Court Opinion

ID: 173420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-16 21:43:54+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:04:03.318272
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                             Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        May 21, 2010
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                            Clerk of Court

 COREY FREY,*

        Plaintiff–Appellant,

 v.                                                          No. 09-5072
                                                (D.C. No. 4:07-CV-00468-TCK-FHM)
 AT&T MOBILITY, LLC, f/k/a Cingular                          (N.D. Okla.)
 Wireless; AT&T CORPORATION, a
 foreign corporation,

        Defendants–Appellees.

                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT**

Before KELLY, SEYMOUR, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

      Corey Frey appeals the district court’s dismissal of his diversity action.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

       * The original plaintiff, Ernest Frey, is deceased. We grant appellant’s Fed. R.
App. P. 43(a) motion to substitute Corey Frey. Pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 201(d), we take
judicial notice of Corey Frey’s Oregon residency. The parties remain completely diverse.
      **
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                              I

       Ernest Frey was the guardian of his eighty-two-year-old mother, Geraldine Frey.1

Responding to Cingular Wireless2 advertisements stating that “cell phones provide[]

additional safety and security to users since they could call from almost any location to

obtain help when needed,” Ernest purchased a cell phone for his mother’s use. He also

purchased a Cingular service plan, holding the account in his name.

       On July 26, 2005, Geraldine went missing. Ernest contacted Cingular the

following day, explained the situation, and asked them to monitor the use of the cell

phone. A Cingular employee informed Ernest that he could call back to see if the phone

had been used, but advised that Cingular would not release information regarding the

numbers that had been called from the phone or the cell tower locations for such calls

unless Ernest obtained a subpoena. Cingular relayed the subpoena requirement to Tulsa

police. The search for Geraldine continued throughout a large geographic area.

       On August 3, 2005, a Cingular representative informed Ernest that the cell phone

had been turned on and used on July 27. Although Ernest requested the location of the

cell tower that had been used to route the call, Cingular refused, citing the lack of a

       1
         In reciting the facts, we accept all well-pled factual allegations in the complaint
as true and view these allegations in the light most favorable to plaintiff–appellant. See
Sutton v. Utah State Sch. for the Deaf & Blind, 173 F.3d 1226, 1236 (10th Cir. 1999).
       2
         Cingular Wireless is now AT&T Mobility, LLC. It is alleged that co-defendant
AT&T Corporation possessed an ownership interest in Cingular when plaintiff’s cause of
action arose and, thus, is vicariously liable for Cingular’s actions.

                                             -2-
subpoena. The Oklahoma attorney general’s office subpoenaed that information from

Cingular on August 15, 2005. In early September, Cingular provided law enforcement

with the relevant cell tower location and the last number Geraldine called. On October

15, 2005, Geraldine’s body was discovered in a remote area.

       Ernest filed suit in Oklahoma state court, claiming that Cingular’s failure to

provide cell tower information upon request resulted in the loss of the chance to rescue

his mother. After defendants removed to federal district court, they moved to dismiss

under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The district court granted the motion with respect to the

loss of chance claim.3 A timely appeal was filed.

                                              II

       We review de novo a district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal. Teigen v. Renfrow,

511 F.3d 1072, 1078 (10th Cir. 2007). “The court’s function on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion

is not to weigh potential evidence that the parties might present at trial, but to assess

whether the plaintiff’s complaint alone is legally sufficient to state a claim for which

relief may be granted.” Miller v. Glanz, 948 F.2d 1562, 1565 (10th Cir. 1991). To

survive a motion to dismiss, the allegations contained in the complaint “must be enough

that, if assumed to be true, the plaintiff plausibly (not just speculatively) has a claim for

relief.” Robbins v. Oklahoma, 519 F.3d 1242, 1247 (10th Cir. 2008) (footnote omitted).

       3
         Other claims were dismissed without prejudice by the consent of both parties and
are not at issue in this appeal.

                                              -3-
                                              A

       To succeed in a negligence action brought under Oklahoma law, a plaintiff

ordinarily must prove the defendant breached a duty of care and that breach proximately

caused plaintiff’s injury. Miller v. David Grace, Inc., 212 P.3d 1223, 1227 (Okla. 2009).

In some cases, however, the causation requirement is relaxed such that a plaintiff need

only demonstrate that the defendant’s actions increased a risk of injury—in other words,

that the defendant’s actions deprived plaintiff of the chance to avoid injury. McKellips v.

St. Francis Hosp., 741 P.2d 467, 471-74 (Okla. 1987). Oklahoma has partially adopted

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323 in these so-called “loss of chance” cases. See

McKellips, 741 P.2d at 474. Section 323 provides:

       One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to
       another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the
       other’s person or things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm
       resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his
       undertaking, if (a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such
       harm, or (b) the harm is suffered because of the other’s reliance upon the
       undertaking.

A parallel Restatement provision, § 324A, addresses liability to a third party for the

negligent performance of undertaken services.

       Appellant contends that the district court erred by refusing to apply a relaxed

causation standard. We disagree. The Oklahoma Supreme Court has determined that

only medical malpractice claims qualify for the reduced causation standard entailed in a

loss of chance action: “[A]n action for loss of chance of survival may not be expanded to

apply in an ordinary negligence action brought against one other than a medical
                                             -4-
practitioner or hospital.” Hardy v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 910 P.2d 1024, 1025-26 (Okla.

1996); see also id. at 1028 (explaining that the reduced burden of proving causation is a

“remarkable exception to the traditional rule”).

       We reject appellant’s argument that this is not “an ordinary negligence action”

because defendants were aware that their inaction placed an individual’s life at risk. The

Hardy court applied a relaxed causation requirement largely because of the “special

relationship of the physician and patient.” Id. Read in context, the phrase “an ordinary

negligence action” plainly refers to negligence actions that are not premised upon

medical malpractice. Because medical malpractice is not alleged here, the complaint fails

to state a claim for loss of chance.

                                             B

       Appellant also takes issue with the district court’s determination that Cingular had

no duty to provide cell tower information under Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323 or

§ 324A. Oklahoma courts have found that §§ 323 and 324A impose a duty where the

plaintiff and defendant have a relationship that inherently implicates safety and

protection. See, e.g., Lay v. Dworman, 732 P.2d 455, 459-60 (Okla. 1986) (landlord has

§ 323 duty to minimize predictable security risks to his tenants); Truitt v. Diggs, 611 P.2d

633, 636-37 (Okla. 1980) (security company owes § 324A duty to parents when

formulating recommendations regarding school security); Wiles v. Grace Petroleum

Corp., 671 P.2d 682, 687 (Okla. Civ. App. 1983) (employer has § 324A duty to maintain

worksite security).
                                            -5-
       As these cases make clear, the Restatement’s negligent undertaking provisions

impose a duty of care only when a defendant renders services that it “should recognize as

necessary for the protection” of another. §§ 323, 324A. Provision of cell phone service

is not such an undertaking, at least under appellant’s theory of the case. Unlike the

defendants in Lay, Truitt, and Wiles, Cingular’s service is not closely related to security,

nor did Cingular exercise control over Geraldine’s physical environment—a type of

control from which we could infer a general duty to protect. Appellant alleges that

Cingular advertisements promised “additional safety and security” to customers because

cell phone users can “call from almost any location to obtain help when needed.” But

this allegation cannot plausibly be read to imply that Cingular also undertook to provide

for Geraldine’s safety by assisting in locating her. See Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1247.

       Nor did Cingular negligently undertake a rescue operation. See Lowery v.

Echostar Satellite Corp., 160 P.3d 959, 965-66 (Okla. 2007) (§ 323 liability not imposed

under “good Samaritan” rule when defendant does not undertake rescue efforts).

Cingular’s decision to inform Ernest that his cell phone had been used after his mother

went missing does not plausibly lead to the conclusion that Cingular agreed to help find

Geraldine. See Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1247. The company affirmatively refused to help

locate her and, thus, did not undertake a rescue. We agree with the district court that

                                             -6-
Cingular had no duty under § 323 or 324A to release cell tower information to Ernest.4

                                           III

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.

                                         Entered for the Court

                                         Carlos F. Lucero
                                         Circuit Judge

      4
          Appellant does not argue that Cingular had a duty—independent of the loss of
chance doctrine, § 323, or § 324A—to release cell tower information in a timely fashion
after it received the subpoena. Thus, we do not address whether breach of such a duty
occurred.

                                           -7-