Court Opinion

ID: 4385222
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-09 00:00:20.769359+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:49:49.152661
License: Public Domain

Case: 18-60205   Document: 00514906578    Page: 1   Date Filed: 04/08/2019

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                No. 18-60205
                                                                      FILED
                                                                   April 8, 2019
                                                                 Lyle W. Cayce
CHRISTOPHER FREY,                                                     Clerk

             Petitioner

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,

             Respondent

                   Petition for Review of a Decision of the
          United States Department of Health and Human Services,
                        Departmental Appeals Board

Before WIENER, DENNIS, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
WIENER, Circuit Judge
      Health Management Systems (“HMS”) contracts with state health
agencies to help them recover improperly paid Medicaid funds. Christopher
Frey, a regional vice president for HMS, disclosed to supervisors that he
believed some of HMS’s billing practices were unlawful. Frey made these
disclosures in 2009, and HMS fired him in 2013. Frey filed a whistleblower
complaint, alleging that he was fired because of his disclosures. The Office of
the Inspector General (“OIG”) for the Department of Health and Human
Services (“HHS”) investigated Frey’s claim and submitted a report to the HHS.
In its report, the OIG found that although Frey had made protected
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disclosures, (1) those disclosures were not a “contributing factor” in HMS’s
decision to fire Frey, and (2) HMS would have fired him absent the disclosures.
The HHS adopted the OIG’s report and denied Frey’s claim. Frey petitioned
this court for review of that decision.
                                       I. BACKGROUND
A.       Statutory Framework
         This case is governed by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-5, 123 Stat. 115 (“Recovery Act” or “Act”), an economic
stimulus package enacted early in 2009. 1 In addition to providing federal
stimulus funds for infrastructure, health, and energy projects, the Recovery
Act provides substantive protections for whistleblowers and administrative
procedures for handling whistleblower complaints against employers that
receive or use stimulus funds. 2
         The Recovery Act defines a “non-Federal employer” as a “State or local
government receiving the [covered] funds and any contractor or subcontractor
of the State or local government.” 3 The Act prohibits employers that receive
stimulus funds from retaliating against employees for disclosing evidence
about the misuse of those funds:
         § 1553. Protecting State and Local Government Contractor
         Whistleblowers.

                  (a) PROHIBITION OF REPRISALS.—An employee of any
                  non-Federal employer receiving covered funds may not be

         1   Herrera v. Trabajamos Cmty. Head Start, Inc., 236 F. Supp. 3d 858, 860 (S.D.N.Y.
2017).
         Recovery Act § 1553; see Bus. Commc’ns, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 739 F.3d 374,
         2

376 (8th Cir. 2013) (“Through § 1553 of the [Recovery Act], Congress sought to encourage the
reporting of improper action in connection with [Recovery Act] projects by providing
whistleblower protections for employees of non-federal employers working on projects funded
by [Recovery Act] appropriations.”).
       3 Recovery Act § 1553(g)(4)(A)(ii).

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             discharged, demoted, or otherwise discriminated against as
             a reprisal for disclosing, including a disclosure made in the
             ordinary course of an employee’s duties, to the Board, an
             inspector general, . . . a State or Federal regulatory or law
             enforcement agency, a person with supervisory authority
             over the employee (or such other person working for the
             employer who has the authority to investigate, discover, or
             terminate misconduct), . . . the head of a Federal agency, or
             their representatives, information that the employee
             reasonably believes is evidence of—
                   (1) gross mismanagement of an agency contract or
                   grant relating to covered funds;
                   (2) a gross waste of covered funds; [or] . . .
                   (5) a violation of law, rule, or regulation related to an
                   agency contract . . . or grant, awarded or issued
                   relating to covered funds. 4

      The Act sets out specific burdens of proof for whistleblower complaints.
A whistleblower “shall be deemed to have affirmatively established the
occurrence of the reprisal if the person demonstrates that” the protected
disclosure was “a contributing factor in the reprisal.” 5 A whistleblower may
demonstrate that a protected disclosure was a “contributing factor” by using
circumstantial evidence, including:
      (I) evidence that the official undertaking the reprisal knew of the
      disclosure; or
      (II) evidence that the reprisal occurred within a period of time after
      the disclosure such that a reasonable person could conclude that
      the disclosure was a contributing factor in the reprisal. 6

      If the whistleblower “affirmatively establish[es]” that the protected
disclosure was a contributing factor to the reprisal, the non-Federal employer
has an “opportunity for rebuttal,” to “demonstrate[] by clear and convincing

      4 Id. § 1553(a); see 48 C.F.R. § 2.907-2(6).
      5 Recovery Act § 1553(c)(1)(A)(i).
      6 Id. § 1553(c)(1)(A)(ii).

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evidence that the non-Federal employer would have taken the action
constituting the reprisal in the absence of the disclosure.” 7 If the employer
makes that showing, the agency “may not find the occurrence of a
reprisal . . . .” 8 This burden-shifting framework uses the same “contributing
factor” and “clear and convincing evidence” language as the standard for
Sarbanes-Oxley Act whistleblower actions. 9
       The Recovery Act also sets out a process for evaluating complaints. First,
the whistleblower must submit the complaint to the appropriate inspector
general. 10 That inspector general must investigate the complaint and submit
“a report of the findings of the investigation to the person, the person’s
employer, the head of the appropriate agency, and the Board.” 11
       Next, within 30 days after receiving the inspector general’s report, the
agency must “determine whether there is sufficient basis to conclude that the
non-Federal employer has subjected the complainant to a [prohibited]
reprisal.” 12 The agency must either “issue an order denying relief in whole or
in part” or take one or more of the following actions: (a) “[o]rder the employer
to take affirmative action to abate the reprisal”; (b) reinstate the person, with
compensation, compensatory damages, and employment benefits; or (c) pay the
complainant for his costs and expenses reasonably incurred for bringing the
complaint. 13 If the agency issues an order denying relief in whole or in part, or
fails to issue an order within 210 days of the submission of a complaint, the

       7 Id. § 1553(c)(1)(B).
       8 Id.
       9 Compare id. § 1553(c)(1)(A), with 49 U.S.C. § 42121(b)(2)(B); see also Allen v. Admin.

Review Bd., 514 F.3d 468, 475–76 (5th Cir. 2008) (collecting authority on the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act standard).
       10 Recovery Act § 1553(b)(1).
       11 Id.
       12 Id. § 1553(c)(2).
       13 Id.

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complainant will be deemed to have “exhausted all administrative remedies
with respect to the complaint” and may sue the employer in federal district
court. 14
       The Recovery Act authorizes direct review in the court of appeals for the
circuit in which the alleged reprisal occurred for anyone “adversely affected or
aggrieved by an order” issued by the agency. 15 Review in the court of appeals
must conform to chapter seven of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). 16
B.     Factual Background
       Petitioner-Appellant Christopher Frey filed a whistleblower complaint
under § 1553, alleging that his employer, Health Management Services, Inc.
(“HMS”), fired him in retaliation for protected disclosures. Defendant-Appellee
United States Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”)
investigated and denied his claim. Frey petitions this court for review of the
agency action.
       HMS is a publicly traded company that helps state health agencies
recover Medicaid funds that have not been paid or have been inappropriately
paid. It contracts with states to recover third-party liability (“TPL”) claims. 17
Section 1553 of the Recovery Act applies to HMS because HMS contracts with
states that received federal stimulus funds under the Recovery Act and is
engaged by state Medicaid agencies to identify and recover TPL payments. 18

       14  Id. § 1553(c)(3).
       15  Id. § 1553(c)(5).
        16 Id.
        17 Third Party Liability “refers to the legal obligation of third parties (e.g., certain

individuals, entities, insurers, or programs) to pay part or all of the expenditures for medical
assistance furnished under a Medicaid state plan. By law, all other available third parties
must meet their legal obligation to pay claims before the Medicaid program pays for the care
of an individual eligible for Medicaid.”
        18 Recovery Act § 1553(g)(4)(A)(ii). The HHS does not dispute that § 1553 applies here.

HMS, in contrast, maintains that it did not receive covered funds, so the Recovery Act’s
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       Frey was a regional vice president for HMS from September 2006 until
HMS fired him in May 2013. In that role, he managed sales and client relations
within his assigned region. He alleges that in 2009, he made protected
disclosures to HMS executives about (1) HMS’s failure to bill timely for
Medicaid reclamation claims, a practice he believed violated 42 C.F.R.
§ 433.139, and (2) HMS’s practice of double-billing the state of Tennessee for
Medicaid information.
       Frey contends that after he made these disclosures, he experienced a
pattern of retaliatory acts, including (1) a reduction of the territories for which
he was responsible, (2) exclusion from high-level meetings, and (3) HMS’s
failure to pay him bonuses to which he was entitled. He maintains that these
acts culminated in HMS firing him in May 2013. The parties dispute the reason
for Frey’s firing: HMS contends that it fired him as part of a reduction-in-force;
Frey contends that there was no reduction-in-force and that instead he was
fired in retaliation for his 2009 disclosures.
C.     Litigation Background
       After HMS fired Frey, he filed a whistleblower complaint with the Office
of the Inspector General (“OIG”) for the HHS, alleging that HMS fired him in
retaliation for his 2009 disclosures. OIG investigators corresponded with
Frey’s counsel, who provided additional information and lines of questioning.
       The OIG reviewed documents and interviewed Frey and several HMS
employees. It issued its first investigative report to the HHS in August 2015.

whistleblower protections do not apply to it. This contention fails for two reasons. First, it is
difficult to believe that HMS does not receive any covered funds through its contracts with
state Medicaid agencies. Second, and more importantly, § 1553(g)(4)(A)(ii) specifically defines
“non-Federal employer” as “with respect to covered funds received by a State or local
government, the State or local government receiving the funds and any contractor or
subcontractor of the State or local government.” HMS does not dispute that it contracts with
states that received covered funds.
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Frey’s counsel wrote to the OIG, objecting to that report’s conclusions. In June
2016, the OIG issued a second report to the HHS. Frey’s counsel wrote to the
HHS Secretary, objecting to the second report’s conclusions.
      In June 2017, the OIG issued its third and final investigative report to
the HHS. That 23-page report set out the interviews the OIG had conducted
and the documents it had considered. The OIG found that Frey had made
protected disclosures in 2009. First, Frey had told his supervisor, Ron Singh,
the executive vice president of the HMS Commercial Division, and Maria
Perrin, HMS’s executive vice president, that he believed HMS was billing TPL
claims in an untimely and unlawful manner. The OIG also found that Frey told
David Dawson, an HMS vice president, about HMS’s practice of double-billing
Tennessee for Medicaid information.
      The OIG determined that HMS took an “unfavorable personnel action”
against Frey by firing him, but “could not substantiate” Frey’s allegations of a
pattern of retaliation between 2009 and 2013. First, Frey alleged that HMS
had cut the number of states for which he was responsible. The report states
that, although Frey had lost some states, he had also gained other territory,
including Louisiana. Second, Frey alleged that he was excluded from high-level
meetings. The report states that investigators “were not able to find evidence
to confirm that Frey was excluded from any meetings that he was permitted to
attend.” Finally, Frey alleged that HMS had denied him bonuses that his
contract promised. The report states that Frey’s bonuses were not guaranteed.
      Although the OIG report determined that Frey had made protected
disclosures and that HMS management knew of the disclosures when it fired
him, the OIG concluded that the disclosures were not a contributing factor in
HMS’s decision:

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             The OIG finds that Frey made protected disclosures in 2009
      and that HMS management knew of Frey’s disclosures. The OIG
      also finds that HMS took a personnel action against Frey (he was
      terminated as part of a RIF) and that certain HMS management
      officials responsible for the RIF were aware of Frey’s protected
      disclosures at the time the RIF was conducted. Nevertheless, HMS
      has established by clear and convincing evidence that Frey would
      have been terminated as part of the RIF in the absence of the
      disclosures. As a consequence, the OIG finds that Frey’s claim that
      he was subjected to whistleblower retaliation is unsupported.

Because of “the four years that passed between the protected disclosures in
2009 and Frey’s termination in 2013” and a “lack of other evidence to support
a finding of retaliation,” a “reasonable person would not conclude that the
disclosure was a contributing factor in the reprisal due to the extensive passage
of time.” The OIG also found that even if Frey’s disclosures were a contributing
factor in HMS’s decision, HMS had established by clear and convincing
evidence that it would have fired Frey in the absence of the disclosures.
      Frey did not receive a copy of the final report until he filed a petition for
review in this court. 19 In 2016 and 2017, Frey sent several emails to HHS
officials asking for an update on the agency’s decision. HHS officials responded
to some of these emails with vague answers, and some went unanswered. 20
      In a January 2018 letter to Frey’s attorney, the Associate Deputy
Secretary of the HHS stated that he “agree[d] with the findings of the OIG,”
and denied Frey’s claim. Although the January 2018 final agency action took

      19   Although § 1553(b)(1) states that after the inspector general completes the
investigation, it “shall . . . submit a report of the findings of the investigation to the
[complainant],” Frey does not challenge the OIG’s failure to provide him the report.
        20 For example, on December 27, 2016, an HHS official assured Frey that the matter

was “under active consideration” and stated that he expected that the agency would make a
final determination “in the next couple of weeks, if not sooner.” The agency did not make a
final determination until January 2018.
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much longer than the statutorily prescribed “30 days after receiving” the June
2017 OIG report, Frey does not challenge the timeliness of the agency action
on appeal. 21 Instead, Frey timely filed a petition for review in this court.
                                II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Section 1553 of the Recovery Act requires us to review the HHS’s final
decision denying Frey’s claim under the standards set out in Chapter Seven of
the APA. 22 Under the APA, we “will set aside agency action, findings, and
conclusions found to be ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
otherwise not in accordance with law . . . .’” 23 Because the HHS is not charged
with administering § 1553, we review its legal conclusions and interpretations
of that statute de novo. 24
       The parties disagree about the standard of review for the HHS’s factual
findings. Both Frey and the HHS contend that those findings should be
reviewed for substantial evidence. In contrast, HMS, an intervenor in this case,
contends that the HHS’s factual findings should be reviewed under the
arbitrary and capricious standard. HMS maintains that agency findings “are
reviewed under the substantial evidence standard only where there has been

       21  The HHS’s delay is troubling, but not legally significant. After receiving the final
June 2017 investigative report, the HHS took approximately seven months to deny Frey’s
claim, despite several requests for an update. Additionally, Frey received only the OIG’s
second, June 2016 investigative report to the HHS, and did not receive the final June 2017
report until after he filed the petition in this court. From Frey’s perspective, the HHS’s
decision took at least a year and a half from when the HHS received the second report, and
more than four years after Frey submitted his whistleblower complaint in November 2013.
        22 Recovery Act § 1553(c)(5).
        23 Tex. Educ. Agency v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 908 F.3d 127, 131–32 (5th Cir. 2018)

(quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)).
        24 Buffalo Marine Servs., Inc. v. United States, 663 F.3d 750, 753–54 (5th Cir. 2011)

(“The agency’s legal conclusions are reviewed de novo, except for questions of statutory
interpretation, where the court owes ‘substantial deference to an agency’s construction of a
statute that it administers.’” (citation omitted) (emphasis added)).
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a formal agency adjudication in which the agency was required to conduct a
hearing on the record, which was not required and did not occur in this case.”
       HMS is correct. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(E) states that a reviewing court shall
hold unlawful agency findings or conclusions found to be “unsupported by
substantial evidence . . . reviewed on the record of an agency hearing provided
by statute.” The Recovery Act, unlike other whistleblower statutes, does not
allow a complainant to request a hearing. 25 In this case, neither the HHS nor
the OIG held a hearing. And other courts of appeals reviewing § 1553 claims
have refrained from using the “substantial evidence” standard. 26
       The arbitrary and capricious standard applies to the HHS’s final decision
and factual findings. That standard “is ‘highly deferential,’” and “focuses on
whether an agency articulated a rational connection between the facts found
and the decision made.” 27 “[I]t is well-established that an agency’s action must
be upheld if at all, on the basis articulated by the agency itself.” 28
                                      III. ANALYSIS
       In its decision letter, the HHS adopted the findings of the OIG’s final
investigative report. The parties do not dispute the OIG’s findings that (1) Frey
made a protected disclosure, (2) HMS management knew about that disclosure,
or (3) HMS took an unfavorable personnel action against Frey.
       The OIG recommended denying Frey’s claim for two reasons: (1) his
disclosures were not a “contributing factor” in HMS’s decision to terminate
him, and (2) even if the disclosures were a contributing factor, HMS has

       25 E.g., 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(2)(A); see also Hayward v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 536 F.3d
376, 379 (5th Cir. 2008) (“Because [the statute] does not contain a standard of review and
does not require that a formal hearing be held, the district court correctly reviewed the
[agency’s] final decision under the arbitrary and capricious standard . . . .”).
       26 See Chippewa Cree Tribe, 900 F.3d at 1162; Bus. Commc’ns Inc., 739 F.3d at 379.
       27 Knapp v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 796 F.3d 445, 453 (5th Cir. 2015) (citations omitted).
       28 Id. (citation omitted)

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established by clear and convincing evidence that it fired Frey based on either
(a) performance issues or (b) as part of a reduction-in-force that was
implemented for a legitimate business purpose.
       Frey challenges both conclusions. He contends that the HHS (1)
misapplied § 1553’s provision on the use of circumstantial evidence and (2) did
not consider countervailing evidence that supports his claim.
A.     “Contributing Factor”
       The OIG concluded that Frey’s disclosures were not a “contributing
factor” in HMS’s decision to fire him. It based that conclusion on (1) a four-year
gap between Frey’s 2009 disclosures and his 2013 firing and (2) a “lack of other
evidence to support a finding of retaliation.”
       Section 1553(c)(1)(A)(ii) allows a complainant to use circumstantial
evidence to establish that a protected disclosure was a contributing factor in a
reprisal. Here is the statutory language:
       (i) IN GENERAL.—A person alleging a reprisal under this section
       shall be deemed to have affirmatively established the occurrence
       of the reprisal if the person demonstrates that a disclosure
       described in subsection (a) was a contributing factor in the
       reprisal.

       (ii) USE OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE.—A disclosure may
       be demonstrated as a contributing factor . . . by circumstantial
       evidence, including—
              (I) evidence that the official undertaking the reprisal knew
              of the disclosure; or
              (II) evidence that the reprisal occurred within a period of
              time after the disclosure such that a reasonable person could
              conclude that the disclosure was a contributing factor in the
              reprisal. 29

       29   Recovery Act § 1553(c)(1)(A) (emphasis added to focus on the parties’ arguments).
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We have stated in the context of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s whistleblower
provision that a “contributing factor is ‘any factor, which alone or in
combination with other factors, tends to affect in any way the outcome of the
decision.’” 30 Other courts have written that a “‘contributing factor’ is something
less than a ‘substantial’ or ‘motivating’ factor.” 31
       Frey contends that the HHS misinterpreted the language in the
circumstantial-evidence provision by requiring both knowledge of the protected
disclosure and temporal proximity. According to Frey, the separation of the
“knowledge of the disclosure” provision (§ 1553(c)(1)(A)(ii)(I)) and the
“reasonable period of time” provision (§ 1553(c)(1)(A)(ii)(II)) with an “or”
indicates that an employer’s knowledge of a protected disclosure, by itself,
conclusively establishes that the disclosure was a contributing factor. The OIG
found, and the parties do not dispute, that the HMS officials who fired Frey
knew about Frey’s disclosures. Frey insists that this finding “should have
ended the contributing factor analysis” because either (a) knowledge of the
protected disclosures or (b) temporal proximity is enough to establish that
Frey’s disclosures were a contributing factor in HMS’s decision to fire him.
       The HHS and HMS respond that although both knowledge of a protected
disclosure and temporal proximity have some bearing on the contributing
factor element, a finder of fact may reasonably conclude that one of those
factors alone does not always establish that element. They focus on the
statute’s use of “may” and “including,” permissive words indicating that an
employer’s knowledge of a disclosure or temporal proximity between a
disclosure and an employment decision may be considered, but the presence of

       30Allen, 514 F.3d at 476 n.3 (citation omitted).
       31Gerhard v. D Constr., Inc., 2012 WL 893647, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 14, 2012) (quoting
Addis v. Dep’t of Labor, 575 F.3d 688, 691 (7th Cir. 2009)).
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but one of those factors does not mandate the conclusion that the disclosure
was a contributing factor in the decision.
       The parties’ dispute comes down to whether § 1553’s circumstantial-
evidence provision is mandatory or permissive. According to Frey, evidence
that an employer had knowledge of a protected disclosure always establishes
that disclosure was a contributing factor. According to the HHS and HMS, an
employer’s knowledge of a protected disclosure may–but does not always–
establish that a disclosure was a contributing factor.
       There are few cases that examine § 1553, 32 and only two court of appeals
cases directly review an agency action under that provision. 33 We have found
no court that has considered the specific issue presented here. The closest cases
to this one are Hadley v. Duke Energy Progress, Inc., 2016 WL 1071098, at *4–
6 (E.D.N.C. Mar. 17, 2016), and Gerhard v. D Constr. Inc., 2012 WL 893673, at
*2–4 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 14, 2012).
       In Hadley, the district court considered a complaint in which the
whistleblower alleged that he had made protected statements and was fired
ten months later. 34 The court held that the ten-month gap between the “bulk
of [the whistleblower’s] alleged protected statements . . . and his termination”
did not support a causal inference that the disclosure contributed to the
firing. 35
       In Gerhard, the court considered a whistleblower complaint in which the
only circumstantial evidence was a one-month gap between the protected

       32 Hadley v. Duke Energy Progress, Inc., 2016 WL 1071098, at *4–6 (E.D.N.C. Mar. 17,
2016), aff’d, Hadley v. Duke Energy Progress, LLC, 677 F. App’x 859 (4th Cir. 2017); Herrera,
236 F. Supp. 3d at 858; Wang v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 206 F. Supp. 3d 46, 91–93
(D.D.C. 2016); Gerhard, 2012 WL 893673, at *2–4.
       33 Chippewa Cree Tribe, 900 F.3d at 1126; Bus. Commc’ns, Inc., 739 F.3d at 374.
       34 Hadley, 2016 WL 1071098, at *6.
       35 Id.

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disclosure and the firing, and there was “no evidence” that the sole decision-
maker in the firing “was even aware that [the whistleblower] was engaging in
ARRA-protected activities.” 36 The court held that the disclosures were not a
contributing factor, explaining that a “temporal connection, standing alone,
rarely suffices to show a causal connection, even for summary judgment
purposes.” 37 Gerhard addressed the analytical opposite of this case: Here, there
was knowledge of the protected disclosure, but no temporal proximity; in
Gerhard, the employee was fired one month after the disclosure, but the
decisionmaker did not know about the disclosure.
       Subsection § 1553(c)(1)(A)(ii) sets out “two non-exclusive ways” that a
petitioner may use circumstantial evidence to show that a protected disclosure
contributed to a decision to fire him. 38 The types of circumstantial evidence
include, but are not limited to, (a) an employer’s knowledge of a protected
disclosure or (b) a reasonable temporal relationship between the disclosure and
the firing. The statute states that a reprisal “may be demonstrated by
circumstantial evidence”; it does not say that whenever either of those factors
is present, a disclosure shall or must be deemed a contributing factor. 39
Congress’s use of “shall” in the immediately preceding subsection bolsters this
interpretation. 40

       36 Gerhard, 2012 WL 893673, at *3.
       37 Id.
       38 Herrera, 236 F. Supp. 3d at 867.
       39 See Kingdomware Techs., Inc. v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1969, 1977 (2016) (“Unlike

the word ‘may,’ which implies discretion, the word ‘shall’ usually connotes a requirement.”);
In re Pac. Lumber Co., 584 F.3d 229, 245–46 (5th Cir. 2009) (“The non-exhaustive nature of
the three subsections [separated by an “or”] is inconsistent with treating them as
compartmentalized alternatives.”).
       40 Compare § 1553(c)(1)(A)(i) (“A person alleging a reprisal under this section shall be

deemed to have affirmatively established the occurrence of the reprisal . . . .”), with
§ 1553(c)(1)(A)(ii) (“A disclosure may be demonstrated as a contributing factor in a
reprisal . . . by circumstantial evidence . . . .”).
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       Moreover, a four-year gap between a protected disclosure and an adverse
employment action is longer than any time frame in which any court has
concluded that a disclosure was a contributing factor to a reprisal. 41 And, in
the different context of the Age Discrimination and Employment Act, we have
held that a ten-month gap between an employee’s protected action and firing
did “not support an inference of retaliation, and rather, suggest[ed] that a
retaliatory motive was highly unlikely.” 42
       The four years that passed between Frey’s 2009 disclosures and his 2013
firing, as well as a “lack of other evidence” supporting a finding of retaliation,
bolsters the HHS’s conclusion that Frey’s disclosures were not contributing
factors in HMS’s decision to fire him, and is enough to satisfy the “highly
deferential” arbitrary and capricious standard.
B.     Whether Frey Would Have Been Fired Absent the Disclosures
       If an employee affirmatively establishes an unlawful reprisal, the
employer may rebut that showing with “clear and convincing evidence that [it]
would have taken the action constituting the reprisal in the absence of the
disclosure.” 43 The OIG determined that, even if Frey’s disclosures were a
contributing factor in HMS’s decision to fire him, HMS had nonetheless

       41  Chippewa Cree Tribe, 900 F.3d at 1162 (“[S]ix months is certainly within the time
frame that could lead a reasonable person to conclude that [the petitioner’s] whistleblowing
was a ‘contributing factor’ in his removal.”); Hadley, 2016 WL 1071098, at *6 (“The ten-month
time period between the bulk of [the plaintiff’s] alleged protected statements . . . and his
termination does not support a causal inference.”); Gerhard, 2012 WL 893673, at *3 (“Here,
there is nothing beyond slight temporal proximity that supports the inference of reprisal.”);
see also Feldman v. Law Enforcement Assocs. Corp., 752 F.3d 339, 348–49 (4th Cir. 2014)
(holding that a 20-month gap between a protected activity and a firing “weighs against a
finding that it is more likely than not that the alleged protected activities played a role in
[the whistleblower’s] termination” in a Sarbanes-Oxley Act whistleblower case).
        42 Grizzle v. Travelers Health Network, Inc., 14 F.3d 261, 268 (5th Cir. 1994).
        43 Recovery Act § 1553(c)(1)(B).

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established by clear and convincing evidence that it would have fired him in
the absence of the disclosures. The OIG specifically concluded:
      Nevertheless, HMS has established by clear and convincing
      evidence that Frey would have been terminated as part of the RIF
      in the absence of the disclosures.

      ....

      [I]nvestigators found clear and convincing evidence that HMS
      would have terminated Frey in the absence of his disclosures due
      to his poor performance. HMS provided clear and convincing
      evidence that Frey had significant performance problems and that
      HMS’s concerns about Frey’s performance pre-dated any of his
      protected disclosures. Two of Frey’s past supervisors, [Donna]
      Price and Kim Glenn, spoke negatively about his work
      performance at HMS. [David] Dawson told investigators that Frey
      was the lowest performing RVP that Dawson supervised.
      Additionally, investigators obtained Frey’s 2007 HMS
      performance evaluation, which rated Frey average or below
      average in many elements. Finally, Frey was not the only
      employee terminated in the RIF. Between 2013 and 2014, 107
      HMS employees were terminated as part of a RIF. This supports
      HMS’s claim that the RIF was for [a] legitimate business purpose.

      Frey challenges these findings on the ground that the HHS failed to
consider “significant countervailing evidence” that contradicted HMS’s
explanation that it fired him as part of a reduction-in-force. Frey points to the
facts that (1) there was conflicting testimony of several HMS employees; (2) he
was fired on a Tuesday rather than a Friday or at the end of a month; (3) he
was not fired as part of a group of employees; (4) he was the only regional vice
president that was fired; and (5) there was not even one memo or personnel
form referencing a reduction-in-force. According to Frey, these facts combine
to show that the HHS simply accepted HMS’s explanation without getting into
whether the reduction-in-force was a pretext for retaliation.

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      Frey also maintains that the OIG’s conclusion that he had performance
issues does not account for the evidence that he was a good employee. He points
to statements describing him as “easy to get along with,” “a good employee,” an
“Idea Guy,” and that he had “no personality conflicts,” “no issues with his
professional reputation,” and “good ideas.” Similarly, Frey contends that the
OIG relied too heavily on one negative performance review from 2007.
      In its report, the OIG provided an investigative summary of the
documents it reviewed and the persons it interviewed. The facts indicating that
HMS fired Frey for poor performance or as part of a reduction-in-force include:
      • Donna Price, an HMS vice president and Frey’s direct supervisor (1)
        stated that she “considered Frey a charming person, but
        professionally considered Frey her worst employee”; (2) did not trust
        Frey and “caught Frey lying on a few occasions” about “being at work
        when she could not get a hold of him”; (3) wrote a bad performance
        review about Frey in 2007; and (4) said Frey was fired during a
        reduction-in-force. (Price too was fired during the same reduction-in-
        force as was Frey, but she was rehired to a new position ten months
        later.)

      • David Dawson, another HMS vice president and Frey’s supervisor,
        rated “Frey the third best regional VP [of the three regional VPs] he
        supervised.” Dawson also described Frey as “a good employee, but not
        great.”

      • Ron Singh, the Executive Vice President of the HMS Commercial
        Division, stated that he had “heard internally that Frey was laid off
        as part of a reduction in force” and that he was “not surprised about
        Frey’s lay off because others were also laid off.”

      • Ginny Meltzer, HMS’s Assistant Controller for Corporate Finance,
        stated that “Frey was laid off during a large reduction in force. This
        reduction in force was more about efficiency than financial reasons.”

      • Tracey South, HMS’s Vice President for Human Relations, stated that
        “Maria Perrin [another HMS VP] decided that HMS had to flatten
        their organizational structure through a reduction in force.” South
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         also stated that the regional VP position was “retitled,” the “duties of
         multiple positions were merged,” and a “layer of management was
         removed.” She also stated that “[t]he RIF was based on business needs
         and that was why it was not conducted all at once. Frey was one of
         the first VP’s to be removed because there was not a critical need for
         him.”

      • Kim Glenn, HMS’s Senior Vice President for Business Development,
        stated that “Frey was terminated as part of a RIF. The organization
        was flattening its structure to achieve cost savings. This included a
        reduction of 13 individuals in the Government Services Department
        over a 12 month period.”

      • Frey’s 2007 negative performance evaluation.

      • A list of many employees fired within the same year as Frey that
        stated “Reduction” as the reason for the termination. That list
        includes several other vice presidents: a “VP of Operations,” a “VP of
        Prod Dev,” an “SVP for New markets,” a “VP MCO Client
        Development,” a “VP/Process Engineering,” a “VP/Talent Strategies
        & HR Ops,” and a “Corporate VP/COB.”

In short, the OIG considered statements from Frey’s direct supervisors that
Frey had performance issues, and statements from several other HMS officers
and employees that he was fired as part of a reduction-in-force.
      Neither does Frey’s contention that the OIG did not consider
countervailing, favorable evidence comport with the OIG’s interview notes. The
OIG report sets out a summary of its interview with Frey and his lawyer, as
well as Frey’s statement that he believed that HMS’s explanation that it fired
him for “money saving issues” was “suspicious” based on its treatment of other
employees. The record also shows that the OIG considered Frey’s allegations
that (1) he was the only regional vice president that HMS fired, (2) other
employees who were terminated in the reduction-in-force were later rehired,
(3) Frey was fired on a Tuesday rather than a Friday or the end of the month,

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and (4) there were no written policies for reductions-in-force. The fact that
investigators asked other HMS employees about Frey’s concerns indicates that
the OIG considered the evidence, but based on other evidence, concluded that
HMS had met its burden. Although Frey might disagree with the HHS’s
evaluation of the countervailing evidence he submitted, the agency did
consider it.
      The OIG’s summary of its interviews with Frey’s supervisors and several
other HMS employees sufficiently supported the HHS’s conclusion that HMS
fired Frey because of his poor performance or as part of a reduction-in-force.
True, some employees were complimentary of Frey and there was some
inconsistent testimony about the reduction-in-force. But the arbitrary and
capricious standard is highly deferential and requires only a “rational
connection” between the facts found and the agency’s decision. 44 Given that the
OIG considered some facts that supported its conclusions and other facts that
did not, we must defer to the HHS’s decision to deny Frey’s claim. 45
                                    IV. CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, we deny Frey’s petition.
AFFIRMED

      44   Knapp, 796 F.3d at 453; Chippewa Cree Tribe, 900 F.3d at 1162.
      45   See Chippewa Cree Tribe, 900 F.3d at 1162–63.
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