Court Opinion

ID: 4533506
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-12 15:03:38.77237+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:12.219429
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                    May 12 2020, 8:46 am

                                                                         CLERK
                                                                     Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                          and Tax Court

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Russell B. Cate                                           Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Carmel, Indiana                                           Attorney General of Indiana
Christopher J. Evans                                      Ian A. McLean
Dollard Evans Whalin, LLP                                 Deputy Attorney General
Noblesville, Indiana                                      Indianapolis, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Daniel Wahl and Saundra Wahl,                             May 12, 2020
Appellants-Defendants,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                          19A-CR-2258
        v.
                                                          Appeal from the Hamilton
                                                          Superior Court
State of Indiana,
                                                          The Honorable David K. Najjar,
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                       Judge
                                                          Trial Court Cause Nos.
                                                          29D05-1309-FD-7823 &
                                                          29D05-1309-FD-7824

Riley, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020                             Page 1 of 39
                                STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellants-Defendants, Daniel Wahl (Daniel) and Saundra Wahl (Saundra),

      (collectively, the Wahls), appeal their conviction for involuntary manslaughter,

      Class D felonies, Ind. Code § 35-42-1-4 (2013).

[2]   We affirm.

                                                    ISSUES
[3]   The Wahls present this court with four issues on appeal, which we consolidate

      and restate as the following three issues:

          (1) Whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting certain

              evidence;

          (2) Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to sustain the Wahls’

              involuntary manslaughter conviction; and

          (3) Whether the trial court abused its discretion by ordering the Wahls to

              pay restitution.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   In 2003, the Wahls built their home in Fishers, Indiana, with the primary

      intention of operating a daycare facility from their basement. In 2006, the

      Wahls were licensed and they operated a daycare business under the name,

      Home Away from Home Child Care, LLC. Saundra was responsible for

      toddlers ranging from five months to two years old, while Daniel was

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020         Page 2 of 39
      responsible for the older children. In the spring of 2011, after touring the

      Wahls’ daycare, Danny (Danny) and Jocelyne DiRienzo (collectively, the

      DiRienzos), enrolled their minor children, D.D., and A.D. at the Wahls’

      daycare.

[5]   The Wahls had placed several security gates in their home. In the basement

      hallway, there was a white metal security gate—the gate at issue in this cause—

      closing off the stairway leading to the first floor. If the gate was open, one had

      to pick up the gate and bring it over and place it down into a U-shaped cradle

      where it would snap into place. In 2006, Daniel made repairs to the gate’s

      hinges “because it [had] started to give way.” (Transcript Vol. II, p. 172).

      More specifically, the screws used to secure the gate’s hinges had started pulling

      out from the “wood studs in the wall.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 172). Instead of using

      regular screws, Daniel used “some bolts and washers and nuts to hold it in

      place.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 173). To do all of that, he “went behind the wall and

      added two additional wood studs, got long bolts, drilled through, put those on

      with washers behind it and lock nuts so that they wouldn’t come loose.” (Tr.

      Vol. II, p. 173). Then sometime in 2006, Daniel made further improvements to

      the gate since a spindle had come loose, and he reattached it with some epoxy

      glue. According to Daniel, the Indiana Family and Social Services

      Administration (FSSA) had never given any directives or corrective actions to

      the Wahls regarding the gate.

[6]   In June of 2013, A.D. was a healthy, twenty-month-old toddler. On June 20,

      2013, between 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., Daniel was in the backyard greeting

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 3 of 39
      parents as they came in with their children. Daniel kept the older children with

      him, and he took the younger children to the basement to be cared for by

      Saundra. After the older children had lunch outside, Daniel lined them up at

      the stairway leading to the basement to go inside for their scheduled naps. At

      that moment, Daniel heard Saundra scream for help. After ensuring that all the

      children were inside the house, he proceeded to go to the basement. There, he

      found Saundra standing over A.D. who was lying motionless on the basement

      floor. Immediately, Daniel began performing CPR on A.D. while Saundra

      called 9-1-1.

[7]   At approximately 12:23 p.m., Officer Ryan Ermel (Officer Ermel) of the Fishers

      Police Department was first to arrive at the Wahls’ residence. Officer Ermel

      found Daniel administering CPR to A.D. and he assisted with the process.

      Shortly thereafter, the EMTs and two other officers arrived. The EMTs took

      over the CPR process and A.D. was transported to the Community North

      Hospital emergency room. At approximately 12:52 p.m., Detective David Finn

      (Detective Finn), arrived at the Wahls’ residence and he began questioning

      Daniel as to the daily daycare procedures.

[8]   At 12:59 p.m., A.D. was pronounced dead. During Daniel’s narration of the

      daily daycare procedures to Detective Finn and another officer, Saundra

      emerged from the basement and ran up the stairs to inform Daniel that A.D.

      was deceased. Detective Finn stopped questioning Daniel so that Daniel could

      give Saundra some comfort. After a few minutes, Detective Finn sat down with

      Saundra and Daniel. Saundra was still hysterical, and she was crying about

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020       Page 4 of 39
       “how this wasn’t supposed to happen[,] and this shouldn’t have happened.”

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 220). During this time, a chaplain arrived and

       met with both Daniel and Saundra and he prayed with them. Detective James

       Hawkins (Detective Hawkins) and Detective Doug Baker (Detective Baker)

       arrived at the Wahls’ residence. At that point, Detective Finn asked Daniel to

       recite the events that took place during the time of the incident. Detective

       Hawkins then started processing the scene, while Detective Baker spoke with

       Saundra.

[9]    During the afternoon, other officers continued to arrive. One officer asked

       Daniel for a contact list of the children’s parents. After about 15 to 20 minutes,

       Daniel had not found the parents contact list but eventually either Daniel or

       Saundra provided the list. The police began contacting the parents of the

       children. The Wahls’ residence was taped off, and a canopy was set up close to

       their residence so that parents of the other children could retrieve their children

       without going inside the house.

[10]   As Detective Hawkins took photographs of the interior of the house, he noticed

       that the basement hallway gate where A.D. had become lodged opened easily

       with “[m]aybe a couple pounds” of pressure: “I mean it was, there wasn’t

       much to it. It was just the very tip of that metal and you can kind of see all the

       wear marks[,] so it was, there wasn’t a whole lot to it. You just sort of pop it

       open.” (Tr. Vol. III, p. 76). Daniel, who was also in the basement at this time,

       informed Detective Hawkins that he and Saundra mitigated the issue “by

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 5 of 39
       placing some furniture on either side of the gate to try to keep the kids from

       pushing through it.” (Tr. Vol. III, p. 76).

[11]   At around 5:00 p.m., there were no children inside the residence, but there were

       multiple officers in the home. Detective Finn asked Saundra to participate in a

       video reenacting the events leading to the moment she discovered A.D. stuck in

       the gate. Saundra stated that she had left A.D. with another child, who was less

       than two years of age, at the far end of the toddler and infant room. Saundra

       stated that she walked into the kitchen to feed another young girl who was

       seated in a highchair, and after she fed the child in the highchair, she

       momentarily faced away from the toddler and infant room and began warming

       milk bottles in the sink. Once the bottles were warm, she picked up the child

       from the highchair and carried her on her hip along with a bottle back into the

       toddler and infant room. Once in the toddler and infant room, she saw A.D.

       face down, wedged at the neck between the basement metal security gate and

       the wall. Saundra sat the child she was carrying down, and attended to A.D.

       After Saundra freed A.D. from the white metal security gate, she noticed that

       A.D. was unresponsive and not breathing. Saundra promptly began performing

       CPR on A.D. As she was doing that, she saw two older children who had been

       out in the backyard, and she requested that they call Daniel. The children did

       not comprehend, so Saundra momentarily left A.D. on the floor, rushed to the

       base of the stairway, and yelled to Daniel for assistance.

[12]   When asked to reposition the furniture that was close to the metal security gate,

       she placed a rocking chair facing the infant room with its back against the gate,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020           Page 6 of 39
       and she placed a swing on the other side of the gate leading to the stairway.

       Saundra explained that she needed to do that because if the children shook it

       “real hard, they would loosen” the gate. (State’s Exh. 45 at 4:28). Saundra was

       then asked to place a doll in the position where she found A.D. stuck in the

       gate. Detective Finn observed that the white metal security gate that had

       choked A.D. did not latch correctly. Detective Finn also observed that if the

       gate was open, there was no line of sight from the kitchen. At the end of the

       interview, the officers removed the gate from the residence and took it with

       them.

[13]   On September 19, 2013, the State filed an Information, charging the Wahls

       with involuntary manslaughter, a Class D felony. They were tried jointly and

       found guilty by a jury. They appealed separately, arguing that there was

       insufficient evidence to sustain their convictions, the trial court erred when it

       declined to grant a mistrial due to juror misconduct, their sentences were

       inappropriate, and that the trial court erred in ordering restitution. We affirmed

       their convictions in separate opinions: Wahl v. State, 36 N.E.3d 1163 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2015) (Daniel’s); and Wahl v. State, 36 N.E.3d 1147 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015)

       (Saundra’s). Our supreme court granted transfer and consolidated their cases.

       The supreme court consequently found that the Wahls’ motion for mistrial due

       to juror misconduct should have been granted, it reversed their convictions, and

       it remanded their cases for a new trial. See Wahl v. State, 51 N.E.3d 113 (Ind.

       2016).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020           Page 7 of 39
[14]   The Wahls were tried jointly at another jury trial on August 7 through August

       9, 2019. Before their second trial, the Wahls filed their expert witness list,

       disclosing Dr. Edward Dragan (Dr. Dragan) as a potential expert witness. In a

       deposition before their second trial, Dr. Dragan had testified that his area of

       expertise was reading and interpreting regulations that were applicable to

       daycares. However, Dr. Dragan stated that his area of expertise did not involve

       interpreting regulations affecting daycares for children under the age of three.

       Based on Dr. Dragan’s deposition testimony, the State filed a motion in limine,

       seeking to exclude Dr. Dragan’s testimony, arguing that Dr. Dragan did not

       qualify as an expert under Indiana Rules of Evidence 702 because his expertise

       did not involve the care of infants and toddlers under three years of age.

       Following a hearing, the trial court issued an order in favor of the State, after

       concluding that Dr. Dragan could not be qualified to testify as an expert since

       “[a] very small amount of Dr. Dragan’s education and professional experience

       involves preschool programs, and none of it involves in-home daycare for

       children under three years of age.” (Appellant’s App. Conf. Vol. IV, p. 85).

[15]   During the second trial, the Wahls moved to suppress the photographs taken

       from inside the residence, an audio recording of the Wahls which was

       conducted in the living room, a video recording of Saundra reenacting the

       events that occurred before she discovered A.D. stuck in the gate, and the metal

       security gate that trapped A.D. A suppression hearing was held outside the

       jury’s presence, and the trial court heard testimony from several officers. At the

       conclusion of that hearing, the trial court excluded the physical gate from

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020           Page 8 of 39
       evidence, but it determined that the other evidence, including the video

       reenactment where Saundra explained the events leading to A.D. being stuck in

       the gate, was admissible. After the presentation of all the evidence, the jury

       found the Wahls guilty of involuntary manslaughter.

[16]   The record shows that at the first sentencing hearing, Danny, A.D.’s father,

       testified as to the expenses he incurred, such as A.D.’s hospital and funeral

       expenses, therapy for his wife, and his loss of wages, to support a restitution

       order against the Wahls. On August 26, 2019, the day before the Wahls’

       second sentencing hearing, the State filed a motion, seeking judicial notice of

       Danny’s prior testimony to support a restitution claim against the Wahls. The

       trial court granted the State’s motion. At the start of the second sentencing

       hearing, the trial court additionally stated that for purposes of having a

       complete record, it would take judicial notice of the Presentence Investigation

       report (PSI) submitted at the first sentencing hearing, the addendum, and the

       sentencing order which included a restitution order against the Wahls in the

       amount of $22,353.72. The trial court subsequently sentenced the Wahls to 550

       days in the Department of Correction, with credit for 550 days served. Also,

       the trial court ordered the Wahls to pay restitution to the DiRienzos in the

       amount of $22,353.72.

[17]   The Wahls now appeal. Additional information will be provided as necessary.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020             Page 9 of 39
                                DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                         I. Admission of the Evidence

[18]   When ruling on the admissibility of evidence, the trial court is afforded broad

       discretion, and we will only reverse the ruling upon a showing of abuse of

       discretion. Gibson v. State, 733 N.E.2d 945, 951 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). An abuse

       of discretion involves a decision that is clearly against the logic and effect of the

       facts and circumstances before the court. Id. We consider the evidence most

       favorable to the trial court’s ruling and any uncontradicted evidence to the

       contrary to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the ruling.
Id.

[19]   While presenting similar but slightly different arguments, the Wahls assert that

       the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded Dr. Dragan from testifying

       as an expert witness. In addition, the Wahls contend that the trial court abused

       its discretion by admitting into evidence the video reenactment of Saundra

       explaining the events leading to A.D. being stuck in the security gate.

                                               A. Expert Witness

[20]   Indiana Evidence Rule 702, the evidentiary rule concerning expert testimony,

       provides:

               (a) If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will
               assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine
               a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge,
               skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the
               form of an opinion or otherwise.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020           Page 10 of 39
               (b) Expert scientific testimony is admissible only if the court is
               satisfied that the scientific principles upon which the expert
               testimony rests are reliable.

       A trial court judge has broad discretion to admit or exclude the testimony of an

       expert witness under Rule 702. Carter v. State, 766 N.E.2d 377, 380 (Ind. 2002).

       The trial court’s decision will only be reversed for an abuse of that discretion.
Id.

[21]   The trial court’s order excluding Dr. Dragan’s testimony, stated in part that

               Dr. Dragan has expertise in the area of education, school
               supervision and school safety, and expertise in regulations
               governing schools. The issues involved in this case, however, do
               not involve these topics. Here, the subject matter is the [Wahls’]
               supervision of a twenty-month old child in an in-home daycare.
               A very small amount of Dr. Dragan’s education and professional
               experience involves preschool programs, and none of it involves
               in-home daycare for children under three years of age. As he
               testified in his deposition, Dr. Dragan has no professional
               experience at all with children younger than three years. . .

               [The Wahls] argue that the State ignores Dr. Dragan’s six years
               of experience running a Head Start program from 1969 to 1975
               for children from ages 3 to 5. But the relevant age group here is
               children under the age of 3. Dr. Dragan himself acknowledges
               that the level of supervision a child requires depends on the age
               and abilities of that child. He cannot be qualified to testify as an
               expert on the supervision required of children of an age and in a
               setting entirely outside his experience.

               While Dr. Dragan certainly has expertise, the [c]ourt cannot find
               that any of that expertise is within the subject matter on which he

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020             Page 11 of 39
               would be called to testify in this proceeding - the standard of care
               for supervision of a twenty-month old child in an in­ home
               daycare. . . . because his expertise does not lie within the area of
               his testimony, [his] testimony should be excluded.

       (Appellant’s App. Conf. Vol. IV, p. 85).

[22]   A.D. was twenty-months old at the time of his death. As the trial court

       correctly noted, the Wahls’ supervision of a twenty-month-old child in an in-

       home daycare was at issue, and Dr. Dragan had limited education and

       professional experience as to in-home daycare for children under three years of

       age. Thus, Dr. Dragan’s testimony would not have assisted the jury in

       understanding the evidence or determine a fact in issue, i.e., whether the Wahls’

       provided adequate supervision to A.D. prior to his death. Accordingly, Dr.

       Dragan’s testimony was irrelevant, and the trial court acted within its discretion

       to exclude his testimony. See Carter, 766 N.E.2d at 380.

[23]   Further, we note that at the close of the evidence, the Wahls made an offer of

       proof regarding Dr. Dragan’s proposed testimony. See Woods v. State, 892
N.E.2d 637, 641-42 (Ind. 2008) (holding that “[t]he purpose of an offer of proof

       is to convey the point of the witness’s testimony and provide the trial [court] the

       opportunity to reconsider the evidentiary ruling.”) In pertinent part, the Wahls

       claimed that Dr. Dragan would have testified that FSSA was responsible in

       overseeing licensing and monitoring home daycare, and because FSSA had

       never cited the Wahls for a defective gate, such testimony would have been

       helpful in determining if the Wahls were criminally liable. When an expert’s

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 12 of 39
       testimony is, essentially, an assertion that a party has done no wrong as a

       matter of law, that testimony is inadmissible. See Ind. R. Evid. 704(b)

       (providing that “witnesses may not testify to opinions concerning intent, guilt,

       or innocence in a criminal case; the truth or falsity of allegations; whether a

       witness has testified truthfully; or legal conclusions”); Schumm v. State, 868

       N.E.2d 1202,1204 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (defendant was not allowed to call

       police officer to testify that defendant’s vehicle was in compliance with

       applicable regulations since such testimony would have resulted in the officer

       making a legal conclusion). Notwithstanding the Wahls’ claim on appeal, the

       trial court could not have properly reconsidered its prior evidentiary ruling of

       excluding Dr. Dragan’s testimony. See Woods, 892 N.E.2d at 641-42.

       Accordingly, we find no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in excluding his

       testimony as an expert witness.

                                             B. Video Reenactment

[24]   The Wahls argue that the trial court abused its discretion by denying their

       motion to suppress the video reenactment. Because the Wahls appeal after a

       completed trial, we review the trial court’s ruling for abuse of discretion.

       Reinhart v. State, 930 N.E.2d 42, 45 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). In our review, we do

       not reweigh the evidence, and we consider conflicting evidence most favorable

       to the trial court’s ruling. Id. We also defer to the trial court’s factual

       determinations unless clearly erroneous. Id. However, we consider afresh any

       legal question of the constitutionality of a search or seizure. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020              Page 13 of 39
[25]   The Wahls collectively claim that when the video was taken, it violated their

       Fourth Amendment rights under the United States Constitution, and Article 1,

       Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. Saundra additionally claims that her

       Fifth Amendment rights were violated when she was asked to participate in the

       reenactment video absent any Miranda warnings.

                                      1. Fourth Amendment Violation

[26]   The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their

       persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures”

       and generally prohibits searches and seizures without a warrant supported by

       probable cause. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 260

       (Ind. 2013). As a result, evidence obtained without a warrant is generally

       inadmissible unless it falls within one of few well-delineated exceptions. Id.

       The State has the burden to show that one of these well-delineated exceptions

       was met. Id.

[27]   The Wahls concede that exigent circumstances existed after the police

       responded to the 9-1-1 call, however, they argue that their continued presence

       until 5:00 p.m. which led to the video reenactment, constituted an

       impermissible search not falling within any exception. The State argues the

       continued police presence in the Wahls’ home and the recording fell under the

       exigency exception.

[28]   “The warrant requirement becomes inapplicable where the ‘exigencies of the

       situation’ make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020        Page 14 of 39
       warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’”

       Holder v. State, 847 N.E.2d 930, 935 (Ind. 2006) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437
U.S. 393-94, 98 S. Ct. 2408, 57 L. Ed. 2d 290 (1978)). Among the well-known

       exigent circumstances that have justified a warrantless search or seizure are

       entries (1) to prevent bodily harm or death; (2) to aid a person in need of

       assistance; (3) to protect private property; and (4) to prevent actual or imminent

       destruction or removal of incriminating evidence before a search warrant may

       be obtained. Weis v. State, 800 N.E.2d 209, 213 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In

       addition, we have found exigent circumstances where police entered to aid or

       prevent further injury to victims of violent crime. State v. Straub, 749 N.E.2d
593, 597 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).

[29]   The Wahls’ 9-1-1 call invited police to enter the house and deal with an

       emergency. See United States v. Risner, 593 F.3d 692, 694 (7th Cir. 2010) (911

       call seeking assistance is an invitation to enter and provide assistance).

       Notwithstanding the fact that A.D. had been removed from the home, once

       there, the officers found another emergency, namely, several other children in

       the daycare who had been present during the incident, it was of extreme

       concern for the officers to remove those children from the scene of the incident.

       Throughout the afternoon, and in conjunction with the Wahls, the police cared

       for the children and reunited them with their parents. While the video was

       taken after all the children had presumably been picked up by their parents and

       no exigency existed at the time, the State argues that the video was taken with

       Saundra’s consent.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020         Page 15 of 39
[30]   Another well-recognized exception to the warrant requirement is a voluntary

       and knowing consent to search. Primus v. State, 813 N.E.2d 370, 374 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2004). The theory underlying the consent exception is that, when an

       individual gives the State permission to search either his person or property, the

       governmental intrusion is presumably reasonable. Id. A defendant’s consent to

       search is valid except where procured by fraud, duress, fear, or intimidation or

       where it is merely a submission to the supremacy of the law. Buckley v. State,

       797 N.E.2d 845, 849 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Because it falls within an

       established exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement, the

       scope of the authority to search is strictly limited to the consent given, and a

       consensual search is reasonable only if it is kept within the bounds of that

       consent. Id. The standard for measuring the scope of a suspect’s consent under

       the Fourth Amendment is that of objective reasonableness. Id. In addition to

       objective reasonableness, the scope of a consensual search is generally

       measured by the expressed object to be searched and the subject’s-imposed

       limitation. Id. Therefore, the scope of a consent search is factually sensitive

       and does not depend solely on the express object to be searched. Id.

[31]   Again, throughout the afternoon, the Wahls cooperated with the police in

       caring for the children inside their in-home daycare, they voluntarily discussed

       what had happened in the living room, and later Saundra agreed to participate

       in a video reenactment of the events in the basement. While a few items were

       moved during the reenactment, namely, the rocking chair and swing, Saundra

       helped the officers place those items in their original position as she narrated

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 16 of 39
       the events. Furthermore, the record is devoid of any evidence establishing that

       Detective Finn’s actions and statements were impermissibly coercive, thereby

       overcoming Saundra’s will. See Buckley, 797 N.E.2d at 849. The record

       supports that Detective Finn was very polite with his questioning during the

       video reenactment. As a result, we conclude that Saundra voluntarily and

       knowingly consented to the search of her home which led to the video

       reenactment. Accordingly, we find that the Wahls’ rights pursuant to the

       Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution were not violated.

                           2. Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution

[32]   Next, we address the Wahls’ claim that law enforcement’s conduct in

       performing the reenactment video without a warrant was unreasonable and

       therefore violated their rights pursuant to the Article 1, Section 11 of the

       Indiana Constitution, which provides:

               The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
               papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall
               not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable
               cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly
               describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be
               seized.

       This language tracks the Fourth Amendment verbatim, however, the State of

       Indiana has adopted a different form of analysis for claims brought under

       Article I, Section 11. See Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356, 359 (Ind. 2005).

       Under our state’s constitution, the validity of a search by the government turns

       on an evaluation of the reasonableness of the officers’ conduct under the totality

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020           Page 17 of 39
       of the circumstances. Id. Thus, the unique protections provided in the Indiana

       Constitution require us to review all the facts and circumstances that are

       particular to this case. Bell v. State, 818 N.E.2d 481, 484 (Ind.Ct.App.2004).

[33]   In evaluating the totality of the circumstances, and thus the reasonableness of

       the search, we consider both the degree of intrusion into the subject’s ordinary

       activities and the basis upon which the officer selected the subject of the search

       or seizure. Litchfield, 824 N.E.2d at 360. Thus, to determine the reasonableness

       of police conduct under the totality of the circumstances, we consider “(1) the

       degree of concern, suspicion, or knowledge that the person has violated the law;

       (2) the degree of intrusiveness that the search or arrest method imposes on the

       person; and (3) the extent of law enforcement needs.” State v. Harmon, 846
N.E.2d 1056, 1058 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).

[34]   Regarding the first factor, the officers’ degree of concern, suspicion, or

       knowledge that a violation had occurred, in the instant case, this factor was

       essentially non-existent. As we noted above, the officers arrived at the Wahls’

       residence to assist with a report of an unconscious child. However, after A.D.

       was pronounced dead, the officers were justified in having a reasonably high

       degree of concern or suspicion that some sort of criminal activity might have

       occurred based on their observation of that the gate that had choked A.D. was

       faulty. As for the second factor, the degree of police intrusion on the Wahls’

       ordinary activities were not substantial. The Wahls had invited the police

       inside their home to help with the unconscious child, and they continued to

       cooperate with law enforcement for the remainder of the afternoon to reunite

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020             Page 18 of 39
       the other children with their parents. After all the children had left, Saundra

       agreed to take part in the video reenactment. Further, we note that the video

       reenactment was limited to the basement, the area where the incident occurred.

       And finally, as to the third factor, we find that law enforcement needs were

       high. Detective Finn had good reason for investigating the events leading to

       A.D.’s death. Moreover, after Saundra consented to participating in the video

       enactment, there was no need to obtain a warrant.

[35]   Saundra on behalf of Daniel, waived any and all of the Wahls’ search rights

       since she agreed to submit to the video reenactment. Thus, given the

       reasonably high degree of suspicion of criminal activity, the minimally intrusive

       nature of police conduct prior to obtaining Saundra’s consent, and the extent of

       law enforcement needs, the Wahls have failed to establish that the video

       reenactment, was unreasonable under Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana

       Constitution.

                                          C. Custodial Interrogation

[36]   Saundra claims that when the video reenactment was taken, the taped

       interrogation was custodial in nature and she should have been advised of her

       rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966).

               In Miranda [] the United States Supreme Court held that the
               prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or
               inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the
               defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards
               effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination. These
               procedural safeguards include an advisement to the accused that

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020         Page 19 of 39
               he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be
               used against him, that he has the right to an attorney, and that if
               he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him.
               However, these warnings are only required where a suspect is
               both in custody and subjected to interrogation.

       State v. Necessary, 800 N.E.2d 667, 669-70 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (internal citation

       marks omitted). A law enforcement officer’s duty to give Miranda warnings

       does not attach unless there has been such a restriction on a person’s freedom as

       to render him in custody. Loving v. State, 647 N.E.2d 1123, 1125 (Ind. 1995).

[37]   Saundra primarily relies on the presence of several officers in the house during

       the afternoon to support her claim that she was subject to a custodial

       interrogation. In particular, she contends that at the time the video was taped,

       there were no children inside her home, the police had taped off her home to

       keep everybody other than law enforcement from entering, and she had been

       surrounded by several officers who were “directing her course of action in

       recreating the scene of the accident.” (Saundra’s Br. p. 20). She adds that the

       police were also “not transparent” about their intentions and that the officers

       deceptively led her to believe that the video would only be used to assist the

       coroner in determining A.D.’s cause of death, and not for a criminal

       investigation. (Saundra’s Br. p. 20). Thus, Saundra maintains that she was in

       custody at the time the video was taped, and she should have been advised of

       her Miranda rights.

[38]   The question of whether a person is in custody for purposes of Miranda is a

       mixed question of fact and law. State v. Ruiz, 123 N.E.3d 675, 679 (Ind. 2019).
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 20 of 39
       The test for whether a defendant is in custody is not whether a defendant feels

       free to go, but rather whether there was a “‘formal arrest or restraint on freedom

       of movement’ of the degree associated with a formal arrest.” State v. Brown, 70
N.E.3d 331, 336 (Ind. 2017) (citing Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 114
S. Ct. 1526, 128 L. Ed. 2d 293 (1994)). Questioning an individual the police

       suspect of a crime does not inherently render the questioning custodial

       interrogation. Reid v. State, 113 N.E.3d 290, 300 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans.

       denied. Courts look to the “totality of the circumstances” to determine whether

       a person was in custody. Brown, 70 N.E.3d at 336; see also Hicks v. State, 5
N.E.3d 424, 429 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (“We examine all the circumstances

       surrounding an interrogation and are concerned with objective circumstances,

       not with the subjective views of the interrogating officers or the suspect.”), trans.

       denied.

[39]   There is no question in this case that Detective Finn’s questions during the

       video reenactment with Saundra constituted an interrogation. The dispositive

       issue here is whether Saundra was in custody at that time the video was taped.

       The record shows that law enforcement entered the Wahls’ residence to

       respond to a 9-1-1 call of an unconscious child. At approximately 12:52 p.m.,

       Detective Finn, arrived at the Wahls’ residence and began questioning Daniel

       as to the daily procedures at the daycare. At 12:59 p.m., A.D. was pronounced

       dead. During Daniel’s narration of the events that had occurred that day,

       Saundra emerged from the basement in hysterics and announced to Daniel that

       A.D. was dead. Detective Finn stopped questioning Daniel so that Daniel

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 21 of 39
       could give Saundra some comfort. The record reveals that Saundra was

       emotional and distraught by A.D.’s death. Other officers continued to arrive at

       the Wahls’ residence, some in uniform and others in street clothes. Following

       the pronouncement of A.D.’s death, the officers, in conjunction with the

       Wahls, spent the rest of their afternoon caring for the children and reuniting

       them with their parents at the canopy set up outside the Wahls’ residence. The

       Wahls were not placed in handcuffs or attended by an officer who monitored

       their movements inside their home. It appears that at around 5:00 p.m., after

       all the children had presumably left the Wahls’ residence, Detective Finn finally

       made a proper inquiry as to the events preceding A.D. being stuck in the gate.

       It was at this moment that Saundra was asked to participate in a video

       recording demonstrating the events.

[40]   Despite spending his afternoon at the Wahls’ residence, Detective Finn was

       unaware of the events leading to A.D.’s death. Without more definite

       information about the events, Detective Finn conducted “[g]eneral on-the-scene

       questioning as to facts surrounding a crime or other general questioning of

       citizens in the fact-finding process,” which does not fall within the purview of

       Miranda requirements. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 477-78, 86 S. Ct. 1602. Further,

       while there were other officers present during the video reenactment, it appears

       that only one officer was conducting the questioning. See Gauvin v. State, 878
N.E.2d 515, 520-21 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (relying, in part, on fact that three

       officers conducted the interview to determine the suspect was in custody)

       (citations omitted).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020        Page 22 of 39
[41]   Based on the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that Saundra was not in

       custody and was not required to have been advised of her Miranda rights at the

       time she was asked to narrate the events which were captured in a video.

       Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

       admitting the video recording into evidence.

                                        II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

[42]   The Wahls argue that the evidence is insufficient to sustain their conviction.

       When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence needed to support a criminal

       conviction, we neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility. Bailey v.

       State, 907 N.E.2d 1003, 1005 (Ind. 2009). “We consider only the evidence

       supporting the judgment and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from

       such evidence.” Id. We will affirm if there is substantial evidence of probative

       value such that a reasonable trier of fact could have concluded the defendant

       was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

[43]   The version of Indiana Code section 35-42-1-4(e) in effect at the time the Wahls

       committed their crimes provided that if: (1) a child care provider recklessly

       supervises a child; and (2) the child dies as a result of the child care provider’s

       reckless supervision; the child care provider commits Class D felony

       involuntary manslaughter. Conduct is reckless if the person engaged in that

       conduct “in plain, conscious, and unjustifiable disregard of harm that might

       result and the disregard involves a substantial deviation from acceptable

       standards of conduct.” I.C. § 35-41-2-2(c). As charged, to convict the Wahls of

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020            Page 23 of 39
       involuntary manslaughter, the State was required to prove that the Wahls

       recklessly supervised A.D. and that A.D. died as a result thereof.

[44]   During her initial questioning, Saundra informed Detective Finn that she

       walked into the kitchen to feed another child who was seated in a highchair.

       After she fed the child in the highchair, she faced away from the toddler and

       infant room where A.D. was and began warming milk bottles. Once the bottles

       were warm, she picked up the child from the highchair and carried her on her

       hip along with a bottle and walked back into the toddler and infant room. Once

       she entered that room, Saundra saw A.D. face down, wedged at the neck

       between the basement baby gate and the wall.

[45]   At trial, Detective Finn testified that when the white metal security gate was

       open, there was no line of sight from the kitchen. Detective Finn added that the

       white metal security gate did not latch correctly. In addition, Detective

       Hawkins, who arrived shortly after Detective Finn, observed that when the

       white metal security was “in the closed position[,] there was really . . . no lock

       locking it in” and when he “put a couple fingers on it,” he “was able to push the

       gate open without any problem at all.” (Tr. Vol. III, pp. 75-76). While

       Detective Hawkins was manipulating the gate, Daniel informed him that to

       mitigate that problem, the Wahls placed “some furniture on either side of the

       gate to try to keep the kids from pushing through it.” (Tr. Vol. III, p. 76).

[46]   In arguing that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his involuntary

       manslaughter conviction, Daniel attempts to detach himself from the events of

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 24 of 39
       June 20, 2013, by solely passing the blame onto Saundra. Daniel distances

       himself from A.D.’s death by arguing that he “was not present at the time A.D.

       was fatally injured. He did not know how long A.D. had been left without

       supervision, [or] what activities A.D. or [Saundra] were engaged in.” (Daniel’s

       Br. p. 40). Thus, Daniel argues that the evidence presented allowed the jury

       only to infer that Saundra may have recklessly supervised A.D. and, “therefore,

       [he] cannot be held vicariously criminally liable for [Saundra’s] actions.”

       (Daniel’s Br. p. 40). Daniel’s attempt to distance himself from A.D.’s death

       must fail since he installed and maintained the security gate that trapped and

       killed A.D. In proving its case against Daniel, the State offered evidence that

       Daniel was aware that the gate did not latch properly. In fact, several months

       after the incident, Daniel informed Detective Finn that A.D. could “bulldoze

       through” that gate. (Tr. Vol. III, p. 125).

[47]   As for Saundra, she contends that A.D.’s interaction with the gate was the

       proximate cause of his death. She equally distances herself from the events

       leading to A.D.’s death, and she claims that Daniel is to blame since Daniel

       was responsible for ensuring that the gate was installed properly and functioned

       well. Notwithstanding her contentions, at the second trial, Danny described his

       son as a healthy and happy baby. He testified that approximately a month or

       two prior to A.D.’s death, he was in the Wahls’ kitchen either during drop off

       or pick up and he and Saundra were discussing A.D.’s progress. During the

       conversation, Saundra stated that A.D. was “able to push his way through the

       baby gate downstairs.” (Tr. Vol. II, pp. 165-66).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020        Page 25 of 39
[48]   An act is reckless if it is undertaken in plain, conscious, and unjustifiable

       disregard of harm that might result and the disregard involves a substantial

       deviation from acceptable standards of conduct. See I.C. § 35-41-2-2 (2013). It

       is undisputed that the Wahls jointly owned and operated the daycare, they

       recklessly failed to ensure that the gate functioned properly, and they were aware

       that A.D. could push through the gate. While there were several metal security

       gates installed in the Wahls’ residence, two months prior to A.D.’s death,

       Saundra informed A.D.’s father that A.D. could push open a baby gate that was

       in the basement. Daniel also informed Detective Hawkins that the gate did not

       latch properly and that to mitigate the problem, they used a rocking chair and

       swing on both sides of the gate to prevent the children from opening the gate.

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the State presented sufficient evidence

       beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain the Class D felony involuntary

       manslaughter convictions against the Wahls.

                                                 III. Restitution.

[49]   The Wahls argue that the evidence submitted at their sentencing hearing

       concerning the DiRienzos’ loss was insufficient to support the trial court’s

       restitution order of $22,353.72.

[50]   The purpose of a restitution order is to impress upon the criminal defendant the

       magnitude of the loss he has caused and to defray costs to the victims caused by

       the offense. Henderson v. State, 848 N.E.2d 341, 346 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). It is

       within the trial court’s discretion to order restitution, and we will reverse only

       for an abuse of that discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 26 of 39
       court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and

       circumstances before it, or if the trial court misinterprets or misapplies the law.
Id.

[51]   Indiana Code section 35-50-5-3(a) provides that, in addition to any sentence

       imposed for a felony or misdemeanor, a court may order the payment of

       restitution to the victim of the crime. When such an order is entered, it must be

       based upon a consideration of:

               (1) property damages of the victim incurred as a result of the
               crime, based on the actual cost of repair (or replacement if repair
               is inappropriate);

               (2) medical and hospital costs incurred by the victim (before the
               date of sentencing) as a result of the crime;

               (3) the cost of medical laboratory tests to determine if the crime
               has caused the victim to contract a disease or other medical
               condition;

               (4) earnings lost by the victim (before the date of sentencing) as a
               result of the crime including earnings lost while the victim was
               hospitalized or participating in the investigation or trial of the
               crime; and

               (5) funeral, burial, or cremation costs incurred by the family or
               estate of a homicide victim as a result of the crime.
Id. A restitution order must reflect a loss sustained by the victim as a direct and

       immediate result of the defendant’s criminal acts, and the trial court may

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020             Page 27 of 39
       consider only expenses incurred by the victim prior to the date of sentencing.

       Rich v. State, 890 N.E.2d 44, 51 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. “Evidence

       supporting a restitution order is sufficient ‘if it affords a reasonable basis for

       estimating loss and does not subject the trier of fact to mere speculation or

       conjecture.’” J.H. v. State, 950 N.E.2d 731, 734 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting

       M.L. v. State, 838 N.E.2d 525, 528 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied).

[52]   Ahead of the sentencing hearing, the State successfully filed a motion seeking

       judicial notice of A.D.’s father testimony, which was offered at the Wahls’ first

       sentencing hearing. That transcript was admitted into evidence. Indiana Rule

       of Evidence 201 permits courts to take judicial notice of certain material,

       including facts “not subject to reasonable dispute” and facts “readily

       determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.”

       For years, Rule 201 did not permit a trial court to take judicial notice of court

       records, even if they were “its own records in another case previously before the

       court on a related subject with related parties.” Gray v. State, 871 N.E.2d 408,

       413 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) trans. denied. Effective January 1, 2010, amended Rule

       201(b)(5) now permits courts to take judicial notice of “records of a court of this

       state,” precisely as the trial court did here.

[53]   The Wahls complain that the trial court simply rubber-stamped the previous

       restitution amount without considering any evidence at all. Contrary to the

       Wahls’ assertion, the trial court took judicial notice of Danny’s sworn

       testimony, which he offered at the sentencing hearing. That portion of

       transcript was admitted into evidence. The transcript shows that in support of

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020            Page 28 of 39
       the DiRienzos’ restitution claim against the Wahls, A.D.’s father testified he

       was entitled to the reimbursement of daycare fees pertaining to A.D., his wife’s

       therapy expenses, A.D.’s funeral expenses, and his lost wages, all amounting to

       $22,353.72.

[54]   Although Danny did not again testify as to those amounts at the Wahls’ second

       sentencing hearing, the trial court took judicial notice of Danny’s prior sworn

       testimony as given at the Wahls’ first sentencing hearing while reaching the

       restitution amount at the Wahls’ second sentencing hearing. See Rich, 890
N.E.2d at 51 (holding that the trial court may consider only expenses incurred

       by the victim prior to the date of sentencing). As such, we hold that the

       restitution amount of $22,353.72 is supported by the evidence, and the trial

       court did not abuse its discretion in awarding that amount.

                                              CONCLUSION
[55]   In light of the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

       in excluding expert testimony, admitting the video reenactment, or issuing a

       restitution order. In addition, we hold that the State presented sufficient

       evidence beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain the Wahls’ involuntary

       manslaughter conviction.

[56]   Affirmed.

[57]   Tavitas, J. concurs with separate opinion

[58]   Mathias, J. dissents with separate opinion

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 29 of 39
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020   Page 30 of 39
                                                    IN THE
           COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

       Daniel Wahl and Saundra Wahl,                               Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                   19A-CR-2258
       Appellants-Defendants,

               v.

       State of Indiana,
       Appellee-Plaintiff.

       Tavitas, Judge concurring

[59]   I respectfully concur, but I write separately to emphasize relevant statutory

       provisions, which I believe further support the conclusion that Miranda

       warnings were not required prior to Saundra’s participation in the video

       reenactment. Indiana Code Section 36-2-14-6 1 provides:

               Whenever the coroner is notified that a person in the county:

       1
        The cited version of Indiana Code Section 36-2-14-6 was in effect in 2013 when the investigation occurred.
       The language of the current version differs slightly.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020                               Page 31 of 39
                           (1) has died from violence;

                           (2) has died by casualty;

                           (3) has died when apparently in good health;

                           (4) has died in an apparently suspicious, unusual, or
                           unnatural manner; or

                           (5) has been found dead;

                  the coroner shall, before the scene of the death is disturbed,
                  notify a law enforcement agency having jurisdiction in that area.
                  The agency shall assist the coroner in conducting an investigation of how
                  the person died and a medical investigation of the cause of death. The
                  coroner may hold the remains of the decedent until the
                  investigation of how the person died and the medical
                  investigation of the cause of death are concluded.

       (emphasis added). The specific facts of this case demonstrate that the detectives

       were fulfilling their duty to assist the coroner in his investigation, and Saundra

       was not subjected to a custodial interrogation. 2

[60]   Law enforcement was dispatched to the Wahls’ daycare business on June 20,

       2013. When the first officer arrived at 12:23 p.m. after the Wahls called 911,

       the officer’s primary focus was saving A.D.’s life. The officers subsequently

       turned their attention to gathering the other children’s belongings and

       2
           As the majority notes, we need only consider if Saundra is in custody.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020                  Page 32 of 39
       contacting parents to ensure the other children’s safety. This process took the

       “bulk of the afternoon[.]” Tr. Vol. III p. 16.

[61]   After the children were removed from the Wahls’ daycare, detectives were able

       to investigate the cause of A.D.’s death. Detectives advised Saundra that the

       purpose of the video reenactment was to assist the coroner in determining the

       cause and manner of death. The coroner and the coroner’s aide were also

       present. Detective Hawkins operated the video camera while Detective Finn

       narrated and asked questions regarding the reenactment.

[62]   As Detective Hawkins explained, the doll reenactment is “standard procedure”

       following infant and child deaths. Id. at 34. The coroner’s office “expect[s]”

       law enforcement to “have that documentation to help them out.” Id. Similarly,

       Detective Finn testified that a doll reenactment was “best practice” in any child

       or infant death case to assist the coroner’s office. Id. at 112. At the end of the

       video reenactment, Detective Finn told Saundra that Saundra needed to place

       the doll where A.D. was found in order for detectives to take a photograph for

       the coroner’s office. See State’s Ex. 45. The coroner used the doll reenactment

       in making findings with regard to A.D.’s death.

[63]   While the detectives did not tell Saundra that she was free to leave or free to ask

       the detectives to leave, Detective Finn communicated the Wahls were “not

       under arrest or otherwise detained.” Tr. Vol. III p. 23. At no point did the

       Wahls object to law enforcement’s presence in the house. The Wahls were

       cooperative and free to move about the home throughout the day. Moreover,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020          Page 33 of 39
       as can be seen in the video, when Saundra became upset recalling the day’s

       events, she was permitted to walk away to calm down. See State’s Ex. 45.

       When detectives left the Wahls’ home on June 20, 2013, detectives did not

       consider the Wahls to be “suspects of criminal activity.” 3 Tr. Vol. III p. 131.

[64]   As evidenced by the above facts, law enforcement was conducting a general on-

       scene investigation pursuant to Indiana Code Section’s 36-2-14-6’s mandate

       that law enforcement “shall assist the coroner”, and Saundra was not in

       custody. Thus, the warnings described in Miranda were unnecessary prior to

       the reenactment video, as Miranda does not affect “[g]eneral on-the-scene

       questioning as to facts surrounding a crime or other general questioning of

       citizens in the fact-finding process[.]” See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 477, 86 S. Ct. at

       1629.

[65]   Indiana law follows Miranda’s directive that these warnings are not required

       prior to general on-the-scene questioning or general fact investigations. See

       Bishop v. State, 700 N.E.2d 473, 476 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (declining to find

       Bishop was in custody during general on-the-scene questioning “in a

       noncoercive atmosphere”); Lucas v. State, 413 N.E.2d 578 (Ind. 1980) (declining

       to find custodial interrogation occurred during questioning regarding an

       3
         Suspecting an individual of committing a crime is not determinative in deciding whether that individual is
       in custody. See Reid v. State, 113 N.E.3d 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (“Questioning an individual the police
       suspect of a crime does not inherently render the questioning custodial interrogation.”). Nonetheless, this
       fact is further evidence that law enforcement was functioning as an investigator for the coroner during the
       reenactment video.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020                                Page 34 of 39
       automobile accident prior to law enforcement’s discovery that a crime had been

       committed); Dillon v. State, 275 N.E.2d 312 (Ind. 1971) (declining to find

       custodial interrogation occurred when police were “merely investigating a

       possible crime” (internal quotations omitted)); Wissman v. State, 540 N.E.2d
1209, 1212 (Ind. 1989) (declining to find custodial interrogation occurred when

       officers asked Wissman what happened while he was lying on the floor, injured,

       and unable to move, because it was “for information, not a question used to

       elicit a confession”).

[66]   The events on June 20, 2013, were tragic, and there is no positive outcome

       here. Nonetheless, I am compelled to conclude law enforcement was

       conducting a general on-the-scene investigation to assist the coroner, and

       Saundra was not subjected to a custodial interrogation during the reenactment

       video. As such, I concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020       Page 35 of 39
                                                   IN THE
           COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

       Daniel Wahl and Saundra Wahl,                             Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                 19A-CR-2258
       Appellants-Defendants,

               v.

       State of Indiana,
       Appellee-Plaintiff

       Mathias, J., dissenting

[67]   Because I believe that the admission of the video reenactment violated

       Saundra’s Miranda rights, I respectfully dissent.

[68]   As correctly noted by the majority, an officer is required to give Miranda

       warnings only when a defendant is both (1) in custody and (2) subject to

       interrogation. Furnish v. State, 779 N.E.2d 576, 578–79 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002),

       trans. denied. I agree with the majority that Detective Finn’s questions during the

       video reenactment constituted interrogation. See Slip op. at 21 (“There is no

       question in this case that Detective Finn’s questions during the video

       reenactment with Saundra constituted an interrogation.”). Accordingly, the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020                      Page 36 of 39
       only issue on which I differ from the majority is whether Saundra was in

       custody for purposes of Miranda. The majority concludes that she was not; I

       believe that she was.

[69]   As our supreme court stated in State v. Ruiz, 123 N.E.3d 675, 680 (Ind. 2019):

                Under Miranda, freedom of movement is curtailed when a
                reasonable person would feel not free to terminate the
                interrogation and leave. This freedom-of-movement inquiry
                requires a court to examine the totality of objective circumstances
                surrounding the interrogation—such as the location, duration,
                and character of the questioning; statements made during the
                questioning; the number of law-enforcement officers present; the
                extent of police control over the environment; the degree of
                physical restraint; and how the interview begins and ends.

       State v. Ruiz, 123 N.E.3d 675, 680 (Ind. 2019) (citing Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S.
499, 509 (2012)). 4 We have also identified a similar list of factors as significant

       in determining whether a person is in custody, including: whether and to what

       extent the person has been made aware that he is free to refrain from answering

       questions; whether there has been prolonged coercive, and accusatory

       questioning, or whether police have employed subterfuge in order to induce

       self-incrimination; the degree of police control over the environment in which

       4
         The majority cites State v. Brown, 70 N.E.3d 331, 336 (Ind. 2017), which stated that “[t]he test of whether a
       defendant is in custody is not whether a defendant feels free to go, but rather whether there was a formal
       arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.” (emphasis added,
       internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322 (1994)). However, in Ruiz,
       our supreme court held that “freedom of movement is curtailed when a reasonable person would feel not
       free to terminate the interrogation and leave.”) (emphasis added) (citing Howes, 565 U.S. at 509). To the
       extent there is any conflict between these two statements, I follow the more recent case.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020                                  Page 37 of 39
       the interrogation takes place, and in particular whether the suspect’s freedom of

       movement is physically restrained or otherwise significantly curtailed; and

       whether the suspect could reasonably believe that he has the right to interrupt

       prolonged questioning by leaving the scene. Gauvin v. State, 878 N.E.2d 515,

       521 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Sprosty v. Buchler, 79 F.3d 635, 641 (7th Cir.

       1996)).

[70]   I believe that the totality of the circumstances in the present case demonstrates

       that Saundra was in custody, i.e., her freedom of action was deprived in a

       significant way such that a reasonable person in her position would not have

       felt free to end the interrogation and leave. There was no indication that the

       police ever informed Saundra that she was free to not answer questions. And

       although Saundra called 911, thereby seeking the aid of the police, the police

       remained in the house for several hours after A.D. was taken to the hospital and

       after all of the other children were removed from the house. The police even

       told Saundra that they wanted her to recreate the scene of A.D.’s tragic death in

       order to help the police assist the coroner. But this was objectively not the only,

       or even the primary, purpose of the reenactment. Instead, the police were

       encouraging Saundra to incriminate herself. And even though the questioning

       took place in the Wahls’s home, the police had a large degree of control over

       the environment: the police had taped off the house to keep others out, and

       there were multiple police officers in the home. Indeed, the police collected

       evidence from the scene. The police also directed Saundra as she reenacted the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020         Page 38 of 39
       events that led to A.D.’s death. In other words, the police were in control of the

       scene, not Saundra.

[71]   Under the totality of these facts and circumstances, I believe that Saundra’s

       freedom of action and movement were deprived in a significant way, i.e., she

       was in custody for purposes of Miranda. Because Saundra was subject to

       custodial interrogation, the police were required to advise her of her Miranda

       rights. The failure to so advise Saundra of her Miranda rights means that the

       trial court should have excluded the video reenactment from evidence, and I

       respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusion otherwise.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2258 | May 12, 2020        Page 39 of 39