Court Opinion

ID: 9669088
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 02:39:09.253779+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:15:52.121136
License: Public Domain

HOLCOMB, J.,
dissenting in which JOHNSON, J., joined.
San Saba (pop.2,593) and Cherokee (pop. 175) are both towns in San Saba County (pop.6,086).1 San Saba is also the county seat of San Saba County. On November 1, 2001, a grand jury sitting in San Saba returned an indictment charging appellant, a recent resident of Cherokee, with sexual *116assault of a child under Texas Penal Code § 22.011(a)(2)(A). One of the persons sitting on the grand jury was Sara H., a resident of San Saba.
On August 25, 2008, the State brought appellant to trial under the indictment. During voir dire, defense counsel asked the venire members, one of whom was Sara H., “Is there anybody ... on the entire panel who has heard anyone discuss this case or someone say they thought they knew what the facts of the case might be?” Sara H. did not respond. A jury of twelve, including Sara H., was later selected and sworn, and appellant was tried and convicted.
Between the guilt and punishment stages of trial, appellant learned that Juror Sara H. had previously served on the grand jury that indicted him. Appellant timely filed a motion for mistrial and a motion for new trial, both of which argued that Sara H.’s failure to respond during voir dire denied appellant the opportunity to ask “follow-up questions concerning any partiality, bias, or prejudice that [Sara H.] may have had based on her knowledge of the purported facts as presented to her as a grand juror.” Appellant argued further that Sara H.’s actions denied him his right to the intelligent exercise of his peremptory and causal challenges and his right to the effective assistance of counsel.
After an evidentiary hearing, at which Sara H. testified, the trial court denied both of appellant’s motions. The court explained that it found that Sara H. “had no actual facts about the case actively in her mind, and that no harm could have come from [her] serving on the jury after serving on the grand jury.”
The Third Court of Appeals later upheld the trial court’s rulings on the ground that “[a]t no time [during voir dire] did [defense] counsel inquire whether anyone had served on a grand jury — or the grand jury at issue — nor did he question Sara H. individually about any matter.” Webb v. State, No. 03-04-00004-CR, 2005 WL 1842740 (Tex.App.-Austin, Aug.4, 2005) (not designated for publication).
The majority of this Court now upholds the judgment of the court of appeals, explaining that appellant “did not ask specific enough questions to determine whether anyone on the [jury] panel had served on the grand jury.” The majority also opines that the trial court could have reasonably concluded that, at the time of trial, Sara H. “did not remember any facts or evidence that may have been presented to the grand jury and she was not biased against Appellant.”
I respectfully dissent. As I noted previously, defense counsel, during voir dire, asked the venire members whether they had ever heard anyone discuss this case. That question was certainly specific enough to determine whether anyone on the venire, including Sara H., had served on the grand jury. How could anyone serve on the grand jury, the accusatory body that indicted appellant, without hearing someone discuss the facts of this case? Certainly, the grand jury must have received evidence, some of it probably inadmissible in court, and must have heard the argument of the prosecutor. The conclusion is inescapable that Sara H. failed to respond appropriately during voir dire and that if she had done so, she would have been challenged for cause and struck from the jury panel. As the majority notes, Article 35.16(a)(7) of the Code of Criminal Procedure allows a venire member to be challenged for cause if he previously served on the grand jury.
I also do not agree that the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Sara H. was not biased against appellant. Under the facts presented, I would hold that Sara H. was impliedly biased as a matter of law. In my opinion, it is improbable that Sara H., whatever she might think in *117her own mind, could sit as a juror without being influenced by her previous service as a grand juror. In any event, the threat that her grand jury service biased her was too great for the trial court to ignore.
Finally, Sara H.’s service on appellant’s jury, after having served on the accusatory body that indicted him, has the appearance of impropriety. Frankly, it looks really bad. I note that all these events occurred in a county of very limited population, where, presumably, everyone knows everyone else’s business. I also note that in a very similar case, Chief Justice Arnot expressed the view that jurors who had also served as grand jurors were impliedly biased as a matter of law. See Freeman v. State, 168 S.W.3d 888, 893-894 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2005, pet. ref'd) (Arnot, C.J., dissenting).
I respectfully dissent. I would hold that the trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant’s motions for mistrial and new trial, and that the court of appeals erred in holding otherwise.

. All population figures obtained from The Texas Almanac 303 (2006).