Court Opinion

ID: 2809258
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-17 15:08:27.508378+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:11.963973
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                  Appellate Court

                  Carter v. City of Alton, 2015 IL App (5th) 130544

Appellate Court     MATTHEW E. CARTER, on Behalf of Himself and All Others
Caption             Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. THE CITY OF ALTON,
                    THE CITY OF COLLINSVILLE, THE CITY OF GRANITE CITY,
                    and THE CITY OF EDWARDSVILLE, Defendants-Appellees.

District & No.      Fifth District
                    Docket No. 5-13-0544

Filed               May 4, 2015

Decision Under      Appeal from the Circuit Court of Madison County, Nos. 11-L-1304
Review              through 11-L-1307; the Hon. Thomas W. Chapman, Judge, presiding.

Judgment            Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on          Brian L. Polinske and Donna Morrison Polinske, both of Polinske &
Appeal              Associates, P.C., of Edwardsville, for appellants.

                    James E. Schrempf, of Schrempf, Kelly, Napp & Darr, Ltd., of Alton,
                    for appellee City of Alton.

                    Steven C. Giacoletto, of Giacoletto Law Office, P.C., of Collinsville,
                    for appellee City of Collinsville.

                    Michael K. Nowak and Alvin C. Paulson, both of Becker, Paulson,
                    Hoerner & Thompson, P.C., of Belleville, for appellees City of
                    Edwardsville and City of Granite City.
     Panel                      JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                                opinion.
                                Justice Schwarm concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                Justice Moore* specially concurred, with opinion.

                                                  OPINION

¶1          This appeal involves municipal ordinances in four Illinois communities which allow the
       local police departments to charge vehicle owners an “administrative fee” when their vehicles
       are towed and impounded. At issue is whether these fees comport with the requirements of
       substantive due process. The plaintiffs filed complaints against each of the cities, arguing that
       the ordinances are invalid because the fees charged do not bear a reasonable relationship to the
       cities’ actual administrative costs. All four cities filed motions to dismiss the complaints,
       which were granted by the trial court. The plaintiffs appeal, arguing that (1) none of the
       defendants has asserted an affirmative matter defeating the plaintiffs’ claims; and (2) their
       complaints state a basis upon which relief can be granted. We reverse.

¶2                                       The Ordinances at Issue
¶3         In 2009, the City of Edwardsville enacted ordinances providing that a motor vehicle is
       subject to impoundment if it is operated with the express or implied consent of the owner and
       used in connection with various criminal offenses, including driving under the influence
       (DUI). If a vehicle is impounded pursuant to this provision, the owner is liable to the City of
       Edwardsville for a $300 “administrative processing fee” in addition to towing and storage fees.
       Edwardsville Code of Ordinances § 114-411(a) (eff. May 4, 2009). This fee is in addition to
       any penalties imposed for the underlying violation. Edwardsville Code of
       Ordinances § 114-412(c) (eff. May 4, 2009).
¶4         These ordinances were proposed by Edwardsville’s chief of police, James Bedell. In a
       memorandum to the public safety committee, Chief Bedell noted that similar legislation had
       been adopted by other communities throughout the state. He stated that he was proposing the
       administrative fee “as a way to recoup the cost we currently absorb.” He noted that, at the time,
       Madison County was proposing adopting an administrative fee of $300 and that similar fees
       charged throughout Illinois ranged from $300 to $500. Chief Bedell further stated that the
       police department spent, on average, more than $300 per arrest, but that $300 would be an
       appropriate amount to recoup. Finally, he estimated that, “based on a minimum of 300 vehicle
       tows per year,” $90,000 would be recouped through the administrative fees, which would go to
       the general fund of the city.

             *
            Justice Spomer was originally assigned to participate in this case. Justice Moore was substituted
       on the panel subsequent to Justice Spomer’s retirement and has read the briefs and listened to the tape
       of oral argument.

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¶5       In 2010, the City of Alton enacted ordinance No. 7164, which added provisions to the
     Alton city code relating to towing and impoundment of vehicles. The stated purpose of the
     ordinance is to allow the city to “recover a portion of the resources expended in the towing and
     impoundment of motor vehicles.” Alton Ordinance No. 7164 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). A statement of
     purpose preceding the ordinance provides that (1) certain activities negatively affect the
     quality of life in Alton and the health, safety, and welfare of people in the community; (2)
     certain crimes require members of the police force “to devote a significant amount of time to
     the processing of motor vehicles”; and (3) time spent on impoundment of vehicles takes away
     time the officers could spend working to protect the residents of Alton. Alton Ordinance No.
     7164 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). The statement of purpose further provides that for these reasons, the
     city council finds it to be in the best interests of the city to adopt impoundment procedures that
     allow the city to recoup some of its costs.
¶6       The ordinance provides a three-tiered fee system. A level 1 administrative fee is $500, a
     level 2 administrative fee is $200, and a level 3 administrative fee is $100. Alton City
     Code § 8-8-11(A) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). A level 1 fee of $500 is charged if the vehicle is towed in
     connection with an arrest for any felony or certain enumerated traffic offenses, including DUI.
     Alton City Code § 8-8-10(A)(6) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). A level 2 fee is charged if the vehicle is
     impounded in connection with the custodial arrest of a suspect for misdemeanors or traffic
     offenses that are not included in that list. Alton City Code § 8-8-10(A)(7) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). A
     level 3 administrative fee is charged if the vehicle is towed and impounded for any other
     reason. Alton City Code § 8-8-10(A)(8) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). Those reasons include abandoned,
     disabled, and illegally parked vehicles under some circumstances. See Alton City
     Code § 8-8-10(A)(1) to (5) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010).
¶7       In 2008, the City of Collinsville enacted similar provisions. A statement of purpose
     provides that “the process associated with private motor vehicles that have been towed and/or
     impounded utilizes City resources in the form of Police Department personnel time.”
     Collinsville Ordinance No. 4056 (adopted Apr. 28, 2008). The statement further states that “in
     order to recover the expenditure of resources, it is in the best interest of the City to adopt rules
     and regulations associated with the impoundment of private motor vehicles.” Collinsville
     Ordinance No. 4056 (adopted Apr. 28, 2008). The ordinance provides a two-tier fee structure.
     A level 1 administrative fee is $500, while a level 2 administrative fee is $150. Collinsville
     Code of Ordinances § 10.12.010 (adopted Apr. 28, 2008). The owner of a vehicle is charged a
     level 1 fee of $500 if the vehicle is towed and impounded because it has been used in
     connection with several enumerated offenses, including DUI. Collinsville Code of
     Ordinances § 10.12.020(A) (adopted Apr. 28, 2008). A level 2 administrative fee is charged if
     the vehicle is used in the commission of any offenses other than the enumerated offenses.
     Collinsville Code of Ordinances § 10.12.020(B) (adopted Apr. 28, 2008); see also Collinsville
     Code of Ordinances § 4.01.010(38) (adopted Dec. 22, 2008) (including these vehicle
     impoundment fees in a list of fees the city charges for services such as various permit
     applications, business license applications, zoning applications, and public records searches).
¶8       The City of Granite City enacted a similar impoundment ordinance in 2009. The Granite
     City ordinance likewise imposes a two-tier fee structure, with a level 1 administrative fee of
     $400 and a level 2 administrative fee of $150. Granite City Code of Ordinances § 10.50.010
     (adopted Apr. 6, 2009). A level 1 fee is charged if a vehicle is towed and impounded due to its
     use in connection with any of a long list of enumerated offenses, including DUI. Granite City

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       Code of Ordinances § 10.50.020(A) (adopted Apr. 6, 2009). A level 2 administrative fee is
       charged if the vehicle is towed and impounded due to its use in connection with any other
       offense. Granite City Code of Ordinances § 10.50.020(B) (adopted Apr. 6, 2009). In order to
       retrieve a vehicle that has been impounded, the owner must pay the applicable administrative
       fee plus towing and storage fees and provide proof of ownership, proof of insurance, and a
       valid driver’s license. Granite City Code of Ordinances § 10.50.050 (adopted Apr. 6, 2009).

¶9                                       The Trial Court Proceedings
¶ 10       On December 6, 2011, the four named plaintiffs, represented by the same counsel, filed the
       petitions that form the basis of this appeal. Each petition alleged that the plaintiff was arrested
       for DUI, that the plaintiff’s car was towed and impounded pursuant to one of the ordinances,
       and that the plaintiff was required to pay the administrative fee mandated by the applicable
       ordinance. The petitions challenged the administrative processing fee charged by Edwardsville
       and the level 1 administrative fees charged by the other three cities. They alleged that these
       “tow release fees *** require minimal time and cost” to the defendants, “requiring only that
       Defendants’ Police Department employees write a receipt for payment” of the fees. They
       further alleged that “on information and belief,” the defendants charged significantly less to
       provide similar services in other contexts. They argued that the fees charged had no reasonable
       relationship to the stated purpose of the ordinances and, as such, violated principles of
       substantive due process. The court entered orders in each case directing the plaintiffs to specify
       whether they were challenging the ordinances on their face or as applied. The plaintiffs filed
       amended petitions specifically alleging that the ordinances were facially invalid.
¶ 11       Each of the cities filed motions to dismiss and amended motions to dismiss pursuant to
       sections 2-615, 2-619, and 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619,
       2-619.1 (West 2012)). In these motions, the defendants argued that (1) the plaintiffs’
       complaints misstated the purpose of the ordinances; (2) the cities incur costs for officers to
       spend time arresting drunken drivers, booking them into jail, and filling out paperwork
       associated with such arrests and the towing and impoundment of vehicles; (3) similar fees had
       been upheld; and (4) the plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies prior to filing
       this lawsuit.
¶ 12       In support of its motions to dismiss, the City of Alton pointed to two studies designed to
       determine the costs it incurred as a result of DUI arrests. One study was conducted by the Alton
       police department, and the other was conducted by an independent consulting firm. The studies
       took into account the salaries paid to police officers for conducting traffic stops and conducting
       inventory searches of vehicles to be towed. They also considered the costs of booking
       defendants and preparing DUI reports, the cost of arraignment, and the costs of collecting and
       processing evidence, including blood tests. The studies also considered the costs of housing
       prisoners.
¶ 13       On October 25, 2013, the trial court entered a 13-page order granting the motions to
       dismiss in all four cases. The court explained that substantive due process does not preclude a
       municipality from imposing a “civil penalty” for using a vehicle−or allowing a vehicle to be
       used−in the commission of certain offenses. (Emphasis added.) The court noted that fees are
       distinguished from fines by their compensatory purpose, but noted that the line between a fee
       and a fine is often unclear. The court pointed out that a charge that is labeled a fee might in
       reality be a fine if it has a punitive purpose.

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¶ 14       The court then discussed the Second District’s decision in People v. Ratliff, 282 Ill. App.
       3d 707 (1996). That case involved a $500 impoundment charge that was labeled a fine, but the
       Second District found that it actually constituted a fee because it was a “reasonable proxy for
       the likely actual administrative costs incurred.” Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 713. The trial court
       found the facts of this case to be “strikingly similar” to those in Ratliff. Relying in large part on
       Ratliff, the court dismissed the plaintiffs’ petitions.

¶ 15                                              This Appeal
¶ 16       The plaintiffs filed the instant appeal on November 8, 2013. They argue that the trial court
       erred in dismissing their complaints because (1) none of the cities has asserted an affirmative
       matter that would preclude the cases from going forward; and (2) taking the allegations of the
       complaints as true, the complaints each state a basis upon which relief can be granted. We
       agree.
¶ 17       A motion to dismiss filed pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735
       ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2012)) admits all well-pleaded facts in the complaint. The court must
       interpret the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Nesby v. Country Mutual
       Insurance Co., 346 Ill. App. 3d 564, 566 (2004). Dismissal is proper only if it is clear from the
       pleadings that there is no set of facts the plaintiffs can prove which would entitle them to relief.
       Tuite v. Corbitt, 224 Ill. 2d 490, 510 (2006). Dismissal pursuant to a section 2-619 motion is
       proper if the plaintiff’s claim is barred by an “ ‘affirmative matter[ ] avoiding the legal effect of
       or defeating the claim.’ ” Harder v. First Capital Bank, 332 Ill. App. 3d 740, 743 (2002)
       (quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 1998)). We review de novo rulings on both types of
       motions. Harder, 332 Ill. App. 3d at 743.
¶ 18       This appeal involves challenges to the constitutionality of municipal ordinances.
       Constitutionality is a question of law, which we review de novo. Jackson v. City of Chicago,
       2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 20 (citing Lyon v. Department of Children & Family Services,
       209 Ill. 2d 264, 271 (2004)). Our determination is guided by the same principles applicable in
       challenges to the constitutionality of statutes. See Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 20
       (quoting Napleton v. Village of Hinsdale, 229 Ill. 2d 296, 306 (2008)). Ordinances are
       presumed constitutional, and the party challenging them has the burden to demonstrate a “clear
       constitutional violation.” Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 20.
¶ 19       The parties agree that the ordinances at issue are subject to a rational basis test. See People
       v. Lindner, 127 Ill. 2d 174, 179 (1989) (explaining that this is the standard when no
       fundamental constitutional right is implicated). This means that they will pass constitutional
       muster if they are rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest and are not arbitrary
       or discriminatory. People v. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d 569, 596 (2006). In applying this test, courts
       must first identify the interest the ordinance is meant to advance. Lindner, 127 Ill. 2d at 180.
       Here, as set out in some detail previously, all four cities’ stated purpose in enacting the
       ordinances at issue was to recoup costs associated with the arrests of defendants for various
       criminal offenses involving motor vehicles. A fee is rationally related to this purpose if the
       amount charged bears some reasonable relationship to the actual costs it is intended to recoup.
       Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 585. The fee need not represent the precise costs incurred by the cities.
       However, it “must at least relate” to those actual costs. (Emphasis in original.) Jones, 223 Ill.
       2d at 585. In addition, if a fee is charged in connection with a criminal prosecution, there must

                                                     -5-
       be some relationship between the offense charged and the use to which the funds generated by
       the fee are put. People v. Gildart, 377 Ill. App. 3d 39, 41 (2007).
¶ 20       The plaintiffs have alleged that the ordinances are facially invalid. Thus, they must
       demonstrate that there are no circumstances under which the ordinances would be
       constitutional. Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 25. The rational basis standard is
       deferential−especially where, as here, the ordinance is challenged on its face. However, it is
       not toothless. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 596. It is worth noting that the case before us arises at a time
       when courts are increasingly concerned about the misuse of fees and fines as means of
       generating revenue. See State v. Blazina, 344 P.3d 680, 683 (Wash. 2015) (pointing to a
       national concern over the problems associated with court-imposed fees and fines, including the
       “doubtful recoupment of money by the government, and inequities in administration”). As
       such, while we will not lightly find an ordinance unconstitutional, we do not believe it would
       be appropriate to be overly deferential.
¶ 21       The plaintiffs first argue that none of the defendants has raised an affirmative matter that
       would defeat their claims. We agree. The only affirmative matter asserted in the motions to
       dismiss was an allegation that the plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies
       before challenging the validity of the ordinances. Because the plaintiffs clarified that they were
       challenging the ordinances on their face, they are not required to do so. See Arvia v. Madigan,
       209 Ill. 2d 520, 532 (2004). The remainder of the defendants’ arguments addressed the
       adequacy of the complaints to state a claim or denied the allegations in the complaints. See
       Daniels v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 388 Ill. App. 3d 850, 855 (2009) (explaining that an
       “affirmative matter” is a defense other than the negation of the allegations supporting the
       elements of the plaintiff’s claim). Thus, we need only address the adequacy of the complaints
       to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
¶ 22       The plaintiffs next argue that their complaints should not have been dismissed pursuant to
       section 2-615 because they adequately state claims for relief. We agree. As discussed
       previously, the plaintiffs alleged that there is no reasonable relationship between the fees
       charged under the ordinances and the actual administrative costs incurred by the cities. They
       alleged that the administrative cost to each city in imposing what the complaints refer to as a
       “tow release fee” is the cost of a city employee writing a receipt for vehicle owners to present
       in order to obtain the release of their vehicles. The City of Alton argues that this allegation
       misstates the purpose of its ordinance. All four defendants argue that the fees they charge are
       rationally related to their interest in recovering the costs associated with the arrest and
       prosecution of defendants. At trial, they asserted that they incur additional costs, including the
       salaries paid to police officers and other employees for the time they spend arresting
       defendants, processing evidence at the crime scene, investigating the offenses charged, and
       conducting inventories of the vehicles impounded. They also pointed to the cost of housing
       defendants in jail.
¶ 23       We find the defendants’ argument unpersuasive for three reasons. First and foremost, this
       matter comes to us after being dismissed on the pleadings. As discussed, all four defendants
       have alleged that they incur various expenses in arresting defendants for DUI and towing and
       impounding vehicles in connection with these arrests. The City of Alton attached to its motion
       to dismiss two detailed studies showing the average costs in officer salaries for various tasks
       associated with DUI arrests. The City of Edwardsville provided a memo from its police chief
       asserting that his department spent, on average, more than $300 on each arrest. However, the

                                                     -6-
       plaintiffs were not required to prove their case to survive a motion to dismiss. The fact that the
       defendants dispute the plaintiffs’ allegations and have some evidence to support their
       contentions does not mean that dismissal at the pleading stage is warranted.
¶ 24        In addition, many of the costs the defendants point to are incurred handling any arrest.
       Police officers must process evidence, investigate cases, and book defendants into the county
       jail whether or not a vehicle is involved, yet the ordinances charge a fee to recoup these costs
       only if a vehicle is impounded. As stated earlier, in order to comport with the requirements of
       substantive due process, an ordinance must not be arbitrary or discriminatory. See Jones, 223
       Ill. 2d at 596. Charging such fees merely because a vehicle is used in connection with an
       offense is arbitrary unless there is some reason to treat such offenses differently than offenses
       in which a vehicle is not used. Thus, we do not believe it is appropriate to consider costs
       incurred that are not unique to offenses committed with vehicles.
¶ 25        The defendants have also alleged that they incur administrative costs that are unique to
       handling offenses involving vehicles. For example, the studies submitted by the City of Alton
       in support of its motion to dismiss include the salary paid to police officers for the time it takes
       officers to conduct inventory searches of impounded vehicles. In its brief on appeal, the City of
       Alton notes that the towing and impoundment of a vehicle might require the presence of an
       officer at the scene to direct traffic around a vehicle for a significant amount of time.
       Resolution of the plaintiffs’ claims requires the trial court to make a factual determination as to
       whether the fees charged are reasonably related to those costs.
¶ 26        We also note that criminal defendants are charged fees for some of these costs under state
       law. See, e.g., 730 ILCS 5/5-9-1(c-5), (c-7) (West 2012) (charging a $100 fee to defendants
       convicted of DUI, a portion of which is to be used “to defray administrative costs” incurred by
       the courts); 730 ILCS 5/5-9-1.4 (West 2012) (charging a crime lab analysis fee to defendants
       convicted of drug-related offenses); 730 ILCS 5/5-9-1.9 (West 2012) (charging a DUI analysis
       fee to defendants convicted of DUI). It is not clear on the record before us how much of the
       funds generated by such fees are given to municipalities to defray their costs. To the extent the
       cities receive funds from fees charged by the state, fees that duplicate those funds are not
       reasonably related to the purpose of recovering costs. Thus, resolution of the plaintiffs’ claims
       also requires a factual determination as to the extent to which the cities are already reimbursed
       for their expenses related to towing and impoundment. For these reasons, resolution of the
       matter at the pleading stage was not appropriate.
¶ 27        The defendants argue, however, that the plaintiffs’ complaints must fail as a matter of law
       because Illinois courts have already upheld identical charges. In support of this contention, the
       defendants cite People v. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d 427 (1999), Towers v. City of Chicago, 173
       F.3d 619 (7th Cir. 1999), Jackson v. City of Chicago, and People v. Ratliff. We find all four
       cases inapposite because they did not address the question we are called upon to resolve in this
       case.
¶ 28        We note that all four cases turn, in part, on the distinction between a fee and a fine. As the
       trial court correctly pointed out, the fact that the ordinances at issue in this case label the
       charges “administrative fees” does not necessarily preclude a finding that they are actually
       fines. See Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 599. However, none of the defendants has argued that the
       ordinances impose fines or serve a punitive purpose; they argue that the fees are rationally
       related to their interest in recouping the costs associated with DUI arrests and the towing and

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       impoundment of vehicles as a result of such arrests. We now consider each of the four cases
       they cite in turn.
¶ 29       In Jaudon, the defendants in four consolidated cases were arrested and charged with
       various weapons charges and traffic violations. The vehicles they were driving at the times of
       their arrests were towed and impounded pursuant to a Chicago ordinance. Jaudon, 307 Ill.
       App. 3d at 429. The ordinance imposed a $500 fine on the owners of the vehicles impounded
       pursuant to the ordinance. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 430-31 (citing Chicago Municipal
       Code § 8-20-015(a) (amended July 10, 1996)). As with the ordinances involved in this case,
       the fine imposed was charged in addition to towing and storage charges. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App.
       3d at 431 (citing Chicago Municipal Code § 8-20-015 (amended July 10, 1996)).
¶ 30       The defendants there raised three constitutional issues with respect to the $500 fine. First,
       they argued that it violated substantive due process because it did not include a defense for an
       innocent third-party vehicle owner. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 435. Only one of the defendants
       was the owner of the vehicle involved. See Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 433-34 (noting that two
       of the defendants did not own the vehicles they were driving when arrested and explaining that
       there was conflicting evidence as to whether a third defendant co-owned the car with his
       grandmother). The court noted that none of the defendants were innocent vehicle owners and
       therefore found that they lacked standing to raise this issue. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 435.
       However, the court went on to note that it would reject their argument even if they did have
       standing. The court explained that imposing a fine on even innocent owners could induce
       vehicle owners to be more careful to avoid lending their vehicles to others who might use the
       vehicles in the commission of offenses. Thus, the court explained, imposing the fine bore a
       rational relationship to the legitimate interest in regulating firearms possession and
       transportation. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 436-37.
¶ 31       The defendants’ second argument was that the $500 fine violated the excessive fines clause
       of the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 438; see
       Towers, 173 F.3d at 624 (explaining that the excessive fines clause applies to civil penalties if
       they serve the purpose of deterrence or retribution (citing Austin v. United States, 509 U.S.
       602, 610 (1993))). A fine or penalty violates this clause if it is grossly disproportionate to the
       gravity of the offense for which it is being imposed. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 439 (citing
       United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998)). Applying this standard, the Jaudon court
       found that the $500 fine was not grossly disproportionate to the actions being sanctioned.
       Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 440. Relying on Towers, the Jaudon court found that the fine was
       high enough to have a deterrent effect, yet not so high as to be grossly disproportionate to the
       sanctioned behavior. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 440 (quoting Towers, 173 F.3d at 626).
¶ 32       Finally, the defendant who was also the owner of an impounded vehicle argued that the
       fine violated principles of double jeopardy. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 440. As we will
       explain, this was the primary issue in Ratliff, a case relied on by the trial court. In Jaudon,
       however, the court did not need to discuss the issue in any detail. The court found that because
       the charges on the underlying weapons charge were dismissed at the preliminary hearing,
       jeopardy never attached. Jaudon, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 440.
¶ 33       Towers involved a challenge to the same Chicago ordinance that was at issue in Jaudon
       along with a similar ordinance imposing a $500 administrative penalty on the owner of any
       vehicle impounded because illegal drugs are found in the vehicle. Towers, 173 F.3d at 621. The
       plaintiffs there were the owners of vehicles that were impounded pursuant to these ordinances.

                                                   -8-
       Both vehicles were driven by other individuals when those individuals were arrested and drugs
       and weapons were found in the vehicles. Towers, 173 F.3d at 621-22.
¶ 34         As in Jaudon, the plaintiffs challenged the ordinances on the basis of the excessive fines
       clause. Towers, 173 F.3d at 623. The court noted that this clause was applicable to the fines at
       issue because they served “the punitive purpose of deterring owners from allowing their
       vehicles to be used for prohibited purposes.” Towers, 173 F.3d at 624. The plaintiffs argued
       that the penalty was excessive because it bore “no relationship to their culpability as innocent
       owners.” Towers, 173 F.3d at 624. In rejecting this argument, the court noted that by allowing
       others to use their vehicles for illegal activities, the plaintiffs facilitated those activities,
       something the city was “on solid ground” in seeking to deter. Towers, 173 F.3d at 625. The
       court emphasized that the fine had to be high enough to have a deterrent effect. Towers, 173
       F.3d at 626. The court concluded that $500 was high enough to serve this purpose without
       being “grossly out of proportion to the activity that the City is seeking to deter.” Towers, 173
       F.3d at 626.
¶ 35         The plaintiffs in Towers also argued that the lack of a defense for innocent owners ran afoul
       of the requirements of substantive due process. In rejecting this contention, the court found that
       the fine served a legitimate purpose in deterring unlawful activity. Towers, 173 F.3d at 626-27.
       The court concluded that this purpose was served by imposing the fine even on an innocent
       owner because it might deter a vehicle owner from allowing his vehicle to be used by another
       individual for illegal activity. Towers, 173 F.3d at 627.
¶ 36         Jackson involved a more recent challenge to a Chicago impoundment ordinance. There,
       the plaintiff’s vehicle was towed and impounded when police arrested two individuals for
       possession of cannabis while in her vehicle. Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 6. The
       plaintiff was charged an administrative penalty of $1,000 along with towing and storage fees.
       Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 10. On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the ordinance
       imposing the penalty violated substantive due process because it did not include an innocent
       owner defense. Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 32. The court rejected this argument for
       the same reason the courts rejected identical arguments in Jaudon and Towers−even without
       innocent owner defenses, impoundment penalties induce vehicle owners “to exercise greater
       care” in lending their vehicles to others so as to avoid the use of their vehicles in the
       commission of crimes. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st)
       111044, ¶ 41.
¶ 37         Notably absent from all three of these cases is any analysis of the relationship between the
       amount of the fine and any costs the city was attempting to recoup, the issue before us. This is
       not surprising. Despite the factual similarities to our case, the Jaudon, Towers, and Jackson
       courts were not called upon to decide this question because the charges at issue were fines, not
       fees. Fees and fines serve different purposes. A fee is intended to recoup the costs incurred in
       providing a service, while a fine is intended to be punitive or act as a deterrent. Jones, 223 Ill.
       2d at 581-82. “This is the central characteristic which separates a fee from a fine.” (Emphasis
       in original.) Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 600. A fine, logically, will be reasonably related to its purpose
       if it is likely to act as a deterrent. See Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 34; Jaudon, 307 Ill.
       App. 3d at 436; Towers, 173 F.3d at 625. By contrast, as previously discussed, a fee is
       rationally related to its purpose if it bears some reasonable relationship to the costs it is
       intended to defray. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 585. Moreover, state and local governments have
       broader authority in imposing fines than they do in charging fees. Gildart, 377 Ill. App. 3d at

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       41 (citing Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 602). Because of this distinction, we find Jaudon, Towers, and
       Jones distinguishable from the case before us.
¶ 38        In Ratliff, the case relied upon by the trial court, the Second District considered an Aurora
       ordinance similar to the Chicago ordinances at issue in Jaudon and Towers. Like the Chicago
       ordinances, the Aurora ordinance was labeled a “ ‘penalty.’ ” Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 709
       (quoting Aurora Code of Ordinances § 29-48 (eff. Dec. 21, 1993)). As we will explain,
       however, the Ratliff court concluded that the charge was, in reality, a fee rather than a fine.
       Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 715.
¶ 39        The defendant in Ratliff was arrested when police officers responded to a domestic
       violence call. The officers found the defendant with his vehicle in a parking lot. They searched
       the vehicle and found a weapon. Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 708-09. The vehicle was
       impounded, and the defendant paid the $500 fine in order to retrieve his vehicle. Ratliff, 282 Ill.
       App. 3d at 710. He was subsequently charged with unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon
       and possession of a weapon without a firearm owner’s identification card. Ratliff, 282 Ill. App.
       3d at 708. The trial court dismissed these charges on grounds of double jeopardy, and the State
       appealed. Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 708.
¶ 40        At issue in the appeal was whether the civil administrative penalty constituted punishment
       for purposes of double jeopardy. Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 713. The court explained that the
       determinative issue was whether the amount of the penalty was “ ‘ “so extreme” and “so
       divorced” from the penalty’s nonpunitive purpose’ ” of compensation that it must be deemed
       to constitute punishment. Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 713 (quoting United States v. Ursery, 518
       U.S. 267, 284 (1996)). It was in this context that the Ratliff court found that “$500 is a
       reasonable proxy for the likely actual administrative costs incurred by Aurora” in conducting
       proceedings under the impoundment ordinance. Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 715. The court went
       on to state: “Additionally, we find that the $500 sanction is proportionate to the likely
       combined costs of the [impoundment] administrative proceeding and the societal costs caused
       by defendants’ use of their automobiles to commit one of the predicate offenses.” Ratliff, 282
       Ill. App. 3d at 715.
¶ 41        We acknowledge that this language does provide some support for the defendants’ position
       in this case. However, we do not find Ratliff controlling for two reasons. First, Ratliff did not
       involve a challenge to a fee on substantive due process grounds. Indeed, the defendant in
       Ratliff did not challenge the validity of the fee at all. Rather, after paying the fee, he challenged
       his subsequent criminal prosecution for essentially the same conduct. See Ratliff, 282 Ill. App.
       3d at 710. As such, the court was not called upon to analyze whether the amount of the fee was
       reasonably related to the costs incurred by the City of Aurora. The court found that the amount
       of the charge was not so extreme or “so divorced” from a compensatory purpose that it must
       constitute punishment rather than compensation. In other words, the court found that the
       charge in fact served a compensatory purpose. This is not the same as finding that the fee is a
       constitutionally reasonable means of affecting that compensatory purpose.
¶ 42        Second, to the extent Ratliff can be read as holding that a $500 impoundment fee is
       reasonable as a matter of law, we do not find it persuasive. The court provided no analysis or
       discussion of what costs the City of Aurora actually incurred, and, as the trial court in this case
       noted, it did not explain what it meant by “societal costs.” We also note that the Towers court
       reached the opposite conclusion in construing a similar ordinance. See Towers, 173 F.3d at 624
       (noting that the $500 charge did not appear to compensate the city for any costs).

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¶ 43       In support of its conclusion, the Ratliff court stated that “Aurora has implicitly made a
       legislative finding [that] its costs and damages associated with violations of section 29-48
       equal $500 plus the costs of towing and storage.” Ratliff, 282 Ill. App. 3d at 716. Although the
       rational basis test is deferential, we hold that it is not deferential enough to allow a court to
       assume that a fee is a reasonable approximation of a city’s actual costs because the city made
       an implicit finding to that effect. To hold otherwise would render the rational basis test
       toothless. We thus believe it is not appropriate to follow Ratliff. See People v. Pruitt, 239 Ill.
       App. 3d 200, 209 (1992) (noting that Illinois courts of appeal are not obligated to follow the
       decisions of other districts of the appellate court).
¶ 44       Finally, the defendants point to section 11-208.7 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS
       5/11-208.7 (West 2012)). This statute, enacted after the plaintiffs filed their complaints in this
       matter, permits non-home-rule municipalities to charge “a reasonable administrative fee”
       related to the costs associated with impoundment of vehicles under certain circumstances.
       625 ILCS 5/11-208.7(a) (West 2012). The defendants acknowledge that the statute is not
       directly applicable to them because they are all home rule municipalities. However, they argue
       that the statute provides support for their position that their ordinances are valid. We are not
       persuaded. As the plaintiffs point out, the statute expressly requires that any fee charged must
       be “reasonable.” 625 ILCS 5/11-208.7(a) (West 2012). The statute does not purport to draw a
       line between what is reasonable and what is not reasonable. Moreover, the legislature cannot
       grant the authority to any municipality to charge a fee that does not comport with the
       requirements of substantive due process.
¶ 45       In closing, we note that we express no opinion as to the ultimate question of whether the
       fees charged by these ordinances are reasonably related to the costs incurred by the defendants.
       We hold only that the court erred in dismissing the matter at the pleading stage. We therefore
       reverse the order of the trial court dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaints and remand this cause
       for further proceedings consistent with this decision.

¶ 46      Reversed and remanded.

¶ 47       JUSTICE MOORE, specially concurring.
¶ 48       I agree with my colleagues that the circuit court erred in dismissing the plaintiffs’
       complaint, because for the purposes of a motion to dismiss, the court must take the allegations
       in the complaint as true. Iseberg v. Gross, 366 Ill. App. 3d 857, 860 (2006). As the majority
       aptly explains, the plaintiffs have alleged facts that could potentially lead to a legal conclusion
       that the fees imposed by the ordinances violate substantive due process. The defendants
       counter that the fees are rationally related to their interest in recovering certain costs. Although
       the defendants attached some evidence in support of their position to their motions to dismiss,
       the plaintiffs have not yet had the opportunity to conduct discovery. Once discovery is
       complete, the circuit court must evaluate the evidence presented during an evidentiary hearing
       or in a summary proceeding and make a determination as to whether the amount of the fees
       charged is rationally related to the defendants’ legitimate governmental interests.
¶ 49       I write specially because in my opinion, it is premature and advisory for this court, at this
       stage of the proceedings, to discuss in detail the potential invalidity of the fees at issue. That
       determination should be made by the circuit court upon full development of the record. We do

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not yet know what evidence the parties will adduce in support of their positions, and we do not
know how that evidence may affect the direction this case takes. The nature of the evidence
will likely impact the parameters of the legal analysis that will need to be employed, and the
exact body of law to be applied, in determining whether the ordinances at issue comport with
substantive due process. For this reason, I respectfully specially concur.

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