Court Opinion

ID: 4183076
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-03 17:01:25.849047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:23.765397
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                         PUBLISH                         Tenth Circuit

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                 July 3, 2017

                                                                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                  Clerk of Court
                             _________________________________

CHIEFTAIN ROYALTY COMPANY,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                        No. 16-6022

ENERVEST ENERGY INSTITUTIONAL
FUND XIII-A, L.P.; ENERVEST
ENERGY INSTITUTIONAL FUND XIII-
WIB, L.P.; ENERVEST ENERGY
INSTITUTIONAL FUND XIII-WIC, L.P.;
ENERVEST OPERATING, L.L.C.;
FOURPOINT ENERGY, L.L.C.,

       Defendants - Appellees,

and

SM ENERGY COMPANY, (including
predecessors, successors and affiliates),

       Defendant.

------------------------------

DANNY GEORGE, personally and as
Executor of the Estate of Beverly Joyce
George,

       Objector - Appellant.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

CHIEFTAIN ROYALTY COMPANY,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.                                                            No. 16-6025

ENERVEST ENERGY INSTITUTIONAL
FUND XIII-A, L.P.; ENERVEST
ENERGY INSTITUTIONAL FUND XIII-
WIB, L.P.; ENERVEST ENERGY
INSTITUTIONAL FUND XIII-WIC, L.P.;
ENERVEST OPERATING, LLC;
FOURPOINT ENERGY, LLC,

       Defendants - Appellees,

and

SM ENERGY COMPANY, including
predecessors, successors and affiliates,

       Defendant.

------------------------------

CHARLES DAVID NUTLEY,

       Objector - Appellant.
                        _________________________________

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the Western District of Oklahoma
                                 (D.C. No. 5:11-CV-00177-D)
                           _________________________________

John J. Pentz, Sudbury, Massachusetts, for Objector-Appellant Danny George.

Eric Alan Isaacson, La Jolla, California (C. Benjamin Nutley, Pasadena, California, and
John W. Davis, San Diego, California, with him on the briefs), for Objector-Appellant
Charles David Nutley.

Daniel S. Volchok, WilmerHale, Washington, D.C. (Bradley E. Beckworth, Susan
Whatley, and Jeffrey J. Angelovich, Nix, Patterson & Roach, LLP, Austin, Texas, and
Robert N. Barnes, and Patranell Britten Lewis, Barnes & Lewis, LLP, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma, on the briefs), for Plaintiff-Appellee Chieftain Royalty Company.

                                              2
Mark D. Christiansen, McAfee & Taft, P.C., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Defendants-
Appellees, Enervest Energy Institional Fund XIII-A, L.P., et al.

                         _________________________________

Before HARTZ and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

HARTZ, Circuit Judge.
                         _________________________________

       After settlement of a class action for royalties from gas wells, the United States

District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma awarded attorney fees to class

counsel and an incentive award to the lead plaintiff to be paid out of the common fund

shared by class members. The court rejected claims by two objectors, and they appealed.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse and remand. The district

court failed to compute attorney fees under the lodestar method, as required by Oklahoma

law in this diversity case, and the incentive award is unsupported by the record.

       I.     BACKGROUND

       The underlying class action alleged underpayment of royalties by the defendants

on gas from wells in Oklahoma. The parties reached a settlement for a cash payment of

$52 million, to be distributed pro rata to the class members after payment of expenses and

fees. Class counsel moved for attorney fees in the amount of 40% of the settlement fund,


 The Honorable Neil Gorsuch participated in the oral argument but not in the decision.
The practice of this court permits the remaining two panel judges, if in agreement, to act
as a quorum in resolving the appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 46(d); see also United States v.
Wiles, 106 F.3d 1516, 1516, n.*(10th Cir. 1997) (noting that this court allows remaining
panel judges to act as a quorum to resolve an appeal). In this case, the two remaining
panel members are in agreement.

                                             3
plus interest; and the lead plaintiff, Chieftain Royalty Company, requested an incentive

award of 1% of the fund. Appellants Charles David Nutley and Danny George were class

members who objected to these requests. After a hearing on the settlement and fee

requests, the court awarded class counsel 33 1/3% of the fund ($17,333,333.33) as

attorney fees and awarded Chieftain 1/2% of the fund ($260,000) as an incentive award.

The objectors appealed each award. We address them in turn.

      II.    ATTORNEY FEE

      There are two primary methods for determining attorney-fee awards in common-

fund class-action cases. The first is the percentage-of-the-fund method, which awards

class counsel a share of the benefit achieved for the class. See Newberg on Class Actions

§ 15:63 (5th ed. 2016) (Newberg). Many courts, including this circuit, consider 12

factors to determine the appropriate percentage. See Gottlieb v. Barry, 43 F.3d 474, 482

& n.4 (10th Cir. 1994). These factors were first set forth in Johnson v. Georgia Highway

Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717–19 (5th Cir. 1974), which was not a common-fund case.

We have stated the factors as:

      the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the question
      presented by the case, the skill requisite to perform the legal service
      properly, the preclusion of other employment by the attorneys due to
      acceptance of the case, the customary fee, whether the fee is fixed or
      contingent, any time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances,
      the amount involved and the results obtained, the experience, reputation
      and ability of the attorneys, the “undesirability” of the case, the nature and
      length of the professional relationship with the client, and awards in similar
      cases.

See Gottlieb, 43 F.3d at 482 n.4. The second method is the lodestar approach. The court

first determines the lodestar by multiplying the number of hours reasonably spent on the

                                            4
litigation by a reasonable hourly rate. See Anchondo v. Anderson, Crenshaw & Assocs.

LLC, 616 F.3d 1098, 1102 (10th Cir. 2010). This “produces a presumptively reasonable

fee,” but it “may in rare circumstances be adjusted to account for the presence of special

circumstances.” Id.

       This court has approved both methods in common-fund cases, although expressing

a preference for the percentage-of-the-fund approach. See Gottlieb, 43 F.3d at 483 (“In

our circuit, following Brown [v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 838 F.2d 451 (10th Cir. 1988),]

and Uselton [v. Commercial Lovelace Motor Freight, Inc., 9 F.3d 849 (10th Cir. 1993)],

either method is permissible in common fund cases; however, Uselton implies a

preference for the percentage of the fund method.”). Our approach also “has been called

a ‘hybrid’ approach, combining the percentage fee method with the specific factors

traditionally used to calculate the lodestar.” Id. at 482–83.

       The district court chose the percentage-of-the-fund analysis, explaining that this is

“[t]he preferred method of determining a reasonable attorney fee award in common fund

cases.” JA at 523 (Dist. Ct. Order). It overruled the objectors’ argument that the lodestar

approach should govern and that the fee is excessive under that analysis. The court stated

that “[b]oth state and federal cases recognize and/or permit a percentage of fund recovery

under the common fund doctrine.” Id. It added that in any event, the result would not

have differed under a lodestar analysis, citing Newberg on Class Actions § 14.6 at 551

(4th ed. 2002), for the proposition that empirical studies show that the average fee award

is about one-third of the recovery, whichever method is used. See id. at 524.

                                              5
       Although a contingency-fee agreement allowed class counsel to recover 40% of

any common-fund recovery, the district court ruled that “in fairness and consistent with

the best interest of the Class,” counsel should recover 33 1/3% of the settlement. Id. at

523. It stated that an award of that percentage was not unusual, pointing out that “[t]he

Tenth Circuit has previously identified the typical fee range as 23.7% to 33.7%.” Id. at

526 (citing Brown, 838 F.2d at 455 n.2). It then recited the Johnson factors and found

that “most, if not all, . . . support Class Counsel’s fee request, as reduced by the Court.”

Id. It explained:

       Class Counsel has conducted the Litigation and achieved the Settlement
       with skill, perseverance and diligent advocacy;

       The Litigation involved complex factual and legal issues and was actively
       prosecuted for over four years;

       Had Class Counsel not achieved the Settlement, there would remain a
       significant risk that Class Representative and the other members of the
       Settlement Class may have recovered less or nothing from the Settling
       Parties;

       Class Counsel devoted substantial time and resources to achieve the
       Settlement.

Id. (internal numbering removed). The court added that its award was informed by “[t]he

market rate for Class Counsel’s legal services.” Id. at 528.

       We review a district court’s award of attorney fees for abuse of discretion. See

Gottlieb, 43 F.3d at 486. This includes review de novo of the legal principles underlying

the fee award—such as the choice of whether to apply state or federal law. See

Rosenbaum v. Macallister, 64 F.3d 1439, 1444 (10th Cir. 1995); see also Cooter & Gell

                                              6
v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405 (1990) (district court abuses its discretion in Rule

11 determination if ruling is based on an erroneous view of the law).

       Appellants argue that Oklahoma law governs the award of attorney fees in this

case and requires using the lodestar approach rather than a percentage-of-the-fund

analysis. We agree.1

       Because federal jurisdiction in this common-fund case is based on the diversity of

the parties, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332, the doctrine established in Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins,

304 U.S. 64 (1938), requires us to apply Oklahoma law governing the award of attorney

fees in common-fund cases. Under Erie, “federal courts in diversity cases must respect

the definition of state-created rights and obligations by the state courts.” Byrd v. Blue

Ridge Rural Elec. Coop., 356 U.S. 525, 535 (1958). In other words, the federal courts

must recognize state-created substantive rights. Those rights include “the rules of

decision by which [the] court will adjudicate [substantive] rights.” Mississippi Pub.

Corp. v. Murphree, 326 U.S. 438, 446 (1946) (describing prohibition in Rules Enabling

Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2072(b), against federal rules of procedure that modify substantive

rights); see Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs., P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 559 U.S. 393, 407

(2010) (plurality opinion); Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Tolliver, 636 F.3d 1273, 1280 (10th Cir.

2011) (applying Oklahoma statute authorizing award of fees to defendant when judgment

1
  We reject appellee’s contention that appellants waived this argument in district court.
The district court wrote: “Objectors Danny George and Charles David Nutley objected to
Class Counsel’s fee request and the amount of fees requested on the grounds that
Oklahoma law applies to Class Counsel’s request, under Oklahoma law, a lodestar
analysis is required, and the fees are excessive under either analysis.” JA 523 (Dist. Ct.
Order).

                                              7
awarded is less than amount of offer of judgment). But the Erie doctrine sometimes also

requires federal courts to apply state law that, in other contexts, might be deemed matters

of procedure. “[T]he twin aims of the Erie rule [are] discouragement of forum-shopping

and avoidance of inequitable administration of the laws.” Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S.
460, 468 (1965). To advance those aims, at least when there is no contrary federal rule of

civil procedure properly enacted under the Rules Enabling Act, see Shady Grove, 559
U.S. 393 (2010), the Erie doctrine requires federal courts to “conform as near as may

be—in the absence of other considerations—to state rules even of form and mode where

the state rules may bear substantially on the question whether the litigation would come

out one way in the federal court and another way in the state court if the federal court

failed to apply a particular rule.” Byrd, 356 U.S. at 536–37.

       We now apply this doctrine in the present context. To begin with, it is necessary

to distinguish between two different types of attorney fees, depending on the basis for the

fee award. In this circuit we have used the labels substantive and procedural to classify

the two types of fees. Substantive fees are those that “are tied to the outcome of the

litigation” and procedural fees are those that are “generally based on a litigant’s bad faith

conduct in litigation.” Scottsdale, 636 F.3d at 1279. These labels are shorthand for those

attorney fees that are governed by Erie (substantive fees) and those that are not

(procedural fees). Substantive fees are part and parcel of the cause of action over which

we have diversity jurisdiction. For example, if the cause of action is for bad-faith denial

of insurance coverage and state law authorizes an award of attorney fees to a successful

insured, then the right to an award of attorney fees is part of the state substantive right

                                              8
and the federal court must recognize it. In contrast, an attorney-fee award against bad-

faith conduct in the litigation has nothing to do with the nature of the cause of action and

does not derive in any way from state substantive law. “[F]ee-shifting here is not a

matter of substantive remedy, but of vindicating judicial authority.” Chambers v.

NASCO, Inc. 501 U.S. 32, 55 (1991) (internal quotation marks omitted) (applying federal

law in imposing sanctions for bad-faith litigation conduct in diversity case). One way to

see that Erie deference to state law has no purchase in this context is to note that “there is

no risk that [an award of sanctions for bad-faith conduct during litigation] will lead to

forum-shopping.” Id. at 53.

       This appeal concerns substantive attorney fees. Whether to award counsel a fee

out of a common fund is not based on whether counsel behaves properly during the

litigation; rather, the award is “tied to the outcome of the litigation.” Scottsdale, 636 F.3d

at 1279 (emphasis added) (fee award based on comparison of ultimate judgment to offer

of judgment). In this context we have said, “In a diversity case, the matter of attorney’s

fees is a substantive legal issue and is therefore controlled by state law.” N. Tex. Prod.

Credit Ass’n v. McCurtain Cty. Nat’l Bank, 222 F.3d 800, 817 (10th Cir. 2000) (affirming

denial of attorney fees because Oklahoma law did not authorize such an award for

successful defense against claims of fraud and conspiracy). Our position finds support in

leading authorities. Moore’s Federal Practice states that “when . . . fees are connected to

the substance of the case,” the question of whether a fee should be awarded is

substantive. § 124.07[3][b] (3d ed. 2011) (Moore’s). And Wright & Miller endorses the

view that “state law [is] controlling when it forbids an award of attorney’s fees” and that

                                              9
“when state law provides for the recovery of an attorney’s fee as a part of the claim being

asserted[,] . . . the federal court should permit an award of a fee on the theory that it is

part of the substantive right in issue.” 10 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Mary

Kay Kane & Richard L. Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedures § 2669 at 263 (3d ed.

2014) (Wright & Miller).2

       There remains, however, the question whether the federal court must follow state

law governing how to calculate the proper attorney fee. On that issue, there is no binding

precedent in this circuit. But cf. Davis v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Co., 145 F.3d 1345, at

*3 (10th Cir. 1998) (unpublished disposition) (“The calculation of attorney’s fees in a

diversity case is determined with reference to state law.” (emphasis added)). But there

appears to be a consensus among those circuits that have considered the matter. We have

found decisions from five other circuits. When state law governs whether to award

attorney fees, all agree that state law also governs how to calculate the amount. See, e.g.,

In re Volkswagen & Audi Warranty Extension Litig., 692 F.3d 4, 15, 21–22 (1st Cir.

2
  The treatise suggests that there may be some contrary authority, stating that “cases have
held that a federal judge has discretion to allow or disallow attorney fees, and have
concluded that the judge’s exercise of this discretion is not to be fettered by state
doctrines relating to attorney’s fees.” 10 Wright & Miller § 2669 at 261–62. But the six
cases cited for this proposition are distinguishable from our case. Two of the cases
involved fee sanctions for bad-faith conduct in litigation. See Chambers, 501 U.S. at 45–
46; Republic of Cape Verde v. A & A Partners, 89 F.R.D. 14, 20 n.12 (S.D.N.Y. 1980).
And in the other four the jurisdiction of the federal court was based on a federal question,
not diversity. See Bank of China v. Wells Fargo Bank & Union Trust Co., 209 F.2d 467,
473 (9th Cir. 1953); Palomas Land & Cattle Co. v. Baldwin, 189 F.2d 936, 938 (9th Cir.
1951); Aspira of New York, Inc. v. Bd. of Educ. of City of New York, 65 F.R.D. 541, 541–
42 (S.D.N.Y. 1975); Bank of America Nat’l Tr. and Sav. Ass’n v. Mamakos, 57 F.R.D.
198, 199 (N.D. Cal. 1972).

                                              10
2012) (in diversity case “the issue of attorneys’ fees has long been considered for Erie

purposes to be substantive and not procedural, and so state-law principles normally

govern the award of fees,” and “[t]he district court should determine which method

[lodestar or multifactor approach] Massachusetts would apply here”); Mathis v. Exxon

Corp., 302 F.3d 448, 461 (5th Cir. 2002) (“State law controls both the award of and the

reasonableness of fees awarded where state law supplies the rule of decision.”); Davis v.

Mut. Life Ins. Co. of New York, 6 F.3d 367, 382–83 (6th Cir. 1993); Riordan v.

Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 977 F.2d 47, 53 (2d Cir. 1992); N. Heel Corp. v. Compo

Indus., 851 F.2d 456, 475 (1st Cir. 1988).3

       A leading treatise lends further support. Moore’s states, “When state law controls,

state law governs not only the right to fees but also the method of calculating the fees.”

Moore’s § 124.07[3][b] (emphasis added). The calculation of attorney fees is considered

substantive law because “[t]he method of calculating a fee is an inherent part of the

substantive right to the fee itself and reflects substantive state policy.” Id. (footnote

omitted).

       Here, the attorney-fee award was based on the outcome of the litigation not the

district court’s power to discipline the litigants. State law therefore governs the propriety

of granting a fee award. And we must also apply the State’s rules on how the amount of

the fee is to be calculated because they are “rules of decision by which [the] court will

3
  Chieftain suggests that the Supreme Court held in Boeing Co. v. Van Gemert, 444 U.S.
472, 478 (1980), that federal law governs how to calculate fees in a common-fund case.
But there is no discussion in that case regarding what law governs. The decision cannot
be authority on an issue not addressed.

                                              11
adjudicate [the] right[] [to the fee].” Murphree, 326 U.S. at 446. To be sure, the ultimate

standard for awarding a fee under either the lodestar or Johnson methodology is whether

the fee is reasonable, so one might argue that the method of calculation to determine

reasonableness is merely a matter of procedure. But it is state substantive law that cabins

the meaning of reasonable. If state law declares that failure to wear a seatbelt while

riding in a motor vehicle is never unreasonable (or is always unreasonable), there can be

no question that a federal court hearing a common-law negligence claim in diversity must

comply with that declaration. Similarly, a federal court in a diversity action must follow

state law declaring that, absent extraordinary circumstances, a reasonable attorney fee is

the fee computed under the lodestar method. We therefore see no reason to depart from

what appears to be the consensus view that state law governs how to calculate a

substantive attorney fee.

       Chieftain nevertheless relies on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(h), which

governs class actions in federal court, arguing that “the method used to assess the

reasonableness of [class counsel’s] fee is a procedural matter governed by Rule 23(h), not

state procedural law.” Chieftain Br. at 18. We agree that this would be a more

challenging issue if a federal rule of procedure said, for example, that fees should be

calculated under the Johnson methodology. We would first have to determine whether

the rule violated the prohibition in the Rules Enabling Act against rules that modify

substantive rights. See 28 U.S.C. § 2072(b). And then assuming (although, for reasons

discussed above, we doubt the validity of the assumption) that the rule passed muster, we

would probably have to apply it. See Shady Grove, 559 U.S. at 393. But Rule 23(h) does

                                             12
not establish a rule of decision for assessing attorney fees.4 It provides that “[i]n a

certified class action, the court may award reasonable attorney’s fees and nontaxable

costs that are authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement.” And it outlines procedures

to be followed before granting such an award: “A claim for an award must be made by

motion . . . at a time the court sets”; “[n]otice of the motion must be served on all parties

and, for motions by class counsel, directed to class members in a reasonable manner”;

“[a] class member, or a party from whom payment is sought, may object to the motion”;

“[t]he court may hold a hearing and must find the facts and state its legal

conclusions . . . .”; and “[t]he court may refer issues related to the amount of the award to

a special master or a magistrate judge . . . .” In short, the rule addresses only how to

conduct the court proceedings for determining the fee award. It does not provide any

rules to guide the court on how to calculate the amount of the award.

4
    Rule 23(h) states in full:
        Attorney’s Fees and Nontaxable Costs. In a certified class action,
        the court may award reasonable attorney’s fees and nontaxable costs
        that are authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement. The
        following procedures apply:
            (1) A claim for an award must be made by motion under Rule
                54(d)(2), subject to the provisions of this subdivision (h), at a
                time the court sets. Notice of the motion must be served on all
                parties and, for motions by class counsel, directed to class
                members in a reasonable manner.
            (2) A class member, or a party from whom payment is sought,
                may object to the motion.
            (3) The court may hold a hearing and must find the facts and
                state its legal conclusions under Rule 52(a).
            (4) The court may refer issues related to the amount of the award
                to a special master or a magistrate judge, as provided in Rule
                54(d)(2)(D).

                                               13
       Thus, we turn to Oklahoma law to determine how to compute the attorney fee in

this case. The controlling precedent is Burk v. Oklahoma City, 598 P.2d 659 (Okla.

1979), a common-fund case. That decision directed that to enable a court to determine

attorney fees, attorneys in Oklahoma must henceforth (the attorneys in that case were

excused from this requirement) present “detailed time records showing the work

performed and offer evidence as to the reasonable value for the services performed.” Id.

at 663. This allows the court to determine the lodestar. See id. Then other factors can be

considered to provide an “incentive fee or bonus.” Id. at 661 (internal quotation marks

omitted); see Hess v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 341 P.3d 662, 667 (Okla. 2014) (the

lodestar “fee may be enhanced by application of certain factors”). The enhancement

factors set forth in Burk have now been codified in a state statute. See 12 O.S. Supp.

2013 § 2023(G)(4)(e) (effective September 10, 2013, for motions filed after that date).

The statutory factors are essentially the same as the Johnson factors, with the only

material difference being that the statutory factors include the risk of recovery in the

litigation. Compare id. with Johnson, 488 F.2d at 717–19.

       Burk continues to be good law. See, e.g., Hess, 341 P.3d at 667; Spencer v. Okla.

Gas & Elec. Co., 171 P.3d 890, 895 (Okla. 2007). We have been pointed to no contrary

Oklahoma authority, nor have we found any. If anything, the Oklahoma Supreme Court

has limited the application of the enhancement factors. In Hess it declared that “[t]here is

a strong presumption that the lodestar method, alone, will reflect a reasonable attorney

fee.” 341 P.3d at 671. In support of that presumption the court cited Perdue v. Kenny A.

ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 552–54 (2010), thereby signaling that it would follow the

                                             14
lead of the United States Supreme Court in greatly limiting departures from the lodestar

figure.

          The district court did not use the lodestar method to calculate class counsel’s fee in

this case. Class counsel failed to provide the information necessary to apply that method.

As already noted, in 1979 the Oklahoma Supreme Court stated that attorneys seeking fees

must present “detailed time records” and “evidence as to the reasonable value for the

services performed.” Burk, 598 P.2d at 663. Class counsel did not come close to

performing this task. As the district court recognized, “Now, if I were to determine that

the lodestar is applicable, then I think you will agree with me we just don’t have enough

information in this case right now.” JA at 467–68. (Transcript of Fairness Hearing).

Although class counsel claimed to have spent “much more” than 10,000 hours on the

case, id. at 434, the firm acknowledged that “we don’t keep detailed time records on

every hour we do in these cases,” id. at 421. Any time figures were mere estimates. To

be sure, the district court stated that “utilization of either the common fund or lodestar

method would not affect this Court’s ruling.” Id. at 524. But this statement was not, and

could not have been, based on computing the fee by both methods. Rather, the court was

simply noting that empirical studies indicated that awards turned out to be about the same

under both methods.

          Therefore, we must set aside the attorney-fee award. The district court will have

to decide in the first instance whether any award can be made in light of the absence of

                                                15
contemporaneous time records. It is unfortunate that class counsel did not do the

necessary homework on Oklahoma law.5

       III.   INCENTIVE AWARD

       At the fairness hearing, class counsel sought an incentive award for the lead

plaintiff, Chieftain, for its involvement in the litigation through its President, Robert

Abernathy. Such awards are not uncommon. An empirical study published in 2006

reviewed 374 opinions in class actions from 1993 to 2002. See Theodore Eisenberg &

Geoffrey P. Miller, Incentive Awards to Class Action Plaintiffs: An Empirical Study,

53 UCLA L. Rev. 1303 (2006) (Empirical Study). It reported that incentive awards were

granted in about 28% of settled class actions; on average the incentive award was .16% of

the class recovery, with a median of .02%. Id. at 1303. The average award per class

representative was $15,992 and the median award was $4,357. Id. at 1348. More recent

studies have shown a marked increase in the frequency of incentive awards, with the rate

approaching 80% by 2011. See Newberg § 17:7. The average award dropped to $11,697

and the median increased to $5,250 in a study of cases from 2006 to 2011. See id. 17:8.

       Counsel for Chieftain offered two grounds for an incentive award. One was the

“risk or burden” Mr. Abernathy incurs as a result of his role as lead plaintiff. Counsel

5
  Finally, we reject appellant Nutley’s argument that the award of a fee is inappropriate
because of a conflict of interest between class counsel and Chieftain. Nutley argues that
Chieftain and class counsel have a longstanding arrangement of filing class actions
together, that this “produces a disabling conflict of interest that deprived the class of
adequate representation,” and that this “should deprive Class Counsel of their right to
demand a fee.” Aplt. Br. (Nutley) at 58. We question whether this argument was
preserved below. But in any event, this alleged relationship is not enough in itself to
establish a disabling conflict.

                                              16
gave two examples. First, because he is litigating against a company called Merit, “he is

not able to sit and talk to people at Merit like an ordinary royalty owner would because

they know he’s our client and they know he is in these cases, so he has to go through a

little different procedure. And it’s very difficult for [Mr. Abernathy] to just do basic

deals at times compared to your average royalty owner.” Id. at 440. Second, during this

litigation he could not talk to the law firm that ordinarily does his estate planning,

because that firm represents defendants in the underlying action. Counsel added that

“there is a lot of hardship and risk when you’re in the State of Oklahoma where a lot of

the buildings downtown are oil and gas companies and you live here and you’re going

against them in several different cases in ways that they don’t like.” Id.

       Counsel for Chieftain also sought to justify an incentive award by describing

Mr. Abernathy’s contribution to the case—his services rendered— as follows:

              He is a licensed attorney. He has represented to me that he spent
       somewhere around 200 to 300 hours working in this case. And I know that
       without looking at any—what he does every day. I know that he has been
       directly involved in this case.
              His deposition was taken in this case. He attended, I believe, two of
       the depositions in this case. He helps us prepare for all kinds of things
       during the settlement process. He reviews the pleadings in this case. He
       has been active in reviewing the pleadings for the settlement and the
       settlement documentation.
              He is an advocate of royalty owners here in the state of Oklahoma.
       He has many, many friends that are royalty owners that he is in direct
       contact with about what happens in these cases and their rights in general.
              As I mentioned, he told me a story recently, the OCC has had him go
       out and speak to out-of-state Oklahoma royalty owners. He was telling
       me—I think it was last year he was in Fort Myers and a lady came up to
       him and said, Are you the Chieftain from Chieftain vs. QEP?
              He said, Yes.
              She said, I want to give you a hug.
              He said, Why?

                                              17
               She said, I got $40,000 in that case. Thank you for what you did.
               So, you know, this isn’t, as the objectors try to insinuate, some guy
       who is just out there and doesn’t know what he is doing and letting the
       lawyers run amuck over him. He is a real active helpful client.
               Also, in this case, because there is this future component, somebody
       has got to look out and see if the defendants are actually complying with
       their future benefits under the settlement.
               And what we will do and what Mr. Abernathy will do is we will look
       at his statements every month. We will probably have Ms. Ley and class
       counsel look at them too. We will be doing this for the next three years to
       make sure that nothing changes on the way his payments are calculated.
               We had an audit provision in the QEP case. We don’t have it here.
       But, based on that experience, I think Mr. Abernathy would say—when we
       talked—it will probably be another 50 hours to 100 hours doing that over
       the next three years. Hopefully, it’s not that much, but we have no way to
       know. So this is real time. He is a licensed attorney.

JA at 438–39 (Transcript of Fairness Hearing).

       The district court agreed that Chieftain should receive an incentive award. It

stated that “‘a class representative may be entitled to an award for personal risk incurred

or additional effort and expertise provided for the benefit of the class,’” id. at 528 (Dist.

Ct. Order) (quoting UFCW Local 880–Retail Food Emp’rs Joint Pension Fund v.

Newmont Mining Corp., 352 F. Appx. 232, 235 (10th Cir. 2009)), and that “[c]ase

contribution awards are meant to compensate class representatives for their work on

behalf of the class, which has benefited from their representation,” id. (internal quotation

marks omitted). It also observed that “[i]ncentive awards are not uncommon and are

particularly given where a common fund has been created for the benefit of the entire

class.” Id. at 529. It concluded that it should consider “(1) the actions the class

representative took to protect the interests of the class; (2) the degree to which the class

has benefitted from those actions; and (3) the amount of time and effort the class

                                              18
representative expended in pursuing the litigation.” Id.

       The district court ruled as follows:

       A Case Contribution Award is appropriate in this case. Class
       Representative—through its President, Robert Abernathy—has been
       actively involved in this Litigation since its inception. Mr. Abernathy has
       contributed by reviewing draft pleadings and motions, searching for and
       producing records, reviewing filings, communicating regularly with Class
       Counsel, making himself available by telephone during the formal
       mediation, continuously monitoring the Litigation and settlement process,
       and approving the terms of the Settlement. Mr. Abernathy’s efforts helped
       lead to a settlement that greatly benefits the Class, and Class Representative
       should be rewarded for those efforts.

Id.

       As for the amount of the award, the district court said that 1/2% of the fund was

“fair” and “reasonable.” Id. at 530. In reducing the award from the amount sought (1%),

the court pointed to the reduction of the attorney fee sought and stated that “a

commensurate reduction of the requested [incentive reward] is appropriate.” Id. The

court also pointed out that “[s]imilar [incentive] awards have been granted in similar

cases.” Id. (citing opinions in other cases, apparently involving royalty litigation, in

Oklahoma federal district court in which the incentive award was between 1% and 2% of

the settlement amount).

       We review a district court’s grant of an incentive award for abuse of discretion.

See Cobell v. Jewell, 802 F.3d 12, 23 (D.C. Cir. 2015); Montgomery v. Aetna Plywood,

Inc., 231 F.3d 399, 408 (7th Cir. 2000); UFCW Local 880, 352 F. App’x at 235

(“Generally, our standard of review for a district court’s award of attorney fees in the

class-action context is abuse of discretion”; and “the district court’s familiarity with the

                                              19
parties and the proceedings supports an abuse-of-discretion standard” in reviewing an

incentive award); Newberg § 17:21 (endorsing analysis in UFCW Local 880).

       Appellant Nutley argues on appeal that incentive awards are unlawful per se in

common-fund cases. He asserts that two U.S. Supreme Court decisions—Cent. R.R. &

Banking Co. v. Pettus, 113 U.S. 116 (1885), and Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U.S. 527

(1881)—“hold that a litigant whose efforts create a common fund may recover expenses

reasonably incurred, including its reasonable attorneys’ fees, but not incentive awards for

services rendered.” Aplt. Br. (Nutley) at 27. But Nutley forfeited any argument about

the general legality of incentive awards by failing to raise it below. We cannot find any

indication in the record that Nutley raised this argument in district court. On the

contrary, he stated in his written objection to the award that incentive awards are

sometimes proper. See JA at 319 (Nutley’s objection) (“The concept of a service award

is not unfamiliar in this Circuit, and may be appropriate when necessary to induce people

to become named representatives, or to compensate personal risk or ‘additional effort

expended’ by the representative in prosecuting the suit.”). Nutley claims that he

preserved this issue because “[a]t the fairness hearing, [his] counsel challenged

Chieftain’s right to claim any award for Abernathy’s time on the case.” Aplt. Joint Reply

Br. at 24–25. As that statement suggests, however, his counsel spoke at the fairness

hearing only of the propriety of Chieftain’s incentive award—not of the legality of these

awards in general. See JA at 459–62 (Transcript of Fairness Hearing). And the district

court made no ruling on the broader issue. Because this argument was forfeited, we can

review only under the plain-error standard. See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d
20
1123, 1130 (10th Cir. 2011). But ordinarily we will not even do that unless the party

specifically argues plain error in its briefs, see id. at 1131, and Nutley’s briefs made no

such argument.

       We therefore turn to the specific award in this case. As stated above, Chieftain

raised in district court two potential grounds for receiving an incentive award. One was

the risk or burden incurred by Chieftain and Mr. Abernathy. Courts have recognized that

an award may be appropriate to provide an incentive to act as a named plaintiff. See In re

Synthroid Mktg. Litig., 264 F.3d 712, 722–23 (7th Cir. 2001) (“Incentive awards are

justified when necessary to induce individuals to become named representatives . . . . But

if at least one [class member] would have stepped forward without the lure of an

‘incentive award,’ there is no need for such additional compensation.”); Cook v. Niedert,

142 F.3d 1004, 1016 (7th Cir. 1998) (“Because a named plaintiff is an essential

ingredient of any class action, an incentive award is appropriate if it is necessary to

induce an individual to participate in the suit.”); Newberg § 17:3 (incentive awards can

“incentivize class members to step forward” despite risks such as the possibility that the

class representative could be liable for the costs of the suit or might face retaliation).

       The district court, however, did not justify the incentive award on the basis of any

risk or burden incurred by Chieftain or Mr. Abernathy or on the need for an incentive for

Chieftain to act as a named plaintiff. Indeed it made no findings on the subject. This is

understandable, given (1) that the notice to the class stated that the requested incentive

award would be compensation for time and effort (with no mention of risk or burden) and

                                              21
(2) that the presentation of risk and burden at the hearing on the award was quite weak. 6

Accordingly, there is no foundation for us to affirm, in whole or in part, the incentive

award on this ground. The district court is free to decide in the first instance whether

under the circumstances of this case—including the absence of an initial court finding on

the matter—Chieftain should be given another opportunity on remand to make a better

showing under the risk-or-burden rationale.

       Hence, we need analyze only Chieftain’s second argument in support of an

award—that it would fairly compensate for the services rendered by Mr. Abernathy. Our

first task is to determine the governing law. We think it clear that, as with the attorney-

fee award discussed above, Erie requires us to apply Oklahoma law. Unfortunately, the

Oklahoma Supreme Court apparently has not addressed incentive fees, nor have we been

directed to or found any opinions by lower courts of that state. Our task then is to make

6
  There was no assertion that Mr. Abernathy had been retaliated against or even
ostracized as a result of serving as lead plaintiff. His inability to employ an attorney from
the law firm of opposing counsel to assist him with his estate planning is hardly cause for
a bonus. He did not say that he could not negotiate deals with energy companies; he
complained only that he had to do it a little differently than other royalty owners might
have to, and he provided no specifics on how this process was more time-consuming or
expensive than the norm. And the court could give little weight to the bald statement that
“there is a lot of hardship and risk,” JA at 440, to going against major companies in the
state, particularly when counsel indicated that Mr. Abernathy is a respected and even
beloved member of the community. Further, his company recovered unpaid royalties
from the suit, which should be incentive enough for most plaintiffs, particularly when
royalty litigation may be the business model for the company. See Robles v. Brake
Masters Sys., Inc., No. CIV 10-0135 JB/WPL, 2011 WL 9717448, at *12 (D.N.M. Jan.
31, 2011) (denying an incentive award in part because lead plaintiff “offer[ed] no
argument or evidence, competent or otherwise, that other class representative[s] were not
forthcoming, and that an incentive award [was] justified for bringing a representative
forward”).

                                              22
an informed prediction of what the State’s highest court would do. See United States v.

Badger, 818 F.3d 563, 568–69 (10th Cir. 2016). When “no state cases exist on a point,

we turn to other state court decisions, federal decisions, and the general weight and trend

of authority.” Sender v. Simon, 84 F.3d 1299, 1303 (10th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation

marks omitted). In conducting this analysis we have the advantage of a treatise on class

actions that discusses and cites relevant judicial decisions.

       To begin with, we note that courts regularly give incentive awards to compensate

named plaintiffs for the work they performed—their time and effort invested in the case.

See, e.g., Cobell v. Salazar, 679 F.3d 909, 922–23 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (district court did not

err in finding that lead plaintiff’s “singular, selfless, and tireless investment of time,

energy, and personal funds to ensure survival of the litigation [merited] an incentive

award”); Rodriguez v. West Publ’g Corp., 563 F.3d 948, 958 (9th Cir. 2009) (“Incentive

awards . . . are intended to compensate class representatives for work done on behalf of

the class . . . .”). These services typically include “monitoring class counsel, being

deposed by opposing counsel, keeping informed of the progress of the litigation, and

serving as a client for purposes of approving any proposed settlement with the

defendant.” Newberg § 17:3. The award should be proportional to the contribution of

the plaintiff. See Phillips v. Asset Acceptance, LLC, 736 F.3d 1076, 1081 (7th Cir. 2013)

(if the lead plaintiff’s services are greater, her incentive award likely will be greater);

Rodriguez, 563 F.3d at 960 (incentive award should not be “untethered to any service or

value [the lead plaintiff] will provide to the class”); Newberg § 17:18.

                                              23
       In our view, however, the Oklahoma Supreme Court would not approve the award

given here. The district court granted Chieftain a 1/2% incentive award of $260,000.

Yet the weight of authority apparently disfavors percentage-based awards. See Newberg

§ 17:16 (“Percentage-based awards are disfavored, if not altogether forbidden.”). There

are several reasons to reject the practice. Most importantly, “scaling those rewards

according to the size of the common fund is at best a rough proxy in that the services and

risks are not necessarily directly related to the size of the settlement.” Id. In addition,

percentage awards “skew the class representatives’ incentives by encouraging them to

hold out for greater recovery . . . when in fact the class’s interest would be best served by

a settlement”; “percentage awards privilege monetary recoveries over other remedies,

such as injunctive relief, creating a potential conflict between the interest of the class

representative and the class”; “percentage awards threaten to be excessive”; and “paying

the class representatives a portion of the settlement fund is simply unseemly: it gives the

appearance that the representative is either a professional plaintiff, or bounty hunter, not a

servant for the class.” Id. (footnotes omitted). If a percentage calculation is to be made

at all, it should be made only to “check a flat award for excessiveness by reference to the

percentage of the fund it represents.” Id.

       We therefore examine whether the award to Chieftain can be justified as payment

at a reasonable rate for reasonable time expended on services rendered that were helpful

to the litigation and did not duplicate what could be performed less expensively by

                                              24
counsel. Appellant George concedes that such payment would be proper.7 See Aplt. Br.

(George) at 30. And this approach to measuring the value of the work is consistent with

the Oklahoma Supreme Court’s lodestar approach to attorney-fee awards in common-

fund cases. The question is what rate and what efforts are reasonable. The answer must

be supported by sufficient evidence in the record. See Cook, 142 F.3d at 1016 (upholding

district court’s incentive award after noting that findings justifying the award were “well-

supported by the evidence”). This evidence might be provided through “affidavits

submitted by class counsel and/or the class representatives, through which these persons

testify to the particular services performed, the risks encountered, and any other facts

pertinent to the award.” Newberg § 17:12. “Courts may also receive this evidence by

live testimony at the fairness hearing.” Id. They “regularly reject awards where the

relevant facts are not sufficiently documented.” Id. (collecting cases).

       The record before us is devoid of evidence from which a computation could be

made. The district court was not provided supporting documents either when deciding to

7
  We reject appellant Nutley’s argument that Chieftain is not entitled to any incentive
award at all. He states on appeal that “Chieftain argued below that it should be
compensated because Abernathy’s work ‘as an attorney, contributed to the prosecution
and resolution of this case.’” Aplt. Br. (Nutley) at 32 (quoting Fee Memorandum, JA
305). He contends that “a litigant who is also an attorney is not entitled to collect
attorneys’ fees that might otherwise be authorized.” Id. at 33. And he says that “seeking
compensation as an attorney produces a conflict of interest sufficient to disable Chieftain
from acting as an adequate representative for the class.” Id. We do not think Mr.
Abernathy is seeking compensation for his legal work but, as we discuss below, the
record does not contain sufficient evidence of what services he provided that entitle him
to an award. Once this is established, the district court should determine in the first
instance whether he can be compensated for any “legal work” and, if so, what the amount
of compensation should be.

                                             25
grant the incentive award or when determining the amount of the award. Instead, as can

be seen in the excerpt from the transcript above, counsel spoke broadly about the tasks

Mr. Abernathy had performed in the case and offered an anecdote about a class member

in a previous suit who was grateful for his work there. When discussing the time

Mr. Abernathy had expended on the case, counsel did not provide detailed

contemporaneous records but offered only approximations and generalities. See JA at

438 (Transcript of Fairness Hearing) (“[Mr. Abernathy] spent somewhere around 200 to

300 hours working in this case.”); id. at 439 (“[I]t will probably be another 50 hours to

100 hours [of work for Mr. Abernathy] over the next three years.”). Therefore, in

keeping with our prediction of what the Oklahoma Supreme Court would command, we

must reverse for abuse of discretion and remand for further fact-finding.

       IV.    CONCLUSION

       We REVERSE the attorney-fee and incentive awards and REMAND for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                            26