Court Opinion

ID: 4924631
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-23 17:04:17.9764+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:14:15.610027
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 20-2543
                                       ___________

                           BRIDGET NICOLE WALTERS,
                a/k/a Bridget N. Walters; a/k/a Bridgette Nicole Walters;
                                 a/k/a Bridgitte Walters,
                                                  Petitioner

                                             v.

                            ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                    ___________

        On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                                    (A201-242-287)
                           Immigration Judge: Audra Behne
                                     ___________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    June 4, 2021
                                    ___________

              Before: AMBRO, HARDIMAN, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges.

                               (Filed: September 23, 2021)
                                       ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
PHIPPS, Circuit Judge.

       The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) affords various protections to victims

of domestic abuse who are subject to removal. Bridget Walters, a native and citizen of

Jamaica, is one such victim: she claims to have been sex- and labor-trafficked, and to

have endured physical and emotional abuse from her now-estranged husband who is a

lawful permanent resident. After she was ordered removed, Walters invoked VAWA as a

basis to reopen her removal proceedings before the Board of Immigration Appeals. The

BIA denied her motion on several grounds, including untimeliness. She now petitions to

challenge the BIA’s denial of her motion to reopen.

       In reviewing her petition for an abuse of discretion, Liem v. Att’y Gen., 921 F.3d

388, 395 (3d Cir. 2019), we will deny it, but not on timeliness grounds. Because Walters

qualifies as a battered spouse under VAWA, her otherwise untimely motion to reopen is

timely as a matter of law. But the BIA’s additional bases for denying Walters’s motion

to reopen were not “arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law,” Liem, 921 F.3d at 395.

VAWA permits relief from removal only for victims who are of “good moral character.”

8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II)(bb). Walters, however, has been convicted of at least

twenty crimes spanning almost two decades. Those convictions, which undercut good

moral character, prevent her from making a prima facie case for relief from removal – a

prerequisite for any motion to reopen. Her criminal history also proves fatal to her claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel: even without any attorney error, Walters was not

reasonably likely to secure VAWA-based relief from removal. Accordingly, the BIA did

not abuse its discretion in denying her motion to reopen.

                                             2
                                             I.

       Ordinarily, to be timely, a motion to reopen proceedings must be filed within

ninety days of a final order of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i); 8 C.F.R.

§ 1003.2(c)(2). Walters filed her motion approximately six months after the BIA’s final

order for her removal. Although that would normally be untimely, VAWA allows

battered spouses one year to file motions to reopen if they satisfy three additional

requirements. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(iv)(I)–(IV). In finding her motion

untimely, the BIA failed to assess whether Walters met those requirements, which she

does satisfy.

       The first of those requirements examines the status of the VAWA self-petitioner.

See id. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(iv)(I). Eligible persons include spouses of “citizen[s] of the

United States,” id. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(iii)(II)(aa)(AA), and spouses of “lawful permanent

resident[s] of the United States,” id. § 1154(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II)(aa)(AA). In her self-petition

for VAWA relief, Walters indicated that she was seeking relief as a spouse of a United

States citizen, but her husband is a lawful permanent resident, not a United States citizen.

Nevertheless, as the spouse of a lawful permanent resident, Walters meets this

requirement despite her misidentification of the proper statutory provision in her self-

petition.

       Walters also satisfies the remaining requirements for VAWA timeliness. Her

motion included a copy of her VAWA self-petition. See id. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(iv)(II).

And she was physically present in the United States at the time of the filing. See id.

§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(iv)(IV).

                                              3
       For these reasons, Walters’s motion to reopen was timely, and this Court has

jurisdiction to review the BIA’s denial of that motion. See id. § 1252(a)(1); see also id.

§ 1252(b)(6).

                                            II.

       Timeliness is not the only threshold requirement; a motion to reopen must also

establish prima facie eligibility for the relief sought. Such a showing presents a

“substantive hurdle,” which requires objective evidence of a reasonable likelihood of

entitlement to relief. Darby v. Att’y Gen., 1 F.4th 151, 160 (3d Cir. 2021); see also

Shardar v. Att’y Gen., 503 F.3d 308, 313 (3d Cir. 2007). Because Walters seeks relief

under VAWA, she must make a prima facie showing that she qualifies for such relief.

See, e.g., Franjul-Soto v. Barr, 973 F.3d 15, 18–19 (1st Cir. 2020) (requiring a motion to

reopen based on a still-pending VAWA self-petition to be supported by a prima facie

case for relief).

       One of the four requirements of prima facie claim for VAWA-based relief is that

the applicant be “a person of good moral character.” 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(B)(ii)(II)(bb).

Assessing good moral character involves a case-by-case analysis, and it accounts for the

applicant’s criminal history as well as “the standards of the average citizen in the

community.” 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(c)(1)(vii). In evaluating Walters’s good moral character,

the BIA found it “speculative” that her VAWA self-petition would be approved in light

of her “extensive criminal history in the United States.” BIA Decision at 2 (June 29,

2020) (AR4).

                                              4
       The BIA did not abuse its discretion in making that determination. A VAWA

petitioner’s criminal history bears on the good-moral-character determination,1 and

Walters has a litany of convictions, including a pending charge within three years of her

most recent VAWA self-petition in February 2020. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f); see also

8 C.F.R. § 204.2(c)(2)(v) (requiring VAWA self-petitions to be accompanied by

documentation of criminal history for the three years preceding the self-petition). Even

still, VAWA permits the Attorney General to waive prior convictions for purposes of

assessing good moral character, provided that the conviction is “connected to” the

applicant “having been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1154(a)(1)(C). Thus, to waive one of her prior crimes, Walters has to demonstrate “a

causal or logical relationship” between the conviction and the abuse she suffered. Da

Silva, 948 F.3d at 638. But her motion to reopen did not identify such a nexus between

her abuse and each of her convictions. Perhaps it did not do so to avoid contradicting

Walters’s testimony at her removal hearing, which did not link her theft crimes to her

abuse. Specifically, when asked, “Is there something forcing you to steal, or do you do it

to make money?” Walters responded, “To make money so I could take care of my

children, and I think I do have a problem . . . .” Hrg. Tr. at 171, lines 8–11 (Mar. 25,

2019) (AR624). Without attempting to establish the crime-abuse nexus for each of her

convictions and given the number of her crimes (more than twenty), their duration (over

1
 Certain classes of convictions preclude a finding of good moral character, see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(f)(1)–(9) (identifying attributes that bar a finding of good moral character), but no
one contends that any of Walters’ prior crimes meet the requirements of any of those
categories.

                                              5
nearly two decades), and their recency (a pending charge from 2018, which is within

three years of her most recent, February 2020, VAWA petition, and which occurred after

2017, when she separated from her abusive spouse), the BIA did not abuse its discretion

in determining – at a general level – that her convictions would not be waived. Similarly,

because Walters did not establish a likelihood that her prior crimes would be waived, the

BIA did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Walters would not satisfy the “good

moral character” requirement and that she would therefore be ineligible for VAWA relief

from removal.

                                          III.

      Walters also seeks to reopen the BIA proceedings by contending that two of her

previous attorneys were ineffective. One requirement for a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel is a showing of substantial prejudice, which means a reasonable

likelihood that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different had the

unprofessional error(s) not occurred. See Fadiga v. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d 142, 159 (3d

Cir. 2007). In evaluating her motion to reopen, the BIA determined that Walters did not

show substantial prejudice. Had her prior counsel made a stronger case for waiver of her

prior offenses – by linking the offenses to her abuse – then perhaps some of those would

be waived. But given Walters’s failure to show grounds for waiver for each of her

offenses, along with her own testimony that she was not forced to commit theft offenses,

                                             6
her motion to reopen fails to show any realistic probability that any of her offenses would

be waived.

       Nor is that the only shortcoming in her ineffective-assistance-of-counsel argument.

Even if every one of her convictions were waivable for purposes of the good moral

character requirement, the BIA would still retain discretion to consider her criminal

history as part of its assessment of good moral character. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(a)

(providing “discretion to deny a motion to reopen even if the party moving has made out

a prima facie case for relief.”).2 And here, in denying the motion to reopen, the BIA was

quite conscious of “the nature, extent, and severity of the adverse factors that are present

in this case,” BIA Decision at 2 (AR4). It is unlikely, therefore, that the BIA would have

exercised its discretion differently even if the entirety of her criminal convictions had

been waived.

       In sum, Walters’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel argument fails because she has

not shown that, absent her prior attorney’s alleged errors, she would have been

reasonably likely to secure VAWA-based relief from removal.

                                            ***

       For these reasons, we will deny the petition for review.

2
 See also USCIS Interoffice Memorandum, Determinations of Good Moral Character in
VAWA-Based Self-Petitions, Yates to Novak, at 4 (Jan. 19, 2005) (“[E]ven if the evidence
submitted by a self-petitioner establishes that (1) a waiver for his or her disqualifying act
or conviction is available, and (2) the requisite connection exists between his or her
disqualifying act or conviction and the battering or extreme cruelty he or she suffered, the
adjudicating officer may nevertheless find that the severity or gravity of the self-
petitioner’s act or conviction warrants an adverse finding of good moral character in the
exercise of discretion.”).

                                              7
               Bridgette Nicole Walters v. Attorney General United States
                                        No. 20-2543

AMBRO, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part

       I join Part I of the majority opinion, concluding that Bridget Walters’ motion to

reopen her case before the Board of Immigration Appeals was timely and that we have

jurisdiction over her petition for review. But I write separately to express my

disagreement with Parts II and III, which conclude that neither the possibility of relief

under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) nor the purported ineffectiveness of

her counsel justifies reopening her case. In my view, these two issues are connected and,

when considered together, entitle Walters to a do-over before the Board. I would thus

have granted her petition for review and remanded the matter to the Board for further

proceedings.

       On her telling, Walters has endured an almost unimaginable pattern of abuse: rape

by a family member in Jamaica as a young teenager, sex- and labor-trafficking by

relatives after she fled to the United States, and physical abuse by her eventual husband,

culminating with him threatening her life at gunpoint. During this time, she also accrued

approximately twenty convictions, primarily for petty theft and related offenses. On

appeal, she explains these two aspects of her life are inextricably intertwined: she was

“compelled . . . to steal and commit crimes” by her abusive husband and her traffickers.

Walter’s Br. at 5–6. This explanation accords with the well-established fact that an

abuser may “compel[] or coerce[] [a person] to commit [an] act or crime.” USCIS
Interoffice Memorandum, Determinations of Good Moral Character in VAWA-Based

Self-Petitions, Yates to Novak, at 3 (Jan. 19, 2005). Indeed, for this reason, the Attorney

General may waive certain criminal convictions for the purpose of considering a

noncitizen’s eligibility for VAWA-based relief. See 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(C). Walters’

strongest path to staying in the country, therefore, was obviously to pursue VAWA-based

relief.

          Adding insult to her extensive injuries, however, Walters’ initial counsel did not

meaningfully pursue any VAWA-based relief on her behalf, instead apparently allowing

her first VAWA application to be deemed abandoned for failure to respond to the

Government’s request for further evidence. If ineffective assistance of counsel means

anything, claims that counsel failed to pursue VAWA-based relief on behalf of a

noncitizen who has suffered decades of abuse deserve careful scrutiny and consideration,

especially when one of her lawyers has been sanctioned by a state bar for a pattern of

inadequate representation. A.R. at 185 (a notice that one of Walters’ lawyers was

suspended for violating rules involving “gross neglect,” “lack of diligence,” “dishonesty,

fraud, deceit or misrepresentation,” and “failure to communicate” with clients); see

Sanchez v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 641, 650 (7th Cir. 2007) (concluding that “counsel was

ineffective for abandoning the VAWA theory for no explicable reason”).

          Separate from whether Walters’ counsel was ineffective, I am satisfied the Board

erred by concluding that her claim failed for lack of prejudice. A.R. at 4. My

colleagues, by contrast, agree with the Board that even if her legal representation was

                                                2
ineffective, Walters cannot show prejudice because (1) there are several pieces of

evidence in the record that could facially undercut her position, including prior

statements she made and the timing of some of her convictions or arrests, and (2) it is

“unlikely” the Board would grant her discretionary relief in light of her many criminal

convictions. Maj. Op. at 7–8. That may prove true, but as an appellate court we may not

substitute our discretion for that of the agency, and we are poorly suited to weigh this

evidence in the first instance. See generally I.N.S. v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002)

(making clear that “an appellate court . . . [may not] intrude upon the domain which

Congress has exclusively entrusted to an administrative agency,” but rather “the proper

course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional

investigation or explanation”).

       And further, as the Seventh Circuit has recognized, where ineffective counsel fails

to seek VAWA relief in the first instance, “[w]e do not know whether, with all the facts

properly before him and the backdrop of VAWA cancellation as the legal basis of the

claim, the IJ would once again weigh all the evidence and conclude that [the noncitizen]

does not merit cancellation as a matter of discretion, or if, in the light of a proper record,

he might weigh all the evidence and come to the conclusion that she does merit VAWA

cancellation.” Sanchez, 505 F.3d at 649; see also Ventura, 537 U.S. at 18 (noting that

“remand could lead to the presentation of further evidence” in support of the noncitizen’s

arguments). Because there remains a real possibility Walters could yet prevail on her

                                               3
VAWA-based relief after a diligent attorney has better developed the record, I cannot

conclude she was unprejudiced when denied that opportunity.

                                    *      *       *      *      *

       Everyone agrees that Walters’ criminal history is extensive, and I do not suggest

that she is necessarily entitled to relief from removal. But the Board’s reasoning for

denying her motion to reopen is insufficient, and she deserves an opportunity to make her

case further aided by competent counsel. See Sanchez, 505 F.3d at 650 (concluding that,

in light of counsel’s abandonment of VAWA-based relief and an incomplete record,

“further proceedings are necessary so that the proper authorities can evaluate the legal

claims and exercise their discretion on the basis of a presentation that is fair to the

alien”). For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from Parts II and III of the majority’s

opinion while joining Part I.

                                               4