Court Opinion

ID: 4656283
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-01 16:00:47.088855+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:49.174224
License: Public Domain

Case: 20-1160   Document: 52     Page: 1    Filed: 02/01/2021

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

                M & K HOLDINGS, INC.,
                       Appellant

                            v.

        SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.,
                    Appellee
             ______________________

                       2020-1160
                 ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2018-
 00696.
                  ______________________

                Decided: February 1, 2021
                 ______________________

     JOHN BAUER, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough,
 LLP, New York, NY, argued for appellant. Also repre-
 sented by KONGSIK KIM, Boston, MA.

     IGOR VICTOR TIMOFEYEV, Paul Hastings LLP, Washing-
 ton, DC, argued for appellee. Also represented by QUADEER
 AHMED, STEPHEN BLAKE KINNAIRD, NAVEEN MODI, JOSEPH
 PALYS.
                  ______________________

    Before MOORE, BRYSON, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.
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 2     M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

 BRYSON, Circuit Judge.
     Appellant M & K Holdings, Inc., appeals from a deci-
 sion of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board in an inter partes
 review proceeding in which the Board held all claims of
 U.S. Patent No. 9,113,163 (“the ’163 patent”) unpatentable.
 M&K argues that the Board erred by relying on references
 that do not qualify as prior art printed publications under
 35 U.S.C. § 102. In addition, M&K argues that the Board
 erred by finding claim 3 anticipated when the petition for
 inter partes review asserted only obviousness as to that
 claim. We affirm the Board’s decision with respect to the
 printed-publication issue, but we vacate the Board’s deci-
 sion with respect to claim 3.
                                I
      The ’163 patent is directed to an efficient method for
 compressing video files. The claims of the ’163 patent gen-
 erally concern “a method of decoding a moving picture in
 inter prediction mode,” in which “one or more reference pic-
 tures are used to estimate motion of a current block” over
 the time of the video. ’163 patent, col. 1, ll. 15–16 and ll.
 32–33. That estimated motion is quantified by a “motion
 vector,” which is “needed to correctly decode the inter-cod-
 ing block” when reversing the video compression. Id. at col.
 1, ll. 41–44. More specifically, the claims cover methods for
 constructing a “motion vector candidate list,” selecting a
 candidate from that list, and making an optimal motion
 prediction for a current block. See id. at col. 4, ll. 33–37;
 column 17, line 37, through column 18, line 46.
     In 2018, appellee Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., filed
 a petition for inter partes review requesting that the Patent
 Trial and Appeal Board find unpatentable all claims of the
 ’163 patent. Samsung asserted that claims 1, 5, and 6 were
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.     3

 anticipated by a reference known as “WD4-v3.” 1 Claim 2,
 according to Samsung, was both anticipated by WD4-v3
 and rendered obvious by the combination of WD4-v3 and a
 paper by Park et al. 2 Claims 3 and 4, Samsung asserted,
 were rendered obvious by the combination of WD4-v3,
 Park, and a paper by Minhua Zhou. 3 The Board instituted
 inter partes review on each of those grounds.
     The references relied upon in Samsung’s petition—
 WD4-v3, Park, and Zhou—were generated in connection
 with the work of a joint task force to establish industry
 standards for high-efficiency video coding (“HEVC”). The
 task force, known as the Joint Collaborative Team on Video
 Coding (“JCT-VC”), consists of representatives from tech-
 nology companies, universities, and research institutions.
 JCT-VC holds quarterly meetings at which members sub-
 mit and discuss input documents that propose changes to
 the HEVC standards. If the JCT-VC members agree to the
 proposed changes, those changes are incorporated into a
 working-draft document. WD4-v3 is a working-draft docu-
 ment, while Park and Zhou are input documents. All three
 references were uploaded to JCT-VC’s website before the
 December 13, 2011, priority date of the ’163 patent.
     In its response to Samsung’s petition, M&K did not
 take issue with the substance of Samsung’s unpatentabil-
 ity contentions. Rather, M&K challenged whether WD4-

     1   Bross et al., WD4: Working Draft 4 of High-Effi-
 ciency Video Coding, JCTVC-F803 (version 3) (uploaded
 Sept. 8, 2011). J.A. 1471–1692.
     2   Park et al., Modifications of Temporal MV Memory
 Compression and Temporal MV Predictor, JCTVC-E059
 (version 4) (uploaded Mar. 19, 2011). J.A. 1693–1717.
     3   Minhua Zhou, Non-CEP9: Modified H Position for
 Memory Bandwidth Reduction in TMVP Derivation,
 JCTVC-G082 (version 1) (uploaded Nov. 9, 2011). J.A.
 1728–33.
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 4     M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

 v3, Park, and Zhou constituted printed publications under
 35 U.S.C. § 102. M&K contended that none of the three
 references were publicly accessible, i.e., that interested
 persons of ordinary skill could not have accessed any of
 those references by exercising reasonable diligence.
     The Board disagreed with M&K, concluding that WD4-
 v3, Park, and Zhou were all publicly accessible before De-
 cember 13, 2011. Samsung Elecs. Co. v. M & K Holdings
 Inc., No. IPR2018-00696, 2019 WL 4196594, at *30
 (P.T.A.B. Sept. 4, 2019). The Board found that those refer-
 ences were discussed at JCT-VC meetings and were posted
 on the organization’s public website. The Board found that
 JCT-VC was a prominent standards-setting organization
 whose purpose was “to promulgate new HEVC standards
 and update the previous standards, making documents
 about the standards public, with updated video standards
 fostering world-wide trade.” Id. at *28.
     Based on those findings, the Board ruled that all six
 claims of the ’163 patent were unpatentable. Id. at *42.
 The Board held that claims 1, 2, 5, and 6 were anticipated
 by WD4-v3, id. at *31–36, and that claim 4 was rendered
 obvious by the combination of WD4-v3, Park, and Zhou, as
 alleged in Samsung’s petition, id. at *37–38. The Board
 held that claim 3 was anticipated by WD4-v3, although
 Samsung’s petition had asserted only obviousness as to
 that claim. Id. at *4, *36.
                               II
     On appeal, M&K does not dispute that WD4-v3 was
 publicly accessible before the priority date of the ’163 pa-
 tent. M&K contends, however, that the Board erred by con-
 cluding that Park and Zhou qualify as printed publications.
 Specifically, M&K argues that a person of ordinary skill
 could not have located the Park and Zhou references by ex-
 ercising reasonable diligence, and thus the Board erred by
 holding those references to be publicly accessible.
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.         5

      Whether a reference qualifies as a “printed publica-
 tion” under section 102 is a legal conclusion based on un-
 derlying factual findings. Jazz Pharms., Inc. v. Amneal
 Pharms., Inc., 895 F.3d 1347, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2018). We
 review the Board’s findings on public accessibility for sub-
 stantial evidence. GoPro, Inc. v. Contour IP Holding LLC,
 908 F.3d 690, 693 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
     Determining whether a reference is a “printed publica-
 tion” under section 102 involves a case-by-case inquiry into
 the circumstances under which the reference was disclosed
 to the public. In re Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d 1345, 1350 (Fed.
 Cir. 2004). “[T]he key inquiry is whether or not a reference
 has been made ‘publicly accessible.’” Id. at 1348; Accelera-
 tion Bay, LLC v. Activision Blizzard Inc., 908 F.3d 765, 772
 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (public accessibility “has been called the
 touch-stone” in determining whether a reference qualifies
 as a printed publication). “A reference will be considered
 publicly accessible if it was ‘disseminated or otherwise
 made available to the extent that persons interested and
 ordinarily skilled in the subject matter or art exercising
 reasonable diligence, can locate it.’” Blue Calypso, LLC v.
 Groupon, Inc., 815 F.3d 1331, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quot-
 ing Kyocera Wireless Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 545 F.3d
 1340, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2008)).
     One line of cases on public accessibility relates to the
 presentation of documents at a conference, trade show, or
 group meeting. See, e.g., Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d at 1347–
 52; Ecolochem, Inc. v. S. Cal. Edison Co., 227 F.3d 1361,
 1369–70 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Another line of cases relates to
 documents that are available in a repository, whether on
 the Internet or at a brick-and-mortar location such as a li-
 brary. See, e.g., SRI Int’l, Inc. v. Internet Sec. Sys., Inc., 511
 F.3d 1186, 1194 (Fed. Cir. 2008); In re Wyer, 655 F.2d 221,
 223 (CCPA 1981); In re Bayer, 568 F.2d 1357, 1357–62
 (CCPA 1978).
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 6      M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

     Occasionally, those two lines of cases overlap. See, e.g.,
 Mass. Inst. of Tech. v. AB Fortia, 774 F.2d 1104 (Fed. Cir.
 1985) (“MIT”). In the MIT case, the reference at issue was
 presented orally at a conference to between 50 and 500 at-
 tendees. Id. at 1108. Afterward, copies of the reference
 were made available to interested persons without re-
 strictions as to confidentiality. Id. at 1108–09. This case,
 like MIT, concerns both oral presentations and publicly
 available documents.
     The pertinent references in this case, Park and Zhou,
 were presented at JCT-VC development meetings. The
 Board found that those meetings were attended by between
 200 and 300 interested persons and that the conferees had
 discussed Park and Zhou at the meetings. The Board also
 noted that JCT-VC meeting reports summarized the Park
 and Zhou discussions. Those discussions, the Board found,
 were conducted without any expectation of confidentiality,
 a factor that is relevant to the issue of public accessibility.
 See Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d at 1350–51.
      As in MIT, full copies of the Park and Zhou references
 were made available to interested persons by no later than
 the time of the development meetings. The Board found
 that distribution was accomplished through the public
 JCT-VC website, which hosted downloadable copies of the
 Park and Zhou references. The Board cited JCT-VC’s pol-
 icy that input documents should be uploaded before devel-
 opment meetings “to ensure that [they are] available for
 review by other participants.” M & K Holdings, 2019 WL
 4196594, at *23. The Board also noted that the JCT-VC
 meeting reports directed readers to the JCT-VC website.
 The Board found that the JCT-VC website had title-search
 functionality and that the Park and Zhou references had
 descriptive titles, thus enabling routine searching of those
 references by subject matter.
    More generally, the Board found that JCT-VC was
 prominent in the community of those skilled in video-
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.     7

 coding technology. When JCT-VC was formed, it issued a
 public call for proposals regarding the new HEVC stand-
 ards. A highly influential trade journal amplified that call
 and cited the report from the first JCT-VC development
 meeting. The first meeting report, in turn, directed readers
 to the JCT-VC email reflector, which kept subscribers
 abreast of JCT-VC activity.
     In addition, the Board found that skilled artisans
 would have learned of the JCT-VC website, whether by
 word of mouth or upon the endorsement of other prominent
 organizations, and would have been motivated to track the
 JCT-VC website to ensure that their products and services
 were consistent with the developing HEVC standards.
 M & K Holdings, 2019 WL 4196594, at *17–19 (detailing
 the evidence supporting that finding). In addition to the
 evidence of JCT-VC’s prominence, the Board relied on tes-
 timony from Samsung’s expert witnesses in finding that
 Park and Zhou were publicly accessible through the combi-
 nation of the oral presentations at JCT-VC meetings and
 the hosting of documents on the JCT-VC website.
     M&K makes a number of arguments in support of its
 contention that skilled artisans could not have accessed
 Park and Zhou with reasonable diligence. Those argu-
 ments fall flat against the wealth of evidence outlined
 above.
     First, M&K argues that although the record estab-
 lished the prominence of JCT-VC’s working-draft docu-
 ments, it did not show that input documents such as Park
 and Zhou were equally prominent. That argument misun-
 derstands the Board’s finding of prominence. While a
 showing that the references themselves were prominent
 would likely establish public accessibility per se, such a
 showing is not required. The relevant inquiry is whether
 the channel through which the references were publicized
 is prominent or well-known among persons of ordinary
 skill in the art. See Samsung Elecs. Co. v. Infobridge Pte.
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 8     M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

 Ltd., 929 F.3d 1363, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2019); Voter Verified,
 Inc. v. Premier Election Sols., Inc., 698 F.3d 1374, 1381
 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (upholding district court finding that an
 interested person of ordinary skill “would have been inde-
 pendently aware of the Risks Digest as a prominent forum
 . . . . And upon accessing the Risks Digest website, such an
 interested researcher would have found the Benson article
 using that website’s own search functions and applying
 reasonable diligence . . . .”). Contrary to M&K’s sugges-
 tion, the Board found that the JCT-VC organization as a
 whole was prominent among the community of skilled ar-
 tisans. See M & K Holdings, 2019 WL 4196594, at *15–16,
 *21–22. That finding is supported by substantial evidence
 and bolsters the Board’s ultimate finding that the Park and
 Zhou references were publicly accessible.
      M&K argues that the structure and search capabilities
 of the JCT-VC website cut against a finding of public acces-
 sibility. M&K points out that, after navigating to the JCT-
 VC landing page, users must click on the “All meetings”
 link and select a particular meeting in order to access JCT-
 VC documents. According to M&K, the “All meetings” label
 does not describe a document repository, the website does
 not explain which link provides access to JCT-VC docu-
 ments, and neither the landing page nor the “All meetings”
 page provides search functionality. Even if a user hap-
 pened to navigate to a meeting page, M&K argues, the user
 could not search documents by content, but could search
 only by date, title, and number. M&K contends that those
 factors show that Park and Zhou were not publicly accessi-
 ble.
     The law regarding public accessibility is not as restric-
 tive as M&K suggests—a website’s landing page is not re-
 quired to have search functionality. Instead, given the
 prominence of JCT-VC, the dispositive question is whether
 interested users of the JCT-VC website could have located
 Park and Zhou through reasonable diligence. See Info-
 bridge, 929 F.3d at 1369; Voter Verified, 698 F.3d at 1381.
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.     9

 The Board found that they could have, and that conclusion
 is supported by substantial evidence.
     It is also not dispositive that the “All meetings” label
 does not explicitly describe a document repository. A
 skilled artisan browsing the JCT-VC website would under-
 stand that the website is structured to serve the purpose of
 the JCT-VC organization, i.e., to develop HEVC standards
 through member meetings and communications, not to
 function as a passive digital library. Hence, a skilled arti-
 san browsing the JCT-VC website would realize that docu-
 ments are hosted under the meeting pages. The Board
 found that a skilled artisan browsing the JCT-VC website
 would have known to navigate to the page of the most re-
 cent meeting, to search documents on that page, and to con-
 tinue navigating backward in time until the user’s search
 was satisfied. M & K Holdings, 2019 WL 4196594, at *25.
      M&K’s argument emphasizing the lack of full-content-
 search capability on the JCT-VC website also misses the
 mark. A factor relevant to public accessibility is whether a
 repository indexes its documents or otherwise categorizes
 them by subject matter. See Blue Calypso, 815 F.3d at
 1349. The Board found that the documents in question on
 the meeting pages of the JCT-VC website were effectively
 indexed by subject matter in light of the title-search func-
 tionality and the fact that Park and Zhou featured descrip-
 tive titles. That finding supports the Board’s conclusion
 that Park and Zhou were publicly accessible. See In re Lis-
 ter, 583 F.3d 1307, 1314–17 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (concluding
 that a reference with a descriptive title was publicly acces-
 sible as of the date it was posted to an Internet database
 on which users “could perform keyword searches of the ti-
 tles, but not the full texts, of the works”).
     Even if a skilled artisan could have navigated to the
 meeting pages using reasonable diligence, M&K contends
 that Samsung presented no evidence that Park or Zhou
 could be identified by entering title-search queries. M&K
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 10       M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

 argues that the Board’s finding as to that fact rested solely
 on attorney argument, not on evidence in the record.
     We disagree. The Board relied on testimony from Sam-
 sung’s expert that the meeting pages on the JCT-VC web-
 site allowed searches of the hosted documents by title and
 author. M & K Holdings, 2019 WL 4196594, at *10, *24.
 The Board also relied on evidence demonstrating the title-
 search functionality with keywords relating to the WD4-v3
 reference. Id. at *24. And the Board cited exhibits showing
 the metadata fields of the Park and Zhou references on the
 JCT-VC website, including their “Title” headers. Id. at *10,
 *24. 4
     M&K makes a separate set of arguments concerning
 the extent to which Park and Zhou were discussed at JCT-
 VC meetings and accessed on the JCT-VC website. First,
 M&K argues that interested artisans’ access to Park was

      4   As to whether the availability of a title search was
 sufficient to demonstrate public accessibility, M&K relies
 on this court’s decision in Infobridge, which involved a sim-
 ilar “printed publication” issue in the same field of technol-
 ogy. In that case, however, the Board found that the
 evidence did not show that the reference in question was
 publicly accessible through a title search, and this court
 sustained that aspect of the Board’s decision as supported
 by substantial evidence. 929 F.3d at 1373. In this case,
 unlike in Infobridge, the Board found that the disputed ref-
 erences were publicly accessible through a title search. As
 the Board explained, the record regarding the title-search
 issue was more developed in this case. M & K Holdings,
 2019 WL 4196594, at *7. For that reason, and because we
 review the Board’s findings on factual issues for substan-
 tial evidence, our decision in Infobridge, in which we sus-
 tained the Board’s finding of no public accessibility, does
 not warrant our overturning the Board’s finding of public
 accessibility in this case.
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.   11

 impaired by the fact that Park was uploaded to the JCT-
 VC website after it was discussed at the development meet-
 ing. Second, M&K notes that Samsung introduced no evi-
 dence regarding the extent to which interested artisans
 accessed Park and Zhou on the JCT-VC website. Third,
 M&K argues that the evidence does not show that the
 presentations of Park and Zhou at the JCT-VC meetings
 disclosed the substantive material that is relevant to the
 obviousness issues in this case. In support of that conten-
 tion, M&K points out that the oral presentations relating
 to each input document were restricted to a maximum of
 five minutes, and the presenters were limited to two slides.
     Contrary to M&K’s suggestion, Samsung was not re-
 quired to show that interested artisans actually accessed
 Park and Zhou on the JCT-VC website. See Infobridge, 929
 F.3d at 1374; Jazz, 895 F.3d at 1356 (“‘[T]here is no re-
 quirement to show that particular members of the public
 actually received the information.’” (quoting Constant v.
 Advanced Micro-Devices, Inc., 848 F.2d 1560, 1569 (Fed.
 Cir. 1988)). Nor was Samsung required to show that Park
 was uploaded to the website before the development meet-
 ing. See MIT, 774 F.2d at 1108 (“The Birmingham paper
 was orally presented . . . . Afterward, copies were distrib-
 uted on request, without any restrictions.” (emphasis
 added)).
      Samsung was also not required to prove that the oral
 presentations of Park and Zhou disclosed the exact mate-
 rial relating to Samsung’s obviousness theories in the cir-
 cumstances of this case. The Board found that the
 conferees’ discussions of Park and Zhou were of sufficient
 depth and duration to resolve the specific technical issues
 associated with those references. M & K Holdings, 2019
 WL 4196594, at *22–23. Yet, even if the presentations did
 not disclose the exact material relating to Samsung’s obvi-
 ousness theories, that would not be fatal to the public ac-
 cessibility of Park and Zhou, because the oral presentations
 were supplemented by JCT-VC’s publishing Park and Zhou
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 12    M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

 in its document repository. The Board found that skilled
 artisans attending the presentations would have been mo-
 tivated to browse the JCT-VC website to obtain more com-
 plete disclosures of the Park and Zhou references. Id. at
 *23. The Board’s finding correctly acknowledges that the
 public accessibility of Park and Zhou does not depend solely
 on the comprehensiveness of the oral presentations.
     In sum, we hold that substantial evidence supports the
 Board’s finding that persons of ordinary skill in video-cod-
 ing technology could have accessed Park and Zhou with
 reasonable diligence through the JCT-VC organization.
 None of M&K’s arguments undermine the Board’s finding
 that Park and Zhou were publicly accessible and its conclu-
 sion that those references constitute printed publications
 within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. § 102.
                               III
     M&K’s second contention on appeal is that the Board
 committed procedural error when it held claim 3 unpatent-
 able based on anticipation. Because Samsung’s petition
 challenged claim 3 only on a theory of obviousness, M&K
 argues that the Board’s reliance on anticipation deprived
 M&K of the notice it was due with respect to the ground on
 which the Board held claim 3 unpatentable.
     In a formal adjudication, such as an inter partes review,
 the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) imposes partic-
 ular procedural requirements on the Board. The Board
 must “timely inform the patent owner of ‘the matters of fact
 and law asserted’” and “give all interested parties the op-
 portunity to submit and consider facts and arguments,”
 among other requirements. EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v.
 Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341, 1348 (Fed.
 Cir. 2017) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 554(b)(3) and (c)(1)). In prior
 cases, we have addressed the issue of notice by asking
 whether “the Board departed markedly from the evidence
 and theories presented by the petition or institution
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.    13

 decision, creating unfair surprise.” Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith
 & Nephew, Inc., 935 F.3d 1319, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
     The final limitation of claim 1 of the ’163 patent reads
 as follows:
     wherein the temporal motion vector candidate is a
     first available motion vector encountered when re-
     trieving two blocks corresponding to the current
     prediction unit or a motion vector of a predeter-
     mined block.
 The parties refer to that limitation as “element 1(j).” Nei-
 ther party disputes that there are two alternative ways of
 satisfying element 1(j). The antecedent “temporal motion
 vector candidate” must be either “a first available motion
 vector encountered when retrieving two blocks correspond-
 ing to the current prediction unit” or “a motion vector of a
 predetermined block.”
     Claim 2 contains a further limitation of the “two
 blocks” term from the first alternative in element 1(j):
     2. The method of claim 1, wherein the two blocks
     comprises [sic] a first candidate block and a second
     candidate block, . . . .
 Claim 3 further limits the “predetermined block” term from
 the second alternative in element 1(j) by equating that
 term to the “second candidate block” from claim 2:
     3. The method of claim 2, wherein the predeter-
     mined block is the second candidate block.
      In its petition for inter partes review, Samsung as-
 serted that the WD4-v3 reference anticipated claims 1 and
 2. As to claim 3, Samsung asserted that it was rendered
 obvious by the combination of WD4-v3, Park, and Zhou.
 Samsung did not, however, assert anticipation of claim 3 at
 any point during the inter partes review proceeding. Nota-
 bly, Samsung acknowledged in its petition that WD4-v3 did
 not disclose the second alternative in element 1(j), i.e., the
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 14       M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

 “predetermined block” referenced in claim 3: “WD4-v3 does
 not disclose that the temporal motion vector predictor
 mvLXCol is a motion vector of a predetermined block, as
 set forth in the second alternative of claim element 1(j)
 . . . .” J.A. 194.
      The Board held that claims 1 and 2 were anticipated by
 WD4-v3. M & K Holdings, 2019 WL 4196594, at *31–36.
 As to claim 3, the Board stated that it was holding that
 claim to be “obvious over WD4-v3, Park, and Zhou.” Id. at
 *38, *42. However, the Board’s analysis of the patentabil-
 ity of claim 3 was based on anticipation, not obviousness.
       In addressing claim 3, the Board began by noting the
 alternative format of element 1(j). Id. at *37. The Board
 reasoned that although claim 3 relates to the second alter-
 native of element 1(j), i.e., the motion vector of a predeter-
 mined block, an analysis invalidating claim 3 would not
 require a disclosure of the second alternative. “Rather, [el-
 ement 1(j)] of claim 3 (inherited through its dependency
 from claim 1) may still be met under the first alternative
 . . . .” Id. And because Samsung had already established
 anticipation of the first alternative and the further limita-
 tions in claim 2, the Board concluded that “[Samsung] es-
 tablishes that WD4-v3 anticipates claim 3.” 5              Id.
 Regarding Samsung’s obviousness theory, the Board ex-
 plained that a disclosure anticipating a claim also renders
 that claim obvious because “anticipation is the epitome of

      5  The Board also stated that Samsung showed “that
 WD4-v3 discloses the second candidate block [limitations
 in claim 2], and shows that WD4-v3 discloses using [those
 limitations] as the temporal motion vector predictor,
 thereby meeting the predetermined block limitation of
 claim 3.” M & K Holdings, 2019 WL 4196594, at *31 (citing
 Samsung’s petition, pp. 53–54). That statement, however,
 is not supported by the citation to Samsung’s petition.
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.   15

 obviousness.” Id. at *37 n.32 (quoting Connell v. Sears,
 Roebuck & Co., 722 F.2d 1542, 1548 (Fed. Cir. 1983)).
     M&K argues that it was deprived of notice as to the
 Board’s adjudication of claim 3, which was based on a claim
 interpretation that was not offered by either party and was
 not disclosed until the Board’s decision. Samsung responds
 by framing the Board’s analysis as a simpler path to inval-
 idating claim 3. That path, according to Samsung, was in-
 herent in Samsung’s obviousness theory because a
 reference that anticipates a claim also renders that claim
 obvious. Samsung contends that M&K was on notice of the
 prior art the Board used to invalidate claim 3, i.e., WD4-
 v3, and therefore was not denied notice of the ground on
 which the Board held that claim unpatentable.
     We agree with M&K that the Board deviated imper-
 missibly from the invalidity theory set forth in Samsung’s
 petition when it held that claim 3 was anticipated by WD4-
 v3. Although M&K was aware of the prior art used to in-
 validate claim 3 given the obviousness combination as-
 serted against that claim, M&K was not put on notice that
 the Board might find that WD4-v3 disclosed all of the lim-
 itations in claim 3 and might invalidate claim 3 based on
 anticipation. 6 That amounts to a marked deviation. See
 EmeraChem, 859 F.3d at 1348–51 (finding a violation of
 the APA when the Board invalidated a claim based on a
 reference that the petitioner did not substantively rely

     6    To be sure, Samsung’s petition makes WD4-v3 rel-
 evant to claim 3, but only by disclosing the limitations in-
 herited through claims 1 and 2, not by disclosing the
 further limitations recited in claim 3 itself. See Samsung’s
 petition, pp. 58–64 (recounting WD4-v3’s disclosure of the
 limitations in claims 1 and 2 but, for claim 3’s “predeter-
 mined block,” asserting that a person of ordinary skill
 would have “modified the combined WD4-v3 and Park pro-
 cess in such way based on . . . the disclosure of Zhou”).
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 16    M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

 upon, but only broadly alleged as relevant, with respect to
 that particular claim).
     The Board’s anticipation finding was not inherent in
 Samsung’s obviousness theory; to the contrary, Samsung’s
 position before the Board contradicted such a conclusion.
 Samsung expressly stated in its petition that WD4-v3 did
 not disclose the “predetermined block” limitation in claim
 3, see J.A. 194; Samsung argued obviousness as a substi-
 tute for that lack of disclosure, see id.; and Samsung did
 not assert or otherwise disclose the particular claim inter-
 pretation and anticipation theory adopted by the Board.
      If M&K had been given notice of the anticipation the-
 ory, it could have challenged the Board’s interpretation of
 claim 3, which was based on the alternative format of ele-
 ment 1(j). The Board deprived M&K of that opportunity,
 and we have held similar deprivations of notice regarding
 non-prior-art issues to be violations of the APA. See, e.g.,
 SAS Inst., Inc. v. ComplementSoft, LLC., 825 F.3d 1341,
 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (APA violation when the Board mod-
 ified its prior, undisputed claim construction), rev’d and re-
 manded on other grounds sub nom. SAS Inst., Inc. v. Iancu,
 138 S. Ct. 1348 (2018).
      Samsung analogizes this case to Wasica Finance
 GmbH v. Continental Automotive Systems, Inc., 853 F.3d
 1272 (Fed. Cir. 2017). In that case, however, the petitioner
 challenged the claims at issue as being both anticipated
 and obvious over the same reference. See Corrected Peti-
 tion for Inter Partes Review, Cont’l Auto. Sys., Inc., v. Wa-
 sica Fin. GmbH, 2014 WL 4339034, at *2 (P.T.A.B. Jan. 16,
 2014) (No. IPR2014-00295) (asserting that a prior art ref-
 erence anticipated and rendered obvious claims 1, 2, 5, 10,
 13, 15, 18, 19, and 21). Here, unlike in Wasica, Samsung
 asserted obviousness as to claim 3, but did not include an-
 ticipation as an alternative theory of unpatentability. We
 therefore vacate the Board’s decision as to claim 3.
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 M & K HOLDINGS, INC.   v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.    17

                                IV
     We affirm the Board’s holding that Park and Zhou are
 printed publications. We vacate the Board’s holding that
 claim 3 is unpatentable, and we remand for the Board to
 further analyze the patentability of claim 3 consistent with
 this opinion.
     No costs.
    AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND
                  REMANDED