Court Opinion

ID: 9941714
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-16 20:00:56.371164+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:57.743954
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 24a0066n.06

                                          No. 23-3512

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF                         )
 THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS (20-cv-4813),                    )                        FILED
 ELECTRICAL WORKERS PENSION FUND,                       )                      Feb 16, 2024
 LOCAL 103, I.B.E.W. (20-cv-5128), and                  )              KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk
 MASSACHUSETTS LABORERS PENSION                         )
 FUND, (2:20-cv-5237), derivatively on behalf of        )
 FirstEnergy Corp.,                                     )
                                                        )
        Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                                                        )
                                                        )     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
 TODD AUGENBAUM,
                                                        )     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
        Objector-Appellant,                             )     SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                        )
 v.                                                     )                                    OPINION
                                                        )
 CHARLES E. JONES; et al.,                              )
        Defendants-Appellees.                           )
                                                        )
 FIRSTENERGY CORPORATION,                               )
                                                        )
        Nominal Defendant-Appellee.                     )

Before: BATCHELDER, STRANCH, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Shareholders of FirstEnergy Corporation filed this

derivative action against current and former FirstEnergy executives to mitigate losses from the

Company’s role in the “HB6 Scandal,” a bribery, racketeering, and pay-to-play scheme between

FirstEnergy executives and Ohio politicians that, once exposed, cost the Company upwards of

$1 billion in cumulative fallout. After the Plaintiffs defeated a motion to dismiss and completed

substantial discovery, the parties reached a settlement agreement that secured shareholders a $180

million recovery and a series of corporate governance reforms. The district court notified
No. 23-3512, Emps. Ret. Sys. of City of St. Louis v. Jones

FirstEnergy shareholders of the proposed settlement, and one of those shareholders, Todd

Augenbaum, timely objected. Over Augenbaum’s objections, the district court approved the

settlement and entered a final settlement order. Augenbaum now appeals the district court’s entry

of that order. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM.

                                      I.   BACKGROUND

       This consolidated derivative action stems from the “HB6 Scandal,” a public corruption

scheme through which FirstEnergy funneled approximately $60 million to Ohio public officials,

including Ohio Speaker of the House Larry Householder, in exchange for those officials advancing

and passing a favorable nuclear energy bill, House Bill 6, that bailed out Ohio nuclear energy

companies like FirstEnergy. The scheme became public in July 2020 when the Department of

Justice filed a criminal complaint against Householder and two FirstEnergy lobbyists in the U.S.

District Court for the Southern District of Ohio.

       One year later, in July 2021, the Government entered a deferred prosecution agreement

with FirstEnergy. Under the terms of the agreement, FirstEnergy acknowledged that its executives

“conspired with public officials and other individuals and entities to pay millions of dollars to and

for the benefit of public officials in exchange for specific official action for FirstEnergy Corp.’s

benefit,” and agreed “to pay a criminal monetary penalty totaling $230,000,000.”

       This $230 million fine, coupled with the $60 million FirstEnergy disbursed in bribes, $100

it million paid in compensation to culpable executives, and $37.5 million it spent to settle a separate

class action lawsuit, amounted to “at least $427.5 million in measurable direct costs,” on top of

which FirstEnergy incurred “other indeterminate damages, such as reputational harm, ongoing

defense costs, and prospective liabilities in the remaining class actions and regulatory

investigations,” all of which likely pushed “the total harm over $1 billion.” The Company’s stock

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price also fell 45% after the Householder prosecution was announced, “eliminating billions of

dollars of shareholder value.”

       In response to the Householder indictment and FirstEnergy’s accompanying financial

losses, FirstEnergy shareholders filed a series of derivative actions against the Company’s

executives. The first two lawsuits were brought in Ohio state court in July 2020. A federal

derivative action was subsequently filed in the Northern District of Ohio in August 2020. Ten

more derivative actions, which underlie this appeal, followed in the Southern District of

Ohio. Three of those suits were voluntarily dismissed, and the district court consolidated the

remaining seven into this case.

       On January 25, 2021, the Plaintiffs filed a consolidated verified shareholder derivative

complaint. The Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint, and the district court denied the

motion. Discovery opened on June 14, 2021, and continued until the parties reached a proposed

settlement agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) on March 11, 2022.

       The Settlement Agreement requires FirstEnergy to “obtain a $180 million recovery funded

by the Company’s insurers” and to implement “a series of internal governance reforms, crafted

with the assistance of Columbia Law Professor and corporate governance expert Jeffrey

Gordon.” The “reforms include the departure of six Directors, active Board oversight of

FirstEnergy’s political spending and lobbying activities, and specific disclosures in the annual

proxy statements issued to shareholders.” Professor Gordon submitted a declaration explaining

that these reforms would “significantly improve shareholder welfare at FirstEnergy” because they

would “significantly reduce the likelihood of a recurrence of the corrupt conduct identified in the

criminal proceedings.” The Agreement also requested $48.6 million in attorney’s fees.

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          The district court granted preliminary approval of the Settlement Agreement on May 9,

2022, and directed the parties to notify FirstEnergy shareholders of the proposal. FirstEnergy filed

the agreed upon notice (the “Notice”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission in its Form

8-K, published a summary notice, and posted the Notice to its investor relations webpage. One

shareholder, Augenbaum, who owns 200 FirstEnergy shares or 0.000035% of the company, timely

objected to the Agreement. The Company’s Shareholder Litigation Committee also objected to

the amount of requested attorney’s fees. The court heard these objections at a fairness hearing on

August 4, 2022.

          On August 23, 2022, the district court approved the Settlement Agreement over

Augenbaum’s objections and entered an order of final settlement approval. It revised the

attorney’s fee award, however, reducing it from the requested $48.6 million to $36

million. Augenbaum filed a motion for reconsideration, which the court denied, and then this

appeal.

                                         II.   ANALYSIS

          The scope of this appeal is limited to Augenbaum’s objections to the district court’s final

settlement approval and attorney’s fees award.          Augenbaum argues that (1) FirstEnergy’s

shareholders were provided inadequate notice of the settlement; (2) settlement approval was

improper in the first instance because the parties both colluded and conducted inadequate

discovery; (3) subsequent developments undermined the settlement’s validity; (4) the Settlement

Agreement required approval from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio; and

(5) the district court awarded excessive attorney’s fees. The district court’s management of the

settlement and accompanying attorney’s fee award are reviewed under an abuse of discretion

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standard. See Granada Invs., Inc. v. DWG Corp., 962 F.2d 1203, 1205 (6th Cir. 1992); Gascho v.

Glob. Fitness Holdings, LLC, 822 F.3d 269, 294 (6th Cir. 2016).

       A. Forfeiture

       As a preliminary matter, Appellees explain that we need not reach the merits of

Augenbaum’s appellate arguments because they are forfeited. An appellant forfeits arguments

raised for the first time in a motion for reconsideration or on appeal. Evanston Ins. Co. v. Cogswell

Properties, LLC, 683 F.3d 684, 692 (6th Cir. 2012); Bannister v. Knox Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 49 F.4th

1000, 1011 (6th Cir. 2022). A forfeited claim in a civil case may be considered on appeal only “in

‘exceptional’ circumstances or when a ‘plain miscarriage of justice’ would otherwise result.”

Bannister, 49 F.4th at 1011 (quoting Ohio State Univ. v. Redbubble, Inc., 989 F.3d 435, 445 (6th

Cir. 2021)); see Friendly Farms v. Reliance Ins. Co., 79 F.3d 541, 545 (6th Cir. 1996).

       At the fairness hearing stage in the district court, Augenbaum filed five objections to the

Settlement Agreement. He claimed that the Agreement (1) unnecessarily released “potentially

valuable claims against” third parties; (2) failed to articulate FirstEnergy’s expected liabilities in

collateral litigation and the amount of insurance coverage that would be left available to satisfy

those liabilities; (3) left $40 million of insurance coverage “on the table” by accepting a $180

million settlement despite the Company’s $220 million insurance policy; (4) released certain

FirstEnergy executives from individual liability without requiring those individuals to release the

Company from reciprocal liability for their termination; and (5) unreasonably released additional

unknown claims of untold value. See R. 181, Augenbaum Objections, PageID 4025-34. The

district court rejected each of these objections in its order of final settlement approval.

       After the district court approved the Settlement Agreement, Augenbaum moved for

reconsideration. His motion contended that the district court had erred because (1) the Notice

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No. 23-3512, Emps. Ret. Sys. of City of St. Louis v. Jones

failed to provide due process; (2) the Settlement Agreement should not have been approved in the

first instance given evidence of collusion and inadequate discovery; (3) subsequent developments

undermined the court’s assessment of the Agreement; and (4) the attorney’s fee award was

excessive. See R. 197-1, Mem. in Support of Mot. for Reconsideration, PageID 5093-5100.

       As set out above, Augenbaum’s appellate arguments are that the Settlement Agreement

(1) provided inadequate notice (raised for the first time in the motion for reconsideration);

(2) suffered from collusion and inadequate discovery (raised for the first time in the motion for

reconsideration); (3) was undermined by subsequent developments (raised for the first time in the

motion for reconsideration); (4) requires approval from the U.S. District Court for the Northern

District of Ohio (raised for the first time on appeal); and (5) awarded excessive attorney’s fees

(raised for the first time in the motion for reconsideration).

       Augenbaum asserts that he could not have raised these objections earlier because their

factual basis emerged “for the first time in” the Plaintiffs’ “reply brief in support of settlement

approval” when the Plaintiffs disclosed that “only $72.28 million of the $180 million settlement

fund” was “attributable to insurance that would not otherwise have been available to FirstEnergy.”

The district court found, however, that Augenbaum could have discovered this fact himself through

“the slightest amount of reasonable diligence.” Augenbaum provides us with no reason to believe

that finding was erroneous.

       All told, Augenbaum forfeited each of his appellate arguments by raising them for the first

time in his motion for reconsideration or on appeal and has provided no justification for

entertaining them despite the forfeiture. We can affirm the district court on that basis alone. For

the sake of completeness, however, and because the district court considered the merits of

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Augenbaum’s arguments at the motion for reconsideration stage, we will also briefly address the

substance of his objections.

       B. Notice

       Starting with the first step of the settlement approval process, Augenbaum objects to the

Notice that was distributed to FirstEnergy shareholders. The parties to a proposed settlement

agreement in a shareholder derivative action must distribute a reasonable notice to all shareholders

“‘who would be bound’ by the settlement.” UAW v. Gen. Motors Corp., 497 F.3d 615, 629 (6th

Cir. 2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1)(B)). “The notice should be ‘reasonably calculated,

under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford

them an opportunity to present their objections.’” Id. (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank &

Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)).

       Augenbaum’s main objection to the Notice is that it did not “disclose that the purported

$180 million settlement only consisted of ‘$72.28 million of insurance that would not have

otherwise been available to FirstEnergy.’” The Notice did explain, however, that the monetary

component of the Settlement Agreement would be paid by the Defendants’ “insurers,” R. 170-3,

Mot. for Approval of Settl., PageID 2580, and the district court found that Augenbaum could have

discovered the insurance allocation through “the slightest amount of reasonable diligence.”

Shareholders like Augenbaum thus had ample notice and opportunity to assess FirstEnergy’s

funding mechanism and raise any corresponding objections.

       Augenbaum also argues that the Notice’s description of the Settlement Agreement’s claims

release was deceptive. The Notice represented that the Agreement would “not release any claims

by the Company for recoupment of compensation” against former FirstEnergy executives Charles

Jones, Michael Dowling, and Dennis Chack, “including such claims that the Company is pursuing

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No. 23-3512, Emps. Ret. Sys. of City of St. Louis v. Jones

or may pursue against” them. Augenbaum contends that the Plaintiffs intend to “confine” their

recoupment claims “to those made pursuant to the Recoupment Policy” while releasing their

breach of fiduciary duty claims in the Northern District, an approach he believes contradicts the

Notice. His suspicion is based on the declaration of FirstEnergy Senior Vice President and Chief

Human Resources Officer Christine L. Walker. Augenbaum views the declaration as evidence

that the Company plans to limit its “efforts to claw back compensation paid to” Jones, Dowling,

and Chack to offsets “under the Company’s Executive Compensation Recoupment Policy.”

Walker Decl. ¶ 4, Miller v. FirstEnergy Corp., 20-cv-01743 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 8, 2022), ECF No.

359-1.

         Contrary to Augenbaum’s fears, the Company is actively pursuing recoupment. It has

offset payments otherwise due to Jones and Chack under the Company’s Executive Deferred

Compensation Plan, and it has entered a tolling agreement with Dowling that preserves its ability

to evaluate recoupment claims against him. Walker Decl. ¶¶ 7-12, Miller, 20-cv-01743. The

declaration contains no suggestion that the Company intends to abandon these efforts or to forgo

supplementing them through other avenues should they prove inadequate. The breach of fiduciary

duty claims the Plaintiffs dismissed in the Northern District are, moreover, separate and distinct

from the recoupment claims referenced in the Notice. The Company’s recoupment efforts are

therefore consistent with both the Settlement Agreement and the Notice.

         Because the Notice accurately described the Settlement Agreement’s funding mechanism

and the nature of the claims the Agreement would release, Augenbaum has not shown that the

district court abused its discretion in approving it.

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No. 23-3512, Emps. Ret. Sys. of City of St. Louis v. Jones

       C. Settlement Approval

       Moving to the substance of the Settlement Agreement itself, Augenbaum asserts that the

district court abused its discretion in approving the Agreement in the first instance. A final

settlement agreement must be “reasonable, fair and adequate.” In re Wendy’s Co. S’holder

Derivative Action, 44 F.4th 527, 536 (6th Cir. 2022) (quoting In re Gen. Tire & Rubber Co. Sec.

Litig., 726 F.2d 1075, 1086 (6th Cir. 1984)). Various factors inform whether these requirements

are met, including: “(1) the risk of fraud or collusion; (2) the complexity, expense and likely

duration of the litigation; (3) the amount of discovery engaged in by the parties;” (4) the plaintiffs’

“likelihood of success on the merits; (5) the opinions of class counsel and class representatives;

(6) the reaction of absent class members; and (7) the public interest.” UAW, 497 F.3d at 631.

Augenbaum contends that the first and third factors, the risk of collusion and the sufficiency of

discovery, invalidate the Settlement Agreement.

       Augenbaum’s principal objection—and the core of his appellate arguments—is that the

value of the settlement is overstated because although it purports to secure a $180 million return

for investors, “only $72.28 million of the $180 million settlement fund” would “not otherwise have

been available to FirstEnergy” as insurance against other claims. The value of this action is, in

Augenbaum’s view, capped at the $72.28 million FirstEnergy could not otherwise have recovered.

Characterizing its value as $180 million, he believes, is so misleading that it amounts to “evidence

of collusion” between the parties.

       Augenbaum’s argument seems to be that when a collection of insurance claims exceeds the

insured’s total coverage amount, the real value of each claim must be understood as its pro rata

share of the total policy. Presumably, although Augenbaum does not explain the finer points, the

policy value would be allocated across claims in a manner that adjusts for the total potential value,

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No. 23-3512, Emps. Ret. Sys. of City of St. Louis v. Jones

likelihood of success, and cost of recovery for each claim and that is agnostic to the timing of claim

recovery throughout a coverage period. But Augenbaum offers no authority for the proposition

that such a method should be applied to shareholder derivative actions, supplies no proposal for

how such a formula would operate here, and, critically, fails to explain why such a mechanism is

necessary to accurately measure the value of a settlement from a shareholder standpoint.

       At bottom, shareholder derivative actions are fiduciary ventures, brought “to enforce a right

of a corporation,” Owen v. Mod. Diversified Indus., Inc., 643 F.2d 441, 444 (6th Cir. 1981)

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.1), and shareholders have a legitimate interest in taking a “bird in the

hand instead of a prospective flock in the bush,” UAW v. Gen. Motors Corp., No. 07-CV-14074-

DT, 2008 WL 2968408, at *25 (E.D. Mich. July 31, 2008) (abrogated on other grounds) (quoting

Oppenlander v. Standard Oil Co., 64 F.R.D. 597, 624 (D. Colo. 1974)). As the district court

explained, an “insurance policy is a wasting asset subject to erosion by ongoing defense costs,”

and settling provides certain, immediate returns that cannot be guaranteed by proceeding to trial

or by relying on the speculative prospect of recovery in other litigation. The Settlement Agreement

may deplete the potential of ancillary claims to draw down against the same policy, but it

nonetheless delivers a real, guaranteed return for FirstEnergy shareholders. The district court did

not abuse its discretion in assessing the benefit of the settlement at $180 million and the parties’

characterization of it as providing $180 million in value is not circumstantial evidence of collusion.

       Augenbaum also contends that the parties cut short discovery that could have bolstered

claims against the individual defendants and produced more serious consequences for the

implicated executives. The district court’s summary of the discovery taken in this case catalogued

that “Plaintiffs served 10 sets of discovery requests, with 32 sets of responses and objections;

obtained over 500,000 pages of document discovery, including all documents produced to the DOJ

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No. 23-3512, Emps. Ret. Sys. of City of St. Louis v. Jones

and SEC; and subpoenaed 11 third parties.” It acknowledged that the Plaintiffs had taken no

depositions and that “more discovery would have been desirable,” but concluded that the

“document discovery” enabled the Plaintiffs to weigh “the strengths and weaknesses of their case”

against the “tradeoff of rising litigation costs and depletion of recoverable insurance.”

        Augenbaum counters that additional discovery would have served “the public interest” by

exposing the culpability of individual executives and would have benefitted the company by

determining the extent to which its executives engaged in “wrongful conduct.” But shareholder

derivative actions serve fiduciary, not public, interests. Owen, 643 F.2d at 444. And Augenbaum

identifies no evidence that would have been revealed to shareholders through depositions that had

not already been uncovered through document discovery. The Plaintiffs had no duty to exhaust

every possible source of discovery without regard to litigation expense on the theory that continued

discovery could theoretically yield new, material evidence. The district court properly accorded

only “modest” weight to this factor, and did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the parties

conducted sufficient discovery to make an informed settlement decision that served their fiduciary

interests.

        D. New Evidence

        Augenbaum argues next that even if the initial approval was valid, two subsequent

developments have since undermined it. He contends first that the Plaintiffs’ dismissal with

prejudice in the Northern District undermines the premise relied upon by the district court that “a

second major recovery source—the compensation paid to Defendants Jones, Dowling, and

Chack—remains available for the Company to pursue via salary clawback claims.” As discussed,

however, the Company is pursuing salary clawbacks under the Recoupment Policy and has

retained its ability to do so through other mechanisms. This is consistent with the district court’s

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No. 23-3512, Emps. Ret. Sys. of City of St. Louis v. Jones

expectations and the assumptions underlying the Agreement, which did not state the specific forum

or sequencing through which the Company would pursue recoupment.

       Augenbaum asserts second that newly discovered emails incriminating former FirstEnergy

CFO and CEO Steven E. Strah are so “damning” that the district court’s previous characterization

of the Plaintiffs’ claims as difficult to prove can no longer stand. The emails Augenbaum identifies

may be new to him, but the district court explained that they “were already in the record” and

available to the parties at the time of the settlement. Augenbaum does not dispute this and, as the

district court emphasized, does not show how they “are material and non-cumulative of the

information contained in the 500,000 pages of discovery present in the record.”

       Augenbaum has not identified any new development that undermines the Settlement

Agreement.

       E. The Northern District of Ohio Action

       As a final attack on the settlement order, Augenbaum contends that because the first

shareholder derivative action against FirstEnergy was filed and actively litigated in the Northern

District of Ohio, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.1(c) and the “first-to-file” doctrine “required

that the action be presented” to the Northern District for approval.

       Under the first-to-file principle, “when actions involving nearly identical parties and issues

have been filed in two different district courts, the court in which the first suit was filed should

generally proceed to judgment.” Certified Restoration Dry Cleaning Network, L.L.C. v. Tenke

Corp., 511 F.3d 535, 551 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Zide Sport

Shop of Ohio, Inc. v. Ed Tobergte Assocs., Inc., 16 F. App’x 433, 437 (6th Cir. 2001)). The rule

is a “well-established doctrine that encourages comity among federal courts of equal rank.” Id.

(quoting AmSouth Bank v. Dale, 386 F.3d 763, 791 n.8 (6th Cir. 2004)). It “is not a strict rule,”

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however, and “district courts have the discretion to dispense with” it “where equity so demands.”

Id. (first quoting AmSouth Bank, 386 F.3d at 791 n.8; and then quoting Zide Sport Shop, 16 F.

App’x at 437).

        The district court acknowledged that the first federal derivative shareholder action was

filed in the Northern District, but exercised jurisdiction over the consolidated suit all the same. It

identified numerous reasons for litigating the suit in the Southern District: the court was already

managing the seven consolidated cases; the Southern District was the forum for both a related class

action suit against FirstEnergy and the criminal prosecution of Householder; the Northern District

case was not destined to completely resolve the Southern District claims given the more extensive

complaint filed in the Southern District; appearing in the Southern District imposed no identifiable

hardship on the Defendants; the Northern District plaintiff would have transferred that case to the

Southern District but for the Defendants’ objection; and the court saw no indicia of improper forum

shopping.

        Augenbaum provides no basis for concluding that the district court abused its discretion in

declining to stay the Southern District litigation under the ordinary first-to-file doctrine, and

identifies no authority suggesting that a shareholder derivative settlement reached in one district

requires approval in every other district hosting concurrent litigation, particularly when no other

plaintiff has objected, nor does he offer any reason to believe the first-to-file rule is mandatory in

shareholder derivative actions. As a result, Augenbaum has failed to show that the existence of

the Northern District action undermines the validity of the Southern District settlement.1

1
  The district court’s proper exercise of jurisdiction over the consolidated cases before it dispels Augenbaum’s
unsupported argument that the existence of ongoing litigation in a second district warrants reviewing the decision of
the district court here de novo.

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       F. Attorney’s Fees

       Augenbaum closes by arguing that even if the district court properly approved the

Settlement Agreement, it improperly awarded excessive attorney’s fees. As part of the initial

settlement proposal, the Plaintiffs sought $48.6 million in fees and expenses, or 27% of the $180

million recovery. The Defendants countered that no more than $24.3 million, 13.5% of the fund,

should be awarded. The district court arrived at the middle ground of $36 million, or 20%.

       On appeal, Augenbaum does not object to the district court’s 20% multiplier but argues

that the court should have applied it to what he contends is the settlement’s real value: $72.28

million. This would produce a fee award of $14.5 million. We have already rejected Augenbaum’s

characterization of the settlement value, however, concluding that the district court acted within

its discretion in assessing the value at $180 million. Given that Augenbaum does not dispute the

20% multiplier, the attorney’s fee award was an equally proper exercise of discretion.

                                   III.   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed above, Augenbaum’s objections are forfeited and without merit.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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