Court Opinion

ID: 6342711
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-20 17:02:17.686308+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:12.427648
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/20/22 P. v. Baca CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

    THE PEOPLE,                                                                                C092948

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      (Super. Ct. No. 01F07786)

           v.

    PEDRO WILLIAM BACA,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         On February 4, 2003, a jury found defendant Pedro William Baca guilty of first
degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a); count one),1 attempted murder (§ 664/187,
subd. (a); count two), and assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1); count three).
The jury also determined that in the commission of the murder and attempted murder,
defendant had committed certain enhancements, including that he had personally “used,

1   Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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and intentionally discharged” a gun proximately causing both the death of the murder
victim and the great bodily injury of the attempted murder victim (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)).
We affirmed his convictions and judgment on appeal. (People v. Baca (Apr. 7, 2004,
C043828) [nonpub. opn.] (Baca).)
       This appeal concerns the trial court’s August 31, 2020, denial of defendant’s
postjudgment petition for resentencing under section 1170.95, enacted as part of Senate
Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015) (Senate Bill 1437). While
this appeal was pending, the Governor approved Senate Bill No. 775 (2021-2022 Reg.
Sess.) (Senate Bill 775). This legislation took effect on January 1, 2022, and amends
section 1170.95 to permit certain persons convicted of attempted murder to seek relief.
(Cal. Const., art. IV, § 8; Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.)
       Given this legislative change, we now must decide whether defendant is correct
that the trial court erred in relying upon his record of conviction to deny his petition at the
prima facie stage.2 The People oppose defendant’s claim of error, arguing the jury’s true
findings on the section 12022.53, subdivision (d) enhancements necessarily preclude
defendant’s ability to state a prima facie case for relief because they conclusively
establish the jury did not rely on a natural and probable consequences theory. As we
shall explain, we agree that the implications flowing from the jury’s enhancement
determinations preclude defendant’s ability to state a prima facie case for relief.
Accordingly, we will affirm the trial court’s post-judgment order.

2 We will not address defendant’s remaining arguments that no longer speak to the
appropriate outcome of this appeal in light of this change and successive developments in
case law.

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                                     BACKGROUND
The Underlying Murder and Attempted Murder
       We take the factual description of the events underlying defendant’s convictions
from our analysis finding sufficient corroboration of accomplice testimony as recounted
in our previous unpublished appellate opinion. (Baca, supra, C043828.)
       “After finishing work at his family’s restaurant about 7:00 p.m., [Anthony]
Garnica [the murder victim] and his coworker, [L.W.] [the assault victim], walked to a
Quik Stop market, where they met another friend, [J.A.] Garnica’s girlfriend, their son,
and another child drove into the lot. Garnica gave his girlfriend money to buy alcohol.
As she did what she was told, she encountered [J.M.], [Rocky] Gonzales [a codefendant],
and defendant, one of whom spoke to her and thus provoked Garnica. He stated, “ ‘Shut
up, she’s mines [sic].’ ” [J.M.] retorted, “ ‘Who the fuck you telling to shut up?’ ” He
also asked Garnica if he was a “scrap,” a derogatory gang term referring to members of a
Hispanic gang associated with Southern California. At some point, [J.M.] grabbed the
beer bottle Garnica was holding. Eventually, [J.M.] apologized to Garnica for
approaching his girlfriend and the two of them shook hands. Defendant did not appear to
be involved in the argument.
       “Gonzale[s], [J.M.], and defendant bought their beer and left, although there is
conflicting testimony as to whether defendant rode in the cab or the bed of the truck or
whether he left on foot. [J.M.] testified that he could not find defendant and they drove to
defendant’s house looking for him. All the witnesses agree that a few minutes later,
Gonzale[s] and [J.M.] got into a fight with Garnica and [L.W.]. During the fight,
someone shot Garnica and [L.W.]. [L.W.] testified he did not see the shooter, but he did
not see defendant during the fight. [L.W.] recovered; Garnica did not. The cause of
death was a distant-range gunshot wound to the lower back.

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       “[J.M.] testified that Garnica and [L.W.] jumped him, they exchanged blows, he
heard a gunshot, and then he saw defendant walk around the corner with a black revolver
in his hand. Defendant, according to [J.M.], then shot at Garnica.[3]
       “The prosecution stipulated the immunity agreement with [J.M.] had been
withdrawn because he had not been truthful during the preliminary hearing. Moreover,
defense counsel exposed a series of lies [J.M.] told during the investigation and
prosecution of the charges. [J.M.] insisted he was not a member of a gang despite
photographs showing him throwing gang signs with other gang members, his red attire,
his friendship with known gang members, and his use of gang terminology.
       “[J.A.] testified that the shooting occurred just a few minutes after the first
altercation. After everyone left, he spoke to the owner of the Quik Mart for four or five
minutes and then drove down Franklin Boulevard. He saw Garnica face down on the
ground and drove to the restaurant to inform Garnica’s parents. He estimated that no
more than three to six minutes elapsed between the time the victims left the store and the
time he saw Garnica on the ground.
       “Defendant had broken off his relationship with his girlfriend, [Je.M.], a day or
two before the shooting. Nevertheless, she visited him in prison about a hundred times.
She testified that she was unable to remember much of anything because she smoked a
lot of marijuana every day. During the investigation, she told a police officer that she
spoke to defendant on the telephone six days after the shooting. He tearfully told her that
he wanted to hold her once more because he had done something wrong, and he was
going to be gone for a long time. The meaning of defendant’s statement was hotly

3 As we highlighted in our previous opinion, J.M. was “[d]efendant’s lifelong friend”
and “testified that he saw defendant shoot at the victim, Anthony Garnica.” (Baca, supra,
C043828.) As the only witness to the shooting, J.M. was “subjected to a searing cross-
examination, during which the defense exposed his motive to lie, his propensity to lie,
and his history of lying.” (Ibid.)

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contested at trial. The prosecution argued the statement was a blatant admission of guilt;
defendant shot Garnica and was on the run. The defense argued that defendant admitted
not to the shooting of Garnica, but to shooting at an inhabited dwelling. At the time of
the telephone conversation, [Je.M.] did not know about the homicide. She believed
defendant had shot at a relative’s house. But during the conversation, she repeatedly told
defendant not to tell her what he had done wrong or why he would be gone for a long
time.
        “[Je.M.] also testified that defendant brought home a gun when they lived
together. A .32-caliber cartridge was found beneath defendant’s couch and the slug taken
from Garnica’s body was also a .32-caliber. Defendant’s apartment was across the street
from the shooting.” (Baca, supra, C043828.)
        As previously noted, and in pertinent part, the jury convicted defendant of first
degree murder (§ 187, subd. (a); count one) and attempted murder (§ 664/187, subd. (a);
count two) and found true the enhancement allegations that defendant had personally
“used, and intentionally discharged” a gun proximately causing both the death of the
murder victim and the great bodily injury of the attempted murder victim (§ 12022.53,
subd. (d).) Thereafter, the trial court sentenced defendant to an aggregate prison term of
nine years plus three consecutive terms of 25 years to life. We upheld that judgment on
appeal. (Baca, supra, C043828.)
The Section 1170.95 Petition for Resentencing
        Thereafter on January 24, 2020, defendant filed a form section 1170.95 petition
checking the boxes necessary to request resentencing relief and attaching portions of the
reporter’s transcript as well as portions of the written jury instructions, to wit, the natural
and probable consequences doctrine instruction (CALJIC No. 3.02). Defendant further
submitted a letter requesting the judge file the petition and appoint counsel to represent
him.

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       The trial court appointed counsel to represent defendant in his section 1170.95
petition and briefing regarding this request ensued, including the People’s argument that
defendant was ineligible for relief because the jury’s finding on the section 12022.53,
subdivision (d) enhancement established that he was the actual killer. In response to the
People’s arguments, defendant’s attorney incorrectly asserted that defendant’s jury was
not instructed on the natural and probable consequence doctrine and asked the court to
conduct a review in the spirit of People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436.
       On August 31, 2020, the trial court issued a written ruling finding defendant
ineligible for relief as a matter of law. This ruling acknowledged that while defendant’s
jury had not been instructed on felony murder, it had been “instructed on the natural-and-
probable-consequences doctrine of accomplice liability pursuant to CALJIC No. 3.02
with regard to both murder and attempted murder; the target offenses specified in
[CALJIC No.] 3.02 were disturbing the peace, assault with a firearm, assault, and assault
with a deadly weapon.”
       Nevertheless, the trial court reasoned that the jury’s true finding under
section 12022.53, subdivision (d) “that defendant Baca himself had personally discharged
the firearm that proximately caused Garnica’s death and [L.W.]’s great bodily injury”
indicated that “the jury had apparently found that defendant Baca was the actual shooter.
As such, it would not have utilized the natural-and-probable-consequences doctrine to
convict defendant Baca of either the murder or attempted murder. This is evident,
because⸺had the jury utilized the natural-and-probable-consequences doctrine⸺it would
have found true only the vicarious-liability enhancements under Penal Code
section 12022.53 [subdivisions] (d) [and] (e)(1), and not the separate actual-shooter
enhancements under Penal Code section 12022.53 [subdivision] (d).”
       The trial court continued that while defendant maintained he was not the actual
shooter, the Third District Court of Appeal decision had found sufficient evidence to
support the jury’s determination otherwise, specifically that sufficient evidence

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corroborated accomplice J.M.’s testimony that he saw defendant shoot at the murder
victim. “Therefore it is beyond a reasonable doubt to this court that the evidence was
sufficient to support defendant Baca’s murder conviction and attempted-murder
conviction based on a theory that defendant Baca was the actual shooter of both victims,
directly causing the murder-victim’s death and the attempted-murder-victim’s great
bodily injury.” Accordingly, the trial court determined defendant’s section 1170.95
petition failed because he could not establish that he could not now be convicted of
murder because of statutory changes to sections 188 and 189. (§ 1170.95, subd. (a)(3).)
On the contrary, “[b]ased on the jury’s verdicts and findings, it is beyond a reasonable
doubt to this court that the jury found defendant Baca guilty of first-degree murder as
well as attempted murder without reliance on the natural-and-probable doctrine.” In light
of this determination, the court found it unnecessary to analyze whether section 1170.95
might apply to attempted murder. Defendant timely appealed.
                                      DISCUSSION
       In 2018, the Legislature enacted Senate Bill 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) which,
with only one exception not relevant here,4 amended section 188 to require proof of
personal malice aforethought in all murder convictions. (§ 188, subd. (a)(3), as amended
by Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 2.) “The effect of the new law was to eliminate liability for
murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine.” (People v. Offley (2020)
48 Cal.App.5th 588, 594 (Offley) ; see also People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 838-
839 (Gentile) [case law and Senate Bill 1437 have eliminated the natural and probable
consequence’s applicability to murder in the first and second degree].) The legislation
also enacted section 1170.95, which provides a mechanism allowing a petitioner to
request vacatur of a murder conviction where that petitioner could not have been

4 The exception applies in cases prosecuted under the felony-murder rule. (§§ 188,
subd. (a)(3), 189, subd. (e).)

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convicted of murder under the new law. It further provides for resentencing of those
petitioners who were so convicted. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4; Gentile, at p. 843.)
       Prior to Senate Bill 775, appellate courts unanimously held section 1170.95
inapplicable to final convictions for attempted murder. (See, e.g., People v. Dennis
(2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 838, 844-847, review granted July 29, 2020, S262184; People v.
Lopez (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 1087, 1103-1105, review granted Nov. 13, 2019, S258175;
People v. Munoz (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 738, 754-756). However, Senate Bill 775
amended subdivision (a) of section 1170.95 to read, in pertinent part: “A person
convicted of . . . attempted murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine
. . . may file a petition with the court that sentenced the petitioner to have the petitioner’s
. . . attempted murder . . . conviction vacated and to be resentenced on any remaining
counts . . . .” (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.) Thus, certain petitioners convicted of attempted
murder are now eligible to seek relief under section 1170.95.
       Section 1170.95, subdivisions (b) and (c) create a two-step process for evaluating
a petitioner’s eligibility for relief. (People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 960-962
(Lewis).) First, the trial court determines whether the petition is facially sufficient under
section 1170.95, subdivision (b). (Lewis, at p. 960.) If the petition is facially sufficient,
then the trial court moves on to subdivision (c), appointing counsel (if requested) and
following the briefing schedule set out in the statute. (Id. at p. 966.) Following the
completion of this briefing, the trial court then determines whether the petitioner has
made a prima facie showing he or she is entitled to relief. (Ibid.)
       As the Supreme Court explained, “[w]hile the trial court may look at the record of
conviction after the appointment of counsel to determine whether a petitioner has made a
prima facie case for section 1170.95 relief, the prima facie inquiry under subdivision (c)
is limited. Like the analogous prima facie inquiry in habeas corpus proceedings, ‘ “the
court takes petitioner’s factual allegations as true and makes a preliminary assessment
regarding whether the petitioner would be entitled to relief if his or her factual allegations

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were proved. If so, the court must issue an order to show cause.” ’ [Citation.] ‘[A] court
should not reject the petitioner’s factual allegations on credibility grounds without first
conducting an evidentiary hearing.’ [Citation.] ‘However, if the record, including the
court’s own documents, “contain[s] facts refuting the allegations made in the petition,”
then “the court is justified in making a credibility determination adverse to the
petitioner.” ’ [Citation.]” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971.)
       Here, defendant filed a form petition that facially met the prerequisites for seeking
relief under section 1170.95, subdivision (a)(1) through (3). Thereafter, the People
argued in briefing and the trial court accepted, that defendant was ineligible because the
jury had determined that defendant had personally discharged the firearm that
proximately caused the murder victim’s death and the great bodily injury victim’s great
bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)). Premised upon these findings, the trial court
concluded that the jury necessarily found defendant guilty of first degree murder and
attempted murder without relying upon the natural and probable consequences doctrine,
thus precluding relief. We agree.
       Here, the jury determined that in the commission of the murder and attempted
murder, defendant had personally “used, and intentionally discharged” a gun proximately
causing both the death of the murder victim and the great bodily injury of the attempted
murder victim (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)). Defendant argues these findings should not
preclude his petition for relief because the jury instruction concerning this enhancement
does not require either a finding of express or implied malice. As such, he reasons, it
cannot establish that the jury convicted him on a theory of malice murder and/or
attempted murder (§§ 664, 187, 188) without utilizing the natural and probable
consequence doctrine. (See CALJIC No. 17.19.5; Offley, supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at
p. 597-598 [true finding on § 12022.53, subd. (d) enhancement does not require either
“an intent to kill” or “conscious disregard” for human life and as such does not establish
as a matter of law that a defendant acted with malice aforethought for purposes of

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murder].) While there may be some initial appeal to this argument, it does not survive
scrutiny.
       Prior to the amendments of Senate Bill 1437, the natural and probable
consequence doctrine was utilized to run accomplice liability for both the crime that an
individual intended to aid and abet, as well as “any other offense committed that [was]
the natural and probable consequence of the aided and abetted crime.” (Gentile, supra,
10 Cal.5th at pp. 838-839.) Thus, it was a theory that could be utilized to extend liability
for a victim’s murder beyond the actual killer, to individuals who aided and abetted target
offenses the natural and probable consequence of which was murder. (Ibid.; Offley,
supra, 48 Cal.App.5th at p. 595.) The same was true of attempted murder. (People v.
Miranda (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 398, 409-410.)
       Here, the jury’s findings that defendant intentionally fired the gun proximately
causing the murder victim’s death and attempted murder victim’s great bodily injury,
implicitly included a determination that defendant was the actual killer/attempted killer.
(See People v. Cornelius (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 54, 58, abrogated on another point in
Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 961-962.) As such, the jury did not utilize the natural and
probable consequences theory to extend murder or attempted murder liability from
another individual to defendant. Rather, the jury determined defendant was the
killer/attempted killer, and thus, guilty of the non-target offenses of first degree malice
murder and attempted murder as the actual perpetrator. Accordingly, Senate Bill 1437’s
changes to sections 188 and 189 are inapplicable to him as a matter of law. (See
Cornelius, at p. 58 [actual killer convicted of second degree murder ineligible for relief].)

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                              DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order denying defendant’s section 1170.95 petition is affirmed.

                                              \s\                     ,
                                          BLEASE, Acting P. J.

We concur:

    \s\              ,
RENNER, J.

    \s\              ,
KRAUSE, J.

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