Court Opinion

ID: 4651515
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-14 17:12:56.272327+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:40.068332
License: Public Domain

J-A25021-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 GEISINGER CLINIC                          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                           :        PENNSYLVANIA
                   Appellant               :
                                           :
                                           :
              v.                           :
                                           :
                                           :
 MICHAEL J. ROGAN, M.D.                    :   No. 1989 MDA 2019

             Appeal from the Order Dated November 7, 2019
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County Civil Division at
                          No(s): 2019 CV 433

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                   FILED: JANUARY 14, 2021

     Appellant, Geisinger Clinic (“Geisinger”), appeals from the November 7,

2019 order denying its petition for a preliminary injunction. In its petition,

Geisinger sought to enforce its non-compete agreement with Appellee, Michael

J. Rogan, M.D. (“Dr. Rogan”). Upon review, we are constrained to dismiss

this appeal as moot.

     The trial court summarized the relevant facts of this case as follows.

     [] Dr. Rogan is a physician who is Board Certified in Internal
     Medicine, General Pediatrics, and Child Abuse Pediatrics. [In
     1988, Dr. Richard A. Martin, the Medical Director at Geisinger,
     began recruiting Dr. Rogan for employment.]

                                     ***

     [On September 8, 1989,] Dr. Martin, in a letter[,] . . . formally
     offered Dr. Rogan "a position with the Geisinger Medical Group -
     Scranton as an Associate in Internal Medicine/Pediatrics to
     commence July 1, 1990." The aforementioned letter contained
     the details of employment, including salary and the associated
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     benefit package. The [offer] letter also enclosed the subject
     "Practice Agreement[.” The “Practice Agreement” included a
     non-compete agreement, which stated, in relevant part, as
     follows:

        Acceptance of this position constitutes my understanding
        and agreement to restrict my practice of medicine, in the
        event that my employment with Geisinger Clinic is
        terminated, withdrawn, or results in disqualification, to an
        area outside of a 25 mile radius extending from such
        medical office facility designated as the principal site of my
        medical office practice at the time of such termination. …
        This restriction shall endure for two years from the date of
        termination, and shall apply, regardless of the reasons for
        the termination, disqualification, or withdrawal; whether
        initiated for reasons of my own or the Geisinger Clinic's.

     In addition, the offer letter included] Geisinger's "policy for due
     process" attached as Exhibit "B.” This policy [was] identified as
     Geisinger[‘s] Professional Staff Handbook.

                                     ***

     Dr. Rogan read the "Practice Agreement" and signed it. The date
     of the "Practice Agreement" is October 15, 1989. …
     Notwithstanding the start date reflected in the "Practice
     Agreement," Dr. Rogan began his practice with Geisinger in
     August [] 1990[.]

     Dr. Rogan began his practice with Geisinger at the Lake Scranton
     facility. … After about a year and [one-]half at Lake Scranton, Dr.
     Rogan and some other physicians were directed to transfer their
     practices to a newly developed Geisinger facility in West Scranton.

                                     ***

     Dr. Rogan worked at the West Scranton Clinic from 1992 to 2000.
     … In the year 2000, however, Dr. Rogan returned to the Lake
     Scranton facility[. …] Dr. Rogan remained at the Lake Scranton
     facility until 2013 at which time he was transferred to the Mount
     Pleasant facility, which is also located in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
     [] Dr. Rogan remained at the Mount Pleasant facility until the date
     of his termination[.]

     [Prior to Dr. Rogan’s termination, in] April [] 2018, while
     practicing at the Mount Pleasant facility, Dr. Rogan experienced

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     an "uptick" in positive sexually transmitted disease (STD) results
     in his patients, predominantly results which denoted the presence
     of trichomoniasis. Dr. Rogan continued to see this "uptick" in May
     [] 2018 and [] June [] 2018, and communicated his concern to
     the lab[oratory]. He became extremely concerned when[,] on one
     day[,] he had five [] positive results, some of which were back to
     back in examination rooms [one, two, and three] which were
     predominantly his examinations rooms. Because of the volume
     and the frequency of the positive test results, Dr. Rogan was
     concerned over potential contamination of the samples in the
     lab[oratory].

     Upon receipt of Dr. Rogan's [r]eport, Dr. Donna Wolk, Director of
     Microbiology for Geisinger, investigated Dr. Rogan's complaint for
     possible contamination in the lab[oratory]. Shortly after July 5,
     2018, and after no contamination was found in the lab[oratory],
     the focus of the investigation became the examination rooms
     themselves, particularly examination rooms [one, two, and
     three]. … On July 11, 2018, the lab[oratory] found that there
     was DNA residue on surfaces in the subject exam rooms. Dr. Wolk
     recommended that exam rooms [one, two, and three] be taken
     "off line" and she communicated that to the Operations Manager
     at [the] Mount Pleasant facility. The subject examination rooms
     were, in fact, taken off line and a cleaning protocol was later put
     in place to address the contamination. Dr. Wolk claim[ed] that
     she notified Dr. Rogan on July 12, 2018 that the subject
     examination rooms had DNA residue in them.

                                     ***

     On July 12, 2018, prior to Dr. Rogan's arrival, [Kathy] Lloyd[,
     Geisinger’s Associate Vice President for Regional Operations in the
     Northeast,] was informed that examination rooms [one, two, and
     three] tested positive for contamination and these rooms were
     principally assigned to Dr. Rogan and that they were taken "off
     line." Upon receipt of this information, [] Lloyd contacted Dr.
     James Hartle, who was the Chair of the Medicine Institute and the
     Interim Chief Medical Officer for Geisinger. Dr. Hartle told [] Lloyd
     that there should be no swabs, pap smears, or pelvic
     exams/testing conducted by Dr. Rogan until the source of this
     contamination was determined. … [] Lloyd correspondingly told
     Dr. James McKenna of Dr. Hartle's directive. Dr. McKenna was
     the Site Lead or the Physician in Charge of the facility itself.

                                     -3-
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     Upon Dr. Rogan's arrival at the Mount Pleasant facility on July 12,
     2018, Dr. McKenna and [] Lloyd met with Dr. Rogan and [] Lloyd
     relayed Dr. Hartle's directive. [Specifically,] Dr. Rogan was told
     that examination rooms [one, two, and three] were taken "off
     line" and he was not permitted to do pelvic examinations and/or
     swabs. As to the identity of the source of the contamination, Dr.
     Rogan's specimen collection techniques were called into question.
     Dr. Rogan was visibly upset about the limitation of his practice.
     Not being able to examine patients fully, Dr. Rogan told Dr.
     McKenna and [] Lloyd that he would prefer to go home and work
     at home. … After some further discussions, Dr. Rogan [] stated
     that he was leaving. [] Lloyd told him "that's your call, but you
     have a full schedule of patients." Dr. Rogan [then] left[.]

                                     ***

     After Dr. Rogan left the premises, [] Lloyd called or e[lectronically]
     mailed Dr. Hartle and explained the events of the day. Upon
     receipt of [] Lloyd's communication, Dr. Hartle called for a
     "[tele]phone meeting," which occurred later in the day on July 12,
     2018. Dr. Hartle, [] Lloyd, [] Becky Miller, Associate [Vice
     President] in Human Services, Dr. McKenna, and [] Tracey Wolfe,
     [Vice President] of the Medicine Institute[,] participated in the
     conversation. It was all agreed that Dr. Rogan "abandoned his
     job" and that it was a[n offense that subjected Dr. Rogan to
     termination].

     Notwithstanding the events of the previous day, Dr. Rogan
     reported to the Mount Pleasant facility on July 13, 2018. Upon his
     arrival, he was directed to meet with Dr. Hartle and others at
     [Human Resources]. The events of July 12, 2018 were reviewed
     and it was communicated to Dr. Rogan that he was, in fact,
     terminated. Dr. Rogan was provided with a document dated July
     13, 2018 entitled "Performance Improvement Plan." This []
     document constituted Dr. Rogan's formal termination notification.

                                     ***

     Dr. Rogan made a timely review request pursuant to Geisinger’s
     Human Resources Manual Policies 04.445. … Dr. Maloney was
     appointed to conduct the "Review Process," which occurred on July
     27, 2018. … Present at the "Review Process" were Dr. Maloney,
     Becky Miller, and Dr. [] Rogan. The focus of this [a]ppeal
     [p]rocess was to determine what had occurred and whether Dr.
     Rogan left the facility with patients waiting. [Ultimately,] Dr.
     Rogan's [a]ppeal was denied by Dr. Maloney, who concluded that

                                     -4-
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      Dr. Hartle had the authority to terminate and his decision to
      terminate was reasonable.

Trial Court Opinion and Order, 11/7/19, at 8-16 (internal citations and

footnotes omitted).

      Following Dr. Rogan’s termination, Geisinger sent him a letter to remind

him of the terms of his non-compete agreement. Dr. Rogan, however,

“conceded that he . . . practice[ed] medicine,” “applied for and . . .

exercise[ed] clinical privileges and/or maintain[ed] staff membership[s] at

various facilities within the geographical boundaries of the [non-compete

agreement].” Trial Court Opinion and Order, 11/7/19, at 1. Specifically, Dr.

Rogan, inter alia, “opened a Family Practice in South Scranton and . . .

practiced medicine, among other places, at Lake Scranton Urgent Care and

NEPA Community Health Care.” Id. at 1-2.

      To challenge the non-compete provision in the Practice Agreement, Dr.

Rogan, on August 31, 2018, filed a “Praecipe for Writ of Summons against []

Geisinger.” Trial Court Opinion, 4/23/19, at 1. On September 12, 2018, Dr.

Rogan also filed a motion for special injunctive relief in which he requested

that the trial court “(1) schedule a hearing on [Dr.] Rogan’s request for

permanent injunctive relief under Pa.R.C.P. 1531; (2) declare the 25-mile

restriction in his [P]ractice [A]greement unenforceable; (3) enjoin Geisinger

from interfering with [Dr.] Rogan’s relationship with his patients by

‘misleading and requiring’ patients to select a new physician at Geisinger; and

(4) order Geisinger to provide him his patients’ contact information so that he

                                     -5-
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could contact them directly.” Rogan v. Geisinger Clinic, 2019 WL 2305198,

at *1 (Pa. Super. Ct. May 29, 2019).

       On September 13, 2018, the aforementioned [motion] was
       presented to Judge James A. Gibbons[.] On the same day, Judge
       Gibbons issued an [o]rder setting a hearing date on [Dr. Rogan’s]
       [i]njunction request for October 19, 2018. In addition, Judge
       Gibbons, concerned about the patients that Dr. Rogan treated,
       directed Geisinger to “refrain from interfering in the
       physician/patient relationship between [Dr. Rogan] and his
       existing patients as of July 13, 2018. Judge Gibbons also directed
       Geisinger “to provide [Dr. Rogan] with a list[] of patients being
       treated by [him] as of July 13, 2018[.”] From this [o]rder, []
       Geisinger took a timely [a]ppeal. On September 24, 2018, [this
       Court] stayed Judge Gibbon’s [o]rder pending disposition of the
       [a]ppeal.[1]

       [Thereafter, on] January 18, 2019, Geisinger filed a [c]omplaint
       in [the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County] against Dr.
       Rogan. [Also, on January 23, 2019, Geisinger filed] a [p]etition
       for [p]reliminary [i]njunctive [r]elief requesting that [Dr. Rogan]
       be precluded from practicing medicine within the [25] mile area
       restriction.

                                           ***

       [On February 25, 2019, Geisinger] filed an [a]mended [c]omplaint
       [and a petition for a special injunction].

Trial Court Opinion, 4/23/19, at 2-3 (footnote omitted) (footnote added).

       On March 6, 2019, the trial court denied Geisinger’s petition for a special

injunction pending a hearing initially scheduled for April 9, 2019. Thereafter,

on March 19, 2019, the trial court continued the hearing on Geisinger’s

preliminary and special injunction. On June 3 and June 4, 2019, the trial court

____________________________________________

1On May 29, 2019, a panel of this Court vacated the trial court’s September
13, 2018 order granting Dr. Rogan’s motion for special relief under Pa.R.C.P.
1531 and remanded for further proceedings. See Rogan, supra.

                                           -6-
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conducted a hearing on Geisinger’s petitions for injunctive relief. Ultimately,

on November 7, 2019, the trial court denied Geisinger’s petition. In doing so,

the trial court found that, “Geisinger failed to comply with the procedural

terms of the ‘Practice Agreement’ and the procedural guidelines of Policy

04.445 in its termination of Dr. Rogan” and that “the [r]estrictive [c]ovenant

is unenforceable because of the interests of the public far outweigh the

interests of Geisinger.” Trial Court Opinion and Order, 11/7/19, at 35. This

timely appeal followed.2

       Geisinger raises the following issues on appeal:

        I.    Did the trial court err in applying the merits standard in evaluating
              whether Geisinger [] breached the Practice Agreement and Policy
              04.445 in its termination of Dr. Rogan?

       II.    Did apparently reasonable grounds exist in the [r]ecord to support
              the trial court’s determination that Geisinger [] breached the
              Practice Agreement and Policy 04.445 in its termination of Dr.
              Rogan?

      III.    Did the trial court err and misapply controlling Pennsylvania law
              in determining that a provision in an employee handbook was
              binding upon an employer?

       IV.    Did the trial court err in applying the permanent injunction
              standard rather than the preliminary injunction standard to its
              consideration of the competing interests?

____________________________________________

2 Geisinger filed its notice of appeal on December 6, 2019. On December 23,
2019, the trial court entered an order directing Geisinger to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b)(1). Geisinger timely complied. The trial court issued an opinion
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) on February 7, 2020.

                                           -7-
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       V.   Did the trial court err in failing to weigh the interest of Geisinger
            [] against the public interest in its balance of the competing
            interests?

      VI.   Did apparently reasonable grounds exist in the [r]ecord to support
            the trial court’s conclusion with respect to the public interest[?]

Geisinger’s Brief at 3-4.

      Before we may address the merits of Geisinger’s claims, we must

determine whether these issues are properly before us. Geisinger appealed

from the denial of its petition for injunctive relief, which is based on its

non-compete agreement with Dr. Rogan.           The non-compete agreement,

however, expired on July 13, 2020. As such, this appeal is moot.

      An issue can become moot during the pendency of an appeal due
      to an intervening change in the facts of the case or due to an
      intervening change in the applicable law[.] In that case, an
      opinion of this Court is rendered advisory in nature. An issue
      before a court is moot if[,] in ruling upon the issue[,] the court
      cannot enter an order that has any legal force or effect.

                                     ***

      Nevertheless, this Court will decide questions that otherwise have
      been rendered moot when one or more of the following exceptions
      to the mootness doctrine apply: 1) the case involves a question of
      great public importance, 2) the question presented is capable of
      repetition and apt to elude appellate review, or 3) a party to the
      controversy will suffer some detriment due to the decision of the
      trial court.

Lico, Inc. v. Dougal, 216 A.3d 1129, 1132 (Pa. Super. 2019), citing In re.

R.D., 44 A.3d 657, 680 (Pa. Super. 2012).

      Herein, Geisinger appealed from the trial court’s order denying its

petition for injunctive relief.   In its order, the trial court held that the

                                     -8-
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non-compete agreement was unenforceable.           Notably, the terms of the

agreement limit its enforceability to two years after Dr. Rogan left Geisinger’s

employment.     It is undisputed that Dr. Rogan was terminated on July 13,

2018.     The non-compete agreement therefore expired on July 13, 2020.

Accordingly, Geisinger’s “challenge to the denial of injunctive relief that was

based only on the enforceability of the non-compete agreement is moot.”

Lico, Inc., 216 A.3d at 1132.

        Further, none of the exceptions to the mootness doctrine apply in the

present case. The matter does not involve an issue of public importance as it

“is a private dispute revolving around the enforcement of a non-compete

agreement in the contract of a single former employee.” Lico, Inc., 216 A.3d

at 1132.    Moreover, “the question of the enforceability of a clause in the

employment contract” between Geisinger and Dr. Rogan “will not arise again”

because Geisinger no longer employs Dr. Rogan. Id. Lastly, Geisinger will

not suffer any detriment without this Court’s decision.      Geisinger “sought

injunctive relief to enforce the non-compete agreement, and that agreement

has now expired; [Geisinger] cannot enforce the clause now.”             Id. at

1132-1133.

                                     -9-
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       Because the non-compete agreement expired on July 13, 2020, any

order entered by this Court would have no force or effect.3 As such, the issue

is moot and we are constrained to dismiss this appeal.

       Appeal dismissed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 01/14/2021

____________________________________________

3 Herein, Geisinger argues that “it would be inequitable to deny relief based
upon the expiration of time, where the time elapsed during the pendency of
an appeal in the midst of an unprecedented global pandemic, COVID-19.”
Geisinger’s Reply Brief at 6. In light of this claim, Geisinger requests this
Court to enforce the non-compete agreement “for the period of time that Dr.
Rogan was out of compliance with the terms of the [r]estrictive [c]ovenant.”
Id. at 8. Our Supreme Court previously explained, however, that “[a]n
injunction will not be granted to enforce a restrictive covenant when the
restrictive period has[,] by its terms[,] expired.” Hayes v. Altman, 266 A.2d
269, 271 (Pa. 1970). Thus, because the non-compete agreement expired on
July 13, 2020, we decline to extend the compliance period contained within
the non-compete provision.         Geisinger’s “remedy for [] breach of the
covenant, now that its time period has elapsed, lies in an action of assumpsit
for damages or in a proceeding for an accounting[,] not in a decree of specific
performance.” Id. at 272.

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