Court Opinion

ID: 4176774
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-12 18:15:59.719589+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:52.536143
License: Public Domain

J-S30040-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE ADOPTION OF: D.S.                   :      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                           :            PENNSYLVANIA
                                           :
                                           :
                                           :
                                           :
APPEAL OF: J.P.                            :           No. 1889 MDA 2016

                 Appeal from the Order entered October 28, 2016
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County,
               Orphans' Court Division, No(s): 083 Adoptions 2016

IN THE ADOPTION OF: D.S., a Minor          :      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                           :            PENNSYLVANIA
                                           :
                                           :
                                           :
                                           :
APPEAL OF: J.P., Mother                    :           No. 1890 MDA 2016

                Appeal from the Order entered October 19, 2016
             in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County,
           Orphans' Court Division, No(s): CP-21-DP-0000027-2015

BEFORE: SHOGAN, RANSOM and MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                            FILED JUNE 12, 2017

        J.P. (“Mother”) appeals from the Orders1 granting the Petition filed by

Cumberland County Children and Youth Services (“CYS”) to involuntarily

terminate her parental rights to her son, D.S. (hereinafter “Child”), born in

May 2014, pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8) and (b), and

1
    This Court, sua sponte, consolidated Mother’s appeals from the Orders.
J-S30040-17

changing Child’s permanency goal from reunification to adoption.2            We

affirm.

      The trial court thoroughly set forth the relevant factual and procedural

history of this case, which we adopt as though fully set forth herein.       See

Trial Court Opinion, 12/22/16, at 1-7.3

      In this timely appeal, Mother presents the following questions for our

review:

      1. [Whether t]he [Trial] Court erred as a matter of law and
         abused its discretion in changing [Child’s placement] goal to
         adoption and terminating [Mother’s] parental rights[?]

      2. [Whether t]he [Trial] Court erred as a matter of law and
         abused its discretion in changing the [placement] goal for []
         [C]hild to adoption and terminating [Mother’s] parental rights
         in that [Mother] is able to provide [] [C]hild with the essential
         parental care, control, and subsistence[?]

      3. [Whether t]he [Trial] Court erred as a matter of law and
         abused its discretion in terminating [Mother’s] parental rights
         in that the conditions which led to the removal or placement
         of [] [Child] no longer existed or were substantially
         eliminated[?]

2
  By Orders entered on October 19 and 28, 2016, the trial court also
involuntarily terminated the parental rights of Child’s biological father, A.S.
(“Father”), and changed Child’s permanency goal to adoption. Father filed
an appeal, which is listed before this panel at Nos. 1683 and 1686 MDA
2016.
3
  We additionally observe that by an Order entered on October 7, 2016, the
trial court appointed Marylou Matas, Esquire (“Attorney Matas”), as guardian
ad litem (“GAL”) to represent the interests of Child.       Attorney Matas
appeared at the October 19, 2016 hearing, and filed a brief in this appeal,
asserting her opinion that affirming the Orders on appeal best served Child’s
needs and welfare.

                                  -2-
J-S30040-17

      4. [Whether the Trial] Court was in error in determining [that]
         the best interest of [] [C]hild would be served by terminating
         [Mother’s] parental rights[?]

      5. [Whether t]he [Trial] Court was in error in determining [that]
         the best interests of [] [C]hild would be served by changing
         the goal for [] [C]hild to adoption, terminating parental rights
         and placing [] [C]hild in foster care, when family members[]
         have presented as a resource for [] [C]hild[,] and Mother is
         an available resource as well[?]

Mother’s Brief at 4. Since Mother’s issues are closely related (and the sparse

Argument section of Mother’s brief does not individually address each issue),

we will address them simultaneously.

      In reviewing an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, we

adhere to the following standard:

      [A]ppellate courts must apply an abuse of discretion standard
      when considering a trial court’s determination of a petition for
      termination of parental rights. As in dependency cases, our
      standard of review requires an appellate court to accept the
      findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if
      they are supported by the record. In re: R.J.T., [] 9 A.3d 1179,
      1190 (Pa. 2010). If the factual findings are supported, appellate
      courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
      or abused its discretion. Id.; [In re] R.I.S., 36 A.3d [567, 572
      (Pa. 2011) (plurality opinion)]. As has been often stated, an
      abuse of discretion does not result merely because the reviewing
      court might have reached a different conclusion. Id.; see also
      Samuel Bassett v. Kia Motors America, Inc., [] 34 A.3d 1,
      51 (Pa. 2011); Christianson v. Ely, [] 838 A.2d 630, 634 (Pa.
      2003). Instead, a decision may be reversed for an abuse of
      discretion     only    upon       demonstration       of     manifest
      unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Id.

            As [the Supreme Court] discussed in R.J.T., there are
      clear reasons for applying an abuse of discretion standard of
      review in these cases. We observed that, unlike trial courts,
      appellate courts are not equipped to make the fact-specific
      determinations on a cold record, where the trial judges are

                                    -3-
J-S30040-17

      observing the parties during the relevant hearing and often
      presiding over numerous other hearings regarding the child and
      parents. R.J.T., 9 A.3d at 1190. Therefore, even where the
      facts could support an opposite result, as is often the case in
      dependency and termination cases, an appellate court must
      resist the urge to second guess the trial court and impose its
      own credibility determinations and judgment; instead we must
      defer to the trial judges so long as the factual findings are
      supported by the record and the court’s legal conclusions are not
      the result of an error of law or an abuse of discretion. In re
      Adoption of Atencio, [] 650 A.2d 1064, 1066 (Pa. 1994).

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012).

      The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing

evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental

rights are valid. In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009). “[T]he

standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as testimony that is so

clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to

a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in

issue.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      This Court may affirm a trial court’s decision regarding the termination

of parental rights with regard to any one subsection of 23 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 2511(a), along with a consideration of section 2511(b).          See In re

B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc).          In the instant

case, we will focus on section 2511(a)(2) and (b), which provide as follows:

      (a) General rule.-- The rights of a parent in regard to a child
      may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
      grounds:

                                    ***

                                  -4-
J-S30040-17

            (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
            neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be
            without essential parental care, control or subsistence
            necessary for his physical or mental well-being and the
            conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or
            refusal cannot or will not be remedied by the parent.

                                        ***

         (b) Other considerations.-- The court in terminating the rights
         of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
         developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the
         child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on
         the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing,
         furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be
         beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition
         filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not
         consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
         described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the
         giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), (b).

         To satisfy the requirements of subsection 2511(a)(2), the moving

party must produce clear and convincing evidence regarding the following

elements: (1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal;

(2) such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal caused the child to be without

essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or

mental well-being; and (3) the causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or

refusal cannot or will not be remedied. In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d
1266, 1272 (Pa. Super. 2003).          The grounds for termination of parental

rights     under   subsection   2511(a)(2)    are   not   limited   to   affirmative

misconduct; to the contrary, those grounds may include acts of refusal as

well as incapacity to perform parental duties. In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326,

                                     -5-
J-S30040-17

337 (Pa. Super. 2002); see also In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 827

(stating that “[a] decision to terminate parental rights, never to be made

lightly or without a sense of compassion for the parent, can seldom be more

difficult than when termination is based upon parental incapacity.        The

legislature, however, in enacting the 1970 Adoption Act, concluded that a

parent who is incapable of performing parental duties is just as parentally

unfit as one who refuses to perform the duties.”).

     Regarding section 2511(b), the trial court inquires whether the

termination of parental rights would best serve the developmental, physical

and emotional needs and welfare of the child. See In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d
251, 267 (Pa. 2013). The court must also discern the nature and status of

the parent-child bond, with utmost attention to the effect on the child of

permanently severing that bond. Id. In conducting a bonding analysis, the

court is not required to use expert testimony, but may rely on the testimony

of social workers and caseworkers. In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa.

Super. 2010).   There is no bond worth preserving between a child and a

biological parent where the child has been in foster care for most of the

child’s life, and the resulting bond with the natural parent is attenuated. In

re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 764 (Pa. Super. 2008). Further, it is appropriate

to consider a child’s bond with his or her foster parent(s). In re T.S.M., 71
A.3d at 268.

                                 -6-
J-S30040-17

      Finally, “[w]hen we review a trial court’s order to change the

placement goal for a dependent child to adoption, our standard is abuse of

discretion.” In re N.C., 909 A.2d 818, 822 (Pa. Super. 2006). “[T]he best

interests of the child[,] and not the interests of the parent[,] must guide the

trial court, and the burden is on [CYS] to prove that a change in goal would

be in the child’s best interest.”           In re R.I.S., 36 A.3d at 573 (citations

omitted). The safety, permanency, and well-being of the child must take

precedence over all other considerations. In the Matter of S.B., 943 A.2d
973, 978 (Pa. Super. 2008).

      Here, Mother argues that the trial court erred in terminating her

parental rights to Child, and changing Child’s permanency goal to adoption,

where   “the     original   reasons        for    []   Child’s    placement    ha[ve]     been

substantially     eliminated[,]”     and         Mother     has    “complied    [with]     and

accomplished many of the [permanency plan] goals” set for her by CYS.

Mother’s Brief at 11.        Specifically, Mother alleges that she (1) “kept in

contact with CYS on a regular basis”; (2) participated in parenting

education;      (3)   participated    in     some      mental     health   counseling;     (4)

“somewhat met” the goal of abstaining from abusing drugs and alcohol; (5)

“did attend visits [with Child] to the extent [Mother] could”; and (6) had

adequate housing to accommodate Child.                    Id. at 11-12.    Mother contends

that “[b]ecause of [her] substantial compliance with the permanency plan, …

terminating her parental rights was not in [] Child’s best interest.”                    Id. at

                                       -7-
J-S30040-17

12.4

       In its thorough Opinion, the trial court addressed Mother’s claims, set

forth the relevant law, and determined that (1) termination of Mother’s

parental rights to Child was warranted, supported by clear and convincing

evidence, and in Child’s best interests, under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2) and

(b); and (2) changing Child’s placement goal to adoption was proper. See

Trial Court Opinion, 12/22/16, at 9-16.        The trial court’s findings are

supported in the record; its legal conclusions are sound; and we discern no

abuse of discretion by the trial court. We therefore affirm, based on the trial

court’s Opinion, the Orders terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child and

changing Child’s permanency goal to adoption. See id.

4
  Mother does not elaborate on this claim, or engage in any discussion of 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b), aside from this single reference to the best interests of
Child. Accordingly, we could, though we decline to, find this claim waived.
See Umbelina v. Adams, 34 A.3d 151, 161 (Pa. Super. 2011) (stating that
“[w]here an appellate brief fails to provide any discussion of a claim with
citation to relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other
meaningful fashion capable of review, that claim is waived.” (citation
omitted)); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).

                                  -8-
J-S30040-17

      Orders affirmed.5

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/12/2017

5
  We note that we are cognizant of the recent decision of our Pennsylvania
Supreme Court in In re L.B.M., 156 A.3d 1159 (Pa. 2017), wherein the
Court held that 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a) mandates that a trial court appoint
counsel for a child in a contested termination of parental rights case, and the
failure to do so is structural and can never be harmless. See id. at 1165-
67, 1168-69. Justice Wecht’s lead Opinion, joined by two other Justices in
the following regard, further opined that a trial court in such proceedings is
required to appoint a separate, independent attorney to represent a child’s
legal interests even when the child’s GAL, who is appointed to represent the
child’s best interests, is an attorney. See id. at 1167-68. However, four
Justices disagreed with that portion of the lead Opinion, holding that such
separate representation would be required only if the child’s best interests
and legal interests were in conflict. See generally id. at 1170-79. In the
instant case, unlike in L.B.M., this issue of separate representation for the
two-year-old Child’s legal interest was never raised by any of the parties.
Moreover, Attorney Matas competently represented Child’s best interests
and legal interests, and, notably, such interests were never in conflict.

                                  -9-
                                                                               Circulated 06/02/2017   11 :01 AM

IN THE INTEREST OF D.S.,               : IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
A Minor,                                 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                                       : ORPHAN'S COURT DIVISION
Appeal of J.P., Mother
                                        : NO. CP-21-DP-0000027-20 15

                      IN RE: OPINION PURSUANT TO PA.R.A.P. 1925
Peck, J., December 22, 2016 -
         A hearing was held before this Court on October 19, 2016 regarding the proposed
goal change for D.S. from reunification to adoption, as well as regarding the Agency's
Petition to terminate Appellant's parental rights. At the conclusion of the October 19,
2016 hearing, this Court deemed the evidence closed and took the matters under
advisement.       On October 28, 2016, this Court issued a Permanency Review Order
changing the permanency goal for D.S. to adoption. In a separate order of October 28,
2016, this Court issued a Final Decree terminating Appellant's parental rights to D.S. On
November 18, Appellant filed Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal. The Errors
complained of are as follows: 1

          1) The Honorable Court erred as a matter of law and abused its discretion in
              changing the goal to adoption and terminating Appellant's parental rights.
          2) The Honorable Court erred as a matter of law and abused its discretion in
              changing the goal for this child to adoption and terminating Appellant's
              parental rights in that Appellant is able to provide the child with essential
              parental care, control, and subsistence.
          3) The Honorable Court erred as a matter of law and abused its discretion in
              changing the goal for this child to adoption and terminating Appellant's
              parental rights in that conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
              child no longer existed or were substantially eliminated.
           4) This Honorable Court was in error in determining the best interest of the child
              would be served by terminating Appellant's parental rights.

 1
     Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, November 18, 2016.

                                                                                                                   \A
                                                                                                                   \1
         5) This Honorable Court was in error in determining the best interests of the child
~       ·,·.~J?Mld   be served by changing the goal for these children                        to adoption,
             terminating parental rights, and placing the child in foster care, when family
             members, have presented as a resource for the child and Mother is available as
             a resource as well. [sic]

                                      STATEMENT OF FACTS

         On October 4, 2016, the Agency filed their Petition for Involuntary Termination of
Parental Rights of Alleged Mother, J.P., on the basis of 23 Pa.C.S. §§2511 (a)(2), (a)(5)
(a)(8), and (b).2 A Goal Change and Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights hearing
was held on October 19, 2016.3 The following pertinent evidence was presented at the
hearing or included in the record.
          Appellant is the biological mother of D.S., born May 29, 2014. The child's
biological father is A.S.4 On January 6, 2015, the Agency received a referral concerning
D.S.5 The referral stated D.S. was neglected, had moderate to severe diaper rash as a
result of neglect, had been "bopped on the mouth" for making standard baby noises, was
left for extended period with E.S., his current foster mother, and that drug use was
occurring in the household.6 (E.S. is the mother of the Child's half-sister, where A.S. is
the father of both D.S. and E.S.'s daughter.) On January 21, 2015, J.P was arrested after
police were called to the residence and found drugs.7

2
    Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, [J.P.], under Section 2512 of the
 Adoption Act, October 4, 2016.
 3
    See, Transcript of Proceedings, Permanency review Hearing/Termination of Parental Rights, October
  19, 2016 (Peck, J.) (hereinafter "N .T. at ").
 4
    A.S.'s parental rights were also terminated by this Court, under a separate order, and he has also filed an
 appeal at both the Dependency and Adoptions dockets.
 5
    Shelter Care Application, (February 5, 2016), at 3, CCCYS Exhibit 2 (hereinafter "Shelter Care
 Application"). J.P. was well-known to the Agency at the time, as four of her other children had been
 placed out of her care due to concerns of substance abuse and inadequate knowledge and parenting skills.
  Id.
 6Id.
  7
        at 3.
    Id.

                                                       2
       During the ensuing investigation, the Agency learned J.P. and A.S. had regularly
left D.S. in the care ofE.S., for periods ofup to several weeks, beginning when he was
just two weeks old. 8 He was in her care for significant periods throughout 2014 prior to
the referral in January 2015.9 D.S. was officially placed in the legal and physical custody
ofE.S. on February 5, 2015, and officially adjudicated dependent on February 19, 2015.10
The Child has been in the custody of E.S. continually since that time. E.S. filed a Report
of Intent to Adopt on October 3, 2016.11 E.S. testified that the Child calls her mom, and
calls P.F., her partner of seven years, dad.12 E.S. and P.F provided the sole financial
support for the Child until E.S. became a formal kinship caretaker through KidsPeace in
mid-2016. E.S. manages all of the Child's healthcare needs.13 The Child was diagnosed
with MRSA in November 2015, and was in treatment through early 2016.14 He
recovered well under the care of his doctors and E.S.15 The Agency caseworker reported
the Child is very bonded with E.S. and gets along well with his half-sister.16
        A Family Service Plan was put in place for Appellant.17 The following evidence
was presented in regards to the goals in Appellant's Family Service Plan: 18
         a. To Cooperate with Cumberland County Children and Youth Services: The
             Agency alleged this goal was being met.19 Appellant testified that through the
             parenting classes she has attended she has identified that she can be defensive
             with and does not trust the Agency, because she herself was removed from her

 8
     N.T. at 56; Shelter Care Application at 3-4; Master's Recommendation for Adjudication and Disposition
 -Child Dependent, February 19, 2015, in CCCYS Exhibit 1.
 9
     N.T. at 56.
 10
      Master's Recommendation for Adjudication and Disposition- Child Dependent, February 23, 2015, in
 CCCYS Exhibit 1.
  11
      Report oflntention to Adopt, October 3, 2016.
  12
      N.T. at 47, 56.
  13
      Id. at 57.
   14
      Id. at 34; see Judicial Conference Report, November 24, 2016, in CCCYS Exhibit 1.
   15
      See, Judicial Conference Report, November 24, 2016, in CCCYS Exhibit 1.
   16
      N.T. at 34.
   17
      Family Service Plan, February 8, 2016.
   18
      See, Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, [J. P .], under Section 2512 of
  the Adoption Act, October 4, 2016.
   19
      Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, [J.P.], under Section 2512 of the
   Adoption Act, October 4, 2016.

                                                       3
          mother's custody at a young age.20 Appellant testified that she has been
          attending a class at local church to help her work on forgiveness and be more
          open.21
      b. Improve Parenting Skills: The Agency alleged this goal was not being met.22
          Appellant received parenting education while inpatient for drug and alcohol
          treatment at Kindred House, from mid-July 2015 through her release at the end
          of January 2016. While incarcerated between February 4, 2016 and April 4,
          2016, she participated in parenting classes through the George Junior program,
          which consists of parenting classes once a week and weekly visitation. In
          April 2016 after Appellant was released from jail she was referred to
          Alternative Behavior Consultants (ABC) for a parenting skills evaluation, but
          she did not attend the scheduled evaluation. Appellant informed the Agency
          she wanted to do her parenting classes through another agency but did not sign
           a release or present the Agency with information regarding those classes. At
           the time of the hearing, the Agency had no confirmed evidence Appellant was
           participating in parenting classes as ordered. Appellant stated that parenting
           classes she has attended have helped her with her stress management and
           coping skills.23
       c. Remain Drug and Alcohol Free: The Agency alleged this goal was not being
           met.24 Appellant was released from inpatient treatment at Kindred House on
           January 19, 2016, but tested positive for cocaine at the end of January. As a
           result she was reincarcerated on a parole violation on February 4, 2016. After
           her release in April 2016, Appellant began intensive outpatient drug and
           alcohol treatment, successfully completing the program in June 2016.

20
   N.T. at 105.
21 Id.
22
   Id. at 15-16.
23
   Id. at 105.
24
   Id. at 18-20; See, Gaudenzi a, Inc., Treatment Plan (January 11, 2016) in CCCYS Exhibit 5; Drug and
Alcohol Treatment Update Report, Letter from Kimberly Morgan, Roxbury Treatment Center Outpatient
Counselor, to Jan Fry, CCCYS Caseworker (April 21, 2016), in CCCYS Exhibit 5.
                                                   4
          However, Appellant tested positive for cocaine again on August 10, 2016 and
          was incarcerated again from August 11, 2016, through August 24, 2016.
          Appellant participated in another round of intensive outpatient drug and
          alcohol treatment, which she completed on October 14, 2016. Appellant was
          placed in restorative sanctions program and all drug screens she has completed
          since August (two to three per week) have been negative. Appellant is on
          probation through February 2016.
      d. To Maintain Contact With the Child: The Agency alleged this goal was not
           being met.25 During Appellant's first incarceration (during the life of this
           case), from January 21, 2015 through July 13, 2015, she did not have visitation
           with the Child. Appellant could have had visitation if she put E.S.'s name on a
           visitor's list, but she did not do that. Then, while Appellant was in inpatient
           treatment at Kindred House, between mid- July 2015 and the end of January,
           2016 she had visits twice a month. The Agency provided transport for the
           Child to and from the facility. The visits were originally supposed to be
           overnight visits but the Kindred House staff requested the visits be changed to
           day time visits only after the Child fell off the bed twice on an overnight visit
           on September 1, 2016, and Appellant did not report it to the staff at the time. 26
           After Appellant was discharged on January 19, 2016, she refused to have
           supervised visitation with the Child at ABC, so no visitation occurred.
           However, after she was reincarcerated on February 4, 2016, visitation took
           place through the George Junior Republic prison visitation program. That
            organization supervised five visits between Appellant and D.S.27 Appellant
            was again referred to ABC for supervised visitation and attended eight out of
            fourteen visits offered between May 13, 2016 September 27, 2016.28

25
   Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, [J.P.], under Section 2512 of the
Adoption Act, October 4, 2016. See, N.T. 20-22.
26
   Id. at 20.
27
   Clinical Discharge Summary, George Junior Republic, April 11, 2016, CCCYS Exhibit 7.
28
   N.T. at 6.

                                                     5
             Beginning in June, Appellant was allowed to participate in visits at the Agency
              arranged for A.S .. Of seventeen visits offered between June 15, 2016 and
              October 19, 2016, Appellant attended four visits. Appellant testified that she
              had not been able to attend recent Monday visits because they conflicted with
              appointments, required community service, and AA/NA meetings.29
           e. To Participate in Case Planning: The Agency alleged this goal was not being
              met.30 Appellant did not participate in the Child's doctor appointments or
              otherwise contact E.S. to get updates on the Child.31
           f. To Develop an Alternative Plan if Reunification is Not Possible: The Agency
              alleged this goal was not being met. 32 Appellant stated she wants the Child to
              live with A.S.'s mother in Washington, DC.33 She did not take any affirmative
              steps towards developing that option.

           The Agency also had concerns about Appellant's mental health. 34 Appellant was
to complete a mental health evaluation, but had been unable to do so recently due to
issues with her insurance. The Agency was aware of a past diagnosis of bipolar disorder,
but did not know if she currently had that diagnosis.35             The Agency was aware Appellant
started some type of treatment through PA Counseling Services in June 2016, but had not
completed treatment. Appellant testified that she was participating in weekly counseling
sessions at the Stevens Center, and that one of the reasons she relapsed earlier this year
                                                                                                        36
was because she became very depressed after PA Counseling changed her medication.
Appellant stated that she was currently not on medication but that she was scheduled to

29
   Id. at 100.
30
   Petition for Involuntary   Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, [J.P.], under Section 2512 of the
Adoption Act, October 4,      2016.
31
   N.T. at 103.
32
   Petition for Involuntary   Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, [J.P.], under Section 2512 of the
Adoption Act, October 4,      2016.
33
   N.T. at 103.
34
   Id. at 22.
35
36
     Id.
       at 22.
   Id. at 102.

                                                        6
see a psychiatrist the week after the hearing, for the purpose of getting backing on
                   37
medication.             The caseworker testified Appellant had not made the Agency aware of
either of these facts, and therefore had not requested any form of verification.38
            It was the Agency's position that Appellant is unable to resume care of the Child.39
The Agency alleged "[J.P.] has not demonstrated the ability to maintain her sobriety,
remain free of criminal activity, participate consistently in drug and alcohol counseling
and be successfully discharged and has not successfully completed parenting sessions ...
she needs to participate in parenting education and demonstrate skills that she has
               °
leamed."4 Furthermore, the Agency alleged J.P.'s drug and alcohol and criminal issues
have prevented her from caring for her children.41 The Agency alleged the child was in
need of permanency.42
            Appellant objected to the goal change and termination of parental rights.
Appellant desired the Child to live with A.S.'s mother or sister.43 Appellant stated she
believed A.S.'s mother has been supportive and would foster contact between Appellant
and the Child in the future, whereas she does not have contact with E.S.44
            After the hearing this Court issued a Permanency Review Order changing the
permanency goal from reunification to adoption" and a Final Decree granting the
 Petition for the Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights.46 The instant appeal was
 filed November 18, 2016.47

 37
    Id. at 42.
 38
    N.T. at 42.
 39
    Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, [J.P.], under Section 2512 of the
 Adoption Act, October 4, 2016.
 40   Id.
 41   Id.
 42   Id.
 43
    N.T. at 103.
 44
    Id. at 103.
 45
    Permanency Review Order, October 28, 2016.
 46
    Final Decree, RE: Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, J.P., Under
 Section 2512 of the Adoption Act, October 28, 2016 (Peck, J).
 47
    Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, November 18, 2016.

                                                      7
                                       DISCUSSION

          We begin by addressing the standard of review applicable to the Appellant's
claims.    Pennsylvania appellate courts defer to the trial courts, "adher[ing] to the view
that the trial court is in the best position to determine credibility, evaluate the evidence,
and make a proper ruling." In re Adoption of Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064, 1066 (Pa. 1994).
Absent an abuse of discretion or error of law, where the trial court's findings are
supported by competent evidence, an appellate court must affirm the trial court even
though the record could support the opposite result. In the Interest of R.J.T., 608 Pa. 9, 9
A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa. 2010); In re Adoption of Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064 (The Superior
Court improperly overturned a trial court's ruling where competent evidence supported
the trial court's decision).   Pennsylvania courts have held that "an abuse of discretion
does not result merely because the reviewing court might have reached a different
conclusion.     Instead, a decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only upon
demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will."   In re
Adoption ofS.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826 (Pa. 2012) (internal citations omitted).
          In Atencio, a case regarding involuntary termination of parental rights, the
 Supreme Court found that the Superior Court improperly vacated the trial's court's ruling
where competent evidence supported the trial court's decision. In re R.I.S., 36 A.3d 567,
 573 (Pa. 2011), citing In re Adoption of Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064. The Court reasoned
 that because the trial court reached its conclusion on the basis of competent evidence, the
 Superior Court should not have disturbed the decision. The principle set out in Atencio
 applies to the instant case, and because competent evidence supports the trial court's
 decision, the ruling should stand.

     A. The Record Contains Competent Evidence Sufficient for this Court to find the
           Goal Change Was in the Child's Best Interest

                                                8
       Appellant has alleged this Court "erred as a matter of law and abused its discretion
m changing     the goal to adoption     and terminating    Appellant's   parental   rights."48
Appellant has not alleged any facts to support her claim that the Court abused its
discretion, and this Court is therefore unable to address it with specificity. The record
contains no evidence that this court demonstrated manifest unreasonableness, partiality,
prejudice or ill-will.
       As to whether this Court erred as a matter of law, the record contains competent
evidence to support this Court's decision.         When evaluating whether a goal change
should be granted so that the child may be adopted, the court's primary concern is the
best interest of the child. In the Interest ofR.J.T., 9 A.3d 1190 (2010). The court is to
consider a number of factors, including the matters determined at regular permanency
hearings under 42 Pa.C.S. §635l(f) and "all other relevant evidence presented at the
hearing" 42 Pa.C.S. §6351(f.l). Id. The court is to consider what outcome would be
"best suited to the safety, protection and physical, mental and moral welfare of the child."
42 Pa.C.S. §635l(f.1)(2), §635l(g); In the Interest of R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1190 (2010). The
best interests of the child, not the parents, are the court's predominant concern. Id. at
 1183-84.
        Appellant alleges that this Court erred as a matter of law in granting the goal
 change because Appellant "is able to provide the child with essential parental care,
 control, and subsistence," the "conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
 child no longer existed or were substantially eliminated," and because other family
 members and Appellant are available as a resource for the Child.49
        This Court agrees with the Agency's assessment in that this Court finds Appellant
 has been unable to maintain sobriety and has not demonstrated a commitment to actively
 parenting her child.    First, Appellant has shown that she is unable to remain sober.
 Compounding the issue, Appellant has thrice been incarcerated for her drug use, thereby
 making her unavailable to care for the Child at an age when he most needs a parent's

                                               9
care. The child was adjudicated dependent in February 2015 in significant part due to his
parent's drug use.     After the Child's removal, Appellant agreed to a service plan that
                                                                                50
required her to stop using drugs and seek appropriate treatment.                     The record shows
Appellant relapsed twice in 2016. Both times, she completed intensive drug and alcohol
treatment less than two weeks prior to her relapse.51                While Appellant testified that
parenting classes have been helpful and that she has learned to recognize her triggers, this
Court agrees with the Agency's assessment that Appellant has not shown herself capable
of maintaining sobriety such that she is able to care for the Child.
       Second, Appellant has not demonstrated a commitment to maintaining regular
contact with the Child. Appellant's visitation with the child has been inconsistent and at
times non-existent. Appellant had no visits with the Child for six months in 2015 ( from
late January through mid-July), at least in part because she did not take the first step
toward arranging for regular visitation at the prison - that is, she did not even take the
step of putting E.S.'s name on a list of authorized visitors so that E.S. could bring the
 Child to visit. After Appellant went to inpatient treatment at Kindred House, Appellant
 had the opportunity for overnight visits with the Child - but those were soon limited to
 daytime visits after Appellant failed to follow facility policies.52 Appellant participated
 in eight of the fourteen visits offered through Alternative Behavioral Services (ABC)
 between May and October 2016,53 and in four of seventeen visits offered by the Agency
 between mid-June and October 2016, with her· last visit through either organization
 falling on September 23, 2016.54 In sum, in the six months between May and October
 2016, Appellant participated in 12 visits with the Child.                    Those visits took place
 irregularly. The courts place a duty on parents to affirmatively care for their children at
 all times. In re J.I.R., 808 A.2d 934, 938 (Pa. Super. 2002), quoting In the Interest of

 so Family Service Plan, February 8, 2016.
 51
    N.T. at 19.
 52
    This Court initially ordered the overnight visits over the objection of the Agency, hoping to give
 Appellant the chance to bind with her child and prove herself capable of responsibly caring for the child.
 53
    N.T. at 6.
 54
    Id. at 21. Appellant was incarcerated for two weeks in August, 2016, during which time prison
 visitation was not offered. See, N.T. at 19.
                                                      10
C.S., 761 A.2d 1197, 1201 (Pa. Super. 2000) ("Parental duty requires that the parent not
yield to every problem, but must act affirmatively, with good faith interest and effort, to
maintain the parent-child relationship to the best of his or her ability, even in difficult
circumstances.")      Even incarcerated parents have a duty to utilize all resources available
to them to maintain a relationship with the child and maintain a place of importance in
the child's life. In re R.I.S., 36 A.3d 567, 572-574 (Pa. 2011). Appellant has not fulfilled
that duty. Appellant has not maintained regular communication with or about the Child,
even at times when she was not incarcerated.             She does not regularly check in with the
Agency caseworker concerning the Child or contact E.S., citing a vague history of
"problems" between her and E.S.            While she has made some efforts, they have been
inconsistent, at times insufficient, and fall short of providing care for the Child.
          Next, this Court considered the bond between Appellant and the Child.               The
record shows the Child is bonded with E.S. and behaves as if she is his mother.
Appellant and the Child do not share such a bond.                 The prison visitation specialist
 involved in the George Junior Republic prison visitation program (where visits took place
 in February and March 2016) reported the Child did not appear to be bonded with
 Appellant, considering her more of a playmate than a parent. 55 Additionally, the ABC
 visitation supervisor, Ms. Snyder, reported that in six out of the eight visits she observed
 between May and September of this year, she had concerns regarding Appellant's
 interactions with the Child.56        Ms. Snyder stated that while there were occasionally
 moments when Appellant played with D.S., she noted an overall lack of engagement.
 Appellant did not really react upon seeing D.S., and both Appellant and D.S. were
 content to let D.S. play alone with his toys. In contrast, Ms. Snyder stated that from her
 brief observations of D.S. with his foster mother, she saw D.S. was very attached to
 E.S.57

 55
      Clinical Discharge Summary, George Junior Republic, April 11, 2016, CCCYS Exhibit 7.
 56
      N.T. at 5.
 57
      Id. at 9.

                                                    11
         Finally, this Court considered the relatives Appellant proposed to care for the
Child.    As noted elsewhere."      the relatives proposed are A.S.'s mother and sister, and
A.S. failed to bring forth all of his mother's information so that the Agency could check
on her as a resource, or to present his sister as a viable option, until such time as the Child
had already bonded with E.S. and to remove him would have been harmful.                       Appellant
provided the Agency with no additional information to allow the Agency to fully
investigate the viability of placing D.S. with either relative.
         This Court also has concerns about mother's              mental health.       While she had
previously been diagnosed as bipolar, she has not been re-evaluated and did not present
testimony,    either through the testimony of a mental health professional                   or medical
records, as to her current mental health status.            She is to be commended for recently
undergoing     counseling services and for making an appointment                  with a psychiatrist,
however, she has not signed any releases or been clear as to a professional' s opinion of
her current mental well-being.            Over the pendency         of this case, the Court noted
Appellant's manner in the court room was sometimes disoriented and disengaged, and at
 others, quick to voice angry comments out of tum. While this Court understands being in
the courtroom can produce emotional reactions (which may be different at various times
 even for the same person) her behavior was such that it caused this Court to have
 concerns that her mental health issues were not being adequately addressed and could
 negatively affect the Child.59
          This Court finds E.S. and her household have provided consistent, committed care
 to D.S. The Child has spent most of his life in her care and knows her as his mother and
 P .F. as his father. His older half-sister is in the same household. There is credible
 evidence the Child shares little, if any, bond with Appellant. Relatedly, the Child has not
 seen the relatives Appellant holds out as proposed caretakers since at least February
 2015. The record supports this Court's finding that it is in the best interests of the Child

 58
    See, at the same docket, the Opinion Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925 filed in support of our Order of
 October 28, 2016, terminating A.S.'s Appellant rights.
 59
    Appellant testified that in the summer of 2016, changes to her medication led to extreme depression.
 N.T. at 102.
                                                     12
to change the goal from reunification with Appellant to adoption with E.S. and her family
to which he is bonded.       As to the factors in 42 Pa.C.S. §6351(t), the forgoing analysis
encompasses consideration of those factors, particularly the factors concerned with the
appropriateness    of continuing the current placement and Appellant's                progress towards
permanency goals. 60 This Court found that granting the goal change is the outcome "best
suited to the safety, protection and physical, mental and moral welfare of the child." 42
Pa.C.S. §635l(f.1)(2).        This Court now turns to consider the Agency's Petition to
Terminate Parental Rights.

      B. The Record Contains Competent Evidence Sufficient for this Court to Find the
         Agency has Proven at least One Statutory Ground of 23 Pa.C.S. §251 l(a) Has
         Been Met
         Appellant alleges this Court erred as a matter of law or abused its discretion in
terminating parental rights because:            1) "Appellant is able to provide the child with
 essential parental care, control, and subsistence," 2) the "conditions which led to the
 removal or placement of the child no longer existed or were substantially eliminated,"
 and 3) other family members are available as a resource for the Child. 61
         Appellant has not alleged any facts to support her claim that the Court abused its
 discretion, and this Court is therefore unable to address it with specificity. The record
 contains no evidence that this court demonstrated manifest unreasonableness, partiality,
 prejudice or ill-will.
         As to whether this Court erred as a matter of law, the record contains competent
 evidence to support this Court's decision. When evaluating a petition for termination of
 parental rights, the court must conduct a bifurcated analysis. First, the Court must
 determine if the Agency has proven that at least one of the statutory grounds of

 60
    Two factors, 42 Pa.C.S. §§635 l(f)(l 0-11), do consider the Child's relationships with siblings; other
 than the relationship with the half-sister with whom the Child currently resides, the Child's siblings
 relationships were not discussed at the hearing. The record indicates the child has resided with E.S. for
 most of his life and not with any of his other siblings except for E.S.'s daughter, his half-sister.
 61
    Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, November 18, 2016.
                                                      13
termination set out in 23 Pa.C.S. §25 ll(a) has been met. See, In re B.L.W., 843 A.3d
380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004)(en bane).            The focus of the inquiry is the conduct of the
parents.     Id. at 383. The burden is on the Petitioner to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental rights are valid.
In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009).
        The Agency sought termination on the grounds of 23 Pa.C.S. §§2511 (a)(2),
(a)(S), and (a)(8).62 Appellant seemingly challenges this Court's decision with regards to
(a)(2) and (a)(8). 23 Pa.C.S. §2511(2) allows for termination where:

           The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal of the
           parent has caused the child to be without essential parental care, control or
           subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-being and the
           conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or
           will not be remedied by the parent.

23 Pa.C.S. §2511(2).

           This Court finds that Appellant displays continued incapacity, neglect, or refusal
 to care for her child and the conditions and causes of her incapacity cannot or will not be
 remedied.      As discussed, supra, in the twenty months the Child has been adjudicated
 dependent, Appellant has made inconsistent progress towards the goals established for
 her.   Importantly, Appellant has shown herself unable to maintain sobriety even after
 participating in intensive treatment.       While Appellant stated that she currently attends
 AA/NA meetings almost every day and has a sponsor, this Court notes that at the time of
 the hearing Appellant was only five days removed from the completion of her most
 recent round of treatment.       Appellant's    recent history shows that she has struggled to
 remain drug free for any amount of time when not participating in intensive treatment.
 Correspondingly, Appellant has not demonstrated she can refrain from criminal activity
 (i.e., drug use). Appellant was incarcerated three times during the pendency of the case,
 totaling     approximately   eight months.        These periods       of incarceration     necessarily

 62
  Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Mother, (J.P.], under Section 2512 of the
 Adoption Act, October 4, 2016.
                                                    14
prevented Appellant from caring for her child during those periods, and she did not,
during those times, strive to maintain a place of importance in the Child's life.
         Appellant   has inconsistently visited the child or even communicated concerning
him.     Appellant participated in approximately twelve visits between May and October
2016, but many more were offered to her.63 When Appellant did visit with the Child, two
different observers characterized the nature of the relationship as relatively unengaged, or
more like that of playmates than parent and child. This Court finds no significant bond
between Appellant and the Child. Again, as to the relatives of A.S. proposed as
caretakers, Appellant neglected to reasonably present a fully developed alternative
placement plan for the Child until it was past a point where moving the Child would not
be beneficial to his well-being.
          Having found the Agency met the statutory ground for termination in §251 l(a)(2),
this Court turns to the analysis required by section §2511(b).

       C. The Record Contains Competent Evidence Sufficient for this Court to Find the
          Termination of Parental Rights was in the Child's Best Interest

       Appellant has alleged this Court was "in error in determining the best interest of the
 child would be served by terminating Appellant's parental rights."64 Appellant has not
 alleged any facts to support her claim that the Court abused its discretion, and this Court
 is therefore unable to address it with specificity. The record contains no evidence that this
 court demonstrated manifest unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice or ill-will.
          As reasoned, in Section A, supra, this Court finds through similar analysis that the
 termination of parental rights is in the child's best interest. The best interest of the child
 standard requires the court "to give primary consideration to the developmental, physical
 and emotional needs and welfare of the child." 23 Pa.C.S. § 251l(b). The courts have

 63
    N.T. at 20-22. Appellant's claims that the she had missed recent Monday visits because they conflicted
 with appointments, community service, and NA meetings are unpersuasive. The Agency routinely works
 with parents to arrange visitation around busy schedules.
 64
    Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, November 18, 2016.
                                                    15
stated that the emotional needs and welfare of the child have properly been interpreted to
include "intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability."          In re K.M., 53 A.3d
781, 791 (Pa. Super. 2012).       Continuity of relationships and impact on bonds between
parent and child should be considered.        In the interest of C.S., 761 A.2d 1201 (Pa. Super.
2000).
         This Court found the Child is bonded to his foster mother, E.S.                   The Child
recognizes E.S. as his Mother.        The Court noted that the Child had been in the care of
E.S., foster mother, for substantial periods starting when he was just two weeks old, and
in her care continuously from the time he was eight months old onward. The child also
has good relationships with P.F., his father figure, and with his half-sister.
         The Child has not lived with Appellant for over twenty months, and the record
shows Appellant's involvement with the Child since that time has been sporadic.65                   The
record shows Appellant has not shown herself capable of maintaining sobriety in the long
term such that she can provide stable care for her child. This Court found that to remove
the Child from the home where he has spent most of his life would be harmful to the
 Child. The record contains competent evidence to support this finding.

                                           CONCLUSION
         This Court finds the issues raised by Appellant on appeal are without merit. For
 the reasons articulated in the above opinion, this Court respectfully requests the Superior
 Court of Pennsylvania to affirm this Court's order granting the Agency's Petition for
 Involuntary Termination of Rights of Appellant, J.P.
                                                         BY THE COURT,

                                                               (/

                                                         Christylee L. Peck,                 J.

 65
    See, In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753 (Pa. Super. 2008) (Stating that no bond that is worth preserving is
 formed between a child and parent where the child is in foster care for most of the child's life, and the
 resulting bond with the parent is attenuated).
                                                    16