Court Opinion

ID: 4439044
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-18 06:05:42.018307+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:00.687165
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                          Before
                              MULLIGAN, FEBBO, and WOLFE
                                 Appellate Military Judges

                             UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                         v.
                        Specialist KRISTOPHER M. HADLEY
                           United States Army, Appellant

                                      ARMY 20150766

                  Headquarters, 1st Infantry Division and Fort Riley
                      Charles D. Pritchard, Jr., Military Judge
                   Colonel Warren L. Wells, Staff Judge Advocate

For Appellant: Captain Katherine L. DePaul, JA (argued); Lieutenant Colonel
Jonathan F. Potter, JA; Captain Heather L. Tregle, JA; Captain Katherine L. DePaul,
JA (on brief).

For Appellee: Captain Christopher A. Clausen, JA (argued); Colonel Mark H.
Sydenham, JA; Lieutenant Colonel A.G. Courie III, JA; Major Melissa Dasgupta
Smith, JA; Captain Christopher A. Clausen, JA (on brief).

                                         2 May 2017
                                 ----------------------------------
                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                 ----------------------------------

  This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.

WOLFE, Judge:

       In this judge-alone general court-martial, the military judge purported to find
appellant guilty of one specification, by exceptions and substitutions, of possessing
digital images of what appears to be minors constituting child pornography in
violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2012)
[hereinafter UCMJ]. I find instead that the military judge acquitted appellant of the
charged offense.

       Additionally, even assuming that the military judge did not acquit appellant of
the offense outright, the findings as announced represent a material variance from
the charged offense and deprived appellant of notice as to what he was defending
HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

against, all of which prejudiced appellant. Accordingly, we set aside the findings
and approved sentence of a bad-conduct discharge and confinement for five months. 1

                                   BACKGROUND

       The government charged appellant with a single charge and specification of
possession of child pornography under Article 134, UCMJ. The specification read
as follows:

             In that [appellant], did, at or near Fort Riley, Kansas,
             between on or about 25 September 2014 and on or about 9
             March 2015, knowingly and wrongfully possess child
             pornography, to wit: digital images of a minor engaging in
             sexually explicit conduct, such conduct being to the
             prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces
             and of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.

      The military judge announced the following findings:

             Guilty, except the words “digital images of”, and
             substituting therefor the words “obscene digital images of
             what appears to be”. Of the excepted words, Not Guilty;
             Of the substituted words: Guilty.

       Applying the military judge’s findings to the specification, the specification,
reflecting the deletions and additions, would read as follows:

             In that [appellant], did, at or near Fort Riley, Kansas,
             between on or about 25 September 2014 and on or about 9
             March 2015, knowingly and wrongfully possess child
             pornography, to wit: digital images of obscene digital
             images of what appears to be a minor engaging in sexually
             explicit conduct, such conduct being to the prejudice of
             good order and discipline in the armed forces and of a
             nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.

       The findings as announced acquitted appellant of possessing “digital images”
and found appellant guilty of possessing digital images. The announced findings
also added the images were “obscene.” Finally, the announced findings relieved the
government from proving the images were of actual minors and required only proof

1
  Appellant personally raised several allegations of error pursuant to United States v.
Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), which we do not address given our decision
in this case.
                                           2
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the images “appeared to be” minors. The language of a specification as charged is
within the exclusive control of the government. United States v. Morton, 69 M.J. 12
(C.A.A.F. 2009).

                              LAW AND DISCUSSION

                                     A. Acquittal

       “A finding on the guilt or innocence of the accused is not final until it is
formally and correctly announced in open court.” United States v. London, 4 C.M.A.
90, 96, 15 C.M.R. 90, 96 (1954). “The general findings of a court-martial state
whether the accused is guilty of each offense charged.” Rule for Courts-Martial
[hereinafter R.C.M.] 918(a). “One or more words or figures may be excepted from a
specification, and, when necessary, others substituted, if the remaining language of
the specification, with or without substitutions, states an offense by the accused
which is punishable by court-martial.” R.C.M. 918(a)(1) discussion. “However
mistaken or wrong it may be, an acquittal cannot be withdrawn or disapproved.”
United States v. Hitchcock, 6 M.J. 188, 189 (C.M.A. 1979) (citing Fong Foo v.
United States, 369 U.S. 141, 143 (1962)).

        The military judge acquitted appellant of the words “digital images of” and
then found him guilty of those same words. By acquitting appellant of possessing
“digital images,” the military judge gutted the specification. Appellant was found
not guilty of possessing digital images. As digital images were the only type of
images at issue, this finding settles the matter. There is probably no greater point in
the trial where words, once announced in open court, must be carefully uttered and
strictly construed. See Hitchcock, 6 M.J. at 189. I find this reading of the
announced findings–that the military judge acquitted appellant of the specification–
appropriate. 2

                            B. Material or Fatal Variance

      Even assuming that, in context, the military judge’s exceptions of the
language “digital images of” should be understood as merely grammatical, we still

2
  Were I to consider the substantive evidence, I would likely agree with the dissent
that the accused possessed child pornography of digital images of both actual minors
and what appear to be minors. However, Article 66(c), UCMJ, limits our
consideration to findings of guilty; it does not extend to this court the ability to
reconsider findings of not guilty. Additionally, the strength of the government’s
evidence cannot affect our analysis of whether appellant knew what he was
defending against.

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HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

find the findings as announced to be a fatal variance from the specification as
alleged.
       First, we note under such an interpretation, the military judge did not find
appellant guilty by “exceptions and substitutions.” There would be no exceptions.
Rather, the military judge would find appellant guilty by additions. So understood,
the military judge added the words “obscene” and “what appears to be” to the
specification as alleged. These additions would be a major change to the
specification. 3

       A material variance is one that substantially changes the nature of the offense,
increases the seriousness of the offense, or increases the punishment for the offense.
United States v. Marshall, 67 M.J. 418, 420 (C.A.A.F. 2009). “Whether there was a
fatal variance is a question of law reviewed de novo.” United States v. Treat, 73
M.J. 331, 335 (C.A.A.F. 2014). R.C.M. 307(c)(3) provides for notice pleading.

        We must balance notice pleading with fair notice. United States v. Tunstall,
72 M.J. 191 (C.A.A.F. 2012) (“[A]n accused has a right to know what offense and
under what legal theory he will be convicted.” (quoting United States v. Jones, 68
M.J. 465, 468 (C.A.A.F. 2009)); United States v. Riggins, 75 M.J. 78 (C.A.A.F.
2016); United States v. Ober, 66 M.J. 393 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (Military appellate courts
cannot affirm a criminal conviction on the basis of a theory of liability not presented
to the trier of fact. To uphold a conviction on a charge that was neither alleged in an
indictment nor presented to a jury at trial offends the most basic notions of due
process.).

       If there is a material variance, the court must determine whether the material
variance prejudiced appellant. Treat, 73 M.J. at 336. The Court of Appeals for the
Armed Forces (CAAF) has “placed an increased emphasis on the prejudice prong” of
the fatal variance analysis. Id. (quoting United States v. Finch, 64 M.J. 118, 121
(C.A.A.F. 2006). “A variance can prejudice an appellant by (1) putting ‘him at risk
of another prosecution for the same conduct,’ (2) misleading him ‘to the extent that
he has been unable adequately to prepare for trial,’ or (3) denying him ‘the
opportunity to defend against the charge.’” Marshall, 67 M.J. at 420 (quoting United
States v. Teffeau, 58 M.J. 62, 67 (C.A.A.F. 2003)). To determine prejudice, the
court “looks closely at the specifics of the defense’s trial strategy when determining
whether a material variance denied an accused the opportunity to defend against a
charge.” Treat, 73 M.J. at 336. This prejudice is determined by considering “how
the defense channeled its efforts and what defense counsel focused on or
highlighted.” Id. (internal citations omitted).

3
 Post-referral changes to specifications are permissible under R.C.M. 603, and the
case law addressing impermissible changes to a specification parallels the material
or fatal variance case law under R.C.M. 918(a)(1).

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HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

       At trial, the understanding of the parties and the military judge was that
appellant was charged with possession of child pornography that depicted actual
minors. The military judge’s announced findings were therefore understood as
acquitting appellant of possessing images of actual minors, but convicting appellant
of possessing images of “what appears to be minors.” We find this delta to be a
fatal variance based on the facts of this case.

       Appellant’s entire defense at trial was the government had failed to prove the
images depicted actual minors. On appeal, appellant asks us to infer from the
docketing request that appellant tactically decided to rush to trial in order to be tried
on the specification as alleged. We find this inference appropriate. Appellant’s
closing argument focused repeatedly on the lack of proof that the images were of
actual minors. Thus, what we have is a case in which the defense strategy hinged on
the government’s inability to prove the images depicted actual minors, only to have
appellant convicted on an alternate theory that the government abandoned based on
the charging decision. We find appellant was not on notice he would have to defend
against the uncharged theory the images depicted only what appeared to be minors. 4

       Moreover, we find this lack of notice to be highly prejudicial in this case.
First and foremost, as just explained, the defense relied heavily on the government’s
charging decision. Second, the theory the images were “obscene” was not
introduced into the trial until findings. Stated again, appellant only became aware
he had to defend against the images being “obscene” after findings of guilty were
announced. Accordingly, appellant was deprived of the ability to introduce evidence
that the images were not obscene or that the images did not depict what appeared to
be minors.

       The government asks us to look at the images and find their obscene nature is
plain, and therefore appellant was not prejudiced by the findings. We reject the
government’s invitation for us to answer these questions ex post. After all, that is
what trials are for.

       Likewise, appellant was deprived of the opportunity to argue or present
evidence the images did not depict what appears to be minors. If every image of an
actual minor was also an image of what appears to be a minor, we would be tempted
to follow the dissent’s reasoning. However, this is not the case. Not all images of

4
  Were we to assume the variance was not fatal as the dissent argues, this assumption
would just raise a new issue. The entire defense case hinged on the government’s
alleged inability to prove the images were of actual minors. If the defense’s trial
strategy did not present any defense as a matter of law, then we merely have to
address the subsequent issue of whether counsel were ineffective when they
presented a defense which was not actually a defense.

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HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

minors appear to be those of minors. Similarly, not all images that appear to be
minors are of actual minors.

       In Treat, our superior court addressed a variance problem. The accused in
Treat was found guilty of missing the movement of a plane, albeit a different plane
than originally alleged. The CAAF found the variance was not prejudicial because
the defense’s theory of the case was the accused had been kidnapped by Russians—a
defense that did not depend on the tail number on the plane. Treat, 73 M.J. at 333.
By contrast in this case, the variance in the announced findings was precisely the
difference on which the accused based his entire case.

       In short, there are many ways to skin this cat, but ultimately, we arrive at the
same result: a dead cat. Whether appellant was acquitted of the offense, whether the
findings represented a material variance, or whether appellant was deprived of notice
and due process as to what he must defend against, the findings of guilt cannot
stand.

                                   CONCLUSION

       The findings of guilty and the sentence are set aside and DISMISSED. All
rights, privileges, and property, of which appellant has been deprived by virtue of
the findings and sentence set aside by this decision, are ordered restored. See UCMJ
arts. 58a(b), 58b(c), and 75(a).

      Senior Judge MULLIGAN concurs in Part B and in the result.

FEBBO, Judge, dissenting:

      I respectfully dissent.

       Unlike my colleagues, I do not believe the military judge’s findings constitute
a fatal variance. Nor do I believe his grammatical editing of the specification
constitutes an acquittal of the excepted language. The military judge’s actions do
not change the nature of the offense. The government charged appellant with
possession of child pornography, and the military judge convicted appellant of
possession of child pornography. The military judge, after hearing the evidence
presented as the trier of fact, made exceptions and substitutions, albeit inartfully, to
the child pornography charge.

       Contrary to my colleagues, I do not find we are confronted on appeal with
only a choice between finding a fatal variance or ineffective assistance of counsel.
Appellant’s defense counsel sought to exclude appellant’s statement to U.S. Army
Criminal Investigation Command (CID) and challenged both the digital forensic
exam (DFE) and the authenticity of the images. Overall, the government’s evidence
                                           6
HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

of appellant’s knowing and wrongful possession of child pornography, including
appellant’s statement to CID and the DFE, was overwhelming. “[I]n any case in
which the evidence is overwhelming, the choice as to which course of defense is best
pursued is quintessentially a tactical one, not to be second guessed under
Strickland.” Hunt v. Smith, 856 F. Supp. 251, 257 (D. Md. 1994) (citing Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). Therefore, my disagreement with the
majority opinion is focused on the lack of a fatal variance in the military judge’s
findings.

       Argument Presented at Trial on Variance and Military Judge’s Ruling

       The government had six special agents testify at trial about the National
Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) notification of suspected child
pornography, appellant’s statement, collection of the digital images of suspected
child pornography, the DFE, and chain of custody. These digital images were the
basis for the child pornography charge and were admitted at trial.

       Other than the pictures themselves, the government did not introduce evidence
in the form of an expert opinion of the ages of the minors in the digital images or a
NCMEC report that the images were previously identified as a known minor. At the
close of the government’s case on findings, appellant argued there was no medical or
forensic evidence presented by the government the images were of actual minors.
Therefore, appellant asserted the government failed to meet its burden of proof.
Appellant’s other claims included: the images collected could have been different
than those collected by CID and that the hash values could be different; it was more
serious for an accused to possess child pornography of actual minors; the images
were not of actual minors; and a variance would substantially change the nature of
the offense since it would add an “element” of obscenity. Furthermore, by
implication, the government would have a lower burden to prove the digital images
were obscene visual depictions of what appears to be minors. Appellant asserted the
defense was prejudiced since the defense relied on the government’s decision to
charge images of actual minors. Appellant stated the images could be “borderline”
constitutionally protected. Without addressing specifics, appellant generally argued
that the defense was not able to adequately prepare for trial or defend against the
charges. Appellant conceded to the military judge no additional evidence would
need to be introduced for the military judge to make a determination if they were
obscene. The appellant did not make a motion for a finding of not guilty under
R.C.M. 917.

      The government countered appellant knowingly and wrongfully viewed
images the appellant believed to be minors. Furthermore, the images depicted actual
minors and the minors in the images looked, by all accounts, to be under the age of
eighteen. Neither party argued a theory of virtual children.

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HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

       After his findings, the military judge ruled the government could have been
more precise in charging, but the exceptions and substitutions did not create a fatal
variance under R.C.M. 918(a)(1). He rejected the defense’s objections to the
findings: the military judge stated the variance was not material; the exceptions and
substitutions did not change the nature of the offense; the gravamen of the offense
remained the same (possession of child pornography); appellant was charged with
possessing child pornography and was convicted of possessing child pornography;
and the variance did not change the nature of the offense or increase the maximum
punishment of the offense. The military judge concluded possession of what appears
to be minors was “either equally or less serious than possessing images of actual
minors.” 1

                      Did the Military Judge Acquit Appellant?

       “If an error was made in the announcement of the findings of the court-
martial, the error may be corrected by a new announcement in accordance with this
rule. The error must be discovered and the new announcement made before the final
adjournment of the court-martial in the case.” R.C.M. 922(d). A military judge can
clarify an ambiguity in the findings by making a “clear statement on the record as to
which alleged incident formed the basis of the conviction.” United States v. Wilson,
67 M.J. 432, 428 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (internal citation omitted); see generally United
States v. Kulathungam, 54 M.J. 386 (2001). “Inaccuracies in a verdict have been
held to be immaterial if the intention is evident from the record.” United States v.
Johnson, 22 M.J. 945, 946 (A.C.M.R. 1986) (internal citation omitted).

       The announcement of a verdict “is sufficient if it decides the questions in
issue in such a way as to enable the court intelligently to base judgment thereon and
can form the basis for a bar to subsequent prosecution for the same offense.” United
States v. Dilday, 47 C.M.R. 172, 173 (A.C.M.R. 1973). “[A] verdict must be certain
and convey a definite meaning free from any ambiguity, and although defective in
form, if it conveys the manifest intention of the jury, when viewed as a whole, minor
irregularities constitute no grounds for reversal.” Id. (internal citations omitted);
United States v. Pena, 11 M.J. 509 (N.C.M.R. 1981) (“It is well settled that not
every departure from established trial procedure constitutes reversible error.”).

1
  Under Article 134, UCMJ, the maximum punishment for possession of child
pornography of images of “minors” or “what appears to be minors” is exactly the
same (dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement
for ten years). I would find such an erroneous statement about the seriousness of
the offense by the military judge to be harmless.

                                          8
HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

       In appellant’s case, in accordance with R.C.M. 918, the military judge made
exceptions and substitutions 2 of what is defined as “child pornography” under
Article 134, UCMJ. In my opinion, the military judge did not find the appellant not
guilty of the specification and charge of possession of child pornography before
finding him guilty of possession of child pornography. The military judge, after
being presented the evidence at trial, found appellant knowingly and wrongfully
possessed child pornography under the alternative definition of child pornography
contained in the explanation of Article 134, UCMJ.

       Similarly, the military judge did not find, as the majority suggests, that
appellant did not possess any digital images. Contrary to the majority’s view, I find
when the military judge found appellant guilty “except the words ‘digital images
of’” and in the same breath substituted “obscene digital images of what appears to
be,” his findings of guilty were not an acquittal of the words “digital images of.”
Instead, the military judge contemporaneously announced appellant was guilty of
possession of “obscene digital images of what appears to be a minor” engaging in
sexually explicit conduct. The military judge properly stated he found appellant
guilty of the specification and charge, immediately after announcing the exceptions
and substitutions for the digital images. Under R.C.M. 922, if there is an error in
the findings by a military judge, the error may be corrected before final
adjournment. Indeed, the military judge made special findings as an appellate
exhibit. In those special findings, the military judge described in detail the fourteen
images charged as child pornography. He found seven of those fourteen images
constitute child pornography as each of them contain “a minor . . . engaging in
sexually explicit conduct.” (emphasis added).

      Even if there was a technical error in the military judge’s announcement of
findings through exceptions and substitutions, the error was not prejudicial to the
substantial rights of the appellant. UCMJ art. 59(a).

2
  A military judge or court members may enter findings by exceptions and
substitutions to “an offense necessarily included in the offense charged.” Article 79,
UCMJ; R.C.M. 918(a)(1). R.C.M. 918 allows for “exception and substitutions.”
However, findings by exceptions and substitutions may not “substantially change the
nature of the offense” charged. R.C.M. 918(a)(1). In United States v. Trew, 68 M.J.
364 (C.A.A.F. 2010), the trial counsel asked for clarification of the findings from
the military judge. In Trew, the CAAF applying United States v. Walters, 58 M.J.
391, (C.A.A.F. 2003) and United States v. Seider, 60 M.J. 36 (C.A.A.F. 2004), found
the military judge’s answer modified the findings and created an ambiguity.

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                  Did the Military Judge Create a Fatal Variance?

       The military judge’s exceptions and substitutions did not increase appellant’s
punishment, did not increase the seriousness of the offense, and double jeopardy
attached. Appellant is not exposed to the risk of another prosecution for the same
offense. Appellant contends the military judge altered the elements the government
needed to prove for possession of child pornography. However, the elements were
not altered by the military judge’s findings. The appellant was on notice of the
charge of child pornography and knew the images were actual minors or what
appeared to be minors.

      Around February 2015, the NCMEC reported three suspected images of child
pornography from an internet protocol (IP) address located on Fort Riley. The IP
address belonged to appellant.

       In March 2015, as part of the criminal investigation, appellant made a detailed
sworn statement to a Special Agent (SA) from CID. The government admitted that
statement as evidence at trial. Appellant followed blogs that included themes of
“incest” and “teens.” Using the search term, “teen,” he also used the internet to
search for girls “that were borderline [eighteen years old].” He explained
“borderline,” as looking young. Appellant’s searches were not based on a
determination if the images depicted actual minors. He used blogs and a messenger
service to share and receive pornographic images. Appellant admitted to receiving
and downloading approximately twelve images of “girls between that ages of [ten]
and [seventeen] naked or barely clothed.” He believed these images were of girls
under eighteen years old. He also viewed around twenty other images of girls he
knew to be under the age of eighteen but did not download the images on his
computer. Appellant thought the youngest girl was under ten years old and was
pictured lying naked on a bed. While messaging other people about incest, they
would send him pictures of girls that were under the age of eighteen. He also shared
the naked images of minors since the person asked for “pictures of girls that looked
younger.” Appellant knew these images were “inappropriate” and he knew it was
wrong to view naked children under the age of eighteen. CID seized and conducted
a DFE of appellant’s computer. Based on the DFE, CID located and identified
fourteen digital images that were suspected child pornography on that computer.

       Child pornography under Article 134, UCMJ proscribes possession of images
of child pornography involving actual minors and images of what appears to be
minors. Images of “what appears to be minors” are indistinguishable from images of
“actual minors” and do not require additional proof to be presented to the fact finder
beyond the images themselves. Appellant was not prejudiced by the variance nor
was appellant unable to adequately prepare for trial. United States v. Finch, 64 M.J.
118 (C.A.A.F. 2006).

                                         10
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       Prior to the President specifically proscribing possession of child pornography
under Article 134, UCMJ, the government charged possession of child pornography
under federal statutes, such as 18 U.S.C. § 2256(1), or as defined by 18 U.S.C. §
2256(8). The Article 134, UCMJ, offense for possession of child pornography has
only two elements. In addition to the terminal element of Article 134 (prejudice to
good order and discipline or bringing discredit upon the armed forces) the
government must establish that an accused, “knowingly and wrongfully possessed
child pornography.” There is no separate offense under Article 134, UCMJ, for
possession of child pornography of actual minors as opposed to what appears to be
minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct. There is no difference in the maximum
punishment between the alternate ways of proving possession of child pornography.
Instead, Article 134, UCMJ, provides alternative ways of proving the criminal nature
of the charged misconduct of possessing child pornography. 3

       Appellant argues that the government was alleviated from proving possession
of child pornography of actual minors and only had to prove the images were
obscene. At trial and in appellant’s brief on appeal, the term “obscene” is
alternatively argued by appellant as an additional element that prejudiced appellant
by having to disprove the images were obscene or alternatively lowered the
government’s burden of proof to prove possession of child pornography. It is
neither. The burden of proof never shifted to appellant to disprove obscenity nor
was the bar lowered at trial for the government’s burden to prove possession of child
pornography. “Obscene” is not an element of child pornography; it is a fact
necessary for the government to prove possession of child pornography when the
image is indistinguishable from that of a minor and the actual identity or age is not
known.

       Mere possession of an “obscene” image of “what appears to be a minor” does
not establish an offense of “child pornography” under Article 134, UCMJ.
Regardless if the image is of an “actual minor” or an “obscene image of what
appears to be a minor,” the government still has to prove all the material facts to
establish possession of child pornography. The CAAF in United States v. Blouin, 74
M.J. 247 (C.A.A.F. 2015), found that child pornography involving digital images

3
  For example, in determining whether a military judge has given proper panel
instructions, “the crux of the issue is whether a fact constitutes an element of the
crime charged, or a method of committing it.” United States v. Brown, 65 M.J. 356,
359 (C.A.A.F. 2007). “In federal criminal cases, the requirement for juror
unanimity applies only to elements of the offense. Richardson v. United States, 526
U.S. 813, 817, 119 S. Ct. 1707, 143 L. Ed. 2d 985 (1999) (stating that a ‘federal jury
need not always decide unanimously which of several possible sets of underlying
brute facts make up a particular element’).” Brown, 65 M.J. at 359.

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indistinguishable from actual minors had a “more onerous” requirement to prove the
images were both graphic 4 and lascivious under 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8)(B). Id. at 250.
(emphasis added).

       The question of whether an image is obscene is a question of fact. Manual for
Courts-Martial, United States [hereinafter MCM], Part IV, ¶ 94(c) (2012 ed.)
("Whether something is obscene is a question of fact. ‘Obscene’ is synonymous with
'indecent' as the latter is defined in [indecent language]. The matter must violate
community standards of decency or obscenity and must go beyond customary limits
of expression."). See United States v. Baker, 57 M.J. 330, 339 (C.A.A.F. 2002)
(applying “military community” standard); United States v. Hullett, 40 M.J. 189, 191
(C.M.A. 1994); United States v. Gallo, 53 M.J. 556, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2000);
United States v. Dyer, 22 M.J. 578, 582-83 (A.C.M.R. 1986). At trial, appellant’s
defense counsel agreed with the military judge that the military judge could
determine if the images were obscene without any additional evidence.

       The fourteen images depicted naked or partially naked females. Based on the
size of the minors’ bodies and limbs, the appearance of the minors’ faces, and the
development of the breasts and pubic areas, all fourteen images by all accounts
appear to be minors. Several of the pictures show the minors engaged in sexually
explicit conduct. See United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828, 832 (S.D. Cal. 1986)
and United States v. Roderick, 62 M.J. 425, 430 (C.A.A.F. 2006). These included
images depicting totally nude or partially nude minors with their legs spread and
exposing their genitalia. Several of the images depicted totally nude minors wearing
bras, garters, high heels, or panty hose with their legs spread apart and exposing
their genitalia. One of the pictures depicted a minor with her tongue touching the
breast of another minor. The focal point of several of the pictures was the minor’s
genitalia. One image was of a totally nude minor, with her legs spread, and her
fingers touching her genitalia. One image showed a very young minor, unclothed
below the waist, standing waist high to totally nude adult male and performing oral
sex on the male whose penis is visible in the image.

       Based on appellant’s sworn statement, appellant knowingly possessed the
digital images and knew his possession was wrongful. Appellant also admitted that
he sought digital images of minors and “borderline” minors engaged in sexually
explicit conduct and had knowledge the images appeared to be minors. Appellant
was not prejudiced by the government’s charging of actual minors and the military
judge’s exceptions and substitutions to the specification. The seven images, as
described above and found to be child pornography in the military judge’s special
findings, are not constitutionally protected. Nor is there a reasonable argument that

4
    Article 134, UCMJ, uses the term “obscene” instead of “graphic.”

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HADLEY—ARMY 20150766

they are not obscene. No additional evidence was required to establish that fact. In
short, the military judge did not need to add the word “obscene” to his findings.

       At trial, appellant argued the government did not prove the digital images
were actual minors. Under both theories, the government must prove that the images
depict minors, or what appeared to be minors, engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
The digital image of what appears to be a minor must be indistinguishable from an
actual minor. Under either alternative, an accused would have the same defense that
the images did not depict a minor under the age of eighteen years. Applying Dost,
an obscene image would not establish proof of child pornography, if the images did
not depict lascivious exhibition of the genital or pubic area. 636 F. Supp. at 832.
The different definitions of child pornography in the MCM do not lower the burden
of proof for the government.

       Despite citing the government’s lack of proof of child pornography, appellant
did not make a motion for a finding of not guilty under R.C.M. 917. Appellant cites
no specific case that precluded the military judge from making exceptions and
substitutions when the government charges images of an actual minor and the trier of
fact finds that the images are “what appeared to be minors” engaged in sexually
explicit conduct. While the defense did argue there was a lack of evidence proving
the images were actual minors, the defense theory was not channeled to disapprove
that he knowingly and wrongfully possessed child pornography. Appellant does not
identify a different trial strategy the defense would have pursued besides the
argument presented to the military judge the government did not prove “the person
knows that that [sic] is an actual child or the person is identified somehow
forensically or medically to be a person—a minor.”

       However, in United States v. Cendejas, the CAAF concluded in a child
pornography case, the government is not required to present additional evidence or
expert testimony to meet the burden of proof to show the images depicted real
children and the factfinder “can make a determination that an actual child was used
to produce the images in question based upon a review of the images alone.” 62
M.J. 334, 338 (C.A.A.F. 206) (citing United States v. Slanina, 359 F.3d 356, 357
(5th Cir. 2004). See also, United States v. Kimler, 335 F.3d 1132, 1142 (10th Cir.
2003) (“Juries are still capable of distinguishing between real and virtual images;
and admissibility remains within the province of the sound discretion of the trial
judge.”); United States v. Deaton, 328 F.3d 454, 455 (8th Cir. 2003) (per curiam)
(holding that images alone were sufficient to prove that production of charged
images involved use of a real minor); United States v. Fuller, 77 Fed. Appx. 371,
379 (6th Cir. 2003) (unpub.) (jury could draw its own conclusions from viewing
images).

       If additional evidence or an expert is not required to show the images depicted
actual minors, the government similarly did not need to present an expert to prove
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that the images depicted “what appears to be a minor.” As reflected in the special
findings in appellant’s case, the military judge was able to assess the size of the
minor’s bodies and limbs, the appearance of the minor’s faces, and the development
of the female’s breasts and pubic area to determine the images depicted what
appeared to be minors engaging in sexually explicit conduct. The seven digital
images that appellant knowingly and wrongfully possessed depicted minors, or what
appears to be minors, engaged in sexually explicit conduct to include oral sodomy.

       Accordingly, I do not find a fatal variance in the specification nor prejudice to
appellant. After reviewing the record of trial, and considering the briefs and oral
arguments, I find the military judge did not error in finding the digital images were
child pornography of what appeared to be minors engaged in sexually explicit
conduct. The seven digital images are indistinguishable from actual minors. I find
no material difference between the specification as alleged and the evidence
introduced at trial. The appellant was certainly on notice of what he was charged
with and what he needed to defend himself against. I find the evidence factually and
legally sufficient to support the charge and specification of possession of child
pornography and would affirm the findings and sentence as approved by the
convening authority.

                                        FOR THE
                                        FOR THE COURT:
                                                COURT:

                                        MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.
                                        MALCOLM H. SQUIRES JR.
                                        Clerk of
                                        Clerk of Court
                                                 Court

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