Court Opinion

ID: 9402468
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-15 19:12:04.519674+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:00.145399
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                        January 2023 Term                          FILED
                        _______________                         June 15, 2023
                                                                   released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                               EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                           No. 21-0913                         SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    OF WEST VIRGINIA
                         _______________

                    WESBANCO BANK, INC.,
                         Petitioner,

                                 v.

                  CRYSTAL GAYLE ELLIFRITZ,
                         Respondent.

____________________________________________________________

         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monongalia County
               The Honorable Phillip D. Gaujot, Judge
                         Case No. 19-C-87

                         AFFIRMED
____________________________________________________________

                    Submitted: February 7, 2023
                       Filed: June 15, 2023

James C. Gardill, Esq.                  Frank E. Simmerman, Jr, Esq.
PHILLIPS GARDILL KAISER &               Chad L. Taylor, Esq.
ALTMEYER PLLC                           Frank E. Simmerman, III, Esq.
Wheeling, West Virginia                 SIMMERMAN LAW OFFICE, PLLC
and                                     Clarksburg, West Virginia
James A. Walls, Esq.                    Counsel for Respondent Crystal Gayle
Morgantown, West Virginia               Ellifritz
Joseph A. Ford, Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia               Sandra M. Murphy, Esq.
SPILLMAN THOMAS & BATTLE, PLLC          Thomas A. Heywood, Esq.
Counsel for Petitioner                  J. Mark Adkins, Esq.
Wesbanco Bank, Inc.                     Peter G. Markham, Esq.
                                        BOWLES RICE LLP
                                        Charleston, West Virginia
                                                  Counsel for Amici Curiae Community
                                                  Bankers of West Virginia and the West
                                                  Virginia Bankers Association

JUSTICE WOOTON delivered the Opinion of the Court.

CHIEF JUSTICE WALKER and JUSTICE HUTCHISON concur and reserve the right to
file separate opinions.

JUSTICE BUNN dissents and reserves the right to file a separate opinion.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     “When this Court reviews a trial court’s order granting or denying a

renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law after trial under Rule 50(b) of the West

Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998], it is not the task of this Court to review the facts

to determine how it would have ruled on the evidence presented. Instead, its task is to

determine whether the evidence was such that a reasonable trier of fact might have reached

the decision below. Thus, when considering a ruling on a renewed motion for judgment as

a matter of law after trial, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party.” Syl. Pt. 2, Fredeking v. Tyler, 224 W. Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16 (2009).

              2.      “As a general rule, the refusal to give a requested jury instruction is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. By contrast, the question of whether a jury was

properly instructed is a question of law and the review is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v.

Hinkle, 200 W. Va. 280, 489 S.E.2d 257 (1996).

              3.     “A trial court’s refusal to give a requested instruction is reversible

error only if: (1) the instruction is a correct statement of law; (2) it is not substantially

covered in the charge actually given to the jury; and (3) it concerns an important point in

the trial so that the failure to give it seriously impairs a defendant’s ability to effectively

present a given defense.” Syl. Pt. 11, State v. Derr, 192 W. Va. 165, 451 S.E.2d 731 (1994).

                                               i
              4.     “‘The formulation of jury instructions is within the broad discretion

of a circuit court, and a circuit court’s giving of an instruction is reviewed under an abuse

of discretion standard. A verdict should not be disturbed based on the formulation of the

language of the jury instructions so long as the instructions given as a whole are accurate

and fair to both parties.’ Syllabus Point 6, Tennant v. Marion Health Care Foundation,

Inc., 194 W.Va. 97, 459 S.E.2d 374 (1995).” Syl. Pt. 3, Keesee v. Gen. Refuse Serv., Inc.,

216 W. Va. 199, 604 S.E.2d 449 (2004).

              5.     “‘“An instruction should not be given when there is no evidence

tending to prove the theory upon which the instruction is based.” Syl. pt. 4, Hovermale v.

Berkeley Springs Moose Lodge No. 1483, [165] W.Va. [689], 271 S.E.2d 335 (1980).’

Syllabus point 3, Jenrett v. Smith, 173 W.Va. 325, 315 S.E.2d 583 (1983).” Syl. Pt. 4,

Maples v. W. Va. Dep’t of Com., 197 W. Va. 318, 475 S.E.2d 410 (1996).

              6.     “‘This Court will not consider questions, nonjurisdictional in their

nature, which have not been acted upon by the trial court.’ Syl. pt. 4, Wheeling Downs

Racing Association v. West Virginia Sportservice, Inc., 157 W.Va. 93, 199 S.E.2d 308

(1973).” Syl. Pt. 3, Dean v. W. Va. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 195 W. Va. 70, 464 S.E.2d

589 (1995).

                                             ii
WOOTON, Justice:

              In 2018 Respondent Crystal Gayle Ellifritz (“Ms. Ellifrtiz”) presented to

WesBanco Bank, Inc. (“WesBanco” or “the bank”) and demanded payment of an original,

unendorsed money market certificate of deposit (“certificate of deposit,” “CD,” or

“certificate”) originally issued in 1980 by Central National Bank and payable to either Ms.

Ellifritz or her father.1 The Petitioner WesBanco, successor in interest to Central National

Bank, denied payment after determining there was no existing account associated with the

certificate, or with Ms. Ellifritz or her father. Thereafter, Ms. Ellifritz filed suit in the

Circuit Court of Monongalia County, including among several claims an allegation that

WesBanco breached its contract by refusing to tender payment upon her presentation of

the original certificate. The matter proceeded to trial. At the conclusion of the evidence

WesBanco moved for judgment as a matter of law, contending that Ms. Ellifritz had failed

to establish the existence of a contract. WesBanco argued that the absence of account

records resulted in a presumption that the funds in the account had been disbursed to either

Ms. Ellifritz or her father. The circuit court denied the motion and submitted the matter to

the jury. The jury charge did not include two instructions requested by WesBanco. The

jury found for Ms. Ellifritz and awarded her damages. WesBanco now appeals.

       1
         The Court would like to acknowledge the participation in this case of the Bankers
of West Virginia and the West Virginia Bankers Association who filed a joint amicus brief
in support of WesBanco. We have considered the arguments presented by the amici curiae
in deciding this case.

                                             1
                Upon review of the briefs, the appendix record, the applicable law and the

arguments of the parties, we conclude that the circuit court did not err in denying

WesBanco’s motion for judgment as a matter of law. Likewise, we conclude that the circuit

court did not err in refusing the two proffered jury instructions. Finally, we conclude that

the filing of this matter was not barred by the applicable statute of limitations, as contended

by WesBanco. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the circuit court.

                  I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                On December 31, 1980, Ms. Ellifritz’s father, Dewey Ellifritz, deposited

$10,000 in a money market time deposit account2 at Central National Bank, made payable

to either Dewey Ellifritz or Ms. Ellifritz. The account had a twenty-six-week term with an

initial interest rate of 14.282% and an initial maturity date of July 1, 1981. If unredeemed

at the maturity date the account automatically renewed for successive twenty-six-week

terms at the “then prevailing U.S. Treasury bill rate.” Central National Bank issued a

certificate of deposit for the account which conspicuously stated on its face that the account

was payable “IN CURRENT FUNDS 26 WEEKS AFTER DUE DATE, ON THE

RETURN OF THIS CERTIFICATE PROPERLY ENDORSED[.]” The parties both agree

that this is generally referred to in the banking industry as a “presentation clause” or

       2
           According to the certificate of deposit, the account was designated No. 5249.

                                              2
“surrender clause.” On the back of the certificate is a release to be signed upon redemption,

as well as a list of named “Terms and Conditions” which includes the following statement:

                     JOINT CERTIFICATES: When two or more persons
              are named as depositors on this Certificate with the conjunction
              “or” appearing between names, then such Certificate shall be
              payable to any or the survivor or survivors of them and
              payment may be made upon surrender of this Certificate to any
              of them during the lifetime of all, or to any survivor or
              survivors after the death of one or more of them. When the
              conjunction “and” appears between names, the Certificate shall
              be payable only upon the signatures of all depositors named.

              Through two mergers, one in 1994 and one in 2000, Central National Bank

became a part of WesBanco.3 WesBanco, as the surviving entity, acquired all of the

merging entities’ open accounts, including all funded time deposit accounts such as the

certificate of deposit at issue herein. The record indicates that WesBanco uses two separate

electronic recordkeeping systems: its core system, Bankway; and its document

management system, IS-View. Searching these two systems using a person’s name or

social security number generates a list of all active accounts at WesBanco associated with

that person; the results also show every account associated with that person that has closed

since the year 2000.4 Put simply, WesBanco states that if an account was open at

WesBanco as of the year 2000, or closed thereafter, it would appear in one or both of these

       3
        In 1994 Central National Bank merged into WesBanco Bank Fairmont, Inc.; and
in 2000, WesBanco Fairmont merged into WesBanco Bank Wheeling, Inc.
       4
        It is undisputed that WesBanco digitized its account records as of the year 2000
and continues to maintain those digital records.

                                             3
systems. Any account which was closed prior to 2000 would not appear in the digitized

records.

              In December 2018, following the death of her father, Ms. Ellifritz found the

original certificate of deposit in his safe. She presented the certificate to her local

WesBanco branch and demanded payment.             WesBanco performed a search of its

recordkeeping systems and was unable to locate any record of an account—either active or

closed—associated with the certificate, or with Ms. Ellifritz or her father’s identifying

information. As a result, WesBanco concluded that the account closed prior to the year

2000, informed Ms. Ellifritz there was nothing to redeem, and denied payment.

              Thereafter, in April 2019, Ms. Ellifritz filed suit against WesBanco in the

Circuit Court of Monongalia County alleging breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and

constructive fraud,5 as well as a claim for punitive damages.6 Ms. Ellifritz alleged in

       5
         Ms. Ellifritz’s constructive fraud claim was predicated on a statement allegedly
made to her by a teller at her local WesBanco branch that this money market account had
escheated to the State. She contended this was an intentional misrepresentation based on
WesBanco’s corporate representative’s later testimony that the bank investigated—both
internally and with the State Treasurer—whether the funds had escheated and determined
conclusively that they had not. As explained below, the circuit court granted WesBanco’s
motion for judgment as a matter of law on this claim.
       6
          The unjust enrichment and constructive fraud claims were dismissed pursuant to
WesBanco’s successful motion for judgment as a matter of law at the close of Ms.
Ellifritz’s case-in-chief. See W Va. R. Civ. P. 50(a) (providing that a court may grant such
motion “with respect to a claim or defense that cannot under the controlling law be
maintained or defeated without a favorable finding on that issue.”). The punitive damages
claim was dismissed pursuant to WesBanco’s renewed motion for judgment as a matter of
                                             4
support of her breach of contract claim that the certificate of deposit constituted an

enforceable contract, and WesBanco breached the presentation clause of that contract by

failing to tender payment upon presentation of the original certificate.

              WesBanco moved to dismiss the breach of contract claim, arguing that: (1)

Ms. Ellifritz was unable to demonstrate the existence of an enforceable contract; (2) the

absence of records relating to the account created a presumption that either Ms. Ellifritz or

her father had closed the account; and (3) the claim was barred by the statute of limitations.

The circuit court denied the motion in January 2021, and the matter proceeded to trial in

March of that year.

              At trial Ms. Ellifritz contended that the presentation clause on the face of the

certificate constituted a binding contractual term requiring WesBanco to remit payment to

her upon presentation of the certificate and her demand for payment. She argued that

WesBanco had no evidence to support its contention that it had properly paid the funds to

a co-depositor (e.g., Dewey Ellifritz) at an earlier time without presentation of the

certificate. WesBanco, in response, contended that (1) the presentation clause did not create

a substantive right upon which Ms. Ellifritz could recover; and (2) any records of payment

law at the close of all evidence. See id. Therefore, the breach of contract claim was the
only claim presented to the jury.

                                              5
to a co-depositor would have been properly destroyed pursuant to state laws governing the

retention of banking records.7

                In support of their respective arguments, Ms. Ellifritz presented the original

certificate of deposit and testified that her father kept the certificate in its original cover in

the family safe from the time he made the initial deposit in 1980 until the time of his death.

She explained that she came into possession of the certificate after his death, when she

found it in the safe.

                WesBanco presented the testimony of four witnesses: Theresa Barry, a

research clerk in WesBanco’s Wheeling office; Norma Fisher, an administrative assistant

in the same office; Joan Miller, WesBanco’s corporate representative; 8 and William

Buchanan, WesBanco’s Vice President and Manager of Bank Operations. Ms. Barry and

Ms. Fisher each testified that they personally performed searches of WesBanco’s electronic

file systems and could locate no information related to this account or to either of the

Ellifritzes. Mr. Buchanan testified to the contents of the certificate, specifically testifying

to the manner in which WesBanco handles time deposit accounts (i.e., mailing out renewal

notices and interest forms). He also testified as to WesBanco’s procedures in facilitating

mergers with other banks, including auditing processes between the two entities to ensure

       7
           See W. Va. Code § 31A-4-35 (2006) (discussed infra in greater detail).
       8
           Ms. Miller’s deposition testimony was read into the record at trial.

                                                6
that the data balanced before, during, and after the merger. In that regard, he testified that

WesBanco had not lost information pertaining to a single account during a merger in the

nineteen years he had worked for the bank.

              Ms. Miller was designated as WesBanco’s corporate representative pursuant

to Rule 30(b)(7) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, and testified on numerous

topics, including the procedures for searching the bank’s electronic systems for account

records. She stated that, had the Ellifritz account been active as of the year 2000, it would

have been incorporated into the electronic systems when WesBanco digitized its files. She

further stated that she had personally redeemed certificates of deposit issued by Central

National Bank during her tenure with WesBanco. Significantly, she conceded that Ms.

Ellifritz’s certificate of deposit constituted a contract containing terms and conditions both

on the face and reverse of the certificate. She further conceded that those terms and

conditions included that the certificate was “payable on the return of this certificate

properly endorsed” and that payment would only be made to a co-depositor on a joint

account, or to his or her survivor, upon presentation of the endorsed certificate.

Notwithstanding the terms and conditions expressly set forth on the certificates, however,

Ms. Miller testified that WesBanco’s practice was to permit withdrawal of the money

deposited without presentation of the certificate if one of the named depositors provided

identification.

                                              7
                WesBanco first moved for judgment as a matter of law at the close of Ms.

Ellifritz’s case-in-chief. As noted supra, the circuit court granted in part but denied the

motion as to the breach of contract claim.9 At the close of all the evidence both WesBanco

and Ms. Ellifritz moved for judgment as a matter of law on the breach of contract claim.

Ms. Ellifritz argued that WesBanco presented no evidence that this account had been

disbursed, so it was obligated to adhere to the terms of its contract and tender payment to

her upon presentation of the endorsed certificate. WesBanco reiterated its argument that

Ms. Ellifritz failed to establish the existence of a contractual relationship at the time she

made her demand for payment in 2018, and that the absence of account records led to a

presumption that this account had been disbursed and closed before digitization in 2000.

In denying both motions,10 the circuit court summarized the evidence presented and

concluded that a jury could reasonably infer either that the absence of records indicated the

account had been disbursed, or that the records had been either intentionally or negligently

lost. The court thus determined that the evidence, and the differing inferences that could

be drawn therefrom, compelled submission of this issue to a jury.

                Thereafter the circuit court considered the jury charge, and WesBanco

proposed two jury instructions11 based on this Court’s holding in Peters v. Peters, 191 W.

       9
           At this stage, the punitive damages claim was also still viable.
       10
          However, the circuit court partially granted WesBanco’s motion with regard to
the punitive damages claim. See supra note 6.
       11
            The proposed instructions are set forth and discussed infra in greater detail.

                                                8
Va. 56, 443 S.E.2d 213 (1994). The court declined to give the proposed instructions,

determining that Peters was factually distinguishable (in Peters the bank had records

demonstrating that the funds were disbursed to a co-depositor), and because WesBanco’s

designated corporate representative testified that the presentation clause contained in the

certificate was a binding contractual term. The circuit court instructed the jury, and after

deliberation the jury returned a verdict for Ms. Ellifritz. On March 3, 2021, the circuit

court entered an order memorializing the verdict and awarding Ms. Ellifritz stipulated

damages in the amount of $51,209.75, plus post-judgment interest and costs. WesBanco

now appeals.

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

               WesBanco’s arguments require the application of different standards of

review. First, WesBanco appeals the denial of its renewed motion for judgment as a matter

of law. “[T]he standard for reviewing the circuit court’s rulings on pre-verdict and post-

verdict motions for judgment as a matter of law is identical.” Gillingham v. Stephenson,

209 W. Va. 741, 745, 551 S.E.2d 663, 667 (2001). As we held in syllabus point 2 of

Fredeking v. Tyler:

                       When this Court reviews a trial court’s order granting
               or denying a renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law
               after trial under Rule 50(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil
               Procedure [1998], it is not the task of this Court to review the
               facts to determine how it would have ruled on the evidence
               presented. Instead, its task is to determine whether the evidence
               was such that a reasonable trier of fact might have reached the
               decision below. Thus, when considering a ruling on a renewed
               motion for judgment as a matter of law after trial, the evidence

                                              9
               must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
               party.

224 W. Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16 (2009).

               Second, WesBanco argues that the circuit court erred in refusing to give two

proposed jury instructions. “As a general rule, the refusal to give a requested jury

instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. By contrast, the question of whether a

jury was properly instructed is a question of law and the review is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1,

State v. Hinkle, 200 W. Va. 280, 489 S.E.2d 257 (1996); accord Syl. Pt. 11, State v. Derr,

192 W. Va. 165, 451 S.E.2d 731 (1994) (“A trial court’s refusal to give a requested

instruction is reversible error only if: (1) the instruction is a correct statement of law; (2) it

is not substantially covered in the charge actually given to the jury; and (3) it concerns an

important point in the trial so that the failure to give it seriously impairs a defendant’s

ability to effectively present a given defense.”). Moreover,

                      “[t]he formulation of jury instructions is within the
               broad discretion of a circuit court, and a circuit court’s giving
               of an instruction is reviewed under an abuse of discretion
               standard. A verdict should not be disturbed based on the
               formulation of the language of the jury instructions so long as
               the instructions given as a whole are accurate and fair to both
               parties.” Syllabus Point 6, Tennant v. Marion Health Care
               Foundation, Inc., 194 W.Va. 97, 459 S.E.2d 374 (1995).

Syl. Pt. 3, Keesee v. Gen. Refuse Serv., Inc., 216 W. Va. 199, 604 S.E.2d 449 (2004). With

these standards in mind, we now proceed to address the parties’ arguments on appeal.

                                               10
                                      III. ANALYSIS

A.     Burden of Proving Existence of Contract

               We begin with WesBanco’s argument that the circuit court erred in denying

its motion for judgment as a matter of law on Ms. Ellifritz’s breach of contract claim. This

argument is multifaceted. WesBanco argues that the circuit court required it to prove that

the contract did not exist, thereby improperly shifting the burden of proof. WesBanco also

urges this Court to hold as a matter of law that, given statutory authority for the destruction

of bank records after the passage of a specified period of time, the absence of records of a

bank account creates a presumption that the account has closed.               We reject both

contentions.

               The crux of the burden-shifting argument is WesBanco’s contention that the

circuit court allegedly required it to prove a nullity: that this certificate of deposit account

had closed prior to 2000 and thus no longer existed at the time of Ms. Ellifritz’s demand

for payment in 2018.

               In reviewing an order denying a motion for judgment as a matter of law, this

Court does not reweigh the evidence presented. Rather, our task is to examine whether

that evidence was sufficient “such that a reasonable trier of fact might have reached the

decision below.” Fredeking, 224 W. Va. at 1, 680 S.E.2d at 17, syl. pt. 2. We have no

trouble concluding that the evidence presented was sufficient to overcome WesBanco’s

motion for judgment as a matter of law on Ms. Ellifritz’s breach of contract claim. The

                                              11
facts are clear that Ms. Ellifritz established the initial existence of this contract by

presenting the original certificate of deposit; indeed, WesBanco conceded that point—its

corporate representative testified that the writing on the CD constituted a contract. Thus,

the only issue was whether that contractual relationship still existed in 2018. The parties

submitted competing evidence on that point, and the circuit court found that the absence of

account records in this case, while probative on the issue of whether the contractual

relationship still existed, was not dispositive of that issue. Simply put, the burden remained

on Ms. Ellifritz to establish the continued existence of the contract, leaving WesBanco to

convince the jury that Ms. Ellifritz had not met that burden. No burden was shifted; rather,

the jury was left to weigh the conflicting evidence and determine whether Ms. Ellifritz had

proved the continued existence of the contract.

              WesBanco argues that the absence of account records should give rise to a

presumption that the account has been closed, i.e., that the funds were disbursed, based on

language found in provisions of the West Virginia Code governing the retention of banking

records. Specifically, WesBanco directs this Court to West Virginia Code section 31A-4-

35(a) (2006),12 which provides that a bank may destroy records of closed accounts five

       12
         West Virginia Code section 31A-4-35(a) provides, in pertinent part: “[E]very
banking institution shall retain either the originals or such copies or reproductions of its
records of final entry . . . for a period of at least five years from the date of the last entry
on such books or the date of making of such deposit tickets and card records[.]”

       Wesbanco highlights the fact that this statute was amended after the inception of
these proceedings to provide that “any action. . .against a bank for any balance, amount, or
proceeds from any time, savings or demand deposit account based on the contents of
                                              12
years after the final entry on the account (meaning the date the account closed).13 Relying

on caselaw from New York, discussed infra, WesBanco contends that the fact that there

are no records of the Ellifritz account mandates a presumption that the account was closed

before the bank digitized its records (which records ostensibly reflect all accounts open as

of and since 2000 or closed thereafter).

              In Krawitt v. Keybank, 871 N.Y.S.2d 842, 844 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2008), the court

noted that New York has “a legal presumption of payment after the lapse of twenty years

between the right to enforce an obligation and an attempt to do so.” As a preliminary

records for which a period of retention or preservation is set forth. . .must be brought during
the retention or preservation period.” Id. § 31A-4-35(c) (eff. June 5, 2020). The
amendment is not applicable to this case, so we refrain from addressing what, if any, impact
it would have on matters such as the one before this Court.

        Further, insofar as WesBanco’s arguments pertaining to the statutorily permissible
destruction of banking records may be construed as an argument that the trial court erred
in failing to instruct the jury on the law surrounding such record destruction, this Court can
afford WesBanco no relief. The record makes clear that WesBanco never requested an
instruction from the circuit court in this regard. See Syl. Pt. 1, McAllister v. Weirton Hosp.
Co., 173 W. Va. 75, 312 S.E.2d 738 (1983) (“A verdict will not be disturbed for want of a
proper instruction, unless it was requested and refused ….”) (internal citation omitted).
       13
           WesBanco also directs this Court to provisions of the West Virginia Uniform
Unclaimed Property Act, W. Va. Code §§ 36-8-1 to -33 (2011), to support its position that
the statutory scheme creates an implicit presumption of payment. Specifically, West
Virginia Code section 36-8-2(a)(5) provides that automatically renewing, interest bearing
time deposit accounts such as the account at issue here are presumed abandoned “seven
years after the earlier of the maturity date or the date of the last indication by the owner of
interest in the property.” After the requisite period of time elapses, the bank transmits the
account to the State Treasurer as unclaimed property and must keep records of that
transmission for a minimum of ten years. Id. § 36-8-21. The parties agree that the account
at issue in this case did not escheat to the State, so these provisions are inapplicable.

                                              13
matter, New York has recognized such a presumption for well over a century. See, e.g.,

Bean v. Tonnele, 94 N.Y. 381 (1884). West Virginia has no such presumption; for this

Court to create one would be a dramatic deviation from our long-established law. And

critically, even under New York law the precise factual scenario presented in this appeal—

a depositor has the original certificate of deposit and demands payment, but the bank denies

the existence of that account by citing the absence of records—has been found to create a

genuine issue of material fact for a jury to resolve. See Katzman v. Citibank, 298 Fed.

Appx. 81 (2d Cir. 2008).

              The facts presented in Katzman are strikingly similar to the facts in this case.

Eva Katzman, a widow, presented her local Citibank branch with a twenty-year-old

certificate of deposit issued to her late husband. Id. at 82. One of the terms and conditions

on the certificate stated that the certificate must be surrendered to withdraw the funds. Id.

Citibank found no record of the account and refused to tender payment to Ms. Katzman.

Id. When Ms. Katzman later sued for breach of contract, Citibank argued that its policies

permitted it to pay out the funds of an account without the surrender of the certificate, and

that the absence of records of the account indicated it must have done so. Id. at 82-83. The

District Court for the Northern District of New York granted summary judgment for

Citibank, relying on New York’s presumption of payment law, but the United States Court

of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed, finding that Citibank’s evidence of its policy

regarding payment without surrender of the certificate was contradicted by the plain

language on the certificate requiring its presentation to effectuate withdrawal, and that the

                                             14
district court improperly drew an inference of payment in favor of Citibank. Id. at 84. In

so doing, the court stated:

                      Although Katzman’s only record evidence was, in
              essence, the [certificate] itself, it was Citibank’s burden to
              demonstrate that no genuine issues of material fact existed with
              respect to that [certificate], the authenticity of which does not
              appear to be disputed by Citibank. In light of the [certificate]’s
              express language that the [certificate] had to be surrendered to
              Citibank in order to withdraw the entire balance, Citibank’s
              statement that “[s]uch was not necessarily the case” does not
              establish conclusively that the relevant account had been paid
              out; rather, it creates a genuine issue of material fact entitling
              Katzman to have a jury decide how much weight, if any, to
              give to that evidence and what inferences, if any, to draw from
              that evidence at trial.

Id. at 84.

              Similarly, a sister state has found, also on facts virtually identical to those in

this case, that a motion for judgment as a matter of law was improperly granted because

factual issues remained for determination by a jury. See Estate of English v. Regions Bank,

184 So.3d 983 (Miss. Ct. App. 2015). In that case Audie Belle English presented to

Regions Bank an original certificate of deposit issued to her as a co-depositor some twenty

years prior and demanded payment. Id. at 984. Regions Bank denied payment on the

ground that it could not identify any records of the account other than the original certificate

Ms. English presented. Id. In the ensuing breach of contract action Regions Bank moved

for judgment as a matter of law, arguing that the lack of records established that the account

must have been paid out prior to the demand for payment. Id. A Mississippi Chancery

Court found New York’s presumption of payment law persuasive and granted the motion,

                                              15
but the Mississippi Court of Appeals reversed, finding that Mississippi did not have a

longstanding recognition of a presumption of payment, and stating that

              we find [the bank’s] failure to furnish any direct evidence as to
              where the proceeds went and who had received them,
              combined with the evidence that Audie Belle had never
              surrendered the original [certificate], created a genuine issue of
              material fact for the chancery court to consider and was not an
              issue that entitled [the bank] to a judgment as a matter of law.

Id. at 987.

              We agree with the reasoning of Katzman and Estate of English and conclude

that under the facts and circumstances of this case, WesBanco’s motion for judgment as a

matter of law was properly denied. There is no presumption of payment in either West

Virginia’s statutes or our caselaw, and we decline to adopt one. Moreover, the dueling

evidence on the contract claim—Ms. Ellifritz’s presentation of the original certificate and

WesBanco’s proffer that it has no records of the account—created a question of fact for a

jury to resolve.      The jury determined that Ms. Ellifritz had proved her case by a

preponderance of the evidence, and there is no legal or factual basis for this Court to disturb

the jury’s verdict.

B.     The Peters Instructions

              WesBanco also argues that the circuit court erred in refusing to deliver two

proposed jury instructions. The instructions in question state:

              Proposed Instruction #2: Plaintiff contends that the Certificate
              of Deposit indicates that neither she nor her father could
              withdraw the funds from the account without first endorsing
                                              16
                and surrendering the Certificate of Deposit to the bank. Under
                West Virginia law, these types of surrender provisions are
                nothing more than general statements of bank policy. As such,
                they create no substantive rights in depositors like the plaintiff
                and her father.

                Proposed Instruction #3: Furthermore, the provision in the
                Certificate of Deposit indicates that neither the plaintiff nor her
                father could withdraw the funds from the account without first
                endorsing and surrendering the Certificates of Deposit to the
                bank does not constitute or create a contractual duty on the part
                of the bank.

These instructions are drawn from this Court’s holding in syllabus point four of Peters14

which states:

                        The rules of a bank voluntarily adopted by it become a
                valid agreement or contract between the bank and its depositors
                when an account is opened and the passbook is issued or a
                certificate of deposit purchased pursuant to the printed rules set
                forth in the passbook or certificates. However, mere
                boilerplate recitals of the obligation to present passbooks or
                surrender endorsed certificates at the time of withdrawal
                constitute nothing more than general statements of bank policy
                and as such create no substantive rights in depositors. Thus,
                when the terms relating to the requirement of presentation of a
                passbook or certificate are positioned or articulated in such a

      14
           Peters also involved a presentation clause issue, although on a passbook savings
account rather than a money market certificate of deposit. Peters, 191 W. Va. at 58, 443
S.E.2d at 215. Patricia L. Peters alleged that Whitesville State Bank improperly disbursed
to her husband, John Peters, the proceeds of a joint passbook savings account. After her
husband’s death Ms. Peters attempted to withdraw the funds from the account and
presented the passbook which read, in pertinent part, “NO PAYMENTS WILL BE MADE
EXCEPT UPON PRESENTATION OF THIS BOOK.” Id. at 58-59, 443 S.E.2d at 215-16.
The bank denied payment upon determining that it had already disbursed the funds to Mr.
Peters some months prior. Ms. Peters then filed suit against the bank alleging breach of
contract insofar as the bank was not permitted to pay the funds from the account without
presentation of the passbook. Id. The circuit court found that the bank was relieved of
liability insofar as it could show it disbursed the funds to a co-depositor, and this Court
agreed. Id.

                                                17
              way as to make it evident that a Bank does not intend the terms
              to be binding, no contract exists as to those terms.

191 W. Va. at 58, 443 S.E.2d at 215, syl. pt. 4.15

              The circuit court declined to give these instructions for two reasons. First,

the circuit court found the two cases were factually distinguishable insofar as the bank in

Peters produced affirmative proof that it had disbursed the funds at issue to a co-depositor,

while WesBanco acknowledged throughout the proceedings that it had no such proof.

Moreover, WesBanco was unable to articulate how, if at all, Peters was factually on point;

WesBanco merely reiterated its argument that syllabus point four provides that the

presentation clause is not a contractual term. Such an argument is unavailing in the face

of WesBanco’s uncontroverted concession that this presentation clause is a binding

contractual term. The circuit court did not err in finding Peters factually distinguishable.

              Second, the court found that WesBanco’s concession that the presentation

clause on this certificate was a binding contractual term rendered the Peters instructions

       15
           We decline the invitation to revisit the the law enunciated by the Court in this
syllabus point. WesBanco contends that syllabus point four establishes that presentation
clauses simply are not binding terms of a contract between a bank and a depositor. Ms.
Ellifritz posits that the plain language of that syllabus point contradicts that assertion
insofar as it states that “when [presentation clauses]. . .are positioned or articulated in such
a way as to make it evident that a Bank does not intend the terms to be binding, no contract
exists as to those terms.” Id. at 58, 443 S.E.2d at 215, syl. pt. 4. The circuit court did not
resolve this question because it found Peters to be both factually distinguishable and
inapplicable to the case at bar, given WesBanco’s concession that the presentation clause
was a binding contractual term. Accordingly, because this issue is not squarely before us,
we leave any further examination of Peters for another day.

                                              18
inappropriate. We agree. WesBanco argues that the Peters instructions would have

allowed the jury to find that the presentation clause was not a binding contractual term.

However, the evidence did not support such instructions. WesBanco’s corporate witness

gave uncontradicted testimony that the certificate of deposit was a contract, that the

contract had terms and conditions, and that the presentation clause at issue was one of those

terms and conditions. WesBanco presented no contradictory evidence. “An instruction

should not be given when there is no evidence tending to prove the theory upon which the

instruction is based.” Syl. Pt. 4, Maples v. W. Va. Dep’t of Com., 197 W. Va. 318, 475

S.E.2d 410 (1996) (internal citations omitted). In short, because WesBanco admitted that

the presentation clause was a binding contractual term, instructions predicated on syllabus

point four of Peters were properly refused.

              The factual distinctions between Peters and this case, coupled with

WesBanco’s concession as to the contractual nature of the presentation clause lead us to

conclude that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing WesBanco’s two

requested jury instructions.

C.     Statutes of Limitation

              Finally, WesBanco argues that Ms. Ellifritz’s claim for relief was barred by

the operation of two different statutes of limitation, specifically those set forth in West

Virginia Code section 55-2-6 (2016) and section 46-3-118(b) (2007). We readily dispose

                                              19
of WesBanco’s argument with regard to section 55-2-6,16 as a review of the record indicates

that WesBanco did not raise this argument below. “This Court will not consider questions,

nonjurisdictional in their nature, which have not been acted upon by the trial court.” Syl.

Pt. 3, Dean v. W. Va. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 195 W. Va. 70, 464 S.E.2d 589 (1995)

(internal citation omitted). Accordingly, we will not address this argument.

              With respect to WesBanco’s argument as to section 46-3-118(b), we

conclude that this provision is inapplicable to the matter at hand. That Code section

provides:

                     Except as provided in subsection (d) or (e), if demand
              for payment is made to the maker of a note payable on demand,
              an action to enforce the obligation of party to pay the note must
              be commenced within six years after the demand. If no
              demand for payment is made to the maker, an action to enforce
              the note is barred if neither principal nor interest on the note
              has been paid for a continuous period of ten years.

Id. In its argument, WesBanco relies wholly on the final sentence of the provision, stating

that there is no evidence any interest had been paid on the Ellifritz account since at least

2000, when the account ceased to exist in WesBanco’s system. However, WesBanco

ignores the first part of that provision, which removes from its operation the scenarios

“provided in subsection (d) or (e).” Id. In that regard, West Virginia Code section 46-3-

118(e) clearly applies to the situation at hand:

       16
          West Virginia Code section 55-2-6 provides that actions to recover on the breach
of a written and signed contract shall be brought within ten years “after the right to bring
the same shall have accrued.”

                                             20
                      An action to enforce the obligation of a party to a
              certificate of deposit to pay the instrument must be commenced
              within six years after demand for payment is made to the
              maker, but if the instrument states a due date and the maker is
              not required to pay before that date, the six-year period begins
              when a demand for payment is in effect and the due date has
              passed.

(Emphasis added). These provisions are clear and unambiguous. The six-year statute of

limitations on a demand for enforcement of payment on a certificate of deposit is triggered

when a demand for payment is made, with one proviso: if the certificate states a due date,

the due date must have passed prior to the demand for payment. In the instant case, Ms.

Ellifritz’s certificate states a due date of July 1, 1981, which due date had passed prior to

her demand for payment in December 2018. Pursuant to the statute, therefore, the six-year

statute of limitations began to run at the time of her demand for payment in December

2018, and Ms. Ellifritz’s lawsuit, which was filed approximately four months later in April

2019, was timely. WesBanco’s argument that West Virginia Code section 46-3-118(b)

barred the suit is without merit.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

              For the reasons set forth herein, this Court affirms the Circuit Court of

Monongalia County’s March 3, 2021, Judgment Order on Jury Trial.

                                                                                  Affirmed.

                                             21