Court Opinion

ID: 4396328
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-13 20:00:23.904948+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:09.587378
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 13 2019
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BERNADETTE PAULEY, an individual, on No. 17-56057
behalf of herself and all others similarly
situated,                                  D.C. No. 2:13-cv-08012-R-CW

                Plaintiff - Appellant,
                                                MEMORANDUM*
 v.

CF ENTERTAINMENT, a California
corporation; COMICS UNLEASHED
PRODUCTIONS, INC., a California
corporation; ENTERTAINMENT
STUDIOS, INC., a California corporation;
BYRON ALLEN FOLKS, an individual;
SCREEN ACTORS GUILD-AMERICAN
FEDERATION OF TELEVISION AND
RADIO ARTISTS, a California corporation,

                Defendants - Appellees.

BERNADETTE PAULEY, an individual;               No.   17-56099
THOMAS CLARK, an individual, on behalf
of themselves and all others similarly          D.C. No. 2:13-cv-08011-R-CW
situated,

                Plaintiffs - Appellants,

 v.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
CF ENTERTAINMENT, a California
corporation; COMICS UNLEASHED
PRODUCTIONS, INC., a California
corporation; ENTERTAINMENT
STUDIOS, INC., a California corporation;
BYRON ALLEN FOLKS, an individual,

               Defendants - Appellees,

and

SCREEN ACTORS GUILD-AMERICAN
FEDERATION OF TELEVISION AND
RADIO ARTISTS, a California corporation,

               Defendant.

BERNADETTE PAULEY, an individual;             No.   17-56100
THOMAS CLARK, an individual, on behalf
of themselves and all others similarly        D.C. No. 2:13-cv-08011-R-CW
situated,

               Plaintiffs - Appellants,

 v.

SCREEN ACTORS GUILD-AMERICAN
FEDERATION OF TELEVISION AND
RADIO ARTISTS, a California corporation,

               Defendant - Appellee,

and

CF ENTERTAINMENT, a California
corporation; COMICS UNLEASHED
PRODUCTIONS, INC., a California
corporation; ENTERTAINMENT

                                          2
STUDIOS, INC., a California corporation;
BYRON ALLEN FOLKS, an individual,

                Defendants.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                     Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted April 9, 2019**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: RAWLINSON and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,*** District
Judge.

      Plaintiffs filed two actions—referred to herein as the “Comics Unleashed

Action” and the “Comedy.TV Action”—in connection with their work on two

television shows. They brought various claims against their employers (collectively,

“CF Entertainment”) and their union, SAG-AFTRA. The district court dismissed all

claims for failure to exhaust contractual grievance procedures, and Plaintiffs

appealed. While the appeal was pending, the union and CF Entertainment purported

to settle all of Plaintiffs’ claims, and a panel of this Court affirmed in part, vacated

in part, and remanded for further proceedings. See Pauley v. CF Entm’t, 646 F.

      **
            These cases were consolidated for oral argument only. We have also
consolidated their dispositions in this Memorandum.
      ***
            The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.

                                           3
App’x 498 (9th Cir. 2016) (unpublished). On remand, the district court again

dismissed all claims in the Comics Unleashed Action, and it dismissed all claims in

the Comedy.TV Action except for the Third and Seventh Causes of Action, which it

remanded to state court. Plaintiffs again appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this memorandum disposition.1

      We begin with the timeliness of Plaintiffs’ appeal in the Comedy.TV Action.

Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1)(A), a “notice of appeal . . . must

be filed with the district clerk within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order

appealed from.” Where, as here, a judgment must be set out in a separate document

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58(a),2 “entry of the judgment or order”

occurs “when the judgment or order is entered in the civil docket . . . and when the

earlier of these events occurs: the judgment or order is set forth on a separate

document, or 150 days have run from entry of the judgment or order in the civil

docket.” Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(7)(A)(ii).

1
  We assume familiarity with the facts and procedural history of this case.
2
  Under Rule 58(a): “Every judgment and amended judgment must be set out in a
separate document, but a separate document is not required for an order disposing
of a motion: (1) for judgment under Rule 50(b); (2) to amend or make additional
findings under Rule 52(b); (3) for attorney’s fees under Rule 54; (4) for a new trial,
or to alter or amend the judgment, under Rule 59; or (5) for relief under Rule 60.”

                                           4
      CF Entertainment argues that Plaintiffs’ notice of appeal was untimely

because the date on which it was filed, July 27, 2017, was more than 30 days from

the date on which the district court’s remand order was entered in the civil docket,

February 13, 2017. As Rule 4(a)(7)(A)(ii) makes clear, however, entry in the docket

does not by itself trigger the 30-day period in Rule 4(a)(1)(A). Instead, the order

must be set forth on a separate document, or 150 days must run from the date the

order is entered. Here, the district court’s remand order was not set forth on a

separate document, and the 150-day period did not run until July 13, 2017. Because

Plaintiffs’ notice of appeal was filed within 30 days of that date, the appeal was

timely. See Harmston v. San Francisco, 627 F.3d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir. 2010).

      Moving to Plaintiffs’ First Cause of Action for breach of contract, the district

court correctly held in both the Comics Unleashed and Comedy.TV Actions that

Plaintiffs failed to exhaust the mandatory grievance procedures in the applicable

collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”). Plaintiffs argue that the exhaustion

requirement has been either satisfied by the settlement agreement or excused by the

union’s lack of responsiveness. But the settlement agreement resolved only

previously accrued claims, and Plaintiffs have not attempted to exhaust the

applicable grievance procedures with respect to claims that accrued after the

settlement agreement was executed. See Carr v. Pac. Mar. Ass’n, 904 F.2d 1313,

1317 (9th Cir. 1990) (“At a minimum, . . . members of the bargaining unit must first

                                          5
turn to the grievance procedures for a remedy.”). Accordingly, the district court’s

dismissal of Plaintiffs’ First Cause of Action is affirmed.

      Next, with respect to Plaintiffs’ Second Cause of Action for violations of

section 2802 of the California Labor Code, Plaintiffs do not challenge the district

court’s decision to dismiss the claim as time barred in both actions. Plaintiffs argue,

however, that the district court abused its discretion by failing to grant leave to

amend. This Court disagrees. Plaintiffs commenced the Comics Unleashed and

Comedy.TV Actions over six years ago, and they have amended their complaints in

each action multiple times. “The district court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is

particularly broad where plaintiff has previously amended the complaint,” Ascon

Props., Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 866 F.2d 1149, 1160 (9th Cir. 1989), and Plaintiffs

have not left us with a “definite and firm conviction that the district court committed

a clear error of judgment,” Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir.

1990).

      We do hold, however, that the district court erred in the Comics Unleashed

Action by dismissing Plaintiffs’ Third Cause of Action for failure to provide accurate

itemized wage statements under sections 226 and 226.3 of the Labor Code.3 The

3
  CF Entertainment argues as a preliminary matter that Plaintiffs have waived the
preemption issue because they failed to address it below. We disagree, however, as
“the issue presented is purely one of law and . . . the pertinent record has been fully
developed.” Bolker v. Comm’r, 760 F.2d 1039, 1042 (9th Cir. 1985). CF
Entertainment also argues that Plaintiffs’ Third Cause of Action is time barred. We

                                          6
district court held that the Third Cause of Action was preempted by section 301 of

the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”) because resolution of the claim

was “substantially dependent on an analysis of the CBA.” As the Ninth Circuit has

explained, however, resolution of a state-law claim is “substantially dependent on

the terms of a CBA” only where it requires “interpreting,” rather than merely

“looking to” the CBA. Burnside v. Kiewit Pac. Corp., 491 F.3d 1053, 1060 (9th Cir.

2007) (internal citations, quotations, and alterations omitted). Although “the

distinction between ‘looking to’ a CBA and ‘interpreting’ it is not always clear or

amenable to a bright-line test,” preemption is not warranted “simply because the

court may have to consult the CBA to evaluate it.” Cramer v. Consol. Freightways,

Inc., 255 F.3d 683, 691–92 (9th Cir. 2001), as amended (Aug. 27, 2001).

      Here, CF Entertainment offers no reason to believe that resolution of the Third

Cause of Action requires interpretation of the CBA. To the extent that CF

Entertainment has failed to provide Plaintiffs with any wage statements, Plaintiffs’

claim is entirely independent of the CBA and is purely a creature of section 226. Cf.

Balcorta v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 208 F.3d 1102, 1109–12 (9th Cir.

2000). And even to the extent that CF Entertainment has provided Plaintiffs with

wage statements that do not accurately reflect the amounts Plaintiffs are owed, it still

disagree on this front too, as a new cause of action accrues each time CF
Entertainment fails to provide Plaintiffs with accurate itemized wage statements for
their residual payments, and these failures are allegedly ongoing.

                                           7
does not follow that interpretation of the CBA is necessary. “A court may be required

to read and apply” the provisions of the CBA governing Plaintiffs’ compensation,

and these provisions may “detail fairly complicated procedures and contain a hefty

dose of industry jargon,” but the complexity of the analysis does not imply that

“interpretation of the provisions would be necessary.” Id. at 1109–10 (emphasis

added). Absent evidence that the CBA’s “terms [are] reasonably in dispute,”

Cramer, 255 F.3d at 692, we hold that the Third Cause of Action is not preempted.

      Because we hold that the district court erred in dismissing the Third Cause of

Action, we also hold that it erred in dismissing the Seventh Cause of Action under

the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”), Cal. Lab. Code § 2698 et

seq. The district court dismissed the PAGA claim as derivative of Plaintiffs’

statutory claims, all of which were dismissed. With the Third Cause of Action

reinstated, the Seventh Cause of Action should be reinstated as well.

      Turning to Plaintiffs’ Fourth Cause of Action for failure to pay all wages due

under sections 201, 202, and 203 of the Labor Code, the district court correctly held

in both actions that this claim was barred by the applicable three-year statute of

limitations. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 338(a). Plaintiffs argue that the claim is timely

because a new cause of action accrues each time CF Entertainment fails to pay

Plaintiffs the residuals that they are owed. The language of the statute makes clear,

however, that the cause of action accrues when an employee quits or is terminated.

                                          8
See Cal. Lab. Code §§ 201(a), 202(a). Plaintiffs allege that they worked on Comics

Unleashed in April 2007 and on Comedy.TV in May and August 2009, so their

claims expired in April 2010 and August 2012, respectively. Given that Plaintiffs

did not file either action until December 2012, the Fourth Cause of Action is time

barred.

      Plaintiffs’ Fifth Cause of Action alleges that the union breached its duty of

fair representation (“DFR”) by failing to timely file Plaintiffs’ grievance against CF

Entertainment. Plaintiffs allege that the union negligently let lapse the time limit

imposed by the CBA on certain claims that Plaintiffs had, thereby precluding

Plaintiffs from recovering on those claims. The district court dismissed Plaintiffs’

breach of DFR claim on the grounds that the union recovered $1.4 million in its

settlement with CF Entertainment, and that Plaintiffs therefore could not “assert that

the Union’s alleged negligence in delaying the filing of their grievance completely

extinguished their rights to pursue their claims.” See Dutrisac v. Caterpillar Tractor

Co., 749 F.2d 1270, 1274 (9th Cir. 1983) (“[U]nion negligence may breach the duty

of fair representation [in] cases in which the individual interest at stake is strong and

the union’s failure to perform a ministerial act completely extinguishes the

employee’s right to pursue his claim.”).

      We disagree with the district court, and we reverse the dismissal of Plaintiffs’

breach of DFR claim in the Comics Unleashed and Comedy.TV Actions. Plaintiffs

                                           9
have plausibly alleged that certain claims were completely extinguished by the

union’s failure to timely file a grievance. That the union may have recovered $1.4

million on other, timely claims does not alter this conclusion. And while the union

argues that Plaintiffs were not prejudiced because CF Entertainment waived any

timeliness defense it might have had by failing to raise it during negotiations, this is

a question of fact that cannot be resolved at the motion to dismiss stage.

      In addition to the above claims, Plaintiffs’ Sixth Cause of Action brings a

freestanding claim for attorneys’ fees against both the union and CF Entertainment

under California’s “catalyst” theory. See Tipton-Whittingham v. Los Angeles, 101

P.3d 174, 177 (Cal. 2004). The district court dismissed this claim because Plaintiffs

failed to allege that their lawyers or the court was involved in the settlement between

the union and CF Entertainment. This Court affirms, but for a different reason: Even

assuming, without deciding, that Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees may be

properly asserted as an independent cause of action, Plaintiffs have failed to identify

any applicable fee-shifting statute. Plaintiffs cite no fee-shifting statute in connection

with their federal claim against the union, and the fee-shifting statutes they cite in

connection with their state law claims against CF Entertainment—sections 226(e),

2699, and 2802 of the Labor Code, and section 1021.5 of the Civil Code—do not

provide grounds for relief.

                                           10
      As a final point, Plaintiffs’ request for an order of reassignment to a different

district court judge is denied. On remand, we leave it to the district court to address

the dismissed claims “as appropriate in light of future developments in the case.”

Rowe v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp., 559 F.3d 1028, 1036 (9th Cir. 2009).

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

                                          11