Court Opinion

ID: 9364216
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-18 19:00:21.778672+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:36.671298
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-60458     Document: 00516614359         Page: 1   Date Filed: 01/18/2023

           United States Court of Appeals
                for the Fifth Circuit
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Fifth Circuit

                                                                             FILED
                                                                      January 18, 2023
                                  No. 22-60458                          Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                             Clerk

   In re: Louisiana Public Service Commission,

                                                                    Petitioner.

                        Petition for a Writ of Mandamus
                 to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
                              Agency No. EL21-56
                              Agency No. EL17-41
                              Agency No. EL18-142
                              Agency No. EL18-204
                              Agency No. EL18-152

   Before Higginbotham, Duncan, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
   Patrick E. Higginbotham, Circuit Judge:
         The Louisiana Public Service Commission (“LPSC”) petitions this
   court for a writ of mandamus compelling the Federal Energy Regulatory
   Commission (“FERC”) to resolve several of its complaints before the agency
   related to a ratemaking dispute with System Energy Resources, Inc.
   (“SERI”), operator of the Grand Gulf Nuclear Station. We conclude that
   FERC has yet to provide this court with sufficient explanation for its delay
   despite ongoing irreparable harm to consumers.
                                        I.
         FERC retains broad authority to regulate the transmission and sale of
   electricity in interstate commerce under the Federal Power Act, and
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                                           No. 22-60458

   adjudication before the agency represents the sole pathway for retail regula-
   tors to seek changes to regulated electricity rates. 1 Public utilities may file a
   new rate at any time under Section 205 of the Federal Power Act, 2 and other
   parties—such as retail regulators—may then assert that the rate is “unjust,
   unreasonable, unduly discriminatory or preferential” in a Section 206 com-
   plaint. 3
            In recent years, the LPSC—along with its counterparts in Arkansas,
   Mississippi, and New Orleans—have submitted several Section 206 com-
   plaints with FERC challenging SERI’s filed rates. The LPSC sought various
   remedies related to adjustment of SERI’s return on equity, depreciation
   rates, alleged violations of the filed rates, and alleged violations of FERC’s
   ratemaking and accounting requirements, among other grievances. One of
   the LPSC’s complaints has now stood before the agency for nearly six years, 4
   while two others have languished for at least four years. 5 FERC recently re-
   solved a fourth complaint four years and seven months after the LPSC filed
   it with the agency. 6 The LPSC also complained that FERC had not issued a

            1
              See 16 U.S.C. § 824. Section 205(c) of the Federal Power Act requires utilities to
   file rate schedules with FERC. A regulated seller of power may not collect a rate other than
   that filed with FERC. Ark. La. Gas Co. v. Hall, 453 U.S. 571, 578 (1981).
            2
                See 16 U.S.C. § 824d.
            3
                See id. § 824e(a).
            4
                Complaint, La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Sys. Energy Res., Inc., EL17-41 (Jan. 23,
   2017).
            5
           Complaint, La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Sys. Energy Res., Inc., EL18-142 (Apr. 27,
   2018); Complaint, La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Sys. Energy Res., Inc., EL18-204 (Sept. 24,
   2018).
            6
                Complaint, La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Sys. Energy Res., Inc., EL18-152 (May 18,
   2018).

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   preliminary order in a fifth complaint, 7 although FERC has now established
   hearing and settlement procedures in that matter—albeit one year and eight
   months after filing—providing the relief the LPSC sought in its petition.
            This court has jurisdiction over the LPSC’s petition to safeguard our
   prospective jurisdiction to review final FERC orders under the Federal
   Power Act. 8 When federal appellate courts have jurisdiction to review agency
   action, “the All Writs Act empowers those courts to issue a writ of manda-
   mus compelling the agency to complete the action.” 9 This court also has ju-
   risdiction under § 706(1) of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) to
   “compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.” 10 We
   interpret the All Writs Act and the APA to provide separate, but closely in-
   tertwined, grounds for mandamus relief. 11

            7
                 Complaint, La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Sys. Energy Res., Inc., EL21-56 (Mar. 2,
   2021).
            8
            16 U.S.C. § 825l(b); Telecomms. Rsch. & Action Ctr. v. F.C.C. (“TRAC”), 750 F.2d
   70, 75–78 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
            9
             In re Nat’l Nurses United, 47 F.4th 746, 753 (D.C. Cir. 2022); see also Guillory v.
   Chater, 91 F.3d 140 (5th Cir. 1996) No. 95-31195, 1996 WL 400294, at *2 (5th Cir. 1996)
   (unpublished per curiam) (“[T]he federal courts are open to those alleging that an agency
   decision has been delayed so long as to merit the extraordinary relief of a writ of mandamus
   directing the agency to resolve the issue with dispatch.”); United States v. Marine Shale
   Processors, 81 F.3d 1329, 1337 (5th Cir. 1996) (noting the “clear availability” of mandamus
   to compel an agency to act more expeditiously (quoting United States v. Gen. Motors Corp.,
   876 F.2d 1060, 1068 (1st Cir. 1989), aff’d, 496 U.S. 530 (1990))).
            10
             5 U.S.C. § 706(1). See also Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc. v. Asbestos Health Claimants,
   17 F.3d 130, 133 n.9 (5th Cir. 1994); Atl. & Gulf Stevedores, Inc. v. Donovan, 274 F.2d 794,
   802 (5th Cir. 1960).
            11
             See Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness All., 542 U.S. 55, 64 (2004) (“In this regard the
   APA carried forward the traditional practice prior to its passage, when judicial review was
   achieved through use of the so-called prerogative writs—principally writs of mandamus
   under the All Writs Act.”).

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                                                 II.
           In its petition, the LPSC argues that mandamus is appropriate because
   Congress intended for FERC to work through Section 206 complaints more
   quickly, FERC has violated a statutory command by failing to do so, and
   FERC inaction is causing irreparable injury to consumers. FERC responds
   that mandamus is an extraordinary remedy; these complaints represent just
   a subset of the thirteen different proceedings addressing the Entergy system;
   there is no deadline—express or implied—for FERC action; and a recent
   D.C. Circuit opinion overturned the agency’s methodology for complaints
   like these, rendering the delay reasonable.
           We conclude that although Congress did not impose a hard and fast
   deadline for FERC to resolve complaints, 12 it certainly anticipated greater
   alacrity than this. Congress passed the Regulatory Fairness Act (“RFA”)
   decades ago to push FERC to provide greater attention to Section 206 pro-
   ceedings. 13 Congress found the statutory remedy necessary at a time when
   “Section 205 proceedings on average require[d] one year for resolution,”
   compared with “two years on average” for Section 206 proceedings. 14 The

           12
              See Exxon Mobil Corp. v. FERC, 571 F.3d 1208, 1218 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (“[Section
   206] does not . . . set a deadline for action.”). The LPSC also argues that the Federal Power
   Act requires FERC to issue a preliminary decision on Section 206 complaints within 60
   days. The LPSC reasons that FERC must act on utilities’ Section 205 rate filings within 60
   days, see 16 U.S.C. § 824d(d), and that the RFA requires parity between Section 205 and
   Section 206 filings, see 16 U.S.C. § 824e. Section 206 complaints must therefore receive
   action within 60 days, the LPSC concludes. This line of argument fails, however, because
   the Federal Power Act does not require FERC to take any action on Section 205 rate
   filings—utilities’ rates simply go into effect after 60 days unless FERC acts. See 16 U.S.C.
   § 824d(d).
           13
             Regulatory Fairness Act, Pub. L. No. 100–473, 102 Stat. 2299 (1988) (codified at
   16 U.S.C. § 824e).
           14
                Sen. Rep. 100-491 at 3, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988).

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   RFA requires FERC to afford Section 206 consumer complaints the same
   priority as utilities’ Section 205 rate filings and “otherwise act as speedily as
   possible” to resolve complaints. 15 The RFA also requires FERC to provide
   an explanation when it has “failed to” conclude any Section 206 proceeding
   within 180 days. 16 FERC appears to regularly ignore this requirement, 17 and
   it has not provided any explanations to the LPSC in this case. The RFA ad-
   ditionally includes a 15-month refund period following the filing of a Section
   206 complaint, after which payments made under unjust rates becomes un-
   recoverable. 18 The Act also required FERC to perform a study examining any
   resulting “change in the average time taken to resolve proceedings under
   [S]ection 206.” 19 The RFA reflects Congress’s sentiment at the time that
   FERC should take action within one or two years, and the lack of an explicit
   deadline does not preclude a finding that FERC has delayed unreasonably in
   this case.
           Despite the RFA’s guidance, Section 206 proceedings before FERC
   appear to take much longer, costing consumers hundreds of millions of dol-
   lars and pressuring parties to settle. The remaining LPSC complaints have
   gone four-to-six years without resolution. FERC argues that a writ of manda-
   mus might unfairly allow the LPSC to skip to the front of FERC’s queue,
   noting that some complaints are one or two years older than those the LPSC
   filed. But in making that point, FERC concedes that some Section 206 pro-
   ceedings have stretched beyond those at issue here, meaning that many

           15
                Regulatory Fairness Act, 102 Stat. at 2299.
           16
                Id.
           17
             See, e.g., Exxon Mobil Corp., 571 F.3d at 1218 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (noting that FERC
   did not provide an explanation).
           18
                Regulatory Fairness Act, 102 Stat. at 2299.
           19
                Id. at 2301.

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   consumers have been paying unjust rates—without hope for a refund—for
   more than six years. The LPSC argues that consumers are over-paying SERI
   by about $4 million per month due to the activity alleged in one complaint.
   Another complaint alleges that consumers in Louisiana unjustly paid a fur-
   ther $360 million in costs for Grand Gulf. 20 These estimates gain credibility
   from the fact that the Mississippi Public Service Commission recently settled
   with SERI for $235 million. 21 And the unrecoverable cost to consumers grows
   every day FERC delays in taking final action.
              FERC points out that it has taken preliminary action on these com-
   plaints. Indeed, an administrative law judge issued an initial decision on the
   remaining set of complaints in March of 2021. 22 But FERC then took no fur-
   ther steps toward a final decision for more than a year, and the matter still
   awaits resolution nearly two years later. FERC’s argument that the LPSC
   cannot be allowed the “jump the queue” is also unhelpful, given that the
   LPSC really complains about the age of that wait list rather than its position
   in it. FERC also points to recent judicial opinions rejecting its method for
   calculating utilities’ return on equity. 23 Yet these speedbumps—five years
   apart—do not explain proceedings lasting four-to-six years. And FERC runs
   the risk that intervening litigation will upset ongoing matters stretching over
   such a long time frame.

              20
                   See Complaint, La. Pub. Serv. Comm’n v. Sys. Energy Res., Inc., EL21-56 (Mar.
   2, 2021).
              21
                   Order Approving Uncontested Settlement, 181 FERC ¶ 61,120 ¶ 12 (Nov. 17,
   2022).
              22
                   Initial Decision, 174 FERC ¶ 63,024 (March 24, 2021) (FERC Docket EL17-41
   et al.).
              23
             See generally Emera Maine v. FERC, 854 F.3d 9 (D.C. Cir. 2017); MISO
   Transmission Owners v. FERC, 45 F.4th 248 (D.C. Cir. 2022).

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                                          No. 22-60458

           FERC is correct that ratemaking is challenging work, 24 and we are
   fully aware of the difficulties attending the substitution of nuclear for other
   power sources, with its attendant difficulties of allocating huge installation
   costs among electrical suppliers now looking to a new power source. 25 Yet
   Congress has duly charged FERC with this important duty, 26 and FERC has
   yet to provide this court with a meaningful explanation for its inability to ex-
   peditiously conclude Section 206 proceedings. FERC must convince this
   court that it has acted “within a reasonable time . . . to conclude [the] matter
   presented to it.” 27 In failing to do so, FERC risks judicial intervention to pro-
   tect the rights of the parties before it and the interests of consumers.
                                              ****
           We ORDER the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to provide
   this court—within 21 days—with a meaningful explanation for the length of
   time the Commission takes for final action in Section 206 complaint proceed-
   ings, including those at issue here. This court will retain jurisdiction over this
   case in the interim.

           24
              See Farmers Union Cent. Exch., Inc. v. FERC, 734 F.2d 1486, 1508 (D.C. Cir.
   1984) (“It has been stated that rate making is the most complicated and difficult work
   connected with transportation.” (quoting The Economic Regulation of Business and Industry:
   A Legislative History of U.S. Regulatory Agencies 667 (B. Schwartz ed. 1973) (remarks of Rep.
   Knapp))).
           25
            See, e.g., Mississippi Power & Light Co. v. Mississippi ex rel. Moore, 487 U.S. 354,
   360–64 (1988) (discussing difficult cost allocation issues related to Grand Gulf).
           26
                When it created FERC, Congress charged the Commission with the
   “establishment, review, and enforcement of rates and charges for the transmission or sale
   of electric energy.” Department of Energy Organization Act, Pub. L. No. 95-91, 91 Stat.
   565, 584 (1977).
           27
                5 U.S.C. § 555(b).

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