Court Opinion

ID: 4208358
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-02 19:21:13.32261+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:32.554305
License: Public Domain

J-A01010-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: ESTATE OF EVELYN F. SCHERMER                IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                         PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: MARC A. SCHERMER,
EXECUTOR
                                                       No. 366 WDA 2016

                    Appeal from the Order February 12, 2016
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                     Orphans' Court at No(s): 5043 of 2011

BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON AND STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                            FILED: OCTOBER 2, 2017

       Marc A. Schermer appeals the ruling of the orphans’ court that

sustained an appeal from probate and invalidated a will1 on the ground that

it was procured by Marc’s undue influence. We affirm.

       On August 13, 2011, then eighty-seven-year-old Evelyn F. Schermer

(“Evelyn” or “Decedent”) died of cancer. She was survived by three sons,

Gary, the eldest, Marc, the middle son, and Leland, the youngest son. Gary

and Leland are the Appellees herein.2          On August 16, 2011, a document

____________________________________________

1
  We have jurisdiction over this appeal under Pa.R.A.P. 342(a)(2), which
permits an appeal to be taken as of right from the decision of an orphans’
court “determining the validity of a will[.]”
2
  Gary and Leland have objected to Marc’s standing to pursue this appeal.
Appellees’ brief at 2 n.4. Marc purported to file this appeal in his capacity as
executor. As our Supreme Court observed in In re Estate of Hain, 346
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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dated June 7, 2010, was admitted to probate as Decedent’s last will and

testament and letters testamentary were issued to Marc.

      Gary and Leland filed a timely appeal to the orphans’ court from

probate, maintaining that the will was invalid based upon Evelyn’s lack of

testamentary capacity when it was executed and because it was procured by

undue influence exerted by Marc.                 The orphans’ court conducted nine

hearings and thereafter determined that the will was procured by undue

influence.   Marc filed exceptions to that decision; 3 they were denied on

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

A.2d 774, 776 (Pa. 1975), “Unless an executor has been surcharged or has
been ordered to distribute more than the admitted balance in the estate, the
executor is not a ‘party aggrieved’ by the final order or decree of the
orphans' court. The executor is merely a holder of the estate's assets for
the purpose of administration and distribution . . . .” See also In re
Faust's Estate, 73 A.2d 369 (Pa. 1950) (holding the executor cannot, at
the estate’s expense, employ legal counsel for purposes of a will contest
because executor is not a party to a will contest). However, Marc does have
standing in his individual capacity in that he was aggrieved by the order
invalidating the will, and we therefore can reach the merits of this appeal.
Hain, supra; But see Estate of Karahuta, 393 A.2d 22 (Pa. 1978)
(quashing an appeal by co-executors where order in question determined
who should benefit under the will). In this case, Marc filed his exceptions in
his capacity as executor, and Appellees raised no issue to his standing in
that respect. Hence, we conclude that their present objection is waived, as
it was not raised in the lower court proceedings.
3
  We observe that the new rule pertaining to exceptions in orphans’ court
proceedings, Pa.O.C.R. 8.1, did not take effect until September 1, 2016,
after completion of the final adjudication and filing of this appeal. That rule
now states: “Except as provided in Rule 8.2 [relating to motions for
reconsideration], no exceptions or post-trial motions may be filed to any
order or decree of the court.” Pa.O.C.R. 8.1.

                                            -2-
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February 12, 2016. This timely appeal followed. Marc raises the following

contentions.

     [1.] Whether the Orphans' Court erred as a matter of law in
     giving decisional weight to the testimony of three of the
     individuals who cared for the Decedent in her final years
     ("caregivers") demonstrating the Testatrix showed signs of
     forgetfulness, confusion and repeating herself, where the
     caregivers were indefinite regarding when the instances of
     forgetfulness and confusion occurred relative to the actual
     signing of the probated Will, but unanimously testified the
     Decedent's forgetfulness and confusion became distinctly worse
     seven months after the Testatrix executed the probated Will.

     [2.] Whether the Orphans' Court erred as a matter of law by
     affording limited or no evidentiary weight to the credible
     testimony of the Scrivener of the probated Will, on the theory
     the attorney had only met the Testatrix "on limited occasions in
     an office setting," where the record reveals the attorney had
     worked with the Testatrix on several matters over a two year
     period, was specifically consulted by the Testatrix on the matter
     of the ongoing conflict with her two sons, and who advised the
     Testatrix regarding the Will in which the Decedent disinherited
     the Petitioners.

     [3.] Whether the Orphans' Court erred as a matter of law in
     disregarding all expert testimony presented below, on grounds
     the expert opinion of an internist called by the Petitioners had
     been "opposite" the opinion of a psychiatrist called by the Estate,
     where the internist admitted he did not understand the legal
     concept of "weakened intellect," only testified that conditions
     from which the Testatrix had suffered "could" or "might" cause
     cognitive impairment, and never testified that in his opinion the
     Testatrix actually suffered from "weakened intellect" on or before
     the date the Testatrix executed the probated Will.

     [4.] Whether the Orphans' Court capriciously disregarded
     evidence in the course of finding the Testatrix's decision to
     disinherit two of her sons was presumptively due to undue
     influence, where the Testatrix had decided to specially benefit
     Marc Schermer in a will drafted years before any evidence of
     "weakened intellect" was shown, and repeatedly declared to her

                                    -3-
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      attorney and in the probated Will that her decision to disinherit
      the Petitioners was due to "the pain and heartache [the
      Petitioners] have caused me by their actions" in trying to force
      the Decedent to change her settled purpose to benefit Marc
      Schermer, and the Testatrix's beliefs, even if mistaken, were
      rational under the circumstances.

Appellant’s brief at 5-6.

      We are duly cognizant of the applicable standard of review in these

matters:

             Our standard of review of the findings of an Orphans'
             Court is deferential.

             When reviewing a decree entered by the Orphans'
             Court, this Court must determine whether the record
             is free from legal error and the court's factual
             findings are supported by the evidence. Because the
             Orphans' Court sits as the fact-finder, it determines
             the credibility of the witnesses and, on review, we
             will not reverse its credibility determinations absent
             an abuse of that discretion.

             However, we are not constrained to give the same
             deference to any resulting legal conclusions.

      In re Estate of Harrison, 745 A.2d 676, 678–79 (Pa.Super.
      2000), appeal denied, 563 Pa. 646, 758 A.2d 1200 (2000)
      (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “The Orphans'
      Court decision will not be reversed unless there has been an
      abuse of discretion or a fundamental error in applying the
      correct principles of law.” In re Estate of Luongo, 823 A.2d
942, 951 (Pa.Super. 2003), appeal denied, 577 Pa. 722, 847
A.2d 1287 (2003).

In re Fiedler, 132 A.3d 1010, 1018 (Pa.Super. 2016) (emphasis added).

      The issues on appeal implicate the well-known doctrine of undue

influence.   We observed in In re Estate of Smaling, 80 A.3d 485, 497

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(Pa.Super. 2013) (en banc) (citing In re Ziel's Estate, 59 A.2d 728 (Pa.

1976)), “A party claiming undue influence must establish, by clear and

convincing evidence, that: (1) when the will was executed the testator was

of weakened intellect and (2) that a person in a confidential relationship with

the testator (3) receives a substantial benefit under the will.” In the present

case, none of the contentions raised on appeal challenges the orphans’ court

determination that Marc was in a confidential relationship with the Decedent,

and the record contains evidence of the same.           Similarly, there is no

averment raised that Marc did not receive a substantial benefit under the

June 7, 2010 will.4      Thus, the sole issue before this Court is whether the

evidence of record supports the conclusion of the orphans’ court that Evelyn

suffered from a weakened intellect on June 7, 2010.

       As to that inquiry, the Smaling Court elucidated, “The weakened

intellect necessary to establish undue influence need not amount to

testamentary incapacity.” Smaling, supra at 498.         While there is not a

“bright-line test by which weakened intellect can be identified to a legal

certainty,” a testator suffered from weakened intellect if he or she exhibited

“persistent confusion, forgetfulness and disorientation.” Id.     Since undue

influence is often exerted by “a gradual, progressive inculcation of a
____________________________________________

4
  At oral argument before this panel, Marc acknowledged that he was not
contesting on appeal either that he was in a confidential relationship with
Evelyn or that he obtained a substantial benefit under the probated will.

                                           -5-
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receptive mind,” the benefit from undue influence may only manifest itself

after a period of manipulation of the decedent. Id.        Thus, for purposes of

undue influence, “the particular mental condition of the testator on the date

he executed the will is not as significant when reflecting upon undue

influence as it is when reflecting upon testamentary capacity.             More

credence may be given to remote mental history.” Id.

       The pertinent facts follow.5      Between 1984 and 2010, Evelyn executed

ten different wills. In 1994, a will was prepared for her by Ed Grinberg, but

she did not sign that document. Of the ten wills that Evelyn did execute,

seven were prepared in the final five years of her life, and Marc took his

mother to the various attorneys who drafted them.                  In the nine

testamentary dispositions executed prior to June 7, 2010, Evelyn left her

residuary estate equally to her three sons. Wills that the Decedent executed

in 1984 and 1988, as well as the unsigned will that was prepared in 1994 by

Mr. Grinberg, stated that any money or loans received from Evelyn by Marc

or any of his companies would be accounted for at the time of the

distribution of the residuary estate and treated as advancements. A 2001

____________________________________________

5
   This narrative is gleaned from the evidence adduced by Gary and Leland,
who prevailed in the orphans’ court. We observe that, based upon glaring
inconsistences that Marc related, the orphans’ court specifically found that
Marc was not a credible witness.        Trial Court Opinion, 11/30/15, at
(unnumbered pages) 7-8. Accordingly, we discount any testimony that he
proffered.

                                           -6-
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will was the first one that failed to treat those loans as advancements. As of

2001, Evelyn had loaned Marc approximately $140,000.        Gary and Leland

were unaware of any of the wills executed after 1988, but they knew about

the 1994 will, which continued to treat Evelyn’s loans and gifts to Marc as

advancements, and, until 2008, Gary and Leland believed that Evelyn had

executed the 1994 Grinberg will.

      In the June 7, 2010 probated will, the Decedent disinherited Gary and

Leland as well as their issue, and she left her residuary estate entirely to

Marc, to his wife Marjorie if Marc were deceased, and then to his daughter if

both Marc and Marjorie were deceased. Evelyn stated, “I leave no portion of

my property and estate to my sons, LELAND SCHERMER and GARY

SCHERMER, or their issue. I take this action [as] a result of their behavior

towards me and the pain and heartache they caused to me by their

actions[.]” Last Will and Testament of Evelyn F. Schermer, 6/7/10, at 1.

Evelyn recited in the will that the actions undertaken by Gary and Leland

that caused her pain included “suing my son Marc, alienating my

grandchildren from me, using my grandchildren to try to cause me to make

changes to my will, and failing to respect my wishes in handling my property

and estate.”

      The June 7, 2010 will definitively stated that, during her life, Evelyn

had forgiven any loans that she made to Marc and any company that he had

owned.   The will ratified the inter vivos loan forgiveness, confirming that

                                    -7-
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there was no valid outstanding indebtedness owed to her by Marc so that

the loans were not to be treated as advancements. That will also provided

that stock that Evelyn had given to Marc was not to be treated as an

advancement.

     Marc claimed that he was left the entirety of Evelyn’s estate because

she was estranged from Gary and Leland and their families.             Marc

maintained that Evelyn’s estrangement from Gary and Leland occurred

because Gary and Leland and their children tried to coerce Evelyn into

changing a will that Evelyn made on November 7, 2007.       See Appellant’s

brief at 51 (Evelyn “executed the probated will in reaction to the

machinations of Gary and Leland Schermer and their children, trying to force

the Decedent to change an earlier will.”).     Gary and Leland presented

evidence, credited by the orphans’ court, that they were not estranged from

their mother, that their children were not estranged from Evelyn, and that

neither they nor their children tried to force Evelyn to change her

testamentary disposition.

     The following background is relevant.    Evelyn’s husband Joseph was

the father of Gary, Marc, and Leland (the “brothers”).     In 1982, Joseph

worked at and co-owned a family-owned business, Feldman Brothers

Company, Inc. (“Feldman”), which was started by Evelyn’s father Herman

and Herman’s brother. In 1982, Marc worked at Feldman with his father and

other family members.       That year, Herman died and Joseph died eight

                                    -8-
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months later.    At the time, Gary worked in the City of Pittsburgh Public

Schools as a teacher. After earning a law degree, Gary continued to work

for the school district until he retired.      Gary had three sons and a

stepdaughter: Evan (a tennis pro in Hawaii), Gordon (a musician in New

York), Joseph (a child during the relevant events), and Gina (a teacher).

Leland, who had sons Phillip and Jonathan, was a lawyer who worked in New

York City in 1982. He eventually moved to Pittsburgh. As noted, Marc had

one daughter.

      Evelyn was unsophisticated and subject to the control of her father

Herman.    Joseph assumed management of her affairs after they married.

When Joseph died in 1982, Marc, who still lived at home, began to control

her assets.     When Joseph died, Feldman was contractually obligated to

purchase the shares that Evelyn inherited from Joseph, but it was financially

unable to do so. Marc continued to operate the stores owned by Feldman,

and, after Feldman failed, other businesses.     Eventually, Marc started to

work at various jobs.

      Both Gary and Leland testified that their mother historically treated all

three of her sons and her seven grandchildren equally. Gary reported, “[A]t

holiday times or anything . . . . [when] she felt like she wanted to make a

gift, all the gifts were pretty much similar whether they were to the three

brothers or to the grandchildren.” N.T. Hearing 5/5/15 (Morning Session), at

60. Leland confirmed, “I think it’s fair to say that all three of us had a very

                                     -9-
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similar relationship to our mother,” who “was adamant to go out of her way

to make sure that all three of her sons and that all three of her daughters-

in-law and that all seven of her grandchildren were always treated equally.

That was a big deal to her.” N.T. Hearing, 5/26/15, at 1452.

        Gary and Leland presented evidence about Evelyn’s mental decline,

which began in the early 2000s, was marked by 2004, and was severe by

2010.     Beginning in the early 2000’s, it was noticeable that the parties’

mother was having “some memory problems,” so the three brothers

discussed the situation at that time, and they jointly agreed that a long-term

care policy should be purchased. N.T. Hearing, 5/5/15 (Morning Session), at

51. In 2003 or 2004, a long-term care insurance policy was purchased for

her from Fortis, which assigned the policy to John Hancock. Gary reported

that by 2006, the degradation in Evelyn’s mental acuity was such that she

was repetitive, called her children by the incorrect names, and “would say

things that she had said earlier as if she couldn’t remember.” N.T. Hearing,

5/5/15 (Morning Session), at 61.     Evelyn would also say things and then

deny saying them because she did not remember saying them.

        In 2007, Evelyn was admitted to the hospital three times and was

diagnosed with dementia. On one occasion, she gouged her skin trying to

board a bus, was treated in the emergency room at the hospital, and, after

arriving home, fainted and hit her head on a stool, rendering her

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unconscious.       The fall was the result of a mini-stroke, Evelyn was

hospitalized, and then entered rehabilitation.6

       After Evelyn was diagnosed with dementia in 2007, she started to

receive caregiver services. John Hancock, which had issued the long-term

care policy, covered those services. The policy coverage was triggered only

when Evelyn had “cognitive impairment.” N.T. Hearing, 5/11/15, at 1155.

She briefly took Aricept, which is prescribed to treat dementia resulting from

Alzheimer’s disease.        That medication was discontinued after it proved

ineffective. By summer 2010, Evelyn required full-time care.

       The brothers had a good relationship with each other until 2008. This

relationship soured after Gary and Leland learned that Marc had influenced

their mother to alter the disposition of her estate so that the three brothers

no longer benefited equally. The events in question started on January 13,

2008, when Leland, Gary, and Marc met at a Panera Bread to discuss their

mother’s declining mental health, how each son would help her, and the

location of her power of attorney and will.        Even though Marc knew that

Evelyn had executed a will in 2001, a will in 2006, and two wills in 2007,
____________________________________________

6
  The record indicates that, on September 27, 2007, about one month after
Evelyn was released from rehabilitation, Marc took her to a lawyer, Thomas
Kessinger. Mr. Kessinger prepared a will stating that any loans that Marc
received were not advancements and also indicating that Evelyn had gifted
Marc her Feldman stock and the gift was not to be treated as an
advancement.

                                          - 11 -
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Marc professed to his two brothers that he believed her latest will was the

one drafted in 1994.   Marc told his brothers that he did not believe that

Evelyn had signed the 1994 document.          Leland was shocked at this

revelation, as the will had undergone many iterations, and Gary and Leland

had always thought that the 1994 will, which treated all three sons equally,

was executed by Evelyn and that it was the last will that she had signed.

      Leland immediately suggested the 1994 will be executed.            Marc

responded, “Well, how do we know that that’s Mom’s intent?” N.T. Hearing,

5/26/15, at 1505-06. Leland said to Marc, “Well, why wouldn’t it be? It’s

been her intent for 20 years. What insight do you have that you’re alluding

to but not explaining?” Id. at 1506. When Marc would not answer, Leland

began to suspect that Marc was exercising undue influence over Evelyn.

      On January 14, 2008, a Sunday, Leland went over to Evelyn’s house,

as he had been going there every Sunday for about four or five months. He

was helping with the bills when he saw an entry in her check register for a

check made payable to Kessinger and Klanica.        When Leland asked her

about it, Evelyn responded, “That’s the law firm that Marc and Marjorie took

me to.” Id. at 1507. Evelyn directed Leland to go into her bedroom and get

the will.

      The document in question was a November 7, 2007 will drafted by

Thomas Kessinger. Leland asked his mother “What does the Will say?” Id.

at 1509. She answered, “I don’t know. You tell me. You’re the lawyer.”

                                   - 12 -
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Id. The November 7, 2007 will indicated that loans and gifts made to Marc

were not to be treated as advancements.       Leland told Evelyn that the will

was inconsistent with “everything the family had discussed and agreed upon

for 25 years. What gave rise to this Will?” Id. at 1509. Evelyn said, “Marc

and [his wife] Marjie took me to get this Will.” Id. at 1513.

      Leland then described the substance of the will to Evelyn, explaining to

her that it provided for an unequal distribution of her assets since it did not

treat gifts and loans to Marc as advancements. Evelyn told Leland, “That’s

not what I want.” Id. at 1514. Leland asked Evelyn what she did want, and

she answered, “I want the way it always was, that we would account for all

the moneys that Marc received, and whatever is left would be split three

ways.”   Id.   Leland informed Evelyn that the will that she signed on

November 7, 2007, was inconsistent with that stated intent, she asked what

could be done about it, and Leland stated that she had to write a new will.

      Leland immediately called Marc, who denied knowing Kessinger or his

law firm. Leland then accused Marc of lying, since Evelyn told Leland that

Marc took her to the law firm, but Marc continued to insist that he did not

know anything about Mr. Kessinger.       After January 14, 2007, Evelyn did

contact Mr. Kessinger for preparation of a new will as Mr. Kessinger called

Leland, and Leland prepared some suggestions for a new will.

      The next time that Leland saw Evelyn, she had decided that she no

longer wanted to talk about the situation, appearing hostile and agitated

                                    - 13 -
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when he broached the subject of a new will. As Evelyn had never treated

Leland with hostility, he was perplexed, “thought something must have

happened,” and concluded that “it was clear something was bugging her

about that.” Id. at 1519. He did not display any animosity toward Evelyn,

merely indicating that the family needed to talk about the will.

      In February 2008, the three sons, their wives, and Evelyn had a

meeting that was intended to resolve the concerns of Gary and Leland about

Marc’s exercise of undue influence over Evelyn.        At the February 2008

meeting, Marc claimed that Evelyn did not sign the 1994 Grinberg will

because “Evelyn couldn’t understand legalese.”         N.T. Hearing, 5/5/15

(Morning Session), at 21. As it was apparent that Marc was insisting that his

loans and gifts not be treated as advancements and Evelyn remained silent

on the subject, that meeting ended in an argument. Evelyn was upset after

that event.

      In September 2008, Gary and Leland sued Marc and Marjorie for

intentional interference with their expectation of an inheritance, a cause of

action that is viable in some states. That lawsuit was dismissed for failing to

state a claim in Pennsylvania, and the dismissal was upheld on appeal.

      Gary and Leland were emphatic that, while they were estranged from

Marc, they did not involve their mother or their children either in the lawsuit

or the dispute over the uneven distribution of their mother’s estate outlined

                                    - 14 -
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in the November 7, 2007 will.      Evelyn was upset about the estrangement

among her sons.

      Gary talked to Evelyn about the family problem once. He emphatically

denied making any demands on her or attempting to force her to sign

anything.   He merely told Evelyn that she had the power to resolve the

controversy and that she should do so.        Gary explained to Evelyn that he

was aware that she was resisting confronting the issue, as she had resisted

all “kinds of difficult situations in your life before,” but that the matter about

the will was important and that she should resolve it. N.T. Hearing 5/5/15

(Morning Session), 5/5/15, at 41.         When Evelyn did not respond, he

immediately left and told her that he would see her later.

      Gary and Leland testified that they continued to visit and telephone

their mother after February 2008, and that their children continued to

regularly visit and telephone Evelyn.      In 2008, Evelyn attended the bar

mitzvah of Leland’s son, Jonathan, as well as the luncheon that followed that

ceremony.

      On Thanksgiving 2008, Gary’s sons Gordon and Joseph, and Leland’s

son Phillip visited Evelyn.   Neither Gary nor Leland knew about the visit

beforehand.   Gordon described the meeting as non-confrontational and as

their attempt to resolve the family estrangement. The three grandchildren

merely asked Evelyn to resolve the situation by returning to her original

estate plan. They never tried to force her to do anything.

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       After Gary and Leland initiated their litigation against Marc and his

wife, Marc Rosenwasser, Esquire, sent Gary and Leland a letter dated

December 5, 2008. The letter was prepared after Mr. Rosenwasser met with

Marc and Evelyn together, and Mr. Rosenwasser indicated that he did not

know whether Marc or Evelyn was the source of the information contained in

that document. Gary and Leland testified that the December 5, 2008 letter

1) falsely accused Gary and Leland of displaying hostility toward Evelyn at

the February 2008 family meeting; 2) incorrectly indicated that Gary tried to

force his mother to change her will; and 3) wrongly characterized the

Thanksgiving 2008 visit as initiated by Gary and Leland and as an attempt to

coerce Evelyn into equalizing the distribution of her estate.7

____________________________________________

7
    At this juncture, we must point out that the record does not support
Marc’s representation that the information in the December 5, 2008 letter
that Mr. Rosenwasser sent to Gary and Leland “came directly from Evelyn
Schermer.” Appellant’s brief at 13. Mr. Rosenwasser said his notes from his
file, which he used to compose the letter, were taken during a December 1,
2008 meeting where both Evelyn and Marc were present. He was asked
whether Marc “was assisting in providing some of the detail that you
apparently set forth on your notes?” N.T. Hearing, 5/11/15, at 1124. He
responded, “Jeez, I can’t recall.” Id. He remembered only that Evelyn was
upset about the lawsuit that Gary and Leland filed and about “having signed
some document that she thought would be – was the wrong thing to do.”
Id. The orphans’ court directly asked Mr. Rosenwasser whether he was able
to “recall with any degree of precision” if Marc provided information
contained in the notes used to compile the December 5, 2008 letter. Mr.
Rosenwasser responded, “No, sir.” Id. at 1125.

     We also are aware that Marc introduced into evidence certain
handwritten notes from Evelyn. The record does not substantiate that the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       Specifically, no hostility was displayed toward Evelyn at the February

2008 family meeting since Gary and Leland were upset with Marc and not

with Evelyn. Gary, aware that his mother was upset about the controversy

among the three brothers, merely asked his mother to resolve the family

situation.        The three grandchildren visited Evelyn on Thanksgiving 2008

because they wanted to stop the dissention among Leland, Gary, and Marc.

Gordon, Phillip, and Joseph merely asked Evelyn to try to resolve the

unpleasant family situation by providing for an equal distribution of her

estate.

       During the hearings before the orphans’ court, the three caregivers

who attended to Evelyn in 2010 testified, as did the scrivener of the June 7,

2010      will,    Mr.   Rosenwasser.          The    court   specifically   credited   Mr.

Rosenwasser’s testimony and found that it established that Evelyn had

testamentary capacity on June 7, 2010.                  On the other hand, the court

concluded that Mr. Rosenwasser’s testimony had no value on the issue of

weakened intellect because Mr. Rosenwasser “only saw the decedent on

limited occasions in an office setting, not on a daily basis in her normal

environment.” Trial Court Opinion, 11/30/15, at (unnumbered page) 6.

                         _______________________
(Footnote Continued)

notes in question were prepared in anyone’s presence, and they could have
been written by Evelyn while she was under the influence of Marc.

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      In addition, Gary and Leland presented the testimony of Dr. Robert

Bernstein, and Marc’s expert witness was Dr. Christine Martone.          These

expert witnesses gave opposing viewpoints on the question of whether

Evelyn suffered from weakened intellect when the probated will was signed.

Given the conflicting opinions of the two experts, the orphans’ elected to rest

its decision as to whether Evelyn had weakened intellect in 2010 upon “the

testimony of other unbiased witnesses,” who consisted of “three of the

Decedent’s daily caregivers (Beth Simoni, Prudence Myers, and Jessica

Myers) who provided care for [Evelyn] between 2008 and 2011.” Id. Based

upon the testimony of Beth, Prudence, and Jessica, the orphans’ court found

that Evelyn suffered from weakened intellect in June 2010.

      The following testimony was credited by the orphans’ court when it

concluded that Evelyn had a weakened intellect. Beth Simoni had a Bachelor

of Arts degree in psychology and sociology and an Associate’s Degree in

nursing. From the end of January 2009 until Evelyn’s death in August 2011,

Beth provided daily care to Evelyn from 2:00 p.m. until 10:00 p.m., except

for a maternity leave from the end of November 2010 to March 2011. Thus,

Beth was a caregiver for Evelyn in June 2010, when the contested will was

signed.

      Beth testified as follows.      In January 2009, Marc and Evelyn

interviewed her, and she was told that Evelyn already “had caregivers

because of short-term memory loss. . . . [S]he needed assistance in

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remembering to eat, taking her medicines, things like that.” N.T. Hearing,

5/7/15, at 524. In March 2009, Beth completed a form for John Hancock

and handwrote that Evelyn had both short-term memory difficulties and poor

judgment, which she underlined.      Id. at 533.   Beth also indicated on the

form that she provided continual supervision for Evelyn due to memory

impairment, and she also spoke with a representative of John Hancock on

two occasions. On August 18, 2010, Beth informed the representative that

Evelyn suffered from, “Cognitive changes with increasing forgetfulness and

some confusion.” Id. at 537.

      Beth specified that Evelyn was chronically forgetful. “She would lose

her glasses, her credit card, her rings.” Id. at 527. When Beth and Evelyn

would go places, she would forget to place her credit card back in her wallet

or leave her rings in the bathroom. One time, Evelyn left a pot on a lit stove

burner, and it exploded.     To remedy the problem, Marc ordered “Molly’s

Meals, which is the kosher version of Meals on Wheels,” and Marc and Beth

encouraged her not to use the stove. Id. at 528. Beth also reported that,

during Beth’s tenure as her caretaker, Evelyn was confused and often

repeated herself, telling the “same story or say[ing] the same thing over and

over again[.]”   Id. at 528-530. Evelyn often forgot that she said something

shortly after she said it. Id. at 531.

      Beth substantiated specific instances of confusion displayed by Evelyn.

Beth was unable to locate Evelyn a “couple of times” and found her

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wandering around on a different floor of the apartment building. Id. at 555.

At the grocery store, Evelyn would “find something interesting,” and would

“wander off in the store,” and would not have been able to find her way back

to her home. Id. at 556.

       After Evelyn contracted cancer and was dying, she was not even aware

of her diagnosis. One day Beth was lifting Evelyn, and Evelyn experienced

significant pain.   “She said, ‘What is wrong with me?’”   Id. at 544.   After

Beth told Evelyn that she had cancer, Evelyn asked to speak to Gary and

Leland. On another occasion, Evelyn told Beth that she wanted Gary’s oldest

son to receive money at her death, thus evidencing confusion about the

provisions of her will. Id. at 545. Beth also substantiated that Evelyn spoke

with Gary and Leland and their children on the telephone, and that Gary and

Leland’s children visited her.

       Jessica Myer was a certified nurse’s aide who provided companionship

and hospice care for sixteen years, had helped about fifty patients, and

observed the physical and mental status of her charges. When she began

working for Evelyn in the summer of 2010, Evelyn was confused, forgetful,

needed help with meals and personal hygiene, and wanted company. Id. at

600.    Jessica reported that Evelyn remained confused and forgetful the

entire time that Jessica worked for Evelyn, progressing in her confusion to

the extent that she required twenty-four hour care by fall 2011. Id. at 601.

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      Jessica testified that Evelyn appeared physically or mentally weak

frequently. Id. at 603. Evelyn displayed deficits in memory, the ability to

remember words, and problem solving, and she “didn’t have good

judgement.”     Id. at 605.   As an example of the latter problem, Jessica

described an instance where Evelyn had shattered a glass plate by placing it

directly on an electric burner rather than using a frying pan. Evelyn also did

not have good personal hygiene and had to be directed to shower and keep

herself clean. One time, she became covered in chocolate after eating a box

of chocolate popsicles.

      Jessica established that Evelyn was confused:

      Q. Did Evelyn ever appear to you to be disoriented as to time?

      A. Yes.

      Q. Frequently?

      A. Yes.

      Q. Did Evelyn ever appear to you to be disoriented as to
      location?

      A. Yes.

      Q. Frequently?

      A. Yes.

      Q. Did Evelyn ever appear to you to not be able to keep her
      family members straight, one from the other?

      A. Sometimes.

Id. at 616.

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      Prudence   Myers,    Jessica’s   sister,   started   to   assume   caregiver

responsibilities for Evelyn while Beth was on maternity leave, beginning in

November 2010, and she testified as follows. Marc was present whenever

Evelyn signed checks or documents, and, on numerous occasions, Prudence

heard Evelyn tell Marc that she did not understand what she was signing. Id.

at 583. Evelyn would continually re-read the same newspaper or magazine.

When Prudence would take Evelyn shopping, she would not be able to

remember either the PIN to her debit card or her zip code. Id. at 583-84.

Prudence reported that Marc monitored who visited Evelyn, and that, after

either Leland or Gary visited, Marc would call within five minutes after they

left. Prudence stated that Evelyn “was very confused on most occasions.”

Id. at 586.

      Marc’s first allegation is that the orphans’ court erred in “giving

decisional weight to the testimony” from Beth, Prudence, and Jessica.

Appellant’s brief at 27.   Secondly, he maintains “it was legal error for the

court to subordinate the credible testimony of the drafter of the will[.]” Id.

at 34. Third, Marc posits that Dr. Bernstein’s testimony, which the orphans’

court decided not to credit anyway, should not have been admitted, and,

concomitantly, was improperly used as grounds for “discounting” and

“setting aside” the testimony of his expert witness, Dr. Martone. Id. at 38,

48. Finally, even though Gary and Leland presented testimony that Evelyn’s

reasons for disinheriting them were untrue, Marc maintains that the finding

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of the orphans’ court that her outlined reasons were false amounted to

“capricious disregard of the evidence” and must be reversed. Id. at 51.

      Gary and Leland note that all four of Marc’s allegations challenge

credibility determinations rendered by the orphans’ court and that this Court

is not permitted to disturb such decisions. In re Fiedler, supra at 1018

(“Because the Orphans' Court sits as the fact-finder, it determines the

credibility of the witnesses and, on review, we will not reverse its credibility

determinations absent an abuse of that discretion.”). In his reply brief, Marc

suggests that none of his positions constitutes a challenge to the credibility

determinations of the orphans’ court. Appellant’s reply brief at 8 (“Appellant

does not challenge any of the lower court’s credibility determinations,” and

“the standard of review governing credibility is not material.”).

      Marc’s position is disingenuous.        Marc’s use of synonyms for

“credibility determinations” does not disguise the nature of his claims, and

we reject his attempt to avoid the well-established precept that we are not

permitted to overrule the credibility determinations of the orphans’ court.

The following complaints are challenges to credibility determinations of the

orphans’ court: it erroneously gave “decisional weight” to some witnesses’

testimony, improperly “subordinated the credible testimony” of one of his

witnesses, should not have “completely set aside” the testimony of his

expert witness, and evidenced “capricious disregard of evidence” that he

presented.

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      Simply put, Marc is challenging the orphans’ court’s decision to: 1)

credit the caregivers’ testimony; 2) find that Mr. Rosenwasser’s testimony

was not helpful on the issue of weakened intellect; 3) accord no weight to

Dr. Martone’s opinion that Evelyn did not have a weakened intellect in June

2010; and 4) accept Gary and Leland’s proof that the stated reasons for

their disinheritance were false. Each and every one of Marc’s positions on

appeal constitutes a challenge to the credibility determinations of the

orphans’ court, and we reject his contention that they are not.         While we

recognize that Marc wants to avoid the import of a principle of law that

effectively forecloses the grant of appellate relief herein, we reject this ploy.

      In his first issue on appeal, Marc suggests that the caregivers’

testimony should have been discounted.          Marc maintains, “In any case

where ‘weakened intellect’ is at issue, it is well settled the question is to be

determined by the decedent’s mental condition at the point in time when

he or she actually executed the Will.” Appellant’s brief at 27 (emphasis

added). With this legal proposition as the foundation of his argument, Marc

continues that the three caregivers did not establish weakened intellect

because   1)   they   “were   indefinite   regarding   when   the   instances   of

forgetfulness and confusion occurred relative to the actual signing of the

probated Will,” Appellant’s brief at 5 (emphasis added); 2) they failed to

establish that Evelyn’s forgetfulness and confusion occurred “at or before

the time of the execution of the probated Will,” Id. at 27 (emphasis in

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original); and their testimony failed to establish that Evelyn “suffered from

‘weakened intellect’ at the time she made the probated Will.” Id.

      Marc’s legal premise is incorrect and his ensuing argument fails due to

its reliance on this faulty foundation.         “[T]estamentary capacity is to be

ascertained as of the date of execution of the contested document,” not

undue influence. Smaling, supra at 494. In this case, the orphans’ court

credited testimony proffered by the scrivener of the will, Mr. Rosenwasser,

and concluded that Evelyn had testamentary capacity on June 7, 2010.

However,    testamentary    capacity     is     a    very   low    mental   threshold.

“Testamentary capacity exists when the testator has intelligent knowledge of

the natural objects of his bounty, the general composition of his estate, and

what he or she wants done with it, even if his memory is impaired by age or

disease.” Id.

      The law is clear that, “The weakened intellect necessary to establish

undue influence need not amount to testamentary incapacity.” Smaling,

supra at 498 (emphasis added). Instead, weakened intellect is present if

the   testator   consistently    displayed          confusion,    forgetfulness,   and

disorientation. Id.    Notably, for purposes of weakened intellect, “the

particular mental condition of the testator on the date he executed the will is

not as significant when reflecting upon undue influence as it is when

reflecting upon testamentary capacity. More credence may be given to

remote mental history.”         Id. (emphases added).             Thus, a person with

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testamentary capacity can nevertheless have been subject to undue

influence sufficient to invalidate a will. Id. Simply put, Marc is incorrect in

his assertion that weakened intellect is determined solely by reference to the

date the will is signed and that the caregivers’ testimony was infirm because

it encompassed the time frame before and after the will’s execution.

      In connection with the first issue in his brief, Marc heavily relies upon

our decision in In re Estate of Angle, 777 A.2d 114 (Pa.Super. 2001),

where we upheld a finding by the orphans’ court that the testator had

testamentary capacity and was not subject to undue influence when he

executed his will.   Our ruling in Angle on the question of testamentary

capacity is not relevant herein since the orphans’ court specifically found

that Evelyn did have such capacity. Moreover, in Angle, the orphans’ court

rejected the undue-influence challenge to the will based upon the fact that

there was no confidential relationship.      Specifically, the orphans’ court

determined that the testator was not “dominated or manipulated by

anyone[.]” Id. at 123. Thus, the Angle decision rested upon a finding that

there was no confidential relationship whereas Marc has not challenged the

finding by this orphans’ court that he was in a confidential relationship with

his mother. Thus, Marc’s reliance upon Angle is wholly misguided.

      Our decision in Owens v. Mazzei, 847 A.2d 700 (Pa.Super. 2004),

dispels the validity of Marc’s first position on appeal. Therein, the orphans’

court held that two bank employees and their employer were jointly and

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severally liable to the decedent’s estate for assets contained in a bank

account. The estate averred that the employees had, while operating within

the scope and course of their duties for the bank, exercised undue influence

over the decedent and induced the decedent to name them as the sole

beneficiaries of a bank account that contained the bulk of the decedent’s

assets.   Therein, the employees and the bank specifically challenged the

finding by the orphans’ court that the decedent had weakened intellect when

he created the bank account.       In rejecting that argument, we specifically

considered behavior displayed by the decedent both before and after the

account in question was opened.

     In the present case, the three caregivers’ testimony established that

Evelyn regularly displayed confusion, disorientation, forgetfulness, and poor

judgment both before and after June 7, 2010.           Beth was clear that this

mental state existed when she first started working for Evelyn in 2009.

Jessica began to care for Evelyn during the summer of 2010, coextensive

temporally with when Evelyn executed the contested will. Jessica indicated

that Evelyn was persistently disoriented, confused, forgetful, and reliant on

her caregivers and Marc. Jessica also confirmed that Evelyn had memory,

language,   and   problem     solving    deficits.   Evelyn’s   mental   condition

progressively deteriorated.

     Indeed, Evelyn’s mental decline began in the early 2000s, years before

this will was executed.   Her mental state prompted the purchase of long-

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term care insurance, which Marc himself agreed was prudent to obtain.

Coverage under the policy was triggered only if Evelyn suffered from

cognitive impairment, and coverage under that policy commenced in 2007,

three years before the will in question was signed. Thus, we reject Marc’s

position that the orphans’ court improperly accorded “decisional weight” to

the testimony of the three caregivers.

      Marc’s second position is that the orphans’ court improperly afforded

limited   or   no   evidentiary   weight   to   the   credible   testimony   of   Mr.

Rosenwasser, who drafted the will. After careful review, we conclude that

Mr. Rosenwasser proffered no testimony at all as to the existence of

weakened intellect.     Between June 2008 and June 2010, Mr. Rosenwasser

had four or five meetings with Evelyn lasting approximately one hour. He

had little specific recollection of what occurred during those meetings. N.T.

Hearing, 5/11/15, at 1083 (regarding the June 4, 2008 meeting, he did not

remember if Evelyn was alone and based his memory of the event on the

contents of a standard form that he completed); Id. at 1087 (regarding a

June 18, 2008 meeting, Mr. Rosenwasser had “no recollection other than I

know there was a meeting”); Id. at 1096 (unable to remember if file notes

were based upon information given to him by Evelyn); Id. at 1122-25 (failed

to remember details about a December 1, 2008 meeting involving Marc and

Evelyn that resulted in the letter to Gary and Leland); Id. at 1124, 1125

(responded he “can’t recall” when asked whether Marc or Evelyn was the

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source of his file notes about the events detailed in his December 5, 2008

letter); Id. at 1177 (Mr. Rosenwasser had “no specific recollection” about

having a conversation with Evelyn about why she altered disposition of her

residuary estate and decided to disinherit Gary and Leland in her final will.”).

Suffice it to say, Mr. Rosenwasser’s testimony was replete with instances

where he could not remember events concerning his interactions with

Evelyn.

      Mr. Rosenwasser reported that Evelyn appeared lucid and did not

display short-term memory loss during their conferences, but qualified his

testimony by stating that their interactions totaled “four or five hours not in

a block, but over a period of time.” Id. at 1107. Mr. Rosenwasser did not

know Evelyn’s age, as he never asked that as part of his biographical

information when interviewing clients. Id. at 1069-70.        Mr. Rosenwasser

specifically reported that he did not employ “any practices” to establish

whether or not a client had “weakened intellect,” and he admitted that he

was sure that one of his clients “could have some mental issues that aren’t

apparent [during] a short meeting.”           Id. at 1073-74, 1107.        Most

significantly, Mr. Rosenwasser acknowledged he “didn’t do anything” to

determine whether Evelyn was subject to undue influence at the time of the

June 2010 will, and he stated that, instead, his “sole concern was whether

Evelyn had mental capacity to execute a will.” Id. at 1189, 1183 (emphasis

added).

                                     - 29 -
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      Mr.   Rosenwasser’s     testimony    did   establish   that   Evelyn   had

testamentary capacity, and the orphans’ court credited his testimony in that

respect. Mr. Rosenwasser, however, candidly admitted that he did not try to

ascertain whether she suffered from weakened intellect or whether she was

being unduly influenced. The question of testamentary capacity was his only

concern. After careful review, we cannot find that the orphans’ court abused

its discretion in concluding that Mr. Rosenwasser’s testimony was unhelpful

on the subject of whether Evelyn suffered from a weakened intellect on June

7, 2010.

      Marc’s third position is that Dr. Bernstein’s testimony was improperly

considered, and, thus, should not have been used to set aside Dr. Martone’s

contrary opinion. Appellant’s brief at 48-50. Initially we note: “It is beyond

argument that the fact-finder is free to accept or reject the credibility of both

expert and lay witnesses, and to believe all, part or none of the evidence.”

Brown v. Trinidad, 111 A.3d 765, 771–72 (Pa.Super. 2015) (citation

omitted).   In the present case, the orphans’ court found both expert

witnesses credible and, since they proffered opposing opinions, elected to

rely upon the testimony of the three caregivers. Marc’s specific contention is

that Dr. Bernstein’s opinion was infirm and, concomitantly, should not have

been used to nullify the testimony of Dr. Martone.

      Marc maintains that Dr. Bernstein’s testimony should not have been

relied upon for two reasons: 1) Dr. Bernstein supposedly testified that he did

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not understand the legal concept of weakened intellect, Appellant’s brief at

398-41; and 2) Dr. Bernstein “never testified that he was of the opinion, to a

reasonable degree of medical certainty that [Evelyn] in fact suffered from

‘weakened intellect’ at the time she executed the probated Will[.]”

Appellant’s brief at 43 (emphasis in original).

      Marc’s positions are a gross mischaracterization of the record.        Dr.

Robert W. Bernstein, Chief of Medicine at UPMC Magee, was board-certified

in internal medicine, had practiced in that field for thirty-five years, and, for

those thirty-five years, fifty percent of his practice involved geriatric

patients.    Dr. Bernstein reviewed Evelyn’s medical documentation to

“determine if there was any evidence in her medical records that would

suggest weakened intellect.” N.T. Hearing, 5/8/15, at 889. Dr. Bernstein

reviewed case law given to him by Leland so that he could understand “what

the term weakened intellect means under the laws of the Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania.” Id. Dr. Bernstein, after reviewing the cases, opined, “It was

my opinion, based upon the medical evidence, even before 2010, there was

evidence of significant weakened intellect.” Id. at 891 (emphasis

added).     On cross-examination, Dr. Bernstein confirmed, “I understand

weakened intellect.” Id. at 904.

      Dr. Bernstein based his opinion that Evelyn had weakened intellect

before 2010 on various medical records, but he found it significant that there

was a “mental status exam performed, I believe, in 2007 that showed more

                                     - 31 -
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than just weakened intellect but suggesting that possibly dementia was

an issue as well.” Id. at 892 (emphasis added). Dr. Bernstein concluded

that this mental condition stemmed from “the effects of vascular disease,

which is a function of aging, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, all things

that were in evidence in her medical care.” Id. at 892. Also contributing to

Dr. Bernstein’s opinion that Evelyn suffered from weakened intellect before

2010 was her history of transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes) and

“multiple falls leading to head trauma.” Id. at 895.8       At the end of his

testimony, Dr. Bernstein reported that all of “the opinions that [he had]

provided here today,” were based upon his review of the medical records

and were offered “to a reasonable degree of medical certainty.” Id. at 901.

       Thus, the record categorically refutes Marc’s suggestion that Dr.

Bernstein stated that he did not understand the legal definition of weakened

intellect. Dr. Bernstein merely indicated that he did not understand portions

of the cases that he read and that he did not review those sections of the

cases that did not pertain to the issue before him. Id. at 920-21. Likewise,

Dr. Bernstein opined that Evelyn suffered from a weakened intellect prior to

2010 and rendered that opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty.
____________________________________________

8
  While Marc suggests that Dr. Bernstein’s testimony rested on protocols that
pertained to obtaining a patient’s informed consent, Dr. Bernstein’s clearly
articulated that these opinions were based upon his review of her medical
records. He thereafter discussed the informed consent protocols. See N.T.
Hearing, 5/8/15, at 900, et seq.

                                          - 32 -
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Thus, Marc misrepresents the record when arguing that Dr. Bernstein

articulated that he did not understand the legal definition of weakened

intellect and never opined that Evelyn suffered from that condition to a

reasonable degree of medical certainty. We reject the third issue raised on

appeal.

      Marc’s   fourth   and   final   contention   is   that   the   orphans’   court

capriciously disregarded substantial and direct evidence that the reasons

that Evelyn disinherited Leland and Marc were true. Appellant’s brief at 51.

Marc claims that Evelyn “executed the probated Will in reaction to the

machinations of Gary and Leland Schermer and their children, trying to

force the Decedent to change an earlier will.” Id. (emphasis added). Gary

and Leland were adamant that they never tried to coerce Evelyn in any

manner. They knew that she was upset about the family dissension and told

her that she could resolve it by returning to her original estate plan. As the

testimony of Gary, Leland, and Gordon established the absence of an

attempt to force or coerce Evelyn into changing her will, the orphans’ court

was permitted to credit that proof, and reject Marc’s position in that respect.

We also note that Marc’s final contention is actually unrelated to the issue on

appeal, which is whether Evelyn suffered from a weakened intellect.

      Gary and Leland offer an astute observation.             The supposed events

that led to their disinheritance occurred in late 2008. Specifically, the June

7, 2010 document expressed that Gary and Leland were not beneficiaries

                                       - 33 -
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because they sued Marc, alienated her from her grandchildren, used the

grandchildren to influence her to change her will, and did not respect her

desires as to disposition of her estate. This state of affairs was true as of

December 2008. Meanwhile, Evelyn executed a will in 2009 that still left her

residuary estate, in equal shares, to all three of her sons. The events that

supposedly motivated Evelyn to leave all of her estate to Marc were in

existence in 2009, when she did not disown Gary and Leland. These facts

constitute a further reason to discount the reasons outlined in the 2010 will

for the disinheritance of Gary and Leland.

      During this final argument, Marc also observes that, in the 2001 will,

which was executed before Evelyn suffered from weakened intellect, she

forgave $140,000 in loans to him. He maintains that the 2001 testamentary

disposition constituted proof that “powerfully rebuts any inference the 2010

Will was the product of undue influence[.]” Id. at 52. Marc relies upon this

precept: “It is well settled in Pennsylvania that a prior will containing the

same testamentary disposition is strong evidence against undue influence.”

Burns v. Kabboul, 595 A.2d 1153, 1162 (Pa.Super. 1991).

      The principle of law in question is inapplicable herein. The 2001 will

left Marc one-third rather than one hundred percent of Evelyn’s estate. The

2001 will also forgave Marc’s $140,000 debt. After 2001, there were gifts

that Evelyn made, including a post-2001 gift of her Feldman stock, to Marc

and his family. In the June 7, 2010 will, all these gifts, in addition to loans,

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were not treated as advancements. It is an utter fallacy to characterize the

2001 will as the same testamentary disposition as the 2010 will.

     In accordance with the forgoing, this Court concludes that we cannot

overturn the credibility determinations of the orphans’ court, and that the

evidence credited by that court supports its conclusion that Evelyn suffered

from a weakened intellect on June 7, 2010.

     Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/2/2017

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