Court Opinion

ID: 4680118
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-22 17:16:16.861099+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:53.088017
License: Public Domain

J-A24036-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JAMES O. WATSON,                           :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 2391 EDA 2018

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 31, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Criminal Division
                       at No(s): CP-46-CR-0000729-2018

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.:                                 Filed: April 22, 2021

        Appellant, James O. Watson, appeals from the judgment of sentence of

72 hours to six months of confinement, which was imposed after his

convictions at a bench trial for driving under the influence (“DUI”) of a

controlled substance and driving while operating privilege is suspended or

revoked.1 Appellant challenges the denial of his suppression motion and, for

the first time on appeal, the imposition of costs and fines without first

considering his ability to pay.2 We affirm.

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1   75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3802(d)(1)(iii) and 1543(a), respectively.
2We discern the challenges to his costs and fines as two separate claims. See
42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(a)(1)-(5) (list of sentences that can be imposed by the
court includes fines but not costs), (c.1) (defining “costs” in separate
subsection: “in addition to the alternatives set forth in subsection (a), the
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       On July 3, 2018, the trial court held a hearing on Appellant’s motion to

suppress the results of a blood draw taken pursuant to his arrest for DUI. The

sole witness was Corporal Michael Burton of the Whitemarsh Township Police

Department.      N.T., 7/3/2018, at 4.         When the Commonwealth asked the

corporal, “Do you have a particular method or practice in asking for consent

to chemical testing that you use?”, the witness answered:

       Once I place someone under arrest for suspicion of driving under
       the influence of alcohol or controlled substance, generally we will
       take them to the rear of the car to a safe location, and then we
       will read them the DL[-]26[3], the implied consent form. I always
       read all four paragraphs word for word and make sure that the
       suspect understands what I’m reading to him or her.

Id. at 5. Corporal Burton then testified that, on the night of September 16,

2017, he was working as the field testing officer at a DUI checkpoint. Id. at

6.   He continued that, when Appellant entered the checkpoint, the initial

contact officer smelled marijuana emanating from Appellant’s vehicle, which

Appellant admitted to smoking. Id. at 7-8. Corporal Burton explained that

the initial contact officer escorted Appellant to him in handcuffs, but he

removed the handcuffs since Appellant was cooperative. Id. at 8-10.

       The Commonwealth asked Corporal Burton, “Did you, in fact, read the

full DL[-]26 form?”, and the corporal answered, “I did.” Id. at 11.

____________________________________________

court shall order the defendant to pay costs”) and § 9726(a)-(c) (defining
“fine”).
3 The DL–26 form contains warnings of the potential consequences of a
person’s refusal to consent to a blood test.

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      The Commonwealth asked the witness, “After you read the form, did the

defendant indicate that he would consent to give blood?”, and the witness

replied, “He did.” Id. at 13.

      When asked if Appellant changed his mind at any point and told the

corporal that he did not want to consent to the blood test, the witness

answered, “No.” Id.

      When asked if he raised his voice with Appellant or if he threatened

Appellant in order to gain his consent to the blood draw or for any other

reason, Corporal Burton answered negatively. Id. at 11.

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied the motion to

suppress. Id. at 28.

      The procedural history underlying this appeal continues as follows:

      On July 31, 2018, following a bench [trial] . . . , Appellant was
      found guilty of [the aforementioned charges]. On that same date,
      th[e trial c]ourt sentenced the Appellant to a term of
      imprisonment for not less than 72 hours nor more than six months
      in the Montgomery County Correctional Facility, with commitment
      beginning on Friday, August 17, 2018 at 6:00 p.m. In addition,
      [for the DUI count,] Appellant was sentenced to pay the costs
      of prosecution and a mandatory fine of $1,000.00 within the
      six-month period of supervision. The court further sentenced the
      Appellant to pay a $200.00 fine and the costs of prosecution
      for the Driving Under Suspension charge, as well as some other
      special considerations. (N.T. 7/31/18 at 23-24).

Trial Court Opinion, dated December 10, 2018, at 1 (emphasis added). The

trial court did not make a determination of Appellant’s ability to pay costs or

fines prior to imposing them.

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        On August 14, 2018, Appellant filed a timely Notice of Appeal. On
        August 15, 2018, th[e trial c]ourt ordered Appellant to file a
        Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal. On
        September 4, 2018, Appellant filed an Application for Extension to
        File a Concise Statement, which th[e trial c]ourt granted on
        September 11, 2018, permitting the Appellant an additional 30
        days to file his Concise Statement. On October 11, 2018,
        Appellant filed a timely Concise Statement of Matters Complained
        of on Appeal.

Id. at 2. Appellant’s concise statement raised only one challenge – that the

trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the results from the blood

draw.

        Appellant now presents the following two issues for our review:

        1.    Did the trial court err in denying [Appellant]’s motion to
        suppress where the Commonwealth failed to meet its required
        burden of proving that [Appellant] made a clear and unequivocal
        waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights when the only evidence of
        consent to search that was presented was a police officer’s
        conclusory and vague statement asserting that [Appellant]
        consented to a blood search and where the atmosphere
        surrounding the search was coercive ?

        2.    Did the sentencing court illegally impose costs on
        [Appellant], who is indigent, without making a determination
        regarding his ability to pay costs?

Appellant’s Brief at vii (suggested answers omitted).

                                  Suppression

        Appellant first contends that “[t]he Commonwealth did not prove that

[Appellant] consented to a warrantless blood draw” and that any consent

given was “the product of coercion” and “psychological pressure” or

“unchecked     misleading   statements    being   made   to   individuals    being

processed.” Id. at 10, 31, 35. Appellant continues that the Commonwealth

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“failed to prove that [he] was given required warnings before the warrantless

blood test.” Id. at 33.

      In reviewing the denial of a suppression motion, our role is to
      determine whether the suppression court’s factual findings are
      supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn
      from those facts are correct.      Because the Commonwealth
      prevailed before the suppression court, we may consider only the
      evidence of the Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for
      the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context
      of the record as a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual
      findings are supported by the record, we are bound by these
      findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are
      erroneous. Where . . . the appeal of the determination of the
      suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the
      suppression court’s legal conclusions are not binding on an
      appellate court[.]

Commonwealth v. Yim, 195 A.3d 922, 926 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations and

internal brackets omitted). Our scope of review from a suppression ruling is

limited to the evidentiary record created at the suppression hearing.

Commonwealth v. Fulton, 179 A.3d 475, 487 (Pa. 2018).

      Corporal Burton – the only witness to testify at the suppression hearing

– explicitly testified that he read the full DL-26 form to Appellant, N.T.,

7/3/2018, at 11, which was his normal practice.     Id. at 5. Appellant was

thereby given the required warnings.

      The corporal also unambiguously testified that, after he read the DL-26,

Appellant indicated that he consented to give blood and never retracted that

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consent or otherwise told police that he changed his mind. Id. at 13.4 The

trial court’s factual finding that Appellant consented to the blood draw thus is

supported by the record. See Yim, 195 A.3d at 926.

       Additionally, there is no evidence that Appellant’s consent was “the

product of coercion” or “psychological pressure[,]” Appellant’s Brief at 10, 31,

as Corporal Burton stated that he never raised his voice nor threated Appellant

for any reason.       N.T., 7/3/2018, at 11.     The lack of coercion is further

demonstrated by the fact that Appellant’s handcuffs had been removed prior

to the corporal reading the DL-26 form to him and prior to Appellant giving

his consent. Id. at 9-10.5 Appellant likewise fails to designate any evidence

____________________________________________

4 As for Appellant’s assertion, “[i]f [Appellant] merely held out his arm, then
that . . . did not constitute consent[,]” Appellant’s Brief at 18, there is no
evidence to suggest that Appellant gave his consent by merely gesturing.
Also, Corporal Burton testified that the ambulance where Appellant’s blood
draw occurred was about 20 feet away from where they were standing when
he obtained Appellant’s consent, N.T., 7/3/2018, at 13, so there is no basis to
infer that Appellant would have held out his arm more than six yards away
from where his blood was actually going to be drawn.

As for Appellant’s conjecture that an officer could “proceed[] with a
warrantless blood draw until the defendant stops objecting[,]” Appellant’s
Brief at 20, there is no evidence that Appellant ever objected to the blood
draw, and Corporal Burton’s testimony that Appellant was cooperative and did
not indicate that he had changed his mind about the blood test strongly implies
that Appellant never objected. N.T., 7/3/2018, at 9-10, 13.
5 As for Appellant’s contention that other officers at DUI checkpoint may have
“threaten[ed] or coerce[d] Appellant before they turned him over to Corporal
Burton” or “could have issued all manner of coercive threats to [Appellant,]”
Appellant’s Brief at 12, 25, this suggestion is pure speculation, based upon no
evidence of record whatsoever.

                                           -6-
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of “unchecked misleading statements being made to individuals being

processed[.]” Appellant’s Brief at 35.

      Accordingly, “the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by

the record[,]” and, consequently, “we are bound by these findings” that

Appellant consented to the blood test. Yim, 195 A.3d at 926. Appellant’s first

challenge hence merits no relief.

                               Costs and Fines

      Appellant next argues that the trial court “erred when it failed to

consider [his] ability to pay fines and costs.” Appellant’s Brief at 35-36. The

Commonwealth answers that this “claim is waived because [Appellant] did not

raise it at sentencing or in his concise statement of matters complained of on

appeal.”   Commonwealth’s Brief at 12.      We further note that Appellant’s

statement of questions involved only refers to “costs”, but the “Argument”

section of his brief challenges both “fines and costs.” Compare Appellant’s

Brief at vii with id. at 35.

      The Commonwealth is correct that Appellant did not preserve any

challenge to costs in his concise statement of the errors complained of on

appeal, which normally would result in waiver of that issue pursuant to

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii). However, a challenge to a trial court’s authority to

impose costs implicates the legality of the sentence and, ergo, can never be

waived.    Commonwealth v. Lehman, 201 A.3d 1279, 1283 (Pa. Super.

2019) (challenge to trial court’s authority to impose costs implicated legality

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of the sentence, “and, thus, [the appellant] was not required . . . to raise the

issue before the trial court”), aff’d, 243 A.3d 7 (Pa. 2020); Commonwealth

v. Berry, 877 A.2d 479, 482 (Pa. Super. 2005) (“challenges to the legality of

the sentence are never waived”; “a court may entertain a challenge to the

legality of the sentence so long as the court has jurisdiction to hear the

claim”).    Therefore, we can address the substantive merits of Appellant’s

challenge to the trial court’s order to pay the costs of prosecution as part of

his sentence. Appellant’s Brief at 35-36. “When reviewing the legality of a

sentence, our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is

plenary.” Commonwealth v. Lekka, 210 A.3d 343, 355 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(citation omitted).

      The law is unambiguous that “a defendant is not entitled to an ability-

to-pay     hearing   before   a   court   imposes   court   costs   at   sentencing.”

Commonwealth v. Lopez, 2021 PA Super 51, *10 (filed March 23, 2021)

(en banc). Thus, in the current appeal, the trial court did not err in denying

Appellant a hearing on his ability to pay costs. Id.

      As for Appellant’s challenge to the trial court’s authority to impose fines,

Appellant did not preserve any challenge to fines in his concise statement of

the errors complained of on appeal or in his statement of questions involved.

Normally, these errors would result in waiver of that issue pursuant to

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) and 2116(a), respectively. Nevertheless, this Court

has carved out a very narrow exception related to challenges to fines:

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       [A] claim that the sentencing court failed to consider the
       defendant’s ability to pay before imposing fines . . . is non-
       waivable if the defendant alleges that there was no evidence
       of record concerning the defendant’s ability to pay, because
       the issue attacks the legality of the sentence. On the other hand,
       all other claims concerning the defendant’s ability to pay a fine
       must be preserved by raising them in the first instance before the
       trial court, because they concern an alleged abuse of discretion by
       the trial court.

Commonwealth v. Boyd, 73 A.3d 1269, 1270 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc).

In the current action, Appellant never explicitly alleges that there was no

evidence of record concerning his ability to pay fines. See Appellant’s Brief

at 35-38. Instead, his reliance on the fact that he was “an indigent client who

qualified for the services of the Office of the Public Defender” implies that he

is alleging that there was evidence of record concerning his ability to pay fines.

Id. at 37. Thus, Appellant’s claim does not attack the legality of his sentence

but, instead, concerns an alleged abuse of discretion. Boyd, 73 A.3d at 1270.

Accordingly, this issue is waivable, and Appellant has, in fact, waived it by

failing to include it in his concise statement of the errors complained of on

appeal or statement of questions involved.6

                                          *      *   *

       Based on the foregoing, all of Appellant’s claims are either meritless or

waived.    Accordingly, Appellant is not entitled to relief, and we affirm his

judgment of sentence.

____________________________________________

6Assuming Appellant had preserved this claim, we would note that, because
both fines imposed were mandatory, Appellant was not entitled to a hearing.

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     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 4/22/21

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