Court Opinion

ID: 4563227
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-04 20:01:22.191634+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:15:34.082131
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JODI BREITERMAN,

                 Plaintiff,

          v.                                              Civil Action No. 16-893 (TJK)

UNITED STATES CAPITOL POLICE,

                 Defendant.

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

          United States Capitol Police employee Jodi Breiterman sued USCP, alleging that her

suspension and demotion resulted from unlawful gender discrimination and retaliation in

violation of the Congressional Accountability Act and the First Amendment. USCP tells a

different story, asserting that it suspended Breiterman for remarking to fellow employees that

women had to “sleep with someone” to get ahead there, and that it demoted her for leaking a

picture of an unattended USCP firearm to the press. In response, Breiterman largely admits to

the conduct attributed to her but still claims that USCP singled her out because of her gender and

in retaliation for her protected activity. USCP has moved for summary judgment. For the

reasons explained below, the Court will grant its motion.

          Factual and Procedural Background

          Breiterman is a private first class in the United States Capitol Police (“USCP”), where

she has worked since 2002. 1 Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Facts (“Def’s UF”), ECF No.

65-2 ¶¶ 73–74. At the time of the events underlying this suit, Breiterman was a sergeant, the

lowest USCP rank considered management. Id. ¶¶ 8, 82.

1
    These facts are undisputed unless otherwise stated.
       In February 2014, Breiterman submitted her preference for an open position in the

Protective Services Bureau (“PSB”), Investigations Division, Intelligence Section. Id. ¶ 111.

Breiterman says that a lieutenant in the Investigations Division called her and told her that she

would get the job. Id. ¶ 112. Deputy Chief Chad Thomas, head of the PSB, had in fact selected

Breiterman as his top choice for the position, but he still had to meet with then-Assistant Chief

Daniel Malloy and the other deputy chiefs before the selection could be completed. Id. ¶ 113.

Assistant Chief Malloy, however, “vetoed” Breiterman’s selection. Id. ¶¶ 113, 117. Ultimately,

Deputy Chief Thomas offered the job to his second choice, Sergeant Joliana Cobbin, even

though Sergeant Cobbin had not specifically requested the Intelligence Section position. Id.

¶ 117. Breiterman filed a Request for Counseling in May 2014, followed by a Request for

Mediation in June 2014, with the USCP’s Office of Compliance, alleging that she was not

selected for the Intelligence Section job because of her race, in violation of the Congressional

Accountability Act. Id. ¶¶ 124–25. Breiterman is white and Sergeant Cobbin and Assistant

Chief Malloy are both African-American. Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 1, ECF No. 65-4 at 140:18–

141:4. Breiterman chose not to pursue her claim further following mediation. Def’s UF ¶ 130.

       Also in May or June 2014, Breiterman, while talking with administrative staff and a

sergeant, made a comment about a female private first class she believed was “transferred . . . to

a specialty department due to her [romantic] relationship with [a] Deputy Chief.” Plaintiff’s

Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl’s Opp.”), ECF No. 66 at 18;

Def’s UF ¶¶ 133–34, 139. During that conversation, she said something to the effect of, “You

have to sleep with someone to get ahead in the department.” Pl’s Opp. at 18; Def’s UF ¶ 134.

The private first class learned about Breiterman’s comments and filed a complaint with the

                                                 2
USCP’s Office of Professional Responsibility (“OPR”). Def’s UF ¶¶ 138–39. 2 Then-Sergeant

Mark Shutters investigated the complaint and interviewed Breiterman, the others present during

her alleged remark, and the complainant. Id. ¶ 139. Breiterman admitted to commenting

negatively on the complainant’s transfer and to saying something like “in order to get ahead you

got to sleep with someone around here” or “you have to sleep with someone to get ahead.” Id.

¶ 141. At the end of the investigation, OPR sustained a charge of violating Rule C10 of the

USCP Rules of Conduct, Improper Remarks, a rule which prohibits employees from making

“malicious, harassing, untruthful, or frivolous remarks or rumors against, or about, other

members of the Department or individuals in the workplace.” Id. ¶ 146; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2,

ECF No. 65-5, Ex. 3 at 6. Consistent with USCP policy, OPR forwarded its report to the

assistant commander for review, who approved it and sent it on to the commander, who in turn

approved it and sent it to a disciplinary review officer for legal sufficiency review and penalty

assessment. Def’s UF ¶¶ 41, 43, 46–47, 147. Deputy General Counsel (“DGC”) Thomas

DiBiase, head of the Disciplinary Review Office, recommended a two-day suspension without

pay for Breiterman. Id. ¶¶ 48, 147; see Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 6, ECF No. 65-6 at 125:4–7. The

recommendation was then sent to Deputy Chief Thomas, Breiterman’s bureau commander, who

USCP asserts approved it. Def’s UF ¶¶ 151, 153. 3

2
 Although Breiterman disputes Defendant’s Undisputed Fact ¶ 138, she does not appear to
dispute the portion of it that states that the private first class filed a complaint about Breiterman’s
comments with OPR. See Plaintiff’s Statement of Disputed Material Facts (“Pl’s DF”), ECF No.
66-2 at 52.
3
 Again, Breiterman disputes Defendant’s Undisputed Facts ¶¶ 151 and 153, but she does not
appear to dispute that Deputy Chief Thomas received the penalty recommendation, and she
provides no evidence to counter USCP’s assertion that he approved it. Pl’s DF at 54–55; see
also Pl’s Ex. 37, ECF No. 66-39 at 22:4–25:10, 37:22–38:17 (Deputy Chief Thomas’s testimony
about his consideration of the disciplinary recommendation).

                                                   3
       Although Breiterman admitted to saying what she was accused of, she felt that the

discipline proposed was too harsh because what she said was true—that is to say, female officers

do have to sleep with male officers to get ahead—and no one ever investigated her statement’s

truthfulness. Pl’s Opp. at 18–19; Plaintiff’s Statement of Disputed Material Facts (“Pl’s DF”),

ECF No. 66-2 at 54–55. As a result, she appealed her suspension to then-Deputy Chief Matthew

Verderosa, who was commander of the Disciplinary Review Task Force, as too harsh and

inconsistent with progressive discipline. Pl’s Opp. at 19; Def’s UF ¶¶ 155, 158. Her appeal was

denied, as was a second appeal to then-Chief Kim Dine, and Breiterman ultimately served her

two-day suspension on September 27 and 28, 2015. Pl’s Opp. at 19; Def’s UF ¶¶ 155, 159, 170,

172.

       Even before Breiterman served her suspension, though, the events leading to her

demotion were already underway. On January 29, 2015, she responded to a call that a

congressional staffer had found an unsecured firearm in a men’s bathroom in an area of the

Capitol Visitor Center restricted to authorized personnel. Def’s UF ¶¶ 173–74. Breiterman,

along with several other USCP employees, reported to the scene and began investigating. Id.

¶¶ 175–76. While doing so, Breiterman photographed the firearm on her work phone and

determined that the firearm was USCP-issued. Id. ¶¶ 177–78. She secured it, and the USCP

officer to whom it belonged was allowed to retrieve it. Id. ¶ 179. According to Breiterman, she

saw the officer with it a few days later, which she thought was inappropriate because in her view,

he had created a serious safety risk that merited a disciplinary investigation. See Pl’s Opp. at 20;

Def’s UF ¶¶ 181–83. But USCP did undertake such an investigation, and the agent was

ultimately suspended for six days without pay. See Pl’s Opp. at 8, 20; Pl’s Ex. 2, ECF No. 66-4

at 42:3–43:1.

                                                 4
       What came next, though, was what landed Breiterman in more trouble. A few months

later, on May 1, 2015, Roll Call reporter Hannah Hess published an article titled “Capitol Police

Left Guns in Bathrooms,” with the picture Breiterman had taken reprinted prominently under the

headline. See Pl’s Opp. at 21; Def’s UF ¶ 192. The article was critical of USCP. It discussed

the January incident as well as two similar incidents, including one in which a seven- or eight-

year-old child allegedly found a loaded firearm in a bathroom of the suite belonging to the

Speaker of the House of Representatives. Def’s Ex. 6, ECF No. 65-10. The article stated that no

one knew how often such incidents occur because USCP does not disclose them, and reported

that the “Jan[uary] 29 incident went out over the radio system, but the other two have been kept

quiet, based on conversations with nine Capitol Police employees from various divisions, who

spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss internal issues. None seem surprised, and two

offered other examples of officers who were investigated for leaving their guns unsecured or

unattended.” Id. The article also reported that OPR recommended a six-day suspension of the

officer at fault in the January 29 incident, and that the other two were still under investigation.
Id. Later that day, Hess published a follow-up piece titled “Do Capitol Police Problems Go

Beyond the Bathroom?” which similarly featured the photo Breiterman had taken and was again

critical of USCP. Def’s Ex. 7, ECF No. 65-11; Def’s UF ¶ 197. According to USCP, the articles

created a “media frenzy” in which “the Department, its leaders, and its officers were the subject

of intense public scrutiny and negative media coverage,” including several critical national and

international news articles, a congressional hearing, and even a skit on Jimmy Kimmel Live!

titled “Potty Training.” Def’s UF ¶¶ 199–201; Defendant’s Memorandum of Points and

Authorities in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def’s Br.”), ECF No. 65-1 at 2.

                                                  5
       USCP investigated who leaked the photo of the firearm, and quickly determined that it

was probably Breiterman. Def’s UF ¶¶ 206, 209. The next month, Sergeant Shutters

interviewed Breiterman in connection with this investigation; the interview lasted for about two

hours and fifteen minutes. Id. ¶ 211; Def’s Ex. 3, Declaration of Mark S. Shutters (“Shutters

Decl.”), ECF No. 65-7 ¶ 22. The parties’ accounts of this interview differ somewhat. According

to USCP, Breiterman was not forthcoming about having sent the photo to Hess, and she twice

denied having sent it to anyone outside USCP, only to turn around and admit to it after being

confronted with evidence implicating her and threatened with a polygraph. Def’s UF ¶¶ 213–17;

Shutters Decl. ¶¶ 15–16. Breiterman agrees that she “admitted” sending the photo to Hess, but

she does not think she first denied doing so. Pl’s DF at 65; Pl’s Ex. 6, ECF No. 66-8 at 219:20–

220:4; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 1 at 236:3–237:20. In any event, the parties agree that Breiterman

also admitted to speaking with Hess about the circumstances of the January 29 incident. Def’s

UF ¶¶ 218–20.

       The parties also dispute how Breiterman characterized her motives during the interview.

USCP claims that Breiterman said that she “did not know why” she sent the photo to Hess, that

she “just was not thinking,” and that it was a “stupid decision.” Id. ¶ 223. USCP also asserts

that Breiterman said that she understood that she did not have the authority to share the photo

and other information, and that it was a violation of USCP policy to have done so. Id. ¶ 224.

Breiterman provided a written statement at the end of the interview in which she wrote: “I made

a poor decision to send the picture. This was department information.” Id. ¶ 225. Citing

Breiterman’s own deposition testimony, USCP claims that it was only many months later that

she claimed to be motivated by public safety. Id. ¶ 231; Def’s Br. at 40–41; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach.

1 at 243:13–244:17; see also Def’s Ex. 5, Declaration of Scharon L. Ball (“Ball Decl.”), ECF

                                                6
No. 70-4 (sealed), ECF No. 80-2 (redacted version), Attach. 1 at 2–3 (disciplinary memorandum

in Breiterman’s case alleging that she informed USCP in November 2015, over four months after

her original interview, that she sent the photo to Hess out of concern for public safety). 4

Breiterman disputes USCP’s characterization of her motives without contradicting the evidence

it cites. She asserts that she spoke out to protect the public because she was alarmed by repeated

instances of USCP officers leaving loaded firearms unattended in public places. Pl’s Opp. at 19–

21, 44; Pl’s DF at 61–63.

       At the close of her OPR interview, USCP revoked Breiterman’s police powers and placed

her on paid administrative leave. Def’s UF ¶ 232; Pl’s Opp. at 23–24. Later, USCP broadened

its investigation to include Breiterman’s communications with other USCP supervisory officials,

but the parties dispute how and why that happened. According to USCP, it confiscated and

searched Breiterman’s USCP-issued phone because Breiterman used it to take the picture she

sent to Hess. Def’s UF ¶ 233. Upon examination of the device, USCP allegedly found

potentially improper communications between Breiterman and an inspector in which Breiterman

made disparaging remarks about USCP management, as well as similar potentially improper

disparaging comments and “flirtatious” communications between Breiterman and a captain to

whom she reported. Id. ¶¶ 234–38. Breiterman argues that USCP went through her emails and

texts as part of a “fishing expedition” prompted by discriminatory and retaliatory animus. See

Pl’s Opp. at 21–25; Pl’s DF at 74–87.

4
 Completing her about-face, in her deposition, Breiterman also suggested that she had not done
anything wrong by providing the information to Hess because she could “speak to her as an
associate,” and that she did not know there had been an investigation into what had happened on
January 29 that would have been covered by certain provisions of the USCP media policy. Pl’s
Ex. 17, ECF No. 67-11 (sealed), ECF No. 79-1 (redacted version) at 228:21–232:8.

                                                  7
       OPR interviewed Breiterman twice more that year in connection with the leak

investigation. The second interview, a few months later in August, was initiated to discuss the

messages at issue, and specifically to determine whether the inspector was also involved in

leaking information to Hess. Shutters Decl. ¶¶ 23–27. The third interview, in November, took

place in response to a letter from Breiterman’s counsel in which she asserted—for the first

time—that she had exercised her First Amendment free speech rights in sending the picture to

Hess. Id. ¶¶ 28–30.

       In September 2015, OPR issued a Report of Investigation (“ROI”) finding that

Breiterman had violated USCP Rule C1: Conduct Unbecoming. Shutters Decl., Attach. 4, ECF

No. 70-2 (sealed), ECF No. 80-1 (redacted version); see Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2, Ex. 3 at 5. OPR

forwarded its ROI to DGC DiBiase, who reviewed it and assigned it to a disciplinary review

officer, Senior Counsel Scharon Ball, for a penalty assessment. Def’s UF ¶ 241. In November

of that year, Ball wrote a memorandum recommending that Breiterman be demoted. Ball Decl.,

Attach. 1. In so deciding, Ball considered “the nature and seriousness of the offense,

Breiterman’s employment history, mitigating factors, and penalties issued in cases involving

similar circumstances.” Id. ¶ 11. Then-Assistant Chief Verderosa, DGC DiBiase, and Deputy

Chief Thomas testified that USCP, per its collective bargaining agreement (CBA), uses those

factors to evaluate discipline for all employees. Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2, ECF No. 65-4 at 24:5–

12; id., Attach. 4, ECF No. 65-5 at 37:7–22, 47:9–16; id., Attach. 6 at 37:8–21.

       In Ball’s view, most of these factors cut against Breiterman and none cut in her favor.

She found Breiterman’s conduct “very serious” with “no mitigating factors,” and found no

similar cases involving supervisory officials within a two-year period. Ball Decl., Attach. 1 at 5.

                                                 8
In particular, Ball weighed heavily Breiterman’s knowing violation of USCP media policy; 5 she

determined that Breiterman’s belated claim that she did not violate that policy was belied by her

request for anonymity to Hess. 6 Id. Ball also rejected Breiterman’s post-hoc assertion that she

had acted out of concern for public safety, calling it “nonsensical” because there was no

immediate emergency when Breiterman spoke to Hess. Id. Ball also gave significant weight to

the media attention Breiterman’s actions attracted, noting that she “tarnished the reputation of the

Department,” fostered distrust between it and Congress, and “exposed the Department to

significant ridicule and damaging publicity.” Id. at 6. Ball concluded that Breiterman provided

Hess with the photo to “embarrass the Department and bring disrepute on other Department law

enforcement officers and officials.” Id. at 5. Turning to Breiterman’s text messages, Ball found

that the inappropriate and flirtatious texts Breiterman exchanged with a captain in her chain-of-

command brought disrepute on herself and reinforced her lack of good judgment. Id. at 6.

       Finally, Breiterman’s substantial disciplinary record also played a part in Ball’s

recommendation. USCP issues two kinds of discipline: CP-534s, which cover less serious

violations and include penalties from a written warning up to loss of 24 hours of leave, and CP-

535s, which cover more serious violations and include penalties from a one-day suspension

5
 The USCP media policy requires, among other things, employees to “refer all media inquiries
concerning the Department to the [Public Information Officer] or, when the [Public Information
Officer] is not on duty, to the Watch Commander.” Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2, Ex. 2 at 2. OPR’s
ROI found that Breiterman had violated this provision of the policy. Shutters Decl., Attach. 4 at
5. It also prohibits employees from putting “evidence that is in Department custody on public
display without the express consent of the Chief of Police.” Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2, Ex. 2 at 2.
6
 Breiterman purports to dispute that she asked Hess to keep her anonymous, Pl’s DF at 67, but
she confirmed that she did in her deposition, Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 1 at 224:10–13, and in her
written statement to Sergeant Shutters, Shutters Decl., Attach. 3.

                                                 9
without pay up to termination. Def’s UF ¶ 54; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2 at 13:16–14:1; id., Attach.

4 at 75:1–4. Breiterman’s record consisted of four violations, two CP-534s and two CP-535s,

including a serious violation related to her truthfulness which led to a 15-day suspension and

would have to be disclosed if Breiterman ever had to testify in court. 7 Ball Decl., Attach. 1 at 6–

7. In sum, Ball found that Breiterman had “engaged in a pattern of repeatedly violating

Department policies and cannot be trusted to set a good example for subordinates,” and thus

recommended demotion. Id. at 7.

         In accordance with USCP policy, DGC DiBiase then forwarded Ball’s recommendation

to Deputy Chief Thomas. Def’s UF ¶ 248. Deputy Chief Thomas disagreed with both the form

and substance of Ball’s recommendation. He thought that rather than one broad charge of

Conduct Unbecoming, multiple, more specific charges were more appropriate. Id. ¶ 249; Def’s

Ex. 2, Attach. 6 at 123:15–125:3. More importantly, he disagreed with the recommended

penalty of demotion, and instead proposed what he thought to be the “lesser penalty” of “a

serious suspension of some number of days.” Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 6 at 125:16–126:12; Def’s UF

¶ 250.

         Because Deputy Chief Thomas and DGC DiBiase were unable to reach an agreement on

the proposed penalty, in accordance with USCP policy, they met with Assistant Chief Verderosa

to decide how Breiterman’s case would be handled. Def’s UF ¶¶ 251–52. According to

Assistant Chief Verderosa, he considered the four factors identified in the CBA, Ball’s

memorandum, and input from Deputy Chief Thomas in evaluating suspension, demotion, or

7
  DGC DiBiase testified that a truthfulness violation is ordinarily grounds for termination. Def’s
Ex. 2, Attach. 4 at 131:7–12. Similarly, Deputy Chief Thomas testified that a truthfulness
violation is “a fairly serious offense” for which USCP has terminated people in the past. Id.,
Attach. 6 at 38:18–22; see also Def’s UF ¶ 102 (stating USCP’s position that a sustained
truthfulness charge is “ordinarily grounds for termination from the Department”).

                                                10
termination as potential penalties. Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2 at 162:1–164:12. He says that he felt

Breiterman had lost the trust of her subordinates because they might feel that should they make a

mistake, it could end up in the media, and for that reason she could not return to work in a

supervisory capacity. See id. And because he felt that Breiterman’s disciplinary record was

“egregious” in some respects and “seems to be getting since the first instance progressively

worse,” he seriously considered termination. Id. But because USCP had punished Breiterman’s

most recent disciplinary violation with a two-day suspension, he felt it more consistent with

progressive discipline to recommend demotion, the penalty USCP ultimately meted out. Id. at

163:16–164:2.

       Thus, about ten months after its investigation began, USCP found Breiterman in violation

of its Conduct Unbecoming rule for her leaking of the firearm photo and her communications

with Hess—as well as her communications with the inspector and captain—and recommended

her demotion from sergeant to private first class. See Def’s UF ¶ 258; Pl’s Opp. at 26–27; ECF

No. 17 ¶¶ 112–13. Breiterman unsuccessfully appealed, and after she exhausted USCP’s

administrative process, she was demoted in May 2016. Def’s UF ¶¶ 259–62. 8

       Breiterman filed a Request for Counseling under the Congressional Accountability Act,

challenging her two-day suspension (for Improper Remarks) and her placement on

administrative leave (during the investigation into the Roll Call leak) as unlawful gender

discrimination and retaliation in October 2015, and then filed a Request for Mediation of those

claims in November 2015. Id. ¶ 263. The mediation period ended in February 2016. Id.

8
 Breiterman purports to dispute Defendant’s Undisputed Facts ¶¶ 260–61, which state that her
appeal was rejected and describe and quote verbatim from that denial. Compare Def’s UF
¶¶ 260–61, with Def’s Ex. 4, Declaration of Thomas A. DiBiase (“DiBiase Decl.”), ECF No. 65-
8, Attach. 5. Her objection is therefore unfounded.

                                                11
Breiterman then filed a Request for Counseling, challenging her demotion as unlawful gender

discrimination and retaliation, in March 2016 and a Request for Mediation in May 2016. Id.

¶ 264. The mediation period for those claims ended in June 2016. Id. Breiterman filed this suit

in May 2016 and the operative Second Amended Complaint in January 2017. ECF No. 1; ECF

No. 17. She moved for partial summary judgment on two of USCP’s affirmative defenses in

January 2018; the Court granted her motion in July 2018. ECF No. 47; ECF No. 64. Now

pending is USCP’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 65.

       Legal Standard

       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, a court must grant summary judgment “if the

movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “Summary judgment is appropriately

granted when, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movants and drawing

all reasonable inferences accordingly, no reasonable jury could reach a verdict in their favor.”

Lopez v. Council on Am.-Islamic Relations Action Network, Inc., 826 F.3d 492, 496 (D.C. Cir.

2016). To survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party must “go beyond the pleadings and

by her own affidavits, or by the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986) (internal quotation omitted). “Mere allegations or denials of the

adverse party’s pleading are not enough to prevent the issuance of summary judgment.”

Williams v. Callaghan, 938 F. Supp. 46, 49 (D.D.C. 1996). Courts “are not to make credibility

determinations or weigh the evidence.” Lopez, 826 F.3d at 496 (quoting Holcomb v. Powell, 433
F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006)). But the “mere existence of some alleged factual dispute

between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary

judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” Id. (quoting

                                                 12
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986)). If the evidence “is merely

colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 249–50 (citations omitted).

       “The movant bears the initial burden of demonstrating that there is no genuine issue of

material fact.” Montgomery v. Risen, 875 F.3d 709, 713 (D.C. Cir. 2017). “In response, the non-

movant must identify specific facts in the record to demonstrate the existence of a genuine

issue.” Id. And for claims where the non-movant bears the burden of proof at trial, as here, she

must make an evidentiary showing “sufficient to establish the existence of [each] element

essential to [her] case.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. “[A] complete failure of proof concerning an

essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial”

and therefore entitles the moving party to “judgment as a matter of law.” Id. at 323.

“Importantly, while summary judgment must be approached with specific caution in

discrimination cases, a plaintiff is not relieved of his obligation to support his allegations by

affidavits or other competent evidence showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Pollard v.

Quest Diagnostics, 610 F. Supp. 2d 1, 17 (D.D.C. 2009) (cleaned up).

       Analysis

       The Congressional Accountability Act (CAA), 2 U.S.C. § 1301 et seq., applies the

protections of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to covered legislative employees, and as such

requires that “[a]ll personnel actions affecting covered employees shall be made free from any

discrimination based on . . . race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 2 U.S.C. § 1311;

Blackmon-Malloy v. United States Capitol Police Bd., 575 F.3d 699, 701 (D.C. Cir. 2009). The

CAA, like Title VII, also prohibits an employer from retaliating against an employee for the

employee’s statutorily protected activity. See Newton v. Office of the Architect of the Capitol,

840 F. Supp. 2d 384, 398 (D.D.C. 2012). Claims under the CAA are analyzed under case law

                                                  13
interpreting Title VII, including the familiar burden-shifting framework set out by the Supreme

Court in McDonnell Douglas v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See Harrison v. Office of the

Architect of the Capitol, 964 F. Supp. 2d 81, 96 (D.D.C. 2013).

       A plaintiff may show impermissible discrimination either based on direct evidence which

“itself shows . . . bias in the employment decision,” Wilson v. Cox, 753 F.3d 244, 247 (D.C. Cir.

2014) (alteration in original) (quoting Vatel v. Alliance of Auto. Mfrs., 627 F.3d 1245, 1247

(D.C. Cir. 2011)), or circumstantial evidence that the decision was motivated by discriminatory

intent, Vasquez-Mills v. District of Columbia, 278 F. Supp. 3d 167, 174 (D.D.C. 2017). In the

latter case, the McDonnell Douglas framework applies. Id. First, the plaintiff bears the burden

of establishing her prima facie case. Wheeler v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 812 F.3d 1109, 1113

(D.C. Cir. 2016). Then, the burden shifts to the employer to “articulate a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for its action.” Id. at 1114. If the employer does so, the burden shifts

to the plaintiff to show that the employer’s reason was in fact a pretext for unlawful

discrimination. Id. On a motion for summary judgment where the employer has offered a

legitimate reason for its actions, however, “the district court need not—and should not—decide

whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas.” Brady v.

Office of the Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (Kavanaugh, J.). Rather, the

Court skips ahead to the third part of the test to determine whether the plaintiff has provided

sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude that the employer’s explanation is

pretextual. See Wheeler, 812 F.3d at 1114.

       Similarly, the McDonnell Douglas framework governs retaliation claims based on

circumstantial evidence. Solomon v. Vilsack, 763 F.3d 1, 14 (D.C. Cir. 2014). In such cases, the

plaintiff must establish her prima facie case by showing “(1) that [s]he engaged in statutorily

                                                14
protected activity; (2) that [s]he suffered a materially adverse action by [her] employer; and (3)

that a causal link connects the two.” Massaquoi v. District of Columbia, 285 F. Supp. 3d 82, 87

(D.D.C. 2018). The burden then shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory

reason for its action, which shifts the burden back to the plaintiff to produce evidence sufficient

to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the employer’s proffered reason is a

pretext for unlawful retaliation. See id.

       A.      Gender Discrimination and Retaliation—Breiterman’s Two-Day Suspension

       Breiterman first argues that her two-day suspension for Improper Remarks was motivated

by gender discrimination and retaliation for her EEO complaint alleging racial discrimination in

the selection of an officer to fill the Intelligence Section vacancy. As described above, USCP

argues that it suspended Breiterman because she violated the improper remarks policy when she

disparaged a private first class’s transfer in front of other USCP employees by insinuating that

she was transferred only because she had a relationship with a deputy chief, and by suggesting

that women have to sleep with someone in USCP to get ahead. See Def’s Br. at 7–11. While

Breiterman largely admits to this conduct, she argues that the real reason she was disciplined so

harshly was illegal gender discrimination and retaliation. See Pl’s Opp. at 18–19, 29, 34, 42–43.

       Although Breiterman claims that her suspension resulted from gender discrimination, she

presents no argument on this point. Rather, she directs almost her entire gender discrimination

argument at her demotion. See id. at 28–42. For example, all her comparator and procedural

irregularity evidence relates to her demotion claim, not her suspension claim. See, e.g., id. at 36–

42 (discussing alleged irregularities in USCP’s investigation into the Roll Call incident and its

decision to demote her). Thus, Breiterman has offered no evidence to support her claim that

USCP’s real motive in suspending her was gender discrimination, and so the Court will grant

USCP summary judgment on that issue.

                                                 15
       Her retaliation claim related to her suspension fares little better. “An employee can

create a material dispute on the issue of retaliation through a combination of ‘(1) the plaintiff’s

prima facie case; (2) any evidence the plaintiff presents to attack the employer’s proffered

explanation for its actions; and (3) any further evidence of [retaliation] that may be available to

the plaintiff . . . or any contrary evidence that may be available to the employer.’” Moran v.

United States Capitol Police, 82 F. Supp. 3d 117, 126 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Aka v. Washington

Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1289 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). Breiterman’s only evidence of retaliation is

that Sergeant Shutters, who conducted her OPR interview in the case that ultimately led to her

suspension, knew that she had filed a prior EEO complaint alleging racial discrimination. Pl’s

Opp. at 42–43.

       The problem for Breiterman is that Sergeant Shutters’s knowledge of her prior EEO

complaint does not causally connect the complaint and her suspension, a deficiency which “can

be sufficient to preclude [the] plaintiff from establishing pretext at the summary judgment stage.”

Moran, 82 F. Supp. 3d at 127. OPR’s and Sergeant Shutters’s role was to investigate that

incident and determine whether a violation occurred. See Pl’s Opp. at 18; Def’s UF ¶ 139;

Shutters Decl., Attach. 2, ECF No. 70-2 (sealed), ECF No. 80-1 (redacted version) (ROI). OPR

had no role at all in determining or imposing a penalty. Def’s UF ¶ 40. And notably, it is only

the penalty that Breiterman challenges—she does not dispute USCP’s characterization of the

facts. See Pl’s DF at 55 (“Breiterman appealed her two-day suspension because she thought the

discipline was too harsh.”); Def’s UF ¶ 158.

       Nor does Breiterman identify any issues with Sergeant Shutters’s investigation which

could have tainted the rest of the process. See Walker v. Johnson, 798 F.3d 1085, 1095 (D.C.

Cir. 2015) (discussing the “cat’s-paw” theory of liability). Indeed, according to her own account,

                                                 16
Sergeant Shutters determined that the initial allegations about what Breiterman said were

“inaccurate and exaggerated.” Pl’s DF at 51–52. Breiterman complains that Sergeant Shutters

did not investigate whether her allegations were true, but he testified that such an inquiry was not

within the scope of the complaint he was tasked to investigate. Pl’s Ex. 6 at 153:20–157:11.

And finally, Breiterman concedes that Deputy Chief Thomas, who approved Ball’s

recommendation of a two-day suspension, and then-Deputy Chief Verderosa, who denied

Breiterman’s first appeal, did not know about her prior EEO complaint. 9 Def’s UF ¶¶ 131–32,

155, 159. Breiterman thus fails to explain how Sergeant Shutters’s knowledge of her prior

complaint could have caused USCP to retaliate against her by suspending her. 10

9
    Neither party asserts that DGC DiBiase or Ball knew of Breiterman’s prior EEO complaint.
10
   USCP concedes that then-Chief Dine knew of Breiterman’s EEO complaint because she
disclosed it to him when she appealed her suspension. Def’s Br. at 34; see Def’s Ex. 2, Attach.
1, Ex. 6 at 2. But Breiterman does not argue that her own disclosure of her complaint caused
Chief Dine to retaliate against her, and she is wise not to press the point. Although Chief Dine
affirmed her suspension, it had been assessed and affirmed on appeal by officials with no
knowledge of her EEO complaint. And her appeal letter refers merely to having “attempted to
address [her] concerns” with the Office of Compliance. Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 1, Ex. 6 at 2. The
letter provides no details about what kind of EEO complaint she filed or how far it progressed.
None of this creates a genuine issue of material fact about whether Chief Dine retaliated against
Breiterman by denying her second appeal of a suspension. See Univ. of Texas Sw. Med. Ctr. v.
Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 362 (2013) (holding that a plaintiff must establish that her protected
activity was a but-for cause of the adverse employment action). Finally, to show a causal
connection based on the employer’s knowledge of the employee’s protected activity without
other evidence of retaliation, the employee must also show that “the adverse personnel action
took place shortly after that activity.” Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 903. Breiterman filed her EEO
complaint in May 2014. Def’s UF ¶¶ 124–25. Chief Dine did not deny her appeal until over a
year later, in July 2015. DiBiase Decl., Attach. 3. This fourteen-month delay is too long to
support an inference of retaliation. See, e.g., Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 274
(2001) (“Action taken . . . 20 months later suggests, by itself, no causality at all”); Bergbauer v.
Mabus, 934 F. Supp. 2d 55, 86 (D.D.C. 2013) (rejecting an inference of causation from temporal
proximities of four and six months).

                                                 17
       Breiterman has failed to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether USCP’s

explanation for her suspension is a pretext for unlawful retaliation. Thus, the Court will grant

USCP’s motion as to this claim.

       B.      Gender Discrimination and Retaliation—Breiterman’s Placement on
               Administrative Leave and Demotion

       Breiterman’s claims about the discipline imposed on her because she leaked the firearm

photo to Hess at Roll Call are more complicated to unpack. She argues that USCP disciplined

her “more severely than male officers who engaged in worse conduct,” and that procedural

irregularities in the investigation of her case show discriminatory animus by USCP. Pl’s Opp. at

29; see id. at 36–41. She also claims that USCP retaliated against her in violation of the CAA

and because of her exercise of protected speech in violation of the First Amendment. Ultimately,

though, she does not rebut USCP’s asserted legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for placing her

on leave and demoting her such that she raises a genuine dispute of material fact, and she also

fails to make out a claim of First Amendment retaliation.

               1.      Gender Discrimination

                       a.     Comparator Evidence

       Breiterman points to many male comparators whom she claims engaged in similar or

more severe conduct and whom USCP disciplined less harshly. And to be sure, an employer’s

more favorable treatment of similarly situated employees who do not share the plaintiff’s

protected characteristic can provide evidence of unlawful discrimination. Wheeler, 812 F.3d at

1115. But comparator evidence is subject to a high bar. “For a plaintiff to prove that she is

similarly situated to another employee, she must demonstrate that she and the alleged similarly-

situated employee ‘were charged with offenses of comparable seriousness,’ and ‘that all of the

relevant aspects of [her] employment situation were nearly identical to those of the other

                                                18
employee.’” Id. at 1115–16 (quoting Burley v. Nat’l Passenger Rail Corp., 801 F.3d 290, 301

(D.C. Cir. 2015)) (alteration in original). “Factors that bear on whether someone is an

appropriate comparator include the similarity of the plaintiff’s and the putative comparator’s job

and job duties, whether they were disciplined by the same supervisor, and, in cases involving

discipline, the similarity of their offenses.” Id. at 1116 (quoting Burley, 801 F.3d at 301).

       Breiterman describes eighteen male comparators, but she makes little effort to explain

how they are similarly situated to her. See Pl’s Opp. at 7–15. And indeed, most of them are not

even close. To begin with, most of her purported comparators are rank-and-file officers rather

than supervisory officials, a crucial difference. See Wheeler, 812 F.3d at 1116. Assistant Chief

Verderosa, Deputy Chief Thomas, and DGC DiBiase all represent that because supervisory

officials have more authority than officers, USCP holds them to a higher standard and disciplines

them more harshly than officers who commit similar offenses. See, e.g., Def’s Ex. 1, Declaration

of Matthew R. Verderosa (“Verderosa Decl.”), ECF No. 65-3 at ¶ 7; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 3, ECF

No. 65-5 at 16:2–11, 62:6–18; id., Attach. 4 at 129:10–13. And, consistent with USCP’s

representations, disciplinary documents for each of the supervisor-comparators cite their

supervisory status as an aggravating factor. See Def’s Ex. 9, Declaration of Thomas A. DiBiase

(“Second DiBiase Decl.”), ECF No. 70-5 (sealed), ECF No. 80-3 (redacted version) at ¶¶ 18, 49,

53, 56, Attach. 10 at 2, Attach. 22 at 3–4, Attach. 24 at 2–3.

       Although Breiterman argues that USCP does not consistently consider rank in imposing

discipline, her support for this argument rests on examples in which USCP allegedly failed to

address rank in terms of differentiating between different supervisory levels, rather than between

officers and supervisors as a group. Pl’s Opp. at 30–31. Other than a conclusory statement that

“USCP’s disciplinary records are largely void of discussions as to how an employee’s rank

                                                 19
factors into discipline,” she makes no argument that in weighing discipline, USCP does not

consider that an employee is a supervisor—rather than a rank-and-file officer—and she points to

no evidence to rebut USCP’s representations on this point. Id. at 30. Because officers do not

have the same job title or responsibilities and the unrebutted evidence shows that USCP

considers supervisory status in determining discipline, Breiterman’s purported officer-

comparators are not similarly situated to her. Cf. Washington v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit

Auth., 330 F. Supp. 3d 232, 244 (D.D.C. 2018) (finding that a transit police officer’s purported

comparators were not similarly situated because “[t]heir conduct differed from hers in a key

respect: not one engaged in conduct that called into question his ability to perform a sergeant’s

supervisory duties”). 11

       Excluding rank-and-file officers leaves Breiterman with three supervisory officials as

potential comparators, but none helps her show an inference of unlawful discrimination. In one

case, a male official with the rank of commander (“Comparator 1”) sent suggestive text

messages to a female subordinate, inviting her up to his hotel room while they were on official

travel. Def’s Ex. 8, Attach. 1, ECF No. 68-1 at 89:11–90:18; Pl’s Ex. 22, ECF No. 67-16

(sealed) at 15–16. Comparator 1 violated USCP’s anti-discrimination/anti-harassment policy

and received a 20-day suspension, split over two months, with five days held in abeyance on

appeal. Pl’s Ex. 24, ECF No. 67-18 (sealed) at 3. The other two supervisor-comparators were

11
  Indeed, Breiterman’s own arguments show why, even on her terms, rank-and-file officers are
inappropriate comparators in her case. She argues that USCP disciplined her more harshly than
other employees who committed similar offenses, in part because she was demoted, even though
discipline more severe than a 30-day suspension is rare. Pl’s Opp. at 36. But all non-supervisory
officers are ranked private first class, and there is no rank below that to which they could be
demoted. Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 4 at 125:16–126:11; Def’s UF ¶¶ 55–56.

                                                20
punished for a common incident. In that case, the two comparators and another individual, while

on duty, altered a series of photos to mock high-ranking USCP officials in what was intended as

an office joke. 12 See Pl’s Opp. at 13–14; Defendant’s Reply in Support of Motion for Summary

Judgment (“Def’s Reply”), ECF No. 68 at 6. Besides mocking USCP officials, the altered

images made fun of the deaf, illegal immigrants, and transgender people. See Pl’s Ex. 34, ECF

No. 67-28 (sealed). “Comparator 2,” a commander, received two CP-535s for his role in

creating at least nine of the photos and receiving others—one for Conduct Unbecoming and one

for contravening USCP’s harassment policy. Id. at 1. Comparator 2 was given a thirteen-day

suspension, with eight of those days held in abeyance on appeal. Id. at 5. “Comparator 3” also

received two CP-535s, one for Conduct Unbecoming and one for Subordinate Compliance. Pl’s

Ex. 35, ECF No. 67-29 (sealed) at 1. Comparator 3 is a “high-ranking Department commander”

who supervised the two employees who created the photos, and he was disciplined for condoning

and encouraging the misconduct rather than stopping it. See id.at 1–2; Second DiBiase Decl.

¶ 50. Comparator 3 was assessed a fourteen-day suspension, with eight days held in abeyance on

appeal. Pl’s Ex. 35 at 4.

       These three potential comparators are indeed male supervisory officials who received

more lenient punishment than Breiterman. But they are not similarly situated to her because they

12
  Breiterman’s brief is not a model of clarity on this point. She appears to reference four
individuals who were involved in this incident, but on closer inspection, the “male ranking
officer” appears to be the same person as the “Inspector/Division Commander” she references,
referred to as “M109” in USCP materials, and the “male commander” the same person as the
“male officer,” referred to as “M69” in USCP materials. Pl’s Opp. at 14; see Pl’s Ex. 9, ECF
No. 67-4 (sealed) at 118:2–22. Adding to the confusion, it appears that three individuals were in
fact involved in the incident, see Pl’s Ex. 9 at 118:2–22, and USCP seems to have assumed that
Breiterman was holding up all three as potential comparators. See Defendant’s Reply in Support
of Motion for Summary Judgment, (“Def’s Reply”), ECF No. 68 at 6. Because Breiterman does
not argue that the individual USCP identifies as “Comparator 22” in its brief is a potential
comparator, the Court will not consider him as such.

                                               21
do not have similar disciplinary histories. See Duru v. District of Columbia, 303 F. Supp. 3d 63,

74 (D.D.C. 2018). As mentioned above, disciplinary history is one of four factors which USCP

considers in each case. Breiterman argues that disciplinary history is not an appropriate factor

for the Court to consider because USCP does not consistently consider prior discipline. Pl’s

Opp. at 31–32. But she cites no evidence to support this conclusory statement or to rebut

USCP’s evidence to the contrary. And in any event, as detailed below, USCP did consider the

prior disciplinary history of the three remaining comparators in assessing a penalty against them.

       Comparator 1 had only one prior disciplinary violation, a CP-534 (the less serious form

of discipline USCP issues) with an unspecified penalty over 20 years old. Pl’s Ex. 24 at 2.

Comparator 2 had three prior violations, but all of them were CP-534s. Pl’s Ex. 34 at 4. The

two most recent violations ultimately resulted only in warnings, and the third resulted in

forfeiture of 8 hours of leave. 13 Id. Comparator 3 had no prior disciplinary history at all. Pl’s

Ex. 35 at 3.

       By contrast, Breiterman had an extensive disciplinary history. Her record included a CP-

535 for Truthfulness, Absence from Duty, and Compliance with Directives from a 2003 incident

for which she was suspended for 15 days; a CP-534 for Insubordination, which resulted in her

forfeiture of eight hours of leave; a CP-534 for Improper Remarks which led to her forfeiture of

13
  USCP represents that Comparator 2 (whom it calls Comparator 20) had only one prior
disciplinary violation: the CP-534 that led to forfeiture of 8 hours of leave. See Def’s Reply at
14; Second DiBiase Decl. ¶ 48. One of the documents they supply supports this characterization,
and the Court surmises that violations which resulted only in warnings may not have counted
against Comparator 2. Second DiBiase Decl., Attach. 23 at 3. Still, because one document lists
the two prior CP-534s which led to warnings in Comparator 2’s prior history, the Court,
construing the facts in the light most favorable to Breiterman, will assume that Comparator 2 had
three prior disciplinary violations. See Pl’s Ex. 34 at 4.

                                                 22
another eight hours of leave; and her much more recent CP-535 for Improper Remarks arising

from her comment that women at USCP have to sleep with someone to get ahead, for which she

was suspended for two days. Def’s Ex. 4, Declaration of Thomas A. DiBiase (“DiBiase Decl.”),

ECF No. 65-8, Attach. 5 at 4; Verderosa Decl., Attach. 1. In total, Breiterman had two CP-535s

and two CP-534s. 14 Comparator 1 and Comparator 3 are not similarly situated to Breiterman

because they had little or no prior disciplinary history and so would not have faced as severe a

penalty for similar conduct. See Childs-Pierce v. Util. Workers Union of Am., 383 F. Supp. 2d
60, 74–75 (D.D.C. 2005). Comparator 2 presents a slightly closer question, but he ultimately

fails as a comparator as well. Although Comparator 2 had three violations, all were CP-434s,

two of which led to only a warning. By contrast, two of Breiterman’s violations led to

suspensions (including a long one); and her least serious penalty (forfeiture of eight hours of

leave) was the same as Comparator 2’s most serious penalty. Because Comparator 2’s

disciplinary history is materially less serious than Breiterman’s, he too is not similarly situated to

her.

       Finally, Breiterman offers two more potential comparators: the inspector and captain with

whom she exchanged allegedly inappropriate and flirtatious text messages. Sergeant Shutters’s

ROI found that Breiterman’s text exchanges included “malicious, harassing, untruthful, and

frivolous” remarks, Shutters Decl., Attach. 4 at 12–13, and Ball’s memorandum found that

14
  USCP characterizes Breiterman’s 2003 incident as leading to three separate CP-535s, one each
for Truthfulness, Absence from Duty, and Compliance with Directives, which would bring her
record to four CP-535s and two CP-534s. Def’s UF ¶¶ 103–05; Def’s Reply at 14. It provides
some evidence to support this characterization. See Def’s Ex. 2, ECF No. 70-1, Attach. 1, Ex. 1
(sealed) (referring to three CP-535s). Even so, because the disciplinary documents refer to “a
CP-535” from this incident, the Court, construing the facts in the light most favorable to
Breiterman, will assume that she received only one CP-535 from the 2003 incident. See, e.g.,
DiBiase Decl., Attach. 5 at 4.

                                                 23
Breiterman violated USCP policy by showing contempt for USCP officials in those messages

and creating the appearance of an improper relationship between herself and the captain, Ball

Decl., Attach. 1 at 6. Similarly, the memorandum denying her appeal discussed Breiterman’s

“inappropriate” communications. DiBiase Decl., Attach. 5. And yet, although the record

reflects that the Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) was investigating the inspector’s and

captain’s conduct, as of several years later, the investigation had not concluded. 15 See Def’s

Reply at 12; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 3 at 63:11–64:21; id., Attach. 5, ECF No. 65-6 at 307:10–21.

Breiterman argues that USCP’s failure to discipline the two supervisors with whom she

corresponded, when it demoted her in part for her role in the same conduct, suggests

discrimination. Pl’s Opp. at 30. The Court does find it troubling that USCP apparently

considered Breiterman’s role in the correspondence serious enough to factor into her demotion,

but does not seem to be similarly concerned about the inspector’s and captain’s participation in

the same exchanges. And although there is no evidence in the record about how quickly OIG is

expected to conduct investigations, OPR guidelines say that its investigations should be

completed in 90 to 120 days—a far cry from the two-plus years for which the investigation into

the captain and inspector was pending. See Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2 at 125:2–15; Pl’s Ex. 6 at

318:22–319:3 (testimony of Sergeant Shutters that he has “no idea” how long an OIG

investigation should take).

       But ultimately, Breiterman’s attempt to use the captain and inspector as comparators

ignores the elephant in the room. Although USCP broadened the scope of its investigation to

include Breiterman’s text messages, the focus of its investigation—and her punishment—was her

15
 OIG, rather than OPR, conducts investigations into supervisors above a certain rank. See
Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 3 at 16:2–17:13.

                                                24
unauthorized disclosure of information and the photo she took to Hess. Breiterman does not

suggest that the captain and inspector committed any similar misconduct, and there is no

evidence they did. Because the “nature of the offenses committed” is one of the “most

significant variables in a case alleging discrimination in connection with disciplinary actions,”

this distinction is fatal to Breiterman’s argument about these two potential comparators. Childs-

Pierce, 383 F. Supp. 2d at 70.

        For these reasons, no reasonable jury could find that Breiterman’s alleged comparators

are similarly situated to her such that their cases suggest that USCP unlawfully discriminated or

retaliated against her.

                          b.     Procedural Irregularities

        Breiterman also cites a host of alleged procedural irregularities in USCP’s handling of

her case to support her charge of discrimination, challenging nearly every one of USCP’s steps

along the way. Although an employer’s “failure to follow established procedures or criteria” can

provide evidence that an employer’s proffered legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for an

adverse employment action is pretextual, Evans v. Sebelius, 716 F.3d 617, 620 (D.C. Cir. 2013),

“minor procedural irregularities in personnel practices do not themselves give rise to an

inference of discrimination,” Breen v. Chao, 253 F. Supp. 3d 244, 262 (D.D.C. 2017) (cleaned

up). Unless “deviations from established procedure” are “unexplained,” the plaintiff must show

something more to create a jury question as to pretext. Iyoha v. Architect of the Capitol, 927
F.3d 561, 571 (D.C. Cir. 2019). Breiterman has not done so.

        First, Breiterman argues that USCP deviated from its procedures just because it demoted

her. Pl’s Opp. at 36. She claims that this is a deviation because USCP “rarely” issues penalties

greater than a 30-day suspension, it disciplined her more harshly than officers who left their

firearms unattended, and “two other high-ranking USCP officials did not believe Breiterman’s

                                                 25
demotion was fair or warranted.” Id. Even assuming Breiterman’s characterization of the record

is accurate, her argument is meritless. Breiterman does not argue that demotions are not an

available punishment or that they require some specific process that USCP did not follow; she

simply disagrees with USCP’s decision that it was appropriate in her case. See Def’s UF ¶ 56

(stating that discipline for officials may include demotion). “Showing pretext, however, requires

more than simply criticizing the employer’s decisionmaking process.” Hairston v. Vance-Cooks,

773 F.3d 266, 272 (D.C. Cir. 2014). And likewise, that some Department officials may have

disagreed as to the appropriate punishment does not show procedural irregularity. Indeed, the

undisputed testimony shows that when DGC DiBiase and Deputy Chief Thomas disagreed as to

the proposed penalty, they followed USCP procedure by raising the issue to the Assistant Chief.

Def’s UF ¶¶ 251–52. In sum, that Breiterman was ultimately demoted is not a procedural

irregularity.

        Second, Breiterman similarly objects to Ball’s memorandum recommending her

demotion for various reasons. Pl’s Opp. at 36–39. She claims that it “is more harsh and critical

in its analysis than other disciplinary memos involving more serious conduct,” “more heavily

weighs factors like intent and minimizes mitigating factors,” and shows that “USCP arbitrarily

considers various factors in determining discipline,” by comparing it to a memorandum about an

officer who used USCP computers to solicit sex online. Id. But again, this reflects Breiterman’s

substantive disagreement with USCP’s assessment of her conduct, and how USCP weighed

various factors in her case, not a procedural irregularity. Her only real claim of irregularity of

any kind related to Ball’s memorandum is that it includes the “false statement[]” that

                                                 26
“Breiterman knew the unattended gun incident was under investigation.” 16 Id. at 39; see Ball

Decl., Attach. 1 at 5. Indeed, Ball’s memorandum does assert that Breiterman “was aware that

immediately after the weapon was discovered it was retrieved by Department officials and an

investigation into how it came to be in that location was initiated.” Ball Decl., Attach. 1 at 5.

Breiterman testified that she did not know at the time that USCP was investigating the incident,

and USCP does not dispute her testimony, at least not directly. See Pl’s Ex. 17, ECF No. 67-11

(sealed), ECF No. 79-1 (redacted version) at 208:15–211:21. But this is not a procedural

irregularity at all, let alone one that suggests discrimination. Even assuming the statement was

inaccurate, Breiterman does not claim, and there is no evidence suggesting, that Ball’s statement

was intentionally inaccurate—that Ball was aware at the time that Breiterman did not know

about the investigation. Indeed, from Ball’s perspective, Breiterman—especially as a

supervisor—“should have been aware” that an investigation would have been prompted by such

an event, “because that is the Department’s regular process.” Ball Decl. ¶ 16. At most, even

construed most favorably to Breiterman, Ball’s assertion that she knew about the investigation is

an “innocent mistake” which does not suggest discrimination. See Brown v. Broad. Bd. Of

Governors, 662 F. Supp. 2d 41, 50 (D.D.C. 2009).

       Third, Breiterman argues that USCP unnecessarily expanded and prolonged its

investigation by reviewing her phone’s contents after confirming that the picture came from her,

broadening the scope of its investigation to include her texts with the captain and inspector, and

placing her on administrative leave for ten and a half months while the investigation was

pending. Pl’s Opp. at 39. Once again, Breiterman fails to show that the investigation of the

16
  Breiterman contends that Ball’s memorandum contains “false statements,” plural, but this is
the only example she provides. Pl’s Opp. at 39.

                                                 27
contents of her phone contradicted USCP’s policy. To the contrary, USCP represents that its

stated policy is to review the contents of any USCP-issued electronic device that an employee

uses to commit misconduct, and Sergeant Shutters testified that he confiscated Breiterman’s

phone because she used it to take the picture she sent to Hess. See Def’s UF ¶ 233; Def’s Reply

at 18; Pl’s Ex. 6 at 208:7–21. Similarly, USCP has consistently maintained—and Breiterman

concedes—that it broadened its investigation to include Breiterman’s messages with the

inspector and captain only after discovering them while searching her device for other

unauthorized disclosures to the media. See, e.g., Pl’s Opp. at 22; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 5 at 208:7–

21 (testimony of Sergeant Shutters that he was searching to see if Breiterman had disseminated

other law enforcement-sensitive information). While Breiterman may feel that USCP unfairly

broadened its investigation to include matters which had nothing to do with her leak to Hess and

about which no one complained, she offers no evidence that it violated its policies or procedures

in doing so.

       In addition, the length of the investigation and Breiterman’s administrative leave, while

perhaps unusual, are not atypical enough to suggest unlawful discrimination. USCP began its

investigation into Breiterman’s conduct on May 1, 2015, and issued its ROI about four months

later, on September 11, 2015. See Shutters Decl., Attach. 4 at 2. The rest of the disciplinary

process—from review of the ROI until Breiterman’s demotion—took until May 4, 2016, almost

eight more months. See Def’s UF ¶ 262. Altogether, the investigation took about a year, and

Breiterman spent about 10 and a half months of that year on administrative leave. See Pl’s Opp.

at 24. USCP says that its regulations call for investigations like Breiterman’s to be concluded in

120 days, but that deadline only runs from the beginning of the investigation to the creation of

the ROI. Def’s UF ¶¶ 36, 38; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2 at 125:2–126:5; id., Attach. 5 at 60:1–61:14.

                                                28
Here, that part of the process took 133 days, a minor procedural irregularity, at most. See Breen,
253 F. Supp. 3d at 262. And neither USCP nor Breiterman has introduced any evidence

prescribing timeframes for the rest of the disciplinary process: review of the ROI, penalty

recommendation, appeals, and so on. See Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2 at 125:2–126:5.

       The same goes for the time Breiterman spent on administrative leave. She claims that

when USCP placed her on administrative leave in June 2015, its investigation was almost over,

suggesting that her leave was both unnecessary and punitive. Pl’s Opp. at 23, 39; see Pl’s DF at

74. But, as explained above, most of the time Breiterman spent on leave corresponded not to

USCP’s investigation but to the other portions of the disciplinary process for which there is no

prescribed time. And USCP officials consistently testified that its standard procedure is to place

an employee on paid administrative leave until the end of the disciplinary process in cases that

could lead to termination or demotion, which was the case here. See Def’s UF ¶¶ 63, 232; Def’s

Ex. 2, Attach. 10 at 154:7–21. True, Sergeant Shutters testified that her leave was “unusually

lengthy.” Pl’s Ex. 6 at 316:20–22. But see Def’s Reply at 18–19 (“[F]ormer OPR personnel

confirmed paid administrative leave for several male officers subject to investigation and

discipline has extended to ten months or more.”). But even assuming the time Breiterman spent

on administrative leave was unusual, that is not equivalent to showing that it was improper or

unwarranted—or that it suggests unlawful discrimination.

       Fourth, Breiterman claims that Sergeant Shutters’s actions in her OPR interview were

irregular. She says that Sergeant Shutters “told her what to put in her written statement and

continually asked her if her actions were because she disliked USCP.” Pl’s Opp. at 40. But—in

what is by now a familiar refrain—Breiterman does not show that this was a procedural

irregularity, let alone one from which the Court can infer unlawful discrimination. As part of the

                                                29
OPR interview process, an interview subject must provide a written statement to memorialize the

content of the interview. Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 5 at 48:8–19. Sergeant Shutters testified that, in

general, he would suggest changes or additions if he felt that an interviewee’s statement did not

include all of the relevant information because it is in the interviewee’s best interest to properly

memorialize the interview. Id. at 50:9–19. But if an interviewee disagreed with Sergeant

Shutters’s suggestions, she would be free to disregard them or write something contrary. Id. at

52:5–9. That is precisely what happened here: Sergeant Shutters suggested that Breiterman

document why she sent the picture to Hess. Pl’s Ex. 6 at 221:9–222:22; Shutters Decl. ¶ 22. On

this point, Sergeant Shutters’s testimony is not inconsistent with Breiterman’s, who testified that

Sergeant Shutters told her that his superiors instructed him to have her include certain points in

her statement, but did not say that he made any suggestions about the statement’s content. Pl’s

Ex. 17 at 237:16–20. Moreover, the Court sees nothing irregular about Sergeant Shutters asking

Breiterman if she was motivated by bad feelings toward USCP, especially since Breiterman was

unable to explain why she sent the photo to Hess in the first place. Pl’s Ex. 6 at 221:17–222:7.

And likewise, although Breiterman seems to take offense at Sergeant Shutters’s suggestion that

she contact the Office of Employee Assistance after her interview, she does not show that was in

any way irregular or suggests discrimination. See id. at 235:14–238:22 (testimony of Sergeant

Shutters that it is “not unusual” to ask the subject of an OPR interview if she would like to see

someone in the Employee Assistance Program).

       Fifth, Breiterman claims that USCP improperly placed her on “emergency suspension”

and kept her there for ten and a half months. Pl’s Opp. at 40. Breiterman argues that at the close

of her OPR interview, Sergeant Shutters placed her “on administrative leave with pay under the

current emergency suspension policy,” which was improper because an emergency suspension

                                                 30
was not appropriate in her case and because USCP did not go through the required procedures

for an emergency suspension, including a duty status meeting. Pl’s DF at 71–74; Pl’s Opp. at 40.

For its part, USCP argues that it did not place Breiterman on emergency suspension at all, and

that it could not have done so, because the current emergency suspension policy was not in place

until September 2016. Def’s Reply at 19.

       The record on USCP’s emergency suspension policy, and whether Breiterman was even

subject to such a suspension, is a muddle. While USCP refers to a September 2016 document

outlining the emergency suspension policy, that document states that it supersedes “existing

policy” on emergency suspensions dating to 2012. Def’s Ex. 8, Attach. 8, Ex. 1. So while

USCP could not have suspended Breiterman under the 2016 version of the policy, it still could

have imposed an emergency suspension on her under the old one, on which the record is silent.

USCP represents that an emergency suspension is “a process the Department uses to permit a

low-level supervisor or subordinate employee to place another employee in a temporary status

and revoke police powers in an emergency situation pending review by a Bureau Commander on

the next available business day during business hours.” Def’s UF ¶ 69. Consistent with this

description, one USCP witness testified that emergency suspensions are used “when the

employee is a danger to themselves, a danger to others, or a danger to the Department.” Def’s

Ex. 2, Attach. 9, ECF No. 65-6 at 60:18–61:2; see also id., Attach. 8, ECF No. 65-6 at 81:7–10.

Still, contrary to USCP’s representations here, Sergeant Shutters testified that Breiterman was

placed on emergency suspension under the policy that was in place in 2015. Id., Attach. 5 at

104:9–13. Assistant Chief Verderosa, although at first concurring that an emergency suspension

serves to immediately relieve an officer from duty under exigent circumstances, usually

overnight, also conceded that Breiterman’s placement on leave fit the definition “in a strict

                                                31
sense” because she was immediately relieved from duty. Id., Attach. 2 at 51:2–52:12, 63:13–

65:22. Deputy Chief Thomas, for his part, testified that an officer can be placed on

administrative leave and have her police powers revoked because of allegations of misconduct

without that placement constituting an emergency suspension. Id., Attach. 6 at 111:2–6.

       Assuming Breiterman was subject to an emergency suspension, she has presented some

evidence that the suspension was irregular. Although USCP represents that emergency

suspensions are justified by, well, emergencies, it does not argue that Breiterman was a danger to

herself, others, or the Department when she was relieved from duty, and the alleged suspension

did not take place outside normal business hours. One USCP employee testified that, in his

opinion, an emergency suspension would “absolutely not” be justified for an officer who

provided a photo to the press. Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 8 at 82:10–22. And it does not appear that

Breiterman was afforded the duty status meeting that the policy required. Pl’s Ex. 6 at 240:13–

241:12.

       But none of these potential irregularities amount to much because—even construing the

record in the light most favorable to Breiterman—none of them cast doubt on whether, as

explained above, someone in Breiterman’s shoes would typically be placed on administrative

leave with pay while her conduct was investigated and adjudicated. Whether the method of

accomplishing that was termed an “emergency suspension” or something else does not matter.

And indeed, the confusion about USCP policy and Breiterman’s case appears to be largely

semantic. After all, Assistant Chief Verderosa and then-OPR head Inspector Kimberlie

Bolinger, for example, both stated that Breiterman was not placed on emergency suspension

before conceding that her case fit the technical definition of emergency suspension. Def’s Ex. 2,

Attach. 2 at 63:4–64:5; Pl’s Ex. 7, ECF No. 66-9 at 164:12–169:17; see also id. at 149:18–

                                               32
150:14 (testimony of Inspector Bolinger that OPR did not use the term “emergency suspension”

while she was working there). And Assistant Chief Verderosa explained that, in his mind, even

if Breiterman’s case met the technical definition of an emergency suspension, no duty status

meeting was necessary because Breiterman was afforded alternative process in her OPR

interview, while most emergency suspensions take place without prior investigation. Def’s Ex.

2, Attach. 2 at 65:16–22. In the end, despite the confusion about the proper label for how

Breiterman was placed on administrative leave with pay, any procedural irregularity along these

lines does not support an inference of discrimination because her placement on administrative

leave with pay was consistent with USCP policy. 17

       Sixth, Breiterman argues that Inspector Bolinger improperly remained involved in her

investigation after purporting to recuse herself. Pl’s Opp. at 40–41. When USCP investigated

Breiterman’s conduct, Inspector Bollinger, who ran OPR, would have ordinarily had to approve

the ROI. See Pl’s Ex. 7 at 58:8–59:10. But in July 2015, she recused herself from the

investigation, “keeping [her] hands out of it” because some of Breiterman’s text messages, which

were by then being examined by investigators, contained disparaging remarks about her husband,

Captain Andrew Bolinger. Id. at 188:6–189:14, 191:14–21, 199:6–200:7. Breiterman claims

that Inspector Bolinger violated her recusal by continuing to receive updates on the status of the

investigation, recommending a potential charge, and ultimately approving the final charge. Pl’s

Opp. at 25, 40–41. Inspector Bolinger testified that she received emails and updates on

Breiterman’s case because as head of OPR she had to know the status of ongoing investigations,

17
  Breiterman’s argument that she was kept on emergency suspension for the duration of her
case, Pl’s Opp. at 40, is contradicted by her own statement of facts, in which she admits that she
was “placed on administrative leave with pay” and “remained on administrative leave for 10 and
½ months,” Pl’s DF at 71.

                                                33
but she did not provide any opinion or guidance in response to those updates or engage in any

decision-making about Breiterman’s case. Pl’s Ex. 7 at 59:16–62:17, 191:14–21, 199:6–200:7.

Indeed, no evidence supports Breiterman’s allegation that Inspector Bolinger “was involved in

sustaining charges that resulted in discipline” against her. Pl’s Opp. at 41. Her purported

support for this allegation is a USCP interrogatory response stating that “Lieutenant Christopher

Breme and/or Inspector Kimberly [sic] Bolinger approved the sustained charges resulting in

discipline,” which by its own terms leaves open the possibility that Inspector Bolinger did not

approve the charges. Pl’s Ex. 50, ECF No. 66-52 at 18–19. And in fact, Breiterman’s ROI was

signed by Lieutenant Breme, as well as Inspector Patrick Herrle, who replaced Inspector

Bolinger as head of OPR. Shutters Decl., Attach. 4 at 16; Pl’s Ex. 7 at 16:18–17:5. Inspector

Bolinger testified that, consistent with her recusal, she never saw the ROI recommending charges

against Breiterman. Pl’s Ex. 7 at 216:22–218:17. Ultimately, Breiterman has not shown that

anything about Inspector Bolinger’s recusal from the disciplinary process that led to her

demotion was irregular. 18

       Seventh, Breiterman argues that USCP inappropriately referred her case to OIG, which

usually conducts investigations separately from OPR. Pl’s Opp. at 41. She claims that when

OPR had trouble downloading her text messages with the inspector and captain, it reached out to

OIG for help, rather than following the usual procedures, which in her view would be to contact

18
   In addition, the “potential charge” Breiterman alleges that Inspector Bolinger suggested was
related to a separate matter. Apparently, at one point OPR considered whether to charge
Breiterman with being absent without leave when she was unable to come in for an interview
while she was on administrative leave. Pl’s Ex. 7 at 220:6–223:15. But Inspector Bolinger
never said that she intended to recuse herself from all matters involving Breiterman, and
Breiterman points to no policy Inspector Bolinger violated. In any event, USCP did not
ultimately charge Breiterman with being absent without leave.

                                                34
the two employees to retrieve the messages from their devices. Id.; see Pl’s Ex. 49, ECF No. 66-

51 (letter from OPR to OIG about the messages and technical difficulties retrieving them). This

claim fails to raise the specter of discrimination for at least three reasons. First, while OPR did

contact OIG about the messages, there is no evidence that it contacted OIG for help retrieving

the messages as she asserts. Second, Breiterman provides no support for her claim that proper

procedure would have been to attempt to retrieve the messages directly from the inspector and

captain. And third, there is no evidence that OPR referred Breiterman’s disciplinary case to OIG

at all. The only referral to OIG the record reflects is for an investigation into the roles of the

captain and inspector in the inappropriate messages, because OIG investigates misconduct by

employees of their ranks. 19 See Def’s Reply at 20–21; Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 3 at 63:11–64:5; id.,

Attach. 5 at 307:10–21.

       Finally, Breiterman argues that USCP “disproportionally weighed intent and trust” in

Breiterman’s case and that it “has taken shifting positions on a number of critical issues related

to” her case, citing a grab-bag of grievances. Pl’s Opp. at 41. This claim, like others above, is

not really about procedural irregularities at all. It is a repackaging of her arguments that she was

treated unfairly in comparison with other USCP employees, which the Court has already

rejected. And to the extent Breiterman intends to invoke the maxim that “shifting and

inconsistent justifications are ‘probative of pretext,’” this, too, fails. Geleta v. Gray, 645 F.3d
408, 413 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting EEOC v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 243 F.3d 846, 853 (4th Cir.

2001)). Although she says that USCP has taken shifting positions on “a number” of critical

19
   It is puzzling, to say the least, that Breiterman asserts that OPR showed favoritism by failing to
discipline the captain and inspector while simultaneously objecting to its referral of the matter to
the component with the power to discipline them. Indeed, Breiterman complains that OPR “did
not [] search the male supervisors’ devices or investigate them” in the same sentence that she
claims that OPR improperly contacted OIG. Pl’s Opp. at 41.

                                                  35
issues, the only one she cites is, yet again, that USCP disciplined and investigated her for her

messages with the captain and inspector but failed to discipline them. Pl’s Opp. at 41. While

Breiterman may feel aggrieved by what she views as disparate treatment on this point, that does

not mean that USCP has changed any of its justifications.

        In summary, Breiterman argues that this “mosaic of circumstantial evidence”—the eight

arguments described above—creates a genuine issue of material fact about whether USCP’s

explanation for demoting her is a pretext for gender discrimination. Pl’s Opp. at 41–42. But

eight times zero is still zero. The only even potential procedural irregularities that Breiterman

identifies are the length of her paid administrative leave and USCP’s use of an emergency

suspension to place her in that status. But Breiterman does not cast doubt on the length or

propriety of her paid administrative leave through the conclusion of the appeals process, which is

standard for employees facing demotion or termination, or show how these potential

irregularities suggest discrimination. See Baylor v. Powell, No. 17-cv-2647 (TJK), 2020 WL
2064080, at *6 (D.D.C. Apr. 29, 2020).

                                         *       *       *

        Neither Breiterman’s purported comparator evidence nor evidence of alleged procedural

irregularities in the USCP process suffices to cast doubt on USCP’s asserted legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for placing her on administrative leave and then demoting her: that she

committed a violation of USCP rules that called into question her ability to continue as a

supervisor, especially when coupled with her substantial disciplinary history. Because there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact, USCP is entitled to judgment on this gender

discrimination claim as a matter of law and the Court will grant its motion as to this claim as

well.

                                                 36
                 2.      Congressional Accountability Act Retaliation

          As with her claim about her two-day suspension, Breiterman claims that her demotion

stemmed from unlawful retaliation for her previous EEO complaint. Pl’s Opp. at 42–3. Her

evidence is the same, and it fails for largely the same reasons. Once again, her only evidence of

retaliatory motive is that Sergeant Shutters knew of her prior EEO complaint. Id. at 43. And

while Breiterman objects to Sergeant Shutters’s conduct during her interview, as explained

above, those complaints do not suggest retaliation. As with the case that led to her two-day

suspension, Sergeant Shutters and OPR had no role in determining her discipline. See Def’s UF

¶ 40. Because Breiterman shows no causal connection between her prior EEO complaint and her

demotion, USCP is also entitled to summary judgment on this claim. See Moran, 82 F. Supp. 3d

at 127.

                 3.      First Amendment Retaliation

          Finally, Breiterman argues that her demotion constitutes unlawful retaliation for the

exercise of her First Amendment right to freedom of speech. “[P]ublic employees do not

surrender all their First Amendment rights by reason of their employment. Rather, the First

Amendment protects a public employee’s right, in certain circumstances, to speak as a citizen

addressing matters of public concern.” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 417 (2006). A public

employee alleging retaliation in violation of her First Amendment rights must show that the

employer took an adverse action against her, Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d 635, 639 (D.C. Cir. 1994),

and then must meet a four-factor test:

                 First, the public employee must have spoken [i] as a citizen [ii] on a
                 matter of public concern. Second, the court must consider whether
                 the governmental interest in promoting the efficiency of the public
                 services it performs through its employees outweighs the
                 employee’s interest, as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of
                 public concern. Third, the employee must show that her speech was
                 a substantial or motivating factor in prompting the retaliatory or

                                                  37
               punitive act. Finally, the employee must refute the government
               employer’s showing, if made, that it would have reached the same
               decision in the absence of the protected speech.

Hawkins v. District of Columbia, 923 F. Supp. 2d 128, 136–37 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Wilburn

v. Robinson, 480 F.3d 1140, 1149 (D.C. Cir. 2007)). “The first two factors . . . are questions of

law for the court to resolve, while the latter are questions of fact ordinarily for the jury.”

Wilburn, 480 F.3d at 1149 (quoting Tao, 27 F.3d at 639) (alteration in original).

       Even assuming that Breiterman spoke as a citizen and on a matter of public concern, her

First Amendment claim falters at the second factor: whether the government’s interest in

promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees outweighs the

employee’s interest, as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern.

       Courts may consider various circumstances when weighing the employer’s and

employee’s interests. The Supreme Court has recognized “as pertinent considerations whether

the statement impairs discipline by superiors or harmony among co-workers, has a detrimental

impact on close working relationships for which personal loyalty and confidence are necessary,

or impedes the performance of the speaker’s duties or interferes with the regular operation of the

enterprise.” Rankin v. McPherson, 483 U.S. 378, 388 (1987). Also relevant are the time, place,

and manner of the employee’s speech. Id. And the D.C. Circuit has held that “because of the

special degree of trust and discipline required in a police force there may be a stronger

governmental interest in regulating the speech of police officers than in regulating the speech of

other governmental employees.” O’Donnell v. Barry, 148 F.3d 1126, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 1998). On

the other hand, “when a police officer speaks out on an issue that he is uniquely qualified to

address, [the Court] must be cautious in accepting the claim that the public interest demands that

he be silent.” Id.

                                                  38
       Although not a slam dunk for USCP, its interest outweighs Breiterman’s. To begin with,

Breiterman’s conduct checks many of the boxes the Supreme Court identified in Rankin that

harm USCP’s legitimate interests. USCP found that Breiterman violated its media policy by,

instead of referring Hess to others at USCP to handle the press inquiry, speaking to her about the

January 29 incident and providing her the photo of the firearm she took when she responded to

the scene. See Shutters Decl., Attach. 4; Ball Decl. ¶¶ 13, 17; id., Attach. 1 at 2–3, 5 & n.3.

USCP has a crucial interest in ensuring that its law enforcement officers—who are often privy to

all manner of sensitive information, especially in connection with their investigations—

safeguard and protect that information, as opposed to providing it to the press. See Ball Decl.

¶¶ 13, 17; id., Attach. 1 at 2–3, 5 & n.3. Breiterman “interfere[d] with the regular operation” of

USCP by flouting this important standard expected of its law enforcement officers. Rankin, 483
U.S. at 388; see Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 153 n.14 (1983) (noting that the violation of an

announced policy strengthens the employer’s claim).

       Breiterman’s failure to follow the media policy also impaired harmony among her

coworkers by subjecting the officer who left his firearm unattended to intense media and

congressional scrutiny, interfered with the ordinary course of USCP discipline for the officer,

damaged her own working relationships, and—crucially—made it impossible for her to continue

to function as a supervisor by undermining both her superiors’ and her subordinates’ trust and

confidence in her. See Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2 at 157:10–160:1 (testimony of Assistant Chief

Verderosa that the officers at fault for leaving their firearms unattended were denied the privacy

that “everyone else gets” because of Breiterman’s actions); Verderosa Decl. ¶ 8 (noting that

Chief Dine answered questions at a congressional hearing about the discipline given to the

officer involved in the incident to which Breiterman responded). Assistant Chief Verderosa

                                                 39
testified that he felt Breiterman could not continue in a supervisory role because her actions

eroded her subordinates’ trust in her and were “detrimental to the good order of the officers.” 20

Def’s Ex. 2, Attach. 2 at 162:1–164:12; see Tao, 27 F.3d at 641 n.5 (noting that the employer’s

interests are stronger where the employee’s speech “was disruptive to the functioning of the

office . . . or would impair discipline or working relationships”). These interests are highly

important to any law enforcement organization, let alone one charged with protecting

government officials, visitors, and the public in and around the United States Capitol. And

where, as here, “close working relationships are essential to fulfilling public responsibilities, a

wide degree of deference to the employer’s judgment is appropriate.” Connick, 461 U.S. at 151–

52.

       Breiterman, to be sure, was not without some interest in speaking out, since the issue

related to public safety. USCP questions whether Breiterman genuinely spoke out of concern for

public safety because during her initial interview she could not explain why she had talked to

Hess and sent her the photo. See Def’s Br. at 45; see also Pl’s Ex. 6 at 221:17–222:7 (testimony

of Sergeant Shutters that Breiterman indicated she did not know why she provided the

information to Hess). Moreover, unlike in her later interview and deposition, Breiterman

initially conceded in her written statement that she “made a poor decision to send the picture.

This was department information,” which seems at odds with such a motivation. Shutters Decl.,

Attach. 3. Nonetheless, for purposes of her First Amendment claim and construing all the

20
   In this way, Breiterman’s case is unlike Hawkins v. District of Columbia, 923 F. Supp. 2d at
133. In that case, where the Metropolitan Police Department employee-plaintiff prevailed on his
First Amendment claim after publicly criticizing a department policy, he had harmed department
discipline and cohesion only to the extent to which his superiors were upset to be criticized
publicly. Id. at 142. Here, after USCP found that Breiterman had violated its policy that forbids
leaking investigatory information to the media, it also determined that her ability to function
effectively as a supervisor was compromised.

                                                 40
evidence in Breiterman’s favor, the Court assumes that she was prompted to speak out for public

safety reasons. And while USCP argues that Breiterman’s asserted public safety concern is

“unavailing” because the incident had been resolved and there was no immediate threat to the

public when she sent the photo to Hess, Def’s Br. at 41, the Court cannot agree, given that USCP

misconduct had apparently produced a pattern of unattended firearms that might reasonably have

prompted worry about whether it would continue.

       Breiterman asserts that she confirmed the details about the unattended firearm on January

29, 2015, and sent the photo to Hess because, after Hess told her about two similar incidents, she

was shocked by the repeated violations and USCP’s failure to remedy the problem. See Pl’s

Opp. at 20–21, 44. This was, at least arguably, an attempt to expose “wrongdoing or breach of

public trust.” Connick, 461 U.S. at 148. But Breiterman’s interest erodes somewhat once the

specific circumstances of her speech are examined. She was not, for example, “uniquely

qualified” to address the broader circumstances she says concerned her: the threat to public

safety posed by these three incidents and USCP’s purported lack of attention to them.

O’Donnell, 148 F.3d at 1135; see Def’s Ex. 6. Far from it. She apparently knew nothing about

the other two incidents before Hess told her about them. And there is nothing in the record that

suggests she had any idea how USCP had handled them, including the January 29 incident to

which she responded. 21 In sum, her personal knowledge was limited to a single failing by a

USCP officer. This lack of knowledge about the risk to public safety posed by this series of

21
  Breiterman did suspect that no discipline against the officer involved in the January 29
incident was forthcoming because she had seen him with his firearm afterward and was not
aware of any disciplinary investigation. Pl’s Ex. 17 at 229:17–232:8. As discussed above,
Breiterman’s assumption was incorrect.

                                                41
incidents, and how USCP was addressing that risk through its disciplinary process or otherwise,

undercuts the strength of her alleged interest in speaking out.

        Moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest that Breiterman ever raised her

concerns with anyone at USCP before speaking to Hess. To be sure, there is no exhaustion

requirement for a government employee to exercise her First Amendment rights. But

Breiterman’s failure to ever pursue the issue internally at USCP both underscores her own lack

of knowledge about the broader public safety issue and further undermines the strength of her

interest in deciding to turn to the press to speak about it. And finally, her interest in providing

the photo to Hess is further weakened by her own concession that she did not intend for the

photo to be published, and she makes no argument that it contributed much to the public

understanding about what happened. Pl’s Ex. 17 at 220:17–222:5. Thus, she can hardly now

assert that she had a strong interest in disclosing it to the public.

        Ultimately, USCP had a strong interest in disciplining Breiterman for disclosing the

information and photo to Hess because, it concluded, she violated its media policy that prohibits

disclosure of investigatory information to the media, interfered with the ordinary course of USCP

discipline of the officer, and impaired her own ability to function as a supervisor. Considering

all the circumstances here, that interest outweighed Breiterman’s in providing the information

and photo to the press. For these reasons, the Court will grant USCP summary judgment on

Breiterman’s First Amendment claim.

                                                   42
       Conclusion

       For all the above reasons, the Court will grant Defendant USCP’s Motion for Summary

Judgment, ECF No. 65. A separate order will issue.

                                                        /s/ Timothy J. Kelly
                                                        TIMOTHY J. KELLY
                                                        United States District Judge

Date: September 4, 2020

                                             43