Court Opinion

ID: 8405522
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-26 16:08:00.696427+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:53.772185
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Elliott, 2022-Ohio-3778.]

                        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                            THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 LOGAN COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,
                                                          CASE NO. 8-21-35
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,

        v.

MICHAEL TODD ELLIOTT,                                     OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

                   Appeal from Logan County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. CR 20 09 0209

      Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and Cause Remanded

                             Date of Decision: October 24, 2022

APPEARANCES:

         William T. Cramer for Appellant

         Stacia L. Rapp for Appellee
Case No. 8-21-35

WILLAMOWSKI, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant Michael T. Elliott (“Elliott”) appeals the judgment

of the Logan County Court of Common Pleas, arguing that his six convictions for

rape are against the manifest weight of the evidence; that his conviction for having

weapons under a disability and his four convictions for firearm specifications are

against the manifest weight of the evidence; and that R.C. 2967.271 (“the Reagan

Tokes Law”) is unconstitutional. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment of

the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed in part.

                            Facts and Procedural History

       {¶2} On May 20, 2020, Terry Schneider (“Schneider”) was working at the

Board of Elections in Logan County when he heard someone “sobbing and crying

outside * * *.” Tr. 393-394. Schneider went outside where he observed a woman

holding a baby. Tr. 394. This woman was later identified as A.Y. Tr. 394, 398.

Schneider testified that A.Y.

       came into the shop. She said that somebody * * * had her locked
       in a room or in a house and she finally got out. She didn’t have
       no way of calling anybody so she walked down that far [to the
       Board of Elections]. And * * * she was worried that he would
       come and get ahold of her and find her.

Tr. 395. Schneider then called the police. Tr. 395. Officer Jason Boy (“Officer

Boy”) responded to this call. Tr. 399. A.Y. stated that Elliott, who she had been

living with up until that time, had assaulted her. Tr. 373, 377, 384, 399. Officer

Boy then ensured that A.Y. got to a domestic abuse shelter. Tr. 400, 406.

                                           -2-
Case No. 8-21-35

       {¶3} On August 24, 2020, Leslie Joseph (“Joseph”) was working as an

emergency room nurse at the Mary Rutan Hospital. Tr. 196, 199. Joseph stated that

J.F. came to the hospital, seeking treatment. Tr. 187. Joseph testified that J.F.

eventually reported that she had been raped. Tr. 188. Officer Tanner Peterson

(“Officer Peterson”) of the Bellefontaine Police Department was then summoned to

meet with J.F. at the hospital. Tr. 196, 199. Officer Peterson testified that J.F. was

distraught, crying, and upset when he met with her. Tr. 200. He also observed that

she had bruises on her arm, around her right eye, above her mouth, below her neck,

and on her back. Tr. 200, 203-205. Ex. 1-9. Officer Peterson took a written

statement from J.F. Ex. 12.

       {¶4} Because J.F. identified Elliott as her assailant, Officer Peterson

proceeded to arrest Elliott later that day. Tr. 210. Further, since J.F. had also

reported that Elliott had a handgun and two shotguns with him during the night of

the incident, the police also searched Elliott’s residence for firearms. Tr. 202-203,

207, 213. Elliott lived on a property owned by his mother. Tr. 208-209. During a

search of this property, the police did not locate any firearms, but they did discover

a pellet gun, “pieces of a weapon that was taken apart,” and some ammunition. Tr.

207-208, 212. After Elliott’s arrest was reported in the news, law enforcement

communicated with A.Y., who also alleged that Elliott had raped her during their

relationship. Tr. 210, 383, 390.

                                         -3-
Case No. 8-21-35

         {¶5} On September 8, 2020, Elliott was indicted on thirteen criminal counts.

Doc. 2.        These charges included two counts of rape in violation of R.C.

2907.02(A)(2), felonies of the first degree, with one of these counts carrying a

firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141(A); one count of having weapons while

under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3), a felony of the third degree; one

count of menacing by stalking in violation of R.C. 2903.211(A)(1), a felony of the

fourth degree, with a firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141(A); one count of

felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), a felony of the second degree,

with a firearm specification under R.C. 2941.141(A); and one count of intimidation

of an attorney, victim, or witness in a criminal case in violation of R.C.

2921.04(B)(1), a felony of the third degree, with a firearm specification under R.C.

2941.141(A).1 Doc. 2.

         {¶6} During the course of an investigation into Elliott, law enforcement came

into contact with four additional women—K.L., P.H., H.S., and J.M.—who had

each been in relationships with Elliott and who each alleged that he had previously

raped them. Tr. 210. On January 12, 2021, the State filed a superseding indictment

that added four counts of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), first degree

felonies, to the thirteen charges in the original indictment. Doc. 57. At this point,

1
 This listing only includes the charges that Elliott has challenged in this appeal. The charges in the indictment
that he did not challenge in this appeal include the following: one count of menacing by stalking in violation
of R.C. 2903.211(A)(1), a felony of the fourth degree; one count of felonious assault in violation of R.C.
2903.11(A)(1), a felony of the second degree; two counts of domestic violence in violation of R.C.
2919.25(A); and three counts of violating a protection order in violation of R.C. 2919.27(A)(1), felonies of
the fifth degree. Doc. 2.

                                                      -4-
Case No. 8-21-35

Elliott had seventeen charges against him that included six counts of rape and four

firearm specifications. Doc. 57.

           {¶7} On September 1, 2021, the State dismissed two of the charges against

Elliott. Doc. 199.2 On September 14, 2021, Elliott pled guilty to three of the charges

against him. Doc. 212.3 After a three day trial, the jury returned verdicts of guilty

on each of the twelve remaining charges against Elliott. Doc. 57, 238. The jury

also found Elliott guilty of the four firearm specifications. Doc. 238. On November

2, 2021, the trial court issued its judgment entry of sentencing. Doc. 245. Elliott

received two indefinite sentences pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law. Doc. 245.

Altogether, Elliott was sentenced to serve an aggregate prison term from seventy-

four years and five months up to seventy-nine years and eleven months. Doc. 245.

           {¶8} Elliott filed his notice of appeal on November 8, 2021. Doc. 255. On

appeal, he raises the following three assignments of error:

                                       First Assignment of Error

           The weight of the evidence did not support the convictions for
           rape in counts five, ten, and fourteen through seventeen.

                                      Second Assignment of Error

           The weight of the evidence did not support the conviction for
           having a weapon while under disability in count three and the
           firearm specifications in counts one, three, four, and five.

                                       Third Assignment of Error

2
    The State dismissed the two counts of domestic violence. Doc. 199.
3
    Elliott pled guilty to the three counts of violating a protection order. Doc. 212.

                                                        -5-
Case No. 8-21-35

         Indefinite prison terms imposed under the Reagan Tokes Law
         violate the jury trial guarantee, the doctrine of separation of
         powers, and due process principles under the federal and state
         constitutions.

                                      First Assignment of Error

         {¶9} Elliott argues that his six convictions for rape in violation of R.C.

2907.02(A)(2) are against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the sake of

clarity, we will consider his rape conviction for the fifth count in the superseding

indictment in a separate legal analysis from his rape convictions for the tenth,

fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth counts in the superseding

indictment.4

                                             Legal Standard

         {¶10} The manifest weight of the evidence analysis examines whether the

State has carried its burden of persuasion at trial. State v. Wilson, 2022-Ohio-504,

185 N.E.3d 176, ¶ 58 (3d Dist.), citing State v. Richey, 2021-Ohio-1461, 170 N.E.3d

933, ¶ 29 (3d Dist.). In this process, “an appellate court’s function * * * is to

determine whether the greater amount of credible evidence supports the verdict.”

State v. Harvey, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-19-34, 2020-Ohio-329, ¶ 12, quoting State

v. Plott, 2017-Ohio-38, 80 N.E.3d 1108, ¶ 73 (3d Dist.).

4
  After the State dismissed two charges and Elliott pled guilty to three charges, only twelve of the counts in
the superseding indictment remained for trial. Doc. 213. The trial court renumbered the twelve remaining
counts on the first day of the trial. Doc. 213. However, in his brief, the appellant uses the numbers that were
assigned to these counts in the superseding indictment. Doc. 57. For the sake of simplicity, we will use the
numbers in the superseding indictment to identify each challenged count in this opinion.

                                                     -6-
Case No. 8-21-35

       {¶11} Accordingly, an “appellate court sits as a ‘thirteenth juror’ * * *.”

State v. Barga, 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-17-14, 2018-Ohio-2804, ¶ 19, quoting State

v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 388, 1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541, 547 (1997).

       Appellate courts “must review the entire record, weigh the
       evidence and all of the reasonable inferences, consider the
       credibility of witnesses, and determine whether in resolving
       conflicts in the evidence, the factfinder ‘clearly lost its way and
       created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction
       must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’”

State v. Randle, 2018-Ohio-207, 104 N.E.3d 202, ¶ 36 (3d Dist.), quoting Plott at ¶

73, quoting Thompkins at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541.

       {¶12} “A reviewing court must, however, allow the trier of fact appropriate

discretion on matters relating to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the

witnesses.” State v. Sullivan, 2017-Ohio-8937, 102 N.E.3d 86, ¶ 38 (3d Dist.),

quoting State v. Coleman, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-13-53, 2014-Ohio-5320, ¶ 7. “Only

in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily against the conviction,’

should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s judgment.” State v. Little, 2016-

Ohio-8398, 78 N.E.3d 323, ¶ 27 (3d Dist.), quoting State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d

67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 119.

       {¶13} To prove the crime of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), the

State must establish that the defendant “[1] engage[d] in sexual conduct with

another” while “[2] purposely compel[ling] the other person to submit by force or

threat of force.” R.C. 2907.02(A)(2).

                                         -7-
Case No. 8-21-35

                           Legal Analysis for Count Five

       {¶14} At trial, J.F. testified that she knew Elliott for roughly fourteen to

fifteen years by the time of the trial and that they had been in a romantic relationship

at one point. Tr. 216. At trial, she testified that she did not remember everything

that she had reported at the hospital. Tr. 220. The State then presented J.F. with the

statement that she had written for the police on August 24, 2020. Tr. 222. J.F. then

identified and read the following statement into the record:

       Michael Todd Elliott was a friend of mine for 13 years. Aug. 23,
       ‘20 I went to spend the day with Michael, following him while he
       rides his skateboards. Cooked dinner for him and everything was
       fine until around 10:00 p.m. He wanted sex. I didn’t want to. He
       got on top of me and held me down while he was taking my clothes
       off. I told him no but he was so sure he was going to get his way.
       I kept fighting trying to get away. He proceeded to hold me down.
       I finally got away from him for a minute and kicked him in the
       balls. He became really mad. He took my purse and threw it from
       across the room and hit me in the face. He got me down on the
       floor again, held me down and penetrated me. * * * [H]e was
       shoving up against me so hard. It felt as though he was ripping
       my skin off my private parts.

       He was choking me and telling me he was going to kill me. At that
       point he choked me with both his hand around my neck until I
       passed out. When I opened my eyes he was sitting at the kitchen
       table staring at me. I stood up and he shoved me back down and
       wouldn’t let me leave. My purse had spilled all over the floor. He
       wouldn’t give me my money nor my prescription pills to me. He
       had my car keys. Wouldn’t give them back. I told him I was
       coming up here to the hospital and show them what he did. At
       that point he threw me up against the kitchen counter and told me
       once again that if I did go to the hospital he would come out to the
       house where I live and burn it down with me in it.

                                          -8-
Case No. 8-21-35

Tr. 220, 222-223. At trial, she stated that she was, “at that time * * * on a medication

that was making [her] * * * hallucinate.” Tr. 221. J.F. then stated that she had also

been using methamphetamines with Elliott and affirmed that this may have caused

her to “[m]aybe see things that aren’t there[.]” Tr. 235.

       {¶15} J.F. testified that she had consensual sex with Elliott on the night of

August 23, 2020, and that, after they had sex, Elliott told her that he loved A.Y. Tr.

233, 234, 239. J.F. stated that this led to an argument and that she wanted to leave.

Tr. 234. She affirmed that, as she was leaving, she “fell down the stairs.” Tr. 234.

       I fell. Now, * * * like I said, I was on some medication, which they
       say doesn’t make you hallucinate. It did. I swear to God it did.
       Okay? I saw things that was not there. I wrote statements that I
       don’t even remember writing.

       ***

       So I know I fell, but I’m not—if—I’m not for sure if I fell coming
       out the door or going down the steps.

Tr. 234. She reported that the injuries in the pictures of her came from falling down

the stairs and did not come from Elliott hitting her. Tr. 238. She stated that Elliott

“never touched” her that night. Tr. 238.

       {¶16} Further, J.F. said, “I never said he raped me. Ever. I never pressed

charges of rape.” Tr. 235. However, the prosecution questioned J.F. about when

she realized that she had hallucinated her allegations. Tr. 243. J.F. replied:

       About a week after it happened because I felt really bad, you
       know. I kept trying to think and think and think and then it just

                                          -9-
Case No. 8-21-35

       started coming to me about this. And I stopped taking that
       medication * * *.

Tr. 243. The prosecution then noted that the preliminary hearing on this matter was

nine days after the alleged incident on September 2, 2020 and that J.F. wrote a victim

impact statement on September 20, 2020. Tr. 230, 243. See Ex. 22, 23.

       {¶17} The prosecution then asked if J.F. began to resume contact with Elliott

in January of 2021. Tr. 232. J.F. then admitted that she had been texting and calling

Elliott regularly. Tr. 232. The prosecution then asked several questions about her

beliefs about hallucinating on the night of the alleged incident:

       [Prosecutor]: You talked to Todd [Elliott] about this medication
       theory quite a few times, right?

       [J.F.]: He even looked it up on his phone for me.

       [Prosecutor]: Okay. You sent him pictures of your pill bottles?

       [J.F.]: Yes, I did.

       [Prosecutor]: And isn’t it true that when you did that you talked
       about the fact that you were off your meds is why you were
       hallucinating, not because you were on your meds?

       [J.F.]: No. I was on my medication at that time. That’s what
       made me hallucinate. And I don’t take that medication anymore.

       [Prosecutor]: Okay. And isn’t it true that when you were talking
       to Todd [Elliott] about this medication theory, neither one of you
       mentioned methamphetamine at all.

       [J.F.]: No, we did not.

                                        -10-
Case No. 8-21-35

Tr. 241-242. J.F. then indicated that this was the only instance in which the

medication she was taking made her hallucinate. Tr. 244.

       {¶18} The prosecution then introduced a recording of a police interview in

which J.F. played voicemails that Elliott had left on her phone. Ex. 21. At trial, J.F.

identified her voice and Elliott’s voice on the recordings. Tr. 228. In the first

voicemail, Elliott said: “Yeah, I think it’s funny to have me sit around and wait all

f***ing day on your stupid a**. Well, that’s all right ‘cause I’ll get even with you.”

Ex. 21. At the police interview, J.F. explained that this voicemail was left because

“he wanted me to show up, and I wouldn’t go up there because he wanted to have

sex, and I knew that, so I didn’t want to go up there. And I didn’t go * * * to his

place.” Ex. 21. “You ain’t nothing but a lying a** b***h. F**k you. * * * Next

time you want to f**king come around me I might smack them f**king fake teeth

out of your f**king mouth. F**k you.” Ex. 21. However, at trial, J.F. stated that

Elliott made these statements because they were having a dispute over some money

that she owed to Elliott. Tr. 236.

       {¶19} On cross-examination, J.F. again reiterated that she had consensual

sex with Elliott on August 23-24, 2020; that they had an argument about A.Y.; that

she had hallucinations that evening; and that a fall led to her injuries. Tr. 233-234.

She also admitted that she had convictions for passing bad checks and for theft. Tr.

237. While the State had noted that J.F. had sought a civil protection order against

Elliott in 2014, J.F. explained that the reason she got this civil protection order

                                         -11-
Case No. 8-21-35

because they were having a dispute over rent and that they agreed to sign a consent

agreement to resolve this issue. Tr. 217, 236.

      {¶20} Officer Peterson testified at trial about his interaction with J.F. on

August 24, 2020. Tr. 197. He described J.F’s demeanor at that time, stating that

she “was extremely upset, kind of distraught, and was crying when I spoke with

her.” Tr. 200. He then relayed what J.F. had reported on that evening:

      She explained that she had hung out with Michael Todd Elliott
      for most of the day while he skateboarded. She said everything
      was good until about 10:00 when he wanted to have sex with her.
      She did not want to have sex at that time with him, and he had
      forcefully * * * put himself on her and began removing her
      clothes.

      ***

      After that she said that she had told him she didn’t want to. He
      continued to stay on top of her and she was able to break away at
      some point and kick him in the testicles. So he got mad after that
      incident took place, and he did—he picked up a purse and threw
      it across the room at her striking her in the face.

      ***

      After the purse had been thrown, he had re-approached her,
      climbed back on top of her, had both of his hands around her
      neck, and forcefully penetrated her. Which she said to the point
      that it felt like it was ripping the skin off of her.

      ***

      She—she stated once he was on top of her, he had both hands
      around her neck and continued to put pressure on her and said
      he was going to kill her. At that point she lost consciousness.

                                       -12-
Case No. 8-21-35

Tr. 201-202. He testified that, on the basis of this report, the police arrested Elliott

later that day. Tr. 207.

       {¶21} Officer Peterson then identified the pictures that he took of J.F.’s

injuries at the hospital. Tr. 203-206. Ex. 1-9. He noted that the pictures showed

that J.F. had bruising on her nose, around her eye, around her shirt collar, forearms,

and her lower back. Tr. 204-206. Officer Peterson then stated that the bruises on

her neck were consistent with strangulation and that the bruises on her forearms

were consistent with being physically restrained. Tr. 205-206.

       {¶22} Joseph, a registered nurse, testified that she provided medical care to

J.F. on August 24, 2020. Tr. 186. At that time, J.F.

       had a bruise and swelling to her right eyebrow, she had some
       swelling to her right upper lip, she had some bruising to her left
       upper arm, some bruising and tenderness to her back, and she
       had a little bit of * * * discoloration or light pink coloration to her
       right collarbone.

Tr. 189. Joseph testified that J.F. “said that she had been assaulted by a friend, and

initially she stated that she was not sexually assaulted.” Tr. 187. She then stated

that J.F. told her that “there had been a disagreement between the friend and that he

had grabbed her purse and threw it at her, which is what caused her injuries on her

face, and that he had grabbed her and tossed her around.” Tr. 190.

       {¶23} However, during the course of her treatment, J.F. “stated she did have

some sexual assault; that the alleged assailant had penetrated her with his penis.”

Tr. 187. Joseph testified that, in her experience, it is not unusual for a sexual assault

                                          -13-
Case No. 8-21-35

victim to delay disclosing a sexual assault during the course of treatment. Tr. 187.

She added that “[s]ometimes they [sexual assault victims] are guarded about what

they have to say, maybe not quite feeling like they feel comfortable enough to have

that conversation.” Tr. 188. On cross-examination, Joseph stated that J.F. chose

not to consult with a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner and did not have a SANE

examination performed. Tr. 191-193.

       {¶24} Paula Strebig (“Strebig”), who is a nurse practitioner in Logan County,

testified that she provided medical care for J.F. on September 1, 2020. Tr. 177.

Strebig stated the following:

       She [J.F.] came in complaining mostly of headaches. She stated
       that she’d been raped, that she had been assaulted. She had a big
       knot on her head, bruising below and above her eyes.

Tr. 178. Strebig testified that J.F. did not name her assailant, only saying “that it

was someone that she knew, that it was a male.” Tr. 179.

       {¶25} During this visit, Strebig reviewed the medications that J.F. was

taking. Tr. 179. She testified that J.F. was not taking any medications that were

capable of causing hallucinations. Tr. 179. Strebig also testified that she was not

aware of J.F. ever changing the story of how she received her injuries during the

course of her treatment at this practice. Tr. 180. On cross-examination, Strebig

affirmed that J.F. had a concussion; that “any number of things can cause blunt force

trauma”; and that falling downstairs could result in such an injury. Tr. 183.

                                        -14-
Case No. 8-21-35

       {¶26} At trial, Elliott testified in his own defense. Tr. 490. He testified that,

on the night of the incident, J.F. was on a medication and “just started acting really

weird.” Tr. 513. He stated that J.F. began to believe that A.Y., his most recent

girlfriend, was “hiding in the living room.” Tr. 513. He said:

       We were in the middle of having sex, and she said What the f**k
       is that b***h doing under the blankets? And I stopped and—you
       know, I’m on top of her * * * and I’m like what did you say? She
       goes Tell that f**king b***h to get out from behind the couch.
       I’m going to beat her a**. I got off of her and I said, great, you’re
       going to have another crazy attack right now. * * *

       I went in the bathroom and I cleaned off and put my shorts on,
       and this was approximately midnight. I sat down at the kitchen
       table * * * and she got up and she was cussing me. * * *

       And while she was doing that, I said You know what? I love * * *
       [A.Y.]. And that was the worst thing I could say. I mean, she
       would be so possessive of me just seeing me talking to another girl.
       ***

       [J.F.] got to the door. * * * [S]he’s standing in the doorway looking
       around, looking back, cussing. She called me all kind of names. I
       got up, walked over to the door, and she stepped back and shut
       the door and locked it. * * *

       And I had a bear that was carved by a chain saw * * *. So I turned
       the porch light off and locked the door and I went in the other
       room and just laid down. I heard her—I heard her stuff out there
       being knocked over and stuff and then I heard a big crash: Dub,
       dub, dub, dub, dub. And I thought she done chucked my bear
       down the steps. * * *

       I went to go to work that next morning and I went outside * * *
       you know, looking if the bear’s knocked over and there’s other
       stuff that’s knocked over on the porch.

                                         -15-
Case No. 8-21-35

         I kind of straightened it up and I went to go down the steps and
         there was lipstick and a brush and an empty pill bottle and stuff
         all over my steps. * * *

Tr. 514-517. Elliott also testified that he and J.F. had consensual sex on the night

of August 23, 2020 and that he did not beat or strike her. Tr. 514.

         {¶27} On cross-examination, Elliott stated that he had J.F. send pictures of

her pill bottles. Tr. 526. While he had previously testified that J.F. took Tramadol,

he admitted that neither of the bottles in the pictures he was sent by J.F. were labeled

“Tramadol.” Tr. 513, 526-527. He further indicated that J.F. informed him that

these two pill bottles contained the medications that she was taking, telling him that

she was “off the Tramadol.” Tr. 527.

         {¶28} The fact that J.F. contradicted her prior written and verbal statements

to the police and her medical providers at trial does not render this conviction against

the manifest weight of the evidence.5 A “victim’s recantation is an issue of

credibility.” State v. Brown, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25287, 2011-Ohio-1041, ¶ 14.

When a witness’s trial testimony conflicts with prior statements to the police, “the

finder of fact [is] * * * free to believe * * * [the witness’s] original statements to the

police.” State v. Lungaro, 9th Dist. Medina No. 2951-M, 2000 WL 202098, *3

(Feb. 16, 2000). See State v. Butler, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-08-1390, 2010-Ohio-

5
 We note that Elliott did not challenge the admissibility of J.F.’s prior written or verbal statements to the
police at trial or on appeal. See Tr. 200-203; 220-224.

                                                   -16-
Case No. 8-21-35

178, ¶ 8-9, 15; State v. Black, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 15 BE 0076, 2017-Ohio-4136,

¶ 22-23.

       {¶29} Having examined the materials in the record, we conclude that the

evidence presented at trial does not weigh heavily against Elliott’s rape conviction

for the fifth count in the superseding indictment. Further, there is no indication in

the record that the jury lost its way and returned a verdict on this charge that was

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, we find this challenge to

be without merit.

               Legal Analysis for the Remaining Five Rape Counts

       {¶30} Count Ten: A.Y. testified that she dated Elliott in between November

of 2016 and May of 2020; lived with him for a time; and had a son with him. Tr.

373-374. She testified that Elliott “had hit me, choked me, he’s blacked my eye,

slammed me on my belly twice while I was pregnant” when he was “upset or wasn’t

getting his way.” Tr. 374. She stated that, on one occasion, Elliott

       choked me, slammed me—slammed me on the floor between the
       bed and the wall, and then the next day * * * he wanted me to
       jump in the shower with him. I didn’t want to. And since I didn’t
       want to I got choked and slammed around in the shower.

Tr. 375. She also stated that Elliott “choked me out on several times when I’ve

blacked out on numerous occasions.” Tr. 376. She affirmed that Elliott would try

to “restrain [her] * * * movements by blocking * * * exits,” testifying that Elliott

       had screwed a board to the floor in Springfield to where I couldn’t
       leave * * *, and then he would put a big machine part, it was one

                                        -17-
Case No. 8-21-35

       of the heavy machines for floor sanding, right in front of the door
       and everything, I can’t move it, to block us.

Tr. 378. A.Y. also testified that Elliott had threatened her with a gun. Tr. 379. She

also stated that Elliott had threatened her with a gun and that “[h]e’s threatened to

kill me and bury me where nobody would know. He’s threatened to hurt my mom,

my step dad, my brother, and our kids.” Tr. 379-380.

       {¶31} A.Y. testified that Elliott would commit acts of sexual violence against

her “[s]everal times a week.” Tr. 381. She then detailed several incidents that gave

rise to the charge in Count Ten of the superseding indictment:

       I was seven-and-a-half, eight months pregnant with [her son] * *
       * and he [Elliott] wanted to mess around and I didn’t really want
       to. He told me, well, you can just blow me. And even without a
       choice that I would do it.

       ***

       He wanted me to give him a blow job and he pretty much forced
       me to do it. And I didn’t do it the way he wanted, so he slammed
       me on my belly twice really hard.

Tr. 382. She then stated the following:

       It’s been numerous times where if I didn’t want to he would pretty
       much tell me you’re going to, pretty much didn’t have a choice. I
       would be beat up if I didn’t. Even if I did mess around with him,
       he’d still beat me up during it.

       ***

       Then I would get hit, kicked right to my mid to lower back, hit
       right underneath my ribs.

       ***

                                          -18-
Case No. 8-21-35

       He’d pretty much pin me to where we would mess around and he
       would like to grind on me so hard he would grind my bone.

       ***

       [H]e would, you know, put his penis in me and then he would try
       to keep grinding me so hard.

Tr. 382. She further clarified that she was referring to vaginal penetration in this

particular incident. Tr. 383.

       {¶32} A.Y. testified that, in May of 2020, Elliott told her to plug in a fan. Tr.

376. To do so, she had to move his snowboards out of the way. Tr. 376-377. But

Elliott “screamed and yelled at me and hit me with the motorcycle helmet.” Tr. 377.

The next morning, A.Y. decided “she did not want to be a part of the family * * *.”

Tr. 377. She then took her son and “left the split second after Elliott left” for work

that morning. Tr. 378. She began “walking toward one of [her] * * * cousin’s, but

she wasn’t home.” Tr. 378. She then “walked over to right around behind

Speedway and someone called the cops for us.” Tr. 378.

       {¶33} Schneider testified at trial that he was the person who discovered A.Y.

and called the police on May 20, 2020. Tr. 393-394. He testified that A.Y. “was

crying and just—she was all beside herself.” Tr. 394. Schneider stated that A.Y.

indicated that she had been “locked in a room or in a house and she finally got out”

and that “she was worried that he would come and get ahold of her or find her.” Tr.

                                         -19-
Case No. 8-21-35

395. He testified that he did not know A.Y. before he encountered her on that

morning. Tr. 395

       {¶34} Officer Boy responded to the call placed by Schneider. Tr. 398. When

he first saw A.Y., “[s]he was just trembling” and “[s]he was crying.” Tr. 399. He

then stated the following:

       She [A.Y.] told me that she had been moving a snow board, and—
       while he [Elliott] was asleep and that it had woken him up and it
       angered him when she was trying to plug in a fan so he punched
       her in the back of the head.

Tr. 399. Officer Boy also testified that he tried but was unable to make contact with

Elliott. Tr. 401. Thus, he admitted that he only had information from A.Y. Tr. 401.

However, he referred A.Y. to a domestic abuse shelter for women. Tr. 400.

       {¶35} On cross-examination, A.Y. stated that she did not tell her initial

counselor about being raped and that she doesn’t “really bring up” this topic “to

anybody.” Tr. 385. She also stated that she did allege that Elliott had sexually

assaulted her when she sought a civil protection order against him. Tr. 387-388.

She did not speak about being raped by Elliott until she was contacted by a detective.

Tr. 390. She also indicated that she did not leave Elliott earlier because her “family

didn’t * * * want me around * * *.” Tr. 384, 389. While she had been acquainted

with two of Elliott’s other accusers, she did not know H.S. or K.L. Tr. 390.

       {¶36} Count Fourteen: K.L. stated that she began dating Elliott when they

were in high school and that they eventually moved in together. Tr. 292. She

                                        -20-
Case No. 8-21-35

testified that Elliott physically abused her and that she “went to work many times

with black eyes, cracked rib, a chipped elbow.” Tr. 294. K.L. further testified that

       [there were] just numerous times of being choked. And I got to
       the point when he would do it [choke her] I would just pretend to
       pass out because I was so afraid he was going to kill me and I
       wouldn’t wake up, so I just pretended to pass out.

Tr. 297. She then recounted the following incident:

       In early ’97 shortly before I got away from him in the apartment
       on Sandusky Street I was* * * in the living room sitting on the
       sofa, and he was there and he * * * wanted to have sex and I put
       up resistance; I didn’t want to. I told him no, and we argued and
       argued. He was so mad he came over to the sofa and took his
       cigarette out of his mouth and put it out on my thigh and then just
       snatched ahold of me and drug me in the bedroom and beat me
       and choked me. I just pretended to pass out so he could do what
       he had to do.

Tr. 297. She then clarified that “[h]e raped me” and “put his penis in my vagina.”

Tr. 297. K.L. also stated that Elliott would also threaten and restrain her:

       He’d just show the weapon of choice that day, and if you didn’t
       do what he wanted, well, he either threatened you personally with
       it or your family with it. And then the family was always ‘I know
       where your parents live. I know where your sister lives and I can
       take care of them.’

       ***

       There was one time in * * * [h]e had gotten physical again and
       beat me again and I lost consciousness again and I ended up
       waking up in a closet that he had locked me in and a friend of
       mine had found me in there.

Tr. 298. Another of Elliott’s accusers—P.H.—subsequently testified at trial that

she was the person who had discovered K.L. locked in the closet. Tr. 329-330.

                                        -21-
Case No. 8-21-35

       {¶37} On cross-examination, K.L. testified that her father was a police

officer and that he “tried to help” her. Tr. 310. However, she stated that she believed

that she “could change Todd [Elliott]” and that she never told her father that Elliott

had raped her. Tr. 310. K.L. then testified that she did not report Elliott earlier

because she “was scared to death of Mr. Elliott.” Tr. 315. After she left him, she

did not tell anyone about having been raped for some time. Tr. 315-316. K.L. also

admitted that, in an action over custody over their son, she did not mention that

Elliott had beaten or raped her. Tr. 311. Their son went to live with Elliott because

“it was his choice” to be with his father. Tr. 319. She testified that she never

observed Elliott behave violently towards their son. Tr. 319. K.L. testified that she

was acquainted with P.H., H.S., and J.M. Tr. 320.

       {¶38} Count Fifteen: P.H. testified that she lived with Elliott “back in the

nineties up to 2000 * * *.” Tr. 322. She testified that

       [t]here were times when Michael Todd Elliott would choke me to
       where I would be unconscious. He also backhanded me across my
       nose, blacking both my eyes. Multiple occasions he would grab
       me, throw me down.

       ***

       There were several times when he would not choke me to where I
       did not lose consciousness. The last time that Mr. Elliott choked
       me I did lose consciousness.

Tr. 324, 326. On one occasion, “[h]e had put a .22 to my head, threatened to shoot”

her. Tr. 324. She then detailed the following incident:

                                         -22-
Case No. 8-21-35

       Mr. Elliott had taken me to a place, a residence at his mother’s
       home. It was a duplex apartment. I’m not quite sure what kind
       of bench it was, but he had restrained me to that bench and put
       the leather belt around my neck and forced himself on me anally
       and vaginally.

Tr. 328. She then affirmed that this was not a consensual encounter. Tr. 328. She

also testified that Elliott would threaten her:

       He had repeatedly always told me that if I did not do or like what
       he had put in place that he would kill my kids and that he would
       kill my mom and he would kill me.

Tr. 328. P.H. then testified that she went to the police to report Elliott after he had

“gotten physical with” her. Tr. 331. She stated the following:

       After I made the report, I went and stayed with a friend * * * [As]
       I was walking * * * to my friend’s house, * * * Todd [Elliott] pulled
       in with—in his Monte Carlo kind of blocking me so I couldn’t get
       around him and he made me get in the car[.] * * * [H]e told me
       that if I did not tell them [the police] that I lied on him that I would
       not ever see my children again if he killed me or if he killed them.

Tr. 332. P.H. testified that, when the police came to talk to her, she stated that she

lied about Elliott. Tr. 332. As a result of this incident, she was convicted of

falsification and spent three days in jail. Tr. 332. P.H. also testified that she went

to a shelter to get away from Elliott but returned to him because she was afraid of

him. Tr. 333-332. She explained that Elliott would threaten to “kill my mom or my

children.” Tr. 333.

       {¶39} On cross-examination, P.H. indicated that she obtained a protection

order against Elliott in 2001 but did not remember disclosing the allegations of rape

                                          -23-
Case No. 8-21-35

in that process. Tr. 334, 339. However, the protection order did mention “[p]hysical

abuse, choking, grabbing, pushing. Verbally threatened to kill me if I left him.” Tr.

339. She then stated the reason that she did not report Elliott for rape in 2001:

       Because at the time I was like 30 years old and I did not realize
       that at the time having sex with somebody, telling somebody no or
       having sex with somebody unwillingly was rape. I mean, even
       when you’re married to somebody you don’t realize if you don’t
       want to have sex with them and they do it anyway that it’s rape.

Tr. 340. P.H. testified that she never went to the police to report Elliott but that the

police came to her in 2020. Tr. 336. She also testified that she knew K.L. and H.S.

but that she did not know J.F. or A.Y. Tr. 335-336.

       {¶40} Count Sixteen: H.S. testified that she lived with Elliott roughly in

between 2000 and 2002. Tr. 343. At trial, she said that Elliott “has shoved my head

against a car window, he has choked me, pushed me, slapped me.” Tr. 344. She

also stated that Elliott has lifted her into the air by her throat, though she stated he

did not use weapons or restraints on her. Tr. 344. She then detailed the following

incident:

       [H]e wanted to have sex, so I agreed to have sex with him, but * *
       * he wanted to have anal sex and I did not want to have anal sex.
       That is not something I ever wanted to do. And he shoved it in
       anyways and I passed out, and when I woke up I had used the
       restroom on myself in the bed.

Tr. 346-347. She then clarified that Elliott penetrated her with his penis in this

incident. Tr. 347. H.S. testified that, when she finally left Elliott, she “went into

                                         -24-
Case No. 8-21-35

hiding, and didn’t look back.” Tr. 347-348. When asked why she did not leave

Elliott sooner, she said the following:

         I did leave earlier and we would talk and try to reconciliate [sic]
         since we had children together, and we tried a couple times and it
         just didn’t work. And I just was done with him putting his hands
         on me and doing the things he did to me and my children so I left.

Tr. 349. She also testified that she was acquainted with K.L., P.H., and J.M. but

that she did not know J.F. or A.Y. Tr. 348-349.

         {¶41} On cross-examination, H.S. testified that she did not mention having

been raped by Elliott when she sought a civil protection order against him. Tr. 350.

She also did not tell her doctor about any of the physical abuse that she alleged while

she was pregnant and living with Elliott. Tr. 353. However, she stated that she did

tell a person at an association that provided assistance to victims in 2002. Tr. 350-

351. She also stated that she told several members of her family and several of her

friends about being raped by Elliott. Tr. 352. H.S. stated that she allowed the

children she had with Elliott to have visitation with him until 2009. Tr. 355.

         {¶42} On redirect, she explained that she allowed her children to go to

Elliott’s house for visitation because he was with J.M. at that time. Tr. 356. H.S.

said she believed that J.M. would take care of the kids. Tr. 356. She also gave the

following reason for not mentioning being raped when she sought a civil protection

order:

                                          -25-
Case No. 8-21-35

       [W]hen I mentioned * * * him hitting me and he told the judge
       that I hit him back, the judge said that he wasn’t going to do
       anything about it because I had hit him back in self-defense.

Tr. 356. H.S. then testified that she did not pursue further legal action against Elliott

“[b]ecause any time that [she] * * * talked to law enforcement they did nothing

about it.” Tr. 356.

       {¶43} Count Seventeen: J.M. testified that she had two children with Elliott.

Tr. 358. She said that, on one occasion, Elliott “picked me up by my throat and

threw me across the room * * *” during an argument. Tr. 360. She then detailed

the following incident:

       When I was on my period he insisted that he had to have anal sex
       at that point. I said no. Told him no multiple times. And he told
       me we were—it would be the easy way or the hard way, it was my
       choice. And then he held me down and did it anyways.

Tr. 361. She then added the following details:

       I was laying in bed trying to go to sleep and he came in there and
       started rubbing his hands on me, and I told him that I was on my
       period, to leave me alone. And he said that it didn’t matter, and
       he rolled me over and he climbed on top of me and I had my arms
       under my chest so I * * * wasn’t pressed into the bed and I told
       him no, that I didn’t want to do that, that it hurt, and he said, well,
       the easy way or the hard way, you decide. And then he put all of
       his weight down on me and did it anyways.

Tr. 361. On cross-examination, J.M. testified that she filed for multiple civil

protection orders against Elliott and had been involved in custody proceedings over

their children but did not mention being sexually assaulted by Elliott in these

actions. Tr. 364. She also testified that, while she “went to the police,” she never

                                          -26-
Case No. 8-21-35

reported being sexually assaulted by Elliott to law enforcement. Tr. 364. She also

stated that she had been acquainted with H.S., P.H., and K.L. Tr. 364.

       {¶44} Finally, at trial, Elliott denied beating or raping K.L, P.H., H.S., J.M.,

J.F., and A.Y. Tr. 499, 501, 506, 509, 514, 518. He further testified that the first

he had heard of any such allegations was the year before his trial. Tr. 500. He also

denied restraining any of these women against their will, choking any of these

women, or “pull[ing] a firearm or knife on them * * *.” Tr. 519. While Elliott’s

testimony contradicted that of his accusers, “the mere fact that there is conflicting

testimony does not mean that the evidence weighs heavily against conviction.”

State v. Black, 3d Dist. Van Wert No. 15-20-07, 2021-Ohio-268, ¶ 9. “The choice

between credible witnesses and their conflicting testimony rests solely with the

finder of fact and an appellate court may not substitute its own judgment for that of

the finder of fact.” State v. Kruse, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-16-15, 2017-Ohio-5667,

¶ 66 quoting State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 123, 489 N.E.2d 277 (1986).

       {¶45} Further, Elliott also points to the fact that the victims of these five

alleged rapes delayed reporting these incidents to argue against these five

convictions. However, most of these women testified as to the reasons that they

delayed reporting these incidents. Tr. 315, 332, 340, 356, 384, 389. Several of these

women also testified that they were afraid of Elliott because of his repeated threats

of physical abuse. Tr. 315, 332-333, 379-380. Further, courts have noted that “[i]t

is not uncommon * * * for victims of abuse to delay their reporting.” State v. Berila,

                                         -27-
Case No. 8-21-35

9th Dist. Medina No. 19CA0007-M, 2020-Ohio-3523, ¶ 24. See also State v.

Lykins, 4th Dist. Adams No. 18CA1079, 2019-Ohio-3316, ¶ 50; State v. Cook, 11th

Dist. Lake No. 2016-L-079, 2017-Ohio-7953, ¶ 49.

       {¶46} Having considered the testimony at trial on the basis of its weight and

credibility, we conclude that the evidence in the record does not weigh heavily

against any of these five convictions. Further, there is no indication in the record

that the jurors lost their way and returned verdicts on these charges that were against

the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, his first assignment of error is

overruled.

                            Second Assignment of Error

       {¶47} Elliott argues that his convictions for the four firearm specifications

under R.C. 2941.141(A) and his conviction for having weapons while under a

disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) are against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

                                   Legal Standard

       {¶48} We herein reincorporate the legal standard for the manifest weight of

the evidence analysis as set forth under the first assignment of error. Further, “[t]he

legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the evidence are both

quantitatively and qualitatively different.” Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 386.

However, “[b]ecause sufficiency is required to take a case to the jury, a finding that

a conviction is supported by the weight of the evidence must necessarily include a

                                         -28-
Case No. 8-21-35

finding of sufficiency.” State v. Roberts, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 96CA006462, 1997

WL 600699, *2 (Sept. 17, 1997). See also State v. Malone, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-

06-43, 2007-Ohio-5484, ¶ 33, citing State v. Conklin, 2d Dist. Darke No. 1556,

2002-Ohio-2156, (holding, in a case where an appellant raised a manifest weight

challenge, that a court can examine the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a

conviction pursuant to Civ.R. 52(B)); State v. Beard, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-08-

037, 2009-Ohio-4412, ¶ 14; State v. Noernberg, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97126,

2012-Ohio-2062, ¶ 31.

       {¶49} “[A] conviction based on legally insufficient evidence constitutes a

denial of due process.” Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. An analysis of the

sufficiency of the evidence “addresses the question of whether adequate evidence

was produced for the case to be considered by the trier of fact and, thus, whether the

evidence was ‘legally sufficient to support the verdict * * *.’” State v. Barga, 3d

Dist. Shelby No. 17-17-14, 2018-Ohio-2804, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Worthington, 3d

Dist. Hardin No. 6-15-04, 2016-Ohio-530, ¶ 12.

       {¶50} “An appellate court is not to examine whether the evidence presented

should be believed but should rather ‘examine the evidence admitted at trial to

determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of

the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Wilson, 2022-Ohio-504,

185 N.E.3d 176, ¶ 57 (3d Dist.), quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 274, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), superseded by state constitutional amendment on other grounds,

                                        -29-
Case No. 8-21-35

State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 1997-Ohio-355, 684 N.E.2d 668 (1997). The

applicable standard of review

       is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
       to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found that
       the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a
       reasonable doubt.

State v. Brown, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-17-19, 2018-Ohio-899, ¶ 27, quoting State

v. Plott, 2017-Ohio-38, 80 N.E.3d 1108, ¶ 62 (3d Dist.).

                                  Legal Analysis

       {¶51} Four Convictions for One-Year Firearm Specifications: To prove a

one-year firearm specification pursuant to R.C. 2941.141(A), the State must

establish “that the offender had a firearm on or about the offender’s person or under

the offender’s control while committing the offense.” R.C. 2941.141(A). The

Revised Code defines a “firearm” as follows:

       (B)(1) ‘Firearm’ means any deadly weapon capable of expelling
       or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive
       or combustible propellant. ‘Firearm’ includes an unloaded
       firearm, and any firearm that is inoperable but that can readily
       be rendered operable.

       (2) When determining whether a firearm is capable of expelling
       or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive
       or combustible propellant, the trier of fact may rely upon
       circumstantial evidence, including, but not limited to, the
       representations and actions of the individual exercising control
       over the firearm.

R.C. 2923.11(B). Thus, to support a firearm specification, the State must not only

establish that a firearm existed but also “must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

                                        -30-
Case No. 8-21-35

the firearm was operable or could readily have been rendered operable at the time

of the offense.” State v. Staten, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 18AP-48, 2018-Ohio-4681,

¶ 11, quoting State v. Murphy, 49 Ohio St.3d 206, 208, 551 N.E.2d 932 (1990),

syllabus. See State v. Gaines, 46 Ohio St.3d 65, 69, 545 N.E.2d 68, 72 (1989)

(“[T]here must be some evidence relative to the gun’s operability.”)

      {¶52} To establish a firearm specification, “the state need not produce the

actual firearm.” Staten at ¶ 11. Circumstantial evidence may be used to “prove that

the firearm existed and that it was operable at the time of the offense.” (Emphasis

added.) State v. Jackson, 169 Ohio App.3d 440, 2006-Ohio-6059, 863 N.E.2d 223,

¶ 26-27 (6th Dist.), citing Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 385. See State v.

Knight, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2003 CA 14, 2004-Ohio-1941, ¶ 19 (holding that “both

a weapon’s existence and its operability may be inferred from the facts and

circumstances” of a case). See also State v. Pope, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180587,

2019-Ohio-3599, ¶ 7 (“Operability of a firearm may be established by an operability

report or testimony of a witness who had test-fired the weapon, but it also may be

established by circumstantial evidence.”).

      {¶53} The State may establish that a firearm was operable “by the testimony

of lay witnesses who were in a position to observe the instrument and the

circumstances surrounding the crime.” In re C.M., 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-21-31,

2022-Ohio-240, ¶ 40, quoting Murphy at syllabus.

                                       -31-
Case No. 8-21-35

       This may include, for example, testimony that a gunshot was
       heard or that shell casings or bullet holes were found. It also may
       include evidence that can be viewed as an acknowledgement by
       the individual exercising control over the firearm that it was
       operable, through testimony about how he used the gun, his
       statements, and his conduct.

State v. Brooks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 71155, 1997 WL 218417, *4 (May 1, 1997),

quoting Tilley v. McMackin, 989 F.3d 222, 225 (6th Cir. 1993) (examining

operability under R.C. 2923.11(B)).

       {¶54} Further, “under R.C. 2923.11(B)(2), in determining whether or not a

firearm is operable, the trier of fact may rely upon * * * the representations and

actions of the individual exercising control over the firearm.” State v. Haas, 11th

Dist. Portage No. 2009-P-0068, 2010-Ohio-6249, ¶ 42. This “include[s] explicit or

implicit threats made by the person in control of the firearm.” State v. Stokes, 2d

Dist. Clark No. 2020-CA-57 and 2021-CA-18, 2021-Ohio-3616, ¶ 36.

       [W]here an individual brandishes a gun and implicitly but not
       expressly threatens to discharge the firearm at the time of the
       offense, the threat can be sufficient to satisfy the state’s burden of
       proving that the firearm was operable or capable of being readily
       rendered operable.

Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 384. We turn to examining the evidence that is

relevant to the one-year firearm specifications.

       {¶55} In this case, the four firearm specifications were charged with a count

of menacing by stalking; a count of felonious assault; a count of rape; and the count

of intimidation of an attorney, victim, or witness in a criminal case. Doc. 2. These

                                        -32-
Case No. 8-21-35

four underlying charges were alleged to have occurred on the night of August 23-

24, 2020 with J.F. as the alleged victim of these four offenses. Doc. 2. The appellant

argues “the evidence relating to guns * * * did not support” the firearm

specifications. Appellant’s Brief, 20. In particular, the parties, in their briefs,

dispute whether the evidence establishes that Elliott had a firearm on August 23-24,

2020. To resolve this dispute in this case, we must determine if the evidence in the

record establishes that Elliott had an operable gun on or about his person. State v.

Hampton, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. 2002-Ohio-1907, 2002 WL 507330, *4 (Apr. 5,

2002) (“Under Ohio law, a firearm is defined by its operability.”).

       {¶56} At trial, J.F. did not provide any testimony that would tend to establish

any of the elements for any of the one-year firearm specifications charged against

Elliott. Rather, it was primarily Officer Peterson who provided the testimony that

was relevant to the four firearm specifications in this case. Tr. 202. In his trial

testimony, Officer Peterson relayed what J.F. had told him at the hospital just after

the incident on August 23-24, 2020. Tr. 199. He described her demeanor at the

time that she was speaking with him, saying that J.F. “was extremely upset, kind of

distraught, and was crying * * *.” Tr. 200. He then testified that J.F. said that the

following occurred after she had been sexually assaulted:

       * * * [W]hen she woke up, came to, Michael [Elliott] was staring
       at her. She went to stand up and as she stood Michael approached
       her and knocked her back down and told her to pick the stuff up
       off the floor from her purse.

                                        -33-
Case No. 8-21-35

           ***

           She asked to leave, said she had to go to the hospital for the
           injuries that had been caused. He would not let her leave. He had
           her keys. She said it was prescription pills and money that * * *
           he refused to give back to her. She observed him carrying
           shotguns out of the room and possibly a handgun. As she walked
           out, she was able to get her keys. She said she was going to the
           hospital to tell them what happened. He explained that if she went
           to the hospital and told on what had occurred that night that he
           was going to burn her house down with her inside of it.

Tr. 202-203.6 Officer Peterson then reiterated that J.F. indicated that Elliott had “a

handgun and two shotguns.” Tr. 213.

           {¶57} Further, at trial, A.Y. testified that, while she and Elliott were still

living together, he “bought a gun from a friend” in “mid March, late March” of

2020. Tr. 379. She also stated that Elliott “was trying to build them [guns] too.”

Tr. 379. The only description that she had of the gun that Elliott purchased was the

following: “[i]t was a bigger gun, like a regular type.” Tr. 380. The testimony at

trial indicates that A.Y. had lived in the apartment with Elliott where the incident

with J.F. occurred. Tr. 379. See Tr. 515. While A.Y.’s testimony does not address

whether Elliott had weapons “on or about” his person on the night of August 23-24,

2020, her statements do provide some corroboration to J.F.’s assertion that she saw

guns in Elliott’s apartment.

6
    The Defense did not challenge the admissibility of these statements at trial or in this appeal. Tr. 202-203.

                                                      -34-
Case No. 8-21-35

       {¶58} J.F.’s statements to Officer Peterson are sufficient to establish that

Elliott was in possession of what appeared to be “a handgun and two shotguns.” Tr.

213. However, J.F.’s statements do not contain any circumstantial evidence that

would indicate that Elliott was in possession of guns that were operable. See State

v. Cunningham, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 48558, 1985 WL 7489, *4 (Jan. 31, 1985)

(holding that “proof that an object is a gun does not demonstrate that it is a firearm

within the statutory definition”); State v. Johnson, 9th Dist. Lorain No.

14CA010688, 2016-Ohio-872, ¶ 13 (holding that “merely naming the weapons has

been held to be insufficient to demonstrate operability”).

       {¶59} J.F. did not indicate to Officer Peterson that Elliott expressly

threatened her with the gun. See State v. Cameron, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA93-

03-028, 1993 WL 489733, *2 (Nov. 29, 1993) (holding that “[t]he fact that the

offender had what appeared to be a gun and verbally threatened to shoot the victim

is sufficient circumstantial evidence of operability”). Officer Peterson testified that

J.F. had told him that Elliott threatened to burn down her house if she reported him

to the police. See State v. Chapman, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2018-03-046, 2018-

Ohio-4560, ¶ 28 (finding operability was not established where the defendant struck

the victim with a gun but did not otherwise “treat the gun as if it were operable”).

However, these statements do not draw any connection between this threat and any

guns that Elliott may have had. In fact, his threat was completely unrelated to guns.

                                         -35-
Case No. 8-21-35

No inference about the operability of any guns that Elliott may have had on or about

his person can be drawn from the content of this threat.

       {¶60} J.F.’s statements to Officer Peterson also did not contain any

indication that Elliott used the guns in a manner that was implicitly threatening. She

did not indicate that Elliott brandished the gun or pointed the gun at her. State v.

Hills, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98848, 2013-Ohio-2902, ¶ 16 (“The word ‘brandish’

means to ‘wave or exhibit in a menacing or challenging manner.’”), quoting State

v. McCrary, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-08060, 2009-Ohio-4390, ¶ 30; State McDade,

11th Dist. Lake No. 97-L-059, 1998 WL 682360, *12 (Sept. 25, 1998) (“[T]he

implicit threat of simply brandishing a firearm during the commission of a felony

constitutes sufficient evidence of operability * * *.”); State v. Brown, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 106667, 2019-Ohio-313, ¶ 28 (concluding that the act of holding a

gun to the victim’s head was evidence of operability).

       {¶61} We note that “[n]umerous cases support a conviction if the defendant

states he has a gun and will use it, even if no one sees the gun and the gun is never

produced at trial and therefore cannot be tested to determine whether it is operable.”

State v. Watkins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84288, 2004-Ohio-6908, ¶ 16. But when

a defendant “states [that] he has a gun and [that he] will use it,” he is making a

representation about the existence of a gun and the operability of that gun. Id. From

such a statement, a reasonable trier of fact can infer both the existence and the

operability of a gun. See State v. Cameron, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA93-03-028,

                                        -36-
Case No. 8-21-35

1993 WL 489733, *2 (Nov. 29, 1993) (a trier of fact may “draw multiple inferences

from a single fact or set of facts * * *.”).

       {¶62} However, J.F. only told Officer Peterson that she observed Elliott

“carrying shotguns out of the room * * *.” (Emphasis added.) Tr. 213. Thus, the

testimony at trial establishes one action that Elliott undertook with respect to the

guns that J.F. observed in his possession: Elliott removed these guns from the room

in which J.F. was located. This behavior does not “imply that his gun was in fact

operable * * *.” State v. Crawford, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82833, 2004-Ohio-500,

¶ 37. See also State v. Ihinger, 5th Dist. Muskingum, 2019-Ohio-1881, ¶ 12. While

J.F.’s statement to Officer Peterson about Elliott “carrying shotguns out of the room

and possibly a handgun” supports the conclusion that Elliott saw what appeared to

be guns, this statement does not relay any information that could also support an

inference that the guns were operable. Tr. 202-203. We turn now to examining

whether the items recovered in a search of the premises where Elliott lived can

establish operability.

       {¶63} Officer Peterson testified that, after taking J.F.’s report on August 24,

2020, the police went to where Elliott lived and searched his apartment. Tr. 207.

The testimony at trial indicates that Elliott lives on his mother’s property in an

apartment above a garage. Tr. 208-209. This apartment and garage constitutes a

structure that stands next to the main residence on property where Elliott’s mother

lives. Tr. 208-209. Officer Peterson testified that, during the search of the structure

                                          -37-
Case No. 8-21-35

in which Elliott’s apartment was located, the police did not locate a shotgun, a rifle,

or a handgun. Tr. 213. Thus, the police did not find any guns that could be tested

for operability or admitted into evidence at trial. See State v. Hunter, 9th Dist.

Medina No. 17CA0069-M, 2018-Ohio-4249, ¶ 8.

       {¶64} However, Officer Peterson testified that the police did recover a pellet

gun, a few gun parts, and ammunition during a search of the property where Elliott

lived. Tr. 207-209, 214. We will now examine whether any of these three classes

of discoveries can establish the operability of the guns that J.F. observed Elliott

carrying on August 23-24, 2020. First, at trial, Officer Peterson testified that the

police located a “pellet gun that was inside the residence of where it [the incident]

took place.” Tr. 207-208. He further stated that this pellet gun was “an air soft

pistol * * * that resembled a handgun.” Tr. 208. However, Officer Peterson testified

correctly at trial that a pellet gun is not a firearm. Tr. 208. See Matter of M.L.S.,

7th Dist. Harrison No. 21 HA 0010, 2022-Ohio-2195, fn. 2, citing State v. Hanning,

89 Ohio St.3d 86, 90, 2000-Ohio-436, 728 N.E.2d 1059, 1063 (2000).                This

discovery cannot establish a conviction for a one-year firearm specification and does

not tend to establish that Elliott had an operable gun in his possession.

       {¶65} Second, the police located “pieces of a weapon that was taken apart,”

such as “a barrel” and “a trigger.” Tr. 208. But there was no testimony at trial that

indicates that these random assortment of parts were capable of being assembled

and rendered into a readily operable firearm. Tr. 208. See State v. Green, 7th Dist.

                                         -38-
Case No. 8-21-35

Mahoning No. 91 C.A. 49, 1992 WL 112546, *2-3 (May 20, 1992) (considering

testimony about what would have made a gun readily operable). Further, the

discovery of these gun parts does not make it more likely that any guns seen by J.F.

in the apartment were operable.

         {¶66} Third, Officer Peterson testified that the police discovered ammunition

in a garage under Elliott’s apartment.7 Tr. 207. He stated that the ammunition was

“for a .22 long rifle” and for a shotgun. Tr. 209. Ex. 10. Ohio courts have found

circumstantial evidence of operability where ammunition is discovered loaded into

a gun or alongside a gun that is capable of firing it. See Pope, supra, at ¶ 10; State

v. Allah, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 14CA12, 2015-Ohio-5060, ¶ 13; State v. Smith, 4th

Dist. Pickaway No. 19CA33, 2021-Ohio-2866, ¶ 58-62; State v. Tillman, 6th Dist.

Fulton No. F-11-006, 2012-Ohio-5265, ¶ 15; State v. Hunter, 9th Dist. Medina No.

17CA0069-M, 2018-Ohio-4249, ¶ 8; State v. Dickerson, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No.

2013-A-0046, 2015-Ohio-938, ¶ 36 (“Evidence that a gun was loaded [at the time

of discovery] combined with the submission of that gun into evidence is sufficient

to prove operability.”); State v. Miller, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2002-02-004, 2002-

Ohio-6109, ¶ 13-14.

7
 Officer Peterson stated that “[w]e found ammunition in the home * * *.” Tr. 208. However, based on
context of the statement, “home” appears to refer to the structure that contained both the garage and Elliott’s
apartment because Officer Peterson then specifically testified that ammunition was located in the garage. Tr.
208-209. Ex. 10.

                                                    -39-
Case No. 8-21-35

       {¶67} However, in the case presently before this Court, the ammunition was

not found loaded into any gun or alongside any gun.            As Officer Peterson’s

testimony indicates, no guns were found anywhere in proximity to this ammunition.

But even beyond the fact that no guns were recovered in this case, there is also no

evidence that indicates J.F. could determine that the guns were loaded; observed

Elliott loading the guns; saw Elliott with ammunition on his person; or saw readily

accessible ammunition alongside the gun. Again, there was no information reported

by J.F. that would indicate that Elliott was acting in a manner that would suggest

that these particular guns were operable at that time. See State v. Ratliffe, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 35299, 1976 WL 191159, *2 (Dec. 9, 1976). See also State v. Smith,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21049, 2006-Ohio-4163, ¶ 34.

       {¶68} Further, we also note that Elliott lived on a property owned by his

mother. Tr. 208-209. His apartment was located above a two-car garage in a

structure next to his mother’s residence. Tr. 516. The State did not present any

evidence at trial that established who used or had access to the garage. State v.

Struckman, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180287, 2020-Ohio-1232, ¶ 17; State v.

Burton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107054, 2019-Ohio-2431, ¶ 3, 49. The testimony

at trial does not establish that the garage was directly accessible from the second-

story apartment. Officer Peterson only stated that the lower level of the structure

“had a side door with a garage door,” indicating that the garage was accessible from

                                         -40-
Case No. 8-21-35

the outside. Tr. 209. Other testimony at trial seems to indicate that the second-story

apartment had an external staircase that went down to the street. Tr. 516-518.

       {¶69} Having examined the evidence in the record, we conclude that the

State did not present sufficient evidence that establishes, beyond a reasonable doubt,

that any guns on or about Elliott’s person on the night of August 23-24, 2020 were

operable. There was some evidence that Elliott may have been in possession of

guns on the night of August 23, 2020. “But the mere possession of a gun, without

something more, is not enough to allow for a finding that it is operable.” In re S.D.,

1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-180651, C-180652, C-180653, C-190011, 2020-Ohio-

941, ¶ 11, citing Chapman, supra, at ¶ 28.

       {¶70} Further, beyond containing no indication that the guns observed by

J.F. were operable, the facts presented at trial and examined in this analysis also do

not contain any indication that these guns were capable of being readily rendered

operable. In the absence of evidence that indicates any of these guns were operable

or capable of being readily rendered operable, the four convictions for the one-year

firearm specifications are not supported by legally sufficient evidence. For this

reason, we must reverse the four convictions for the one-year gun specifications.

       {¶71} Having Weapons While Under Disability Conviction:             The State

establishes that a defendant committed the crime of having weapons while under

disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) by proving that the defendant “has been

convicted of any felony offense involving the illegal possession, use, sale,

                                        -41-
Case No. 8-21-35

administration, distribution, or trafficking in any drug of abuse * * *” and

“knowingly acquire[d], ha[d], carr[ied], or use[d] any firearm * * *.”                                 R.C.

2923.13(A)(3).8 We reincorporate the definition of “firearm” from R.C. 2923.11(B)

as quoted in our analysis of the four one-year firearm specifications. Thus, as with

the one-year firearm specifications, the State had to establish, beyond a reasonable

doubt, that any gun that Elliott had while under disability was operable or was

capable of being readily rendered operable.

         {¶72} In this case, the indictment alleged that Elliott had weapons under

disability on or about August 23, 2020. Doc. 2, 57. This was the night that J.F.

reported Elliott. Thus, the evidence that was presented for the weapons under

disability charge at trial was the same as the evidence presented for the four one-

year firearm specifications. After examining the evidence in our analysis of the one-

year firearm specifications, we concluded that the State did not establish that any

guns on or about Elliott’s person on August 23, 2020 were operable. Doc. 2, 57.

For the same reasons, we also conclude that the State did not establish the

operability of any guns that Elliott had on August 23, 2020 for the weapons under

disability charge.

8
  R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) also contains a prohibition against dangerous ordnances. R.C. 2923.13(A)(3).
However, the State did not argue that Elliott violated R.C. 2923.13(A)(3) by having a dangerous ordnance
under disability. See Tr. 477. Further, none of the evidence presented at trial would suggest that Elliott had
a dangerous ordnance as defined by R.C. 2923.11(K)-(L).

                                                    -42-
Case No. 8-21-35

       {¶73} In conclusion, the State had the burden of establishing that any guns

that Elliott may have had on the night of August 23-24, 2020 were operable. Having

examined the evidence in the record, we have discovered no evidence that would

establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, that any such guns were operable. For this

reason, we must also reverse the conviction for having weapons under disability.

The second assignment of error is sustained.

                             Third Assignment of Error

       {¶74} Elliott raises several arguments that challenge the constitutionality of

the sentencing scheme prescribed in R.C. 2967.271. However, he admits in his brief

that he did not raise these arguments before the trial court. Appellant’s Brief, 24.

For this reason, we will set forth and apply the plain error standard of review.

                                   Legal Standard

       {¶75} Under the Ohio Rules of Criminal Procedure, “[p]lain errors or defects

affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the

attention of the court.” Crim.R. 52(B).

       “In order to find plain error under Crim.R. 52(B), there must be
       an error, the error must be an ‘obvious’ defect in the trial
       proceedings, and the error must have affected ‘substantial
       rights.’” State v. Bowsher, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-07-32, 2009-
       Ohio-6524, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759
       N.E.2d 1240 (2002). ‘The standard for plain error is whether, but
       for the error, the outcome of the proceeding clearly would have
       been otherwise.’ State v. Hornbeck, 155 Ohio App.3d 571, 2003-
       Ohio-6897, 802 N.E.2d 184, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Long, 53
       Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978). Notice of plain error is
       taken “only to ‘prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State

                                          -43-
Case No. 8-21-35

       v. Davis, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-16-30, 2017-Ohio-2916, ¶ 23,
       quoting Long, supra, at paragraph three of the syllabus.

State v. Eitzman, 3d Dist. Henry No. 7-21-03, 2022-Ohio-574, ¶ 42, quoting State

v. Taflinger, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-17-20, 2018-Ohio-456, ¶ 17. Under Crim.R.

52(B), “the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that a plain error affected

his substantial rights.” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Perry, 101 Ohio St.3d 118, 2004-

Ohio-297, 802 N.E.2d 643, ¶ 14.

                                    Legal Analysis

       {¶76} Elliott raises five main arguments against the Reagan Tokes Law.

First, as a preliminary matter, Elliott asserts that the arguments that he has raised to

challenge the Reagan Tokes Law are ripe for review. After Elliott filed his appellate

brief, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “a challenge to the constitutionality of R.C.

2967.271 [the Reagan Tokes Law] is ripe for review * * *” in State v. Maddox, ---

Ohio St.3d ---, 2022-Ohio-764, --- N.E.3d ---, ¶ 22. See State v. Ball, 3d Dist. Allen

No. 1-21-16, 2022-Ohio-1549, ¶ 61. Accordingly, we will address each of the

constitutional arguments raised by Elliott in this appeal.

       {¶77} Second, Elliott argues that the Reagan Tokes Law is in violation of the

right to a trial by jury.     However, in State v. Ball, this Court upheld the

constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law against this exact same challenge. Ball

at ¶ 63. See also State v. Freeman, 3d Dist. Allen Nos. 1-21-17, 1-21-18, 2022-

Ohio-1991, ¶ 13; State v. Davis, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-21-10, 2022-Ohio-1900, ¶

                                         -44-
Case No. 8-21-35

11-13. At this time we decline to revisit our prior precedent and herein apply our

holding in Ball to the case before us. Ball at ¶ 63, citing State v. Thompson, 2d Dist.

Clark No. 2020-CA-60, 2021-Ohio-4027, ¶ 24; State v. Delvallie, 2022-Ohio-470,

185 N.E.3d 536, ¶ 46 (8th Dist.) (en banc); State v. Rogers, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2021-02-010, 2021-Ohio-3282, ¶ 20. Thus, this challenge is without merit.

        {¶78} Third, Elliott argues that the Reagan Tokes Law violates the separation

of powers. However, in State v. Hacker, this Court considered this challenge and

concluded that this provision does not run afoul of the separation of powers. State

v. Hacker, 2020-Ohio-5048, 161 N.E.3d 112, ¶ 22 (3d Dist.).9 We decline at this

time to revisit our prior precedent and herein apply our holding in Hacker to the

case before us. Id. See also State v. Barnes, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28613, 2020-

Ohio-4150, ¶ 36; State v. Bontrager, 4th Dist. Adams No. 21CA1139, 2022-Ohio-

1367, ¶ 44; State v. Maddox, 5th Dist. Lucas No. L-19-1253, 2022-Ohio-1350, ¶ 7.

Thus, this challenge is without merit.

        {¶79} Fourth, Elliott argues that the Reagan Tokes Law is void for vagueness

because this provision does not specifically state the infractions that may serve as

the basis for keeping an offender beyond his or her presumptive release date. See

State v. Parker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109494, 2022-Ohio-1164, ¶ 15. “The

vagueness doctrine, which is premised on due process concerns, requires that

9
  We are aware that the Ohio Supreme Court accepted an appeal of State v. Hacker on March 2, 2021. State
v. Hacker, 161 Ohio St.3d 1449, 2021-Ohio-534, 163 N.E.3d 585. However, the Ohio Supreme Court has
not yet rendered a decision in that appeal.

                                                 -45-
Case No. 8-21-35

statutes give ‘fair notice of offending conduct.’” State v. Kinstle, 2012-Ohio-5952,

985 N.E.2d 184, ¶ 20 (3d Dist.), quoting State v. Lewis, 131 Ohio App.3d 229, 235,

722 N.E.2d 147 (3d Dist. 1999).

       The critical question in all cases as to void for vagueness is
       whether the law affords a reasonable individual of ordinary
       intelligence fair notice and sufficient definition and guidance to
       enable the person to conform their conduct to the law.

State v. Davis, 2021-Ohio-3093, 177 N.E.3d 320, ¶ 17 (5th Dist.). In this analysis,

“legislative enactments must be afforded a strong presumption of constitutionality.”

State v. Collier, 62 Ohio St.3d 267, 269, 581 N.E.2d 552 (1991). The party

challenging the constitutionality of a law bears the burden of establishing its

unconstitutionality. State v. Thompkins, 75 Ohio St.3d 558, 560, 1996-Ohio-264,

664 N.E.2d 926 (1996).

       {¶80} We recently considered this exact argument in State v. Morrissey, 3d

Dist. Hardin No. 6-22-06, 2022-Ohio-3519, ¶ 19, where we held the following:

       The Reagan Tokes Law states the factors that are to be considered
       in determining whether to keep an inmate beyond his or her
       presumptive release date. R.C. 2967.271(C)(1). These factors
       include consideration of whether the inmate has committed
       certain ‘institutional rule infractions.’ R.C. 2967.271(C)(1)(a).
       The institutional rule infractions refer to the inmate rules of
       conduct that are set forth in Ohio Adm. Code 5120-9-06. State v.
       Compton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28912, 2021-Ohio-1513, ¶ 15,
       quoting State v. Simmons, 2021-Ohio-939, 169 N.E.3d 728, ¶ 21
       (8th Dist.). See also Ohio Adm. Code 5120-9-08(M)(3).

       We agree with the other courts that have held the institutional
       rules set forth in the administrative code are sufficient to provide
       inmates with ‘adequate notice of the conduct that will lead to rule

                                       -46-
Case No. 8-21-35

       infractions * * *.’ Compton at ¶ 15, quoting Simmons at ¶ 21
       (considering whether inmates have adequate notice of what
       conduct may lead to being kept beyond a presumptive release date
       but in the context of a procedural due process challenge to the
       Reagan Tokes Law). These inmate rules of conduct do not need
       to be replicated verbatim in the text of the Reagan Tokes Law for
       inmates to be aware of the conduct that may lead to being kept
       beyond a presumptive release date.

Morrissey at ¶ 20-21. We decline to revisit our prior decision at this time. Thus,

Elliott has not, with this argument, established that the Reagan Tokes Law is

unconstitutionally vague. This challenge is without merit.

       {¶81} Fifth, Elliott argues that the text of the Reagan Tokes Law does not

contain adequate due process protections. However, this Court considered this issue

in State v. Hacker and found that the Reagan Tokes Law was not unconstitutional

on due process grounds. Hacker, supra, at ¶ 18-23. Again, we decline to revisit our

prior precedent and herein apply our holding in Hacker to the case before us. Id.

See also State v. Jinks, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29155, 2022-Ohio-282, ¶ 19; State

v. Ratliff, 5th Dist. Guernsey No. 21CA000016, 2022-Ohio-1372, ¶ 51; State v.

Guyton, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2019-12-203, 2020-Ohio-3837, ¶ 17. Thus, this

challenge is without merit.

       {¶82} Having examined these arguments, we conclude that none of the five

challenges raised by Elliott in this appeal establish that the Reagan Tokes Law is

sufficient to overcome the presumption of constitutionality that is afforded to

                                       -47-
Case No. 8-21-35

legislative enactments. Thus, Elliott has not carried the burden of establishing plain

error. Accordingly, his third assignment of error is overruled.

                                     Conclusion

       {¶83} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars

assigned and argued in the first and third assignments of error, the judgment of

Logan County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed as to these issues. Having found

error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars assigned and argued in the second

assignment of error, the judgment of the Logan County Court of Common Pleas is

reversed as to these issues.    This case is remanded to the trial court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                         Judgment Affirmed in Part
                                                                  Reversed in Part
                                                             And Cause Remanded

MILLER and SHAW, J.J., concur.

/hls

                                         -48-