Court Opinion

ID: 4855747
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-24 20:03:42.070241+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:49.758034
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 24 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ARIZONA ATTORNEYS FOR                           No.    20-16293
CRIMINAL JUSTICE; et al.,
                                                D.C. No. 2:17-cv-01422-SPL
                Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MARK BRNOVICH, Attorney General, in
his official capacity as Attorney General of
the State of Arizona; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
                   Steven Paul Logan, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted July 6, 2021
                                Portland, Oregon

Before: M. MURPHY,** PAEZ, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiffs—individual criminal defense attorneys, a criminal defense

investigator, and an organizational plaintiff, Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Michael R. Murphy, United States Circuit Judge for
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation.
(“AACJ”) (collectively “Plaintiffs”)—appeal the district court’s dismissal of their

lawsuit for lack of standing pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1).

Plaintiffs’ lawsuit, filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, challenges on First

Amendment grounds Arizona Revised Statutes § 13-4433(B), which prohibits

criminal defense lawyers and investigators from contacting victims. Plaintiffs sued

Mark Brnovich (the Arizona Attorney General), Maret Vessella (Chief Bar

Counsel of the State Bar of Arizona), and Heston Silbert (Director of the Arizona

Department of Public Safety) (collectively “Defendants”), all of whom, at some

level, have responsibility for enforcing § 13-4433(B) or the Arizona Rules of

Professional Conduct.

        On appeal, all Defendants defend the district court’s standing ruling.

Brnovich and Silbert further argue that the district court should have abstained

from hearing this case under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). We review de

novo whether the requirements of standing are met and whether abstention under

Younger is required. Canatella v. California, 304 F.3d 843, 850, 852 (9th Cir.

2002).1 We conclude that plaintiffs have standing against all three defendants and

reverse. We further conclude that the district court did not err in declining to

abstain under Younger.

        1. Standing has three elements: injury in fact, a causal connection between

1
    We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

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the relevant conduct and that injury, and that it is likely the court can redress that

injury. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). “Where, as here,

a case is at the pleading stage, the plaintiff must clearly . . . allege facts

demonstrating each element.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547

(2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendants assert both

facial and factual attacks on Plaintiffs’ standing.

       First, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged an injury in fact as to each

defendant. On appeal, Brnovich and Silbert did not challenge the injury in fact

element. As for Vessella, Plaintiffs have alleged that they self-censor due to fear

of professional discipline. See Wolfson v. Brammer, 616 F.3d 1045, 1059 (9th Cir.

2010) (“Self-censorship is a constitutionally recognized injury.”). Plaintiffs also

have alleged a credible threat of enforcement, because Vessella has authority to

discipline attorneys for violations of § 13-4433(B), Vessella has included a

violation of § 13-4433(B) as part of the basis for seeking professional discipline

against attorneys in the past, and Plaintiffs seek to engage in conduct that would

violate § 13-4433(B). See Lopez v. Candaele, 630 F.3d 775, 786 (9th Cir. 2010)

(articulating factors used to determine whether plaintiffs have shown they face a

credible threat in a pre-enforcement challenge).

       Second, plaintiffs have established causation and traceability as to each

defendant. For Brnovich, there is “a causal connection between the injury and the

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conduct complained of,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, because his office seeks to

enforce § 13-4433(B) in proceedings to which he is a party, see, e.g., Martinez v.

Shinn, No. CV-20-00517-PHX-DJH, 2020 WL 3574594, at *3 (D. Ariz. July 1,

2020), and because his office can refer alleged violations of § 13-4433(B) for

disciplinary investigation.2 Further, an officer who can “actually enforce the law”

or direct enforcement by others is a proper defendant, see Planned Parenthood of

Idaho, Inc. v. Wasden, 376 F.3d 908, 919–20 (9th Cir. 2004), and Vessella and

Silbert have the authority to pursue professional discipline for defense attorneys

and investigators who violate § 13-4433(B).

      Third, Plaintiffs have established redressability as to each defendant. “[A]

plaintiff satisfies the redressability requirement when he shows that a favorable

decision will relieve a discrete injury to himself. He need not show that a favorable

decision will relieve his every injury.” Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228, 243 n.15

(1982). Here, the requested relief would stop Defendants from enforcing § 13-

4433(B), and thus relieve a discrete injury.

      The existence of a similar rule of criminal procedure, Arizona Rule of

Criminal Procedure 39(b)(12)(A), does not preclude redressability. Section 13-

2
  We grant Plaintiffs’ motion to take judicial notice (Dkt. 31) of Attorney General
Brnovich’s amicus brief in a case before the Arizona Supreme Court, in which the
Attorney General stated that “as the State’s chief legal officer,” he “has a manifest
interest in ensuring that victims’ rights, as enumerated in article II, § 2.1 of the
Arizona Constitution, are protected.”

                                          4
4433(B) is broader than Rule 39(b)(12)(A), which states that “the defense must

communicate requests to interview a victim to the prosecutor, not the victim.”

Ariz. R. Crim. P. 39(b)(12)(A). In contrast, § 13-4433(B) provides that a defense

attorney or investigator “shall only initiate contact with the victim through the

prosecutor’s office.” Because it is possible to contact a victim without requesting

to interview them, and thus violate § 13-4433(B) without violating Rule

39(b)(12)(A), enjoining Defendants from enforcing § 13-4433(B) would relieve a

discrete injury.

      The possibility that state court judges would not follow a federal court

judgment declaring § 13-4433(B) unconstitutional also does not foreclose

redressability. Plaintiffs have stated that they “self-censor[] for fear of losing their

professional licenses,” a consequence imposed by Vessella and Silbert. Relief in

this lawsuit would address that discrete injury. Relief would also bar Brnovich

from relying on § 13-4433(B) to stand in the way of defense attorneys’ direct

communications with victims in cases prosecuted by his office.

      We conclude that Plaintiffs have established standing as to each defendant.3

3
  Vessella also argues that Plaintiffs do not present a ripe case or controversy. “A
ripeness inquiry considers whether ‘concrete legal issues, presented in actual cases,
not abstractions,’ are raised by the complaint,” and overlaps considerably with
standing. Canatella, 304 F.3d at 854 (quoting United Pub. Workers of Am. v.
Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 89 (1947)). In her ripeness argument, Vessella repeats the
same arguments used to challenge Plaintiffs’ standing. We reject Vessella’s

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      2. We agree with the district court that Younger abstention is not required.

Critically, the first Younger requirement—the presence of an ongoing state

proceeding—is not satisfied. See ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Comp. Ins.

Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 2014). In contrast to Dubinka v. Judges of the

Superior Court, 23 F.3d 218 (9th Cir. 1994), the plaintiffs in this case are not

parties to any pending proceedings in Arizona state court. And because the

plaintiffs in this case assert their own First Amendment rights in this proceeding,

not their clients’ rights, the plaintiffs’ interests are not “so intertwined” with those

of their clients in state court proceedings that “interference with the state court

proceeding is inevitable.” Green v. City of Tucson, 255 F.3d 1086, 1100 (9th Cir.

2001) (en banc), overruled, in part, on other grounds by Gilbertson v.

Albright, 381 F.3d 965, 976–78 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc). Further, no plaintiffs are

currently parties in disciplinary proceedings for violations of § 13-4433(B).

      REVERSED and REMANDED.

ripeness arguments for the same reasons we reject Vessella’s arguments
concerning standing.

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