Court Opinion

ID: 987588
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-02 22:18:18.890597+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:07:58.799536
License: Public Domain

F11_ 0
                                                                                                 E
                                                                                      COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                          OI V ISIM Ii

                                                                                     2013 APR 30    AM 0.3
                                                                                                        3

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF W

                                          DIVISION II

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                 No. 422!

                               Respondent,

       V.

REGINALD JOHN PAUL CHIEF GOES                                  UNPUBLISHED OPINION
OUT,

       WORSWICK, C. . — jury
                  J    A            found Reginald John Paul Chief Goes Out guilty of seven

crimes: unlawful imprisonment (Count I), counts of first degree robbery (Counts II and IV),
                                      two

two counts of second degree assault (Counts III and VII), count of first degree burglary
                                                        one

Count V), one count of unlawful display of a weapon (Count VI), firearm
        and                                                   with
enhancements on all but Count VI. Chief Goes Out appeals his convictions and sentence,

arguing that ( ) trial court violated his right to be free from double jeopardy by failing to
             1 the

merge the robbery and assault convictions charged in Counts II and III,and by failing to merge
the robbery and unlawful display of a weapon convictions charged in Counts IV and VI;2)
                                                                                     ( the

trial court violated his right to a unanimous verdict by failing to instruct the jury that it must be

unanimous as to the act supporting the assault charged in Count VII;3)
                                                                    ( there was insufficient

evidence to prove the robbery and assault charged in Counts IV and VII based on the instructions

given; 4)
       ( there was insufficient evidence to convict him of the robbery, burglary, assault, and
unlawful display of a weapon charged in Counts IV,V,VI,and VII;and (5) trial court erred
                                                                     the
No.42289 1 II
         - -

by failing to rule that the robbery and assault charged in Counts II and III were the same criminal
conduct.'

       In a statement of additional grounds (SAG),
                                                 Chief Goes Out further argues (1) trial
                                                                                 the

court gave an erroneous unanimity instruction as to the special verdicts against him; 2) trial
                                                                                      ( the

court violated his right to a speedy trial;and ( ) received ineffective assistance of counsel
                                               3 he

based on counsel's failure to raise the foregoing two issues.

       We affirm Chief Goes Out's convictions and sentence.

                                             FACTS

        Chief Goes Out was convicted based on two separate incidents that occurred on the same

day: the "Fairbanks Street incident"and the "Dock Street incident."During the Fairbanks Street

incident, he was an accomplice to the robbery of Raymond Allen ( ount IV), burglary ( ount
                                                               C         to         C

V), the unlawful display of a weapon (Count VI), to the assault of Brandi Allen ( ount
 to                                            and                              C

VII). was convicted of the crime of unlawful display of a weapon as a lesser included
    He

offense to the second degree assault of Christina Roushey. During the Dock Street incident,

Chief Goes Out was a principal or accomplice to the unlawful imprisonment of Scott Little

Count I), robbery of Little ( ount II), to the assault of Little ( ount III). jury
       to the               C         and                        C          The

returned special verdicts finding that Chief Goes Out was armed with a firearm in the

commission of each offense except for the unlawful display of a weapon.

Chief Goes Out also argues that the trial court violated his right to be free from double jeopardy
by failing to strike his burglary conviction ( ount V)from his judgment and sentence after ruling
                                             C
that it merged with the robbery charged in Count IV. But the trial court issued an order striking
Count V from Chief Goes Out's judgment and sentence. His argument is accordingly moot and
we do not consider it. State v. Ross, 152 Wn. d 220, 228, 95 P. d 1225 (2004)an issue is moot
                                            2                 3               (
when a court can no longer provide effective relief).

                                                 2
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

A.     The Fairbanks Street Incident

       The Fairbanks Street incident occurred at the family home of Raymond Allen and his

sister, Brandi Allen, on Fairbanks Street in Tacoma. That afternoon, Raymond returned home
and parked a truck belonging to his employer near his house:

       Less than an hour after returning home, Raymond saw two men, later identified as Chief

Goes Out and his accomplice, Ricardo Tirado Vailtine, walking up the street. The men were

proceeding slowly and did not look tired from the steep hill. The men approached Raymond's
truck and stood looking at it. It appeared to Raymond that the men had a short conversation

while looking at the truck.

       Shortly thereafter, Chief Goes Out approached the front door of the Allen residence,

leaning against the house like he was resting, and acting out of breath. Chief Goes Out asked

Raymond for a cigarette; Raymond said he did not have one. Vailtine then approached and

cocked a pistol, saying, But check this out."
                         "                  Report of Proceedings (RP)Apr. 13, 2011) at
                                                                      (

152. Vailtine demanded the keys to Raymond's truck but Raymond did not take him seriously at

first, not knowing whether the gun was real. Vailtine then pointed the gun toward Raymond's

face and fired past him.

       Brandi and her friend, Christina Roushey, were in the house's living room. When

Roushey and Brandi saw the gun, they both turned and ran; they both heard a gunshot when they

reached the house's kitchen. Raymond believed Brandi and Roushey both ran outside through

the back door, but according to Brandi, Brandi stayed in the kitchen.

2 For ease of reference, we refer to Raymond and Brandi Allen by their first names, intending no
disrespect.

                                                3
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

       Raymond told Vailtine and Chief Goes Out that he would get the keys and as he backed

toward his bedroom to get them, Vailtine and Chief Goes Out followed Raymond into the house.

Raymond gave the keys to Vailtine, who tossed the keys to Chief Goes Out and told him, Go
                                                                                       "

check that out." (Apr. 13, 2011)at 160. Chief Goes Out left with the keys.
               RP

       Vailtine then demanded Raymond's wallet, but Raymond told Vailtine he did not have

anything and Vailtine then left the house. Raymond then went to check on Roushey and Brandi.

Raymond then went to close the front door, which was still open, and saw Vailtine coming back

inside. Raymond retreated into his bedroom.

       From his bedroom, Raymond saw Vailtine in the living room yelling, You think I'
                                                                          "          m

playing?You think this is    a   game ?"   RP (Apr. 13, 2011)at 168. He could not tell if the yelling

was directed at anyone in particular, but Vailtine looked upset. According to Brandi, she was in

the kitchen and Vailtine pointed the gun at her and threatened to shoot her. Vailtine then shot a

television in the living room four to five times.

       Thirty seconds to a minute later, Raymond came out of his room and went to close and

lock the front door. Raymond saw Vailtine and Chief Goes Out sitting in the truck. The truck

had an unusual keyless ignition, and it took Vailtine and Chief Goes Out about a minute to get it

started and drive it away.

B.      The Dock Street Incident

       Later that same day, Scott Little was in his car parked near Delin Docks in Tacoma. As

he was ready to back out of the parking lot and leave, he heard a bang and saw that there was a

hole in his windshield. Two men, later identified as Vailtine and Chief Goes Out,then ran up to

                                                     M
No. 42289 1 II.
          - -

the car, screaming at Little to get out of the car. Vailtine had a gun, and Chief Goes Out moved

his hand to his waistband in a way that suggested he was hiding a gun under his shirt.

       Vailtine hit Little in the face with the gun multiple times when Little was in the front seat

of the car, as he was getting out of the car, and after he got out of the car. He was then made to

get in the back of the car. Vailtine got in the back as well,pointing the gun at Little while Chief

Goes Out drove the car. Vailtine also struck Little with the gun while the car was moving. Little

eventually managed to roll down the window and signal a nearby police officer for help.

                                            ANALYSIS

                           I.MULTIPLE ACTS UNANIMITY INSTRUCTION

       Chief Goes Out first argues that the trial court violated his right to a unanimous jury

verdict as to the assault of Brandi ( ount VII)by failing to instruct the jury that it must be
                                    C

unanimous which act supported the charge. We disagree because the assault was a continuing

course of conduct.

       We review alleged error injury instructions de novo. State v. Sibert, 168 Wn. d 306,
                                                                                   2

311, 230 P: d 142 (2010).When the State presents evidence of multiple acts that could form the
          3

basis of the crime charged, the State must either elect to rely on just one of the acts, or the jury

must be instructed to agree unanimously on the specific act that supports a finding of guilt (
                                                                                             a

Petrich instruction).State v. Coleman, 159 Wn. d 509, 511 12, 150 P. d 1126 (2007).
                                             2            -        3

3 State v. Petrich, 101 Wn. d 566, 683 P. d 173 (1984),
                          2             2             overruled on other grounds by State v.
Kitchen, 110 Wn. d 403, 405 06,756 P. d 105 (1998).
               2            -       2

                                                   5
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

However, no Petrich instruction is required when the State alleges acts that are part of a

continuing course of conduct. State v. Handran, 113 Wn.2d 11, 17, 775 P. d 453 (1989).
                                                                       2
       The parties agree that the jury may have considered two acts when deciding the charge

for assaulting Brandi: Vailtine's initial act of putting the gun in her brother's face and firing it as

Brandi was running away, and Vailtine's later act of pointing the gun at Brandi and threatening

to shoot her. The parties further agree that the State did not elect to rely on one act or the other.
         -
But the State argues that both acts were a continuing course of conduct.

       In determining whether multiple acts were part of a continuing course of conduct, we

consider I) time separating the acts, and (2)
         .( the                             whether the acts involved the same parties,

location, and ultimate purpose. State v. Brown, 159 Wn. App. 1, 14, 248 P. d 518 (2010).A
                                                                         3

continuing course of conduct requires "an ongoing enterprise with a single objective."State v.

Love, 80 Wn. App. 357, 361, 908 P. d 395 (1996).
                                 2

        Without citing authority; Chief Goes Out argues that the acts were not part of a

continuing course of conduct because the first act was " irected primarily"at Raymond, not
                                                       d

Brandi. Division One of our court recently rejected this argument. State v. Thompson, 169 Wn.

App. 436, 475, 290 P. d 996 (2012).We reject this argument as well. Brandi was a victim of
                    3

both acts, which both occurred during a short period of time and had the same purpose of

accomplishing the robbery, making the two assaults part of a continuous course of conduct.

        Chief Goes Out contests whether both acts were committed for the same purpose, arguing

that Vailtine committed the second act,pointing the gun at Brandi, gratuitously."Reply Br. of
                                                                   "

4 The State argues that Chief Goes Out may not raise the lack of a Petrich instruction for the first
time on appeal. But the failure to give a Petrich instruction in a multiple acts case may be raised
for the first time on appeal. State v. Kiser, 87 Wn. App. 126, 129, 940 P. d 308 (1997);
                                                                            2              State v.
Fiallo-
      Lopez, 78 Wn. App. 717, 725, 899 P. d 1294 (1995).
                                        2

                                                   C
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

Appellant at 4. We disagree. Raymond testified that the truck had an unusual keyless ignition.

And the fact that Vailtine returned to the house, acting upset and shouting, suggests that he

returned to threaten Brandi because he initially did not believe he had been given the proper

keys. Although Vailtine and Chief Goes Out had already obtained the truck keys when Vailtine

committed the second act, there was sufficient circumstantial evidence that Vailtine did not

believe he had been given the proper keys, which motivated the second act.

       Because the two acts of assault against Brandi were part of a continuing course of

conduct, it was unnecessary for the trial court to give a Petrich instruction. Chief Goes Out's

argument to the contrary fails.

                                  II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Chief Goes Out next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on two grounds. He first

argues that the jury instructions required the State to prove that Chief Goes Out was a principal,

not an accomplice, as to the robbery of Raymond and assault of Brandi ( ounts IV and VII),
                                                                      C

which the State failed to do. He further argues that the State presented insufficient evidence to

prove that he was an accomplice to the Fairbanks Street crimes, Counts IV,V,VI,and VII. We

disagree on both points.

A.      The Jury Instructions Did Not Require Proofthat Chief Goes Out Was a Principal

       Chief Goes Out argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions for

robbing Raymond ( ount IV)and assaulting Brandi (Count VII)because the jury instructions
                C

required the State to prove that Chief Goes Out was a principal and not an accomplice on certain

elements of these crimes. We disagree.

                                                 h
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

       Under the law of the case doctrine jury instructions not objected to become the law of

the case. State v. Hickman, 135 Wn. d 97, 102, 954 P. d 900 (1998).Thus,the State assumes
                                  2                 2

the burden of proving otherwise unnecessary elements included in a " o convict"instruction.
                                                                   t

Hickman, 135 Wn. d at 102.
               2

       All elements of a crime must be included in a " o convict"instruction. State v. Teal, 152
                                                     t

Wn. d 333, 338, 96 P. d 974( 004).But our Supreme Court has recognized that accomplice
  2                 3      2

liability is not an element of an offense, and thus need not be added to a " o convict"instruction.
                                                                           t

Teal, 152 Wn. d at 339. Rather, it is sufficient to include a separate instruction on accomplice
            2

liability. Teal, 152 Wn. d at 339. Such a separate instruction was provided here.
                       2

       However, Chief Goes Out points out that here, the State modified the "to convict"

instructions for most of the charges, adding the language "or an accomplice"to some elements

but not others. Specifically, the " o convict"instruction for Count IV required the State to prove
                                  t

that "he defendant or an accomplice"took property from the person or presence of Raymond
     t

Allen, and used force or fear to obtain or retain possession of the property. CP at 70. But it also

instructed the jury it must find that " he defendant"intended to commit theft of property and was
                                      t

armed with a deadly weapon. And the instruction for Count VII instructed the jury that it must

find that " he defendant"intentionally assaulted Brandi with a deadly weapon.
          t

       Chief Goes Out argues that because the State added the language "or an accomplice"to

some of the elements in the " o convict"instructions but not others, the State was required to
                            t

prove that Chief Goes Out acted as a principal on those elements where " r an accomplice"was
                                                                       o

not added. There is no dispute that the State failed to prove that Chief Goes Out was a principal

                                                 8
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

as to any of the Fairbanks Street crimes. But there is no authority to support Chief Goes Out's

argument that the State was required to make such a showing based on the instructions here.

       The law of the case doctrine requires the State to prove unnecessary elements added to a

to convict"instruction, but it does not require the State to prove unnecessary elements that were

not added. There is no law that unnecessary elements become necessary once they are added in

some places but not others.

       Chief Goes Out's only legal argument on this issue is that Teal is distinguishable on its

facts. But while the facts of Teal were different, nothing in that case suggests that its holding

does not apply here. In Teal, the trial court gave a "to convict"jury instruction for robbery that

omitted any reference to accomplice liability. 152 Wn. d at 335. The Supreme Court held that
                                                     2

because accomplice liability is not an element, it need not be added to a " o convict"instruction.
                                                                          t

152 Wn. d at 339. Here, in contrast, the State did add accomplice liability language to the "to
      2

convict"instructions, although not to every element. However, nothing in Teal suggests that

accomplice liability becomes a necessary element by virtue of its being added to some of the "to

convict"instructions but not others.

        Chief Goes Out thus argues for us to modify existing law. But we decline to carve out an

exception to Teal based only on,he rough idea that the phrase "or an accomplice" inconsistently
                               t

added to some jury instructions requires the State to prove liability as a principal. We therefore

reject Chief Goes Out's argument on this point.

B.      Evidence Was Sufficient To Prove Fairbanks Street Crimes

        Chief Goes Out next argues that the State presented insufficient evidence to prove him

guilty of the Fairbanks Street crimes (Counts IV,V,VI,and VII)because there was insufficient

                                                  9
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

evidence that he was an accomplice to those crimes. We disagree because the evidence shows

that Chief Goes Out both stood ready to assist and actually assisted with the crimes.

       In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, we review the evidence and all reasonable

inferences that can be drawn from'it in the light most favorable to the State. State v. Drum, 168

Wn. d 23, 34 35,225 P. d 237 (2010).The relevant question is `whether any rational fact
  2          -       3               "

finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."'
                                                                                      Drum,

168 Wn. d at 34 35 ( uoting State v. Wentz, 149 Wn. d 342, 347, 68 P. d 282 (2003)).
      2         - q                               2                 3

Circumstantial and direct evidence are equally reliable, and we defer to the trier of fact on

conflicting testimony, witness credibility, and the persuasiveness of the evidence. State v.

Thomas, 150 Wn. d 821, 874 75, 83 P. d 970 ( 004).
              2            -       3       2

       Under RCW 9A. 8. person is an accomplice to a crime when, w]
                 a),
                 020(
                    3)(
                    0 a                                          "[ ith

knowledge   that it will promote   or   facilitate the commission of the crime, he    or   she ... [   s]
                                                                                                        olicits,

commands, encourages, or requests such other person         to commit it ...   or ... [   a] or agrees to
                                                                                           ids

aid such other person in ...   committing it." person's mere presence or assent to a crime are
                                             A

insufficient to establish culpability as an accomplice. State V. Roberts, 80 Wn. App. 342, 355,

908 P. d 892 ( 996).An accomplice " ust be ready to assist in the crime."Roberts, 80 Wn.
     2       1                    m

App. at 356.

       Under RCW 9A. 6.
                 190,
                   5

       A person commits robbery when he or she unlawfully takes personal property
       from the person of another or in his or her presence against his or her will by the
       use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that person
       or his or her property or the person or property of anyone. Such force or fear must
       be used to obtain or retain possession of the property, or to prevent or overcome
        resistance to the taking; in either of which cases the degree of force is immaterial.

                                                      10
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

And under RCW 9A. 2.
              020(
                 1),
                 5

       A person is guilty of burglary in the first degree if,with intent to commit a crime
       against a person or property therein, he or she enters or remains unlawfully in a
       building and if, in entering or while in the building or in immediate flight
                -
       therefrom, the actor or another participant in the crime (a) armed with a deadly
                                                                    is
       weapon, or ( )
                   b assaults any person.

       There was sufficient evidence that Chief Goes Out was an accomplice to the Fairbanks

Street crimes. Raymond saw Chief Goes Out and Vailtine having a conversation with each other

while looking at the truck. Although the two had appeared to be going slowly and did not look

out of breath, Chief Goes Out approached the house and acted like he was tired from climbing

the hill. He assisted the robbery, the burglary, and the assaults by distracting Raymond so that

Vailtine could approach with the gun. And taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the

State, Chief Goes Out also stood ready to assist, as shown by his following an armed associate

into another's residence during the course of a robbery and burglary.

       Moreover, Chief Goes Out assisted with the robbery yet again when he took the keys and

went out to the truck with them. Chief Goes Out argues to the contrary, that once Vailtine

obtained the keys from Raymond's person, the robbery was completed and Chief Goes Out did

not aid it by taking the keys to the truck. But the robbery here did not consist solely of taking

truck keys from Raymond's person; it included taking the truck itself from Raymond's presence.

Chief Goes Out aided this robbery by taking the keys and bringing them to the truck, helping

Vailtine drive the truck away.

       Because Chief Goes out both actually assisted and stood ready to assist in the Fairbanks

Street crimes, there was sufficient evidence to prove that he acted as an accomplice to Counts IV,

V,VI and VII. His argument to the contrary fails.

                                                 11
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

                                      III. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

        Chief Goes Out next argues that the trial court violated his right to be free from double

jeopardy by failing to merge his convictions for the robbery of Little with the assault of Little

Counts II and III), for the robbery of Raymond with the unlawful display of a weapon
                  and
Counts IV and VI).
                 Because different acts proved the assault and elevated the robbery, and

because the two crimes had independent purposes, we hold that the trial court was not required

merge Counts IV and VI. And because the unlawful display of a weapon and the robbery of

Raymond had different victims, we further hold that the trial court was not required to merge
Counts II and III.

        We review a double jeopardy claim de novo. State v. Freeman, 153 Wn. d 765, 770, 108
                                                                           2

P. d 753 (2005).The constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy forbids multiple
 3

punishments for the same offense. State v. Kier, 164 Wn. d 798, 803, 194 P. d 212 (2008).
                                                       2                  3

Whether two convictions are for the same offense is a question of legislative intent. Freeman,

153 Wn. d at 771.
      2

        The analysis of a double jeopardy claim consists of several steps, of which merger is just

one. See Freeman, 153 Wn. d at 771 73. But Chief Goes Out argues only merger and we
                        2          -

accordingly confine our analysis to that issue. RAP 10. (
                                                    6). the merger doctrine, when a
                                                      3 Under
criminal act forbidden under one statute also elevates the degree of a crime under another statute,

the courts presume that the legislature intended to punish both acts through a single conviction

for the greater crime. Freeman, 153 Wn. d at 772 73. But offenses may still be punished
                                      2          -

separately "if there is an independent purpose or effect to each."Freeman, 153 Wn. d at 773.
                                                                                 2

                                                  12
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

       A person commits first degree robbery if:a) the commission of a robbery or of
                                                "( In

immediate flight therefrom, he or she: i) armed with a deadly weapon; or (ii)
                                       ( Is                                 Displays what
                    firearm        other   deadly                   Inflicts bodily injury ...."
                                                                 iii)                              RCW
appears to be   a             or                    weapon; or   (

200.
9A. 6. A person commits second degree assault if he or she "[
  5                                                        a] another with a
                                                              ssaults

deadly weapon."RCW 9A. 6.Assault can include "( an unlawful touching ( ctual
                   c). 1)
                   021(
                      1)(
                      3                                              a

battery); ( an attempt with unlawful force to inflict bodily injury upon another, tending but
        2)

failing to accomplish it ( ttempted battery); (3)
                         a                  and putting another in apprehension of harm."

State v. Elmi, 166 Wn. d 209, 215, 207 P. d 439 (2009).A person commits unlawful display of
                     2                  3

a weapon if he or she carries, exhibits, displays, or draws a weapon apparently capable of

producing bodily harm, including a firearm, in a manner, under circumstances, and at a time
                                             "

and place that either manifests an intent to intimidate another or that warrants alarm for the

safety of other persons."RCW 9.1.
                             270.
                               4

A.     First Degree Robbery and Second Degree Assault ofLittle Should Not Merge

       Chief Goes Out argues that the trial court violated his double jeopardy rights by failing to

merge his convictions for robbery of Little ( ount II) second degree assault of Little ( ount
                                            C         and                              C

III). disagree because the State relied on different acts to prove the assault and elevate the
    We

robbery to the first degree, and because each act had an independent purpose.

       In Freeman, our Supreme Court held that when a robbery is elevated to the first degree

by a second degree assault, the.wo crimes generally merge. 153 Wn. d at 778. But Freeman is
                               t                                 2

distinguishable. There, Zumwalt punched the victim during a robbery. 153 Wn. d at 770.
                                                                           2

Because this assault was used to convict Zumwalt of second degree assault, and also to elevate

the robbery to the first degree, the merger doctrine applied. See 153 Wn. d at 778 79.
                                                                        2          -

                                                            13
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

       Here, in contrast, the assault of Little was not used to elevate the robbery to the first

degree. Instead, as the jury instructions make clear, the act elevating the robbery was Vailtine's

being armed with a deadly weapon. As such, the trial court did not err by refusing to merge

Counts II and III.

B.     First Degree Robbery ofRaymond and Unlawful Display ofa Weapon Did Not Merge

       Chief Goes Out also argues that the trial court violated his double jeopardy rights by

failing to merge his convictions for the first degree robbery of Raymond ( ount IV)and
                                                                         C

unlawful display of a weapon (Count VI).
                                       Because the crimes had different victims and thus

different purposes or effects, we disagree.

       When two crimes each have different victims, they typically have independent purposes

or effects. See State v. Wadovic, 99 Wn. d 413, 421, 662 P. d 853 (1983).Washington courts
                                       2                  2

have thus recognized that crimes with different victims will not merge. See, e. .,
                                                                              g Nadovic, 99

Wn. d at 421 22;State v. McJimpson, 79 Wn. App. 164, 177, 901 P. d 354 ( 995).
  2          -                                                 2       1

       Here, Count IV charged Chief Goes Out with robbing Raymond. And Count VI charged

Chief Goes Out with the second degree assault of Roushey. While the unlawful display of a

weapon instruction itself did not specify a victim, we review the instructions as a whole. State

v. Prado, 144 Wn. App. 227, 240, 181 P. d 901 (2008).And instruction 45, immediately
                                      3

following the " o convict"instruction for the second degree assault of Roushey, instructed the
              t

jury to consider unlawful display of a weapon if it found Chief Goes Out not guilty of assaulting

Roushey. As such, the jury was clearly instructed that unlawful display of a weapon was a lesser

included offense in the assault of Roushey. By finding Chief Goes Out guilty of the unlawful

display of a weapon on Count VI,the jury found that Chief Goes Out did not assault Roushey,

                                                  14
No. 42289 1 II
          - -

but unlawfully displayed a weapon in her presence. The robbery thus had a different victim than

the unlawful display of the weapon and these crimes did not merge. As such, the trial court did,

not err by refusing to merge Count IV with Count VI.

                                  IV. SAME CRIMINAL CONDUCT

       Chief Goes Out additionally argues in the alternative that the robbery of Little ( ount II)
                                                                                        C

and the assault of Little ( ount III)constitute the same criminal conduct. We disagree because
                          C

the crimes occurred at different times and places and encompassed different criminal intent.

       We review a trial court's determination of whether two acts constituted the same criminal

conduct for abuse of discretion. State v. French, 157 Wn. d 593, 613, 141 P. d 54 (2006).
                                                        2                  3

Offenses are the same criminal conduct if they require "
                                                       the same criminal intent, are committed

at the same time and place, and involve the same victim."RCW 9.
                                                             a).
                                                             589( 4A. Under RCW
                                                                1)(
                                                                9

a),
589( 4A.offenses that constitute the same criminal conduct are treated as one crime for
9. 1)(
   9

sentencing purposes.

       First,the two crimes at issue did not take place at the same time and place. While they

began at the same time and place,the assault continued after the car was in motion. The assault

thus occurred at a different time and place from the robbery.

       Furthermore, the crimes did not encompass the same criminal intent. Our Supreme Court

has held that whether two crimes shared the same criminal intent depends on "`
                                                                            the extent to

which the criminal intent, objectively viewed, changed from one crime to the next.... in
                                                                                  This,

turn, can be measured in part   by whether   one   crime furthered the other. "'   State v. Williams, 135

Wn. d 365, 368, 957 P. d 216 (1998)quoting State v. Vike, 125 Wn. d 407, 411, 885 P. d 824
  2                  2              (                           2                  2

1994)).
     Here, the assault continued after the robbery had already been accomplished; it did not

                                                     15
No.42289 1 II
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further the completed robbery. The record shows that Vailtine's intent changed from robbing

Little of the car to gratuitously hurting him. The crimes accordingly did not encompass the same

criminal intent.

       Because Count II and Count III did not occur in the same time and place and did not

involve the same criminal intent, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ruling that they

were not the same criminal conduct. Chief Goes Out's claim to the contrary fails.

                          STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS

        Chief Goes Out filed a statement of additional grounds under RAP 10. 0. He raises
                                                                           1

speedy trial violations and ineffective assistance of counsel claims. The record reflects that

Chief Goes Out filed a pro se motion, which his counsel declined to argue, to dismiss the charges

against him for violation of his speedy trial rights. But Chief Goes Out's motion is not part of

the record, nor is there any record of the various continuances or the reasons for them, aside from

the trial court's oral description of the continuances that had been granted in the case.

Accordingly, we cannot review his claim that his speedy trial rights were violated or his

argument that his attorney was ineffective by not arguing violation of speedy trial. See RAP

10. 0;State v.Alvarado, 164 Wn. d 556, 569, 192 P. d 345 (2008).In any event, we do not
  1                           2                  3

review matters outside the record on direct appeal. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn. d 322, 335,
                                                                              2

338 n. 5, 899 P. d 1251 (1995).Chief Goes Out also contends that the trial court erroneously
               2

instructed the jury that it must be unanimous to return a "no"verdict on the firearm enhancement

special verdicts submitted to the jury and that his attorney was ineffective for not proposing a

different instruction. But our Supreme Court has held that an instruction requiring

                                                  16
No. 42289 1 II
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unanimity to answer " o" a special verdict is not error. State v. Nunez, 174 Wn. d 707, 718,
                    n on                                                       2

285 P. d 21 (2012).We see no merit to Chief Goes Out's arguments.
     3

       We affirm.

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.6.it is
040,
  0           so   ordered.

We concur:

Van Deren,

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