Court Opinion

ID: 822705
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-28 16:04:32.197529+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:25:13.033650
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 12-1041
                        ___________________________

                                     Frank Hohn

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

                             BNSF Railway Company

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                     for the District of Nebraska - Omaha
                                ____________

                          Submitted: December 11, 2012
                            Filed: February 28, 2013
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, BYE, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       BNSF Railway Co. (BNSF) placed locomotive machinist Frank Hohn on
medical leave to have his eyes examined and thereafter did not allow him to return
to his position. Hohn, who is visually impaired, filed suit, alleging that BNSF
retaliated against him for reporting a safety violation and that BNSF discriminated
against him based on his disability. The district court1 granted summary judgment in
favor of BNSF on the whistleblower claim, and the jury found in favor of BNSF on
the discrimination claims. On appeal, Hohn challenges the orders granting summary
judgment, excluding evidence related to the safety complaint, and denying his
motions for a new trial and to set aside the order awarding costs. We affirm.

                                   I. Background

       BNSF hired Hohn in December 1997 to work as a locomotive machinist at its
maintenance facility located in Alliance, Nebraska. A locomotive machinist performs
a myriad of locomotive servicing, maintenance, and troubleshooting functions,
including inspecting and replacing brake shoes and traction motors, replacing filters,
and ensuring that proper lubricating oil levels are maintained. In December 2003,
Hohn fractured the bone above his right wrist when he fell on a slick, uneven surface
at the Alliance facility. Hohn was placed on light duty while he recovered and was
released to work without restriction in late March or early April 2004.

       Around that time, Hohn’s supervisors noticed that he was displaying signs of
vision impairment or were told that he had troubles seeing. Douglas Miller observed
Hohn walking slowly and cautiously, looking around at things, and missing handrails
when he tried to grab onto them. Cecelia Deichert observed that Hohn did not see her
if she approached him from the side. Deichert and Jennifer Crawford expressed
concerns regarding Hohn’s vision to Jack Wilson, the assistant superintendent at the
maintenance facility. Wilson instructed Deichert, Crawford, and Miller to
memorialize their concerns, which they did. Deichert’s memo, dated April 20, 2004,
stated:

      1
       The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, then Chief Judge, United States District
Court for the District of Nebraska, ruled on the motion for summary judgment. The
Honorable Lyle E. Strom, United States District Judge for the District of Nebraska,
presided over the trial and ruled on the post-trial motions.

                                         -2-
      Several machinists have told me that Mr. Frank Hohn can not [sic] see.
      They do not wish to work with him because they are afraid of getting
      hurt. They have even noticed that as he walks he is having trouble
      seeing where he is going. They fear for his well being.

Crawford’s April 25, 2004, memo reported that she had observed Hohn “having
problems with his vision during the performance of his duties, such as hooking up
walkway chains and adjusting brake shoes,” and that Hohn “appeared to struggle with
writing up his paperwork[.]” Miller reported that several of Hohn’s coworkers had
expressed concerns regarding Hohn’s vision and safety.

       In late April, Hohn reported to a railway safety hotline that he had been forced
to perform an unsafe act. Specifically, while inspecting a locomotive on April 17,
2004, Hohn discovered that a cylinder was malfunctioning. He believed that the
problem might cause the motor to lose compression and blow out an exhaust valve,
so he summoned a supervisor and refused to load test the locomotive. Hohn
recommended that the locomotive be moved to the shop for repairs. The supervisor
who had responded to Hohn’s call regarding the malfunction called the general
foreman to evaluate the cylinder. The general foreman disagreed with Hohn’s
assessment and determined that the cylinder was not malfunctioning. He instructed
Hohn to run the locomotive under full load. Hohn did so, notwithstanding his
concerns, because he believed that he might lose his job if he refused to test the
locomotive as ordered. On April 19 or 20, Hohn reported the incident to a railway
safety hotline. On April 21, Calvin Hobbs, the shop superintendent, received
notification of Hohn’s safety complaint. In response, Hobbs investigated the incident
and found that two supervisors and a foreman had assessed the locomotive and
disagreed with Hohn’s conclusion. Hobbs explained that the load test was completed
without incident and that the locomotive had not subsequently experienced any
mechanical problems. In an April 27, 2004, e-mail, Hobbs wrote, “We feel this
employee is using safety as an answer for a productivity issue that is in the process
of being addressed and corrected with him.”

                                         -3-
      By letter dated April 26, 2004, Hobbs informed Hohn that he would be placed
on paid medical leave so that he could have his eyes examined. The letter instructed
Hohn to contact his optometrist and Angela Bailey, the BNSF medical and
environmental health regional director. Hohn received the letter on April 29, 2004,
and remained on paid medical leave until early June 2004.

        Optometrist Robert Dietrich evaluated Hohn in May 2004 and diagnosed him
as having advanced stage retinitis pigmentosa, a degenerative eye disease that causes
tunnel vision and night blindness. Retinitis pigmentosa, for which there is no known
cure, often causes blindness. Consistent with the diagnosis, Dr. Dietrich found that
Hohn suffered from night blindness and that his field of vision was limited to about
15 degrees in each eye. Dr. Dietrich testified that he measured Hohn’s visual field
using uniformly bright light, noting that “in dimly lit situations there’s going to be a
lot of challenge to his vision[.]” Dr. Dietrich believed that Hohn should surrender his
driver’s license and consider “full [and] permanent disability vs. actively working.”

       Dr. Dietrich recommended the following work restrictions: no walking on
uneven surfaces; no more than occasional bending or stooping; no operating vehicles
or machinery; no climbing ladders or scaffolds; no working on unprotected heights;
no more than occasional lifting of greater than 20 pounds; and no job that requires
more than 15 degrees visual field. When asked why he restricted Hohn from working
in places requiring more than 15 degrees visual field, Dr. Dietrich replied,

      Any task that would require greater than that could potentially put him
      in a position where he might stumble, fall, [or] give incorrect directives
      to others . . . . So basically just to confine him to a work station where
      it involves not much movement, not much change in light -- lighting
      from darker areas to more bright areas, and so forth, that would hinder
      his judgments.

                                          -4-
Two other doctors evaluated Hohn and in most part agreed with Dr. Dietrich’s
restrictions.

      Sharon Clark, BNSF’s medical field officer and doctor of osteopathic medicine,
reviewed the recommended restrictions. She testified that the area where Hohn
worked was a “360-degree environment[,]” where operations occur “above, below,
behind, in front of and to the left and right of one’s activities.” Given Hohn’s reduced
visual field, Dr. Clark believed that the restrictions were well advised, and she
approved them in July 2004. Hobbs determined that the work restrictions would
prevent Hohn from performing the essential functions of the machinist position.

       After the restrictions were approved, Bailey began to work with Hohn to
determine whether he could return to work as a machinist or in another position with
the railroad. Although Bailey supported conducting an on-site evaluation to
determine whether Hohn could perform the job of a machinist, Dr. Clark disagreed.
Dr. Clark concluded that Hohn could not perform such an evaluation without running
afoul of the work restrictions. Hobbs testified that he would have agreed to an on-site
evaluation if the medical and legal departments had approved it. Dr. Clark and Bailey
remained in contact with Hohn throughout 2005. Hohn, however, was not allowed
to return to work after being withheld from service on April 29, 2004.

       Hohn filed a charge of discrimination and retaliation with the Nebraska Equal
Opportunity Commission (NEOC or commission). Hohn alleged that BNSF withheld
him from service for reporting the April 17, 2004, incident to the railway-safety
hotline and that BNSF discriminated against him on the basis of his disability. The
commission found that the evidence was insufficient to support the charge and thus
found no reasonable cause. Hohn received notification of the commission’s finding
on August 4, 2005. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) issued
its right-to-sue letter on September 21, 2005.

                                          -5-
        Hohn filed suit in federal district court on December 20, 2005. He alleged that
BNSF violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), see 42 U.S.C. § 12101
et seq., and the Nebraska Fair Employment Practices Act (NFEPA), see Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 48-1101 et seq., when it discriminated against him on the basis of his disability
and failed to reasonably accommodate his disability. He also claimed that BNSF
violated Nebraska law when it retaliated against him for reporting a safety violation.
BNSF later moved for summary judgment, arguing, in part, that Hohn’s retaliation
claim should be dismissed as untimely. The district court granted summary judgment
in favor of BNSF on the retaliation claim, albeit on different grounds, holding that
Hohn had not shown “any adverse employment action connected to his opposition to
an unlawful act by [BNSF].” D. Ct. Order of Sept. 26, 2007, at 13-14.

       Hohn’s disparate treatment and reasonable accommodation claims proceeded
to trial. Hohn sought to introduce evidence of the events underlying his safety-
hotline report, the report itself, and BNSF’s response. The district court sustained
BNSF’s objection to the evidence, finding it irrelevant.

      I find that the hotline issue is not an issue in this case. I don’t see how
      evidence of the hotline can be relevant to anything because -- accepting
      [the district court’s summary judgment ruling,] the retaliation claim is
      out. [The district court] dismissed the retaliation claim. And [it] has
      further found that the hotline is not a protected activity under the ADA.
      All of that being true, and this being solely now an ADA case, anything
      relating to the hotline and what may have happened and what actions
      may have been taken in response to it are irrelevant to the issues in this
      case.

       The district court instructed the jury that, to return a verdict for Hohn on his
disparate treatment claim, it must find that Hohn could perform the essential functions
of the locomotive machinist position at the time BNSF refused to allow him to return
to work. On the reasonable accommodation claim, the district court instructed the
jury to determine whether Hohn could have performed the essential functions if

                                          -6-
BNSF had provided an “on the job, work site, evaluation and provided the
accommodations resulting from such evaluation.” The jury returned a verdict in favor
of BNSF on both claims and did not reach BNSF’s affirmative defense that Hohn
posed a direct threat to the health or safety of himself or others in the workplace. The
clerk of court taxed costs against Hohn. The district court denied Hohn’s motion for
a new trial and refused to set aside the costs.

                                    II. Discussion

                               A. Summary Judgment

       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment and may
affirm the judgment on any basis supported by the record. St. Martin v. City of St.
Paul, 680 F.3d 1027, 1032 (8th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is appropriate if there
are no genuine disputes of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56.

       Nebraska law prohibits employers from retaliating against employees for
“oppos[ing] any practice or refus[ing] to carry out any action unlawful under federal
law or the laws of this state.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1114(3). The NEOC considers
claims alleging that an employer discriminated against a whistleblower. Following
the NEOC’s administrative process, a complainant may bring a claim to the district
court. “The deadline for filing an action directly in the district court is ninety days
after the complainant receives notice of the last action the commission will take on
the complaint or charge.” Id. § 48-1120.01. The statute explains that “[t]he last
action on the complaint or charge includes the issuance of the final order after
hearing, the determination of reasonable cause or no reasonable cause, and any other
administrative action which ends the commission’s involvement with the complaint
or charge.” Id.

                                          -7-
      Hohn’s whistleblower claim should have been dismissed as untimely. By letter
dated August 1, 2005, the NEOC notified Hohn that it had officially closed his charge
because the evidence was insufficient to support the allegations of discrimination.
The letter stated, “This finding of no reasonable cause is the final determination of
the Nebraska Equal Opportunity Commission and completes the Commission’s
handling of the charge.” It is undisputed that Hohn received the letter from the
commission on August 4, 2005, and did not file this lawsuit until December 20, 2005.
Because he failed to file his lawsuit within ninety days from the notice of the
commission’s last action on his complaint—that is, the determination of no
reasonable cause—the district court should have dismissed the claim.

       Hohn argues that the claim is timely because the statute of limitations should
run from the date he received the right-to-sue letter from the EEOC. He argues that
the EEOC and the NEOC work together under a work sharing agreement and thus the
EEOC’s letter triggered the statute of limitations. Such an interpretation contradicts
the plain language of the Nebraska statute. As set forth above, the statute provides,
“The last action on the complaint or charge includes . . . the determination of
reasonable cause or no reasonable cause . . . .”2 Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1120.01.

      2
        To the extent Hohn argues that the Erie doctrine requires application of a
federal rule or procedure, he has not identified one that competes with the state statute
of limitations. Because his whistleblower claim arises under state law and there is no
federal procedure that differs from the state procedure, we follow the state statute of
limitations. See Appletree Square I, Ltd. v. W.R. Grace & Co., 29 F.3d 1283, 1286
(8th Cir. 1994) (“There is simply no reason why, in the absence of a controlling
federal rule, an action based on state law which concededly would be barred in the
state courts by the state statute of limitations should proceed through litigation to
judgment in federal court solely because of the fortuity that there is diversity of
citizenship between the litigants.”) (quoting Walker v. Armco Steel Corp., 446 U.S.
740, 753 (1980)).

                                          -8-
       Hohn contends that if we find his claim untimely, the statute of limitations
should be equitably tolled. He argues that the Nebraska legislature would intend for
the deadline to be tolled, with the receipt of the EEOC right-to-sue letter triggering
the limitations period. Even assuming equitable tolling applies, the plain language
of the statute provides that the NEOC’s last action triggers the running of the statute
of limitations, not an EEOC action. Had the legislature intended the limitations
period to begin running upon the receipt of the EEOC right-to-sue letter, it could have
so provided in the statute. See Rosberg v. Johnson, 815 N.W.2d 867, 870 (Neb.
2012) (Legislative purpose and intent is “ascertained from the entire language of a
statute considered in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense.”). Hohn’s whistleblower
claim was thus untimely, and summary judgment should have been granted on that
ground.

                             B. Evidentiary Challenge

       Hohn argues that the district court erred when it excluded as irrelevant the
evidence of his safety complaint. Evidence is relevant if it tends to make a fact of
consequence more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Fed. R.
Evid. 401. “[W]e accord the district court ‘wide discretion in admitting and
excluding evidence, and its decision will not be disturbed unless there is a clear and
prejudicial abuse of discretion.’” McPheeters v. Black & Veatch Corp., 427 F.3d
1095, 1101 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Bennett v. Hidden Valley Golf and Ski, Inc., 318
F.3d 868, 878 (8th Cir. 2003) (internal quotations omitted)). We will not reverse a
judgment on the basis of an erroneous evidentiary ruling absent a showing that the
ruling had a substantial influence on the jury’s verdict. Id.

      Hohn argues that the safety-complaint evidence is relevant because it would
have helped prove that he could perform the essential functions of a locomotive
machinist. He contends that the circumstances surrounding the complaint constituted
evidence that BNSF retaliated against him when it required him to submit to a

                                         -9-
medical exam. Specifically, the timing of Hobbs’s decision to withhold Hohn from
service coincided with Hobbs receiving notification of Hohn’s complaint and
responding to it. According to Hohn, the excluded evidence thus would rebut the
evidence that he was withheld from service because his supervisors were concerned
about his vision. Instead, he argues that the evidence supports a finding that “BNSF
believed he could perform the essential functions of his job without any problems
immediately before he was withheld from service.” Appellant’s Br. 48.

       We disagree. The disputed evidence may have helped explain Hohn’s theory
that he was withheld from service for reporting a safety violation, but BNSF’s
motivation for placing him on medical leave is not necessarily a fact of consequence.
At best, the safety-complaint evidence would have supported an inference of
retaliation for withholding Hohn from service. Hohn’s retaliation claim, however,
had been dismissed, and only the disability discrimination claims remained. We thus
find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision to exclude the evidence.

      Even assuming that the reason Hohn was withheld from service was relevant,
Hohn has not shown that the disputed evidence might have influenced the jury’s
verdict. The disability claims required the jury to decide whether Hohn “could have
performed the essential functions of the locomotive machinist position at the time
[BNSF] refused to allow him to return to work.” To return to work, Hohn was
required to obtain a medical release, which he was unable to do. Dr. Dietrich
evaluated Hohn and recommended work restrictions that, if followed, would not have
allowed Hohn to perform the work of a locomotive machinist. Hobbs, who was
aware of Hohn’s complaint and was involved in the return-to-work process, did not
recommend or adopt the restrictions, nor did he deny the on-site evaluation. Hobbs
determined only that Hohn’s restrictions would prevent him from performing his job
duties and that the restrictions could not be accommodated. Hohn presented no
evidence to suggest that Hobbs harbored a retaliatory motivation in making those
determinations, which were made months after Hohn reported his safety complaint.

                                        -10-
Moreover, Hohn’s supervisors had concerns about his vision in the five months
before he made the safety complaint.

                              C. Motion for a New Trial

       Hohn challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for a new trial, arguing
that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. We review the denial of a
motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion and give “great deference to the district
court’s ruling.” Jones v. Nat’l Am. Univ., 608 F.3d 1039, 1049 (8th Cir. 2010)
(quoting Kight v. Auto Zone, Inc., 494 F.3d 727, 735 (8th Cir. 2007)).

       To prove his disability discrimination claim, Hohn was required to show that
he was qualified to perform the essential functions of his position, with or without
reasonable accommodation. 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1102(10)(a).
He contends that he met his burden and that BNSF offered no evidence to the
contrary. According to Hohn, BNSF’s evidence related only to its concerns that
Hohn could not perform his duties safely and thus supported only its affirmative
defense that Hohn posed a “direct threat” to the health or safety of himself or others
in the workplace. See 42 U.S.C. § 12111(3) (defining “direct threat”). Hohn argues
that the jury must have conflated the essential functions inquiry with the direct threat
inquiry when it found that Hohn was unable to perform the essential functions of the
machinist position, with or without reasonable accommodation.

       Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding that Hohn could not perform
the essential functions of the locomotive machinist position with or without
reasonable accommodation. As set forth above, a locomotive machinist is required
to service and maintain locomotives. The position’s essential functions include the
“[s]afe and frequent use of machinery[,]” “frequent bending, stooping, kneeling, and
climbing ladders, and frequent walking on uneven/angled surfaces.” The jury
considered medical evidence that Hohn’s visual field was restricted to about 15

                                          -11-
degrees in each eye and that he had difficulty seeing in dim light. It also heard Dr.
Clark’s testimony that Hohn’s work area was a “360-degree environment[,]” where
machinists worked “within, around, over and under locomotives.” Video and
photographic evidence of the Alliance facility corroborated Dr. Clark’s description
and revealed a dynamic environment, with variable lighting, uneven surfaces,
scaffolding, ladders, ramps, stairs, overhead objects, and large machinery and
locomotives. Indeed, while narrating the video of the work site, Hohn described how
as part of their duties machinists are required to enter the “drop table”—an open area
over which locomotives, some weighing up to 415,000 pounds, are parked—and then
reach up and unhook and lower the traction motors that power the axles.

       The jury considered the fact that Hohn had fallen on a slick, uneven surface at
work a few months before having his vision checked. It also heard the supervisors’
testimony that Hohn’s peripheral vision was limited and that Hohn looked at the
ground, walked cautiously, and reached for a hand rail that was not where he had
placed his hand. In light of this evidence, a reasonable jury could find that Hohn’s
vision impairments precluded him not only from performing the essential functions
safely, but from performing them at all.

      Moreover, the restrictions that Dr. Dietrich placed on Hohn disallowed him
from performing the essential functions of a locomotive machinist. Hohn chose to
see Dr. Dietrich, and although Hohn disputed the restrictions and testified that he was
performing tasks that ran afoul of them, Hohn did not offer medical evidence to
contradict the restrictions. Hohn’s own medical expert expressed concern about
Hohn’s ability to perform any activities that required movement, including operating
a crane, “being in a motor vehicle, motorized cart, [or] doing the train.” The jury’s
verdict thus was not against the weight of the evidence, for “[t]he ADA ‘does not
require an employer to permit an employee to perform a job function that the
employee’s physician has forbidden.’” Otto v. City of Victoria, 685 F.3d 755, 758

                                         -12-
(8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Alexander v. Northland Inn, 321 F.3d 723, 727 (8th Cir.
2003)).

                                   D. Costs

      We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Hohn’s motion to set aside the order awarding costs. See Blakley v. Schlumberger
Tech. Corp., 648 F.3d 921, 930 (8th Cir. 2011) (standard of review).

                                III. Conclusion

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________

                                      -13-