Court Opinion

ID: 3193728
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-13 19:13:57.21154+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:17.029604
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                    January 2016 Term

                                                                         FILED

                                                                      April 13, 2016

                                       No. 14-0890                      released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                      RORY L. PERRY, II CLERK

                                                                    SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                         OF WEST VIRGINIA

                               STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,

                                Plaintiff Below, Respondent,

                                             v.

                                   JULIA SURBAUGH,

                                Defendant Below, Petitioner.

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Webster County

                       Honorable Richard A. Facemire, Judge

                             Criminal Action No. 10-F-14

                                        AFFIRMED

                               Submitted: February 24, 2016

                                  Filed: April 13, 2016

Christopher G. Moffatt, Esq.                       Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia                          Attorney General
Counsel for Petitioner                             Jonathan E. Porter, Esq.
                                                   Assistant Attorney General
                                                   Charleston, West Virginia
                                                   Counsel for Respondent

JUSTICE LOUGHRY delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                               SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1. “In determining who is an expert, a circuit court should conduct a two-step

inquiry. First, a circuit court must determine whether the proposed expert (a) meets the

minimal educational or experiential qualifications (b) in a field that is relevant to the subject

under investigation (c) which will assist the trier of fact. Second, a circuit court must

determine that the expert’s area of expertise covers the particular opinion as to which the

expert seeks to testify.” Syl. Pt. 5, Gentry v. Mangum, 195 W.Va. 512, 466 S.E.2d 171

(1995).

              2. “When a trial court is called upon to determine the admissibility of scientific

expert testimony, in deciding the ‘reliability’ prong of admissibility the focus of the trial

court’s inquiry is limited to determining whether the expert employed a methodology that is

recognized in the scientific community for rendering an opinion on the subject under

consideration. If the methodology is recognized in the scientific community, the court should

then determine whether the expert correctly applied the methodology to render his or her

opinion. If these two factors are satisfied, and the testimony has been found to be relevant,

and the expert is qualified, the expert may testify at trial.” Syl. Pt. 2, Harris v. CSX

Transport, Inc., 232 W.Va. 617, 753 S.E.2d 275 (2013).

                                                i
              3. “Following a trial court’s decision that a physician is qualified to offer

expert testimony in a given field, issues that arise as to the physician’s personal use of a

specific technique or procedure to which he or she seeks to offer expert testimony go only

to the weight to be attached to that testimony and not to its admissibility.” Syl. Pt. 3, Walker

v. Sharma, 221 W.Va. 559, 655 S.E.2d 775 (2007).

              4. “‘Under our decisions, the corpus delicti consists in cases of felonious

homicide, of two fundamental facts: (1) the death; and (2) the existence of criminal agency

as a cause thereof. The former must be proved either by direct testimony or by presumptive

evidence of the strongest kind; but the latter may be established by circumstantial evidence

or by presumptive reasoning upon the facts and circumstances of the case.’ Point 6 Syllabus,

State v. Beale, 104 W.Va. 617[, 141 S.E. 7 (1927)].” Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Durham, 156 W.Va.

509, 195 S.E.2d 144 (1973).

              5. “In order to sustain a conviction for felonious homicide, the corpus delicti

is properly proved by sufficient evidence showing that the initial wound caused the death

indirectly through a chain of natural causes.” Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Durham, 156 W.Va. 509,

195 S.E.2d 144 (1973).

                                               ii
               6. “A defendant may be held criminally responsible where he inflicts upon

another a wound resulting in death, even though the cause of death is related to the proper

treatment of the wound or related to such treatment or effect of a preexisting physical

disability of the victim.” Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Durham, 156 W.Va. 509, 195 S.E.2d 144 (1973).

               7. “If, after a mortal wound has been inflicted upon a person and while he is

still living, a second injury is inflicted upon him, and he subsequently dies from the effects

of both, the first one contributing to the death, the perpetrator of the first injurious act is not

exonerated from the charge of homicide[] by the perpetration of the second.” Syl. Pt. 8, State

v. Snider, 81 W.Va. 522, 94 S.E. 981 (1918).

               8. “To effect such exoneration the intervening injury must have been the

proximate cause of the death.” Syl. Pt. 9, State v. Snider, 81 W.Va. 522, 94 S.E. 981 (1918).

               9. If a person inflicts a wound upon a person who thereafter dies, it is not a

defense to a criminal homicide charge that medical care in the treatment of that wound

contributed to the victim’s death. Only medical care that is shown to be the sole cause of

death will operate to break the chain of causation and relieve the defendant of criminal

responsibility.

                                                iii
              10. “When the State had or should have had evidence requested by a criminal

defendant but the evidence no longer exists when the defendant seeks its production, a trial

court must determine (1) whether the requested material, if in the possession of the State at

the time of the defendant’s request for it, would have been subject to disclosure under either

West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 or case law; (2) whether the State had a duty

to preserve the material; and (3) if the State did have a duty to preserve the material, whether

the duty was breached and what consequences should flow from the breach. In determining

what consequences should flow from the State’s breach of its duty to preserve evidence, a

trial court should consider (1) the degree of negligence or bad faith involved; (2) the

importance of the missing evidence considering the probative value and reliability of

secondary or substitute evidence that remains available; and (3) the sufficiency of the other

evidence produced at the trial to sustain the conviction.” Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Osakalumi, 194

W.Va. 758, 461 S.E.2d 504 (1995).

              11. “A criminal defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to

support a conviction takes on a heavy burden. An appellate court must review all the

evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the prosecution and

must credit all inferences and credibility assessments that the jury might have drawn in favor

of the prosecution. The evidence need not be inconsistent with every conclusion save that

of guilt so long as the jury can find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.              Credibility

                                               iv
determinations are for a jury and not an appellate court. Finally, a jury verdict should be set

aside only when the record contains no evidence, regardless of how it is weighed, from which

the jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. To the extent that our prior cases are

inconsistent, they are expressly overruled.” Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Guthrie, 194 W.Va. 657, 461
S.E.2d 163 (1995).

               12. “A trial court’s instructions to the jury must be a correct statement of the

law and supported by the evidence. Jury instructions are reviewed by determining whether

the charge, reviewed as a whole, sufficiently instructed the jury so they understood the issues

involved and were not mislead by the law. A jury instruction cannot be dissected on appeal;

instead, the entire instruction is looked at when determining its accuracy. A trial court,

therefore, has broad discretion in formulating its charge to the jury, so long as the charge

accurately reflects the law. Deference is given to a trial court’s discretion concerning the

specific wording of the instruction, and the precise extent and character of any specific

instruction will be reviewed only for an abuse of discretion.” Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Guthrie, 194

W.Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995).

               13. “A trial court’s refusal to give a requested instruction is reversible error

only if: (1) the instruction is a correct statement of the law; (2) it is not substantially covered

in the charge actually given to the jury; and (3) it concerns an important point in the trial so

                                                v
that the failure to give it seriously impairs a defendant’s ability to effectively present a given

defense.” Syl. Pt. 11, State v. Derr, 192 W.Va. 165, 451 S.E.2d 731 (1994).

                                                vi

LOUGHRY, Justice:

               The petitioner herein and defendant below, Julia Surbaugh, appeals the July

14, 2014, amended order of the Circuit Court of Webster County denying her motions for a

new trial or for judgment of acquittal subsequent to her jury conviction of murder in the first

degree without a recommendation of mercy.1 She asserts multiple assignments of error: the

circuit court erred by admitting expert opinion testimony from a deputy medical examiner;

the State failed to prove the corpus delicti of murder; the circuit court erred by refusing to

dismiss the case based upon the State’s destruction of evidence; the State failed to present

sufficient evidence to support the conviction; the circuit court erred in instructing the jury

and by using an improper verdict form; and the circuit court erred in admitting the

petitioner’s statements to police.2 After a thorough review of the record on appeal,3 the

parties’ arguments, and the relevant law, we find no reversible error and affirm.

       1
        This appeal arises from the petitioner’s second trial, which was held in 2014. At the
conclusion of a first trial in 2010, a jury found the petitioner guilty of first degree murder and
did not recommend mercy. She appealed and in State v. Surbaugh, 230 W.Va. 212, 737
S.E.2d 240 (2012) (Surbaugh I), the Court reversed the conviction and remanded for a new
trial on the sole basis of the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury on the use of good
character evidence.
       2
        The petitioner’s brief sets forth ten assignments of error; we have combined some of
these alleged errors for purposes of discussion. Ms. Surbaugh, writing pro se, supplemented
her lawyer’s arguments.
       3
        In addition to reviewing the appendix record filed by the petitioner, this Court
directed the circuit clerk to submit for our review copies of the admitted trial exhibits, the
jury instructions, and the verdict form. See R.A.P. 6(b) (“The Court, upon its own motion,
may consider portions of the record other than those provided by the parties.”).

                                                1

                         I. Factual and Procedural Background

              On the morning of August 6, 2009, while inside the bedroom of his home, the

victim Michael Surbaugh was shot three times in the head with a .22 caliber handgun. Two

bullets entered and exited through the side of his face. Another bullet entered the other side

of his head, fracturing the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus and the zygomatic arch. Bullet

fragments were lodged inside the area of his sinus cavity, but none of the bullets penetrated

the cranium into the brain. Two of the gunshots were fired from a distance of greater than

eighteen inches, while the shot that penetrated his sinus cavity was a near-contact discharge.

              At the time of the shooting, Mr. Surbaugh and his wife, the petitioner herein,

were home alone.4 The petitioner immediately called 911 to report that her husband had shot

himself. She then told authorities that her husband tried to shoot her while they were lying

in bed together, they struggled, and the gun accidentally discharged and struck him. Later,

the petitioner changed her story again to assert that although her husband tried to shoot her

while they were lying in bed together, she got the gun away from him and fired two shots at

him in self-defense as he approached her in a threatening manner. As to the third gunshot

wound he received, the petitioner claimed her husband took the gun back and fired the third

shot at his own head. The petitioner testified that she believes she was screaming during this

       4
        The Surbaughs had minor children, but the children, who had spent the prior night
at a neighbor’s home, had not yet returned.

                                              2

encounter. However, a neighbor who heard the shootings did not hear any talking,

screaming, or sounds of a struggle. The neighbor testified that he clearly heard a gunshot,

a groan, a gunshot, a groan, and then, after a little hesitation, another gunshot.5

               Although he was bleeding profusely, Mr. Surbaugh was able to walk and talk

after being shot. With the assistance of another neighbor who arrived on the scene, Mr.

Surbaugh went outside his home and sat in a lawn chair to await an ambulance. Using a

cellular telephone, he contacted his extramarital girlfriend to tell her that he would be late for

a trip they were planning to take later in the day. When emergency medical personnel

arrived, Mr. Surbaugh stated “the bitch shot me,” referencing the petitioner. A short time

later at a local hospital, Mr. Surbaugh told medical personnel that he had been sleeping in his

bed when he was awakened by a severe pain to his head that felt like a baseball bat hitting

his skull. He told a physician’s assistant, “I’m not crazy. I didn’t do this. This bitch shot

me.” While at the hospital, in a recorded statement to the investigating police officer, Mr.

Surbaugh said he was asleep in bed when he “felt like somebody hit me up beside the head

with a baseball bat.” Mr. Surbaugh also said he saw the petitioner with the gun, which he

took away from her.

       5
       At the time of the shooting, the neighbor had just exited his home and was on his
sidewalk. The bedroom window of the Surbaughs’ home faces this sidewalk.

                                                3

              Approximately four and one-half hours after the shooting, while he was being

loaded onto a helicopter for emergency transit to a hospital with trauma facilities, Mr.

Surbaugh went into cardiac arrest and died. After performing an autopsy, Deputy Medical

Examiner Hamada Mahmoud concluded that the cause of death was the three gunshots to the

head. Dr. Mahmoud also opined that the specific mechanism that led to the cardiac arrest

was possibly an air embolism due to air entering the bloodstream through the damaged sinus

cavity. At trial, the petitioner presented her own experts, Dr. Cyril Wecht and Dr. David

Henchman, who opined that the cardiac arrest was caused by pulmonary edema resulting

from the emergency medical personnel administering too much intravenous fluid while

treating Mr. Surbaugh for the gunshot wounds. The petitioner’s experts denied there was any

evidence of an air embolism.

              After her husband’s death, the petitioner told a police officer that “I just want

you to know I didn’t do it because he was going to leave me. I did it because he was taking

my kids.” It is undisputed that the petitioner knew of her husband’s extramarital affair,

knew that he planned to leave that same day for a trip with his girlfriend, and knew that he

was planning to leave the marital home to move in with his girlfriend. The petitioner

testified that in the event of a marital separation, she was “terrified” her husband would get

                                              4

unsupervised visitation with their children.6 Moreover, she testified that the night before the

shooting, her husband had threatened–for the first time–that he and his girlfriend would take

the children away from her. According to the petitioner’s testimony, her husband had never

before threatened to fight her for custody or unsupervised visitation.

              The State asserted at trial that the petitioner committed intentional,

premeditated murder. In defense of that charge, the petitioner asserted that she fired two of

the gunshots in self-defense and that her husband self-inflicted the third shot. She further

asserted that medical negligence was the cause of her husband’s death, not the gunshot

wounds. At the conclusion of the twelve-day trial held in February and March of 2014, the

jury found the petitioner guilty of first degree murder and did not recommend mercy. The

petitioner filed a post-trial motion for new trial or judgment of acquittal, which the circuit

court denied by amended order entered on July 14, 2014. This appeal followed.

                                  II. Standard of Review

              The petitioner appeals the circuit court’s order denying her post-trial motions

for a new trial or a judgment of acquittal. We apply the following standard when reviewing

a circuit court’s decision to deny a motion for new trial:

       6
      The petitioner’s concern about unsupervised visitation apparently pertained to her
husband’s alcoholism and the fact that his girlfriend had a drug problem.

                                              5

                     In reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by
              a circuit court, we apply a two-pronged deferential standard of
              review. We review the rulings of the circuit court concerning a
              new trial and its conclusion as to the existence of reversible
              error under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the
              circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly
              erroneous standard. Questions of law are subject to a de novo
              review.

Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Vance, 207 W.Va. 640, 535 S.E.2d 484 (2000). Furthermore, “[t]he Court

applies a de novo standard of review to the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal based

upon the sufficiency of the evidence.” State v. Juntilla, 227 W.Va. 492, 497, 711 S.E.2d 562,

567 (2011) (citing State v. LaRock, 196 W.Va. 294, 304, 470 S.E.2d 613, 623 (1996)).

Where more particularized standards of review apply to specific assignments of error, they

are set forth below. With this in mind, we consider whether the petitioner is entitled to the

reversal of her conviction.

                                      III. Discussion

                     A. Admission of Medical Examiner’s Opinion

              The petitioner contends that the circuit court erred by denying her motions in

limine to prohibit the deputy medical examiner from testifying that Mr. Surbaugh may have

suffered an air embolism. Noting that Dr. Mahmoud offered this particular opinion as a

possibility, and that this opinion was contradicted by her own experts, she argues it was mere

speculation which the trial court should have excluded as unreliable. In response, the State

argues that Dr. Mahmoud was a qualified expert and all of his opinions were properly

                                              6

admitted into evidence at trial. The State further asserts that when considering Dr.

Mahmoud’s use of the word “possible” in context with his entire testimony, it is clear the

doctor intended to communicate that an air embolism was “probably” the specific mechanism

of death.

              Rule 702 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence permits an expert witness to

provide opinion testimony if it will assist the trier of fact.7 Following the United States

Supreme Court’s decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579

(1993), we held in Wilt v. Buracker, 191 W.Va. 39, 443 S.E.2d 196 (1993), that a trial court

has a gatekeeper obligation to screen scientific expert opinions for admissibility. In Wilt, and

later in Gentry v. Mangum, 195 W.Va. 512, 466 S.E.2d 171 (1995), “we explained that

circuit courts must conduct a two-part inquiry under Rule 702 and ask: (1) is the witness

[qualified as] an expert; and, if so, (2) is the expert’s testimony relevant and reliable?” San

Francisco v. Wendy’s Int’l, Inc., 221 W.Va. 734, 741, 656 S.E.2d 485, 492 (2007).8

       7
       When this case went to trial beginning in February of 2014, Rule 702 provided as
follows: “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact
to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by
knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an
opinion or otherwise.”
       8
        Certainly, not every opinion offered by a physician in a trial requires a Daubert/Wilt
analysis. The circuit court conducted such an analysis in this case because the petitioner
asserted that Dr. Mahmoud was offering an unreliable scientific opinion.

                                               7

              In this case, we can quickly dispose of the issues of qualification and relevance.

The test for determining a witness’s qualification to serve as an expert is set forth in Gentry:

                     In determining who is an expert, a circuit court should
              conduct a two-step inquiry. First, a circuit court must determine
              whether the proposed expert (a) meets the minimal educational
              or experiential qualifications (b) in a field that is relevant to the
              subject under investigation (c) which will assist the trier of fact.
              Second, a circuit court must determine that the expert’s area of
              expertise covers the particular opinion as to which the expert
              seeks to testify.

195 W.Va. at 515, 466 S.E.2d at 174, syl. pt. 5. In her brief, the petitioner did not analyze

Dr. Mahmoud’s qualifications in terms of the Gentry test. However, our review of the

appendix record reveals that Dr. Mahmoud, a licensed medical doctor and experienced

medical examiner, possessed the requisite educational and experiential qualifications to

render opinions about the victim’s wounds, autopsy, and cause of death; that his field of

forensic pathology was relevant to this murder case; that his opinions assisted the jury; and

that his area of expertise covered the opinions he offered at trial. Indeed, during trial the

defense counsel only “reserv[ed] my right to cross on his qualification, as to a matter of

weight, I have no objection to him being . . . qualified” as an expert in the field of forensic

pathology. As such, it was not error for the circuit court to have qualified Dr. Mahmoud as

an expert witness. Furthermore, Dr. Mahmoud’s testimony about the victim’s wounds and

cause of death was relevant to this case given that the petitioner was charged with murdering

her husband by shooting him in the head.

                                               8

              The petitioner’s argument focuses on whether Dr. Mahmoud’s opinion

concerning the possibility of an air embolism was reliable. With regard to the question of

reliability, a majority of this Court held that

                     [w]hen a trial court is called upon to determine the
              admissibility of scientific expert testimony, in deciding the
              “reliability” prong of admissibility the focus of the trial court’s
              inquiry is limited to determining whether the expert employed
              a methodology that is recognized in the scientific community for
              rendering an opinion on the subject under consideration. If the
              methodology is recognized in the scientific community, the
              court should then determine whether the expert correctly applied
              the methodology to render his or her opinion. If these two
              factors are satisfied, and the testimony has been found to be
              relevant, and the expert is qualified, the expert may testify at
              trial.

Syl. Pt. 2, Harris v. CSX Transport, Inc., 232 W.Va. 617, 753 S.E.2d 275 (2013). It is

important to recognize that the analysis of reliability does not ask whether the expert’s

opinion is correct:

              The assessment of whether scientifically-based expert testimony
              is “reliable,” as that term is used in . . . [Daubert and Wilt], does
              not mean an assessment of whether the testimony is persuasive,
              convincing, or well-founded. Rather, assessing “reliability” is
              a shorthand term of art for assessing whether the testimony is to
              a reasonable degree based on the use of knowledge and
              procedures that have been arrived at using the methods of
              science–rather than being based on irrational and intuitive
              feelings, guesses, or speculation. If the former is the case, then
              the jury may (or may not, in its sole discretion) “rely upon” the
              testimony.

Harris, 232 W.Va. at 621-22, 753 S.E.2d at 279-80 (quoting In re Flood Litig. Coal River

Watershed, 222 W.Va. 574, 582 n.5, 668 S.E.2d 203, 211 n.5 (2008)). This Court

                                                  9

emphasized in Gentry that “[t]he problem is not to decide whether the proffered evidence is

right, but whether the science is valid enough to be reliable.” 195 W.Va. at 523, 466 S.E.2d

at 182.

              The circuit court held an in camera hearing before allowing Dr. Mahmoud to

testify before the jury. During this hearing, Dr. Mahmoud explained the reasoning behind

his air embolism opinion, and the petitioner did not present any contrary evidence. The trial

court concluded that the issues petitioner raised regarding this opinion went to the weight to

be given the testimony, not to its admissibility; therefore, Dr. Mahmoud was permitted to

offer this opinion.

              Dr. Mahmoud testified that after performing the autopsy, he classified Mr.

Surbaugh’s death, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, as a homicide caused by three

gunshot wounds to the head. As to the exact mechanism in which the gunshot injuries

resulted in death, he ruled out other scenarios and opined that the victim had possibly

suffered an air embolism due to air being introduced into the bloodstream through the open

sinus cavity wound. Dr. Mahmoud explained that when air enters the circulatory system and

travels to the heart, it can cause a sudden cardiopulmonary episode and death. Although Dr.

Mahmoud could not characterize his air embolism opinion as a medical certainty, he

explained that he reached it after considering and rejecting other potential mechanisms of

                                             10

death. Dr. Mahmoud stated that he took into account the fact that the autopsy showed the

victim had not bled to death or died from shock; the bullets had not damaged any internal

organs or made it through the cranium into the brain; the victim had been alert after the

shooting but suddenly “crashed” into cardiac arrest; and an air embolism is not uncommon

in cases of gunshot wounds to the head. Dr. Mahmoud testified he did not perform certain

pre-autopsy tests that can sometimes detect an air embolism because the victim’s injuries had

not initially led him to suspect this condition. He explained that the majority of gunshot

wounds are fatal due to internal organ damage, and it was too late to perform the tests after

the autopsy began and the body was surgically exposed to air. Dr. Mahmoud’s opinion on

the possibility of an air embolism was subject to lengthy cross-examination. Further, the

petitioner’s experts testified that the copious amount of fluid in the victim’s intubation tube

at the time he was being loaded onto the helicopter, the increased weight of the victim’s

lungs as measured during the autopsy, and the lack of frothy blood in the autopsied heart, all

indicate that pulmonary edema from excess administration of fluid was the specific

mechanism of death.

              Dr. Mahmoud testified that his methodology of considering and rejecting

different causes is a way that doctors diagnose medical conditions and reach conclusions on

causation. Our review of the trial transcript shows that Dr. Mahmoud’s methodology bears

no marked difference from the scientific method used in San Francisco, where a doctor

                                              11

considered but rejected various causes for a patient’s intestinal distress to conclude that the

cause was ingestion of undercooked meat. San Francisco, 221 W.Va. at 746, 656 S.E.2d at

497. This Court held that the doctor’s methodology could lead to a reliable opinion under

Rule 702 and Wilt. San Francisco, 221 W.Va. at 738, 656 S.E.2d at 489, syl. pt. 5.

                 The petitioner does not dispute that considering and eliminating different

possible mechanisms of death was an acceptable methodology for the deputy medical

examiner to have used. Rather, she challenges Dr. Mahmoud’s testimony because he did not

perform certain tests that might have detected the presence of an air embolism. Dr.

Mahmoud explained why those tests were not performed and that they do not always provide

accurate results. This issue goes to the weight to be given the evidence, not to its

admissibility:

                        Following a trial court’s decision that a physician is
                 qualified to offer expert testimony in a given field, issues that
                 arise as to the physician’s personal use of a specific technique
                 or procedure to which he or she seeks to offer expert testimony
                 go only to the weight to be attached to that testimony and not to
                 its admissibility.

Syl. Pt. 3, Walker v. Sharma, 221 W.Va. 559, 655 S.E.2d 775 (2007); accord Gentry, 195

W.Va. at 527, 466 S.E.2d at 186 (“Disputes as to the strength of an expert’s credentials, mere

differences in the methodology, or lack of textual authority for the opinion go to weight and

not to the admissibility of the[] testimony.”).

                                                12

              The petitioner also argues that the air embolism opinion was unreliable because

Dr. Mahmoud offered it only as a possible mechanism of death. Critically, Rule of Evidence

702 speaks in terms of assisting the trier of fact. An opinion derived from a scientifically-

recognized methodology, which is otherwise admissible under the law set forth in Wilt and

its progeny, may be of assistance to the jury even if the expert is not absolutely certain of his

or her conclusion. See Louis J. Palmer, Jr., Robin Jean Davis, Franklin D. Cleckley,

Handbook on Evidence for West Virginia Lawyers § 702.02[4][b] (6th ed. 2015) (“The

physician may testify as to the ‘possible’ causal relationship between the plaintiff’s condition

and the cause of that condition.”).

              After carefully reviewing the record on appeal and the applicable authority, we

conclude that Dr. Mahmoud’s air embolism opinion was admissible. Whether this opinion

was correct or incorrect was not for the trial court or this Court to decide. The petitioner was

permitted to cross-examine Dr. Mahmoud, offer contrary expert testimony, and argue that

Dr. Mahmoud’s opinion should be disregarded. The decision regarding the amount of weight

to attribute to that opinion rested with the jury. See Martin v. Charleston Area Med. Ctr.,

181 W.Va. 308, 311, 382 S.E.2d 502, 505 (1989) (reaffirming proposition that jury has right

to weigh testimony of all witnesses, expert and otherwise).

                                               13

        B. Sufficiency of the Evidence Proving the Corpus Delecti of Murder

              “In any case of homicide there must be proof of the identity of the deceased

and the causation of death.” State v. Myers, 171 W.Va. 277, 280, 298 S.E.2d 813, 817

(1982). The petitioner argues the State failed to prove that the gunshots caused her

husband’s death. She contends that his wounds were not fatal and death was instead the

proximate result of an intervening cause, specifically, the allegedly negligent medical care

that Mr. Surbaugh received in the treatment of those wounds. “An intervening cause is a new

and independent force which breaks the causal connection between the original act or

omission and the injury, and itself becomes the direct and immediate cause of the injury.”

State v. Nester, 175 W.Va. 539, 542, 336 S.E.2d 187, 189 (1985) (citation omitted). Thus,

the petitioner argues the State failed to prove the criminal agency aspect of the corpus delicti

of murder:

                     “Under our decisions, the corpus delicti consists in cases
              of felonious homicide, of two fundamental facts: (1) the death;
              and (2) the existence of criminal agency as a cause thereof. The
              former must be proved either by direct testimony or by
              presumptive evidence of the strongest kind; but the latter may be
              established by circumstantial evidence or by presumptive
              reasoning upon the facts and circumstances of the case.” Point
              6 Syllabus, State v. Beale, 104 W.Va. 617[, 141 S.E. 7 (1927)].

Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Durham, 156 W.Va. 509, 195 S.E.2d 144 (1973). The State responds that

after hearing all of the evidence and argument, the jury rejected the petitioner’s contentions

when it concluded that she was guilty of first degree murder. Our review of the law and the

evidence at trial convinces us there is no reversible error on this issue.

                                              14

              Durham, like the case sub judice, involved a wife shooting her husband. See

Durham, 156 W.Va. 509, 195 S.E.2d 144. The shot went through the victim’s body without

damaging any vital organs. Although doctors deemed the wound to be of a minor nature,

surgery was performed to clean and repair it. The victim died the following day because

either the gunshot injury or the surgical anesthesia aggravated his pre-existing liver disease.

The medical evidence revealed that the bullet wound, by itself, would not have caused death.

Id. at 519, 195 S.E.2d at 150. The defendant argued that the State failed to prove the corpus

delicti of murder because the evidence did not establish the gunshot wound she inflicted was

the cause of death.

              After considering the pertinent authority, the Court reaffirmed the rule that the

corpus delicti of felonious homicide requires “the existence of criminal agency as a cause

thereof.” Durham, 156 W.V.a. at 509, 195 S.E.2d at 145, syl. pt. 1 (quoting Beale, 104

W.Va. at 619, 141 S.E. at 7-8, syl. pt. 6). Notably, this law provides that the existence of a

criminal agency must be “a cause” of the death; it does not say “the cause” or “the only

cause.” See id. The Court went on to announce two new points of law:

                     2. In order to sustain a conviction for felonious
              homicide, the corpus delicti is properly proved by sufficient
              evidence showing that the initial wound caused the death
              indirectly through a chain of natural causes.

                      3. A defendant may be held criminally responsible where
              he inflicts upon another a wound resulting in death, even though
              the cause of death is related to the proper treatment of the

                                              15

               wound or related to such treatment or effect of a preexisting
               physical disability of the victim.

Durham, 156 W.Va. at 509, 195 S.E.2d at 145, syl. pts. 2, 3. The prosecution theorized that

Ms. Durham was criminally responsible because the wound she inflicted caused the death

indirectly through a chain of natural events. The jury heard the evidence and found that the

gunshot wound was a cause of death, and this Court had no basis on which to conclude that

the jury’s finding was wrong. The Court therefore affirmed Ms. Durham’s conviction for

voluntary manslaughter.

               The petitioner seeks to distinguish her situation from Durham because,

according to her theory of the case, her husband did not receive “proper treatment of” his

gunshot wounds. See Durham, 156 W.Va. at 509, 195 S.E.2d at 145, syl. pt. 3, in part

(emphasis added). However, we conclude that the word “proper” in Durham syllabus point

three is not dispositive of the petitioner’s case. In Durham, there was no issue of medical

malpractice or of any wrongdoing by anyone other than the defendant. The Court was not

called upon to address the argument the petitioner raises in this case.9

       9
        In their briefs, neither the petitioner nor the State cite to any legal authority directly
on point to this assignment of error, i.e., authority involving medical negligence as a possible
intervening cause of death in a homicide case.

                                               16

              This Court revisited the issue of causation in a criminal case in State v. Jenkins,

229 W.Va. 415, 729 S.E.2d 250 (2012), where a defendant was convicted of felony murder

based upon his delivery of oxycodone to his teenaged son. The son died of a drug overdose

that exacerbated a prior health condition. Pathologists concluded that the victim, who also

had access to other drugs, died as a result of ingesting a combination of oxycodone and

valium. The defendant asserted that to sustain his conviction, the State had to prove that the

oxycodone he delivered was the sole cause of death. After discussing Durham, this Court

concluded that to sustain the defendant’s conviction,

              all that the State was required to prove was that the death was
              simply a result of the delivery of the oxycodone. Nothing in our
              prior jurisprudence leads us to conclude that the State was
              required to prove that the delivery of the oxycodone was the sole
              cause of death.

Jenkins, 229 W.Va. at 429, 729 S.E.2d at 264.

              Almost a century ago, this Court addressed an intervening causation defense

where faulty medical care may have contributed to the death. In State v. Snider, 81 W.Va.

522, 94 S.E. 981 (1918), the defendant shot the victim in the abdomen. During exploratory

surgery the surgeon found that the bullet had not entered the abdominal cavity; however,

upon noticing that the victim’s appendix was diseased, the surgeon removed it as a

precaution against future appendicitis. The appendectomy was unrelated to the treatment of

the gunshot wound. Although there were no complications during the surgery, the next day

                                              17

the victim’s condition rapidly deteriorated and he died. The trial court refused to give a jury

instruction that the defendant could not be convicted of homicide if the surgeon’s negligence

in performing the surgery hastened the death. Id. at 529, 94 S.E. at 984. Upholding that

ruling, this Court held as follows:

                      8. If, after a mortal wound has been inflicted upon a
              person and while he is still living, a second injury is inflicted
              upon him, and he subsequently dies from the effects of both, the
              first one contributing to the death, the perpetrator of the first
              injurious act is not exonerated from the charge of homicide[] by
              the perpetration of the second.

                    9. To effect such exoneration the intervening injury must
              have been the proximate cause of the death.

Id. at 523, 94 S.E. at 982, syl. pts. 8 & 9. The Court concluded that “[m]ere contribution to

the result of a mortal wound by a subsequent act of a responsible agency does not excuse the

original act.” Id. at 529, 94 S.E. at 984. Criminal responsibility is only destroyed if the

wound inflicted by the defendant made no contribution to the death:

              The test of the guilt of the person inflicting the first wound in
              such case is whether, when death occurred, the first wound
              contributed to the event. If it did, although other independent
              causes also contributed, the causal relation between the unlawful
              acts of the accused and the death is made out.” Whar. Hom. 3d
              Ed., sec. 33.

81 W.Va. at 530, 94 S.E. at 984.

              In the petitioner’s case, even if there was medical negligence in the treatment

of Mr. Surbaugh’s gunshot wounds, the evidence does not support a finding that medical

                                              18

negligence was “a new and independent force which br[oke] the causal connection between

the original act . . . and the injury, and itself bec[ame] the direct and immediate cause of the

injury.” See Nester, 175 W.Va. at 542, 336 S.E.2d at 189. Mr. Surbaugh was shot three

times in the head and had bullet fragments embedded in his sinus cavity. Multiple witnesses,

including the petitioner, testified that Mr. Surbaugh was bleeding heavily. His condition

required emergency medical treatment and transfer by helicopter to a trauma hospital. He

would not have required any medical care–including the administration of intravenous

fluid–but for the gunshot wounds, and the purported negligence occurred in the course of

treating him for these wounds. Certainly, the gunshots were “a cause” of death under the

analysis in Jenkins, 229 W.Va. at 429, 729 S.E.2d at 264, and were “a contributing cause”

of death under the analysis in Snider, 81 W.Va. at 523, 94 S.E. at 982.

              To conclude otherwise would run contrary to Durham and Jenkins. It would

be absurd to hold a defendant criminally responsible when her actions combined with the

victim’s preexisting condition caused death, but not hold a defendant criminally responsible

when her actions combined with the actions of another person caused death.

              Our analysis of this issue is supported by legal commentators and case law

from other jurisdictions. For example, Professor LaFave explains that mere negligence in

                                              19

the medical care of a victim’s wound will not serve as an intervening cause to break the chain

of criminal proximate causation:

              The most common case [of an intervening cause by the acts of
              a third person] involves the negligent treatment of wounds by a
              doctor or nurse. A, intending to kill B, merely wounds him; but
              the doctor so negligently treats the wound that B dies. It is
              generally held that A is guilty of murdering B, i.e., that A’s act
              legally caused B’s death, unless the doctor’s treatment is so bad
              as to constitute gross negligence or intentional malpractice. In
              short, mere negligence in medical treatment is not so abnormal
              that the defendant should be freed of liability.

1 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law § 6.4(f)(5) (2d ed. 2003) (footnotes omitted);

accord Carolyn Kelly MacWilliams, Annotation, Homicide: liability where death

immediately results from treatment or mistreatment of injury inflicted by defendant, 50
A.L.R. 5th 467 (1997) (explaining that “[a] person who inflicts a mortal or dangerous wound

upon another is generally held criminally liable for the victim’s resulting death, even in those

instances where medical negligence or mistreatment also contributed to the victim’s death.

The courts have recognized a defense to a charge of homicide only when the treating

physician has acted in a grossly negligent manner and that gross medical negligence was the

sole cause of the victim’s death.”); see also 40 Am.Jur.2d Homicide § 18 (2008); 40 C.J.S.

Homicide § 10 (2014); 1 Charles E. Torcia, 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law § 26 (15th ed. 1993).

              The case of People v. Saavedra-Rodriguez, 971 P.2d 223 (Colo. 1999), is

instructive. A defendant stabbed his victim in the chest, puncturing vital organs. The victim

                                              20

was rushed to a hospital, where the treating physician reportedly made several errors in the

diagnosis and treatment of the wound, and the victim died. In defense of the resulting second

degree murder charge, the defendant argued that the doctor’s improper medical care was the

intervening cause of death. Rejecting the defendant’s argument, the Colorado Supreme

Court explained there are two components to an intervening cause defense: “an intervening

cause is a defense to the charge of homicide if it is unforeseeable, and [is] a cause without

which death would not have occurred.” Id. at 226. The court added that “[s]imple negligent

medical treatment, although hopefully unusual, is sufficiently ordinary that we consider it

foreseeable. Negligence, unfortunately, is entirely too frequent a human conduct to be

considered ‘abnormal.’” Id. (internal citations omitted). However, the court recognized that

gross medical negligence can serve as an intervening cause: “unlike simple negligence, gross

negligence is sufficiently extraordinary to be classified as unforseeable. Where medical

treatment is so deficient as to constitute gross negligence or intentional malpractice, such

medical treatment is abnormal and not reasonably foreseeable.” Id. (internal citations

omitted). The court defined “grossly negligent medical treatment” as “the cause but for

which death would not have occurred when it disrupts the natural and probable sequence of

events following the defendant’s act and intervenes to cause the victim’s death.” Id.

              Similarly, in State v. Mays, 85 P.3d 1208 (Kan. 2004), the Supreme Court of

Kansas affirmed a first degree murder conviction where medical negligence was involved

                                             21

in the victim’s death. The defendant shot the victim, who despite being injured was able to

flee the scene on foot. Id. at 1213. While the victim was being treated in an emergency

room, medical providers incorrectly inserted both a chest tube and an endotracheal tube.

Instead of rendering aid, the incorrectly-inserted endotracheal tube cut off the victim’s

breathing and the victim died. Id. at 1221. A medical expert testified at trial that had the

intubation been performed correctly, the victim would have had a good chance of survival.

The Kansas Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s argument that medical negligence was

the intervening cause of death, noting the expert’s testimony that the gunshot wounds caused

the death and without any medical treatment the victim would have bled to death from his

wounds. Id. at 1222. The court held: “Where a person inflicts upon another a wound which

is calculated to endanger or to destroy life, it is not a defense to a charge of homicide that the

victim’s death was contributed to or caused by the negligence of the attending physicians or

surgeons.” Id. at 1212, syl. pt. 12.

               Courts in other states are in accord. See, e.g., People v. Scott, 939 P.2d 354,

371 (Ca. 1997) (explaining that if person inflicts dangerous wound on another, it is ordinarily

no defense that inadequate medical treatment contributed to death; only grossly improper

medical treatment that is sole cause of death and thus unforseeable can discharge criminal

liability); State v. Jacobs, 479 A.2d 226, 229-230 (Conn. 1984) (citation omitted) (“where

a wound, either operating directly or indirectly, by causing some other condition which

                                               22

produces death, has been a substantial factor in causing a death, it is still to be regarded as

the case of the death even though some negligence in the treatment of the wounded man by

physicians and others is also a contributing factor.”); Neal v. State, 722 S.E.2d 765, 768 (Ga.

2012) (recognizing that even if medical treatment of felonious injury was negligent,

negligence would not normally constitute an intervening cause to criminal culpability unless

it was gross mistreatment); Wooley v. State, 716 N.E.2d 919, 928 (Ind. 1999) (stating that for

intervening cause to break chain of criminal responsibility, it must be so extraordinary that

it would be unfair to hold defendant responsible; someone who inflicts injury upon another

is guilty of homicide if injury “contributed mediately or immediately” to death); State v.

Garcia, 616 N.W.2d 594, 597 (Iowa 2000) (citation omitted) (“for an intervening act to

relieve a defendant of criminal responsibility for homicide, the intervening act must be the

sole proximate cause of death.”); People v. Griffin, 610 N.E.2d 367, 368-69 (N.Y. 1993)

(citation omitted) (“If a felonious assault is operative as a cause of death, the causal

cooperation of erroneous surgical or medical treatment does not relieve the assailant from

liability for the homicide. It is only where the death is solely attributable to the secondary

agency, and not at all inducted by the primary one, that its intervention constitutes a

defense.”).10

       10
         There are also cases holding that the decision to terminate a victim’s life support is
not an independent intervening cause capable of breaking the chain of causation triggered
by a defendant’s wrongful actions. See, e.g., Roberts v. Ballard, No. 1:13-23245, 2014 WL
4929403, *2-4 (S.D.W.Va. Sept. 30, 2014) (applying Durham, 156 W.Va. 509, 195 S.E.2d
144); State v. Pelham, 824 A.2d 1082 (N.J. 2003).

                                              23

              After carefully considering our case law and the persuasive authority of other

jurisdictions, we conclude, and now hold, that if a person inflicts a wound upon a person who

thereafter dies, it is not a defense to a criminal homicide charge that medical care in the

treatment of that wound contributed to the victim’s death. Only medical care that is shown

to be the sole cause of death will operate to break the chain of causation and relieve the

defendant of criminal responsibility.

              In the case sub judice, the circuit court instructed the jury that it should find the

petitioner not guilty if there was reasonable doubt about whether gunshot wounds inflicted

by the petitioner caused the death. The jury was the trier of fact. It heard extensive evidence

from both fact and expert witnesses regarding the circumstances and cause of death. We

have no basis to second-guess the jury’s decision of guilt.

                         C. The State’s Destruction of Evidence

              The petitioner argues that her indictment should have been dismissed because

the State destroyed evidence. During the investigation, the police took possession of bed

linens that were on the Surbaughs’ bed at the time of the shootings. Sheriff’s Deputy Rick

Clayton testified that the linens, which he described as being “fairly saturated” with the

victim’s blood, were stored in an evidence locker at the sheriff’s office until after the

                                               24

conclusion of the petitioner’s first trial in 2010.11 After the jury found her guilty in the first

trial, but before that conviction was reversed by this Court on appeal, Deputy Clayton

disposed of the linens. He explained that the sheets had not been used as evidence during

the trial and were emitting a terrible odor. The deputy obtained permission from the sheriff

to dispose of this evidence, but did not inquire of the circuit court, prosecutor, or defense

counsel before doing so. At trial, the court read a stipulation to the jury advising that the

State had destroyed the bed linens.

                 The following analysis applies when the State has destroyed evidence sought

by a criminal defendant:

                        When the State had or should have had evidence
                 requested by a criminal defendant but the evidence no longer
                 exists when the defendant seeks its production, a trial court must
                 determine (1) whether the requested material, if in the
                 possession of the State at the time of the defendant’s request for
                 it, would have been subject to disclosure under either West
                 Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 or case law; (2) whether
                 the State had a duty to preserve the material; and (3) if the State
                 did have a duty to preserve the material, whether the duty was
                 breached and what consequences should flow from the breach.
                 In determining what consequences should flow from the State’s
                 breach of its duty to preserve evidence, a trial court should
                 consider (1) the degree of negligence or bad faith involved; (2)
                 the importance of the missing evidence considering the
                 probative value and reliability of secondary or substitute
                 evidence that remains available; and (3) the sufficiency of the
                 other evidence produced at the trial to sustain the conviction.

       11
            See supra, note 1.

                                                 25

Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Osakalumi, 194 W.Va. 758, 461 S.E.2d 504 (1995).

                   Prior to the first trial, the defense did not examine or test the linens. For

purposes of her re-trial, however, the petitioner asserted that she wanted to have an expert

test them for the presence of gunshot residue. She contends that the presence and pattern of

residue on the linens, or the lack thereof, would be probative on the disputed factual issue

of whether she shot her husband while he was lying asleep or while he was in an upright

position coming toward her.

                   The State responds by arguing that it had no duty to maintain the bed linens

after the petitioner failed to use them in her first trial. Notably, the State does not cite any

authority for this proposition. We can conceive of no reason why the petitioner, given the

opportunity to re-try her case with different counsel, would have been barred from having

an expert examine and test the linens and, assuming the test results were otherwise

admissible, using the results at her new trial. This Court has previously addressed what

evidence the State may offer in the re-trial of a criminal case: “The fact that the prosecution

refrained from presenting an item of evidence at the first trial is not grounds for an objection

to its admission in any subsequent trial.” Syl. Pt. 7, State v. Clements, 175 W.Va. 463, 334
S.E.2d 600 (1985). A defendant would similarly not be bound by the evidence admitted at

the first trial.

                                                 26

              We turn to the last three elements of the Osakalumi test, which address what

consequences should flow from the State’s breach of duty: the degree of negligence or bad

faith involved; the importance of the missing evidence; and the sufficiency of the other

evidence to sustain the conviction. Id. at 759, 461 S.E.2d at 505. The circuit court found no

bad faith on the deputy’s part. Although the petitioner argues the circuit court erred by not

finding that the State was especially negligent when disposing of the sheets, we disagree.

Given that the bed linens were not previously examined or used at trial, we conclude that the

officer’s degree of negligence was low when he deemed the malodorous sheets to be

disposable.

              The purported importance of this evidence is speculatory. The petitioner failed

to offer an expert who was qualified to render opinions regarding gunshot residue or residue

patterns.12 Without such an expert, it is unknown whether any gunshot residue would still

be detectable or in a discernable pattern given the copious blood on the sheets and the fact

that the sheets had been folded and in storage. Moreover, even under the petitioner’s version

of events, the shootings occurred on or near the bed, so it is doubtful that the presence of

gunshot residue on the linens would support either party’s case. Furthermore, the State did

       12
         The petitioner offered an expert who was ultimately qualified to render opinions in
other areas, but not on gunshot residue. The circuit court permitted this expert to identify for
the jury different tests for gunshot residue that can be used on fabric, without rendering any
opinion on what those tests might have shown.

                                              27

not make any argument at trial about gunshot residue on the bed linens. See State v. Paynter,

206 W.Va. 521, 532, 526 S.E.2d 43, 54 (1999) (rejecting Osakalumi argument where State

had not used lost gunshot residue evidence in case-in-chief against defendant). Through the

parties’ written stipulation, the jury was informed that the deputy had destroyed the bed

linens. See Paynter, 206 W.Va. at 530, 526 S.E.2d at 52 (cautionary instruction was proper

consequence of State’s breach of duty to preserve evidence where State did not use evidence

in case-in-chief). The petitioner’s counsel was free to argue this issue during closing

argument. Finally, as described below, there was sufficient evidence to establish the

petitioner’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we find no error on this issue.

               D. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support the Conviction

              The petitioner argues that the State’s evidence at trial was insufficient to

support her conviction for first degree murder. It is well-settled that a criminal defendant

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal has a heavy burden.

                     A criminal defendant challenging the sufficiency of the
              evidence to support a conviction takes on a heavy burden. An
              appellate court must review all the evidence, whether direct or
              circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the prosecution and
              must credit all inferences and credibility assessments that the
              jury might have drawn in favor of the prosecution. The
              evidence need not be inconsistent with every conclusion save
              that of guilt so long as the jury can find guilt beyond a
              reasonable doubt. Credibility determinations are for a jury and
              not an appellate court. Finally, a jury verdict should be set aside
              only when the record contains no evidence, regardless of how it
              is weighed, from which the jury could find guilt beyond a

                                              28

              reasonable doubt. To the extent that our prior cases are
              inconsistent, they are expressly overruled.

Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Guthrie, 194 W.Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995).

                      The function of an appellate court when reviewing the
              sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to
              examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether
              such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a reasonable
              person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus,
              the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
              light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
              could have found the essential elements of the crime proved
              beyond a reasonable doubt.

Id. at 663, 461 S.E.2d at 169, syl. pt. 1.

              While Mr. Surbaugh and the petitioner were home alone, Mr. Surbaugh

suffered three gunshot wounds to his head. Over the next few hours, he consistently reported

that the petitioner had shot him while he slept. He said that he was awakened by a severe

pain that felt like a baseball bat hitting his skull. In contrast, the petitioner gave differing

versions of what happened. First she said her husband shot himself, then she said the

shooting was accidental, then she claimed self-defense and that the last shot was self-

inflicted. The petitioner’s trial testimony was contradicted by the neighbor who did not hear

any sounds of a struggle, any speaking, or any screaming. The neighbor heard only gunshots

and groans.

                                              29

              Mr. Surbaugh was planning on leaving the marital home, and the jury heard

directly from the petitioner how concerned she was that her husband would receive

unsupervised visitation with their children. Furthermore, although the petitioner claims that

one of her husband’s head wounds was self-inflicted, this does not comport with the fact that

he had plans to take a trip later that day. He even called his girlfriend while he awaited the

ambulance, to tell her he would be late for their trip.

              The petitioner’s argument about the sufficiency of the evidence focuses on the

testimony of Professor Andrew Wheeler, her expert on blood splatter evidence. After

examining crime scene photographs, the Surbaughs’ bedroom, and blood remaining on the

ceiling years after the shooting, Professor Wheeler opined that blood splatter on the ceiling

resulted from the two shots that went through the side of Mr. Surbaugh’s face. Furthermore,

he concluded that those shots had not been fired while the victim was lying in a supine

position.

              Viewing all of the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we

conclude that there was sufficient evidence to convict the petitioner of first degree murder.

Professor Wheeler acknowledged that the splatter on the ceiling was not caused by the shot

to the other side of Mr. Surbaugh’s head, from which the bullet did not exit. Furthermore,

there was blood in multiple areas of the room, including on a pillow. Mr. Surbaugh had bled

                                              30

profusely, had moved about the home after being shot and, as the State contended, may have

shaken his head. The jury heard and saw the evidence–including by personally viewing the

inside of the Surbaugh’s home, hearing descriptions of the crime scene and viewing the

photographs, and even watching the petitioner demonstrate her testimony by using a bed that

was brought into the courtroom. As there was evidence from which the jury could find guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt, we have no basis upon which to overturn their decision.

                         E. Jury Instructions and Verdict Form

              The petitioner assigns error to the circuit court’s refusal to give three of her

proposed jury instructions and with regard to the wording of the jury verdict form. Our law

regarding jury instructions is well-settled:

                      A trial court’s instructions to the jury must be a correct
              statement of the law and supported by the evidence. Jury
              instructions are reviewed by determining whether the charge,
              reviewed as a whole, sufficiently instructed the jury so they
              understood the issues involved and were not mislead by the law.
              A jury instruction cannot be dissected on appeal; instead, the
              entire instruction is looked at when determining its accuracy. A
              trial court, therefore, has broad discretion in formulating its
              charge to the jury, so long as the charge accurately reflects the
              law. Deference is given to a trial court’s discretion concerning
              the specific wording of the instruction, and the precise extent
              and character of any specific instruction will be reviewed only
              for an abuse of discretion.

Guthrie, 194 W.Va. at 663-64, 461 S.E.2d at 169-70, syl. pt. 4. Furthermore,

                     [a] trial court’s refusal to give a requested instruction is
              reversible error only if: (1) the instruction is a correct statement

                                               31

               of the law; (2) it is not substantially covered in the charge
               actually given to the jury; and (3) it concerns an important point
               in the trial so that the failure to give it seriously impairs a
               defendant’s ability to effectively present a given defense.

Syl. Pt. 11, State v. Derr, 192 W.Va. 165, 451 S.E.2d 731 (1994).

               In her proposed jury instruction number seven, the petitioner wanted the circuit

court to instruct the jury that “[m]edical opinion testimony as to the possibility as to the

causal relationship between an injury and subsequent death is not sufficient standing alone

to establish the causal relationship.” This instruction pertains to her argument, which we

rejected in section III-A of this opinion, that Dr. Mahmoud should have been prohibited from

offering his opinion regarding an air embolism. For the same reasons we found no merit to

the petitioner’s argument about the admissibility of Dr. Mahmoud’s testimony, there is no

error in the trial court’s refusal to give this jury instruction.

               The petitioner also argues that the trial court erred in refusing to use

defendant’s proposed instruction number eight, the instruction her counsel drafted based on

Durham, 156 W.Va. 509, 195 S.E.2d 144. She argues that her instruction would have

properly informed the jury regarding the consideration of contradictory evidence as creating

reasonable doubt about the cause of death. We review jury instructions as a whole. Guthrie,

194 W.Va. at 663-64, 461 S.E.2d at 169-70, syl. pt. 4. The record reveals that the circuit

court gave instructions on both Durham and reasonable doubt, and the petitioner does not

                                                32

explain why her concerns were not substantially covered in the given instructions. See Derr,

192 W.Va. at 168, 451 S.E.2d at 734, syl. pt. 11. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion

in the trial court’s ruling.

               Next, the petitioner contends that the circuit court erred in refusing to give her

proposed instruction number five based upon State v. Harden, 223 W.Va. 796, 679 S.E.2d
628 (2009) and State v. Stewart, 228 W.Va. 406, 719 S.E.2d 876 (2011). These cases hold,

inter alia, that a defendant’s history of being abused may be relevant to her state of mind.

Our review of the trial transcript reveals that the trial court did give a Harden instruction,

specifically, defendant’s instruction number six: “If you the jury find beyond a reasonable

doubt that Julia Surbaugh was not acting in self-defense, evidence that Michael Surbaugh had

mentally abused Julie Surbaugh is nonetheless relevant and may negate a necessary element

of the offense charged such as malice or intent.”13 The petitioner does not explain why the

instruction given was insufficient. As such, we find no error in the trial court’s refusal to

give defendant’s proposed instruction number five.14

       13
        Syllabus point four of Harden provides, “[w]here it is determined that the
defendant’s actions were not reasonably made in self-defense, evidence that the decedent had
abused or threatened the life of the defendant is nonetheless relevant and may negate or tend
to negate a necessary element of the offense(s) charged, such as malice or intent.” 223
W.Va. at 799, 679 S.E.2d at 630.
       14
         In response to this assignment of error, the State argues that because the petitioner
adduced no evidence of abuse, either physical or mental, a Harden instruction would have
been impermissible and unnecessary. However, the State fails to acknowledge that the trial
court did give one of the petitioner’s two proposed Harden instructions. Although there was

                                               33

               As to the jury verdict form, the petitioner merely argues that the form used by

the trial court “in effect encouraged the jury to not consider self-defense in their deliberation,

to the extreme prejudice of Petitioner.” She fails to explain how the verdict form did this.

Moreover, she does not assert any error with regard to the instructions that the trial court

gave on self-defense and the elements of the crimes.15 As such, we find no merit to this

assignment of error.

                         F. Admission of Petitioner’s Statements

               Finally, in an assignment of error that is only four sentences long, the petitioner

asserts that the circuit court erred when admitting into evidence her multiple statements made

to police on August 11 and 12, 2009. First, we note that the admissibility of the petitioner’s

third statement to police was affirmed on the merits in Surbaugh I, 230 W.Va. at 226, 737
S.E.2d at 254. “‘The general rule is that when a question has been definitely determined by

this Court its decision is conclusive on parties, privies and courts, including this Court, upon

a second appeal or writ of error and it is regarded as the law of the case.’ Syllabus point 1,

Mullins v. Green, 145 W.Va. 469, 115 S.E.2d 320 (1960).” Syl. Pt. 6, Hatfield v. Painter,

222 W.Va. 622, 671 S.E.2d 453 (2008).

no evidence of any physical abuse, the circuit court concluded that in the second trial the
petitioner had offered “tangential evidence” of mental abuse in the marriage.
       15
        The jury was instructed on first degree murder and the lesser-included offenses of
second degree murder and voluntary manslaughter.

                                               34

              Second, to the extent that the petitioner is now complaining about her other

statements to police, she has failed to set forth sufficient grounds for appellate review. “In

the absence of supporting authority [or facts], we decline further to review this alleged error

because it has not been adequately briefed.” State v. Allen, 208 W.Va. 144, 162, 539 S.E.2d
87, 105 (1999); see also State v. LaRock, 196 W.Va. 294, 302, 470 S.E.2d 613, 621 (1996)

(“Although we liberally construe briefs in determining issues presented for review, issues

which are . . . mentioned only in passing but are not supported with pertinent authority, are

not considered on appeal.”). Accordingly, we decline to address the admissibility of the

petitioner’s other statements to police.

                                      IV. Conclusion

              For the foregoing reasons, the order of the Circuit Court of Webster County

denying the petitioner’s motions for a new trial or a judgment of acquittal is affirmed.

                                                                                    Affirmed.

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