Court Opinion

ID: 4103323
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-11-30 18:08:10.557711+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:24.191031
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 43078

SILVER CREEK SEED, LLC, an Idaho        )
limited liability company,              )
                                        )
       Plaintiff-Counterdefendant-      )                     Eden/Hazelton, November 2016
       Respondent,                      )                     Term
                                        )
v.                                      )                     2016 Opinion No. 140
                                        )
SUNRAIN VARIETIES, LLC, a Delaware      )                     Filed: November 30, 2016
limited liability company,              )
                                        )                     Stephen Kenyon, Clerk
       Defendant-Counterclaimant-       )
       Appellant.                       )
_______________________________________ )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
       Blaine County. Hon. Robert J. Elgee, District Judge.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

       Beard St. Clair Gaffney PA, Idaho Falls, for appellant. John M. Avondet argued.

       Wright Brothers Law Office, PLLC, Twin Falls, for respondent. Andrew B.
       Wright argued.

                                    _____________________

J. JONES, Chief Justice
       This is a contract dispute between Silver Creek Seed, LLC (“Silver Creek”) and Sunrain
Varieties, LLC (“Sunrain”), arising from the development of Bacterial Ring Rot (“BRR”) in two
of the potato varieties grown by Silver Creek for Sunrain. After a four-day trial, the jury returned
a verdict awarding damages to Silver Creek. Sunrain timely appealed: (1) the district court’s
denial of a motion to reconsider an order granting partial summary judgment to Silver Creek; (2)
the exclusion of the back side of the Idaho Crop Improvement Association (“ICIA”) blue tag
from evidence; (3) the admission of testimony relating to the source of the BRR; (4) alleged
errors in jury instructions; (5) the award of prejudgment interest to Silver Creek and (6) the
award of attorney fees and costs to Silver Creek. Both parties seek attorney fees on appeal.
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                   I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In May 2012, Mark Johnson, on behalf of Silver Creek, entered into a contract with
Sunrain to grow seed potatoes of several proprietary varieties for Sunrain. The contract was for
the seed year 2012/2013, with the seed to be resold to Sunrain following the growing season.
Previous iterations (referred to as “generations”) of one of the varieties, the 84180s, had been
grown in Washington State on Ebe Farms in 2010 and in Nevada in 2011. Ebe farms tested
positive for BRR in 2011.
       Some of the Sunrain seed grown by Silver Creek in 2012, including the 84180s, was
stored by Silver Creek at Sunrain’s request over the winter of 2011. The remainder of the
Sunrain seed was delivered to Silver Creek prior to planting in 2012. Silver Creek cut and
planted the Sunrain seed during the 2012 crop season. The resulting harvest was placed in
storage by Silver Creek. In December 2012 and March 2013, Sunrain arranged for portions of
the harvest to be picked up from Silver Creek and delivered to Sunrain customers. These
shipments met Idaho’s certification requirements for seed potatoes. The March 2013 shipment
consisted of the 84180 variety, which was sold by Sunrain to a third-party farmer. Thereafter,
additional testing was conducted in contemplation of exporting a portion of the potatoes to
Canada. These tests revealed the presence of BRR in the remaining 84180 and Rumba varieties.
Silver Creek then conducted extensive testing on the other Sunrain potato varieties, all of which
tested negative for BRR.
        The parties met to discuss the test results and possible options. Ultimately, it was
decided to sell the infected potatoes as cattle feed. The infected potatoes were collected from
Silver Creek and shipped accordingly. Sunrain did not divide proceeds from either the March
2013 shipment or the cattle feed shipment with Silver Creek. Sunrain also failed to pay Silver
Creek for the remaining Sunrain varieties grown by Silver Creek that tested negative for BRR.
       Soon thereafter, communication between the parties broke down and Silver Creek filed
suit, alleging that Sunrain had breached the contract and the implied warranties relating to the
seed potatoes. Sunrain counterclaimed, alleging that Silver Creek had breached the contract by
failing to pay for the seed potatoes received from Sunrain.
       Prior to trial, the district court granted Silver Creek’s motion for partial summary
judgment. In its order, the court held that Sunrain had accepted and was obligated to pay Silver
Creek for the 84180s that had been shipped prior to the positive BRR test, and that Sunrain
                                                2
should have accepted and paid Silver Creek for the other varieties that tested negative for BRR.
         The case then proceeded to trial. Before the case was submitted to the jury, Sunrain
moved for directed verdict on Count II of its counterclaim, which concerned payment for a
portion of the seed potatoes delivered by Sunrain to Silver Creek. Silver Creek did not dispute
the amount owed, so the Court granted the motion and damages associated with the counterclaim
were not presented to the jury. These damages were later offset by the jury award to Silver
Creek.
          The jury returned a verdict in favor of Silver Creek awarding $678,828.60 in damages
relating to the 84180 potatoes delivered prior to the discovery of BRR and the varieties that
tested negative for BRR. The jury also awarded Silver Creek $81,910.50 in damages relating to
the Rumba and undelivered 84180 potatoes.
         Following the verdict, Silver Creek moved for prejudgment interest on the damages
awarded to it by the jury. The court granted the motion and judgment was entered in favor of
Silver Creek on March 13, 2015. Sunrain timely appealed.
                               III. ISSUES PRESENTED ON APPEAL
         1. Whether the district court erred by denying Sunrain’s Motion to Reconsider.
         2. Whether the district court erred by excluding evidence of the ICIA’s blue certification
            tags.
         3. Whether the district court erred by admitting testimony related to the presence of BRR
            on Ebe Farms.
         4. Whether the district court erred in instructing the jury, specifically with regard to
            instructions 7–9, 12, and 19 and failing to instruct the jury on contract modification.
         5. Whether the district court erred in awarding Silver Creek prejudgment interest.
         6. Whether the district court erred in awarding Silver Creek attorney fees.
         7. Whether any party is entitled to attorney fees on appeal.

                                 IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
         The district court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for reconsideration is reviewed by
this Court using the same standard of review used by the lower court in deciding the motion for
reconsideration. Fragnella v. Petrovich, 153 Idaho 266, 276, 281 P.3d 103, 113 (2012). In this
case, the motion was to reconsider the grant of partial summary judgment to Silver Creek. A
district court must grant a motion for summary judgment if “the pleadings, depositions, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to
any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Frazier v.
J.R. Simplot Co., 136 Idaho 100, 102, 29 P.3d 936, 938 (2001). In making the determination, all
                                               3
facts are construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Parks v. Safeco Ins. Co.
of Illinois, 160 Idaho 556, 561, 376 P.3d 760, 765 (2016).
       “A district court’s evidentiary rulings will not be disturbed by this Court unless there has
been a clear abuse of discretion.” Navo v. Bingham Mem’l Hosp., 160 Idaho 363, 370–71, 373
P.3d 681, 688–89 (2016) (quoting Mattox v. Life Care Ctrs. of America, Inc., 157 Idaho 468,
473, 337 P.3d 627, 632 (2014)). The abuse of discretion standard requires a three-part inquiry:
“(1) whether the lower court rightly perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2) whether the
court acted within the boundaries of such discretion and consistent with any legal standards
applicable to specific choices; and (3) whether the court reached its decision by an exercise of
reason.” Id.
       This Court exercises free review over the propriety of jury instructions. Mackay v. Four
Rivers Packing Co., 151 Idaho 388, 391, 257 P.3d 755, 758 (2011). “[T]he standard of review of
whether a jury instruction should or should not have been given, is whether there is evidence at
trial to support the instruction . . . and whether the instruction is a correct statement of the law.”
Clark v. Klein, 137 Idaho 154, 156, 45 P.3d 810, 812 (2002) (internal citations and quotations
omitted).
       An award of prejudgment interest by a trial court is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Dillon v. Montgomery, 138 Idaho 614, 617, 67 P.3d 93, 96 (2003). Similarly, the determination
of a prevailing party for purposes of an award of attorney fees is reviewable using an abuse of
discretion standard. Jorgensen v. Coppedge, 148 Idaho 536, 538, 224 P.3d 1125, 1127 (2010).
                                          V. ANALYSIS
A.     The district court did not err in denying Sunrain’s Motion to Reconsider.
       In its order for partial summary judgment, the district court held that the uninfected
potatoes conformed to the terms of the contract, that they were not properly rejected by Sunrain,
and that the nonconformity of one lot of potatoes (the infected 84180s) did not impair the value
of the contract as a whole. Thereafter, the district court denied Sunrain’s motion to reconsider the
order. On appeal, Sunrain contends that there was sufficient new evidence presented at the
hearing on the motion to create genuine issues of material fact.
       1.      Conformity
       Sunrain contends that because it was unlikely the uninfected potatoes would be eligible
for recertification for use as seed in the 2013/2014 seed year, Silver Creek did not fulfill the
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terms of the contract. The contract provided that Sunrain was seeking “certified potato seed” that
would “conform to Idaho Crop Improvement Association standards for the generation being
delivered to Sunrain.” ICIA standards provide that “[c]ontact lots remain . . . eligible for
certification provided that a laboratory test is negative for bacterial ring rot prior to final
certification.” The contract provides detailed language pertaining to the seed quality standards
agreed to by the parties, but there is no language requiring Silver Creek to provide seed that was
recertifiable for future generations of seed potatoes. This Court has held that absent ambiguity,
“[t]he rights and liabilities of parties under a contract are limited by the terms of the contract.”
Pern v. Stocks, 93 Idaho 866, 868, 477 P.2d 108, 110 (1970). Silver Creek, by its performance of
the requisite testing on the uninfected potatoes, rendered them certifiable under ICIA standards.
The evidence suggests that certification was not completed because the potatoes were not
shipped. Sunrain’s failure to take possession or arrange delivery of the uninfected potatoes, and
thus complete their certification, does not render them nonconforming to the terms of the
contract. The district court correctly concluded that the uninfected seed conformed to the terms
of the contract because the seed had been grown and was eligible for certification pursuant to the
terms of the contract.
       Sunrain claims that language in Idaho Code section 28-2-314, dealing with implied
warranty, required the Sunrain seed to be recertifiable as seed to meet the terms of the contract.
As mentioned above, extensive testing by Silver Creek on the uninfected seed rendered it
certifiable under Idaho law. Thus, it would “pass without objection in the trade” and be “fit for
the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used.” I. C. § 28-2-314(2)(a) and (c). Because the
uninfected potatoes grown by Silver Creek were certifiable under ICIA standards, they
conformed to the terms of the contract, and the district court correctly concluded there was no
genuine issue of material fact as to the conformity of the uninfected potatoes to the terms of the
contract.
       2.      Acceptance
       Sunrain argues that after it was notified of the positive BRR test, it rightfully rejected the
remaining uninfected potatoes grown by Silver Creek. The district court found that Sunrain
failed to make an unambiguous rejection because, even after the test results, it took shipment of
some of the potatoes, continued to look for buyers and made a partial payment. Under the UCC,
“[a]cceptance of goods occurs when the buyer . . . (b) fails to make an effective rejection . . . or
                                                 5
(c) does any act inconsistent with the seller’s ownership.” I.C. § 28-2-606(1)(b) and (c). To make
an effective rejection, the buyer must notify the seller of rejection “within a reasonable time after
their delivery or tender.” I.C. § 28-2-602(1). Idaho Code section 28-2-602(2)(c) also provides
that “the buyer has no further obligations with regard to goods rightfully rejected.”
       Sunrain alleges that deposition testimony of two Sunrain executives indicated that after
the positive BRR test, the remaining potatoes were rejected by Sunrain. Rejection, according to
deposition testimony submitted at the hearing, occurred first in a phone conversation with the
owner of Silver Creek and later in successive face to face meetings. The owner of Silver Creek,
however, disputed that the remaining potatoes were refused or rejected by Sunrain and stated that
words communicating rejection were never used.
       The two Sunrain executives did assert in their depositions that they rejected the entirety
of the seed. One stated that he called Johnson and said “my understanding is that none of that
seed can be recertified that was produced on that farm, and so at this moment in time, it is not
something that will fit our uses under the contract. It is seed that we will have to reject as
certified seed because it cannot be recertified.” The other testified that he “did make it very clear
[to Johnson] that we were not going to pay for all the seed under any circumstance. Because we
couldn’t resell it. We could not use it for our intended purposes, that we could not recertify it,
which it had to be done for us to use.” Both witnesses contended that they rejected all of the
seed, including the noninfected seed, because they could not get the seed recertified. However, as
set forth above, recertification was not a requirement of the contract and provided no contractual
basis for rejecting the seed, particularly not the seed that was free of BRR. Additionally, these
purported rejections were made prior to Sunrain performing acts inconsistent with Silver Creek’s
ownership of the seed. I.C. § 28-2-606(1)(c).
       The record shows that after the alleged “rejections,” Sunrain arranged to sell some of the
uninfected potatoes and received payment for the sale. Sunrain also continued for some time to
seek a buyer for the balance of the potatoes. Further, Sunrain made a payment of $175,000 to
Silver Creek, which, as their treasurer indicated in affidavits, was in partial payment of Silver
Creek invoices for the uninfected potatoes. These acts are clearly inconsistent with Silver
Creek’s ownership of the potatoes and indicate that Sunrain felt a continuing obligation with
regard to the potatoes. The Court of Appeals has correctly held that a buyer “must take
affirmative action to avoid acceptance.” Figueroa v. Kit–San Co., 123 Idaho 149, 157, 845 P.2d
                                                 6
567, 575 (Ct. App. 1992) (citing I.C. § 28-2-602 cmt. 1). Here, although Sunrain’s deposition
testimony indicates otherwise, all of the objective action taken by Sunrain indicated its
acceptance of the uninfected potatoes. There was no objective action taken by Sunrain to avoid
acceptance of the potatoes, only vague subjective statements claiming that rejection had been
communicated. Thus, the district court correctly concluded that there was no genuine issue of
material fact as to whether Sunrain accepted the uninfected potatoes.
       3.      Impairment
       Sunrain also contends that there was a genuine issue of material fact about whether the
nonconformity of the March 2013 shipment of infected potatoes substantially impaired the value
of the whole contract between the parties. Idaho Code section 28-2-612(3) provides that
“[w]henever nonconformity or default with respect to one or more installments substantially
impairs the value of the whole contract there is a breach of the whole.” However, it also provides
that “the aggrieved party reinstates the contract if he accepts a nonconforming installment
without seasonably notifying of cancellation.” I.C. § 28-2-612(3). As discussed above, Sunrain
shipped a portion of the uninfected potatoes for cattle feed after they allege that they rejected
them. This, as well as the other objective actions incongruent with rejection mentioned above,
reinstated the contract between the parties per Section 28-2-612(3).
B.     The district court did not err when it excluded evidence of the back side of the blue
       ICIA certification tags.
       Sunrain asserts that the district court erred when it excluded from evidence the back side
of the blue ICIA certification tags, which included language disclaiming warranties on the
potatoes and limiting potential damages to the purchase price of the seed. The trial transcript
indicates that the district court carefully considered whether to admit the proffered blue tag
evidence, even taking a recess to review a case cited by Sunrain’s counsel. Ultimately
concluding that the blue tag evidence was inadmissible, the district court held the language on
the back side of the blue tag lacked sufficient foundation and was not part of the agreement
between the parties. The court’s deliberation on the issue reveals that it correctly perceived the
issue as discretionary. Although this Court in Duffin v. Idaho Crop Imp. Ass’n, 126 Idaho 1002,
895 P.2d 1195 (1995), concluded that whether the blue tags are part of a contractual agreement
between parties was a factual inquiry for the jury, that case dealt with different parties and a
different underlying agreement.

                                                7
       Here, the owner of Silver Creek admitted the extensive use of the blue tags in potato
farming to indicate certification, but did not consider the language on the back of the blue tags as
part of the agreement between the parties. Further, there was no evidence that the parties
discussed the blue tags, disclaimers of warranties, or limitation of remedies when the agreement
was reached. Although trial testimony indicated that at least one Sunrain executive assumed the
language on the blue tag was part of the agreement, it was not expressly discussed between the
parties. Most importantly, the written contract contains no references to the blue tags, nor does it
incorporate the language on the back side. Instead, it declares that the contract contains “the
entire [a]greement between the parties” and “shall not be modified except by an agreement in
writing executed by all parties.” It also states that it may only be amended “by written instruction
signed by all parties.” The district court’s decision to exclude the blue tag evidence was clearly
within applicable legal standards and was reached after careful deliberation. Because the trial
court correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion, acted within applicable legal standards
and exercised reason in reaching its decision, there was no abuse of discretion.
C.     The district court did not err when it admitted testimony regarding the presence of
       BRR on Ebe Farms.

       Sunrain contends that the district court erred when it allowed the admission of testimony
by Jeff Bragg, a former Sunrain employee, regarding the source of the BRR. It takes issue with
the following testimony:
               SILVER CREEK: Are you aware of any instances of ring rot being
               found in Greg Ebe’s potatoes?
               MR. BRAGG: Yes.
               SUNRAIN: I’m going to object to the form. Calls for hearsay.
               THE COURT: Overruled.
               MR. BRAGG: I did.
               SILVER CREEK: Are you aware of any ring rot being found in
               Greg Ebe’s potatoes?
               SUNRAIN: Same objection.
               THE COURT: You can answer that and then we’ll go to the next
               objection.
               MR. BRAGG: Yes.
               SILVER CREEK: Do you know when that ring rot was found in
               Greg Ebe’s potatoes?
               SUNRAIN: Same objection. And I guess at this point I’m going to
               put a standing objection on the record, just to expedite things, that
               any testimony regarding bacterial ring rot from this witness from
               Greg Ebe’s is calling for hearsay.
                                                 8
               SILVER CREEK: Go ahead.
               THE COURT: Wait, wait, wait.
               Overruled. You can answer.
               SILVER CREEK: Go ahead.
               MR. BRAGG: One of the last places I ever thought would ever
               have any ring rot, this gentleman called me. So that’s why you
               remember things like that. Greg Ebe is a very, very good grower
               and he called me and told me himself that he had had ring rot. But
               this was not one of the lots and this was after, a year later, that it
               was found.
               SILVER CREEK: Greg Ebe himself called you and told you about
               ring rot on his farm?
               SUNRAIN: Your Honor, I’ll object. It’s hearsay.
               THE COURT: It’s an admission
               SUNRAIN: Greg Ebe is not our – he’s not us, You Honor. He’s
               conveying what Mr. Ebe told him.
               THE COURT: Yes, he is. It still – it still comes under the
               admission exception to the hearsay rule.
               SUNRAIN: But he – okay.
               THE COURT: Yes.
               SILVER CREEK: Go ahead.
               MR. BRAGG: Yes, because that’s what you do when you’re a
               good producer. You lay it on the line to your clients.
               SILVER CREEK: And do you happen to recall when Greg told
               you that?
               SUNRAIN: Same objection, Your Honor.
               THE COURT: Overruled.
               SUNRAIN: Hearsay.
               THE COURT: Overruled.

       Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial
or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” I.R.E 801(c). The Idaho
Rules of Evidence provide that hearsay is inadmissible unless it fits within a specific enumerated
exception. I.R.E. 802. Certain types of statements are excluded from the definition of hearsay.
Admission by a party-opponent or “[a] party’s own statement, in either an individual or a
representative capacity” is one such exception. I.R.E. 801(d)(2)(A).
       Silver Creek was seeking to elicit testimony regarding a conversation between Mr. Bragg,
then a Sunrain employee, and Mr. Ebe, a grower, related to the presence of BRR on Ebe Farms.
Sunrain objected on hearsay grounds and the court overruled the objection several times. Only
later in the colloquy did the court state its reason for overruling Sunrain’s objection: that it
viewed the contents of the conversation between Mr. Bragg and Mr. Ebe as an admission of a
                                                 9
party opponent and therefore outside the definition of hearsay. Sunrain argues that the district
court committed reversible error in admitting this testimony.
       Silver Creek presents three arguments in response: (1) that it was not offering Bragg’s
testimony to prove the existence of BRR at Ebe Farms, but to show Sunrain’s notice of the
presence of BRR infection in the source of the potatoes that it subsequently furnished to Silver
Creek; (2) that Bragg’s statements regarding knowledge of the BRR infection qualify as
admissions of a party opponent because he was acting on behalf of Sunrain at the time; and (3)
that any error occasioned by admitting Bragg’s testimony related to BRR on Ebe Farms would
be harmless because “there was ample evidence—including exhibits offered by Sunrain,
testimony from other Sunrain employees, and testimony from expert witnesses—regarding BRR
on Ebe Farms that was presented and admitted without objection from Sunrain.”
       With regard to Silver Creek’s third contention, this Court has held that “[a] judgment
may not be disturbed on appeal due to error in an evidentiary ruling unless the error affected the
substantial rights of a party.” In Interest of S.W., 127 Idaho 513, 519, 903 P.2d 102, 108 (1995);
see also I.R.C.P. 61. There were numerous other instances at trial when evidence relating to the
presence of BRR on Ebe Farms was admitted without objection, including trial testimony from
other witnesses and exhibits indicating that fact. Some of that evidence was presented by
Sunrain. Therefore, any alleged error by the trial court was harmless. Admission of this
testimony did not impinge upon a substantial right of Sunrain, especially in light of the other
admitted evidence establishing the underlying fact.
D.     The district court did not err in instructing the jury.
       Sunrain contends that jury instructions 7–9 and 19 were given in error. Instructions 7, 8
and 19 clarified the scope of the jury’s determinations by explaining the conclusions reached by
the court in the partial summary judgment order. Instruction 9 mirrored Idaho Code section 28-2-
606 in instructing what, under the law, constitutes acceptance. As discussed above, the district
court’s summary judgment determination was appropriate in light of the evidence before it.
Clearly, there was evidence presented at trial supporting these instructions.
       Sunrain also contends that the district court erred in giving instruction 12 to the jury.
Instruction 12 defines latent defects and discusses the potential applicability of implied
warranties to them. Sunrain contends that the only evidence presented at trial to support the
implication that the 84180s were infected with BRR prior to their sale to Silver Creek was the
                                                10
testimony of Mr. Bragg, which they argue was admitted in error. Testimony from at least two
other witnesses and a document offered into evidence by Sunrain referred to the BRR infection
at Ebe Farms and the fact that a previous iteration of the 84180s had been grown at Ebe Farms.
This evidence, in addition to expert testimony presented at trial that BRR can remain latent in
infected potatoes for years, supports the implication that the 84180s were infected at the time of
sale. This was sufficient evidence to support the instruction on latent defects. Additionally, the
Ninth Circuit has declared that “[u]nder Idaho law, an implied warranty may be breached by a
latent defect that could not have been discovered during an inspection at delivery.” Millenkamp
v. Davisco Foods Intern., Inc., 562 F.3d 971, 982 (9th Cir. 2009). Thus, instruction 12 was
supported by evidence presented at trial and was a correct statement of the law.
        Sunrain assigns error to the failure of the district court to instruct the jury on contract
modification. Sunrain asserts that the use of the blue tags rendered them part of the agreement
between the parties and thus modified the contract. As discussed above, the district court
declined to admit the back side of the blue tag. Because this evidence was never before the jury,
the district court properly declined to instruct the jury regarding it.
        Sunrain asserts that communications regarding the sale of the uninfected potatoes as
cattle feed constituted a new agreement between the parties that necessarily modified the
underlying contract. However, Idaho Code section 28-2-209(2) states that “[a] signed agreement
which excludes modification or rescission except by a signed writing cannot be otherwise
modified or rescinded.” That is exactly the case here. There is a formal, signed writing between
the parties that excludes modification except by execution of another writing signed by both
parties. The communications cited by Sunrain were text messages between the owner of Silver
Creek and his contact at Sunrain regarding the sale of some of the potatoes as cattle feed. Text
messages are not sufficient to modify the contract under either the contract itself or the
applicable Idaho law. Thus, the district court correctly declined to instruct the jury on
modification.
E.      The district court did not err in awarding prejudgment interest to Silver Creek.
        Sunrain asserts that the district court erred in awarding Silver Creek prejudgment interest
because the potatoes never met the seed quality standards outlined in the contract and because
Silver Creek’s claim was not liquidated or ascertainable at the time of trial. However, as noted
above, the district court determined as a matter of law that the uninfected potatoes grown by
                                                  11
Silver Creek met the seed quality standards outlined in the contract. A careful reading of the
contract supports this determination.
       “Idaho Code § 28-22-104 . . . has been interpreted to allow prejudgment interest where
the amount of liability is liquidated or capable of ascertainment by mathematical process.” Child
v. Blaser, 111 Idaho 702, 706, 727 P.2d 893, 897 (Ct. App. 1986). Sunrain asserts that the
amount owed to Silver Creek under the contract was unascertainable until after disputed issues
were resolved at trial. However, the amount of liability was ascertainable by mathematic
formula—and that is exactly how it was calculated. Amounts on the jury form, which
corresponded to the contract rates for the uninfected potatoes and the infected potatoes sold prior
to positive testing, were added together to determine the amount owed to Silver Creek. The
undisputed amount owed to Sunrain was then offset by this total amount, prejudgment interest
was added and the result was awarded to Silver Creek in the final judgment.
       Sunrain also asserts that the district court erred in declining to award Sunrain
prejudgment interest on its counterclaim. The amount owed to Sunrain by Silver Creek in Count
II of the counterclaim was undisputed, so the district court granted a directed verdict on Count II.
Because the owner of Silver Creek had offset the amount owed by Silver Creek to Sunrain by
greater amounts owed by Sunrain to Silver Creek, the trial court did not award prejudgment
interest to Sunrain. At a hearing on the motion to obtain relief from the judgment, the trial
court’s discussion on the prejudgment issue reveals that the judge correctly perceived the issue as
discretionary. It also reflects a decision reached in accordance with applicable legal standards
and after an exercise of reason. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding
prejudgment interest to Silver Creek and in declining to award prejudgment interest to Sunrain.
F.      The district court did not err in awarding attorney fees and costs to Silver Creek.
       Sunrain asserts that because it was granted directed verdict on the undisputed amount of
its counterclaim, there was no prevailing party in the action. It further alleges that Silver Creek is
restricted to the fees and costs awardable under Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1), 54(e)(1)
and Idaho Code section 12-120 as pleaded, rather than recovering attorney fees and actual costs
under the terms of the contract.
       Rules promulgated by this Court provide that “costs are allowed as a matter of right to the
prevailing party” and that “[i]n determining which party to an action is . . . entitled to costs, the
trial court must, in its sound discretion, consider the final judgment or result of the action in
                                                 12
relation to the relief sought by the respective parties.” I.R.C.P. 54(d)(1)(A) and (B). The district
court held that, despite Sunrain’s strenuous arguments to the contrary, the undisputed amount
granted to Sunrain on directed verdict was not a central issue at trial, was not litigated and was
not ever disputed by Silver Creek. Silver Creek was then identified by the trial court as the
prevailing party because it prevailed not only on the largest claims but also on all the claims it
presented to the court. The court’s decision was on sound legal ground. See Lickley v. Max
Herbold, Inc., 133 Idaho 209, 984 P.2d 697 (1999) (holding that one party’s success on the
greatest issue in the case made them the prevailing party). As such, this was an appropriate
exercise of discretion. The district court expressly recognized the issue as one of discretion,
applied applicable legal standards and reached its conclusion after an exercise of reason.
         The district court held that Silver Creek was entitled to an award of attorney fees under
both the contract and commercial transaction provisions of Idaho Code section 12-120(3). The
district court further concluded that Silver Creek was entitled to recover actual fees and costs
under the terms of the contract. The contract provides that, if litigation should occur between the
parties, “the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover actual attorney fees and costs incurred in
such litigation.” The contract provision clearly supports an award of attorney fees to Silver
Creek.
G.       Attorney fees on appeal.
         Both Sunrain and Silver Creek seek attorney fees on appeal. Silver Creek has prevailed
on appeal and is entitled to recover its attorney fees on appeal pursuant to the contract provision.
                                       VI. CONCLUSION
         The judgment of the district court is affirmed in all respects. We award Silver Creek its
costs and attorney fees on appeal.

         Justices EISMANN, BURDICK, W. JONES and HORTON CONCUR.

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