Court Opinion

ID: 9412621
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-01 00:06:24.740344+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:16.073831
License: Public Domain

COURT OF CHANCERY
                                         OF THE
                                   STATE OF DELAWARE
SELENA E. MOLINA                                                      LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
 MAGISTRATE IN CHANCERY                                                500 NORTH KING STREET, SUITE 11400
                                                                              WILMINGTON, DE 19801-3734

                                Final Report: July 31, 2023
                              Date Submitted: April 19, 2023

   Geoffrey G. Grivner, Esquire                   Anthony N. Delcollo, Esquire
   Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC                 Thomas Kramer, Esquire
   500 Delaware Avenue, Ste. 720                  Offit Kurman, PA
   Wilmington, Delaware 19801                     222 Delaware Ave., Suite 1105
                                                  Wilmington, Delaware 19801

   Gerald E. Burns, Esquire                       Todd M. Reinecker, Esquire
   Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC                 PilieroMazza, PLLC
   Two Liberty Place                              1910 Towne Centre Blvd., Suite 250
   50 S. 16th St., Suite 3200                     Annapolis, Maryland 21401
   Philadelphia, PA 19102

           Re:     Acme Markets, Inc. v. Oekos Kirkwood, LLC,
                   C.A. No. 2022-0623-SEM

   Dear Counsel:

           Pending before me is a motion to dismiss claims for declaratory relief, breach

   of contract, and reformation related to cost-of-living rental increases. For the

   reasons below, I find the motion should be granted in part and denied in part. The

   plaintiff’s claims arising from the 2015 calculation are time-barred. The plaintiff

   also failed to plead a reasonably conceivable claim for reformation. Conversely, the

   plaintiff’s claims arising from the 2020 calculation are viable. But, without the

   reformation claim, those claims are outside the scope of this Court’s limited
jurisdiction. Thus, if my recommendations are adopted, I find the remaining claims

should be dismissed with leave to transfer to a court with jurisdiction.

I.        BACKGROUND1

          This case involves a commercial lease (the “Lease”) for real property, located

at 4365 Kirkwood Highway in Wilmington, Delaware (the “Property”).2 The Lease

is between Acme Markets, Inc. (the “Plaintiff”), the tenant who operates a

supermarket on the Property, and Oekos Kirkwood, LLC (the “Defendant,” with the

Plaintiff, the “Parties”), the owner of the Property and the Plaintiff’s landlord.3

          The Parties were not, however, the original parties to the Lease. The Lease

was originally executed on August 15, 1967, by Able Equity Corp., the landlord, and

Woodlyne Supermarkets, Inc., the tenant.4           The Lease was first amended on

November 14, 1969 whereby Able Associates, Inc. took over as assignee of Able

Equity Corp., and Woodlyne Supermarket, Inc. changed to Woodlyne Pathmark,

Inc.5 Those parties confirmed on April 29, 1970 that the term of the Lease would

terminate on April 30, 1990.6

1
 Unless otherwise noted, the facts recited herein are taken from the revised version of the
complaint. Docket Item (“D.I.”) 5.
2
    Id. at ¶ 1.
3
    Id.
4
    Id. at ¶ 19.
5
    Id. at ¶ 20.
6
    Id. at ¶ 21.
           But that date was extended numerous times. In 1979, Supermarkets General

Corporation, took over as successor in interest to Woodlyne Pathmark, Inc., and

exercised an option to extend the Lease until April 30, 1995. 7 “At that time, the

tenant possessed four remaining options to extend the term of the Lease by five

years, the last of which expired on April 30, 2015.”8

           Those options were increased through a letter agreement executed by

Supermarkets General Corporation and Able Associates, Inc. on May 15, 1992 (the

“1992 Agreement”).9 The 1992 Agreement granted two additional options to extend

the Lease by five (5) years each extension (from 2015 to 2020 and from 2020 to

2025).10 The 1992 Agreement contained the cost-of-living calculation at issue in

this litigation (the “Calculation”). It provides:

           Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Paragraph B of Section 4
           of the Lease, the fixed annual rental during the last two renewal periods
           shall be increased by a sum equal to the greater of (i) 15% of the fixed
           annual rental payable at the expiration of the preceding Extension
           Period, or (ii) the Cost of Living Increase. The ‘Cost of Living Increase’
           shall be 50% of the amount by which the fixed annual rental payable at
           the expiration of the preceding Extension Period would be increased by
           multiplying such rental by a fraction, the numerator of which shall be
           the Price Index for the March immediately preceding the

7
    Id. at ¶ 23.
8
    Id.
9
    Id. at ¶ 24.
10
     Id.
          commencement of the Extension Period and the denominator of which
          shall be the Price Index for March, 2000.11

          True to form, the parties to the 1992 Agreement continued to extend the

renewal options. Through a May 6, 2003 letter agreement, Able Associates, Inc. and

Pathmark Stores, Inc., the successor to Supermarkets General Corporation as the

tenant under the Lease, agreed to an additional five-year renewal option (until 2030)

(the “2003 Agreement”).12         The 2003 Agreement also slightly altered the

Calculation—changing the minimum 15% rent increase each option to 12% (the

“Revised Calculation”).13 The Revised Calculation continued, however, to include

the same formula for calculating the cost-of-living increase.14

          The Lease again changed hands in or around 2007, when The Great Atlantic

& Pacific Tea Company (“A&P”) succeeded to the interests of Pathmark Stores, Inc.

as tenant under the Lease.15 In or around November 2007, the Defendant joined onto

the Lease when it succeeded to the interests of Able Associates, Inc. as landlord.16

11
  Id. at ¶ 25. Paragraph B of Section 4 of the Lease provides: “Any extension shall be upon
the same terms, provisions, covenants and conditions as are in effect hereunder at the time
of the commencement of such extension.” D.I. 1, Ex. A.
12
     D.I. 5 ¶ 28.
13
     Id. at ¶ 29.
14
     Id. at ¶ 30.
15
     Id. at ¶ 31.
16
     Id. at ¶ 32.
The Defendant and A&P navigated the first renewal governed by the Revised

Calculation.

          A&P decided to exercise its option to extend the Lease for the 2015-2020 term

(the “2015 Term”). At that time, the rent was $193,716.96 per year, or $16,143.08

per month.17 The Defendant took the first stab at calculating the increase to this rent

for the new term in an April 6, 2015 letter (the “2015 Letter”).18 In the 2015 Letter,

the Defendant quoted the Calculation (ignoring the change to 12% in the Revised

Calculation) and specified the two options as: $222,774.50 annually (or $18,564.54

monthly) under the 15% minimum or $328,046.11 annually (or $27,337.17 monthly)

under the cost-of-living formula.19 Because the latter was greater, the Defendant

concluded in the 2015 Letter, “the new base rent will be the Cost of Living

increase.”20

          A&P never challenged the Defendant’s calculations in the 2015 Letter. A&P

was, at that time, a Chapter 11 debtor-in-possession and “only several months later,”

17
     Id. at ¶ 35.
18
     Id. at ¶ 34.
19
   D.I. 1 at Ex. C. The Plaintiff avers the cost-of-living calculation was incorrect and,
correctly calculated, would only result in an increase of $37,471.16 ($231,188.12 annual
rent, $96,857.99 less than the total provided by the Defendant in the 2015 Letter). D.I. 5 ¶¶
40-43.
20
     D.I. 1, Ex. C.
on November 17, 2015, A&P assigned, and the Plaintiff assumed, A&P’s interest

under the Lease.21 Finally the stage was set for the Parties’ instant dispute.

          It began in September 2019. At that time, the Plaintiff advised the Defendant

that “the CPI Rent Calculation used back in 2015 to establish the rental increase that

was effective 5/1/2015 was calculated incorrectly.”22 The Plaintiff calculated the

cost-of-living increase as $37,471.16, which was $96,857.99 less than the increase

calculated by the Defendant.23 The Plaintiff demanded a refund of the rent that it

had overpaid.24         The Defendant responded on October 3, 2019, disputing the

miscalculation and refusing any refund.25 Despite letters back and forth through

November, the Parties were unable to resolve their dispute.26

          But, despite their dispute, the Plaintiff exercised its option to extend the term

of the Lease for an additional five-year term, from 2020 through 2025 (the “2020

Term”).27 The Defendant sent the Plaintiff a letter on April 16, 2020, calculating the

21
   D.I. 5 ¶ 47. On September 14, 2017, the Plaintiff signed an estoppel certificate in
connection with the Defendant’s mortgage. D.I. 12. As explained in the analysis section, I
find this certificate should not be considered in connection with the pleading-stage motion
before me.
22
     D.I. 5 ¶ 48.
23
     Id. at ¶ 40.
24
     Id. at ¶ 48.
25
     Id. at ¶ 49.
26
     Id. at ¶¶ 50-53.
27
     Id. at ¶ 54.
rent increase as $243,083.10.28 The Plaintiff disputed this calculation again, arguing

the proper increase should be $56,139.83.29 The Plaintiff confirmed, however, it

would pay the rent demanded by the Defendant under protest.30

          The Plaintiff did so and later initiated this action, seeking to finally resolve

the Parties’ dispute, on July 15, 2022.31 The complaint contains three counts: (1)

declaratory judgment, (2) breach of contract, and (3) reformation of lease.

Ultimately, the Plaintiff seeks (1) a declaration regarding the correct increase for the

2015 Term and the 2020 Term, (2) damages for the Defendant’s miscalculation in

breach of the Lease, and (3) reformation of the Lease such that the increase in rent

for the 2020 Term is calculated off the March 2015 price index. The Defendant filed

a motion to dismiss the complaint on September 23, 2022 (the “Motion”).32 The

Motion was fully briefed and I heard oral argument on April 19, 2023, at which point

I took the Motion under advisement.33 This is my final report.

28
     Id. at ¶ 56.
29
     Id. at ¶ 58.
30
     Id. at ¶ 60.
31
  D.I. 1. The complaint was corrected on August 5, 2022, and factual averments herein
are taken from the corrected pleading. D.I. 5.
32
     D.I. 7.
33
     D.I. 14, 19.
II.    ANALYSIS

       The Defendant seeks dismissal under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6), the

standard of review under which is settled:

       (i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
       vague allegations are “well-pleaded” if they give the opposing party
       notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences
       in favor of the non-moving party; and [(iv)] dismissal is inappropriate
       unless the “plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any
       reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.”34

       The Defendant makes various arguments for dismissal, which I address in the

following order. First, I find the Plaintiff’s claims arising from the 2015 Term are

time-barred. Second, I find the Plaintiff pled reasonably conceivable claims arising

from the 2020 Term. Third, I find the defenses to those claims (estoppel and waiver)

are not clear on the face of the pleadings such that the claims should be dismissed.

Fourth, I find the Plaintiff has not adequately pled a claim for reformation of the

Lease. Fifth, and finally, I find without the reformation claim, the Plaintiff lacks an

34
   Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896–97 (Del. 2002) (citations omitted).
Generally, “matters outside of the pleadings should not be considered in ruling on a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” Vanderbilt Income & Growth Assocs., LLC v. Arvida/JMB
Managers, Inc., 691 A.2d 609, 612 (Del. 1996). Yet, the Defendant attached to its opening
brief an estoppel certificate signed by the Plaintiff on September 14, 2017. D.I. 12. The
Defendant failed, however, to respond to the Plaintiff’s argument that the estoppel
certificate was outside the permissible scope of review for this Motion, and I find any such
arguments           arising         therefrom           have          been           waived.
See Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 2003 WL 21003437, at *43 (Del. Ch. Apr. 28, 2003) (“It is
settled Delaware law that a party waives an argument by not including it in its brief.”).
equitable hook for this Court’s jurisdiction and this matter should be dismissed for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction with leave to transfer.

       A.     The Plaintiff’s claims regarding the 2015 Term are time-barred.

       The Plaintiff brings two (2) claims seeking relief related to the 2015 Term for

(1) declaratory judgment as to the correct increase and rent owed and (2) for breach

of contract. Both invite a three-year statute of limitations, which the Plaintiff has

failed to meet; without any viable claim for tolling, I find the Plaintiff’s claims

arising from the 2015 Term should be dismissed as time-barred.

       I begin with the applicable statute of limitations. Where, as here, “a plaintiff

has advanced a legal claim and seeks a form of relief that is available from a court

at law, such as monetary damages, then the court will apply the statute of limitations

in the same manner as a law court.”35 Because the claims relating to the 2015 Term

arise out of the Lease and the 1992 Agreement, which are governed by the promises

contained therein, I find the three year statute of limitations in 10 Del. C. § 8106

applies to both the contract claim and request for declaratory relief.36

35
   Lebanon Cnty. Emps.’ Ret. Fund v. Collis, 287 A.3d 1160, 1194 (Del. Ch. 2022).
Because they are legal claims, through which the Plaintiff seeks relief available at a court
of law, I decline to engage in a laches analysis for the breach of contract or declaratory
judgment claims. A laches analysis would apply to the Plaintiff’s reformation claim. “If a
plaintiff has presented a court of equity with an equitable claim or if the plaintiff has sought
equitable relief, then the court will apply the doctrine of laches.” Id. But I decline to engage
in a laches analysis for the reformation claim because I find it fails on its merits.
36
  See Eluv Hldgs. (BVI) Ltd. v. Dotomi, LLC, 2013 WL 1200273, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 26,
2013).
          Thus, I move on to whether those claims are time-barred. “Determining

whether a claim is time-barred by a statute of limitations requires determining three

things: (1) the date the cause of action accrued, (2) whether the cause of action has

been tolled, and (3) if the cause of action has been tolled, whether and when Plaintiffs

were placed on inquiry notice of their claims.”37 The Parties dispute the accrual date

for the Plaintiff’s claims; thus, I focus my inquiry thereon.

          The Defendant argues that the Plaintiff’s claims accrued in 2015, when A&P

first paid the allegedly miscalculated rent for the 2015 Term. The Plaintiff disagrees

and argues the Lease is a continuing contract and the claims have not yet accrued.

Alternatively, the Plaintiff argues the Lease is a severable contract, such that only

the claims arising out of the 2015 Term are time-barred. The Plaintiff further argues

that I cannot determine if the Lease is a continuing or severable contract at the

pleading stage. I disagree and find the Lease is a severable contract, the claims

arising out of the 2015 Term are time-barred, but the claims arising out of the 2020

Term remain viable.

          The claims arising from the 2015 Term accrued by no later than May 1, 2015.

“In Delaware, for contract claims, the wrongful act occurs at the time a contract is

breached. Thus, the cause of action accrues at the time of breach.”38 But “[w]here

37
     Id. at *6.
38
     Lebanon Cnty. Emps.’ Ret. Fund v. Collis, 287 A.3d at 1196 (cleaned up).
there is a continuing contract and a continuing breach, the applicable statute of

limitations begins to run only when ‘full damages can be ascertained and

recovered.’”39 “The continuing breach doctrine is narrow and typically is applied

only in unusual situations.”40 On the other end of the spectrum are the more common

severable contracts. Unlike continuing contracts that extend the accrual date,

“[c]onversely, ‘if the Court finds the contract severable in nature, the statute of

limitations generally begins to run on each severable portion when a party breaches

that portion of the contract.’”41

         To answer the question of continuing versus severable, I must “consider

whether the breach(es) can be divided such that the plaintiff could have alleged a

prima facie case for breach of contract . . . after a single incident. If so, . . . the

‘continuing breach’ doctrine does not apply even when confronted with numerous

repeated wrongs of similar, if not same, character over an extended period.”42 Such

an inquiry is appropriate for disposition at the pleading where, such as here, there

are no factual disputes.43

39
  Scott Fetzer Co. v. Douglas Components Corp., 1994 WL 148282, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr.
12, 1994).
40
  AM Gen. Holdings LLC v. The Renco Grp., Inc., 2016 WL 4440476, at *11 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 22, 2016).
41
     SPX Corp. v. Garda USA, Inc., 2012 WL 6841398, at *3 (Del. Super. Dec. 6, 2012).
42
     AM Gen. Holdings LLC, 2016 WL 4440476, at *12 (cleaned up).
43
  See Guerrieri v. Cajun Cove Condo. Council, 2007 WL 1520039, at *6 (Del. Super. Apr.
25, 2007).
       Here, the agreement expressly provided for two optional terms, the 2015 Term

and the 2020 Term. The terms are distinct, and the Calculation provided a formula

to determine the rent for each term, should the tenant exercise its right to extend.

Because the rental amount and due date for such rent was defined precisely for the

2015 Term, irrespective of the 2020 Term, the tenant could have alleged a prima

facie claim for breach or declaratory judgment in 2015 when the Defendant

(mis)calculated the rental increase and A&P began paying the same (May 1, 2015).

Thus, the time to bring a claim arising from that breach accrued on May 1, 2015 and

the statute of limitations expired May 1, 2018.44 Under that same rationale, however,

the 2015 Term and 2020 Term were severable such that the Plaintiff may still

challenge the (mis)calculation for the 2020 Term, which happened less than three

(3) years before this action was filed. Thus, the claims arising from the 2015 Term,

and only those claims, should be dismissed as time-barred.

44
  This period may be imposed against the Plaintiff as assignee to A&P. See Madison Fund,
Inc. v. Midland Glass Co., Inc., 1980 WL 332958, at *2 (Del. Super. Aug. 11,
1980) (explaining the “rudimentary principle of contract law” that “defenses such as
the statute of limitations may be interposed against the assignee if it was available against
the assignor”). I find the Plaintiff’s case law inapposite. See Matter of Burger, 125 B.R.
894 (Bankr. D. Del. 1991); Smith v. Mattia, 2010 WL 412030 (Del. Ch. Feb. 1, 2010);
Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v. Cap Gemini Am., Inc., 2002 WL 1042089 (Del. Super. May
23, 2002).
         B.    The Plaintiff has adequately pled that the Defendant miscalculated
               the cost-of-living increase.

         The Defendant argues that the complaint fails on the merits because the cost-

of-living increase was calculated correctly, thus defeating any claim for declaratory

relief or breach of contract relating to the 2020 Term. I find it is reasonably

conceivable that the Defendant miscalculated the increase, and this action should

proceed to discovery.

         “When a contract’s language is clear and unambiguous, the court will give

effect to the plain meaning of the contract’s terms and provisions.”45 A contract will

only be viewed as ambiguous where the Court “may reasonably ascribe multiple and

different interpretations” to its terms.46 “Ambiguity does not exist merely because

the parties disagree about what the contract means. When interpreting contracts, this

Court construe[s] them as a whole and give[s] effect to every provision if it is

reasonably possible.”47

         Here, the Parties disagree regarding how the cost-of-living increase should be

calculated under the Calculation.48 Despite their disagreement, I find the Calculation

45
 S’holder Representative Servs. LLC v. HPI Hldgs., LLC, 2023 WL 3092895, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Apr. 26, 2023) (citations omitted).
46
     Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1158 (Del. 2010).
47
  Weinberg v. Waystar, Inc., 2022 WL 2452141, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 6, 2022) (cleaned
up).
48
  The Plaintiff argues for the following calculation: [(Current Rent * [CPIcurrent/CPI2000]) –
(Current Rent)] * .5 = cost-of-living increase. D.I. 13, p. 7. The Defendant counters with
is unambiguous, and that it is reasonably conceivable that the Plaintiff’s proposed

construction thereof was the intent of the parties.

       The Calculation is, again, as follows:

       The ‘Cost of Living Increase’ shall be 50% of the amount by which the
       fixed annual rental payable at the expiration of the preceding Extension
       Period would be increased by multiplying such rental by a fraction, the
       numerator of which shall be the Price Index for the March 8
       immediately preceding the commencement of the Extension Period and
       the denominator of which shall be the Price Index for March, 2000.49

The Parties agree that this narrative explains a fraction with the current price index

as the numerator and the price index for March 2000 as the denominator. The Parties

also agree that such fraction should be multiplied by the current rent. The dispute is

whether the number resulting from this multiplication is “the amount by which the

fixed annual rental payable at the expiration of the preceding Extension Period

would be increased.” The Defendant argues it is and, thus, the only remaining step

is to multiply by 50%. The Plaintiff advocates for an interim step—to subtract the

current rent from the resulting number before halving the amount.

       I find the Plaintiff’s construction a reasonably conceivable interpretation that

gives effect to all terms in the Calculation. The Plaintiff’s interim step ensures that

the following: .5 * Current Rent * (CPIcurrent/CPI2000) = cost-of-living increase. D.I. 11, p.
13.
49
  D.I. 5 ¶ 25. Paragraph B of Section 4 of the Lease does not contain contradictory terms.
D.I. 12, Ex. 1.
the Calculation considers the amount the current rent would be increased if

multiplied by the fraction and then halves the amount of the increase. Conversely,

by skipping a step, the Defendant gives no meaning to “the amount by which the

fixed annual rental payable at the expiration of the preceding Extension Period

would be increased” and, effectively, writes such language out of the Calculation.

The Defendant’s interpretation asks the Court to read the Calculation as:

       The ‘Cost of Living Increase’ shall be 50% of the amount by which the
       fixed annual rental payable at the expiration of the preceding Extension
       Period would be increased [reached] by multiplying such rental by a
       fraction, the numerator of which shall be the Price Index for the March
       8 immediately preceding the commencement of the Extension Period
       and the denominator of which shall be the Price Index for March, 2000.

Such is not an interpretation that supports dismissal at the pleading stage. 50 Under

the Plaintiff’s reasonable interpretation, the Defendant misapplied the Calculation

for the 2020 Term. Thus, the Plaintiff’s claims for declaratory judgment and breach

arising therefrom should survive the pleading stage.51

50
   Such remains true even if the Calculation is read as ambiguous. “In deciding a motion to
dismiss, the trial court cannot choose between two differing reasonable interpretations of
ambiguous provisions. Dismissal, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), is proper only if the
defendants’ interpretation is the only reasonable construction as a matter of law.” VLIW
Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 615 (Del. 2003) (emphasis in original;
citations omitted). The Defendant’s interpretation is not the only reasonable construction.
51
   The Defendant argues that the Parties’ course of performance should be given great
weight in construing the terms of the Lease and 1992 Agreement. D.I. 11, p. 15. Because I
find it reasonably conceivable that the contract is unambiguous, course of performance is
not an appropriate consideration, let alone a reason to dismiss at this stage. See Vanderbilt
Income & Growth Assocs., LLC, 691 A.2d at 612.
          C.     It is not clear that the Plaintiff’s claims regarding the 2020 Term
                 are barred by equitable estoppel or waiver.

          The Defendant argues that the Plaintiff should be estopped from raising, or

has waived, its claims. Sticking to the pleadings, the Defendant’s argument is that

after the limitations period for the claims under the 2015 Term expired, and

notwithstanding its objections to the calculations thereunder, the Plaintiff exercised

the seventh option with the same alleged miscalculation and “delayed an additional

two years and five months before bringing this suit.”52 The Defendant argues, by

doing so, the Plaintiff reaffirmed the alleged miscalculation for the 2015 Term and

waived, or should be estopped from challenging, the same alleged miscalculation for

the 2020 Term. I find this argument fails to support dismissal at the pleading stage.

          In ruling on a motion to dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6),
          the Court is generally limited to facts appearing on the face of the
          pleadings. Accordingly, affirmative defenses, such as laches, are not
          ordinarily well-suited for treatment on such a motion. Unless it is clear
          from the face of the complaint that an affirmative defense exists and
          that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts to avoid it, dismissal of the
          complaint based upon an affirmative defense is inappropriate.53

For the reasons explained above, the Plaintiff pled a reasonably conceivable claim

for relief related to the Defendant’s application of the Calculation for the 2020 Term.

Whether the affirmative defenses of waiver or estoppel should bar that relief is a

52
     D.I. 11, p. 24.
53
     Reid v. Spazio, 970 A.2d 176, 183–84 (Del. 2009) (citations omitted).
highly factual inquiry that is not clear on the pleadings and is more appropriately

resolved in the later stages of this proceeding.

         D.    The Plaintiff has not adequately pled a claim for reformation.

         The Defendant argues that the Plaintiff failed to plead a reasonably

conceivable claim for reformation. I agree.

         For a reformation claim to survive a motion to dismiss a plaintiff must plead

“(i) that the parties reached a definite agreement before executing the final contract;

(ii) that the final contract failed to incorporate the terms of the agreement; (iii) that

the parties’ mutually mistaken belief reflected the true parties’ true agreement; and

(iv) the precise mistake the parties made.”54

         For the mistake element, I look to Court of Chancery Rule 9(b), which

requires “the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with

particularity.” Applying the Rule 9(b) standard to a reformation claim, the plaintiff

must allege “(i) the terms of an oral agreement between the parties; (ii) the execution

of a written agreement that was intended, but failed, to incorporate those terms; and

(iii) the parties’ mutual—but mistaken—belief that the writing reflected their true

agreement and (iv) the precise mistake.”55

54
  Deluxe Ent. Servs. Inc. v. DLX Acq. Corp., 2021 WL 1169905, at *9 (Del. Ch. Mar. 29,
2021).
55
     Joyce v. RCN Corp., 2003 WL 21517864, at *4 (Del. Ch. July 1, 2003).
           Application of this standard was demonstrated by then-Vice Chancellor

Jacobs in Joyce v. RCN Corp.56 There, a buyer sought reformation of a written

merger agreement. In the complaint, the plaintiff alleged that the contract did not

accurately express the terms the parties had agreed to orally, specifically identified

those oral terms, and showed how the written terms deviated from those oral terms.

The complaint also explained the effect of that error on the parties. Then-Vice

Chancellor Jacobs found the complaint was sufficient to survive the motion to

dismiss.57

           Here, the Plaintiff’s complaint pales in comparison to the specificity found in

Joyce. The Plaintiff seeks reformation of the Calculation such that the denominator

of the fraction used to calculate the cost-of-living increase changes for the 2020

Term to March 2015, rather than March 2000. Per the Plaintiff, this is what the

Calculation “should” have provided, such that the increase only accounts for the

immediately proceeding five (5) years. The Plaintiff reasons, anything earlier would

have already been accounted for in the prior increase.

           The logic of the Plaintiff’s argument is understandable. But what is missing

is any factual predicate that the contracting parties reached a different agreement

than that memorialized. As much as the Plaintiff may wish, or believe, the Lease

56
     Id.
57
     Id. at *6.
should calculate the cost-of-living adjustment from the immediately preceding five

(5) years, instead of from 2000, the Plaintiff has failed to plead any factual predicate

that the original contracting parties agreed to do so and the written agreement was

the product of mutual mistake. Tying the 2020 Term increase to the March 2015

index may have been a better or more acceptable agreement, particularly for the

tenant, but “[u]nder Delaware law, sophisticated parties are bound by the terms of

their agreement. Even if the bargain they strike ends up a bad deal for one or both

parties, the court’s role is to enforce the agreement as written.”58 A claim for

reformation is not viable when supported only by averments that a bad deal was

memorialized; the Plaintiff needed—and failed—to support the claim with factual

averments demonstrating that the Parties reached a definite agreement different than

the one memorialized. Without such, the Plaintiff has failed to plead a reasonably

conceivable claim for reformation and Count III should be dismissed.

         E.     The Plaintiff’s remaining claims should be dismissed for lack of
                subject matter jurisdiction, with leave to transfer.

         For the reasons explained above, I find the Motion should be granted in part

and denied in part such that only the Plaintiff’s claims for declaratory judgment and

breach of contract relating to the 2020 Term should survive. But that does not end

my inquiry.

58
     Glaxo Grp. Ltd. v. DRIT LP, 248 A.3d 911, 919 (Del. 2021).
         Under Court of Chancery Rule 12(h)(3) “[w]henever it appears . . . that the

Court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the Court shall dismiss the action.”

“The issue of subject matter jurisdiction is so crucial that it may be raised . . . by the

court sua sponte.”59 As a judicial officer for the Court, I am “obligated to decide

whether [this] matter [remains] within the equitable jurisdiction of this Court” if the

recommendations herein are adopted.60 I find, if adopted, the recommendations in

this report leave the Court without subject matter jurisdiction over the remaining

claims.

         This Court is “proudly a court of limited subject matter jurisdiction.”61 It

“may acquire subject matter jurisdiction in any one of three ways: (i) the assertion

of an equitable claim; (ii) a request for equitable relief; and (iii) by statutory grant.”62

Here, the Plaintiff’s only equitable claim was for reformation. I recommend herein

that such claim be dismissed. The only other claims—for declaratory judgment and

breach of contract—are legal claims, for which the Plaintiff as an adequate remedy

59
     Envo, Inc. v. Walters, 2009 WL 5173807, at *4 n.10 (Del. Ch. Dec. 30, 2009).
60
     Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Comdisco, Inc., 602 A.2d 74, 77 n.5 (Del. Ch. 1991).
61
  Crown Castle Fiber LLC v. City of Wilm., 2021 WL 2838425, at *1 (Del. Ch. July 8,
2021).
62
   Milhollan v. Live Ventures, Inc., 2023 WL 2943237, at *2 (Del. Ch. Apr. 13, 2023)
(citing Candlewood Timber Gp., LLC v. Pan Am. Energy, LLC, 859 A.2d 989, 997 (Del.
2004)).
at law.63 Thus, the Plaintiff’s remaining claims should be dismissed and, under 10

Del. C. § 1902, the Plaintiff should be granted sixty (60) days from a final dismissal

decision to request transfer to a court with jurisdiction.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the above reasons, I find that the Motion should be granted in part and

denied in part. Any claims arising out of the 2015 Term should be dismissed as

time-barred. As should Count III, through which the Plaintiff failed to state a

reasonably conceivable claim for reformation. But claims arising from the 2020

Term are viable, just not in this Court. Such claims should be dismissed for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction if the Plaintiff does not elect to transfer them to a court

with jurisdiction as provided under 10 Del. C. § 1902.

       This is my final report and exceptions may be filed under Court of Chancery

Rule 144.

                                                  Respectfully submitted,

                                                  /s/ Selena E. Molina

                                                  Magistrate in Chancery

63
   See Diebold Computer Leasing, Inc. v. Commercial Credit Corp., 267 A.2d 586, 591–
92 (Del. 1970) (explaining that the Declaratory Judgment Act only provides this Court with
jurisdiction over claims for declaratory relief where “there is any underlying basis for
equity jurisdiction”).
       The Plaintiff included 6 Del. C. § 18-111 as a basis for this Court’s jurisdiction. See
D.I. 5, ¶ 17. The Plaintiff has not, however, pled a claim under the Limited Liability
Company Act, such that there is a separate statutory basis for this Court’s jurisdiction.