Court Opinion

ID: 4527464
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-21 17:34:48.561339+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:09.098853
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                         APRIL 21, 2020
                                                                  In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                 WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                            DIVISION THREE

 In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of     )
                                                )          No. 36675-8-III
 ARMANDO CORTEZ LOPEZ,                          )
                                                )
                       Petitioner.              )          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

       KORSMO, J. — Armando Cortez Lopez brought an untimely CrR 7.8 motion and

then attacked the integrity of the trial court for properly transferring the motion to this

court for consideration as a personal restraint petition (PRP). Concluding that the petition

has not demonstrated prejudicial error on the unique facts of this case, we dismiss the

untimely PRP.

                                           FACTS

       The relevant facts are entirely procedural, so we need not discuss the underlying

incident. By amended information, Mr. Lopez was charged with the alternative crimes of

attempted second degree rape and attempted indecent liberties. The jury acquitted him on

the rape count, but convicted on the attempted indecent liberties. This court affirmed the

conviction on appeal. See State v. Lopez, No. 31377-8-III (Wash. Ct. App. Sept. 25,

2014) (unpublished), https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/313778.pdf.
No. 36675-8-III
PRP of Lopez

       The charging document had alleged that Mr. Lopez caused the victim “to have

sexual contact with you by forcible compulsion.” The jury was instructed on the

concepts of “forcible compulsion” and “substantial step.” The instructions also defined

the crime of indecent liberties:

       A person commits the crime of Indecent Liberties when he knowingly
       causes another person who is not his spouse or registered domestic partner
       to have sexual contact with him by forcible compulsion.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) (No. 31377-8) at 129. The elements instruction did not include the

words “forcible compulsion.” The verdict form reflected that the jury found Mr. Lopez

“guilty of the alternate crime of Attempted Indecent Liberties.” CP at 137. The trial

court imposed a life sentence in accordance with RCW 9.94A.703 and set the minimum

term at 44 months.

       This court issued its mandate in the direct appeal on November 4, 2014. The

current action was initiated when Mr. Lopez filed a motion to vacate the sentence in the

Yakima County Superior Court on January 29, 2019. He attempted to note the motion

for hearing before the trial judge. However, the criminal presiding judge transferred the

untimely collateral attack to this court in accordance with CrR 7.8(c)(2).

       Converting the pleading to a PRP, this court directed the prosecutor to respond to

the petition. Mr. Lopez then filed a reply that, in part, accused the prosecutor and

criminal presiding judge of improperly diverting the case from the trial judge. The

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No. 36675-8-III
PRP of Lopez

prosecutor responded by filing a motion to strike the reply. This court temporarily sealed

the reply and the motion to strike; the motion was passed on the panel assigned to the

case. We appointed counsel to argue the case for Mr. Lopez.

       Mr. Lopez’s motion for accelerated review was granted. The originally scheduled

oral argument was struck due to the Covid-19 virus outbreak. Thus, a panel considered

the petition without hearing argument.

                                         ANALYSIS

       The primary issue presented is the petition’s contention that the jury only

convicted Mr. Lopez of a class C felony when it returned a verdict on the attempted

indecent liberties charge. After briefly addressing the motion to strike, we will turn to the

verdict question.

       Motion to Strike

       The State moved to strike a paragraph on page 2 of the pro se reply that alleges

wrongdoing by the presiding criminal judge and the prosecutor, a baseless argument not

presented in the original petition. An improper brief may be struck. RAP 10.7. A party

may not raise new issues in a reply brief. RAP 10.3(c).

       No “collateral attack” “may be filed more than one year after the judgment

becomes final.” RCW 10.73.090(1). A CrR 7.8 motion is a collateral attack. RCW

10.73.090(2). A judgment is final one year after an appellate court issues its mandate.

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No. 36675-8-III
PRP of Lopez

RCW 10.73.090(3)(b). When a collateral attack is filed more than one year after a

judgment is final, the superior court is directed to transfer the case to the court of appeals

for consideration as a PRP. CrR 7.8(c)(2). The transfer of an untimely petition is an

automatic ministerial task. State v. Flaherty, 177 Wash. 2d 90, 93, 296 P.3d 904 (2013).

       Mr. Lopez filed this collateral attack more than one year after the issuance of the

mandate on the direct appeal. Whether it may or may not have qualified for review under

one of the exceptions provided by RCW 10.73.100 was a question for this court to

answer, not the trial court, and did not change the obligation of the trial court. Mr. Lopez

had no right to have the superior court hear the motion. That court properly transferred

the case to this court.

       The motion to strike is granted.

       Verdict Form

       The PRP alleges that the sentence was in excess of the court’s jurisdiction,

invoking the exception to the time bar found in RCW 10.73.100(5).

       The burdens imposed on a petitioner in a PRP are substantial. Because of both the

significant societal costs of collateral litigation often brought years after a conviction and

the need for finality, relief will only be granted in a PRP if there is constitutional error

that caused substantial actual prejudice or if a nonconstitutional error resulted in a

fundamental defect constituting a complete miscarriage of justice. In re Pers. Restraint

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No. 36675-8-III
PRP of Lopez

of Woods, 154 Wash. 2d 400, 409, 114 P.3d 607 (2005). It is the petitioner’s burden to

establish this “threshold requirement.” Id.

       There are six methods of committing the crime of indecent liberties. RCW

9A.44.100. Indecent liberties by forcible compulsion, RCW 9A.44.100(1)(a), is a class A

felony and retains that classification even in cases of attempt. RCW 9A.44.100(2)(b);

RCW 9A.28.020(3)(a). The remaining five alternative methods of committing indecent

liberties are class B felonies, but attempts to commit any of those alternatives are class C

felonies. RCW 9A.44.100(2)(a); RCW 9A.28.020(3)(c).

       Mr. Lopez argues that the failure of the verdict form to reference the “forcible

compulsion” element of the crime means that he was not convicted of that offense. His

argument fails on the facts of this case.

       Although not well developed by the pro se pleadings, his argument presents the

question of whether the jury’s verdict authorized the punishment imposed. See generally,

Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004). An

example is the decision in State v. Clark-El, 196 Wash. App. 614, 384 P.3d 627 (2016).

There the defendant was sentenced for delivering methamphetamine, but the “to convict”

instruction did not identify the controlled substance and the verdict declared Clark-El

guilty of the crime of delivery of a controlled substance. Id. at 618-619. Division One

held that it was error to not identify the substance in the elements instruction, but the

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No. 36675-8-III
PRP of Lopez

error was harmless1 as to Clark-El’s conviction. Id. at 620. However, the error was not

harmless as to the sentence; in light of multiple potential punishments for delivering

controlled substances, the verdict did not authorize the sentence imposed. Id. at 624.

       To the extent this is Mr. Lopez’s argument, it fails because the jury was instructed

on only one theory of indecent liberties—that of forcible compulsion. A jury that

followed the court’s instruction, as we presume2 they did, could only find that indecent

liberties meant indecent liberties by forcible compulsion because that was the only

definition of the crime presented to the jury. If the jury had been instructed on more than

one of the alternative methods of committing indecent liberties, then Mr. Lopez would

have a significant argument that he had been prejudiced.3 However, under these facts

Mr. Lopez cannot bear his heavy burden of proving actual, and prejudicial, error. The

“missing element” (forcible compulsion) was defined for the jury in terms of the element

it had to find (attempted indecent liberties). The jury’s verdict necessarily determined

       1
          Omission of an essential element is subject to harmless error analysis. State v.
Brown, 147 Wash. 2d 330, 332, 58 P.3d 889 (2002); Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 119
S. Ct. 1827, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1999).
        2
          “Jurors are presumed to follow the court’s instructions.” State v. Kalebaugh, 183
Wash. 2d 578, 586, 355 P.3d 253 (2015) (concluding that defendant had not provided
evidence contesting this presumption).
        3
          Special interrogatories are only used when a jury has multiple alternatives to
choose from and there is need to know the basis for the jury’s decision. In a typical case
like this when only one statutory alternative is at issue, the general verdict form suffices
to convey the jury’s decision.

                                             6
No. 36675-8-III
PRP of Lopez

that Mr. Lopez acted with forcible compulsion. It could not have determined that he

committed indecent liberties in some other manner.

       The PRP does not establish prejudicial error. Accordingly, the petition is untimely

and, therefore, is dismissed.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.

                                             _________________________________
                                                     Korsmo, A.C.J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________________
      Fearing, J.

_________________________________
      Siddoway, J.

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