Court Opinion

ID: 9765604
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 04:09:22.115565+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:30:12.137903
License: Public Domain

Justice BEATTY.
In this cross-appeal, we consider the central question of whether the South Carolina Workers’ Compensation Commission (“the Commission”) was required to promulgate a new regulation in order to change the fee payment schedule for ambulatory care centers. Because we find the Commission’s actions were specifically authorized by an extant regulation and did not implicate the requisite private right to warrant due process protections, we reverse the portion of the circuit court’s order finding that a new regulation was necessary to effectuate the Commission’s change to the fee payment schedule. Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
I. FACTUAL/PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In this action, several ambulatory surgery centers and their trade association (collectively “Surgery Centers”) challenged *383the revised schedule for maximum allowable payments to outpatient medical providers approved by the Commission.
Under the South Carolina Workers’ Compensation Act, the medical fees charged claimants by physicians and hospitals are subject to the submission and approval by the Commission. S.C.Code Ann. § 42-15-90 (1985).1 The purpose of fee payment schedules is for medical cost containment2 as most employers are required to carry workers’ compensation insurance. Id. Medical care providers voluntarily treat workers’ compensation patients, but are not required to do so. Although the Commission is authorized by statute to conduct a hearing to review each bill that is submitted, it has instead published schedules listing the maximum allowable payment. If the amount to be paid is under the cap, the Commission does not conduct a review. Id.
The Commission currently publishes three schedules of maximum allowable payments: (1) Payments for Physicians’ Services, known as the Medical Services Provider Manual, first published in 1953; (2) Payments for Inpatient Hospital Services, first published in 1984; and (3) Payments for Outpatient Services, including those services provided by Surgery Centers, first published in 1997.
*384In 1997, the Commission also revised its regulations to reflect certain changes to the way the maximum allowable payment schedules would operate. Regulation 67-1304, the regulation for hospital outpatient services and ambulatory surgical centers, states:
A. The Commission shall develop a prospective payment system for outpatient hospital services and sendees rendered by ambulatory surgical centers.
B. Until such time as the prospective payment system is operational the payments for hospital outpatient services and ambulatory surgical centers shall be set by the Commission based on a discount to the provider’s usual and customary charge.
25A S.C.Code Ann. Regs. 67-1304 (Supp.2009) (emphasis added).
The Commission set the interim discount amount at 12.1 percent during a Commission business meeting in 1997, rather than by regulation. As a result, all outpatient bills would be discounted 12.1 percent and payment would be made at an amount no higher than 87.9 percent of the charged amount.
In November 2004, the Commission convened its Hospital Advisory Committee (Advisory Committee) to discuss, among other thing's, the establishment of a new schedule of maximum allowable payments for hospital outpatient services and ambulatory surgical centers pursuant to Regulation 67-1304(A), to replace the interim discount amount adopted in 1997. The Advisory Committee met six times over an eighteen-month period. An additional subcommittee was formed and met twice more to fully collect and analyze data related to the schedule.3
On June 19, 2006, the Advisory Committee issued its report, recommending revisions to the existing schedules for payments. The Advisory Committee recommended the maximum allowable payments be no more than 140 percent of the *385applicable Medicare payment, ie., the cap would be equal to what Medicare would pay out, plus 40 percent. Subsequently, in the course of a Full Commission business meeting, the Commission' adopted the Advisory Committee’s recommended schedules with an effective start date of October 1, 2006.
On September 29, 2006, Surgery Centers filed this action challenging the Commission’s revised schedule for maximum allowable medical payments under the Administrative Procedures Act (APA)4 and on due process grounds. In conjunction, Surgery Centers filed a motion to restrain and enjoin the Commission pendente lite from instituting the revised schedule. Following a hearing, a circuit court judge granted Surgery Centers’ motion for a preliminary injunction; thus, the Commission was ordered to maintain the pre-existing payment schedule pending a determination of the merits of Surgery Centers’ original suit.
The Commission appealed and filed a petition for supersede-as with the Court of Appeals to stay the pendente lite injunction. A single judge denied this petition. The Commission then sought full panel review of the denial of its request for supersedeas. After the single judge’s decision was affirmed by the full panel, the Commission withdrew its appeal of the circuit court’s enjoinment of the new payment schedule. In turn, the Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal.
Subsequently, both parties filed motions for summary judgment. At the hearing on these motions, the parties agreed the underlying facts were not in dispute and the matter presented solely a question of law to be decided by the circuit court.
In prefacing its order, the circuit court stated the “[t]he question before the Court is whether or not the Commission followed the proper procedures established by the laws of the State of South Carolina or complied with the due process clause of the South Carolina Constitution.” In answering this question, the circuit court granted each party’s motion for summary judgment in part and denied it in part.
Specifically, the court held section 1-23-310(3) of the South Carolina Code, defining a “contested case” that requires a *386hearing, was inapplicable for several reasons.5 First, the court noted that the APA “does not itself create the right to a hearing, but instead only provides for procedures to be followed when some other provision of law creates a right to a hearing.” Because Surgery Centers had no right required by law, the court concluded the APA did not mandate that Surgery Centers be afforded a hearing prior to the Commission’s adoption of the revised payment schedule. Secondly, given the Commission’s actions did not involve “rate making,” the court concluded there was no “contested case” as that term is used under the APA.
Despite this holding, the court found the Commission was required to promulgate a new regulation that would be subject to the review and approval of the General Assembly. In reaching this conclusion, the court reasoned “the Constitution provides some requirement of notice and an opportunity to be heard in this matter, and that the Commission must adopt a regulation in accordance with the APA.” Thus, the court found “[s]uch regulation will provide the type of due process rights required by law and to which [Surgery Centers] are entitled.” Furthermore, the court concluded that “a specific regulation was required in order to implement changes to R. 67-1804.” The court explained that “[s]uch regulation would contain a defined procedure whereby the methodology for these payments would be established as has been done in Regulations 67-1302 and 1303.”
The court, however, concluded that Surgery Centers “do not have any ‘property’ interest or rights in the payment schedule established by the Commission and are not entitled to any due process rights on those grounds.” In so ruling, the court rejected Surgery Centers’ contention that a property right was established by the mere fact the revised payment schedule could potentially reduce its earnings by 4.4 million dollars. Notwithstanding this ruling, the court found Surgery Centers would be “afforded appropriate due process protections by the *387adoption of a proper regulation relating to the change of the payment schedule affecting [Surgery Centers].”
Following the issuance of this order, both parties filed motions for reconsideration pursuant to Rule 59(e) of the South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. With the exception of the correction of a scrivener’s error, the court denied each party’s motion in full.
Both parties appealed the circuit court’s order to the Court of Appeals. Upon request of the parties, this Court certified the appeal from the Court of Appeals pursuant to Rule 204(b) of the South Carolina Appellate Court Rules.
II. DISCUSSION
A.
Although Surgery Centers articulate several issues, they essentially argue the circuit court erred in concluding that they were not entitled to due process protections concerning the implementation of the Commission’s revised payment schedule. Specifically, Surgery Centers claim the Commission’s actions constituted a “contested case” under the APA, thus, warranting the APA hearing procedures. Additionally, Surgery Centers assert they have a substantive property interest in the payment schedule process and that, in turn, Article I, Section 22 of the South Carolina Constitution required the Commission to give notice and provide an opportunity to be heard before adopting the Advisory Committee’s recommended schedules.
In contrast, the Commission contends the circuit court erred in holding Surgery Centers had a due process right to have any revision of the payment schedules promulgated in a regulation, while at the same time holding Surgery Centers had no property interest in the payment schedule established by the Commission.
For reasons that will be more thoroughly explained, we agree with the circuit court’s findings that Surgery Centers did not establish a right to a “contested case” hearing under the APA and did not have the requisite property interest to invoke our state’s constitutional due process protections. We disagree, however, with the circuit court’s fundamental holding *388that the Commission was required to promulgate a new regulation in order to change the fee payment schedule.
B.
Initially, we believe the circuit court correctly held Surgery Centers did not establish the necessary independent right to a “contested case” under section 1-23-310(3) of the APA.
Significantly, Surgery Centers failed to set forth any specific argument establishing that the Commission’s actions fell within the ambit of criteria required for a “contested case.” Although they reference the term in their brief, Surgery Centers do not identify the necessary South Carolina or Federal law that would warrant their entitlement to a “contested case” hearing. See Triska v. Dep’t of Health & Envtl. Control, 292 S.C. 190, 355 S.E.2d 531 (1987) (recognizing that a “contested case” does not exist where there is no requirement deriving from South Carolina or Federal law that there be an opportunity for a hearing).
Furthermore, we do not believe nor do Surgery Centers expressly argue that the Commission’s actions involved “rate-making” or “price fixing” as required by section 1-23-310(3), which defines a “contested case” as “a proceeding including, but not restricted to, ratemaking, price fixing.” S.C.Code Ann. § 1-23-310(3) (2005). As the circuit court correctly noted, the “Commission does not determine how much a regulated utility must charge to its customers, or conversely, how much the utility’s customers must pay.” Moreover, unlike in public utility or regulated industry cases, there is no such statute in the instant case that clearly creates a requirement for a hearing. Cf S.C.Code Ann. § 58-27-870(A) (Supp. 2009) (providing that Public Service Commission “must hold a public hearing concerning the lawfulness or reasonableness of the proposed changes” in electric rates); S.C.Code Ann. § 58-9-540(A) (Supp.2009) (stating Public Service Commission “shall ... hold a hearing concerning the lawfulness or reasonableness of the [telephone utility] rate or rates”).
Our conclusion, however, is not dispositive of this appeal. Instead, we must still consider whether Surgery Centers, *389apart from the “contested case” provision of the APA, were entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard.
C.
Unlike the circuit court, we do not believe the Commission was required to promulgate a new regulation and provide Surgery Centers an opportunity to be heard before adopting the Advisory Committee’s recommended schedules. Rather, we find the Commission’s actions were specifically authorized by existing Regulation 67-1304 and did not implicate the requisite private right to warrant the due process protections of Article I, Section 22 of the South Carolina Constitution.
In reaching this conclusion we must examine Regulation 67-1304 by utilizing the well-established rules of statutory construction. “The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the legislature.” Hodges v. Rainey, 341 S.C. 79, 85, 533 S.E.2d 578, 581 (2000). If a statute’s language is plain and unambiguous, and conveys a clear and definite meaning, there is no occasion for employing rules of statutory interpretation and the Court has no right to look for or impose another meaning. Miller v. Doe, 312 S.C. 444, 447, 441 S.E.2d 319, 321 (1994).
As a threshold matter, we note that Surgery Centers have never asserted that Regulation 67-1304 was promulgated in violation of their due process rights. Thus, this extant regulation is controlling as to the authority allocated to the Commission.
Based on our review of this regulation, the plain and unambiguous terms authorize the Commission to establish a fee payment system applicable to Surgery Centers. Significantly, subsection A of the regulation, states “The Commission shall develop a prospective payment system.” 25A S.C.Code Ann. Regs. 67-1304 (Supp.2009) (emphasis added). This legislatively-endorsed mandate permits the Commission to act without the need for additional approval.
Furthermore, we find the circuit court’s reliance on section 1-23-110 of the South Carolina Code to be misplaced. In its order, the circuit court concluded that section 1-23-110 “establishes a requirement for a public hearing for proposed *390regulations.” Based on this conclusion, the circuit court determined that “a specific regulation was required in order to implement changes to R. 67-1304.”
We do not interpret section 1-23-110 as being the source for which Surgery Centers have a right to have a regulation promulgated. Rather, the statute merely provides for the procedures that must be followed whenever a regulation is otherwise mandated. Based on our reading of the statute, we discern nothing that establishes when a regulation is required for changes to the Commission’s fee payment schedule for ambulatory surgery centers.6
Finally, we hold the protections provided by our state Constitution are inapplicable in the instant case. Under our state Constitution, due process in the administrative context has been established by Article I, Section 22.7 This section provides:
No person shall be finally bound by a judicial or quasi-judicial decision of an administrative agency affecting private rights except on due notice and an opportunity to be heard; nor shall he be subject to the same person for both prosecution and adjudication; nor shall he be deprived of *391liberty or property unless by a mode of procedure prescribed by the General Assembly, and he shall have in all such instances the right to judicial review.
S.C. Const, art. I, § 22 (emphasis added).
In explaining this provision, we have stated, “[i]n recognition of the increasing number of governmental powers delegated to administrative agencies, South Carolina Constitution article I, § 22 was added to the 1895 Constitution in 1970 ‘as a safeguard for the protection of liberty and property of citizens.’” Ross v. Med. Univ. of S.C., 328 S.C. 51, 68, 492 S.E.2d 62, 71 (1997) (quoting Final Report of the Committee to Make a Study of the South Carolina Constitution of 1895, p. 21 (1969)).
Although our appellate courts have not always used the term “due process rights” when discussing Article I, Section 22, we have consistently indicated that the protections provided under this section are the equivalent of those afforded by the Due Process Clause of our state and federal Constitutions. See, e.g., Kurschner v. City of Camden Planning Comm’n, 376 S.C. 165, 171, 656 S.E.2d 346, 350 (2008) (citing Article I, Section 22 and stating “[pjrocedural due process imposes constraints on governmental decisions which deprive individuals of liberty or property interests within the meaning of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The fundamental requirements of due process include notice, an opportunity to be heard in a meaningful way, and judicial review.” (citation omitted)); Harbit v. City of Charleston, 382 S.C. 383, 393, 675 S.E.2d 776, 781 (Ct.App.2009) (citing Amendments V and XIV of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 22 of the South Carolina Constitution and stating “[t]he fundamental requirements of due process under the United States Constitution and the South Carolina Constitution include notice, an opportunity to be heard in a meaningful way, and judicial review”).
Given the absence of distinction in our jurisprudence, we conclude a traditional due process analysis is required to assess whether the Commission’s actions deprived Surgery Centers of constitutionally-protected interests.
*392Applying this analysis, we hold Surgery Centers have not established the requisite liberty or property interest to invoke the due process protections of Article I, Section 22. Initially, we agree with the circuit court’s conclusion that Surgery Centers have no property interest that was implicated by the Commission’s revision of the maximum allowable payment schedules. Furthermore, Surgery Centers have not set forth any argument that the result of the Commission’s actions implicated a liberty interest. Instead, as we interpret Surgery Centers’ argument, they are primarily concerned with receiving future income based on desired future work. The mere desire for future work, however, is not sufficient to constitute a private right. Moreover, we emphasize that Surgery Centers’ decision to provide medical care to workers’ compensation claimants is entirely voluntary.
Accordingly, we conclude Surgery Centers have failed to establish any private right that warrants the protections provided in Article I, Section 22. See 16C C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 1516 (2010) (“[A]n interest in property which is protected by due process arises only when there is a legitimate claim of entitlement, as created and defined by independent sources, and a person clearly must have more than an abstract need or desire for it, and the person must have more than a unilateral expectation of it.”); see also Am. Soc’y of Cataract & Refractive Surgery v. Thompson, 279 F.3d 447 (7th Cir. 2002) (holding physicians providing Medicare services had no protected property interest in statutory transition formula used to determine practice expense relative value units as a component of a Medicare physician fee schedule); Painter v. Shalala, 97 F.3d 1351 (10th Cir.1996) (concluding physicians, who voluntarily participated in Medicare program, failed to demonstrate a legitimate property interest in having reimbursement payments calculated in a specific manner).
Our conclusion should not be interpreted as providing the Commission with “unfettered authority” to adjust the reimbursement rate. If Surgery Centers believe that the authorized payment for services rendered is inadequate, they may invoke the due process protections afforded by the Commission. See 25A S.C.Code Ann. Regs. 67-1305 (Supp.2009) (outlining appellate procedures for when a medical provider *393disagrees, based on Commission payment policy, with a charge reduction).
Furthermore, to the extent Surgery Centers claim our decision will in essence provide all state agencies with unlimited authority, we find this concern to be unfounded. Given the analysis outlined in the opinion, we emphasize our decision is controlled by specific statutory and regulatory provisions at issue in the instant case. Thus, our holding should not be construed as advocating for state agencies to exceed the authority granted to them by the General Assembly. See Bazzle v. Huff, 319 S.C. 443, 445, 462 S.E.2d 273, 274 (1995) (“An administrative agency has only such powers as have been conferred by law and must act within the authority granted for that purpose.”); Captain’s Quarters Motor Inn, Inc. v. S.C. Coastal Council, 306 S.C. 488, 490, 413 S.E.2d 13, 14 (1991) (stating that “[a]s a creature of statute, a regulatory body is possessed of only those powers expressly conferred or necessarily implied for it to effectively fulfill the duties with which it is charged”).
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the circuit court’s findings that Surgery Centers did not establish a right to a “contested case” hearing under the APA and did not have the requisite property interest to invoke our state’s constitutional due process protections. We, however, reverse the circuit court’s holding that the Commission was required to promulgate a new regulation in order to change the fee payment schedule. In light of our decision, we lift the pendente lite order enjoining the Commission from instituting the new payment schedule.
AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.
TOAL, C.J. and PLEICONES, J., concur. HEARN, J., dissenting in a separate opinion in which KITTREDGE, J., concurs.

. Section 42-15-90 provides in relevant part:
Fees for attorneys and physicians and charges of hospitals for services under this title shall be subject to the approval of the Commission; but no physician or hospital shall be entitled to collect fees from an employer or insurance carrier until he has made the reports required by the Commission in connection with the case.
S.C.Code Ann. § 42-15-90 (1985). The approval process is outlined in 25A S.C.Code Ann. Regs. 67-1305 (Supp.2009), which provides that a fee dispute between a medical provider and an employer or insurance carrier is referred to the Commission’s medical division for final resolution. Any policies or procedures implementing the provisions of section 42-15-90 are governed by the South Carolina Administrative Procedures Act. S.C.Code Ann. § 42-3-185 (1985).

. In terms of medical cost containment, the General Assembly has provided that medical costs should be limited to reasonable costs. See S.C.Code Ann. § 42-15-70 (1985) ("The pecuniary liability of the employer for medical, surgical and hospital service or other treatment required, when ordered by the Commission, shall be limited to such charges as prevail in the community for similar treatment of injured persons of a like standard of living when such treatment is paid for by the injured person.... ”).

. To a limited extent, articles about the issues and the process were published in the following periodicals: (1) the Winter 2004 and 2005 editions of Workers’ Comp Notes, a publication of the South Carolina Workers' Compensation Educational Association; (2) the April 2005 Commission Update; and (3) the State Register that was published in April 2006.

. S.C.Code Ann. §§ 1-23-10 to -660 (2005 & Supp.2009).

. Section 1-23-310(3) defines a "contested case” as "a proceeding including, but not restricted to, ratemaking, price fixing, and licensing, in which the legal rights, duties, or privileges of a party are required by law to be determined by an agency after an opportunity for hearing.” S.C.Code Ann. § 1-23-310(3) (2005).

. Although not relied upon by the circuit court, we likewise reject Surgery Centers' contention that section 42-3-30 of the South Carolina Code required the Commission to promulgate a regulation in this instance. Section 42-3-30 provides that the Commission "shall promulgate all regulations relating to the administration of the workers' compensation laws of this State necessary to implement the provisions of this title and consistent therewith.” S.C.Code Ann. § 42-3-30 (1985). We believe this general code provision merely represents the General Assembly’s intent to identify the Commission as the sole authority for the administration of workers’ compensation law. Given the absence of a specific statutory provision, we decline to read into section 42-3-30 a requirement that the Commission promulgate a regulation in order to change the fee payment schedule for ambulatory care centers.

. In terms of our state's general due process protection, Article I, Section 3 provides:
The privileges and immunities of citizens of this State and of the United States under this Constitution shall not be abridged, nor shall any person be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
S.C. Const, art. I, § 3.