Court Opinion

ID: 4739
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 04:58:41+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:54:18.666233
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals,

                              Fifth Circuit.

                               No. 90–3448.

 LEWIS R. CRIST, Director, Division of Insurance, Department of
Economic Development, State of Missouri, Acting as a Domiciliary
Receiver   of   Transit   Casualty   Company   in    Liquidation,
Plaintiff–Appellant,

                                    v.

        DICKSON WELDING, INC., et al., Defendants–Appellees.

                              April 10, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Louisiana.

Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, GARWOOD, and DUHÉ, Circuit Judges.

       DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:

       Plaintiff brought this diversity suit as receiver for an

insolvent insurance carrier, Transit Casualty Company, against a

Transit insured, Dickson Welding, Inc., for additional premiums

allegedly earned under two policies.      Dickson Welding denied that

more    premiums   were   due     asserting     several   defenses   and,

alternatively, impleaded its broker, Alexander & Alexander ("A &

A").    The jury found Transit barred from recovering additional

premiums.   The district court entered judgment for Dickson Welding

and dismissed all third-party claims.         Transit appeals, and A & A

moves to dismiss the appeal as to A & A.              For the following

reasons, we reverse the judgment on the jury verdict and grant A &

A's motion.

            I. THE CLAIMS, DEFENSES, AND ASSIGNED ERRORS

       The Transit policies provide for an advance premium based on
estimated exposures and for an adjustment of premium based on

actual exposures as determined from an audit after the policy

period.    Although Dickson Welding willingly paid the advance

premiums, it refused to pay additional premiums claimed pursuant to

audits.    Transit's receiver brought this suit against Dickson

Welding for the additional premiums.

     The issues on this appeal concern Dickson Welding's defenses.

Maddox, an agent working for Dickson Welding's broker, A & A,

allegedly promised Dickson Welding coverage under policies with a

fixed premium,    not    subject   to   adjustment   or   audit.     Dickson

Welding's first defense was reformation:         Dickson Welding argued

that the policies should be reformed to reflect the flat-rate

premiums promised by Maddox and A & A.          Reformation was a bench

issue, and the court rejected the defense:           it would not rewrite

the policy to reflect a flat-rate because it found neither mutual

mistake nor mistake by one party and fraud by the other.

     Dickson Welding asserted three other defenses that went to the

jury: equitable estoppel, apparent authority, and in pari delicto.

In   the   estoppel     defense,   Dickson   Welding      asserts   that   it

justifiably relied in good faith on some representation of Transit

or Transit's agent, Miro and Associates, and that Dickson Welding

acted to its detriment because of that reliance. Transit moved for

a directed verdict on Dickson Welding's estoppel defense, but the

court denied the motion.      The apparent-authority defense concerns

whether Transit is bound by the actions of its "apparent" agent,
Miro:     Dickson Welding asserts that because it was justified in

assuming that Miro had the authority to perform acts to bind

Transit, Transit is bound by Miro's acts.           The defense of in pari

delicto, meaning "of equal fault," bars a plaintiff from recovering

damages if his losses are substantially caused by activities which

the law forbids him to do.

         Transit assigns as errors the denial of its motions for

directed verdict, for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and

for a new trial.        Transit also asks us to consider whether the

verdict was erroneous and unreasonable.1           Transit also claims that

the jury was improperly instructed regarding reasonable reliance,

which is an essential element of both the estoppel and apparent

authority defenses.

            II. THE MOTIONS TO TAKE THE CASE FROM THE JURY

A. Estoppel.

         At the close of Transit's evidence against Dickson Welding,

Transit moved for a directed verdict on estoppel and waiver, urging

that neither could be a defense, apparently because of the lack of

evidence    of   the   element   of   reasonable    reliance.2   The   court

     1
      This issue was raised before the district court in a motion
for new trial. 6 Rawle 1442. We do not review verdicts directly.
Coughlin v. Capitol Cement Co., 571 F.2d 290, 297 (5th Cir.1978).
Accordingly, we consider this challenge to the verdict as part of
the motion for new trial.
     2
      After the district court ruled against Dickson Welding on
the bench issue of reformation, Dickson Welding's attorney asked
whether the ruling encompassed the waiver or estoppel issue. The
initially granted the motion for directed verdict, rejecting waiver

and finding a different essential element of estoppel lacking: the

good faith of Dickson Welding (through its president, Marcus

Dickson).    Both the good faith of the party seeking to invoke the

doctrine of equitable estoppel and reasonable reliance on the

representation are required for application of the defense.     See

Wilkinson v. Wilkinson, 323 So. 2d 120, 126 (La.1975); Westenberger

v. Louisiana Dep't of Educ., 333 So. 2d 264, 271 (La.Ct.App.1976).

The trial judge was evidently not impressed with the suggestion

that there was no evidence of reasonable reliance, as he did not

mention reasonable reliance in his ruling.

     After a recess, the district judge rescinded his ruling in

order to consider the evidence in Dickson Welding's cross-claim

motion on estoppel was raised in the following exchange:

            THE COURT: Well, to the extent that [estoppel or
            waiver] may be a jury issue, it seems ... Mr. Christy
            ... that you are moving for a directed verdict on the
            issue of estoppel.

            MR. CHRISTY:    No.

            THE COURT: Mr. de Klerk [Transit's attorney], are you
            moving for a directed verdict?

            MR. DE KLERK:    Yes, Your Honor.

            THE COURT:   Now, tell me why.

            MR. DE KLERK: ... [T]he estoppel and the waiver
            argument is not something that can be used as a defense
            under the circumstances of this case and bearing in
            mind the evidence that's been heard.

            THE COURT:   ... Did you have something else?

            MR. DE KLERK: Your Honor, I just wanted to mention the
            concept of reasonable reliance once again.
against A & A.    At the close of all the evidence, the court assumed

that all motions were renewed and denied Transit's motion for

directed verdict on the estoppel question. Transit later moved for

a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, reiterating its argument on

estoppel and adding an argument on apparent authority.

       We review the rulings on the motions for directed verdict and

judgment notwithstanding the verdict de novo, under the same

standard applied by the district court: under either motion, "[i]f

the facts and inferences point so strongly and overwhelmingly in

favor of one party that the Court believes that reasonable men

could not arrive at a contrary verdict," then the motion should be

granted.     Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365, 374 (5th Cir.1969).

       As to the defense of estoppel, we agree with the district

court that reasonable people could indeed differ on the question of

estoppel, particularly the good faith of Dickson Welding (as

represented by Mr. Dickson), which was the basis of the court's

initial ruling.     For example, Maddox of A & A testified that he

relied on representations of Miro employees that Transit policies

were being sold with fixed-rate premiums, and Mr. Dickson testified

that he relied on Maddox.        The jury no doubt resolved the question

of Dickson Welding's good faith by assessing Mr. Dickson's demeanor

and credibility.      Additionally, an expert testified that audits

were   not   mandatory   and    could   be   waived,   although   there   was

conflicting testimony.         Finally, some evidence showed Miro often

waived audits notwithstanding standard-form language requiring an
audit.

     Because reasonable persons could differ regarding Dickson

Welding's good faith and the reasonableness of its reliance, the

trial court correctly allowed the defense of estoppel to go to the

jury.

B. Apparent Authority.

         Transit did not move for a directed verdict in its favor on

Dickson Welding's defense of apparent authority, but did move for

a judgment n.o.v. on that defense.          In its motion for judgment

n.o.v.     and   on   this   appeal,   Transit   attempts    to     tie    the

apparent-authority defense to the estoppel defense, on which it did

move for directed verdict:      Transit urges that the facts mandate a

judgment     notwithstanding    the    verdict   whether    the    issue   is

"justifiable reliance" for estoppel or "reasonable reliance" for

apparent authority.

         If a party has not moved for a directed verdict on an issue

yet seeks judgment n.o.v. on that issue, our review is extremely

limited.     Seidman v. American Airlines, 923 F.2d 1134, 1138 (5th

Cir.1991);       see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(b).3       In such cases "our

inquiry is restricted to whether there was any evidence to support

     3
      The Rule in effect at the time of trial provided            that "a
party who has moved for a directed verdict may move to            have the
verdict and any judgment entered thereon set aside and            to have
judgment entered in accordance with the party's motion            for a
directed verdict." Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(b) (amended 1991).
the jury's verdict, irrespective of its sufficiency, or whether

plain error was committed which, if not noticed, would result in

manifest miscarriage of justice."             Seidman, 923 F.2d at 1138

(citing Hinojosa v. City of Terrell, Tex., 834 F.2d 1223, 1228 (5th

Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 822, 110 S. Ct. 80, 107 L. Ed. 2d 46

(1989)) (emphasis in original).

         Apparent   authority   is    a   judicially    created   concept   of

estoppel which operates in favor of a third party (Dickson Welding)

seeking to bind a principal (Transit) for the unauthorized act of

an apparent agent (Miro).       See Boulos v. Morrison, 503 So. 2d 1, 3

(La.1987).     For the doctrine of apparent authority to apply, the

principal must first act to manifest to an innocent third party the

alleged agent's authority.           Second, the third party must rely

reasonably on the manifested authority of the agent.                Id.     The

testimony that audits could be waived and that Miro often waived

audits    in   spite   of   contractual      language     requiring   audits

constitutes evidence that would support a finding that Dickson

Welding's or Maddox's reliance on a representation that the audits

were waived was reasonable.      Accordingly, the motion for directed

verdict on the issue of apparent authority was also properly

denied.

                       III. THE JURY CHARGE ERROR

     Transit next asserts that the court improperly charged the

jury about reasonable reliance, an element of both the estoppel and

apparent-authority defenses.         Dickson Welding urges that we need
not consider this assigned error because the jury may well have

based its judgment on the in pari delicto defense.    Thus, Dickson

Welding argues, because an independent basis for the verdict

supports the judgment, we need not consider the errors assigned by

Transit with respect to the other two defenses.

A. The Verdict and Scope of Our Review.

     The jury interrogatory did not distinguish among the three

defenses, providing simply:

     Is Transit barred from recovering additional premiums from
     Dickson [Welding] even though the insurance policies in
     question provided for an adjustment of premiums by audit?

                YES T

                 NO

      When two or more claims are submitted to a jury in a single

interrogatory, a new trial may be required if one of the claims was

submitted erroneously, because " "there is no way to know that the

invalid claim ... was not the sole basis for the verdict.' "   Braun

v. Flynt, 731 F.2d 1205, 1206 (5th Cir.1984) (quoting United N.Y.

& N.J. Sandy Hook Pilot Ass'n v. Halecki, 358 U.S. 613, 619, 79
S. Ct. 517, 520, 3 L. Ed. 2d 541 (1959);     see also Smith v. Southern

Airways, 556 F.2d 1347 (5th Cir.1977) (general verdict cannot stand

if one of three alternative theories of recovery is not supported

by evidence);   Ratner v. Sioux Natural Gas Corp., 770 F.2d 512, 518

(5th Cir.1985) (general verdict possibly resting upon a theory that

lacks adequate support in the record must be set aside).    Because
the   trial   court    did   not   ask   the   jury   to   answer    a   special

interrogatory on each theory of defense, we cannot determine on

which defense Dickson Welding succeeded.              Accordingly, we must

verify    that   the     jury      was   properly     charged   as       to   the

apparent-authority and estoppel defenses, because either one might

have been the sole basis for the verdict.

B. Preservation of Error and the Standard of Review.

       The next questions are whether Transit preserved its right to

appeal the jury charge issue by timely objection and, if so, under

what standard of review we examine the alleged error.                "No party

may assign as error ... the failure to give an instruction unless

that party objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its

verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds

of the objection."      Fed.R.Civ.P. 51.       Because the purpose of this

rule is to enable the trial court to correct any error it may have

made before the jury begins its deliberations, the objection and

grounds generally must be stated after the charge and before the

jury retires.    Lang v. Texas & Pac. Ry., 624 F.2d 1275, 1279 (5th

Cir.1980).    In this case, Transit did not object to the charge

about reasonable reliance after the jury was charged.

         This failure to object may be disregarded, however, if

Transit's position has been previously made clear to the court and

it is plain that a further objection would have been unavailing.

See Lang, 624 F.2d at 1279.          We believe the exception applies in
this case.    During the charge conference Transit objected to the

estoppel and apparent-authority charges on the basis that Dickson

Welding should be bound not only by the reasonable reliance of its

president, Marcus Dickson, but also by the reasonable reliance of

Dickson Welding's agent, Paul Maddox of A & A.

         Objections at the charge conference do not automatically

relieve counsel of the duty to object at the close of instructions

before the jury retires.      See Little v. Green, 428 F.2d 1061, 1070

(5th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 964, 91 S. Ct. 366, 27 L. Ed. 2d
384 (1970).    Allowing objections again after counsel has heard the

entire charges is an admirable practice and gives the judge the

opportunity    to   modify   his   charge   in   the   light   of   objections

informally stated at the charge conference.             Id.    In this case,

however, the judge articulated his desire to expedite the taking of

objections at the charge conference and intimated that this was the

only opportunity counsel would have to object to the proposed

charges.4     Under the circumstances, we believe that Transit's

     4
      The judge opened the charge conference instructing counsel,

            "[I]n the interest of expediting this, I want to take
            one by one comments and objections or recommended
            improvements to the Court's intended instructions to
            the jury ... then I will rule on your special requested
            charges."

     When Crist's attorney asked for rebuttal after hearing other
     counsel's objections, the Court advised,

            Once you pass, you pass. You have had adequate
            opportunity to tell me what objections you had to the
            charge. We don't just keep having a round-robin. If I
            give you more time, then I will have to give everybody
            else more time. That's the whole purpose of taking
            your objections up front and your comments and your
position was previously made clear to the court, and it was plain

that a further objection would have been unavailing.   Accordingly,

the assigned error is preserved for review.

      In evaluating a jury charge we view the instruction as a

whole in the context of the entire case.   The judge must instruct

the jurors fully and correctly on the law applicable to the case,

including defensive theories raised by the evidence.      Powell v.

Rockwell Int'l Corp., 788 F.2d 279, 284 (5th Cir.1986);    see also

Pierce v. Ramsey Winch Co., 753 F.2d 416, 424–25 (5th Cir.1985).

C. The Charge on Reasonable Reliance.

     The court instructed the jury that for Dickson Welding to

prevail on its estoppel defense, Dickson Welding must establish

that it was acting in good faith and justifiably relied on some

representation by Transit or Transit's agent, Miro.        For the

apparent authority defense, the court charged,

     if you find that Dixon [sic ] Welding was justified in
     assuming that Miro had the authority to act for Transit, then
     you may find that Transit is bound by the acts of Miro.

     You are further instructed, however, that Dickson may rely on
     the acts of Miro only if you find from the evidence that it
     was reasonable for Dickson to do so.        If you find that
     Dickson's reliance on something that Miro said or did was not
     reasonable, then Transit cannot be bound by Miro.           If
     Dickson's reliance on something that Miro did or said wasn't
     reasonable, then Transit can't be bound by something that Miro
     did.

          requested charges.
     The charges do not mention Maddox, and he was the liaison

between Transit's agent (Miro) and Dickson Welding's president,

Marcus Dickson.     Maddox, an insurance agent working for Dickson

Welding's broker, A & A, was the only party with whom Mr. Dickson

had any contact, and Mr. Dickson testified that he relied on

Maddox.     Miro never discussed the policies with Mr. Dickson but

only with Maddox.

      Transit argues that in view of the facts that Maddox was

Dickson Welding's agent and that Miro's contact was with Maddox,

the court should have charged the jury on A & A's status as Dickson

Welding's agent:    this way the jury would consider not only the

reasonable    reliance   of    Dickson   Welding,    the   more    sympathetic

insurance    customer,   but    also   the   reasonableness       of   the   more

sophisticated Maddox, the insurance professional, whom the jury

would hold to a higher standard.         We agree.   As principal, Dickson

Welding is charged with constructive knowledge of facts pertinent

to transactions by its agent which the agent knew or could have

ascertained by reasonable diligence.          See Mayer v. Ford, 12 So. 2d
618 (La.Ct.App.1943);     Bank of La. v. Argonaut Ins. Co., 248 So. 2d
349, 352 (Ct.App.La.1971) (citing Culver v. Culver, 188 La. 716,

178 So. 252 (1937)).     The charge given did not make it clear that

Maddox was Dickson Welding's agent, such that his knowledge would

be imputed to Dickson Welding.         The charges as a whole misled the

jury because they focused solely on Mr. Dickson's reliance and did

not permit the jury to take into account Maddox's knowledge.

Because reasonable or justifiable reliance was an essential element
of both defenses and because Maddox's awareness of problems with

the policy rate was not a consideration under the charges given,

the error was not harmless.

     We reverse the judgment insofar as it relates to the jury

verdict and remand for a new trial.5

                      IV. THE MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL

     The issue of reformation, which was ruled on by the judge, has

not been appealed.    The assigned errors in the ruling on the motion

for new trial relate only to jury issues and not to the reformation

issue.      Ordering a new trial on the jury charge error moots

Transit's challenges to the denial of its motion for new trial.

                     V. ENFORCEMENT OF THE CONTRACT

         Finally, Transit urges that the judge's ruling on reformation

of the contract should have been dispositive of the entire case as

a matter of law.      At the close of all the evidence in Transit's

case against Dickson Welding, the court refused to reform the

insurance     contracts   to   flat-rate   policies;   the   other   three

defenses raised by Dickson Welding were thereafter submitted to the

jury.     According to Transit, however, there was nothing left for

the jury to decide once reformation was denied: the district court

should have enforced the contract as a matter of law.

     5
      Transit asks us to remand the entire case for a new trial,
but the reformation issue was not appealed, so it need not be
retried.
     But when did Transit ask the district court to so enforce the

contract?   As to this issue on appeal, Transit is vague about what

error of the trial court it wishes us to review.                 With the

exception of the motions discussed above, Transit did not move to

take defenses away from the jury upon the court's ruling on

reformation.       We found no error with the trial judge's rulings on

those    motions    concerning   the   estoppel   and   apparent-authority

defenses.

     As to the defense of in pari delicto, Transit is essentially

asking this Court to strike the defense for the first time on

appeal.     Transit did not move to strike this defense in the

district court or move for a directed verdict on the defense.

Neither did Transit object to the judge's proposed jury charge on

in pari delicto, object to the jury charge as given, or move for a

new trial on the issue.6

     "We will consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal

     6
      Counsel's "submit[ting] that pari delicto is not an issue
vis-a-vis me" during preliminary discussions at the charge
conference does not preserve the error for review as would an
objection, particularly in view of counsel's silence when the
court thereafter proposed a revised instruction on the defense.
The judge might have assumed that the instruction as revised was
no longer objectionable. Similarly, the trial judge's
hypothetical statement during the charge conference that he
"couldn't direct a verdict on that issue" does not create such a
motion for directed verdict by Transit, because no such motion
was ever offered.

          Although counsel was apparently surprised by
     application of the in pari delicto defense to Transit at the
     charge conference, ample opportunity to object to the
     defense at the trial level existed.
only if the issue is purely a legal issue and if consideration is

necessary to avoid a miscarriage of justice."     Citizens Nat'l Bank

v. Taylor (In re Goff), 812 F.2d 931, 933 (5th Cir.1987).           In view

of our remand for retrial, the issue can be addressed by the trial

court, so our consideration of the issue is not necessary to avoid

a miscarriage of justice.    We note, however, that the ruling on

reformation simply determined that the contract would not be

rewritten.   It did not preclude the possibility of another legal

defense applying to the claim under the policy as written.

                    VI. A & A's MOTION TO DISMISS

      A & A moves to dismiss the appeal against it urging that no

appeal has been taken from the judgment in its favor.               Dickson

Welding filed   a   third-party   complaint   against   A   &   A   seeking

recovery for any amount Dickson Welding might be adjudged liable to

pay Transit as additional premiums. As to this claim, the judgment

provided simply that "all third-party complaints and counter-claims

are hereby DISMISSED."

     Only Crist (for Transit) filed a notice of appeal, and this

appeal was "from the final judgment entered in favor of defendant,

Dickson Welding, Inc."      The next question we face is whether

Dickson Welding's failure to file a notice of appeal of the

dismissal of its third-party claim precludes further review of that

dismissal.

     A & A argues that the judgment dismissing the third-party
claim against it is final, because Dickson Welding did not file a

protective        appeal    within    the   time   limits   of   Federal    Rule    of

Appellate Procedure, Rule 4(a)(3).7                Dickson Welding asserts that

a Rule 4(a)(3) notice of a cross-appeal or other separate appeal is

only       a   rule   of   practice   which   can    be   suspended   and   is     not

jurisdictional, citing United States v. Tabor Court Realty Corp.,

943 F.2d 335, 342–43 (3rd Cir.1991), cert. denied, ––– U.S. ––––,

112 S. Ct. 1167, ––– L.Ed.2d –––– (1992).                    This Court, too, has

noted that appellate courts have the discretionary power to retain

all parties on remand in order to do justice.                     See Anthony v.

Petroleum Helicopters, Inc., 693 F.2d 495, 497 (5th Cir.1982).

       The continued viability of the principle recognized in Anthony

is questionable, however, in view of Torres v. Oakland Scavenger

Co., 487 U.S. 312, 108 S. Ct. 2405, 101 L. Ed. 2d 285 (1988).                         See

Stockstill v. Petty Ray Geophysical, 888 F.2d 1493, 1496 (5th

Cir.1989) (dicta).            The Stockstill panel observed that it is

doubtful in view of Torres that we have jurisdiction to review the

district court's dismissal of a third-party defendant, if no notice

of appeal was filed as to the dismissal of that third-party claim.

Stockstill, 888 F.2d at 1497 (dicta).

       7
        Rule 4 provides,

                If a timely notice of appeal is filed by a party, any
                other party may file a notice of appeal within 14 days
                after the date on which the first notice of appeal was
                filed, or within the time otherwise prescribed by this
                Rule 4(a), whichever period last expires.

       Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(3).
     Like the Stockstill panel, we need not decide whether Torres

changed the law articulated in Anthony that we may retain parties

necessary to insure an equitable resolution at trial.             Even under

Anthony, the rule was that parties had to file a protective notice

of appeal, unless the appealed decision could be read as not

adverse to the party who failed to appeal.         Stockstill, 888 F.2d at

1497;    Anthony, 693 F.2d at 498.8

     The dismissal of Dickson Welding's third-party claim against

A & A was adverse to Dickson Welding.             Although Dickson Welding

initially had no reason to appeal because it received a favorable

judgment as to Transit's claims, Transit's appeal raised the

possibility of reversal. Dickson Welding was thereby put on notice

that it might be subject to adverse consequences from the dismissal

of A & A.    See Anthony, 693 F.2d at 498;         Stockstill, 888 F.2d at

1497.     Dickson   Welding   does   not   fall    within   the   exceptional

situation in which the appellate courts have exercised their

discretionary powers to retain parties.            Dickson Welding should

have filed a protective notice of appeal, and A & A's motion is

     8
      Anthony recognized two other instances, neither of which
applies to this case, in which a party may be retained on remand
for equitable reasons:

            when the reversal "wipes out all basis for recovery
            against the nonappealing, as well as against the
            appealing defendant[;]' Daniels v. Gilbreath, 668 F.2d
477 (10th Cir.1982); Kicklighter v. Nails by Jannee,
            Inc., 616 F.2d 734, 742–45 (5th Cir.1980); [and] when
            the failure to reverse with respect to the nonappealing
            party will frustrate the execution of the judgment in
            favor of the successful appellant.

     Anthony, 693 F.2d at 497–98.
granted.

     The judgment of the district court is REVERSED.    A & A's

motion to dismiss is GRANTED.   The case is REMANDED for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                             . . . . .