Court Opinion

ID: 6347614
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-07 17:00:29.128402+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:31.211791
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 20-3028
                        ___________________________

                           United States of America

                                      Plaintiff - Appellee

                                        v.

                                 Kendall Streb

                                    Defendant - Appellant

                           ------------------------------

                          Human Trafficking Institute

                                Amicus on Behalf of Appellee
                                ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Iowa - Central
                               ____________

                         Submitted: October 22, 2021
                             Filed: June 7, 2022
                               ____________

Before ERICKSON, GRASZ, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

STRAS, Circuit Judge.
      A jury found Kendall Streb guilty of various sex-trafficking, firearm, and drug
crimes. Although his challenges run the gamut from alleged discovery violations to
complaints about his sentence, we affirm.

                                          I.

       An indictment charged Streb with child sex-trafficking, illegal possession of
firearms, and drug possession and distribution. The drug and firearm charges arose
out of his line of work: dealing methamphetamine.

       Streb also paid for sex, using both cash and drugs. The sexual encounters
started with Minor Victim B, but soon involved her friends too. After law
enforcement caught wind of his criminal activities, officers searched his home and
found firearms in a closet near some drugs that were packaged for sale.

       At trial, a jury found Streb guilty of multiple crimes, 1 which earned him a
sentence of 268 months in prison. He argues that the district court2 erred from start
to finish, and at nearly every point in between.

                                         II.

      Streb’s first set of arguments focus on the government’s eve-of-trial
disclosure about benefits it had provided to several minor victims. The district court

      1
       Sex trafficking of children, 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1), (b)(2); distributing
methamphetamine to a minor, 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 859; possessing
methamphetamine with intent to distribute it, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C);
possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A)(i); and unlawfully possessing a firearm, 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(3),
924(a)(2).
      2
      The Honorable Stephanie M. Rose, then United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa, now Chief Judge, United States District Court for the
Southern District of Iowa.

                                         -2-
denied his motion to dismiss the indictment or, in the alternative, to exclude their
testimony. We review this decision for an abuse of discretion. See United States v.
Sandoval-Rodriguez, 452 F.3d 984, 989 (8th Cir. 2006) (exclusion of testimony);
United States v. DeCoteau, 186 F.3d 1008, 1009 (8th Cir. 1999) (dismissal of
indictment).

                                         A.

       Forty-eight hours before Streb’s trial was set to begin, the government sent
defense counsel a short letter disclosing that state and federal law-enforcement
officials, including members of the United States Attorney’s Office, had provided
basic necessities to Streb’s minor victims, including meals, clothing, and personal-
hygiene items. After defense counsel objected to the letter’s lack of specificity, the
district court ordered the government to supplement it.

       The government returned later that day with more information. For the
lunches it provided, for example, the government disclosed who attended and how
much they cost. It also reported giving one of the victims $50 in donated gift cards
for the purchase of school supplies.

      According to Streb, these tardy disclosures justified one of two remedies:
dismissal of the indictment or the complete exclusion of testimony from those who
benefited. In the alternative, he was willing to settle for an evidentiary hearing.
Despite characterizing the circumstances as “problematic,” the district court offered
an even more modest solution: a continuance. After consulting with Streb, defense
counsel opted to move forward with jury selection instead.

      The issue came up again after jury selection. At that point, the district court
formally denied Streb’s motion because the remedies he requested were too
“extreme.” Once again, however, the district court proposed alternatives: an
appropriate jury instruction and “wide open cross-examination” to explore any
potential bias.

                                         -3-
                                           B.

       Streb argues that the district court abused its discretion by not doing more. If
a party has committed a discovery violation, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
16(d)(2) provides a menu of options to remedy it: ordering additional discovery,
granting “a continuance,” excluding the “undisclosed evidence,” and entering “any
other order that is just under the circumstances.” The choice of remedy depends on
“whether the government acted in bad faith and the reason(s) for [the] delay in
production”; “whether there [was] any prejudice to the defendant”; and “whether
any lesser sanction [would have been] appropriate to secure future [g]overnment
compliance.” United States v. Pherigo, 327 F.3d 690, 694 (8th Cir. 2003).

       Notably, Streb has difficulty explaining what rule or order the government
violated. There was no constitutional violation because “due process is satisfied if
the information is furnished before it is too late for the defendant to use it at trial.”
United States v. Almendares, 397 F.3d 653, 664 (8th Cir. 2005); see also Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). Although the disclosure came later than Streb
would have liked, the district court offered a continuance to make sure that defense
counsel had time to consider its impact on the case. And besides, the information
was not furnished “too late for the defendant to use it at trial.” Almendares, 397 F.3d
at 664. Defense counsel actually relied on it when cross-examining one of the
victims.

     Streb fails to identify any other possibility. Indeed, when questioned at oral
argument, counsel could only surmise that the government’s conduct in this case
amounted to “what could be considered an ethical” and “tactical violation.”3 Oral

      3
        In his brief, Streb suggests in passing that the government’s practice of
providing food, personal-hygiene products, and clothing to minor sex-trafficking
victims is bribery. See 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2). As the Human Trafficking Institute
points out in its amicus brief, however, every circuit to have considered this question,
including ours, has disagreed. See United States v. Ihnatenko, 482 F.3d 1097, 1099–
1100 (9th Cir. 2007) (collecting cases from the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh,

                                          -4-
Arg. at 15:10–15:24. But even if we were to assume what the government did adds
up to a discovery violation, we would still conclude that the district court did not
abuse its discretion by offering a continuance, a jury instruction, and “wide open
cross-examination.” See Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2)(B), (D).

                                            C.

       Nor was an evidentiary hearing required to explore whether the government
acted in bad faith. See Pherigo, 327 F.3d at 694. Following jury selection, the
district court questioned the government at length about the benefits the witnesses
received and the reasons for not disclosing them sooner. See id. The court then
offered a continuance to Streb, which would have given defense counsel time to
investigate the government’s conduct, fine-tune his trial strategy, and potentially
request additional discovery. The decision to offer a continuance rather than a
hearing, particularly given the court’s already in-depth questioning of the
government, was not an abuse of discretion.

                                           III.

       Trial brought the next set of objections, this time to three of the district court’s
evidentiary rulings. Our review is for an abuse of discretion, United States v. Street,
531 F.3d 703, 708 (8th Cir. 2008), keeping in mind that we will reverse only if an
error “affected the defendant’s substantial rights or had more than a slight influence
on the verdict,” United States v. Picardi, 739 F.3d 1118, 1124 (8th Cir. 2014)
(citation omitted).

and Eighth Circuits); United States v. Albanese, 195 F.3d 389, 394 (8th Cir. 1999)
(observing that this court “ha[s] a long history of allowing the government to
compensate witnesses for their participation in criminal investigations”).

                                           -5-
                                          A.

       The first evidentiary ruling was the district court’s refusal to admit sexually
explicit advertisements offering Minor Victim B’s services as an escort. In addition
to promoting sex-for-cash, the ads listed her age as nineteen. Streb’s position is that,
had the jury seen them, it would have concluded that he could not have known that
she was only fifteen, which would have negated the mental-state requirement of the
child-sex-trafficking offense. See 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a) (requiring knowledge or a
“reckless disregard of the fact[] . . . that the person has not attained the age of 18
years”). According to the court, the advertisements were inadmissible because they
were “offered to prove that a victim engaged in other sexual behavior,” Fed. R. Evid.
412(a), and were substantially more prejudicial than probative, Fed. R. Evid. 403.

       We need not decide whether the district court abused its discretion because
the ruling had no “influence on” the jury’s verdict. See Picardi, 739 F.3d at 1124
(citation omitted). According to another provision in the child-sex-trafficking
statute, the government did not need to prove that Streb knew or recklessly
disregarded Minor Victim B’s age if he “had a reasonable opportunity to observe”
her beforehand. 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c).

       There is no dispute here that Streb had such an opportunity, which means that
the government did not also have to prove that he “knew or recklessly disregarded”
her age. See United States v. Zam Lian Mung, 989 F.3d 639, 643 (8th Cir. 2021)
(stating that the government is “relieve[d]” from “proving the ‘defendant knew, or
recklessly disregarded’” the victim’s age “when the facts demonstrate ‘the defendant
had a reasonable opportunity to observe the person . . . solicited’” (quoting 18 U.S.C.
§ 1591(c))); see also United States v. Koech, 992 F.3d 686, 688 (8th Cir. 2021)
(noting that section 1591(c) “alter[s] the mens rea requirement regarding the victim’s
age”); United States v. Whyte, 928 F.3d 1317, 1329–30 (11th Cir. 2019) (explaining
that the statute “unambiguously creates an independent basis of liability when the
government proves a defendant had a reasonable opportunity to observe the victim”).
Missing out on the chance to rebut a point that made no difference to the outcome

                                          -6-
could not have “influence[d] . . . the verdict.” Picardi, 739 F.3d at 1124 (citation
omitted).

                                         B.

       The second evidentiary challenge fares no better than the first. This time, the
focus is on the specific charge in Minor Victim B’s juvenile-delinquency petition,
which was dismissed before the trial in this case began. Streb’s goal was to show
that she was testifying to avoid a serious charge of her own.

        The district court ruled that this line of questioning was off-limits. First,
“juvenile adjudications” have limited admissibility. See Fed. R. Evid. 609(d)
(providing that “[e]vidence of a juvenile adjudication is admissible under this rule”
only if several requirements are met). And second, discussing the specific charge
she faced would have been “inflammatory and highly prejudicial,” not to mention
that it would have “confused the issues before the jury.” See Fed. R. Evid. 403.

       Although Streb once again argues that the district court abused its discretion,
any error in cutting off this line of questioning was harmless. Defense counsel was
able to impeach Minor Victim B without getting into specifics, including probing
her about the fact that she had previously been accused “of some crimes.” He was
also able to establish during the cross-examination of a detective that there had been
a delinquency petition filed against her, which had been dismissed once she began
cooperating with the government. Perhaps most importantly, cross-examination
established that Minor Victim B understood that she would return to a juvenile-
detention center if she refused to testify, which highlighted her possible pro-
government bias. Having thoroughly attacked her credibility during cross-
examination, defense counsel would have accomplished little more by discussing

                                         -7-
the specific charge in the petition. 4 See United States v. Oakie, 993 F.3d 1051, 1054
(8th Cir. 2021) (per curiam).

                                           C.

        The third evidentiary challenge might be the most straightforward of all. The
district court limited defense counsel’s ability to impeach two of the minor victims
with their past inconsistent statements out of a concern for trial management and the
risk of having inadmissible hearsay come in through the back door. See Fed. R.
Evid. 801(d)(1); see also Fed R. Evid. 611(a) (“The court should exercise reasonable
control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence so
as to . . . make those procedures effective for determining the truth . . . avoid wasting
time . . . and . . . protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.”); Fed.
R. Evid. 802 (prohibition on hearsay).

      Once again, harmless error poses an obstacle for Streb. As the government
points out, defense counsel spent hours cross-examining both witnesses, including
about their prior statements. For his part, Streb cannot identify a single statement or
passage that was closed off by the district court’s ruling. With otherwise strong
evidence of guilt and no telling what the unspecified prior statements might have
shown, any error here had, at most, only “a slight influence on the verdict.” Picardi,
739 F.3d at 1124 (citation omitted).

                                          IV.

      Once the government finished presenting its case, Streb moved for an
acquittal on the illegal-possession-of-a-firearm count. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)
(possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime). He admitted that

      4
       For this reason, to the extent Streb argues that his Confrontation Clause rights
were violated, see Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315–16 (1974), any error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673,
684 (1986).

                                          -8-
he possessed a firearm, but claimed that the evidence did not show that he had done
so “in furtherance” of a drug-trafficking crime. Id. We review the sufficiency of
the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict. See United
States v. Maloney, 466 F.3d 663, 666 (8th Cir. 2006).

       The in-furtherance element required the government to establish a “nexus”
between Streb’s possession of a firearm and a drug crime. United States v. Sanchez-
Garcia, 461 F.3d 939, 946 (8th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). The former must
“further[], advanc[e] or help[] forward” the latter. Id. (citation omitted). “[A] jury
can draw this inference if the firearm is kept in close proximity to the drugs, it is
quickly accessible, and there is expert testimony regarding the use of firearms in
connection with drug trafficking.” United States v. White, 962 F.3d 1052, 1056 (8th
Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted).

        The government’s evidence followed this formula exactly. A search
uncovered two firearms and three extra magazines in his bedroom closet, which was
just a few feet away from packaged methamphetamine. It also revealed a firearm in
his truck, which he used to move the drugs. Finally, expert testimony established a
connection between guns and drug trafficking. Taken together, the evidence was
sufficient for the jury to conclude that Streb kept firearms at his home and in his
truck to protect the drugs he distributed. See id. (involving similar facts); Sanchez-
Garcia, 461 F.3d at 947 (same).

                                         V.

      Sentencing also produced its own share of challenges. Leaving no stone
unturned, Streb asks us to review three enhancements, the criminal-history
calculation, and the substantive reasonableness of the sentence.

                                         -9-
                                           A.

       Multiple enhancements went into determining Streb’s total offense level of
43. He complains about three of them: (1) a two-level enhancement for “unduly
influenc[ing] a minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct,” U.S.S.G.
§ 2G1.3(b)(2)(B); (2) a two-level enhancement for using “a computer,” id.
§ 2G1.3(b)(3); and (3) a five-level enhancement for “engag[ing] in a pattern of
activity involving prohibited sexual conduct,” id. § 4B1.5(b)(1). In evaluating each,
we review “the district court’s construction and application of the sentencing
guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Hagen,
641 F.3d 268, 270 (8th Cir. 2011) (italics omitted).

                                           1.

       The undue-influence enhancement focuses on the “voluntariness of the
minor’s behavior.” U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3 cmt. n.3(B). Streb’s position is that the minors
consented to the “prohibited sexual conduct,” which takes the enhancement off the
table. See id. § 2G1.3(b)(2)(B).

       The problem with Streb’s argument is that it does not account for the
“rebuttable presumption that” the enhancement applies when the defendant “is at
least 10 years older than the minor.” Id. § 2G1.3 cmt. n.3(B). Streb was more than
30 years older than each of his victims, and he often exchanged drugs for sex with
cash-strapped and methamphetamine-addicted minors. On this record, Streb came
nowhere close to rebutting the presumption of undue influence.

                                           2.

       The evidence also established that Streb used his cellphone to arrange the
“prohibited” sexual encounters. U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(3). A two-level enhancement
is available if the “offense involved the use of a computer . . . to . . . facilitate the
travel of . . . the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.” Id. We have already

                                          -10-
held that a cellphone is a “computer,” at least under the “broad” statutory definition
that applies here. United States v. Kramer, 631 F.3d 900, 903 (8th Cir. 2011); see
also U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(3) cmt. n.1 (explaining that “‘[c]omputer’ has the meaning
given that term in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(1)” (citation omitted)).

                                          3.

       We can also make quick work of Streb’s objection to the five-level
enhancement for “engag[ing] in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual
conduct.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1). “[A]t least two separate occasions” makes out a
pattern, id. § 4B1.5(b)(1) cmt. n.4(B)(i), and here, the district court found that Streb
paid three minors for sex, two on multiple occasions. See id. § 4B1.5 cmt. n.2
(listing Streb’s offenses as “covered sex crimes”). More than enough to form a
pattern.

                                          B.

      Streb does not fare any better with the challenge to his criminal-history score.
There are two main considerations: the number of “prior sentence[s] of
imprisonment” that a defendant has served and the length of each one. U.S.S.G.
§ 4A1.1. In limited situations, multiple sentences can be treated as one, but only if
they “resulted from offenses contained in the same charging instrument” or “were
imposed on the same day.” Id. § 4A1.2(a)(2).

      Streb seeks to avail himself of one of these exceptions for two “prior
sentences” he served for passing bad checks. Id. § 4A1.1. The problem is that the
criminal acts were committed in different counties, meaning that they were not
prosecuted under “the same charging instrument,” id. § 4A1.2(a)(2), and the
sentences were not “imposed on the same day,” id. Under these circumstances, his
criminal-history score stands.

                                         -11-
                                         C.

       Finally, we conclude that Streb’s 268-month sentence, a substantial
downward variance from the recommendation of life imprisonment, is substantively
reasonable. See United States v. McKanry, 628 F.3d 1010, 1022 (8th Cir. 2011)
(“[I]t is nearly inconceivable” that once a district court has varied downward, it
“abuse[s] its discretion in not varying downward [even] further.” (quotation marks
omitted)); see also U.S.S.G. Part A (setting a range of life for someone with an
offense level of 43). The record establishes that the district court sufficiently
considered the statutory sentencing factors, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and did not rely on
an improper factor or commit a clear error of judgment. See United States v.
Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc).

                                        VI.

      We accordingly affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________

                                        -12-