Court Opinion

ID: 2715024
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-06 17:10:32.417285+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:11:32.620723
License: Public Domain

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                                                                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                            DIVISUO H s1
                                                                                      2014 MAY 13 AM 9: 14

                                                                                      STAfI OF \$'         iiz N

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTO

                                          DIVISION II

FA ALA A SAILI and LISA A. SAILI,
husband and wife,

                                Respondents,                           No. 44209 -4 -II

       v.                                                    PART PUBLISHED OPINION

PARKLAND AUTO CENTER, INC.,

                                Appellant.

       MAxA, J. — Parkland Auto Center Inc. appeals the trial court' s denial of its motion to

compel arbitration of claims asserted by Lisa and Fa Ala A Saili, arising from Parkland' s

repossession .of their vehicle. Parkland also appeals the trial court' s grant of the Sailis' summary

judgment motion on liability, denial of motions for reconsideration, judgment awarding damages

to the Sailis, and order awarding attorney fees to the Sailis.

        We hold that the trial court did not err when it denied Parkland' s motion to compel

arbitration because Parkland waived its right to enforce the sale contract' s arbitration clauses by

not referencing the arbitration clauses in its answer, engaging in discovery, and waiting until

after the Sailis filed a summary judgment motion to assert the right to arbitration. We address

the remaining issues in the   unpublished portion of   this opinion.   We   affirm.
No. 44209 - -II
          4

                                                      FACTS

       Lisa Saili signed a retail installment sale contract to purchase a 2003 GMC Sonoma from

Parkland. The      parties executed    three   additional agreements: a "    Condition   of   Financing,"   a

 Vehicle Buyers Order"       and a "   Supplemental Disclosure     and   Agreement."       Saili made a $ 500

down payment on the Sonoma and signed a $ 500 promissory note for the remainder of the down

payment,   to be   paid   by May   18, 2011.    As additional collateral for the purchase of the Sonoma,

Saili agreed to give Parkland a security interest in a 2002 Chevrolet Suburban that she owned

with her husband.

       Saili tendered a check to Parkland for the $ 500 promissory note, but after discovering

that her financing application was denied she withdrew the funds she held on deposit for that
payment. When Parkland cashed the check it was dishonored for insufficient funds. As a result,

on May 31, Parkland had the Sonoma and the Suburban towed from the Sailis' residence to

Parkland' s place of business.

       On June 10, the Sailis filed a complaint against Parkland seeking damages and an order

requiring Parkland to return the Suburban. Parkland answered, and the parties proceeded with

litigation. Both the Vehicle Buyers Order and the Supplemental Disclosure and Agreement

contained clauses requiring the parties to arbitrate all disputes regarding the sale. However,

Parkland did not reference these clauses in its answer or seek to enforce them as litigation

progressed.

        On December 20, the Sailis moved for summary judgment on liability. On January 5,

2012 —almost       seven months after the Sailis filed their complaint and three weeks after the Sailis

filed their summary judgment         motion —Parkland sent      the Sailis   a   letter requesting   arbitration.
No. 44209 -441

On January 20, Parkland moved for an order staying proceedings and compelling arbitration.

The trial court denied Parkland' s motion. Parkland appeals this denial.

                                                          ANALYSIS

         Parkland argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion to compel arbitration

based on arbitration clauses contained in two documents Saili signed: the Vehicle Buyers Order

and the Supplemental Disclosure and Agreement. The Sailis argue that the clauses were

unenforceable because the retail installment sale contract did not contain an arbitration clause

and the clauses in these other documents were unconscionable, and that Parkland waived its right

to arbitration. We hold that even if the clauses were enforceable, Parkland waived the right to

compel arbitration.

         1.        Legal Principles

         We    review a      trial   court' s order   denying     a motion   to   compel arbitration   de   novo.'   Otis

Hous. Ass' n, Inc.      v.   Ha, 165 Wash. 2d 582, 586, 201 P.3d 309 ( 2009).                The party opposing

arbitration bears the burden of showing the arbitration clause is inapplicable or unenforceable.

Otis Hous., 165 Wn.2d of 587.

         A party may         waive contractual rights        to   arbitration.    Otis Hous., 165 Wash. 2d at 587.

 Waiver is the voluntary             and   intentional   relinquishment of a       known   right."   Verbeek Props., LLC

v.   GreenCo Envtl., Inc., 159 Wn.             App.   82, 87, 246 P.3d 205 ( 2010).       A waiver may occur

expressly or by implication. Lake Wash. Sch. Dist. No. 414 v. Mobile Modules Nw., Inc., 28 Wash.
1 Division Three of this court has held that despite some contrary authority, the trial court rather
than an arbitrator should decide whether a party has waived the right to arbitration. River House
Dev. Inc.     v.                                  App. 221, 233 -36, 272 P.3d 289 ( 2012). We
                   Integrus Architecture, P.S., 167 Wn.
need not address this issue because neither party here has questioned the trial court' s ability to
decide the waiver issue.
                                                                  3
No. 44209 -4 -I1

App. 59, 62,    621 P. 2d. 791 ( 1980).        A party waives arbitration by conduct inconsistent with an

intent to   arbitrate.   Otis Hous., 165 Wash. 2d at 588.

          One of the ways a contractual right to arbitration may be waived is if it is not timely

invoked. Otis Hous., 165 Wash. 2d at 587. In order to avoid a finding of waiver by conduct, a

party seeking to enforce its right to arbitration must take some action to enforce that right within

a reasonable    time.     Otis Hous., 165 Wash. 2d at 588. And " a party waives a right to arbitrate if it

elects   to litigate instead     of arbitrate."   Otis Hous., 165 Wash. 2d at 588.

          Washington has a strong public policy favoring arbitration. Heights at Issaquah Ridge

Owners Ass' n     v.   Burton Landscape         Grp., Inc., 148 Wash. App. 400, 405, 200 P.3d 254 ( 2009).

Therefore, we " must indulge every presumption in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at

hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like

defense to arbitrability."         VerbeekProps., 159 Wash. App. at 87. Waiver is disfavored, and a

party seeking to establish waiver has a heavy burden of proof. River House Dev. Inc. v. Integrus

Architecture, P.S., 167 Wn.            App.   221, 237, 272 P.3d 289 ( 2012). Nevertheless, we will find

waiver if the facts support such a finding. See Ives v. Ramsden, 142 Wash. App. 369, 383 -84, 174
P.3d 1231 ( 2008)

          2.    Parkland' s Waiver by Conduct

          A determination of whether a party waived arbitration by conduct depends on the facts of

each particular case and is not susceptible to bright line rules. River House, 167 Wash. App. at

237. When a party delays enforcing an arbitration clause and instead participates in litigation,

the ultimate question is whether " the party' s conduct ha[ s] reached a point where it was

inconsistent    with     any   other   intention but to forgo the   right   to   arbitrate."   River House, 167 Wn.

App. at 238.

                                                            4
No. 44209 -4 -II

        Three Washington cases involve a party' s participation in litigation and delay in

attempting to enforce an arbitration clause. In River House, the plaintiff filed suit and engaged in
litigation but later   requested arbitration. 167 Wash. App. at 226 -28. Division Three of this court

held that the plaintiff waived its right to arbitration when that party attended a status conference

in person with the assigned judge, agreed to a case schedule and trial date, exchanged trial

witness lists with the opposing party, participated in formal discovery and motion practice

regarding discovery, and represented to the court that it was preparing for trial. River House,
167 Wash. App. at 238 -39. The plaintiff did not request arbitration until more than 10 months after

the complaint was filed, eight weeks before the discovery cutoff, and four months before trial.

River House, 167 Wash. App. at 239.

        In Ives, we held that a defendant waived his right to arbitration when he answered the

plaintiff' s complaint without mentioning arbitration, engaged in extensive discovery, deposed

witnesses, submitted and answered interrogatories, and prepared fully for trial without moving to

stay the   action   to allow the   parties   to   arbitrate. 142 Wash. App. at 383 -84. We further noted that

three years and four months had elapsed since the complaint was filed-and that the party seeking

arbitration did not raise the issue until the day before trial. Ives, 142 Wash. App. at 384.

           By contrast, in Mobile Modules the defendant' s answer referred to the arbitration clause

and requested a stay of court proceedings pending arbitration. 28 Wash. App. at 60. The

defendant formally moved for a stay three months later. Mobile Modules, 28 Wash. App. at 63.

Division One of this court held that there was no waiver, emphasizing that the party preserved

the right to arbitrate in its answer and that the three -month delay was insufficient to establish

waiver. Mobile Modules, 28 Wash. App. at 64.

                                                               5
No. 44209 -4 -I1

          Based on these cases, three factors demonstrate that Parkland waived its right to compel

arbitration. First, in its answer Parkland did not allege that the Sailis were required to arbitrate

their claims or make any reference to the arbitration provision. There is no absolute rule that a

party   waives a right   to   arbitration   by not   asserting that   right   in its initial pleading. Verbeek

Props., 159 Wash. App. at 89. But we found this fact significant in Ives when the defendant

proceeded with     litigation. 142 Wash. App. at 383 -84. The absence of any reference to arbitration

in Parkland' s answer distinguishes this case from Mobile Modules. Parkland' s failure to plead

the arbitration clause coupled with its delay and participation in litigation activities reflected

Parkland' s intention to litigate rather than to arbitrate.

          Second, Parkland participated in significant litigation activities for an extended period.

These activities included submitting and answering interrogatories and requests for production,

answering requests for admissions, and agreeing to a trial date. Similar activities supported a

finding of waiver in River House and Ives. River House, 167 Wash. App. at 238 -39; Ives, 142 Wn.

App. at 383 -84.

          Third,"Parkland' s delay of seven months was longer than the three months in Mobile -

Modules and similar to the 10 -month delay in River House. More significantly, Parkland did not

move to compel arbitration until one month after the Sailis filed their summary judgment motion

and just three weeks before the scheduled summary judgment hearing. A reasonable inference is

that Parkland intended to litigate rather than arbitrate until changing its mind over a concern that

the trial court might grant summary judgment.

          Parkland nevertheless argues that it did not waive its right to arbitrate because it needed

to wait until after it obtained Saili' s deposition testimony in January 2012, admitting that her

signatures on the agreements to arbitrate were valid. However, Parkland did not even request

                                                             6
No. 44209 -4 -II

that Saili' s deposition be scheduled until December 2, 2011, almost six months after the lawsuit

began. That Parkland wished to secure Saili' s acknowledgment of her signature does not render

reasonable its seven -month silence regarding its right to arbitration.

              We hold that Parkland waived its right to compel arbitration. Accordingly, we affirm the
                                                                                   2
trial   court' s   denial   of   Parkland'   s motion   to   compel arbitration.       We consider Parkland' s

remaining arguments in the unpublished portion of this opinion.

              A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion

will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for

public record in accordance with RCW 2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.

              With    regard   to Parkland'   s additional arguments, we       hold: ( 1) the retail installment sale

contract under which the Sailis purchased the vehicle was void because the Sailis did not obtain

financing approval, and therefore Parkland wrongfully repossessed the Sailis' Suburban as

collateral      for   a void contract; (   2) because the remedy the Sailis sought under the Retail

Installment Sales         of   Goods   and    Services Act (RISA), chapter 63. 14 RCW, was nullification of

the contract, and because we hold that the contract Was void for failure to obtain financing

approval, we need not address                this issue; (   3) Parkland did not challenge the trial court' s decision

that Parkland         violated    the Washington Auto Dealers Practices Act (ADPA),                chapter 46. 70

          3
RCW,          which    decision    we affirm; (    4) because a violation of the ADPA is a per se violation of

2
    Because we hold that Parkland waived its right to enforce the arbitration clause, we need not
address the Sailis' arguments that the clauses were unenforceable because the retail installment
contract did not contain an arbitration clause and the clauses in these other documents were
unconscionable.

3
    The   parties refer     to this   statute as   the Motor Vehicle Dealers Act (MVDA). We refer to the

statute as      the Auto Dealers Practices Act (ADPA).                 The statute does not contain an official title.

                                                                   7
No. 44209 -4 -II

the Washington Consumer Protection Act (CPA),                 chapter 19. 86 RCW, the trial court properly

concluded that Parkland violated the CPA; and ( 5) the Sailis presented sufficient evidence to

substantiate the trial court' s attorney fee award.

                                            ADDITIONAL FACTS

       At the time Saili purchased the 2003 Sonoma, the parties executed a retail installment

sale contract. The parties also executed two additional agreements providing that the validity of

the retail installment sale contract was conditioned upon Saili obtaining financing for the

purchase.   A document titled " Condition          of   Financing"     stated, "   As provided for in the attached

Retail Installment Sales Contract, this sale transaction is expressly conditioned on approval of

Buyer' s financing or creditworthiness. IF THIS CONDITION IS NOT MET, THE CONTRACT

IS VOID, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED FOR IN ANY ATTACHED SALES CONTRACT

                   4
DOCUMENTS."            Clerk'   s   Papers ( CP)   at   3 ( boldface   omitted).     A second document titled

 Vehicle Buyers Order" stated:

        If Buyer is buying the vehicle in a credit sale transaction with Dealer evidenced
        by a signed retail sale contract, this Agreement is binding when the retail
        installment sale contract is signed, but will not remain binding if a -third party
        finance source does not agree to purchase the retail installment sale contract
        executed by Buyer and Dealer based on this agreement.

CPat48.

        As additional collateral for the purchase of the Sonoma, Saili agreed to give Parkland a

security interest in a 2002 Chevrolet Suburban that she owned with her husband, Fa Ala A Saili.

She authorized Parkland to pay off the existing balance owed on the Suburban to permit the

4
 This document is not in the record before us. The quotation is from the complaint. The parties
do not dispute that this document existed or that the language quoted in the complaint is
accurate.
No. 44209 -4 -II

transfer of its title from the lienholder, Buy Rite Auto Sales, to Parkland. On May 26, Parkland

obtained a new certificate of title naming Parkland as both the registered and legal owner of the

Suburban.

          Saili submitted a credit application to Reliable Credit Association Inc. to finance the

remainder of the purchase price. Reliable Credit denied her application in a letter dated May 17.

Saili had tendered a check to Parkland for the $ 500 promissory note on May 18, but after

discovering that her financing application was denied she withdrew the funds she held on deposit

for that payment. Therefore, when Parkland cashed the check, it was dishonored for insufficient

funds. As a result, on May 31, Parkland had the Sonoma and the Suburban towed from the

Sailis' residence to Parkland' s place of business.

          After Parkland repossessed the vehicles, Saili went to the dealership and asked Lonn

Ostrem, Parkland' s president, if they could reach an agreement under which she could have the

vehicles returned to her. Ostrem told Saili that if she could obtain financing to pay off the

remaining $ 500 on the down payment, he would return the vehicles. To assist with that effort,

Ostrem prepared a second promissory note for $500 due June 20. However, because Saili did

not seek financing for the remainder of the down payment, Parkland did not return the vehicles.

           Saili did tender a $ 500 payment the date Parkland repossessed the vehicles. However,

the parties dispute the purpose and recipient of that payment. Ostrem testified that she paid $ 500

in repossession fees directly to the person with whom Parkland contracted to have the vehicles

repossessed.          Saili claimed that when she went to the dealership on May 31, she was told that if

she paid $ 500        to   a man named "   Ronny," she would be able to drive one of the vehicles home.

CP   at   141 - 42.    She claimed that she paid Ronny $500, but instead of being given back one of the

vehicles, Parkland loaned her a different vehicle.

                                                          9
No. 44209 -4 -II

          On June 10, Saili and her husband filed a complaint against Parkland seeking damages

and an order requiring Parkland to return the Suburban. They claimed that Parkland wrongfully

repossessed the Suburban because Saili' s credit rejection voided the retail installment sale

contract. The Sailis further claimed that Parkland violated the RISA, the ADPA, and the CPA.

They also requested attorney fees.

          On December 20, the Sailis moved for summary judgment, asking the trial court to find

that Parkland violated the RISA, the ADPA, and the CPA. They also claimed that Parkland was

liable for conversion of the Suburban. The Sailis argued that the retail installment sale contract

violated the RISA because the entire agreement, including the certificate giving Parkland a

security interest in the Suburban, was not contained in a single document as required by RCW

63. 14. 020.     They   also argued    that Parkland   violated   the ADPA,    RCW 46. 70. 180( 1),   which

prohibits a motor vehicle dealer from printing or publishing any statement with regard to the sale

or financing of a vehicle that is false, deceptive, or misleading.

          On February 10, 2012, the trial court granted the Sailis' summary judgment motion on

their RISA and conversion claims. _In its oral ruling, the trial court stated that Parkland violated

the RISA because the retail installment sale contract did not reference the granting of a security

interest in the Suburban or the right to repossess the Suburban. With regard to conversion, the

trial   court   found ( 1)   no   legal basis in the promissory   notes   for repossessing the Suburban, ( 2) that

the sale contract became void once Saili' s financing and credit worthiness was rejected, and ( 3)

thereafter Parkland had no basis for repossession. However, the trial court denied summary

judgment on the ADPA and CPA claims. In its oral ruling the court stated that RCW

46. 70. 180( 1) requires some distribution or dissemination of information that violated the statute,

                                                           10
No. 44209 -4 -II

and it found that Parkland made no such distribution or dissemination. The trial court did not

mention the CPA in its oral ruling.

         The Sailis moved for reconsideration of the trial court' s summary judgment order, asking

the court to rule that Parkland violated the CPA and requesting an order requiring Parkland to

return the Suburban to the Sailis. The Sailis argued that even if Parkland did not violate the

terms   of   RCW 46. 70. 180( 1),   the trial court could find a general violation of RCW 46.70. 180 on

the authority of Sherwood v. Bellevue Dodge, Inc., 35 Wash. App. 741, 669 P.2d 1258 ( 1983).

Parkland also moved for reconsideration on the RISA and conversion claims.

         On March 2, the trial court granted the Sailis' motion for reconsideration and ordered

Parkland to return the Suburban. In its oral ruling, the trial court noted that in the Sailis' motion

for reconsideration they referenced RCW 46. 70. 310, which states that any violation of that

chapter also is a violation of the CPA. Therefore, the trial court concluded, the Sailis could

proceed on      their CPA   claim and set   the issue for trial   on   damages. 5   The trial court denied

Parkland' s motion for reconsideration.

         After trial on damages, the trial court entered conclusions of law regarding its summary

judgment rulings on liability. The trial court concluded that Parkland violated both the RISA and

the ADPA because the retail installment sale contract did not ( 1) identify the Suburban as

collateral    for the Sonoma   purchase, (   2)   contain   any security   agreement   for the Suburban, ( 3)

disclose that Parkland would obtain registered and legal ownership of the Suburban, or ( 4)

 5. Although the trial court did not expressly state in its oral ruling that Parkland violated the
ADPA, we presume that the trial court concluded that there was an ADPA violation because it
premised its decision that there was a CPA violation on a violation of the ADPA under RCW
 46. 70. 310.
No. 44209 -4 -II

disclose that default on the promissory note would permit Parkland to take possession of the

Suburban.

        Parkland returned the Suburban to Saili on March 13, 2012. Saili' s personal effects were

returned to her along with the vehicle, but a global positioning system ( GPS) device was missing

from those items. Parkland returned the Suburban in poor condition, and Saili stated that she

spent $ 50 in cleaning supplies to clean the vehicle. Saili did not rent another vehicle during the

time she was without the Suburban, but she testified that it was an inconvenience and that she

had to rely on others to borrow vehicles to transport her family, including her five children.

        On October 1, 2012, after a trial limited to the amount of damages, the trial court

awarded actual damages for the loss of the GPS equipment, the cost of cleaning supplies, and the

loss of use of the Suburban. The trial court trebled those damages under the CPA. It also

awarded the Sailis $ 500 for the initial down payment on the Sonoma because the contract was

void. The trial court awarded the Sailis an additional $ 500 for the payment Saili made on May
                                                            6
31, 2011, the date Parkland   repossessed   the vehicles.       Finally, the trial court awarded the Sailis

attorney fees under RCW 4. 84. 330, RCW 19. 86. 090, and RCW 46.70. 190:

        Parkland appeals the trial court' s summary judgment order, order on the parties' motions

for reconsideration, judgment awarding damages to the Sailis, and order awarding attorney fees

to the Sailis.

                                              ANALYSIS

A.      SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON LIABILITY

6 The trial court apparently believed that Saili had made the payment to Parkland, not directly to
the entity that repossessed the vehicles on Parkland' s behalf.
                                                    12
No. 44209 -441

       The trial court' s summary judgment and reconsideration orders imposing liability on

Parkland and requiring Parkland to return the Suburban were based on multiple legal theories.

First, the trial court concluded that the retail installment sale contract violated the RISA because

the security agreement for the Suburban was not contained in the same agreement as the

installment contract. Therefore, the trial court concluded, Parkland had no lawful authority to

repossess    the Suburban   and   its   repossession amounted   to   conversion.   Second, the trial court

concluded that Parkland violated the ADPA because information regarding the vehicle' s

financing and the existence of a security interest in the Suburban were not contained in the same

document. Finally, the trial court concluded that Parkland violated the CPA because a violation

of the ADPA was a per se violation of the CPA.

       Parkland challenges all of these conclusions except for the trial court' s conclusion that

Parkland violated the ADPA. We hold that the agreement was void because Saili' s financing

application was rejected. Therefore, we need not address Parkland' s argument that the contract

was not void under the RISA. And because Parkland does not challenge the ADPA violation and

an ADPA violation is aper seviolation of the CPA, the trial court did not err when it concluded

that Parkland violated the CPA. Parkland fails to properly challenge the trial court' s ruling that

Parkland converted the Suburban. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court' s rulings.

        1.     Standard of Review

        We review a trial court' s order granting summary judgment de.novo. Loeffelholz v. Univ.

of Wash., 175 Wash. 2d 264, 271, 285 P.3d 854 ( 2012).            Summary judgment is appropriate where,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no genuine

issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Loeffelholz, 175 Wash. 2d      at   271. " A genuine issue of material fact exists where reasonable minds

                                                       13
No. 44209 - -II
          4

could differ   on   the facts controlling the   outcome of      the litigation." Ranger Ins. Co. v. Pierce

County,   164 Wash. 2d 545, 552, 192 P.3d 886 ( 2008).             If reasonable minds can reach only one

conclusion on an issue of fact, that issue may be determined on summary judgment. M. .
                                                                                   A

Mortenson Co.       v.   Timberline Software    Corp., 140 Wash. 2d 568, 579, 998 P.2d 305 ( 2000).

        2.     Conversion

        The trial court granted summary judgment on Parkland' s conversion of the Suburban.

Parkland' s only argument on appeal is that it had obtained ownership of the Suburban pursuant

to its agreement with the Sailis, and " you can' t `convert' that to which you have lawful title."

Br. of Appellant at 12. However, Parkland' s repossession of the Suburban constituted a

conversion because Saili' s credit rejection voided the sale contract and eliminated any

possessory right to the Suburban that Parkland may have had.

          Conversion is the " willful interference with another' s property without lawful

justification, resulting in the deprivation      of   the owner' s right to   possession."   Lowe v. Rowe, 173

Wn.   App    253, 263, 294 P.3d 6 ( 2012),     review   denied, 177 Wash. 2d 1018 ( 2013).       A wrongful

repossession of a vehicle can constitute a conversion. Sherwood, 35 Wash. App. at 746 ( because

vehicle dealer did not have perfected security interest in vehicle or contractual right to repossess

it, vehicle dealer' s repossession of buyer' s vehicle was unlawful conversion).

          Here, the parties executed two documents signed on the same date as the retail

installment sale contract in which they agreed that the validity of the contract was conditioned

upon Saili obtaining financing for the purchase. In a letter dated May 17, 2011, Reliable Credit

7 The Sailis did not plead conversion in their complaint. But the trial court considered this claim
on summary judgment and on appeal Parkland does not object to our consideration of this claim.
                                                           14
No. 44209 -441

denied Saili' s financing application. Therefore, by the terms of these agreements, the sale

contract became void as of May 17.

       Parkland argues that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the

condition to obtain financing was met. In support of this argument, Parkland relies on a

declaration by Ostrem, in which he stated:

       When Ms. Saili' s retail installment sales contract was sent to Reliable Credit, the
       manager there called me on May 11, 2011 and told me that her credit history was
       insufficient unless I wanted to give an unconditional guaranty. I maintain a " book
       of    business"   with Reliable Credit where Reliable Credit agrees to purchase any
       loan that I send to them if I unconditionally guaranty the performance of that loan.
       I   agreed   to transfer the    loan to my " book       of   business"   and unconditionally

       guaranty the loan.    It is my understanding that Reliable Credit sent a declination
       letter to Ms. Saili by mistake on May 17, 2011 as I had already agreed to place the
       loan in my " book     of   business"   with   Reliable Credit. There was no decline of the
       terms and conditions of Ms. Saili' s loan by Reliable Credit, only the requirement
       that I unconditionally guaranty the loan, which I did.

CP at 109.

       This declaration is insufficient to create a question of material fact because Parkland

provided no evidence that Reliable Credit ever rescinded its denial of credit to Saili or admitted

that it denied credit in error. Ostrem may have had an " understanding" that the declination letter

was sent by mistake. But the record contains no indication that the Sailis received any notice

that Reliable Credit was rescinding its rejection. Similarly, Ostrem' s testimony that he

subsequently guaranteed the loan is not sufficient to create a question of fact on whether credit

was denied because nobody communicated any change in the financing status to the Sailis. The

record shows only that Saili' s financing application was rejected and that rejection was never

rescinded.

        Parkland also argues that it could not be held liable for conversion because it held title to

the Suburban pursuant to its agreement with the Sailis. However, once the sale contract became

                                                        15
No. 44209 -4 -II

void, Parkland' s right to obtain title to the Suburban also became void. Further, Parkland cites

no authority for its argument that no conversion could occur under these circumstances.

Therefore, we need not consider it further.

         Because the denial of credit operated to void the sale contract, Parkland no longer had a

legitimate claim of an interest in the Suburban as collateral for that contract. As a result, we hold

that there was no lawful justification for Parkland' s repossession of the Suburban and that the

repossession constituted a conversion.

         3.       RISA Violation

         The trial court concluded that Parkland violated RCW 63. 14. 020 because the retail

installment sale contract did not contain all of the parties' agreements, including the agreement

to use the Suburban as collateral for the sale. Parkland does not contest this conclusion. Instead,

it argues that the contract at issue here was exempt from the requirements of the RISA under

RCW 63. 14. 151 because it complied with the disclosure requirements in the federal truth in

lending act. However, Parkland provides no argument on whether the requirements of RCW

63. 14. 020 constitute " disclosure requirements" referenced in RCW 63.14. 151. Nor does

Parkland explain how the contract at issue here complies with the truth in lending act

requirements.        Rather, Parkland simply   states without citation   to the   record   that "[   i] t is not

disputed that the Retail Installment Sales Contract executed by the Sailis complied with those

disclosure       requirements."   Br. of Appellant at 10. We decline to address this argument because

Parkland does not support it with sufficient argument or citation to the record as required in RAP

10. 3( a)( 6).

          Parkland also argues that the consequence of a RISA violation is not nullification of the

contract or negation of the security interest but simply the denial of the right to enforce certain

                                                       16
No. 44209 -4 -II

collection costs under RCW 63. 14. 180. However, as discussed above, we hold that the rejection

of financing voided the sales contract and eliminated Parkland' s security interest. Therefore,

whether the RISA violation also compels the same result is immaterial.$

          4.     ADPA Violation

          Parkland argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that the alleged ADPA

violation was a per se violation of the CPA. However, on appeal Parkland does not challenge the

trial court' s ruling that Parkland violated the ADPA. Instead, Parkland argues only that a

    wrongful repossession" does not constitute a per se violation of the CPA despite the contrary

holding    of   Sherwood   v.   Bellevue Dodge, Inc., 35 Wn.   App.   741, 669 P.2d 1258 ( 1983).    Because

Parkland does not make any argument that the trial court erred in finding a ADPA violation, we

affirm the trial court' s ruling on this issue.

          In their summary judgment motion, the Sailis argued that Parkland violated the ADPA,

RCW 46.70. 180. They based their argument on the fact that in addition to the promissory note

requiring payment on May 18, 2011, the Sailis signed a second promissory note that did not

require payment until June 20          They argued that   Parkland   violated   RCW 46. 70: 180( 1)   which

prohibits a motor vehicle dealer from publishing any statement that is false, deceptive or

misleading, because the second promissory note gave the false impression that Parkland would

8
    We note that RCW 63. 14. 180 limits the available remedies for a RISA violation, allowing
sellers to recover the cash price of the goods but not service charges or collection fees. There is
no provision in the RISA allowing for nullification of the contract if the seller fails to comply
with the RISA' s disclosure requirements in RCW 63. 14. 020. Further, there is no private cause
of action under the RISA allowing buyers to recover damages. Cazzanigi v. Gen. Elec. Credit
Corp., 132 Wash. 2d 433, 450, 938 P.2d 819 ( 1997). Therefore, the Sailis cannot recover damages
for the alleged RISA violation. The trial court concluded that the RISA invalidated the security
agreement, but did not explicitly state that it was awarding damages under the RISA.
Accordingly, insofar as the trial court based any of its damages award on a RISA violation, it
was incorrect. Nevertheless, any error was harmless because all of the damages awarded here
were authorized by the CPA based on Parkland' s violation of the ADPA.
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No. 44209 4-II

accept payment on the note on or before June 20. The trial court initially rejected the Sailis'

ADPA     arguments,    concluding that RCW 46. 70. 180( 1) "   clearly does require that the information

be distributed or disseminated in some manner, and I don' t believe that this could be that type of

a   thing." CP at 487.

         In their motion for reconsideration, the Sailis argued that Parkland converted the

Suburban, and therefore under Sherwood Parkland violated RCW 46. 70. 180. In Sherwood,

Division One of this court held that an unsecured vehicle dealer' s nonjudicial repossession of a

vehicle was an unlawful act or practice in the sale of motor vehicles under RCW 46. 70. 180,

although it was not a practice specifically enumerated in the statute. 35 Wash. App. at 747. The

court in turn held that " an unsecured party' s nonjudicial repossession of a motor vehicle affects

the public interest, per se" and therefore established the public interest element of a CPA action.

Sherwood, 35 Wash. App. at 747. Relying on Sherwood, the Sailis argued that Parkland violated

the ADPA because Parkland converted the Suburban.

          The trial court granted the Sailis' motion for reconsideration, concluding that because

RCW 46:70. 310 states that any violation ofthe chapter is a violation ofthe CPA,-the trial court

would set the CPA matter for a trial on damages. Although the trial court did not explain its

decision on the issue, the trial court does not appear to have based its decision on the conversion

issue as stated in Sherwood. Rather, the trial court' s post - rial conclusions of law state that
                                                             t

Parkland    violated   RCW 46. 70. 180( 1)( b), which provides that it is unlawful for a vehicle dealer

to print or publish that a certain percentage of a vehicle' s sale price may be financed when such

financing is not offered in a single document evidencing the entire transaction. The trial court

concluded that the retail installment sale contract did not comply with RCW 46.70. 180( 1)( b)

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No. 44209 -4 -II

because it did not reference the method of financing, the requirement for credit approval, or the

existence of the Suburban as collateral. CP at 372.9

          Parkland mentions the Sherwood case in its argument regarding the CPA. However,

Parkland appears to argue only that the trial court' s reliance on Sherwood was incorrect for the

purposes of concluding that there was a per se CPA violation premised on the alleged ADPA

violation. It does not argue that the trial court incorrectly decided that there was an ADPA

violation. Moreover, even assuming Parkland intended to address the ADPA in its discussion of

Sherwood, it fails to address the ground on which the trial court ultimately concluded that there

was an    ADPA          violation —failure     to comply    with   RCW 46. 70. 180( 1)( b). Because Parkland does

not challenge the trial court' s ruling that it violated that ADPA, we affirm on this issue. RAP

10. 3( a)( 6).

          5.          Per Se CPA Violation

          Parkland challenges the trial court' s finding of a per se violation of the CPA. Br. of

Appellant        at   5, 13. "   Whether an action gives rise to a CPA violation is a question of law that we

review    de     novo."        Bavand v. OneWest Bank, FSB; -176 Wn. App. 475, 503 -04, 309 P.3d 636

 2013).

          Under Washington'            s   CPA, "[ u] nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts

or practices          in the   conduct of   any trade   or commerce are ...   unlawful."   RCW 19. 86. 020. Any

person injured in his or her business or property by a CPA violation may bring a civil suit for

9
    Although findings of fact and conclusions of law generally are superfluous on review of
summary judgment, we can consider findings and conclusions in determining what issues the
trial   court addressed.          Cf. Banuelos    v.   TSA Wash., Inc., 134 Wash. App. 603, 614, 141 P.3d 652
    2006) ( disregarding         trial court' s summary judgment findings except for legal reasoning and
conclusions).

                                                                19
No. 44209 - -II
          4

injunctive relief, damages, attorney fees and costs, and treble damages. RCW 19. 86. 090. To

prevail on a    CPA    claim,    the   plaintiff must show " `(       1) [    an] unfair or       deceptive   act or practice; ( 2)

occurring in trade     or commerce; (       3)   public   interest impact; ( 4)           injury to plaintiff in his or her

business   or   property; ( 5)   causation.' "     Bain    v.   Metro.       Mortg. Grp., Inc.,        175 Wash. 2d 83, 115, 285
P.3d 34 ( 2012) ( quoting Hangman Ridge              Training Stables,             Inc.   v.   Safeco Title Ins. Go., 105
Wash. 2d 778, 780, 719 P.2d 531 ( 1986)).

        In Hangman Ridge, our Supreme Court discussed ways in which the first three elements

of a   CPA   claim can   be    established per se. 105 Wash. 2d          at   786 -91.      The court held that the first two

elements may be satisfied by showing that the alleged act is a per se unfair trade practice, which

 exists when a statute which has been declared by the Legislature to constitute an unfair or

deceptive    act   in trade   or commerce        has been   violated."         Hangman Ridge, 105 Wash. 2d at 786.

Similarly, the third element may be satisfied by showing that there was a per se public interest

impact. Hangman Ridge, 105 Wash. 2d at 789. This can be established by showing that there has

been a violation of a statute that contains a specific legislative declaration of public interest.

impact. Hangman Ridge, 105 Wash. 2d at 791.

         The basis for the CPA claim here was a violation of the ADPA, chapter 46. 70 RCW.

That chapter contains two provisions that together satisfy the first three elements of a CPA claim

per se. First, shortly after Hangman Ridge was decided, the legislature added RCW 46. 70. 310 to

the ADPA,       which provides, "       Any violation of this chapter is deemed to affect the public interest

and constitutes a violation of chapter             19. 86 RCW." This is a specific legislative declaration

satisfying the first two       elements of a      CPA     claim.   Banuelos          v.   TSA Wash., Inc.,     134 Wash. App.
603, 614, 141 P.3d 652 ( 2006).

         Second, RCW 46. 70. 005 provides:

                                                                 20
No. 44209 -4 -II

         The legislature finds and declares that the distribution, sale, and lease of vehicles
         in the state of Washington vitally affects the general economy of the state and the
         public interest and the public welfare, and that in order to promote the public
         interest and the public welfare, and in the exercise of its police power, it is
                     to    regulate   and   license    vehicle   manufacturers,   distributors,   or
         necessary
         wholesalers and factory or distributor representatives, and to regulate and license
         dealers of vehicles doing business in Washington, in order to prevent frauds,
         impositions, and other abuses upon its citizens and to protect and preserve the
         investments and properties of the citizens of this state.

The Hangman Ridge court explicitly stated that this provision was a specific legislative

declaration   of public   interest impact. 105 Wash. 2d at 791.

         Nevertheless, Parkland argues that the trial court incorrectly relied on Sherwood when it

determined that Parkland violated the CPA. The court in Sherwood held that a motor vehicle

dealer' s unlawful repossession of a vehicle was a violation of chapter 46.70 RCW, which in turn

established the CPA' s public interest impact element per se. 35 Wash. App. at 747. Parkland

argues   that Sherwood    was   incorrectly decided   because "[ t] he Court in Sherwood sought to

bootstrap   repossession    issues into RCW 46. 70."    Br. of Appellant at 14. Parkland argues that

such a determination was inappropriate under Hangman Ridge, which explicitly prohibits

judicial determinations ofwhen the public interest requirement has been established per se.

However, because we affirm the trial court' s ruling that Parkland violated the ADPA, we need

not address the applicability of Sherwood here. The plain language of RCW 46. 70. 310 and

RCW 46. 70. 005 shows that a violation of the ADPA establishes per se the first three elements of

a CPA claim.

         We hold that Parkland' s ADPA violation established the first three elements of the test

for a CPA claim. As to the remaining two elements, the trial court concluded that Parkland' s

repossession of the Suburban proximately caused damages to the Sailis, and Parkland does not

                                                       21
No. 44209 -4 -II

challenge these conclusions. Accordingly, we hold that Parkland' s challenge to the trial court' s

ruling that it violated the CPA decision. fails.

B.      ATTORNEY FEES IN TRIAL COURT

        Parkland argues that even if there was a CPA violation, the trial court abused its

discretion when it awarded attorney fees under the CPA because the amount of the award was

not based on a fee affidavit. We disagree.

        We review a trial court' s attorney fee award for a manifest abuse of discretion. Collins v.

Clark   County   Fire Dist. No. 5, 155 Wn.      App.   48, 98, 231 P.3d 1211 ( 2010). We reverse an

award only if the trial court exercised its discretion on untenable grounds or for untenable

reasons.   Collins, 155 Wash. App. at 98. In order for the trial court to properly calculate an

attorney fee award,

         the attorneys must provide reasonable documentation of the work performed. This
         documentation need not be exhaustive or in minute detail, but must inform the
         court, in addition to the number of hours worked, of the type of work performed
         and   the   category   of   attorney   who    performed   the   work (   i. e.,   senior   partner,

         associate, etc.).

Bowers v. Transamerica Title Ins. Co. 100 Wash. 2d 581, 597; 675 P.2d 193 .( 1983)

         Here, the Sailis' attorney submitted a detailed statement with the Sailis' trial brief listing

by date all legal services performed, the time devoted to each activity, and the charges allocated

to legal services performed on each date. The trial court stated in its order awarding attorney

fees that it considered this document when determining the award amount. Although it might be

the better practice, there is no requirement that the reasonable documentation necessary for an

attorney fees award be submitted in the form of an affidavit or declaration. The authority

Parkland cites is inapposite.

                                                        22
No. 44209 -4 -II

        The Sailis' attorney submitted sufficient documentation to inform the trial court of the

legal services performed and the charges for those services, and the trial court accepted this

documentation even though it was not provided in affidavit or declaration form. Accordingly,

we affirm the attorney fees award.

C.      ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL

        The Sailis request an award of attorney fees on appeal under RCW 19. 86. 090 ( CPA),

RCW 4. 84. 330 ( contractual   provision) and   RCW 46. 70. 190 ( ADPA).   As a preliminary matter,

Parkland argues that the Sailis waived their right to request fees under the contract and the

ADPA because they did not raise the argument below. In their trial memorandum, the Sailis

requested attorney fees only under the CPA. However, after trial but before the hearing on fees,

the plaintiffs' attorney submitted a statement requesting fees under the three theories the Sailis

now argue on appeal. The trial court awarded fees based on all three theories. Because the Sailis

raised the three theories before the trial court and the trial court considered them, we consider

them on appeal.

        RCW 19. 86. 090 provides that any person who is injured in his or her business or property

by a violation of RCW 19. 86. 020 is entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees. Because we

hold that the Sailis suffered actual damages resulting from Parkland' s violation of RCW

 19. 86. 020, we hold that the Sailis are entitled to an award of attorney fees on appeal under the

CPA.

        RCW 4. 84. 330 provides that the prevailing party in an action to enforce a contract that

specifically provides for attorney fees may recover those fees. Because there is no valid contract

here, we deny the request for fees on this basis. See Bartlett v. Betlach, 136 Wash. App. 8, 17, 146
P.3d 1235 ( 2006).

                                                    23
No. 44209 - -II
          4

        RCW 46. 70. 190 allows any person injured in his or her business or property by a

violation of the ADPA to recover reasonable attorney fees. Parkland argues that no attorney fees

are available to the Sailis because the statute refers to businesses, not individuals, and because

the trial court did not make a finding that the Sailis were " injured [ in their] business or property."

Reply Br. of Appellant at 19. But because the conditions for awarding attorney fees are the same

as for awarding damages under the statute, and because Parkland below did not make these

arguments challenging the trial court' s decision on ADPA liability, we decline to address

Parkland' s argument. We award attorney fees on appeal under the ADPA.

        We affirm on all issues and award the Sailis attorney fees on appeal.

We concur:

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