Court Opinion

ID: 9901605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 06:05:58.522213+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:35.746021
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     November 21, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 353914
                                                                     Macomb Circuit Court
PORSHA MONIQUE TYLER,                                                LC No. 2019-001480-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

                                          ON REMAND

Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and SHAPIRO and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        This matter is on remand for consideration of defendant’s claims following an evidentiary
hearing pursuant to People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973). See People v Tyler,
___ Mich ___; 979 NW2d 667, 668 (2022) (Docket No. 163985) (Tyler II). The Michigan
Supreme Court ordered this Court to remand this matter to the trial court for it to determine,
following a Ginther hearing, whether defendant’s trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of
counsel by “failing to move to suppress the evidence obtained from the warrantless inventory
vehicle search, and specifically for failing to inquire regarding the existence of a policy of the
Warren Police Department regarding inventory searches of vehicles,” and by “failing to question
the officers regarding their compliance with any such policy.” Id. Following the evidentiary
hearing, the trial court concluded that defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel.
We agree and, again, affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence.

                                     I. BACKGROUND FACTS

        This case arises from defendant’s jury trial conviction of possession of two or more forged
driver’s licenses, MCL 257.310(9), and sentence, as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL
769.10, to 18 months’ probation. People v Tyler, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
Appeals, issued December 2, 2021 (Docket No. 353914) (Tyler I), p 1, vacated and remanded ___
Mich ___; 979 NW2d 667 (2022). The relevant facts were provided in our prior opinion and will
not be repeated at length here. In brief, defendant and her then-fiancé, Kelby Snell, got into a

                                                -1-
dispute at a Cricket Wireless store which escalated into a physical altercation. Defendant
eventually picked up a display cell phone and left the store. Defendant ultimately realized that she
left her own cell phone at the store and returned to the store for her phone. When defendant
returned to the store, she had not brought back the cell phone that she had taken from the store,
although it was not her cell phone. Upon their return to the store, defendant and Snell were arrested
for larceny in a building and disturbing the peace.1 Several police officers were on the scene,
including Officer Matthew Accivatti and Officer Alana Jannette. Officer Jannette arrested
defendant and Snell. Officer Accivatti and his partner located the suspects’ vehicle and,
subsequently, an inventory search was conducted because the vehicle was going to be impounded.
During the inventory search, several Pennsylvania driver’s licenses were found and they all had
defendant’s photograph on them, but different names on each of them.

        Following her jury trial conviction of possession of two or more forged driver’s licenses,
defendant appealed, arguing that the inventory search was in fact a discretionary search for
evidence of a crime, that the impoundment of her vehicle was unlawful, and that her trial counsel
was ineffective by failing to move to suppress the evidence discovered in the search. Tyler I,
unpub op at 2. This Court concluded that it was standard police department procedure to have a
vehicle towed when its driver was arrested and the inventory search was a permissible caretaking
function. Id. at 4. Thus, the impoundment and inventory search did not violate the Fourth
Amendment because they were “conducted by the police pursuant to standard police departmental
procedure as part of a caretaking function and not for an investigatory purpose.” Id. Accordingly,
the evidence discovered was properly obtained, the trial court did not commit plain error by
admitting it at trial, and defendant’s trial counsel was not ineffective by failing to move to suppress
the evidence obtained from the search. Id. at 4-5.

        Judge SHAPIRO dissented, disagreeing that any standardized departmental procedure was
described or introduced into evidence. Tyler I, unpub at 3 (SHAPIRO, J., dissenting). Judge
SHAPIRO stated that “the decision to impound and search a vehicle must be based on standardized
and reasonable police policies that comply with the Fourth Amendment,” and because the record
was not adequate to make such determination in this case, he would have remanded for an
evidentiary hearing. Id. at 3-4. Judge SHAPIRO further opined that there was evidence suggesting
that “the characterization of the search as an impoundment was a subterfuge[,]” and the real
purpose of the search was investigative. Id. at 4.

        Defendant then sought leave to appeal with our Supreme Court, and that Court vacated this
Court’s decision, remanded to this Court for it to remand to the trial court for a Ginther hearing,
and directed this Court to thereafter resolve the issues presented by defendant. Tyler II, ___ Mich
at ___; 979 NW2d at 668. On October 26, 2022, this Court remanded this case to the trial court
for an evidentiary hearing and decision regarding whether defendant was denied the effective
assistance of counsel. People v Tyler, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October
26, 2022 (Docket No. 353914).

1
 These charges were dismissed after the witnesses from the store did not appear at the preliminary
examination.

                                                 -2-
                         II. TRIAL COURT REMAND PROCEEDINGS

                                 A. EVIDENTIARY HEARING

        The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on February 3, 2023. Defendant’s trial counsel,
Michael Kitchen, testified that he believed the inventory search was reasonable because the police
were taking defendant into custody and impounding the vehicle so that it was not just left
abandoned in the parking lot. Trial counsel did not know Warren’s specific policies, but he
believed from experience that their policy was that, when a vehicle’s owner is arrested, their
vehicle is impounded and an inventory search is conducted. He was aware that the police also saw
the stolen phone in plain view through the window of the car, which also justified the search. Trial
counsel did not believe there was a valid Fourth Amendment argument to be made or he would
have filed a motion to suppress. He believed that the plain-view search should have ended when
the phone was obtained, but the officers still conducted a valid inventory search because the vehicle
was being impounded.

        Officer Accivatti testified that he and his partner, Officer DeAndre Tucker, were on patrol
the day of this incident and were called by dispatch to look for a vehicle in the area of this Cricket
Wireless store because of a disorderly person and larceny or unarmed robbery of a display cell
phone that had occurred and the suspects had left the store in the vehicle. After the suspects
returned to the store and were arrested, Officer Accivatti and his partner were the first officers to
approach the suspects’ vehicle and they checked to see if anybody else was in the vehicle. When
Officer Accivatti looked into that vehicle through the window, he saw a cell phone on the center
console with a security device attached to it. He then opened the car door to get the device. The
vehicle was going to be impounded because corroborating evidence of the crime was inside the
vehicle, i.e., the cell phone with a security device attached; therefore, an inventory search was
conducted. The purpose of the inventory search was basically to look “for any other valuables that
could be claimed at a later date that were in the vehicle at that time.” Also as part of the inventory
search, Officer Accivatti testified, he looked inside a bag that was in the car for identification
because he was unsure if they were able to identify defendant in the store. And in his experience,
evidence of other stolen property or crimes might be found during such a search. Officer Accivatti
believed the police department’s policy on impoundment and inventory searches was followed in
this matter. Officer Accivatti testified that a vehicle is not automatically impounded when
someone is arrested; rather, it is determined on a “case by case basis.” They would not necessarily
tow a vehicle if it was legally parked and had no evidence of a crime.

        Officer Jannette testified that she was on patrol when dispatched to the Cricket Wireless
store because customers were having an altercation in the store and a cell phone was stolen. She
was one of the first officers to arrive inside the store. She watched a video taken by a witness and
learned that defendant and Snell were yelling obscenities at the clerk and refused to leave the store
when asked to do so. They were destroying the store and disrupting displays. At some point, Snell
“acted as a blocker in front of the clerk as [defendant] ripped a cellphone with a security device
from a display and they fled the store.” Officer Jannette saw that the store was in disarray and that
the display was missing a cell phone. Other officers were already at the scene and in the area
looking for the suspect vehicle, which was a white Chevy Impala. However, defendant mistakenly
left her personal cell phone at the store. And when defendant and Snell returned to the store to
retrieve defendant’s personal cell phone, they were arrested by Officer Jannette. Officers Accivatti

                                                 -3-
and Tucker were outside of the store and subsequently advised Officer Jannette that the stolen cell
phone was recovered from the suspect vehicle. They had located the vehicle in the parking lot and
it was police procedure “to check to make sure nobody else is inside.” And when Officers
Accivatti and Tucker looked inside the vehicle through the window, they observed the stolen phone
with the security device in plain view in the vehicle. Officer Jannette testified: “At which point
that would be evidence, so they proceeded to search the rest of the car as it needed to be towed.”
Officer Jannette did not tell the officers to conduct the inventory search that followed. But the
police department has a procedure in place for conducting such searches; for example, when a
vehicle is taken as evidence. But there are several different reasons why a vehicle would be towed
and an inventory completed.

       Officer Tucker testified that he was with Officer Accivatti when the suspects’ vehicle was
found. He assisted Officer Accivatti in the search of the vehicle and completed the tow sheet.
Officer Accivatti was primarily doing the search and Officer Tucker completed the inventory
sheet. Officer Tucker testified that a vehicle would be impounded and an inventory search
conducted if the vehicle was part of the crime. Officer Tucker followed the Warren Police
Department’s policy regarding inventory searches by assisting in the search and writing down
information regarding the condition of the vehicle.

                        B. HEARING ON MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL

        On May 5, 2023, a hearing on defendant’s motion for a new trial was held. The prosecution
noted that the parties agreed that the initial entry into the vehicle was allowed on the basis of the
stolen phone in plain view, but they disputed whether further search was justified under the Fourth
Amendment. The prosecution argued that trial counsel was not unreasonable because whether the
search after the initial plain-view search was proper was an issue of first impression. The
prosecution further argued that if a lawful search is conducted and contraband is found, then the
police have to impound the vehicle and conduct an inventory search. According to the prosecution,
the vehicle was part of the evidence of the crime and, therefore, the police could impound it and
conduct an inventory search. The prosecution agreed that the community-caretaking doctrine did
not apply in this case. The vehicle was taken as evidence of the crime of receiving and concealing
stolen property and then the inventory search was conducted. The police adhered to the inventory
policy and, therefore, there was no government misconduct.

       The defense argued that the vehicle in this case was not an instrumentality of the crime.
The police did not treat the vehicle as evidence of a crime; they did not do fingerprinting or
preserve it as evidence. The defense agreed that the police had probable cause to go into the car
and recover the stolen cell phone but, after that, no further search was warranted. The search that
was actually conducted was investigatory in nature, and not an inventory search, because the police
were looking for further evidence of crimes that may have been committed.

                                C. TRIAL COURT’S DECISION

       The trial court, starting with the prejudice prong, found that there was probable cause that
a crime was committed because the officer saw the phone in plain view in the vehicle. On the

                                                -4-
basis of People v Anderson, 166 Mich App 455; 421 NW2d 200 (1988),2 which the trial court
found still had precedential value, the trial court concluded that the vehicle was used as the
instrumentality of the crime of receiving and concealing stolen property and had potential
evidentiary value; thus, the police had authority to impound the vehicle. There was no clear
overruling of Anderson and, therefore, trial counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective
standard of reasonableness. The trial court noted that there was some testimony that the officers
entered the vehicle to search for evidence of other crimes, but that was not their sole purpose. And
the court noted that there was no testimony regarding standardized procedures on the manner in
which inventory searches are to be conducted and there was testimony that not all items in the
vehicle were listed on the form. Nonetheless, the court concluded, under Anderson, the initial
impoundment was appropriate, the subsequent inventory search was appropriate, and there was no
bad faith. The order denying the motion was entered on June 2, 2023.

                         III. APPELLATE REMAND PROCEEDINGS

                               A. SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEFING

        After the evidentiary hearing and the trial court’s ruling, this Court granted the parties’
joint motion for supplemental briefing. People v Tyler, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals,
entered June 21, 2023 (Docket No. 353914). Defendant argues in her supplemental brief that her
car was not an “instrumentality” of a crime under Anderson, and Anderson was limited to the facts
of that case, did not purport to create any principle about the instrumentality exception that could
be applied to other cases, and was based on outdated caselaw. Further, the cases on which
Anderson relied all involved a defendant who took some action inside of the car during the
commission of the crime. Defendant, however, was not in her vehicle during the perpetration of
the crime, which occurred inside the store, and defendant did not use the vehicle to flee. Thus,
defendant argues, the vehicle was merely a container for contraband. Moreover, in each of the
instrumentality cases, “the instrumentality exception was not the sole justification for the search
of a defendant’s vehicle; the fact that the car was the instrumentality of a crime merely gave the
police the requisite probable cause to search the vehicle pursuant to the automobile exception.”
Accordingly, defendant argues, the trial court erred by using the instrumentality exception to
justify an inventory search. In People v Blair, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
Appeals, issued October 29, 2019 (Docket No. 347885), vacated 505 Mich 1012 (2020), this Court
held that a lawfully parked vehicle was not the instrumentality of the crime of driving with a
suspended license and did not justify an impoundment and inventory search. Id.; slip op at 10.
Defendant argued that using the instrumentality doctrine to allow a full inventory search of a car
whenever the police have probable cause to believe that the car contains contraband would entirely
swallow the automobile exception, under which searches are more limited in scope.

       Defendant argues that no other exception to the warrant requirement applies in this case
and, thus, the search was unconstitutional. The automobile exception did not justify the search
because the search far exceeded the scope of a permissible search pursuant to the automobile
exception. The probable cause to enter the vehicle expired when the phone was seized. In addition,

2
 Anderson has been abrogated in part with regard to its discussion of the defense of diminished
capacity. See People v Carpenter, 464 Mich 223, 235-236; 627 NW2d 276 (2001).

                                                -5-
neither the Warren Police Department’s policy nor MCL 257.252d permitted the police to impound
the vehicle and perform an inventory search. The car had no evidentiary value. The police were
looking for evidence of other crimes. Even if the Department’s policy allowed the inventory
search, the policy is unconstitutional because it gives officers unfettered discretion. Therefore,
defendant argued, trial counsel was ineffective by failing to challenge the search.

        The prosecution argues that defense counsel testified that, on the basis of his experience,
there was not a valid Fourth Amendment violation claim. And defendant conceded after the
evidentiary hearing that the initial entry into the vehicle was a valid plain-view search for the stolen
phone. Trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise a novel legal theory that the subsequent
search was unwarranted. Nonetheless, defendant cannot establish prejudice because the search of
the vehicle was reasonable and permissible. The police, who approached the vehicle and saw the
stolen phone through the window, had probable cause to enter the vehicle under any exception.
Thereafter, the police were authorized to impound the vehicle and conduct an inventory search.
The vehicle itself was evidence of the crime, was holding stolen property, and was the
instrumentality of the crime. Once the police entered the vehicle, not doing an inventory would
expose them to claims of stolen property and vandalism. Even if the inventory search was
improper, the police did not act in bad faith. Thus, exclusion is not the proper remedy and there
is no prejudice.

                                   B. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        “A defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of fact and
constitutional law.” People v Shaw, 315 Mich App 668, 671; 892 NW2d 15 (2016) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “[T]his Court reviews for clear error the trial court’s findings of fact
and reviews de novo questions of law. The trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous if this Court
is definitely and firmly convinced that the trial court made a mistake.” Id. at 671-672.

        “To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show (1) that counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional
norms and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the
proceedings would have been different.” Id. at 672. “Defendant must overcome the strong
presumption that counsel’s performance was sound trial strategy.” People v Dixon, 263 Mich App
393, 396; 688 NW2d 308 (2004). “A sound trial strategy is one that is developed in concert with
an investigation that is adequately supported by reasonable professional judgments. Counsel must
make an independent examination of the facts, circumstances, pleadings and laws involved[.]”
People v Grant, 470 Mich 477, 486-487; 684 NW2d 686 (2004) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “[D]ecisions regarding what evidence to present and whether to call or question
witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy, which [this Court] will not second-guess
with the benefit of hindsight.” Dixon, 263 Mich App at 398 (quotation marks and citations
omitted). “[D]efense counsel’s performance cannot be deemed deficient for failing to advance a
novel legal argument.” People v Reed, 453 Mich 685, 695; 556 NW2d 858 (1996).

       Regarding prejudice, a defendant is “not required to show that, but for counsel’s deficient
performance, he would have been acquitted. Rather, prejudice is established where a defendant
shows that but for counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the

                                                  -6-
outcome would have been different.” People v Heckaman, ___ Mich ___, ___; 981 NW2d 495,
495 (2022) (quotation marks and citation omitted; emphasis added in Heckaman).

                               C. FOURTH AMENDMENT LAW

        Defendant’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim is predicated on whether defendant
had a viable claim that the search of her vehicle violated the Fourth Amendment. “Both the United
States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution guarantee to the people the right to be free from
unreasonable searches and seizures.” People v Dagwan, 269 Mich App 338, 342; 711 NW2d 386
(2005), citing US Const, Am IV; Const 1963, art 1, § 11. “Ordinarily, searches or seizures
conducted without a warrant are unreasonable per se. And, generally, when evidence has been
seized in violation of the constitutional prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, it
must be excluded from trial.” Id. (citations omitted). “The touchstone of the Fourth Amendment
is reasonableness.” People v DeRousse, 341 Mich App 447, 455; 991 NW2d 596 (2022) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “There are, however, a number of recognized exceptions to the
warrant requirement[.]” Dagwan, 269 Mich App at 342.

        In Anderson, 166 Mich App at 478-479, this Court stated that “an automobile may be
searched without a warrant when there is probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime will
be found in a lawfully stopped automobile.” Further, “when an automobile is an instrumentality
of the crime it may lawfully be seized and searched without a warrant.” Id. at 479, citing People
v Sorrell, 139 Mich App 707, 709-710; 363 NW2d 18 (1984) and People v Cook, 24 Mich App
401, 407; 180 NW2d 354 (1970). In general, “a search of a car without a warrant pursuant to the
automobile exception is strictly limited in scope by the objects of the search and the places in
which there is probable cause to believe they may be found[.]” People v Bullock, 440 Mich 15,
25; 485 NW2d 866 (1992). However, in Anderson, 166 Mich App at 460, 480, this Court upheld
an impoundment and full search of the vehicle where the vehicle was found to be the
instrumentality of the crime.

        In Anderson, 166 Mich App at 459-460, the defendants were driving around Detroit
stabbing individuals they saw on the street. One of the defendants exited the vehicle to stab some
of the individuals and then got back into the vehicle to flee. Id. at 460. This Court concluded that
because “the vehicle was used to transport defendants during the perpetration of the crime and to
provide the escape for defendants after the crime, it also appears to have been an instrumentality
of the crime itself.” Id. at 479-480. Thus, this Court held that both the impound and search of the
vehicle were valid. Id. at 480. This Court also noted that the officers had probable cause to search
the vehicle and that there were exigent circumstances because the defendants were still at large.
Id. at 479.

        In Cook, 24 Mich App at 407-408, this Court similarly concluded that the vehicle, which
had been used to kidnap the victim, was used as an instrumentality of the crime. This Court
concluded that, “[u]nder these circumstances, the state police had reasonable cause to believe that
the car had been used to effectuate the crime. The car itself was evidence of defendant’s guilt. It
was an instrumentality of the crime.” Id. at 406-407. The police’s “subsequent search of the car
for [the victim’s] fingerprints was closely related to the reason defendant was arrested, the reason
his car had been impounded, and the reason it was being retained. The search was therefore valid
without a warrant.” Id. at 408-409.

                                                -7-
        In Sorrell, 139 Mich App at 708, the police seized the defendant’s vehicle at the time of
his arrest for negligent homicide resulting from a motor vehicle accident. In reliance on Cook, this
Court concluded that “[t]he car was the instrumentality of the crime and, therefore, was properly
seized and inspected.” Id. This Court concluded that “the automobile was lawfully seized since
the police officers plainly saw that it was an instrumentality of the crime. The officers were,
therefore, free to conduct tests on the automobile to determine its evidentiary value.” Id. at 710.3

        Also relevant in this case is the inventory search exception. See People v Toohey, 438
Mich 265, 273-274; 475 NW2d 16 (1991). The inventory search exception is recognized “as part
of the caretaking function local police officers are required to perform. To be constitutional, an
inventory search must be conducted in accordance with established departmental procedures,
which all police officers are required to follow, and must not be used as a pretext for criminal
investigation.” Id. at 283-284 (citations omitted). The legality of an inventory search depends on
whether the vehicle was lawfully impounded. People v Poole, 199 Mich App 261, 265; 501 NW2d
265 (1993). If lawfully impounded, “the validity of the inventory search depends on whether there
were standardized criteria, policies, or routines regulating how inventory searches were to be
conducted.” Id. The policy may give officers some discretion. Id. at 266. “[I]n order to establish
that an inventory search is reasonable, the prosecution must establish that an inventory-search
policy existed, all police officers were required to follow the policy, the officers actually complied
with the policy, and the search was not conducted in bad faith.” People v Swenor, 336 Mich App
550, 568; 971 NW2d 33 (2021).

        In Blair, unpub op at 11, this Court rejected the argument that the community-caretaking
exception authorized police to impound a legally parked vehicle. However, our Supreme Court
vacated this Court’s decision and remanded for the trial court to consider whether the officer
complied with the procedure for impounding vehicles, whether the officer “acted in bad faith or
for the sole purpose of investigation,” and, if so, whether that rendered the search unconstitutional.
Blair, 505 Mich at 1012, quoting Colorado v Bertine, 479 US 367, 372; 107 S Ct 738; 93 L Ed 2d

3
  It is questionable whether this line of cases is still valid. In Cook, 24 Mich App at 409, this Court
relied on Cooper v California, 386 US 58; 87 S Ct 788; 17 L Ed 2d 730 (1967). Cooper, which
concluded that “a warrantless search of an impounded automobile is reasonable if it is closely
related to the reason for which its occupants were arrested and the automobile was impounded,”
was repudiated by Chimel v California, 395 US 752; 89 S Ct 2034; 23 L Ed 2d 685 (1969), which
held “that a search incidental to an arrest is valid without a warrant only to the extent necessary to
prevent the person arrested from grabbing a weapon or destroying evidence.” People v Sims, 23
Mich App 194, 202-204, 207 n 4; 178 NW2d 667 (1970), aff’d 385 Mich 621 (1971). Nonetheless,
this Court has continued to cite Anderson for the instrumentality exception. See People v Strampel,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued June 24, 2021 (Docket No.
352557), p 5. “Although unpublished opinions are not binding precedent, MCR 7.215(C)(1),”
they may be considered for their persuasive value. People v Green, 260 Mich App 710, 720 n 5;
680 NW2d 477 (2004). As will be discussed, even assuming Anderson is good law, we conclude
that the instrumentality exception does not apply in this case.

                                                 -8-
739 (1987). In Bertine, 479 US at 372, the Court upheld an inventory search, concluding that there
was no evidence that police acted “in bad faith for sole purpose of investigation.”4

                                        D. APPLICATION

        Defendant’s counsel testified that he believed the inventory search was reasonable because
the police were taking defendant into custody and impounding the vehicle. He did not know the
Warren Police Department’s policies, but he believed from experience that the policy of
conducting an inventory search when the owner of the vehicle is arrested was valid. The trial court
found that the inventory search was not valid, but the search was proper under Anderson and,
therefore, trial counsel was not ineffective by failing to challenge the search and the evidence
discovered in the search, i.e., the forged licenses.

        Defendant first argues that the vehicle was not the instrumentality of the crime under
Anderson. We agree. Defendant’s vehicle was not the instrumentality of the theft of the cell phone
that was committed inside the store. The vehicle was not used to effectuate that crime and the
vehicle itself was not evidence of defendant’s guilt. Nor was there any evidence that the vehicle
was used to flee from the crime. In none of the other instrumentality cases discussed was the car
merely used to hold stolen property. While the trial court found that the vehicle was an
instrumentality of the crime of receiving and concealing stolen property, that was not the crime
being investigated by the police in this case. Thus, we agree with defendant that the vehicle was
not an instrumentality of the crime and the search was not permissible under Anderson.

        Nonetheless, the question is whether the search was valid under another exception.
Preliminarily, to the extent that the prosecution argues that the search was valid under either the
automobile exception or search incident to arrest exception, these arguments are without merit.
As noted, “a search of a car without a warrant pursuant to the automobile exception is strictly
limited in scope by the objects of the search and the places in which there is probable cause to
believe they may be found[.]” Bullock, 440 Mich at 25. In this case, the police were looking for
the stolen cell phone and once it was found, the automobile exception did not justify further search.
In addition, the search incident to arrest exception allows officers to search the area within the
immediate control of the defendant. People v Eaton, 241 Mich App 459, 463; 617 NW2d 363
(2000). Defendant was arrested inside the store and, thus, the vehicle was not within defendant’s
immediate control.

       Next, we consider whether the search was a valid inventory search, as this Court previously
concluded. At the evidentiary hearing, all three officers testified that there was a policy for
conducting inventory searches, and Officers Accivatti and Tucker believed that they acted in
compliance with the policy. Officer Accivatti testified that the vehicle was impounded because
evidence was found inside of it; that is, the inside of the vehicle had evidentiary value. And
because the driver was arrested.

4
    Notably, Bertine also relied on Cooper. Bertine, 479 US at 372.

                                                -9-
        The Warren Police Department’s policy lists several bases for inventory searches.5 In
particular, the policy provides, in part:
             A. A vehicle may be impounded under police order under the following
                circumstances:

                 1. Recovered stolen vehicles

                 2. Vehicle was used as an instrument of a criminal act

                 3. Vehicle of evidentiary value from crime or accident

                 4. An arrest of the driver of a vehicle

                        a. The officer may release the vehicle to another licensed driver at
                           the scene if the arrested driver approves, and the second party is
                           in proper condition to drive the vehicle.

                        b. If the arrest is made at the home of the driver and the car is of no
                           evidentiary value, it will be left at that location.

        To the extent that the prosecution argues the vehicle was an instrument of a criminal act,
we disagree for the reasons discussed. Moreover, Officer Accivatti did not state that as a basis for
the search. Nonetheless, two of the other bases given by Officer Accivatti are contained in the
policy. First, the policy authorizes a vehicle to be impounded if it has evidentiary value from the
crime. In addition, the policy authorizes a vehicle to be impounded when the driver is arrested and
there is no other person to drive the vehicle.

        Defendant argues that the car had no conceivable evidentiary value because the stolen
phone was found, there was no question regarding the identity of the suspect, and the police did
not treat the vehicle as evidence. However, after the stolen phone was found inside of the vehicle,
the officers’ belief that the inside of the vehicle might have evidentiary value was not unreasonable.
Officer Accivatti testified that everything was happening all at once; it was a very fluid and
dynamic situation with the hostile suspects of a robbery coming back to the scene and being
arrested, and he was concerned at that time that the vehicle had evidentiary value. Thus, this
provision of the policy justified the search.

        Regarding the arrest basis for impoundment of the vehicle, we note that the prosecution
does not rely on that provision in its supplemental brief on appeal. Nonetheless, this provision
also provided a basis for the search because defendant and Snell were both arrested. See, e.g.,
Poole, 199 Mich App at 265. It is a closer question whether the policy is valid under the Fourth
Amendment in this regard. A policy similar to the Warren Police Department’s policy was found
reasonable in Toohey, 438 Mich at 286. However, it is not clear that the vehicle in that case was
legally parked as the vehicle was in this case. This Court has distinguished Toohey and concluded

5
    The policy was admitted as Exhibit A at the evidentiary hearing.

                                                 -10-
that the caretaking concerns are not present when a vehicle is legally parked. See People Cutts,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued May 6, 2004 (Docket No. 243126),
p 4. As discussed, however, our Supreme Court vacated this Court’s decision in Blair, 505 Mich
at 1012, which reached a similar conclusion.

        Accordingly, the Warren Police Department’s policy authorized the impoundment and
inventory search in this case. The trial court clearly erred by finding that the officers did not point
to any provision within the policy that permitted the inventory search.

        Although there was no direct testimony that all officers were required to follow the policy,
the existence of this policy in written form is also evidence that all officers were required to follow
it. In addition, the officers complied with the policy in this case because the vehicle was
impounded on the basis of the grounds listed in the policy. They also completed Form #88, as
required by the policy. The trial court found that the officers failed to list certain items on the
form. However, Officer Tucker testified that there may have been other items in the vehicle that
were not listed because he did not see them or because they were listed on the police report as
evidence. In addition, the fact that the officers may have made a mistake on the form does not
establish that they failed to comply with the policy for inventory searches.

        Finally, the trial court did not err by finding that the officers were not acting in bad faith
for the sole purpose of investigation. Officer Accivatti testified that the officers were looking for
evidence of other crimes, i.e., for the purpose of investigation. However, he also testified that the
search was to look for valuables because the car was being impounded. And, as discussed, he
reasonably believed that the inside of the vehicle might have evidentiary value. Thus, the sole
purpose of the search was not for investigation.

        Defendant argues that even if the policy permitted the inventory search, the policy is too
discretionary to be constitutional. The trial court appeared to agree, citing People v Long, 419
Mich 636; 359 NW2d 194 (1984). However, unlike in this case, there were no standards or
established procedures for conducting inventory searches in Long. Id. at 646. Moreover,
“[c]ontrary to defendant’s argument, the policy may allow an individual officer to exercise some
discretion.” Poole, 199 Mich App at 266.

        In summary, the impoundment and inventory search were proper because the Warren
Police Department has a standard procedure for inventory searches, the officers complied with the
procedure, and the officers were not acting in bad faith for the sole purpose of investigation.
Because the inventory search was valid under the Fourth Amendment, trial counsel was not
ineffective by failing to challenge the search and evidence discovered. Trial counsel did not
inquire about the Warren Police Department’s policy or question the officers about their
compliance with the policy, but doing so would have been futile. “It is well established that
defense counsel is not ineffective for failing to pursue a futile motion.” People v Brown, 279 Mich
App 116, 142; 755 NW2d 664 (2008). Also, because the evidence was admissible, trial counsel’s

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failure to challenge the search did not affect the outcome of the proceedings, i.e., there was no
prejudice. Thus, the trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion for a new trial on the
basis of ineffective of assistance of counsel and defendant’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                            /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                            /s/ Michael F. Gadola

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