Court Opinion

ID: 9398821
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-01 14:06:40.419043+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:36.519052
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

                       COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

                                 APPEALS COURT

                                                  21-P-1096

                             GREGORY LEWANDOWSKI

                                       vs.

                   CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION & another.1

               MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

        The plaintiff appeals from a Superior Court judgment

 affirming the decision of the Civil Service Commission

 (commission) which, in turn, affirmed the town of Charlton's

 (town or Charlton) termination of the plaintiff's employment in

 the Charlton Police Department (CPD).           The plaintiff primarily

 argues that he was deprived of due process because the stated

 reasons for his termination were pretextual, and because his

 firing was instead motivated by personal animus or bias against

 him.    He also contends that the commissioner who presided over

 the hearing should have reviewed, in camera, evidence over which

 the town claimed the attorney-client privilege.             We affirm.

 1   Town of Charlton.
     Background.   Prior to his termination, the plaintiff served

on the CPD during two relevant periods.   He first served as a

part-time auxiliary police officer from July 2002 to December

2003.   After a brief stint at another police department, the

plaintiff rejoined CPD as a full-time officer in September 2005.

The plaintiff was promoted to lieutenant in July 2013, and

served in that role until his termination in October of 2018.

     The plaintiff's termination followed a months-long

investigation, the impetus of which was the plaintiff's receipt

of a so-called "longevity payment" in November 2017.     As

relevant here, the town once paid "longevity payments" to

eligible CPD employees under a collective bargaining agreement

(and a later memorandum of understanding) (collectively, CBA)

between the town and the Charlton Police Alliance.     As of July

2016, the CBA provided for once-yearly payments of $200 to full-

time employees who had reached ten years of service.     The yearly

payments increased if the employee reached additional longevity

milestones -- e.g., to $400 after fifteen years of service, and

to $1,000 after twenty.   Under this structure, the plaintiff

received his first $200 longevity payment in July 2016, and his

second in July 2017.2

2 Although the CBA did not entitle lieutenants to longevity
payments, the plaintiff received such payments based on CPD
practice.

                                2
     In October 2017, the town added a new bylaw providing for

yearly longevity payments to "any eligible employee," defined as

"[o]ne who is currently employed by the [t]own and who is

regularly scheduled to work a minimum of twenty . . . hours per

week."3   As a result, in November 2017 the town's assistant human

resources director circulated a "longevity chart" to a group of

town employees (including the plaintiff), listing each eligible

employee's start date, length of service, and the payment they

were due that year.    The chart listed the plaintiff's start date

as July 2002 (when he started as a part-time auxiliary officer)

and showed that he was due a $200 payment based on fourteen

years of service.     The plaintiff thereafter received a $200

longevity payment in November 2017, his second of that year.

     In December 2017, CPD Chief Graham Maxfield discovered that

the plaintiff had received two longevity payments in 2017, and

asked the plaintiff for an explanation.    The plaintiff claimed

that he received the second payment because he had reached an

anniversary with the town.    In a subsequent written response

(which Chief Maxfield had directed the plaintiff to provide),

the plaintiff explained that he had received his first ten-year

longevity payment in July 2016, that "the town had [him]

3 Under the 2017 bylaw, the ten-year and fifteen-year payments
remained $200 and $400, respectively. Unlike the CBA,
lieutenants were covered by the bylaw. See note 2, supra.

                                  3
reaching [his] fifteen . . . year" anniversary in July 2017, and

that he believed the November 2017 payment "was an adjustment"

for hitting that milestone.   This confused Maxfield, who did not

understand how the plaintiff was eligible for a fifteen-year

payment in July 2017, when he had received his first ten-year

payment the prior year.   After further inquiry, Maxfield learned

that the plaintiff had not begun his full-time service with CPD

until 2005, prompting him to ask the plaintiff how he had

learned that he had reached his fifteen-year anniversary.    The

plaintiff pointed to the longevity chart, which showed fourteen

(not fifteen) years of service.

    Also in December 2017, the plaintiff sought and obtained

forty additional hours of vacation time based on the 2002 start

date shown in the longevity chart -- in the process representing

to Maxfield (in response to Maxfield's question) that he had

been at the CPD for fifteen years.    Around that same time, the

plaintiff contested the results of an audit of his available

sick leave time, contending that his own audit showed that he

had 1,186 hours available, not 904 hours as the town contended.

Although Maxfield initially accepted the plaintiff's number, the

town subsequently discovered that the plaintiff's audit had not

accounted for sick days that the plaintiff had taken between

2005 and the beginning of July 2008.    Sick leave taken before

July of 2008 was not recorded in the town's computer system, but

                                  4
only in physical books -- a fact of which the plaintiff was

aware due to his oversight of prior CPD sick leave audits.

    Eventually, in reviewing the circumstances that led to the

plaintiff's November 2017 longevity payment, Maxfield learned

that the plaintiff's start date in the longevity chart

corresponded with his part-time auxiliary service, and not when

he began as a full-time officer.     Maxfield accordingly directed

the plaintiff to remedy the extra longevity payment and

increased vacation time with the human resources department.

While the plaintiff asked the human resources department to

deduct forty hours of vacation time, he did not raise the

longevity payment.   Maxfield subsequently learned that the

plaintiff's service to the town had not been continuous -- that

is, there was a gap between his service as a part-time auxiliary

officer and when he was rehired full-time.     Believing that the

plaintiff had deliberately misled him, Maxfield resolved to

investigate the matter further, and placed the plaintiff on

administrative leave in April 2018.

    In September 2018, after Maxfield had completed his

investigation, there was a disciplinary hearing before a hearing

officer appointed by the town.   Based on the hearing officer's

recommendations, the town's board of selectmen voted to

terminate the plaintiff for just cause, citing, among other

things, his improper receipt of two longevity payments in 2017;

                                 5
his knowing use of an incorrect hire date to secure additional

vacation time; his intentional inflation of accrued sick leave;

and his lack of candor during the investigation.

     The plaintiff appealed the town's decision to the

commission pursuant to G. L. c. 31, § 43, and a hearing was held

before a commissioner.   The plaintiff argued that his

termination was the product of disparate treatment, pointing to

other town employees, including Maxfield, who had received

inflated longevity payments but who were not fired.   The

plaintiff also argued that the investigation and his ultimate

termination were motivated by personal animus and bias, and that

the investigation was intended to manufacture a pretext to

accomplish his termination.4   The plaintiff claimed that Maxfield

had a personal animus toward him because, over a decade earlier,

the plaintiff had reported to a prior CPD chief that Maxfield,

then a sergeant, was encouraging auxiliary officers to refuse

paid details to show solidarity with the police union.

     The commission affirmed the town's decision as supported by

just cause under G. L. c. 31, § 43.   The commission found that

4 The plaintiff argued that an e-mail between Maxfield and town
counsel -- which the town withheld as privileged -- would have
evidenced the pretextual nature of the investigation. Maxfield
sent the e-mail on the day that he placed the plaintiff on
leave, referencing in a separate e-mail to the town
administrator and human resources director that he had
"forwarded" to town counsel a copy of the letter placing the
plaintiff on leave.

                                 6
the evidence failed to show that the plaintiff's termination was

pretextual, or motivated by animus or bias.     The commission also

concluded that, although the plaintiff's acceptance of the

second 2017 longevity payment did not alone support his

termination, the plaintiff's additional conduct -- including his

efforts to obtain extra vacation time, his attempts to secure

inflated sick leave, and his lack of candor -- justified the

town's decision.   A judge of the Superior Court affirmed the

commission's decision, and this appeal followed.

    Discussion.    On appeal, the plaintiff primarily contends

that he was unconstitutionally deprived of his employment

without due process of law.    The plaintiff does not challenge

the commission's findings directly, but rather urges that the

town's investigation, and decision to fire him, was borne of

personal animus and thus, allegedly, deprived him of a

meaningful opportunity to be heard.    The plaintiff also argues

that the hearing commissioner erred by not reviewing in camera

an e-mail between Maxfield and town counsel concerning the

plaintiff's administrative leave, as to which the town claimed

attorney-client privilege.    We review the commission's decision

under G. L. c. 31, § 44.     Accordingly, the decision "will be

upheld unless it is 'unsupported by substantial

evidence[,] . . . arbitrary or capricious, an abuse of

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law.'"

                                  7
Boston Police Dep't v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 483 Mass. 461, 469

(2019), quoting G. L. c. 30A, § 14 (7).        "This standard of

review is highly deferential to the agency on questions of fact

and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom" (citation omitted).

Brackett v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 447 Mass. 233, 242 (2006).

    As to the plaintiff's due process argument, we agree that

"[t]enured civil servants," such as the plaintiff, "have a

property interest in their employment, and must be afforded

basic due process protections in . . . disciplinary proceedings"

(citation omitted).   Worcester v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 87 Mass.

App. Ct. 120, 124 (2015).   Those "[c]onstitutional safeguards

require" that a person in the plaintiff's position receive (1)

notice of the charges against him, (2) (generally), a

pretermination hearing, (3) "an explanation of the [town]'s

evidence," and (4) "an opportunity . . . to present [his] side

of the story."   Id. at 124-125.       He is also entitled to an

impartial hearing.    See Harris v. Board of Trustees of State

Colleges, 405 Mass. 515, 521 (1989).        Here, the plaintiff has no

argument as to the fairness of the adjudicatory process itself;

the plaintiff does not (and cannot) complain that he was

deprived of notice, of a pretermination hearing, or of an

explanation of the town's evidence -- nor does the plaintiff

challenge the impartiality of the hearing or the commissioner.

Instead, the thrust of the plaintiff's argument appears to be

                                   8
that the process was necessarily "tainted" by a "purely

pretextual" investigation that was motivated by animus and bias.

We do not agree that due process was not afforded here.

     To begin, the plaintiff's due process theory is based on

the questionable premise that a biased investigation necessarily

amounts to a due process violation.   The plaintiff cites no case

for this proposition, and there is some case law to the

contrary.   See Gonzalez-Droz v. Gonzalez-Colon, 660 F.3d 1, 15

(1st Cir. 2011) ("investigat[or] . . ., unlike a decisionmaker,

does not have to be neutral").5   But in any event, here the

plaintiff was able to argue before the commission that the

investigation and his termination were motivated by bias and

animus, and that the stated reasons for his termination were

pretextual.   He thus had ample opportunity to "present [his]

side of the story" (citation omitted).   See Worcester, 87 Mass.

App. Ct. at 125.   The commission rejected those arguments on the

facts, concluding that the evidence failed to show that the

termination was "based on any . . . bias" or that the

investigation was "a pretext to bring about the [plaintiff's]

termination."   The commission found, to the contrary, that the

termination was based upon the plaintiff's multiple instances of

5 Although an investigator's bias might give rise to rights under
State law, see Cambridge v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 43 Mass. App.
Ct. 300, 304 (1997), the plaintiff does not press such an
argument on appeal.

                                  9
untruthfulness.   We give deference to such factual findings,

Brackett, 447 Mass. at 242, which the plaintiff does not

challenge as unsupported by the evidence.    See Matter of

Eisenhauer, 426 Mass. 448, 453-454 (1998) (no due process

violation absent evidence of biased decisionmakers).

    This result is unaffected by the plaintiff's contention

that he was subject to "inequitable treatment among similarly

situated individuals" -- that is, other employees also received

improper longevity payments but were not fired.   Here again, the

plaintiff made this argument to the commission, which found that

the plaintiff was "distinguish[able]," because "the record d[id]

not show that those other employees engaged in multiple

instances of untruthfulness," whereas the plaintiff took several

actions that "called into question his honesty" and that

"appeared designed to obfuscate."    Given those findings, there

is no "basis to believe that the discharge penalty unfairly

singled out [the plaintiff] for punishment more harsh or unusual

than otherwise imposed in like circumstances."    Police Comm'r of

Boston v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 594, 601 (1995).

See Moore v. Executive Office of the Trial Court, 487 Mass. 839,

850 (2021).

    In a related argument, the plaintiff contends that the

hearing commissioner erred by not reviewing, in camera, an e-

mail that Maxfield sent to town counsel.    The plaintiff argues

                                10
that the e-mail either was not privileged, or was subject to a

privilege exception, and that the e-mail would have supported

his pretext argument.    The town argues, and a judge of the

Superior Court concluded, that the commissioner did not err by

not reviewing the document.    We agree.

     The plaintiff requested the e-mail during prehearing

discovery, apparently learning of its existence through review

of a separate communication.    The town did not produce the e-

mail, and the commissioner denied the plaintiff's motion to

compel its production.     The plaintiff nonetheless renewed his

request during the hearing.    Outside counsel for the town

represented that he had reviewed the e-mail, and expressed his

belief that it was privileged.6    Plaintiff's counsel asked the

commissioner to review the document in camera, but the town

objected.   Plaintiff's counsel then responded:   "If you don't

want to supply the document, then we're entitled to an adverse

inference."   The commissioner then stated, before taking the

matter under advisement:

     "Why don't you think about it and whether or not you want
     to have an in camera review. Take that in consideration of
     whether you want to do an in camera review or not. I don't
     know whether it's a big deal or not. But think about it,
     and then let me know, and I'll make a decision on it
     later."

6 Outside counsel was not the "town counsel" to whom Maxfield
sent the e-mail in question.

                                  11
The issue was not raised again at the hearing.   In the

plaintiff's posthearing submission (a draft "proposed

decision"), the plaintiff noted his request to review the e-

mail, but ultimately proposed that the commission "draw [an]

adverse inference . . . that the evidence if produced would be

prejudicial to the [t]own."

      Under the circumstances, the plaintiff waived the argument

he now pursues.   See Carey v. New England Organ Bank, 446 Mass.

270, 285 (2006) (issues not argued below waived on appeal).

Although the plaintiff initially requested an in camera review,

after discussion the commissioner left to the plaintiff whether

he wanted to pursue the argument.    The plaintiff did not follow

up.   Although it is true that the plaintiff's posthearing

submission noted the request for in camera review, the plaintiff

did not propose any resolution other than asking for an adverse

inference.   Where this was the plaintiff's only follow up to the

                                12
commissioner's clear direction, the commissioner cannot be

faulted for not reviewing the e-mail.7

                                    Judgment affirmed.

                                    By the Court (Rubin,
                                      Englander & Brennan, JJ.8),

                                    Clerk

Entered:   June 1, 2023.

7 We also note that the plaintiff has marshalled no evidence
supporting his theory that the e-mail evidenced pretext. Under
the circumstances, asking for an adverse inference may well have
been a strategic choice. The plaintiff and his counsel may have
thought the better course was to ask for an adverse inference,
rather than risk the possibility that in camera review would
result in nothing -- or actually harm the plaintiff's case.
8 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.

                               13