Court Opinion

ID: 2803134
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-22 22:08:21.456141+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:46.911542
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/22/15 In re J.O. CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE

In re J.O., a Person Coming Under the                                B258854
Juvenile Court Law.                                                  (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. 92772)

LOS ANGELES COUNTY                                                  ORDER MODIFYING OPINION [NO
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND                                          CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
FAMILY SERVICES,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

B.R.,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         The opinion filed May 11, 2015, is modified on page 22 to delete “I” beneath the

signature line for Presiding Justice Paul Turner and insert the following, “We.”
         Further, beneath the signature line on page 22 for Associate Justice Richard M.

Mosk, the following is to be inserted:

         GOODMAN, J.*

______________________ ________________________ _____________________

TURNER, P.J.                          MOSK, J.                                GOODMAN, J.*

*
         Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of
the California Constitution.

                                                          2
Filed 5/11/15 In re J.O. CA2/5 (unmodified version)
                    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                         SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                         DIVISION FIVE

In re J.O., a Person Coming Under the                                         B258854
Juvenile Court Law.                                                           (Los Angeles County
                                                                              Super. Ct. No. CK92772)

LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,

          Plaintiff and Respondent,

          v.

B.R.,

          Defendant and Appellant.

          APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Philip L.
Soto, Judge. Affirmed.
          Suzanne Davidson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
          Mark J. Saladino, County Counsel, Dawn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel,
and Kimberly Roura, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                    I. INTRODUCTION

       The mother, B.R., appeals from the juvenile court’s orders denying her Welfare
and Institutions Code1 section 388 petition and terminating her parental rights. She also
challenges the order terminating her reunification services at the 18-month review
hearing. We affirm the findings and orders under review.

                               II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On March 28, 2012, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family
Services (the department) filed a section 300 petition on behalf of the child J.O., 13
months old, and a half-brother, Daniel T. The petition alleges the mother had a history of
illicit drug abuse and was a current methamphetamine and marijuana user. The mother
was allegedly under the influence of illicit drugs while caring for the child. The petition
further alleges the mother’s home was filthy and unsanitary. The child was detained at
the March 28, 2012 detention hearing. The mother was granted monitored visits three
times a week for three hours each visit.
       At the April 30, 2013 jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the mother pled no
contest to an amended petition. The juvenile court sustained count b-1 of the amended
petition: “The . . . mother . . . has an unresolved history of illicit drug use and is a current
user of methamphetamine and marijuana, which periodically impairs mother’s ability to
provide regular care for the children. In March 2012 and on prior occasions, the mother
was under the influence of illicit drugs while the child [J.O.] was in the mother’s care and
supervision. The mother’s use of illicit drugs places the children at risk of harm.” The
juvenile court released Daniel to the custody of D.T. Daniel is the son of D.T. The
juvenile court terminated jurisdiction over Daniel. The child was declared a dependent of
the juvenile court pursuant to section 300, subdivision (b). The mother was ordered to

1
       All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
stated otherwise.

                                               2
participate in a full narcotics program, random weekly drug testing, and individual
counseling to address case issues. The mother was granted monitored visits three times a
week for three hours each visit.
       On July 2, 2012, the juvenile court limited the mother’s educational rights over the
child in favor of the foster parents, F.L. and J.R. At the six-month review hearing on
October 29, 2012, the juvenile court found the mother was in partial compliance with the
case plan. The department was given discretion to liberalize the mother’s visitation
including overnight visits. At the 12-month review hearing on May 29, 2013, the mother
was granted additional reunification services. The juvenile court found the mother was in
partial compliance with the case plan. The department was given discretion to liberalize
her visits, including walking on the matter for placement of the child with the mother in
her residential program.
       At the 18-month review hearing on October 29, 2013, the juvenile court found the
mother was in partial compliance with the case plan. The juvenile court found return of
the child to the mother would create a substantial risk of detriment to the youngster’s
physical and emotional well-being. The juvenile court terminated family reunification
services for the mother and set a section 366.26 hearing date. The mother was served
with a notice of intent form to file an extraordinary writ petition. But the juvenile court
did not orally advise the mother of the need to file a writ petition to preserve her right to
appeal these orders. The section 366.26 hearing was continued several times so the
department could provide the father with the hearing notice.
       On April 23, 2014, the mother filed a section 388 petition. The mother requested
placement of the child with her at the residential program, or in the alternative, six
months of reunification services with liberalized visits. The juvenile court granted the
mother a hearing on her section 388 petition.
       At the August 26, 2014 hearing, the juvenile court denied the mother’s section 388
petition. The juvenile court found it was not in the child’s interest to return him to the
mother’s custody because of his bond with his foster family. The juvenile court further
found the mother was still in a residential treatment program and might relapse in the

                                              3
event her drug issues remained unresolved. In addition, the juvenile court found the
child was adoptable and the beneficial parent-child relationship exception to adoption did
not apply. The juvenile court then terminated the mother and father’s parental rights.

                                     III. EVIDENCE

                                  A. Detention Report

       The March 28, 2012 detention report stated the mother admitted to smoking
marijuana and using methamphetamine for the past six years. She admitted using
methamphetamine recently while the child was sleeping. The mother resided with the
child and her family in an abandoned house. Her older son, Daniel, lived with D.T. The
mother stated the house had no running water or gas. Children’s social worker Sevana
Naaman observed the house had a strong odor of smoke and chemicals. The house had
boarded-up and broken windows and holes punched into the walls. The floor was littered
with empty alcohol bottles and push pins. The backyard was littered with cigarette butts,
empty alcohol bottles, rusted nails and exposed electrical wires. The mother
acknowledged the home was unsafe for the child.

                                B. Status Review Reports

       The October 29, 2012 six-month review report stated the child was bonding with
his foster parents, F.L. and J.R. They were very attentive to the child’s needs. The child
received early intervention services for eight hours per month and speech therapy one
hour per week. The mother visited the child on a weekly basis.
       On April 18, 2012, the mother enrolled in an in-patient drug program at Victory
Outreach Rehabilitation. But she left the Victory Outreach facility that same week. On
May 17, 2012, the mother enrolled at the IMPACT drug and alcohol treatment center.
However, she was terminated from the program on July 23, 2012, because of her

                                            4
inappropriate interactions with other residents. On August 7, 2012, the mother enrolled
in the Via Avanta residential treatment center. The mother failed to appear for drug
testing twice in August 2012. She tested negative for drugs in September and October
2012.
        The October 29, 2012 last minute information for the court document reported the
mother was discharged from the Via Avanta residential program on October 18, 2012.
The mother was terminated from the program because of her negative attitude and failure
to follow the program guidelines and rules. The mother’s drug test results were negative
during her stay at the Via Avanta residential program.
        The 12-month status review report, dated April 25, 2013, indicated the mother
enrolled in a drug treatment program through the Los Angeles Restoration Church on
December 3, 2012. The program supervisor reported the mother was participating in:
drug and alcohol counseling; anger management and domestic violence classes; and
individual and group counseling. In addition, the mother was attending one-hour
parenting classes on a weekly basis. The mother missed drug tests on November 20 and
December 4, 2012. Her next six drug tests from mid-December to March 2013 were
negative.
        The mother visited the child 10 times over the 6-month period. The child was
initially reluctant to go to the mother during the first visit but now he went freely to her
and even asked for a kiss at the end of the visit. But one of the foster parents, R. L.,
discussed a conversation involving the mother. According to Juliet Sadarian, a
department social worker, the mother made the following statement to an unidentified
counselor, “‘[S]he was going to give the child away to a friend of hers because she owes
him a lot, since he helped her out whenever she needed money during the time that she
was in trouble.’” While the quality of the visits had improved, the mother appeared
disconnected with the child during the two-hour visits.
        The 18-month status review report, dated September 23, 2013, indicated the
mother continued to participate in her residential drug treatment program. The mother
was doing well in the program and provided negative drug test results. In addition, she

                                              5
was taking parenting classes twice a week and would complete the 52-week parenting
program on October 15, 2013.
       The mother had monitored visits with the child twice a week. On September 3,
2013, the mother was granted two hours of unmonitored visits out of her six-hour
extended visits. The child recognized the mother and called her “mom.”
       The child was in daycare five days a week. He was receiving regional center
services for four hours per month and speech therapy one hour per week. The department
recommended termination of reunification services because the child was young and the
mother had exceeded the time limit to complete her court ordered programs.
       The February 25, 2014 status review report stated the mother continued to reside
at her residential treatment program. The mother was doing well, but still under a
counselor’s supervision. She was not permitted to leave the premises independently.
       As of December 2013, the mother was visiting on the weekends but not on
weekdays because of transportation issues. Her last three visits were cut short. The
foster parents wanted to make up the remaining hours during the weekdays. But the
mother and her counselor stated they wanted to continue with the weekend visitation
schedule. The mother’s counselor was Teresa Gutierrez. Ms. Gutierrez agreed with the
foster parents that six-hour visits on Saturdays were best for the mother and child.
       The foster care agency’s December 2013 report stated the mother continued to
struggle with her parenting skills. The mother showed no interest in learning about the
self-soothing methods that the child was working on with his foster parents and
therapists. When the child was first placed with his foster parents, he had night terrors
and attachment issues. He no longer had these issues. The child had developed an age-
appropriate attachment to his foster family and other children in his daycare. The report
also stated the child’s speech had improved with the assistance of his foster family and
therapy.
       The foster care agency report stated the child’s separation anxiety increased when
he spent time with the mother. The report stated: “Foster parents have been working
with [the child] to help him understand he has to meet with [the mother]. The foster dads

                                             6
stay with him and birth mom until [the child] seems to be calm. As the visits now
involve Penny Lane Centers on a weekday and a park on Saturdays, [the child] becomes
agitated as he sees the park and says ‘no Daddy, no go, me no go[.]’ [The child’s]
separation anxiety was in full bloom, but foster parents continue working towards [the
department] orders and to help [the child] sooth himself for those visits. Both foster
parents have expressed to [the] birth mom that they are available if she has any questions
as to how to help him self-soothe or his interests and good distractions, but as of yet, she
says she does not need their assistance or information.”
       The February 21, 2014 last minute information for the court document stated there
was a very high likelihood that the child would be adopted by his foster parents. The
child had been placed with his foster parents since May 4, 2012. The foster parents
wanted to adopt the child and took excellent care of him. They met all of the child’s
medical, emotional and developmental needs. Their adoption home study was approved
on March 6, 2012, and the child specific update was approved on April 10, 2013.

                             C. Mother’s Section 388 Petition

       The mother’s April 23, 2014 section 388 petition sought placement of the child
with her at her residential home. In the alternative, she requested six additional months
of reunification services with liberalized visits. The mother argued she went over and
beyond her case plan by enrolling in an intensive all-inclusive live-in treatment program
and completing all of its requirements. She submitted certificates of completion for drug
and alcohol counseling and anger management, domestic violence and parenting classes.
The mother stated she consistently returned negative drug tests and remained sober. In
addition, she had unmonitored visits with the child beginning in August 2013. The
mother argued it was in the child’s best interest to grant her request because he called her
mom and deserved a chance to be reunified with her.
       The department filed a May 23, 2014 interim review report in response to the
mother section’s 388 petition. The department recommended the child remain in his

                                              7
current placement. The child was very attached to his foster parents and was thriving in
their home. Although the mother had completed her current residential program, she had
been discharged from two prior drug rehabilitation programs. The mother did not
complete her drug program in a timely manner and exceeded the time limit to complete
her court-ordered case plan. The mother had visited consistently since January or
February 2013. But she did not attend the child’s recent birthday party even though she
was invited by the foster parents. The mother did not even call to wish the child a happy
birthday that day but called several days afterwards.

                                 D. Section 366.26 Report

        The May 27, 2014 section 366.26 report stated the child was now three years old.
He attended an Early Start preschool twice a week where he received speech and
occupational therapy. The child also attended a regular preschool three times a week.
The foster parents expressed devotion, commitment and love towards the child. They
wanted to provide the child with permanency through adoption.
        According to one of the child’s foster parents, J.R., the mother was mostly absent
from the child’s life during the first year of placement with the foster family. Beginning
in January or February 2013, the mother visited more consistently. The mother visited
twice a week; Saturdays at the park for five hours and two to three hours mid-week. But
in January 2014, the mother’s visits changed to once a week for seven hours because she
found it difficult to get to the visitation site. However, the seven hour visits were too
long for the child so the foster parents and mother agreed to six-hour visits. In May
2014, the mother returned to six-hour Saturday visits in a park and three-hour visits mid-
week.
        The child recognized the mother and went easily to her when she engaged him in
play. But on some occasions, the child became agitated and told his foster parents, “‘You
stay, you stay. We’re going to the park, don’t go.’” However, once the child saw the

                                              8
playground he would go play with the mother. The child called the mother “‘mom’” but
he also called his daycare provider “‘mom.’”
       The mother submitted two letters from the home supervisors of the Los Angeles
Restoration Church residential program. A July 2, 2014 letter from Betty Escheverria
stated the mother had completed the program in 2013. But the mother decided to stay to
help other women in the residential program. According to Ms. Escheverria: “[The
mother] is very attentive with her son . . . during their time together and at no time does
she neglect her duties of a mother. [The child and mother] are bonding greatly and
express their love to each other constantly. [The mother] does not attend[] any of [the
child’s] special events because she is not invited.” Ms. Escheverria stated the mother and
child were more than welcome to stay at the residential home where there was ample
room for them.
       An August 25, 2014 letter from Ms. Gutierrez stated the mother and child were
bonding greatly. The child called the mother “‘mommy’” and enjoyed playing with her.
The child went to the mother without crying and was quick to give her kisses and hugs
before hurrying to the playground. The mother made him meals during their visits.
During the six-hour visits, the mother was able to cook, bathe and get the child to take a
nap. Ms. Gutierrez noted the residential program did not allow any resident, including
the mother, to go outside the home without supervision.
       The mother also submitted a letter to the juvenile court regarding visitation. She
wrote when the child started school on August 11, 2014, the foster parents changed the
visits to three-hour visits on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. Sometimes the mother
received only six hours instead of nine hours of visitation because the child was tired
from school. During visits, the child would give the mother hugs and want to play with
her right away. The mother and child interacted well, playing with cars and dinosaurs.
She also went over the alphabet and counted numbers with the child. The mother fed the
child food that she prepared for him whenever he wanted to eat. On several occasions the
child had toilet accidents. The mother would remind the child to use the restroom but he
was so excited to play he told her he did not have to go. The mother said the child has

                                              9
told her, “I love you.” The mother wrote, “I know my son loves me as I love him, but our
relationship can flourish more if we have more time together.”
       The foster parents, F.L. and J.R., submitted declarations on August 25, 2014
describing their relationship with the child. The foster parents stated the child was placed
with them when he was 14 months old. When the child came into the foster parents’
care, he could not walk, was non-verbal and had behavioral and developmental issues.
They were granted educational rights for the child in 2012 and obtained regional center
services for him. The foster parents worked with the child daily to improve his verbal
skills because his speech was severely delayed. As part of the regional center services,
J.R. and the child participated in parent-child interactive therapy for over a year to
address the youngster’s behavioral issues. The foster parents have taken the child on
numerous vacations. In addition, the child has been part of many family events and
enjoyed major holidays with the foster parents’ extended family. The foster parents
stated the child has bonded with them and consider them as his parents. Likewise, they
considered the child to be a family member.
       The August 26, 2014 status review report stated the child continued to thrive in his
foster home. He was attached to the foster parents and their extended family and enjoyed
celebrating cultural traditions and holidays with them. The child was attending preschool
and enjoyed being at school with his friends. The child’s behavior had improved
tremendously and he was patient and polite towards his foster parents.
       The mother continued to reside at the Los Angeles Restoration Church
rehabilitation center. Ms. Gutierrez reported the mother was doing well in the program.
But the mother was still under a counselor’s supervision and did not leave the premises
independently. The mother attended the visits with people from her program. The
mother admitted she did not have any telephone contact with the child.
       In early August 2014, the foster parents discussed having the visits occur three
times a week during weekdays with the mother’s counselor. This would happen for two
weeks so the child could adjust to his new school schedule. The mother indicated she
could not visit three times a week because she attended anger management and individual

                                             10
counseling during the day. The mother preferred having nine-hour visits on the
weekends. One of the foster parents, F.L., told the mother extended visits did not benefit
the child. During the extended visits with the mother, the child refused to nap and eat.
Until July 2014 the child had toileting accidents that occurred only during visits with the
mother. After the visits, the child would ask his foster parents to stop and get him
something to eat on the way home.
       The mother said the child had fun with her during the visits. But the child would
not engage with the mother once he saw his foster parents. At the start of a three-hour
visit on May 15, 2014, the child was in J.R.’s arms and only went to the mother after
some prompting. At pick up, the child yelled “‘[D]addy!’” and said, “‘[O]k, we go now,
we go home.’” The mother asked for a kiss but the child ignored her. She kissed the
child but he did not reciprocate. During the July 1, 2014 visit, F.L. had to repeatedly
engage the mother in play so the child would play with her. When the child fell and hurt
himself, the youngster ran from the mother and went to F.L. At the end of the visit, the
child did not want to kiss the mother goodbye. At the August 14, 2014 visit, the child
was asleep at the start of the visit. The child had cried himself to sleep because he did not
want to come to the visit. Later, the child did not want to come to the mother and kept
returning to the toys and F.L. During the visit, the child insisted on being taken to the
bathroom by F.L. The child refused the mother’s attempt to take him to the restroom.
F.L. took the child to the bathroom. The child then said he did not have to use it but
wanted to go home. The child then attempted to lead F.L. out of the building.
       The mother never had an unmonitored visit with the child. The mother was
always accompanied by a monitor from the Los Angeles Restoration Church
rehabilitation program. The report prepared by Penny Lane Foster Care and Adoption
Services describes an incident during one visit as follows: “At the end of the meeting and
before [the child] left for an offsite visit with [the mother], [the child ] made [F.L., one of
the foster parents], in front of everyone, promise that he would remain right there --
pointing to a chair --[]until he got back.” At the end of the visit, the child ran up to F.L.
and yelled, ‘“You waited for me!”’

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                                    E. The Mother’s Testimony

        The mother testified at the August 26, 2014 hearing on her section 388 petition.
She stated at the August 20, 2014 visit, she napped with the child for one and one half
hours. The child woke up and asked for the restroom so she took him. Afterwards, they
played with cars for half an hour. The child gave the mother a kiss and hug at the end of
the visit. The mother provided the child food during visits and knew a few of his favorite
foods. During a seven-hour visit, the mother took the child shopping, to the park and out
to eat. On the way back, he fell asleep in the car. Because it was late, she called the
foster parents to end the visit one-half hour early.

                                     IV. DISCUSSION

         A. Substantial Evidence Supports Termination of Reunification Services

        The mother challenges the order terminating her reunification services and setting
the section 366.26 hearing at the 18-month review hearing. The setting order is not
appealable and can only be reviewed by an extraordinary writ petition. (§ 366.26, subd.
(l)(1)(A); Jennifer T. v. Superior Court (2007) 159 Cal. App. 4th 254, 259; In re Merrick
V. (2004) 122 Cal. App. 4th 235, 247; In re Cathina W. (1998) 68 Cal. App. 4th 716, 719.)
But on appeal from an order terminating parental rights, the setting order may be
reviewed where the juvenile court does not orally advise parties of their petition
responsibilities. (Jennifer T., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at pp. 259-260; In re Merrick V.,
supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at pp. 248-249; In re Cathina W., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p.
722.)
        Section 366.26, subdivision (l)(3)(A) provides: “A trial court, after issuance of an
order directing a hearing pursuant to this section be held, shall advise all parties of the
requirement of filing a petition for extraordinary writ review as set forth in this
subdivision in order to preserve any right to appeal in these issues. This notice shall be

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made orally to a party if the party is present at the time of the making of the order or by
first-class mail by the clerk of the court to the last known address of a party not present at
the time of the making of the order.” (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.590(b).) The
mother was present in court when the juvenile court set the section 366.26 hearing.       The
mother was served with writ documents but was not orally advised by the juvenile court
of her writ rights.   Because the juvenile court failed to orally advise the mother of the
writ requirements, she may challenge the order terminating reunification services and
setting the section 366.26 hearing in this appeal. (Jennifer T., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 259-260; In re Merrick V., supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at pp. 248-249; In re Cathina W.,
supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 722.)
       The mother contends the juvenile court erred by not returning the child to her or
granting her additional reunification services at the 18-month review hearing. Section
366.22, subdivision (a) requires the juvenile court to hold a hearing within 18 months
after a child is removed from the custody of a parent or legal guardian. Section 366.22,
subdivision (a) states in part: “After considering the admissible and relevant evidence,
the court shall order the return of the child to the physical custody of his or her parent or
legal guardian unless the court finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the return
of the child to his or her parent or legal guardian would create a substantial risk of
detriment to the safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the child. The
social worker shall have the burden of establishing that detriment.” (See In re Marilyn H.
(1993) 5 Cal. 4th 295, 308; David B. v. Superior Court (2004) 123 Cal. App. 4th 768, 789.)
The juvenile court considers the extent to which the parent participated in reunification
services and the parent’s efforts in eliminating the conditions that led to the child’s out-
of-home placement. (In re E.D. (2013) 217 Cal. App. 4th 960, 966; In re Yvonne W.
(2008) 165 Cal. App. 4th 1394, 1400.) We review the juvenile court’s finding of
substantial risk of detriment for substantial evidence. (In re E.D., supra, 217 Cal.App.4th
at p. 966; In re Yvonne W., supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1400-1401.)
       There is substantial evidence to find the child’s return to the mother’s custody
would create a sufficient risk of detriment to his physical and emotional well-being. The

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child was removed from the mother because she was using marijuana and
methamphetamine and had done so for six years. The mother did not fully comply with
her case plan during the reunification period. The mother enrolled and left three drug
rehabilitation programs. On April 18, 2012, the mother enrolled in the Victory Outreach
rehabilitation program but left the facility soon thereafter. On May 17, 2012, the mother
enrolled at the IMPACT drug and alcohol treatment center but she was dismissed from
the program on July 23, 2012. She was discharged from the program because of her
inappropriate interaction with other residents. On August 7, 2012, the mother enrolled in
the Via Avanta residential treatment center but she was dismissed on October 18, 2012.
The mother was discharged from the program because of her negative attitude and failure
to follow the program guidelines and rules. She was not in another program until
December 3, 2012, when she enrolled in her fourth substance abuse program at Los
Angeles Restoration Church. Also, the mother missed drug tests twice in August and
once in November and December 2012. At the time of the 18-month hearing on October
29, 2013, the mother had been in the one-year Los Angeles Restoration Church program
for 10 months. But she had exceeded the time limit to complete her court ordered
programs.
       In addition, the child was then two years old and needed intensive early
intervention services. In July 2012, the juvenile court limited the mother’s educational
rights in favor of the foster parents so the child could receive services. In addition, the
mother only visited the child 10 times from December 2012 through April 2013.
Although the mother was granted two hours of unmonitored visits on September 3, 2013,
there is evidence she did not spend any time alone with the child. Her residential
program did not permit her to be unsupervised or to leave the premises independently.
There was substantial risk that the child would suffer neglect if he were returned to the
mother’s custody, given his special needs.
       The mother also argues she should have received an additional six months of
reunification services. Under section 361.5, subdivision (a)(4), the juvenile court may
extend reunification services up to 24 months. This may occur if it is in the child’s best

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interest and there is a substantial probability the youngster will be returned to the parent’s
custody within the extended time period. Further, section 366.22, subdivision (b)
provides in part: “If the child is not returned to a parent or legal guardian at the
permanency review hearing and the court determines by clear and convincing evidence
that the best interests of the child would be met by the provision of additional
reunification services to a parent or legal guardian who is making significant and
consistent progress in a court-ordered residential substance abuse treatment program . . .
the court may continue the case for up to six months for a subsequent permanency review
hearing, provided that the hearing shall occur within 24 months of the date the child was
originally taken from the physical custody of his or her parent or legal guardian. The
court shall continue the case only if it finds that there is a substantial probability that the
child will be returned to the physical custody of his or her parent or legal guardian and
safely maintained in the home within the extended period of time or that reasonable
services have not been provided to the parent or legal guardian. For the purposes of this
section, in order to find a substantial probability that the child will be returned to the
physical custody of his or her parent or legal guardian and safely maintained in the home
within the extended period of time, the court shall be required to find all of the following:
(1) That the parent or legal guardian has consistently and regularly contacted and visited
with the child. (2) That the parent or legal guardian has made significant and consistent
progress in the prior 18 months in resolving problems that led to the child’s removal from
the home. (3) The parent or legal guardian has demonstrated the capacity and ability
both to complete the objectives of his or her substance abuse treatment plan as evidenced
by reports from a substance abuse provider as applicable . . . and to provide for the
child’s safety, protection, physical and emotional well-being, and special needs.”
       The juvenile court did not err in declining to extend the mother’s reunification
period past 18 months. The mother fails to establish continued reunification services
would be in the child’s best interest. The mother did not consistently and regularly
contact the child during the reunification period. She did not have any phone contact
with the child. In addition, the mother did not visit the child for the first month after his

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detention. The mother was mostly absent from the minor’s life during the first year he
was placed with the foster family. From December 2012 through April 2013, the mother
only visited the child a total of 10 times. Also, the mother did not make significant and
consistent progress during the 18 months of reunification services. She left three
substance abuse treatment facilities before making progress with the fourth rehabilitation
program. Furthermore, the mother fails to show she could provide for the child’s special
needs. Her educational rights were limited in favor of the foster parents, who ensured the
child received early intervention services to address his developmental delays.
Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s denial of further reunification services
to the mother.

      B. Denial of the Mother’s Section 388 Petition Was Not Abuse of Discretion

       Section 388, subdivision (a)(1) states in part, “Any parent or other person having
an interest in a child who is a dependent child of the juvenile court . . . may, upon
grounds of change of circumstance or new evidence, petition the court in the same action
. . . for a hearing to change, modify, or set aside any order of court previously made or to
terminate the jurisdiction of the court.” A party requesting modification under section
388 has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the child’s welfare
requires such change. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(h)(1)(C); In re A.A. (2012) 203
Cal. App. 4th 597, 612; In re B.D. (2008) 159 Cal. App. 4th 1218, 1228.) The moving party
must show changed, not changing, circumstances. (In re Mickel O. (2011) 197
Cal. App. 4th 586, 615; In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal. App. 4th 38, 47.) In addition, new
evidence or change in circumstances must be of such significant nature that it requires
modification of the challenged order. (In re A.A., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 612; In re
Mickel O., supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at p. 615.) We review an order denying a section 388
petition for an abuse of discretion. (In re Jasmon O. (1994) 8 Cal. 4th 398, 415-416; In re
Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 295, 318.)

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       The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in denying the mother’s section 388
petition. The mother requested the child be placed with her at her residential program or
six months of reunification services with liberalized visits. The child was detained
because the mother had a six-year history of marijuana and methamphetamine use and
neglected him. The mother enrolled but failed to complete three different substance
abuse treatment programs. The mother completed the fourth drug rehabilitation program
she attended but there is no evidence she could function outside of that program. The
mother continues to reside at the drug treatment facility and is not permitted to leave the
residence without someone accompanying her at all times. Although the mother was
allowed two hours of unmonitored visits per week, there is no evidence she spent time
alone with the child. The mother was under a counselor’s supervision. All visitation
arrangements with the foster parents were made through the mother’s counselor. The
foster parents reported they communicated exclusively with the mother’s counselor
regarding the visitation schedule. The mother did not have her own residence and was
unemployed. The foster care agency social worker offered to enroll the mother in a
program which could address more important issues. The program could assist the
mother to obtain an apartment and a part-time job while she attended school. But the
mother was uninterested and declined the offer. The mother failed to prove changed
circumstances warranting modification of the order terminating her reunification services
or placement of the child with her at her residential program.

         C. The Beneficial Parent-Child Relationship Exception Is Inapplicable

       The mother does not dispute the child is adoptable. However, she contends the
juvenile court erred by failing to apply the beneficial parent-child relationship exception
pursuant to section 366.26, subdivisions (c)(1)(B)(i). The mother argues she visited the
child consistently and shared a significant bond with him.
       At a section 366.26 hearing, the juvenile court selects and implements a permanent
plan for the dependent child. (In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 45, 52-53; In re Marilyn

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H. (1993) 5 Cal. 4th 295, 304.) Our Supreme Court has summarized the juvenile court's
options at the section 366.26 hearing: “In order of preference the choices are: (1)
terminate parental rights and order that the child be placed for adoption (the choice the
court made here); (2) identify adoption as the permanent placement goal and require
efforts to locate an appropriate adoptive family; (3) appoint a legal guardian; or (4) order
long-term foster care. (§ 366.26, subd. (b).) Whenever the court finds ‘that it is likely
the child will be adopted, the court shall terminate parental rights and order the child
placed for adoption.’ (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1).)” (In re Celine R., supra, 31 Cal.4th at p.
53; see In re Hector A. (2005) 125 Cal. App. 4th 783, 790-791.)
       One exception to adoption preference is the parent-child relationship exception.
This exception is set forth in Section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) which states in part:
“[T]he court shall terminate parental rights unless either of the following applies: [¶] . . .
[¶] (B) The court finds a compelling reason for determining that termination would be
detrimental to the child due to one or more of the following circumstances: [¶] (i) The
parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would
benefit from continuing the relationship.” (See In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal. App. 4th 1147,
1165; In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 621.) Our Fourth Appellate District
colleagues have held: “[W]e interpret the ‘benefit from continuing the [parent/child]
relationship’ exception to mean the relationship promotes the well-being of the child to
such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home
with new, adoptive parents. In other words, the court balances the strength and quality of
the natural parent/child relationship in a tenuous placement against the security and the
sense of belonging a new family would confer. If severing the natural parent/child
relationship would deprive the child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such
that the child would be greatly harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the
natural parent’s rights are not terminated.” (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal. App. 4th 567,
575; see In re K.P. (2012) 203 Cal. App. 4th 614, 621 [same].) To make this
determination, the juvenile court considers: the child’s age; the portion of the child’s life
spent in the parent’s custody; the positive or negative effect of interaction between the

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parent and child; and the child’s particular needs. (In re G.B., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1166; In re Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 576.)
       The mother has the burden of proving her relationship with the child would
outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with an adoptive
parent. (In re G.B., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1165; In re K.P., supra, 203
Cal.App.4th at p. 621.) Evidence of frequent and loving contact is not enough to
establish a beneficial parental relationship. (In re Marcelo B. (2012) 209 Cal. App. 4th
635, 643; In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal. App. 4th 1308, 1315-1316.) The mother also
must show she occupies a parental role in the child’s life. (In re G.B., supra, 227
Cal.App.4th at p. 1165; In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 621.)
       Appellate courts have adopted differing standards of review for the parental
relationship exception determination. Most courts review for substantial evidence. (In re
G.B., supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 1165; In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 621; In
re Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 576.) One court has applied an abuse of
discretion standard of review. (In re Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal. App. 4th 1339, 1351; see
In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 621.) More recently, two courts have adopted
both the substantial evidence and abuse of discretion standards of review. (In re K.P.,
supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 621-622; In re Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at pp.
1314-1315.) In evaluating the juvenile court’s determination as to the existence of a
beneficial parental relationship, these two courts review for substantial evidence. (In re
K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 622; In re Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p.
1314.) But whether termination of the parental relationship would be detrimental to the
child as weighed against the benefits of adoption is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (In
re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 622; In re Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p.
1315.) No error occurred under any of these standards of review.
       The child was removed from the mother’s custody when he was 13 months old.
The mother used marijuana and methamphetamine while caring for him. The mother
resided with the child in an abandoned home that she admitted was unsafe for him. The
mother was mostly absent from the child’s life during the first year he was placed with

                                            19
the foster family. Beginning in January or February 2013, the mother became more
consistent with her visitation. The mother visited twice a week. This was Saturdays at
the park for five hours and two to three hours mid-week. But in January 2014, the
mother visited once weekly for seven hours. This was because she found it difficult to
get to the visits. However, the seven-hour visits were too long for the child so the foster
parents and mother agreed to six-hour visits. In May 2014, the mother returned to six-
hour Saturday visits in the park and three-hours of mid-week visitation. The mother
made regular visits but had no phone contact with the child. There is evidence the
mother was always accompanied by a counselor during the visits.
       When the child came into the foster parents’ care, he could not walk, was non-
verbal and had behavioral and developmental issues. In addition, the child had night
terrors and attachment issues. The foster parents helped him overcome these issues.
They were granted educational rights for the child in July 2012 and obtained regional
center services for him. The foster parents worked with the child daily to improve his
verbal skills because his speech was severely delayed. One of the foster parents, F.L. and
the child participated in parent-child interactive therapy for over a year to address the
youngster’s behavioral issues. The child was very attached to his foster parents and their
extended family. The foster parents took the child on numerous vacations. In addition,
the child participated in many family events and enjoyed major holidays with the foster
parents’ extended family.
       Although the child enjoyed playing with the mother during the visits, he did not
engage with her once he saw his foster parents. The foster care agency social worker
reported the child’s separation anxiety increased when the youngster spent time with the
mother. The child was toilet-trained in March 2014 but had toileting accidents during
visits with the mother until July 2014. He had toileting accidents only during visits with
the mother. The child called the mother “mom” but he also called his daycare provider
“mom.” At the start of a three-hour visit on May 15, 2014, the child was in his foster
father’s arms and only went to the mother after some prompting. At pick up, the child
yelled “‘[D]addy!’” and said, “‘[O]k we go now, we go home.’” The mother asked for a

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kiss but the child ignored her. During a July 1, 2014 visit, F.L. had to repeatedly engage
the mother in play. This was done so the child would play with her. When the child fell
and hurt himself, he ran from the mother and instead the child went to F.L. At the end of
the visit, the child did not want to kiss the mother goodbye. At the August 14, 2014 visit,
the child cried himself to sleep. This was because he did not want to visit the mother.
Later, he did not want to come to the mother and kept returning to the toys and F.L.
During the visit, the child attempted to lead F.L. out of the building. This was because
the child wanted to go home rather than be with the mother. The foregoing evidence
supports the juvenile court’s beneficial parental relationship rulings.
       Judge Alan Goodman is the assigned pro tempore justice for this case. He is
unavailable to sign the opinion as of the filing date of the opinion. But he has indicated
he will sign the opinion upon his return to the court.

       -

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                                 V. DISPOSITION

      The findings and orders under review are affirmed.
                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                          TURNER, P. J.

I concur:

      MOSK, J.

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