Court Opinion

ID: 4670236
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-22 19:13:49.679311+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:50.835776
License: Public Domain

03/22/2021
          IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                    August 26, 2020 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MICHAEL PATRICK SULLIVAN and DEBRA
                 CLARK BUCKNER, ALIAS1

                    Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                    Nos. 110136; 110137    Steven W. Sword, Judge

                                No. E2019-01471-CCA-R3-CD

The Defendants, Michael Patrick Sullivan and Debra Clark Buckner, alias, appeal from
their Knox County Criminal Court convictions for animal cruelty, for which they each
received an effective sentence of eleven months, twenty-nine days, suspended to
supervised probation. On appeal, the Defendants argue that Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-14-211 requiring a probable cause determination by a qualified livestock
examiner is a condition precedent to an animal cruelty conviction and that the evidence
was insufficient to establish the examiner’s qualifications in this case. Following our
review, we conclude relative to co-defendant Sullivan that this court is without jurisdiction
to consider his appeal because he was granted judicial diversion. Relative to co-defendant
Buckner, we affirm.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
                           in Part; Appeal Dismissed in Part

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE
OGLE and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

Darren V. Berg (at motion for new trial and on appeal), and Van R. Irion (at trial),
Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellants, Michael Patrick Sullivan and Debra Clark
Buckner, alias.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; T. Austin Watkins, Assistant
Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Randall J. Kilby,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

1
 Co-defendant Buckner was named in the indictment as “Debra Clark Buckner, alias,” and in the judgments
as “Debra E. Buckner, alias.” Motions filed by defense counsel and appellate counsel also named her as
“Deborah Clark.” For consistency, we will use the name listed in the indictment.
                                               OPINION
                                   FACTUAL BACKGROUND2

       This case arises from a complaint that six horses and a Great Pyrenees dog on the
Defendants’ property were neglected. The March 2017 term of the Knox County Grand
Jury charged the Defendants with seven counts of animal cruelty, a Class A misdemeanor.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-202(b).

        The proof adduced at trial established that the Defendants ran a self-described
rescue operation in which they took in horses of varying degrees of health in an effort to
rehome them, rehabilitate them, sell them, or prevent their being sold for meat.
Conflicting proof was presented by the State and the Defendants regarding the condition
of the horses and the care provided to them; it was undisputed that some of the horses were
in poor health, although it was at issue whether this was caused by underlying medical
conditions, over which the Defendants had little control, or neglect. The defense claimed
that the horses were provided with attentive care by the Defendants, their niece, and
multiple veterinarians, and they also averred that some of the horses’ health issues did not
begin until after they were seized by the State. Relative to the dog, it was established that
he walked with a limp after he was hit by a car and that the bone was not reset; co-defendant
Sullivan testified that the Defendants consulted with a veterinarian and decided to delay
care to allow the dog’s punctured lung to heal before placing him under anesthesia for
surgery. Co-defendant Sullivan also suggested that the charges in this case were
retaliatory and related to an ongoing conflict between the Defendants, the Horse Haven of
Tennessee rescue, and Knox County Detective Francesca Byrne.

       The jury convicted the Defendants of animal cruelty in Counts 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7.
The jury acquitted the Defendants of animal cruelty in Counts 4 and 5. The trial court,
acting as thirteenth juror, found that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction
for Count 7 relative to the dog and dismissed the charge. The Defendants respectively
received an effective sentence of eleven months, twenty-nine days, which was suspended
to supervised probation; they were also ordered to pay $20,000 restitution to Horse Haven
of Tennessee. In addition, the trial court granted co-defendant Sullivan judicial diversion
pending successful completion of his probation and entered deferral orders to that effect.

2
 The Defendants have not challenged the sufficiency of the evidence or any evidentiary issues on appeal.
Because their sole issue relates to the qualifications of the animal control officer who provided a probable
cause determination at the time of a search warrant’s execution, we will only summarize the facts presented
at trial to the degree necessary to provide the general context of the case.

                                                   2
       The Defendants subsequently filed a motion for new trial, alleging that Code section
39-14-211 created a condition precedent to their convictions for animal cruelty and that the
State had not proven Animal Control Officer Michelle Cianflone’s qualification to perform
the horses’ examination. They further averred that the statute was ambiguous as to the
necessary qualifications of the livestock examiner. The trial court denied the motion, and
the Defendants timely appealed.

                                        ANALYSIS

                          I.     Co-defendant Sullivan’s Appeal

       As a preliminary matter, the day before oral argument, the State filed a motion to
dismiss co-defendant Sullivan’s appeal because he was granted judicial diversion. Due to
the proximity of the motion to oral argument, this court afforded appellate counsel ten days
in which to file a response. Appellate counsel did not file a reply brief or any further
pleadings.

       The record reflects that the trial court granted co-defendant Sullivan judicial
diversion contingent upon successful completion of his probation. The court entered
orders of deferral for each of his convictions on July 19, 2018.

       Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(b) provides that a defendant may appeal
as of right from “any judgment of conviction entered by a trial court.” This court has
previously stated that Rule 3 does not provide for an appeal as of right in cases in which
judicial diversion was granted. See State v. Norris, 47 S.W.3d 457, 461-63 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2000) (concluding that no Rule 3 appeal could be filed from an order granting judicial
diversion because no judgment of conviction existed and no denial of probation occurred).
The Norris panel discussed that judicial diversion can only be granted with a defendant’s
consent and that as a practical matter, requesting judicial diversion involves choosing to
waive some issues on appeal. See id. at 463 (“Although the choice to accept judicial
diversion . . . perhaps jeopardizes the defendant’s opportunity to raise a legal issue, the
quid pro quo . . . is that the defendant who accepted diversion has a self-determined chance
to emerge from the process without a conviction[.]”). As a result, appeals related to a case
in which diversion has been granted must be brought under Rule of Appellate Procedure 9
or 10. Id.

       The record reflects that after the trial court denied co-defendant Sullivan’s pretrial
motion to dismiss based upon Officer Cianflone’s qualifications, defense counsel filed a
December 20, 2017 application for permission to apply for a Rule 9 interlocutory appeal,
which the trial court denied. The record does not reflect that counsel sought permission
directly from this court to file a Rule 10 appeal. See, e.g., State v. Nathan Bernard Lalone,

                                            3
No. E2016-00439-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 2297653, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 25,
2017) (“If the trial court denies permission to appeal under Rule 9, the appellant may seek
permission directly from this [c]ourt under Rule 10.”) (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 10(a); State
v. McKim, 215 S.W.3d 781, 791 (Tenn. 2007)). Defense counsel renewed his motion for
an interlocutory appeal at a July 19, 2018 hearing rescheduling the motion for new trial
hearing. The trial court responded that the Defendants could address their issue on appeal
and that it did not feel an interlocutory appeal was appropriate.

       We note that although this court may consider an improperly filed Rule 3 appeal as
a petition for extraordinary relief pursuant to Rule 10, see Norris, 47 S.W.3d at 463,
appellate counsel has not requested such relief despite the opportunity to do so. Moreover,
we do not discern that Rule 10 relief is necessary.

        This court may grant a Rule 10 application “if the lower court has so far departed
from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings as to require immediate review”
or “if necessary for complete determination of the action on appeal.” Tenn. R. App. P. 10.
If co-defendant Sullivan has successfully completed his probationary period, no judgments
of conviction will be entered. If his probation is revoked and his convictions subsequently
reinstated, he will be entitled to a Rule 3 appeal at that time. See State v. Armin Lars
Begtrup, No. M2019-02038-CCA-R3-CD, 2020 WL 7054516, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Dec. 2, 2020). We accordingly decline to convert co-defendant Sullivan’s appeal into a
Rule 10 appeal by permission and order that his appeal be dismissed.

                        II.    Officer Cianflone’s Qualifications

       Co-defendant Buckner contends that Officer Cianflone was unqualified to perform
the probable cause determination required by Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-
211 (2015). Appellate counsel frames this issue as a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence, arguing that Code section 39-14-211 creates a condition precedent to a
conviction for animal cruelty, as defined in section 39-14-202, and that the State failed to
prove Officer Cianflone’s qualifications at trial. Co-defendant Buckner urges this court
to conclude that section 39-14-211 is ambiguous with regard to the qualifications required
to satisfy subsection 39-14-211(a)(1)(C) and directs this court to legislative history
transcripts in which legislators discussed their concern that section 39-14-211 would
exclude licensed veterinarians who attended veterinary school after completing only three
years of undergraduate education.

        The State responds that pursuant to other cases in which this court considered the
sufficiency of the evidence relative to animal cruelty, Code section 39-14-211 has not been

                                            4
construed as adding an element that must be proven by the State. The State also argues
that Officer Cianflone’s education satisfies the requirements of section 39-14-211(a)(1)(C).

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-211 (2015)3 provided:

                No entry onto the property of another, arrest, interference with usual
        and customary agricultural or veterinary practices, confiscation, or any other
        action authorized by this part or any other law shall be taken in response to
        an allegation that this part has been violated with regard to livestock unless,
        prior to or at the same time as such action, the livestock in question is
        examined by the county agricultural extension agent of the county, a graduate
        of an accredited college of veterinary medicine specializing in livestock
        practice or a graduate from an accredited college of agriculture with a
        specialty in livestock. If the extension agent, veterinary college graduate
        specializing in livestock practice or livestock specialist does not have
        probable cause to believe that a violation of this part has occurred with regard
        to the livestock, no action against the owner of the livestock described in this
        section shall be taken. If a person authorized by this section does not make
        an inspection within twenty-four (24) hours of receipt of a complaint, then a
        licensed veterinarian may make the inspection.

For purposes of Title 39, Chapter 14, livestock is defined as including “all equine.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-14-201(2).

    a. Procedural Facts

       Co-defendant Buckner filed a pretrial motion to suppress the evidence obtained by
the March 7, 2015 entry and search of the Defendants’ property pursuant to a search
warrant, arguing, in relevant part, that the search warrant affidavit contained false
statements regarding the Tennessee Department of Agriculture’s assessment of Officer
Cianflone’s qualifications.

       At the August 25, 2017 suppression hearing, Officer Cianflone testified that she
worked as an animal livestock specialist for the animal control division of the Knox County
Sheriff’s Office. She agreed that as part of her job, she made probable cause
determinations in animal cruelty cases. Officer Cianflone stated that she had an
associate’s degree in equine studies from Laramie County Community College and a “four-

3
  We note that both parties cite in their briefs to the present version of Code section 39-14-211, which went
into effect on April 6, 2016; the offenses in this case occurred on May 7, 2015. However, relevant to this
appeal, the language of the statute as it existed in 2015 was identical to the version currently in effect.

                                                    5
year” degree from Colorado State University in biology with a minor in chemistry and a
“preemphasis of pre-veterinarian.” Upon examination by the trial court, Officer Cianflone
affirmed that Laramie County Community College was an “accredited college of
agriculture.”

       On cross-examination, Officer Cianflone testified that in addition to her post-
secondary degrees, she grew up around horses and had “about [twenty-five] years of
experience in equine.” She stated that she had previously owned and operated a “high-
end breeding and training facility” in Oregon; she had owned a “hall of fame stallion” who
was “one of the leading sires in the nation and in the world”; she was chosen for a group
of American horse trainers who traveled to Japan and taught for three months; and she
taught and gave clinics as a Purina ambassador for three years. Officer Cianflone said that
on April 21, 2015, the sheriff’s office received a complaint about the Defendants’ horses;
Officer Cianflone and another officer traveled to the Defendants’ property and observed
horses in poor physical health. On April 29, 2015, Officer Cianflone further observed the
property by flying a drone overhead and taking photographs. On May 7, 2015, Officer
Cianflone entered the property. She stated that she had previously performed four or five
probable cause determinations.

       Defense counsel argued that according to United States Code Title 7, section 3103,
a “non-land grant college of agriculture” was defined as a “public college or university
offering a baccalaureate or higher degree” in agricultural sciences. Counsel stated that the
intent of Tennessee Code Annotated 39-14-211 was to protect livestock owners and that it
required a qualified individual to accompany law enforcement when serving a warrant;
counsel averred that the statute “envision[ed] someone with a bachelor’s degree.”
Counsel stated that in effect, a search warrant was invalid in these circumstances if a
qualified person was not present to examine the livestock.

       The State responded, relevant to Officer Cianflone’s qualifications, that Tennessee
Code Annotated section 49-8-101 recognized community colleges as colleges. The State
noted Officer Cianflone’s extracurricular experience with horses and averred that she
would qualify as an expert witness. The State reasoned that it would not “make any sense
that she would qualify as [an expert witness] and not be qualified under [section 39-14-
211].”

         The trial court entered a written order on October 5, 2017, finding that the May 7,
2015 search was conducted pursuant to a valid search warrant and that consequently, Code
section 39-14-211 was not applicable. In a separate October 31, 2017 opinion, the court
stated regarding the applicability of section 39-14-211,

                                            6
              The entry onto the property was made pursuant to the search warrant,
       not [section] 39-14-211. It does not matter if the person making the
       observations qualified under the statute. Any person can make observations
       about the condition of animals if obvious enough. Officer Cianflone had
       multiple degrees in equine studies. Whether or not that would allow her to
       enter onto the property and make an arrest without further authorization is
       irrelevant to the question before the court. The State did not rely upon her
       qualifications to make an entry onto the property, they obtained a search
       warrant. There is no requirement that a search warrant containing
       allegations of animal cruelty have any greater degree of probable cause than
       any other crime. [Section] 39-14-211 plays no role in this search.

The trial court further concluded that the search warrant was supported by probable cause
even if information about Officer Cianflone’s education was excluded, noting that probable
cause was present based upon Officer Cianflone’s observing that the horses were
emaciated.

        In addition, the Defendants filed a motion to dismiss based upon the State’s having
violated Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-211. The Defendants attached to the
motion an email from Kim Bender, the associate vice president for institutional
effectiveness at Laramie County Community College. The email stated in relevant part
that the college was “not a college of agriculture per se,” but rather “a community college
in a rural setting.” Ms. Bender wrote that the college was “regionally accredited by the
Higher Learning Commission” and was on the “AQIP [Academic Quality Improvement
Program] Pathway.”

       The State responded that section 39-14-211 only applied to warrantless entries and
that because law enforcement had a warrant in this case, the Defendants’ argument was
inapposite. The State also provided a copy of Officer Cianflone’s diploma and an email
from Dr. Jill Koslosky, the interim dean of the School of Agriculture at Laramie County
Community College, who stated that the college offered “agriculture degrees with
specialties in animal science, equine science and crops.” Dr. Koslosky listed the topics
covered by the equine science program and noted that Officer Cianflone 4 would be
“knowledgeable in identifying and giving a body condition score on a horse that [was]
starved.”

4
 Dr. Koslosky referred to Officer Cianflone by another surname, which was also reflected on Officer
Cianflone’s diploma.

                                               7
       The trial court filed a written order on November 21, 2017, repeating that the entry
of the Defendants’ property was made pursuant to a search warrant, not section 39-14-211,
and that under such circumstances, “there [was] no need for the persons providing evidence
in support of the affidavit to meet the qualifications outlined in the statute.”5 The court
noted that the Defendants provided no authority for the proposition that Code section 39-
14-211 “trump[ed] any search warrant issued by a judge regarding investigations involving
livestock.”

        The Defendants subsequently filed a motion for an interlocutory appeal, which the
trial court denied. In a January 10, 2018 order, the trial court found that the issue was not
dispositive of the case because the State had proof of abuse prior to officers’ entry onto the
property, as indicated by the search warrant affidavit. The court further found that as an
issue of first impression, there was no need to resolve a contested matter in order to develop
a uniform body of law, and a Rule 3 appeal would “be just as effective in addressing the
issue.”

    b. Analysis

        “The most basic principle of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to
the legislative intent without unduly restricting or expanding a statute’s coverage beyond
its intended scope.” Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tenn. 1995) (citing State v.
Sliger, 846 S.W.2d 262, 263 (Tenn. 1993)). Where the statute’s language is clear and
unambiguous, we derive the legislative intent from its plain and ordinary meaning. State
v. Collins, 166 S.W.3d 721, 726 (Tenn. 2005) (citing State v. Wilson, 132 S.W.3d 340, 341
(Tenn. 2004)). If, however, “the parties derive different interpretations from the statutory
language, an ambiguity exists, and we must look to the entire statutory scheme in seeking
to ascertain legislative intent.” Owens, 908 S.W.2d at 926 (citing Lyons v. Rasar, 872
S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1994)). In ascertaining the intent of the legislature, courts “‘may
look to the language of the statute, its subject matter, the object and reach of the statute,
the wrong or evil which it seeks to remedy or prevent, and the purpose sought to be
accomplished in its enactment.’” Collins, 166 S.W.3d at 726 (quoting State v. Gilliland,
22 S.W.3d 266, 275 (Tenn. 2000)). “Statutes ‘in pari materia’—those relating to the same
subject or having a common purpose—are to be construed together.” Owens, 908 S.W.2d
at 926 (citing Lyons, 872 S.W.2d at 897). Furthermore, the rules of statutory construction
direct courts not to “apply a particular interpretation to a statute if that interpretation would
yield an absurd result.” State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tenn. 2001).

5
  We note that the appellate record only contains a written order containing co-defendant Sullivan’s name.
However, identical motions were filed relative to both Defendants, and the court’s rationale applied equally
to both Defendants, regardless of the caption on the order.

                                                   8
        As a preliminary matter, we disagree with the trial court’s assertion that Code
section 39-14-211 only applies to warrantless searches. The legislature included no
limiting language to that effect. The statutory language’s plain and ordinary meaning is
that a probable cause determination by a qualified livestock examiner is required before an
entry, arrest, confiscation, or “any other action authorized by this part or any other law” is
taken in response to an allegation of animal cruelty regarding livestock. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 39-14-211 (2015) (emphasis added). In effect, our legislature has enacted an enhanced
probable cause standard in regard to livestock owners accused of animal cruelty and related
offenses. Therefore, the trial court erred by concluding that an otherwise properly issued
search warrant would render issues of compliance with section 39-14-211 moot.

       Next, we are constrained to note that although appellate counsel has framed co-
defendant Buckner’s issue as pertaining to the sufficiency of the evidence, it would be more
appropriately presented as a challenge of the trial court’s denial of her pretrial motions to
suppress and dismiss. Insomuch as counsel avers that Code section 39-14-211 adds an
additional element to the offense of animal cruelty that must be proven at trial, that
argument is without merit. As the State correctly observes, this court has not looked
beyond the elements articulated in Code section 39-14-202 when considering the
sufficiency of the evidence in previous similar animal cruelty cases. See, e.g., State v.
Matthew Edwards, No. E2017-02329-CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL 5972775, at *4 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Nov. 14, 2018); State v. Sandra Darlene Wood, No. M2016-01225-CCA-R3-CD,
2017 WL 6398342, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 14, 2017). If the legislature had
intended to add an element to animal cruelty, it would have placed the language in section
39-14-202. We note that co-defendant Buckner does not argue that the evidence is
otherwise insufficient to support her convictions in regard to section 39-14-202.

        Notwithstanding appellate counsel’s discussion of the sufficiency of the evidence
in both the motion for a new trial and on appeal, his discussion substantively implicates the
pretrial motions to suppress and dismiss, and we will briefly review them in this context.
The general recourse for an unlawful entry, search, or seizure of property is a pretrial
motion to suppress. See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 41, 12(b)(2)(C). In addition, because Code
section 39-14-211 proscribes “any other action authorized by this part or any other
provision of law” in the absence of a proper livestock examination, a pretrial motion to
dismiss “alleging a defect in the institution of the prosecution” would also be appropriate.
See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(2)(A). We note that defense counsel filed both types of
motions before trial and unsuccessfully requested permission to file an interlocutory appeal
from the denial of the motion to dismiss.

         On appellate review of suppression issues, the prevailing party “is entitled to the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as well as all

                                             9
reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from the evidence.” State v.
Talley, 307 S.W.3d 723, 729 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23
(Tenn. 1996)). Questions about “the assessment of witness credibility, the weight and
value of evidence, and the resolution of evidentiary conflicts are entrusted to the trial court”
as the trier of fact. State v. Meeks, 262 S.W.3d 710, 722 (Tenn. 2008). When the trial
court “makes findings of fact in the course of ruling upon a motion to suppress, those
findings are binding on appeal unless the evidence in the record preponderates against
them.” Id. Conversely, a trial court’s conclusions of law, along with its application of
the law to the facts, are reviewed de novo without any presumption of correctness. Id.

        This court utilizes a two-step process when reviewing a trial court’s decision
regarding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 12. State
v. Sherman, 266 S.W.3d 395, 403 (Tenn. 2008). First, we consider whether the trial court
appropriately based its decision upon conclusions of law, as opposed to a finding of fact
that should have been determined by the jury; secondly, “as to questions of law, we review
the trial court’s holding de novo with no presumption of correctness.” Id. (internal
citations omitted).

       Relative to both motions, the trial court erred by concluding that Code section 39-
14-211 did not apply to situations in which a search warrant was obtained. The court
noted in its order denying the motion to suppress that Officer Cianflone had “multiple
degrees” in equine studies, which was inaccurate, but it did not reach the issue of whether
she was qualified to conduct a probable cause determination. Similarly, the court found
in its order denying the motion to dismiss that it was unnecessary to examine Officer
Cianflone’s qualifications because the statute was inapplicable. However, based upon the
evidence in the record and exercising de novo review, we conclude that that Officer
Cianflone was qualified to conduct the livestock examination.

       Relative to co-defendant Buckner’s argument that Officer Cianflone’s two-year
degree in equine studies from a community college does not satisfy the requirements of
Code section 39-14-211, the plain language of the statute only specifies that the examiner
be (1) a graduate; (2) of an accredited college of agriculture; (3) and the graduate
specializes in livestock practice. The language of the statute does not restrict livestock
examiners to those possessing four-year degrees; likewise, nowhere does the statue exclude
community colleges or specify what type of accreditation is required. We will not expand
or limit the scope of a statute beyond its natural meaning. We note that in the context of
the Tennessee Code Annotated as a whole, community colleges are included in statutes
governing institutions of higher education. See generally Tenn. Code Ann. § 49-7-101;
Collins, 166 S.W.3d at 726.

                                             10
        Turning to co-defendant Buckner’s remaining arguments, her assertion that Code
section 39-14-211 is ambiguous due to the syntax of the phrase “graduate of an accredited
college of agriculture with a specialty in livestock” is not well-taken. By continuing to
the next sentence of section 211, wherein the statute provides that no action can be taken
unless the appropriate determination is made by the “extension agent, veterinary college
graduate specializing in livestock practice or livestock specialist,” it is evident that the
graduate of the agricultural college is required to have a specialization in livestock instead
of the college’s being specialized in livestock. We need not, therefore, delve into the
legislative transcripts.

        The proof presented at the pretrial hearings established that Laramie County
Community College was regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, had a
School of Business, Agriculture, and Technical Studies, and offered agriculture degrees
with a specialization in “equine science.” Officer Cianflone obtained an associate’s
degree in equine studies, which included the coursework she needed to perform body
scoring and determine when a horse was starving. The record reflects that Officer
Cianflone was qualified to perform a probable cause determination in this case pursuant to
the statutory language. Co-defendant Buckner is not entitled to relief on this basis.

                                      CONCLUSION

        In light of the foregoing and the record as a whole, co-defendant Sullivan’s appeal
is dismissed. Relative to co-defendant Buckner’s appeal, we affirm the judgments of the
trial court.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                   D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE

                                            11