Court Opinion

ID: 8436175
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-04 14:04:05.489125+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:48:42.895216
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: OCTOBER 28, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2021-CA-1247-MR

HANNAH TILLER                                                        APPELLANT

                APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE ANNIE O’CONNELL, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 21-CI-001926

JABBAR THAMMER ALDHALIMI
AND ORIENT AUTO SALE LLC                                              APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: COMBS, MCNEILL, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

COMBS, JUDGE: This case involves an automobile accident in which the

Appellant seeks to recover damages against the seller of the car under a claim

implicating Kentucky Consumer Protection Act. Appellant, Hannah Tiller, appeals

from an order of the Jefferson Circuit Court granting the motion to dismiss the

complaint filed by the Appellee, Jabbar Thammer Aldhalimi. We affirm.
             On April 1, 2021, Hannah Tiller filed a complaint in Jefferson Circuit

Court against Aldhalimi; she then filed an amended complaint on April 15, 2021,

against Aldhalimi and Orient Auto Sale LLC. Tiller alleged that “[o]n or about

April 15, 2020, [she] was driving a 2006 Toyota Corolla . . . southbound on South

8th Street when another vehicle disregarded a stop light causing a collision

with Ms. Tiller.” (Emphasis added.) The driver of the other vehicle was not

named as a party nor was otherwise identified in the complaint.

             Tiller alleged that Aldhalimi had sold the Corolla to her on or about

March 2, 2020, and that Orient had sold it previously to Aldhalimi. Tiller further

alleged that she sustained severe injuries in the accident; that the Corolla had been

involved in a prior accident on or before July 1, 2019; and that the Corolla did not

properly protect her “because of the acts and/or omissions of the Defendants.”

             For her causes of action as to Aldhalimi and Orient, Tiller asserted

that:

             17. Plaintiff files this claim due to Defendants [sic]
                 negligent acts and/or omissions which include but are
                 not necessarily limited to, one or more of the
                 following:

                a. Defendants were negligent for making
                   representations and/or failing to inform (failure to
                   warn) Plaintiff regarding the vehicle;

                b. Defendants were negligent in its repair;

                c. Defendants were negligent in its modifications;

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   d. Defendants were negligent in its maintenance;

   e. Defendants were negligent in its service;

   f. Defendants failed to properly inspect the safety of
      the vehicle;

   g. Defendants failed to properly inspect for, repair
      and/or report safety hazards;

   h. Defendants failed to properly inspect the safety
      systems on the vehicle; and/or

   i. Plaintiff did not discover the negligent acts of
      Defendants until an accident caused severe injuries
      to Plaintiff.

18. Defendants were negligent in many ways, including
    its inspection of the subject vehicle.

19. Defendants were negligent in failing to advise the
    Plaintiff that the subject vehicle had suffered
    extensive damage.

20. The injuries complained of herein resulted from the
    gross negligence, malice, or unconscionable conduct
    of Defendants, which entitles Plaintiff to exemplary
    damages.

21. The negligence of Defendants were [sic]
    undiscoverable until an accident occurred, and
    Plaintiff had no objective knowledge of any
    actionable conduct until after the accident.

22. The negligence was essentially undetectable,
    inherently dormant, characterized by prolonged
    latency, and no immediate injury manifested itself to
    alert Plaintiff until after the accident.

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             23. The facts at trial will further prove fraud and/or
                 deception on the part of Defendants.

             24. Defendants engaged in an unconscionable action or
                 course of action that took advantage of the lack of
                 knowledge, ability, experience, or capacity to a
                 grossly unfair degree.

             25. Defendants failed to ensure that the vehicle he [sic]
                 sold had properly functioning safety systems and/or
                 that it was crashworthy.

             26. Plaintiff was a “consumer.”

             27. The Defendants’ conduct, as described herein and
                 otherwise, constituted “false, misleading, or
                 deceptive” acts or practice. Each such act or practice
                 was a producing cause of economic damages and
                 damages for mental anguish to Plaintiff.

             28. The wrongful conduct of Defendants was a producing
                 cause of damages to Plaintiff.

             29. After materials are produced in discovery and after
                 Defendants and others have been deposed, additional
                 allegations may come to light and Plaintiff reserves
                 the right to amend pleadings.

             On July 23, 2021, Defendant Aldhalimi filed a motion to dismiss

Tiller’s complaint. In his supporting memorandum, Aldhalimi alleged that he

purchased the Corolla from the Defendant Orient in February 2020; that the

Corolla had been in an automobile accident around July 2019; and that the

Kentucky Certificate of Title issued on January 1, 2020, to Orient listed the Corolla

as a rebuilt vehicle. Aldhalimi explained that while the Corolla was in his

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possession, the title was never transferred into his name by Orient. On or about

March 2, 2020, Aldhalimi sold the Corolla to Tiller. When the vehicle was

transferred into Tiller’s name, “this had to be done by the Defendant ORIENT

AUTO SALES because the legal right to transfer the title had not yet passed to

Defendant ALDHALIMI.” (Uppercase original.) Aldhalimi did not attach a copy

of the title or any other documents to his motion.

                Aldhalimi contended that at the time of sale to him and at the time of

sale to Tiller, the Corolla was considered to be a rebuilt vehicle as defined in KRS1

186A.510(7),2 meaning that it had met the roadworthy standard in KRS

186A.510(8).3 Because the Corolla was more than ten years old, the notification

provisions of KRS 186A.530 did not apply.4

                Aldhalimi argued as follows:

1
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.
2
  KRS 186A.510(7) defines “‘[r]ebuilt vehicle’ [as] a vehicle that has been repaired to a road
worthy condition after having been registered as a salvage vehicle pursuant to KRS 186A.520, or
a similar salvage designation from another licensing jurisdiction[.]”
3
  KRS 186A.510(8) defines “‘[r]oadworthy condition’ [as] a vehicle in a safe condition to
operate on the highway and capable of transporting persons or property that complies fully with
the provisions of KRS Chapter 189 pertaining to vehicle equipment[.]”
4
  KRS 186A.530(8)(b) provides that: “Nondealer disclosure shall be made in accordance with
the procedures provided for in KRS 186A.060. The Department of Vehicle Regulation shall
ensure that disclosure information appears near the beginning of the application for title and
informs the buyer that the vehicle is a rebuilt vehicle.” KRS 186A.530(10) provides that: “The
notification provisions of this section shall not apply to motor vehicles more than ten (10) model
years old.”

                                               -5-
                The only reason there is any issue is because Plaintiff
                was involved in an automobile accident that the
                Defendants were in no way a part of. The accident is an
                intervening issue that may not be laid at the doorstep of
                either Defender [sic] herein. Clearly, the Defendants
                cannot be charged with the actions of a third-party
                motorist who was involved in the accident with Plaintiff
                TILLER [sic]. For her to assert that the Defendants
                should be held accountable for the actions of a third-party
                motorist lacks merit and support from any Kentucky
                caselaw or other jurisprudence.

                In addition, Aldhalimi argued that he did not owe Tiller any legal duty

for crashworthiness, that this is not a products liability case, that he is not a

manufacturer or designer, and that, therefore, the elements for crashworthiness

cannot be met citing Toyota Motor Corporation v. Gregory, 136 S.W.3d 35, 41

(Ky. 2004).

                In her response, Tiller asserted that her first amended complaint

established a cause of action against Aldhalimi. Tiller did not dispute that

Aldhalimi’s motion to dismiss could be considered as a motion for summary

judgment under CR5 56 were it properly supported by admissible and undisputed

evidence, but she noted that Aldhalimi had failed to submit any such evidence.

                By order entered September 23, 2021, the trial court granted the

motion to dismiss as follows:

                      On Motion of Defendant Aldhalimi, by counsel,
                and the Court being otherwise sufficiently advised, IT IS

5
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

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             HEREBY ORDERED that the Defendant’s Motion to
             Dismiss the Complaint herein is hereby granted.

                 THIS IS A FINAL AND APPEALABLE
             JUDGMENT AND THERE IS NO JUST CAUSE FOR
             DELAY.

(Upper case original.)

             On October 20, 2021, Tiller filed a notice of appeal to this Court.

Tiller’s argument on appeal is that the trial court committed reversible error in

dismissing Defendant Aldhalimi because he could not show that Plaintiff had

failed to state any claim upon which the trial court could grant relief.

             CR 12.02 provides in relevant part that:

             [T]he following defense[] may . . . be made by motion:
             . . . (f) failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
             granted . . . . If, on a motion asserting the defense that
             the pleading fails to state a claim upon which relief can
             be granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to
             and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated
             as one for summary judgment and disposed of as
             provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given
             reasonable opportunity to present all material made
             pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.

             In Benningfield v. Pettit Environmental, Inc., 183 S.W.3d 567 (Ky.

App. 2005), this Court explained that:

             A motion to dismiss should only be granted if it appears
             the pleading party would not be entitled to relief under
             any set of facts which could be proved in support of his
             claim. When ruling on the motion, the allegations in the
             pleadings should be liberally construed in a light most
             favorable to the plaintiff and all allegations taken in the

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             complaint to be true. In making this decision, the trial
             court is not required to make any factual findings.
             Therefore, the question is purely a matter of law.
             Accordingly, the trial court’s decision will be reviewed
             de novo.

Id. at 570 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

             Subsection A of Tiller’s argument is that the trial court erred in

granting Aldhalimi’s motion to dismiss because it was “based solely on allegations

of ‘fact’ outside of the pleadings” which failed to meet the requirements for

consideration as a motion for summary judgment under CR 56. Tiller asserts that

there was no way for Aldhalimi to know what the title actually said, having

claimed that the title was never transferred to him, and that “[w]ithout the actual

title, or a copy thereof,” Aldhalimi’s statements about the title are inadmissible.

              Tiller relies upon Spillman v. Beauchamp, 362 S.W.2d 33, 34 (Ky.

1962), which holds that:

             It is true that CR 12.02 provides that if, on a motion to
             dismiss on the ground that the complaint fails to state a
             claim on which relief can be granted, ‘matters out-side
             the pleading’ are presented to and not excluded by the
             court, the motion shall be treated and disposed of as one
             for summary judgment. But statements of fact in a legal
             memorandum are not within the category of ‘matters
             outside the pleading’ contemplated by the rule. They
             lack the ceremonial quality of testimony in open court
             which may be found in depositions, admissions or
             affidavits.

(Citations omitted.)

                                          -8-
             We cannot presume that the trial court improperly considered

statements in Aldhalimi’s legal memorandum about the Corolla’s title in the case

before us. A “circuit court . . . speaks only through written orders entered upon the

official record.” Kindred Nursing Centers Ltd. P’ship v. Sloan, 329 S.W.3d 347,

349 (Ky. App. 2010). The trial court’s order does not reflect that it considered any

matters relating to the Corolla’s title whatsoever. See McCarthy v. RiteScreen Co.,

Inc., No. 2011-CA-000888-MR, 2013 WL 2660783, at *4 (Ky. App. Jun. 14,

2013) (holding that where the trial court’s order does not demonstrate “reliance on

qualifying matters outside the pleadings . . . we must presume such matters were

excluded by the court and the motion to dismiss was not converted to one for

summary judgment. Under such circumstances, appellate review will be pursuant

to the standard set forth in CR 12.02(f)”).

             We proceed with our review under CR 12.02(f). Contrary to Tiller’s

argument in her reply brief, Aldhalimi’s motion to dismiss was not based entirely

“upon the claimed existence” of a certificate of title listing the Corolla as a rebuilt

vehicle. More significantly, Aldhalimi also argued that the motor vehicle accident

was caused by a third party and that Tiller’s assertions that “Defendants should be

held accountable for the actions of a third-party motorist lacks merit and support

from any Kentucky caselaw or other jurisprudence.”

                                          -9-
             In her complaint and amended complaint, Tiller alleged that “[o]n or

about April 15, 2020, Plaintiff was driving a 2006 Toyota Corolla . . . southbound

on South 8th Street when another vehicle disregarded a stop light, causing a

collision with Ms. Tiller.” (Emphasis added.) She also pleaded that “[d]uring the

accident sequence, Plaintiff sustained severe injuries.”

             In subsection B of her Appellant’s Brief, Tiller argues that “Defendant

and the Trial Court completely ignored the very reason and purpose for

Defendant’s being joined into the lawsuit. Specifically . . . that Defendant was

negligent in the repair, modification, service and maintenance” of the Corolla

before he sold it to Tiller. “Therefore, it was not simply a matter of a negligent

failure to disclose potential issues related to the sale” of the Corolla.

             Briner v. General Motors Corporation, 461 S.W.2d 99 (Ky. 1970),

involved an action against Universal, an automobile dealer, on a theory of

negligent repair. Briner was injured when the Chevrolet which she was driving

struck an on-coming vehicle. She testified that something had happened to the car,

that it veered to the left, and that when she tried to steer to the right, the wheel

would not turn. On appeal, Briner argued that it was error to direct a verdict for

Universal. The former Court of Appeals of Kentucky disagreed and affirmed as

follows:

             Assuming that Universal failed to make a proper
             inspection, to establish a case of negligence creating

                                          -10-
             liability the causal relationship between the acts or
             omissions and the accident must be shown. To forge
             the link between Universal’s alleged misconduct and the
             accident, it was incumbent upon plaintiff to prove by
             evidence of substance that the alleged negligence was a
             proximate cause of the accident.

Id. at 101 (citations omitted) (emphases added). Furthermore, the Court found no

prejudicial error in the trial court’s denial of Briner’s “motion to file an amended

complaint against Universal which injected a breach of warranty theory of liability

against it. This theory fails to bridge the gap which we hold was fatal to

plaintiff’s original claims against Universal . . . .” Id. at 103 (emphasis added).

             The same gap is fatal to Tiller in the case before us. The allegations

of Tiller’s complaint and amended complaint fail to establish an essential element

of her claim; i.e., that Aldhalimi’s alleged negligence -- whether in the inspection,

repair, modification, maintenance, service, and/or disclosure of potential issues

with the Corolla -- was a proximate cause of the accident. To the contrary, the

allegations of Tiller’s complaint and amended complaint, which we take as true,

plainly state that another vehicle caused the collision by disregarding a stop light.

To the extent that Tiller appears to allege a cause of action for negligence per se

against Aldhalimi for violation of any statute, the result is the same. “Failure to

comply with the terms of a statute is negligence per se. However, in an action for

damages, the violation of the statute must be the proximate cause of the injury to

                                         -11-
permit recovery.” Peak v. Barlow Homes, Inc., 765 S.W.2d 577, 578 (Ky. App.

1988).

             In subsection C of her argument, Tiller explains that she “has alleged

that modifications and repairs to the [Corolla] made the vehicle less safe were the

vehicle to be involved in an accident.” What Tiller alleged in her complaint and

amended complaint was that “Defendants failed to ensure that the vehicle he [sic]

sold had properly functioning safety systems and/or that it was crashworthy.”

             As our Supreme Court explained in Toyota Motor Corporation, 136

S.W.3d at 41:

                    In a crashworthiness or enhanced injury case, the
             plaintiff claims not that a defect in a motor vehicle
             caused a collision, but that a defect in the vehicle caused
             injuries over and above those which would have been
             expected in the collision absent the defect. The claim, in
             essence, is that the design of the vehicle failed to
             reasonably protect the occupant in a collision. These
             cases are also known as second impact cases, the first
             impact being the vehicle’s collision with another object,
             and the second impact being the occupant’s contact with
             interior structures or components of the vehicle. . . .

                    The elements of a prima facie crashworthiness are:
             (1) an alternative safer design, practical under the
             circumstances; (2) proof of what injuries, if any, would
             have resulted had the alternative, safer design been used;
             and (3) some method of establishing the extent of
             enhanced injuries attributable to the defective design.

We agree with Aldhalimi that none of these elements was or could have been met

in the case before us.

                                        -12-
              Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s September 23, 2021, order

dismissing.

              ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

James Ryan Turner                         Nader George Shunnarah
Florence, Kentucky                        Louisville, Kentucky

Lorin M. Subar
Dallas, Texas

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