Court Opinion

ID: 4388487
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-18 13:37:51.710091+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:45.516775
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Lusk v. Crown Pointe Care Ctr., 2019-Ohio-1326.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Jeffrey Wills Lusk, Individually and as             :
Executor of the Estate of
Dorothy Jean Ross Lusk, Deceased,                   :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,                :                       No. 18AP-549
                                                                         (C.P.C. No. 18CV-2941)
v.                                                  :
                                                                   (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
Crown Pointe Care Center et al.,                    :

                Defendants-Appellees.               :

                                           D E C I S I O N
                                           NUNC PRO TUNC1

                                      Rendered on April 16, 2019

                On brief: Jeffrey Wills Lusk, pro se. Argued: Jeffrey Wills
                Lusk.

                On brief: Poling Law and Brant E. Poling, for appellees
                Central Ohio Hospitalists, Inc., DBA MedOne Hospital
                Physicians, Daniel Miller, M.D., and Brian Pulliam, C.N.P.
                Argued: Zachary Hoover.

                On brief: Tucker Ellis LLP, Ernest W. Auciello, and
                Jeffrey C. Sindelar, Jr., for appellees Crown Pointe Care
                Center, SHCP Franklin, Inc., Foundations Health Solutions,
                Inc., Atlas Healthcare Solutions, Inc., Crista King, and Lynn
                Marie Gutridge.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

LUPER SCHUSTER, J.

1 This decision replaces, nunc pro tunc, the original decision released April 9, 2019, and is effective as of

that date. This decision reflects the motion granted February 11, 2019, in which the case style was corrected
to reflect executor, rather than administrator. Additionally, the decision notes Lusk as executor accordingly.
No. 18AP-549                                                                                          2

         {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Jeffrey Wills Lusk, individually and as executor of the
estate of Dorothy Jean Ross Lusk, deceased, appeals pro se from a judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas dismissing Lusk's wrongful death and survival claims
against defendants-appellees, Crown Pointe Care Center et al. For the following reasons,
we dismiss this appeal.
I. Facts and Procedural History
         {¶ 2} In April 2018, Lusk, individually and as executor of the estate of his deceased
mother, initiated this action pro se against appellees alleging wrongful death and survival
claims. Appellees moved to dismiss Lusk's complaint because, as a non-lawyer, he was
engaging in the unauthorized practice of law by filing the complaint pro se, the claims were
time-barred, and the medical negligence claims were not accompanied by the required
affidavit of merit. On July 9, 2018, the trial court dismissed Lusk's wrongful death claim
based on its finding that Lusk's filing of that claim constituted the unauthorized practice of
law, and it dismissed his survival claim based on its finding that the statute of limitations
had run as to that claim.
         {¶ 3} On July 10, 2018, Lusk filed a notice of appeal. Two days later, appellees
moved to dismiss the appeal on the basis that Lusk, a non-lawyer, may not litigate this
appeal. On July 17, 2018, this court filed an entry agreeing that Lusk may not litigate the
matter, but rather than dismissing the appeal at that time, permitted him a reasonable time
to obtain counsel. The court noted that, if, within 30 days, counsel had not made an
appearance on Lusk's behalf, the appeal would be dismissed. On August 1, 2018, Lusk filed
a motion to defer ruling on appellees' motion to dismiss the appeal until the case is
submitted for decision. This court granted Lusk's motion, thereby permitting the appeal to
be briefed and deferring a ruling on the issue of whether Lusk, as a non-lawyer, may
prosecute any part of this appeal. On August 15, 2018, appellees moved for reconsideration
of the decision to defer ruling on the pro se representation question, which this court
denied. The appeal was argued and submitted to the court for decision on February 19,
2019.2

2After this appeal was submitted for decision, Lusk moved to supplement the record with a document that
purports to show that no creditor claims have been filed against the decedent's estate. However, because
the submitted document was not part of the record below, we deny Lusk's motion and do not consider it.
No. 18AP-549                                                                                          3

II. Assignments of Error
        {¶ 4} Lusk assigns the following errors for our review:
                [1.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by
                granting appellees' motion to dismiss, by failing to accept all
                allegations of the complaint as true, by failing to grant
                appellant all reasonable inferences from those facts, and by
                finding that it was beyond all doubt that appellant could prove
                no set of facts that would entitle him to relief.

                [2.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by ruling
                non-attorney executor appearing pro se constituted the
                unauthorized practice of law by failing to: recognize wrongful
                death and survival actions are separate; follow the Ohio
                Supreme Court non-attorney executor pro se exception;
                respect the executor-beneficiary fiduciary relationship;
                recognize that executor has all the rights of decedent, including
                right to appear pro se; recognizes executor has management
                rights that belonged to decedent; recognize executor appearing
                pro se exercised his own management rights rather than rights
                of estate or beneficiaries; recognize executor's personal liability
                for mismanagement that ensures proper management-and not
                a requirement that he hire an attorney to represent the
                beneficiaries' interests; recognize distinction between vesting
                management rights in executor and beneficial interests in
                beneficiaries; recognize the role of the fiduciary duties in
                regulating the executor-beneficiary relationship; recognize
                executor owes no duties to the beneficiaries; recognize an
                estate is very much unlike a corporation because it is not a legal
                entity, as it cannot sue nor be sued; and recognize the executor
                is the beneficial interest in the corpus of the estate as its sole
                beneficiary.

                [3.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by ruling
                non-attorney executor appearing pro se constituted the
                unauthorized practice of law by failing to recognize adult
                children are not presumed to have suffered from the loss of a
                parent, thus, are potential statutory beneficiaries not yet
                determined by Franklin County Ohio Probate Court to be real
                parties in interest.

                [4.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by finding
                the statute of limitations had run before decent knew her

See Morgan v. Eads, 104 Ohio St. 3d 142, 2004-Ohio-6110, ¶ 13 ("a bedrock principle of appellate practice
in Ohio is that an appeals court is limited to the record of the proceedings at trial").
No. 18AP-549                                                                                4

              injuries were proximately caused by conduct of defendants
              despite the fact complaint conclusively shows on its face the
              action is not barred by the statute of limitations under the
              authority of the "discovery rule."

              [5.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of appellant by failing
              to convert motion to dismiss to motion for summary judgment,
              as required by Civ.R. 12, because appellant introduced extrinsic
              evidence.

III. Discussion
       {¶ 5} Before addressing Lusk's assignments of error, we must first analyze the
threshold issue of whether this matter is properly before this court. Lusk, a non-attorney,
is proceeding pro se. He argues he is entitled to litigate this appeal of the trial court's
dismissal of the wrongful death and survival claims based on his status as the sole
beneficiary under decedent's will. We disagree.
       {¶ 6} While a party may represent himself in a court proceeding without the
assistance of a lawyer, the general rule is that a layperson may not represent another person
in a legal action. Norwalk MK, Inc. v. McCormick, 170 Ohio App. 3d 147, 2006-Ohio-4640,
¶ 8 (6th Dist.); see Williams v. Griffith, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-28, 2009-Ohio-4045, ¶ 14,
quoting State v. Block, 8th Dist. No. 87488, 2007-Ohio-1979, ¶ 4 (A " 'person has the
inherent right to proceed pro se in any court, but that right pertains only to that person. It
does not extend to the person's spouse, child, or solely owned corporation.' "); R.C. 1.59 (A
"person" is generally defined to include "an individual, corporation, business trust, estate,
trust, partnership, and association."). This rule has developed from the statute prohibiting
the unauthorized practice of law, R.C. 4705.01. Wood Cty. Health Dist. v. Bauer, 6th Dist.
No. WD-17-043, 2018-Ohio-5203, ¶ 23. "The 'practice of law' consists of, inter alia,
preparing documents and papers prior to commencement of actions, managing the
resulting actions, and representing persons in court." Norwalk MK, Inc. at ¶ 8, citing Land
Title Abstract & Trust Co. v. Dworken, 129 Ohio St. 23, 28-29 (1934).
       {¶ 7} Although there is no common-law action for wrongful death, R.C. 2125.01
establishes such a claim in Ohio. Under this statute, "[w]hen the death of a person is caused
by wrongful act, neglect, or default which would have entitled the party injured to maintain
an action and recover damages if death had not ensued, the person who would have been
No. 18AP-549                                                                                   5

liable if death had not ensued * * * shall be liable to an action for damages." Such an action
must be "brought in the name of the personal representative of the decedent for the
exclusive benefit of the surviving spouse, the children, * * * the parents of the decedent, * * *
[and] the other next of kin of the decedent." R.C. 2125.02(A)(1). For the purpose of R.C.
2125.02, "personal representative" means either the executor or administrator of the
decedent's estate. Slater v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 17AP-453, 2018-
Ohio-1475, ¶ 16 (10th Dist.).
       {¶ 8} The requirement that a wrongful death action be brought in the name of the
decedent's personal representative, who is generally represented by counsel, prevents a
multiplicity of suits and facilitates distribution of any sums received from wrongful-death
claims to the various beneficiaries. Peters v. Columbus Steel Castings Co., 115 Ohio St. 3d
134, 2007-Ohio-4787, ¶ 10, citing R.C. 2125.03; Williams at ¶ 12. In this capacity, the
personal representative represents the interests of the statutory next of kin. Williams at
¶ 13, citing R.C. 2125.02(A)(1). Here, Lusk was appointed as the executor of his mother's
estate. Generally, Lusk may independently represent his own interests, but, as a non-
attorney, he may not represent in court the interest of others, included the decedent's other
next of kin. While Lusk is one of decedent's next of kin, he is not her only next of kin as he
has a sister, and representing the interests of his sister would constitute the unauthorized
practice of law. Further, he cannot proceed in a wrongful death action only on behalf of
himself individually because such an action must be "maintained by the personal
representative on behalf of the statutory next of kin in one action." Williams at ¶ 15, citing
R.C. 2125.02. Therefore, Lusk's attempt to proceed pro se in prosecuting the wrongful
death action is impermissible because he necessarily would be representing the interests of
at least one other statutory next of kin.
       {¶ 9} Lusk's attempt to litigate the survival claim is also impermissible. "[A]
survival action brought to recover for a decedent's own injuries before his or her death is
independent from a wrongful-death action seeking damages for the injuries that the
decedent's beneficiaries suffer as a result of the death, even though the same nominal party
[the personal representative] prosecutes both actions." Peters at ¶ 7. "Under the general
survival statute, R.C. 2305.21, a victim's right of action for personal injuries survives and
passes to her personal representative, and may be instituted for the benefit of the estate."
No. 18AP-549                                                                                 6

Shinaver v. Szymanski, 14 Ohio St. 3d 51, 55 (1984); Perry v. Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc.,
52 Ohio St. 3d 168, 169-70 (1990); see LaMusga v. Summit Square Rehab, LLC, 2d. Dist.
No. 26641, 2015-Ohio-5305, ¶ 55 ("survival claims made by the personal representative are
on behalf of the estate"); Williams v. Barrick, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-133, 2008-Ohio-4592,
¶ 10 (in bringing survival claims, the personal representative of the decedent's estate was
"standing in the shoes" of the decedent). Thus, as to the survival claim, Lusk, a non-lawyer,
was acting on behalf of the decedent's estate.
       {¶ 10} Despite proceeding pro se on behalf of the estate, Lusk argues the fiduciary
responsibilities associated with his status as the executor of decedent's estate enable him,
as a non-lawyer, to litigate matters for the benefit of the estate because there are sufficient
checks on his management of the litigation. But this assertion fails to recognize the
distinction between the administration of a decedent's estate and a wrongful death or
survival action being filed on behalf of the next of kin or the estate in the name of the
administrator as the nominal party.         An administrator's duties pertaining to the
administration of an estate do not change the principles precluding a non-lawyer from
engaging in the practice of law. Williams, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-28, 2009-Ohio-4045.
       {¶ 11} Lusk also contends, citing Heath v. Teich, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-1018, 2007-
Ohio-2529, that because the decedent disinherited Lusk's sister by will, and because there
are no creditors of decedent's estate, he is permitted to litigate this matter on behalf of the
estate. Lusk is correct that this court in Heath suggested that if the personal representative
of an estate is the sole beneficiary of the estate, then that person may represent the estate
in court. Id. at ¶ 8. However, because Heath involved more than one beneficiary of the
estate, any suggestion contained therein concerning circumstances involving only one
beneficiary under a will is dictum. Therefore, Lusk's reliance on Heath is unavailing as it
relates to the case before us. Even if Lusk is the sole beneficiary under the decedent's will
and her estate has no creditors, these circumstances do not alter the fact that he is
attempting to litigate this matter on behalf of the estate, which Ohio law generally treats as
a "person" or an "entity." R.C. 1.59; In re Estate of Villiers, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-293, 2013-
Ohio-2560, ¶ 3; Estate of Barney v. Manning, 8th Dist. No. 94947, 2011-Ohio-480, ¶ 16.
Lusk fails to cite, and our independent research does not reveal, any Ohio case holding that
a non-lawyer personal representative may litigate an action pro se on behalf of a decedent's
No. 18AP-549                                                                               7

estate. Conversely, at least one Ohio appellate court has expressly opined that R.C. 4705.01
prohibits a non-lawyer from litigating claims on behalf of an estate, pro se, without noting
any possible exception to this rule if there are no creditors or other beneficiaries to the
estate. See Mays v. Toledo Hosp., 6th Dist. No. L-13-1233, 2014-Ohio-1991, ¶ 8.
       {¶ 12} When a non-attorney files a notice of appeal and attempts to prosecute the
appeal in court as counsel on behalf of another, such constitutes the unauthorized practice
of law for which the pleadings filed should be stricken and the proceeding thus attempted
dismissed. Bank of New York v. Miller, 185 Ohio App. 3d 163, 2009-Ohio-6117, ¶ 13 (5th
Dist.); Scott v. H.T.M. Trust, 3d Dist. No. 12-90-4 (May 9, 1991). Therefore, because Lusk
is not authorized to appeal pro se from the trial court's dismissal of the wrongful death and
survival claims he filed against appellees on behalf of the decedent's statutory next of kin
and her estate, we must dismiss this appeal.
IV. Disposition
       {¶ 13} For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss this appeal.
                                                                          Appeal dismissed.

                           SADLER and DORRIAN, JJ., concur.