Court Opinion

ID: 7803732
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-26 06:05:10.578317+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:42.676083
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
              revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                      STATE OF MICHIGAN

                       COURT OF APPEALS

PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, GREENHOUSE                              FOR PUBLICATION
FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY TRAILS                                August 25, 2022
GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES, LLC, BLUE                        9:25 a.m.
SPRUCE VENTURES, EMERALD BUSINESS
PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R WARREN,
LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees,

and

ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC, HCM WARREN, LLC,
JAR CAPITAL OF WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN
WARREN, LLC, PURE WARREN, LLC, KAPP
WALLED LAKE, LLC, and PURE ROOTS, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,

v                                                              No. 355989
                                                               Macomb Circuit Court
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                              LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, and ETHAN VINSON,

           Defendants/Cross-Defendants-
           Appellees,

and

ROBERT BOCCOMINO and KEITH SADOWKSI,

           Defendants-Appellees,

and

CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

                                           -1-
            Defendant,

and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, LE BATTLE
CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER VENTURES II,
LLC, VENDCO MICHIGAN, INC., LEVEL UP
GARDEN, LLC, and 8TH STREET WELLNESS,
PC, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs,

and

SOZO HEALTH, INC.,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

and

989 VENTURES, LLC, doing business as
NORTHERN ROOTS,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Cross-Appellee,

and

AE&K, LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, LLC,
DNVK 4, LLC, MDMS GROUP, LLC, WARREN
CAPITAL HOLDINGS, LLC, WEST FORT
HOLDINGS, LLC, and FRAZHO PROVISIONING,
LLC

            Intervening Defendants.

PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, GREENHOUSE
FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY TRAILS
GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES, LLC, BLUE
SPRUCE VENTURES, EMERALD BUSINESS
PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R WARREN,
LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

                                            -2-
           Plaintiffs-Appellees,

and

ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC, HCM WARREN, LLC,
JAR CAPITAL OF WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN
WARREN, LLC, PURE WARREN, LLC, KAPP
WALLED LAKE, LLC, and PURE ROOTS, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,

v                                                   No. 355994
                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                   LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, and ETHAN VINSON,

           Defendants/Cross-Defendants-
           Appellees,

and

ROBERT BOCCOMINO and KEITH SADOWSKI,

           Defendants-Appellees,

and

CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

           Defendant,

and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC,

           Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
           Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

and

SOZO HEALTH, INC., LE BATTLE CREEK, INC.,
WEISBERGER VENTURES II, LLC, VENDCO

                                          -3-
MICHIGAN, INC., LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC,
and 8TH STREET WELLNESS, PC, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs,

and

989 VENTURES, LLC, doing business as
NORTHERN ROOTS,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Cross-Appellee,

and

AE&K, LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, LLC,
DNVK 4, LLC, MDMS GROUP, LLC, WARREN
CAPITAL HOLDINGS, LLC, WEST FORT
HOLDINGS, LLC, and FRAZHO PROVISIONING,
LLC,

            Intervening Defendants.

PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, GREENHOUSE
FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY TRAILS
GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES, LLC, BLUE
SPRUCE VENTURES, EMERALD BUSINESS
PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R WARREN,
LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

            Plaintiffs-Appellees,

and

ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC, HCM WARREN, LLC,
JAR CAPITAL OF WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN
WARREN, LLC, PURE WARREN, LLC, KAPP
WALLED LAKE, LLC, and PURE ROOTS, LLC,

            Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,

v                                                    No. 355995
                                                     Macomb Circuit Court

                                            -4-
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                    LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, and ETHAN VINSON,

            Defendants/Cross-Defendants-
            Appellees,

and

ROBERT BOCCOMINO and KEITH SADOWSKI,

            Defendants-Appellees,

and

CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

            Defendant,

and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, SOZO HEALTH,
INC., LE BATTLE CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER
VENTURES II, LLC, and VENDCO MICHIGAN,
INC.,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs,

and

LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC, and 8TH STREET
WELLNESS, PC, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

and

989 VENTURES, LLC, doing business as
NORTHERN ROOTS,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Cross-Appellee,

                                            -5-
and

AE&K, LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, LLC,
DNVK 4, LLC, WARREN CAPITAL HOLDINGS,
LLC, WEST FORT HOLDINGS, LLC, and
FRAZHO PROVISIONING, LLC,

           Intervening Defendants-
           Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

and

MDMS GROUP, LLC,

           Intervening Defendant.

PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, GREENHOUSE
FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY TRAILS
GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES, LLC, BLUE
SPRUCE VENTURES, EMERALD BUSINESS
PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R WARREN,
LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees,

and

ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC, HCM WARREN, LLC,
JAR CAPITAL OF WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN
WARREN, LLC, PURE WARREN, LLC, KAPP
WALLED LAKE, LLC, and PURE ROOTS, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants

v                                                  No. 356005
                                                   Macomb Circuit Court
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                  LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, and ETHAN VINSON,

           Defendants/Cross-Defendants-
           Appellees,

and

                                          -6-
ROBERT BOCCOMINO and KEITH SADOWSKI,

            Defendants-Appellees,

and

CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

            Defendant,

and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, SOZO HEALTH,
INC., LE BATTLE CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER
VENTURES II, LLC, VENDCO MICHIGAN, INC.,
LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC, and 8TH STREET
WELLNESS, PC, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs,

and

989 VENTURES, LLC, doing business as
NORTHERN ROOTS,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Cross-Appellee,

and

AE&K, LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, LLC,
DNVK 4, LLC, WARREN CAPITAL HOLDINGS,
LLC, WEST FORT HOLDINGS, LLC, and
FRAZHO PROVISIONING, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants,

and

MDMS GROUP, LLC,

            Intervening Defendant-
            Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

                                            -7-
PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, GREENHOUSE
FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY TRAILS
GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES, LLC, BLUE
SPRUCE VENTURES, EMERALD BUSINESS
PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R WARREN,
LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees,

and

ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC, HCM WARREN, LLC,
JAR CAPITAL OF WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN
WARREN, LLC, PURE WARREN, LLC, KAPP
WALLED LAKE, LLC, and PURE ROOTS, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,

v                                                   No. 356011
                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                   LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, and ETHAN VINSON,

           Defendants/Cross-Defendants-
           Appellees,

and

ROBERT BOCCOMINO and KEITH SADOWSKI,

           Defendants-Appellees,

and

CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

           Defendant,

and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, SOZO HEALTH,
INC., LE BATTLE CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER
VENTURES II, LLC, VENDCO MICHIGAN, INC.,

                                          -8-
LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC, and 8TH STREET
WELLNESS, PC, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs

and

989 VENTURES, LLC, doing business as
NORTHERN ROOTS,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

and

AE&K, LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, INC.,
DNVK 4, LLC, MDMS GROUP, LLC, WARREN
CAPITAL HOLDINGS, LLC, WEST FORT
HOLDINGS, LLC, and FRAZHO PROVISIONING,
LLC,

            Intervening Defendants.

PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, and HRS RETAIL,
LLC,

            Plaintiffs-Appellees,
and

GREENHOUSE FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY
TRAILS GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES,
LLC, BLUE SPRUCE VENTURES,
ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC, HCM WARREN, LLC,
JAR CAPITAL OF WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN
WARREN, LLC, PURE WARREN, LLC,
EMERALD BUSINESS PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2,
LLC, MPM-R WARREN, LLC, KAPP WALLED
LAKE, LLC, and PURE ROOTS, LLC,

            Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,

v                                                    No. 356017
                                                     Macomb Circuit Court

                                            -9-
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                    LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, ETHAN VINSON,

            Defendants/Cross-Defendants-
            Appellants/Cross-Appellees,
and

ROBERT BOCCOMINO, KEITH SADOWSKI, and
CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

            Defendants-Appellants/Cross-
            Appellees,
and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, SOZO HEALTH,
INC., LE BATTLE CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER
VENTURES II, LLC, VENDCO MICHIGAN, INC.,
LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC, 8TH STREET
WELLNESS, PC, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs,

and

989 VENTURES, LLC, doing business as
NORTHERN ROOTS,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Cross-Appellee,

and

AE&K, LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, LLC,
DNVK 4, LLC, MDMS GROUP, LLC, WARREN
CAPITAL HOLDINGS, LLC, WEST FORT
HOLDINGS, LLC, and FRAZHO PROVISIONING,
LLC,

            Intervening Defendants,

and

JOHN LAYTON.

                                            -10-
PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, ALTERNATIVE
RX, LLC, HCM WARREN, LLC, JAR CAPITAL
OF WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN WARREN,
LLC, PURE WARREN, LLC, KAPP WALLED
LAKE, LLC, and PURE ROOTS, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,

and

GREENHOUSE FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY
TRAILS GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES,
LLC, BLUE SPRUCE VENTURES, EMERALD
BUSINESS PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R
WARREN, LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

           Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                   No. 356023
                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                   LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, and ETHAN VINSON,

           Defendants/Cross Defendants-
           Appellees,

and

ROBERT BOCCOMINO and KEITH SADOWSKI,

           Defendants-Appellees,

and

CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

           Defendant,

and

                                          -11-
LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, SOZO HEALTH,
INC., LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC, and 8TH
STREET WELLNESS, PC, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs,

and

LE BATTLE CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER
VENTURES II, LLC, and VENDCO MICHIGAN,
INC.,

            Intervening Defendants/Cross-
            Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

and

989 VENTURES, LLC, doing business as
NORTHERN ROOTS,

            Intervening Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-
            Cross-Appellee,

and

AE&K, LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, LLC,
DNVK 4, LLC, MDMS GROUP, LLC, WARREN
CAPITAL HOLDINGS, LLC, WEST FORT
HOLDINGS, LLC, and FRAZHO PROVISIONING,
LLC,

            Intervening Defendants.

PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, GREENHOUSE
FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY TRAILS
GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES, LLC, BLUE
SPRUCE VENTURES, ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC,
HCM WARREN, LLC, JAR CAPITAL OF
WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN WARREN, LLC,
PURE WARREN, LLC, EMERALD BUSINESS
PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R WARREN,
LLC, KAPP WALLED LAKE, LLC, PURE
ROOTS, LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

                                            -12-
            Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                No. 359269
                                                 Macomb Circuit Court
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, ETHAN VINSON,
ROBERT BOCCOMINO, and KEITH SADOWSKI,

            Defendants-Appellees,

and

CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

            Defendant,

and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, SOZO HEALTH,
INC., LE BATTLE CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER
VENTURES II, LLC, VENDCO MICHIGAN, INC.,
LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC, 8TH STREET
WELLNESS, PC, LLC, 989 VENTURES, LLC,
doing business as NORTHERN ROOTS, AE&K,
LLC, BDECO I, INC., DNVK 4, LLC, MDMS
GROUP, LLC, WARREN CAPITAL HOLDINGS,
LLC, WEST FORT HOLDINGS, LLC, and
FRAZHO PROVISIONING, LLC,

            Intervening Defendants-Appellants,

and

BDECO II, LLC,

            Intervening Defendant.

PINEBROOK WARREN, LLC, GREENHOUSE
FARMS WARREN, LLC, HAPPY TRAILS
GROUP, INC., AUBREY VENTURES, LLC, BLUE
SPRUCE VENTURES, ALTERNATIVE RX, LLC,
HCM WARREN, LLC, JAR CAPITAL OF
WARREN, LLC, PURE GREEN WARREN, LLC,

                                          -13-
PURE WARREN, LLC, EMERALD BUSINESS
PARK, PC, LLC, DKB2, LLC, MPM-R WARREN,
LLC, KAPP WALLED LAKE, LLC, PURE
ROOTS, LLC, and HRS RETAIL, LLC,

               Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                                    No. 359285
                                                                     Macomb Circuit Court
CITY OF WARREN, CECIL ST. PIERRE,                                    LC No. 2019-004059-CZ
RONALD PAPANDREA, STEVEN WARNER,
RICHARD SABAUGH, ETHAN VINSON,
ROBERT BOCCOMINO, KEITH SADOWSKI, and
CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA
REVIEW COMMITTEE,

               Defendants-Appellants,

and

LIVWELL MICHIGAN, LLC, SOZO HEALTH,
INC., LE BATTLE CREEK, INC., WEISBERGER
VENTURES II, LLC, VENDCO MICHIGAN, INC.,
LEVEL UP GARDEN, LLC, 8TH STREET
WELLNESS, PC, LLC, 989 VENTURES, LLC,
doing business as NORTHERN ROOTS, AE&K,
LLC, BDECO I, INC., BDECO II, LLC, DNVK 4,
LLC, MDMS GROUP, LLC, WARREN CAPITAL
HOLDINGS, LLC, WEST FORT HOLDINGS,
LLC, and FRAZHO PROVISIONING, LLC,

               Intervening Defendants.

Before: SAWYER, P.J., and SHAPIRO and REDFORD, JJ.

REDFORD, J.

       These consolidated appeals and cross-appeals arise from a dispute over the City of
Warren’s (the City) selection of the entities that it licensed to sell medical marijuana.1 The trial
court ultimately determined that defendants, the City, and the members of the City’s Medical
Marihuana Review Committee (the Review Committee)—Cecil St. Pierre, Ronald Papandrea,

1
 By convention, this Court uses the spelling “marijuana” rather than “marihuana.” See People v
Carruthers, 301 Mich App 590, 593 n 1; 837 NW2d 16 (2013).

                                               -14-
Steven Warner, and Richard Sabaugh—violated the Open Meetings Act (OMA), see MCL 15.261
et seq., in relation to selecting applicants for issuing licenses to sell medical marijuana in the City.

        For the reasons we set forth below, we conclude that the Review Committee was not a
public body subject to the OMA. We also conclude that plaintiffs’ due-process claims lacked merit
and were properly dismissed by the trial court. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s granting of
summary disposition to plaintiffs and the setting aside of the licenses issued to intervening
plaintiffs by the City of Warren, and affirm the trial court’s denial of plaintiffs’ due-process claims
and grant of summary disposition in favor of defendants on such claims, and grant such other relief
as is indicated herein.

                                    I. OVERVIEW OF CASES

    A. THE CITY OF WARREN MEDICAL MARIHUANA REGULATORY ORDINANCE

        In January 2019, the Warren City Council adopted a “ ‘medical marihuana regulatory
ordinance’ ” (the Marijuana Ordinance), Warren Code, § 19.5-1 et seq.2 The Marijuana Ordinance
sought to implement the local provisions governing the sale of marijuana consistent with then-
governing state law. See Warren Code, § 19.5-3. The Marijuana Ordinance allowed, in relevant
part, for the licensing of provisioning centers, which were defined to be licensees who were
authorized to purchase marijuana from a grower or processor and sell it to registered qualifying
patients. See Warren Code, § 19.5-6.

        In the ordinance, the City created the Review Committee to review applications for
provisioning center licenses. See Warren Code, § 19.5-13(4). The Review Committee was made
up of the “City Attorney, or his designee, the Director of the Public Service Department, or his
designee, and the members of the Medical Marihuana Committee or alternates of the City Council,
as appointed by City Council.” Warren Code, § 19.5-13(4). The Review Committee was required
to consider applications for licenses and score 17 factors with a score from 0 to 10. See Warren
Code, § 19.5-13(4)(b). The Review Committee did this over a period of serval months and
eventually evaluated and scored 65 license applicants. At the completion of their review, pursuant
to the ordinance, the Review Committee forwarded all 65 applications together with their scores
and recommendations to the City Council. The Review Committee did not approve or disapprove
a single applicant; only the City Council could approve the issuance of a license. See Warren
Code, § 19.5-14(1). The ordinance originally allowed for the issuance of 10 licenses and this
number was eventually changed to 15 licenses. See Warren Code, § 19.5-7(3); see also Warren
City Ordinance No. 80-778. If there were more applicants than available licenses, the City Council
had to rank the applicants; in setting the rank, the City Council had to consider the factors stated

2
 The City has significantly amended the ordinance since the inception of this litigation. Therefore,
all citations are to the version of the ordinance then in force. Warren City Ordinance No. 80-772.
That ordinance may be viewed online through the municipal code website at: Municode, Code of
Ordinances              of          the         City          of        Warren,            Michigan
https://library.municode.com/mi/warren/ordinances/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=960256
(accessed June 23, 2022).

                                                 -15-
under Warren Code, § 19.5-13(4)(b), in addition to factors related to the plan for the provisioning
center. See Warren Code, § 19.5-14(2). An applicant also had the right to appeal the decision to
deny a license to the circuit court. See Warren Code, § 19.5-17(2).

                        B. THE LITIGATION IN THE TRIAL COURTS

        Certain applicants sought and obtained at least partial relief in the trial courts of Macomb
County challenging the work of the Review Committee. The challenges alleged violations of the
OMA, denial of due process, and other theories which eventually resulted in the trial court granting
summary disposition in favor of plaintiffs, Pinebrook Warren, LLC; Greenhouse Farms Warren,
LLC; Happy Trails Group, Inc.; Aubrey Ventures, LLC; Blue Spruce Ventures; Emerald Business
Park, PC, LLC; DKB2, LLC; MPM-R Warren, LLC; HRS Retail, LLC; Alternative Rx, LLC;
HCM Warren, LLC; JAR Capital of Warren, LLC; Pure Green Warren, LLC; Pure Warren, LLC;
Kapp Walled Lake, LLC; and Pure Roots, LLC, which were all entities that had applied for and
been denied licenses. That order also invalidated the licenses to sell marijuana that had been issued
to the intervening defendants, Livwell Michigan, LLC; LE Battle Creek, Inc.; Weisberger
Ventures II, LLC; VendCo Michigan, Inc.; Level Up Garden, LLC; 8th Street Wellness, PC, LLC;
Sozo Health, Inc.; 989 Ventures, LLC, which did business as Northern Roots; AE&K, LLC;
BDECo Inc.; DNVK 4, LLC; MDMS Group, LLC; Warren Capital Holdings, LLC; West Fort
Holdings, LLC; and Frazho Provisioning, LLC. The trial court also dismissed the due-process
claims that plaintiffs had asserted against the City.

                                   C. THE APPEALS RAISED

        In the appeals in Docket Nos. 355989, 355994, 355995, 356005, 356011, 356017, and
356023, the primary issue raised by defendants and intervening defendants is whether the trial
court erred when it determined that the City violated the OMA and—on that basis—invalidated
the City Council’s decision to issue licenses. For the various cross-appeals in those cases, the
primary issue is whether the trial court erred when it dismissed plaintiffs’ claims against the City
for violations of substantive and procedural due process.

        In Docket Nos. 359269 and 359285, intervening defendants in the underlying case appeal
by leave granted the trial court’s order invalidating the City’s decision to reissue licenses to them
as part of a settlement agreement entered into by the City and intervening defendants in a different
case. Intervening defendants argue that the trial court lacked the authority to invalidate the licenses
that had been issued under the agreement.

                        D. SUMMARY OF THIS COURT’S DECISION

         For the reasons explained in this opinion, we conclude that defendants and intervening
defendants have identified errors respecting the trial court’s resolution of the OMA claims
warranting appellate relief. We conclude that plaintiffs have not identified any errors warranting
relief in the trial court’s resolution of their claims involving due process. Accordingly, in Docket
Nos. 355989, 355994, 355995, 356005, 356011, 356017, and 356023, we reverse and vacate the
trial court’s opinion and order, entered April 14, 2020 (April 2020 Opinion and Order), and its
order denying reconsideration, which it entered on December 22, 2020. For the claims in Docket
Nos. 359269 and 359285, we vacate the trial court’s order of October 26, 2021, because it based

                                                 -16-
its ruling and order on the erroneous April 2020 Opinion and Order, and the appellate relief granted
regarding the OMA claims renders the trial court’s October 26, 2021 order void.

                        II. APPEALS INVOLVING THE OMA CLAIMS

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Appellants and cross-appellants have raised various claims of error involving the trial
court’s decision to grant summary disposition in favor of plaintiffs on the OMA claims.3 We
review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Barnard Mfg Co,
Inc v Gates Performance Engineering, Inc, 285 Mich App 362, 369; 775 NW2d 618 (2009). We
also review de novo whether the trial court properly interpreted and applied the relevant statutes
and ordinances. Soupal v Shady View, Inc, 469 Mich 458, 462; 672 NW2d 171 (2003). We review
for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision to invalidate a decision under the OMA and its
decision to grant equitable relief under the OMA. Citizens For A Better Algonac Community Sch
v Algonac Community Sch, 317 Mich App 171, 177; 894 NW2d 645 (2016). We also review for
an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on a motion for reconsideration. Woods v SLB Prop
Management, LLC, 277 Mich App 622, 629; 750 NW2d 228 (2008). A trial court abuses its
discretion when it selects an outcome that falls outside the range of principled outcomes, or when
it premises its decision on a misunderstanding of controlling legal principles. Davis v Detroit Fin
Review Team, 296 Mich App 568, 612-613; 821 NW2d 896 (2012).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        In January 2020, Happy Trails moved for partial summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(10). It argued that the undisputed evidence showed that the Review Committee
violated the OMA by holding closed meetings that were required to be open to the public and did
not otherwise comply with the requirements of the OMA. It further argued that the Review
Committee had not rectified its error by reenacting its decisions. Because the City Council adopted
the Review Committee’s decision made contrary to the OMA (and its own ordinances), Happy
Trails asked the trial court to invalidate the decisions premised on violations of the OMA. It
maintained that the only proper remedy required invalidating the decisions because then the City
would have the obligation to “redo the process properly in accordance with the requirements of
the [Marijuana] Ordinance and applicable law.”

       A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of a claim. Joseph v Auto
Club Ins Ass’n, 491 Mich 200, 206; 815 NW2d 412 (2012). The moving party is entitled to relief
when, except for the amount of damages, “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and
the moving party is entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law.”
MCR 2.116(C)(10).

        As the moving party, Happy Trails had the initial burden to identify the issues about which
it claimed there were no genuine issues as to any material fact, and to support its motion by citation

3
 For the sake of brevity, we will not summarize the arguments by each party to these appeals
except where necessary for clarity.

                                                -17-
to evidence. See Barnard Mfg, 285 Mich App at 369-370. Happy Trails asserted that no factual
dispute existed that the Review Committee was subject to the OMA, violated the OMA, and, as a
result, the trial court had the discretion to invalidate the Review Committee’s decisions as a matter
of law. Therefore, Happy Trails’s right to summary disposition depended on whether it established
that—given the undisputed facts—the OMA applied to the Review Committee action, whether the
Review Committee’s decisions were made in violation of the OMA, and finally whether the
Review Committee’s decisions were subject to invalidation under the OMA.

                                         1. PUBLIC BODY

         Under the OMA, the Legislature established rules that apply to public bodies. See
MCL 15.263. A public body must hold its meetings open to the public, in a place that is available
to the general public, allow the public to record the meeting, MCL 15.263(1), and allow persons
who attend the meeting to address the meeting, MCL 15.263(5). A public body must also make
its decisions at a meeting that is open to the public, see MCL 15.263(2), and conduct its
deliberations in a meeting that is open to the public, see MCL 15.263(3). Notably, the Legislature
provided an exception to the open meeting requirements for deliberations; a public body may enter
into a closed session to deliberate certain matters as provided under MCL 15.267 and MCL 15.268.
See MCL 15.263(3). The Legislature did not provide any exceptions to the requirements that the
meetings themselves begin in a session open to the public, that the public be allowed to address
the meeting, and that the public body make its decisions while the meeting is open to the public.

        Because the OMA only applies to public bodies, the threshold issue for any OMA claim is
whether the entity at issue constitutes a public body within the meaning of the OMA. See Herald
Co v Bay City, 463 Mich 111, 129; 614 NW2d 873 (2000). The OMA defines a public body, in
relevant part, as “any state or local legislative or governing body, including a board, commission,
committee, subcommittee, authority, or council, that is empowered by state constitution, statute,
charter, ordinance, resolution, or rule to exercise governmental or proprietary authority or perform
a governmental or proprietary function.” MCL 15.262(a).

        The first inquiry in determining whether an entity is a public body under the OMA is to
evaluate whether the entity is a legislative body or a governing body. See Davis, 296 Mich App
at 591 (noting that, to be a public body, the entity must be a state or local legislative body or
governing body). A legislative body is a body that makes or enacts laws or otherwise brings
something into or out of existence through the enactment of laws. Id. at 592-593. A governing
body is a body that makes or administers public policy, or otherwise regulates or controls a political
subdivision. Id. at 593-594. A body does not have to be the supreme governing body of a political
subdivision to be a governing body under the OMA; but it must make or administer public policy
for a political unit or make decisions by a determination, action, vote, or disposition for that
political subdivision. Id. at 597.

        If it is determined that a body is a legislative or governing body, the next inquiry is whether
it has been empowered by “state constitution, statute, charter, ordinance, resolution, or rule to
exercise governmental or proprietary authority or perform a governmental or proprietary
function.” MCL 15.262(a); see also Booth Newspapers, Inc v Univ of Mich Bd of Regents, 444
Mich 211, 225; 507 NW2d 422 (1993). A body that can only make recommendations is not a
governing body for purposes of the OMA because its authority does not include the power to

                                                 -18-
effectuate or formulate public policy. See Davis, 296 Mich App at 605-606. In addition to these
criteria, in Booth, our Supreme Court held that a person or other body may be deemed a public
body under certain circumstances.

       In Booth, our Supreme Court considered a situation in which the board of regents for the
University of Michigan sought to hire a new president. The evidence showed that the board did
not want to hold public meetings during the search, so it delegated its authority to winnow the
candidates to a particular regent and to subquorum groups of regents. Over time, the regent and
subquorum groups reduced the total number of candidates from 250 candidates to one candidate.

         In this process, the board of regents had selected one member of the board to act as a
selection committee. In the first phase of review, this member winnowed down the list of 250
candidates to 70 candidates. He made phone calls, had meetings and sought to obtain the sense of
the board members and subgroups appointed to assist the board. In that and every phase, any board
member could have asked for a candidate who had been removed from consideration to be put
back into the pool of actively participating candidates. Next the board member further narrowed
the list of candidates from 70 to 30 by rating and receiving ratings of candidates, tallying those
scores and discussing the process with each and every member of the board of regents. Next, each
of the 30 remaining candidates was contacted and about half of the candidates self-selected out of
further participation. Next, small, subquorum groups of regents went to various cities and met
with candidates. A closed meeting occurred where no vote was taken but candidates were
discussed. Eventually one candidate was recommended and the person’s name was forwarded to
the entire board which then held a public meeting and voted to hire that candidate. See Booth, 444
Mich at 215-220.

        Our Supreme Court held that the board was a public body and that the selection of a
president for the university was one of the board’s most important exercises of governmental
authority. Id. at 225. The Court recognized that the regent and subquorum groups were the persons
who winnowed the total number of candidates, but it rejected the contention that the regent and
subquorum groups were not subject to the OMA. It held that the regent and subquorum groups
constituted public bodies under the OMA because the board was itself a public body and it
delegated its authority to the regent and subquorum groups. Id. at 225. The Court rejected the
university’s attempt to elevate form over substance by asserting that one man could not be a
committee. The Court explained that the question was whether the board delegated its authority
to choose a president to one or more persons. If it did, then the OMA applied to those persons
because the OMA applied to the board. Id. at 225-226; see also Herald, 463 Mich at 134
(summarizing the decision in Booth and stating that the distinguishing feature between the facts of
its case and those in Booth was that the public body delegated its authority to a regent and
subquorum groups that had no independent authority to act); Davis, 296 Mich App 588-591
(recognizing that, under the decisions in Booth and Herald, if a public body delegates its authority
to act to a subcommittee, that body will be deemed a public body for purposes of applying the
OMA).

        Our Supreme Court clarified the delegation exception in Herald. Although the Court in
Herald noted that evidence established that the public body at issue in Booth had delegated its
authority to a regent and subcommittees to evade the requirements of OMA, the Court did not hold
that an intent to evade the requirements of the OMA was the dispositive question. Herald, 463

                                               -19-
Mich at 134. Rather, the Court held that the relevant inquiry is whether the body had been
delegated authority by a public body or whether the body had been granted independent authority
to act. See id. (“The important distinguishing feature of Booth was that the board was clearly a
‘public body’ that was subject to the OMA, and the various regents and subquorum groups had no
independent authority to narrow the field, make a recommendation, or select a president.”)
(emphasis added). If the body did not have the independent authority to act, but instead had to
rely on the delegation of authority from the public body, then that body would also be deemed a
public body. In Herald the Court then explained that, because the city charter gave the city
manager independent authority to perform the function at issue, the facts in Herald were not
analogous to those of Booth. Id. at 134-135. Accordingly, a public body is either a legislative
body or a governing body that has been “empowered by state constitution, statute, charter,
ordinance, resolution, or rule to exercise governmental or proprietary authority or perform a
governmental or proprietary function,” MCL 15.262(a), or a person or body that has been
delegated the authority to act by a public body that itself is subject to the OMA, see Booth, 444
Mich at 225.

        In this case, the City—through its City Council—enacted the Marijuana Ordinance that
created the Review Committee. As a home rule city, the City had the authority to enact ordinances
as a valid exercise of its police power so long as the ordinance did not conflict with the constitution
or general law. See Rental Prop Owners Ass’n of Kent Co v Grand Rapids, 455 Mich 246, 253-
254; 566 NW2d 514 (1997).

         Happy Trails did not present any evidence that the City Council delegated its own authority
to the Review Committee. Rather, the Marijuana Ordinance established the Review Committee
and delineated the nature and extent of its role in the application review process. Accordingly,
this case does not involve the type of delegated authority that was at issue in Booth. To the
contrary, the Review Committee had independent authority to act as provided under the Marijuana
Ordinance. See Herald, 463 Mich 134-135. Moreover, it does not matter that the Marijuana
Ordinance was enacted by a public body. In Davis, this Court examined whether the financial
review team was a public body by reviewing the authority delegated to it under the statutory
scheme. If every entity created by statute (or other law) constituted a public body because a
legislative body enacted the law, there would have been no need to examine the authority delegated
to the financial review team under the statute. Yet this Court determined that whether the financial
review team constituted a public body depended solely on the authority independently delegated
to the team by statute. See Davis, 296 Mich App at 594. Consequently, in this case, whether the
Review Committee constituted a public body depended on the extent of the authority granted to
the Review Committee under the Marijuana Ordinance, see Herald, 463 Mich at 134-135.

        Whether a local body is a public body under the OMA must be ascertained by looking at
the four corners of the document creating the body—it does not depend on the body’s actual
exercise of authority. See Davis, 296 Mich App at 594. For that reason, plaintiffs’ argument that
the Review Committee, in effect, selected the entities that received the licenses because the City
Council adopted the Review Committee’s recommendations, was irrelevant. The key question
was not what actions the Review Committee did or did not take, or how the City Council reacted
to those decisions; it was whether the Review Committee, in its own right, constituted a legislative
body or governing body empowered to exercise governmental or proprietary authority or to
perform a governmental or proprietary function. See MCL 15.262(a); Davis, 296 Mich App

                                                 -20-
at 590-591. To make that determination, this Court looks to the four corners of the law establishing
the body to determine whether the law created a governing body and authorized it to exercise
independent governmental or proprietary authority, or to perform an independent governmental or
proprietary function, which amounted to independent decision-making authority to effectuate
public policy. See Davis, 296 Mich App at 600.

        When interpreting an ordinance, this Court must discern and give effect to the intent of the
drafter as demonstrated in the language of the ordinance. See McMillan v Douglas, 322 Mich App
354, 357; 913 NW2d 336 (2017). This Court construes the ordinance as a whole and affords the
words used their plain and ordinary meaning. Id. If the language of an ordinance is clear and
unambiguous, this Court will enforce it as written. Id.

       The State Legislature gave municipalities the authority to pass ordinances regulating
marijuana facilities. See MCL 333.27205(1). The City Council passed such an ordinance that
included extensive requirements for applications for a Medical Marijuana Facilities License,
including that applicants had to submit a formal application with a facility and site plan to the City.
Marijuana Ordinance, § 19.5-12. The ordinance established an application review process that
required applicants to submit all application documents and plans to the City’s chief zoning
inspector to determine whether the application would “go for review” or had deficiencies
warranting notification of denial with the right to appeal to the City Council. Marijuana Ordinance,
§ 19.5-13(1) - (3).

        If the zoning inspector approved an application, it would “go for review” to the Review
Committee. Marijuana Ordinance, § 19.5-13(2). The ordinance required that such applications
and plans “shall be transmitted to the Review Committee for approval.” Marijuana Ordinance,
§ 19.5-13(4)(a). When reviewing “plans and applications” the Review Committee was required
to score 17 individual factors from 0 to 10 respecting the degree of compliance with each specific
factor. Marijuana Ordinance, § 19.5-13(4)(b). After its completion of that process, the ordinance
required that the Review Committee “shall forward the scores and applications to the City Council
with recommendations.” Marijuana Ordinance, § 19.5-14(1).

       The ordinance provided that the City Council alone had the authority to approve issuance
of provisioning center licenses and further specified how it would make the ultimate selection of
the applicants who would be issued licenses:

               Council shall confirm compliance with all requirements and factors in the
       granting of Licenses. If the number of applicants meeting the requirements herein
       exceed the number of available licenses, the Council shall rank the applicants in
       order, considering the factors outlined above and consideration of the Plan
       proposed for the Provisioning Center; new construction and thereafter
       reconstruction of buildings shall be ranked equal than those applications proposing
       existing buildings. The capitalization and improvements to real estate shall be
       ranked higher than proposed existing buildings. Ranking shall be based upon a 0
       to 10 scale for each factor including zoning compliance with a 0 meaning does not
       comply and a 10 meaning exceeds compliance. [Marijuana Ordinance, § 19.5-
       14(2).]

                                                 -21-
        Reading the Marijuana Ordinance in context and as a coherent whole, it is evident that the
Review Committee did not constitute a governing body authorized by the ordinance to perform a
governmental function. See MCL 15.262(a). The ordinance did not grant the Review Committee
authority to administer public policy for a political unit or make decisions by a determination,
action, vote, or disposition for that political subdivision. The ordinance required the Review
Committee to perform an important review function, but the City Council had sole authority to
make the ultimate selection of the applicants it deemed worthy of being licensed to own and
operate a medical marijuana provisioning center in the City. Determining which persons or entities
are to be licensed to conduct business within a locale is a quintessential function of local
government. The licensing process itself requires consideration of multiple factors—even in the
absence of delineated factors as found in the Marijuana Ordinance. Although the Review
Committee played a role in the process, the ordinance plainly required the City Council to make
the final assessment of the worthiness of any particular applicant for a license. The ordinance
tasked the City Council with effectuating public policy by making the ultimate decision which of
the applicants to license. The ordinance granted the Review Committee no authority to reduce the
number of applicants following its review, nor did it grant the Review Committee authority to
deny any applicant a license.

        The City defendants and intervenors argued in the trial court, and continue to argue on
appeal, that the Review Committee merely acted as an advisory body that did not have the power
to make decisions, so that it was not a governing body as explained by this Court in Davis. See
Davis, 296 Mich App at 601-609. We conclude that the plain unambiguous language of the
Marijuana Ordinance supports their contention.

         We hold that plain language of the Marijuana Ordinance establishes that the Review
Committee is neither a legislative body nor a governing body under the OMA, and the City did
not by the ordinance delegate decision-making authority to the Review Committee. Accordingly,
the trial court erred when it ruled that the delegation rule stated in Booth applied to this case.

        That the Marijuana Ordinance § 19.5-13(4)(a) states that applications must be transmitted
to the Review Committee “for approval” is not determinative because the ordinance must be read
as a whole. Having done so, we conclude that the Marijuana Ordinance did not grant the Review
Committee authority to approve applicants but required the City Council to retain and exercise the
decision-making authority to approve applications and issue licenses. The ordinance gave the
Review Committee no authority to approve or disapprove of applications. The Review Committee
scored factors and made recommendations and acted solely as an advisory body. Unlike the regent
and subquorum groups in Booth, the Review Committee had no power to winnow out applicants
from the pool of eligible applicants. A body that can only make recommendations is not a
governing body for purposes of the OMA because its authority does not include the power to
effectuate or formulate public policy. See Davis, 296 Mich App at 605-606.

        Notably, the Marijuana Ordinance required the City Council to consider applications and
confirm their compliance with all requirements and factors, and if more applicants applied than
available licenses, the City Council had to rank the applicants, independently consider the specified
factors, and consider the applicant’s proposed plans. The ordinance makes clear that the City
Council had authority to revisit the rankings made by the Review Committee and had the authority
to make its own determination for approving applications.

                                                -22-
        Under the Marijuana Ordinance, the Review Committee was not granted power to
effectuate public policy. It had no authority to disapprove applicants and thereby eliminate them
from consideration.

        During the application process, pursuant to the ordinance, 65 license applicants submitted
their materials to the City. Eventually, the Review Committee received the materials for 65
applicants, interviewed applicants, reviewed the applications, and each Review Committee
member individually assigned a score to each applicant for each of the 17 factors. After this was
completed, all 65 applications were forwarded to the City Council with the Review Committee’s
recommendations. Thereafter, the City Council, in an open meeting voted on the applications. In
a 5-2 vote, the City Council selected the 15 successful applicants.4 The Marijuana Ordinance gave
the powers to perform governmental or proprietary functions to the City Council alone. Because
the Review Committee was not a local governing body that had been empowered by ordinance to
exercise a governmental or proprietary function, it did not constitute a public body under OMA.
See MCL 15.262(a). The trial court erred by ruling that the Review Committee constituted a public
body subject to the OMA which led to its erroneous invalidation of the Review Committee’s
actions under MCL 15.270. The trial court also erred by denying the intervenors’ motions for
reconsideration which described how the trial court erred as a matter of law by ruling that the
Review Committee constituted a public body subject to the OMA. The trial court’s erroneous
OMA ruling led to its erroneous ruling respecting the motions for reconsideration. When the trial
court denied the motions for reconsideration and lifted the stay on its April 2020 Opinion and
Order, the court’s order took effect and invalidated the licenses that the City had issued to the 15
intervening defendants. In so doing, the trial court erred as a matter of law. Consequently, we
reverse the trial court’s grant of summary disposition to plaintiffs and vacate its April 2020
Opinion and Order, reverse the court’s decision on the motions for reconsideration, and therefore
vacate the court’s invalidation of the City Council’s initial licensing decisions.

        Because of our decision in this regard, it is unnecessary for us to consider the City and
intervenors’ arguments that the Review Committee’s reenactment of its decision at a meeting open
to the public cured any OMA violation. Because the Review Committee was not a public body
subject to the OMA, it did not violate the OMA, and had no obligation to cure a purported
violation. Further, because of our decision, we need not consider defendants’ arguments that the
trial court should have denied the requested relief on various other grounds. Similarly, we need
not address Happy Trails’s and Kapp Walled Lake’s claims that the trial court erred by ruling that
they were not entitled to an award of actual attorney fees for an OMA violation. There being no
OMA violation, Happy Trails and Kapp Walled Lake lack entitlement to such. We decline to
address Aubrey Ventures’s argument that the trial court should have determined that the City was
estopped from issuing any licenses without rescoring the factors provided under Marijuana

4
 Five members of the City Council voted for the top 15 rated applicants forwarded from the
Review Committee. One council member voted for the applicants ranked 24-38. One council
member declined to vote at all.

                                               -23-
Ordinance, § 19.5-13(4)(b), because the City had no obligation to do so since the Review
Committee had not violated the OMA.

        We also need not consider the issues raised pertaining to the trial court’s ruling on
plaintiffs’ motion to enforce the judgment that invalidated the licenses that the City had issued to
the 15 intervening defendants. Having determined that the trial court erred as described herein,
which requires reversal of the grant of summary disposition to plaintiffs and reversal of its order
denying reconsideration, the vacation of the trial court’s 2020 Opinion and Order requires
reinstatement of the City’s initial licensing determinations. The appellate relief granted regarding
the OMA claims renders the trial court’s 2020 Opinion and Order and later October 26, 2021 order
both void and unenforceable. Accordingly, because the trial court’s order enforcing its judgment
rested on erroneous decisions, we reverse and vacate that order as well but need not address the
substantive arguments made by appellants.

                                         2. DUE PROCESS

         Some intervening defendants argue that the trial court’s decision to invalidate the licenses
that were awarded to them deprived them of procedural due process because they did not have an
adequate opportunity to defend their interests. Although the intervenors had a property interest in
their licenses, the record establishes that the trial court took adequate steps to protect their rights.
The trial court rendered erroneous decisions but afforded the intervenors the requisite due process.

         Both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution prohibit the government
from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. See US Const,
Am XIV; Const 1963, art 1, § 17. The protections afforded by these clauses include both a
substantive provision, which protects persons from arbitrary acts by the government, and a
procedural component, which guarantees constitutionally sufficient procedures for the protection
of life, liberty, and property. See Bonner v City of Brighton, 495 Mich 209, 223-224; 848 NW2d
380 (2014), see also Cary Investments, LLC v City of Mount Pleasant, ___ Mich App ___, ___;
___ NW2d ___ (2022), slip op at 4-5.

        Procedural due process requires—at a minimum—that a person whose interests might be
affected by government action be given notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard before
the government acts. Bonner, 495 Mich at 235. Additionally requirements may be necessary
depending on three considerations: the private interest that will be affected, the risk of erroneous
deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value of additional or
substitute procedural safeguards. Id.

         It is true that the trial court ultimately heard Happy Trails’s motion for summary disposition
and issued its April 2020 Opinion and Order before any intervenors had been permitted to
intervene. However, the City moved to add the entities who received licenses as necessary parties
under MCR 2.205(A), before the court considered Happy Trails’s motion for summary disposition,
and the court expressed its concern that the license holders be given an opportunity to participate
in the litigation. The trial court proceeded to decide the motion and issue its April 2020 Opinion
and Order, but it also stayed the application of that order on the same day the court’s clerk entered
the order. The court did so because it intended to grant the motions to intervene by the license
holders to give them an opportunity to file motions for reconsideration challenging the propriety

                                                 -24-
of the trial court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts, which it specifically allowed. The
trial court then provided the intervenors the opportunity to join the litigation, file their motions for
reconsideration, and otherwise participate in the proceedings. After considering all the motions
for reconsideration and conducting a hearing, the trial court concluded that it correctly applied the
law to the facts and determined that Happy Trails had demonstrated its entitlement to relief.
Accordingly, in September 2020, it lifted the stay on its April 2020 Opinion and Order, and denied
the motions for reconsideration.

         The trial court did not act arbitrarily when it granted Happy Trails’s motion, it merely erred
in its application of the law to the fact. Further, the trial court recognized that due process required
that the license holders be brought into the litigation so that they could advocate for their interests.
For that reason, it stayed its own order to give the intervenors time and opportunity to identify
errors in the trial court’s application of the law that might warrant revisiting the court’s decision.
Moreover, by joining them to the consolidated lawsuits, the trial court protected the intervenors’
right to seek appellate review of the trial court’s decisions. The trial court also held a lengthy
hearing at which it gave the intervenors the opportunity to address issues that had not been
identified by the City, and it addressed those issues before determining to uphold its earlier
decision. The trial court’s efforts to protect the rights of the license holders met the requirements
of procedural due process. See Bonner, 495 Mich at 235-240.

        As explained previously, however, the trial court abused its discretion when it premised its
decision on a misunderstanding of controlling legal principles. Davis, 296 Mich App at 612-613.
And for that reason, the trial court’s 2020 Opinion and Order and order denying reconsideration
are reversed.

          III. PLAINTIFFS’ APPEALS INVOLVING THE DUE-PROCESS CLAIMS

                                   A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Barnard
Mfg, 285 Mich App at 369. We also review de novo the proper application of constitutional law,
and the proper interpretation of the relevant ordinance. See Bonner, 495 Mich at 221.

                                           B. ANALYSIS

       The trial court granted the City’s motion for summary disposition of the due-process claims
under MCR 2.116(C)(8). The trial court essentially determined that the claims all involved
application of the Marijuana Ordinance and, because plaintiffs could not establish that they had a
property interest in the outcome of the application of the Marijuana Ordinance, the claims failed
as a matter of law.

                                           1. MOOTNESS

       As a preliminary matter, several plaintiffs argue that the trial court should not have
considered the City’s motion to dismiss the due-process claims because it no longer needed to do
so given its decision on Happy Trails’s motion for partial summary disposition of the OMA claims.
More specifically, they argue that the trial court’s decision on Happy Trails’s motion rendered any
decision on the due-process claims moot.

                                                 -25-
        Michigan courts generally do not decide moot questions or declare legal principles that can
have no legal effect in the case. See Barrow v Detroit Election Comm, 305 Mich App 649, 659;
854 NW2d 489 (2014). A decision is moot when an event has occurred that makes it impossible
for the court to grant any relief on the claim, or when judgment cannot have any practical legal
effect on the existing controversy. Id.

        The trial court’s decision on the claims involving the OMA did not render the claims for
the violation of due process moot. Plaintiffs’ claims under the OMA, not surprisingly, involved
whether the OMA applied to the Review Committee and whether any violation of the OMA
warranted relief of some kind. Plaintiffs sought a declaration that the OMA applied to the Review
Committee and asked the trial court to both invalidate the decisions that the Review Committee
made without doing so at meetings open to the public and for the trial court to order the Review
Committee to comply with the OMA.

         Although the OMA claims indirectly involved the proper scope and application of the
Marijuana Ordinance for determining whether the Review Committee was a public body, the OMA
claims did not involve claims on which the trial court could have granted relief directly related to
the proper application of the Marijuana Ordinance. By contrast, the due-process claims focused
on the procedures for licensing medical marijuana facilities under the Marijuana Ordinance.
Plaintiffs alleged that they had rights related to the proper application of the Marijuana Ordinance
and suffered damages as a result of the City’s failure to follow those procedures. They asked the
trial court, in part, to order the Review Committee and the City Council to follow the procedures
stated in the Marijuana Ordinance. The relief available in the OMA action was limited to
injunctive relief regarding OMA, see MCL 15.271, and the invalidation of decisions wrongfully
made in violation of the OMA, see MCL 15.270. It did not generally include the authority to order
injunctive relief arising from a due-process right to a particular procedure or result under the
Marijuana Ordinance. Additionally, a due-process violation of the Marijuana Ordinance—unlike
an OMA violation—might support a claim for monetary damages. See Bauserman v
Unemployment Ins Agency, 330 Mich App 545, 460-465; 950 NW2d 446 (2019). Accordingly,
the trial court’s decision on the OMA claims did not render any decision on plaintiffs’ due-process
claims moot. See Barrow, 305 Mich App at 659.

                                  2. DUE-PROCESS CLAIMS

        The trial court granted the City’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ due-process claims under
MCR 2.116(C)(8). A motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim
on the pleadings alone. Bailey v Schaaf, 494 Mich 595, 603; 835 NW2d 413 (2013). In reviewing
such a motion, the court must accept as true all factual allegations stated in the complaint. Id. The
trial court should grant a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) if, even accepting all the allegations as
true, the plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Id.

        Plaintiffs variously alleged claims involving the violation of the rights afforded by
substantive and procedural due process. The touchstone of due process involves the protection of
the individual against arbitrary government action. Bonner, 495 Mich at 224; Cary Investments,
___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4-5. Due process includes both a substantive component and a
procedural component; the “substantive component protects against the arbitrary exercise of
governmental power, whereas the procedural component is fittingly aimed at ensuring

                                                -26-
constitutionally sufficient procedures for the protection of life, liberty, and property interests.”
Bonner, 495 Mich at 224; see also Cary Investments, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4-5. The
initial inquiry for both components is to identify the interest allegedly infringed to determine
whether it falls within the definition of life, liberty, or property. If the interest at issue does not
involve a life, liberty, or property interest, then the Due Process Clause affords no protection and
the claim must fail. Bonner, 495 Mich at 224; Cary Investments, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op
at 4-5.

         Plaintiffs’ due-process claims, though alleged in varying terms, each involved claims that
the City violated their right to have the facility licenses issued consistent with the requirements of
the Marijuana Ordinance. Stated another way, each of their claims involved whether the City
failed to follow its own laws in the issuing of the licenses and violated the due-process protections
afforded to applicants for a license. The question, therefore, is whether an applicant’s application
for a license involves a life, liberty, or property interest for which the Due Process Clause provides
protection.

         In general terms, a license does not convey property rights under Michigan law. See Morse
v Liquor Control Comm, 319 Mich 52, 66; 29 NW2d 316 (1947). Our Supreme Court, however,
has recognized that once the government issues a license, the holder of a license has a sufficient
property interest in the license to invoke the protections of the Due Process Clause. See Bundo v
Walled Lake, 395 Mich 679, 688-696; 238 NW2d 154 (1976). The Court explained that, although
the license holder holds the license by the grace of the government, once issued, the license holder
can reasonably assume that the government will renew the license when the renewal procedure
provides for renewal as a matter of course. Id. at 692, 693, 695. The same is not true for a first-
time applicant for a license. This Court has explained that first-time applicants for licenses are not
entitled to minimal due process. Cary Investments, ___ Mich App at ___ (citation omitted); slip
op at 5. This is because a property right must be premised on more than a “mere unilateral
expectation.” Bundo, 395 Mich at 692. A person must have more than an “ ‘abstract need or
desire’ ” for a benefit in order to have a property interest in it; he or she must have a “ ‘legitimate
claim of entitlement’ ” to the benefit. Id., quoting Bd of Regents of State Colleges v Roth, 408 US
564, 577; 92 S Ct 2701; 33 L Ed 2d 548 (1972). Because a first-time applicant for a license cannot
show that he or she has an entitlement to the license, a first-time applicant has no property interest
in the issuance of the license. See Maxwell v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 264 Mich App 567,
572; 692 NW2d 68 (2004); see also Wong v City of Riverview, 126 Mich App 589, 592-593; 337
NW2d 589 (1983); Barr v Pontiac City Comm, 90 Mich App 446, 451; 282 NW2d 348 (1979)
(“We agree with defendant’s contention that there is no protected interest in a mere expectation a
new license applicant or transferee might possess.”).5 For that reason, the procedural protections
of the Due Process Clause do not apply to the determination whether to issue a license in the first

5
  The parties try to distinguish the liquor license cases to no avail. The general principle from
these decisions is that one has no property interest in a license until it has been formally granted
to the licensee. An applicant, therefore, cannot complain that the application procedure did not
meet minimum due process because he or she has no interest in the license during the initial
application process. See Maxwell, 264 Mich App at 572; Wong, 126 Mich App at 592-593. That
is analogous to the events at issue.

                                                 -27-
instance. This Court’s review of a city’s decisions regarding first-time applicants is “extremely
narrow[,]” . . . “limited only to whether the city has acted arbitrarily and capriciously.” Cary
Investments, ___ Mich App at ___ (citation omitted); slip op at 5.

        In this case, because plaintiffs were first-time applicants for a facilities license, they had
no property interest in a license that required the City to provide them procedural due process. Id.
For that reason, plaintiffs’ procedural due-process claims premised on the failure to follow the
Marijuana Ordinance or the OMA failed as a matter of law because the City followed the process
prescribed by the Marijuana Ordinance, the Review Committee did its part, and the City Council
made the ultimate decisions regarding selection of the applicants to receive licenses. As explained
in Cary Investments, “due process merely ensures a fair procedure, not any particular outcome.”
Cary Investments, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 6. “The right to due process guaranteed by the
United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution of 1963 does not empower courts to
micromanage the decision-making of governmental entities.” Id. at ___; slip op at 7.

        On appeal, plaintiffs assert that, notwithstanding the law involving first-time applicants for
a license, they had an interest in the procedures for obtaining a license for two reasons. They first
assert that when the procedures for issuing a license so circumscribe the issuing agency’s authority
that an applicant has a reasonable expectation of receiving the license, due process protects the
applicant’s right to have the issuing agency follow the procedures. See, e.g., Med Corp, Inc v City
of Lima, 296 F3d 404 (CA 6, 2002); Walz v Town of Smithtown, 46 F3d 162, 168 (CA 2, 1995);
Yale Auto Parts, Inc v Johnson, 758 F2d 54, 58-59 (CA 2, 1985) (stating that even a violation of
a state’s own laws does not give rise to a due-process violation; there must be a very strong
likelihood that the application would be granted absent the violation).6 These authorities recognize
that a government can create a property interest in an application process by establishing a rule or
policy that circumscribes the authority to deny the benefit to an applicant who meets the
requirements of the law or policy. See Med Corp, 296 F3d at 409-411; Walz, 46 F3d at 168 (“We
believe the discretion of the Superintendent of Highways to deny an excavation permit is so
circumscribed that the Walzes possessed an entitlement to a permit.”). Even if these authorities
applied in Michigan, this case does not fall within those rules.

        The Marijuana Ordinance includes numerous requirements for the applicant, but it does
not guarantee a license to any applicant, even if the applicant submits the required materials and
otherwise meets the minimum requirements for a license. Indeed, the Marijuana Ordinance allows
the City Council to disapprove applications depending on the scoring of the 17 factors and its
further analysis of the applications and the applicants’ plans and qualifications. Marijuana
Ordinance, § 19.5-14(1) and (2) (giving the City Council the final authority to approve an
application and requiring the City Council to confirm compliance and rank applications under
certain circumstances, but not requiring the City Council to approve applicants on the basis of
rankings). The Marijuana Ordinance provided the City Council with unfettered discretion to
approve or disapprove the grant of a license. In fact, the City Council had no obligation to issue
any licenses, no matter how qualified the applicants. See Marijuana Ordinance, § 19.5-7(3)

6
 Decisions by lower federal courts are not binding on this Court, but may be persuasive. See
Abela v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 603, 606-607; 677 NW2d 325 (2004).

                                                -28-
(setting the maximum number of provisioning centers and then stating that the City has no
obligation to issue licenses and further providing that the City can issue them “whenever they
want”). Under these circumstances, it cannot be said that the Marijuana Ordinance contained rules
that so limited the discretion of the decision-makers that any applicant had a reasonable expectation
that he or she would receive a license if he or she complied with the application process. Indeed,
under the plain terms of the Marijuana Ordinance, no applicant can be said to have had a reasonable
expectation of receiving a license no matter how qualified.

        Plaintiffs also suggest that they had a protected property interest because they expended
funds in complying with the application process and purchased interests in real property as part of
that process. The fact that plaintiffs spent sums and acquired property in the hope that they would
receive a license, however, does not establish that they were entitled to a license. See Bundo, 395
Mich at 692. Such expenditures do not give rise to a property interest in a license that has yet to
be issued. For these reasons, the trial court did not err when it determined that plaintiffs’ claims
that the City violated procedural due process failed as a matter of law. No first-time applicant has
an interest in the procedures for obtaining a license under the Marijuana Ordinance protected by
the Due Process Clause. See Maxwell, 264 Mich App at 572; Wong, 126 Mich App at 592-593;
Barr, 90 Mich app at 451.

         Plaintiffs also variously asserted that the City violated substantive due process in the
manner by which they denied the licenses at issue. The substantive component of due-process
protections protects a person from the arbitrary exercise of government power. See Bonner, 495
Mich at 224; Cary Investments, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4-5. The substantive protections
protect a person from both arbitrary laws and the arbitrary exercise of government authority; the
distinction depends on whether the plaintiff is attacking the constitutionality of a law or attacking
an act by a governmental agent. See Mettler Walloon LLC v Melrose Twp, 281 Mich App 184,
198; 761 NW2d 293 (2008). For laws that do not affect a fundamental liberty interest, a plaintiff
must demonstrate that the law is not reasonably related to a legitimate governmental interest. See
Bonner, 495 Mich at 227. If the plaintiff is attacking a governmental action rather than a law, then
the plaintiff must show that the governmental actor took action that was so arbitrary as to shock
the conscience. Mettler Walloon, 281 Mich App at 200; Cary Investments, ___ Mich App at ___
(citation omitted); slip op at 4. But in both instances the plaintiff must still establish that the law
or act affected an interest protected by due process. See Bonner, 495 Mich at 225 (stating that the
first inquiry is whether the plaintiff has identified an interest that has been infringed by the law or
act, which comes within the definition of life, liberty, or property). Because plaintiffs failed to
identify such an interest, their due-process claims failed as a matter of law. But even if the
protections of substantive due process were to apply to any and all acts or laws without regard to
whether the law or act infringed an interest protected by due process, plaintiffs did not allege a
claim for such a violation.

        In this case, plaintiffs did not raise a claim that the Marijuana Ordinance was not reasonably
related to a legitimate government interest—that is, they do not challenge the constitutionality of
the ordinance. Rather, they alleged that the Review Committee’s handling of the applications was
so arbitrary that it shocked the conscience. Plaintiffs assert that the Review Committee and City
Council did not follow the Marijuana Ordinance and that the individual members of the Review
Committee had no legitimate reasons for scoring the factors beyond applying their own personal

                                                 -29-
preferences. Those allegations, however, were not sufficient to state a violation of substantive due
process.

        As this Court has noted, substantive due process does not protect persons from every
governmental action that infringes liberty or damages property. Rather, the plaintiff must allege
facts that—if true—would show that the actor used governmental power to oppress or acted so
irrationally that its conduct lacked any legitimate state interest; the key consideration is that the
conduct shocks the conscience. See Mettler Walloon, 281 Mich App at 202. Picking winners and
losers, although it might seem unfair, does not amount to irrational conduct or oppression; and
does not shock the conscience. Id. Even a violation of state law by the governmental actor will
not, absent more, cause the act to meet the shocks-the-conscience standard. Id. at 202-203.

        Plaintiffs did not allege any acts that were so irrational or so egregious that it could satisfy
a shocks-the-conscience standard. They merely alleged that the Review Committee and City
Council did not properly follow the law and acted, in their view, arbitrarily when it selected the
15 entities that received licenses. Some argue that the individual members of the Review
Committee changed scores to alter which entities would receive a license. A decision to award
licenses to a group of preferred entities over a group of entities that were not preferred, even if
done selfishly and with complete disregard for the law, does not ordinarily rise to the level of
shocking the conscience. Id.

        Plaintiffs also argue that the trial court’s decision to grant summary disposition and dismiss
their due-process claims was premature. They maintain that the trial court should have granted
them the opportunity to amend their complaints to allege the facts necessary to support a claim
premised on substantive due process, and they maintain that the order dismissing their claims was
premature because discovery had not been completed.

        The trial court had an obligation to give plaintiffs an opportunity to amend their complaints
to better state their due-process claims. See MCL 2.116(I)(5). However, the trial court had no
obligation to do so if the evidence then before the court showed that amendment would not be
justified. Id. The trial court stated that, given the absolute discretion provided under the Marijuana
Ordinance, no one had the right to expect anything under the ordinance, such that no change in the
allegations could establish a due-process violation. The trial court correctly identified the flaw in
plaintiffs’ claims. Therefore, the trial court did not have to afford plaintiffs an opportunity to
amend their complaints before it could grant the City’s motion and dismiss the due-process claims
under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Moreover, although a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) might be
premature if done before the close of discovery, Liparoto Constr, Inc v Gen Shale Brick, Inc, 284
Mich App 25, 33-34; 772 NW2d 801 (2009), a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) accepts the facts
alleged in the complaint as true. Indeed, a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) cannot be opposed or
supported with affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence.
MCR 2.116(G)(2). Accordingly, whether the parties completed discovery lacked relevance to the
court’s decision regarding if plaintiffs alleged a claim on which relief could be granted. The trial
court, therefore, did not err when it dismissed plaintiffs’ due-process claims under
MCR 2.116(C)(8).

                                                 -30-
                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed in this opinion, in Docket Nos. 355989, 355994, 355995, 356005,
356011, 356017, 356023, we reverse the trial court’s grant of summary disposition to plaintiffs on
their OMA claims and reverse and vacate the trial court’s April 2020 Opinion and Order and its
order denying reconsideration of that order. In Docket Nos. 359269 and 359285, we vacate the
order dated October 26, 2021. We remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. We further exercise our discretion under MCR 7.219(A),
and order that none of the parties may tax their costs.

                                                            /s/ James Robert Redford
                                                            /s/ David H. Sawyer

                                              -31-