Court Opinion

ID: 3199893
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-03 18:25:38.90176+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:18:18.541180
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                         Washington State
                                                                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                                          Division Two

                                                                                           May 3, 2016

       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                           DIVISION II
    In re the Estate of:                                            No. 46778-0-II

    DANA MOWER,                                                 PUBLISHED OPINION

                               Deceased.

          BJORGEN, A.C.J. — Linda Turner, personal representative of the estate of Dana Mower,

appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment declaring Eric and Theresa Schuler (the

Schulers) residuary beneficiaries under Dana’s1 will. The Schulers are the brother and sister-in-

law of Dana’s former spouse, Christine Mower. Turner argues that (1) the bequest to the

Schulers should be revoked under RCW 11.12.051 as a provision “in favor of” a testator’s

former spouse, (2) the bequest to the Schulers fails because its conditions precedent have not

been met, and (3) the assets covered by the bequest to the Schulers should pass via intestacy.

Turner also argues that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees to the Schulers, and both

parties request attorney fees on appeal.

1
 To avoid confusion, we refer to Dana Mower and Christine Mower by their first names. No
disrespect is intended.
No. 46778-0-II

       We hold that (1) a provision “in favor of” a testator’s former spouse under RCW

11.12.051 is one that benefits the former spouse without directly conferring a property interest or

power, and the bequest to the Schulers does not qualify as such a provision, (2) operation of

RCW 11.12.051 to revoke the primary residuary bequest in Dana’s will satisfies the condition

precedent to the bequest to the Schulers, and (3) the will, not the law of intestacy, governs

distribution of Dana’s residuary assets. We therefore affirm the trial court’s order granting

summary judgment to the Schulers. We also affirm the trial court’s award of attorney fees and

we award attorney fees on appeal to the Schulers, to be paid from the estate.

                                              FACTS

       Dana executed his will in 2005, at which time he was married to Christine. The will

included residuary provisions conditioned on whether Christine survived him by at least 30 days.

If Christine survived him, part of the residue of his estate would go to her directly and the rest

would go into a trust set up for her benefit. If Christine did not survive him, half of the residue

would be split equally among his siblings, and the other half would go to the Schulers.

       In 2012, Dana and Christine decided to divorce. They filed a stipulated decree of

dissolution on November 13 of that year, finalizing the divorce. Dana died unexpectedly from

an apparent heart attack 16 days later. Dana did not revise his will or execute a new will before

his death.

       Dana’s will named Christine as the personal representative of his estate, with Turner

named as the preferred alternate. Because Christine was his former spouse, and powers

conferred on her by Dana’s will would be revoked pursuant to RCW 11.12.051, Turner offered

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No. 46778-0-II

the will for probate and was appointed as the personal representative of Dana’s estate in January

2013.

        In February 2013, Turner petitioned the trial court for a declaratory judgment that the

Schulers were not beneficiaries under the will. Turner argued that under RCW 11.12.051

testamentary gifts to relatives of a testator’s former spouse should be revoked, and she presented

extrinsic evidence that Dana had intended to disinherit the Schulers after his divorce from

Christine, but had not had an opportunity to change his will before he died. In response, the

Schulers claimed that Eric Schuler and Dana had been friends before Dana married Christine.

        The Schulers moved for summary judgment adjudicating them beneficiaries both under

the will and of certain nonprobate assets. Turner then cross-moved for summary judgment,

arguing that the bequest to the Schulers should fail because it was conditioned on Christine’s

death and Christine was still alive. The trial court granted the Schulers’ motion, but withheld a

final ruling on the nonprobate assets. The trial court denied Turner’s cross motion. The Schulers

later moved for a final order after determining that they were not named beneficiaries of any

nonprobate assets. The trial court granted their motion and awarded them reasonable attorney

fees, to be paid by Dana’s estate.

        Turner appeals.

                                           ANALYSIS

        Turner first argues that the residuary bequest to the Schulers in Dana’s will should be

revoked under RCW 11.12.051. Turner argues in the alternative that the bequest fails because its

conditions precedent have not been satisfied. In either case, Turner asserts that the bequest

should not be given effect and the assets covered by the bequest should pass by intestacy.

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No. 46778-0-II

          We review de novo a trial court’s order granting summary judgment, performing the

same inquiry as the trial court. Lakey v. Puget Sound Energy, Inc., 176 Wn.2d 909, 922, 296

P.3d 860 (2013). We view all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and

draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. Id. If there are no genuine issues of material

fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we will affirm the trial

court’s order of summary judgment. Id. We may do so on any grounds supported by the record.

Pac. Marine Ins. Co. v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Revenue, 181 Wn. App. 730, 737, 329 P.3d 101

(2014).

                              I. REVOCATION OF TESTAMENTARY GIFTS
                              TO A FORMER SPOUSE’S FAMILY MEMBERS

          According to Turner, we should interpret RCW 11.12.051 as providing for automatic

revocation of testamentary gifts to a former spouse’s family members upon dissolution of the

marriage between the testator and the former spouse. We disagree with this interpretation of

RCW 11.12.051.

1.        Principles of Statutory Interpretation

          In interpreting statutes enacted by our legislature, we determine and give effect to the

legislature’s intent. Jametsky v. Olsen, 179 Wn.2d 756, 762, 317 P.3d 1003 (2014). To do so,

we first look to the plain language of the statute. Id. “When the legislature has expressed its

intent in the plain language of a statute, we cannot substitute our judgment for the legislature’s

judgment.” Protect the Peninsula’s Future v. Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd., 185 Wn. App. 959, 972,

344 P.3d 705 (2015). To assess the meaning of the plain language, we consider the text of the

provision in question, the context of the statute in which the provision is found, and related

statutes. Id. Where a statutory term is not expressly defined in the statute, we look to its usual

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No. 46778-0-II

and ordinary meaning. Id. If the plain meaning of a statute is unambiguous, we must apply that

plain meaning as an expression of legislative intent without considering extrinsic sources.

Jametsky, 179 Wn.2d at 762. We will not add language to an unambiguous statute under the

guise of interpretation. Kilian v. Atkinson, 147 Wn.2d 16, 20, 50 P.3d 638 (2002).

       However, we must construe ambiguous statutory provisions. Statutory language is

ambiguous when it is “‘susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation.’” Seven Sales

LLC v. Otterbein, 189 Wn. App. 204, 208, 356 P.3d 248 (2015) (quoting Stephenson v. Pleger,

150 Wn. App. 658, 662, 208 P.3d 583 (2009)). To construe such ambiguous language, we look

to the legislative history, relevant case law, and established principles of statutory construction to

discern legislative intent. Anthis v. Copland, 173 Wn.2d 752, 756, 270 P.3d 574 (2012).

Moreover, “policy considerations may provide a valuable rule of statutory construction in

interpreting an ambiguous statute.” Allan v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 66 Wn. App. 415, 418,

832 P.2d 489 (1992).

2.     Interpretation of RCW 11.12.051

       Turner argues that the trial court should have revoked Dana’s testamentary gift to the

Schulers because the gift was “in favor of” Christine within the meaning of RCW 11.12.051. Br.

of Appellant at 12. We disagree and hold that testamentary gifts to family members of a former

spouse are not necessarily gifts in favor of the former spouse.

       RCW 11.12.051(1) provides:

       If, after making a will, the testator’s marriage or domestic partnership is dissolved,
       invalidated, or terminated, all provisions in the will in favor of or granting any
       interest or power to the testator’s former spouse or former domestic partner are
       revoked, unless the will expressly provides otherwise. Provisions affected by this
       section must be interpreted, and property affected passes, as if the former spouse

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No. 46778-0-II

          or former dome77stic partner failed to survive the testator, having died at the time
          of entry of the decree of dissolution or declaration of invalidity.

(Emphasis added.) Because the statute is in derogation of the common law, we construe its

provisions strictly. See Peiffer v. Old Nat’l Bank & Union Tr. Co., 166 Wash. 1, 6, 6 P.2d 386

(1931).

          By its plain language, the statute requires courts to apply the legal fiction that a former

spouse predeceased the testator when interpreting will provisions that specifically give an

interest in property or a power to the former spouse or that operate “in favor of” the former

spouse. Here, the will provision bequeathing half of Dana’s residual estate to the Schulers

neither conveys an interest in property to Christine nor confers any power on her. However,

Turner argues that the bequest was included due to the Schulers’ familial relationship with

Christine and therefore constitutes a provision “in favor of” Christine. Thus, the primary

interpretive question before this court is what “in favor of” means in RCW 11.12.051.

          A. Ambiguity

          To begin our interpretive analysis, we must determine whether the phrase “in favor of” is

ambiguous as used in RCW 11.12.051. We conclude that it is.

          The usual and ordinary meaning of the phrase “in favor of” is “to the special advantage or

benefit of.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY at 830 (1969). This meaning seems to

require that a provision in favor of a party confer some direct benefit on that party. However,

among the usual and ordinary meanings of the verb “favor” are “to do a kindness for or oblige,”

WEBSTER’S, supra at 830, and “to show partiality or unfair bias towards,” BLACK’S LAW

DICTIONARY, at 738 (4th ed. 1968); see also WEBSTER’S, supra at 830 (noting a secondary

meaning of “in favor of” as “in accord or sympathy with”). These meanings show that it is at

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No. 46778-0-II

least reasonable to believe that a testator could execute a will provision in favor of a party by

including that provision at the party’s behest or to satisfy that party’s desire, even if the provision

itself confers no direct benefit on the favored party. Therefore, the term “in favor of” as used in

RCW 11.12.051 is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation and is ambiguous.

       B. Resolution of Ambiguity

       Because the phrase “in favor of” is ambiguous, we must resolve the ambiguity. To do so,

we may look to principles of statutory construction, legislative history, relevant case law, and

public policy to discern the legislature’s intent. We hold that the phrase “in favor of” as used in

RCW 11.12.051 includes all will provisions that benefit a former spouse without directly

conveying any power or property interest, as long as those provisions would be effectively

revoked by treating the former spouse as predeceasing the testator.

               i. Legislative History

       Turner argues that because the Uniform Probate Code (UPC) recommends revoking

testamentary gifts to family members of a testator’s former spouse, our legislature must have

similarly intended that RCW 11.12.051 would revoke gifts to such former relatives. The

Schulers argue that the provisions of RCW 11.12.051 and the UPC are dissimilar, indicating that

the legislature intentionally took a path different from that advocated by the UPC. We agree

with the Schulers.

       Turner asserts, without citing to any authority, that RCW 11.12.051 was “modeled after

the first [UPC] § 2-508.” Br. of Appellant at 12. That model statute provided:

       If after executing a will the testator is divorced or his marriage annulled, the divorce
       or annulment revokes any disposition or appointment of property made by the will
       to the former spouse, any provision conferring a general or special power of
       appointment on the former spouse, and any nomination of the former spouse as

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No. 46778-0-II

       executor, trustee, conservator, or guardian, unless the will expressly provides
       otherwise. Property prevented from passing to a former spouse because of
       revocation by divorce or annulment passes as if the former spouse failed to survive
       the decedent, and other provisions conferring some power or office on the former
       spouse are interpreted as if the spouse failed to survive the decedent. . . . For
       purposes of this section, divorce or annulment means any divorce or annulment
       which would exclude the spouse as a surviving spouse within the meaning of
       Section 2-802(b). A decree of separation which does not terminate the status of
       husband and wife is not a divorce for purposes of this section. No change of
       circumstances other than as described in this section revokes a will.

Prior UPC (1969) § 2-508, 8 pt. 2 U.L.A. 535 (2013) (emphasis added).2 The official comment

to the section explained that

       [t]he section deals with what is sometimes called revocation by operation of law. It
       provides for revocation by a divorce or annulment only. No other change in
       circumstances operate to revoke the will. . . .

8 U.L.A. at 535 cmt. Neither the text of the section nor the comment discuss family members of

a former spouse, and both expressly state that the section contemplates “[n]o other change [of]

circumstances.” Therefore, if anything, these UPC provisions indicate that our legislature

intended to restrict the application of RCW 11.12.051 to former spouses only.

       Turner cites to the revised UPC section 2-804 as well, but that model statute notably

contrasts with RCW 11.12.051. The revised section 2-804 expressly revokes testamentary gifts

to relatives of the testator’s former spouse:

       [P]rovisions of a governing instrument are given effect as if the former spouse and
       relatives of the former spouse disclaimed all provisions revoked by this section or,
       in the case of a revoked nomination in a fiduciary or representative capacity, as if
       the former spouse and relatives of the former spouse died immediately before the
       divorce or annulment.

2
  The revised version of section 2-508 provides only that “[e]xcept as provided in Sections 2-803
and 2-804, a change of circumstances does not revoke a will or any part of it.” 8 pt. 1 U.L.A.
266. Section 2-803 governs the effect of homicide on will provisions, and therefore is unrelated
to the question before this court. Id. at 323-25. Section 2-804 concerns, inter alia, revocation of
wills by dissolution of marriage. Id. at 330-32.

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No. 46778-0-II

Revised UPC § 2-804(d) (amended 2010), 8 pt. 1 U.L.A. 331. The official comment to that

section further clarifies the UPC position:

       Given that, during divorce process or in the aftermath of the divorce, the former
       spouse’s relatives are likely to side with the former spouse, breaking down or
       weakening any former ties that may previously have developed between the
       transferor and the former spouse’s relatives, seldom would the transferor have
       favored such a result. This section, therefore, also revokes these gifts.

Revised UPC § 2-804, at 333 cmt. 2.

       Unlike revised UPC section 2-804, RCW 11.12.051 includes no express provision

revoking gifts to relatives of a former spouse, and the statute generally does not resemble the

language or structure of the UPC section. Although the revised version of the UPC was

available to our legislature when it enacted RCW 11.12.051 in 1994, see 8 pt. 1 U.L.A. 333 cmt.

1, the legislature chose not to enact the language of the UPC or similar language. Therefore,

comparison with the UPC weighs toward interpreting RCW 11.12.051 as applying strictly to

testamentary gifts to former spouses, not gifts to their relatives.

               ii. Relevant Case Law

       Two older Washington cases, In re Estate of McLaughlin, 11 Wn. App. 320, 523 P.2d

437 (1974), and In re Estate of Harrison, 21 Wn. App. 382, 585 P.2d 187 (1978), addressed

testamentary gifts to relatives of a testator’s former spouse. The Schulers argue that because

those cases predated enactment of the language of RCW 11.12.051, the legislature’s subsequent

choice not to expressly provide for revocation of gifts to such former relatives indicates that such

gifts are not necessarily revoked under RCW 11.12.051. We agree.

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No. 46778-0-II

       In both McLaughlin and Harrison, the courts construed will provisions as precluding

gifts to relatives of a testator’s former spouse. However, the courts in both cases applied former

RCW 11.12.050 (1978), repealed by LAWS OF 1994, ch. 221, § 72, which provided:

       If, after making any will, the testator shall marry and the spouse shall be living at
       the time of the death of the testator, such will shall be deemed revoked as to such
       spouse, unless provision shall have been made for such survivor by marriage
       settlement, or unless such survivor be provided for in the will or in such way
       mentioned therein as to show an intention not to make such provision, and no other
       evidence to rebut the presumption of revocation shall be received. A divorce,
       subsequent to the making of a will, shall revoke the will as to the divorced spouse.

This language differs from that of RCW 11.12.051, revoking will provisions as “to the former

spouse” and including no provision that courts treat a former spouse as predeceasing the testator.

       This distinction is critical because in both McLaughlin and Harrison the key issue was

whether the testator’s former spouse predeceased him, thereby triggering will provisions

conditioned on the former spouse’s death. McLaughlin, 11 Wn. App. at 321; Harrison, 21 Wn.

App. at 387-88. This court presumes that in subsequently enacting RCW 11.12.051, the

legislature knew the case law construing the earlier statute. See Bob Pearson Constr., Inc. v.

First Cmty. Bank of Wash., 111 Wn. App. 174, 179, 43 P.3d 1261 (2002). With this presumed

knowledge, the legislature abrogated the case law by enacting an express requirement that courts

treat a former spouse as predeceasing the testator. Yet it added no language concerning relatives

of the former spouse, even though both McLaughlin and Harrison involved such relatives.

Therefore, the legislature’s action in the face of the case law indicates that it did not intend to

necessarily revoke testamentary gifts to such former relatives.

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No. 46778-0-II

                  iii. Principles of Statutory Construction

       Turner directs this court’s attention to a Maryland case Friedman v. Hannan, 412 Md.

328, 987 A.2d 60 (2010), which turned in part on the principle that a court must give effect to all

language included in a statute and should not treat any as surplusage. We apply that same

principle here.

       Washington courts, like the Maryland court, observe “the rule against surplusage, which

requires this court to avoid interpretations of a statute that would render superfluous a provision

of the statute.” Veit, ex rel. Nelson v. Burlington N. Santa Fe Corp., 171 Wn.2d 88, 113, 249

P.3d 607 (2011). The legislature chose to include in RCW 11.12.051 language revoking will

provisions “in favor of” a former spouse, as well as provisions “granting any interest or power to

the testator's former spouse.” In order to avoid subsuming the former provision within the latter,

and thereby rendering the phrase “in favor of” superfluous and redundant, we must interpret the

phrase “in favor of” to mean something distinct from the conveyance of power or property

interests. Because the legislature chose to include the language, it must refer to some benefit

other than a direct grant of power or property.

       As noted above, we construe RCW 11.12.051 strictly because it is in derogation of the

common law of wills. Peiffer, 166 Wash. at 6. Applying the rule against surplusage, we hold

that the legislature indicated its intent that RCW 11.12.051 generally revoke provisions

benefitting the former spouse by providing for revocation of will provisions that are “in favor of”

the testator’s former spouse, while distinguishing provisions that grant power or property to that

former spouse. In some cases, gifts to the former spouse’s family members may confer some

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No. 46778-0-II

benefit on the former spouse. Whether a particular will provision benefits the testator’s former

spouse would be a factual question for the trial court to resolve.3

        However, RCW 11.12.051 expressly provides a particular manner of revocation:

construction of the will as if the testator’s former spouse predeceased him. If that language is to

be given effect, a will provision in favor of a former spouse should only fall within the scope of

RCW 11.12.051 if it would be effectively revoked by the death of the former spouse. A will

provision that confers only an attenuated, indirect benefit on the testator’s former spouse—for

example, a bequest to a person from whom the former spouse might later inherit the bequeathed

asset—would not be revoked by pretending that the former spouse predeceased the testator. In

contrast, a will provision conferring some personal benefit on the former spouse—for example, a

provision setting up a trust to care for the former spouse’s pet as long as the former spouse

lived—would not survive if that former spouse were considered deceased. Therefore, construing

RCW 11.12.051 strictly, a will provision “in favor of” a former spouse must be one that would

be effectively revoked by treating that former spouse as predeceasing the testator.

                iv. Policy Considerations

        Turner argues that public policy considerations should lead us to construe RCW

11.12.051 broadly and hold that it revokes testamentary gifts to relatives of a former spouse.

3
  The Maryland court in Friedman reached a similar conclusion after applying the rule against
surplusage, although the language of the Maryland revocation-on-dissolution statute was notably
different. 412 Md. at 337-38, 348. The court interpreted the phrase “relating to” broadly and
held that the statute “is not limited in its effect to provisions for the direct benefit of the spouse.”
Id. at 348. The court further held that it is a factual question whether a will provision is one
“relating to” a former spouse. Id.

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No. 46778-0-II

However, the policy views of this court should not supersede the indications in the legislative

history that our legislature intended not to enact a law like that suggested by revised UPC 2-804.

       To support her policy argument, Turner directs this court’s attention to the Restatement

(Third) of Property, which addresses language identical to that used in RCW 11.12.051:

       The dissolution of the testator’s marriage, including divorce or annulment, is a
       change in circumstance that presumptively revokes any provision in the testator’s
       will in favor of his or her former spouse. The term “provision in the testator’s will
       in favor of his or her former spouse” not only encompasses a dispositive provision
       in favor of the former spouse, but also a provision nominating the former spouse to
       act in any fiduciary or representative capacity (such as personal representative,
       executor, trustee, conservator, agent, or guardian), a provision conferring a general
       or nongeneral power of appointment on the former spouse, and other provision of
       similar import.
       ....
                Most revocation statutes, including the Original UPC, limit the scope of the
       revocation to provisions in favor of the former spouse. Under Revised UPC § 2-
       804, dissolution of the testator’s marriage also revokes any provision in the
       testator’s will in favor of a relative of the former spouse who, after the dissolution,
       is no longer related to the testator by blood, adoption, or affinity.

              The revoked provisions pass as if the former spouse—and, under the
       Revised UPC, relatives of the former spouse—predeceased the testator.

RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF PROPERTY § 4.1, cmt. o (1999) (alteration in original). The Reporter’s

Note on this comment further explains that

       where the controlling revocation-upon-divorce statute provides that the devise to
       the former spouse alone is revoked, the case law generally holds that the testator’s
       estate passes under the alternative devise, even if the alternative devise favors
       relatives of the former spouse. [Citation omitted.] However, even if the controlling
       revocation statute provides only that the devise to the former spouse is revoked, the
       court should feel free to effectuate the purpose of the statute by extending its terms
       to revoke the devise to the former spouse’s children. The rationale for extending
       the statute is that the deceased spouse, the testator, would not want his or her estate
       to be divided between the testator’s children and the former spouse’s children.

RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF PROPERTY, § 4.1, Rep. Note 10 (1999) (emphasis added).

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No. 46778-0-II

       According to Turner, a similar rationale applies to testamentary gifts to any relative of the

former spouse. As noted above, the revised UPC explains this idea:

       Given that, during divorce process or in the aftermath of the divorce, the former
       spouse’s relatives are likely to side with the former spouse, breaking down or
       weakening any former ties that may previously have developed between the
       transferor and the former spouse’s relatives, seldom would the transferor have
       favored such a result.

UPC § 2-804, 8 pt. 1 U.L.A. at 333 cmt. 2. Some courts in other jurisdictions have quoted this

language approvingly. E.g., Estate of Hermon, 39 Cal. App. 4th 1525, 1532, 46 Cal. Rptr. 2d

577 (1995). The Maryland court in Friedman was also in accord:

       [D]ivorce is often acrimonious, with the acrimony spilling over to the former
       spouse’s family. Also, it is common in writing wills during a marriage that two
       spouses divide their assets between their respective family members because they
       have agreed that is fair. Even without acrimony, this viewpoint is likely to change
       upon divorce.

412 Md. at 345.

       The Restatement and UPC suggest presumptive revocation of gifts to a former spouse’s

relatives because dissolved unions rend the relationships that usually underlie such gifts. This

may or may not be sound public policy. However, we will not construe RCW 11.12.051 to

achieve such a policy goal without some indication that the legislature had that purpose in mind.

Indeed, the fact that the legislature has not moved to amend or repeal RCW 11.12.051 in light of

the more recent policy suggestions embodied in the Restatement and UPC indicates that the

legislature did not have this policy in mind. Therefore, despite the apparent trend seen in the

Restatement and UPC toward revoking testamentary gifts to relatives of a testator’s former

spouse, we must refrain from broadly interpreting RCW 11.12.051 on policy grounds.

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No. 46778-0-II

               v. Conclusion

       As concluded above, principles of statutory construction counsel that the phrase “in favor

of” as used in RCW 11.12.051 refers to any testamentary gifts that benefit the former spouse in

some manner other than direct conveyance of a power or property interest and that would be

effectively revoked by treating the former spouse as predeceasing the testator.

       Turner argues that because Dana’s property would go to Christine’s family, she would

ultimately benefit from the bequest. Turner also appears to argue that because Dana had no

relationship with the Schulers that would warrant their inclusion in his will, he must have

included them to benefit Christine. However, even if Dana’s bequest to the Schulers indirectly

benefits Christine, it would not be effectively revoked by applying the fiction of law that she

predeceased Dana. Therefore, the alternative will provision bequeathing half of the residue of

Dana’s estate to the Schulers was not a provision in favor of Christine within the meaning of

RCW 11.12.051.

                        II. SATISFACTION OF THE CONDITION PRECEDENT

       Turner claims that Christine’s disinheritance under RCW 11.12.051 should not satisfy the

condition precedent for the alternative will provision bequeathing half of the residue of Dana’s

estate to the Schulers. She presents two bases for this claim: (1) the residuary provisions in

Dana’s will were conditioned on his continued marriage to Christine and (2) Christine’s literal

death was required to satisfy the condition that she predeceased Dana by at least 30 days. We

disagree.

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No. 46778-0-II

1.     Condition Precedent: Continued Marriage to Christine

       In interpreting the provisions of a will, our job is to determine the testator’s intent. In re

Estate of Burks, 124 Wn. App. 327, 331, 100 P.3d 328 (2004). If possible, this intent is to be

gleaned from the four corners of the will. Id. To do so, we follow the objective manifestation

theory used in contract interpretation, imputing an intention corresponding to the reasonable

meaning of the words used. In re Estate of Bernard, 182 Wn. App. 692, 697, 332 P.3d 480,

review denied, 339 P.3d 634 (2014). Terms expressly defined should be interpreted in

accordance with the express definition. See Black v. Nat’l Merit Ins. Co., 154 Wn. App. 674,

679-80, 226 P.3d 175 (2010).

       In a section entitled “Identification of Family,” Dana’s will specifies that “[t]he term ‘my

spouse’ as used in this Will shall mean and refer to Christine Leiren Mower.” Clerk’s Papers

(CP) at 2. Numerous provisions throughout the will refer to either “my spouse” or “my spouse,

Christine Leiren Mower.” CP at 2-8. Sections 5.2 and 5.3 of the will, governing the disposition

of the residue of the estate, are structured as alternative sets of provisions conditioned on whether

“my spouse survives me by a period of thirty (30) days.” CP at 7-8. The bequest to the

Schulers, part of the second alternative set of provisions, is operative only “[i]n the event my

spouse fails to survive me by a period of thirty (30) days.” CP at 8.

       The will defines “my spouse” as Christine personally. The definition includes no caveat

altering its meaning in the event that Dana and Christine are no longer married. Moreover, the

provisions of section 5.2 include no reference to Dana’s marriage to Christine and no language

altering the definition of “my spouse.” Therefore, we interpret the alternative residuary bequests

as conditioned on whether Christine survived Dana by a period of 30 days. Under the terms of

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No. 46778-0-II

the will, the bequest to the Schulers is not conditioned on whether Christine in fact remained

Dana’s spouse at the time of his death.

2.     Condition Precedent: Literal Death of Christine

       Turner also argues that the gift to the Schulers was conditioned on Christine’s literal

death, and that operation of RCW 11.12.051 is insufficient to satisfy the condition. We disagree.

       As discussed above, Dana’s will clearly conditions the residuary bequest to the Schulers

on Christine’s failure to survive Dana by at least 30 days. However, RCW 11.12.051(1)

expressly provides that

       [p]rovisions affected by this section must be interpreted, and property affected
       passes, as if the former spouse or former domestic partner failed to survive the
       testator, having died at the time of entry of the decree of dissolution or declaration
       of invalidity.

Therefore, to the extent the residuary provisions of Dana’s will are affected by RCW 11.12.051,

we construe them as though Christine predeceased Dana.

       As noted above, the residuary provisions of the will are set up as alternatives based on

Christine’s survival. Under the first alternative, if Christine survives Dana by at least 30 days

she receives a portion of the residue directly. Under RCW 11.12.051, those provisions must be

construed as though Christine predeceased Dana, triggering the second set of alternative

provisions containing the bequest to the Schulers.

       Turner contends that RCW 11.12.051 is inapplicable because McLaughlin and Harrison

established as a matter of common law that the literal death of the testator’s former spouse is

required to give effect to a substitutional gift conditioned on that former spouse’s nonsurvival.

In both McLaughlin and Harrison, our court did hold that will provisions conditioned on the

death of the testator’s former spouse were not satisfied by dissolution of the testator’s marriage

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No. 46778-0-II

to that former spouse. See McLaughlin, 11 Wn. App. at 321; Harrison, 21 Wn. App. at 387-88.

However, RCW 11.12.051 had not yet been enacted when those cases were decided, and both

cases construed the earlier statute. The legislature later specifically added the statutory language

requiring courts to treat a former spouse as predeceasing the testator. We presume that the

legislature was aware of the earlier cases and acted accordingly. See Bob Pearson Constr., 111

Wn. App. at 179. Therefore, to the extent that RCW 11.12.051 is inconsistent with the earlier

holdings, the statute abrogates those holdings.

                               III. OPERATION OF INTESTACY LAWS

       Turner argues that because the residuary provision benefitting the Schulers should either

be revoked or rendered inoperative by failure to satisfy a condition precedent, half of the residue

of Dana’s estate should pass via intestate succession to Dana’s mother. Because we hold that the

provision is not revoked and the condition precedent is satisfied, Turner’s position cannot be

sustained.

                                       IV. ATTORNEY FEES

       Turner argues that the trial court erred by awarding attorney fees and also requests

attorney fees on appeal. The Schulers request attorney fees on appeal as well. We hold that the

trial court did not err in awarding attorney fees to the Schulers, and we award the Schulers

reasonable attorney fees on appeal to be paid for by the estate.

1.     Attorney Fees Awarded by the Trial Court

       Turner argues that the trial court erred by awarding the Schulers attorney fees because

they did not substantially prevail. We disagree.

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No. 46778-0-II

       Under the attorney fees award provisions of the Trusts and Estate Dispute Resolution Act

(TEDRA), chapter 11.96 RCW, the trial court has discretion to award fees and other costs to any

party in an estate dispute proceeding governed by Title 11 RCW. RCW 11.96A.150. The court

may award any amount it “determines to be equitable.” RCW 11.96A.150(1). “In exercising its

discretion under this section, the court may consider any and all factors that it deems to be

relevant and appropriate, which factors may but need not include whether the litigation benefits

the estate or trust involved.” RCW 11.96A.150. We review a trial court’s decision to award

attorney fees under TEDRA for an abuse of discretion. In re Estate of Black, 153 Wn.2d 152,

173, 102 P.3d 796 (2009).

       The trial court expressly declared that “the Schulers are the prevailing party on the

Estate’s and Ms. Turner’s respective petitions to adjudicate beneficiaries,” CP at 417, and

granted both of the Schulers’ motions for summary judgment while denying Turner’s cross

motion. Yet Turner argues on appeal, without citation to the record, that the Schulers “prevailed

on only one issue, the probate assets, while the Estate prevailed on the second issue, the non-

probate assets.” Br. of Appellant at 26. Turner may be referring to the fact that the Schulers

admitted in their second motion that after discovery they were not named beneficiaries on any

nonprobate assets. However, the trial court granted the Schulers’ motion, so they technically

prevailed.

       Regardless, RCW 11.96A.150 does not require that a party substantially prevail to be

entitled to an attorney fees award. Instead, it expressly gives the trial court discretion to grant

such an award to “any party.” RCW 11.96A.150(1). Where a will beneficiary prevails on a

claim raised by the personal representative of an estate, an attorney fees award may be

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No. 46778-0-II

appropriate. See McDonald v. Moore, 57 Wn. App. 778, 783, 790 P.2d 213 (1990). Here,

Turner brought this action and forced the Schulers to defend their position as beneficiaries of the

will. Because that position had merit, the trial court did not err by awarding attorney fees.

       The trial court ordered that the award for the Schulers’ attorney fees be paid by the estate.

“The touchstone of an award of attorney fees from the estate is whether the litigation resulted in

a substantial benefit to the estate.” In re Estate of Black, 116 Wn. App. 476, 490, 66 P.3d 670

(2003). However, a trial court does not necessarily abuse its discretion by awarding fees from an

estate even without a substantial benefit. Id. Here, there was arguably a substantial benefit to

the estate, as the action adjudicated the proper beneficiaries. Moreover, the trial court did not

want to penalize Turner personally for raising potentially meritorious policy arguments and

advocating for a change in Washington law. These considerations warranted ordering the award

to be paid by the estate.

2.     Attorney Fees on Appeal

       Both Turner and the Schulers request attorney fees and costs on appeal. We award the

Schulers attorney fees and costs to be paid by the estate.

       We may grant an award of reasonable attorney fees on appeal to a party that requests it in

its opening brief, as long as applicable law provides for such an award. RAP 18.1. RCW

11.96A.150 applies not only to trial courts, but also to “any court on an appeal.” Therefore, like

the trial court, this court has discretion to award reasonable attorney fees in estate disputes. We

may order such an award paid by “any party to the proceedings” or “the assets of the estate or

trust involved in the proceedings.” RCW 11.96A.150(a)-(b). In exercising its discretion, we

may consider whatever factors we deem appropriate. RCW 11.96A.150(1).

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No. 46778-0-II

       We award the Schulers attorney fees on appeal, to be paid from the estate. We encourage

parties to raise and defend against legitimate issues of statutory interpretation, so that such issues

may be resolved for the public benefit. As the trial court noted, this case involved a legitimate

issue of statutory interpretation. Therefore, we award attorney fees to the prevailing party, to be

paid from the estate. Even if this case were not of substantial benefit to the estate, the litigation

involved an important estate dispute and it is most equitable to have the estate bear the burden of

the appeal.

                                           CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s summary judgment order in favor of the Schulers, affirm the

award of reasonable attorney fees to the Schulers at trial, and award the Schulers their reasonable

attorney fees on appeal, both fee awards to be paid from the estate.

                                                       BJORGEN, C.J.
 I concur:

SUTTON, J.

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No. 46778-0-II

          MELNICK (dissenting) — The majority and I rely on the same facts, the same principles of

statutory construction, and the same statute. However, because we differ on the interpretation of

the relevant statute and its applicability to the facts of this case, I respectfully dissent.

          At issue in this case is the interpretation of RCW 11.12.051(1). In relevant part it reads:

          If, after making a will, the testator’s marriage or domestic partnership is dissolved,
          invalidated, or terminated, all provisions in the will in favor of or granting any
          interest or power to the testator’s former spouse or former domestic partner are
          revoked, unless the will expressly provides otherwise. Provisions affected by this
          section must be interpreted, and property affected passes, as if the former spouse or
          former domestic partner failed to survive the testator, having died at the time of
          entry of the decree of dissolution or declaration of invalidity.

RCW 11.12.051(1) (emphasis added).

          I agree with the majority that the provision at issue in Dana’s will is not “in favor of”

Christine,4 and we do not use the legal fiction that she “died at the time of entry of the decree of

dissolution.”5 For this reason, I believe the sentence that begins, “Provisions affected by this

section . . .” is inapplicable.6 If none of the provisions of the will is “in favor of” the testator’s

prior spouse, then there cannot be any provisions of the will affected by this portion of the statute.

For this reason, I would hold that Dana died intestate. I would also hold that the award of attorney

fees to the Schulers is in error.

                                                                 Melnick, J.

4
    Majority at 15,
5
    See RCW 11.12.051(1).
6
    See RCW 11.12.051 (1).

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