Court Opinion

ID: 7317692
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 21:08:56.447787+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:19:40.102221
License: Public Domain

Howell, Y. C.
It was claimed that the testator made no final disposition of his Perth Amboy real estate, and that if he did the same was void as contravening the rule against perpetuities. I do not find it necessary to discuss the question whether, under the terms of *130the will, the period of the vesting of the estate is so remote as to violate the rule, for the reason that I deem it very plain from a careful reading of the instrument that he disposed of the income from his property only, and made no final disposition of the corpus.
The third item directs the executors to collect the income from the properties therein described; to make such disbursements as are necessary; and out of the remainder to pay the wife $200 per month; and to devote the remainder of the income to the payment of the interest and principal of the mortgage against the same. The testator then continuing his directions as to the income orders that the surplus thereof shall go to his wife, Catherine, and her two children, and shall be invested by the executors for their use and benefit; and that when these children come of age the fund so accumulated shall go to them in equal shares. It is quite manifest that in that item of the will there is no residuary devise. The fourth item deals with another block of property. It makes due provision for the collection of the rents and for disbursements incident to the ownership of the land, orders an investment of the income so that his wife, Caroline, may receive the interest of the accumulated income semiannually, and finally directs the division of this income accumulation to his wife and children when the children come of age. It is quite as manifest that there is no residuary devise of that property. The sixth item of the will deals with an estate in remainder, his son-in-law, Jeppe Sondergaard, holding the intervening life estate. There is in that ilem also distinct and particular directions about the income and an appropriation of it not only to the expenses of maintaining the property but to the payment of the mortgage which is sought to be foreclosed by the second bill. After all those' payments out of the income the remainder thereof is to be accumulated for his children and to be paid to them when they c-ome of age. Neither does that item contain any residuary devise. It was argued that there was a devise by implication to the testator’s “children” of the residuary estate, but I am not able to find in the will any words which lead to any such result. I therefore come to the conclusion that the testator meant to and did deal only with the income from these *131three pieces of property, and that as to the corpus thereof he died intestate.
But there are provisions in the will which prevent the heirs-at-law from taking immediate possession of the properties. Between the present time and period of distribution there stands a valid, aclive trust by virtue of which the executors and trustees have the right, and are in duty bound, to administer the income therefrom until the youngest of the testator’s children shall arrive at the age of twenty-one years. This trust cannot be disturbed, nor can the executors and trustees be deprived of the possession of the property until the termination thereof according to the terms of the will, and, consequently, there can be no partition. Smith v. Gaines, 39 N. J. Eq. (12 Stew.) 545; Roarty v. Smith, 53 N. J. Eq. (8 Dick.) 253.
In Simmons v. Hadley, 63 N. J. Law (34 Vr.) 227, trustees under a -will were in the possession of lands; they were sued in •ejectment by one of the heirs-at-law who insisted that some of the purposes of the trust were void within the rule against perpetuities. There were, however, active trusts which were in course of execution, which were undoubtedly good, and it was held that ejectment could not be maintained until the determination of the valid trusts.
It is said that because Peter Nelson at one time held the mortgage and also had title to the fee in remainder, his equitable right merged in the legal right and extinguished the mortgage. It is a thoroughly well-settled rule that merger is not favored in equity and is never allowed unless for special reasons and to promote the intention of the party; and that where the equities are subserved by keeping the mortgage alive, and no injury or injustice is thereby wrought, it is not extinguished. Clos v. Boppe, 23 N. J. Eq. (8 C. E. Gr.) 270; Hoppock v. Ramsey, 28 N. J. Eq. (1 Stew.) 413; Andrus v. Vreeland, 29 N. J. Eq. (2 Stew.) 394; Swayze v. Schuyler, 59 N. J. Eq. (14 Dick.) 75; Harron v. DuBois, 64 N. J. Eq. (19 Dick.) 657. Practically the same rule exists in controversies in the common law courts where merger is favored. Woodhull v. Reid, 1 Harr. 128; Thompson v. Boyd, 21 N. J. Law (1 Zab.) 58; affirmed, 22 N. J. Law (2 Zab.) 543; Duncan v. Smith, 31 N. J. Lato (2 Vr.) 325; *132Mulford v. Peterson, 35 N. J. Law (6 Vr.) 127; New Jersey Insurance Co. v. Meeker, 40 N. J. Law (11 Vr.) 18. It seems that there should be added to the rule this qualification: If there is an intervening estate, encumbrance or equity, that of itself would be sufficient to prevent a merger of the mortgage with the equity of redemption, provided the encumbrance be not one which the owner has assumed to pay or one against which he is estopped from defending. Jones Mort. § 84-8. This qualification was applied in the case of judgment liens in Denzler v. O’Keefe, 34 N. J. Eq. (7 Stew.) 961. There is, however, in the will evidence that the testator never meant that the estates should merge. Speaking of this particular mortgage he says: “As it is not my intention that there shall be any merger of said mortgage by reason of my holding an estate in remainder in said properties.” Although this declaration was made six years after the conveyance of the equity of redemption to Nelson, it is held that the party in whom the assets legally and equitably are so united is-not required to make his election that there should or should not be a merger immediately. He may wait until some other person is about to acquire an interest, and if he then does any act which clearly shows that he regards the equitable title as still subsisting, this is almost conclusive evidence that he did not intend that there should be a merger. Clift v. White, 12 N.Y. 525; Security Title Co. v. Schlender, 190 Ill. 609; Jones Mort. § 855. I must hold therefore that the mortgage in question is a subsisting and valid lien upon the premises in question in the hands of Caroline Nelson, the original legatee thereof; but in making the bequest of the mortgage to his wife, the testator had a right to impose upon her and upon the gift such conditions as he chose, provided the same were not in themselves illegal. By the will he directs his executors, of whom his widow is one, to pay and satisfy the mortgage money out of the income of the property. The direction is this:
“After the death of my son-in-law, Jeppe Sondergaard, they (the executors) shall manage said properties and collect the income therefrom out of which they shall pay all current expenses for taxes, water rates, insurance, repairs and a fair and reasonable compensation for their services, and the net income derived therefrom they shall apply to the payment of the said mortgage of $10,000 until the same is extinguished."
*133The question then arises whether Mrs. Nelson (or 'her assignee) will be permitted to foreclose the mortgage in the face of her obligation as executor and legatee to see to it that it, principal and interest, shall be satisfied to her out of the net income of the premises. I pause here to say that the complainant as assignee stands in the shoes of Mrs. Nelson. The instrument of transfer was claimed by the complainant to give her a better position than Mrs. Nelson had and by the defendants to create some equity in favor of Elan or Lynch. 1 find, however, that it operates as a mere assignment of the mortgage, subject to all eeprities so far as the complainant is concerned, and that Elanor Lynch can make no claim under it.
The testator owned the mortgage and he owned the land. In uniting the two estates he could say whether they should merge or not. In separating them ramierged he had a right to say how they should be thereafter treated and Avhat their future relation should be. If he had chosen so to do he might have released the lands in question from the lien of the mortgage, and by his will without other instrument have charged the mortgage debt in suit upon other and different lands. His dominion over the two estates was paramount and predominant. Mrs. Nelson could get only what he gave her. She cannot enlarge her right or abridge the right of other devisees. She takes title to the mortgage debt encumbered by the testator’s peculiar notions as to the manner in which, and the fund from which, the same should be paid to her. And the complainant or transferee takes no other or greater right than Mrs. Nelson had.
While this argument points in the direction of preventing the complainant from foreclosing the mortgage against the remainder or the equity of redemption, I see no reason why foreclosure of it should not be permitted against the life estate of Sondergaard. It was Sondergaarcl’s duty to pay the mortgage; the bond is his; he joined in the mortgage. Primarily, he is the one to pay it. When he created his life estate by the deed of August 26tli, 1902, he assumed the burden, among other things, of paying the interest on the mortgage. He was, therefore, bound at law and in equity to pay both principal and interest of this ob*134ligation in the first instance. He certainly cannot evade these payments for the purpose of destroying or otherwise interfering with the remainder. In my opinion, as between the complainant and Sondergaard, the mortgage money was due and payable. By its terms it was due when the life estate was created and Sondergaard has no defence to the suit, nor indeed has he attempted to make any.
In addition to the fact that Mrs. Nelson is an executor of the will, and so stands in a fiduciary relation to all the parties in interest, there is yet another reason why the foreclosure of this mortgage as against the remainder ought to be held up, and that is that it is a settled doctrine of courts of equity and agreed on all sides that no man shall be allowed to disappoint a will under which he takes a benefit, or, as it was put by Vice-Chancellor Grey in Bird v. Hawkins, 58 N. J. Eq. (13 Dick.) 246, “he may not accept the benefits which, a will confers without he also performs the duties which it imposes. This doctrine has been carried to the extent that one who accepted a benefit under a will given upon terms that the beneficiary should convey his own estate to someone else named by the testator, has been obliged so to convey away his own property.” Mrs. Nelson cannot be heard to say that she will take the mortgage bequeathed to her, but will reject the provision for its pajnnent from the income from the mortgaged premises. Her assignee is in the same position. It is clearty her duty to protect the remainder for whom it may concern, and not to give aid or countenance to any proceeding having for its object the destruction of their right.
The next question is whether Elanor Lynch and the complainant Dorothea Nagle can share in the residuary fund of which the testator died intestate. It is claimed that neither of them can so participate for the reason that they are excluded therefrom by particular and specific words of the will itself. As to Elanor Lynch, the testator declares that the demonstrative legacy to her of $2,000
“shall be in lieu oí all interest to which she may be entitled to my estate by virtue of this will or otherwise * * * my intention being that said Elanor Lynch shall not receive more than $2,000 of my estate under any circumstances.”
*135As to Dorothea Nagle, the words are: “J consider she has received all she is entitled to, as I consider her share is equal to the other children.” Having these words in mind, are they sufficient to exclude these two persons from participation in the residuary fund above mentioned? A recent text-writer on this subject has declared that the courts are nearly unanimous in holding that where the testator does.not by will dispose of the whole of his estate, no negative words of exclusion can prevent the remainder of the property from passing under the statutes of descent and distribution; that it not infrequently happens that the testator by name specifically provides that certain of his relatives shall not receive any part of his estate, and that in such case such a provision is entirely ineffectual as to intestate property. Page Wills § 467. An early case on the subject is Creswell v. Cheslyn (1762), 2 Ed. 124. There the testator by his will gave his residuary personal estate to his three children in equal shares as tenants in common. Subsequently, by a codicil, he declared that C, one of his children, should not be one of his residuary legatees, and he gave to C a pecuniary legacy instead. It was held that as to one-third of his estate he died intestate, and that this share did not go to the other two, but went according to the statute of distributions. Lord Northington, L. C., says that the reason for the decision was that the testator had made no devise over of the share of which he had deprived one of his children, and that therefore the other two could have no greater interest than they had by the original will. He says: “I must therefore declare that the clear residue of the testator’s personal estate, not specifically bequeathed, must be divided into three equal parts.” The decree in this case was affirmed in the house of lords in Cheslyn v. Creswell, 6 Pro. P. C. 1, without an opinion. In Pickering v. Stamford (1797), 3 Ves. Jr. 492, Lord Loughborough declared that neither an heir-at-law, or by parity of reason the next of kin, can be barred by anything but a disposition of the heritable subject or personal estate to some person capable of taking, and that notwithstanding the words of the will he would take what was not disposed of. In Johnson v. Johnson (1841), 4 Beav. 318, Sir Lancelot Shadwell, vice-chancellor, dealt with a will which contained these words: “I direct that my wife, Harriet Johnson, *136and her child, Harriet (whom I entirely disclaim), shall he cut oil from any part o£ my property and shall not receive any benefit or advantage therefrom.” It was held that these words did not exclude the widow and next of kin from sharing in the intestate property for the reason that there was no devise over of the shares of which the will had deprived them.
In Harris v. Davis (1844), 1 Coll. C. C. 416, Sir J. L. ICnight Bruce, vice-chancellor, had before him a will in which the testator had given personalty to several of his children, including his son Henry; by a codicil he revoked all that part of his will which left a legacy to Henry, but made no devise over of that share. The vice-chancellor held that Henry’s share of the residuary persona] estate lapsed for the benefit of the next of kin, including Henry. In Sykes v. Sykes (1868), L. R. 4 Eq. 200, a testator by a codicil to his will revoked all the provisions in favor of his son Henry, and in lieu thereof placed in the hands of trustees a. large sum .of money upon trust to invest and hold the proceeds for Henry and his wife and children, but made no devise over. The case was heard before the master of the rolls and came before Lord Cairns, L. C., on appeal. He says: “I understand the law with regard to the construction of wills upon this point to be perfectly clear and well settled. If there be a 'devise or a bequest in a will to a number of persons nominalim as tenants in common, and if there be afterwards by codicil a revocation of the devise or bequest made to one of them, the share of the residue, the devise or bequest of which is so revoked, does not again fall into the residue, but becomes undisposed of for the heir-at-law or for the next of kin as the case may be. That was decided, if it had not been decided before, in the case of Cresswell v. Cheslyn, and for upwards of a hundred years it has governed the succession of property in this country.” The same rule was applied in Fitch v. Weber (1848), 6 Hare 145.
In the case of Gallagher v. Crooks, 132 N. Y. 338, the will contained the following clause:
“He (John N. Gallagher) is to have nothing- from my property, and I hereby cut off from inheriting- anything or property of mine his wife (Rebecca) or any person in any way related to her either by blood or by marriage with the exception of himself, and he only in the way I have stated above.”
*137It was found that the testatbr had died intestate as to some of his property and suit was brought by the widow and children of John N. Gallagher, who had died, to recover a share thereof. Follett, chief judge, says: “The clause in the will above quoted by which the testator attempted to disinherit his brother, his wife and their descendants, does not defeat the light of these plaintiffs to the estate unless the persons to whom the testator attempted to devise the remainder were in existence. In case a testator fails to make a legal devise of his realty, or if having legally devised it, the devise fails for any cause, the heir will inherit, notwithstanding there is an express provision in the will that he shall not take any part of the estate. There must be a legal devise to cut off the right of the heir to inherit. Mere words of disinheritance are insufficient to effect that purpose.” The rule so announced seems to prevail in New Hampshire Wells v. Anderson, 44 Atl. Rep. 103. The two leading English cases above referred to—Cresswell v. Cheslyn and Sykes v. Sykes—were approved of by this court in Burnet v. Burnet (1879), 30 N. J. Eq. (3 Stew.) 595, in an opinion by Vice-Chancellor Van Fleet. In that case a legacy was void for the reason that the legatee was a witness to the execution of the will, and the question was whether that share fell into the residuary estate or whether as to it the will was not entirely inoperative. The vice-chancellor held to the broad principle that the will was inoperative, and that therefore as to that share the testator died intestate.
Finally, our court of errors and appeals, in Graydon v. Graydon, 25 N. J. Eq. (10 C. E. Gr.) 561, decided the point in a case arising under a will which provided that if the testator’s son John should marry a certain person prior to a certain date, then, to use his words,
“my will is and I order that he take no part or share of my estate either of principal or interest, and the provision heretofore made for him is upon condition that he do not marry,” &c. * * * “If he do I hereby declare such provision void and revoked,”
and in case he did so marry then his executors should dispose of his estate as if John were dead, in his lifetime, intestate and without issue. His son violated the provision by contracting the for*138bidden marriage, and the question was whether his widow and children, he having died, took any portion of the residuary estate. The chancellor held that they did not, but the court of errors and appeals declared that they were entitled to share in the residue upon the principle that the heir-at-law would not be disinherited except upon words free from doubt. No allusion was made to the principle of decision of the English cases, which is not only that the heir will not be disinherited except upon the clearest statement, but also that the failure to make a devise over of the forfeited share is sufficient in itself to show that the testator did not intend to debar the persons whose shares were forfeited from participating in the undisposed of residue. The rule was followed in Canfield v. Canfield, 62 N. J. Eq. (17 Dick.) 578.
No cases are cited in the Qraydon Case as authorities for the conclusion to which the court arrived. It appears, however, from the cases herein above cited that the judgment of Judge Dalrimple, who wrote the opinion, is founded on well-established principles. In accordance with these authorities, I must therefore hold for the purposes of the foreclosure suit that both Mrs. Nagle and Elanor Lynch are entitled to participate in the intestate property, as tenants in common, with the other interested parties. However, no directions can now be given in the suit for the construction of the will as to the eventual distribution of the residuary property so undisposed of. It is a well-settled rule that this court will not give directions concerning the distribution of a fund until the time for distribution arrives. The only directions which can be included in the decree will relate to the disposition of the income, and the interest thereon and the accumulation thereof as directed by the will. Hoagland v. Cooper, 65 N. J. Eq. (20 Dick.) 407. Indeed, the point would not have been considered at this time if it had not been deemed necessary in the foreclosure suit. This view makes it unnecessary to determine presently whether the conveyance to the complainant of the homestead is or is not an advancement under our statute of descents.
The decree in the foreclosure suit may provide for a sale of the life estate of Jeppe Sondergaard, but for reasons herein above stated the sale will not affect the remainder.
*139Whatever moneys may be raised by a sale of the life estate will be credited upon the mortgage, and eventually it will be satisfied in the manner provided for by the will.