Court Opinion

ID: 6585683
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:43:12.906956+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:27.486578
License: Public Domain

Powers, J.
Pianfetti and another were convicted at the December Term, 1904, of Caledonia County Court under No. 90, Acts of 1902, of one offence of illegal liquor selling. The information on which they were tried contained six counts charging illegal sales on May 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and June 1, 1904, respectively, and two counts charging illegal keeping for sale on January 1 and June 1, 1904, respectively. Many witnesses testified at the trial to unlawful sales, and there was nothing in the verdict to identify the particular offence of which they were convicted or to indicate the particular count under which the conviction was had. The judgment entered on this verdict was reversed by this Court at its October Term, 1905, and the case was remanded for a new trial. State v. Barr, et al., 78 Vt. 97.
In the meantime, at the June Term, 1903, of Caledonia County Court, Pianfetti was indicted for illegal selling. The indictment contained four counts charging illegal sales on February 1, 10, 15, and April x, 1903, respectively, and the last count charged illegal sales at divers times. To this indictment Pianfetti pleaded' guilty to two offences, and paid the fine imposed by the court. There, was' nothing in the plea, and there is nothing in the record of that case to identify the offence or the count in the indictment to which the plea referred.
The case against Barr and Pianfetti came on for its second trial at the December Term of said court, and separate trials were granted to the respondents. Pianfetti pleaded not guilty and a special plea of former conviction of the same of-fences in bar. Issue was joined on the special plea, and a jury *241trial ordered and had thereon. The respondent introduced the record of his conviction under his plea of guilty as above set forth, with evidence tending to identify himself as the respondent in such former case, and rested.
Thereupon, upon motion of the state’s attorney, the court ordered a verdict against the respondent on the issue raised by the special plea, for want of evidence tending to establish the identity of the offences charged in the two prosecutions. To which the respondent excepted.
The respondent then claimed the right to> a trial on his plea of not guilty. This claim was denied, and the respondent excepted. The court then, without further hearing, rendered judgment in chief against the respondent for one offence of illegal selling. To this the respondent excepted. All these rulings of the court were pro forma.
I. Under the special plea, the burden was on the respondent, not only to prove by the record a former conviction, but to establish the identity of the parties and the offences, i Bish. Cr. Pr. §816. To make the defence therein set up effectual, the offence of which the respondent stands convicted must be the same both in law and in fact with the one on trial. State v. Jangraw, 61 Vt. 39. And this the respondent must establish. Indeed, this is not here disputed; but the respondent insists that the record itself makes a prima facie case of identity in this respect, and invokes the rule that if the same evidence required to support this prosecution would have warranted a conviction in the other, identity of offences is established. This test is frequently applied and is sanctioned by many authorities. But it is held that in prosecutions of of-fences which from their nature are capable of repetition, (and, it might be added, in common experience are usually many *242times repeated), each separate act being a distinct and substantive offence, this test is not applicable, and that no presumption of identity will arise from the fact that evidence sufficient to convict under one would warrant a conviction under the other. In such cases, the respondent must show affirmatively, by proof outside the record, that the offences are one and the same. Thus in Rocco v. State, 37 Miss. 357, the respondent was charged with illegally selling liquor to John Hobart. He pleaded in-bar a former conviction on the charge of illegally selling liquor to John Smith and divers other persons. He claimed that inasmuch as he might have been convicted in the former case of selling to John Hobart, he was entitled to the benefit of the presumption that the conviction was for that offence. But the Court held that the charge being of an offence capable of repetition, each of which would constitute an offence, there was no presumption of identity.
In Emerson v. State, 43 Ark. 372, the respondent was charged with selling liquor to a certain minor in December, 1883. He pleaded in bar a former conviction under an indictment for selling to> the same minor in September, 1883. He put in the record of his conviction with proof of the identity of the minor named, and asked the court to rule that this made out a bar, which the trial court declined to do. In affirming this ruling, it was held that the record did not raise a presumption of identity, and that the test above stated did not apply.
In State v. Andrews, 27 Mo. 267, — a prosecution for selling liquor without a license with a plea of former conviction for the same offence — it is said that it was incumbent on the respondent not only to produce the record of the former conviction, but to show by testimony that he had been previously tried for identically the same offence as the one for which he *243was then prosecuted; and that it was not sufficient to show that the evidence offered on the last trial would have supported the first indictment.
In State v. Blahut, 48 Ark. 34, the respondent was charged with selling liquor to Nick Gray, a minor, on January 15, 1886. He pleaded in bar a conviction under an indictment charging him with selling to the same minor on February 15, 1886. Jt was held that the conviction was no bar without proof of the identity of the offences charged.
State v. Shafer, 20 Kan. 226, opinion by Judge Brewer, is to the same effect. Two complaints were filed charging the respondent with selling liquor without a license to .the same person, at the same place, but on different days, — one August 22, the other August 27. The complaints were in all respects alike except in the statement of the time of the commission of the offence. The respondent pleaded guilty of the first charge and paid a fine. He then pleaded that conviction in bar of the second charge. It was held that the two charges being prima fade for different offences, one would not bar the other without proof cdvmde that the same transaction was complained of in the two actions. State v. Sinell, 131 N. Y. 571, holds that since each act of selling without a license constitutes a separate offence, the acquittal of a respondent on a charge of selling on and after a certain date is no bar to an indictment for a sale made prior to the transaction to which the record of acquittal relates. The views of our own Court on this question, it must be admitted, have not been at all times altogether clear.
State v. Ainsworth, 11 Vt. 91, is in full accord with the foregoing' cases. It was an information in eleven counts charging the respondent with having sold to eleven different persons' named, intoxicating liquors by small measure. Under the plea of not guilty the respondent offered to prove that he *244had, at the previous term of court, been convicted of selling by small measure to divers persons named. But it appearing that none .of the persons named in that indictment were the same as those specified in the information on trial, the court held that the conviction was no bar, and rejected the evidence. In sustaining this ruling, the Court, after alluding to the fact that each act of selling was a distinct offence, said: “When a man is shown guilty of an offence, he may defend himself by the plea of au-trefois convict, as was attempted in this case. To sustain this defence, the respondent must show that he has been legally convicted of the same offence for which he is now prosecuted. To this end, he must produce the record of conviction, and must then produce substantive testimony to- show the jury that it was identically the same offence as the one for which he is now prosecuted. In this case the respondent was shown guilty of a certain act o-f selling. He showed a conviction of an act of selling, which conviction was after the one now proved, but he offered no testimony tending to show it was the same act. The former indictment was for an act of selling alleged to- be to a different person. This tended to show it was a different act. The respondent seemed to insist that if the offence was committed before the former indicttnent, that was a bar. The court very correctly decided the law to be otherwise, and, most .clearly, the respondent did not show that the offence, for which he was convicted, was the same as that now shown against him.” It is true that the Court, in this opinion, makes some account of the fact that the persons sold to- are named in the charges, and appear to be different in the two. But the rule adopted is the rule of the cases above cited, and we should regard it as full authority for the disposition of the question now under consideration were it not *245for the fact that the judges have seemed to be somewhat uncertain as to its proper scope and effect.
In State v. Smith, 22 Vt. 74, which was an indictment for selling containing three counts, the State was allowed to give evidence tending to prove sales exceeding in number the counts in the indictment. In Supreme Court it was urged in behalf of the respondent that this action of the trial court was error, because on conviction, the record could not be pleaded in bar. In disposing of this proposition, Judge Bennett proceeds at some length to show argtiendo that the conviction should be held to be, prima facie, a bar to a prior offence. He even says that there is not in State v. Ainsworth anything at variance with this idea.
In State v. Nutt, 28 Vt. 598, it is held that a conviction of being a common seller was a bar to a prosecution for individual sales made prior to the filing of the complaint. But Judge Bennett says in the opinion, “This is not like the case where the conviction relied upon in bar, was for an individual act of sale.”
In State v. Haynes, 35 Vt. at p. 567, it is said by Judge Auras: “By the practice before this statute was passed (No. 3, Acts of 1855) it was held that a conviction on a plea of guilty upon an indictment for selling liquor, was a bar to any subsequent prosecution for any offence committed prior to the finding of the indictment.” From the fact that no case is cited, nor is any to be found, wherein this question has been so decided, we infer that the practice referred to was one which had obtained in the trial courts only.
It is to be observed that the point now under consideration was not up for determination in these last three cases, and notwithstanding the dicta referred to we regard State v. Ains*246worth sound in principle and application and a correct statement of the law.
That a conviction or acquittal only bars such offences as were put in issue on the former trial is abundantly shown by State v. Brown, 49 Vt. 437. In that case the respondent offered in evidence a certified copy of the record of his acquittal, and requested the court to charge that the acquittal shown thereby was a bar to- a conviction for the same offence as tried and determined in that case, and for all offences committed prior to the day of the exhibition of the complaint in that case. It was held that the acquittal barred all the offences put in issue in the former case, but did not bar such offences as might have been, but were not shown by the record or otherwise to have been put in issue in the former case.
The record being no evidence of the identity of the offence, there was nothing to- leave to the jury under the special plea, and there was no error in directing a verdict thereon. However it might be if the question were whether or not the court could legally order a verdict o-f guilty, no good reason exists why on a preliminary issue like this, not in any wise involving the question of the- guilt of the accused, any different rule should obtain than in a civil case similarly situated. One o-f the essential elements of that defence being entirely unsupported by evidence, it was as if no evidence at all had been offered under the plea, in which case a submission to the jury would have been unnecessary. Johnson v. State, 34 Tex. Cr. Rep. 115.
II. It is urged that the conviction of one offence on the first trial was, in legal effect, an acquittal on all the counts in the information save one, and as there is nothing in the record to show which count the conviction was on, or to which the implied acquittal is to apply, there is nothing left on which *247the court could proceed to trial at all. The proposition that a conviction on one count only of an information or indictment containing several is in law an acquittal on the others is supported by many authorities. In State v. Kittle, et al., 2 Tyl. 471, the respondents were tried on an indictment containing four counts. The jury rendered a verdict of guilty on the fourth count only, and they appealed. The court thereupon required them to plead to the fourth count only, evidently treating the conviction below as an acquittal on the other three counts, — on the charges contained in which the respondents should not again be put in jeopardy. There are cases, however, which hold the verdict to be entire and allow a retrial upon the whole case if it is set aside. State v. Stanton, 23 N. C. 424; State v. Comrs., 3 Hill (S. C.) 239. We held in State v. Bradley, 67 Vt. 465, that one accused of murder in the first dégree and convicted of murder in the second degree, could, upon reversal, be retried on the original charge. The reasoning of that case is equally applicable to the case in hand, and is conclusively against the soundness of the Kittle case; and, though it is necessary to overrule the Kittle case to do so, we hold that the former verdict and the implied acquittal incident thereto fell together upon reversal, and left the information to stand as though there had been no trial.
III. Was the respondent entitled to a trial on his plea of not guilty?
At common law a respondent was allowed to plead over in cases of felony, only. But this rule, originally adopted in favorem vitae, did not extend to' misdemeanors. 1 Chit. Crim. Taw, *461, and cases.
In this country the holdings are not uniform. In 1 Bish. Cr. Pro. §755, the rule is stated to be that when the issue on the special plea becomes one of law, and it is decided against *248the respondent, he is allowed to plead over in misdemeanors as well as felonies. But when the issue becomes one of fact, and is decided against the respondent, in misdemeanors it amounts to a conviction, and the court proceeds to fix the penalty. The reason for this distinction is said to be that the respondent is supposed to know the facts, and if such an issue is found against him, the judgment should' be final on account of the falsehood. But since a respondent is not presumed to know the law, the determination of such an issue against him should not prejudice his rights, and judgment should be a respondeat ouster. Barge v. Com., 3 Pen. & W. (Pa.) 262.
On the other hand, in Wharton’s Cr. PI. & Pr. (9th ed.) §486, it is said that when the plea of autrefois acquit or convict is determined against a respondent, in this country, in most cases, he is allowed to plead over, and to have his trial for the offence itself, — no note being made of the distinction above referred to. This proposition is laid down in May’s Cr. L. §122 and 12 Cyc. 377, and is frequently said to be supported by the great weight of American authorities. The fact is that •each of the rules referred to is supported by cases, and an •examination of the authorities cited in support of the rule last stated shows that the text writers have in many instances failed to make note of the fact that the issue made in the case was one of law, — many of them being demurrers to the special plea. McFarland v. State, 68 Wis. 400, is a vigorous authority for allowing the respondent to plead over. And in addition to the reasons there given in support of such procedure, it may be suggested that there is no more reason in drawing a conclusive presumption of guilt from the respondent’s misstatement of fact in his plea, than from such mis-statement in his evidence. We regard this rule as more consistent with the theory of the rights of the accused and we adopt it as the *249law of this Court, and hold that the respondent should have been granted a trial on his plea of not guilty.

The pro forma judgment is reversed, verdict set aside, and came remanded.