentencing by promptly notifying the trial
judge that resentencing will not be sought.’ ” Stokes, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 11-12,
quoting Lockridge, ___ Mich at___; slip op at 35. Given the possibility that defendant could
receive a more severe sentence, defendant should be provided the opportunity to avoid
resentencing if that is his desire. Stokes, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 12. Accordingly, we
remand the matter to the trial court to follow the Crosby procedure outlined in Lockridge.
Defendant “may elect to forego resentencing by providing the trial court with prompt notice of
his intention to do so. If ‘notification is not received in a timely manner,’ the trial court shall
continue with the Crosby remand procedure as explained in Lockridge.” Stokes, ___ Mich App
at ___; slip op at 12, quoting Lockridge, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 35-36.

        We affirm defendant’s convictions, but remand for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                            /s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                            /s/ Donald S. Owens
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly

                                               -25-