Court Opinion

ID: 4664502
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-03 16:06:08.612443+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:36.393800
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 19-1026
                               Filed March 3, 2021

STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

ASHLEY MARIE REES,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Joel A.

Dalrymple, Judge.

      Ashley Rees appeals her conviction for theft in the second degree as a

habitual offender. AFFIRMED.

      Curtis Dial of Law Office of Curtis Dial, Keokuk, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Martha E. Trout, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

      Considered by May, P.J., Schumacher, J., and Mahan, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2021).
                                          2

MAHAN, Senior Judge.

       Ashley Rees appeals her conviction for theft in the second degree as a

habitual offender. Upon our review, we affirm.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       Rees worked as a housekeeper for Shirley Katz in early 2018. During that

time, Katz realized she was missing several pieces of jewelry, including “a very

large” gold ring embedded with “a small diamond.” Katz reported the missing

jewelry to the police, who were able to recover three pieces—including the ring—

from a local pawn shop. Police determined that Rees had sold the jewelry to the

pawn shop.

       A Black Hawk County jury found Rees guilty of theft in the second degree,

and Rees admitted to a habitual offender enhancement. Rees filed motions in

arrest of judgment and for new trial, which the district court denied. The court

sentenced Rees to a fifteen-year sentence with a three-year mandatory minimum.

Rees appeals. Facts specific to her claims on appeal will be set forth below.

II.    Hearsay Objection

       At trial, over defense counsel’s objection, the district court allowed Katz to

testify about the value of her ring, “to the extent that it’s her understanding of the

value.”   Katz testified, “[I]t was estimated at over $2000.00, between two to

approximately 2500 because of the gold value.” Katz further stated she “went to

the jewelry store to have it appraised” “at the end of 2017 . . . sometime back.”

She described the ring as “a dressy, very large woman’s ring” that had been

designed for her “about 40 years ago, if not more, and it is all pure gold from the

front to the back, so it’s valuable.”
                                         3

       On appeal, Rees contends the court “erred in admitting hearsay testimony

regarding the value of the ring” because “Katz testified as to the value of the ring

as told to her by a person who appraised the ring.” And according to Rees, the

court’s error was not harmless because the State had to present sufficient

evidence to establish the items taken exceeded $1000 in value. See Iowa Code

§ 714.2(2) (2018).

       The general rule is that an owner may testify as to actual value without a

showing of general knowledge of market value. State v. Savage, 288 N.W.2d 502,

505 (Iowa 1980). “[T]estimony as to value is liberally received with its weight to be

determined by a jury.” State v. Houston, 439 N.W.2d 173, 176 (Iowa 1989). Here,

Katz knew the value of her ring and could testify to it. See State v. Mozena, No.

1999-277, 1999 WL 975870, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 27, 1999) (affirming

valuation evidence stemming from an owner of coins based on his testimony “that

a 1989 appraisal of the coins valued his collection at $200,000” and his “estimat[ion

that] the value of the collection at the time of theft was $300,000 to $350,000”);

see also, e.g., State v. Dixon, No. 14-1211, 2015 WL 3624383, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App.

June 10, 2015) (noting a jewelry owner’s testimony “to the value of the recovered

jewelry, with one of the rings appraised at approximately $2500”). Moreover, the

jury saw pictures of the ring (as well as other pieces of Katz’s jewelry pawned by

Rees), observed the ring in person, and could easily arrive at a total value of more

than $1000 to find the State met its burden of proof of theft in the second degree.

Cf. State v. Theodore, 150 N.W.2d 612, 616 (Iowa 1972) (holding jury could base

its finding on common knowledge and experience in absence of valuation

testimony); accord State v. Hendrickson, No. 01-0769, 2002 WL 1072072, at *2
                                           4

(Iowa Ct. App. May 31, 2002). Upon our review, we conclude the court did not

error in overruling the hearsay objection. See State v. Dudley, 856 N.W.2d 668,

675 (Iowa 2014) (setting forth standard of review).

III.   Motion in Arrest of Judgment

       The day before trial was scheduled to begin, the State filed a motion to

amend the trial information to add a habitual offender enhancement alleging Rees

had two prior felonies, in 2009 and 2013.           The district court approved the

amendment that same day. Specifically, the amended trial information included

the following additional language:

       Said Defendant was previously convicted of the following felonies:
               1. Said Defendant, on or about November 2, 2009, in the
       District Court of Black Hawk County, Iowa, in Black Hawk County
       Criminal Case number FECR160651, was convicted of the crime of
       Theft in the Second Degree, in violation of Iowa Code § 714.2(2).
               2. Said Defendant, on or about January 3, 2013, in the District
       Court of Black Hawk County, Iowa, in Black Hawk County Criminal
       Case number FECR183741, was convicted of the crime of Theft in
       the Second Degree, in violation of Iowa Code § 714.2(2).

       The next day, prior to trial, the district court asked if there was “[a]ny further

record from the defense before we go pick our [jury]?” The following colloquy then

took place:

              DEFENSE COUNSEL: I’d like to make a record of what my
       plea offer was.
              COURT: Sure.
              DEFENSE COUNSEL: My recollection was that originally the
       State was only recommending a five-year prison sentence and
       nothing else. Their most recent offer was that they would
       recommend five years prison on this and two years prison on a
       misdemeanor charge that she has and that Ms. Rees would be free
       to argue and that they would not file the habitual. We counter offered
       probation, suspended sentence, and the State rejected that, and we
       rejected the State’s offer.
              COURT: State, is that your understanding of the plea
       agreement—or, the plea offers between the two?
                                         5

              STATE: Correct.
              COURT: And, Ms. Rees, again, I’m not trying to convince you
      to do one thing or another, but are you fully aware of the State’s offer
      and had sufficient time to discuss that with your attorney?
              DEFENDANT: Yes.
              COURT: And is it, in fact, your desire—or, was your desire to
      reject that offer at the time?
              DEFENDANT: Yes.
              STATE: I guess just to clarify, the defendant did accept the
      offer at one time. We had it set for further proceedings, and then
      when it came time to actually enter a plea, she backed out of the
      plea.
              COURT: As we sit here today, the amended trial information
      on file and—so has that offer been revoked?
              STATE: Correct.
              COURT: All right. Fair enough. On that note, I did come
      across the motion to amend and the case law that talks about
      amending it, particularly at what used to be consistent with the Rule
      of Criminal Procedure to do it even in the middle of trial, now frowned
      upon, and so I understand the State’s motion to amend, and it’s been
      approved, and so that its supplemental and the amended [trial
      information] are on file. As an habitual felon, the Rules of Procedure
      do discuss a separate trial on that issue.
              Ms. Rees, sometime between now and the conclusion of this
      case, you and your attorney are going to need to have a conversation
      regarding that issue. I want both counsel to be aware that, the State
      and defense counsel, to be aware that in the event, and I’m not
      assuming anything, but in the event that the jury would return a
      verdict of guilty to a felony charge, that we would reconvene,
      depending on when that occurred, but generally speaking within
      about a half a day with the same jury of 12 to proceed with that
      enhancement phase in the event Ms. Rees requests a jury trial on
      that issue as she’s entitled to. But, again, consistent with the rules,
      it does contemplate it is permissible to use the same jury, and I don’t
      intend to reconvene another 60 some odd people and another half a
      day or more of jury voir dire for that limited purpose. So it will be my
      intent to use the same, if that issue arises, so I need the State to be
      fully aware that they’ll need to at least plan on that contingency and
      the defense as well.
              . . . Anything else?
              STATE: No, Your Honor.
              DEFENSE COUNSEL: No, Your Honor.

      The jury returned a verdict finding Rees guilty of theft in the second degree,

and defense counsel then informed the court that Rees “plan[ned] to admit prior
                                          6

convictions” for purposes of the habitual offender enhancement. The court began

the habitual offender colloquy with Rees, but it was interrupted when Rees decided

she was “not going to admit the prior convictions any longer.” The court stated it

would reconvene the jury for a trial on the enhancement. Defense counsel stated,

“[A]ll they need to prove for the jury is that it was her, that the person involved was

her. Our issue is not necessarily that it was her, our issue is with the prior—the

prior convictions themselves.”1      Defense counsel explained that Rees was

“convicted of a class D felony” in FECR160651 “in 2009,” but stated that in 2011,

the district court entered an order stating that Rees “had been granted a deferred

judgment and ordering that that record be expunged.”               Defense counsel

acknowledged that the same court subsequently entered a nunc pro tunc order in

August 2018,2 correcting the illegal expungement order and confirming Rees’s

1 Although defense counsel referenced “convictions,” it appears Rees only
specifically challenged her 2009 conviction in FECR160651.
2 Defense counsel also took issue with how the court realized the error—upon the

State’s motion to correct. The State explained:
       Your Honor, [defense counsel] is incorrect. The court, district court,
       had no authority to expunge a criminal conviction that was properly
       entered on November 2nd, 2009. Judge Harris’ erroneous order was
       an illegal order. There is—he had no authority to discharge or
       expunge the conviction that was in place since 2009. The defendant
       knew since 2009 that she had a criminal conviction for a felony. She
       thereafter had a second criminal conviction for a felony in 2013. She
       went to prison for the offense in 2015. The defendant has no—no
       standing to challenge an order that was already completed back in
       2009. If she wanted to challenge the conviction, she needed to file
       an appeal timely or file some sort of post-conviction relief action. She
       did neither. The court had no authority, as I said, to expunge it. That
       was a—an error. Courts make errors, and they correct them with an
       order nunc pro tunc, which was done when the error was discovered.
       It was discovered when I learned that I couldn’t find this conviction.
       It wasn’t in the proper location in the computer files because it had
       been erroneously expunged, and we corrected that by having Judge
       Harris enter an order nunc pro tunc.
                                           7

conviction, but maintained that because “the file itself was still expunged” at the

time Rees was arrested on the current charge on April 4, 2018, it could not

considered a “prior conviction” for purposes of a habitual offender enhancement

on the current charge.

       The court took judicial notice of FECR160651 and denied Rees’s challenge

to the validity of her 2009 conviction, ruling as follows:

       I’ve had a chance to look through the file, the arguments, my notes
       on the argument. While this is a unique issue, ultimately, it’s the
       court’s opinion that the order of September 9, 2011, was an illegal
       order. It did vacate or expunge a case that the district court has no
       ability to expunge. And so, consequently, the court, whether they
       filed a motion or not, the court on its own accord can fix an illegal
       sentence at any time, and, ultimately, that’s what I believe that Judge
       Harris did. And so as we sit here today, the December—excuse me,
       the January—the 2009 conviction stands. The 2013 conviction
       stands. And so to the extent that there is a legal argument
       challenging that based on the expungement, I understand the
       argument, the record’s made for any appellate issue, but I don’t know
       how to couch it, whether it’s a motion or whatnot, but, ultimately, that
       motion is denied in that regard.

Rees then admitted to the prior convictions, and the court completed the habitual

offender colloquy and accepted Rees’s admission.

       On appeal, Rees contends the court erred in denying her motion in arrest

of judgment with regard to the habitual offender enhancement because she

“believed her prior offense had been expunged in 2011 and she did not have a

felony conviction in . . . FECR160561.”         Upon our review of the facts and

circumstances surrounding this issue, set forth in detail above, we find no abuse

of the district court’s discretion in denying Rees’s motion in arrest of judgment on

that basis. See State v. Smith, 753 N.W.2d 562, 564 (Iowa 2008) (setting forth

standard of review). We affirm on that issue.
                                           8

       Rees also challenges the court’s denial of her motion in arrest of judgment

with regard to the habitual offender enhancement by claiming that “[g]iven that the

amended trial information was not filed or approved until one day prior to trial, there

was no way for Rees to prepare for this or be ready for these allegations at trial.”3

Cf. Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.4(8)(a) (“The court may, on motion of the state, either before

or during the trial, order the indictment amended so as to correct errors or

omissions in matters of form or substance.           Amendment is not allowed if

substantial rights of the defendant are prejudiced by the amendment, or if a wholly

new and different offense is charged.”).

       “[A]mending the information during trial to add an enhancement can

prejudice ‘substantial rights of the defendant’—if the defendant had no prior notice

of the State’s plan to amend and would have pled guilty had he or she known of

that plan before trial.” State v. Brothern, 832 N.W.2d 187, 196 (Iowa 2013). But

here, “[s]ignificantly and unlike the facts in Brothern, the State’s amendment

adding the habitual offender enhancement to [Rees]’s trial information was not

during the trial. There is also no record that [Rees] sought a continuance for

additional time to prepare or that any continuance sought was denied.” See State

v. Conard, No. 12-0959, 2013 WL 2638094, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. June 12, 2013).

Contrary to her claim on appeal, it is clear Rees was aware of the enhancement

3 We question whether this claim was raised before the district court. See
Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 862 (Iowa 2012) (observing that error
preservation generally requires an issue “to be both raised and decided by the
district court before we will decide them on appeal”). However, we elect to bypass
the error preservation concern and proceed to the merits of this claim. See State
v. Taylor, 596 N.W.2d 55, 56 (Iowa 1999) (bypassing an error-preservation
problem and proceeding to the merits of the appeal).
                                          9

amendment prior to trial, as enunciated in discussions between the parties

regarding various plea offers and rejections thereof, as detailed above. Because

Rees had notice prior to trial and had sufficient time to determine her plea strategy

and make an informed plea, seek a continuance of the trial, or proceed to trial, we

decline to conclude Rees’s constitutional rights were offended and we affirm on

this issue. See id.; State v. Vandermark, No. 19-2112, 2021 WL 210972, at *3

(Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2021) (“The amendment here occurred a week before trial,

and Vandermark was offered an opportunity to plead guilty without the

enhancement before trial started. Vandermark was offered and also waived the

opportunity to have a separate trial on the habitual-offender enhancement. On

appeal, Vandermark does not assert any change in his trial strategy caused by the

amendment. We discern no prejudice. The district court did not err in allowing the

amendment.”).

IV.    Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Rees states, “The Appellant believes that there may be issues regarding

ineffective assistance of counsel. However, these should be reserved for the filing

an application for postconviction relief.” We decline to consider these undeveloped

claims, see Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g), but Rees is free to raise a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel in a postconviction-relief action.

       Having addressed the issues before us on appeal, we affirm.

       AFFIRMED.