Court Opinion

ID: 4229781
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-18 19:22:58.496988+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:51.721071
License: Public Domain

J-A23040-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    ROBERT J. CAVOTO, JR.,                     :  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ALLIANCE,             :        PENNSYLVANIA
    INC., CAVOTO CHIROPRACTORS,                :
    P.C.                                       :
                                               :
                       Appellants              :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE               :
    INSURANCE CO., DION ROSENAU                :
    SMITH MENZAK & AARON, AND LEE              : No. 1085 EDA 2017
    H. ROSENAU

                Appeal from the Judgment Entered May 24, 2017
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
                       Civil Division at No(s): 050601630

BEFORE:      PANELLA, DUBOW, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.:                       FILED DECEMBER 18, 2017

        Appellants, Robert J. Cavoto, Jr. (“Cavoto”), International Health

Alliance, Inc., and Cavoto Chiropractors, P.C., appeal from the judgment

entered in favor of Appellees, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,

Dion Rosenau Smith Menzak & Aaron, and Lee H. Rosenau. 1            Appellants

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 We note that the trial court, in its initial order dated January 30, 2006,
erroneously responded to “Defendants’ preliminary objections,” when
preliminary objections were actually only filed by State Farm while the
remainder of Appellees filed a joint “answer with new matter.” However, all
Appellees contended that Appellants failed to set forth a legally cognizable
claim for “abuse of process” and the court agreed by dismissing the claim.
J-A23040-17

present numerous arguments regarding their claims for defamation, abuse of

process, tortious interference, and conspiracy. We affirm.

       We adopt the facts and procedural history set forth by the trial court’s

comprehensive opinion.         See Trial Ct. Op., 3/3/17, at 1-3.   In this timely

appeal, Appellant raises the following nineteen issues for review:

          A. Whether the trial court erred in permitting [] Rosenau to
          testify regarding the Dickman letter because the document
          was not authenticated?

          B. Whether the trial court erred in permitting [] Rosenau to
          testify regarding the Dickman letter because the document
          constitutes inadmissible, double hearsay?

          C. Whether the trial court erred in permitting the letter to
          be introduced “as to the date” because such information is
          also inadmissible hearsay, as well as extremely prejudicial
          to [Appellants]?

          D. Whether the trial court erred in permitting misleading
          characterization(s) regarding the March letter during
          closing, as well as further mention of the date?

          E. Whether the trial court erred in responding to the jury’s
          request to see the March 2004 Letter and the request to
          hear testimony regarding the document?

          F. Whether the trial court erred in permitting, and then
          refusing to strike, [] Rosenau’s testimony regarding his
          alleged 2004 billing records?

          G. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to charge the
          jury with Pennsylvania Standard Jury Instruction § 5.30 for
____________________________________________

Moreover, Appellees did not seek clarification in the trial court and do not raise
this error on appeal. Therefore, the issue is waived. Moranko v. Downs
Racing LP, 118 A.3d 1111, 1117 n.3. (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc), appeal
denied, 132 A.3d 459 (Pa. 2016)

                                           -2-
J-A23040-17

          adverse inference, due to [] Rosenau’s failure to produce
          the 2004 billing records?[2]

          H. Whether the trial court erred in dismissing [Appellants’]
          abuse of process claims?

          I. Whether the trial court erred in excluding ample and
          significant evidence on the basis of judicial privilege?

          J. Whether the trial court erred in excluding statements not
          specifically pled in the amended complaint when such
          statements constitute acts of tortious interference and
          conspiracy?

          K. Whether the trial court erred in excluding State Farm’s
          Midtown memo and the testimony of Mr. John Smith?

          L. Whether the trial court erred in excluding the testimony
          of Ms. J’Amy Kluender?

          M. Whether the trial court erred in excluding the testimony
          of Mr. Gary Heslin regarding Mr. Fred Smith’s comments
          about State Farm’s $1,000,000 threshold and “hardball”
          tactics?

          N. Whether the trial court erred in excluding the testimony
          of Mr. Robert Datner?

          O. Whether, based solely on the admitted        evidence, the
          [t]rial [c]ourt erred by granting non-suit in   favor of State
          Farm on the count of Defamation when             State Farm’s
          defamation was established through the           principles of
          agency?

          P. Whether, based solely on the admitted evidence, the trial
          court erred by granting non-suit in favor of all [Appellees]
          on the count of conspiracy?

____________________________________________

2Appellants have abandoned their claim that the trial court erred in refusing
an adverse inference jury instruction by failing to develop the claim in their
brief.

                                           -3-
J-A23040-17

          Q. Whether, based solely on the admitted evidence, the trial
          court erred by granting non-suit in favor of Mr. Rosenau on
          the count of tortious interference when an act of defamation
          also constitutes tortious interference?

          R. Whether the trial court erred as a matter of law by
          granting non-suit when improperly excluded evidence would
          have established a prima facie cause of action on all Counts?

          S. Whether, based on the above-listed errors, th[is] Court
          should remove non-suit and grant [Appellants] a new trial
          on all counts?

Appellants’ Brief at 3.3

       Appellants’ first five issues concern the admission of a letter (“Dickman

letter”) which was purportedly written by Appellants’ former attorney detailing

an alleged defamatory conversation.             Appellants claim the letter was not

properly authenticated, contained statements constituting hearsay, and was

unduly prejudicial.      Id. at 22-26.         Appellants also assert that Appellees

improperly discussed the letter and mischaracterized the letter’s contents

during closing argument. Id. at 26. Appellant further claims that the trial

court improperly refused the jury’s request to see a copy of the letter during

deliberations or to have testimony regarding the letter reread during

deliberations. Id. at 27.

____________________________________________

3 We note that Appellants’ brief violates several rules of appellate procedure.
Appellants’ brief exceeds thirty pages and does not contain a certification of
compliance with the 14,000 word count limit. See Pa.R.A.P. 2135(a).
Nevertheless, we decline to quash. See PHH Mortg. Corp. v. Powell, 100
A.3d 611, 615 (Pa. Super. 2014) (refusing to quash appeal despite numerous
violations of appellate briefing rules).

                                           -4-
J-A23040-17

      Appellants’ next issue focuses on the trial court’s admission of billing

records.   They argue that the trial court improperly permitted Appellee

Rosenau to testify regarding his billing records when those records were not

introduced into evidence. Id. at 27-28.

      Appellants, in their eighth issue, assert that the trial court erred by

dismissing, pre-trial, their count for abuse of process for failure to state a

legally cognizable cause of action. They argue that they sufficiently pleaded

allegations that Appellees utilized discovery and depositions, in other

unrelated cases, in an attempt to harm Appellants. Id. at 29-32.

      In their ninth issue, Appellants contend that the trial court abused its

discretion by excluding testimony based on judicial privilege.     Specifically,

they assert that the statements in question were made outside the scope of

the privilege during depositions unrelated to the instant case. Id. at 32-34.

      In their tenth issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred by

refusing to consider alleged defamatory statements not specifically pled in

their amended complaint. Id. at 44-47. Appellants allege they adequately

asserted their claims for tortious interference with an existing and prospective

business relationship and civil conspiracy, and that defamatory statements

uncovered during discovery should have been admitted at trial. Id. at 46-47.

      Appellants’ eleventh issue challenges the trial court’s ruling that

excluded evidence arising after the date of Appellants’ complaint in August

2015. They argue that a memo, which purportedly detailed State Farm’s use

                                     -5-
J-A23040-17

of “shadow discovery,” was admissible as evidence of a bad act under Pa.R.E.

404(b). Id. at 48. Additionally, Appellants assert that testimony from an

individual who stopped patients referring to Appellant Cavoto should have

been admitted to show causation and damages. Id. at 49-50.

      Appellants next three issues generally object to the trial court’s decision

to decline to admit testimony from former employees of State Farm and other

individuals who purportedly had knowledge of State Farm’s tactics. See id.

at 50-56.

      Finally, in their last five issues, Appellants contend that the trial court

erred by granting non-suit regarding their claims for defamation as to Appellee

State Farm, and for conspiracy and tortious interference against all Appellees.

Id. at 56-65. Appellants argue that trial evidence did not support the trial

court’s ruling, and that the excluded evidence would have been sufficient to

support the above causes of action. Id. at 56-65.

      After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the forty-page opinion of the Honorable Judge Gary Glazer,

we conclude the trial court’s opinion comprehensively discusses and properly

disposes of the issues presented. See Trial Ct. Op. at 3-40 (finding that (1)

Appellants failed to preserve any challenge to the authenticity of the Dickman

letter; (2) the Dickman letter was properly admitted as an admission of a

party opponent for the limited purpose of establishing the date of an alleged

conversation for purposes of the statute of limitations; (3) the Dickman letter

                                      -6-
J-A23040-17

was probative for purposes of the statute of limitations; (4) the jury was

properly prohibited from viewing the entire contents of the Dickman letter

when it was admitted for only a limited purpose; (5) the court acted within its

purview when allowing the jury to rehear portions of testimony regarding the

Dickman letter during deliberations; (6) Appellee Rosenau properly refreshed

his recollection by reviewing his billing records prior to trial; (7) Appellants

failed to sustain an abuse of process claim because they could not establish

that Appellees attempted to use “shadow discovery tactics” for the sole

purpose of causing harm to Appellants; (8) the judicial privilege precluded all

testimony which concerned statements made during the course of judicial

proceedings, such as depositions; (9) Appellants failed to plead each

defamatory statement ultimately alleged with sufficient particularity;     (10)

evidence occurring after the commission of the lawsuit was properly excluded

as unduly prejudicial with minimal probative value; (11) testimony from

former employees of State Farm was too attenuated and prejudicial to be

properly admitted; (12) Appellants’ tortious interference claim failed because

Appellants could not prove that either a contractual relationship existed or

that the one possible incidence of defamation which was not barred by judicial

privilege was not within the one-year statute of limitations; (13) insufficient

evidence supported Appellants’ claims for tortious interference, defamation,

and conspiracy and, therefore, nonsuit was proper). Accordingly, we affirm

on the basis of the trial court’s opinion.

                                      -7-
J-A23040-17

       Judgment affirmed.4

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/18/2017

____________________________________________

4 On October 23, 2017, Appellants filed a post-submission communication,
after this Court had conducted oral argument. As noted in Appellees’ motion
to quash Appellants’ submission, Appellants violated Pa.R.A.P. 2501(a) which
mandates that “[a]fter the argument of a case had been submitted, no brief,
memorandum or letter relating to the case shall be presented or submitted,
either directly or indirectly, to the court or any judge thereof, except upon
application or when expressly allowed at bar at the time of the argument.”
Pa.R.A.P. 2501(a).      Accordingly, we quash Appellants’ post-submission
communication but note that, in any event, the communication merely
reiterates arguments Appellants already set forth both during argument and
within their appellate brief. However, we do not find the communication to be
“dilatory, obdurate or vexatious,” as urged by Appellees. See Pa.R.A.P. 2744
Thus, we do not conclude that the award of counsel fees is appropriate in this
case. See id. (stating an appellate court may award a reasonable counsel fee
where “it determines that an appeal is frivolous or taken solely for delay or
that the conduct of the participant against whom costs are to be imposed is
dilatory, obdurate or vexatious”).

Additionally, Appellees have filed a motion to seal an exhibit contained in
Appellants’ answer to Appellees’ motion to quash. We grant the motion to
seal and direct the Prothonotary of this Court to seal Appellant’s “Brief in
Opposition to Appelle’s Motion to Strike.”

                                           -8-
                                                                                    Circulated 12/08/2017 03:24 PM

         IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF PBI!LADELPHEA COUNTV
                 FlRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                            CIVKLTRIAL DIVISION

   ROBERT J. CA VOTO, JR.,                                JUNE TERM, 2005
   INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
   ALLIANCE, INC. CA VOTO                                NO. 01630
   CHIROPRACTORS, P.C., TIPROF,
   INC., and PENN CENTER PAIN                            COMMERCE PROGRAM
   MANAGEMENT, INC.,

                          Plaintiffs
  v.

  STATE FARM MUTUAL
  AUTOMOBILE INS. CO., et al.

                          Defendants

 GLAZER,J.                                                                           March}) 2017
                                             OPINION

        This lawsuit spanned over a decade and culminated with a jury verdict that found the

 lawsuit was filed untimely. On June 17, 2005, Dr. Robert Cavoto, Jr. ("Cavoto"), International

 Health Alliance, Inc., Cavoto Chiropractors) P.C., Tiprof, Inc., and PeIU1 Center Pain

Management, Inc. (collectively "plaintiffs") filed a lawsuit against State Farm Mutual Insurance

Company ("State Farm"), and Lee H. Rosenau ("Rosenau") and his law firm, Dion, Rosenau,

Smith, Menszak & Aaron (collectively "defendants"), for defamation, abuse of process, tortious

interference, and conspiracy.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND FACTS

       Cavoto is a Philadelphia area chiropractor and owner of the plaintiff businesses. His

business relies upon telemarketing and personal injury attorney referrals in order to generate

clientele, He alleges State Farm sought to put him out of business by tarnishing his reputation in
     the legal community and using "hardball" litigation tactics in lawsuits that involved his offices. 1

     Rosenau, as a frequent counsel for State Fann insureds over the past four decades, was allegedly

    the one who carried out this plan through depositions and his contacts with area attorneys.2

             At the time complained of, State Farm was investigating Cavoto for fraud. The catalyst

    for the investigation was complaints from State Farm insureds who were recently involved in car

    accidents. The insureds complained they were getting telemarketing calls from an individual-

    posing as a State Farm representative-suggesting they seek medical treatment. State Fann

    eventually traced these calls to Marge Fisher ("Fisher") and Cavoto.

            Prior to trial, the parties submitted forty-five motions in limine to exclude evidence or

    testimony. After ruling on those motions and four days of trial, plaintiffs were able to produce

    one conversation from which the jury could conclude Rosenau had defamed Cavoto-a

    telephone conversation between Rosenau and Marc Bendo, Esquire ("Bendo1').

            At the close of the evidence, defendants moved for a nonsuit on all claims, which this

    court granted almost in its entirety-denying only the motion for nonsuit on the defamation

    claim against Rosenau due to his telephone conversation to Bendo_.

            Because defendants raised the statute of limitations as a defense, when that conversation

took place was a relevant question. Accordingly, the parties submitted a jury verdict sheet that

asked when the conversation took place. Cavoto alleged the conversation took place "within ( a]

year" of June 17, 2005.3 Bendo felt it took place around Christmas-time of 2004.4 Defendants

1
    Compl. 'll� 1,14-15.
2
    Compl. 'll� 31-57.
3
    Comp!. 'I] 66.
4
    Record, 10/31/2016, "'123, 10-11. (""'" designates page number).

                                                           2
     argued it took place in March 2004 based on Rosenau's billing records and a letter written by

     Cavoto 's attorney purporting to summarize the conversation. 5

            The jury returned a verdict finding the conversation took place prior to June 17, 2004.6

    As a result, plaintiffs' suit was baned by the statute of limitations.

    DISCUSSION

            Before the court is plaintiffs' post-trial motion, in which plaintiffs claim several en-ors

    with respect to this court's evidentiary rulings prior to and during trial. Plaintiffs argue the errors

    prejudiced their ability to present their case and warrant this court granting a new trial.

            This court finds all errors complained of Jack merit or were harmless. Therefore,

    plaintiffs' motion for a new trial is denied.

    I.   Standard of Review

           The admission or exclusion of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court

    and is reversed only upon finding a clear abuse of discretion or misapplication of the Jaw. 7 An

    abuse of discretion must be shown by clear and convincing evidence. 8 Furthermore, "to

    constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be erroneous, but also harmful or

prejudicial to the complaining party. "9

           To raise a claim of error in post-trial proceedings, the error must have been raised pre-

trial or at the time of trial.'? The party's post-trial motion must specify how that requirement was

complied with, and any error without such specification is deemed waived. 11

5  Record, 11/8/2016, "67, 14-22; Id. at *65, 18-25.
6
   id. at 127, 10-13.
7
   Gaston v. Minhas, 938 A.2d 453, 455 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2007).
8
   Pou/one v. Paulone, 649 A.2d 691, 692 (Pa. Super Ct. 1994).
9
  Am. Fture Sys., tac. v. 888, 872 A.2d 1202, 1212 (Pa. Super Ct. 2005).
10
    See Pa.R.C.P. 227.l(b){l)
11
    See Id. (b)(2).

                                                          3
             Therefore, any error not explained within plaintiff's memorandum of law is waived and

     will not be addressed in this opinion.12

     U. Plaintiff Failed to Establish the Basic Elements of an Abuse of Process Claim.

             In January 2006, this court sustained defendants' preliminary objection to plaintiffs'

     claim for abuse of process. In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged that defendants used depositions

     in personal injury lawsuits foran improper purpose-namely, to investigate Cavoto.'?

            Abuse of process is the use of legal process as a tactical weapon to coerce a desired result

     that is not the legitimate object of the process."!" In order to establish a prima facie case for

 abuse of process, the plaintiff must establish that the "defendant ( 1) used a legal process against

 the plaintiff, (2) primarily to accomplish a purpose for which the process was not designed, and

 (3) harm has been caused to the plaintiff."15

           · Plaintiffs believe they established a case for abuse of process by alleging "that

 Defendants utilized discovery tactics (in cases where Plaintiffs were not even parties) in order ..

 . [to] dissuade others from associating or doing business with Plaintiff."16 However, it is because

 "plaintiffs were not even parties'' in those actions that an abuse of process claim was not

established. Defendants' discovery tactics were used against the personal injury plaintiffs, not

Cavoto. Since Cavoto was not a party in those actions, it was impossible for defendants to

coerce any desired result from him. Therefore, plaintiffs' abuse of process .claim was properly

dismissed.

12
   Plaintiff raised several errors In its post-trlal motion that are not Included in Its post-trial memorandum of law.
Because the fallure to address them In the memorandum results in non-compliance with Pa.R.C.P. 227.1, the
claims of error are deemed waived.
13
   Compl. 'll,J 134-36.
14
   McGee v. Feeqe, 535 A.2d 1020 (Pa. 1987).
15
   Werner v. Plater-Zyberk, 799 A.2d 776 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2002).
16
   Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *'33.

                                                           4
     Hli. Plaintiffs Failed to Establish Defendants' Conduct Interfered 'Nieh AL1y Contractual or
          Prospective Contractual Relationship

             Plaintiffs contend this court erred on rulings with respect to their claim for tortious

     interference with contractual relations in two ways. First, plaintiffs argue this court's grant of

     nonsuit was error because a defamatory statement constitutes tortious interference, and the

 defamation claim against Rosenau survived defendants' motion.17 Second, they argue this court

 erred in excluding defamatory statements that were not specifically pled in the complaint

 because they could have been used to establish a claim for tortious interference.18

             In order to state a claim for intentional interference with prospective or existing

 contractual relations, the plaintiff must show:

                    · "(1) the existence of a contractual, or prospective contractual
                      relation between the complainant and a third party; (2) purposeful
                      action on the part of the defendant," specifically intended to harm
                      the existing relation> or to prevent a prospective relation from
                      occurring; (3) the absence of privilege or justification on the part
                      of the defendant; and (4) the occasioning of actual legal damage
                      as a result of the defendant's conduct."?

            Plaintiffs argue defendants> conduct injured their contractual relations with personal

injury attorneys and employees. However.Cavoto explicitly denied having any referral or

contractual relationship with personal injury attorneys.r'' As such, there was no contractual

relationship that could be interfered with.

17
     Pl. Post-Trial Memo, * 59,
18
     Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *45.
19   Maverick Steel Co., LLC v. Dick Corp/Barton Ma/ow, 54 A.3d 352, 355 (Pa. Super Ct. 2012) (emphasis added).
20
     Record, 11/4/2016, * 25, 14 - • 26, 16.

                                                          5
              With respect to employee relationships affected, plaintiffs presented Dr. Anice LeBeouf

     ("LeBeouf')-a chiropractor who formerly worked for Cavoto.21 LeBeouf testified she resigned

     from Cavoto's employment partly because of State Farm's investigation into Cavoto.22

             However, while defendants' conduct may have been the cause of her resignation,

     defendants cannot, as a matter of law, be held liable for conducting investigations into possible

     insurance fraud. Pennsylvania courts have granted a conditional privilege to insurance

     companies for conducting these types of investigations because of the belief that it is in society's

     best interest to expose fabricated insurance claims. 23 Moreover, the mere existence of litigation

     cannot be the basis for a tortious interference claim.24

             This court aligns with those courts and declines to chill the important investigative

 function of insurance companies. Therefore, this court finds the grant of non-suit on the claim of

 tortious_ interference against all defendants was proper.

 IV. Plaintiffs> Claim of Defamation.

            Since plaintiffs failed to plead the necessary elements of a tortious interference or abuse

of process claim, defendants' conduct and statements could only be used to establish a claim for

defamation.

            To establish a claim for defamation, a must private figure plaintiff must prove:

                    H(I) The defamatory character of the communication; (2) its
                    publication by the defendant; (3) its application to the plaintiff; (4)
                    the understanding by the recipient of its defamatory meaning; (5)
                    the understanding by the recipient of it as intended to be applied to

21 Record, 11/1/2016, *47, 13-15.
22
     Record, 11/1/2016, *51, 20·25.
23
     See ChicareJ/a v. Passont, 494 A.2d 1109, 1113 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1985); See also Forster v. Manchester, 189 A.2d
1471 150 (Pa. 1963) (finding conditional privilege existed Immunizing Insurance company from invasion of privacy
liability for following and documenting movements of an injured claimant because "it is in the best interests of
society that valid claims be ascertained and fabricated claims be exposed.")
24
   See Pelogottl v. Cohen, 536 A.2d 1337, 1343 (Pa. Super Ct. 1987) {upholding trial court sustaining preliminary
objections because the existence of an earlier lawsuit filed by the defendant against the plaintiff cannot be the
basis of defamation or tortious interference claims since a lawsuit ls absolutely judicially privileged).

                                                           6
                    the plaintiff; (6) special harm resulting to the plaintiff from its
                    publication; and (7) abuse of a conditionally privileged
                    occasion. "25

             Under certain circumstances, attorneys, witnesses, judges, and victims are accorded

     absolute immunity from liability for defamation-otherwise known as the judicial privilege. The

     privilege prohibits any of their statements-which are made in the course of a judicial

     proceeding, and. which are even minimally pertinent and material to the redress sought in that

     proceeding-from being introduced into evidence in a later suit for defamation.26

            Here, the judicial privilege applied to bar the testimony of many of plaintiffs' witnesses.

     Plaintiffs were able to present one witness-Benda-who could establish defamatory statements

     made by Rosenau. Nevertheless, the jury determined the statements occurred prior to June 17,

     2004, and, therefore, were beyond the one-year statute of limitations for a defamation claim.

            As such, plaintiffs' claim for defamation similarly failed.

        A. Defamatory Statements Must Be Pled in the Complaint.

            Initially, this court notes plaintiffs' complaint for defamation failed to adequately comply

 with Pennsylvania case law and procedure.

            Each defamatory statement is a separate cause of action, which must be pied with

particularity.27 That means, the face of the complaint must state, specifically, "What allegedly

defamatory statements were made, and to whom they were made. "28

25
   Kelley v. Pittmon, 150 A.3d 59, 67 (Pa. 2016) (quoting 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 8343).
26
   Richmond v. McHale, 35 A.3d 779, 784 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012); see olso Freundlich & Littman, LLC v. Feierstein,
2017 Wl 712911 at *3 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2017) ("Courts have continually protected a variety of communications made
at various proceedings as well as statements with only minor relation to the underlying case.") (emphasis added).
27
   See Graham v. Today's Spirit, 468 A.2d 454, 457 {Pa. 1983).
28
   Moses v. McWiliams, 549 A.2d 950, 960 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1988).

                                                       7
             Here, plaintiffs' amended complaint failed to identify to whom the defamatory statements

     were made.29 However, it did identify four allegedly defamatory statements made by

     defendants. 30

             Setting aside that the failure to identify to whom those statements were made should be

     fatal to plaintiffs' defamation claim, this court will, at the least, limit plaintiffs' recovery to those

     four statements. As such, the exclusion of any other witness-whose purpose was to present

 evidence of a statement not pied in the complaint-was harmless error.

        B. This Court Properly Applied the Judicial Privilege to Preclude Liability for Statements
           Made During the Course of Judicial Proceedings

            During the course of the investigation into Cavoto, Rosenau allegedly made defamatory

 statements. about Cavoto to personal injury attorneys who had clients being treated by Cavoto.

 However, because the statements took place during the course of judicial proceedings about

 matters pertinent and material to those proceedings, the judicial privilege bars them.from being

 admitted to support a claim for defamation.

            The judicial privilege prohibits the statement of any victim, witness, judge, or attorney-

 which is issued in the course of a judicial proceeding, and which 'is even minimally pertinent and

material to the redress sought in that proceeding-from being introduced into evidence in a later

suit for defamation.31

29
   Compt. ,i 66.
30
   Id. (The alleged defamatory statements were that: 1) plaintiff is "dirty" and "under investigation"; 2) "State Farm
is bringing a RICO action" against plalntlff; 3) Plaintiff ls "real bad news"; and 4) others should "stay away from
(plaintiff!"},
31
   Richmond, 35 A.3d 779, 784 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012); see also Feirerstein, 2017 WL 712911 at *3 ("Courts have
continually protected a variety of communications made at various proceedings as well as statements with only
minor relation to the underlying case."} (emphasis added).

                                                          8
             The privilege exists in order to promote freedom of access to the com1s.32 As such, the

     scope of the privilege is very broad and encompasses all communications made during the

     course of any stage of a judicial proceeding. 33 This includes "even less formal communications

     such as preliminary conferences and correspondence between counsel in furtherance of the

 client's interest. a34

            Furthermore, the privilege cannot be destroyed by abuse, and there is a presumption that

 it applies. As noted by the Pennsylvania Superior Court, "the existence of the privilege does not

 depend upon the motive of the declarant in making the alleged defamatory statement. The

 privilege is absolute and cannot be destroyed by abuse."35 Additionally, "All doubt as to

 whether the alleged defamatory communication was indeed pertinent and material to the relief or

 redress sought is to be resolved in favor of pertinency and materiality. "36 Therefore, any

 communication, issued in the course of a judicial proceeding, that is even minimally pertinent

 and material to that proceeding, is afforded immunity-no matter the declarant's motive.37

           This does not> however, leave a defamed party without protection. A court oflaw is still

able to issue discipline for defamatory statements-such as issuing sanctions or holding the

declarant in contempt. 38

           Plaintiffs present three reasons why this court erred in applying the judicial privilege.

First, plaintiffs claim this court failed to take into consideration the intent of the declarant in

assessing whether the statement was pertinent and material to litigation.39 Second, plaintiffs

32
     Ricmond, 35 A.3d   at 784.
33   td.
34
    Id. at 785.
35 Id. at 784-85.
36 id. at 785.

37 td. at 784-85.

38
   /d. at 784.
3� Pl. Post-Trial Memo, **36-37.

                                                    9
     claim this court incorrectly determined that the excluded statements were pertinent and material

     to litigation." Third, that this court applied the privilege in circumstances where the safeguards

     of the judicial process were not present.41

             This court finds: (]) the intent of the declarant is not relevant if proceedings have

     commenced; (2) all the statements complained of were pertinent and material to their underlying

     litigation; and (3) the judicial safeguards were present. Therefore, the judicial privilege was

     properly applied to bar many of plaintiffs' witnesses.

           1. The intent of the declarant is not assessed when the statement is made during the
              course of ongoing judicial proceedings

            Plaintiffs' claim, when looking at the totality of the circumstances, is that State Farm's

 true intent was to put Cavoto out of business rather than to pursue any redress sought in

 litigation.42 To support that position, they argue that there was a pattern of acts and "hardball

 litigation" tactics, taken over the course of several different lawsuits, showing State Farm's true

 intent was to put him out of business.43

           Nevertheless, the "true intent" of the declarant is not relevant if litigation has been

commenced." After a lawsuit has been filed, the privilege is defeated only upon a determination

that: ( 1) the attorney's communication was not pertinent or material to the redress sought in the

litigation; or (2) the normal safeguards of the judicial process are not present.45

40
    Pl. Post-Trial Memo, **38-40.
41
   Pl. Post-Trial Memo, **40-44.
42
   Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *37.
43 /d.
44
   See Richmond, 35 A.3d at 784-85 ("The existence of the privilege does not depend on the motive of the
defendant in making the allegedly defamatory statement. The privilege Is absolute and cannot be destroyed by
abuse.") (emphasis added).
45
   See Post, 507 A.2d 351 (finding letter accusing opposing counsel of misconduct was not privileged because it was
sent to persons unrelated to the pending litigation, including the Disciplinary Board, and was therefore not
pertinent to the relief sought in the litigation); See Pteiser v. Rosenzweig, 646 A.2d 11661 1168 {Pa. 1994) (holding
statements before a private "fee dispute" panel were not privileged due to panel's lack of ability to punish
defamatory statements).

                                                         10
            Even the most egregious and insulting comments made by an attorney are privileged as

     long as they are even minimally pertinent and material to the relief sought in pending litigation.46

     In Richmond v. McHale, the defendant> an attorney, was sued for statements he made about an

 opposing counsel in a sexual assault lawsuit.47 The defendant had accused the plaintiff of

 extortion while at a discovery meeting/" In the subsequent defamation lawsuit, the defendant

 asserted the judicial privilege to successfully bar introduction of that accusation> despite its

 egregious nature. The court found the privilege applied because the statement was pertinent and

 material to the underlying litigation, and specifically ?oted_: «the existence of the privilege does

 not depend upon the motive ofthe defendant in making the alleged defamatory statement. The

 privilege is absolute and cannot be destroyed by abuseJ''"

           The intent of the declarant is only relevant when the statement is made prior to litigation.

 In that situation, courts determine whether the declarant intended that litigation would follow the

statement. If so, and the statement is pertinent and material to that contemplated litigation, then

the statement is protected by the judicial privilege. 50 In Schanne v. Addis, a teacher sued a

former student over the student's claim that the teacher had assaulted her.51 The student made

the claim to a friend at Thanksgiving-seven years after the alleged assault. 52 The Pennsylvania

Supreme Court found the privilege did not apply because no judicial proceedings had

commenced, and the student had not made the statement with the intention that litigation would

45
   See Richmond, 35 A.3d 779; also Feierstein, 2017 WL 712911 at *3.
47 Id. at 781.
48 Id.
49
   td. at 784-85 (emphasis added).
so See Schonne v. Addis, 121 A.3d 942 (Pa. 2015).
51
   Id. at 944.
51
   Id. at 943.

                                                       11
     follow. 53 Instead, the student believed she was confiding in a "friend", and she "did not intend"

     for the friend to report it to anyone else. 54

              Here, only one witness, Bendo, spoke with Rosenau prior to the commencement of

     litigation, and in assessing whether the privilege applied, this court analyzed Rosenau's intent at

     the time he made the statement. 55

             In or around 2004, Rosenau and Benda were opposing counsel in a car accident lawsuit

  involving a State Farm insured, Shannon O'Neill ("O'Neill").56 O'Neill had collided with a

 vehicle that was carrying two passengers-Jerome Baker ("Baker") and Robert Jones

 ("Jones")-who were being represented by Bendos Jawfirm.57

             Initially, Bendo filed a lawsuit against O'Neill on behalf of Jones, but not Baker. 58 Prior

 to filing the Baker lawsuit, but after commencement of the Jones suit, Rosenau and Bendo

 engaged in two phone calls in which Rosenau made comments about Cavoto-the treating

 chiropractor of both Jones and Baker. 59

53
     id. at 952.
54
     Id. at 943-44.
 ss Within this section, plaintiff identifies defendants' statements to Clark Pease, Esquire, Robert Datner, Esquire,
 Lawrence DeMarco, Esquire, Fred Horn, Esquire, and Warren Siegel, Esquire, as situations that, when taken
 together, demonstrate defendants' Intent was to injure Cavoto's reputation. However, all of those statements
 took place during the course of ongoing lltigatlon. See Def. Post· Trial, Ex. Q, *39 (Pease conversation was within a
 deposition); Id. EX. R, u7.g (Datner conversation was within a deposition); Id. Ex. U, •77 (DeMarco conversation
 was within a settlement discussion); Id. Ex. V, **34·5 (Horn conversation occurred after an Insurance claim had
 been filed}; Id. Ex. X (Siegel could not recall when or who made the statements, but believed they were made at an
arbitration hearing}. Furthermore, aside from the testimony of these witnesses being excluded based on the
judicial privilege, this court also found their recollections to be extremely imprecise and would have excluded their
testimony based on lack of personal knowledge.
56
   Record, 11/2/2016, •216, 4-17.
 7
� Id. at *218, 21 · *219, 5.
58
   td. at *217, 22 - *218, 6.
59
   Record, 10/31/2016, *108, 4.

                                                         12
                The first conversation was commenced by Rosenau.t'' and was for the purpose of

      speaking about the Baker lawsuit,"! which had not yet been filed.62 During the conversation,

      Bendo asked if Rosenau would accept service of process,63 and Rosenau informed Bendo that

      there would be no settlement offers in the case.64 When Bendo asked why, Rosenau replied,

      "you may have a problem with your doctor"-referring to Cavoto.65 Rosenau allegedly went on

      to call Cavoto "bad news" and a "dirty doctor", and stated that he was under investigation. 66 He

      further likened Cavoto to Dr. Matura-a doctor who had been indicted for fraud. 67

               Bendo felt these comments were unusual and inappropriate.P" He testified that it is

     natural for a defense attorney to ask questions about the treating doctor and to make statements

     about the doctor's lack of qualifications, but that equating a doctor with someone who had been.

     indicted for fraud is "something different."69

               Nevertheless, despite Bendo's belief that the statements were inappropriate, they were

  pertinent and material to the Baker litigation that Rosenau intended would follow. Rosenau

  initiated the conversation with the intent of discussing litigation that did occur. After all, the

 Jones case-which arose from the same accident-was already in litigation, Bendo was seeking

 to. have Rosenau accept service of the Baker complaint, and Rosenau had taken the stance that no

 settlement offers would be made. Therefore, absent Baker deciding not to file the lawsuit or later

 choosing not to pursue it, litigation was bound to ensue.

60    Id. at *109, 10-12.
61
      Id. at *112, 18-19.
62
      Id. at •111, 14-16.
63 Id. at *112, 19-22.
64
   Id. at *113, 19-21.
ss Id. at *113, 21-24.
66
   ld. at *114, 12-21.
<>1   Id.
68
      Id. at 115, 4-10.
69
      Id. at *115, 11 - * 116, 8.

                                                      13
               The statements were also pertinent and material to the redress that Rosenau would be

     seeking in the Baker lawsuit. A treating doctor's credibility is at issue in a personal injury

     lawsuit. Even in Richmond-where the statement was a personal attack on opposing counsel and

     arguably minimally related to the litigation-the privilege applied. Thus, Rosenau's statements

     about Cavoto were pertinent and material to contemplated litigation and properly excluded based

     on the judicial privilege.

              Conversely, in the second conversation, Rosenau's statements were not pertinent and

     material to any litigation he intended would follow. Instead, Rosenau intended to give Bendo

     advice on how to handle future clients referred by Cavoto-who may not have a claim against a

     State Farm insured. 70

              The second conversation was initiated by Bendo and was for the purpose of asking

 Rosenau for advice." Specifically, Bendo asked,

                      · "[L]ook, what you told me has upset me because I have cases with
                        [Cavoto]. A decent amount of my clients are treating at his offices.
                        This affects me. What's going on? ... Give me the advice I need
                        as to what's going on so I can make the right decision.?"

             In response, Rosenau advised Benda not to send any future clients to Cavoto for

 treatment or accept client referrals from him. 73

             By giving advice on how to handle future cases, which may never arise, Rosenau was not

speaking about matters pertinent to contemplated litigation. Further, it is likely that, from that

point forward, at least one case referred by Cavoto would not have involved a claim against a

State Farm insured; thus, Rosenau was not even representing a client's interest. Therefore, the

70
     Id. at *119, 6-13.
11   !d. at *118, 21-25.
72
     Id. at *118, 6-14.
73
     Id. at *119, 6-13.

                                                       14
     judicial privilege did not apply to shield Rosenau from liability for the statements he made in that

     second conversation.

              This court will not extend the "intent" inquiry to statements made during the course of

     litigation. The law is clear that the privilege is absolute and cannot be destroyed by abuse.

     Rosenau's motive or intent in making a statement is irrelevant when it is made during the course

     of litigation. Aside from the Bendo conversations, all of Rosenau's alleged defamatory

     statements took place during the course of litigation. 74 Therefore, as long as they were pertinent

     and material to the ongoing litigation, they were properly barred by the judicial privilege.

            2. The excluded statements were pertinent and material to the relief sought in the
               underlying lawsuit.

             Consequently, plaintiffs' second argument is that this court erred in determining that

 defendants' statements were pertinent and material to ongoing litigation. Under this theory,

 plaintiffs contend the statements made to Bendo and Larry DeMarco, Esquire ("DeMarco"), as

 well as evidence of State Farm's "shadow discovery" methods were improperly excluded. 75

             Here, all of defendants' alleged defamatory conduct and statements occurred during

 litigation involving a plaintiff being treated at one of Cavotos offices. As such, questions and

 statements about Cavoto would likely be pertinent and material to the litigation.

            Having already discussed the pertinence of Rosenau's statements to Benda, this section

will address plaintiffs' arguments regarding DeMarco and State Farm's "shadow discovery"

tactics.

74
     See infra FN 55.
75
     Pl. Post-Trial Memo, **38-9.

                                                    15
                     a. A statement suggesting a treating doctor's lack of credibility in a personal
                        injury lawsuit is pertinent and material to the litigation.

             Prior to trial, this court excluded the testimony of DeMarco on the filing of a joint motion

     by defendants.76 From a review of DeMarco's deposition, this courtconcluded his testimony

     was unreliable and barred by the judicial privilege.

             Plaintiffs sought to have DeMarco testify about a settlement conversation he had with

     Doug Babin ("Babin")-an SIU investigator for State Farm." DeMarco, however, could not

     recall any specific statements made by Babin. Instead, he could only state he got the impression

     Babin found Cavoto lacked credibility and that State Farm would not "pay a dime" to any claim

     that came out of Cavoto' s office. 78

            Although DeMarco could not recall Babin's statements, he did recall that it occurred

 while they "were negotiating a claim.,,79 In that claim, DeMarco's injured client had been

 treated at one of Cavoto' s offices. 80

            At the time, defendants were suspicious of the veracity of any injury being treated by

 plaintiffs because they were suspicious of plaintiffs' solicitation practices. As a result, State

 Farm apparently took a stance that they would not negotiate any claim involving Cavoto as the

treating chiropractor.

76
   See October 17, 2016 Order, Cntl. # 16093534.
77
   Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *39.
18
   DeMarco, Def. Ex. U, at " 89, 12-20.
79
   Id.. at *77, 8-14.
so Id. at * 89, 13.

                                                    16
             Assuming, arguendo, that State Fann had that policy, there is nothing improper about it.

     Parties cannot be compelled to consider settlement or even make a reasonable settlement offer.

     Furthermore, public policy encourages insurance companies to investigate insurance fraud. 81

             Nevertheless, Babin's alleged statement-that State Farm would not negotiate a claim

     involving Cavoto-s-occurred during litigation involving Cavoto; therefore, it was pertinent and

     material to that litigation.

                     b.   Whether an injured plaintiff sought treatment or was solicitedfor treatment is
                          pertinent in a personal injury lawsuit

             Throughout this litigation, plaintiffs have argued that State Farm and Rosenau used

 depositions in litigation unrelated to Cavoto to gain information on him and his business

 practices=-conduct they refer to as "shadow discovery". In their post-trial memorandum,

 plaintiffs argue this court erred by not analyzing each instance of "shadow discovery" separately,

 yet only cite the deposition of Dr. Stephen Vernille ("VemiJle»)-a chiropractor in one of the

 plaintiff offices-in the case of Wade v. Holloway as an example of State Farm's "shadow

 discovery" tactics. 82

            Through an extensive review of that deposition, this court found that Rosenau never

mentioned Cavoto's name. Instead, the only arguable relation to Cavoto was Rosenau's

questions about Fisher and Fishbone Advertising ("Fishbone")-the telemarketing/advertising

agency created and used by Cavoto to solicit clientele. 83

81 See Forster, 189 A.2d at 150 (finding conditional privilege existed immunizing insurance company from Invasion
of privacy liability for followlng and documenting movements of an injured claimant because "it is in the best
interests of society that valid claims be ascertained and fabricated claims be exposed.")
82
   Pf. Post-Trial Memo, *39-40.
83
   Def. Post-Trial Memo, Ex. AA, •49, 5-9.

                                                        17
                In his deposition, Vernille stated he used a variety of marketing tools to gain clientele,

     included telemarketing. 84 In seeking information about the telemarketing agencies he used,

     Rosenau asked Vernille if he knew of Fisher or Fishbone-to which Vernille indicated he did

     not. ss

                There is nothing improper about those two questions, and further, their link to Cavoto is

     attenuated at best. 86 At that time, Rosenau had knowledge (or at least suspicions) that Fish bone

 solicited accident victims via police records, and Rosenau sought to determine if that was how

 the plaintiff came to be treated by Vernille. This is relevant because a plaintiff who is solicited

 for treatment is likely less injured than a plaintiff who seeks treatment on her own.

               It is also worth noting that Rosenau also asked if Vernille knew of Medical Connection+-

 a different telemarking company-and its owner Gina Batalinni. 87 Thus, taking the deposition as

 a whole, this court finds Rosenau was simply representing his client' s interests by determining

 how the plaintiff sought treatment-a fact pertinent and material to the Wade v. Holloway

 litigation.

               Therefore, the "shadow discovery" tactics were properly excluded.

               3. The Safeguards of the Judicial Process Were Present

               Lastly, plaintiffs argue this court should not have excluded any witness based on the

judicial privilege because judicial safeguards to protect against misconduct were not present. 88

84
     Id. at •46, 22-23.
85
     Id. at •49, 5-9.
86
   It should be noted that because Dr. Vernllle was unaware who Marge Fisher was, he was unable to link the
question about her to Cavoto. Therefore, Dr. Vernille's testimony could not have been used to establish a claim of
defamation, since the recipient of the statement must understand its defamatory meaning and its application to
the plaintiff.
87
   Id. at *78, 8-12.
88
   Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *40.

                                                        18
             A statement does not need to be issued in open court for the judicial privilege to apply.

     As noted in Richmond, the privilege encompasses less formal communications such as

     "correspondence between counsel in furtherance of the client's interest" and "statements made

     by counsel in preliminary negotiations on their client's behalf."89

             Nevertheless, part of the policy behind the privilege is that a court is able to issue its own

 discipline for defamatory statements when they are issued during the course of litigation."

 Therefore, plaintiffs correctly argue that judicial safeguards must be present for the privilege to

 apply; however, they incorrectly argue that those safeguards were not present in the cases where

 Rosenau allegedly made defamatory statements.

             Plaintiffs attempt to liken this case to Freiser v. Rosenweigi" however, their reliance

 upon Preiser is misplaced. In Preiser, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held a Pennsylvania

 attorney's statemerits about an out of state attorney=-contained within a complaint submitted to

 an Allegheny county fee dispute committee-were not protected by the judicial privilege."

            The Court reasoned the statements were not privileged because of the private nature of

 the fee determination committee.93 As a private committee, its decisions "could only affect those

who consented to it," and the out of state attorney had not consented to the committee's

authority. 94 Therefore, the out of state attorney did no! have the ability to invoke the

committee's power to issue discipline for the Pennsylvania attorney's defamatory statements;

and so, because judicial safeguards were not present, the privilege did not apply. 95

69   Richmond, 35 A.3d at 785.
90
     Id. at 784.
91
     Pl. Post-Trial Memo, •41.
92
     See Pteiset, 646 A.2d 1166 (Pa. 1994).
9
 i   Id. at 1169.
94   Id. at 1169-70.
95
     Id. at 1170.

                                                     19
               Here, the situation is unlike Pre iser. With the exception of Rosenau' s statements to

     Bendo, which were submitted to the jury, each alleged defamatory statement occurred within the

     context of an ongoing public judicial proceeding. 96 Unlike the private fee determination ·

     committee, a court of law has the ability to impose punishment for a defamatory statement

     regardless of whether the party consented to its authority.

              Further, as defendants noted in their post-trial memorandum, plaintiffs took advantage of

 judicial safeguards in the case of Ray v. Carter.91 In that case, Rosenau subpoenaed Fisher in

  order to determine whether Fishbone had solicited the plaintiff to seek treatment.98 In response

 to the subpoena, Cavotos attorney at the time, Robert Dickman, Esquire ("Dickman"),

 petitioned the court for a protective order to prevent Fisher from being forced to identify her

 relationship with Cavoto.99 Although the petition was unsuccessful, plaintiffs. were able to

 utilize existing judicial safeguards to challenge defendants' actions in front of a learned judge.

              Just as the judicial safeguards were available for plaintiffs to challenge defendants'

 actions in that case, they were also present in each case where an arguably defamatory statement

 was made. Therefore, the judicial privilege was properly applied.

        C. This Court's Ruling on the Admissibility of the Dickman Letter Was Proper

             At the forefront of plaintiffs' claims of error is this court's ruling on the partial

admissibility of the March 26, 2004, letter authored by Dickman and addressed to Patrick

McCoyd; Esquire ("McCoyd") (letter- hereinafter referred to as "the Dickman letter" or

"letter").100 At the time, Dickman was representing Cavoto in litigation against defendants for

96
   See infra FN 55.
97
   See Def. Post- Trial Memo, Ex. B; also Id. at Ex.   cc.
98
   See Id. Ex. B, *3, 19-24.
99
     td. at •s, 6-25.
100
      Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *24.

                                                             20
      abuse of process, 101 and sought to warn McCoyd that his client, Rosenau, had made improper

      statements to Bendo about Cavoto.l'"

              Defendants introduced the Dickman letter during their examination of Rosenau, and

  following plaintiffs' objection, this court allowed the date of the letter to be lntroduced.J'" Both

  parties were also permitted to ask Rosenau questions about what information was (and was not)

  contained in the letter in order to establish its context for the jury.

             Plaintiffs argue that ruling was error on the grounds that the letter was not authenticated,

  was hearsay, and unduly prejudicial to plaintiffs case. For the reasons that follow, this court

  finds: (1) plaintiffs waived an objection to the letter's authenticity; (2) its ruling did not violate

 the rules against hearsay; and (3) the letter was highly relevant in proving plaintiffs failed to file

 their lawsuit within the statute of limitations.

             I. Plaintiffs failed to preserve an objection to the Dick.man Letter's authenticity

             In their post-trial motion, plaintiffs contend that allowing testimony of the Dickman letter

 was error because it was not properly aurhenticated.!'" However, because this issue was never

 raised prior to post-trial motions, it is deemed waived, and this court cannot address its merits.

            A court may not grant post-trial relief for a claim of error unless the error was raised in

pre-trial proceedings or by timely objection at trial. 105 Unless it is apparent from the context of

the objection, the party must state the grounds for the objection.10� Requiring a timely and

101
      Record, 11/2/2016, •220, 23-25.
102
      See Def. Post-Trial Memo, Ex. L.
103
      Record, 11/2/2016, • 223, 2-25.
104
      Pl. Post-Trial Memo, ,..25.
10
  � Pa.R.C.P. 227.l(b)(l) {" ... post-trial relief may not be granted unless the grounds therefor, (1) if then available,
were raised In pre-trial proceedings or by motion ... offer of proof or other appropriate method at trlal;").
106
    Pa.R.E. 103(a)(l)(B).

                                                            21
   specific objection permits the trial court to correct errors at the time they occur.l'" Therefore,

   any error not timely and specifically raised is deemed waived.

              Here, it was not clear from plaintiffs' objection that it was based on authenticity. The

  subsequent sidebar argument was focused on hearsay, 108 and when defense counsel laid

  foundation for the letter's authenticity, plaintiffs' counsel remained silent.109

              It is also worth noting that plaintiffs did not raise an objection to the letter prior to trial,

  despite its admissibility being ripe for determination. Although pre-trial motions are not

  compulsory, the parties submittedfortyjive motions in Jimine=-none of which concerned this

  letter. Additionally, plaintiffs relied upon this exact letter in its memorandum of law opposing

  summary judgment, 110 and referenced other letters authored by Dickman in its opening statement

 with no apparent concern for their authenticity. 111

             Therefore, this court finds plaintiffs failed to properly preserve an objection to the

 Dickman letter's authenticity, and this court is unable to adequately address the claim of error.

 107
       Dillipfaine v, Lehigh Valley Trust Co., 322 A.2d 114, 116 {Pa. 1974).
 108
     The following is an excerpt of the trial transcript at the time of plaintiff's objection to the Dickman letter. The
 letter was introduced by State Farm counsel during its examination of Rosenau.
           Q: And did Mr. Dickman write you and your attorney letters?
            A: Yes.
            Q: I'm going to hand you what's marked D·BB. May I approach your Honor?
           Mr. Segllas: Objection.
           (Sidebar as follows.)
           Mr. Holland: This has been Introduced for the purpose of the timing of the letter, which is
           pertinent to the statute of limitations. This is also from Dr. Cavoto's attorney. It's an admission
           of a party opponent.
           Mr. Segllas: Not a party.
lee Rosenau, at *221, 3·18.
109
            Mr. Holland: This ls a letter from Dr. Cavoto's attorney, Mr. Dickman, summarizing or
             purporting to summarize the conversation you had with Mr. Ben do?
             Mr. Rosenau: It is.
Id. at *223, 7· 11.
110
    See Pl. Memo. Opp. S.J., at *26·27.
111
    Record, 10/31/2016, at *42, 9-11 ("Mr. Dickman followed up that conversation with a fetter that same day to
Mr. Rosenau ... "); Id. at *43, 25 - *44, 4 ("[Mr. Dickman) followed that up with another letter, April 14th, and said,
we made an offer, haven't heard from you. You're wefcome to come in.")

                                                             22
           2. The letter's date was properly admitted as an opposing party's statement.

           While plaintiffs failed to preserve an objection to the letter's authenticity, the objection of

  hearsay was clearly raised at the time of trial. Nevertheless, the exception to the rule against

  hearsay for an opposing party's statement applied to allow the elicited testimony.

           Hearsay is an out of court statement, which is being introduced to prove the information

  contained within it is true. 112 Hearsay is inadmissible at trial unless an exception applies.U? A

 statement made by a party opponent is one of the exceptions to the rule against hearsay. 114

 Under the exception, a "party's statement" includes statements made "by the party's agent or

 employee on a matter within the scope of that relationship. "115

          In order to impute an agent's statement to a party, the proponent must establish: "(I) the

 declarant was an agent or employee of the party opponent; (2) the declarant made the statement

 while employed by the principal; and (3) the statement concerned a matter within the scope of

 the agency of employment."116 With respect to the third requirement, specific authorization to

speak need not be shown, but the statement must "concern a subject matter within the declarant's

scope of employment or agency.t"!"

          Here, at the time he wrote the letter, Dickman was acting as Cavoto's attorney. Plaintiffs

recognize, and in fact argue, that an attorney is an agent of his or her client.118 Thus, as long as

Dickman Was speaking on a subject matter within the scope of his agency, the letter was

admissible as an opposing party's statement.

i izPa.R.E. 801.
i isPa.R.E. 802.
m Pa.R.E. 803(25).
115 Pa.R.E.
            803(25}{0).
116 Sehl v. Vista Linen Rental Serv, tnc., 763 A. 2d 858, 862
                                                              {Pa. Super Ct. 2000).
u1 Id.
na Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *52; See also Weiner v. Lee, 669 A.2d 424 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1995) {finding "an attorney
serves an an agent of his or her client and any acts performed and statements made by the attorney within the
scope of his or her employment and authority are binding upon the client.").

                                                            23
              At the time the letter was written, Dickman was representing Cavoto in a lawsuit against

      Rosenau and State Fann for abuse of process. The purpose of the letter was to warn McCoyd of

  Rosenau's alleged defamatory statements, and specifically asked, "Does your client really want

  more lawsuits?"119 As Cavoto's representative in ongoing litigation, Dickman was at least

  impliedly authorized to speak on this subject matter since it related to the ongoing litigation.

              Nonetheless, evidence was even presented suggesting that Cavoto explicitly directed

  Dick.man to write the letter. At trial, Bendo confirmed that he has never met or spoken with

  Dickman120-which indicates Dickman could not have learned of Rosenau's statements from

 Bendo. Bendo did, however, report the statements to Cavoto.121 Thus, the logical conclusion is

 that, Cavoto complained to Dickman after being told of Rosenau's statements, and Dickman

 subsequently wrote a letter to Rosenau's attorney.

             Therefore, this court finds Dickman was acting within the scope of his agency, and the

 entire letter, including its date, was admissible to prove its truth. The truth of the matter asserted

 in the letter is that Dickman was told Rosenau had made disparaging statements about Cavoto in

 a conversation with Bendo.

             However, the letter also contained inadmissible hearsay. The letter contained "quotes" of

the statements apparently attributable to Rosenau-which were hearsay without an exception.

As such, the jury was not permitted to take those "quotes" as evidence Rosenau had actually

delivered those statements.

            This court determined the risk the jury would take those quotes as true was high, so the

court allowed only limited testimony of the letter. The ruling allowed the date of the letter to be

119
      See Def. Post-Trial Memo, Ex. L.
  Record, 10/31/2016, at *154, 18-19.
110

w Id. at •1ss, 17-24.

                                                   24
. admitted into evidence and granted both parties leeway in their questions so that context for the

      letter's date could be established. For example, the court permitted defense counsel to ask the

  following question:

                   ''MR. HOLLAND: This is a letter from Dr. Cavoto's attorney, Mr.
                   Dickman, summarizing or purporting to summarize the
                   conversation you had with Mr. Bendo?
                   MR. ROSENAU: It is."122
             And on re-direct, plaintiffs' counsel was permitted to ask whether the letter contained any

  information about Dr. Matura-e- a central focus of the defamatory conversation recounted by

  Bendo-in an apparent attempt to argue the letter did not describe the same conversation.123

            Plaintiffs argue that allowing this context was improper, as it was describing hearsay. 124

 Conversely, defendants argue the court's ruling was proper because the testimony was not being

 introduced for its truth, but rather, as an "operative fact."125

            However, as discussed above, the Jetter was an opposing party's statement, which could

 have been admitted in its entirety to establish Dickman had been told of Rosenau's statements-

 or in other words, to establish plaintiffs had knowledge of defendants' defamation more than one

year from the date this lawsuit was filed.

            Therefore, this court decided the best way to balance the danger the jury would take the

"quotes" of Rosenau in the letter as true, and defendants' strong interest in establishing a statute

of limitations defense, was to allow the parties to characterize what the Jetter purported to

112  Record, 11/2/2016, *223, 7-11.
123  Id. at **229, 1 - 232, 9.
 114
     Interestingly, plalntlffs requested the Dickman letter be produced to the jury, after the jury requested to inspect
it during deliberations, with no apparent concern for its hearsay or that it hadn't been introduced into evidence.
125 Defendants do not cite
                               any authority discussing the definition of an "operative fact."

                                                          25
 describe through limited questioning, permit testimony about its date, and deny the request to

 admit the letter into evidence.

          3. The letter was highly relevant in ascertaining whether plaintiffs complied with the
             statute of limitations.

         Seeming to rely on the proposition that counsel's characterization of the Dickman letter's

 contents was improper, plaintiffs argue the letter should have been excluded as irrelevant.126

         For a document to be relevant, it must simply make any element of a claim or defense

 more or less probable. 127

         Having established that characterizing the letter's contents was proper, the relevance of

the document is established. Plaintiffs knowledge ofRosenau's alleged defamatory statements

as early as March 2004, made it more probable that Cavoto's lawsuit-which was filed in June

2005-was barred by the one-year statute of limitations. Thus, plaintiffs' objection to the

Dickman letter's relevance similarly fails.

         4. This court's responses to the questions submitted by the jury during its deliberations
             were proper.

         During deliberations, the jury submitted a series of questions to the court. Plaintiffs

claim this court erred in its responses to two of the questions, 128 First, the jury requested to see

the Dickman letter-which this court denied.129 Second, the jury asked for the following portion

of Rosenau's testimony to be read back-which this court allowed.

                "MR. HOLLAND: This is a letter from Dr. Cavoto's attorney, Mr.
                Dickman, summarizing or purporting to summarize the
                conversation you had with Mr. Bendo?
                MR. ROSENAU: It is. ''130

126 Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *27.
127 Pa.R.E. 402.
izs Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *29.
m Record, 11/8/2016, * 122, 3-9.
130
    Record, 11/2/2016, *223, 7-11.

                                                  26
           Without citing to any authority, plaintiffs argue it was an abuse of discretion to deny the

 jury's request to see the letter131 and to allow Rosenau's testimony to be read back to the jury.
                                                                                                     132

           It is within the discretion of a trial judge to permit or deny "specified testimony to be read

 back to the jury upon the jury upon the jury's request" or "make exhibits available to the jury

 during its deliberations."133

          First, as explained infra, only the date of the Dickman letter was introduced into

 evidence. The letter itself was not received as an exhibit. Therefore, this court lacked authority

 to have it produced to the jury pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 223. l ( d)(3).

          · Plaintiffs next claim that allowing testimony about what the letter purported to

summarize was improperly misleading because there was "no evidence that the document

reflected the conversation(s) in question."134 However, no party sought to argue the letter

accurately described the conversations Benda testifying to having. Defense counsel's question

was whether the letter "purported" to summarize the conversation.l'" Use of the word "purport"

indicates defendants' belief the letter was appearing to-but did not actually-summarize a

conversation between Rosenau and Bendo. Furthermore, plaintiffs fail to cite any authority

suggesting that allowing the testimony to be read back to the jury was an abuse of discretion.

          Simply, it was in this court's sound discretion to decide what testimony and evidence

could be produced to the jury during deliberations, and absent a showing of clear and convincing

evidence that it abused its discretion, this court finds its answers to the jury's inquires were

proper.

131
    curiously, plaintiffs were no longer concerned with the letter's hearsay or authenticity.
isz Pl. Post-Trlal Memo, **29-30.
133 Pa.R.C.P.
              223.1(d)(1)(3).
134 Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *29.

135 Record, 11/2/2016, *223, 7-10.

                                                          27
      V. Testimonv About Rosenau,s 200-4 BWing Recordg was· P1·oper,

             Rosenau testified he believes the conversations with Bendo took place in March 2004

      because he reviewed his 2004 billing records prior to trial, and they indicated he had a series of

  conversations with Bendo in March 2004.136

             Plaintiffs claim it was error to allow this testimony because Rosenau's billing records are

  hearsay and were never produced in discovery.P? This court finds the testimony was-appropriate

  because: 1) Rosenau used the billing records to properly refresh his recollection before trial; and

  2) in discovery, State Farm offered documentation which would have informed plaintiffs that the

  Rosenau-Bendo conversations took place in March 2004, and plaintiffs refused the documents.

         A. Rosenau properly refreshed his recollection with the billing records before trial.

            Pursuant to Pa.RE. 612(a), a witness may, either prior to or while testifying, use any

 writing or item to refresh his or her recollection of an event.138 If a party refreshes his

 recollection at the time of trial, the adverse party is "entitled" to have the writing produced;

 however, if a witness refreshes his recollection prior to testifying, it is in the court's discretion to

 determine whether "it is necessary in the interests of justice" to order production of the

writing.139

            Rosenau refreshed his recollection with his billing records prior to tria!.140 Thus,

production of the billing records was not mandatory, and this court determined that production

was not necessary because: 1) there was no indicia that they were unreliable; 2) plaintiffs were

136
    Record, 11/2/2016, •216, 24 - *217, 3.
137 Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *30-31.
138
    See Pa.R.E. 612(a).
139 Id.
        (b)(1)·(2).
140
    Record, 11/2/2016, *20-23.

                                                    28
 permitted to cross-examine Rosenau on his failure to produce them; and 3) plaintiffs were

 permitted to argue that the failure to produce them suggested Rosenau was lying.
                                                                                 141

          Therefore, Rosenau properly refreshed his recollection priorto trial with his billing

 records, and the testimony was appropriate.

      B. An adverse inference instruction would have been inappropriate because defendants were
         able to satisfactorily explain their failure to produce the billing records.·

          Plaintiffs also objected to testimony of the billing records because they were never

                         142 Plaintiffs
produced prior to trial.                argue an adverse inference jury instruction should have been

given.143

         An adverse inference instruction allows a fact-finder to conclude that evidence, which

was in a party's control and that was not produced prior to trial, was detrimental to that patty's

case. An adverse inference instruction is not mandatory, but rather, it is permissive.144 In order

for the instruction to be awarded, three requirements must be met: 1) the evidence was within the

control of one party in the lawsuit, 2) the evidence would be relevant and helpful to that party,
                                                                                                            145
and 3) the party does not satisfactorily explain why the evidence was not produced at trial.

         Here, plaintiffs' claim of error fails on the third requirement. During a discussion in

chambers, defendants explained that they offered to produce the entire State Farm Jerome Baker

case-file."!" However, plaintiffs rejected that offer and objected toinformation from the file

being introduced at trial. 147 This is relevant because, as mentioned above, the Jerome Baker case

141
    Record, 11/8/2016, *28, 18 - *29, 15.
142
    Record, 11/2/2016, *217, 4-7.
143 Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *31-32.

144 See Kovach v. Solomon, 732 A.2d 1, 8 (Pa. Super Ct. 1999) (finding a fact finder may be permitted to draw an

adverse inference due to a party's failure to produce evidence within his or her control).
145 PA Standard
                   Jury Instruction § 5.30.
146 Record, 11/3/2016, *9, 14-25; see also Def. Post-Trial Memo, EXHIBIT N (containing correspondence between

counsel regarding the Jerome Baker case-file.)
147 Id.

                                                        29
      led to the Rosenau-Bendo conversations.148 If plaintiffs had accepted defendants offer, plaintiffs

      would have discovered the conversations took place prior to June 2004, just as Rosenau

  discovered from reviewing his billing records from the cases.

             Furthermore, it is likely Rosenau 's billing records contained confidential attorney-client

  information.149 Thus, because the records may have been privileged and defendants provided

  plaintiffs with the opportunity to discover the same information through different means, this

  court finds defendants satisfactorily explained why the evidence was not produced at trial.

  Therefore, it was not error to admit the testimony or deny plaintiffs' request for an adverse

  inference jury instruction.

 VI. Excluding Evidence of Defendants' Actions Taken After the Filing of this Lawsuit was
     Proper.

            Plaintiffs claim they should have been permitted to enter evidence of actions taken by

 defe�dants after this lawsuit was filed.l" More specifically, plaintiffs sought to introduce the

 testimony of John Smith, Esquire ("Smith") to establish damages, 151 and State Farm's "Midtown

 Memo".152 This court excluded such evidence because Smith's testimony was barred by the

judicial privilege, and introduction of the "Midtown Memo" would have been unduly prejudicial.

        A. Litigation, alone, cannot be the basis of a claim for a defamation or tortious interference
           claim.

           · Smith stopped referring clients to Cavoto in or around 2011 after he became aware of

legal disputes between Cavoto and State Farm.153 This was because Smith had a policy of

1 8
 �  Record, 11/2/2016, "216, 13·25.
149 Def. Post-Trial Memo, *22.
iso Pl. Pos�-Trial Memo, *47.
151
    Id. at "48.
152 Id. at *47.
153
    Def. Post-Trial Memo, Ex. JJ, *42·43.

                                                    30
      avoiding any doctor who was involved in litigation or who was being investigated by an

  insurance company.

                      "When the doctor is under investigation or under federal litigation
                      or litigation by an entity such as State Farm, it calls into credibility,
                      especially as it's pending, whether or not there's something there.
                      There may be something there. So if it was any insurance
                      company, I would not refer a client to a doctor who is being
                      investigated. "154

             Smith stopped referring clients to Cavoto simply because Cavoto was in the midst of

  litigation with "an entity such as State Farm." This court excluded such evidence because the

 judicial privilege seeks to protect free access to the courts, and therefore, the mere existence of a

 lawsuit cannot be the basis of a defamation or tortious interference claim.155

        B. Introduction of the "Midtown Memo" would have resulted in unfair prejudice.

             Plaintiffs sought to introduce State Farm's "Midtown Memo" to demonstrate State

 Farm's common plan or scheme in targeting chiropractors.156 The "Midtown Memo" was a

 document during a wholly unrelated litigation filed by State Farm in federal court alleging fraud

 against several medical providers. 157 Apparently, the memo detailed State Farm's plan to use a

deposition to gain information on a chiropractor that had been reluctant to speak with Babin�158

            Initially, it is worth noting that this court never explicitly excluded introduction of the

"Midtown Memo" in pre-trial motions, and plaintiffs never attempted introduce the memo at

trial. Plaintiffs argue this court's exclusion of evidence of acts taken after August 31, 2005, as

154
      id. at *101, 4·12 (emphasis added).
155
    See Pelagatti v. Cohen, 536 A.2d 1337, 1343 (Pa. Super Ct. 1987) (upholding trial court sustaining preliminary
objections because the existence of an earlier lawsuit fifed by the defendant against the plaintiff cannot be the
basis of defamation or tortious interference claims since a lawsuit is absolutely judicially privileged).
156
    Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *47.
157 Def. Post-Trial Memo, *47-48, FN 19.
158
    Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *47-48.

                                                         31
      the reason why the memo was inadmissible; 159 however, it is not clear the memo was written

      after August 31, 2005.

                   Plaintiffs' counsel, Jonathan Cass, wrote defendants an e-mail prior to trial asking for the

      "original date" of the memorandum-which he believed was "sometime in 2000. "160

      Furthermore, this court deferred ruling on defendants' motion in limine to exclude evidence of

      "unrelated lawsuits"-in which the Midtown lawsuit and memo were explicitly referenced.161

      Consequently, it is not clear plaintiffs preserved this claim of error for post-trial motions.

               Nevertheless, assuming, arguendo, that plaintiffs had attempted to introduce the

  "Midtown Memo" at trial, this court would have excluded it as unduly prejudicial pursuant to

  Pa.R.E. 403. Under Pa.RE. 403, "The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value

  is outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the

  issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative

  evidence. "162

              In this situation, allowing introduction of the "Midtown Memo" would have likely

 resulted in unfair prejudice by confusing the issues and misleading the jury; whereas, its

 probative value was minimal. If the memo were introduced, defendants would have been forced

 to re-litigate the reasonableness oftheir actions in the Midtown lawsuit-which resulted in a jury

 verdict in favor of State Farm 163-and also defend the actions they took while investigating

Cavoto. This could have easily resulted in confusion of the issues for the jury. Furthermore, the

159
      Id. at 47.
160
      Def. Post-Trial Memo, *49; Def. Post-Trial Ex. HH.
161
      Cavoto v. State Farm, et al., 050601630, MIL Cntl # 16093543.
162
      Pa.R.E. 403.
163
      Def. Post-Trial Memo, *4 7-48, FN 19.

                                                           32
  actions defendants took during a lawsuit, in which they were successful on the merits and which

  did not involve Cavoto, would have provided minimal probative value to plaintiffs' case.

           Therefore, the Midtown Memo and testimony of Smith were properly excluded.

 VH. The Testimony of J' Amy Kluender Was Unfairly Prejudicial.

          J' Amy Kluender ("Kluender") began working for State Farm's SIU eight years after this

 lawsuit was filed. Similar to the purpose for the "Midtown Memo", it seems the purpose of

 calling Kluender was to elicit testimony about State Farm's "habit or course of conduct in

 investigating other medical providers. "164 This court excluded such evidence on the basis of lack

 of personal knowledge and that its introduction would have been unfairly prejudicial.

          Under Pa.R.E. 404(b), evidence of a party's crime, wrong, or other act is admissible if it

 is being introduced to establish "motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.165 Under Pa.R.E. 406, evidence of a person's

habit may be introduced to prove the person acted in accordance with that habit. 166

          In an unrelated lawsuit filed by a chiropractor against State Farm, the chiropractor

submitted an affidavit from Kluender.167 Apparently, the affidavit detailed State Farm's

litigation practices and procedures followed by the Concordville SIU, the unit in which Babin

worked.168 During that lawsuit, State Farm was able to successfully place the affidavit under

seal, where it remains.P?

         This court found Kluender's testimony would have been too attenuated to be admissible

under either Pa.R.E. 404(b) or 406. First, Kluender did not begin her employment with State

 54
1   Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *49.
165
    Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).
iss See Pa.R.E. 406.
167
    Cavoto v. State Farm, et ol., 050601630, MIL Cntl. If 16093533, Def. Mot. 'l] 13.
168
    Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *50.
169
    MIL Cntl. ti 16093533, Def. Mot. '1117.

                                                          33
      Farm until 2013-almost a decade after the events which led to this lawsuit.!"? As such, she had

      no knowledge of State Farm's practices and procedures during the period in question. Second,

      allowing evidence of State Farm's practices in unrelated lawsuits would create unfair prejudice

  by forcing State Farm to re-litigate its actions in those matters. And third, evidence of State

  Farm's policies in 2013 would have minimal probative value in proving what State Farm's

  policies were between 2003 and 2005, as State Farm could have developed those policies any

  time between 2005 and 2013.

             Therefore, the testimony of Kluender was properly excluded during pre-trial motions.

 VIII.· Testimony of State Farm 1s "Ha1·dball" Litigation Tactics was Hearsay and Too
        Attenuated. ·

             Plaintiffs sought to call Gary Heslin, Esquire ("Heslin") for the purpose to recounting a

 conversation he had with Fred Smith, Esquire ("Fred Smith")-a partner at the Dion Rosenau

 law firm. In that conversation, Fred Smith allegedly informed Heslin that State Farm would

 investigate any medical provider who has recovered over $1 ,000,000 from State Farm insureds,

 and use "hardball" litigation tactics in lawsuits involving the provider's office.171 At trial, this

 court excluded the testimony of Heslin because it was too attenuated and hearsay.

            Plaintiffs argue Fred Smith's statement is admissible as a statement by aparty opponent's

agent.172 Yet, Fred Smith was not an employee or agent of State Farm, and did not have the
                                                                         �            .
same extensive relationship with State Farm as Rosenau. Fred Smith does not become an agent

of State Farm simply by virtue of being Rosenau's colleague. Plaintiffs had several years to

locate a State Fann employee who could testify to this alleged company policy with sufficient

170
      MIL Cntl. # 16093533, Def. Mot. 'I] 14.
171
      MIL Cntl. II 16093495, Pl. Oppo. Memo, Ex. A, *39, 21 - *40, 10.
172
      Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *56-57.

                                                            34
  personal knowledge, and apparently could not find one=-further supporting the testimony's

  unreliability.

           However, assuming, arguendo, this court erred in excluding the testimony, the error was

  harmless. As discussed infra, plaintiffs failed to establish any prospective or existing contractual

  relationship that State Farm could have tortuously interfered with. Heslin stated his relationship

 with Cavoto was not affected.!" Therefore, even if Heslin's testimony were reliable and

 admissible, plaintiffs would have still failed to present a claim for tortious interference.

 IX. Aside From His Testimony Being Privileged, Robert Datner, Esquire Lacked Sufficient
     Knowledge to Testify.

         Plaintiffs sought to call Robert Datner, Esquire ("Datner") to testify about "disparaging

 remarks" Rosenau had made about Cavoto during a deposition. This court excluded Datrier 's

 testimony due to lack of personal knowledge and the judicial privilege.

          During his deposition, Datner could not recall any specific remark Rosenau allegedly

made about Cavoto.174 Instead, he stated: "I don't recall the specifics of what Rosenau said, but I

do believe he made-I do have a specific recollection that it was a disparaging comment about

Cavoto ... "175 Later on, Datner attempted to communicate the gist of Rosenau's statement.

                   "I'm trying to recreate this without much memory here. I'm
                   qualifying this statement by saying, this is probably not what Mr.
                   Rosenau said, but my recollection of what he said was something
                   along the lines of, 'Cavotc's trouble. Be careful in dealing with
                   him' something like that. "176

173 Mfl Cntl. # 16093495, "'29, 9-11.
174
    Def. Post-Trial Memo, Ex. R, at * 13, l·S.
175
    Id. at * 13, 2-5.
izs 1d. at >t85, 3-9 (emphasis added).

                                                   35
               In order to establish a claim of defamation, the plaintiff must specifically plead and prove

      the defamatory statement. 177 Here, Datner could not recall the statement, and even admitted he is

      "without much memory here." As such, he did not have sufficient personal knowledge to testify.

              Even disregarding Darner's speculative memory, Rosenau's statements were protected by

  judicial privilege. One thing Datner recalled for certain was that Rosenau's statements occurred

  during a deposition "in the course of handling an accident case involving Cavoto as treating

  chiropractor. "178

             Thus; the statements were made in the course of judicial proceedings about a matter

  material and pertinent to the proceeding, and were properly excluded.

  X. Based on the Admitted Evidence, Grant of Nonsuit was Proper.

             At the close of plaintiffs' case in chief, defendants moved for a non-suit on all counts.

 This court partially granted the motion, dismissing all of the claims except the defamation claim

 against Rosenau.

             Nonsuit may be entered only upon a finding that a jury, "viewing the evidence and all

 reasonable inferences arising from it in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, could not

 reasonably conclude that the elements of the cause of action had been established. "179 A trial

court's grant of nonsuit is reversed only upon finding an abuse of discretion or an error of law. 180

            In their post-trial motion, plaintiffs argue it was error for this court: 1) to grant non-suit

on the claim of tortious interference because an act of defamation constitutes tortious

interference!": 2) to grant State Farm's motion for non-suit on the claim of defamation because

177
    See Graham, 468 A.2d at 457.
178
    Id. at "'8, 2·6.
179
    Brinich v. Iencka, 757 A.2d 388, 402 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000).
180
    See Harvey v. Rouse Chamberlin, Ltd., 901 A.2d 523, 526 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2006).
181
      Pf. Post-Trial Memo, *59.

                                                         36
  Rosenau's statements are imputed to State Farm through the principles of agency;182 and 3) to

 grant non-suit on the claim of conspiracy because, if no agency relationship was established

 between Rosenau and State Farm, there was sufficient evidence to establish an implicit

                                                       183
 agreement between them to injure Cavoto's reputation.

              After reviewing plaintiffs' arguments, this court finds: I) any error with respect to

 plaintiffs' claim for tortious interference was harmless; 2) Rosenau was not acting as State

 Farm's agent during his conversation with Bendo; and 3) there was insufficient evidence of State

 Farm's participation or involvement to support a claim for conspiracy ..

        A. Plaintiffs failed to establish the basic elements of a to1iious interference claim.

             To establish a claim for tortious interference with contractual relationships, a contractual

 or prospective contractual relationship must be shown. By the close of its case-in-chief,

plaintiffs had failed to establish that essential element. In fact, Cavoto explicitly denied it

existed.184 As such, there was insufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude

that a contractual relationship had been interfered with. Therefore, the count was properly

dismissed as to all defendants, and any harm to Cavoto's business based on statements made

about Cavoto would have to be pursued under a claim for defamation.

        B. There was insufficient evidence suggesting State Farm directed or participated in the
           defamatory conduct.

             Plaintiffs presented one witness, Bendo, to support a claim for defamation against both

defendants. Bendo recounted two phone conversations he had with Rosenau in which Rosenau

182   td, at *56.
183   /d. at *58.
is4 Record, 11/4/2016, *25, 14 - *26, 16.

                                                      37
      allegedly made disparaging statements about Cavoto.185 This court held the first conversation

      was absolutely privileged, but allowed the second conversation to be presented to the jury.

              Plaintiffs contend that Rosenau's statements in that phone conversation should be

  imputed to State Farm through the principles of agency. Plaintiffs argue an attorney is an agent

  of his client, and "any acts performed and statements made by the attorney within the scope of

  his or her own employment and authority are binding upon the c/ient."186 This is a correct

  principle of law, and this court employed it to impute Dickman's statements to Cavoto; however,

  the context of Rosenau's conversation and his relationship with State Farm are distinguishable.

             First, this court allowed the second conversation to be admitted because Rosenau was not

 speaking on a matter pertinent and material to any litigation in which he or his client was

 involved. In other words, he was acting outside the scope of his employment at the time. As

 such, the principles of agency would not impute his statements to State Farm.

            Second, even assuming he was acting within the scope of his employment, State Farm is

 not Rosenau's client; rather, Rosenau's client is the insured of State Farm. Rosenau's

 relationship with State Farm is akin to the relationship parents may have with their child's

 attorney. While the parents typically retain and pay the fees of the attorney, the attorney's

loyalty is to the child if there is ever a conflict between the goals of the child and parents. The

same is true here. While State Farm is the one who retains Rosenau and ultimately pays his fees·

through the insured policyholder's coverage plan, the client and decision-maker in the litigation

is the insured. As such, State Farm is, at best, an interested third-party.

185
      See Record, 11/2/2016, *109-114.
166
      Pl. Post-Trial Memo, *57 (citing Weiner v. /.ee, 669 A.2d 424, 428 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1995)) (emphasis added).

                                                          38
              Therefore, in order to hold State Farm liable, plaintiffs needed to provide evidence that

      State Farm directed or participated in the publication of the defamatory statement.!" Plaintiffs

      failed to do so.

              The only defamatory statement admitted into evidence was one where Rosenau gave

  advice on how Bendo should handle all cases involving Cavoto-including future cases that

  would not involve State Farm. Plaintiffs failed to present any evidence even suggesting State

  Farm directed Rosenau to provide advice to Bendo on how to manage those cases.

             Therefore, because there was no evidence establishing either an agency relationship or

  that State Farm participated in Rosenau's statements statements, this court correctly determined a

 claim for defamation was not established against State Farm.

         C. A claim for conspiracy cannot stand against one bad actor.

             A claim for conspiracy cannot lie without an underlying tort, and an individual cannot

 conspire with himself.188 To state a claim for conspiracy, a plaintiff must show: "that two or

 more persons combined or agreed with intent to do an unlawful act or to do an otherwise lawful

 act by unlawful means."!"

            After defendants' motion for nonsuit, the only remaining claim was defamation against

Rosenau. Absent evidence of State farm's involvement or participation in Rosenau's

defamatory statements, a claim for conspiracy cannot lie.

            As discussed more fully in the previous section, Rosenau acted on his own accord in his

second conversation with Bendo. Therefore, because plaintiffs failed to present evidence of two

actors conspiring to achieve an improper goal, the conspiracy claim was properly dismissed.

187 Ertel v. Patriot-News co., 674 A.2d 1038, 1043 {Pa. 1996).
188
    See Rock v. Rongos, 61 A.3d 239, 249 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013).
189
    Thompson Coal Co. v. Pike Coal Co., 412 A.2d 466, 472 (Pa. 1979).

                                                        39
CONCLUSKON

          Wherefore, for the reasons contained above, plaintiffs' post-trial motion for a new trial is

denied.

                                                               BY THE COURT:

                                                40