Court Opinion

ID: 1083383
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 21:15:02.712173+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:35:19.105178
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

                          AT NASHVILLE            FILED
                       APRIL SESSION, 1997       September 18, 1997

                                                Cecil W. Crowson
STATE OF TENNESSEE        )                   Appellate Court Clerk
                               C.C.A. NO. 01C01-9605-CR-00213
                          )
      Appellee,           )
                          )
                          )    DAVIDSON COUNTY
VS.                       )
                          )    HON. SETH NORM AN
MICHAEL TYRONE            )    JUDGE
GORDON,                   )
                          )
      Appellant.          )    (First Degree Murder; Especially
                          )    Aggravated Robbery)

               ON APPEAL FROM THE JUDGMENT OF THE
               CRIMINAL COURT OF DAVIDSON COUNTY

FOR THE APPELLANT:             FOR THE APPELLEE:

MARK J. FISHBURN               JOHN KNOX W ALKUP
100 Thompson Lane              Attorney General and Reporter
Nashville, TN 37211
                               PETER M. COGHLAN
                               Assistant Attorney General
                               450 James Robertson Parkway
                               Nashville, TN 37243-0493

                               VICTOR S. JOHNSON
                               District Attorney General

                               KYMBERLY HAAS
                               Assistant District Attorney General
                               W ashington Square, Suite 500
                               222 Second Avenue North
                               Nashville, TN 37201-1649

OPINION FILED ________________________

REVERSED AND REMANDED

DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
                                  OPINION

       This is an appeal as of right pursuant to Rule 3, Tennessee Rules of

Appellate Procedure. The Defendant, Michael Tyrone Gordon, was convicted of

first-degree felony murder and especially aggravated robbery. He was sentenced

to life imprisonment for the felony murder count and seventeen years for the

robbery to be served consecutively to the life sentence. The Defendant appeals

his convictions and sentences and raises the following issues for review: (1) That

the trial court erred in denying his request to instruct the jury on criminal

responsibility for facilitation of a felony; (2) that the trial court erred by admitting

a witness’ prior consistent statem ent; (3) that the trial court erred in its charge of

criminal responsibility for the conduct of another; (4) that the evidence was

insufficient to convict the Defendant on both counts; and (5) that the trial court

erred in imposing consecutive sentences. W e conclude that we must reverse

and remand for a new trial.

       At approximately 11:00 p.m. on June 11, 1993, an off-duty police officer

discovered a man lying on the ground on the entrance ramp to northbound

Interstate 65 at Trinity Lane in Nashville, Tennessee. Other officers and

paramedics were called to the scene. The victim had a weak pulse and a small

amount of blood was near his mouth. Three entrance wounds from a sm all

caliber weapon were found in the man’s back. Officers found his wallet, which

contained his driver's license identifying him as Maurice Jordan, and a pager.

The victim later died from his wounds.

                                          -2-
      A few minutes after the victim was discovered, another police officer was

patrolling the Litton Park Apartm ents and observed the Defendant sitting in his

car for a period of time. The officer stopped his cruiser near the Defendant’s

vehicle, got out and approached him. The Defendant also left his vehicle and

approached the officer. The officer looked beyond the Defendant and saw what

appeared to be a bag of white powder lying on the floorboard of the Defendant’s

car. The officer attempted to arrest the Defendant, but he fought the officer. A

crowd gathered. The Defendant extricated himself and ran off, but the officer

remained with his cruiser because the vehicle was unsecured.             The officer

initiated a search of the car and discovered that the bag was gone. He recovered

a loaded .25 caliber pistol, a loaded .38 caliber pistol, a set of digital scales, and

a plastic bag which appeared to contain crack cocaine, all found in a pillowcase

on the back seat. It was later determined that the contents of the bag were not

cocaine. An investigation revealed that the car was owned by the Defendant’s

mother and that the Defendant was the individual the officer had seen in the car

at the Litton Park Apartments.

      The investigation of Maurice Jordan’s murder revealed that his vehicle,

which was a gray Blazer, and a cellular phone were missing. Phone records

showed hundreds of calls made after the victim was killed. Many of those calls

were made to Michael Steel. Steel and his girlfriend lived at the Litton Park

Apartments. Steel was initially suspected in the murder and was interviewed by

the investigating officer, Detective Bill Pridem ore.

       Steel testified at trial regarding the events on the night of the murder.

Steel stated that on June 11, 1993, he was awakened by a phone call from the

                                         -3-
co-defendant, Edward Thompson. 1                 Thompson arrived at Steel’s apartment

shortly thereafter. Steel asked why the co-defendants arrived so quickly and

Thompson stated that he had a cellular phone. He showed the phone to Steel

and made a call to prove that the phone worked. Both Thompson and the

Defendant had bags of cocaine in their possession. The cocaine was in powder

form broken into several separate bags. The Defendant left the apartm ent with

approxim ately two of the bags of cocaine and returned a short time later. He

rushed in the door and excitedly stated that a police officer had stopped him and

that he left his weapons and cocaine in the car. The co-defendants then argued

because the Defendant wanted part of Thompson’s cocaine because he believed

the police took his.

        Steel reported that he saw the co-defendants the next day at his

apartment. Thompson explained that the two obtained the cellular phone and the

cocaine after they “set up and robbed a guy on Trinity Lane.” He said the victim’s

name was Maurice. Steel saw Thompson several days later and observed that

he was driving a gray Blazer. Thompson told him that he bought the vehicle and

also that he had sold the phone. The Blazer was later found, abandoned in North

Nashville parked on a residential street. There is no evidence in the record that

the Defendant used the Blazer or the phone.

        Detective Pridemore told Steel that he needed to speak with Thompson

and the Defendant Gordon. He spoke with Thompson regarding the murder.

1
 The co-defend ant, Edward M .Thom pson, was convicted in a separate trial of first-degree m urder
and especially aggravated robbery, for which he received concurrent sentences of life and
eighteen years. This court affirm ed h is conviction s an d se nten ces . State v. Edward M.
Thom pson, C.C.A. No. 01C01-9505-CR-00155, Davidson County (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville,
July 30, 1997).

                                                 -4-
Later that day, on July 20, 1993, the Defendant paged Pridemore and stated he

had heard that Thompson turned himself in. He stated that he wanted to turn

himself in because he was there when the murder took place, but that he wanted

to wait until Saturday so he would have money to make bond. The Defendant did

not report and a criminal warrant for his arrest was issued. The Defendant was

arrested on October 17, 1993. The Defendant gave a videotaped statement. In

the Defendant’s version of the facts, he claims that he and Thompson contacted

Maurice Jordan to buy cocaine. The two co-defendants arranged to meet the

victim at the McDonald’s restaurant in East Nashville. They met the victim and

got in his gray Blazer. The Defendant provided the .25 and .38 caliber pistols,

and possibly a .35 caliber pistol. He asserts that the guns were used just for

protection when making the drug buy. The Defendant made his purchase of the

cocaine. Then, when it was Thompson’s turn, he first stated he had to get some

money. The victim and the two co-defendants drove down Trinity Lane and they

turned on a side street. The victim had been driving, with the Defendant in the

front passenger seat and Thompson in the rear. At that point, Thompson pulled

a weapon on the victim. The Defendant and the victim changed seats and the

Defendant drove towards Interstate 65. As they approached the on-ramp, the

victim attempted to jump out of the vehicle and Thom pson shot him in the back

with the .25. Thompson kept the Blazer and used the cellular phone, which the

Defendant thought was a stupid idea. They shared the cocaine. The Defendant

maintains, however, that he did not know that Thompson intended to rob the

victim until Thompson pulled the gun.

      Sean Jackson, a friend of the victim Maurice Jordan, testified at trial that

the victim was house-sitting for him when the victim was killed. Jackson gave the

                                        -5-
victim his pager to handle drug deals while he was gone on vacation. Jackson

left a supply of cocaine in powder form at his house that was available for sale.

The victim’s mother testified that she and his father owned a Blazer that they

allowed him to use. She was not aware that he had a cellular phone until after

his death.    She received his personal effects, including his wallet, which

contained only credit cards and no cash. She said it was unusual for him to have

no cash. She also reported that her son had served time for selling drugs.

       The Defendant was convicted by a Davidson County jury of felony murder

and especially aggravated robbery. The jury was instructed concerning criminal

responsibility for the conduct of another and accessory after the fact. The trial

court imposed the mandated life sentence for felony murder and in a separate

sentencing hearing, set a sentence of seventeen years for the robbery conviction.

He ordered the sentences to run consecutively after considering the Defendant

was on escape status when the crimes were committed. The Defendant now

appeals both his convictions and the sentence for especially aggravated robbery.

                                         I.

      As the Defendant’s first issue, he argues that the trial court erred in failing

to instruct the jury on criminal responsibility for the facilitation of a felony. The

Defendant submitted a request for special jury instructions, including a charge of

criminal responsibility for facilitation of a felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-403.

However, after consideration, the trial court agreed only to charge criminal

                                         -6-
responsibility for conduct of another and accessory after the fact. Tenn. Code

Ann. §§ 39-11-402; 39-11-411.

      The trial court reasoned that neither the State’s nor the Defendant’s

theories of the case presented facts that gave rise to the inference that the

Defendant had facilitated the crimes. The State presented evidence that the

Defendant planned to commit the robbery and with that intent, assisted the co-

defendant Thompson in perpetrating the robbery and the killing. The Defendant

maintained that he knew nothing of the robbery until it began and only assisted

the co-defendant after the robbery had commenced.

      Criminal responsibility for the conduct of another requires that “acting with

intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, or to benefit in the

proceeds or results of the offense, the person solicits, directs, aids, or attempts

to aid another person to commit the offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-402(2).

Accessory after the fact states that:

      A person is an accessory after the fact who, after the commission of a
      felony, with knowledge or reasonable ground to believe that the
      offender has committed the felony, and with the intent to hinder the
      arrest, trial, conviction or punishm ent of the offender:

             (1) Harbors or conceals the offender;

             (2) Provides or aids in providing the offender with any means of
             avoiding arrest, trial, conviction or punishment; or

             (3) W arns the offender of impending apprehension or discovery.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-411. Criminal responsibility for facilitation of a felony

occurs when, “knowing that another intends to commit a specific felony, but

                                        -7-
without the intent required for criminal responsibility under § 39-11-402(2), the

person knowingly furnishes substantial assistance in the commission of the

felony.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-403(a).

      The Defendant argues that the trial court should have charged facilitation

as a lesser included offense.     Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-110(a)

requires trial judges to charge the jury on lesser included offenses charged in the

indictment whether requested to do so or not. See Howard v. State, 578 S.W .2d

83, 85 (Tenn. 1979). Failure to instruct on a lesser included offense denies a

defendant his constitutional right to trial by jury. State v. W right, 618 S.W .2d 310,

315 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981).

      W e are m indful of the cases which hold that a trial court does not commit

reversible error in failing to instruct the jury on lesser included offenses when the

record clearly shows that the defendant is guilty of the greater offense and is

devoid of any evidence permitting an inference of guilt of the lesser offense.

W hitwell v. State, 520 S.W .2d 338 (Tenn. 1975); see State v. Boyd, 797 S.W .2d

589 (Tenn. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1074, 111 S. Ct. 800, 112 L. Ed. 2d 861

(1991); State v. Mellons, 557 S.W .2d 497 (Tenn. 1977); Carmon v. State, 512
S.W.2d 595 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1974). However, when there is any evidence

upon which reasonable minds could convict the defendant of a particular lesser

included offense, the trial court commits reversible error if it fails to instruct

regarding that offense. State v. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 311 (Tenn. 1996);

Johnson v. State, 531 S.W .2d 558, 559 (Tenn. 1975); see State v. Atkins, 681
S.W.2d 571, 577 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1028, 105 S. Ct.
1395, 84 L. Ed. 2d 784 (1985).

                                          -8-
      Furthermore, we have held that when a defendant is charged with a felony

by way of criminal responsibility for the conduct of another, facilitation of the

felony virtually always is a lesser included offense. State v. Lewis, 919 S.W .2d

62, 67 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). As a result, a defendant can be guilty of

facilitation of felony murder by way of facilitation of the underlying felony. Id.; cf.

State v. Jubal Carson, No. 03S01-9606-CR-00063, Knox County (Tenn.,

Knoxville, Aug. 4, 1997). The facilitator’s less culpable mental state is considered

by reducing the offense to one lower class. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-11-403(b).

However, there are exceptions when the facts and circumstances surrounding the

felony do not support a lesser included offense. See State v. Utley, 928 S.W.2d
448, 453 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Robert D. Davenport, C.C.A. No.

02C01-9505-CR-00143, Shelby County (Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson, Jan. 31,

1996). In Utley, the State’s proof suggested only that the defendant had planned

to rob a restaurant with his co-defendants.         Utley, 928 S.W .2d at 453.      In

Davenport, the Defendant denied any participation in the felony and the State’s

proof suggested only that he had the requisite intent to participate in a robbery.

Davenport, C.C.A. No. 02C01-9505-CR-00143, slip op. at 7.

      The case at bar differs significantly from Utley and Davenport because the

Defendant’s version of the facts confirms that he had some involvement in the

robbery. The facts as presented give rise to the possibility of several levels of

involvement by the Defendant. Therefore, the jury could possibly convict the

Defendant of the lesser included offense of facilitation of the felony. See State

v. Mike Boot Parker, C.C.A. No. 03C01-9409-CR-00338, Knox County (Tenn.

Crim. App, Knoxville, March 18, 1996). The trial court refused the instruction for

facilitation because neither the State nor the Defendant submitted it as a specific

                                          -9-
theory. However, it is the province of the jury to evaluate the proof and determine

which set of facts or combination of facts they believe occurred beyond a

reasonable doubt. It is the jury “whose peculiar duty it is to ascertain the grade

of the offense. However clear it may be, the Court should never decide the facts,

but must leave them unembarrassed to the jury.” State v. Boyce, 920 S.W .2d

224, 227 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)(quoting Poole v. State, 61 Tenn. 288, 294

(1872)); see State v. Summerall, 926 S.W .2d 272, 279 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

The proof in the record supports a conclusion that the Defendant could have

known that his cohort intended to rob the victim and that he provided a gun, but

that he did not aid Thompson with the intent to benefit or share in the proceeds.

Therefore, we believe the trial court’s failure to instruct on facilitation of a felony

constitutes reversible error.

                                          II.

      The Defendant presents as his second issue that the trial court erred in

allowing the admission of a witness’ prior consistent statement. One of the

State’s witnesses, Michael Steel, testified regarding the Defendant and

Thompson’s behavior immediately after the murder. This included testimony

about the cellular phone, the Blazer, and the cocaine. Also, Steel testified at the

trial that the co-defendant Thompson stated the next day after the murder that he

and the Defendant “set up and robbed a guy on Trinity Lane.”               On cross-

examination, defense counsel attempted to impeach the witness’ credibility by

pointing out that he did not mention Thompson’s statement made the day after

the murder when he testified at Thompson’s trial. On redirect, the State elicited

testimony from Steel that he had indeed made a statement about the day after

                                         -10-
the murder to Detective Pridemore in a prior interview. The State attempted to

admit Pridemore’s notes at that time, but the trial court denied the admission until

Pridem ore testified. Pridemore later testified and read the contents of his notes

verbatim. The notes were not admitted as substantive evidence.

      The Defendant argues first that the admission of the prior consistent

statement was error and second, that the trial court erred by not issuing a limiting

instruction to the effect that Pridemore’s notes were only admissible as relevant

to the witness’ credibility. Ordinarily, prior consistent statements of a witness are

not admissible to bolster the witness' credibility. State v. Meeks, 867 S.W .2d

361, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). State v. Braggs, 604 S.W .2d 883, 885

(Tenn.Crim.App.1980). There are exceptions, though, which relate to particular

attacks upon credibility.     For instance,     impeachment by use of a prior

inconsistent statement will allow for introduction of a consistent statement made

before the inconsistent one. Graham v. McReynolds, 90 Tenn. 673, 18 S.W. 272,

277-78 (1891). Likewise, if the witness is impeached by suggestion of faulty

recollection, it would be relevant to prove that the witness made a consistent

statement soon after the event when the matter was fresher in the witness'

memory. See United States v. Coleman, 631 F.2d 908, 914 (D.C.Cir.1980);

United States v. Keller, 145 F. Supp. 692, 697 (D.N.J.1956).           Here, defense

counsel cross-examined Steel, suggesting that his trial testimony was fabricated.

W e find no error in the admission of Steel’s prior consistent statement made

shortly after the m urder.

      W e do find that the trial court erred by failing to issue a limiting instruction

regarding the purpose of Pridemore’s testimony concerning the notes from the

                                         -11-
Steel interview. See Braggs, 604 S.W .2d at 885. Prior consistent statem ents

constitute hearsay evidence if offered for the truth therein. Id. The statement

was read by the witness and not sought to be admitted as substantive evidence,

nor did defense counsel request a special instruction at that time.         Yet, the

testimony the State sought to bolster was probative of the level of intent on the

part of the Defendant.      We cannot conclude that the error, standing alone,

requires a reversal. But considering that this case is being reversed on another

issue, the trial court, upon remand, should offer a limiting instruction in a new

trial.

                                         III.

         In his third issue, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred in

instructing the jury on criminal responsibility for the conduct of another in that he

had a duty imposed by law to prevent the commission of the offense. Criminal

responsibility for the conduct of another, Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-

11-402, was charged in this case based on the State’s theory that, although the

Defendant did not perform the killing, he intended to participate in the robbery.

Thus, the State argued he was criminally responsible for felony murder. The

relevant statutory section with which the trial court instructed the jury reads:

         A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the
         conduct of another if:

               ...

               (2) Acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the
         offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the
         person solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to
         commit the offense; or

                                          -12-
            (3) Having a duty imposed by law or voluntarily undertaken to
      prevent commission of the offense and acting with intent to benefit in
      the proceeds or results of the offense, or to prom ote or assist its
      commission, the person fails to make a reasonable effort to prevent
      commission of the offense.

      Over defense counsel’s objection, the trial court instructed the jury on

subsection three, that the Defendant had a duty imposed by law. The Defendant

challenges the instruction as being erroneous and prejudicial. W e first note that

the Defendant has cited no authority for his contentions. Because the defendant

has failed to cite authority to support his argument, this issue is waived. Tenn.

Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b); State v. Killebrew, 760 S.W.2d 228, 231 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1988).

      However, we agree with the Defendant that the charge regarding a duty

imposed by law is not implicated by the proof at trial. We do not believe the

legislature intended to require every citizen to exercise an affirmative duty

“imposed by law” to prevent the commission of a crime. Rather, this section

refers to members of law enforcement agencies and others (such as care givers

or custodial parents) vested with a specific duty to prevent a crime from

occurring. Also, this section refers to those who have “voluntarily undertaken to

prevent commission of the offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-402(3). Neither

of these situations apply to the Defendant in this case. Therefore, we conclude

that the instruction was made in error.       We believe this error was clearly

harmless. In a new trial, the appropriate charge for criminal responsibility should

include only subsection (2).

                                       -13-
                                        IV.

      As the Defendant’s fourth issue, he asserts that the evidence was

insufficient to support a verdict of guilt for felony murder and especially

aggravated robbery.     W hen an accused challenges the sufficiency of the

convicting evidence, the standard is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Questions concerning the credibility of the

witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual

issues raised by the evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact, not this court.

State v. Pappas, 754 S.W .2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Nor may this

court reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832,

835 (Tenn. 1978).

      A jury verdict approved by the trial judge accredits the State’s witnesses

and resolves all conflicts in favor of the State. State v. Grace, 493 S.W .2d 474,

476 (Tenn. 1973). On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate

view of the evidence and all inferences therefrom . Cabbage, 571 S.W .2d at 835.

Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces

it with a presumption of guilt, the accused has the burden in this court of

illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict returned by the

trier of fact. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W .2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982); Grace, 493

S.W.2d at 476.

      The Defendant argues that, although he was present during the robbery

and murder, there is insufficient evidence to show that he possessed the requisite

                                        -14-
mens rea of intent to engage in the robbery. Thus, neither the robbery conviction

nor the felony murder conviction can be maintained because there must be intent

to commit or knowledge of the underlying felony. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-

13-202(2); 39-13-401.      The Defendant’s version of the facts presents his

statements that he intended simply to buy cocaine and had no knowledge of the

robbery until it occurred. He contends that the only evidence presented by the

State that he was involved in the robbery is circumstantial.

          It is a well-established rule of law that a criminal offense may be

established exclusively by circumstantial evidence. Marable v. State, 203 Tenn.
440, 451-54, 313 S.W.2d 451, 456-57 (1958); State v. Matthews, 805 S.W .2d

776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990); State v. McAfee, 737 S.W .2d 304, 306 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1987); State v. Cooper, 736 S.W .2d 125, 129 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1987); State v. Hailey, 658 S.W .2d 547, 552 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983). However,

before an accused can be convicted of a criminal offense based exclusively upon

circumstantial evidence, the evidence "must be so strong and cogent as to

exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save the guilt of the defendant."

State v. Crawford, 225 Tenn. 478, 482, 470 S.W .2d 610, 612 (1971). In other

words, "[a] web of guilt must be woven around the defendant from which he

cannot escape and from which facts and circumstances the jury could draw no

other reasonable inference save the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable

doubt." Crawford, 225 Tenn. at 484, 470 S.W .2d at 613; Cooper, 736 S.W .2d

at 129.

      Here, the Defendant admitted to being present during the robbery and

killing. He also provided the weapons for himself and his co-defendant which

                                      -15-
were used in the perpetration of the robbery and the murder of the victim. The

Defendant switched seats in the car with the victim and drove while his co-

defendant robbed and eventually killed him.          There is evidence that the

Defendant shared in the proceeds of the robbery by taking two bags of cocaine.

There is also evidence that after he lost his share, he argued with the co-

defendant that he wanted some more cocaine. Finally, there is evidence that the

co-defendant stated that they had “set up and robbed a guy” to which the

Defendant made no objection.

         The determination of the Defendant’s level of guilt became a factual issue

properly resolved by the jury.      Obviously, the jury rejected the Defendant’s

version of the events in its decision to convict him for felony murder. There was

am ple evidence to convict the Defendant of the offense.           We decline to

reevaluate the factual determinations made by the jury. This issue is without

merit.

                                         V.

         In his final issue, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred in

imposing consecutive sentences for felony murder and especially aggravated

robbery. W hen an accused challenges the length, range, or the manner of

service of a sentence, this court has a duty to conduct a de novo review of the

sentence with a presumption that the determinations made by the trial court are

correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption is "conditioned

upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the

sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circum stances." State v. Ashby,

823 S.W .2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

                                         -16-
      In conducting a de novo review of a sentence, this court must consider: (a)

the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (b) the

presentence report; (c) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to

sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct

involved; (e) any statutory mitigating or enhancement factors; (f) any statement

that the defendant made on his own behalf; and (g) the potential or lack of

potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103,

and -210; see State v. Sm ith, 735 S.W.2d 859, 863 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).

      If our review reflects that the trial court followed the statutory sentencing

procedure, imposed a lawful sentence after having given due consideration and

proper weight to the factors and principals set out under the sentencing law, and

that the trial court's findings of fact are adequately supported by the record, then

we may not modify the sentence even if we would have preferred a different

result. State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

      At the separate sentencing hearing for the robbery conviction, the State

contended that the Defendant was on escape status when the crimes in question

were committed. The Defendant stated that the escape warrant was issued

when he was a juvenile and was dismissed when he turned eighteen in March,

1993. A General Sessions warrant was issued in August. The Defendant argues

that his escape status terminated when he was discharged from the custody of

the Department of Youth Development and that jurisdiction was not conferred

upon the General Sessions Court at that time. It appears that the trial court

                                        -17-
determined that the Defendant was on escape status and imposed consecutive

sentences “by operation of law.”

      The Defendant correctly notes Rule 32(c)(3) of the Tennessee Rules of

Criminal Procedure requiring mandatory consecutive sentences when a

defendant is on escape from previously imposed convictions. The relevant

portion reads:

      Mandatory Consecutive Sentences. Where a defendant is convicted
      of multiple offenses from one trial or where the defendant has additional
      sentences not yet fully served as the result of the convictions in the
      same or other court and the law requires consecutive sentences, the
      sentence shall be consecutive whether the judgment explicitly so orders
      or not. This rule shall apply:

      ...

           (B) to a sentence for escape or for a felony com mitted while on
      escape;

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(3)(B). He also correctly notes that prior decisions from

this Court have interpreted Rule 32(c)(3) as requiring mandatory consecutive

sentences between prior sentences not fully served and the newly imposed

sentences.   See State v. Curtis, 743 S.W .2d 195, 198 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1987)(questioned on other grounds in State v. Russell, 800 S.W .2d 169, 171

(Tenn. 1990)); see also State v. Andrew Spencley, C.C.A. No. 03C01-9307-CR-

00220, Greene County (Tenn. Crim. App, Knoxville, Mar. 14, 1994). However,

as between new multiple sentences, consecutive sentencing is not mandatory

and concurrent sentences are warranted unless the trial court explains its

reasoning on the record pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-

115. See Curtis, 743 S.W .2d at 198.

                                       -18-
      Regardless of whether the Defendant was on escape status or not, the

State argues that consecutive sentencing was warranted under Tennessee Code

Annotated section 40-35-115(1). The State suggests that the Defendant is a

dangerous offender and proffers evidence to support this contention.        Yet,

because the sentencing here for the multiple offenses is discretionary, the trial

court is required to place on the record its reasoning to support consecutive

sentencing. Therefore, upon rem and, in a new sentencing hearing the trial court

may then consider consecutive sentencing in its discretion, and the reasoning for

its decision should be placed upon the record.

      Accordingly, we must reverse and remand for a new trial consistent with

this opinion.

                                ____________________________________
                                DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE

CONCUR:

___________________________________
GARY R. WADE, JUDGE

___________________________________
CURWOOD W ITT, JUDGE

                                      -19-