Court Opinion

ID: 3134213
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:03:50.622979+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:15:12.137279
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                     Appellate Court

                  Midwest Gaming & Entertainment, LLC v. County of Cook,
                                2015 IL App (1st) 142786

Appellate Court         MIDWEST GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT, LLC, Plaintiff-
Caption                 Appellee, v. THE COUNTY OF COOK, THE COOK COUNTY
                        DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, and ZAHRI ALI, as Director of the
                        Cook County Department of Revenue, Defendants-Appellants.

District & No.          First District, Fifth Division
                        Docket No. 1-14-2786

Filed                   August 21, 2015

Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-CH-15736; the
Review                  Hon. Robert Lopez Cepero, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                Reversed.

Counsel on              Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Daniel F. Gallagher,
Appeal                  Kent S. Ray, and James Beligratis, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                        counsel), for appellants.

                        Christopher B. Wilson, of Perkins Coie LLP, and David A. Hughes, of
                        Horwood Marcus & Berk Chtrd., both of Chicago, for appellee.
     Panel                    JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with
                              opinion.
                              Justices McBride and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         The instant appeal arises from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
       plaintiff Midwest Gaming and Entertainment, LLC, the owner and operator of Rivers Casino
       in Des Plaines, which operated to strike down the Cook County Gambling Machine Tax
       Ordinance (the Tax Ordinance) (Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62 (approved Nov. 9,
       2012)). The trial court found that the Tax Ordinance: (1) was preempted by the Riverboat
       Gambling Act (230 ILCS 10/1 et seq. (West 2012)), (2) constituted an impermissible tax upon
       occupations in violation of the Illinois Constitution, (3) constituted an impermissible license
       for revenue in violation of the Illinois Constitution, and (4) violated the uniformity clause of
       the Illinois Constitution. Defendants, the County of Cook, the Cook County Department of
       Revenue, and the Director of the Cook County Department of Revenue (collectively, the
       County), appeal and, for the reasons that follow, we reverse.

¶2                                           BACKGROUND
¶3                                           I. Tax Ordinance
¶4          On November 9, 2012, the County enacted the Tax Ordinance, which imposed registration
       and tax requirements on “Gambling Machines” displayed for play or operation by the public
       within the County. “Gambling Machines” were defined as either a “Gambling Device” as
       defined by the Tax Ordinance or a “video gaming terminal” as defined by the Video Gaming
       Act (230 ILCS 40/5 (West 2012)). Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-626 (approved
       Nov. 9, 2012). A “Gambling Device” was defined by the Tax Ordinance as “a machine or
       mechanical, electrical, or electronic device utilized in or primarily designed for gambling, and
       includes any clock, tape machine, slot machine, video machine, or other machine, for the
       reception of money or other thing of value on chance or skill is staked, hazarded, bet, won or
       lost, but does not include gambling devices excepted from the Illinois Criminal Code, 720
       ILCS 5/28-2(a)(1) through 5/28-2(a)(4) or video gaming terminals, as defined in the Illinois
       Video Gaming Act, 230 ILCS 40/5.” Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-626
       (approved Nov. 9, 2012). A “Video Gaming Terminal” was defined by the Tax Ordinance
       nearly identically with its definition in the Video Gaming Act, and was defined as “any
       electronic video game machine that, upon insertion of cash, is available to play or simulate the
       play of a video game, including, but not limited to, video poker, line up, and blackjack,
       utilizing a video display and microprocessors in which the player may receive free games or
       credits that can be redeemed for cash and as further defined under the Video Gaming Act, 230
       ILCS 40/5. The term does not include a machine that directly dispenses coins, cash, or tokens
       or is for amusement purposes only.” Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-626
       (approved Nov. 9, 2012). Thus, according to the Tax Ordinance, a slot machine at a casino
       would be a typical gambling device, while a video poker machine at a bar or restaurant would
       be a typical video gaming terminal. Both machines would be considered gambling machines.

                                                  -2-
¶5        Under the Tax Ordinance, all owners of gambling machines to be played or operated by the
     public at any place in the county, and those people currently displaying gambling machines to
     be played or operated by the public at any place owned or leased by them, were required to
     register with the County’s Department of Revenue that they owned or displayed such gambling
     machines by June 21, 2013. Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-627(a) (approved
     Nov. 9, 2012). Additionally, the Tax Ordinance imposed a tax upon each gambling machine
     that was displayed by a person for play or operation by the public in the county (the tax). Cook
     County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-628 (approved Nov. 9, 2012). The Tax Ordinance
     imposed separate tax rates for gambling devices and video gaming terminals. For gambling
     devices, the Tax Ordinance imposed an annual tax of $1,000 per gambling device, while for
     video gaming terminals, the Tax Ordinance imposed an annual tax of $200 per video gaming
     terminal. Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-628(a), (b) (approved Nov. 9, 2012).
     Both subsections provided that “said tax shall be paid by the owner.” Cook County Ordinance
     No. 12-O-62, § 74-628(a), (b) (approved Nov. 9, 2012).
¶6        Before any gambling machine was made available for use by the public, the owner was
     required to remit the tax due to the Department of Revenue, after which the director would
     issue a tax emblem to be affixed to the gambling machine as evidence of the payment. Cook
     County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-629 (approved Nov. 9, 2012). The Tax Ordinance
     provided that “[n]o owner or person shall make a Gambling Machine available for play or
     operation by the public in the county unless (1) the tax has been paid on said Gambling
     Machine and is evidenced by the tax emblem conspicuously affixed to the Gambling Machine;
     and (2) the Gambling Machine is plainly labeled with the name, address and telephone number
     of the person displaying the Gambling Machine for play or operation by the public, and such
     information as may be required by the director through policy, procedure, rule, or form.” Cook
     County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-629(c) (approved Nov. 9, 2012).
¶7        The Tax Ordinance provided that it was unlawful for any owner or person to display a
     gambling machine for play or operation by the public within the county unless (1) the owner of
     the gambling machine and the person displaying it registered with the Department of Revenue;
     (2) the tax was paid and was evidenced by the presence of the tax emblem conspicuously
     affixed to the gambling machine; and (3) the gambling machine was labeled with the name,
     address, and telephone number of the owner of the gambling machine. Cook County
     Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-634(a) (approved Nov. 9, 2012). If, at any time, a gambling
     machine did not bear the tax emblem, the owner of the gambling machine and the person
     displaying the gambling machine would be jointly and severally liable for a fine of $1,000 for
     a first offense and $2,000 for any subsequent offense. Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62,
     § 74-634(a) (approved Nov. 9, 2012). The Tax Ordinance provided that “[e]very day such
     violation continues shall constitute a separate and distinct offense.” Cook County Ordinance
     No. 12-O-62, § 74-634(a) (approved Nov. 9, 2012).
¶8        The Tax Ordinance provided that representatives of the County’s Department of Revenue
     “shall be permitted to inspect any premises for the display of Gambling Machines” (Cook
     County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-636 (approved Nov. 9, 2012)) and further provided that
     “[i]t shall be unlawful for any owner or person to prevent, or hinder a duly authorized
     Department representative from performing the enforcement duties provided in this Article”
     (Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-636 (approved Nov. 9, 2012)). Finally, the Tax
     Ordinance provided that “[t]he department [of revenue] shall enforce this Article and the

                                                -3-
       Sheriff and the Sheriff’s Police are authorized to assist the Department, in said enforcement,
       including issuing citations hereunder.” Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-639
       (approved Nov. 9, 2012). The Tax Ordinance also gave rulemaking authority to the
       Department of Revenue, providing that “[t]he department may promulgate policies,
       procedures, rules, definitions and forms to carry out the duties imposed by this ordinance. As
       far as practicable in accordance with the purposes of this ordinance, such procedures,
       regulations, rules, policies, and forms shall be consistent with the practices of the Gambling
       Machine industry.” Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-637 (approved Nov. 9, 2012).
¶9         The parties agree that the Tax Ordinance became effective on June 1, 2013. However, the
       parties “agree[d] to a Standstill of the tax at issue” until “the merits of this case are finally
       resolved.”

¶ 10                                            II. Complaint
¶ 11        On June 27, 2013, plaintiff filed a verified complaint for injunctive relief and for
       declaratory judgment. Plaintiff alleged that it was the owner and operator of Rivers Casino in
       Des Plaines, Illinois, and was the only licensed casino operator in Cook County. Plaintiff
       registered over 1,000 machines pursuant to the Tax Ordinance under protest and sought an
       injunction to bar the application and enforcement of the Tax Ordinance. Plaintiff argued that
       the County did not have the authority to impose the tax because (1) the Riverboat Gambling
       Act prohibited the imposition of such a tax, (2) the tax was an impermissible “occupation tax”
       (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(e)), (3) the tax was a “license for revenue” prohibited by the
       Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(e)), and (4) the tax was unconstitutional
       because it did not treat all gambling machines uniformly (Ill. Const. 1970, art. IX, § 2).
       Accordingly, plaintiff sought “injunctive relief barring Cook County from enforcing this tax
       and from otherwise improperly interfering with [plaintiff’s] lawful operations.”
¶ 12        Count I of the complaint alleged that the Riverboat Gambling Act gave exclusive
       jurisdiction to the Illinois Gaming Board and that the Tax Ordinance improperly interfered
       with that exclusive jurisdiction. Count I alleged that “the comprehensive regulatory structure
       imposed by the Riverboat Gambling Act upon licensees, including the creation of the
       exclusive jurisdiction and authority of the Illinois Gaming Board, prevents any attempt by an
       individual county such as the County of Cook to exercise taxing or regulatory authority over
       licensees such as [plaintiff].” Count I sought a declaration that the Riverboat Gambling Act
       prohibited the County from imposing the tax; and a temporary, preliminary, and permanent
       injunction enjoining the imposition and enforcement of the tax against plaintiff.
¶ 13        Count II of the complaint alleged that the Tax Ordinance imposed an impermissible
       occupation tax on plaintiff. Count II alleged that the Illinois Constitution prohibited a home
       rule unit such as the County from enacting an occupation tax and further alleged that the
       Riverboat Gambling Act contained an express prohibition against occupation taxes. Count II
       sought a declaration that the tax violated the Illinois Constitution as an illegal occupation tax;
       and a temporary, preliminary, and permanent injunction enjoining the imposition and
       enforcement of the tax against plaintiff.
¶ 14        Count III of the complaint alleged that the tax violated the Illinois Constitution because it
       was a license for revenue which was impermissible without the explicit approval of the
       General Assembly. Count III sought a declaration that the tax violated the Illinois Constitution

                                                   -4-
       as a license for revenue; and a temporary, preliminary, and permanent injunction enjoining the
       imposition and enforcement of the tax against plaintiff.
¶ 15       Count IV of the complaint alleged that the Tax Ordinance violated the uniformity clause of
       the Illinois Constitution because it drew a distinction between owners 1 of gambling devices
       and owners of video gaming terminals and charged them different tax amounts. Count IV
       alleged that the purpose of the tax was to provide funds to combat crime, health problems, and
       addiction related to gambling and that “[b]ased on this stated purpose of combating crime,
       health problems, and addi[c]tion that relate to gambling, the Defendant has no legitimate basis
       for drawing the distinction between Gambling Devices and Video Gaming Terminals for
       purposes of the Gambling Machine Tax.” Count IV sought a declaration that the tax violated
       the uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution; and a temporary, preliminary, and permanent
       injunction enjoining the imposition and enforcement of the tax against plaintiff.
¶ 16       Attached to plaintiff’s complaint was a printout of an article purportedly from the County’s
       website concerning the Tax Ordinance.2 The article, which was dated October 30, 2012, and
       was authored by “Communications Staff,” stated that County President Toni Preckwinkle
       “decided to create a tiered system, taking into consideration the potential daily revenue of
       machines and the impact they have on public health and safety in Cook County.” The article
       quoted Preckwinkle as saying, “ ‘We plan to tax them a little more than one day’s revenue,’ ”
       and further quoted her as saying, “ ‘It’s a small price to pay to help with the impact on crime,
       health and addiction. And we’ve reduced the impact on smaller mom and pop
       establishments.’ ” The article indicated that “[t]he additional revenue generated by this tax will
       help the County invest in public safety and criminal justice services to combat the negative
       impacts of compulsive gambling and other gambling addictions.”

¶ 17                               III. Motions for Summary Judgment
¶ 18       On May 23, 2014, both parties filed motions for summary judgment. Plaintiff’s motion for
       summary judgment argued that (1) the Riverboat Gambling Act expressly forbade taxes such
       as those enacted by the County; (2) the Illinois Constitution limited the authority of home rule
       units to matters “pertaining to [their] government and affairs,” and casino gambling was not
       such a matter; (3) the tax was an impermissible occupation tax and an impermissible license for
       revenue, both of which were prohibited by the Illinois Constitution; and (4) the tax violated the
       uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution.
¶ 19       The County’s motion for summary judgment argued that (1) the General Assembly had not
       preempted the County from taxing gambling machines, (2) the tax was authorized by section
       5-1009 of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-1009 (West 2012)), (3) the tax was a valid tax and

           1
             The parties and the trial court sometimes refer to the “operators” of Gambling Devices and Video
       Gaming Terminals in discussing the tax. However, it is actually the owner of the Gambling Device or
       Video Gaming Terminal who is required to pay the tax. Cook County Ordinance No. 12-O-62,
       § 74-628(a), (b) (approved Nov. 9, 2012). We use the correct term throughout this opinion.
           2
             The article is still available on the County’s website. President Preckwinkle Announces
       Adjustment to Proposed Tax on Gambling Machines, Cook County Government, http://www.
       cookcountyil.gov/2012/10/30/president-preckwinkle-announces-adjustment-to-proposed-tax-on-gamb
       ling-machines/ (last visited July 21, 2015).

                                                     -5-
       was not an improper attempt to raise revenue by exercise of the County’s police power, and (4)
       the tax did not violate the uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution.
¶ 20        Attached to plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment were several exhibits explaining the
       extent of the Gaming Board’s involvement with plaintiff’s operation of Rivers Casino. One
       such exhibit was a copy of the Illinois Gaming Board’s 2013 annual report. The report stated
       that the Gaming Board “administer[ed] a regulatory and tax collection system for casino and
       video gambling in Illinois,” and also had “comprehensive law enforcement responsibilities
       associated with casino and video gambling operations in Illinois.” The report explained that
       the Gaming Board’s staff “conduct[ed] audit, legal, enforcement, investigative, operational
       and financial analysis activities to ensure the integrity of riverboat and video gambling in
       Illinois” as mandated by the Riverboat Gambling Act and the Video Gaming Act. The Gaming
       Board “ensure[d] the integrity of the gambling operations through the regulatory oversight and
       the licensing of gaming operations and personnel.” The Gaming Board also conducted
       criminal background checks and financial investigations of riverboat and video gaming
       personnel to ensure that they had no felony convictions or criminal history that would make
       them ineligible for licensure.
¶ 21        The report indicated that the Riverboat Gambling Act imposed two taxes on casinos: a
       casino admissions tax and a casino privilege or wagering tax. The admissions tax was a flat fee
       of $3 per person, while the wagering tax was set as a percentage of the casino’s adjusted gross
       receipts. Revenues from the two taxes were deposited into the State Gaming Fund, a special
       fund in the state treasury. Of the $3 admission tax imposed per person, $1 went to the host
       community where the casino was located. The remainder of the admission tax, as well as
       revenues from the wagering tax, went to the Education Assistance Fund, a general fund which
       can be used for any purpose relating to public education; to the hosting local government; and
       for the Gaming Board’s administrative and operational expenses. Additionally, a specified
       percentage of Rivers Casino’s revenue was paid to the Horse Racing Equity Fund and another
       percentage was designated to the Cook County criminal justice system. According to the
       report, Rivers Casino paid approximately $161.6 million in its “State share of taxes” and
       approximately $24.7 million in its “Local share of taxes” in 2013.
¶ 22        The report stated that in 2002, the Gaming Board adopted a voluntary self-exclusion
       program for problem gamblers, in order “to help compulsive gamblers regain control of their
       lives by giving those persons the ability to ban themselves from Illinois casinos.”
¶ 23        Also attached to plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment was the affidavit of Stephanie
       Budnyk, plaintiff’s regulatory compliance manager, who was responsible for ensuring
       compliance with all federal and state rules and regulations. She was responsible for writing
       Rivers Casino’s internal controls and submitting those internal controls to the federal and state
       authorities, and worked “extremely closely” with the Gaming Board to determine whether any
       proposed changes to the internal controls satisfied the requirements of the state’s applicable
       rules and regulations.
¶ 24        Stephanie Budnyk’s affidavit stated that the Gaming Board conducted background checks
       on every Rivers Casino employee, and that Rivers Casino was responsible for ensuring at all
       times that its employees have met the background requirements established by the Gaming
       Board. Rivers Casino worked with the Gaming Board on an ongoing basis “to develop and
       maintain a comprehensive series of internal controls to ensure the proper operations within the
       casino and integrity of the gaming process as a whole. Rivers Casino develops and proposes

                                                   -6-
       these internal controls which are then subject to the review and approval of the [Gaming
       Board].” The internal controls “cover every aspect of casino operations from accounting to
       floor operations to security to personnel matters and every aspect in between”; Stephanie
       Budnyk indicated that the internal controls were comprised of 17 sections with 270 subparts,
       with each subpart running as many as 80 pages, and that “[e]very word and page is reviewed
       and approved by” the Gaming Board.
¶ 25        Pursuant to the internal controls, at least one employee of the Gaming Board was required
       to be physically located at Rivers Casino at all times. Any vendor of gaming equipment or
       supplies was required to be reviewed and approved by the Gaming Board before it could sell to
       plaintiff, and all other vendors were also required to be vetted to satisfy the Gaming Board’s
       regulations. The internal controls also established the process by which any gambling device
       could be displayed and used at Rivers Casino for licensed gambling.
¶ 26        Stephanie Budnyk’s affidavit indicated that the Riverboat Gambling Act addressed the
       issue of problem gambling and that “Rivers Casino works closely with the [Gaming Board] on
       these matters and devotes considerable time and resources to ensure that compulsive gambling
       issues are addressed and supported.”
¶ 27        Also attached to plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment was the affidavit of John
       Budnyk, the director of surveillance for Rivers Casino, who “work[ed] closely with the Illinois
       Gaming Board to ensure that the casino is in full cooperation with the Illinois Rules and
       Regulations applicable to matters involving security and surveillance” and also worked with
       the Gaming Board “on any investigations or other security matters relating to the casino
       operations.” Consistent with its authority under the Riverboat Gambling Act, the Gaming
       Board had established offices at Rivers Casino and Gaming Board agents, consisting of both
       members of the Gaming Board and the Illinois State Police, maintained a staff of 15 to 20
       officers, “providing security and oversight at all times that Rivers Casino is in operation”;
       Rivers Casino was “not permitted to operate unless these designated agents of the [Gaming
       Board] are on duty on the premises of the casino.”
¶ 28        To the extent that any other law enforcement agency sought access to Rivers Casino, “they
       may do so only with the permission of the [Gaming Board].” Similarly, “any security matters
       involving physical altercations or other misconduct within the casino or the bars and
       restaurants and other facilities adjacent to the casino floor[ ] are addressed by the [Gaming
       Board] rather than local law enforcement.” Rivers Casino, with the instruction and approval of
       the Gaming Board, had established a “secure room” outside of the casino floor for the purpose
       of safely detaining any person suspected of illegal activity, who “would be detained under the
       authority of the [Gaming Board] and may be transferred to the custody of the Des Plaines
       Police Department or other local law enforcement from that secure location.”
¶ 29        Also attached to plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment was the affidavit of Albert
       Geldres, vice president of slot operations for Rivers Casino, who was responsible for
       “oversee[ing] the day-to-day operations of all of [the] electronic games at the casino,” which
       included “the profits and losses for the slot machine department, capital planning and
       deployment, staffing and leadership development, and all service initiatives for the slot
       department and Rush Rewards players club at Rivers Casino.”
¶ 30        Geldres’ affidavit stated that he worked closely with the Gaming Board in connection with
       its oversight of the electronic gaming activities at the casino. Every slot machine was required
       to be inspected and approved by the Gaming Board before it could enter the casino’s premises,

                                                  -7-
       with a Gaming Board inspector “meet[ing] the common carrier delivering any slot machine to
       Rivers Casino at the loading dock outside of the casino.” Geldres indicated that “[o]nly after
       conducting a comprehensive investigation of the slot machine and the integrity of its internal
       functions[ ] may the [Gaming Board] agent approve the slot machine for gambling purposes.
       The [Gaming Board] agent certifies his approval by affixing an approved seal to the outside of
       the machine. This is the only government or regulatory seal or decal which may be affixed to
       the outside of the machine.”
¶ 31       Geldres’ affidavit stated that Rivers Casino management frequently moved slot machines
       from one location to another on the casino floor, often more than 25 times a week, but could
       move the machines only after receiving the consent of the Gaming Board, which reviewed the
       software on each machine to ensure that it was functioning properly. Similarly, if Rivers
       Casino management wished to move slot machines from the warehouse and to remove others
       for regular maintenance, it could do so only after obtaining the permission of the Gaming
       Board to move the machines “and the entire process must be overseen by [Gaming Board]
       personnel.” “The machines are met by [Gaming Board] personnel and inspected upon leaving
       the warehouse and entering the Rivers Casino facility.”

¶ 32                                      IV. Trial Court Ruling
¶ 33        On August 27, 2014, the trial court issued a written opinion granting plaintiff’s motion for
       summary judgment, denying the County’s motion for summary judgment, and granting a
       permanent injunction “enjoining the imposition and enforcement of the Gambling Machine
       Tax.” The court noted that there were four issues presented for its resolution: “(1) whether the
       [Riverboat Gambling Act] expressly forbids taxes such as those enacted by the County; (2)
       whether the County’s Tax constitutes a tax on occupations prohibited under the Illinois
       Constitution; (3) whether the Tax constitutes a license for revenue prohibited under the Illinois
       Constitution; and (4) whether the Tax violates the uniformity clause of the Illinois
       Constitution.” The court further noted that while both parties discussed the issue of whether the
       Illinois Constitution “limits the authority of home rule units to matters ‘pertaining to its
       government and affairs,’ ” it would not discuss the issue because “[t]his issue has no relation to
       any of the Counts alleged in Plaintiff’s Verified Complaint for Injunctive Relief and for
       Declaratory Judgment.”
¶ 34        With respect to count I, the trial court considered whether the Riverboat Gambling Act
       created exclusive jurisdiction for the Gaming Board such that the Tax Ordinance improperly
       interfered with that exclusive jurisdiction. The court found that the Riverboat Gambling Act
       “includes an explicit provision barring additional taxes other than those established by the Act”
       and that this prohibition applied to home rule units notwithstanding the fact that the Riverboat
       Gambling Act did not specifically refer to home rule units; the court noted that “[t]he argument
       that ‘any political subdivision thereof’ does not specifically include home rule units is
       disingenuous. While the [Riverboat Gambling Act] may not spell out home rule unit, it clearly
       specifies that all subdivisions of the State of Illinois are prohibited from imposing an
       enumerated list of taxes on [Riverboat Gambling Act] licensees, including home rule units.”
       The court also rejected the County’s argument that the express preemption of taxes did not
       apply to home rule units because the Riverboat Gambling Act was not passed with a
       three-fifths supermajority. The court noted that the Illinois Constitution provided that the
       General Assembly could limit or deny “the power to tax and any other power or function of a

                                                   -8-
       home rule unit not exercised or performed by the State other than a power or function specified
       in subsection (l) of this section” through a law passed by three-fifths of the members elected to
       each house. Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(g). However, the court further noted that “[t]he power
       to tax licensed casino gambling is exclusively exercised and performed by the State.”
       Accordingly, the court found that “the [Riverboat Gambling Act] need not be passed by a
       supermajority to prohibit subdivisions of the State of Illinois from taxing licensed casino
       gambling” and granted plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on count I of its complaint.
¶ 35       With respect to count II, the trial court considered whether the tax was an occupation tax
       prohibited by the Illinois Constitution. The court rejected the County’s argument that the tax
       was authorized through the enactment of section 5-1009 of the Counties Code, which
       prohibited “a retailer’s occupation tax, service occupation tax, use tax, sales tax or other tax on
       the use, sale or purchase of tangible personal property based on the gross receipts from such
       sales or the selling or purchase price of said tangible personal property,” but permitted “other
       taxes not based on the selling or purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale or purchase
       of tangible personal property.” 55 ILCS 5/5-1009 (West 2012). The court found that the phrase
       “on the use, sale or purchase of tangible personal property based on the gross receipts from
       such sales or the selling or purchase price of said tangible personal property” modified “other
       tax” and not the retailer’s occupation tax, service occupation tax, use tax and sales tax. The
       court thus concluded that section 5-1009 “allows for taxes, other than retailer’s occupation
       taxes, service occupation taxes, use taxes, and sales taxes, that are ‘not based on the selling or
       purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale or purchase of tangible personal property.’ ”
¶ 36       The court further rejected the County’s argument that the tax at issue was not a tax on gross
       receipts, income, or earnings, finding that the argument ignored the plain language of the
       constitution, which limited a home rule unit’s power to those the General Assembly may
       provide by law “to license for revenue or impose taxes upon or measured by income or
       earnings or upon occupations.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(e). The court found that “[t]he
       phrase ‘or upon occupations’ clearly comes after, and is completely separate from, ‘taxes upon
       or measured by income or earnings.’ Therefore, whether a tax is imposed upon or measured by
       income or earnings has no bearing on whether it is an impermissible occupation tax. An
       occupation tax is separate and apart from ‘taxes upon or measured by income or earnings’ just
       as ‘license for revenue’ is a separate limit.” The court found that the County’s interpretation
       “would make the phrase ‘or upon occupations’ useless and meaningless, as the County argues
       that an occupation tax is one that is ‘upon or measured by income or earnings.’ ”
¶ 37       The court also rejected the County’s argument that any services plaintiff provided were
       incidental to the gambling machines and therefore, services were not being taxed. The court
       noted that even if it was to accept the County’s argument, “the service of licensed gambling is
       so deeply interconnected with the slot machine itself that it cannot be deemed incidental.” The
       court agreed with plaintiff’s argument that “because the tax falls upon the license holder rather
       than the purchaser of the service, and because it is not imposed on the sale of goods,” the tax
       was more likely to be considered an impermissible occupation tax. The court found that “[i]t is
       clear that the County’s Tax on slot machines and video gaming terminals is a tax explicitly
       designed to impose, and does impose, a tax on a single occupation: licensed gambling. The tax
       is imposed directly upon the providers of these services. Therefore, the Gambling Machine
       Tax Ordinance constitutes an impermissible tax on occupations prohibited by the Illinois

                                                    -9-
       Constitution.” Accordingly, the court granted plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on
       count II of its complaint.
¶ 38       With respect to count III, the court considered whether the tax was a “license for revenue”
       prohibited by the Illinois Constitution. The court found that the tax “has all the indicia of a
       license for revenue,” pointing to the fact that the tax was imposed on the holders of gaming
       licenses who own gambling machines and requires those engaged in displaying the machines
       to the public to (1) register their gambling machines, (2) conspicuously affix the emblem
       issued by the County to each gambling device, (3) label each gambling machine with the name,
       address, and telephone number of the person displaying the gambling machine for play or
       operation by the public, (4) be subject to penalties if they display a gambling machine without
       the emblem, (5) maintain accurate and complete documents, books, and records of each
       transaction or activity subject to the tax, and (6) make their premises available for inspection,
       audit, and copying to the County. Accordingly, the court found the tax to be an illegal license
       for revenue and granted plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on count III of its complaint.
¶ 39       Finally, with respect to count IV, the trial court considered whether the distinction between
       owners of gambling devices and owners of video gaming terminals violated the uniformity
       clause of the Illinois Constitution. The court noted that in order to survive a challenge under
       the uniformity clause, a nonproperty tax classification must be based on a real and substantial
       difference between the people taxed and those not taxed and must bear some reasonable
       relationship to the object of the legislation or to public policy. The court indicated that plaintiff
       had identified two categories of taxpayers: owners of gaming devices, who were subject to a
       $1,000 tax; and owners of video gaming terminals, who were subject to a $200 tax. The court
       further indicated that the County had set forth several arguments as to why there was a real and
       substantial difference between the two categories, including that gambling devices were
       generally located in casinos while video gaming terminals were generally found in
       establishments such as bars and restaurants; that each gambling device averaged over $800 per
       day while the potential daily revenue of a video gaming terminal was approximately $200; that
       over a thousand gambling devices were centralized in one location with access to high limit
       machines while smaller establishments containing video gaming terminals were limited to one
       to five terminals per establishment; and that gambling on video gaming terminals at locations
       such as bars and restaurants was merely incidental to the primary purpose of eating, drinking,
       or socializing at those locations.
¶ 40       The court found that “these justifications [did not] pass muster. First, the Court notes that
       Defendants provide no support for their assertion that the potential daily revenue of a Video
       Gaming Terminal was about $200.00. Defendants simply cite to an internet printout from 2012
       that does not mention the $200.00 figure, much less explain or provide any authority for how
       they obtained it. Further, the Court does not find any support for the assertion that Video
       Gaming Terminals are generally found in establishments such as bars and restaurants.
       Defendants merely state that it is so and expect the Court to take that as evidence. Finally, the
       Court notes that being regulated through two separate and distinct statutes does not, by itself,
       justify a classification under the uniformity clause.” Accordingly, the trial court found that
       “[d]efendants, the taxing body, have failed to provide a real and substantial difference between
       Video Gaming Terminals and Gambling Devices to justify their classification under the
       Ordinance.”

                                                    - 10 -
¶ 41       The court then considered whether taxing the two types of machines differently furthered
       the goal of combating crime, health problems, and addictions related to gambling. The court
       indicated that the County had argued that the purpose of the tax was to generate revenue to help
       offset the increased costs incurred by the County as a result of the pathological gamblers and
       other gambling addicts who used the machines, and that it was logical to presume that casinos
       were more likely to attract pathological gamblers and gambling addicts since they offered
       more gaming opportunities to win and to play for higher stakes. The County further argued that
       gambling in bars and restaurants was limited to a handful of video gaming terminals and was
       secondary to the primary purpose of being at the location eating and drinking. The County
       argued that “it is appropriate that casinos with Gambling Devices absorb more of the costs to
       help Cook County invest in public safety and criminal justice services to combat the negative
       impacts of compulsive gambling and other gambling addictions.”
¶ 42       The court rejected the County’s argument, noting that its “vital flaw” was that “[t]here is
       nothing that prohibits Video Gaming Terminals at casinos. Nor have Defendants provided
       evidence that Video Gaming Terminals are only used at bars and restaurants or that they are
       predominantly used in bars and restaurants.” Thus, the court found that the County’s “alleged
       relationship between the classification and the object of the legislation or public policy fails.”
       The court concluded that the County had failed to produce a justification for classifying video
       gaming terminals and gambling devices differently and, accordingly, granted plaintiff’s
       motion for summary judgment on count IV of its complaint.
¶ 43       On September 3, 2014, the County filed a motion for clarification, asking whether the
       permanent injunction granted by the trial court applied solely to plaintiff or also to other parties
       subject to the tax. On September 10, 2014, the court entered an order finding:
               “No clarification of the Order and Opinion is necessary as it speaks for itself. To the
               degree there is a question, the order is dispositive, ‘[a] permanent injunction is granted
               enjoining the imposition and enforcement of the Gambling Machine Tax.’ This Order
               prohibits the imposition and enforcement of the Gambling Machine Tax in its entirety,
               on any and all possible tax payers in any and all situations.”
       This appeal follows.

¶ 44                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 45       On appeal, the County argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary
       judgment and in granting plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and finding that the Tax
       Ordinance (1) was preempted by the Riverboat Gambling Act, (2) constituted an
       impermissible tax on occupations pursuant to the Illinois Constitution, (3) constituted an
       impermissible license for revenue pursuant to the Illinois Constitution, and (4) violated the
       uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution.
¶ 46       A trial court is permitted to grant summary judgment only “if the pleadings, depositions,
       and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue
       as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
       735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012). The trial court must view these documents and exhibits in
       the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Home Insurance Co. v. Cincinnati Insurance
       Co., 213 Ill. 2d 307, 315 (2004). We review a trial court’s decision to grant a motion for
       summary judgment de novo. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill.

                                                    - 11 -
       2d 90, 102 (1992). De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial
       judge would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011).
¶ 47       “Summary judgment is a drastic measure and should only be granted if the movant’s right
       to judgment is clear and free from doubt.” Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 102.
       However, “[m]ere speculation, conjecture, or guess is insufficient to withstand summary
       judgment.” Sorce v. Naperville Jeep Eagle, Inc., 309 Ill. App. 3d 313, 328 (1999). The party
       moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of proof. Nedzvekas v. Fung, 374 Ill.
       App. 3d 618, 624 (2007). The movant may meet his burden of proof either by affirmatively
       showing that some element of the case must be resolved in his favor or by establishing “ ‘that
       there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.’ ” Nedzvekas, 374 Ill.
       App. 3d at 624 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986)). “ ‘The purpose of
       summary judgment is not to try an issue of fact but *** to determine whether a triable issue of
       fact exists.’ ” Schrager v. North Community Bank, 328 Ill. App. 3d 696, 708 (2002) (quoting
       Luu v. Kim, 323 Ill. App. 3d 946, 952 (2001)). However, “[w]hen, as in this case, parties file
       cross-motions for summary judgment, they concede the absence of a genuine issue of material
       fact and invite the court to decide the questions presented as a matter of law.” Steadfast
       Insurance Co. v. Caremark Rx, Inc., 359 Ill. App. 3d 749, 755 (2005) (citing Continental
       Casualty Co. v. Law Offices of Melvin James Kaplan, 345 Ill. App. 3d 34, 37-38 (2003)). We
       may affirm on any basis appearing in the record, whether or not the trial court relied on that
       basis or its reasoning was correct. Ray Dancer, Inc. v. DMC Corp., 230 Ill. App. 3d 40, 50
       (1992).

¶ 48                            I. Preemption by Riverboat Gambling Act
¶ 49        The County first argues that the trial court erred in finding that the Tax Ordinance was
       preempted by the Riverboat Gambling Act. The trial court’s conclusion was based on its
       interpreting the Riverboat Gambling Act to restrict home rule units such as the County from
       taxing except as provided in the Riverboat Gambling Act, as well as its determination that the
       Illinois Constitution did not require the Riverboat Gambling Act to be passed by a three-fifths
       supermajority. We begin our analysis with a brief overview of the Riverboat Gambling Act.

¶ 50                                    A. Riverboat Gambling Act
¶ 51        The Riverboat Gambling Act was enacted in 1990 “to benefit the people of the State of
       Illinois by assisting economic development and promoting Illinois tourism and by increasing
       the amount of revenues available to the State to assist and support education.” 230 ILCS
       10/2(a) (West 2012). However, the General Assembly recognized that “[w]hile authorization
       of riverboat gambling will enhance investment, development and tourism in Illinois, it is
       recognized that it will do so successfully only if public confidence and trust in the credibility
       and integrity of the gambling operations and the regulatory process is maintained. Therefore,
       regulatory provisions of this Act are designed to strictly regulate the facilities, persons,
       associations and practices related to gambling operations pursuant to the police powers of the
       State, including comprehensive law enforcement supervision.” 230 ILCS 10/2(b) (West 2012).
¶ 52        The Riverboat Gambling Act established the Gaming Board, which had “the powers and
       duties specified in this Act, and all other powers necessary and proper to fully and effectively
       execute this Act for the purpose of administering, regulating, and enforcing the system of
       riverboat gambling established by this Act.” 230 ILCS 10/5(a)(1) (West 2012). The Riverboat

                                                  - 12 -
       Gambling Act further provided that the Gaming Board “shall have jurisdiction over and shall
       supervise all gambling operations governed by this Act.” 230 ILCS 10/5(c) (West 2012). This
       jurisdiction “shall extend under this Act to every person, association, corporation, partnership
       and trust involved in riverboat gambling operations in the State of Illinois.” 230 ILCS
       10/5(a)(1) (West 2012). The Gaming Board’s powers included the power “[t]o promulgate
       rules and regulations for the purpose of administering the provisions of this Act and to
       prescribe rules, regulations and conditions under which all riverboat gambling in the State
       shall be conducted. Such rules and regulations are to provide for the prevention of practices
       detrimental to the public interest and for the best interests of riverboat gambling, including
       rules and regulations regarding the inspection of such riverboats and the review of any permits
       or licenses necessary to operate a riverboat under any laws or regulations applicable to
       riverboats, and to impose penalties for violations thereof.” 230 ILCS 10/5(c)(3) (West 2012).
¶ 53       Under the Riverboat Gambling Act, each casino owner was required to post at every
       entrance and exit and near every credit location “signs with a statement regarding obtaining
       assistance with gambling problems,” the language of which would be determined by the
       Department of Human Services. 230 ILCS 10/13.1(a) (West 2012). The statement was also to
       be printed “on all paper stock that the licensed owner provides to the general public.” 230
       ILCS 10/13.1(b) (West 2012).
¶ 54       The Riverboat Gambling Act included a section entitled, “Limitation on taxation of
       licensees,” which is central to plaintiff’s argument concerning preemption. This section
       provides, in full:
               “Limitation on taxation of licensees. Licensees shall not be subjected to any excise tax,
               license tax, permit tax, privilege tax, occupation tax or excursion tax which is imposed
               exclusively upon the licensee by the State or any political subdivision thereof, except
               as provided in this Act.” 230 ILCS 10/21 (West 2012).

¶ 55                                       B. Express Preemption
¶ 56        The County first argues that the trial court erred in interpreting section 21 of the Riverboat
       Gambling Act to preempt taxation by home rule units such as the County. Under the Illinois
       Constitution, except as limited by article VII, section 6, of the constitution, a home rule unit
       such as the County “may exercise any power and perform any function pertaining to its
       government and affairs including, but not limited to, the power to regulate for the protection of
       the public health, safety, morals and welfare; to license; to tax; and to incur debt.” Ill. Const.
       1970, art. VII, § 6(a). “Section 6(a) was written with the intention to give home rule units the
       broadest powers possible.” Palm v. 2800 Lake Shore Drive Condominium Ass’n, 2013 IL
       110505, ¶ 30 (citing Scadron v. City of Des Plaines, 153 Ill. 2d 164, 174 (1992)). Furthermore,
       the constitution expressly provides that the “[p]owers and functions of home rule units shall be
       construed liberally.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(m).
¶ 57        However, the General Assembly “may *** preempt the exercise of a municipality’s home
       rule powers by expressly limiting that authority.” Palm, 2013 IL 110505, ¶ 31 (citing
       Schillerstrom Homes, Inc. v. City of Naperville, 198 Ill. 2d 281, 287 (2001)). Under article VII,
       section 6(h), “[t]he General Assembly may provide specifically by law for the exclusive
       exercise by the State of any power or function of a home rule unit other than a taxing power.”
       Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(h). With respect to the power to tax, “[t]he General Assembly by
       a law approved by the vote of three-fifths of the members elected to each house may deny or

                                                   - 13 -
       limit the power to tax and any other power or function of a home rule unit not exercised or
       performed by the State.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(g).
¶ 58        “If the legislature intends to limit or deny the exercise of home rule powers, the statute
       must contain an express statement to that effect.” Palm, 2013 IL 110505, ¶ 31 (citing City of
       Evanston v. Create, Inc., 85 Ill. 2d 101, 108 (1981)). If the legislature does not do so, article
       VII, section 6(i) provides that “[h]ome rule units may exercise and perform concurrently with
       the State any power or function of a home rule unit to the extent that the General Assembly by
       law does not specifically limit the concurrent exercise or specifically declare the State’s
       exercise to be exclusive.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(i).
¶ 59        The General Assembly has codified the principle that “[t]o restrict the concurrent exercise
       of home rule power, the General Assembly must enact a law specifically stating home rule
       authority is limited” through section 7 of the Statute on Statutes. (Emphasis in original.) Palm,
       2013 IL 110505, ¶ 32 (citing 5 ILCS 70/7 (West 2010)). Under the Statute on Statutes, the
       General Assembly has provided that “[n]o law enacted after January 12, 1977, denies or limits
       any power or function of a home rule unit, pursuant to paragraphs (g), (h), (i), (j), or (k) of
       Section 6 of Article VII of the Illinois Constitution, unless there is specific language limiting or
       denying the power or function and the language specifically sets forth in what manner and to
       what extent it is a limitation on or denial of the power or function of a home rule unit.” 5 ILCS
       70/7 (West 2012). Section 7 of the Statute on Statutes “has been formally adopted as part of
       [the supreme] court’s home rule jurisprudence.” Palm, 2013 IL 110505, ¶ 32 (citing
       Schillerstrom Homes, 198 Ill. 2d at 287).
¶ 60        Our supreme court has “consistently recognized that the home rule provisions of the
       Illinois Constitution are intended to eliminate or at least reduce to a bare minimum the
       circumstances under which local home rule powers are preempted by judicial interpretation of
       unexpressed legislative intention.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Palm, 2013 IL 110505,
       ¶ 34. “The Illinois approach places almost exclusive reliance on the legislature rather than the
       courts to keep home rule units in line.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Palm, 2013 IL
       110505, ¶ 34. “[I]f the constitutional design is to be respected, the courts should step in to
       compensate for legislative inaction or oversight only in the clearest cases of oppression,
       injustice, or interference by local ordinances with vital state policies.” (Emphasis and internal
       quotation marks omitted.) Palm, 2013 IL 110505, ¶ 34. “[B]ecause the legislature can always
       vindicate state interests by express preemption, only vital state interests would allow a court to
       decide that an exercise of home rule power does not pertain to local government and affairs.”
       City of Chicago v. StubHub, Inc., 2011 IL 111127, ¶ 22. “Accordingly, ‘[i]f a subject pertains
       to local government and affairs, and the legislature has not expressly preempted home rule,
       municipalities may exercise their power.’ ” Palm, 2013 IL 110505, ¶ 36 (quoting StubHub,
       2011 IL 111127, ¶ 22 n.2).
¶ 61        In the case at bar, the County argues that the Tax Ordinance pertained to local government
       and affairs and further argues that the legislature did not expressly preempt home rule through
       the Riverboat Gambling Act. We agree.
¶ 62        First, we agree with the County that the tax pertains to the local government and affairs of
       the County, as it is a tax imposed by the County on the owners of gambling machines
       “displayed by a person for play or operation by the public in Cook County.” Cook County
       Ordinance No. 12-O-62, § 74-628(a), (b) (approved Nov. 9, 2012). Plaintiff does not argue that
       the tax has an extraterritorial effect such that it attempts to tax behavior outside the boundaries

                                                    - 14 -
       of the County. Instead, plaintiff’s argument is that “[l]icensed casino gambling is a matter of
       statewide concern and is therefore outside the jurisdiction of home rule authority.” We do not
       find this argument persuasive.
¶ 63        We find our supreme court’s decision in Town of Cicero v. Fox Valley Trotting Club, Inc.,
       65 Ill. 2d 10 (1976), to be instructive to our analysis of the issue before us. In that case, the
       town of Cicero imposed an amusement tax, which the defendants, corporations engaged in the
       business of horse racing at a Cicero racetrack, argued was invalid in part because the State had
       preempted the field of horse racing, thereby precluding any local legislation in that area. Town
       of Cicero, 65 Ill. 2d at 16. The supreme court recognized that the legislature had enacted a
       “ ‘comprehensive statutory plan for the regulation of the horse racing industry in Illinois’ ”
       (Town of Cicero, 65 Ill. 2d at 16 (quoting People ex rel. Scott v. Illinois Racing Board, 54 Ill.
       2d 569, 577 (1973))), but pointed out that “[t]he power to regulate and the power to tax are
       separate and distinct powers” (Town of Cicero, 65 Ill. 2d at 17). Furthermore, the court noted
       that “[e]ven if we assume, arguendo, that the existence of a comprehensive statutory
       regulatory scheme may serve, in a given instance, to preclude local regulatory efforts, it does
       not necessarily follow that the power to tax in that area would also be preempted.” Town of
       Cicero, 65 Ill. 2d at 17. Similarly, the defendants’ argument that the horse racing industry was
       statewide in nature was also unpersuasive to the supreme court, with the court noting:
                “[D]efendants insist that horse racing is not an activity pertaining to Cicero’s
                government and affairs. We disagree. Defendants ignore horse racing’s hybrid
                character as both an industry and an amusement. While horse racing is an industry
                heavily regulated by the State, it is likewise, in the context of this case, a local
                amusement being carried on within the corporate boundaries of Cicero. As previously
                stated, this case does not involve any exercise of a home rule unit’s regulatory powers.
                We are confronted here solely with a taxing measure and, in that framework, we see no
                merit to defendants’ contention.” Town of Cicero, 65 Ill. 2d at 19-20.
¶ 64        In the case at bar, similarly, we are presented with a taxing measure that seeks to tax
       gambling machines displayed for use within the boundaries of the County. Our supreme court
       has recognized that “[t]he framers of the 1970 Constitution considered the power to tax as
       essential to effective home rule and intended that power to be broad.” Mulligan v. Dunne, 61
       Ill. 2d 544, 548 (1975). Here, we cannot agree with plaintiff that such a tax does not pertain to
       the County’s local government and affairs.
¶ 65        We find plaintiff’s reliance on our supreme court’s decision in City of Chicago v. StubHub,
       Inc., 2011 IL 111127, to be unpersuasive. In that case, the City of Chicago (City) amended its
       amusement tax ordinance to require “ ‘reseller’s agents’ ” to collect and remit the amusement
       tax. StubHub, 2011 IL 111127, ¶ 8. StubHub, which was considered a reseller’s agent under
       the ordinance, argued that the City lacked the authority to impose such a requirement.
       StubHub, 2011 IL 111127, ¶ 17. Our supreme court determined that the State had a greater
       interest than the City in addressing the problem of tax collection by Internet auctioneers and
       concluded that the City’s ordinance did not pertain to its own government and affairs.
       StubHub, 2011 IL 111127, ¶ 36.
¶ 66        We cannot find that StubHub provides any support to plaintiff’s argument that the tax in the
       instant case does not pertain to the County’s local government and affairs. Plaintiff contends
       that “[s]ignificantly, the Illinois Supreme Court in StubHub concluded that a tax by itself,
       without more, was enough to interfere with the state’s regulation of a particular industry, ticket

                                                   - 15 -
       resellers, to render the tax unconstitutional under Section 6(a).” While this would certainly be
       instructive to our analysis if true, this is not an accurate statement of our supreme court’s
       holding in StubHub. The court specifically noted in its analysis that the City devoted
       considerable space in its briefs to defending its amusement tax ordinance as applied to ticket
       resales, “[b]ut the City has home rule authority to tax [citation], and statutory authority to tax
       amusements [citation]. Thus, the problem is not the tax, but its collection by internet auction
       listing services, whose users created a new market in online ticket resales.” StubHub, 2011 IL
       111127, ¶ 26. Later, the court again noted that “[a]s the federal trial court correctly noted,
       ‘There is no doubt that the City has the authority to impose a tax on the venues that sell tickets
       to amusements.’ [Citation.] Additionally, ‘the parties do not dispute the fact that if a person
       sells a ticket for more than face value within the jurisdiction of the City of Chicago, he or she is
       required to pay the City’s 8% amusement tax.’ [Citation.] The question posed by the federal
       appeals court here does not address the City’s authority to tax ticket resales, but rather the
       City’s authority to impose an obligation on internet auction listing services to collect this tax.”
       StubHub, 2011 IL 111127, ¶ 38. Thus, the supreme court made it perfectly clear that the tax
       itself was not at issue but only the regulatory ordinance requiring agents such as StubHub to
       collect and remit the tax. Here, by contrast, it is the tax itself at issue, and not any regulatory
       ordinance. Accordingly, StubHub does not provide any guidance in this area. See also Chicago
       Park District v. City of Chicago, 111 Ill. 2d 7, 13 (1986) (in discussing an earlier case, noting
       that “[t]he tax in [Board of Education of School District No. 150 v. City of Peoria, 76 Ill. 2d
       469 (1979),] was not considered impermissible; the court held simply that burdening the
       school system with the collection of the tax was unconstitutional because it amounted to
       regulation of the statewide school system” (emphases in original)).
¶ 67        Similarly, the other cases plaintiff relies on involve either regulatory ordinances or taxes
       that have an extraterritorial effect, meaning that they extended beyond the home rule unit’s
       local affairs. For instance, the ordinance at issue in Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. v. City of
       Chicago, 125 Ill. App. 3d 95, 96 (1984), was a regulatory ordinance imposing “a blanket
       prohibition against termination of gas service by Peoples Gas to any residential consumers or
       master metered residential buildings in Chicago during the months of November through
       March inclusive.” Likewise, the ordinance at issue in Ampersand, Inc. v. Finley, 61 Ill. 2d 537,
       538 (1975), imposed a $2 fee on the filing of pleadings in all civil cases, a fee, which our
       supreme court in a later case noted, that “would affect and regulate, in a sense, the statewide
       constitutionally provided judicial system.” Chicago Park District v. City of Chicago, 111 Ill.
       2d 7, 12 (1986) (affirming the imposition of a mooring tax). See also People ex rel. Lignoul v.
       City of Chicago, 67 Ill. 2d 480, 482 (1977) (ordinance at issue was a regulatory ordinance
       “permit[ting] both State and federally chartered banks to perform banking functions at certain
       facilities and electronic banking machines in community offices located away from the main
       office of the bank”); Commonwealth Edison Co. v. City of Warrenville, 288 Ill. App. 3d 373
       (1997) (city zoning regulation required permits for construction of transmission line for public
       utility); American Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Village of Arlington Heights, 156 Ill. 2d 399,
       403 (1993) (ordinance at issue was a “toll” on fiber optic cables running across the state and
       through various municipalities); City of Highland Park v. County of Cook, 37 Ill. App. 3d 15
       (1975) (ordinance at issue required city approval before the county could construct, alter, or
       maintain a highway within its corporate limits). Accordingly, we do not find plaintiff’s
       reliance on these cases to be persuasive. Instead, we agree with the County that the tax imposed

                                                    - 16 -
       under the Tax Ordinance pertains to the County’s local government and affairs. Consequently,
       unless it has been preempted by the General Assembly, the County has the authority to impose
       the tax.3
¶ 68        As noted, the section that plaintiff claims preempts the Tax Ordinance is section 21 of the
       Riverboat Gambling Act, which is entitled “Limitation on taxation of licensees” and provides,
       in full:
                “Limitation on taxation of licensees. Licensees shall not be subjected to any excise tax,
                license tax, permit tax, privilege tax, occupation tax or excursion tax which is imposed
                exclusively upon the licensee by the State or any political subdivision thereof, except
                as provided in this Act.” 230 ILCS 10/21 (West 2012).
¶ 69        The General Assembly “may *** preempt the exercise of a municipality’s home rule
       powers by expressly limiting that authority.” Palm, 2013 IL 110505, ¶ 31 (citing Schillerstrom
       Homes, Inc. v. City of Naperville, 198 Ill. 2d 281, 287 (2001)). Under article VII, section 6(h),
       “[t]he General Assembly may provide specifically by law for the exclusive exercise by the
       State of any power or function of a home rule unit other than a taxing power.” Ill. Const. 1970,
       art. VII, § 6(h). With respect to the power to tax, “[t]he General Assembly by a law approved
       by the vote of three-fifths of the members elected to each house may deny or limit the power to
       tax and any other power or function of a home rule unit not exercised or performed by the
       State.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(g). “If the legislature intends to limit or deny the exercise
       of home rule powers, the statute must contain an express statement to that effect.” Palm, 2013
       IL 110505, ¶ 31 (citing City of Evanston v. Create, Inc., 85 Ill. 2d 101, 108 (1981)).
¶ 70        In the case at bar, plaintiff argues, and the trial court agreed, that the General Assembly
       preempted the County’s taxation of gambling machines through section 21 of the Riverboat
       Gambling Act, which prohibits taxation by “the State or any political subdivision thereof,”
       except as provided in the Riverboat Gambling Act. 230 ILCS 10/21 (West 2012). We do not
       find this argument persuasive.
¶ 71        The trial court found that “[t]he argument that ‘any political subdivision thereof’ does not
       specifically include home rule units is disingenuous. While the [Riverboat Gambling Act] may
       not spell out home rule unit, it clearly specifies that all subdivisions of the State of Illinois are
       prohibited from imposing an enumerated list of taxes on *** licensees, including home rule
       units.” While we agree that the term “any political subdivision” can be interpreted to include
       home rule units in certain contexts, here, the language of the statute, quite simply, is not
       specific enough for us to reach that conclusion. We note that neither plaintiff, nor the trial court
       below, provided any authority for the conclusion that through using the term “any political
       subdivision,” the General Assembly “clear[ly] intended to include ‘home rule units’ within this
       broad prohibition.”
¶ 72        Our constitution requires specificity when denying a home rule unit the use of its powers.
       Palm, 2013 IL 110505, ¶ 31; see also Village of Bolingbrook v. Citizens Utilities Co. of
       Illinois, 158 Ill. 2d 133, 138 (1994) (“In order to meet the requirements of section 6(h),
       legislation must contain express language that the area covered by the legislation is to be
       exclusively controlled by the State.”); Mulligan v. Dunne, 61 Ill. 2d 544, 550 (1975) (“a statute
       which purports to restrict home-rule powers must be specific”); City of Chicago v. Roman, 184

           3
            We consider plaintiff’s other challenges to the Tax Ordinance in subsequent sections of this
       opinion.

                                                    - 17 -
       Ill. 2d 504, 520 (1998) (no preemption where “the Corrections Code, although quite
       comprehensive, does not expressly limit the concurrent exercise of the City’s home rule power
       or require such exercise to conform to or be consistent with the Code”). The legislature has
       codified this principle through section 7 of the Statute on Statutes (Palm, 2013 IL 110505,
       ¶ 32), which, as noted, provides that “[n]o law enacted after January 12, 1977, denies or limits
       any power or function of a home rule unit, pursuant to paragraphs (g), (h), (i), (j), or (k) of
       Section 6 of Article VII of the Illinois Constitution, unless there is specific language limiting or
       denying the power or function and the language specifically sets forth in what manner and to
       what extent it is a limitation on or denial of the power or function of a home rule unit.” 5 ILCS
       70/7 (West 2012). There can be no dispute that section 21 of the Riverboat Gambling Act does
       not “specifically set[ ] forth in what manner and to what extent it is a limitation on or denial of
       the power or function of a home rule unit.” 5 ILCS 70/7 (West 2012).
¶ 73        Plaintiff characterizes section 7 as “simply a guideline for drafting legislation.” However,
       section 7 of the Statute on Statutes “has been formally adopted as part of [the supreme] court’s
       home rule jurisprudence.” Palm v. 2800 Lake Shore Drive Condominium Ass’n, 2013 IL
       110505, ¶ 32 (citing Schillerstrom Homes, 198 Ill. 2d at 287). Our supreme court has noted that
       “[w]hen the General Assembly intends to preempt or exclude home rule units from exercising
       power over a matter, that body knows how to do so. In many statutes that touch on countless
       areas of our lives, the legislature has expressly stated that, pursuant to section 6(h) or 6(i), or
       both, of article VII of the Illinois Constitution, a statute is declared to be an exclusive exercise
       of power by the state and that such power shall not be exercised by home rule units.” City of
       Chicago v. Roman, 184 Ill. 2d 504, 517 (1998) (citing statutes). One such example is within the
       Riverboat Gambling Act itself, in which, when setting forth the power of the Gaming Board,
       the statute provides that: “The establishment of the hours for sale and consumption of alcoholic
       liquor on board a riverboat is an exclusive power and function of the State. A home rule unit
       may not establish the hours for sale and consumption of alcoholic liquor on board a riverboat.
       This amendatory Act of 1991 is a denial and limitation of home rule powers and functions
       under subsection (h) of Section 6 of Article VII of the Illinois Constitution.” 230 ILCS
       10/5(c)(18) (West 2012). Plaintiff argues that the inclusion of express language in this section
       of the Riverboat Gambling Act offers “little if any guidance on the intent of the General
       Assembly at the time of the drafting of the Riverboat Gambling Act,” since it was an
       amendment to the statute. Leaving aside the fact that the amendment was passed less than two
       years after the enactment of the Riverboat Gambling Act, plaintiff’s argument is unpersuasive
       in light of the fact that section 7 of the Statute on Statutes had been effective for over a decade
       at the time of the passage of the Riverboat Gambling Act. Thus, it is apparent that the General
       Assembly clearly knew how to limit a home rule unit’s power where it chose to do so and did
       not choose to include the operative language in section 21 of the Riverboat Gambling Act.
       Accordingly, the trial court erred when it found the Tax Ordinance was preempted by the
       Riverboat Gambling Act.

¶ 74                          C. Three-Fifths Supermajority Requirement
¶ 75       The County also argues that the trial court erred in finding that the legislature was not
       required to pass the Riverboat Gambling Act by a three-fifths supermajority in order to limit
       the County’s power to tax. However, as we have concluded that the language of the Riverboat
       Gambling Act did not specifically limit the County’s authority, we have no need to discuss this

                                                    - 18 -
       portion of the court’s conclusion.

¶ 76                                          II. Occupation Tax
¶ 77        The County next argues that the trial court erred in finding the tax to be an occupation tax
       prohibited by the Illinois Constitution. Under the Illinois Constitution, “[a] home rule unit shall
       have only the power that the General Assembly may provide by law *** (2) to license for
       revenue or impose taxes upon or measured by income or earnings or upon occupations.” Ill.
       Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(e). “[A]lthough section 6(e) permits taxes upon the sale or use of
       tangible items, the taxation of commercial services constitutes an ‘occupation tax’ which is
       prohibited unless sanctioned by the legislature.” Communications & Cable of Chicago, Inc. v.
       Department of Revenue, 275 Ill. App. 3d 680, 685 (1995) (citing Commercial National Bank v.
       City of Chicago, 89 Ill. 2d 45 (1982)). The term “upon occupations” was not defined by the
       framers of the constitution. Paper Supply Co. v. City of Chicago, 57 Ill. 2d 553, 565 (1974).
       However, our supreme court has stated that “ ‘an occupation tax has one of two missions:
       either to regulate and control a given business or occupation, or to impose a tax for the
       privilege of exercising, undertaking or operating a given occupation, trade or profession.’ ”
       Town of Cicero, 65 Ill. 2d at 23 (quoting Reif v. Barrett, 355 Ill. 104, 109 (1933)).
¶ 78        In the case at bar, the parties spend the majority of their time discussing whether the tax
       imposed by the Tax Ordinance is an occupation tax under the constitution. However, we have
       no need to resolve this dispute. As noted, the constitution provides that a home rule unit has
       “only the power that the General Assembly may provide by law” to impose an occupation tax.
       Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(e). Here, even if the tax is considered to be an occupation tax, we
       agree with the County that it has been authorized by the General Assembly through section
       5-1009 of the Counties Code.
¶ 79        Section 5-1009 provides:
                “Limitation on home rule powers. Except as provided in Section 5-1006, 5-1006.5,
                5-1007 and 5-1008, on and after September 1, 1990, no home rule county has the
                authority to impose, pursuant to its home rule authority, a retailer’s occupation tax,
                service occupation tax, use tax, sales tax or other tax on the use, sale or purchase of
                tangible personal property based on the gross receipts from such sales or the selling or
                purchase price of said tangible personal property. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this
                Section does not preempt any home rule imposed tax such as the following: (1) a tax on
                alcoholic beverages, whether based on gross receipts, volume sold or any other
                measurement; (2) a tax based on the number of units of cigarettes or tobacco products;
                (3) a tax, however measured, based on the use of a hotel or motel room or similar
                facility; (4) a tax, however measured, on the sale or transfer of real property; (5) a tax,
                however measured, on lease receipts; (6) a tax on food prepared for immediate
                consumption and on alcoholic beverages sold by a business which provides for on
                premise consumption of said food or alcoholic beverages; or (7) other taxes not based
                on the selling or purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale or purchase of
                tangible personal property. This Section does not preempt a home rule county from
                imposing a tax, however measured, on the use, for consideration, of a parking lot,
                garage, or other parking facility. This Section is a limitation, pursuant to subsection (g)
                of Section 6 of Article VII of the Illinois Constitution, on the power of home rule units
                to tax.” 55 ILCS 5/5-1009 (West 2012).

                                                    - 19 -
¶ 80        The County argues that section 5-1009 permits a home rule unit to impose “other taxes not
       based on the selling or purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale or purchase of
       tangible personal property” under subsection (7). 55 ILCS 5/5-1009(7) (West 2012). Since the
       tax imposed by the Tax Ordinance is not based on the selling or purchase price or gross
       receipts from the use, sale, or purchase of tangible personal property, the County claims that
       the tax is therefore permitted under section 5-1009. We agree.
¶ 81        When interpreting statutes, our goal is to “ascertain and give effect to the true intent of the
       legislature.” In re Marriage of Kates, 198 Ill. 2d 156, 163 (2001). “ ‘The best evidence of
       legislative intent is the language used in the statute itself, which must be given its plain and
       ordinary meaning.’ ” Kates, 198 Ill. 2d at 163 (quoting Paris v. Feder, 179 Ill. 2d 173, 177
       (1997)). When the plain language is unambiguous, the legislative intent discernible from the
       language must prevail and to resort to other interpretive aids is unnecessary. Kates, 198 Ill. 2d
       at 163. “Statutes should be read as a whole with all relevant parts considered, and they should
       be construed, if possible, so that no term is rendered superfluous or meaningless.” Kates, 198
       Ill. 2d at 163 (citing Kraft, Inc. v. Edgar, 138 Ill. 2d 178, 189 (1990), and Advincula v. United
       Blood Services, 176 Ill. 2d 1, 16-17, 26 (1996)).
¶ 82        In the case at bar, section 5-1009 specifically provides that it “does not preempt any home
       rule imposed tax such as the following: *** (7) other taxes not based on the selling or purchase
       price or gross receipts from the use, sale or purchase of tangible personal property.” 55 ILCS
       5/5-1009 (West 2012). It is undisputed that the tax imposed by the Tax Ordinance is not based
       on the selling or purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale, or purchase of tangible
       personal property. Accordingly, based on the plain language of section 5-1009, the tax is
       permitted under subsection (7).
¶ 83        Plaintiff argues that subsection (7) “permits a subset of taxes, provided they are not
       ‘occupation taxes’ which are expressly prohibited.” Plaintiff claims that a court must first
       determine whether the tax is an occupation tax and then, only if it is not, the court then
       determines whether the tax is a valid exercise of home rule authority under subsection (7). We
       do not find this argument persuasive.
¶ 84        Plaintiff’s argument overlooks the critical language prefacing the seven subsections listing
       taxes that are permitted: “Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section does not preempt any
       home rule imposed tax such as the following ***.” 55 ILCS 5/5-1009 (West 2012).
       “Notwithstanding” has been defined as meaning “[i]n spite of.” American Heritage Dictionary
       850 (2d coll. ed. 1982); see also Davis v. Toshiba Machine Co., America, 186 Ill. 2d 181, 185
       (1999) (“The word ‘notwithstanding’ has been defined as meaning ‘in spite of.’ ” (quoting
       Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1545 (1986))); Board of Education of Maine
       Township High School District No. 207 v. International Insurance Co., 344 Ill. App. 3d 106,
       114 (2003); Toner v. Retirement Board of the Policemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 259 Ill.
       App. 3d 67, 70 (1994). Thus, section 5-1009 permits taxation of the seven areas identified by
       the subsections in spite of the section’s prohibition against certain taxes listed in the first
       sentence of the section. In other words, even if a tax fell within one of the areas prohibited
       under the first sentence of section 5-1009, it would still be permitted if it fell within one of the
       seven subsections set forth in the second sentence.
¶ 85        Curiously, the case plaintiff cites in support of its argument, American Beverage Ass’n v.
       City of Chicago, 404 Ill. App. 3d 682 (2010), actually supports the County’s position rather
       than plaintiff’s. In that case, the court considered whether a City of Chicago tax of five cents on

                                                    - 20 -
       each bottle of water purchased at retail was permissible. American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill.
       App. 3d at 683. The plaintiffs’ first argument was that the bottled water tax was an occupation
       tax that violated article VII, section 6(e) of the Illinois Constitution, and the appellate court
       found that the tax was not an occupation tax under the constitution. American Beverage Ass’n,
       404 Ill. App. 3d at 687. The plaintiffs’ next argument was that the City was statutorily
       prohibited from implementing the bottled water tax, an argument that the appellate court also
       found meritless. American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 688. Finally, the plaintiffs
       argued that section 8-11-6a of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/8-11-6a (West 2008))
       preempted the bottle water tax. American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 688. As this
       section of the Municipal Code is identical to section 5-1009 of the Counties Code in all
       material respects, it is this argument that is instructive in the instant case.
¶ 86       Like plaintiff in the instant case, the plaintiffs in American Beverage Ass’n argued that
       “section 8-11-6a preempts all retailer’s occupation taxes, service occupation taxes, use taxes,
       and sales taxes (including the bottled water tax) regardless of how the tax is measured, but
       preempts any other tax only if those other taxes are measured by gross receipts or the selling or
       purchase price.” American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 689. By contrast, like the
       County in the instant case, the City in American Beverage Ass’n argued that “only those
       retailer’s occupation taxes, service occupation taxes, use taxes, and sales taxes that are
       measured by gross receipts or the selling or purchase price are preempted” and that “[s]ince the
       bottled water tax is not measured by gross receipts or the selling or purchase price,” it was not
       preempted. American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 689-90. The court, however, found
       that it did not need to “delve into an extensive analysis of the first sentence of section 8-11-6a,
       because the second sentence clarifies the General Assembly’s intent.” American Beverage
       Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 690.
¶ 87       The court then set forth the second sentence of section 8-11-6a which, as noted, is identical
       to the second sentence of section 5-1009 of the Counties Code, specifically focusing on
       subsection (7), which provided that section 8-11-6a did not preempt “ ‘other taxes not based on
       the selling or purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale or purchase of tangible
       personal property.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 690
       (quoting 65 ILCS 5/8-11-6a (West 2008)). After setting forth this language, the court found:
                    “Thus, exception (7) in the second sentence of section 8-11-6a makes clear that
                outside the six preceding exceptions, section 8-11-6a does not preempt taxes that are
                not based on the selling or purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale or
                purchase of tangible personal property. Exception (7) excepts the bottled water tax
                from preemption, as it is a flat tax of five cents per bottle and is not based on the selling
                or purchase price or gross receipts from the use, sale or purchase of tangible personal
                property.” American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 690.
¶ 88       Plaintiff points to American Beverage Ass’n as supporting its assertion that “whether the
       tax was an occupation tax was the threshold consideration” and only after that determination
       did subsection (7) apply. However, that is clearly not what the American Beverage Ass’n court
       did. It is true that the court first discussed the plaintiff’s constitutional occupation tax
       argument, determining that the tax was not an occupation tax. However, this determination had
       nothing to do with the court’s analysis of section 8-11-6a of the Municipal Code. In discussing
       the Municipal Code, the court expressly stated that there was no need to consider the extent of
       the prohibition in the first sentence, because the second sentence “clarifie[d] the General

                                                    - 21 -
       Assembly’s intent.” American Beverage Ass’n, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 690. The only question that
       needed to be resolved was whether the tax in that case fell within one of the exceptions set forth
       in the second sentence. Since it did, the court found that the tax was not preempted.
¶ 89       Likewise, in the case at bar, the only question we need to resolve is whether the tax
       imposed by the Tax Ordinance falls within one of the exceptions set forth in the second
       sentence of section 5-1009. Because the tax falls within subsection (7), it was permitted under
       section 5-1009. Accordingly, since it was authorized by the General Assembly, the County had
       the authority to impose the tax even if it was an occupation tax. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII,
       § 6(e) (home rule units have “only the power that the General Assembly may provide by law”
       to impose an occupation tax).

¶ 90                                       III. License for Revenue
¶ 91        The County next argues that the trial court erred in finding that the tax was an
       impermissible license for revenue. As noted, the Illinois Constitution provides that “[a] home
       rule unit shall have only the power that the General Assembly may provide by law *** (2) to
       license for revenue or impose taxes upon or measured by income or earnings or upon
       occupations.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 6(e). Our supreme court has explained that “ ‘[t]he
       phrase “to license for revenue” describes those situations in which a governmental unit that did
       not have the power to tax attempted to raise revenue by the exercise of its police power.’ ”
       Paper Supply Co. v. City of Chicago, 57 Ill. 2d 553, 576 (1974) (quoting Rozner v. Korshak, 55
       Ill. 2d 430, 433 (1973)); see also Forsberg v. City of Chicago, 151 Ill. App. 3d 354, 365 (1986).
¶ 92        In the case at bar, the trial court found that the Tax Ordinance was a license for revenue
       because it had “all the indicia of a license for revenue,” pointing to the fact that the tax was
       imposed on the holders of gaming licenses who own gambling machines and requires those
       engaged in displaying the machines to the public to (1) register their gambling machines, (2)
       conspicuously affix the emblem issued by the County to each gambling device, (3) label each
       gambling machine with the name, address, and telephone number of the person displaying the
       gambling machine for play or operation by the public, (4) be subject to penalties if they display
       a gambling machine without the emblem, (5) maintain accurate and complete documents,
       books, and records of each transaction or activity subject to the tax, and (6) make their
       premises available for inspection, audit, and copying to the County. Plaintiff essentially makes
       the same argument on appeal.
¶ 93        Our supreme court has considered whether ordinances imposed licenses for revenue in
       several cases. For instance, in Rozner v. Korshak, 55 Ill. 2d 430, 431 (1973), the plaintiff
       challenged the City of Chicago’s wheel-tax ordinance, which “[made] it unlawful for any
       motor vehicle owner residing within the city to use the vehicle upon the public ways of the city
       unless it is licensed as provided in the ordinance” and alleged the tax was really a license for
       revenue. Our supreme court clarified that “ ‘to license for revenue’ describes those situations
       in which a governmental unit that did not have the power to tax attempted to raise revenue by
       the exercise of its police power.” Rozner, 55 Ill. 2d at 433 (citing City of Chicago Heights v.
       Western Union Telegraph Co., 406 Ill. 428, 433-34 (1950), and Lamere v. City of Chicago, 391
       Ill. 552, 558-59 (1945)). The court held that the City had “not attempted to tax under the guise
       of its power to regulate” and the wheel-tax ordinance was “frankly a taxing measure.” Rozner,
       55 Ill. 2d at 433 (citing City of Chicago v. Hastings Express Co., 369 Ill. 610, 615-16 (1938),
       and Ayers v. City of Chicago, 239 Ill. 237, 246-47 (1909)).

                                                   - 22 -
¶ 94       Similarly, in Paper Supply Co. v. City of Chicago, 57 Ill. 2d 553, 575-76 (1974), our
       supreme court held that a Cook County tax ordinance on employers who employ 15 or more
       employees was not a license for revenue. The plaintiffs argued that parts of the tax ordinance
       had attributes of a license for revenue, including that the “section *** requires every employer
       covered by the ordinance to register, that other licenses granted the employer by the defendant
       city may be revoked or suspended for willful evasion of the tax ***, and that upon conviction
       of violation of the ordinance sanctions of both fines and imprisonment may be imposed.”
       Paper Supply, 57 Ill. 2d at 575. The court, however, found that these provisions did not convert
       the tax into a license for revenue (Paper Supply, 57 Ill. 2d at 576 (citing Jacobs v. City of
       Chicago, 53 Ill. 2d 421, 424 (1973))), and that the ordinance was “clearly a taxing measure and
       was not enacted under the city’s power to regulate” (Paper Supply, 57 Ill. 2d at 576).
¶ 95       Likewise, in the case at bar, we cannot agree with the trial court that the tax imposed by the
       Tax Ordinance was a license for revenue. The trial court found that parts of the Tax Ordinance,
       such as requiring an owner to register the machine, are indicative of a license. However, the tax
       ordinance in Paper Supply also required the taxed party (an employer) to register, and our
       supreme court held it was not a license for revenue. Like Paper Supply, in the instant case, we
       cannot find that registering, affixing an emblem, and labeling a gambling machine;
       maintaining records of transactions; and making the premises available for inspection convert
       this tax into a license for revenue.
¶ 96       Plaintiff argues that the tax is a license for revenue because an owner’s failure to affix the
       emblem on the machine could result in penalties, including citations, which can be issued by
       the sheriff and sheriff's police, and fines.4 Plaintiff argues that “Cook County cannot, by threat
       of its police power, impose a tax simply to allow Rivers Casino to operate under a statewide
       license.” The County, however, argues that the enforcement provisions are common and in
       reality “taxing measures must contain enforcement mechanisms of this type.” We agree with
       the County.
¶ 97       In Paper Supply, the tax ordinance at issue had similar provisions and failure to abide by
       the ordinance could result in fines and imprisonment. Paper Supply, 57 Ill. 2d at 575.
       Similarly, in Jacobs v. City of Chicago, 53 Ill. 2d 421, 424 (1973), the City of Chicago enacted
       a parking tax ordinance where failure to pay the tax could result in the suspension or revocation
       of any city license the operator of the parking facility holds. Our supreme court held that the
       tax was not a license for revenue and those penalties were “ ‘but provisions to insure the
       integrity of the collection procedures.’ ” Jacobs, 53 Ill. 2d at 424 (quoting S. Bloom, Inc. v.
       Korshak, 52 Ill. 2d 56, 63 (1972)); see also Forsberg v. City of Chicago, 151 Ill. App. 3d 354,
       363 (1986) (“The legislature’s power to impose penalties to aid administration and insure
       collection of taxes has long been uniformly recognized.”). As the County notes, these
       measures are in place only to confirm that the tax is paid, not to regulate. The possible use of
       police power does not mean that the County enacted the Tax Ordinance in the case at bar
       pursuant to its regulatory powers; the police power is only used for instances of
       noncompliance. We cannot find that the penalties, including citations and fines, transform this
       Tax Ordinance into a license for revenue.

           4
           The Tax Ordinance states that if plaintiff does not purchase and display an emblem it is liable for a
       $1,000 fine for its first offense and $2,000 for every subsequent offense.

                                                      - 23 -
¶ 98                                         IV. Uniformity Clause
¶ 99        Finally, the County argues that the trial court erred in finding that the Tax Ordinance
        violates the uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution. The uniformity clause provides that,
        “[i]n any law classifying the subjects or objects of non-property taxes or fees, the classes shall
        be reasonable and the subjects and objects within each class shall be taxed uniformly.
        Exemptions, deductions, credits, refunds and other allowances shall be reasonable.” Ill. Const.
        1970, art. IX, § 2. Our supreme court has stated that to be constitutional under the uniformity
        clause, “[i]t is well established that a classification of a non-property tax [(1)] must be based on
        a real and substantial difference between the people taxed and not taxed, and [(2)] must bear
        some reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation or to public policy.” Geja’s Cafe v.
        Metropolitan Pier & Exposition Authority, 153 Ill. 2d 239, 247 (1992) (citing Searle
        Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 117 Ill. 2d 454, 468 (1987)).
¶ 100       In the case at bar, the trial court applied this two-prong test and found that the ordinance
        violated the uniformity clause. In its grant of summary judgment, the trial court identified two
        categories of taxpayers: the owners of gambling devices subject to a $1,000 tax and the owners
        of video gaming terminals subject to a $200 tax, and the court found that there was no real and
        substantial difference between the owners of the two types of devices. The trial court noted that
        the County indicated that video gaming terminals earned $200 in daily revenue but did not
        provide support for its calculation of this number. Additionally, the trial court stated that the
        County did not provide support for its assertion that video gaming terminals are generally
        found in bars and restaurants. Finally, the trial court noted that “being regulated through two
        separate and distinct statutes does not, by itself, justify a classification under the uniformity
        clause.” Under the second prong, the trial court also found the classification had no
        relationship to the object of the legislation or public policy. The County had argued that the
        purpose of the legislation was to generate revenue to help offset the increased costs the County
        incurred by gambling addicts and that the classification was related to that purpose because it
        was logical to assume casinos attract more gambling addicts than bars and restaurants, where
        video gaming terminals are located. The trial court found that there was a “vital flaw” in the
        County’s argument because there was nothing prohibiting video gaming terminals at casinos.
        The trial court also found that the County had not provided evidence that video gaming
        terminals are used only at bars and restaurants or predominantly used at bars and restaurants.
¶ 101       On appeal, the County first argues that the trial court erred in finding the County’s asserted
        justification for the tax classifications lacked evidentiary support because the government had
        no evidentiary burden in asserting a justification for a given tax classification. We agree.
¶ 102       Our supreme court addressed the issue related to the parties’ burdens in Wirtz v. Quinn,
        2011 IL 111903, ¶ 83:
                     “A taxpayer raising a uniformity challenge ‘is not required to prove that every
                conceivable explanation for the tax is unreasonable. Rather, the taxing body must
                “produce a justification for its classifications.” ’ [Arangold, 204 Ill. 2d] at 156 (quoting
                Geja’s Cafe v. Metropolitan Pier & Exposition Authority, 153 Ill. 2d 239, 248 (1992)).
                This does not mean, however, that the taxing body has an evidentiary burden or is
                required to produce facts to justify the classification. Arangold, 204 Ill. 2d at 156. The
                court’s inquiry regarding the proffered justification is narrow, and ‘[i]f a set of facts
                “can be reasonably conceived that would sustain it, the classification must be
                upheld.” ’ Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias, 231 Ill. 2d 62, 73 (2008) (citing

                                                     - 24 -
                Geja’s Cafe, 153 Ill. 2d at 248). Once the taxing body has offered a justification for the
                classification, the plaintiff then has the burden to persuade the court that the defendant's
                explanation is insufficient as a matter of law or unsupported by the facts. Arangold, 204
                Ill. 2d at 156; Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada v. Manna, 227 Ill. 2d 128, 136-37
                (2007).”
        Accordingly, the County was required to “produce a justification for its classifications”
        (internal quotation marks omitted) (Arangold Corp. v. Zehnder, 204 Ill. 2d 142, 156 (2003)),
        but was not required to produce evidentiary support.
¶ 103       Next, the County argues that the Tax Ordinance does not violate the uniformity clause
        because the distinction between gambling devices and video gaming terminals is based on a
        real and substantial difference and bears a reasonable relationship to the object of the
        legislation and public policy. As noted, our supreme court has established a two-prong test to
        determine if a nonproperty tax classification conforms with the uniformity clause. The
        classification must: (1) be based on a real and substantial difference between the people taxed
        and not taxed, and (2) must bear some reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation or
        to public policy. Searle, 117 Ill. 2d at 468.
¶ 104       The County first argues that there is a “real and substantial difference” between gambling
        devices and video gaming terminals, and we agree. To establish that there is a real and
        substantial difference between the two gambling machines, the County argues that one
        difference between gambling devices and video gaming terminals is that they are regulated
        through two “separate and distinct statutes” and the statutes set forth different tax rates for
        each. The County also argues that gambling devices and video gaming terminals are located in
        different establishments to further its argument. Gambling devices are generally located in
        casinos, where there are a large number of machines, and the County suggests the purpose of
        patrons frequenting casinos is to gamble. In contrast, the County argues video gaming
        terminals are often located in “mom and pop” establishments, which are limited to one to five
        terminals per establishment, and the County suggests the purpose of patrons frequenting those
        establishments is to eat, drink, or socialize, and gambling is only incidental to that purpose.
        The County also argues that the gambling devices at Rivers Casino, the only casino in Cook
        County, average more than $800 a day in revenue compared to $200 a day for video gaming
        terminals. Finally, the County states that “the two-tiered tax scheme is clearly justified when
        the use of each Gambling Machine is considered as well as the amount of revenue generated by
        each.”
¶ 105       Plaintiff, however, argues that the Tax Ordinance created arbitrary categories of taxpayers
        and that the County failed to produce any facts to meet the two-prong test. Plaintiff argues that
        the County’s distinction between the tax differences does not create a real and substantial
        difference, and proposes the proper comparison would be “to compare the total revenue from a
        slot machine and the total revenue from a video gaming terminal under similar use and similar
        conditions.” Plaintiff also argues that defendant is incorrect that video gaming terminals are
        operated by “mom and pop” establishments but instead are operated by large corporations.
¶ 106       In Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias, 231 Ill. 2d 62, 66 (2008), the Illinois
        legislature had passed an act that required casinos with adjusted gross receipts (AGR) of over
        $200 million “to daily contribute 3% of their AGR into the Horse Racing Equity Trust Fund.”
        Out of nine Illinois riverboat casinos at the time, only four had AGRs over $200 million, and
        those four were located upstate. Empress, 231 Ill. 2d at 65. The defendants argued that those

                                                     - 25 -
        casinos with AGRs over $200 million could “better absorb the surcharge” and that was “a
        proper basis for distinguishing the casinos.” Empress, 231 Ill. 2d at 76. Our supreme court
        determined that the defendants had produced a justification for the classification and the
        plaintiffs had failed to show the justification was “insufficient as a matter of law or
        unsupported by the facts.” Empress, 231 Ill. 2d at 78. Our supreme court further said, “the
        downstate casinos’ average intake is between $2 and $6 million per month, while the upstate
        casinos, located in more populated areas, have an average intake of $20 to $40 million per
        month. This is a substantial difference.” Empress, 231 Ill. 2d at 78.
¶ 107        Similarly, we find that there is a “real and substantial difference” between gambling
        devices and video gaming terminals. Although the County produced numerous justifications
        for distinguishing between the two, its argument can be separated into differences in revenue
        and differences in the environments in which the machines are used. The County stated that
        gambling devices average $800 a day in revenue and video gaming terminals average $200 a
        day in revenue. The corresponding taxes in the ordinance for each are roughly equivalent to
        one day’s revenue. Like Empress, the difference in revenue between the two machines is a
        “real and substantial difference.” Empress, 231 Ill. 2d at 78. Because the County provided a
        reasonable justification, the burden shifted to the plaintiff to “persuade the court that the
        defendant's explanation is insufficient as a matter of law, or unsupported by the facts.”
        (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Arangold, 204 Ill. 2d at 156. Plaintiff’s response to this
        justification is that the County did not produce any facts and that the proper comparison would
        be “to compare the total revenue from a slot machine and the total revenue from a video
        gaming terminal under similar use and similar conditions.” We do not find plaintiff met its
        burden. Plaintiff produced no evidence that there even are gambling devices and video gaming
        terminals “under similar use and similar conditions.” Furthermore, plaintiff produced no
        evidence that using this comparison would result in different total revenues than the County
        asserts. Accordingly, we find the difference in revenue is a “real and substantial difference”
        between gambling devices and video gaming terminals and justifies the classification between
        the two.
¶ 108        The County next argues that the distinction between gambling devices and video gaming
        terminals bears a reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation and public policy, and
        we agree.
¶ 109        The County argues that it produced a valid justification for classification because the
        purpose of the tax was to “account for measurable differences in revenue generated as well as
        the practical use of each establishment” and that plaintiff “failed to allege that the justification
        is insufficient as a matter of law.” The County also argues that casinos are more likely to attract
        gambling addicts and should absorb more of the costs to combat the negative effects of
        gambling.
¶ 110        Plaintiff argues that the Illinois Gaming Board already regulates the issue of “problem
        gambling.” These regulations include “establishing and maintaining a ‘self-excluded patron’
        list for people who believe they suffer from gambling addiction.” Plaintiff must also provide
        resources for gambling addiction in all its marketing materials. Plaintiff argues that video
        gaming terminals are not subject to the same regulations.
¶ 111        As an initial matter, we note that the purpose of the tax was not explicitly listed in the Tax
        Ordinance. In its complaint, plaintiff suggests the purpose for the tax is to “combat crime,
        health problems, and addictions related to gambling.” The County suggests in its brief that the

                                                     - 26 -
        purpose is to “generate revenue to help offset the increased costs incurred by Cook County as a
        result of the pathological gamblers and other gambling addicts who use these machines.” An
        article from the County’s website, which was dated October 30, 2012, and was authored by
        “Communications Staff,” stated that County President Toni Preckwinkle “decided to create a
        tiered system, taking into consideration the potential daily revenue of machines and the impact
        they have on public health and safety in Cook County.” The article quoted Preckwinkle as
        saying, “ ‘We plan to tax them a little more than one day’s revenue,’ ” and further quoted her
        as saying, “ ‘It’s a small price to pay to help with the impact on crime, health and addiction.
        And we’ve reduced the impact on smaller mom and pop establishments.’ ” The article
        indicated that “[t]he additional revenue generated by this tax will help the County invest in
        public safety and criminal justice services to combat the negative impacts of compulsive
        gambling and other gambling addictions.” The common theme between these differing
        accounts is that the purpose of the Tax Ordinance is to generate revenue to combat the negative
        effects of gambling.
¶ 112       Here, the County provided a reasonable explanation for how the distinction between the
        machines relates to the object of the ordinance: casinos are more likely to attract gambling
        addicts and should absorb more of the costs to combat the negative effects of gambling. The
        County was not required to produce evidentiary support at this time, only a justification for
        classification. See Arangold, 204 Ill. 2d at 156. Instead of refuting the claim that casinos attract
        more gambling addicts, plaintiff focused its argument on the fact that it already provides
        services to combat the negative effects of gambling. Plaintiff failed to show how the services it
        currently provides demonstrate that the distinction between gambling devices and video
        gaming terminals does not bear a reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation and
        public policy. Therefore, plaintiff has not met its burden. See Arangold, 204 Ill. 2d at 156
        (once the taxing body has offered a justification for the classification, “[t]he plaintiff then has
        the burden to persuade the court that the defendant's explanation is insufficient as a matter of
        law, or unsupported by the facts” (internal quotation marks omitted)). We agree with the
        County that the distinction between gambling devices and video gaming terminals bears a
        reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation and public policy.
¶ 113       In conclusion, our supreme court has stated that to survive a uniformity challenge, a
        classification must: (1) be based on a real and substantial difference between the people taxed
        and not taxed, and (2) must bear some reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation or
        to public policy. Searle, 117 Ill. 2d at 468. The County stated that the differences in daily
        revenue is a “real and substantial difference” and is a justification for the distinction. Plaintiff
        did not provide any evidence that this was “insufficient as a matter of law, or unsupported by
        the facts.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Arangold, 204 Ill. 2d at 156. Similarly, the
        County stated the Tax Ordinance was reasonably related to the object of the legislation because
        casinos are more likely to attract gambling addicts and should absorb more of the costs to
        combat the negative effects of gambling. Again, plaintiff failed to produce any evidence that
        the distinction is not reasonably related to the object of the legislation or public policy. For
        these reasons, we reverse the trial court's decision and find the Tax Ordinance is constitutional
        with regards to the uniformity clause.

                                                     - 27 -
¶ 114                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 115       For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in
        plaintiff’s favor. We find that (1) the Tax Ordinance was not preempted by the Riverboat
        Gambling Act, (2) the tax imposed by the Tax Ordinance was not an impermissible occupation
        tax, (3) the tax imposed by the Tax Ordinance was not an impermissible license for revenue,
        and (4) the Tax Ordinance did not violate the Illinois Constitution’s uniformity clause due to its
        distinction between gambling devices and video gaming terminals.

¶ 116      Reversed.

                                                    - 28 -