Court Opinion

ID: 4332945
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 00:56:35.936559+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:54.182855
License: Public Domain

115 T.C. No. 22

                  UNITED STATES TAX COURT

     TOM I. LINCIR AND DIANE C. LINCIR, Petitioners v.
       COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent1*

 Docket No. 22934-89.                 Filed September 27, 2000.

      Ps are liable for deficiencies in and additions to
 their Federal income tax liabilities for the taxable
 years 1978 through 1982, including interest at the
 increased rate prescribed under sec. 6621(c), I.R.C.,
 and the "interest sensitive" addition to tax under sec.
 6653(a)(2), I.R.C., for 1981 and 1982. The parties
 agree that Ps are entitled to refunds for overpayments
 for the taxable years 1984 and 1985 that would
 partially offset the deficiencies for the earlier
 years. Ps contend that the Court's decision for the
 taxable years 1978 through 1982 should state that "The
 penalties due under section 6621(c) and section
 6653(a)(2) are to be determined after the application
 of the interest-netting rules of section 6621(d)."
      Held: The Court lacks jurisdiction in this
 deficiency proceeding to determine the impact, if any,
 of the so-called interest-netting rule under sec.
 6621(d), I.R.C., on the computation of the sec.

*This supplements Lincir v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1999-98.
                               - 2 -

     6621(c), I.R.C., interest. Held, further, Because R
     has not computed the amount of statutory interest
     payable under sec. 6601, I.R.C., the question of the
     impact of sec. 6621(d), I.R.C., if any, on the
     computation of the addition to tax under sec.
     6653(a)(2), I.R.C., is not ripe for consideration.

     Michael D. Savage, for petitioners.

     Gary D. Kallevang, for respondent.

                       SUPPLEMENTAL OPINION

     DAWSON, Judge:   This matter is before the Court for

resolution of the parties' dispute over the terms of the decision

to be entered in this case pursuant to Rule 155.1   Although the

parties generally agree as to the decision to be entered in this

case, petitioners contend that it should include the following

statement:

     The penalties due under section 6621(c) and section
     6653(a)(2) are to be determined after the application
     of the interest-netting rules of section 6621(d).

Respondent opposes the inclusion of the preceding statement in

the decision.   As explained in detail below, the decision will

not include the disputed statement.

                            Background

     During the taxable years 1978 through 1982, Tom I. Lincir

and Diane C. Lincir (petitioners) reported tax losses related to

     1
        Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to
sections of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and Rule
references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
                               - 3 -

their participation in tax shelter programs known as the

"Arbitrage Carry" gold trading program promoted by Futures

Trading, Inc. (the FTI program) and the Treasury bill option and

stock forward transactions promoted by Merit Securities, Inc.

(the Merit Securities program).   In 1984 and 1985, petitioners

reported taxable gains from offsetting straddle transactions

carried out in connection with the Merit Securities program.

     Respondent determined deficiencies in and additions to

petitioners' Federal income tax liabilities for the taxable years

1978 through 1982 based upon the disallowance of losses that

petitioners claimed with respect to the FTI and Merit Securities

programs.   Respondent also determined that petitioners are liable

for interest computed at the increased rate prescribed in section

6621(c) (section 6621(c) interest) for each of the years in

issue.   Respondent also determined that petitioners are liable

for additions to tax under section 6653(a)(2) for 1981 and 1982.

     Petitioners filed a timely petition contesting respondent's

determinations.   They subsequently agreed that adjustments

related to their participation in the Merit Securities program

would be redetermined in the same manner as certain test cases.

In the test cases, reported as Leema Enterprises, Inc. v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1999-18, the Court disallowed all losses

related to the Merit Securities program on the alternative

grounds that the program lacked economic substance and Merit

Securities program participants failed to meet the statutory
                                - 4 -

requirements for deducting the losses in dispute because their

primary objective was to obtain tax benefits.    Petitioners

entered into a second stipulation in which they agreed that all

transactions related to the FTI program would be ignored for

Federal income tax purposes.

     Although petitioners made one partial payment of

approximately $270,000 in 1990 against their liability for the

taxable years 1978 through 1982, the parties agree that

petitioners have underpayments for those taxable years on which

interest continues to accrue.   The parties also agree that

petitioners are entitled to refunds for outstanding overpayments

for the taxable years 1984 and 1985 attributable to the gains

that petitioners reported in those years on transactions

associated with the Merit Securities program.2

     After the disposition of the substantive tax shelter

adjustments described above, the Court conducted a trial to

redetermine petitioners' liability for additions to tax and

section 6621(c) interest.   In Lincir v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1999-98, the Court sustained respondent's determinations that

petitioners are liable for various additions to tax (including

section 6653(a)(2) for 1981 and 1982) and section 6621(c)

interest for the years in issue.   We subsequently ordered the

     2
        On or about Apr. 7, 1987, to avoid a whipsaw in the event
the Court were to sustain respondent's disallowance of losses
claimed in the taxable years before the Court, petitioners filed
protective claims for refunds of the taxes paid in 1984 and 1985
on the gains reported in those years.
                                - 5 -

parties to submit an agreed decision or separate computations for

entry of decision pursuant to Rule 155.

     Although the parties generally agree with respect to the

terms of the Court's decision, petitioners contend that the

decision should state that the computations of the addition to

tax under section 6653(a)(2) and section 6621(c) interest are

subject to (and will be reduced by) the new interest-netting rule

contained in section 6621(d).   Respondent counters:   (1) The

question of the applicability of section 6621(d) in respect of

the computation of section 6621(c) interest is not ripe for

consideration in this deficiency proceeding; and (2) section

6621(d) does not affect the computation of the addition to tax

under section 6653(a)(2).

                            Discussion

     Section 6621(d), enacted as part of the Internal Revenue

Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-206,

sec. 3301, 112 Stat. 685, 741 provides:

     To the extent that, for any period, interest is payable
     under subchapter A and allowable under subchapter B on
     equivalent underpayments and overpayments by the same
     taxpayer of tax imposed by this title, the net rate of
     interest under this section on such amounts shall be
     zero for such period.

In sum, section 6621(d) provides that for any period during which

a taxpayer is simultaneously liable for an underpayment of tax

and entitled to a refund for an overpayment of tax in an

equivalent amount, the net rate of interest on such amount shall

be zero.
                               - 6 -

Section 6621(c) Interest

     Respondent argues that the question whether the interest-

netting rule affects the computation of section 6621(c) interest

is not ripe for consideration in this deficiency proceeding.

Citing the principle that the Court generally lacks jurisdiction

in a deficiency proceeding to redetermine interest, respondent

argues that the parties have not computed the amount of statutory

interest due from petitioners, and thus the parties are unable to

compute the amount of increased interest due under section

6621(c).   Respondent contends that the legal question of the

effect of section 6621(d) is a matter that may only be raised

within the context of a supplemental proceeding brought pursuant

to section 7481(c).3

     3
        Sec. 7481(c), enacted in the Technical and Miscellaneous
Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-647, sec. 6246(a), 102 Stat.
3342, 3751, confers jurisdiction on the Court to resolve disputes
over respondent's postdecision computation of statutory interest.
See note to Rule 261, 93 T.C. 1040-1041 (1989). Sec. 7481(c)
provides in pertinent part:

          SEC. 7481(c) Jurisdiction Over Interest
     Determinations.--Notwithstanding subsection (a),   if–

             (1) an assessment has been made by the Secretary
           under section 6215 which includes interest as
           imposed by this title,

            (2) the taxpayer has paid the entire amount of
     the deficiency plus interest claimed by the Secretary,
     and

                                                    (continued...)
                                - 7 -

     Petitioners assert that, because the Court has jurisdiction

to redetermine their liability for section 6621(c) interest, the

Court also has jurisdiction to determine how such increased

interest is computed.    Petitioners further assert that a plain

reading of the applicable provisions leads to the conclusion that

the amounts that they owe pursuant to section 6621(c), an item

that is tied directly to the rate of interest under section 6621,

will be substantially reduced when computed pursuant to the

interest-netting rule.

     The Tax Court is a court of limited jurisdiction, and we may

exercise our jurisdiction only to the extent authorized by

Congress.   See sec. 7442; Judge v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 1175,

1180-1181 (1987); Naftel v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 527, 529

(1985).   It is well settled that this Court's jurisdiction to

redetermine a deficiency in tax generally does not extend to

statutory interest imposed under section 6601.    See Bax v.

     3
      (...continued)
            (3) within 1 year after the date the decision of
          the Tax Court becomes final under subsection
          (a), the taxpayer files a petition in the Tax
          Court for a redetermination that the amount
          of interest claimed by the Secretary exceeds
          the amount of interest imposed by this title,

     then the Tax Court may reopen the case solely to
     determine whether the taxpayer has made an overpayment
     of such interest and the amount of any such
     overpayment. * * *
                               - 8 -

Commissioner, 13 F.3d 54, 56-57 (2d Cir. 1993), affg. an Order of

this Court; LTV Corp. v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. 589, 597 (1975);

see also Asciutto v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1992-564, affd. 26
F.3d 108 (9th Cir. 1994).   In particular, section 6601(e)(1)

provides that interest prescribed by section 6601 is treated as

tax "except [for purposes of] subchapter B of chapter 63,

relating to deficiency procedures”.    Because the effect of such

language is to exclude interest from the definition of a "tax"

for purposes of section 6211(a), it follows that such interest

does not constitute a deficiency within the meaning of that

provision.   See Pen Coal Corp. v. Commissioner, 107 T.C. 249, 255

(1996); White v. Commissioner, 95 T.C. 209, 213 (1990).     For this

reason, the Court's decision documents normally will not include

a reference to a taxpayer's liability for statutory interest.

See Thomas v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-291.

     Consistent with section 6601(e), the Court does have

jurisdiction to redetermine statutory interest where a taxpayer

has properly invoked the Court's overpayment jurisdiction

pursuant to section 6512.   See Barton v. Commissioner, 97 T.C.
548, 554-555 (1991).   In Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. & Subs. v.

Commissioner, 110 T.C. 291 (1998), we held that the Court had

jurisdiction under section 6512 to review the taxpayers' claim

that they had overpaid statutory interest for the years in issue
                               - 9 -

where the Commissioner had rejected the taxpayers' request

pursuant to section 6402(a) to offset the tax deficiencies (and

interest) for the years before the Court against the taxpayers'

overpayments for earlier years.   Unlike the taxpayers in Winn-

Dixie Stores, Inc. & Subs. v. Commissioner, supra, petitioners

have not paid in full the agreed deficiencies with interest.

Accordingly, petitioners cannot invoke the Court's overpayment

jurisdiction.

     Despite the Court's general lack of jurisdiction to

redetermine a taxpayer's liability for statutory interest in a

deficiency proceeding, the Court does have jurisdiction under

section 6621(c) to determine whether a taxpayer is liable for

increased interest.   Section 6621(c), originally codified as

section 6621(d) and applicable with respect to interest accruing

after December 31, 1984, provides that interest payable under

section 6601 will be computed at a rate equal to 120 percent of

the normal rate provided under section 6601 on any substantial

underpayment of tax attributable to a tax-motivated transaction.4

Section 6621(c)(4) provided in pertinent part:

          (4) Jurisdiction of Tax Court.--In the case of any
     proceeding in the Tax Court for a redetermination of a
     deficiency, the Tax Court shall also have jurisdiction
     to determine the portion (if any) of such deficiency

     4
        Former sec. 6621(d) was added to the Internal Revenue
Code by the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-369, sec.
144(a), 98 Stat. 494, 682. Sec. 6621(d) was redesignated sec.
6621(c) by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, sec.
1511(c)(1)(A)-(C), 100 Stat. 2085, 2744. Sec. 6621(c) was
repealed by sec. 7721(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
of 1989, Pub. L. 101-239, 103 Stat. 2106, 2399 effective with
respect to returns the due date for which is after Dec. 31, 1989.
                             - 10 -

     which is a substantial underpayment attributable to tax
     motivated transactions.

In sum, section 6621(c)(4) establishes a limited exception to the

general rule that this Court lacks jurisdiction over statutory

interest by providing that, in a proceeding for redetermination

of a deficiency, this Court has jurisdiction to determine the

portion (if any) of such a deficiency that is a substantial

underpayment attributable to a tax-motivated transaction.

     Based upon the plain language of section 6621(c)(4), we

conclude that Congress limited the Court's jurisdiction in a

deficiency proceeding to determining the portion of a deficiency

that will be subject to increased interest under section 6621(c).

In this connection, we conclude that Congress did not intend for

the Court to compute or otherwise instruct respondent how to

compute section 6621(c) interest in the context of a deficiency

proceeding.5

Section 6653(a)(2)

     Contrary to respondent's argument with respect to section

6621(c), respondent asserts that the Court can reach the question

regarding the effect of section 6621(d) on the computation of the

addition to tax under section 6653(a)(2).   Respondent maintains,

     5
        Although respondent contends that petitioners will be
able to raise the question of the impact of sec. 6621(d) on the
computation of increased interest under sec. 6621(c) pursuant to
a supplemental proceeding brought under sec. 7481(c), the scope
of the Court's jurisdiction in a sec. 7481(c) proceeding is not
properly before the Court at this time, and we express no opinion
on the point.
                              - 11 -

however, that section 6621(d) does not affect the computation of

the addition to tax.   Petitioners contend that the proper

application of section 6621(d) will have the effect of reducing

the amount of the addition to tax under section 6653(a)(2)

because there should not be any interest due with respect to the

portion of petitioners' income tax liabilities for the years in

issue that is offset by petitioners' income tax overpayments for

1984 and 1985.

     Section 6653(a)(2) provides that, if a portion of an

underpayment is attributable to negligence, the taxpayer shall be

liable for an addition to tax "in an amount equal to 50 percent

of the interest payable under section 6601".   The specific amount

of a taxpayer's liability for the addition to tax under section

6653(a)(2) is dependent upon a computation of statutory interest

payable under section 6601.

     To date, respondent has not assessed or otherwise computed

the statutory interest payable under section 6601 in this case.

In short, respondent cannot make such a computation until the

Court has entered its decision.   Because respondent has not

computed the amount of statutory interest payable under section

6601, any question pertaining to the correct computation of the

addition to tax under section 6653(a)(2) is premature and is not

ripe for consideration.   We note that until respondent computes

and enters an assessment for the addition to tax under section

6653(a)(2), it is unclear whether the present computational
                               - 12 -

dispute will materialize into a concrete controversy.6

                             Conclusion

     Consistent with the preceding discussion, the Court will not

include the statement proffered by petitioners to be entered in

the decision in this case.   Instead, the Court will enter a

decision consistent with the proposed decision submitted by

respondent.

     Accordingly, upon due consideration of the parties’

contentions and for cause,

                                    An appropriate decision

                               will be entered.

     6
        We express no view regarding the appropriate forum or
proceeding in which any such controversy might be resolved.