Court Opinion

ID: 9910153
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-14 21:00:50.770717+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:13.496741
License: Public Domain

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                                              PUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                               No. 21-4185

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                             Plaintiff – Appellee,

                      v.

        DANIEL N. KEMP, SR.,

                             Defendant – Appellant.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
        Raleigh. Terrence W. Boyle, District Judge. (5:19-cr-000149-BO-2)

        Argued: September 19, 2023                                  Decided: December 13, 2023

        Before HARRIS and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit
        Judge.

        Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by published opinion. Judge Harris wrote
        the majority opinion, in which Judge Quattlebaum and Senior Judge Keenan joined. Judge
        Quattlebaum wrote a concurring opinion.
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        ARGUED: Daniel Baker McIntyre, III, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant. Thomas
        Ernest Booth, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
        Appellee. ON BRIEF: Kenneth A. Polite, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, Lisa H. Miller,
        Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Appellate Section, Criminal Division, UNITED
        STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Michael F. Easley, Jr., United
        States Attorney, David A. Bragdon, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE
        UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.

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        PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge:

              Defendant Daniel N. Kemp, Sr., was charged with nine counts of sexually abusing

        his adopted children. Pursuant to an agreement with the government, he pleaded guilty to

        one count of aggravated sexual abuse, and the remaining charges were dismissed. The

        district court sentenced Kemp to life imprisonment – a term within the Sentencing

        Guidelines range adopted by the court – and to a lifetime term of supervised release.

              Kemp appealed, and his appointed counsel filed an Anders brief raising two issues

        but concluding that the appeal was without merit. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738

        (1967).   After this court ordered supplemental briefing to address additional issues

        regarding Kemp’s conviction and sentence, the government asked that we dismiss Kemp’s

        appeal as untimely.    We conclude, however, that the government has forfeited the

        timeliness issue and we therefore reach the merits of Kemp’s appeal. For the reasons given

        below, we affirm Kemp’s conviction. But because Kemp’s written judgment includes

        discretionary conditions of supervised release that were not orally pronounced at

        sentencing, we follow our usual practice, see United States v. Rogers, 961 F.3d 291 (4th

        Cir. 2020), vacating Kemp’s sentence and remanding for resentencing.

                                                    I.

                                                    A.

              As the district court emphasized at sentencing, this case arises from very disturbing

        facts. While Daniel Kemp was serving in the United States Army in New York, he and his

        wife adopted six children. Years later, with Kemp now stationed in North Carolina, it was

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        revealed that Kemp had been forcing his adopted children to engage in sexual acts at their

        home. The investigation began when one of Kemp’s children told her teacher and other

        school officials of the sexual abuse; after that, several of Kemp’s children reported their

        own abuse to government investigators, sometimes in graphic terms. Investigators also

        seized incriminating materials from Kemp’s electronic devices and uncovered DNA

        evidence corroborating the children’s reports of sexual assaults and abuse.

               Kemp was charged with nine criminal counts related to the sexual abuse of his

        children. He entered into a plea agreement with the government under which he pleaded

        guilty to one count of aggravated sexual abuse in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 7, 2241(a),

        stemming from occasions when Kemp forced his youngest child to perform sex acts in the

        basement of their house and the child’s bedroom. In exchange, the government dismissed

        the other eight counts against Kemp.

               Kemp’s plea agreement set out the statutory sentencing range for his § 2241(a)

        conviction, specifying that the offense carried a maximum prison term of life and no

        minimum term. The agreement also put Kemp on notice of a maximum supervised release

        term of life, a maximum fine of $250,000, and an obligation to pay restitution to all his

        victims, including those related to the dismissed charges. Finally, the agreement included

        a broad appeal waiver under which Kemp waived his right to appeal his conviction and

        sentence on any ground, reserving only the right to challenge a sentence that exceeded the

        advisory Sentencing Guidelines range as established at sentencing or to seek relief for

        ineffective assistance of counsel or prosecutorial misconduct.

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               The district court conducted a plea colloquy with Kemp, see Fed. R. Crim. P. 11,

        advising him of his rights and the charges against him and confirming that Kemp was

        pleading guilty to one count of aggravated sexual abuse pursuant to a plea agreement with

        the government. After the prosecutor described the factual basis for the plea – the forcible

        sexual abuse of Kemp’s youngest child – the district court found that Kemp’s plea was

        voluntary and had the necessary factual basis, and it entered a judgment of guilty on the

        § 2241(a) charge.

               At sentencing, the district court adopted an advisory Sentencing Guidelines range

        of 360 months to life, as calculated by Kemp’s Presentence Report. After hearing Kemp’s

        allocution and six victim-impact statements and considering the sentencing factors set out

        in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the court denied a requested downward departure and sentenced

        Kemp to life imprisonment. The court also imposed a lifetime term of supervised release.

        Relevant here, the court did not orally pronounce the multiple discretionary conditions of

        supervised release that were included in Kemp’s written judgment. After a continuation to

        determine appropriate restitution, the judgment was amended to include $6,008,797 in

        restitution.

                                                    B.

               Under Rule 4(b) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, a defendant in a

        criminal case must file a notice of appeal within 14 days of the entry of judgment. Fed. R.

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        App. P. 4(b)(1)(A)(i). Kemp’s amended judgment was entered on January 8, 2021. Kemp

        filed his notice of appeal on April 16, 2021, well outside that statutory period. 1

               This court appointed counsel for Kemp and issued a briefing order. That order set

        deadlines for Kemp’s opening brief, the government’s response brief, and Kemp’s reply

        brief. And it expressly warned the government that failure to file a “motion to dismiss

        within the time allowed for filing a response brief[] may result in waiver of defenses.” ECF

        No. 10 at 2. In connection with that notice, it cited our Local Rule 27(f), which provides

        that motions to dismiss on procedural grounds “should be filed within the time allowed for

        the filing of the response brief.” 4th Cir. R. 27(f)(2). The order then described additional

        procedures that apply to the filing of a defendant’s brief under Anders v. California, 386

        U.S. 738 (1967), none of which bear on the filing of motions to dismiss.

               Kemp’s appointed counsel timely filed an Anders brief stating that there were no

        meritorious grounds for appeal but identifying as issues the district court’s calculation of

        Kemp’s Sentencing Guidelines range and whether Kemp’s counsel provided effective

        assistance before the district court. The government elected not to file a response brief.

        But on the day a response would have been due, consistent with the briefing order and

        Local Rule 27(f)(2), the government filed a motion to dismiss. In that motion, the

               1
                 On March 22, 2021, Kemp filed with the district court a self-styled “Appeal
        Extension Request,” seeking an extension of time to file any motions. The district court
        denied the motion without prejudice. Because Kemp’s request was submitted more than
        two months after entry of judgment, outside the maximum 30-day extension permitted
        under the Federal Rules, see Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(4), it does not affect the timeliness of
        Kemp’s appeal.

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        government sought dismissal on one and only one procedural ground, arguing that Kemp’s

        appeal was barred in part by his appeal waiver. 2

               After conducting an independent Anders review, this court ordered supplemental

        briefing on two issues outside the scope of Kemp’s appeal waiver: whether errors and

        omissions during Kemp’s plea colloquy cumulatively undermined the validity of his guilty

        plea; and whether the court’s failure to orally pronounce the discretionary conditions of

        Kemp’s supervised release constituted reversible error, see United States v. Singletary, 984

        F.3d 341, 344–45 (4th Cir. 2021) (holding that such claims are not barred by a general

        waiver of appellate rights). Kemp timely filed a supplemental brief. The government then

        filed its response brief, addressing the identified claims on the merits and also asking, for

        the first time, that we dismiss Kemp’s appeal as untimely.

                                                     II.

                                                     A.

               We begin with the government’s request that we dismiss Kemp’s appeal on

        timeliness grounds. As explained below, we conclude that the government forfeited its

        right to invoke Rule 4(b)’s deadline when, in response to Kemp’s opening brief, it filed a

               2
                 The government did not argue that Kemp’s appeal waiver foreclosed a Sixth
        Amendment ineffective assistance of counsel claim. But an appeal regarding the
        calculation of the Sentencing Guidelines range, the government argued, was precluded by
        the waiver.

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        motion to dismiss for one procedural reason – Kemp’s appeal waiver – but not another –

        timeliness – that was equally apparent from the record.

               Much of the background here is common ground. It is undisputed that Kemp filed

        his notice of appeal outside the 14 days allowed by Rule 4(b) of the Federal Rules of

        Appellate Procedure. The parties also agree that Rule 4(b) is not jurisdictional but is

        instead a “mandatory claim-processing rule.” United States v. Hyman, 884 F.3d 496, 498

        (4th Cir. 2018). That makes Rule 4(b) “inflexible,” in that we must “strictly apply” the 14-

        day period if it is “timely raised.” Id. at 498–99. But it also means that Rule 4(b) is subject

        to waiver and forfeiture, and we will deem an invocation of Rule 4(b) “forfeited if the party

        asserting the rule waits too long to raise the point.” Id. at 498 (internal quotation marks

        omitted); see United States v. Oliver, 878 F.3d 120, 123–24 (4th Cir. 2017) (explaining

        that the government’s “fail[ure] to object promptly to an appeal’s untimeliness” generally

        constitutes forfeiture).

               What the parties dispute is whether the government “wait[ed] too long” here by

        failing to invoke Rule 4(b) within the time for filing a response to Kemp’s opening brief.

        After our decisions in Hyman and Oliver, this court revised Local Rule 27(f) to provide

        that motions to dismiss on procedural grounds “should be filed within the time allowed for

        the filing of the response brief.” 4th Cir. R. 27(f)(2). And as noted above, our initial

        briefing order set a deadline for a response brief and tied that deadline to the requirements

        of our local rule, notifying the government that failure to file a “motion to dismiss within

        the time allowed for filing a response brief[] may result in waiver of defenses.” ECF No.

        10 at 2. From that, Kemp argues, it was clear that any motion to dismiss under Rule 4(b)

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        should have been filed within the time for responding to his Anders brief, and the

        government’s failure to meet that deadline forfeited its right to invoke Rule 4(b) now. See

        United States v. Turner, No. 19-4529, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 19407, at *1–2 (4th Cir. June

        22, 2020) (unpublished order adopting this position and denying government’s motion to

        dismiss under Rule 4(b) for failure to timely move in response to defendant’s Anders brief).

               The government disagrees. In its view, expanded upon at oral argument, the Anders

        context for this case is critical. When an Anders brief is filed, the government may but

        need not file a response brief; if it chooses, it can “do nothing, allowing this court to

        perform the required Anders review” itself. See United States v. Poindexter, 492 F.3d 263,

        271 (4th Cir. 2007). That is what happened here, the government says, and as a result, the

        deadline for a response brief in our initial briefing order – a response brief never filed –

        should not be treated as controlling under Local Rule 27(f)(2). Instead, what matters is

        that the government sought dismissal under Rule 4(b) in the only response brief it did file,

        and that it did so within the “time allowed for the filing of [that] response brief,” see 4th

        Cir. R. 27(f)(2), in our supplemental briefing order.

               We need not resolve here how Local Rule 27(f)(2) generally will apply in the Anders

        context. Because while it is true that the government may sit out an Anders brief, “do[ing]

        nothing” in response, see Poindexter, 492 F.3d at 271, that is not what happened here.

        Instead, the government did respond to the Anders brief, and it did so with the motion to

        dismiss on procedural grounds contemplated by Local Rule 27(f)(2), filed within the time

        for the response brief set out in the original scheduling order. The only thing it did not do

        was include in that motion, which rested exclusively on the defendant’s appeal waiver, the

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        different procedural ground – timeliness – on which it now asks us to dismiss this appeal.

        The government has provided no justification for this omission, and we can think of none;

        at the time the government filed its motion to dismiss, the timeliness issue would have been

        just as apparent from the record as the appeal-waiver problem. Under these circumstances,

        we conclude, the government has forfeited its right to invoke Rule 4(b) and to press its

        timeliness objection now. See Oliver, 878 F.3d at 123 (explaining that the government

        forfeits a Rule 4(b) claim when it fails to object on that ground “in either its merits brief or

        an earlier motion to dismiss”).

               We held in Oliver that when the government does not promptly object to an untimely

        appeal, we must “assume that the [g]overnment wishes the court to decide the case on the

        merits.” See id. at 128. Our court made precisely that assumption here when the

        government filed its motion to dismiss on one procedural ground without raising the

        timeliness objection that was also apparent on the record. As a result, this court performed

        its own required independent review under Anders, devoting substantial time to identifying

        and ordering supplemental briefing on potential issues that fell outside the scope of Kemp’s

        appeal waiver. Permitting the government to invoke Rule 4(b) now would do a disservice

        to the efforts of this court and defense counsel, who justifiably assumed that the

        government’s motion to dismiss included all then-applicable procedural grounds on which

        the government wished to rely. Because we find that the government forfeited its right to

        invoke Rule 4(b) by failing to raise it in its earlier motion to dismiss, we move on to the

        merits of Kemp’s appeal.

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                                                      B.

                                                      1.

               We begin with Kemp’s conviction. Kemp first argues that the district court’s plea

        colloquy failed to comply with Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in

        multiple respects, and that the cumulative effect of those errors was sufficient to undermine

        the validity of his guilty plea. Because Kemp “did not attempt to withdraw his guilty plea

        in the district court,” we review this claim for plain error only, see United States v.

        Lockhart, 947 F.3d 187, 191 (4th Cir. 2020) (en banc), and find no reversible error.

               Rule 11 outlines the requirements for a district court plea colloquy, designed to

        ensure that a defendant “understands the law of his crime in relation to the facts of his case,

        as well as his rights as a criminal defendant.” United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 62

        (2002); see Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1). We agree with Kemp that this colloquy fell short in

        multiple respects. The court skipped over certain advisements of rights – failing to inform

        Kemp, for instance, of his right to be represented by counsel. See Fed. R. Crim. P.

        11(b)(1)(D). The court did not confirm, as it should have, that Kemp’s plea did not result

        from force, threats, or promises. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(2). But Kemp was represented

        by counsel throughout, and the district court did determine that his plea was voluntary, so

        in context, these omissions may have had no measurable effect.

               There are other errors, though, of more potential significance. Perhaps most

        notably, the district court failed to discuss its authority to order restitution, as required by

        Rule 11(b)(1)(K) – and then imposed restitution totaling roughly $6 million. And the

        discussion of Kemp’s appeal waiver, see Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(N), was less than

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        perfectly clear, with the court first suggesting that Kemp had not waived any appellate

        rights and then informing Kemp that he had reserved his right to appeal “from the

        sentencing excessive guideline.” J.A. 33–34.

               As noted above, however, our review here is limited to plain error. Under that

        standard, Kemp can prevail and withdraw his plea only if he demonstrates an obvious or

        “plain” error that “affected his substantial rights.” Lockhart, 947 F.3d at 191. In evaluating

        whether Rule 11 omissions affected a defendant’s substantial rights, we consider whether

        the defendant had independent notice of the omitted information, as from a plea agreement.

        United States v. General, 278 F.3d 389, 394–95 (4th Cir. 2002) (noting that the written

        plea agreement provided the Rule 11 information omitted in the plea colloquy). And here,

        Kemp’s signed plea agreement did make him aware of much of the information missing

        from his plea colloquy, including his obligation to pay restitution to all his victims and the

        actual terms of his appeal waiver.

               Moreover, to establish an effect on his substantial rights in this context, Kemp bears

        the burden of establishing “a reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not

        have entered the plea.” Lockhart, 947 F.3d at 192 (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Kemp has not even attempted to make that showing, offering no account of how these

        omissions or errors, even in the aggregate, led him to accept a plea agreement he otherwise

        would have declined. Instead, the record evidence suggests the contrary, with Kemp’s

        counsel explaining at sentencing that Kemp chose to plead guilty in part to spare his

        children the further pain of a trial. See United States v. Kim, 71 F.4th 155, 167 (4th Cir.

        2023) (considering as part of its substantial rights analysis the defendant’s “deep shame”

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        and noting that proceeding to trial would invite more public attention). Viewing the record

        in its entirety, we conclude that Kemp has failed to meet his burden of demonstrating that

        the errors and omissions in his colloquy, assuming they qualify as “plain,” affected his

        substantial rights, as required for relief under plain error review.

               Kemp raises one other challenge to his conviction, contending that his district court

        counsel provided ineffective assistance in violation of the Sixth Amendment, in part by

        misleading him about his potential sentence. An ineffective assistance claim will be

        addressed on direct appeal only when “an attorney’s ineffectiveness conclusively appears

        on the face of the record.” United States v. Faulls, 821 F.3d 502, 507–08 (4th Cir. 2016).

        Because Kemp’s claim relies on alleged out-of-court statements by his district court

        counsel, this is clearly not such a case. Kemp’s ineffective assistance claim “should be

        raised, if at all, in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion.” Id. at 508.

                                                      2.

               We turn finally to Kemp’s sentence. It is undisputed that the district court failed to

        orally pronounce at sentencing multiple discretionary conditions of supervised release that

        it subsequently imposed in Kemp’s written judgment. As the government concedes, that

        constitutes error under United States v. Rogers, 961 F.3d 291, 300 (4th Cir. 2020), violating

        the defendant’s right to be present at sentencing.

               The only dispute in this case is over remedy. We have identified a “clear rule” for

        remedying Rogers errors. See Singletary, 984 F.3d at 344. When a district court fails to

        orally pronounce discretionary conditions of supervised release, we do not simply strike

        the unpronounced conditions from the judgment. See id. at 346 (rejecting defendant’s

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        request that unpronounced conditions be stricken from his judgment). Instead, we vacate

        the entire sentence and remand for the district court to resentence the defendant. Id. A full

        resentencing is generally appropriate, we have explained, because “custodial and

        supervised release terms [are] components of one unified sentence.” Id. at 346 n.4 (quoting

        United States v. Ketter, 908 F.3d 61, 65 (4th Cir. 2018)); see United States v. Singletary,

        75 F.4th 416, 427 n.7 (4th Cir. 2023) (“Singletary II”) (recognizing that defendant may

        elect a more limited remand).

               Nevertheless, the government asks for precisely the remedy we ruled out in

        Singletary: in lieu of vacating Kemp’s sentence and remanding for resentencing, it urges

        we should vacate only the unpronounced conditions in Kemp’s judgment. According to

        the government, a remand for resentencing would be no more than an empty formality,

        because the district court would undoubtedly resentence Kemp to life imprisonment. For

        support, the government points to our unpublished decision in United States v. Calderon,

        No. 19-4907, 2022 WL 898012, at *1 (Mar. 28, 2022) (per curiam), in which we indeed

        remedied a Rogers error – in the sentencing of a defendant subject to a mandatory life term

        of imprisonment – by vacating the unpronounced conditions without a remand.

               We decline to depart here from our ordinary rule that the remedy for Rogers error

        “is not . . . simply to strike the [unpronounced] conditions from the written judgment.”

        Singletary, 984 F.3d at 346.     The government’s argument – that a full remand for

        resentencing is pointless in Kemp’s case because the district court would likely reimpose

        the same sentence – could be pressed in virtually any case; an exception that broad would

        swallow the Singletary rule altogether. In Calderon, the defendant’s life sentence was

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        mandatory, so it at least was certain that his term of imprisonment would not change on

        remand. But here, Kemp was sentenced to a discretionary life sentence, at the top of his

        Sentencing Guidelines range, so a full resentencing could affect his term of incarceration. 3

        We recently reiterated that defendants who succeed on Rogers claims “are entitled to a full

        vacatur of their sentences and remand for resentencing” if they so request, Singletary II, 75

        F.4th at 427 n.7, and that is the rule we apply today. 4

                                                     III.

               For the reasons stated, we affirm Kemp’s judgment of conviction. We vacate

        Kemp’s sentence and remand for resentencing consistent with this opinion.

                                                                             AFFIRMED IN PART,
                                                                              VACATED IN PART,
                                                                               AND REMANDED

               3
                 Given this important distinction, we need not consider whether Calderon, an
        unpublished decision without precedential effect, is fully consistent with our reasoning in
        Singletary. Even assuming that Calderon’s approach is appropriate in cases involving
        mandatory life sentences, it would not apply to the discretionary sentence at issue here.
               4
                 Because we vacate Kemp’s sentence and remand for resentencing due to Rogers
        error, “we need not and should not proceed further to reach [his] additional arguments
        about his prior sentencing.” Singletary, 984 F.3d at 344. Accordingly, we deny as moot
        the government’s motion to dismiss, pursuant to Kemp’s appeal waiver, Kemp’s challenge
        to the calculation of his Sentencing Guidelines range.

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        QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge, concurring:

               I concur in the majority’s opinion. It properly applies our precedent to this appeal.

        But I write separately to address my concerns about what might be called our Rogers-

        Singletary jurisprudence. To me, the internal reasoning of Rogers and Singletary is

        inconsistent and conflicts with our precedent concerning errors in a written judgment. In

        addition, while our stated remedy for Rogers-Singletary errors is a full resentencing, we do

        not consistently employ it. Last, I am also concerned that requiring a full resentencing is

        unnecessary to adequately remedy Rogers-Singletary errors and out of step with how other

        courts of appeals address these issues. To explain my concerns, I will start by explaining

        the development and current approach we take toward Rogers-Singletary errors. I will then

        discuss some of the problems stemming from that approach. Lastly, I will prescribe what,

        in my view, would be the better approach to remedies. 1

                                                     I.

               How did we get here? A criminal defendant has the right to be present at his

        sentencing. That right is rooted in the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See United

        States v. Gagnon, 470 U.S. 522, 526 (1985). In practice, this right is reflected in Federal

        Rule of Criminal Procedure 43(a)(3). That Rule provides that “the defendant must be

               1
                 Lest anyone think I am throwing stones, I joined Rogers in full. I appreciate our
        effort to be faithful to Rule 43 and the reasons behind it. But my thinking has evolved as
        we continue to address these errors with our required full-resentencing remedy.

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        present at . . . sentencing.” To protect a criminal defendant’s right to be present, a district

        court must orally pronounce a defendant’s sentence in the defendant’s physical presence.

        See United States v. Lawrence, 248 F.3d 300, 303–04 (4th Cir. 2001).

               A Rule 43(a)(3) problem occurs when the district court’s oral sentencing

        pronouncement differs from the later written judgment. When the oral and written

        sentences diverge, the parties may justifiably wonder what the defendant’s actual sentence

        is. But this is not a new problem. A long line of cases establishes a general rule that if a

        criminal defendant’s eventual written judgment conflicts with the oral pronouncement at

        sentencing, the oral pronouncement controls over the written judgment. See Rakes v.

        United States, 309 F.2d 686, 687 (4th Cir. 1962) (“[T]he sentences to be served in these

        cases are those pronounced in the defendant’s presence in open court and not those set out

        in the written judgments.”); see also United States v. Morse, 344 F.2d 27, 31 n.1 (4th Cir.

        1965) (“To the extent of any conflict between this written order and the oral sentence, the

        latter is controlling.”). Our sister circuits have also recognized this rule. See United States

        v. Daddino, 5 F.3d 262, 266 n.5 (7th Cir. 1993) (collecting cases).

               A few years ago, our court addressed this issue in the context of discretionary

        conditions of supervised release not announced at sentencing but that appear in the written

        judgment. In United States v. Rogers, we held “that all non-mandatory conditions of

        supervised release must be announced at a defendant’s sentencing hearing.” 961 F.3d 291,

        296 (4th Cir. 2020). In that case, a criminal defendant’s written judgment included 22 non-

        mandatory or “discretionary” terms of supervised release that were not pronounced orally

        at sentencing. Id. at 295. We first analyzed whether “a condition that was not pronounced

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        orally at sentencing may be included in a later-filed written judgment without creating a

        conflict that will nullify the condition.” Id. at 296. Because discretionary terms, unlike

        mandatory ones, cannot be imposed without a district court’s “individualized assessment

        . . . that they are justified in light of the statutory factors,” id. at 297, we held that those

        terms must be orally pronounced 2 to protect a criminal defendant’s rights under Rule 43(a).

        Id.

               Requiring oral pronouncement of discretionary conditions, we reasoned, primarily

        protects a criminal defendant’s ability to object and “contest whether a discretionary

        condition is appropriate under all the relevant circumstances.” Id. at 298. Additionally, “the

        requirement that discretionary conditions be orally pronounced at sentencing brings the

        pronouncement rule into line with the requirement that discretionary conditions be

        adequately explained.” Id. (citing United States v. McMiller, 954 F.3d 670, 676 (4th Cir.

        2020)).

               In Rogers, we also prescribed a unique remedy for this situation. We accepted the

        defendant’s argument that “the oral sentence prevails, rendering the challenged conditions

        nullities,” id. at 295–96. But we then vacated the defendant’s entire sentence and remanded

        to the district court for a full resentencing, id. at 301. We suggested, however, that a

               2
                  But along with this bright-line rule, Rogers also stated that courts may properly
        orally pronounce a discretionary condition of supervised release through incorporation,
        without pronouncing each condition separately. That is, a district court satisfies its
        obligation to orally pronounce discretionary conditions by “expressly incorporating . . . a
        court-wide standing order that lists certain conditions of supervised release,” because the
        “later-issued written judgment that detail[ed] those conditions may be construed fairly as
        a ‘clarification’ of an otherwise ‘vague’ oral pronouncement.” 961 F.3d at 299.

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        different error potentially required this remedy. “Many of the discretionary conditions

        listed in Rogers’ written judgment are recommended by the Guidelines only under

        circumstances not present in this case or are not recommended by the Guidelines at all.”

        Id. at 301 n.3. So, we then claimed “that we would be required to vacate Rogers’ sentence

        no matter what rule we adopted.” Id. (emphasis added). In other words, we vacated for a

        full resentencing in Rogers not because of any problematic discretionary conditions, but

        because another error necessitated it. But the remedy of a full sentencing stuck.

               We reaffirmed and extended Rogers in United States v. Singletary. There, the

        criminal defendant’s written judgment included two non-mandatory conditions that had

        not been pronounced at sentencing. United States v. Singletary, 984 F.3d 341, 343 (4th Cir.

        2021). We reiterated that “[d]iscretionary conditions that appear for the first time in a

        subsequent written judgment . . . are nullities; the defendant has not been sentenced to

        those conditions, and a remand for resentencing is required.” Id. at 344. We also extended

        this principle by holding that these types of errors fall outside the scope of an appeal waiver

        as part of a plea agreement. See id. at 345. Because “the heart of a Rogers claim is that

        discretionary conditions appearing for the first time in a written judgment in fact

        have not been ‘imposed’ on the defendant,” any waiver of appeal rights concerning “the

        conviction and whatever sentence is imposed” did not cover the error. Id.

               Notably, Singletary doubled down on Rogers’ remedy—vacating and remanding for

        a full sentencing. We rejected the defendant’s argument to take a blue pencil to the

        judgment, vacating any unannounced additional discretionary conditions. See id. at 346

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        (“Under Rogers, the remedy for this error is not, as Singletary suggests, simply to strike

        the financial conditions from the written judgment.”).

               But we also rejected the government’s request to limit vacatur and resentencing to

        the conditions at issue, grounding that idea in a criminal defendant’s “unified sentence.”

        Id. at 364 n.4. Instead, Singletary required a full resentencing because “Rogers drew no

        distinction between the defendant’s supervised release sentence and his custodial sentence;

        instead, it simply vacated his entire sentence and remanded for resentencing.” Id. We also

        said in dicta that a full resentencing “appears to be the proper approach, given that

        ‘custodial and supervised release terms [are] components of one unified sentence.’” Id.

        (quoting United States v. Ketter, 908 F.3d 61, 65 (4th Cir. 2018)). Under that approach,

        “[t]reating custodial and supervised release terms as components of one unified sentence

        appropriately recognizes the interdependent relationship between incarceration and

        supervised release.” Ketter, 908 F.3d at 65. Because terms of incarceration and

        discretionary conditions of supervised release are “complementary tools employed by

        judges when crafting an appropriate sentence,” and because of the “reciprocal relationship

        between a prison sentence and a term of supervised release,” id. at 65–66, Singletary

        suggests that a full resentencing is the proper way to remedy a violation of a defendant’s

        right to be present.

                                                    II.

               What’s wrong with this? Three things. One, the internal reasoning of our approach

        to Rogers-Singletary errors is inconsistent. Two, we have not been consistent in how we

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        remedy errors in written judgments generally and Rogers-Singletary errors specifically.

        Three, our stated remedy for Rogers-Singletary errors—full resentencing—is unnecessary

        to remedy Rogers-Singletary errors and at odds with how other courts of appeal address

        the same issue.

               First, the description of any unannounced conditions as “nullities” in Rogers and

        Singletary is both inconsistent with the remedy those decisions require and departs from

        our prior precedent. By describing a condition detailed in the written judgment but

        unannounced at sentencing as a “nullity,” one might naturally assume that we would

        remedy the problem by ordering that this condition simply is not part of the judgment.

        Indeed, Singletary’s approach to appellate waiver accepts that unannounced conditions do

        not exist. See 984 F.3d at 345 (“[T]he heart of a Rogers claim is that discretionary

        conditions appearing for the first time in a written judgment in fact have not been

        ‘imposed’ on the defendant.”). But if an unannounced condition is really a nullity, why

        shouldn’t the remedy be to remand to conform the written judgment to the oral sentence?

        That is, if the criminal defendant has never actually been sentenced to an unannounced

        condition, then why not take a blue pencil to the judgment to conform it to the oral

        pronouncement? Moreover, isn’t taking a blue pencil to conform the written judgment

        more faithful to our own precedent on the right to be present? See Morse, 344 F.2d at 31

        n.1 (“The proper remedy is for the District Court to correct the written judgment so that it

        conforms with the sentencing court’s oral pronouncements.”).

               We are also beginning to see the uneven consequences of labeling unannounced

        supervised release conditions nullities. We reasoned in Singletary that referring to at-issue

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        conditions as nullities moves these types of errors outside the scope of a typical appeal

        waiver. See 984 F.3d at 345. But we also recently explained in United States v. Brantley

        that calling something a nullity “does not make the written judgment entered [by a district

        court] invalid.” No. 22-4166, 2023 WL 8215209, at *3 (4th Cir. Nov. 28, 2023). And

        because those judgments, “no matter how assertedly incorrect, are presumptively valid and

        binding,” defendants cannot use the “nullity” language to avoid our appellate deadlines. Id.

               Second, our approach to these errors inconsistently characterizes the right to be

        present as procedural at times and as substantive at others. In Rogers, we explained the

        “chief” reason for the requirement that a criminal defendant be present at sentencing was

        to preserve the ability to object and “contest whether a discretionary condition is

        appropriate under all the relevant circumstances.” 961 F.3d at 298. This language sounds

        procedural. But we have also used substantive language to defend the remedy. See

        Singletary, 984 F.3d at 346 n.4 (“[C]ustodial and supervised release terms [are]

        components of one unified sentence.”) (quoting Ketter, 908 F.3d at 65). Indeed, declaring

        a portion of a judgment as a “nullity” changes the substance of a criminal defendant’s

        sentence. And the majority’s holding here that defendants are entitled to a full resentencing

        for Rogers-Singletary errors “if they so request,” Maj. Op. at 15, suggests the right might

        be substantive.

               The inconsistency in classifying the right to be present as sometimes substantive,

        sometimes procedural, has also led us to prescribe vastly different remedies for similar

        types of errors. While Rogers and Singletary require a full sentencing for unannounced

        conditions that show up in the later written judgment, we do not always require that. In

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        some cases, when there is a slight difference between what was said at sentencing and what

        ends up in the written judgment, we have allowed for a limited remand to fix the written

        judgment rather than remanding for a full resentencing. See United States v. Locklear, No.

        21-4161, 2023 WL 2300394 (4th Cir. Mar. 1, 2023). In Locklear, the district court orally

        pronounced that the defendant would support his “children,” but the written judgment

        stated that he would support his “dependent.” Id. at *1. We held that “the remedy for a

        conflict of this nature is to remand to the district court to correct the written judgment so

        that it conforms with the sentencing court’s oral pronouncements.” Id. (internal quotations

        omitted).

               But we’ve also looked to the written judgment itself to resolve discrepancies. See

        United States v. Osborne, 345 F.3d 281, 283 n.1 (4th Cir. 2003) (“In light of this ambiguity,

        we shall look to the written criminal judgment as evidence of the sentencing court’s

        intent.”). In Osborne, the defendant challenged her 188-month written sentence after the

        district court orally pronounced a sentence of 180 months. Id. But because the sentencing

        guidelines were adopted and 180 months would have fallen below the range, we viewed

        the 180-month orally pronounced sentence as “ambiguous.” Id. Using the written

        judgment, along with the fact the court intended to follow the guidelines, we essentially

        corrected the oral pronouncement when “we conclude[d] that the district judge intended to

        sentence Osborne to 188 months” and affirmed the written judgment. Id.

               As noted by the majority, Maj. Op. 14–15 & n.3, where we confront a criminal

        defendant with a mandatory life sentence, we have forgone resentencing altogether. In

        United States v. Calderon, the defendant alleged a Rogers error because the court did not

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        announce two financial-related conditions of supervised release at his sentencing hearing

        that later appeared on his written judgment. No. 19-4907, 2022 WL 898012 at *1 (4th Cir.

        Mar. 28, 2022). We held that “[i]n these circumstances, we vacate the discretionary

        conditions of supervised release.” Id. But we declined a full resentencing “[g]iven

        Calderon’s mandatory life sentence” and simply blue penciled away the at-issue

        conditions. Id. From these cases, it is not even clear that we have a preferred remedy for

        Rogers-Singletary errors.

               Third, our approach of vacating for a full sentencing is an outlier among other

        circuits. Indeed, at the same time Rogers announced that we were “following the Fifth and

        Seventh Circuits” in recognizing this error, 961 F.3d at 297, neither circuit appears to

        require a full resentencing as the remedy. In United States v. Diggles, on which Rogers

        relies, the Fifth Circuit affirmed a decision that simply vacated unannounced conditions as

        the remedy. See 957 F.3d 551, 559 (5th Cir. 2020) (en banc). And in the Seventh Circuit’s

        decision in United States v. Anstice, the court “vacate[d] the non-mandatory additional

        conditions provided in the written judgment, and remand[ed] to allow the district court to

        modify and reconsider Anstice’s sentence with respect to the two non-mandatory

        conditions of supervised release.” 930 F.3d 907, 910 (7th Cir. 2019). Other circuits take a

        similar tack. See, e.g., United States v. Handakas, 329 F.3d 115, 119 (2d Cir.

        2003) (“[R]emand[ing] for reconsideration of the condition of supervised release

        restricting the Defendant’s employment.”); United States v. Montoya, 82 F.4th 640, 656

        (9th Cir. 2023) (en banc) (“[R]emand[ing] to the district court for the limited purpose of

        reconsidering the supervised release conditions we have vacated herein.” (internal

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        quotation marks omitted)). As far as I can tell, we are the only circuit to require a full

        resentencing to remedy a violation of the right to be present.

               To summarize, the full resentencing remedy mandated by Rogers and Singletary

        seems inconsistent with declaring unannounced supervised release conditions nullities and

        with Morse’s directive to conform written judgments to oral sentences. What’s more, we

        do not always follow what we seem to require in Rogers and Singletary. Finally, we do not

        have much company in our full-resentencing approach.

                                                    III.

               Where do we go from here? Should we stick with what we said in Rogers and

        Singletary and stop the deviations? Should we reiterate that a full resentencing is generally

        the appropriate remedy for Rogers-Singletary errors but continue to articulate exceptions?

        Or is there a better approach?

               To answer these questions, we should first be clear on what we are trying to

        accomplish. Our goal should be to correct the procedural error—the defendant needs to be

        physically present when any discretionary conditions are announced so that he can object

        to the conditions if necessary. A second goal should be to resolve any ambiguity between

        the oral pronouncement and the written judgment by determining the district court’s intent.

        And those goals point toward a more targeted remedy than a full resentencing. I see no

        reason to require a full resentencing. Our approach so far seems to be like using a

        sledgehammer to swat a fly. Instead, I suggest that for a mismatch between a district court’s

        oral pronouncement and written judgment, we should follow the Second Circuit’s approach

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        in Handakas, 329 F.3d at 119, and remand for a limited resentencing—giving district

        courts the choice of whether to vacate problematic conditions or to orally pronounce any

        unannounced condition. Under the Second Circuit’s approach, when there is a mismatch

        between the oral pronouncement and written judgment, the court remands for the limited

        purpose of allowing the district court to reconsider imposition of the at-issue condition,

        which also affords the defendant an opportunity to be present. See id. In practice, that gives

        the district court a choice. “On remand, if the district court intends to impose a

        [discretionary condition], it must give [the defendant] an opportunity to object and, if any

        such objections are overruled, orally announce the [condition] and again include [it] in a

        new written judgment. If the district court determines not to impose [the condition] on

        remand, an amended judgment must be issued deleting [it].” United States v. Grebinger,

        No. 20-1025-CR, 2021 WL 5142709, at *4 (2d Cir. Nov. 5, 2021).

               This approach would remedy the violation of a defendant’s procedural right to be

        present under Rule 43. And it would also be the best way to clarify the intent of a sentencing

        judge: “What was driving this judge’s decision to impose this sentence for this defendant?”

        United States v. Griffin, No. 21-50294, 2022 WL 17175592, at *6–8 (5th Cir. Nov. 23,

        2022) (Oldham, J., dissenting). After all, “a sentencing judge is the world’s leading expert

        on his own thought process.” Id.

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               Of lesser importance is drawing a line that prioritizes oral over written or written

        over oral. 3 Why do we need to pick a winner? Doing so may be what has led to our

        inconsistency in remedying Rogers-Singletary errors. Instead, why not just recognize that

        we have an ambiguity between the announced sentence and the written judgment and

        attempt to clear it up in a way that complies with Rule 43? Whether it be an unannounced

        condition that shows up for the first time in the written judgment, or slightly incongruent

        wording, we aim to understand what the sentencing judge was attempting to do. That is,

        our job should be to figure out whether the mismatch was on purpose (meaning the district

        court meant to add something or clarify something using the written judgment) or by

        mistake (meaning the district court simply forgot to orally announce conditions or did not

        do so clearly). In my view, our remedy should help resolve the intent questions that emerge

        during a mismatch while protecting a defendant’s right to be present under Rule 43.

               Finally, adopting a limited remand approach would bring us in line with the remedy

        we provide for similar errors. For example, in United States v. McMiller, 954 F.3d 670 (4th

               3
                  I struggle with our current logic that privileges an oral pronouncement over a
        written judgment. In virtually all other legal contexts, it is the written judgment, not an oral
        pronouncement from the bench, that governs the parties’ rights and obligations. See Griffin,
        2022 WL 17175592 at *9–10 (Oldham, J., dissenting) (describing the fundamental primacy
        of written judgments in our legal system). Additionally puzzling is that we seem to
        acknowledge that written judgments sometimes control over oral pronouncements. Under
        Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1, a federal court may later modify or enlarge the
        conditions of supervised release—without any oral pronouncement. More telling, Rogers
        itself says that the written can control in certain circumstances: a mandatory condition
        doesn’t have to be pronounced because a criminal defendant should be on notice. And as
        mentioned above, we sometimes defer to the written judgment to understand what was said
        at the oral pronouncement. United States v. Osborne, 345 F.3d 281, 283 n.1.

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        Cir. 2020), we addressed supervised release special conditions that were not explained.

        After concluding that the two special conditions imposed on the criminal defendant were

        “procedurally unreasonable,” we remanded to the district court for further explanation. Id.

        at 677. We did not blue pencil the conditions away. We did not order a full sentencing.

        Instead, we cured a procedural error with a proportionate remedy.

               In my view, it is time to rethink our approach to the remedy for Rogers-Singletary

        errors. A limited remand would provide flexibility to the district court judge while fully

        protecting the defendant’s right to be present.

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