Court Opinion

ID: 4242834
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-07 01:00:21.94515+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:14.891254
License: Public Domain

Case: 16-11587   Document: 00514338627      Page: 1   Date Filed: 02/06/2018

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                              United States Court of Appeals

                                  No. 16-11587
                                                                       Fifth Circuit

                                                                     FILED
                                                               February 6, 2018

MANOJ P. SINGH                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                     Clerk
             Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

RADIOSHACK CORPORATION; JAMES F. GOOCH; JOSEPH C.
MAGNACCA; MARTIN O. MOAD; ROBERT E. ABERNATHY; FRANK J.
BELATTI; JULIA A. DOBSON; DANIEL R. FEEHAN; H. EUGENE
LOCKHART; JACK L. MESSMAN; THOMAS G. PLASKELL; EDWINA D.
WOODBURY; ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE RADIOSHACK
401(K) PLAN; ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE RADIOSHACK
PUERTO RICO 1165(E) PLAN; RADIOSHACK 401(K) PLAN EMPLOYEE
BENEFITS COMMITTEE; RADIOSHACK PUERTO RICO PLAN
EMPLOYEE BENEFITS COMMITTEE; DOES 1-10, inclusive; JUSTIN
JOHNSON; WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.; MARK BARFIELD; BANCO
POPULAR DE PUERTO RICO; KARINA DAVIS; ERIC HALES; MICHAEL
E. KEYSER; KEVIN KRAUTKRAMER; SRI REDDY; BOARD OF
DIRECTORS OF RADIOSHACK,

             Defendants–Appellees.

JEFFREY SNYDER

           Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

RADIOSHACK CORPORATION; JAMES F. GOOCH; JOSEPH C.
MAGNACCA; MARTIN O. MOAD; ROBERT E. ABERNATHY; FRANK J.
BELATTI; JULIA A. DOBSON; DANIEL R. FEEHAN; H. EUGENE
LOCKHART; JACK L. MESSMAN; THOMAS G. PLASKELL; EDWINA D.
WOODBURY; ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE RADIOSHACK
     Case: 16-11587   Document: 00514338627      Page: 2   Date Filed: 02/06/2018

                                  No. 16-11587
401(K) PLAN; ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE RADIOSHACK
PUERTO RICO 1165(E) PLAN; RADIOSHACK 401(K) PLAN EMPLOYEE
BENEFITS COMMITTEE; RADIOSHACK PUERTO RICO PLAN
EMPLOYEE BENEFITS COMMITTEE; DOES 1-10, inclusive,

           Defendants–Appellees.

WILLIAM A. GERHART, On Behalf of Himself and the RadioShack 401(k)
Plan and the RadioShack Puerto Rico 1165(e) Plan, and/or Alternatively on
Behalf of a Class Consisting of Similarly Situated Participants and
Beneficiaries of the Plans,

           Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

RADIOSHACK CORPORATION; THE ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE
OF THE RADIOSHACK 401(K) PLAN; ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE
OF THE RADIOSHACK PUERTO RICO 1165(E) PLAN; DOES 1-10,
inclusive; THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF RADIOSHACK; ROBERT E.
ABERNATHY; FRANK J. BELATTI; JULIA A. DOBSON; DANIEL R.
FEEHAN; H. EUGENE LOCKHART; JACK L. MESSMAN; THOMAS G.
PLASKELL; EDWINA D. WOODBURY,

           Defendants–Appellees.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Texas

Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
      The Plaintiffs, Manoj P. Singh, Jeffrey Snyder, and William A. Gerhart,
represent a putative class of those who participated in RadioShack
Corporation’s 401(k) Plan and who held RadioShack stock in their 401(k)

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                                No. 16-11587
accounts after November 30, 2011. They appeal the dismissal of their claims
that Defendants—members of the RadioShack board of directors and plan
administrative committee—breached their fiduciary duties under the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) by allowing plan
participants to invest in RadioShack stock despite the company’s descent into
bankruptcy. We affirm.
                                       I
      The RadioShack 401(k) Plan (the Plan) allowed participants to invest
their deferred salary or company match contributions in over twenty
investment options. The Plan had an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)
that allowed participants to invest their retirement savings in RadioShack
stock, which was held in the RadioShack Stock Fund (the Fund).              Plan
documents required that RadioShack be offered as an investment option. If
participants did not choose an investment option, their contributions were
placed in a default age-appropriate mutual fund. The Plan was administered
by the plan administrative committee (Committee), whose members were
appointed by the RadioShack board of directors.          The Committee was
responsible for selecting Plan investments and was the “named fiduciary”
under ERISA.
      During the class period, RadioShack’s stock price dropped from $11.48
per share to pennies as the company experienced a financial decline that
culminated in Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The complaint describes RadioShack’s
demise at length, citing numerous articles that document the company’s
descent from an electronics powerhouse to an obsolete brick-and-mortar
retailer. The company’s decline was accompanied by a series of poor annual
and quarterly financial results, including eleven consecutive quarters of
substantial net losses and significant drops in income from year to year.

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      RadioShack executives attempted a series of turnaround initiatives. In
2012, the company attempted to strengthen its mobility business and expand
its footprint in international markets. When those efforts were unsuccessful,
RadioShack replaced CEO James Gooch with Joseph Magnacca, who
implemented a strategic turnaround focused on closing underperforming
stores, improving the store experience, and revitalizing the brand. Magnacca
and other executives expressed optimism that the turnaround plan would work
but cautioned that it would take several quarters.
      Ultimately, however, the company’s financial outlook continued to
deteriorate. RadioShack was downgraded several times by ratings agencies,
which repeatedly cautioned that the company’s liquidity was weak and
eventually predicted bankruptcy. The company turned to lenders, entering
financing agreements that gave the company access to approximately $835
million but contained conditions that restricted its operational flexibility. For
example, RadioShack disclosed in a May 2014 SEC filing that its plan to close
1,100 stores was blocked by creditors.
      In early 2014, RadioShack’s financial advisors counseled the board of
directors to consider selling the company or restructuring through bankruptcy.
The board of directors was also informed that the company’s creditors were
restricting access to credit and vendors were demanding letters of credit as a
condition of business. The company intensified its search for a change-of-
control transaction, focusing on a potential transaction with hedge fund
Standard General LP. After trading near $0.50 per share, RadioShack’s stock
rose above $1 per share upon news of the potential sale. However, news outlets
warned investors that the company’s plan to close nearly a quarter of its stores
would likely again be blocked by creditors seeking to preserve collateral. Soon
after opening communication with Standard General, RadioShack expressed
“substantial doubt about [its] ability to continue as a going concern.”
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      RadioShack’s financial struggles and concomitant stock price decrease
negatively affected the Plan. For the 2012 Plan year, the value of the Plan’s
aggregate RadioShack stock holdings dropped from $39.6 million to $12.5
million, despite an increase of approximately 290,000 shares. That value fell
another $2.2 million in 2013 and $7.63 million in 2014. In its regular meeting
on June 20, 2014, the Committee decided to send participants a targeted
diversification letter.    In the Committee’s eight previous meetings, it had
reviewed RadioShack’s stock performance but had not expressly considered
limiting or removing it from the Plan.
      The Committee held an ad-hoc meeting on July 11, 2014 to consider the
propriety of RadioShack stock as a Plan investment option given a recent
rating downgrade.     The Committee considered freezing or capping future
contributions, removing the stock from the Plan, and aggressively educating
participants about the importance of diversification and risks of investing in a
single stock.    The Committee decided to freeze future plan participant
investment in RadioShack stock “as soon as administratively feasible,”
September 15, 2014. The Committee declined to divest the stock, reasoning
that it would force participants to sell their shares at an all-time low and would
send a negative message about the company’s prospects.
      RadioShack later reached an agreement with Standard General, but
creditors again refused to allow the store closures on which the transaction
was premised.     Still suffering from liquidity constraints, RadioShack was
delisted from the New York Stock Exchange and filed for Chapter 11
bankruptcy on February 5, 2015. When its stock continued to trade over the
counter, RadioShack warned that equity holders would likely not recover in
bankruptcy and that it believed company stock “ha[d] no value.” In October
2015, RadioShack stock was cancelled in bankruptcy proceedings.

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      The three named plaintiffs in this putative class action filed suit against
the members of the Committee (Committee Defendants), the board of directors
(Director Defendants), and the plan trustees.               They also sued the plan
administrative committee and trustees of the RadioShack Puerto Rico 1165(e)
Plan (Puerto Rico Plan). The district court consolidated the cases. Shortly
after Plaintiffs filed the class action complaint, they settled with the trustees.
The district court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss the first complaint
but granted Plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint. However, the
district court concluded that the second amended claim failed to state a cause
of action and dismissed all of Plaintiffs’ claims and entered final judgment.
Plaintiffs timely appealed.
                                            II
      We review a district court’s dismissal of a plaintiff’s complaint pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) de novo. 1 Complaints must contain
“a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled
to relief.” 2 To overcome a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain “enough
facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 3 To make out a
plausible claim, the complaint must “plead[] factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” 4 Such factual allegations need not be detailed, but must
be   “more    than    an    unadorned,       the    defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me
accusation.” 5   “[L]abels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the

      1 Randall D. Wolcott, M.D., P.A. v. Sebelius, 635 F.3d 757, 763 (5th Cir. 2011).
      2 FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2).
      3 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).
      4 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
      5 Id.

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elements of a cause of action” are not enough, 6 nor are facts that are “‘merely
consistent with’ a defendant’s liability.” 7
       When considering a motion to dismiss, we “accept[] all well-pleaded facts
as true and view[] those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs.” 8 We
need not accept as true “conclusory allegations, unwarranted factual
inferences, or legal conclusions.” 9
                                              III
       Plaintiffs allege that Defendants breached their fiduciary duties under
ERISA by allowing the Plan to invest in RadioShack stock. First, they claim
that the Committee Defendants breached the duty of prudence by failing to
respond to public information spelling RadioShack’s financial ruin or insider
information suggesting RadioShack’s stock was overvalued.                      Second, they
argue that all Defendants violated the duty of loyalty, some by owning
RadioShack stock and others by not owning it. Third, Plaintiffs argue that the
Director Defendants failed to monitor the Committee adequately. Plaintiffs
assert each of these claims in relation to both the Plan and the Puerto Rico
Plan. We conclude that the complaint does not plausibly state any fiduciary
claims with respect to the Plan and that Plaintiffs do not have standing to
bring claims regarding the Puerto Rico Plan.
                                              A
       ERISA requires fiduciaries to manage plan assets “with the care, skill
prudence, and diligence . . . that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and
familiar with such matters” would use under the circumstances. 10 This duty

       6 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
       7 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).
       8 Gonzalez v. Kay, 577 F.3d 600, 603 (5th Cir. 2009).
       9 Gentilello v Rege, 627 F.3d 540, 544 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting Plotkin v. IP Axess Inc.,

407 F.3d 690, 696 (5th Cir. 2005)).
       10 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B).

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of prudence “trumps the instructions of a plan document, such as an
instruction to invest exclusively in employer stock even if financial goals
demand the contrary.” 11 In Fifth Third Bank v. Dudenhoeffer, the Supreme
Court clarified that the duty of prudence applies fully to ESOPs, except that
ESOPs need not be diversified. 12          Dudenhoeffer also establishes different
standards for duty-of-prudence claims based on public information and insider
information, respectively. 13     Using this framework, we analyze Plaintiffs’
public and insider information duty-of-prudence allegations separately. We
conclude that none of these claims are plausible.
                                            1
      Plaintiffs contend that the Committee Defendants breached the duty of
prudence by failing to respond to publicly available information that warned
of RadioShack’s decline and suggested that RadioShack stock was too risky for
a retirement plan. They argue that Dudenhoeffer does not apply to public-
information claims that a stock was excessively risky, and that even if it
applies, RadioShack’s declining economic condition gave rise to special
circumstances that entitle them to relief. We conclude that Plaintiffs’ public
information claims fail under the standard announced in Dudenhoeffer and
that no special circumstances warrant relief.
                                            i
      Dudenhoeffer establishes that for publicly-traded stocks, “allegations
that a fiduciary should have recognized from publicly available information
alone that the market was over- or undervaluing the stock are implausible as
a general rule, at least in the absence of special circumstances.” 14 This rule

      11 Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. 2459, 2468 (2014).
      12 Id.
      13 Id. at 2471-72.
      14 Id. at 2471.

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comports with the efficient market hypothesis, which posits that markets
incorporate public information into the price of a security such that investors
“have little hope of outperforming the market in the long run based solely on
their analysis of publicly available information.” 15 Thus, unless some “special
circumstance[]”        makes       the      market       price     unreliable,       “ERISA
fiduciaries . . . may, as a general matter . . . prudently rely on the market
price” as a fair assessment of a stock’s value. 16
       Plaintiffs argue that Dudenhoeffer addresses only allegations that public
information showed that a stock was overvalued, not claims that the stock was
excessively risky. This distinction between claims that stock is overvalued and
claims that stock is excessively risky is “illusory.” 17 In an efficient market,
market price accounts for risk. 18           Plan fiduciaries cannot be expected to
outperform the market or predict future stock performance using publicly
available information. 19 In Dudenhoeffer, for example, employees of Fifth
Third Bancorp alleged that fiduciaries of the company retirement plan knew
or should have known that Fifth Third stock was “overvalued and excessively
risky” because news articles had warned that the subprime-mortgage lending
market, a major part of Fifth Third’s business, would soon collapse. 20 The
Sixth Circuit upheld the employees’ complaint, reasoning that Fifth Third plan
fiduciaries acted imprudently because they were aware of the risks of subprime
lending, yet still allowed the plan to hold company stock. 21 The Supreme Court

       15  Id. (quoting Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2398, 2411
(2014)); Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 247 (1988).
        16 Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2471.
        17 Rinehart v. Lehman Bros. Holdings Inc., 817 F.3d 56, 66 (2d Cir. 2016) (per curiam),

cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1067 (2017).
        18 Id.
        19 See Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2471-72.
        20 Id. at 2464.
        21 Id. at 2472.

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dismissed this logic as “based on an erroneous understanding of the prudence
of relying on market prices.” 22 Thus, although Dudenhoeffer was primarily
framed in terms of overvalued-stock allegations, it applies equally to Plaintiffs’
public-information claims premised on excessive risk.
      Under the Dudenhoeffer standard, the Plan fiduciaries did not breach
the duty of prudence by relying on market price as a fair indicator of the value
of RadioShack stock. Although the complaint references scores of news articles
and analyst reports detailing RadioShack’s demise, the complaint provides no
plausible reason that the negative commentary from these sources was not
incorporated into the RadioShack stock price.             The same is true of the
complaint’s discussion of debt, financial statements, and downgrades to
RadioShack’s stock, bond, and credit ratings. On the contrary, the overall
decline in the price of RadioShack stock during the class period shows that the
market accounted for this negative information.                  Because the market
accounted for public information about RadioShack’s financial prospects,
Plaintiffs’ public-information claims are implausible under Dudenhoeffer’s
general rule unless Plaintiffs prove that special circumstances made the stock
price infirm.
                                            ii
      The complaint argues that five potential special circumstances made the
Committee Defendants’ reliance on the market price of the stock imprudent:
(1) Defendants withheld material information from the market, skewing the
stock price; (2) RadioShack stated in March 2015 that its stock had no value;
(3) bond         market   indicators    suggested     RadioShack      would     default;
(4) RadioShack was burdened with debt; and (5) Defendants failed to

      22   Id.
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                                         No. 16-11587
investigate the continued prudence of investing Plan assets in RadioShack
stock.
         The Supreme Court has not defined “special circumstances,” but has said
that such circumstances “affect[] the reliability of the market price as ‘an
unbiased assessment of the security’s value in light of all public
information.’” 23 Based on this standard, we conclude that none of Plaintiffs’
allegations are special circumstances as defined in Dudenhoeffer.
         Plaintiffs’ allegations that Defendants withheld material information
from the market are not special circumstances. Under Dudenhoeffer, courts
analyze insider-information claims under a separate standard. 24 We decline
to redundantly label the possession of nonpublic information a special
circumstance.
         Moreover, RadioShack’s March 2015 press release, issued after the
company had filed for bankruptcy and seven months after the Plan froze
contributions to the Fund, is not a special circumstance. The press release
warned investors that its common stock, then trading over the counter at $0.20
per share, had no value because equity holders would likely not be able to
recover in the impending bankruptcy. The stock price mentioned in the press
release reflected the market’s perception of RadioShack stock’s possible post-
bankruptcy upside before the release. RadioShack’s predictions supplied the
market with new information regarding the risks of buying the company’s
stock. In any event, RadioShack fiduciaries had stopped participants from
buying new shares of RadioShack stock months before.                     Plaintiffs fail to
plausibly allege that the press release made the market price of RadioShack

         23   Id. (quoting Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2398, 2411
(2014)).
         24   See id. at 2471-73.
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stock unreliable at the time the Committee froze Plan purchases of the stock
months earlier or at the time the release was made.
      Additionally, neither bond-market indicators that RadioShack was likely
to default, nor RadioShack’s heavy debt load qualify as special circumstances.
The referenced bond market trends were themselves public information, and
the stock market presumably incorporated that information into the price of
RadioShack stock. 25 So, too, was RadioShack’s heavy debt load. Plaintiffs
cannot evade Dudenhoeffer’s general implausibility rule by disguising claims
based on public information as special circumstances.
      Citing Tibble v. Edison International, 26 Plaintiffs also allege that the
Committee Defendants failed to investigate the continued prudence of the
Plan’s investment in RadioShack stock and that that failure was a special
circumstance. Tibble establishes that ERISA fiduciaries have a continuing
duty to monitor the prudence of plan investments. 27 According to Plaintiffs,
the Committee’s alleged failure to investigate the prudence of RadioShack
stock made the stock price unreliable because the Committee did not have any
basis to determine the stock’s true value. This argument misunderstands
Dudenhoeffer, which holds that plan fiduciaries may presumptively rely on
market price as a measure of value unless a special circumstance casts doubt
on the reliability of the price. 28 Plaintiffs did not plausibly allege that the
purported lack of investigation had any effect on the reliability of the market
price, so it cannot be a special circumstance under Dudenhoeffer.

      25 See id. at 2471-72; Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 247 (1988).
      26 135 S. Ct. 1823 (2015).
      27 Id. at 1828.
      28 Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2471-72.

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      Because the complaint does not plausibly identify any special
circumstances undermining the market price as a measure of RadioShack’s
value, it does not state a duty of prudence claim based on public information.
                                        2
      Plaintiffs also allege that Defendants violated the duty of prudence
because Defendants had inside information that RadioShack would fail, but
made positive statements about the company’s future in public. This, they
allege, caused the Plan to buy RadioShack stock at artificially inflated levels.
Specifically, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants knew that RadioShack’s
turnaround plan would fail because the company suffered from heavy debt and
inadequate liquidity and creditors refused to consent to store closures. The
district court held that Plaintiffs failed to identify any insider information
suggesting the market was overvaluing RadioShack stock.
      The complaint pleaded that financial advisors advised the board of
directors to consider selling the business or deleveraging through judicial
restructuring and that improving liquidity would require store closures.
RadioShack attempted to obtain lender consent to close stores, but the lenders
refused.   Plaintiffs claim that when RadioShack engaged in talks with
Standard General, the directors knew based on prior refusals that lenders were
not likely to consent to any plan to close stores. In light of this information,
Plaintiffs claim that Magnacca’s public statements expressing optimism that
RadioShack’s turnaround plan would work were materially misleading and
artificially inflated the company’s stock price.
      These arguments are ultimately unavailing because all of the
information alleged was available to the public. As the complaint meticulously
details, RadioShack’s liquidity problems were well-known to the market.
Various analysts predicted that RadioShack would need to restructure its debt.
The market likewise knew that RadioShack’s creditors had not consented to a
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                                       No. 16-11587
previous store closure proposal, and analysts warned that the lenders were not
likely to consent in the future. Thus, Plaintiffs did not plausibly plead that
any Defendant had information not available to the public.
       Even if we assume Defendants had insider information, Plaintiffs’ non-
public information claims would not satisfy Dudenhoeffer. To state a duty of
prudence claim based on nonpublic information, “a plaintiff must plausibly
allege an alternative action that the defendant could have taken that would
have been consistent with the securities laws and that a prudent fiduciary in
the same circumstances would not have viewed as more likely to harm the fund
than to help it.” 29 The Fifth Circuit has clarified that “the plaintiff bears the
significant burden of proposing an alternative course of action so clearly
beneficial that a prudent fiduciary could not conclude that it would be more
likely to harm the fund than to help it.” 30 In Whitley v. BP, PLC, for example,
participants in BP retirement plans alleged that BP’s stock was overvalued
leading up to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig because BP
insiders knew of safety breaches of which the public was unaware. 31 We
rejected the participants’ claims that BP fiduciaries should have frozen the
plan’s investment in company stock or disclosed the safety breaches to the
public because those actions “would likely lower the stock price,” such that “a
prudent fiduciary could very easily conclude that such actions would do more
harm than good.” 32

       29 Id. at 2472.
       30 Whitley v. BP, P.L.C., 838 F.3d 523, 529 (5th Cir. 2016) (emphasis in original); see
also Amgen Inc. v. Harris, 136 S. Ct. 758, 760 (2016) (per curiam) (holding that complaint
must plausibly allege “that a prudent fiduciary in the [defendant’s] position ‘could not have
concluded’ that the alternative action ‘would do more harm than good’”) (quoting
Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2463).
       31 Whitley, 838 F.3d at 529.
       32 Id. (emphasis in original).

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      Plaintiffs are unable to show that no prudent fiduciary could believe that
the alternatives proposed in the complaint would do more harm than good. The
complaint alleges the Committee Defendants should have frozen Plan
contributions to the Fund earlier, disclosed inside information to the market
to deflate the stock price, or liquidated the Plan’s holdings of RadioShack stock
after disclosing the alleged inside information. Because a prudent fiduciary
could conclude that each of these actions would have done more to harm the
Plan than to help it, the district court properly dismissed Plaintiffs’ duty of
prudence claims based on insider information.
      Plaintiffs argue the Committee should have frozen new investment in
the Fund sooner than September 2014. We do not agree that no prudent
fiduciary could have thought that freezing the stock before Committee
Defendants did would be more harmful than helpful. In Whitley, we said that
a prudent fiduciary could easily conclude that freezing participant purchases
of BP stock might do more harm than good. 33 Likewise, a prudent fiduciary in
the Committee Defendants’ position could have thought that freezing
RadioShack stock would signal to the market “that insider fiduciaries viewed
the employer’s stock as a bad investment,” 34 causing the Fund’s existing
holdings of RadioShack stock to decline in value.
      Plaintiffs also allege that Defendants should have divested the Fund’s
holding of RadioShack stock on the basis of the alleged inside information.
They concede, however, that selling the stock before disclosing this information
to the market violates insider trading laws.              Instead, they propose that
Defendants should have told the public that RadioShack’s turnaround plan
would inevitably fail due to liquidity and debt constraints and then divest the

      33   Id.
      34   Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2473.
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stock. But a prudent fiduciary could readily conclude that “publicly disclosing
negative information would do more harm than good to the fund by causing a
drop in the stock price and a concomitant drop in the value of the stock already
held by the fund.” 35 Moreover, a reasonable fiduciary could have agreed with
Defendants that forcing the Plan to sell RadioShack stock at an all-time low
price would have locked in participant losses. Defendants did not breach the
duty of prudence by failing to sell the stock on the basis of insider information.
       The complaint also alleges that Defendants should have sought guidance
from the Securities Exchange Commission or Department of Labor, resigned
as plan fiduciaries, or engaged outside experts as advisors or independent
fiduciaries.    The district court summarily dismissed these arguments and
Plaintiffs waive them by failing to address them in their appellate briefs. 36
                                             B
       Plaintiffs’ complaint also fails to state a plausible duty of loyalty claim.
“ERISA's duty of loyalty is the highest known to the law.” 37 ERISA fiduciaries
must “discharge [their] duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest of
the participants and beneficiaries.” 38 The complaint fails to make plausible
allegations that Defendants failed to act in accordance with these standards.
       Plaintiffs’ assertion that the Committee Defendants declined to invest in
RadioShack stock does not allege a duty of loyalty violation. Fiduciaries need
not personally invest in any particular asset in order to fulfill their duties.
       With respect to the Director Defendants, Plaintiffs make the opposite
argument that because certain executives and directors received bonuses in
the form of RadioShack stock and options, they artificially inflated the stock

       35 Id.
       36 Sanders v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 553 F.3d 922, 926 (5th Cir. 2008).
       37 Bussian v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 223 F.3d 286, 294 (5th Cir. 2000) (internal quotations

and citations omitted).
       38 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1).

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                                     No. 16-11587
price to preserve their personal wealth. However, Plaintiffs fail to point to any
fact suggesting a conflict of interest other than Defendants’ stock ownership.
Instead, they argue that Defendants were disloyal because they were
concerned that freezing Plan investment in RadioShack stock would send
negative signals to the market and cause the stock price to decrease. But the
complaint fails to allege facts that would give rise to a plausible inference that
Defendants’ concern about the stock price was self-serving.                  Defendants’
actions were equally consistent with protecting the Plan’s current holdings of
RadioShack stock.        We decline to adopt a rule that would make stock
ownership, without more, synonymous with a plausible claim of fiduciary
disloyalty. 39 The district court’s dismissal of these bare allegations was proper.
      The complaint also alleged that Defendants breached the duty of loyalty
for failing to hire independent fiduciaries to evaluate stock ownership.
Plaintiffs waive this argument by failing to brief it on appeal. 40
                                            C
      The allegations that the Director Defendants breached the duty to
monitor by failing to monitor the performance of or provide complete
information about the prudence of RadioShack stock to the Committee also fail.
The Fifth Circuit has “never recognized [a] theory of ERISA fiduciary liability”
that holds corporate directors personally liable for failing to monitor fiduciaries
appointed by the directors. 41 Even if the court were to adopt such a theory,
duty-to-monitor claims recognized by other courts inherently require a breach

      39  Compare In re WorldCom, Inc., 263 F. Supp. 2d 745, 768 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), with In re
Sears, Roebuck & Co. ERISA Litig., 2004 WL 407007, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 3, 2004)
(unpublished); see also Kopp v. Klein, 722 F.3d 327, 343 (5th Cir. 2013), vacated on other
grounds, 134 S. Ct. 2900 (2014).
       40 Sanders, 553 F.3d at 926.
       41 Perez v. Bruister, 823 F.3d 250, 260 n.10 (5th Cir. 2016). But see Coyne & Delany

Co. v. Selman, 98 F.3d 1457, 1466 n.10 (4th Cir. 1996); Howell v. Motorola, Inc., 633 F.3d
552, 573 (7th Cir. 2011).
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                                     No. 16-11587
of duty by the appointed fiduciary. 42 Because the Committee did not breach
any duty to the Plan, Plaintiffs’ duty-to-monitor claims against the Director
Defendants collapse.
                                            D
      We now address whether the district court erred by dismissing all claims
related to the Puerto Rico Plan and conclude it did not. Plaintiffs argue that
because both the Plan and the Puerto Rico Plan were offered by RadioShack,
the members of the Committee for the Plan also comprised the administrative
committee of the Puerto Rico Plan, and the members held combined meetings
for both plans, Plaintiffs should be able to bring claims based on the Puerto
Rico Plan. The district court dismissed these claims because it erroneously
believed that they fell under the settlement between Plaintiffs and the plan
trustees. Nevertheless, we may affirm the district court’s dismissal on any
basis supported by the record, 43 and the record reveals that Plaintiffs lack
standing to bring claims on behalf of participants in the Puerto Rico Plan.
      Under Article III of the Constitution, plaintiffs seeking redress in federal
court have the burden 44 of proving that they have standing, meaning they are
“entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular
issues.” 45 Standing must be decided at the threshold of every federal case—
before a determination on the merits. 46 To prove standing, plaintiffs must
“allege (1) an injury that is (2) ‘fairly traceable to the defendant’s allegedly
unlawful conduct,’ and that is (3) ‘likely to be redressed by the requested

      42 See Selman, 98 F.3d at 1466 n.10.
      43 United States v. Batamula, 823 F.3d 237, 240 (5th Cir. 2016) (en banc).
      44 See Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009).
      45 Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975).
      46 Id.

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                                          No. 16-11587
relief.’” 47 In addition to these constitutional requirements, plaintiffs must not
run afoul of prudential standing rules, including the “general prohibition on a
litigant’s raising another person’s legal rights.” 48
       These standing requirements are equally applicable in class actions. The
Supreme Court has said: “That a suit may be a class action . . . adds nothing
to the question of standing, for even named plaintiffs who represent a class
must allege and show that they personally have been injured, not that injury
has been suffered by other, unidentified members of the class . . . which they
purport to represent.” 49
       In this case, Plaintiffs concede that none of the named plaintiffs were
participants in the Puerto Rico Plan. Accordingly, none of them suffered any
personal injury related to the Puerto Rico Plan. Plaintiffs also have not alleged
that any exceptions to the prudential bar on third-party standing apply.
Because Plaintiffs have not alleged a concrete injury stemming from the
actions of the Puerto Rico Plan administrative committee acting as such, we
affirm the dismissal of their claims related to that plan.
                                      *        *         *
       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

       47 Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 590 (1992) (quoting Allen v. Wright, 468
U.S. 737, 751 (1984)).
       48 Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 1377, 1386 (2014)

(quoting Elk Grove Unified Sch. Dist. v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1, 12 (2004)).
       49 Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 40 n. 20 (1976) (internal quotations

and citations omitted).
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