Court Opinion

ID: 2730003
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:52:16.557046+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:44:04.240242
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
 this Memorandum Decision shall not be
 regarded as precedent or cited before
 any court except for the purpose of
 establishing the defense of res judicata,
 collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
JON C. ABERNATHY                                          BRIAN L. OAKS
ANDREW B. JANUTOLO                                        Kokomo, Indiana
Goodin Abernathy, LLP

                                                                            FILED
Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                                         Jul 10 2012, 9:34 am

                                                                                 CLERK
                                                                               of the supreme court,

                              IN THE
                                                                               court of appeals and
                                                                                      tax court

                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

KATHLEEN G. BABCHUK,                                  )
                                                      )
       Appellant-Defendant,                           )
                                                      )
           vs.                                        )       No. 34A05-1111-CT-597
                                                      )
KIRK J. DANIELS                                       )
                                                      )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                            )
                                                      )

                    APPEAL FROM THE HOWARD SUPERIOR COURT 4
                         The Honorable George A. Hopkins, Judge
                             Cause No. 34D04-0801-CT-106

                                            July 10, 2012
                 MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION

MATHIAS, Judge
        Kirk Daniels (“Daniels”) filed a claim in Howard Superior Court against Kathleen

Babchuk (“Kathleen”), alleging that Kathleen had written a letter defaming him. The

trial court subsequently denied several of Kathleen’s motions, including her motion for

summary judgment, her Anti-SLAPP 1 motion, and her motion for judgment on the

evidence. After the jury found in favor of Daniels, Kathleen filed a motion to correct

error which the trial court also denied. On appeal, Kathleen presents two issues, which

we renumber and restate as:

        I.      Whether the content of Kathleen’s letter was not defamatory as a matter of
                law;

        II.     Whether the content of Kathleen’s letter was protected by a qualified
                privilege; and

        III.    Whether Daniels’s complaint should have been dismissed under Indiana’s
                Anti-SLAPP statutes.

        We affirm.

                                   Facts and Procedural History

        In 2007, Kathleen and her then-husband, Dr. William Babchuk (“William”) were

in the process of getting divorced. On April 20, 2007, the Babchuks attended a court-

ordered mediation session. Also in attendance was Daniels, who had been invited by

William to help ascertain the couple’s assets. Daniels is a financial planner based in

Kokomo, Indiana. After providing the requested documents, Daniels left the mediation,

1
   “Strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs) are ‘meritless suits aimed at silencing a
plaintiff’s opponents, or at least diverting their resources.’” Nexus Grp., Inc. v. Heritage Appraisal Serv.,
942 N.E.2d 119, 122 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting John C. Barker, Common–Law and Statutory
Solutions to the Problem of SLAPPS, 26 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 395, 403 (1993)). Indiana adopted an Anti-
SLAPP act in 1998 in order to discourage such lawsuits. See Ind. Code §§ 34-7-7-1 through 34-7-7-10;
see also Nexus, 942 N.E.2d at 122.

                                                     2
which continued for approximately three more hours.              Pursuant to the mediation

agreement, the Babchuks agreed to divide certain assets. Among the assets was an A.G.

Edwards Self Employment Pension (“SEP”) account containing at that time

approximately $634,000. The Babchuks agreed that $500,000 of this account was to go

to Kathleen.

         Five days after the mediation session, William told Daniels to transfer $500,000

out of the A.G. Edwards account to a new account with Gunn Allen, the firm that

supervised Daniels. This transfer occurred two days later, on April 27, 2007.2 According

to Daniels, the funds were transferred in an effort to “hedge” the $500,000, i.e., avoid any

market fluctuations that might have affected the value of the A.G. Edwards account.

When Kathleen discovered this transaction, she filed a request for a temporary restraining

order to prevent the transfer of marital property. Kathleen also agreed that she would

bear the risk of any market loss in the A.G. Edwards account. On May 1, 2007, the trial

court granted the request for a temporary restraining order, and on May 10, 2007, the

funds were returned to the A.G. Edwards account. Also on May 10, 2007, the parties

agreed to a final restraining order.

         On August 2, 2007, Kathleen sent the following letter to general counsel at Gunn

Allen:

         August 2, 2007

         Mr. David Jarvis
         General Counsel

2
  Although A.G. Edwards transferred the money to the new account on April 27, the funds were not
received until May 7, 2007.

                                               3
Gunn Allen Financial, Inc.
5002 West Waters Avenue
Tampa, Florida 33634
                                  RE: Kirk J. Daniels
Dear Mr. Jarvis:

The purpose of this correspondence is to request your review of the
unethical conduct by one of your representatives, Mr. Kirk J. Daniels. I
have submitted this concern to the Indiana Secretary of State, Securities
Division, as well as the North American Securities Administrators
Association.

The following incident provides only one example of Mr. Daniels’
unprofessional conduct. I have other recorded events of his improprieties
spanning the most recent three year period with supporting documentation
to verify said events.

The following summarizes the unethical transfer of funds out of the A.G.
Edwards account #4886, to an account managed by Mr. Daniels. This
action resulted in the generation of a court order restraining this illegal
transfer.

On Friday, April 20, 2007, starting at approximately 8:00 am, Kirk Daniels
attended and actively participated in the mediation negotiations for the
dissolution of the marriage for William I. Babchuk vs Kathleen Babchuk.
Daniels represented William Babchuk as his securities/investment advisor.
The meeting took place at the law office of Miroff, Cross & Woolse . . . .
A final mediation agreement was obtained at approximately 8:30 pm. The
mediator was Darryn L. Duchon and representing counsels included Nancy
Cross and Greg Noland.

Within the week following this mediation, Daniels and William Babchuk
took actions inconsistent with the terms of the court binding mediated
agreement; specifically they placed orders to transfer all funds out of the
A.G. Edwards account #4886 over to Pershings, which was managed by
Kirk Daniels. The account #4886 was actually moved over to the Pershings’
company and remained there for one week before being returned to the A.G.
Edwards’ company. Attached are copies of said mediation agreement and
the court order restraining the transfer of property.

Throughout this entire legal mediation there has been inadequate
documentation for accounts managed by Daniels. Actual monthly and
annual statements summarizing the assets managed by Daniels were not

                                    4
       provided. Instead, Daniels attended the mediation meetings with his
       personal laptop and printed out random reports. Comprehensive reporting
       of accounts managed by Daniels was requested by legal counsel, and not
       provided. Provision of said documentation is requested from you to
       support the enclosed mediation agreement.

       During my conversation with Sue Walsh this morning she asked that I
       provide my contact information. . . . Please contact me if you have any
       further questions or wish to receive the additional evidence I have compiled.

       Sincerely,
       /s/
       Kathleen G. Babchuk.

       Enclosures:
       1)    FAX transmittal to A.G. Edwards & RBC Dain Rauscher
       2)    Miroff FAX transmittal of Restraining Order
       3)    Verified Emergency Petition for Temporary Restraining Order
       4)    Temporary Restraining Order Against the Transfer of Property
       [5]) Agreed Restraining Order Against the Transfer of Property
       6)    Mediation Agreement 4-20-07
       7)    Request for Production of Documents from W. Babchuck, July 2006

Appellant’s App. pp. 142-43. Kathleen sent the letter not only to Mr. Jarvis, but also to

the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., the Securities Division of the Indiana

Secretary of State’s Office, and the North American Securities Administrators

Association.

       As a result of Kathleen’s letter, Daniels was placed on a period of enhanced

supervision with Gunn Allen, and Gunn Allen itself was also investigated by regulatory

authorities. However, Gunn Allen’s subsequent investigation revealed no wrongdoing on

the part of Daniels. On August 7, 2007, five days after the date of Kathleen’s letter, the

parties signed a final property settlement agreement.

                                            5
        On January 28, 2008, Daniels filed a defamation complaint against Kathleen. On

April 15, 2008, Kathleen responded by filing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Indiana’s

Anti-SLAPP statutes, along with a counterclaim for abuse of process. On November 6,

2008, Kathleen filed a motion for summary judgment on Daniels’s claim of defamation.

The trial court held a hearing on Kathleen’s motion to dismiss under the Anti-SLAPP

statutes on December 17, 2008, and the trial court issued an order denying the motion to

dismiss on December 30, 2008.3 After several delays, a hearing on Kathleen’s motion for

summary judgment was held on February 3, 2010. The trial court denied Kathleen’s

motion for summary judgment on February 16, 2010.

        After an unsuccessful attempt at mediation, a jury trial commenced on September

13, 2011. The following day, after the close of Daniels’s case-in-chief, Kathleen moved

for judgment on the evidence and renewed her Anti-SLAPP motion. The trial court

denied these motions after a hearing. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury returned a

verdict in favor of Daniels in the amount of $35,000. Kathleen filed a motion to correct

error on October 14, 2011, which the trial court denied on November 1, 2011. Kathleen

now appeals.

                                           I. Defamation

        Kathleen’s first argument is that the statements contained in her letter did not

constitute defamation as a matter of law. This argument is directed at the trial court’s

3
  On January 28, 2009, Kathleen filed a motion to reconsider the court’s denial of her motion to dismiss,
or in the alternative, to certify its order for interlocutory appeal. The trial court denied both of these
requests on February 24, 2009.

                                                    6
denial of Kathleen’s motion for summary judgment, her motion for judgment on the

evidence, and her motion to correct error.

       A. Standards of Review

       On an appeal from a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment, our

standard of review is well settled:

       A party is entitled to summary judgment upon demonstrating the absence of
       any genuine issue of fact as to a determinative issue unless the non-moving
       party comes forward with contrary evidence showing an issue of fact for
       trial. An appellate court reviewing a trial court summary judgment ruling
       likewise construes all facts and reasonable inferences in favor of the non-
       moving party and determines whether the moving party has shown from the
       designated evidentiary matter that there is no genuine issue as to any
       material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. But a de
       novo standard of review applies where the dispute is one of law rather than
       fact.

Florian v. Gatx Rail Corp., 930 N.E.2d 1190, 1194 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied

(quoting Dugan v. Mittal Steel USA Inc., 929 N.E.2d 184, 185-86 (Ind. 2010)).

       Our standard of review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion for judgment on the

evidence is the same standard that governs the trial court in making its decision. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Noble, 854 N.E.2d 925, 931 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans.

denied. Judgment on the evidence is proper where all or some of the issues are not

supported by sufficient evidence, and the motion should be granted only where there is

no substantial evidence to support an essential issue in the case. Id. On appeal, we

examine only the evidence and the reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom

that are most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. If there is evidence that would

                                             7
allow reasonable people to differ as to the result, judgment on the evidence is improper.

Id.; see also Ind. Trial Rule 50(A).

       In general, this court reviews the trial court’s ruling on a motion to correct error

for an abuse of discretion. City of Indianapolis v. Hicks, 932 N.E.2d 227, 230 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2010), trans. denied. However, to the extent the issues presented with regard to the

motion to correct error are purely questions of law, our review is de novo. Id. Kathleen

argues that the statements in her letter were not defamatory as a matter of law. Thus,

whether framed as an issue of the propriety of summary judgment, judgment on the

evidence, or a motion to correct error, our standard of review is essentially the same.

       B. Defamation

       In Dugan, supra, our supreme court summarized the law of defamation in Indiana:

       To establish a claim of defamation, a plaintiff must prove the existence of a
       communication with defamatory imputation, malice, publication, and
       damages. A statement is defamatory if it tends to harm a person’s
       reputation by lowering the person in the community’s estimation or
       deterring third persons from dealing or associating with the person. One
       type of defamation action, alleging defamation per se, arises when the
       language of a statement, without reference to extrinsic evidence, constitutes
       an imputation of (1) criminal conduct, (2) a loathsome disease, (3)
       misconduct in a person’s trade, profession, office, or occupation, or (4)
       sexual misconduct. In contrast, if the words used are not defamatory in
       themselves, but become so only when understood in the context of extrinsic
       evidence, they are considered defamatory per quod. In actions for
       defamation per se, damages are presumed, but in actions for defamation per
       quod, a plaintiff must prove damages.

929 N.E.2d at 186 (citations and internal quotations omitted). In addition, “[t]he framers

of the Indiana Constitution placed high value on reputation,” and “[o]ur Constitution

provides that ‘All courts shall be open; and every person, for injury done to him in his

                                             8
person, property, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.’” Kelley v.

Tanoos, 865 N.E.2d 593, 596 (Ind. 2007) (quoting Ind. Const. art. 1, § 12) (emphasis

added).

       Kathleen first insists that the factual statements in her letter are true. It is well

settled in our state that a defendant cannot be held liable for defamation if the statement

made was true. “Our constitution provides: ‘In all prosecutions for libel, the truth of the

matters alleged to be libellous, may be given in justification.’” Cortez v. Jo-Ann Stores,

Inc., 827 N.E.2d 1223, 1230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting Ind. Const. art. 1, § 10).

Accordingly, in Indiana, true statements can never give rise to liability for defamation. Id.

See also Williams v. Tharp, 914 N.E.2d 756, 767 (Ind. 2009) (noting that “liability for

defamation does not exist where statements are true.”).

       Daniels disputes Kathleen’s claims that her statements are true, and first attacks

the claim in Kathleen’s letter that Daniels and William “took actions inconsistent with the

terms of the court binding mediated agreement.” Appellant’s App. p. 142. Daniels notes

that William asked him to transfer the funds out of the A.G. Edwards account on April 25,

2007 and that the temporary restraining order did not go into effect until May 1, 2007.

He further claims that the transfer of the funds did not change the title on the account and

that Kathleen always remained a beneficiary of the account.

       Kathleen is of the opinion that she was entitled to the $500,000 from the specific

A.G. Edwards account listed in the mediation agreement, whereas Daniels claims the

mediation agreement simply entitled Kathleen to $500,000 and the particulars of the

account are immaterial.     The mediated settlement agreement consists of a printed

                                             9
spreadsheet listing various assets, their “Marital Pot Value,” and the portion thereof

Kathleen or William were entitled to. Kathleen and William, and their respective

attorneys signed the last page of this mediated agreement. Kathleen refers us to no

evidence indicating that the mediation agreement was “binding” or that she was entitled

to the funds from that specific A.G. Edwards account. All the mediated agreement

indicates is that she was entitled to $500,000 of the value of the A.G. Edwards account.

       Kathleen’s letter also claims that Daniels had committed “improprieties spanning

the most recent three year period.” Yet she refers us to no evidence supporting her claim

that this statement was truthful. Moreover, Daniels denied this claim in his deposition.

Construing the designated evidence in the light most favorable to Daniels, we must

conclude that there was at least a genuine issue of material fact regarding the truthfulness

of Kathleen’s statement in the letter that Daniels actions were inconsistent with the

mediation agreement.     The trial court therefore properly denied Kathleen’s motions

seeking judgment in her favor as a matter of law.

       C. Matters of Opinion

       Kathleen also argues that the other statements in her letter, including that

Daniels’s behavior was “unethical,” “unprofessional,” and “illegal,” were simply matters

of opinion that were not actionable defamation. While we agree that whether someone

acted “professionally” might well be a matter of opinion, we cannot agree that the same

holds true with regard to the use of the words “unethical” and “illegal.” Accusing

someone of unethical conduct is not merely stating a disagreement with the manner in

which they behaved; it is an accusation that someone breached a code, written or

                                            10
unwritten, of ethics. Similarly, saying that Daniels’ behaved “illegally” is not a matter of

opinion, but an accusation that he broke the law. Thus, the contents of Kathleen’s letter

were not purely matters of opinion, and the question of whether these accusations were

true were issues of fact to be determined at trial. We therefore cannot agree with

Kathleen that she was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

                                  II. Qualified Privilege

       Kathleen also claims that her statements in the letter were protected by a

“qualified privilege.” A qualified privilege applies to communications made in good

faith on any subject matter in which the party making the communication has an interest

or in reference to which he had a duty, either public or private, either legal, moral, or

social, if made to a person having a corresponding interest or duty. Williams, 914 N.E.2d

at 762. In the context of defamation law, “good faith” has been defined as “‘a state of

mind indicating honesty and lawfulness of purpose; belief in one’s legal right; and a

belief that one’s conduct is not unconscionable.’” Nexus Grp., Inc. v. Heritage Appraisal

Serv., 942 N.E.2d 119, 122 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting Owens v. Schoenberger, 681

N.E.2d 760, 764 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997)).

       As a defense to a claim of defamation, a qualified privilege does not operate to

change the actionable quality of the words published, but merely to rebut the inference of

malice that is otherwise imputed. Williams, 914 N.E.2d at 762. To merit the protection

of a qualified privilege the defendant bears the initial burden to establish the existence of

a privileged occasion for the publication, by proof of a recognized public or private

interest which would justify the utterance of the words. Id. Once the defendant meets

                                             11
this burden, the plaintiff then has the burden of overcoming that privilege by showing

that it has been “abused.” In this sense, the essence of the concept of “abuse” is not the

speaker’s spite but his abuse of the privileged occasion by going beyond the scope of the

purposes for which privilege exists. Id.

       A jury should determine as questions of fact whether a defendant acted in good

faith, whether the privilege was abused by excessive publication, whether the defendant

used the occasion for an improper purpose, or whether the defendant lacked grounds for

belief in the truth of the statement. Cortez, 827 N.E.2d at 1234. If different inferences

and conclusions could reasonably be drawn from the evidence, then the question of abuse

of privilege must be submitted to the jury. Id.; see also Williams, 914 N.E.2d at 762

(“Unless only one conclusion can be drawn from the evidence, the question of whether

the privilege has been abused is for the jury.”) (quoting Kelley, 865 N.E.2d at 601).

       Kathleen notes that she designated evidence indicating that she did act in good

faith, i.e. she wrote the letter to inform authorities regarding what she believed to be

Daniels’s unethical and illegal behavior. This, she claims, is unrefuted evidence of her

good faith. But Daniels notes that, given the timing of the various events at issue, and the

content of the letter, and construing all reasonable inferences in his favor, there was a

genuine issue of material fact regarding Kathleen’s good faith. Given our standard of

review, we must agree with Daniels.

       Daniels did not violate a restraining order by transferring the $500,000, and the

mediation agreement contains no explicit prohibition against transferring this money out

of the particular A.G. Edwards account. Further, the letter accuses Daniels of printing

                                            12
out “random reports” and generally being unhelpful during the mediation. It also vaguely

accuses Daniels of other “improprieties” without further elaboration. Under these facts

and circumstances, we must conclude that there was a genuine issue of material fact

regarding whether Kathleen acted in good faith.                   See Kelley, 865 N.E.2d at 598

(“Whether a defendant acted in good faith in making a statement usually is a question of

fact for the jury.”). Therefore, the trial court properly concluded that Kathleen was not

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the issue of qualified privilege.

                                     III. Anti-SLAPP Statutes

        Lastly, Kathleen claims that the trial court erred in denying her motion based on

Indiana’s Anti-SLAPP statutes.            If a person files a motion to dismiss pursuant to

Indiana’s Anti-SLAPP statutes, the trial court shall treat the motion as a motion for

summary judgment. Ind. Code § 34-7-7-9; Nexus, 942 N.E.2d at 122. Section 5 of the

Anti-SLAPP Chapter provides in pertinent part:

        It is a defense in a civil action against a person that the act or omission
        complained of is:
            (1) an act or omission of that person in furtherance of the person’s right
            of petition or free speech under the Constitution of the United States or
            the Constitution of the State of Indiana in connection with a public
            issue;[4] and
            (2) an act or omission taken in good faith and with a reasonable basis in
            law and fact.

Ind. Code § 34-7-7-5.

4
  As set forth in Indiana Code § 34-7-7-2, the phrase “act in furtherance of a person’s right of petition or
free speech under the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of the State of Indiana in
connection with a public issue” is defined to include “any conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the
constitutional right of: (1) petition; or (2) free speech; in connection with a public issue or an issue of
public interest.”

                                                    13
      We have already determined above in our discussion regarding the qualified

privilege that there was a genuine issue of material fact with regard to Kathleen’s good

faith. Because Kathleen’s good faith is an element of her Anti-SLAPP motion, we also

conclude that she was not entitled to dismissal of Daniels’s defamation claims based on

the Anti-SLAPP statutes. In short, the trial court properly denied Kathleen’s motion to

dismiss.

      Affirmed.

ROBB, C.J., and BAILEY, J., concur.

                                          14