Court Opinion

ID: 8803334
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 14:40:20.74266+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:03:59.704426
License: Public Domain

HAZEE, District Judge.
The complainant herein, Johann Stumpf, resides in Berlin, Germany, and is a subject of the emperor of Germany. On March 3, 1913, he executed a power of attorney in writing to Edward N. Trump, a citizen of the United States, authorizing and empowering him to bring and conduct this action for infringement of United States letters patent No. 1,042,168 against the defendant corporation, a citizen of the United States residing at Buffalo, N. Y. Neither the power of attorney nor the prior agreement of November IS, 1912, between Stumpf and Trump, read on this motion, conveys any interest, title, or ownership of the Stumpf patent in suit, but merely comprehensively imparts the right to grant licenses for the manufacture, sale, and use in the United States, Canada, and Mexico of uniflow engines, embodying the patented improvements and including accessories, for which he or his assigns, the Stumpf Uniflow Engine *81Company, was to receive for services as sales agent one-half of the total amount received from licenses and royalties, the remaining one-half to be paid to Stumpf until he had received one-half of the expense of bringing the patents to issue in the United States, Canada,, and Mexico. The sales agency was to be irrevocable during the life of the patent. This suit was instituted by Stumpf in his own name, and the action was decided in his favor; the decision being announced prior to April 6, 1917, the date of the proclamation of the President declaring the existence of a legal war between the United States of America and the Imperial German Government. No decree has as yet been signed or entered.
The general rule of the common law of England is that an action is not maintainable during the continuance of a war by or on behalf of an alien enemy without the permission of a statute, proclamation, letters of safe conduct, or .license from the king. This rule was rigidly followed for centuries before the War of 1812 between the United States and England. A few exceptions to this rule were later recognized and applied by the courts of England, as, for instance, where commerce was continued among the nations at war, or where the plaintiff in actions for debt became an alien enemy after verdict and judgment. In such cases, contracts and suits at law based upon them were permitted by international law, as distinguished from the common law, and the sole inquiry was whether the plaintiff was persona standi in judicio, and, if he was, according to the broad doctrine of Bynkershoek, the courts were open to him to redress his grievances.
In Crawford v. The William Penn, Fed. Cas. 3,372, Circuit Justice Washington in the year 1815 approved the strict rule of the common-law courts of England, and the syllabus states that an alien enemy, if beneficially interested in the suit, could not maintain it even by his trustee, who was not an alien. In Mumford v. Mumford, Fed. Cas. 9,918, decided in 1812, it was broadly held in a suit in equity that the complainant, a subject of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, had become an alien enemy resident within the realm since the suit was begun, and that therefore the courts of this country were not open to him. In Hangar v. Abbott, 6 Wall. 532, 18 L. Ed. 939, an ac tion brought after the Civil War on a debt, the defendant pleaded the statute of limitations, and the question arose whether the statute of limitations was suspended during the time the courts of the seceding states were closed to citizens loyal to the Northern States. The Supreme Court says:
“War, when duly declared or recognized as such by the war-mahing power, Imports a prohibition to the subjects, or citizens, of all commercial intercourse and correspondence with citizens or persons domiciled in the enemy country. Upon this principle of public law it is the established rule, in all commercial nations, that trading with the enemy, except under a government license, subjects the property to confiscation, or to capture and condemnation.”
In Caperton v. Bowyer, 14 Wall. 216, 20 L. Ed. 882, the Supreme Court stated that the rule that, subsequent to the commencement of hostilities, enemy creditors were incapable of prosecuting any action in the tribunals of the other belligerents until after the restoration of peace was universal and peremptory. See, also, Levy v. Stewart, 11 *82Wall. 244, 20 L. Ed. 86; Hutchinson v. Brock, 11 Mass. 119; Bell v. Chapman, 10 Johns. (N. Y.) 183.
It is true, as contended, that in the year 1808 in England the court refused to stay a judgment and execution in Vanbrynen v. Wilson, 9 East, 320, which was an action at law, on objection that plaintiffs after verdict became alien enemies; but I do not understand from that decision that the principle of Le Bret v. Papillon, 4 East, 502, enunciated in 1804, that an action commenced by a plaintiff who afterwards becomes an alien enemy cannot be continued during the war, has been overruled, A number of analogous cases have arisen in England since the beginning of the present war, and it has been quite uniformly held that actions instituted by plaintiffs afterwards becoming alien enemies must be suspended until peace is declared. Actien Gesellschaft für Anilin Fabrifation in Berlin and Mersey Chem. Works, Ltd., v. Levinstein, Ltd., [1915] W. N. 85; Porter v. Freudenberg, [1915] 1 King’s Bench, 857. Complainant contends that the suspension of these cases, or some of them, after the declaration of war, was due to the enactment by Parliament of the Trading with the Enemy Acts and Orders in Council on September 9, 1914, but I do not so understand.
[1,2] The decisions of the courts of this country herein cited seem to me 'explicitly to determine that a plaintiff who becomes an alien enemy cannot continue an action, either at law or in equity, or institute further proceedings in our courts, until the war is ended, save in exceptional instances, as, for example, where commerce is continued between the nations at war, or where it is shown that the alien enemy is only a nominal plaintiff, or the coplaintiff of a nonbelligerent, who is a substantial plaintiff, or a denizen or inhabitant of the United States. Actien Gesellschaft, etc., v. Levinstein, Ltd., supra. Hence, if Stumpf was merely the nominal plaintiff herein, and a citizen of this country was the actual plaintiff, this action should not be suspended. The argument upon this point is that the sales agreement with Trump operated as an assignment of the patent in suit, but with this view I do not agree.
The agreement plainly created an agency to grant licenses to manufacturer and vend the improved engines, nothing more. It makes no difference that by its terms it was irrevocable between the parties. It certainly did not carry with' it the right to enforce a monopoly in equity in the name of an alien enemy and to prosecute an accounting for the recovery of profits, a proceeding which might necessitate communication with Stumpf, or even the taking of testimony in Germany. Besides, in my opinion, it is doubtful whether the agency agreement in question continues operative, regardless of the intentions of the parties thereto.
Fritz Schulz, Jr., Co., Inc., v. Raimes & Co., 164 N. Y. Supp. 454, an action for debt recently decided by Judge McAvoy of the City Court of New York, is distinguishable from the present case, as there the plaintiff was an American company. Suspension of the action was asked during the war on the ground that the shareholders of the company were mostly alien enemies, but the court properly held that, as the plaintiff was incorporated here, it was a citizen of the state in which it was incorporated, and an entity apart from its shareholders.
*83The motion is granted, and the proceedings herein arc suspended until the United States of America shall establish a condition of peace with Germany. So ordered.