Court Opinion

ID: 9892368
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-23 17:12:03.348606+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:44.057977
License: Public Domain

J-S29024-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :         PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
  CYNTHIA CAROLYN BLACK                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :      No. 1028 MDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 17, 2022
                In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-67-CR-0002801-2020

BEFORE:      MURRAY, J., KING, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                              FILED: OCTOBER 23, 2023

       Appellant, Cynthia Carolyn Black, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered in the York County Court of Common Pleas, following her

bench trial convictions for receiving stolen property, abuse of a corpse, and

theft by deception.1 We affirm.

       The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.

Appellant and her grandmother, Glenora Delahay, lived together at a home in

Ardmore, Pennsylvania.          Ms. Delahay was elderly and received monthly

payments from the Social Security Administration (“SSA”). These payments

were deposited in a bank account shared by Ms. Delahay and Appellant.

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3925(a), 5510, and 3922(a)(1).
J-S29024-23

      Ms. Delahay died at some point between 2001 and 2005. Rather than

report this death, Appellant wrapped Ms. Delahay’s body in bags and a blanket

and carried the body to the basement where she placed it in a chest freezer.

Appellant locked the freezer and kept the body hidden within it. Appellant

brought the freezer with her to her new residence in York County,

Pennsylvania, when she moved.       Following foreclosure proceedings in May

2018, Appellant moved out of the property but left the freezer (which

contained the hidden body) when she moved out.

      In February 2019, the new purchasers of the home cut the locks on the

freezer, discovered human remains, and contacted law enforcement. Police

transported the body to the coroner’s office for examination and, on May 5,

2020, the Commonwealth received a report identifying the remains found in

the freezer as belonging to Ms. Delahay.            On May 26, 2020, the

Commonwealth filed a complaint charging Appellant with theft by deception,

receiving stolen property, and abuse of a corpse.

      Appellant filed an omnibus pre-trial motion on February 24, 2021,

seeking, among other things, dismissal of the theft by deception and receiving

stolen property charges. In her motion, Appellant argued that the statute of

limitations had passed prior to charges being filed against her. The trial court

held a hearing on the motion and denied relief on June 11, 2021.

      On April 6, 2022, the trial court conducted a stipulated non-jury trial

and found Appellant guilty of the aforementioned charges. On June 17, 2022,

                                     -2-
J-S29024-23

the court sentenced Appellant to concurrent terms of 11.5 to 23 months of

incarceration for receiving stolen property and theft by deception, plus two

years of probation for abuse of a corpse. Appellant filed a timely notice of

appeal on Monday, July 18, 2022.       The trial court subsequently ordered

Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal per

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), and Appellant complied on August 9, 2022.

      Appellant raises two issues on appeal:

         Whether the trial court erred when it denied [Appellant’s]
         motion to dismiss the theft by deception charge due to
         untimely filing where the alleged criminal actions were
         completed in November 2010 but prosecution was not
         commenced until May 26, 2020?

         Whether the trial court erred when it denied [Appellant’s]
         motion to dismiss the receiving stolen property charge due
         to untimely filing where the alleged criminal actions were
         completed in November 2010 but prosecution was not
         commenced until May 26, 2020?

(Appellant’s Brief at 4).

      “A question regarding the application of the statute of limitations is a

question of law.”   Commonwealth v. Succi, 173 A.3d 269, 279 (Pa.Super.

2017), appeal denied, 647 Pa. 196, 188 A.3d 1121 (2018) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Riding, 68 A.3d 990, 993 (Pa.Super. 2013)). “Thus, ‘our

standard of review is de novo and scope of review is plenary.’” Id. (quoting

Commonwealth v. Vega–Reyes, 131 A.3d 61, 63 (Pa.Super. 2016)).

      In her first issue, Appellant claims that the trial court erred when it

denied her motion to dismiss the theft by deception charge. Specifically, she

                                    -3-
J-S29024-23

claims the Commonwealth did not file the complaint within the applicable

statute of limitations. Appellant insists that the statute of limitations period

commenced in November 2010, when she last retained a check that the SSA

had issued to Ms. Delahay. Appellant contends that theft by deception is not

a continuing crime once the deception or reliance on the deception has ended.

Appellant maintains that the elements of the offense were complete when the

payments ended and the SSA stopped relying on Appellant’s statements that

Ms. Delahay had not died.     Appellant contends that even if the statute of

limitations was extended three years for fraud, the resulting eight-year statute

of limitations had passed at the time the Commonwealth filed charges against

her in May 2020. Appellant concludes the court erred by denying her motion

to dismiss, and this Court must grant relief. We disagree.

      The Crimes Code defines theft by deception, in relevant part, as follows:

         § 3922. Theft by deception

         (a) Offense defined.—A person is guilty of theft if [s]he
         intentionally obtains or withholds property of another by
         deception. A person deceives if [s]he intentionally:

            (1) creates or reinforces a false impression, including
            false impressions as to law, value, intention or other
            state of mind; but deception as to a person’s intention
            to perform a promise shall not be inferred from the
            fact alone that [s]he did not subsequently perform the
            promise;

                                  *    *    *

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3922(a)(1). To prove a defendant’s guilt of theft by deception,

the “Commonwealth must prove that the victim relied upon the false

                                      -4-
J-S29024-23

impression.”   Commonwealth v. McSloy, 751 A.2d 666, 669 (Pa.Super.

2000), appeal denied, 564 Pa. 728, 766 A.2d 1246 (2000) (citing

Commonwealth v. Fisher, 682 A.2d 811 (Pa.Super. 1996), appeal denied,

546 Pa. 691, 687 A.2d 376 (1996)).

      The statute of limitations for theft by deception is five years.       42

Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(b)(1). Nevertheless, Section “5552(c)(1) allows prosecution

for an otherwise time-barred offense for any offense a material element of

which is either fraud or a breach of fiduciary obligation within one year after

discovery of the offense by an aggrieved party…but in no case shall this

paragraph extend the period of limitations otherwise applicable for more than

three years.” Succi, supra at 281 (citing 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(c)(1)). The

statute of limitations for theft by deception does not commence until the victim

discovers the deception. Fisher, supra at 818. Further, “discovery of the

fraud is not satisfied by mere suspicion, it requires acquisition of knowledge

that a penal statute has been violated.” Succi, supra at 281 (holding statute

of limitations for theft by deception and fraudulent business practices was

tolled in appellant’s case where appellant’s fraud was not discovered until day

warrant was issued for his arrest).

      Instantly, the trial court denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss the theft

by deception charge, explaining:

         In the instant case, the SSA stopped making the social
         security payments to Glenora Delahay on November 3,
         2010. The SSA had sent out “centenarian letters” to
         Glenora Delahay in September 2010 and again in October

                                      -5-
J-S29024-23

         2010, in an effort to set up an appointment to determine
         Ms. Delahay’s status. When the SSA received no response,
         they discontinued the payments. At this time, there was not
         even a “suspicion” that a crime or crimes had been
         committed involving [Appellant]. The SSA had no way of
         knowing if Glenora Delahay was dead or alive, or if she had
         just simply moved away.

         Moreover, because the remains had been in a locked freezer
         on an uninhabited foreclosed property, they were not
         discovered until February 7, 2019. The remains that were
         found were not readily identifiable due to the amount of
         decomposition. Because the remains were not readily
         identifiable, there was no way of knowing that social
         security income was being paid to someone who was
         deceased and had been for some time. As a result, actual
         knowledge that a penal statute had been violated could not,
         and did not, occur until the remains were identified. The
         Commonwealth did not receive the report on the identity of
         the remains until May 5, 2020.… Because the Complaint
         was filed on May 26, 2020, only [2]1 days after the remains
         were identified, [Appellant] was timely prosecuted.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed 11/2/22, at 4-5).

      We agree with the trial court that the statute of limitations commenced

after the victim, the SSA, discovered that Appellant had hidden Ms. Delahay’s

body in order to deceive the SSA into continuing to issue monthly checks to

Ms. Delahay after her death so that Appellant could obtain those funds. See

Succi, supra.    Although the SSA stopped issuing the monthly checks in

November 2010, the statute of limitations did not commence at that time

because the SSA was not aware of the deception.         See Fisher, supra.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it denied Appellant’s request to

dismiss the charge of theft by deception. See Succi, supra; Vega–Reyes,

supra. Appellant’s first issue merits no relief.

                                     -6-
J-S29024-23

      In her second issue, Appellant claims the trial court erred in denying her

motion to dismiss the charge of receiving stolen property, claiming the statute

of limitations for that crime had also expired when the Commonwealth filed

the charge against her.     Appellant argues that because she received only

monetary, not discrete, property she could not have retained the specific

monetary property for a continuing course of time.       Appellant insists that

money alone does not constitute retained property for the purpose of making

receiving stolen property a continuing crime. Appellant avers that when she

last received the check from the SSA, in November 2010, the crime was

complete for statute of limitations purposes. Appellant concludes the court

erred by denying her motion to dismiss, and this Court must grant relief. We

disagree.

      The Crimes Code defines receiving stolen property, in relevant part, as

follows:

           § 3925. Receiving stolen property

           (a) Offense defined.—A person is guilty of theft if [s]he
           intentionally receives, retains, or disposes of movable
           property of another knowing that it has been stolen, or
           believing that it has probably been stolen, unless the
           property is received, retained, or disposed with intent to
           restore it to the owner.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3925(a). The statute of limitations for receiving stolen property

is five years. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5552(a).

      Receiving stolen property is an ongoing offense, which continues as long

as the perpetrator retains possession of the stolen property. Commonwealth

                                     -7-
J-S29024-23

v. Farrar, 413 A.2d 1094, 1098 (Pa.Super. 1979) (holding that language of

statute defining crime of receiving stolen property makes offense ongoing or

continuing one). See also Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 439 A.2d 748, 752

(Pa.Super. 1982) (retention of stolen property is “continuing” offense which

does not terminate until stolen property is taken from accused).

      Here, at the time the Commonwealth filed charges against Appellant,

she had not returned or relinquished any of the over $186,000.00 that she

had received from the SSA. Appellant has not cited any authority exempting

the receipt of stolen money (as opposed to stolen goods or other non-

monetary property) from consideration as a continuing offense. Therefore,

because Appellant retained the stolen funds, we conclude that Appellant’s

offense of retaining the stolen SSA checks was a continuing offense that was

still ongoing at the time the Commonwealth brought the charges against her.

Consequently, the statute of limitations for this offense had not run, and the

trial court did not err when it denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss this charge.

Appellant’s second issue merits no relief. Accordingly, we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                      -8-
J-S29024-23

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/23/2023

                           -9-