Court Opinion

ID: 4221636
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-17 20:02:09.741261+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:36:43.258145
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/17/17

                             CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                   STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ARTUR HEFCZYC,                                     D071264

        Plaintiff and Appellant,

        v.                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-00037769-
                                                   CU-MC-CTL)
RADY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL-SAN
DIEGO,

        Defendant and Respondent.

        APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joan M.

Lewis, Judge. Affirmed.

        Carpenter Law, Gretchen Carpenter; Law Office of Barry L. Kramer and Barry L.

Kramer for Plaintiff and Appellant.

        Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, Julie R. Dann; Hooper, Lundy & Bookman and

Jennifer A. Hansen for Defendant and Respondent.

        Artur Hefczyc appeals from an order denying his motion for class certification in

his lawsuit against Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego (Rady). On behalf of a proposed

class, Hefczyc seeks declaratory relief to establish that Rady's form contract, signed by
patients or guarantors of patients who receive emergency room care, authorizes Rady to

charge only for the reasonable value of its services, and that Rady therefore is not

authorized to bill self-pay patients based on its master list of itemized charge rates,

commonly referred to as the "Chargemaster" schedule of rates, which Hefczyc alleges is

"artificial" and "grossly inflated." The trial court denied Hefczyc's motion for class

certification, concluding that the class was not ascertainable, that common issues did not

predominate, and that class action litigation was not a superior means of proceeding.

       Hefczyc contends that the trial court erred in denying class certification because,

as the complaint seeks only declaratory relief, the motion for class certification was

brought under the equivalent of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) or

(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.), for which he was not required to establish the ascertainability of the

class, that common issues predominate and that class action litigation is a superior means

of proceeding. Hefczyc also contends that even if the trial court properly imposed those

three requirements in this action, the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that

those requirements were not met. We conclude that Hefczyc's arguments lack merit, and

accordingly we affirm the order denying class certification.

                                              I

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A.     Hefczyc's Complaint

       On November 10, 2015, Hefczyc filed a complaint against Rady, in which he

alleged that his minor child was treated on October 8, 2015, at Rady's emergency room.

Hefczyc alleged that he had no outside source of payment for the emergency room visit,

                                              2
such as insurance, and thus was a "self-pay" guarantor of his child's financial obligation

to Rady. The total amount that Rady billed to Hefczyc for the emergency room visit was

$9,831.34.

       According to Hefczyc, the amount of the bill he received was based on

"Chargemaster" rates developed by Rady. As alleged in the complaint, a

"Chargemaster," as maintained by Rady and by other hospitals, is a spreadsheet "which

include code numbers, descriptions, and gross charges for each of the thousands of items

that are provided to patients." Rady explains that its Chargemaster contains thousands of

different line items, relating to procedures, services and goods that are either bundled or

specific. The Chargemaster and the number of line items on it changes each year.1

1       As our Supreme Court has explained, "[a] hospital charge description master,
or chargemaster, is 'a uniform schedule of charges represented by the hospital as its gross
billed charge for a given service or item, regardless of payer type.' (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 1339.51, subd. (b)(1).) California hospitals are required to make their chargemasters
public and to file them with the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development.
(Id., §§ 1339.51, subds. (a)(1), (b)(3), 1339.55, subd. (a).)" (Howell v. Hamilton Meats &
Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 541, 561, fn. 7.) By regulation, hospitals "offering
emergency and/or outpatient services" are required to "make available, upon request of a
patient, a schedule of hospital charges." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 22, § 70717, subd. (b).)
Further, "In California, medical providers are expressly authorized to offer the uninsured
discounts, and hospitals in particular are required to maintain a discounted payment
policy for patients with high medical costs who are at or below 350 percent of the federal
poverty level. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 657, subd. (c); Health & Saf. Code, § 127405, subd.
(a)(1)(A).)" (Howell, at p. 561.) Rady explains that based on the operation of these
statutes, "[a]ll patients are initially billed the Chargemaster rates, the non-discounted rates
for services. . . . Some individuals receive discounts and some do not, depending on
factors such as whether they are insured and the insurance company negotiated a
discounted rate, or if the patient is covered by a government program requiring reduced
rates," with the result that "[n]ot all patients ultimately pay the undiscounted
Chargemaster rates for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to the fact that
charges can be reduced/adjusted because of negotiations, insurance agreements,
                                              3
       According to Hefczyc, the Chargemaster "provide[s] a convenient reference point

for negotiating contracts and pricing schedules with commercial insurance carriers and

with non-emergency care patients seeking elective treatment and service" but it "is not a

pricing schedule which patients are expected to pay." The complaint alleges that Rady's

actual reimbursement rates "are set forth in separate governmental regulations, contracts

with commercial insurers, agreements with HMOs, etc."

       As alleged by Hefczyc, when a patient seeks care in Rady's emergency room, all

guarantors of emergency care patients are required by Rady to sign an agreement titled

"Conditions of Treatment/Admission" (the COTA). The COTA contains a section

relating to financial obligations, which states, among other things, that "Hospital charges

will be in accordance with the Hospital's regular rates and terms." According to the

complaint, "each patient is requested to sign" the COTA, "regardless of whether a patient

is a Medicaid, privately insured, HMO, or self-pay patient."2 Hefczyc alleges that "the

government benefits, charity care, discretionary reductions and bankruptcy."

2       As Rady points out, for reasons beyond its control, it sometimes provides
treatment in its emergency department to patients who did not sign a COTA. Such
treatment is provided under Health and Safety Code section 1317, subdivision (d), which
states that "[e]mergency services and care shall be rendered without first questioning the
patient or any other person as to his or her ability to pay therefor. However, the patient or
his or her legally responsible relative or guardian shall execute an agreement to pay
therefor or otherwise supply insurance or credit information promptly after the services
are rendered." Although Hefczyc alleges that all patients are required to sign a COTA, he
also recognizes that some patients may not have done so, and thus alleges that "even if a
guarantor of a self-pay patient did not sign [the COTA], but the patient received
emergency care from [Rady], he or she would still be obligated, under principles of
quasi-contract, unjust enrichment, or other applicable law, to pay [Rady] for the
reasonable value of the services rendered."
                                             4
actual pricing terms that determine the reimbursement rates of the Hospital vary by

category of patient" and depend on "governmental regulations and privately negotiated

contracts." Hefczyc alleges that unlike other categories of patients, self-pay patients are

billed at Chargemaster rates. Further, Hefczyc alleges that Chargemaster rates are

"artificially inflated" and "unconscionable," are "at least three times what other patients

pay for the same treatment and services," and "bear no relation to the Hospital's actual

costs for providing treatment or services."

       In interpreting the COTA's financial obligation provision, Hefczyc alleges that

"the fact that all patients, regardless of category, are subject to the exact same pricing

guarantee to pay 'in accordance with the Hospital's regular rates and terms,' despite the

fact that each category of patients is charged differently, shows that the term 'the

Hospital's regular rates and terms,' as a pricing term for the Hospital's services and

treatment, is inherently vague, ambiguous and meaningless." According to the

complaint, "[s]ince [the COTA] itself contains no pricing terms for the self-pay patients

which are certain or readily identifiable, and fails to identify any means by which such

pricing terms for self-pay patients can be made certain (i.e., it contains an 'open' pricing

term), applicable law implies a contractual obligation to pay the reasonable value of the

                                              5
services and treatment rendered, and for [Rady] to charge guarantors of self-pay patients

no more than such reasonable value."3

       Hefczyc alleges that the billed amount of $9,831.34 for his child's emergency care

treatment was based on Chargemaster rates that were "grossly excessive, unfair, and

unreasonable." Further, he alleges that because the COTA purportedly contains an

" 'open' pricing term," under the law governing contracts with open pricing terms, Rady is

authorized to charge only "the reasonable value of such services."

       Hefczyc brought this action on behalf of himself and a class of persons defined as

follows:

           "The guarantors of all persons who within the last four years, had
           one or more 'eligible patient hospital visits' to [Rady's] emergency
           department.

           "For purposes of this class definition, an 'eligible patient hospital
           visit' is defined as one for which (1) the patient was billed at the
           hospital's full Chargemaster rates; (2) there have been no full
           writeoffs, discounts or adjustments to the full Chargemaster billing
           under [Rady's] charity care policies; (3) the bill has not otherwise
           been waived or written off in full by [Rady]; and (4) no payments for

3       Stated another way in Hefczyc's appellate brief, his claim is that because the
COTA "does not specify any pricing or pricing structure for any category of patients . . .
[Rady] is permitted, under equitable principles such as quantum meruit, to charge
uninsured emergency care patients for no more than the reasonable value of the services
it provides." Citing Civil Code section 1611, Hefczyc contends that because the COTA
"leaves the pricing term 'open,' " Rady is "limited to charging no more than the
reasonable value of the services it provides." In his appellate brief, Hefczyc also explains
his separate contention, reflected in part of the declaratory relief sought in the complaint,
that "even if [the COTA] is ultimately interpreted as permitting [Rady] to charge self-pay
patients' guarantors its Chargemaster rates, Hefczyc's position on the merits is that such
provision is unconscionable."
                                             6
          the hospital visit have been made by other than the guarantor, the
          patient or the patient's representatives."4

The single cause of action alleged in the complaint is for declaratory judgment.

Specifically, the complaint seeks the following declarations on behalf of the alleged

class: (1) "a declaration . . . with respect to their payment obligations to [Rady],

including a determination of the construction and validity of the financial obligation

provision of their [COTA] with [Rady], specifically finding that [Rady's COTA] contains

an 'open price' term, and does not permit [Rady] to bill and demand payment from self-

pay emergency care patients based upon its Chargemaster rates"; (2) "a declaration that

they are liable to [Rady], under [the COTA], for no more than the reasonable value of the

treatment/services provided"; and (3) "a declaration that [Rady's] billing practices as they

relate to Class members are unfair, unconscionable, and/or unreasonable."

       In relating these prayers for declaratory relief to the request for class treatment in

this action, the complaint alleges that a determination as to whether the COTA should be

interpreted to "only require[] payment at a reasonable rate and for no more than the

reasonable value of the services rendered" "should be made only once, and should be

equally applicable to all Class members." The complaint alleges that "[w]hile such a

Declaratory Judgment would not, in itself, determine the reasonable value of services

rendered, it would allow a patient the ability to dispute [Rady's] unreasonable demands,

4      The class definition also provides that certain persons associated with Rady and
any judicial officer assigned to this matter along with his or her immediate family are
excluded from the class.
                                              7
and provide the ability to negotiate an appropriate payment amount and reasonable

payment terms."

B.     The Class Action Certification Motion

       Hefczyc filed a motion for class certification, in which he sought an order

certifying a class pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 382, "the equivalents of

Rules 23(b)(1) and/or 23(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure," or in the

alternative, an order certifying a class based on a single issue pursuant to California Rules

of Court, rule 3.765(b).5 In opposition, Rady argued, among other things, that

certification under the equivalent of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1) or

(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) was not appropriate and that Hefczyc had not satisfied the

requirements for class certification applied by California courts.

       The trial court issued a ruling denying class certification. With respect to

Hefczyc's contention that a class should be certified under Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, rule 23(b)(1) and/or (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.), the trial court's ruling stated that it

"disagrees" with Hefczyc's position. At the hearing on the class certification motion, the

trial court provided the further explanation that "given the facts of this case, it's . . . this

Court's opinion" that the provisions in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure cited by

Hefczyc did not apply, "so the analysis . . . has to be done under the California rule." The

trial court therefore, "examine[d] this motion under principles that generally guide

California courts in deciding whether to certify a class." Applying the applicable

5     California Rules of Court, rule 3.765(b) states that "[w]hen appropriate, an action
may be maintained as a class action limited to particular issues."
                                                8
California case law, the trial court concluded that (1) the class was not ascertainable

because "to identify class members could not be accomplished without unreasonable

expense or time"; (2) "common questions of fact do not predominate over individualized

questions"; and (3) class certification "would not provide substantial benefits that would

render proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives." The trial court further rejected

the argument "that an issue should be certified in this case pursuant to [California Rules

of Court, rule] 3.765(b)."

       Hefczyc appeals from the order denying class certification.6

6      "The denial of certification to an entire class is an appealable order." (Linder v.
Thrifty Oil Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th 429, 435 (Linder).)
                                              9
                                               II

                                        DISCUSSION

A.     Standard of Review

       We review the order denying class certification for an abuse of discretion. (Sav-on

Drug Stores, Inc. v. Superior Court (2004) 34 Cal.4th 319, 327 (Sav-on).) " 'Because

trial courts are ideally situated to evaluate the efficiencies and practicalities of permitting

group action, they are afforded great discretion in granting or denying certification.' "

(Id. at p. 326.) "[A] trial court ruling supported by substantial evidence generally will not

be disturbed 'unless (1) improper criteria were used [citation]; or (2) erroneous legal

assumptions were made.' " (Linder, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 435.) " 'Any valid pertinent

reason stated will be sufficient to uphold the order.' " (Id. at p. 436.)

       However, " 'appellate review of orders denying class certification differs from

ordinary appellate review. Under ordinary appellate review, we do not address the trial

court's reasoning and consider only whether the result was correct. [Citation.] But when

denying class certification, the trial court must state its reasons, and we must review those

reasons for correctness. [Citation.] We may only consider the reasons stated by the trial

court and must ignore any unexpressed reason that might support the ruling. [Citations.]

[¶] We will affirm an order denying class certification if any of the trial court's stated

reasons was valid and sufficient to justify the order, and it is supported by substantial

evidence.' " (Mies v. Sephora U.S.A., Inc. (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 967, 980.)

       " 'The certification question is "essentially a procedural one that does not ask

whether an action is legally or factually meritorious." ' " (Brinker Restaurant Corp. v.

                                              10
Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1023 (Brinker).) However, "[w]hen evidence or

legal issues germane to the certification question bear as well on aspects of the merits, a

court may properly evaluate them. . . . [¶] In particular, whether common or individual

questions predominate will often depend upon resolution of issues closely tied to the

merits." (Id. at pp. 1023-1024.)

B.     There Is No Merit to Hefczyc's Contention That the Requirements of Federal Rules
       of Civil Procedure, Rule 23 (28 U.S.C.) Should Apply Here, Rather than the
       Requirements Set Out in California Case Law

       1.     Applicable California and Federal Standards for Class Certification

       Hefczyc's main appellate argument is that because his complaint seeks only

declaratory relief, the trial court should have applied the class certification requirements

set forth in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) or (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) rather

than the requirements set forth in California case law.

              a.     Class Certification Requirements in California Courts

       The authority for class action litigation in California is set forth in Code of Civil

Procedure section 382, which provides that "when the question is one of a common or

general interest, of many persons, or when the parties are numerous, and it is

impracticable to bring them all before the court, one or more may sue or defend for the

benefit of all." For several decades, our Supreme Court has consistently "articulated clear

requirements for the certification of a class. The party advocating class treatment must

demonstrate the existence of an ascertainable and sufficiently numerous class, a well-

defined community of interest, and substantial benefits from certification that render

proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives. . . . 'In turn, the "community of interest

                                              11
requirement embodies three factors: (1) predominant common questions of law or fact;

(2) class representatives with claims or defenses typical of the class; and (3) class

representatives who can adequately represent the class." ' " (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at

p. 1021, citations omitted.)

       These standards have been set forth and consistently applied numerous times by

our Supreme Court. (See, e.g., Daar v. Yellow Cab Co. (1967) 67 Cal.2d 695, 704

(Daar); Vasquez v. Superior Court (1971) 4 Cal.3d 800, 809; City of San Jose v. Superior

Court (1974) 12 Cal.3d 447, 459 (City of San Jose); Occidental Land, Inc. v. Superior

Court (1976) 18 Cal.3d 355, 360 (Occidental Land); Richmond v. Dart Industries,

Inc. (1981) 29 Cal.3d 462, 470; Linder, supra, 23 Cal.4th at p. 435; Washington Mutual

Bank v. Superior Court (2001) 24 Cal.4th 906, 913 (Washington Mutual); Lockheed

Martin Corp. v. Superior Court (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1096, 1103 (Lockheed); Sav-On, supra,

34 Cal.4th at p. 326; Fireside Bank v. Superior Court (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1069, 1089;

Ayala v. Antelope Valley Newspapers, Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 522, 529 (Ayala).) Never

has our Supreme Court indicated that it would diverge from these requirements based on

the type of claims presented in a lawsuit. Indeed, our Supreme Court long ago indicated

that "it uniformly has been held that two requirements must be met in order to sustain any

class action: (1) there must be an ascertainable class [citations]; and (2) there must be a

well defined community of interest in the questions of law and fact involved affecting the

parties to be represented." (Daar, at p. 704, italics added.)

       Our Supreme Court has also consistently applied the long-standing and well-

settled requirement that the proponent of class certification must establish that there are

                                             12
substantial benefits from certification that render proceeding as a class superior to the

alternatives. (See, e.g., Occidental Land, supra, 18 Cal.3d at p. 360 ["It must be shown

that a substantial benefit both to the litigants and to the court will result, and the burden

of that showing falls on the plaintiff"]; City of San Jose, supra, 12 Cal.3d at p. 460 ["we

start from certain settled premises: Before the imposition of a judgment binding on

absent parties can be justified, it must be shown that substantial benefits both to the

litigants and to the court will result"]; Daar, supra, 67 Cal.2d at p. 713 ["substantial

benefits resulting from class litigation, both to the litigants and to the court, should be

found before the imposition of a judgment binding on absent parties can be justified"];

Ayala, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 530 [requiring "substantial benefits from certification that

render proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives"].)

       In this case, as we have explained, the trial court applied the long-settled standards

for class certification set forth in our Supreme Court's opinions, and it denied class

certification because it found that three of the requirements were lacking: (1) the class

was not ascertainable; (2) common questions of law or fact did not predominate; and (3)

Hefczyc had not established that substantial benefits from certification would render

proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives.7

7      These three requirements are sometimes referred to by the shorthand reference of
"ascertainability," "predominance" and "superiority" (Thompson v. Automobile Club of
Southern California (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 719, 733 (Thompson)), and we will use
those terms here.
                                              13
              b.     Class Certification Requirements in Federal Court

       In contrast, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23 (28 U.S.C.) does not require

that ascertainability, predominance and superiority be established to obtain certification

in every type of case. As relevant here, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23 (28

U.S.C.) provides as follows:

          "(a) Prerequisites. One or more members of a class may sue or be
          sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if:

          "(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is
          impracticable;

          "(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;

          "(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of
          the claims or defenses of the class; and

          "(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the
          interests of the class.

          "(b) Types of Class Actions. A class action may be maintained if
          Rule 23(a) is satisfied and if:

          "(1) prosecuting separate actions by or against individual class
          members would create a risk of:

          "(A) inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual
          class members that would establish incompatible standards of
          conduct for the party opposing the class; or

          "(B) adjudications with respect to individual class members that, as a
          practical matter, would be dispositive of the interests of the other
          members not parties to the individual adjudications or would
          substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests;

          "(2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on
          grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive
          relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting
          the class as a whole; or

                                            14
          "(3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class
          members predominate over any questions affecting only individual
          members, and that a class action is superior to other available
          methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy."

       As set forth in this rule, only if a class action is certified under Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(3) (28 U.S.C.) is the court required to make a finding similar

to the predominance and superiority requirements under California law, namely, that

"questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions

affecting only individual members," and "that a class action is superior to other available

methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy." (Ibid.; Wal-Mart Stores,

Inc. v. Dukes (2011) 564 U.S. 338, 362 (Dukes) ["predominance" and "superiority" apply

only in classes certified under Fed. Rules Civ. Proc., rule 23(b)(3) (28 U.S.C.)].)

Although Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23 does not refer to an ascertainability

requirement, many federal courts "have held that it is an implicit requirement of class

certification." (Cole v. City of Memphis (6th Cir. 2016) 839 F.3d 530, 541 (Cole) [citing

other cases].) However, several federal circuit courts have also held that ascertainability

is not required when a class is certified under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule

23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.). (See Cole, at p. 542 [holding that no ascertainability is required

                                              15
under Fed. Rules Civ. Proc., rule 23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.), and citing other federal circuit

court opinions reaching the same conclusion].)8

8      Although Hefczyc states that no finding of ascertainability is required in federal
court to certify a class under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1) or (b)(2) (28
U.S.C.), the only case law he cites discusses certification under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, rule 23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.).
                                             16
              c.     California Courts May Look to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
                     Rule 23 (28 U.S.C.) in the Absence of State Precedent

       "It is well established that in the absence of relevant state precedents our trial

courts are urged to follow the procedures prescribed in rule 23 of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure for conducting class actions." (Green v. Obledo (1981) 29 Cal.3d 126,

145-146 (Green).) However, "[i]t is only in the absence of relevant state precedent that

courts turn to federal law and rule 23 for guidance." (Stephen v. Enterprise Rent-A-

Car (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 806, 814.) "As a general rule, California courts are not

bound by the federal rules of procedure but may look to them and to the federal cases

interpreting them for guidance or where California precedent is lacking. . . . California

courts have never adopted Rule 23 as 'a procedural strait jacket. To the contrary, trial

courts [are] urged to exercise pragmatism and flexibility in dealing with class actions.' "

(Wershba v. Apple Computer, Inc. (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 224, 239-240, citations

omitted.)

              d.     Hefczyc Contends That the Trial Court Should Have Applied the
                     Equivalent of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 23(b)(1)(A) or
                     (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.)

       Characterizing the relief sought in his complaint as simply "a declaration as to the

meaning of a single Contract provision" which would "interpret a few lines of [Rady's

COTA] on a class[-]wide basis," Hefczyc contends that the trial court should have

applied the "equivalent" of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) or (b)(2)

(28 U.S.C.) when deciding the class certification motion because California lacks

                                              17
precedent as to which class certification standards apply when the plaintiff seeks nothing

more than declaratory relief on a class-wide basis.

       Specifically, pointing out that Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A)

(28 U.S.C.) authorizes class certification when "prosecuting separate actions by or

against individual class members would create a risk of . . . inconsistent or varying

adjudications with respect to individual class members that would establish incompatible

standards of conduct for the party opposing the class" (ibid.), Hefczyc contends that

provision applies here because, in the absence of a certified class, Rady "could be limited

to enforcing collection for no more than the reasonable value of its services in one legal

action . . . while being authorized to enforce collection of its full Chargemaster rates in a

different action."9 Further, pointing out that Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule

9       Although we need not resolve the issue, we note that under federal law, Hefczyc
might not be able to establish that his case qualifies for treatment under Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) (28 U.S.C.). As we have explained, rule 23(b)(1)(A)
provides for class certification when "the prosecution of separate actions by or against
individual members of the class would create a risk of . . . inconsistent or varying
adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would establish
incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class." However, "[a]
widely-recognized limitation on [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23] (b)(1)(A)
certification requires that there be 'more than the mere possibility that inconsistent
judgments and resolutions of identical questions of law would result if numerous actions
are conducted instead of one class action.' " (In re Integra Realty Resources, Inc. (10th
Cir. 2004) 354 F.3d 1246, 1264.) "Thus, [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule]
23(b)(1)(A) is designed to protect against the nonclass party's being placed in a
stalemated or conflicted position and is applicable only to actions in which there is not
only a risk of inconsistent adjudications but also where the nonclass party could be sued
for different and incompatible affirmative relief." (National Union Fire Ins. Co. of
Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Midland Bancor, Inc., et al. (D. Kan. 1994) 158 F.R.D. 681, 687.)
Hefczyc argues only that Rady might be subject to inconsistent rulings on the contract
interpretation question if numerous individual suits were brought, not that Rady would be
                                             18
23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) authorizes class certification when "the party opposing the class has

acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive

relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole"

(ibid.), Hefczyc argues that provision applies here because Rady has "used common

Contract language and admittedly charged all Class members its Chargemaster rates."

According to Hefczyc, "[Rady] has acted on grounds that apply generally to the Class,

and final relief of an injunctive nature or of a corresponding declaratory nature, settling

the legality of the behavior with respect to the Class as a whole, is appropriate under the

standard set forth in [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,] rule 23(b)(2)."10

       Hefczyc argues that because the trial court should have applied Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) or (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) in deciding the class certification

motion, it also should not have required that Hefczyc establish ascertainability,

placed in a stalemated position because of the different judgments or that the relief
ordered would be incompatible.

10       Under federal law, Hefczyc also might not be able to establish that his case
qualifies for treatment under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(2). That rule
"applies only when a single injunction or declaratory judgment would provide relief to
each member of the class. It does not authorize class certification when each individual
class member would be entitled to a different injunction or declaratory judgment against
the defendant. Similarly, it does not authorize class certification when each class
member would be entitled to an individualized award of monetary damages." (Dukes,
supra, 564 U.S. at pp. 360-361.) In light of the fact that Hefczyc seeks a declaration that
would serve only as a first step to each class member obtaining some final relief from
Rady in a different proceeding, in which the reasonableness of the specific charges
incurred by that class member would be at issue, Hefczyc may not be able to establish
that his lawsuit seeks the "final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory
relief . . . respecting the class as a whole" (Fed. Rules Civ. Proc., rule 23(b)(2) (28
U.S.C.)) that is necessary for class certification under the federal rule.
                                             19
predominance and superiority as a prerequisite for obtaining class certification. As

Hefczyc contends, because ascertainability, predominance and superiority would not be

required in a federal court proceeding when a class is certified pursuant to Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) or (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.), the trial court should not have

applied those requirements here.

          As we will explain, we reject Hefczyc's argument. No California authority

supports the contention that ascertainability, predominance and superiority are not

required when a proposed class action would be certified under Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) or (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) if it were proceeding in federal court.

On the contrary, case law consistently holds that ascertainability, predominance and

superiority are always required to certify a class action in California under Code of Civil

Procedure section 382.

          2.    No California Authority Supports Hefczyc's Contention That He Is Not
                Required to Establish Ascertainability, Predominance and Superiority in a
                Proposed Class Action Seeking Only Declaratory Relief

          As we have explained, in a long list of opinions, our Supreme Court has

"uniformly" required a plaintiff seeking class certification to establish ascertainability,

predominance and superiority "in order to sustain any class action." (Daar, supra, 67

Cal.2d at p. 704, italics added.) Our high court has never provided any indication that it

would diverge from these requirements in a case seeking only declaratory or injunctive

relief.

          Several intermediate appellate court opinions in California, including one case on

which Hefczyc heavily relies (Capitol People First v. State Dept. of Developmental

                                               20
Services (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 676 (Capitol People First)), and one from this court

(Reyes v. Board of Supervisors of San Diego County, et al. (1987) 196 Cal.App.3d 1263

(Reyes)), considered proposed class actions that sought only declaratory and injunctive

relief. As we will explain, both of those opinions expressly required that the plaintiff

establish ascertainability, predominance and superiority to obtain class certification.

       In Capitol People First, the relief requested consisted of "declaratory and

injunctive relief as well as orders pursuant to a writ of mandate compelling defendants to

comply with enumerated duties" requiring government departments and officials to

comply with the laws applicable to persons with developmental disabilities. (Capitol

People First, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 686.) The court explained that under Code of

Civil Procedure section 382, "the proponent of certification must establish the existence

of a well-defined community of interest among class members. . . . The community of

interest requirement embraces three factors: (1) common questions of law or fact that

predominate over questions affecting individual members; (2) class representatives with

claims or defenses that are typical of the class; and (3) class representatives who can

adequately represent the class. . . . [¶] As well, in assessing the appropriateness of

certification trial courts are charged with carefully weighing the respective benefits and

burdens of class litigation to the end that maintenance of the class action will only be

permitted where substantial benefits accrue to the litigants and the court. . . . [T]he

substantial benefits analysis raises the question whether a class action is superior to

                                             21
individual lawsuits and other alternative procedures for resolving the controversy."

(Capitol People First, at pp. 688-689, citations omitted.)11

       This court in Reyes, supra, 196 Cal.App.3d 1263, considered a proposed class

action complaint seeking solely declaratory and injunctive relief to stop the County of

San Diego's practice of depriving general relief recipients of benefits for failing to

comply with certain rules. Although noting that the courts "have sought guidance

from . . . the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23, in the absence of state precedent,"

Reyes nevertheless identified and applied the class action certification requirements of

ascertainability, predominance and superiority. (Id. at p. 1271.) Citing our Supreme

Court's precedent, Reyes explained that the certification of a class in California

"require[s] the showing of an ascertainable class and a well-defined community of

11      Hefczyc appears to rely on Capitol People First because it contains the following
footnote: "In the absence of relevant state precedent, trial courts are urged to follow the
procedures set forth in rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for conducting
class actions. (Green[, supra,] 29 Cal.3d 126, 145-146.) As we have no specific
statutory provision detailing procedures for class plaintiffs pursuing only injunctive and
declaratory relief, the trial court appropriately looked to [Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure] rule 23(b)(2) for guidance." (Capitol People First, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at
p. 692, fn. 12.) However, Capitol People First was not referring to Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) on the issue of whether ascertainability,
predominance and superiority were required for class certification. Instead, the trial court
had cited the federal rule in commenting that class certification might be proper where,
on behalf of the class, the defendant sought "injunctive and declaratory relief and
centering on whether [plaintiff] demonstrated that [defendants] ' "acted or refused to act
on grounds generally applicable to the class." ' " (Capitol People First, at p. 691.)
Hefczyc reads too much into the footnote. Capitol People First simply commented that
in deciding whether common questions of law or fact predominated, it was appropriate
for the trial court to look to the federal rule for the general principle that a common
question might predominate when the defendant has acted or refused to act on grounds
generally applicable to the class.
                                             22
interest in questions of law and fact among the members of that class," and that "[a]s to

the community of interest requirement, it consists of three factors: '(1) predominant

common questions of law or fact; (2) class representatives with claims or defenses typical

of the class; and (3) class representatives who can adequately represent the class.' " (Id.

at pp. 1270-1271.) Further, referring to the superiority requirement, Reyes stated that

"[t]he party seeking class certification bears the burden of . . . showing that substantial

benefits, both to the litigants and to the court, will result from class certification." (Id. at

p. 1271.)

       Rady cites other California cases in which the relief sought was solely declaratory

or injunctive, but which did not diverge from the standard class action certification

requirements that our Supreme Court has consistently applied. (Mendoza v. County of

Tulare (1982) 128 Cal.App.3d 403, 416 [in a case seeking declaratory and injunctive

relief on behalf of jail inmates, the court applied the rule that "[i]n order to sustain a class

action, parties must allege facts sufficient to establish (1) an ascertainable class; and (2) 'a

well defined community of interest in the questions of law and fact involved affecting the

parties to be represented' "]; Adkins v. Leach (1971) 17 Cal.App.3d 771, 777 [in a

proposed class action seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on behalf of welfare

recipients, the court applied community of interest and ascertainability requirements].)

       In support of Hefczyc's position that because he seeks only declaratory relief, the

trial court should have applied the class certification standards set forth in Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1) or (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.), Hefczyc cites Frazier v. City of

Richmond (1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 1491 and Bell v. American Title Ins. Co., et al. (1991)

                                               23
226 Cal.App.3d 1589. Those cases relied on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, rule

23(b)(1) and (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) to conclude that notice to the class and an opportunity to

opt out of the class were not required in a case seeking primarily injunctive or declaratory

relief. (Frazier, at p. 1501; Bell, at p. 1608.)12 However, neither of those opinions

addressed whether a California court may dispense with the requirements that our

Supreme Court has set forth for class action certification, including ascertainability,

predominance and superiority.

       In sum, there is no gap in California precedent to be filled by reference to Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) or (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) on the issue of what class

certification standards must be met when a plaintiff seeks only declaratory or injunctive

relief on behalf of a class. Even when the plaintiff seeks solely declaratory or injunctive

relief, California case law follows the well-established requirements that our Supreme

Court has consistently stated, namely, (as relevant here) that the plaintiff must establish

that (1) the class is ascertainable; (2) common questions predominate; and (3) a class

action would provide substantial benefits, making it superior to other procedures for

12     A subsequent opinion also has recognized that Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
rule 23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) might be helpful for California courts in considering whether
class members should be provided the right to opt out of a particular class action, but also
noted that "[s]trictly speaking, California class actions can neither be certified pursuant to
[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] rule 23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) nor barred from certification
by the rule, and even the United States Supreme Court's elucidation as to what is and is
not permitted by Rule 23(b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) can be only advisory." (Carter v. City of Los
Angeles (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 808, 824.)
                                             24
resolving the controversy. Therefore, the trial court did not err in concluding that class

action certification should be denied if Hefczyc did not establish those requirements.13

C.     The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Determining That Hefczyc Did
       Not Establish Ascertainability, Predominance and Superiority

       Having concluded that the trial court properly required Hefczyc to establish

ascertainability, predominance and superiority to prevail in his class certification motion,

we next consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that those

requirements were not met.

       1.     Ascertainability

       " 'A class is ascertainable if it identifies a group of unnamed plaintiffs by

describing a set of common characteristics sufficient to allow a member of that group to

identify himself or herself as having a right to recover based on the description.' . . .

'Ascertainability is achieved "by defining the class in terms of objective characteristics

13      Our recent opinion Kendall v. Scripps Health (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 553
(Kendall) also supports the conclusion that the requirements of ascertainability,
predominance and superiority apply here, despite Hefczyc's contention that such a
showing is not required for class certification of claims seeking declaratory relief and that
the approach of the federal courts when certifying a class under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, rule 23(b)(1)(A) and (b)(2) (28 U.S.C.) should be applied in California courts.
In Kendall, plaintiffs sought certification of a class in a lawsuit that asserted claims for
damages under the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.) and the
unfair competition law (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.), but which also sought
declaratory relief as to the meaning of a contract provision stating that a person receiving
services from the health care facility would pay the facility's Chargemaster rates. The
plaintiff in Kendall argued that with respect to the declaratory relief claim, "federal rules
would permit him to obtain declaratory relief without regard to California requirements
of community of interest and ascertainability of the class." (Kendall, at. p. 576.)
Focusing on the "very closely related nature of his declaratory relief claims" to the claims
for damages, Kendall rejected the argument and concluded that California standards for
certifying a class were applicable. (Id. at p. 578.)
                                              25
and common transactional facts making the ultimate identification of class members

possible when that identification becomes necessary." ' . . . 'Whether a class is

ascertainable is determined by examining (1) the class definition, (2) the size of the class,

and (3) the means available for identifying class members' at the remedial stage."

(Aguirre v. Amscan Holdings, Inc. (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 1290, 1299-1300 (Aguirre),

citations omitted.)

       " 'While often it is said that "[c]lass members are 'ascertainable' where they may

be readily identified without unreasonable expense or time by reference to official

records" [citations], that statement must be considered in light of the purpose of the

ascertainability requirement.' . . . 'Ascertainability is required in order to give notice to

putative class members as to whom the judgment in the action will be res judicata.' . . .

The goal in defining an ascertainable class 'is to use terminology that will convey

"sufficient meaning to enable persons hearing it to determine whether they are members

of the class plaintiffs wish to represent." [Citation.] ". . . Otherwise, it is not possible to

give adequate notice to class members or to determine after the litigation has concluded

who is barred from relitigating." ' " (Aguirre, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1300-1301,

citations omitted.) " 'Class certification is properly denied for lack of ascertainability

when the proposed definition is overbroad and the plaintiff offers no means by which

only those class members who have claims can be identified from those who should not

                                               26
be included in the class.' " (Hale v. Sharp Healthcare (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 50, 58-59

(Hale).)14

       Here, Hefczyc defined the proposed class as follows: "The guarantors of all

persons, who, within the last four years, had one or more 'eligible patient hospital visits'

to [Rady's] emergency department. [¶] For purposes of this class definition, an 'eligible

patient hospital visit' is defined as one for which (1) the patient was billed at the hospital's

full Chargemaster rates; (2) there have been no full writeoffs, discounts or adjustments to

the full Chargemaster billing under [Rady's] charity care policies; (3) the bill has not

otherwise been waived or written off in full by [Rady]; and (4) no payments for the

hospital visit have been made by other than the guarantor, the patient or the patient's

representatives."

14     Hefczyc contends that by relying on California case law defining the
ascertainability requirement, the trial court improperly imposed an "administrative
feasibility" requirement that some federal courts do not require. In support of this
argument, Hefczyc cites Briseno v. ConAgra Foods, Inc. (9th Cir. 2017) 844 F.3d 1121,
1126, which held that "the language of Rule 23 does not impose a freestanding
administrative feasibility prerequisite to class certification." As used in Briseno,
administrative feasibility means that "a class proponent must proffer an administratively
feasible way to identify class members." (Id. at p. 1125, fn. 4.) However, as Briseno
acknowledges, the issue of whether administrative feasibility is required is disputed
among the federal circuit courts. (Briseno, at p. 1127 [acknowledging that the Third
Circuit Court of Appeals requires administrative feasibility], citing Byrd v. Aaron's Inc.
(3d Cir. 2015) 784 F.3d 154, 162-163.) We reject Hefczyc's contention that we should
follow an unsettled line of federal court authority. Instead, we apply the well-settled
rules for determining ascertainability set forth in California case law. As we have
explained, that case law sets forth a consideration similar to administrative feasibility in
that we consider whether class members " ' " ' "may be readily identified without
unreasonable expense or time by reference to official records." ' " ' " (Hale, supra, 232
Cal.App.4th at p. 58.)
                                              27
       In opposition to the class certification motion, Rady submitted an extensive

declaration from Michael Hester, Rady's Senior Director of Revenue Cycle. Hester

explained that "each patient account's history has to be manually evaluated individually

to determine whether the rates collected and those that are outstanding are the full

Chargemaster amounts or some other amount." This is because self-pay patients may

obtain a variety of different discounts based on their unique circumstances. Further,

patients originally may have been billed at full Chargemaster rates, only to later establish

they were covered by insurance or qualified for governmental health benefits. Rady

would have to manually review each individual account to determine if that is the case.

Moreover, even patients who are covered by insurance may have paid Chargemaster rates

for some services that were not covered by insurance. That circumstance also can be

determined only by a manual review of each patient's account. Another problem in

ascertaining whether a patient paid the full Chargemaster rate arises because "if a

patient's account is sent to collections for debt collection, the vendor has authority in

certain situations to provide a discount to encourage payment."

       Hester explained that given all of these complexities and the limitations of Rady's

billing system, it would take an individual inquiry into hundreds of thousands of patient

records to determine whether a patient falls under the class definition. Hester explained,

that "[Rady] does not maintain patient information in a manner that permits access to

certain data points (including whether the patient was finally determined to be self-pay)

on an aggregated basis. To figure out what a patient/guarantor has paid for his/her

encounter, if anything, or to assess whether the patient later qualified for Medicare, Medi-

                                              28
Cal or other governmental assistance program, [Rady] would have to conduct an

individual inquiry into hundreds of thousands of patient's records. The same is true if

[Rady] was asked whether and to what extent a patient was offered and accepted any

discount based on any financial assistance or charity program, and the resulting payments

made, if any. A manual, line-by-line, document by document review would be required,

and the results of that review could change moment by moment as more is learned about

patients and financial classes are updated." Hester summarized, "This would be

extremely overly burdensome for [Rady] and would take hundreds to thousands of hours

to review individual accounts. . . . The information requested by plaintiff to define

plaintiff's purported class would require individual inquiries into thousands to millions of

individual records."

       Based on Hester's declaration, the trial court concluded that "the class here is not

ascertainable because to identify class members could not be accomplished without

unreasonable expense or time."

       Hefczyc takes issue with the trial court's conclusion, contending that it is not

supported by substantial evidence. Hefczyc contends that Hester's explanation of the

time-consuming nature of determining the membership of the class purportedly ignores

that the class definition is "based on [Rady's] electronic payment records, and no

'individual' review is required, except to the extent an electronic database query is

considered an 'individual review.' " Hefczyc cites no evidentiary support for his

contention that no individual review of Rady's records is required, and he does not cite to

any portion of the class definition that would limit the inquiry required to Rady's

                                             29
electronic database. Indeed, Hefczyc refers to no evidence to dispute Hester's statement

that it would be extremely time-consuming for Rady to review its records to determine

the membership of the class. Therefore, Hester's declaration constitutes substantial

evidence to support the trial court's finding that it would unreasonably burden Rady to

identify the members of the class.

       Relying on case law establishing that, in certain instances, a class may be

ascertainable if members are able to self-identify that they belong to a class (Nicodemus

v. Saint Francis Memorial Hospital (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 1200, 1217), Hefczyc argues

that the class in this case is ascertainable because it would be possible for class members

to self-identify based on the class definition. Hefczyc also points out that it is not

necessarily the case that individual class members will need to be identified so that notice

can be sent to them. Hefczyc argues that if the trial court ends up requiring that notice be

given in this case, "it does not have to be in the form of actual notice to individual class

members, such that Class member identification would be required. For example,

. . . notice can be given by publication, which would not require identification of

individual Class members." In that situation, self-identification of class members could

be a plausible approach.

       We reject the argument because the proposed class definition is not drafted in such

a way that class members would be able to identify for themselves that they fall within

the class by reviewing the class definition. Specifically, the first requirement for class

membership as set forth in Hefczyc's proposed class definition is that "the patient was

billed at the hospital's full Chargemaster rates." The class definition does not explain the

                                              30
term "full Chargemaster rates," and it is unlikely that a person reading the class definition

would understand what is meant by that term. Further, as shown by the bills that Rady

sent to Hefczyc, which are included in the record, the term "Chargemaster" does not

appear anywhere in the bills to inform the recipient that he or she is being billed based on

Chargemaster rates. Accordingly, we conclude that the class cannot be made

ascertainable by relying on members of the public to self-identify whether they fall

within the class definition in the event that notice is given by publication to the general

public.

          In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that

Hefczyc failed to establish the ascertainability of the class.15

          2.     Predominance

          The requirement of predominance arises because "[p]laintiffs' burden on moving

for class certification . . . is not merely to show that some common issues exist, but,

rather, to place substantial evidence in the record that common issues predominate."

(Lockheed, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 1108.) "The 'ultimate question' the element of

15      Hefczyc argues that in the event we agree with the trial court that the class is not
ascertainable, we should remand with directions that he be permitted to amend the class
definition as follows: "all guarantors of individuals who, from November 11, 2011 to the
date of class certification, received treatment at [Rady] and who were directly billed by
[Rady] at Chargemaster rates on one or more occasions." We need not address this
argument, as we find the other requirements for class certification to be lacking,
regardless of whether the problems with ascertainability can be remedied. We do
however note that Hefczyc's revised class definition raises serious overbreadth problems,
as Hester's declaration establishes that many patients who originally receive a bill at
Chargemaster rates will not end up paying that amount because they will receive a
discount or later determine that the charges are covered by insurance or a government
program.
                                                31
predominance presents is whether 'the issues which may be jointly tried, when compared

with those requiring separate adjudication, are so numerous or substantial that the

maintenance of a class action would be advantageous to the judicial process and to the

litigants.' . . . The answer hinges on 'whether the theory of recovery advanced by the

proponents of certification is, as an analytical matter, likely to prove amenable to class

treatment.' . . . A court must examine the allegations of the complaint and supporting

declarations . . . and consider whether the legal and factual issues they present are such

that their resolution in a single class proceeding would be both desirable and feasible."

(Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1021-1022, citations omitted.)

       As we are required to inquire " 'whether the theory of recovery advanced by the

proponents of certification is, as an analytical matter, likely to prove amenable to class

treatment' " (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021), we must first closely examine the

theory of recovery set forth in the complaint. According to Hefczyc's appellate brief, the

complaint seeks nothing more than the determination of a simple contract interpretation

question requiring "a declaration as to the meaning of a single Contract provision."

Hefczyc claims because the relief he seeks is limited to a simple contract interpretation

question, he "does not ask the trial court to determine what the 'reasonable value' of

[Rady's] services is for himself or any other Class member." However, a review of

Hefczyc's complaint shows that the declaratory relief sought in this action is far more

complicated than interpreting a single contract provision.

       As we have explained, the complaint seeks the following declaratory relief on

behalf of the proposed class: (1) "a declaration . . . with respect to their payment

                                             32
obligations to [Rady], including a determination of the construction and validity of the

financial obligation provision of their [COTA] with [Rady], specifically finding that

[Rady's COTA] contains an 'open price' term, and does not permit [Rady] to bill and

demand payment from self-pay emergency care patients based upon its Chargemaster

rates"; (2) "a declaration that they are liable to [Rady], under [the COTA], for no more

than the reasonable value of the treatment/services provided"; and (3) "a declaration that

[Rady's] billing practices as they relate to Class members are unfair, unconscionable,

and/or unreasonable."

       Although Hefczyc claims that he is not requesting a ruling on the reasonable value

of Rady's services, as we will explain, in order to afford relief under the first and third

requests made in Hefczyc's complaint, the trial court will necessarily be required to

determine whether Rady's Chargemaster rates are reasonable, creating an unmanageable

individualized factual inquiry that differs as to each class member and that is accordingly

unsuited to resolution in a class action proceeding.

       Specifically, turning to the first declaration sought by Hefczyc, in order to issue a

declaration that the COTA contains an " 'open price' term" and thus "does not permit

[Rady] to bill and demand payment . . . based upon its Chargemaster rates," the trial court

will have to determine that the Chargemaster rates do not represent the reasonable value

of Rady's services. This is because, as Hefczyc explains in his appellate brief, his legal

theory is that because the COTA purportedly contains an open price term, Rady "is

limited to charging no more than the reasonable value of the services it provides." In

order to issue the declaratory relief requested by Hefczyc that the COTA "does not permit

                                              33
[Rady] to bill and demand payment . . . based upon its Chargemaster rates," the trial court

will necessarily be required to decide whether the Chargemaster rates represent the

reasonable value of Rady's services. Only if the Chargemaster rates do not represent the

reasonable value of Rady's services would there be any merit to Hefczyc's position that

the purported " 'open price' term" in the COTA precludes Rady from billing at its

Chargemaster rates.

       A similar finding as to whether the Chargemaster rates represent the reasonable

value of Rady's services is required as part of the declaration sought by Hefczyc that

"[Rady's] billing practices as they relate to Class members are unfair, unconscionable,

and/or unreasonable." Self-evidently, because Hefczyc expressly seeks a declaration that

Rady's billing practices are "unreasonable," in order to issue such a declaration the trial

court would be required to consider the reasonableness of Rady's Chargemaster rates. In

a similar case considering a challenge to the unconscionability of another hospital's

Chargemaster rates, the court explained a determination regarding the unconscionability

of the rates requires that the court " 'look to the basis and justification for the price

[citation], including "the price actually being paid by . . . other similarly situated

consumers in a similar transaction." ' [Citation.] In addition, 'courts consider not only

the market price, but also the cost of the goods or services to the seller [citations], the

inconvenience imposed on the seller [citation], and the true value of the product or

service.' " (Moran v. Prime Healthcare Management, Inc. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 1131,

1148, italics added.) Thus, to issue a declaration that Rady's Chargemaster rates are

                                               34
unconscionable, the trial court would be required to consider whether the Chargemaster

rates represent the reasonable value of Rady's services.

       As Rady has made clear in its appellate brief, it believes its Chargemaster rates

represent the reasonable value of its services. Thus, to issue the declaratory relief sought

by Hefczyc, the trial court will have to resolve the disputed issue of whether Rady's

Chargemaster rates represent the reasonable value of those services.

       The reasonable value of Rady's services is not a common issue that is amenable to

class treatment. As the evidence submitted by Rady establishes, Rady's Chargemaster

contains thousands of individual line-item charges. Each individual class member will

have received a different set of services from Rady, corresponding to different rates on

Rady's Chargemaster. As case law explains, the evidence required for a determination of

the reasonable value of a hospital's services is wide-ranging and differs based on the type

of service at issue. "[T]he facts and circumstances of the particular case dictate what

evidence is relevant to show the reasonable market value of the services at issue, i.e., the

price that would be agreed upon by a willing buyer and a willing seller negotiating at

arm's length. Specific criteria might or might not be appropriate for a given set of facts."

(Children's Hospital Central California v. Blue Cross of California (2014) 226

Cal.App.4th 1260, 1274-1275 [discussing reasonable value of services rendered by

hospital during period not covered by written contract with insurance carrier].)

"[R]elevant evidence would include the full range of fees that Hospital both charges and

accepts as payment for similar services. The scope of the rates accepted by or paid to

Hospital by other payors indicates the value of the services in the marketplace. From that

                                             35
evidence, along with evidence of any other factors that are relevant to the situation, the

trier of fact can determine the reasonable value of the particular services that were

provided, i.e., the price that a willing buyer will pay and a willing seller will accept in an

arm's length transaction." (Id. at p. 1275.) Thus, a determination of whether Rady's

Chargemaster represents the reasonable value of Rady's services would require the trial

court to consider evidence relating to thousands of different services, and each class

member will have received a billing comprised of different services and therefore

different Chargemaster entries, some of which may represent the reasonable value of

Rady's services, and some of which may not. Accordingly, the question of whether the

Chargemaster represents the reasonable value of Rady's services does not present a

common question suitable for determination on a class-wide basis.

       In numerous other cases in which plaintiffs have sought to certify a class to

challenge the reasonableness of Chargemaster rates charged by the defendant, courts have

recognized that the reasonableness of the Chargemaster rates is an issue that will require

individual determination on a case-by-case basis rather than presenting a common

question suitable for class determination. (Hale, supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at pp. 61-67

[common issues did not predominate in a class action lawsuit seeking damages for

allegedly unreasonable Chargemaster rates when the reasonable value of the hospital's

services could not be calculated on a class-wide basis]; Kendall, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at

p. 573 [common issues did not predominate as to suit seeking damages based on practice

of billing at Chargemaster rates because "[a]ny reasonable value determinations

concerning the services provided to . . . putative class members must involve

                                              36
considerations . . . of the individual variations among the patients' treatment" and "the

effect of regulatory schemes"]; Eufaula Hosp. Corp. v. Lawrence (Ala. 2009) 32 S.3d 30,

46 [class certification in a case challenging Chargemaster rates was properly denied

because "calculating a reasonable charge for the medical services provided . . . involves

heavily individualized determinations for each class member"]; Maldonado v. Ochsner

Clinic Foundation (5th Cir. 2007) 493 F.3d 521, 524-525 [class certification was

properly denied in a lawsuit challenging Chargemaster rates because "the reasonableness

of medical fees depends on multiple factors" and "the amount patients were charged and

the amount that is 'reasonable' for the services they received is necessarily an individual

inquiry"]; Colomar v. Mercy Hospital, Inc. (S.D.Fla. 2007) 242 F.R.D. 671, 676

(Colomar) [plaintiff failed to identify common question in a class action lawsuit

challenging Chargemaster rates because "all the facts going to the reasonableness of the

[hospital's] charges will differ between the potential class [members] based on the type of

services rendered and the time period in which they were received"].) We reach the same

conclusion here. By seeking the specific type of declaratory relief identified in the

complaint, Hefczyc has created a situation in which the trial court will be required to

decide the reasonableness of Rady's Chargemaster rates, which is a highly individualized

and fact-intensive inquiry. Therefore, this action is not one in which common issues

predominate.

       Hefczyc relies on cases holding that interpretation of a form contract entered into

by each of the class members is an appropriate subject for class treatment because the

meaning of the form contract is a common issue that predominates in the action. (See

                                             37
Kleiner v. First National Bank of Atlanta (N.D.Ga. 1983) 97 F.R.D. 683, 692 ["claims

arising from interpretations of a form contract appear to present the classic case for

treatment as a class action, and breach of contract cases are routinely certified as such"];

In re Checking Account Overdraft Litigation (S.D.Fla. 2012) 286 F.R.D. 645, 657, fn.

omitted ["[s]ince the reasonable expectations of a party to a standardized form contract

are judged objectively, the entire class will win or lose on their contract claims based

upon the same evidence and legal standards of contract construction"]; but see Thompson,

supra, 217 Cal.App.4th at p. 732 ["the mere existence of a form contract is insufficient to

determine that common issues predominate when the questions of breach and damage are

essentially individual"].) However, as we have discussed, because of the specific nature

of the declaratory relief that Hefczyc seeks, resolving this case would require the trial

court to do far more than simply interpret the COTA. On the contrary, to issue a

declaration that Rady is not permitted to bill based on its Chargemaster rates and that its

billing practices are unconscionable, the trial court would be required to decide whether

each and every item on Rady's Chargemaster represents the reasonable value of Rady's

services provided to individual patients in any given year. That determination does not

present a common issue amenable to a simple class-wide declaration. (See Colomar,

supra, 242 F.R.D. at p. 683 [in denying class certification in a case challenging

Chargemaster rates, the court stated that "[i]t does not help Plaintiff that [the hospital]

uniformly used a standardized contract with an open pricing term because the all-

important details going to the reasonableness of the charges are anything but standardized

                                              38
or uniform"].) Accordingly, the trial court was well within its discretion to conclude that

Hefczyc failed to establish that common issues predominate.

       3.     Superiority

       "[T]he proponent of class certification bears the burden of establishing that a class

action will be a superior means of resolving the dispute. . . . In determining the

superiority of class treatment, the trial court must weigh the respective benefits and

burdens of class litigation." (Soderstedt v. CBIZ Southern California, LLC (2011) 197

Cal.App.4th 133, 156, citations omitted.) "A class action should be certified only if it

will provide substantial benefits both to the courts and the litigants." (Washington

Mutual, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 914.)

       As we have explained, to issue the declaratory relief sought by Hefczyc, the trial

court will necessarily have to decide whether each of the Chargemaster rates appearing

on each of the bills received by the class members represented the reasonable value of

Rady's services. That determination is not suitable for class-wide treatment because it

would require the court to examine extensive evidence on the thousands of different

services appearing on the Chargemaster and the different services rendered to individual

patients. It would be much more manageable for the courts and litigants if each person

who wishes to challenge the reasonableness of a bill based on Rady's Chargemaster rates

brings an individual proceeding, where the evidence can be manageably limited to the

specific services at issue. Accordingly, the trial court was within its discretion to

conclude that class treatment was not a superior method for resolving the issue presented

in the complaint.

                                             39
D.     The Trial Court Properly Denied Issue Certification

       In his motion for class certification, Hefczyc requested, in the alternative, that the

trial court certify a single class issue pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 3.765(b).

Hefczyc sought certification of the following issue: "whether [the COTA] allows [Rady]

to charge self-pay patients its Chargemaster rates, or whether [the COTA] contains an

'open' price term which limits [Rady] to charging no more than the reasonable value of

the services provided." Hefczyc contends that the trial court erred in denying

certification on this single issue.

       The single issue that Hefczyc identifies is substantially similar to the first item of

declaratory relief set forth in the complaint, which seeks a declaration that "[Rady's

COTA] contains an 'open price' term, and does not permit [Rady] to bill and demand

payment from self-pay emergency care patients based upon its Chargemaster rates." In

one instance Hefczyc is seeking a declaration that the COTA "does not permit" Rady to

bill at Chargemaster rates; in the other instance, Hefczyc is seeking a declaration as to

whether, the COTA "allows" Rady to bill at Chargemaster rates. However, the substance

of the declaratory relief sought in both instances is the same.

       We have thoroughly discussed why this type of declaratory relief is not

appropriate for class certification. Specifically, to issue a declaration that the COTA

either "does not permit" or does not "allow" Rady to bill at Chargemaster rates, the trial

court would be required to determine whether the Chargemaster represents the reasonable

value of Rady's services. That inquiry presents individualized and complicated issues

unique to each class member, each of whom received different bills based on different

                                              40
services. Accordingly, the single issue that Hefczyc has identified is not appropriate for

class certification. Moreover, even if Hefczyc had identified an issue appropriate for

class treatment, he still has not established the existence of an ascertainable class.

                                       DISPOSITION

       The order denying class certification is affirmed.

                                                                                    IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

HUFFMAN, J.

                                              41