Court Opinion

ID: 9962336
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-23 15:19:25.962875+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:20:26.580753
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges O’Brien, AtLee and Chaney
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia

              LATRICE CURTIS
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 0422-23-4                                   JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR.
                                                                                    APRIL 23, 2024
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY
                                                Michael E. Levy, Judge

                               James Joseph Ilijevich for appellant.

                               Kimberly A. Hackbarth, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S.
                               Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                      Following a bench trial, the trial court convicted Latrice Curtis of child cruelty, child

              neglect, and assault and battery upon a family member. Curtis challenges the sufficiency of the

              evidence to sustain her convictions. She also argues that the trial court erred in admitting a recorded

              forensic interview under the hearsay exception provided by Code § 19.2-268.3, which permits the

              admission of certain hearsay statements of child victims of specified crimes. We find no error and

              affirm the trial court.1

                      *
                          This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
                      1
                       “Although parts of the record are sealed, this appeal requires unsealing certain portions
              to resolve the issues raised by [Curtis]. To the extent that certain facts are found in the sealed
              portions of the record, we unseal those portions only as to those specific facts mentioned in this
              opinion.” Khine v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 435, 442 n.1 (2022). “The rest remains sealed.”
              Id.
                                            I. BACKGROUND

       “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v.

Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381

(2016)). In doing so, we discard any of Curtis’s conflicting evidence, and regard as true all

credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be

drawn from that evidence. Id. at 473.

       In September 2019, Curtis lived with her mother, sister, and five children in Stafford

County. The children’s father, Eugene “Gene” Ellis, frequently stayed at the house. One of

Curtis’s children, Z,2 was four years old at that time.

       On September 20, 2019, Stafford County Department of Social Services (“DSS”)

received a referral concerning the medical neglect of one of Z’s siblings. Erin Kube, a DSS

employee, met Z at his daycare on September 24, 2019, and she noticed “scratch marks,

scabbing, and areas of discoloration” on Z. Kube photographed Z’s back, chest, and legs.

Concerning the cause of the injuries, Z volunteered, without Kube asking, that Curtis routinely

beat him with a belt at night before he went to bed.

       Notwithstanding Kube’s observations of Z, the children remained in Curtis’s care until

she was arrested and incarcerated on October 12, 2019, for other charges. After Curtis’s arrest,

the children lived in the home with the other adults. DSS removed all of the children, including

Z, on October 23, 2019, and placed them in foster care.

       Following an initial foster care placement, DSS placed Z with Beverley McCauley and

her family on November 6, 2019. The next day, McCauley took Z for a medical examination

because she saw marks and scars on his body. The physician’s report documented scars on Z’s

       2
           We refer to Z by his first initial to protect his privacy.
                                                    -2-
chest, abdomen, ear, cheeks, forehead, middle finger, back, legs, and shoulder. The scars ranged

in size, with the examiner observing that some appeared to be from “a deeper laceration.” After

medical personnel counted 69 scars on Z’s body, they stopped counting the marks. In addition,

Z’s buttocks exhibited “hypertrophied darkened skin indicative of previous spanking/hitting.”

        When speaking with McCauley, Z referred to Curtis as “Old Mom” or “Latrice,” and he

called his biological father “Gene” or “Old Dad.” After his first parental visit with Curtis and

Ellis, Z repeatedly begged McCauley not to send him back to them, because “those people were

the ones that hurt [him].” Z would point to scars on his back, stomach, forehead, around his eye,

and under his arms, saying that these injuries came from “Old Mom.”

        The police interviewed Curtis on January 2, 2020. Curtis claimed she could not explain

Z’s injuries. She admitted that she disciplined her children by spanking, but she claimed that she

“barely beat them” and never left any marks. She denied ever having hit them with objects or

seeing anyone else do so. When confronted about the numerous scars and old injuries found on

Z’s body during the medical examination, Curtis said she had never noticed them.

        In a recorded interview with Jodi Green, a child forensic interviewer, Z said his “Old

Mom” beat him with her hand and cut him with a knife more than once. Green asked if Ellis, or

“Old Dad,” said anything when Curtis beat him. Z, who had been speaking in a generally soft,

relaxed tone throughout the interview, immediately responded in a piercing shout meant to

imitate Ellis, “take it like a man!”

        On the same day as the forensic interview, Nurse Monika Kral-Dunning performed a

forensic medical examination upon Z.3 She found numerous “healing wounds” all over Z’s

body—“too many to photograph individually.” Given the number and placement of the scars on

        By stipulation, the Commonwealth introduced a partial transcript of the nurse’s
        3

testimony from a parental termination case, as well as the nurse’s written report of her
examination of Z.
                                               -3-
Z’s body, the nurse stated that they were not consistent with the regular play of a four-year-old

child. She opined that Z’s injuries were consistent with intentionally inflicted trauma. The nurse

documented her findings in a report that contained photographs of Z’s healing wounds.

Concerning the scars that he could remember, Z reported to the nurse that the injuries were

caused when his “Old Mom” hit him with a belt, cut him with a knife, or injured him with her

fingernails.

       The police and CPS interviewed Curtis for the second time on March 3, 2020. Curtis

denied ever cutting Z with scissors or a knife or threatening to do so. Curtis continued to deny

harming Z or knowing how his injuries occurred. She denied disciplining Z physically except

for having “popped” him on his hand. She admitted that Ellis had physically disciplined Z, but

she maintained that no one else in the house did. Curtis insisted that she had never noticed any

of the scars on Z’s body. She repeated that Z was “clumsy” and frequently fell or ran into walls.

She could not explain how falling into walls would cause Z’s numerous cuts. She repeatedly

said she had no idea as to why Z would say she had injured him. The police interviewer

explained that, absent some cooperation in figuring out who had harmed Z, Curtis was not going

to regain custody of her children and might face criminal charges. Curtis insisted that she would

not be threatened and maintained that “these so-called bruises that [Z] has, I don’t know what the

fuck y’all are talking about. [Z has] never been fucking beaten.”

       Z was seven years old when he testified at Curtis’s trial. He stated that he had been hurt

by Curtis and Ellis before he went to live with McCauley. Specifically, Z said that Curtis hit him

on his head and face “with her ring.” In addition, Curtis cut Z on his stomach. When pressed for

more information during cross-examination, Z said that he could not remember certain details of

being cut because it had “been a very very long time.”

                                               -4-
        The trial court convicted Curtis of child cruelty, child neglect, and assault and battery upon

a family member and sentenced her to a total of 10 years and 12 months of incarceration with 6

years and 16 months suspended. Curtis now appeals.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

                                   A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain her convictions for child cruelty,

child neglect, and domestic assault and battery, Curtis asserts that the Commonwealth failed to

prove that she was “the agent of harm, or was criminally negligent and allowed harm, or the risk

of harm, to come to Z through her omission.”4 She maintains that Z’s testimony was

“conflicted” and that his injuries could have been caused by others who were responsible for his

care.

        “On review of the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘the judgment of the trial court is

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.’” Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 59, 76 (2021) (quoting Smith v.

Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “The question on appeal[] is whether ‘any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Id. (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 180, 182 (2019)).

        Such deference stems, in part, from the trial court’s “opportunity to observe the testimony

and demeanor of all witnesses.” Lopez v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 70, 81 (2021).

Accordingly, “[d]etermining the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the exclusive province of

the [factfinder], which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as

        4
         Other than asserting that the evidence did not prove that she was the person who harmed
Z or permitted him to be harmed through criminal negligence, Curtis asserts no specific
argument on appeal that the Commonwealth failed to prove any element of the offenses of child
cruelty under Code § 40.1-103, child neglect under Code § 18.2-371.1(B)(1), or domestic assault
and battery under Code § 18.2-57.2.
                                               -5-
they testify.” Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (second alteration in

original) (quoting Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). “[T]he conclusions of

the fact finder on issues of witness credibility may be disturbed on appeal only when we find that

the witness’[s] testimony was ‘inherently incredible, or so contrary to human experience as to

render it unworthy of belief.’” Ragsdale v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 421, 429 (2002)

(quoting Ashby v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 540, 548 (2000)). “Evidence is not ‘incredible’

unless it is ‘so manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it’ or ‘shown to be false

by objects or things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men should not

differ.’” Gerald, 295 Va. at 487 (quoting Juniper v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)).

       Z, who was seven years old when he testified at Curtis’s trial, stated that she had cut him

on his stomach and hit his face and head with her ring. The incidents occurred prior to his

removal when he was only four, or even younger. Near the time of his removal, Z had told

Nurse Kral-Dunning that Curtis had hit him with a belt, cut him with a knife, and hurt him with

her fingernails. Z also reported to McCauley that Curtis had caused the marks on his body.

Significantly, prior to his removal, Z had volunteered to DSS worker Kube that Curtis beat him

with a belt at night before bed. This testimony was corroborated by the many injuries and scars

on Z’s body, observed by Kube, Kral-Dunning, and others, and carefully documented shortly

after entering foster care. The trial court had the opportunity to observe these photographs of the

scars and marks all over Z’s body. As this Court has observed, “[a] picture may speak a

thousand words, and these do.” Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 484 (1991) (en

banc). Z’s testimony, as corroborated by the physical evidence and his statements to others

about Curtis’s abuse, was not inherently incredible, and the trial court was entitled to believe it.

Therefore, viewing all the facts and circumstances in their totality, a reasonable factfinder could

                                                -6-
conclude that Curtis injured Z through her actions, negligence, or omissions and that she was

therefore guilty of the charged offenses.

                                B. Admissibility of Forensic Interview

        Curtis argues that the trial court erred in admitting, after Z testified, the recorded forensic

interview of Z by Green.5 She maintains that the trial court erred in admitting the recording under

Code § 19.2-268.3(B) “without ensuring that the statements had the required indicia of reliability.”

        “[T]he determination of the admissibility of relevant evidence is within the sound

discretion of the trial court subject to the test of abuse of that discretion.” Pulley v.

Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 104, 118 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Jones v.

Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 597, 602 (2020)). “A reviewing court can conclude that ‘an abuse

of discretion has occurred’ only in cases in which ‘reasonable jurists could not differ’ about the

correct result.” Id. (quoting Atkins v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 1, 7 (2017)). “Nevertheless,

this Court reviews de novo ‘any issue requiring statutory interpretation.’” Chenevert v.

Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 47, 53 (2020) (quoting Alvarez Saucedo v. Commonwealth, 71

Va. App. 31, 45 (2019)).

        “Code § 19.2-268.3 provides a hearsay exception allowing the admission of out-of-court

statements of victims of certain crimes if that victim is under the age of thirteen at the time of the

trial.” Id. at 54. “If the defendant is charged with one or more of approximately thirty different

listed crimes against children . . . , then the statement may be admitted, despite being hearsay, if

two requirements are met.” Id. “First, the trial court must find—considering seven,

nonexclusive, enumerated factors—that ‘sufficient indicia of reliability . . . render [the

out-of-court statement by the child] inherently trustworthy.’” Id. (alterations in original)

        Although Curtis objected before trial to the admission of Z’s statements to Nurse
        5

Kral-Dunning, she does not assert this claim on appeal and withdrew an assignment of error
concerning this issue.
                                              -7-
(quoting Code § 19.2-268.3(B)(1)). “Second, the child must testify, or the trial court must

declare the child ‘unavailable as a witness’ and ‘corroborative evidence’ of the ‘offense against

[the child]’ must exist.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Code § 19.2-268.3(B)(2)).

       The only issue on appeal is whether the trial court properly concluded that sufficient

indicia of reliability rendered Z’s statements during the forensic interview inherently trustworthy.

When making that determination, the trial court “may consider, among other things,”

               a. The child’s personal knowledge of the event;

               b. The age, maturity, and mental state of the child;

               c. The credibility of the person testifying about the statement;

               d. Any apparent motive the child may have to falsify or distort the
               event, including bias or coercion;

               e. Whether the child was suffering pain or distress when making
               the statement; and

               f. Whether extrinsic evidence exists to show the defendant’s
               opportunity to commit the act[.]

Code § 19.2-268.3(B)(1).

       At a pretrial hearing concerning the admissibility of the forensic interview, Green testified to

her extensive experience in conducting forensic interviews of children. She stated that her interview

of Z conformed with best practices in the field to be a neutral fact-finding interaction. Because of

Z’s age and traumatic experiences, Green met him over multiple sessions. At the first session on

January 31, 2020, McCauley stayed in the room; they “did not discuss any family or anything in his

past” because the session was to build rapport and “just to make him comfortable.” Z made the

statements about Curtis hurting him during the second session on February 21, 2020. During the

interview, Z sometimes left the room to show McCauley (whom he called “mommy”) a toy or

drawings that he made while talking to Green, but Green always went with him to ensure that

McCauley did not influence Z or interfere in the conversation.
                                                 -8-
       The trial court watched the recorded video at the pretrial hearing. Considering the statutory

factors, the trial court found that Z had personal knowledge of the events as the victim. There was

no indication Z’s mental state was compromised during the interview. The trial court further found

that Green was a credible witness and that there was no indication that Z was biased, coerced, or

had a motive to fabricate his statements. Z was in no physical distress during the interview.

Considering the totality of the circumstances, the trial court thus found the forensic interview

inherently trustworthy and admissible under Code § 19.2-268.3. The record supports this

conclusion, and we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision to admit the forensic

interview.

                                          III. CONCLUSION

       The evidence presented to the trial court was sufficient to support Curtis’s convictions,

and the trial court did not err in finding that the video of Z’s forensic interview was admissible

under Code § 19.2-268.3(B). Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                                             Affirmed.

                                                 -9-