Court Opinion

ID: 9740620
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 20:38:45.473318+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:24:19.201554
License: Public Domain

*529Kelly, J.
(dissenting). The facts are not in dispute but this factual issue has resulted in a 3-2  division as to whether plaintiff has presented a case for jury determination. I join the three who have stated that plaintiff has not, and dissent to my Brother’s reversal of the trial judge.
Presque Isle county circuit judge, Hon. Philip. J. Glennie, concluding that “we have a situation here where the defendant was not put on notice that there were any children there at all,” and that there was no evidence proving “unreasonable conduct on the part of the defendant that caused the injury,” summarized the evidence as follows:
“We have here a case that arose from an incident on November 8, 1960. It occurred on a farm, at the end of the road. A sort of isolated place, I presume. It does not appear from the testimony here that there was anyone present other than the children that belong to this family. So, on the morning in question they had breakfast, all the family together, and as I understand it, the defendant in the case ate a little later than the rest of the family. They decided,—it being election day,— that they would exercise their constitutional right to vote, and as I say, they decided to go and vote. It was a cold morning, and so the defendant went out to his garage and he warmed up his car, because he was taking his daughter, Mrs. Bonin, and the two small children. The other children had gone to school.
“He came back into the kitchen, and he announced he was ready to go. So the mother took these two children up to her room with her where she was dressing, and dressed them. Her father, the defendant here, went out to his car and got in the car and made observation to his rear and to his side. *530You. will remember bis testimony. I am stating that is the way it occurred. And then he started to back up.
“Now, there were no other children in the area, No children in the yard when he went outside. The two small children had gone upstairs with their mother. No children around at all.
“He went directly to his car and got in and started to back out; and there was an accident. This little girl was under the car, and the car only backed out three, at the most, four feet.”
Court of Appeals Judge Timothy C. Quinn concludes (1 Mich App 362, 364): “There was no evidence of negligence nor evidence from which negligence could be inferred,” because the evidence discloses that (pp 363, 364):
“After breakfast on November 8, 1960, defendant and Julie’s mother were going to vote; Kenneth and Julie were going with them. Preparatory to the trip, defendant went to the garage to start the car so it would warm up. The garage was about 50 feet from the house. The children remained in the house with their mother during this time. After starting the car, defendant returned to the house; Julie, Kenneth and the mother were still in the kitchen. Defendant told them to hurry up and get dressed and the mother and two children went upstairs to dress; the children had to put on their outdoor clothes. Defendant left the house as the mother and children went upstairs. He went directly to the garage, entered the car, looked in the rear-view mirror and started to back up without blowing the horn. He felt a little bump, heard Kenneth holler and stopped. He had traveled 3 feet. Julie was head first under the left rear of the car. After Mrs. Bonin had dressed the children for outdoors, she told them to wait downstairs for her. * * *
“Defendant did not know the children were behind him when he started to back, and on this record, *531there is no reason to hold he should have known they were behind him. When last seen by defendant,these children, 2 and 4 years of age, were with their mother on their way upstairs to finish dressing foT the trip to the polls.”
Chief Judge Pro Tern John W. Fitzgerald concurred with Judge Quinn.
Judge T. G. Kavanagh, in a brief 4-paragraph opinion holding the trial court erred in directing a verdict, does not comment on the evidence but confines his dissent to calling attention to authorities2 sustaining the principle that, “Negligence may be inferred from undisputed evidence that the driver gave no warning before backing up,” and authorities3, sustaining that, “Whether it should be inferred from this evidence is for the jury to determine.”
In his opinion reversing the trial judge, my Brother does not dispute the evidentiary facts set forth in the opinions of Judges Glennie and Quinn, but adds the following:
(1) “He [defendant] also testified that it usually took him only one minute or, if he walked slowly, two minutes, to walk the 50 feet from the house to the garage and that, on the day of the accident, he started backing the car as soon as he entered it and had looked in the rearview and sideview mirrors, the car’s engine having been started and the garage door behind the car having been opened earlier in the morning.” And
(2) “Defendant’s view of the area behind his car was narrowly limited, yet he proceeded to back the *532car out of the garage without sounding his horn or giving other, oral, for example, warning of his intended action. Furthermore, the .garage was a two-car garage and the defendant’s car was in the stall farthest from the house. The stall nearest the house was empty and its overhead door was closed. Had defendant opened that-door, his view from his seat in the car of the area from the house to the garage would have been enlarged substantially. The jury would have been entitled to find, although certainly not required to do so, that due care required defendant to take any or all of such cautionary measures before backing his car out of the garage and that his failure to do so constituted actionable negligence.”
Two Michigan cases involving an injury to an infant by defendant driver of a motor vehicle are cited by Justice Souris, Appellate Judge T. G-. Kavanagh, and appellant, namely: Hopkins v. Lake, 348 Mich 382, and Kinsler v. Simpson, 257 Mich 7.
In the Hopkins v. Lake case the majority opinion reversed the trial court’s order granting defendant’s motion for a directed verdict at the conclusion of proofs because defendant did not meet the standard of care of a prudent person under the circumstances. The difference in this case and our present appeal is disclosed by the following from the majority opinion (p 395):
“Every experienced driver of heavy trucking equipment is or should be aware of imminent danger when he undertakes to back — blindly so far as most of the area of danger is concerned — into or across private property with little children known to be in the vicinity of his intended path.” (Emphasis ours.)
The inapplicability of the Kinsler v. Simpson case is disclosed by syllabus 1, which reads:
*533“Finding of trial court that automobile driver, causing death of 17-month old girl, was negligent, was justified, where evidence showed that, although he knew there were many children in neighborhood, he backed his car across sidewalk without giving any warning or ascertaining whether any pedestrians might be injured thereby.”
Appellate Judge T. G-. Kavanagh cites Lovel v. Squirt Bottling Company of Waconia (1951), 234 Minn 333 (48 NW2d 525). In this case defendant driver claims he had not seen the injured child anywhere prior to the accident. The parents of the child testified that defendant driver admitted to them that he had seen the child playing about his truck prior to the accident. It was a jury question as to who was telling the truth, and the fact that this case is clearly distinguishable from our present appeal is disclosed by the following excerpt from the court’s opinion (p 340):
“The cases of O’Neil v. Cochrane, 184 Minn 354 (238 NW 632), and Williams v. Cohn, 201 Iowa 1121 (206 NW 823), relied upon by defendants and forming the basis of the trial court’s action in directing a verdict in favor of defendants, are not controlling. In each of the cited cases, the court noted that the truck driver had not seen the injured child in the vicinity prior to the accident, and hence was not under obligation to exercise a higher degree^ of carb commensurate with such knowledge. In each case, the evidence disclosed that the driver had discharged his applicable duty of exercising ordinary care. In the present case, as indicated above, if the jury determined that Aldridge knew pf the presence of Janis near his truck shortly prior- to the. accident\ it might well determine that he had failed to discharge the increased obligations of care imposed upon him as a result of -such knowledge.”
*534There was nothing that would alert a reasonable prudent man to dangers ahead, calling for precautions to meet unforeseeable hazards. While one described by Justice Cooley as “a man of exceeding cautious temperament”4 might blow his horn and open both garage doors, yet an ordinarily prudent man, under conditions existing at defendant’s farm, would not deem such actions necessary as precautionary measures.
The record proves beyond all question or doubt (1) that when defendant left the house, as his daughter and her two children ascended the stairs to get dressed, both defendant and his daughter believed that the next time they would see each other, or the children, would be when she brought the children out to the car, after he had backed the ear out of the garage; (2) that there was no one outside of the house on that farm within range of sight or sound as defendant walked to his car; (3) that defendant’s eyesight was good and the car was in good condition to drive; (4) that defendant looked in both the side- and rear-view mirrors before placing the car in reverse; (5) that defendant slowly backed up and brought his car to a stop within 3 or 4 feet.
Plaintiff’s case is based on the claim that: “Defendant in this case could reasonably expect this two-year-old plaintiff to be in the vicinity of his automobile.” Defendant answers this claim by stating:
“We know defendant did not see the child before she was hit. What evidence was presented that indicated he would have seen the child before backing up? None, and the record is clear that the children were in the house when defendant left for the garage. The record is clear that the defendant saw no children in the yard.' The record is clear *535that the defendant looked in his mirror and saw nothing before hacking out. As to the failure of opening the other garage door, this was not pleaded as an item of negligence nor was any proof as to what could or could not have been seen if the door was opened. The sum total of the plaintiff’s claim is that the defendant just should not have hacked out of his garage. The only way the defendant could have avoided this accident and still hack out of his garage would have been to have stationed a lookout outside the garage to watch while he hacked out. His failure to do so was not pleaded. It is also a rather high degree of care to place on a person. It would be awfully hard to ever back a car out of a garage if this was the standard.”
There is absolutely no evidence to sustain plaintiff’s claim. There is no evidence that the children were unruly, unmanageable, or in'any way difficult for a mother to control. There is no evidence or claim that the defendant’s daughter was incompetent to take care of her children. There is nothing to show why the defendant did not have the right, as a reasonably prudent person, to believe that the children were safely in the house with their mother when he backed out of the garage.
The trial court, in refusing to delay a ruling under the Empson act,  as requested by plaintiff, in passing upon defendant’s motion for directed verdict, stated: “I am convinced, no matter how difficult it may seem, courts have a duty to perform.”
This Court has repeatedly protected the plaintiff against a trial judge improperly keeping a case from a jury, .hut, also, we have made clear from the decision in the 1887 case of Mynning v. Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad Company, 64 Mich 93, that:
*536' ■ “It is the duty of the trial judge on request, before submitting the case to the jury, to decide, as a preliminary question of law, whether there is any evidence on which the jury could properly find a verdict for the party on whom the burden of proof lies; and, if there is not, he ought to withdraw the case from the jury. Carver v. Detroit & Saline Plank Road Co., 61 Mich 584.” Headnote 2.
In the case of In re Estate of Miller, 300 Mich 703, this Court considered a directed verdict by the trial court where it was plaintiff’s contention that defendant driver of the automobile negligently injured a child in backing his automobile without sounding the horn and without making reasonable observation.
, In affirming the trial court, we said (pp 710, 711):
? “The rules to be applied in this class of cases are well stated in Poundstone v. Niles Creamery, 293 Mich 455, 459, where we said:
“ ‘In reviewing- the case, we consider the testimony in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the party against whom it is claimed the judgment should not have been entered. Pomeroy v. Dykema, 256 Mich 100; Warwick v. Blackney, 272 Mich 231. Proof of an accident and resulting injury is not alone sufficient to establish defendant’s responsibility, but the fact that an accident happened may be considered along with proof of the other circumstances to determine whether negligence existed. Manley v. Potts, 286 Mich 671, and cases there cited. See, also, Elsey v. J. L. Hudson Co., 189 Mich 135 (LRA 1916B, 1284). Negligence may be proved by circumstantial evidence. Wilkins v. Bradford, 247 Mich 157. There must be substantial evidence which forms a reasonable basis for the inference of negligence. Frye v. City of Detroit, 256 Mich 466. There •must be more than a mere possibility that unreasonable conduct of the defendant caused the injury. We cannot permit the jury to guess, although legiti*537mate inferences may be drawn from established facts. Heppenstall Steel Co. v. Wabash R. Co., 242 Mich 464.’
“In the case at bar, there is proof of an accident, but there is a lack of proof that Miller saw any of the three children. Nor were there circumstances that should have warned him of children playing near the car.
“In Michigan Aero Glub v. Shelley, 283 Mich 401, 1938 US AVR 134, 1 AV 750, we said:
“ ‘Presumptions are frequently misapplied. They are merely prima facie precepts. * * * They are inferences from the existence or nonexistence of facts. * * * They disappear if, and when, evidence is introduced from which facts may be found, * * * and cannot be weighed against evidence. * * * Negligence is not presumed but must be proved. * * * The mere happening of an accident raises no presumption of negligence. * * *
“ ‘ If plaintiff, due to lack of proof, does not make out his case, the court should so hold. * * * A mere claim cannot stand in the place of evidence and operate as proof. * * * Things not made to appear must be taken as not existing. * * * Plaintiff’s case must be established by the evidence. The court may not guess in default of evidence.’ ”
Because “we cannot permit the jury to guess;” because “there must be more than a mere possibility that unreasonable conduct of the defendant caused the injury;” because there is no “substantial evidence which forms a reasonable basis for the inference of negligence,” we agree with the Court of Appeals’ finding that: “There was no evidence of negligence nor evidence from which negligence could be inferred. The trial court should be affirmed, with costs to appellee.”
O’Hara, J., concurred with Kelly, J.
Smith, J., concurred in result with Kelly, J,

 Hopkins v. Lake (1957), 348 Mich 382; Lovel v. Squirt Bottling Co. of Waconia (1951), 234 Minn 333 (48 NW2d 525); 2 Blashfield, Cyclopedia of Automobile Law and Practice, § 1101 et seq.

 Carver v. Detroit & Saline Plank Road Co. (1886), 61 Mich 584; Kaminski v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co. (1956), 347 Mich 417; Kinsler v. Simpson (1932), 257 Mich 7; McCullough v. Ward Trucking Company (1962), 368 Mich 108.

 3 Cooley on Torts (4th ed), § 481, p 389.'