Court Opinion

ID: 3404867
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 19:18:56.156537+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:42:32.535754
License: Public Domain

1. Under the circumstances, the trial judge did not err in excluding the testimony of John C. Ballard with respect to the records of rainfall at the Atlanta airport, as contended in special ground 4 of the motion.
2. Both parties submitted evidence to sustain their different contentions under the provisions of paragraph 4 of the lease; and the provisions of paragraph 6 of the lease by which the plaintiff, under certain circumstances, was to save and keep the defendants harmless from damage, etc., did not operate to relieve the defendants from liability for damage sustained by plaintiff on account of a failure to keep the sewer system in good repair, as they contracted and obligated themselves to do in paragraph 4 of the lease; and the trial judge did not err in failing to charge the jury as complained of in ground 5 of the motion.
3. The evidence, as to the rain, was not sufficient to authorize the jury to find that the rain was an "act of God," in the legal sense of the term, and the trial judge did not err in failing to charge the jury as contended in ground 6 of the motion.
4. The verdict was authorized by the evidence, and the court did not err in overruling the defendants' motion for a new trial.
                       DECIDED NOVEMBER 11, 1948.
General Electric Supply Corporation sued Southeastern Industrial District, a partnership, composed of Walter J. Sampson, Bernard Greenbaum, Abner J. Mesirow, Arthur A. Bogeaus, and said persons individually, in the Civil Court of Fulton County, for damages to certain described personal property, allegedly incurred on August 8, 1947, by water coming into and flooding the premises occupied by the plaintiff as lessee of defendants. The plaintiff pleaded paragraph 4 of the written lease contract between the parties, which is as follows: "Lessee accepts premises in their present condition and as suited for the use intended by lessee, lessor shall not be required to make any repairs or improvements to premises, except lessor shall keep in good order the roof, exterior walls, abutting sidewalks and heating, water, sewer, electrical and sprinkler system, but not fixtures pertaining to such systems. Lessee shall at all times use due diligence to protect the exterior walls, the abutting sidewalks, heating systems, water, sewer and electrical connections, and sprinkler systems, and shall at all times clear any snow or ice from the roof of said premises or from any of said walks or loading platforms used by *Page 3 
the lessee. Lessee shall be liable for and shall promptly repair any of said heating, water, sewer connections, electrical work and sprinkler systems due to damage of same occasioned by any neglect of the lessee." The plaintiff alleged that, on the afternoon of August 8, 1947, the property described in its petition was water-soaked and damaged by water coming under the rear doors and into the premises leased by it, and that the cause of the water coming in and covering the floors of the premises leased by it and causing its damages was the failure of the defendants to keep the sewer system of the warehouse, including the part rented to it, in good repair; that the defendants suffered and permitted dirt, gravel, silt and other obstacles to accumulate in the surface sewer for water drainage as herein described so that same became partially stopped up, was inadequate to carry off the rain water on the afternoon of August 8, 1947, and caused the damage set forth in the petition; and that it had been damaged in the sum of $4,693.06, as set out in the petition. The defendants in their answer denied that the plaintiff was entitled to recover and alleged that, if it had sustained any damage to its property, such damage had been caused by the plaintiff's own negligence by storing its merchandise on the bare concrete floor of the warehouse without runners under same, and pleaded paragraph 4 of the lease, the one pleaded by the plaintiff, and also paragraphs 6 and 7 of the lease contract, as follows: "(6) Lessee covenants and agrees that it will protect and save and keep the lessor forever harmless and indemnified against and from any penalty or damage or charges imposed for any violation of any laws or ordinances, whether occasioned by the neglect of lessee or those holding under lessee, and that lessee will at all times protect, indemnify and save and keep harmless the lessor against and from any and all loss, cost, damage or expense, arising out of and from any accident or other occurrence on said premises, causing injury to any person or property whomsoever or whatsoever and will protect, indemnify and save and keep harmless the lessor against and from any and all claims and against any and all loss, cost, damage or expense arising out of any failure of lessee in any respect to comply with and perform all the requirements and provisions hereof. . . (7) Lessee shall repair partitions, all glass and plate glass, elevators, electric and plumbing fixtures, and all machinery *Page 4 
whatever in leased premises. Lessee shall be liable for and shall hold lessor harmless in respect of: damage or injury to lessee, premises and property or persons of lessor's other tenants or anyone else, if due to act or neglect of lessee, or anyone in its control or employ." The defendants also alleged that "a violent and unusual storm of wind and rain caused an overflow of water into the leased premises, which damaged the plaintiff's merchandise and defendant is not liable to plaintiff on account of damage to merchandise caused by such an extraordinary and unforeseen occurrence."
On the trial of the case evidence was adduced to the effect: The plaintiff had a quantity of merchandise stored in space leased from defendants in premises commonly known as the Candler warehouse in Atlanta. On August 8, 1947, there was a rainstorm and the sewers on the premises overflowed, and the water flowed into the space occupied by plaintiff, soaked through paper cartons and packing materials, and damaged merchandise which was stored on the floor. The value of the goods and amount of damage, in detail, appears from the testimony of several witnesses. There was evidence that the rainstorm was "pretty hard," "pretty heavy," "regular," a "hard rain," "terrible," "unusual," and "quite hard," this testimony being by witnesses for both plaintiff and defendants. The testimony also indicates that a catch basin, a part of the surface sewer system, was clogged with debris and thus impeded the flow of water, causing it to overflow, and that on the morning following this rain much debris was removed from the catch basin by defendants' employees. One witness for the plaintiff testified that there had been several rains of the same intensity during 1947, at times prior to August 8, 1947, but that at no other time had there been an overflowing of water. There was testimony that it was customary in the electrical supply business and in the warehouse business to store property on a concrete floor. Pictures of the premises and a copy of the lease were introduced in evidence.
The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff for $4,693.06, and judgment was rendered against the partnership and Bernard Greenbaum, individually, the defendants who were served with the suit. The defendants made a motion for a new trial, which was overruled, and they excepted. *Page 5 
1. In special ground 4 of the defendants' motion for a new trial error is assigned on the action of the court in excluding the evidence of John C. Ballard, who was in charge of the weather bureau at the Atlanta airport, and whose testimony was offered by the defendants. This witness testified that, according to his records, there was 1.67 inches of rainfall between 3:57 and 5:40 p. m. on August 8, 1947, at the airport, that it was a thunderstorm type of rain, that the rainfall was exceptionally heavy between 4:30 and 5:30, and was considerably above the average. He testified at length, using data from his records, as to the rainfall on prior occasions, and as to other items of weather information. However, he estimated that the distance from the defendants' warehouse to the airport was about 7 miles, and testified that proof of rainfall at the airport was no proof whatever of rainfall at the warehouse at the time in question, and that he had no idea how much it rained at the Candler warehouse on that afternoon. The plaintiffs in error contend that the testimony of this witness would have corroborated the nonexpert testimony of both the plaintiff's and defendants' witnesses that there was a heavy rainstorm at the Candler warehouse area on the afternoon of the occurrence about which the suit was brought, and that there was a heavy rainstorm condition in and around the Atlanta area that afternoon; that said evidence would have supported defendants' contention that there was a violent and unusual storm of wind and rain in the Atlanta area which caused an overflow of water into the leased premises; that said expert testimony, along with the testimony of the nonexpert witnesses of plaintiff and defendants that there was an unusually heavy rain in the Atlanta area and that said premises had not theretofore overflowed, would have justified a jury in finding for defendants on the theory that plaintiff's damages were caused by an extraordinary and unusual occurrence for which defendants would not be liable, which is in accordance with defendants' special plea in this respect. Mr. Ballard was a weather expert, in charge of the weather bureau at the Atlanta airport, and the main contention of the plaintiffs in error with respect to his testimony is that it would have corroborated the *Page 6 
testimony of the witnesses both for the plaintiff and defendants that there was a heavy rainstorm at the Candler warehouse on the afternoon in question. On the contrary, this witness testified that he had no idea how much it rained at the Candler warehouse at the time in question, and that the record of the rainfall at the airport (where the record was made) was no proof of the rainfall at the warehouse at the same time. In these circumstances the trial judge did not err in excluding the testimony of Mr. Ballard.
2. In special ground 5 of the motion it is alleged that the court erred in failing to charge the jury with respect to paragraph 6 of the lease contract, which was pleaded by the defendants in their answer, the same being as follows: "Lessee covenants and agrees that it will protect and save and keep the lessor forever harmless and indemnified against and from any penalty or damage or charges imposed for any violation of any laws or ordinances, whether occasioned by the neglect of lessee or those holding under lessee, and that lessee will at all times protect, indemnify and save and keep harmless the lessor against and from any and all loss, cost, damage or expense, arising out of and from any accident or other occurrence on said premises, causing injury to any person or property whomsoever or whatsoever and will protect, indemnify and save and keep harmless the lessor against and from any and all claims and against any and all loss, cost, damage or expense arising out of any failure of lessee in any respect to comply with and perform all the requirements and provisions hereof." This was not error, because the provisions of this paragraph of the lease were not applicable under the facts of this case. It was provided in paragraph 4 of the lease contract that the lessor shall keep the sewer system in good order, and it is alleged and contended by the plaintiff in this suit that its damage resulted from the failure on the part of the defendants to keep the sewer system in good order, as they obligated themselves to do. This was denied by the defendants, and both parties submitted evidence to sustain their different contentions in this respect. The provisions in paragraph 6 of the lease, (1) that lessee would save and keep the lessor harmless from any damages, etc., on account of any violation of any law or ordinance by the lessee, and (2) that lessee would save and keep the lessor harmless from any damages, etc., on account of any accident or other occurrence *Page 7 
on said premises, and (3) that lessee would save and keep the lessor harmless from any damages or claims, etc., for failure of lessee to comply with terms of the lease, did not operate to relieve the defendants from liability for damages sustained by the plaintiff on account of their failure to keep the sewer system at the warehouse in good repair as they contracted and obligated themselves to do in paragraph 4 of the lease. However, if it could be said that the provisions in paragraph 6 of the lease are in conflict with the provisions contained in paragraph 4 thereof, then in construing the lease contract the former paragraph should prevail over the latter. Code, § 29-109; West
v. Randle, 79 Ga. 28, 32 (3 S.E. 454); Whitney v. Hagan,65 Ga. App. 849, 852 (16 S.E.2d 779). But it is clear from the lease that the lessor was to keep the sewer system at the warehouse in good repair. Code § 20-702 provides: "The cardinal rule of construction is to ascertain the intention of the parties. If that intention be clear, and it contravenes no rule of law, and sufficient words be used to arrive at the intention, it shall be enforced, irrespective of all technical or arbitrary rules of construction." Also, see Code, § 20-704, paragraphs 4 and 5. In the case of Buchanan v. Tesler, 39 Ga. App. 799
(148 S.E. 614), cited and relied upon by the plaintiffs in error, the plaintiff based his case on the proposition that his alleged damage was the direct result of the defendants' failure to repair the roof of the building and that the roof subsided because its support was taken away. The court stated that the record failed to show that the roof either subsided or leaked. The lease provided that the lessor was not to make any repairs of any nature during the term of the lease, except repairs to the roof. The court held that the provisions of the lease contract to the effect that the lessee released the lessor from any and all damages during the term of the lease, as applied to the evidence in that case, precluded a recovery by the plaintiff. That case is distinguishable on its facts from the one at bar and does not authorize or require a different ruling from the one here made in the present case. The trial judge did not err in failing to charge the jury as complained of in ground 5 of the motion.
3. It is contended in ground 6 of the motion that the court erred in failing to charge the jury on the contention pleaded by defendants as follows: "A violent and unusual storm of wind *Page 8 
and rain caused an overflow of water into the leased premises, which damaged the plaintiff's merchandise and defendant is not liable to plaintiff on account of damage to merchandise caused by such an extraordinary and unforeseen occurrence." This plea, in order to be a defense to the action, must be construed as a plea that the wind and rain were an "act of God," such as would relieve defendants from liability. An "act of God," in order to constitute a defense, must exclude the idea of human agency. "An ordinary freshet is not the act of God, in a legal sense which protects a man against the responsibility for the nonperformance of a contract." Doster v. Brown, 25 Ga. 24, 26 (71 Am. D. 153); Central of Ga. Ry. Co. v. Hall, 124 Ga. 322 (8) (52 S.E. 679, 4 L.R.A. (N.S.) 898, 110 Am. St. Rep. 170, 4 Ann. Cas. 128); Brawner v. Douglas County, 50 Ga. App. 328
(177 S.E. 923). "The term `act of God' in its legal sense applies only to events in nature so extraordinary that the history of climatic variations and other conditions in the particular locality affords no reasonable warning of them." Vol. 2, Words and Phrases, Perm. Ed., "Act of God," p. 171. Witnesses for both plaintiff and defendants testified that the sewer in question was partially stopped up, that the water was not passing through it as it normally did, and that large quantities of debris were cleaned out of it after this rain, and that previously there had been other rains there about as heavy as the one on the afternoon of August 8, 1947. The evidence in the present case, as to the rain, was not sufficient to authorize a jury to find that the rain was an "act of God," in the legal sense of this term, and the trial judge did not err in failing to charge the jury as contended in ground 6 of the motion.
4. The verdict was authorized by the evidence, and the court did not err in overruling the defendants' motion for a new trial.
Judgment affirmed. Felton and Parker, JJ., concur.