Court Opinion

ID: 3631347
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 00:10:47.487488+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:07.340843
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 372 
[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 373 
On the refusal of the appellants to complete their purchase at the first sale, the court overruled their objections to the title and denied their application to be relieved from their purchase and ordered that they complete their purchase and that if they failed to do so the premises be resold by the referee in accordance with the practice of the court, and that the deficiency arising on such re-sale be paid by the appellants. That order was affirmed at General Term and in this court. (Riggs v. Pursell, 66 N.Y., 193.)
The re-sale under that order should clearly have been under the same terms of sale as those upon which the first sale was made. It was an express condition of the original terms of sale that if in consequence of the failure of the purchasers to complete their purchase a re-sale should be had, it should be under the same terms of sale, and such is also the proper practice. A re-sale under different terms would not afford a just measure of the liability of a defaulting purchaser. The terms of sale under which the re-sale was had differed materially from those used at the first sale. They *Page 375 
incorporated, by reference, the notice of the second sale, which stated that it was to be made subject to the restrictions in the Kearney and Macomb agreement, not to build within seven feet six inches of the southerly line of Twenty-second street, and also against any furnace or steam-engine being placed on the premises. None of these restrictions were contained in the lease, nor had they been referred to in the original terms of sale. The auctioneer's fees, which by the first terms of sale were fixed at ten dollars for each parcel, to be paid by the purchaser, were in the second raised to twenty-five dollars per parcel, there being five lots of land. Reference was also made to an adjudication upon the court-yard agreement.
To the objection of variance in respect to the restrictions in the Kearney and Macomb agreement, it is answered that those restrictions were the same which had been the ground of the appellants' objections to the title on the first sale, which objections had been on the former motion overruled in the Supreme Court and in this court, and that the reference to them in the second terms of sale did no injury, as they constituted no valid objection to the title. To the other variances no answer is made.
If no facts appeared on this motion other than those which appeared upon the former one, there would be plausibility at least in the answer as to the restrictions; but on reference to the opinion of this court on the former motion, it will be seen that there was then no proof or even allegation that these restrictions diminished the value of the premises to any extent whatever. That the agreement appeared to have been made to enhance the value of all the lots on the street, and not to impose a burden upon the premises in question — and that while the agreement might in one sense be regarded as an incumbrance, it could not be assumed, without proof, that it injuriously affected the value of the premises to any extent whatever. And the decision is in express terms placed upon the ground that there was no proof that the agreement in any way diminished the value *Page 376 
of the premises. That it was manifest that the purchasers would have bid the same if they had known of the agreement, and it therefore was an immaterial defect in the title which the court should disregard.
It is clear that had it appeared on that motion that this defect, instead of being immaterial, was one which seriously injured the premises in value, the order requiring the purchasers to complete their purchase would not have been affirmed in this court. The re-sale directed by that order should have been made on the same theory as that upon which the order was affirmed, viz., that the defect was immaterial and not available to any purchaser as a ground of objection to the title, and therefore need not be mentioned in the terms of sale; or if the respondents preferred to mention it they should at least be prepared to vindicate that alteration of the terms, by showing that it did not prejudice the sale, and that the premises could be sold as advantageously under the altered terms of sale as under those on which the appellants had made their bid. They cannot be admitted to say that the defect is immaterial, for the purpose of holding the appellants to their bid, at a sale at which notice of the defect was not given, and that it is material for the purpose of justifying notice of the defect being given on a re-sale, on the ground that such notice was necessary to render the sale binding upon a second purchaser. If the defect is material the appellants should not be held to their first bid. Neither should the amount of their liability for non-completion be measured by the difference between the bids at a sale with the defect undisclosed, and at a re-sale with the defect disclosed.
It is asserted in the respondents' papers that the appellants at the time of their bid had notice of these restrictions and that on that ground this court held them bound to complete their purchase. In the opinion delivered on the first appeal it is stated that there was strong proof that the appellants knew of the court-yard agreement; but no such point was decided by the court, and the decision was distinctly and *Page 377 
explicitly placed upon the sole ground that there was no proof that the agreement in any way diminished the value of the premises. There was no direct proof of knowledge of the agreement and the main circumstance tending to show such knowledge was that the buildings did not cover the space reserved for court-yards, and that the appellants knew their location and manner of construction. But on the present motion, affidavits of both appellants were read, explicitly and positively denying any knowledge of the restrictions at the time of the first sale, and also an affidavit of their counsel stating that he discovered them in investigating the title for the appellants after the sale. In the face of these denials the evidence is not sufficient to justify the court in finding that the appellants had notice of the restrictions, and their liability rests wholly on the ground of the alleged immateriality of the defect.
The papers now before us contain, for the first time, proofs bearing upon that question. Affidavits of competent persons, in addition to those of the appellants, are produced, showing that the court-yard agreement diminishes the value of the premises to the extent of several thousand dollars, and also that the restrictions against any steam-engine or furnace are injurious. To these the affidavits on the part of the respondents furnish only a qualified answer, which is that the court-yard agreement does not diminish the value of the premises if they are to be used for dwelling-houses, and that it does not diminish their value as the buildings now stand. This is a very evasive answer, for the premises are not used for dwelling-houses but for a theatre, and it is very obvious that as the buildings now on the premises do not cover the land reserved, the existence of the agreement has no immediate effect upon the value so long as the buildings stand as they now are. The injury would only be developed in case it should become desirable to cover the reserved space. For the purposes of a dwelling-house, the loss of space would be more than compensated by the observance of the same restrictions by the owners of all the other lots on the street, but *Page 378 
for business purposes the evidence establishes that the space is more valuable for building than for a court-yard, and these premises are now devoted to business purposes.
We must conclude upon the papers now before us, which in this respect differ from those on the former appeal, that the restrictions in the Kearney and Macomb agreement constituted a material, and not an immaterial, defect in the title, and that a re-sale subject to that defect does not furnish a proper measure of damages for not completing a purchase made without notice of it. The respondents however contend that the decision of the former motion is an adjudication which estops the appellants from raising this question, or claiming that those restrictions constituted any substantial objection, and he refers to the authorities which establish that a judgment concludes the parties not only as to every issue which was raised, but as to every issue which might have been raised, in the action, and claims the same effect for the order in the former motion.
We do not understand the rules applicable to judgments as estoppels to be applicable to their full extent to orders made on motions. Prior to the decision in Dwight v. St. John
(25 N Y, 203) it was considered that a decision made upon a motion had no force as a former adjudication. (Simson v. Hart, 14 J.R., 63-76; Van Rensselaer v. Sheriff of Albany, 1 Cow., 501, 512; Dickenson v. Gilliland, id., 481, 495; Smith v.Spalding, 3 Rob., 615; White v. Munroe, 33 Barb., 650.) InDwight v. St. John in view of the provisions of the Code giving the right of appeal from orders, a limited effect was given to them as adjudications, binding in case of a subsequent controversy, and it was there held that in the case of an order affecting a substantial right, and appealable, where a full hearing had been had before a referee on a controverted question of fact, the decision of a point actually litigated before the referee and upon the motion was an adjudication binding upon the parties and conclusive to that extent. An examination of the case shows that the effect of an order as an adjudication was thus expressly *Page 379 
limited, and that it was not held in that case that the order was conclusive as to a fact which might have been litigated, but only as to one which actually had been litigated and on which there had been a full hearing. Nor was the familiar right of a party to renew a motion upon a different state of facts, or by supplying defects in proof, in any manner questioned or impaired by that decision. In re Livingston (34 N.Y., 555, 575) the application which was reheard at Special Term was made upon petition and was held to be a special proceeding in equity, not subject to the rules governing motions. Where additional facts are presented or defects in proof supplied, it is quite usual to grant leave to renew a motion which has been denied or to rehear one which has been granted. (Smith v. Spalding, 3 Rob., 615; Belmont v.Erie R. Co., 52 Barb., 637 and authorities cited.) And inWhite v. Munroe (33 Barb., 650) the power of the court to reconsider its decision on the same state of facts is maintained, though such power is rarely exercised. The rule requiring leave to be obtained before renewing a motion is one of practice merely, to avoid confusion and abuses, but does not affect the power of the court to reconsider its decision on a motion, upon additional facts. In this respect such decisions and orders differ essentially from judgments in actions or special proceedings.
In the present case the question whether as matter of fact the restrictions in the Kearney and Macomb agreement diminished the value of the premises was not litigated on the original motion. No proof whatever was given upon the point by either party and all that this court decided was that in the absence of any proof, or even allegation, to that effect, it could not be assumed that such covenants, evidently made for the benefit of all the lots on the street, injuriously affected the value of the one in question to any extent whatever. This decision clearly left it open to the appellants, by supplying the proof on this point, to renew their motion to be discharged from their purchase. In the papers on the present motion the counsel by whom the original motion was made *Page 380 
explains the omission by stating in his affidavit that although he was aware when he discovered the existence of the court-yard agreement that it diminished the value of the premises to the extent of several thousand dollars, it did not then nor in the subsequent proceedings occur to either him or the counsel whom he consulted, that it was material or necessary to aver or state that fact because they considered that the existence of a court-yard in front of the premises without the right to build thereon was an incumbrance in law, rendering the averment or proof of special damages wholly unnecessary, and hence he did not advise his clients to aver or prove the fact. In the Supreme Court this defect in the proof was not noticed nor was the decision rendered on any such ground. At Special Term the order was made on the ground as appears from the opinion of BRADY, J., that the purchasers at the sale bought only the right, title and interest of the lessee and were bound to ascertain the extent of such right by investigation and inquiry, and that they took at their peril when they omitted to exact the necessary information. This order was affirmed at the General Term under the mistaken impression, as appears from the opinion of DAVIS, P.J., that the judgment of this court in the case of Clark v. New York LifeInsurance Company held that the court-yard agreement did not apply to any part of the premises and that there was nothing to prevent the purchasers from building to the exterior line of the lease-hold property, and the objection must therefore fail. But the learned judge says that there would be a serious question on that point were it not for that decision.
It was not until the case reached this court that the question whether the covenant injured the value of the premises was mooted, and then for the first time the absence of proof on that point was found to be material. Under such circumstances the appellants cannot be deemed concluded as to that.
We think it clear that upon the facts as they now appear the appellants are not liable for the deficiency arising on the re-sale and that the order of the General Term must be reversed and the order at Special Term affirmed in so far as *Page 381 
it restrains the collection of that deficiency. The order at Special Term however goes further, and declares that the orders against appellants for such deficiency are satisfied by the purchase of the premises by the respondents at the re-sale. We do not see on what principle that part of the order can be sustained, but this is a merely formal matter, for the order proceeds to direct that the appellants be relieved from completing their purchase at the sale of July 12, 1875, and from paying the residue of the purchase-money and from paying any deficiency or expenses which may arise on any subsequent sale. This portion of the order, if sustained, effectually relieves the appellants from further liability. We think that it was competent for the court below to grant this relief upon the additional facts presented on the present motion. The more regular mode of proceeding would have been, after the decision of this court, to apply to the court below for leave to renew the motion to be discharged from their purchase on supplying the proofs which this court held to be deficient. The affirmance of the order by this court did not add to its effect, or preclude a renewal of the motion on different facts, if the court below should see fit to permit such renewal. By hearing the motion and granting the relief the court did in fact give such permission and its order is not vitiated by the circumstance that the permission was not separately or preliminarily obtained. The court might if it had seen fit have insisted upon that preliminary, but it had the power to dispense with it and entertain and dispose of the whole matter in one order, and that course is not error for which its order should be reversed on appeal if right upon the merits. The case presents hardships upon both sides, but these arise from the nature and condition of the property and not from any default or misconduct on the part of the appellants. On the facts now disclosed they had the right to object to the title. Conceding that they were bound to take notice of the covenants in the lease, they were still entitled to demand a conveyance of all the leasehold interest which the lease purported to create, free from any incumbrance *Page 382 
or condition not contained in the lease and of which notice was not given them, which might injuriously affect the value of the premises offered for sale. Any other rule would render it unsafe for any person to bid at a judicial sale, and such sales would necessarily result in a wanton sacrifice of the property. Having this right to object, they should not for so doing be visited with the loss resulting from the changed condition of the property which has occurred during the time consumed in the efforts of the respondents to compel them to accept the title. The case is not one in which compensation for the defect will do justice to the purchasers. The respondents who are the mortgagees have bought in the property at a nominal sum and it may be that it is of little or no value, but the facts are not such as to render the appellants liable for this loss.
The order of the General Term should be reversed and that of the Special Term affirmed, except as to that portion of the order which declares the sum decreed against the appellants for deficiency satisfied, and without costs to either party, in this court or the court below.
All concur, except MILLER and EARL, JJ., absent.
Ordered accordingly.