Court Opinion

ID: 2815297
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-08 16:02:34.981558+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:16:56.690643
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                      July 8, 2015
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                   Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court

 MALIK SMITH,

              Petitioner-Appellant,

 v.                                                      No. 14-1369
                                               (D.C. No. 1:13-CV-03122-CMA)
 WARDEN OLIVER,                                           (D. Colo.)

              Respondent-Appellee.

          ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *

Before GORSUCH, MURPHY, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

      Pro se prisoner 1 Malik Smith, who is presently incarcerated in a federal

correctional institution, appeals from the district court’s denial of his application

for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. We have jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291.

      *
              This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law
of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and
Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
      1
             We liberally construe Mr. Smith’s pro se filings, see Curtis v.
Chester, 626 F.3d 540, 543 n.1 (10th Cir. 2010), but we do not assume the role of
his advocate, see Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008).
      As discussed below, a very recent significant development in our

jurisprudence guides our resolution of this appeal. On June 30, 2015, in Eldridge

v. Berkebile, --- F.3d ----, 2015 WL 3953701, at *1 (10th Cir. 2015), we held that

a prisoner similarly situated to Mr. Smith—i.e., one sentenced by the District of

Columbia Superior Court (“Superior Court”), but housed in a federal penal

institution at the time that he filed his § 2241 application—must obtain a

certificate of appealability (“COA”) in order to pursue a § 2241 challenge in this

court to the BOP’s computation of his term of imprisonment. In light of Eldridge,

exercising our discretion, we construe Mr. Smith’s appellate filing as a request for

a COA. So construed, we deny Mr. Smith’s request for a COA, deny his motion

to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”), and dismiss this appeal.

                                          I

      After a jury trial, Mr. Smith was convicted on Counts “H” through “T” of a

multi-count indictment in the Superior Court. In 1998, the Superior Court

imposed the following prison sentence: (1) ten to thirty years for assault with

intent to commit robbery while armed (Counts H and J); (2) five to fifteen years

for possessing a firearm during a crime of violence (Counts I, K, M, O, Q, and S);

(3) fifteen years to life for assault with intent to kill while armed (Counts L and

N); (4) five to fifteen years for aggravated assault while armed (Counts P and R);

and (5) twenty to sixty months for carrying a pistol without a license (Count T).

                                          2
      In an order memorializing the judgment of conviction and Mr. Smith’s

sentence (the “Commitment Order”), the Superior Court instructed that:

             [c]ounts H, J, L, N, P [and] R are to run concurrent to each other;
             counts I, M, Q concurrent to each other, but consecutive to
             counts H, J, L, N, P [and] R; counts K, O, S are to run concurrent
             to each other, but . . . consecutive to counts I, M, Q; [and] count
             T is to run consecutive to counts H through S[.]

R. at 83–84 (Commitment Order, dated Feb. 12, 1998).

      Mr. Smith received 336 days of pre-sentence jail credit: from March 13,

1997, to February 11, 1998. He began serving his sentence on February 12, 1998.

The District of Columbia Department of Corrections determined at that point that

he would become eligible for parole on November 10, 2023.

      While fulfilling his sentence, Mr. Smith was transferred into the custody of

the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) pursuant to the National Capital

Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997 (“National Capital

Act”). 2 The BOP reviewed the sentence that the Superior Court imposed upon

Mr. Smith and computed (1) a total minimum term of twenty-five years and

twenty months in prison; (2) a maximum term of life imprisonment; and (3) a

2023 parole eligibility date. Thereafter, in 2004, the Superior Court vacated Mr.

      2
             See Pub. L. No. 105-33, § 11201(a), 111 Stat. 251 (1997) (“[A]ny
person who has been sentenced to incarceration pursuant to the District of
Columbia Code . . . shall be designated by the Bureau of Prisons to a penal or
correctional facility operated or contracted for by the Bureau of Prisons . . . .”);
see also Taylor v. Reilly, 685 F.3d 1110, 1111 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (noting that
“Congress brought the D.C. parole system under the jurisdiction of the U.S.
Parole Commission” through the National Capital Act).

                                          3
Smith’s convictions and sentences as to Counts K, Q, and S. The court’s vacatur

as regards these three counts had no practical effect on Mr. Smith’s computed

minimum term of imprisonment of twenty-five years and twenty months.

      In May 2013—fifteen years after the commencement of his sentence—Mr.

Smith filed an administrative grievance seeking “mandatory release from BOP

custody” based upon his view that his sentence “c[ould] not exceed 15 years.” Id.

at 36 (Informal Resolution Form, dated May 5, 2013). This initial administrative

effort proved unsuccessful. Mr. Smith continued his pursuit of redress in

accordance with the BOP’s four-step administrative-remedy process for federal

inmates. At the final level of administrative review, Mr. Smith did not receive a

response from the BOP’s Office of General Counsel within the time that the

controlling regulations allotted for such a response; those regulations appeared to

authorize Mr. Smith to “consider the absence of a response to be a denial at that

level.” 3 28 C.F.R. § 542.18.

      3
            A panel of this court has explained the BOP’s administrative-
grievance process as follows:

             First, an inmate must attempt to informally resolve a complaint
             by filing a BP-8 form. Second, if still dissatisfied, an inmate
             must submit a formal request for administrative remedy by filing
             a form BP-9. Third, an inmate must appeal the step-two decision
             by filing a BP-10 with the Regional Director. Finally, an inmate
             must appeal the Regional Director’s response by filing a BP-11
             with the General Counsel (Central Office). “Appeal to the
             General Counsel is the final administrative appeal.” An inmate
             has not exhausted his administrative remedies until completing
                                                                      (continued...)

                                         4
       Mr. Smith filed an application for a writ of habeas corpus in the United

States District Court for the District of Colorado on November 15, 2013, alleging

that the BOP miscalculated his sentence and that he was eligible for immediate

release from custody or, alternatively, a parole hearing. At that time, he was

incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary in Florence, Colorado. In December

2013, he filed a notice of address change to apprise the district court of his

transfer to a federal facility in Adelanto, California. Notwithstanding this change

of residence, the district court properly retained jurisdiction over the matter.

Because Mr. Smith’s petition purported to “attack[] the execution of a sentence

rather than its validity . . . [, it had to] be filed in the district where [he] [wa]s

confined” at the time of filing. Howard v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 487 F.3d 808,

811 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting Haugh v. Booker, 210 F.3d 1147, 1149 (10th Cir.

2000)); see id. at 811 (explaining, in a § 2241 case, that “[b]ecause [the

petitioner] was imprisoned in USP-Leavenworth[, Kansas,] when he filed his

petition, the District Court for the District of Kansas properly exercised

       3
           (...continued)
                 each of these steps.

Eldridge v. Berkebile, 576 F. App’x 746, 747 (10th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted)
(quoting 28 C.F.R. § 542.15). “The exhaustion requirement [for § 2241 petitions]
is not jurisdictional . . . and may be waived by the [government].” Clayton v.
Gibson, 199 F.3d 1162, 1170 (10th Cir. 1999). The government does not question
on appeal whether Mr. Smith has exhausted his administrative remedies.
Therefore, insofar as any argument could be presented regarding a failure of
exhaustion, the government has waived it.

                                             5
jurisdiction” over the action even though “the underlying events took place at

USP-Florence[, Colorado]”).

      On July 14, 2014, in a well-reasoned order, the district court determined

that Mr. Smith had failed to demonstrate that the BOP incorrectly computed his

sentence or parole-eligibility date. The court proceeded to deny Mr. Smith’s

habeas application on the merits, and it dismissed the action with prejudice. Mr.

Smith has timely appealed.

                                        II

                                        A

      A challenge to the BOP’s calculation of a prison sentence is properly

brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. See Walker v. United States, 680 F.3d 1205,

1205 (10th Cir. 2012); Rhodes v. Judiscak, 676 F.3d 931, 932–33 (10th Cir.

2012). In determining whether the district court erred in dismissing Mr. Smith’s

habeas application and rejecting his averments of miscalculation, we review the

legal elements of the court’s decision de novo. See, e.g., Brace v. United States,

634 F.3d 1167, 1169 (10th Cir. 2011); Garza v. Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1203 (10th

Cir. 2010). We review any factual findings for clear error. See Palma-Salazar v.

Davis, 677 F.3d 1031, 1035 (10th Cir. 2012); Standifer v. Ledezma, 653 F.3d
1276, 1278 (10th Cir. 2011).

                                         6
                                           B

      As our recent caselaw illuminates, Mr. Smith must successfully obtain a

COA before we may resolve the merits of his appeal from the district court’s

§ 2241 order. See Eldridge, 2015 WL 3953701, at *3. Eldridge guides our

resolution of this appeal insofar as it dictates the proper method by which

prisoners in federal custody by virtue of the National Capital Act must mount

§ 2241 challenges. In that case, as here, the petitioner was convicted in and

sentenced by the Superior Court—which, as we explained, is “a court of general

jurisdiction separate from the United States District Court for the District of

Columbia.” Eldridge, 2015 WL 3953701, at *1. Years later, while incarcerated

in a federal prison in Florence, Colorado, he sought to challenge the BOP’s

computation of his Superior Court sentence by filing a pro se § 2241 petition. See

Eldridge v. Berkebile, No. 14-cv-02334-RM-BNB, 2015 WL 222664, at *1 (D.

Colo. Jan. 15, 2015). The district court discerned no error in the BOP’s

calculation and thus denied Mr. Eldridge’s habeas application on the merits.

      On appeal, we concluded at the outset that we must “address . . . whether

[he] is a federal or state prisoner. The distinction is significant: if [he] is a state

prisoner, he must first obtain a COA to proceed on appeal.” Eldridge, 2015 WL
3953701, at *3. Guided by the D.C. Circuit’s treatment of prisoners similarly

situated to Mr. Eldridge in Madley v. U.S. Parole Commission, 278 F.3d 1306

(D.C. Cir. 2002), we held that the appropriate and prudent course was to “treat[ ]

                                            7
[Mr.] Eldridge as a state prisoner in determining his rights to seek habeas relief

under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.” Eldridge, 2015 WL 3953701, at *3. Accordingly, we

concluded that he was required to procure a COA before proceeding on appeal.

See id.

      The rule of Eldridge now constitutes binding precedent. Applying that rule

here, we conclude that Mr. Smith, too, must obtain a COA in order to pursue his

§ 2241 challenge on appeal. And, in the exercise of our discretion, we construe

Mr. Smith’s appellate filing as a request for a COA to appeal from the district

court’s ruling.

      A COA is appropriately granted only where an applicant makes “a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2253(c)(2); accord Woodward v. Cline, 693 F.3d 1289, 1292 (10th Cir. 2012).

To make such a showing, Mr. Smith “must demonstrate ‘that reasonable jurists

could debate whether . . . the petition should have been resolved in a different

manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to

proceed further.’” Allen v. Zavaras, 568 F.3d 1197, 1199 (10th Cir. 2009)

(quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)).

      Accordingly, we “undertake ‘a preliminary, though not definitive,

consideration of the [legal] framework’ applicable to [Mr. Smith’s] claims.”

Eldridge, 2015 WL 3953701, at *4 (first alteration in original) (quoting Miller-El

v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 338 (2003)). We perceive Mr. Smith to be asserting

                                          8
that the BOP’s alleged miscalculation of his sentence effected a denial of his

constitutional right to due process—viz., we understand him to argue that the

BOP’s purported computational error has caused him to serve a longer prison

sentence than necessary, thus depriving him of liberty. See id. (addressing

petitioner’s claim that he was “denied due process” because the BOP did not

“credit . . . his adult sentence for the time he served between his sentencing and

resentencing hearings”). 4 We conclude, however, that Mr. Smith has failed to

make the requisite substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. He

is consequently not entitled to a COA.

                                          C

      To reprise, we understand Mr. Smith to be advancing the argument that,

because the BOP miscalculated his sentence, he has been incarcerated longer than

the period of time authorized by statute. We find no error by the BOP in this

regard. Accordingly, it follows ineluctably that the BOP’s computation of Mr.

Smith’s sentence effected no undue deprivation of liberty. Mr. Smith therefore

      4
              We interpret Mr. Smith’s appellate arguments with an extra measure
of liberality in light of the recent change to our caselaw (i.e., Eldridge’s
requirement that prisoners similarly situated to Mr. Smith must obtain a COA
before mounting § 2241 challenges in this court). Mr. Smith was not on notice
that he was obliged to seek a COA from this court. However, Eldridge indicates
that § 2241 challenges, like his, to the BOP’s sentencing computation may
properly be viewed as alleging an infringement of due-process rights. Therefore,
under the COA rubric, we proceed to determine whether Mr. Smith can make a
substantial showing of a denial of those rights.

                                          9
cannot be said to have made a substantial showing of a denial of his due-process

rights.

          In his habeas application, Mr. Smith argues that the BOP should have

determined that his minimum term of imprisonment, under D.C. Code § 24-

403(a), was fifteen years. That statute provides, in relevant part, that:

                in imposing sentence on a person convicted in the District of
                Columbia of a felony, the justice or judge of the court imposing
                such sentence shall sentence the person for a maximum period
                not exceeding the maximum fixed by law, and for a minimum
                period not exceeding one-third of the maximum sentence
                imposed, and any person so convicted and sentenced may be
                released on parole as herein provided at any time after having
                served the minimum sentence. Where the maximum sentence
                imposed is life imprisonment, a minimum sentence shall be
                imposed which shall not exceed 15 years imprisonment.

D.C. Code § 24-403(a). Accordingly, by the statute’s own terms, a sentence

imposed thereunder must state the minimum and maximum term ascribable to the

defendant.

          As regards Mr. Smith, the Commitment Order clearly designates each of the

groups of charges on which he was convicted and, for each group, states an

authorized minimum and maximum period of imprisonment under the D.C. Code.

Notably, for Counts L and N, the Commitment Order indicates that life

imprisonment is the maximum potential sentence germane to these convictions.

And the Commitment Order further indicates that the Superior Court—in

accordance with the applicable statute, D.C. Code § 24-403(a)—sentenced Mr.

                                           10
Smith to the highest authorized minimum period of imprisonment: fifteen years.

Viewing the plain terms of this statute and the Commitment Order, the BOP found

in its computations that “counts L[] and N . . . carried a 15 year mandatory

minimum term for the 15 years to life sentence.” R. at 76 (Decl. of J.R. Johnson,

BOP Corr. Programs Specialist, dated Feb. 14, 2014).

      With the foregoing in mind, and mindful that Counts K, Q, and S must be

excised from the Commitment Order because the Superior Court vacated them,

the calculation of Mr. Smith’s sentence is fairly straightforward:

                                      Counts                Term of Imprisonment
        Sentence 1                      H, J                     10–30 years
        Sentence 2                    I, M, O                    5–15 years
        Sentence 3                      L, N                    15 years–Life
        Sentence 4                      P, R                     5–15 years
        Sentence 5                       T                      20–60 months

      Then, heeding the Commitment Order’s instructions regarding the ordering

of these sentences, the proper computation is as follows:

                                      Counts                 Minimum Term of
                                                              Imprisonment
   Sentences 1, 3, and 4     H, J (minimum 10 years)                 15 years
   (Counts H, J, L, N, P,       L, N (minimum 15
  and R to run concurrent             years)
      to each other)         P, R (minimum 5 years)

                                         11
 Sentence 2 (Counts I and              I, M                       5 years
   M concurrent to each
 other, but consecutive to
 Counts H, J, L, N, P, and
             R)
   Sentence 2 (Count O                   O                        5 years
  consecutive to Counts I
         and M)
   Sentence 5 (Count T                   T                    20–60 months
 consecutive to Counts H
       through R)
   TOTAL MINIMUM                                          25 years + 20 months
     SENTENCE

      As the district court accurately observed, “[t]here is no way around

it; . . . [Mr. Smith’s total minimum sentence] equals 25 years and 20 months.” R.

at 113 (Order, filed July 14, 2014). And Mr. Smith’s briefing offers us no legally

cognizable reason to reach a different conclusion.

      In particular, Mr. Smith can be heard to argue that “[sentences for] multiple

convictions [under the D.C. Code] . . . cannot be aggregated.” Aplt. Opening Br.

at 4. Mr. Smith contends that the proper course is to bypass the Superior Court’s

directive of consecutive sentences, thereby effectively only imposing the sentence

pertaining to his assault-with-intent-to-kill conviction: a minimum term of fifteen

years’ imprisonment, and a maximum term of life imprisonment. But his

proposed approach is patently misguided. “It is well-established that courts may

constitutionally impose consecutive sentences for completely distinct and separate

                                        12
offenses.” Woodberry v. Hannigan, 37 F. App’x 404, 406 (10th Cir. 2002); see

United States v. Grassie, 237 F.3d 1199, 1205, 1216 (10th Cir. 2001) (affirming

consecutive sentences that produced an aggregate term of imprisonment

exceeding the statutory minimum for one of the defendant’s counts of conviction).

      As applied here, the Commitment Order clearly indicates that Mr. Smith

was not sentenced merely on one count, reflecting only one crime, that allowed

for a mandatory minimum term of fifteen years. To the contrary, the Superior

Court sentenced him on numerous counts pertaining to discrete offenses—and, on

these counts, the court imposed correspondingly separate minimum imprisonment

terms, which were to run in a particular sequence that the Superior Court set in

the exercise of its discretion. The BOP thus committed no error when it

concluded that (1) Mr. Smith was sentenced to serve a term of at least fifteen

years, to be followed by two five-year terms, and then followed by a twenty-

month term; and (2) with said terms aggregated, the Commitment Order required

a minimum sentence of twenty-five years and twenty months in prison—not a

minimum sentence of fifteen years. And the district court likewise did not err in

concluding that, given this proper computation, Mr. Smith was not entitled to

habeas relief.

      In sum, for the reasons discussed above, we conclude that reasonable jurists

could not debate the correctness of the district court’s ruling regarding the

calculation of Mr. Smith’s sentence. We thus conclude that Mr. Smith has failed

                                          13
to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right—as relevant

here, his right to due process. As a result, he is not entitled to a COA to

challenge on appeal the district court’s disposition of his habeas application. Mr.

Smith’s request for a COA is hereby denied, and this action is dismissed.

                                          D

      Finally, we address Mr. Smith’s motion for leave to proceed IFP. We

conclude that Mr. Smith, by limiting his briefing to bald averments that his

sentence is “clearly” incorrect, Aplt. Opening Br. at 4, has not offered any

“reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in support of the issues

raised on appeal,” Watkins v. Leyba, 543 F.3d 624, 627 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting

McIntosh v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 115 F.3d 809, 812 (10th Cir. 1997)). As a

result, we conclude that he is not entitled to IFP status on appeal, and we deny his

motion.

                                          III

      For the reasons discussed above, we DENY a COA, DENY Mr. Smith’s

request to proceed IFP, and DISMISS this appeal.

                                                Entered for the Court

                                                JEROME A. HOLMES
                                                Circuit Judge

                                          14