Court Opinion

ID: 7375592
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-28 23:20:36.49311+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:21:11.465045
License: Public Domain

USCA4 Appeal: 19-1759      Doc: 50         Filed: 06/14/2022     Pg: 1 of 9

                                             UNPUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                               No. 19-1759

        DIANNA NIDY, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated,

                             Plaintiff - Appellant,

                      v.

        U. S. BANCORP GOVERNMENT LEASING AND FINANCE, INC., as Trustee
        for the benefit of the holders of COMM 2013-CCRE12 Mortgage Trust Commercial
        Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates; WELLS FARGO COMMERCIAL
        MORTGAGE SERVICING,

                             Defendants - Appellees.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at
        Charleston. John T. Copenhaver, Jr., Senior District Judge. (2:18-cv-01061)

                                               No. 20-2163

        GEORGE LEESON; JACOB CRUM,

                             Plaintiffs - Appellants,

                      v.

        U. S. BANCORP GOVERNMENT LEASING AND FINANCE, INC., as Trustee
        for the benefit of COMM 2013-CCRE12 Mortgage Trust Commercial Mortgage
        Pass-Through Certificates; WELLS FARGO COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE
        SERVICING,

                             Defendants - Appellees.
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                                              No. 20-2171

        THE ELSWICK COMPANY, LLC, d/b/a Anytime Fitness Elkview,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     v.

        U. S. BANCORP GOVERNMENT LEASING AND FINANCE, INC., as Trustee
        for the benefit of COMM 2013-CCRE12 Mortgage Trust Commercial Mortgage
        Pass-Through Certificates; WELLS FARGO COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE
        SERVICING,

                            Defendants - Appellees.

                                              No. 20-2172

        CONSTANCE ARTHUR-NELSON,

                            Plaintiff - Appellant,

                     v.

        U. S. BANCORP GOVERNMENT LEASING AND FINANCE, INC., as Trustee
        for the benefit of COMM 2013-CCRE12 Mortgage Trust Commercial Mortgage
        Pass-Through Certificates; WELLS FARGO COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE
        SERVICING,

                            Defendants - Appellees.

        Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia,
        at Clarksburg. Irene M. Keeley, Senior District Judge. (1:19-cv-00169-IMK; 1:19-cv-
        00168-IMK; 1:19-cv-00167-IMK)

        Argued: May 3, 2022                                              Decided: June 14, 2022

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        Before DIAZ, RUSHING, and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.

        Vacated and remanded with instructions in part and affirmed in part by unpublished
        opinion. Judge Heytens wrote the opinion, in which Judge Diaz and Judge Rushing joined.

        ARGUED: John Henry Skaggs, CALWELL LUCE DITRAPANO, PLLC, Charleston,
        West Virginia, for Appellants. Paul E. Chronis, DUANE MORRIS, LLP, Chicago, Illinois,
        for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Stuart Calwell, Alexander D. McLaughlin, CALWELL LUCE
        DITRAPANO, PLLC, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellants. J. Mark Adkins, Gabriele
        Wohl, BOWLES RICE LLP, Charleston, West Virginia; Meagen E. Leary, Elinor H.
        Murarova, DUANE MORRIS LLP, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellees.

        Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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        TOBY HEYTENS, Circuit Judge:

               In June 2016, a flood swept through Elkview, West Virginia, washing away a

        culvert that provided the only access point to the Elk Crossings Mall. Various plaintiffs

        seek to recover damages for harms allegedly caused by the collapse of the culvert and the

        resulting lack of access to the mall. The courts of first instance dismissed each complaint

        for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).

               Having carefully reviewed the records, we do not see any reversible error in the

        three cases removed from state court and therefore affirm the judgments in those cases. In

        the case filed directly in federal court, however, the district court erred in concluding that

        the complaint adequately alleged federal subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, we

        vacate the judgment in that case and remand with instructions to dismiss without prejudice.

                                                       I.

               We begin with Nidy (No. 19-1759), the case in which we vacate the judgment for

        failure to allege the basis for subject matter jurisdiction.

               “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins.

        Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). “It is to be presumed that a cause lies outside this

        limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the party

        asserting jurisdiction.” Id. (citations omitted). And because having subject matter

        jurisdiction is a precondition for any federal court “to say what the law is” in a particular

        case, Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803), we have an independent obligation to

        examine both our own jurisdiction and that of the district court regardless of whether the

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        parties raise the issue. See, e.g., Bender v. Williamsport Area Sch. Dist., 475 U.S. 534, 541

        (1986).

               Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(1) reflects these principles, requiring a

        complaint to “contain . . . a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s

        jurisdiction.” “[T]he facts providing the court jurisdiction must be affirmatively alleged in

        the complaint.” Pinkley, Inc. v. City of Frederick, 191 F.3d 394, 399 (4th Cir. 1999).

               The complaint in Nidy does not comply with Rule 8. It does not identify any specific

        basis for federal jurisdiction, and there is nothing in it to suggest this case “aris[es] under

        the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. To the contrary,

        it appears all Nidy’s claims arise under state law.

               That leaves diversity jurisdiction—on which Nidy’s counsel relied when asked

        about jurisdiction at oral argument. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). But the complaint does not

        allege either the citizenship of the parties or the amount in controversy, nor was counsel

        able to identify any other information in the Nidy complaint or record that could satisfy the

        requirements for diversity jurisdiction. Oral Arg. 11:10–12:34. Without such information,

        the district court could proceed no further. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).

               The district court acknowledged this problem, noting that Nidy had “neglected to

        include in her complaint the basis for federal jurisdiction.” JA 223 (No. 19-1759). But the

        court nevertheless concluded “there are sufficient facts available” to establish diversity

        jurisdiction. Id.

               That was error. Citing the complaint’s allegations about Nidy’s employment in West

        Virginia, the district court surmised that “Nidy is a West Virginia resident.” JA 223 (No.

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        19-1759). But even if that inference were warranted, what ultimately matters for diversity

        jurisdiction is citizenship, not residency, and “residency is not sufficient to establish

        citizenship.” Johnson v. Advance Am., 549 F.3d 932, 937 n.2 (4th Cir. 2008).

               The district court’s treatment of the defendants’ citizenship was similarly

        insufficient. Jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) requires complete diversity, which

        “means that no plaintiff may share a citizenship with any defendant,” Navy Fed. Credit

        Union v. LTD Fin. Servs., LP, 972 F.3d 344, 352 (4th Cir. 2020), and business entities are

        often citizens of more than one State, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1) (“a corporation shall be

        deemed to be a citizen of every State and foreign state by which it has been incorporated

        and of the State or foreign state where it has its principal place of business”). The complaint

        names two defendants, one of which is sued in its capacity as a trustee. And although the

        complaint includes the “legal address” of the underlying trust, JA 7 (No. 19-1759),

        where—as here—“a trustee . . . is sued in [its] own name,” the trustee’s citizenship “is all

        that matters for diversity purposes,” Americold Realty Tr. v. Conagra Foods, Inc., 577 U.S.

        378, 383 (2016). So, in the end, Nidy’s complaint contains no allegations about either

        defendant’s citizenship.

               Nor does the complaint contain any allegation concerning the final requirement for

        diversity jurisdiction—that “the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000,

        exclusive of interest and costs.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Satisfying this requirement is not

        onerous, and “[i]f the plaintiff claims a sum sufficient to satisfy the statutory requirement,

        a federal court may dismiss only if it is apparent, to a legal certainty, that the plaintiff

        cannot recover the amount claimed.” JTH Tax, Inc. v. Frashier, 624 F.3d 635, 638 (4th

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        Cir. 2010) (quotation marks and emphasis omitted). Here, however, the complaint requests

        no particular amount.

               The district court nonetheless concluded it was “apparent that the amount in

        controversy exceeds $75,000,” noting that Nidy “asserts that she lost income and benefits”

        when the mall was “closed from June 2016 until August 2017” and that she also requests

        punitive damages. JA 223 (No. 19-1759). But the complaint contains no allegations about

        the nature or terms of Nidy’s employment, the amount of her compensation, or the value

        of her benefits. In addition, the district court did not discuss or explain whether punitive

        damages are permitted under the substantive law governing Nidy’s various claims, which

        determines whether such damages may be included as part of the amount in controversy.

        See Wright & Miller, 14AA Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris. § 3702.5 (4th ed. 2022); accord Saval

        v. BL Ltd., 710 F.2d 1027, 1033 (4th Cir. 1983) (“[C]laims for punitive damages proffered

        for the purpose of achieving the jurisdictional amount should be carefully examined.”).

               On this record, we cannot satisfy our independent obligation to ensure that federal

        jurisdiction exists. And although 28 U.S.C. § 1653 allows jurisdictional allegations to be

        amended on appeal, no party has requested an opportunity to do so here. Accordingly, we

        vacate the judgment of the district court and remand with instructions to dismiss Nidy’s

        complaint without prejudice.

                                                    II.

               That leaves the judgments in the remaining three cases, which we affirm.

               The plaintiffs in these cases are: (1) George Leeson, a nearby landowner who

        suffered property damage from the flood, and Jacob Crum, who was stranded at the mall

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        after the culvert collapsed (No. 20-2163); (2) The Elswick Company, LLC, d/b/a Anytime

        Fitness Elkview, a tenant of the mall that lost business after the flood (No. 20-2171); and

        (3) Constance Arthur-Nelson, a customer of the mall and nearby landowner who suffered

        property damage from the flood and was inconvenienced by having to shop at more distant

        shopping centers (No. 20-2172). Although formulated differently, the complaints assert

        some combination of claims sounding in contract and tort, including on behalf of other

        putative class members. Generally speaking, plaintiffs contend that defendants are liable

        for failing to authorize funds to repair the culvert both before and after the flood.

               The cases were originally filed in West Virginia state court but removed to federal

        court by the defendants based on diversity of citizenship. * The cases were then transferred

        to the bankruptcy court where the mall’s owner was undergoing reorganization. The

        bankruptcy court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, and

        the district court affirmed. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7012(b) (incorporating Rule 12(b)(6) into

        adversary proceedings).

               “In reviewing the judgment of a district court sitting in review of a bankruptcy court,

        we apply the same standard of review that was applied by the district court.” Copley v.

        United States, 959 F.3d 118, 121 (4th Cir. 2020). Thus, “we review the bankruptcy court’s

        legal conclusions de novo, its factual findings for clear error, and any discretionary

        decisions for abuse of discretion.” Id. Accordingly, because “a motion to dismiss under

               *
                 We conclude the notices of removal in each of these cases adequately establish
        federal subject matter jurisdiction.

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        Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim,” Tabb v. Board of Educ. of Durham

        Pub. Schs., 29 F.4th 148, 155 (4th Cir. 2022), we review the bankruptcy court’s decision

        here de novo.

               Having conducted such a review of the records in these three cases, we have not

        identified any reversible error in the decisions to dismiss for failure to state a claim. The

        assignment of leases and rents specifically provides that it “shall not operate to place any

        obligation or liability for the control, care, management or repair of the Property upon

        Lender, nor for the carrying out of any of the terms and conditions of the Leases or any

        Lease Guarantees.” JA 166 (No. 20-2163). Additionally, plaintiffs are not parties to the

        underlying loan documents, which specifically provide that they “are for the sole and

        exclusive use of ” the lender and the mall’s owner “and may not be enforced, nor relied

        upon, by any other Person.” Id. at 150. Nor have plaintiffs demonstrated the sort of “special

        relationship [with] the alleged tortfeasor” necessary under West Virginia law to permit

        recovery in tort in the absence of physical harm or a contractual relationship, Aikens v.

        Debow, 541 S.E.2d 576, 589 (W. Va. 2000), or any other valid basis for recovery.

                                              *      *       *

               In No. 19-1759, the judgment of the district court is vacated and the case is

        remanded with instructions to dismiss without prejudice. In Nos. 20-2163, 20-2171, and

        20-2172, the judgments of the district court are affirmed.

                                                                                     SO ORDERED

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