Court Opinion

ID: 2727915
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:25:37.082374+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:57.087824
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of                           Feb 27 2013, 9:50 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                                ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

NOAH T. WILLIAMS                                        GREGORY F. ZOELLER
STUART K. BAGGERLY                                      Attorney General of Indiana
Monroe County Public Defender
Bloomington, Indiana                                    KATHERINE MODESITT COOPER
                                                        Deputy Attorney General
                                                        Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

MICHAEL CHAMBERS,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellant-Defendant,                        )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )   No. 53A01-1209-CR-401
                                                   )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                  )
                                                   )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                         )

                      APPEAL FROM THE MONROE CIRCUIT COURT
                          The Honorable Teresa D. Harper, Judge
                              Cause No. 53C09-1106-FB-558

                                        February 27, 2013

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BAILEY, Judge
                                          Case Summary

          Michael Chambers (“Chambers”) was convicted of two counts of Sexual Misconduct

with a Minor, as Class B felonies.1 He challenges one of those convictions2 and the aggregate

forty-year sentence imposed. We affirm his convictions but remand to the trial court with

instructions to impose concurrent sentences.

                                               Issues

          Chambers presents two issues for review:

          I.      Whether the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction for Sexual
                  Misconduct based upon sexual intercourse; and

          II.     Whether his sentence is inappropriate.

                                 Facts and Procedural History

          During the spring of 2011, C.F. lived in a Bloomington, Indiana townhouse with her

four daughters, including fourteen-year-old S.F. Because C.F.’s best friend and her friend’s

fiancé, Chambers, were homeless, C.F. allowed them to temporarily move into the

townhouse. Chambers, who was unemployed, began to spend time with S.F., do errands for

her, and purchase small things for her.

          One evening around midnight, S.F. went into her kitchen to get a drink of water.

Chambers came into the kitchen and he and S.F. began kissing. S.F. removed her sweatpants

and Chambers inserted the tip of his penis into S.F.’s vagina. She pushed Chambers away

1
    Ind. Code § 35-42-4-9.
2
 Chambers challenges the conviction based upon sexual intercourse and does not challenge the conviction
based upon deviate sexual conduct by digital penetration.

                                                  2
because the activity hurt her, and he stopped. On another occasion, Chambers put his finger

into S.F.’s vagina. S.F. indicated that she was in pain, and Chambers stopped.

       On June 21, 2011, the State charged Chambers with two counts of Sexual Misconduct

with a Minor. On July 6, 2012, Chambers was tried in a bench trial and found guilty as

charged. He received two twenty-year sentences, to be served consecutively. He now

appeals.

                                 Discussion and Decision

                               I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Chambers contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for

sexual misconduct by means of sexual intercourse. More specifically, he asks that we apply

the incredible dubiosity rule and disregard S.F.’s testimony because she was inconsistent

when asked whether sexual intercourse occurred.

       To convict Chambers of Sexual Misconduct with a Minor, as a Class B felony, as

charged, the State was required to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Chambers, a

person at least twenty-one years of age, engaged in sexual intercourse with S.F., a child less

than sixteen years of age. I.C. § 35-42-4-9(a)(1). Sexual intercourse is “an act that includes

any penetration of the female sex organ by the male sex organ.” I.C. § 35-31.5-2-302. The

statute defining sexual intercourse does not require that the vagina be penetrated, only that

the female sex organ be penetrated. Short v. State, 564 N.E.2d 553, 559 (Ind. Ct. App.

1991). Penetration of the external genitalia, or vulva, is sufficient to support an unlawful

sexual intercourse conviction. Id.

                                              3
        When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence needed to support a criminal

conviction, we neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility. Henley v. State, 881

N.E.2d 639, 652 (Ind. 2008). We consider only the evidence supporting the judgment and

any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from such evidence. Id. We will affirm if there

is substantial evidence of probative value such that a reasonable trier of fact could have

concluded the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

        Pursuant to the “incredible dubiosity rule,” this Court may impinge upon the

responsibility of the fact-finder to judge the credibility of witnesses when confronted with

inherently improbable testimony or coerced, equivocal, wholly uncorroborated testimony.

Manuel v. State, 971 N.E.2d 1262, 1271 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). A defendant’s conviction may

be reversed where a sole witness presents inherently improbable testimony and there is a

complete lack of circumstantial evidence. Id. However, application of the rule is rare and

the standard to be applied is whether the testimony is so incredibly dubious or inherently

improbable that no reasonable person could believe it. Id.

        S.F. was sixteen years old at the time of trial but was somewhat developmentally

delayed.3 The prosecutor asked S.F. if she knew what “sex” meant and S.F. responded:

“where the guy puts his penis in the girl’s vagina.” (Tr. 59.) She acknowledged that this was

sometimes referred to “as sexual intercourse.” (Tr. 59.) S.F. alternately told the prosecutor

that she and Chambers had sexual intercourse, did not have sexual intercourse, and “I don’t
3
 The extent or nature of S.F.’s disability is not developed in the record. Her mother testified that she needed
reminders to bathe and had an individualized educational plan at school. Relying upon triple hearsay, the State
points to testimony from Detective Sarah Carnes that Chambers had, in his police statement, indicated his
belief that S.F. “had the mind of an eight year old according to what doctors had told the family.” (Tr. 186.)
Nonetheless, S.F. provided articulate and detailed testimony in court.

                                                      4
know.” (Tr. 61.) However, S.F. also testified that Chambers “put the tip of his penis in [her]

vagina” and later specified it was “the head.” (Tr. 64, 66.) The prosecutor asked S.F. to

“show the Judge with your fingers how much went in” and S.F. complied. (Tr. 66.) On

cross-examination, S.F. agreed with the defense attorney that she “never had sex with

[Chambers].” (Tr. 93.) On re-direct, she stated that Chambers “put his penis in me” and

illustrated for the court “that much.” (Tr. 96.)

       At first blush, S.F.’s testimony seems inconsistent. However, she repeatedly described

(and twice provided visual illustrations of) an act that would constitute sexual intercourse

under Indiana law. She was unequivocal as to the occurrence of penetration but apparently

became confused when asked to label the conduct. Her testimony is analogous to someone

repeatedly stating with certainty that she saw a killing but, when asked to categorize, being

uncertain if it was murder, manslaughter, or reckless homicide.

       S.F. never equivocated in her testimony that Chambers inserted his penis into her

vagina. She simply did not categorize an act of slight penetration as “sexual intercourse.”

We do not find her testimony to be so inherently incredible as to justify application of the

incredible dubiosity rule.

                                         II. Sentence

       Chambers further contends that his aggregate forty-year sentence is inappropriate.

Under Appellate Rule 7(B), this “Court may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after

due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is

inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” It is the

                                               5
defendant’s burden to persuade this court that his sentence “has met th[e] inappropriateness

standard of review.” Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 494 (Ind. 2007) (quoting

Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006)), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218

(Ind. 2007).

       In Reid v. State, the Indiana Supreme Court reiterated the standard by which our

state appellate courts independently review criminal sentences:

       Although a trial court may have acted within its lawful discretion in
       determining a sentence, Article VII, Sections 4 and 6 of the Indiana
       Constitution authorize independent appellate review and revision of a sentence
       through Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which provides that a court may revise a
       sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s
       decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature
       of the offense and the character of the offender. The burden is on the
       defendant to persuade us that his sentence is inappropriate.

876 N.E.2d 1114, 1116 (Ind. 2007) (internal quotation and citations omitted).

       The Court more recently stated that “sentencing is principally a discretionary function

in which the trial court’s judgment should receive considerable deference.” Cardwell v.

State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1222 (Ind. 2008). “Ultimately the length of the aggregate sentence

and how it is to be served are the issues that matter.” Id. at 1224. Indiana’s flexible

sentencing scheme allows trial courts to tailor a sentence appropriate to the circumstances

presented. See id. Appellate review should focus on the aggregate sentence; a principal

purpose is to attempt to “leaven the outliers.” Id. at 1225. “Whether we regard a sentence as

appropriate at the end of the day turns on our sense of the culpability of the defendant, the

severity of the crime, the damage done to others, and myriad other factors that come to light

in a given case.” Id. at 1224.

                                               6
        Here, Chambers was convicted of two counts of Sexual Misconduct with a Minor. As

Class B felonies, each count carried a sentencing range of six to twenty years imprisonment,

with an advisory term of ten years. I.C. § 35-50-2-5. The trial court sentenced Chambers to

twenty years imprisonment for each offense and ordered that the sentences be served

consecutively. Accordingly, Chambers received the maximum possible sentence.

        Applying Appellate Rule 7(B), we turn first to the nature of Chambers’ offenses.

Chambers took advantage of the hospitality and trust S.F.’s mother placed in him. He lured

S.F., then fourteen but apparently somewhat learning disabled, into sexual activities.

Chambers inserted the head of his penis into S.F.’s vagina and digitally penetrated her

vagina. In each of these incidents, Chambers stopped when S.F. indicated that she was in

pain.

        With respect to his character, Chambers has eight felony convictions (for attempted

forgery, forgery, fraud, and theft). He also has misdemeanor convictions for furnishing

alcohol to a minor and possession of marijuana. He has previously violated parole and was

on parole when he committed the instant offenses.

        Chambers directs our attention to our supreme court’s opinion in Walker v. State, 747

N.E.2d 536 (Ind. 2001). There, the appellant lacked a criminal history, had committed a

series of identical acts against a single victim, and there was no discernible physical injury,

leading the court to conclude that consecutive sentences of forty years each for two Class A

felony convictions of child molesting was manifestly unreasonable. Id. at 538. The sentence

was revised to a concurrent sentence of forty years. Id. Subsequently, in Harris v. State, 897

                                              7
N.E.2d 927, 930 (Ind. 2008), our supreme court revised consecutive fifty-year sentences to

concurrent sentences where the appellant’s criminal history consisted of two class D felonies

involving theft and numerous traffic violations, which the court concluded were not

significant aggravators in relation to class A felony child molestation.

       We find this authority to be instructive here. Although Chambers’ character does not

speak well of him, the incidents that gave rise to his convictions are not of a nature to justify

the maximum possible aggregate sentence. Because of Chambers’ extensive prior criminal

history, we agree with the trial court that an aggravated sentence is appropriate. However,

his criminal history is not significant in relation to sexual misconduct and his acts against

S.F. were not so separated in time, place, and circumstance as to make the imposition of

consecutive sentences appropriate. Simply put, we conclude that the forty-year sentence

imposed is an outlier. We therefore exercise our independent authority under the Indiana

Constitution and Appellate Rule 7(B), and thereby order the trial court to impose concurrent

twenty-year sentences, yielding an aggregate term of imprisonment of twenty years.

                                          Conclusion

       There is sufficient evidence to sustain Chambers’ convictions. Because we conclude

that his aggregate forty-year sentence is inappropriate, we order that his sentence be revised

to two concurrent terms of twenty years.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.

BROWN, J., concurs.

VAIDIK, J., dissents with opinion.

                                               8
______________________________________________________________________________

                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

MICHAEL CHAMBERS,                                 )
                                                  )
       Appellant-Defendant                        )
                                                  )
              vs.                                 )    No. 53A01-1209-CR-401
                                                  )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                 )
                                                  )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                        )
                                                  )

VAIDIK, Judge, dissenting.

       I concur with the majority’s conclusion as to the sufficiency of the evidence against

Chambers. However, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to revise Chambers’

sentence to two, concurrent twenty-year terms, decreasing his total sentence by half.

       The majority cites two cases—Walker v. State, 747 N.E.2d 536, 537 (Ind. 2001) and

Harris v. State, 897 N.E.2d 927, 930 (Ind. 2008)—in support of its decision to revise

Chambers’ sentence. But in Walker, the defendant had no criminal history, and in Harris, the

defendant had two felony convictions for theft and a handful of traffic violations. Chambers,

                                             9
by contrast, has amassed a much more significant criminal history:          he has eight felony

convictions for theft, fraud, forgery, and attempted forgery. He also has misdemeanor

convictions for providing alcohol to a minor and possession of marijuana. He has violated

his parole three times in the past and was on parole when he committed the underlying

offenses. The number of Chambers’ convictions, coupled with his behavior following those

convictions, reflects negatively on his character.

       When we consider the appropriateness of a sentence, “we exercise with great restraint

our responsibility to review and revise sentences, recognizing the special expertise of the trial

bench in making sentencing decisions.” Green v. State, 811 N.E.2d 874, 880 (Ind. Ct. App.

2004). Here, Chambers committed two separate and distinct acts of sexual misconduct

against fourteen-year-old S.F., who is developmentally disabled. On one occasion, Chambers

inserted the head of his penis into S.F.’s vagina, and on another occasion, Chambers digitally

penetrated S.F.’s vagina. Both acts caused S.F. pain. When committing these acts,

Chambers abused the hospitality and trust that his friend, S.F.’s mother, had granted him. I

believe the nature of these two offenses, coupled with Chambers’ significant criminal history,

makes the sentence imposed by the trial court fully appropriate.

       I respectfully dissent and would affirm the sentence imposed by the trial court.

                                               10