Court Opinion

ID: 1060692
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 18:53:30.826332+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:13:25.824400
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                        AT NASHVILLE

                 FILED
                 September 7, 1999
                                         FOR PUBLICATION
               Cecil Crowson, Jr.
              Appellate Court Clerk       Filed:   September 6, 1999

VIRGINIA GRAF W ADDEY,               )
                                     )
     PETITIONER/APPELLANT,           )    DAVIDSON CIRCUIT
                                     )
v.                                   )    Hon. Robert E. Corlew, III, Judge
                                     )
IRA CLINTON WADDEY, JR.,             )    No. 01S01-9811-CV-00198
                                     )
     RESPONDENT/APPELLEE.            )

FOR APPELLANT:                       FOR APPELLEE:

CLINTON L. KELLY                     ALBERT F. MOORE
Hendersonville                       Nashville

                         OPINION

COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED                          HOLDER, J.
                                      OPINION

       We granted this appeal to determine whether a party receiving periodic

alimony may obtain a modification or extension of alimony when: 1) a

termination date was agreed to by the parties in their property settlement

agreement; and 2) the petition to modify was filed after the termination date but

prior to the expiration of thirty days. We hold that the alimony was not modifiable

after one of the contingencies listed in the property settlement agreement

occurred. We affirm the Court of Appeals, but we base our decision upon other

grounds.

                                  BACKGROUND

       The parties, Virginia Graf Waddey and Ira Clinton Waddey, Jr., were

granted a divorce on September 2, 1982, in Davidson County circuit court. The

divorce decree ratified and incorporated in full the parties’ Child Custody and

Property Settlement Agreement. The property settlement agreement provided

as follows:

       Mr. Waddey agrees to pay to Mrs. Waddey as periodic alimony in
       futuro the sum of One Thousand ($1,000) Dollars per month with
       the first of said payments being made on or before September 10,
       1982, and subsequent payments at monthly intervals thereafter
       until the death of Mrs. Waddey, the remarriage of Mrs. Waddey, or
       March 1, 1996, whichever event shall first occur.

The agreement also provided:

       Further, each of these parties reserve [sic] the right to petition the
       Court for proper modification of provisions remaining within the
       jurisdiction of the Court upon a change of circumstance.

                                          2
       On March 29, 1996, subsequent to the date of termination listed in the

property settlement agreement, Mrs. Waddey filed her petition to modify. The

petition requested that Mr. Waddey be required to continue his monthly alimony

obligation in the amount of $1,000 for the remainder of Mrs. Waddey’s life or

until she remarries. Mrs. Waddey alleged in her petition that modification was

warranted because she was diagnosed with breast cancer in July 1995, that she

had undergone surgery and chemotherapy, and that her ability to work and earn

a living had been diminished as a result of her condition.

       The trial court found that Mrs. Waddey’s petition for modification was not

timely filed. In its opinion, the court noted that spousal support would terminate

upon the occurrence of any of three contingencies listed in the divorce decree.

One of those contingencies, the termination date of March 1, 1996, had passed

before the petition was filed. As the trial court explained:

       with regard to a stated date, . . . there can be no argument that the
       occurrence of the event arose suddenly, or was not anticipated.
       Specifically with regard to an order providing for spousal support, it
       appears to the Court that when the terms of that support order
       have been met, and that under the term of the order a contingency
       has arisen which terminates support, that order is not subject to
       further modification after the occurrence of that event or
       contingency.

       In affirming the trial court, the Court of Appeals found that the “unique

wording of the property settlement agreement and divorce decree [created] a

unique status of lump sum alimony [or alimony in solido] . . . ." The court

explained that the alimony was considered “periodic and changeable” or in futuro

while support payments were being made. After the date of the last scheduled

payment, however, the alimony became lump sum alimony or alimony in

solido and at that point became non-modifiable.

                                          3
                                               ANALYSIS

                     Converting Alimony in Futuro to Alimony in Solido

         We shall first address whether the occurrence of a contingency in an

award of alimony in futuro converts the in futuro award to an award of alimony in

solido.1 Mr. Waddey argues that he was originally ordered to pay alimony in

futuro and that the Court of Appeals erred in converting an award of alimony in

futuro to an award of alimony in solido. We agree.

         Whether alimony is in futuro or in solido is determined by either the

definiteness or indefiniteness of the sum of alimony ordered to be paid at the

time of the award. McKee v. McKee, 655 S.W.2d 164, 165 (Tenn. App. 1983).

Alimony in solido is an award of a definite sum of alimony. Spalding v. Spalding,

597 S.W .2d 739, 741 (Tenn. App. 1980). Alimony in solido may be paid in

installments provided the payments are ordered over a definite period of time

and the sum of the alimony to be paid is ascertainable when awarded. Id.

Alimony in futuro, however, lacks sum-certainty due to contingencies affecting

the total amount of alimony to be paid. McKee, 655 S.W.2d at 165-66 (holding

alimony was in futuro where husband was ordered to pay the mortgage note until

either the son turned twenty-two or the house was sold). It is therefore clear that

the duration of an award of alimony in futuro may be affected by contingencies

agreed upon by the parties or imposed by courts.

         1
          At the time of the Waddeys’ divorce in 1982, only two types of alimony were recognized,
alim ony in futuro and a limo ny in solido. Rehabilitative alimony was not introduced by the
legislature u ntil the following year in 1983 . See 1983 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 414, § 1; Tenn. Code
Ann. § 3 6-820(d ) (Supp . 1983); Amos v. Amos , 879 S.W.2d 856, 857 (Tenn. App. 1994) (noting
“general overhaul” for the award of alimony in the mid-1980s and establishing a preference for
temporary rehabilitative support and maintenance rather than long-term support).

         Bec aus e the introd uctio n of re hab ilitative a limo ny in 19 83 w as a s ubs tantiv e cha nge in
divorce law , that provisio n is not ap plicable to divo rces prio r to the pas sage o f the act. Dodd v.
Dodd, 737 S.W .2d 286, 2 88 (Te nn. App . 1987); Hays v. Ha ys, 709 S.W.2d 625, 627 (Tenn. App.
1986).

                                                      4
         The continued payment of alimony in the case now before us was subject

to three contingencies: remarriage, death, or the passage of March 1, 1996.

These contingencies affected the duration of the alimony. Accordingly, the sum

of the alimony payable to Mrs. Waddey was not determinable when the alimony

was awarded. The mere happening of a contingency does not convert an award

of alimony in futuro to an award of alimony in solido. The award of alimony in

solido must be ascertainable when ordered, not years later when a contingency

terminates the award. The Court of Appeals, therefore, erred in holding that the

occurrence of a contingency converted an award of alimony in futuro to an award

of alimony in solido.

                                      Modification of the Award

         Awards of alimony in futuro are subject to modification. Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-820 (Supp. 1982) (the forerunner to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101);

Spalding v. Spalding, 597 S.W.2d 739, 741 (Tenn. App. 1980). The statute in

effect when the property settlement agreement was executed between the

parties in this case provided that the trial court may order alimony “according to

the nature of the case and the circumstances of the parties.” Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-820(a) (Supp. 1982). This Court has previously recognized that Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-820 was codified “to give the trial court elasticity of action

necessary to meet the equities of the case.” Rogers v. Rogers, 795 S.W.2d 667,

668 (Tenn. 1990). This elasticity has allowed trial courts to approve or order that

alimony would terminate on the death or remarriage of the recipient or on the

death or remarriage of the obligor. 2 See Ligon v. Ligon, 556 S.W.2d 763, 767

(Tenn. App. 1977) (appellate court imposed terminating contingencies based

         2
        In 19 84 th e sta tute w as am end ed to prov ide sp ecific ally tha t the lo ng-te rm supp ort wo uld
terminate upon the death or remarriage of the recipient. 1984 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 818, §§ 1-3;
Tenn. Code A nn. § 36-5-101(d) (Supp. 1994 ).

                                                      5
upon remarriage and continued minority of parties' children); see generally

Connors v. Connors, 594 S.W.2d 672, 673 (Tenn. 1980) (terminating

contingencies were included in property settlement agreement); Bray v. Bray,

631 S.W.2d 136, 138 (Tenn. App. 1981) (recognizing that courts have authority

to order termination of alimony upon remarriage of wife). The same elasticity

permits the inclusion of a specific termination date in a property settlement

agreement.

      The issue now before us is whether a trial court may modify an alimony in

futuro obligation which, by the terms of the parties' agreement, has already

terminated. The appellant argues that a trial court has the continuing statutory

authority to modify alimony in futuro obligations. Her argument is premised

primarily upon the decisions in Thomas v. Thomas, 330 S.W.2d 583 (Tenn. App.

1959), and Anderson v. Anderson, 810 S.W.2d 153 (Tenn. App. 1991). Her

reliance, however, on both Thomas and Anderson is misplaced.

      In Thomas, the parties had entered a property settlement agreement that

required Mr. Thomas to pay support until August 18, 1963. Mrs. Thomas filed a

petition requesting that the trial court extend the alimony beyond the August 18,

1963 termination date. Mrs. Thomas' petition, however, was filed approximately

five years prior to the August 18, 1963 termination date. The trial court granted

Mrs. Thomas' request. The Court of Appeals held that the trial court retained

control of the support agreement but that the decision to extend the support

period five years prior to its termination was premature since Mrs. Thomas’

situation might change. 330 S.W.2d at 586. Anderson involved a wife’s petition

to increase alimony after a divorce decree indicated she would not seek any

increases. 810 S.W.2d at 154.

                                         6
        The appellant argues that both Thomas and Anderson support the

proposition that a trial court has the continuing authority to modify a support

agreement after the date of termination set forth in the agreement. In both

cases, however, the petitioners attempted to modify the support obligations while

obligations were in force or "ongoing." In the case now before us, the support

obligation had already terminated by agreement. Moreover, the court in

Thomas specifically reserved the issue of whether alimony "can or should be

continued" after the termination date listed in the agreement, stating that the

issue "is reserved and we are not to be understood as expressing any opinion on

that question." 330 S.W.2d at 586.

        While this issue is one of first impression in Tennessee, one state has

addressed this issue directly. In Ethridge v. Ethridge, 604 S.W.2d 789 (Mo. App.

1980), the court held that the authority to modify an award of alimony coincides

with the existence of the support. As in this case, Ethridge involved an award of

spousal support that terminated upon the occurrence of a continency. After the

contingency occurred, Ms. Ethridge petitioned the court to modify the award of

support. The intermediate appellate court held, “The maintenance provisions of

the decree were fully executed and the court had no power under appellant’s

motion to modify to re-institute the payment of maintenance.” Id. at 791.

        Other jurisdictions have considered the issue of the courts’ power to

modify a support award in the context of an award for a fixed term established at

the time of the decree. In those cases where a definite period of support is

established at the outset, courts have reached the conclusion that once the term

for the support has expired, courts lose power to modify that award.3 Mercer v.

        3
         This is consistent with the power to modify an award of rehabilitative alimony under Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d)(2) (1996). The power to modify remains in the court’s control for the
duration o f the awa rd.

                                                7
Mercer, 641 P.2d 1003, 1005 (Idaho 1982) (“A trial court . . . is without power to

modify an alimony award beyond the duration of the time fixed by the original

decree for payment of alimony provided that those payments have been made

and there has been no appeal from the final decree which declared the

obligations and fixed its limited duration.”); Eckert v. Eckert, 216 N.W.2d 837

(Minn. 1974) (When a trial court terminates the obligation to pay alimony it is

without power to reinstate alimony unless that authority is reserved.); Welke v.

Welke, 288 N.W.2d 41, 42 (Neb. 1980) (Since the entire amount of alimony had

accrued prior to the petition for modification, the original decree could not be

modified.); Park v. Park, 602 P.2d 1123, 1124 (Or. Ct. App. 1979) (“[T]he support

requirements may be modified so long as the duty to support exists but not

thereafter.”); Brown v. Brown, 507 P.2d 157, 158 (Wash. Ct. App. 1973) (“A

provision of alimony does not give one a perpetual lien on the future earnings of

a former spouse.”); Harshfield v. Harshfield, 842 P.2d 535, 539 (Wyo. 1992) (A

trial court may not modify a fixed term award of alimony after full payment unless

the divorce decree specifies so; otherwise, “the finality of divorce would be

illusory.”).

        In reaching this conclusion courts reasoned that if an original decree

provided for no support, support could not be added at a later time.

See Ethridge, 604 S.W.2d at 790; see also Mercer, 641 P.2d at 1004; Eckert

216 N.W.2d at 840; Park, 602 P.2d at 1124. As the court explained in Eckert:

        The rationale for [that] rule . . . is that there can be no modification
        of something that never existed, and the basis for the rule herein
        announced is similarly that there cannot be modification of
        something that has ceased to exist.

Eckert, 216 N.W.2d at 840. We find this reasoning persuasive. We hold that a

trial court's ability to modify an award of alimony in futuro terminates upon the

occurrence of a contingency when the award ceases to exist.

                                            8
       In the case now before us, Mrs. Waddey was awarded alimony in futuro.

Both parties agreed to the structure of the alimony award, including the

contingencies limiting the award. Several years later, a contingency set forth in

the original decree occurred and terminated the alimony. The trial court's ability

to modify Ms. Waddey's award terminated on the date that the contingency

occurred in this case. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court was without

authority to modify the award after the occurrence of the contingency.

       Lastly, Mrs. Waddey argues that she had thirty days following the

termination of support within which to seek a modification of the alimony award.

Although she does not cite a specific rule in support of her position, she refers to

rules that relate to the staying and appealing of final judgments. The occurrence

of the contingency terminating support in this case was not a "final judgment"

subject to the provisions of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 62.01 and Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a) and

(4). The time to perfect an appeal from the original decree ordering alimony in

futuro had expired, and neither party chose to appeal the decree. The

appellant's contention is devoid of merit.

                                  CONCLUSION

       We hold that the occurrence of a contingency terminating support did not

convert the award of alimony in futuro to an award of alimony in solido and that

the trial court was without authority to modify the award after the occurrence of

the contingency. The decision of the Court of Appeals affirming the trial court is

affirmed as modified. The costs of this appeal shall be taxed against the

appellant for which execution shall issue if necessary.

                                         9
                                    JANICE M. HOLDER, JUSTICE

Concurring:

Anderson, C.J.
Drowota, Birch, and Barker, J.J.

                                   10