Court Opinion

ID: 6564605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:18:45.042276+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:56:40.562341
License: Public Domain

Mr.'Justice Gabbert
delivered the opinion of the court:
Robert Fearnley departed this life May 1, 1900. April 21 preceding his death, appellant, the wife of deceased, signed the following contract:
“This Agreement, made this 21st.day of April, A. D. 1900, by Otilia F. Fearnley, for and on behalf of the persons hereinafter mentioned, Witnesseth:
‘ ‘ That for and in consideration of one dollar in hand paid to her by Robert Fearnley, and other good and valuable considerations, receipt whereof is hereby confessed and acknowledged, she does hereby contract and agree, and binds herself, her heirs, executors and administrators, to pay the following sums *420to the persons herein named, upon the terms and conditions hereinafter, specified:
“To Elizabeth [Brook, sister of her husband, Robert Fearnley, or her heirs, of Bristol, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England, the sum of five hundred dollars;
“To Charlotte Atkinson, sister of her husband, Robert Fearnley, or her heirs, of Adwalton, near Bradford, Yorkshire, England, the sum of five hun-' dred dollars;
“To Sarah Ann Yates, sister of her husband, Robert Fearnley, or her heirs, of Putsey, near Bradford, Yorkshire, England, the sum of five hundred dollars;
‘ ‘ To Annie Martin, sister of her husband, Robert Fearnley, or her heirs, of Bristol, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England, the sum of five hundred dollars;
“To Samuel Fearnley, of Leadville, Colorado, brother of her husband, Robert Fearnley, or his heirs, the sum of five hundred dollars.
‘ ‘ The said five hundred dollars to be paid to each of the above named persons, or, in case of their death, either before or after the time of the making of this contract, then to the íegal heirs at law of any such deceased person, payment to be made as follows:
“One hundred dollars to be paid to each of the said persons or heirs within one year from the death of her husband, Robert Fearnley; and one hundred dollars on or before two years from his said death; and one hundred dollars on or before each year thereafter until the full sum of five hundred dollars each has been paid, as herein provided, to the„said parties or their heirs; but that the said sums or any of the payments are not to bear interest.
“I also agree to give to George W. Fearnley, of. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, the sum of five hundred dollars for his own use and benefit, to be paid in like manner as the above, one hundred dollars each year, *421the first to be paid within one year of the death of my husband, but in case of his death at any time, said sum or any unpaid portion thereof is to cease absolutely, and not, in any event, to be paid to his heirs.
“In Witness Whereof, I have’hereunto set my hand and seal the day and date first above written.
“Otilla F. Fearnley. (Seal)”
Subsequent to the death of Robert Fearnley the plaintiff, in his own right, and as the assignee of the beneficiaries named in the contract, or their heirs, brought suit against Mrs. Fearnley upon the contract. The trial of the case resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of plaintiff, from which the defendant appeals.
It.is urged that the obligation sued upon is not a contract upon its face, for the reason that it does not appear that defendant thereby entered into contractual relations with any one. We are of the opinion that the contract in question clearly shows from the language employed that the defendant entered into the contract with her husband. It recites, in effect, that it is for the benefit of certain persons named therein, and that the consideration therefor was received from Robert Fearnley by the defendant. If, however, there is any doubt regarding this construction, it arises from the fact that the language of the contract is not sufficiently specific, but that doubt, in the circumstances of this case, is at once removed by the application of the rule universally recognized, that in construing a contract the first point to ascertain is, what the parties meant, understood and intended, as determined by the words employed, so as to give full effect to their intention. In making this inquiry it is competent to consider the facts and circumstances surrounding the transaction *422at the time the contract was executed, and to take into consideration the subject-matter and situation of the parties at the time of its execution, as well as the object- of the parties in making'it.—St. L. & D. L. & M. Co. v. Tierney, 5 Colo. 582; C. F. & I. Co. v. Pryor, 25 Colo. 540; True v. Rocky Ford C. R. & L. Co., 36 Colo. 43; San Miguel C. G. M. Co. v. Stubbs, 39 Colo. 359; Brotherhood Accident Co. v. Jennings, ante, p. 144, 96 Pac. 982; C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co. v. D. & R. G. R. Co., 143 U. S. 596.
The circumstances under which, the contract was signed by the defendant are substantially as follows: In 1899 the deceased executed a will, by which he bequeathed five hundred dollars each to the persons named in the • contract, and the remainder of his property to his wife, the defendant. In January following, Fearnley, for reasons which it is not necessary to notice, believed that, in order to avoid disputes and litigation after his death, it was advisable for him to execute deeds conveying the property to his wife. He was advised by counsel that in order to make such deeds effective, they must be delivered before his death. As a result of several deliberations with Mrs. Fearnley and his brother Joshua. Robert Fearnley revoked his will and executed deeds of his property to his wife, but did not deliver them, the arrangement with her being (to which she assented) that she would pay his brothers and sisters sums equal to the bequests made them by the will. Subsequent to this "action he again advised with counsel, which was about April 7th, 1900, informing him of the execution of the deeds, and a. bill of sale of personal effects, and at this time stated that he wanted his brothers and sisters to have their bequests as fixed by the will executed in September, to which was appended a memorandum stating in substance that the will is to be of no effect and will not *423be probated, but will simply serve as a memorandum by which Mrs. Fearnley is to pay the legacies to his brothers and sisters as therein specified. Fearnley was advised by counsel that it was necessary to deliver the deeds during his lifetime, which was accordingly done,, and they were placed of record. Fearnley seemed still impressed with the idea that litigation was sure to ensue, and asked counsel if anything further could be done to avoid it. At this conversation (when the deeds were delivered) he also expressly stated that he wanted his brothers and sisters to have their bequests of five hundred dollars each, and in order that there might be no question of the payment of such bequests, suggested that Mrs. Fearnley should execute a contract. To this suggestion Mrs. Fearnley stated that it would not be necessary, as she would carry out his wishes in this respect, as evidenced by the old will and memorandum thereto attached; but that, if Mr. Fearnley wanted the contract, she would execute it. Subsequently the will was prepared and' signed by Mr. Fearnley. At the time of its execution, however, lie insisted that Mrs. Fearnley should sign a contract, whereby she bound herself to pay his brothers and sisters the amounts designated in the original will. Mrs. Fearnley assented to this arrangement, and a few days later the contract in question was presented to her, which she then signed.
From these facts and circumstances which the testimony established, it is clear, if it is necessary to consider any extraneous matters for the purpose of reaching a correct understanding of the contract, that it was made by the defendant with her husband in consideration of the transfer and devise to her of all his property.
The contract is also attacked upon the ground that it was executed by the defendant without any *424consideration. This contention is based upon the proposition that at the time of "its execution the title to the property of her husband was already vested in her. The premise is wrong. The testimony established that from the time Fearnley concluded to deed the property to his wife, in lieu of devising it by will, it was with the understanding that she would pay the devisees named in the will the respective amounts thereby bequeathed them, and the execution of the contract upon her part was but a consummation of their agreement. Prior to the execution of the contract by Mrs. Fearnley the agreement between -her husband' and herself rested in parol. A promisor binds himself by merging an oral agreement into a written contract, and cannot escape liability thereon merely because the consideration had passed to him prior to its execution.—Noyes v. Young, 79 Pac. (Mont.) 1063.
The clause in the contract which recites, <£I also agree to give to George W. Fearnley, of Pitts-burg, Pennsylvania, the sum of five hundred dollars for his own use and benefit, to be paid in like manner ’as the above,” is assailed upon the ground that the defendant thereby only entered into a voluntary promise to give, and hence, it is argued such agreement, being without consideration, cannot be enforced. When interpreting any particular clause of a contract, the court is required to examine the entire contract, and may also consider the circumstances under which it was made and the purpose for which it was executed.—C., R. I. & P. Ry. Co. v. D. & R. G. R. Co., supra; 9 Cyc. 579.
It is also a rule of construction that a contracting party will be held to that meaning of the words employed of which they are susceptible, which he knew the other party supposed the words to bear, when this can be done without making a new contract *425for the parties.—St. L. & D. L. & M. Co. v. Tierney, supra; San Miguel C. G. M. Co. v. Stubbs, supra.
The jury found, and the testimony is ample to support their finding, that the intention of Bobert Fearnley and his wife, when his property was conveyed and devised to her, was, that she should pay the amounts mentioned in the contract to the parties named in lieu of the bequests to them made by Fearnley in his will executed in September, 1899; and hence it follows, that although in the contract relating to the amount to he paid to George W. Fearnley the word “give” was employed instead of “pay,” it appears from the contract as a whole that this clause rested upon the consideration moving from Bobert Fearnley, and that both parties to the agreement knew that each understood the word “give,” as employed, to mean that Mrs. Fearnley should pay George W. Fearnley the amount mentioned in her agreement. When the intention of the contracting-parties is manifest, it will control in the interpretation of their agreement, regardless of the employment of inapt expressions to evidence their intention.—Tillitt v. Mann, 104 Fed. 421; Carter v. Alexander, 71 Mo. 585.
The clause under consideration further provided that the five hundred dollars was to he paid in installments as follows: ‘ ‘ One hundred dollars each year, the first to he paid within one year of the death of my husband, hut in case of his death (George W. Fearnley’s) at any time, said sum or any unpaid portion thereof is' to cease absolutely, and not in any event to be paid to his heirs.”
It is urged by counsel for defendant that because of this provision the money would not descend to the heirs of George W. Fearnley, and therefore his right of action against her is not assignable. Generally speaking, as has been decided by this court in Home *426Ins. Co. v. A., T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 19 Colo. 46, and by the court of appeals in Mumford v. Wright, 12 Col. App. 214, “descendibility and assignability go band in band.” But that proposition is not applicable or controlling. The contract provided for the payment of installments to George W. Fearnley at specified times. The parties certainly contemplated that Mrs. Fearnley would comply with her contract, and that each installment would be paid as it became due; and hence, applying the rules for construing contracts above announced, and particularly the one to the effect that the manifest intention of the contracting parties will control in the interpretation of their agreement, regardless of the employment of inapt expressions to evidence their intention, we conclude that the provision in question only contemplated that such installments of the sum to be paid George W. Fearnley as were not due at the time of his death should not be paid to his heirs.
An instrument purporting to be a power of attorney executed by the heirs of Elizabeth Brook-and Annie Martin, authorizing Joshua Fearnley to assign their interest in the contract, was admitted in evidence on the part of plaintiff. Error is assigned by counsel for defendant because there was not sufficient proof of. its execution; and for the further reason that there was no proof that the Brooks were the heirs at law of Elizabeth Brook. The first assignment is clearly without merit. Fearnley testified that he was acquainted with the handwriting of all the parties executing the power of attorney, and that in his opinion the signatures appended thereto were genuine. ■ True, it probably appears that his means of knowledge were limited, but that only affected the weight and credibility of his testimony. Again, upon this subject, the power of attorney was witnessed by one G. W. Mason. Fearnley testified positively to *427the signature of this attesting witness. It appears that the parties executing the power of attorney and the subscribing witness reside in England, where it was executed. In Henrick v. Patrick, 119 U. S. 147, it was held that a deed executed and witnessed by persons residing abroad was properly proved by testimony of a witness to the effect that he was acquainted with the handwriting of the subscribing witness to the deed, and believed that his signature was genuine.
With respect to the heirship of Ann and Ada Brook, who executed the power of attorney in question as the heirs-at-law of Elizabeth Brook, deceased, there was testimony to the effect that members of the family of deceased had written' letters to members of the family of Joshua Fearnley, and had sent funeral cards to the latter, informing them of the death of his sister, Elizabeth. This information' was hearsay, hut hearsay information of the death of a person derived from the immediate family of deceased is sufficient prima facie to establish that fact.—DuPont v. Davis, 30 Wis. 170; Anderson v. Parker, 6 Cal. 197.
There is testimony tending to prove that on the date Mrs. Fearnley signed the contract sued upon, the deceased was unconscious, and from that time until his death, mentally ihcapacitáted from transacting any business. When signed the contract was handed to Mr. Dunklee, who liad prepared it. It is urged by counsel for defendant that the contract is wanting in validity for the reason that it was never delivered, because deceased could not receive it, and even though Mr. Dunklee may have been acting at his instance and on his behalf, the mental condition of deceased revoked the authority of Dunklee to act for him in receiving the contract. It is true, as a general rule, that one of the essentials to the validity *428of a contract is that it must be delivered, but that rule is not applicable in the circumstances of this case. The testimony established that the defendant executed the contract in pursuance of an agreement between her husband and herself, that she should execute it in consideration of her husband conveying and devising to her all of his property. She has accepted the consideration for her agreement, and in such circumstances the fact that her contract was not formally delivered to the promisee does not render it invalid. In other words, she has received, by conveyance and will, the whole of the property of her deceased husband, in consideration of which she agreed with him at the time of the execution of such conveyances and will, that she would enter into the contract in question, and by signing it, she is bound thereby, although it may never have been formally delivered to him.
It is also urged by counsel fordefendant that the mental incapacity of deceased at the time defendant signed the contract sued upon prevented him from assenting to its terms, and that for this reason it is invalid. The parties to the contract had agreed upon its terms when the husband of defendant was mentally capable of contracting. He had performed his part of their agreement. She had received the conveyances which he executed and delivered, and the contract which she subsequently signed was but an evidence of their agreement as to what she should do in consideration of the conveyance and devise of the property to her. She has liad the full benefit of the agreement between herself and her husband, and in such circumstances she will not be permitted to avoid her obligation upon the ground that her husband was mentally incapacitated at the time she. signed the contract which she had previously agreed with him to execute.
*429It is also urged by counsel for defendant that the evidence tending to prove the understanding between deceased and his wife at the time he executed his will, with respect to the payment of certain sums to his brothers and sisters was not admissible for the reason that it tended to vary the terms of the will hy parol. This claim is without merit. The testimony, as a whole, established that the execution and delivery of the deeds and hill of sale, the execution of the will by deceased, and the making of the contract by the defendant, were one transaction, which was finally consummated when the defendant signed the contract, and the evidence objected to was competent for the purpose of establishing what the transaction was, in fact, as well as for the purpose of showing the consideration received by the defendant for her contract.
Mr. Dunklee was the attorney for deceased, and had sustained that relation to him for several years prior to Ms death. It is also claimed by counsel for defendant that Dunklee was regarded by her as her counsel. As a defense to the contract the defendant filed an answer, charging Dunklee with fraud and deceit in obtaining the contract from her. She went upon the stand and testified respecting matters intended to establish this defense. This involved what transpired between her husband and herself and Mr. Dunklee, who was acting for them in the preparation of the deeds, hill of sale, will and contract. Subsequent to the reception of her testimony, Mr. Dunklee was permitted, over her objection, to give his version of what was said, and what transpired. This, it is claimed, was error, because of the provisions of §4824, Mills’ Stats., which inhibits an attorney, without the consent of his client, from disclosing any communication made hy the client to him, in the course of professional employment. The *430law as thus .declared should he rigidly enforced, hut there are instances when the statute does not apply, of which the case at bar is an example. The object of the statute is to extend to the client the privilege that his communication shall not be disclosed without his consent. It is a personal privilege, and if he makes the disclosure himself, it ceases to he a secret. The defendant testified to what transpired between her husband, Mr. Dunklee and herself. By so doing she made it public, and thereby waived her right to object to Mr. Dunklee giving his own account of the matter.—Hunt v. Blackburn, 128 U. S. 464; State v. Madigan, 66 Minn. 10.
It is also' contended by counsel for defendant that the court erred in allowing Mr. Dunklee, who had prepared the first will of Robert Fearnley, deceased, to testify with respect to its contents. It appears from the record that subsequent to the testimony of the attorney on this subject, Joshua Fearnley, rega'rding.whose competency to testify no question is" raised, stated what the contents of the will were. Joshua Fearnley’s testimony is substantially the same as that of Mr. Dunklee on this subject. So that, if the court erred, as contended by counsel for defendant, in allowing Mr. Dunklee to state the contents of this will, it affirmatively appears that such error was without prejudice to defendant. Nonprejudicial error will not work a reversal of a judgment on review.
Numerous errors are assigned by counsel for defendant upon instructions requested in her behalf and refused, and on those given. Several of the questions thus raised have been disposed of adversely to the contention of counsel in the preceding discussion, and it is, therefore, unnecessary to reconsider them. Neither is it, in the circumstances of this case, necessary to consider in detail the remain*431ing errors assigned on the subject of instructions. The testimony on behalf of the plaintiff clearly establishes that from the time Robert Fearnley began to consider deeding his property to the defendant, in lieu of the provisions of his first will, down to the time when he executed his second will, that it was with the understanding with the defendant that she should pay his brothers and sisters the sums devised by his first will. Nowhere does'the defendant, except in the most indirect manner, deny that such was the understanding between her husband and herself, and it seems incredible that she-would have signed the contract sued upon unless such had been the understanding with her husband. We therefore conclude that the testimony as a whole so clearly established the issues in favor of the plaintiff that the matter of instructions to the, jury is of no moment, becáuse the verdict is cleaily right, and could not have been otherwise than as returned by the jury.
But appellant seeks to avoid her contract because she signed it without knowledge of its contents,. and when her mental condition was such that she was not capable of understanding it. Her own testimony bearing on the circumstances under which she signed the contract was not sufficient to justify the court submitting either of these questions to the jury. She says, in substance, that when the contract was presented for her signature by Mr. Dunklee, she felt very faint and miserable; that he said he had come to have .her sign it, and she thought it was all right, as long as it was Mr. Dunklee. She says she asked where she should sign her name; that she hesitated, and Mr. Dunklee said: “It is all right, Mrs. Fearnley. I have just come for your signature”; that she signed it, although there was not a word said in regard to its contents, and that she did not examine it because there was no opportunity given her for that *432purpose; and that Mr. Dunklee took the paper away as soon as it was signed. This statement upon her part is wholly insufficient to avoid the. contract. She does not claim that there was any misrepresentation made to her regarding its contents, or that there was any fraud practiced in procuring her signature; or that she requested, and was denied, the opportunity to examine it and acquaint herself with its provisions ; and her own version' of what transpired at the time she signed the contract serves to conclusively establish that she knew it was to evidence the agreement between her husband and herself in consideration of which he had conveyed and willed his property to her; otherwise, she would have made some inquiries regarding it.
The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for a sum which Represented four installments under the contract, and the interest thereon. At the suggestion of counsel for plaintiff, the verdict was changed so as to include only three installments and interest, because it was thought only three installments were due. Subsequently it was discovered that the verdict of the jury, as first returned, was correct. Thereafter, at the request of counsel for the plaintiff, the jury were reassembled, and asked to return such verdict as they believed should have been returned, although the jury, previous to this, had been discharged from further consideration of the cause. There was no such error committed by this action as would justify a reversal. There was no dispute with respect to the amount which plaintiff was entitled to recover in the event the issues upon which such recovery depended were found in his favor. There were four installments due under the contract instead of three, and it was, therefore, not error for the court to recall the jury and require them *433to correct their verdict with respect to a matter regarding which there was no dispute.
Counsel for defendant has presented an able brief on the questions of law argued and in support of the errors assigned upon which he bases his contention that the judgment of the trial court should be reversed. We have examined with care all the testimony as abstracted, and from this source conclude that the evidence so clearly and conclusively establishes that Mrs. Fearnley executed the contract sued upon with full knowledge of its contents, in pursuance of a definite understanding with her husband, that she should do so in consideration of the conveyances and devise to her of all his property in lieu of the provisions of the will which he executed in September, 1899, and that this arrangement was made between them prior to the delivery of the conveyances to her and the execution óf his last will, that if the court erred in refusing, instructions requested, or committed error in those given with respect to the issues made by the pleadings, the defendant was not thereby prejudiced, for the reason that the verdict returned by the jury was clearly right. In short, we conclude from the testimony as a whole that it conclusively establishes that Mrs. Fearnley knowingly executed the contract sued upon for a valuable consideration, and she cannot escape complying with its terms for errors committed at the trial, which did not prejudice her substantial rights.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

Affirmed.

Mr. Justice Campbell and Mr. Justice Bailey concur.