Court Opinion

ID: 4619322
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:40:21.615976+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:59:45.715242
License: Public Domain

Frank B. Polachek, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentPolachek v. CommissionerDocket No. 35727United States Tax Court22 T.C. 858; 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147; July 9, 1954, Filed July 9, 1954, Filed 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*147 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  1. Losses realized by petitioner in trading in commodity futures contracts were capital losses subject to the limitations of section 117 (d), Internal Revenue Code.2. Expenses incurred in planning and preliminary organization of an investment advisory service are not deductible as ordinary and necessary expenses of carrying on a trade or business.3. Where taxpayer receives a refund of taxes for an earlier year by reason of a carry-back under section 3780, Internal Revenue Code, to which he is not entitled, the period in which the Commissioner may assess a deficiency for the amount of the erroneous refund is, under sections 276 (d) and 3780 (c) of the Code, the period in which a deficiency for the later year could be assessed.  Frank B. Polachek, pro se.James J. Quinn, Esq., for the respondent.  Arundell, Judge.  ARUNDELL22 T.C. 858">*859  This proceeding involves deficiencies in income taxes for the calendar years 1945 and 1947 in the aggregate amount of $ 999.65.  The deficiency for 1947, $ 185.85, occurs because of the partial disallowance of losses taken as ordinary business losses which the respondent contends are capital losses, and because of the disallowance of certain miscellaneous deductions taken as business expenses or business losses which the respondent 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*149  contends are personal expenses.  The deficiency for 1945 occurs because the petitioner has received a refund of part of the taxes paid for that year as a result of a net operating loss appearing on the face of his return for 1947 which was carried back and applied to his income for 1945.  However, after the respondent made his adjustments in petitioner's income for 1947 resulting from the foregoing disallowances, petitioner had a net income for the year instead of the net loss he originally reported.  The respondent, therefore, asks for the return of the refund, $ 813.80, by claiming a deficiency for 1945 in that amount.In the amended petition, petitioner claimed the right to a deduction in the amount of $ 1,085 as a business expense for brokerage commissions paid during the period of June through July 1947.  He had not deducted these commissions on his return.  On brief, petitioner abandons his claim to this deduction.The case was submitted on a stipulation of facts, oral testimony, and exhibits.FINDINGS OF FACT.The petitioner, Frank B. Polachek, resided in New York City during the years 1945 and 1947.  His individual income tax returns for each of these years were filed with 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*150  the collector of internal revenue for the third district of New York.In 1947, until April 1, the petitioner was employed as a security analyst by The First Boston Corporation, an investment banking firm.  He had held this particular position since the beginning of 1945 and his entire business career had been in the securities investment field.During the months of April, May, June, and July 1947, the petitioner engaged in speculating in commodity futures contracts in wheat and corn.  These transactions were made for his own account and for the accounts of two other persons.  His transactions were not hedges.Petitioner was not a member of any commodity exchange and did not hold a broker's license, nor was he employed by a brokerage firm during this period.  He had, however, oral agreements with the two persons for whom he traded to the effect that he was to share in any profits that resulted from his trading for their accounts.Petitioner devoted all his time to his trading during these 4 months.  He committed all his capital, approximately $ 8,000, to the 22 T.C. 858">*860  venture.  His trading was accomplished, on margin accounts, through a brokerage firm whose offices he visited almost1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*151  daily during these 4 months and whom he paid a total of $ 1,085 in brokerage fees on the futures transactions for his own account.During this period, petitioner executed a total of 238 transactions.  Of these, 84 were for the two others for whom he traded, and 154 were for his own account. The following schedule summarizes the transactions executed by petitioner for his own account, and their results, during the 4-month period:DatePurchasesSalesGainsLossesApril 19473036$ 1,681.00$ 2,054.50May 19471014255.50748.00June 19472216633.752,838.00July 19471214341.501,550.00Totals7480$ 2,911.75$ 7,190.50Net loss$ 4,278.75In his 1947 income tax return, petitioner treated the $ 4,278.75 loss as an ordinary loss incurred in his business and profession.  He did not deduct the $ 1,085 paid in commissions on these transactions as a business expense.During March, August, and September 1947, the petitioner also executed commodity futures transactions for his own account through the same brokerage firm. These transactions resulted in a loss of $ 1,321.75.  He treated this loss as a capital loss in his 19471954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*152  return.From sometime in the late summer of 1947 until the spring of 1948, petitioner devoted his time to planning a new business to be called the Bankers Investment Service.  Petitioner's plan was to establish an investment advisory service for small investors.  His idea was to sell his service to banks for the convenience of their depositors. In operation, a subscriber bank would present a depositor with a form which, when completed, would present a summary view of the depositor's investment objectives.  With the information thus supplied, the petitioner's service would be able to advise on an investment plan for the depositor.Petitioner's proposed advisory service was never formally organized.  However, petitioner discussed his proposal extensively with potential associates and subscribers.  He advertised in leading newspapers for associates and for financial backing.  He made a trip to Philadelphia seeking financial support.  He rented a car and visited the banks in the area in and around New York, canvassing the need for his proposed service and seeking clients.  He incurred stenographic expenses in preparing specimens of his proposed service and also substantial mailing and1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*153  printing expenses in connection with the 22 T.C. 858">*861  plan.  The total amount of expenses incurred in 1947 was $ 554.  In April 1948 he abandoned the project because of lack of financial backing and he accepted a job.On his 1947 return, petitioner showed a net deficit of $ 2,572.49 to which he added his personal exemption of $ 500, bringing a total of $ 3,072.49.  The latter amount petitioner claimed as his net operating loss for the year 1947 in his application for tentative carry-back adjustment (Form 1045).  As a consequence of this carry-back, petitioner claimed he was entitled to a decrease of $ 813.80 in his income tax for the year 1945.  This claim was filed February 6, 1948.On the basis of the foregoing application, the petitioner received a refund of $ 813.80 in 1948 on taxes paid for the year 1945.The petitioner consented to an extension of the period of limitation upon assessment of his income tax for 1947 (Form 872) until June 30, 1952.  The statutory notice of deficiency herein was mailed on April 16, 1951.The deficiency determined for 1945 in the amount of $ 813.80 was based on respondent's finding that the refund of 1945 taxes to petitioner arising from a net loss 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*154  carry-back from 1947 was erroneously made.  None of the deficiency for 1945 results from adjustments in petitioner's income or deductions for that year.  The deficiency is identified in the statement attached to the notice as "Credit under Section 3780 (b)."Petitioner's return for 1947 showed a net loss of $ 2,572.49.  The respondent's adjustments restored $ 4,050.64 in deductions to income and determined petitioner's net income to be $ 1,478.15 on account of which a deficiency of $ 185.85 was determined.  The contested deductions are: (1) $ 4,278.75 in losses on commodity futures contracts which the respondent claims are capital losses and (2) $ 554 in miscellaneous expenses which petitioner claims were incurred in the organizational planning of his proposed investment advisory service.Petitioner's losses from trading in commodity futures contracts during the months of April, May, June, and July are capital losses and not losses incurred in a trade or business.The expenses incurred in the planning and organization of petitioner's proposed investment advisory service were not incurred in carrying on a trade or business.OPINION.We have already decided that commodity future contracts, 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*155  which are bought and sold for one's own account and which are not hedging transactions, are capital assets, and subject to the capital loss limitations of section 117 (d) of the Internal Revenue Code.  Modesto Dry Yard, Inc., 14 T.C. 374; Tennessee22 T.C. 858">*862 Egg Co., 47 B. T. A. 558; Commissioner v. Covington, (C. A. 5) 120 F.2d 768.The petitioner attempts to avoid the above rule by arguing that he was engaged in the trade or business of buying and selling futures contracts during the 4 critical months of 1947 in which the losses in issue occurred.  He contends that during this period he devoted himself exclusively to trying to make his living from the profits on these transactions.  He claims that his intensive application to this endeavor, to which he committed all his capital, qualifies his activity as his trade or business during this period and, consequently, such losses as he suffered are fully deductible as ordinary losses under section 23 (e) of the Code.However, the general provisions of section 23 (e) must be read in connection with the more specific provisions of section1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*156  117.  We may assume, arguendo, that petitioner's activity in connection with the purchase and sale of commodity futures contracts did constitute a business, but it does not follow that the gains and losses resulting therefrom must be treated as other than capital gains and losses if the contracts themselves are capital assets under section 117 (a).  We think that they must be so considered unless petitioner be regarded as a dealer in such contracts, holding them on purchase for sale to customers in the regular course of his business.In our opinion, during these months of April, May, June, and July, petitioner was merely a speculator in the futures markets, hoping on the basis of a quick flyer to reap substantial gains.  He certainly was not a dealer in these contracts.  At the most, his activity was that of a trader of whom we said in George R. Kemon, 16 T.C. 1026, at 1033:Contrasted to "dealers" are those sellers of securities who perform no such merchandising functions and whose status as to the source of supply is not significantly different from that of those to whom they sell.  That is, the securities are as easily accessible to one as the1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*157  other and the seller performs no services that need be compensated for by a mark-up of the price of the securities he sells.  The sellers depend upon such circumstances as a rise in value or an advantageous purchase to enable them to sell at a price in excess of cost.  Such sellers are known as "traders."In the Kemon case, we held that the gains realized by a trader in his market operations were capital gains.  Conversely, where a trader's operations result in losses, as here, we think such losses are capital losses and the limitations of section 117 (d) apply.Beginning in the latter half of 1947, the petitioner turned his attention to establishing his proposed investment advisory service. The business was never formally organized and never actually operated.  However, petitioner tried to get the service going and devoted considerable time and money to the project until, in the spring of 1948, he abandoned the idea and took a new job.  The expenditures made by 22 T.C. 858">*863  the petitioner in 1947, in the amount of $ 554, in his attempt to establish his service are sought as deductions.It is not quite clear whether the petitioner attempts to establish his right to a deduction as1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*158  an ordinary loss under section 23 (e) or as business operating expenses under section 23 (a) (1) (A).  He freely admits in his testimony and again on brief that he did not give up on the project until 1948 and even suggests, on brief, that the expenses should be deducted as a loss in 1948 -- the year in which the project was abandoned. On the other hand, certain passages in his brief seem to suggest that he maintains the expenses are deductible in 1947 under section 23 (a) (1) (A).  The latter position is the one to which the respondent addresses himself.We think that the petitioner's expenses cannot be deducted in 1947 under the authority of section 23 (a) (1) (A).  So far as it would be material here, that subsection permits the deduction of the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on a trade or business.  But the petitioner had no business in 1947.  At the most, during the period now under consideration, he merely had plans for a potential business.  His plans never materialized.  George C. Westervelt, 8 T.C. 1248, 1252; Morton Frank, 20 T.C. 511. Regardless of the 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*159  time he may have devoted to the project, or the expense in attempting to attract associates and capital and soliciting prospective clients, we think that petitioner's idea was still in its formative stages when it was finally abandoned.The year 1948 is not before us.  Consequently, we need not consider whether the expenditures made on the proposed investment service are deductible as a loss under section 23 (e) in that year when the project was abandoned.Having upheld the respondent's determinations disallowing the claimed losses and deductions for 1947, the petitioner's income tax return for 1947 as reconstructed by the respondent now shows a net income for the year instead of the net loss originally reported by petitioner.  Thus, the petitioner is not entitled to the refund in his tax for 1945 which he received on the basis of the apparent net loss carry-back resulting from the net loss appearing on the face of his return for 1947.  The respondent has determined a deficiency for 1945 in the amount of the refund which the petitioner received.The petitioner objects to the claimed deficiency for 1945 on the basis, generally, of the statute of limitations, section 275 (a) of the Code, 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*160  although he admits that the deficiency for 1945 results from and is equal to the refund he received for that year.  If we understand correctly petitioner's position, he contends that, if the respondent changes his mind on the refund granted under section 3780 (a), he must proceed under section 272 (f) to assess the refunded amount as if it were a mathematical error on the face of a return.  This procedure, 22 T.C. 858">*864  the petitioner admits, would not permit him to appeal to this Court.  1 However, he argues that the respondent must proceed to assess the amount refunded in this manner within the period of limitation prescribed in section 275 (a) for assessment of a deficiency for the year in which the loss occurred which resulted in the refund.In this case, the respondent did not assess the amount refunded as though it were a mathematical error.  Instead, he issued a standard notice of deficiency under section 272 (a) in which he notified the petitioner of the claimed deficiency1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*161  for both years and identified the basis for the deficiencies for the 2 years.  The petitioner contends that the statute of limitations prescribed in section 275 (a) bars the respondent from claiming any deficiency for the year 1945.The weakness in petitioner's position is that it fails to give effect to the provisions of section 276 (d).  The carry-back credit and refund provisions were added to the Code by the Tax Adjustment Act of 1945 (P. L. 172, 79th Cong., 1st Sess., 59 Stat. 517).  In the course of consideration, Congress realized that the short period of 90 days under section 3780 within which the Commissioner had to act on the claim for refund might not give adequate time for review of all the facts pertaining to the right to the refund. Consequently, the Congress simultaneously added section 276 (d) which provided that the Commissioner could proceed to collect the amount refunded as a deficiency in an earlier year within the period of limitation applicable to the year in which the net operating loss occurred.The report of the Committee on Ways and Means covering the Tax Adjustment Act of 1945, H. Rept. No. 849, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (1945) pp. 26, 32, contains the following1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*162  illuminating passages:It is to be noted that the method provided in subsection (c) of section 3780 to recover any amounts applied, credited, or refunded under section 3780 which the Commissioner determines should not have been so applied, credited, or refunded is not an exclusive method.  It is contemplated that the Commissioner will usually proceed by way of a deficiency notice in the ordinary manner, and the taxpayer may litigate any disputed issues before The Tax Court.  The Commissioner may also proceed by way of a suit to recover an erroneous refund.* * * *new section 276 (d) provides that a deficiency attributable to a net operating loss carry-back * * *, including those amounts which may be assessed pursuant to the provisions of section 3780 (b) and (c), may be assessed at any time prior to the expiration of the period within which a deficiency may be assessed with respect to the taxable year of the claimed net operating loss * * *.Our understanding of these provisions is amplified in Edward G. Leuthesser, 18 T.C. 1112, 1125, where we held that sections 276 (d)22 T.C. 858">*865  and 3780 (c) authorize the Commissioner to assess a deficiency arising1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 147">*163  out of an erroneous carry-back allowance any time within the period that he could access a deficiency for the year on which the allowance was based.  Cf., also, Ione P. Bouchey, 19 T.C. 1078. In this case, the refund was attributable to a carry-back loss based on the year 1947.  The petitioner consented to assessment for 1947 any time up to June 30, 1952.  The deficiency notice was mailed on April 16, 1951, well within the period of limitation, as extended.  Consequently, the deficiency notice is timely insofar as it claims a deficiency for 1945 in the amount of the refund attributable to an erroneous carry-back credit based on an alleged net loss for 1947.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. Secs. 272 (f) and 3780 (c), I. R. C.↩