Court Opinion

ID: 3168615
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-11 22:04:09.987927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:02:50.259856
License: Public Domain

This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A15-0067

                                 State of Minnesota,
                                    Respondent,

                                         vs.

                              Jeremy Bruce Cournoyer,
                                     Appellant.

                               Filed January 11, 2016
                                      Affirmed
                                    Reyes, Judge

                            Beltrami County District Court
                                File No. 04CR131377

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Annie P. Claesson-Huseby, Beltrami County Attorney, Bemidji, Minnesota (for
respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Rochelle R. Winn, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Reyes, Judge; and

Klaphake, Judge.


 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

REYES, Judge

       On appeal from his conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, appellant

argues that the district court committed reversible error by playing the complainant’s

video-recorded statement to a forensic interviewer at trial because the statement was

inadmissible hearsay. He also raises several arguments in his pro se supplemental brief.

We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       In 2005, appellant Jeremy Bruce Cournoyer was convicted of attempted second-

degree sexual assault of an 11-year-old girl. In 2013, appellant was convicted of failure

to register his new address as a predatory offender. On April 18, 2013, appellant posted

bail and returned to his mother’s home where the complainant A.D. was currently living.

A.D. was 11 years old at that time.

       On April 30, 2013, A.D.’s aunt, C.D., took A.D. to the emergency room because

she complained of pain in her rectal area due to an alleged sexual assault by appellant. At

the emergency room, Dr. William Shuler completed a cursory examination but did not

complete a sexual-assault examination. He referred A.D. to the Family Advocacy Center,

where she recounted what occurred and provided a video-recorded statement. Appellant

was subsequently charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct in violation of Minn.

Stat. § 609.342, subd. 1(a) (2012). Appellant waived his right to a jury trial, and the

Blakely notice regarding the aggravating factors and a court trial followed.

                                             2
         A.D. alleged the following in both her live trial testimony and in her video-

recorded testimony. She stated that, on April 19, 2013, everyone left the house, and she

was left home alone with appellant. Appellant slammed her finger in the door. Appellant

then grabbed her arm and pulled her into the bathroom. A.D.’s statements after this point

diverge in her live and video-recorded testimony.

         During trial, A.D. consistently testified that appellant touched her vagina with his

hand. She also stated that he licked her vagina and “butt.” She stated she did not tell

anyone that appellant raped her because he threatened to rape her again and kill her if she

told anyone. A.D. responded in the affirmative to questions regarding statements she

previously made in her video-recorded statement that her “butt” hurt afterwards, and it was

gross.

         In her video-recorded statement, A.D. stated that appellant touched her vagina

with his hands.1 She also said that appellant raped her vaginally and anally. She

complained of pain in her “butt.” A.D. also alleged that appellant stopped raping her

when he heard a car pull up to the house. However, inconsistent with her video-recorded

statement, at trial, A.D. did not state that appellant vaginally or anally raped her, only that

appellant’s “privacy” (penis) “just touched the outside” of her “butt.”

         In addition to A.D.’s trial testimony, the state relied on the testimony of Dr. Shuler

as well as Aria Trudeau and Jennifer Fraik from the Family Advocacy Center. Dr. Shuler

testified that A.D. came to the emergency room because of an alleged sexual assault and,

1
 A.D. initially told a teacher at school that her mother was abusive and that appellant
“touched her.”

                                               3
more specifically, complained of pain in her anal region. He stated that A.D. reported

that appellant took her into the bathroom, penetrated her vaginally and rectally, put his

finger and penis inside her, and threatened to rape her again and kill her if she told

anyone about the assault. Trudeau conducted A.D.’s forensic interview and testified

regarding the forensic interview process. Trudeau also testified that A.D. described to

her how appellant injured her finger in the metal part of the door and touched and rubbed

her breast. A.D. told Trudeau that her “buttocks” hurt during the assault and still hurt.

After A.D. provided a video-recorded statement, Fraik testified that she conducted a

complete physical examination of A.D., during which A.D. complained of pain in her

anal area. Fraik stated that A.D.’s injuries could be caused by penetrating trauma, blunt

trauma or contusions, or some congenital birth defects. She also noted the absence of

injuries to the perianal area or the perineum, an area where injuries are often seen after

anal penetration.

       Conversely, appellant testified that, on April 19, 2013, he was busy running

errands all day while the children were at school. He then took A.D.’s mother, S.D., to

Wal-Mart, attempted to pick up his brother at school, and then ran more errands with

S.D. When appellant and S.D. arrived at home around 4:20 or 4:30 p.m., 13 of the 15

people who occupy the home were there, including A.D. Later, he picked up his mom

from work around 5:00 p.m., picked up his brother’s friend, and returned to the house

around 6:30 or 7:00 p.m. Appellant denied that he sexually assaulted A.D. and maintains

that at no point in the day was he alone with her.

                                              4
       After hearing live testimony and reviewing the parties’ memoranda of law

regarding the admissibility of the video-recorded statement, the district court admitted

A.D.’s video-recorded testimony over appellant’s objection under the hearsay residual

exception. The district court found appellant guilty of first-degree criminal sexual

conduct. This appeal follows.

                                        DECISION

I.     Admission of statements made during A.D.’s video-recorded statement

       Appellant argues that the district court erred by allowing the admission of A.D.’s

video-recorded statement under both Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(B) and the hearsay

residual exception, Minn. R. Evid. 807. We address each issue in turn.

       A.      The district court erred by admitting inconsistent statements made
               during A.D.’s video-recorded statement under Minn. R. 801(d)(1)(B),
               but appellant is unable to establish prejudice.

       Respondent argues in the alternative that the statement is admissible under rule

801(d)(1)(B). A prior statement made by a witness is not hearsay when, “the declarant

testifies at the trial . . . and the statement is. . . consistent with the declarant's testimony.”

Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(B). While the district court did not explicitly reference this

rule, it stated that “if there are inconsistencies [between the video-recorded statement and

the live testimony] the [c]ourt will disregard those.”

       Inconsistent with her video-recorded statement, A.D. testified at trial that

appellant’s “privacy area” and hands “touched her butt.” Despite attempts to rehabilitate

A.D. and refresh A.D.’s memory, at no point did she state that appellant penetrated her

butt or anal area. Instead, A.D. testified that his “privacy” (penis) “just touched the

                                                 5
outside.” The prosecutor then asked A.D. “do you remember saying at the Family

Advocacy Center that he put his privacy in your butt?” A.D. answered, “I think so.” She

also responded in the affirmative when the prosecuting attorney reminded her that she

said it was gross and that it hurt afterwards. Because these statements were inconsistent

with her video-recorded statement, the statements constitute hearsay.

       But even if the district erred by admitting the videotape as substantive evidence,

we must consider whether the admission prejudiced appellant. State v. Amos, 658
N.W.2d 201, 203 (Minn. 2003). In order to convict appellant of first-degree criminal

sexual conduct under Minn. Stat. § 609.341.12 (2012), the state must prove sexual

penetration “committed without the complainant’s consent” involving “(1) sexual

intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, or anal intercourse; or (2) any intrusion however slight

into the genital or anal openings: (i) of the complainant’s body by any part of the actor’s

body or . . . by inducement if the child is under 13 years of age.”

       At trial, A.D. responded “uh-huh” and “yes” when asked whether appellant licked

her vagina and “butt.” Moreover, Dr. Shuler testified that A.D. had been penetrated

vaginally and anally with both appellant’s finger and penis and that A.D. complained of

pain in her anal region. C.D. also testified that A.D. was penetrated both vaginally and

anally and that A.D. complained about pain in her “butt.” Fraik testified that A.D.’s

physical examination was consistent with the report A.D. made. While there were no

injuries to the perianal area or the perineum, which are both common areas to see injuries

from anal penetration, Fraik noted that the body is naturally able to stretch and

                                              6
accommodate, so injuries oftentimes do not occur. Fraik further testified that, given the

amount of time since the event, if there were injuries they could have healed already.

       Based on A.D.’s in-court testimony alone, the district court could conclude beyond

a reasonable doubt that appellant committed criminal sexual conduct in the first degree

by performing cunnilingus on A.D. without her consent. And the testimony of other

witnesses supports the conclusion that appellant engaged in several types of penetration

with A.D. The district court stated that it determined appellant’s guilt without

considering the videotaped statements. Thus, even if the district court erred by admitting

inconsistent statements in A.D.’s video-recorded statement, it was harmless as appellant

cannot demonstrate prejudice because evidence independent of the video-recorded

statement supports the guilty verdict.

       B.     The district court did not err by admitting statements made during
              A.D.’s video-recorded statement under the residual exception.

       The residual exception allows admission of statements not falling under one of the

accepted hearsay exceptions that (1) have “equivalent circumstantial guarantees of

trustworthiness;” (2) are evidence of a material fact, (3) are more probative on that point

than any other evidence that is attainable by reasonable methods, and (4) serve the

interests of justice and the general purpose of the rules of evidence. Minn. R. Evid. 807.

However, “[t]he court should make findings explicitly on the record unless there is a

waiver, . . . or the basis of the ruling is obvious.” State v. DeRosier, 695 N.W.2d 97, 105

(Minn. 2005) (quotation omitted). “Evidentiary rulings rest within the sound discretion

of the [district] court and will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion. On

                                             7
appeal, the appellant has the burden of establishing that the [district] court abused its

discretion and that appellant was thereby prejudiced.” Amos, 658 N.W.2d at 203.

       For the residual exception, we follow the totality of the circumstances approach to

determine whether the out-of-court statement has circumstantial guarantees of

trustworthiness equivalent to other hearsay exceptions. State v. Robinson, 718 N.W.2d
400, 408 (Minn. 2006). In child-abuse cases, the circumstances include whether the

statement was spontaneous, whether the questioner had a preconceived idea of what the

child should say, whether the statement was in response to leading questions, whether the

child had a motive to fabricate, whether the statement remained consistent over time, and

the mental state of the child at the time of the statement. Id. at 410. “The focus of rule

807 is the statement, not the testifying witness who heard the statement.” State v. Ahmed,

782 N.W.2d 253, 261 (Minn. App. 2010).

       Here, the district court analyzed and admitted the video-recorded statement under

rule 803(24) as interpreted by the Ortlepp test. State v. Ortlepp, 363 N.W.2d 39 (Minn.

1985). However, rule 803(24) has been updated, to rule 807. And the Ortlepp test is

inapposite. In Ortlepp, the prosecution’s witness recanted his prior statement at trial that

incriminated both himself and the defendant. 363 N.W.2d at 44. But here, the victim

did not recant her earlier video-recorded statement.

       In a rule 807 analysis, the district court must make findings on the four factors

previously referenced. Similar to the findings made in DeRosier, “the [district] court

made no specific findings regarding the requisite elements of the rule,” other than the

specific findings on the circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness. DeRosier, 695
8
N.W.2d at 106. The district court found A.D.’s testimony to be credible. Although

A.D.’s testimony was given 11 days after the alleged abuse occurred, the district court

found that her testimony remained consistent with that of Dr. Shuler, Trudeau, and Fraik

on what A.D. told them about the abuse. And her testimony was consistent with both the

injury and examination. The district court also found that A.D.’s statement was made

against her own interest because she stated that appellant would “kill her and rape her

again” if she told anyone about the abuse. Such statements have a high degree of

reliability. See Oliver v. State, 502 N.W.2d 775, 778 (Minn. 1993). Based on the totality

of the circumstances, the district court did not err by admitting consistent statements

made during A.D.’s video-recorded statement.

II.    Appellant’s pro se supplemental brief arguments

       A.     Claim of violation of rights under the Confrontation Clause

       Appellant first argues that the district court erred by allowing the admission of

A.D.’s video-recorded statement because the statement was inadmissible hearsay and

violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause.

       At trial, appellant objected to the admission of A.D.’s video-recorded statement on

hearsay grounds, but did not object based on the Confrontation Clause. An error raised

initially on appeal is reviewed under a plain-error analysis “and warrants reversal if:

(1) an error occurred in the district court, (2) the error was plain, and (3) the error affects

the defendant’s substantial rights.” State v. Hull, 788 N.W.2d 91, 100 (Minn. 2010). If

appellant meets his burden on all three prongs, we then determine “whether the error

seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceeding

                                               9
before granting relief.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[W]hether the admission of evidence

violates a defendant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause is a question of law that we

review de novo.” State v. Warsame, 735 N.W.2d 684, 689 (Minn. 2007).

       In analyzing appellant’s state and federal protections under the Confrontation

Clauses, we use the same analysis. State v. Holliday, 745 N.W.2d 556, 564 (Minn.

2008). The Confrontation Clause of the United States constitution states that, “[i]n all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right. . . to be confronted with the

witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Confrontation Clause excludes

testimonial statements neither made by a witness not subject to cross-examination nor

available to testify at trial. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54, 124 S. Ct. 1354,

1365 (2004). However, statements are admissible where a witness is available to testify

at trial and is cross-examined regarding prior statements, even when “the reliability of

some out-of-court statements cannot be replicated.” Id. at 59 n.9, 124 S. Ct. at 1369 n.9

(quotation and citation omitted).

       Appellant argues that his rights under the Confrontation Clause were violated

because A.D.’s non-testimonial statement must be admitted under a hearsay exception to

avoid violating the Confrontation Clause. We disagree. A.D. testified in court and was

cross-examined by appellant’s counsel. Appellant was not denied his constitutional right

of confrontation.

       Appellant raises several additional arguments in his supplemental brief without

argument or legal authority. In general, a claim will be considered unless it is waived for

lack of briefing. State v. Krosch, 642 N.W.2d 713, 719 (Minn. 2002) (deeming

                                             10
arguments set out in pro se supplemental brief waived because the “brief contain[ed] no

argument or citation to legal authority in support of the allegations”). Additionally, this

court generally cannot consider issues not raised to the court below. Thiele v. Stich, 425
N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988). Nevertheless, these claims are without merit.

       B.     Claim of violation of due process from court trial

       Appellant generally cites to various cases, the Minnesota Rules of Criminal

Procedure, and the Minnesota Statutes to argue that his due-process rights were violated

by the court trial, without any analysis or arguments, thus waiving these arguments. See

Krosch, 642 N.W.2d at 719. But even if we consider this argument, it is without merit.

Against the advice of both of his attorneys, appellant knowingly waived his right to a jury

trial. Appellant understood that he was waiving the right to have a jury decide the issue

of the aggravating factors as well. Appellant’s court trial was not a violation of his due-

process rights.

       C.     Admissibility of Spreigl evidence

       Under Minn. R. Evid. 404(b), “[e]vidence of another crime, wrong, or act is not

admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity

therewith.” However, this evidence may be admitted to show motive, intent, knowledge,

identity, absence of mistake or accident, or a common scheme or plan. Id. (quotations

omitted). The district court’s decision to admit this evidence, often referred to as Spreigl

evidence, is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Ness, 707 N.W.2d 676, 685

(Minn. 2006).

                                             11
       Here, appellant argues that the prior conviction of second-degree criminal sexual

conduct occurred nine years ago, was too remote in time, and overly prejudicial.

Conversely, the state argues that all five Spreigl factors2 were met to create a link

between the bad act and the charged offense, including the fact that both victims were 11-

year-old girls and, therefore, the use of the prior act was more probative rather than

prejudicial. After carefully evaluating its probative value against its prejudice, the district

court allowed in the prior Spreigl evidence. The district court did not err by admitting the

Spreigl evidence.

       D.     Constitutionality of Minn. Stat. § 609.347 (2012)

       Appellant argues that Minn. Stat. § 609.347 is facially unconstitutionally vague

because it applies no guidelines for “victim” testimony under the rules of evidence and

authorizes arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. This issue is waived as it was not

raised in the district court. Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582. Moreover, appellant’s claim is

misguided.

       Minn. Stat. § 609.347, subd. 1, states that the testimony of a victim need not be

corroborated. And the supreme court has stated that “a conviction can rest on the

uncorroborated testimony of a single credible witness.” State v. Foreman, 680 N.W.2d
536, 539 (Minn. 2004) (quotation omitted). Appellant argues that the “‘victims’

2
  The five factors are: (1) The state must give notice; (2) clearly indicate what the
evidence is being offered to prove; (3) that there is clear and convincing evidence that the
defendant participated in a prior act; (4) the evidence is relevant and material to the
state’s case; and (5) the probative value outweighs the potential prejudice. Angus v.
State, 695 N.W.2d 109, 119 (Minn. 2005).

                                              12
testimony by relinquishing the need or requirement for corroboration of said testimony

under the rules of evidence. . . creates vagueness grounds.” This argument is inapplicable

here. The testimony of the additional witnesses corroborated A.D.’s testimony that

appellant engaged in multiple forms of penetration with A.D. Appellant’s claim that

Minn. Stat. § 609.347 is unconstitutional fails.

       E.     Dilution of the reasonable-doubt standard

       Appellant argues that the use of “Minn. Stat. § 609.347 in the [district] court’s jury

instructions impermissibly diluted the reasonable doubt standard and rendered the entire

requirement to satisfy reasonable doubt erroneous.” But this statute does not apply here

as no jury instructions were read because appellant had a court trial. We therefore need

not consider this issue on appeal. See Koudsi v. Hennepin Cnty. Med. Ctr., 317 N.W.2d
705, 708 n.3 (Minn. 1982) (holding that where a statute is inapplicable, no further

discussion is necessary).

       F.     The district court’s adoption of the state’s proposed findings

       A district “court’s verbatim adoption of the state’s proposed findings, standing

alone, does not constitute grounds for reversal.” Dukes v. State, 621 N.W.2d 246, 259

(Minn. 2001). But the practice of the verbatim adoption of a party’s proposed findings

and conclusions is hardly commendable. Our preference is “for a court to independently

develop its own findings.” Id. at 258.

       Here, the district court adopted 86 of the state’s 94 proposed findings. The court

also adopted the state’s language that the prongs of the Ortlepp test had been met in its

conclusions-of-law section. While the preference is for a court to independently develop

                                             13
its own findings, this does not constitute grounds for reversal. Id. at 259. Therefore, the

district court did not err in adopting the state’s proposed findings.

       G.     Prosecutorial misconduct

       Appellant argues that the prosecutor (1) improperly participated in a case

involving a friend; (2) improperly used evidence by admitting inadmissible and irrelevant

evidence, overlooked evidence, withheld evidence, and violated Minn. R. Evid. 609

procedures; and (3) injected personal opinion into the closing argument. Appellant

acknowledges that he did not object to the alleged prosecutorial misconduct at trial.

Unobjected-to prosecutorial misconduct is reviewed using a modified plain-error test.

State v. Carradine, 812 N.W.2d 130, 146 (Minn. 2012).

       Under the modified plain-error test there must be “(1) [an] error; (2) that is plain;

and (3) the error must affect substantial rights.” State v. Ramey, 721 N.W.2d 294, 298

(Minn. 2006) (quotation omitted). An error is plain if it “contravenes case law, a rule, or

a standard of conduct.” Id. at 302. In cases of prosecutorial misconduct, appellant has

the burden of proving the error and that it was plain. Id. If appellant meets his burden, it

shifts to the state to show that the error does not affect appellant’s substantial rights such

that “there is no reasonable likelihood that the absence of the misconduct in question

would have had a significant effect on the verdict of the jury.” Id. (quotations omitted).

If the first three prongs are met, we may correct the error if necessary to “ensure fairness

and the integrity of the judicial proceedings.” Id at 298 (quotation omitted).

       We first examine each claim individually to determine whether it constitutes

misconduct. State v. Dobbins, 725 N.W.2d 492, 506 (Minn. 2006). If we determine

                                              14
there was prosecutorial misconduct, we must examine the misconduct individually and

cumulatively to determine whether the misconduct denied appellant a fair trial. Id.

              1.     Improper participation in a case involving a friend

       Appellant alleges that it was improper for the prosecutor to involve herself in a

case involving a friend because she did not recuse herself, and cites to Minn. R. Prof.

[Conduct] 5(a) to support his claim. As an initial matter, there is no Minn. R. Prof.

Conduct 5(a). And to the extent appellant is referring to Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 5.1 (a),

that rule is inapplicable here because it relates to the responsibilities of managing partners

to ensure that “all lawyers in the firm confirm to the Rules of Professional Conduct.”

       Appellant contends that a Pioneer Press article contains evidence showing that the

prosecutor was S.D.’s personal friend. However, the newspaper article was not a part of

the record at the district court. The record on appeal consists of “[t]he documents filed in

the [district] court, the exhibits, and the transcript of the proceedings, if any.” Minn. R.

Civ. App. P. 110.01. Appellant bears the burden of providing an adequate record.

Mesenbourg v. Mesenbourg, 538 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Minn. App. 1995). “It is well settled

that an appellate court may not base its decision on matters outside the record on appeal,

and that matters not produced and received in evidence below may not be considered.”

Plowman v. Copeland, Buhl & Co., 261 N.W.2d 581, 583 (Minn. 1977). Therefore, the

newspaper article cannot be considered on appeal.

                                             15
              2.     Improper use of evidence

       Appellant alleges that the prosecutor violated rule 609 by not requesting a hearing

outside the jury’s presence.3 But appellant had a court trial, not a trial before a jury.

       Appellant also alleges that the prosecutor failed to disclose the picture of A.D.’s

finger in violation of Minn. R. Civ. P. 9, thus prejudicing him. This argument is

misguided. Minn. R. Civ. P. 9.1 discusses the capacity to plead special matters. Here,

pictures of A.D.’s injured finger, exhibits four and five, were admitted into evidence

without objection. These exhibits were disclosed, offered, and properly received at trial.

       Appellant further alleges that the prosecutor admitted irrelevant, false, and

inadmissible evidence from A.D.’s physical exam, citing to State v. Fields, 730 N.W.2d
777 (Minn. 2007). But, that case is inapposite as it involved admitting evidence of prior

bad acts and whether the prosecutor’s line of questioning constituted prosecutorial

misconduct. See Id. at 781-86. The district court did not err in determining this evidence

was admissible.

              3.     Improper use of personal opinion in the closing argument

       Appellant argues that the prosecutor “endors[ed] the credibility of the [s]tate’s

witnesses and inject[ed] personal opinion as to defense witnesses and defendant’s

credibility.” “A prosecutor commits misconduct by intentionally misstating evidence,”

3
 We note that, while appellant argues that the prosecutor admitted the evidence, it is the
district court that decides whether or not to admit evidence. We therefore construe
appellant’s argument as a challenge to the district court’s decision to admit this evidence.

                                              16
State v. Mayhorn, 720 N.W.2d 776, 788 (Minn. 2006), and by basing a closing argument

on facts not in evidence. State v. Stofflet, 281 N.W.2d 494, 497 (Minn. 1979).

       After a careful review of the record, we find nothing to indicate that the prosecutor

misstated evidence or based the written closing argument on facts not in evidence. We

are not persuaded that the prosecutor committed misconduct.

       H.     Sentencing errors

       Appellant argues that Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines violate his Sixth-

Amendment right to trial by a jury because he was denied his right to have the jury prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that his sentence should be enhanced and relies on Blakely v.

Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004) to support his claim. He also argues

that the admission of A.D.’s prior inconsistent statement was used to determine his

enhanced sentence. Appellant did not raise these issues with the district court and waives

them on appeal. Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582. Even if we were to consider them, they are

without merit. Again, appellant waived his right to a jury trial, including the right to have

a jury decide the issue of the aggravating factors. As discussed above, admitting A.D.’s

video-recorded statement was not plain error, and there was sufficient evidence to prove

multiple forms of penetration without the video evidence.

       I.     Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim

       Appellant argues he was deprived of a fair trial due to ineffective counsel. “The

defendant must affirmatively prove that his counsel’s representation ‘fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness’ and ‘that there is a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

                                             17
different.’” Gates v. State, 398 N.W.2d 558, 561 (Minn. 1987) (quoting Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068 (1984)). “We will

generally not review an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim that is based on trial

strategy.” Andersen v. State, 830 N.W.2d 1, 10 (Minn. 2013). Because a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel involves a mixed question of law and fact, review is de

novo. Hawes v. State, 826 N.W.2d 775, 782 (Minn. 2013).

       Appellant argues that he was forced to waive his omnibus hearing, but the record

does not reflect that the hearing was waived. He also argues that his attorneys did not

present his alibi defense or have proper communication with him. But the record reflects

that appellant’s counsel presented an alibi defense on October 25, 2013. His counsel also

requested a continuance due to lack of communication on December 10, 2013.

Moreover, appellant stated on the record that he felt he had adequate time to speak with

his attorneys. Finally, appellant makes various trial strategy arguments that are generally

not reviewable. The record does not reflect that, but for counsel’s errors, the results of

the proceedings would have been different. Therefore, appellant was not deprived of a

fair trial due to ineffective assistance of counsel.

       Affirmed.

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