Court Opinion

ID: 9945760
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-28 16:01:47.736619+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:39.780934
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 23-2116
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

             Whitehorse Ducharme, also known as Stanley Ducharme

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of North Dakota - Eastern
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: January 8, 2024
                             Filed: February 28, 2024
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, ARNOLD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       After Whitehorse Ducharme pleaded guilty to abusive sexual contact with a
child, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 2244(a)(5), 1152, the district court1 sentenced him to life
imprisonment. Ducharme maintains that the court failed to consider the offense level

      1
       The Honorable Peter D. Welte, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of North Dakota.
used to calculate his recommended sentencing range and that the court imposed a
substantively unreasonable sentence. We affirm.

       A fourth-grade girl, whom we'll call L.W., told a school counselor that
Ducharme, her father's stepbrother, had sexually abused her. L.W. disclosed during
a forensic interview that Ducharme had abused her "several times," beginning when
she was four years old. She explained that, in one instance, Ducharme had exposed
his penis to her, while in other instances he touched her vagina with his fingers under
her clothes, all while she "kick[ed] to try to get away from" him. She also reported
that Ducharme told her that he had fallen in love with her, and he told her not to tell
others about what he had done. At a second interview conducted three months later,
L.W. said that Ducharme had sexually abused her "multiple times" when she was
three to eleven years old. She reported that Ducharme "would grind his genital area
against her genital area through their clothes" and "would take his penis out of his
pants and rub it on her."

       Ducharme was indicted on three counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a minor,
see 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241(c), 1152, stemming from his alleged abuse of L.W. and two
other children. After the government and Ducharme entered into an agreement in
which he agreed to plead guilty to sexually abusing L.W., a presentence report
prepared for him calculated a recommended sentencing range of 188–235 months'
imprisonment. As part of that calculation, the PSR recommended a five-level
enhancement under USSG § 4B1.5(b)(1) because Ducharme had "engaged in a
pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct." Ducharme initially objected
to applying the enhancement but later withdrew the objection. At the sentencing
hearing, the district court confirmed the PSR's calculation of the Guidelines range.

       Ducharme maintains that the district court committed procedural error at
sentencing by failing to consider the offense level used to calculate his Guidelines
range. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4). The seed from which Ducharme's challenge grows

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is a remark that the district court made after announcing sentence. The court said that
Ducharme would have received a life sentence "regardless of the offense level
determination and that it would be imposed based on the 3553(a) factors."

       After our review of the record, it is clear to us that the district court considered
the applicable offense level. The court meticulously calculated Ducharme's offense
level, noting that Ducharme was "a repeat and dangerous sex offender against
minors" for which the five-level enhancement under § 4B1.5(b)(1) was appropriate.
The court's careful calculation also led to the discovery of a computation error in the
PSR, and the court ordered the PSR amended to correct the error. So the argument
that the court failed to consider the applicable offense level is untenable. Ducharme
really appears to take issue with the court's reliance on the § 3553(a) considerations
to impose a sentence above what the Guidelines recommended. But once courts have
correctly calculated the Guidelines range, they may find a sentence outside that range
"appropriate irrespective of the Guidelines range." See Molina-Martinez v. United
States, 578 U.S. 189, 200 (2016). That's what the court did here.

      Ducharme also maintains that a life sentence is substantively unreasonable
because the court did not weigh the § 3553(a) sentencing considerations properly. He
says that the court failed to give adequate weight to his relative lack of criminal
history, which consisted only of a forgery conviction in 2001 and a weapons
conviction from 2003. He also points out that a life sentence "far exceed[ed]" his
Guidelines range.

       Our review of the substantive reasonableness of a sentence "is narrow and
deferential," and "it will be the unusual case when we reverse a district court
sentence—whether within, above, or below the applicable Guidelines range—as
substantively unreasonable." See United States v. St. Claire, 831 F.3d 1039, 1043 (8th
Cir. 2016). Ducharme has arguably presented an "unusual" case given that the court
varied upward to impose a life sentence.

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       But the district court fastidiously considered the relevant sentencing criteria
and gave several convincing reasons for the sentence it chose, leading us to conclude
that the court did not commit "a clear error of judgment" in varying upward to a life
sentence. See United States v. Doerr, 42 F.4th 914, 918 (8th Cir. 2022); see also
United States v. Herman, 842 F. App'x 6, 8 (8th Cir. 2021) (unpublished per curiam).
At the outset of the sentencing hearing, the court rehearsed the sentencing criteria
contained in § 3553(a) and offered some explanatory commentary as well. The court
recited each criterion and confirmed that Ducharme understood what it had said. The
court also considered victim-impact statements from L.W. and the two other children,
now adults, whom Ducharme was originally charged with sexually abusing. The court
gave defense counsel opportunities to object to its consideration of these statements,
but defense counsel declined. In those statements, the three victims explained the toll
that Ducharme's sexual abuse had taken on their lives. They described games
Ducharme made them play, insults he offered them, and recited some details of the
abuse as well. For example, one victim recounted Ducharme making the victim
perform oral sex in exchange for ice cream.

       The court then heard the parties' sentencing recommendations. In the course of
recommending a sentence at the top of the Guidelines range, the government pointed
out that during an interview after arrest Ducharme said he had been a babysitter for
other children and that at least three of them had seen his penis. The government
noted too that an undisputed paragraph in the PSR recounted that Ducharme had
blamed alcohol for his abuse of L.W. and had stated that he needs to stop using
alcohol and drugs to ensure he doesn't abuse again. But he continued to use alcohol
and drugs up to his arrest, and "he 'couldn't say' if an incident would occur again if
he was using drugs or alcohol."

      After denying Ducharme's requests for downward departures, the court
returned to § 3553(a), reciting each criterion in full yet again. The court turned to the
government's points about drugs and alcohol, calling them "concerning." And it

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observed that the victims' statements "were impactful." After weighing the § 3553(a)
criteria, the court believed that a life sentence was appropriate. In its statement of
reasons, the court emphasized the considerations that it thought weighty in this case,
though it said it had evaluated them all. The court checked the box next to the nature
and circumstances of the offense as well as the accompanying boxes for role in the
offense, extreme conduct, and victim impact. It also checked the box for the history
and characteristics of the defendant, specifically noting that Ducharme had displayed
aberrant behavior and a lack of remorse. Finally, the court explained that it was "of
particular import" that the sentence reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote
respect for the law, provide just punishment for the offense, and afford adequate
deterrence for criminal conduct. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A)–(B). The court
"strongly considered" as well the need to protect the public from further crimes by
Ducharme. See id. § 3553(a)(2)(C).

        The district court did not abuse its discretion in weighing those considerations
more heavily than Ducharme preferred. See United States v. Griggs, 54 F.4th 531,
538 (8th Cir. 2022). Even though Ducharme's criminal history was relatively modest,
he still was "a repeat and dangerous sex offender against minors" who displayed an
apparent lack of remorse and little willingness to change. We confronted a similar
situation in St. Claire. There, a man was convicted of three counts of aggravated
sexual abuse, see 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c), two counts of abusive sexual contact (the
crime Ducharme pleaded guilty to committing), see id. § 2244(a)(5), and one count
of a different abusive-sexual-contact crime, see id. § 2244(a)(3). See St. Claire, 831
F.3d at 1041. The victims testified that the defendant had put his hands down their
underwear and touched their vaginal areas, see id. at 1042, much like L.W. reported
Ducharme had done here. We held that a life sentence was not substantively
unreasonable. It is true that the Guidelines recommended a life sentence in that case
and that the defendant there was convicted of more offenses than Ducharme. But
many similarities exist, including the defendant's conduct, his lack of remorse, his
attempts to hide wrongdoing, the length of time over which his abuse occurred, and

                                          -5-
his high risk of re-offending. See id. at 1042–43. We note, moreover, that the district
court in St. Claire imposed a separate life sentence for each of his § 2244(a)(5)
convictions, see id. at 1041–42, which again is the offense Ducharme pleaded guilty
to committing. The court here similarly acted within its discretion in concluding that
a life sentence was warranted, and even if we might have reasonably concluded that
a different sentence was appropriate, that's insufficient to justify reversal. See id. at
1043.

      Affirmed.

KELLY, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       Ducharme pleaded guilty to a pattern of sexually abusing one minor victim,
L.W. See 18 U.S.C. § 3771(e)(2)(A) (“The term ‘crime victim’ means a person
directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of a Federal offense.”).
At sentencing, Ducharme objected to several paragraphs in his PSR containing
allegations that he had also sexually abused four other minor children. At the parties’
urging, the district court declined to make a finding on these objected-to allegations,
stating it would not consider the allegations when imposing sentence. Later in the
hearing, however, the court relied on victim-impact statements from two of the other
minors that repeated the allegations of sexual abuse—unrelated to the crime of
conviction—in deciding an appropriate sentence.

       Unless prohibited by law, district courts may receive and consider a broad
range of information at sentencing—including hearsay evidence—as long as it is
found to have “sufficient indicia of reliability” and relevance. USSG §§ 1B1.4,
6A1.3; United States v. Wise, 976 F.2d 393, 402 (8th Cir. 1992) (en banc); e.g.,
United States v. Ayres, 929 F.3d 581, 583 (8th Cir. 2019). Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 32, however, mandates that sentencing courts rule on any disputed portions
of a defendant’s PSR, “or determine that a ruling is unnecessary either because the

                                          -6-
matter will not affect sentencing, or because the court will not consider the matter in
sentencing.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B); see USSG § 6A1.3. Here, despite expressly
agreeing not to consider the objected-to allegations in Ducharme’s PSR, and without
any finding on their reliability, the district court considered two additional statements
that repeated unresolved allegations in the PSR, describing them as “impactful.”

       Nevertheless, I concur in the result. At sentencing, the district court advised the
parties more than once that it intended to consider all of the victim-impact statements,
not just the one from L.W. And as this court notes, Ducharme expressly declined the
opportunity to object. There may have been strategic reasons for that decision. But
even the government agreed that the court should not consider any objected-to
information “in making its determination [to] hand[] down an appropriate sentence
that’s sufficient yet not greater than necessary.” Because these statements contained
some of the very information Ducharme objected to—information the court stated it
would not consider—I question the propriety of relying on them to impose an above-
range sentence of life imprisonment.
                         ______________________________

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