Court Opinion

ID: 2661779
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 11:21:24.606126+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:38.849527
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                    )
WILLIAM HAVENS,                     )
                                    )
                  Plaintiff,        )
                                    )
      v.                            )                 Civil Action No. 10-1859 (ABJ)
                                    )
RAY MABUS, SECRETARY OF THE         )
NAVY; CHAIRMAN, BOARD FOR           )
CORRECTIONS OF NAVAL RECORDS )
                                    )
                  Defendant.        )
___________________________________ )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff William Havens brings this action against defendant Ray Mabus, in his capacity

as Secretary of the Navy, 1 seeking review of his discharge from active duty and correction of his

naval records under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 702 (“APA”). Defendant has

moved to dismiss plaintiff’s amended complaint under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

and 12(b)(6) or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. [Dkt. # 15]. Defendant contends that

1       It appears that plaintiff intended to name two defendants in this action. The Amended
Complaint states: “Made [sic] defendants herein are Ray Mabus in his official capacity as the
Secretary of the Navy and the Chairman of the Board for Correction of Naval Records also in his
official capacity.” Am. Compl. ¶ 1 [Dkt. # 13]. And plaintiff’s opposition to the motion to
dismiss refers to defendants in plural. Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss or in the Alternative for
Summ. J. and Cross-Mot. for Partial Summ. J. [Dkt. # 18] (“Pl.’s Opp.”) at 1. However, the
docket in this action shows only Ray Mabus as a defendant, and reveals that summons were
issued only as to “Ray Mabus.” Furthermore, Defendant’s motion to dismiss is filed only on
behalf of Ray Mabus as Secretary of the Navy in his official capacity, and begins, “Defendant
Ray Mabus, Secretary of the Navy, in his official capacity, by and through the undersigned
counsel, respectfully moves for dismissal . . . .” Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for
Summ. J. [Dkt. # 15] (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 1. Accordingly, the Court proceeds as though Mr.
Mabus in his official capacity as the Secretary of the Navy is the only defendant in this action.
Even if the second defendant was properly served, the resolution of his case would be the same
as Mabus’s.
the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the claims, that the statute of limitations has run,

and that the doctrine of res judicata bars this action. Plaintiff has cross-moved for summary

judgment in part. [Dkt. # 19]. Because the Court finds that plaintiff’s claims are barred by res

judicata, the Court will grant defendant’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) and will not

reach the motion for summary judgment. It will also deny plaintiff’s cross-motion.

                                         BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff William Havens, a resident of Texas, seeks APA review of defendant’s repeated

denials of his request for correction of his naval record under 10 U.S.C. § 1552 to reflect a

disability retirement designation. Am. Compl. ¶ 108. Commander Havens is a retired naval

officer who served on active duty in the United States Navy Reserve (“Reserve”) from March

1980 until August 1996. Id. ¶¶ 3, 31, 84. He alleges that he began experiencing medical

problems in 1995 while on active duty. Id. ¶¶ 7–9, 11. Plaintiff was subsequently diagnosed

with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis at a naval hospital in September, 1995. Id. ¶ 12.

       In August 1996, the Reserve released plaintiff from active duty pursuant to 10 U.S.C.

§14506 after he was not selected for promotion in two consecutive years. Id. ¶ 22–23. Prior to

his release from active duty, plaintiff was given a physical examination at Treasure Island Clinic

and found to be fit for discharge. Id. ¶¶ 25–27. Plaintiff claims that he requested that a medical

board evaluate his disability, but the facility refused to provide an evaluation. Id. ¶¶ 19–21.

Plaintiff contends that this denial violated naval medical procedure and Department of Defense

directives. Id. ¶ 96. In September 1997, while on inactive duty, plaintiff was given a 40%

service connected disability designation by the Department of Veterans Affairs, based on

psoriasis (10%), psoriatic arthritis (20%) and undiagnosed illness (10%). Id. ¶ 38. At the same

                                                  2
time, in annual physicals administered in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000, the Navy determined that

plaintiff was physically qualified for duty. Id. ¶¶ 34, 45, 52, 56.

       In November 1999, plaintiff filed an application before the Board for Correction of Naval

Records (“BCNR”) seeking a medical board evaluation to assess his physical qualifications for

assuming disability retirement status. Am. Compl. ¶ 55. In June 2000, the BCNR denied his

application. Id. ¶ 60. Plaintiff requested reconsideration of the BCNR’s decision twice in 2001;

both requests were denied. Id. ¶¶ 70–71.

       In March 2001, plaintiff submitted a request to be recalled to active duty for medical

treatment. Am. Compl. ¶ 64. But on January 2, 2002, plaintiff was evaluated by a Physical

Evaluation Board and found to be unfit for active duty, and in March 2002, the Reserve

transferred him to the Retired Reserve. Id. ¶¶ 81, 84. Plaintiff filed a second application seeking

correction of his medical records with the BCNR in 2002. Id. ¶ 82. In 2005 he filed a third

application, attaching new evidence and amending his original claims. Id. ¶ 88. The BCNR

treated both applications as requests for reconsideration and both were denied. Id. ¶¶ 88–90.

       Plaintiff filed a complaint in the United States Court of Federal Claims in November,

2007, and an Amended Complaint on March 13, 2008. Havens v. United States, No. 07-780 C

(Ct. of Fed. Cl. 2007). 2 The amended complaint asserted a claim for improper release from

active duty and a claim for disability retirement and severance benefits. Id. In November 2008,

the Court of Federal Claims dismissed the amended complaint, holding that both of plaintiff’s

claims were barred by the six-year statute of limitations in the Tucker Act. Id. at 7. The court

2      The Court takes judicial notice of these proceedings. Weil v. Markowitz, 829 F.2d 166,
173 n.15 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“We are free to take judicial notice of [a] related proceeding in
another court.”); see Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322–23 (2007)
(“[C]ourts must consider the complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily
examine when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, in particular . . . matters of which a
court may take judicial notice.”) (citations omitted).
                                                  3
found that the statute of limitations accrued upon plaintiff’s release from active duty and did not

toll during plaintiff’s appeals to the BCNR. Id. Plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeals for

the Federal Circuit, which affirmed the original judgment. Havens v. United States, 330 F.

App’x 920 (Fed. Cir. 2009) cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 1748, 176 L. Ed. 2d 214 (2010).

       Plaintiff filed this action on November 1, 2010, seeking review and correction of his

military record under the APA and an order directing the BCNR to designate him as medically

retired, retroactive to either 1996 or 2002. Compl. ¶ 99. Defendant filed a motion to dismiss for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), and for failure

to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Rule 12(b)(6). [Dkt. # 5].

        On January 5, 2012, plaintiff filed an amended complaint, which, in relevant part, differs

from the original complaint in the following ways:

           Plaintiff asserts that “[t]his complaint should not be considered a claim for money
           damages under the Tucker Act, the Little Tucker Act or the Military Pay Act.
           Plaintiff further avers that this court does not enjoy jurisdiction under the Tucker
           Act.” Am. Compl. ¶ 2.

           Plaintiff asserts that his severance pay was “recouped from his VA benefits as well as
           taxes withheld from the original severance pay . . . [and] [u]pon information and
           belief, any retroactive monetary benefits would be subject to recoupment due to his
           federal civil service worker’s compensation payments.” Id. ¶¶ 104–05.

           Plaintiff “waives his right, if any to pre-judgment retroactive monetary payments.”
           Id. ¶ 106.

           Plaintiff asserts that “this Court does not have the jurisdictional authority to award
           prospective monetary benefits and that any prospective monetary benefits must be
           obtained through the administrative avenues prescribed by 10 U.S.C. § 1552 and 32
           C.F.R. 723.10.” Id. ¶ 107.

       The amended complaint contains no enumerated causes of action. It asserts generally

that defendant acted arbitrarily and capriciously, in violation of the Constitution and the APA in

failing to correct his record. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 92–93. It seeks an order directing defendant to

                                                4
correct his records “to reflect that he should have been medically retired to a date as determined

by this [C]ourt.” Id. ¶ 108.

        In light of the amended complaint, the Court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss the

original complaint as moot. Minute Order (Jan. 10, 2012). Defendant then filed a motion to

dismiss the amended complaint or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. [Dkt # 15].

Plaintiff cross-moved for summary judgment in part. [Dkt. # 19].

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

        In evaluating a motion to dismiss under either Rule 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6), the Court must

“treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true . . . and must grant plaintiff ‘the benefit of all

inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216

F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000), quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir.

1979) (citations omitted). Nevertheless, the Court need not accept inferences drawn by the

plaintiff if those inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the Court

accept plaintiff’s legal conclusions. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

   I.      Subject Matter Jurisdiction

        Under Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a

preponderance of the evidence. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992);

Shekoyan v. Sibly Int’l Corp., 217 F. Supp. 2d 59, 63 (D.D.C. 2002). Federal courts are courts of

limited jurisdiction and the law presumes that “a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction.”

Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); see also Gen. Motors

Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“As a court of limited

jurisdiction, we begin, and end, with examination of our jurisdiction.”). Because “subject-matter

jurisdiction is an ‘Art[icle] III as well as a statutory requirement . . . no action of the parties can

                                                  5
confer subject-matter jurisdiction upon a federal court.’” Akinseye v. District of Columbia, 339

F.3d 970, 971 (D.C. Cir. 2003), quoting Ins. Corp. of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de

Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982).

         When considering a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, unlike when deciding a

motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court “is not limited to the allegations of the

complaint.” Hohri v. United States, 782 F.2d 227, 241 (D.C. Cir. 1986), vacated on other

grounds, 482 U.S. 64 (1987). Rather, a court “may consider such materials outside the pleadings

as it deems appropriate to resolve the question of whether it has jurisdiction to hear the case.”

Scolaro v. D.C. Bd. of Elections & Ethics, 104 F. Supp. 2d 18, 22 (D.D.C. 2000), citing Herbert

v. Nat’l Acad. of Sciences, 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1993); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms.,

Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

   II.      Failure to State a Claim

         “To survive a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when the pleaded

factual content “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for

the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a

‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted

unlawfully.” Id. “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the

mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged – but it has not ‘show[n]’ ‘that the

pleader is entitled to relief.’” Id. at 679, quoting Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 8(a)(2). A pleading must offer

more than “labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of

                                                   6
action,” id. at 678, quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, and “the tenet that a court must accept as

true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id. In

ruling upon a motion to dismiss, a court may ordinarily consider only “the facts alleged in the

complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint, and

matters about which the Court may take judicial notice.” Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp.

2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002) (citations omitted).

                                           ANALYSIS

   I.      This Court Has Subject Matter Jurisdiction Under the APA.

        Defendant first argues that the Court should dismiss this action for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction because the United States Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over

plaintiff’s claims under the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491. Mem. of Points and Authorities in

Support of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”) [Dkt.

# 15] at 21–22. The Court disagrees.

        The Tucker Act vests exclusive jurisdiction in the Court of Federal Claims over claims

against the United States for “liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.”

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1).      “[A] claim is subject to the Tucker Act and its jurisdictional

consequences if, in whole or in part, it explicitly or ‘in essence’ seeks more than $10,000 in

monetary relief from the federal government.” Kidwell v. Dep’t of the Army, Bd. for Corr. of

Military Records, 56 F.3d 279, 284 (D.C. Cir. 1995).

        Defendant points out that even though plaintiff’s amended complaint “waives

retrospective damages in excess of $10,000, it does not waive prospective damages in excess of

$10,000.” Def.’s Mem. at 22. Accordingly, defendant argues that the action is subject to the

Tucker Act, and therefore outside this Court’s jurisdiction. Id.

                                                 7
       However, in determining whether a complaint seeks monetary damages “in essence,”

“the court must generally limit itself to the four corners of the complaint.” Tootle v. Sec’y of

Navy, 446 F.3d 167, 174 (D.C. Cir. 2006). “[I]nquiries into the consequences of plaintiff

victories – even ‘automatic’ consequences – would ‘take us outside the record sought to be

reviewed and thereby complicate the jurisdictional issue.’” Kidwell, 56 F.3d at 285, quoting

Vietnam Veterans of Am. v. Sec’y of the Navy, 843 F.2d 528, 535 (D.C. Cir. 1988). Here,

plaintiff’s amended complaint does not expressly request monetary relief. It requests only

equitable relief. Am. Compl. ¶ 108.

       Defendant emphasizes that plaintiff “does not dispute that monetary savings are at the

core of the benefits he seeks.” Def.’s Mem. at 22.       The financial nature of those benefits, he

argues, deprives this Court of jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claims, despite the absence of an

express request for monetary relief. Id.

       The D.C. Circuit rejected a similar argument in Smalls v. United States, 471 F.3d 186,

190–91 (D.C. Cir. 2006). There, the circuit court held that a court in this district had jurisdiction

over a claim seeking the correction of the plaintiff’s military records even though the plaintiff’s

ultimate goal was to receive retirement benefits that would have a monetary value above

$10,000. Id. The opinion emphasized that the plaintiff would only receive the retirement

benefits after future administrative proceedings and not as the automatic result of the court’s

adjudication of his claims in the case before. Id.

       As in Smalls, if the Court were to grant plaintiff the relief he seeks here, any resulting

monetary benefits, such as disability payments, would come only as a result of subsequent

administrative proceedings. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 106–07; Pl.’s Opp. at 12. So in accordance with

the D.C. Circuit’s decision, plaintiff’s APA claim is not “in essence” a claim for monetary relief.

                                                 8
         Therefore, the Court will not dismiss this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

under Rule 12(b)(1).

   II.      Plaintiff’s Claim Is Barred by the Doctrine of Res Judicata.

         Defendant also moves to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint on the grounds that plaintiff’s sole

cause of action is barred by the doctrine of res judicata and thus fails to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted. 3 Def.’s Mem. at 16-21. 4

          A plaintiff must “present in one suit all the claims for relief that he may have arising out

of the same transaction or occurrence.” U.S. Indus., Inc. v. Blake Constr. Co., Inc., 765 F.2d

3        Defendant’s 12(b)(6) motion also contends that the six-year statute of limitations has run
on plaintiff’s APA claim. Def.’s Mem. at 22–28. Defendant notes that the initial adverse
decision of the BCNR was handed down in 1999, well over six years ago. Id. at 27.
         Where a plaintiff challenges an adverse decision by the BCNR, the statute of limitations
“accrues at the time of the final agency decision, or the exhaustion of all administrative
remedies,” and is not affected by when the plaintiff’s discharge was actually finalized. Lebrun v.
England, 212 F. Supp. 2d 5, 11 (D.D.C. 2002), citing Blassingame v. Sec’y of the Navy, 811 F.2d
65, 72 (2d Cir. 1987).
         However, Circuits have split on the issues of (1) whether the six-year time period restarts
after a subsequent request to the BCNR for reconsideration, and (2) how the statute of limitations
is affected by multiple requests for reconsideration. Some have held that the clock restarts only
if the requester presents new evidence to the medical board. See, e.g., Green v. White, 319 F.3d
560, 566–67 (3rd Cir. 2003). While the D.C. Circuit has yet to decide the issue, another court in
this district has held that the statute of limitations always restarts if a request for reconsideration
is made within 6 years of the original denial. See Lewis v. Sec’y of the Navy, Civ. A. No. 89-
1446, 1990 WL 454624, at *6–7 (D.D.C. June 29, 1990). However, given the application of res
judicata in this case, the Court need not decide the statute of limitations issue.

4       Plaintiff asserts that defendant should be barred from making these arguments under issue
preclusion and the law of the case doctrine because the Court previously denied defendant’s
motion to dismiss the original complaint – which asserted these same arguments – as moot after
plaintiff filed his amended complaint in this case. See Pl.’s Opp. at 16–17. This argument
misconstrues those doctrines. The Court’s denial of the motion to dismiss as moot was an
interlocutory order based on the changed posture of the case. The Court has not ruled on the
merits of defendant’s argument, and therefore the argument is not barred by the law of the case
doctrine. See Filebark v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 555 F.3d 1009, 1013 (D.C. Cir. 2009); Fed. R.
Civ. P. 54(b). Issue preclusion is inapplicable here because it applies only where a Court has
decided an issue in a separate lawsuit. Novak v. World Bank, 703 F.2d 1305, 1309 (D.C. Cir.
1983) (Issue preclusion “prevents the relitigation of any issue that was raised and decided in a
prior action.”) (emphasis omitted).
                                                   9
195, 205 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also I.A.M. Nat’l

Pension Fund v. Indus. Gear Mfg. Co., 723 F.2d 944, 949 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (noting that res

judicata “forecloses all that which might have been litigated previously”). Thus, the doctrine of

res judicata “prevents repetitious litigation involving the same causes of action or the same

issues.” I.A.M. Nat'l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d 944, 946 (D.C. Cir. 1983). It acts to “conserve

judicial resources, avoid inconsistent results, engender respect for judgments of predictable and

certain effect, and to prevent serial forum-shopping and piecemeal litigation.” Hardison v.

Alexander, 655 F.2d 1281, 1288 (D.C. Cir. 1981). A party cannot escape application of the

doctrine by “simply raising a new legal theory.” Apotex, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 393 F.3d

210, 218 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

       Under the doctrine of res judicata, a claim “will be barred if there has been prior

litigation (1) involving the same claims or cause of action, (2) between the same parties or their

privies, and (3) there has been a final, valid judgment on the merits, (4) by a court of competent

jurisdiction.” Smalls, 471 F.3d at 192 (internal citations omitted).

       A. Prior Litigation Involving the Same Cause of Action

       Under the transactional approach utilized in this circuit, a “cause of action” for purposes

of res judicata consists of “all rights of the plaintiff to remedies against the defendant with

respect to all or any part of the transaction, or series of connected transactions, out of which [the

prior] action arose.” Smalls, 471 F.3d at 192–93, quoting Smith v. Jenkins, 562 A.2d 610, 613

(D.C. 1989); see also Stanton v. D.C. Court of Appeals, 127 F.3d 72, 78 (D.C. Cir. 1997);

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24(1) (1982). The Court must determine whether the

second cause of action arises from any part of the transaction or series of transactions underlying

the first cause of action by looking for a “nucleus of facts, for it is the facts surrounding the

                                                 10
transaction or occurrence which operate to constitute the cause of action, not the legal theory

upon which a litigant relies.” Page v. United States, 729 F.2d 818, 820 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

       In the instant case, plaintiff concedes that the nucleus of facts surrounding his APA claim

in this Court is identical to that surrounding the wrongful discharge claim he brought in the Court

of Federal Claims. Pl.’s Opp. at 13 (“[A]lthough the underlying facts [of the complaint in the

Court of Federal claims and the amended complaint in this Court] may be the same, the issues

raised in the courts are significantly different.”). The 2007 amended complaint that plaintiff filed

in the Court of Federal Claims challenged his discharge from active duty, and sought:

       1.   His “restor[ation] to active duty with all pay and benefit [sic] retroactive to
            September 1, 1996 the date of his improper release from active duty,” and

       2. An order directing the government to reevaluate whether he is fit for release from
          active duty and retirement or should be processed pursuant to the Disability
          Evaluation System retroactive from his date of release, or in the alternative,

       3. A modification of the January 2, 2002 decision of the Physical Evaluation Board that
          found plaintiff not physically qualified for active duty in the Naval Reserve and an
          order granting benefits or separation pay, or in the alternative,
       4. Remand of the matter to the BCNR for review and evaluation regarding whether he
          should be granted benefits or separation pay.

Ex 1 to Def’s Mot. at 15.

       The amended complaint here seeks an order of the Court directing the Secretary of the

Navy and the Board for Correction of Naval Records to correct plaintiff’s records to reflect that

he should have been medically retired to a date as determined by this Court. 5 Am. Compl. ¶ 108.

In order to grant plaintiff the relief he seeks, the Court would have to find his 1996 release from

active duty or the 2002 decision of the Physical Evaluation Board to have been wrongful. This is

5      The original complaint specified that the court should find medical retirement retroactive
to 1996 or, in the alternative, to 2002. Compl. ¶ 99.
                                                11
exactly what the Court of Federal Claims would have had to find in order to grant him the relief

he sought there.

       It is irrelevant that plaintiff’s complaint now seeks injunctive relief instead of the

monetary relief he sought in the Court of Federal Claims, or that his amended complaint waives

his right to prejudgment retrospective monetary payments. For purposes of res judicata, the

Court is required to look behind the express allegations in the complaint to determine what it is

that plaintiff actually seeks. See, e.g., Smalls, 471 F.3d at 193.

       In Smalls, the plaintiff brought suit in the District of Hawaii challenging the BCNR’s

denial of his requests to amend his record to reflect a retirement for medical disability. Smalls v.

United States, 87 F. Supp. 2d 1055, 1057, 1060 (D. Haw. 2000). His amended complaint

asserted a torts claim as well as a claim for administrative review under the APA. Id. On appeal,

the Ninth Circuit transferred the case to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which

directed the Hawaii district court to dismiss the complaint based on the statute of limitations.

Smalls v. United States, 87 Fed. Appx. 167, 168 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The plaintiff then brought a

separate action in this district seeking APA review of his record and not expressly seeking any

monetary relief. Smalls v. United States, No. 03-CV-2620 (JDB) (D.D.C. Dec. 8, 2004). The

district court dismissed the action on res judicata grounds. Id. On appeal, the D.C. Circuit

affirmed. Smalls, 471 F.3d at 193. The circuit court found that “[a]lthough Smalls omitted . . .

any request for damages in his D.C. complaint, the factors relevant to the transactional analysis

point against Smalls in light of his single goal of having his military record corrected so that he

will be eligible to receive medical disability retirement benefits.” Id. That was the same goal he

sought to fulfill with his previous action.

                                                  12
        As in Smalls, plaintiff’s goal here is to have his military record corrected so that he will

be eligible to receive the same kinds of benefits he sought in the Court of Federal Claims. At the

hearing in this case, the Court asked counsel for plaintiff to “give me the best, most complete list

you can, beyond the intangible of being able to say, ‘I am retired,’ what are the nonmonetary

benefits of the relief you are seeking here[?]” Tr. at 17:14–20:12. The only benefits he was able

to identify were health and insurance benefits for plaintiff and his family. Id. And even though

plaintiff has now waived his right, if any, to “pre-judgment retroactive monetary payments,” his

goal is still to obtain the same types of benefits that he would have obtained from a favorable

decision in the Court of Federal Claims. The only difference his waiver makes is that now he

would begin receiving the benefits as of the date of this Court’s ruling rather than as of 1996 or

2002.

        Furthermore, in Stanton v. D.C. Court of Appeals, the D.C. Circuit explained that facial

challenges to a governing rule that could have been raised in prior proceedings are only excluded

from the res judicata bar when they concern post-judgment events. 127 F.3d 72 at 79. In

Stanton, in relevant part, a suspended attorney who had been denied reinstatement to the bar on

multiple occasions brought a due process challenge to the procedures governing reinstatement.

Id. at 73–74. The defendant argued that the claim was barred by res judicata based on three

previous unsuccessful suits that the plaintiff had filed challenging the court’s rejections of his

petitions for reinstatement. Id. at 77. The D.C. Circuit held that his claim was not barred by res

judicata because the previous actions had challenged the original suspension proceeding,

whereas the present action challenged the reinstatement proceedings.              Id.    “Stanton’s

participation in prior proceedings in which facial challenges could have been raised does not

                                                13
prevent him from raising those challenges now, so long as they concern post-judgment events.”

Id. at 79.

        In contrast to Stanton, the claim plaintiff seeks to bring here concerns exactly the same

events that he challenged in the Court of Federal Claims – his discharge from active duty and the

subsequent decision of the Physical Evaluation Board that found plaintiff not physically qualified

for active duty. So regardless of the fact that this challenge seeks review of an agency decision

under the APA and the Constitution, whereas the previous challenge sought monetary benefits,

the two cases involve the same cause of action as contemplated under the doctrine of res

judicata.

        B. Same Parties or their Privies

        Plaintiff further contends that the parties to the litigation are different, because plaintiff’s

prior suit in the Court of Federal Claims named the United States of America as defendant under

the Tucker Act, whereas this action names Mr. Mabus in his official capacity as the Secretary of

the Navy. Pl.’s Opp. at 14.

        However, for the purposes of res judicata, “there is privity between a government and its

officers.”   Polsby v. Thompson, 201 F. Supp. 2d 45, 49 (D.D.C. 2002), citing Sunshine

Anthracite Coal Co. v. Adkins, 310 U.S. 381, 402–03 (1940). Therefore, defendant in this case is

considered to be a privy of the defendant named in the case before the Court of Federal Claims.

See Thompson, 201 F. Supp. 2d at 49; see also Mathis v. Laird, 457 F.2d 926, 927 (5th Cir.

1972). The instant action can thus be precluded by the resolution of his prior claim against the

sovereign.

                                                  14
       C. Final, Valid Judgment on the Merits

       A dismissal on statute of limitations grounds is considered a judgment on the merits for

purposes of res judicata. See Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211, 228 (1995); see also

Smalls, 471 F.3d at 192. Plaintiff argues that the prior judgment in this case has preclusive effect

only as to plaintiff’s wrongful discharge claim, as the Court of Federal Claims was only

interpreting the six-year statute of limitations under the Tucker Act. Pl.’s Opp. at 15–16. But

even if this Court were to find that the statute of limitations has not run on plaintiff’s APA claim,

the preclusive effect of res judicata applies to the entire cause of action arising out of plaintiff’s

discharge, and not merely to one particular legal issue. See Stanton, 127 F.3d at 78. Therefore,

there has been a final, valid judgment on the merits for purposes of res judicata.

       D. Court of Competent Jurisdiction

       Plaintiff next contends that because the district courts have exclusive jurisdiction over

claims brought under the APA, he could not have brought his APA claim in the action before the

Court of Federal Claims. Pl.’s Opp. at 13–14, citing Murphy v. United States, 993 F.2d 871, 874

(Fed. Cir. 1993). Therefore, plaintiff argues, the Court of Federal Claims was not a court of

competent jurisdiction as to the APA claim under res judicata. Pl.’s Opp. at 13–14.

       Defendant again relies on Smalls. But plaintiff reaches this Court in a different posture

than the plaintiff in Smalls. The plaintiff in Smalls had attempted to bring a cause of action in

district court in Hawaii before filing his suit in the District of Columbia. The District Court for

the District of Hawaii was certainly a court of competent jurisdiction for an APA claim. See

Smalls, 471 F.3d at 193. This plaintiff, however, has not previously filed any claims in a district

court; the only claims he has brought that are relevant to this case are the actions he filed in the

Court of Federal Claims. So if it were true that the Court of Federal Claims does not have the

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jurisdiction to provide the relief he seeks, then unlike Smalls, his claims would not be barred by

res judicata.

       However, the Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction to examine claims for declaratory

or injunctive relief to the extent that such relief is necessary “[t]o provide an entire remedy and

to complete the relief afforded by the judgment [for money damages].” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2);

see also Carter v. Dep’t of the Navy, No. 05-CV-0775 (RBW), 2006 WL 2471520 at *2 n.5

(D.D.C. Aug. 24, 2006). 6 Thus, if the Court of Federal Claims had found in plaintiff’s favor in

his prior suit for damages, he could have received the benefit of a correction of his record which

is the relief he seeks in the instant case. Therefore the Court of Federal Claims was a court of

competent jurisdiction as to plaintiff’s entire cause of action.

       Defendant correctly points out that allowing plaintiff to circumvent the judgment of the

Court of Federal Claims by bringing suit over the same underlying transaction under a different

statute in a different court would undermine res judicata’s goal of “conserve[ing] judicial

6        Although not cited by the parties, Carter v. Dep’t of the Navy is another D.C. Circuit case
that raises res judicata in the military discharge context, but it is distinguishable from the instant
case. Carter, 258 F. App’x at 342. In Carter, the plaintiff filed an application with the BCNR
for correction of his military record. Id. at 343. But before the BCNR ruled, he filed suit in the
Court of Federal Claims for wrongful discharge. Id. In 2004, the Court of Federal Claims
dismissed his action on statute of limitations grounds. Carter, No. 05-CV-0775 (RBW), 2006
WL 2471520 at *2 n.5 (D.D.C. Aug. 24, 2006). In 2005, the BCNR denied his application for
correction of his record, and the plaintiff challenged the decision before another court in this
district. Id. The court dismissed the claims “relating to the plaintiff’s 1978 military discharge
that were or could have been brought in the plaintiff’s 2004 complaint before the Court of
Federal Claims” under res judicata, and dismissed those relating to his application for correction
of his military records under the statute of limitations. Id. at *4. The court discussed res
judicata in a footnote, noting that “any claims relating to the plaintiff's military discharge that
could not have been brought before the Court of Federal Claims may not be dismissed on res
judicata grounds and must be analyzed on their own merits.” Id. at *2 n.5.
         On appeal, the D.C. Circuit noted in dicta that res judicata would not bar the plaintiff
from bringing an APA claim in the future because the plaintiff “never alleged an APA claim in
his initial complaint . . . and as a result, there is no final judgment on any potential APA claim.”
Carter, 258 F. App’x at 344. This statement, made in dicta in an unreported per curium order in
a case with facts that are distinguishable from the instant case, is not applicable here.
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resources, avoid[ing] inconsistent results, engender[ing] respect for judgments of predictable and

certain effect, and prevent[ing] serial forum-shopping and piecemeal litigation.” Def.’s Mem. at

16, citing Hardison, 655 F.2d at 1288.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Because plaintiff’s APA claim arises out of the same series of transactions as his prior

claim, and because that claim has already received a final judgment on the merits from a court of

competent jurisdiction, this Court finds that plaintiff’s complaint is barred by the application of

res judicata. Accordingly, the Court will grant defendant’s motion to dismiss the complaint or,

in the alternative, for summary judgment [Dkt. # 15] under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a

claim on which relief can be granted, and will deny plaintiff’s cross-motion for partial summary

judgment [Dkt. # 19]. A separate order will issue.

                                             AMY BERMAN JACKSON
                                             United States District Judge

DATE: September 26, 2012

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