Court Opinion

ID: 1054906
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 20:53:21.592361+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:55:16.056427
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                 AT NASHVILLE
                                           July 6, 2004 Session

                         JUDY S. PARNELL v. APCOM, INC., ET AL.

                       Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County
                              No. I-23592  Timothy L. Easter, Judge

                      No. M2003-00178-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 21, 2004

Forty-six year old female employee who had worked for company for seventeen years filed this
action against her employer after her position and employment were terminated. She claims her
termination constituted a breach of contract and violated the Tennessee Human Rights Act. The trial
court dismissed the THRA claim on summary judgment as time barred, holding that the savings
statute did not apply to THRA claims. The remaining contract claims were tried and resulted in
judgment in favor of the defendants. Plaintiff appeals. We find that the trial court erred by holding
the savings statute inapplicable to THRA claims against private employers. We also find that the
plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the THRA. We affirm the trial
court in all other respects.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

FRANK G. CLEMENT , JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM B. CAIN and
PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JJ., joined.

Ernest W. Williams, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Judy S. Parnell.

Karyn C. Bryant and Jonathan Motley, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, APCOM, Inc.,
George Fehrmann, State Industries, Inc., John R. Lindahl, and Herbert W. Lindahl.

                                                  OPINION

        Plaintiff Judy Parnell was hired at APCOM, Inc. in August of 1977.1 In September 1994,
after seventeen years of employment and at the age of forty-six, her position as APCOM’s Vice
President of Communications as well as her employment were terminated.2 Plaintiff filed suit
September 27, 1995 in the Williamson County Chancery Court asserting breach of employment

        1
            APCOM, Inc. manufactures and sells appliance components.

        2
       Plaintiff was originally hired as personnel director and was subsequently promoted to Vice President of
Communications in 1990.
contract and violation of the Tennessee Human Rights Act (THRA).3 Plaintiff, however, filed a
Notice of Voluntary Nonsuit and the suit was dismissed September 4, 1997.

       Plaintiff filed this action September 3, 1998 making substantially the same claims against the
same parties as in her September 1995 Complaint.4 The defendants are APCOM, Inc. (Plaintiff’s
employer), State Industries, Inc. (APCOM’s parent company), George Fehrmann (APCOM Chief
Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and President), John R. Lindahl, Sr. (Chairman of the
Board at State Industries) and Herbert W. Lindahl (President of State Industries).

       Plaintiff alleged that numerous times from 1990 until a few days before she left, George
Fehrmann, to whom Plaintiff reported, discussed the possibility of Plaintiff becoming president of
APCOM. “He broached the subject with me on numerous occasions, restating that I was to become
the next president of APCOM and that he was training me and grooming me for that.” By
terminating her employment at APCOM, Plaintiff asserts, Defendants breached an oral promise to
promote her to President of APCOM. She claims that her termination constituted age and/or gender
discrimination.

        Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment asserting inter alia that Plaintiff’s
discrimination claims under the THRA were time barred. Defendants asserted that Tennessee’s
“savings statute,” codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-1-105, did not save claims brought under the
THRA, because such a cause of action did not exist at common law, and the THRA includes its own
“internal” statute of limitation. Consequently, Defendants argued that Plaintiff’s September 3, 1998
complaint was untimely in that it was filed four years after the termination of her employment.
Moreover, Defendants argued that Plaintiff had presented no evidence that APCOM had
discriminated against her because of her age or sex. The trial court granted the motion for summary
judgment thereby dismissing Plaintiff’s age and gender discrimination claims under the THRA,
holding that the THRA claims were time barred.

         Plaintiff’s remaining claims, breach of contract and promissory estoppel, were disposed of
        5
at trial. The court held that Plaintiff did not prove the required elements of a contract claim. The
court explained that Mr. Fehrmann’s statements did not rise to the level of a contract offer, that there
was no mutual assent, no consideration and that Fehrmann lacked the authority to bind APCOM in

         3
          Plaintiff’s complaint also asserted that Defendants violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). These claims, however, were dismissed when Defendants removed
the matter to the United Stated District Court and filed a motion for summary judgment which was granted in part and
dismissed in part. Specifically, the U.S. District Court dismissed Plaintiff’s Title VII and ADEA claims as time-barred
and remanded the remaining state law claim to the trial court. Thus, this appeal involves only the aforementioned state
law claims, breach of contract and violation of the Tennessee Human Rights Act, which were remanded to the trial court.

         4
           Neither the September 27, 1995 complaint nor documents pertaining to the subsequent nonsuit are included
in the record. However, the Memorandum from the United Stated District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee
recites the procedural history with detail.

         5
             Plaintiff raised her claim of promissory estoppel in response to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment.

                                                          -2-
naming his successor.6 The trial court also held that the alleged statements made to Plaintiff by Mr.
Fehrmann were merely reflections of Mr. Fehrmann’s aspirations for Plaintiff. Moreover, the trial
court held that Plaintiff’s promissory estoppel claim failed, because she failed to show detrimental
reliance that resulted in substantial economic detriment.

        Plaintiff sets forth two issues on appeal. First, she asserts that the trial court erred when it
granted summary judgment for Defendants, thereby dismissing Plaintiff’s claims under the
Tennessee Human Rights Act. Second, Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred when it dismissed
Plaintiff’s breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims.

                           Claims under the Tennessee Human Rights Act

         Plaintiff claims that the termination of her employment violated the Tennessee Human Rights
Act.7 Her THRA claims were dismissed on summary judgment as being time barred. We review
a trial court’s summary judgment award de novo, with no presumption of correctness. Guy v. Mut.
of Omaha Ins. Co., 79 S.W.3d 528, 534 (Tenn. 2002). Summary judgments are not appropriate
when genuine issues of material fact exist. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03; Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208,
211 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). The moving party has the burden of proof and must either conclusively
establish an affirmative defense or negate an essential element of the non-moving party’s claim.
McCarley v. West Quality Food Service, 960 S.W.2d 585, 588 (Tenn. 1998) (citing Byrd, 847
S.W.2d at 215). If and when this is accomplished, the burden shifts to the non-moving party.
McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588. The court “must take the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
in favor of the non-moving party, allow all reasonable inferences in favor of that party, and discard
all countervailing evidence.” Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 210-211. If there is any doubt as to whether or
not a genuine issue exists, summary judgment shall be denied. Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 211; McCarley,
960 S.W.2d at 588.

                                             Statute of Limitation

        The trial court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s claims of age and gender discrimination under the
THRA as time barred was based on what the trial court characterized as a “logical conclusion” of
Eason v. Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division, a Division of the City of Memphis, 866 S.W.2d 952
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). The Eason defendant was a governmental entity. It argued that the savings
statute could not be applied in actions against governmental entities to extend the statute of
limitations. The Eason court disagreed, basing its ruling on two factors. One, that the legislature
clearly intended to place governmental entities in the same standing as private employers as it
pertained to claims under the THRA. Id. at 955. Two, that in the absence of a limitation period
within the THRA itself, the general statute of limitations applies and thus the savings statute applies.

        6
          Pursuant to APCOM bylaws, the president had to be elected by the company’s board of directors and the
decision would also have to be approved by John Lindahl, Chairman of the Board at State Industries.

        7
          The Tennessee Human Rights Act prohibits “discrimination because of race, creed, color, religion, sex, age
or national origin in connection with employment . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-101.

                                                        -3-
Id. at 956. As the conclusion reveals, Eason found the existence or absence of an internal statute of
limitation to be most significant.

                 We conclude that at the time the Tennessee Human Rights Act was passed
         by the legislature, the clear legislative intent was to include the governmental entities
         and place them in the same standing as private employers. Immunity of the sovereign
         was removed as though the sovereign was a private citizen. In the absence of a
         limitation period in the act itself, the general statute of limitations applies and thus
         the savings statute, T.C.A. § 28-1-105, was applicable. (emphasis added)

Eason, 866 S.W.2d at 955-56. In addition to the two grounds stated above, the Eason court found
it significant that while there was no period of limitation within the THRA (an “internal” statute of
limitation) when the Eason plaintiff commenced the action, the legislature had added an “internal”
statute of limitation to the THRA shortly thereafter.8 Finding the inclusion versus the omission of
an internal period of limitation significant as well, as is evident in its memorandum opinion, the trial
court held:

                 The Eason Court concluded that the plaintiff’s action was saved by virtue of
         the T.H.R.A. statute as it existed at the time of filing. The internal statute of
         limitation had not been added.
                 Plaintiffs argue that Eason applies to governmental entities. However, the
         Eason Court concluded that at the time the T.H.R.A. was passed by the legislature,
         “the clear legislative intent was to include the governmental entities and place them
         in the same standing as private employers. Immunity of the sovereign was removed
         as though the sovereign was a private citizen.” Eason at 956.
                 Eason concluded that in the absence of a limitation period in the act itself, the
         general statute of limitation applies and thus the saving statute, T.C.A. 28-1-105, was
         applicable.
                 This Court finds that a limitation period is no longer absent in the act
         (T.H.R.A.) itself, and a logical conclusion of Eason, since the act now has an internal
         statute of limitations, supports a finding that the Plaintiff’s T.H.R.A. claims are time
         barred because the saving statute no longer applies to claims made under the
         T.H.R.A.

       The trial court’s ruling is an extension, though the reverse of the conclusion in Eason.
Accordingly, we will examine Eason, along with other authorities, to determine whether the
conclusion reached by the trial court is correct, that is to extend the conclusion in Eason.

        8
          The amendment provides that a civil cause of action under the THRA shall be filed within one (1) year after
the alleged discriminatory practice ceases. Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-311(d)(1992).

                                                        -4-
        There are two significant differences between Eason and the case at bar. One, the only
defendant in Eason was a governmental entity.9 None of our defendants are governmental entities.
Two, when the action was commenced in Eason, the THRA did not have an internal statute of
limitations. Since then the legislature amended the THRA by adding a twelve-month statute of
limitation within the act. Thus, the THRA internal statute of limitation was not applicable in Eason
but is here.

        The issue presented in Eason was whether the savings statute was applicable to a THRA
action against a governmental entity. Eason at 953. That is not the issue here; we must determine
whether the savings statute is applicable to a THRA action against a private employer.

        The plaintiff in Eason urged the court to follow Williams v. Memphis Light Gas and Water
Division, 773 S.W.2d 522 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) wherein a plaintiff had brought a Governmental
Tort Liability Act (GTLA) action against a governmental entity. The GTLA provided a statute of
limitation of twelve months within which an action could be commenced against a governmental
entity. Williams held that the savings statute could not be used against a governmental entity to
extend the running of the statute of limitation. Id. at 523. The defendant in Eason, however, argued
that Williams could be distinguished because the GTLA contained an internal statute of limitation;
the THRA did not. Agreeing with the plaintiff, the Eason court held that the savings statute was
applicable to actions brought against governmental entities under the THRA because, “[I]n the
absence of a limitation period in the act [THRA] itself, the general statute of limitations applies and
thus the savings statute . . . was applicable.” Id. at 955-56. Though we respectfully disagree with
the aspect of the conclusion that the savings statute applies to actions against governmental entities,
that issue is not before us.10 The issue presented here is different. Our issue is whether the savings
statute applies to a THRA claim against a private employer.

         9
          The defendant in Eason was a governmental entity, our defendants are not. Though Eason reached a
conclusion that the savings statute would or would not apply to a private employer as well as a governmental entity, we
respectfully view that conclusion as dicta to the extent it pertains to private employers because the only defendant in
Eason was a governmental entity.

         10
             W e remain of the firm belief that the savings statute is not applicable to actions against governmental entities
unless such is expressly stated in the statute. Our courts have repeatedly held that the GTLA demands strict compliance
with the GTLA statute of limitation. See Nance v. City of Knoxville, 883 S.W .2d 629 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994); Rael v.
Montgomery County, 769 S.W .2d 211 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988); Williams v. Memphis Light, G as, and Water Div., 773
S.W .2d 522 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). The GTLA states that actions against governmental entities "must be commenced
within twelve (12) months after the cause of action arises." Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-305(b). In Nance, Rael and
Williams the plaintiffs' original actions, each filed within the twelve-month limitations period, were dismissed and the
plaintiffs then filed new actions after the expiration of the limitations period. In each, this court held that the statutes
could not be used to "extend the period" within which an action must be filed against a governmental entity. Nance, 883
S.W .2d at 631-32; Rael, 769 S.W .2d at 213-14; Williams, 773 S.W .2d at 523. T enn. Code Ann. § 28-1-115, which
allows a plaintiff to bring an action in state court following the dismissal of an action in federal court for lack of
jurisdiction, does not apply to GTLA actions, because the statute would effectively extend the GTLA statute of limitation
period. Nance, 883 S.W .2d at 632.

                                                             -5-
        The role of this court in construing statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the legislative
intent. Wilson v. Johnson County, 879 S.W.2d 807, 809 (Tenn. 1994). Legislative intent is to be
ascertained whenever possible from the natural and ordinary meaning of the language used, without
forced or subtle construction that would limit or extend the meaning of the language. Carson Creek
Vacation Resorts, Inc. v. State, Dept. of Revenue, 865 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tenn. 1993). If necessary to a
determination of the meaning of a statute, however, recourse may be had to considerations of public
policy and to the established policy of the Legislature as evidenced by a general course of legislation.
Woodroof v. City of Nashville, 192 S.W.2d 1013, 1015 (Tenn. 1946).

        The Eason court placed great emphasis on the statement, “the clear legislative intent was to
include the governmental entities and place them in the same standing as private employers.” Eason,
866 S.W.2d at 955. While that statement is correct, we believe the extent to which the Eason court
– and the trial court in the case at bar – applied that statement is misplaced. Indeed, the legislature
intended to place governmental entities on the same footing as private employers in the context that
a THRA cause of action may be brought against the governmental entity as it can against a private
employer. That premise, however, does not require that we place private employers on the same
footing as governmental entities to the extent the savings statute is or is not applicable. It is this
conclusion with which we respectfully disagree.

        Statutes of limitation applicable to actions against governmental entities are to be strictly
construed; however, since none of our defendants are governmental entities, the GTLA constraints
have no relevance to the issue presented. In that none of our defendants are governmental entities,
there is no reason to strictly construe the THRA internal statute of limitation or the applicability of
the savings statute to the THRA. In 1978 the Legislature enacted a Human Rights Act, T.C.A. §
4-21-101, the declared purpose of which was

       "to assure that Tennessee has appropriate legislation prohibiting discrimination in
       employment, public accommodations and housing" and "to provide for execution
       within Tennessee of the policies embodied in the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964,
       1968 and 1972 and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. . . ." The
       Act created a Human Rights commission, defined discriminating practices, and
       provided a mechanism for hearing complaints administratively and issuing orders
       remedying discriminating practices. The Act prohibits discriminatory employment
       practices by employers "with respect to compensation, terms, conditions or privileges
       of employment because of such individual's race, creed, color, religion, sex, age or
       national origin." Remedies are broad in scope and include reinstating or upgrading
       employee status, damages for humiliation and embarrassment, and attorney fees.

Roberson, 1988 WL 74236, at *1.

        The purpose of the Tennessee savings statute is to provide a diligent plaintiff an opportunity
to renew a suit that is dismissed by any judgment or decree that does not conclude the plaintiff's right
of action. Dukes v. Montgomery County Nursing Home, 639 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tenn. 1982). A

                                                  -6-
diligent plaintiff has been defined as one whose timely filed complaint puts the defendant on notice
that the plaintiff intends to assert her legal rights. Lee v. Crenshaw, 622 F.2d 202 (6th Cir. 1980).
The savings statute provides:

               If the action is commenced within the time limited by a rule or statute of
       limitation, but the judgment or decree is rendered against the plaintiff upon any
       ground not concluding the plaintiff’s right of action, or where the judgment or decree
       is rendered in favor of the plaintiff, and is arrested, or reversed on appeal, the
       plaintiff, or his representatives and privies, as the case may be, may, from time to
       time, commence a new action within one (1) year after the reversal or arrest.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-1-105(a). Our courts have repeatedly recognized that statutory language must
be applied according to the spirit of the statute and our courts have repeatedly found the spirit of the
savings statute to be self evident.

                The statute has not merely letter but a spirit. That spirit is manifested in the
       history of the statute. . . . It is that a plaintiff shall not be finally cast out by the force
       of any judgment or decree whatsoever, not concluding his right of action, without an
       opportunity to sue again within the brief period limited. Nashville, C & St. L. Ry. v.
       Bolton, 134 Tenn. 447, 184 S.W. 9, 11 (1916). Thus, this Court has long been
       committed to the view that the "savings statute" is remedial and should be liberally
       construed in furtherance of its purpose and in order to bring cases within its spirit and
       fair intention. Kee v. Shelter Ins., 852 S.W.2d 226, 228 (Tenn. 1993). In effect, the
       savings statute confers upon a plaintiff who files a second action within one year of
       a voluntary non-suit of a first action the same procedural and substantive benefits that
       were available to the plaintiff in the first action. Dukes v. Montgomery County
       Nursing Home, 639 S.W.2d at 913.

Cronin v. Howe, 906 S.W.2d 910, 912 (Tenn. 1995). See also Sharp v. Richardson, 937 S.W.2d
846, 849 (Tenn. 1996) (the savings statute has long been liberally construed in order to bring cases
within its spirit and fair intention.)

         There are numerous remedial statutes which have internal statutes of limitation, like the
THRA, yet the savings statute applies. Plaintiffs who bring actions for workers’ compensation
benefits, which were not available at common law, are afforded the benefit of the savings statute
even though the Workers’ Compensation Act contains an internal statute of limitations. See Dukes
v. Montgomery County Nursing Home, 639 S.W.2d 910, 912 (Tenn. 1982) (finding that the savings
statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-1-105, was available to a workers' compensation claimant who filed
second action within one year of voluntary nonsuit of her action seeking workers' compensation
benefits.) The same is true with actions under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, for which our
savings statute will prevent the running of the internal statute of limitations. See Federal Employers'
Liability Act, § 6 as amended 45 U.S.C.A. § 56; Breneman v. Cincinnati, N. O. & T. P. Ry. Co., 346
S.W.2d 273 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1961).

                                                    -7-
        This court is committed to the view that the saving statute is “remedial and should be
liberally construed in furtherance of its purpose and in order to bring cases within its spirit and fair
intention.” Dukes, 639 S.W.2d at 912-913, (citing Nashville, C & St. L. Ry. v. Bolton, 184 S.W. 9
(Tenn. 1916); Woods v. Palmer, 496 S.W.2d 474 (Tenn. 1973); Brooksbank v. Roane County, 341
S.W.2d 570 (Tenn. 1960); Balsinger v. Gass, 379 S.W.2d 800 (Tenn. 1964)). Since the savings
statute applies to acts such as the Workers’ Compensation Act and the Federal Employers’ Liability
Act, we see no reason the savings statute should not apply to the THRA, internal statute of limitation
notwithstanding. Thus, we find the savings statute applies to THRA claims against private
employers such as our defendant APCOM.

      Our plaintiff re-filed her complaint on September 3, 1998, which was within one year of her
September 4, 1997 voluntary dismissal without prejudice. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s
judgment to the extent it dismissed Plaintiff’s claims under the THRA as time barred.

                       Prima Facie Case of Discrimination under the THRA

        Defendants motion for summary judgment was based on two grounds, the statute of
limitations defense discussed above and a second ground, that Plaintiff failed to establish a prima
facie case of discrimination under the THRA. The trial judge granted the motion dismissing
Plaintiff’s claims under the THRA without addressing the second issue. We can either remand the
issue to the trial court or we can rule on the matter ourselves. Based on our review of the record
before us, we find that the issue is straight forward and in the interest of judicial economy, we shall
rule on the second issue.

        To establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the THRA, Plaintiff must establish
that she (1) was a member of the protected class, (2) was subjected to an adverse employment action,
(3) was qualified for the position, and (4) was replaced by an individual outside the protected class.
Dennis v. White Way Cleaners, L.P., 119 S.W.3d 688, 694 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). At the time of
her termination, Plaintiff was a forty-six year old female who had been employed at APCOM for
seventeen years, therefore she was a member of a protected class. Her employment with APCOM
was terminated; therefore, she was subjected to an adverse employment action. Nothing in the
record indicated that she was unqualified for her post; to the contrary, she appeared to be most
qualified. Since she is the respondent to a motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff is entitled to all
reasonable inferences. Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 210-211. There being no evidence to challenge her
qualifications, we assume she was qualified. Thus, we find there was no meritorious basis to
terminate Plaintiff, at least no basis relative to her industry or the quality of her work. Based on the
foregoing, we find that Plaintiff established the first three elements. Plaintiff, however, has failed
to establish the fourth element, that she was replaced by someone outside her protected class.

        Defendants claim that Plaintiff’s employment was terminated because her position was
terminated. They presented uncontroverted evidence which established that her former
responsibilities were reassigned to other existing employees – Larry Lillard, APCOM’s forty-four
year old Vice President of Manufacturing; George Fehrmann, APCOM’s sixty year old President;

                                                  -8-
and Ralph Ringstaff, a thirty-three year old employee who returned to work part-time; as well as
other existing female employees. Herbert Lindahl, president of APCOM’s parent company, testified
as follows:

        Q.   Was [sic] her duties given to anyone else?
        A.   They were distributed.
        Q.   Were those people employed?
        A.   Yes.
        Q.   Were they given bigger salaries?
        A.   No.
        Q.   Is her job today as we stand . . . do you have a vice president of communications?
        A.   No.

        Defendants also presented uncontroverted evidence that Plaintiff’s termination was
necessitated by the fact that APCOM was losing money and that Plaintiff’s position was terminated
to cut expenses because her position represented the second highest salary at APCOM. Plaintiff did
not present countervailing evidence to place these facts in dispute. Based on these facts, Defendants
established that Plaintiff was not replaced by a person outside the protected class and that Plaintiff’s
former duties were assumed by existing employees. Spreading the former duties of a terminated
employee among other remaining employees does not constitute replacement. Brenner v. Textron
Aerostructures, 874 S.W.2d 579, 584 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993) (citing Lilley v. BTM Corp., 958 F.2d
746, 752 (6th Cir. 1992)). Defendants also established that Plaintiff’s position was terminated as a
cost cutting measure. A court may not intrude upon an employer’s legitimate and nondiscriminatory
business decision. Dennis, 119 S.W.3d at 693. Cost cutting measures, in the absence of evidence
of discrimination, are not discriminatory.

        The record establishes that there are no material facts in dispute relative to the fourth element
of Defendant’s claim of discrimination. Moreover, the uncontroverted facts establish a meritorious
defense to Plaintiff’s claim of discrimination. Accordingly, we find that Plaintiff has failed to
establish the fourth element necessary to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Therefore,
we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s claims under the Tennessee Human Rights Act on
the basis that Plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination.

                      Breach of Contract and Promissory Estoppel Claims

         Plaintiff’s breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims were decided following trial.
An appellate court’s review of a trial court’s findings of fact is de novo upon the record of the trial
court accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of
the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). Unless there is an error of law, we must affirm
the trial court’s decision as long as the evidence does not preponderate against the findings. Umstot
v. Umstot, 968 S.W.2d 819, 821 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Where the trial court does not make
findings of fact, we “must conduct our own independent review of the record to determine where the
preponderance of the evidence lies.” Brooks v. Brooks, 992 S.W.2d 403, 405 (Tenn. 1999).

                                                  -9-
Questions of law are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. Nelson v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 8 S.W.3d 625, 628 (Tenn. 1999).

        The trial court ruled, “Mr. Fehrmann’s statements were merely statements of his intent or
goal for Plaintiff to be the next president of APCOM. These types of statements do not create an
offer to be contractually bound – they are merely statements of the speaker’s aspiration and what he
or she intends to do in the future.” The trial court found that Plaintiff failed to establish the elements
of an enforceable contract. Specifically, there was no written document evidencing Mr. Fehrmann’s
alleged promise of promotion and that any oral promise of promotion was too vague to constitute
an offer that could be “accepted.” The trial court also found that there was no mutual assent, no
consideration and that Mr. Fehrmann lacked the authority to extend such an offer.11

                                                 Breach of Contract

        To establish a claim for breach of contract, Plaintiff must show that a contract existed by
establishing that there was a meeting of the minds, mutual assent to the contractual terms,
consideration, and that the contractual terms were sufficiently definite. Forest Inc. of Knoxville v.
Guaranty Mortgage Co., 534 S.W.2d 853, 857 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1975) (citing American Lead Pencil
Co. v. Nashville, C. & St.L. Ry., 134 S.W. 613 (Tenn. 1911)). The terms of the employment contract,
or lack thereof, that Plaintiff is trying to establish is best illustrated in her own testimony. The
following exchange is indicative of her understanding of that transaction:

         Q. At any point from 1990 forward, did Mr. Fehrmann ever specify when he
         intended for that [the promotion] to happen?
         A. No. He never gave a specific date. It was to be a progression.
         ....
         Q. During the discussions you had with Mr. Fehrmann concerning the Apcom
         presidency, he never discussed with you a salary for that position, did he?
         A. No ma’am.
         Q. And he never discussed with you any benefits associated with the Apcom
         president position?
         A. No ma’am.
         Q. Mr. Fehrmann never provided you during your discussions about the Apcom
         presidency any written job description for that position?
         A. No. I was never given any written job description for anything since I started.
         ....
         Q. Mr. Fehrmann never presented you with an employment contract for the
         presidency position, did he?

         11
            The trial court found that, “Plaintiff did not give up any rights or do anything she was not otherwise required
to do as part of her job (duties for which she was paid) in exchange for Mr. Fehrmann’s statement that she would be the
next president.” The trial court also found that Plaintiff did not offer evidence of any opportunity she passed up in
exchange for the promise that she would be promoted.

                                                          -10-
       A. An oral. It was oral.
       Q. He never provided you with a written employment contract for the Apcom
       presidency?
       A. Not a written, no, ma’am.
       Q. And Mr. Fehrmann never discussed with you a specific term or duration with
       respect to the Apcom presidency?
       A. No. No, ma’am.
       Q. When Mr. Fehrmann discussed with you the Apcom presidency or his plan or
       intent to move you into that position, you never made him any promise in exchange
       for his promise, did you?
       A. Yes, ma’am, I did. I made a promise, a commitment that I was excited about the
       position. That I was committed to seeing it through and to doing a good job.
       Q. That’s the only promise you made in exchange for Mr. Fehrmann’s promise to
       you concerning the presidency. Correct?
       ....
       A. That’s correct.

       Based on Plaintiff’s own testimony, there was no signed writing evidencing Mr. Fehrmann’s
alleged promise of promotion. Further, Plaintiff admits that she never received a written job
description, never discussed benefits, never negotiated a salary and never established a start date.
An enforceable contract requires a meeting of the minds, and indefiniteness as to an essential
element can prevent the creation of an enforceable contract. See Doe v. HCA Health Services of
Tennessee, Inc., 46 S.W.3d 191, 196 (Tenn. 2001). Without definite contractual terms, mutual
assent or meeting of the minds, there can be no contract and thus no breach of contract.
Consequently, we agree with the trial court’s assessment that Plaintiff failed to prove the required
elements of a claim for breach of contract.

                                        Promissory Estoppel

        The trial court found that Plaintiff failed to establish her claim of promissory estoppel. It
held that Plaintiff offered little evidence of a substantial economic detriment incurred in reliance on
Mr. Fehrmann’s alleged statements finding that, “During direct examination Plaintiff made very
general references to investments she and her husband made in reliance on her continued
employment. However, Plaintiff never presented any specific evidence regarding the investments
and she never even presented evidence that she was actually harmed.”

        Promissory estoppel can be described as, “A promise which the promisor should reasonably
expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does
induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the
promise.” Amacher v. Brown-Forman Corp., 826 S.W.2d 480, 482 (Tenn. Ct. App.1991) (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 90); see also Alden v. Presley, 637 S.W.2d 862, 862
(Tenn.1982). Promissory estoppel is also referred to as detrimental reliance because one must show
not only that a promise was made, but also that one reasonably relied upon that promise to his or her

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detriment. Calabro v. Calabro, 15 S.W.3d 873, 879 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). Promissory estoppel
is not applicable if: (1) the detriment suffered in reliance is not substantial in an economic sense; (2)
the substantial loss to the promisee in acting in reliance was not foreseeable by the promisor; and (3)
the promisee did not act reasonably in justifiable reliance on the promise as made. Alden, 637
S.W.2d at 864 (citing L. Simpson, Law of Contracts § 61(2d ed.1965)).

       Plaintiff testified, in very vague terms, as to investments she made based on her belief that
she would continue to be employed at APCOM. She did not, however, provide any specifics
regarding said investments. Plaintiff’s testimony seemed to show that any investments she made
were based on her belief that she would continue to be employed, not on Mr. Fehrmann’s statements.
Furthermore, due to the fact that Plaintiff was not given any specifics concerning the purported
promotion – she never received a written job description, a salary, a list of benefits or a start date –
it was unreasonable for Plaintiff to rely on any such statements made by Mr. Fehrmann.
Consequently, Plaintiff failed to show any substantial economic detriment as a result of Mr.
Fehrmann’s alleged promise of promotion and failed to establish a claim for promissory estoppel.
We affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                            In Conclusion

        The judgment of the trial court is modified to the extent it dismissed the THRA claims as
time barred. We, nevertheless, find that Plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of
discrimination under the Tennessee Human Rights Act and that she also failed to establish claims
for breach of contract and promissory estoppel. Therefore, the judgment of the trial court dismissing
all of Plaintiff’s claims is affirmed.

       This matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Costs of appeal are assessed against Plaintiff, Judy S. Parnell.

                                                         ___________________________________
                                                         FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE

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