Court Opinion

ID: 6679499
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 21:19:25.518109+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:00:48.161079
License: Public Domain

Judge O. W. Buchanan,
8 dissenting. The Constitutional Convention of 1895, in article VII., provided for the formation of new counties, empowering the governor on the petition of one-third of the qualified electors within the area of each section of an old county, proposed to be cut off, to form a new county, setting forth the boundaries and showing compliance with the requirements of the article, taxable property, requisite population, that election had not therefor been held within four years last past, &c., to order an election in which the qualified electors of the proposed area shall vote upon the question. Section 2 provides : “If two-thirds of the qualified electors voting at such election shall vote ‘Yes’ upon such questions, then the General Assembly at the next session shall establish such new county. The General Assembly, at the next session (1896), for the purpose of carrying out this provision of the Constitution, passed “an act to provide for the formation of new counties,” &c. (Acts 1896, 22 Stat., p. 64.) Section 5 of said act declares, after laying down the procedure: “The General Assembly at its next session shall create such new county, if two-thirds of the qualified electors voting at such election shall vote in favor of the establishment of such new county, and if all the established requirements of the *38formation of new counties have been complied with, of all of which such General Assembly shall judge.” Such a petition required by the Constitution was presented to the governor, who, being convinced of the truth of the. matters therein contained, ordered an election in the territory set out in the petition. Immediately after the election there were charges of irregularities, of the theft of the box, &c. The returns (if they may be so termed) of two boxes, Ashland and Cypress, were counted against the formation of the new county, making the result in favor of the opposition to the new county. Those in favor of the formation of Lee County protested against such declaration, and satisfied the General Assembly that the requisite number of ballots had been cast in favor of the formation of the new county. Whereupon the act of 1898 (22 Stat, 908,) was passed in response to the constitutional requirement declaring: “That a new judicial and election county to be known as Lee County is hereby formed.”
a The petitioners claim that the act of 1898 was “null and void” (but no where alleged it was contrary to the Constitution), because it had declared that two-thirds of the qualified electors had voted foiythe establishment of the new county, which was not the fact, and because there had been an election in the same territory within four years last past. The traverse to the return does say that the General Assembly was not so empowered to pass upon the returns, but were bound to adopt the returns of the managers of the election, and prays for an injunction against the respondents who are commissioners for the new county. The purpose sought is to enjoin the carrying out of certain duties devolved by the statute upon certain officers who, it is alleged, are attempting to set up improperly, another political subdivision of the State, to be called Lee County. The main question to be considered refers to the establishment, formation and organization of Lee County. Was it properly and legally constituted ? And as necessary to a full understanding of this matter, what is necessary to the estab*39lishment of a new county under the Constitution of 1895', and the acts of 1896 and 1898? Who is to determine when and how the new county is and has been established ? Who is to determine when and how the requisite provisions have been complied with? Is it merely a question affecting the exercise of political powers, and, therefore, belonging to the legislative department, or is it a “judicial” question, requiring resort to the Courts for the determination of the effect of the evidence upon which the legislature sees fit to act, and necessitating the oversight and guardianship of the judiciary, as to the manner in which the General Assembly discharged its duty in the premises? Who is to say when the requirements of the law have been fulfilled? As incidental to the power of the legislature to organize new counties, does not there reside in that body the power to decide the conditions to be present upon which the power so to create new counties is to be exercised? If so, is this determination under the Constitution and laws upon the matter to be subject to the review of the judiciary, who may look into the record and in the face of the legislative determination that certain facts exist, decide that these facts do not exist ? These are questions for grave and serious consideration. That a Court should be clothed with, power to inquire into the evidence upon which the legislature acts, in passing an act, looking to the creation of a political division of the State, is a proposition most unusual; but that it should not only look into and weigh the evidence, but actually reverse the action of the legislative body upon a matter required by the Constitution to be passed upon by that body, is most startling. Whether a particular thing is required by the Constitution to be done, is a question of law, but whether the particular matter has been done and has been proven to exist involves a question of fact. Some facts must have been considered before the act could be passed. The passage of any such act necessarily implies that the evil to be remedied, or the right to be declared, was before the legislator’s mind, and by him consid*40ered and determined. But does this determination necessarily mean that this was a “judicial” determination, and necessarily trenching upon the domain of the judiciary? Certainly not. If this is not obnoxious to-the Constitution in the individual legislator, how can it be said to be obnoxious to the Constitution, when it is made by all members collectively with written evidence before them? Having the right to decide upon and be convinced of certain election results, have they not the right to say what evidence shall convince their minds ? The Constitutional Convention and legislature knew that the law of elections was never fully carried out with technical nicety, and that it is the result — the kernel and not the shell — the substance, not the form that was to be valued, did not intend to put more value upon the box or certain returns than the expression of opinion of the-voters whose ballots should be placed in the box. Having required that the public expression shall be evidenced by votes put into a certain box, and that then it should be returned, if owing to its purposed destruction, should it be said the legislature was deprived of the right to inquire into the result in any other manner? If só, the destruction of ballot boxes would be a serious obstacle to the formation of new counties, and the will of the people would be overthrown. I think the right to decide the result of an election necessarily implies the authority to effectuate the duty to penetrate through all masks, subterfuges and pretenses, fraud and chicane of all sorts — for as fraud is counterfeit, there is no real obstacle. The trouble comes from a failure to distinguish between the exercise of a legitimate power and the employment of necessary means for exercising that power. The powers apportioned to one of the departments of government carried with it the right to use means appropriate to the exercise of that power.
The Constitution, art. VII., sec, i, provides for beginning the machinery looking to a vote upon the subject of a new county. It provides for the petition to the governor, “setting forth the boundaries, and showing compliance with the-*41requirements of this article, the governor shall order an election within a reasonable time thereafter by the qualified electors within the proposed area, in which election they shall vote ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ upon the question of creating such new county, and at the same election the question of a name and a county seat for such county shall be submitted to the electors.” Let us stop here and see what the governor is to do. He is to judge and determine whether'the “requirements” of this article have been performed. What aré the requirements of this article? (i) That one-third of the qualified electors within the area of each section of an old county proposed to be cut off has petitioned him for the creation of the new county. (2) That no election upon the question of forming the same proposed new county has been held within four years last past. (3) That the proposed new county to be formed will contain at least the 124th part of the whole number of the inhabitants of the State. That it will contain assessed taxable property of the value of $1,500,000, and area not less than 400 square miles (sec. 2). (4) That no old county will be reduced to less area than 500 square miles; (b) nor to less assessed taxable property than $2,000,000; (c) nor to the smaller population than 15,000 inhabitants; (5) nor that an old county will be cut within eight miles of its court house building. Logically and necessarily, he must determine whether those conditions have been complied with. He must be satisfied and must determine from the evidence before him that the area is properly surveyed, the inhabitants counted and the various requisites so mentioned have been complied with, that no election upon the question of formation of the same new county has been held within the last four years, &c. There is no appeal. If the Constitutional Convention intended to give an appeal to another body, it would have been very easy to have said so. This is the power given the executive, and it is given in the same instrument which says (art. I., sec. 14) : “the legislative, executive and judicial power of the government shall be forever separate and distinct from each other,” so that the *42necessary means for carrying into effect the general scheme for the organization of new counties as laid down in article VII. cannot be considered as trenching on the powers of the judiciary. The power given in article VII. not being in derogation of the independence of the three departments of government, the exercise of such power in whatever way the legislature may see fit cannot be in derogation of the judiciary- — -one of these departments. Nor can the judgment of the executive be controlled or regulated by another department, while following the powers laid down in sec. i, art. VIL, for the power given to one department is exclusive of and altogether free from the other branches of the government This view is illustrated by the-line of authority which construes the powers of the executive to remove officers for certain derelictions of duty, in which it is held that “The grant of power to the executive to remove an officer for a certain cause implies authority to judge of the existence of that cause.” “Here the law invested the governor with discretionary power which could alone be employed by him. The decisions of all the Courts of the State could not compel him to make the removal.” State ex rel. Attorney General v Doherty, 13 Am. Rep., 132. See chapter 3 of “Executive Power,” by Chambrun (translation by Mrs. Dahlgren, preface by Jas. A. Garfield, afterwards President); Nobles v. Union &c. Railroad, 147 U. S., 165; New Orleans v. Paine, 147 U. S., 261; Tenure of Office Decisions; Grier v. Governor Taylor, 4 McCord, *206. If this view be the one held where there is no special provisions pertaining to the subject in the Constitution, how much stronger must it be when the Constitution has declared that these powers shall be possessed by the governor and the legislature, notwithstanding the general rule of construction of the powers of the co-ordinate branches of the State government? The Constitutional Convention must be taken to have known the decisions as to the enforcement of election laws. Doubtless they knew that .there had never been (and it was improbable, if not impossible, that there should ever be) a technical com*43pliance in any election with all provisions of the statute. Doubtless they were practical men, and knew that frequently the voice of the people was responsive, notwithstanding the fact that in some precinct or precincts the votes cast were not sent up. Elections were never avoided for such a matter, where the wish of the people had been thus expressed and registered. Having the power to determine what facts shall satisfy their minds, for convenience can they not appoint an agency whereby such facts may be the easier taken ? Having the power, have they not the right given them to exercise all those incidentals of power whereby its intelligent exercise may be promoted ? If that body has the power to procure information through a specially appointed commission, has it not a right to reserve its action and judgment upon the sufficiency of the matters reported to it? No attempt is made here to deny the right of the judiciary to declare an act unconstitutional for non-conformity to the constitutional requirements. To do this is one thing; to determine that the matters asserted by the General Assembly to have existed in order to the carrying out of their purpose and bringing into operation their power, constitutionally given, did not exist, is quite another thing. To do the one, is wholesome and proper, and a necessary guarantee of a republican form of government with an equilibrium maintained — a protection of rights and property. To do the other, is to reverse the lawfully expressed opinion of the people through the only channel provided for such expression. The significance of the right to interfere and weigh the evidence that may have been before the legislature, the existence of which started the exercise of its function, cannot be exaggerated, when it is remembered that the right to give judgment upon this feature, necessarily carries with it and logically presumes the power to carry the judgment into effect. Execution differs from judgment not in the quality of its power but only in the time and manner of its employment. The power given for convenience to a commission or tribunal (by whatever name called) to gather the evidence *44is that of the legislature itself, and does not differ in kind from the exercise in open house of legislative functions. To fetter the one is to fetter the other; to dam up its powers anywhere is to deny its right to proceed everywhere. There is no difference in principle from enjoining the house committee on elections and a special committee or tribunal to take testimony for legislative action; nor is there any more jurisdiction to inquire into the duties of one than into the duties of the other, and no difference in principle from enjoining the benefit of such legislation than enjoining the General Assembly itself. The respondents represent but the fruit of the tree.
b In the beginning let me call attention to the fact that this is an attempt by injunction to decide through the Courts that the election held for the formation of the political division, known or to be known as Lee County, was not carried by the popular vote in the face of the declaration of the General Assembly that it was so carried by the adherents of that county, and in the face of the authoritative declaration by the representative branch of the sovereign people of South Carolina, “That a new judicial and election count}?, to be known as Lee County, is hereby formed” — not that Lee County is to be formed upon compliance with certain conditions, but that Lee County “is formed” — having complied with the conditions required. So the writ of injunction is sought to be used, not to prevent the doing of some improper act merely, but to undo, tear up and throw aside something already done — that the process of injunction is sought to restore the status existing before the act of 1898 was passed. Surely this use of the writ of injunction is novel enough. But a still more impressive and novel feature is the allegation of rights alleged to be in danger by the threatened admission of Lee County into county-hood. Driven to the last analysis, it means that the organization of the new county somehow or somewhere will injure the petitioners. There is nothing specific as to how or why they should suffer more than others who will be placed in a new *45county. The gross want of equity is so flagrant in the relief. sought that the artificial statement of the alleged apprehension takes the shape of saying that the formation of the new county with its incidental requirements and accessories will necessarily injure them; in other words, the formation of a new county will necessarily injure all persons in the territory covered by it — a proposition not borne out by facts — a proposition the members of the Constitutional Convention of 1895 emphatically denied, when they indicated the public policy of smaller counties — a proposition we are expected to assent to if we decide the petitioners have any injury to complain of. If we are prepared to say that the formation of a new county, per se, works an injury to private property, then possibly they may have a standing in court. But who gives the Court the right ? By what power are we authorized to inquire into the decision and judgment of the Constitutional Convention, and in one act to override both that Convention and the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina ? Courts are to enforce the law unless they are plainly opposed to the Constitution — not to suggest another and different policy for the State. I am not prepared to say that the formation of a new county, per se, works an injury. I am not prepared to say the petition shows any injury to the private and property rights of the citizen. I think it affirmatively shows that such a right does not exist. See Alexander v. McKenzie, 2 S. C., 81. Another most important matter to be noticed is that there was no similarity between the power of the election officers in the election upon the formation of Lee County, and the powers wholly -exercised by the board of canvassers under the general election laws. In the former case, while there is some general language employed indicating a purpose that such elections “shall be conducted in the same manner as general elections in this State,” it specifically reserves the power and discretion of judging if all the requirements for the formation of new counties “have been complied with, of all of which such -General Assembly must judge.” They evidently did not in*46tend to be made to affirm the doubtful action of the officers who held the elections. Doubtless, as practical men, they realized the influence of the environments of the men who might be appointed to hold elections under that act. In many cases local interest would be overpowering. They said that such local officers should not be the ultimate judges of the ballots, and for that reason made a rule different from the one which prevailed in general elections. Therefore, there is no analogy to be drawn from the decisions applicable to boards of canvassers or commissioners of elections and the procedure here. It is very different. Here is an attempt to regulate the discretion and inquire into the judgment of the legislature in a case where a violation of the State Constitution is not charged. True, the traverse of the return does undertake to restate and extend the charge of alleged nullity of the act of 1898, but even the traverse, if allowed to have any weight as a new assignment, would not make the charge free from ambiguity, as it should be made in a matter of such gravity. The petition and returns are the pleadings. The office of a traverse is not to set up or amend the petition; it is based upon the validity of the matters set up in the petition, and its denial of contrary or antagonistic allegations of excuse, evidence or justification set up in the return. The traverse means a denial, not a new assignment or recital of the matters complained of in the petition. Matters of second thought and independent allegations- — -allegations necessary to make out a case or complaint, cannot make its appearance for the first time in a traverse. The plaintiff must stand or fall on what he states in his complaint or petition — remembering that the charge made in the petition is substantially that the decision of the legislature was contrary to the weight of the evidence, the ineffectiveness of the attack is seen and recognized. We are to review the conclusion of the legislature upon the question of fact, not of law. The legislature did not act independently of the constitutional requirements, but said the constitutional requirements had been fulfilled *47They recognized (and did not deny) that the constitutional requirements must be enforced. The act said so — there can not be any dispute about this. The objection here made is that they erred in a question of fact — i. e., that the evidence showed that the constitutional requirements of two-thirds of the ballots had not been complied with, not that it was unnecessary to obtain the two-thirds, but that the evidence showed the two-thirds had been obtained. The error, if one, surely is not one of jurisdiction but of judgment — for every one must admit the legislature has the right and authority to provide for the formation of new counties— indeed, they are required to do it; they have a right to say when the agitation and formation has evolved into a full and complete new county. Bear in mind, then, this is not an attempt to show the legislature had no power to declare a new county formed, but an attempt to show that the legislature has no power to decide other than as the weight of evidence preponderates, and then it may be questioned in the Courts by showing the evidence was the other way. Stripped of all attempt to confuse this question of fact with a question of law, and plausible phraseology, the charge is that the legislature erred in weighing the evidence. It is charged that this is a question of law. The legislature must be satisfied by the evidence from the quantity and quality, that the election was carried, and that inasmuch as some boxes were stolen and the returns were not in their integrity produced before that body, it necessarily could not and did not have before it evidence on which to act. Can a judicial tribunal review a question of fact and see if the discretion of the legislature was properly exercised? Not in our form of government. The legislature says the evidence before them shows a complete compliance with the constitutional requirements. Are we to say that this statement was not true? Are we not to presume that everything necessary to form such a conclusion was before them ? Are we not to presume the absence of evidence in order to nullify the act? The legislature by the act of 1898 has provided for *48the election of representatives. The governor by his signature has recognized the existence of the new county. We are told that the representatives of one of the great parties in the new county has elected delegates to a political convention; elections have been held or nominations made to the various offices; the people are going ahead, evidently basing their faith on the act of the legislature, which disclosed (not that Lee County should be formed in the future), but that “Lee County is hereby formed.” They had a right to presume the act was a constitutional exercise of the power vested in the legislature — they have acted on it. There are at least two ways of bringing up the constitutionality of this act, and if it had been passed in violation of the Constitution, it could be shown without an appeal to the process of injunction. Quo warranto would be the common law pro • cedure. This is the plan most usually used —People v. Morrell, 21 Wend., 563—except in States where a peculiar extension of equity jurisprudence permits them to use injunction, as in Bradley v. Commissioners, 2 Humph., 428; but even there the Court said: “That the writ of quo warranto is the common law mode of redressing such grievances is admitted.” An action in the nature of quo warranto is the proper remedy in this State—Alexander v. McKenzie, 2 S. C., 81. In Rumsey v. The People (19 N. Y., 41), the question was made as to the venue necessary to be proved in a criminal case, while in Lanning v. Carpenter (20 N. Y., 448), it was brought up in an attempt to show that the confession of judgment was not made before a county clerk, as there was no such county. In Smith v. The People, 47 N. Y., 330, the question of irregular organization of the city and county of New York was brought up in a criminal case in an objection to the organization and jurisdiction of the Court; while in The People v. Morrell, 21 Wend., 563, an information in the nature of quo warranto was the procedure. These are remedies at law — and all question the creation of a new county. There was, therefore, no iiacessity to resort to equity; if there had been an-*49injury to be redressed or a rigdit to be protected — there was an adequate remedy at law.
I have adverted to the hardship that the declaring unconstitutional the act of 1898 would do to the people who now fondly suppose they are organized into .a new county. This hardship and embarrassment was met by the ■ Court in Rumsey v. The People, 19 N. Y., 41, which said that the organization of a new county will not be declared invalid even where it was originally and perhaps unconstitutionally introduced, when the existence thereof has been recognized by the legislative power, and it has been so incorporated into the State system that it cannot be severed without seriously embarrassing the whole. Can it be truthfully said that the State is not interested in this matter, when the representation of the old counties is cut down in order that the new county shall send representatives in proportion to area and ■population, and the new county is then not allowed such representation for such territory and population? The State is without the influence and services of the representatives she is entitled to rely upon in the General Assembly, and the proposed territory has taxation without representa■tion. A political organization being for the benefit of a community, as such community, exclusively, a private person has no property rights in it. This results from the fact that government exists for the common benefit, and its powers ■cannot be appropriated to the exclusive benefit of individuals except by violence destructive of its principles—Alexander v. McKenzie, 2 S. C., 90. The political power concerns so nearly the public policy of the State, that the exercise of that part of the statehood and sovereignty of the people, so peculiarly legislative, should not be interfered with unless the incompatibility be clear and unequivocal. It is a matter of serious importance. I am of the opinion that if the other rule is to be considered the law in the formation of new counties in South Carolina, none will ever be formed. It is scarcely possible to hold an election without some noncompliance with the technical requirements. The Consti*50tutional Convention and the legislature contemplated that the results of the election was the thing desired, not the rule-of technical compliance,substantial compliance, a compliance-showing the expression of -opinion of the requisite number. They did not intend to have one rule by which to judge the-results of a general election, and a stricter rule (an almost impossible one) in elections for new counties — a rule that any manager in hostile territory may defeat, and be allowed, the benefit of the wrong done to the credit of the old. county’s territory.
c The case is brought in the original jurisdiction of the-Supreme Court. The Constitution of 1868 gave the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of injunction when “necessary to give it a general supervisory control over all other Courts in the State.” The Constitution of 1895 gives such Court the power to issue such writ as an “original and remedial” writ. The language is striking: “The Supreme Court, shall have power to issue writs or orders of injunction, mandamus, quo warranto, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, and other original and remedial writs” — art. V., sec. 4. The right is original — it is jurisdictional. It is. considered as “original” and “remedial” with mandamus, quo warranto, prohibition, and habeas corpus. It is as “original” and “remedial” as and no more than habeas corpus, quo warranto, prohibition — which expression means to-say that as a remedy it shall be applied at the instance of persons who apply for and in whose name the writs of habeas corpus, quo warranto, &c., run. The purpose was to give the Court power to issue the writ as a jurisdictional writ, as-contra-distinguished from the ordinary writ of injunction in aid of jurisdiction otherwise acquired. The purpose-could never have been to authorize that Court to take original jurisdiction in ordinary suits in equity by granting the-common orders or writs of injunction. The extraordinary writ and the prerogative writ was the only original writ of injunction given the Supreme Court by this section. An. original writ of the same character as the other writs men*51tioned as habeas corpus, quo warranto, &c. The framers of the Constitution could never have given the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in the trial of equity cases where the ordinary writ of injunction was to issue, or they would never have given to the Circuit Courts — Courts of original and general jurisdiction — the right to try all civil cases; to be more accurate, “They shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases” — art. V., sec. 15. In the same section they are also given “original jurisdiction, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court, to issue writs or orders of injunction, mandamus, habeas corpus and such other writs as may be necessary to carry their powers into full effect,” then follows the sentence above quoted, empowering the Court of Common Pleas with jurisdiction in all civil cases. Can it be thought for one moment that a great part of the equity practice was thus to be transferred to a court of appeal ? I cannot bring myself to think so. The quality and grade of the writ is declared when it is associated with well known prerogative writs which are (in like manner) as other “original and remedial” — “Noscitur a sociis.” I need not cite in addition sec. 29, art. I., Constitution 1895, which declares that the provisions of the present Constitution shall be construed to be mandatory and not merely directory. I think the purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to give the Supreme Court power to issue this extraordinary writ in a proceeding which discloses some public rig]it — involving some right of the sovereign as contra-distinguished from matters of private or individual concern, where the State must be plaintiff upon the relation of the party aggrieved. It should be brought by or with the consent of the attorney general. If not so brought, some showing should be made that application was made to the attorney general, who refused to permit the use of the name of the State, wherefore the petition is brought in the name of the petitioner — the writ issued by the Court in the name of the State. See People v. McClees, 1 Am. and Eng. Dec. in Eq., p. 570, et seq.
*52d *51I do not think the Supreme Court had any jurisdiction to *52entertain this case, and I think this constitutional Court has the right to look into and consider the whole case. This Court is not bound by any decisions made heretofore in this cause. I have tried to show the Supreme Court has no right to issue the writ of injunction in controversies between citizens in an ordinary suit for injunction. I have shown that such Court has not any supervisory jurisdiction as it formerly possessed under the Constitution of 1868. The Constitution of 1895 took away such supervisory or incidental power and gave it original jurisdiction. Its authority to issue the writ, therefore, is to be justified under the right of original jurisdiction. If it has not supervisory jurisdiction, nor is it confined to the exercise of the writ as a prerogative writ in aid of some public right, then there is but one other right under which it could claim to act — i. e., as a court of equity hearing and determining matters in the first instance as a Circuit Court does by summons and complaint and answer. Summons and complaint must be served and jurisdiction thus obtained, twenty days are allowed the defendants to answer, &c I need not say that this Court is as much bound by the Code of Procedure as the other Courts are bound, and if the jurisdiction in this case is entertained under the theory that the Court can try cases between citizens in which injunction is asked; then the conclusion can not be avoided that such cases must be tried under the rules and proceedings applicable to courts which try such causes. The Code says that a summons and complaint are necessary to obtain jurisdiction, twenty days must be given to answer. This was not done in this case, and I do not find in the record any evidence of any waiver — indeed, if it were possible to waive the defect— I will refer to this again further on in this opinion. The right of Lee County to exist as a county, with the right of its people to participate by their representatives in the legislature, is sought to be put in issue. The question of the constitutionality, if in issue here at all, is in issue directly; as in that manner only can it be in issue here. In discussing *53this phase of the case, it is well to announce at the start that I do not doubt the power and authority of the Court sitting here in equity to pass upon the constitutionality of an election, where such matter arises collaterally, if the Court has power to enjoin in a suit. The authorities are not entirety agreed upon this point, but I think the greater weight is in favor of such proposition. It must, however, be brought into the discussion collaterally as necessary to the settlement of the property rights, which is the main feature of the cause. The issue must not be a political or governmental or electoral right — equity does not consider such matters. To give the court of equity jurisdiction, the issue upon the constitutionality must be really collateral, not the main issue, and it must not be pretensive — it must not be nominally collateral merely, it must be realty collateral. Can any one say that in fact and in deed a property right is realty involved? I need hardly say that there is hardly a claim- — -certainly not a well founded claim — that any property right is here involved. The scarcely nominal assertion of the property right is hardly answered. The attempt is to put in issue directly the alleged unconstitutionality of the act whereby Lee County became a distinct territorial and electoral division of the State. As I will show further on, this question should not be considered, for the pleading upon which this question is sought to be predicated, and upon which pleading alone the jurisdiction of the Court is .founded (if founded at all), doubtless framed to avoid the objection that the constitutionality of the act is the main issue, is so argumentative and indefinite as not to raise any question at all, unless the formation of a new county is, per se, injurious and harmful, and furnishes a ground for injunction — in fact, it would seem to appeal to the Court, if at all, upon the ground that such an act, per se, injures them, and gives the petitioners a right to the remedy. Divested of all useless phraseology, it is an attempt to directly (not indirectly or collaterally) bring in issue the constitutionality of the act for the formation of Lee County, and while the *54pleading is vague, the object and purpose is not veiled or denied. If the Court accedes to the prayer of the petition, it will not only be an innovation in equity practice, but would be as harmful and disturbing to the political body as it would be new and discordant. I deny utterly the doctrine as inconsistent with the corelation that must exist in the three departments through which the people act. It is subversive of all government. The founders of constitutional government in America were apprehensive of the effect of the power and impulse of legislative action, and barriers were erected to confine this power to wholesome confines— such was the fear of the founders of the American system and a proper co-ordination and equilibrium enjoined. In our day the pendulum has swung back — it has gone to the other extremity, and the law of injunction in its exercise as now sometimes used shows danger. The United States Supreme Court had lately done much towards dissipating this excrescence upon the equity practice. The time-honored refusal of equity to interfere with political affairs has been sustained. The attempt to interfere with the franchise' has been repelled in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals in a case that went from this State recently. This condition exists when we are asked to issue an injunction against the formation of a new county. I need not say that the right to make subdivisions of its territory involves an element of sovereignty; and in the absence 'of any constitutional regulation could be exercised at the will of the sovereign. It is a political question, pure and simple. It involves no question of property. It is solely political, territorial and electoral, and equity has nothing to do with such matters. Are the Courts thus to hold elections for the people, and at the instance of (if the legislature be right) a defeated minority, reverse the will of the people expressed at the polls ? The question carries its own answer — this is not the office of a court of equity. If “power seeks its own increase,” when wielded by a legislature, it should be remembered that the maxim is not inapplicable to mankind under *55whatever form power exists. If the lower courts exceed their power, certiorari, prohibition, appeal and exceptions lay to the appeal court, and plain and adequate remedy is had for its errors and excesses; but if an error is made by the appeal courts, what shall be the remedy? For “where there is a wrong there must be a remedy.” It is to be supposed that they do not commit errors? The different deliverances of the courts of last resort upon the same subject show us how frequently the courts of one State do not agree with that of another — all do not agree in their conclusions; some appeal courts must necessarily have erred — all can not be right. If the cause be based upon a right of property, an appeal to the Federal Courts under the provision guaranteeing taking of property by “due process” might in an appropriate case be invoked; but here, where there is no property right involved, these defeated parties are without remedy. This would be enjoyed were this Court sitting as a court of the first instance upon any cause, and yet there is no appeal here. It seems to be thought that the mere exercise by the legislature of what is called judicial powers stamps the particular act as an encroachment on the judicial department of government and bespeaks its invalidity — nothing is oftentimes further from the fact. The -legislature has at all times exercised judicial powers, and will doubtless continue to do so. It has tried contests over election of its members, decided whether an officer ought to be removed, and has power to exercise the functions of a court of impeachment in proper cases — truly these are judicial acts. The fact that the Chief Justice here (or the senior Associate Justice in his absence or on his disqualification) must preside when the governor is impeached, does not make that department any the less a legislative department. It may with as much truth be said that the courts in making rules and regulations of courts are exercising the power of legislation. The legislature, in the one instance, does exercise judicial powers, and the courts in the other .instance do exercise legislative power; but in neither in*56stance are sucn powers prohibited — for Courts must make-rules and the legislature must decide questions before any act is passed. There is no such magic or mystery in the use of the word judicial as to indicate that its use in connection with legislative action invalidates such action. The question should be, is the act such an exercise of judicial action as is prohibited to it by the Constitution. If it is, such action is unconstitutional; if it is not such an exercise of judgment, it is valid. It is not that the act is judicial so much as it is that it is such a judicial act as would make its exercise an encroachment upon the territory given the-judiciary department. It is harmful only where it interferes with the duties given the other departments. In Ex Parte Lynch, 16 S. C., 32, the Court says: “It is a delicate thing to declare an act of the legislature unconstitutional * * * Implied limitations of legislative power are only admissible where the implication is necessary * * * The constitutionality of a law must be presumed until the violation of the Constitution is proved beyond all reasonable doubt, and a reasonable doubt must be solved in favor of legislative action and the act to be sustained.” In other words, to be in doubt is to be convinced of its validity. In R. R. Co. v. Gibbes, 24 S. C, 68, Mr. Justice McGowan, in delivering the opinion of the Court, said: “It is an axiom in American jurisprudence that a statute is not to be pronounced void on this ground unless the repugnancy to the Constitution be clear and the conclusion that it exists inevitable. Every doubt is to be resolved in favor of the enactment. The particular clause of the Constitution must be specified, and the-act admit of no reasonable construction in harmony with its meaning.' The judicial function involving such results is one of delicacy, and to be exercised always with caution.” The requirements for the returns of poll lists are directory—McBee v. Hoke, 2 Spear., 144; State v. Harmon, Cheves, 265; State v. Nerland, 7 S. C., 241; Trimmer v. Bomar, 20 S. C., 354. The statute contemplates there will be irregularities and omissions, for provision is made for contests *57and protests in the general law of elections. The authorities say: “To meet the objection of irregularities which the grounds suppose, it may be observed that the end of popular elections is to discover which of the candidates has the greatest number of votes from among qualified voters. The polls are of necessity holden by many persons at differ-' ent places, and such elections are of course subject to irregularities * * * It follows irresistibly that we are to con-strue the rules for the regulation of popular elections with a constant direction to that end, and not to be deterred by minute objections and mere irregularities of manner or form.” Judge Richardson, speaking for the Court, in State v. Harmon, Cheves, 269. Judge O’Neill, speaking for the Court of Appeals, in discussing the statutory requirements relating to the appointment and duties of coroners contained in II. Statute, 48, says: “The first observation to be made on those statutory provisions is that they are directory merely.” In Trimmier v. Bomar, 20 S. C., 354, there had been an election upon a certain proposed county subscription to a railroad, and an injunction was sought to restrain the county commissioners from issuing the bonds. Judge Witherspoon, on the motion to show cause, among other things, said: “The sole question, therefore, is whether upon a technical irregularity, which itself is disputed and is not satisfactorily established, the will of the qualified voters of Spartanburg Count)'- upon the question of subscription to the railroad company shall be defeated. On this question I can have no doubt. The purpose of this election was to discover the will of the voters of the county in the premises. That has been conclusively shown, and it ought not to be defeated by minute objections, and mere irregularities of manner and form, even when well established,” p. 356. The Supreme Court says that the principle applies to both classes of elections — i. e., political and under taxing power, p. 362. In State v. Nerland, 7 S. C., 241, the ballot boxes, ballots! poll lists and statements of the managers of election had been destroyed. It was held that the county board of can*58vassers had authority to receive secondary evidence. There was a total destruction of the evidence of the election. Chief Justice Moses declared: “If a statute which concerns the public is to be so strictly construed as to give effect to the form of the proceedings,by which the purpose of the legislature is to be attained at the sacrifice of the only object they proposed to accomplish by their enactment, it may well be said that the Court conceded greater consequence to the shadow than to the substance. The policy of the statute shall be respected by the courts and strictly enforced, if it can be conformably to law. In a government founded on the will of the people, their voice is not to be stifled by fraud, or their high behests frustrated by wrong and violence. If the purpose of the State, expressed in constitutional form, to provide a county seat through an election of qualified voters, is to be set at naught by the destruction of the ballots, those charged with the ascertainment of the result of such election must resort to secondary evidence to enable them to determine it.” If the manner in which the popular will is determined be immaterial, the means through which that will is announced is certainly less material. Brightley’s Election Cases, 126; see, also, Cool. Const. Limit., 761. The Constitutional Convention knew this was the law. They knew that the ascertainment of the- result of the election was the real thing to be determined, and that the matters occurring subsequently to the election, the destruction of the ballot boxes, refusal to send up poll lists, &c., would not be allowed to defeat the will of the people voting. The legislature indicating that this was their intention, declared in the “Act to provide for the formation of new counties,” &c. (Acts 1896, 22 Stat., p. 65), “Such elections shall be conducted in the same manner as general elections in this State.” Under the laws as “general elections” have been held (and will doubtless continue to be held) where ballot boxes have been destroyed, poll lists lost, and irregularities otherwise committed, the legislature would see to it that no advantage would be allowed to those in favor of whom the *59destruction or omission to conform to the law was made, and secondary evidence would be allowed to show the will of the people. If the will of the people could be thwarted by any act of those interested in the retention of the old organization, it would be a reflection on the integrity and manhood of the legislature. They passed upon the irregularities as to the Ashland and Cypress boxes, as was to be expected. They said that in the respects complained of the grievances were well founded. After coming to this conclusion they decided to act in such a way as to leave no doubt if the means there resorted to should be used in the future, what their action would be. Here were two polls, where the requisite two-thirds had been legitimately obtained in favor of the new county, deliberately made to show a decision against it in one box by an unlawful return, and practically against it in the other by declaring the election at Cypress null and void. Doubtless they reasoned these boxes were in the hands of the officers of the old county, who doubtless had their own reasons for the disappearance of the ballot boxes and irregularities charged. It was doubtless taken to be a striking coincidence that the poll list, ballot boxes and ballots had been stolen, and therefore, there was a claim that the result there had been given against the proposed new county. The protest against the declaration of the result of the Ashland box but emphasized the persuasive coincidence of the disappearance of thebox,andthe result claimed to be in opposition to the formation of Lee County. The declaration of the officers of election charged with the custody of the ballot boxes, poll lists and incidentals of election, were made in the face of the fact that the legislature, by the fifth section of the act of 1896 (22 Stat., p. 65,) had reserved to themselves the right to pass upon the ultimate result of the election, when it said, “The General Assembly at its next session shall create such new county, if two-thirds of the qualified electors shall vote in favor of the establishment of such new county, and if all the constitutional requirements for the formation of new counties have been *60complied with, of all of which such General Assembly must fudgeThey heard evidence, they deliberated and passed the act of 1898 (an act to establish Lee County) (22 Stat., p. 908,) deciding that all requirements and conditions had been complied with, and appointing the respondents commissioners to have the boundaries of the new county set off and marked. The act of 1896 provided for the formation of new counties thereafter, and said that at the next session of the General Assembly thereafter the new county shall be created. The act of 1898 establishing Lee County was in response to the act of 1896. If one is unconstitutional, then the other is also. The one is the suggestion, the other the answer. Both acts contemplate the same plan — to appoint a referee to inquire into the facts reported to the legislature, traversing their determination and consequently reversing their action, holding their action erroneous, must be based upon the alleged unconstitutionality of the acts of 1896 and 1898. To appoint a referee to report what was returned by the officers - at Ashland and Cypress boxes may be to decide the political question adversely to the determination of the legislature upon evidence before that body. There is no question as to what the referee under such an order would have to report. The officers holding the election at these precincts declared the result of such election to be against- the formation of the new county. The determination of the legislature was that the returns from these two precincts were not true', that the election as to the new county- was in favor of its establishment. This Court practically says that the legislature was mistaken; this Court cannot prevent the formation of Lee County, nor will its action in enjoining the respondents prevent the exercise of the rights of the people of the county, since the respondents are not charged with the organization of the county, but are commissioners for certain purposes — their duties arising from the fact that Lee County has been established. The act of 1898 does not say that upon a return of certain commissioners the new county shall be established, but “That *61a new judicial and election county to be known as Lee County, is hereby formed” — section i. We have seen that the Constitutional Convention, which provided for the independence of the judicial, legislative and executive departments of government, in the same instrument providing for the formation of new counties, saying, “If two-thirds of the qualified electors voting at such election shall vote ‘Yes’ upon such questions, then the General Assembly at the next session shall establish such new county” — '(art. VIL, sec. 2) intended to give the legislature the power to decide the means to be used in satisfying their judgment that “two-thirds of the qualified electors voting at such election” did vote in favor of the formation of the new county. Having to be convinced they had the right to say what amount and quality of evidence should convince them. They were properly made the final arbiters upon this question of the division of the State in the general policy of the State upon such matters. I do not see , how the constitutionality is properly in issue here. It is true, in section 12 the petitioners do say, “And they further submit that the said act of the General Assembly is null and void, for the reason that the said Lee County did not receive a favorable vote of two-thirds of the qualified electors voting in each section of said proposed new county, as reported by the managers of election and as determined by the commissioners of election for the several old counties from which this new county was proposed to be taken; and for the further reason that an election on the formation of Lee County was held less than four years after the four-fifths of the territory embraced therein has voted upon the formation of a new county, as hereinbefore set forth in section 2.” This last objection being so exclusively and plainly within the province of the governor, which cannot be controlled by process against him (Grier v. Governor Taylor, 4 McC., 206), need not be considered. Null and void? For what reason? Because obnoxious to some provision of the Constitution?,. No — not null and void because unconstitutional, setting out plainly what sec*62tion it violates, but because its decision was against the evidence. Who will have the hardihood to assert that such an allegation in the Court of Common Pleas would bring into issue the constitutionality of any act ? In fact, the Supreme Court has declared over and again that an exception charging that the decision of the lower Court was “contrary to the law and the evidence,” was too vague, indefinite and general to be considered. Void by reason of the unconstitutionality of the act of 1898? The petition does not charge that. Null and void for undertaking to pass upon the questions of election or no election? No. Null and void not because it undertook to pass upon such questions at all, but because the legislature decided in favor of the evidence of the new county having been established. For that reason the act of 1898 was null and void. Who can say the act is attacked as unconstitutional? Where is “the particular clause of the Constitution” specified that must be obnoxious to “a reasonable construction in harmony with its meaning,” as required by the decisions of the Supreme Court? An allegation that the decision “was contrary to the law and evidence” has been too indefinite and general on appeal from the lower courts; the Supreme Court saying it stated no particular error. State v. Branham, 13 S. C., 389. “The constitutionality of a law must be presumed until the violation of the Constitution is proved beyond all reasonable doubt”— Ex parte Lynch, 16 S. C., 32. It is impossible here to prove it, as there is no sufficient allegation, and the proof can go no higher than the allegations. I need not say what is known to every lawyer, that the Supreme Court has only the power given it by the Constitution, and the acts for its organization, and the means incident to the exercise of such powers. As an appeal Court, it is confined to the matters brought up for its consideration by assignment of errors, as provided for appeals in the Constitution and Code, with the exceptions there laid down. If it were to decide a cause not properly before it, or upon a point not properly raised by exception to it, there would be a taking of property or rights *63of the loser without due process of law. As a Court of original jurisdiction it may issue “orders of injunction, mandamus, quo warranto, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus and other original and remedial writs.” It must be taken that these powers are to be exercised by courts, and consistent with theprovisionsof the Code of Civil Procedure, where its provisions are applicable. Under the power to issue injunction, if jurisdiction were given it, it would have the power to issue a rule to show cause why an injunction should not issue, for the lesser is included in the greater, Supposing, for illustration, that such Court has the right to issue the writ in ordinary cases, I do not think it will have the power to issue an order of injunction in the absence of a suit for such a purpose. There must be a summons and complaint served on the defendants, for only in such manner can an action be commenced in this State. “Civil actions in the courts of record of this State shall be commenced by service of a summons.” Code, sec. 148. “There shall be in this State but one form of action for the enforcement or protection of private rights and the redress of private wrongs.” lb., sec. 89. The answer or demurrer required in twenty days as in cases before the common pleas. After such a beginning of the action a rule to show cause would be within the power of the Supreme Court, if it had power in the first instance, and in its discretion a preliminary order of injunction until the issues were tried. A perpetual injunction could not be ordered before the final hearing of the case on its merits. Hornsby v. Burdell, 9 S. C., 303. The matter of omission of summons being a matter pertaining to the jurisdiction of the Court, could be raised at any time. This requirement is based upon the view that the Supreme Court can entertain a suit for injunction between citizens. It is true, the notice from the Supreme Court may serve as the vehicle to bring this Court to its destination — to a consideration of the cause; but when the constitutional court arrives and enters, the members of that tribunal are entitled to traverse the whole domain — not confined to one nook or *64corner in the territory of jurisdiction. If its members are bidden by the Constitution, when once they enter the gates, they are unrestrained save by the boundaries of the power that bids them — the Constitution. They are invited to traverse the whole field — the whole “cause or question,” in all its width and length — by the Constitution, and they cannot be confined to such a part of this territory by the resolutions of the Justices of the Supreme Court, who are now required to sit as a part of the Constitutional Court. „ Did the framers of the Constitution mean to say that a part of the Constitutional Court should have more power and authority and jurisdiction than all of it put together? If such power had been given, the framers of the Constitution would have said so. If the Supreme Court had the power to call the Constitutional Court together to consider the whole cause, and instead of submitting the whole cause, suit or case, had indicated the submission of certain propositions growing out of the consideration of the case, upon the convening of the Justices and the Judges as the highest Court, the order could be rescinded or revoked and the whole cause considered. Every member of such Constitutional Court has the right, and it is made his duty by the Constitution to consider the whole “matter or cause” — and the cause must consist of all its parts, and whatever is necessary and incidental toaproper consideration of the whole case. If such highest Court have the right to begin the consideration of the case, it has the right and jurisdiction to complete and finish its consideration. If compelled by the Constitution to enter they are constrained to traverse the whole territory. If they begin such consideration they must end it. “It is as much the duty of a Court to exercise jurisdiction where it is conferred as not to usurp it where it is not conferred.” It surely was not the intention of the members of the Constitutional Convention, that the convention of the Justices of the Supreme Court and Circuit Judges should be called together to consider some material or immaterial matter in connection with the constitutional questions that might be named bv the *65Justices of the Supreme Court, when the main or other part of the same matter should be reserved for them separate and distinct from the convention of Justices and Judges sitting in the higher Court. They were never authorized to cut off so much territory (so to speak), to consider and so much to set aside for the Circuit Judges to consider, for that is what the present practice amounts to. If so, the Constitutional Convention would have said so. This view is not only in accord with the spirit and reason of the Constitution, but harmonizes with its language. Art. V., sec. 12, reads (second sentence) : “Whenever upon the hearing of any cause or question before the Supreme Court, &c.,” it shall appear that a constitutional question is involved. Again, in same section, “when any two of them desire it * * * on any cause or question so before the Court, &c.” — -thus referring to the cause or question before the Court — meaning the whole “cause or question” before the Supreme Court. So that if there was before the Court only a “question” under consideration equally with the consideration of “a cause,” the Constitutional Court might be called together. The Constitutional Convention meant to use the word “question” — so as to cover all legal procedure that might not be covered by the use of the word “cause.” Doubtless it was meant to cover every controversy (and all of it) which might develop or bring up a constitutional matter for determination — whether it came up by a regular action, special proceeding, motion or otherwise. The language is not to be construed to restrict the scope of the power, but to extend the field so as to embrace all involving construction that might be brought before it. The purpose was to place before all the Justices and all the Circuit Judges all questions of constitutional law, however (and just as) they may be raised in their fullness and completeness, whenever called upon. The experience of the .Circuit Judges who are accustomed to determine matters at once as they are presented in their fulness, looking more to matter and substance and practice, was to be combined with the experience of the more deliberate, thorough *66and matured consideration of the appellate Court. The Constitutional Convention contemplated that these matters should be considered by a convention of all the Judges. Supreme and Circuit, jointly — not a part of them by the Supreme Court and another part by the higher or Constitutional Court, separately — the consideration of all of them upon every part of the controversy touching the constitutional interpretation or application in the whole case, suit or proceeding. The call for the convention of the Justices and Judges, issued by the Supreme Court, designated only part of the cause referring to the Lee County controversy for the consideration of the Constitutional Court, and it may be said such matters only were considered by the majority of the Court. It seemed to be taken for granted that this Court was restricted to a consideration of the designated questions. Of course, a designation of these questions was necessarily a prohibition of the consideration of other questions not designated and submitted. The supposition, doubtless, was that the decision as to the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of the matters would turn upon the solution of the question of reference or no reference — into the matters of fact the legislature had before it at the time of its determination. If an example was wanted to show how impractical and useless the Court would be if the contrary contention were adopted, the present case would furnish it. Here the matter is made to turn upon a question, that (if our view be adopted) might be conceded, and yet the integrity of the legislation might remain unimpaired — for the acts upon the subject and the records of the case in the Supreme Court show that a reference is not only unnecessary to determine this matter, but that upon the consideration of the matter from the records and acts before the order of reference was signed, it must have been determined that the act was unconstitutional. Indeed, if it were determined that the act for the organization of Lee County was obnoxious to the Constitution, the power of the General Assembly to carry out the provisions of the Constitution *67upon the subject remains unimpaired. Having the power, it had a choice of means to create or recognize its existence. Can it be said that a reference is needed to show what the officers charged with the holding of the election did ? What does this amount to, when the General Assembly expressly and wisely reserved to themselves the authority to determine how the election was carried ? While the elections are held after the manner in which general elections are held, yet unlike in cases of general elections the officers charged with holding this election were not clothed with any power to conclude any one by any determination they should declare, inasmuch as the act specially takes that power from them and reserves it to the - legislature. They were not given such power as are ordinarily given to similar officers at general elections — there is no analogy. Their conclusions were not required nor expected. They could not determine how the election was carried, and their declarations were not subject to appeal from subordinate to county board of canvassers, nor could there be any analogy in the procedure of determining this question to the duties of county canvassers and county commissioners in general elections, for the act on this question reserves specially and expressly the decision to the General Assembly, as if to say this temptation should not be put before the officers who shall conduct this election, and their wisdom in this regard is now apparent. And now when two of these officers, in violation of their duties, make a declaration they had no right to make, as to the election, we are called upon to say there was imported into this cause this extraneous matter never contemplated, which has affected the election, because, forsooth, the legislature refused to adopt the usurpations of certain officers as to the result of the election, in the very teeth of their reservation of such matters for their own determination. Such reference could not throw any light upon the subject — a reference is not necessary, for which reason I voted against the order for reference. If, however, a reference is to be ordered, it should go into the whole matter and ascertain the *68whole result, whether there has been a real and substantial (not merely a technical) compliance — not merely to examine the matter from the outside — not merely to read the tabulations and the papers made out, but to the contents — as substantial results not forms are desired in elections. The will of the voters is the matter desired; to this all else should be secondary and unimportant.
b The different acts provide for the diminution of the representation of the old counties which have contributed territory to the new counties, by reason of which such representation is cut off. Such representation taken from the old counties is given to Lee County. Now if the organization' of Lee County is unconstitutional and improper, the persons elected from this territory to the General Assembly have no lawful status, and the State will be deprived of their services in the General Assembly. Now, no provision can be made by the Courts for the restoration to the old counties of the representation to which they were entitled before the passage of theact for the organization of Lee County. It will scarcely be disputed that if there were no Lee County, and those electors supposed to be voters of Lee County were really voters of the old counties, the old counties were entitled to their votes; and if they did not participate in the election for members of the General Assembly, it may become a grave question whether the persons recently returned by them as members of the General Assembly were indeed elected at all. If these gentlemen, so returned as members elected from the old counties, were not indeed elected by reason of the disorganization of Lee County, any measure passed by their votes in the General Assembly might properly be questioned — for if not elected they would not have a right to sit and vote. If the territory proposed to be organized into Lee County was improperly organized, it can hardly be disputed that the election in the old counties from which the territory was taken was invalid — and there was no valid election in them for county officers as well as members of General Assembly — if Lee County has *69no existence, there may be grave doubts, if any officer, legislative or county, were elected in the old counties. It can scarcely be denied that the whole State‘has an interest in the services and votes of every member’ of the General Assmbly from every county; and yet the attorney general is not made a party to this proceeding. Each of the old counties is concerned as such in this proceeding, if this legislation be unconstitutional, and yet as such they are not made parties to this cause. Who represents all these citizens, who will be affected by this procedure ? I need not allude to the disarrangement of the assessment and collection of taxes, &c., in the new territory. It might well be asked what necessity is there to inaugurate such demoralization? The mere unconstitutionally of a statute does not give a cause of action — there must be shown that an unconstitutional statute has inflicted some injury upon the petitioners. A court of equity never’ enjoins by reason of a theoretical or speculative injury. “Injhnction will not lie at the instance of a taxpayer and elector to enjoin’the submission to the vote of the people of a constitutional amendment because the submission is invalid, as such taxpayer would receive no substantial injury from such admission.” State v. Thorson, 68 N. W. Rep., 202. “Any additional burden which might result to relator, as a taxpayer, by reason of submitting this question at a general election, is too trifling, fanciful and speculative for serious consideration” (lb.) There must be a real injury, and the petition does not show any injury, unless, forsooth, the formation of a new county is, per se, an injury. This view the Constitution, by providing for the organization of new counties, negatives. Even, however, if the petitioners were injured, and the statute were unconstitutional, an injunction should not issue, for the additional reason (among others) that greater wrong would be done than prevented by the’injunction, the remedy prayed for, than the evil apprehended. Under such circumstances, equity never issues the writ — ic Am. and Eng. Ency. Law, 783, and authorities there cited. The appre-. *70hended injury by reason o£ increased taxation, if charged properly, would probably not exceed for the handful of petitioners ten cents each. The harm that would be done by the writ can not be overestimated. The anticipated and speculative damage, probably not exceeding a dollar at the outside, is to be used as a pretext to create untold harm, turmoil and political demoralization in the State, to becloud the title, of many officers elected at the last election, to deprive the State of the service of persons returned for the General Assembly, possibly throw a doubt over beneficial legislation, and to establish a precedent and innovation most mischievous and unnecessary. Indeed, if the principle contended for be carried to its logical conclusion, government as now known, consisting of three departments, may be dissolved. Once admit that an election for members of the General Assembly or the fruits of it can be enjoined, even under an unconstitutional statute, and you have no legislature — one branch of government destroys another. The right to enjoin the election or reverse its verdict in one county, implies the right to do ■ it in all, if similar circumstances arise. He must be a bold man, indeed, who will contend that such an exercise of power could be justified under our system of government; and yet the finger could not be placed on any provision in the Constitution forbidding it. Nevertheless, such a contention would militate against the very existence of sovereignty itself, and would negative the right of a State to exist, deducible from existence itself. The right of a Sate to exist in this advanced age implies the right to be composed of three co-ordinate branches of government, with their checks and counterchecks. This Court has no authority to entertain a petition to thus destroy the government which protects the life, liberty and property of the petitioners. If the practical application of injunction in this case makes disaster, the historical view of its creation and exercise is equally conclusive of its inapplication here. The writ ran in the name of the sovereign in theory, issued and was exercised in his *71name to prohibit the unlawful action. It was a prerogative writ — it is none the less a sovereign writ with us. The State (by its people) is sovereign with us — the sovereign is asked to enjoin himself. One member of the body is to enjoin another member of the same body. This statement is urged against its use here. The effect is not lessened when it is recalled that in cases of impeachment'of the governor, the Chief Justice himself presides in such legislative trial and court. I do not think the petitioners have shown any injury, apprehended or real, that appeals to a court of equity. There can not be a vested right in any political division of State organization. There is not any vested right in any particular political office. .Chancery protects property (not political) rights — it is not to be invoked to enjoin the formation or creation of a political agency and subdivision of the State. It is believed by many that a new county works a real benefit instead of an injury to the residents of the proposed territory — the framers of the Constitution of 1895 evidently thought so. The different subdivisions of the State serve as instrumentalities of the State for the State, for the more convenient administration of public affairs, and form a constituent part of the State, and a part of the governmental machinery of the sovereignty which creates them. When the General Assembly formed Lee County, and said it should have certain representation in the General Assembly, and should unite in the exercise of the rights of sovereignty representing the sovereign people of South Carolina, it exercised a political right and sovereign duty that could not be affected by any Court. It was the highest expression of a sovereign people as to what would the better effectuate that sovereignty — can it be imagined that the Constitutional Convention intended to trim off and pave down this sovereign right and obligation to carry out a public policy ? The right to create an agency of government does not exist for the benefit of an individual, but for the benefit of the State itself. It is a doctrine too well known to need more than passing reference, that an *72injunction does not lie against the executive to restrain him from executing an unconstitutional act of the legislature (Georgia v. Stanton, 6 Wall. (U. S.) 50; Green v. Mills, 69 Fed. Rep., 852); nor will it interfere with the exercise of a purely legislátive or executive power. See cases cited in State v. Thorson, 68 N. W. Reporter, 202. These doctrines were not adopted without reason, and the principles underlying them are founded on the sovereignty of the people, and the necessity or organization to exercise the formations of government, based upon the three great departments of political existence, that the people may always have a channel through which to express their sovereignty. Each branch of government is necessary to constitute a State, as a State is now constituted- — each is necessary to government in the practical exercise of sovereignty — in fact, it may be said in these days that sovereignty with or without a written charter implies the existence of these powers. If the contention of the plaintiffs be carried to its logical conclusion, and the real nature of this proceeding be considered, the principle sought to be injected into our law will sap, undermine and overturn the government, and destroy all the guarantees of a republican form of government; for if an injunction will lie to practically oust the delegation of one county from the halls of the legislature, under an alleged unconstitutional law, 'it would lie against the delegations o'f all the counties of the State that might be elected under an alleged unconstitutional act — it would scarcely be a question that the judiciary could not thus nullify the Constitution and rob the State of an attribute of sovereignty. Without a legislature, and the exercise of its power to appropriate funds for the defraying of expenses of government, election of officers, &c., anarchy and chaos would pervade society — there would not be a republican form of government. It. will be no answer to this to say this condition is not permissible, and that the creatures of the legislature will be enjoined, not the members as members. Let us not be diverted by this position — let us look *73not alone at the application to this case of this doctrine; let us consider it in its length and strength or not consider it at all. We should stop the stream at its head now, rather than wait until it has grown larger, wider, and within a deepened channel and greater volume threatens an overflow, drowning government. Such a doctrinéis utterly at variance with the views expressed in the impeachment trial of President Johnson- — -held by Jacksbn, Jefferson and the great framers of our government, and deducible from the principles of govérnment and the exercise of sovereignty.
In 1827, there was an election for sheriff of Georgetown, and there were two competitors, Grier and Thaxton, and Thaxton was declared elected by the manágers. A motion for prohibition was made before Judge Bay, and among other things he said: “In our country, the people are supreme. All civil power and authority is derived from them; and by virtue of their inherent prerogatives, they have thought proper, in order to establish justice and to prevent all irregularity and confusion, to make known and publish to the world their great republican charter, called a Constitution, by which all the powers of the State are regulated and governed. By this Constitution, all the- powers of the government are distinctly defined 'and vested in their separate branches, namely, the legislative, the judicial, and the executive, all of which are independent of and have no control over each other. The legislative branch has the power of making and enacting all laws for the government of the citizens; the judicial has the power of construing those laws so made, and of declaring their bearings on the citizens; and the executive is charged with the authority and power of causing all those laws to be duly executed, and of granting commissions to all the officers of government for the exercise of their respective functions in office, for the benefit of the whole. But no one of these different departments has any right to interfere with the others in the legal execution of their official -duties. It is admitted that the Judges of the superior courts of law, in the exercise of their *74judicial powers, have a right by the common law of the land, which is recognized by the Constitution, to send out this high prerogative writ to restrain all the inferior courts and jurisdiction or bodies of men appointed for special purposes, from doing illegal or unauthorized acts. But they have no power or authority to send out a writ to either of the other great branches of the government; for, if they had such a power to invade the province of the executive, and to say he shall not exercise his official right of issuing commissions, &c., it is difficult to see any good reason why they should not send the same writ to the other great branch of the government, to restrain it from passing any law which they might conceive was an impolitic or unconstitutional act. Thus a doctrine would be laying the foundation for a scene of confusion and clashing of jurisdiction.” Grier v. Taylor, 4 McC., *206. Is there not application now for this decision? What has equity here to work upon? It must be moved by some property right — I repeat, there is not set out in the petition here a right that equity protects. That equity does not protect political rights, is a doctrine so fundamental and ingrained into our system of government, that authority is not needed to support it. See Green v. Briggs, 16 C. C. A., 516. High on Inj., secs. 702, 1311. 1315, 1206. Indeed, the authorities go so far as ro say, if an attempt were made to interfere with such right, the refusal to obey such an injunction would not constitute a contempt. High on Inj., 1286, 1312, 1314. How is it possible for the petitioners to be injured in their private rights, passes all understanding, unless the establishment of a new county is, per se, injurious. The party seeking relief must show clear legal or equitable right, and a well grounded apprehension of immediate injury, in order to justify the granting of an injunction. The injury must also be irreparable — not to be repaired by money. If adequate reparation could be made, then he should resort to the law side of the Court — mere apprehension and fears of the plaintiffs, unsustained by facts establishing their probability, will not *75constitute a sufficient ground to warrant interference by injunction. High on Inj., 35, 722; 10 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 783, et seq. The statement of facts should be so strong, as if made by a plaintiff on the witness stand would justify (if uncontradicted) a judgment for him. I do not think the matter set up in the petition states facts enough. In addition to the ordinary strictness in this character of cases, the petitioners should set out that they did not vote for the creation of the new county but against its formation, and exhausted all their efforts in vain. It is 'true, that the issuing of the writ is within the discretion of the Court — not to be exercised by a capricious judgment based upon imaginary injury and ambiguous and indefinite allegations, speaking by conclusions and not averments, but a judicial discretion — a discretion controlled by precedent and authority. Such discretion, based upon such a consideration of the allegations of the petition, which nowhere make such an attack upon the act of 1898 (or other act) calling for a decision upon its constitutionality, in my judgment, would refuse the writ. It is a matter of grave consideration to declare an act unconstitutional, and the allegations of the pleading should plainly make such- an attack. I repeat, that such an attack is not made by the allegations of the petition here— it but vaguely charges that the act is null and void, because the statement of fact in the act was contrary to the evidence. An allegation that heretofore coming on appeal from the humblest court has uniformly been construed as not worthy of consideration. It is an allegation that does not move the Court to consider the matter. The plaintiffs do not attack by their petition the constitutionality of the act — such a statement as required nowhere appears. If, under the constitutional administration of justice in this country, the Courts are given the power of supervision over corporations formerly claimed by the King in his Courts, it must still be exercised (unless in exceptional cases, of trusts, charities, &c., not necessary here to be noticed), according to the course of the common law — Chancellor *76Kent, in Attorney General v. Utica Ins., Co., 2 Johns. Ch., 387, 388. The same great authority lays it dowh, that if the matter “does not touch the enjoyment of-property, it blight not to be brought within the direct jurisdiction of the Court which was intended to deal only in‘matters of civil right resting in equity, or where the remedy at law was not sufficiently adequate. Nor ought the process 'of injunction to be applied but with the utmost caution. It is the strong arm of the Court, and to render its operation benign and useful, it must be exercised with great discretion and when necessity requires” (it), p. 378, 379. The learned Chancellor above, in speaking of the great case of The King v. The Master and Fellows of St. Catharine’s Hall, 4 Tem. Rep., 233, said: “Lord Kenyon, in giving the opinion of 'the Court, said that corporate bodies which respected the public police of the county, and the administration of justice, were better regulated under the superintendence of the King’s bench, &c.” I will close this opinion with a statement which was uttered by Chancellor Kent, Attorney General v. Utica Ins. Co., 2 Johns. Ch., 391, declaring “the process of injunction is too peremptory and powerful in its effects to be used in such a case as this without the clearest sanction. I shall better consult the stability and utility of the powers of this Court by not stretching them beyond the limits prescribed by the precedents.”
On November 18, 1898, the referee filed his report, and after setting out in full the papers examined by him, and proceedings had before him, he arrives at the following conclusions :
That the board of commissioners of election for Darling-ton County did not certify the result of the election held in those portions of said county proposed to be cut off for the purpose of forming the proposed new county of Lee, under the order of his excellency the governor, in tabulated statement of the vote at each precinct, and transmit the same to the secretary of State.
This finding dispenses with the necessity of any inquiry *77or finding by the referee on the second issue referred to him.
January 6, 1899.
The case came on for trial before the Supreme Court on the report of the referee on December 19, 1898.
The opinion of the Supreme Court was
delivered by
Mr. Chief Justice McIver.
9 The real object of these proceedings is to determine the validity of the legislation providing for the establishment of Lee County, formulated in an act entitled “An act to establish Lee County,” approved 19th of February, 1898 — -22. Stat., 908, 913. The mode of proceeding adopted for the purpose of attaining this object was by an application to this Court, in the exercise of its original jurisdiction, for an injunction to restrain the respondents from performing any of the duties or doing any of the acts required of them as commissioners, imposed upon and required of them by the terms of said act. This application is based upon the ground that the said act is unconstitutional and, therefore, null and void.
We do not propose to consider any of the grounds upon which it is claimed that said act is unconstitutional except one, to wit: that section 2 of art. VII. of the present Constitution was not complied with. In that article the General Assembly is invested with power to establish new counties in the manner therein prescribed; and sectic n 2 of that arti ■ cle provides, amongst other things, that “Do section of the county proposed to be dismembered shall be thus cut off without consent by a two-thirds vote of those voting in such sections,”, and it is alleged that in Darlington County — one of the counties proposed to be dismembered for the purpose of forming Lee County — -such consent was not obtained by a two-thirds vote of those voting in the section proposed to be cüt off from Darlington County. This allegation being denied by the respondents, an issue of fact was thus presented, and hence it became necessary to determine whether the law made any provision, and if so what, by which such *78issue of fact should be determined. The Supreme Court, as organized in its ordinary form, not being able to agree as to this matter, all of the Circuit Judges were called to the assistance of the Supreme Court, under the provisions of section 12 of the fifth article of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court as thus organized, sitting en banc, heard and determined the question by the opinion of a majority of that tribunal, filed 3d of December, 1898. By reference to that opinion it will be seen that the judgment of a majority of the Supreme Court en banc was that the question whether two-thirds of those voting at the election in that section of Darlington County proposed to be cut off for the purpose of forming Lee County, had voted in favor of such new county, could only be properly ascertained in the mode prescribed by the fourth section of an act entitled “An act to provide for the formation of new counties and the changing of county lines and county seats and consolidation of counties,” approved 9th of March/ 1896 — 22 Stat., 64, 67 — which reads as follows: “The commissioners of elections for each old county proposed to be cut shall canvass the returns of the managers of each precinct in their county at which such election has been held, as such returns in general election in this State are canvassed, and shall certify the result thereof in tabulated statement of the vote at each precinct to the secretary of State, who shall transmit a tabulated statement of the vote at each precinct of an old county proposed to be cut off to both branches of the General Assembly at its next session.” After this judgment of the Supreme Court sitting en banc was rendered, this Court, as at present organized, passed an order referring it to a referee to inquire and report as to the issues of fact as settled by the judgment of the Supreme Court sitting en banc. In obedience to this order the referee has made his report, from which it is very obvious that it does not appear in the manner prescribed by law that two-thirds of those voting in that' section of Darlington County, which was proposed to be cut off for the purpose of forming Lee County, voted in favor of the pro*79posed new county of Lee. Inasmuch, therefore, as it was not made to appear in the manner prescribed by law, that the constitutional requirement that “No section of the county proposed to be dismembered shall be thus cut off without the consent by a two-thirds vote of those voting in such section,” so far, at least, as Darlington County is concerned, it follows necessarily that the General Assembly had no constitutional authority to establish Lee County, embracing as it does a part of Darlington County, the voters in which had not signified their consent thereto by the majority required by the Constitution.
The judgment of this Court is, that the act entitled “An act to establish Lee County,” approved 19th of February, 1898, was passed without constitutional authority, and is therefore' null and void. And it is further adjudged that the respondents herein, to wit: J. L. Parrott, John C. Shaw, J. P. Kilgo, E. E. Tiller, A. E. Skinner, A. M. Lee, R. E. Carne, W. W. Heron, J. W. Gardiner, J. E. McCutchen, S. F. Moore, and Wm. Kelly, named as commissioners in said act, and charged with the performance of certain duties and the doing of certain acts prescribed in said act, be and they and each of them are hereby perpetually injoined from performing any of said duties or doing any of said acts.