Court Opinion

ID: 6348538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-10 06:05:21.341927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:42:33.388579
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

SALVATORE CANGEMI,                                               UNPUBLISHED
                                                                 June 9, 2022
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                No. 356069
                                                                 Oakland Circuit Court
PRESTIGE CADILLAC, INC.,                                         LC No. 2019-177457-NZ

              Defendant-Appellee.

SALVATORE CANGEMI,

              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                No. 356069
                                                                 Macomb Circuit Court
PRESTIGE CADILLAC, INC.,                                         LC No. 2020-001510-NZ

              Defendant-Appellee.

Before: CAMERON, P.J., and O’BRIEN and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this action arising from plaintiff’s purchase of a used automobile from defendant,
plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting defendant’s motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(10). The trial court dismissed most of plaintiff’s
claims under MCR 2.116(C)(7), holding that they were subject to an arbitration clause in the
vehicle purchase agreement, and dismissed plaintiff’s remaining claim under the Magnuson-Moss
Warranty Act (MMWA), 15 USC 2301 et seq., pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). For the reasons
set forth in this opinion, we affirm.

                                             -1-
                                       I. BACKGROUND

        In 2018, plaintiff purchased a used 2016 GMC Yukon from defendant. Plaintiff explained
that he found the Yukon on a website and then went to defendant’s showroom to see it. Before
purchasing it, he spent about three hours at defendant’s dealership looking at and discussing the
vehicle. He also took it on a test drive and did not notice any problems with it. According to
plaintiff, the salesperson told him that the vehicle was a lease turn-in, had only one prior owner,
and had gone through the dealership’s 72-point inspection. He was also told that the vehicle had
not been involved in any accidents. Plaintiff agreed that he knew the vehicle was a used vehicle,
but the purchase agreement incorrectly checked boxes indicating that the vehicle was both a “new”
and a “demonstrator” vehicle. Plaintiff said that he did not check the vehicle’s history through a
reporting service, such as CARFAX, before making the purchase. Plaintiff also said he was told
that the vehicle was still subject to the manufacturer’s warranty.

        On the way home from the dealership after making the purchase, the vehicle began to shake
on the freeway at speeds over 60 miles per hour. Plaintiff reported the problem to defendant, who
agreed to balance the tires, which seemed to address the problem. About three or four weeks later,
however, plaintiff noticed that the bumper was melting, which he believed was because the muffler
exhaust was too high. Defendant addressed the problem with the bumper, but when plaintiff
received the vehicle back, the dashboard lights indicated a problem with the sensors on the vehicle,
which were not working. Believing that the vehicle was still under General Motors’ warranty,
plaintiff took it to two other GM dealerships, both of which indicated that there was damage to the
frame that made the vehicle unsafe. There was also damage to the vehicle’s wiring, which had
been sloppily repaired. Plaintiff learned that the vehicle had previously been involved in an
accident and that GM would not honor the manufacturer’s warranty due to that accident. Plaintiff
took the vehicle back to defendant, who assured him that there was nothing wrong with the frame.

        In October 2019, plaintiff brought this action against defendant, alleging claims for (1)
fraudulent inducement, (2) breach of warranty of title, (3) breach of express warranties, (4) breach
of the implied warranty of merchantability, (5) revocation of acceptance and damages, (6) violation
of the MMWA, (7) violation of the Michigan Consumer Protection Act, MCL 445.901 et seq., (8)
violation of the motor vehicle code, MCL 257.248a, (9) mutual mistake, (10) innocent
misrepresentation, and (11) violation of the Motor Vehicle Service and Repair Act, MCL 257.1301
et seq. Service was accomplished by sending a copy of the summons and complaint to the
Michigan Secretary of State pursuant to MCL 257.248(4). Although the documents were served
on the Secretary of State on October 28, 2019, they were not forwarded to defendant until
December 10, 2019. Yet, as of January 15, 2020—over a month after the complaint was forwarded
to defendant—defendant had still not responded to the complaint, and, consequently, a default was
entered against it. On February 10, 2020, defendant moved to set aside the default, and the trial
court granted defendant’s motion.

        Eventually, in October 2020, after discovery, defendant moved for summary disposition of
all of plaintiff’s claims. Defendant argued that it was entitled to summary disposition of the
MMWA claims under MCR 2.116(C)(10) because it disclaimed any implied warranty and no
express warranty was offered. Defendant argued that all other claims were subject to dismissal
under MCR 2.116(C)(7) because they were subject to an arbitration clause in the purchase
agreement. The trial court granted defendant’s motion. This appeal followed.

                                                -2-
                                          II. DEFAULT

      Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred by setting aside the default that was entered
when defendant failed to timely respond to plaintiff’s complaint. We disagree.

        This Court “review[s] for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on a motion to set
aside a default and whether to grant a default judgment.” Huntington Nat’l Bank v Ristich, 292
Mich App 376, 383; 808 NW2d 511 (2011). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision
falls outside the range of principled outcomes. Id.

        The policy of this state is generally against setting aside defaults that have been properly
entered. Alken-Ziegler, Inc v Waterbury Headers Corp, 461 Mich 219, 229; 600 NW2d 638
(1999). MCR 2.603(D)(1) provides that “[a] motion to set aside a default or a default judgment,
except when grounded on lack of jurisdiction over the defendant, shall be granted only if good
cause is shown and a statement of facts showing a meritorious defense, verified in the manner
prescribed by MCR 1.109(D)(3), is filed.” Accordingly, a default will not be set aside unless the
defaulting party demonstrates both “good cause” and a “meritorious defense.” Village of Edmore
v Crystal Automation Sys, Inc, 322 Mich App 244, 255; 911 NW2d 241 (2017). In this case,
plaintiff does not contest that defendant demonstrated the existence of a meritorious defense. He
argues, however, that the trial court erred by finding that defendant demonstrated good cause to
set aside the default.

       This Court has explained:

              In determining whether a party has shown good cause, the trial court should
       consider the following factors:

              (1) whether the party completely failed to respond or simply missed the
       deadline to file;

              (2) if the party simply missed the deadline to file, how long after the
       deadline the filing occurred;

              (3) the duration between entry of the default judgment and the filing of the
       motion to set aside the judgment;

               (4) whether there was defective process or notice;

               (5) the circumstances behind the failure to file or file timely;

               (6) whether the failure was knowing or intentional;

              (7) the size of the judgment and the amount of costs due under MCR
       2.603(D)(4);

               (8) whether the default judgment results in an ongoing liability (as with
       paternity or child support); and

                                                 -3-
              (9) if an insurer is involved, whether internal policies of the company were
       followed.

                                               * * *

              Neither of these lists is intended to be exhaustive or exclusive.
       Additionally, as with the factors provided in other contexts, the trial court should
       consider only relevant factors, and it is within the trial court’s discretion to
       determine how much weight any single factor should receive. [Village of Edmore,
       322 Mich App at 255-256, quoting Shawl v Spence Bros, Inc, 280 Mich App 213,
       238-239; 760 NW2d 674 (2008).]

        In this case, the summons was issued on October 22, 2019. Plaintiff served defendant in
accordance with MCL 257.248(4), which provides that a licensed automobile dealer, as a condition
precedent to the granting of a license, must stipulate and agree “that legal process affecting the
dealer, served on the secretary of state or a deputy of the secretary of state, has the same effect as
if personally served on the dealer.” According to the proof of service, the complaint and summons
were served on the Bureau of Licensing Regulations Division in Lansing, Michigan, on October
25, 2019. According to a letter from the Secretary of State, the documents were received there on
October 28, 2019, but were not forwarded to defendant by mail until December 10, 2019. Thus,
although service on the Secretary of State was a proper method of service, there was an
approximate six-week delay before the Secretary of State forwarded the complaint to defendant,
which appears to have received the complaint in mid-December 2019. The default was entered on
January 15, 2020, after defendant failed to timely respond to the complaint. Defendant moved to
set aside the default on February 10, 2020, which would have been approximately six to eight
weeks after it would have received the complaint from the Secretary of State.

       We agree with plaintiff that the manner of service, while unusual, was permissible.
However, because the delay by the Secretary of State in forwarding the complaint to defendant
contributed to defendant’s delay in responding to the complaint, it properly can be considered,
among other factors, in determining whether defendant demonstrated good cause for setting aside
the default. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by considering this factor in determining
whether it supported setting aside the default.

        Plaintiff complains that the trial court did not address the delay that occurred after the
summons and complaint were forwarded to defendant. Defendant primarily attributed this delay
to a change in its personnel. Defendant’s owner or general manager, Gregory Jackson, filed an
affidavit in support of the motion to set aside the default. He averred that it was defendant’s
practice to forward a summons and complaint to the office manager, who was responsible for
forwarding it to defendant’s insurance carrier. When plaintiff’s complaint was received in
December 2019, defendant was in the process of having another employee assume that position
after the previous office manager had left. According to Jackson, the new office manager found
the letter from the Secretary of State in late January 2020, and promptly alerted Jackson, who
directed the new manager to forward it to defendant’s insurance carrier. Jackson characterized the
delay in sending the complaint to the insurance carrier as a clerical error due to the change in office
managers.

                                                 -4-
         The record shows that the default was entered against defendant on January 15, 2020, but
the trial court had not yet entered a default judgment. There is no indication that defendant’s delay
in responding to the complaint was intentional. The former office manager may have neglected or
chosen not to handle the complaint in a timely manner, but when defendant’s new office manager
and Jackson learned of it, they acted promptly to ensure that it was forwarded to defendant’s
insurance carrier. The period of delay after the complaint was received from the Secretary of State
before defendant responded was approximately six to eight weeks, but once the delay was
discovered, Jackson, the new office manager, the insurance company, and assigned counsel acted
quickly to respond to the complaint. In sum, considering that defendant was not responsible for
the Secretary of State’s initial delay in forwarding the summons and complaint to defendant, that
defendant identified circumstances showing that the subsequent delay was attributable to a change
in office personnel indicating that the failure to timely respond was not knowing or intentional,
that defendant acted promptly upon discovering the summons and complaint, and that the duration
between the entry of the default and the filing of defendant’s motion to set aside the default was
brief and a default judgment had not yet entered, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
finding that there was good cause to set aside the default. As noted, plaintiff does not contest that
defendant demonstrated that it has a meritorious defense. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion by setting aside the default and denying plaintiff’s motion for entry of a default
judgment.

                                       III. ARBITRATION

        Next, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by granting defendant’s motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the ground that all but one of plaintiff’s claims were subject
to an arbitration agreement. We disagree.

        A trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Spiek v
Dep’t of Transp, 456 Mich 331, 337; 572 NW2d 201 (1998). Defendant moved for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), which provides that summary disposition may be granted
where “dismissal . . . is appropriate because of . . . an agreement to arbitrate or to litigate in a
different forum[.]” In Turner v Mercy Hosps & Health Servs of Detroit, 210 Mich App 345, 348;
533 NW2d 365 (1995), this Court explained:

              A defendant who files a motion for summary disposition under MCR
       2.116(C)(7) may (but is not required to) file supportive material such as affidavits,
       depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence. MCR 2.116(G)(3);
       Patterson v Kleiman, 447 Mich 429, 432; 526 NW2d 879 (1994). If such
       documentation is submitted, the court must consider it. MCR 2.116(G)(5). If no
       such documentation is submitted, the court must review the plaintiff ’s complaint,
       accepting its well-pleaded allegations as true and construing them in a light most
       favorable to the plaintiff.

If the pleadings or other documentary evidence reveal that there is no genuine issue of material
fact, the court must decide as a matter of law whether the claim is barred. Holmes v Mich Capital
Med Ctr, 242 Mich App 703, 706; 620 NW2d 319 (2000).

                                                -5-
                                A. WAIVER OF ARBITRATION

      Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by ruling that defendant did not waive its right to
compel arbitration of plaintiff’s claims. We disagree.

        The existence and enforceability of an arbitration agreement is a question of law that this
Court reviews de novo. Michelson v Voison, 254 Mich App 691, 693-694; 658 NW2d 188 (2003).
This Court likewise reviews “de novo the question of law whether the relevant circumstances
establish a waiver of the right to arbitration, and we review for clear error the trial court’s factual
determinations regarding the applicable circumstances.” Madison Dist Pub Sch v Myers, 247 Mich
App 583, 588; 637 NW2d 526 (2001).

       Defendant argued that it was entitled to summary disposition on all claims except the
MMWA claim because the claims were subject to a contractual arbitration clause. The parties’
Vehicle Purchase Order provides, in relevant part:

               AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE ANY CLAIMS.                              READ THE
       FOLLOWING ARBITRATION AGREEMENT CAREFULLY. IT LIMITS
       YOUR RIGHTS, INCLUDING YOUR RIGHT TO MAINTAIN A COURT
       ACTION. The parties to the agreement agree to arbitrate any claim, dispute or
       controversy, including all statutory claims and any state or federal claims, that may
       arise out of or are related to the purchase or lease of the automobile identified in
       this Motor Vehicle Retail Order and the financing thereof, including the validity of
       this agreement. The Arbitration Agreement is made pursuant to a transaction
       involving interstate commerce and should be governed by the Federal Arbitration
       Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1, and not by state law regarding arbitration. By agreeing to
       arbitration, the parties understand and agree that they are waiving their rights to
       maintain other available resolution processes, such as a court action or
       administrative proceeding, to settle their disputes. . . . There are no limitations on
       the type of claims that must be arbitrated except for new car lemon law claims,
       Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act claims, and small claims filed as court action, unless
       such small claim is then removed, transferred or appealed to a different court. . . .

Defendant agreed that plaintiff’s MMWA claim was not subject to arbitration, but argued that
plaintiff’s remaining claims were subject to arbitration under this agreement, and argued that it
preserved its right to compel arbitration by pleading arbitration as an affirmative defense. In
response to defendant’s motion, plaintiff did not dispute that his claims were within the scope of
the arbitration clause, but argued that defendant waived its right to arbitrate the claims by engaging
in conduct inconsistent with demanding arbitration.

        The trial court agreed that if the arbitration clause was enforceable, it required plaintiff to
arbitrate all claims except the MMWA claim, and it rejected plaintiff’s argument that defendant
waived its right to arbitrate the claims. The court stated:

              Here, the Court is satisfied that Defendant did not waive its right arbitrate
       under the Vehicle Purchase Order. The cases cited by Plaintiff are distinguishable
       or do not constitute binding precedent regarding whether a party has waived its

                                                 -6-
       right to arbitrate. Nevertheless, the “party arguing there has been a waiver of this
       right bears a heavy burden of proof and must demonstrate” “prejudice resulting
       from” the “acts inconsistent with the right to arbitrate.” . . . The Court finds that
       Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate or even argue that he was prejudiced by
       Defendant’s allegedly inconsistent conduct. Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to
       meet his heavy burden of proof regarding whether he suffered any prejudice as a
       result of Defendant’s conduct, which was allegedly inconsistent with Defendant’s
       right to arbitrate. [Citation omitted.]

        The arbitration clause in this case is subject to the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 USC
1 et seq. As explained in Kauffman v The Chicago Corp, 187 Mich App 284, 286; 466 NW2d 726
(1991):

               The federal arbitration act, 9 USC 1-15, governs actions in both federal and
       state courts arising out of contracts involving interstate commerce. Southland Corp
       v Keating, 465 US 1; 104 S Ct 852; 79 L Ed 2d 1 (1984); Scanlon v P & J
       Enterprises, 182 Mich App 347; 451 NW2d 616 (1990). . . . State courts are bound
       under the Supremacy Clause, US Const, art VI, § 2, to enforce the substantive
       provisions of the federal act. Scanlon, supra.

         Plaintiff argues that because this case involves an arbitration agreement under the FAA,
the trial court erred by failing to apply federal decisions to determine whether defendant waived
its right to arbitration. In Kauffman, 187 Mich App at 291-292, this Court, applying federal
caselaw, stated:

                Waiver of a contractual right to arbitration is not favored. Fisher v A G
       Becker Paribas Inc, 791 F2d 691 (CA 9, 1986). Any examination of whether the
       right to compel arbitration has been waived must be conducted in light of the strong
       federal policy favoring enforcement of arbitration agreements. [Moses H Cone
       Mem Hosp v Mercury Const Corp, 460 US 1; 103 S Ct 927; 74 L Ed 2d 765 (1983)].
       A party arguing there has been a waiver of the right to arbitration bears a heavy
       burden of proof. The party must demonstrate knowledge of an existing right to
       compel arbitration, acts inconsistent with the arbitration right, and prejudice to the
       party opposing arbitration resulting from the inconsistent acts. Fisher, p 694. Even
       accepting the trial court’s finding that plaintiff has been prejudiced, there has been
       no showing that defendants acted inconsistently with their right to arbitration.

               Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration in this case was their first
       responsive pleading to plaintiff’s complaint. They raised the arbitration agreement
       as an affirmative defense. They engaged in discovery and brought and responded
       to motions in the circuit court only after the court erroneously denied their motion
       to compel arbitration. Their counterclaim for a preliminary injunction, although
       not referring to their claim that the disputes between the parties were subject to
       arbitration, asked only for injunctive relief to preserve the status quo, not for money
       damages for any claimed breach of plaintiff’s covenant not to compete. There is
       no showing on these facts that defendants have at any time acted inconsistently with
       their claim of right to arbitration. Rush v Oppenheimer & Co, 779 F2d 885 (CA 2,

                                                -7-
      1985). We believe any prejudice suffered by plaintiff in terms of time and expense,
      although unfortunate, was self-inflicted. Fisher, p 698. Plaintiff chose the forum
      in violation of his agreement to arbitrate disputes. The strong federal policy in
      favor of enforcing arbitration agreements in transactions affecting commerce
      requires the conclusion that defendants did not waive their right to arbitration.

See also Burns v Olde Discount Corp, 212 Mich App 576, 580, 582; 538 NW2d 686 (1995)
(applying Kauffman in a matter also subject to the FAA).

       In Salesin v State Farm Fire & Cas Co, 229 Mich App 346, 356-357; 581 NW2d 781
(1998), this Court, citing Burns, stated:

              However, a party may waive the right to have a matter decided by
      arbitration:

                      A party may waive its right to arbitration, and each case must
              be decided on the basis of its individual facts. However, waiver of
              a contractual right to arbitration is not favored. A party arguing
              there has been a waiver of this right bears a heavy burden of proof.
              The party must demonstrate knowledge of an existing right to
              compel arbitration, acts inconsistent with the right to arbitrate, and
              prejudice resulting from the inconsistent acts. [Burns v Olde
              Discount Corp, 212 Mich App 576, 582; 538 NW2d 686 (1995)
              (citations omitted).]

      In general, “defending the action or proceeding with the trial,” that is defending an
      action without seeking to invoke a right to compel arbitration, constitutes a waiver
      of the right to arbitration. See North West Michigan Constr, Inc v Stroud, 185 Mich
      App 649, 651-652; 462 NW2d 804 (1990), and Hendrickson v Moghissi, 158 Mich
      App 290, 299-300; 404 NW2d 728 (1987), quoting 98 ALR3d 767, § 2, pp 771-
      772. State Farm is the appellant with regard to the trial court’s decision in favor of
      Salesin on the merits of this case. Given that State Farm drafted the insurance
      policy at issue with its arbitration provision, State Farm certainly knew of its right
      to arbitration. Nevertheless, State Farm apparently refused to arbitrate its dispute
      with Salesin and further litigated the merits of its dispute with Salesin in the trial
      court without seeking an order to have the dispute settled in accordance with the
      contractual right to arbitrate.

               Thus, State Farm acted in a manner inconsistent with its right to arbitration.
      Further, Salesin would be prejudiced if we vacated the trial court’s decision and
      referred the matter to arbitration at this point after Salesin expended resources to
      litigate the merits of this case in the trial court, and this Court, as a result of State
      Farm’s refusal to arbitrate. State Farm has waived any right to arbitration. Thus,
      we will not disturb the trial court’s judgment on the merits in favor of Salesin with
      respect to his personal claim on the basis of the failure of the parties to arbitrate this
      dispute.

                                                 -8-
        In Madison Dist Pub Sch, 247 Mich App at 588, this Court reaffirmed the requirements in
Salesin and Burns that a party raising the issue of waiver has a heavy burden of proof, and must
demonstrate that the opposing party had knowledge of the right to compel arbitration, performed
acts inconsistent with that right, and was prejudiced by the inconsistent acts. This Court also
explained that although these requirements are based on federal law, they also apply to arbitration
proceedings under state law, stating:

                Defendant disputes the propriety of requiring a showing of prejudice to
        establish a waiver of arbitration. Defendant correctly asserts that unlike this case,
        Burns, supra at 580-582, involved the federal arbitration act. In light of the
        reference to Michigan law in the instant agreement and its provision for
        enforcement of the arbitrator’s decision in the Oakland Circuit Court, this case
        involves Michigan statutory arbitration. MCL 600.5001; MCR 3.602; Hetrick v
        David A Friedman, DPMO, PC, 237 Mich App 264, 268; 602 NW2d 603 (1999).
        Defendant ignores, however, that Salesin did not involve federal arbitration, but
        nonetheless incorporated into its waiver analysis the federal prejudice requirement.
        To the extent that defendant challenges the soundness of the Salesin panel’s
        reference to the prejudice requirement, we note that we are bound by the Salesin
        decision, MCR 7.215(I)(1), and that defendant fails to cite any cases utilizing a
        different waiver analysis under the Michigan Arbitration Act, thus abandoning this
        subissue. Mudge v Macomb Co, 458 Mich 87, 104-105; 580 NW2d 845 (1998).
        [Madison Dist Pub Sch, 247 Mich App at 588 n 1.]

         In this case, the trial court did not directly apply federal caselaw in its waiver analysis, but
it relied on state cases that applied the federal standards, notably Nexteer Auto Corp v Mando
America Corp, 314 Mich App 391, 397; 886 NW2d 906 (2016), in which this Court, quoting
Madison Dist Pub Sch, 247 Mich App at 588, observed that “[t]he party arguing there has been a
waiver of this right bears a heavy burden of proof and must demonstrate knowledge of an existing
right to compel arbitration, acts inconsistent with the right to arbitrate, and prejudice resulting from
the inconsistent acts.” Accordingly, we reject plaintiff’s argument that the trial court did not apply
the correct standard for determining whether there was a waiver of the right to arbitration.

        Applying the appropriate standards to the facts of this case, the trial court did not err by
holding that defendant did not waive its right to enforce the arbitration clause. Plaintiff did not
meet his heavy burden of proving a waiver. There is no dispute that defendant was aware of its
right to compel arbitration of some of plaintiff’s claims because it included this defense in its
answer. Plaintiff principally argues that defendant’s actions in this litigation were inconsistent
with the right to arbitrate plaintiff’s claims. We disagree.

        In Madison Dist Pub Sch, 247 Mich App at 589, this Court discussed the type of conduct
that can waive a right to arbitrate:

                        In most jurisdictions, the right to arbitration may be waived
                by certain conduct, with each case decided on the basis of its
                particular facts and circumstances:

                                                  -9-
                                  “Various forms of participation by a [party]
                        in an action have been considered by the courts in
                        determining whether there has been a waiver of the
                        [party]’s right to compel arbitration or to rely on
                        arbitration as a defense to the action. It has been
                        generally held or recognized that by such conduct as
                        defending the action or proceeding with the trial, a
                        [party] waives the right to arbitration of the dispute
                        involved. A waiver of the right to arbitrration
                        [sic] . . . has also been found from particular acts of
                        participation by a [party], each act being considered
                        independently as constituting a waiver. Thus, a
                        [party] has been held to have waived the right to
                        arbitration of the dispute involved by filing an
                        answer without properly demanding or asserting the
                        right to arbitration, by filing an answer containing a
                        counterclaim . . . without demanding arbitration or
                        by filing a counterclaim which was considered
                        inconsistent with a previous demand for arbitration,
                        by filing a third-party complaint or cross-claim, or by
                        taking various other steps, including filing a notice
                        of readiness for trial, filing a motion for summary
                        judgment, or utilizing judicial discovery
                        procedures.” [Hendrickson (v Moghissi, 158 Mich App
                        290; 404 NW2d 728 (1987)), supra at 299-300, quoting
                        anno.: Defendant’s participation in action as waiver
                        of right to arbitration of dispute involved therein, 98
                        ALR3d 767, § 2, pp 771-772.]

        See also Salesin, supra (noting that defending an action without seeking to invoke
        a right to compel arbitration constitutes a waiver of the right to arbitration); North
        West Michigan Constr [, Inc v Stroud, 185 Mich App 649; 462 NW2d 804 (1990)],
        supra at 651-652, quoting Henderson [sic] [Hendrickson], supra at 300. A party
        does not waive the right to arbitrate, however, by litigating an issue that is not
        arbitrable. Auto Club Ins Ass’n v Lozanis, 215 Mich App 415, 421-422; 546 NW2d
        648 (1996), overruled in part on other grounds in Perry v Sied, 461 Mich 680, 690;
        611 NW2d 516 (2000).

        In this case, it is clear that defendant asserted its right to rely on the arbitration clause in its
answer. Defendant thereafter participated in discovery, but it is undisputed that one of plaintiff’s
claims was not subject to arbitration. Defendant also sought to compel arbitration in an appropriate
motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Further, it was plaintiff who moved to adjourn the hearing on
defendant’s motion so that he would have additional time to conduct further discovery. While
plaintiff argues that defendant’s procedural actions of relying on plaintiff’s jury demand, moving
venue to another county, and filing a witness list are all inconsistent with the right to arbitrate,
those actions were still necessary to the litigation of the MMWA claim, which was not subject to

                                                   -10-
arbitration. Plaintiff also points to defendant’s participation in discovery as a reason to find that it
waived its right to arbitration, but that argument is not persuasive considering that discovery still
would have been necessary for plaintiff’s MMWA claim which was not subject to arbitration, and
that some discovery related to the claims subject to arbitration likely would have been necessary
if the matter was bifurcated into separate proceedings earlier. As defendant notes on appeal, its
decision to not bifurcate the matter into separate proceedings earlier was the most economical use
of the parties’ time and resources. On these facts, particularly that defendant needed to participate
in discovery on at least one of plaintiff’s claims that was expressly excluded from arbitration, we
cannot conclude that defendant intentionally relinquished its right to arbitration by participating in
discovery.

        The trial court also ruled that plaintiff’s waiver argument failed because he did not address
whether he was prejudiced. On appeal, plaintiff argues that he is no longer required to show
prejudice to establish that defendant waived its right to arbitration in light of the recent United
States Supreme Court decision in Morgan v Sundance, Inc, 596 US ___; ___ S Ct ___; ___ L Ed
2d ___ (2022). Assuming that plaintiff is correct that he did not need to show prejudice in light of
Morgan, the trial court nevertheless did not err by ruling that plaintiff failed to meet his heavy
burden of proving that defendant waived its right to enforce the arbitration clause for the reasons
previously discussed.

                                        B. VOID AB INITIO

        Alternatively, plaintiff argues that arbitration is not available because the parties’ purchase
agreement that contains the arbitration clause is void ab initio because it violates state law. The
trial court determined that the validity of the parties’ purchase agreement was a matter for the
arbitrator to decide. We agree.

        Specifically, plaintiff argues that the entire agreement, including the arbitration provision,
is void ab initio because the vehicle purchase agreement violated the motor vehicle code, MCL
257.1 et seq., by inaccurately describing the vehicle as both a “new” and “demonstrator” vehicle,
when it was actually a used vehicle.

        MCL 257.33a defines a “new motor vehicle” as “a motor vehicle which is not and has not
been a demonstrator, executive or manufacturer’s vehicle, leased vehicle, or a used or secondhand
vehicle.” MCL 257.11a defines a “demonstrator” as “a motor vehicle used by a prospective
customer or a motor vehicle dealer or his agent for testing and demonstration purposes.” It is
undisputed that the subject vehicle was a used vehicle, and that the parties’ purchase agreement
wrongly listed the vehicle as both a “new motor vehicle” and a “demonstrator.” Plaintiff argued
that the inaccurate listing violated MCL 257.248a(1), which provides:

                A motor vehicle dealer shall not advertise or represent a motor vehicle to be
       a demonstrator, executive or manufacturer’s vehicle, leased vehicle, new motor
       vehicle, or used or secondhand vehicle unless the vehicle so described is as defined
       in this act.

                                                 -11-
Plaintiff’s complaint also alleged that defendant made other false statements that induced him to
purchase the vehicle and included a claim for fraud in the inducement. This claim challenged the
validity of the sales agreement as a whole, not just the arbitration clause.

        Relying on Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc v Cardegna, 546 US 440, 444-445; 126 S Ct 1204,
1208; 163 L Ed 2d 1038 (2006), and Scanlon v P & J Enterprises, Inc, 182 Mich App 347, 350-
351; 451 NW2d 616 (1990), the trial court ruled that the validity of the purchase agreement was
for the arbitrator to decide.

        Under Michigan law, it is generally for the court, not an arbitrator, to determine whether
there is a contract to arbitrate and whether its terms are enforceable. See Arrow Overall Supply
Co v Peloquin Enterprises, 414 Mich 95, 99; 323 NW2d 1 (1982); Watts v Polaczyk, 242 Mich
App 600, 603; 619 NW2d 714 (2000). On this point, Michigan law conflicts with federal law.
Under federal law, courts may address and adjudicate a challenge to the validity of an arbitration
clause itself, but if a claim challenges the validity of a contract as a whole, then courts will enforce
the arbitration agreement and refer the matter regarding the validity of the contract to the arbitrator.
See Buckeye Check Cashing, 546 US at 444-445 (holding that a challenge to the validity of a
contract as a whole, and not specifically to the arbitration clause, must be decided by the arbitrator,
not the court). Because this case is governed by the FAA, this Court must follow federal law
regarding the arbitrability question. See Rent-A-Center, W, Inc v Jackson, 561 US 63, 70-72; 130
S Ct 2772; 177 L Ed 2d 403 (2010).

        This case is factually similar to Scanlon, 182 Mich App 347, on which the trial court relied.
In Scanlon, the plaintiffs challenged the validity of franchise contracts that contained arbitration
clauses, but did not challenge the validity of the arbitration clauses themselves. Id. at 349. The
arbitration clauses provided that “[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this
Agreement, or the breach thereof,” shall be submitted to arbitration. Id. at 350. This Court held
that because the case was governed by the FAA, under federal substantive law “any issue arising
with respect to the contract, including a claim of fraud in the inducement of the entire contract,”
was required to be submitted to arbitration. Id. This Court observed that “federal courts have
uniformly held that even a claim of fraud in the inducement of an entire contract containing an
arbitration clause is to be referred to arbitration under the federal arbitration act.” Id. at 350-351.

        Similarly, in this case, plaintiff is challenging the arbitration clause only as part of his claim
that the entire purchase agreement is void ab initio due to fraud. Because the FAA governs, the
trial court correctly held that plaintiff’s challenge to the validity of the contract, including his
claims of fraud in the inducement and that the agreement violated the motor vehicle code, are
matters for the arbitrator to decide.

                                IV. PLAINTIFF’S MMWA CLAIM

        Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by granting defendant’s motion for summary
disposition with respect to plaintiff’s MMWA claim regarding express and implied warranties.
We disagree.

       Although defendant moved for summary disposition of the MMWA claim under both MCR
2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10), the motion is properly reviewed under MCR 2.116(C)(10) because (1)

                                                  -12-
the parties were allowed to wait until discovery was completed, (2) defendant relied on evidence
beyond the pleadings in support of its motion, and (3) the trial court considered evidence outside
the pleadings in deciding the motion. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support
for a claim. A court must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and any other
documentary evidence submitted by the parties, and view that evidence in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party to determine if a genuine issue of material fact exists. MCR 2.116(G)(5);
Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118-120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). Summary disposition should
be granted if, except as to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue of material fact and
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Babula v Robertson, 212 Mich App
45, 48; 536 NW2d 834 (1995).

                                   A. “AS IS” DISCLAIMER

       The MMWA provides a cause of action for a consumer against a supplier or warrantor who
breaches a written warranty, an implied warranty, or a service contract. Specifically, 15 USC
2310(d)(1) provides:

       [A] consumer who is damaged by the failure of a supplier, warrantor, or service
       contractor to comply with any obligation under this chapter, or under a written
       warranty, implied warranty, or service contract, may bring suit for damages and
       other legal and equitable relief.

To recover under the MMWA, plaintiff was required to establish: (1) that he was damaged by
defendant’s failure to comply with an obligation under the MMWA, (2) that he was damaged by
defendant’s failure to comply with an obligation under a written warranty; or (3) that he was
damaged by defendant’s failure to comply with an obligation under an implied warranty.

        Plaintiff argues that he established a claim under the MMWA involving express warranties
made by defendant, and that the “as is” disclaimer accompanying the sale could not void the
express warranties under the MMWA. Plaintiff argues that an express warranty was created under
state law, specifically MCL 440.2313 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which provides:

               (1) Express warranties by the seller are created as follows:

                (a) An affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer which
       relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain creates an express
       warranty that the goods shall conform to the affirmation or promise.

               (b) A description of the goods which is made part of the basis of the bargain
       creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description.

              (c) A sample or model which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates
       an express warranty that the whole of the goods shall conform to the sample or
       model.

              (2) It is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that the seller
       use formal words such as “warrant” or “guarantee” or that he or she have a specific

                                               -13-
       intention to make a warranty, but an affirmation merely of the value of the goods
       or a statement purporting to be merely the seller’s opinion or commendation of the
       goods does not create a warranty, except as provided in the art multiples sales act
       and Act No. 121 of the Public Acts of 1970, being sections 442.321 to 442.325 of
       the Michigan Compiled Laws.

        According to plaintiff, an express warranty was created when defendant’s salesperson
represented that the subject vehicle was “new” and a “demonstrator,” and had been subject to a
72-point inspection to ensure that it was safe to drive. Plaintiff further claims that he was told by
the salesperson that the vehicle had one prior owner, was a lease turn-in, and had not been involved
in any accident.

        The trial court rejected plaintiff’s claim that an express warranty under the UCC could
support a claim under the MMWA because the MMWA requires a written warranty, an implied
warranty, or a service contract. Further, the information identifying the vehicle as “new” and a
“demonstrator” did not create an express warranty reduced to writing because it was undisputed
that plaintiff knew that he was purchasing a used vehicle.

        The other representations about the vehicle passing a 72-point inspection, not having been
involved in an accident, and having one owner arguably could create a warranty regarding the
vehicle’s safety and fitness for the road. Inspection reports provided near the time of purchase
have been held to create a written warranty. See Murphy v Mallard Coach Co, 179 AD2d 187,
193-194; 582 NYS2d 528 (1992); Marine Midland Bank, NA v Carroll, 98 AD2d 516, 518-519;
471 NYS2d 409 (1984). An inspection report could constitute an affirmative statement of fact
related to the condition of the vehicle at the time of purchase, making it a part of the bargain.
Compare Klanseck v Anderson Sales & Servs, Inc, 136 Mich App 75, 86-87; 356 NW2d 275
(1984), aff’d 426 Mich 78 (1986); Ducharme v A & S RV Center, Inc, 321 F Supp 2d 843, 850
(ED Mich, 2004), aff’d 127 Fed Appx 204 (CA 6, 2005) (holding that checklists regarding vehicles
did not represent the condition of the products, and therefore, did not create express warranties).

       However, plaintiff did not produce evidence of a writing to support this theory. He relies
only on verbal statements by the salesperson. Even if the salesperson’s statements created express
warranties, the absence of a writing prevents plaintiff from establishing an express warranty
enforceable under the MMWA, 15 USC 2310(d)(1). Without a writing, plaintiff cannot show that
any express warranty supports a claim under the MMWA.

       Plaintiff further argues that defendant’s disclaimers are ineffective because an express
warranty was made. However, the purchase agreement states that there are no warranties, express
or implied:

           12. USED VEHICLE—WHETHER                         OR     NOT     SUBJECT       TO
       MANUFACTURER’S WARRANTY

            UNLESS A SEPARATE WRITTEN DOCUMENT SHOWING THE
       TERMS OF ANY DEALER WARRANTY OR SERVICE CONTRACT IS
       FURNISHED BY THE DEALER TO THE PURCHASER, THIS VEHICLE IS
       SOLD “AS IS” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY EITHER EXPRESS OR

                                                -14-
       IMPLIED. THE PURCHASER WILL BEAR THE ENTIRE EXPENSE OF
       REPAIR OR CORRECTING ANY DEFECTS THAT PRESENTLY EXIST OR
       THAT MAY OCCUR IN THE USED VEHICLE.

In addition, the Buyer’s Guide for the vehicle indicates that the manufacturer’s warranty still
applied, but further states that “[t]he dealership itself assumes no responsibility for any repairs,
regardless of any oral statement about the vehicle. All warranty coverage comes from the
unexpired manufacturer’s warranty.”

       Plaintiff argues that the disclaimer is ineffective under 15 USC 2308 because of the express
warranties that were made to him. 15 USC 2308 provides, in relevant part:

               (a) Restrictions on disclaimers or modifications

              No supplier may disclaim or modify (except as provided in subsection (b))
       any implied warranty to a consumer with respect to such consumer product if (1)
       such supplier makes any written warranty to the consumer with respect to such
       consumer product, or (2) at the time of sale, or within 90 days thereafter, such
       supplier enters into a service contract with the consumer which applies to such
       consumer product.

                                              * * *

               (c) Effectiveness of disclaimers, modifications, or limitations

               A disclaimer, modification, or limitation made in violation of this section
       shall be ineffective for purposes of this chapter and State law.

        To establish a violation of 15 USC 2308, plaintiff must present proof that defendant
provided an express warranty in writing regarding the vehicle’s condition. Because plaintiff did
not produce any evidence of a written warranty that conflicts with defendant’s disclaimer of any
implied warranty, he cannot rely on 15 USC 2308 to argue that defendant’s “as is” disclaimer is
ineffective.

        Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erroneously rejected his argument that defendant’s
offers to repair his vehicle at no cost amounted to a waiver of its disclaimer of any implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness. While the trial court appears to have misunderstood
plaintiff’s argument—stating, “Although Plaintiff also argues that Defendant waived any
disclaimer by performing repairs on the Vehicle, he has not offered any evidence that the repairs
were made pursuant to an express or implied warranty”—the record does not support plaintiff’s
claim that defendant waived its disclaimer of implied warranties of merchantability and fitness.

       Plaintiff relies on Oregon Bank v Nautilus Crane & Equip Corp, 68 Or App 131, 139-140;
683 P2d 95 (1984), to argue that a seller’s course of performance may operate to waive a disclaimer
and reinstate implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Indeed,
MCL 440.2316(3)(c) recognizes that a disclaimer of an implied warranty may be negated by a
course of performance.

                                                -15-
        In this case, after plaintiff purchased the vehicle, defendant agreed to balance the tires to
address the vehicle’s shaking. It also replaced the bumper and repaired the muffler after the
bumper began to melt. However, when plaintiff complained that additional, more extensive repairs
were necessary to fix the vehicle’s frame and wiring, defendant declined to provide those repairs.
Although defendant did provide some repairs that were inconsistent with disclaiming any liability
for the vehicle’s condition, defendant’s attempts to placate plaintiff by making some gratuitous
repairs shortly after the vehicle was purchased do not demonstrate a course of conduct that is
inconsistent with the disclaimers included in the purchase agreement. “Waiver is the intentional
relinquishment of a known right.” In re Gordon, 323 Mich App 548, 562; 919 NW2d 77 (2018).
Merely because defendant agreed to perform some repairs that it was not obligated to perform does
not demonstrate that defendant intentionally waived its rights under the disclaimers.

                                   B. THE “USED CAR RULE”

        Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred by ruling that he failed to show that he has a
valid claim under the “Used Car Rule” under the MMWA. We again disagree.

        Pursuant to 15 USC 2309(b) of the MMWA, the Federal Trade Commission enacted
regulations and rules dealing with warranties and warranty practices in connection with the sale of
used motor vehicles. One such rule is the Used Motor Vehicle Trade Regulation Rule (the “Used
Car Rule”), 16 CFR 455.1 et seq. A cause of action for violation of the Used Car Rule is authorized
under 15 USC 2310(d)(1) of the MMWA, which allows a consumer to recover when he “is
damaged by the failure of a supplier, warrantor, or service contractor to comply with any obligation
under this chapter, or under a written warranty, implied warranty, or service contract . . . .” 15
USC 2310(d)(1).

       16 CFR 455.1 provides, in relevant part:

               (a) It is a deceptive act or practice for any used vehicle dealer, when that
       dealer sells or offers for sale a used vehicle in or affecting commerce as commerce
       is defined in the Federal Trade Commission Act:

               (1) To misrepresent the mechanical condition of a used vehicle;

               (2) To misrepresent the terms of any warranty offered in connection with
       the sale of a used vehicle; and

               (3) To represent that a used vehicle is sold with a warranty when the vehicle
       is sold without any warranty.

               (b) It is an unfair act or practice for any used vehicle dealer, when that dealer
       sells or offers for sale a used vehicle in or affecting commerce as commerce is
       defined in the Federal Trade Commission Act:

              (1) To fail to disclose, prior to sale, that a used vehicle is sold without any
       warranty; and

                                                 -16-
              (2) To fail to make available, prior to sale, the terms of any written warranty
       offered in connection with the sale of a used vehicle.

              (c) The Commission has adopted this Rule in order to prevent the unfair and
       deceptive acts or practices defined in paragraphs (a) and (b). It is a violation of this
       Rule for any used vehicle dealer to fail to comply with the requirements set forth in
       §§ 455.2 through 455.5 of this part. If a used vehicle dealer complies with the
       requirements of §§ 455.2 through 455.5 of this part, the dealer does not violate this
       Rule.

          Plaintiff argues that he can establish a claim under 16 CFR 455.1(a)(1), which states that
it is a deceptive practice for a dealer “[t]o misrepresent the mechanical condition of a used vehicle.”
Plaintiff asserts that defendant misrepresented the condition of his vehicle. However, the Used
Car Rule does not include an inspection requirement and it does not require that sellers of used
automobiles disclose known defects. See Patton v McHone, 822 SW2d 608, 614-615 n 5 (Tenn
App, 1991). Moreover, nothing in 16 CFR 455.1(a)(1) establishes liability solely because a dealer
may have verbally misrepresented the condition of a vehicle. Reading the rule as a whole, it is
apparent that it applies only to warranties, consistent with the MMWA.

        Plaintiff also asserts in his reply brief that defendant violated 16 CFR 455.1(a)(2) and (3)
by wrongly representing, including in the Buyer’s Guide, that the vehicle was still subject to the
manufacturer’s warranty. However, it does not appear that plaintiff raised this argument in the
trial court in response to defendant’s motion for summary disposition. This Court may decline to
address an issue that is first raised on appeal. Green v Ziegelman, 282 Mich App 292, 300; 767
NW2d 660 (2009). Moreover, this argument is raised for the first time on appeal in plaintiff’s
reply brief. An appellant may not raise an issue for the first time in a reply brief. Kinder Morgan
Mich, LLC v City of Jackson, 277 Mich App 159, 174; 744 NW2d 184 (2007); MCR 7.212(G)
(reply briefs must be confined to rebuttal of the arguments in the appellee’s brief). For these
reasons, we decline to consider this issue. Green v Ziegelman, 282 Mich App 292, 300; 767 NW2d
660 (2009).1

1
  We agree with plaintiff that the trial court appears to have improperly resolved a disputed issue
of fact regarding whether plaintiff was provided with a CARFAX report for the vehicle before
purchasing it. In his deposition, plaintiff stated that he did not receive the CARFAX report until
after he took the vehicle to Genesis Cadillac, which was after he purchased it from defendant. A
court may not determine disputed issues of fact when deciding a motion for summary disposition.
Skinner v Square D Co, 445 Mich 153, 161; 516 NW2d 475 (1994). However, because this
disputed issue is not material to whether plaintiff can establish a claim under the Used Car Rule,
this error is harmless. MCR 2.613(A).

                                                 -17-
Affirmed.

                   /s/ Thomas C. Cameron
                   /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
                   /s/ Brock A. Swartzle

            -18-