Court Opinion

ID: 9410740
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-24 07:08:02.221312+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:21:00.149198
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued July 18, 2023.

                                      In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-21-00646-CR
                            ———————————
                    DAVID IGNACIO CRISTAN, Appellant
                                        V.
                       THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 56th District Court
                          Galveston County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 19-CR-1313

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury found appellant David Ignacio Cristan guilty of the felony offense of

continuous sexual abuse of a child and assessed his punishment at ninety-nine years’
imprisonment.1 In his sole issue on appeal, Appellant argues the trial court abused

its discretion by submitting a jury charge that did not properly instruct the jury on

the law applicable to the case. 2

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                      Background

      Appellant David Ignacio Cristan (“Cristan”) was charged by indictment with

three felony offenses involving two minors, A.D. (“Amy”) and J.D. (“Julie”).3 As

to Amy, Cristan was charged by indictment with the felony offense of continuous

sexual abuse of a child (trial court cause number 19-CR-1313) and sexual assault of

a child (trial court cause number 19-CR-2275). Cristan was also charged by

indictment with the felony offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child against

Amy’s sister, Julie (trial court cause number 19-CR-1312). Cristan pleaded not

guilty to all three charges.

1
      TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.02(h) (“An offense under this section is a felony of the first
      degree, punishable by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice
      for life, or for any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years.”).
2
      Cristan is not challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction
      for continuous sexual abuse of a child.
3
      In this opinion, we refer to the child complainants and their family members by
      pseudonyms to protect their privacy. See TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 30(a)(1) (granting
      crime victims “the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s
      dignity and privacy throughout the criminal judicial process”).

                                            2
A.    Detective Reynolds

      Detective Jimmie Reynolds with the Texas City Police Department

(“Detective Reynolds”) testified he became involved in the investigation of the case

after Carmella Archibald with Children’s Protective Services (“CPS”) told him she

was involved in a case within his jurisdiction in Texas City, Texas. After the initial

report, Detective Reynolds learned that the alleged sexual assaults of the two young

girls had occurred in Texas City and La Marque, Texas. According to Detective

Reynolds, the resulting investigation was a joint effort between the Texas City Police

Department and La Marque Police Department because some of the alleged sexual

assaults had occurred in La Marque.

      Amy and Julie, the two complainants, were interviewed at the Child Advocacy

Center in Galveston, Texas (“CAC”) by forensic interviewers Cheryl McCarty and

Kim Keever. Detective Reynolds, who was present for both interviews, testified that

Amy and Julie both made outcries of sexual abuse and identified Cristan as the

alleged perpetrator.

      Detective Reynolds and Detective Smith (“Detective Smith”), Detective Larry

Crow (“Detective Crow”), and Officer Stephen Leacroy (“Officer Leacroy”) with

the La Marque Police Department visited Cristan’s house in La Marque to speak to

him and execute a search warrant. Detective Crow with the La Marque Police

Department collected several items from Cristan’s house including several cell

                                          3
phones and a DVR that was connected to several cameras in the home. According

to Detective Reynolds, one of the cell phones had been hidden in the bathroom.

After completing the search, Detective Reynolds talked to Cristan and arranged for

him to come to the station the following Monday.

      That following Monday, Detective Reynolds learned that Cristan had been

taken to the hospital because he had attempted suicide. Detective Smith and

Detective Reynolds visited the hospital the next day to speak with Cristan. Detective

Reynolds testified that after Cristan agreed to speak with them, he questioned Cristan

about the events in Texas City, while Detective Smith inquired about the events in

La Marque. According to Detective Reynolds, Cristan would “just get real loud” in

response to some of his questions and Cristan would make excuses and claim “I

don’t remember because I black out.”

      Cristan’s interview was captured by Detective Reynolds’ body camera, which

was sitting on a nearby table in the hospital room. The recording was admitted into

evidence as State’s Exhibit 1 and played for the jury.

      During the interview, Cristan told the Detectives that he lived with his mother

and his wife (“Michelle”), and her three children, Amy, Julie, and their younger

brother (“Eddie”). Cristan admitted that Amy was his favorite child. According to

Cristan, he and Michelle shared a bedroom with Amy, Julie, and Eddie at their home

                                          4
in La Marque. Cristan and Michelle slept on the bed and the children shared an air

mattress.

      When the Detectives asked Cristan if he had anything to say about the sexual

abuse allegations Amy and Julie had made against him, Cristan shook his head

indicating “no.” The Detectives asked Cristan what he thought about Amy and Julie

making these allegations against him and Cristan answered, “I don’t know.” Cristan

told the Detectives he did not know why Amy and Julie claimed he had sexually

abused them.

      Cristan told the Detectives that he blacks out once a day and he only

remembers some things. When asked to explain when he blacks out, Cristan said,

“the other half of my life when all of this stuff happened, supposedly.” The

Detectives asked Cristan to clarify whether he was denying the allegations of sexual

abuse or he was saying the sexual abuse could have occurred, but he was unsure

because he regularly blacks out. Cristan responded, “I don’t know because I black

out a lot. So I seriously don’t know.” He told the Detectives that “when I get real

horny and black out and go to the restroom and try to finish and I end up being in

there for 5-6 hours and I can’t finish.” When asked if he remembered what happens

before he blacks out, Cristan responded, “You are so horny it is like a blur; you try

to put it in something.” The Detectives asked Cristan, “[w]hen you get so horny that

                                         5
everything is blurry, do you think you could have grabbed” Julie or Amy? Cristan

started crying and replied, “I don’t know. I am just thinking if I did or not.”

      When asked why he placed a cell phone in the bathroom, Cristan claimed he

did so to hear what his family members were talking about.4 He admitted the cell

phone recorded both audio and video but claimed that the phone was positioned such

that “you can’t see nothing.” Cristan, who denied taking inappropriate pictures of

Amy and Julie, told the Detectives that one time Amy found him watching

pornography on his cell phone.

      Detective Reynolds also briefly interviewed Cristan’s wife, Michelle.

Michelle was cooperative and she did not tell Detective Reynolds anything that

conflicted with Amy’s and Julie’s statements during their forensic interviews at the

CAC. Detective Reynolds testified that when he asked Michelle if she knew Amy

and Julie were being sexually assaulted, Michelle became visibly upset and denied

knowing about the abuse. She then told Detective Reynolds that she did not want to

talk to him about her daughters’ sexual abuse allegations and she ended the

interview. At trial, Detective Reynolds identified Cristan.

4
      Cristan also told the Detectives that Amy and Eddie, who were very close, appeared
      to be hiding something from him and he placed the cell phone in the bathroom
      because he suspected Eddie and Amy were having an inappropriate relationship.

                                           6
B.    Detective Crow

      Detective Crow was with Detectives Reynolds and Smith when they executed

the search warrant at Cristan’s house. Detective Crow testified he photographed the

scene and collected six cell phones, a monitor, and a DVR during the search.

According to Detective Crow, they found one cell phone on Cristan’s bed, four cell

phones between the mattress and the wall, and one cell phone in the bathroom.

C.    Officer Leacroy

      Officer Leacroy prepared the search warrants for the cell phones collected

during the search of Cristan’s residence. When he reviewed the contents of the cell

phone found in the bathroom, Officer Leacroy found multiple photographs of what

appeared to be a naked female juvenile in a bathroom. Officer Leacroy also

reviewed the phone’s browser history where he found a link for a surveillance

camera application that connects two cell phones to create a live surveillance feed,

and also saves videos. When he clicked on the link, Detective Leacroy found a video

of a naked female juvenile similar to the female in the photographs from the cell

phone. According to Detective Leacroy, the female subject appeared to have just

gotten out of the shower and she was getting dressed. The video appeared to have

been taken in the same bathroom as the photographs. Detective Leacroy believed it

was “the juvenile that was in the report.”

                                             7
D.    Julie

      Julie, who was seventeen years old at the time of trial, testified next. She

testified she was five or six years old when she met Cristan, whom she calls her

stepfather. Julie testified that she, Amy, and Eddie lived with their maternal

grandparents during the week, and they stayed with their mother and Cristan on the

weekends. According to Julie, her mother and Cristan initially lived with Cristan’s

mother in La Marque, then they moved to some apartments in Texas City, and they

eventually moved back into Cristan’s mother’s home in La Marque. Julie testified

that Cristan began touching her inappropriately when Cristan and Michelle were first

living with Cristan’s mother in La Marque, before they moved to Texas City. Julie

was nine or ten years old when Cristan first touched her. According to Julie, she

was lying in bed with her siblings when Cristan grabbed her wrist and made her

touch his penis through his clothes before she could pull her hand away. Later that

morning, Cristan told her he did not mean to do it and he was sorry. Cristan also

asked her not to tell anyone because “he was afraid of going back to jail.” Julie

testified about a second occurrence of sexual abuse, when Cristan put his hand down

Julie’s pants and touched her butt over her underwear.

      The third instance of sexual abuse occurred when Michelle and Cristan were

living in a two-bedroom apartment in Texas City. According to Julie, Cristan got

into bed with her one Christmas Eve, and he touched her on her chest under her

                                         8
clothes, and then he put his hand down her pants and touched her butt and vagina

over her underwear. Julie testified that later that evening, Cristan “pulled out his

penis or he was grabbing and like moving it around.”

      Another time, Cristan, Michelle, and the three children were sleeping in the

same room at the apartment when Cristan “tried to touch [Julie’s] vagina through

the clothes again.” On another occasion, Cristan and Julie were in the living room

when Cristan pulled Julie’s head close to his body and rubbed her face against his

penis over his clothes.

      Julie testified that the abuse happened “[a] lot. I don’t really have a number,

but I know it was more, like a lot that it happened.” She explained that although

Cristan abused her while they were living in his mother’s home in La Marque, most

of the abuse occurred in Cristan’s and Michelle’s apartment in Texas City. Julie

described other instances when Cristan sexually abused her in more detail on redirect

examination.

       Julie also testified that she did not tell anyone that Cristan had sexually

abused her until Amy told someone that she had also been abused by Cristan. Julie

testified she was scared of what Cristan would do if she told. According to Julie,

she was scared because Cristan would get angry sometimes and she had seen “what

he did” to her mother Michelle when he was angry. Julie never saw Cristan touch

Amy inappropriately.

                                         9
E.    Amy

      Amy, who was seventeen years old at the time of trial, testified next.5 Amy

testified she was four or five years old when she first met Cristan, her stepfather.

Amy and her siblings, Julie and Eddie, lived with their maternal grandparents during

the week and they stayed with their mother Michelle and Cristan on the weekends.

      When Amy was fourteen years old, she told her best friend that Cristan had

sexually assaulted her, and Amy’s friend encouraged her to tell her school counselor.

Amy told her school counselor the same day and Amy told her mother about the

abuse when she got home from school. When asked to describe the most recent

event of sexual abuse prior to her talking to her counselor, Amy testified that one

Sunday morning Cristan pulled down her pants while they were alone in the kitchen

at the house in La Marque and he started touching her vagina with his hand and then

with his penis. According to Amy, he rubbed his naked penis between her legs and

against the “outside” of her vagina. When she told him to stop, Cristan told her that

it was the only way they could be alone together. Amy pulled up her pants when

Cristan let her go and she ran to the staircase. When she looked back, Cristan “was

right there again and did the exact same thing.”

5
      Amy, who is ten months younger than Julie, turned seventeen a few days before
      trial.

                                         10
      Amy testified that Cristan sexually assaulted her on other occasions. The first

incident Amy testified to occurred when she was in the seventh grade. According

to Amy, she went to the apartment in Texas City one weekend without her siblings,

who had decided to stay at their grandparents’ home. Cristan crawled into bed with

Amy one night and pulled her pants down while she was sleeping. Amy woke up

while Cristan was rubbing his penis on the “outside” of her vagina.

      Amy testified that this was not the first time Cristan had touched her vagina.

When asked to discuss the next time she recalled Cristan touching her, Amy testified

that Cristan touched her breasts with his hands, and while she did not “remember a

specific occasion,” she “remember[ed] him putting his hands on [her] breast.” When

asked whether Cristan touched her vagina with his hand over her clothes or under

her clothes, Amy testified, “Both. Some occasions it was over. Some occasions it

was under.”

      When asked if Cristan had done anything else inappropriate with her, Amy

responded that Cristan “made me put my mouth on his penis.” When asked how

often this occurred, Amy testified, “Not as much as him touching me.” Amy

clarified that Cristan put the “[i]nside of my mouth on his penis.” According to

Amy, this happened at the house in La Marque and the apartment in Texas City.

      Cristan also showed her pornography “on some occasions” at both locations.

Amy did not remember Cristan ejaculating when he made her touch his penis.

                                         11
According to Amy, “[o]nly he would make himself ejaculate” and he would do that

when he was touching her. Amy testified that the sexual abuse occurred in the living

room and her bedroom in the apartment and in the living room of the house in La

Marque. Although some of the abuse occurred when other people were in the room,

“it was under covers so no one could see it happening.” Amy further testified that

Cristan sexually assaulted her from the age of five or six until she was fourteen and

the assaults occurred every weekend she stayed with him and her mother.

      Amy also testified that Cristan told her not to tell anyone, including Michelle,

because he did not want to go to jail. Amy testified that when she asked Cristan why

he was doing these things to her, Cristan told her he did it with her “because my

mom wouldn’t do it with him.” Amy never told Michelle about the abuse because

she did not want Cristan and Michelle to get into an argument. Although she never

saw Cristan hit Michelle, Cristan would yell at Michelle and it scared Amy when

Cristan and Michelle argued. According to Amy, she, Julie, and Eddie were “all

scared of” Cristan.

      Amy also testified that she was the girl in the photographs and video found on

Cristan’s phone. Amy never saw Cristan touch Julie inappropriately.

F.    Tilda Bustamante

      Tilda Bustamante (“Bustamante”), Cristan’s mother, testified in his defense.

According to Bustamante, Cristan and Michelle “became a family” in 2006 and the

                                         12
couple initially lived with her at her home in La Marque. At some point, Michelle

and Cristan moved to an apartment in Texas City, but they later moved back into

Bustamante’s home in La Marque.            When Michelle and Cristan lived with

Bustamante, Amy, Julie, and Eddie would stay at Bustamante’s home on the

weekends. According to Bustamante, the children were happy to be in her home on

the weekends, and she did not see, nor was she concerned about Cristan’s conduct

towards the children.

      The jury found Cristan (1) not guilty of the felony offense of continuous

sexual abuse of a child against Julie, (2) guilty of the felony offense of sexual assault

of a child against Amy, assessing his punishment at confinement for twenty years’

imprisonment; and (3) guilty of the felony offense of continuous sexual abuse of a

child against Amy, assessing his punishment at confinement for ninety-nine years’

imprisonment. In this appeal, Cristan challenges his conviction for the felony

offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child against Amy.6

                                    Charge Error

      In his sole issue on appeal, Cristan argues the trial court abused its discretion

by submitting an erroneous jury charge during the guilt-innocence phase of his trial.

6
      Cristan also appealed the trial court’s judgment for the felony offense of sexual
      assault of a child against Amy. On December 22, 2022, this court affirmed the trial
      court’s judgment in that case. See Cristan v. State, No. 01-21-00647-CR, 2022 WL
      17835670, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 22, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.,
      not designated for publication).

                                           13
He argues that the application paragraph in the jury charge incorrectly instructed the

jury that the act of touching Amy’s sexual organ with his finger constituted the

offense of aggravated sexual assault, as opposed to indecency with a child by

contact. According to Cristan, the abstract paragraphs in the charge are also

misleading and contain numerous misstatements of law because (1) the included

definition of “act of sexual abuse” is limited to the offense of aggravated sexual

assault of a child and does not include indecency with a child by contact, (2) three

factual scenarios are defined accurately to constitute the offense of aggravated

sexual assault of a child, (3) the charge does not define “any offense in which the

actor contacts the sexual organ of a child with the hand of the actor,” (4) the charge

does not define the offense of indecency with a child by contact, and (5) the charge

does not define “sexual contact,” which is an element of the offense of indecency

with a child by contact. Cristan argues these “combined errors permitted the jury to

convict [Cristan] on incorrect theories of law” and raised the possibility that

“individual jurors could have convicted [Cristan] of the offense of Continuous

Sexual Abuse of a Child without requiring the State to prove all of the elements of

the offense.” Cristan argues he was egregiously harmed because the combined

errors in the charge “affect[ed] the very basis of the case” and deprived him of a fair

trial.

                                          14
      The State, which concedes there was error in the charge, argues there is no

reversible error because Cristan was not egregiously harmed by the errors. The State

argues the errors were not calculated to injure Cristan’s rights and Cristan’s trial was

fair and impartial.

A.    Standard of Review

      We review potential jury charge error using a two-step review to determine

whether reversal is required. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 744 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005); Vernon v. State, 571 S.W.3d 814, 826 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018,

pet ref’d). We first decide whether error exists in the charge. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at

744. If we determine an error exists, we next determine whether sufficient harm

resulted from the error requiring reversal. Id. The level of harm necessary for

reversal depends on whether the appellant properly objected to the error. Abdnor v.

State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). When, as here, an appellant

fails to preserve error, we review the charge error under the “egregious harm”

standard articulated in Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).

See Jordan v. State, 593 S.W.3d 340, 346 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Almanza,

686 S.W.2d at 171).

      “Egregious harm is a high and difficult standard to meet, and such a

determination must be borne out by the trial record.” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d

429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). Neither party bears

                                          15
the burden to show harm or lack thereof. Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843

(Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Rather, the appellate court must examine the relevant

portions of the entire record to determine whether an appellant suffered actual, as

opposed to theoretical harm, as a result of the charge error. Id.

      When assessing whether an appellant suffered egregious harm as a result of

the charge error, courts consider (1) the entire jury charge, (2) the state of the

evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, (3) the

argument of counsel, and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the record

of the trial as a whole. Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 368–69 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012) (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). Errors that result in egregious harm are

“those that affect the very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a valuable right,

vitally affect the defensive theory, or make a case for conviction clearly and

significantly more persuasive.” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 490 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011); see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 36.19 (stating trial court’s

judgment should not be reversed unless record shows jury charge error was

calculated to injure defendant’s rights, or unless record demonstrates defendant did

not have fair and impartial trial).

      It is the trial court’s responsibility to deliver to the jury a written charge

distinctly setting forth the law applicable to the case. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

art. 36.14; Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 334 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). The

                                           16
purpose of the charge is to inform the jury of the applicable law and guide them in

its application to the facts of the case. Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007) (internal quotations omitted).

      A proper jury charge consists of an abstract statement of the law and the

application paragraphs.   Alcoser v. State, 596 S.W.3d 320, 332 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2019) (stating that “a jury charge should begin with an abstract paragraph

defining the elements of an offense, or defining significant words or phrases,

followed by an application paragraph that applies that law to the facts of the

particular case”), rev’d on other grounds and remanded, 663 S.W.3d 160 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2022). The abstract paragraphs serve as a glossary to help the jury

understand the meaning of concepts and terms used in the application paragraphs of

the charge. Id. at 338. The application paragraphs apply the “pertinent penal law,

abstract definitions, and general legal principles to the particular facts and the

indictment allegations.” Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 366. The charge’s application

paragraphs, not the abstract portion, authorize a conviction. Crenshaw v. State, 378

S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Because the application paragraphs

specify the factual circumstances under which the jury should convict or acquit, they

are often referred to as the “heart and soul” of the jury charge. Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d

at 367.

                                         17
B.    Applicable Law

      Section 21.02(b) of the Texas Penal Code states that a person commits the

offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child if:

      (1)    during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, the person
             commits two or more acts of sexual abuse, regardless of whether
             the acts of sexual abuse are committed against one or more
             victims; and

      (2)    at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual abuse,
             the actor is 17 years of age or older and the victim is:

             (A)    a child younger than 14 years of age, regardless of whether
                    the actor knows the age of the victim at the time of the
                    offense . . .

TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.02(b). Relevant to this appeal, Section 21.02(c) further

provides that “for purposes of this section, ‘act of sexual abuse’ means any act that

is a violation of one or more of the following penal laws:

      ...

      (2)    indecency with a child under Section 21.11(a)(1), if the actor
             committed the offense in a manner other than by touching,
             including touching through clothing, the breast of a child;

      ...

      (4)    aggravated sexual assault under Section 22.021 . . .

Id. § 21.02(c).

      Section 21.11 of the Texas Penal Code, which defines the offense of

indecency with a child, states in relevant part that:

                                          18
      (a)    A person commits [the] offense [of indecency with a child] if,
             with a child younger than 17 years of age . . . the person:

             (1)    engages in sexual contact with the child or causes the child
                    to engage in sexual contact. . .
      ...

      (c)   In this section, “sexual contact” means the following acts, if
            committed with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of
            any person:

            (1)     any touching by a person, including touching through
                    clothing, of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of
                    a child; or

            (2)     any touching of any part of the body of a child, including
                    touching through clothing, with the anus, breast, or any
                    part of the genitals of a person.

Id. § 21.11(a)(1), (c)(1)–(2). And Section 22.021, which defines the offense of

aggravated sexual assault of a child, states in relevant part that:

      (a)    A person commits [the] offense [of aggravated assault]:

             (1) if the person:

                   ....

                   (B)    regardless of whether the person knows the age of the
                          child at the time of the offense, intentionally or
                          knowingly:

                          (i)    causes the penetration of the anus or sexual
                                 organ of a child by any means;

                          (ii)   causes the penetration of the mouth of a child
                                 by the sexual organ of the actor;

                                           19
                              (iii)   causes the sexual organ of a child to contact or
                                      penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of
                                      another person, including the actor;

                              (iv)    causes the anus of a child to contact the mouth,
                                      anus, or sexual organ of another person,
                                      including the actor; or

                              (v)     causes the mouth of a child to contact the anus
                                      or sexual organ of another person, including
                                      the actor; and

               (2) if:

                    ...

                    (B)       the victim is younger than 14 years of age, regardless
                              of whether the person knows the age of the victim at
                              the time of the offense.

                    ...

      (f)      The minimum term of imprisonment for an offense under this
               section is increased to 25 years if:

               (1) the victim of the offense is younger than six years of age at
                   the time the offense is committed . . .

Id. § 22.021(a), (f).7 The term “child” is defined as “a person younger than 17 years

of age.” Id. § 22.011(c)(1); see generally id. § 22.021(b)(1) (“‘Child’ has the

meaning assigned by Section 22.011(c).”).

7
      Section 22.021(a)(2)(A) of the Texas Penal Code provides an alternative means of
      committing aggravated sexual assault which is not relevant to this appeal. Section
      22.021(a)(2)(A) states:
            (A) the person:

                                                20
C.     Indictment

       Cristan was indicted for the felony offense of continuous sexual abuse of a

young child. The indictment, which alleges four predicate acts of sexual abuse,

states that:

       DAVID IGNACIO CRISTAN, on or about the 1st day of August, 2017
       and anterior to the presentment of this indictment in the County of
       Galveston and State of Texas, did then and there, during a period that
       was 30 or more days in duration, namely from on or about October 14,
       2009 through October 13, 2018, when the defendant was 17 years of
       age or older, commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against [Amy],
       a child younger than 14 years of age, namely:

               (i)     causes serious bodily injury or attempts to cause the death of the
                       victim or another person in the course of the same criminal
                       episode;
               (ii)    by acts or words places the victim in fear that any person will
                       become the victim of an offense under Section 20A.02(a)(3), (4),
                       (7), or (8) or that death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping will
                       be imminently inflicted on any person;
               (iii)   by acts or words occurring in the presence of the victim threatens
                       to cause any person to become the victim of an offense under
                       Section 20A.02(a)(3), (4), (7), or (8) or to cause the death, serious
                       bodily injury, or kidnapping of any person;
               (iv)    uses or exhibits a deadly weapon in the course of the same criminal
                       episode;
               (v)     acts in concert with another who engages in conduct described by
                       Subdivision (1) directed toward the same victim and occurring
                       during the course of the same criminal episode; or
               (vi)    with the intent of facilitating the commission of the offense,
                       administers or provides to the victim of the offense any substance
                       capable of impairing the victim’s ability to appraise the nature of
                       the act or to resist the act
       TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(2)(A).

                                               21
      intentionally and knowingly contact the sexual organ of [Amy], who
      was then and there younger than 6 years of age, with the Defendant’s
      sexual organ, an act constituting the offense of aggravated sexual
      assault of a child;

      intentionally and knowingly contact the sexual organ of [Amy], who
      was then and there younger than 14 years of age, with the Defendant’s
      sexual organ, an act constituting the offense of aggravated sexual
      assault of a child;

      intentionally or knowingly contact the sexual organ of [Amy], who was
      then and there younger than 14 years of age, with the Defendant’s
      finger, an act constituting the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a
      child;

      intentionally and knowingly cause the penetration of the mouth of
      [Amy], a child who was then and there younger than 14 years of age,
      by the defendant’s sexual organ, an act constituting the offense of
      aggravated sexual assault of a child.

(Emphasis added). While the first, second, and fourth alleged predicate acts of

sexual abuse constitute aggravated sexual assault of a child under Texas Penal Code

Section 22.021, the third alleged predicate act of sexual abuse, alleging the contact

of Amy’s sexual organ with Cristan’s finger, does not. The third predicate act of

sexual abuse constitutes the felony offense of indecency with a child under Texas

Penal Code Section 21.11, not aggravated sexual assault of a child as misstated in

                                         22
the indictment.8, 9 Aggravated sexual assault of child and indecency with a child,

however, both constitute predicate acts of sexual abuse for the felony offense of

continuous sexual abuse of a young child. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.02(c)(2), (4).

D.    Jury Charge

      The abstract portion of the charge dealing with the offense of continuous

sexual abuse of a young child against Amy instructed the jury that:

             A person commits the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a
      Young Child if, during a period that is 30 days or more in duration, the
      person commits two or more acts of sexual abuse, regardless of whether
      the acts of sexual abuse are committed against one or more victims and,
      at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual abuse, the
      person was 17 years of age or older and the victim is a child younger
      than 14 years of age.

           “Act of sexual abuse” includes the offense of Aggravated Sexual
      Assault of Child.

            “Child” means a person younger than 17 years of age who is not
      the spouse of the actor.

8
      Compare TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.11(a)(1) (“A person commits [the] offense [of
      indecency with a child] if, with a child younger than 17 years of age, the person . .
      . engages in sexual contact with the child. . .”); id. § 21.11(c)(1) (“‘sexual contact’
      means . . . any touching by a person . . . of . . . any part of the genitals of a child . .
      .”), with id. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(iii) (stating person commits felony offense of
      aggravated sexual assault of child if person “intentionally or knowingly. . . causes
      the sexual organ of a child to contact . . . the . . . sexual organ of another person”).
9
      We note that Cristan waived any objection or challenge to this “defect, error, or
      irregularity” in the indictment because he did not object before trial. See TEX. CODE
      CRIM. PROC. art. 1.14(b) (“If the defendant does not object to a defect, error, or
      irregularity of form or substance in an indictment or information before the date on
      which the trial on the merits commences, he waives and forfeits the right to object
      to the defect, error, or irregularity . . .”).

                                              23
             A person commits Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child if the
      person intentionally or knowingly causes the sexual organ of a child
      younger than 14 years of age, to contact or penetrate the mouth of the
      actor.

             A person commits Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child if the
      person intentionally or knowingly causes the contact or penetration of
      the sexual organ of a child younger than 14 years of age by the actor’s
      sexual organ.

             A person commits Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child if the
      person intentionally or knowingly causes the penetration of the mouth
      of a child younger than 14 years of age by the actor’s sexual organ.

            A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the
      nature of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to
      engage in the conduct.

             With respect only to the offense of Aggravated Sexual Assault
      of a Child a person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to
      the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct,
      when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances
      exist.

      ...

            You are instructed that members of the jury are not required to
      agree unanimously on which specific acts of sexual abuse, if any, were
      committed by the defendant or the exact date when those acts were
      committed, if any. The jury must agree unanimously that the defendant,
      during a period that was 30 or more days in duration, committed two or
      more acts of sexual abuse as that term has been previously defined.

The application portion of the charge then provide that:

             Now if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
      that the Defendant DAVID IGNACIO CRISTAN, did then and there,
      during a period that was 30 or more days in duration, to-wit: from on
      or about October 14, 2009 through October 13, 2018, when the
      defendant was 17 years of age or older, commit two or more acts of
      sexual abuse against [Amy], a child younger than 14 years of age,
                                         24
      namely: intentionally and knowingly contact the sexual organ of
      [Amy], who was then and there younger than 6 years of age, with the
      Defendant’s sexual organ, an act constituting the offense of aggravated
      sexual assault of a child;10 intentionally or knowing contact the sexual
      organ of [Amy], who was then and there younger than 14 years of age,
      with the Defendant’s sexual organ, an act constituting the offense of
      aggravated sexual assault of a child; intentionally or knowingly contact
      the sexual organ of [Amy], who was then and there younger than 14
      years of age, with the Defendant’s finger, an act constituting the offense
      of aggravated sexual assault of a child; intentionally and knowingly
      cause the penetration of the mouth of [Amy], a child who was then and
      there younger than 14 years of age, by the defendant’s sexual organ, an
      act constituting the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child, then
      you will find the defendant guilty of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a
      Young Child as charged in the indictment.

E.    Analysis

      Cristan argues that the jury charge for the offense of continuous sexual abuse

of a child against Amy “contained a number of erroneous instructions and omissions

of necessary statements of law” because the charge defined:

      1.     “Acts of Sexual Abuse” to only include the offense of
             Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child. The instruction did not
             include any other offenses or acts to constitute “Acts of Sexual
             Abuse.”

      2.     Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child to include causing the
             sexual organ of a child, younger than 14 years of age, to contact
             or penetrate the mouth of the actor.

10
      The range of punishment for aggravated sexual assault is enhanced to a minimum
      of twenty-five years if the victim is younger than six years old at the time of the
      offense. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(f)(1) (“The minimum term of imprisonment
      for an offense under this section is increased to 25 years if . . . the victim of the
      offense is younger than six years of age at the time the offense is committed”).

                                           25
      3.     Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child to include causing the
             sexual organ of the actor to contact or penetrate the sexual organ
             of a child younger than 14 years of age, and

      4.     Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child to include causing the
             penetration of the mouth of a child younger than 14 years of age,
             by the actor’s sexual organ.

Cristan argues the jury charge is also erroneous because it “did not define any

offense in which the actor contacts the sexual organ of a child with the hand of the

actor.” And last, he argued that:

      1.     The application paragraph incorrectly instructed the jury that
             Appellant touching the sexual organ of [Amy] with his hand
             constituted the offense of Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child.

      2.     The Charge of the Court did not define Indecency with a Child
             by Contact, and

      3.     The Charge of the Court did not define “sexual contact”, which
             is an element of Indecency with a Child by Contact.

In short, Cristan contends the charge is erroneous because it “incorrectly instructed

the jury that [Cristan] touching the sexual organ of [Amy] with his hand constituted

the offense of Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child,” and the charge did not

(1) “define any offense in which the actor contacts the sexual organ of a child with

the hand of the actor,” (2) instruct the jury that indecency with a child by contact is

an act of sexual abuse for purposes of the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a

child, or (3) define the offense of indecency with a child by contact.

                                          26
       According to Cristan, he suffered egregious harm because these “combined

errors permitted the jury to convict [Cristan] on incorrect theories of law,” and they

“affect[ed] the very basis of the case” depriving him of a fair trial. Cristan argues

that the “general nature of much of [Amy’s] testimony (responding “yes” to

questions about whether things happened) combined with the missing elements from

the jury charge” deprived him of a fair trial. He contends the “errors affect[ed] the

very basis of the case.” According to Cristan, he “was sentenced to 99 years in

prison without the possibility of parole on a case that the jury was given incorrect

law and instructions that had missing elements of what the State was required to

prove beyond a reasonable doubt.” He argues he “suffered egregious harm due to

the errors in the Charge of the Court.”

      Cristan did not object to the jury charge as presented. We thus review the

charge error under Almanza’s “egregious harm” standard. 686 S.W.2d at 171.

Errors that result in egregious harm are “those that affect the very basis of the case,

deprive the defendant of a valuable right, vitally affect the defensive theory, or make

a case for conviction clearly and significantly more persuasive.” Taylor, 332 S.W.3d

at 490. We will not reverse a trial court’s judgment unless the record shows that the

charge error was calculated to injure the defendant’s rights, or the defendant did not

have a fair and impartial trial. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 36.19.

                                          27
      1.     1st Almanza Factor: the entire jury charge

      Under the first Almanza factor, appellate courts assess whether an error in the

jury charge resulted in egregious harm by looking at the entire jury charge. Vasquez,

389 S.W.3d at 368; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. In other words, courts consider

“whether a reasonable jury referring to other parts of the charge would find a correct

statement of the law or would instead be confused or misled.” Uddin v. State, 503

S.W.3d 710, 717 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.); see also Ngo,

175 S.W.3d at 752 (finding egregious harm and stating “the original jury charge

error was not corrected or ameliorated in another portion of the charge; instead, it

was compounded by the one misleading statement concerning unanimity that was

set out in the jury charge”).

      Cristan argues that this factor weighs in favor of finding egregious harm

because the charge contains numerous errors and “as a whole is misleading, missing

necessary elements, and contains numerous misstatements of law.” According to

Cristan, the jury charge erroneously instructed the jury that the State’s allegation that

he contacted Amy’s sexual organ with his finger constituted the offense of

aggravated sexual assault of a child, when the charge should instead have identified

the offense as indecency with a child by contact.

      Cristan also contends that “the charge failed to define in any way what crime

or how a crime is committed between a child and the hand (or finger) of the actor.”

                                           28
He argues the jury charge did not define the offense of indecency with a child by

contact or instruct the jury that such an offense constitutes an act of sexual abuse for

the felony offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child. Cristan argues that this

information is not included anywhere in the charge. According to Cristan, the jury

was not provided with the element of the offense of indecency with a child requiring

a finding of the “intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.” He

argues a correct definition of the offense of indecency with a child by contact would

have defined “sexual contact” to include the element of “with the intent to arouse or

gratify the sexual desire of any person,” which is “an element which is totally absent

from the Charge of the Court in this case.”11

      The individual errors in the abstract portion of the charge Cristan identifies do

not necessarily weigh in favor of egregious harm. For example, although Cristan is

correct that the abstract portion of the charge does not define indecency with a child

by contact or reference the definition of “sexual contact” under Section 21.11(c) of

the Texas Penal Code, which includes “the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual

desire of any person,” these omissions do not require reversal. A defendant does not

necessarily suffer actual harm when a predicate offense is not defined in the jury

11
      Section 21.11 of the Texas Penal Code, which defines the offense of indecency with
      a child, defines the term “sexual contact” as “any touching by a person, including
      touching through clothing, of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a child”
      “if committed with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.”
      TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.11(c)(1).

                                            29
charge. See Fields v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. 01-20-00280-CR, 2022 WL

3268525, at *8–10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.], Aug. 11, 2022, pet. ref’d)

(holding trial court’s failure to define underlying offense of robbery in capital

murder case was harmless because there was no evidence robbery was not planned,

defendant’s defense at trial was there was no evidence he should have anticipated

that capital murder would have resulted from planned robbery, and defense counsel

effectively “conceded [defendant’s] role in conspiring to commit a robbery”).12

      Although the aggravated sexual assault of a child statute, under which the jury

was instructed, does not expressly identify “intent to arouse or gratify the sexual

desire of any person” as an element of the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a

child, the Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized that this element is implicitly

required for the offense. As the Court of Criminal Appeals explained in Evans v.

State, 299 S.W.3d 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009), the requirement of “intent to arouse

or gratify the sexual desire of any person” is expressly stated in the indecency with

a child statute because otherwise, the offense of indecency with a child, which

applies to “any touching,” “could technically apply to even the most legitimate

12
      See TEX. PENAL CODE § 7.02(b) (“If, in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy to
      commit one felony, another felony is committed by one of the conspirators, all
      conspirators are guilty of the felony actually committed, though having no intent to
      commit it, if the offense was committed in furtherance of the unlawful purpose and
      was one that should have been anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the
      conspiracy.”).

                                           30
handling of a child, for example, a mother washing or bathing her own child.” Id.

at 142. “It is only through the proviso of ‘intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire

of any person’ that the statute excludes instances of such legitimate handling of the

child.” Id. But that “proviso is unnecessary in the aggravated sexual assault of a

child statute because both the title (aggravated sexual assault) of the statute and the

severity of the conduct proscribed (penetration) ensure that the statute would not be

applied to any legitimate handling of the child. Id. (emphasis in original). The Court

held that, in the case before it, “indecency with a child by contact [was] a lesser-

included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child because,” even though the

offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child does not include the “intent to arouse

or gratify the sexual desire of any person” as an express element, “lascivious intent

[is] implicitly included.” Cornet v. State, 417 S.W.3d 446, 450 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013) (explaining Court of Criminal Appeals held in Evans that, in that case,

indecency with a child was lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of

child).13 Thus, the “intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person”

element for indecency with a child by contact is not wholly missing from the charge

13
      Indecency with a child by contact is not always a lesser-included offense of
      aggravated sexual assault of a child. See generally Evans v. State, 299 S.W.3d 138,
      143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding indecency with child was lesser-included
      offense of aggravated sexual assault of child in that case because “both offenses are
      predicated on same act”). Neither Cristan nor the State contend that indecency with
      a child by contact is a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child
      in this case.

                                            31
because it is implicitly part of the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child.

Moreover, Cristan did not argue at trial that he was not guilty of continuous sexual

abuse of a child because he lacked the requisite intent with respect to any of the

alleged predicate acts or that the alleged physical contact was innocent and not

sexual in nature. Cristan’s defense at trial was that Amy had fabricated her claims

of abuse because she was allegedly afraid of him, and she wanted him “out of the

picture.”

      While the individual errors Cristan identifies do not necessarily weigh in favor

of egregious harm, the aggregate impact of the errors does. The State does not

dispute that the abstract and application paragraphs contain errors. The application

paragraph, which is the portion of the charge that authorizes a conviction,

erroneously instructed the jury that the State’s allegation that Cristan contacted

Amy’s sexual organ with his finger constituted the offense of aggravated sexual

assault of a child. This is a misstatement of the law. While the alleged conduct

would constitute the offense of indecency with a child by contact, the charge does

not mention the offense of indecency with a child by contact, define the elements of

the offense in the abstract portion which would have included the definition of

“sexual contact,” or inform the jury that the offense of indecency with a child by

contact is “an act of sexual abuse” for purposes of the offense of continuous sexual

abuse of a child, which is the only offense Cristan was charged with in this case.

                                         32
      Although the harm resulting from an error in the abstract portion of a charge

can be mitigated by the application portion and vice versa, that is not the case here.

See generally Kuhn v. State, 393 S.W.3d 519, 529–30 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet.

ref’d) (“While the application paragraph does not make the abstract portion of the

charge any less erroneous, . . . on the facts of this case, the correct statement of the

law in the application paragraph mitigates against a finding of egregious harm.”).

On the contrary, the abstract paragraphs of the charge in this case exacerbate the

error in the application paragraph and do nothing to mitigate any harm caused by the

erroneous instruction. See Uddin, 503 S.W.3d at 718 (“Because the error in the

application paragraph is an affirmative misstatement of the law rather than an

omission, and the abstract portion contains a different error, the charge as a whole

indicates that appellant was egregiously harmed.”).

      Having reviewed the entire charge, we conclude that the first Almanza factor

weighs in favor of a finding of egregious harm because both the abstract and

application paragraphs contain errors and there is nothing elsewhere in the charge

itself that mitigates any harm caused by those errors. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at

171; see also Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 368.

      2.     2nd Almanza factor: The state of the evidence, including the
             contested issues and weight of probative evidence

      Under the second Almanza factor, we assess whether Cristan suffered

egregious harm as a result of the charge error by looking at the state of the evidence,

                                          33
including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence. Vasquez, 389

S.W.3d at 368; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. Cristan argues that this factor weighs

in favor of finding egregious harm because:

      Much of [Amy’s] testimony was general in nature, saying yes things
      happened, but failing to give much context to the events. [Amy] was
      unable to give any specific details about the abuse other than the “most
      recent time” which is outside the time frame of this indictment and the
      first time.

On the contrary, Amy’s testimony was clear and unequivocal. Amy testified that

Cristan sexually assaulted her from the age of five or six until she was fourteen and

the assaults occurred every weekend she stayed with him and her mother. According

to Amy, the sexual abuse occurred in the living room and her bedroom in the

apartment and in the living room of the house in La Marque.           Although her

description of the most recent incident of sexual abuse in the kitchen at the La

Marque home was more thorough, she also gave sufficiently detailed accounts of

other incidents of abuse. Amy testified that when she was twelve or thirteen years

old, she went to Cristan’s apartment in Texas City one weekend without her siblings

because they had decided to stay at their grandparents’ home. Amy testified:

      And it was nighttime and I was sleeping and I woke up and he was
      laying beside me. I was laying on my side, and he was right behind me
      laying on his side. And he was doing the exact same thing that
      happened recently. But this time I wasn’t standing up. I was laying on
      my side.

                                         34
Amy explained that Cristan touched her vagina, just as he had done in the kitchen,

but “[t]his time it was only his penis.” According to Amy, she woke up while Cristan

was rubbing his penis on the “outside” of her vagina. Amy further testified:

      I reacted the same way I did the recent one. I was whining. I was telling
      him to stop. And I don’t remember what he was telling me. But I don’t
      know. I was just whining and telling him to stop.

      Amy further testified that sometimes, Cristan touched her vagina with his

hand over her clothes and other times he would touch her vagina under her clothes.

Amy also recalled that Cristan ejaculated only when he touched her, not when he

forced her to touch his penis. Cristan also forced Amy to put his penis inside her

mouth. While Amy did not recall how many times Cristan forced her to put his penis

inside her mouth, Amy knew that it happened “[n]ot as much as him touching me.”

      Although corroborating evidence is not required, Amy’s claim that Cristan

sexually abused her is corroborated by Detective Reynolds’s testimony that Cristan

hid a camera in the bathroom that captured video and photographs of Amy naked,

and Cristan saved these photographs on his phone.

      There is no evidence that directly contradicts any of Amy’s testimony

regarding Cristan’s sexual abuse. While Cristan’s mother, Bustamante, testified that

the children were happy when they visited her home on the weekends and she did

not see anything that caused her concern about Cristan’s conduct towards the

children, Bustamante also did not directly dispute that the assaults occurred.

                                         35
      Furthermore, in his statement to police, Cristan never denied that he sexually

assaulted Amy and Julie. Rather, Cristan told the Detectives that he did not know if

he had sexually assaulted them because he blacks out “the other half of my life when

all of this stuff happened, supposedly.” Cristan, who acknowledged that the abuse

could have happened, told the Detectives that he had no memory of it occurring. See

Kuhn, 393 S.W.3d at 528 (holding second Almanza factor did not weigh in favor of

egregious harm when charge error related to timing of incidents, and defendant

“focused his defense not on the timing of the incidents but on attacking the

credibility of the victim,” and thus error did not “vitally effect a defensive theory”);

see also Williams v. State, 851 S.W.2d 282, 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (holding no

egregious harm resulted where charge error affected issue that “was not a hotly-

contested issue at trial” and thus “had minimal impact on appellant’s trial”).

      Cristan also does not contest that, if he abused Amy as she claims, the abuse

would have been with the intent of arousing or gratifying his sexual desire. When

Cristan spoke to the Detectives, he told them that he did not recall abusing Amy

because he regularly blacks out and, the abuse would have had to occur while he was

blacked out. Cristan also told the Detectives that he blacks out when he gets “horny”

and when “[y]ou are so horny it is like a blur; you try to put it in something.” In

addition to Cristan’s statements to the Detectives, the fact that Cristan saved the

                                          36
naked photographs of Amy on his phone also supports the sexual nature of Cristan’s

conduct towards Amy.

      Elsewhere in his brief, Cristan argues that given the charge as a whole, a juror

could have “believe[d] beyond a reasonable doubt that [Cristan] contacted the sexual

organ of [Amy] with his finger and that [Cristan] committed one of the other listed

acts, but have a reasonable doubt about the other two allegations.” In other words,

he claims the jury could have concluded that two of the predicate acts of aggravated

sexual assault of a child did not occur, leaving the jury with only one predicate act

of aggravated sexual assault of a child and the incorrectly identified predicate act of

indecency with a child on which to base his conviction. This argument does not

carry the day. There is no evidence that any juror found Cristan guilty of the offense

of continuous sexual abuse of a child against Amy based on the allegation Cristan

contacted Amy’s sexual organ with his finger, which the abstract and application

paragraphs of the charge erroneously described as constituting the offense of

aggravated sexual assault of a child, as opposed to the other three alleged predicate

acts of sexual abuse. Cristan’s suggestion that his conviction might be based in part

on the erroneous portion of the application paragraph of the charge is speculative

and amounts to no more than theoretical harm.14 See Bradshaw v. State, 244 S.W.3d

14
      Although the error is contained in the abstract and application paragraphs, it is the
      application paragraphs of the charge, not the abstract portion, that authorize a
      conviction. Crenshaw v. State, 378 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
                                           37
490, 498 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. ref’d) (holding defendant’s “argument

that the verdict may not have been unanimous is pure speculation” when “record

contain[ed] no evidence that the jury’s verdict was not unanimous”); Curry v. State,

222 S.W.3d 745, 753 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet. ref’d) (concluding defendant’s

speculation that one juror “might have found sudden passion” was “theoretical harm

that we will not credit”). Notably, the jury was not limited to convicting Cristan

based on only four occurrences of abuse. Rather, the four predicate acts listed in the

indictment and in the jury charge identify four different types of sexual abuse. Thus,

the jury could have based its verdict on a finding that Cristan committed only one of

the predicate acts two or more times during a period that was thirty or more days in

duration. Furthermore, because the jury apparently found Amy to be a credible

witness, it is doubtful the jury would have believed some of her allegations, but not

others. See Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 876 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet.

ref’d) (“Moreover, appellant’s defense was that J.W.’s testimony was not credible

and that no acts of sexual abuse occurred at any time. If the jurors believed J.W.,

and it is plain that they did, it is unlikely that they believed that appellant’s sexually

abusive acts stopped before September 1, 2007.”).

      After reviewing the state of the evidence, including contested issues and the

weight of probative evidence, we conclude that the second Almanza factor weighs

against a finding of egregious harm. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also

                                           38
Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 368; see also Johnson v. State, 981 S.W.2d 759, 763 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet ref’d) (“When the evidence is overwhelming,

it is obviously less likely the jury was influenced by an erroneous jury instruction

than by the weight of the probative evidence itself.”).

       3.       3rd Almanza Factor: the arguments of counsel

       For the third Almanza factor, we consider the arguments of counsel when

assessing whether Cristan suffered egregious harm as a result of the charge error.

See Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 368; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. Cristan argues that

the State’s closing arguments weigh in favor of a finding of egregious harm because

the State emphasized to the jury that the charge contained the applicable law, and

the State instructed the jury they did not have to agree as to whether a specific act of

sexual abuse occurred to find Cristan guilty of the offense of continuous sexual abuse

of a child.15

       The State’s closing argument addressed all three of the felony offenses for

which Cristan was tried—the felony offenses of continuous sexual abuse of a child

against Julie and Amy, and aggravated sexual assault against Amy. The State began

its closing argument by stating:

       First thing I have to talk to you about is the court’s charge. So these
       three documents [the charges for the two offenses of continuous sexual
       abuse of a child and single offense of aggravated sexual assault] that
       were just read to you, this is the charge of the court. This is the law

15
       Cristan does not dispute that these are correct statements of the law.

                                             39
      that’s given to you to govern your deliberations in this case. This is the
      law you’ve sworn an oath to follow in this case. So any question you
      have as to what the law is that is to be applied is found right here. So
      these three documents that were just read to you, this is the charge of
      the court. This is the law that’s given to you to govern your
      deliberations in this case. This is the law you’ve sworn an oath to
      follow in this case. So any question you have as to what the law is that
      is to be applied is found right here.

The State was thus referring the jury to all three charged offenses, including the

offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child against Julie, which was predicated on

two acts constituting the offense of indecency with a child by contact.

      The State then explained to the jury that “[c]ontinuous sexual abuse of a child

is a very unique charge” because it “doesn’t have the exact same traditional

unanimity requirement” as other criminal offenses, including the charged offense of

aggravated sexual assault against Amy. The State emphasized to the jury that

although they had to agree unanimously that the aggravated sexual assault against

Amy “occurred just as it alleged in the charge” to find Cristan guilty of the offense

of aggravated sexual assault against Amy, they did not have to agree as to whether

a specific act of sexual abuse occurred to find Cristan guilty of the offense of

continuous sexual abuse of a child, so long as they agreed that “at least two acts of

sexual abuse as described [occurred] and that they happened over a period greater

than 30 days.” Thus, the State’s discussion of unanimity among the jurors was

intended to emphasize a key distinction between the charged offenses of aggravated

sexual assault of a child and continuous sexual abuse of a child.

                                         40
      The State also instructed the jury that Amy’s and Julie’s testimony that Cristan

“would put his hand under their pants but over their underwear and touch their

vagina” described “an act of sexual abuse of a child.” Although the jury was

incorrectly instructed that this act against Amy constituted the offense of aggravated

assault of a child, as opposed to indecency with a child by contact, the jury was

nevertheless informed that the underlying conduct (intentionally or knowingly

contacting Amy’s sexual organ with Cristan’s finger) was an act of sexual abuse for

purposes of the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child. See generally TEX.

PENAL CODE § 21.02(b) (offense of continuous sexual abuse of child requires person

to have “commit[ed] two or more acts of sexual abuse” with period “that is 30 or

more days in duration”). Cf. Reckart v. State, 323 S.W.3d 588, 601 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2010, pet. ref’d) (stating underlying acts of sexual abuse

“are the manner and means of committing an element of the offense” of continuous

sexual abuse of a child, not elements of offense). This is a correct statement of the

law. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.11(c)(1) (defining indecency with child by contact

to include “any touching by a person, including touching through clothing, of the

anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a child”); see also id. § 21.02(c)(2), (4)

(defining “act of sexual abuse” for purposes of offense of continuous sexual abuse

of child to include “indecency with a child under Section 21.11(a)(1), if the actor

committed the offense in a manner other than by touching, including touching

                                          41
through clothing, the breast of a child” and “aggravated sexual assault under Section

22.021”).

      Cristan’s defense counsel also discussed the charge during his closing

arguments. He argued:

      I too want to start with the court’s charge. And, don’t worry, you didn’t
      have to memorize it. You’ll be given a copy of it back in the jury room
      while you’re deliberating these cases. You’ll see in here that this is the
      law that applies to this case. And I just want to highlight some of the
      parts that I think are most important.

Cristan’s counsel then discussed the presumption of innocence and burden of proof.

He reminded the jury that Cristan was not on trial for any offense stemming from

the photographs and video of Amy the officers found on his cell phone. He

counseled the jury against allowing those images to sway the jury’s decision

regarding whether Cristan was guilty of the three charged offenses. Cristan’s

counsel noted that the only evidence of Cristan’s guilt was Amy’s and Julie’s

testimony and he argued that their testimony was not credible. Thus, neither the

State nor Cristan’s counsel emphasized the errors in the charge in their closing

arguments.

      After reviewing the arguments of counsel, we conclude that the third Almanza

factor weighs against a finding of egregious harm. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171;

see also Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 368.

                                         42
      4.     4th Almanza Factor: Any other relevant information revealed by
             the record of the trial as a whole16

      Under the fourth Almanza factor, we assess whether the charge error resulted

in egregious harm by considering “any other relevant information revealed by the

record of the trial as a whole.” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also Vasquez, 389

S.W.3d at 368–69.     The record reflects that Cristan was tried for three offenses:

(1) continuous sexual abuse of a child against Amy, (2) continuous sexual abuse of

a child against Julie, and (3) aggravated sexual assault against Amy. The two alleged

predicate acts of sexual abuse in Julie’s case were for acts constituting indecency

with a child by sexual contact. In the indictment in Julie’s case, the State alleged:

      From on or about December 3rd, 2009, through December 2nd, 2017,
      when the defendant was 17 years of age or older, commit two or more
      acts of sexual abuse against [Julie], a child younger than 14 years of
      age, namely: With intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of the
      defendant, engage in sexual contact with [Julie], a child younger than
      14 years of age, by touching the genitals of [Julie] with the defendant’s
      hand, an act constituting the offense of indecency with a child by sexual
      contact and with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of the
      defendant, cause [Julie], a child younger than 14 years of age, to engage
      in sexual contact by causing [Julie] to touch the genitals of the
      defendant with her hand, an act constituting the offense of indecency
      with a child by sexual contact.

During voir dire, the State identified the elements of the offense of continuous sexual

abuse of a child and informed the venire panel:

      Acts of sexual abuse, I just stated the definition. This includes sexual
      assault of a child, aggravated sexual assault of a child, indecency with

16
      Cristan does not address the fourth Almanza factor in his brief.

                                           43
      a child by contact. . . . Now, indecency with a child by contact, what
      we’re talking about here is touching, so less penetration more touching,
      intentionally or knowingly engage in any sexual contact with intent to
      arouse or gratify the desire of the actor; and, again, the victim is
      younger than 17.

Thus, the record of the trial as a whole reveals that the jury was informed of the

elements of the offense of indecency with a child by contact and that acts constituting

the offense of indecency with a child by contact are acts of sexual abuse for purposes

of establishing the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child. See Vasquez, 389

S.W.3d at 368–69 (stating egregious harm analysis requires consideration of “any

other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole”). It is also

notable that the factual basis underlying one of the predicate acts of indecency with

a child by contact with respect to Julie is similar to the factual allegations regarding

Amy because both girls alleged that Cristan touched or contacted their “sexual

organ” or “genitals” with his “hand” or “finger.”17

      We further note that if the jury relied on the erroneous application portion of

the charge to find Cristan guilty of continuous sexual abuse of a child based on the

predicate acts of sexual abuse, which the charge incorrectly identified as aggravated

17
      Compare indictment in trial court cause number 19-CR-1312 (continuous sexual
      abuse against Julie) (“With intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of the
      defendant, engage in sexual contact with [Julie], a child younger than 14 years of
      age, by touching the genitals of [Julie] with the defendant’s hand”) with trial court
      cause number 19-CR-1313 (continuous sexual abuse against Amy) (“intentionally
      or knowingly contact the sexual organ of [Amy], who was then and there younger
      than 14 years of age, with [Cristan’s] finger”).

                                           44
sexual assault of a child, it is reasonable to conclude that the jury would also have

found him guilty based on the offense of indecency with a child by contact.

Indecency with a child by contact is broader in scope than aggravated sexual assault

of a child because the former prohibits “any touching,” TEX. PENAL CODE

§ 21.11(c)(1) (defining “sexual contact”), whereas aggravated sexual assault

prohibits “contact” or “penetration” of the child’s or some else’s anus, or sexual

organ. Id. § 22.021(a)(1)(A).18 Indecency with a child by contact and aggravated

sexual assault of a child both require the perpetrator to act with the intent of sexual

desire, which is articulated in the indecency with a child statute as “the intent to

arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.” Id. § 21.11(c); see also Evans,

299 S.W.3d at 142. This court has recognized that the key distinction between these

offenses is the “degree of physical invasion.” Prestiano v. State, 581 S.W.3d 935,

943 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. ref’d) (holding offense of indecency

with child by contact in that case was lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual

assault of child and stating “the only thing separating the two offenses is the degree

of physical invasion”).19

18
      For example, the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child prohibits individuals
      from “caus[ing] the sexual organ of another person, without that person’s consent,
      to contact or penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including
      the actor.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(A)(iii).
19
      Neither Cristan nor the State contend that indecency with a child by contact is a
      lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child in this case. See

                                            45
      After considering the record of the trial as a whole, we conclude that the fourth

Almanza factor weighs against a finding of egregious harm. See Almanza, 686

S.W.2d at 171; see also Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 368–69.

      Although the first Almanza factor, where we consider the entire charge,

weighs in favor of egregious harm, the third Almanza factor (the arguments of

counsel) weighs against egregious harm because counsel did not emphasize the

errors, make any misstatements of the law, and the State correctly instructed the jury

during closing arguments that the underlying conduct (intentionally or knowingly

contacting Amy’s sexual organ with Cristan’s finger) was an act of sexual abuse for

purposes of the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child.

      The second and fourth Alamanza factors also weigh against a finding of

egregious harm because after considering the strength of the evidence supporting

Cristan’s conviction, none of which was directly contradicted, and the other relevant

information in the record, including that the jury was informed of the elements of

offense of indecency with a child and told the offense was “an act of sexual abuse”

for purposes of the offense of continuous abuse of a child, and the similarities

between the factual scenario alleged against Amy that incorrectly discounted as

aggravated sexual assault of a child, and the factual scenario alleged against Julie

      generally Evans v. State, 299 S.W.3d 138, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding
      indecency with child was lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of
      child in that case because “both offenses are predicated on same act”).

                                          46
that was correctly described as indecency with a child by contact, it is apparent that

these circumstances mitigated any harm that could have resulted from the erroneous

charge in Amy’s case.

      In light of those factors, and based on the unique facts of this case, we cannot

say that the charge errors affected the very basis of the case, deprived Cristan of a

fair and impartial trial, or vitally affected Cristan’s defensive theory at trial. See

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 36.19 (stating trial court’s judgment should not be

reversed unless record shows that jury charge error was calculated to injure

defendant’s rights, or unless record demonstrates defendant did not have fair and

impartial trial); see also Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 490 (stating egregious errors are

“those that affect the very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a valuable right,

vitally affect the defensive theory, or make a case for conviction clearly and

significantly more persuasive”). We thus conclude that Cristan did not suffer

egregious harm as a result of the charge errors. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171

(listing four factors courts consider when assessing whether defendant was

egregiously harmed by charge error); see also Fields, 2022 WL 3268525, at *8

(stating “whether jury charge error was harmful is determined on a case-by-case

basis, rather than under any bright-line rules”) (citing Rogers v. State, 550 S.W.3d

190, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018)).

      We overrule Cristan’s sole issue.

                                           47
                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                              Veronica Rivas-Molloy
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Hightower, Rivas-Molloy, and Farris.

Do Not Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

                                        48