Court Opinion

ID: 9378411
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-10 15:04:34.958871+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:20.929191
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MARCH 3, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2021-CA-0950-MR

KENNETH R. THURMAN                                                   APPELLANT

              APPEAL FROM BRECKINRIDGE CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE BRUCE T. BUTLER, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 13-CI-00069

JIMMY L. THURMAN; CHARLES
THURMAN; HOWARD THURMAN;
JUDY PATE; MARY R.
PENNINGTON; ROSA WHITE; AND
TAMMY LYNN LACK                                                       APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: DIXON, MCNEILL, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

MCNEILL, JUDGE: Kenneth R. Thurman (“Kenneth”) appeals from two orders

of the Breckinridge Circuit Court, one partitioning real property between the

parties and the other dissolving a partnership between Kenneth and appellee Jimmy

L. Thurman (“Jimmy”). Finding no error, we affirm.
                 In 2013, Jimmy filed a complaint in Breckinridge Circuit Court

seeking to partition real property owned by the parties, who are siblings and their

respective spouses. The complaint also sought to dissolve a cattle farming

partnership between Kenneth and Jimmy. After a short period of discovery, the

parties underwent mediation and entered a settlement agreement as to the property

partition claims. The settlement agreement was eventually tendered to and adopted

by the court in an order dated August 31, 2016. This ruling was further

incorporated into a December 27, 2017, order which is the subject of this appeal.1

                 Meanwhile, Kenneth filed an amended complaint also requesting

dissolution of the cattle farming partnership and to balance the partnership’s

accounts.2 The partnership claims were tried by bench trial on September 28,

2020. According to the complaint and counterclaim, both Jimmy and Kenneth

sought a judgment against the other for money they believed they were owed to

balance their capital accounts – $55,690.00 for Jimmy and $231,691.08 for

Kenneth.3 Jimmy also sought compensation for unpaid timber proceeds, and

1
 Kenneth filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate the December 27, 2017, order which was
partially granted by order dated January 29, 2018.
2
    Kenneth also asserted a defamation claim which is not a subject of this appeal.
3
 At the time of trial, these figures had been modified. Jimmy also sought two pieces of farm
equipment, a baler and a rake.

                                                 -2-
Kenneth for ownership interest in a five acre plot of land deeded to Jimmy but

allegedly purchased with partnership funds.

             Jimmy, Kenneth, and Kenneth’s wife, Janet, testified as witnesses at

trial. The testimony generally established that an oral partnership to raise cattle

was formed around July 1996. However, each partner’s obligation to the

partnership pursuant to the agreement is somewhat unclear. Kenneth testified that

he was responsible for managing the farm while Jimmy was responsible for

supplying the financing. Slightly contradicting this, Jimmy testified that expenses

were to be split evenly between the parties. Both parties agreed the partnership

profits were to be shared.

             Kenneth and Jimmy each testified to their contributions to the

partnership, often disputing the other’s claims. As one might imagine in an oral

partnership between two siblings, the operation was conducted informally with

little record-keeping and frequent commingling of assets. Both utilized their

personal accounts for partnership expenses, and Kenneth testified that each

contributed to the partnership without knowing what the other was doing. Both

parties submitted voluminous documents – copied checks, receipts, and invoices –

in support of their claimed expenses.

             Following the evidence, the trial court entered findings of fact,

conclusions of law, and judgment awarding $7,097.05 to Jimmy for his share of

                                          -3-
the timber sale proceeds, dismissing Kenneth’s claim to the five acre tract of land

alleged to be partnership property, and dissolving the partnership between the

parties. As to the balancing of the partnership accounts, the trial court found that

neither party had presented sufficient evidence to prove their claims. It noted the

lack of partnership books and lamented that “[t]he parties comingled their assets

and their expenses to such a degree that it is not possible to make a true and correct

accounting for each claim for each party.” This appeal followed. Further facts

will be set forth as necessary below.

                Kenneth first argues the trial court’s December 27, 2017, order

misconstrued the parties’ settlement agreement and reduced the width of

preexisting easements outside the scope of the litigation, depriving him access to

his land. Jimmy contends that Kenneth’s appeal from the December 27, 2017,

order is untimely. We agree.

                CR4 54.02 provides that a “court may grant a final judgment upon one

or more but less than all of the claims or parties . . . upon a determination that there

is no just reason for delay. The judgment shall recite such determination and shall

recite that the judgment is final.” See also Watson v. Best Financial Services, Inc.,

245 S.W.3d 722, 726 (Ky. 2008). Here, the December 27, 2017, order finally

adjudicated the land partitioning claims. Kenneth filed a motion to alter, amend, or

4
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                           -4-
vacate which was denied in part on January 30, 2018.5 Both orders included the

required recitations. Therefore, pursuant to CR 54.01 and 54.02, these orders were

final and appealable, and Kenneth had until March 1, 2018,6 to file his appeal.

Kenneth filed his appeal on August 18, 2021. Therefore, his appeal of the

December 27, 2017, order, and any arguments related thereto, are untimely. See

Watson, 245 S.W.3d at 727 (“In the event . . . a trial court exercises its discretion

and determines that a party is entitled to immediate appellate review, a party

failing to appeal from a final judgment containing the requisite recitals . . . does so

to its peril.”).

                Kenneth next argues the trial court failed to consider KRS7 362.235,

KRS 362.245, KRS 362.250, KRS 362.315, and KRS 362.340 when dissolving the

partnership.8 In general, these provisions concern the conduct of partners and

balancing of partnership accounts. We would note the trial court’s actual ruling

was that “[t]he Partnership does not have a sufficient set of books or records for

this Court to use to apply the provisions of KRS Chapter 362 upon the dissolution

5
 The trial court granted the motion to alter, amend, or vacate in part and amended its judgment
on January 29, 2018.
6
 Thirty days from the notation of service of the order denying Kenneth’s motion to alter, amend,
or vacate.
7
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.
8
 The parties agree that the Kentucky Uniform Partnership Act, KRS Chapter 362, governs their
partnership claims.

                                              -5-
and winding down of the partnership business and affairs.” Therefore, to clarify,

the court did not overlook or refuse to consider KRS Chapter 362, but instead held

the parties’ inadequate records prohibited it from balancing the partnership

accounts.

             Our standard of review of a trial court’s findings of fact is whether

they are clearly erroneous. CR 52.01. Factual findings are not considered clearly

erroneous if they are “supported by substantial evidence.” Gosney v. Glenn, 163

S.W.3d 894, 898 (Ky. App. 2005) (citations omitted). We review a trial court’s

conclusions of law de novo. Bishop v. Brock, 610 S.W.3d 347, 350 (Ky. App.

2020) (citation omitted).

             The trial court found that both parties failed to present sufficient

evidence of their claims concerning the partnership accounts, primarily because the

“parties comingled their assets and their expenses to such a degree that it is not

possible to make a true and correct accounting” of each partner’s claims. This

finding was supported by substantial evidence.

             As one example of comingling, the parties merged their individual

cattle with the partnership cattle, and partnership hay was used to feed all three

types of cattle. Another example, both partners paid for partnership expenses out

of their personal funds, and received income from partnership assets, with no

system in place to ensure that their contributions and withdrawals were equal.

                                          -6-
There are no official partnership books. While Kenneth did submit a binder full of

documents in support of his claims, these records are often confusing,

indecipherable, and incomplete.

             For instance, in one of the exhibits, titled “Jimmy Thurman’s Profit

and Loss Statement Vs. Kenneth Thurman’s Profit and Loss Statement,” is what

appears to be a copy of the partnership’s bank account statement. Next to an entry

labeled “Interest Payment” is an annotation “Kenneth make int. payment.”

However, there is no corresponding check or any other evidence supporting this

assertion. Therefore, as proof of an expense, this record is incomplete.

             As another example, a second exhibit purports to show Kenneth’s

expenses. It consists of a list of itemized expenses for each year with copied

checks as supporting documentation. For the year 2006, Kenneth lists $4,708.34

as his expenses, but then, inexplicably, claims $16,766.19 as his “monies due.”

We find nothing in the record explaining or supporting this difference.

             We are confronted with a situation where the parties presented

conflicting and incomplete evidence of their claims. The trial court weighed this

evidence and determined that it could not reconcile the partnership accounts

without speculating. Having reviewed the evidence, we cannot say this finding

was erroneous.

                                        -7-
             As to Kenneth’s specific claim concerning KRS Chapter 362, he cites

various provisions of the Uniform Partnership Act to argue that he was entitled to a

judgment against Jimmy to balance the partnership accounts. For example, he

claims that he presented ample evidence that Jimmy violated the partnership

agreement, which would allow the court to dissolve the partnership for fraud

pursuant to KRS 362.340 and authorize him “[t]o be indemnified by the person

guilty of the fraud or making the representation against all debts and liabilities of

the partnership.” KRS 362.340(3). However, the trial court did not make a finding

of fraud or breach of the partnership agreement.

             Essentially, Kenneth argues the trial court should have weighed the

evidence and assessed the witness credibility differently. At trial, Kenneth testified

that when the partnership was formed, Jimmy agreed to work the farm on his days

off, but that Jimmy had not held up his end of the bargain, leaving him to do all the

work. In contrast, Jimmy said that he went to the farm every Sunday (his day off)

for fifteen years. Apparently, the trial court found Jimmy’s testimony more

reliable. “[J]udging the credibility of witnesses and weighing evidence are tasks

within the exclusive province of the trial court.” Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d

336, 354 (Ky. 2003) (citation omitted).

             Kenneth also argues he began winding up the partnership business in

2010 and is entitled to renumeration for his services pursuant to KRS 362.235(6).

                                          -8-
Admittedly the trial court’s ruling did not explicitly address compensation for

winding up the partnership, only holding that Kenneth was not entitled to

compensation for managing the cattle business. However, we find no error

because Kenneth did not prove that he was entitled to any such compensation.

              KRS 362.235(6) provides that “[n]o partner shall be entitled to

remuneration for acting in the partnership business, except that a surviving partner

shall be entitled to reasonable compensation for his services in winding up the

partnership affairs.” We first note that there was conflicting evidence as to when

the partnership ended. Jimmy testified the partnership ended in either 2011 or

2013.9 Kenneth claims 2010. The trial court determined it ended sometime in

2011.

              Regardless of the actual date of dissolution, Kenneth put on no

specific evidence as to any services he performed in winding up the partnership.

Further, the trial court’s holding that the parties did not have sufficient records for

it to apply KRS Chapter 362 implicitly encompassed this claim. For the reasons

stated above, we find no error in that holding.

              Kenneth next argues the trial court erred when it ruled that Jimmy’s

proceeds from the timber cutting were not a gift. In 2010, Kenneth, Jimmy, and

9
 Jimmy, in fact, testified that the partnership ended when he filed his claim in 2011. However,
his claim was filed in 2013. It is therefore unclear whether he meant 2011 or 2013.

                                              -9-
two of their siblings hired a timber company to cut timber on land they owned

together. Kenneth testified that Jimmy gave him his share of the proceeds to turn

the now cleared land into pastureland for the cattle. Jimmy denied this. The trial

court held that the requisite elements of an inter vivos gift had not been met.

               We agree with the trial court but on slightly different grounds.10 The

requirements of a valid inter vivos gift are: (a) a competent donor; (b) an intention

to make the gift; (c) an intention to take it; (d) the gift must be complete; (e) the

property must be delivered and go into effect at once; and (f) the gift must be

irrevocable. Howell v. Herald, 197 S.W.3d 505, 507 (Ky. 2006). “If any of the

elements of the gift are absent or incomplete, then the gift will fail.” Id. “[T]he

burden of establishing the gift rests on the party claiming it[.]” Knox v. Trimble,

324 S.W.2d 130, 132 (Ky. 1959) (citation omitted).

               The trial court determined that element (e), transfer of the gift, was

not complete because Jimmy never had physical possession of the money. The

evidence was that the timber company paid the proceeds directly to Kenneth.

However, transfer of a gift can be actual, symbolic, or constructive. Howell, 197

S.W.3d at 508. Therefore, the fact that Jimmy never had actual possession of the

money is not dispositive of whether a gift was made. Here, the relevant issue is

10
  “[I]t is well-settled that an appellate court may affirm a lower court for any reason supported
by the record.” McCloud v. Commonwealth, 286 S.W.3d 780, 786 n.19 (Ky. 2009).

                                               -10-
Jimmy’s intent. See Howell, 197 S.W.3d at 509 (“[W]hen a gift is constructively

delivered, the intent of the grantor to part with dominion and control is the ultimate

factor in determining whether the gift was complete.”).

             Here, the evidence of Jimmy’s intent was inconclusive. Kenneth

testified that Jimmy told him to keep the money to reinvest in the farm. Jimmy

disputes this. Kenneth testified that he converted the cleared property into

pastureland for the partnership cattle which benefitted both he and Jimmy.

Kenneth argues this is evidence as to Jimmy’s intent to reinvest the money.

However, there was contrary evidence that when the parties split the proceeds from

cattle sales, Jimmy’s share went to him directly and then he put the money into the

partnership account. This is some evidence that if Jimmy wanted the money to be

used for the benefit of the partnership, he would have deposited it into the

partnership account rather than orally gifting it to Kenneth. The evidence

necessary to establish intent must be clear and convincing. Howell, 197 S.W.3d at

507. Here, the evidence of intent was insufficient to establish an inter vivos gift.

Therefore, we find no error.

             Finally, Kenneth argues the trial court erred in determining the five

acre tract of land was not partnership property. In 1998, Jimmy purchased a five

acre plot of land. To fund the purchase, Jimmy took out a personal loan from his

bank. This balance was transferred over to the partnership account in 1999. Funds

                                         -11-
from the partnership account were then used to pay off this balance. Kenneth

argues that because partnership funds were used to pay back the original loan used

to purchase the five acres, the land should be considered partnership property.

             Kenneth cites KRS 362.185(2) in support, which provides “[u]nless

the contrary intention appears, property acquired with partnership funds is

partnership property.” The trial court determined that the evidence suggested the

property was Jimmy’s alone, not partnership property. We agree. First, the

property was not acquired with partnership funds. The property was purchased

with personal funds from a loan taken out in Jimmy’s name. The fact that

partnership funds were later used to pay back that loan does not equate to

purchasing the property with partnership funds.

             Regardless, the evidence showed a contrary intention, rebutting KRS

362.185(2)’s presumption. As noted by the trial court, the deed was in Jimmy’s

name only, not the name of the partnership. Further, the fact that the original

source of the funds to purchase the property came from a personal loan to Jimmy

suggests the five acres were individual property, not partnership property. We

discern no error.

             Based upon the foregoing, the orders of the Breckinridge Circuit

Court are affirmed.

                                        -12-
          ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE JIMMY L.
                          THURMAN:
Stephen G. Hopkins
Hardinsburg, Kentucky     Jerry M. Coleman
                          Elizabethtown, Kentucky

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