Court Opinion

ID: 4192737
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-03 17:02:26.694534+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:20.816725
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            JUN 03 2016
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                        SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                        U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.    NV-14-1528-FBD
                                   )
 6   PETER SZANTO,                 )      Bk. No.    3:13-51261-GWZ
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )      Adv. No.   3:14-05003-GWZ
     _____________________________ )
 8                                 )
     PETER SZANTO,                 )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      MEMORANDUM*
11                                 )
     JOSEPH M. BISTRITZ,           )
12                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
13   ______________________________)
14               Submitted Without Argument on May 19, 2016
15                            Filed – June 3, 2016
16             Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                         for the District of Nevada
17
          Honorable Bruce T. Beesley, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, and
18              Gregg W. Zive, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding
19
     Appearances:     Appellant Peter Szanto, pro se, on brief;
20                    John S. Bartlett on brief for Appellee Joseph
                      Bistritz.
21
22   Before: FARIS, BARASH,** and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
          *
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
25   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
26   have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential value, see
     9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
27
          **
            Hon. Martin R. Barash, United States Bankruptcy Judge for
28   the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
 1                               INTRODUCTION
 2        Appellant/chapter 111 debtor Peter Szanto appeals the
 3   bankruptcy court’s decision to abstain from hearing his adversary
 4   proceeding filed against Appellee Joseph Bistritz concerning a
 5   residential lease.    We AFFIRM.
 6                            FACTUAL BACKGROUND2
 7   A.   The Florida litigation
 8        On May 24, 2013, Mr. Bistritz filed suit against Mr. Szanto
 9   in Florida state court over Mr. Szanto’s lease of a Miami Beach,
10   Florida residential property from Mr. Bistritz in 2009.
11   Mr. Szanto had the option of purchasing the property by
12   January 3, 2011 for $1,100,000.    Mr. Bistritz claimed that
13   Mr. Szanto did not exercise the option to purchase the property
14   and the lease expired by its own terms.    He sought a judicial
15   declaration that Mr. Szanto had no remaining interest in the
16   residential property.
17   B.   The Nevada bankruptcy proceedings
18        While the Florida action was pending, Mr. Szanto filed his
19   chapter 11 petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the
20   District of Nevada.    The same day, he filed a notice of automatic
21   stay with the Florida state court.
22
          1
23          Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all
24   “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, Rules 1001-9037, and all “Civil Rule” references are
25   to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules 1-86.
26        2
            Mr. Szanto presents us with a limited record. We have
27   exercised our discretion to review the bankruptcy court’s docket,
     as appropriate. See Woods & Erickson, LLP v. Leonard (In re AVI,
28   Inc.), 389 B.R. 721, 725 n.2 (9th Cir. BAP 2008).

                                        2
 1        On January 26, 2014, Mr. Szanto initiated the underlying
 2   adversary complaint again Mr. Bistritz.   Mr. Szanto asserted
 3   various causes of action arising out of the lease of the Miami
 4   Beach property.   He argued that Mr. Bistritz breached the lease
 5   agreement by failing to deliver the property to Mr. Szanto
 6   (Breach of Contract); that Mr. Bistritz breached his fiduciary
 7   duty to Mr. Szanto by not surrendering the property (Breach of
 8   Fiduciary Duty); and that his eviction was “subterfuge” for
 9   Mr. Bistritz to convert Mr. Szanto’s personal property
10   (Conversion).
11        He alleged that jurisdiction was proper in the Nevada
12   bankruptcy court “because the money and property which the
13   defendant has withheld from plaintiff is part of plaintiff’s
14   bankruptcy estate.”   He also alleged that federal jurisdiction
15   was proper because “there is complete diversity between the
16   parties.”
17   C.   The motion to abstain
18        Mr. Bistritz filed a motion requesting that the bankruptcy
19   court abstain from exercising jurisdiction over the claims raised
20   in the adversary complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and (2)
21   and that the court dismiss the action (“Motion to Abstain”).
22   Essentially, he argued that the adversary complaint alleged only
23   non-core claims that are not dependent on the Bankruptcy Code for
24   their existence and that the factors laid out in Christensen v.
25   Tucson Estates, Inc. (In re Tucson Estates, Inc.), 912 F.2d 1162,
26   1167 (9th Cir. 1990), weighed in favor of abstention.
27        In response, Mr. Szanto argued that complete diversity
28   existed between the parties, thus mandating that Mr. Bistritz’s

                                      3
 1   claims be heard in federal court.    He also argued that the
 2   litigation in Florida state court is a core proceeding because it
 3   may potentially add to or affect his bankruptcy estate.
 4        Ultimately, the court granted the Motion to Abstain.      It
 5   held that the Tucson Estates factors favored discretionary
 6   abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1).
 7   D.   The motion for reconsideration
 8        Mr. Szanto filed a motion for reconsideration (“Motion for
 9   Reconsideration”), arguing not that the court erred in
10   abstaining, but rather that the order prepared by Mr. Bistritz
11   (and signed by the court) did not accurately reflect the court’s
12   ruling.   In summary, he contended that the court should not have
13   made any specific ruling concerning its jurisdiction, since it
14   had determined that it would abstain (and therefore should not
15   have gone further to explain its reasoning).
16        The hearing on the Motion for Reconsideration was delayed
17   for fifteen months because Mr. Szanto claimed that he was too ill
18   to appear.
19   E.   Dismissal of the bankruptcy case
20        In the meantime, the bankruptcy court dismissed Mr. Szanto’s
21   bankruptcy case.   The chapter 11 trustee moved to dismiss the
22   case or convert it to chapter 7 because Mr. Szanto failed timely
23   under § 1112(b)(4)(J) to file a disclosure statement.    The court
24   granted the motion and dismissed the bankruptcy case with a
25   six-month bar on filing or re-filing any bankruptcy petition.
26        The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s order of
27   dismissal.   Mr. Szanto appealed the district court’s decision to
28   the Ninth Circuit, and that appeal is currently pending.

                                      4
 1   F.   Ruling on the Motion for Reconsideration
 2        The court issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law
 3   on the Motion for Reconsideration.       It rejected Mr. Szanto’s
 4   objections to the order on the Motion to Abstain, holding that
 5   the court properly analyzed the Motion to Abstain under Tucson
 6   Estates.   The court reviewed the hearing transcript and concluded
 7   that “the Order prepared by counsel accurately portrayed the oral
 8   findings and conclusions . . . .”      The court thus denied the
 9   Motion for Reconsideration.
10                                JURISDICTION
11        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
12   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(1).    Mr. Szanto’s notice of appeal was
13   premature because he filed it before the bankruptcy court decided
14   his Motion for Reconsideration.    Now that the bankruptcy court
15   has entered a final order on the Motion for Reconsideration, we
16   have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
17                                   ISSUES
18        (1)   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in abstaining from
19   considering the adversary proceeding in favor of the litigation
20   in Florida state court.
21        (2) Whether the bankruptcy court erred in entering the
22   counsel-prepared order on the Motion for Reconsideration, which
23   included a discussion of the court’s jurisdiction.
24                             STANDARDS OF REVIEW
25        “A bankruptcy court’s determination regarding discretionary
26   abstention is fundamentally a matter within the discretion of the
27   court to be reviewed for abuse of discretion.”       In re Bankr.
28   Petition Preparers Who Are Not Certified Pursuant to Requirements

                                        5
 1   of Ariz. Sup. Ct., 307 B.R. 134, 140 (9th Cir. BAP 2004)
 2   (citations omitted).
 3        Similarly, we review for abuse of discretion the court’s
 4   decision to decline to exercise jurisdiction over an adversary
 5   proceeding after dismissal of the underlying bankruptcy case.
 6   Carraher v. Morgan Elecs., Inc. (In re Carraher), 971 F.2d 327,
 7   328 (9th Cir. 1992).
 8        We also review for abuse of discretion the denial of a
 9   motion for reconsideration.   See N. Alaska Envtl. Ctr. v. Lujan,
10   961 F.2d 886, 889 (9th Cir. 1992).
11        To determine whether the bankruptcy court has abused its
12   discretion, we conduct a two-step inquiry: (1) we review de novo
13   whether the bankruptcy court “identified the correct legal rule
14   to apply to the relief requested” and (2) if it did, whether the
15   bankruptcy court’s application of the legal standard was
16   illogical, implausible, or “without support in inferences that
17   may be drawn from the facts in the record.”   United States v.
18   Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262–63 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
19   “If the bankruptcy court did not identify the correct legal rule,
20   or its application of the correct legal standard to the facts was
21   illogical, implausible, or without support in inferences that may
22   be drawn from the facts in the record, then the bankruptcy court
23   has abused its discretion.”   USAA Fed. Sav. Bank v. Thacker
24   (In re Taylor), 599 F.3d 880, 887–88 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing
25   Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1261–62).
26        We may affirm on any ground supported by the record.   Diener
27   v. McBeth (In re Diener), 483 B.R. 196, 202 (9th Cir. BAP 2012).
28

                                      6
 1                                DISCUSSION
 2   A.   Abstention and dismissal of the adversary proceeding are
          proper, because the bankruptcy case has been dismissed.
 3
 4        By the time the bankruptcy court decided the Motion for
 5   Reconsideration, the bankruptcy court had dismissed the main
 6   bankruptcy case.    This raises the question whether the bankruptcy
 7   court could properly have retained jurisdiction of the adversary
 8   proceeding.3   We hold that it would have been an abuse of
 9   discretion to retain jurisdiction in these circumstances and that
10   therefore dismissal of the adversary proceeding was required.
11        In Carraher, the Ninth Circuit laid out a four-part test to
12   determine whether a court should retain jurisdiction over an
13   adversary proceeding after the underlying bankruptcy case has
14   been dismissed.    The Ninth Circuit stated:
15             In considering what standards govern the
          bankruptcy court’s discretion in determining whether to
16        retain a related case after dismissal of the underlying
          bankruptcy case, we, like other courts, turn for
17        guidance to cases considering the authority of federal
          district courts to retain pendent state claims after
18        the federal claims have been dismissed. The Supreme
          Court has held that where a federal district court
19        dismisses federal claims, the court must consider
          economy, convenience, fairness and comity in deciding
20        whether to retain jurisdiction over pendent state
          claims.
21
22   In re Carraher, 971 F.2d at 328 (emphasis added) (internal
23   citations omitted); see also Linkway Inv. Co., Inc. v. Olsen
24
25        3
            Although neither the bankruptcy court nor the parties has
26   addressed the question, we must assure ourselves that subject
     matter jurisdiction exists. See Snell v. Cleveland, Inc.,
27   316 F.3d 822, 826 (9th Cir. 2002) (“a court may raise the
     question of subject matter jurisdiction, sua sponte, at any time
28   during the pendency of the action, even on appeal”).

                                       7
 1   (In re Casamont Inv’rs, Ltd.), 196 B.R. 517, 523 (9th Cir. BAP
 2   1996) (“retention of jurisdiction was found to have been improper
 3   when the initiation of the dispute was recent, no action had been
 4   taken prior to the dismissal and the dispute concerned issues of
 5   probate law, in which the state courts had more expertise”
 6   (emphasis in original)); Zegzula v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
 7   (In re Zegzula), BAP No. WW-14-1119-JuKiF, 2015 WL 5786572 (9th
 8   Cir. BAP Oct. 2, 2015) (holding that the bankruptcy court did not
 9   abuse its discretion in declining to retain jurisdiction over the
10   adversary proceeding when it had previously dismissed the
11   underlying bankruptcy case and found that considerations of
12   judicial economy and fairness did not support the court’s
13   retention of jurisdiction over the adversary proceeding).
14        Applying the Carraher factors to the present case, we
15   conclude that the court had no basis to retain jurisdiction.
16        First, judicial economy did not favor retention of the
17   adversary proceeding.   The adversary proceeding had not
18   progressed beyond the initial pleading stage, and Mr. Bistritz
19   had not answered the complaint.   Moreover, the issues raised by
20   the adversary complaint are state law issues that can be resolved
21   expeditiously in state court.   See In re Casamont Inv’rs, Ltd.,
22   196 B.R. at 524.
23        Second, dismissal did not unduly inconvenience either party.
24   There was ongoing litigation in state court regarding the
25   residential lease,4 and Mr. Szanto could have brought his claims
26
          4
27          The Florida state litigation was pending at the time of
     the hearing and the order on the Motion to Abstain in April 2014.
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       8
 1   in that forum.    See id.   Although Mr. Szanto said that he is not
 2   a resident of Florida, he admitted that he lived there for part
 3   of the year, and the full extent of his contact with the forum is
 4   unknown.
 5        Third, it was not unfair to require Mr. Szanto to litigate
 6   his claims in state court.     The Florida state court was already
 7   considering the lease dispute and could have adjudicated
 8   Mr. Szanto’s claims.    See id.   Traditionally, disputes about real
 9   property interests are adjudicated where the property is located.
10   It is not unfair to hold Mr. Szanto to the traditional rule.
11        Finally, comity favors refusing jurisdiction over the
12   adversary complaint.    Mr. Szanto’s claims are straightforward
13   issues of Florida state law that are best decided by the Florida
14   state courts.    See id.
15        Therefore, retention of jurisdiction over the adversary
16   proceeding following the dismissal of the underlying bankruptcy
17   case would have been an abuse of discretion.
18   B.   The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion when it
          decided to abstain.
19
20        The bankruptcy court determined that it had grounds “to
21   abstain from taking jurisdiction over the claims in this
22   adversary proceeding under the provisions of 28 USC § l334(c)(1),
23   permissive abstention.”     The court did not err.
24        A court may exercise discretionary abstention in bankruptcy
25   proceedings:
26
          4
27         (...continued)
     Subsequently, on February 23, 2015, the Florida court dismissed
28   the state court lawsuit.

                                        9
 1        Except with respect to a case under chapter 15 of
          title 11, nothing in this section prevents a district
 2        court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of
          comity with State courts or respect for State law, from
 3        abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising
          under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under
 4        title 11.
 5   28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1).
 6        1.   The bankruptcy court correctly applied the Tucson
               Estates factors.
 7
 8        The Ninth Circuit has held that, when deciding whether to
 9   abstain, a court must consider:
10        (1) the effect or lack thereof on the efficient
          administration of the estate if a Court recommends
11        abstention, (2) the extent to which state law issues
          predominate over bankruptcy issues, (3) the difficulty
12        or unsettled nature of the applicable law, (4) the
          presence of a related proceeding commenced in state
13        court or other nonbankruptcy court, (5) the
          jurisdictional basis, if any, other than 28 U.S.C.
14        § 1334, (6) the degree of relatedness or remoteness of
          the proceeding to the main bankruptcy case, (7) the
15        substance rather than form of an asserted “core”
          proceeding, (8) the feasibility of severing state law
16        claims from core bankruptcy matters to allow judgments
          to be entered in state court with enforcement left to
17        the bankruptcy court, (9) the burden of [the bankruptcy
          court’s] docket, (10) the likelihood that the
18        commencement of the proceeding in bankruptcy court
          involves forum shopping by one of the parties, (11) the
19        existence of a right to a jury trial, and (12) the
          presence in the proceeding of nondebtor parties.
20
21   In re Tucson Estates, Inc., 912 F.2d at 1167 (quoting
22   In re Republic Reader’s Serv., Inc., 81 B.R. 422, 429 (Bankr.
23   S.D. Tex. 1987)).
24        Mr. Szanto addresses only one of the Tucson Estates factors.
25   See section B.2, infra.   He attempts to brush the Ninth Circuit’s
26   decision aside, saying that Tucson Estates “obfuscates the clear
27   issues” he presents.   We cannot, however, simply disregard
28   controlling Ninth Circuit precedent.

                                       10
 1        He also argues that the test only becomes applicable after
 2   Mr. Bistritz submitted to the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy
 3   court.    Neither authority nor logic supports this novel
 4   proposition.
 5        The bankruptcy court properly applied the Tucson Estates
 6   test.    The court specifically addressed the factors and concluded
 7   that, on balance, the facts of the case favored abstention:
 8   (1) the case can be more efficiently resolved in Florida state
 9   court; (2) the case raised “totally a state law issue in state
10   court, in Florida, that’s controlled by Florida law”; (3) there
11   is already a related proceeding in Florida; (4) the adversary
12   proceeding is only remotely related to the underlying bankruptcy
13   case; (5) the adversary proceeding is not a core proceeding;
14   (6) it is not feasible to sever the state claims and bankruptcy
15   claims; (7) the court professed suspicion that Mr. Szanto is
16   forum shopping; (8) the bankruptcy court generally lacks power to
17   conduct jury trials; and (9) there are no non-debtor parties
18   (other than Mr. Bistritz) who would be affected by the
19   proceedings.5
20        We find no error in the bankruptcy court’s analysis.   It
21   correctly identified the operative legal standard and considered
22   the various relevant factors to conclude that abstention was
23   warranted.
24
25
26
          5
27          We note that Mr. Bistritz is not otherwise involved in the
     bankruptcy proceeding, so there are no other parties affected by
28   the abstention.

                                      11
 1        2.   Mr. Szanto’s adversary complaint did not commence a
               “core proceeding.”
 2
 3        Mr. Szanto argues that his adversary proceeding against
 4   Mr. Bistritz was a “core proceeding.”    Although he does not say
 5   so, this relates to the sixth and seventh Tucson Estates factors.
 6   Mr. Szanto apparently thinks that a “core proceeding” is one that
 7   is important to a particular bankruptcy case.    He fails to
 8   recognize that “core proceeding” is a term of art in bankruptcy
 9   law and that his adversary proceeding is not a “core proceeding.”
10        Some historical background is helpful to understand the
11   meaning of “core proceedings.”
12        In 1978, Congress enacted the Bankruptcy Code, which (among
13   many other things) dramatically increased the powers of
14   bankruptcy judges.    The Code “mandated that bankruptcy judges
15   ‘shall exercise’ jurisdiction over ‘all civil proceedings arising
16   under title 11 or arising in or related to cases under
17   title 11.’”   Executive Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, 134 S.
18   Ct. 2165, 2170-71 (2014) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1471(b)-(c)).
19        In 1982, the United States Supreme Court decided Northern
20   Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50
21   (1982) (“Marathon”).    The Court held that Congress had granted
22   too much power to bankruptcy judges who lack the protections of
23   Article III status.    Although the Marathon decision is difficult
24   to parse because there was no majority opinion, the holding of
25   the case is that Congress may not empower a judge lacking
26   Article III protections to enter final judgment in a case brought
27   by the representative of a bankruptcy estate against a third
28   party on state law claims (at least where the third party

                                      12
 1   objects).    The Supreme Court concluded that “the broad grant of
 2   jurisdiction to the bankruptcy courts” should be struck down so
 3   Congress could rewrite it.   Id. at 87.
 4        In an attempt to solve the constitutional problem identified
 5   in Marathon, Congress enacted the Bankruptcy Amendments and
 6   Federal Judgeship Act of 1984.   Congress gave the district courts
 7   “original and exclusive jurisdiction of all cases under
 8   Title 11,” 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a), and “original, but not exclusive,
 9   jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under Title 11, or
10   arising in or related to cases under Title 11[,]” id. § 1334(b).
11   Congress created the bankruptcy courts as “units” of the district
12   courts, id. § 151, staffed them with bankruptcy judges appointed
13   to fourteen-year terms by the respective courts of appeal, id.
14   § 152(a), and authorized (but did not require) the district
15   courts to refer to the bankruptcy courts matters falling under
16   bankruptcy jurisdiction, id. § 157(a).
17        Congress further divided bankruptcy court jurisdiction into
18   “core proceedings” and so-called “non-core” proceedings.   See
19   Executive Benefits Ins. Agency, 134 S. Ct. at 2171 (“The 1984 Act
20   implements that bifurcated scheme by dividing all matters that
21   may be referred to the bankruptcy court into two categories:
22   ‘core’ and ‘non-core’ proceedings.    It is the bankruptcy court’s
23   responsibility to determine whether each claim before it is core
24   or non-core.” (internal citations omitted)).
25        The distinction between “core” and “non-core” proceedings
26   determines the scope of review of the bankruptcy court’s
27   decisions.   The bankruptcy court can enter a final judgment,
28   subject to appellate review under the usual standards, in a “core

                                      13
 1   proceeding,” or if all parties consent.    See Battle Ground Plaza,
 2   LLC v. Ray (In re Ray), 624 F.3d 1124, 1130 (9th Cir. 2010),
 3   overruled on other grounds by Stern v. Marshall, 563 U.S. 462,
 4   476-77 (2011).
 5        In all other cases, the bankruptcy court must submit
 6   proposed findings of fact and a recommended judgment to the
 7   district court for de novo review.     See generally Wellness Int’l
 8   Network, Ltd. v. Sharif, 135 S. Ct. 1932, 1940 (2015) (“Congress
 9   gave bankruptcy courts the power to ‘hear and determine’ core
10   proceedings and to ‘enter appropriate orders and judgments,’
11   subject to appellate review by the district court.    But it gave
12   bankruptcy courts more limited authority in non-core proceedings:
13   They may ‘hear and determine’ such proceedings, and ‘enter
14   appropriate orders and judgments,’ only ‘with the consent of all
15   the parties to the proceeding.’    Absent consent, bankruptcy
16   courts in non-core proceedings may only ‘submit proposed findings
17   of fact and conclusions of law,’ which the district courts review
18   de novo.” (citations omitted)).
19        “[A] core proceeding is one that ‘invokes a substantive
20   right provided by title 11 or . . . a proceeding that, by its
21   nature, could arise only in the context of a bankruptcy case.’”
22   In re Ray, 624 F.3d at 1131 (quoting Gruntz v. Cty. of L.A.
23   (In re Gruntz), 202 F.3d 1074, 1081 (9th Cir. 2000)).    In
24   contrast, proceedings are “related to” a bankruptcy case and thus
25   “non-core” if “they do not depend on the Bankruptcy Code for
26   their existence and they could proceed in another court.”     Id.
27   (quoting Dunmore v. United States, 358 F.3d 1107, 1114 (9th Cir.
28   2004)).

                                       14
 1        This history shows that Congress invented the concept of
 2   “core proceedings” to address the constitutional problem
 3   identified in Marathon.   Therefore, in case of doubt, the
 4   statutory definition of “core proceedings” should be interpreted
 5   to exclude proceedings in which the constitution precludes a
 6   bankruptcy judge from entering final judgment under Marathon,
 7   i.e., claims by representatives of the estate against
 8   non-consenting third parties to recover money or property for the
 9   estate on non-bankruptcy law grounds.
10        We agree with the bankruptcy court that Mr. Szanto’s
11   adversary proceeding is a non-core proceeding.    He brought his
12   adversary proceeding against a non-consenting third party
13   allegedly in order to bring into the estate property in which his
14   leasehold interest had terminated by its terms.    His claims are
15   based solely on state law and not bankruptcy law.    None of his
16   claims depend on the Bankruptcy Code for their existence, and
17   they could be brought independently in state court.    Thus, even
18   construing Mr. Szanto’s arguments liberally, the sixth and
19   seventh Tucson Estates factors do not weigh in his favor.
20        3.   Neither equitable considerations nor the court’s
               supposed “mandate” gives rise to any error.
21
22        Mr. Szanto spends the bulk of his briefs arguing that the
23   court should not have abstained for equitable reasons.    He
24   contends that (1) Mr. Bistritz has unclean hands; (2) Mr. Szanto
25   has been mistreated by the court6 and his opponent; and (3) the
26
          6
27          Mr. Szanto overstates his case. He claims that the
     court’s admonition to “sit down or I will have you removed” meant
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     15
 1   court ignored a “mandate” to adjudicate his claims.
 2        The first two arguments are not among the Tucson Estates
 3   factors and are not relevant to the question of abstention.
 4        The third claim is patently incorrect.    Mr. Szanto offers no
 5   authority for the proposition that the bankruptcy court has a
 6   “mandate” to adjudicate every issue raised by a party.    To the
 7   contrary, the statutory abstention provisions make clear that a
 8   bankruptcy court can decline to decide controversies that are
 9   within its jurisdiction.
10        Moreover, it is unclear whether Mr. Szanto presented any of
11   these arguments before the bankruptcy court.
12        4.   The automatic stay does not preclude abstention.
13        Mr. Szanto argues that the bankruptcy court erred when it
14   decided to abstain before lifting the automatic stay.    “The
15   existence of the automatic stay, however, is not relevant to the
16   question of whether bankruptcy courts should exercise
17   jurisdiction over a matter.”    Bowen Corp., Inc. v. Sec. Pac. Bank
18   Idaho, F.S.B., 150 B.R. 777, 784 (Bankr. D. Idaho 1993)
19   (citations omitted).    It is true that, even after the bankruptcy
20   court abstains in favor of a proceeding in another court, the
21   other proceeding may not resume until the bankruptcy court lifts
22   the automatic stay.    It does not follow, however, that the
23   bankruptcy court must lift the stay before abstaining.
24
25        6
           (...continued)
26   that “if he did not sit down, he would be removed from existence,
     that is - that he would be killed/exterminated - his right to
27   live would be removed!” (Emphasis in original.) The bankruptcy
     judge may have been annoyed, but there is no indication that he
28   was in a murderous rage.

                                      16
 1        In any event, subsequent developments have mooted this
 2   argument.   The automatic stay terminated when the court dismissed
 3   the underlying bankruptcy case in May 2014.   See § 362(c)(2)(B).
 4   Thus, the automatic stay no longer bars prosecution of the
 5   Florida litigation.
 6        5.     Jurisdiction is not exclusive to the bankruptcy court.
 7        Mr. Szanto also argues that the federal courts have
 8   exclusive jurisdiction of his dispute with Mr. Bistritz because
 9   he and Mr. Bistritz are of diverse citizenship.   Even assuming
10   that Mr. Szanto’s representations about citizenship are correct,
11   this argument is wrong.
12        First, diversity jurisdiction is not exclusive.   Diversity
13   of citizenship does not preclude state court jurisdiction.    See
14   Jones v. Sheehan, Young & Culp, P.C., 82 F.3d 1334, 1338 n.3 (5th
15   Cir. 1996) (“federal diversity jurisdiction permits state and
16   federal courts to exercise concurrent jurisdiction” (emphasis in
17   original) (citing Colo. River Water Conservation Dist. v. United
18   States, 424 U.S. 800, 809 (1976))); Zora Analytics, LLC v.
19   Sakhamuri, No. 13-CV-00639 JM (WMC), 2014 WL 1289450, at *5 (S.D.
20   Cal. Mar. 27, 2014) (“plaintiffs are not required to file cases
21   in federal court simply because diversity exists”).
22        Second, diversity jurisdiction does not apply to the
23   bankruptcy court.   The district court can refer to the bankruptcy
24   court only matters that are within its bankruptcy jurisdiction.
25   See 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1).    No statute permits a district court
26   to refer to the bankruptcy court matters covered by diversity
27   jurisdiction.   Thus, diversity would not give the bankruptcy
28   court any power over the adversary proceeding.

                                      17
 1          6.      Mr. Bistritz was not required to bring his claims in
                    bankruptcy court.
 2
 3          Finally, Mr. Szanto argues that the bankruptcy court should
 4   not have forced him to bring his claims as counterclaims in
 5   Florida state court, but rather should have waited until
 6   Mr. Bistritz filed his claims in bankruptcy court.7      We reject
 7   this argument for three reasons.
 8          First, Mr. Szanto incorrectly assumes that Mr. Bistritz has
 9   a duty to file a claim in the bankruptcy case.       Creditors
10   generally must file claims in order to receive distributions from
11   the estate, but they are not required to submit themselves to the
12   bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction.
13          Second, there are limits on the bankruptcy court’s
14   constitutional power to decide counterclaims brought against
15   persons filing claims against the estate.       See Stern, 564 U.S. at
16   487.       Abstention permitted the bankruptcy court to avoid this
17   constitutional problem.
18          Third, as discussed above, the dismissal of the underlying
19   bankruptcy case moots this argument.       See section B.4, supra.
20   C.     The court properly denied the Motion for Reconsideration.
21          Civil Rule 60(b), made applicable through Rule 9024,
22
23
            7
            Relatedly, Mr. Szanto also argues that he has a
24   constitutional right to bankruptcy protection. He is wrong. See
     In re Kane, 336 B.R. 477, 481 (Bankr. D. Nev. 2006) (“there is no
25   constitutional right to file for bankruptcy”); In re Golden State
26   Capital Corp., 317 B.R. 144, 149 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2004) (“A
     debtor does not have a constitutional or fundamental right to a
27   discharge in bankruptcy. Similarly, the automatic stay should
     not be viewed as a ‘right,’ but more as a ‘privilege’ which may
28   be denied to petitioners who abuse it.” (citations omitted)).

                                         18
 1   provides:
 2        On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party
          or its legal representative from a final judgment,
 3        order, or proceeding for the following reasons:
 4               (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable
                 neglect;
 5
                 (2) newly discovered evidence that, with
 6               reasonable diligence, could not have been
                 discovered in time to move for a new trial under
 7               Rule 59(b);
 8               (3) fraud (whether previously called intrinsic or
                 extrinsic), misrepresentation, or misconduct by an
 9               opposing party;
10               (4) the judgment is void;
11               (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released or
                 discharged; it is based on an earlier judgment
12               that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it
                 prospectively is no longer equitable; or
13
                 (6) any other reason that justifies relief.
14
15        Mr. Szanto argues that “surprise” and “misconduct by an
16   opposing party” regarding the language of the order warrant
17   striking the order under Civil Rule 60(b) for three reasons.
18        First, he argues that the written order improperly deviated
19   from the court’s oral ruling.    He contends that “most of the
20   proposed language of the ORDER was neither discussed nor analyzed
21   by the Court nor ever stated on the record.”    But there is no
22   requirement that written orders conform to oral rulings.    Courts
23   enter written orders partly in order to permit the judge to
24   consider the form and substance of the ruling more carefully than
25   is possible during a hearing.    See Rawson v. Calmar S.S. Corp.,
26   304 F.2d 202, 206 (9th Cir. 1962) (“The trial judge is not to be
27   lashed to the mast on his off-hand remarks in announcing decision
28   prior to the presumably more carefully considered deliberate

                                      19
 1   findings of fact.” (citations omitted)).
 2        Second, Mr. Szanto argues that the written order improperly
 3   decided unnecessary issues.    Mr. Szanto contends that “[t]his
 4   Court, having abstained from jurisdiction, has thereby ended all
 5   of its ability to adjudicate any matter, issue or law in this
 6   case” and should not have analyzed its jurisdiction over the
 7   adversary proceeding.   (Emphasis omitted.)
 8        We reject this argument.    The bankruptcy court properly
 9   stated the reasons for its decision to abstain, including (as
10   Tucson Estates requires) doubts about the bankruptcy court’s
11   jurisdiction.   Mr. Szanto disagrees with the court’s reasoning,
12   but he was not entitled to prevent the court from stating its
13   reasoning.
14        Third, Mr. Szanto also argues that the order contained
15   erroneous statements about his possible forum shopping.    In its
16   consideration of the Tucson Estates factors, the court did not
17   make any final finding on this issue, but stated during the
18   hearing that it was suspicious of Mr. Szanto’s motives.    The
19   order adequately reflected the court’s statements at the hearing,
20   and the record supports the bankruptcy court’s suspicions.
21   Because possible forum shopping is one of the Tucson Estates
22   factors, the bankruptcy court did not err in noting its
23   suspicions in its order.
24                                 CONCLUSION
25        For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the bankruptcy
26   court did not err in abstaining from hearing the adversary
27   proceeding or denying the Motion for Reconsideration.
28   Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

                                       20