Court Opinion

ID: 4053834
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 04:23:16.552822+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:04.560591
License: Public Domain

PD-0096-15
                                                              COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                               AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                            Transmitted 3/27/2015 2:20:33 PM
                                                              Accepted 3/31/2015 2:16:15 PM
                            NO. PD-0096-15                                      ABEL ACOSTA
                                                                                        CLERK

      TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS

                      MICHAEL JERMAINE WILLIAMS
                               Appellant

                                    v.

                          THE STATE OF TEXAS
                                Appellee

   ______________________________________________________

          PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
   ______________________________________________________

On Petition For Discretionary Review from the Fourteenth Court of Appeals
    Cause No. 14-13-00527-CR, affirming the trial court’s judgment in
 Cause No. 1350907, from the 184th District Court of Harris County, Texas.
   ______________________________________________________

                                         ALEXANDER BUNIN
                                         Chief Public Defender
                                         Harris County, Texas

                                         CHERI DUNCAN
     March 31, 2015
                                         Assistant Public Defender
                                         Harris County, Texas
                                         State Bar No. 06210500
                                         BRIAN HUTCHISON
                                         Legal Intern
                                         1201 Franklin, 13th Floor
                                         Houston, Texas 77002
                                         Phone: (713) 368-0016
                                         Fax: (713) 368-9278
                                         cheri.duncan@pdo.hctx.net

                                         Counsel for Appellant
                      IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Appellant                                    Michael Jermaine Williams
                                             SPN# 01154614
                                             Harris County Jail
                                             1200 Baker
                                             Houston, TX 77002

Presiding Judge                              Hon. Jan Krocker
                                             184th District Court
                                             Harris County, Texas
                                             1201 Franklin, 17th Floor
                                             Houston, Texas 77002

Trial Prosecutor                             Luis Batarse
                                             Assistant District Attorney
                                             1201 Franklin, 6th Floor
                                             Houston, TX 77002

Defense Counsel at Trial                     Andre Ligon
                                             Attorney at Law
                                             1314 Texas St Ste 1500
                                             Houston, TX 77002

Counsel on Appeal for Appellant              Cheri Duncan
                                             Assistant Public Defender
                                             Brian Hutchison
                                             Legal Intern
                                             Harris County, Texas
                                             1201 Franklin, 13th floor
                                             Houston, Texas 77002

                                     ii
                                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL .....................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................iii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ..........................................................................................................v

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT .........................................................................1

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ........................................................................................................1

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY .................................................................................1

QUESTIONS PRESENTED ...........................................................................................................2

          QUESTION 1:
          ARE “FURTIVE MOVEMENTS” ALONE SUFFICIENT TO JUSTIFY THE
          WARRANTLESS SEARCH OF A CAR’S CONSOLE DURING A TRAFFIC STOP,
          AS THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS HELD IN THIS CASE, OR
          MUST THE STATE PROVE MORE TO OVERCOME THE PER SE
          UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF SUCH A SEARCH UNDER THE FOURTH
          AMENDMENT, AS THE THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS AND THE
          FEDERAL FIFTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS HAVE HELD?

          QUESTION 2:
          DID THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS ERR IN ITS APPLICATION
          OF MICHIGAN V. LONG TO THIS CASE WHEN OTHER STATE COURTS
          OF APPEAL AND THE FIFTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEAL HAVE
          INTERPRETED LONG MORE NARROWLY?

REASONS FOR REVIEW ..............................................................................................................2

DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................3

      A. THE COURT               OF   APPEALS IGNORED CLEARLY ESTABLISHED LAW THAT                                             HOLDS
           THE WARRANTLESS SEARCH OF A VEHICLE TO BE PER SE UNREASONABLE............3

                                                                   iii
      B. THE         COURT OF APPEALS ERRED WHEN IT CONCLUDED THAT THE OFFICERS’
            PRETEXTUAL REASONS FOR THE SEARCH OF                                                 APPELLANT’S              PASSENGER
            COMPARTMENT WERE LEGALLY SUFFICIENT TO OVERCOME THE PRESUMPTION
            THAT THE WARRANTLESS SEARCH WAS UNREASONABLE ..........................................4

PRAYER .......................................................................................................................................6

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE .........................................................................................................7

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ................................................................................................7

                                                                     iv
                                               INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases
$822.41 In U.S. Currency & 2003 Dodge Ram 1500 Truck v. State, No. 13-05-00259-CV,
   2007 WL 2266209 (Tex. App. – Edinburg, Aug. 9, 2007, not designated for
   publication) ....................................................................................................................... 6

Alexander v. State, 879 S.W.2d 338 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd) .... 6

Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113 (1998) ....................................................................................... 3

Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 (1983) ...................................................................... 1, 2, 4, 5

United States v. Coleman, 969 F.2d 126 (5th Cir. 1992). .......................................................... 5

United States v. Thibodeaux, 276 Fed.Appx. 372 (5th Cir. 2008) ........................................... 5

United States v. Wallen, 388 F.3d 161 (5th Cir. 2004).............................................................. 5
Will. v. State, ___ S.W. 3d ___, 2014 WL 7372804 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th
    Dist.], Dec. 23, 2014)................................................................................................... 1, 6

Other Authorities

2013 TEX. DEP’T PUB. SAFETY TRAFFIC STOP DATA ......................................................... 2

Rules

TEX R. APP. PROC. 66.3(a)...................................................................................................... 1

Constitutional Provisions
U.S. CONST. AMEND. IV ................................................................................................. 2, 3, 6

                                                                   v
                            STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
           Appellant requests oral argument because the Fourteenth Court of Appeals has

decided an important and recurrent question of state and federal search-and-seizure

law in a way that conflicts with another Texas court of appeals and with the Fifth

Circuit Court of Appeals.1

                                     STATEMENT OF THE CASE

           This petition follows the appeal of Michael Williams’ conviction for possession of a

fraudulent prescription form. A jury found Appellant guilty, and the judge assessed

punishment at fourteen months in state jail. The appeal challenged the trial court’s denial of

Appellant’s pre-trial motion to suppress evidence – specifically, prescription forms found in

Appellant’s vehicle. The Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that the search of Appellant’s

center console, where police found the prescription forms, was lawful under Michigan v. Long.

                               STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY

            The Fourteenth Court of Appeals entered its judgment on December 23,

2014. The court’s opinion will be published. Williams v. State, ___ S.W. 3d ___, 2014
WL 7372804 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th Dist.], Dec. 23, 2014). No motion for

rehearing was filed. This Court granted Appellant’s motions to extend time to file

petition, extending the deadline to March 24, 2015. This petition is accompanied by a

final motion to extend time.

1
    See TEX R. APP. PROC. 66.3(a).

                                                1
                               QUESTIONS PRESENTED

Question 1:

Are “furtive movements” alone sufficient to justify the warrantless search of a
car’s console during a traffic stop, as the Fourteenth Court of Appeals held in
this case, or must the State prove more to overcome the per se
unconstitutionality of such a search under the Fourth Amendment, as the
Thirteenth Court of Appeals and the federal Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
have held?

Question 2:

Did the Fourteenth Court of Appeals err in its application of Michigan v. Long
to this case when other state courts of appeal and the Fifth Circuit Court of
Appeal have interpreted Long more narrowly?

                               REASONS FOR REVIEW
       Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is filled with cases challenging arrests that

follow from warrantless vehicle searches. Bad law from cases like this one does not

affect only a few dangerous criminals; it potentially affects tens of thousands of

drivers every year. In 2013, there were 2,551,441 traffic stops in Texas. 2013 TEX.

DEP’T PUB. SAFETY TRAFFIC STOP DATA, AT 2. REP. Out of all of those traffic stops,

40,755 led to vehicle searches. Id at 5 Those searches led to 16,567 criminal charges

filed against Texas drivers. Id at 6. If the Fourth Amendment’s guarantee that people

shall be protected from unreasonable searches and seizures is to continue to have real

meaning for these tens of thousands of Texans, then this Court needs to correct the

lower court and clarify the application of Fourth Amendment search-and-seizure law

to non-arrest traffic stops.

                                          2
                                      DISCUSSION

      The Fourth Amendment does not permit police to conduct a vehicle “search

incident to citation” on the same basis as a search incident to arrest. This is true even

when an officer could have, under state law, arrested the driver for the traffic

violation. See Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113, 114 (1998). In this case, police searched the

interior of Mr. Williams’ car, including the center console, without:

      1.     an arrest warrant;

      2.     a search warrant; or

      3.     Mr. Williams’ consent.

The search was unconstitutional, and the Court of Appeals’ decision that it passed

Fourth Amendment muster must be corrected.

A.    The Court of Appeals ignored clearly established law that holds the
      warrantless search of a vehicle to be per se unreasonable.

      Mr. Williams was witnessed by an undercover police officer driving into a

convenience store parking lot one afternoon, and stopping to talk with several people.

The undercover officer did not see Mr. Williams engage in any transactions, but had

only a suspicion that he was engaged in the sale of drugs or other illicit materials

because he was talking with “street people.”

      Police in this case used two all-purpose law enforcement justifications for their

search of Appellant’s car console: “furtive movements” and “officer safety” (3 R.R. at

36 and 58). Decades ago, these terms were judicially-crafted explanations of specific

                                            3
factual scenarios in which warrantless vehicle searches were justified. Today, they have

become magic words that police and prosecutors wave over bad searches to make the

Fourth Amendment disappear by mere incantation. Rather than look beyond the

buzzwords to the facts, the court of appeals itself granted the state’s wishes and

affirmed Appellant’s conviction.

       The court of appeals relied on Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 (1983), and its

own precedent. Long recognizes a warrant-rule exception that permits police to search

a vehicle’s passenger compartment if they have an articulable and objectively

reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts that officer safety is at risk.

B.     The court of appeals erred when it concluded that the officers’ pretextual
       reasons for the search of Appellant’s passenger compartment were
       legally sufficient to overcome the presumption that the warrantless
       search was unreasonable.

       The area where Appellant was seen talking to other individuals was a high-

crime area, according to police. However, the evidence also showed that the area was

home to a labor hall where people – including Appellant – gathered to look for work.

The people with whom Appellant talked were typical of the neighborhood, and the

undercover officer did not observe any transactions between Appellant and others. (3

R.R. at 28). Further, after being pulled over, Appellant cooperated with all orders

from police, and was patted down with no weapons or drugs found on his person (3

R.R. at 144).

                                             4
       The Fourteenth Court of Appeal’s logical chain to connect Appellant with

activity that could give rise to a fear for officer safety was long and strained. A rational

jury could not have made an implied finding that Appellant was involved in the drug

trade, and therefore possibly armed and dangerous, simply because an undercover

officer witnessed him talking to “street people” during the daytime in a bad

neighborhood, particularly one where Appellant had reason to be.

       The Fifth Circuit, in United States v. Thibodeaux, 276 Fed. Appx. 372, 377 (5th Cir.

2008), examined the kinds of facts that are sufficient to support a reasonable belief

that a detained person has a weapon in their vehicle. In that case, the Fifth Circuit

cited three cases in which searches were justified:

       1.     When officers saw a weapon in a detained person’s vehicle. Id.,
              citing Long;

       2.     When a detained person had disobeyed officer’s orders and had
              an outstanding warrant. Id., citing United States v. Wallen, 388 F.3d
161, 162-66 (5th Cir. 2004); and

       3.     When a person detained as part of a narcotics investigation was
              found with bundles of money after a pat-down. Id., citing United
              States v. Coleman, 969 F.2d 126, 128-32 (5th Cir. 1992).

       Without facts similar to those, the Fifth Circuit ruled in Thibodeaux that an

extended traffic stop because of a suspicion that the detained person had a weapon

was not justified. In the instant case, none of those pressing facts existed, either.

Nonetheless, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals’ opinion approved a warrantless search

on facts that were far less suggestive of a reasonable basis for fears of officer safety.

                                             5
      The court of appeals’ second reason for affirming was based on police

testimony that Appellant made furtive gestures towards the center console after he

was pulled over. Williams, 2014 WL 7372804 at *2. The court cited no authority from

this Court; instead, it relied on one of its own previous opinions to justify the search

based on furtive movements alone: Alexander v. State, 879 S.W.2d 338, 343 (Tex.App.–

Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd). However, at least one other court of appeals

has found that furtive gestures alone do not constitute sufficient grounds to justify an

officer’s fear for his safety. See $822.41 In U.S. Currency & 2003 Dodge Ram 1500 Truck

v. State, No. 13-05-00259-CV, 2007 WL 2266209, at *3 (Tex. App. – Edinburg, Aug. 9,

2007, not designated for publication).

      The lower court’s opinion in this case would allow for the searches of untold

numbers of people who are engaged in otherwise legal activities who happen to make

movements in their car when pulled over for a traffic violation, whether searching for

proof of insurance or out of mere nervousness. This Court should correct the legal

error in this case to preserve the freedom of movement guaranteed by the Fourth

Amendment, and to resolve the conflict created by this opinion.

                                 PRAYER FOR RELIEF
      For these reasons, Appellant prays that this Court grant his petition, and after

review, reverse the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the trial court with

instructions to suppress the results of the vehicle search.

                                            6
                                              Respectfully submitted,

                                              Alexander Bunin
                                              Chief Public Defender
                                              Harris County Texas

                                              /s/ Cheri Duncan
                                              ______________________________
                                              Cheri Duncan
                                              Assistant Public Defender
                                              Texas Bar No. 06210500
                                              1201 Franklin, 13th floor
                                              Houston Texas 77002
                                              (713) 368-0016 telephone
                                              (713) 437-4318 e-fax
                                              cheri.duncan@pdo.hctx.net

                             CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I certify that a copy of this brief was served electronically to the Harris County

District Attorney and the State Prosecuting Attorney on March 27, 2015.

                                               /s/ Cheri Duncan
                                              ______________________________
                                              Cheri Duncan

                           CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

I certify that this brief complies with Rule 9.2, TEX. R. APP. PROC. It was prepared on

a computer using 14-point Garamond type. It contains 1,230 words.

                                              /s/ Cheri Duncan
                                              _____________________________
                                              Cheri Duncan

                                          7
Affirmed and Opinion filed December 23, 2014.

                                       In The

                     Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                               NO. 14-13-00527-CR

                MICHAEL JERMAINE WILLIAMS, Appellant
                                         V.
                          THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 184th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. 1350907

                                    OPINION

      Appellant was convicted of possessing a fraudulent prescription form. See
Tex. Health & Safety Code § 481.129(c)(2). The question on appeal is whether the
trial court abused its discretion by refusing to suppress the form, which was
discovered during the warrantless search of a vehicle. Because the record supports
a finding that the search was performed in the legitimate interests of officer safety,
we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. We therefore affirm the
trial court’s judgment.
                                BACKGROUND

      Police were conducting surveillance in a high-crime area where there had
been recent reports of drug activity. An undercover officer saw appellant drive to
an area gas station, where he was flagged down by several men who were unkempt
and described as being either homeless or “street guys.” Appellant spoke briefly
with the men, and then he drove away. He did not enter the gas station or purchase
any gas.

      The undercover officer decided to follow appellant because his actions had
raised suspicions about a possible drug transaction. During his pursuit, the
undercover officer witnessed appellant make two lane changes, and on neither
occasion did he use an appropriate signal. The undercover officer reported the
traffic violations to a marked patrol unit, which had been waiting nearby to assist
in the investigation.

      The marked patrol unit approached appellant’s vehicle with lights and siren
engaged. The undercover officer, who by this time had moved to an adjacent lane,
saw appellant panic and reach towards the center console. The undercover officer
advised the marked patrol unit to proceed with caution because of appellant’s
panicked behavior.

      After appellant pulled his vehicle over, a uniformed officer in the marked
patrol unit saw that appellant “was still doing a lot of movement with the center
console and around the driver’s seat area.” Another uniformed officer saw that
appellant was actively “fidgeting.” The officers ordered appellant out of the
vehicle and patted him down. No weapons were found on his person. Appellant
was then moved to the curb, without having been placed in handcuffs.

                                        2
      Still concerned for their own safety, the officers conducted a limited search
of the center console, where they found several fraudulent prescription forms, but
no weapons. The search was performed without a warrant and without appellant’s
consent. Appellant moved to suppress the forms, arguing that the officers had no
reason to search the inside of his vehicle on a routine traffic stop. The trial court
denied the motion without entering findings of fact and conclusions of law.

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of
discretion. See Lujan v. State, 331 S.W.3d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We
give almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of the historical facts
that are supported by the record, especially if the trial court’s findings are based on
an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We afford the same level of deference to a trial court’s
ruling on “application of law to fact questions” or “mixed questions of law and
fact” if resolution of those questions also turns on an evaluation of credibility and
demeanor. Id. Where, as here, the trial court did not make written findings, we
review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and
assume that the court made implied findings that are supported by the record and
that buttress its conclusion. See Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000). For pure questions of law, our review is de novo. See Amador v.
State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

                               GOVERNING LAW

      The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and
seizures. See U.S. Const. amend. IV. Warrantless searches are generally deemed
unreasonable unless an exception applies. See Hubert v. State, 312 S.W.3d 554,
560 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). One such exception allows an officer in the course of
                                          3
a temporary detention, or “Terry stop,” to search a detainee for weapons if the
search is reasonably warranted for the officer’s safety or the safety of others. See
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968). In some circumstances, the right to conduct a
protective search may also extend to the interior of the detainee’s vehicle. See
Hoag v. State, 728 S.W.2d 375, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).

      An officer may search a detainee’s vehicle if the officer has a reasonable
belief based on specific and articulable facts which, when taken together with the
rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the officer’s belief that the
detainee is dangerous and the detainee may gain immediate control of a weapon.
See Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1049 (1983). A protective search of a
vehicle must be limited to only those areas within the detainee’s immediate control
where a weapon may be placed or hidden. Id. The officer does not have to be
absolutely certain that the detainee possesses a weapon; the test is only whether a
reasonably prudent person in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief
that his safety or that of others was in danger. Id. at 1050.

      If contraband other than weapons is discovered during the protective search
of a vehicle, the officer is not required to ignore it, and the Fourth Amendment
does not require its suppression. Id.

                                        ANALYSIS

      The record supports an implied finding that the officers had a reasonable
belief that appellant was dangerous. The evidence showed that the officers saw
appellant driving through a high-crime area, where they were specifically
investigating reports of increased drug activity. Appellant was flagged down at a
gas station, where he briefly conversed with several men who appeared to be
“street guys.” Appellant departed after a short time, without having conducted any
business with the gas station itself.
                                           4
      The undercover officer testified that drug dealers are known for flagging
people down on the streets, and based on the totality of the circumstances, the
undercover officer came to suspect that appellant had been involved in a drug
transaction. It was reasonable for the undercover officer to believe that appellant
may have been either a consumer or a supplier of drugs. Because the Court of
Criminal Appeals has recognized that “weapons and violence are frequently
associated with drug transactions,” it was also reasonable for the officers to believe
that appellant may have been armed. See Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 330 (quoting
United States v. Brown, 913 F.2d 570, 572 (8th Cir. 1990)).

      The record also supports an implied finding that the officers reasonably
believed that appellant was keeping a weapon in his center console. When the
marked patrol unit was in pursuit, appellant started to panic and reach towards the
center console. Appellant also made furtive gestures even after he had parked his
vehicle. It would not have been unreasonable for the officers to believe that
appellant was concealing or accessing a weapon in the center console. See
Alexander v. State, 879 S.W.2d 338, 343 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994,
pet. ref’d) (protective search of vehicle was reasonable where driver was observed
“scrambling” under the seat after his encounter with police); see also Connecticut
v. Butler, 993 A.2d 970, 978–79 (Conn. 2010) (protective search of a center
console following a routine traffic stop was reasonable where the driver was
observed to have been making furtive movements toward the console, the driver
was in an area where drug trafficking was frequent, and there was other evidence
suggesting that the driver was involved in the drug trade).

      Appellant contends that the protective search of his vehicle was
unreasonable because he “was not within reach of his car’s interior at the time
police searched his car.” Instead, he was sitting on the curb, far removed from the

                                          5
center console and any weapons that may have been within it. The Supreme Court
rejected this proximity argument in Long. There, the Court recognized that a
detainee may still “break away from police control and retrieve a weapon from his
automobile.” See Long, 463 U.S. at 1051. Furthermore, if the detainee is not placed
under arrest, “he will be permitted to reenter his automobile, and he will then have
access to any weapons inside.” Id. at 1052. These concerns existed during
appellant’s investigative detention because he had not been handcuffed, arrested,
and securely placed in the back of a patrol car. The officers were engaged in an
investigation “at close range,” and they were not required to “adopt alternate
means to ensure their safety in order to avoid the intrusion involved in a Terry
encounter.” Id.

      Appellant also contends that his case is similar to Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S.
113 (1998) and Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009), two cases in which the
Supreme Court held that the warrantless search of a vehicle was unreasonable. We
conclude that neither case is applicable. In Knowles, the Court reviewed a state
statute that authorized an officer to conduct a full search of a vehicle when the
driver had been cited, but not arrested, for a simple traffic violation. See 525 U.S.
at 115. The Court held that, during a routine traffic stop, a concern for officer
safety can justify certain “minimal” intrusions of the driver’s privacy, such as
ordering the driver out of the vehicle, but not the “considerably greater” intrusion
attending a full field-type search of the vehicle. Id. at 117.

      Here, there was no “full-blown search” of appellant’s vehicle, so the central
holding in Knowles would not apply. The officers searched only the center console.
This limited protective search was specifically sanctioned in Knowles as one of the
lesser searches that may be performed in the interests of officer safety. Id. at 117–
18 (citing Long).

                                           6
      In Gant, the Court considered the scope of a warrantless vehicular search
that is incident to an arrest. See 556 U.S. at 335. There, police conducted a search
of a vehicle after the driver had been arrested for driving with a suspended license,
handcuffed, and locked in the back of a patrol car. Id. The Court determined that
the search could not be justified in the interests of officer safety because, at the
time of the search, the driver was not within reaching distance of his vehicle and he
posed no risk to the officers. Id. at 344, 348.

      In this case, appellant had not been arrested at the time of the search, nor had
he been handcuffed, or locked securely in the back of a patrol car. He was just a
detainee in a Terry stop. Unlike the driver in Gant, appellant was in a position to
break away from police control and reenter his vehicle, where a weapon may have
been stashed. See Long, 463 U.S. at 1049.

      Appellant’s case is also unlike two other cases arising out of the Houston
Courts of Appeals, Canales v. State, 221 S.W.3d 194 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2006, no pet.) and State v. Adam, No. 14-98-01268-CR, 1999 WL 997010
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 4, 1999, no pet.) (per curiam) (not
designated for publication). In Canales, two officers saw a car suspiciously parked
outside of a gas station late at night in a high-crime area. See 221 S.W.3d at 196.
One officer approached the driver’s side of the vehicle, and found torn pieces of a
cigar scattered on the ground. Id. at 197. The officer knew from his experience that
drug users would buy cigars, empty out their contents, and then fill them with
marijuana. Id. While the officer was talking to the driver of the vehicle, who had
been sitting inside, the officer’s partner was standing on the passenger side, out of
view of the cigar pieces. Id. The partner unilaterally ordered the driver out of the
vehicle, allegedly because the driver had made a furtive movement near his seat.

                                           7
Id. The first officer performed a protective frisk and the partner searched the seat,
where evidence of marijuana was found. Id.

      The First Court of Appeals held that the search of the vehicle was
unreasonable because the record lacked specific and articulable facts showing that
the driver might be dangerous. Id. at 204. Only the first officer, the one who had
performed the protective frisk, testified during the suppression hearing, but he
never testified that he believed the driver to be dangerous or capable of gaining
immediate control of a weapon hidden inside the vehicle. Id. at 203. The officer’s
partner, the one who had conducted the search of the vehicle, did not testify, and
the only evidence offered in support of his search was his observation of a furtive
movement, which courts have held to be insufficient by itself. Id. at 200, 204.

      Appellant’s case contains much more evidence than Canales. All of the
officers involved in the investigation testified during appellant’s trial. Their
testimony established that appellant met with several men at a gas station under
circumstances that were reasonably suggestive of a drug transaction. The officers’
testimony also established that appellant panicked and reached for the center
console as he was being pulled over. This evidence justified a reasonable belief
that appellant might have had a weapon that he was prepared to use.

      In Adam, a driver was pulled over for making an attempted U-turn in a farm
truck with a horse trailer in tow. See 1999 WL 997010, at *1. Officers suspected
that the driver was intoxicated, but the driver passed all field-sobriety tests. Id.
Before the driver could reenter the vehicle, the officers conducted a protective
search for weapons. Id. They found a small quantity of marijuana in the process.
Id.

      The trial court suppressed the marijuana, and the State appealed to this court.
The State argued that the search was reasonable because “farm trucks commonly
                                         8
contain firearms” and one of the officers “had feelings of insecurity.” Id. at *5. We
rejected the generalization as “patently unreasonable,” and we held that the
officer’s subjective belief was wholly unsupported by specific and articulable facts
showing that the driver had posed a danger. Id. at *6.

      Again, appellant’s case is very different. Many courts, including the Court of
Criminal Appeals, have recognized a common association between weapons and
drug transactions. See Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 330. The officers in this case
justifiably relied on such authority, and their own experience from the field, when
they decided to approach appellant with caution. Furthermore, the officers in this
case acted on more than just a hunch or a “feeling of insecurity” when they decided
to search the center console. The officers knew that appellant had panicked and
reached for the center console, unlike anything that was observed from the driver
in Adam. The officers could have reasonably believed that appellant had a weapon
in that center console.

                                 CONCLUSION

      Having considered all of the specific and articulable facts in the record, and
the rational inferences from those facts, we conclude that the officers were capable
of reasonably believing that appellant was dangerous and that he might gain
immediate control of a weapon. Therefore, the officers’ protective search was
lawful under Long, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the
motion to suppress. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                       /s/       Tracy Christopher
                                                 Justice

Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Donovan, and Wise.
Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
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