Court Opinion

ID: 4073728
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-30 04:20:22.838478+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:03:53.565910
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                     01-15-00621-CV
                                                                          FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  HOUSTON, TEXAS
                                                                               11/25/2015 6:47:00 PM
                                                                               CHRISTOPHER PRINE
                                                                                              CLERK

                           NO. 01-15-00621-CV

                               In the                    FILED IN
                                                  1st COURT OF APPEALS
                     FIRST COURT OF APPEALS           HOUSTON, TEXAS
                            at Houston            11/25/2015 6:47:00 PM
          ______________________________________________
                                                  CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
                                                                  Clerk

                         SUPPLY PRO, INC. and
                           HARMON K FINE,
                              Appellants,

                                   v.

                  ECOSORB INTERNATIONAL, INC.,
                   d/b/a BIOCEL TECHNOLOGIES,
                              Appellee
          ______________________________________________

                  Appealed from the 11th District Court
                        of Harris County, Texas
          ______________________________________________

                AMENDED BRIEF OF APPELLANTS
          ______________________________________________

Richard H. Edelman                      William F. Harmeyer
Texas Bar. No. 06413200                 Texas Bar No. 09019000
rhe@edelmanoffice.com                   wharmeyer@harmeyerlaw.com
BARLOW JONES L.L.P.                     WILLIAM F. HARMEYER &
17225 El Camino Real, Suite 400         ASSOCIATES, P.C.
Houston, Texas 77058                    7322 Southwest Freeway, Suite 475
Telephone: (281) 488-8440               Houston, Texas 77074
Facsimile: (281) 488-6832               Telephone: (713) 270-5552
                                        Facsimile: (713) 270-7128

                                        ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

                   ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

     APPELLANTS:       Supply Pro, Inc. and Harmon K. Fine

Richard H. Edelman                        William F. Harmeyer
Texas Bar. No. 06413200                   Texas Bar No. 09019000
rhe@edelmanoffice.com                     wharmeyer@harmeyerlaw.com
BARLOW JONES L.L.P.                       WILLIAM F. HARMEYER &
17225 El Camino Real, Suite 400           ASSOCIATES, P.C.
Houston, Texas 77058                      7322 Southwest Freeway, Suite 475
Telephone: (281) 488-8440                 Houston, Texas 77074
Facsimile: (281) 488-6832                 Telephone: (713) 270-5552
                                          Facsimile: (713) 270-7128

     APPELLEE:         Ecosorb International, Inc. d/b/a Biocel Technologies

T. Earnest Freeman                        Jonathan S. Stoger
Texas Bar No. 07431600                    Texas Bar No. 00797504
ernest@thefreemanlawfirm.com              jstoger@stogerlaw.com
Stephen G. Scholl                         JONATHAN STOGER LAW
Texas Bar No. 17801350                    2301 Morse Street
steve@thefreemanlawfirm.com               Houston, Texas 77019
THE FREEMAN LAW FIRM, P.C.                Telephone: (713) 522-2848
1770 St. James Place, Suite 120           Facsimile: (713) 522-1120
Houston, Texas 77056
Telephone: (713) 973-1000
Facsimile: (713) 973-1004

                                     ii
                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

STATEMENT OF THE CASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

ISSUES PRESENTED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

STATEMENT OF FACTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

ARGUMENT.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

I.       Standards of Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
         A.    Denial of motion for JNOV or to disregard jury findings. . . . . . . . . 13
         B.    Legal Sufficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
         C.    Damages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
         D.    Contract Construction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

II.      The evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s liability
         findings on the clawback provision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
         A.    The proposed take or pay term was not part of the parties’ original
               agreements on the July purchase orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
         B.    Because the proposed take or pay term was not part of the original
               agreements on the July purchase orders, and Fine did not agree to
               it in the August 16 email, the clawback provision was not
               impliedly part of the parties’ workout agreement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

III.     In the alternative, if the proposed take or pay term was part of the
         parties’ original agreements on the July purchase orders, then the
         evidence raised a material fact question on whether the take or pay term
         was induced by fraud; and the trial court reversibly erred by refusing to
         submit appellants’ requested charge questions on fraudulent inducement
         or equitable estoppel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

                                                         iii
         A.       The take or pay term was fraudulently induced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
         B.       The fraudulent inducement was not absolved or mooted by the
                  workout agreement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
         C.       Error and harm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

IV.      The evidence is legally insufficient to prove the damages found in
         charge question 7(b-d) (as well as questions 6(b-c), 10, and 11).. . . . . . . .                             34
         A.    Storage charges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     34
         B.    Clawback provision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          38
         C.    Take or pay damages on the purchase orders.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         38

V.       The evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the awards
         of punitive damages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     39
         A.    Punitive damage limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          39
         B.    The evidence is legally insufficient to prove that Supply Pro
               committed fraud independently from Fine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       41
         C.    The evidence is legally insufficient to support separate awards of
               punitive damages against Fine and Supply Pro because there is no
               evidence of independent fraud by Supply Pro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         41
         D.    The combined $1.8 million punitive damage award is excessive
               under the Texas and Federal Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     43

VI.      The trial court erred by not incorporating Biocel’s remittitur on
         prejudgment interest into the Judgment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

PRAYER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

WORD COUNT CERTIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

                                                           iv
                                   INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

                                                   Cases

Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer,
124 S.W.3d 154 (Tex. 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 23

Bunton v. Bentley, 153 S.W.3d 50 (Tex. 2004).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Burbage v. Burbage, 447 S.W.3d 249 (Tex. 2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chambers v. Equity Bank, SSB, 319 S.W.3d 892
(Tex. App.–Texarkana 2010, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802 (Tex. 2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16, 21, 23

Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. Hawley,
284 S.W.3d 851 (Tex. 2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 33, 34

Dallas Ry. & Terminal Co. v. Gossett,
156 Tex. 252, 294 S.W.2d 377 (1956). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ERI Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v. Swinnea,
318 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo, 444 S.W.3d 616 (Tex. 2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 28-30

Fortune Prod. Co. v. Conoco, Inc., 52 S.W.3d 671 (Tex. 2000). . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32

Graham Cent. Station, Inc. v. Pena, 442 S.W.3d 261 (Tex. 2014). . . . . . . . . . . 14

Guevara v. Ferrer, 247 S.W.3d 662 (Tex. 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Hoss v. Alardin, 338 S.W.3d 635 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2011, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . 20

Houston Exploration Co. v. Wellington Underwriting Agencies, Ltd.,
352 S.W.3d 462 (Tex. 2011). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 22

                                                      v
Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
 341 S.W.3d 323 (Tex. 2011). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Kachina Pipeline Co., Inc. v. Lillis, No. 13-05956,
2015 WL 5889109 (Tex. Oct. 9, 2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17, 22, 23

LHC Nashua Partnership, L.L.C. v. PDNED Sagamore Nashua, L.L.C.,
659 F3d 450 (5th Cir. 2011). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Lindley v. McKnight, 349 S.W.3d 113
(Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2011, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Malone v. Kisabeth Co., Inc. 726 S.W.2d 188
(Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Manon v. Solis, 142 S.W.3d 380
(Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. denied).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Nat’l Prop. Holdings, L.P. v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419 (Tex. 2015).. . . . . . . 24

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone,
972 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 41, 43

Plains Exploration & Prod. Co. v. Torch Energy Advisors Inc.,
No. 13-0597, 2015 WL 3653330 (Tex. June 12, 2015).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Ritchie v. Rupe, 443 S.W.3d 856 (Tex. 2014).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 23

Se. Pipe Line Co., Inc. v. Tichacek, 997 S.W.2d 166 (Tex. 1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Tenneco Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 925 S.W.2d 640 (Tex. 1996). . . . . . . . . . . 16, 23

Tiller v. McLure, 121 S.W.3d 709 (Tex. 2003).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa,
212 S.W.3d 299 (Tex. 2006). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 43

                                                       vi
Travelers Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 28 S.W.3d 42
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

                                                     Statutes

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.201 (West 2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.207 (West 2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.710 (West 2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.006 (West 2014).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.008 (West 2014).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.011 (West 2014).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

                                                       Rules

Tex. R. App. P. 9.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Tex. R. App. P. 44.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Tex. R. Civ. P. 278. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Tex. R. Civ. P. 301. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

                                                          vii
                            STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      This dispute arose from sales of K-Sorb, a treated cellulose fiber product, by

Ecosorb International, Inc., d/b/a Biocel Technologies (“Biocel”) to Supply Pro, Inc.

(“Supply Pro”). The trial court entered judgment (the “Judgment,” 4 C 2454-56) on

a jury verdict (4 C 1931-56), awarding Biocel actual damages for fraud, punitive

damages, and prejudgment interest totaling over $2.7 million against Supply Pro and

its owner and President, Harmon Fine.1

                                 ISSUES PRESENTED

      1.     Because the proposed take or pay term was not part of the parties’
             original agreements under the July 13 and 29 purchase orders as a matter
             of law, the proposed “clawback provision” for the take or pay term was
             not impliedly part of the parties’ workout agreement, and the evidence
             is legally insufficient to support the jury’s liability findings relating to
             the clawback provision.

      2.     In the alternative, if the proposed take or pay term was part of the
             parties’ original agreements on the July 13 and 29 purchase orders, then
             the evidence raised a material fact question whether the take or pay term
             was induced by fraud, and the trial court erred by refusing to submit
             appellants’ requested charge questions on fraudulent inducement or
             equitable estoppel.

1
      The following record abbreviations will be used: Clerk’s Record, “__ C __”; Supplemental
      Clerk’s Record, “__ SC __”; Reporter’s Record, “__ R __”; Plaintiff’s Exhibits, “P __”;
      Defendant’s Exhibits, “D __.” It appears that the portion of the reporter’s record from 5 R
      86, line 13, to 5 R 152, line 22, is the same as 5 R 152, line 23, to 5 R 218, line 18.
      Therefore, no citations have been made to the latter portion of the reporter’s record.

                                               1
      3.     The evidence is legally insufficient to support the damage awards for
             storage charges, the clawback provision, and the take or pay term.

      4.     The evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the awards
             of punitive damages.

      5.     The trial court erred by not incorporating Biocel’s remitittur on
             prejudgment interest into the Judgment.

                               STATEMENT OF FACTS

      As relevant to the issues presented in this appeal, Supply Pro manufactured and

sold forty percent of the absorbent floating boom that was used to contain and clean-

up the oil spill (the “spill”) that resulted from the British Petroleum (“BP”) Deepwater

Horizon rig explosion, which occurred in April of 2010. 2 C 1280(¶9); P 79(0050

¶1);2 4 R 103-104. Fine is the President and owner of Supply Pro. 2 C 1280; 4 R 14;

8 R 39. Supply Pro sells its boom through distributors rather than end users. 4 R

205-06. Supply Pro’s distributor for selling boom to BP was Pacific Environmental

(“PE”). 2 C 1280(¶9). John Summers was the consultant at PE who introduced BP

to Supply Pro and served as the intermediary between them. 4 R 130-31, 145; 5 R

239. In order for boom to perform its function, the material inside the boom must

float, absorb oil, and not absorb water. 5 R 231. Historically, the filler material

2
      Parenthetical references following exhibit numbers are to the last 4 digits of the bates-stamp
      number of the page within the exhibit. The pages of some exhibits are not in bates-number
      order.

                                                2
inside the boom that performs this function has been scrap polypropylene

(“polyscrap”). 4 R 221-22. However, following the spill, there was not enough

polyscrap to produce the amount of boom needed for the spill, and non-scrap

polypropylene was too expensive to use in boom. 4 R 106-07, 143; 5 R 231-32; 7 R

10.

      Biocel, and its parent company, International Cellulose Corporation (“ICC”),

manufacture and sell cellulose fiber products made from recycled paper and

cardboard. 3 R 50, 88-89. Steve Kempe is the owner of ICC, which manufactures

the goods that Biocel sells. 5 R 9, 12-13. One of Biocel’s products is K-Sorb, a

cellulose fiber product that has been chemically treated to make it hydrophobic (water

repellent). 2 C 1279-80; 5 R 13-14; 7 R 25. Before the spill, Biocel had not sold

much K-Sorb. 3 R 90-92; P 125. During the spill, Biocel was being contacted by a

lot of people about using its products to make boom. 3 R 69-70; 5 R57.

      On May 13, 2010, Larry Svoboda, Biocel’s Vice President for sales and

marketing and its only salesperson (3 R 50, 88-89), emailed Scott Mitchell, the sales

manager for Supply Pro (4 R 204), that K-Sorb had the attributes needed for use in

boom and that the finest boom manufacturers were using Biocel’s hydrophobic fiber

as a filler in boom. P 3; 7 R 10. Svoboda also let Mitchell know that the supply

chain was finite and Supply Pro better get in now if they wanted it. 7 R 10.

                                          3
      Supply Pro had previously bought Biocel products for resale (3 R 51-53; 7 R

8) and began buying K-Sorb for use in making its boom. 3 R 51-56; 4 R 14-15, 17;

7 R 8. On June 29, Mitchell emailed Svoboda that Supply Pro was expecting to ship

ten truckloads of boom per day by mid-July and would thus need to buy 168,480

pounds of K-Sorb per day by then. P 18. A truckload of K-Sorb is 1,056 bags, each

weighing 30 pounds, and thus 31,680 pounds. P 13; 3 R 74. At $13.80 per bag, a

truckload costs $14,572.80. P 131(1185).

      On July 11, Svoboda emailed Fine and Mitchell (the “July 11 email”) that

Biocel had “many new customers that are booking more than their needs,” and that

“due to the extreme production demands created by the oil containment crisis in the

Gulf of Mexico, all orders for our hydrophobic materials” would be subject to the

following “special terms”: (1) orders would be “non-cancellable, ‘take or pay;’”3 (2)

orders would require a minimum 14 day lead time; and (3) orders would be for full

truck loads. P 23-24. Because purchase orders (“POs”) could generally be cancelled

unless there were terms prohibiting it (5 R 51, 63), the proposed take or pay term was

a material change in Biocel’s terms. 6 R 45.

3
      Because “take or pay” is another way of saying non-cancellable (5 R 59), this term will
      simply be referred to as the proposed “take or pay term.”

                                             4
      On July 13, Supply Pro submitted blanket PO4 no. 41724 (the “July 13 PO”)

to Biocel for 31,680 bags (30 truckloads) of K-Sorb. P 26.5 On July 16, Biocel

issued its order acknowledgment (the “July 16 OA”) for the July 13 PO. P 30; 5 R

62. This OA contained the special terms set forth in the July 11 email, including the

proposed take or pay term. P 30. The first 25 truckloads ordered in the July 13 PO

were shipped and invoiced from July 19 to 30. P 31.

      On July 15, the BP well leak was capped (4 R 152, 190; 5 R 239), but the

massive spill clean-up was expected to continue and require boom until November.

4 R 29-31, 35, 155; 5 R 237, 244-45, 284. However, on July 23-25, Tropical Storm

Bonnie unexpectedly dispersed the remaining oil, although this would not be

determined for several days. 4 R 157-58, 190; 5 R 43-44.

      On July 27, BP instructed Supply Pro to reduce its production from ten

truckloads of boom per day to three until August 17, but cautioned that circumstances

could change quickly as the oil moved or reached land areas. P 34(0006); 5 R 284,

340-41. On July 29, Supply Pro submitted PO no. 41778 (the “July 29 PO”) to Biocel

for 29,568 bags (28 truckloads) of K-Sorb. P 37; 5 R 68-69. This would be needed

4
      A blanket purchase order is a purchase order for multiple shipments of material in which the
      seller invoices for each shipment as it is released. 3 R 157.
5
      This PO reflects a unit cost of $14,572.80, which applies to a truckload, rather than a bag.
      Thus, the total price on the PO, $461,666,304.00 is thus the incorrect product of multiplying
      the cost for a truckload by the number of bags ordered.

                                               5
to supply the three truckload per day shipping schedule until August 17.6 5 R 296;

7 R 36.

      On July 29, Biocel issued its OA (the “July 29 OA”) for Supply Pro’s July 29

PO. P 38; 5 R 71-72. This OA again reflected the special terms, including the

proposed take or pay term. P 38; 5 R 72. Supply Pro did not reply to the July 16 or

29 OAs or otherwise respond concerning any of Biocel’s proposed special terms.

      On Friday, July 30, BP advised Supply Pro that conditions had changed

drastically and instructed Supply Pro to stop all boom production until further notice

because BP lacked space to store more material, but acknowledged that production

could resume at a later time. P 34(0016); 5 R 242-43, 246. BP also said it might take

several weeks to evaluate their long term plan. P 34(0016). Summers took this to

mean that BP was overstocked with boom, and that this was an interruption, after

which production would resume, rather than a cancellation. 5 R 244-45, 247.

However, by the following Wednesday, August 4, 2010, Summers and Supply Pro

had concluded that this was not merely an interruption and sent Biocel notices that

it was cancelling the remainder of its July 13 PO and all of its July 29 PO. P 25, 36.

      On Wednesday, August 11, Kempe and Fine met for lunch to discuss a possible

6
      A truckload of fiber makes about 1.5 truckloads of boom. 7 R 43. Therefore, 28 truckloads
      of fiber would make about 42 truckloads of boom. At three truckloads of boom being
      shipped per day, this PO would supply boom shipments for about 14 days.

                                              6
workout of the cancelled orders. 5 R 76; 6 R 30. By then, Supply Pro had paid for the

25 truckloads that had been delivered on the July 13 PO (roughly $364,320), as well

as for all of the K-Sorb that had been delivered and invoiced under its previous

purchase orders. P 127(0967-68) (reflecting payments for 41724 REL. 1-25 and a

zero unpaid balance on issued invoices as of August 11).7

      On Friday, August 13, Kempe sent Fine an email (the “August 13 email”),

proposing written terms for what they had discussed on August 11. P 46(1387-88);

5 R 81-82, 87, 94. This email reflected that, of the 34,868 remaining undelivered

bags of K-Sorb that Supply Pro had ordered in the July POs, Biocel then had in stock

6912 bags of finished K-Sorb plus raw materials to produce an additional 11,616

bags. P 46(1387); 5 R 84, 87, 91. As relevant to the relief awarded in the Judgment,

the August 13 email proposed that:

      A.     If Supply Pro was not compensated by PE for terminating its boom
             deliveries, then:

             1.      Supply Pro and Biocel would continue trying to sell the remaining
                     6912 bags of K-Sorb until February 1, 2011, after which Supply
                     Pro would be invoiced for any remaining inventory.

             2.      Subject to its vendor’s approval, Biocel would return the unused

7
      According to Biocel’s records, Supply Pro paid Biocel nearly $900,000 from January of 2010
      to March of 2011. P 127.

                                              7
                     raw material8 it had in stock for 11,616 bags if Supply Pro would
                     pay a $12,750 restocking fee (otherwise, those bags would be
                     produced and invoiced to Supply Pro). 5 R 96.

             3.      Biocel would waive the purchase requirement for the remaining
                     16,320 bags (for which Biocel did not yet have raw materials in
                     inventory (5 R 88)).

      B.     Alternatively, if Supply Pro was later compensated by PE for
             terminating its boom deliveries, Supply Pro would so notify Biocel and
             compensate Biocel in the same proportion as Supply Pro was
             compensated less the restocking fee (in item A2 above), if paid by
             Supply Pro (this provision was referred to by Kempe as the “clawback
             provision” (5 R 101)).

P 46 (1387-88).

      On Monday, August 16, Fine replied by email (the “August 16 email”) to

Kempe’s August 13 email:

      I authorize you to return the chemical to your manufacturer and charge
      me the $12,750 for return. . . .

      Supply Pro accepts the offer of your assistance in selling the remaining
      6912 bags within a 6 month period. Supply Pro will purchase the
      balance unsold at that time. . . .

P 46(0946). Although the August 16 email said nothing about any of the other

provisions of the August 13 email (P 46(0946); 6 R 34), Kempe emailed back within

ten minutes that the return process was underway. P 46(0946). On August 27,

8
      The raw materials to be returned for the restocking fee were the chemicals used to make the
      fiber in K-Sorb hydrophobic. P 46(0946); 4 R 78-79. Biocel’s remaining inventory of fiber
      for those bags may have been used in ICC’s other operations over time. 6 R 42.

                                               8
Kempe emailed Fine that the raw material return had been completed. P 51; 5 R 104.

Supply Pro paid Biocel the restocking fee (5 R 105), but the parties never

communicated about the portions of the August 13 email to which the August 16

email had not responded.

       On September 3, following negotiations between BP and PE, and then between

the owners of PE (5 R 247-52), PE sent Supply Pro a wire transfer for $1,592,448.00.

P 55, 128; 4 R 185-86. This represented full payment for PE’s cancelled orders for

58 truckloads of boom from Supply Pro (the “cancellation fee”). P 50; 4 R 215; 5 R

268.

       On December 1, Fine advised Kempe that Supply Pro still had 21 truckloads

of boom in its warehouse9 and $1.7 million of feedstock that would probably never

be used. P 58; 4 R 226-27. Supply Pro was never able to sell much of this remaining

fiber boom (7 R 20); none of the remaining 6912 bags of K-Sorb held by Biocel were

ever sold; and Supply Pro did not pay for them. 2 C 1282(¶15-16). Nor did Supply

Pro disclose to Biocel that it had been paid for its terminated boom deliveries or pay

Biocel any portion of its cancellation fee.

       Biocel filed suit against Supply Pro in 2012, and the case was tried to a jury.

In response to the thirteen charge questions, the jury found that:

9
       BP had returned 13 truckloads of unused boom to Supply Pro. 5 R 275-76.

                                             9
     1.     The parties agreed that the clawback provision proposed in the August
            13 email would be part of the “workout agreement.”10

     2.     Supply Pro failed to comply with the workout agreement.

     3.     Biocel and Fine agreed that Fine would personally guaranty the workout
            agreement.

     4.     Fine failed to comply with the personal guaranty.

     5.     Supply Pro and Fine each committed fraud against Biocel.11

     6.     The damages resulting from the failure to comply were:

            a.      The price of the 6912 bales on February 1, 2011 that Biocel was
                    unable to resell at a reasonable price: $95,385.60.

            b.      Commercially reasonable and necessary charges for the custody
                    and care of the goods stored by Biocel: $303,815.65.

            c.      Biocel’s proportionate share of compensation received by Supply
                    Pro from its distributor for the termination of the boom deliveries:
                    $385,517.00.

     7.     The damages from the fraud were:

            a.      The price of the 6912 bales on February 1, 2011 that Biocel was
                    unable to resell at a reasonable price: $95,385.60 [same as 6a.].

10
     The trial court denied appellants’ request to define the “workout agreement” as consisting
     of the August 13 and 16 emails. 8 R 7-8.
11
     As it was submitted in the charge, Biocel’s fraud claim was based on the allegations that Fine
     and Supply Pro had fraudulently induced the workout agreement by: (1) entering into it
     without intending to perform; and (2) misrepresenting that it was in a precarious financial
     position due to the sudden evaporation of its market for boom and that it had no expectation
     of receiving compensation for the cancellation of its boom sales. 2 C 1283-84.

                                              10
            b.     Commercially reasonable and necessary charges for the custody
                   and care of the goods stored by Biocel: $303,815.65 [same as 6b].

            c.     Biocel’s proportionate share of compensation received by Supply
                   Pro from its distributor for the termination of the boom deliveries:
                   $385,517.00 [same as 6c].

            d.     The unpaid amounts due under the July POs: $480,902.60 [the
                   sum of the amounts awarded in 7a and 7b].

     8.     By clear and convincing evidence, the harm to Biocel resulted from
            fraud of each, Supply Pro and Fine.

     9.     A reasonable fee for the necessary services of Biocel’s attorney was:

            a.     For preparation and trial: $637,455.
            b.     For appeal to the Court of Appeals: $42,500.
            c.     For appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas: $32,500.

     10.    Biocel’s proportionate share of compensation received by Supply Pro
            from Supply Pro’s distributor for the termination of the boom deliveries:
            $385,517.00 [same as 6c and 7c].12

     11.    The unpaid amounts due under the July 13 and July 29 POs:
            $480,902.60. [same as 7d.]

     12.    The exemplary damages that should be assessed against Supply Pro for
            the conduct found in question 8a: $800,000.00.

     13.    The exemplary damages that should be assessed against Fine for the
            conduct found in question 8b: $1,000,000.00.

4 C 1931-56.

12
     This amount approximates the amount due for the 27,956 bags that were ordered but not
     produced, without reduction for the restocking fee.

                                          11
      On April, 21, 2015, pursuant to Biocel’s election, the trial court entered

Judgment on the fraud and exemplary damage findings (rather than the contract

findings). 4 C 2454-56. Appellants filed timely post-judgment motions, asserting all

of the sufficiency of the evidence challenges presented in this appeal. 4 C 2457-81.

The trial court denied appellants’ post-judgment motions on June 29, 2015 (4 C

2510); but did not rule on, or modify the Judgment to reflect, the remittitur that Biocel

filed on June 29, 2105 to correct the award of prejudgment interest. 4 C 2511-12.

                       SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      In this appeal, Supply Pro does not challenge its liability to pay for the 6912

undelivered bags of K-Sorb that had been produced when it cancelled the POs.

Appellants do, however, challenge their liability for the storage charges for those

bags as well as the liability that was based on Biocel’s proposed take or pay term and

proposed clawback provision, relating to the remaining bags that had been ordered

in the July POs but never produced.

      As discussed in the following sections, the proposed take or pay term was not

part of the parties’ original agreements on the July POs; the proposed “clawback

provision” pertaining to the proposed take or pay term was not expressly or impliedly

part of the parties’ workout agreement; and the evidence is therefore legally

insufficient to support the jury’s liability and damage findings relating to the

                                           12
clawback provision. Alternatively, if the proposed take or pay term was part of the

parties’ original agreements on the July POs, then the evidence raised a fact issue

whether that term was induced by fraud. The workout agreement was not a

ratification of the original agreements that could absolve this fraud because appellants

did not know of the fraud when it entered into the workout agreement. Therefore, the

trial court reversibly erred by refusing to submit appellants’ proposed charge

questions on fraudulent inducement or equitable estoppel.

      The evidence is also legally insufficient to support the award of damages for

storage charges because there is no evidence that the remaining 6912 bags of K-Sorb

should have been stored at all; and there is no evidence of a commercially reasonable

storage rate.   The evidence is also legally insufficient to support the jury’s

independent finding of fraud against Supply Pro and, in turn, its separate award of

punitive damages against Supply Pro because there was no allegation or evidence that

the alleged fraudulent conduct was committed by anyone at Supply Pro besides Fine.

The total $1.8 million punitive damage award was also excessive.

                                    ARGUMENT

I.    Standards of Review

      A.     Denial of motion for JNOV or to disregard jury findings.

      A trial court may grant a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) if

                                          13
there is no evidence to support one or more of the jury findings on issues necessary

to liability. Tiller v. McLure, 121 S.W.3d 709, 713 (Tex. 2003); see Tex. R. Civ. P.

301. The denial of a motion for JNOV is thus reviewed under a legal sufficiency

standard. Manon v. Solis, 142 S.W.3d 380, 387 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.]

2004, pet. denied).

      A jury’s answer may be disregarded if it has no support in the evidence or is

immaterial. Tex. R. Civ. P. 301; Se. Pipe Line Co., Inc. v. Tichacek, 997 S.W.2d 166,

172 (Tex. 1999). A question is immaterial when it should not have been submitted,

calls for a finding beyond the province of the jury, such as a question of law, or has

been rendered immaterial by other findings. Se. Pipeline, 997 S.W.2d at 172.

      B.     Legal Sufficiency.

      To challenge the legal sufficiency of evidence supporting an adverse finding

on an issue for which the challenging party did not have the burden of proof, the party

must show that no evidence supports the adverse finding. Graham Cent. Station, Inc.

v. Pena, 442 S.W.3d 261, 263 (Tex. 2014). A no evidence (legal sufficiency)

challenge will be sustained when the record confirms either: (1) a complete absence

of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or evidence from giving weight

to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a

vital fact is no more than a scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively establishes the

                                          14
opposite of the vital fact. Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo, 444 S.W.3d 616, 620 (Tex.

2014). More than a scintilla exists where the evidence would enable reasonable and

fair-minded people to reach different conclusions. Burbage v. Burbage, 447 S.W.3d
249, 259 (Tex. 2014).

      In a legal sufficiency review, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable

to the judgment, crediting favorable evidence and inferences if reasonable jurors

could, and disregarding contrary evidence and inferences unless reasonable jurors

could not. Id.; Ford Motor Co., 444 S.W.3d at 620. However, evidence cannot be

taken out of context in a way that makes it seem to support a verdict when it does not.

City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 812 (Tex. 2005). Where no objection has

been made to the jury charge, the legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the

charge submitted to the jury. Burbage, 447 S.W.3d at 260.

      C.     Damages.

      Uncertainty as to the fact versus the amount of legal damages is fatal to

recovery. See ERI Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v. Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 877-78 (Tex.

2010). However, where evidence is legally insufficient to prove the amount of

damage awarded, but legally sufficient to prove that some amount of damage was

suffered, the case should be remanded for remittitur or retrial. Id.; Guevara v. Ferrer,

247 S.W.3d 662, 670 (Tex. 2007).

                                          15
       D.     Contract Construction.

       A written contract must be construed to give effect to the parties’ intent

expressed in the text, as understood in light of the facts and circumstances

surrounding the contract’s execution, but subject to the parol evidence rule. Houston

Exploration Co. v. Wellington Underwriting Agencies, Ltd., 352 S.W.3d 462, 469

(Tex. 2011). The construction of an unambiguous contract is a question of law that

is reviewed de novo. Kachina Pipeline Co., Inc. v. Lillis, No. 13-05956, 2015 WL
5889109, at *2 (Tex. Oct. 9, 2015). In construing a contract, courts examine the

entire contract and give effect to each provision so that none is rendered meaningless.

Id. at *3.

       In construing a contract, a court does not consider only the parts favoring one

party and disregard the remainder as that would render the latter meaningless. City

of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 811. Nor may courts rewrite contracts or insert

terms that the parties could have bargained for but did not.13

       If a contract can be given a definite legal meaning, then it is not ambiguous.

Kachina, 2015 WL 5889109, at *3. Conversely, a contract is ambiguous only if it is

subject to two or more reasonable interpretations. Plains Exploration & Prod. Co.

13
       Ritchie v. Rupe, 443 S.W.3d 856, 891 (Tex. 2014); Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 124
S.W.3d 154, 162 (Tex. 2003); Tenneco Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 925 S.W.2d 640, 646 (Tex.
       1996).

                                               16
v. Torch Energy Advisors Inc., No. 13-0597, 2015 WL 3653330, at *7 (Tex. June 12,

2015). While evidence of circumstances can be used to inform the contract text and

render it capable of one meaning, extrinsic evidence can only be considered to

interpret an ambiguous writing, not to create an ambiguity. Kachina, 2015 WL
5889109, at *3.

      Where an agreement is ambiguous, the parties’ intent is a fact question.

Kachina, 2015 WL 5889109, at *2. Whether a contract is ambiguous is a legal

question for the court. Id.

II.   The evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s liability findings
      on the clawback provision.

      A.     The proposed take or pay term was not part of the parties’ original
             agreements on the July purchase orders.14

      It is undisputed in this case that Biocel and Supply Pro are “merchants” and

that the original sales of K-Sorb were subject to Chapter 2 of the Texas Business and

Commerce Code (the “TBCC”). Section 2.207(a) and (b) of the TBCC provide:

      (a) A definite and seasonable expression of acceptance or a written
      confirmation which is sent within a reasonable time operates as an
      acceptance even though it states terms additional to or different from
      those offered or agreed upon, unless acceptance is expressly made
      conditional on assent to the additional or different terms.

14
      No charge question was requested or submitted on this issue, and none was warranted
      because, as discussed in this section, this was an issue of contract construction and, thus, a
      question of law for the court. See Kachina Pipeline Co., Inc., 2015 WL 5889109, at *2.

                                               17
      (b) The additional terms are to be construed as proposals for addition
      to the contract. Between merchants such terms become part of the
      contract unless:
            (1) the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer;
            (2) they materially alter it; or
            (3) notification of objection to them has already been given or is
            given within a reasonable time after notice of them is received.

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.207(a), (b) (West 2009) (emphasis added); see id.

cmt. 3 (stating that additional terms that materially alter a contract are not included

unless expressly agreed to).15

      In this case, the July 11 email (P 23), purporting to impose the proposed take

or pay term, was not an offer or an acceptance of any offer, and there is no evidence

that Supply Pro ever agreed (or even responded) to that email. Therefore, the July 11

email did not create a contract and was not otherwise binding on Supply Pro.

      Supply Pro’s July POs were offers to buy K-Sorb and did not include a take or

pay term. P 26, 37. Under section 2.207(a), Biocel’s July 16 and 29 OAs were

expressions of acceptance of the POs even though they contained additional terms to

15
      In contrast to the foregoing provisions of section 2.207, the TBCC Statute of Frauds is
      satisfied between merchants if, among other things, a sufficient written confirmation is
      received by a party unless written notice of objection to its contents is given within ten days
      after it is received. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.201(b) (West 2009). However, the
      only effect of such a confirmation “is to take away from the party who fails to answer the
      defense of the Statute of Frauds . . . .” Id. cmt 3. It thus does not establish terms of the
      contract or override the effect of section 2.207 in doing so. See id. Because Supply Pro does
      not contend in this appeal that the agreements under the POs (or the workout agreement)
      were unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds, TBCC section 2.201 does not apply.

                                                18
those set forth in the POs, including the proposed take or pay term. P. 30, 38.

Pursuant to section 2.207(b), this additional term was to be construed as a proposal

for an addition to the contract. Because the proposed take or pay term was a material

alteration to the POs (as well as to Biocel’s own terms and conditions (6 R 45)), it did

not become part of the agreements for the purchase of K-Sorb under the POs as a

matter of law. See TBCC § 2.207(b)(2).

      B.     Because the proposed take or pay term was not part of the original
             agreements on the July purchase orders, and Fine did not agree to
             it in the August 16 email, the clawback provision was not impliedly
             part of the parties’ workout agreement.

      The sole purpose of the clawback provision in the August 13 email was to

compensate Biocel for what Kempe considered to be Supply Pro’s take or pay

obligation for the bags of K-Sorb that were ordered but not produced. 5 R 101.

However, because the proposed take or pay term was not part of the parties’

agreements on the July POs, as discussed in the preceding section, Supply Pro had no

take or pay obligation for which to compensate Biocel in the workout agreement. In

that Supply Pro had no take or pay obligation, and Fine’s August 16 email did not

agree to the clawback provision (P46(0946); 6 R 34), there is no reasonable

interpretation of the August 16 email by which it could either be construed as

ambiguous with regard to the clawback provision, or as somehow having impliedly

                                          19
agreed to it.

      Although Kempe testified that Fine had orally agreed during the August 11

lunch to the terms that would later be proposed in the August 13 email (6 R 48-49,

94), he did not say what statements Fine had made that Kempe interpreted as

signifying such agreement. Because Kempe was not competent to testify about Fine’s

subjective intent, his testimony that Fine had orally agreed to the matters that would

be proposed in the August 13 email was speculative, conclusory, and therefore no

evidence.16

       In addition, the fact that Kempe sent the August 13 email shows that, despite

whatever had been discussed on August 11, Kempe still felt a need to reduce his

understanding of the agreement to writing and to secure Fine’s assent to that

understanding. He thus stated in the August 13 email, “Kindly confirm your

acceptance of the above. I also need to hear from you specifically regarding the

16
      See, e.g., Dallas Ry. & Terminal Co. v. Gossett, 156 Tex. 252, 294 S.W.2d 377, 380-81
      (1956) (“the naked and unsupported opinion or conclusion of a witness does not constitute
      evidence of probative force and will not support a jury finding even when admitted without
      objection.”); Lindley v. McKnight, 349 S.W.3d 113, 129-30 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2011,
      no pet.) (holding that the affiant’s statement that she knew that Daws was relying on
      statements made by McKnight was conclusory and thus no evidence because it did not
      disclose the facts underlying that knowledge ); Hoss v. Alardin, 338 S.W.3d 635, 644-45
      (Tex. App.–Dallas 2011, no pet.) (holding that Alardin’s testimony that he and Hoss had
      agreed to be partners was conclusory and thus no evidence of an expression of intent to be
      partners); Travelers Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 28 S.W.3d 42, 48 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no
      pet.) (“A conclusory statement, whether by a lay or expert witness, is not evidence.”).

                                             20
disposition of the unconverted raw material.” P 46(1388).

      However, rather than confirm an acceptance of the entire August 13 email, Fine

narrowly specified in the August 16 email precisely which aspects of the August 13

email he was agreeing to:

      I authorize you to return the chemical to your manufacturer and charge
      me the $12,750 for return. . . .

      Supply Pro accepts the offer of your assistance in selling the remaining
      6912 bales [within] a 6 month period. Supply Pro will purchase the
      balance unsold at that time.

P 46(0946). Obviously, had Fine intended to agree to the entire August 13 email,

there would have been no reason for him to respond in such a specific, exact, and

limited manner.17 By not agreeing or responding to any other terms in the August 13

email, Fine was clearly declining to accept them.

      In this regard, Kempe’s interpretations of the August 16 email is parol evidence

and thus could not create an ambiguity as to its meaning. See Kachina, 2015 WL
5889109, at *6 (“A party’s interpretation of an agreement is parol evidence and

17
      In his deposition that was read to the jury, Fine answered, “yes,” when asked, “And so, . . .
      you accepted essentially the terms of the work-out deal as contained in the August 13th email;
      is that fair?” 4 R 77. However, in that the immediately preceding and following questions
      (4 R 76-77) were focused exclusively on the two provisions of the August 13 email with
      which Fine’s August 16 email had agreed, his affirmative answer to the broader question,
      taken in context, can only be read to refer to his agreement to those two provisions of the
      August 13 email. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 812 (noting that, in reviewing legal
      sufficiency, evidence cannot be taken out of context in a way that makes it seem to support
      a verdict when it does not).

                                               21
cannot be used to create ambiguity or show motive.”). The same is true regarding

Fine’s cross-examination testimony about the content and legal effect of the take or

pay term in the OAs:

      Q:      Okay. Well, that’s not a risk my client wanted - - assumed in the
              paperwork, was it? He didn’t say that “You pay me as long as
              you get paid from BP.” He said “take or pay.” That was y’all’s
              deal, and that’s the deal you accepted, isn’t it Mr. Fine?
      A:      Yes.

4 R 70.

      The August 13 and 16 emails created an unambiguous, integrated agreement

that superseded any prior oral agreement; and any evidence concerning an oral

agreement that was reached at the August 11 lunch is also barred by the parol

evidence rule. See Houston Exploration Co., 352 S.W.3d at 469 (“The parol evidence

rules when parties have a valid, integrated written agreement, and precludes

enforcement of prior or contemporaneous agreements.”).18

      Similarly, because the two emails can be given a definite legal meaning based

on the plain meaning of the language used, they must be construed as a matter of law.

Kachina, 2015 WL 5889109, at *2-3. Interpreting Fine’s August 16 email as either

18
      As with the Supply Pro’s contentions on the agreements created by the July POs and OAs,
      this challenge is based solely on contract construction, not application of the Statute of
      Frauds. That is, Supply Pro doesn’t contend that any of the agreements are unenforceable
      for lack of a sufficient writing, but only that the trial court incorrectly construed the writings
      that formed the parties’ agreements.

                                                 22
being ambiguous or as somehow impliedly accepting terms of the August 13 email

to which it made no reference, not only rendered the content of the August 16 email

meaningless,19 it improperly rewrote the workout agreement to insert terms that the

parties could have bargained for but did not.20

       Because the evidence is therefore legally insufficient to show that the clawback

provision was part of the workout agreement, it is also legally insufficient to support

the jury’s findings that the clawback provision was induced by fraud or breached.

III.   In the alternative, if the proposed take or pay term was part of the parties’
       original agreements on the July purchase orders, then the evidence raised
       a material fact question on whether the take or pay term was induced by
       fraud; and the trial court reversibly erred by refusing to submit
       appellants’ requested charge questions on fraudulent inducement or
       equitable estoppel.

       A.     The take or pay term was fraudulently induced.

       A trial court is required to submit the questions, instructions, and definitions

in the jury charge that are raised by the pleadings and the evidence. Tex. R. Civ. P.

278. Where a question, instruction, or definition requested by a party is supported by

19
       See Kachina, 2015 WL 5889109, at *3 (noting that in construing a contract, courts examine
       the entire contract and give effect to each provision so that none is rendered meaningless);
       City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 811 (instructing that in construing a contract, a court does not
       consider only the parts favoring one party and disregard the remainder as that would render
       the latter meaningless).
20
       Ritchie, 443 S.W.3d at 891; Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co., 124 S.W.3d at 162; Tenneco Inc., 925
S.W.2d at 646.

                                                23
the pleadings and evidence, accurately states the applicable law, and would have

assisted the jury, a trial court abuses its discretion by failing to submit it. See

Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. Hawley, 284 S.W.3d 851, 862 (Tex. 2009).

      A contract is subject to avoidance on the ground of fraudulent inducement.

Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 331

(Tex. 2011). The elements of fraudulent inducement are: (1) a material representation

was made; (2) the representation was false and either known to be false when made

or made without knowledge of its truth; (3) the representation was intended to be and

was relied upon by the injured party; and (4) the complained of injury was caused by

the reliance. See Nat’l Prop. Holdings, L.P. v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419, 423

(Tex. 2015). In this context, “material” means that a reasonable person would attach

importance to, and would be induced to act upon, the information in determining his

choice of action in the transaction in question. Italian Cowboy Partners, 341 S.W.3d

at 337.

      In this case, Supply Pro specifically pled fraudulent inducement of the take or

pay term and equitable estoppel as affirmative defenses. 2 C 1823. The following

evidence supported this defense. Svoboda told Mitchell early in their discussions that

“the supply chain is finite. If I wanted to get in, I better get in now.” 7 R 10.

Similarly, the July 11 email represented that the proposed take or pay term was

                                         24
necessitated by “extreme production demands” created by the spill. P 23. It further

stated that the email was being sent to “all of” Biocel’s Hydrphobic customers; that

customers with the last minute orders were the most demanding; that many customers

were booking more than their needs; and that Svoboda had customers who wanted

two or three trailers of product at their location. P 23. The email then asked,

“[p]lease work with us [sic] we will continue to fill all orders. It also couched the

proposed take or pay term within requirements that orders required a minimum 14 day

lead time, and that orders would be for full truck loads. P 23.

      In July, Svoboda was continuing to tell Supply Pro that Biocel had overseas

and east coast customers for the fiber, that it was “first come, first served,” and that

if Supply Pro wanted to get the product, it needed to put in a purchase order. 7 R 14-

15. The July 13 PO repeated that the proposed take or pay term was being instituted

because of “the extreme production demands” from the spill. P 30.

      As late as a lunch on July 29, shortly before Supply Pro sent the July 29 PO,

Svoboda told Mitchell that he was getting calls all the time for fiber to make boom,

and that Supply Pro needed to get a place in line. 7 R 23-24. He similarly told Phillip

Baron, Supply Pro’s operations manager (4 R 219), at that lunch that Biocel needed

to get Supply Pro tied down right away because Biocel had other customers for the

fiber, and Supply Pro needed to commit to giving Biocel orders so Biocel could get

                                          25
Supply Pro in the manufacturing loop. 6 R 76. The July 29 OA then again repeated

the “extreme production demands” justification for the proposed take or pay term.

P 38.

        However, despite the number of people who had been contacting Biocel during

the spill about fiber for boom (3 R 69-70, 110; 5 R 57), it turned out that Biocel’s

actual demand from customers other than Supply Pro was far from extreme. Besides

Supply Pro, the biggest boom manufacturers at that time were New Pig, SPC Brady,

Spill Tech, and United Absorbents. 7 R 10. Of the customers to whom Biocel had

actually sold fiber for boom besides Supply Pro, Svoboda could only name New Pig,

Spill Tech (which was going to make boom with it, but didn’t), an unnamed company

in South Carolina, and an individual named Lannie. 3 R 92-94.

        Although Svoboda had represented in July of 2010 that Biocel had supplied

hydrophobic fiber to five major boom manufacturers (P 85(1136)), Svoboda admitted

at trial that he had only talked to five major manufacturers. 3 R 93-95. Similarly,

although the July 11 email purported to be sent to all of Biocel’s hydrophobic

customers, Svoboda couldn’t name a single other customer to whom it had been sent.

3 R 06-109. Nor could he name a single customer besides Supply Pro to whom the

special terms had been sent on Biocel’s OAs. 3 R 108.

        When asked who was creating the extreme production demand referenced in

                                         26
the July 11 email, Svoboda could only answer, “[e]verybody,” and could not name

any other customers. 3 R 110. He admitted that New Pig had had a problem with the

boom they made from Biocel’s fiber and quit buying in June. 3 R 110-11. Svoboda

then admitted that Biocel’s sales for June and July were mostly to Supply Pro and

that, in fact, Supply Pro was the extreme production demand referred to in the July

11 email. 3 R 110-11.

      The representation in the July 11 email and July 16 and 29 OAs that Biocel’s

production demands would require a minimum 14 day lead time on orders also proved

bogus. P 23, 30, 38. By July 27, the purported minimum 14 day lead time after the

July 13 PO, Biocel had already shipped, and invoiced Supply Pro for, 16 of the

truckloads ordered in the July 13 PO. P 31, 127. There is no evidence that orders

from any of Biocel’s other customers’ had been turned away or put behind those of

Supply Pro. The non-existence of the purported need for a 14 day lead time on orders

thus further demonstrated the lack of any extreme production demand from other

customers.

      However, it hadn’t been Svoboda’s idea to send the July 11 email or to try to

impose the proposed take or pay term. In the late nineteen-seventies, Kempe had

worked for an insulation company whose business went through a boom period, then

crashed. 5 R 54-55. Many cellulose companies went out of business then and others

                                        27
were caught with warehouses full of high cost paper when the price dropped 75%.

5 R 55.

      Even though there was no shortage of Biocel’s raw materials (6 R 44), Kempe

believed the spill was creating a similar demand bubble, and he wasn’t willing to take

the risk of an abrupt cancellation of purchase orders. 6 R 42-44. Although Biocel

had never tried to impose a take or pay term before (6 R 44-45), Kempe viewed this

as the way to shift the risk of cancellation to Supply Pro. 5 R 53; 6 R 42. However,

rather than take a chance that Supply Pro would not agree to accepting this risk if it

knew the truth about Biocel’s actual demand from other customers, Kempe instructed

Svoboda to send the July 11 email (5 R 57), creating the false impression that Biocel

was experiencing more production demand than it could supply, and, thus, if Supply

Pro did not go along with the proposed take or pay term, the product would all be

quickly sold to Supply Pro’s competitors. P 23. Biocel continued to promote this

illusion with its OAs and Svoboda’s remarks to Mitchell and Baron about Biocel’s

heavy demand until the very day Supply Pro issued its last PO. 6 R 76; 7 R 14-15,

23-24.

      An analogous situation occurred in Ford Motor Co., where Ford entered into

a settlement agreement while the jury was deliberating in the trial of a rollover

accident. See 444 S.W.3d at 618-20. Ford’s settlement decision was strongly

                                         28
influenced by a note from the jury asking, “[w]hat is the maximum amount that can

be awarded?” Ford later learned that the plaintiffs’ attorney had conspired with the

jury foreman to send that note (and against the requests of the other jurors that she not

do so). Id. at 618-19. When Ford refused to pay the settlement amount, the plaintiff

sued Ford to enforce the settlement, and Ford asserted fraudulent inducement as a

defense. Id. at 619.

      Although the jury note had merely asked a question, the Texas Supreme Court

held that it nevertheless met the requirement for a false statement of fact because

untrue statements of fact were clearly implied by the question:

      A jury note, asking about the maximum amount of damages, implies that
      the jury is deliberating damages and that it intends to award the
      maximum amount. It also implies that the note is from the jury
      collectively. The evidence indicates that neither implication was true.
      According to the testimony of several jurors, the jury was not actually
      deliberating damages at the time of Cortez's note, and several jurors
      specifically told Cortez not to send a note about damages. Because the
      note implies material statements that were false, we conclude that some
      evidence exists of the first element of fraudulent inducement.

Id. at 621.

      Based on the facts showing the collusion between the plaintiffs’ attorney and

the jury foreman, the Court found that the evidence was sufficient to establish that the

note was sent at the direction of the plaintiffs with knowledge that it was false and

with the intent that Ford rely upon it. Id. at 621-23. Likewise, because the note

                                           29
implied that the jury was deliberating damages and intended to award the maximum

amount, and Ford had no knowledge that these implications were false, the evidence

was legally sufficient to show that Ford justifiably relied on the implications in

entering into the settlement. Id. at 623.

      In this case, if the Court concludes that the proposed take or pay term was part

of the original agreements on the July POs, then it can reasonably be inferred from

the direct evidence outlined above that Biocel deliberately misrepresented the level

of its actual demand in order to induce Supply Pro to accept the proposed take or pay

term, while concealing that it was merely attempting to unilaterally shift the risk of

a cancellation to Supply Pro. Because Biocel’s statements, emails, and OAs created

the false impression that Biocel could not keep pace with its demand and would

therefore be able to sell its fiber to other customers if Supply Pro did not accept the

proposed take or pay term, and Supply Pro did not know these statements were false,

the evidence was sufficient to show that Supply Pro justifiably relied on these false

statements and implications. Because Supply Pro would have had no reason to accept

the proposed take or pay terms if it had known the truth, and would not have done

so,21 the evidence was also sufficient to show actual reliance. Finally, because the

21
      In a February of 2011, Fine emailed Kempe, among other things, that “[i]f Larry [Svoboda]
      had been ethical about . . . what you were selling to others during the spill, I never would
      have given you a [PO].” P 62(0914).

                                              30
proposed take or pay term was a material alteration of the terms between the parties

(6 R 45), and thus subjected Supply Pro to liability for cancellation that it would not

have otherwise had, the evidence was sufficient to show that Supply Pro was injured

by relying on the false statements and implications. Therefore, the evidence raised

a material fact question on whether the take or pay term was fraudulently induced.

      B.     The fraudulent inducement was not absolved or mooted by the
             workout agreement.

      In response to appellants’ position that the fraudulent inducement of the take

or pay term should have been submitted to the jury, Biocel has argued, without

citation of authority, that when the parties entered into the workout agreement, any

preexisting inequitable conduct became irrelevant. 4 C 2487(¶11), 2494(¶32).

       There can be circumstances in which a party who was fraudulently induced to

enter into a contract may ratify the contract in such a manner that his remedies for

fraud are foreclosed. See Fortune Prod. Co. v. Conoco, Inc., 52 S.W.3d 671, 676

(Tex. 2000). Such a ratification can occur where the defrauded party, after he

becomes aware of the fraud, enters into a new or amended agreement by which the

rights of the parties are adjusted. See, e.g., Chambers v. Equity Bank, SSB, 319
S.W.3d 892, 901 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2010, no pet.).

       However, one seeking to establish such a ratification has the burden to prove

                                          31
the defrauded party’s knowledge of the fraud and their voluntary, intentional choice

to ratify the agreement in light of that knowledge. LHC Nashua Partnership, L.L.C.

v. PDNED Sagamore Nashua, L.L.C., 659 F3d 450, 461 (5th Cir. 2011). The key

question is whether the defrauded party had knowledge of the fraudulent acts at the

time of the alleged ratification. Id. This is because it is only after the defrauded party

has learned of the fraud that his performance is no longer being induced by the fraud.

See Fortune Prod. Co., 52 S.W.3d at 680. Absent a ratification, there is no authority

that an amendment to, or novation of, an agreement induced by fraud forecloses the

defrauded party’s remedies for the fraud or otherwise makes the fraud irrelevant.

      In this case, there is no evidence that Fine or Supply Pro knew that Biocel’s

representations concerning its extreme demand had been false by the time Supply Pro

entered into the workout agreement. Because the workout agreement was therefore

not a ratification of the original agreements on the July POs for this purpose, Supply

Pro did not relinquish its remedies for the fraudulent inducement by entering into the

workout agreement.

      C.     Error and harm.

      In addition to being supported by the pleadings and evidence outlined above,

charge questions on fraudulent inducement and on equitable estoppel were submitted

by Supply Pro and refused by the trial court. 4 C 1958, 1961. These questions

                                           32
tracked the language of Pattern Jury Charge questions 101.21-101.25 and 105.1-105.4

and were thus accurate statements of the applicable law. Therefore, the trial court

abused its discretion in refusing to submit at least one of these questions.

      A trial court’s error in refusing a charge question, instruction, or definition is

harmful and, thus, reversible if the error probably caused rendition of an improper

judgment, considering the pleadings, the nature of the case, the evidence presented,

and the charge in its entirety. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a); Columbia Rio Grande

Healthcare, 284 S.W.3d at 862.

      In this case, Supply Pro and Fine were each held liable for fraudulently

inducing a clawback provision to which they never expressly agreed and which arose

from a take or pay term to which they either never expressly agreed or were

fraudulently induced to accept. They were not allowed to submit a question on, or

argue, their fraudulent inducement / equitable estoppel defense. The facts giving rise

to this defense preceded all facts upon which appellants’ liability was based and, if

found by the jury, would have eliminated roughly half of the actual damages awarded

as well as a significant portion of the punitive damages.

      The trial court twice cautioned Biocel during the charge conference about the

appellate risk of not submitting these questions, and Biocel twice refused to submit

them. 8 R 6-8. These were the only questions appellants submitted on any

                                          33
affirmative defense, and no other question, instruction, or definition set forth any

defensive theory. These questions would have not only assisted the jury, but were

essential to enable the jury to make the necessary findings on a contested issue that

was critical for a valid determination of appellants’ liability and damages. See

Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, 284 S.W.3d at 851. Under these circumstances,

the record clearly reflects that the refusal to submit either of these charge questions

probably caused rendition of an improper judgment.

IV.   The evidence is legally insufficient to prove the damages found in charge
      question 7(b-d) (as well as questions 6(b-c), 10, and 11).

      A.     Storage charges.

      In answer to charge question 6b and 7b, the jury found that the commercially

reasonable and necessary charges for custody and care of the goods stored by Biocel

was $303,815.65. 4 C 1940. Even in the incorrect form that this element was

submitted,22 there is no evidence that the K-Sorb should have been stored at all or that

22
      The trial court refused to include the word, “incurred,” in this element of damage, as it is
      stated in the applicable TBCC provision. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.710 (West
      2009) (“Incidental damages to an aggrieved seller include any commercially reasonable
      charges . . . incurred in . . . care and custody of the goods after the buyer’s breach . . . .”
      (emphasis added)); Malone v. Kisabeth Co., Inc. 726 S.W.2d 188, 191-92 (Tex. App.–Fort
      Worth 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (reversing and rendering a take-nothing judgment on charges
      to store chairs on appellee’s premises where there was no evidence that any loss was suffered
      from having to pay to have other chairs stored elsewhere; no loss from being foreclosed from
      storing other chairs on its premises due to these chairs occupying the space; and no evidence
      of any other expense being incurred from keeping the chairs on the premises).

                                                34
the rate Biocel charged for storage was commercially reasonable.

      On December 1, 2010, Kempe emailed Fine to remind him that any of the 6912

bags of K-Sorb that remained unsold by February 1, 2011, would be invoiced and

shipped to Supply Pro. P 58(0805). Within an hour, Fine emailed that Supply Pro

had $1.7 million of feedstock that had not been converted into finished product and

would probably never be used, as well as 21 truckloads of finished boom. P

58(0805). On February 1, Kempe invoiced Supply Pro $95,385.60 for the 6912 bags

and stated that any of this material that was not delivered would accrue storage

charges of $0.15 per bag in March, $0.20 per bag in April, and $1.00 per bag

thereafter. P 60, 61. Biocel continued to store the bags until the time of trial, and its

storage charges totaled the $303,815.65 awarded by the jury, and thus more than three

times the total sales price of the material being stored. 5 R 150.

      The evidence is legally insufficient to show that Biocel should have stored the

material at all or thus that any storage charge was necessary. Before and after the

spill, there was no market for boom made with hydrophobic fiber such as K-Sorb. 3

R 112-13; P 125. After the spill, there was also no realistic prospect that demand

would resume for K-Sorb because: (1) there was an excess of boom in the market (7

R 19); (2) there was a pre-existing preference for polyscrap boom (4 R 221-22); (3)

boom made with fiber was more expensive than that made with polyscrap (3 R 121;

                                           35
4 R 147); (4) some of the boom manufactured by New Pig with Biocel fiber had

failed (3 R 56, 95-96, 99-100; 5 R 35); and, thus, (5) hydrophobic fiber fill had been

identified as a product that didn’t work as well as polyscrap and had a bad reputation

in the marketplace. 7 R 19.

      Based on Fine’s December 1 email, Kempe was aware that Supply Pro was

inundated with both fiber and fiber boom and, thus, had minimal chance of using any

of the 6912 bags. P 58(0805). The finished K-Sorb fiber could also not be turned

into any other type of product or used in any other product lines (5 R 56), but was

incinerable. 5 R 40.

      Kempe acknowledged that he was under no obligation to store the 6912 bags

of K-Sorb (P 84(0884)), and that Fine had not asked him to do so. 6 R 46-47. Under

these circumstances, because there was no reasonable expectation that the product

could ever actually be sold, used, or delivered to Supply Pro, it was wholly

unnecessary and unreasonable for Biocel to store it, and the K-Sorb should have

instead either been discarded or incinerated. There is, thus, no evidence that the 6912

bags should have been stored at all or that any storage cost was necessary.

      Even if it had been reasonable or necessary to store the material at all, the

evidence is legally insufficient to support the amount awarded. Biocel stored the

material on its own premises (5 R 129), but there is no evidence that Biocel incurred

                                          36
any out-of-pocket cost to do so.23 Nor was there any evidence of the cost that any

third-party storage facility would have charged to store the K-Sorb. In addition, no

foundation was laid that Kempe had any knowledge of prevailing storage rates, and

he did not testify whether he believed his rates were reasonable, let alone any basis

therefor.   It is likewise unfathomable how it could have been commercially

reasonable for Biocel’s monthly storage rate to increase five-fold (from $0.20 to

$1.00) from one month to the next. P 60. Under these circumstances, the jury had no

valid basis upon which to determine whether Biocel’s storage rate was even remotely

within the range of what was commercially reasonable.

      Moreover, even if there had been evidence of commercially reasonable rates

for storage, it would have been commercially unreasonable to accrue storage charges

that were more than three times the purchase price of the goods being stored. After

it became apparent that the K-Sorb could not be used or resold, and was essentially

worthless, Biocel should have mitigated its damages by disposing of or destroying the

material, rather than running up storage charges for over three years thereafter.24

23
      Although Kempe testified that the storage fee was to compensate Biocel for the burden of
      having to handle, store, and maintain the material (5 R 150), there is no evidence that Biocel
      actually did anything to handle or maintain the material, let alone of the cost of doing so.
      There was also no evidence that Biocel lost any sales or incurred any extra cost from storing
      the material in areas where other goods might have otherwise been produced or stored.
24
      At most, Biocel’s damages in this regard should not have exceeded the reasonable cost to
      incinerate or discard the 6912 bags of K-Sorb. However, because Biocel neither offered

                                               37
Therefore, the evidence was legally insufficient to support the award of storage

charges.

      B.     Clawback provision.

      In answer to questions 6c, 7c, and 10, the jury found that Biocel’s damages

pertaining to the clawback provision were $385,517.00. 4 C 1940. As discussed in

section II above, the clawback provision was not expressly or impliedly part of the

workout agreement. Therefore, it could not have been fraudulently induced or

breached, and the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s answers

awarding recovery for this element of damage.

      C.     Take or pay damages on the purchase orders.

      In answer to questions 7d and 11, the jury found that the unpaid amounts under

the July 13 and July 29 POs was $480,902.60. 4 C 1940, 1944. This represents the

amount that would have been due for all 34,848 bags that remained undelivered when

Supply Pro cancelled the POs (and was the sum of the damages awarded in questions

7a and 7c). 5 R 149.

      This amount was not recoverable for Biocel’s fraud claim because Biocel

alleged fraud only with regard to the workout agreement, not the underlying POs, and

      evidence of those costs nor submitted a damage measure that would have included them, it
      waived that element of damage. Tex. R. Civ. P. 279.

                                             38
there is no evidence of any fraud by Supply Pro concerning the POs.25

      In addition, because the 34,848 bags included the 6912 bags (P 46 (1387)) for

which damages were found in question 7a (and 6a), and damages for the remaining

27,936 undelivered bags were awarded in question 7c (4 C 1940), this amount would

have been a double recovery of those amounts. There was thus no basis upon which

the unpaid amounts under the POs could have properly been awarded for fraud, and

question 7d and 11 should be disregarded as immaterial.

V.    The evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the awards of
      punitive damages.

      A.     Punitive damage limits.

      In any action in which there are two or more defendants, an award of

exemplary damages must be specific as to each defendant. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 41.006 (West 2014). As relevant to this case, exemplary damages

awarded against a defendant may not exceed the greater of: (1) two times the amount

of economic damages; or (2) $200,000. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.008

(West 2014). In determining the amount of exemplary damages, the trier of fact shall

25
      Because the workout agreement was a novation of the agreements for the July POs (and those
      agreements were unambiguous): (1) the charge correctly included no questions on the terms
      of the POs or whether they were breached; and (2) the amounts unpaid under the POs were
      correctly not submitted as an element of damage in question 6, concerning damages from
      breach of the workout agreement. Questions 10 and 11 were not predicated on any finding
      of liability.

                                             39
consider evidence, if any, relating to: (1) the nature of the wrong; (2) the character of

the conduct involved; (3) the degree of culpability of the wrongdoer; (4) the situation

and sensibilities of the parties concerned; (5) the extent to which such conduct

offends a public sense of justice and propriety; and (6) the net worth of the defendant.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.011 (West 2014).

      In addition, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the

imposition of grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments on a tortfeasor. See

generally Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 305-08 (Tex. 2006);

Bunton v. Bentley, 153 S.W.3d 50, 53-54 (Tex. 2004); Owens-Corning Fiberglas

Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 48-54 (Tex. 1998). Courts must consider multiple

punitive damage awards for the same conduct to be against a party’s substantive due

process rights. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 972 S.W.2d at 48. Under the Due

Process standard, the relevant factors for determining whether punitive damages are

excessive are: (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s misconduct; (2)

the disparity between the actual or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the

punitive damages awarded; and (3) the relative size of civil penalties imposed in

comparable cases. See Tony Gullo Motors, 212 S.W.3d at 308; Bunton, 153 S.W.3d

at 53. Even if an assessment of punitive damages is not deemed excessive under

governing state law, it may violate a party’s substantive due process right to

                                           40
protection from grossly excessive punitive damage awards.             Owens-Corning

Fiberglas Corp., 972 S.W.2d at 45.

      B.     The evidence is legally insufficient to prove that Supply Pro
             committed fraud independently from Fine.

      In answer to charge questions 5 and 8, the jury found that Supply Pro and Fine

each committed fraud and that the harm to Biocel resulted from the harm of each. 4

C 1938, 1941. In this regard, Biocel’s fraud claim was based on the allegations that

Supply Pro had fraudulently induced the workout agreement by: (1) entering into it

without intending to perform; and (2) misrepresenting that it was in a precarious

financial position due to the sudden evaporation of its market for boom and that it had

no expectation of receiving compensation for the cancellation of its boom sales. 2 C

1283-84. However, all of the conduct that Biocel relies upon to support these

allegations was committed solely by Fine, and there was no allegation or evidence

that anyone besides Fine committed or participated in any fraudulent conduct on

Supply Pro’s behalf. Therefore, there is no evidence to support the jury’s finding that

Supply Pro separately committed fraud, i.e., apart from that committed by Fine; or for

any finding of harm resulting from such fraud by Supply Pro.

      C.     The evidence is legally insufficient to support separate awards of
             punitive damages against Fine and Supply Pro because there is no
             evidence of independent fraud by Supply Pro.

                                          41
      In answer to charge questions 12 and 13, the jury found Supply Pro and Fine

each separately liable for fraud and awarded punitive damages against each of them

(4 C 1954-55) even though, as discussed in the preceding section, the same conduct

by Fine was the alleged basis for both, and there was no allegation or evidence that

anyone besides Fine committed or participated in any such conduct. In addition, Fine

is the sole shareholder of Supply Pro (4 R 14; 8 R 39), and the combined $1.8 million

award of punitive damages was nearly 2.3 times greater than the actual damages

awarded and, thus, greater than the maximum amount that could have been awarded

against a single defendant under CPRC section 41.008.

      By requiring a specific award of exemplary damages against each defendant,

prohibiting joint and several liability among defendants, and providing a specific list

of the factors that must be considered as to each defendant, Chapter 41 of the CPRC

reflects a clear policy and intent that exemplary damages be imposed against a

defendant only for that defendant’s own conduct and only based on application of the

relevant factors to that defendant’s particular conduct.

      In this case, any wrongful conduct was committed solely by Fine. There was

no one else at Supply Pro who failed to supervise him or committed any other act or

omission that was fraudulent or would otherwise warrant imposition of punitive

damages.

                                          42
      Under these circumstances, the award of punitive damages against Supply Pro

as well as Fine amounts to a multiple award of punitive damages for the same conduct

by a single person. See Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 972 S.W.2d at 48.

Moreover because Fine is the sole shareholder of Supply Pro, the punitive damage

award against Supply Pro results in either a multiple award of punitive damages

against the same defendant or a penalty merely for Fine’s business being incorporated

rather than unincorporated. Rather than operating to limit liability, the corporate

entity is instead serving as a mechanism for arbitrarily multiplying liability. Under

such circumstances, any punitive damages should have either been awarded against

Fine for his individual conduct or against Supply Pro for Fine’s conduct on Supply

Pro’s behalf, but not both. Therefore, the trial court erred by entering judgment for

punitive damages against both defendants.

      D.     The combined $1.8 million punitive damage award is excessive
             under the Texas and Federal Standards.

      With regard to the amount of the awards, the alleged fraud in this case did not

cause physical harm, threaten health or safety, or cause or threaten financial ruin. See

Tony Gullo Motors, 212 S.W.3d at 308. Instead, nearly 90% of the fraud damages

awarded in this case was for either: (1) goods Biocel never produced and for which

it incurred no cost (and for which the underlying take or pay basis was either not

                                          43
agreed to by Supply Pro or was fraudulently induced); or (2) Biocel’s unnecessary

and excessive charges to store worthless goods. Under these circumstances, an award

of exemplary damages totaling $1.8 million, (as well as the imposition of punitive

damages against both Fine and Supply Pro based solely on Fine’s conduct) is

excessive under both the Texas and Federal Standards.

VI.   The trial court erred by not incorporating Biocel’s remittitur on
      prejudgment interest into the Judgment.

      The period from April 27, 2012 (when the lawsuit was filed) to April 21, 2015

(the date the Judgment was signed) was six days less than three years (1089 days), or

2.984 years. Prejudgment interest, accruing on the actual damages of $783,421.05

at 5% for 2.984 years, would come to $116,886.42, rather than the $118,266.64

awarded in the Judgment. On June 29, 2015, Biocel filed a remittitur to correct this

error. 4 C 2511. The trial court erred by not incorporating this remittitur into the

Judgment. Therefore, if the amount of the Judgment is not reduced based on

appellants’ other issues, appellants ask the Court to modify the Judgment to reflect

this lower amount of prejudgment interest.

                                     PRAYER

      Based on the foregoing, appellants request the Court to: (1) reverse the

judgment of the trial court except for the award of $95,385.60 (that Supply failed to

                                         44
pay for the 6912 manufactured bags of K-Sorb); (2) render a take-nothing judgment

against Biocel’s claims based on the clawback provision, the take or pay term, storage

of the 6912 bags of K-Sorb, and fraud and punitive damages against Supply Pro; (3)

disregard the immaterial jury findings on questions 7d and 11; and (4) remand the

case for a new trial on any remaining issues.

                                       Respectfully submitted,

                                        /s/ Richard H. Edelman
                                       Richard H. Edelman
                                       Texas Bar. No. 06413200
                                       rhe@edelmanoffice.com
                                       BARLOW JONES L.L.P.
                                       17225 El Camino Real, Suite 400
                                       Houston, Texas 77058
                                       Telephone: (281) 488-8440
                                       Facsimile: (281) 488-6832

                                       William F. Harmeyer
                                       Texas Bar No. 09019000
                                       wharmeyer@harmeyerlaw.com
                                       WILLIAM F. HARMEYER & ASSOCIATES, P.C.
                                       7322 Southwest Freeway, Suite 475
                                       Houston, Texas 77074
                                       Telephone: (713) 270-5552
                                       Facsimile: (713) 270-7128

                                       ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

                                         45
                    WORD COUNT CERTIFICATION

      The number of words in this Brief, as defined in Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 9.4(i)(1), is 11,264.

                                                /s/ Richard H. Edelman
                                                Richard H. Edelman

                       CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      This Brief was eServed on November 25, 2015 on the following counsel for
appellee:

      T. Earnest Freeman      ernest@thefreemanlawfirm.com
      Stephen G. Scholl       steve@thefreemanlawfirm.com
      Jonathan S. Stoger      jstoger@stogerlaw.com

                                             s/ Richard H. Edelman
                                                Richard H. Edelman
                                                rhe@edelmanoffice.com

                                      46
                                  APPENDIX

                                                 Date
                         ITEM                  Signed or    Record
                                                 Filed     Reference
A. Final Judgment                              04/21/15    4 C 2454-56
B.   Charge of the Court [jury verdict]        02/12/15    4 C 1931-56
C.   The August 13 and 16 emails                                  P 46

                                          47
A
                                                                                           €3
                                                                                           q fl¬
                                     CAUSE NO. 2012-24524                                     oe
ECOSORB INTERNATIONAL, INC.                   §        IN THE DISTRICT COURT
dJbJa BIOCEL TECHNOLOGIES                     §
       Plaintiff                              §
                                              §
v.                                            §        OF HARRIS COUNTY. TEXAS
                                              §
SUPPLY PRO, INC., and
HARMON K. FINE, Individually
                                              §
                                              §
                                                                                              ®WSK
     Defendants                               §

                                       FINAL JUDGMENT
                                                       11th JUDICIAL DISTRICT Time:
                                                                                        -
                                                                                                 IXapuly

         On die 3rd day of February, 2015, came on to be heard the above-entitled and numbered

cause and ECOSORB INTERNATIONAL, INC. d/b/a BIOCEL TECHNOLOGIES, the

Plaintiff, appeared in person and by attorney of record and answered ready for trial. SUPPLY

PRO, INC., and HARMON K. FINE, Individually, the Defendant, appeared in person and by

their attorneys of record and announced ready for trial. A jury having been previously demanded,

a jury consisting of twelve (12) qualified jurors was duly empaneled and the case proceeded to

trial.

         At the conclusion of the evidence, the Court submitted the questions of feet in the case to

the jury. The Charge of the Court and the verdict of the jury arc incorporated for all purposes by

reference. Because it appears to the Court that the verdict of the jury was for the Plaintiff and

against the Defendant, judgment should be rendered on the verdict in favor of the Plaintiff and

against Defendant.

         IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that Plaintiff, ECOSORB

INTERNATIONAL, INC. d/b/a BIOCEL TECHNOLOGIES has judgment against Defendants,

SUPPLY PRO, INC., and HARMON K. FINE, for actual damages in the sum of

$                      said sum representing $                      awarded by the jury, minus an

                                                  1

                                       "SSKBSS
                                             a»metweoHm*9 ylbto.kSf      calculated at the rate of Five Percent (5%) percent from April 27, 2012 (the

date suit was filed) until the date preceding the entry of this Final Judgment.

       IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the total amount of the

judgment here rendered shall bear interest at the rate of (5%) percent compounded annually from

the date of this Final Judgment until paid.

       IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that all writs and processes

for the enforcement and collection of this judgment or the costs of court may issue as necessary.

                                                                                             2455
All other relief not expressly granted in this Final Judgment is DENIED.

SIGNED this         day of    APR/ 2 1 2015_, 2015.

                                            JUDGE PRESIDING

                                        3

                                                                           2456
B
to

S
                                                                                                    w
§                                             CAUSE NO. 2012-24524

i    ECOSORB INTERNATIONAL. INC.                                      IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF
i    d/bj’a   BIOCEL TECHNOLOGIES
                                                            *
                                                            §
a                                                           §
£
3    vs.                                                    §              HARRIS COUNIT, TEXAS
!    SUPPLY PRO, INC. and HARMON K.
                                                            §
                                                            §
*    FINE. Individually                                     §               11™ JUDICIAL DISTRICT

                            CHARGE OF THE COURT

           MEMBERS OF THE JURY:
            After the dosing arguments, you will go to the jury room to decide the case, answer the
     questions that are attached, and reach a vcrdicL You may discuss the case with other jurors only
     when you are all together in the jury room.
             Remember my previous instructions: Do not discuss the case with anyone else, either in
     person or by any other means. Do not do any independent investigation about the case or conduct
     any research. Do not look up any words in dictionaries or on the Internet Do not post informa¬
     tion about the case on the Internet. Do not share any special knowledge or experiences with the
     other jurors. Do not use your phone or any other electronic device during your deliberations for
     any reason.
             Any notes you have taken arc for your own personal use. You may take your notes back
     into the jury room and consult them during deliberations, but do not show or read your notes to
     your fellow jurors during your deliberations. Your notes arc not evidence. Each of you should

                                                      _
     rely on your independent recollection of the evidence and not be influenced by the fact that an¬
     other juror has or has not taken notes.
             You must leave your notes with the bailiff when you are not deliberating. After you com¬
     plete your deliberations, the bailiff will collect your notes. When you are released from jury duty,
     the bailiff will promptly destroy your notes so that nobody can read what you wrote,

                                                   INSTRUCTIONS
              l.    Do not let bias, prejudice, or sympathy play any part in your decision.
             2.      Base your answers only on the evidence admitted in court and on the law that is in
     these instructions and questions. Do not consider or discuss any evidence that was not admitted
     in the courtroom.
                                                                         FILED
                                                                          Chris Danlol
                                                                           District Clerk

                                                            l             FEB 12
                               RECORDER’S MEMORANDUM            Tim*:.     Ken Is
                               TMsuYstmmenUSofpoorquaWy
                                   al the lime of imagine       By.
                                                                                    y
                                                                                                     1931
           3.       You arc to make up your own minds about the facts. You are the sole judges of
    the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. But on matters of law, you
    must follow all of my instructions.
           4.       If my instructions use a word in a way that is different from its ordinary meaning.
    use the meaning 1 give you, which will be n proper legal definition.
            5.    All the questions and answers are important. No one should say that any question
    or answer is not important
            6.     Answer “yes*' oc “no" to all questions unless you arc told otherwise A “yes'* an¬
    swer must be based on a preponderance of the evidence unless you are told otherwise. Whenever
    a question requires an answer other than “yes" or “no," your answer must be based on a prepon¬
    derance of the evidence unless you arc told otherwise.
            The term "preponderance of the evidence" means the greater weight of credible evidence
    presented in this ease. If you do not find tliat a preponderance of the evidence supports a “yes"
    answer, then answer "no" A preponderance of the evidence is not measured by the number of
    witnesses or by the number of documents admitted in evidence. For a fact to be proved by a pre¬
    ponderance of the evidence, you must find that the fact is more likely true than not true.
            A fact may be established by direct evidence or by circumstantial evidcnccÿoFhbth. A
    fact is established by direct evidence when proved by documentary evidence or by witnesses
    who saw the act done oc heard the words spoken. A fact is established by circumstantial evidence
    when it may be fairly and reasonably inferred from other facts proved.
           7.     Do not decide who you think should win before you answer the questions and
    then just answer the questions to match your decision. Answer each question carefully without
j   considering who will win. Do not discuss or consider the effect your answers will have.
           8.       Do not answer questions by drawing straws or by any method of chance.
           9.      Some questions might ask you for a dollar amount. Do not agree in ndvance to
    decide on a dollar amount by adding up each juror’s amount and then figuring the average.
          10.     Do not trade your answers. For example, do not say, “l will answer this question
    your way if you answer another question my way."
            11  .   Unless otherwise instructed The answers to the questions must be based on the
    decision of at least 10 of the 12 jurors. The same 10 jurors must agree on every answer. Do not
    agree to be bound by a vote of anything less than 10 jurors, even if it would be a majority.
           12.     In answering questions about damages, answer each question separately, Do not
    increase or reduce the amount in one answer because of your answer to any other question about
    damages. Do not speculate about what any party's ultimate recovery* may or may not be. Any
    recovery will be determined by the court when it applies the law to your answers at the lime of
    judgment.
            As I have said before, if you do not tallow these instructions and definitions, you will be
    guilty of juror misconduct, and I might have to order a new trial and start this process over again
    This wouid waste your time and the panics’ money, and would require the taxpayers of this

                                                     2

                                                                                                   1932
county to pay for another trial. If a juror breaks any of these rules, tell that person to stop and re¬
port it to me immediately.

                                                ***

                                                  3

                                                                                                   1933
                                        QUESTION 1
      Did Biocel and Supply Pro agree that the following provisions would be part of the
workout agreement?
             “Should BP, Supply Pro’s distributors), or other third party compensate
         Supply Pro for terminating boom deliveries or should BP resume such deliver¬
         ies from Supply Pro or Supply Pro’s distributors) and irrespective of the
         above:
          1. If compensated, Biocel will be compensated by Supply Pro in the same
             proportion as Supply Pro is compensated, less the restocking fee of
             $12,750 outlined above if the raw material return option is elected by
             Supply Pro.
          2. If deliveries are resumed, Biocel will resume deliveries in the same pro¬
             portion as Supply Pro resumes deliveries.
          3. Any combination of compensation or deliveries to Supply Pro will be also
             handled in the same proportion of compensation and deliveries to Biocel.
          4. Other than the offset for the $12,750 restocking fee should Supply Pro
             elect that option, there will be no other offsets to compensation or quanti¬
             ties delivered.
          5. Supply Pro will notify Biocel in a timely manner in the event compensa¬
             tion and, or deliveries are provided or resumed as outlined above.”
       In deciding whether the parties reached an agreement, you may consider what they said
and did in light of the surrounding circumstances, including any earlier course of dealing. You
may not consider the parties’ unexpressed thoughts or intentions.
       Answer “Yes” or “No.”
       Answer:

                                             ***

                                               4

                                                                                            1934
            II

                                        QUESTION 2
       Did Supply Pro fail to comply with the workout agreement with Biocel?
       In addition to the language of the agreement, the law imposes on a party to a contract a
duty to perform the contract in good faith. In that connection, good faith means honesty in fact
and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.

       Answer “Yes” or “No.”
       Answer:

                                             ***

                   1

                                               5

                                                                                             1935
                                        QUESTION 3
      Did Biocel and Harmon Fine agree that Harmon Fine would personally guaranty the
workout agreement?
       In deciding whether the parties reached an agreement, you may consider what they said
and did in light of the surrounding circumstances, including any earlier course of dealing. You
may not consider the parties’ unexpressed thoughts or intentions.

       Answer “Yes” or “No.”
       Answer:

                                             ***

                                              6

                                                                                           1936
If you answered “Yes” to Question 3 then answer the following question. Otherwise, do not an¬
swer the following question.

                                        QUESTION 4
       Did Harmon K. Fine fail to comply with the personal guaranty with Biocel?
       In addition to the language of the agreement, the law imposes on a party to a contract a
duty to perform the contract in good faith. In that connection, good faith means honesty in fact
and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.

       Answer “Yes” or “No.”
       Answer:

                                             ***

                                               7

                                                                                            1937
                                 QUESTION 5
Did Supply Pro or Hannon Fine commit fraud against Biocel?
Fraud occurs when  —
   a. a party makes a material misrepresentation, and
   b. the misrepresentation is made with knowledge of its falsity or made recklessly
       without any knowledge of the truth and as a positive assertion, and
   c. the misrepresentation is made with the intention that it should be acted on by the
       other party, and
   d. the other party relies on the misrepresentation and thereby suffers injury.
          “Misrepresentation” means:
           i. A false statement of fact, or
           ii. A promise of future performance made with an intent, at the time the
               promise was made, not to perform as promised, or
           iik-A statement of opinion based on a false'StatefflenTbFfact. dr
           iv. A statement of opinion that the maker knows to be false, or
           v. An expression of opinion that is false, made by one claiming or implying
               to have special knowledge of the subject matter of the opinion.
                   “Special knowledge” means knowledge or information superior to that
                 possessed by the other party and to which the other party did not have
                 equal access.

a. Supply Pro.
Answer “Yes” or “No.”
Answer:     Mh.
b. Harmon Fine.
Answer “Yes” or “No.”
Answer:     Mi
                                      ***

                                       8

                                                                                    1938
If you answered “Yes” to Questions 2 or 4 then answer the following' question. Otherwise, do
not answer the following question.

                                        QUESTION 6
       What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate
Biocel for its damages, if any, that resulted from such failure to comply?
       Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.
      Answer separately in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
      Consider the following elements of damages, if any, and none other:
          a. The price of the 6912 bales on February 1, 2011, if Biocel was unable after rea¬
             sonable effort to resell them at a reasonable price, or the circumstances reasonably
             indicated that such effort would be unavailing.
      Answer: S        39ÿ, leO
          b. Commercially reasonable and necessary charges for custody and care of the goods
             stored by Biocel.
       Answer: $
          c. Biocel’s proportionate share of compensation received by Supply Pro from its dis¬
              tributor for the termination of boom deliveries.
       Answer:$    3'S6 .5T*).QO
                                             ***

                                                9

                                                                                             1939
If you answered “Yes” to Questions 5a or 5b then answer the following question. Otherwise, do
not answer the following question.

                                        QUESTION 7
       What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably compensate
Biocel for its damages, if any, that resulted from such fraud?
       Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.
       Answer separately in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
      Consider the following elements of damages, if any, and none other:
          a. The price of the 6912 bales on February 1, 2011, if Biocel was unable after rea¬
             sonable effort to resell them at a reasonable price, or the circumstances reasonably
             indicated that such effort would be unavailing.
       Answer: $
                      I
          b. Commercially reasonable and necessary charges for custody and care of the goods
             stored by Biocel.
      Answer: $    303/
          c. Biocel’s proportionate share of compensation received by Supply Pro from its dis¬
             tributor for the termination of boom deliveries.
       Answer: $   3*% 6ÿ51*1. QQ
          d. The unpaid amounts due under the purchase orders dated July 13, 2010 and July
             29, 2010, issued by Supply Pro to Biocel.
      Answer: $    H-so qoa.fo

                                             ***

                                              10

                                                                                              1940
Answer the following question as to Supply Pro or Harmon Fine only if you unanimously an¬
swered “Yes" to Questions 5a or 5b as to that same entity or person. Otherwise, do not answer
the following question as to that same entity or person.
To answer "Yes" to the following question, your answer must be unanimous. You may answer
"No” to the following question only upon a vote of ten or more jurors. Otherwise, you must not
answer the following question.

                                        QUESTION 8
       Do you find by clear and convincing evidence the harm to Biocel resulted from fraud?
       “Clear and convincing evidence" means the measure or degree of proof that produces a
firm belief or conviction of the truth of the allegations sought to be established.
       Fraud occurs when  —
          a. a party makes a material misrepresentation, and
          b. the misrepresentation is made with knowledge of its falsity or made recklessly
              without any knowledge of the truth and as a positive assertion, and
          c. the misrepresentation is made with the intention that it should be acted on by the
             other party, and
          d. the other party relies on the misrepresentation and thereby suffers injury.
                 “Misrepresentation” means:
                  i. A false statement of fact, or
                  ii. A promise of future performance made with an intent, at the time the
                       promise was made, not to perform as promised, or
                  iii. A statement of opinion based on a false statement of fact, or
                  iv. A statement of opinion that the maker knows to be false, or
                  v. An expression of opinion that is false, made by one claiming or implying
                       to have special knowledge of the subject matter of the opinion.
                           "Special knowledge” means knowledge or information superior to that
                         possessed by the other party and to which the other party did not have
                         equal access.
       a. Supply Pro.
       Answer “Yes” or “No.”
       Answer;     lift
       b. Hannon Fine.
       Answer “Yes” or “No.”
       Answer- Jf£L
                                                    •

                                               II

                                                                                           1941
If you answered “Yes” to Questions 2 or 4, then answer the following question. Otherwise, do
not answer the following question.

                                           QUESTION 9
       What is a reasonable fee for the necessary services of Biocel’s attorney, stated in dollars
and cents?
       Factors to consider in determining a reasonable fee include —
          1. The time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved,
              and the skill required to perform the legal services properly.
          2. The fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services.
          3. The amount involved and the results obtained.
          4. The experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the
              services.
       Answer with an amount for each of the following:
           a. For preparation and trial.
       Answer: $
           b. For an appeal to the Court of Appeals.
       Answer: $   *43 j 50O
           c. For an appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas.
       Answer: $    3l,Soo
                                              ***

                                               12

                                                                                             1942
                                          QUESTION 10
            What sum of money, if any, would fairly and reasonably compensate Biocel for Biocel’s
    proportionate share of compensation received by Supply Pro from Supply Pro’s distributor for
    the termination of boom deliveries?
           Answer: $

                                               ***

/
                                                 13

                                                                                            1943
                                      QUESTION 11
       What sum of money, if any, would fairly and reasonably compensate Biocel for the un¬
paid amounts due under the purchase orders dated July 13 and July 29, 2010, issued by Supply
Pro to Biocel?
      Answer: $   490,303. UP
                                           ***

                                            14

                                                                                        1944
                                     PRESIDING JUROR
        When you go into the jury room to answer the questions, the first thing you will need to
do is choose a presiding juror.
       It is the duty of the presiding juror to:
            a. have the complete charge read aloud if it will be helpful to your deliberations;
            b. preside during your deliberations;
            c. see that your deliberations are conducted in an orderly manner and in accordance
                with the instructions in this charge;
            d. write out and hand to the bailiff any communications concerning the case that you
                desire to have delivered to the judge;
            e. vote on the questions;
            f. write your answers to the questions in the spaces provided; and
            g. certify to your verdict in the space provided for the presiding juror’s signature or
                to obtain the signatures of all the jurors who agree with the verdict if your verdict
                is less than unanimous.
       Do you understand the duties of the presiding juror? If you do not, please tell me now.

                                               ***

                                                 15

                                                                                                1945
            INSTRUCTIONS FOR SIGNING THE VERDICT CERTIFICATE
       I.     Unless otherwise instructed, you may answer the questions on a vote of 10 jurors.
The same 10 jurors must agree on every answer in the charge. This means you may not have one
group of 10 jurors agree on one answer and a different group of 10 jurors agree on another an¬
swer.
       2.     If 10 jurors agree on every answer, those 10 jurors sign the verdict. If 11 jurors
agree on every answer, those 11 jurors sign the verdict. If all 12 of you agree on every answer,
you are unanimous and only the presiding juror signs the verdict.
        3.     All jurors should deliberate on every question. You may end up with all 12 of you
agreeing on some answers, while only 10 or 11 of you agree on other answers. But when you
sign the verdict, only those 10 who agree on every answer will sign the verdict.
       4.      There are some special .instructions before Questions 8 explaining how to answer
that question. Please follow the instructions. If all 12 of you answer that question, you will need
to complete a second verdict certificate for that question.
       Do you understand these instructions? If you do not, please tell me now.

                                             ***

                                                             JUDGE PRESIDING

                                                16

                                                                                              1946
_
_

_
       Check one:
                       VERDICT CERTIFICATE

        Our verdict is unanimous. All 12 of us have agreed to each and every answer. The presid¬
ing juror has signed the certificate for all 12 of us.

                 Signature of Presiding Juror           Printed Name of Presiding Juror

       Our verdict is not unanimous. Eleven of us have agreed to each and every answer and
have signed the certificate below.
       Our verdict is not unanimous. Ten of us have agreed to each and every answer and have
signed the certificate below.

      1.
                     Signature of Juror                      Printed Name of Juror

      2.

     3.

      4.

      5.

     6.

      7.

      8.

      9.

      10.

      11.

                                                17

                                                                                            1947
If all 12 of you have answered “Yes” to Question 8, then you must sign this certificate also.

                     ADDITIONAL CERTIFICATE
   / Our verdict is unanimous in answering Question 8. All 12 of us agreed to that answer.
The presiding juror has signed the certificate for all 12 of us.

                                                               VJtcndtL
                  Signature of Presiding Juror              Printed Name of Presiding Juror

                                                                                                 (

                                                 18

                                                                                                1948
4   9

        END OF JURY CHARGE

                             \

              19

                                 1949
    •*>   •   t

H
                                                       Cause No.           aoia'WSa*                                                    P'3
H                 £G0$oR$             ini'l   \nc
                                                       (iff              §            In the District Court of
I                                                                        §
3                                                                        §
                  vs.                                                    §            Harris County, TEXAS
                                                                         §
                                                                         §
                                       R£,         Defendant             §            11th Judicial District
8
              6Uÿ|WM|)/\ Y\ÿj
              )r\d*iV»cLdlH                   Question from the Jury During Deliberations

                  Question No.    1      :

                    P   flic,   siM   ryÿ     (i   ftfrp/joP              OV.~ÿTK                          t
                                                                                                       ZlMdlkihÿktlE
                                                                                                                                    i

                                                                                                               T

                                                                                      Signed:
                                                                                                 Presiding Juror

                  Answer:
                                  C P£> ,
                                  /
                                                                                      .

                  Signed this                 day of                                      .,20   _

                  Mike D. Miller
                  Judge Presiding
                                                                                                               SSSSA
                                                                                                               FEBlU