Court Opinion

ID: 4653572
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-22 15:06:51.523983+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:52:53.742703
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JANUARY 15, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                    TO BE PUBLISHED

           Commonwealth of Kentucky
                  Court of Appeals

                    NO. 2017-CA-0615-MR

LAUREN SAVAGE, INDIVIDUALLY
AND AS ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE
ESTATE OF JAMES SAVAGE                              APPELLANTS

          APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.     HONORABLE FREDERIC J. COWAN, SPECIAL JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 12-CI-006824

ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY;
PROPERTY & CASUALTY INSURANCE
COMPANY OF HARTFORD;
CO-PART OF CONNECTICUT, INC.;
D/B/A CO-PART AUTO AUCTIONS;
WILLIS JOHNSON; PAUL STYER;
WILLIAM FRANKLIN; TOM TAYLOR;
DANIEL BOND; CHAPA, INC. D/B/A
CHAPA AUTO SALES; MARGARITA CHAPA;
OSCAR RAMOS; LIBERTY MUTUAL FIRE
INSURANCE COMPANY;
VENTURA FELIX BARRAZA; AND
AUTOS USADOS FELIX                                   APPELLEES
                                   OPINION
                              AFFIRMING IN PART,
                              REVERSING IN PART,
                               AND REMANDING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: COMBS, DIXON, AND MAZE, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Lauren Savage, individually and as Administratrix of the Estate

of James Savage (collectively, “the Estate”) appeals from a judgment of the

Jefferson Circuit Court confirming a jury verdict. The Estate raises multiple issues

involving quashing of service on a defendant who is a foreign national; dismissal

of its claims against the insurance companies; dismissal of several statutory claims

against Co-part of Connecticut, Inc., d/b/a Co-part Auto Auctions (Co-part);

denials of motions to file amended complaints; various evidentiary rulings; the

denial of its motion for a directed verdict against Co-part; and the granting of a

directed verdict on its claim for punitive damages. For the reasons that follow, we

affirm the orders and judgment on all matters except as to the claims against Co-

part. We conclude that the trial court erred by dismissing several statutory claims

and abused its discretion in several evidentiary rulings. Hence, we reverse the

judgment in favor of Co-part with respect to those matters, and we remand for a

new trial against Co-part.

                                         -2-
   I.     FACTUAL HISTORY

             This is a multi-party action relating to an automobile accident that

occurred on March 6, 2012. The underlying facts and relationships among the

parties are unique and defy simple explanation. Likewise, the procedural history

and complex issues presented would be difficult to imagine if presented as a fact-

pattern for an essay question on the bar examination. Therefore, we shall first set

out the parties and the factual history of this matter, followed by the procedural

history of this action.

             Co-part provides online motor vehicle auction services. It maintains

facilities throughout the country, and most relevant to this case, has locations in

Finksburg, Maryland and Louisville, Kentucky. Co-part is a licensed motor

vehicle dealer and auction dealer in both Maryland and Kentucky. Among other

things, Co-part contracts to store and sell salvage vehicles on behalf of insurance

companies who have acquired them after declaring them a total loss.

             Prior to the accident, Allstate Insurance Company (Allstate) acquired

title to a totaled 2003 Toyota Tacoma from an insured. Thereafter, Allstate

obtained a Maryland salvage title and delivered the vehicle to Co-part’s Maryland

location. Similarly, Property and Casualty Insurance Company of Hartford

(Hartford) acquired title to a totaled 2004 Jeep Wrangler from an insured. Hartford

                                          -3-
delivered the Jeep and the Kentucky salvage title documents to the Co-part

location in Louisville.

             Under its service agreements with insurance companies, Co-part is

required to do a “run and drive” verification and to state in its auction description

whether the vehicles are drivable or towable. The service agreements also required

Co-part to maintain tires on all vehicles where practicable. The agreements

permitted Co-part to refuse to release any vehicle for any reason. Co-part

advertised the Toyota as drivable but determined that the Jeep was in a non-run

and non-towable condition. Co-part included these descriptions in its online

advertising of the vehicles.

             Sales and delivery of vehicles are limited only to paid Co-part

“members.” Members receive a number, which is used to access Co-part auctions.

Members also use the number to fund a credit balance for payment of online

auction purchases. Co-part facilitates the transfer of title from the insurer to the

buyer. Co-part either offers to deliver a purchased vehicle to the buyer for a fee or

releases the vehicle to an authorized representative of the buyer. In the case of the

latter, the representative must present the buyer identification number and the lot

number of the specific vehicle. Upon receipt of this information, Co-part would

deliver the vehicle to the buyer at a “bullpen” within Co-part’s compound. In the

                                          -4-
case of a salvage or non-drivable vehicle, Co-part would deliver the vehicle to the

bullpen using a forklift.

              In February, the vehicles were sold to Ventura Felix Barraza d/b/a

Autos Usados Felix (AUF), a used auto and parts dealer located in Los Mochis,

Sinaloa, Mexico.1 AUF sent Oscar Ayon Ramos (Ramos) to pick up the vehicles.

On his way to pick up the vehicles, Ramos obtained two Arizona Restricted Use

Three-Day Permits2 through Chapa Auto Sales (Chapa), a used car-dealer located

in El Paso, Texas. Ramos then proceeded to Maryland to pick up the Toyota.

1
 The record indicates that Barraza is an individual who operates AUF as a sole proprietorship.
Unless the context requires otherwise, we will refer to both as “AUF.”
2
 The website of the Arizona Department of Transportation, Motor Vehicle Department,
describes the Permit as follows:

              A Restricted Use 3-Day Permit allows a person to operate an
              unregistered vehicle or a vehicle with a suspended registration
              from the present location of the vehicle to a specified destination.
              The Restricted Use 3-Day Permit is valid only for the following
              purposes only:

              • Emissions Testing
              • Vehicle Inspection
              • Application for Title and/or Registration
              • Vehicle repair to comply with Emissions or Inspection

              The Restricted Use 3-Day Permit is valid only for these stated
              purposes. Travel for any other purpose, including commercial
              interstate movement, is strictly prohibited.
              Customer Advisory: misuse of this permit is a violation of
              Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 28, Chapter 7, Article 16,
              subjecting the violator to civil and/or criminal penalties.

https://servicearizona.com/applicationFAQ/3day (last accessed October 16, 2020).

                                               -5-
              Following the online sales, Co-part, on Allstate’s behalf, executed an

assignment and warranty of title on the Toyota’s Certificate of Salvage in favor of

AUF. Similarly, Co-part, on Hartford’s behalf, executed a transfer of the Jeep’s

Kentucky Salvage title to AUF. AUF directed Co-part to deliver the title

document to the Jeep to “Ramon Martar Bubio,” and Co-part’s records indicate

that it did so on March 2, 2012.

              On March 5, 2012, Ramos appeared at Co-part’s Maryland facility.

He provided the AUF member number and lot number of the Toyota. Co-part then

delivered the Toyota to Ramos. Co-part also gave Ramos the Toyota’s Certificate

of Salvage, which it had executed on behalf of Allstate.

              Ramos then affixed the Arizona Permit to the Toyota and drove the

vehicle to Co-part’s Louisville facility. On March 6, he arrived at the Louisville

facility, where he presented the AUF member number and lot number of the Jeep.

As with the Toyota, Co-part executed the dealer assignment portion of the Jeep’s

title on Hartford’s behalf. At the direction of AUF, the title was delivered to Bubio

on March 2.

              Upon receipt of the documentation, Co-part delivered the Jeep to

Ramos. Ramos then affixed the Arizona Permit to the Jeep and attached a tow bar

between the Toyota and the Jeep. Ramos then left the Co-part facility with the

Jeep being towed by the Toyota.

                                         -6-
              Several hours later,3 while driving on I-65 in Louisville, Ramos lost

control of the vehicles while changing lanes. James Savage was riding a

motorcycle in the same vicinity. There was testimony that another vehicle had lost

a load of wooden pallets, requiring other drivers to swerve to avoid them. There

was also testimony that Savage struck one of the pallets and was thrown from his

motorcycle. Ramos’ vehicles side-swiped a tractor-trailer truck, and then ran over

Savage, who was lying in the roadway. Savage was killed at the scene. Additional

facts will be set forth below as necessary.

    II.    PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              Subsequently, Lauren Savage qualified as Administratrix of the Estate

of James Savage. On December 27, 2012, the Estate and Lauren Savage

individually filed a complaint asserting claims arising from the accident. The

complaint named: (1) Allstate, as owner of the Toyota; (2) Hartford, as owner of

the Jeep; (3) Ramos; (4) Co-part; (5) Co-part founder and Chief Executive Officer

Willis Johnson; (6) Co-part general counsel and Executive Vice-President Paul

Styer; (7) Co-part Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice-President William

Franklin; (8) Tom Taylor, manager of Co-part’s Louisville facility; (9) Daniel

3
  Approximately five and a half hours lapsed between Co-part’s release of the Jeep at the
Louisville facility and the accident. Furthermore, the accident occurred only a few miles away
from Co-part’s facility. There was no evidence concerning the location of Ramos or the vehicles
during this period.

                                              -7-
Bond, employee of Co-part’s Louisville facility; and (10) Chapa, Inc. d/b/a Chapa

Auto Sales, the El Paso dealership which obtained the Restricted Use Permits for

Ramos, and Margarita Chapa, owner of Chapa Auto Sales (collectively, “Chapa”).

              The Estate attempted to serve Ramos through the Kentucky Secretary

of State’s office, using the address listed on Ramos’ Mexican driver’s license.

Ramos appeared specially to contest the sufficiency of service on him, arguing that

he was not properly served as a foreign national. The trial court agreed and

entered an order on September 24, 2013, quashing service on Ramos. As

discussed below, the Estate attempted a second service on Ramos through Chapa

after the trial in this matter.

              Subsequently, Co-part filed a third-party complaint naming AUF and

Ramos. Service of that complaint was never effected on Ramos. Barraza, on

behalf of AUF, filed a pro se response using an address in Mooresville, Indiana.

However, all subsequent attempts at service using that address were returned as

undeliverable.

              Margarita Chapa filed an answer to the complaint but did not

otherwise participate in the proceedings. Since Chapa did not respond to any of

                                        -8-
the requests for admission, they were deemed admitted. Among these included an

admission that Ramos was acting as an employee or agent of Chapa. 4

              The Estate asserted that Allstate remained the owner of the Toyota

and Hartford remained the owner of the Jeep for insurance purposes. The Estate

also asserted that Co-part should be considered an owner of both the Toyota and

the Jeep for insurance purposes because it failed to obtain proof of insurance prior

to releasing the vehicles to Ramos.

              Separately, the Estate asserted claims against Co-part for negligence,

negligent entrustment, and violations of its statutory duties as an auto dealer. The

Estate also asserted claims against Co-part executives Johnson, Styer, and Franklin

for negligent hiring, supervision, and training of Co-part employees. And the

Estate asserted claims against Louisville Co-part employees Taylor and Bond for

their actions in releasing the Jeep to Ramos. Liberty Mutual, the insurance carrier

for Co-part, provided a defense for Co-part, its officers and employees. However,

Liberty Mutual did not provide a defense for Chapa or the absent defendants AUF

and Ramos.

4
 In the pro se pleading, Margarita Chapa asserted that Ramos was never an employee of Chapa.
This assertion was properly disregarded for several reasons. First, Margarita Chapa had no
authority to file pleadings on behalf of the purported corporate entity, Chapa, Inc. Second and
more importantly, Margarita Chapa and Chapa Auto Sales failed to respond to any additional
pleadings and did not further participate in the action. Thus, the Estate’s claim that Ramos was
acting as an employee or agent of Chapa was deemed admitted.

                                              -9-
             In 2014, the Estate filed a motion for leave to file an amended

complaint asserting that Allstate, Hartford, and Co-part were engaged in a joint

venture, joint enterprise, or partnership. The trial court denied the Estate’s motion

to file the amended complaint.

             Later in 2014, Allstate, Hartford, and Co-part each filed motions for

summary judgment. Allstate and Hartford each argued that any ownership interest

in the vehicles passed to AUF upon transfer and delivery of the titles. The

insurance companies separately moved for a judgment finding that they had no

obligation to insure either the Toyota or the Jeep.

             Similarly, Co-part moved for summary judgment on the Estate’s claim

that it had an ownership interest which obligated it to insure the vehicles. Co-part

and Hartford each moved for a judgment finding that the Jeep was not being

operated so as to require insurance coverage. Co-part also moved for summary

judgment on the negligent entrustment claims and to dismiss the claims against its

executives. And the Estate also filed a motion for partial summary judgment

regarding insurance coverage on the vehicles.

             Thereafter, the trial court issued a series of orders addressing the

motions. On October 29, 2014, the trial court granted Allstate’s motion for

summary judgment. The court found that Allstate had properly transferred the

Certificate of Salvage to AUF under Maryland law prior to the transfer of

                                         -10-
possession of the Toyota vehicle. Consequently, the court concluded that Allstate

had no duty to maintain or insure the vehicle after the sale. Accordingly, the trial

court dismissed the claims against Allstate.

                On the other hand, the trial court denied Hartford’s motion for

summary judgment. While the court concluded that Hartford had properly

transferred title to the Jeep under Kentucky law, the court also found that there

were issues of fact concerning the extent of the agency relationship between

Hartford and Co-part. Because these issues implicated Hartford’s liability for Co-

part’s alleged negligence, the court concluded that Hartford was not entitled to be

dismissed at that point in the proceedings.

                The trial court next denied the Estate’s motions for partial summary

judgment on the issues of insurance coverage of both vehicles and “operation” of

the Jeep. Because both vehicles had salvage titles, neither vehicle could be

lawfully operated on Kentucky highways. Even though the Toyota was being

unlawfully operated, the court determined that it was not subject to the mandatory

insurance requirement at the time of transfer. The court also held that the Jeep was

not being “operated” within the meaning of KRS5 186A.520(6) because it was

5
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                           -11-
being towed by the Toyota. Therefore, the court determined that the Jeep was not

subject to the mandatory insurance requirement at the time of transfer.

             On January 6, 2015, the trial court granted Co-part’s motion for

summary judgment on the Estate’s claims for violations of KRS 186A.065,

186A.100, 186A.520, 186A.540, 189.020, 189.100 and 189.290. The court

determined that these sections were not applicable because the titles to the vehicles

had been transferred before delivery to Ramos, the transfer of the Toyota was not

subject to Kentucky law, and neither vehicle was subject to the mandatory

insurance and verification requirements. However, the court denied the motion for

summary judgment with respect to the Estate’s claims against Co-part for

negligence, negligent entrustment and violations of KRS 189.224 and 189.226.

             Following entry of these orders, Hartford filed a motion to reconsider

the denial of its motion for summary judgment. On June 11, 2015, the trial court

granted Hartford’s motion, finding that “a closer review of the agreement between

Co-part and Hartford limits the agency relationship between them such that

Hartford would not have control over Co-part’s agreements with its buyers.” In

the absence of any evidence that Hartford exercised control over Co-part’s sale and

delivery of the Jeep, the court determined that it could not be liable for any

negligence by Co-part. In the same order, the court denied the motion to

                                         -12-
reconsider its denial of summary judgment on the Estate’s remaining claims

against Co-part and its employees, Taylor and Bond.

             Co-part then filed motions for summary judgment on the Estate’s

claims for punitive damages and pain and suffering. Co-part also moved to limit

the Estate’s evidence of Savage’s loss of power to earn money. And Co-part filed

a motion to reconsider the partial denial of its motion for summary judgment on

the Estate’s claims against it and its executives Johnson, Styer, and Franklin.

             On November 10, 2015, the trial court entered orders on the motions.

The court denied Co-part’s motion for summary judgment on punitive damages but

granted it on the Estate’s claims for Savage’s pain and suffering. On the latter

issue, the court found no evidence to dispute the allegation that Savage was

unconscious from the point of impact until his death.

             Separately, the court granted Co-part’s motion to exclude evidence of

Savage’s receipt of Social Security Disability (SSD) benefits and his loss of

earning capacity. The court found that Savage’s permanent disability at the time of

death left him without the power to labor and that disability benefits do not

constitute the power to earn. However, the court found that evidence of Savage’s

potential pension benefits was admissible.

             Finally, the trial court granted Co-part’s motion to reconsider its

denial of summary judgment on the claims against Johnson, Styer, and Franklin.

                                        -13-
The court determined that that the executives could not be individually liable for

negligence of the corporation or its agents. Therefore, the court dismissed these

claims.

             During the lead-up to trial, the parties filed several motions on

evidentiary and procedural issues. Co-part filed motions to exclude or limit the

testimony of the Estate’s experts. Co-part also moved to exclude testimony or

evidence concerning its duties as a used car dealer. In addition, Co-part sought to

withdraw or amend its prior admission that Ramos “drove out” the Toyota from the

Maryland facility. Co-part also filed objections to the testimony of the Estate’s

experts and moved to exclude any reference to Allstate, Hartford, or Liberty

Mutual.

             For its part, the Estate also filed objections to the testimony of Co-

part’s experts. Similarly, the Estate moved to exclude evidence that Savage was

not wearing a helmet, as well as any evidence of his prior medical history and use

of pain medication.

             In orders entered on December 1, 2015, the trial court ruled on the

objections to the deposition testimony and Co-part’s motion to withdraw its

admission. In pertinent part, the trial court granted Co-part’s motions to exclude

testimony concerning the insurance carriers and to limit testimony offered by the

Estate’s experts. Separately, the court denied the Estate’s motion to limit

                                         -14-
introduction of bulk medical records. The court also denied the Estate’s motions to

exclude testimony offered by Co-part’s accident-reconstruction experts. And the

court denied the Estate’s motion to exclude testimony that Savage was not wearing

a helmet and his prior use of pain medication. However, the court granted the

Estate’s motion to exclude any reference to Savage’s prior criminal history.

               On December 8, 2015, the trial court entered an order granting Co-

part’s motion to exclude the testimony of the Estate’s expert, Larry Craig. The

court also granted Co-part’s motion to limit the testimony of Officer Samuel

Cromity as only a fact witness and not an expert. Finally, the court granted Co-

part’s motion to exclude any evidence concerning Co-part’s transfer of the Toyota

but held that the Estate could present circumstantial evidence that Ramos drove the

Toyota from Maryland to Kentucky.6

               The Estate then moved to file an amended complaint against Liberty

Mutual to extend coverage under Co-part’s policy to Chapa, Ramos, and AUF.

The amended complaint also sought to add AUF and Barraza as defendants. The

trial court denied the motion to file an amended complaint as untimely.

6
  Following entry of these orders, the trial judge recused herself after learning of a previously-
undisclosed relation to the Estate’s administrator. The case was reassigned to a different division
of the Jefferson Circuit Court. However, the judge of that division was unable to hear the case,
leading to the assignment of a special judge, who handled the pre-trial motions, jury trial, and
post-trial motions.

                                               -15-
             Heading into 2016, the parties continued to file motions on

evidentiary issues. The court addressed these motions in an order entered on May

20, 2016. In relevant part, the court denied the Estate’s motion to introduce

evidence of payments by Liberty Mutual to Co-part’s experts. Similarly, the court

declined to revisit its prior rulings concerning the admissibility of the testimony of

the Estate’s experts, Samuel Cromity, Scott Borrows, Sonny Cease, and Larry

Craig.

             The court also denied the Estate’s motion to refer to Co-part as a used

car dealer in Kentucky Motor Vehicle Commission (MVC) documents and to

introduce regulations and documents from the MVC outlining Co-part’s duties as a

used car dealer. Finally, the trial court denied the Estate’s motion to reconsider its

prior order granting Co-part’s motion to withdraw its admission. The court found

that the Estate was not unfairly prejudiced by the withdrawal. The court noted that

the Estate was aware of factual issues regarding whether Ramos drove the Toyota

out of the Maryland facility since at least April 2014, but the Estate chose not to

pursue any discovery on the issue.

             The case then proceeded to a jury trial in late May and early June of

2016. At the close of proof, the Estate moved for a directed verdict on liability

against Co-part, Taylor and Bond on the claims for negligent entrustment, training,

and supervision. The trial court denied the motion. Co-part, Taylor, and Bond

                                         -16-
also moved for a directed verdict on punitive damages, which the trial court

granted.

             The trial court then instructed the jury on the remaining claims against

Co-part, Taylor, Bond and the defaulting Chapa. The jury found no negligence on

the part of Co-part, Taylor or Bond. Rather, the jury determined that Chapa,

through its agent Ramos, was solely at fault for the damages. The jury awarded the

Estate a total of $75,164.00 in compensatory damages and $5,000,000.00 in

punitive damages. The jury also awarded Lauren Savage $500,000.00 for her loss-

of-consortium claims.

             Following the trial, the Estate filed an amended complaint against

Liberty Mutual, asserting claims for the liability of Chapa and Ramos under Co-

part’s policy. The Estate also issued an alias summons to Ramos at Chapa’s Texas

address. The Estate asserted that service at that address was proper because Chapa

had admitted that Ramos was acting as its agent or employee. Based upon this

service, the Estate also sought a default judgment against Ramos.

             Liberty Mutual objected to the filing of the amended complaint,

stating that it did not have notice of any claims against Chapa and Ramos under

Co-part’s policy. Thus, Liberty Mutual argued that it was unfairly prejudiced by

the amended complaint because it never undertook to provide a defense to those

parties. Separately, the Estate filed motions to reconsider the court’s prior rulings

                                         -17-
regarding Allstate’s ownership of the Toyota and Hartford’s ownership of the Jeep.

In an order entered on October 18, 2016, the trial court denied the motions to

reconsider.

                Following briefing and oral arguments on the remaining issues, the

trial court entered its trial verdict and judgment on January 9, 2017. The trial court

confirmed the jury verdict against Chapa alone. In a separate order entered on

January 19, 2017, the trial court: (1) quashed the service of the amended

complaint against Ramos; (2) denied the motion for a directed verdict against

Ramos; and (3) dismissed the amended complaint against Liberty Mutual.

                Shortly after entry of this order, the Estate filed motions to alter,

amend or vacate, for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict,7 or for a new trial.8

The trial court denied these motions on March 9, 2017. This appeal followed.

Additional procedural history will be set forth below as necessary.

      III.   ISSUES

                The Estate’s brief identifies twenty-four separate issues on appeal.

These issues may be grouped as follows: (1) sufficiency of service on Ramos; (2)

Allstate’s ownership of the Toyota; (3) Hartford’s ownership of the Jeep; (4) the

insurers’ liability for negligence, negligent entrustment, and statutory violations;

7
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (CR) 59.05.
8
    CR 59.01.

                                              -18-
(5) Co-part’s obligation to provide insurance coverage on the vehicles; (6) the

denial of the Estate’s motions to file an amended complaints; (7) scope of Co-

part’s liability for statutory violations; (8) dismissal of the Estate’s claims against

Johnson, Styer, and Franklin; (9) evidentiary and trial issues; (10) directed verdict

issues; and (11) modification of the judgment against Chapa. We will address

these issues in order.

   IV.    SUFFICIENCY OF SERVICE ON RAMOS

             The Estate first challenges the trial court’s decisions to quash the

service of process on Ramos twice. Because the accident occurred in Kentucky,

Ramos was subject to personal jurisdiction for “[c]ausing tortious injury by an act

or omission in this Commonwealth . . . .” KRS 454.210(2)(a)3. The Estate further

relies on KRS 188.020, which provides that:

             Any nonresident operator or owner of any motor vehicle
             who accepts the privilege extended by the laws of this
             state to nonresidents to operate motor vehicles or have
             them operated within state shall, by such acceptance and
             by the operation of such motor vehicle within this state,
             make the Secretary of State the agent of himself or his
             personal representative for the service of process in any
             civil action instituted in the courts of this state against the
             operator or owner, or the personal representative of the
             operator or owner, arising out of or by reason of any
             accident or collision or damage occurring within this
             state in which the motor vehicle is involved.

Pursuant to this section, the Estate served its initial complaint on the Kentucky

Secretary of State’s office. That office then forwarded it to the address listed on

                                          -19-
Ramos’ Mexican driver’s license, which he provided to the police at the scene of

the accident.

                Appearing specially, Ramos argued that service of process on a

foreign national is subject to the requirements of the Hague Convention on the

Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial

Matters (the Hague Convention). The trial court agreed and quashed the service,

concluding that the Estate failed to comply with the requirements of the Hague

Convention. The Estate argues that the Hague Convention is not applicable

because service on the statutorily-designated agent was sufficient to bring Ramos

before the court.

                The application of the Hague Convention is an issue of law, which we

review de novo. Cinelli v. Ward, 997 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Ky. App. 1998). The

Hague Convention is a multilateral treaty “intended to provide a simpler way to

serve process abroad, to assure that defendants sued in foreign jurisdictions would

receive actual and timely notice of suit, and to facilitate proof of service abroad.”

Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, 698, 108 S. Ct.
2104, 2108, 100 L. Ed. 2d 722 (1988). The treaty requires each signatory to

establish a central authority that receives international service requests and

thereafter serves documents “by a method prescribed by the internal law of the

receiving state or by a method designated by the requester and compatible with that

                                          -20-
law.” Id. at 699, 108 S. Ct. at 2107. By virtue of the Supremacy Clause of the

Constitution of the United States, Article VI, the Convention “preempts

inconsistent methods of service prescribed by state law in all cases in which it

applies.” Id. at 699, 108 S. Ct. at 2108.

               The parties agree that Ramos is a citizen of Mexico. The United

States and Mexico are signatories of the Hague Convention. Service through

Mexico’s Central Authority is the exclusive method of service of process on

parties in Mexico under the Hague Convention. Compass Bank v. Katz, 287
F.R.D. 392, 397 (S.D. Tex. 2012) (citing Opella v. Rullan, No. 10-21134-CIV,

2011 WL 2600707, at *5 (S.D. Fla. 2011) (unpublished)) (some citations omitted).9

               In Volkswagenwerk, the United States Supreme Court, applying

Illinois’ general long-arm statute, held that whether there is occasion to transmit

documents abroad must be determined by reference to the forum state’s law. 486
U.S. at 700-01, 108 S. Ct. at 2108-09. “If the internal law of the forum state

defines the applicable method of serving process as requiring the transmittal of

documents abroad, then the Hague Service Convention applies.” Id. at 700, 108 S.

9
  At oral argument, the Estate argued, for the first time, that Mexico has never formally objected
to direct service by mail on an individual, citing Unite National Retirement Fund v. Ariela, Inc,
643 F. Supp. 2d 328, 334 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). This argument was not raised below and is deemed
waived. Furthermore, as a general rule, a party should request leave to cite additional authority
which was not cited in the appellate briefs. And finally, that case was based on a mistranslation
of the Mexican Declaration. The prevailing interpretation is that Mexico has objected to service
on individuals through postal channels. See, e.g., Mitchell v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 753
F. Supp. 2d 1264, 1271 (N.D. Ga. 2010).

                                               -21-
Ct. at 2108. The Illinois long-arm statute authorized a plaintiff to serve the

defendant’s domestic subsidiary without sending the documents to the foreign

corporation. Consequently, the Court held that “[w]here service on a domestic

agent is valid and complete under both state law and the Due Process Clause, our

inquiry ends and the Convention has no further implications.” Id. at 707, 108 S.

Ct. at 2112.

               In the current case, KRS 188.020 authorizes service on a non-resident

motorist through the Secretary of State. Nevertheless, such service is subject to the

provisions of KRS 454.210(3)(c). That section requires the Secretary of State to,

“within seven (7) days of receipt thereof in his office, mail a copy of the summons

and complaint to the defendant at the address given in the complaint.” Id. Unlike

in Volkswagenwerk, service upon the statutorily-designated agent does not

constitute complete service. Rather, the statute requires an additional mailing to

the nonresident defendant. That requirement implicates the provisions of the

Hague Convention. See Quinn v. Keinicke, 700 A.2d 147, 154 (Del. Super. Ct.

1996).

               Consequently, we agree with the trial court that the Estate was

obligated to comply with the provisions of the Hague Convention to effect

complete service on Ramos. Since it did not, the trial court properly quashed the

initial service of process on him. Therefore, Ramos was not before the court.

                                          -22-
             The Estate further notes that Chapa was later deemed to have admitted

that Ramos was acting as its employee or agent. The Estate later attempted to

serve Ramos at Chapa’s Texas address. As a result, the Estate maintains that this

service was sufficient to bring Ramos before the court. However, the admission

can only be binding as to Chapa and was not sufficient to establish Ramos’

residency in Texas or excuse compliance with the provisions of the Hague

Convention. Under the circumstances, we agree that the trial court properly

quashed this service on Ramos as well.

   V.     ALLSTATE’S OWNERSHIP OF THE TOYOTA

             The Estate next challenges the trial court’s summary judgments on the

issues relating to the insurers’ ownership of the vehicles. “[T]he proper function of

summary judgment is to terminate litigation when, as a matter of law, it appears

that it would be impossible for the respondent to produce evidence at the trial

warranting a judgment in his favor.” Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc.,

807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admissions on

file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.” CR 56.03.

                                          -23-
             “The record must be viewed in a light most favorable to the party

opposing the motion for summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved in his

favor.” Steelvest, 807 S.W.2d at 480. “The trial court must examine the evidence,

not to decide any issue of fact, but to discover if a real issue exists.” Id. On the

other hand, “a party opposing a properly supported summary judgment motion

cannot defeat it without presenting at least some affirmative evidence showing that

there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Id. at 481. Since a summary

judgment involves no fact-finding, this Court’s review is de novo, in the sense that

we owe no deference to the conclusions of the trial court. Scifres v. Kraft, 916
S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App. 1996).

             The Estate argues that Allstate, Hartford, and Co-part failed to comply

with their respective statutory duties prior to transferring the titles of the vehicles

to AUF and giving possession of the vehicles to Ramos. Consequently, the Estate

maintains that each remained responsible for insuring the vehicles at the time of

the accident. With respect to the Toyota, the Estate contends that Allstate failed to

comply with Maryland law in transferring title and possession of the vehicle.

Consequently, the Estate argues that Allstate was still the owner of the Toyota and

was required to provide insurance coverage.

             The parties agree that the transfer of the Toyota’s title is governed by

Maryland law. There is also no dispute that the Toyota met the definition of

                                          -24-
“salvage” under MD. CODE ANN., TRANSP. § 11-152(a)(2) (West 2021); that the

title was properly transferred to Allstate from its insured pursuant to Section 13-

112(a); and that Allstate properly applied for and obtained a Certificate of Salvage

pursuant to Section 13-506.1. Rather, the issue is whether Allstate properly

transferred the title to AUF.

             The procedures for obtaining a Maryland Certificate of Salvage are set

out in Section 13-506.1, but that section does not address the procedure required to

transfer title of a salvage vehicle. The Estate points to Section 13-507, which

addresses the issuance of a certificate of title of a vehicle for which a salvage

certificate has been issued. The Estate argues that Allstate was required to obtain a

certificate of title under this section prior to transferring the vehicle to AUF.

             However, Section 13-507 includes provisions requiring the inspection

of the vehicle prior to issuance of a new certificate of title and a notation on the

certificate that it is a rebuilt salvage vehicle. Consequently, this section only

applies prior to the transfer of a rebuilt salvage vehicle and not to all transfers of

salvage vehicles. Furthermore, we agree with the trial court that the assignment of

the certificate is governed by Section 13-112. That section requires that the seller

execute the “Assignment of Ownership” section on the certificate and deliver the

certificate to the buyer at the time of delivery of the vehicle.

                                          -25-
             As discussed above, Allstate followed this process in its sale of the

Toyota. It executed the “Assignment of Ownership” section on the back of the

Certificate of Salvage. Allstate then delivered the certificate to AUF’s designated

agent, Bubio, and possession of the vehicle to its designated agent, Ramos.

Therefore, we agree with the trial court that Allstate’s obligation to insure the

Toyota ended at that point.

   VI.    HARTFORD’S OWNERSHIP OF THE JEEP

             Similarly, the Estate argues that Hartford remained the owner of the

Jeep for insurance purposes. The parties agree that the transfer of the Jeep was

subject to Kentucky law. And as with the Toyota, there is no dispute that Hartford

was issued a salvage title to the Jeep upon exchanging the title, which it received

from its insured.

             Hartford alleges that it transferred the Jeep’s salvage title to Co-part.

But the record reflects only that Co-part executed the dealer assignment on the

certificate of title. Co-part was authorized to execute the title based on the limited

power of attorney which Hartford had granted it. The power of attorney would not

have been necessary if Hartford had transferred to title to Co-part. Thus, the

salvage title remained in Hartford’s name until the transfer to AUF on March 2,

2012.

                                         -26-
             “Kentucky is a certificate of title state for the purposes of determining

ownership of a motor vehicle and requiring liability insurance coverage.” Potts v.

Draper, 864 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Ky. 1993). See also KRS 186.010(7)(a), defining

“owner” to mean “a person who holds the legal title of a vehicle or a person who

pursuant to a bona fide sale has received physical possession of the vehicle subject

to any applicable security interest.” However, KRS 186A.220(5) “created an

exception to the general statutory scheme that makes the title holder the owner of a

vehicle for insurance purposes.” Auto Acceptance Corp. v. T.I.G. Ins. Co., 89
S.W.3d 398, 401 (Ky. 2002). Specifically, if the dealer chooses to retain the title

documents and deliver them directly to the county clerk, then “the dealer shall

require from the purchaser proof of insurance as mandated by KRS 304.39-080

before delivering possession of the vehicle.” KRS 186A.220(5)(b). See also

Travelers Indem. Co. v. Armstrong, 565 S.W.3d 550 (Ky. 2018).

             The issue in this case is whether Hartford, or its agent Co-part, was

required to obtain proof of insurance prior to delivering possession of the Jeep to

Ramos. As noted, Hartford chose to deliver the title documents to AUF’s agent,

Bubio, prior to delivering possession of the vehicle to Ramos. Consequently,

neither Hartford nor Co-part was subject to the insurance-verification requirement.

             The Estate separately argues that neither Allstate nor Hartford ever

verified that Ramos was acting as an agent for AUF. The Estate points to Chapa’s

                                        -27-
deemed admission that Ramos was acting as its agent, suggesting that such an

admission would preclude a finding that Ramos was also acting as AUF’s agent.

In such circumstances, the Estate suggests that Allstate and Hartford would be

liable for negligent entrustment of the vehicles to an individual who was not an

authorized agent of the title holder.

             We disagree that these facts are relevant. Ramos’ status as an agent

for Chapa would not preclude a finding that he was also acting as an agent for

AUF. Furthermore, Ramos provided AUF’s member number and the lot number

of both the Toyota and the Jeep prior to delivery of the vehicles. There is no

suggestion in the record that Ramos was not authorized to take possession of the

vehicles on AUF’s behalf.

   VII. INSURERS’ LIABILITY FOR NEGLIGENCE AND NEGLIGENT
        ENTRUSTMENT

             For similar reasons, we conclude that Co-part was not obligated to

obtain proof of insurance from Ramos prior to releasing the vehicles to him. The

insurance-verification requirement of KRS 186A.220(5)(b) only applies if a dealer

wishes to effectively transfer ownership of a vehicle without simultaneously

transferring possession of the certificate of title. See Gainsco Companies v.

Gentry, 191 S.W.3d 633, 636 (Ky. 2006). The requirement does not apply where,

as here, Allstate and Hartford transferred the titles to AUF prior to Co-part

releasing possession of the vehicles to Ramos.

                                        -28-
             However, the trial court found that there were genuine issues of

material fact whether Co-part negligently entrusted the vehicles to Ramos. The

Estate argues that, since Co-part was acting as an agent of Allstate and Hartford,

respectively, any negligence by Co-part should be imputed to the insurers. Under

the circumstances presented in this case, we disagree.

              “The common law theory of negligent entrustment is that one who

entrusts his vehicle to another whom he knows to be inexperienced, careless, or

reckless . . . is liable for the natural and probable consequences of the

entrustment.” McGrew v. Stone, 998 S.W.2d 5, 9 (Ky. 1999) (Cooper, J.,

dissenting). Logically, one cannot maintain a negligent entrustment suit against

the former owner of a vehicle who properly transferred ownership of the subject

vehicle. See Graham v. Rogers, 277 S.W.3d 251 (Ky. App. 2008). Since Co-part

sold and delivered the vehicles as an agent for Allstate and Hartford, the Estate

argues that the insurers remain liable for any negligence by Co-part.

             The Estate’s claims against Allstate arise out of actions taken by Co-

part at its Maryland facility. The Estate does not point to any significant nexus

which would support applying the Kentucky law of negligent entrustment to

Allstate. Furthermore, the Estate did not attempt to assert a claim for negligent

entrustment under Maryland law. Consequently, we have no basis to assign

liability to Allstate for any negligence by Co-part occurring in Maryland.

                                         -29-
             Hartford responds that Co-part was only operating as its agent for the

limited purpose of executing the title transfer documents. In all other respects,

Hartford asserts that Co-part was functioning as an independent contractor. We

agree.

             A principal is liable for the negligent acts of its agent “but generally is

not held liable for the conduct of an independent contractor.” Nazar v. Branham,

291 S.W.3d 599, 606 (Ky. 2009).

              An individual is the agent of another if the principal has
              the power or responsibility to control the method,
              manner, and details of the agent’s work. If, however, an
              individual is free to determine how work is done and the
              principal cares only about the end result, then that
              individual is an independent contractor.
Id. at 606-07 (citations omitted). Factors the court should consider include the

following:

             (a) the extent of control which, by the agreement, the
             master may exercise over the details of the work;

             (b) whether or not the one employed is engaged in a
             distinct occupation or business;

             (c) the kind of occupation, with reference to whether, in
             the locality, the work is usually done under the direction
             of the employer or by a specialist without supervision;

             (d) the skill required in the particular occupation;

             (e) whether the employer or the workman supplies the
             instrumentalities, tools, and the place of work for the
             person doing the work;

                                         -30-
             (f) the length of time for which the person is employed;

             (g) the method of payment, whether by the time or by the
             job;

             (h) whether or not the work is a part of the regular
             business of the employer;

             (i) whether or not the parties believe they are creating the
             relation of master and servant; and

             (j) whether the principal is or is not in business.

Kentucky Unemployment Ins. Comm’n v. Landmark Cmty. Newspapers of

Kentucky, Inc., 91 S.W.3d 575, 579 (Ky. 2002). Although the “chief criterion is

the right to control the details of the work[,]” no single factor is determinative. Id.

at 580 (citations omitted). Each case must be decided on its own facts. Id.

             Under the terms of its contract with Hartford, Co-part had sole control

over the sale and delivery of the vehicle. As a result, Harford had no ability to

determine whether Ramos intended to safely transport the salvage vehicles.

Therefore, we conclude that Co-part was functioning as an independent contractor,

and Hartford is not liable for any negligence by Co-part.

             With respect to Co-part, the trial court found that “it is not

unreasonable to expect a dealer to do more than simply deliver a vehicle that has

been marked as ‘not drivable’ or ‘not towable’ to a ‘bullpen’ for the buyer to

remove from the premises without some verification of the method of removal.”

                                         -31-
There were significant issues of fact whether Co-part knew or should have known

how Ramos intended to transport the Jeep. As a result, the negligence and

negligent entrustment claims against Co-part were properly submitted to the jury.

   VIII. DENIAL OF MOTIONS TO FILE AMENDED COMPLAINTS

      A. Amended complaint against Allstate, Hartford, and Co-part alleging joint
         liability

             Along similar lines, the Estate argues that the trial court abused its

discretion by denying its May 2014 motion to file an amended complaint. In that

complaint, the Estate alleged that Co-part, Allstate, and Hartford were engaged in a

joint venture, joint enterprise, or partnership. Based on this arrangement, the

Estate asserts that the amended complaint properly stated a claim for joint and

several liability between and among Co-part, Allstate and Hartford. See Abbott v.

Chesley, 413 S.W.3d 589, 604 (Ky. 2013). The Estate further maintains that none

of the named parties would have been prejudiced by allowing the amended

complaint because discovery was still ongoing at that point.

             Kentucky law is clear that the decision to amend a complaint falls

within the trial court’s discretion. Kenney v. Hanger Prosthetics & Orthotics, Inc.,

269 S.W.3d 866, 869-70 (Ky. App. 2007). CR 15.01 provides that “a party may

amend his pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse

party; and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.” In determining

whether to grant a motion to amend a party’s complaint, a trial court “may consider

                                         -32-
such factors as the failure to cure deficiencies by amendment or the futility of the

amendment itself.” First Nat’l Bank of Cincinnati v. Hartman, 747 S.W.2d 614,

616 (Ky. App. 1988). Other factors include whether amendment would prejudice

the opposing party or would work an injustice. See Shah v. Am. Synthetic Rubber

Corp., 655 S.W.2d 489, 493 (Ky. 1983). Ultimately, whether a party may amend

his complaint is discretionary with the trial court, and we will not disturb its ruling

unless it has abused its discretion. Kenney, 269 S.W.3d at 869-70.

             Under the circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion. Although

the amended complaint was not untimely, we conclude that the Estate failed to

assert a viable claim that the parties were engaged in a joint venture or partnership.

Allstate and Hartford separately contracted with Co-part to facilitate the sale of

damaged vehicles. As discussed above, Co-part functioned as an independent

contractor in the sale of such vehicles with a limited agency to execute the title

documents. Unlike in Abbott v. Chesley, supra, there is no allegation that they

shared the common pecuniary purpose of the venture; that they shared the work

and profits of the enterprise; or that each maintained a voice in the managerial

control of the enterprise. 413 S.W.3d at 604. In the absence of such allegations,

the trial court was not obligated to allow filing of the amended complaint.

                                         -33-
         B. Amended complaint against Liberty Mutual

              Following the trial in this matter, the Estate attempted to file an

amended complaint against Liberty Mutual. The Estate sought a declaratory

judgment that Co-part’s insurance policy covered the liabilities of Chapa, Ramos,

and AUF. The trial court denied the motion, holding that Liberty Mutual was

never on notice that it would be required to provide a defense for these parties. We

agree.

              As discussed above, Ramos was never properly served and was not

before the court. As a non-settling non-party, he was not subject to any

apportionment of fault. KRS 411.182. But since he was deemed to be an agent of

Chapa, his negligence was properly considered to the extent that Chapa is

vicariously liable for his actions. However, the Estate has not identified any basis

to extend Co-part’s liability insurance to cover the actions of Chapa or its agents.

Even if it had, we agree with the trial court that Liberty Mutual had no reasonable

expectation that it would be required to assert a defense for Chapa or Ramos under

its policy with Co-part.

              We also note that the Estate did not attempt to assert its own claim

against AUF until after the trial. AUF was only before the court on Co-part’s

third-party complaint. Consequently, AUF can only be liable for its own share of

damages attributable to Co-part’s negligence. In light of the untimely filing and

                                          -34-
the lack of any basis to assert liability against Liberty Mutual, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion by denying the Estate’s motion to file an amended

complaint.

   IX.    SCOPE OF CO-PART’S LIABILITY FOR STATUTORY
          VIOLATIONS

             In addition to the negligence and negligent entrustment claims, the

Estate further argues that Co-part was subject to liability for violations of statutory

duties. It is well-settled that the interpretation of a statute presents an issue of law

for the court, and our review proceeds de novo. City of Worthington Hills v.

Worthington Fire Prot. Dist., 140 S.W.3d 584, 591 (Ky. App. 2004). “When

interpreting a statute, the intent of the legislature is paramount and controls[,]” and

“words are afforded their ordinary meaning unless a contrary intent is apparent.”

Wahlke v. Pierce, 392 S.W.3d 426, 430 (Ky. App. 2013) (citing Old Lewis Hunter

Distillery Co. v. Ky. Tax Comm’n, 302 Ky. 68, 193 S.W.2d 464 (1945)).

      A. Statutory duties applying to “owners” and “operators”

             The duties imposed under KRS 186A.065 and 189.100 apply to

“owners” of motor vehicles. Since Co-part was never an owner of either the

Toyota or the Jeep, it cannot be liable for violations of these sections. Likewise,

the duties imposed under KRS 186A.065 and 189.290 apply to an operator of a

motor vehicle. Co-part was not an operator of either the Toyota or the Jeep within

                                          -35-
the meaning of KRS 186.010(6). Therefore, the trial court did not err by granting

summary judgment and dismissing the Estate’s claims based on these statutes.

      B. Statutory duties applying to dealers

             As discussed above, KRS 186A.220(5) did not obligate Co-part to

obtain proof of insurance when it transferred possession of the Jeep to Ramos.

However, the authority interpreting KRS 186A.220(5) is relevant to the Estate’s

claim that Co-part violated KRS 186A.100. That section requires a motor vehicle

dealer licensed to sell a vehicle for use upon the highways of this state to equip the

vehicle with a temporary tag. The trial court took the position that, since the

vehicles had salvage titles and could not lawfully be operated on the highways,

AUF was not a “purchaser for use” within the meaning of KRS 186A.220(5).

Similarly, Co-part argues that KRS 186A.100 was not applicable because it did not

sell the Jeep “for use.”

             In Travelers, 565 S.W.3d 550, the Supreme Court interpreted the

meaning of a purchaser “for use” with regard to the insurance-verification

requirement. The Court found that the meaning of that term is unclear, as “[i]t

could mean an active ‘use’ as in driving; it could mean a passive ‘use’ as in buying

for investment purposes.” Id. at 559. However, the Court also concluded that the

term must be interpreted in light of the legislature’s intent to establish an efficient

system of sale and registration, while still protecting operators from uninsured

                                          -36-
drivers. Id. at 559-60. Based upon the statutory scheme, the Court concluded that

the term “purchaser for use” means “consumer,” but not a “purchaser for resale,”

such as a dealer-to-dealer transaction. Id. at 562-63.

             For purposes of the statute, AUF must be considered a consumer and

thus a purchaser for use. While there is some indication that AUF operates as a

salvage and parts dealer in Mexico, there is no evidence that AUF is licensed to

operate as a motor vehicle dealer anywhere in the United States. AUF only

purchased the vehicles as an individual.

             Nevertheless, Co-part is liable for violation of this section only to the

extent that the Jeep was required to display a license plate. The trial court took the

position that, since a license plate is not issued for a vehicle with a salvage title,

such a vehicle need not display a plate as long as it is in tow. Furthermore, Co-part

required purchasers to obtain license plates for any vehicles which were intended

to be operated on the highways. Although the three-day permits obtained by

Ramos did not authorize him to operate the vehicles on the highway outside of

Arizona, there is at least a factual question whether Co-part reasonably believed

the permits were sufficient. Likewise, there is a factual issue whether Co-part was

aware or should have been aware that Ramos intended to use the Jeep in a manner

requiring the display of a valid license plate. For these reasons, we conclude that

the Estate was entitled to submit this statutory claim to the jury.

                                          -37-
      C. Whether Ramos “operated” the Jeep on Kentucky highways

               This leads us to the Estate’s claim that Co-part is liable for violation

of KRS 189.224, which provides that it is unlawful for an owner, or any other

person “to require or knowingly to permit the operation of such vehicle upon a

highway in any manner contrary to law.”10 Although the trial court initially denied

Co-part’s motion for summary judgment on the application of KRS 189.224, it

eventually declined to instruct the jury on the statutory violation. The court

concluded that a towed vehicle was not being “operated” for purposes of the

statute. The Estate argues that it is entitled to assert this claim because Ramos was

operating both the Jeep and the Toyota.

               For purposes of this section, the relevant inquiry is whether Co-part

knowingly permitted the operation of the Jeep on the highway. KRS 186.010(6)

defines “operator” as “any person in actual control of a motor vehicle upon a

highway.” Under this definition, Ramos was clearly the “operator” of the Toyota-

Jeep combination, since he was the only person in actual control of both vehicles.

It is undisputed that neither the Toyota nor the Jeep could be lawfully “operated”

10
   The Estate also asserts Co-part is subject to liability under KRS 189.226. However, that
section imposes criminal penalties for violation of KRS 189.221 to 189.228. Because the statute
is silent as to civil liability, we conclude that violations of these sections are relevant only to
establish a statutory duty under which a person may liable.

                                               -38-
on the highways in Kentucky. The question, however, is whether the Jeep was

being “operated” on the highway in violation of KRS 186A.520.

              The question is relevant because Co-part’s liability is founded upon

whether it knowingly permitted Ramos to operate the Jeep on the highways of the

Commonwealth. The trial court concluded that the plain meaning of the term

“operated” requires “more affirmative action than just connecting it by means of a

tow bar to another vehicle.”

              We disagree with the trial court’s reasoning. The Toyota and the

towed Jeep constituted a single unit, and both were being “operated” for purposes

of KRS 189.224 and 186A.520(6). See also KRS 189.060 (setting forth

requirements for vehicles used as a towing unit). Furthermore, such vehicle

combinations are generally considered a single unit for purposes of insurance

coverage. See State Auto. Mut. Ins. Co. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 456
F.2d 238 (6th Cir. 1972). Co-part argues that interpreting “operated” in this

manner would reach an absurd result – prohibiting any salvage vehicle from being

towed and requiring all such vehicles to be transported off the roadway, such as via

a car carrier, flatbed, or trailer.

              However, we do not need to determine whether all vehicles being

towed are “operated” on the highways within the meaning of the statute. Co-part’s

statutory duties do not require it to prevent salvage vehicles from being operated

                                        -39-
on the roadways. Those duties only require that it not knowingly permit vehicles

to be operated in a manner contrary to law. We do not believe that every vehicle

being towed by another vehicle is being “operated” for purposes of KRS 189.224.

However, the tow-bar combination employed by Ramos clearly falls within the

meaning of “operating” both vehicles. Under the circumstances, we conclude that

the Estate was entitled to a jury instruction on this statutory claim.

   X.     DISMISSAL OF ESTATE’S CLAIM AGAINST CO-PART’S
          EXECUTIVES

             As noted above, the Estate asserted claims against Johnson, Styer, and

Franklin for negligent hiring, supervision and training of Co-part’s employees. As

a general rule, a director or officer is not personally liable for the torts of a

corporation merely by reason of his official character. Smith v. Isaacs, 777 S.W.2d
912, 913-14 (Ky. 1989). Nevertheless, an agent of a corporation may be

personally liable for a tort committed by him although he was acting for the

corporation. Id. at 914 (citing Peters v. Frey, 429 S.W.2d 847, 849 (Ky. 1968)).

The trial court dismissed the claims, holding that they were not liable individually

for corporate negligence.

             The Estate argues that Johnson, Styer, and Franklin are personally

liable for negligent supervision and training of the Louisville Co-part employees.

The Estate asserts that the corporate officers breached their duties to train the

Louisville Co-part employees to make sure that vehicles left the facility in a safe

                                           -40-
and legal manner. However, the Estate does not point to any evidence that

Johnson, Styer, or Franklin were actively involved in the hiring or training of the

Louisville employees. Furthermore, the Estate does not show that the corporate

officers breached duties which they owed in their individual capacities. Therefore,

the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on this issue.

   XI.    EVIDENTIARY AND TRIAL ISSUES

             The Estate focuses on several evidentiary issues which arose both

before and during trial and which affected its claims against Co-part. The Estate

challenges the trial court’s rulings to admit or exclude certain evidence at trial. We

review the trial court’s decision to admit or to exclude evidence for abuse of

discretion. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. v. Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 575, 577 (Ky.

2000). The trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is “arbitrary,

unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” Id. at 581.

     A. Co-part’s withdrawal of admission that Ramos “drove out” the Toyota
        from the Maryland facility

             The most significant evidentiary issue concerns the trial court’s

December 1, 2015 order allowing Co-part to withdraw and amend an admission.

During the early stages of discovery, Co-part responded to the Estate’s requests for

admission, admitting that Ramos “drove out” the Toyota from its Maryland

facility. After the completion of discovery, Co-part moved to withdraw the

admission, arguing that it had made the admission in error. The trial court allowed

                                         -41-
Co-part to withdraw the admission. The Estate argues that it was prejudiced by the

untimely withdrawal of the admission because it was unable to conduct additional

discovery on the matter prior to trial.

             A judicial admission “is a formal act by a party in the course of a

judicial proceeding which has the effect of waiving or dispensing with the

necessity of producing evidence by the opponent and bars a party from disputing a

proposition in question.” Nolin Production Credit Ass’n v. Canmer Deposit Bank,

726 S.W.2d 693, 701 (Ky. App. 1986). A court may permit withdrawal or

amendment when the presentation of the merits of the action will be subserved

thereby and the party who obtained the admission fails to satisfy the court that

withdrawal or amendment will prejudice him in maintaining his action or defense

on the merits. CR 36.02. The party who obtained the mistaken admission has the

burden of proving prejudice. Buridi v. Leasing Grp. Pool II, LLC, 447 S.W.3d
157, 176 (Ky. App. 2014). “The necessity of having to convince the trier of fact of

the truth of a matter erroneously admitted is not sufficient.” Id. (citation omitted).

             Co-part correctly notes that it retained the right under CR 36.01 to

explain or clarify its response concerning the subject matter. Berrier v. Bizer, 57
S.W.3d 271, 280 (Ky. 2001). However, that right is generally exercised after a

jury has been informed of the admission by the examination or cross-examination

                                          -42-
of witnesses produced at trial. Id. Here, the trial court allowed Co-part to

withdraw the admission, so it could not have been introduced at trial.

             The Estate argues that it was prejudiced by Co-part’s withdrawal of

the admission because the discovery deadline had already passed. The Estate

asserted that it relied on that admission by declining to conduct additional

discovery on the issue. In rejecting this claim of prejudice, the trial court pointed

to the April 17, 2014 deposition of Co-part’s corporate representative, Aron

Rosenfield. Rosenfield stated that he believed the term “drove out” on the receipt

for the Toyota indicated that a Co-part employee had driven the Toyota to the

delivery area, rather than using a forklift to bring it. He did not believe that the

receipt supported an inference that Ramos had driven the Toyota away from the

Co-part facility.

             Based upon this deposition testimony, the trial court found that the

Estate was on notice since at least April 2014 that there was a dispute whether

Ramos physically drove the Toyota from the Maryland facility. The trial court

concluded that the Estate would not be unfairly prejudiced by withdrawal of the

admission because the Estate had the opportunity to seek discovery on that issue

prior to that time. We disagree.

             First, although the Estate may have been on notice that Co-part would

dispute the meaning of the term “drove out” on the Toyota receipt, it was entitled

                                          -43-
to rely on the contrary admission at least until Co-part made the motion. By

waiting until the discovery deadline had passed to make this motion, Co-part

severely limited the Estate’s options to conduct additional discovery on the issue.

At the very least, the trial court failed to address the prejudice caused by Co-part’s

failure to seek an earlier withdrawal of the admission.

             Furthermore, we conclude that the admission was relevant to the

Estate’s claims for negligence and negligent entrustment and to its statutory claim

under KRS 189.224. We agree with the trial court that Co-part’s conduct in

Maryland is not actionable in this case. However, that conduct remained relevant

to determine Co-part’s knowledge that Ramos intended to operate the Toyota/Jeep

combination illegally on Kentucky highways. Consequently, the withdrawal of the

admission clearly impacted the Estate’s negligence claims, and its statutory claim

under KRS 189.224, which we have found that the trial court erred by dismissing.

Under the circumstances, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by

allowing Co-part’s untimely motion to withdraw the admission.

             However, the remedy for this error is to remand the matter for a new

trial. Co-part’s withdrawal of the admission is significant only to the extent that

the Estate was unable to seek additional discovery on the issue. In addition, the

trial court must also evaluate whether “the presentation of the merits of the action

will be subserved” by withdrawal or amendment. Buridi, 447 S.W.3d at 175

                                         -44-
(citing CR 36.02). Upon remand, the trial court may again consider whether the

interests of justice would be served by allowing Co-part to withdraw the

admission. But if it does so, then it must allow the Estate to conduct limited

discovery on this issue prior to retrial.

     B. Exclusion of evidence of Savage’s SSD benefits as part of the Estate’s
        claim for destruction of his power to earn money

             Because we are remanding this matter for a new trial, we will address

the remaining issues only to the extent that they remain at issue. The trial court

held that the Estate could not present evidence of Savage’s receipt of SSD benefits

as part of its claim for the destruction of Savage’s power to earn money. At the

time of his death, Savage was suffering from degenerative disk disease and

osteoarthritis. He was unable to work outside the home, and he had been receiving

SSD benefits since 2008. Co-part moved to exclude any evidence of those

benefits, arguing that, since Savage was unable to work outside the home, the

Estate could not claim that he had lost any future income. The trial court agreed

and excluded the evidence.

             In support of this conclusion, Co-part points to Aull v. Houston, 345
S.W.3d 232 (Ky. App. 2010), in which a panel of this Court noted that “[t]he

measure of damages in a wrongful death action . . . is the damage to the estate by

the destruction of the decedent’s power to labor and earn money.” Id. at 235

(citation and emphasis omitted). In a case where the decedent was totally disabled

                                            -45-
and had no power to earn money, the Court concluded that the measure of damages

would be zero. Id. at 236. Thus, the Court held that the jury was not authorized to

consider the decedent’s eligibility to receive SSD benefits. Id. at 236-37.

             We question whether Aull should be broadly read to exclude receipt of

SSD benefits from economic losses in all wrongful death actions. Aull involved

the alleged wrongful death of a child who received immunizations at the age of

five which purportedly caused his death. Notably, the child had earlier been

diagnosed with a profoundly disabling condition with a poor prognosis. The trial

court granted a partial summary judgment ruling that damages could not be

recovered for the destruction of power to earn money because the evidence was

undisputed that the child was incapable of ever earning money from his own labor.
Id. at 234. This Court affirmed, holding, “the inference that [the child], someday,

would have the ability to ‘earn’ money is simply, and sadly, unreasonable. It was

not error for the trial court to conclude that [the child] was unable to earn money”

by his own labor. Id.

             Unlike in Aull, Savage’s receipt of SSD benefits was not merely

speculative. His benefits were based upon his actual work history and loss of

earning capacity. Furthermore, while Savage was totally disabled from his prior

employment, he was not entirely disabled as was the child in Aull. Indeed, the

Estate points to evidence that Savage was able to do extensive work around the

                                        -46-
house, which would be indicative of at least some earning capacity. Finally, in

other contexts, SSD benefits replace income which is lost before retirement and are

treated in the same manner as income. See Holman v. Holman, 84 S.W.3d 903,

910 (Ky. 2002) (treating disability benefits as a replacement for lost future income

and thus not divisible as marital property). For these reasons, we believe that the

holding of Aull should be limited to the factual circumstances presented in that

case.

             Nevertheless, the Court in Aull did not limit its holding to the facts of

the case. Rather, the Court held that damages in a wrongful death claim must be

based on the destruction of the decedent’s power to labor and earn money. Aull,
345 S.W.3d at 236-37. The Court also broadly stated that, since a person does not

“earn” disability benefits, the loss of such benefits is not the equivalent of a

destruction of the decedent’s power to labor and earn money. Id. at 236-37. This

holding was consistent with earlier Kentucky authority holding that where a

decedent had no capacity to earn money at the time of his death, there is no

economic loss to recover. See Turfway Park Racing Ass’n v. Griffin, 834 S.W.2d
667, 671 (Ky. 1992) and Smith v. McCurdy, 269 S.W.3d 876, 882 (Ky. App.

2008).

             Unless the Supreme Court decides to modify this categorical rule, we

must conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence

                                          -47-
of Savage’s SSD benefits from the Estate’s wrongful death claim. Thus, on

remand, the jury is not entitled to consider evidence of those benefits. However,

we disagree with the trial court that the receipt of SSD benefits necessarily requires

a finding that Savage was totally disabled from any employment at the time of his

death. Consequently, the jury may consider other evidence of Savage’s residual

earning capacity. Furthermore, the trial court may again allow the jury to consider

evidence of the value of household services which Savage provided.

        C. Exclusion of evidence of payments made by Liberty Mutual to Co-part’s
           expert to show bias

                The Estate next argues that the trial court improperly excluded

evidence that Co-part’s experts, Sayre, Hawes, and Kirk, were paid by its insurer,

Liberty Mutual. Although evidence of liability insurance is not admissible to

prove negligence, it is admissible for other reasons, including to show the bias or

prejudice of a witness. KRE11 411. Thus, as a general rule, evidence that an expert

witness has been employed by an insurance company is admissible to show bias of

the witness. Woolum v. Hillman, 329 S.W.3d 283, 287 (Ky. 2010). See also

Hedger v. Davis, 236 Ky. 432, 33 S.W.2d 310, 311 (1930).

                But in the current case, the evidence showed that the experts were

retained and paid by Co-part through its counsel. While the evidence of their

11
     Kentucky Rules of Evidence.

                                           -48-
pecuniary interest was relevant to show bias, the ultimate source of the funds was

not. Moreover, the witnesses were subject to cross-examination to determine that

they were retained on Co-part’s behalf, without any need to mention a possible

involvement by Liberty Mutual. Therefore, we agree with Co-part that any

relevance of Liberty Mutual’s involvement in compensating the expert witnesses

was far outweighed by the unfairly prejudicial effect. KRE 403. On remand, the

Estate is entitled to cross-examine the witnesses about their compensation for their

testimony but not about any involvement by Liberty Mutual.

     D. Exclusion of evidence of Hartford’s and Allstate’s roles in the vehicle sales

             The Estate next contends that the trial court abused its discretion by

excluding evidence of Allstate’s and Hartford’s roles in the vehicle sales. But

since the trial court correctly found that Hartford and Allstate were not liable for

their own negligence or for Co-part’s alleged negligence, that evidence was not

relevant to the issues at trial. Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion.

     E. Exclusion of the MVC Dealer Handbook and Advice to Newly Licensed
        Dealers

             In its pre-trial order, the trial court denied the Estate’s motion to

permit introduction of information from the MVC’s Dealer Handbook and Advice

to Newly Licensed Dealers. The Estate argues that the documents were admissible

to explain Co-part’s duties as a used car dealer. The trial court disagreed, holding

that the documents were not admissible because “salvage vehicles by definition are

                                         -49-
not used cars since they are not intended to be driven on the road, and not intended

to place any person in danger of injury or damage.”

              We disagree with the trial court’s reasoning that the Jeep’s salvage

title was the sole basis to determine whether Co-part’s duties as a used car dealer

were implicated. As discussed above, the controlling issue is whether Co-part

negligently entrusted the Jeep to Ramos or knowingly permitted Ramos to operate

the Jeep on Kentucky highways. But while these issues encompass some of Co-

part’s duties as a used car dealer, Co-part’s alleged negligence does not arise

directly from its statutory duties as a used car dealer. Given the likelihood for

confusion of issues, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the

MVC documents.12 But on remand, the Estate should be permitted to introduce

expert testimony concerning the full extent of Co-part’s applicable duties, whether

common-law or statutory.

12
   We also note the MVC Handbook and Advice are only intended as a guide to automobile
dealers rather than a primary authority establishing statutory duties. Expert testimony is
necessary to establish those duties and the breach thereof. And even supplemented by expert
testimony, these publications are not authoritative to establish the underlying duties.

                                             -50-
     F. Trial court’s rulings regarding admissibility of testimony by expert
        witnesses

          1. Exclusion or limitation of the Estate’s experts

             The Estate raises several issues relating to the admission of the

testimony of Co-part’s expert witnesses and the exclusion or limitation on the

testimony of its expert witnesses. The Estate first argues that the trial court

improperly excluded or limited the testimony by its experts, Larry Craig, Scott

Burrows, Sam Cromity, and Sonny Cease. The admission of expert testimony is

governed by KRE 702 and the standard adopted by the United States Supreme

Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct.
2786, 125 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1993), in evaluating the testimony of expert witnesses.

West v. KKI, LLC, 300 S.W.3d 184, 193 (Ky. App. 2008). The Daubert decision

established a procedure in which the trial court acts as a gatekeeper, ensuring that

an expert’s testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task

at hand. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 597, 113 S. Ct. at 2798. See also Mitchell v.

Commonwealth, 908 S.W.2d 100 (Ky. 1995), overruled on other grounds by

Fugate v. Commonwealth, 993 S.W.2d 931 (Ky. 1999).

             The Estate argues that the trial court failed to conduct a Daubert

hearing on the qualifications of the witnesses prior to excluding their testimony.

Co-part responds that Daubert findings were unnecessary because the trial court

excluded the experts based upon factors not related to their qualifications as

                                         -51-
experts. In determining whether to admit expert testimony, a trial court must

consider “whether the testimony is reliable, a factual determination, and whether

the testimony will assist the trier of fact in understanding or determining a fact in

issue, an admissibility determination.” Oliphant v. Ries, 460 S.W.3d 889, 897 (Ky.

2015). We review the reliability determination for clear error and the admissibility

determination for abuse of discretion. Id. We will address the trial court’s rulings

regarding each of the experts at issue.

              a. Larry Craig

              First, the Estate sought to introduce the testimony of Larry Craig, who

serves on the MVC and has experience as a motor vehicle and used car dealer.

Craig’s testimony would have served as a foundation for the introduction of the

MVC documents. He also would have testified about Co-part’s duties as a used

car dealer. Since we agree with the trial court that Co-part’s duties as a used car

dealer were not directly implicated, his testimony was not relevant to the matters at

issue. The trial court also noted that the Estate’s disclosures relating to Craig were

inadequate under CR 26.02 because they failed to state the basis for his opinions.

See Clephas v. Garlock, Inc., 168 S.W.3d 389, 393 (Ky. App. 2004). Upon review

of the record, we find that the trial court’s conclusions did not amount to an abuse

of its discretion.

                                          -52-
             b. Scott Burrows

             Second, the Estate planned to introduce Burrows’ testimony to

establish the standard of care with respect to towing vehicles. Burrows owns a

garage and wrecker service, and he served in various positions of the Towing &

Recovery Association of Kentucky. Based on this experience, Burrows was of the

opinion that the Jeep was not towable. He also opined that the Jeep exceeded the

safe towing capacity of the Toyota even without the pre-existing damage. Finally,

he expressed the opinion that the towing apparatus used by Ramos was improperly

installed and should not have been used to tow the Jeep. In light of the damage to

both vehicles, Burrows stated that the towing arrangement and the condition of the

vehicles was a substantial factor in causing the accident.

             Co-part raised several objections to Burrows’ testimony, which the

trial court adopted. First, Co-part challenged Burrows’ testimony about the safe

towing capacity of the Toyota because he did not know the exact weight or engine

capacities of either vehicle. However, Burrows’ disclosure states the he relied

upon the manufacturers’ specifications for each vehicle. We disagree with the trial

court’s reasoning that this rendered Burrows’ testimony speculative. Co-part raises

no objection to Burrows’ qualification to express an opinion on the matter.

Furthermore, Co-part does not argue that Burrows lacked a proper foundation to

rely on the specifications. Consequently, Burrows’ uncertainty about the exact

                                        -53-
weights of the vehicles goes to the weight and credibility of his testimony, not its

admissibility.

             Second, the trial court excluded Burrows’ testimony about the best

practice guidelines for towing storage and impound lots because he failed to

provide copies of the organizations’ published guidelines. However, the purpose

of disclosure under CR 26.02(4)(a) is to sufficiently apprise the opposing party of

the substance of an expert witness’ expected testimony. Full disclosure is essential

to trial preparation. Clephas, 168 S.W.3d 389, 393-94. Here, Burrows provided

his report as part of the CR 26.02(4) disclosure. He fully stated his qualifications

and the bases for his opinions. We conclude that the failure to produce the

guidelines at the discovery phase does not affect the admissibility of Burrows’

testimony. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by excluding his

testimony for this reason.

             Finally, the trial court found that Burrows’ testimony about the duties

owed by towing and impound storage lots were not relevant to the issues at trial.

But as discussed above, we conclude that the trial court erred by dismissing the

Estate’s statutory claims under KRS 186A.100 and 189.224. Burrows’ testimony

about the duties and standard of care owed by towing storage and impound lots

concerning the release of vehicles were clearly relevant to those claims.

                                         -54-
Consequently, the trial court abused its discretion by excluding these portions of

his testimony.

             On the other hand, his testimony about particular duties, such as the

duty to ascertain that the operator of the motor vehicle to be removed is not under

the influence of alcohol or drugs, may not be relevant based on the other evidence

presented. Upon re-trial, the Estate must introduce the guidelines to the extent that

Burrows intends to rely upon them. Furthermore, the trial court shall allow

Burrows’ testimony on these matters unless no adequate foundation is provided, or

Co-part establishes that specific duties are not relevant to these claims, or such

evidence would confuse the jury with matters not at issue.

             c. Samuel Cromity

             Third, the Estate sought to introduce the testimony of Samuel

Cromity, a Louisville Metro Police officer who went to the scene of the accident to

investigate. The trial court found that he could testify as a fact witness but had not

been timely identified as an expert witness. The Estate takes issue with the lack of

Daubert findings but does not identify what testimony of Cromity was improperly

excluded.

             d. Henry C. “Sonny” Cease

             Finally, the Estate sought to introduce the testimony of Sonny Cease,

a retired Kentucky State Police Major. He has testified in other cases as an

                                         -55-
accident reconstructionist. The Estate intended to introduce his expert opinion that

the tow-bar combination was unsafe and was a substantial factor in causing the

accident.

               The trial court excluded Cease’s testimony that he “agreed” with

Burrows’ report and conclusions. Rather, the court held that Cease’s opinions

must be based upon his independent review and analysis. The Estate does not

explain why this ruling was erroneous.

               In its December 1, 2015, order, the trial court held that the Estate had

not established Cease’s qualifications to testify as an expert in the field of accident

reconstruction or on safe towing of vehicles. In its May 20, 2016, order, the court

declined to revisit this ruling but stated that it would revisit this conclusion at trial

if the Estate “establishes Cease’s expertise in specific areas such as towing and

towed vehicles . . . .” The Estate provides no specific references to the record

showing that it established Cease’s qualifications in these areas. Therefore, we

find no abuse of discretion.

            2. Admission of testimony by Co-part’s expert witnesses

               The Estate next argues that the trial court should have excluded the

testimony of Co-part’s experts, Vince Sayre and Van Kirk, who both testified as

experts in accident reconstruction. The Estate first argues that the trial court

improperly allowed hearsay testimony to be used in the direct examination of

                                           -56-
Sayre and Kirk and in the cross-examination of Cromity. In a related argument,

the Estate argues that Sayre should have been excluded as an expert due to his

reliance on this hearsay evidence.

             The evidence at issue includes police photographs of the accident

scene and witness statements included in the police report. The Estate contends

that hearsay evidence consisted of witness statements in the police report. The

Estate contends that Sayre’s testimony can only be based on his personal

observation and investigation and that his opinions are not admissible to the extent

he relied upon facts or data outside of the direct scope of his knowledge.

             Co-part responds that KRE 703 permits an expert to rely “on facts or

data, including hearsay which would otherwise not be admissible into evidence,

provided that it is of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in that field.” Combs

v. Stortz, 276 S.W.3d 282, 293 (Ky. App. 2009) (citing Alexander v. Swearer, 642
S.W.2d 896 (Ky. 1982)). In this case, Sayre testified that he visited the accident

scene, viewed police photographs, personally inspected both the Toyota and the

Jeep, and mapped the scene using the Total Station data points recorded by the

investigating officers, including Cromity. The Estate fails to identify any improper

assumptions included in Sayre’s testimony. Likewise, the Estate does not show

that the witness statements were used without a proper foundation. Therefore, we

find no abuse of discretion.

                                        -57-
             The Estate also argues that the trial court should not have allowed

Kirk to testify as an expert in the field of accident reconstruction. Kirk was

qualified as an expert in the field of forensic mechanics. He expressed his opinion

that the tow bar connecting the Toyota and the Jeep did not cause Ramos to lose

control of the vehicles. He also stated that he did not find any problems with either

the Toyota or the Jeep which contributed to the accident.

             However, Kirk admitted that he had not performed a collision

reconstruction in this case. The trial court admonished the jury to disregard any

statements from Kirk concerning the cause of the accident to the extent that it

relied upon witness statements about the movement of the vehicles. Since we are

remanding this matter for a new trial, we direct the trial court to exclude any

testimony which is outside of the scope of the area in which he was qualified as an

expert.

     G. Admission of bulk medical records

             The Estate contends that the trial court erroneously allowed Co-part to

introduce “bulk medical records” regarding Savage without testimony by a medical

doctor. But other than including a preservation statement, the Estate does not

explain what medical records were introduced or how it was prejudiced as a result.

Given the Estate’s failure to develop this argument, we decline to address the issue

further.

                                         -58-
    H. Admission of evidence regarding James Savage

             The Estate next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

allowing Co-part to introduce evidence that Savage was not wearing a helmet at

the time of the accident. The Estate also objects to introduction of evidence that

Savage was taking prescription medication and a toxicology report showing that he

had hydrocodone in his system at the time of his death. Co-part contends that the

jury could consider this evidence to determine whether Savage’s failure to wear a

helmet contributed to his injuries or whether he could have been impaired at the

time of the accident. However, the trial court did not include an instruction

apportioning any fault to Savage. Thus, we fail to see how this evidence was

relevant to the matters at issue at trial. On remand, this evidence should be

excluded unless Co-part establishes its relevance to the issues before the jury.

             The Estate also objects to the introduction of evidence of Savage’s

prior accidents, his medical history, and drug use. Co-part argues this evidence

was relevant to Lauren Savage’s claim for loss of consortium. While we are

concerned that such evidence could have been used as improper character

evidence, the Estate does not point to anywhere in the record where Co-part

attempted to use the evidence for an improper purpose. Under the circumstances,

we conclude that this evidence was properly admitted.

                                        -59-
   XII. DIRECTED VERDICT ISSUES

             The Estate also argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion

for a directed verdict on liability against Co-part and by granting Co-part’s motion

for a directed verdict on its claims for punitive damages.

             When a directed verdict is appealed, the standard of
             review on appeal consists of two prongs. The prongs are:
             ‘[A] trial judge cannot enter a directed verdict unless
             there is a complete absence of proof on a material issue
             or if no disputed issues of fact exist upon which
             reasonable minds could differ.’ Bierman v. Klapheke,
             967 S.W.2d 16, 18-19 (Ky. 1998). “A motion for
             directed verdict admits the truth of all evidence which is
             favorable to the party against whom the motion is made.”
             National Collegiate Athletic Ass’n By and Through
             Bellarmine College v. Hornung, 754 S.W.2d 855, 860
             (Ky. 1988), citing Kentucky & Indiana Terminal R. Co.
             v. Cantrell, 298 Ky. 743, 184 S.W.2d 111 (1944).

Daniels v. CDB Bell, LLC, 300 S.W.3d 204, 215 (Ky. App. 2009).

   A. Denial of directed verdict on negligence and negligent entrustment claims
      against Co-part

             In its first argument, the Estate contends that Co-part and its

employees were negligent as a matter of law in turning over salvage vehicles to

buyers without determining whether the individual had a safe means of

transporting them. As a result, the Estate argues that it was entitled to a directed

verdict as to liability on its negligence and negligent-entrustment claims. Although

we are remanding this matter for a new trial, we find that the Estate has not

established Co-part’s liability as to be entitled to a directed verdict on these claims.

                                          -60-
             It is well-established that a plaintiff seeking to prove a cause of action

for negligence in Kentucky must show the existence of a duty, breach thereof,

proximate causation, and damages. Boland-Maloney Lumber Co., Inc. v. Burnett,

302 S.W.3d 680, 686 (Ky. App. 2009) (citing Illinois Central R.R. v. Vincent, 412
S.W.2d 874, 876 (Ky. 1967); Mullins v. Commonwealth Life Ins. Co., 839 S.W.2d
245, 247 (Ky. 1992)). The existence of a duty is a question of law for the court,

while breach and injury are questions of fact for the jury. Pathways, Inc. v.

Hammons, 113 S.W.3d 85, 89 (Ky. 2003). Causation presents a mixed question of

law and fact. Id.

             There are significant questions of fact whether Co-part breached any

duties in Kentucky. In particular, the Estate is required to prove that Co-part and

its employees entrusted the Jeep to Ramos knowing that he intended to tow it in the

manner in which he did. In addition, the Estate must also prove that any

negligence by Co-part was the proximate cause of Savage’s injuries and death. If

the same evidence is presented at retrial, the Estate has not shown it would be

entitled to a directed verdict against Co-part on these claims.

             The Estate also maintains that Co-part is subject to strict liability for

any statutory violations. As discussed above, we conclude that there were issues of

fact concerning the extent of Co-part’s violations of its statutory duties.

Furthermore, violation of a statute does not necessary create liability. Hargis v.

                                         -61-
Baize, 168 S.W.3d 36, 46 (Ky. 2005). The statute must have been specifically

intended to prevent the type of occurrence that took place, and the violation must

have been a substantial factor in causing the result. Isaacs v. Smith, 5 S.W.3d 500,

502 (Ky. 1999). The Estate makes no showing that the legislature intended to

impose strict civil liability for violations of the applicable statutory duties. As a

result, the Estate remains obligated to prove that Savage’s injuries and death

resulted from Co-part’s violations of the statutory duties.

   B. Granting of directed verdict on the estate’s claim for punitive damages

             The Estate also argues that the trial court erred by granting a directed

verdict on its punitive damages claim against Co-part and by excluding any

evidence relating to that claim. The Estate also asserts that trial court improperly

excluded evidence of Co-part’s prior practices, including evidence of the size and

scope of its operations, its relationship with the insurers, its prior dealings with

AUF, and its financial incentives to conduct business in the manner it does. The

Estate maintains that the jury should have been allowed to consider this evidence

to determine the appropriate amount of punitive damages.

             An instruction on punitive damages is warranted if there is evidence

that the defendant acted with oppression, fraud, malice, or was grossly negligent by

acting with wanton or reckless disregard for the lives, safety or property of others.

Phelps v. Louisville Water Co., 103 S.W.3d 46, 51-52 (Ky. 2003). A party is

                                          -62-
entitled to have the jury instructed on the issue of punitive damages “if there was

any evidence to support an award of punitive damages[.]” Shortridge v. Rice, 929
S.W.2d 194, 197 (Ky. App. 1996) (emphasis omitted). The threshold for the award

of punitive damages is whether the misconduct was “outrageous” in character, not

whether the injury was intentionally or negligently inflicted. Horton v. Union

Light, Heat & Power Co., 690 S.W.2d 382, 389 (Ky. 1985).

             In a case where gross negligence is used as the basis for punitive

damages, gross negligence has the same character of outrage justifying punitive

damages as willful and malicious misconduct in torts where the injury is

intentionally inflicted. Just as malice need not be expressed and may be implied

from outrageous conduct, so too may wanton or reckless disregard for the rights of

others be implied from the nature of the misconduct. Id. at 389-90. However, a

finding of gross negligence clearly requires more than a failure to exercise ordinary

care. It requires a finding of a failure to exercise even slight care such as to

demonstrate a wanton or reckless disregard for the rights of others. Id. See also

Phelps, 103 S.W.3d at 51-52. In other words, gross negligence requires “a finding

of failure to exercise reasonable care, and then an additional finding that this

negligence was accompanied by wanton or reckless disregard for the lives, safety

or property of others.” Gibson v. Fuel Transp., Inc., 410 S.W.3d 56, 59 (Ky. 2013)

                                          -63-
(citing Horton, 690 S.W.2d at 389-90). See also Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. v.

Maddox, 486 S.W.3d 838, 840 (Ky. 2015).

             In this case, the Estate has not alleged any conduct by Co-part rising

to the level of fraud, oppression, or malice. The Estate merely alleged that Co-

part’s actions violated its common law and statutory duties of care, which would

amount to negligence. Further, the Estate does not allege that Co-part failed to

exercise even slight care such as to demonstrate a wanton or reckless disregard for

the rights of others. Therefore, the trial court did not clearly err in granting a

directed verdict on this claim or by excluding evidence of Co-part’s prior practices.

   XIII. AMENDMENT OF FINAL JUDGMENT

             Lastly, the Estate argues that the judgment should be amended to

contain language to facilitate enforcement against Chapa in Texas. In particular,

the Estate contends that Texas law requires the judgment to recite, “This is a final

and appealable judgment for which execution may be had, and there is no just

cause for delay.” This language is essentially the same as is required under CR

54.02 to grant a final judgment on less than all of the claims in an action.

             In this case, however, the judgment conclusively disposed of all the

pending claims. Consequently, the judgment was final as a matter of law and the

finality language was not required. CR 54.01. In its pleadings to the trial court,

the Estate did not argue that the language was necessary to facilitate enforcement

                                          -64-
of the judgment in Texas. Therefore, we conclude that this error is not preserved.

However, the Estate may be entitled to ask the trial court to modify the judgment

pursuant to CR 60.02.

             The Estate also argues that the judgment incorrectly states that AUF

was not before the court. For purposes of this action, Barraza and AUF were

before the trial court for purposes of Co-part’s third-party complaint. But as

discussed above, the Estate never asserted a claim against AUF directly.

Consequently, AUF’s liability could only be derivative of any liability by Co-part.

Since the jury did not return a judgment against Co-part, the judgment did not

apply to AUF. Nevertheless, since we are remanding for a new trial on the claims

against Co-part, any question concerning the language of the judgment with

respect to AUF or Barraza is moot.

   XIV. CONCLUSION

             In conclusion, the trial court correctly found that the Estate was

required to comply with the requirements of the Hague Convention to obtain

service of the complaint on Ramos. Since the Estate failed to comply with those

requirements, the trial court properly quashed the service of the complaint on him.

We also hold that Allstate and Hartford were not obligated to maintain insurance

coverage on the Toyota or the Jeep after the titles were delivered to AUF’s agent.

In addition, the Estate has failed to show that Allstate and Hartford remained liable

                                        -65-
for any negligence or statutory violations by Co-part. Therefore, the trial court

properly granted summary judgment for Allstate and Hartford on these claims.

              For similar reasons, we also conclude that Co-part was not obligated

to maintain insurance coverage on the vehicles following delivery of the titles to

AUF’s agent. Consequently, the trial court properly granted summary judgment on

these claims. We also hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment

on the claims against the Co-part executives and the statutory claims against Co-

part under KRS 186A.065 and 189.100. We further conclude that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by denying the Estate’s motions to file the amended

complaints.

              However, we disagree with the trial court that AUF was not a

purchaser “for use” within the meaning of KRS 186A.100. Similarly, we also

disagree with the trial court that Ramos was not operating the Jeep within the

meaning of KRS 189.224. Therefore, the trial court erred by granting summary

judgment on these claims. We also conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by allowing Co-part to withdraw an admission after the discovery period

had ended.

              Since the Estate was prejudiced by the failure to instruct on the

statutory claims, withdrawal of the admission and several evidentiary rulings

flowing therefrom, we must reverse the jury verdict and judgment on the claims

                                         -66-
against Co-part and remand this matter for a new trial on the negligence, negligent

entrustment, and remaining statutory claims. However, the Estate has failed to

show gross negligence by Co-part. Therefore, the trial court properly granted a

directed verdict for Co-part on the claim for punitive damages. Finally, we note

that Chapa has not appealed the adverse jury verdict in this case. Therefore, the

judgment against Chapa shall remain undisturbed.

             Accordingly, the judgment of the Jefferson Circuit Court is affirmed

in part, reversed in part, and remanded for a new trial as set forth in this opinion.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                           BRIEF FOR APPELLEE
                                                ALLSTATE INSURANCE
G. Adam Redden                                  COMPANY:
Richard Breen
Louisville, Kentucky                            Robert E. Stopher
                                                Robert D. Bobrow
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR                               Louisville, Kentucky
APPELLANT:
                                                ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
Richard Breen                                   ALLSTATE INSURANCE
Louisville, Kentucky                            COMPANY:

                                                Robert E. Stopher
                                                Louisville, Kentucky

                                         -67-
       BRIEF FOR APPELLEE
       PROPERTY & CASUALTY
       INSURANCE COMPANY OF
       HARTFORD:

       R. Craig Reinhart
       Neal J. Manor
       Lexington, Kentucky

       ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
       APPELLEE PROPERTY &
       CASUALTY INSURANCE
       COMPANY OF HARTFORD:

       R. Craig Reinhart
       Lexington, Kentucky

       BRIEF FOR APPELLEES CO-PART
       OF CONNECTICUT D/B/A CO-
       PART AUTO AUCTIONS, WILLIS
       JOHNSON, PAUL STYER,
       WILLIAM FRANKLIN, TOM
       TAYLOR, AND DANIEL BOND:

       Michael E. Hammond
       J. Lacey Fiorella
       Lexington, Kentucky

       ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
       APPELLEES CO-PART OF
       CONNECTICUT D/B/A CO-PART
       AUTO AUCTIONS, WILLIS
       JOHNSON, PAUL STYER,
       WILLIAM FRANKLIN, TOM
       TAYLOR, AND DANIEL BOND:

       Michael E. Hammond
       Lexington, Kentucky

-68-
       BRIEF FOR APPELLEE LIBERTY
       MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE CO.:

       Charles H. Cassis
       Aaron J. Silletto
       Prospect, Kentucky

       ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
       APPELLEE LIBERTY MUTUAL
       FIRE INSURANCE CO.:

       Charles H. Cassis
       Prospect, Kentucky

       BRIEF AND ORAL ARGUMENT
       FOR OSCAR RAMOS:

       Edward H. Bartenstein
       Louisville, Kentucky

-69-