Court Opinion

ID: 9405305
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-27 21:09:35.382943+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:21.101319
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      NO. 03-22-00166-CR

                                    Joseph Duran, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                  The State of Texas, Appellee

             FROM THE 340TH DISTRICT COURT OF TOM GREEN COUNTY
      NO. C-21-0449-SA, THE HONORABLE JAY K. WEATHERBY, JUDGE PRESIDING

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

               Joseph Duran was charged with evading arrest or detention with a motor vehicle.

See Tex. Penal Code § 38.04. The indictment contained two enhancement paragraphs alleging

that Duran had previously been convicted of two felony offenses. See id. § 12.42. After the jury

found Duran guilty, he pleaded true to both enhancement allegations. Following a punishment

hearing, the jury sentenced Duran to forty years’ imprisonment. See id. The trial court rendered

its judgment of conviction consistent with the jury’s determinations. In four issues on appeal,

Duran contends that the trial court erred by admitting State’s Exhibit 13 Pre-Revocation Warrant,

by failing to grant his motion for a directed verdict, and by failing to grant his motion for new

trial. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.
                                         BACKGROUND

               Duran was tried before a jury for evading arrest or detention with a motor vehicle.

During the guilt-innocence phase, the following witnesses testified: Kiersten Hernandez and

Officer Francisco Carrillo. In addition, a recording from Officer Carrillo’s body camera was

admitted into evidence and played for the jury.

               In a hearing held outside the jury’s presence, the parties discussed the

admissibility of State’s Exhibit 13. That document was entitled “Pre-Revocation Warrant,”

identifies Duran as the subject of the warrant, and lists his date of birth, gender, race, systems

identification number (SID), and Texas Department of Criminal Justice number. Further, the

warrant stated that Duran had previously been convicted of a felony and placed on community

supervision. Next, it provided that reliable information indicated that Duran violated the terms

or conditions of his community supervision, lapsed or was about to lapse into criminal activity,

or was ineligible for release. Finally, the warrant directed police officers to arrest and detain him

until he may be placed in the custody of an agent of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.

               During the hearing, Hernandez testified regarding the contents of the exhibit and

explained that she worked for the Parole Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice,

that she met Duran when he reported to the community-supervision office, that a pre-revocation

warrant for Duran’s arrest issued before Officer Carrillo initiated a traffic stop of Duran, that the

warrant issued because Duran had violated a condition of his community supervision, and that

these types of warrants are kept in the Department’s normal business activity. In her testimony,

Hernandez explained that Exhibit 13 was a copy of the warrant that she obtained from the

Offender Information Management System database used by community-supervision officers.

                                                  2
However, Hernandez admitted that she had not seen the actual written warrant and that

Exhibit 13 was not an authenticated or certified copy of the original warrant.

               At the hearing, Duran argued that the exhibit should not be admitted because it

was not a certified copy of the official warrant, contained inadmissible hearsay, and did not

qualify for admission under the exception to the rule against the admission of hearsay for records

of regularly conducted activity. See Tex. R. Evid. 801, 802, 803(6). At the conclusion of the

hearing, the trial court admitted the exhibit for the purposes of the hearing only. The exhibit was

not shown to the jury or given to the jury to consider in making its determination.

               Following the hearing, Hernandez testified before the jury that she was familiar

with Duran and knew that he had an active warrant for his arrest on the day that he allegedly

committed the offense of evading arrest or detention. Hernandez did not discuss the contents of

Exhibit 13.

               Next, Officer Carrillo testified that he received a dispatch call concerning “a

wanted subject,” providing a description of that person’s vehicle as well as the license plate

number, and identifying the wanted person as Duran. Moreover, Officer Carrillo explained that

he saw a picture of Duran on his computer. Officer Carrillo related that he observed Duran

driving the vehicle described in the dispatch call and initiated a traffic stop of the vehicle by

turning on his emergency lights.

               Additionally, Officer Carrillo explained that after Duran pulled over, he

approached Duran’s vehicle while wearing his patrol uniform and told Duran to turn off his

vehicle because he was “a wanted person.” Officer Carrillo described Duran as acting nervous

and recalled that Duran asked the other police officer present and him if they could just forget

that they saw him and let him go because otherwise “he was going to be locked up for a long

                                                 3
time.” Next, Officer Carrillo stated that Duran refused to turn his vehicle off or get out of the

vehicle and instead sped off in his vehicle. Officer Carrillo testified that he returned to his car,

activated his emergency lights and siren, and pursued Duran for a few miles before his

supervisor called off the chase.

               On cross-examination, Officer Carrillo testified that he asked dispatch to confirm

the warrant for Duran’s arrest but said that no one confirmed the initial report before the traffic

stop occurred. In addition, Officer Carrillo admitted that he did not have any paperwork on him

at the time of the stop indicating that there was a warrant for Duran’s arrest, that he did not see

Duran commit any crime before the traffic stop began, and that he had no reason to believe that

Duran was about to engage in criminal conduct. However, Officer Carrillo clarified that he had

reason to believe that there was an arrest warrant for Duran based on the initial report.

               During Officer Carrillo’s testimony, a recording from his body camera was

admitted into evidence and played for the jury.          The recording is consistent with Officer

Carrillo’s testimony and shows Duran pulling his vehicle over to the side of the road, refusing to

turn off his vehicle, asking the officers if he could turn himself in later or be arrested at his house

because he did not want to leave his stuff behind, and speeding off while the police officers were

next to his vehicle. The recording also documents Officer Carrillo pursuing Duran for several

miles before stating that he was disengaging from the pursuit.

               After considering the evidence presented at trial, the jury found Duran guilty of

evading arrest or detention with a motor vehicle. During the punishment phase, a crime scene

supervisor testified that Duran’s known fingerprints matched those present in prior judgments

of conviction bearing Duran’s name, and the following prior judgments of conviction were

admitted into evidence: three for theft, two for possession of a controlled substance with intent to

                                                  4
deliver, two for possession of a controlled substance, one for resisting a search, and one for

driving with a suspended license. In addition, a friend of Duran’s testified about how Duran

takes care of his family, how his family needs him, and how he is planning to change his life.

               After considering the evidence, the jury sentenced Duran to forty years’

imprisonment, and the trial court rendered its judgment of conviction. Following his conviction,

Duran filed a motion for new trial, which was denied by operation of law. See Tex. R. App.

P. 21.8. Duran appeals the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

                                          DISCUSSION

               On appeal, Duran first asserts that the trial court erred by overruling his objections

and admitting State’s Exhibit 13. In his second issue, Duran argues that the trial court erred by

failing to grant his motion for a directed verdict and by failing to grant his motion for new trial

because the State failed to introduce into evidence an actual warrant pertaining to Duran. In his

third issue, Duran contends that the trial court erred by failing to grant his motion for directed

verdict and his motion for new trial because the State failed to introduce any evidence

establishing some factual basis for the issuance of a warrant regarding Duran. In his final issue,

Duran contends that the trial court erred by failing to grant his motion for new trial because there

was insufficient evidence establishing that the arrest was made pursuant to a valid arrest warrant.

               Although Duran lists four issues in his statement of the issues, he does not address

his issues separately in his argument section. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring brief to

contain clear and concise argument for contentions made); Aybar v. State, Nos. 12-09-00320—

00321-CR, 2010 WL 3158583, at *1 (Tex. App.—Tyler Aug. 11, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (explaining that failure to comply with clarity requirement can result

                                                 5
in waiver of issue). Moreover, as set out above, many of the issues listed are multifarious. See

Davidson v. State, 249 S.W.3d 709, 717 n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. ref’d) (explaining

that issue containing “more than one specific ground of error is a multifarious one” and that

appellate court “may refuse to consider it”). In addressing his appellate arguments, we have

reorganized Duran’s claims as assertions attacking the sufficiency of the evidence, the trial

court’s failure to grant his motion for new trial, and the trial court’s admission of Exhibit 13, and

we have addressed his appellate arguments under those issues. Because Duran’s sufficiency

claims could result “in greater relief than his other issue[s],” we address those claims first. See

Medina v. State, 565 S.W.3d 868, 873 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d).

Sufficiency of the Evidence

               An appellate issue challenging the denial of a motion for a directed verdict is a

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the conviction and is reviewed under

the sufficiency standard. See Williams v. State, 582 S.W.3d 692, 700 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2019, pet. ref’d). “Evidence is sufficient to support a criminal conviction if a rational

jury could find each essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Stahmann v.

State, 602 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

319 (1979)). In making this determination, “[w]e view the evidence in the light most favorable

to the verdict and consider all of the admitted evidence, regardless of whether it was properly

admitted.” Id. “The jury is the sole judge of credibility and weight to be attached to the

testimony of the witnesses.” Id. “Juries can draw reasonable inferences from the evidence so

long as each inference is supported by the evidence produced at trial,” id., and are “free to apply

common sense, knowledge, and experience gained in the ordinary affairs of life in drawing

                                                 6
reasonable inferences from the evidence,” Eustis v. State, 191 S.W.3d 879, 884 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d).       “When the record supports conflicting inferences,

we presume that the jury resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict and defer to that

determination.” Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 525-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

               Appellate courts must “determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable

based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most

favorable to the verdict.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Appellate courts also must bear in mind that “direct and circumstantial evidence are treated

equally” and that “[c]ircumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing

the guilt of an actor” and “can be sufficient” on its own “to establish guilt.” Kiffe v. State,

361 S.W.3d 104, 108 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d). The evidence is legally

insufficient if “the record contains no evidence, or merely a ‘modicum’ of evidence, probative

of an element of the offense” or if “the evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt.” Id.

at 107 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 320).

               Under the Penal Code, an individual commits the offense of evading arrest or

detention with a vehicle “if he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer . . .

attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him” and if the person “uses a vehicle . . . while the actor is

in flight.” Tex. Penal Code § 38.04. “A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to

the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire

to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Id. § 6.03(a). “A person acts knowingly, or with

knowledge, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct

when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist.” Id. § 6.03(b).

                                                  7
               The jury charge included instructions for when a police officer may lawfully

arrest or detain someone. “A peace officer may arrest an offender without a warrant for any

offense committed in his presence or within his view.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 14.01(b).

Under another “exception to the warrant requirement, an officer is generally justified in briefly

detaining an individual on less than probable cause for the purposes of investigating possibly-

criminal behavior.”     Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

“Investigative detentions are less intrusive than arrests, . . . and an officer may initiate a traffic

stop if he has reasonable suspicion that a crime is about to be committed or has been committed.”

State v. Wood, 575 S.W.3d 929, 932 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019, pet. ref’d). Reasonable suspicion

“exists if the officer has specific articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences

from those facts, would lead him to reasonably suspect that a particular person has, or soon will

be, engaged in criminal activity.” Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

For reasonable suspicion to exist, an actual violation does not need to have occurred; rather, it is

only necessary that the officer “had a reasonable suspicion” that a violation occurred. See

Jaganathan v. State, 479 S.W.3d 244, 247 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).

               Additionally, “[t]he information provoking the officer’s suspicions need not be

based on his own personal observations.” Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 328. “Moreover, the

detaining officer need not be personally aware of every fact that objectively supports a

reasonable suspicion to detain; rather, ‘the cumulative information known to the cooperating

officers at the time of the stop is to be considered in determining whether reasonable suspicion

exists.’” Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (quoting Hoag v.

State, 728 S.W.2d 375, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)). Stated another way, “under this ‘collective

knowledge’ doctrine, when several officers are cooperating, their cumulative information may be

                                                  8
considered in assessing reasonable suspicion or probable cause.” State v. Martinez, 569 S.W.3d

621, 626 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). A “police dispatcher is ordinarily regarded as a ‘cooperating

officer.’” Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914.

                When challenging his convictions, Duran notes that Officer Carrillo initially

testified that he knew that there was an active warrant for Duran because “[t]hat was the

information given to us by dispatch,” but Duran emphasizes that the State withdrew the question

in response to Duran’s hearsay objection “thereby withdrawing that response from evidence.” In

addition, Duran highlights that Officer Carrillo testified that he asked dispatch to confirm that

there was an active warrant for Duran but that dispatch did not respond. Moreover, Duran

emphasizes that Officer Carrillo testified that he initiated the stop based on the alleged warrant

and that he did not observe any criminal activity at the time. Additionally, Duran urges that no

proper warrant was admitted into evidence establishing that there was a warrant for his arrest at

the time Officer Carrillo initiated the traffic stop.

                After setting out the preceding foundation, Duran refers to appellate cases

discussing the admission of warrants and accompanying affidavits. For example, in Miller v.

State, the defendant challenged the legality of his arrest and moved to suppress evidence

pertaining to his arrest, and the Court of Criminal Appeals explained that “[i]f the State intends

to justify the arrest on the basis of a warrant it is therefore incumbent upon the State to produce

the warrant” and “the supporting affidavit” to allow the trial court to inspect the warrant to

determine if they are sufficient. 736 S.W.2d 643, 645, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). In another

suppression case, the defendant argued in a parole revocation case that the trial court erred by

denying his motion to suppress evidence “because the State failed to produce a valid arrest

warrant affidavit,” and the Court of Criminal Appeals determined that even though no affidavit

                                                    9
was produced, evidence was presented “substantiating the reason to believe appellant violated

his conditions of parole.” Garrett v. State, 791 S.W.2d 137, 138, 141 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).

Further, the Court explained that “there must be evidence presented for the trial court to consider

and determine whether there was a reason to believe the parolee was subject to arrest.” Id. at 141

n.2. Next, Duran points to an opinion by one of our sister courts also addressing whether the

trial court should have suppressed evidence gathered as a result of the defendant’s arrest where

the arrest was allegedly illegal. See Roy v. State, 892 S.W.2d 96, 100-01 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

1994, pet. ref’d). In that case, our sister court explained that “[w]hen the State intends to justify

an arrest on the basis of a warrant, it is incumbent upon the State to produce the warrant for the

trial court to determine sufficiency. . . . For a parolee, . . . the State must produce the warrant

and ‘reason to believe’ (or some factual basis) that the parolee had violated a condition of his

parole.” Id. (quoting Garrett, 791 S.W.2d at 141); see also Ballard v. State, 33 S.W.3d 463,

467-68 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d) (addressing propriety of trial court’s

order denying defendant’s suppression motion and concluding that supervising court had

sufficient factual basis to determine that defendant violated terms of his community supervision).

In light of the analyses from the cases above, Duran argues that the State was obligated to but did

not introduce the warrant or evidence establishing a “reason to believe” that he violated a

condition of his community supervision and that without this evidence the State did not establish

an element of the offense that the arrest was lawfully based on a warrant.

               As an initial matter, we note that none of the cases discussed above involved

defendants accused of evading arrest or detention and that, unlike the case here, the cases all

involved suppression rulings.       The Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that the

exclusionary rules applied in suppression issues “serve a completely different purpose than the

                                                 10
evading arrest or detention statute” because “[t]he former deals with the penalty designed to

deter future police misconduct, while the latter punishes a person who flees lawful police

conduct.” See Day v. State, 614 S.W.3d 121, 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (internal footnote

omitted). When statutes make “the validity of an arrest or detention . . . an element of the

charged offense,” like the statute governing evading arrest or detention does, it is inappropriate

to litigate “the validity of the seizure as a suppression issue”; “[i]nstead, the issue should be

litigated as part of the State’s case at trial.” Id. at 129.

                 In any event, as set out above, an individual can be convicted of the offense in

question without there being an arrest if he intentionally flees from a person he knows to be a

police officer when the police officer is attempting to lawfully detain him, see Tex. Penal Code

§ 38.04; that a police officer may lawfully detain someone based on reasonable suspicion that the

person has or soon will be engaged in criminal activity, see Wood, 575 S.W.3d at 932; Neal, 256

S.W.3d at 280; and that no criminal violation need actually have occurred, see Jaganathan, 479

S.W.3d at 247.

                 In this case, Hernandez testified that she was aware that there was a warrant for

Duran’s arrest active on the day of the alleged offense. Further, Officer Carrillo related that he

received a message from dispatch concerning a “wanted” individual, that he was given a

description of the individual’s vehicle and its license plate number, that he saw a picture of

Duran on his computer, and that he saw Duran driving the described vehicle. Cf. Sneed v. State,

No. 11-11-00121-CR, 2013 WL 1748940, at *3 (Tex. App.—Eastland Apr. 18, 2013, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (noting that warrant identified defendant “as a wanted

person”). Although Officer Carrillo stated that he did not have paperwork regarding Duran’s

status and asked for but did not receive more confirmation that Duran was a wanted individual,

                                                    11
Officer Carrillo explained that he had reason to believe based on the information given to him

that there was a warrant for Duran’s arrest. Moreover, Officer Carrillo testified that he initiated a

traffic stop by turning on his overhead emergency lights in his marked patrol car and then walked

toward Duran’s vehicle while wearing his patrol uniform after Duran pulled over.

               Next, Officer Carrillo explained to Duran that he was “a wanted person,” that he

asked Duran to turn off his car, that Duran did not turn off his car, that Duran asked if the

officers could forget that they saw him, and that Duran was acting nervous and was worried

about being sent to prison for a long time. In addition, Officer Carrillo testified that Duran

refused to get out of his vehicle before speeding off in his vehicle a few minutes after pulling

over.   Cf. Smith v. State, 840 S.W.2d 689, 692 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1992, pet ref’d)

(explaining that detaining individual for “a few minutes” to confirm existence of warrant was

reasonable). Officer Carrillo related that he pursued Duran for miles but stopped pursuing him

when the chase was called off by his supervisor. Footage from Officer Carrillo’s body camera

was consistent with the officer’s testimony and showed Duran drive away a couple of minutes

after he pulled over to the side of the road.

               Based on the preceding and on the inferences that the jury was free to make from

the evidence, we conclude that a rational jury could have determined that reasonable suspicion

existed to detain Duran, that Officer Carrillo attempted to lawfully detain Duran, and that Duran

intentionally fled from Officer Carrillo knowing that Officer Carrillo was a police officer. See

Smith v. State, 483 S.W.3d 648, 655 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (deciding

that evidence was sufficient to support lawful detention where officers received information over

dispatch and where police saw defendant driving car matching description given by dispatch

including license plate number); Thompson v. State, 426 S.W.3d 206, 209 (Tex. App.—Houston

                                                 12
[1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d) (determining that evidence was sufficient to support conviction where

police officer was wearing uniform and indicated to defendant to stop, where defendant sped up,

where police officer activated overhead lights and siren, where police officer pursued defendant,

and where defendant sped up and did not pull over); Horne v. State, 228 S.W.3d 442, 444-45,

446 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (concluding that although evidence indicated that

defendant did not intend to ultimately escape, it did show that he attempted to evade police when

he did not stop his vehicle in response to police officer’s activating overhead lights and later his

siren, to police officer’s using public address system to direct defendant to pull over, or to police

officer’s attempting to block defendant’s path); Hobyl v. State, 152 S.W.3d 624, 627-28 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004) (deciding that evidence was sufficient where evidence showed

that uniformed police officer in marked police car activated his emergency lights and siren,

where defendant increased his speed to 110 mph when police activated emergency lights, where

police pursued defendant for three miles, and where officer observed defendant looking in

rearview mirrors), pet. dism’d, improvidently granted, 193 S.W.3d 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

Accordingly, we overrule the portions of Duran’s second through fourth issues challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction and challenging the trial court’s decision to

deny his motion for a directed verdict.

Motion for New Trial

               On appeal, Duran also argues that the trial court erred by failing to grant his

motion for new trial for the same reasons presented in his sufficiency challenges.              More

specifically, Duran urges that the State was required to but did not produce the warrant serving

as the basis for his arrest or a factual basis for the issuance of the warrant and, therefore, did not

establish that the arrest was lawful.

                                                 13
                 “A trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial is reviewed under an abuse-of-

discretion standard.” Young v. State, 591 S.W.3d 579, 595 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019, pet. ref’d).

Accordingly, “we reverse only when the trial judge’s decision was so clearly wrong as to lie

outside that zone within which reasonable persons might disagree.” Gonzalez v. State, 304

S.W.3d 838, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009)). In reviewing the trial court’s ruling, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the ruling. Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A trial

court’s ruling is within that zone “when there are two reasonable views of the evidence.” Burch

v. State, 541 S.W.3d 816, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). Stated differently, a trial court abuses its

discretion only when no reasonable view of the record could support the ruling. Webb, 232

S.W.3d at 112.

                 As set out above, an individual can commit the offense in question by

intentionally fleeing from an individual the person knows to be a police officer when the police

officer is attempting to lawfully detain the person. See Tex. Penal Code § 38.04. Further, as

summarized above, evidence was presented from which the jury could have reasonably

determined that reasonable suspicion to detain Duran existed and that Duran intentionally fled

from Officer Carrillo knowing that Officer Carrillo was a police officer while Officer Carrillo

attempted to lawfully detain him.

                 In light of the evidence presented at trial, we cannot conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion by failing to grant Duran’s motion for new trial. Accordingly, we overrule

the portions of Duran’s second through fourth issues asserting that the trial court erred by failing

to grant his motion for new trial.

Admission of Exhibit 13

                                                  14
               As set out above, in his first issue, Duran contends that the trial court erred by

denying his objections regarding Exhibit 13 and by admitting the exhibit into evidence.

Specifically, Duran contends that the trial court should not have admitted the exhibit because it

was not a properly authenticated or certified copy of an official warrant, because it contained

impermissible hearsay, and because the hearsay exception for records of regularly conducted

activity did not apply. See Tex. R. Evid. 801, 802, 803(6).

               Even if the trial court erred in admitting Exhibit 13, we would be unable to sustain

Duran’s first issue on appeal. A violation of the evidentiary rules resulting in the erroneous

admission of evidence is non-constitutional error. See Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417

(Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2 governs non-constitutional errors and

provides that those types of errors must be disregarded unless they affected a defendant’s

substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right is not affected “when, after

examining the record as a whole, the reviewing court has a fair assurance that the error did not

influence the jury or had but a slight effect.” McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 578 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005).

               In determining whether a defendant’s substantial rights were affected, the

reviewing “court should consider everything in the record, including any testimony or physical

evidence admitted for the jury’s consideration, the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict,

the character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in connection with other

evidence in the case.” Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Motilla

v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The reviewing court “may also consider

the jury instructions, the State’s theory and any defensive theories, whether the State emphasized

                                                15
the error, closing arguments, and even voir dire, if applicable.” Ellis v. State, 517 S.W.3d 922,

932 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017, no pet.).

               As a preliminary matter, we note that although Exhibit 13 was admitted, it was

only admitted for the purposes of the hearing discussing its admissibility and was not presented

to the jury or given to the jury for deliberation purposes. Cf. McCarter v. State, 527 S.W.2d 296,

299 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) (overruling issue challenging admission of evidence introduced for

purposes of record only because exhibit was not shown or read to jury). In any event, during

voir dire, neither the State nor Duran mentioned Exhibit 13 or its contents or referred to any

warrant. Further, although Hernandez testified that she was aware of an active warrant for Duran

on the day of the offense and although Officer Carrillo stated that he had been informed that

Duran was a wanted individual, neither witness testified regarding Exhibit 13 or its contents.

               Moreover, as set out above, the testimony presented at trial and the recording of

Officer Carrillo’s interaction with Duran provided a basis for the jury to conclude that Duran

committed the charged offense. Cf. Black v. State, 358 S.W.3d 823, 833 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2012, pet. ref’d) (explaining that erroneous admission of evidence did not have substantial

or injurious effect in light of other evidence of defendant’s guilt). Further, the State did not

mention Exhibit 13 or its contents during its opening argument. When discussing a warrant in its

closing argument, the State asserted that Officer Carrillo had reasonable suspicion to believe that

there was an arrest warrant for Duran but did not reference any details regarding Exhibit 13 or its

contents; instead, the State argued that Officer Carrillo attempted to lawfully detain Duran. In

contrast, Duran was able to emphasize during his closing argument that no arrest warrant was

introduced into evidence, highlighted that Officer Carrillo asked for someone from dispatch to

                                                16
confirm that there was an arrest warrant for Duran but that no confirmation was made, and

argued that it was insufficient for an officer to believe that a warrant existed.

               In light of the preceding, we conclude that any alleged error stemming from the

admission of Exhibit 13 did not affect Duran’s substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).

Accordingly, we overrule Duran’s first issue.

                                          CONCLUSION

               Having overruled all of Duran’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment of conviction.

                                               __________________________________________
                                               Thomas J. Baker, Justice

Before Justices Baker, Smith, and Jones*

Affirmed

Filed: June 23, 2023

Do Not Publish

*Before J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice (Retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by
assignment. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 74.003(b).

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