Court Opinion

ID: 7367297
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-27 23:52:55.160965+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:48.298464
License: Public Domain

SOMERVILLE, J.
The most important question raised by the record is whether a separate piece of paper, upon which a grantor has written matter of description, continuous with and supplemental to the description of property embodied in the deed proper, and which though not signed, and not referred to in the deed proper, is delivered to the grantee along -with the deed as a part of it. The question assumes, of course, that the deed proper was executed after thq supplemental writing was made; and it presupposes the use of parol evidence to show that the two writings are contemporaneous as to preparation and delivery.
It is well settled in the law of wills that an extrinsic document cannot be treated as a part of a will unless three conditions are met: (1) There must be a distinct reference in the will to the document sought to be incorporated; (2) the extrinsic document must be so acurately described in the will as to assure its identity; and (3) it must be in actual existence at the time when such reference to it is made in the will.—Bryan’s Ap*360peal, 77 Conn. 240, 58 Atl. 748, 68 L. R. A. 353, and note, 107 Am. St. Rep. 34, 1 Ann. Cas. 393; Bryan v. Bigelow, 77 Conn. 604, 60 Atl. 266, 107 Am. St. Rep. 64, and note. It is also well settled that extrinsic documents referred to in deeds may be resorted to for the identification of the property or estate intended to be conveyed.
With respect to contracts governed by the statute of frauds, the general rule seems to be much the same as in the case of wills.—Oliver v. Ala. G. L. Ins. Co., 82 Ala. 417, 426, 2 South. 445; Forst v. Leonard, 112 Ala. 296, 303, 20 South. 587. But in this state, even in the absence of direct reference, parol evidence has been admitted to connect and unify distinct but correlated documents. The question arose in one of our early cases, where it was said:
“Prom this examination, it appears that neither of the instruments offered in evidence shows a sufficient compliance with the statute of frauds to constitute a binding contract for the sale of lands, when, as in this case, the statute is pleaded. It was, however, contended that, although the auction sale bill nor the letter, taken singly, might be evidence of a contract for the sale of lands under the statute, yet, taken together, they would be sufficient. Conceding that to be the fact, it is very clear that unless there is a direct reference in one to the other, so as in effect to embody in itself the paper referred to, without the aid of parol proof to effect such union, they cannot be considered together.” (Italics ours.) Adams v. McMillan, 7 Port. 73, 86.
So, in a later case, it was said:
“The rule is general, that several papers, relied on to meet the requirements of the statute of frauds, should on their face indicate a reference to each other.—Carter v. Shorter, 57 Ala. 253; Knox v. King, 36 Ala. 367. The rule is not absolute, and there are cases in which parol *361evidence of contemporaneous facts, and of the circumstances in which the parties were when the writings were signed, will be received, to show their connection. * * * The implication of connection between the memorandum and the deeds is almost irresistible, from their mere inspection, and there was no just objection to parol evidence of the contemporaneous facts, and the circumstances surrounding the parties showing that they were hut parts of the same transaction.—Browne on Stat. Frauds, § 350.”- Jenkins v. Harrison, 66 Ala. 345, 360.
The distinction between Jenkins v. Harrison and Oliver v. Ala. G. L. Ins. Co. must, we think, be founded upon this consideration: In the former case the writings admitted, though distinct, were practically contemporaneous with the principal document and formed together with it a single connected transaction, while in the latter case the writings were distinct and collateral, and hence, though the extrinsic document, if referred to, could be identified by parol evidence, it could not be thus connected with the principal document if not referred to therein. It is to be observed, also, that the stated rule as to wills is with respect to extrinsic collateral documents; that is, writings which are not only physically separated by being written on separate pieces of paper, but which originate as distinct writings and not as complementary parts of the will.
It is settled by our decisions that a will need not be written on one piece of paper, and also that, when written continuously on more than one sheet, it is no objection to the will as a whole that the several sheets are not attached or bound together, and only the last one in sequence bears the signature of the testator.—Woodruff v. Hundley, 127 Ala. 640, 653, 29 South. 98, 85 Am. St. Rep. 145; Barnewall v. Murrell, 108 Ala. 366, 18 *362South. 831. In the latter case the rale, as stated in the headnote, is:
“The validity of an instrument as a will is unaffected because of the fact that if is composed of or written on several separate sheets, if they are connected and coherent in sense, by an adaptation of the several parts; if due execution be shown, the signature and attestation will be referred to all sheets, even though they were loose and detached.”
While the precise question now before us seems never to have been decided by this or any other court, the authorities and principles above adverted to furnish important analogies which suggest, if they do not compel, our present conclusion.
We hold that whether or not a supplemental writing, not referred to nor identified in the executed deed, can be offered and received in evidence as a part of-the deed must depend upon the considerations: (1) It must be written contemporaneously with the deed by the grantee or his draftsman; (2) it must be physically before the grantor when he executes the deed: (3) it must be delivered to the grantee or his agent along with and as a part of the deed; (4) it must not contradict any of its expressed terms; and (5) it must upon its face be continuous, coherent, and consistent with that part of the deed which it purports to supplement (that is, there must be internal evidence of the identity and unity of the two writings as constituting a single transaction).
We think the supplemental writing here offered as a part of the deed in question meets these requirements, and, in the light of the parol evidence of identification and delivery, was properly received as a part of the deed. There is nothing in our statute (section 3355), prescribing the form of deeds and the mode of their execution, which in any way militates against this conclusion.
*363The description of the property, as comprehended in the entire deed, is not void upon its face for uncertainty, and that objection to the deed was properly overruled.
As affecting the validity of the executor’s public sale of Thornton’s estate, including the land in suit, or, perhaps, as an admission by the executor of his testator’s want of title to part of the 80-acre tract, plaintiff was allowed to introduce in evidence certain advertisements of the sale showing an offer to sell, not the N. y2 of S. W. 14 °f section 33, as was actually deeded, but “all except five acres” of that tract.
If, as the record recites, the will gave to the executor “full power and authority to sell all of the testator’s estate,” he was clearly not bound by the statutory requirements as to advertisement of a sale made upon an application to and order by the probate court. And, if this executor’s sale had been so governed, a defective description in the advertisement would not avoid the sale on collateral attach.—Matheson v. Hearin, 29 Ala. 210, 215.
Nor were the advertisements competent evidence on the theory that they were implied admissions by the executor that his testator had disposed of 5 acres of this particular 80-acre tract. The language used does not tend to support such an implication; and, in any case, such an admission by an executor would be without legal value or significance, as against the testator. We think the trial court erred in the admission of these advertisements.
Charge 9, given to the jury at the instance of plaintiff, states that the occupancy needful for adverse possession must be “clear, definite, positive, and notorious.” It is insisted by appellant that the use of thése several adjectives in this connection was misleading to the jury and prejudicial to him.
*364The language of charge 9 (excepting one clause which is not material) is found in 3 Wash, on Real Property (4th Ed.) pp. 135, 136, and is quoted with approval in McDaniel v. S. S. S. & I. Co., 152 Ala. 414, 417, 44 South. 705, 126 Am. St. Rep. 48. Some of the quoted requirements as to physical occupation are of doubtful advantage in a charge to the jury, but their misleading tendency, if any they have, should have been obviated by an explanatory charge; and reversible error cannot be predicated upon the giving of the charge as formulated.
No other questions being argued in appellant’s original brief, we will not consider additional questions discussed for the first time in a supplemental brief.
For the error pointed out, the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
All the Justices concur.
Anderson, O. J., and Sayre and de Graefenried, JJ., dissent from the opinion in part.