Court Opinion

ID: 4435964
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-05 12:01:27.372533+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:06.897529
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                              No. 17-2052C
                                      Filed Under Seal: July 26, 2019
                                       Reissued: September 4, 2019*

                                                  )
    LUKE T. WEST,                                 )       Military Pay; Motion For Summary
                                                  )       Judgment; RCFC 56; Motion For
                         Plaintiff,               )       Judgment Upon The Administrative
                                                  )       Record; RCFC 52.1; Motion For Relief
    v.                                            )       From Protective Order; Collateral
                                                  )       Estoppel.
    THE UNITED STATES,                            )
                                                  )
                         Defendant.               )
                                                  )

         Claiborne W. Brown, Counsel of Record, Mandeville, LA, for plaintiff.

      Daniel S. Herzfeld, Trial Attorney, Steven J. Gillingham, Assistant Director, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Commercial Litigation
Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC; Lieutenant P.
Tyson Marx, Of Counsel, Judge Advocate General Corps, United States Navy, for defendant.

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I.       INTRODUCTION

         In this Military Pay Action, plaintiff, Luke T. West, challenges his general court-martial
sentence and conviction under Article 93 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (“UCMJ”) and
subsequent discharge from the military. See generally Am. Compl. As relief, plaintiff seeks,
among other things: (1) to vacate the findings and sentence of his general court-martial; (2)

*
  This Memorandum Opinion and Order was originally filed under seal on July 26, 2019 (docket
entry no. 79). The parties were given an opportunity to advise the Court of their views with
respect to what information, if any, should be redacted from the Memorandum Opinion and
Order. The parties filed a joint status report on September 3, 2019 (docket entry no. 84)
proposing certain redactions which the Court has adopted. And so, the Court is reissuing its
Memorandum Opinion and Order, dated June 21, 2019, with the agreed-upon redactions
indicated by three consecutive asterisks within brackets ([* * *]).
placement in retirement status; (3) the correction of his military records, back pay and other
benefits; or, (4) alternatively, that the Court remand this motion to the Navy Office of the Judge
Advocate General. Am. Compl. at Prayer for Relief; Pl. Mot. at 76.

       The parties have filed cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative record on the
issue of whether the United States Marine Corps committed errors during plaintiff’s general
court-martial and post-trial proceedings that would warrant vacating his general court-martial
conviction. See generally Pl. Mot.; Def. Mot. The government has also moved for summary
judgment on the issue of whether plaintiff is collaterally estopped from arguing that certain
individuals colluded to falsely accuse him of sexual assault and sexual harassment during the
general court-martial proceedings. Def. Mot. 18-22.

       In addition, plaintiff has filed a motion for relief from the Protective Order entered in this
matter on April 24, 2018. See generally Pl. Mot. for Relief. For the reasons set forth below, the
Court: (1) GRANTS the government’s motion for summary judgment; (2) GRANTS the
government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record; (3) DENIES plaintiff’s
cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record; (4) DENIES plaintiff’s motion for
relief from protective order; and (5) DISMISSES the amended complaint.

II.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

       A.      Factual Background

       Plaintiff, Luke T. West, alleges that he was the victim of “a coordinated leveling of false
allegations of sexual assault against” him while enlisted in the United States Marine Corps
(“Marine Corps”) and stationed at the Marine Forces Reserves located in New Orleans, LA. Am.
Compl. at ¶ 17. Plaintiff also challenges his general court-martial conviction and sentence under
Article 93 of the UCMJ and his subsequent discharge from the military. See generally id. As
relief, plaintiff seeks, among other things: (1) to vacate the findings and sentence of his general

1
  The facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from the administrative record
(“AR”); the amended complaint (“Am. Compl.”); the government’s motion for judgment upon the
administrative record and motion for summary judgment (“Def. Mot.”); and plaintiff’s cross-motion for
judgment upon the administrative record (“Pl. Mot.”). Except where otherwise noted, all facts recited
herein are undisputed.

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court-martial; (2) placement in retirement status; (3) the correction of his military records, back
pay and other benefits; or, (4) alternatively, that the Court remand this motion to the Navy Office
of the Judge Advocate General. Am. Compl. at Prayer for Relief; Pl. Mot. at 76.

               1.      The Marine Corps Investigation

        As background, plaintiff enlisted in the Marine Corps on September 30, 1998. AR Tab
40 at 753. Prior to his general court-martial, which resulted in a reduction in rank to Lance
Corporal, plaintiff rose to the rank of Gunnery Sergeant. AR Tab 1 at 6 (sentence included a
reduction in rank to E-3, Lance Corporal).

        In June 2013, the Finance Office at Marine Forces Reserve received formal equal
opportunity complaints and unrestricted sexual assault and prevention response (“SAPR”)
complaints against plaintiff from Sergeant (“Sgt.”) E[* * *] P[* * *]; Staff Sgt. R[* * *] A[* *
*]; Lance Corporal B[* * *] H[* * *]; and Staff Sgt. C[* * *] R[* * *]. AR Tabs 23-25, 34-35.
These sexual assault and sexual harassment complaints were referred to the Naval Criminal
Investigative Service (“NCIS”) for investigation. AR Tab 85 at 1741; see generally AR Tabs 16-
16.2.

        After the Article 32 investigating officer found probable cause existed to send many of
the charges against plaintiff to a general court-martial, the Marine Corps Convening Authority
(“Convening Authority”) referred plaintiff to a general court-martial on December 23, 2013, and
charged plaintiff with, among other things, sexual assault and various violations based upon
indecent language. AR Tab 16.1 at 341, 343-48; AR Tab 155.1 at 3459. On February 20, 2014,
one of the witnesses against plaintiff, Staff Sgt. A[* * *], was approached by Master Gunnery
Sgt. Thomas, who handed her 140-pages of text messages between Staff Sgt. A[* * *] and
plaintiff and stated that she would be embarrassed if these text messages came out at trial. AR
Tab 16 at 328. Staff Sgt. A[* * *] subsequently testified that she felt pressure was being put on
her to testify in a specific manner in connection with plaintiff’s general court-martial. Id. And
so, the NCIS opened a new investigation into plaintiff for obstruction of justice on February 26,
2014. AR tab 155.1 at 3565-66; see also AR Tab 96 at 2298-99; AR Tab 155.1 at 3530.

        On April 23, 2014, the Convening Authority withdrew and dismissed the initial charges
brought against plaintiff without prejudice, based upon the new investigation. AR Tab 16.1 at

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349; AR Tab 155.1 at 3459-60. In July 2014, the Marine Corps conducted a second
investigation of plaintiff’s conduct, which resulted in new violations of Articles 81 and 134
involving obstruction of justice and conspiracy to obstruct justice. AR Tab 16 at 324-30 (“The
new charges are Charge I [81 UCMJ: conspiracy to obstruct justice] and . . . specification 3
under Charge VI [134 UCMJ: bringing discredit to the armed forces and obstruction of
justice].”); see also AR Tab 85 at 1498-1501. The investigating officer determined that there
was probable cause to move forward on the new charges against plaintiff. AR Tab 16 at 325.
               2.      The General Court-Martial

       On August 21, 2014, the Convening Authority referred the new case against plaintiff to a
general court-martial, charging plaintiff with five violations of the UCMJ, namely: (1)
conspiring to obstruct justice regarding the testimony of Staff Sgt. A[* * *] in violation of UCMJ
Article 81; (2) three specifications of failing to obey lawful regulations in violation of UCMJ
Article 92; (3) four specifications of maltreating subordinate Marines in violation of UCMJ
Article 93; (4) four specifications of assault in violation of UCMJ Article 128; and (5) three
specifications of prejudicing good order and discipline and bringing discredit to the armed
forces, including obstruction of justice, in violation of UCMJ Article 134. AR Tab 17 at 371-76;
AR Tab 155.1 at 4261. Specifically relevant to this dispute, plaintiff raised several evidentiary
and other objections prior to, and during, the general court-martial proceedings related to the
investigation and those proceedings. Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 42-49.

                       a.     Plaintiff’s Unlawful Command Influence Motion

       First, prior to the general court-martial trial, plaintiff moved to dismiss the criminal
charges filed against him based upon an actual or apparent unlawful command influence
(“UCI”). See Am. Compl. at ¶ 42; see generally AR Tab 85. Specifically, plaintiff raised four
“interrelated factors” that he argued demonstrated actual or apparent UCI, namely, that:

        (1)     The Marine Corps Commandant’s 2012 public statements (the “Marine
                Corps Heritage Brief”) regarding the frequency of sexual assaults in the
                military had created a political environment presuming plaintiff’s guilt
                instead of innocence;

        (2)     The Department of Defense Instruction and Marine Corps Order
                regarding the SAPR program effectively required the Convening
                Authority to presume plaintiff’s guilt instead of innocence, because those
                regulations include protections to encourage sexual assault victims to

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                report without fear of reprisal, actions taken under these regulations
                resulted in the Convening Authority presuming plaintiff’s guilt, and the
                sexual assault training improperly influences witnesses and members
                venire (i.e. the jury);

        (3)     The Convening Authority ignored alleged, criminally false statements
                made by the four victims and disparately investigated and charged
                plaintiff instead of the four victims that accused plaintiff; and

        (4)     The members venire of the court-martial would notice the disparities in
                the investigation that resulted in ignoring the alleged criminally false
                statements of the victims and how plaintiff was investigated and charged
                despite the asserted lack of merit to the charges against plaintiff.

See AR Tab 85 at 1502, 1534-1545.

       On September 26, 2014, the military judge held a pre-trial hearing regarding plaintiff’s
motion to dismiss for UCI. AR Tab 155.1 at 3519. During the hearing, the two NCIS
investigators who investigated the criminal charges brought against plaintiff independently
testified that they felt no pressure to conduct the investigation. Id. at 3530, 3535-36. And so,
the military judge denied plaintiff’s motion to dismiss. Id. at 3541-42.

                       b.     Plaintiff’s Motion To Suppress Text Messages

       Second, plaintiff unsuccessfully moved to suppress certain text messages between
himself and Master Gunnery Sgt. Thomas upon the ground that NCIS had obtained the text
messages based upon an unlawful search and seizure. See Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(a); see
generally AR Tab 81. After holding oral argument on plaintiff’s motion to suppress, the
military judge concluded that the authorization that plaintiff gave to NCIS to search his cell
phone “was limited by the agreement brokered between the parties and by the court” to
authenticate text messages between plaintiff and Staff Sgt. A[* * *]. AR Tab 106 at 2560.
But, the military judge concluded that, NCIS had acted in good faith in conducting the search
and would have inevitably discovered this evidence because NCIS Special Agent (“SA”)
Moss was actively pursuing leads that would have led to these texts being uncovered. Id. at
2562; AR Tab 155.1 at 3586-89. And so, the military judge found the text messages to be
admissible. AR Tab 155.1 at 3589.

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                       c.      Voir Dire Questions Regarding Sexual Assault

       Third, plaintiff objected to the military judge’s exclusion of his proposed voir dire
questions regarding sexual assault. AR Tab 155.1 at 3611-12; see also Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(c).
During the voir dire, the military judge instructed the members venire that “[i]t is not a sexual
assault case,” but “there is a slight hint of that in the record” because “some of the assaults that
are charged is touching somebody’s leg in a way you all might perceive as a type of sexual
connotation.” AR Tab 155.1 at 3637-38. The military judge also addressed the Marine Corps
Heritage Brief which addresses sexual assault. Id. at 3638. The military judge informed the
prospective members venire that the Marine Corps Commandant had specifically reiterated that,
even in cases of sexual assault, there is a “presumption of innocence unless proven otherwise”
and “whether or not a Marine committed an offense and what shall happen, will be determined
on the facts presented to the court-martial.” Id. at 3638-39. And so, the prospective members
venire affirmatively responded that they would follow the judge’s instructions to fairly weigh the
facts in this case and presume plaintiff innocent until proven guilty. Id. at 3639.

                       d.      Admission Of Text Messages

       Fourth, plaintiff objected to the exclusion of certain text messages between plaintiff and
Staff Sgt. A[* * *] during the general court-martial proceedings. Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(d). During
the testimony of Staff Sgt. A[* * *], the prosecution introduced several text messages between
plaintiff and Staff Sgt. A[* * *] as evidence of plaintiff’s maltreatment and obstruction of justice.
AR Tab 155.1 at 3870-71, 3911-15; see also AR Tab 20 at 484 (providing the text messages as
an exhibit). Plaintiff also sought to offer into evidence an excerpt of six pages of text messages
between plaintiff and Staff Sgt. A[* * *] to show that plaintiff had not maltreated Staff Sgt. A[*
* *]. Tab 155.1 at 4016-22; see generally AR Tab 45. The military judge denied plaintiff’s
request, finding that the six pages of text messages that plaintiff sought to introduce were either
not relevant under Military Rule of Evidence 401, or “confusing, misleading, or wasting time”
under Military Rule of Evidence 403. AR Tab 155.1 at 3998, 4016-23.

       Plaintiff was allowed however, to use the subject text messages to attempt to refresh the
recollection of Staff Sgt. A[* * *] during the general court-martial proceedings. Id. at 3932.
But, plaintiff did not move to have the entire 140-pages of text messages entered into evidence

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during those proceedings. Id. at 4208 (“Of the 140 pages of these text messages, [plaintiff’s
counsel] sought admission to this court-martial of six pages.”).

                       e.      Redaction Of Privacy Act Covered Statements

        Fifth, plaintiff also unsuccessfully attempted to admit the unredacted request mast
statements of Lance Corporal H[* * *] and Staff Sgt. R[* * *] to show bias during the general
court-martial. Id. at 4009-15; AR Tabs 41, 43-44 (providing the unredacted statements as
defense exhibits D, E, and H); see also Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(e). During the general court-martial
proceedings, the military judge requested that plaintiff use redacted versions of these request
mast statements that do not include certain personal identifiable information and information
about “other people in the command” that were irrelevant to plaintiff’s general court-martial.
AR Tab 155.1 at 4010, 4015-16. And so, the military judge admitted the redacted versions of
these statements into evidence. AR Tab 17 at 443; see generally AR Tabs 34-35 (providing
defense exhibits OO and PP).

                       f.      Relevance Objections

        Sixth, plaintiff faced relevance objections to his questioning regarding an interview
conducted by NCIS investigator SA Jeffrey Norton involving Gunnery Sgt. Cesar Villegas. Am.
Compl. at ¶¶ 48(g)-(h). During the pre-trial hearing regarding plaintiff’s motion to dismiss for
UCI, plaintiff’s counsel questioned SA Norton regarding Gunnery Sgt. Villegas. AR Tab 155.1
at 3521-30. The military judge sustained a relevance objection to request that plaintiff’s
questioning stay within the topic of UCI. Id. at 3529; see also id. at 3525-27.

                       g.      Closing Argument

        Lastly, plaintiff objected to several matters related to the closing arguments. Am. Compl.
at ¶48(i)-(k). During the closing arguments, the military judge interrupted plaintiff’s counsel on
three occasions in response to objections by the government and/or to clarify the facts in
evidence. AR Tab 155.1 at 4192-209. First, after the prosecution objected to counsel for
plaintiff’s statement that a witness “got up on that stand, looked you in the eye, and they lied to
you,” the military judge sustained the government’s objection to this statement because the
“credibility of these witnesses is a matter for these members and not for” defense counsel. Id. at
4193.

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       Second, plaintiff’s counsel argued during closing arguments that plaintiff could not have
discredited the Marine Corps and been guilty of maltreatment by making certain statements at a
basketball game, because no one at the basketball game was in uniform. Id. at 4205.
Thereafter, the military judge gave a curative instruction at the close of the argument to the
members that:

       There’s no requirement for the government to prove that members of the public
       observed the conduct per se and there’s certainly no requirement that people are in
       uniform. But simply that the conduct was of a nature to bring discredit upon the
       armed forces.

Id. at 4211-12; see also id. at 4205.

       As a final matter, when plaintiff’s counsel referenced the 140-pages of text messages
between plaintiff and Staff Sgt. A[* * *], by stating that “[he had] looked at those text messages.
You haven’t but I have” and later referenced “[a]ll 140 pages” of the text messages, the military
judge interrupted and ruled “[t]hat is [an] improper argument.” Id. at 4191, 4208. The military
judge also noted that plaintiff sought to admit only six pages of the 140-pages of text messages
during the trial, and the military judge only admitted two pages of text messages into evidence.
Id. at 4208-09.

       At the conclusion of the trial, the members venire found plaintiff guilty of: (1)
conspiracy to commit obstruction of justice under UCMJ Article 81; (2) maltreatment of Staff
Sgt. A[* * *] under UCMJ 93; (3) indecent language to Staff Sgt. A[* * *] based on the same
statement under UCMJ Article 134; and (4) obstruction of justice under UCMJ Article 134.
Id. at 4261. And so, the members sentenced plaintiff to a reprimand, reduction in paygrade to
E-3, and 30-days confinement. Id. at 4379.

       On February 13, 2015, the Marine Corp Staff Judge Advocate recommended that the
Convening Authority approve the sentence adjudged. AR Tab 13 at 313. On February 20,
2015, the Marine Corp Staff Judge Advocate served plaintiff with the recommendation. AR
Tab 4 at 12.

                  3.   Plaintiff’s Clemency Petition

       On March 2, 2015, plaintiff submitted a clemency petition under the Military Rules for
Courts-Martial (“R.C.M.”) 1105, asserting, among other things, that: (1) a verbatim transcript of

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the general court-martial should have been created; (2) he had largely prevailed in demonstrating
that the witnesses against him had “coordinated leveling of false allegations of sexual assault;”
and (3) the military judge’s exclusion of the 140-pages of text messages between plaintiff and
Staff Sgt. A[* * *] was improper. AR Tab 6 at 14-23. On March 3, 2015, the Staff Judge
Advocate forwarded the clemency petition and an addendum to the Convening Authority
recommendation that the Convening Authority issue the action implementing the adjudged
sentence. AR Tab 3 at 10-11. And so, on March 5, 2015, the Convening Authority approved the
verdict and sentence. AR Tab 1 at 6-7 (Art. 65(a) of the UCMJ requires the record to be
transmitted to the Judge Advocate General when a service member is found guilty).

               4.      Plaintiff’s District Court Litigation

       On July 9, 2015, plaintiff brought a civil action against the witnesses that testified against
him at his general court-martial—Staff Sgt. A[* * *], Sgt. E[* * *] P[* * *], Staff Sgt. R[* * *]—
and Sgt. K[* * *] J[* * *], in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Louisiana. See West v. Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d 538 (E.D. La. 2015), aff’d 705 F. App’x 211, 212
(5th Cir. 2017), cert. denied 138 S. Ct. 1546, 1547 (2018). In the district court litigation,
plaintiff alleged that these service members “conspired to lodge false complaints and accusations
of sexual harassment and sexual assault against him.” West v. Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d 538, 541
(E.D. La. 2015), aff’d, 705 Fed. App’x 211 (5th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 1546, 1547
(2018). The United States intervened in the case to substitute the United States as the named
defendant pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2679 (the “Westfall Act.”). Id. at 542, 544-46.

       The district court held that plaintiff failed to prove that the defendants’ conduct was not
within the scope of their employment and later denied plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration. Id.
at 544-46; West v. Rieth, No. 15-2512, 2016 WL 952253, at *2 (E.D. La. Mar. 14, 2016). And
so, the district court dismissed the named individual defendants and substituted the United States
as the party defendant in this case. Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d at 549. In doing so, the district court
noted that “[Mr.] West has not submitted sufficient evidence to meet th[e] burden” to establish
that, as a factual matter, the allegations against him were false. Id. at 545. The United States
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit subsequently affirmed the district court’s decision to
dismiss plaintiff’s claims. See Rieth, 705 F. App’x. at 213-14. On April 16, 2018, the Supreme
Court denied plaintiff’s petition for certiorari. West v. Rieth, 138 S. Ct. 1546, 1547 (2018).

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               5.       The Article 69(a) Proceedings

       On July 18, 2016, plaintiff requested appellate review of his general court-martial
sentence and conviction by the Navy’s Office of Judge Advocate General, pursuant to UCMJ
Article 69(a). AR Tabs 144-145; see also 10 U.S.C. § 869. In that appeal, plaintiff raised 11
challenges, namely, that: (1) there were missing items from the record of trial; (2) his request for
a verbatim transcript of the court-martial proceedings was denied; (3) the Convening Authority
issued the action improperly, because it allegedly did so before the Staff Judge Advocate had an
opportunity to submit the addendum to its original recommendation related to plaintiff’s
clemency petition; (4) the military judge improperly excluded the text messages between
plaintiff and Staff Sgt. A[* * *]; (5) the military judge gave prejudicial instruction regarding
those text messages; (6) the military judge gave improper jury instructions regarding the
obstruction of justice charge; (7) there was insufficient evidence to support the obstruction of
justice conviction; (8) there were improper instructions during plaintiff’s closing argument
regarding the indecent language charge; (9) plaintiff met his burden of proof on his motions to
dismiss for UCI; (10) the military judge exacerbated UCI by finding many of plaintiff’s
questions and arguments regarding sexual assault to be irrelevant; and (11) there was new
evidence demonstrating UCI. AR Tab 144 at 2800-08; see also AR Tab 145 at 3168-79.

       In December 2016, the Navy’s Office of Judge Advocate General determined that a
verbatim transcript of plaintiff’s general court-martial proceedings was necessary to evaluate
plaintiff’s assignments of error. AR Tab 147 at 3216. On February 27, 2017, plaintiff filed a
mandamus case against the Navy’s Office of Judge Advocate General to prohibit the Navy from
preparing a verbatim transcript. AR Tab 151.1.

       On March 29, 2017. the Navy provided plaintiff with a copy of the verbatim transcript of
the general court-martial proceedings and advised that plaintiff and his counsel had 10 days to
review the transcript. See AR Tab 152 at 3448; AR Tab 153 at 3451. Shortly thereafter, the
district court dismissed plaintiff’s mandamus case on April 6, 2017. AR Tabs 157.9-10. On
May 2, 2017, the Navy informed plaintiff that the verbatim transcript had been authenticated and
that the military judge had certified the transcript for addition to the record of trial. AR Tab 155.
Thereafter, on June 9, 2017, the Office of the Judge Advocate General denied plaintiff’s Article
69 request for relief. AR Tab 156.

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       B.      Procedural Background

       Plaintiff commenced this Military Pay Action on January 16, 2018. See generally Am.
Compl. On April 24, 2018, the Court entered a Protective Order in this matter. See generally
Protective Order.

       The government filed the administrative record on April 30, 2018. See generally AR.
On May 14, 2018, plaintiff filed motions to supplement the administrative record and to strike
portions of the administrative record. See generally Pl. Mot. to Supp. and Strike AR. On May
18, 2018, plaintiff filed a supplemental appendix to his motions to supplement and to strike
portions of the administrative record by leave of the Court. See generally Pl. App’x.

       On June 1, 2018, the government filed a response and opposition to plaintiff’s motions to
supplement and to strike portions of the administrative record. See generally Def. Resp. to Mot.
to Supp. and Strike AR. On June 8, 2018, plaintiff filed a reply in support of his motions to
supplement and to strike portions of the administrative record. See generally Pl. Reply to Mot.
to Supp. and Strike AR.

       On September 7, 2018, the government filed a motion for judgment upon the
administrative record and a motion for summary judgment. See generally Def. Mot. On October
19, 2018, plaintiff filed a motion for relief from the Protective Order. See generally Pl. Mot. for
Relief. On November 5, 2018, plaintiff filed a cross-motion for judgment upon the
administrative record and a response in opposition to the government’s motion for judgment
upon the administrative record and motion for summary judgment. See generally Pl. Mot.

       On December 17, 2018, the government filed a response and opposition to plaintiff’s
cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record and a reply in support of its motion for
judgment upon the administrative record and motion for summary judgment. See generally Def.
Resp. On February 8, 2019, plaintiff filed a reply in support of his cross-motion for judgment
upon the administrative record. See generally Pl. Reply.

       On February 28, 2019, the government filed a response in opposition to plaintiff’s motion
for relief from the protective order. See generally Def. Resp. to Mot. for Relief. On March 15,
2019, plaintiff filed a reply in support of his motion for relief from the protective order. See
generally Pl. Reply to Mot. for Relief.

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       On April 16, 2019, the Court issued a memorandum opinion and order granting-in-part
and denying-in part plaintiff’s motions to supplement and to strike portions of the administrative
record. See generally West v. United States, 142 Fed. Cl. 717 (2019). On May 17, 2019, the
government supplemented the administrative record. See generally AR.

       These matters being fully-briefed, the Court resolves the pending motions.

III.   LEGAL STANDARDS

       A.      Jurisdiction And Military Pay Cases

       The Military Pay Act is a money-mandating source of law that provides the Court with
jurisdiction under the Tucker Act. See Bias v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 350, 354 (2017), aff’d
in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 722 F. App’x 1009 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (citations
omitted) (“[T]he Military Pay Act . . . is a money-mandating source of law that provides the
court with jurisdiction.”); see also 37 U.S.C. § 204. And so, the United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit has held that the Military Pay Act is typically the applicable money-
mandating statute to be invoked in the context of military discharge cases. See Martinez v.
United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“In the context of military discharge cases,
the applicable ‘money-mandating’ statute that is generally invoked is the Military Pay Act, 37
U.S.C. § 204.”).

       The Federal Circuit has also held that, when reviewing challenges to a court-martial
conviction, this Court possesses a “‘narrow window of collateral attack review’” and a
servicemember must “‘demonstrate convincingly that in the court-martial proceedings there has
been such a deprivation of fundamental fairness as to impair due process.’” Matias v. United
States, 923 F.2d 821, 826 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (quoting Matias v. United States, 19 Cl. Ct. 635, 641
(1990), and Bowling v. United States, 713 F.2d 1558, 1561 (Fed. Cir. 1983)). In this regard, “the
constitutional claims made must be serious ones to support an exception to the rule of finality.”
Bowling, 713 F.2d at 1561. And so, absent an allegation of an express constitutional violation, a
plaintiff must demonstrate that the court-martial constituted a “constitutionally unfair trial.”
United States v. Augenblick, 393 U.S. 348, 356 (1969). In this regard, the Supreme Court has
held that, “apart from trials conducted in violation of express constitutional mandates, a
constitutionally unfair trial takes place only where the barriers and safeguards are so relaxed or

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forgotten . . . that the proceeding is more a spectacle or trial by ordeal than a disciplined contest.”
Id. (internal citations omitted).

        This Court weighs constitutional claims related to the challenge of court-martial
proceedings with the “limited function” of determining “whether the military tribunal gave fair
consideration” to each claim. Matias, 923 F.2d at 826 (citing Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137, 144
(1953)); Matias, 19 Cl. Ct. at 646 (“When an issue has been briefed and argued before a military
court, it has received full and fair consideration, even if that court disposes of the claim
summarily with a statement that it did not consider the issue meritorious or requiring
discussion.”). The Court “does not have the authority to retry the facts of a court-martial
proceeding nor to act as a reviewing court of the decision of the court-martial tribunal.” See
Flute v. United States, 535 F.2d 624, 626 (Ct. Cl. 1976). Given this, merely contesting whether
the court-martial judge erred or acted contrary to law is insufficient, if the challenge does “not
rise to the constitutional magnitude required for review.” Tindle v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl.
337, 342 (2003). And so, the Court may review court-martial convictions only where the alleged
infirmities at the court-martial rise to a constitutional level. Flute, 535 F.2d at 626.

        B.      RCFC 56

        Pursuant to RCFC 56, a party is entitled to summary judgment when there is “no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” RCFC
56(a); see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d
202 (1986); Biery v. United States, 753 F.3d 1279, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2014). A dispute is “genuine”
when “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving
party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. A fact is “material” if it could “affect the outcome of the suit
under the governing law.” Id. The mere existence of an alleged factual dispute will not defeat
an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment if there is no genuine issue of
material fact. Id. at 247-48.

        The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine issues of
material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265
(1986). And so, ‘“the inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts . . . must be viewed in
the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.”’ Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v.

                                                                                                     13
Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986) (quoting
United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S. Ct. 993, 8 L. Ed. 2d 176 (1962)).

          In making a summary judgment determination, the Court does not weigh the evidence
presented, but instead must “determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 249; see also Am. Ins. Co. v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 151, 154 (2004); Agosto v. INS,
436 U.S. 748, 756, 98 S. Ct. 2081, 56 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1978) (“[A trial] court generally cannot
grant summary judgment based on its assessment of the credibility of the evidence presented
. . . .”) (citations omitted). The Court may grant summary judgment when “the record taken as a
whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party . . . .” Matsushita
Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd., 475 U.S. at 587. The same standard applies when the Court considers
cross-motions for summary judgment. Principal Life Ins. Co. & Subs. v. United States, 116 Fed.
Cl. 82, 89 (2014); see also Estate of Hevia v. Portrio Corp., 602 F.3d 34, 40 (1st Cir. 2010).
And so, when both parties move for summary judgment, ‘“the court must evaluate each party’s
motion on its own merits, taking care in each instance to draw all reasonable inferences against
the party whose motion is under consideration.”’ Abbey v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 430, 436
(2011) (quoting Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1391 (Fed. Cir.
1987)).

          C.     RCFC 52.1

          Unlike a summary judgment motion under RCFC 56, the existence of genuine issues of
material fact do not preclude a grant of judgment upon the administrative record under RCFC
52.1. Tech. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 228, 242 (2011). Rather, the Court’s inquiry
is whether, “given all the disputed and undisputed facts, a party has met its burden of proof based
on the evidence in the record.” A&D Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 126, 131
(2006); see also Bannum v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1355-56 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

          D.     Collateral Estoppel And Justiciability

          The Federal Circuit has recognized that “[t]he doctrine of res judicata involves the related
concepts of claim preclusion and issue preclusion.” Phillips/May Corp. v. United States, 524
F.3d 1264, 1267 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The doctrine of collateral estoppel—or issue preclusion—
protects litigants from the burden of relitigating an identical issue with the same party and
promotes judicial economy by preventing needless litigation. Parklane Hosiery, Inc. v. Shore,

                                                                                                     14
439 U.S. 322, 327 (1979); Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 328-
329 (1971). A party asking the Court to apply collateral estoppel must establish that: (1) the
issue at stake is identical to the one involved in the prior proceeding; (2) the issue was actually
litigated in the prior proceeding; (3) the determination of the issue in the prior litigation must
have been a critical and necessary part of the judgment in the first action; and (4) the party
against whom collateral estoppel is asserted must have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate
the issue in the prior proceeding. Dana v. E.S. Originals, Inc., 342 F.3d 1320, 1323 (Fed. Cir.
2003) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Pleming v. Universal-Rundle Corp., 142 F.3d
1354, 1359 (11th Cir. 1998)); Banner v. United States, 238 F.3d 1348, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
(citing Jet, Inc. v. Sewage Aeration Sys., 223 F.3d 1360, 1365-66 (Fed. Cir. 2000)).

       In addition, this Court has held that a claim must be justiciable to survive a motion to
dismiss. See Houghtling v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 149, 156–57 (2013). In this regard, the
United States Supreme Court has held that justiciability depends upon “whether the duty asserted
can be judicially identified and its breach judicially determined, and whether protection for the
right asserted can be judicially molded.” Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 198 (1962); see also
Murphy v. United States, 993 F.2d 871, 872 (Fed. Cir. 1993). And so, a controversy is
justiciable only if “it is ‘one which the courts can finally and effectively decide, under tests and
standards which they can soundly administer within their special field of competence.’” Voge v.
United States, 844 F.2d 776, 780 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (quoting Greene v. McElroy, 254 F.2d 944,
953 (D.C. Cir. 1958)); see also Antonellis v. United States, 723 F.3d 1328, 1334 (Fed. Cir.
2013); Adkins v. United States, 68 F.3d 1317, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

       The question of justiciability is frequently at issue when courts review military activities,
and courts have often held that decisions made by the military are “beyond the institutional
competence of courts to review.” Lindsay v. United States, 295 F.3d 1252, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
(“Because ‘decisions as to the composition, training, equipping, and control of a military force
are essentially professional military judgments,’ the substance of such decisions, like many other
judgments committed to the discretion of government officials, is frequently beyond the
institutional competence of courts to review.”) (quoting Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U.S. 1, 10
(1973)); Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 93-94 (1953) (“[J]udges are not given the task of
running the Army.”); see also Murphy, 993 F.2d at 872; Voge, 844 F.2d at 780. But, even when
the merits of a military personnel decision are nonjusticiable, the process by which the decision
                                                                                                      15
has been made may be subject to judicial review. Adkins, 68 F.3d at 1323 (“[A] challenge to the
particular procedure followed in rendering a military decision may present a justiciable
controversy.”) (emphasis original); Murphy, 993 F.2d at 873. And so, if the military chooses to
introduce its own procedural regulations, the Court may review any violations of such
regulations even if the underlying decision is nonjusticiable. Murphy, 993 F.2d at 873. In such
circumstances, the Court “merely determines whether the procedures were followed by applying
the facts to the statutory or regulatory standard.” Id.

IV.    LEGAL ANALYSIS

       The parties have filed several motions that require resolution by the Court. First, the
government seeks summary judgment in its favor on the issue of whether certain witnesses at
plaintiff’s general court-martial trial conspired to falsely accuse him of sexual assault and sexual
harassment, upon the ground that plaintiff is collaterally estopped from relitigating this issue.
Def. Mot. 18-22. The parties have also filed cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative
record on the issues of: (1) whether the United States Marine Corps committed errors during
plaintiff’s general court-martial and post-trial proceedings, that would warrant vacating
plaintiff’s general court-martial conviction and sentence; and (2) whether this matter should be
remanded to the Navy’s Judge Advocate General. See generally Pl. Mot.; Def. Mot. Lastly,
plaintiff has moved for relief from the Protective Order entered in this matter on April 24, 2018.
See generally Pl. Mot. for Relief.

       For the reasons set forth below, plaintiff is collaterally estopped from relitigating whether
certain witnesses falsely accused him of sexual assault and sexual harassment and plaintiff has
not shown that his general court-martial and post-trial proceedings were fundamentally unfair.
And so, the Court: (1) GRANTS the government’s motion for summary judgment; (2)
GRANTS the government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record; (3) DENIES
plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record; (4) DENIES plaintiff’s
motion for relief from protective order; and (5) DISMISSES the complaint.

       A.      Plaintiff Is Precluded From Re-Litigating Whether Certain
               Witnesses Falsely Accused Him During The Court-Martial Proceedings

       As an initial matter, while not dispositive of this case, the undisputed material facts in
this case make clear that plaintiff is precluded from re-litigating the issue of whether certain

                                                                                                    16
witnesses at his general court-martial conspired to falsely accuse him of sexual assault and
sexual harassment. And so, the Court GRANTS the government’s motion for summary
judgment with respect to this issue. RCFC 56.

        In its motion for summary judgment, the government persuasively argues that plaintiff is
precluded from litigating the issue of whether certain servicemembers coordinated to falsely
accuse him of sexual assault and sexual harassment, because plaintiff previously litigated this
issue before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. Def. Mot. at
18-19. It is well-established that the doctrine of collateral estoppel—or issue preclusion—
protects litigants from the burden of relitigating an identical issue with the same party and
promotes judicial economy by preventing needless litigation. Parklane Hosiery, Inc. v. Shore,
439 U.S. 322, 331 (1979); Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 328-
329 (1971). To establish that plaintiff is collaterally estopped from relitigating whether certain
witnesses conspired to falsely accuse him of sexual assault and sexual harassment, the
government must show that: (1) the issue at stake is identical to the one involved in the prior
proceeding; (2) the issue was actually litigated in the prior proceeding; (3) the determination of
the issue in the prior litigation was a critical and necessary part of the judgment in the first
action; and (4) plaintiff had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the prior proceeding.
Dana v. E.S. Originals, Inc., 342 F.3d 1320, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Pleming v. Universal-Rundle Corp., 142 F.3d 1354, 1359 (11th Cir. 1998));
Banner v. United States, 238 F.3d 1348, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (citing Jet, Inc. v. Sewage
Aeration Sys., 223 F.3d 1360, 1365-66 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). The government has shown that each
of these elements is satisfied here.

        First, there can be no genuine dispute that the issue of whether certain witnesses
conspired to falsely accuse plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual harassment during his general
court-martial is identical to the issue involved in plaintiff’s prior litigation before the United
States District Court of the Eastern District of Louisiana. In the district court litigation, plaintiff
alleged that four servicemembers—Staff Sgt. A[* * *], Sgt. P[* * *], Staff Sgt. R[* * *], and Sgt.
J[* * *]— “conspired to lodge false complaints and accusations of sexual harassment and sexual
assault against him.” Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d at 541. The amended complaint in this action
similarly alleges that these same four individuals made “false sexual assault claims” against
plaintiff during his general court-martial. Am. Compl. at ¶ 42(b). A review of the docket for
                                                                                                     17
plaintiff’s district court litigation also shows that the issue of whether the aforementioned
servicemembers conspired to falsely accuse plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual harassment was
fully briefed by the parties to that case and that the district court determined that plaintiff failed
to show that the allegations lodged against him were false. Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d at 545. Given
this, the undisputed material facts show that the issue of whether certain servicemembers
conspired to falsely accuse plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual harassment is identical to the
issue that plaintiff previously litigated before the district court. Corrigan v. United States, 82
Fed. Cl. 301, 307 (2008) (quoting United States v. Moser, 266 U.S. 236, 241 (1924)) (explaining
that, to determine whether the issue is identical, this Court must decide “‘whether the point or
question presented for determination in the subsequent action is the same as that litigated and
determined in the original action.’”).

        Second, the undisputed material facts also make clear that the parties to the district court
litigation actually litigated the issue of whether certain servicemembers conspired to falsely
accuse plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual harassment. As discussed above, plaintiff alleged in
the district court litigation that Staff Sgt. A[* * *], Sgt. P[* * *], Staff Sgt. R[* * *] and Sgt. J[* *
*] “conspired to lodge false complaints and accusations of sexual harassment and sexual assault
against him.” Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d at 541. The government addressed this issue in its motion
to dismiss and to substitute the United States as the defendant in that action. Id. at 542. A
review of the district court’s decision on the government’s motion also shows that the issue of
whether certain servicemembers conspired to falsely accuse plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual
harassment was resolved by the district court. Notably, the district court held that “[Mr.] West
has the burden to establish that, as a factual matter, the allegations against him were false” and
the district court ultimately concluded that plaintiff “has not . . . [met] this burden.” Id. at 545.

        Plaintiff’s argument that this issue was not actually litigated before the district court is
also misguided. Pl. Mot. at 73-74. While plaintiff correctly observes that the district court did
not conduct an evidentiary hearing before granting the government’s motion to dismiss and to
substitute, it is well-established that an issue can be litigated and decided by a court on a
dispositive motion without the need to hold an evidentiary hearing. See, e.g., Stephen Slesinger,
Inc. v. Disney Enters., Inc., 702 F.3d 640, 645-46 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (affirming the Trademark
Trial and Appeal Board’s dismissal for collateral estoppel based in reliance on a district court
order for summary judgment in the previous court action). The docket for plaintiff’s district
                                                                                                        18
court litigation also shows that the district court dismissed plaintiff’s Bivens complaint against
the accused servicemembers with prejudice, again, making clear that the issue of whether these
servicemembers falsely accused plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual harassment was actually
litigated before the district court. West v. Rieth, No. 15-2512, 2016 WL 3459883, at *7 (E.D. La.
June 24, 2016). Given this, the Court concludes that the second element of issue preclusion has
also been satisfied in this case. Corrigan, 82 Fed. Cl. at 309 (holding that an issue is actually
litigated if the issue was: (1) appropriately raised, by the pleadings or otherwise; (2) submitted
for determination; and (3) determined by the court).

        The government has also shown that the district court’s determination regarding whether
certain servicemembers conspired to falsely accuse plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual
harassment was a critical and necessary part of the court’s judgment in the district court
litigation. Plaintiff correctly argues that the district court addressed issues related to scope of
employment and certification under the Westfall Act during the district court litigation. Pl. Mot.
at 70; see Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d at 546. But, the district court also specifically addressed and
determined the veracity of the accusers’ sexual assault and sexual harassment claims against
plaintiff, before reaching a decision regarding the Westfall Act certification. Rieth, 152 F. Supp.
3d at 544 (“The Certification and the Alleged Falsity of the Allegations”). Notably, the district
court held that, “to challenge the certification, . . . [Mr.] West has the burden to establish that, as
a factual matter, the allegations against him were false.” Id. at 545 (emphasis omitted). Given
this, the Court agrees with the government that the issue of whether certain servicemembers
conspired to falsely accuse plaintiff of sexual assault and sexual harassment was a critical and
necessary part of the district court’s decision.

        Lastly, the undisputed material facts also make clear that plaintiff had a full and fair
opportunity to litigate the issue of whether certain servicemembers conspired to falsely accuse
him of sexual assault and sexual harassment during the district court litigation. Plaintiff and the
government fully briefed this issue in connection with the government’s motion to dismiss and to
substitute. Id. at 542 n.11. Plaintiff was also represented by counsel during the district court
litigation and he currently retains the same counsel in this case. Id. at 541. In addition, plaintiff
fails to show that he suffered any significant procedural limitations during the district court
litigation. Pl. Mot. at 74-76. And so, the final element of collateral estoppel—that plaintiff was
afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue—has also been satisfied in this case.
                                                                                                      19
Corrigan, 82 Fed. Cl. at 311 (holding that, to determine whether plaintiff has had a “full and
fair” opportunity to litigate the issue, the Court must look at: (1) whether there were significant
procedural limitations in the prior proceeding; (2) whether the party had an incentive to litigate
fully the issue; and (3) whether effective litigation was limited by the nature or relationship of
the parties).

        Because the undisputed material facts in this case make clear that plaintiff is collaterally
estopped from relitigating the issue of whether certain witnesses at his general court-martial trial
conspired to falsely accuse him of sexual assault and sexual harassment, the Court GRANTS the
government’s motion for summary judgment on this issue. RCFC 56.

        B.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown That Any Of The
                Alleged Errors During The Court-Martial And
                Post-Trial Proceedings Constitute Such A Deprivation Of
                Fundamental Fairness As To Impair His Constitutional Due Process Rights

        Turning to the merits of the parties’ cross-motions for judgment upon the administrative
record, the record evidence in this case shows that any errors that occurred during plaintiff’s
general court-martial and post-trial proceedings did not constitute such a deprivation of
fundamental fairness as to impair plaintiff’s constitutional due process rights. And so, the Court
GRANTS the government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record and DENIES
plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record on this issue. RCFC 52.1.

        In his cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record, plaintiff identifies
several alleged errors during his general court-martial and post-trial proceedings that he contends
show that these proceedings involved such a deprivation of fundamental fairness as to impair his
due process rights. Pl. Mot. at 43-54. Specifically, plaintiff alleges: (1) pervasive witness
tampering; (2) concealment of exculpatory evidence; (3) the “obdurate refusal” of the military
judge to acknowledge an obvious UCI; (4) the articulation of an erroneous legal standard for
evaluating UCI; (5) prejudicial comments during closing arguments; (6) the charging of a
frivolous case; and (7) the existence of an apparent attempt to prevent review of plaintiff’s UCI
claim. Pl. Mot. at 43-53. Plaintiff also alleges that the Marine Corps and the Navy failed to give
full and fair consideration to his UCI claims during the post-trial review and Article 69 appeal
process and that the Navy failed to afford him appellate review by the Navy-Marine Corps Court
of Criminal Appeals. Id. at 54-61. And so, plaintiff requests that: (1) the Court vacate the

                                                                                                     20
findings and sentence of his general court-martial; (2) placement in retirement status; (3) the
correction of his military records, back pay and other benefits; or, (4) alternatively, that the Court
remand this motion to the Navy Office of the Judge Advocate General. Id. at 76; Am. Compl. at
Prayer for Relief.

       The government counters in its motion for judgment upon the administrative record that
the Court should deny plaintiff’s claims because plaintiff has not demonstrated that any of the
errors alleged in this case constitute such a deprivation of fundamental fairness as to impair his
constitutional due process rights. Def. Mot at 22-38. The government also argues that plaintiff’s
request for reinstatement in the military is non-justiciable and that plaintiff’s claim for back pay
must be limited to the term of his enlistment. Id. at 39-40. And so, the government requests that
the Court deny all of plaintiff’s claims and dismiss this matter. Id. at 40.

       It is well-established that this Court weighs constitutional claims related to plaintiff’s
challenge of his general court-martial and post-trial proceedings with the “limited function” of
determining “whether the military tribunal gave fair consideration” to each claim. Matias, 923
F.2d at 826 (citing Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137, 144 (1953)); Matias, 19 Cl. Ct. at 646. In so
doing, the Court “does not have the authority to retry the facts of a court-martial proceeding nor
to act as a reviewing court of the decision of the court-martial tribunal.” See Flute v. United
States, 535 F.2d 624, 626 (Ct. Cl. 1976). And so, plaintiff must show that that the alleged
infirmities during his general court-martial and post-trial proceedings rise to a constitutional
level for the Court to review his court-martial sentence and conviction. Id. For the reasons set
forth below, plaintiff makes no such showing in this case.

               1.      Plaintiff Received Full And Fair Consideration
                       Of His Motion To Dismiss For Unlawful Command Influence

       As an initial matter, the administrative record in this matter shows that the Marine Corps
gave full and fair consideration of plaintiff’s motion to dismiss the general court-martial due to
an actual or apparent UCI. See Matias, 923 F.2d at 826.

       In his motion for judgment upon the administrative record, plaintiff argues that the
presence of UCI during his general court-martial proceedings constitutes “fundamental errors” in
those proceedings that warrant vacating his conviction for seven reasons. Pl. Mot. at 43-54.
Specifically, plaintiff argues that: (1) the Marine Corps engaged in witness tampering; (2) the

                                                                                                     21
Marine Corps concealed exculpatory evidence; (3) the military judge refused to acknowledge an
obvious UCI; (4) the military judge articulated an erroneous legal standard for UCI; (5) there
were prejudicial comments during the closing arguments; (6) the Marine Corps filed a frivolous
case against plaintiff; and (7) there was an apparent attempt to prevent review of plaintiff’s UCI
claims. Id. But, as shown below, none of the errors alleged by plaintiff related to his motion to
dismiss for UCI are substantiated by the evidentiary record in this case. And so, the Court must
deny this claim.

                         a.    Plaintiff Has Not Shown Evidence Of Witness Tampering

        First, plaintiff’s claim that the administrative record “is replete with evidence of witness
tampering” and witnesses “being coerced to testify falsely against [him]” is belied by the record
evidence. Id. at 45. Plaintiff argues that witness tampering occurred in connection with his
general court-martial proceedings because two of the witnesses against him —Staff Sgt. A[* * *]
and Gunnery Sgt. Villegas— “were potential targets of [an] obstruction of justice
investigation[].” Id. Plaintiff also argues that Staff Sgt. A[* * *] met with the Marine Corps
SAPR office before making formal allegations of sexual harassment and obstruction of justice
against plaintiff. Id.

        To support these allegations, plaintiff points to, among other things, the testimony and
witness statements of Staff Sgt. A[* * *] and Gunnery Sgt. Villegas during the NCIS’s
investigation of plaintiff’s conduct and during the general court-martial trial. Id.; see AR Tab 59
at 1246-50 (Staff Sgt. A[* * *] testimony); AR Tab 85 at 2021-22 (Staff Sgt. A[* * *] statement
to NCIS); AR 85 at 2032 (Gunnery Sgt. Villegas statement to NCIS). But, plaintiff’s allegations
of witness tampering are not substantiated by this evidence.

        A careful review of the record evidence does not reveal any evidence to support
plaintiff’s claim that the Marine Corps tampered with any of the witnesses that testified against
plaintiff during the general court-martial proceedings. See AR Tab 52 at 1066-67 (Lance
Corporal H[* * *] explaining her interactions with Sgt. P[* * *] and Staff Sgt. A[* * *] after the
Halloween incident occurred); AR Tab 59 at 1246-50 (Staff Sgt. A[* * *] detailing her
conversations with the SAPR office); AR Tab 155.1 at 3528-30 (SA Norton explaining that
Gunnery Sgt. Villegas was not under investigation for obstruction of justice). Rather, the
witness testimony cited by plaintiff shows that Staff Sgt. A[* * *] and Gunnery Sgt. Villegas

                                                                                                   22
provided voluntary and truthful statements to NCIS in connection with the investigation of the
sexual assault and sexual harassment claims lodged against plaintiff. See, e.g., AR Tab 85 at
2032; see generally AR Tab 56.

       Plaintiff’s allegation that witnesses were “coerced into testifying falsely against [him]”
during the general court-martial proceedings is also unsubstantiated. Pl. Mot. at 45. As
discussed above, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana has
previously determined that plaintiff failed to show that any of the witnesses against him during
the general court-martial proceedings falsely accused him of sexual assault and sexual
harassment. Rieth, 152 F. Supp. 3d at 545. And so, plaintiff has not shown that witness
tampering occurred in connection with his general court-martial proceedings.

                       b.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown That The
                               Marine Corps Concealed Exculpatory Evidence

       Plaintiff’s allegations that the NCIS agents involved in the investigation that led to his
general court-martial concealed witness statements that would have exonerated him is similarly
unsubstantiated. Pl. Mot. at 46. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that NCIS SA Jeffrey Norton
“falsely attributed inculpatory statements [regarding the sexual assault and sexual harassment
allegations against plaintiff] to two . . . witnesses, Jacob Coby and Jessica Geddies.” Id. But, a
review of the statements and trial testimony of these witnesses shows that Mr. Coby and Ms.
Geddies provided generally consistent testimony regarding whether they saw plaintiff dancing
with one of his accusers. Compare AR Tab 144.13 at 3055 (SA Norton interview summary with
Mr. Coby) with AR Tab 17.2 at 421-23 (Summary of Mr. Coby’s court-martial testimony) and
AR Tab 64 at 1284 (Mr. Coby’s statement to defense counsel); compare AR Tab 144.14 at 3056
(SA Norton interview summary with Ms. Geddies), with AR Tab 64 at 1283, (Ms. Geddies’
statement to defense counsel) and AR Tab 17.2 at 434-36 (Summary of Ms. Geddies court-
martial testimony), AR Tab 155.1 at 4057 (“I don’t recall making th[e] statement [that I observed
[plaintiff trying to dance with H[* * *]].”).

       Plaintiff’s claim that the Marine Forces Reserve prosecutor improperly blocked SA
Norton from re-interviewing another witness —Mr. James Rieth— regarding certain text
messages between himself and plaintiff similarly lacks evidentiary support. Pl. Mot. at 46. The
record evidence shows that, during the general court martial proceedings, SA Norton testified

                                                                                                    23
that he was told by a supervisor that it was “not necessary” for him to re-interview Mr. Rieth
regarding the subject text messages. AR Tab 144.12 at 3040-41; AR Tab 155.1 at 3524-25. But,
SA Norton and the other special agent involved in the NCIS investigation also testified that they
did not feel any pressure from the Marine Corps to conduct the investigation in a certain manner.
AR Tab 155.1 at 3530, 3535-36.

        Plaintiff’s claim that the SAPR office prevented Staff Sgt. A[* * *] from being re-
interviewed by NCIS regarding the text messages between herself and plaintiff is also
unsubstantiated. Pl. Mot. at 46. The administrative record shows that SA Norton testified that
he did pursue another interview with Staff Sgt. A[* * *] because she declined his requests for a
second interview. AR Tab 155.1 at 4070-1 (“If they declined to be interviewed, they declined to
be interviewed. I mean the Court can order them to testify.”). A review of the witness
statements that plaintiff identifies as being exculpatory and concealed by the Marine Corps also
reveals that these statements pertain to charges for which plaintiff was found not guilty.2 AR
Tab 1 at 2-4; AR Tabs 64-65; AR Tab 144.13 at 3055-56. Given this, the Court finds it difficult
to conclude that the alleged concealment of these statements could have led to a “fundamental
deprivation” of plaintiff’s due process rights. Matias, 923 F.2d at 826. And so, plaintiff has not
shown that the Marine Corps concealed evidence during his general court-martial proceedings.

                        c.       Plaintiff Has Not Shown That The
                                 Marine Corps’ Case Was Frivolous

        The Court is also not persuaded by plaintiff’s argument that his general court-martial
involved a frivolous case. Pl. Mot. at 52-53. In his cross-motion, plaintiff argues that the reason
the sexual assault and sexual harassment charges brought against him were dropped by the
Marine Corps was to avoid the consequences of his motion to dismiss for UCI. Id. But, as the
government observes in its motion for judgment upon the administrative record, the Marine
Corps’ decision to drop the sexual assault and sexual harassment charges brought against
plaintiff was a prosecution decision that fell within the discretion of the military prosecutor. Def.
Resp. at 17-18 (citing United States v. Argo, 46 M.J. 454, 463 (C.A.A.F 1997)). The record

2
 Plaintiff correctly observes that the administrative record reveals some inconsistencies in the statements
given by Jacob Coby and Jessica Geddies, such as whether or not Ms. Geddies saw plaintiff and Lance
Corporal H[* * *] dancing together. Compare AR Tab 144.13 at 3055-56, with AR Tabs 64-65. But, the
Court does not find these inconsistencies to show that the Marine Corps tampered with these witnesses.

                                                                                                        24
evidence also makes clear that the case brought against plaintiff was not frivolous. While
plaintiff correctly observes that he was found not guilty of the majority of the charges lodged
against him during the general court-martial proceedings, it is undisputed that plaintiff was
convicted of service discrediting conduct related to comments that he made at a basketball game
and certain text messages that plaintiff sent to Staff Sgt. A[* * *]. AR Tab 1 at 3-5. Plaintiff
was also convicted of attempting to obstruct justice in connection with the investigation that led
to his general court-martial. Id. And so, plaintiff simply has not shown that the charges brought
against him were frivolous.

                       d.     The Military Judge Applied The Correct UCI Legal Standard

       Plaintiff’s claim that a fundamental error occurred during the general court-martial
proceedings because the military judge applied the wrong legal standard to resolve his motion to
dismiss for UCI is equally unavailing. Pl. Mot. at 47-48. To support this claim, plaintiff points
to the following statement made by the military judge during the general court-martial
proceedings:

       And that whenever I or any court these days consider UCI motions, we are really
       focused on three factors: Was the CA acting in response to some type of pressures
       from superiors and acting with something other than a completely pure heart? Of
       course, that’s my language. That’s certainly not case law language. Secondly, is
       there any evidence at all that access to witnesses has been inhibited or that witnesses
       are, because of command influence, unwilling to testify for or cooperate with the
       defense? And, thirdly, are the members free from bias?

AR Tab 155.1 at 3520; Pl. Mot. at 48.

       As plaintiff and the government both acknowledge, the proper legal standard for
evaluating plaintiff’s motion to dismiss for UCI is that plaintiff must meet an initial showing of
UCI and then the burden shifts to the government to refute the UCI beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Lewis, 63 M.J. 405, 413 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Biagese, 50
M.J. 143, 150-51 (C.A.A.F. 1999)); Def. Resp. at 8-13; see Pl. Mot. at 47-48. And so, to
successfully pursue a UCI claim, plaintiff must show “more than mere ‘command influence in
the air’ or speculation.” United States v. Harvey, 64 M.J, 13, 18 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (quoting
United States v. Johnson, 54 M.J. 32, 34 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).

                                                                                                   25
        In this case, the record evidence shows the military judge correctly applied the
aforementioned legal standard and decided to deny plaintiff’s motion to dismiss for UCI. The
military judge determined that plaintiff “failed to meet the threshold for raising [the UCI issue],
which is. . . more than mere allegation or speculation under Biagese, 50 M.J. 143, . . .” AR Tab
155.1 at 3541. And so, the military judge concluded that “[the] defense has failed to meet their
initial Biagese burden [in this case]” and the military judge denied plaintiff’s motion to dismiss
for UCI. Id. at 3541-42. The Court finds no legal error in this decision.
                        e.      The Military Judge Did Not Refuse To Recognize UCI

        Plaintiff’s argument that he has been prejudiced by the military judge’s “obdurate
refusal” to acknowledge an actual or apparent UCI in connection with his general court-martial
also lacks persuasion. Pl. Mot. at 46-47. To support this argument, plaintiff argues that he
presented “uncontested evidence” of UCI during the general court-martial proceedings and that
the military judge improperly refused to acknowledge this evidence. Id. at 47. But, the Court
agrees with the government that plaintiff’s claim raises a question of fact regarding the evidence
that was before the military judge and that such questions of fact cannot be resolved by this
Court. See Matias, 923 F.2d at 826 (“[Q]uestions of fact resolved by military courts are not
subject to collateral attack.”); Def. Resp. at 13.

        Because the administrative record makes clear that plaintiff received full and fair
consideration of his motion to dismiss for UCI during the general court-martial proceedings, the
Court will not set aside his general court-martial sentence and conviction based upon an alleged
or apparent UCI. Matias, 923 F.2d at 826.

                        f.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown That The
                                Military Judge Erred During The Closing Arguments

        Plaintiff’s claim that fundamental errors permeated his general court-martial proceedings,
because the military judge made prejudicial comments during the closing arguments, is also
unsubstantiated by the record evidence. Pl. Mot. at 48-51. In this regard, plaintiff argues that the
military judge improperly admonished his counsel for: (1) asserting that witnesses lied to the
jury; (2) making inferences related to certain text messages between plaintiff and Staff Sgt. A[* *
*]; and (3) arguing plaintiff could not have discredited the Marine Corps because he was not in
uniform. Id.; Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(i)-(k). But, again, the record evidence neither supports

                                                                                                  26
plaintiff’s claims, nor demonstrates that the general court-martial proceedings were
fundamentally unfair. Most significantly, courts have long recognized that an “erroneous
instruction does not deprive the accused of a constitutionally fair trial.” See e.g., Herring v. New
York, 422 U.S. 853, 862 (1975). And so, to the extent that the military judge erred in
admonishing plaintiff’s counsel, these errors do not constitute a deprivation of plaintiff’s due
process rights. It is also well-established that military judges have “broad discretion” in
controlling the scope of closing summations. Flute, 535 F.2d at 626-27. And so, again, the
errors alleged by plaintiff simply do not rise to the level of rendering his general court-martial
proceedings fundamentally unfair.3

                         g.       Plaintiff Has Not Shown That The Marine
                                  Corps Attempted To Prevent Review Of His UCI Claim

        Lastly, plaintiff’s claim that the Marine Corps attempted to prevent the review of his UCI
claim during the clemency petition proceedings is equally unfounded. Pl. Mot. at 53-54.
Plaintiff correctly observes that the summarized transcript of his general court-martial
proceedings only briefly mentions his UCI claim and that the record of trial before the Staff
Judge Advocate during the clemency process did not contain the briefs relevant to his motion to
dismiss for UCI. Id. But, the Military Rules for Courts-Martial do not require that the
Convening Authority consider the record of trial before acting on a plaintiff’s clemency petition.
R.C.M. 1109(d)(3)(B). And so, the Court agrees with the government that any errors contained
in the record of trial for the general court-martial proceedings would not, alone, render the
proceedings related to plaintiff’s clemency petition fundamentally unfair.4 See Def. Mot. at 36.

        Indeed, at bottom, the administrative record in this matter shows that that the errors
alleged by plaintiff related to his motion to dismiss the general court-martial proceedings for UCI

3
 The record evidence shows that the military judge followed the commentary for the Military Rules for
Courts-Martial in admonishing plaintiff’s counsel for asserting that certain witnesses lied to the jury. The
commentary provides that counsel should not express a personal belief or opinion as to the truth or falsity
of any testimony. Def. Mot. at 33-34; R.C.M. 919(b) cmt. (2016).
4
 While plaintiff also correctly observes that the digital copy of the record of trial for his general court-
martial proceedings did not contain the briefs related to his motion to dismiss for UCI, the record
evidence shows that these documents were attached to his clemency petition and considered by the
Convening Authority. Pl. Mot. at 53. Def. Mot. at 36; see generally AR Tab 6 at 202-287. The record
evidence also shows that the briefs related to plaintiff’s motion to dismiss for UCI were attached to
plaintiff’s Article 69(a) appeal. AR Tabs 144-144.11.

                                                                                                               27
are largely unsubstantiated and that the Marine Corps and the Navy afforded plaintiff’s UCI
claim full and fair consideration. Given this, plaintiff has not shown that his general court-
martial proceedings were fundamentally unfair due to an actual or apparent unlawful command
influence. And so, the Court GRANTS the government’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record and DENIES plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative
record on this issue.

               2.       The Other Errors Alleged By Plaintiff Do Not Show
                        That His General Court-Martial Was Fundamentally Unfair

       The administrative record also makes clear that the four remaining errors that plaintiff
alleges occurred during his general court-martial proceedings do not show that these proceedings
were fundamentally unfair. Def. Mot. at 25-31; see also Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 48(a), (c)-(e), (g), (h).

       First, while not addressed in plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment upon the
administrative record, the government persuasively argues that plaintiff received full and fair
consideration of his motion to suppress evidence regarding certain text messages between
plaintiff and Master Gunnery Sgt. Thomas. Def. Mot. at 25-27. Plaintiff alleges in the
complaint that the military judge’s decision to deny this motion was a prejudicial ruling. Am.
Compl. at ¶ 48(a); see also AR Tab 144.8. But, the record evidence shows that the military
judge afforded plaintiff full and fair consideration of his motion to suppress evidence during the
general court-martial proceedings. Notably, the parties to the general court-martial proceedings
fully briefed plaintiff’s motion to suppress evidence and the military judge held an Article 39(a)
hearing on plaintiff’s motion before denying the motion. AR Tab 155.1 at 3589; Mil. R. Evid.
311(c)(2); see generally AR Tabs 93, 106, 144.8. The Court appreciates that plaintiff disagrees
with the military judge’s decision to deny this motion. But, plaintiff has not shown how he has
been prejudiced by this decision. See generally Pl. Mot. And so, record evidence does not
support plaintiff’s claim. Matias, 923 F.2d at 826.

       Plaintiff also has not shown that he has been prejudiced by the exclusion of certain voir
dire questions related to sexual assault and sexual harassment during the general court-martial
proceedings. Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(c); Def. Mot. at 27. The administrative record substantiates
plaintiff’s claim that the military judge excluded some of his voir dire questions during the
general court-martial proceedings. AR Tab 155.1 at 3611-14. But, the administrative record

                                                                                                   28
also makes clear that the military judge took steps to ensure that plaintiff was not prejudiced
during the voir dire process. Notably, the record evidence shows that that the military judge: (1)
discussed which voir dire questions would be allowed with counsel for both parties; (2)
discussed the Marine Corps Heritage Brief, which addresses the issue of sexual assault within the
Marine Corps, with the prospective members venire; and (3) also advised the prospective
members venire that plaintiff was “presumed innocent” despite the sexual nature of the charges
brought against him. Id. at 3611-14, 3637-3639; see also id. at 3628, 3635, 4159. In addition,
the administrative record makes clear that plaintiff has been afforded a full and fair opportunity
to pursue his objections to the military judge’s decision to exclude some of his voir dire
questions, because plaintiff raised this claim during his unsuccessful Article 69(a) appeal. AR
Tab 144 at 2806; AR Tab 156 at 4383. Given this, plaintiff has not shown that the voir dire
process during his general court-martial involved “a clear abuse of discretion.” United States v.
Smith, 27 M.J. 25, 28 (C.M.A. 1988) (quoting United States v. Parker, 19 C.M.R. 400, 406
(C.M.A. 1955)) (emphasis removed) (explaining that courts have recognized that “wide
discretion is vested in trial judges as to questions which must be answered by jurors on voir
dire.”).

           Plaintiff’s claim that he has been prejudiced by the military judge’s decision to not admit
all of the text messages between himself and Staff Sgt. A[* * *] into evidence during the general
court-martial proceedings is equally unavailing. Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(d). Even if the military
judge erred in this regard, the “mere error in admitting or excluding evidence does not make a
court-martial constitutionally unfair.” Flute, 535 F.2d at 627. The administrative record also
makes clear that the military judge held a hearing on this issue and that plaintiff raised an
objection to the exclusion of the subject text messages in connection with his unsuccessful
clemency petition and Article 69(a) appeal. AR Tab 155.1 at 4016-23; see AR Tab 6 at 20; AR
Tab 144 at 2802; AR Tab 156 at 4383. And so, again, the evidentiary record shows that plaintiff
has had a full and fair opportunity to challenge the exclusion of the subject text messages and
that plaintiff has not shown that he has been prejudiced by the exclusion of this evidence.

           Lastly, plaintiff’s challenges to the exclusion of the entire text of Staff Sgt. C[* * *]
R[* * *]’s request mast application and to certain comments made by the military judge during
the general court-martial proceedings are also unfounded. Am. Compl. at ¶ 48(e), (g)-(h). As
discussed above, even if plaintiff is correct in arguing that the military judge erred by
                                                                                                       29
excluding Staff Sgt. C[* * *] R[* * *]’s request mast application, such an error does not render
plaintiff’s general court-martial proceedings constitutionally unfair. Flute, 535 F.2d at 627.
The record evidence also shows that plaintiff has had a full and fair opportunity to pursue his
objection to certain comments made by the military judge during the general court-martial
proceedings in connection with his unsuccessful Article 69(a) appeal. AR Tab 145 at 3166;
AR Tab 156 at 4383. And so, plaintiff has not shown that he has been prejudiced by these
alleged errors. 5 AR Tab 145 at 3166; AR Tab 156 at 4383.

        Because plaintiff has not shown that any of the aforementioned alleged errors during his
general court-martial proceeding constitute such a deprivation of fundamental fairness as to
impede his constitutional due process rights, the Court GRANTS the government’s motion for
judgment upon the administrative record and DENIES plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment
upon the administrative record with respect to these issues. Matias, 923 F.2d at 826; RCFC 52.1.

                2.       Plaintiff Has Not Shown That The
                         Post-Trial Proceedings Were Fundamentally Unfair

        Lastly, plaintiff also fails to show that the post-trial proceedings related to his general
court-martial were fundamentally unfair. In his cross-motion, plaintiff raises several objections
to the post-trial review of his UCI claim and to his general court-martial sentence and conviction.
Pl. Mot. at 53-61; Pl. Reply 10-22. For the reasons discussed below, the record evidence shows
that plaintiff has had a full and fair opportunity to address these alleged errors. And so, the Court
GRANTS the government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record and DENIES
plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record regarding these post-trial
matters.

                         a.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown That The Proceedings
                                 Related To His Clemency Petition Were Fundamentally Unfair

        First, plaintiff’s claim that the Marine Corps committed errors during the review of his
clemency petition are largely substantiated by the administrative record. But, plaintiff argues
without persuasion that these errors caused the clemency process to be constitutionally unfair.

5
 At the end of the court-martial, plaintiff acknowledged that his court-martial was a fair trial. AR Tab
155.1 at 4297 (“I finally realize that the judicial system is fair . . . the truth came out this week.”).

                                                                                                            30
Pl. Mot. at 56. While plaintiff correctly observes that the Staff Judge Advocate did not have a
copy of his motion to dismiss for UCI during the preparation of the initial recommendation
related to his clemency petition, the administrative record shows that plaintiff attached this
motion to his clemency petition and that the Staff Judge Advocate reviewed the motion in
connection with the preparation of the addendum to that recommendation. AR Tab 6 at 202-287;
AR Tab 3 at 10-11. And so, plaintiff has not shown that the Staff Judge Advocate was unaware
of, or disregarded, the grounds for plaintiff’s motion to dismiss for UCI during the clemency
process.

        Plaintiff also has not shown that he has been prejudiced by the Staff Judge Advocate’s
failure to timely serve him with copies of the recommendation and supplemental addendum
related to his clemency petition, as required by R.C.M. 1106(f). Pl. Mot. at 58. Plaintiff
correctly observes that the Staff Judge Advocate did not serve his counsel with a copy of the
recommendation and addendum before sending these documents to the Convening Authority, as
required by R.C.M. 1106(f).6 AR Tabs 4, 13. But, the record evidence makes clear that plaintiff
was not prejudiced by these errors. In this regard, the record evidence shows that plaintiff was
given the opportunity to review the Staff judge Advocate’s recommendation before submitting
his clemency petition. AR Tab 6. The record evidence also shows that, after plaintiff submitted
his clemency petition, the Staff Judge Advocate prepared and submitted an addendum to his
recommendation to the Convening Authority that solely addressed the legal issues raised by
plaintiff in that petition. AR Tab 3. Given this evidence, the record evidence shows that plaintiff
had the opportunity to review the Staff Judge Advocate’s recommendation and that the Marine
Corps fully and fairly considered his clemency petition.

        Lastly, plaintiff’s claim that his right to submit matters to the Convening Authority “has
been fundamentally violated,” because the Staff Judge Advocate did not have a verbatim
transcript of the general court-martial proceedings during the preparation of the recommendation
and addendum related to his clemency petition, is equally unavailing. Pl. Mot. at 56-57; see AR

6
  R.C.M. 1106(f)(1) requires that the Staff Judge Advocate shall “cause a copy of the recommendation to
be served on the counsel for the accused,” before the Staff Judge Advocate’s recommendation and the
record of trial is sent to the Convening Authority. R.C.M. 1106(f)(1). R.C.M 1106(f)(7) requires that the
Staff Judge Advocate serve “the accused and counsel . . . with the new matter and give[] 10 days from
service of the addendum in which to submit matters.” See also R.C.M. 1106(f)(7) discussion.

                                                                                                      31
Tab 8. Again, the record evidence substantiates plaintiff’s claim that the Staff Judge Advocate
did not have a verbatim transcript of the general court-martial proceedings when he prepared the
recommendation and addendum. Pl. Mot. at 56-57; see AR Tabs 9, 10. But, plaintiff has not
shown how he has been prejudiced by the lack of a verbatim transcript at that stage of the
clemency process. Notably, the Military Rules for Courts-Martial in effect at the time that
plaintiff submitted his clemency petition required the preparation of a verbatim transcript of
court-martial proceedings only in circumstances where the sentence involves a confinement for
at least six months, or when a discharge from the military based upon bad conduct has been
adjudged.7 R.C.M. 1103(b)(2)(B) (2012). But, neither of these circumstances is present here.
Plaintiff received a sentence of 30-days confinement, a reprimand and a reduction in pay grade.
AR Tab 1 at 6. Given this, the Court agrees with the government that the absence of a verbatim
transcript at the time when the Staff Judge Advocate prepared the recommendation and
addendum related to plaintiff’s clemency petition did not violate R.C.M. 1103 or deprive
plaintiff of a full and fair opportunity to pursue his clemency petition.

                         b.      Plaintiff Received Full And Fair
                                 Consideration Of His Claims During The Article 69 Appeal

         Plaintiff’s claim that the proceedings related to his Article 69(a) appeal were
fundamentally unfair and warrant vacating his sentence and conviction are also not persuasive.
Pl. Mot. at 58-60. Plaintiff’s objection to the Article 69(a) proceedings centers upon the Navy’s
decision to supplement the record of trial for the general court-martial with a verbatim trial
transcript. Id.; Pl. Reply at 14-15. Specifically, plaintiff argues that the Navy Judge Advocate

7
    R.C.M. 1103(b)(2)(B) provides that:

         (B) Verbatim transcript required. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (j) of this rule, the
         record of trial shall include a verbatim transcript of all sessions except sessions closed for
         deliberations and voting when:

                 (i) Any part of the sentence adjudged exceeds six months confinement, forfeiture of pay
                 greater than two-thirds pay per month, or any forfeiture of pay for more than six months
                 or other punishments that may be adjudged by a special court-martial; or

                 (ii) A bad conduct discharge has been adjudged.

R.C.M. 1103(b)(2)(B) (2012).

                                                                                                         32
General violated R.C.M. 1104 by failing to modify or set aside the general court-martial findings
and/or sentence, and to remand the matter to the Convening Authority, when the Navy suspended
the review of the summarized record of trial so that the record of trial could be supplemented
with a verbatim transcript. Pl. Mot. at 59.

          But, as the government explains in its motion for judgment upon the administrative
record, the Judge Advocate General is afforded broad discretion in deciding whether to modify
and set aside general court-martial findings, or to remand a matter to the Convening Authority.
Def. Mot. at 38. Specifically, R.C.M. 1104(d) provides that the Judge Advocate General “may”
set aside a record of trial if it is incomplete, defective, or otherwise inaccurate and return it to the
Convening Authority. R.C.M. 1104(d). Given the broad discretion afforded to the Judge
Advocate General in this regard, plaintiff has not shown that the Judge Advocate General
violated R.C.M. 1104 by declining to modify or set aside the general court-martial findings and
to remand the matter to the Convening Authority in this case. R.C.M. 1104(d)(1); see also
United States v. Mosley, 35 M.J. 693, 695 (N.M.C.M.R. 1992).

          Plaintiff’s argument that the Navy’s authentication procedures during his Article 69(a)
appeal violated R.C.M. 1104(d)(2) is also unconvincing.8 Pl. Mot. at 59-60. Plaintiff argues that
he was not afforded a reasonable opportunity to review a certificate of correction of the record of
trial prior to the authentication of the supplemented record of trial for his general court-martial

8
    R.C.M. 1104(d) provides, in relevant part, that:

          (d) Correction of record after authentication; certificate of correction.

               (1) In general. A record of trial found to be incomplete or defective after
                   authentication may be corrected to make it accurate. A record of trial may be
                   returned to the convening authority by superior competent authority for correction
                   under this rule.

               (2) Procedure. An authenticated record of trial believed to be incomplete or defective
                   may be returned to the military judge or summary court-martial for a certificate of
                   correction. The military judge or summary court-martial shall give notice of the
                   proposed correction to all parties and permit them to examine and respond to the
                   proposed correction before authenticating the certificate of correction. All parties
                   shall be given reasonable access to any original reporter’s notes or tapes of the
                   proceedings.

R.C.M. 1104(d)(1)-(2).

                                                                                                          33
proceedings after the Navy added the verbatim transcript of the general court-martial
proceedings. Id. at 60. But, the administrative record makes clear that the Navy afforded
plaintiff sufficient time to review the certificate of correction prior to the authentication of the
supplemented record of trial. Specifically, the administrative record shows that the Office of the
Judge Advocate General notified plaintiff that the Navy was preparing a verbatim transcript of
the general court-martial proceedings on December 1, 2016. AR Tab 147. Thereafter, plaintiff
received a copy of the verbatim transcript of the court-martial proceedings on March 29, 2017,
and the Navy afforded plaintiff 15 days−until April 13, 2017−to review the verbatim transcript,
consistent with R.C.M. 1104(d)(2). AR Tabs 152-53. Given this, the administrative record
shows that the Navy complied with the R.C.M. in authenticating the supplemented record of trial
and that plaintiff received full and fair consideration of the legal errors that he alleged occurred
during the Article 69(a) appeal.

                         c.      Plaintiff Has Not Shown That
                                 The Judge Advocate General Erred By
                                 Declining To Refer His Case For Appellate Review

        Lastly, plaintiff has not shown that his post-trial proceedings were fundamentally unfair
because the Navy Judge Advocate General declined to refer his case for appellate review by the
Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals. Pl. Mot. at 60-61; Pl. Reply 10-22. The Judge
Advocate General is afforded discretion in determining whether a case should be referred to the
Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals. Notably, R.C.M. 1201(b)(1) provides that “[i]f
the Judge Advocate General so directs, the record shall be reviewed by a Court of Criminal
Appeals . . .” R.C.M. 1201(b)(1) (emphasis supplied); see also 10 U.S.C. § 869(d) (providing
that a Court of Criminal Appeals may only review cases sent to the Court by the order of the
Judge Advocate General). Plaintiff points to no evidence in the administrative record to show
that the Judge Advocate General abused that discretion here. Pl. Mot. at 60-61; Pl. Reply at 17-
19. And so, plaintiff has not shown that the Judge Advocate General violated R.C.M. 1105, or
abused his discretion in declining to refer plaintiff’s case for appellate review. 9

9
  Because the Court concludes that plaintiff has not shown that any of the alleged errors during the
general court-martial and post-trial proceedings constitute such a deprivation of fundamental fairness as
to impair his constitutional due process rights, the Court does not reach the remaining issues raised in the
government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record.

                                                                                                          34
         C.      Relief From The Court’s Protective Order Is Not Warranted

         As a final matter, plaintiff has not shown that he is entitled to relief from the Protective
Order entered in this matter on April 24, 2018.10 In his motion for relief from protective order,
plaintiff seeks to publicly disclose the identities of several witnesses who testified against him
during his general court-martial. See generally Pl. Mot. for Relief. In support of this motion,
plaintiff argues that the Privacy Act and the United States Department of Defense’s (“DoD”)
SAPR Program do not prohibit the public disclosure of information about the identities of these
witnesses, because he previously obtained this information during public proceedings associated
with his general court-martial proceedings. Pl. Mot. for Relief at 12-14. Plaintiff also argues
that the subject witnesses have waived any protections afforded to them under the Privacy Act,
because plaintiff publicly disclosed their identities during his district court litigation. Id. at 14-
18. And so, plaintiff contends that the public interest in disclosing this information outweighs
the privacy interests of these witnesses. Id.

         The government counters that the identities of the subject witnesses and their witness
statements are protected from disclosure under the Privacy Act, the SAPR Program and
applicable DoD regulations. Def. Opp. to Mot. for Relief at 7-10. The government also argues
that relief from the Court’s Protective Order is not warranted in this case, because plaintiff has
not shown that the redactions to the administrative record to protect the confidentiality of this
information have prevented him from obtaining due process in this case, or deprived the public
of needed information. See generally Def. Opp. to Mot. for Relief.

         For the reasons set forth below, plaintiff has not shown that relief from the Protective
Order is warranted. And so, the Court DENIES plaintiff’s motion for relief from protective
order.

         First, the government persuasively argues that the statements of the witnesses at issue are
protected from disclosure under the DoD’s SAPR Program. Def. Opp. to Mot. for Relief at 7-8.

10
    The Court’s Protective Order provides that the Court has “determined that certain information to be
filed in connection with the Military Pay Act matter may be covered by the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. §
552a.” Protective Order at 1. The Court has authorized the government to disclose this information to
plaintiff and his counsel in connection with this litigation, subject to certain restrictions, including that the
information be used solely for purpose of this litigation. Id. at 3.

                                                                                                              35
The government explains that DoD has covered reported sexual assault incidents as part of a
Privacy Act “system of records.” Def. Opp. to Mot. at 7; Privacy Act of 1974; System of
Records, 80 Fed. Reg. 68,302 (Nov. 4, 2015); see also Sexual Assault Prevention & Response
Program Procedures, DoD Instruction No. 6495.02, Encl. 4, ¶ 3.b, 4.b(2) (Mar. 28, 2013).
Because there is no dispute that the statements of the subject witnesses are contained in the DoD
SAPR Program reports, the Court agrees with the government that these witness statements are
subject to the Privacy Act and that the identity of the subject witnesses and their statements
should not be publicly disclosed in connection with this litigation. See 80 Fed. Reg. at 68,302-
03.

       Plaintiff also has not shown that the release of information about the identities of the
subject witnesses to him in connection with his general court-martial proceedings requires that
the Court make this information public in connection with this litigation. It is undisputed that the
Marine Corps previously released information about the identities of the subject witnesses to
plaintiff in connection with the preparation of plaintiff’s clemency petition. Def. Opp. to Mot.
for Relief at 9; AR Tab 10 at 292 (stating that a summarized report and transcript of the
proceedings will be served on plaintiff); see also AR Tabs 17-17.5 (summarized report and
transcript of the proceedings). But, plaintiff has not shown that the prior release of this
information for the purpose of preparing his clemency petition justifies the public release of this
information in connection with this case. Indeed, as the government observes in its response and
opposition to plaintiff’s motion for relief, the privacy rights of the subject witnesses—alleged
victims of sexual assault and sexual harassment—weighs heavily in favor of protecting their
identities and statements from public disclosure. Def. Opp. to Mot. at 8-9.

       In addition, plaintiff has not shown how allowing the Protective Order to remain in place
with respect to the identities of the subject witnesses would prevent him from obtaining due
process in this case. Pl. Mot. for Relief at 12-14. Pursuant to the terms of the Court’s Protective
Order, both plaintiff and his counsel have access to the identities of the subject witnesses and to
their statements. See Protective Order, dated April 23, 2018 at 3. Plaintiff also fails to identify
any public interest that would be served by publicly disclosing the identities and statements of
these witnesses. Pl. Mot. at 16-18.

                                                                                                   36
       Indeed, as the government observes in its opposition to plaintiff’s motion for relief, the
Protective Order entered in this case carefully balances plaintiff’s legitimate need to access
confidential information regarding the witnesses that testified against him during the general
court-martial proceedings, while safeguarding the government’s legitimate need to protect the
privacy rights of these witnesses. Def. Opp. to Mot. at 10-12. Plaintiff simply has not explained
how the public disclosure of information about the identities of these witnesses will aid him in
the litigation of this dispute. Nor has plaintiff explained how such a disclosure would advance
the public’s understanding of this case. Given this, plaintiff has not met his burden to show that
relief from the Court’s Protective Order is warranted in this case. And so, the Court DENIES
plaintiff’s motion for relief from protective order.

V.     CONCLUSION

       In sum, the undisputed material facts in this matter show that plaintiff is collaterally
estopped from relitigating the issue of whether certain witnesses conspired to falsely accuse him
of sexual assault and sexual harassment during his general court-martial proceedings. The
administrative record in this matter also shows that any infirmities during plaintiff’s general
court-martial and post-trial proceedings did not rise to a constitutional level or, constitute a
proceeding that is more a spectacle on trial by ordeal. Lastly, plaintiff has not shown that he is
entitled to relief from the Protective Order entered in this case.

       And so, for the foregoing reasons, the Court:

       1. GRANTS the government’s motion for summary judgment;

       2. GRANTS the government’s motion for judgment upon the administrative record;

       3. DENIES plaintiff’s cross-motion for judgment upon the administrative record;

       4. DENIES plaintiff’s motion for relief from protective order; and

       5. DISMISSES the complaint.

       The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly.

       Each party to bear its own costs.

                                                                                                     37
       Some of the information contained in this Memorandum Opinion and Order may be
considered protected information subject to the Protective Order entered in this matter on April
24, 2018. This Memorandum Opinion and Order shall therefore be filed UNDER SEAL. The
parties shall review the Memorandum Opinion and Order to determine whether, in their view,
any information should be redacted in accordance with the terms of the Protective Order prior to
publication. The parties shall FILE a joint status report identifying the information, if any, that
they contend should be redacted, together with an explanation of the basis for each proposed
redaction on or before September 3, 2019.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                   s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby
                                                   LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY
                                                   Judge

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