Court Opinion

ID: 9437933
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-03 05:03:19.259081+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:25:13.229834
License: Public Domain

SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.
Rafter Seven Ranches, L.P. (Rafter Seven) appeals a Bankruptcy Appeal Panel (BAP) decision upholding the bankruptcy court’s rejection of Rafter Seven’s objection to C.H. Brown Company’s (Brown) claim that it was liable to Brown on certain equipment leases. See Rafter Seven Ranches, LP v. C.H. Brown Company (In re Rafter Seven Ranches, LP), 362 B.R. 25, 27 (10th Cir.BA P2007) (Rafter II). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(d), and we affirm.
I
The facts and procedural history of this case have been fully reported in both In re Rafter Seven Ranches, LP, Case No. 05-40483, 2007 WL 2903200 (Bkrtcy.D.Kan. Oct. 3, 2007) (unpublished), and Rafter II, 362 B.R. at 27 (10th Cir.BAP 2007). We *1020repeat here only what is necessary to explain the issues.
Rafter Seven was interested in purchasing used sprinkler systems for use on its farm property. Its general partner, Michael J. Friesen, contacted Ochs Irrigation (Ochs), a used system dealer. Because Ochs did not have the appropriate used sprinklers in stock, Kenny Ochs located the desired sprinklers from another source. Rafter Seven did not have the funds to purchase the sprinklers, so Mr. Ochs suggested it contact Brown, a Wyoming private agricultural and equipment lender, to finance the purchase of the sprinkler systems. At a meeting on April 20, 2001, Brown agreed to a finance lease arrangement whereby Rafter Seven could acquire four used sprinkler systems which Ochs would supply and install.
Brown forwarded four equipment leases to Rafter Seven for execution, one for each sprinkler system. Rafter Seven’s general manager executed the leases on behalf of the company. The leases were for a term of five years, required semi-annual payments, and were to be governed by Wyoming law. The leases each provided that the lease payments would be due with respect to each item of equipment “when Lessee has received Equipment which is equal to 50% of the value to Lessor of all Equipment to be leased.” Aple. Sup.App. at 134. In addition, the leases made it plain that Brown, the lessor, was not warranting the sprinklers for any purpose:
WARRANTIES: Lessee agrees that it has selected each item of Equipment based upon its own judgment, and disclaims any reliance upon any statement of representations made by Lessor. LESSOR MAKES NO WARRANTY WITH RESPECT TO THE EQUIPMENT, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AND LESSOR SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY AND OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND ANY LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR THE INABILITY TO USE THE EQUIPMENT. Lessee agrees to make the lease payments required hereunder without regard to the condition of the Equipment and to look only to persons other than Lessor, such as manufacturer, vendor, or supplier thereof, should any item of Equipment for any reason, be defective.
Id. Upon Rafter Seven’s authorization, Brown sent payment to Ochs to fund purchase by Ochs of the sprinklers.
The parties were aware that the sprinkler systems were needed as soon as possible for the corn planting season ending May 1. When the sprinkler systems did not arrive during May, Rafter Seven wrote to Brown informing it that it had received neither the money for the leases nor the equipment. Upon receipt of the letter, Brown contacted Kenny Ochs, apparently urging him to make delivery.
The first sprinkler system was delivered and installed in late July. It did not conform to any of the leases in terms of serial number or equipment characteristics. Despite the nonconformity and some serious defects, Rafter Seven made use of the sprinkler system. On August 15, 2001, Rafter Seven sent a letter to Ochs regarding the remaining three sprinklers:
By casual checking, I have learned that apparently you have used the money provided by C.H. Brown and Co. as well as money from Rafter Seven, in an amount exceeding $100,000 for purposes other than the purchase of sprinklers, generators and underground pipe. In other words, it appears that Rafter Seven and/or C.H. Brown Co. may need to recover (from you) more than $50,000. If you have any information to the contrary, it would be greatly appreciated. *1021In the meantime, it would be my suggestion ... that you get ready to make the first annual payments on three sprinklers that aren’t delivered or functioning. Additionally, I believe that you should provide us with some form of tangible security such as mortgages, titles, or assignments until this matter is cleared.
Unless I have the written response before August 23, to my home address ... indicating the location of the sprinklers and generators, we will have to insist on a meeting to arrange a restructuring of your contract with Rafter Seven.
Aplt.App. at 127.
Sometime between mid-August and mid-September of 2001, two additional nonconforming sprinkler units were delivered to Rafter Seven. Friesen was in the fields when Och’s employees made delivery. After examination, Friesen determined that the sprinklers were defective. He testified they were “rusty old stuff with flat tires that — it was just junk.” Aple. SuppApp. at 186. He directed that the sprinklers not be installed. The equipment was left standing in the fields and was never completely assembled or made operational. The fourth sprinkler system was never delivered.
Approximately six weeks later, on November 1, 2001, Rafter Seven sent a letter to Brown stating that it would not honor the leases. This letter, which was sent before the first payments were due, stated:
As we told Susie on the telephone last month, we have not insured the sprinklers-such as they are. At that time, we mentioned that we might have to reject the sprinklers and repudiate the lease. Nothing has happened since that conversation to change our minds.
At the time of this writing, Mr. Ochs has partially installed one sprinkler. This sprinkler is not 1296 feet long, as promised, nor does it have a generator to provide power to the system. The sprinkler leaks to such an extent that the watering patterns are uneven. Additionally, two tower motors (or gear drives) are worn to the point that they are noisy. This sprinkler was delivered in July, after the crops were already stressed. We have tried to mitigate our damages by keeping our production costs low, but that alone did not prevent the yields from being a disaster.
With respect to the other three circles, we can only say that there are no circles with crops underneath them, or operating sprinklers. As this summer became fall, we continued to believe that the two antiquated, dysfunctional systems standing in the weeds would somehow become operational in time to plant wheat. They have not. Not only has Rafter Seven lost 390 acres of irrigated row crops, but we have lost the benefit of timely planting the fall wheat crop. The minimum loss now exceeds the entire lease amount of $80,000. Rafter Seven cannot honor the lease agreement under these circumstances.

We are sorry to take this position and will be willing to work toward another agreement that might resolve this loss.

Aplt.App. at 129-30 (emphasis added).
After receiving this letter, Brown phoned Friesen. Brown told him that it had no responsibility for breach of warranty, and that Rafter Seven was still liable under the leases. Hence, on November 23, 2001, Rafter Seven sent Ochs a letter saying it expected Ochs to pay Brown for the sprinkler systems. The letter also indicated Rafter Seven would try to hire someone to move or modify the existing systems to try to make them operational so as to mitigate further damages. Specifically, the letter states:
As you know, Rafter Seven Ranches, LP, has repudiated its lease agreement *1022with C.H. Brown Co. The obvious reason was the failure of consideration, in that there was no performance on behalf of the lessee because the contracts (which were designated as true leases) were not fulfilled in a timely manner. As a result, Rafter Seven completely lost the production on three circles and suffered substantial losses on the fourth. A conservative loss estimate is $20,000-$25,000 per quarter. In other words, the failure of Rafter Seven to receive four sprinklers, (1985 or newer) 1296 feet long, in working order, so that irrigated crops could be planted and insured has caused us the value of the entire lease. This does not include approximately $25,000 in cash advances paid by Rafter Seven. It now appears that Rafter Seven will lose its FSA cost share grant unless the installation on the home quarter is completed within thirty days.
I have, of course, been in touch with Mr. Brown, who indicated that we would be contacting him with a date for a conference telephone call — which I assume to be an attempt to resolve this problem. I have not heard from you in this regard, therefore let me suggest the following approach: since you guaranteed payment of this indebtedness, I have enclosed a payment notification form and self-addressed envelope to the Brown Co. for the first payment. There will be seven more of similar amounts in the next 12 months. You can probably absorb these, but I’m sure that Mr. Brown would like this confirmed.
I anticipate that Mr. Brown will want a new agreement. Rafter Seven will want a release and some idea about repayment, restitution or presentment of four generators and a fourth sprinkler. Mr. Brown and I both agree that if you can not perform, as I just suggested, that you advise him promptly with the written answer to this question: “where is the money?” or “what happened to Mr. Brown’s $80,000?”
I will proceed to further mitigate Rafter Seven’s damages by hiring other contractors to move or modify the existing systems to try to make them operate and I will attempt to purchase another system, be it new or used. These additional costs should not be those of Rafter Seven so you should be advised that some recompense will be sought.
ApltApp. at 45-46 (emphasis added).
No payments were ever made under the leases. Brown filed suit against both Rafter Seven and Ochs in Wyoming state court. It obtained a default judgment against Ochs, but the case against Rafter Seven was stayed when Rafter Seven filed for Chapter 12 bankruptcy. Brown filed a claim in the bankruptcy for payment on the leases, to which Rafter Seven objected. After a two day trial, the bankruptcy court overruled the objection, finding that Rafter Seven had accepted the goods and had failed to reject them seasonably as provided for in the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.), codified at Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34.1-1-109 et seq. Rafter Seven filed a Motion to Reconsider asserting that the right to inspect includes a right to test and that because Ochs never sent complete sprinklers, Rafter Seven had no opportunity to test them and hence was never required by the U.C.C. to reject them. The bankruptcy court denied the motion, holding that the right to inspect did not include a right to test. Rafter Seven appealed to the BAP, which affirmed.
II
Rafter Seven contends on appeal that the bankruptcy court and the BAP erred in concluding Rafter Seven had no right to test the sprinklers before the obligation to notify Brown accrued. It also asserts the bankruptcy court erred in deciding the *1023case on issues Rafter Seven claims were not included in the pretrial order or any other pleading. Finally, it argues that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in denying Rafter Seven’s Motion to Reconsider.
We review de novo the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions, but we review the findings which underpin the conclusions under the clearly erroneous standard. Gullickson v. Brown (In re Brown), 108 F.3d 1290, 1292 (10th Cir.1997). “We review de novo mixed questions consisting primarily of legal conclusions drawn from the facts.” Id. We review for abuse of discretion the specific issue of whether the bankruptcy court properly decided the case based on what was included in the pretrial order. See Ellis v. Ark. La. Gas Co., 609 F.2d 436, 439 (10th Cir.1979). We similarly review for abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of the motion for reconsideration. See Matosantos Commercial Corp. v. Applebee’s Int'l, Inc., 245 F.3d 1203, 1213 (10th Cir.2001).

Right to Test

Rafter Seven’s appeal does not challenge the facts as gathered at trial and recounted by the bankruptcy court. Rather, it contends it had a right to test the equipment before it was required to reject it, implying there was no time frame within which it was required to test. The applicable statutes dictate otherwise. The right to inspect, synonymous with the right to test, is not separate from the obligation to notify the lessor of rejection within a reasonable time.
Under Wyo. Stat. ANN. § 34.1-2.A-407, a commercial lessee’s promises in a finance agreement become irrevocable and independent upon acceptance of the goods. Because this is a finance lease, acceptance of goods with the knowledge of nonconformity precludes revocation of acceptance. Id. at § 34.1-2.A-516(b). Acceptance of goods is defined in § 34.1-2.A-515(a).
Acceptance of goods occurs after the lessee has had a reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods and: (i)[t]he lessee signifies or acts with respect to the goods in a manner that signifies to the lessor or the supplier that the goods are conforming or that the lessee will take or retain them in spite of their nonconformity; or (ii)[t]he lessee fails to make an effective rejection of the goods (section 34.1-2.A-509(b)).
Id. Under § 34.1-2.A-509(b), “[Rejection of goods is ineffective unless it is within a reasonable time after tender or delivery of the goods and the lessee seasonably notifies the lessor.” If, as here, no time for rejection is prescribed by the relevant agreement, then a “reasonable time for taking any action depends on the nature, purpose and circumstances of such action.” Id. at § 34.1-l-204(b). An action is taken “seasonably” if it is taken “within a reasonable time.” Id. at § 34.1-l-204(c).
 Rafter Seven contends it did not accept the sprinklers within the meaning of § 34.1-2.A-515 because it never had an opportunity to test them given that they were not even delivered in usable form. Application of the law to the facts does not support Rafter Seven’s position. Rafter Seven received the first sprinkler in late July. Knowing the sprinkler did not conform, Rafter Seven kept it and made use of it anyway. Use of a nonconforming good constitutes acceptance. See 34.1-2.A-515(a)(i). Although Rafter Seven did not use the second and third sprinklers, received between mid-August and mid-September of 2001, it failed to effectively reject them. It inspected the second and third sprinklers upon delivery, determined they were “junk,” refused to have them assembled, and then let them sit in the fields for approximately six weeks before *1024making what it argues is a rejection of the goods. Effective rejection of the goods did not occur until, at the earliest, November 1, 2001, when Rafter Seven wrote its letter to Brown. Even if we assume this letter constituted an unambiguous rejection of the sprinklers, six weeks was an unreasonable period of time to inspect given the facts of this case.
To convince us otherwise, Rafter Seven cites Capitol Dodge Sales, Inc. v. N. Concrete Pipe, Inc., 131 Mich.App. 149, 346 N.W.2d 535 (1983). In Capitol Dodge, a commercial company sought to buy a truck with a snowplow attachment. Id. at 537. During the test drive, the truck overheated. The seller represented that the overheating was the result of incorrect placement of the snowplow attachment. The buyer accepted the explanation and attempted to properly attach the snowplow per the seller’s instructions. Over the next two days, the vehicle overheated several times and the buyer repeatedly contacted the seller, ultimately telling him he did not want to buy the truck. Id. at 537-38. Upon suit, the seller contended the buyer’s use of the truck constituted acceptance, while the buyer claimed he was only exercising his right to a reasonable inspection period. The court held that approximately three days of inspection was not unreasonable. Id. at 540.
In Colonial Pacific Leasing Corp. v. JWCJR Corp., 977 P.2d 541 (Utah App.1999), also cited by Rafter Seven, an auto shop purchased a computer and software system financed by Colonial Pacific. On the day of delivery, the debtor informed the creditor that the equipment was received but not yet operational. Id. at 543. On the second day, the creditor contacted the debtor and this time the debtor informed it that the software system was working. Later that same day, the system crashed. The debtor called the software company but was unable to get the system working. Soon after, the debtor contacted the software company to come and pick up the equipment. Id. The debtor also called the creditor twice within ten days of the system crashing to inform it that the equipment was not operational. Id. at 546. Through his conversations with the creditor, the debtor understood that he was no longer obligated on the lease due to his rejection of the goods. Id.
More than two years later, the creditor brought suit against the debtor to recover unpaid lease payments. The trial judge ruled for the creditor. The appellate court reversed, holding that the trial court failed to make factual findings about whether the debtor had a reasonable opportunity to inspect the system. In so doing, the court noted:
Taking possession of the goods is not determinative of acceptance, nor is the signing of a form acceptance before receipt of goods, nor the making of a lease payment. A reasonable time to inspect under the UCC must allow an opportunity to put the product to its intended use, or for testing to verify its capability to perform as intended.
Id. at 545 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). We agree with this interpretation of a reasonable time to inspect or test, but that does not change the outcome of this case.
The facts of both Capitol Dodge and Colonial Pacific diverge significantly from those here. With respect to the second and third sprinklers, Rafter Seven recognized immediately that the used sprinklers delivered to it were nonconforming to the leases and were “junk.” No testing was necessary to determine nonconformance. Instead of notifying Brown, however, Rafter Seven left the sprinklers sitting in the field. This is in stark contrast to Capitol Dodge and Colonial Pacific, where the buyers attempted to put the purchased *1025goods to use and immediately contacted the appropriate party upon finding the defects.
Seasonable rejection is intertwined with the concept of a reasonable time to inspect. See § 34.1-1-204. For either concept, the reasonable time period is tied to the difficulty of discovering the nonconformity. See 1 James J. White & Robeet S. Summers, UnifoRM Commercial Code § 8-3 at 447-48 (4th ed.1996) (hereinafter White & Summers). In this case, Rafter Seven knew immediately on inspection that the second and third sprinklers were nonconforming because not all of the parts were delivered and the equipment was not operable. Case law supports the conclusion that Rafter Seven’s time to reject was relatively short in these circumstances. Compare Pioneer Peat, Inc. v. Quality Grassing & Servs., Inc., 653 N.W.2d 469 (Minn.App.2002) (one month lapse between acceptance and rejection not reasonable where company knew product was nonconforming); McClure Oil Corp. v. Murray Equip., Inc., 515 N.E.2d 546, 552 (Ind.App.1987) (ineffective rejection where buyer did not give unambiguous rejection until nineteen days after receipt of product during which time he used product, claimed to be dissatisfied with product from first day of use, and ordered alternative equipment nine days after receipt of disputed equipment); EPN-Delaval, S.A. v. Inter-Equip, Inc., 542 F.Supp. 238, 243, 247 (S.D.Tex.1982) (where defect is total and blatant, sixty-five days constitutes unreasonable rejection time); with Integrated Circuits Unlimited, Inc. v. E.F. Johnson Co., 691 F.Supp. 630, 631, 634 (E.D.N.Y.1988) (one month reasonable where purchaser actively testing complex electronic equipment), rev’d on other grounds, 875 F.2d 1040 (2d Cir.1989); TriContinental Leasing Corp. v. Law Office of Richard W. Burns, 710 S.W.2d 604 (Tex.App.1985) (testing time of one month reasonable where equipment malfunctioned immediately and buyer was constantly working with seller to make equipment operable); Moses v. Newman, 658 S.W.2d 119 (Tenn.App.1983) (one day not long enough to constitute reasonable time to inspect).
Rafter Seven knew upon inspection that the equipment was nonconforming, yet it did nothing to reject the second and third sprinklers for at least six weeks after they were delivered.1 According to the specific language of the statute, these actions are consistent with acceptance rather than rejection. See § 34.1-2.A-515 (acceptance occurs when lessee does any of three things after a reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods: (a) signifies acceptance; (b) fails to make an effective rejection; or (c) does any act that signifies acceptance). While a reasonable opportunity to inspect and test is available under the UCC, six weeks was an unreasonable period in the circumstances of this case, given Rafter Seven’s immediate recognition of the defective condition of the equipment.
White & Summers make clear why “speedy notification” is important:
The policies for speedy notification are not mysterious. The obvious policies behind the notice provisions are to give the seller [here, the lessor] an opportunity to cure, to permit the seller to assist *1026the buyer in minimizing the buyer’s losses, and to return the goods to seller early — before they have depreciated, rotted or worse. If the seller can cure the difficulty and so save the sale and prevent lost profits that the buyer might otherwise suffer, the policy has been fulfilled. Even if the seller’s inspection discloses that the goods are defective and the seller agrees to take them back, the entire loss from the transaction may be minimized by early action, because the seller may be able to resell the goods to another party and at a higher price than the goods would command after they had depreciated.
White & SummeRS at 445-46.
The dissent does not believe “the Uniform Commercial Code [would] really leave a lessee in Rafter Seven’s position to be so rooked without recourse,” dissent at 5, and suggests we are ignoring the realities of the situation. To the contrary, as the lease agreements note, this is a case in which the lessee, Rafter Seven, chose the supplier, Ochs, and authorized the finance lessor, Brown, to pay the supplier for the cost of the sprinklers before the goods were delivered to the lessee. This is also a case in which Rafter Seven agreed that Brown would not be responsible for warranting the fitness of the equipment, and that Rafter Seven would look only to Ochs in the event that any item of equipment was defective. As one court has explained in a tripartite situation such as this:
When the commercial context has been, as here, a financing lease, the weight of authority is that the consideration which flows from the financing lessor is money, not a functioning product. Accordingly a breach by the supplier of the equipment does not excuse the lessee from making lease payments to the finance-lessor, unless the equipment lease otherwise provides. Where, as in many lease documents with a finance-lessor (and in the instant case), there is an express disclaimer of liability for malfunctioning equipment, the position of the finance-lessor is that much stronger. Patriot Gen’l Life Ins. Co. v. CFC Investment Co., 11 Mass.App.Ct. 857, 420 N.E.2d 918, 922 (1981) (footnote omitted) (citing cases). Given that Rafter Seven knew immediately, without testing, that the long-overdue sprinklers were non-conforming, it was clearly obligated by § 34.1-2A-515 to so inform Brown to whom it owed payments for financing the transaction. The bankruptcy court correctly determined that Rafter Seven had all the time it needed to inspect the facially nonconforming goods, and that its rejection was therefore not seasonable.2

Bankruptcy Court Properly Addressed Timeliness of Rejection

Rafter Seven claims the bankruptcy court incorrectly decided the case because Rafter Seven’s objection to Brown’s claim was based on Ochs’ complete failure to deliver the sprinklers described in the leases, see Aplt.App. at 108 (“The debtor contends that the irrigation sprinklers which were the subject of the leases ... were never delivered.... What was delivered to Rafter Seven was basically ‘a pile of junk.’ ”), while the bankruptcy court’s decision was based on Rafter Seven’s failure to seasonably reject the sprinkler systems. Rafter Seven contends the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in deciding the case on an issue not identified in the pretrial order or other pleadings.
We do not agree. We are persuaded by our review of the record that the bankruptcy court’s decision was based on the *1027general issues and principles articulated by the parties in the pretrial order and the proceedings thereafter. The parties were well aware that the law governing this matter is Article 2A of the U.C.C., as codified in Wyoming. While Rafter Seven took the position that delivery of conforming goods was never made, the UCC makes clear that nonconforming goods may be accepted or rejected, and that any rejection must be done within a reasonable time with notice to the lessor. See Wyo. Stat. ANN. § § 34.1-2.A-509(b) & 34.1-2.A-515.
The record clearly reveals that the trial of the matter revolved around acceptance or rejection of the goods, and Rafter Seven did not object to that course of events. Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(b)(2) “[w]hen an issue not raised by the pleadings is tried by the parties’ express or implied consent, it must be treated in all respects as if raised by the pleadings.” The bankruptcy court clearly saw timeliness of rejection as the key to this case, see Aple. Supp.App. 201-22, and Rafter Seven gives us no grounds to hold that the court abused its discretion in so doing.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.

. Rafter Seven contends it rejected the second and third sprinklers when it made clear to Och's installers that they were unacceptable. We are not persuaded. Under § 34.1-2.A-515, Rafter Seven had an obligation to notify Brown, the lessor, of its rejection, which it did not do until its letter of November 1, 2001. Furthermore, that letter itself indicates that Rafter Seven continued to hope the dysfunctional sprinklers would become operational. See supra at 1198-99.

. Given our conclusion on the merits, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying Rafter Seven’s Motion for Reconsideration on this same issue.