Court Opinion

ID: 9381031
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-21 19:03:49.345263+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:29.223443
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U
                                         No. 2-22-0133
                                   Order filed March 20, 2023

      NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
      except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                             IN THE

                                APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE                ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS,                           ) of Kendall County.
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 21-CF-209
                                       )
JOHN S. JONES,                         ) Honorable
                                       ) Stephen L. Krentz,
      Defendant-Appellant.             ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE HUTCHINSON delivered the judgment of the court.
       Justices Jorgensen and Hudson concurred in the judgment.

                                             ORDER

¶1     Held: Defendant validly waived his right to a jury when, in open court, he acknowledged
             that he understood the difference between a jury trial and a bench trial and affirmed
             that he was freely waiving his jury right. Defendant received additional
             admonishments, which reinforced the validity of the waiver, but these were not
             required under the case law.

¶2     After a bench trial, defendant, John S. Jones, was convicted of aggravated domestic battery

(720 ILCS 5/12-3.3(a-5) (West 2020)) and sentenced to five years in prison. On appeal, he

contends that he did not validly waive his right to a jury trial, as the trial court’s admonishments

were insufficient. We affirm.
2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

¶3                                       I. BACKGROUND

¶4     On July 6, 2021, defendant was charged with aggravated domestic battery and domestic

battery (id. § 3.2(a)(1)). That day, a “Pre-Trial Services Bond Report” was filed. According to the

report, in 2016, defendant pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine with the intent to deliver and

was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment. Defendant also had (1) two convictions each of driving

with a suspended license (2017), theft (2003), and possession of a stolen vehicle (2002 and 2001),

and (2) one conviction each of domestic battery (2018), armed robbery (2007), residential burglary

(2004), unlawful possession of a firearm (1999), and possession of a firearm with an expired

Firearm Owner’s Identification Card (1999).

¶5     On February 17, 2022, defendant moved to suppress a statement he made to the police.

That day, the court denied the motion.

¶6     On February 18, 2022, the day of trial, defense counsel announced his appearance and

informed the trial court that defendant would be arriving shortly. Counsel went on:

               “Your Honor, ***, there was a motion that was filed late yesterday. That motion

       was ruled against the defense [sic].

               I did have an opportunity to speak to my client after the outcome of that motion and

       he does at this time wish to execute a jury waiver, judge. So I do have a signed copy of

       that, that I can tender to the court at this time.”

¶7     The printed waiver was on a form entitled “Jury Waiver/Guilty Plea.” “Guilty Plea” was

crossed out by hand. The body of the waiver read:

               “NOW COMES said Defendant in the above-captioned cause, and having been

       fully advised of his/her right to plead not guilty, that he/she is presumed innocent, the

       nature of the charge(s), the possible punishment for each charge, including extended or

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

       consecutive sentences, the right to have a jury trial or a trial before a judge, to be proved

       guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, to confront the witnesses against him/her, to present

       evidence on his/her own behalf, to use the subpoena power of the Court, to have an

       attorney, and if indigent, to have an appointed attorney, and is advised of a trial in his/her

       absence, said defendant does hereby knowingly, voluntarily, and freely:

               [ ] waives his/her right to trial by jury

               [ ] waives his/her right to a trial by a judge[.]”

A handwritten “x” was in the box next to “waives his/her right to trial by jury.”

¶8     Immediately after defense counsel tendered the waiver form to the trial court, the court

acknowledged that defendant was now personally present. The court asked the parties whether

defendant had been admonished about the maximum and minimum penalties. Counsels noted a

disagreement as to the sentencing range. They explained that the State had a pending motion for

defendant to be sentenced as a Class X offender. Counsels agreed that defendant was on notice of

the motion and that the parties’ disagreement over the sentencing range should not affect

defendant’s right to waive a jury trial. They also agreed that the sentencing range for a Class X

conviction would be 6 to 30 years’ imprisonment (no probation option), 4 years’ mandatory

supervised release, and a maximum fine of $25,000.

¶9     The court then addressed defendant, and this colloquy ensued:

               “THE COURT: Mr. Jones, good morning. I’ve been presented with a document

       that’s entitled a jury waiver, scratching out the guilty plea portion. Do you recognize this

       document?

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.

               THE COURT: And that was a yes?

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

               THE COURT: Is this your signature on the bottom left of that?

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, it is.

               THE COURT: Prior to signing this, did you have a conversation with your counsel

      where he talked to you about the benefits and detriments of waiving a jury trial?

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

               THE COURT: Do you need any more time to talk to him about those detriments

      and benefits?

               THE DEFENDANT: No, sir.

               THE COURT: Do you understand that if I approve your offer of jury waiver today,

      there will not be a jury of any kind, and if the case proceeds to trial, when the case proceeds

      to trial, it will be in front of a judge and not a jury. Do you understand that?

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

               THE COURT: And you understand that if you waive that and I accept this waiver

      right now, you can’t change your mind and ask for a jury at a later time. Do you understand

      that?

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

               THE COURT: All right. Were you here and did you understand the minimum and

      maximum penalties associated with the offenses charged here that counsel just talked

      about?

               THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

               THE COURT: Do you have any questions about that?

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

                THE DEFENDANT: No sir. Do they say—they said at bond call *** it was

      probationable, so I don’t know how it got to that unless I misunderstood or something.

                THE COURT: Okay. There appear to be a disagreement over that. The State is

      suggesting that this is not a probationable offense. Do you understand that that’s their

      argument today?

                THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

                THE COURT: And do you understand that there is a possibility at least that it could

      be a non-probationable offense. Do you understand that?

                THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I understand.

                THE COURT: And, knowing that, do you still wish to waive your right to a jury

      trial?

                THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

                THE COURT: All right. Just so we’re clear, I’m going to read these rights into the

      record.

                Sir, you are presumed innocent of all these charges. You do have the right to persist

      in your plea of not guilty, you do have the right to be proved beyond [sic] a reasonable

      doubt, to confront the witnesses called to testify against you, to present evidence on your

      own behalf, and to use the subpoena power of the court, to have an attorney at all times,

      and if you are indigent, the Public Defender’s Office would represent you at all times. Do

      you understand those rights?

                THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

                THE COURT: Has anybody forced you or coerced you into signing this jury

      waiver?

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

               THE DEFENDANT: No, sir.

               THE COURT: Anybody made any promises to you that are not contained within

       this document to induce you to sign it?

               THE DEFENDNT: No, sir.

               THE COURT: How far did you go in school?

               THE DEFENDANT: I got my G.E.D.

               THE COURT: You got your G.E.D. All right. I am going to accept your jury waiver

       as knowingly, freely, and voluntarily made.”

¶ 10   The case immediately proceeded to a bench trial, where the court found defendant guilty

of both counts. Defendant later moved for a new trial but did not raise a claim of error in the jury

waiver. The court denied the motion, merged the second count into the first, and sentenced

defendant to five years’ imprisonment. He appealed.

¶ 11                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 12   On appeal, defendant’s sole claim of error is that his waiver of a jury trial was invalid

because the trial court failed to ensure that the waiver was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.

Although defendant has forfeited this claim by failing to raise it in the trial court, a jury waiver

involves a fundamental right, so we address the claim as one of plain error. See People v. Bracey,

213 Ill. 2d 265, 270 (2004).

¶ 13   The State contends that defendant cannot overcome forfeiture, because he invited the error.

See People v. Holloway, 2019 IL App (2d) 170551, ¶ 44 (“[I]nvited error does not raise a mere

forfeiture to which the plain-error exception might apply; it creates an estoppel that precludes

plain-error analysis.”). The State relies on the facts that defendant signed a jury waiver and stated

that he wanted a bench trial. We do not see how these facts make any error “invited” by defendant,

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

although they are pertinent to whether his jury waiver was knowing. If defendant is correct that he

waived his right to a jury without sufficiently understanding what he was doing, it would be absurd

to deny him relief simply because he went through the motions of waiving that right. Because the

State’s conception of invited error would erase the plain-error doctrine, we reject it.

¶ 14    We turn to our plain-error review. To decide whether there has been plain error, we must

first decide whether there was error at all. See People v. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d 52, 65 (2008). As

the pertinent facts are undisputed, our review is de novo. Id. at 66. A defendant has the right to a

jury trial unless the defendant understandingly waives it in open court. 725 ILCS 5/103-6(i) (West

2020). The trial court must ensure the defendant’s waiver is both express and understanding.

Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 66; People v. Frey, 103 Ill. 2d 327, 332 (1984). Whether these

requirements were met depends on no precise formula but on the case’s particular facts. Bannister,

232 Ill. 2d at 66; Frey, 103 Ill. 2d at 332.

¶ 15    We turn to the facts here. At the waiver hearing, defense counsel stated on the record that

he had spoken to defendant and that defendant wanted to waive his right to a jury trial. Counsel

then submitted a jury waiver that defendant had signed. Although it is not clear whether defendant

was in the courtroom when counsel said that defendant wanted to waive a jury trial, the court’s

questioning established that (1) defendant signed the waiver form; (2) before signing, defendant

spoke to counsel about the “benefits and detriments” of electing a bench trial; (3) defendant

understood those benefits and detriments; (4) defendant knew that he was choosing to be tried by

the court rather than by a jury; and (5) defendant’s decision had not been induced by any threats

or promises. We conclude that, under Frey and Bannister, these facts more than sufficed to show

that defendant validly waived a jury trial.

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

¶ 16      In Frey, on the day of trial—March 18, 1982—the trial court stated that the case was set

for a bench trial. Frey, 103 Ill. 2d at 330. Neither party disputed that statement. Id. at 332-33.

While there was no transcript (or substitute therefor) of any pretrial hearing relevant to a jury

waiver, there were several pertinent pretrial orders. Id. at 329-30. For instance, five months before

trial, on October 8, 1981, the trial court entered an order, which defense counsel approved, stating

that counsel had told the court that the defendant was waiving a jury trial. Id. at 329. Several other

pretrial orders also noted that the cause was set for a bench trial; moreover, defense counsel filed

a pretrial motion noting that the defendant had waived a jury trial. Id. Notably, these pretrial orders

did not indicate whether the defendant was present when the trial court accepted his jury waiver.

Id. at 330. However, at the hearing on the defendant’s motion for a new trial, the prosecutor

testified without contradiction “that defendant was present on occasions when the matter of a

bench trial was discussed, and at some point was advised of his right to trial by a jury or by the

court.” Id.

¶ 17      The appellate court held that the defendant had not knowingly waived his right to a jury

trial, but the supreme court reversed. Id. at 331-32. The court noted, “[W]e have given effect to

jury waivers made by defense counsel in [the] defendant’s presence where [the] defendant gave

no indication of any objection” to a bench trial. Id. at 332. The court approvingly cited two of its

opinions where “defense counsel’s single statement that [the] defendant was waiving a jury was

held to constitute a valid waiver since [the] defendant was present in the courtroom and failed to

object.” Id. at 332 (citing People v. Murrell, 60 Ill. 2d 287, 290 (1975); People v. Sailor, 43 Ill. 2d

256, 260 (1969)). Indeed, there was no hard-and-fast requirement that the court advise the

defendant of either his right to a jury trial or the consequences of a jury waiver. Frey, 103 Ill. 2d

at 332.

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

¶ 18    In Bannister, about a month before the defendant’s trial for murder and other offenses, the

trial court advised him that, for the guilt phase of his trial, he was entitled to a jury trial but could

waive that right, in which event the court would be solely responsible for deciding whether he had

been proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 66-67. On the day of trial,

defense counsel submitted a signed jury waiver. The court then gave the defendant “an extended

lecture,” including some unclear advice on the minimum and maximum penalties. Id. at 67. After

a bench trial, the defendant was convicted of the charges and sentenced to death for murder and

lengthy prison terms for the lesser offenses. Id. at 55.

¶ 19    On direct appeal to the supreme court, the defendant contended that his jury waiver was

invalid because the trial court erred in stating the potential sentences. Id. at 67. The court disagreed,

explaining that a defendant’s understanding of the potential penalties is important to the validity

of a guilty plea but not a jury waiver. Id. at 68-69. More generally, the court stated, “When a

defendant waives the right to a jury trial, the pivotal knowledge that the defendant must

understand—with its attendant consequences—is that the facts of the case will be determined by a

judge and not a jury.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 69. The trial court admonished the defendant of

this fundamental distinction, and he responded that he understood. Id. at 70-71. Thus, “[the]

defendant knew the difference between a bench trial and a jury trial and voluntarily chose the

former.” Id. at 71.

¶ 20    The pertinent facts here meet at least the minimum threshold set by Frey and Bannister.

Defense counsel stated in open court that, after discussions, defendant had decided to waive a jury

trial and had signed a form memorializing that decision. Although, again, we cannot be certain

whether defendant was physically in the courtroom when counsel made that statement, the

remainder of the proceedings made up for his (possible) absence just before. Defendant assured

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

the court that he wished to waive his right to a jury trial and had freely signed the waiver. The

court provided defendant with the “pivotal knowledge” (Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 69) that the facts

of his case would be decided by the judge and not by a jury, and defendant responded that he

understood. Thus, defendant knew and understood the choice he was making, and that choice was

voluntary.

¶ 21   Moreover, although the foregoing facts are sufficient to require affirmance, the following

facts provide additional support. Defendant and his counsel both stated in open court that they had

discussed whether defendant ought to waive his right to a jury trial, including the possible benefits

and detriments of that choice. Defendant was experienced with the criminal justice system, having

acquired numerous convictions over approximately two decades. We cannot say whether any of

these convictions arose out of a trial (bench or jury). But even if all of them were resolved by guilty

pleas, it defies common sense to suggest that defendant could have gone through all of these

cases—some involving felonies—without counsel or the court telling him about the basic

distinction between a jury trial and a bench trial.

¶ 22   In contending that his jury waiver was not knowing, defendant relies in part on cases with

vastly different facts. See People v. Ruiz, 367 Ill. App. 3d 236, 239 (2006) (reversing the

defendant’s conviction because there was no evidence that the defendant’s jury waiver was ever

discussed in open court); People v Phuong, 287 Ill. App. 3d 988, 991 (1997) (the defendant was a

recent immigrant from China who required a translator at trial, had little education in the United

States, and had no prior experience with the American criminal justice system); People v. Sebag,

110 Ill. App. 3d 821, 828-29 (1982) (the defendant was pro se and appeared to have no prior

experience with the criminal justice system; also, the trial court mentioned only one of two charges

during the waiver colloquy). Defendant contends further that Frey “seem[s] contrary” to Bannister.

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

We see no inconsistency, but even if we were free to ignore Frey, Bannister would clearly compel

an affirmance.

¶ 23   Defendant also cites certain admonishments he did not receive, i.e., (1) defense counsel did

not state that he had explained to defendant how a jury trial would work and (2) the trial court did

not tell defendant that he and counsel would be involved in selecting a jury, that the jury would

have 12 members, and that its vote would have to be unanimous. 1 We grant that such

admonishments would have strengthened the proof of a knowing waiver—and we encourage

courts to exceed the baseline requirements set by case law. However, the missing admonitions that

defendant cites are not crucial under Frey or Bannister and so were not required to establish a

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver here.

¶ 24   Finally, we comment on the trial court’s remark that, once defendant waived his jury right,

“[he] [could not] change [his] mind and ask for a jury at a later time.” The court was mistaken if

it was suggesting that it lacked discretion to allow defendant to revoke his waiver. See People v.

       1
           In Bannister, the supreme court ended its discussion of the waiver issue by commenting

that the defendant “was no stranger to the criminal justice system.” Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 71.

The court noted that, in one of the defendant’s prior cases, he chose a bench trial after being

informed that, in a jury trial, his guilt or innocence would be determined by a 12-person panel. Id.

However, the court’s reference to the admonishments in the prior case came after the court had

already concluded that the record in the case at hand “establishe[d] that [the] defendant knew the

difference between a bench trial and a jury trial and voluntarily chose the former.” Id. Thus, the

defendant’s prior knowledge of a jury panel’s size was additional, not necessary, support for the

court’s holding that the defendant validly waived his jury right.

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2023 IL App (2d) 220133-U

McIntyre, 2022 IL App (2d) 200535, ¶ 8 (explaining that a defendant is “not entitled to withdraw

[a jury] waiver as a matter of right,” but the trial court “may permit the defendant to withdraw the

waiver” (emphases in original)). However, such an erroneous admonishment would not have

prejudiced defendant. If defendant “was willing to make an irrevocable waiver of the right to a

jury, we have no reason to believe that he would have been unwilling to make a potentially

revocable waiver.” See id. ¶ 9.

¶ 25                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 26   For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kendall County.

¶ 27   Affirmed.

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