Court Opinion

ID: 4315251
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-25 20:01:46.112977+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:42.087617
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 15-501C

                                     (Filed: September 25, 2018)
 **********************************             )
 3RD EYE SURVEILLANCE, LLC and                  )      Claims of patent infringement; 28 U.S.C.
 DISCOVERY PATENTS, LLC,                        )     § 1498(a); patentability; 35 U.S.C. § 101;
                                                )     second step of the Alice test; application of
                       Plaintiffs,              )     Aatrix; leave to amend complaint; RCFC
                                                )     15(a)(2); claim construction
        v.                                      )
                                                )
 UNITED STATES,                                 )
                                                )
                       Defendant,               )
                                                )
        and                                     )
                                                )
 ELBIT SYSTEMS OF AMERICA, LLC,                 )
 GENERAL DYNAMICS ONE SOURCE                    )
 LLC, NORTHROP GRUMMAN                          )
 SYSTEMS CORPORATION, and                       )
 VIDSYS, INC.,                                  )
                                                )
             Defendant-Intervenors.             )
 **********************************
       Steven A. Kennedy, Kennedy Law, P.C., Dallas, Texas, for plaintiffs.
        Lee Perla, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him on the briefs were David A.
Foley, Jr., Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Gary L. Hausken, Director,
Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, and Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

       Kurt G. Calia, Covington & Burling LLP, Redwood Shores, California, for defendant-
intervenor Elbit Systems of America, LLC.

      Scott Andrew Felder, Wiley Rein, LLP, Washington, D.C., for defendant-intervenor
General Dynamics One Source LLC.

       Gregory H. Lantier, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, D.C., for
defendant-intervenor Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation.

       David Rene Yohannan, Quarles & Brady LLP, Washington, D.C., for defendant-
intervenor Vidsys, Inc.
                                    OPINION AND ORDER

LETTOW, Senior Judge.

        Pending before the court in this patent infringement action are three matters linked by the
procedural setting of this case. Plaintiffs are the patent holder and the assignee of three patents,
Nos. 6,778,085 (the “’085 patent”), 6,798,344 (the “’344 patent”), and 7,323,980 (the “’980
patent”), each relating to security systems with attendant imagery capabilities. Plaintiffs assert
that their intellectual property is being infringed by security systems in use in secured locations
owned, operated, or managed by or for the United States. See Pls.’ First Am. Compl. (“Am.
Compl.”) ¶ 9, ECF No. 22.1 Defendant-intervenors are suppliers of various hardware, software,
or information technology (“IT”) services to the federal government who have been given notice
to intervene in this matter as a result of indemnity clauses in their respective contracts with the
United States. See, e.g., Def.’s Unopposed Mot. For Leave of Ct. to Notice Additional Third
Parties at 4 (discussing the justification for issuing notice to defendant-intervenor General
Dynamics One Source pursuant to Rule 14(b) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal
Claims (“RCFC”)), ECF No. 79.

        The United States sought to have notice issued to a number of government contractors
who could potentially be required to indemnify the United States, see ECF Nos. 23, 25, 30, 79,
163, & 183, and, upon approval by the court, notice was eventually issued to 14 such entities, see
ECF Nos. 42-49, 82-85, 165, & 191. Of the various contractors to whom notice issued, ten
eventually joined in this action. See ECF Nos. 54, 57, 64, 67, 70, 78, 94, 97, 100, & 102. Of this
group, a number were thereafter dismissed without prejudice as it became apparent to plaintiffs
that various defendant-intervenors were not infringing based on available information. See ECF
Nos. 132 (motion to dismiss Diebold, Inc., FLIR Detection, Inc., CACI NSS, Inc., and Leidos,
Inc.), 147 (motion to dismiss Datawatch Systems, Inc.), & 171 (motion to dismiss Tyco
Integrated Security LLC). At present, the remaining defendant-intervenors are, as listed in the
caption of the case, Elbit Systems of America, LLC, General Dynamics One Source, LLC,
Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation, and Vidsys, Inc.

       The matters currently pending for resolution by the court are (1) Defendant-Intervenor
Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation’s (“Grumman”) Motion for Judgment on the

       1
         The three patents constitute a closely related patent family. A provisional application
was filed on July 8, 2002 as No. 60/393,942. See ’344 Patent at 1, item (60). The application
was formally filed October 17, 2002 and issued on September 28, 2004. See id. items (22), (45).
The ’085 patent is a continuation in part of the ’344 patent, even though the ’085 patent was
issued first, on August 17, 2004. See ’085 Patent, at 1, items (45), (60), (63). The ’980 patent is
a continuation in part of the ’085 patent and was issued on January 29, 2008. See ’980 Patent at
1, items (45), (63). Each has a similar title. The ’344 patent is styled “Security Alarm System
and Method with Realtime Streaming Video,” ’344 Patent at 1, and the ’085 patent and ’980
patent are both titled “Security System and Method with Realtime Imagery,” ’085 Patent at 1,
’980 Patent at 1.

                                                 2
Pleadings, (“Def.-Intervenors’ Mot.”), ECF No. 194, in which the United States and all
defendant-intervenors join, (2) Plaintiffs’ Rule 15(a)(2) Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint,
ECF No. 205 (“Pls.’ Mot. to Amend”); see also [Plaintiffs’ Proposed] Second Amended Compl.
(“[Proposed] Second Am. Compl.”), ECF No. 221, and (3) claim construction for the patents
plaintiffs assert are infringed.

         These three matters are linked procedurally, and thus properly before the court
concurrently, by virtue of recent precedent of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit that specifies that the court “cannot adopt a result-oriented approach to end patent
litigation at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage that would fail to accept as true the complaint’s factual
allegations and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, as settled law requires,”
Aatrix Software, Inc. v. Green Shades Software, Inc., 890 F.3d 1354, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2018)
(“Aatrix II”) (Moore, J., concurring in denial of rehearing en banc), particularly where the
operant inquiry is whether patent claims survive the second step of the Alice test, see Alice Corp.
Pty. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 2347, 2355 (2014) (In the second step, “we
then ask, ‘[w]hat else is there in the claims before us,’” and then “consider the elements of each
claim both individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the additional
elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.”) (citing Mayo
Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 77-79 (2012)). Because courts
“should freely give leave [to amend pleadings] when justice so requires,” RCFC 15(a)(2), it is an
abuse of discretion to deny leave to amend where the proposed amendments allege facts
sufficient to raise an issue of an inventive concept sufficient to survive a Rule 12 motion at a
preliminary stage of the proceedings, see Aatrix Software, Inc. v. Green Shades Software, Inc.,
882 F.3d 1121, 1126-28 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“Aatrix I”). Thus, the court looks at these issues at the
same time.

        A technical tutorial on the technology underlying the patents at issue was held on July 2,
2018. A hearing on claim construction was held on July 31, 2018, at which the motion to amend
and motion for judgment on the pleadings were also addressed. Expert testimony was received
at both the technical tutorial and the hearing. Accordingly, the parties’ motions are ripe for
resolution, as are the parties’ contentions regarding the proper construction of the patent claims
at issue.

                                             BACKGROUND

        Plaintiffs initially filed suit in this court on May 15, 2015, thereafter submitting an
amended complaint on January 26, 2016. Plaintiffs allege that “[t]he [g]overnment operates a
series of security systems in airports, office buildings, and other locations that the [g]overnment
considers . . . require monitoring,” that “[t]he [g]overnment operates security systems at
numerous secured locations, including . . . airports, [f]ederal [c]ourts, and other government
office buildings,” and that these systems infringe plaintiffs’ patents—the ’085, ’344, and ’980
patents. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 9, 12. These contentions have been the subject of extensive
proceedings in the intervening years, culminating in three published opinions by this court
addressing various motions made by the parties as the case progressed through preliminary
discovery and towards claim construction, also taking into account six separate applications post-

                                                  3
complaint for inter partes review filed by the United States with the Patent Trial and Appeal
Board (“PTAB”). See Joint Prelim. Status Report at 4 & n.2, ECF No. 51.

        The first contested matter that required the court’s resolution was the government’s
motion for more definite statement, ECF No. 9, filed concurrently with a motion to dismiss for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction, ECF No. 8. See Def.’s Mot. for a More Definite Statement at
1 n.1 (“The government has concurrently, but separately, filed a motion to dismiss for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction.”). In these motions, the United States contended that “[b]ecause the
Complaint fails to identify an accused[ly infringing] surveillance system, a more definite
statement is necessary to provide minimal fair notice in this case.” Id. at 1. In the course of
briefing these related motions, “the government . . . concede[d] that plaintiffs have standing to
bring the present suit,” and the court accordingly denied the government’s motion to dismiss for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction that had been filed on that ground. See 3rd Eye Surveillance,
LLC v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 438, 440-41 (2015). The government’s motion for a more
definite statement, however, was granted “because the complaint does not specifically identify
the accused system ‘[leaving] the government [] to guess what systems allegedly infringe on the
asserted patents.” Id. at 442. The court directed “plaintiffs to amend their complaint to explain
why they believe that certain government agencies and third-party contractors to the government
have infringed the patents at issue . . . [; specifically,] plaintiffs should submit an amended
complaint that provides the government with the publicly available information upon which they
relied to bring their claims before the court.” Id. at 440. The resulting amended complaint,
plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint of January 26, 2016, is currently the operative version while
plaintiffs’ motion to amend is pending.

        After plaintiffs filed their Amended Complaint, the United States filed a suite of motions
to notify various government contractors, who, the government asserted, “pursuant to the patent
indemnity clause in each underlying contract . . . may have an interest in the subject matter of
this suit.” E.g., Def.’s Opposed Mot. to Notice Third Parties at 3, ECF No. 23 (seeking to notice
former defendant-intervenors IndigoVision, Ltd. and Datawatch Systems, Inc.). The court held a
hearing on the government’s initial motions on March 24, 2016, and granted them on April 5,
2016. See 3rd Eye Surveillance, LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 266 (2016). As the court
noted, the parties primarily disputed whether “the government ha[d] sufficiently alleged that the
third-party entities have an interest in the present action such that notice . . . is necessary or
appropriate.” Id. at 273. In that respect, the court disagreed with plaintiffs’ assertion that, to
sufficiently allege an interest in the present action, the government must satisfy the standard set
forth in Twombly and Iqbal. Id. at 273-75 (addressing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544
(2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)). The court granted the government’s motions
to notice eight entities that may have an interest in this case, id. at 277, and notice to the first
eight entities was issued on April 13, 2016, ECF No. 42-49. Thereafter, the government filed
two further motions to notice interested parties, one on July 8, 2016, see ECF No. 79, to notice
four additional interested parties, which the court granted the same day, see Order of July 8,
2016, ECF No. 80, and a second filed August 23, 2017, ECF No. 163, to notify one more
additional interested party, which the court also granted on the same day, see Order of Aug. 23,
2017, ECF No. 164.

                                                 4
       Four entities that received notice, Tactical Micro, Inc., Indigo Vision, Ltd., Security
Operations Group International, LLC, and Technical Communities, Inc., did not enter an
appearance and did not assert an interest in this case. Of the remaining ten, six were
subsequently dismissed without prejudice. See generally [First] Order of June 15, 2017, ECF
No. 146 (dismissing Diebold, Inc., FLIR Detection, Inc., CACI NSS, Inc., and Leidos, Inc.);
[Second] Order of June 15, 2017, ECF No. 148 (dismissing Datawatch Systems, Inc.); Order of
Nov. 16, 2017, ECF No. 175 (dismissing Tyco Integrated Security, LLC).

        With the parties identified, the case proceeded apace with preliminary discovery and the
exchange of tentative infringement and invalidity contentions, until plaintiffs filed a motion to
compel the government’s responses to certain requests for production of documents. See Pls.’
Mot. to Compel Gov’t to Produc. Docs. & Overrule Objs., ECF No. 126 (“Pls.’ Mot. to
Compel”). The government resisted producing the documents that plaintiffs sought, arguing that
the requests for production were “vague with respect to time,” disproportionate to the needs of
the case, id. at 2-3, and, specifically as to production of allegedly infringing source code, “that
source code should only be produced where the requesting party is able to show that it is actually
relevant to the infringement theories advanced against a particular instrumentality,” id. attach 3,
at 3. Further, plaintiffs sought source code employed in United States embassies, but asserted no
claims in the complaint as to those installations. Id. attach 3, at 4. In addition, Grumman
specifically declined to produce certain documents “that it [wa]s prohibited from producing due
to federal government restrictions.” Id. at 7. All of these contentions save the first—the time
period for which plaintiffs could assert claims to damages for infringement—were addressed in
an order issued June 16, 2017. See Order of June 16, 2017, 2017 WL 2609233, ECF No. 149.

        After the parties’ briefing and the resolution of most of the issues raised in plaintiffs’
motion, the court, in the third major milestone in this strongly-contested litigation, issued a
reported opinion and order resolving the parties’ contentions as to the time period for which the
United States was required to produce documents potentially relevant to plaintiffs’ claims. See
3rd Eye Surveillance, LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 273 (2017). The court, at a hearing
held on June 14, 2017, requested supplemental briefing “regarding whether systems installed
prior to February 12, 2013[,] are within the scope of potentially infringing systems, to assess
whether the government should be compelled to produce documents regarding such systems.”
Id. at 275 & n.1. Following the completion of briefing, the court concluded that “the assignment
of the ’085, ’344, and ’980 patents to Discovery Patents d[id] not fall within a recognized
exception to the Assignment of Claims Act, but rather fit[] squarely within the ambit of claim
assignments that Congress sought to bar.” Id. at 277. Accordingly, the court concluded that
“any systems first procured or used by the government prior to February 12, 2013[,] are not
within the scope of potentially infringing systems in this case . . . unless such systems were
modified or upgraded to become infringing after that date.” Id. at 278.

       While the notice and discovery disputes were underway in this court, the United States
was advancing petitions for inter partes review before the PTAB. See Joint Prelim. Status
Report at 3-4 & n.2. The United States filed six petitions for inter partes review, in which it

                                                 5
sought “a ruling of invalidity for every claim in each of the three patents-in-suit.” Id. at 4.2 The
PTAB declined to institute inter partes review proceedings on five of the applications, see
Department of Justice v. Discovery Patents, LLC, IPR2016-01035, Paper No. 11 (P.T.A.B. Nov.
15, 2016); Department of Justice v. Discovery Patents, LLC, IPR2016-01037, Paper No. 11
(P.T.A.B. Nov. 15, 2016); Department of Justice v. Discovery Patents, LLC, IPR2016-01038,
Paper No. 10 (P.T.A.B. Nov. 15, 2016); Department of Justice v. Discovery Patents, LLC,
IPR2016-01039, Paper No. 10 (P.T.A.B. Nov. 15, 2016); Department of Justice v. Discovery
Patents, LLC, IPR2016-01040, Paper No. 10 (P.T.A.B. Nov. 15, 2016), but instituted
proceedings on the sixth application, eventually finding claims 11-12, 14, 16-18, and 20-31 of
the ’980 patent were “unpatentable over the cited prior art,” see Department of Justice v.
Discovery Patents, LLC, No. IPR2016-01041, Paper No. 29, 2017 WL 5446312, at *8, 15
(P.T.A.B. Nov. 9, 2017). Plaintiffs did not appeal. See Notice of IPR Decision at 2, ECF No.
103.

        Also relevant is a claim construction opinion issued by the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas construing certain terms in the ’980 patent. See 3rd Eye
Surveillance, LLC v. City of Fort Worth, No. 6:14-CV-00725, 2016 WL 3951335 (E.D. Tex.
June 8, 2016) (claim construction opinion). In that opinion, the district court explicated several
terms contained in claims of the ’980 patent, which terms will be addressed in the portion of this
opinion that addresses claim construction.3

       After the resolution of the notices to interested third parties, the parties’discovery
disputes, and the United States’ petitions for inter partes review, the parties submitted a joint
claim construction statement, ECF No. 193, and opening briefs and responses regarding claim
construction.4 In their briefing, the parties advance their preferred definitions of certain relevant,

       2
         The inter partes review petitions were: IPR2016-01035 (seeking to invalidate claims 1-
16 of the ’344 patent); IPR2016-01037 (seeking to invalidate claims 1-6 and 56 of the ’085
patent), IPR2016-01038 (seeking to invalidate claims 7-37 of the ’085 patent); IPR2016-01039
(seeking to invalidate claims 38-55 of the ’085 patent); IPR 2016-01040 (seeking to invalidate
claims 1-10 of the ’980 patent); and IPR2016-01041 (seeking to invalidate claims 11-31 of the
’980 patent). See Joint Prelim. Status Report at 4 & n.2. All of the petitions by the United States
were filed on May 13, 2016.
       3
         But see Defs.’ Resp. Claim Constr. Br. at 1, ECF No. 225 (asserting that the persuasive
force of the Eastern District of Texas’s claim construction opinion is diminished because “[t]he
Texas court did not consider the ’344 or ’085 patents, did not address 26 of the 35 claim terms
disputed in this case, and did not have [d]efendants’ proposed constructions or arguments before
it”).
       4
        See Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. (“Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br.”) at 5-29 (initially identifying
and proffering constructions for 23 terms in 13 general groups delineated A through M), ECF
No. 209; Pls.’ Opening Br. Supporting Claim Constr. Br. (“Pls.’ Claim Constr. Br.”) at 7-8
(proposing specific constructions of only four terms, grouped into three categories, and

                                                  6
disputed claim terms found in one or more of the three patents at issue. Concurrently,
Defendant-intervenor Grumman, joined by the United States and all other defendant-intervenors,
moved for judgment on the pleadings on the grounds that “[t]he asserted claims are directed to[ ]
unpatentable abstract idea[s] and do not contain an[y] inventive concept[s].” Def.-Intervenors’
Mot. at 1. Plaintiffs then moved for leave to file a Second Amended Complaint. See generally
Pls.’ Mot. to Amend. Each of these motions, in addition to the matter of claim construction, has
been fully briefed. Due to the related issues raised by the motions and their proximate
relationship to the question of claim construction, the court will address each of these issues in
turn, beginning with Grumman’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.

                                STANDARDS FOR DECISION

                        A. Patent Infringement under 28 U.S.C. § 1498

        The United States, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1498(a), has waived sovereign immunity and
vested in this court exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate patent infringement claims against the
federal government “[w]henever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United
States is used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner thereof or
lawful right to use or manufacture the same.” 28 U.S.C. § 1498(a). Section 1498 provides in
relevant part that “the use or manufacture of an invention described in and covered by a patent of
the United States by a contractor, a subcontractor, or any person, firm, or corporation for the
[g]overnment and with the authorization or consent of the [g]overnment, shall be construed as
use or manufacture for the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1498(a); see also Zoltek Corp. v. United
States, 672 F.3d 1309, 1326-27 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (en banc) (“28 U.S.C. § 1498(a) creates an
independent cause of action for direct infringement by the [g]overnment or its contractors.”).

        The government’s unauthorized “use or manufacture” under Subsection 1498(a) is
analogous to a taking of property under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. See U.S.
Const. amend. V; Motorola, Inc. v. United States, 729 F.2d 765, 768 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (comparing
patent infringement to eminent domain). The government “takes” a non-exclusive and
compulsory license to a United States patent “as of the instant the invention is first used or
manufactured by the [g]overnment.” Decca Ltd. v. United States, 640 F.2d 1156, 1166 (Ct. Cl.
1980). And, because the government has only waived sovereign immunity for a compulsory
taking of a non-exclusive patent license, the basis for recovery under 28 U.S.C. § 1498 differs
from that in patent litigation between private parties under 35 U.S.C. § 271 in the following
respects:

       [S]ection 1498 is a waiver of sovereign immunity only with respect to a direct
       governmental infringement of a patent. Activities of the [g]overnment which
       fall short of direct infringement do not give rise to governmental liability

submitting that all remaining claims “should be given their plain and ordinary meaning”), ECF
No. 208.

                                                7
       because the [g]overnment has not waived its sovereign immunity with respect
       to such activities. Hence, the [g]overnment is not liable for its inducing
       infringement by others, for its conduct contributory to infringement of others,
       or for what, but for section 1498, would be contributory (rather than direct)
       infringement of its suppliers. Although these activities have a tortious ring, the
       [g]overnment has not agreed to assume liability for them.

Decca, 640 F.2d at 1167 (footnotes omitted) (emphasis added).

         “The government directly infringes a patent when it uses or manufactures the patented
invention without a license.” FastShip, LLC v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 592 (2017), aff’d as
modified, 892 F.3d 1298, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (modifying damages) (citing Decca, 640 F.2d at
1167 n.15). In evaluating a patent infringement dispute under Section 1498, the court applies a
two-step analysis that parallels the infringement analysis applied to disputes between private
parties. See Lemelson v. United States, 752 F.2d 1538, 1548-49 (Fed. Cir. 1985); Casler v.
United States, 15 Cl. Ct. 717, 731 (1988), aff’d, 883 F.2d 1026 (Fed. Cir. 1989). The court first
construes the claims of the patent, and then compares the construed claims to the characteristics
of the accused infringing product or process. See FastShip, 892 F.3d at 1308-10; JVW Enters.,
Inc. v. Interact Accessories, Inc., 424 F.3d 1324, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

        Claim construction is a question of law to be determined by the court, whereas the
comparison between the claims and the accused product or process involves questions of fact.
Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 388-90 (1996). In making such a
comparison, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that every limitation in a patent claim is also
present in the accused infringing product or process, either literally or through the doctrine of
equivalents. See Lemelson, 752 F.2d at 1551 (“[E]ach element of a claim is material and
essential, and . . . in order for a court to find infringement, the plaintiff must show the presence
of every element or its substantial equivalent in the accused device.”) (citations omitted);
Prochroma Techs., Inc. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 614, 617 (2004) (noting that plaintiffs must
adduce evidence demonstrating that the government “literally or equivalently” infringed the
claim by meeting all of the claim’s limitations) (citations omitted).

        This standard is commonly described as the “all elements” rule. See, e.g., TDM Am.,
LLC v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 761, 768 (2010), aff’d, 471 Fed. Appx. 903 (Fed. Cir. 2012);
see also Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 29 (1997). Ultimately,
the plaintiff has the burden of proving direct infringement, literally or under the doctrine of
equivalents, by a preponderance of the evidence. Lemelson, 752 F.2d at 1547; Hughes Aircraft
Co. v. United States, 717 F.2d 1351, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 1983).

                                      B. Available Defenses

        Under Section 1498(a), “[i]n the absence of a statutory restriction, any defense available
to a private party is equally available to the United States.” Motorola, 729 F.2d at 769 (quoting
28 U.S.C. § 1498, Revisor’s Notes) (emphasis added). Thus, the invalidity defenses available to
private parties involved in patent disputes under 35 U.S.C. § 282(b) are also available to the
government. See, e.g., Messerschmidt v. United States, 29 Fed. Cl. 1, 17-40 (1993), (granting the

                                                 8
government’s cross-motion for summary judgment on plaintiff’s patent infringement suit, having
found plaintiff’s patent invalid on the basis of anticipation, indefiniteness, and obviousness),
aff’d, 14 F.3d 613 (Fed. Cir. 1993). Nonetheless, an issued patent is presumed valid, 35 U.S.C. §
282(a), and the government must prove invalidity by clear and convincing evidence, Microsoft
Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P’ship, 564 U.S. 91, 95 (2011). This burden of persuasion remains on the
government throughout a pending action. Stratoflex, Inc. v. Aeroquip Corp., 713 F.2d 1530,
1534 (Fed. Cir. 1983).

         Pursuant to Supreme Court precedent construing 35 U.S.C. § 101, “[l]aws of nature,
natural phenomena, and abstract ideas” are subject matters that are ineligible for patent
protection. Alice, 573 U.S. at __, 134 S. Ct. at 2354 (quoting Association for Molecular
Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576, 589-90 (2013)).5 The Supreme Court was
careful in construing “this exclusionary principle lest it swallow all of patent law . . . [;] an
invention is not rendered ineligible for patent simply because it involves an abstract concept.”
Id. (citing Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 70-74 (2012);
Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 187 (1981)).

        The Supreme Court in Alice articulated a two-part test to determine ineligible patent
subject matter. See Alice, 573 U.S. at __, 134 S. Ct. at 2355 (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 75-81).
Under this two-part Alice test, a court must (1) “determine whether the claims at issue are
directed to one of those patent-ineligible concepts,” and (2) if so, “consider the elements of each
claim both individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the additional
elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.” Id. (citing Mayo,
566 U.S. at 75-81). The second step has been characterized as “a search for an ‘inventive
concept.’” Id. (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 71-74); see also Synopsys, Inc. v. Mentor Graphics
Corp., 839 F.3d 1138, 1146 (Fed. Cir. 2016).

        The category of “abstract ideas” as one of the “patent-ineligible concepts” under step one
of the Alice test “embodies ‘the longstanding rule that [a]n idea of itself is not patentable.’” See
Alice, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2355 (citing Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)
(internal quotation omitted) (alteration in original)). The Supreme Court and other courts have
held various abstract or conceptual subject matters to be patent ineligible abstract ideas under 35
U.S.C. § 101. See, e.g., Alice, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2355-57 (finding as patent ineligible
“a method of exchanging financial obligations between two parties using a third-party
intermediary to mitigate settlement risk,” which embodied the abstract idea of intermediated

       5
        These three categories of ineligible subject matter are judicially created. See Hitkansut
LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. at 719, 723 (2014), aff’d, 721 Fed. Appx. 992 (Fed. Cir.
2018). Section 101 states:
       Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture,
       or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain
       a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.

35 U.S.C. § 101.

                                                 9
settlement); Benson, 409 U.S. at 71-72 (finding as patent ineligible an algorithm for converting
binary-coded decimal numerals into pure binary form, as it was “in practical effect . . . a patent
on the algorithm itself.”); Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 594-95 (1978) (finding as patent
ineligible a mathematical formula for computing “alarm limits” in a catalytic conversion
process). Nonetheless, specific improvements in technology, method, or material that make
more useful concepts, ideas, or materials are patent eligible. See Rapid Litigation Mgmt. Ltd. v.
CellzDirect, Inc., 827 F.3d 1042, 1048-49 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (finding that a “new and useful
laboratory technique for preserving [a type of liver cell]” was patent eligible subject matter);
Hitkansut LLC v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 353, 380 (2017) (finding as patent eligible a “new
and more efficient method for treating metal parts to change their physical properties”), aff’d,
721 Fed. Appx. 992 (Fed. Cir. 2018). At bottom, the point is to “distinguish between patents that
claim the ‘buildin[g] block[s]’ of human ingenuity and those that integrate the building blocks
into something more.” Alice, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2354 (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 88-
89) (internal quotation omitted) (alteration in original).

                            C. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

         Rule 12(c) provides that “[a]fter the pleadings are closed – but early enough not to delay
trial – a party may move for a judgment on the pleadings.” RCFC 12(c). The burden on the
moving party for a motion under Rule 12(c) is high; the motion should only be granted where “it
appears to a certainty that the nonmoving party is entitled to no relief under any state of facts
which could be proved in support of [its] claim.” City of Wilmington v. United States, 136 Fed.
Cl. 628, 631 (2018) (citing Owen v. United Sates, 851 F.2d 1404, 1407 (Fed. Cir. 1988)). In
making this determination, the court must “assume each well-pled factual allegation to be true
and indulge in all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmovant.” Id.; see also Xianli Zhang v.
United States, 640 F.3d 1358, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citing Cary v. United States, 552 F.3d
1373, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2009)) (holding that when reviewing a grant of a motion under RCFC
12(c), the Federal Circuit “presume[s] that the facts alleged by the plaintiffs are true, and []
draw[s] all reasonable inferences in the plaintiffs’ favor.”).

                  D. Motion for Leave to Amend Plaintiff’s Second Complaint

         Under RCFC 15(a)(2), a party may amend its complaint “with [either] the opposing party’s
written consent or the court’s leave,” which should be “freely give[n] when justice so requires.” 6
The court has “liberally construed” this language and should “generally grant leave to amend
barring any ‘apparent or declared’ reason not to permit amendment.” Marchena v. United States,
128 Fed. Cl. 326, 330 (2016) (citing A&D Auto Sales, Inc. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1142, 1158
(Fed. Cir. 2014) (“The Claims Court rules liberally provide for amendments of the complaint after
the filing of the defendant’s answer.”)); see also Stueve Bros. Farms, LLC v. United States, 107
Fed. Cl. 469, 475 (2012) (rejecting “the approach that pleading is a game of skill in which one

       6
        A party may amend their pleadings once as a matter of right within 21 days of service of
the pleading or 21 days after service of a responsive pleading or motion under RCFC 12. RCFC
15(a)(1).

                                                10
misstep by counsel may be decisive to the outcome and accept the principle that the purpose of
pleading is to facilitate a proper decision on the merits.”).

         The trial court should deny leave to amend only where there is evidence of “delay, bad
faith, repeated failure to correct a complaint’s deficiencies, undue prejudice to the opposing
party, or if the amendment would be futile.” Marchena, 128 Fed. Cl. at 330 (citing A&D Auto
Sales, 748 F.3d at 1158); see also Advanced Aerospace Techs., Inc. v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl.
564, 568 (2017) (“Of course, when a proposed amendment is futile, leave to amend should not
be granted.”). An amendment would be futile if “it would not survive a motion to dismiss.”
Marchena, 128 Fed. Cl. at 330 (citing Meyer Grp., Ltd. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 645, 650
(2014)); see also Kemin Foods, L.C. v. Pigmentos Vegetales Del Centro S.A. de C.V., 464 F.3d
1339, 1354-55 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Thus, the “party seeking leave must proffer sufficient facts
supporting the amended pleading that the claim could survive a dispositive pretrial motion.”
Marchena, 128 Fed. Cl. at 330 (internal citation omitted) .

         The decision to grant or deny leave to amend is “within the discretion of the trial court.”
Mitsui Foods, Inc. v. United States, 867 F.2d 1401, 1403 (Fed. Cir. 1989). But, in a patent case,
it is an abuse of discretion to deny leave to amend at a preliminary stage of the proceedings
where the proposed amendments allege facts sufficient to raise an allegation of an inventive
concept sufficient to survive a motion under Rule 12. See Aatrix I, 882 F.3d at 1126-28.

                              E. Standards for Claim Construction

       “The purpose of claim construction is to ‘determin[e] the meaning and scope of the patent
claims asserted to be infringed.’” O2 Micro Int’l Ltd. v. Beyond Innovation Tech. Co., 521 F.3d
1351, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 976
(Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc), aff’d, 517 U.S. 370 (1996)).

        The construction and meaning of claims in a patent are questions of law for the court to
address. Markman, 517 U.S. at 388-90. The trial court is not required to construe every term in
a patent, but it must construe any term for which claim scope is disputed. See O2 Micro, 521
F.3d at 1360-61; see also Finjan, Inc. v. Secure Computing Corp., 626 F.3d 1197, 1207 (Fed.
Cir. 2010). The court should first look to the intrinsic evidence of record, as “intrinsic evidence
is the most significant source of the legally operative meaning of disputed claim language.”
Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Intrinsic evidence
consists of the “patent itself, including the claims, the specification[,] and . . . the prosecution
history.” Id. (citing Markman, 52 F.3d at 979).

         “The words of a claim are generally given their ordinary and customary meaning as
understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art when read in the context of the specification
and prosecution history.” Intellectual Ventures I, LLC v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., ___F.3d ___, ___,
2018 WL 4201163 (Fed. Cir. Sept. 4, 2018) (quoting Thorner v. Sony Comput. Entm’t Am., LLC,
669 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012)). The temporal focus for the person of ordinary skill in the
art is on the date of the invention, which is the “effective filing date of the patent application.”
Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc). “That starting point is
based on the well-settled understanding that inventors are typically persons skilled in the field of

                                                 11
the invention and that patents are addressed to and intended to be read by others of skill in the
pertinent art.” Id. Courts have recognized, however, that “a patentee may choose to be his own
lexicographer and use terms in a manner other than their ordinary and customary meaning, as
long as the special definition of the term is clearly stated in the patent specification or file
history.” Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582 (citing Hoechst Celanese Corp. v. BP Chems. Ltd., 78 F.3d
1575, 1578 (Fed. Cir. 1996)); Hormone Research Found., Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 904 F.2d 1558,
1563 (Fed. Cir. 1990), cert. dismissed pursuant to Sup. Ct. R. 46, 499 U.S. 955 (1991).
Therefore, a court must review the patent’s specification “to determine whether [an] inventor has
used any terms in a manner inconsistent with their ordinary meaning.” Vitronics, 90 F.3d at
1582. Where relevant, prosecution history should also be examined, with its principal purpose
being to exclude interpretations disclaimed during prosecution. Chimie v. PPG Indus., Inc., 402
F.3d 1371, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582–83.

        Extrinsic evidence, which includes “all evidence external to the patent and prosecution
history, including expert and inventor testimony, dictionaries, and learned treatises,” Markman,
52 F.3d at 980, is “less significant than the intrinsic record” in the construction process, Phillips,
415 F.3d at 1317 (quoting C.R. Bard, Inc. v. United States Surgical Corp., 388 F.3d 858, 862
(Fed. Cir. 2004)). It should be considered by the court only when intrinsic evidence cannot be
used to resolve ambiguities in the claim language. Id. at 1317-1318.

                                            ANALYSIS

        The three patent claims at issue in this case each deal with a system of relaying “realtime
video” or “other realtime imagery” of a secured location “over a high-speed communications
link.” ’980 Patent Abstract.7 A core problem in the past was the inability to provide first
responders with realtime information, significantly limiting their pre-operational awareness of
the unfolding situation. ’980 Patent Col. 1, lines 31-43. Plaintiffs claim the system embodied in
the ’085, ’344, and ’980 patents intelligently and efficiently packages realtime information and
provides it to responders, giving them valuable and contemporaneous information about an
ongoing incident or event.

        Relatedly, plaintiffs, in their First Amended Complaint, allege that defendant United
States employed and employs security systems at various secure locations (e.g., airports, office
buildings, courthouses, military and law enforcement installations) around the country that
infringe on the stated patents. See Am. Compl. ¶ 5-12. Defendant-intervenor Grumman, joined
by defendant United States and the other defendant-intervenors, counter that the claimed patents
fail under both parts of the Alice test because they reflect abstract ideas that do not contain any
inventive concepts and are therefore patent ineligible. See Def.-Intervenors’ Mot. at 1-2. In
response, plaintiffs argue their patents describe a patentable system and that the court should
deny judgment on the pleadings while concurrently issuing a decision on claim construction and

       7
        See also ’344 Patent Abstract (providing “realtime video of a secured location to . . .
emergency response agencies over a high-speed communications link”); ’085 Patent Abstract
(transmitting “realtime video” or “other realtime imaging of a secured location . . . over a high-
speed communications link”).

                                                  12
allowing plaintiffs to amend their complaint. See Pls.’ Resp. to Def.-Intervenor’s Mot. for J. on
the Pleadings (“Pls.’ Resp.”) at 4-6, ECF 207. As would be expected in this strongly contested
case, the parties disagree about the construction of the patent claims as well.

       The court first addresses defendant-intervenor Grumman’s Motion for Judgment on the
Pleadings before turning to plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint and then to claim
construction for the three patents at issue.

     I.    Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings Pursuant to Rule 12(c)

        Defendant-intervenor Grumman’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings is joined by the
United States and the other defendant-intervenors. See generally Def.-Intervenors’ Mot. In the
motion, Grumman argues that the asserted claims of the ’344, ’085, and ’980 patents are
“directed to an unpatentable abstract idea and do not contain an inventive concept . . . [and are]
therefore invalid under § 101.” Id. at 1. In essence, Grumman asserts that the asserted patents
fail under the two-part Alice test. Id. at 1-2; see also Alice, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2355
(discussing the two-part test). Id.

        Respecting part one of the Alice test, Grumman argues the asserted claims are “directed
to the abstract idea of relaying an eyewitness account and other information in realtime to first
responders . . . just as the 911 system has done for decades.” Def.-Intervenors’ Mot. at 16.
Grumman contends plaintiffs’ patent claims, when “stripped of the standard hardware
components,” do nothing more than “(1) collect[] imagery at a secure location; (2) transmit that
imagery to a central station; and (3) re-transmit that imagery and associated information to an
identified emergency response agency.” Id. In short, Grumman argues that plaintiffs’ claimed
patents simply use the Internet to expedite and improve a “process long-employed in the 911
emergency response system.” Id.

        In stating its position as to part one of Alice, Grumman looks to decisions by the Federal
Circuit, including Secured Mail Solutions v. Universal Wilde, 873 F.3d 905, 907 (Fed. Cir. 2017)
(finding the use of “computers” and “networks” to communicate information about a mail
object’s contents was directed to the abstract idea of using markings on a mail object to
communicate information about that object); Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Erie Indem. Co., 850
F.3d 1315, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (finding that a computerized method of “organizing and
accessing records through the creation of an index-searchable database includes longstanding
conduct that existed well before the advent of computers and the Internet” and was therefore an
unpatenable abstract idea); and Affinity Labs of Texas, LLC v. DIRECTV, LLC (838 F.3d 1253,
1255-56 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (finding the use of a “network based resource” to stream a regional
broadcast to a cellphone outside the regional broadcast’s region was directed to the abstract idea
of “providing out-of-region access to regional broadcast content”). Def.-Intervenor’s Mot. at 18-
19.

        For part two of the Alice test, Grumman asserts “[n]one of the remaining elements of the
claims, alone or in combination, adds an inventive idea that would render them patent eligible.”
Def.-Intervenors’ Mot. at 20. Grumman reiterates that “the Asserted Claims recite only generic
computer and other hardware, connected over a standard network such as the Internet.” Id. at

                                                13
20-21. Grumman proffers two figures from the ’344 patent that it claims “show[] [that] the
purported innovation of the Asserted Patents over the prior art is nothing more than taking the
real-time video available to the central station and re-transmitting it to one or more emergency
response agencies.” Id. at 22. Those figures are simplistic and do not reflect all of the
embodiments of the patented systems, but they are nonetheless “illustrative:”

                       Figure 1                                      Figure 2

Figure 1 is described in the ’344 patent as “a diagram illustrating a conventional security alarm
system with video capability,” ’344 Patent, Col. 2, lines 54-55, and Figure 2 is said to represent
“a diagram . . . in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention,” id., lines
56-58.

        In response, plaintiffs rely heavily on Aatrix, recently decided by the Federal Circuit. See
generally Pls.’ Resp. (relying on Aatrix I, 882 F.3d at 1126-28). Plaintiffs contend that Aatrix “is
the most recent case from the Federal Circuit interpreting Alice and elucidates a trial court’s
obligations when considering a Rule 12 motion challenging patent validity.” Pls.’ Resp. at 5.
They argue that under Aatrix, “a trial court should allow a patent owner the opportunity to amend
its pleadings to allege facts concerning the inventive features of a patent before considering a
dispositive motion under Alice.” Id. They also contend that “the Federal Circuit doubts the
propriety of a court considering an Alice motion prior to claim[] construction.” Id. Thus, the
plaintiffs request the court “deny [Grumman’s] motion without prejudice . . . and require that
Plaintiffs amend their complaint after the court construes the claims.” Id.

        The salient question is whether the claims at issue contain inventive concepts, sufficient
to indicate that the patent is directed at patentable subject matter, rather than an abstract idea or
law of nature. Under the two-part Alice test, the court must determine if the plaintiffs’ patent
claims go to the “‘buildin[g] block[s]’ of human ingenuity” or if they “integrate the building
blocks into something more.” Alice, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2354 (citing Mayo 566 U.S. at
88-89) (internal quotation omitted) (alteration in original).

        Under part one of the two-part Alice test, the court concludes that the patents at issue are
directed towards the idea of relaying information, in realtime, from the site of an active
emergency or other situation to first responders to provide them with contemporaneous
information to assess the unfolding circumstances. Nonetheless, contrary to Grumman’s
contentions, the patents are not “analogous to the process long-employed in the 911 emergency
response system,” Def.-Intervenors’ Mot. at 17, because the patented system eliminates any need
for human intervention in both monitoring information about events at the secured location and

                                                 14
deciding whether, after human evaluation, to route the information to an appropriate responder or
responders. In contrast, under the patented system, the receipt, evaluation, and transmission of
information is fully integrated and proceeds without delay. In effect, the claims here use
computers “as a tool” to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of first responders. See Core
Wireless Licensing S.A.R.L. v. LG Elects., Inc., 880 F.3d 1356, 1361-62 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Thus,
the court concludes that at step one of the two-part Alice test, the patents at issue are directed
towards the abstract idea of relaying information from a secured site to first responders, but in an
enhanced manner.

        If a patent claim is determined to be directed at a patent ineligible subject matter such as
an abstract idea under step one, the claim may nonetheless be valid if an “inventive concept”
“‘transform[s] the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at ___,
134 S. Ct. at 2355 (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 75-81). The Federal Circuit’s guidance in Aatrix I
draws upon this possibility. See 882 F.3d at 1126 (“Alice/Mayo step two requires that we
consider whether the claims contain an inventive concept sufficient to transform the claimed
abstract idea into a patent-eligible application.’”) (citing Alice, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at
2357; Mayo, 566 U.S. at 72, 79) (internal quotations omitted); see also id. at 1128 (“[T]he
second step of the Alice/Mayo test is satisfied when the claim limitations ‘involve more than
performance of a well-understood, routine, [and] conventional activities previously known in the
industry.’”) (citing Content Extraction & Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat’l Ass’n,
776 F.3d 1343, 1347-48 (Fed. Cir. 2014)) (alteration in original). In Aatrix I, the Federal Circuit
further concluded that under step two, “patentees who adequately allege their claims contain
inventive concepts survive a § 101 eligibility analysis under Rule 12(b)(6).” Id. at 1126-27
(citing BASCOM Glob. Internet Servs., Inc. v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1352 (Fed.
Cir. 2016)). “Whether the claim elements or the claimed combination are well-understood,
routine, [or] conventional is a question of fact . . . . [T]hat question cannot be answered
adversely to the patentee based on the sources properly considered on a motion to dismiss, such
as the complaint, the patent, and materials subject to judicial notice.” Id. at 1128.

        Therefore, under the guidance from the Supreme Court in Alice and the Federal Circuit in
Aatrix, the court believes granting judgment on the pleadings under RCFC 12(c) at the current
time would be premature. At this point in the litigation, the court cannot conclude that the
claimed patents are not among the category of specific improvements in technology, method, or
conventional activities that improves, or makes more useful, concepts, ideas, or activities that are
patent eligible. See CellzDirect, Inc., 827 F.3d at 1048-49; Hitkansut, 130 Fed. Cl. at 380.

        The patents at issue here, with the facts construed most favorably to the non-moving
plaintiffs, demonstrate a system designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of security
systems and first responders over the prior art. See generally [Proposed] Second Am. Compl.
Each patent is designed to “enhance” security systems through the provision of realtime video
and realtime image information. Id. ¶¶ 13, 108, 142. Plaintiffs’ [Proposed] Second Amended
Complaint, much like the one in Aatrix, contains “numerous allegations related to the inventive
concepts [of the claimed patent].” 882 F.3d at 1127. The proposed amended complaint
describes the issues with the prior art, e.g., delay, human error in relaying information, that
decreased the efficiency of first responders and how the claimed patent systems improve this
process by integrating data collection and significantly eliminating the risk of human error by

                                                 15
providing first responders with realtime evidence of the unfolding situation. [Proposed] Second
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13-18, 32, 108-114, 142-155. It also presents specific allegations related to the
“inventive features” of the patents at issue. E.g., id. ¶¶ 32 (“One of the improvements over the
prior art claimed in the ’085 Patent is that the system selects and identifies specific agencies from
among a list of all possible agencies without the need for human interaction.”), 35 (“Another
inventive feature includes the transmission of additional information with the imagery.”), 111
(“This inventive feature and enhancement places realtime video information directly into the
hands of those who are called upon . . . to respond to potential emergencies.”), 114 (“The system
also claims as an inventive feature a mobile emergency response unit with mobile means for
processing and displaying the realtime video over an [i]nternet connection.”), 159 (“[A]s a
further example of the implementation of the inventive features unique to the ’980 patent, Claim
2 . . . includes biometric information from an individual located at a secured location, and the
computer system . . . is configured to analyze the biometric information.”).

        These allegations in the proposed amended complaint are directed towards the
improvement of emergency response systems through computer technology and internet
communications. See generally Proposed Second Am. Compl. When taken as a whole (or as an
“ordered combination”), the claims at issue here are akin to the ones in Aatrix I, where the
“claimed software uses less memory, results in faster processing speed, and reduces the risk of [a
condition that slowed down prior art systems] which makes the computer process [] more
efficient[].” 882 F.3d at 1127. Here, the patent claims allegedly improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of emergency response systems, see Pls.’ Second Reply to Defs.’ Mot. for
Judgment on the Pleadings (“Pls.’ Rebuttal”) at 44-48, ECF No. 223, and eliminate or reduce the
risk of human error in relaying the pertinent information. Id. at 44.

        In Berkheimer v. HP Inc., 890 F.3d 1369, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“Berkheimer II”), the
Federal Circuit addressed improvements over the prior art. The Federal Circuit noted that Mayo
had “considered disclosures in the specification of the patent about the claimed techniques being
‘routinely’ used and ‘well known in the art.’” Id. (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 73-74, 79). In that
setting, the Court of Appeals said Mayo had held that “any additional steps beyond the law of
nature [which] consist of well-understood, routine, conventional activity ready engaged in by the
scientific community . . . add nothing significant beyond the sum of their parts taken separately.”
Id. (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 73-74, 79-80) (internal modifications omitted) (further
modification added).

        The patent claims at issue here are not similarly flawed. Grumman, in the defendant-
intervenors’ reply brief, asserts that the court does not need to accept as true the previously
recited allegations in the [Proposed] Second Amended Complaint because the “conclusory”
allegations in that complaint are contradicted by “matters properly subject to judicial notice or
exhibit, such as the claims and the patent specifications.” Def.-Intervenors’ Reply in Support of
its Mot. for Judgment on the Pleadings at 2, ECF No. 227 (citing Berkheimer II, 890 F.3d at
1372). But Grumman does not point out which specific allegations are contradicted by what
judicial notice or which exhibits before the court are controverted.

       As the determination of whether the claim elements or claim combinations are “well-
understood, routine, [or] conventional is a question of fact,” Aatrix, 882 F.3d at 1128, the court,

                                                 16
considering all proper sources available at this stage in the litigation, cannot determine at this
time that the claims of the plaintiffs fail this test. 8 Therefore, the amendment of plaintiffs’
complaint would not be futile. The court prudently denies Grumman’s motion without prejudice
in light of plaintiffs’ proffered second amended complaint.

               II.    Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend their Complaint

        Because of the timing of their motion, plaintiffs need the permission of the court to file a
second amended complaint under RCFC 15(a)(2). While this permission should be “freely
give[n] when justice so requires,” RCFC 15(a)(2), it should be denied when amendment would
cause “delay, bad faith, repeated failure to correct a complaint’s deficiencies, undue prejudice to
the opposing party, or if the amendment would be futile,” Marchena, 128 Fed. Cl. at 330 (citing
A&D Auto Sales, 748 F.3d at 1158 . This decision is within the discretion of the trial court.
Tamerlane, Ltd. v. United States, 550 F.3d 1135, 1147 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (internal quotation and
citation omitted).

         The government and defendant-intervenors do not make any allegations of bad faith
against the plaintiffs. Rather, the government and defendant-intervenors argue that the motion
should be denied as futile and untimely. They resist application of the Federal Circuit’s decision
in Aatrix, which held that denying leave to amend is in error when “factual allegations[ ] spelled
out in the proposed second amended complaint[,] . . . if accepted as true, establish that the
claimed combination contains inventive components.” Aatrix I, 882 F.3d at 1125. Defendants
argue that plaintiffs’ [Proposed] Second Amended Complaint lacks sufficient factual allegations
to fall under the Aatrix umbrella, emphasizing the well-known components of the patented
systems. See Defs.’ Reply to Pls.’ Rule 15(a)(2) Mot. for Leave to Amend Compl. (“Defs.’
Rebuttal”), at 8, ECF No. 222.

        Taken at this stage of the pleadings, where the court is required to accept plaintiffs’
factual allegations as true, it cannot be said that the amendment would be futile, as the
[Proposed] Second Amended Complaint contains sufficient facts establishing inventive concepts.
Here, as discussed in connection with analysis of Grumman’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings, plaintiffs allege enough facts in their [Proposed] Second Amended Complaint to
demonstrate sufficient inventive concepts to survive under step two of the Alice test. See supra,
at 8-9.

        Moreover, amendment of the complaint would not prejudice the defendants. Prejudice is
typically found where an amendment would result in “unfair surprise, a broadening or
fundamental change in the issues litigated, or prompting further discovery or a need for
significant new preparation.” RMA Eng’g S.A.R.L. v. United States, __ Fed. Cl. __, __, No. 14-

       8
         The court has in hand the complaint, the patents, the motion to dismiss, and materials
subject to judicial notice. See Aatrix I, 882 F.3d at 1128 (“Whether the claim elements or
claimed combinations are well-understood, routine, conventional is a question of fact [] that
cannot be answered . . . based on . . . the complaint, the patent, and materials subject to judicial
notice.”).

                                                 17
1202, 2018 WL 4140429, at *39 (Aug. 28, 2018) (citing Cencast Servs., L.P. v. United States,
729 F.3d 1352, 1363-64 (Fed. Cir. 2013)). None of those concerns are present in this case.
Plaintiffs are not bringing in new claims that would unfairly surprise the government and
defendant-intervenors. Nor are they broadening their claims to expand the issues litigated. If
anything, plaintiffs are narrowing their claims to provide greater specificity. See generally
[Proposed] Second Am. Compl. Additionally, as this litigation is still in its early stages despite
its pendency for three years during which ancillary matters were addressed, there are no fears of
hindrance to, or adverse effect on, discovery (as only preliminary work aimed at delineating
parties and supporting claim construction has taken place). In sum, the court does not find that
the amended complaint will cause the defendants any significant prejudice beyond continuing the
litigation they seek to avoid.

       Therefore, the court determines the proposed amendments would not be futile and are
timely. For good cause shown, plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend the complaint is granted.

                                  III.   Claim Construction

        The parties have focused on claim construction of the patents at issue. Apart from the
parties’ divergent contentions on the construction of the terms of the claims, the court has before
it an opinion of the District Court for the Eastern District of Texas construing several terms of
the ’980 patent. See 3rd Eye Surveillance, 2016 WL 3951335 (claim construction opinion).

        As a preliminary matter, the court construes only terms of claims that the plaintiffs assert
are valid and actually infringed. For the ’980 patent, plaintiffs are pursuing Claims 1-10, 13, and
15. See Pls.’ Notice Concerning Withdrawal of Certain Asserted Claims (“Pls.’ Notice”) at 2,
ECF No. 197; Pls.’ Resp. at 36. For the ’085 patent, plaintiffs are pursuing Claims 3-6, 8-10, 12-
14, 17-19, 30, 34, and 36-55. See Pls.’ Notice at 2. Finally, for the ’344 patent, plaintiffs are
pursuing Claims 6-10. Id.; Pls.’ Resp. at 35.9

        The plaintiffs propose that most of the terms at issue in this case be given their plain and
ordinary meaning, excepting the terms that were previously construed by the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Texas in the context of the ’980 patent. See generally
Pls.’ Resp. The plaintiffs propose adopting the district court’s construction for all similar terms
in each of the three patents at issue. See Pls.’ Claim Constr. Br.” at 7-8.

        Defendant and defendant-intervenors disagree with many of the plaintiffs’ proffered
definitions. See generally Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 5-30. Rather, they advance their own
definitions drawn from the specification and prosecution histories of the relevant patents. Id.

       9
         After a decision by the Patent and Trademark Appeals Board on inter partes review,
Claims 11-12, 14, 16-18, and 20-31 of the ’980 patent were invalidated. See Department of
Justice, 2017 WL 5446312, at *5, 13, 15. Correlatively, plaintiffs filed a notice with the court
withdrawing certain other claims. See Pls.’ Notice.

                                                 18
                 A. Defining the Relevant “Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art”

        When construing patents, federal trial courts are required to “examine patent claim terms
and phrases from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art.” Beacon Adhesives, Inc.
v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. 26, 33 (2017) (citing Markman, 52 F.3d at 986). The Federal
Circuit has said “[f]actors that may be considered in determining the ordinary level of skill in the
art include: 1) the types of problems encountered in the art; 2) the prior art solutions to those
problems; 3) the rapidity with which innovations are made; 4) the sophistication of the
technology; and 5) the educational level of active workers in the field.” Ruiz v. A.B. Chance Co.,
234 F.3d 654, 666-67 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Determining a person of ordinary skill in the art is “a
basic factual inquiry.” Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17 (1966).

         For this case, the court begins with defendants’ definition, i.e., that a person of ordinary
skill in the art would be a person possessing either “an undergraduate degree in electrical
engineering or its equivalent with at least three years of professional experience in realtime
image/video/audio system design,” or a “master’s degree in electrical engineering or its
equivalent and at least two years of professional experience in realtime image/video/audio
systems design.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 5. The court believes this level of education and
knowledge of audio/visual systems design would be helpful due to the sophistication of the
technology (e.g., realtime video systems, computer systems involving multiple sensors and
automated processes) and the types of problems encountered in the art (e.g., systems analysis and
design). See Ruiz, 234 F.3d at 666-67; see also generally the ’085 Patent; the ’344 Patent;
the’980 Patent. That definition should be expanded, however, to also include a person with
“three-to-four years” of professional experience in the field of electronics and security systems,
as a substitute for a college degree. Pls.’ Claim Constr. Resp. at 14-15. The court includes this
additional qualification as it goes to factor 5 of Ruiz, the educational level of active workers in
the field.10

                B.      The Specific Terms the Parties Request to be Constructed

Term 1: “Security system central station” and “security system central monitoring station”:

 Plaintiffs’ Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 The E.D. Tex. construction, viz.: “a central      “The facility of security companies that
 facility that monitors a client’s secured         monitors remotely-located secured locations
 location.” Pls.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 7.          for their clients.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at
                                                   5.

       10
          As plaintiffs noted, defendants’ preferred definition would “exclude the inventors, who
lack that level of education . . . [and] would exclude David Monroe, the inventor of the [most
pertinent] prior art.” Pls.’ Claim Constr. Resp. at 14.

                                                 19
        Term 1 appears in independent Claims 1 and 3, and dependent Claims 5, 7, and 15 of
the’980 patent; dependent Claims 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 36, and 37, independent Claim 38, and
dependent Claims 38, 42, 54, and 55 of the ’085 patent; and independent Claim 6 and dependent
Claim 10 for the’344 patent. The plaintiffs’ proposed construction of Term 1 adopts that of the
Eastern District of Texas. Defendants’ proposed definition is based on statements in the
specification and the plaintiffs’ statements during patent prosecution. Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at
5-8. They argue the plaintiffs’ proposed definition omits “securities companies,” and also refers
to “secured location” in the singular tense. Id. at 7.

        Defendants point to statements made by the patentees during presentation of the ’344
Patent, the ’085 Patent, and the ’980 Patent. See Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 5-6. The patentees
had stated that “security system central monitoring station” and “security system central station”
had definitions that were “well recognized:”

       It should be noted that the term “central station” is well-recognized in the
       security field as a facility associated with most security companies that monitor
       secured locations for a company’s clients. The facility is typically staffed by
       trained security professionals who operate/monitor the computer and
       communications equipment at the facilities.

’085 File History, Nov. 5, 2003 Resp. to the Office Action mailed on Sept. 26, 2003 at A100; see
also ’980 File History, Apr. 11, 2007 Resp. to Office Action dated Jan. 11, 2007 at A148; ’344
File History Nov. 5, 2003 Resp. to Office Action dated Sept. 29, 2003 at A129. These
statements, however, do not themselves purport to define the terms; rather, they indicate that
persons of ordinary skill in the art would know what was meant by them, without any
elaboration. There is no basis in the statements to restrict the terms to facilities of “security
companies,” as defendants would wish. See Defs.’ Claim Const. Br. at 7. Defendants concede
that the specifications relate that “a central monitoring station” may be “associated with a
‘private security service’ or a ‘government agency.’” Id. (quoting ’980 Patent, col. 4, lines 3-5).
They argue, however, that the reference in the specifications to “government agency” should be
ignored in light of the prosecution history. Id. Such a contravention of the specifications has no
basis in the quoted statements from the prosecution history. Defendants’ purpose seems to be to
draw close parallels to conventional security systems, to the point where the patented systems
have nothing inventive to offer. That effort fails. The statements in the specifications regarding
“security companies” were presented in context of improvements over what had been the prior
art. Any reference to security companies is irrelevant for the patented systems or regarding any
governmental facilities using the patented systems.

        The court therefore largely adopts the definition supplied by the Eastern District of Texas
for term 1: “security system central station” and “security system central monitoring station”
mean a central facility that monitors a secured location.

Term 2: “Realtime imagery” and its associated variants, “real-time imagery,” “realtime
video,” and “real-time imagery data”:

                                                20
 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction             Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 The E.D. Tex. definition, viz., “Realtime           “Imagery [or video, where appropriate]
 imagery, defined as “Imagery—as seen (1) by         relating to the actual time that an event occurs
 a sensor (e.g., IR or PMMW), (2) as video,          such that the imagery [or video] can be used
 and/or (3) as still images—made available for       by trained personnel, including security
 viewing without intentional delay.” Pls.’           personnel, to control, monitor, or respond in a
 Claim Constr. Br. at 7-8.                           timely manner to the event’s occurrence.”
                                                     Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 17 (brackets
                                                     modified).

Term 2 appears in independent Claim 1 and dependent Claim 2 of the ‘980 patent; dependent
Claims 12, 13, and 14, independent Claim 38, and dependent Claims 39 and 40 of the ‘085
patent; it does not appear in the ‘344 patent.

        The parties have primarily contested the meaning of “realtime,” with plaintiffs referring
to the approach taken by the Eastern District of Texas, i.e., “made available for viewing without
intentional delay,” Pls.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 7-8, while defendants have urged reference to “the
actual time that an event occurs,” Defs.’ Claim Constr Br. at 17. No disagreement arises
respecting “imagery” or “video,” with the parties simply accepting that the word means a
pictorial or representational reproduction.11 At the Markman hearing, the parties seemingly
concurred that the only delays involved in the transmission of images or videos patented systems
were those necessarily incurred because of the laws of physics, i.e., the time required for light or
electrons to travel over the transmission means, and the capability of the technology employed
respecting transmission. Hr’g Tr. 66:9 to 68:18, 91:3 to 99:20 (July 31, 2018).12 That time
might be measured in tenths of a second if satellite communication was involved or nanoseconds
if other transmission means were used. Hr’g Tr. 68:3-18.13

        11
          The representation could be generated by infrared “(IR”) sensors or passive millimeter-
wave (“PMMW”) sensors. See ’980 Patent, col. 9, lines 8-10 (“Alternative imagery devices may
include, for example, infrared (IR) sensors or passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) sensors to name
just a few.”).
        12
         The date will be omitted from further citations of the transcript of the Markman hearing
held on July 31, 2018.
        13
             As Dr. Clifford Reader, who testified as an expert on behalf of the government,
testified:

        [I]magine that you’re going to be doing a video phone call with somebody.
        Well, then it turns out that the response time of . . . humans in a conversational
        environment means that if there’s a delay of more than 200 milliseconds in
        each direction of the call, then we don’t have a natural-flowing conversation
        . . . because that delay is enough to make us wonder if the other person has
        stopped talking or not. So then, we interrupt each other and it doesn’t work.

                                                   21
        Defendants’ inclusion in the definition of limitations regarding the purpose for use of the
“realtime imagery” is extraneous to the meaning of the term itself.

       Consequently, the court modifies the construction adopted by the Eastern District of
Texas to provide that “realtime imagery,” “real-time imagery,” “realtime video,” and “realtime
imagery data” mean video or other pictoral or representational images derived from
cameras or sensors made available for viewing as the actual events occur, subject to the
laws of physics and the capability of the technology employed respecting transmission.

Term 3: “Emergency response agency,” emergency response agencies,” “response agency,”
and “response agencies”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 The E.D. Tex. definition, viz., “A federal,       “A federal state, or local organization, distinct
 state, or local organization capable of           from the security system central [monitoring]
 responding to an emergency and/or a               station, capable of responding to an
 perceived emergency.” Pls.’ Claim Constr.         emergency and/or a perceived emergency.”
 Br. at 8.                                         Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 8.

Term 3 appears in independent Claim 1 and dependent Claim 13 of the ’980 patent; independent
Claim 1, dependent Claim 13, independent Claim 38, and dependent Claims 42, 44-46, 49, 51,
53, and 55 of the ’085 patent; and independent Claim 6, and dependent Claims 9 and 10 of the
’344 patent.

        As with terms one and two, the plaintiffs proffer a definition supplied by the Eastern
District of Texas. Defendants counter with a definition that “seeks clarification that the claimed
‘emergency response agency’ and claimed ‘security system central [monitoring] station’ are
distinct entities.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 9. Defendants cite the plaintiffs’ statements during
patent prosecution, the plain language of the claims, and the patent specification. Id. at 9-11.

        The defendants’ definition is cumbersome and introduces unnecessary surplus language.
If a central monitoring station could also respond to an emergency or a perceived emergency,
there would be no need for the patents claimed by the plaintiffs. Moreover, by adding “distinct
entities” defendants would eliminate the possibility that the organization operating the central
monitoring station might also be one that has an emergency response unit. Nothing in the
patented claims requires that separation. When construing claims, although the Federal Circuit
has held “no canon of construction is absolute in its application,” Renishaw PLC v. Marposs
Societa’ per Azioni, 158 F.3d 1243, 1248 (Fed. Cir. 1998), it has also repeatedly struck down

       So we actually have versions of the standards called a low-delay mode in
       which we don’t use the same technology we use for broadcast TV.

Hr’g Tr. 68:5-16.

                                                22
claim constructions that render words as surplusage, see, e.g., Nautilus Grp., Inc. v. Icon Health
& Fitness, Inc., 82 Fed. Appx. 691, 694 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (finding error in the district court’s
claim construction that rendered certain terms as “surplusage.”); Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. v.
U.S. Surgical Corp., 93 F.3d 1572, 1578 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (avoiding a claim construction that
would render language as surplusage); Texas Instruments, Inc. v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 988
F.2d 1165, 1171 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (same).

       For the reasons above, the court adopts the definition supplied by the Eastern District of
Texas and advocated by the plaintiffs for term 3: “Emergency response agency,” emergency
response agencies,” “response agency,” and “response agencies” mean a federal, state, or local
organization capable of responding to an emergency or perceived emergency.

Term 4: “Mobile emergency response unit,” “mobile response unit,” and “emergency
response unit”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                        “A unit of an emergency response agency that
                                                   communicates with its corresponding
                                                   emergency response agency, at least in part,
                                                   via a wireless connection.” Defs.’ Claim
                                                   Constr. Br. at 14.

       Term 4 does not appear in the ’980 patent or the ’344 patent. It does appear in dependent
Claim 44 of the ’085 patent.14

        The plaintiffs argue that term 4 should be constructed according to its plain and ordinary
meaning. The defendants proffer a more lengthy construction, drawn from the patent
specifications. Defendants cite particularly the ’085 Patent, col. 5, lines 8-12, which states: “As
these emergency response units are mobile, the high-speed communication link between a
corresponding emergency response agency, for example, . . . and emergency response unit . . . is
achieved, at least in part by a wireless connection.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 14-15.
Defendants also note that the specifications refer to mobile response units by characteristic, e.g.,
“one or more police officers in a police vehicle,” “fire fighting personnel in a fire truck,” and
“emergency medical technicians in an ambulance.” Id. at 14 (quoting ’085 Patent, col. 5, lines 1-
8).

        Defendants are correct that wireless communications would have to be employed, as
cited in the specifications. The trouble with defendants’ preferred definition, however, is that it

       14
         Claim 44 of the ’085 patent refers to “mobile response unit.” The other associated
terms appear in claims of the ’085 patent and ’344 patent that are not at issue in this case, viz.,
Claim 24 of the ‘085 patent and Claim 3 of the ’344 patent refer to “mobile emergency response
unit,” and Claim 11 of the ’344 patent refers to “emergency response unit.”

                                                 23
ignores the “mobile” aspect of the emergency response unit and emphasizes the means of
communications. “Mobile” in this context appears to refer simply to the ability to move, which
has a plain meaning. See Mobile, Oxford English Dictionary, online (“mobile, adj. . . . capable
or characterized by movement . . . .”).

        This plain meaning seems preferred to defendants’ focus solely on the means of
communication, which is important to the patent system but detracts from the salient fact that the
informed responders can move to the secured location while receiving the realtime video and
information. When construing claim terms of patents, “a court should generally look to the
ordinary and customary meanings attributed to them by those of ordinary skill in the art at the
date of the invention, which is the effective filing date of the patent application.” FastShip, LLC,
114 Fed. Cl. at 504 (citing Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1313); see also Hill-Rom Servs., Inc. v. Stryker
Corp., 755 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2014); Thorner, 669 F.3d at 1365. “There are only two
exceptions to this general rule: 1) when a patentee sets out a definition and acts as his own
lexicographer, or 2) when the patentee disavows the full scope of a claim either in the
specification or during prosecution.” Thorner, 669 F.3d at 1365 (citing Vitronics, 90 F.3d at
1580). Neither exception applies here. Therefore, the court applies plain meaning.

Term 5: “Secured location”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                        “Any location, outside or inside, which is
                                                   protected by a security alarm system.” Defs.’
                                                   Claim Constr. Br. at 16.

       Term 5 appears in independent Claim 1 and dependent Claims 2, 3, 8-10, and 13 of the
’980 patent; dependent Claims 12, 17, 18-19, 30, and 34, independent Claim 38, and dependent
Claims 41, 46, 47-48, and 50-53 of the ‘085 patent; and independent Claim 6 and independent
Claim 7 of the ‘344 patent.

        Although the term appears in a number of the claims, the context for each is essentially
the same: the location monitored by the system. See e.g., ’980 Patent, col. 12, lines 37-38 (“a
security system comprising: an imagery device positioned at a secure location”); ’085 Patent,
col. 12, lines 46-47, (“[t]he security system of claim 7 further comprising: an alarm sensor
position at the secured location”); ’344 Patent, col. 8, line 64, (“generating a realtime video
signal at a secured location”).

        The plaintiffs argue this term should be construed according to its plan and ordinary
meaning, as “a [person of ordinary skill in the art] would understand the meaning of this term as
basic terminology used in this field.” Pls.’ Resp. at 18. The defendants counter that the term
should be construed according to the definition provided in the patent itself, i.e., “secured
location may refer to residences, commercial properties, . . . and any other location, outside or
inside, which is protected by a security alarm system.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 16; (citing
’980 Patent, col. 3, lines 20-26) (emphasis added). Defendants invoke Innova/Pure Water, Inc.
v. Safari Water Filtration Sys. Inc., 381 F.3d 1111, 1116-17 (Fed. Cir. 2004), to buttress their

                                                24
argument that “when a patentee acts as his or her own lexicographer, the meaning assigned by
the patentee controls.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 16.

        Defendants’ construction would add unnecessary words to the claims. There is nothing
in the patent that mandates or requires an “alarm” as part of the “security system at a secured
location.” Also, defendants’ quotation from the ’980 patent is curtailed; the unabridged text of
the ’980 Patent refers to “a security alarm system, or, more generally, a security system . . . .”
’980 Patent, col. 3, lines 24-25 (emphasis added). That there may be an alarm is irrelevant. For
some “secured locations” an alarm might be deemed counterproductive or harmful to
maintaining security.15 As a general matter, the Federal Circuit “indulge[s] a ‘heavy
presumption’ that a claim term carries its ordinary and customary meaning.” CCS Fitness, Inc.
v. Brunswick Corp., 288 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2002); see also Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1313.
Indeed, the Federal Circuit has held courts should construe claims terms according to their
“ordinary and accustomed meanings unless the patentee demonstrated an intent to deviate from
the ordinary and accustomed meaning of a claim term by redefining the term . . . in the intrinsic
record using words or expressions of manifest exclusion or restriction, representing a clear
disavowal of claim scope.” Teleflex, Inc. v. Ficosa North America Corp., 299 F.3d 1313, 1327
(Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[A]n accused infringer cannot overcome the ‘heavy presumption’ that a claim
term takes on its ordinary meaning simply by pointing to the preferred embodiment or other
structures or steps disclosed in the specification or prosecution history.”) (citing CSS Fitness,
288 F.3d 1366) (emphasis added).

        Moreover, the quoted portion of the specification in the ’980 patent is preceded by the
phrase, “[t]o facilitate an understanding,” and includes the caveat that “the term ‘secured
location’ may refer.” ‘980 Patent, col. 3, lines 18-20 (emphasis added). These permissive
indicia of preferred embodiments are not sufficient to carry the day over the “heavy
presumption” of plain and ordinary meaning. Finally, the term “protected” in the defendants’
preferred definition encompasses too much. The “secured locations” could be monitored by the
pertinent system, but they are protected by the persons or agency responding to the emergency or
unfolding situation.

       Therefore the court, for the forgoing reasons, concludes no construction of term 5 is
necessary and the plain meaning of the term is preferred.

Term 6: “Realtime audio signal”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction          Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                       “Audio relating to the actual time that an
                                                  event occur such that the audio can be used to

       15
         For example, an audible or visual alarm might warn a trespasser, causing the person to
leave precipitously, when that action would be detrimental to the purpose of the surveillance.

                                                25
                                                 engage in two-way communication.” Defs.’
                                                 Claim Contr. Br. at 19.

       Term 6 does not appear in the ’980 patent nor in the ‘’344 patent. It appears in dependent
Claims 51-53 of the ’085 patent.16

         The plaintiffs argue the court does not need to construe term 6, as “[a] [person of
ordinary skill in the art] would understand the meaning of this term as basic terminology used in
this field” and urges the court to adopt “its plain and ordinary meaning.” Pls.’ Resp. at 24.
Defendants, on the other hand, contend that there is a “fundamental dispute over the scope of the
term ‘realtime audio’ that needs to be resolved.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 19. Under their
definition, “realtime audio signal” includes both a contemporaneity requirement (“audio relating
to the actual time that an event occurs”) and a duality requirement (“two-way communication”).
Id. at 19-20.

        The defendants’ construction of “realtime audio” is unnecessary. First, there is no
generic requirement in the ’085 patent for the “realtime audio signal” to mean “two-way
communication.” The “realtime audio signal” claims would contemplate a one-way system that
relays sound to the emergency response agency.17 Second, the addition of “the actual time that
an even occur[s]” to the definition is unnecessary. A person of ordinary skill in the art, indeed
even a lay person, could deduce from the term “realtime” that the audio would be “relating to the
actual time that an event occur[s].” And, the claims and specification do not indicate that the
patentee desired a specialized meaning for this term. FastShip, 114 Fed. Cl. at 507. The court
here does not need to resort to anything “more complicated than the common meaning of the

       16
         The term appears in other claims of the ’085 patent that are not at issue in this case.
       17
         Claim 51 of the ’085 patent is a dependent claim to independent Claim 38 of the ’085
patent that addresses providing “realtime imaging” to an emergency response agency. Claim 51
adds receipt of a “realtime audio signal:”
       51. The method of claim 38 further comprising the step if: at the emergency
       response agency, receiving a first realtime audio signal generated by a sound
       detection device located at the secured location and responding sound as a
       function of the first realtime audio signal.

’085 Patent, Claim 51. Claims 52 and 53 are in turn dependent upon Claim 51 and address the
possibility of reproducing a “second realtime audio signal” that could be received at the secured
location, Claim 52, and then reproducing the voice signals “at the secured location and the
emergency response agency . . . based on the first and second realtime audio signals,” Claim 53.
Defendants’ definition of Term 6 makes sense only for dependent Claim 53 and would constrain
Claims 51 and 52.

                                               26
words when their meaning is evident and not contradicted by the claims or specification.” Id.
(citing Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314).

        Thus, for the foregoing reasons, the court finds no need to construe the term “realtime
audio signal,” and holds the term should be construed in accordance with its plain and ordinary
meaning: an audio signal transmitted contemporaneously within the limits of the laws of
physics and the capability of the transmission technology employed.

Term 7: “A private security service”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction            Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning. Pls.’ Resp. at         “A non-government entity responsible for
 25.                                                providing security services.” Defs.’ Claim
                                                    Constr. Br. at 20.

        Term 7 does not appear in the ’980 patent nor in the ’344 patent. It does appear in
dependent Claims 5, 36, and 54 at the ’085 patent. In context, the claim reads, “the security
system of claim 1, wherein the security system central station is associated with a private
security service.” ’085 Patent, col. 12, lines 15-17 & col. 14, lines 39-41.

       The plaintiffs seek adoption of the plain and ordinary meaning of term 7. Pls.’ Resp. at
25. Defendants seek to construe the claim to mean “a non-government entity responsible for
providing security services,” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 20, based on the juxtaposition with
claim 6 of the ’085 patent, which also depends on Claim 1 and “specifies that ‘the security
system central station is associated with a government agency,’” id. (citing ’085 Patent at Claim
6) (emphasis in original).

        There appears to be little disagreement among the parties regarding construction of term
7. In defendants’ brief, they state the “specification indicates that a ‘private security service’ is
not ‘a government agency,’ and vice versa.” Id. at 21. And that, “[b]ased on the claims and the
specifications, it is clear that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand ‘a private security
service’ to mean a ‘non-government entity responsible for providing security services.’” Id.
Plaintiffs argue a similar point, i.e., “a [person of ordinary skill in the art] would understand the
meaning of this term as basic terminology used in this field.” Pls.’ Resp. at 25.

        The court agrees with the defendants regarding the construction of term 7. The court
struggles to think of a different definition of “private security service” than the one provided by
defendants, or any context where “private” could mean “government.” The term “private” in this
context by itself connotes “non-government.” Black’s Law Dictionary defines “private” as
“[r]elating or belonging to an individual, as opposed to the public or the government.” Private,
Black’s Law Dictionary 1389 (10th ed. 2014).

       Therefore, for the forgoing reasons, the court construes the term “private security
service” as: A non-government entity responsible for providing security services.

                                                  27
Term 8: “That which is maintained at the secured location”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                        “Items or things present at the secured
                                                   location.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 21.

        Term 8 does not appear in the ’980 patent nor in the ’344 patent. It does appear in
dependent Claim 19 of the ’085 patent. In context, the claim states “wherein the data related to
the secured location identifies that which is maintained at the secured location.” ’085 Patent, col.
13, lines 11-13.

        The plaintiffs urge the court to adopt the plain and ordinary meaning of term 8. Pls.’
Resp. at 25. Defendants counter with a narrower definition that constructs term 8 as “items or
things present at the secured location.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 21. The defendants base
their construction on a portion of the patent specification, which states that “the additional
information may specify items or things maintained at the secured location . . . . Having this
information might provide an indication as to what an intruder is seeking at the secured
location.” Id. (citing ’085 Patent, col. 10, lines 30-34) (emphasis removed).

        The defendants’ interpretation limits what is maintained at the secure location to items or
things. The portion of the specification they emphasize is explicitly identified in the patent as an
“[a]lternative[].” ’085 Patent, col. 10, line 30. The specification provides as an example
“hazardous materials” that might be maintained at the secured location. Id., line 32. But, it also
refers to “escape routes,” id. lines 28-29, “the best way into and out of a building,” id. line 30,
and “data about a particular person or persons,” id. at line 41. Based on an alternative exemplar,
a limitation to “items or things” does not represent a limitation applicable to the full scope of
Claim 19. The defendants’ preferred definition arguably could exclude persons, animals, sound,
light, heat, electronic (including infrared) waves, unoccupied or open spaces, or any other
intangible that might not fall within the definition of “items or things.” The court cannot impute
this limitation to the claim. See Kara Tech, Inc. v. Stamps.com, Inc., 582 F.3d 1341, 1348 (Fed.
Cir. 2008) (“the patentee is entitled to the full scope of his claims, and we will not . . . import a
limitation from the specification into the claims.”). The addition of the word “may” in the patent
specification also indicates the plaintiffs did not intend to limit their patent claim to “items or
things.” Rather, the permissive may indicates that the “additional information [provided by the
sensors]” could include information about things if it was relevant (e.g., about hazardous
materials or emissions). Additionally, although “specification is important in discerning the
meaning of the claims, federal trial judges must not ‘import’ or graft limitations from the
specification into the claim.” Advanced Aerospace Techs., Inc. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl.
445, 457 (2015) (citing American Piledriving Equip., Inc. v. Geoquip, Inc., 637 F.3d 1324, 1331
(Fed. Cir. 2011)).

       Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, the court agrees with the plaintiffs that term 8 “that
which is maintained at a secure location” should be construed by its plain and ordinary meaning
and no construction is necessary.

                                                 28
Term 9: “Biometric information”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction            Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                         “Imagery data of a biological feature of a
                                                    person having a high enough resolution that
                                                    the imagery data can be analyzed to provide
                                                    identifying information.” Defs.’ Claim
                                                    Constr. Br. at 22.

        Term 9 appears in dependent Claims 2, 3, 13 of the ‘980 patent; dependent Claims 47 and
49 of the ‘085 patent; and does not appear in the ‘344 patent. The term, in context, reads “[t]he
method of Claim 38 further comprising steps of: capturing biometric information from an
individual located at the secured location; and analyzing the biometric information,” ‘085 Patent,
col. 15, lines 24-28, and “[t]he method of claim 48 further comprising the steps of: generating an
alarm signal based on the analysis of the biometric information,” id., col. 15, lines 37-40.

         Plaintiffs contend the court is “not required to define this term,” as a “[person of ordinary
skill in the art] would understand the meaning of this basic terminology used in this field.” Pls.’
Resp. at 25. Defendants, on the other hand, request the court to provide a specialized definition
that makes it known that “biometric information” is “not merely ‘imagery data,’ but a specialized
kind of imagery data that can be analyzed to provide identifying information.” Defs.’ Claim
Constr. Br. at 22. They note how the claims within the ‘085 patent and ‘980 patent “make clear
that capturing biometric information requires something more than just capturing ordinary
imagery data.” Id. at 22-23. They finally point to the specification for the ‘980 patent, which
states, “[c]ertain imagery sensors that have the capability to provide very high resolution images
may be employed to provide facial, thumb, eye or other biometric scans.” Id. at 23.

        The court cannot accept the defendants’ proffered definition, as it adds unnecessary and
complicating language to the term. Webster’s New College Dictionary defines information as:
“[t]he act of informing or state of being informed. 2. Knowledge derived from study, experience,
or instruction. 3. Knowledge of a particular event or situation.” Information, Webster’s II New
College Dictionary (3rd ed. 2001) (emphasis added).18 If the imagery information did not
provide data of “a high enough resolution that . . . can be analyzed to provide identifying
information” it would not serve as biometric information. And this is true for any type of
information. Defendants’ proffered definition is redundant and would be the equivalent of
saying written information needs to be legible.

       18
         Other dictionaries provide similar definitions. See, e.g., Information, Merriam-
Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed. 1998) (“1: the communication or reception or
knowledge or intelligence.”); Information, Dictionary.com,
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/information (last accessed Sept. 12, 2018).

                                                 29
        Defendants’ proffered definition also seems unnecessary, as their principal concern with
the term “biometric information,” appears to be that it is not regular imagery data. But this is
apparently why the patentee used the different term “biometric information” instead of repeating
“imagery data” or some variant. Consequently, it is not evident how defendants’ proffered
construction is necessary.

         In addition, the use of “biological feature” is similarly redundant and unnecessary.
“Biological” is unnecessary, as “biometric” contains the prefix “bio,” a common indicator of
“life, living organisms or tissues.” Bi- or bio-, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th
ed. 1998). “Feature” is similarly implied biological or biometric; non-feature is not intelligible
in context.

         Finally, nothing about the claims or specifications indicates the patentee intended any
other meaning beyond the plain and ordinary meaning. And Thorner emphasizes that the court
start with an interpretation of a term by its plain and ordinary meaning. 669 F.3d at 1368; see
also CCS Fitness, Inc., 288 F.3d at 1366. Thus, the court concludes that a person of ordinary
skill in the art would ascertain the meaning of “biometric information,” and no persuasive reason
has been advanced to deviate from this guiding principle. For the foregoing reasons, there is no
need for the court to construe this claim beyond its ordinary and plain meaning. See U.S.
Surgical Corp., 103 F.3d at 1568; Fastship, 114 Fed. Cl. at 507.

Term 10: “Alarm sensor”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                        “A non-camera sensor that generates an alarm
                                                   signal in response to a forced/unauthorized
                                                   entry, smoke/fire, a medical emergency, or
                                                   manual alarm activation.” Defs.’ Claim
                                                   Constr. Br. at 24.

        Term 10 does not appear in the ’980 patent; appears in dependent Claim 12 of the ’085
patent; and does not appear in the ’344 patent. In context, the claim states, “[t]he security system
of Claim 7 further comprising: an alarm sensor positioned at the secured location, . . . .” ’085
Patent, col. 12, lines 46-47.

        Plaintiffs argue the court should not be required to define this claim and contend that “[a]
[person of ordinary skill in the art] would understand the meaning of this term as basic
terminology used in the field.” Pls.’ Resp. at 26. Defendants counter that the term “alarm
sensor” must “reflect two important features: (1) it is not a camera, and (2) it generates an alarm
signal in response to certain conditions explicitly identified in the specification.” Defs.’ Claim

                                                 30
Constr. Br. at 24. The defendants further assert the claims themselves distinguish between
“video cameras” and “alarm sensors.” Id. (citing the ’344 Patent at Claim 3).19

        The court generally agrees with defendants that an alarm sensor might well be
distinguished from a video camera. It need not be, however. Dependent Claims 2 and 3 of the
’980 patent, which are issue in this case, refer to “real-time imagery data” that “includes
biometric information from an individual located at the secured location.” ’980 Patent, Claim 2.
That biometric information derived from a video camera could be used to trigger an alarm. In
short, a sensor that could trigger an alarm might be any of the monitoring devices serving as
sensors, whether chemical, light, heat, or other characteristics, so long as they could be used to
trigger an alarm at the secured location. Defendants’ insertion of “non-camera” and specific
events that would trigger an alarm unduly limits the meaning of the term. The court thus adopts
the plain and ordinary meaning of “alarm sensor.”

Term 11: “Based on at least one of the additional information and the imagery data”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 To be construed “in the disjunctive, i.e., one    “Based on at least one of the additional
 or more additional information, one or more       information and at least one of the imagery
 imagery data, or one or more of both.” Defs.’     data.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 27.
 Claim Constr. Br. at 27; see also Hr’g Tr.
 22:7-13 (testimony of plaintiffs’ expert
 advancing the disjunctive construction).

        Term 11 appears in independent Claim 1 of the ’980 patent; and does not appear in either
the ’085 or ’344 patents. In context, the claim reads, “a computer system associated with a
security system central monitoring station, said computer system configured to: . . . identify an
appropriate response agency from amongst a plurality of response agencies based on at least one
of the additional information and imagery data; . . . .” ’980 Patent, col. 12, lines 39-41, 46-49.

        Plaintiffs request that this term be construed in “the disjunctive, i.e., one or more
additional information, one or more imagery data, or one or more of both.” Defs.’ Claim Constr.
Br. at 27; see also Hr’g Tr. 22:7-13 (testimony of plaintiffs’ expert, Mr. Alexander, advancing
the disjunctive construction). Defendants, on the other hand, seek to construe the claim in the
conjunctive, i.e., requiring “at least one of the additional information and at least one of the
imagery data.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 27. In other words, under the defendants’
construction, the system would identify the appropriate response agency based on one or more
“additional information” provided by a number of different sensors and one or more imagery
data provided by an image or video camera – both, not one or the other.

       19
            ’344 Claim 3 has been withdrawn by the plaintiffs.

                                                  31
          Defendants cite SuperGuide Corp. v. DirecTV Enters., Inc., 358 F.3d 870, 885-88 (Fed.
Cir. 2004), as persuasive and primary authority regarding the construction of the phrase “at least
one of” in the context of a list. Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 27. In SuperGuide, the Federal
Circuit first held that “at least one of” means “one or more.” 358 F.3d at 886 (citing Rhine v.
Casio, Inc., 183 F.3d 1342, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Then, the Federal Circuit determined when
“at least one of” is followed by a list separated by the word “and,” it “connotes a conjunctive
list,” i.e., “at least one of” modifies each item or category in the list. Id. 20 In the present case,
SuperGuide would imply interpreting term 11 to mean at least one of the additional information
and at least one of the imagery data, requiring one of each before the system can decide on an
appropriate emergency response agency.

        This case, however, is distinguishable from SuperGuide. Unlike SuperGuide, the context
here is not a list, but rather an option of two. 21 The duality of the term makes it a binary choice
between two options – not a list giving rise to the confusion present in SuperGuide. See 358
F.3d at 885-88. The use of “and” is shorthand for preserving the option that both the additional
information and imagery data could be used in the security system process. Using “or” would
have required additional words, e.g., “or both,” at the end of the term in order for it to be read
properly. Otherwise, saying “based on at least one of the additional information [or] the imagery
data” implies a mutual exclusivity the plaintiffs avoided. See Pls.’ Resp. at 27-31.

        The defendants’ interpretation also creates a surplusage problem and courts should avoid
claim constructions that render terms as surplusage. See, e.g., Nautilus Grp., 82 Fed. Appx. at
694; U.S. Surgical Corp., 93 F.3d at 1578. If the plaintiffs meant the phrase to read in the
conjunctive, i.e., requiring both variables, the term could have omitted “at least one of” and read
“based on the additional information and the imagery data.” Making this part of the term
entirely unnecessary goes against longstanding rules of claim construction.

        Further, in the context of the patent, the defendant’s construction of term 11 is
unnecessarily restricting. Defendants’ interpretation requires the plaintiffs’ patent to use
“additional information” and “imagery data” to choose an appropriate emergency response
agency. As patentees are “entitled to the full scope of [their] claims,” the court here is wary of
imputing the requirements into claims. For example, “additional information” could be provided
by a heat sensor and a smoke detector – indicating the need for a response from the fire
department. Although imagery data might be helpful in this circumstance (e.g. to see the flames
burn in the building), it would not be required for the system to call emergency responders under
the plaintiffs’ disjunctive construction. Defendants’ interpretation, on the other hand, would
require the system to get the image of flames or smoke before it could alert the appropriate

       20
         In SuperGuide, the Federal Circuit provided the following example: “Thus, ‘[i]n spring,
summer, or winter’ means ‘in spring, in summer, or in winter.’ 358 F.3d at 886 (citing William
Strunk, Jr. & E.B. White, The Elements of Style 27 (4th ed. 2000).
       21
          If given a choice between two options, it is equally as natural to say “choose between
this and that” as it would be to say “choose between this or that.”

                                                  32
responders. This limitation is not present from the context of the patent. See generally ’980
Patent; see also Pls.’ Resp. at 29-30.

        Finally, as plaintiffs note, numerous other courts, including the Patent Trial and Appeal
Board, have “not interpreted SuperGuide as setting forth a per se rule that the use of ‘at least one
of’ followed by ‘and’ connotes a conjunctive list.” Apple, Inc. v. Evolved Wireless LLC, No.
IPR2016-01177, 2017 WL 6543970, at *4 (P.T.A.B. Dec. 20, 2017); see, e.g., Fujifilm Corp. v.
Motorola Mobility LLC, No. 12-CV-03587-WHO, 2015 WL 1265009, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 19,
2015) (“SuperGuide did not erect a universal rule of construction for all uses of ‘at least one of’
in all patents.”); Radware, Ltd v. AIO Networks, Inc., No. C-B-2021 RMW, 2014 WL 1572644,
at *6-7 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2014) (finding “SuperGuide distinguishable because it involved
selecting from a set or more than two items.”). In short, defendants’ interpretation of the term is
not consistent with the natural reading of the term, is distinguishable from Federal Circuit
precedent, and unnecessarily limits the scope of the term.

       Therefore, for the stated reasons, the court accepts with the plaintiffs’ construction of the
term, construing it in the disjunctive, i.e., one or more additional information, one or more
imagery data, or one or more of both.

Term 12: “Wherein the additional information is automatically generated by the computer
system”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                        “Additional information associated with the
                                                   received imagery data is generated by the
                                                   computer system associated with the security
                                                   system central monitoring station without
                                                   intervention of any personnel.” Defs.’ Claim
                                                   Constr. Br. at 28.

        Term 12 appears in dependent Claim 4 of the ’980 patent; and does not appear in either
of the ’085 and ’344 patents. In context, the claim reads, “the security system of Claim 1,
wherein the additional information is automatically generated by the computer system.” ’980
Patent, col. 13, lines 1-3.

         The plaintiffs argue that the term should be construed according to its ordinary and plain
meaning, as “a [person of ordinary skill in the art] would understand the meaning of this term as
basic terminology in this field.” Pls.’ Resp. at 32. Defendants take issue with the plaintiffs’
proffered plain meaning definition in two respects: “(1) the meaning of ‘automatically generated’
and (2) the identity of the ‘computer system’ being referenced.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 28.
First, the defendants contend the phrase “automatically generated” within the term should be
defined as “without intervention of any personnel.” Id. To support this, defendants point to the
juxtaposition of “automatically generated” and “generated by personnel” in parallel dependent
claims and in the specification of the ‘980 patent. Id. (citing the ’980 Patent, col. 13, lines 1-6 &
col. 10, lines 20-28). Second, the defendants seek clarification regarding which computer system

                                                 33
is automatically generating the additional information – either the “computer system associated
with a security system central monitoring station,” or the “computer system associated with a
response agency.” Id. at 29 (citing the ‘980 Patent, col. 12, lines 39-40, 51-52). Without this
clarification, the defendants contend term 12 is indefinite. Id.

       As stated respecting numerous previous claims, the court “seeks to ascribe the “ordinary
and customary meaning” to claim terms as a person of ordinary skill in the art would have
understood them at the time of the invention.” MasterMine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.,
874 F.3d 1307, 1310 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (citing Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312-14).

        First, the court sees little value in defendants’ proffered definition for “automatically
generated” as “generated without intervention of any personnel.” Defendants themselves
contend this is the plain meaning. See Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 28. “[A]utomatically
generated” implies a process that is completed in response to an external event, without human
interaction. Merriam-Webster’s defines automatic as, “2: having a self-acting or self-regulating
mechanism.” Automatic, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.1998). The court
believes a person of ordinary skill in the art could decipher the meaning of “automatically
generated” in the context of Claim 4 and the ’980 Patent.

        As for the second point, the Supreme Court has provided guidance on the indefiniteness
standard when constructing claims. See Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig Instruments Inc., 572 U.S. 898
(2014) (“Nautilus II”). Instead of the “unreliable compass of ‘insoluble ambiguity,’” the court is
now instructed to follow a “reasonable certainty” standard when constructing claims. Biosig
Instruments, Inc. v. Nautilus, Inc., 783 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2015), on remand from
Nautilus II, 572 U.S. 898. The Federal Circuit has interpreted this new “bright star” standard as
applying to “determine whether one of the embodiments provided ‘a reasonably clear and
exclusive definition,’ with a focus on the ‘relationship’ between the embodiments and the claim
language, and whether the embodiments created ‘objective boundaries’ for those skilled in the
art.” Id. at 1381 (citing DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, 773 F.3d 1245, 1260-61 (Fed. Cir.
2014) (interpreting the reasonable certainty standard after Nautilus II)); see also id. (“[I]n the
wake of Nautilus II, judges have had no problem operating under the reasonable certainty
standard. For example, . . . ‘indefiniteness is a legal determination, if the court concludes that a
person of ordinary skill in the art, with the aid of specification, would understand what is
claimed, the claim is not indefinite.’”) (citing Feeny v. Apple Inc., No. 2:13-CV-00361-WCB,
2014 WL 4294505, at *4 (E.D. Tex. Aug. 28, 2014) (Byson, J., sitting by designation)). Thus,
the court needs to consider if someone possessing ordinary skill in the art would be able to
determine, with reasonable certainty, whether the claim language and embodiments of the patent
make evident what is claimed by the patent. See id.

         The court concludes the claim language is sufficiently definite to allow a person skilled
the art to determine the claimed scope of the patents with reasonably certainty. While there is
some ambiguity about which computer system would be automatically generating this report, the
court does not believe this ambiguity creates any definiteness issues regarding the scope of the
patent claims. Indeed, defendants themselves concede there is “additional context” from Claim 1
that illuminates which computer system Claim 4 is referencing. Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 29
(“[C]laim 1 explains that ‘“a computer system associated with a security system central

                                                 34
monitoring station’ is configured to ‘generate additional information associated with the received
imagery data.’”). Additional certainty is provided when reading the claims in context of the
other claims and the patent itself. For example, respecting biometric information, Claim 2 of the
‘980 Patent provides in part that “the computer system associated with the security system
central monitoring station is further configured to analyze the biometric information.” ’980
Patent, Claim 2.

        In short, the court concludes that a person of ordinary skill in the art could (and should)
ascertain with “reasonably certainty” the scope of term 12 and claim 4 of the ’980 Patent.
Therefore, the court does not believe construction is necessary for term 12.

Term 13: “Analyzing the biometric information” and “analyze the biometric information”:

 Plaintiff’s Proposed Claim Construction           Defendants’ Proposed Claim Construction
 Plain and ordinary meaning                        “Comparing[/compare] the biometric
                                                   information to information stored in a
                                                   database.” Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 29.

       Term 13 appears in dependent Claims 2, 3, and 13 of the ’980 patent; dependent Claims
47, 49 of the ’085 patent; and does not appear in the ’344 patent. In context, the claims of the
’085 patent refer to “[t]he method of Claim 38 further comprising the steps of: capturing
biometric information from an individual located at the secured location; and analyzing the
biometric information,” ’085 Patent, col. 15, lines 24-28, and “the computer system associated
with the security system central monitoring station is further configured to analyze the biometric
information,” ’980 Patent, col. 12, lines 57-59.

       Plaintiffs again argue term 13 should be construed according to its plain and ordinary
meaning, as “[a] [person of ordinary skill in the art] would understanding the meaning of the
term as basic terminology used in this field.” Pls.’ Resp. at 32. Defendants, on the other hand,
are concerned that no mode or technique defining “analysis” is listed within the claim. See
Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 30. They propose construing the term to mean “comparing the
biometric information to information stored in a database.” Id.

        As the defendants note, the specification for the ’085 Patent references how the analysis
step is completed – “the biometric information is compared to information stored in a database.
Defs.’ Claim Constr. Br. at 30 (citing ’085 Patent, col. 10, lines 48-52). Collected biometric
information would be quite useless without the corresponding database of permitted and
prohibited individuals.22 The court accordingly adopts defendants’ proffered construction of
term 13, i.e., “analyzing the biometric information” and “analyze the biometric information”

       22
            This would be similar to receiving an encrypted message in the absence of your cipher
machine.

                                                 35
means comparing [compare] the biometrics information to information stored in a
database.

                                      CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated, defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleading is DENIED
without prejudice, and plaintiffs’ second motion for leave to amend their complaint is
GRANTED. The 13 terms identified by the parties shall be construed as stated.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                               s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                               Charles F. Lettow
                                               Senior Judge

                                             36