Court Opinion

ID: 4670133
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-22 16:01:40.803831+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:33.949960
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 11-685V

                                 (E-Filed: March 22, 2021)1

                                             )
    TRYSTAN SANCHEZ, by and                  )
    through his parents, GERMAIN and         )
    JENNIFER SANCHEZ,                        )
                                             )
                       Petitioners,          )       Vaccine; National Childhood Vaccine
                                             )       Injury Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C.
    v.                                       )       §§ 300aa-1 to -34; Scope of Remand;
                                             )       Review of Special Master’s Decision.
    SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND                  )
    HUMAN SERVICES,                          )
                                             )
                       Respondent.           )
                                             )

Lisa A. Roquemore, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, for petitioners.

Jennifer L. Reynaud, Trial Attorney, with whom were Jeffrey Bossert Clark, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, C. Salvatore d’Alessio, Acting Director, Catherine E.
Reeves, Deputy Director, Heather L. Pearlman, Assistant Director, Torts Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.

                                          OPINION

CAMPBELL-SMITH, Judge.

      Petitioners filed the petition in this case on October 17, 2011. See ECF No. 1.
The special master issued his initial entitlement decision on October 9, 2018. See ECF
No. 205. Thereafter, petitioners filed a motion for review with this court, see ECF No.

1
       This opinion was filed on February 12, 2021, in accordance with Rule 18(b) of the
Vaccine Rules, Appendix B to the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims. See ECF
No. 278. Pursuant to ¶ 4 of the ordering language, the parties were to propose redactions of the
information contained therein on or before February 26, 2021. No proposed redactions were
submitted to the court.
207, which was denied, and the special master’s decision was sustained, on February 11,
2019, see ECF No. 217.

       Petitioners then filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit on April 10, 2019. See ECF No. 220. On April 7, 2020, the Federal
Circuit vacated this court’s opinion sustaining the special master’s entitlement decision
and remanded the case for further proceedings. See Sanchez v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 809 F. App’x 843 (2020).

       The special master issued a second entitlement decision on August 26, 2020, in
which he again denied the relief requested by petitioners. 2 See ECF No. 253.
Petitioners’ motion for review of the special master’s August 26, 2020 decision is the
motion now before the court. See ECF No. 260. Respondent filed its response on
October 19, 2020, see ECF No. 265, and petitioners filed a reply on October 30, 2020,
see ECF No. 269. The motion is now fully briefed and ripe for ruling. The court has
considered all of the arguments presented by the parties and addresses the issues that are
pertinent to the court’s ruling in this opinion. For the following reasons, petitioner’s
motion for review is DENIED, and the special master’s August 26, 2020 entitlement
decision is SUSTAINED.

I.     Background

      Trystan Sanchez was born in August 2008. See ECF No. 253 at 2. The special
master describes this case as follows:

       When [Trystan] was conceived, he inherited from his father a mutation in a
       gene known as an SDHA gene. Coincidentally, he inherited from his mother
       a different mutation in the SDHA gene. However, these mutations were not
       detected for many years. In the litigation, the parties dispute the
       consequences of these mutations.

Id. More specifically, petitioners argue that “several vaccines, including the [diphtheria-
tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP)], caused [Trystan’s] neurodegeneration that was
ultimately diagnosed as a mitochondrial disorder, Leigh’s Syndrome.” ECF No. 260 at 9.
Respondents disagree with that assessment.

       A.      Overview of Trystan’s Relevant Medical History

2
       Throughout this opinion, when the court cites to the special master’s August 26, 2020
decision, for clarity of the narrative, it will not always include the sources to which the special
master cited unless specifically relevant.

                                                  2
       The central disagreement in this case involves Trystan’s condition following his
six-month well-visit. In his post-remand decision, the special master recites the
following summary facts:

       At the age of six-months, on February 5, 2009, Trystan was seen by a
       pediatrician who found Trystan to be developing normally. In this
       appointment, Trystan received a series of vaccinations including a dose of
       the dip[h]theria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination.

       On the day and evening following the vaccination, Trystan cried
       inconsolably. He also had a hot red mark on his thigh, and developed a fever
       that ebbed and flowed for a few days.

       On February 16, 2009, Trystan was suffering from a common cold. In the
       course of this illness, he was congested, had a fever, and jerked around in his
       father’s arms. Trystan also contorted his arms.

       Trystan had more colds for which his parents brought him to a pediatrician
       at the end of April 2009 and in May 2009. During this time, Trystan began
       to lose some developmental skills.

       Trystan’s parents brought him for medical attention in August 2009. During
       this appointment, a physician’s assistant noticed his lack of development and
       referred him to additional medical services. This referral eventually led to
       an appointment with a neurologist, who also documented problems with
       Trystan.

ECF No. 253 at 2-3. Several years later, Trystan was diagnosed with Leigh’s syndrome,
which is “a severe neurological disorder that often presents in the first year of life and is
characterized by progressive loss of mental and movement abilities and typically results
in death within a couple years.” Id. (citations omitted).

       According to the special master, the medical records indicate that after receiving
the vaccinations on February 5, 2009, Trystan was evaluated next by a medical
professional on February 17, 2009, when petitioners took him to an urgent care facility.
See id. at 4. Trystan was evaluated by physician’s assistant Jonathon P. Luna who
diagnosed him with a “common cold” and “[v]iral syndrome.” Id. (citations omitted).
Petitioners told Mr. Luna that Trystan “had been coughing and congested with fever,” but
the records do not show that petitioners “told Mr. Luna anything about Trystan exhibiting
unusual arm movements or other signs of a neurological condition.” Id.

       The testimony offered by Trystan’s father, Germain Sanchez, includes details not
recorded by Mr. Luna. He states that on February 16, 2009:

                                              3
       Trystan was very hot with a fever of 103.2 and kept crying inconsolably . . . .
       When I held Trystan in my arms and tried to calm him down, I noticed a
       change[] in Trystan. He felt very stiff and uncomfortable. Originally, I
       thought he was throwing some kind of fit and trying to show how miserable
       he felt by stiffening his body. . . . I had never seen a child do that before.
       Trystan began to hold his arm behind his back with a lot of tension and jerk
       his head back. When I tried to comfort him and gently put his arm back to
       the normal position, Trystan would go right back to holding it behind his
       back again. This lasted for only a few minutes. . . . (We later learned that
       this was likely a seizure, but we had no idea at the time that it was occurring.)
       We continued to rock Trystan to sleep and this strange behavior slowly
       subsided.

Id. (citing Germain Sanchez affidavit dated October 5, 2011).

        Trystan was next seen by a medical provider on April 29, 2009, when he was
diagnosed with an ear infection and bronchitis by Dr. Nabil R. Seleem. See id. at 67. Dr.
Seleem reported “[n]o unusual arm movements or developmental issues,” and “noted
‘[n]o neurological symptoms.’” Id. (citations omitted). And on May 13, 2009, Trystan
was seen by Dr. Philip Brown, who “observed that Trystan’s infection appeared to be
resolving,” and made “[n]o reports of the loss of eye contact or an inability to roll over.”
Id. (citations omitted).

       On August 17, 2009, Trystan was seen by physician’s assistant Micaela Marin-
Tucker for his one-year well-visit. See id. at 70. Ms. Marin-Tucker noted in Trystan’s
record that his mother had “noticed a change in [his] development about 2-3 months
ago.” Id. (citations omitted). “Upon a review of systems, Ms. Marin-Tucker found that
Trystan did not walk, stand, crawl, and hold his head up while sitting, or make any
attempt to move his lower extremities.” Id. at 71 (citations omitted). She further noted
that “his extremities seemed soft yet rigid at times.” Id. (citations omitted). Following
this examination, Ms. Marin-Tucker referred Trystan to a neurologist, physical therapist,
and an occupational therapist. See id. At the same appointment, “Trystan received his
third hepatitis B vaccine, as well as his second doses of the pneumococcal conjugate,
DTaP, and Hib vaccines.” Id. (citations omitted).

      Ms. Marin-Tucker examined Trystan again during a follow-up visit on October 7,
2009. See id. at 72. She “noted no seizures, weakness, or tics. She made no notation of
tremors or twitching.” Id. But she “found Trystan to be unable to grasp, sit, crawl, or
make much eye contact.” Id.

      On November 12, 2009, Dr. David J. Michelson, a neurologist, evaluated Trystan
and found that he was experiencing “muscle spasms, global developmental delay,

                                              4
weakness [and] walking problems,” among other things. Id. at 74. He also noted that
“[w]hile Trystan had previously held his right arm stiffly behind him episodically, he had
not done this lately.” Id. Dr. Michelson ordered an MRI, which was performed in
December 2009 and showed “problems in Trystan’s basal ganglia,” consistent with
Leigh’s syndrome. 3 Id. at 74-75.

       B.      Petition for Compensation and Coincident Developments

       In their petition, petitioners allege that the vaccinations Trystan received on
February 5, 2009, “were the actual cause of Trystan’s symptoms including fever and
subsequent seizure activity/disorder leading to his development issues.” ECF No. 1 at 12.
In support of the petition, petitioners submitted medical records, testimony from family
members, and expert testimony, including testimony from Dr. Lawrence Steinman, a
pediatric neurologist. See ECF No. 253 at 3-4.

        Petitioner’s expert, Dr. Steinman, relied on Mr. Sanchez’s report of Trystan’s
unusual arm movements on February 16, 2009, in his evaluation. See id. at 4. In his first
report, Dr. Steinman first stated that “‘[e]leven days [after receiving the vaccinations] in
the context of a febrile illness, [Trystan] may have had a seizure, manifest[ed] by
stiffening and holding his arm behind his back with a lot of tension and jerked his head
back.’” See id. at 5 (citing Dr. Steinman’s September 28, 2011 report) (emphasis in
original and internal quotation marks omitted). Later in the report, Dr. Steinman’s
assessment of Trystan’s arm movements appears more definitive; he notes that Trystan
“‘was given multiple vaccines, he suffered from fever and he suffered from seizures.’”
Id. (citing Dr. Steinman’s September 28, 2011 report). Despite this apparent
inconsistency, the special master characterizes the remainder of Dr. Steinman’s report as
“premised upon Trystan having a seizure.” Id.

       In Dr. Steinman’s opinion, the vaccines “triggered” Trystan’s seizures, and but for
the vaccinations, Trystan “would not have suffered such devastating neurological
consequences.” Id. (quoting Dr. Steinman’s September 28, 2011 report) (quotation
marks omitted). According to respondent, however, Trystan did not suffer neurological
consequences close enough in time to receiving the vaccines to be entitled to
compensation. See id. Of particular relevance to the outcome of this case, “the parties
and their experts disputed whether Trystan displayed unusual arm movements starting in
February 2009.” Id. at 6.

3
        Trystan continued to receive medical care after the December 2009 MRI, but because the
central issue in this case relates to the events in 2009, the court will omit the detailed recitation
of those facts here and instead will include any relevant aspects of that care in the analysis
section of this opinion.

                                                  5
       On April 10, 2013, the special master issued a document titled Ruling Finding
Facts, ECF No. 45, which was intended to serve as the basis for expert reports and
ultimately an entitlement decision. See id. at 6-8. In the ruling, the special master
concluded, among other things, that “Trystan did not begin to exhibit arm contortions” at
the time of the February 17, 2009 urgent care visit. ECF No. 45 at 13. He also found that
between the February 17, 2009 urgent care visit and the next pediatrician visit on April
29, 2009, Trystan “did not lose control of his head and trunk, nor did he stop making eye
contact or stop wanting to play anymore. He did not exhibit arm contortions.” Id.

       During the following years of this litigation, however, the facts and expert
opinions related to Trystan’s condition continued to develop. In 2014, Trystan underwent
genetic testing which revealed “a heterozygous mutation in the SDHA gene.” ECF No.
253 at 10. Thereafter, Trystan was diagnosed with Leigh’s syndrome. See id. at 12 n.7.
Petitioners presented several expert reports, including one from Dr. Dmitriy Niyazov, an
expert in mitochondrial disorders, in which the doctors opined that Trystan’s Leigh’s
syndrome initially manifested as the inconsolable crying and fever he experienced after
the February 5, 2009 vaccinations. See id. at 12-13. Dr. Niyazov also took the view that
absent the vaccinations, Trystan’s genetic mutations may not have developed into Leigh’s
syndrome at all. See id. at 13. Dr. Steinman issued another report, dated December 10,
2015, in which, according to the special master, he “roughly presented the same view.”
Id.

        In response to Dr. Niyazov’s and Dr. Steinman’s reports, respondent produced a
report from Dr. Gerald Raymond, an expert in genetics and neurology. 4 See id. at 5-6,
14. In this report, Dr. Raymond concluded that Trystan is “‘a child with Leigh syndrome
secondary to mutations in the gene SDHA. This is the sole cause of his neurologic
condition and the onset was not caused by immunizations received and his disease course
is consistent with the condition and was not aggravated by the receipt of vaccination.’”
Id. at 14 (quoting Dr. Raymond’s March 16, 2016 report). After the parties exchanged
additional expert reports to address this disagreement, the special master set the case for a
hearing, and ultimately found that petitioners were not entitled to compensation. See id.
at 14-15; ECF No. 205.

       After this court sustained that entitlement decision, see ECF No. 217, the Federal
Circuit vacated that decision, and remanded the case to the special master for further
proceedings, noting that the special master’s decision “left certain critical issues

4
       Respondent has also presented expert testimony from Dr. Stephen J. McGeady, Dr.
Edward Cetaruk, and Dr. Dean Jones. See ECF No. 253 at 27-30. Their opinions will be
discussed more fully where relevant.

                                             6
unresolved,” 5 see Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at 844. On remand, the special master
permitted the parties to file additional expert reports and held an additional hearing. See
ECF No. 253 at 20-21. After considering the Federal Circuit’s April 7, 2020 decision and
the record in this case, the special master issued his August 26, 2020 decision, of which
petitioners now seek review. See id. at 21; ECF No. 260.

II.    Legal Standards

       This court has jurisdiction to review the decision of a special master in a Vaccine
Act case. See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2). “Under the Vaccine Act, the Court of Federal
Claims reviews the decision of the special master to determine if it is ‘arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law[.]’” de Bazan
v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 539 F.3d 1347, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting 42
U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2)(B) and citing Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 418
F.3d 1274, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2005)).

      This court uses three distinct standards of review in Vaccine Act cases, depending
upon which aspect of a special master’s judgment is under scrutiny.

       These standards vary in application as well as degree of deference. Each
       standard applies to a different aspect of the judgment. Fact findings are
       reviewed . . . under the arbitrary and capricious standard; legal questions
       under the “not in accordance with law” standard; and discretionary rulings
       under the abuse of discretion standard.

Munn v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 970 F.2d 863, 870 n.10 (Fed. Cir.
1992).

       As the Federal Circuit has held, when reviewing a special master’s decision, this
court does not “reweigh the factual evidence, assess whether the special master correctly
evaluated the evidence, or examine the probative value of the evidence or the credibility
of the witnesses—these are all matters within the purview of the fact finder.” Porter v.
Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 663 F.3d 1242, 1249 (Fed. Cir. 2011). “Rather, as long
as a special master’s finding of fact is ‘based on evidence in the record that [is] not
wholly implausible, we are compelled to uphold that finding as not being arbitrary or
capricious.’” Id. (quoting Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 617 F.3d 1328,
1338 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). Under this standard “reversible error is ‘extremely difficult to
demonstrate’ if the special master ‘has considered the relevant evidence of record, drawn
plausible inferences and articulated a rational basis for the decision.’” Lampe v. Sec’y of

5
       The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s decision and the scope of
the remand is the subject of some dispute between the parties and is addressed more fully below.

                                               7
Health & Hum. Servs., 219 F.3d 1357, 1360 (quoting Hines v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 940 F.2d 1518, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1991)).

        Petitioners bear the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
“the vaccination brought about [their] injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally
connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect
showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of a
proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at
1278. “Because causation is relative to the injury, . . . petitioner[s] must provide a
reputable medical or scientific explanation that pertains specifically to the petitioner[s’]
case, although the explanation need only be ‘legally probable, not medically or
scientifically certain.’” Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 618 F.3d 1339,
1345 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (quoting Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 35 F.3d 543,
548-49 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). If petitioners “satisf[y] this burden, [they are] ‘entitled to
recover unless [respondent] shows, also by a preponderance of evidence, that the injury
was in fact caused by factors unrelated to the vaccine.’” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278
(quoting Knudsen, 35 F.3d at 547).

III.   Analysis

       A.     The Federal Circuit’s Opinion Remanding the Case

      The Federal Circuit summarized petitioner’s three primary grounds for appeal as
follows:

       First, the petitioners contend that the rulings of the special master and the
       Claims Court are contrary to the 2015 decision of this court in Paluck v.
       Secretary of Health & Human Services, 786 F.3d 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2015).
       Second, they argue that the central component of the special master’s
       ruling—that Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome was not triggered by his February
       5, 2009, vaccinations—is contrary to the evidence. Third, they argue that the
       special master failed to address their “challenge-rechallenge” argument, i.e.,
       their contention that the combination of the first vaccination in February
       2009, and the second vaccination, in August 2009, triggered or aggravated
       Trystan’s condition.

Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at 850. The Circuit noted its “extremely limited” authority to
review the special master’s factual findings, see id., and then addressed each issue in turn.

              1.     Paluck

      Petitioners in Paluck sought compensation for injuries sustained by their minor
son, who had an underlying mitochondrial disorder, after he received a series of

                                              8
vaccinations at his one-year well-visit. Paluck, 786 F.3d at 1377-78. In that case, the
child developed a fever, irritability, and fatigue within forty-eight hours of receiving the
vaccinations, and his doctors documented neurological decline within twenty-three days.
See id. at 1381-82. The special master concluded that the child’s decline was not
sufficiently “linear” to establish entitlement to compensation, but both this court and the
Federal Circuit disagreed. Id. at 1382-83. The Federal Circuit held that the special
master’s decision was arbitrary and capricious because he had failed to consider “‘the
record as a whole,’” in reaching this conclusion. Id. at 1382 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
13(a)(1)).

       The Federal Circuit also found that the special master had erred in setting a strict
timeframe within which symptoms must be apparent, made inferences unsupported by the
record, and arbitrarily disregarded record evidence. See id. at 1383-85. Accordingly, the
Circuit affirmed this court’s decision granting petitioner’s motion for review and vacating
the special master’s decision to deny compensation. See id. at 1386.

       In reviewing the present case, the Federal Circuit first noted the similarities
between this case and its decision in Paluck: “Like this case, Paluck involved a child
with a mitochondrial disorder. And, as in this case, the evidence in Paluck showed that
vaccines can activate the immune system, which in an individual with mitochondrial
disease can result in oxidative stress that can, in turn, cause progressive neurological
deterioration over time.” Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at 851. The Circuit, however,
concluded that there were sufficient differences between this case and Paluck, that Paluck
alone did not address all of the issues at bar. Id. Specifically, the Circuit noted that: “In
this case, unlike in Paluck, the special master did not adopt a strict time limit or a
requirement of ‘linearity’ for the manifestation of signs of Trystan’s neurological
regression. . . . Nor did the special master draw the improper inferences noted by this
court in Paluck or disregard medical evidence or the observations of the treating
physicians.” Id.

              2.     Causation Analysis

       The Federal Circuit next addressed petitioners’ arguments related to the special
master’s causation analysis. Id. at 852. Specifically, petitioners argued that Trystan’s
fever and inconsolable crying following his February 5, 2009 vaccinations, along with his
arm contortions eleven days later, on February 16, 2009, are evidence that Trystan “had
suffered an adverse neurological event.” Id. In his original entitlement decision, the
special master rejected this argument, concluding that Trystan’s symptoms on February
16, 2009 were typical cold symptoms. See id. The Circuit explained petitioners’
argument on appeal as follows:

       The petitioners do not challenge the finding that Trystan was suffering from
       a cold, but they contend that the evidence shows that he was also suffering

                                              9
       from a neurological injury at that time. In particular, the petitioners dispute
       the special master’s finding that Trystan’s symptoms—his arm contortions
       in particular—were symptoms of a cold. That finding, they contend, is
       wholly lacking in record support.

Id.
       In this regard, the Circuit identified a discrepancy between the facts included in
the special master’s Ruling Finding Facts and the published entitlement decision:

       In his 2013 Ruling Finding Facts, the special master found that although
       Trystan “kept kicking his feet and jerking around” in his father’s arms on that
       evening, he “did not begin to exhibit arm contortions” at that time, and he
       “did not exhibit arm contortions” between that time and the time Ms. Sanchez
       took him to the doctor in late April 2009. In the 2018 Published Decision
       Denying Compensation, however, the special master found that on that
       evening, Trystan’s “arms contorted and he was jerking around.”

Id. Given the centrality of this fact to petitioner’s theory of causation, the Circuit found
that the contradiction between the two documents was “significant.” Id.

       In the 2013 Ruling Finding Facts, the special master noted that: “The parties are
ordered to provide this ruling to any expert they retain. If the expert’s opinion is not
consistent with these findings of fact, the opinion is likely to not be persuasive.” ECF
No. 45 at 16. The Federal Circuit noted that defendant’s experts relied on the 2013
Rulings Finding Fact, and “did not have before them the special master’s later finding
that Trystan’s arm contortions began as early as February 16.” Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at
852. In addition, the Circuit noted, if the special master changed his view of the date on
which Trystan’s arm contortions began based on his father’s testimony, that could lend
credence to Dr. Steinman’s opinion. See id. at 852-53. For these reasons, the Circuit
found it “necessary to remand for further consideration of the causation issue in light of
the special master’s findings in 2018 regarding Trystan’s arm contortions.” Id. at 853.

       The Federal Circuit also concluded that, in his causation analysis, the special
master did not carefully delineate between the second and third Althen factors, and
directed the special master to do so on remand. See id. The Circuit explained that:

       it is important for the special master to make explicit findings as to two
       separate issues: (1) whether there was a logical sequence of cause and
       effect linking Trystan’s vaccinations and his injuries as well as a proximate
       temporal relationship between the vaccinations and the onset of the injuries;
       and (2) whether Trystan’s infections between February and May of 2009
       caused the manifestation of his Leigh’s syndrome, independent of his
       vaccinations.

                                             10
Id. If, however, “the special master finds that the petitioners have not met their burden as
to the first issue, it is unnecessary for the special master to address the second issue.” Id.

              3.     Challenge-Rechallenge

       Next, the Federal Circuit held that the special master failed to fully consider
petitioners’ challenge-rechallenge theory, which is a “theory of causation . . . that the
combined effect of the February and August vaccinations caused or aggravated Trystan’s
condition.” Id. at 854. The special master focused on the findings in the 2013 Ruling
Finding Facts, but did not account for petitioners’ expert testimony offered after that
ruling was made, which focused on the challenge-rechallenge theory. See id.

       The Circuit also found that the medical records from August 17, 2009, the date on
which Trystan received his second round of vaccinations, and October 7, 2009, the date
on which he was seen for a follow-up visit, may indicate some “loss of skills during [that]
period.” Id. It was, therefore, an error for the special master to not explicitly address the
challenge-rechallenge theory. Id.

              4.     Whether Trystan’s Leigh’s Syndrome Would Have Been the Same
                     Regardless of the Vaccinations

       Finally, the Federal Circuit held that “it may be necessary for the special master to
address . . . whether [respondent] showed, because of Trystan’s mutations, the timing and
severity of his Leigh’s syndrome would have been the same, regardless of the effect of
the vaccinations.” Id. The Circuit noted that the science on this point “has been
developing rapidly,” and suggested that “the special master on remand may wish to give
the parties an opportunity to supplement the record with any relevant medical research or
reports postdating the hearing held by the special master two and one-half years ago.” Id.

       B.     The Special Master’s Decision on Remand

       Following the Federal Circuit’s opinion remanding the case, the special master
accepted supplemental expert and status reports from the parties, and held a hearing on
July 9, 2020, during which the parties’ experts testified. See ECF No. 245 (transcript of
hearing).

       On August 26, 2020, the special master issued a lengthy new entitlement decision
taking into account the Federal Circuit’s opinion. See ECF No. 253. After recounting
the factual and procedural background of this case, and discussing the qualifications of
the parties’ experts, the special master addressed the petitioners’ burden under the test set
forth by the Federal Circuit in Althen. See id. at 1-31. As noted above, petitioners bear
the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that “the vaccination brought

                                             11
about [the] injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination
and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination
was the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of a proximate temporal relationship
between vaccination and injury.” 6 Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278.

              1.      First Althen Factor

       The special master found, as he had in his first entitlement decision, that
petitioners met their burden to prove a “medical theory causally connecting the
vaccination and the injury.” Id. (citations omitted); ECF No. 253 at 31-34; see also ECF
No. 205. He also noted that on appeal, despite the fact that respondent argued in a
footnote that the special master had committed a harmless error with regard to the first
Althen factor, the parties did not address the matter fully before the Federal Circuit. See
ECF No. 253 at 32. And, the special master understood the Federal Circuit to “endorse
the theory that vaccines can cause fever and fever can cause neurodegeneration based
upon its opinion in Paluck.” Id.

        Furthermore, the special master reasoned, the law of the case doctrine “precludes
relitigation of issues explicitly or implicitly decided on appeal.” Id. at 33-34 (citing
Travelers Ins. Co. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 316, 325 (2006) (“The doctrine [of the
law of the case], of course does not constrain a trial court’s consideration of an issue that
has not been considered on appeal. . . . But the doctrine extends to issues that were
implicitly addressed.”); and Am. Satellite Co. v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. 468, 480
(1995) (quotation omitted)). Here, because respondent raised the issue of a harmless
error with regard to the first Althen factor on appeal, and the Federal Circuit did not
direct the special master to reconsider his findings, the special master declined to do so.
See id. at 34.

6
        After a lengthy discussion of causation under Althen, the special master addressed an
alternative theory under which he also found that petitioners were not entitled to compensation.
See ECF No. 253 at 80-97. Respondent argued, and the special master agreed, that Trystan’s
genetic mutations “constitute the sole substantial cause of [his] Leigh’s syndrome.” Id. at 81.
The special master considered this question in response to the Federal Circuit’s comment in its
decision remanding this case for further proceedings that “it may be necessary for the special
master to address . . . whether the Secretary showed, because of Trystan’s mutations, the timing
and severity of his Leigh’s syndrome would have been the same, regardless of the effect of the
vaccinations.” Sanchez v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 809 F. App’x 843, 854 (Fed. Cir.
2020); see also ECF No. 253 at 20 (special master noting the Federal Circuit’s invitation to
consider this issue further). Because the court agrees with the special master that petitioners
have not met their burden to prove causation under Althen, the special master’s decision on this
alternative theory is unnecessary to sustain his entitlement decision. Accordingly, the court
declines to review the strength of the scientific data bearing on the likely manifestation of
Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome absent administration of the vaccines.

                                               12
      “Accordingly, the finding in the October 9, 2018 decision remains undisturbed.
The theory that the DTaP vaccine can cause neurodegeneration, potentially through the
intermediate step of a fever, is sound and reliable under prong 1.” Id.

              2.     Second Althen Factor

       The second factor, and most complicated part of the Althen analysis in this case,
required the special master to evaluate whether petitioners had shown, by a
preponderance of the evidence, “a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the
vaccination was the reason for the injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278. In this section, the
special master addressed the timing of the onset of Trystan’s neurodegeneration, and
drew conclusions as to what that timing indicates about the causal relationship between
the vaccinations and Trystan’s injury. See ECF No. 253 at 38-80.

       According to petitioners, “Trystan’s response to the vaccine changed his life.” Id.
at 41. Petitioner’s expert Dr. Steinman testified at the post-remand hearing that after the
vaccinations, “Trystan started a ‘downward cascade,’” and experienced a continuous
process of neurodegeneration and loss of skill from that point. Id. And Dr. Niyazov
offered his opinion that Trystan’s “‘developmental regression was slowly developing
ever since the crying and fever took place as a result of the vaccination.’” Id. (quoting
Dr. Niyazov’s expert report, ECF No. 127-1 at 8).

       After reviewing a series of previously-decided vaccine cases that petitioners argue
militate in favor of compensation, see id. at 42-46, the special master reviewed Trystan’s
medical history between February 5, 2009—the date on which he received the vaccine—
and December 2009, see id. at 46-75, and gave particular attention to the notes made by
Trystan’s treating physicians, see id. at 75-80.

                     a.     Trystan’s Neurodegeneration

                            i.     February 5, 2009

        According to the special master, Trystan’s pediatrician, Dr. Philip Brown, found
Trystan’s “growth and development to be normal” at his six-month well-visit. Id. at 46.
Dr. Brown specifically found that Trystan was meeting the following developmental
milestones: “turning to sound, self-feeding, self-comforting, responding to his name,
sitting with support, grasping and mouthing objects, smiling, laughing, squealing,
showing interest in toys, showing differential recognition of parents, babbling
reciprocally, rolling over from back to front, and standing when placed.” Id. at 46-47.
He also noted that Trystan had “no head lag when pulled to sit.” Id. at 47. At the visit,
Trystan received the DTaP, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, inactivated
polio, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. See id.

                                            13
       After the wellness visit, Trystan cried inconsolably, developed a fever that ebbed
and flowed for several days, and developed a lump on his left thigh. See id. The special
master found that, of these three facts, the inconsolable crying was the “most important,”
because it “can be a manifestation of an encephalopathy or injury to the nervous system.”
Id. In support of this conclusion, the special master cited to testimony from both
petitioners’ and respondent’s experts—Dr. Steinman, Dr. Niyazov, and Dr. Raymond, as
well as a previously decided vaccine case, Estep v. Secretary of Health & Human
Services, No. 90-1062V, 1992 WL 357811, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 3, 1992),
mot. for rev. denied, 28 Fed. Cl. 664 (1993). See id. The special master also concluded,
however, that inconsolable crying is not necessarily a sign of injury, it could also be an
expression of discomfort or pain. See id. at 47-48. Respondent’s experts Dr. McGeady
and Dr. Raymond testified that Trystan’s crying was the latter. See id. at 48.

       The special master further concluded that “the presence of a fever is non-specific”
due to broad agreement that vaccines can cause an elevated temperature as part of a
normal response. Id. None of the experts expressed any unusual concern about the lump
on Trystan’s thigh. See id. at 48-49.

      In the special master’s view, petitioners and their experts “appear to place undue
weight on Trystan’s health on February 5-7, 2009. They seem to reason that because
inconsolable crying can be a manifestation of an encephalopathy or injury to the nervous
system, Trystan must have suffered a neurological injury.” Id. at 49. Considering the
evidence as a whole, however, “Trystan’s health could be entirely compatible with an
expected response to the vaccination given in the morning of February 5, 2009.” Id.

                            ii.    February 16-17, 2009

        Trystan again developed a fever, along with congestion, on February 15, 2009.
See id. at 54. Around midnight on February 16, 2009, Trystan’s fever increased, and he
began to cry very loudly. See id. Mr. Sanchez attempted to calm Trystan, but he
“startle[d] awake like he could not breathe through his stuffy nose.” Id. at 54-55. Mr.
Sanchez testified that when he was trying to calm Trystan, “‘he kept kicking his feet and
jerking around’” in his arms, “‘almost as if he didn’t want to be held.’” Id. at 55.
Petitioners did not take Trystan to the urgent care that night because after they gave him
some fever reducing medication, Trystan fell asleep. See id.

       The next morning, February 17, 2009, Trystan was examined by a physician’s
assistant Mr. Luna, and was diagnosed with a “‘[c]ommon cold,’” and “‘[v]iral
syndrome,’” and his fever was noted. Id. Mr. Luna’s notes, however, “do not indicate
that Ms. Sanchez told Mr. Luna anything about Trystan exhibiting unusual arm
movements or other signs of a neurological condition.” Id.

                                            14
       The parties’ experts presented opposing theories about Trystan’s symptoms, which
included “high-pitched cry[ing], fever, congestion, startling awake, jerking around, and
arm contortions.” Id. Dr. Steinman first opined that Trystan had experienced a seizure,
and later identified the reaction as dystonia. See id. Both Dr. Steinman and Dr. Niyazov
believe Trystan’s reaction was evidence of “an episode of neurodegeneration.” Id. The
special master noted that “[i]n contrast, in the December 2017 hearing, Dr. Raymond
maintained that these conditions (except for the arm contortions) reflected a common
cold.” Id.

       Considering the foregoing, the special master concluded that the evidence shows
that Trystan was suffering from a common cold or upper respiratory infection, from
which he recovered. See id. at 55-56. The special master found Dr. Steinman’s and Dr.
Niyazov’s “skepticism over such a basic point” reduced their credibility. Id. at 56. He
also found that the evidence indicated that Trystan’s February 15, 2009 fever was
different from his February 5, 2009 fever—and that there was no demonstrated
connection between the second fever and the vaccinations. See id.

       The special master then noted that “[b]eyond the fever and congestion that are part
of a common cold, Trystan also cried, startled awake, jerked around in his father’s arms,
and, most importantly for this remand decision, contorted his arms. These behaviors are
the foundations for Dr. Steinman’s opinion that Trystan suffered a seizure or dystonia.”
Id. Dr. Steinman’s credibility, however, was compromised by the fact that his opinion
evolved over time. See id.

       Dr. Steinman first suggested, based on Mr. Sanchez’s account of Trystan’s
behavior on the night of February 16, 2009, that Trystan had suffered a seizure. See id.
During the December 2017 hearing, Dr. Steinman acknowledged that a seizure could
only be diagnosed conclusively by an electroencephalogram (EEG), and that in the
absence of an EEG “we’re not very good at guessing.” See id. at 56-57. In light of this
weakness in his theory, Dr. Steinman then opined that “Trystan’s arm contortions were
dystonic posturing.” Id. at 57. Notably, the special master stated that Dr. Steinman’s
new opinion on dystonia was also based on Mr. Sanchez’s account of Trystan’s behavior
on the night of February 16, 2009. See id. At the time that the special master issued his
post-remand decision, Dr. Steinman was of the opinion that Trystan suffered from both
dystonia and seizures. See id. at 58.

        The special master found Dr. Steinman’s opinion unpersuasive for four reasons.
First, as Dr. Steinman himself acknowledged, seizure activity cannot be confidently
diagnosed absent an EEG, a test that was not performed on Trystan in mid-February
2009. See id. Second, when Trystan did develop seizures, they “involved deviation of

                                           15
his head and eye, an altered consciousness, and a postictal period.”7 Id. Based on the
difference in presentation and passage of time before confirmed seizures, the special
master concluded that petitioners had not demonstrated a pattern of seizures beginning in
February 2009. See id. Third, respondent’s expert disagreed with Dr. Steinman that
Trystan had suffered seizures. See id. And fourth, while the records from Trystan’s
treating physician, Dr. Haas, include a note about arm contortions, that note was made on
August 7, 2012, and was apparently a record of the narrative from Ms. Sanchez about
Trystan’s condition following the vaccinations. See id. Dr. Haas “did not assess the arm
contortions as indicative of a seizure or neurological issues.” Id. For these reasons, the
special master found that petitioners had not “established with preponderant evidence that
Trystan suffered a seizure on February 16, 2009.” Id. at 59.

       Having rejected petitioners’ theory that Trystan suffered a seizure on February 16,
2009, the special master then turned to the issue of whether Trystan had suffered
dystonia, which he defined as “‘dyskinetic movements due to disordered tonicity of
muscle.’” Id. He further explained that the term dyskinetic comes from the root word
dyskinesia, which means “‘distortion or impairment of voluntary movement, as in tic,
spasm, or myoclonus.’” Id. Dystonia originates in the basal ganglia, and “can be a
manifestation of many neurologic disorders,’” including Leigh’s syndrome. Id. Based
on expert testimony and medical journal arguments, the special master concluded that
“[t]he cumulative probability of having an onset of Leigh’s syndrome with dystonia at six
months is approximately five percent.” Id.

        Dr. Steinman and Dr. Raymond disagreed as to whether a six-month old was
likely to manifest dystonia by moving his arm behind his back, and Mr. Sanchez testified
Trystan had done on the night of February 16, 2009. See id. at 4, 60. According to Dr.
Raymond, six-month-old children would not have myelination progression sufficient to
allow such movement. See id. at 60. Dr. Steinman emphasized the progressive nature of
myelination, and believed dystonia was possible at six months of age. See id. The
special master noted that “[a]s an abstract question whether six-month-old infants are
sufficiently myelinated to experience dystonia by moving their arms backward is difficult
to answer on this case’s evidentiary record.” Id. He concluded, however, that Dr.
Raymond’s fellowship in developmental neuropathology qualified him better to answer
the question than Dr. Steinman’s fellowship in chemical immunology. See id. at 60-61.
“This difference in advanced specialization would break any tie in Dr. Raymond’s favor.”
Id. at 61.

7
       In the citations accompanying this sentence, the special master includes a reference to
“Exhibit 138 at 99 (Dr. Wong’s Dec. 7, 2010 report).” This citation appears to include a
typographical error, as it is a reference to Dr. Nicole M. Antonio’s July 12, 2016 report, which
appears at ECF No. 166-2, which is Exhibit 138 at 99-103. Dr. Valarie Wong’s December 7,
2010 report appears at ECF No. 116-2 at 9-11, which is Exhibit 138 at 9-11.

                                                16
       With regard to Trystan’s case specifically, Dr. Raymond opined that if he had
experienced dystonia on February 16, 2009, it would have been “persistent and obvious,”
while Dr. Steinman asserted that dystonia could be “intermittent.” Id. Dr. Steinman,
however, “could not specify how frequently even ‘intermittent’ dystonia appears.” Id.
The special master found the contention that “Trystan could have dystonia in February
but not again for many months” unpersuasive. Id. Based on the foregoing, the special
master concluded that petitioners “have not shown by preponderant evidence that
Trystan’s February 16, 2009 arm contortions were a manifestation of a seizure or an
episode of dystonia,” and that the “arm contortions do not constitute a neurologic
abnormality caused by his vaccination.” Id. at 62.

                            iii.   End of February to Beginning of April 2009

      After the February 17, 2009 visit with Mr. Luna, Trystan did not see a medical
provider again until April 29, 2009. See id. In the 2013 Ruling Finding Facts, the special
master found, and repeated in his post-remand entitlement decision, as follows:

       12.    Sometime [after February 17, 2009], Trystan’s extended family
       gathered to watch a boxing match. During this gathering, Trystan was sick,
       crying, fussy, and congested. He was not contorting his arms nor was he
       limp or rigid.

       13.    Between [Ms. Sanchez]’s birthday and the next time she took him to
       the doctor nearly two months later in late April, Trystan suffered from cough
       and congestion episodically. During this time, he did not lose control of his
       head and trunk, nor did he stop making eye contact or stop wanting to play
       anymore. He did not exhibit arm contortions.

Id. at 63 (quoting ECF No. 45 at 13) (citations omitted). He also characterized these facts
as “not contested.” Id. Neither of petitioners’ experts could identify facts to the contrary,
but noted that it was possible for parents to miss signs of delayed development in such a
young child. See id. at 63-64.

       Petitioners’ experts also argued that Trystan experienced a fade response, a
phenomenon written about by Dr. Bob Naviaux in an article called Commentary on,
Fever Plus Mitochondrial Disease Could Be Risk Factors for Autistic Regression by
Shoffner et al. See id. at 64. Dr. Niyazov, who relied on the article, could not say
whether the article was peer-reviewed, but relayed his personal confidence in Dr.
Naviaux. See id. The special master also noted that the article addressed children with
autism, not Leigh’s syndrome. See id. In the article, Dr. Naviaux describes children with
mitochondrial disease who suffer a fade response when they regress. See id. When a
child experiences a fade response, which can occur between two and ten days after a

                                             17
fever, “‘their consciousness fades,’” and the “‘child can become difficult to fully awaken,
or will stop walking, stop talking, stiffen or lose muscle tone, or have a seizure, or a
stroke-like episode.’” Id.

       The special master found, however, that there was “not preponderant evidence that
Trystan experienced a fade.” Id. at 65. According to the special master, “[t]here is no
evidence that in the months after his February 5, 2009 vaccination, Trystan began to lose
consciousness or was difficult to awaken. In contrast, the [2013] Ruling Finding Facts
found that Trystan continued to play.” Id. And the episode of arm contortions
experienced by Trystan on February 16, 2009 was “short-lived, singular, and did not
signify a neurologic injury due to vaccination.” Id. On this basis, the special master
found that the Naviaux article was “inapt,” id., and found Trystan’s case to be materially
different from the caselaw offered as analogous by petitioners, see id. at 65-66.

                             iv.    April to May 2009

        Based on the medical records presented in this case, the special master found that
Trystan had “relatively good health” from the end of February 2009 to mid-April 2009.
Id. at 67. On April 29, 2009, however, Trystan was diagnosed with an ear infection and
bronchitis by Dr. Seleem, who noted that Trystan had been suffering from a cough and
congestion for about two weeks. See id. At that time, Dr. Saleem noted “‘[n]o
neurological symptoms.’” Id. Trystan was next seen by Dr. Brown on May 13, 2009, at
which time his ear infection was clearing. See id. The doctor’s notes include no concern
about loss of eye contact or ability to roll over. See id.

        In presenting their theories, petitioners’ experts “largely ignored the visits with Dr.
Seleem and Dr. Brown.” Id. at 68. A fact that, the special master reasoned, is
“inconsistent with [Dr. Steinman’s] later testimony that ‘infections . . . can devastate or
kill’ children with mitochondrial diseases.” Id. After the special master questioned Dr.
Steinman on this point, Dr. Steinman opined that Trystan’s late-April, early-May illness
did not contribute to his neurological decline because he did not have a fever. See id. at
68-69. Dr. Niyazov, for his part, indicated that such illness could contribute to Trystan’s
decline, but maintained his theory that Trystan’s decline began on February 5, 2009. See
id. at 69. The special master did not credit this theory: “The flaw . . . is that . . .
[petitioners] have not presented persuasive evidence that Trystan’s decline started on
February 5, 2009.” Id.

                             v.     August 2009

       On August 8, 2009, Trystan cried inconsolably. See id. at 70. At some points of
the day, his body was limp; at others, he contorted his arms. See id. On August 17,
2009, Trystan was seen by physician’s assistant Ms. Marin-Tucker for his one-year well-
visit. See id. at 69, 70. At that visit, Ms. Sanchez reported to Ms. Marin-Tucker, that she

                                              18
“‘noticed a change in [Trystan’s] development about 2-3 months ago but since she had
taken [Trystan to the pediatric clinic] with Dr. Brown she thought that everything was
ok.’” Id. at 70 (citations omitted). Ms. Sanchez contradicted these notes when she
testified more than two years later that she had actually reported that Trystan’s
developmental changes began five to six months prior to the visit with Ms. Marin-
Tucker. 8 See id. at 70 n.39.
        During the visit, Ms. Marin-Tucker found that “Trystan did not walk, stand, crawl,
and hold his head up while sitting, or make any attempt to move his lower extremities.
She also noted in her examination that his extremities seemed soft, yet rigid at times.” Id.
at 71. Ms. Marin-Tucker referred Trystan to a neurologist, physical therapist, and
occupational therapist, and administered his second doses of the pneumococcal
conjugate, DTaP, and Hib vaccines, with directions to return the following week for the
measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and hepatitis A vaccines. See id.

       According to the special master, Trystan’s presentation at the August 17, 2009
well-visit was consistent both with Dr. Raymond’s explanation that “problems
originating in the basal ganglia would present . . . first with hypotonia and later with
dystonia,” and with Dr. Naviaux’s fade response theory. Id.

                             vi.    October to December 2009

       Petitioners took Trystan for a follow-up visit with Ms. Marin-Tucker on October
7, 2009. See id. at 72. “Ms. Marin-Tucker noted no seizures, weakness, or tics,” and
“made no notation of tremors or twitching.” Id. at 72. She did find, however, that
Trystan was “unable to grasp, sit, crawl, or make much eye contact.” Id.

       Dr. Steinman interpreted this report as evidence that Trystan’s neurological
condition had further deteriorated—a conclusion the special master found to be
reasonable. See id. Due to this decline, the special master evaluated whether Trystan had
experienced a challenge-rechallenge reaction. See id. “A rechallenge event occurs when
a patient who had an adverse reaction to a vaccine suffers worsened symptoms after an
additional injection of the vaccine.” Capizzano v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 440
F.3d 1317, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2006). In addition, according to Dr. Raymond, “‘[t]he
challenge should meet the criteria of same latency and same effects, and must exclude
well-accepted alternative explanations.’” ECF No. 253 at 72.

8
        The special master noted that Ms. Marin-Tucker’s report that Ms. Sanchez had noticed
changes in Trystan’s development two to three months before his August 17, 2009 well-visit—
between May 17, 2009 and June 17, 2009—suggests a logical connection between his late-April,
early-May illness and his decline. See id. at 69-70. This timeline fits more neatly with the
theories advanced by the medical literature that decline would occur within about two weeks of
the inciting event. See id. at 70.

                                             19
        Petitioners contested Dr. Raymond’s additional criteria, but the special master
ultimately decided that the nuance was immaterial because petitioners “have not
established the challenge aspect” of the challenge-rechallenge theory because they “have
not presented preponderant evidence that Trystan suffered any neurologic problem within
at least one month of the February 5, 2009 vaccine.” Id. at 73. He concluded that, “by
simple definition, without a ‘challenge,’ there can be no ‘rechallenge.’” Id. Moreover,
the reactions Trystan displayed after each set of vaccinations were not sufficiently
similar. See id.
        The special master stated his conclusion with regard to the second Althen factor,
as follows:

       In sum, this section . . . has considered both how [petitioners’] experts
       predicted an adverse reaction to the vaccination would appear and how
       Trystan actually appeared. Because of the dichotomy between the predicted
       and the actual, the sequence of events is not logical. Thus, [petitioners] have
       not met their burden regarding prong 2.

Id. at 75.

                            vii.   Treating Doctors

       As part of his analysis of the second Althen factor, and in accord with the Federal
Circuit’s directive, the special master took particular note of the information available
from Trystan’s treating physicians. See id. (citing Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1326). He
concluded, however, that petitioners “overstate the significance of these reports.” Id. He
summarized the basis for his conclusions for each of four treating physicians.

      First, in 2010 and 2011, Dr. Jennifer Friedman raised the possibility that Trystan
may have acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which could be related to a
vaccination. See id. The special master discounted this opinion because Trystan suffers
from Leigh’s syndrome, not ADEM. See id.

       Second, Dr. Akhil Sharma’s notes included, on October 2, 2013—and again on
June 26, 2015—a conclusion that Trystan had a “‘probable vaccine induced injury.’” Id.
at 76. This conclusion, however, was based not on Dr. Sharma’s evaluation, but on Ms.
Sanchez’s recitation of Trystan’s history. See id. For this reason, the special master
concluded that “Dr. Sharma’s reports carry little persuasive value.” Id.

       Third, Dr. Haas, who first saw Trystan on August 7, 2012, recorded Trystan’s
medical history as recited by petitioners, much like Dr. Sharma. See id. In those notes,
he stated: “Trystan is a 4 year old boy who had acute onset regression and dystonia at 6
months of age, following vaccination, which repeated with the next set of vaccines at 12
months.” Id. at 77. The special master first notes that Dr. Haas’ observation that Trystan

                                             20
experienced symptoms “following vaccination” is a “recitation of a chronological
sequence of events [and] is not the same as an opinion regarding causation.” Id. at 78.
Moreover, these statements pre-date Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome diagnosis. See id.
After the diagnosis was made, Dr. Haas wrote a letter in which he stated: “Trystan Evan
Sanchez has a mitochondrial disease caused by Complex II deficiency of the respiratory
chain. This is a genetic disease causing in Trystan dystonia, developmental delay,
encephalopathy, neuromuscular disease[, and an] abnormal MRI.” Id. In the letter, Dr.
Haas did not link Trystan’s condition to the vaccinations. See id. Finally, the special
master considered Dr. Haas’ statement that due to his Leigh’s syndrome, “‘it is medically
acceptable for [Trystan] to avoid immunizations.’” Id. The special master concluded
that “a recommendation to avoid vaccinations is not necessarily the same as a statement
that a vaccine caused an injury.” Id.

       And fourth, Dr. Derek Wong saw Trystan on January 28, 2016. In recording
Trystan’s history, Dr. Wong quoted from Dr. Haas’ notes and documented Ms. Sanchez’s
recollection of Trystan’s developmental delays. See id. at 79. Dr. Wong acknowledged
Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome diagnosis, and noted that his “manifestations include
developmental regression, following vaccines and/or viral syndrome.” Id. at 80. In the
special master’s view, “Dr. Wong’s record provides little assistance to [petitioners]”
because “[a]t best . . . Dr. Wong recognizes a temporal sequence in which Trystan’s
developmental regression ‘follow[ed] vaccines and/or viral syndrome.’” Id.

      To summarize his findings based on the treating physician’s reports, the special
master stated:

      In summary, the records from four doctors who treated Trystan do not help
      [petitioners] meet their burden of showing that the DTaP vaccination
      contributed to Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome. Dr. Friedman presented her
      opinion before Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome was diagnosed after genetic
      studies. Dr. Sharma and Dr. Haas obtained histories that are not entirely
      accurate. Even so, Dr. Sharma, Dr. Haas, and Dr. Wong appear to present
      temporal sequences. Accordingly, while these reports have been considered,
      they do not constitute persuasive evidence for [petitioners].

Id.

             3.     Third Althen Factor

       In his analysis of the third Althen factor, the special master explained that the
inquiry has two parts. See id. at 34. “[T]he proximate temporal relationship prong
requires preponderant proof that the onset of symptoms occurred within a timeframe for
which, given the medical understanding of the disorder’s etiology, it is medically
acceptable to infer causation-in-fact.” Id. (quoting de Bazan, 539 F.3d at 1352). In other

                                            21
words, “[a] petitioner must show the ‘timeframe for which it is medically acceptable to
infer causation’ and that the onset of the disease occurred in this period.” Id. (quoting
Shapiro v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 101 Fed. Cl. 532, 542-43 (2011), recons.
denied after remand on other grounds, 105 Fed. Cl. 353 (2012), aff’d without op. 503 F.
App’x 952 (Fed. Cir. 2013)). The parties dispute both parts of the third Althen factor.

       With regard to the appropriate timeframe for inferring causation, the special
master reviewed a series of medical journal articles in his first entitlement decision,
which he concluded were not comprehensive, but “suggested that neurodegeneration
would occur within approximately two weeks.” Id. at 35. The special master also noted,
however, that on the basis of the Federal Circuit’s decision in Paluck, 786 F.3d at 1383,
he would not set a “hard and fast deadline.” Id. Because the Federal Circuit did not
“correct this approach” on appeal, the special master did not revise the approach on
remand. Id. at 38.

        The second part of the third factor required the special master to determine
“whether [petitioners] presented persuasive evidence that Trystan began to suffer lasting
neurologic problems within approximately two weeks of the vaccination.” Id. He
concluded that, based on his analysis of the second Althen factor, that petitioners had
failed to carry this burden. See id.

       Specifically, the special master found that within two weeks of his February 5,
2009 vaccinations, Trystan “experience[d] two episodes”—the “fever, inconsolable
crying and a mark on his leg” the night after receiving the vaccinations, and “fever,
congestion, restlessness, jerking around, and arm contortions” eleven days later. Id. at
66. The special master concluded, however, that the two episodes lacked context to
suggest they were “behaviors that suggested any neurologic problems from February 17,
2009, to at least May 1, 2009.” Id. Accordingly, the special master held that Trystan’s
neurologic problems began “well beyond the approximate two-week onset of symptoms
anticipated by [petitioners’] medical theory,” and as such, petitioners had failed to carry
their burden with regard to the third Althen factor. 9 Id. at 66-67.

       C.      Motion for Review

       Petitioners’ motion for review now before the court proceeds in four parts. First,
petitioners allege that the special master went beyond the Federal Circuit’s mandate on
remand by considering additional evidence and expert testimony with regard to Trystan’s

9
        The special master noted in his decision that “[t]o be clear, in determining that
[petitioners] have not met their burden regarding prong 3, [he did] not consider[] the effect of the
colds for which Trystan was treated on April 29, 2009 and May 13, 2009.” ECF No. 253 at 67
n.37.

                                                22
arm contortions, and relied on an “unfounded newly created fact” as a result. ECF No.
260 at 27, 24-42. Second, petitioners argue that the special master arbitrarily and
capriciously failed to consider the record as a whole in determining whether petitioners
carried their burden to prove causation, including with regard to their challenge-
rechallenge theory. See id. at 42-51. Third, petitioners argue that the special master
arbitrarily and capriciously failed to consider the record as a whole in concluding that the
infections Trystan suffered between February and May 2009 caused his Leigh’s
syndrome to manifest independent of the vaccines. See id. at 51-54. And finally,
petitioners argue that the special master’s decision that Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome was
the sole and substantial cause of his neurological condition was arbitrary and capricious
because he relied on only one reference. See id. at 54-74.

       The court will only review the first two of petitioners’ four arguments. As the
court has previously explained, in reviewing the initial entitlement decision in this case,
the Federal Circuit concluded that, in his causation analysis, the special master did not
carefully delineate between the second and third Althen factors, and directed the special
master to do so on remand. See Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at 853. The Circuit explained
that:

       it is important for the special master to make explicit findings as to two
       separate issues: (1) whether there was a logical sequence of cause and effect
       linking Trystan’s vaccinations and his injuries as well as a proximate
       temporal relationship between the vaccinations and the onset of the injuries;
       and (2) whether Trystan’s infections between February and May of 2009
       caused the manifestation of his Leigh’s syndrome, independent of his
       vaccinations.

Id. If, however, “the special master finds that the petitioners have not met their burden as
to the first issue, it is unnecessary for the special master to address the second issue.” Id.
In the post-remand entitlement decision, the special master found that petitioners did not
meet their burden on the first issue, and the court sustains that decision in this opinion.
Accordingly, as the Federal Circuit explicitly stated, addressing the second issue is
unnecessary.

       The court will likewise refrain from review of the special master’s determination
that Trystan’s genetic mutations “constitute the sole substantial cause of [his] Leigh’s
syndrome.” ECF No. 253 at 81. The special master considered this question in response
to the Federal Circuit’s comment in its decision remanding this case for further
proceedings that “it may be necessary for the special master to address . . . whether the
Secretary showed, because of Trystan’s mutations, the timing and severity of his Leigh’s
syndrome would have been the same, regardless of the effect of the vaccinations.”
Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at 855; see also ECF No. 253 at 20 (special master noting the
Federal Circuit’s invitation to consider this issue further). Because the court sustains the

                                             23
special master’s conclusion that petitioners have not met their burden to prove causation
under Althen, the special master’s decision on this alternative theory is unnecessary to
sustain his entitlement decision. Accordingly, the court declines to review the strength of
the scientific data bearing on the likely manifestation of Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome
absent administration of the vaccines.

              1.     Evidence and Testimony Regarding Trystan’s Arm Contortions

                     a.     Scope of the Mandate

       As an initial matter, petitioners argue that the special master “went beyond the
scope of the [m]andate by ordering additional expert reports and testimony on the issue of
whether the arm contortions in February of 2009 were consistent with a cold.” ECF No.
260 at 24. According to petitioners, the Federal Circuit wanted the special master “to
address causation given his finding of the arm contortions on February 16, 2009 and
given that the finding that it was consistent with a cold was unsupported.” Id. (emphasis
in original). Petitioners, therefore, ask the court to exclude “any new facts obtained from
the expert reports filed post remand and/or at the Remand hearing on July 10, 2020.” Id.

        “The mandate rule provides that ‘issues actually decided [on appeal]—those
within the scope of the judgment appealed from, minus those explicitly reserved or
remanded by the court—are foreclosed from further consideration’” Amado v. Microsoft
Corp., 517 F.3d 1353, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting Engel Indus., Inc. v. Lockformer
Co., 166 F.3d 1379, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). “Unless remanded by [the appellate] court,
all issues within the scope of the appealed judgment are deemed incorporated within the
mandate and thus are precluded from further adjudication.” Engel, 166 F.3d at 1383.

       Petitioners fundamentally misunderstand the Federal Circuit’s decision on this
point. The relevant section of the opinion reads as follows:

       In support of their argument on causation, the petitioners point to testimony
       from their experts that Trystan’s fever and inconsolable crying were
       evidence of the onset of neurodegeneration, and that Trystan’s arm
       contortions on February 16, 2009, only 11 days after his vaccinations, were
       also indicative that he had suffered an adverse neurological event.

       The special master rejected that argument, in large part because he
       concluded that Trystan was diagnosed with a cold on February 17, and that
       his symptoms the night before were of the type typically displayed by
       infants suffering from a cold. The petitioners do not challenge the finding
       that Trystan was suffering from a cold, but they contend that the evidence
       shows that he was also suffering from a neurological injury at that time. In
       particular, the petitioners dispute the special master’s finding that Trystan’s

                                             24
      symptoms—his arm contortions in particular—were symptoms of a cold.
      That finding, they contend, is wholly lacking in record support.

      Analyzing this issue is complicated by the manner in which the special
      master made factual findings relating to the events of February 16, 2009. In
      his 2013 Ruling Finding Facts, the special master found that although
      Trystan “kept kicking his feet and jerking around” in his father’s arms on
      that evening, he “did not begin to exhibit arm contortions” at that time, and
      he “did not exhibit arm contortions” between that time and the time Ms.
      Sanchez took him to the doctor in late April 2009. In the 2018 Published
      Decision Denying Compensation, however, the special master found that on
      that evening, Trystan’s “arms contorted and he was jerking around.”

      That discrepancy is significant. The government’s expert witnesses,
      testifying based on the special master’s 2013 findings, said that the
      symptoms exhibited by Trystan on the night of February 16, 2009—
      inconsolable, high-pitched crying and “jerking around” in his father’s
      arms—were consistent with a cold and were not indicative of a seizure.
      However, the government’s witnesses did not have before them the special
      master’s later finding that Trystan’s arm contortions began as early as
      February 16. Moreover, if the special master’s 2018 finding was based on
      the testimony of Trystan’s father, it seems plausible that Mr. Sanchez’s
      testimony—that Trystan repeatedly held his arm behind his back and kept
      returning it to that position—could be regarded as evidence of a seizure or
      dystonia, as the petitioners’ expert Dr. Steinman testified. And a seizure or
      dystonia at that time, Dr. Steinman testified, “could be evidence of brain
      damage.”

      Importantly, because of the change in the findings made with respect to the
      arm contortions, the special master’s finding that Trystan’s behavior on the
      night of February 16 was consistent with a cold is not supported by expert
      testimony that specifically addressed the arm contortions. Because this
      issue is of central importance to the causation analysis, it is necessary to
      remand for further consideration of the causation issue in light of the special
      master’s findings in 2018 regarding Trystan’s arm contortions.

Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at 852-53. Contrary to petitioner’s assertion, the Federal Circuit
did not find that the special master’s conclusion that Trystan’s arm contortions on
February 16, 2009, were consistent with a cold to be definitively unsupported by the
evidence. The court agrees with respondent’s assertion that “the Federal Circuit made
plain that the question remained open as to whether the arm contortions were evidence of
a seizure, dystonia, or a cold, because respondents’ experts had not been permitted, prior

                                            25
to the special master’s 2018 Decision, to offer testimony on this fact pattern.” ECF No.
265 at 20-21 n.15.

       Because the Circuit explicitly remanded this case for further consideration of
causation as a result of the out-of-date information on which some experts based their
opinions, the special master did not exceed the scope of the mandate by allowing the
experts to supplement their opinions. See Amado, 517 F.3d at 1360. In the court’s view,
the special master’s decision to consider further expert reports and testimony on the
causation issue in light of the finding that Trystan contorted his arms on February 16,
2009, is a logical correction of the error identified by the Federal Circuit.

                     b.      Frequency of Trystan’s Arm Contortions

          Petitioners next argue that the special master erred when he “failed to consider the
record as a whole,” and relied upon “a critical unfounded newly created fact” in reaching
his decision. ECF No. 260 at 27. According to petitioners, the special master’s
conclusion that Trystan’s arm contortions on February 16, 2009 “were a one-time event
. . . . is without any evidentiary basis,” and they insist that “the evidence is
overwhelmingly at odds with this newly created finding.” Id. at 28.

      Petitioners assert that the “newly created fact permeates the entire Remand
Decision,” id. at 27, but the root of the objection appears to be the special master’s
conclusion that “Trystan did not display any neurologic problems for weeks after the
February 16, 2009 incident,” ECF No. 253 at 43. According to petitioners, the evidence
shows that “Trystan suffered the arm contortions for at least a month and several times a
day.” ECF No. 260 at 34. They also suggest that had the special master properly
considered the evidence, he would have concluded that it demonstrated “a progression of
symptoms,” indicating neurological injury. Id. at 34.

       As an initial matter, the special master’s post-remand decision does not say that
Trystan’s arm contortions were a “one-time event.” That phrase, as used by petitioners,
is misleading. The special master, in fact, found that “Trystan contorted his arm on
February 16, 2009, [but] this isolated event was not a manifestation of a neurologic
problem. For the relevant time after the February 5, 2009 vaccine, Trystan was
developing normally.” ECF No. 253 at 98 (emphasis added). In discussing Trystan’s
arm contortions as an isolated event, the special master was designating the event as
isolated only within the relevant timeframe. Elsewhere in the opinion, the special master
noted that Trystan did develop neurological problems, but found that those problems
manifested “no sooner than May 1, 2009.” Id. at 97; see also ECF No. 45 at 14 (noting in
the 2013 Ruling Finding Facts that Trystan contorted his arms on August 8, 2009).
Accordingly, to the extent that petitioners expand the inquiry beyond the relevant

                                              26
timeframe—which they do not seriously contest in their motion for review10—the
argument is immaterial to the special master’s conclusions with regard to whether
petitioners have carried their burden under Althen. See ECF No. 260 at 28 (noting, but
not objecting to, the special master’s conclusion that “he would again primarily look for
evidence of neurologic decline within two weeks of the vaccination,” but “if Trystan’s
neurologic decline were to occur slightly outside of two weeks, then [petitioners] could
meet their burden regarding Althen prong three”); see also ECF No. 253 at 36 (noting
that petitioners argued in post-remand briefing that “neurodegeneration would often
occur within two weeks, possibly three weeks after the inciting event”) (citing ECF No.
247 at 53-64).

        A vast majority of petitioners’ lengthy argument on this point invites the court to
reweigh the evidence considered by the special master. See ECF No. 260 at 33-42. Such
an exercise is not permitted by the scope of this court’s review. The court does not
“reweigh the factual evidence, assess whether the special master correctly evaluated the
evidence, or examine the probative value of the evidence or the credibility of the
witnesses—these are all matters within the purview of the fact finder.” Porter, 663 F.3d
at 1249. On review, “reversible error is ‘extremely difficult to demonstrate’ if the special
master ‘has considered the relevant evidence of record, drawn plausible inferences and
articulated a rational basis for the decision.’” Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1360 (quoting Hines,
940 F.2d at 1528). Accordingly, the court will restrict its analysis to whether petitioners
have identified either any relevant evidence of record not considered by the special
master or any implausible inferences drawn by the special master, and whether
petitioners have demonstrated that the special master failed, in this case, to articulate a
rational basis for his decision.

       In support of their argument that the special master erred in finding that “Trystan
did not display any neurologic problems for weeks after the February 16, 2009 incident,”
ECF No. 253 at 43, petitioners point to two categories of evidence—medical records and
family testimony, see ECF No. 260 at 29-33.

      Petitioners identify the following medical records as relevant to establishing the
frequency of Trystan’s arm contortions: (1) August 17, 2009 well-visit notes; (2) Dr.

10
        The only reference to petitioners’ disagreement with the special master’s definition of the
relevant time frame is in a footnote, in which petitioners state “[p]etitioners do not agree as
previously outlined in their Federal Circuit appeal that onset symptoms must occur within two
weeks of the vaccination. However, for purposes of this Motion for Review, the arm contortions
did occur within approximately two weeks.” ECF No. 260 at 50-51 n.21. This assertion is an
insufficient basis for a substantive review of the relevant time frame, as determined by the
special master. Petitioners must advance their relevant arguments at each stage of the
proceedings, and the court cannot be charged with an obligation to review prior filings to discern
which arguments petitioners are reasserting.

                                                27
Michelson’s November 12, 2009 notes; (3) December 24, 2009 pediatrician notes; (4) Dr.
Katrina Dipple’s May 10, 2010 notes; (5) Dr. Friedman’s August 2, 2010 notes; and (6)
Dr. Haas’s August 7, 2012 notes. As outlined above, the special master explicitly
considered and discussed four of these six reports. See e.g., ECF No. 253 at 8, 69-72
(discussing Ms. Marin-Tucker’s August 17, 2009 notes); id. at 8-9, 74-75 (discussing Dr.
Michelson’s November 12, 2009 notes); id. at 8-9, 14, 74 (discussing Dr. Friedman’s
August 2, 2010 notes); id. at 10, 13, 58-59, 76-78 (discussing Dr. Haas’s August 7, 2009
notes). Accordingly, any argument that the special master failed to consider this
evidence is unfounded.

       Moreover, it was not implausible for the special master to conclude that these
notes failed to establish preponderant evidence that Trystan’s arm contortions on
February 16, 2009, were not an indication of neurological injury. Of these records, only
two include notes that specifically indicate that Trystan’s arm contortions happened
repeatedly. Dr. Friedman’s August 2, 2010 notes state that Trystan’s episodes of arm
contortions “would happen again intermittently, maybe 10 times a day, lasting a minute
or two at a time,” and “continued [with] high frequency for about a . . . month.” ECF No.
6-5 at 24. And Dr. Haas’ August 7, 2010 notes state that “11 days after [his six-month]
vaccination, he had an episode of ‘contortion’ in the upper limbs,” for “minutes at a
time,” and “continued [with] high frequency for about a . . . month.” See ECF No. 48-1
at 1. In his entitlement decision, however, the special master specifically considered the
notes made by Trystan’s treating physicians, including both Dr. Friedman and Dr. Haas,
but found them unpersuasive evidence for petitioners.

        Dr. Friedman’s notes were the source of some debate between the parties as early
as 2014, and the special master specifically instructed the parties that their experts were
not to rely on “Dr. Friedman’s record for the basis of events in Trystan’s life between
February 2009 through November 2009.” ECF No. 253 at 9 (citing ECF No. 63 at 2
(January 31, 2014 order)). The special master found Dr. Friedman’s notes unreliable for
the purpose of establishing Trystan’s history prior to her August 2, 2010 examination
because they were not a contemporaneous record of his condition, and instead were
petitioners’ “account of remote events in Trystan’s life.” Id. Indeed, just before the
passage cited by petitioners, Dr. Friedman notes that Trystan “was accompanied to the
visit today by his parents who provided the his[to]ry.” ECF No. 6-5 at 24. The special
master repeated his concern with the passage of time in the post-remand decision, and
discounted the value of Dr. Haas’ notes—which were made two years after Dr.
Friedman’s—for the same reason. See ECF No. 253 at 58, 74.

        The final two medical records identified by petitioners as evidence contrary to the
special master’s findings are of no assistance to their case. Petitioners are correct that the
December 24, 2009 pediatrician’s note states as follows: “extremity contracted upper
and lower extremities, spastic quadriplegia of all extremities.” ECF No. 6-2 at 26. It also
states: “Neurologic exam: normal for age.” Id. And Dr. Dipple’s May 10, 2010 notes

                                             28
included the following assessment under “review of systems”: “Neurologic: global
developmental delay, abnormal movements, hypertonicity.” Id. at 45. Even assuming
that either doctor’s note intended to record arm contortions, they appear to relate solely to
Trystan’s condition on the date of the exam and do not speak to his condition in the
weeks following his February 5, 2009 vaccinations, nor do they speak to a pattern within
the relevant time period.

        Petitioners also object to what they claim was the special master’s failure to fairly
consider testimony from petitioners’ family members about Trystan’s condition with
regard to the frequency of his arm contortions. See ECF No. 260 at 31-33. They include
the following: (1) testimony about Trystan’s condition at a family gathering in March
2009; (2) Ms. Sanchez’s testimony with regard to Trystan’s condition as reported at his
April 2009 doctor’s visit; (3) Mr. Sanchez’s testimony about Trystan’s condition at the
time of his May 13, 2009 doctor’s visit; (4) testimony about Trystan’s condition the day
of Ms. Sanchez’s baby shower on August 8, 2009; and (5) Mr. Sanchez’s testimony that
Trystan continued to contort his arms prior to his April 2009 doctor’s visit. See id.

       As previously noted, petitioners acknowledge, but do not dispute, the special
master’s conclusion that “he would again primarily look for evidence of neurologic
decline within two weeks of the vaccination,” but “if Trystan’s neurologic decline were
to occur slightly outside of two weeks, then [petitioners] could meet their burden
regarding Althen prong three.” See ECF No. 260 at 28. After Trystan’s visit with Mr.
Luna on February 17, 2009, he was next seen by a medical provider on April 29, 2009,
when he was diagnosed with an ear infection and bronchitis by Dr. Seleem. See ECF No.
253 at 67. Dr. Seleem reported “[n]o unusual arm movements or developmental issues,”
and “noted ‘[n]o neurological symptoms.’” Id. (citations omitted).

        The court has reviewed the family testimony identified by petitioners, and has
found several instances in which that testimony indicates that Trystan contorted his arms
in the days following his February 17, 2009 appointment with Mr. Luna. See ECF No.
33 at 34-36 (Lupe Sanchez’s testimony); 156 (Emma Fernandez’s testimony); 189-90
(Germain Sanchez’s testimony). This testimony was taken on May 15, 2012, prior to the
special master’s 2013 Ruling Finding Facts. See id. at 2.

       In the special master’s 2013 Ruling Finding Facts, he stated:

       12.     Sometime [after February 17, 2009], Trystan’s extended family
       gathered to watch a boxing match. During this gathering, Trystan was sick,
       crying, fussy, and congested. He was not contorting his arms nor was he limp
       or rigid.

       13.    Between Jennifer’s birthday and the next time she took him to the
       doctor nearly two months later in late April, Trystan suffered from cough and

                                             29
       congestion episodically. During this time, he did not lose control of his head
       and trunk, nor did he stop making eye contact or stop wanting to play
       anymore. He did not exhibit arm contortions.

ECF No. 45 at 13 (citations omitted). The special master specifically relies on these
findings in his post-remand decision, and characterizes “[t]hese facts [as] not contested.”
ECF No. 253 at 63. As such, the question before the court is whether the special master
erred in relying on these findings of fact in rendering his post-remand decision without
more explicitly explaining the basis on which he had previously reached these
conclusions. The court finds that such reliance was not in error.

       These factual findings were clearly part of the record well in advance of the
Federal Circuit’s review, having been issued on April 10, 2013. See ECF No. 45. The
court further notes that Trystan’s condition between February 17, 2009 and April 29,
2009 was the subject of much debate between the parties. The special master explains, in
his post-remand decision, that the available medical records were at odds with the
recollection of certain family members. See ECF No. 253 at 4-5. In an effort to resolve
the factual dispute, the special master held a hearing on May 15, 2012, at which he heard
testimony from five family members. See id. at 6-7. He then directed the parties to work
through their factual disputes, and based in part on the parties’ efforts, the special master
issued his 2013 Ruling Finding Facts. See id. at 7. It, therefore, appears to the court that
the special master not only invited the testimony from petitioners’ family members, but
went through a deliberate process of reaching factual findings considering the evidence
before him.

       Furthermore, in its decision remanding this case to the special master, the Federal
Circuit specifically noted the conflict between the family’s testimony and the medical
records relating to Trystan’s condition after the February 17, 2009 examination:

       Trystan suffered from coughing and congestion episodically for the next
       couple of months. Ms. Sanchez testified that during that period, Trystan
       continued to have arm contortions, sometimes several times a day. In
       addition, she testified that Trystan “started to lose control of his head,” that
       his “trunk . . . was not as strong,” that he “didn’t have any eye contact,” and
       that he “didn’t want to play” anymore. Again, however, the special master
       did not credit Ms. Sanchez’s testimony because it was not corroborated by
       medical reports.

Sanchez, 809 F. App’x at 846. Despite having discussed this factual dispute, the Circuit
neither criticized the special master’s conclusion, nor remanded the case for further
consideration on this point. The Circuit’s conclusion with regard to arm contortions
related only to the need to clarify the causation analysis in light of the discrepancy in the
record with regard to whether Trystan contorted his arms on the night of February 16,

                                             30
2009. See id. at 852-53. Accordingly, because whether the special master failed to
appropriately consider the family’s testimony in making his 2013 factual findings was
“within the scope of the judgment appealed from,” but was not “explicitly reserved or
remanded” by the Circuit, it is “foreclosed from further consideration” by this court.
Amado, 517 F.3d at 1360.

       For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that petitioners have not identified any
relevant evidence of record that the special master failed to consider or any implausible
inferences drawn by the special master with respect to whether Trystan contorted his
arms in the weeks following February 16, 2009. In addition, the court finds that
petitioners have not demonstrated that the special master failed to articulate a rational
basis for his decision in this regard. The special master’s decision on this issue,
therefore, is sustained. See Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1360.

              2.      Petitioners’ Failure to Prove Causation

       In its remand decision, the Federal Circuit found that the special master
improperly combined the analysis of the second and third Althen factors. See Sanchez,
809 F. App’x at 853. The Circuit directed the special master to consider “whether there
was a logical sequence of cause and effect linking Trystan’s vaccinations and his injuries
as well as a proximate temporal relationship between the vaccinations and the onset of
the injuries.” 11 Id. As is reflected in the court’s summary of the special master’s post-
remand entitlement decision, the special master reviewed the record in painstaking detail
with regard to petitioners’ proof of causation. In their motion for review, petitioners do
not argue that the special master failed to comply with the mandate, but argue that he
nevertheless committed reversible error in his analysis of the issues.

                      a.     Second Althen Factor and the Challenge-Rechallenge Theory

       The second Althen factor requires the special master to determine whether
petitioners have demonstrated, by a preponderance of the evidence, “a logical sequence
of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury.” Althen,
418 F.3d at 1278. As the court summarized above, the special master considered at great
length the issue of whether petitioners had met this burden. See ECF No. 253 at 38-50.
He ultimately concluded as follows:

11
        The Federal Circuit also instructed that the special master should consider “whether
Trystan’s infections between February and May of 2009 caused the manifestation of his Leigh’s
syndrome, independent of his vaccinations,” but only if petitioners meet their burden to show the
requite logical sequence of cause and effect and proximate temporal relationship. Sanchez, 809
F. App’x at 853. Because the court sustains the special master’s conclusion that petitioners did
not make the initial showing, the second analysis is unnecessary.

                                               31
       In sum, this section . . . has considered both how [petitioners’] experts
       predicted an adverse reaction to the vaccination would appear and how
       Trystan actually appeared. Because of the dichotomy between the predicted
       and the actual, the sequence of events is not logical. Thus, [petitioners] have
       not met their burden regarding prong 2.

Id. at 75.

       In their motion for review, petitioners criticize the special master for finding flaws
with Trystan’s treating physicians’ notations that the vaccine may have caused his
injuries. See ECF No. 260 at 43. Petitioners claim that each of the doctors was “thinking
about the vaccination as being the cause of Trystan’s issues.” Id. Even assuming this to
be the case, the special master fully considered the records, and articulated a rational
basis for discounting the notes that suggested that a vaccination caused Trystan’s injuries.
The court will not reweigh the evidence or review the special master’s credibility
determinations. Porter, 663 F.3d at 1249.

      To summarize his findings based on the treating physician’s reports, the special
master stated:

       In summary, the records from four doctors who treated Trystan do not help
       [petitioners] meet their burden of showing that the DTaP vaccination
       contributed to Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome. Dr. Friedman presented her
       opinion before Trystan’s Leigh’s syndrome was diagnosed after genetic
       studies. Dr. Sharma and Dr. Haas obtained histories that are not entirely
       accurate. Even so, Dr. Sharma, Dr. Haas, and Dr. Wong appear to present
       temporal sequences. Accordingly, while these reports have been considered,
       they do not constitute persuasive evidence for [petitioners].

ECF No. 253 at 80. The court finds this explanation, and the extensive discussion of
each doctor’s records that preceded it, see id. at 75-80, sufficient to survive this court’s
review.

        Next, petitioners argue that the special master erred in finding that they did not
meet their burden with regard to the second Althen factor because the “evidence shows
that Trystan[’s] response to the DTAP vaccine was consistent with the theories
articulated.” ECF No. 260 at 44 (emphasis in original). Specifically, petitioners contend
that Trystan experienced symptoms that were “[c]onsistent with the vaccine package
insert,” such as “fever, inconsolable crying and fussiness within the time indicated,” and
that his condition thereafter was consistent with the medical theories articulated by their
experts, Dr. Steinman and Dr. Niyazov. Id. Petitioners then claim that the special master
did not consider all of the relevant evidence because he did not discuss the fact that

                                              32
“Trystan did experience what one would expect based on Dr. Steinman’s theories and Dr.
Niyazov’s theory.” Id.

        This argument is simply not supported by the record. The special master
thoroughly discussed the competing medical theories over the course of dozens of pages
in his post-remand decision. See ECF No. 253 at 41-75. The fact that his analysis was
perhaps not organized in the way petitioners would have preferred, or did not reach the
conclusion they would have favored, does not make it legally deficient.

        Petitioners’ final challenge to the special master’s decision on the second Althen
factor relates to their assertion of a challenge-rechallenge theory. See ECF No. 260 at
45-48. In the post-remand decision, the special master noted that “‘[a] rechallenge event
occurs when a patient who had an adverse reaction to a vaccine suffers worsened
symptoms after an additional injection of the vaccine.’” ECF No. 253 at 72 (quoting
Capizzano, 440 F.3d at 1322). He also noted Dr. Raymond’s testimony that “‘[t]he
challenge should meet the criteria of same latency and same effects, and must exclude
well-accepted alternative explanations.’” Id. And although the special master did not
explicitly require that the challenge and rechallenge event be the same, he noted a long
list of cases that tend to support Dr. Raymond’s opinion, and notes that similarity
between the events “would seem to contribute to the strength of the challenge-rechallenge
paradigm.” 12 Id. at 73.

       Ultimately, the special master concluded as follows:

       Dwelling on the nuanced points of challenge-rechallenge seems unnecessary
       in this case. [Petitioners] have not established the challenge aspect. As
       explained above, [petitioners] have not presented preponderant evidence that
       Trystan suffered any neurologic problem within at least one month of the
       February 5, 2009 vaccine. And, by simple definition, without a “challenge,”
       there can be no “rechallenge.”

Id.

       In the motion for review, petitioners do not contest that a challenge is necessary
before a rechallenge can be established; instead, they insist that they have demonstrated a
challenge event, and that the special master committed reversible error in finding
12
        In their motion for review, petitioners claim that the special master “impermissibly
rais[es] the burden of proof” by requiring them to show that the rechallenge reaction and timing
are “exactly the same” as the challenge reaction. ECF No. 260 at 47. The special master,
however, was not so categorical. The court does not understand his statement that similarity in
reaction and timing “would seem to contribute to the strength of the challenge-rechallenge
paradigm,” to raise petitioner’s burden beyond a preponderant showing. ECF No. 253 at 73.

                                               33
otherwise. See ECF No. 260 at 46-48. The primary basis for petitioners’ argument on
this point is their insistence that Trystan’s arm contortions on February 16, 2009 were
evidence of a neurologic injury.

      Petitioners have identified no evidence of record that the special master failed to
consider, nor any implausible inference that he made. See Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1360.
Moreover, petitioners effectively ask the court to reweigh the evidence related to whether
Trystan suffered a neurologic injury on February 5, 2009, and to judge the credibility of
witnesses, two tasks that fall outside the scope of this court’s review. Porter, 663 F.3d at
1242. For this reason, the court sustains the special master’s conclusion that petitioners
have not demonstrated a challenge-rechallenge injury.

                     b.     Third Althen factor

        The third Althen factor requires petitioners to prove, by preponderant evidence, “a
proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at
1278. As the special master noted at the outset of his discussion of the third Althen factor
in his post-remand decision:

       “[T]he proximate temporal relationship prong requires preponderant proof
       that the onset of symptoms occurred within a timeframe for which, given the
       medical understanding of the disorder’s etiology, it is medically acceptable
       to infer causation-in-fact.” de Bazan v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
       539 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Thus, the third prong of Althen
       implicitly has two parts. A petitioner must show the “timeframe for which it
       is medically acceptable to infer causation” and that the onset of the disease
       occurred in this period. Shapiro v. Secʼy of Health & Human Servs., 101
       Fed. Cl. 532, 542-43 (2011), recons. denied after remand on other grounds,
       105 Fed. Cl. 353 (2012), aff’d without op., 503 F. App’x 952 (Fed. Cir.
       2013).

ECF No. 253 at 34.

       In his initial entitlement decision, the special master found—based on a review of
the available medical literature and caselaw—that the relevant time period for
establishing Trystan’s injury was approximately two weeks, but declined to set a hard
deadline. He summarized this approach in the post-remand decision, as follows:

       While [the cited] cases suggest that sometimes the interval between the
       vaccination and the onset of symptoms is too long to support a finding of
       causation-in-fact, Paluck cautions against defining the limits too rigidly.
       With this guidance, the undersigned attempted to point out that the evidence,
       imperfect as it might be, seemed to coalesce around a finding that two weeks

                                            34
       from vaccination to the onset of neurologic decline is an interval that would
       support a finding of causation. Decision at 25, 2018 WL 5856556, at *15.
       Yet, at the same time, the undersigned tried to balance what the evidence
       showed with Paluck’s recognition that more studies would be helpful. Cf.
       Sharpe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 964 F.3d 1072, 1083 (Fed. Cir.
       2020) (criticizing special master for noting that different evidence could lead
       to a different result).

       On appeal, the Federal Circuit did not correct this approach. Because the
       mandate does not remand for reconsideration of the first part of Althen prong
       3, the undersigned will again primarily look for evidence of neurologic
       decline within two weeks of the vaccination. However, if Trystan’s
       neurologic decline were to occur slightly outside of two weeks, then
       [petitioners] could meet their burden regarding Althen prong 3.

Id. at 37-38. On this basis, the special master concluded that petitioners failed to show an
injury within approximately two weeks because “[w]hen the record is considered as a
whole, the symptoms that Trystan displayed on February 5, 2009, as well as on February
15-16, 2009, including his arm contortions, are not manifestations of a neurologic
disorder.” Id. at 38.

       Petitioners make no substantive argument on this point in their motion for review.
After summarizing the Federal Circuit’s decision, recounting the special master’s
conclusion as articulated in the post-remand decision, and repeating their disagreement
with the special master’s finding that Trystan’s arm contortions on February 16, 2009,
were not evidence of an neurologic injury, see ECF No. 260 at 49-50, petitioners state as
follows:

       If the record as a whole was properly considered, then the evidence
       overwhelmingly shows that the arm contortions, like in Markovich,
       continued for at least a month and several times a day. The failure to consider
       and analyze the record as a whole was error and arbitrary and capricious.
       Petitioners submit that the arm contortions, at minimum, commenced within
       the time parameters outlined by [the special master]. The full analysis on
       Temporal Association is within Petitioner’s Post Remand Hearing Brief filed
       July 29, 2020 at pages 39-64. This Remand Decision, accordingly, must be
       set aside.

Id. at 51.

       The court finds this argument unconvincing for several reasons. First, as the court
has discussed at length in this opinion, it sustains the special master’s conclusion that
Trystan’s arm contortions on February 16, 2009, were not a manifestation of neurologic

                                             35
injury. As such, to the extent that petitioners’ argument is premised on a foundational
disagreement on that point, it cannot succeed. Second, if there is more to petitioners’
argument than has been previously addressed, it is insufficient for petitioners to simply
assert that the special master failed to consider the record as a whole without identifying
the specific errors. And finally, petitioners cannot incorporate by reference their July 29,
2020 post-remand hearing brief into their motion for review. Petitioners must advance
their relevant arguments at each stage of the proceedings, and the court cannot be charged
with an obligation to review prior filings to discern which arguments petitioners are
reasserting. Moreover, the July 29, 2020 brief was filed before the special master issued
his post-remand decision. Thus, any arguments made therein would need to be addressed
in light of his new decision to have any bearing on this court’s review thereof.

        For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that petitioners have identified no
evidence of record that the special master failed to consider, nor any implausible
inference he made with regard to the third Althen factor, and have not shown that his
decision lacked a rational basis. See Lampe, 219 F.3d at 1360. Accordingly, the special
master’s conclusion that petitioners have not carried their burden on the third Althen
factor is sustained.

IV.    Conclusion

        The court reiterates the acknowledgement, by the Federal Circuit and the special
master, of petitioners’ dedication to their son as demonstrated by their commitment to
this long and complicated litigation. The court’s decision to sustain the special master’s
post-remand decision is made after careful consideration of the record, and with respect
for petitioners’ position.

        For the above-stated reasons, however, the court sustains the entitlement decision
of the special master. Accordingly,

       (1)    Petitioners’ motion for review, ECF No. 260, is DENIED;

       (2)    The decision of the special master, filed on August 26, 2020, ECF No. 253,
              is SUSTAINED;

       (3)    The clerk’s office is directed to ENTER final judgment in accordance with
              the special master’s August 26, 2020 decision; and

       (4)    The parties shall separately FILE any proposed redactions to this opinion,
              with the text to be redacted blacked out, on or before February 26, 2021.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                            36
 s/Patricia E. Campbell-Smith
 PATRICIA E. CAMPBELL-SMITH
 Judge

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