Court Opinion

ID: 4347675
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-06 11:30:01.30931+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:13.265388
License: Public Domain

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED and Opinion Filed December 4, 2018

                                           S   In The
                                 Court of Appeals
                          Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                        No. 05-17-00391-CR

                               BILAWAL SHAHZADA, Appellant
                                           V.
                               THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                       On Appeal from the 195th Judicial District Court
                                    Dallas County, Texas
                            Trial Court Cause No. F-1659528-N

                              MEMORANDUM OPINION
                         Before Justices Stoddart, Whitehill, and Boatright
                                   Opinion by Justice Whitehill
       A jury convicted appellant of retaliation and assessed punishment at twelve years

imprisonment. In eight issues that we distill to four subjects, appellant argues that: (i) the evidence

is insufficient to support his conviction; (ii) the trial court erred in admitting evidence about his

arrest; (iii) his out-of-state conviction was improperly used for enhancement; (iv) the trial court

erroneously denied his motion for new trial without a hearing; and (v) he was egregiously harmed

because the jury charge did not require a unanimous verdict.

       In a cross-point, the State requests that we modify the judgment to reflect that appellant

pled true to the enhancement paragraph and the jury found it true.

       We conclude that: (i) the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction because (a) it

shows that appellant intended to communicate a threat and (b) whether he was immediately capable
of acting on that threat or knew that the officer had children was immaterial to whether he intended

to harm the officer;

          (ii) the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting evidence about the reason

appellant was arrested because the court could reasonably have concluded that the evidence was

contextual and its probative value outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice;

          (iii) it was not error to deny appellant’s motion for new trial because (a) his out-of-state

conviction was properly used for enhancement and, (b) no hearing was required because appellant

did not establish reasonable grounds for a new trial that were undeterminable from the record; and

          (iv) there was no charge error.

          We therefore modify the judgment to reflect that appellant pled true to the enhancement

paragraph and the jury found it true. As modified, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                            I. BACKGROUND

          Appellant was arrested for aggravated robbery. Specifically, the Dallas Police department

believed that appellant was a “pimp” who stabbed a “John” with a knife while trying to rob him.

Officer Crespin, the complainant, was one of the officers involved in escorting appellant to the

police station for questioning and his subsequent arrest. During that time, appellant was belligerent

and combative, and he made threats against Crespin that included threats to harm her and her

family.

          A jury found appellant guilty of retaliation and, after finding the enhancement allegation

true, assessed punishment at twelve years imprisonment. Appellant filed a motion for new trial

which the court denied without a hearing.

                                                  –2–
                                          II. ANALYSIS

A.     First and Second Issues: Is the evidence sufficient to support the conviction?

       1.      Standard of Review

       Appellant’s first and second issues argue that the evidence is insufficient to support his

retaliation conviction because (i) it did not establish that he “intended true threats” and (ii) the

evidence showed that he “did not threaten the complainant’s family in addition to threatening

complainant” as charged in the indictment. We disagree.

       We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction by viewing all of the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational fact finder

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).

       This standard gives full play to the fact finder’s responsibility to resolve testimonial

conflicts, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.

Id. at 319; Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). And the fact finder is

the sole judge of the evidence’s weight and credibility. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.04;

Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

       Thus, when performing an evidentiary sufficiency review, we may not re-evaluate the

weight and credibility of the evidence and substitute our judgment for the factfinder’s judgment.

See Montgomery v. State, 369 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Instead, we determine

whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the cumulative force of the evidence

when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict. Murray, 457 S.W.3d at 448. We must

presume that the fact finder resolved any conflicting inferences in the verdict’s favor and defer to

that resolution. Id. at 448–49.

                                                –3–
       The standard of review is the same for direct and circumstantial evidence cases;

circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt. Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d

at 170; Acosta v. State, 429 S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

       b.      Facts

       The evidence shows that Crespin was one of the officers involved in arresting appellant.

When he was taken to the interrogation room to wait for the lead detective to arrive, he became

hostile and aggressive.

       When the officers left appellant alone, he paced around the room, screamed, kicked over a

table and chair, kicked the door and walls, and hit his head against a wall. Several officers entered

the room, pushed appellant on the ground, and instructed him to “be cool.” Appellant said, “Pull

that mother f– Glock out, n–. F–k, you think I’m worried about you? . . .”

       The officers left the room once appellant calmed down. After they left, appellant paced

around the room, tried to pull an alarm button out of the wall, and resumed kicking and hitting his

head against the walls. Crespin and another officer, Officer Ramirez, returned to the room and

told appellant to stop destroying property.

       Appellant responded to Ramirez, “I’ll catch your ass on the f– street.” He followed up

with “f–k you and that badge, and then looked at Crespin and said, “you too, bitch.” Crespin then

asked appellant to repeat his statements for the camera to remind him that he was being recorded.

He looked at Crespin and Ramirez and said, “All you gonna get murdered . . . It’s coming for you,

the new world order. I’m on that underground shit.” Crespin believed the comments were directed

toward her and Ramirez.

       Detective Lacy finally arrived and interviewed Appellant. Afterwards, appellant sat quietly

and calmly for six minutes, then he flipped over one of the chairs that Lacy had brought into the

room. Crespin, Ramirez, and several other officers came in and took the chairs. Appellant told

                                                –4–
Ramirez, “I wish you would come in here by yourself, bitch, I’d beat your ass.” As appellant

continued by calling him a “little n–,” Ramirez and the other officers calmly walked out of the

room.

        Immediately after the officers left, appellant kicked two walls, slightly dislodging the

hidden camera, while yelling “all you mother f–s gonna die anyway.” He also ripped the alarm

button out of the wall, setting off the alarm. Then he punched the walls repeatedly like a boxer.

Ramirez and Crespin reentered the room and handcuffed appellant. Appellant called Ramirez a

“bitch-ass n–” and told him to take the handcuffs off him, saying, “Take ‘em off, n– . . . I’ll find

you and your whole family.” Ramirez asked him to “repeat” that, and appellant responded, “N–,

you heard what the f– I said . . .N–, you and your mother f– family.” After repeating this a few

times, appellant said, “This is why all you bitch-ass n–s gonna die.”

        As the officers tried to escort appellant out of the room, he pulled away and tried to kick

Crespin. She managed to avoid his efforts and told him, “not today.” The officers shackled his

arms and feet and carried him to a patrol car to be taken to jail.

        Crespin drove appellant to jail by herself. The ride was mostly calm, but when appellant

asked what he was being arrested for, he became very irate when Crespin told him. He told Crespin

she didn’t know who he was, that he was from another country, the “underground people who will

kill [her] and [her] kids.” He also told her that he was a known terrorist, so she needed to be

careful.” These threats upset Crespin.

        Appellant continued cursing and “being belligerent” in the book-in area. He later calmed

down, and apologized to Crespin, saying, “You’re not a bitch. I’m sorry for calling you that.

You’re a woman. I respect women. You know, I don’t know if you have kids. But, you know, I

didn’t mean all that.”

                                                 –5–
       Appellant seemed to have calmed down, so Crespin told the officers whose shifts were

ending that they could leave. But appellant became agitated again when he thought things were

taking too long. He told Crespin, “I’ll kill you like them Chicago cops were killed.” Then he told

her he would “do something” in ten seconds if she didn’t call a supervisor. Appellant counted to

ten, flipped the two chairs next to him, charged Crespin and “football tackled” her. Several officers

got appellant off of Crespin and restrained him to a chair.

       Crespin testified that she endures abusive people all the time, but appellant crossed the line

when he mentioned her kids. Appellant threatened her, and had ultimately followed through with

his threats against her with a physical assault. She feared for her life and the safety of her family,

and believed that appellant was retaliating against her as the arresting officer.

       Officer Thayer first encountered appellant in the interview room, and appellant was “out

of control” and “screaming threats to everybody. Thayer believed that appellant’s behavior was

deliberate, and appellant was using his “verbal judo” to pick a fight and “bait” anyone he could.

       Another officer, Officer Goetz, saw Crespin after the assault. Crespin was “physically

upset,” “more than just normal,” and told Goetz about appellant’s threat to kill her and her family.

Goetz could tell that this “set [her] off” and made her “not . . . [her] normal self.” Goetz has seen

Crespin under high stress situations before, and did not believe that she was “just being sensitive.”

       c.      Analysis

       A person commits retaliation if he intentionally or knowingly harms or threatens to harm

a public servant with an unlawful act “in retaliation for or on account of [his or her] service or

status.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 36.06(a)(1)(a). Appellant was charged under this statute for verbally

threatening to kill Officer Crespin and her family because she detained and arrested him.

       Appellant, however, insists that (i) his threats were not “true threats” expressing a serious

intent to commit an unlawful act; (ii) his threats were not possible to fulfill because he was

                                                 –6–
shackled and handcuffed, and when he apologized to Crespin he admitted that he did not know if

she had children; and (iii) the State failed to prove retaliatory intent. Finally, he argues that Thayer

believed appellant was just “baiting” the officers and testified that he did not feel threatened.

        We reject those arguments because the evidence showed that appellant’s threats were

threats as defined by the statute; his threat did not need to be immediately viable; and the jury

could rationally infer appellant’s retaliatory intent from his conduct. We begin with appellant’s

argument that his threats were not “true threats.”

        Retaliation requires that the actor knowingly or intentionally (i) harms or (ii) threatens to

harm. See TEX. PENAL CODE §36.06. To “threaten” can mean: (i) declaring an intention of hurting

or punishing someone, (ii) a menacing indication of something dangerous or evil, (iii) an

expression of an intent to inflict injury, or (iv) a source of danger or harm. See Olivas v. State, 203
S.W.3d 341, 345 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). And an accused’s intent can be inferred from his acts,

words, and conduct.       See Dues v. State, 634 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).

Furthermore, a defendant’s retaliatory motive can be shown by circumstantial evidence. Helleson

v. State, 5 S.W.3d 393, 395 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet ref’d). Thus, it follows that the

accused’s required intent to threaten harm can be proved by circumstantial evidence consisting of

his or her acts, words, and conduct.

        Appellant cites four cases on “retaliatory intent”: Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2001,

2010 (2015); Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705, 705–06 (1969); United States v. Bagdesarian,

652 F.3d 1113, 1115, 1116 (9th Cir. 2011); and United States v. Dutcher, 851 F.3d 757, 760–762

(7th Cir. 2017). But none of these cases have any application here because they all involved federal

statutes, constitutional issues, and facts not present in this case.

                                                  –7–
       Appellant also argues that Thayer believed that appellant was just “baiting” the officers

and did not feel threatened. The issue, however, is unrelated to Thayer’s perceptions and beliefs;

rather, the question was whether appellant threatened Crespin.

       Appellant’s attempt to distinguish a “true threat” is misplaced. If a person’s conduct

violates the retaliation statute because the person has in fact “threaten[ed] to harm another by an

unlawful act,” as opposed to a rhetorical statement that implicates First Amendment concerns, that

conduct is a “true threat.” Longoria v. State, No. 03-16-00804-CR, 2018 WL 5289537, at *8 (Tex.

App.—Austin Oct. 25, 2018, no pet. h.) (mem. op.). Thus, the definition of a “true threat” is

incorporated into the statutory definition of the offense.

       Here, appellant was verbally abusive and threatening to harm the officers in the interview

room when they were doing things he did not like. He told Crespin to be careful about what she

was doing, demonstrating his intent to affect her conduct with his words. He verbally threatened

Crespin with harm and then followed up with a body tackle. Appellant further told Crespin that

he would harm her and her family, and she believed that the threats were in retaliation for having

arrested him.

       Next, we examine appellant’s argument that his threats were not possible to fulfill because

he was shackled and handcuffed and because he admitted he did not know if Crespin had children.

But appellant provides no support for the proposition that the threatened harm must be imminent,

nor is there any such requirement in the statute. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 36.06(a)(1)(a).

       Moreover, courts have routinely determined that a defendant made a threat when it

implicated future action. See, e.g., Helleson v. State, 5 S.W.3d 393, 395 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

1999, no pet.) (retaliation where the defendant already under arrest and handcuffed told a police

officer that he was going to blow his brains out); Coward v. State, 931 S.W.2d 386, 389 (Tex.

                                                –8–
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ) (retaliation where the defendant already in handcuffs

told an officer that he would return to blow his head off once out of jail).

       The argument concerning his lack of knowledge about whether Crespin had children also

misses the point. Appellant was not charged with threatening harm to Crespin’s children. Instead,

he was charged with threatening to harm Crespin by threatening to kill her and her children.

Moreover, this threat is akin to a threat to engage in future harm by later finding and harming

Crespin’s children.

       On this record, we conclude that a jury could rationally conclude that appellant threatened

Crespin because of her status and service as a public servant. We thus resolve appellant’s first and

second issues against him.

B.     Third, Fourth, and Fifth Issues: Did the trial court abuse its discretion by admitting
       evidence concerning the reason for appellant’s arrest?

       Appellant’s third, fourth, and fifth issues argue that the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting evidence to explain why he was arrested because (i) the evidence was improper character

conformity evidence, (ii) the evidence was unduly prejudicial, and (iii) the court refused to

articulate the balancing test on the record. We reject these arguments because the trial court could

reasonably have concluded that (i) the evidence was admissible context evidence instead of

character conformity evidence and (ii) the evidence’s probative value outweighed its prejudicial

impact. Furthermore, the record sufficiently reflects that the trial court balanced the competing

interests before making its ruling.

       1.      Applicable Law

       We review under an abuse of discretion standard the trial court’s decision to admit or

exclude evidence and whether evidence’s probative value of evidence was substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 104 (Tex. Crim.

                                                –9–
App. 1996). The trial court does not abuse its discretion unless its determination lies outside the

zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.

          Evidence is relevant if it makes the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more probable than it would be without the evidence. TEX. R. EVID.

401. But even relevant evidence may not be admissible for every purpose. Because our system

of justice recognizes that a defendant should be tried only for the charged crime and not for his

criminal propensities, evidence of extraneous offenses is normally inadmissible. See Robles v.

State, 85 S.W.3d 211, 213 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

          Rule 404(b), however, allows evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts to be admitted if

the evidence is relevant apart from character conformity. For example, ‘“where several crimes are

intermixed, or blended with one another, or connected so they form an indivisible criminal

transaction, and full proof by testimony . . . of any one of them cannot be given without showing

the others,’ this evidence is evidence of same transaction contextual evidence which is an

exception to Rule 404(b) and is thus admissible.” Pondexter v. State, 942 S.W.2d 577, 584 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996) (citing Rogers v. State, 853 S.W.2d 29, 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). As the

Pondexter court held, “. . . the jury is entitled to know all relevant surrounding facts and

circumstances of the charged offense; an offense is not tried in a vacuum.” Pondexter, 942 S.W.2d

at 584.

          Nonetheless, even if the evidence is relevant and the purpose for which it is being offered

is permissible under Rule 404(b), it may still be excluded by the trial court under Rule 403 if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Moses v. State, 105
S.W.2d 622, 626 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

          When undertaking a Rule 403 analysis, a trial court must balance (i) the inherent probative

force of the proffered item of evidence along with (ii) the proponent's need for that evidence against

                                                 –10–
(iii) any tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an improper basis, (iv) any tendency of

the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (v) any tendency of the evidence

to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of

the evidence, and (vi) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate

amount of time or merely repeat evidence already admitted. Gonzalez v. State, 544 S.W.3d 363,

372 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).

       Unless the record indicates otherwise, we presume the trial court conducted a 403

balancing test even if the court does not state on the record that it did so. See Rojas v. State, 986
S.W.2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Thus, when the record shows the judge listened to the

defendant’s objections and subsequently overruled them, there is no error. Benedict v. State, No.

05-15-00958-CR, 2016 WL 3742127, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jul. 7, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op.

not designated for publication).

       2.      Analysis

       Defense counsel objected to the State eliciting testimony about why appellant was arrested,

and the court conducted a hearing outside the jury’s presence. During that hearing, the State argued

that, while it did not need to go into details about the stabbing, it needed to show that appellant

was arrested in connection with a stabbing investigation to provide context for the retaliation

offense. To this end, the State noted that appellant’s detention video showed appellant asking over

and over why he had been arrested, and thus some contextual information about his arrest was

necessary to show that he was not illegally detained. On the other hand, the defense argued that

the extraneous offense was separate from the charged offense, and the prejudicial effect of the

evidence outweighed its probative value.

       The trial court ruled that the State could not get into any specifics about the stabbing, but

could admit that the police were investigating a stabbing, that bleach was used at the crime scene,

                                               –11–
and that appellant smelled like bleach when he was interviewed. Defense counsel then stated,

“Can we get on the record a balancing test, Your Honor, for the finding that there’s not enough

prejudice to keep this out?” The trial judge replied, “I find it’s relevant, and it goes to contextual

evidence for the jurors. So it’s admitted.”

               a.         Did the probative value outweigh the potential for unfair prejudice?

       Applying the balancing test factors, we cannot conclude the trial court’s ruling was outside

the zone of reasonable disagreement. First, we examine the evidence’s probative force and the

State’s need for it, both of which favor admission. The fact that appellant had been arrested in

connection with a stabbing showed his retaliatory intent and that the threats were directed at

Crespin for arresting him, both of which were elements the State was required to prove.

       The next three factors—tendency to suggest a decision on an improper basis, confuse or

distract the jury, or to be given undue weight by an unequipped jury— also favor admission. That

appellant was arrested for a stabbing that took time to investigate does not suggest a decision on

an improper basis. Instead, it shows why appellant was detained, the reason for his aggravation,

and allowed the jury to evaluate his retaliatory intent. The evidence was also relevant because the

detention video that was admitted into evidence shows appellant in a highly agitated state

repeatedly asking why he was arrested. Moreover, there is nothing to suggest the jury would be

distracted or confused, or give the evidence undue weight. The trial court limited the evidence to

an explanation about why appellant was arrested, that bleach was used at the crime scene, and that

appellant smelled like bleach. Indeed, had the evidence not been admitted, the jury may have

speculated about why appellant was questioned and arrested and whether his outrage at being

detained was justified.

       In addition, the evidence did not consume an inordinate amount of time. Crespin testified

that she received a stabbing call, a description of the suspect, and was told that the suspect was

                                                –12–
believed to have cleaned up the crime scene with bleach. When she was in a restaurant, she noticed

two people, one of whom was appellant, who smelled like bleach. So she called for cover and

waited outside the restaurant where appellant was ultimately detained. Ramirez and Goetz both

explained that they responded to the stabbing call, and then moved on to appellant’s conduct and

threats.

                  b.      Was the evidence contextual?

           While evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove a person’s

character to show conformity therewith, it may be admissible for other purposes. See TEX. R.

EVID. 404(b). One such purpose is same-transaction contextual evidence. Prible v. State, 175
S.W.3d 724, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Same-transaction contextual evidence refers to when

several crimes are intermixed, blended with one another, or connected so that they form an

indivisible criminal transaction. Id. at 731–732.        Thus, when the State’s proof of the charged

crime is so intertwined with another crime that avoiding reference to the other crime would make

the State’s case incomplete or difficult to understand, the evidence may be admissible. Nguyen v.

State, 177 S.W.3d 659, 667 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d).

           Here, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the State needed to reference the

arrest to give the retaliation offense context. That is, to allow the jury to understand the impetus

for appellant’s retaliatory threats. Moreover, it also showed that appellant was retaliating against

Crespin because of her service as a police officer.

           Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting the evidence. We resolve appellant’s third, fourth, and fifth issues against him.

C.         Sixth and Seventh Issues: Did the trial court err by denying appellant’s motion for
           new trial without a hearing?

           Appellant’s sixth and seventh issues argue that the trial court erred by denying his motion

for new trial because, (i) he established that his out-of-state conviction was improperly used for

                                                  –13–
enhancement and (ii) he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel because his attorney did

not tell him this conviction could not be used for enhancement. He further argues that the trial

court was required to conduct a hearing. We reject these arguments because his out-of-state

conviction was properly used for enhancement and his ineffective assistance claim was

erroneously premised on the assumption that his lawyer was ineffective for failing to advise him

the opposite. Moreover, no hearing was required because appellant did not raise reasonable

grounds not determinable from the record.

          1.         Out of State Convictions Used for Enhancement Purposes

          We begin with the out-of-state conviction used for enhancement.1 Appellant pled true to

the indictment’s sentence-enhancement allegation. His plea of true, standing alone, was sufficient

to support the enhancement of his sentencing range. See Wilson v. State, 671 S.W.2d 524, 525

(Tex. Crim. App. 1984); see also Ex parte Rich, 194 S.W.3d 508, 513 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)

(plea of true relieves state of burden to prove prior conviction except when record affirmatively

reflects that enhancement is improper).

          When an appellant pleads true to an enhancement, it relieves the State of its burden to prove

the allegations. Then, the appellant must show that the record affirmatively reflects that the

enhancement was improper. See Hopkins v. State, 487 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).

          The enhancement allegation in this case stated that appellant was convicted of felony

unlawful wounding in Fairfax County, Virginia in 2012. The State introduced a “penpack” from

Virginia that included a judgment of conviction. The judgment reflects, among other things, that

appellant was found guilty and sentenced to incarceration for one year and six months. The

1
  Retaliation is a third degree felony. TEX. PENAL CODE §36.06(c). A third degree felony is punishable by imprisonment from two to ten years
and a fine not to exceed $10,000. See TEX. PENAL CODE 12.34. But the punishment may be enhanced to a second-degree felony if the defendant
has been previously convicted of a felony other than a state jail felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE. A second degree felony is punishable by a term
of imprisonment from two to twenty years and a fine not to exceed $10,000. See TEX. PENAL CODE 12.33.

                                                                   –14–
judgment also says that appellant is “subject to a period of post release supervision of two years,”

which was “suspended.” A sentencing summary shows that the “total sentence imposed” was “one

year and six months,” and the total sentence suspended was “none.”

       An out-of-state felony conviction can be used to enhance a sentence imposed in Texas. Ex

parte Pue, 552 S.W.3d 226, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). The prior sentence, however, must be

final. Id. at 230. Finality is determined according to Texas law. Id. at 235. Under Texas law, a

conviction is final if a sentence is imposed and not probated or revoked. Ex Parte Murchison, 560
S.W.2d 654, 656 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978).

       Appellant argues, without supporting authority, that the Virginia court’s imposition of

post-release supervision was “probation,” or alternatively, “shock probation,” and therefore, his

Virginia conviction was not final for enhancement purposes. We disagree.

       In Texas, “probation” is called community supervision. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art.

42A.001(1). This occurs when a court “place[s] . . . a defendant . . . under a continuum of programs

and sanctions, with conditions imposed by the court for a specified period during which: (A)

criminal proceedings are deferred without an adjudication of guilt; or (B) a sentence of

imprisonment or confinement, imprisonment and fine, or confinement and fine, is probated and

the imposition of sentence is suspended in whole or in part.” Id.

       “Shock probation” in a felony case occurs when the court, before the expiration of 180

days from the date the sentence begins, suspends further execution of the sentence and places the

defendant on community supervision. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 42A.202(b).

       On the other hand, the Virginia code shows that Virginia’s post-release supervision is more

akin to parole, and occurs after the defendant serves his sentence. Post-release supervision is

                                               –15–
mandatory unless the court orders a suspended term of confinement for at least six months. See

VA. CODE §19.2-295.22

           Here, nothing in the record affirmatively reflects that appellant’s eighteen month sentence

was not final because it was suspended or probated. Indeed, the affidavit appellant filed to support

his new trial motion affirmatively states that he was sentenced to a term of confinement in Virginia,

and subject to post-release supervision for two years after he was released. Although appellant

was not re-incarcerated for violating the terms of his post-release supervision, this has no bearing

on the eighteen month sentence he served without interruption.

           Because appellant pled true to the enhancement allegation and the record does not

affirmatively show the enhancement was improper, the trial court did not err by denying his motion

for new trial on this ground.

           Likewise, because appellant’s ineffective assistance claim was premised solely on his

assertion that his attorney did not tell him that the Virginia conviction could not be used for

enhancement, which premise we just rejected, the motion for new trial was properly denied on this

ground as well.

           2.         Denying the New Trial Motion Without a Hearing

           Appellant also argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion without a hearing.

We review the denial of a hearing on a motion for new trial for abuse of discretion. Hobbs v. State,

298 S.W.3d 193, 200 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). A trial court abuses its discretion by refusing a

2
 Specifically, the Virginia law provides: At the time the court imposes sentence upon a conviction for any felony offense committed (i) on or after
January 1, 1995, the court may, and (ii) on or after July 1, 2000, shall, in addition to any other punishment imposed if such other punishment
includes an active term of incarceration in a state or local correctional facility, except in cases in which the court orders a suspended term of
confinement of at least six months, impose a term of postrelease supervision of not less than six months nor more than three years, as the court
may determine. Such additional term shall be suspended and the defendant placed under postrelease supervision upon release from the active term
of incarceration. . . . The period of postrelease supervision shall be under the supervision and review of the Virginia Parole Board. The Board shall
review each felon prior to release and establish conditions of postrelease supervision. Failure to successfully abide by such terms and conditions
shall be grounds to terminate the period of postrelease supervision and recommit the defendant to the Department of Corrections or to the local
correctional facility from which he was previously released. Procedures for any such termination and recommitment shall be conducted in the same
manner as procedures for the revocation of parole.

                                                                      –16–
motion for new trial hearing if a defendant demonstrates, by the motion and accompanying

affidavits, that (i) the defendant has raised grounds that are undeterminable from the record, and

(ii) the grounds are reasonable, meaning they could entitle the defendant to relief. Id.

       Appellant’s motion raised four issues: (i) his sentence was illegal because his punishment

range was improperly enhanced; (ii) his counsel was ineffective because he did not object to his

Virginia conviction or counsel him to plead not true to the enhancement allegation; (iii) he was

denied the right to request community supervision from the jury because he pled true to an invalid

prior conviction; and (iv) his election of punishment was not voluntary because he did not know

he could request community supervision from the court. Appellant’s affidavit and the affidavit of

Roger Smotts, an investigator with the Public Defender’s office, were filed in support of the

motion.

       Appellant’s affidavit states that his attorney never discussed the effect of his Virginia

conviction on enhancement and he never would have pled true had he known there were “legal

issues” with using that case. Both affidavits describe appellant’s Virginia sentence and assert that

his post-release supervision was never revoked. All of these assertions go to appellant’s first three

arguments in his motion—that his Virginia conviction was not final and was therefore unavailable

for enhancement, making his twelve year sentence illegal. But all three of these issues could be

resolved from the record, and we have already concluded that the Virginia conviction was properly

used for enhancement.

       Finally, no hearing was required on appellant’s claim that he was not aware he could

receive community supervision from the court. Neither affidavit set forth any factual basis for this

claim, including the assumption that appellant was eligible for community supervision. Thus, the

trial court was not required to conduct a hearing. See Hobbs, 298 S.W.3d at 200. We resolve

appellant’s sixth and seventh issues against him.

                                               –17–
D.       Eighth Issue: Did the charge require a unanimous verdict?

         Appellant’s eighth issue argues that he was egregiously harmed because the jury charge

did not require a unanimous verdict. Specifically, he contends that the charge was erroneous

because it did not require the jury to unanimously select one of the twelve instances of verbal

retaliatory threats to support the offense. We reject this issue. The charge was not erroneous

because the jury was not required to agree on one specific retaliatory threat, and thus, contrary to

appellant’s assertion, the charge properly required a unanimous verdict. Because there was no

error, we do not consider harm. See Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 333 (Tex. Crim. App.

2017).

         1.     Background

         After defining the crime of retaliation, the jury was instructed to find appellant guilty of

retaliation if they found, beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant knowingly or intentionally

harmed or threatened to harm Crespin by verbally threatening to kill her and her family in

retaliation for or on account of her service as a Dallas Police Officer. The jury was further

instructed that the “verdict must be unanimous.” The verdict form states that the jury unanimously

found appellant guilty of retaliation.

         2.     Applicable Law

         We use a two-step process to analyze an alleged charge error. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d
738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). First, we decide whether an error exists; if so, we then evaluate

whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal. Arteaga, 521 S.W.3d at 333.

The degree of harm required for reversal depends on whether there was an objection to the error

in the trial court. Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). When, as in

this case, appellant failed make a timely and specific trial objection, the error requires reversal

                                                –18–
only if it was “so egregious and created such harm that the defendant was deprived of a fair and

impartial trial.” Id.

        “Texas law requires that a jury reach a unanimous verdict about the specific felony that

the defendant committed.” Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In other

words, “the jury must be unanimous in finding every constituent element of the charged offense. .

.” Jourdon v. State, 428 S.W.3d 86, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

        The court of criminal appeals holds that there are “three variations that may result in a non-

unanimous verdict as to a particular incident of criminal conduct that comprises the charged

offense.” Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 771. Specifically, non-unanimity may occur when: (i) the State

presents evidence demonstrating the repetition of the same criminal conduct, but the actual results

differ; (ii) the State charges one offense and presents evidence that the defendant committed the

offense on multiple but separate occasions; and (iii) when the State charges one offense, and

presents evidence of an offense committed at a different time, that violated a different provision

of the same criminal statute. Id. at 771–72.

        Although a jury must unanimously agree about the occurrence of a single criminal offense,

they need not be unanimous about the specific manner and means of committing the offense. See

Young v. State, 341 S.W.3d 417, 423 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see also Miranda v. State, 391
S.W.3d 302, 310 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, pet. ref’d). “‘[M]anner or means’ describes how the

defendant committed the specific statutory criminal act.” Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005). Thus, while the jury must agree that the defendant committed one specific

crime, it is not required to unanimously find that the defendant committed that crime in one specific

way or even with one specific act. See Landrian v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 535 (Tex. Crim. App.

2008); see also Jourdan, 428 S.W.3d at 94 (jury unanimity not violated if jury allowed to choose

among alternative manner and means).

                                                –19–
       3.      Analysis

       Here, the threats appellant made were different ways of committing the offense. The results

did not differ and the threats were all made on the same occasion. Thus, the jury was not required

to agree on one specific threat; they only had to unanimously agree that appellant committed the

offense by making a retaliatory threat. The charge was worded to that effect, and therefore was

not erroneous. Because there was no error, we need not determine whether appellant was

egregiously harmed. We resolve appellant’s eighth issue against him.

E.     State’s Cross-point: Should the judgement be reformed?

       The State requests that we modify the judgement to reflect that appellant pled true to the

enhancement paragraph and the jury found it true. We are authorized to reform a judgment to

make the record speak the truth when we have the necessary information to do so. Bigley v. State,

865 S.W.2d 26, 27 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

       Here, the record reflects that appellant pled true to the enhancement and the jury found it

true. We therefore sustain the State’s cross-point and modify the judgment accordingly.

                                       III.   CONCLUSION

       Having resolved all of appellant’s issues against him and sustained the State’s cross-point,

we modify the judgment to reflect that appellant pled true to the enhancement and the jury found

it true, and as modified, affirm.

                                                  /Bill Whitehill/
                                                  BILL WHITEHILL
                                                  JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47
170391F.U05

                                              –20–
                                        S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 BILAWAL SHAHZADA, Appellant                        On Appeal from the 195th Judicial District
                                                    Court, Dallas County, Texas
 No. 05-17-00391-CR         V.                      Trial Court Cause No. F-1659528-N.
                                                    Opinion delivered by Justice Whitehill.
 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                       Justices Stoddart and Boatright
                                                    participating.

        Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is MODIFIED
to reflect that appellant pled true to the enhancement paragraph and the jury found it true.
As REFORMED, the judgment is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered December 4, 2018.

                                             –21–