Court Opinion

ID: 4425536
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-14 19:00:18.172283+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:55:21.175420
License: Public Domain

PUBLISHED

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                     No. 18-1529

W. C. ENGLISH, INC.,

                   Plaintiff - Appellant,

             v.

RUMMEL, KLEPPER & KAHL, LLP; CDM SMITH, INC.,

                   Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at
Lynchburg. Norman K. Moon, Senior District Judge. (6:17-cv-00018-NKM-RSB)

Argued: May 8, 2019                                        Decided: August 14, 2019

Before NIEMEYER and HARRIS, Circuit Judges, and Ellen L. HOLLANDER, United
States District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation.

Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in
which Judge Harris and Judge Hollander joined.

ARGUED: Dustin M. Paul, VANDEVENTER BLACK, LLP, Norfolk, Virginia, for
Appellant. Jason N. Smith, SEYFARTH SHAW, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee
CDM Smith, Inc. William D. Bayliss, WILLIAMS MULLEN, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellee Rummel, Klepper & Kahl. ON BRIEF: James R. Harvey, III, Norfolk,
Virginia, Andrew P. Selman, VANDEVENTER BLACK, LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellant. Anthony J. LaPlaca, SEYFARTH SHAW, LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Appellee CDM Smith, Inc. Brendan D. O’Toole, Joseph R. Pope, WILLIAMS
MULLEN, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee Rummel, Klepper & Kahl.

                                  2
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

       The Virginia Department of Transportation awarded W.C. English, Inc., the

contract to construct a bridge over Interstate 81 near Lexington, Virginia. English in turn

retained Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, LLP (“RK&K”) to provide “quality assurance”

services and CDM Smith, Inc., to provide “quality control” services.

       During the construction of the bridge, after much of the bridge’s concrete deck had

been poured, it was discovered that there was an incorrect depth of concrete over the

deck’s rebars, which resulted from the rebars’ improper placement.            Because the

deficiency affected the structural capacity of the deck, the Virginia Department of

Transportation required English to tear down the bridge and rebuild it. English did so at

a cost of over $3.1 million.

       English then commenced this diversity action against RK&K and CDM Smith for

breach of contract and indemnification. The district court granted summary judgment to

RK&K and CDM Smith with a 29-page opinion, which construed contractual provisions

and determined some of the facts relating to the conduct of the parties during

construction. In doing so, the court construed ambiguous contractual language and

resolved factual disputes, which, we conclude, violated the established principles of

summary judgment. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for

further proceedings.

                                            3
                                                 I

        The contract between the Virginia Department of Transportation (“VDOT”) and

English for construction of the bridge over Interstate 81 required an 8.5-inch concrete

deck reinforced by two separate mats of crisscrossed rebars placed so as to end up with a

1.5-inch concrete cover underneath the mats and a 2.75-inch concrete cover over the top

of the mats. To achieve the specified cover dimensions, the mats had to be 2.5 inches

apart. English concluded that 2.5-inch spacers, known as “chairs” or “slab runners,”

needed to be installed between the mats to maintain the 2.5-inch space required between

them.

        During the course of construction, however, a decision was made by certain

English and RK&K personnel to insert 1.75-inch slab runners between the reinforcement

mats, which resulted in an incorrect concrete cover and thus the bridge’s failure to satisfy

VDOT’s specifications. Instead of having a 2.75-inch cover, as specified, the cover as

constructed was 3.75 inches and more.            After VDOT conducted an analysis of the

performance of the deck as constructed, it concluded that it could not satisfy the

structural capacity required and demanded that English tear down and rebuild the bridge.

English did so at a cost of over $3.1 million.

        English commenced this action against RK&K and CDM Smith, asserting claims

for breach of contract and indemnification arising from the construction deficiency and

seeking as damages the cost of reconstructing the bridge. It alleged that RK&K failed to

provide “quality assurance” (“QA”) services as required by its subcontract and that CDM

Smith failed to provide “quality control” (“QC”) services as required by its subcontract.

                                                 4
The QA and QC functions, while related, were distinct, as provided in VDOT’s project

requirements:

      Quality Assurance — A process performed independently of the
      construction contractor . . . for the purpose of determining the conformance
      of the work by examining the QC data and/or providing objective evidence
      (independent sampling and testing), to verify the contractor’s quality
      control sampling and testing. The contractor will (organizationally through
      services independent of production forces) provide the QA inspection
      normally provided by VDOT . . . .

      Quality Control — Quality control functions performed by the Design-
      Builder. The quality control function (QC) is to assess and adjust design,
      production and construction processes so as to control the level of quality
      being produced in the Project. The purpose of QC is to measure those
      quality characteristics and to inspect those activities that affect the
      production at a time when corrective action can be taken to substantially
      decrease the likelihood that appreciable non-conforming material will be
      incorporated in the Project.

      In their subcontracts with English, RK&K as the QA provider and CDM Smith as

the QC provider agreed to follow the “Construction Quality Assurance Plan” and the

“Construction Quality Control Plan,” both of which were part of the broader “Quality

Assurance/Quality Control Plan” for the project.

      In particular, the Quality Assurance Plan outlined “three classifications of

noncompliant work” and described the responsive procedures for each:

      Level 1 (QC) — Deficient work identified and corrected same day — An
      example would be reinforcing steel being tied for a bridge footing that does
      not have the proper cover. The QC inspector points it out to the foreman
      who corrects it immediately. This issue is noted in the diary by the QC
      inspector. The QC inspector notes what they found and what the contractor
      did to correct the issue. The issue is closed.

      Level 2 (QA and QC) — Deficient work identified and corrected at a later
      date — These are items that a QC inspector identifies in the field, notifies
      the foreman, the foreman agrees to fix the item, and the QC inspector notes

                                           5
         in their diary what the issue is, the corrective action agreed to and the date
         it will be completed. The diary is then turned into the QA Office Engineer
         who transfers the issue to the project Issue Log so it can be tracked to
         ensure it is fixed. The Issue Log is reviewed by the QA and QC team on a
         weekly basis to ensure all items are corrected. The QA and QC team
         performs reinspection of the item prior to removing it [from] the Issue Log.
         The Issue Log will be turned in weekly to VDOT as well. All issues must
         be corrected prior to the Design-builder receiving 100% payment for that
         item.

         Level 3 (VDOT, QA and QC) — Deficient work identified and corrected at
         a later date where a witness or hold point (i.e. VDOT’s approval) is
         required — This is an issue that results [in] a Non-conformance Report
         (NCR) where the infraction is of a serious nature and requires input from
         the upper level management from the Design-build team, such as the
         Design Manager, to resolve it. If a corrective action must take place in the
         field due to the NCR, a witness or hold point will be initiated to ensure
         VDOT has the opportunity to review the design-builders performance of
         the corrective action. When the nonconformance work has been re-
         inspected by the QC and QA team (and VDOT if required by resolution of
         the NCR) and the results are satisfactory [an] NCR notice of correction will
         be issued. All NCR resolutions require VDOT’s concurrence. In addition,
         all NCR’s must be corrected prior to the Design-build team receiving 100%
         payment for that item. An NCR log will be kept and reviewed on a weekly
         basis to ensure items are being addressed. . . . Where feasible, status tags
         will be utilized in the field to identify non-conforming work. Authorization
         for removal can be approved only by originator of NCR or that person’s
         supervisor, and only when demonstrated that nonconforming item meets
         acceptance criteria or has been reviewed and Accepted for use by the
         Department Project Manager. Unauthorized removal of nonconformance
         status tags is prohibited.

Thus, under this framework, Level 1 nonconformities required the CDM Smith inspector

to inform the foreman and record the exchange in his project diary; Level 2

nonconformities required the CDM Smith inspector to inform the foreman and an RK&K

official; and Level 3 nonconformities required a non-conformance report and upper-level

input.

                                               6
      In contrast to the Quality Assurance Plan, the Quality Control Plan provided that

CDM Smith “will immediately notify the [construction manager] if materials or

workmanship do not comply with the specifications” and that “[i]f the issues or

deficiencies cannot be resolved, the [CDM Smith] inspector will advise [RK&K] and

initiate a Non-conformance report.” And elsewhere, the Quality Control Plan stated that

CDM Smith was required to “[r]eport any quality deficiencies to the [construction

manager], [RK&K], and the [project manager].”

      While English’s subcontracts with RK&K and CDM Smith were both based on a

form provided by English, RK&K added handwritten amendments to its contract. In

particular, as relevant here, it amended Sections 11 and 23 of the contract, which

governed RK&K’s potential liability and indemnification obligations, to provide as

follows (with RK&K’s amendments that added language noted by italics):

      11. Indemnity. To the full extent permitted by law, [RK&K] agrees to
      indemnify and save harmless [English and VDOT], and their servants and
      employees, from and against any claim, cost, expense, or liability
      (including attorney’s fees), attributable to bodily injury, sickness, disease or
      death, or to damages or destruction of property (including loss of use
      thereof), caused by the negligent performance of the Work by [RK&K], its
      subcontractors, or their agents, servants, or employees, provided, however,
      [RK&K’s] duty hereunder shall not arise if such injury, sickness, death,
      damage, or destruction is caused by the negligence of a party indemnified
      hereunder, or by their subcontractors or consultants of any tier. [RK&K’s]
      obligation hereunder shall not be limited by the provision of any
      workmen’s compensation or similar act.

      Should [VDOT] or any other person assert a claim or institute a suit, action
      or proceeding against [English] involving the manner or sufficiency of the
      Work, [RK&K] shall indemnify and save harmless [English] and its
      servants and employees, from and against any liability, loss, damage, or
      expense arising out of or relat[ing] to such claim, suit, action, or
      proceeding, to the extent directly caused by the negligence of subcontractor

                                             7
      but not to the extent caused by the acts or omissions of [English] or its
      subcontractors or consultants of any tier.

                                    *      *      *

      23. Damage. Except if due to [English’s] negligence, [English] shall not
      be liable or responsible for any loss or damage to the equipment, tools,
      facilities, or other personal property owned, rented, or used by [RK&K], or
      anyone employed by [RK&K], in the performance of the Work; and
      [RK&K] shall maintain such insurance and take such protective action as it
      deems desirable with respect to such property. Except if due to [English’s]
      negligence, [English] shall not be liable or responsible for any loss or
      damage to the Work, and [RK&K] shall be responsible for the correction or
      restoration of any such loss or damage to the Work, or to the work of
      [English] or any other subcontractor, resulting from the operations of
      [RK&K], or its subcontractors, agents, servants or employees hereunder.
      [RK&K] shall take reasonable precautions to protect the Work from loss or
      damage prior to acceptance by [VDOT].

By contrast, Sections 11 and 23 of CDM Smith’s contract contained no such

amendments.

      Following discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The

district court granted RK&K and CDM Smith’s motions and denied English’s motion.

      In granting summary judgment to RK&K, the district court agreed with RK&K’s

argument that, even assuming that it had breached its contract, the breach caused no

damage because “the terms of the contract absolve[d] RK&K of liability if English was

negligent” and that “English has no right to indemnity because . . . the terms of the

contract exempt RK&K from liability if English was negligent.” The district court read

Sections 11 and 23 together, reasoning that even though the provisions employed

differing language, they could “be reasonably reconciled.” The court’s reconciliation of

the provisions led “to a reading that [was] similar to the tort concept of contributory

                                           8
negligence: if English was the cause of its own damages it cannot collect.” Accordingly,

the court held that because English was as a factual matter at least partly responsible for

the decision to use the 1.75-inch slab runners, it was barred from recovering any damages

from RK&K.

       And in granting summary judgment to CDM Smith, the district court held that

“CDM Smith is entitled to summary judgment because a reasonable jury would be

required to find that it fulfilled its contractual obligations, and English’s damages arose

out of its sole negligence.” In so holding, the court concluded as a matter of law (1) that

the “Level” framework in the Quality Assurance Plan governed; (2) that the 1.75-inch

slab runners presented only a Level 2 nonconformity; and (3) that CDM Smith had

fulfilled its contractual duties in addressing such a nonconformity.

       From the district court’s judgment dated April 13, 2018, English filed this appeal.

                                             II

       We review summary judgments de novo, “applying the same legal standards as the

district court and viewing all facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”

Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Cohen, 785 F.3d 886, 889 (4th Cir. 2015)

(cleaned up). Of course, for RK&K or CDM Smith to be entitled to summary judgment,

they must demonstrate that there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact” and that

they are “entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

                                             9
       In this case, the district court granted summary judgment to RK&K and CDM

Smith for different reasons. Accordingly, we address the judgment as to each defendant

separately.

                                             A

       In granting summary judgment to RK&K, the district court concluded that

English’s contract with RK&K adopted a scheme “similar to the tort concept of

contributory negligence” and that English’s negligence thus completely barred its

recovery. To reach this conclusion, the court conducted an analysis that “[brought] the

most salient parts of each of the [following three] paragraphs together to construe the

contract’s meaning”:

       [11. Indemnity.] To the full extent permitted by law, [RK&K] agrees to
       indemnify and save harmless [English and VDOT] . . . against any claim,
       cost, expense, or liability (including attorney’s fees), attributable to bodily
       injury, sickness, disease or death, or to damages or destruction of property
       (including loss of use thereof), caused by the negligent performance of the
       Work by [RK&K] . . . provided, however, [RK&K’s] duty hereunder shall
       not arise if such injury, sickness, death, damage, or destruction is caused
       by the negligence of a party indemnified hereunder, or by their
       subcontractors or consultants of any tier.

       Should [VDOT] or any other person assert a claim or institute a suit, action
       or proceeding against [English] involving the manner or sufficiency of the
       Work, [RK&K] shall indemnify and save harmless [English] and its
       servants and employees, from and against any liability, loss, damage, or
       expense arising out of or relat[ing] to such claim, suit, action, or
       proceeding, to the extent directly caused by the negligence of subcontractor
       but not to the extent caused by the acts or omissions of [English] or its
       subcontractors or consultants of any tier.

                                      *      *       *

                                             10
       [23. Damage.] . . . Except if due to [English’s] negligence, [English] shall
       not be liable or responsible for any loss or damage to the Work, and
       [RK&K] shall be responsible for the correction or restoration of any such
       loss or damage to the Work, or to the work of [English] or any other
       subcontractor, resulting from the operations of [RK&K], or its
       subcontractors, agents, servants or employees hereunder.

(Emphasis provided by the district court). Although the court acknowledged that the

second paragraph of Section 11 “could possibly be read to anticipate something akin to

the tort concept of comparat[ive] negligence,” it discarded that interpretation by focusing

on Section 11’s “use of the word ‘directly,’” explaining:

       The use of this word here is best read as “proximately.” See, e.g., Estate of
       Moses ex rel. Moses v. Sw. Virginia Transit Mgmt. Co., 273 Va. 672, 679
       (2007) (equating “proximate cause,” “direct,” and “efficient contributing
       cause” in the tort context). When read this way, this sentence states that
       RK&K is liable for damages “to the extent [proximately] caused by the
       negligence of [RK&K] but not to the extent caused by the acts or omissions
       of [English].” This reading demonstrates that RK&K agreed to liability
       when the dual requirements of contributory negligence were satisfied:
       RK&K would be liable for damages and would indemnify English when
       RK&K’s conduct consisted of “negligence and proximate causation.”
       Rascher v. Friend, 279 Va. 370, 375 (2010). But RK&K would not be
       liable if damages were caused by English, unless it (RK&K) directly or
       proximately caused the injury.

(Cleaned up).

       English contends that the district court’s interpretation was erroneous, arguing that

Section 11’s second paragraph unambiguously “invokes a comparative scheme, not a

contributory negligence scheme” and pointing to courts that have interpreted similar “to

the extent” language as employing such a comparative scheme. See Oltmans Constr. v.

Bayside Interiors, Inc., 10 Cal. App. 5th 355, 364 (2017); United Rentals Hwy. Techs. v.

Wells Cargo, 289 P.3d 221, 227 (Nev. 2012); Nusbaum v. City of Kansas City,

                                            11
100 S.W.3d 101, 107 (Mo. 2003) (en banc) (per curiam); Greer v. City of Philadelphia,

795 A.2d 376, 378 (Pa. 2002); Mautz v. J.P. Patti Co., 688 A.2d 1088, 1093 (N.J. Super.

1997).

         English argues further that the district court erred in seeking to reconcile and apply

a uniform interpretation to the two paragraphs of Section 11 and the one paragraph of

Section 23 because each of the three paragraphs “address[es] different issues.”                In

particular, English contends that the second paragraph of Section 11 “is intended to

address typical breach-of-contract or breach-of-warranty situations where a problem

exists regarding compliance with the contractual obligations” to VDOT and that, because

that is the precise scenario in this case, the plain terms of that paragraph should control.

         In the alternative, English argues that the relevant language is, at the least,

ambiguous and that the district court thus erred in adopting its construction as a matter of

law. See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Pine Bluff Sand & Gravel Co., 89 F.3d 243, 247 (5th

Cir. 1996); Ohio Cas. Ins. Co. v. Holcim (US), Inc., 548 F.3d 1352, 1357 (11th Cir. 2008)

(per curiam); Olin Corp. v. Yeargin Inc., 146 F.3d 398, 404 (6th Cir. 1998); see also

Braegelmann v. Horizon Dev. Co., 371 N.W.2d 644, 646 (Minn. Ct. App. 1985).

         For its part, RK&K defends the district court’s holding, emphasizing that contracts

must be read as a whole. See Condo. Servs., Inc. v. First Owners’ Ass’n of Forty Six

Hundred Condo., Inc., 709 S.E.2d 163, 170 (Va. 2011); Plunkett v. Plunkett, 624 S.E.2d

39, 42 (Va. 2006).

         While we are not prepared to settle conclusively these interpretation disputes at the

summary judgment stage, English’s proffered interpretation is, at the very least,

                                               12
reasonable.   Indeed, of the two interpretations, English’s seems to be more closely

aligned with the actual language in the contract. The district court thus erred in rejecting

English’s interpretation and adopting RK&K’s interpretation as a matter of law. See Am.

Fidelity & Cas. Co. v. London & Edinburgh Ins. Co., 354 F.2d 214, 216 (4th Cir. 1965)

(noting that a contractual provision that is “susceptible of two reasonable interpretations”

is “ambiguous,” concluding that the provision at issue was ambiguous, and holding that

“since the existence of ambiguous terms creates an issue of fact, the granting of summary

judgment for either side [was] improper”); see also World-Wide Rights Ltd. P’ship v.

Combe Inc., 955 F.2d 242, 247 (4th Cir. 1992) (“Only an unambiguous writing justifies

summary judgment without resort to extrinsic evidence”).

       RK&K’s argument that its interpretation of its indemnification obligation is

“consistent with the common law of indemnification,” which precludes indemnification

for the indemnitee’s own negligence, is patently misplaced, as the authority on which

RK&K relies concerns implied indemnity — a distinct common law doctrine that is not at

issue in this case. Indeed, the cases cited by RK&K note that where, as here, there is an

express indemnification agreement, the terms of that agreement control. See Safeway,

Inc. v. DPI Midatlantic, Inc., 619 S.E.2d 76, 79 (Va. 2005) (distinguishing between the

concepts of contribution, implied indemnity, and express indemnity, noting that “an

express indemnity agreement reflects the loss distribution agreed to by the contracting

parties” (emphasis added) (cleaned up)); Wallenius Bremen G.m.b.H. v. United States,

409 F.2d 994, 998 (4th Cir. 1969) (describing implied indemnity, noting that “contract

                                            13
aside, . . . [t]he duty owed by the one sought to be made indemnitor must be ‘primary’”

(emphasis added) (cleaned up)).

        At bottom, while the district court was authorized to construe unambiguous

language as a matter of law, it could not resolve genuine disputes regarding the meaning

of ambiguous contractual language against the nonmoving party on summary judgment.

We therefore vacate the court’s grant of summary judgment to RK&K and remand for

further proceedings. On remand, it will fall to the factfinder to interpret the relevant

aspects of the contract and to determine the effect of any breach by English on RK&K’s

liability.

                                           B

        In granting summary judgment to CDM Smith, the district court held that “a

reasonable jury would be required to find that [CDM Smith] fulfilled its contractual

obligations and [that] English’s damages arose out of its sole negligence,” concluding as

a matter of law that the slab runners presented only a Level 2 nonconformity and that

CDM Smith had satisfied the contractual duties triggered by a Level 2 nonconformity. In

so holding, however, the district court improperly settled genuine disputes of material

fact against English, the nonmoving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.

242, 247–52 (1986).

        To begin, the district court seemed to base its factual conclusion that the slab

runners did not present a Level 3 nonconformity solely on its belief that English had

conceded as such. But the record does not support such a concession. To the contrary, in

                                           14
its papers filed in the district court, English expressly argued that the slab runners

presented a Level 3 nonconformity. The only possibly inconsistent statement occurred

during argument at the summary judgment hearing, where counsel for English noted that

“if there was a continuing nonconformity, as [RK&K and CDM Smith] now admit they

knew occurred, they had a responsibility to not allow it to proceed, they had the

responsibility to document it under a Level 2, which this would be.” But this was, at

most, an argument made in the alternative or an assertion that the slab runners presented

at least a Level 2 nonconformity. And in any event, as the district court never questioned

counsel about whether English was abandoning the position asserted in its papers, this

one stray statement was insufficient to constitute a binding judicial concession. Indeed,

counsel for CDM Smith acknowledged later during the same hearing that English was

arguing that the slab runners presented a Level 3 nonconformity.

       Whether the construction deficiency presented a Level 3 nonconformity is a

factual question that should have been left to the factfinder. The Quality Assurance Plan

provides unclear guidance on the subject, stating only that a Level 3 nonconformity

involves “deficient work identified and corrected at a later date where a witness or hold

point . . . is required” and “results [in] a [n]onconformance Report [when] the infraction

is of a serious nature and requires input from the upper-level management . . . to resolve

it.”

       Even if the deficiency was only a Level 2 nonconformity, moreover, it is still

unclear what CDM Smith’s contractual obligations were in the circumstances presented.

There is express language in the Quality Control Plan requiring (1) that CDM Smith

                                           15
“immediately notify the [construction manager] if materials or workmanship do not

comply with the specifications”; (2) that “[i]f the issues or deficiencies cannot be

resolved, the [CDM Smith] inspector will advise [RK&K] and initiate a Non-

conformance report”; and (3) that CDM Smith “[r]eport any quality deficiencies to the

[construction manager], [RK&K], and the [project manager].” And it is undisputed that,

although CDM Smith did document the construction deficiency and notify an English

foreman of the defect, it did not notify the acting construction manager or prepare a non-

conformance report. While the district court correctly noted that there is some tension

between these Quality Control Plan requirements and the Level framework of the Quality

Assurance Plan, the court incorrectly resolved this tension against English, by holding

that the Level framework exclusively governed CDM Smith’s obligations in this case.

See World-Wide Rights Ltd. P’ship, 955 F.2d at 245–47. Indeed, English plausibly

contends that the Level framework did not govern CDM Smith’s obligations at all, as that

framework is contained in the Quality Assurance Plan, not the Quality Control Plan. In

any event, the district court’s conclusion was improper at the summary judgment stage.

      Beyond these material issues of fact, there remain other disputes regarding what

occurred leading up to the final concrete pour for the bridge deck. For example, while

English does not dispute that its employees were involved in the decision to use 1.75-inch

slab runners, it also contends that it was “directed by CDM Smith inspector [Khairy]

Wahba to use the incorrectly sized slab runners,” citing deposition testimony by one its

foremen. CDM Smith contests this assertion, citing deposition testimony to the contrary

                                           16
by Dylan Frazier. The resolution of disputes of this kind, which relate to negligence of

the parties, should also have been left to the factfinder.

       Accordingly, we also vacate the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

CDM Smith and remand for further proceedings. On remand, the factfinder will need to

determine what CDM Smith’s contractual obligations were under the circumstances,

whether CDM Smith satisfied those obligations, and, if CDM Smith failed to meet its

obligations, whether and to what extent English is entitled to damages.

                                       *      *       *

       For the reasons given, we vacate the district court’s judgment of April 13, 2018,

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                             VACATED AND REMANDED

                                              17