Court Opinion

ID: 6584090
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:40:54.949589+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:24.071512
License: Public Domain

Hamebsley, J.
The verdict complained of is not a “special verdict,” and so the argument of the plaintiff in error in respect to the requirements of such a verdict is not pertinent to the case. The verdict in a criminal case is either general, on the whole charge, or partial, as to a part of the *107charge (as when the accused is convicted on one count of an indictment, or upon one part of a count capable of division, or of an offense of inferior degree included in the accusation of a higher crime) ; or special, by which the facts of the case are put upon record and the law is submitted to the court.
The rule that requires a special verdict to state all the circumstances constituting the offense, does not apply to either a partial or a general verdict; both must answer the issues raised bjr the indictment and the plea, both must state with certainty the general conclusion of guilt or innocence, but neither should detail the facts which support that conclusion. 2 Swift’s Dig. 439; 1 Chitty’s Or. Law, 636; 1 Bish. Grim. Proced. § 832. The only special requirement discussed in the boohs as to the form of a partial verdict convicting one of an offense included in the accusation of a crime of higher degree, is that the verdict shall find the accused not guilty of the greater as well as guilty of the lesser crime. The failure to do so was once deemed by the English law a fatal defect ; but the rule was questioned by Chitty as obsolete in his day (1 Cr. Law, 641) ; and when Judge Swift in his Digest spoke of the acquittal of the greater crime as necessary to the validity of the verdict, he doubtless had in mind the old rule, and overlooked the more recent authorities cited by Chitty. It is evident that a verdict of conviction of the lesser crime must involve an acquittal of the greater, and that this result should be directly stated; but a failure to do so is not a fatal defect. In the case before us, the crime charged includes the lesser crime of attempt at rape, and the partial verdict rendered is legally equivalent to,—“ not guilty of rape, but guilty of attempt at rape.”
The claim is made that this partial verdict cannot support any judgment, or should be treated as an acquittal, because the crime of inferior degree, of which the accused might properly have been convicted, is incorrectly described; the only proper description of this crime being “ an assault with actual violence upon the body of a female, with intent to commit a rape,” using the words of the statute (§ 1407) prescribing the punishment for the crime.
*108This claim assumes that § 1407 of the General Statutes does not simply fix the punishment of the common law offense of attempt at rape, but creates a statutory offense previously unknown, whose legal designation must be co-extensive with the statutory definition. Such seems to have been the ground of decision in the Ohio case cited. Fox v. State, 34 Ohio St. 377. The Ohio criminal code defined the crime of rape. Attempt at rape was not an offense known to the law; but the statute provided that “ whoever assaults another, with intent ... to commit rape . . . upon the person so assaulted, shall be imprisoned,” etc. The court held that the statute was the only provision of law making an attempt to commit rape an offense; that the words “attempt to commit rape,” having no legal meaning, must have been used in the verdict in their ordinary meaning, and are not “ in their ordinary meaning the exact equivalent of the words ‘assault with intent to commit rape Therefore, in returning a verdict of “ guilty of attempt to commit rape,” the jury might have convicted the accused of an “ attempt ” in the ordinary meaning of the word, which was not a criminal offense. From this conclusion Boynton, J., dissented. Assuming a similar construction of our statute to be permissible, we think the verdict in the case a valid one.
The principle affecting the form of a general or partial verdict of “ guilty ” is, that as finally rendered and recorded it shall clearly and certainly designate the crime charged in the indictment, for which punishment is to be inflicted. The general verdict of “ guilty,” separated from its surroundings, is wholly indefinite; but as actually rendered it is certain. The clerk asks the jury whether the accused is “ guilty of the crime whereof he stands indicted or informed against, or not guilty; ” and if the foreman answers “ guilty,” the clerk then says : “ Gentlemen of the jury, hearken to your verdict as the court have recorded it. You on your oaths do say that A. B. is guilty of the crime whereof he stands indicted or informed against; so say you all.” The assent of the jury to this statement constitutes the actual rendering of the verdict. 2 Swift’s Dig. 439; Watertown Eccl. Society's Appeal, *10946 Conn. 230, 233; State v. Hoyt, 47 id. 518, 533. So in the rendition of a partial verdict, the general statement by the foreman, of guilt of the inferior crime, is limited by the assent of the jury to the verdict as stated by the clerk. In this case the verdict assented to by the jury was: “ Guilty of the crime of attempt at rape as charged in the information against him; ” and the statutory element of “ assault with actual violence ” being included in the charge referred to, is included in the verdict.
We must assume that in every case this established procedure has been foRowed, unless the contrary appear from the record. The record before us recites the verdict rendered as “ guilty of the crime of attempt at rape under the said information.” Such a verdict complies with the essential requirements of clearness and certainty. It is mere trifling to suggest that possibly the jury might have meant that the accused was guilty of some attempt which was not a crime, or which was not an attempt to commit the crime of rape, as charged against him in the information.
We think, however, that our decision should be put on a broader ground, to wit: the language used by the foreman in stating the finding of the jury, “Guilty of attempt at rape,” is in itself an appropriate legal form for announcing a conviction of the inferior crime charged in the information, just as truly as the single word “ guilty ” is the proper form for announcing a conviction of the greater crime.
It is not true that § 1407 creates a new statutory offense. By the common law of this State rape is a crime, and assault with intent to commit rape is a crime; each has a well defined meaning which has not been altered by statute. The latter crime is properly designated either as an “ attempt to commit rape,” or as an “ assault with intent to commit rape.” Both names have' received the sanction of this court, and each is a correct legal designation of the crime. The foundation of our common law in respect to crimes was laid at the establishment of our commonwealth, in 1639. The English common law as then existing was not adopted here. 1 Col. Rec. 36,138, 509; Laws of New Haven Colony, 1656, pp. 12,13; 2 Col. *110Rec. 184; 5 Conn. Hist. Soc. Col. 491; 4 Col. Rec. 412; 6 id. 144; 8 id. 578; 12 id. 423; Preface to Rev. of 1672; Rev. 1750 p. 1; Rev. 1784, ed. 1786, pp. 1, 2, 67; 1 Root, XIII, XIV; Holmes v. Williams, 1 Root, 335, 343; Rev. 1821, p. 177 n.; Fitch v. Brainerd, 2 Day, 163, 189; Baldwin v. Walker, 21 Conn. 168, 180; State v. Keena, 64 id. 212, 214, 215. The underlying theory of the Connecticut law and of the English law, was the same: acts in violation of the public peace, and of the rules prescribing the duties of individuals to the State and to each other, as settled by universal acceptance, are offenses. Where these rules are not formulated by statute, they may be declared by courts; and á “ common law ” is developed in the process of so regulating the application of this theory through legislation and judicial decisions, as to produce a reasonable and defined system of jurisprudence. The main difference lay in the fact that Connecticut referred to “ Jehovah, the great law-giver,” to the “ word of God,” to the “justice and equity held forth in that Word,” as authority for those universal rules which magistrates and legislators, “being intrusted by the freemen,” have power, as “ ministers of God for the good of the people, to declare, publish and establish,” and made a fresh start on this basis; while the law of England, derived in theory from the same source, referred more directly to ancient statutes and customs, which had already moulded the underlying rules into a code in many respects repugnant to the conception of criminal law whose evolution became noticeable early in the 17th century. Our ancestors, in developing their criminal jurisprudence, adopted so much from the English common law, that the law in the two countries became for most practical purposes the same; hut they did not adopt all the sanguinary features of the English code, nor the subtleties of technical distinctions that had grown out of conditions foreign to a new country.
When, therefore, our General Court in 1642 ordered that any man who shall “ forcebly and without consent ravish any mayd or woman ” shall be put to' death, it prescribed the punishment for a definite crime at common law; as well by *111the word of God referred to in the act (Deut. 22, 25), as by the ancient statute Westm. 2, c. 34, referred to by the common law of England as then existing. The crime was the same in both aspects: the successful use of physical force by a man upon a woman for the accomplishment of unlawful copulation. According to West’s Simboleography, first published in 1590, and for the following fifty years a most commonly used authority, “ unlawful copulation is every carnal conjunction had out of lawful matrimony, and it is..... either voluntary or violent;.....violent, is termed a rape or ravishment.” 2 West’s Symb., Indictments,, etc., § 54. All the elements of the crime,'—the assault with physical force resulting in copulation against the will or consent of the victim,—-are signified by the word rape, and the essential element of physical force alleged by the word “ravish.” This appears from the precedents of indictment given by West, showing, in some merely the essential allegation, and in others details which were afterwards deemed material. “ One 0. etc. against her will feloniously did ravish, against the peace,” etc. §172. “Upon one A. etc. did make an assault and then and there the same A. against the will of said A. feloniously did ravish and carnally know, against the peace,” etc. § 174. “ With force and arms, viz., swords, staves, etc. upon F. etc. did make an assault and the body and belly of the aforesaid F. with his hands feloniously did wound, strike and lacerate, and the same F. against her will did then and there carnally know and feloniously ravish, against the peace,” etc. § 328. Archbold, in more recent times, gives the violent assault and the resulting rape as the bones of a legal indictment. Archb. Or. Pr. & PI. (580). Indeed the indictment is in effect an allegation that “A, B. upon the body of C. D. did make a violent assault with intent to commit a rape, and her, the said C. D., did then and there ravish; ” and so Archbold says in general (p. 459), that every attempt to commit a crime against the person of an individual without his consent, involves an assault under such circumstances that, had the attempt succeeded, the defendant might have been convicted of the crime. *112This is especially true of rape, violence in the assault, i. e., the use of physical force for the purpose of compelling submission, being one of the circumstances essential to make the successful attempt a rape. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in an early case, held that “ ravish ” includes an averment of force and against the will. Harman v. Com., 12 Serg. & Rawle, 69. And our common law crime of attempt at rape requires an assault with physical force both adapted to and intended to result in rape. State v. Danforth, 3 Conn. 112, 115. The essence of the crime of rape does not lie in the act of copulation—-that may be lawful or unlawful,—but in the use of physical force for the purpose of compelling submission. It is the great injury involved in this indignity that characterizes the offense. Perhaps the range of the crime has been extended by construction, but this is its real essence. In this respect rape differs from almost every other offense. The attempt to commit rape is not only necessarily involved in the committal of the offense, but the criminality of the completed act must be found in the nature of the attempt which is scarcely less atrocious. Formerly we punished the crime by death, and the attempt by imprisonment for life. Our common law, in defining the crime of rape, defined the crime of attempt to commit rape. The latter is involved in the former, and an indictment for the greater crime of necessity charges the lesser. So our common law has always permitted a conviction of the attempt, upon an indictment for rape. In this it differed from the common law of England, because the symmetry of that law was broken by the technical distinction between felony and misdemeanor, and the results flowing from that distinction. The “felony” of the English common law was foreign to our conditions and was not included in our common law (State v. Setter, 57 Conn. 461, 466) ; and the consequent rule which forbade a conviction of attempt upon an indictment for rape, because the former was a misdemeanor and the latter a felony, was never recognized by our law; on the contrary the accused may in such case be convicted of the attempt, because that is necessarily included in the greater crime and the facts constituting the attempt *113are alleged in the indictment for rape. State v. Shepard, 7 Conn. 54, 56; State v. Parmelee, 9 id. 259, 260; State v. Dowd, 19 id. 388, 391; State v. Setter, supra, 468. In State v. Shepard, the case of Com. v. Cooper, 15 Mass. 187, is cited as concurring in the view expressed, and it is now suggested that the latter case is modified by the decisions in Com. v. Newell, 7 Mass. 245, 249, and Com. v. Roby, 12 Pick. 496. In Com. v. Cooper the court seems to have held that the crime of attempt at rape is necessarily included in the crime of rape, and therefore one accused of rape can be convicted of the attempt, unless such conviction is prevented by the rule of the English law, in force in Massachusetts, that one accused of a felony cannot be convicted of a misdemeanor although the lesser offense is necessarily included in the greater; and also to have held that the Massachusetts statutes of 1784 and 1805 changed this rule and permitted the conviction of a misdemeanor on a charge of felony. It was upon the construction of these statutes that Com. v. Cooper was modified by the other decisions ; and we have never supposed that they questioned the decision that an accused could be convicted of an attempt, upon a charge of rape, unless the English rule, which we have not adopted, were interposed. But if Com. v. Cooper must be considered as wholly overruled in Massachusetts, we think the principle of the case, aside from the question of statutory construction, is sound, and it is firmly established by our own decisions.
It follows from these considerations that § 1407 did not create a new statutory offense, but merely prescribed a new' penalty for an existing common law offense; and in referring to that offense as an “ assault with actual violence on the body of a female, with intent to commit rape,” did not alter the character of the offense, but in this respect was in affirmation of the common law. Our statutes are full of instances where in fixing the punishment of a common law offense the crime is referred to, sometimes by its ordinary legal name, as rape, burglary, arson, etc., and sometimes by other descriptive words, more or less full. Such statutes as affecting the identity of the crime, are held to be in affirmation of the com*114mon law. State v. Gaul, 50 Conn. 578, 580 ; State v. Worden, 46 id. 349, 362. This view is entirely consistent with State v. Nichols, 8 Conn. 496, and State v. Wells, 31 id. 210. In those cases the court was dealing only with the claim that the indictment did not follow the words of the statute, and held that to be unnecessary if the crime mentioned were sufficiently alleged. In the latter case the opinion fairly implies that the descriptive words in the statute (§ 1407) indicate an attempt to commit rape at common law, although the decision did not turn on that question. In 1790 “Newgate” was established as a State prison, and the Act prescribed what offenses should be punished by imprisonment in Newgate. In 1792 a supplementary “Act for punishment of certain offenses in Newgate,” was passed; among these offenses was that of attempt at rape, described as “ if any person shall with force and arms and actual violence an assault make upon the body of any female with an intent to commit a rape.” This Act is the origin of § 1407. It prescribes imprisonment in Newgate as the punishment for an existing common law offense, and the language of the Act expresses, but does not alter, the descriptive elements’of the existing offense. Before, as well as after the passage of the Act, an attempt at rape was an assault with force and arms and actual violence with intent to commit a rape. The provision in § 1407 authorizing the conviction of an attempt upon an indictment charging rape, was added in the Revision of 1875, and is plainly in affirmance of the common law.
Our conclusion is : that by the common law of this State attempt to commit rape is a crime necessarily included in the crime of rape and necessarily alleged in an indictment charging rape, and upon such indictment the accused may be convicted of the attempt; that in these respects § 1407 is in affirmance of the common law; that “ attempt to commit rape,” and “ assault with intent to commit rape,” are legal designations of the crime whose punishment is prescribed by § 1407, and in meaning the equivalent of “ assault with actual violence upo'n the body of a female with intent to commit the crime of rape; ” and that a partial verdict upon an informa*115tion for rape, finding the accused “ guilty of the crime of attempt at rape,” complies with the essential requirements of clearness and certainty in designating the crime of which the accused is found guilty, under the information.
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.