Court Opinion

ID: 3017190
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:16:45.77156+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:03.730174
License: Public Domain

___________

                                  No. 95-2877
                                  ___________

Anheuser-Busch, Inc.,                 *
                                      *
           Appellee,                  *
                                      *   Appeals from the United States
     v.                               *   District Court for the
                                      *   Eastern District of Missouri.
John Labatt Limited; Labatt           *
Brewing Company Limited;              *
Labatt's USA, Inc.; Labatt            *
Importers, Inc.,                      *
                                      *
           Appellants.                *

                                  ___________

                                  No. 95-2879
                                  ___________

Anheuser-Busch, Inc.,                 *
                                      *
           Appellant,                 *
                                      *
     v.                               *
                                      *
John Labatt Limited; Labatt           *
Brewing Company Limited;              *
Labatt's USA, Inc.; Labatt            *
Importers, Inc.,                      *
                                      *
           Appellees.                 *

                                  ___________

                   Submitted:     January 10, 1996

                         Filed:   July 8, 1996
                                  ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, BOWMAN, Circuit Judge, and JONES,*
      District Judge.
                               ___________

     *The HONORABLE JOHN B. JONES, United States District
     Judge for the District of South Dakota, sitting by
     designation.
BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

     John Labatt Limited and its associated companies (Labatt) are brewers
and distributors of beer, including Labatt Ice Beer, in Canada and the
United States.    Anheuser-Busch (A-B), headquartered in St. Louis, also
brews and distributes beer, including an ice beer of its own.              The
principal issue in this appeal is whether terms such as "ice beer" and "ice
brewed" are trademarks owned by Labatt.        A jury decided that the "ice"
terms at issue in this case are not trademarks owned by Labatt.     We affirm,
modifying the judgment entered on the jury's verdict to include the
declaratory relief to which A-B is entitled.

                                      I.

     The factual summary that follows reflects the record in the light
most favorable to the jury's verdict.      In 1993, consumers in Canada and the
United States had their first opportunity to purchase beers with names such
as "Ice Beer" or "Ice Draft."   Until 1993 no beer marketed in either Canada
or the United States had the term "ice" in its name.     In March 1993 Molson,
a Canadian brewing company, announced that it would market a new beer in
Canada by the name of Molson Canadian Ice.           Days later Labatt began
marketing a beer in Canada called Labatt Ice.        Labatt Ice was initially
successful in Canada.    Labatt then decided that it wanted to market Labatt
Ice in the United States through a United States brewing company, and
Labatt contacted A-B to negotiate a licensing agreement for its new
product.   During the course of the negotiations, Labatt disclosed marketing
research on its new product as well as details about its ice brewing
process.    A-B and Labatt entered into two agreements regarding the
confidentiality and future use of the information that Labatt disclosed.

     In mid-June 1993, Labatt President Hugo Powell attended a meeting at
which A-B's Thomas Sharbaugh explained that A-B was

                                     -2-
considering either licensing Labatt's brewing process or developing its own
ice-brewing process.   On numerous occasions between June and August, A-B
officials informed Powell that A-B was attempting to develop its own ice-
beer process.    A-B proceeded along both paths until late July when it
produced a prototype beer from its own brewing process.

      On August 4, 1993, A-B informed Labatt that it would market its own
ice beer.   The final decision was motivated in part by the unavailability
of the equipment required to duplicate Labatt's patented brewing process
in A-B's breweries.    Such equipment may not have been available for six
months to a full year.       By brewing its own ice beer in a process
substantially different from Labatt's brewing process, A-B could market an
ice beer within a matter of months.       In August 1993, Molson Ice became
available in the United States.   A-B began selling Ice Draft from Budweiser
in the United States in October 1993.     Shortly thereafter Labatt started
to market Labatt Ice Beer in the United States.

      On November 30, 1993, Labatt sent a letter to A-B in which Labatt
accused A-B of infringing Labatt trademarks by using terms such as ice, ice
brewing, ice brewed, and ice beer.     In response to Labatt's letter, A-B
filed a complaint in the District Court alleging that Labatt was attempting
to trademark the ice terms, which A-B contends are generic.   In Count I of
its amended complaint, A-B sought a declaratory judgment that Labatt had
no protected rights in the ice terms, and that A-B had not "infringed or
unfairly competed, by false advertising or otherwise, with respect to any
such rights."   Amended Complaint at 6.    A-B also alleged that Labatt was
engaging in a false advertising campaign in violation of the Lanham Act,
15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (1994) (Count II), and publishing injurious falsehoods
in   violation of Missouri common law (Count III).         A-B sought both
injunctive relief and damages.

                                    -3-
       Labatt answered A-B's amended complaint and filed a counterclaim.
Labatt's second amended counterclaim included eight counts:            (I) false
designation of origin in violation of § 43(a)(1) of the Lanham Act, 15
U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1); (II) false advertising in violation of § 43(a)(2) of
the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(2); (III) unfair competition in
violation of § 44(b) and (h) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1126(b), (h),
and the Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, June 2, 1934,
art.   10   bis, 53 Stat. 1748, 1780 (Paris Convention); (IV) tortious
interference with business expectancy; (V) injurious falsehood; (VI)
common-law unfair competition; (VII) dilution of trademarks in violation
of Mo. Rev. Stat. § 417.061 (1994); and (VIII) breach of the March 30, 1993
confidentiality agreement between Labatt and A-B.      Labatt sought injunctive
relief, an accounting of profits, damages, punitive damages, and costs and
attorney fees.

       After a nineteen-day trial, the jury found that the ice terms are not
trademarks (A-B Count I) and that Labatt had not proven any infringement
of trademarks (Labatt Count I).   The jury also found in favor of A-B on all
of the remaining counts in Labatt's counterclaim that the court had
submitted to the jury:    false advertising (Count II), common-law unfair
competition    (Count   VI),   injurious   falsehood    (Count   V),    tortious
interference (Counts IV), and breach of contract (Count VIII).          The jury
found in favor of Labatt on A-B's false advertising claim (A-B Count II)
but in A-B's favor on its injurious falsehood claim (A-B Count III),
awarding compensatory damages in the amount of one dollar and punitive
damages in the amount of five million dollars.         A flurry of post-trial
motions followed the jury's verdicts.

       Labatt's motions for a new trial and for judgment as a matter of law
were denied by the District Court.     Labatt also moved for judgment as a
matter of law on Count III of Labatt's counterclaim (unfair competition in
violation of the Lanham Act and the Paris Convention) because the District
Court had refused to submit Count

                                     -4-
III to the jury.    The District Court denied the motion.   At the same time,
the District Court entered judgment in favor of A-B on Labatt's state-law
dilution claim (Count VII).     On Labatt's motion, the District Court set
aside the jury's award of punitive damages.   The court held that A-B failed
to give adequate notice that it sought punitive damages and failed to
allege facts in its amended complaint that would support an award of
punitive damages.   Thus the result of the nineteen-day battle between these
beer-garden goliaths is this:    Labatt has no trademarks in the ice terms,
and A-B recovered, in addition to its costs, one dollar (with interest
accruing at a rate of 7.03% per annum) for Labatt's publication of
injurious falsehoods.    As noted above, both sides appeal the judgment.

                                     III.

     Labatt has raised a plethora of substantive issues on appeal, seeking
either judgment as a matter of law or a new trial.    We review the District
Court's denial of motions for judgment as a matter of law de novo but its
denial of new trial motions only for an abuse of discretion.       Butler v.
French, 83 F.3d 942, 943, 944 (8th Cir. 1996).

     Labatt also has raised one procedural issue, which we will dispose
of before considering the substantive issues.      Labatt contends that the
District Court erred when it refused to grant Labatt's motion to set the
order of proof at trial and to realign the parties.    Labatt argues that it
should have been allowed to present its case first, as the plaintiff,
because it carried the burden of proof in the trademark action (A-B Count
I) even though A-B initiated this lawsuit as a declaratory judgment action.
A district court has wide discretion to set the order of proof at trial.
Skogen v. Dow Chemical Co., 375 F.2d 692, 704, 706 (8th Cir. 1967).
Ordinarily, the trial court extends the privilege of opening and closing
the case to the party that has the burden of

                                     -5-
proof.     Martin v. Chesebrough-Pond's, Inc., 614 F.2d 498, 501 (5th Cir.
1980) (per curiam).    While Labatt bore the burden of proof on the trademark
count in A-B's complaint, A-B bore the burden of proof on the other two
counts.    Moreover, A-B was required to prove that Labatt did not have any
protected interest in the ice terms, which is the essence of the trademark
count, in order to prevail on Counts II and III of its complaint.              In the
circumstances of this case, we do not believe that the District Court
abused its discretion by denying Labatt's motion to set the order of proof
and realign the parties.      Both Labatt and A-B bore the burden of proof on
distinct     counts   of   their    causes   of   action.    The    District   Court
understandably chose to allow the actual plaintiff, the party that filed
the lawsuit, to proceed first.

A.    Trademark Issues

      The principal issue in this appeal is whether terms such as ice beer
and ice brewed are trademarks owned by Labatt.         The jury found that the ice
terms are not trademarks.     On appeal, Labatt argues that the District Court
abused    its   discretion   by    (1)   admitting   irrelevant   evidence   and   (2)
improperly instructing the jury on the burden of proof.             Labatt contends
that, but for these errors, there is insufficient evidence to support the
jury's verdict and thus the District Court should have granted either
Labatt's motion for judgment as a matter of law or its motion for a new
trial.    While we review de novo a District Court's denial of a motion for
judgment as a matter of law, "[a] court should not set aside a jury's
verdict lightly."      Nicks v. Missouri, 67 F.3d 699, 704 (8th Cir. 1995).
Our review is limited to assessing whether the evidence, viewed in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party, supports the jury's verdict.
Id.      Because we do not believe that the District Court committed any
instructional or evidentiary errors, we hold that Labatt is not entitled
to judgment as a matter of law or a new trial on the trademark issue.

                                          -6-
     1.         Jury Instructions

     Turning to Labatt's arguments on the instructional issues, we note
that a court of appeals reviews a district court's jury instructions only
for abuses of discretion.      Hoselton v. Metz Baking Co., 48 F.3d 1056, 1062
(8th Cir. 1995).         While "[l]itigants are entitled to have the jury
instructed on their claims and theories if the proposed instructions are
correct statements of the law, supported by the evidence, and brought to
the district court's attention in a timely manner," id. at 1063, the court
has wide discretion in formulating the instructions actually given to the
jury, Hose v. Chicago Northwestern Transp. Co., 70 F.3d 968, 977 (8th Cir.
1995).       The instructions will be upheld if, taken as a whole, they "fairly
and adequately present the issues in the case to the jury."        Id.

     Labatt first argues that the District Court's instructions "misled"
the jury "into believing that even if the ICE MARKS were once trademarks
. . . . A-B's infringement was excused if the ICE MARKS ceased functioning
as trademarks by" the time of trial.           Appellant's Brief at 20.    The
District Court, however, properly instructed the jury that arbitrary or
suggestive marks1 are "entitled to trademark protection from the date that
they are first used in an arbitrary or . . . suggestive way on the product
as marketed."       Instruction 11.   Had the jury believed that the ice terms
were trademarks that since had become generic, these

         1
        To determine whether a mark is distinctive, courts often
classify    marks   "in   categories   of   generally    increasing
distinctiveness; . . . they may be (1) generic; (2) descriptive;
(3) suggestive; (4) arbitrary; or (5) fanciful." Two Pesos, Inc.
v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992). "The latter three
categories of marks, because their intrinsic nature serves to
identify a particular source of a product, are deemed inherently
distinctive and are entitled to protection." Id.; see also First
Bank v. First Bank Sys., Inc., No. 95-2238, slip op. at 7 (8th Cir.
May 29, 1996); Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 9
(1995).

                                        -7-
instructions and the format of the special verdict form would have allowed
the jury to find an infringement by A-B (Verdict Form 1(B)) even though it
found that the ice terms were not trademarks at the time of trial (Verdict
Form 1(A)).      The special verdict form did not require a negative answer on
the infringement question if the jury found that the marks were not
trademarks at the time of trial.         Moreover, the jury rejected Labatt's
                      2
genericide theory, the basis for its unfair competition claim, thus making
it clear that the jury did not believe that the ice terms had been
trademarks at any time.

     Labatt also proposed to instruct the jury that if Labatt proved that
the ice terms were trademarks at one time, the burden of proof then shifted
to A-B to prove that the ice terms had since become generic.          While the
District Court refused to give the instruction proposed by Labatt, the
court instructed the jury that "[t]he burden of proving a fact is upon the
party whose claim or defense depends upon that fact."       Instruction 3.   The
verdict form clearly states that the issue of whether the marks are generic
is "Anheuser-Busch's claim."      Verdict Form at 1.   We thus conclude that the
court did not abuse its discretion when instructing the jury because the
instructions, taken as a whole, fairly and adequately presented the issues
in the case to the jury.

     2.         Evidentiary Rulings

     Labatt has challenged several evidentiary rulings of the District
Court.       The admissibility of evidence is an issue that is committed to the
sound discretion of the trial court, and "we will not disturb a district
court's evidentiary ruling absent a clear and prejudicial abuse of that
discretion."       Laubach v. Otis

         2
      Labatt argued that if the ice terms had become generic, it
was because of A-B's infringement and mass-marketing campaign to
dilute the alleged trademarks.

                                        -8-
Elevator Co., 37 F.3d 427, 428-29 (8th Cir. 1994).             Having reviewed the
relevant portions of the record, we conclude that Labatt's evidentiary
arguments are without merit.    For example, Labatt argues that the District
Court should not have admitted evidence relating to foreign use, trade use,
and Labatt's use of the ice terms, or at least the court should have given
an instruction limiting the jury's consideration of the evidence.            Before
trial, however, the District Court ruled the evidence inadmissible unless
Labatt claimed that it invented the term ice beer.        When Labatt made that
claim in its opening statement, all of the hitherto excluded evidence
became relevant to rebut that claim.     The District Court did not abuse its
discretion by admitting the evidence of other uses after Labatt opened the
door, and no limiting instruction was warranted.

      The District Court instructed the jury in a manner consistent with
the law, see Instruction 11, and the jury found that the ice terms were not
trademarks.    The jury's verdict is supported by the record.          In addition
to a glaring lack of evidence that would tend to prove that the ice terms
were inherently distinctive (i.e., arbitrary, fanciful, or suggestive),
there was a great deal of evidence tending to prove that the ice terms were
not distinctive in any way.    A-B introduced evidence of generic uses of the
term "ice beer" that antedate Labatt's uses of the ice terms.          None of the
consumer survey evidence indicated that the ice terms were functioning as
trademarks, and some of it indicated that by October 1994 -- just a year
after Labatt introduced Labatt Ice into the United States -- eighty percent
of   the   respondents   (eighty-five   percent   in   areas    bordering   Canada)
understood the term ice to be the name of a beer category.           Additionally,
Labatt's own June 1994 consumer survey "showed that consumers had no clear
understanding of ICE BEER's meaning or of its source."           Appellant's Brief
at 12.     In these circumstances, a reasonable jury easily could conclude
that the ice terms were not suggestive and never served to identify a
particular source or a product in the minds of consumers.

                                        -9-
Moreover, a jury could conclude that ice was and always had been the name
of a beer category.        The ice terms "convey meaning too directly to be
suggestive," but, giving Labatt the benefit of every doubt, are arguably
"too specific to be generic," Duluth News-Tribune v. Mesabi Publishing Co.,
No. 95-2912, slip op. at 4-5 (8th Cir. June 3, 1996).                  See also 20th
Century Wear, Inc. v. Sanmark-Stardust Inc., 747 F.2d 81, 87-88 (2d Cir.
1984) (holding that "Cozy Warm ENERGY-SAVERS" is descriptive), cert.
denied, 470 U.S. 1052 (1985).      Because the District Court did not abuse its
discretion when giving the instructions or admitting the evidence that
Labatt has challenged, we have no reason to displace the jury's decision
that the ice terms were not trademarks and hold that the District Court
properly denied Labatt's motions for judgment as a matter or law and a new
trial on the trademark issue.

B.      Unfair Competition and Tortious Interference

        With respect to Labatt's claim for unfair competition under the
Lanham Act and the Paris Convention (Labatt Count III) and its claim for
tortious interference with business expectancy (Labatt Count IV), Labatt
argues that the District Court should have granted its motions for a new
trial or judgment as a matter of law because A-B offered no legitimate
business justification for failing to notify Labatt until August 1993 that
it   would    not   distribute   Labatt   Ice    in   the   United   States.   Labatt
characterizes this delay as a "devious manipulation of the licensing
negotiations" through which A-B was "stringing Labatt along."             Appellant's
Brief    at   43-44.     According   to    Labatt,     A-B's   delay   satisfies   the
intentional-interference element of Labatt's tortious interference claim,
see Killian Constr. Co. v. Jack D. Ball & Assocs., 865 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Mo.
Ct. App. 1993), and the dishonest-business-practice element of its Lanham
Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1126, and Paris Convention claims.

                                          -10-
     The jury rejected Labatt's characterization of the facts.        This Court
will not second guess the credibility determinations of a jury, Fox v. T-H
Continental Ltd. Partnership, 78 F.3d 409, 413 (8th Cir. 1996), and the
jury in this case chose to believe the witnesses who testified that A-B
considered   either   licensing    Labatt's   process   or   developing   its   own
throughout June and July 1993, that on several occasions A-B informed
Labatt's president that A-B was considering developing its own brewing
process, and that the final decision was not made until late July when a
prototype beer resulted from A-B's development efforts.            Based on this
testimony, a jury could reasonably conclude that A-B did not intentionally
interfere with Labatt's business expectancies and that A-B did not engage
in any acts contrary to honest business practices.       Thus the District Court
properly denied Labatt's motion for judgment as a matter of law and did not
abuse its discretion when it refused to grant a new trial on these claims.

C.   Injurious Falsehoods Published By Labatt

     Labatt argues that the jury's verdict in favor of A-B on A-B's
injurious falsehood claim should be set aside because (1) the jury's
verdict   is inconsistent with its verdict for Labatt on A-B's false
advertising claim; and (2) there is insufficient evidence to support the
jury's verdict because there is no evidence that Labatt's advertising
misrepresented anything, misled any consumers, or caused A-B any actual
pecuniary loss.

     A-B has not directly responded to Labatt's argument that the jury
verdicts are inconsistent.        In the context of its reply-brief argument
regarding the jury's award of punitive damages, however, A-B does argue
that the verdicts are consistent.       Labatt moved to strike these portions
of A-B's reply brief because, in Labatt's opinion, they address an issue
that A-B should have addressed in its opening brief.          Labatt argues that
the inconsistent-verdict issue was raised in its opening brief.       We ordered
the motion to be

                                      -11-
taken with the case.     Concluding that the portion of the brief in question
is a response to Labatt's response to an issue first raised in A-B's
opening brief, we deny Labatt's motion.

     Pursuant to Eighth Circuit Rule 28A(f), this Court ordered the
parties to submit four briefs:     (1) the appellant's brief (Labatt's opening
brief); (2) the appellee/cross-appellant's brief (filed as one brief) (A-
B's opening brief); (3) the appellant's reply brief/cross-appellee's brief
(filed as one brief); (4) the cross-appellant's reply brief.                   In its
opening brief, Labatt raised the issue of an inconsistency between the
jury's   verdicts   on   A-B's   claims    of    false   advertising   and   injurious
falsehood.   Labatt claims that any response to its arguments should have
been made in A-B's opening brief.         The issue is first discussed by A-B in
its reply brief.     A-B's arguments on this point, however, appear in the
context of its argument in support of its appeal of the punitive damages
issue, see infra pp. 17-19, an issue that A-B raised in its opening brief.
Labatt responded to A-B's argument regarding punitive damages in its reply
brief in part by arguing that the verdict underlying the award of punitive
damages is "fatally inconsistent."          Labatt's Reply Brief at 23.        A-B is
entitled to reply to this argument in its reply brief because the issue of
punitive damages is an issue that was raised in its appeal.              We conclude
that the portion of A-B's reply brief at issue does not constitute an
attempt "to sandbag Labatt," Labatt's Motion to Strike at 2.                   Out of
fairness to Labatt, however, we will not consider A-B's assertion that
Labatt waived this issue by failing to raise it before the District Court
because Labatt has not had an opportunity to respond to that argument.
Labatt, however, was first to raise the issue of inconsistent verdicts, so
we do consider A-B's counterarguments on inconsistency.

     We recognize that it is our duty to harmonize inconsistent verdicts,
viewing the case in any reasonable way that makes the verdicts consistent.
Gallick v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 372

                                          -12-
U.S. 108, 119 (1963); First State Bank v. Jubie, No. 95-2112, slip op. at
5 (8th Cir. June 7, 1996).     The verdicts in this case are reconcilable.
As the unchallenged instructions of the District Court make clear, the two
claims have different elements.      In these circumstances, the jury could
have found that A-B proved all of the elements of the injurious falsehood
claim while failing to prove one of the separate elements of the false-
advertising claim.     For example, the jury might not have found that
Labatt's false or misleading "description or representation actually
deceived or had a tendency to deceive a substantial portion of the intended
audience," Instruction 13 (emphasis added), but still found that "it was
reasonably    foreseeable   that   others   would   rely   on   the   statement,"
Instruction 14 (emphasis added).

     Contrary to Labatt's assertions, there is sufficient evidence to
support the jury's verdict on A-B's injurious falsehood claim.             Labatt
engaged in extensive advertising claiming that "If It's Not Labatt's, It's
Not Ice Beer."     The jury had sufficient evidence to find that Labatt's
slogan was injurious to and understood by the public to be directed at
other brewers of ice beer, including A-B.           It was not only reasonably
foreseeable but Labatt's hope that others would rely on the statement.
Finally, based on the evidence the jury was entitled to infer that A-B
suffered a loss from Labatt's consistent and continuous publication of this
false statement.   Thus the District Court properly denied Labatt's motion
for judgment as a matter of law and did not abuse its discretion when it
refused to grant a new trial on A-B's injurious falsehood claim.

D.   Breach of Contract

     Labatt argues that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on
its breach-of-contract claim because A-B, among other things, used the term
"ice beer."   In relevant part, the confidentiality agreement between the
parties provided as follows:

                                     -13-
       Anheuser-Busch confirms that the marketing information and
       marketing proposals described in the attached papers were
       communicated by Labatt to Bob Gunther and Bill Campbell in
       confidence, and are not to be used by them or by Anheuser-Busch
       for any purpose other than the intended purpose. Anheuser-
       Busch's duty of confidence shall not apply to any information:

       (a)     disclosed in a patent, copyright registration, or in the
               public domain through no fault of Anheuser-Busch;

       (b)     obtained by Anheuser-Busch from a third party lawfully in
               possession of it and under no secrecy obligation to it;
               or

       (c)     in Anheuser-Busch's knowledge or possession prior to
               March 24, 1993 and not acquired by Anheuser-Busch, either
               directly or indirectly, from Labatt.

March 30, 1993 Letter Agreement at 1-2.               Labatt reads this agreement to
create two duties, a non-use duty and confidentiality duty.                 According to
Labatt,      the   exceptions   apply    only    to   the   duty   of   confidentiality.
Anheuser-Busch reads the agreement as imposing one duty of confidentiality,
part of which is its agreement not to use the confidential information.
Thus   Anheuser-Busch     believes      that    the   exceptions   apply   to   both    its
agreement to keep the information confidential and its agreement not to use
the confidential information.

       The District Court submitted the issue to the jury with proper and
unchallenged instructions, and the jury found for A-B.              Labatt claims that
the issue should have been resolved by the District Court in its favor as
a matter of law.      We disagree.      The District Court concluded in the first
instance that the agreement was ambiguous as a matter of law, and we agree.
Once the court decides that a contract is ambiguous, "resolution of the
ambiguity is a question of fact to be determined by the jury."                         John
Morrell & Co. v. Local Union 304A of United Food & Commercial Workers, AFL-
CIO, 913 F.2d 544, 551 (8th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 905

                                          -14-
(1991).      The   District    Court   did     not   err   when    it   submitted   the
interpretation of the confidentiality agreement to the jury.

E.   Other Issues

     Labatt has also appealed from the jury's adverse verdict on its
common-law   unfair   competition      claim    (Labatt    Count   VI).     As   Labatt
recognizes, the unfair-competition theory required it to prove that one of
the ice terms was a trademark.      Appellant's Brief at 39 (citing Cornucopia,
Inc. v. Wagman, 710 S.W.2d 882, 888 (Mo. Ct. App. 1986)).               Having already
concluded that Labatt failed to prove that any of the ice terms were
trademarks, it necessarily follows that the jury correctly rejected
Labatt's common-law unfair competition claim.

     Similarly, Labatt's false advertising (Labatt Count II) and state-law
dilution of trademark (Labatt Count VII) claims are dependent on a finding
that the ice terms were or are Labatt trademarks.             With respect to Count
II, Labatt claims that "[b]y falsely telling consumers that A-B had an 'ice
beer' and 'ice brewed' its beer, A-B both diverted sales to itself and
diluted the ICE MARKS."       Appellant's Brief at 42.        With respect to Count
VII, Labatt recognizes that an element of the dilution claim is proof that
the ice terms are or were trademarks.           Appellant's Brief at 45.         Having
held that Labatt failed to prove its alleged common-law trademark rights
in the ice terms, we also conclude that Labatt's false advertising and
dilution claims must fail.3

      3
      From what we can gather, Labatt's claim that A-B published
injurious falsehoods about Labatt is also dependent on a finding
that the ice terms were Labatt trademarks. Section XV of Labatt's
brief argues only that Labatt proved the elements of an injurious
falsehood claim "as demonstrated above." Appellant's Brief at 47.
The three sections "above" relate to trademark-dependent claims.

                                        -15-
     In sum, we conclude that the District Court properly denied Labatt's
motion for judgment as a matter of law on the various claims that the jury
decided in A-B's favor.    The court's refusal to grant Labatt's motion for
a new trial does not constitute an abuse of discretion.

                                     IV.

     Anheuser-Busch also has appealed from the judgment of the District
Court.   A-B contends that the District Court abused its discretion when it
denied A-B's motion to amend the judgment to include declaratory and
injunctive relief and when it set aside the jury's punitive damages award.
We address each of these issues in turn.

A.   Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

     In its Amended Complaint, A-B sought a declaration that Labatt does
not have "any protectable state, federal, international convention or
treaty rights in 'ice,' 'ice beer,' 'ice brewing' or similar terms, and
that Anheuser-Busch has not infringed or unfairly competed, by false
advertising or otherwise, with respect to any such rights."         Amended
Complaint at 8.      A-B also sought broad injunctions that would have
prohibited Labatt from asserting any rights in the ice terms and falsely
describing, representing, advertising, or promoting both Labatt's and A-B's
"products and processes."     Id. at 8-9.   After the District Court entered
its judgment, A-B twice moved to amend the judgment to include declaratory
and injunctive relief.      The District Court twice denied A-B's motion
without any explanation.   We review a District Court's decision on a motion
to alter or amend the judgment under the deferential abuse-of-discretion
standard.   United Food & Commercial Workers Int'l Union, Local 751 v. Brown
Group, Inc., 50 F.3d 1426, 1432 (8th Cir. 1995), rev'd on other grounds,
116 S. Ct. 1529 (1996).    "[T]raditional equitable principles requiring the

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balancing of public and private interests control the grant of declaratory
or injunctive relief in the federal courts."               Webster v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592,
604-05 (1988).

      A-B argues that it is entitled to declaratory and injunctive relief
based on the jury's verdicts in its favor.                  With respect to declaratory
relief, Labatt argues that the jury's verdict does not cover the scope of
the requested declaration.         We disagree.      Labatt lost on every count, save
A-B's false advertising claim, and we have affirmed that result.                        Labatt
therefore failed to prove that it has any protected rights in the ice terms
and failed to prove that A-B infringed any rights, unfairly competed, or
falsely advertised.      No equities weigh against issuing the declaration, and
therefore the District Court abused its discretion by denying A-B's motion
to amend the judgment to include such a declaration.

      Injunctive relief, however, is a different matter.                      While A-B was
successful on its injurious falsehood claim, the jury awarded only one
dollar     in   compensatory     damages    and    Labatt    prevailed   on     A-B's    false
advertising claim.      Moreover, evidence in the record tends to show that A-
B's ice beer products have done very well in the market, which might lead
one   to   conclude    that     Labatt's   injurious       falsehoods    have    not    caused
significant injury to A-B.         As A-B recognizes, "[t]he basis of injunctive
relief     in   the   federal    courts    has    always    been   irreparable    harm     and
inadequacy of legal remedies."             Appellee's Brief at 33 (quoting Beacon
Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 506-07 (1959)).                          In these
circumstances, a district court might reasonably conclude that the equities
are fairly balanced and refuse to issue an injunction against Labatt.

B.    Punitive Damages

      Finding that Labatt had published injurious falsehoods, the jury
awarded one dollar in compensatory damages and five million dollars in
punitive damages to A-B.          The District Court, however,

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granted Labatt's motion to set aside the jury's award of punitive damages
for lack of notice.       A-B appeals the District Court's decision.              State law
governs the reduction or elimination of the award of punitive damages in
this case because the claim for damages resulting from Labatt's publication
of injurious falsehoods is based on state law.             See Maristuen v. National
States Ins. Co., 57 F.3d 673, 679 (8th Cir. 1995).                  Under Missouri law,
punitive damages are awarded in the discretion of the trial court.
Stephenson v. First Missouri Corp., 861 S.W.2d 651, 657 (Mo. Ct. App.
1993); Propst v. Brown, 854 S.W.2d 844, 845-56 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993).                       We
therefore review the District Court's decision to set aside the jury's
award of punitive damages for an abuse of discretion.                 A district court
abuses    its     discretion   when   it    bases    a   decision     on   an    erroneous
interpretation of the law or a finding of fact that is clearly erroneous.
First Bank v. First Bank Sys., Inc., No. 95-2238, slip op. at 5-6 (8th Cir.
May 29, 1996).

     Having reviewed the record, we conclude that the District Court's
finding that A-B failed to give adequate notice of its claims for punitive
damages for Labatt's publication of injurious falsehoods is not clearly
erroneous.      A-B never mentioned punitive damages in its pleadings or in its
answers to Labatt's interrogatories.         A-B first mentioned punitive damages
one week before trial when it submitted supplemental jury instructions.
Federal   Rule of Civil Procedure 15(b), relied upon by A-B, is not
applicable in these circumstances.          The rule provides that "[w]hen issues
not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of the
parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised
in the pleadings."        Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b).         In this case, the issue of
punitive damages was tried to the jury despite the express resistance of
Labatt.   The District Court stated that Labatt filed written objections and
preserved       its   objections   orally    on     February   8,    1996,      before   the
instructions and verdict form were given to the jury.                 We agree with the
District Court that Labatt did not waive its objection to the submission
of

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the issue of punitive damages.      Thus the District Court did not abuse its
discretion when it set aside the punitive damages award for lack of notice.

                                          V.

     For the reasons stated, the judgment of the District Court is
affirmed   except   insofar   as   that   judgment   fails   to   provide   for   the
declaratory relief to which Anheuser-Busch is entitled.               We therefore
remand the case so that the judgment can be amended to include an
appropriate declaration.

     A true copy.

            Attest:

                    CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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