Court Opinion

ID: 6600797
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:07:29.057876+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:58:00.297147
License: Public Domain

Dixojt, C. J.
It is very clear that the plaintiff, in driving his cattle along the road and over the bridge, to a market, on Sunday, was at the time of the accident' in the act of violating the provisions of the statute of this state, which prohibits, under a penalty not exceeding two dollars for each offense, the doing of any manner of labor, business or work on that day, except only works of necessity or charity, R. S., c. 183, § 5. It was upon this ground the non-suit was directed by the court below, and the point thus presented, that the unlawful act of -the plaintiff was negligence, or a fault on his part contributing to *24tbe injury, and wbicb will preclude a recovery against tbe town, is not a new one; nor is tbe law, as tbe court, below beld it to be, without some adjudications directly in its favor, and those by a judicial tribunal as eminent and much respected for its learning and ability as any in this country. Bosworth v. Swansey, 10 Met., 363, Jones v. Andover, 10 Allen, 18. Asimilar, if not tbe very same principle has been maintained in other decisions of the same tribunal. Gregg v. Wyman, 4 Cush., 322, May v. Foster, 1 Allen, 408. But in others still, as we shall hereafter have occasion to observe, the same learned court has, as it appears to us, held to a different and contradictory rule in a class of cases which it would seem ought obviously to be governed by the same principle- The, twOxfirst^above cases were in all material respects like the present, and it was held there could be no recovery against the towns. In the first, the opinion, delivered by Chief Justice Shaw, and which is very short, commences with a statement of the proposition, repeatedly decided by that court, “ that to maintain the action it must appear that the accident was occasioned exclusively by the defect of the highway; to establish which, it must appear that the plaintiff himself is free from all just imputation of negligence or fault.” The authorities to this proposition are cited, and the statute against the pursuit of secular business and travel on the Lord’s day then referred to, and the opinion proceeds : “ The act of the plaintiff, therefore, in doing which the accident occurred, was plainly unlawful, unless he could bring himself within the excepted cases; and this would be a species of fault on his part, which would bring him within the principle of the cases cited. It would show that-his own unlawful act concurred in causing the damage complained of.” This is all of the opinion touching the point under consideration.
In the next case there was a little, and but a little, more effort at reasoning upon the point. The illustrations on page 20, of negligence in a railway company in omitting to ring the bell of the engine, or to sound the whistle at the crossing of a *25highway, and of the traveller on the wrong side of the road with his vehicle at the time of the collision, and the language of the court alluding to such “ conduct of the party as contributing to the accident or injury which forms the ground-work of the action,” very clearly indicate the true ground upon which the doctrine of contributory negligence, or want of due care in the plaintiff, rests, but it is not shown how or why the mere violation of a statute by the plaintiff constitutes such ground. Upon this point the court only say: “ It is true that no direct unlawful act of omission or commission by the plaintiff, done at the moment when the accident occurred, and tending immediately to produce it, is offered to be shown in evidence. But it is also true that, if the plaintiff had not been engaged in the doing of an unlawful act, the accident would not have happened, and the negligence of the defendants in omitting to keep the road in proper repair would not have contributed to produce an injury to the plaintiff. It is the disregard of the requirements of the statute by the plaintiff, which constitutes the fault or want of due care, which is fatal to the action.” It would seem from this language that the violation of the statute by the plaintiff is regarded only as a species of remote negligence, or want of proper care on his part, contributing to the injury.
The two other cases above cited were actions of tort by the owners, to recover damages from the bailees for injuries to personal property loaned and used on Sunday — horses loaned and immoderately driven on that day. They were decided against the plaintiffs, and chiefly on the ground of the unlawfulness of the act of loaning or letting on Sunday of the horses, to be driven on that day in violation of the statute, which the plaintiffs themselves were obliged to show, and the doctrine of par delictum was applied. It was in substance held in each case that the plaintiff, by the first wrong committed by him, had placed himself in pari delicto with the defendant, with respect to the subsequent and distinct wrong committed by the latter, *26and tbe actions were -dismissed upon tbe principle that tbe law will not permit a party to prove bis own illegal acts in order to establish bis case. ^
In direct opposition to tbe above decisions are tbe numerous cases decided by tbe courts of other states, tbe supreme court of tbe United States, and tbe courts of Great Britain, which have been so diligently collected and ably and forcibly presented in tbe brief of tbe learned counsel for tbe present plaintiff. Of tbe cases thus cited, with some others, we make particular note of tbe following: Woodman v. Hubbard, 5 Foster, 67; Mohney v. Cook, 26 Penn., 342; Norris v. Litchfield, 35 N. H., 271; Corey v. Bath, ib., 530; Merritt v. Earle, 29 N.Y., 115; Bigelow v. Reed, 51 Maine, 325; Hamilton v. Goding, 55 id., 428; Baker v. The City of Portland, 58 ib., —; Kerwhacker v. Railway Co., 3 Ohio St., 172; Phila., etc., Railway Co. v. Phila., etc., Tow Boat Co., 23 How., (U. S.) 209; Bird v. Holbrook, 4 Bing., 628; Barnes v. Ward, 9 M. G. & S., 420.
It seems quite unnecessary, if indeed it were possible, to add any thing to tbe force or conclusiveness of tbe reasons assigned in some of these cases in support of tbe views taken and decisions made by tbe courts. Tbe cases may be summed up and tbe result stated generally to be tbe affirmance of two very just and plain principles of law as applicable to civil actions of this nature, namely : |first, that one party to the action, when called upon to answer for the consequences of bis own wrongful act done to tbe other, cannot allege or reply tbe separate or distinct wrongful act of tbe other, done not to himself nor to bis injury, and not necessarily connected with, or leading to, or causing or producing tbe wrongful act complained of; and, secondly, that tbe fault, want of due care or negligence on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, which will preclude a recovery for tbe injury complained of, as contributing to it, must'be some act or conduct of tbe plaintiff having tbe relation to that injury of a cause to tbe effect produced by it. Under tbe operation of tbe first principle, tbe defendant cannot exonerate himself or claim *27immunity from tbe consequences of bis own tortious act, voluntarily or negligently done to tbe injury of tbe plaintiff, on tbe ground that the plaintiff has been guilty of some other and independent wrong or violation of law. "Wrongs or offenses cannot be set off against each other in this way. But we should worlc a confusion of relations, and lend a very doubtful assistance to morality,” say tbe court in Mohney v. Cook, “if we should allow one offender against tbe law to tbe injury of another, to set off against tbe plaintiff that be too is a public offender.” Himself guilty of a wrong, not dependent on nor caused by that charged against tbe plaintiff, but arising from bis own voluntary act or bis neglect, tbe defendant cannot assume tbe championship of public rights, nor to prosecute-tbe plaintiff as an offender against tbe laws of tbe state, and thus to impose upon him a penalty many times greater than what those laws prescribe. Neither justice nor sound morals require this, and it seems contrary to tbe dictates of both that such a defense should be allowed to prevail. It would extend the. maxim, ex turpe causa non oritur actio, beyond tbe scope of its legitimate application, and violate tbe maxim equally binding and wholesome, and more extensive in its operation, that no man shall be permitted to take advantage of bis own wrong. To take advantage of bis own wrong, and to visit unmerited and over rigorous punishment upon tbe plaintiff, constitute tbe sole motive for such defense on tbe part of tbe person making it.
In tbe cases of tbe horses let to be driven on Sunday, so far as tbe owners were obliged to resort to an action on tbe contract which was executory and illegal, of course there could be no recovery ; but to an action of tort, founded not on tbe contract, but on tbe tort or wrong subsequently committed by tbe defendant, the illegality of tbe contract furnished no defense, as is clearly demonstrated in Woodman v. Hubbard, and tbe cases there cited. Tbe decisions under tbe provision of tbe constitu-' tion of this state abolishing imprisonment for debt arising out of or founded on a contract express or implied, and some others *28in tbis court, strongly illustrate tbe same distinction. In re Mowry, 12 Wis., 52, 56, 57; Cotton v. Sharpstein, 14 Wis., 229, 230 ; Schennert v. Kœhler, 23, Wis., 523, 527.
And as to tbe other principle that the act or conduct of tbe plaintiff, which can be imputed to him as a fault, want of due care or negligence on bis part contributing to tbe injury, must have some connection with tbe injury as cause to effect, tbis also seems almost too clear to require thought or elaboration. To make good tbe defense on tbis ground, it must appear that a relation existed between tbe act or violation of law on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, and tbe injury or accident of which be complains, and that relation must have been such as to have caused I or helped to cause tbe injury or accident, not in a remote or speculative sense, but in tbe natural and ordinary course of events las one event is known to precede or follow another. It must have been some act, omission or fault naturally and ordinarily] calculated to produce tbe injury, or from which tbe injury or 1 accident might naturally and reasonably have been anticipated under tbe circumstances. It is obvious that a violation of tbe > Sunday law is not of itself -an act, omission or fault of tbis kind, with reference to a defect in tbe highway or in a bridge over which a traveler may be passing, unlawfully though it may be. Tbe fact that tbe traveler may be violating tbis law of tbe state, has no natural or necessary tendency to cause tbe injury which may happen to him from tbe defect. All other conditions and circumstances remaining tbe same, tbe same accident or injury would have happened on any other day as well. Tbe same natural causes would have produced tbe same result on any other day, and tbe time of tbe accident or injury, as that it was on Sunday, is wholly immaterial so far as the. cause of it or tbe question of contributory negligence is concerned. In this respect it would be wholly immaterial also that tbe traveler was within tbe exceptions of tbe statute, and traveling on an errand of necessity or charity, and so was lawfully upon tbe highway.
*29Tbe mere matter of time, when an injury like tbis takes place, is not in general an element wbicb does or can enter at all into tbe consideration of tbe cause of it. Time and place are circumstances necessary in order tbat any event may bap-pen or transpire, but tbey are not ordinarily, if they ever are, circumstances of cause in transactions of tbis nature. There may be concurrence or connection of time and place between two or three or more events, and yet one event not- have tbe remotest influence in causing or producing either of tbe others. A traveler on tbe highway, contrary to tbe provisions of tbe statute, yet peaceably and quietly pursuing bis course, might be assaulted and robbed by a highwayman. It would be difficult in such case to perceive bow tbe highwayman could connect tbe unlawful act of tbe traveler with bis assault and robbery so as to justify or excuse them, or bow it could be Isaid, tbat tbe former bad any natural or legitimate tendency to cause or produce tbe latter. It is true, it might be said, if tbe traveler bad not been present at tbat particular time or place, be would not have been assaulted and robbed, but tbat too might be said of any other assault or robbery committed upon him; for if bis presence at one time and place be a fault or wrong on bis part, contributing to tbe assault and robbery in tbe nature of cause to effect, it must be equally so at every other time and place, and so always a defense in tbe mouth of tbe highwayman. Every highwayman must have bis opportunity by tbe passing of some traveler, and so, some one must pass over a rotten and unsafe bridge or defective highway before any accident or injury can happen from that cause. Connection, therefore, merely in point of time, between tbe unlawful act or fault of tbe plaintiff, and tbe wrong or omission of tbe defendant, tbe same being in other respects disconnected, and independent acts or events, does not suffice to establish contributory negligence or to defeat tbe plaintiff’s action on tbat ground. As observed in Mohney v. Cook, such connection, if looked upon as in any sense a cause, whether sacred and mysterious or other*30wise, clearly falls under tbe rule causa próxima non remota syectatur.
“Tbecause of an event,” says AppletoN, C. J., in Moulton v. Sanford, 51 Maine, 134, “ is tbe sum total of tbe contingencies of every description, wbicb, being realized, tbe event invariably follows. It is rare, if ever, that tbe invariable sequence of events subsists between one antecedent and one consequent. Ordinarily that condition is usually termed the cause, whose share in tbe matter is the most conspicuous and is the most immediately preceding and proximate to the event.”
In tbe present case tbe weight of tbe same cattle, upon tbe same bridge, either tbe day before or tbe day after tbe event complained of, when tbe plaintiff would have been guilty of no violation of law in driving them, would most unquestionably have produced tbe same injurious result. And if, on that day even, tbe driving bad been a work of necessity or charity, as if tbe city of Milwaukee bad been in great part destroyed'by fire, as Chicago recently was, and great numbers of her inhabitants in a condition of helplessness and starvation, and the plaintiff hurrying up bis drove of beef cattle for their relief, no one doubts tbe same accident would then have happened, and tbe same injuries have ensued. Tbe law of gravitation would not then have been suspended, nor would tbe rotten and defective stringers have refused to give way under tbe superincumbent weight, precisely as they did do on tbe present occasion. There are many other violations of law, wbicb tbe traveller or other person passing along tbe highway may, at tbe time be receives an injury from a defect in it, be in tbe act of committing, and which are quite as closely connected with tbe injury, or tbe cause of it, as is tbe violation of which complaint is made against tbe present plaintiff. He may be engaged in cruelly beating or torturing bis horse, or ox, or other animal; be may be in tbe pursuit of game, with intent to kill or destroy it, at a season of tbe year when this is prohibited; be may be exposing game for sale, or have it in bis possession, when these are *31unlawful; be may be in tbe act of committing an assault, or resisting an officer; be may be fraudulently passing a toll gate, without paying bis toll; and be may be unlawfully setting or using a net or seine, for tbe purpose of catching fish, in an inland lake or stream.
All of these are acts prohibited by tbe same chapter or statute in which we find tbe prohibition from work and labor on Sunday, and some of them under tbe same, but most under a greater penalty than is prescribed for that offense, thus showing the character or degree of culpability which was variously attached to them in the opinion of the legislature. And there are many other minor offenses, mala prohibits, merely, created by statute, which might be in like manner committed. There are in Massachusetts, and doubtless in many of the states, statutes against blasphemy and profane cursing and swearing, the prevention of which seems to be equally if not more an object of solicitude and care on the part of the legislature, than the prevention of labor, travel or other secular pursuits on Sunday, because more severely punished. It has not yet transpired we believe, even in Massachusetts, that the action of any person to recover damages for an injury sustained by reason of defects in a highway, has been peremptorily dismissed because he was engaged at the time in profane cursing dr swearing, or because he was in a state of voluntary intoxication, likewise prohibited under penalty by statute.
It is obvious that the breaking down of a bridge from the rottenness of the timbers, or their inability to sustain the weight of the person or of his horses and carriage, could not be affected by either of these circumstances, and yet, on the principle of the decisions above referred to in that state, it is not easy to see why the action must not be dismissed. On principle there could be no discrimination between the cases, and it could make no difference in what the unlawful act of the plaintiff consisted at the time of receiving the injury. Ve must reject the doctrine of those cases entirely and adopt that *32oí tbe other cases cited, and which is well expressed by the supreme court of Maine, in Baker v. Portland, 59 Maine, 199, 204, as follows: “ The defendant’s counsel contends that the simple fact that the plaintiff is in the act of violating the law, at the time of the injury, is a bar to the right of recovery. Undoubtedly there are many cases where the contemporaneous violation of the law by the plaintiff is so connected with his claim for damages as to preclude his recovery; but to lay down such a rule as the counsel claims, and disregard the distinction in the ruling of which he complains, would be pro-, ductive oftentimes of palpable injustice. The fact that a party plaintiff in an action of this description was at the time of the injury passing another wayfarer on the wrong side of the street, or without giving him half the road, or that he was traveling on runners without bells, in contravention of the statute, or that he was smoking a cigar in the street, in violation of municipal ordinance, while it might subject the offender to a penalty, will not excuse the town for a neglect to make its ways safe and convenient for travelers, if the commission of the plaintiff’s offense did not in any degree contribute to produce the injury of which he complains.”
Strong analogy is afforded and much weight and force of reason bearing upon this question are found in some of the cases which have arisen upon life policies, and as to the meaning and effect to be given to the condition usually contained in them, exempting the company from liability in case the assured “ shall die in the known violation of any law,” etc., and it has been held that the violation must be such as is calculated to endanger life, by leading to acts of violence against, or to the bodily or personal injury or exposure of, the assured, and so to operate in producing his death in the connection of cause to effect. See opinions in Bradley v. Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Co., 44 N. Y.
In the case of Clemens v. Clemens, recently decided by this court, it became necessary to consider the same question, though *33under different circumstances, as to wbat violation of law on tbe part of tbe plaintiff would bar bis action in a court of justice and leave bim remediless in tbe bands of an over-reaching and dishonest antagonist, and tbe views there expressed are not without their relevancy and adaptation to tbe question as here presented. In that case, this court adopted tbe rule of law as settled in Massachusetts, favoring tbe remedy of the plaintiff, against tbe opposite rule sustained by tbe adjudications in some of tbe other states, and consistency of decision seems now clearly to require that our action should be reserved with respect to tbe rule established by tbe cases here referred to. Tbe inconsistency upon general principle between these decisions of tbe same learned court and those there relied upon and adopted, will, we think, be readily perceived and conceded when carefully examined and considered in connection with each other.
The other question presented on the motion for a nonsuit, and which the court below did not decide, but which has been argued here, is one of more doubt and difficulty to our minds. It is, whether the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in permitting so many cattle to go upon the bridge at one time. To sustain the non-suit on this ground, it is necessary for us to look at the facts in the most favorable light possible for the plaintiff, in which the jury would have been at liberty to find them, and then to say that there was no evidence which would have justified a verdict in his favor, or such a clear and decided preponderance of evidence against him as would have required the court to set aside a verdict finding to the contrary. This-court is not sufficiently fa,miliar with the modes of constructing and using bridges upon country highways, the degree of strength required to render them ordinarily and reasonably safe and passable, the weight which they are expected or required to sustain, the care necessary in passing over them, and especially with herds of cattle or other animals, to say, with confidence in the correctness of its own judgment, upon the evidence before it, that the plaintiff was guilty of such negligence. *34The evidence given throws little or no light upon these points, necessary to the formation of a correct judgment, and they are matters upon the evidence, when in, more properly to be considered by the jury, unless the evidence should be such, within the rule above stated, as to make it the duty of the court to withdraw them from the consideration of the jury, and itself to determine the legal rights of the parties upon the truth of the facts thus assumed to be indisputably shown.
By the Court. Judgment reversed, and a venire de novo awarded.