Court Opinion

ID: 9409782
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-19 15:05:00.759321+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:53.392183
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CONDEE COKER,                           §
                                        §     No. 273, 2022
            Defendant-Below,            §
            Appellant,                  §     Court Below—Superior Court
                                        §     of the State of Delaware
            v.                          §
                                        §     ID No.: 2011011881(K)
STATE OF DELAWARE,                      §
                                        §
            Appellee.                   §

                          Submitted: May 17, 2023
                          Decided:   July 19, 2023

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA and TRAYNOR, Justices.

                                      ORDER
     This 19th day of July, 2023, after consideration of the parties’ briefs and the

record on appeal, it appears to the Court that:

     (1)    On November 25, 2020, the night before Thanksgiving, Condee Coker

was cooking food on the stove before she went to work the overnight shift (11 P.M.

to 7 A.M.) at the Delaware Hospital for the Chronically Ill in Smyrna. Coker and

her three sons lived in the first-floor unit of a two-story apartment located at 717

Talon Court in Smyrna. That evening, Coker left her sons—an eight-month-old, an

eighteen-month-old, and a three-year-old—at home unattended and clocked into

work at 11 P.M. The stove was still on when Coker left the apartment, and the food

she was cooking caught on fire while she was at work.
     (2)    Early on November 26, at 2:12 A.M., Coker’s upstairs neighbor called

911. Soon after, firefighters from the Smyrna Fire Department arrived at Coker’s

apartment and broke down the door. When the firefighter in charge, Robert Dwayne

Newnam, stepped into the apartment, he saw Coker’s three-year-old son standing

before him. Although there was no structural fire, the apartment was filled with

smoke. The firefighters evacuated the three-year-old and then discovered and

evacuated an infant inside a crib in the living room and another child in a bedroom

in the back of the apartment. They had to force open the door to the back bedroom,

because it was missing a handle. The children did not suffer any observable injuries.

The firefighters determined that the source of the smoke was a pot of burning food

on the stove. They removed the smoldering pot from the apartment and then used

powerful fans to clear the smoke.

     (3)    Coker received a call about the fire, clocked out of work early at 2:32

A.M., and rushed home. At the scene, Officer Evans Leighty of the Smyrna Police

spoke with Coker while his body camera was recording. He asked Coker why the

children were home alone, and Coker told him that she had gone out briefly to get

“wipes” for the children. She did not disclose that she had been at work. Coker

told the officer, however, that she had forgotten to take the pot off the stove. When

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Officer Leighty informed Coker that he would be contacting the Division of Family

Services, she said, “I’m sorry.”1

       (4)    Four days later, on November 30, Coker was interviewed by Detective

William Davis at the Smyrna Police Department. Coker, who was Mirandized,

eventually admitted that she was working on the night of November 25, after

Detective Davis revealed that he had employment records showing that Coker

clocked into work at 11 P.M. Coker agreed that it was not right to leave her children

alone, but she told Detective Davis that she had hoped that the children’s father

would supervise while she was away, stating that “when he can, he will.” 2 The

children’s father, however, worked in Newark until midnight—an hour after Coker

was supposed to clock into work herself—and Newark is at least a 25–30-minute

drive from Coker’s home. During the interview, Detective Davis also asked Coker

why the stove was turned on. She explained, “That’s me. I forgot (inaudible) and

came up (inaudible) come back in the morning and do the cooking, so I forgot.”3

       (5)     In June 2021, Coker was indicted on three counts of reckless

endangering in the first degree—one count for each of her children. Her case went

to trial in April 2022. At trial, the State called Newnam, the firefighter in charge of

quelling the fire. He testified that a lack of oxygen in the apartment caused the

1
  App. to Opening Br. at A113.
2
  State’s Ex. 12 at 5–6.
3
  Id. at 7.
                                          3
burning food in the pot to smolder but that it was still “producing a lot of smoke.”4

According to Newnam, his “eyes were watering” during the rescue, and there was

enough smoke in the apartment to “cause somebody some difficulty to breathe.”5

The State’s next witness, Detective Davis, testified about his November 30

interview with Coker. After the State introduced Coker’s employment records,

Detective Davis testified that Coker agreed that she had clocked into work at 11

P.M. on November 25 and clocked out at 2:32 A.M on November 26. 6 Then,

Officer Leighty, who was present for Detective Davis’s testimony, testified that

Coker’s statement on the scene—that she had gone out briefly to buy “wipes”—

was inconsistent with her later statement to Detective Davis concerning her shift on

November 25–26.7

       (6)     After the State’s case-in-chief, Coker moved for judgment of acquittal,

arguing that no evidence had been offered showing that Coker knew that the stove

was on and that there was a hazardous condition in the apartment that could create

death or injury. Drawing all inferences in the light most favorable to the State, the

court denied the motion, ruling that “[a] rational trier of fact here could find Ms.

Coker’s conduct reckless, entirely distinct and apart from the factual issue of the

pot on the stove[,]” because Coker “knew she left three [young] children unattended

4
  App. to Opening Br. at A50, A58.
5
  Id. at A50.
6
  A recording of the police interview was played for the jury at trial.
7
  Video from Officer Leighty’s body camera was played for the jury at trial.
                                                4
in an apartment” where “any number of calamities” could befall them.8 Clarifying

its ruling, the court stated, “[e]ven if the issue of Ms. Coker’s knowledge of the pot”

was case-dispositive, “credibility determinations regarding Ms. Coker’s statements

and knowledge regarding the pot and stove are reserved for the finder of fact.”9

       (7)    Coker did not put on a defense at trial. After resting her case, she

renewed her motion for judgment of acquittal, arguing that “[t]he State has failed to

prove that the Defendant was aware of any hazardous condition in that apartment

that would result in the children’s death or that would result in physical injury to

the children.”10 The Superior Court denied Coker’s renewed motion for the same

reasons as before. Coker’s counsel then advised the court that he would object

during the State’s closing argument to “any reference to any hazard in [Coker’s]

apartment that was not entered at trial as evidence . . .”11 The State asked the court

for a ruling to avoid such objections, and the court ruled that the State could argue

reasonable inferences about the hazards in the apartment, noting that leaving three

small children under the age of four unsupervised in an apartment was, “in and of

itself, a hazard.”12

8
  App. to Opening Br. at A146.
9
  Id. at A146–47.
10
   Id. at A160.
11
   Id. at A185.
12
   Id. at A186–87.
                                          5
       (8)    In its closing argument, the State argued that Coker’s statements to the

police that she forgot to turn off the stove were not credible. The State also argued

that Coker was aware of and disregarded the risk of cooking and the potential risks

associated with leaving three very young children alone in an apartment. It urged

the jury to use its “common sense when considering what could have happened to

those three children[,]” arguing, among other things, that Coker’s three-year-old

son was roaming around the apartment and could have done damage to himself or

his siblings.13 Thereafter, the jury found Coker guilty on three counts of reckless

endangering in the first degree. She was sentenced to probation.14

       (9)    On appeal, Coker argues that the Superior Court adopted an erroneous

“per se principle that leaving three children under the age of four unsupervised in

an apartment at night is reckless.”15 She claims that the act of leaving a child

unattended is not reckless without evidence “relevant to the question whether the

defendant consciously disregarded a substantial and unjustifiable risk[.]”16 She also

contends that the State failed to establish that Coker consciously disregarded a

13
   Id. at A211.
14
   On July 13, 2022, Coker received concurrent sentences for each conviction and was placed in
the custody of the Department of Corrections for five years at supervision level V, suspended for
eighteen months at supervision level III. She was also ordered to participate and complete
parenting classes and take all medications as prescribed. She cannot have unsupervised contact
with her children. The sentence review date was scheduled for eight months later. Ex. D.
15
   Reply Br. at 1.
16
   Second Corrected Opening Br. at 19 (quoting Commonwealth v. Costa, 148 N.E. 3d 1211, 1216
(Mass. App. Ct. 2020)).
                                               6
substantial risk of death created by the pot of burning food, because Coker told the

police that she forgot that the stove was on when she left the apartment.

       (10) This Court reviews a trial judge’s denial of a defense motion for

judgment of acquittal de novo.17 “Specifically, we must determine ‘whether any

rational trier of fact, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the

State, could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.’”18 In making this determination, the Court does not “distinguish between

direct and circumstantial evidence[.]”19

       (11) We note that Coker’s argument on appeal appears to be focused on part

of the trial court’s ruling—that the conclusion could be reached exclusive of

Coker’s knowledge about the stove—but the trial court clarified that credibility

determinations regarding Coker’s statements and knowledge about the pot and

stove were for the jury to decide. Because our review is de novo, we are not

confined to the trial judge’s reasoning or required to determine whether, “exclusive

of Ms. Coker’s knowledge of the pot,” Coker consciously disregarded a substantial

risk of death. Stated differently, we may consider the totality of the evidence,

including the smoldering pot and the length of time Coker intended to be away from

the children.

17
   Bethard v. State, 28 A.3d 395, 397–98 (Del. 2011).
18
   Id. (quoting Winer v. State, 950 A.2d 642, 646 (Del. 2008)).
19
   Lum v. State, 101 A.3d 970, 971 (Del. 2014).
                                                7
       (12) Under 11 Del. C. § 604, “[a] person is guilty of reckless endangering in

the first degree when the person recklessly engages in conduct which creates a

substantial risk of death to another person.”20 According to the Delaware Criminal

Code’s definitions relating to state of mind, “[a] person acts recklessly . . . when the

person is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk”

and the risk is “of such a nature and degree that disregard thereof constitutes a gross

deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in

the situation.”21

       (13) As noted above, the jury was free to find Coker’s statement—that she

forgot to turn off the stove—not credible. Viewing the facts in a light most

favorable to the State, a legitimate inference could be drawn that Coker turned on

the stove and left it on to pre-cook the Thanksgiving meal while she worked an

eight-hour shift, leaving her three small children—the oldest three years old and the

youngest an infant—unattended.               This conduct, it seems self-evident to us,

“constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person

would observe in the situation.”22

       (14) The only colorable defense—and its color is questionable—is that

Coker’s reckless conduct did not create a substantial risk of death to her unattended

20
   Reckless endangering in the second degree is an identical crime, except the risk to the victim is
“physical injury” rather than “death.” 11 Del. C. § 603.
21
   11 Del. C. § 231(e).
22
   Id.
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children. Although “‘[s]ubstantial risk of death’ is not defined in the Delaware

Criminal Code, . . . [the phrase] is accorded ‘its commonly accepted meaning.’”23

In the present context, we view “substantial” as meaning “real and not imaginary,

having actual, not fictitious, existence.”24 Moreover, in Hastings v. State, a case

involving the charge of reckless endangering in the first degree, we explained that

a “substantial risk of death” does not require an “imminent threat” of death.25

Applying these principles, a rational factfinder, viewing the facts in the light most

favorable to the State, could find beyond a reasonable doubt, that Coker’s conduct,

in turning on the stove and then leaving her very young children at home alone

while she went to work, created a substantial risk of death to her children, which

Coker consciously disregarded by failing to turn off the stove and leaving the

children unattended.

      (15) Coker also claims on appeal that the court abused its discretion by

ruling that the State could refer to reasonable inferences in its closing argument

about the hazards in the apartment, including the “hazard” of leaving three young

children unsupervised in an apartment. She contends that the State should not have

been allowed to argue that potential dangers that generally pose a risk to unattended

23
   Eaton v. State, 751 A.2d 878, 2000 WL 628330, at *2 (Del. Apr. 28, 2000) (TABLE) (quoting
11 Del. C. § 221(c)).
24
   Substantial, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019). See Substantial, MERRIAM-WEBSTER,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantial (last visited May 16, 2023) (“not
imaginary or illusory”).
25
   289 A.3d 1264, 1271 (Del. 2023).
                                             9
young children were “substantial and unjustifiable risks” that Coker was “aware of

and consciously disregarded.”26

       (16) In Delaware, counsel is permitted “a certain flexibility in presenting

zealous jury argument.”27 The prosecutor “is allowed and expected to explain all

the legitimate inferences of the [defendant’s] guilt that flow from that evidence.” 28

“Therefore, unless we find a clear abuse of discretion or undue prejudice to the

defendants, we will not interfere with the Trial Court’s determination as to the

proper bounds of closing argument.”29

       (17) Coker’s state of mind was a central issue in this case. The jury was

permitted to draw an inference about Coker’s state of mind from the facts and

circumstances.30 In drawing such an inference, the jury could consider whether a

reasonable person in Coker’s circumstances would have had the required intention,

recklessness, knowledge, or belief.31 The evidence clearly established that Coker

26
   Second Corrected Opening Br. at 24.
27
   Money v. State, 957 A.2d 2, 2008 WL 3892777, at *3 (Del. Aug. 22, 2008) (TABLE).
28
   Hooks v. State, 416 A.2d 189, 204 (Del. 1980).
29
   Burke. v. State, 484 A.2d 490, 498 (Del. 1984), abrogated by Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S.
36 (2004) on different grounds.
30
   See Deputy v. State, 500 A.2d 581, 597 (Del. 1985) (noting that “the problems involved in
proving the existence of a person’s state of mind necessitate some reliance on circumstantial
evidence”).
31
   11 Del. C. § 307 (a) (“The defendant’s intention, recklessness, knowledge or belief at the time
of the offense for which the defendant is charged may be inferred by the jury from the
circumstances surrounding the act the defendant is alleged to have done. In making the inference
permitted by this section, the jury may consider whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s
circumstances at the time of the offense would have had or lacked the requisite intention,
recklessness, knowledge or belief.”).
                                               10
consciously decided to leave her three very young children unattended for an

extended period. That this posed a very grave risk of harm to the children was borne

out by what the firefighters discovered when they responded to Coker’s apartment:

a three-year-old child wandering about in a smoke-filled apartment. Given these

facts, we reject Coker’s claim that the trial court abused its discretion by permitting

the State to refer in closing argument to the myriad harms that could have befallen

the children as a consequence of Coker’s recklessness.

     NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior

Court be AFFIRMED.

                                              BY THE COURT:

                                              /s/ Gary F. Traynor
                                                    Justice

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