Court Opinion

ID: 6318433
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-01 17:02:36.92395+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:35.991963
License: Public Domain

FIRST DIVISION
                                BARNES, P. J.,
                            GOBEIL and MARKLE, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                    DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS
                    COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN
                    THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

                                                                      March 1, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A21A1277. WALKER v. RICHMOND et al.

      BARNES, Presiding Judge.

      This appeal arises from estate litigation in Tennessee and involves issues

related to property located in Cobb County, Georgia. The parties are residents of

Tennessee. We granted Gloria Walker’s application for discretionary review of the

trial court’s order denying her motion to set aside default judgment. In this ensuing

appeal, Walker contends that the trial court erred in failing to set aside the default

judgment as it granted declaratory relief that was based on future contingencies, and

that the trial court’s default judgment exceeded the relief requested in the complaint.1

      1
        Richmond did not file a responsive brief, and while our rules do not require
that an appellee file an appellate brief, see Court of Appeals Rule 23 (b), in such
instances, we will accept Walker’s representation of the “facts as prima facie true and
decide the case on the basis of this [representation] and the evidence cited and quoted
in support thereof.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Daniel v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
Upon our review, and finding that the default judgment was entered on an improper

basis such that there was a nonamendable defect on the face of the record, we reverse

the trial court’s denial of Walker’s motion to set aside the judgment.

      “On appeal from a trial court’s denial of a motion to set aside a judgment under

OCGA § 9-11-60 (d), this Court is limited to a consideration of only whether the trial

court abused its discretion in refusing to set aside the default judgment under the

limited statutory criteria.” Fred Jones Enterprises v. Williams, 331 Ga. App. 481, 485

(2) (771 SE2d 163) (2015). “Where it is apparent that a trial court’s judgment rests

on an erroneous legal theory, an appellate court cannot affirm. When the issue is a

question of law, we owe no deference to the trial court’s ruling and apply the plain

legal error standard of review.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Laurel Baye

Healthcare of Macon, LLC v. Neubauer, 315 Ga. App. 474, 475 (726 SE2d 670)

(2012).

      Patricia Richmond, the only biological child of the deceased, Alfonso Patton,

obtained a power of attorney before Patton’s death and transferred his assets into joint

accounts. She used funds from the accounts to purchase two homes, including one in

290 Ga. App. 898, 900 (1) (660 SE2d 765) (2008). See Court of Appeals Rule 25 (b)
(1); Smith v. Smith, 350 Ga. App. 647, 648 n. 2 (829 SE2d 886) (2019).

                                           2
Cobb County (the “Cobb County property”). Richmond sold the Cobb County

property to Charles and Tonya Lowe (her daughter), who then made mortgage

payments to Richmond.

The Tennessee Proceedings

      Prior to Patton’s death, the conservators of Patton’s “person and property” filed

a petition in Tennessee alleging, among other things, that Richmond had breached her

fiduciary duties, and sought to recover property and damages from Richmond and her

husband, Ronnie Richmond. The conservators prevailed on summary judgment, and

the Richmonds were found liable in the amount of $916,616 (the “Tennessee

judgment”). The ruling was affirmed on appeal. See In re Conservatorship of Patton,

No. M2012-01078-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 4803146 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 26, 2014).

      Patton died in 2013 and, although Richmond sought to have a new will

probated naming her as Patton’s beneficiary, the will was invalidated and found to be

the result of undue influence. Patton’s prior will naming Walker as the beneficiary

was admitted to probate.

      In May 2014, the Tennessee probate court entered an interlocutory order

finding that the “mortgage payments on the [Cobb County] property being paid by

[the Lowes] constitute an asset of the estate of [Patton]” (the “Tennessee 2014

                                          3
probate order”). The probate court instructed that the mortgage payments be made to

the temporary administrator of Patton’s estate (a court designee, not Walker), until

ordered otherwise. The probate court further ruled that “the mortgage note and

Georgia security agreement are properly in the possession of the Temporary

Administrator as an asset of the estate.” The final Tennessee probate order was

entered in January 2019, and the order “transferred and assigned” the judgment in the

breach of fiduciary duty action to Walker for execution as the “residual beneficiary”

of Patton’s estate.

Cobb County Proceedings

      In October 2017 – while the probate matter remained pending in Tennessee –

the Richmonds filed a “Complaint for Foreclosure and Declaratory Judgment to Quiet

Title” in the Superior Court of Cobb County against Walker and the Lowes.2 Seeking

to have the 2014 Tennessee probate order set aside, the Richmonds asserted that the

Tennessee court did “not have the authority under the laws of any jurisdiction to

resolve legal questions of title upon real property located within the jurisdiction of

Georgia.” The Richmonds also noted that the 2014 Tennessee probate order had not

been domesticated in Georgia. The Richmonds thus requested “a declaratory

      2
          The Lowes are not parties to this appeal.

                                           4
judgment voiding the operation of the [2014 Tennessee probate] order issued in the

State of Georgia and barring its domestication in the State of Georgia.”

      On November 27, 2017, a nonlawyer, Akeem Jacob-Bey,3 responded on

Walker’s behalf, purporting to act under a power of attorney. But see generally In re

Estate Wheeler, 349 Ga. App. 716, 717 (1) (824 SE2d 715) (2019) (noting that power

of attorney does not permit a layperson to represent another in a court of law). The

response, styled as a “Judicial Notice,” asserted, among other things, that the trial

court lacked “subject matter” jurisdiction over Walker, and that Walker was a

“secured party creditor” against Richmond with “first in line, first in time” status

because of the Tennessee judgment.

      On January 12, 2018, the Richmonds filed a motion for default judgment

against Walker, asserting that Walker had failed to timely file an answer to their

complaint, that the 15-day period to open the default had passed, and that Walker had

“not entered any appearance in this case or otherwise responded to the complaint.”

A hearing was set on the motion, and Jacob-Bey appeared at the subsequent June 18,

2018 hearing where he again asserted that he represented Walker by virtue of a power

      3
          Jacob-Bey identified Walker as his mother in the document.

                                          5
of attorney, although he could not produce a power of attorney executed by Walker

or any “legally enforceable document.”4

       On July 2, 2018, the trial court entered default judgment against Walker. While

noting Jacob-Bey’s various filings and attempts to appear in Walker’s stead, the trial

court ultimately ruled that Jacob-Bey “was a non-party to the suit and that . . . Walker

was in default, having failed to answer the Complaint and Summons filed against her

. . . . and failed to open the default as a matter of right.” Pertinently, the order further

provided as follows:

       The Court finds Defendant Walker has no valid legal interest in the
       [Cobb County] property[.] . . . Moreover, any filings made into the Clerk
       of Court’s record and DEED BOOK by Defendant Walker or
       purportedly on behalf of Defendant Walker by her attorney-in-fact are
       null and void. The Court hereby terminates any and all interest asserted
       by Defendant Walker, her spouse, heirs, devisees, successors, assigns
       and anyone or anything in the whole world claiming under her,
       irrespective of the nature of such claim, in and to the [Cobb County]
       property[.] . . . Any future claims of Defendant Walker, her spouse,
       heirs, devisees, successors, assigns and anyone or anything in the whole
       world claiming under her, irrespective of the nature of such claims, in
       and to the above described named real property are barred.

       4
           The transcript of the hearing is not included with the appellate record.

                                             6
      Walker subsequently obtained counsel and, in September 2020, she filed a

motion to set aside the default judgment. Walker maintained that the trial court could

not exercise personal jurisdiction over her through her interest in the property because

she did not receive an interest in the Cobb County property until January 2019, when

the Tennessee probate court entered its final order. Walker also argued that the

default judgment was void “because declaratory relief may only address the

respective parties’ legal rights at the time of the controversy[.]” According to Walker,

her legal rights at that time the default judgment was entered in 2018 were contingent

on two future events – the entry of the 2019 Tennessee final probate order, naming

her the beneficiary and assignee of the Tennessee judgment, and the domestication

of the Tennessee judgment. Walker further asserted that the trial court exceeded its

authority in forever barring any future claim Walker might have to the Cobb County

property, and that the trial court’s ruling exceeded the relief requested in the

declaratory judgment petition. Walker maintained that the Richmonds’ complaint

only sought relief from the 2014 Tennessee probate order’s direction as to the

mortgage payments rather than the establishment of ownership of the Cobb County

property, much less barring Walker from forever asserting a claim to that property.

                                           7
      Following a hearing on the motion, the trial court rejected these arguments.5

Noting Walker’s contacts with the trial court, including the filing of “voluminous

documents,” a personally signed judicial complaint, and her appearance in court, the

court held that Walker had “waive[d] any defense of [the] Court’s lacking personal

jurisdiction over her.” The trial court also discounted as meritless Walker’s assertions

related to the propriety of the declaratory judgment, reasoning that they were based

on

      the premise that it is possible for Defendant Walker to obtain legal title
      over Georgia real property through a foreign Tennessee court. While the
      state gives full faith and credit to the judgment of its sister courts in
      neighboring jurisdictions, this does not extend to judgments regarding
      title to land within its own boundaries. The Georgia Supreme Court has
      noted courts of other states cannot grant relief in proceedings
      concerning Georgia real property. See Schuehler v. Pratt, 238 SE2d 65,
      68 (Ga. 1977). . . . Actions respecting title to land must be brought in the
      county where the land lies. Id. at 67. . . . Therefore, it is impossible for
      Defendant Walker to gain legal title to Georgia real property through a
      Tennesse order. As such it was proper for the court to forever bar
      Defendant’s Walker’s claims on the [Cobb County] property[.]

      5
        The November 16, 2020 hearing transcript was not included with the
appellate record.

                                           8
      1. Walker first contends that the trial court erred in failing to set aside its

default judgment that granted declaratory relief that was based on possible future

contingencies. She notes two alleged contingencies that existed at the time the trial

court entered the default judgment. According to Walker, her interest in the Cobb

County property at issue in the Tennessee judgment did not ripen until she was

declared the beneficiary by the 2019 Tennessee final probate order and that order was

domesticated in Georgia. Both contingencies, she asserts, did not happen until after

the default judgment, and thus her interest in the Cobb County property was

hypothetical at the time of the entry of the default judgment in 2018. . Walker further

maintains that by ruling that she was forever foreclosed from any interest in the Cobb

County property, the trial court set up the possibly of inconsistent judgments by

shielding the property from the over $900,000 Tennessee judgment, which included

rights to the mortgage payments on the Cobb County property.

      OCGA § 9-11-60 (d) provides that:

      A motion to set aside may be brought to set aside a judgment based
      upon: (1) Lack of jurisdiction over the person or the subject matter; (2)
      Fraud, accident, or mistake or the acts of the adverse party unmixed with
      the negligence or fault of the movant; or (3) A nonamendable defect
      which appears upon the face of the record or pleadings. Under this
      paragraph, it is not sufficient that the complaint or other pleading fails

                                          9
      to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, but the pleadings must
      affirmatively show no claim in fact existed.

“Where the record shows on its face that the default was entered on an improper

basis, there is a nonamendable defect on the face of the record.” (Citation and

punctuation omitted.) Oxmoor Portfolio, v. Flooring & Tile Superstore of Conyers,

320 Ga. App. 640, 644 (2) (740 SE2d 363) (2013).

      Relevantly, the Richmonds requested a declaratory judgment to void the

operation of the 2014 Tennessee probate order directing that the mortgage payments

be paid to the temporary administrator of Patton’s estate. Although the Richmonds’

complaint alleged that Walker claimed an interest in the Cobb County property based

on the 2014 Tennessee probate order, which was attached to the complaint, the

temporary administrator identified in that order was not Walker, and Walker was not

mentioned in the 2014 Tennessee probate order.

      “Georgia’s Declaratory Judgment Act gives superior courts the power to

declare rights and other legal relations of any interested party in cases of actual

controversy and in any civil case in which it appears to the court that the ends of

justice require that the declaration should be made.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Ga. Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Valley Wood, Inc., 345 Ga. App. 30, 32 (1) (812

                                         10
SE2d 94) (2018). “The words ‘actual controversy’ mean a justiciable controversy

where there are interested parties asserting adverse claims on an accrued set of facts.

For a controversy to justify the making of a declaration, it must include a right

claimed by one party and denied by the other[.]” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Leitch v. Fleming, 291 Ga. 669, 670 (1) (732 SE2d 401) (2012). Significantly, a

“declaratory judgment will not be rendered based on a possible or probable future

contingency.”(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Kellar v. Davis, 350 Ga. App. 385,

389 (829 SE2d 466) (2019). To that end, “the relief sought by a plaintiff must have

some immediate legal effect on the parties’ conduct, rather than simply burning off

an abstract fog of uncertainty.” City of Atlanta v. Atlanta Independent School System,

307 Ga. 877, 880 (838 SE2d 834) (2020). Moreover,

      [a] declaratory judgment or decree is one which simply declares the
      rights of the parties or expresses the opinion of the court on a question
      of law, without ordering anything to be done; its distinctive
      characteristic being that the declaration stands by itself, and no
      executory process follows as of course; and the action is therefore
      distinguished from other actions in that it does not seek execution or
      performance from the defendant or opposing party.

Clein v. Kaplan, 201 Ga. 396, 403 (1) (40 SE2d 133) (1946).

                                          11
      Here, even assuming without deciding that there was a justiciable controversy

given Walker’s unripened interest in the Cobb County property at the time of the

entry of the default judgment, we conclude that default judgment on its face exceeded

the scope of a declaratory judgment.

      In their complaint, the Richmonds requested a declaratory judgment to void the

operation of the 2014 Tennessee probate order directing that the mortgage payments

on the Cobb County property be paid to the temporary administrator, not Walker, of

Patton’s estate. And, “entry of a declaratory judgment that rules in a party’s favor as

to future litigation over the subject matter would constitute an erroneous advisory

opinion.” (Citation and punctuation omitted). Strong v. JWM Holdings, 341 Ga. App.

309, 315 (2) (800 SE2d 380) (2017) (concluding that counterclaim for declaratory

relief was premature and sought an opinion that was advisory in nature, and thus the

trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the counterclaim). Here, nowhere

on the face of the record does it appear that Walker had established any legal right to

the Cobb County property at the time the default order granting the declaratory

judgment was entered. Despite this omission, the trial court ruled that Walker could

not pursue any litigation related to the Cobb County property. Such ruling constitutes

an impermissible advisory opinion. See id; Baker, 271 Ga. at 213 (1) (entry of a

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declaratory judgment constitutes an improper advisory opinion when it “rules in a

party’s favor as to future litigation over the subject matter”); Chambers of Ga. v.

Dept. of Natural Resources, 232 Ga. App. 632, 634 (502 SE2d 553) (1998)

(declaratory judgment claim seeking a judicial ruling on issues anticipated to arise if

new administrative application was filed was inappropriate because it sought only an

“advisory opinion so [as to] test the strength of [the opposing party’s] anticipated

future defenses”).

      Likewise, by barring any future claim by “Walker, her spouse, heirs, devisees,

successors, assigns and anyone or anything in the whole world claiming under her,

irrespective of the nature of such claims,” the trial court exceeded the permissible

scope of a declaratory judgment as the order did not simply declare the rights of the

party at present. The sweeping order implicated rights Walker or “her spouse, heirs,

devisees, successors, assigns and anyone or anything in the whole world claiming

under her” could accrue in the future. See Leitch, 291 Ga. at 670 (1).

      Thus, for the foregoing reasons, and concluding that there was a nonamendable

defect on the face of the record, the trial court’s default judgment was improperly

granted. Accordingly, as the default judgment was entered against Walker on an

improper basis, it should have been set aside pursuant OCGA § 9-11-60 (d) (3).

                                          13
      2. Given our holding in Division 1, we need not address Walker’s remaining

enumeration of error.

      Judgment reversed. Gobeil and Markle, JJ., concur.

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