Court Opinion

ID: 2999191
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 19:51:34.349187+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:25:23.265475
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                        Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53

           United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Seventh Circuit
                             Chicago, Illinois 60604

                               Argued April 18, 2006
                               Decided May 1, 2006

                                      Before

                   Hon. ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

                   Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge

                   Hon. DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 05-2492

BRIAN BOLANOWSKI, et al.,                    Appeal from the United States District
         Plaintiffs-Appellants,              Court for the Northern District of
                                             Indiana, Hammond Division
      v.
                                             No. 2:04 CV181
GMRI, Inc., d/b/a Red Lobster
Restaurant,                                  Andrew P. Rodovich
             Defendant-Appellee.             Magistrate Judge.

                                    ORDER

       Brian Bolanowski and his parents sued Red Lobster fourteen years after he
was injured in one of their restaurants. Red Lobster removed the action to federal
court, where the Bolanowskis (or their lawyer) repeatedly failed to comply with
discovery procedures, prompting the district court to dismiss the case as a discovery
sanction. On appeal the Bolanowskis argue that the district court’s dismissal was
an abuse of discretion. Because the Bolanowskis’ violations of court orders and
consistent inaction justified the sanction, we affirm.

       In early 2004, Brian and his parents sued the restaurant in Indiana state
court for an injury he sustained as a child in 1990. Red Lobster removed the action,
advised the Bolanowskis that they had the defendant’s name wrong in the caption,
No. 05-2492                                                                   Page 2

and provided the correct name for the defendant’s corporate entity as “GMRI, Inc.
d/b/a Red Lobster.” GMRI’s raised the defense of the statute of limitations in its
answer, but conceded at oral argument that the statute was tolled because Brian
was a minor when the injury occurred.

       In August 2004 a magistrate judge presiding by consent held a pre-trial
conference to set the discovery schedule. Initial disclosures were to be exchanged
by September 3, 2004, and all discovery completed by January 31, 2005. In June
2004 GMRI submitted interrogatories for Brian and requests for authorizations for
the release of his medical records, but the Bolanowskis tendered nothing until
October 2004 when they submitted incomplete responses. They did not respond at
all to GMRI’s request to correct the caption of the case, so GMRI asked the court to
designate it as the proper defendant and to impose monetary sanctions in the
amount of its attorneys’ fees for having to file the motion. The Bolanowskis never
responded, and the court granted both requests.

       The Bolanowskis’ repeated failure to produce a file created by their former
counsel, Winterhoff & Associates, led to more discovery violations. GMRI
subpoenaed the file from the Bolanowskis’ then current counsel, who responded
that he had furnished all “unprivileged” documents from the file.1** Wanting a
description of the items that the Bolanowskis impliedly characterized as privileged,
GMRI requested a privilege log under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(d)(2), but
the Bolanowskis stonewalled GMRI from July through October 2004. GMRI’s
eventual motion to compel production of the privilege log and authorizations drew
no response from the Bolanowskis. The district court therefore granted the motion
and ordered the Bolanowskis to provide the log and authorizations within ten days.
Again they provided nothing. GMRI’s subsequent motion for an order to show cause
why the Bolanowskis should not be held in contempt for violating the court’s order
was unopposed and consequently granted. The Bolanowskis failed to respond, let
alone show cause. The court ultimately sanctioned the Bolanowskis monetarily,
despite GMRI’s request for dismissal, and warned them that they courted dismissal
by failing to produce the log.

      A new attorney, Eric Neff, entered his appearance on behalf of the
Bolanowskis on February 1, 2005. Neff’s appearance may have begun to facilitate
discovery (he met with GMRI’s counsel in February), yet he still did not provide
completed interrogatories from Brian’s parents or the authorizations. GMRI filed
another motion to compel, this time for the production of the interrogatories. For

      1
       This response belies counsel’s assertion at oral argument that no
documents were retained as privileged.
No. 05-2492                                                                      Page 3

the fourth time, the Bolanowskis failed to respond to one of GMRI’s discovery-
related motions.

      On February 23, 2005, the court ordered the Bolanowskis to provide all
outstanding discovery by March 4, 2005. On March 4, 2005, they moved for
reconsideration of the February 23 order, asserting that they did not realize that
they had failed to produce the interrogatories until it was too late to comply with
the new deadline.

       The district court was unpersuaded by their excuses. In its order denying the
motion to reconsider and dismissing the case with prejudice, the court characterized
the Bolanowskis’ conduct as “grossly dilatory.” It then cited Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 37(b)(2) and noted that dismissal is appropriate where there is a “clear
record of delay or contumacious conduct.” The court refused to reconsider the case
given that it had warned the Bolanowskis that failure to comply with discovery
would result in dismissal with prejudice and they had nevertheless flouted
discovery orders.

                                     Discussion

       At the outset, we note that the district court did not specify whether its
dismissal was a discovery sanction under Rule 37(b) or a sanction for failure to
prosecute under Rule 41(b). We have previously recognized that the text of Rules
37(b) and 41(b) overlap–both cover failures to comply with court orders. Maynard v.
Nygren, 332 F.3d 462, 468 n.2 (7th Cir. 2003); see Ladien v. Astracham, 128 F.3d
1051, 1056 n.5 (7th Cir. 1997). But the standards for justifying dismissal under
each differ slightly: Rule 37(b)(2)’s standard is willfulness, bad faith or fault, while
Rule 41(b)’s requires a clear record of delay or contumacious conduct. See Maynard,
332 F.3d at 467-68. Nonetheless, this court reviews dismissals under either rule for
an abuse of discretion. See id. at 467; Williams v. Chi. Bd. of Educ., 155 F.3d 853,
857 (7th Cir. 1998).

      The Bolanowskis’ principal argument is that their conduct was not egregious
enough to justify dismissal. For instance, they claim to have produced “everything
they had after the case was filed in September 2004.” They also assert that at the
February meeting their counsel “availed all documents in his file to the
Defendants.” Based on these efforts, they continue, dismissal was too harsh a
sanction.

      Under Rule 37’s standard for dismissal, the “fault” component has been
interpreted to mean that a party has acted unreasonably. Long v. Steepro, 213 F.3d
983, 986-87 (7th Cir. 2000). Here, the district court’s findings correctly show that
the Bolanowskis acted unreasonably at best. They failed to respond to any of six
No. 05-2492                                                                       Page 4

motions regarding discovery, three court orders to produce discovery, two court
orders imposing sanctions, or a host of letters from GMRI requesting various
documents. Cf. Long, 213 F.3d at 987 (pro se inmate did not act unreasonably when
his only discovery violation throughout prosecution of case was his failure to file
evidentiary list by deadline in scheduling order). Presumably a prudent person who
is unable to timely comply with court orders would at least request an extension of
time, but the Bolanowskis never did.

       Even if the court’s dismissal is construed as one under Rule 41(b), the
Bolanowskis fare no better. Again, that rule requires contumacious conduct,
Maynard, 332 F.3d at 467, and the Bolanowskis’ contumaciousness is evident from
their disregard for the court’s initial minute order scheduling discovery and two
subsequent orders compelling discovery. See Aura Lamp & Lighting, Inc. v. Int’l
Trading Corp., 325 F.3d 903, 909 (7th Cir. 2003) (analyzing dismissal under both
Rule 37(b) and 41(b) and concluding that repeatedly missed deadlines for discovery
and motion practice justified dismissal). Dismissal under Rule 41(b) would have
been appropriate given that the Bolanowskis’ counsel offered no persuasive excuse
for his failure to comply with the court’s orders. See In re Golant, 239 F.3d 931,
936-37 (7th Cir. 2001) (upholding dismissal where party repeatedly violated court’s
discovery orders and could not explain his failure to comply).

       As a purely factual matter, the Bolanowskis’ assertion that they produced
“everything they had after the case was filed in September 2004” glosses over their
withholding part of the Winterhoff file as privileged. The Bolanowskis never
produced a description of the documents they considered privileged so that GMRI
could contest the claim, as required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(d)(2).
Similarly, they have not substantiated their assertion that their counsel “availed all
documents in his file to the Defendants” at the February meeting. To the contrary,
the Bolanowskis’ counsel did not furnish the interrogatories at that meeting, nor
did he provide them by the time he filed the motion to reconsider on March 4, 2005.

       The Bolanowskis also argue that dismissing Brian’s case was an abuse of
discretion because discovery with respect to him had been completed by October 25,
2004. But again they misstate the facts. As late as March 2005 GMRI had still not
received authorizations for the release of Brian’s medical records.

       Finally, the merits and equities in this case support the district court’s
dismissal. See Williams, 155 F.3d at 857 (noting that court should consider “the
possible merits of the plaintiff’s suit”). This personal injury action is fifteen years
old, and GMRI is understandably concerned that crucial evidence no longer exists.
Moreover, unlike cases reversing dismissal because the defendant was equally
culpable for discovery violations, see Rice v. City of Chi., 333 F.3d 780, 786 (7th Cir.
No. 05-2492                                                                    Page 5

2003), the record here reveals that GMRI’s counsel repeatedly tried to complete
discovery by letter or telephonically before turning to the court for help.

       Under all these circumstances, it was not an abuse of discretion for the court
to dismiss the case. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.