Court Opinion

ID: 6316515
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-22 21:18:19.310423+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:44.192463
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                      DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON,                       )      No. 81621-7-I
                                           )
                      Respondent,          )
                                           )
       v.                                  )
                                           )
DAVID M. PUTMAN,                           )      PUBLISHED OPINION
                                           )      (IN PART)
                      Appellant.           )
                                           )

       VERELLEN, J. — In Matter of Lui,1 our Supreme Court explained that a police

officer can testify about statements made in an interrogation, including statements

commenting on a witness’s credibility, if the testimony provides context for the

interrogation.

       David Putman was convicted on three counts of first degree child rape, one

count of first degree child molestation, and one count of second degree child

molestation, all for crimes committed against his daughter, A.P. Putman argues

retrial is required because the trial court admitted a recording and transcript of his

police interrogation during which officers asked him whether A.P. was lying about

his predations. The jury heard these questions only as part of the interrogation

itself and for the clear purpose of understanding the contradictory statements

       1   188 Wn.2d 525, 555, 397 P.3d 90 (2017).
No. 81621-7-I/2

Putman made during the interrogation. The court did not abuse its discretion by

admitting the evidence.

       Putman also contends retrial is required because the court declined a

pretrial subpoena request under CrR 4.7(d). Because the request is properly

evaluated under CrR 4.7(e) and he fails to show the court abused the discretion

conferred by that rule, retrial is not required.

       However, resentencing is required for all convictions because the court

miscalculated Putman’s sentencing score and applied the incorrect version of the

Sentencing Reform Act (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW.

       In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we address Putman’s contention

that retrial is required because the court concluded ER 410 did not prohibit him

from being impeached with statements he made to a sexual deviancy evaluator

during plea negotiations. Because he fails to demonstrate prejudice from the

court’s decision, retrial is not required. We also address Putman’s numerous

alleged errors in his statement of additional grounds. None warrant relief.

       Therefore, we affirm Putman’s convictions, reverse his sentence, and

remand for resentencing in accord with this opinion.

                                         FACTS

       In the fall of 2016, Putman and his then-wife Julie2 were having frequent,

serious arguments about their finances, and he raised the possibility of ending

       2Except for David Putman and A.P., we refer to members of the Putman
family by their first names for clarity. Julie and Putman are no longer married.

                                            2
No. 81621-7-I/3

their marriage. Their son Patrick spoke with his then 23-year-old younger sister

A.P. about hiring a marriage counselor. A.P. explained she had no interest in

saving the marriage because her father had sexually assaulted her for years. She

revealed that Putman regularly molested and raped her. Many rapes occurred in

Putman’s home office.

      Over the coming weeks, A.P. disclosed Putman’s predations to her cousin

Michael Griffith and to her other siblings. On October 28, they told Julie what

Putman had done. Julie was shocked. After Putman came home later that night,

they confronted him with A.P.’s accusations. When accused of molesting A.P. for

“her whole childhood,” he responded, “I’m sorry.”3 Putman admitted he

remembered one incident of oral sex.

      At Julie’s insistence, Putman moved out of their house. He sent a series of

text messages to Julie taking the blame and admitting he molested A.P. Putman

went to live with his sister, Beverly Mullbock. Putman admitted to Mullbock that he

had molested A.P. for many years.

      A.P. and her mother went to the Maple Valley police station, and A.P.

reported what her father had done. A few days later, Putman turned himself in to

the police, and he was interviewed at the station by Detectives Marylisa Priebe-

Olson and John Hawkins. He was initially charged with three counts of first

degree child rape. The State eventually charged him with three counts of first

degree child rape and one count of first degree child molestation, allegedly

      3   Report of Proceedings (RP) (Feb. 11, 2020) at 945.

                                         3
No. 81621-7-I/4

committed between April 1993 and April 2005, and one count of second degree

child molestation, allegedly committed between April 1993 and April 2007.

       Putman’s first defense counsel, Justin Wolfe, represented him through the

initial stages of discovery and plea negotiations. As part of plea negotiations,

Putman agreed to a sexual deviancy evaluation, and Wolfe, after consulting

Putman, agreed the evaluation could be used for impeachment at trial if Putman

testified. The State and A.P. opposed any sentencing alternative, and the parties

did not reach a plea agreement.

       In March of 2019, Putman discharged Wolfe and retained defense attorney

Peter Geisness. The court granted a seven-month continuance to let Geisness

prepare for trial and complete the trials already on his schedule. As part of

Geisness’s trial preparation, he asked the State for new photos of the home office

in Julie’s house where A.P. alleged most of the rapes occurred. The State

disclosed the 2016 police investigation photos of the office to Putman, and it

conveyed the request to Julie. She provided new photos.

       A few weeks before trial, defense counsel moved under CrR 4.7 for a

subpoena requiring that Julie let defense counsel and a defense investigator take

additional photos in her home. The court found the existing photos sufficient to let

Putman argue his defense and denied the request. The court also held a CrR 3.5

hearing to determine the admissibility of Putman’s police interview. Putman

moved to redact an exchange with Detective Priebe-Olson asking Putman whether

                                          4
No. 81621-7-I/5

he believed A.P. was lying. The court denied the motion and admitted the

interview.

       During trial, A.P., Julie, Patrick, Griffith, and Mullbock testified. They each

recounted Putman’s admissions, and A.P. testified in detail about Putman’s

numerous rapes and molestations throughout her childhood. The detectives who

interviewed A.P. and Putman testified as well, and the State played the police

interview. After the State rested, Putman moved under ER 410 to prevent the

State from impeaching him based upon his statements to the sexual deviancy

evaluator. The court denied the motion, and Putman chose to not testify. The jury

found Putman guilty on all charges.

       The court calculated Putman’s offender score to include two simultaneous

convictions from 1981 as separate points. It relied solely on the 2005 version of

the SRA at sentencing.

       Putman appeals.

                                      ANALYSIS

I. Police Interrogation Opinion Testimony

       We review a decision to admit a police officer’s statements from an

interrogation for abuse of discretion.4 Putman contends the court abused its

discretion by admitting improper opinion testimony through portions of a police

interview where detectives asked Putman if A.P. was lying. The State argues the

       4
       State v. Notaro, 161 Wn. App. 654, 661, 255 P.3d 774 (2011) (citing State
v. Demery, 144 Wn.2d 753, 758, 30 P.3d 1278 (2001) (plurality opinion)).

                                           5
No. 81621-7-I/6

detectives’ questions were not opinion testimony because they were made during

an interrogation.5

       Lui controls this analysis. In Lui, the defendant alleged defense counsel

was ineffective for, among other reasons, failing to object when two detectives

testified they believed he had lied during police interviews. 6 Citing the lead opinion

from State v. Demery,7 the Lui court explained that while “[p]olice officers are

generally not permitted to testify about a defendant’s veracity,” officers can “repeat

statements made during an interrogation accusing a defendant of lying if such

testimony provides context for the interrogation.”8

       In Lui, two detectives testified. The court reasoned that one detective’s

testimony did not opine about the defendant’s honesty because it referred to

inconsistencies between earlier interviews and the police file, explaining the

reason for her interview.9 Thus, there was no reason for defense counsel to

object. The other detective’s testimony was objectionable, however, because she

implied a belief that the defendant was guilty. 10 But the court concluded defense

       5The State argues this issue was not preserved for review in its entirety
because Putman objected to admitting only one of the two statements he now
argues are improper. But because Putman objected to one of the two statements,
RP (Feb. 4, 2020) at 319, we will consider the merits of this issue regardless of its
scope. Thus, for the sake of judicial economy and to decide this on its merits,
RAP 1.2(a), we reject the State’s preservation argument.
       6   Lui, 188 Wn.2d at 555.
       7   144 Wn.2d 753, 30 P.3d 1278 (2001).
       8   Lui, 188 Wn.2d at 555 (citing Demery, 144 Wn.2d at 753, 763-64).
       9   Id. at 555-56.
       10   Id. at 556.

                                          6
No. 81621-7-I/7

counsel was not deficient for failing to object to the second detective’s testimony

because the absence of an objection was reasonable.11

       Putman argues the Lui court misapplied the context of the interview rule

from Demery, explaining it was supported by only a plurality of the Demery court,

and the concurrence sided with the dissent against it.12 Putman’s position is

unavailing. Although Demery was a split decision with a four-justice plurality

opinion and a lone concurrence, the Lui court merely construed the plurality and

concurring opinions as adopting the context of the interview rule. This is a

reasonable position and accords with the presumption against overruling

precedent sub silentio.13 Putman can disagree with the Lui court’s construction of

Demery, but we are bound by it.14

       Putman argues we should not follow Lui because its application of the

context of the interview rule was dicta.15 “‘Statements in a case that do not relate

       11   Id.
       12Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, State v. Putman, No. 81621-7-I
(Jan. 19, 2022), at 5 min., 1 sec. through 5 min., 57 sec., http://www.tvw.org/watch/
?clientID=9375922947&eventID=2022011100&startStreamAt=301&stopStream
At=357.
       13See State v. Johnson, 188 Wn.2d 742, 756, 399 P.3d 507 (2017) (“We
therefore ‘do not lightly set aside precedent.’”) (quoting State v. Kier, 164 Wn.2d
798, 804, 194 P.3d 212 (2008)); see also State v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 548, 973
P.2d 1049 (1999) (“We will not overrule such binding precedent sub silentio.”).
       14State v. Rogers, 17 Wn. App. 2d 466, 476, 487 P.3d 177 (2021) (citing
State v. Gore, 101 Wn.2d 481, 487, 681 P.2d 227 (1984); State v. Mandefero, 14
Wn. App. 2d 825, 837, 473 P.3d 1239 (2020)).
       15Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, State v. Putman, No. 81621-7-I
(Jan. 19, 2022), at 3 min., 16 sec., through 4 min., 40 sec., http://www.tvw.org/

                                          7
No. 81621-7-I/8

to an issue before the court and are unnecessary to decide the case constitute

obiter dictum, and need not be followed.’”16 The Lui court was considering

whether defense counsel should have objected, requiring analysis of whether each

detective’s testimony was objectionable. Adopting the context of the interview rule

was essential to decide the issue before it. The analysis in Lui was not dicta.

       Here, the State played an approximately one-hour interview that two

detectives conducted with Putman. The jury heard them ask Putman twice

whether A.P. was lying. The issue is whether the officers’ questions about A.P.

lying were improper opinion testimony when the jury heard them only within the

interrogation itself. The result depends on a detailed review of the interview.

       At the outset of the interview, Putman admitted to the officers that he

sexually abused A.P., that he molested her both in his bed and while on a camping

trip, and that he abused her for purposes of sexual arousal. A.P. had already told

the detectives that she typically performed oral sex on Putman in his office and

that he performed oral sex on her once.

       Det. Priebe-Olson:    Okay. [D]id anything ever happen in your
                             office?

       Putman:              I don’t remember anything happening in the
                            office.

watch/?clientID=9375922947&eventID=2022011100&startStreamAt=196&stop
StreamAt=280.
       16 Johnson v. Liquor & Cannabis Bd., 197 Wn.2d 605, 618, 486 P.3d 125
(2021) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Domingo,
155 Wn.2d 356, 366, 119 P.3d 816 (2005)).

                                          8
No. 81621-7-I/9

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   Okay. [A.P.] had a very vivid memory of the
                           office and being under that desk, she said, a
                           lot.

      Putman:              I don’t recall that.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   You obviously know what she is referring to,
                           right, when she would say that?

      Putman:              I heard her say that, . . . but I don’t recall that.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   You don’t recall it?

      Putman:              No.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   And how did you manage to block this out?

      Putman:              What do you mean?

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   I mean, she has, obviously, a lot more memory
                           and recall at a young age, where you were the
                           adult and was actually aware of what was going
                           on.

      Putman:              That’s why I say that she seems to remember
                           things that I don’t remember.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   Or is it just hard to talk about or are you worried
                           about talking about—

      Putman:              No.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   Which is reasonable.

      Putman:              No. I think I [indiscernible] myself fully on this.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   Do you think?

      Putman:              Yes, I think so.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   So, did you perform oral sex on your daughter?

      Putman:              Um . . . no.

                                          9
No. 81621-7-I/10

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   So she is lying when she says that happened?

      Putman:              Did she say that that happened?

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   Yes. . . . I mean, you said that you are here
                           trying to do the right thing and hoping for a
                           relationship with your family and your kids, . . .
                           but the only way they feel like they can maybe
                           have a good relationship in the future is for you
                           to do the right thing, you know, stand up, take
                           responsibility, apologize . . . . I’m sure you, as a
                           parent, told them that they need to be honest,
                           tell the truth, and then apologize for the
                           behaviors and it won’t happen again. . . .

      Putman:              Right.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   And I think this is a good opportunity to prove
                           that you are willing to do that, if you are.

      Putman:              I think by me coming in here and talking to you
                           and waiving my rights and saying what I, a lot
                           of the things I have said, I think I have proven
                           that.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   I don’t think [A.P.] is going to agree with you, I
                           can tell you that. . . . She expects you to be
                           bluntly honest, just like she was, and truly
                           apologize—

      Putman:              I truly apologized to her.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   To apologize and be forgiven, don’t you actually
                           have to be truthful about everything that
                           happened?

      Putman:              Yes.

      Det. Priebe-Olson:   Okay. And I don’t think she feels like—that you
                           are doing that. And it doesn’t appear to me at
                           this time—

                                        10
No. 81621-7-I/11

      Putman:               I have been very honest with my daughter.[17]

Later, the detectives began asking about Putman performing oral sex on A.P.:

      Det. Hawkins:        Okay. How did it—how would the, like, the
                           normal, um, like, routine happen? Was it more
                           of the same, like cuddling and hugs, and that’s
                           what got you aroused? Or did it just happen?

      Putman:              Honestly, I don’t remember. Like I said, I just
                           blocked it out of my mind, and I really don’t
                           remember. You are talking about something
                           that was 11 or 12 years ago.

      Det. Hawkins:        Yeah.

      Putman:              And if you [are] asking me to go back 18 years,
                           um, I can’t remember that.

      Det. Hawkins:        Any father that would do that to a kid would
                           remember doing that.

      Putman:              [M]aybe so. Maybe you think so, but I honestly
                           don’t have memories of that.

      Det. Hawkins:        Okay.

      Putman:              I have blocked that out.

      Det. Hawkins:        Okay. Again, I’m not trying to be—I’m just trying
                           to help understand this whole thing, okay? With
                           that same logic, since you blocked it out, could
                           you have, um, had oral sex with [A.P.] then, and
                           just not remember?

      Putman:              I don’t think so.

      Det. Hawkins:        Okay.

      Putman:              But, I don’t know.

      Det. Hawkins:        Okay.

      17   RP (Feb. 13, 2020) at 1247-52 (emphasis added).

                                         11
No. 81621-7-I/12

       Putman:              I don’t think so.

       Det. Priebe-Olson: Let’s put it this way: would [A.P.] lie about it?

       Putman:              She might not, might not remember it correctly.

       Det. Priebe-Olson: Well, what else would she—why would you say
                          that?

       Putman:              I don’t know.

       Det. Priebe-Olson: She remembers it pretty clearly; I can tell you
                          that. Because she was—this happened for
                          years, right? She has many memories and they
                          are now memories that she is having to deal
                          with.

       Putman:              I just honestly don’t remember doing that to her.

       Det. Priebe-Olson: Okay. But would you call her a liar, or would
                          you just say you don’t remember?

       Putman:              I’m not calling her a liar, no.

       Det. Priebe-Olson: Okay.

       Putman:              But I’m not sure she remembers that clearly.[18]

Both officers testified, although neither testified about those particular questions

nor made similar statements in the presence of the jury.

       Putman argues those questions were improper opinion testimony, requiring

retrial. But the jury heard those questions only within the limited context of

Putman’s interrogation. And because jurors heard the majority of the interview,

they understood the officers asked about A.P. lying to understand Putman’s

contradictory statements and the differences between Putman and A.P.’s

       18   RP (Feb. 13, 2020) at 1287-88 (emphasis added).

                                            12
No. 81621-7-I/13

accounts. Because an officer is allowed to give direct testimony repeating

statements accusing a witness of lying if it “provides context for the

interrogation,”19 the questions were not opinion testimony.20

II. Denied Subpoena

       We review a trial court’s management of discovery for abuse of discretion.21

A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on an untenable

evidentiary or legal basis.22

       Putman argues the court abused its discretion by denying his discovery

request under CrR 4.7(d) for a subpoena compelling Julie to let his attorney take

additional photos in and around his former office in her house. The State

contends CrR 4.7(d) did not apply because it already complied successfully with

his discovery request.

       19   Lui, 188 Wn.2d at 555 (citing Demery, 144 Wn.2d at 763-64).
       20 See State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 931, 155 P.3d 125 (2007)
(concluding a police officer did not give opinion testimony when relating a child sex
abuse victim’s interview comments about telling the truth because the officer
“‘merely provided the necessary context’” to let the jury assess credibility) (quoting
Demery, 144 Wn.2d at 764). The Demery plurality noted that “when the trial court
admits third party statements to provide context to a defendant’s responses, the trial
court should give a limiting instruction to the jury, explaining that only the
defendant’s responses, and not the third party’s statements, should be considered
as evidence.” 144 Wn.2d at 761-62. Although the court here did not give such an
instruction, as in Demery, “such a limiting instruction was not required in this case
because the jury clearly understood from the officer’s testimony that the statements
were offered solely to provide context to the defendant’s relevant responses.” Id. at
762.
       21State v. Youde, 174 Wn. App. 873, 884, 301 P.3d 479 (2013) (citing State
v. Yates, 111 Wn.2d 793, 798, 765 P.2d 291 (1988)).
       22State v. Finch, 181 Wn. App. 387, 395, 326 P.3d 148 (2014) (citing State
v. Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d 647, 654, 71 P.3d 638 (2003)).

                                          13
No. 81621-7-I/14

       CrR 4.7(d) requires that “[u]pon defendant’s request and designation of

[discoverable] material or information in the knowledge, possession or control of

other persons . . . the prosecuting attorney shall attempt to cause such material or

information to be made available to the defendant.” But the rule requires a court to

issue a subpoena, subject to CrR 4.8, only “[w]here the prosecutor’s efforts to

obtain discoverable material held by others are unsuccessful.”23

       Putman wanted photos of the various sightlines into and out from his former

home office to support his theory that the office’s openness meant it was too

visible from too many places for him to have frequently abused A.P. in the office

without anyone’s notice. During the initial police investigation in 2016, the King

County Sheriff’s Office took almost a dozen photographs of the office, and the

State disclosed them. In November of 2019, Putman asked the State for new,

additional photos of the office, and the State conveyed his request to Julie.24 Julie

took and provided at least seven new photos of the office.

       In February of 2020, the court considered Putman’s subpoena request and

examined the two sets of photos already disclosed. It found that both sets showed

the openness Putman sought to demonstrate. The court also noted that Julie’s

redecoration and rearrangement of the office between 2016 and 2019 meant it

       23   State v. Blackwell, 120 Wn.2d 822, 826, 845 P.2d 1017 (1993) (citing CrR
4.7(d)).
       24Putman posits that the State did not assist with this request, but defense
counsel told the court “I initially went through the State” when reaching out to Julie
to request photos, RP (Feb. 3, 2020) at 59.

                                          14
No. 81621-7-I/15

“looks very different . . . almost like it is not the same room from both.”25 Additional

photographs, at best, would have provided the same information. Although

Putman asserts the State’s efforts were unsuccessful because Julie did not

provide another round of photographs or permit a defense investigator into her

home on the eve of trial, he fails to address the State’s previous efforts that

successfully produced two different sets of photos adequately showing the

openness of the office. Because the prosecutor successfully “attempt[ed] to cause

such material or information to be made available to the defendant,” CrR 4.7(d) no

longer applied.26

       CrR 4.7(e) applies when a defendant “‘requests disclosure beyond what the

prosecutor is required to disclose’” under CrR 4.7(a), (c), or (d).27 Because

Putman sought information not governed by those subsections, CrR 4.7(e)

applied.28 CrR 4.7(e)(1) gives the court discretion to issue a subpoena or a

discovery order.

       In State v. Norby, our Supreme Court analyzed CrR 4.7(e) to decide

whether a trial court abused its discretion by issuing a discovery order requiring

the compilation and disclosure of a voluminous quantity of statistics.29 A

       25   RP (Feb. 3, 2020) at 60.
       26   Blackwell, 120 Wn.2d at 826-27 (citing CrR 4.7(d)).
       27
        City of Seattle v. Lange, 18 Wn. App. 2d 139, 150, 491 P.3d 156
(emphasis omitted) (quoting Blackwell, 120 Wn.2d at 828), review denied, 198
Wn.2d 1024 (2021).
       28   Finch, 181 Wn. App. at 396.
       29   122 Wn.2d 258, 262, 858 P.2d 210 (1993).

                                           15
No. 81621-7-I/16

defendant allegedly committed drug crimes in 1988 and, due to budgetary and

staffing issues, was not charged until 1990.30 The defendant filed a motion to

dismiss due to the two-year gap in charging and served interrogatories on the

State to discover detailed information about budget, staffing, and many charging

decisions.31 The State resisted disclosure, and the trial court granted the

defendant’s motion to compel production.32

           The Supreme Court reversed, concluding the discovery requests were not

material under CrR 4.7(e)(1).33 First, information about investigative and charging

policies was not material because “the State has already provided it.”34 Second,

the majority of the request was not necessary to demonstrate a due process

violation for that particular defendant, making it unrelated to his innocence or

guilt.35

           Here, the State argues that Putman sought discovery that would have been

“cumulative of existing evidence.”36 As in Norby, additional photos of the office

would have been duplicative of previous disclosures and had little probative value

due to the office being completely redecorated and rearranged. Under these

           30   Id. at 261.
           31   Id. at 262.
           32   Id.
           33   Id. at 267-68.
           34   Id. at 267 n.3.
           35   Id. at 267.
           36   Resp’t’s Br. at 25.

                                          16
No. 81621-7-I/17

circumstances, Putman fails to show the trial court abused the discretion conferred

by CrR 4.7(e)(1).37

III. Sentencing

       Whether a trial court exceeds its sentencing authority is a question of law

we review de novo.38 We also review calculation of an offender score de novo.39

       Putman argues resentencing is required on counts 1 through 3, first degree

rape of a child, and on count 4, first degree child molestation, because the trial

court miscalculated his offender score and exceeded its sentencing authority by

failing to apply the versions of the SRA in effect when he committed his offenses.

He also argues resentencing is required on count 5, second degree child

molestation, because his offender score was calculated incorrectly. The State

largely concedes these issues, and we accept its concessions.40

       37 Although the court appeared to rely upon CrR 4.8(b)(2) to deny the
subpoena by noting “good cause” did not exist to issue it, RP (Feb. 3, 2020) at 60;
see CrR 4.8(b)(2) (requiring that a subpoena for inspection of premises issue only
after “good cause is shown”), we can affirm on any basis supported by the record.
State v. Arndt, 194 Wn.2d 784, 799, 453 P.3d 696 (2019) (citing LaMon v. Butler,
112 Wn.2d 193, 200-01, 770 P.2d 1027 (1989)).
       38 State v. Church, 5 Wn. App. 2d 577, 580, 428 P.3d 150 (2018) (citing
State v. Button, 184 Wn. App. 442, 446, 339 P.3d 182 (2014)).
       39
        State v. Griepsma, 17 Wn. App. 2d 606, 619, 490 P.3d 239 (citing State v.
Moeurn, 170 Wn.2d 169, 172, 240 P.3d 1158 (2010)), review denied, 198 Wn.2d
1016, 495 P.3d 844 (2021).
       40In summary, as conceded by the State, resentencing is required to
recalculate Putman’s offender score, the duration of his sentences for the rape
convictions and first degree molestation conviction, the duration of community
custody, and the duration of the sexual assault protection order based upon the
corrected sentences. It is also required to set Putman’s early release rate at 15
percent for the three rape convictions and the first degree molestation conviction.

                                          17
No. 81621-7-I/18

       The parties agree that the court should not have applied the 2005 version of

the SRA, but they disagree about which version of the SRA should apply when

resentencing counts 1 through 4.

       The law in effect at the time a criminal offense is committed controls

disposition of the case.41 Where the jury is presented with multiple acts of the

same criminal conduct occurring over many years and is not asked to identify

which act is the basis of a conviction, the State creates a risk that the court could

sentence the defendant using an inapplicable version of the SRA.42 Thus, the

lesser of the two possible sentences must be imposed when “the evidence

presented at trial indicates the crime was committed before the increase went into

effect.”43 Application of the incorrect version of the SRA at sentencing violates the

defendant’s due process rights.44

       During closing argument, the prosecutor identified six specific acts, any of

which “could” be used for counts 1 through 4, and made clear that the selection of

any single act excluded its use for any other charge.45 The State argues the

prosecutor elected six specific acts of rape that the jury used to convict Putman,

Finally, resentencing is required to strike the random urinalysis community custody
condition because it is not crime-related.
       41   State v. Schmidt, 143 Wn.2d 658, 674, 23 P.3d 462 (2001).
       42   State v. Parker, 132 Wn.2d 182, 185-188, 937 P.2d 575 (1997).
       43In re Pers. Restraint of Hartzell, 108 Wn. App. 934, 945, 33 P.3d 1096
(2001) (citing id. at 191-92).
       44   State v. Aho, 137 Wn.2d 736, 744, 975 P.2d 512 (1999).
       45   RP (Feb. 18, 2020) at 1380-83.

                                          18
No. 81621-7-I/19

so the trial court should choose the four oldest of the elected acts and resentence

him based upon them.

       Our Supreme Court addressed a similar situation in State v. Parker.46 A

boyfriend was charged with two counts of first degree child molestation and one

count of first degree child rape for sexually assaulting his girlfriend’s children.47

The charging document stated he committed the offenses from 1987 through

1991.48 In 1991, the legislature amended the SRA to increase the standard

sentencing range for both offenses.49 The evidence at trial demonstrated he had

sexually assaulted the children throughout the charging period.50 During closing

arguments, the prosecutor told the jury it could convict based upon any of the

assaults alleged during the charging period.51 The jury was not asked to find when

the crimes occurred, and the jury was properly instructed about reaching a

unanimous verdict as to each act.52 It found the boyfriend guilty of one count of

first degree child molestation and one count of first degree rape.53 The trial court

       46   132 Wn.2d 182, 937 P.2d 575 (1997).
       47   Id. at 185.
       48   Id.
       49   Id.
       50   Id.
       51   Id.
       52   Id. & n.2.
       53   Id.

                                           19
No. 81621-7-I/20

used the 1991 version of the SRA to calculate the boyfriend’s sentence for both

convictions.54

       The Supreme Court reversed the sentence.55 Because the jury was

allowed to convict the boyfriend based upon any of the acts committed during the

charging period, sentencing the boyfriend using the 1991 version of the SRA

relieved the State of its burden of proving when he assaulted the children.56 “Use

of the increased penalties without requiring the State to prove the acts occurred

after the effective dates of the increased penalties would violate” the boyfriend’s

due process rights.57

       Here, even if the prosecutor successfully elected six specific acts to guard

against a nonuanimous verdict,58 it still risked a due process violation. As the

State acknowledges, the trial court was left to decide which specific act was the

basis for the conviction on each specific count for two different crimes. This risked

       54   Id. at 185-86.
       55   Id. at 184.
       56   Id. at 191 & n.12.
       57 Id. at 191. Although the Parker court actually concluded using the 1991
SRA would violate the ex post facto clause, his due process rights were prejudiced.
See Aho, 137 Wn.2d at 742-43 (explaining the ex post facto clause applies only to
the legislative branch, so retroactive application of a punitive law by a court is
actually a due process violation).
       58
        The jury was given a unanimity instruction, and Putman does not allege he
was found guilty by nonunanimous verdict.

                                         20
No. 81621-7-I/21

retroactive application of the incorrect sentencing scheme and risked depriving

Putman of the opportunity to have a jury decide when he committed his crimes.59

       The trial court sentenced Putman using only the version of the SRA in effect

in 2005, but the convictions at issue were alleged to have occurred between April

of 1993 and April of 2005. The SRA was amended repeatedly during the charging

period.60

       As in Parker, the evidence from trial demonstrated Putman committed his

crimes throughout the charging period. And, like Parker, the jury was not asked to

find when the crimes occurred or to identify which acts were used as the basis for

its findings of guilt. This created uncertainty that could have been, but was not,

avoided with a special verdict form.61 In this setting, the factfinder should

determine when the crimes used for conviction occurred if the State is to avoid the

risk of a due process violation. Because the jury did not find when each crime was

committed, due process requires that he be resentenced for the crimes committed

when the least punitive versions of the SRA were in effect.62

       The parties agree the earliest sexual assault could have occurred in April of

1996 before the June 1996 SRA amendments took effect. Because that is the

       59See Parker, 132 Wn.2d at 192 n.14 (“[W]hen the crime was committed is a
factual question which must be put to the jury.”).
       60 E.g., LAWS OF 2001, 2d Spec. Sess., ch. 12, § 303 (allowing for the
imposition of a lifetime term of community custody for the crimes of first degree rape
of a child and first degree child molestation); LAWS OF 1997, ch. 340, § 1 (increasing
the seriousness level for first degree rape of a child).
       61   It is possible other solutions could resolve or avoid this problem.
       62   Parker, 132 Wn.2d at 191.

                                            21
No. 81621-7-I/22

earliest assault, Putman admitted to the police he assaulted A.P. about once per

week,63 and A.P. testified that Putman’s assaults were “sporadic” but occurred “at

least 100 times,”64 the record supports resentencing on all three rape convictions

and on the first degree molestation convictions based upon the version of the SRA

in effect before the June 1996 amendments took effect.

      The remainder of this opinion has no precedential value. It will be filed for

public record in accordance with the rules governing unpublished opinions. In the

unpublished portion of this opinion, we consider both Putman’s argument that an

evidentiary error under ER 410 requires reversal and the additional grounds

Putman argues require reversal. Neither warrant relief.

      Therefore, we affirm Putman’s conviction, reverse his sentence, and

remand for resentencing.

IV. Use of Sexual Deviancy Evaluation for Impeachment under ER 410

      Putman contends the court prejudiced his right to present a defense when it

ruled ER 410 did not prevent him from being impeached with statements he made

to a sexual deviancy evaluator for the purpose of plea negotiations. The State

relies upon the Federal Rules of Evidence to argue that Putman waived the

protections of ER 410 and that, even if the court erred, he was not prejudiced.

When a defendant alleges an evidentiary decision prejudiced their right to present

      63   RP (Feb. 13, 2020) at 1262.
      64   RP (Feb. 12, 2020) at 1105.

                                         22
No. 81621-7-I/23

a defense, we review the evidentiary decision for abuse of discretion and, if the

court erred, review the alleged constitutional violation de novo.65

       ER 410(a) provides, in relevant part, “evidence of . . . statements made in

connection with, and relevant to, any . . . pleas or offers, is not admissible in any

civil or criminal proceeding against the person who made the plea or offer.” No

Washington court has decided whether ER 410 can be waived. We need not

decide this issue because, even assuming the court erred, Putman fails to

demonstrate prejudice.

       Relief is not warranted unless the defendant was prejudiced by the

erroneous admission.66 The erroneous admission of evidence under ER 410 was

“‘not prejudicial unless, within reasonable probabilities, the outcome of the trial

would have been materially affected had the error not occurred.’”67

       Putman argues the error prejudiced his right to present a defense by

causing him to not testify, although he does not argue the error actually precluded

him from testifying.

       65
        Arndt, 194 Wn.2d at 797-98 (citing State v. Clark, 187 Wn.2d 641, 648-56,
389 P.3d 462 (2017)).
       66 City of Seattle v. Pearson, 192 Wn. App. 802, 817, 369 P.3d 194 (2016)
(citing State v. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d 389, 403, 945 P.2d 1120 (1997)).
       67
        State v. Garcia, 179 Wn.2d 828, 848, 318 P.3d 266 (2014) (quoting
Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d at 403); see State v. Korum, 157 Wn.2d 614, 647, 141 P.3d
13 (2006) (in dicta, applying the same rule to conclude prejudice did not result from
erroneous admission of evidence under ER 410) (quoting Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d at
403).

                                          23
No. 81621-7-I/24

       Every criminal defendant has the fundamental right to testify in his own

defense.68 A defendant can also make a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver

of this right.69 Only the defendant can decide whether to testify, and this decision

cannot be taken away by counsel or the court.70 But relief from an erroneous

decision to admit evidence is unwarranted in absence of prejudice,71 and Putman

fails to show how an evidentiary error that left him free to testify deprived him of

the right to testify.

       In a colloquy with the court, Putman personally explained he made his

“final decision” against testifying because he could be impeached with the

contents of the sexual deviancy evaluation and feared “that the jury would believe

the [evaluator] over me.”72 But the risks of impeachment and credibility

determinations exist for every witness.73 And here, the State could have

aggressively cross-examined and effectively impeached Putman’s denials

regardless of the court’s decision by using, for example, his admissions to Julie

and the police. Putman sent text messages to Julie confessing he molested A.P.

       68
        State v. Lee, 12 Wn. App. 2d 378, 387, 460 P.3d 701 (citing State v.
Robinson, 138 Wn.2d 753, 758, 982 P.2d 590 (1999), review denied, 195 Wn.2d
1032, 468 P.3d 622 (2020).
       69Robinson, 138 Wn.2d at 758-59 (citing State v. Thomas, 128 Wn.2d 553,
558-59, 910 P.2d 475 (1996)).
       70   Id. at 758 (citing Thomas, 128 Wn.2d at 558).
       71   Pearson, 192 Wn. App. at 817 (citing Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d at 403).
       72   RP (Feb. 18, 2020) at 1340-41.
       73   ER 607.

                                          24
No. 81621-7-I/25

and “horribly allowed myself to take advantage of my own child’s love.” 74 He

confessed to the police that he “groomed”75 A.P. and made her perform oral sex

on him. Even if the trial court erred by concluding he waived ER 410 and by

admitting his sexual deviancy evaluation if he testified, he fails to establish this

ruling impacted his right to testify. Facing inevitable and devastating impeachment

unrelated to ER 410, Putman made a knowing, voluntary, intelligent, and strategic

waiver of his right to testify. The court did not prejudice this right. Because

Putman does not show a reasonable probability that the court’s decision impacted

the outcome of his trial, he fails to establish prejudice.76

V. Statement of Additional Grounds

       In his statement of additional grounds, Putman identifies fifteen issues,

which can be consolidated into eight analyses.

       We “‘will not consider a defendant's statement of additional grounds for

review if it does not inform the court of the nature and occurrence of alleged

errors.’”77 We are “‘not obligated to search the record in support of claims made in

a defendant's statement of additional grounds for review.’”78 We are not obligated

to review an alleged error in a statement of additional grounds when it relies upon

       74   RP (Feb. 11, 2020) at 970.
       75RP (Feb. 13, 2020) at 1263. “Grooming” has been defined as “a process
by which child molesters gradually introduce their victims to more and more explicit
sexual conduct.” State v. Quigg, 72 Wn. App. 828, 833, 866 P.2d 655 (1994).
       76   Garcia, 179 Wn.2d at 848 (quoting Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d at 403).
       77   Griepsma, 17 Wn. App. 2d at 623 (quoting RAP 10.10(c)).
       78   Id. (quoting RAP 10.10(c)).

                                           25
No. 81621-7-I/26

facts outside the appellate record.79 And we need not consider issues that are

“repetitive of briefing.”80

       First, Putman asserts he received ineffective assistance of counsel from

both his first and second defense counsels, Wolfe and Geisness, respectively. We

review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo as a mixed question of

law and fact.81 To succeed, Putman must show defense counsel’s representation

fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and prejudiced him.82 Defense

counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness if “there

was no legitimate strategic or tactical reason for counsel’s action.”83

       Putman argues Wolfe provided deficient representation by failing to consult

adequately with him, by failing to provide discovery, and by agreeing to the State’s

terms regarding the sexual deviancy evaluation. Putman provides no evidence to

support his assertions that Wolfe failed to meet with him or that Wolfe’s use of time

lacked any legitimate, reasonable purpose. The limited evidence in the appellate

record shows that Wolfe provided Putman with all discovery in his possession

       79 See State v. Calvin, 176 Wn. App. 1, 26, 316 P.3d 496 (2013) (“[I]ssues
that involve facts or evidence not in the record are properly raised through a
personal restraint petition.”) (citing State v. Alvarado, 164 Wn.2d 556, 569, 192 P.3d
345 (2008)).
       80   Id. (citing RAP 10.10(a)).
       81
        State v. Sutherby, 165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009) (citing In re
Pers. Restraint of Fleming, 142 Wn.2d 853, 865, 16 P.3d 610 (2001)).
       82   Id. (citing State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35, 899 P.2d 1251
(1995)).
       83   Id. at 883-84 (citing McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at 335).

                                          26
No. 81621-7-I/27

while representing him. And Wolfe’s agreement to the terms of the sexual

deviancy evaluation was a reasonable tactical decision made while plea

bargaining with the State because his client wanted a special sex offender

sentencing alternative (SSOSA).84 Putman fails to show Wolfe provided deficient

representation.85

       Putman argues Geisness provided deficient representation and lists 21

reasons why his performance was deficient. This list is not sufficiently developed

factually or legally to allow for adequate review, and, to an extent, it relies on facts

outside the appellate record. Thus, we decline to address it.86

       Second, Putman contends the prosecutor committed misconduct by

violating the discovery rules, by not recusing herself, and by filing additional

charges in retaliation against him. To succeed, he must prove the prosecutor’s

conduct was both improper and prejudicial.87 We decline to consider the discovery

contention because it relies upon factual assertions not in the appellate record. 88

       84
        This conclusion is not a comment on whether the protections of ER 410
can be waived.
       85Even if Wolfe’s performance was deficient, Putman fails to explain how
these deficiencies prejudiced the outcome of trial when Geisness replaced Wolfe
almost one year before trial, and when, as discussed above, Putman fails to show
prejudice from the court’s ER 410 decision.
       86Griepsma, 17 Wn. App. 2d at 623 (quoting RAP 10.10(c)); Calvin, 176 Wn.
App. at 26 (citing Alvarado, 164 Wn.2d at 569).
       87
        State v. Luvene, 127 Wn.2d 690, 701, 903 P.2d 960 (1995) (citing State v.
Mak, 105 Wn.2d 692, 726, 718 P.2d 407 (1986)).
       88   Calvin, 176 Wn. App. at 26 (citing Alvarado, 164 Wn.2d at 569).

                                           27
No. 81621-7-I/28

The recusal contention is unpersuasive because he fails to show a prosecutor has

a duty to recuse herself if she previously worked with the judge.

       “‘Prosecutorial vindictiveness is [the] intentional filing of a more serious

crime in retaliation for a defendant's lawful exercise of a procedural right.’” 89 The

prosecutor’s action must be “designed to penalize a defendant” for invoking his

rights.90 Putman does not identify which assertion of a procedural right prompted

the decision to file additional charges, and we need not search the record for

one.91 To the extent Putman argues the prosecutor was vindictive because the

additional charges made him ineligible for a SSOSA, it is not persuasive. A

SSOSA is not a procedural right to which a defendant is entitled.92 Because

Putman does not provide evidence of actual or presumptive vindictiveness, this

contention fails.

       Third, Putman argues judicial misconduct requires retrial. He identifies a

particular exchange and asserts the court “improperly assisted” the prosecutor.93

But the record shows the court merely overruled defense counsel’s objection and

explained the basis for its ruling. He also asserts the judge was biased because

       89  State v. Lee, 69 Wn. App. 31, 35, 847 P.2d 25 (1993) (alteration in
original) (quoting State v. McKenzie, 31 Wn. App. 450, 452, 642 P.2d 760 (1981)).
       90
        Korum, 157 Wn.2d at 627 (citing United States v. Meyer, 810 F.2d 1242,
1245 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).
       91   Griepsma, 17 Wn. App. 2d at 623 (quoting RAP 10.10(c)).
       92See RCW 9.94A.670(3), (4) (factors for a court to weigh when considering
request for a SSOSA).
       93   Statement of Additional Grounds (SAG) at 5.

                                          28
No. 81621-7-I/29

she had supervised the prosecuting attorney for about five months in 2016. But

when the judge raised this fact and asked whether the parties had any concerns or

objections, defense counsel said he and Putman had spoken about it, “are

comfortable,” and did not have “any reason” to ask for recusal.94 Putman waived

this issue.

       Fourth, Putman asserts retrial is required due to juror bias. Putman’s

argument relies almost entirely on factual assertions either unsupported by or not

present in the appellate record. To the extent his assertions have a possible basis

in the record, they are not adequately developed to allow review. Thus, we

decline to review this issue.

       Fifth, Putman contends the trial court abused its discretion by admitting an

unredacted photo of his groin and pelvis. He appears to contend ER 402 and

ER 403 barred admission of the photo, arguing it was “without relevance” and

“inflammatory.”95 We review evidentiary decisions for abuse of discretion.96

       Putman made the appearance of his penis part of his defense and asked

Julie and A.P. about it, thereby making the photo relevant.97 Relevant evidence

can be excluded under ER 403, however, when “its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or

       94   RP (Jan. 30, 2020) at 25.
       95   SAG at 5.
       96   State v. Bedada, 13 Wn. App. 2d 185, 194, 463 P.3d 125 (2020).
       97See ER 401 (evidence is relevant when it has “any tendency” to make the
existence of a consequential fact more or less probable).

                                         29
No. 81621-7-I/30

misleading the jury.” A court considers the whole case when weighing the risk of

unfair prejudice, including “‘the importance of the fact of consequence for which

the evidence is offered in the context of the litigation, . . . the availability of

alternative means of proof, [and] whether the fact of consequence for which the

evidence is offered is being disputed.’”98

       Here, the trial court initially excluded the unredacted photo, concluding it

was more inflammatory than probative because the parties agreed to stipulate that

Putman was circumcised. It reversed itself, however, after defense counsel used

A.P.’s uncertainty about the appearance of Putman’s penis to undermine her

credibility. Because defense counsel’s questions were designed to undermine

A.P.’s credibility by making her appear unsure about whether Putman was

circumcised, the appearance of Putman’s penis became more probative of A.P.’s

credibility, a central issue at trial not covered by the stipulation. The trial court did

not abuse its discretion by concluding defense counsel made the unredacted

photo more probative than prejudicial under ER 403.99

       Sixth, Putman argues the court abused its discretion by limiting the scope of

his cross-examination. He contends the court erred by not permitting questions to

A.P. and Patrick about getting in trouble as teenagers for sending and receiving

sexual text messages.

       98
        Bedada, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 193-94 (quoting State v. Kendrick, 47 Wn.
App. 620, 628, 736 P.2d 1079 (1987)).
       99Id. Even if the trial court abused its discretion, Putman fails to explain how
the decision was prejudicial.

                                             30
No. 81621-7-I/31

       Putman wanted to introduce the messages to show A.P.’s poor relationship

with him to provide an alternate motive for her disclosures and to give context to

Patrick’s description of Putman becoming more of a friend as he got older. The

court concluded A.P. could be asked about receiving an “inappropriate” text

message and the subsequent confrontation she had with Putman, although it did

not allow exploration of the message’s content. The court concluded Patrick could

be asked about Putman not punishing him for his receipt of inappropriate text

messages as a teenager, but the court excluded the sexual content of the

messages because it was not relevant. Because Putman was allowed to explore

the topics he now insists he was not and fails to explain why the text messages’

sexual contents were relevant, he fails to show the court abused its discretion.

       Putman also argues the court should have allowed cross-examination of

A.P.’s cousin Griffith about possibly possessing a firearm at the family’s

confrontation of Putman. Defense counsel argued the fact was “relevant because

in the eventuality—if my client testifies, it could go to state of mind in terms of how

some of his answers to the family took place if one of the people there was in

possession of the firearm and if he knew about it.”100 The court concluded the

evidence “would be misleading and confusing and just not relevant” during the

State’s case-in-chief, but it ruled Putman could “certainly bring it up in your case if

that’s how you wish to proceed.”101 Putman declined to testify or present a case

       100   RP (Feb. 6, 2020) at 599.
       101   Id. at 603.

                                          31
No. 81621-7-I/32

after the State rested. Because Putman does not explain why the firearm

evidence was relevant absent his testimony, he fails to show the court abused its

discretion. And because he declined to present a case, he fails to show prejudice.

       Seventh, Putman appears to argue the court erred by concluding his police

interview was admissible because his mental state at the time of the interview

meant his Fifth Amendment waiver was not truly voluntary. The trial court held a

CrR 3.5 hearing about the police interview, entered findings of fact, and concluded

the interview was admissible. Putman does not challenge these findings of fact,

making them verities on appeal.102

       The question is whether, based upon these findings and the surrounding

circumstances, “a confession was coerced by any express or implied promise or

by the exertion of any improper influence.”103 To determine whether the police

exerted improper influence, a court considers the “‘crucial’” element of police

coercion, the length of the interrogation, the defendant’s maturity, the defendant’s

mental health and physical condition, and whether the defendant received the

proper warnings about his constitutional rights.104

       102
         State v. Rafay, 168 Wn. App. 734, 757, 285 P.3d 83 (2012) (quoting State
v. Broadaway, 113 Wn.2d 118, 129, 942 P.2d 363 (1997)).
       103
         State v. Unga, 165 Wn.2d 95, 101, 196 P.3d 645 (2008) (citing Arizona v.
Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 285, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 113 L. Ed. 2d 302 (1991);
Broadaway, 113 Wn.2d at 118)).
       104
         Id. (quoting Withrow v. Williams, 507 U.S. 680, 693-94, 113 S. Ct. 1745,
123 L. Ed. 2d 407 (1993)).

                                         32
No. 81621-7-I/33

       The court found that Putman knew he was under arrest and was provided

Miranda105 warnings at the outset of the interview,106 that Putman understood he

was waiving his rights and intended to do so, that he “did not exhibit any signs of

or indications of medical or physical distress[,] did not appear to be in any acute

emotional or physical distress and did not indicate he was suffering from any

suicidal thoughts or ideas during his interview,” that “neither detective made

threats or promises of any kind,” and that Putman never asked to speak with a

lawyer or stop the interview.107 Additionally, Putman was 58 years old, had

chosen to turn himself in, and was interviewed for a relatively short time

immediately after turning himself in. The trial court did not err.

       Eighth, Putman argues retrial is required because of the court’s redaction

ruling about his police interview and because of its ER 410 ruling. Because these

issues are “repetitive of briefing,” we decline to address them anew.108

VI. Cumulative Error

       Putman contends retrial is required due to cumulative error.

“‘The cumulative error doctrine applies where a combination of trial errors denies

       105   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694
(1966).
       106Because Putman was given Miranda warnings before he confessed, his
argument about a two-stage interrogation, SAG at 11, is unpersuasive. See
Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 604, 124 S. Ct. 2601, 159 L. Ed. 2d 643 (2004)
(explaining a two-stage interrogation occurs when an officer obtains a confession
before providing Miranda warnings, provides them, and then uses the first
confession to obtain a second confession).
       107   Clerk’s Papers at 108-110.
       108   Calvin, 176 Wn. App. at 26 (citing RAP 10.10(a)).

                                           33
No. 81621-7-I/34

the accused a fair trial.’”109 Because Putman demonstrates, at most, a single

potential error about ER 410, the cumulative error doctrine does not apply. 110

       Therefore, we affirm Putman’s conviction, reverse his sentence, and

remand for resentencing.

WE CONCUR:

       109
        Lui, 188 Wn.2d at 564-65 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Cross, 180
Wn.2d 664, 690, 327 P.3d 660 (2014)).
       110See State v. Greiff, 141 Wn.2d 910, 929, 10 P.3d 390 (2000) (“The
application of that doctrine is limited to instances when there have been several trial
errors that standing alone may not be sufficient to justify reversal but when
combined may deny a defendant a fair trial.”).

                                         34