Court Opinion

ID: 4530701
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-01 11:01:32.651435+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:44:51.609725
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

                               Before
                  TANG, LAWRENCE, and STEPHENS
                      Appellate Military Judges

                        _________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee

                                     v.

                      Salvador JACINTO
     Aviation Structural Mechanic First Class (E-6), U.S. Navy
                            Appellant

                             No. 201800325

                           Decided: 30 April 2020

    Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

                              Military Judge:
                             Roger E. Mattioli

 Sentence adjudged 25 June 2018 by a general court-martial convened
 at the Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., consisting of officer
 and enlisted members. Sentence approved by the convening authority:
 confinement for eight years and a bad-conduct discharge.

                              For Appellant:
                   Major Maryann N. McGuire, USMC
                    Captain Nicholas S. Mote, USMC
                   Lieutenant Mike Wester, JAGC, USN

                              For Appellee:
                  Lieutenant Kurt W. Siegal, JAGC, USN

 Judge STEPHENS delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Senior
 Judge TANG and Judge LAWRENCE joined.
                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

                             _________________________

                   PUBLISHED OPINION OF THE COURT

                             _________________________

STEPHENS, Judge:
   A general court-martial convicted Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of rape
of a child, sexual abuse of a child, and child endangerment by culpable
negligence, in violation of Articles 120b and 134, Uniform Code of Military
Justice [UCMJ]. 1
    Appellant asserts seven assignments of error (AOE), which we have re-
numbered: (1) the military judge abused his discretion when he denied
Appellant’s motion to order the production of one of the child victims’ mental
health records or review them in camera; (2) the military judge erred by
refusing to grant a continuance; (3) the military judge erred by refusing to
admit evidence against a child victim under Military Rule of Evidence [Mil.
R. Evid.] 412; (4) all of the specifications, except for one, fail to state the time
of the offense with sufficient particularity, and the military judge erred in
denying Appellant’s motion for a bill of particulars; (5) the military judge
erred in instructing the members they could use evidence of one charged
offense to convict Appellant of other charged offenses; (6) Naval Consolidated
Brig Miramar’s policy forbidding contact with Appellant’s non-victim
biological children amounted to a violation of Article 55, UCMJ, and the
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution; and (7) the same
Naval Consolidated Brig Miramar policy violated the First and Fifth
Amendments to the Constitution. 2 We find no prejudicial error and affirm.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

A. Movements of a Navy Family
   In 2008, Appellant left Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland for
temporary assignment in Guam. There he met a local bartender, EJ. She had

   1   10 U.S.C. §§ 920b, 934 (2016).
   2 AOEs 6 and 7 were raised pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431
(C.M.A. 1982). They are consolidated in section II.F.

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                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

two daughters from a previous marriage living with her, “Emily” and “Julie.” 3
The girls were six and eight, respectively. Before Appellant rotated back to
Maryland, he got EJ pregnant. Soon after Appellant left Guam, EJ, her
daughters, and their newborn son, followed him to Maryland. Over the course
of the next year, the new family added one more son between Appellant and
EJ, and would add another about five years later. Appellant and EJ eventual-
ly married.
    In 2010, the family moved from Maryland to Jacksonville, Florida—all
except for Emily. She spent the next year in Guam with her biological father.
The family lived in a house in Jacksonville on Stonegate Drive. In that house
they hosted many parties and gatherings, which often featured intoxicated
adults staying overnight and sleeping in bedrooms or on floors and couches.
Two such events were Fourth of July parties in 2011, when Emily was still in
Guam with her father, and in 2012, after she re-joined the family in Jackson-
ville.
    In late February or early March of 2013, EJ travelled to Thailand for her
father’s funeral. Then, in May of 2013 the family moved to another house in
Jacksonville on Pine Lake Drive. Soon after that move, Appellant deployed to
Japan for six months and returned in December.
    In 2014, the family all returned to Maryland. Just as in Jacksonville, they
lived in one house—in Lexington Park—and then moved locally about a year
later to a home on Range Road in Lusby, Maryland. At the home on Range
Road, Emily became a close friend of a young girl who lived across the street.
Her name was “Anna,” 4 and she was in sixth grade when she met Emily, who
was then in seventh grade and a year older. The Jacinto family continued
having get-togethers featuring alcohol. In the basement of the Range Road
home, Appellant would often gather with his friends and play “beer pong”
with Emily and Anna present.

B. Emily and Julie Disclose Allegations Against Appellant
   In May 2017, Appellant’s step-daughters were ages 14 and 16 and in
eighth and tenth grade. Anna was in seventh grade. On May 1, Emily’s
mother confronted her about some “hickeys” she had. Emily initially denied

   3To protect the victims’ privacy and for ease of reading, Appellant’s eldest step-
daughter, “EB,” will be called by the pseudonym “Emily,” and the younger step-
daughter, “JB,” will be called by the pseudonym “Julie.”
   4   We will refer to the witness “AA” with the pseudonym of “Anna.”

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                     United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                   Opinion of the Court

she had been sexually active with her boyfriend, but then admitted to it. This
prompted a fight between Emily and her mother resulting in Emily being
forbidden to see her boyfriend anymore. At trial, pursuant to the military
judge’s Mil. R. Evid. 412 ruling, the members heard a sanitized version. EJ
testified she and Emily had a fight about Emily’s boyfriend. EJ told the
members, “I felt like they were getting too close and too fast” and she “made
them break up.” 5
    About two hours later, Emily was in her room with Anna. She used An-
na’s phone to text her mother to ask her to come to her room. Emily had been
crying and was upset, as was Anna. Anna was saying to Emily, “Just tell
your mom, tell your mom.” 6 In the past year, Emily had told Anna that
Appellant had sexually abused her. Emily then told her mother Appellant
had sexually abused her. But this was not the first time her mother had
heard this from Emily.
    Back in 2013, the family lived at the home on Stonegate Drive in Jack-
sonville. When EJ went to Thailand for her father’s funeral, Emily—then
only ten and in fourth grade—made a tearful video-call to her mother. She
was prompted to make the call when Appellant tried to help her up on to the
kitchen counter by touching her buttocks. Upset by this, Emily told her
mother Appellant had “humped her from behind” 7 in the master bedroom in
the past few months before her mother had left for Thailand. EJ told Emily,
“You better not be lying.” 8 The next day, EJ returned to Florida and ques-
tioned Emily about the accusations. Initially EJ just spoke with Emily.
    At trial, Emily testified that Appellant had sexually assaulted her three
different times. He had come up behind her while she was doing dishes and
put his hand down her pants. Another time while she was doing dishes, he
did the same thing, except he digitally penetrated her vagina and forced her
to touch his penis. On a third occasion in the master bedroom, he leaned
Emily over on his bed and rubbed his penis through clothing against her
buttocks and genital area while she was on her stomach and then on her
back. At trial, EJ recalled that Emily’s descriptions of the sexual assaults in
2017 were the same as they were in 2013.

   5   Record at 1072-73.
   6 Id. at 1074.
   7 Id. at 1085.
   8 Id. at 885.

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                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

    In 2013, after EJ and Emily’s initial conversation, they met in the garage
of the family home and both confronted Appellant about the allegations.
Appellant denied it and Emily was crying. When EJ told Emily that if these
allegations were true she would have to call the police and Appellant would
be taken away, Emily “kind of freaked out.” 9 It was then that Emily recanted
and said she lied. 10 Emily never brought it up to her mother again.
    Now in May 2017, when Emily raised these old allegations, her mother
went and confronted Appellant. He was on the back porch drinking alcohol.
When she asked him if the allegations were true, according to EJ, “he was
quiet, and he didn’t deny it, and he didn’t admit to it” but then “was like, ‘I
don’t know,’ ” and “just kept quiet.” 11 EJ then brought Emily out on the
balcony so Appellant could hear what she had to say. Emily was crying and
said, “You know what you did.” 12 Appellant made no response.
   The day after Emily told her mother—again—about these allegations, she
broke down at school. She was sent from her class to see a school counselor,
where she disclosed what Appellant had done to her. The school counselor, a
mandatory reporter under Maryland law, contacted civilian police, who then
contacted the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The following day, Emily
was admitted to a local hospital for nearly a week.
    The day Emily was admitted to the hospital, EJ and her other daughter,
Julie, sat in a parked car in the hospital parking lot. When she asked Julie if
“anything ever happened between her and [Appellant],” she was “quiet at
first” and then said “yes.” 13 Julie told her mother that Appellant had touched
her “down there.” 14 Julie later testified that when she was 11 years old,
Appellant had sexually assaulted her late in the evening at the 2012 Fourth
of July party held at the family’s Stonegate Drive home in Jacksonville. She
awoke to Appellant’s hand down her pajamas and inside her underwear after
she fell asleep on a couch. Appellant then digitally penetrated her vagina as
he said “Shhh.” 15 She pushed him away and ran into the bedroom she shared

   9 Id. at 1086.
   10 At trial, Appellant argued that Emily recanted during the initial video call
with EJ and presented testimony from one of EJ’s friends that EJ told her this.
   11   Record at 1076.
   12 Id. at 1077.
   13 Id. at 1083.
   14 Id.

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                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

with Emily. She never told any adults about this incident until she told her
mother in the hospital parking lot. 16

C. Litigation Concerning Emily’s Mental Health Records and Other
Evidence

   1. Emily’s medical records
    In pretrial litigation, Appellant attempted to obtain medical records doc-
umenting Emily’s week of inpatient treatment at the hospital. The military
judge ordered the hospital to produce Emily’s prescription records and her
mental health diagnoses. He found the remainder of her records were
privileged and that Appellant had not made a showing of vital necessity to
require production or an in camera review.
    The week before the trial began, the hospital produced the required rec-
ords. While at the hospital, Emily was prescribed Tylenol and four other
medications, including Thorazine. It was the Thorazine that was at issue.
This medication was prescribed for “psychotic agitation.” 17 Appellant had a
child psychologist provide expert testimony that Thorazine was a “known
antipsychotic medication” used to assist patients who may be “stimulated
internally by things that are not actually going on” or who could be “laboring
under the burden of delusions.” 18 But Emily was diagnosed with “depression
without psychotic features” 19 and the Thorazine was prescribed “as needed.” 20
There was also no evidence Emily ever exhibited psychotic agitation or ever
took Thorazine. The military judge denied Appellant’s motion for in camera
review of Emily’s mental health records and denied his motion for a continu-
ance based on the timeline of the disclosure of the records. The day before
trial, Appellant moved the military judge to reconsider his denial of the
continuance; the military judge denied the motion to reconsider.

   15 Id. at 773.
   16   On cross-examination, Emily testified that in 2015, Julie told her Appellant
had touched her, but they did not have “a conversation” about it. Id. at 913. Emily
testified that she believed Julie knew what Appellant had done to Emily because it
was a “small family.” Id. at 914.
   17   App. Ex. LXXIV, “Ruling M.R.E. 513 (Sealed)” at 2.
   18   Record at 322, 325.
   19 App. Ex. CXXVI, “Government Bench Brief ICO MRE 513 (Sealed)” at 10-12;
Record at 329 (emphasis added).
   20   App. Ex. LXXIV at 2 (emphasis added).

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                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

   2. Emily’s relationship with her boyfriend
    As discussed above, the members heard a “sanitized” version of Emily’s
relationship with her boyfriend and the conflict that arose with her mother
because of it. Appellant wanted to tell the “full story” to the members to
highlight Emily’s purported motive to fabricate and deflect blame away from
her own behavior. In the fall of 2016—the beginning of Emily’s eighth-grade
year—she started seeing her boyfriend. At some point during the school year,
they had sexual intercourse. Emily also told her boyfriend that when she was
in fourth grade, Appellant “grabbed her butt . . . and looked at her weird.” 21
Three days before Emily’s 2017 disclosure to her mother, she attended a
classmate’s “going away” party. There she told several people Appellant had
sexually assaulted her. At that party, Emily also engaged in some kind of
sexual activity with her boyfriend that left her with “hickeys” on her chest
and other parts of her body. Appellant also argued Emily had taken an
“ecstasy” pill at the party and started convulsing as a result of either a real or
a feigned seizure. When a friend called Emily “an attention whore,” she
responded by telling people Appellant had sexually abused her.
    Appellant filed a motion under Mil. R. Evid. 412 to be allowed to present
evidence of Emily’s sexual behavior to highlight her alleged motive to
fabricate. Specifically, he argued that Emily falsely accused him of sexual
abuse because she was in trouble when her mother learned of her sexual
activity. The military judge denied the motion in a written ruling. One of his
conclusions was based on the fact that EJ had previously discovered Emily
had been sexually active with her boyfriend. According to EJ, she and the
boyfriend’s mother spoke and “cut them off for a little bit.” 22 At that time,
Emily did not make any allegations. The military judge allowed Appellant to
present testimony that Emily was upset about being forcibly “broken up”
with her boyfriend because EJ believed they were “getting too close and too
fast.” 23 He also allowed Appellant to present evidence that Emily and her
boyfriend had attended the “going away” party without EJ’s permission.
Ultimately, Appellant was prevented from introducing evidence of the
“hickeys” or any of Emily’s explicit prior sexual history with her boyfriend.

   21 Id.
   22   App. Ex. XXXIII, “NCIS Transcript Interview ICO EJ” at 66.
   23   Record at 1072.

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                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

   3. Appellant’s motion for a bill of particulars
   Specifications 2, 3, 4, and 5 of Charge I [Article 120b, UCMJ] concerned
Appellant’s alleged sexual abuse of Emily. The timeframe alleged was “on or
about August 2012 to on or about May 2013.” 24 This appeared to have been
charged to coincide with Emily’s testimony that the acts happened before her
mother went to Thailand in February or March of 2013 and happened during
Emily’s fourth grade school year of 2012 to 2013, and also before the family’s
May 2013 move from the Stonegate Drive house in Jacksonville.
    Similarly, with Specifications 1 and 2 of Charge II [Article 134, UCMJ,
child endangerment for providing alcohol to a child under 16], Emily and
Anna described the many regular parties at the Range Road house in
Maryland. In their recorded interviews, Emily and Anna were unable to state
with particularity exactly when Appellant provided them alcohol other than
to say it generally happened while they were friends. Accordingly, the
Government alleged a timeframe of “on or about April 2015 to on or about
October 2016.” 25
    Appellant moved for dismissal of these Charges and Specifications alleg-
ing that they were vague, and, in the alternative, he moved the court to order
the Government to produce a bill of particulars. The military judge denied
Appellant’s motion in a written ruling. He found Appellant was sufficiently
on notice of the particular acts he would have to defend against. The military
judge also denied Appellant’s later motion to reconsider his ruling.

                                   II. DISCUSSION

A. The Military Judge Applied an Incorrect Legal Standard to Deny
Appellant’s Motion to Order Production or Conduct an In Camera
Review of Emily’s Mental Health Records, But This Did Not Preju-
dice Appellant

   1. Standard of review
    We review a military judge’s decision to deny the production of mental
health records for an abuse of discretion. 26 A military judge abuses his
discretion when: (1) the findings of fact upon which he predicates his ruling

   24   Charge Sheet.
   25 Id.
   26   United States v. Chisum, 77 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2018).

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                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

are not supported by the evidence of record; (2) if incorrect legal principles
were used; or (3) if his application of the correct legal principles to the facts is
clearly unreasonable.” 27 Appellant is only entitled to relief if the military
judge’s abuse of discretion “materially prejudiced his substantial rights.” 28
Where a constitutional error is alleged, any such error must be shown by the
Government to be “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” 29

   2. Military Rule of Evidence 513
    The public policy behind Mil. R. Evid. 513 is that “[e]ffective psychothera-
py . . . depends upon an atmosphere of confidence and trust in which the
patient is willing to make a frank and complete disclosure of facts, emotions,
memories, and fears.” 30 Such treatment may cause “embarrassment or
disgrace” and the “mere possibility of disclosure may impede development of
the confidential relationship necessary for successful treatment.” 31 The
important public interest in promoting mental health treatment is balanced
with the right of an accused to present the most probative evidence during
criminal trials.
    A party desiring to pierce the confidentiality of mental health treatment
records must move the military judge to order production or, in the alterna-
tive, move the military judge to conduct an in camera review of the requested
records. Before a military judge may even conduct an in camera review, the
moving party must demonstrate by preponderance of the evidence, all of the
following under Mil. R. Evid. 513(e)(3):
   (1) a “specific factual basis” demonstrating a “reasonable likeli-
       hood” the records would yield evidence admissible under an ex-
       ception to the privilege;
   (2) the requested information meets one of the several exceptions
       under Mil. R. Evid. 513(d);
   (3) the information sought is not merely cumulative; and

   27   United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
   28   Chisum, 77 M.J. at 179.
   29 United States v. Simmons, 59 M.J. 485, 489 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citing Chapman v.
California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967)).
   30   Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 10 (1996).
   31 Id.

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                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

   (4) the requesting party made “reasonable efforts” to obtain simi-
       lar information through non-privileged sources.
   Because “evidentiary rules must cede to the constitutional needs of an
accused,” 32 a military judge may still determine that production, or in camera
review, of mental health records is warranted despite the lack of an enumer-
ated exception under Mil R. Evid. 513(d) being met, when such action is
constitutionally required. In making this assessment, the military judge must
determine whether “infringement of the privilege is required to guarantee a
meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.” 33

   3. Analysis
    The military judge applied the wrong legal standard in conducting his
analysis. In his Conclusions of Law, he wrote that Appellant failed to
demonstrate “a reasonable probability that the records contain information
otherwise unavailable to the defense, and that the information sought is vital
to the defense theory of the case.” 34 This standard “conflate[s] the constitu-
tionally required standard envisioned in Mil. R. Evid. 412 [pertaining to the
admission of constitutionally required evidence] with Mil. R. Evid. 513
[pertaining to the disclosure or in camera review of constitutionally required
privileged materials]” which we have cautioned against. 35 Because the
military judge applied the wrong legal standard, we find he abused his
discretion and turn to whether this materially prejudiced Appellant’s
substantial rights.
   We are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant suffered no
prejudice. First, there was no evidence Emily ever had the psychotic disorder
Appellant alleges or that she ever took Thorazine because she was suffering
from psychotic disorders or “laboring under delusions.” Appellant was far
from showing a “specific factual basis” demonstrating a “reasonable likeli-
hood” the records would yield any evidence admissible under an exception to
the privilege. More important, the timeline does not support Appellant’s

   32 J.M. v. Payton-O’Brien, 76 M.J. 782, 788 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (citing
United States v. Gaddis, 70 M.J. 248, 253 (C.A.A.F. 2011)).
   33 Id. at 789 (emphasis in original).
   34   App. Ex. LXXIV, “Ruling M.R.E. 513 (Sealed)” at 5.
   35 Payton-O’Brien, 76 M.J. at 788 n.25. See also United States v. Banker, 60 M.J.
216, 222 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citing United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. 858
(1982)).

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                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

argument. Even if Emily had been suffering from psychotic delusions and had
trouble appreciating reality in May 2017, Appellant would have to somehow
tie those later-occurring problems to the timeframe when the alleged abuse
actually happened, some four years prior. And there was absolutely no
evidence she had any mental health problems when she was in fourth grade.
Finally, the very fact that Emily merely repeated the same disclosure she had
previously made to her mother four years earlier indicates she had at least
some mental connection to a past event, which weakens any argument that
she was experiencing psychotic disorders.
    Despite his application of the wrong legal standard, we cannot find that
the military judge’s decision to deny production of the privileged records, or
his refusal to conduct an in camera review, undermined Appellant’s ability to
make a constitutional defense or in any way contributed to the verdict. 36 We
find no prejudice.

B. The Military Judge Did Not Err in Denying Appellant’s Motion for
a Continuance.

   1. Standard of review
    We review a military judge’s decision to deny a continuance for an abuse
of discretion. 37 An abuse of discretion occurs “where reasons or rulings of the
military judge are clearly untenable and . . . deprive a party of a substantial
right such as to amount to a denial of justice.” 38 Included in the factors we
consider are:
         surprise, nature of the evidence involved, timeliness of the re-
         quest, substitute testimony or evidence, availability of witness
         or evidence requested, length of continuance, prejudice to op-
         ponent, moving party received prior continuances, good faith of
         moving party, use of reasonable diligence by moving party, pos-
         sible impact on verdict, and prior notice. 39

   36   Chisum, 77 M.J. at 179 (citing Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 17-18 (2003)).
   37   United States v. Weisbeck, 50 M.J. 461, 464 (C.A.A.F. 1999).
   38 Id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United
States v. Miller, 47 M.J. 352, 358 (C.A.A.F. 1997)).
   39 Id. (quoting F. Gilligan and F. Lederer, Court-Martial Procedure § 18-32.00 at
704 (1991)).

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                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

We focus on the “possible impact on verdict” factor of these non-exhaustive
factors.

   2. Analysis
   Appellant alleges the military judge abused his discretion in denying his
motion for a continuance. Appellant requested the continuance so he could
have more time to research whether Emily ever took Thorazine or was having
psychotic delusions when she made her 2017 report against Appellant. Our
resolution of the Mil. R. Evid. 513 issue weighs heavily on our analysis here.
    Appellant had ample time—before the Government’s production of Emi-
ly’s medical records—to gather evidence of Emily’s psychotic delusions from
non-privileged sources. Prior to Emily’s 2017 disclosure, Appellant lived with
her and saw her almost continuously for nearly a decade. Appellant’s counsel
also could have spoken with Emily’s friends and teachers, or even gathered
evidence of psychotic delusions on social media. It stands to reason that if
Emily did have actual psychotic delusions—contrary to her diagnosis of
“depression without psychotic features”—this behavior would have manifest-
ed itself in some way other than solely in the repeated disclosure of her four-
year-old allegations against Appellant.
    Similar to the reasons stated above, the issue was not necessarily wheth-
er Emily experienced psychotic delusions in 2017, but whether she experi-
enced psychotic delusions in 2013 when the sexual abuse is said to have
occurred. Even if she was experiencing mental health problems in 2017, the
relevant issue was whether those same mental health problems caused her to
make a false report in 2013. We find there was no possible impact on the
verdict because there appears to be no evidence Emily was having psychotic
delusions in 2017, and even if she were, it would not necessarily be relevant
to the allegations she made in 2013. The military judge did not abuse his
discretion.

C. The Military Judge Did Not Err in Denying the Admission of
Impeachment Evidence Under Military Rule of Evidence 412

   1. Standard of review and Military Rule of Evidence 412
   This Court reviews a military judge’s decision to exclude evidence under
Mil. R. Evid. 412 for an abuse of discretion. 40 We are mindful that military

   40   United States v. Carpenter, 77 M.J. 285,288-89 (C.A.A.F. 2018).

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                   United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                 Opinion of the Court

judges have “wide latitude” to impose reasonable limits on cross-
examination. 41
    Under Mil. R. Evid. 412, evidence of an alleged victim’s “other sexual
behavior” is generally not admissible in a proceeding involving an alleged
sexual offense. 42 There is an exception when the exclusion of the evidence
would violate the constitutional rights of the accused. 43 The evidence sought
to be admitted must be relevant, material, and favorable—meaning “vital”—
to the Defense. 44 Any evidence the military judge believes may be admitted
under the “constitutional exception” must then undergo a Mil. R. Evid. 403
balancing test. 45 An accused’s right to cross-examination is not unlimited,
and the Defense may not cross-examine a witness in “whatever way, and to
whatever extent, the [D]efense might wish.” 46

    2. Analysis
    Appellant moved the military judge to permit the Defense to cross-
examine Emily and EJ on topics concerning (1) Emily’s sexual behavior with
her boyfriend at the going away party a few days prior to her disclosure to
EJ; (2) that EJ saw the “hickeys” Emily received from her boyfriend; (3) the
discussion EJ had with Emily after she saw the “hickeys”; and (4) Emily’s
disclosures to EJ about her sexual history with her boyfriend.
    Appellant argued this cross-examination was vital to his defense. He
wanted to portray Emily as resurrecting a recanted, years-old sexual assault
complaint only because her mother confronted her about her sexual activity
with her boyfriend. Appellant argued this evidence was constitutionally
required because it explained Emily’s disclosure at the party of her allega-
tions of Appellant’s sexual abuse as a deflection tactic, and when she was
later confronted by her mother about her sexual activity, it showed a pattern
of deflection. In addition, the Defense argued this evidence would show that

    41   United States v. Ellerbrock, 70 M.J. 314, 318 (C.A.A.F. 2011).
    42   Mil. R. Evid. 412.
    43Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(1(C). In contrast to Mil. R. Evid. 513, the constitutionally-
required exception is specifically enumerated in Mil. R. Evid. 412.
    44   Banker, 60 M.J. at 222 (citing Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. at 867).
    45 Id. at 222-23.
    46Ellerbrock, 70 M.J. at 318 (citing Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679
(1986)).

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                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

Emily was willing to initially lie when she was confronted by her mother
about sexual activity with her boyfriend.
    The military judge denied the motion but did allow Appellant to ask about
how Emily raised the allegations in 2017, just without overt reference to
Emily’s sexual behavior with her boyfriend or her initially lying to her
mother about it. The result was that EJ testified she had forbidden Emily to
see her boyfriend anymore, saying, “I felt like they were getting too close and
too fast” and that she “made them break up.” 47
    The issue here is whether, despite the military judge’s ruling, Appellant
still had the “opportunity for effective cross-examination.” 48 We find that he
did. Appellant was still able to convey that Emily’s motivations for her 2017
disclosure appeared to spring from the fight with her mother over the nature
of her relationship with her boyfriend. We are confident that the Defense
theories of deflection and motive to fabricate were sufficiently established
during Emily, EJ, and Anna’s cross-examinations. It is also unsurprising that
a teenage girl would be understandably upset about such a turn of events and
could give rise to motivations to any number of responses—including blame
deflection and even false allegations.
    Similarly, in United States v. Gaddis, a teenage girl who was the victim of
sexual abuse by her step-father reported the misconduct to her mother. She
reported it just before she was to receive a medical examination for a school
activity. She was concerned the examination would show she had been raped
by appellant. The victim’s mother had apparently discovered e-mails contain-
ing a rumor the victim was sexually active. The appellant wanted to argue
that the victim believed her mother was having her medically examined
because of the rumor of her sexual activity and she did not want the exami-
nation to reveal that to her mother. Our superior court found no abuse of
discretion when the trial judge limited cross-examination to referring to the
“mother’s discovery of the e-mails generically” but did not allow the appellant
to refer to the contents of the e-mails or describe them as “relating to sexual
activity.” 49

   47   Record at 1072-73.
   48   Gaddis, 70 M.J. at 256 (quoting Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20 (1985)).
   49 Id. at 251.

                                           14
                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

   In opening, Appellant’s civilian trial defense counsel (TDC) told the mem-
bers:
            The family was like a powder keg ready to explode. And it
         needed a spark. The spark came through the course of May 1st
         and 2nd of last year, when [Emily] was in trouble for having a
         prohibited romantic relationship with her boyfriend.
             The second time, and she was backed into a corner, there
         was this huge fight about it. She was caught, she denied it, she
         later admitted it. And she was told she was going to be cut off
         from her boyfriend. And it was in the context of that fight that
         she lodges this allegation. 50
   In closing, the civilian TDC told the members:
         [I]n 2017 she’s in trouble with her mom, and you heard from
         [Anna], there were problems at school as well. Her friends were
         calling her a liar. Her friends were calling her an attention
         seeker. Her friends were calling her fake. Her friends were
         talking behind her back. And these allegations are made. 51
    From beginning to end, Appellant conveyed his narrative to the members,
including during cross-examination. The arguments made were as forceful as
they would have been had Appellant been able to elicit the lurid details of
Emily’s sexual behavior. “And once the defendant has been allowed to expose
a witness’[ ] motivation in testifying, it is of peripheral concern to the Sixth
Amendment how much opportunity defense counsel gets to hammer that
point home to the jury.” 52 The military judge’s limitation of cross-examination
was proper. We find no abuse of discretion.
    Even if the military judge erred, we find the error was “harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt” and did not contribute to the verdict obtained. 53 The fact
that Emily merely reminded her mother of four-year-old allegations is
significant. Even if all of Appellant’s theories about Emily and her motiva-
tions for her 2017 disclosure to her mother were true—that she only raised
the allegations to deflect blame, and that she was dishonest when it came to

   50   Record at 713.
   51 Id. at 1679.
   52  Gaddis, 70 M.J. at 257 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United
States v. James, 61 M.J 132, 136 (C.A.A.F. 2005)).
   53   Chisum, 77 M.J. at 179 (quoting Mitchell, 540 U.S. at 17-18).

                                           15
                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

her sexual activity with her boyfriend—the probative force of this argument
would be marginal at best. The issue for the members was the veracity of
Emily’s 2013 allegations and whether Appellant sexually assaulted her when
she was in fourth grade, not what her motivations were when she was in
eighth grade. Emily’s less-than-pure motivations in 2017—if they were so—
were not dispositive of the crucial issue of whether or not Appellant sexually
abused her. There might be a different result if Emily had not previously
made any consistent allegations. But she did, and the proper focus was on the
veracity of the 2013 allegations, not what her motivations were in 2017.
    Using the Delaware v. Van Arsdall 54 test to evaluate for prejudice, this
Court considers the following factors: (1) the importance of the witness’
testimony in the prosecution’s case; (2) whether the testimony was cumula-
tive; (3) the presence or absence of evidence corroborating the testimony of
the witness on material points; (4) the extent of cross-examination otherwise
permitted; and (5) the overall strength of the prosecution’s case. 55
    While it is clear Emily’s testimony was central to the Government’s case,
it was significantly augmented by supporting testimony from EJ about
Emily’s prior consistent allegations from 2013 and Emily’s stated reasons for
recanting. Emily’s testimony was also corroborated by her disclosure to Anna,
which was made long before the fight with her mother over her boyfriend.
Emily’s school counselor also testified about her disclosure. The net result of
this testimony showed Emily’s 2017 disclosure was consistent with prior
disclosures going back to near the time when the alleged sexual abuse
occurred.
    The cross-examination was functionally the same as that sought by Ap-
pellant, just without the salacious details of Emily’s sexual activity with her
boyfriend. And while Appellant may argue he was deprived of the opportuni-
ty to demonstrate Emily’s dishonesty when she denied and then admitted the
sexual activity to her mother, he was still able to offer evidence of Emily’s bad
character for truthfulness. Appellant was allowed to present evidence from
one of EJ’s friends that in 2013, she believed Emily had bad character for
truthfulness, albeit on childish things such as lying about homework and not
washing her hair. Finally, the military judge provided the standard instruc-
tion on Emily’s bad character for truthfulness.

   54   475 U.S. 673 (1986).
   55United States v. Jasper, 72 M.J. 276, 282 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (citing Van Arsdall,
475 U.S. at 684).

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                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

    As for the overall strength of the Government’s case, EJ testified about
Emily’s 2013 report and how it was similar in detail to her 2017 report. The
members also received a credible explanation for why Emily recanted in
2013, owing to fear of what would happen to her family. Finally, we consider
the fact that, although he denied the allegations the next day while sober,
Appellant did not deny the allegations when EJ and then Emily confronted
him in 2017. Appellant’s first failure to deny the allegations was certainly a
factor in the strength of the Government’s case. Overall, we find that even if
Appellant had been allowed the cross-examination he sought, it would have
barely registered in the members’ analysis. Thus, we conclude that even if
there was any error, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

D. Appellant’s Specifications Provide Sufficient Particularity

   1. Standard of review
    “Whether a specification states an offense is a question of law that is re-
viewed de novo.” 56 This court reviews the decision of a military judge to deny
a motion for a bill of particulars for an abuse of discretion. 57 “To establish an
abuse . . . requiring reversal, appellant must show actual surprise or preju-
dice at trial.” 58

   2. Analysis
    An accused must be given notice through a specification of what his al-
leged misconduct was, to include the “time and place and nature and circum-
stances of the offense with clearness and certainty.” 59 Part of this notice
requirement implicates due process within the Fifth Amendment to the
Constitution as a bar to future prosecutions under the Double Jeopardy
Clause, and implicates the Sixth Amendment in allowing a criminal defend-
ant a meaningful opportunity to mount a defense.
    The Government charged Appellant with various sexual misconduct
against Emily “from on or about August 2012 to on or about May 2013” and
child endangerment of Emily and Anna “on or about April 2015 to on or about

   56   United States v. King, 71 M.J. 50, 51 (C.A.A.F. 2012).
   57   United States v. Williams, 40 M.J. 379, 381 n.4 (C.M.A. 1994).
   58 Id. (citing United States v. Mobley, 31 M.J. 273 (C.M.A. 1990)).
   59   United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 566 (1875).

                                            17
                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

October 2016.” 60 Appellant argues these specifications were vague because
they did not afford him the opportunity to defend himself. He also argues the
military judge abused his discretion in denying his motion for a bill of
particulars. We turn first to the issue of the sufficiency of the specifications.
    The Government is not required to allege a specific date unless it is an
“essential element” of the crime. 61 In child sexual assault cases, longer
charging windows are allowed, 62 provided an accused still has reasonable
notice of what he is defending against and has an opportunity to defend
himself. “Certainly, prosecutors should be as specific as possible in delineat-
ing the dates and times of abuse offenses, but we must acknowledge the
reality of situations where young child victims are involved.” 63
    In United States v. Williams, a child sexual assault case in which offenses
were alleged to have occurred over a two-month period, our superior court
held that because Articles 125 and 134, UCMJ, did not make time a “material
element for appellant’s criminal offenses, no Fifth Amendment violation
occurred.” 64 Additionally, our superior court has held that when the Govern-
ment charges “on or about” in a specification, it is “not required to prove
those exact date, if a date reasonably near is established.” 65 We find that
neither Article 120b, UCMJ, (Charge I) nor Article 134, UCMJ, child endan-
germent (Charge II), have time as a material element. The charge sheet also
clearly shows the Government used “on or about” language in the relevant
specifications. We find no Fifth Amendment Due Process violation.
     The next question is whether the charging window in these specifications
deprived Appellant of reasonable notice of what he is defending against. In
the aforementioned Williams case, the appellant developed a romantic
relationship with the single mother of a six-year-old girl that lasted about
fifteen months. Several times per week, the appellant would go to the

   60   See Charge Sheet, Charge I, Specifications 2-5; Charge II, Specifications 1,2.
   61 Williams, 40 M.J. at 382 (citing Ledbetter v. United States, 170 U.S. 606, 612
(1898); United States v. Turner, 975 F.2d 490, 494 (8th Cir. 1992); United States v.
King, 703 F.2d 119, 124 (5th Cir. 1983)).
   62See, e.g., Valentine v. Konteh, 395 F.3d 626, 632 (6th Cir. 2005); Hunter v. New
Mexico, 916 F.2d 595, 600 (10th Cir. 1990).
   63   Valentine, 395 F.3d at 632.
   64   Williams, 40 M.J. at 382.
   65  United States v. Hunt, 37 M.J. 344, 347 (C.M.A. 1993) (emphasis in the origi-
nal) (citing United States v. Nersesian, 824 F.2d 1294, 1323 (2nd Cir. 1987)).

                                            18
                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

mother’s home after his work shift ended and stay the night. In the morning,
the mother would leave for work, leaving the appellant and her daughter in
the home. About a year after the sexual assaults occurred, the girl disclosed
the abuse. She testified that the incident occurred “before Halloween,” while
there were “different color leaves . . . on the ground,” and that she was
wearing a “pink sweatsuit”66 to school that day. This was as specific as she
could be. The Government’s charging window was “during September 1988 to
October 1988.” 67 In Williams¸ the appellant had sufficient notice prior to trial,
never attempted to make an alibi defense, and was able to “test the victim’s
memory and veracity.” 68 Our superior court held this charging window was
sufficient.
    Some four years after the alleged incident, Emily was only able to recall
that the sexual assault happened while she was in the fourth grade. This
placed the incidents roughly from between August 2012 until May 2013,
which was reflected in the specifications. Emily also remembered the
incidents occurred when she lived at the house on Stonegate Drive in
Jacksonville, from which the family moved in May 2013. Additionally, the
Government provided discovery to Appellant indicating Emily called her
mother to report the incidents. This call was sometime in February or March
of 2013 when Emily’s mother was in Thailand for her father’s funeral. The
Government also disclosed Emily’s statements saying that the sexual
assaults took place in the family home. While still a relatively broad charging
window, this certainly put Appellant on notice of not only what the alleged
acts were, but also where they occurred, and a general time frame of when
they occurred.
    During trial, Appellant was able to probe Emily’s memory and had an
opportunity to attack the veracity of her testimony. He was able to do so
because the specifications provided him some reasonable notice of what the
allegations were, what the underlying circumstances were, and a general
time-window of when they happened. Finally, the specifications concerning
Emily would allow Appellant to “plead a former acquittal or conviction” in
case “any other proceedings are taken against him for a similar offence.” 69 We

   66   Williams, 40 M.J. at 380 (alteration in original).
   67 Id.
   68  Id. at 382 (citing United States v. Arteaga-Limones, 529 F.2d 1183, 1193 (5th
Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 920 (1976)).
   69 Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 764 (1962) (quoting Cochran and Sayre
v. United States, 157 U.S. 286, 290 (1895); Rosen v. United States, 161 U.S. 29, 34

                                            19
                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

find the specifications concerning Emily (Charge I, Specifications 2, 3, 4, and
5) to be sufficient.
    Largely the same analysis applies to the specifications concerning child
endangerment from Charge II in violation of Article 134, UCMJ. The time-
window for the specifications was from on or about April 2015 to on or about
October 2016. This appeared to coincide with Emily and Anna’s memories of
the parties at the Range Road house in Maryland and playing beer-pong with
Appellant. And just as with the specifications from Charge I, Appellant was
able to test the memory and veracity of both Emily and Anna. The Govern-
ment also called two petty officers who were Appellant’s friends and attended
the parties. Appellant was able to cross-examine them, too. Finally, Appel-
lant himself called another petty officer friend as a witness to describe what
occurred during the parties. Although the exact dates of the parties were not
known, Appellant knew exactly which parties the Government alleged
related to the misconduct. The specifications and the discovery materials
clearly placed him on reasonable notice and we find no error.
    We now turn to the military judge’s denial of Appellant’s motion for a bill
of particulars. A bill of particulars is not a tool for discovery and should not
be used to “force detailed disclosure of acts underlying a charge, or to restrict
the Government’s proof at trial.” 70 The purpose of a bill of particulars is to:
         inform the accused of the nature of the charge with sufficient
         precision to enable the accused to prepare for trial, to avoid or
         minimize the danger of surprise at the time of trial, and to en-
         able the accused to plead the acquittal or conviction in bar of
         another prosecution for the same offense when the specification
         itself is too vague and indefinite for such purposes. 71
   Appellant’s stated goal in requesting a bill of particulars was to enable
him to potentially present an alibi defense. When he requested a bill of
particulars, he had already received in discovery the full investigation
detailing Emily’s allegations. Although we acknowledge Appellant would
have been better situated to potentially present an alibi defense if a specific

(1896); Hagner v. United States, 285 U.S. 427, 431 (1932); Potter v. United States, 155
U.S. 438, 445 (1894); Bartell v. United States, 227 U.S. 427, 431 (1913); Berger v.
United States, 295 U.S. 78, 82 (1935); United States v. Debrow, 346 U.S. 364, 377-78
(1953)).
   70   Rule for Courts-Martial [R.C.M.,2016] 906(b)(6), Discussion.
   71 Id.

                                           20
                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

date could have been alleged, the law does not require the Government to
provide information it does not have and cannot reasonably ascertain. The
Government is not required to force a child witness to guess, or even artifi-
cially create, a certain date or time beyond the child’s understanding or real
memory. Undoubtedly, this would make it easier for an accused to disprove
an allegation by casting doubt upon the date offered by the child witness. But
this is not the purpose of a bill of particulars.
    The military judge denied Appellant’s motion in a written ruling. In it he
found the Government had provided Appellant with multiple recorded
interviews with Emily wherein she specifically identified the locations in
Appellant’s home where “to the best of her recollection, the offenses took
place.” 72 In addition, the Government provided more detail in its response to
Appellant’s Motion to Dismiss. The military judge correctly applied the law,
concluding the specifications allowed Appellant to “understand what particu-
lar act or omission to defend against.” 73 We find no abuse of discretion.

E. The Military Judge Did Not Err in Allowing Members to Use
Evidence of One Charged Offense to Prove Other Charged Offenses

   1. Standard of review
    We review a military judge’s ruling to admit evidence under Mil. R. Evid.
404(b) for an abuse of discretion. 74 We apply this standard to the “underlying
evidentiary ruling” 75 rather than to the alleged instructional error that
resulted from the evidentiary ruling. “The abuse of discretion standard is a
strict one, calling for more than a mere difference of opinion.” 76 “A military
judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the findings of fact upon which he
predicates his ruling are not supported by the evidence of record; (2) if
incorrect legal principles were used; or (3) if his application of the correct
legal principles to the facts is clearly unreasonable.” 77

   72   App. Ex. LIV, “Ruling: Motion to Dismiss Specifications 2-7 of Charge II” at 1.
   73 Id. at 2 (citing Discussion to R.C.M. 307(c)(3).
   74   United States v. Harrow, 65 M.J. 190, 201-02 (C.A.A.F. 2007).
   75   United States v. Jeter, 78 M.J. 754, 771 (N-M. Ct. Crim App. 2019).
   76   United States v. White, 69 M.J. 236, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
   77   United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010).

                                             21
                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

   2. Analysis
   Appellant alleges error because the military judge allowed the Govern-
ment to use an instance of a charged “grooming behavior” to prove his motive
and intent in sexually assaulting Emily. The military judge permitted the
Government to argue that Appellant’s charged act of providing alcohol to
Emily while she was underage could be used to prove he sexually assaulted
her in 2013. 78
   Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion in limine to prevent the Govern-
ment’s use of evidence that Appellant “groomed” Emily by providing her with
“vape” electronic cigarettes, that he watched (legal) pornography in her
presence, and provided Emily and her friend Anna with alcohol.
    The military judge denied the motion applying the well-known test from
United States v. Reynolds 79 for determining the admissibility of uncharged
misconduct under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b): (1) the evidence must reasonably
support a finding that Appellant committed the prior crimes, wrongs, or acts;
(2) the evidence must make a fact of consequence more or less probable; and
(3) the probative value of the evidence must not be substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice.
    We note Appellant alleges the issue of whether he provided alcohol to
Emily, a charged offense, was not litigated prior to trial. This is incorrect. In
his ruling the military judge also wrote, “Although the Defense attacks
[Emily’s] credibility as a ‘pathological liar,’ the members could reasonably
choose to believe her testimony, especially when combined with [Anna’s]
testimony that AM1 Jacinto did in fact provide both her and [Emily] with
alcohol.” 80 He also wrote in one of his Findings of Fact, “Providing electronic
cigarettes, watching pornography together, and providing alcohol to [Emily]
are actions consistent with ‘reducing boundaries between an offender and a
victim.’ ” The military judge’s ruling was also clearly referenced and ex-

   78 The military judge also instructed the members they could use the grooming
evidence to find Appellant was guilty of touching Emily’s buttocks and hips between
April 2015 and October 2016. Record at 1629; App. Ex. CIX at 12. The members
acquitted Appellant of that specification.
   79   29 M.J. 105, 109 (C.M.A. 1989).
   80  App. Ex. LVI, “Ruling: Defense Motion in limine: Mil. R. Evid. 404(b): ‘Groom-
ing’ ” at 3. This written ruling was dated 7 June 2018, just over a week before the
trial began.

                                          22
                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

plained many times during the course of the trial. 81 In a pre-trial Article
39(a) UCMJ, session, the Government’s expert discussed Appellant permit-
ting Emily to drink alcohol. 82 The Government also referenced this behavior
in its response to Appellant’s Motion in limine concerning the Mil. R. Evid.
404(b) offenses. 83
   Appellant also argues the Government never provided pretrial notice that
he provided Emily alcohol and that this amounted to the Government using
uncharged and unnoticed evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 404(b). This is not
what happened. The Government used a broad charging window for the
occasions when Appellant offered Emily and Anna alcohol, but it did not
charge it as “divers occasions.” When the Government attempted to elicit
evidence from Emily of more than one occasion, TDC objected on the grounds
that any additional occasion was uncharged misconduct and without proper
pretrial notification. The military judge sustained that objection and only
permitted the Government to offer evidence of a single instance of Appellant
providing alcohol to Emily. The military judge found the probative value of
the evidence to be high, stating that it suggested a plan to “desensitize
[Emily] to illicit, risk-taking behavior and to encourage her to keep it secret
from her mother, thus facilitating the sexual abuse.” 84
    As we recently noted in United States v. Jeter, the Reynolds test dealt
with the admissibility of uncharged misconduct, yet our superior court has
used it when reviewing the “use [of] evidence of charged misconduct to prove
intent for another charged offense.” 85 Thus, the Reynolds test is the proper
framework for evaluating both uncharged and charged misconduct in the
context of Mil. R. Evid. 404(b). We also stated in Jeter that “[a]s early as
1984, our superior court recognized that evidence related to one charged
offense may be admitted to prove motive or intent for another charged
offense.” 86 Our superior court made clear in United States v. Hills, 87 that

   81   Record at 1573, 1574, 1580.
   82 Id. at 181.
    Appellate Exhibit XXXII, “Government Response to Defense Motion in limine:
   83

MRE 404(b) Concerning Uncharged Offenses” at 1, 2.
   84 Appellate Exhibit LVI at 3, “Ruling: Defense Motion in limine: M.R.E. 404(b):
‘Grooming’.”
   85 Jeter, 78 M.J. at 771 (citing United States v. Tanksley, 54 M.J. 169, 176
(C.A.A.F. 2000)).
   86 Id. at 770.

                                        23
                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

charged misconduct (subject to the Reynolds test) can properly be used to
prove other charged misconduct. 88
    We find no errors with the military judge’s findings of fact and conclude
he used the correct legal principles. We therefore focus on whether his
application of the law to the facts was “clearly unreasonable.” 89 There was
clearly sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to find by a preponder-
ance of the evidence that Appellant provided alcohol to Emily—satisfying the
first prong of Reynolds. We find the evidence did make a “fact of consequence
more or less probable”—specifically that when Appellant allowed Emily to
engage in “shared, secretive, illicit, risk taking behavior” that was kept secret
from Emily’s mother, this is the type of behavior that could facilitate “com-
plicity with the long term secrecy of the acts” and reduce Emily’s credibility. 90
Specifically, the Government’s expert testified that grooming does not only
consist of behavior that predates sexual abuse; it can also consist of behavior
that post-dates prior sexual abuse. Pertinent to this case, the Government’s
theory of non-propensity relevance was that Appellant provided alcohol to
Emily in 2016, in part, to perpetuate an ongoing relationship of secrecy and
special favors to make it more likely that Emily would remain silent about
his prior abuse. This satisfies the second Reynolds prong. Finally, conducting
the balancing test under Mil. R. Evid. 403, the military judge found the
probative value of the evidence was that it suggested a plan to “desensitize
[Emily] to illicit, risk-taking behavior and to encourage her to keep it secret
from her mother,” and this was not substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice or any other factors set forth in Mil. R. Evid. 403. We agree
with the military judge’s analysis and application of the law and find no
abuse of discretion.

   87 75 M.J. 350 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (charged offenses not admissible as propensity
evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 413 to prove other charged offenses).
   88 Id. at 355. (“Charged misconduct is already admissible at trial under M.R.E.
401 and 402, and it is not subject to exclusion under M.R.E. 404(b). Thus, as a matter
of logic, it does not fall under M.R.E. 413, which serves as an exception to M.R.E.
404(b).”).
   89   Ellis, 68 M.J. at 344.
   90   App. Ex. LVI at 2.

                                         24
                 United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                               Opinion of the Court

F. Appellant Must Exhaust His Administrative Remedies Before
Seeking Judicial Relief for Post-Trial Confinement Conditions
    Appellant’s final two AOEs are submitted pursuant to United States v.
Grostefon. 91 Appellant is confined at the Naval Consolidated Brig Miramar
and, due to the Brig policy, is prevented from communicating with his
biological sons, who are now approximately ten, nine, and four years old, and
were not alleged to be the victims of any of his offenses. This policy has,
apparently, resulted in them having had no contact with their father for the
past several years. During sentencing, EJ testified about the effect of
Appellant’s actions on the family, saying, “And the boys questioning every
day where their dad is, having to be on our toes around them, so they don’t
know anything. They think he’s on deployment.” 92
    Appellant challenges the Brig policy under Article 55, UCMJ, 93 and the
First, Fifth, and Eighth Amendments to the Constitution. He argues the
policy deprives him of his parental rights in violation of Article 55, UCMJ,
and the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against “cruel and unusual pun-
ishment” and also violates his right to familial association under the First
and Fifth Amendments.
    While this Court has the authority to review Appellant’s alleged errors
arising from the violations of Article 55, UCMJ, and the Eighth Amendment,
we will not consider his assignment of error arising under the First and Fifth
Amendments. Our superior court has specifically held that the “practice of
considering material outside the record should not be expanded beyond the
context of Article 55, UCMJ, and the Eighth Amendment.” 94

   1. Standard of review and the law
    We review allegations of violations of the Eighth Amendment and Article
55, UCMJ, de novo. 95 This Court has authority under Article 66, UCMJ, to
“ensure that the severity of the adjudged and approved sentence has not been
unlawfully increased by prison officials.” 96 Appellant must show “as an

   91   12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982).
   92   Record at 1755.
   93   10 U.S.C. § 855 (2016) (cruel and unusual punishments prohibited).
    94 United States v. Jessie, ___ M.J. ___, No. 19-0192, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188 at

*20-21 (C.A.A.F. Apr. 6, 2020).
   95   United States v. Pena, 64 M.J. 259, 265 (C.A.A.F. 2007).
   96   United States v. White, 54 M.J. 469, 472 (C.A.A.F. 2001).

                                           25
                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

objective matter, that the alleged abuse or harassment caused pain and, as a
subjective matter, that the officer in question acted with a sufficiently
culpable state of mind.” 97

   2. Administrative remedies
    A prisoner “must seek administrative relief prior to invoking judicial in-
tervention to redress concerns regarding post-trial confinement conditions.” 98
A prisoner, absent “unusual or egregious circumstance” must demonstrate he
has (1) “exhausted the prisoner-grievance system” and (2) “petitioned for
relief under Article 138, UCMJ.” 99 We review de novo the mixed question of
law and fact of “whether an Appellant [has] exhausted administrative
remedies.” 100

   3. Analysis
    At first blush, the Brig policy appears to be arbitrary and tailored solely
for the administrative convenience of the Brig rather than to address any
specific valid concern over prisoner or guard safety, child safety, or maintain-
ing good order and discipline. The problem is, we only have a first blush and
not a complete picture. Had Appellant filed an Article 138, UCMJ, complaint
and exhausted whatever administrative remedies the Brig offers and
attached them to the record, we would have a more complete picture. During
appeal, the only documents Appellant moved to attach to the record were a
copy of Naval Consolidated Brig Miramar Minor Contact Policy dated 11
January 2016 and a 2008 article from the Urban Institute Justice Policy
Center, “Broken Bonds: Understanding the Needs of Children With Incarcer-
ated Parents.” We granted that Motion but received nothing else from
Appellant. Because there is no evidence he sought administrative relief or
filed an Article 138, UCMJ, complaint, we find Appellant has not sought the
necessary administrative remedies before seeking judicial relief.
  However, we feel compelled to add that conditions in confinement
amounting to Article 55, UCMJ, or Eighth Amendment violations are fair

   97 Id. at 474. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Freitas v. Ault, 109 F.3d
1335, 1339 (8th Cir. 1997)).
   98   United States v. Wise, 64 M.J. 468, 471 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citing White, 54 M.J at
472).
   99   White, 54 M.J. at 472 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
   100   Wise, 64 M.J. at 471.

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                  United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                                Opinion of the Court

game for appellants to petition for relief from this Court. 101 Under Article 66,
UCMJ, we are required to only approve sentences that are “correct in law and
fact.” Should some action by the Government convert a sentence that is
“correct” as adjudged and approved by the convening authority into one that
is not “correct,” then we would be obligated to intervene. 102 We ultimately
approve a sentence “on the basis of the entire record” 103—which we should
note could easily include items attached to the record during appeal. But that
is up to an individual appellant to decide what he moves this Court to attach.
    In United States v. Jessie, our superior court held that in fulfilling our
duties to affirm only so much of a sentence that is correct in law and to
determine sentence appropriateness, we have clear authority to consider
“materials outside the entire record” 104 when it comes to Article 55, UCMJ,
and Eighth Amendment claims. That being said, the hurdle to an appellant
seeking such relief, absent an “unusual or egregious circumstance,” 105 is to
exhaust his administrative remedies at the brig and file an Article 138,
UCMJ, complaint. If an appellant desires to attach records demonstrating
such an allegation and the remedies sought, we surely have the authority to
attach those documents to the record and use them in considering whether a
violation occurred and whether the sentence continues to be “appropriate.” In
the face of brig policies that violate a post-conviction prisoner’s Article 55,
UCMJ, and Eighth Amendment rights, we have the authority to affirm only
so much of a sentence that is correct in law and that is appropriate.
   That is not to say this Court will engage in clemency, which is “bestowing
mercy” and “treating an accused with less rigor than he deserves.” 106 “Sen-
tence appropriateness involves the judicial function of assuring that justice is
done and that the accused gets the punishment he deserves.” 107 Confinement
conditions may very well alter an accused’s punishment into something worse

   101   United State v. Gay, 75 M.J. 264, 267 (C.A.A.F. 2016).
   102 United States v. Erby, 54 M.J. 476, 477 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (quoting White, 54
M.J. at 472) (finding CCAs have Art. 67(c), UCMJ, authority “to determine . . . if the
adjudged and approved sentence is being executed in a manner that offends the
Eighth Amendment or Article 55”).
   103   Article 66, UCMJ.
   104   Jessie, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188 at *10.
   105   White, 54 M.J. at 472 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
   106   United States v. Healy, 26 M.J. 394, 395 (C.M.A. 1984).
   107 Id. (emphasis added).

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                United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                              Opinion of the Court

than he deserves. 108 It has been said that “since adherence to the principles of
‘law’ does not invariably produce justice, equity is necessary.” 109 Article 66 in
that sense is a statutory paradox; the “Chancellor’s foot” 110 is sometimes what
the law requires, rather than a tool of last resort. Still, we must be mindful of
Blackstone’s warning of the dangers of “equity without law” 111—which is
precisely why this Court must insist on administrative measures being
pursued by an appellant and some record on which to base our use of our
statutory powers of quasi-equity. 112 The “awesome, plenary de novo power of
review” 113 of this Court, and of our sister service courts of criminal appeals,
has been called the “proverbial 800-pound gorilla when it comes to their

    108White, 54 M.J. at 475 (Sullivan, J., concurring) (“I am heartened that this
Court has finally and squarely held in this case and also in United States v. Erby, 54
M.J. 476 (C.A.A.F. 2001), that the lower courts have the duty and the jurisdiction to
review whether the sentence imposed by a court-martial is being unlawfully
increased by prison officials.”).
    109Simonds v. Simonds, 45 N.Y.2d 233, 239 (N.Y. 1978) (citing Aristotle, Nicho-
machean Ethics, Book V, ch 9, pp 1019-1020 [McKeon, ed Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1941] (“Law without principle is not law; law without justice is of limited value”).
    110See Grupo Mexicano De Desarrollo v. Alliance Bond Fund, 527 U.S. 308, 332-
33 (1999) (Scalia, J.) (Quoting seventeenth-century English scholar John Selden’s
Table Talk, “For law we have a measure, and know what to trust to—Equity is
according to the conscience of him, that is Chancellor; and as that is larger, or
narrower, so is Equity. ‘T is all one, as if they should make the standard for the
measure the Chancellor’s foot. What an uncertain measure would this be? One
Chancellor has a long foot; another a short foot; a third an indifferent foot. It is the
same thing with the Chancellor’s conscience.”). See also, United States v. Nerad, 69
M.J. 138, 149 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (Stucky, J., dissenting) (cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1065
(2010)).
    111 “And law without equity, though hard and disagreeable, is much more desira-
ble for the public good, than equity without law: which would make every judge a
legislator, and introduce most infinite confusion; as there would then be almost as
many different rules of action laid down in our courts, as there are differences of
capacity and sentiment in the human mind.” 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries.
*62.
    112This Court and our sister courts of criminal appeals are not courts of equity.
Our superior court has held that our Article 66(c), UCMJ, powers, are not “unfet-
tered” and must be “exercised in the context of legal—not equitable—standards,
subject to appellate review.” Nerad, 69 M.J. at 140 (citing United States v. Quiroz, 55
M.J. 334, 339 (C.A.A.F. 2001)), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1065 (2010).
    113 United States v. Beatty, 64 M.J. 456, 458 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (quoting United
States v. Cole, 31 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1990)).

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               United States v. Jacinto, NMCCA No. 201800325
                             Opinion of the Court

ability to protect an accused.” 114 But if the proverbial 800-pound gorilla acts
arbitrarily, Congress will permanently “lock this gorilla in a cage.” 115

                                III. CONCLUSION

    After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the findings and sentence are correct in law and
fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights
occurred. Arts. 59, 66, UCMJ.
   The findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
   Senior Judge TANG and Judge LAWRENCE concur.

                                   FOR THE COURT:

                                   RODGER A. DREW, JR.
                                   Clerk of Court

   114 United States v. Jessie, 2018 CCA LEXIS 609 (A. Ct. Crim App. Dec. 28, 2018)
at *25 (Schasberger, J., dissenting) (unpub. op.) (quoting United States v. Parker, 36
M.J. 269, 271 (C.M.A. 1993), aff’d, ___ M.J. ___, No. 19-0192, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 188
(C.A.A.F. Apr. 6, 2020).
   115 Id.

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