Court Opinion

ID: 9387302
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-17 16:07:35.770694+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:12.729717
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued April 11, 2023

                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-22-00219-CR
                            ———————————
                          ISAIAS PINEDA, Appellant
                                        V.
                       THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 209th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                        Trial Court Case No. 1556925

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury found Isaias Pineda guilty of sexual assault of a child. The jury

assessed his punishment at 20 years’ imprisonment, and the trial court sentenced

him in accordance with the jury’s verdict. On appeal, Pineda argues that he

received ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
                                   Background

      Pineda was charged with sexual assault of a child based on allegations from

his fourteen-year-old cousin. He proceeded to a jury trial. At trial, the jury heard

from responding officers, the complainant, the nurse who examined her a few days

after the incident, the investigator who observed her forensic interview, and a DNA

technician.

      One evening in June 2017, Pineda picked up the complainant, his fourteen-

year-old female cousin, so that she could spend a week of summer vacation with

his family. Pineda was 44 years old at the time. On the way to his house, Pineda

told the complainant that he had to stop at the barbershop where he worked.

Nobody else was inside the barbershop when they went inside. Pineda offered his

cousin tequila. Though she had never had it before, she drank the tequila. He then

took her across the street to buy more alcohol from a corner store. Pineda

purchased a six-pack of premixed and bottled vodka cocktails, and they returned to

the barbershop. They drank the cocktails, and the complainant testified that it made

her feel weak and out of control. Pineda began massaging his cousin’s shoulders

and used an electric massager on her shoulders. He then began massaging her chest

with his hands. She asked Pineda to stop because it made her uncomfortable, but

instead he pulled up her shirt and bra and began touching her chest. Pineda pulled

down the complainant’s pants and underwear and removed his own clothing from

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the waist down. When the complainant felt pain, she realized that Pineda had

inserted his penis into her vagina. Pineda assaulted his cousin for several minutes

before ejaculating on her stomach.

      The complainant cleaned herself off in a bathroom, and Pineda drove her to

his house. It was after midnight. Several family members were at the house, but the

complainant did not talk to them. Instead, she went upstairs and took a shower. She

wrapped her shirt and bra inside the towel she had brought with her. She then put

the bundle on the floor of the room where she was staying. She waited a few days

to tell anyone what had happened because Pineda told her not to tell anyone. She

eventually told her family, and the incident was reported to the police.

      Law enforcement responded to Pineda’s house where they interviewed the

complainant. She disclosed the sexual assault, and law enforcement took her shirt

and bra that she had been wearing on the night of the offense into evidence. After

testing, Pineda’s semen was found on the complainant’s bra and shirt.

      Law enforcement went to the barbershop and obtained video footage from

the shop’s security cameras. The video was played for the jury and shows that

Pineda brought the complainant to the barbershop on the night of the assault. He

had a bottle of liquor with him. He turned the lights off and massaged the

complainant. His pants and belt were undone. The video does not show the actual

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sexual assault. Law enforcement testified that there are unexplained gaps in the

footage during the time the sexual assault occurred.

      On the same day that she was interviewed by police, the complainant

underwent a sexual assault examination. She again described the details of the

assault to the examining nurse. There was no physical evidence of penetration. The

nurse testified that the lack of evidence was likely due to the delay between the

assault and examination and the fact that the complainant had showered, used the

restroom, and changed clothes in between.

      During trial, Pineda’s attorney had a conversation outside the presence of the

jury with the State and the judge regarding Pineda’s cell phone. During the

conversation, the prosecutor explained that while reviewing the evidence log over

the weekend, she discovered that the State was in possession of a disk that she

believed contained the forensic report from Pineda’s cell phone. The cell phone

had been seized and entered into evidence. After she found it, she met with

Pineda’s attorney and attempted to open the document on the disk. It was

inaccessible. Neither attorney was able to access the document. The State did not

know what the report contained, and the prosecutor told the trial court that she did

not intend to admit it into evidence. Neither party offered the disk into evidence,

and neither party objected. Neither party objected to the jury charge.

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      After closing statements, the jury found Pineda guilty of sexual assault and

assessed the maximum punishment of 20 years’ imprisonment. He appeals.

                         Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      In his sole issue on appeal, Pineda argues that his trial counsel was

ineffective because his counsel failed to request a spoliation instruction in the jury

charge after the State discovered the dis containing forensic analysis of Pineda’s

cell phone. We disagree.

A.    Standard of Review

      The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the Texas

Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to reasonably effective

assistance of counsel. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10; see Lopez

v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The right to effective

assistance of counsel requires objectively reasonable representation, not errorless

performance. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 686 (1984), and Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006)).

      To establish that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance, an appellant

bears the burden to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that

(1) counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient performance

prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142. An

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appellant must establish both prongs before an appellate court will find counsel’s

representation to be ineffective. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142 (citing Strickland, 466

U.S. at 687); see Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

(“An appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s

need to consider the other prong.”).

      To satisfy the first prong, an appellant must show that his trial counsel’s

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under the

prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88; Lopez, 343 S.W.3d

at 142. Under the second prong, an appellant must demonstrate prejudice or “a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; see Lopez, 343

S.W.3d at 142. A reasonable probability is one sufficient to undermine confidence

in the outcome. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142.

      For an appellate court to find that counsel was ineffective, “counsel’s

deficiency must be affirmatively demonstrated in the trial record; the court must

not engage in retrospective speculation.” Id. “It is not sufficient that appellant

show, with the benefit of hindsight, that his counsel’s actions or omissions during

trial were merely of questionable competence.” Id. at 142–43. (quoting Mata v.

State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). Furthermore, a claim of

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ineffective assistance of counsel also requires proof of prejudice. Bone v. State, 77

S.W.3d 828, 836–37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

      In most cases, the record on direct appeal is undeveloped and thus

inadequate to prove a claim of ineffective assistance.1 See Menefield v. State, 363

S.W.3d 591, 592–93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808,

813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“A substantial risk of failure accompanies an

appellant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal.”). The Court

of Criminal Appeals has repeatedly stated that trial counsel “should ordinarily be

afforded an opportunity to explain his actions before being denounced as

ineffective.” Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 593 (quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187

S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). When trial counsel is not provided an

opportunity to explain his actions, we will not find that counsel’s performance was

deficient unless the challenged conduct was “so outrageous that no competent

attorney would have engaged in it.” Id. (quoting Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392).

B.    Analysis

      Pineda is unable to overcome the presumption that his attorney provided

effective assistance of counsel because the record does not contain an explanation

of his attorney’s trial strategy. He also has not shown that the forensic report of his

1
      Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel rejected on direct appeal “due to lack
      of adequate information may be reconsidered on an application for a writ of
      habeas corpus.” Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
                                           7
cell phone was material or exculpatory evidence or that the State acted in bad faith.

On this record, we cannot say that Pineda’s attorney’s decision not to request a

spoliation instruction was below the standard of prevailing professional norms.

      “Spoliation concerns the loss or destruction of evidence.” Guzman v. State,

539 S.W.3d 394, 401 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (citing

Torres v. State, 371 S.W.3d 317, 319 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet.

ref’d)). When the State fails to preserve material, exculpatory evidence, the State

commits a due process violation, see Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57–58

(1988); Zapata v. State, 449 S.W.3d 220, 228–29 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014,

no pet.), and its good or bad faith in doing so is not relevant. Ex parte Napper, 322

S.W.3d 202, 229 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (orig. proceeding). On the other hand,

when spoliation concerns “potentially useful evidence,” the defendant bears the

burden of establishing that the State lost or destroyed the evidence in bad faith. See

Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 57–58; Napper, 322 S.W.3d at 229; Torres, 371 S.W.3d

at 319–20. “‘Bad faith’ is more than simply being aware that one’s action or

inaction could result in the loss of something that is recognized to be evidence.”

Napper, 322 S.W.3d at 238. It “entails some sort of improper motive, such as

personal animus against the defendant or a desire to prevent the defendant from

obtaining evidence that might be useful.” Id.; Guzman, 539 S.W.3d at 402. Absent

evidence of bad faith, a spoliation instruction is not required. See Youngblood, 488

                                          8
U.S. at 57–58; Snell v. State, 324 S.W.3d 682, 684 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010,

no pet.) (holding no error in failing to include spoliation instruction in jury charge

because there was no claim of bad faith on part of State).

      Pineda does not allege that the evidence contained in the forensic report of

his cell phone was material or exculpatory. He also does not allege that the State

acted in bad faith. For the trial court to have committed error in overruling a

request by appellant’s counsel for a spoliation instruction, the evidence must have

been material or exculpatory or the State must have acted in bad faith in failing to

take steps to preserve the forensic report. Hines v. State, No. 14-15-00325-CR,

2016 WL 2935636 at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 17. 2016, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding no ineffective assistance of

counsel when there was no evidence of bad faith by State to support spoliation

instruction); see White v. State, 125 S.W.3d 4, 43–44 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d) (concluding that trial court did not err in denying

appellant’s request for spoliation instruction when appellant made no showing that

State acted in bad faith in failing to preserve potentially useful evidence). Since the

trial court would not have erred in denying the request, trial counsel’s failure to

request a spoliation instruction was not so outrageous that no competent attorney

would have engaged in it. See Goodspeed, 1187 S.W.3d at 392.

                                          9
      Even if an instruction to disregard would have been appropriate, we do not

have a sufficient record on direct appeal from which to discern whether counsel

had a reasonable trial strategy for not requesting a limiting instruction. A trial

attorney may reasonably decide, as part of trial strategy, not to request a limiting

instruction because a limiting instruction may bring unwanted attention to other

aspects of the case. See McNeil v. State, 452 S.W.3d 408, 415 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (stating that it was reasonable trial strategy to

omit request for extraneous offense instruction “because [counsel] did not want

any further attention to be drawn to potential extraneous offense or misconduct

committed by the defendant”). Here, an instruction could have drawn attention to

other missing evidence, such as the gaps in the security footage during the sexual

assault. Trial counsel may have strategized that if the jury received a limiting

instruction regarding the cell phone, the jury could have applied the same

presumption against Pineda regarding the missing surveillance footage. See Webb

v. State, 995 S.W.2d 295, 301 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.)

(explaining that it was reasonable trial strategy to avoid reminding jury of or

drawing attention to other matters that could negatively impact their decision).

Alternatively, trial counsel may have chosen not to request the instruction because

he knew that the evidence on the phone was damaging to Pineda’s case. The record

does not indicate what evidence would have been found on the cell phone, and the

                                          10
State did not intend to use it. Counsel may have chosen not to request the

instruction because he did not want to incentivize the State to call a forensic expert

to retrieve the unavailable report and introduce it into evidence.

      On this record, we cannot say that trial counsel’s conduct was so outrageous

that no competent attorney would have engaged in it. Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at

392. Pineda has not established that trial counsel’s performance fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. Having determined that Pineda failed to establish

the first prong of the Strickland test, we need not consider whether the allegedly

deficient performance prejudiced his defense. See Williams, 301 S.W.3d at 687.

We overrule Pineda’s issue on appeal.

                                     Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                Peter Kelly
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Farris, and Radack.2

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

2
      The Honorable Sherry Radack, Senior Justice, Court of Appeals, First District of
      Texas at Houston, sitting by assignment.
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