Court Opinion

ID: 4364294
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-04 09:40:21.637663+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:46.284542
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                       EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                            EL PASO, TEXAS

                                                            §
     JODY LYNN MORRIS,                                                         No. 08-15-00249-CR
                                                            §
                         Appellant,                                               Appeal from the
                                                            §
     v.                                                                         384th District Court
                                                            §
     THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                     of El Paso County, Texas
                                                            §
                         Appellee.                                             (TC# 20140D02665)
                                                            §

                                                 OPINION

           Jody Lynn Morris was convicted of two counts of prohibited sexual conduct (incest) arising

out of two episodes of sexual contact with his estranged seventeen-year-old biological daughter.

In his main issue on appeal, Morris challenges the constitutionality of the prohibited sexual

conduct statute on its face, asking us to overturn his conviction on the basis that the State violated

his substantive due process right to privacy by criminally prosecuting him for allegedly consensual

private sexual activity with another legal adult1 in direct contravention to the United States

Supreme Court’s decision in Lawrence v. Texas.2

1
 The age of consent in Texas is seventeen. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(c)(1). However, the Texas Rules
of Appellate Procedure require us to redact “the name of any person who was a minor at the time the offense was
committed” as sensitive information. See TEX.R.APP.P. 9.10(a)(3). Because the biological daughter was over the age
of consent but under the age of majority at the time of the offenses, we will refer to her by the initials A.W. in this
opinion.
2
    Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
       We disagree with Morris’ interpretation of Lawrence. The sexual activity at issue here

took place against a backdrop of coercion and involved the active manipulation of a relationship

where consent might not easily be refused. As such, per the terms of Lawrence itself, Morris’

conduct fell outside the scope of the constitutionally protected sexual liberty/privacy interest, and

he was properly subject to criminal prosecution. We also disagree with his contention that the

State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he knew the person he had sex with was his

biological daughter at the time of the offense. His conviction rests on constitutionally sound

ground. We will affirm.

                                         BACKGROUND

       Years before the date of this offense, during a trip to visit his nieces and nephews, Morris

was approached by his brother’s ex-wife with a proposition. She explained that she recently had

a medical scare involving a form of cancer that would have made it more difficult for her to have

children in the future. She wanted more children, but she could not conceive a child with her then-

boyfriend because he had a vasectomy performed years prior and they could not afford to get the

vasectomy reversed. She asked if Morris would be willing to impregnate her so that she could

have another child and explained that he would not be responsible for the child’s care. Morris,

then nineteen years’ old, agreed. After engaging in sexual intercourse several times, Morris’ ex-

sister-in-law became pregnant and later gave birth to a girl, A.W. While Morris’ name did not

appear on the birth certificate (A.W.’s father is listed as being her mother’s then-boyfriend), it is

essentially undisputed that A.W. is Morris’ biological daughter in fact. A.W.’s mother testified

that Morris was the only man she had sex with in the time preceding the pregnancy, and that she

and her then-boyfriend agreed that the boyfriend would raise A.W. as his own daughter. A.W.’s

mother informed Morris about the pregnancy. Five weeks into her pregnancy, Morris returned to

                                                 2
his parents’ home in Arizona. Later, when A.W. was five months old, A.W.’s mother informed

Morris that their daughter had been born, told Morris the daughter’s name, and described her

physical appearance.

       Years later, after learning that Morris was her biological father, A.W., at sixteen years of

age, communicated with Morris through Facebook. A.W.’s mother testified that she had learned

about her daughter’s Facebook contact with Morris because A.W. had been acting out, running

away, and told her that she wanted to live with Morris. A.W.’s mother said she was worried about

allowing A.W. to visit Morris, but she agreed to let her temporarily move to Arizona with Morris

in order to get to know her father. On Father’s Day 2013, Morris’ sister Buffy picked A.W. up

from Texas and drove her to Arizona. In Arizona, A.W. met Morris, along with several of her

cousins and Morris’ parents.

       Although A.W’s mother had originally intended for A.W. to spend only two weeks with

Morris, A.W. stayed with Morris for six months because A.W. seemed to be doing well. A.W.

attended high school in Arizona.

       Six months after A.W. left for Arizona, Morris called A.W.’s mother and told her that he

had lost his job. He asked A.W.’s mother if he and A.W. could move back to El Paso and live in

the home of A.W.’s mother and A.W.’s stepfather, Bernardo. A.W.’s mother testified that

Bernardo did not like the arrangement, but eventually they agreed to allow Morris move in with

them in El Paso. A.W.’s mother observed behavior she considered to be inappropriate between

Morris and A.W., such as A.W. and Morris falling asleep together on the couch. She also noticed

A.W. “acting out” and getting into fights with Morris about boys. A.W.’s mother testified that

Morris made A.W. call him “daddy” and would look very displeased when A.W. called her

stepfather “daddy.” A.W.’s mother characterized Morris’ behavior as “overpossessive”—he

                                                3
would not let A.W. have male friends, she could not go outside without telling him where she

would be, she would have to answer his phone calls with a view “where you can see who you’re

talking to.” If A.W. did not pick up within a few rings, Morris would be “out the door trying to

go and find her, what was she up to, what was she doing.”

       According to A.W., she and Morris had sex, which at various points consisted of vaginal,

anal, and oral intercourse, “[e]very night” both in Texas and Arizona. A.W. testified that on

April 10, 2014, while living in El Paso, she had stayed home from school because she had been

throwing up and having diarrhea. Morris made sexual advances toward A.W., which she refused.

A.W. testified that Morris became angry when she tried to leave the room, and asked “[w]hy are

you getting away?” She further testified that he would hit her on the face and punch her.

Eventually, she and Morris had vaginal intercourse. Afterwards, she walked to the police station,

where a woman took her to the hospital to have a rape kit done. When asked why she continued

to have sex with her father, A.W. testified that no one would believe her and Morris had threatened

to kill her if she said anything. She testified, that on April 3, Morris had grabbed her head and hit

it against a vehicle dashboard, which led to her being diagnosed with a concussion.

       Morris did not testify, but the State played the video-recording of his statement to police.

In the statement, Morris identifies A.W. as his daughter stating although they were no blood tests

done, but A.W. looked just like him and his sister, and that as soon as he saw pictures of A.W. he

knew she was his daughter. Morris initially denied having sex with A.W., but later after discussing

the age of consent in Texas with police, he admitted to having sex with A.W. four separate times

because she begged him to and told him that she did not know or think that Morris was her real

father. Morris told police that he did believe A.W. was his daughter and when A.W.’s mother

confronted him about having sex with A.W., Morris threw up because he knew he was in the wrong

                                                 4
and he “shouldn’t have done it, period.” When police stepped out of the room, Morris told his

sister on the phone that A.W. threatened to report him if he did not have sex with her, but that “it’s

my fault, too.” He told police he did not slam A.W.’s head against the dashboard of his truck and

maintained that A.W. received a concussion when he had to slam on the brakes of his vehicle when

A.W. tried to get out of the vehicle while it was still moving, though he did admit to slapping her

across the face with an open hand after she cussed at him in the car.

                                                   DISCUSSION

         Morris raises two issues on appeal. We will address his constitutional challenge first.

         In Issue One, Morris asserts that Texas’ prohibited sexual contact statute is facially

unconstitutional under Lawrence v. Texas. We disagree.3

                                                Standard of Review

         The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits a state from depriving

“any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law[.]” U.S. CONST. amend. XIV.

Due process under the Fourteenth Amendment consists of a substantive as well as a procedural

component. Lakey v. Taylor, 435 S.W.3d 309, 317 (Tex.App.—Austin 2014, no pet.). “Procedural

3
  The State maintains that we need not reach the constitutional issue because Morris failed to raise any constitutional
challenge to the prohibited sexual conduct statute in the trial court, meaning the facial constitutionality issue is not
preserved for our review. In Karenev v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that facial constitutional
challenges generally have to first be raised in the trial court or else they are waived on appeal. Karenev v. State, 281
S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009). However, in support of his argument that this Court can reach his facial
constitutional challenge, Morris points us to Smith v. State, 463 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tex.Crim.App. 2015). In Smith,
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reached the facial constitutional issue despite a failure to preserve error in the
trial court because the appellant had been convicted under a statute that was already declared unconstitutional and
void. Id. In explaining its reasoning, the Court suggested that an opinion rendered by the United States Supreme
Court invalidating the constitutional basis for a conviction or punishment would make a facial challenge to a statute
not subject to usual forfeiture rules. Id.

It is undisputed that Lawrence dealt not with Texas’ incest statute, but with Texas’ homosexual conduct statute.
However, the breadth of the substantive due process right identified in Lawrence and whether Lawrence implicitly
rendered incest a “non-crime” are at issue in this case. Resolution of those questions is central both to the question of
preservation and to the substantive merits issue. As such, we proceed directly to our analysis of whether the incest
statute is constitutional on its face.

                                                           5
due process mandates that any government action depriving a person of life, liberty, or property

be implemented in a fair manner.” Id. “In contrast, substantive due process bars certain arbitrary,

wrongful government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.”

[Internal citation and quotation marks omitted]. Id. Here, Morris alleges that the State violated a

liberty interest protected under a substantive due process rationale identified in Lawrence by

prosecuting him under the prohibited sexual conduct statute.

       The threshold inquiry in a substantive due process challenge is whether an action infringed

on a person’s liberty interest. Anthony v. State, 209 S.W.3d 296, 305 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 2006,

no pet.). Once we determine that the claim implicates a constitutional liberty interest, we review

the substantive due process infringement claim using a tiered two-step process. First, we must

ascertain the nature of the right being asserted to determine which standard of review applies. See

Fleming v. State, 376 S.W.3d 854, 859 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2012), aff’d, 455 S.W.3d 577

(Tex.Crim.App. 2014). If the right is “fundamental,” i.e. if it is “implicit in the concept of ordered

liberty” or is “deeply rooted in this nation’s history and tradition[,]” then strict scrutiny applies.

Fleming, 376 S.W.3d at 858. Under the strict scrutiny standard, infringement on a fundamental

right is permissible only where a government action or regulation is narrowly tailored to further a

compelling government interest. Anthony, 209 S.W.3d at 305. A failure of adequate tailoring or

an insufficient countervailing government interest will render infringement on a fundamental right

unconstitutional. Id. If the right is not fundamental, then, generally speaking, substantive due

process requires only a rational relationship between the regulation and the right being infringed,

though other tiers of heightened scrutiny may apply based on the right at issue. Id.

       A challenge to the constitutionality of a statute may be either facial or as-applied. “[T]o

prevail on a facial challenge, a party must establish that the statute always operates

                                                  6
unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.”                 State v. Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d 550, 557

(Tex.Crim.App. 2013). In a facial challenge to a statute’s constitutionality, courts consider the

statute only as it is written, rather than how it operates in practice. State ex re. Lykos v. Fine, 330
S.W.3d 904, 908 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011). Facial challenges to statutes are “extremely difficult to

prove as all courts presume that the Legislature enacted a constitutional law[.]” Id. at 909. A

litigant raising an as-applied challenge asserts that a statute is unconstitutional “as applied to his

particular facts and circumstances.” Id. at 910. “Because a statute may be valid as applied to one

set of facts and invalid as applied to a different set of facts, a litigant must show that, in its

operation, the challenged statute was unconstitutionally applied to him; that it may be

unconstitutional as to others is not sufficient (or even relevant).” Id.

         In this case, Morris raises a facial challenge to the prohibited sexual conduct statute. The

portion of the statute challenged by Morris states:

         (a) A person commits an offense if the person engages in sexual intercourse or
             deviate sexual intercourse with another person the actor knows to be, without
             regard to legitimacy:

                  (1) the actor’s ancestor or descendant by blood or adoption . . . .

TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.02.4

         Morris is entitled to relief only if he can show that the criminal prohibition against direct-

line incest among ancestors and descendants (parent-child, grandparent-grandchild, etc.) is

unconstitutional per Lawrence under all conceivable circumstances. Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d at 557.

                                                      Analysis

         Morris casts his first issue as essentially presenting two questions: first, did Lawrence

4
 The statute in other sections prohibits sexual intercourse and deviate sexual intercourse among other classes of family
members. Those portions are not challenged in this appeal. Each offense under this statute is a third-degree felony
unless the offense involved sexual intercourse or deviate sexual intercourse with a direct-line ancestor or descendant
by blood or adoption, in which event the offense is a second-degree felony. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.02(c).

                                                           7
establish a broad substantive due process right to freedom from state intrusion into private sexual

activity that necessarily embraces all purportedly consensual incestuous conduct? And second, if

so, does a state have adequate justifications for nevertheless infringing on that right by

criminalizing such conduct?

        We need not answer the second question, because we part ways with Morris on the first

question. Lawrence did not shield Morris outright from prosecution because by the terms of

Lawrence itself, sexual criminal laws are constitutional under substantive due process where the

activity involves coercion or relationships in which consent may not be easily refused.

                                            Interpreting Lawrence

        In Lawrence v. Texas, two men were arrested, charged with, convicted of, and fined for

violating Texas’ homosexual conduct statute, which made it a crime for a person to engage in oral

or anal sex with another individual of the same sex, after police entered an apartment and witnessed

the men allegedly engaged in sexual activity. Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 563. The Court described

the men as being adults at the time of the offense and noted that “[t]heir conduct was in private

and consensual.” Id. at 564.

        In a factually similar previous case, Bowers v. Hardwick, the Court had upheld a similar

State of Georgia ban on same-sex sodomy and rejected the contention that the Fourteenth

Amendment’s substantive due process protections extended to homosexual conduct. See 478 U.S.
186, 196 (1986). The majority identified a string of cases dealing with substantive due process

and the unenumerated right to privacy,5 but it framed these cases narrowly as dealing solely with

issues related to family decision-making, e.g. childrearing and education, family relationships,

5
 The cases cited included Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967); Griswold v.
Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965); Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972); Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson,
316 U.S. 535 (1942); Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925).

                                                         8
procreation, marriage, contraception, and abortion. See id. at 190. Viewing those cases through

the prism of family decision-making, the Court held that the substantive due process clause did

not extend so far as to insulate private sexual conduct between consenting adults from government

regulation. Id. at 189-91 (discussing previous substantive due process cases). The Court also

noted that while the Constitution’s Due Process Clause did protect liberties that were “implicit in

the concept of ordered liberty such that neither liberty nor justice would exist” if they were

sacrificed or that were “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition,” legal proscriptions

against sodomy had “ancient roots” and sodomy was a criminal offense at common law, meaning

that the idea of same-sex sexual behavior being protected as a liberty interest failed on both

intrinsic or historical grounds. [Internal quotation marks omitted]. Id. at 191-92 Ultimately, the

Court held that there was no constitutionally protected right for adults to engage in private,

consensual sexual conduct, and that even under rational basis review, the fact that the State of

Georgia’s electorate found same-sex sodomy to be “immoral and unacceptable” was sufficient

justification for upholding the law. Id. at 195-96.

       The Court in Lawrence, addressing the petitioner’s substantive due process and liberty

interest arguments, took a much different view of the liberty interest at issue. The Lawrence Court,

citing to the same cases cited to in Bowers, drew broader implications beyond family-planning

from the same line of privacy cases. See Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 564–66. The Court identified

Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), as the first of these cases. In Griswold, the Court

invalidated a state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives as violating “a right to privacy”

recognized as a substantive due process liberty interest that inhered as part of “the marriage relation

and the protected space of the marital bedroom.” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 564–65. The Court then

identified Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972)(striking down a contraceptive ban for non-

                                                  9
married couples); Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)(striking down a law prohibiting abortions);

and Carey v. Population Services International, 431 U.S. 678 (1977)(plurality opinion striking

down law banning sale of contraceptives to persons under age sixteen), as building on that right to

privacy by holding that the privacy interest was individual and did not necessarily have to be tied

to marriage. See Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 565–67.

       Finally, addressing Bowers, the Court stated that the obligation of the court was “to define

the liberty of all, not to mandate its own moral code.” It noted that many of the historical rationales

against homosexuality did not stand up to historical scrutiny, and that the laws and traditions of

the past half-century leading up to Lawrence “show[ed] an emerging awareness that liberty gives

substantial protection to adult persons in deciding how to conduct their private lives in matters

pertaining to sex.” Id. at 571. As such, the Court in Lawrence overruled Bowers and held both

(1) that the gay couple subject to criminal fines for their private consensual sexual conduct had a

“right to liberty under the Due Process Clause” to “engage in their conduct without intervention

of the government” based on the theory that “there is a realm of personal liberty which the

government may not enter” related to adult persons’ sexual decision-making, and (2) that the Texas

homosexual conduct statute “furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into

the personal and private life of the individual.” [Internal quotation marks omitted]. Id. at 578.

       In the years immediately after Lawrence was issued, multiple lower courts held that

Lawrence strictly applied only to decriminalize homosexual conduct and that the case did not

announce a broader right to freedom from state intrusion in the realm of sexual privacy or

autonomy. The State cites many of these cases to support its contention that we must strictly limit

Lawrence to its facts. See, e.g., Muth v. Frank, 412 F.3d 808, 817 (7th Cir. 2005)(Lawrence dealt

narrowly with overruling the “homosexual sodomy” prohibition upheld in Bowers); People v.

                                                  10
Scott, 68 Cal. Rptr. 3d 592, 595 (Cal.Ct.App. 2007)(stating that “Lawrence dealt only with sodomy

between consenting adults of the same sex” and “did not deal with other matters pertaining to

sex”)[Internal quotation marks omitted].

       These courts’ narrow definition of the right identified in Lawrence seems to belie both the

broad language of Lawrence itself and later statements from the United States Supreme Court

apparently confirming the wide scope of the sexual liberty/privacy interest protected by the

substantive due process clause. While many courts have attempted to limit Lawrence to context

of same-sex sodomy, Lawrence turned not on narrow equal protection grounds aimed at preventing

discrimination against those in the LGBT community, but on the broader concept of sexual

decision-making taking place in “a realm of personal liberty which the government may not enter.”

Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 578. This point was reaffirmed in Obergefell when the Supreme Court

acknowledged that “Lawrence confirmed a dimension of freedom that allows individuals to engage

in intimate association without criminal liability[.]” Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584, 2600

(2015). This language casts doubt on the logic of applying the Lawrence-identified liberty interest

in a limited fashion.

       Still, a wide individual freedom to engage in “intimate association” free from criminal

liability does not mean that the State cannot impose criminal sanctions on any sexual activity, as

Morris asserts. That much was made clear in Lawrence itself. In defining the scope of the sexual

freedom/privacy liberty interest free from State intrusion, the Court in Lawrence issued multiple

important caveats: “The present case does not involve minors. It does not involve persons who

might be injured or coerced or who are situated in relationships where consent might not easily be

refused. It does not involve public conduct or prostitution.” Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 578.

       From this statement, we can surmise two things about the right to sexual privacy. By

                                                11
negative implication, we can conclude that consensual sexual activity that (1) does not involve

minors, (2) does not involve persons who might be injured or coerced, (3) does not involve a

relationship where consent might not be easily refused, (4) occurs in private, and (5) does not

involve prostitution is constitutionally protected from State intrusion, though the nature of that

right and the level of scrutiny applied to justify potential infringement of that right remains to be

seen. By contrast, sexual activity that involves minors, injury or coercion, relationships where

consent might not be easily refused, public conduct, or prostitution is not protected by the privacy

right recognized in Lawrence, meaning that such conduct is currently still subject to potential

criminal regulation.

       So, in light of Lawrence, what of incest? The State argues that incestuous activity may still

be criminalized at large even post-Lawrence because it falls within the second and third Lawrence

carveouts, dealing with coercion and relationships where consent might not be easily refused. The

State also advances the argument that even if incest falls within the bounds of sexual privacy liberty

interest announced in Lawrence, traditional morality, family cohesion interests, and public health

grounds justify state infringement on that activity, as the inbreeding that occurs in incestuous

relationships can lead to a higher incidence of birth defects. See, e.g., People v. McEvoy, 154
Cal. Rptr. 3d 914, 923 (Cal.Ct.App. 2013)(upholding sibling incest ban on genetic and family

cohesion grounds); State v. Lowe, 861 N.E.2d 512, 517-18 (Ohio 2007)(upholding incest ban as to

stepparent and stepchild under rational basis review on grounds of maintaining family unit

integrity). Morris points us to academic literature in which commentators question whether

Lawrence applies in “victimless” situations where there is no coercive undercurrent running

between adult parties, such as in cases where children descended from a single sperm donor at a

fertility clinic might years later unknowingly enter into relationships with their half-siblings, or

                                                 12
even in cases where two adults of similar age and mental capacity consensually enter into a sexual

relationship fully aware that they are related but their sexual conduct is otherwise private. See Y.

Carson Zhou, The Incest Horrible: Delimiting the Lawrence v. Texas Right to Sexual Autonomy,

23 MICH. J. GENDER & L. 187, 242 (2016)(arguing that under Lawrence adult incest may only be

constitutionally banned in situations where inter alia sexual intercourse can lead to pregnancy and

the parties had significant contact before age eighteen); see also Naomi Cahn, Accidental Incest:

Drawing the Line—Or the Curtain?—for Reproductive Technology, 32 HARVARD J.L. & GENDER

59, 63-67 (2009)(identifying accidental unknowing incest between children of a single sperm

donor as an issue, calling both for a legislative limit to the number of offspring, and suggesting

that even under Lawrence father-daughter criminal incest bans are permissible due to “power

asymmetries” but conceding that power dynamic concerns are less at issue in inadvertent half-

sibling relationships). At least one commentator has argued both that (1) public health grounds

alone cannot be invoked to justify incest bans post-Lawrence for sexual acts that are unlikely to

result in pregnancy, and that (2) even in situations where pregnancy is a possibility, the State

cannot ban incestuous relationships solely on the ground that birth defects are more likely to result

from such pregnancies, given that in a line of eugenics-era cases, the United States Supreme Court

rejected the increased probability of birth defects in future offspring as a ground for state

sterilization of individual persons. See Zhou, The Incest Horrible, 23 MICH.J. GENDER & L. at

236-37.

       Thorny as the hypothetical situations presented in these academic articles may be, the

specter of potential unconstitutional applications does not resolve the case before us. This is a

facial challenge to the statute. Even assuming a statute may be unconstitutionally applied under

some set of circumstances (a question we need not reach here), a facial challenge is successful

                                                 13
only when a statute is unconstitutional in all circumstances. See State ex rel. Lykos, 330 S.W.3d

at 909. For all the constitutional vagueness left open in Lawrence’s wake, Lawrence itself leaves

no doubt that sexual activity that involves coercion or manipulation of a relationship in which

consent may not be easily refused falls outside the scope of the sexual liberty/privacy right

protected by substantive due process. Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 578. Section 25.02(a)(1), prohibiting

sexual intercourse and deviate sexual intercourse among direct-line ancestors and descendants,

directly touches on precisely those types of relationships most subject to manipulation in which

consent may not be easily refused: the intergenerational relationships between parent and child

and grandparent and grandchild.

       For facial constitutionality analysis purposes, it is irrelevant whether there may be possible

unconstitutional applications of the prohibited sexual conduct statute as applied to certain facts. It

is sufficient for our purposes to recognize that there are situations such as this one in which a

direct-line family relationship can lead to coercion and situations in which consent might not be

easily refused, and that such situations fall outside the ambit of Lawrence to uphold Section

25.02(a)(1) as being facially constitutional. Courts that have addressed this scenario agree with

this general assessment. See, e.g., McEvoy, 154 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 920–21 (finding in father-daughter

incest case that Lawrence carveout for “persons who might be injured or coerced or who are

situated in relationships where consent might not easily be refused . . . aptly describes adult

daughters, who are typically in positions of vulnerability vis-à-vis their older, and thus more

authoritative fathers . . . .”). [Internal quotation marks omitted]. And even commentators with the

broadest possible view of Lawrence agree that a State may still constitutionally prohibit direct-line

incest under appropriate circumstances based on coercion concerns.            See Zhou, The Incest

Horrible, 23 MICH. J. GENDER & L. at 242.

                                                 14
       Because the statute can be constitutionally applied in those situations and is specifically

aimed at regulating those vulnerable relationships and is not solely intended to stigmatize sexual

conduct among consenting adults, the ban on direct-line incest does not fail on facial constitutional

grounds under Lawrence. And because Morris does not and cannot bring an as-applied challenge

to the constitutionality of Section 25.02(a)(1) under the specific facts of his case, we need not

address his unpreserved argument that his allegedly consensual sex with his seventeen-year-old

estranged daughter—a daughter who testified that she suffered physical and sexual abuse after

attempting to reconnect with him for the first time in her life and who told the jury she feared he

would kill her if she told him no—is constitutionally comparable to the private, coercion-free

consensual sexual activity at issue in Lawrence.

       Morris is likely correct that Lawrence now places a substantive limit on the criminalization

of sexual activities once thought to be obviously subject to state regulation, even if some may find

those sexual activities distasteful or immoral. See Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 571–72 (stating that the

Supreme Court’s task in interpreting the Constitution “is to define the liberty of all, not to mandate

our own moral code” and holding that the line of privacy cases “show an emerging awareness that

liberty gives substantial protection to adult persons in deciding how to conduct their private lives

in matters pertaining to sex”). But this case is not the appropriate vehicle to test Lawrence’s limits.

Texas’ direct-line incest statute is not facially unconstitutional. Lawrence does not shield Morris’

abuse of his daughter from consequences under the guise of privacy here. His prosecution and

conviction were fair constitutional game.

       Issue One is overruled.

                                         Legal Sufficiency

       Having disposed of Morris’ constitutional challenge, we next turn to legal sufficiency. In

                                                  15
Issue Two, Morris contends that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Morris

knew A.W. was his daughter at the time of the offense. We disagree.

                                         Standard of Review

       On legal sufficiency review, we assess all trial evidence “in the light most favorable to the

prosecution,” to determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778

(Tex.Crim.App. 2007), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). We review all record

evidence in making this determination. Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. “Each fact need not point

directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all the

incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d
9, 13 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). In this procedural posture, we are not permitted to sit as the

“thirteenth juror” and substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder. Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d
633, 638 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010); Goodman v. State, 66 S.W.3d 283, 286 n.4 (Tex.Crim.App.

2001). Even so, we act as a procedural failsafe against irrational verdicts, and we may reverse a

conviction on legal sufficiency grounds where no rational juror could find guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt based on the evidence presented at trial. Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. This

encompasses both situations in which the State has failed to prove an essential element of the crime

as a matter of law (i.e. the evidence is quantitatively insufficient) and situations in which some

evidence exists on every element, but no reasonable person could convict based on the state of

evidence as a whole, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution (i.e. the

evidence is qualitatively insufficient).     See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 320 (constitutional legal

sufficiency standard in criminal cases higher than “mere modicum” evidence standard); Brooks v.

State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 906–07 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010).

                                                  16
                                              Analysis

       Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we find there was

sufficient evidence to show beyond a reasonable doubt that Morris knew A.W. was his daughter.

A.W.’s mother testified that she only had sex with Morris in the time period before she became

pregnant, and that the man listed on A.W.’s birth certificate as her father had had a vasectomy.

Furthermore, although Morris later told police he was unsure of whether A.W. was in fact his

daughter, the record is replete with statements in which Morris acknowledged that he believed that

A.W. was his daughter, including statements of remorse during his interview with police. These

factors taken together establish that the jury’s verdict rested on sufficient evidence.

       Issue Two is overruled.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Neither of Morris’ appellate points are meritorious. The judgment of the trial court is

affirmed.

January 31, 2019
                                               YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
Hughes, J., Not Participating

(Do Not Publish)

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