Court Opinion

ID: 5135868
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-17 15:08:46.101234+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:00.107572
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-4828-18

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

LASHAWN FITCH,

     Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________

                   Argued October 4, 2021 – Decided December 17, 2021

                   Before Judges Sabatino, Rothstadt, and Natali.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Monmouth County, Indictment No. 09-07-
                   1467.

                   Stefan Van Jura, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
                   argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
                   Public Defender, attorney; Stefan Van Jura, of counsel
                   and on the brief).

                   Monica Lucinda do Outeiro, Assistant Prosecutor,
                   argued the cause for respondent (Lori Linskey, Acting
                   Monmouth County Prosecutor, attorney; Mary R.
                   Juliano, Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the
                   brief).
            Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.

PER CURIAM

      In an earlier unpublished opinion, we affirmed defendant Lashawn D.

Fitch's conviction and forty-year aggregate, No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A.

2C:43-7.2, sentence for having committed second-degree conspiracy to commit

robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2 and N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1; second-degree possession of a

weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a); first-degree robbery,

N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1; and first-degree felony murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(3). State

v. Fitch, No. A-1014-14 (App. Div. Sept. 22, 2017) (slip op. at 48) (Fitch I).

      Thereafter, defendant successfully pursued a petition for post-conviction

relief based upon his claim that he received ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel because defendant's attorney had simultaneously represented defendant

and a co-defendant on appeal.      As a result, and with the State's consent,

defendant was permitted to file this new direct appeal. We now consider the

matter anew.

      On appeal, defendant raises the following contentions in a brief filed by

counsel:

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                       2
              POINT I

              THE CONVICTIONS MUST BE REVERSED
              BECAUSE DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS
              RIGHTS TO CONFRONTATION AND A FAIR
              TRIAL BY THE REPETITION OF HEARSAY
              IMPLICATIONS OF GUILT AND BLOSTERING OF
              EVERETT'S PRIOR STATEMENT. [1] U.S. CONST.,
              AMENDS. V, VI, AND XIV; N.J. CONST., ART. I,
              PARS. 1, 9, AND 10. (NOT RAISED BELOW).

              POINT II

              THE CONVICTIONS SHOULD BE REVERSED
              BECAUSE DEFENDANT DID NOT KNOWINGLY
              AND INTELLIGENTLY WAIVE HIS RIGHT TO
              COUNSEL. U.S. CONST. AMEND VI; N.J. CONST.
              ART. I, PAR. 10. (NOT RAISED BELOW).

              POINT III

              DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE
              PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL BY A FAULTY
              ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY JURY CHARGE THAT
              FAILED TO PROPERLY INSTRUCT THE JURY
              THAT DEFENDANT COULD BE LIABLE FOR A
              LESSER OFFENSE THAN THE PRINCIPAL. U.S.
              CONST. AMENDS. V. AND XIV; N.J. CONST. ART.
              I, PARS. 1, 9 AND 10. (NOT RAISED BELOW).

              POINT IV

              THE FORTY-YEAR NERA SENTENCE IS
              MANIFESTLY EXCESSIVE AND UNDULY
              PUNITIVE FOR THIS SEVENTEEN-YEAR-OLD

1
    Defendant's friend Ian Everett was a significant witness for the State.
                                                                              A-4828-18
                                          3
            DEFENDANT; IT SHOULD BE REDUCED TO THE
            LOWEST LAWFUL TERM OF THIRTY YEARS.

      In a supplemental brief filed by defendant directly, he raises these

additional arguments that we have renumbered for clarity:

            POINT [V]

            THE   PROSECUTION    EXPOSED   CRUCIAL
            HEARSAY EVIDENCE DURING THE TESTIMONY
            OF CAPTAIN DEANGELIS WHICH IMPLIED THAT
            DEFENDANT WORE AND DISCARDED THE
            BLACK HAT AND PURPLE GLOVES DURING A
            ESCAPE ROUTE.   THIS INFORMATION WAS
            LEARNED     THROUGH     NON-TESTIFYING
            WITNESS.

            POINT [VI]

            THE ADMISSION OF OTHER CRIMES EVIDENCE
            WAS GROSSLY PREJUDICIAL AND DENIED
            DEFENDANT A FAIR TRIAL WHEN IAN EVERETT
            INFORMED THE JURY THAT PRIOR TO THE
            CONSPIRACY DEFENDANT FIRED A GUN FROM
            THE ROOF OF IAN EVERETT. (NOT RAISED
            BELOW).

            SUB-POINT A.

            THE [TRIAL] COURT ALSO FAILED TO GIVE A
            LIMITING INSTRUCTION ON THE PREJUDICIAL
            OTHER CRIMES EVIDENCE.

                                                                    A-4828-18
                                      4
            POINT [VII]

            PROSECUTION[']S SELECTIVE PRESENTATION
            OF PORTIONS OF THE EVERETT VIDEO DURING
            SUMMATIONS DISTORTED THE EVIDENCE IN
            THE TRIAL. THUS VIOLATING DEFENDANT[']S
            RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL BY AN IMPARTIAL
            JURY. (NOT RAISED BELOW).

            SUB-POINT A.

            THE JURY REQUEST FOR PLAY BACK OF IAN
            EVERETTS RECORDING CONSTITUTED PLAIN
            ERROR WHEN [THE TRIAL COURT] FAILED TO
            GIVE THE JURY THE ENTIRE TESTIMONY
            INCLUDING    HIS   DIRECT AND    CROSS
            EXAMINATION. THUS THE RECORDING WAS
            NOT PUT IN PROPER CONTEXT BEFORE THE
            JURY. (NOT RAISED BELOW).

            POINT [VIII]

            THE TRIAL COURT ERRED FOR NOT
            INSTRUCTING THE JURY ON THIRD DEGREE
            THEFT AS REQUESTED BY THE DEFENSE. THUS
            VIOLATING DEFENDANT[']S RIGHT TO A FAIR
            TRIAL. (PARTIALLY RAISED). [2]

      We are unpersuaded by any of his contentions, and we affirm defendant's

conviction and sentence because his arguments are unsupported by the record ,

the applicable law, or both.

2
  All but two of defendant's arguments—that his waiver of trial counsel was
invalid and that the court erred by failing to charge theft as a lesser -included
offense of armed robbery—were raised in his original appeal.
                                                                           A-4828-18
                                       5
                                         I.

        The facts leading to defendant's arrest and conviction are well known to

the parties and summarized in our earlier opinion. See Fitch I, slip op. at 5-11.

We need not repeat them here.

                                         II.

                                         A.

        We begin our review by addressing defendant's challenges to the

admission of Everett's videotaped statement to police and the prosecutor's use

of the tape during summations. As already noted, the trial court found Everett's

videotaped interview, which contradicted his trial testimony, admissible under

Gross,3 after conducting the requisite hearing. The interview was approximately

twenty minutes long and a redacted version was played to the jury during the

testimony of Detective Daniel Baldwin of the Monmouth County Prosecutor's

Office. Portions of the interview were also played during the prosecutor's

summation and it was played in its entirety again during jury deliberations in

response to a jury question.

        Only after the jury resumed its deliberations, did defendant object to the

tape's admission on hearsay grounds. Generally, defendant objected to the

3
    State v. Gross, 121 N.J. 1 (1990).
                                                                            A-4828-18
                                         6
statements by detectives during their interview of Everett where they indicated

to Everett that they heard Everett's story from other sources multiple times. In

his brief, defendant specifically points to the following statement:

            DETECTIVE BALDWIN: All right. What did they
            say? Listen, I already know the story. Obviously you
            know I know the story, so --

                  ....

            DETECTIVE BALDWIN: Yeah, no, the story -- the
            story is correct. I mean, the story adds up, corroborated
            with the -- the -- the other information we've learned
            from other people we've talked to, so I know you're
            being truthful with us. Just take your time and think
            about exactly what he said to you.

                  ....

            DETECTIVE BALDWIN:           I believe you.     Did
            LaShawn tell you what happened, what he did with the
            gun afterwards?

            [Emphasis added.]

      Defendant also takes issue in his brief with similar statements made by

Baldwin and Detective Nelson of the Eatontown Police Department to Everett

and his mother as follows:

            DETECTIVE BALDWIN: [Everett] witnessed things
            that led up to the homicide.

                                                                          A-4828-18
                                        7
               DETECTIVE NELSON: And the information that he's
               given, we've heard it one, two, three times before, so
               it's just like --

               DETECTIVE BALDWIN: Just wanted him to be
               truthful with us and I'm glad, and I thank you for
               bringing him down. I'm glad that you're being truthful
               with us. We know -- we knew the story.

               EVERETT: I wish I told you earlier.

               [Emphasis added.]

         In objecting, defendant acknowledged that the detectives' statements were

just a "tactic to try to get [Everett] . . . to say things," but he requested a curative

instruction to ensure that the jury did not consider the statements for their truth.

The trial court denied defendant's request for such a curative charge because

Everett's videotaped interview was "something that's already been in evidence,

already been dealt with, ruled upon, and redacted."

         Defendant again raised this argument in his unsuccessful motion for a new

trial.    Defendant acknowledged that he had an opportunity to review the

videotape and the proposed redactions before it was presented to the jury, but

that he did not "catch it" until the jury was already deliberating. In response,

the prosecutor argued that he made his redactions in good faith and attempted to

keep prejudicial information from the jury. As to the challenged remarks by the

detectives, he explained that they were merely an "investigative technique":

                                                                                 A-4828-18
                                           8
"They're basically making him feel better, listen, we know it's -- it's true. We've

heard it before. Feel comfortable that you're not the only one saying this."

                                          B.

      In Point I of his brief, defendant contends for the first time that he was

denied his right to confrontation and a fair trial because of the admission and

repetitive presentation of Everett's videotaped interview, which contained

inadmissible hearsay, without providing the jury with a limiting instruction or

other protective safeguards to minimize the potential prejudice.

      According to defendant, the interviewing detectives' statements contained

inadmissible hearsay prohibited by State v. Bankston, 63 N.J. 263 (1973). In

Point VI, defendant contends that the prosecution's selective presentation of

portions of Everett's videotaped out-of-court statement distorted the evidence in

the trial and violated his right to a fair trial. He also contends that it was plain

error for the trial court to not provide the jury with Everett's entire in-court direct

and cross-examination testimony in response to the jury's request for a playback

of Everett's videotaped interview statement.

      At the outset, we observe that defendant did not make timely objection to

the admission of the challenged statements even though he had an opportunity

do so, and therefore his claims are reviewed for plain error. R. 2:10-2 (error "of

                                                                                A-4828-18
                                          9
such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result.").

See also R. 1:7-2 (requiring objection "at the time the ruling or order is made or

sought"); State v. Weston, 222 N.J. 277, 294 n.5 (2015); Pressler & Verniero,

Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 1 on R. 1:7-2 (2021) (noting the need to provide

the court with a basis of complaint to permit an opportunity to respond).

Therefore, our review is limited to whether the detectives' remarks prejudiced a

substantial right of defendant and were clearly capable of producing an unjust

result. State v. Douglas, 204 N.J. Super. 265, 272-73 (App. Div. 1985).

      Defendant's primary argument is that the detectives referenced statements

by others who were not witnesses at his trial thereby violating his Confrontation

Clause rights under the Sixth Amendment. That provision requires that, in a

criminal prosecution, the accused has the right "to be confronted with the

witnesses against him." U.S. Const. amend. VI. This right "is made obligatory

on the States by the Fourteenth Amendment." Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400,

403 (1965). "A defendant's right to confront and effectively cross-examine the

State's witnesses is essential to the due process right to a 'fair opportunity to

defend against the State's accusations,' and is one of 'the minimum essentials of

a fair trial.'" State v. Gilchrist, 381 N.J. Super. 138, 144 (App. Div. 2005)

(quoting Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 294 (1973)).

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       10
      Under the Court's holding in Bankston, the Confrontation Clause and the

hearsay rule are violated when, at trial, a police officer conveys, directly or by

inference, information from a non-testifying declarant to incriminate the

defendant in the crime charged. 63 N.J. at 268-69. To protect the defendant

from the confrontation problems associated with such evidence, restrictions

have been placed on Bankston-type testimony: An officer may explain the

reason he approached a suspect or went to a crime scene by stating he did so

"upon information received," id. at 268, but the officer may not become more

specific by repeating details of the crime, or implying he received evidence of

the defendant's guilt, as related by a non-testifying witness. State v. Luna, 193

N.J. 202, 216-17 (2007).

      Later, in State v. Branch, 182 N.J. 338 (2005), where an officer testified

he had included the defendant's photograph in an array "because he had

developed defendant as a suspect 'based on information received,'" id. at 342,

the Court determined the officer's testimony was inadmissible hearsay,

engendering a jury that "was left to speculate that the detective had superior

knowledge through hearsay information implicating defendant in the crime." Id.

at 348. "Because the [informant] . . . was not called as a witness, the jury never

learned the basis of [the informant's] knowledge regarding defendant's guilt,

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       11
whether he was a credible source, or whether he had a peculiar interest in the

case." Ibid. The introduction of this "gratuitous hearsay testimony violated

defendant's federal and state rights to confrontation as well as our rules of

evidence." Ibid. The Court concluded by finding the violation sufficiently

prejudicial, warranting reversal as plain error. Id. at 354.

      "The principle distilled from Bankston and its progeny is that testimony

relating inculpatory information supplied by a co-defendant or other non-

testifying witness identifying the defendant as the perpetrator of a crime

deprives the accused of his or her constitutional rights." State v. Farthing, 331

N.J. Super. 58, 75 (App. Div. 2000). See also State v. Taylor, 350 N.J. Super.

20, 34-35 (App. Div. 2002) (holding police officer's statements regarding

various unidentified eyewitnesses' remarks about suspect inadmissible hearsay

because offered to elicit accusations against the defendant by non-testifying

witnesses); State v. Thomas, 168 N.J. Super. 10, 13-15 (App. Div. 1979)

(reversing defendant's conviction where prosecutor elicited testimony from

detective that led to "inescapable inference" that informant had given him the

defendant's name).

      Applying these guiding principles, we conclude that defendant's case is

different, and Bankston did not apply. Here, the challenged statements came

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                       12
from a videotaped recording that defendant had well before trial, and before its

admission at trial, he had the opportunity to request redactions, review the

proposed redactions, and afterward he accepted them before the tape was

admitted into evidence and played to the jury. The hearsay rule does not apply

to facts (in this instance, statements) agreed to by the parties. State v. Neal, 361

N.J. Super. 522, 534 (App. Div. 2003) (citing N.J.R.E. 101(a)(4)). Accordingly,

the trial court properly rejected defendant's untimely hearsay challenge made

long after the tape's admission into evidence. See State v. Lanzo, 44 N.J. 560,

566 (1965) (noting that "the defendant is in no position to urge prejudicial error"

where he was afforded the opportunity and declined to propose redactions to an

admissible statement). Defendant "acquiesced in the evidence."         Newal. 361

N.J.S. at 534.

      Furthermore, defendant's argument that the trial court erred by failing to

provide a limiting instruction is not persuasive because the request was also not

timely. "[A] criminal defendant [is] in a poor position to argue on appeal about

the failure of the trial judge to give a curative instruction when he had not

requested one when the error occurred." State v. Nelson, 318 N.J. Super. 242,

254 (App. Div. 1999). Here, the time to ask for an instruction was at the time

the tape was admitted into evidence. As defendant did not raise or preserve his

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        13
confrontation claim prior to the jury viewing the recorded interview, he waived

that claim. State v. Williams, 219 N.J. 89, 98 (2014).

      Moreover, the State's case against defendant was strong, supported by

substantial credible evidence. While hearsay is prejudicial to a defendant when

the State's case is tenuous, "when a case is fortified by substantial credible

evidence—for example, direct identification of the defendant—the testimony is

not likely to be prejudicial under the 'plain error' rule." State v. Irving, 114 N.J.

427, 448 (1989) (citation omitted).

      Here, even if the failure to give a limiting instruction was error, it was not

plain error.   The State's case was far from tenuous and almost everything

discussed in the videotaped statement was corroborated by testimony and

exhibits marked into evidence.        For example, Michael Smith, the victim,

Nathaniel Wiggins's friend, testified about how he and Wiggins drove by

Everett's house and that Wiggins waived to Aron; and there was testimony from

a law enforcement officer about the fight in Everett's neighborhood, the police

responding, and juveniles fleeing area after the police arrived. Aron's cell phone

records demonstrated that a call was made to Wiggins at 9:09 p.m. from the

Neptune area; and the ballistics evidence supported the conclusion that Wiggins

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        14
was shot with a revolver, the same type of gun defendant possessed and shot

from Everett's roof.

      Further, Everett's account of defendant's admissions included defendant's

identification of the co-defendants, Kenneth Michael Bacon-Vaughters ("Kenny

Mike"), Tahj Pines, and Aron Pines, which was corroborated by the phone

records and text messages exchanged by Aron, Tahj, and Kenny Mike. They

also included defendant's description of what had occurred on the night of the

homicide; specifically, that Aron stayed in the car, Kenny Mike knocked on

Wiggins's door, and that "the dude [Wiggins] was trying to wrestle Kenny and

something had happened." The last statement was corroborated by Wiggins's

identification of the shooter as "Kenny Mike" to both Wiggins's girlfriend Faith

Montanino, as recorded by the 9-1-1 operator, and by Wiggins's dying

declarations to police.

      Everett's statements were also corroborated by the physical evidence

collected in the parking lot near the crime scene, which contained Tahj's DNA,

and the hat discovered nearby containing defendant's DNA.            However, we

conclude again under the circumstances of defendant's trial, there was no error

in the playing of the videotaped recording or the alleged failure to give a limiting

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        15
instruction to the jury based on the two detectives' fleeting reference to having

heard Everett's account from other unidentified people.

                                       C.

      Next, we turn to defendant's contention that the trial court erred by

permitting the replay of portions of Everett's videotaped interview during the

prosecutor's summation without holding a Rule 104 hearing or issuing a limiting

instruction as required by State v. Muhammad, 359 N.J. Super. 361 (App. Div.

2003). He also contends that the trial court erred by granting the jury's request

for a playback of the videotape during deliberations without following the

guidelines stated in State v. Burr, 195 N.J. 119 (2008).

      At trial, prior to summations, defendant objected to the prosecutor's use

of portions of the videotape during his summation on the ground that it was

"inflammatory" and because it had "been shown to the jury already." Defendant

did not request a Rule 104 hearing or a limiting instruction. The trial court

overruled defendant's objection, ruling that the video could "be used as part of

the closing arguments, just like any other evidence can be." Thereafter, the

prosecutor replayed six portions of Everett's videotaped statement during his

summation.

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                      16
        We consider the trial court allowing the prosecutor to use the videotape

during summations under the harmless error, rather than the plain error, standard

because defendant interposed a timely objection. Under that standard, there

must be "some degree of possibility that [the error] led to an unjust result. The

possibility must be real, one sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether

[it] led the jury to a verdict it otherwise might not have reached." State v. R.B.,

183 N.J. 308, 330 (2005) (alterations in original) (quoting Bankston, 63 N.J. at

273).

        We apply the plain error standard under Rule 2:10-2, however, to

defendant's contentions about the trial court not holding a hearing or failing to

deliver a limiting instruction before the prosecutor replayed portions of the

videotape because defendant did not request either. R. 2:10-2 (error "of such a

nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result"). "Under

that standard, defendant has the burden of proving that the error was clear and

obvious and that it affected his substantial rights." State v. Morton, 155 N.J.

383, 421 (1998). The error claimed must be so egregious that it "raise[s] a

reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might

not have reached." State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 336 (1971).

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        17
      As noted, defendant relies on Muhammad, 359 N.J. Super. at 361. In

Muhammad, the trial was conducted in a courtroom equipped with videotape as

the means of officially recording the proceedings. 359 N.J. Super. at 372.

During summation, the prosecutor was permitted, over the defendant's objection,

to play excerpts of the trial testimony of five State witnesses.       Ibid. The

defendant argued that this technique "might place undue emphasis on the

portions played and might interfere with the ability of the jurors to rely on their

own recollection of the witnesses' entire testimony." Ibid. The defendant

claimed that it was error to allow the video playbacks at all and further argued,

for the first time on appeal, that it was error not to have conducted a Rule 104

type hearing before allowing the playbacks and not to have given a cautionary

instruction.   Ibid.   Specifically, the defendant argued that allowing the

prosecutor to present the jury with a "repeat performance" of witness testimony

during summation was "tantamount to allowing the State to call the witness a

second time, giving undue emphasis to the testimony shown and, in effect,

enabling the State to bolster its case by simple repetition." Id. at 378.

      In our opinion, we declined the defendant's invitation to adopt a per se

rule barring the use of this technique by the State in criminal cases. Ibid.

Although recognizing "a significant potential for abuse," we concluded "that

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       18
whether or not to permit the technique, by either a prosecutor or defendant,

should be determined on a case-by-case basis in the sound discretion of the trial

judge." Ibid. We also explained that "[i]n their summations counsel may

display . . . items of physical evidence that have been admitted[, including

a]udio and videotaped statements of defendants and other witnesses." Id. at 378-

79. We concluded it was not error to allow the playbacks, and, in the context of

that case, that the failure to first conduct a Rule 104 type hearing and to later

give a cautionary instruction did not constitute plain error. Id. at 373.

      However, acknowledging the potential pitfalls for the use of the

technique, we set forth the following procedural safeguards that should be

followed: (1) an attorney who intends to use this technique should so inform

the court and all other counsel at the earliest possible time, certainly before any

party sums up; (2) a Rule 104 type hearing should be conducted to ensure the

playback does not distort, misstate, or unduly emphasize the evidence; (3) trial

judges have broad discretion in setting the permissible boundaries of

summations; and (4) the trial judge should give a cautionary instruction at the

time the video is played during summation and again in the final charge. Id. at

378-82.

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       19
      Nevertheless, although we found those safeguards were not followed in

that case, we found no reversible error. We explained as follows:

                   We have viewed the video excerpts and
            considered them in the context of the prosecutor's
            overall summation and in the context of the entire trial.
            Considering the length of the trial and the number of
            the witnesses, they were not unduly lengthy and did not
            overemphasize the State's case. They were not taken
            out of context and did not misstate or distort the
            testimony of the witnesses presented. They were used
            as an aid to the prosecutor in presenting her arguments,
            not as a running narrative that might tend to unfairly
            limit or obfuscate the trial issues. We find no abuse of
            discretion in allowing the playback of these limited
            excerpts.

                   In the circumstances of this case we do not find
            plain error in the failure to conduct a hearing to view
            the excerpts before they were played or in the failure to
            give a cautionary instruction. Had a hearing been held,
            the result would have been the same, namely that the
            prosecutor would have been permitted to play the
            proffered excerpts. The judge's overall instructions
            adequately instructed the jury to consider all of the
            evidence as it is presented and the entire testimony of
            the witnesses in finding the facts in the case. We are
            satisfied the lack of a cautionary instruction in this case
            was not clearly capable of producing an unjust result.
            The lack of a cautionary instruction does not raise a
            reasonable doubt that the jury reached a result it might
            otherwise not have reached. Therefore, defendant's
            substantial rights were not affected.

            [Id. at 383-84.]

                                                                          A-4828-18
                                       20
      Here, like in Muhammad, defendant complained that the prosecutor did

not give proper notice of his intent to use playbacks during his summation and

the trial court neither a Rule 104 type hearing nor, sua sponte, gave a cautionary

instruction to the jury.   Defendant's argument is not persuasive.       Everett's

videotaped interview was previously played for the jury, and there was no claim

that the portions played back during summation distorted or misrepresented

Everett's statement. Further, as in Muhammad, the prosecutor's use of the

playback excerpts "only constitute[d] an aid incidental to the argument of

counsel," and was not "an end in itself." 359 N.J. Super. at 380.

      Here, while no limiting instruction was provided to the jury, defendant did

not request one. Further, during deliberations the jury had requested a playback

of Everett's entire videotaped interview, the same video from which excerpts

were played during the prosecutor's summation. Thus, just like in Muhammad,

the playback of Everett's interview in its entirety "ameliorated any potential

prejudice from the partial playbacks . . . during the prosecutor's summation and

from the lack of a limiting instruction." Id. at 383. There was no error here.

      As already noted, defendant also contends that the trial court erred by

granting the jury's request for the playback of the Everett videotape during

deliberations without following the guidelines set forth in Burr, 195 N.J. 119.

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       21
Once again, we apply the plain error standard because defendant did not object

to the trial court's response to the jury's playback request. Again, we conclude

there was no error, let alone plain error.

      "[T]he response to a jury's request for a readback of testimony or a replay

of a video recording is vested in the discretion of the trial judge." State v. A.R.,

213 N.J. 542, 555-56 (2013). "Generally, once an exhibit has been admitted into

evidence, the jury may access it during deliberations, subject to the court's

instructions on its proper use." Burr, 195 N.J. at 133-34.

      Videotaped testimony is distinctive, however, because "playing back

recorded testimony reveals more than a sterile read-back does. A video playback

enables jurors not only to recall specific testimony but also to assess a witness 's

credibility—which is precisely what jurors are asked to do." State v. Miller, 205

N.J. 109, 121 (2011). Videotaped testimony "is powerful evidence for the jury

to see again, if it is not placed into context." Burr, 195 N.J. at 134. See also

A.R., 213 N.J. at 546, 560 ("A video recording magnifies the effect of a playback

of testimony." To avoid the dangers associated with video-recorded evidence,

juries are not "permit[ed] unfettered access . . . to video-recorded statements of

witnesses or a defendant during its deliberations.").

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        22
      In Burr, the Court summarized the appropriate considerations for the

proper use of videotaped playbacks: First, the jury should be asked if a readback

of the statement would suffice. 195 N.J. at 135. "If the jury persists in its request

to view the videotape again, then the court must take into consideration fairness

to the defendant." Ibid. Second, "[t]he court must determine whether the jury

must also hear a readback of any direct and cross-examination testimony that

the court concludes is necessary to provide the proper context for the video

playback." Ibid. Third, the trial judge should deny the playback request if the

defendant demonstrates that "consequential prejudice . . . from the playback

could not be ameliorated through other means." Ibid. Fourth, the playback

"must occur in open court." Ibid.

      Here, the jury requested a playback of Everett's videotaped interview,

which was already admitted into evidence.           Defendant was provided the

opportunity to object, but instead consented. The playback occurred in open

court. However, the trial court did not inquire of the jury whether it would be

satisfied with a readback of Everett's interview, nor did it decide on the record

whether the jury should also hear a readback of any direct and cross-examination

testimony that the court believed was necessary to provide the proper context

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        23
for the video playback. Notwithstanding those omissions, the playing of the

videotaped interview was not plain error.

      First, defendant did not object to the trial court's decision to have the

videotape played to the jury rather than have the transcript of the interview read

to it, although he was provided with the opportunity to do so. Second, defendant

did not request a read-back of Everett's trial testimony (direct or cross) to put

Everett's videotaped interview in proper context, if he believed that was

necessary. However, and significantly, during his summation, defendant, who

was self-represented, repeatedly referenced Everett's trial testimony, pointing

out the inconsistencies between his videotaped interview and his trial testimony .

Thus, the jury was aware of the inconsistencies between Everett's videotaped

interview and his trial testimony when they requested a playback of the

videotaped interview and, therefore, there was no need to put it into "context."

See A.R., 213 N.J. at 562 (declining to find reversable error where the record

demonstrated "that defense counsel utilized the video recording as part of her

defense strategy by encouraging the jury to thoroughly consider the video

recording in its deliberations").

      Last, while the trial court did not provide a limiting instruction, as part of

its final jury charge it instructed the jury to consider defendant's guilt "based on

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        24
all the evidence presented during the trial" and that it was the jurors' "sworn

duty to arrive at a just conclusion after considering all of the evidence which

was presented during the course of the trial." The jury is presumed to have

understood and followed those instructions, State v. Feaster, 156 N.J. 1, 65

(1998), which cautioned the jury against considering the videotaped interview

to the exclusion of the other evidence produced at trial or overemphasizing any

one piece of evidence. See also State v. T.J.M., 220 N.J. 220, 237 (2015)

(appellate courts "act on the belief and expectation that jurors will follow the

instructions given them by the court"). Under these circumstances, we again

can find no error.

                                        III.

        The next argument we consider, also raised for the first time on appeal, is

defendant's contention that his conviction should be reversed because he did not

knowingly and intelligently waive his right to trial counsel. Before his trial

commenced, defendant initially requested permission to act as co-counsel, and

shortly thereafter, asked for permission to proceed pro se. In response to

defendant's motion, the court held a Faretta4 hearing to ensure defendant's

4
    Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975).

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                        25
waiver of counsel was knowing and voluntary. As defendant concedes on

appeal, at the hearing the trial court advised him "of a large number of the

concerns addressed by Crisafi."5 Specifically, defendant acknowledges that

during the Faretta hearing, the court asked him

             why he wanted to represent himself, whether he knew
             what the charges were, whether he had reviewed the
             discovery, whether he knew the law on the substantive
             offenses, his level of education, his sentence exposure,
             the difficulty of separating his role as an attorney from
             that of a defendant, how he would handle his own
             testimony if he chose to testify, that he would be
             waiving claims of ineffective assistance of trial
             counsel, if he knew how he would handle examination
             of his expert witness, if he knew how to pick a jury, that
             he would have to act professionally in court, and that
             he would have to conduct all of the witness
             examinations and the opening statement and closing
             argument.

      However, defendant argues that "[t]he trial court failed in its obligation to

ensure that [he] actually understood what he was doing when he waived his right

5
  State v. Crisafi, 128 N.J. 499 (1992). In Crisafi, the Court held that trial courts
must inform defendants of "the nature of the charges against them, the statutory
defenses to those charges, and the possible range of punishment." Id. at 511.
Courts should also appraise defendants of "the technical problems they may
encounter in acting as their own counsel and of the risks they take if their defense
is unsuccessful." Id. at 511-12. Defendants should be notified that they must
conduct their defenses in accordance with the relevant rules of procedure and
evidence, that "a lack of knowledge of law may impair their ability to defen d
themselves," and that in general it may be unwise not to accept counsel's
assistance. Id. at 512.
                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        26
to counsel" by "check[ing] to see if [his] conception of the law was actually

correct."   According to defendant, "the court's questions elicited answers

showing that defendant believed he knew what he was doing, but they were not

questions that would probe the verity of that belief."

      Further, according to defendant, the court did not "make sure that he knew

fundamental concepts like the elements of the charged offenses, potential lesser

included offenses, and any possible defenses to the charges." Last, defendant

argues that the trial court's voir dire of defendant was deficient and his finding

that defendant's waiver was knowing and intelligent was improper because he

"made no finding whatsoever with respect to defendant's young age or mental

illness."

      We begin by observing that a trial court is "in the best position to evaluate

defendant's understanding of what it meant to represent himself and whether

defendant's decision to proceed pro se was knowing and intelligent." State v.

DuBois, 189 N.J. 454, 475 (2007). For that reason, a trial court's determination

of whether a defendant "knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel"

is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Ibid.

      It is now beyond cavil that "a defendant has a constitutionally protected

right to represent himself in a criminal trial." Faretta, 422 U.S. at 816. See also

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       27
State v. Outland, 245 N.J. 494, 505 (2021) ("The corollary to the right of a

criminal defendant to be represented by an attorney is the defendant's right to

represent himself." (quoting State v. King, 210 N.J. 2, 16 (2012))).

      Because a waiver of the right to counsel constitutes a relinquishment of

"many of the traditional benefits associated with" that right, it must be made

"knowingly and intelligently." Faretta, 422 U.S at 835. "Courts will indulge

every reasonable presumption against the waiver of fundamental constitutional

rights and will not presume their loss by acquiescence." State v. Guerin, 208

N.J. Super. 527, 533 (App. Div. 1986). "[R]elinquishing one's right to the

benefits of representation by counsel can be allowed only when the court is

satisfied that the defendant understands 'the implications of the waiver [of

counsel].'" Outland, 245 N.J. at 505 (alteration in original) (quoting Crisafi, 128

N.J. at 511).

      When a criminal defendant requests to proceed self-represented, the trial

court must (1) "engage in a searching inquiry" to determine whether the

defendant understands the implications of the waiver, (2) assure itself that a

waiver of counsel is made "knowingly and intelligently," and (3) confirm the

waiver on the record. Crisafi, 128 N.J. at 509-10. It need not determine whether

a defendant is familiar with "technical legal knowledge," but rather whether he

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       28
or she "understands the nature and consequence" of the waiver.           State v.

Reddish, 181 N.J. 553, 594-95 (2004). See also Outland, 245 N.J. at 509. If the

court's inquiry reveals the requisite understanding, then "the defendant must be

allowed to exercise his constitutional right to self-representation." State v.

Figueroa, 186 N.J. 589, 593 (2006).

      However, the right of self-representation is "not absolute" and "cannot be

used to jeopardize the State's equally strong interest in ensuring the fairness of

judicial proceedings and the integrity of trial verdicts." King, 210 N.J. at 18.

That said, the risks associated with defending oneself are not a basis for denying

a defendant the right to choose self-representation. Id. at 17. Indeed, a court

should not focus on "whether a pro se defendant will fare well or badly," but it

must "ensure that he knows and understands that, by his choice, he may not do

well." Reddish, 181 N.J. at 592.

      "The trial court must explore fully the bona fides of a defendant's claim

of 'knowingness.' It must determine whether a defendant's 'understanding' is

real or feigned." Reddish, 181 N.J. at 594. Open-ended questions are essential

to afford the defendant the opportunity to "describe in his own words his

understanding of the challenges that he will face when he represents himself."

Id. at 595. The trial court "must advise defendant that if the court allows him to

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       29
represent himself, he will thereby waive any and all later claims that his self -

representation constituted ineffective assistance of counsel." Id. at 594.

      In Outland, our Supreme Court recently rejected the very contention that

defendant is advancing before us. 245 N.J. at 497. In that case, the Court

reversed our decision affirming the trial court's decision to not allow the

defendant to proceed self-represented and remanded for a new trial "[b]ecause

the trial court quizzed defendant on his knowledge of substantive law rather than

provide the information required by our case law to confirm he was making a

knowing and voluntary waiver of counsel."        Ibid.   In doing so, the Court

explained the following:

                  As the United States Supreme Court made clear
            in Faretta, the purpose of the inquiry is not to test a
            defendant's technical legal expertise, but to ensure that
            he makes his decision to waive counsel "with eyes
            open." Here, the court's questions were geared toward
            ascertaining whether defendant was fit to practice law,
            not whether he understood the perils of self-
            representation. To be sure, a knowing and intelligent
            waiver under Faretta, Crisafi, and Reddish does not
            suggest that a defendant must have the "knowledge"
            and "intelligence" of a law school graduate. Rather, a
            knowing and intelligent waiver must reflect that the
            defendant has an understanding of the risks and
            consequences of representing himself after he has been
            fully apprised -- by the court -- of those risks and
            consequences, as well as of certain fundamental
            information about the offenses charged.

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                      30
                   As noted above, the Crisafi/Reddish inquiry
            requires trial courts to inform defendants of the nature
            of the charges, statutory defenses, and the range of
            punishment. DuBois, 189 N.J. at 468-69. . . .
                   The colloquy here was a textbook example of
            testing defendant’s technical legal knowledge as
            opposed to determining whether he was knowingly and
            intelligently waiving his right to counsel. Although the
            trial court followed the format of the Crisafi/Reddish
            inquiry by covering the topics required, the court erred
            in quizzing defendant on those areas and not providing
            him the substantive information regarding the nature of
            his charges and applicable defenses. . . .

                 In sum, the colloquy should have "test[ed] the
            defendant's understanding of the implications of the
            waiver," not his understanding of substantive law. . . .

            [Id. at 507-09 (third alteration in original).]

      "Caselaw makes clear that the goal of the colloquy is not to ascertain

whether a defendant possesses technical legal knowledge." Id. at 506. Rather,

it requires that the trial court inform a defendant asserting the right to self-

representation of:

            (1) the nature of the charges, statutory defenses, and
            possible range of punishment; (2) the technical
            problems associated with self-representation and the
            risks if the defense is unsuccessful; (3) the necessity
            that defendant comply with the rules of criminal
            procedure and the rules of evidence; (4) the fact that the
            lack of knowledge of the law may impair defendant's
            ability to defend himself or herself; (5) the impact that
            the dual role of counsel and defendant may have; (6)
            the reality that it would be unwise not to accept the

                                                                          A-4828-18
                                       31
            assistance of counsel; (7) the need for an open-ended
            discussion so that the defendant may express an
            understanding in his or her own words; (8) the fact that,
            if defendant proceeds pro se, he or she will be unable
            to assert an ineffective assistance of counsel claim; and
            (9) the ramifications that self-representation will have
            on the right to remain silent and the privilege against
            self-incrimination.

            [DuBois, 189 N.J. at 468-69.]

      Contrary to defendant's contention, the trial court here was not required to

determine whether defendant was familiar with "technical legal knowledge" but

rather whether he "underst[ood] the nature and consequences of his waiver."

Reddish, 181 N.J. at 594-95. See also King, 210 N.J. at 19 (finding court need

not explore a defendant's familiarity with "technical legal knowledge," "for that

is not required"). Rather, the focus must be on great risks a defendant faces if

he loses at trial while being self-represented. Id. at 21.

      Also, the fact that the trial court here did not, as defendant now contends

before us, discuss the statutory defenses with him is of no moment because the

record reveals that defendant was aware of those defenses. Where a record

amply demonstrates that defendant was well aware of available defenses, the

claim that the court did not review them with defendant is not a reason to vacate

a conviction. State v. Ortisi, 308 N.J. Super. 573, 589-90 (App. Div. 1998).

Allowing a defendant to proceed without reviewing his available defenses is

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       32
especially appropriate where a defendant's "history and familiarity with the legal

system, his admitted and demonstrated knowledge throughout the pretrial

proceedings, his responses to the various warnings given to him about the

dangers and pitfalls of representing himself," establishes his knowledge of his

defenses. Id. at 590.

      Here, the record amply demonstrates that defendant was well aware of his

defenses. Defendant was the last of the four co-defendants to be tried on the

indictment, and he was aware of the outcomes of the other trials. Indeed,

defendant was aware that Aron was acquitted on certain charges of the

indictment, and defendant advised his former trial counsel that he believed that

the "facts associating [Aron] with this crime far exceed[ed] any facts the State

has against [defendant]." Moreover, defendant had "the complete transcript of

the trial proceedings for some of the co-defendants in this indictment ([Kenny

Mike])."

      Also, defendant explained to the trial court's satisfaction that his

disagreements with his former trial counsel led to his desire to proceed pro se.

When asked why he wanted to proceed pro se, defendant explained:

            I just feel that over the course I've been here five plus
            years, I feel that I've been diligently working and I've
            perfected -- well, not perfected. I've gotten as close to,
            I feel, as perfection as my defense in this case. And

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       33
             like [trial counsel] said, like things he shared and things
             that I've shared, like we couldn't really come to
             agreement, a positive agreement. And if it comes to the
             day if the jury[ is] in the room, I don't want them to see
             conflict going between me and [trial counsel] as the --
             it looks like we're not even on the same page. And I
             feel that with me, because there's nobody that could tell
             the story better but the accused, I feel. So I feel that
             I'm the one for the task that can give this case
             everything that it needs to move forward with the result
             that I'm looking for.

      Moreover, trial counsel supported defendant's application, explaining to

the court:

             I have spoken to [defendant] about the pitfalls of self-
             representation and at length about the consequences if
             convicted of these charges. I have made every
             appropriate pre-trial application in his defense;
             however, [defendant] argues that since he has been
             living with the concept of his defense and these charges
             every day for the past five years, he is better equipped
             to present his case to the jury. His confidence is
             emboldened by the roadmap presented in the previous
             trial proceedings of his co-defendants.

      In addition, defendant had the benefit of stand-by counsel for the

remainder of the proceedings.

      Finally, there is no merit to defendant's argument that in allowing him to

proceed as a self-represented defendant, the trial court failed to consider that he

was twenty-three years old at the time of trial and, "as noted in the pre-sentence

report, [he] had a significant history of mental illness." Here, the trial court

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                        34
questioned defendant about his age, literacy, and his education; the court was

aware that defendant was twenty-three years old at the time of trial, could read

English, had graduated from Neptune High School, and had attended some

college. It also asked defendant if he was under the influence of any medication

or other substance that would prevent him from understanding the nature of the

proceeding when he sought to act as co-counsel and when he sought to waive

counsel and proceed pro se, and both times defendant responded "no." The court

even asked defendant if he had spoken to his parents about his decision to

represent himself, and he responded that he had "given them the full details of

my wishes" and that they were supporting his application.

      Regarding defendant's mental capacity to make a knowing and voluntary

waiver of counsel, there was nothing in the record before the trial court that

would even suggest that defendant did not have the capacity to make such a

waiver or that he suffered from any mental illness. Neither defendant nor his

counsel raised the issue with the court. Further, defendant's parents neither

advised the court that defendant lacked the mental capacity to represent himself

nor otherwise opposed his application and, in fact, they supported it.6

6
   The only evidence that defendant cites to support his claim that he "had a
significant history of mental illness" is the presentence report, a document that

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                      35
      The court's colloquies with defendant about the possibility of his acting

as co-counsel and later about representing himself, coupled with trial counsel's

support of defendant's applications and the lack of objection or opposition of

defendant's parents, sufficiently demonstrated that defendant was aware of the

charges against him and potential defenses and that he understood the magnitude

of the charges as well as the possible consequences of conviction, and, therefore,

the consequences of his waiver. See Crisafi, 128 N.J. at 512 (The "ultimate

focus must be on the defendant's actual understanding of the waiver of

counsel.").   Because nothing in the record before the trial court supports

defendant's claim that his "mental illness" prevented him from making a

knowing and intelligent waiver of counsel, it was required to allow defendant

"to exercise his constitutional right to self-representation." Figueroa, 186 N.J.

at 593.

did not even exist at the time of the Faretta hearing. The presentence report
revealed that in 2004 defendant had received psychological
treatment/counseling and had been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder;
in 2009 he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder; and in 2012 he was diagnosed
with depression disorder not otherwise specified. He received "psychotropic
drugs Remeron, Lithium, Vistaril, and Trazodone." However, the presentence
report specified that defendant stated that his then-current overall physical and
mental health were "good."

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       36
                                        IV.

      In Point V, defendant raises another Confrontation Clause argument.

There he contends that he was denied a fair trial when the prosecutor elicited

improper hearsay testimony from Detective DeAngelis about a possible escape

route, and that that information was provided to DeAngelis from a non-testifying

witness, violating his right to confrontation and a fair trial , despite a limiting

instruction given to the jury by the trial court.

      During the direct examination of DeAngelis, the prosecutor asked the

detective about the discovery of the black knit hat with eye holes cut out and

purple gloves, which were sent to the lab for testing more than two years after

the homicide. The prosecutor asked whether it was "fair to say a decision was

made to send those items [to the lab for testing] . . . based on the investigation

at the time."     However, on cross-examination, re-cross, and re-re-cross,

defendant continued asking DeAngelis about the two-year delay in sending

those items to the lab for testing, suggesting that those items might not have

been related to the homicide or that the police investigation was deficient .

      In response to defendant's repeated questioning about the two-year delay,

the prosecutor asked on re-re-re-direct to first confirm that during the interim,

"[m]ore information was learned in the investigation," and then whether that

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                        37
information related to "a route of exit." At that point, defendant objected, and

the court overruled, stating that if the witness had independent knowledge about

that area of inquiry, he could answer the question. After the prosecutor restated

the question, DeAngelis began to answer that the information was obtained from

"Major Crimes detectives involved in this investigation." Defendant objected

again and after a sidebar conference, the court sustained the objection,

instructing the jury to "disregard the last answer from" the witness.

         In his later motion for a new trial, defendant raised this issue, arguing that

the prosecutor's questioning of DeAngelis about the two-year delay in sending

evidence to the laboratory for testing was prosecutorial misconduct . The trial

court denied the motion, concluding that the prosecutor's question was not

misconduct because the prosecutor was just responding in good faith to

defendant's cross-examination, defendant was not prejudiced because his

objection was sustained, DeAngelis's answer was struck, and the jury was

instructed to disregard it. Furthermore, defendant was not prejudiced by the

questioning because there was other evidence in the case of the potential escape

route.

         Against this backdrop, we conclude defendant's arguments on appeal

about DeAngelis' challenged testimony are without sufficient merit to warrant

                                                                                 A-4828-18
                                          38
discussion in a written opinion, R. 2:11-3(e)(2), and we affirm, substantially for

the reasons expressed by the trial court.

                                        V.

      In Point VI, defendant contends that the admission of other-wrongs or

bad-acts evidence was "grossly prejudicial" and denied him a fair trial.

Specifically, defendant points to Everett's videotaped interview wherein he

testified that, prior to Wiggins's shooting, defendant fired a gun from the roof of

Everett's house, which was the same gun that had been recovered from Everett's

backyard earlier that day. Defendant contends that the admission of Everett's

testimony violated N.J.R.E. 404(b) and N.J.R.E. 403.         He argues that that

evidence was not intrinsic because "the act of shooting the [alleged murder]

weapon did not directly prove" the charged crimes or that he conspired with co-

defendants. Alternatively, he argues that even if that evidence was intrinsic, the

evidence should have been excluded because it failed the N.J.R.E. 403 balancing

test as its prejudice clearly outweighed its probative value. Finally, he argues

that the court erred by admitting such evidence without providing a limiting

instruction.

      We begin noting again that here too defendant did not object to the

complained of testimony. Therefore, his argument is reviewed for plain error.

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       39
R. 2:10-2. Applying that standard, we find no merit to these contentions because

the challenged evidence was intrinsic, and its probative value was not

substantially outweighed by the potential prejudice to defendant.

      To be admissible at trial, evidence "must be relevant—that is, it must have

'a tendency in reason to prove or disprove any fact of consequence to the

determination of the action.'" State v. Sanchez-Medina, 231 N.J. 452, 462

(2018) (quoting N.J.R.E. 401). In making a determination about relevancy, the

court's "inquiry focuses on 'the logical connection between the proffered

evidence and a fact in issue,'" and "[e]vidence need not be dispositive or even

strongly probative in order to clear the relevancy bar." State v. Buckley, 216

N.J. 249, 261 (2013) (quoting Furst v. Einstein Moomjy, Inc., 182 N.J. 1, 15

(2004)). The court should ask "whether the thing sought to be established is

more logical with the evidence than without it." Ibid. (quoting State v. Coruzzi,

189 N.J. Super. 273, 302 (App. Div. 1983)).

      Other-wrongs or bad-acts evidence can at times be highly prejudicial,

State v. Vallejo, 198 N.J. 122, 133 (2009), and the inherent dangers of the

admission of such evidence is that "a jury may convict a defendant not for the

offense charged, but for the extrinsic offense." State v. Garrison, 228 N.J. 182,

193-94 (2017). Indeed, "the inherently prejudicial nature of [other-crimes]

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                      40
evidence casts doubt on a jury's ability to follow even the most precise limiting

instruction." State v. Stevens, 115 N.J. 289, 302, 309 (1989).

        N.J.R.E. 404(b) provides: 7

              [E]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not
              admissible to prove the disposition of a person in order
              to show that such person acted in conformity therewith.
              Such evidence may be admitted for other purposes,
              such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
              preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
              mistake or accident when such matters are relevant to a
              material issue in dispute.

        However, the Rule does not exclude evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or

acts under all circumstances. State v. Nance, 148 N.J. 376, 386 (1997). "Such

evidence is inadmissible only if offered to prove a disposition to commit crime

or wrong or a specific type of act as a basis for an inference that an individual

committed a crime or wrong or act at some relevant time." Biunno, Weissbard

& Zegas, Current N.J. Rules of Evidence, cmt. 7 on N.J.R.E. 404 (2020-21).

"N.J.R.E. 404(b) explicitly makes such evidence admissible to prove some other

fact in issue." Ibid.

7
    The quote is from the Rule as it existed at the time of trial in this case.
                                                                                  A-4828-18
                                          41
      In State v. Cofield, 127 N.J. 328, 338 (1992), our Supreme Court

established a four-prong test to determine the admissibility of other-crimes

evidence under N.J.R.E. 404(b):

            1. The evidence of the other crime must be admissible
            as relevant to a material issue;

            2. It must be similar in kind and reasonably close in
            time to the offense charged;

            3. The evidence of the other crime must be clear and
            convincing; and

            4. The probative value of the evidence must not be
            outweighed by its apparent prejudice.

            [Ibid.]

      Whenever other-wrongs or bad-acts evidence is sought to be admitted, the

trial court must make a threshold determination "whether the evidence relates to

'other crimes,' and thus is subject to continued analysis under [N.J.R.E.] 404(b),

or whether it is evidence intrinsic to the charged crime, and thus need only

satisfy the evidence rules relating to relevancy, most importantly [N.J.R.E.]

403." State v. Rose, 206 N.J. 141, 179 (2011). See also State v. Sheppard, 437

N.J. Super. 171, 193 (App. Div. 2014) (holding that if the evidence is intrinsic,

"N.J.R.E. 404(b) does not apply because the evidence does not involve some

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       42
other crime, but instead pertains to the charged crime").          The Rose Court

explained,

             [C]haracterization of evidence as "intrinsic"
             significantly affects the calculus because the principle
             animating [N.J.R.E.] 403 is that relevant evidence is
             admissible unless its probative value is substantially
             outweighed by a negative feature of the evidence,
             whereas [N.J.R.E.] 404(b) operates from the premise
             that evidence of other bad acts is inadmissible unless
             proffered for a proper purpose. It is therefore more
             likely that evidence of uncharged misconduct will be
             admitted into evidence if it is considered intrinsic to the
             charged crime and subject only to [N.J.R.E.] 403 than
             if it is not considered intrinsic evidence and subject to
             both [N.J.R.E.] 404(b) and [N.J.R.E.] 403.

             [Rose, 206 N.J. at 178.]

      The term "intrinsic" is not easy to define with precision.           Ibid.   To

determine what is intrinsic, in Rose the Court adopted the test in United States

v. Green, 617 F.3d 233, 248-49 (3d Cir. 2010), holding that evidence is

considered intrinsic if it "directly proves" the crime charged or if the other

wrongs or bad acts in question were performed contemporaneously with, and

facilitated, the commission of the charged crime. Rose, 206 N.J. at 180 (quoting

Green, 617 F.3d at 248-49).

      Contrary to defendant's appellate contentions, the evidence that he had

possession of and fired a gun hours before the homicide is intrinsic, as it directly

                                                                               A-4828-18
                                        43
proved the charged crimes or, at the very least, his act of firing the gun was

performed contemporaneously with, and helped facilitate, the commission of the

charged crimes. Rose, 206 N.J. at 180. According to Everett's videotaped

interview, a gun was left in his backyard, which was retrieved by defendant, and

later that day (the same day of the shooting) defendant shot it from Everett's

roof. Shortly after defendant had fired the gun, Aron said something like "I got

the gun and shit," and began talking to defendant about robbing the "weed man."

The morning after the shooting, defendant went to Everett's house and told him

that "they got rid of the gun."

      Everett described the gun as a revolver or "shell catcher," which was

consistent with DeAngelis's testimony that the bullet recovered during the

autopsy could have been fired from a revolver and, because no bullet casing(s)

was (were) found at the crime scene, supports the conclusion that the murder

weapon was a revolver.

      Here, the evidence supported the conclusion that defendant possessed the

gun and discharged it mere hours before the robbery and homicide and that it

was the same gun used by his co-conspirators to commit those crimes, and also

supports the inference that defendant contributed that gun to promote the

conspiracy to rob the "weed man." Therefore, the evidence that defendant

                                                                          A-4828-18
                                      44
possessed and fired the gun just prior to the robbery and homicide was

admissible as intrinsic evidence because it directly proved he was part of the

conspiracy; at the very least, his possession and firing of the gun was

contemporaneous with, and helped facilitate, the commission of the charged

crimes. Rose, 206 N.J. at 180. Therefore, that evidence was "exempt from the

strictures of [N.J.R.E.] 404(b)" and did not require a limiting instruction. See

id. at 177-78. See also State v. Cherry, 289 N.J. Super. 503, 522 (App. Div.

1995) (When the "other crimes" evidence is part of the total criminal conduct

that occurred during the incident in question, "the requirement that a limiting

instruction be given when 'other crimes' evidence is used is inapplicable."); State

v. Martini, 131 N.J. 176, 242 (1993) (no limiting instruction required where

uncharged wrong or bad act related "directly to the crime for which defendant

was then standing trial"), overruled on other grounds, State v. Fortin, 178 N.J.

540, 638-39, 646 (2004).

      Nevertheless, even if this evidence was considered other-wrongs or bad-

acts evidence under N.J.R.E. 404(b), its admission was not plain error. Our

courts have allowed the admission of evidence of a defendant's prior possession

of a gun under similar circumstances. See, e.g., State v. Whitehead, 80 N.J. 343,

347 (1979) (upholding admission of evidence in a murder trial that, three hours

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       45
before shooting, defendant committed robberies with a gun similar to the gun

used to kill victim); Muhammad, 359 N.J. Super. at 389-90 (approving

admission of evidence in robbery/felony-murder trial that defendants acquired a

gun two days prior for purpose of committing robberies and used it to commit a

prior robbery, in order to prove they engaged in conspiracy and acts in

furtherance); State v. Hardaway, 269 N.J. Super. 627, 629 (App. Div. 1994)

(Defendant's "possession of the handgun within three weeks of the shooting is

evidence of [defendant's] presence at the shooting and therefore such evidence

is admissible under Rule 55 [now N.J.R.E. 404(b)]."); and State v. Gillispie, 208

N.J. 59, 86 (2011) (finding that where the same gun is used in a prior crime and

subsequent crime, defendant's involvement in a prior crime is "relevant evidence

in linking defendant[]" to the subsequent crime).

      Moreover, that evidence would not have been excluded under the fourth

Cofield prong or N.J.R.E. 403 because defendant's possession and use of a gun,

shortly before talking about robbing the "weed man" and mere hours before the

robbery and homicide, was highly probative evidence of defendant's

involvement in the conspiracy and participation in those crimes. While such

evidence was prejudicial to defendant, the probative value was great and was

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                      46
not substantially outweighed by the potential prejudice to defendant. N.J.R.E.

403.

                                      VI.

       In Point VIII, defendant contends that the court erred by declining to

charge third-degree theft as a lesser-included offense of armed robbery because

there was a rational basis to give the requested charge. He argues that he "was

never given the opportunity to effectively argue a rational basis for warranting

a[n] instruction for theft," because the trial court "summarily rejected the

argument altogether." According to defendant, had the court instructed the jury

on third-degree theft, "he would not have been convicted of first-degree robbery

felony murder."

       At the charge conference, defendant's former trial counsel, who was by

then stand-by counsel, inquired about the possibility of charging the lesser-

included offense of theft. The trial court responded by stating it would not give

that charge because only the "lesser included charge of second-degree robbery"

applied under the circumstances presented, despite counsel's argument that the

issue of defendant's culpability could under the evidence be resolved by the jury

finding he only conspired to commit a theft, even though a weapon was present

and used in the robbery.

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                      47
      We consider defendant's challenge to the trial court's ruling fully aware

that "[a]ppropriate and proper charges to a jury are essential for a fair trial."

State v. Green, 86 N.J. 281, 287 (1981). Jury instructions must explain in

comprehensive terms the relevant law applicable to the facts to be determined.

Id. at 287-88. Thus, erroneous instructions on material issues are presumed to

constitute reversible error. State v. Collier, 90 N.J. 117, 122-23 (1982); State v.

Cook, 300 N.J. Super. 476, 489 (App. Div. 1996).

      Whether to charge a lesser included offense is governed by N.J.S.A. 2C:1-

8(d)(1), which requires those offenses to "be established by proof of the same

or less than all the 'facts,' not 'elements,' required to establish the commission of

the offense charged." State v. Graham, 223 N.J. Super. 571, 576 (App. Div.

1988). N.J.S.A. 2C:1-8(e) provides that "[t]he court shall not charge the jury

with respect to an included offense unless there is a rational basis for a verdict

convicting the defendant of the included offense." "When a defendant requests

a lesser-included-offense charge, 'the trial court is obligated, in view of

defendant's interest, to examine the record thoroughly to determine if the

rational-basis standard has been satisfied.'" State v. Alexander, 233 N.J. 132,

142 (2018) (quoting State v. Crisantos, 102 N.J. 265, 278 (1986)).

                                                                               A-4828-18
                                        48
      The evidence must present a rational basis on which the jury could acquit

the defendant on the greater charge and convict on the lesser. State v. Carrero,

229 N.J. 118, 128 (2017); State v. Brent, 137 N.J. 107, 117, 118-19 (1994). "If

such a rational basis exists, a trial court's failure to give the requested instruction

is reversible error." Carrero, 229 N.J. at 128 (citing Brent, 137 N.J. at 118).

      The court is required to charge the jury with all offenses "clearly indicated

in the record." State v. Garron, 177 N.J. 147, 179-80 (2003). "The rational-

basis test sets a low threshold" for a lesser-included-offense instruction.

Carrero, 229 N.J. at 128. "A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser

offense supported by the evidence regardless of whether that charge is consistent

with the theory of the defendant's defense." Brent, 137 N.J. at 118 (citation

omitted). "However, sheer speculation does not constitute a rational basis."

Ibid. "In deciding whether the rational-basis test has been satisfied, the trial

court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant."

Carrero, 229 N.J. at 128 (citation omitted).

      Theft is a lesser-included offense of robbery. A theft occurs when a

person "unlawfully takes, or exercises unlawful control over, movable property

of another with purpose to deprive him thereof." N.J.S.A. 2C:20-3(a). A

                                                                                A-4828-18
                                         49
robbery is essentially an aggravated theft. 8       N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1(a).       It is

appropriate to charge theft if "there is a question whether the defendant's act of

'inflict[ing] bodily injury,' 'us[ing] force upon another' or 'threat[ening] another

with [or] purposefully put[ting] him in fear of bodily injury' occurred 'in the

course of committing a theft.'" State v. Harris, 357 N.J. Super. 532, 539 (App.

Div. 2003) (alterations in original).

8
    N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1 provides:

             a. Robbery defined. A person is guilty of robbery if, in
             the course of committing a theft, he:

             (1) Inflicts bodily injury or uses force upon another; or

             (2) Threatens another with or purposely puts him in fear
             of immediate bodily injury; or

             (3) Commits or threatens immediately to commit any
             crime of the first or second-degree.

             An act shall be deemed to be included in the phrase "in
             the course of committing a theft" if it occurs in an
             attempt to commit theft or in immediate flight after the
             attempt or commission.

             b. Grading. Robbery is a crime of the second-degree,
             except that it is a crime of the first-degree if in the
             course of committing the theft the actor attempts to kill
             anyone, or purposely inflicts or attempts to inflict
             serious bodily injury, or is armed with, or uses or
             threatens the immediate use of a deadly weapon.

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        50
      Here, there was no rational basis to charge theft as a lesser-included

offense because there was no question that the co-defendants took the gun to

Wiggins's home and fatally shot him "in the course of committing a theft."

N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1; Harris, 357 N.J. Super. at 539. The evidence demonstrated

that defendant and the co-defendants went to Wiggins's apartment, armed, with

the intent to rob Wiggins, and that Wiggins was fatally shot during the robbery.

Thus, the evidence did not present a rational basis on which the jury could have

acquitted defendant on the greater charge of second-degree robbery but

convicted him on the lesser-included charge of theft, Carrero, 229 N.J. at 128,

especially whereas here defendant pursued an alibi defense based on his

assertion that he was not with co-defendants when Wiggins was shot but instead

was home babysitting. See State v. Maloney, 216 N.J. 91, 110 (2013) (finding

no rational basis to charge lesser-included offense of theft on robbery charge

where State presented evidence that defendant was part of a four-person

conspiracy to commit armed robbery resulting in the shooting of victim, and

defendant denied participation in conspiracy and robbery).

      Also, neither the trial evidence nor defendant's arguments demonstrate a

rational basis to conclude that the use of the gun was temporally distant or

separate from the commission of the theft, i.e., that the use of the gun was a

                                                                          A-4828-18
                                      51
"separate offense," State v. Grissom, 347 N.J. Super. 469, 479 (App. Div. 2002),

or "discrete event[]." Harris, 357 N.J. Super. at 540-41. Further, there was no

evidence to support the conclusion that defendant's intent was to steal from

Wiggins without the threat or use of force. See State v. Cassady, 198 N.J. 165,

178-79 (2009) (declining to charge theft as lesser-included offense of robbery;

court would not speculate about defendant's subjective intent where objective

evidence clearly demonstrated intent to commit robbery). Simply put, there was

no rational basis to charge theft as a lesser-included offense of robbery.

                                       VII.

       In Point III, defendant contends for the first time on appeal that he was

denied his right to due process and a fair trial because the court provided a faulty

accomplice liability jury charge that failed to properly instruct the jury that he

could be liable for a lesser offense than the principal. He argues that the trial

court should have given a Bielkiewicz9 charge. According to defendant, the

absence of such a charge created a "very real risk that the jury believed that

because the principal (presumably Kenny Mike) intended to commit an armed

robbery, defendant must have, too."

9
    State v. Bielkiewicz, 267 N.J. Super. 520 (App. Div. 1993).
                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        52
The accomplice liability charge read to the jury provided, in relevant part:

             A person is legally accountable for the conduct
      of another person when he is an accomplice of such
      other person in the commission of an offense. A person
      is an accomplice of another person in the commission
      of an offense if, with the purpose of promoting or
      facilitating the commission of the offense, he, A,
      solicits such other persons to commit it and/or B, aids
      or agrees or attempts to aid such other persons in
      planning or committing it. This provision of the law
      means that not only is the person who actually commits
      the criminal act responsible for it, but one who is
      legally accountable as an accomplice is also
      responsible.

            Now, this responsibility as an accomplice may be
      equal and the same as he who actually committed the
      crimes or there may be responsibility in a different
      degree, depending on the circumstances as you find
      them to be. I will further explain this distinction in a
      moment.

            In this case, the State alleges that . . .
      defendant . . . is equally guilty of the crimes committed
      by co-defendants [Kenny Mike], Aron Pines and Tahj
      Pines, because he acted as their accomplice with the
      purpose that the specific crimes charged be committed.

            In order to find . . . defendant . . . guilty of the
      specific crimes charged, the State must prove beyond a
      reasonable doubt each of the following elements:

             That co-defendants [Kenny Mike], Aron Pines
      and/or Tahj Pines committed the crimes of armed
      robbery, robbery, felony murder or possession of a
      firearm for unlawful purpose; that . . . defendant . . .
      solicited the co-defendants [Kenny Mike], Aron Pines

                                                                      A-4828-18
                                 53
            and/or Tahj Pines to commit and/or did aid or agree or
            attempt to aid them in planning or committing the
            crimes; three, that . . . defendant['s] . . . purpose was to
            promote or facilitate the commission of the aforesaid
            crimes; and four, . . . defendant . . . possessed the
            criminal state of mind that is required to be proved
            against the person who actually committed the criminal
            act.

                  ....

                   If you find that . . . defendant . . . with the
            purpose of promoting or facilitating the commission of
            the crimes solicited co-defendants [Kenny Mike], Aron
            Pines and/or Tahj Pines to commit them, or aided, or
            agreed or attempted to aid them in planning or
            committing them, then you should consider [defendant]
            as if he committed the crimes.
                   . . . . In this case, accomplice liability status
            should be considered separately for the crimes of armed
            robbery, robbery, felony murder, and possession . . . of
            a firearm for unlawful purpose.

      The accomplice liability charge provided to the jury tracked the Model

Jury Charges (Criminal), "Liability for Another's Conduct" (N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6),

Charge # One (rev. May 22, 1995), applicable when a defendant "is charged as

accomplice and the jury does not receive instruction on lesser included charges."

      Defendant contends that the court should have provided an instruction that

tracked the Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Liability for Another's Conduct"

(N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6), Charge # Two (rev. May 22, 1995), applicable when a

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                       54
defendant "is charged as accomplice and jury is instructed as to lesser included

charges."10 That charges states in pertinent part the following:

                   Now this responsibility as an accomplice may be
            equal and the same as he/she who actually committed
            the crime(s) or there may be responsibility in a different
            degree depending on the circumstances as you may find
            them to be. The Court will further explain this
            distinction in a moment.

                  ....

                   Now, as I have previously indicated, you will
            initially consider whether the defendant should be
            found not guilty or guilty of acting as an accomplice of
            X with full and equal responsibility for the specific
            crime(s) charged. If you find the defendant guilty of
            the specific charge(s), then you need not consider any
            lesser charge(s).

                   If, however, you find the defendant not guilty of
            acting as an accomplice of X on the specific crime(s)
            charged, then you should consider whether the
            defendant did act as an accomplice of X but with the
            purpose of promoting or facilitating the commission of
            some lesser offense(s) than the actual crime(s) charged
            in the indictment.

                   Our law recognizes that two or more persons may
            participate in the commission of an offense but each
            may participate therein with a different state of mind.
            The liability or responsibility of each participant for
            any ensuing offense is dependent on his/her own state
            of mind and not on anyone else's.

10
  Both of the Model Jury Charges on accomplice liability were revised in June
2021. We quote the charges that applied at the time of defendant's trial.
                                                                          A-4828-18
                                       55
                   Guided by these legal principles, and if you have
            found the defendant not guilty of the specific crime(s)
            charged, you should then consider whether the
            defendant is guilty or not guilty as an accomplice on the
            lesser charge of _________________________. I will
            now explain the elements of that offense to you. (Here
            the court may tell the jury what view of the facts could
            lead to this conclusion).

                   In considering whether the defendant is guilty or
            not guilty as an accomplice on this lesser charge,
            remember that each person who participates in the
            commission of an offense may do so with a different
            state of mind and the liability or responsibility of each
            person is dependent on his/her own state of mind and
            no one else's.

      Defendant did not request Charge # Two and did not object to the final

charge provided. Here again we consider defendant's appellate contentions

under the plain error standard, R. 2:10-2, which requires reversal only for errors

"of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result."

State v. Trinidad, 241 N.J. 425, 451 (2020) (quoting R. 2:10-2).

      An "error in a jury instruction that is 'crucial to the jury's deliberations on

the guilt of a criminal defendant' is a 'poor candidate[] for rehabilitation' under

the plain error theory." State v. Burns, 192 N.J. 312, 314 (2007) (alteration in

original) (quoting State v. Jordan, 147 N.J. 409, 422 (1997)). But, there must

be "legal impropriety in the charge [given] prejudicially affecting the substantial

                                                                               A-4828-18
                                        56
rights of the defendant and sufficiently grievous to justify notice by the

reviewing court and to convince the court that of itself the error possessed a

clear capacity to bring about an unjust result." State v. Montalvo, 229 N.J. 300,

321 (2017) (quoting State v. Chapland, 187 N.J. 275, 289 (2006)). "The mere

possibility of an unjust result is not enough." State v. Funderburg, 225 N.J. 66,

79 (2006). "Rather, '[t]he possibility must be real, one sufficient to raise a

reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might

not have reached.'" Alexander, 233 N.J. at 142 (alteration in original) (quoting

Macon, 57 N.J. at 336). For those reasons, "any finding of plain error depends

on an evaluation of the overall strength of the State's case." State v. Nero, 195

N.J. 397, 407 (2008).

      Applying that standard, under the circumstances of the present case, the

absence of a Bielkiewicz charge did not constitute plain error because: the jury

was instructed to consider defendant's guilt of armed robbery (first-degree

robbery) and robbery (second-degree robbery), defendant was tried individually

(separately from his co-defendants), and his defense was alibi.

      "When a prosecution is based on the theory that a defendant acted as an

accomplice, the trial court is required to provide the jury with understandable

instructions regarding accomplice liability." State v. Savage, 172 N.J. 374, 388

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        57
(2002) (citation omitted). "By definition an accomplice must be a person who

acts with the purpose of promoting or facilitating the commission of the

substantive offense for which he is charged as an accomplice." State v. White,

98 N.J. 122, 129 (1984). Accordingly, "a jury must be instructed that to find a

defendant guilty of a crime under a theory of accomplice liability, it must find

that he 'shared in the intent which is the crime's basic element, and at least

indirectly participated in the commission of the criminal act.'" Bielkiewicz, 267

N.J. Super. at 528 (quoting State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 95 (1965)).

      However, it is an "indisputable notion" that "a principal and accomplice,

although perhaps liable for the same guilty act, may have acted with different or

lesser mental states, thus giving rise to different levels of criminal liability."

State v. Ingram, 196 N.J. 23, 41 (1998). Thus, "when an alleged accomplice is

charged with a different degree offense than the principal or lesser included

offenses are submitted to the jury, the court has an obligation to 'carefully

impart[ ] to the jury the distinctions between the specific intent required for the

grades of the offense.'" Bielkiewicz, 267 N.J. Super. at 528 (alteration in

original) (quoting State v. Weeks, 107 N.J. 396, 410 (1987)). See also State v.

Tucker, 280 N.J. Super. 149, 153 (App. Div. 1995) (reversing defendant's

conviction for robbery where the trial judge failed to give the jury instructions

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       58
incorporating the facts of the case and explaining the possible difference in

intent between the principal and the accomplice concerning robbing the victim).

      "These principles are particularly important where multiple participants

engage in [criminal conduct] with the potential for differing states of mind. In

such cases, '[t]he liability of each participant for any ensuing crime is dependent

on his own state of mind, not on anyone's else's.'" Cook, 300 N.J. Super. at 486-

87 (second alteration in original) (quoting State v. Bridges, 254 N.J. Super. 541,

566 (App. Div. 1992)).

      Both defendant and the State acknowledge that the accomplice liability

charge provided to the jury was essentially the same instruction provided in

Ingram, 196 N.J. at 39-41, which the New Jersey Supreme Court determined did

not constitute plain error.      Defendant, however, argues that Ingram is

distinguishable on its facts because, unlike in Ingram, "[he] was not indicted on

second-degree robbery." Thus, according to defendant, "there was a very real

risk that the jury believed that because the principal (presumably Kenny Mike)

intended to commit an armed robbery, defendant must have, too." We disagree.

      In Ingram, the defendant was indicted for, among other things, conspiracy

to commit robbery, robbery, felony murder, and theft.          Id. at 32.   At the

defendant's trial, the court's jury instruction on accomplice liability tracked

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       59
Model Jury Charge (Charge # One) rather than Model Jury Charge (Charge #

Two), notwithstanding the fact that theft was a lesser-included offense of

robbery, and defendant was indicted on and convicted of those offenses. Id. at

36, 39. We vacated the defendant's convictions and sentence and remanded for

a new trial, finding that because the accomplice instruction tracked Model Jury

Charge (Charge # One) rather than Model Jury Charge (Charge # Two), "the

jury had been improperly instructed concerning lesser-included offense

culpability by accomplices, [and] . . . 'the jury instructions on issues of

accomplice liability did not adhere to the requirements of . . . Bielkiewicz. . . .'"

Id. at 36-37.

      The Supreme Court reversed, finding the error harmless because "the

indictment . . . charged defendant with both robbery and theft, and the jury was

instructed as to both without objection." Id. at 40. The Court explained:

             In these circumstances, where the indictment
             substantively charged defendant with both the greater
             and lesser-included offenses, and the trial court
             properly instructed the jury in respect of each, the evil
             Bielkiewicz seeks to guard against—that is, that the
             jury could have found that one or more of the
             defendants were guilty of robbery while also finding
             that one or more of the defendants were guilty only of
             the lesser-included offense of theft—does not pose the
             same risk. We therefore conclude that it was not
             reversible error when the trial court instructed the jury
             on the elements of the offenses of robbery and theft,

                                                                              A-4828-18
                                        60
            together with the elements required for accomplice
            liability, without also specifically charging that "[o]ur
            law recognizes that two or more persons may
            participate in the commission of an offense but each
            may participate therein with a different state of mind"
            and that "[t]he liability or responsibility of each
            participant for any ensuing offense is dependent on
            his/her own state of mind and not on anyone else's."
            Model Jury Charge Criminal, "Liability for Another's
            Conduct/Accomplice ([w]here defendant is charged as
            accomplice and jury is instructed as to lesser[-]included
            charges)" (May 22, 1995).

            [Ibid. (alterations in original).]

      In the present case, although defendant was not indicted on the lesser -

included charge of second-degree robbery, the court did charge both first and

second-degree robbery, and the jury charge included second-degree robbery

among the substantive crimes the jury was to consider in assessing defendant's

liability as an accomplice. The verdict sheet also gave the jurors an option to

find defendant guilty of the second-degree charge if they acquitted him of the

first-degree charge.

      Accordingly, like in Ingram, because the jury was provided with the

separate elements and requisite mental state of both first and second-degree

robbery and charged to consider defendant's guilt as to each separate charge, and

was provided an accomplice liability charge that specifically referenced both

robbery and armed robbery and explained the requisite mental state necessary

                                                                           A-4828-18
                                        61
to convict defendant as an accomplice for those separate crimes, the omission

of a Bielkiewicz charge did not constitute plain error.

      Further here, unlike Ingram, defendant was tried separately from his co-

defendants and, therefore, the jury was not tasked with considering the mental

states of the separate co-defendants. And, defendant's defense was alibi, i.e.,

that he did not participate in the crimes, and therefore, there was no basis to

distinguish defendant's mental state from that of his co-defendants. See State v.

Norman, 151 N.J. 5, 38-39 (1997) (acknowledging the "remote possibility" that

a jury may be "distracted" if they had to distinguish between the different mental

states of co-defendants).

      At trial, defendant offered no basis or evidence to distinguish his mental

state or culpability from that of the co-defendants. Defendant did not maintain

that he acted under a different state of mind. Rather he "argue[d] that he was

not involved in the crime at all," which demonstrated "defendant suffered no

prejudice" from a failure to instruct the jury on accomplice liability under

Bielkiewicz. Maloney, 216 N.J. at 105-06, 109-10. See also State v. Oliver,

316 N.J. Super. 592, 597 (App. Div. 1998) (finding failure to give Bielkiewicz

charge not plain error where "there was no evidence presented that the principal

may have acted with a different purpose than the accomplice").

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       62
      For that reason, and because defendant was tried separately from his co-

defendants, there was "no evidence from which the jury could have

differentiated between [the defendant's] culpability and that of [the co-

defendant]" evidence. State v. Crumb, 307 N.J. Super. 204, 221-22 (App. Div.

1997) (citation omitted). Because the jurors were not charged with the task of

determining any of the co-defendants' guilt, "it is, at best, a remote possibility

that they were distracted from their task by a conclusion that the principal had

possessed a more culpable intent than the accomplice." Norman, 151 N.J. at 38-

39 (finding defendant not prejudiced by defective accomplice liability charge

"where there is no basis in the evidence to infer any difference in defendants'

mental states").

                                      VIII.

      In Point IV, defendant contends that the court erred by imposing an

improper and excessive sentence. He argues that his sentence is "manifestly

excessive and unduly punitive" for a seventeen-year-old, and that the sentencing

court failed to properly weigh his youth and "significant history of mental

illness" prior to imposing his sentence. In support of his contentions, defendant

relies upon Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 568-69 (2005) (holding that

execution of individuals who were under eighteen years of age at time of their

                                                                            A-4828-18
                                       63
capital crimes was prohibited by Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments), Graham

v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 82 (2010) (holding that the Eighth Amendment

prohibited life sentences without the possibility of parole for juveniles convicted

of non-homicide offenses), Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 470 (2012)

(holding mandatory life sentences without parole for juveniles violated the Eight

Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment), to support his

argument, and State v. Zuber, 227 N.J. 422, 446 (2017), for the proposition that

a sentencing judge must "take into account how children are different, and how

those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifet ime in

prison." He "acknowledges that current case law does not regard [his] sentence

as the 'practical equivalent' of life without parole," but he argues that "[t]hat

does not mean, however, that the indisputable science underlying Roper,

Graham, Miller, Zuber, and the like, does not apply with equal force to [his]

case." He asserts that "[a]ge and mental illness should have been given heavy

mitigating weight, warranting a sentence at the bottom of the range, which is a

thirty-year NERA term." We conclude these contentions are belied by the

record.

      The trial court sentenced defendant to a forty-year term of imprisonment,

with an eighty-five percent period of parole ineligibility under NERA. In

                                                                             A-4828-18
                                       64
sentencing defendant, the court found two aggravating factors: three (N.J.S.A.

2C:44-1(a)(3) ("The risk that the defendant will commit another offense")); and

nine (N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(9) ("The need for deterring the defendant and others

from violating the law")). It found only one mitigating factor: eleven (N.J.S.A.

2C:44-1(b)(11) ("The imprisonment of the defendant would entail excessive

hardship to [himself] or [his] dependents.")). The court also acknowledged

defendant's age at sentencing and at the time of the offense, as well as his mental

health issues. But because the crime involved a shooting and a felony murder,

the court was "clearly convinced that the aggravating factors substantially

outweighed the mitigating factors."

      Our review of a sentence is "one of great deference and '[j]udges who

exercise discretion and comply with the principles of sentencing remain free

from the fear of second guessing.'" State v. Dalziel, 182 N.J. 494, 501 (2005)

(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Megargel, 143 N.J. 484, 494 (1996)).

See also Miller, 205 N.J. at 127 ("Appellate review of the length of a sentence

is limited."). "In conducting the review of any sentence, [we] always consider

whether the trial court has made findings of fact that are grounded in competent,

reasonably credible evidence and whether 'the factfinder [has] appl[ied] correct

legal principles in exercising its discretion.'" State v. Blackmon, 202 N.J. 283,

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297 (2010) (second and third alterations in original) (quoting State v. Roth, 95

N.J. 334, 363 (1984)).

      We will "not substitute [our] judgment for that of the sentencing court."

State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014). We will affirm a sentence unless

            (1) the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the
            aggravating and mitigating factors found by the
            sentencing court were not based upon competent and
            credible evidence in the record; or (3) "the application
            of the guidelines to the facts of [the] case makes the
            sentence clearly unreasonable so as to shock the
            judicial conscience."

            [Ibid. (alteration in original) (quoting Roth, 95 N.J. at
            364-65).]

      In sentencing a defendant, the "trial court should identify the relevant

aggravating factors [of N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)] and mitigating factors [of N.J.S.A.

2C:44-1(b)], determine which factors are supported by a preponderance of the

evidence, balance the relevant factors, and explain how it arrives at the

appropriate sentence." State v. O'Donnell, 117 N.J. 210, 215 (1989). Trial

courts "are given wide discretion so long as the sentence is within the statutory

framework." Dalziel, 182 N.J. at 500.

      Contrary to defendant's contention, the court did consider defendant's age

at the time of the offense and, in fact, did so in defendant's favor. Just prior to

sentencing, the prosecutor argued that even though defendant was only

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seventeen at the time of the Wiggins homicide, he had an extensive juvenile

record, including four prior arrests, and actually gained additional charges after

the Wiggins homicide prior to his arrest. The State argued that his age should

not be a mitigating factor and that his criminal record should be an aggravating

factor and requested a fifty-year term. The court disagreed. While it did not

consider defendant's age as a mitigating factor, it refused to use his juvenile

record as an aggravating factor because of his youth, and it sentenced him to a

term below what the State sought. Defendant received a forty-year sentence

with a thirty-four-year parole bar, making him eligible for parole at the age of

fifty-three.

      As to his mental health issues, defendant did not make any mental illness

or diminished capacity arguments during trial or at sentencing. In fact, he

successfully argued to his prior counsel and the trial court that he had the

capacity to represent himself at trial and that it was in his best interest to do so.

Moreover, there was no expert opinion evidence at trial or sentencing that

established any mental health issue. See State v. Nataluk, 316 N.J. Super. 336,

349 (App. Div. 1998) (finding in light of defendant's insanity defense and expert

opinion evidence, "[i]t is difficult to understand how defendant's condition could

not have constituted a mitigating factor"). Defendant cites exclusively to the

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presentence report to support his argument of a "significant history of mental

illness."

      Despite the lack of evidence, it is undisputed that the court acknowledged

and considered defendant's mental illness. However, because defendant did not

request that his history of mental illness be considered a mitigating factor, and

because the court was not presented with an expert medical or psychological

opinion, or any other evidence outside the presentence report even suggesting

that defendant suffered from mental illness, the sentencing judge did not abuse

his discretion in failing to find defendant's history of mental illness as a

mitigating factor.

      As defendant concedes, his sentence is not a life sentence or its practical

equivalent. Zuber, 227 N.J. at 429. And, we conclude it does not shock our

judicial conscience.

      Affirmed.

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