Court Opinion

ID: 2767780
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-09 00:39:16.762262+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:46:09.577225
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UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                       Before
                           DUNN, HOLDEN, and SULLIVAN
                              Appellate Military Judges

                           UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                         v.
                          Staff Sergeant NORRIS DAVIS
                          United States Army, Appellant

                                   ARMY 20041240

                              Headquarters, Fort Drum
                           David L. Conn, Military Judge
            Lieutenant Colonel James F. Garrett, Staff Judge Advocate
                       (trial and post-trial recommendation)
       Lieutenant Colonel George R. Smawley, Acting Staff Judge Advocate
                                (post-trial addendum)

For Appellant: Lieutenant Colonel Steven C. Henricks, JA; Major Tyesha E.
Lowery, JA; Captain Ryan M. Suerth, JA (on brief).

For Appellee: Colonel John W. Miller II, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Virginia G.
Beakes-Read, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Francis C. Kiley, JA; Major Karen J.
Borgerding, JA, USAR (on brief).

                                  28 September 2007

                              -----------------------------------
                                OPINION OF THE COURT
                              -----------------------------------

DUNN, Chief Judge:*

       A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant,
pursuant to his pleas, of indecent acts with a female under sixteen years of age in
violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 934
[hereinafter UCMJ]. 1 The military judge convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas,
of a second specification of indecent acts with a female under sixteen years of age in

* Chief Judge Dunn took final action in this case prior to her reassignment.
1
  Appellant pled not guilty to Charge I (rape), which was dismissed by the military
judge pursuant to a pretrial agreement.
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

violation of Article 134, UCMJ. The convening authority approved the adjudged
sentence to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for five years, and reduction to
Private E1. This case is before the court for review pursuant to Article 66(c),
UCMJ.

       In this mixed plea case of first impression, we decide whether a military judge
can consider an accused’s statements made during the guilty plea inquiry when
subsequently ruling on the admissibility of evidence during the contested portion of
the trial. 2 Although Military Rule of Evidence 104 [hereinafter Mil. R. Evid.] grants
the military judge broad authority to consider evidence on interlocutory matters, it
does not permit a military judge to consider statements from a guilty plea inquiry
when deciding admissibility of evidence during the contested portion of the trial
regarding a separate offense. Although we find the military judge erred when he
considered appellant’s statements made during the providence inquiry when deciding
to admit propensity evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 414, we also find that error
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt under the circumstances of this case.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

       Appellant, a thirty-three-year-old married infantryman, committed indecent
acts upon his two stepdaughters: thirteen-year-old MR, and eleven-year-old LM.
Appellant pled guilty to acting indecently with MR on divers occasions over a two-
year period between 1998 and 2000. Appellant pled not guilty to acting indecently,
on a single occasion, with LM in May 2004. 3 During the contested portion of the
case, in addition to calling LM to testify, the government also called MR who
related what she saw and did and what her sister said about appellant’s acts on LM.
MR also testified about the times appellant molested her. Appellant objected to the

2
 Appellant alleges the military judge erred by improperly using his admissions
during the providence inquiry on Specification 1 of Charge II as proof that appellant
was guilty of the contested Specification 2 of Charge II. Given the military judge’s
prior express disclaimer of any such use and specific refusal to consider the
stipulation of fact on Specification 1 during findings deliberations on Specification
2, we reject appellant’s assertion: “I do not[e] – – that I did make brief reference to
the accused plea of guilty when making a determination of whether the event related
to [MR] would be admissible under [Mil. R. Evid.] 414, but I used the accused’s
plea only for the sole basis for making that determination and for no other purpose.”
3
  MR was between the ages of seven and nine during the period from 1998 to 2000
when appellant sexually molested her by fondling her and placing his hands on her
buttocks, legs, and “private parts.” LM was eleven years old in 2004 when appellant
sexually molested her by sucking her neck and placing his naked erect penis up the
leg of her shorts and against her body near her vagina.

                                           2
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

government questioning MR about the molestations to which appellant had already
pled guilty in Specification 1 of Charge II.

                                     Guilty Plea

       Before accepting a guilty plea, Article 45, UCMJ, requires the military judge
to address the accused personally, explain the rights waived by entry of a guilty
plea, and obtain the accused’s express waiver of these rights. United States v. Care,
18 U.S.C.M.A. 535, 541, 40 C.M.R. 247, 253 (1969). In addition, the military judge
must ensure an accused understands the provisions of any pretrial agreement and that
the parties agree to the terms set forth in the agreement. United States v. Resch, 65
M.J. 233, 237 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citing United States v. Bartley, 47 M.J. 182, 186
(C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v. Green, 1 M.J. 453, 456 (C.M.A. 1976); R.C.M.
910(f)(4)(A)). In this case, although the military judge fulfilled these requirements,
he never informed appellant that his plea of guilty, stipulation of fact, or statements
he made during his providence inquiry could later be considered by the court on
matters pertaining to the remaining contested charge.

                                 Trial on the Merits

      After appellant pled guilty to indecent acts with MR, the government
presented evidence on the merits to prove appellant committed indecent acts with
LM. Appellant called no witnesses and did not testify.

                                   JD’s Testimony

       In 1992, appellant met his wife, JD, while stationed in Panama. JD already
had two daughters when they met: MR, born in 1991, and LM, born in 1992.
Appellant and JD married in 1995; the couple had one son in 1996 and another son
in 1999. They relocated from Panama in May 1997 to Fort Campbell, Kentucky,
where the family lived for four years. Appellant was stationed without his family in
Korea from 2000-2001, after which the family moved to Fort Drum, New York.
Appellant deployed to Afghanistan in 2003, returning in May 2004. On 27 May
2004, appellant and JD had an argument because JD did not approve of appellant
having bought an expensive vehicle. That night, JD went out with some girlfriends
to celebrate a birthday and appellant stayed home with the children.

       JD returned home around 0200 hours on 28 May, found everyone sleeping,
and went to bed. She arose around 0700 hours the next morning and noticed two
unusual situations: both girls were already up and out of their rooms and appellant
was also out of bed and in their sons’ room, playing with the boys. She heard a
noise in the kitchen and saw LM and MR by the stairs. They beckoned to JD,
whispering they needed her to come downstairs so they could talk to her. Both girls
appeared nervous, scared, and shocked. MR told her that something happened last
night and that LM had to tell her mother. LM, wringing her hands, looking down,

                                           3
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

and shaking, told her mother that appellant molested her the previous evening. JD
grabbed a knife from the kitchen, then immediately went upstairs to confront
appellant. She found him back in bed, holding a blanket up around his face, with his
eyes open, and challenged him, saying “How dare you. How dare you. Messing
with my daughter. . . . You don’t mess with my daughter. You don’t touch my
daughter.” Appellant responded saying, “What? What are you talking about?” JD
grabbed the phone and told appellant she was calling the police. Alarmed, appellant
said, “Don’t do that. My career will be over. My career will be over.” JD told
appellant he should have thought about his career before he touched LM and she
dialed 911. Although JD had not given appellant any details of LM’s allegations,
appellant said, “Okay, okay, I’ll tell you what happened. It didn’t happen like that.
It didn’t happen like that. I’ll tell you what happened” (emphasis added). The two
then began arguing and appellant never told her his version of what happened. The
military police arrived and removed appellant. JD subsequently took LM to the
hospital for an examination, and later to CID where LM described appellant’s sexual
acts.
                                     LM’s Testimony

       During the contested portion of the trial, LM testified that appellant sexually
molested her on the evening of 27 May 2004 when she was eleven years old. LM
explained she fell asleep that night in her bedroom under her blanket with the remote
control in her hand; she had been watching the Disney Channel. LM awoke to find
appellant grabbing the remote control from her, and changing the channel to watch
the news. She testified appellant then removed her blanket, took her out of bed,
placed her on his lap on a vacant bed in her bedroom, took out his naked erect penis
from underneath his clothing, and placed it up the leg of her shorts and against her
body near her vagina. While putting his penis inside her shorts, appellant also
sucked on LM’s neck. After LM heard her sister MR get up to use the bathroom, her
stepfather put her back in her bed, placed the covers back on her, and ran out of the
room. Appellant later briefly returned to her room, then quickly left again.

                               Dr. Pagdin’s testimony

       Doctor (Dr.) Grant Pagdin, an emergency room physician, performed a sexual
assault exam on LM. Doctor Pagdin described LM as about four feet tall, weighing
eighty-eight pounds and sexually undeveloped. He testified that LM stated that at
the time of the molestation she was wearing clothes, her “father” pulled her on top
of him, and pulled his penis out of his pants. He further testified that LM suffered a
minor mucosal tear, a “straddle- type” injury, in her vaginal region that appeared
fresh.

                                          4
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

                                 MR’s Testimony

      The government also called MR, who testified she awoke to a loud noise on
27 May 2004 and grew concerned about her sister, LM. MR thought appellant, who
had “raised” her, was “doing something to [her] sister.” Specifically, she “had a
weird feeling that my dad was doing something to . . . her that he [had done] to me
when I was younger.” MR testified that when she was seven to eight years old,
while her mother was not at home, appellant would come to her room at night when
she was sleeping. Appellant would open her legs, and put his finger into her vagina.

        On 27 May 2004, to create a commotion and help protect her sister, MR went
to the bathroom to make noise so appellant would “get off” LM. MR flushed the
toilet and then heard a squeaking noise and saw appellant running from LM’s room
down the hallway. She returned to her room and watched LM’s door. She observed
appellant return to LM’s room, stay a few minutes, and then return to his room. The
next morning, while the two girls were brushing their teeth, MR asked LM what
appellant had done to her. LM did not want to talk. MR testified LM acted nervous,
wrung her hands, remained quiet, and looked down all the time. When the girls went
downstairs and while they were washing the dishes, MR again asked LM what had
happened and LM told MR about appellant’s indecent acts the previous night. MR
immediately called their mother downstairs so that LM could tell her mother what
appellant had done.

      The government questioned MR about the indecent acts appellant perpetrated
upon her from 1998 to 2000, to which appellant pled guilty in Specification 1 of
Charge II, in order to demonstrate appellant’s propensity for such conduct. The
following exchange took place:

             DC: Now I have an objection, Your Honor.

             MJ: All right. And what’s the basis of your objection?

             DC: [Mil. R. Evid.] 403.

             MJ: All right. Government, why are you seeking to offer
             testimony about what happened to this witness?

             TC: Your Honor, the proffer of evidence that the
             government offers is evidence of abuse that [MR] suffered
             as a child . . . under [Mil. R. Evid.] 414(b) which allows
             evidence of a previous--evidence of previous child sexual
             offenses.

             ....

                                         5
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

             MJ: All right. So Defense, what’s your position on this
             evidence as it relates to [Mil. R. Evid.] 414(a)?

             DC: Our position, Your Honor, with regard to [Mil. R.
             Evid.] 414(a) is that it's not relevant as to whether they
             (sic) accused committed the offenses that he’s currently
             contesting. So [Mil. R. Evid.] 414 would allow it to be
             admissible if it was relevant, but my understanding is that
             [the] government is essentially going to offer this
             evidence as evidence of propensity rather than anything
             directly related to the events of the 27th of May as they
             are alleged.

             MJ: All right. But under [Mil. R. Evid.] 414(c), isn’t it
             true that this was intended to be an explicit exception to
             the prohibition against propensity evidence under [Mil. R.
             Evid.] 404(b)?

             DC: Well, Your Honor, I still believe that [the]
             prejudicial effect of hearing that evidence is going to
             outweigh the--any probative value that the court may
             glean from hearing the evidence.

             MJ: All right. Government, what’s your response to as I
             understand it, not a [Mil. R. Evid.] 414(a) objection,
             meaning that this evidence––it’s not the defense
             contention I take it that this would not conform to the type
             of evidence admissible under Military Rule of Evidence
             414(a). Is that right?

             DC: Yes, sir.

             MJ: But it’s a [Mil. R. Evid.] 403, that the prejudicial
             effect substantially outweighs any probative value. Is that
             right?

             DC: Yes, sir.

The Government then argued MR’s testimony would demonstrate appellant’s
propensity to commit the contested sexual offense and that, because of similarities
such as the time of day, the mother’s absence, the place of the crime, and the age of
the victim, the probative value of the evidence outweighed the prejudicial effect.
Defense counsel, on the other hand, argued there were insufficient similarities: the
victimization of MR took place several years before, in a different location, and
“were substantially different in terms of the––kind of the mode. . . .” The military

                                          6
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

judge then ruled:

             MJ: All right. Well[,] taking into account the evidence the
             court has previously heard with regard to the charged
             offense to which Staff Sergeant Davis has previously pled
             guilty, I do find that there are significant similarities in
             the charged offense and the offense proffered by the
             government in this case which they seek to admit under
             [Mil. R. Evid.] 414. . . (emphasis added).

The military judge overruled the defense objection, allowed MR’s testimony on
appellant’s sexual molestation of her and convicted appellant of indecent acts with
LM.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

       When making evidentiary rulings, a military judge is not bound by the rules of
evidence. Mil. R. Evid. 104(a). See United States v. Yanez, 16 M.J. 782, 784
(A.C.M.R. 1983) pet. denied, 18 M.J. 292 (C.M.A. 1984) (“Military Rule of
Evidence 104(a) substantially changed military practice, by providing that the
military judge is not bound by the rules of evidence when determining preliminary
questions such as the admissibility of evidence”). 4

      The issue in this case is whether, given the broad admissibility provisions of
Mil. R. Evid. 104(a), the military judge could consider what appellant said about
molesting MR during the providence inquiry in determining whether MR’s testimony
would be admissible at trial on the contested specification. We hold that, absent any
affirmative waiver by appellant—of which there was none in this case—the military
judge could not consider statements made during the providence inquiry for such
evidentiary rulings.

       “The judicial policy limiting the use of judicial admissions made during a
guilty plea inquiry is a long-standing tenet of military justice.” United States v.
Ramelb, 44 M.J. 625, 628 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 1996)(internal citations omitted).

4
  Military Rule of Evidence 104 is based on the corresponding Federal Rule of
Evidence which allows trial judges in civilian federal courts to consider hearsay or
unauthenticated documents when deciding a question of admissibility. Yanez, 16
M.J. at 784 (citations omitted). This broad rule, however, may have its limitations.
In United States v. Light, 48 M.J. 187, 190 (C.A.A.F. 1998), our superior court left
the issue unresolved, but recognized a “tension” between Mil. R. Evid. 104 and the
admissibility of evidence of a polygraph examination when addressing the issue of a
search warrant.

                                          7
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

In United States v. Grijalva, 55 M.J. 223, 228 (C.A.A.F. 2001), our superior court
delineated the general rule barring admission during a contested case of statements
made by an accused during an earlier plea inquiry. Grijalva shot his wife in the back
and was charged with attempted premeditated murder. He pled guilty to the lesser
included offense of aggravated assault and, in a bench trial, the government
successfully proved the charged greater offense. In finding Grijalva guilty, the
military judge specifically relied on admissions made during the providence inquiry
on the lesser included offense that indicated Grijalva intended to shoot his wife and
took actions indicative of premeditation, such as removing his young daughter from
the line of fire. Id. at 227. While “a guilty plea to a lesser-included offense may be
used to establish facts and elements common to both the greater and lesser offense
within the same specification,” admissions during a providence inquiry relating to a
contested element may not be so used. Id. at 227-228 (internal quotations and
citations omitted). See also United States v. Gilchrist, 61 M.J. 785, 794 (Army Ct.
Crim. App. 2005) and cases cited therein.

       In Grijalva, the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) held it was
error for the military judge, in finding the element of premeditation, to consider
statements Grijalva made for a purpose not within his limited waiver of the right
against self-incrimination. Grijalva, 55 M.J. at 228; see also United States v.
Gilchrist, 61 M.J. at 794-95 n. 17 (“This limited ‘knowing and intelligent’ waiver of
his privilege against self-incrimination did not include authorization to use
appellant’s statements from the plea inquiry to prove the contested
specification.”)(internal citations omitted). Further, the CAAF determined that since
such an error was of Constitutional dimension, relief was required unless the error
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Grijalva, 55 M.J. at 228. Examining all
the “powerful and uncontested evidence” of Grijalva’s guilt, the CAAF concluded
the military judge’s error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. See also
Resch, 65 M.J. at 237 (error was not harmless beyond reasonable doubt when
government had no other evidence outside of stipulation of fact).

       In the instant case, we deal not with a finding of guilty on a greater offense,
but with the admissibility of evidence on a separate but related offense: appellant’s
molestation of his other prepubescent stepdaughter, LM. Here, the military judge
advised appellant his guilty plea to indecent acts with MR waived his right against
self-incrimination with regard to that offense. The military judge expressly advised
appellant the stipulation of fact would be used for the limited purposes of
determining the providence of appellant’s guilty plea and an appropriate sentence.
The military judge did not inform appellant the stipulation of fact regarding
Specification 1 of Charge II might also be used to determine admissibility of
evidence in the ensuing contested trial on the merits of Specification 2 of Charge II.

       The military judge’s consideration of facts from appellant’s testimony during
the guilty plea inquiry in his ruling on admissibility of propensity evidence under
Mil. R. Evid. 414 and 403 amounted to error of a Constitutional dimension. In so

                                           8
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

doing, the military judge exceeded the permissible uses to which appellant consented
in his waiver of his privilege against self-incrimination. Because the military judge
erred in using information from the guilty plea inquiry to analyze the admissibility
of MR’s testimony, we will not grant deference to his analysis. Cf. United States v.
Berry, 61 M.J. 91, 96 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (“[w]here the military judge is required to do
a balancing test under M.R.E. 403 and does not sufficiently articulate his balancing
on the record, his evidentiary ruling will receive less deference from this court.”)
(citations omitted). Instead, we conduct our own independent analysis based only on
the information properly before the military judge at the point in time he ruled the
contested evidence admissible. See United States v. Parker, 54 M.J. 700, 714 (Army
Ct. Crim. App. 2001) (where military judged erred in failing to apply Mil. R. Evid.
403 balancing test, appellate court tested for prejudice by conducting own
balancing), aff’d, 62 M.J. 310 (C.A.A.F. 2005).

                       Admissibility of Propensity Evidence

       Beginning “[i]n 1996 th[e] rule against admissibility of bad acts to prove a
propensity to commit similar acts was turned upside down in cases involving . . .
sexual offenses involving minors.” United States v. James, 63 M.J. 217, 219
(C.A.A.F. 2006) (emphasis added). Military Rule of Evidence 414(a) provides: “In
a court-martial in which the accused is charged with an offense of child molestation,
evidence of the accused’s commission of one or more offenses of child molestation
is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is
relevant.” Before a military judge admits evidence of other acts of child
molestation, the evidence must pass the criteria set out in United States v. Wright, 53
M.J. 476, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2000). See James, 63 M.J. at 220 (Wright factors apply to
Mil. R. Evid. 414). Under the Wright analysis, the accused must be charged with a
child molestation offense, there must be evidence proffered that he committed
another offense, and the evidence must be relevant. Wright, 53 M.J. at 482.

       Trial defense counsel conceded the evidence of appellant’s propensity to
commit child molestation was admissible under Mil. R. Evid. 414, but objected that
it was unfairly prejudicial under Mil. R. Evid. 403. In conducting a Mil. R. Evid.
403 analysis on whether to exclude Mil. R. Evid. 414 evidence because its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, the military
judge may consider factors such as “proximity in time to the charged or predicate
misconduct; similarity to the charged or predicate misconduct; frequency of the
other acts; surrounding circumstances; relevant intervening events; and other
relevant similarities or differences.” Drafter’s Analysis, Mil. R. Evid. 414, Manual
for Courts-Martial, United States, 2005 at A22-37 (quoting Report of the Judicial
Conference of the United States on the Admission of Character Evidence in Certain
Sexual Misconduct Cases). “In applying M.R.E. 403 to evidence otherwise
admissible under M.R.E. 414 we apply an approach balancing numerous factors. No
one factor is controlling, although in a given case it could be.” United States v.
Bare, 65 M.J. 35, 37 (C.A.A.F. 2007).

                                           9
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

             Some of the factors to be examined when conducting a
             balancing test are as follows: Strength of proof of the
             prior act—conviction versus gossip; probative weight of
             evidence; potential for less prejudicial evidence;
             distraction of fact finder; and time needed for proof of
             prior conduct. Some others include: temporal proximity;
             frequency of the acts; presence or lack of intervening
             circumstances; and relationship between the parties.

Wright, 53 M.J. at 482 (internal citation omitted). See also United States v. Dacosta,
63 M.J. 575, 580 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2006).

       In the instant case, the evidence at issue is not only admissible under Mil. R.
Evid. 414, it also passes muster under the Mil. R. Evid. 403 balancing test.
Appellant was charged with child molestation offenses against two children; there
was evidence he committed both, and the evidence of one was relevant to the other.
As MR testified, the circumstances of appellant’s indecent acts upon her were
similar, although not completely parallel, to the acts on LM. Both victims were
prepubescent; both were appellant’s stepdaughters; both were in their own homes, 5
in bed, sleeping; their mother was out of the house; and appellant engaged in various
forms of touching short of sexual intercourse with both victims. “The Rule 403
balancing test should be applied ‘[i]n light of the strong legislative judgment that the
evidence of prior sexual offenses should ordinarily be admissible.’” Wright, 53 M.J.
at 482 (quoting United States v. LeCompte, 131 F.3d 767, 769 (8th Cir.
1997))(emphasis added). Further, in a military judge alone trial, there was “no
distraction to the fact-finder.” Id. There was no less prejudicial evidence available:
given appellant’s secretive behavior, MR was the only available witness who could
provide the relevant evidence.

       Additionally, we note MR’s testimony was relevant entirely apart from its
value in demonstrating appellant’s propensity to molest his stepdaughter; her

5
 Appellant makes much of the fact that the locations were different and the incidents
were years apart. While we include those factors in our balancing test, we do not
find those factors compelling: the geographical locations were different because
appellant had been reassigned and moved his family from Kentucky to New York;
the abuses on both victims occurred in the family home. As for the lapse of time,
for a significant part of that time appellant did not have access to either stepdaughter
because of his assignments. As MR testified, appellant’s abuse of her ceased only
when he was assigned to Korea, a period appellant’s wife JD testified was a year.
JD also testified that appellant left for Afghanistan in 2003 and returned the very
month in which the abuse of LM occurred.

                                          10
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

testimony explained why she worried what her stepfather might be doing to LM and
why MR felt the need to create a commotion. In other words, her deliberate attempt
to make noise and get her father out of LM’s bedroom made sense because MR knew
from firsthand experience there was reason to suspect her father was doing
something criminal to her sister. MR’s testimony also served to explain her
questioning of her sister and her careful attention to LM’s body language and
behavior, all of which were particularly relevant given appellant’s strategy of
contesting LM’s credibility and attributing LM’s statements to some form of
instigation by MR.

      In sum, entirely apart from the stipulation of fact or appellant’s own
admissions during the providence inquiry, we find the evidence appellant molested
MR was admissible to show his propensity for child molestation as evidence to
prove he molested LM; its probative value was not substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice.

                                  Harmless Error

       While the military judge erred in considering appellant’s statements during
the guilty plea inquiry on Specification 1 of Charge II when deciding admissibility
of the propensity evidence on contested Specification 2 of Charge II, we find the
error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. First, the actual admission of the
evidence itself was not error: essentially, the military judge was correct in his
ruling but wrong in the methodology he used to reach it. As discussed supra, the
evidence of the offenses against MR under Mil. R. Evid. 414 and Mil. R. Evid. 403,
through MR’s own testimony, was properly admissible to show appellant’s
propensity to commit sexual molestation of LM.

       Further, even if MR’s testimony about the incidents to which appellant pled
guilty was not admissible as propensity evidence, there was ample additional
evidence to convict appellant beyond a reasonable doubt of the indecent acts with
LM. Most importantly, LM testified in detail about the event. She also made fresh
complaints to her sister, her mother, and the physician and nurse who examined her.
Doctor Pagdin testified that LM told him about the molestation. LM also made a
consistent statement to CID 6 and her physical exam rendered results consistent with

6
 Appellant asserted, and continues to assert, LM rendered inconsistent statements,
most particularly whether appellant placed his penis in or on her vagina. The
criminal investigator who interviewed LM explained that the apparent
“inconsistencies” were resolved when the agent provided LM with an anatomically
correct doll so that she could demonstrate the body parts to which she was referring.
Using the doll, LM made clear that appellant’s penis did not go “inside” the “vaginal

                                                                 (continued . . .)
                                         11
DAVIS – ARMY 20041240

the indecent acts. Her mother, JD, testified to LM’s statements. Moreover, JD
described the altercation she had with appellant upon confronting him. Even though
JD did not specify what LM had told her, appellant’s immediate responses
demonstrated his guilty conscience. He told JD that his “career [would] be over,”
“it didn’t happen like that,” and then tried to prevent JD from calling the police.

       MR’s other “non-propensity” testimony corroborated LM’s story. MR
described how she flushed the toilet in order to disrupt appellant. She testified how
appellant, showing consciousness of guilt, fled from LM’s room after hearing the
noise, only to sneak back in later. MR also described LM’s look of anguish the next
morning and her resulting perception that something wrong had happened to LM.
Accordingly, even if the military judge erred by admitting the propensity evidence
MR provided, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                      CONCLUSION

      We have considered the remaining assignments of error and matters
personally asserted by appellant pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431
(C.M.A. 1982), and find them without merit.

      Accordingly, the findings of guilty and the sentence are affirmed.

      Senior Judge HOLDEN and Judge SULLIVAN concur.

                                               FORTHE
                                              FOR THE COURT:
                                                      COURT:

                                              MALCOLM
                                               MALCOLM H.     SQUIRES,JR.
                                                           H. SQUIRES, JR.
                                              Clerk of  Court
                                               Clerk of Court

(. . . continued)
hole”; instead, the penis went “up next to it.” Accordingly, we find the statements
were not inconsistent as alleged.

                                         12