Court Opinion

ID: 6329964
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-12 22:21:55.773615+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:57.521900
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Tabbaa v. Nouraldin, 2022-Ohio-1172.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                            EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

MOHAMMAD TABBAA,                                 :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,             :
                                                               No. 110737
                v.                               :

DR. HAZEM NOURALDIN, ET AL.,                     :

                Defendants-Appellees.            :

                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 7, 2022

            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                Case No. CV-19-922499

                                           Appearances:

                Michael Drain, for appellant.

                RaslanPla & Company, LLC, Nadia R. Zaiem, and Jorge
                Luis Pla, for appellees.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:

               This cause came to be heard on the accelerated calendar pursuant to

App.R. 11.1 and Loc.App.R. 11.1.                 Plaintiff-appellant, Mohammad Tabbaa

(“Tabbaa”), appeals an order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant-

appellee, Dr. Hazem Nouraldin (“Nouraldin”). He claims the following two errors:
      1. The trial court committed prejudicial error in granting defendant’s
      motion for summary judgment on the ground that plaintiff’s claim for
      breach of contract was irrelevant.

      2. The trial court committed prejudicial error in granting defendant’s
      motion for summary judgment where the statute of limitations for
      breach of written contract had not expired.

             After reviewing the record and applicable law, we reverse the trial

court’s judgment and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings.

                        I. Facts and Procedural History

             On September 30, 2019, Tabbaa filed a complaint against Nouraldin

and his wife, Sainya Atassi (collectively “the Nouraldins”). The complaint alleges

that Tabbaa and the Nouraldins co-owned multiple commercial properties and

businesses. At some point in time, Tabbaa was sued in connection with a restaurant

he owned with a third party. Tabbaa transferred his membership interests in the

businesses he co-owned with the Nouraldins to the Nouraldins in order to conceal

his assets from creditors. (Complaint ¶ 3, 4, 32.) According to the complaint, the

parties agreed Tabbaa would transfer his interests to the Nouraldins, but he would

continue to exercise his voting rights and receive his share of the profits from the

businesses. He also alleged that the Nouraldins agreed to return his shares and

membership interests to him upon request.

             After the restaurant litigation was resolved, Tabbaa requested the

return of his business interests. Tabbaa alleges that the Nouraldins not only failed

to return his interests as promised, they also failed to pay his share of the profits and

proceeds from the sale of some of the commercial properties. The complaint asserts
claims for breach of contract, promissory estoppel, conversion, fraud, unjust

enrichment, and declaratory judgment. The complaint repeatedly refers to an “oral

contract,” but also refers to a written contract, though no written contract was

attached to the complaint. (Complaint ¶ 31-32, 46.)

            The complaint does not allege any dates on which the alleged oral

agreement was made. During discovery, Tabbaa averred in responses to

interrogatories that the parties entered into an agreement some time in 2007.

(Responses to interrogatory Nos. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.)1 Tabbaa also averred that he

transferred his interests in the businesses pursuant to the parties’ agreement in

January 2008, and that he made repeated demands for the Nouraldins to return his

membership interests from 2010 through 2016, but the Nouraldins refused to honor

the parties’ agreement. (Response to interrogatory No. 12.)

             The Nouraldins filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that

Tabbaa’s claims were barred by the statute of limitations applicable to each of his

claims. The trial court agreed and granted the Nouraldinses’ motion for summary

judgment. In its judgment entry, the court acknowledged that Tabbaa twice refiled

the complaint in this case. The complaint was first filed on November 8, 2016, and

was voluntarily dismissed by Tabbaa on January 9, 2017. Tabbaa refiled the

complaint on January 8, 2018, but that complaint was dismissed for want of

      1
      Tabbaa’s responses to interrogatories are attached to defendants’ motion for
summary judgment as Exhibit A.
prosecution on November 2, 2018.2 Tabbaa filed the complaint for the third time on

September 30, 2019.

             The trial court concluded that Tabbaa did not plead a claim for breach

of a written contract and that, therefore, the six-year statute of limitations applicable

to oral contracts applied to his breach-of-contract claim. Although Tabbaa’s first

complaint was filed within the applicable statute of limitations and that the Ohio

Savings Statute, R.C. 2305.19(A), allowed Tabbaa to refile the case within one year

of dismissal, the trial court found that the six-year statute of limitations had expired

before Tabbaa filed the third complaint on September 30, 2019. The trial court also

found that the statutes of limitations applicable to Tabbaa’s other claims were also

expired. Tabbaa now appeals the trial court’s judgment.

                               II. Law and Analysis

                              A. Standard of Review

             Appellate review of summary judgments is de novo. Grafton v. Ohio

Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). The party moving for

summary judgment bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine

issue of material fact as to the essential elements of the case with evidence of the

      2  The “double dismissal rule” bars the subsequent refiling of a complaint that has
previously been voluntarily dismissed and refiled. However, the double dismissal rule
only applies to notices of voluntary dismissal under Civ.R. 41(A). A dismissal for want of
prosecution is a different type of dismissal under Civ.R. 41(B) and does implicate the
double dismissal rule. Hamrick v. Ramalia, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97385, 2012-Ohio-
1953, ¶ 12, citing Olynyk v. Scoles, 114 Ohio St.3d 56, 2007-Ohio-2878, 868 N.E.2d 254,
¶ 25-26. See also Thompson v. Ohio State Univ. Hosps., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-
1117, 2007-Ohio-4668.
type listed in Civ.R. 56(C). Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292, 662 N.E.2d 264

(1996). Once the moving party demonstrates entitlement to summary judgment,

the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to produce evidence related to any issue

on which the party bears the burden of production at trial. Civ.R. 56(E). Summary

judgment is appropriate when, after construing the evidence in a light most

favorable to the party against whom the motion is made, reasonable minds can only

reach a conclusion that is adverse to the nonmoving party. Zivich v. Mentor Soccer

Club, 82 Ohio St.3d 367, 369-370, 696 N.E.2d 201 (1998).

                              B. Written Contract

            In the first assignment of error, Tabbaa argues the trial court erred in

finding that the parties did not have a written contract and that the statute of

limitations applicable to written contracts, which is longer than the statute of

limitations for oral contracts, was inapplicable. He contends the parties had a

written contract that the trial court erroneously ignored.

              In granting the Nouraldinses’ motion for summary judgment, the trial

court concluded, in relevant part:

      Plaintiff did not plead a breach of a written contract in the Complaint.
      Plaintiff allege[s] oral contracts in paragraphs 31 and 32 of the
      Complaint. Plaintiff nowhere alleged a written contract. No written
      contract was attached to the Complaint in compliance with Civil Rule
      10(D). The statute of limitations for a written contract is therefore
      irrelevant as no such claim was plead [sic] in the Complaint.

However, Civ.R. 10(D) provides:

      When any claim or defense is founded on an account or other written
      instrument, a copy of the account or written instrument must be
      attached to the pleading. If the account or written instrument is not
      attached, the reason for the omission must be stated in the pleading.

(Emphasis added.) The complaint alleges, in part, that the Nouraldins made

fraudulent misrepresentations to Tabbaa “[p]rior to the parties entering into the

oral agreements and throughout the term of the written contract.” (Complaint ¶ 46.)

The complaint further states, in relevant part:

      Shortly after everything was signed, Defendants demanded the file
      from the attorney and has kept all copies of all documents regarding
      this transaction and has refused to provide same to Plaintiff.

(Complaint ¶ 10.) Thus, Tabbaa alleged that the parties had a written contract and

explained that he did not attach a copy of the parties’ written contract to the

complaint, as contemplated by Civ.R. 10(D), because it was in the defendant’s

possession.

              Furthermore, Ohio is a notice-pleading state, which means that a

plaintiff is generally not required to plead facts with particularity. Cincinnati v.

Beretta USA Corp., 95 Ohio St.3d 416, 2002-Ohio-2480, 768 N.E.2d 1136, ¶ 29.

Civ.R. 8(A), which governs the general rules of pleadings and claims for relief,

provides that a complaint is only required to contain “(1) a short and plain statement

of the claim showing that the party is entitled to relief, and (2) a demand for

judgment for the relief to which the party claims to be entitled.” Civ.R. 8(A). Thus,

under notice pleading requirements, a plaintiff need only allege sufficient facts to

put the opposing party on notice of the nature of the claims against it. Filips v. Case

W. Res. Univ., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79741, 2002-Ohio-4428, ¶ 23.
              Although the complaint refers to “an oral contract,” the complaint also

references a written contract and alleges sufficient operative facts to put the

Nouraldins on notice that Tabbaa was seeking damages caused by the Nouraldinses’

failure to return the interests in businesses and properties that Tabbaa temporarily

transferred to them. Thus, Tabbaa alleged a breach-of-contract claim in the

complaint and explained why the written contract was not attached to the complaint

as required by Civ.R. 10(D). Moreover, Tabbaa attached a verified copy of the

written contract to his brief in opposition to summary judgment and thus provided

evidence of a written contract. Therefore, the trial court erred in concluding that

Tabbaa never alleged a breach-of-written-contract claim and that the statute of

limitations applicable to written contracts was irrelevant.

              The first assignment of error is sustained.

                           C. Statutes of Limitations

              In the second assignment of error, Tabbaa argues the trial court erred

in finding that his breach-of-contract claim was barred by the statute of limitations

applicable to oral contracts. He contends that because the parties had a written

contract, the trial court should have applied the statute of limitations applicable to

written contracts.

              As discussed in the previous assignment of error, the trial court erred

in finding that the statute of limitations for written contracts was inapplicable since

Tabbaa alleged and proved that the parties had a written contract. Tabbaa concedes,

however, that his interests in Doctor Realty, L.L.C. were not included in the written
agreement and that it was the subject of an oral contract. (Plaintiff’s response to

motion for summary judgment p. 3.) Thus, the statute of limitations applicable to

oral contracts applies to the parties’ oral contract concerning Tabbaa’s interests in

Doctor Realty, L.L.C.

              Having determined that the parties had both a written and oral

contract, we must now determine whether Tabbaa’s claims for breach of written and

oral contracts are barred by the respective statutes of limitations applicable to oral

and written contracts. “Ordinarily, a cause of action accrues and the statute of

limitations begins to run at the time the wrongful act was committed.” Doe v.

Archdiocese of Cincinnati, 109 Ohio St.3d 491, 2006-Ohio-2625, 849 N.E.2d 268,

¶ 21, quoting Collins v. Sotka, 81 Ohio St.3d 506, 507, 692 N.E.2d 581 (1998).

“Under the discovery rule, the statute of limitations begins to run when the plaintiff

discovers or, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have discovered a

possible cause of action.” Id.

              A breach-of-contract claim accrues when the alleged breach causes

actual damages to the complaining party. Kincaid v. Erie Ins. Co., 128 Ohio St.3d

322, 2010-Ohio-6036, 944 N.E.2d 207, ¶ 13 (Breach of contract to provide insurance

benefits does not accrue until insurer refuses to pay claim.).

              R.C. 2305.06 provides the statute of limitations for “contracts in

writing” and states that except for certain inapplicable provisions, “an action upon

a specialty or an agreement, contract, or promise in writing shall be brought within

six years after the cause of action accrued.” R.C. 2305.06 was amended, effective
June 16, 2021. An editor’s note to the 2021 amendment to R.C. 2305.06 provides

that the limitations period for claims that accrued prior to the effective date of the

2021 enactment shall be the limitations period in existence prior to 2021, or six years

from the 2021 effective date, whichever occurs first.

              Another editor’s note, pertaining to amendments made in 2012, states

that the limitations period for causes of action that accrued prior to the effective date

of the 2012 amendment “shall be eight years from the effective date of this act or the

expiration of the period of limitations in effect prior to the effective date of this act,

whichever occurs first.” The statute of limitations applicable to written contracts

prior to the 2012 amendment was 15 years. See Amendment Notes to R.C. 2305.06.

               Tabbaa’s breach-of-contract action accrued as early as 2010, when he

demanded return of his shares or membership interests and the Nouraldins refused

to return them. (Complaint ¶ 11-21, 34; response to interrogatory No. 12.) In his

brief in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Tabbaa asserts that his

breach-of-contract action would have accrued at the earliest on October 13, 2011,

when one of the properties he co-owned with the Nouraldins was sold and he did

not receive any of the proceeds. (Plaintiff’s response to motion for summary

judgment p. 5.) Whether Tabbaa’s breach-of-contract action accrued sometime in

2010, or on October 13, 2011, the claim accrued before the 2021 and 2012

amendments to R.C. 2305.06 took effect. A six-year statute of limitations beginning

on June 16, 2021, the effective date of the most recent amendment to R.C. 2305.06,

would expire in 2027. Assuming the breach-of-contract claim arising from the
parties’ written contract accrued in 2010, the 15-year statute of limitations in effect

prior to the 2012 amendment would not expire until 2025, which will occur before

2027. Therefore, the 15-year statute of limitations in effect prior to the 2012 and

2021 amendments applies to the parties’ written contract.

              Tabbaa filed the third complaint on September 30, 2019. Although

the specific month and day the claim accrued are unknown, we can determine that

the complaint was timely filed based on the year. We, therefore, find that Tabbaa’s

complaint for breach of contract based on a written contract was timely filed and

that the trial court erred in concluding that his breach-of-contract claim was barred

by the statute of limitations.

              As previously stated, Tabbaa’s breach-of-contract claim relative to his

interests in Doctor Realty, L.L.C. is based on an oral contract. R.C. 2305.07 provides

the statute of limitations for “contracts not in writing.” As relevant here, R.C.

2305.07(A) states that “[e]xcept as provided in sections 126.301 and 1302.98 of the

Revised Code, an action upon a contract not in writing, express or implied, shall be

brought within four years after the cause of action accrued.”

              R.C. 2305.07 was amended, effective June 16, 2021. The editor’s

notes state, in relevant part:

      Acts 2021, SB 13, § 5 provides: “(A) For causes of action that are
      governed by division (A) of section 2305.07 of the Revised Code that
      accrued prior to the effective date of this act, the period of limitations
      shall be four years from the effective date of this act or the expiration of
      the period of limitations in effect prior to the effective date of this act,
      whichever occurs first.”
                 The statute of limitations for oral contracts in effect prior to the

effective date of S.B. 13, was six years. See amendment notes to R.C. 2305.07;

Pomeroy v. Schwartz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99638, 2013-Ohio-4920, ¶ 26.

Tabbaa stated in response to interrogatories that he requested the return of his

interests in multiple business entities “numerous” times between 2010 and 2016.

Therefore, his cause of action on the oral contract accrued before the effective date

of the 2021 amendment to R.C. 2305.07, and the six-year statute of limitations in

effect prior to the effective date of 2021 amendment applies to this claim.

                 As previously stated, Tabbaa demanded the return of his interests in

multiple entities “numerous” times “between 2010 and 2016.”            (Response to

interrogatory No. 12.) It is not clear from the complaint, Tabbaa’s answers to

interrogatories, or the affidavit attached to his brief in opposition to the summary

judgment motion when he specifically requested the return of his interests in Doctor

Realty, L.L.C. We have no way of knowing whether he requested the return of his

interests in all entities at once or whether he only requested a few at a time over a

period of years and, if so, when he requested the return of his interests in Doctor

Realty, L.L.C.

                 Tabbaa argues that his breach-of-contract claim relative to Doctor

Realty, L.L.C. has not yet accrued because the property owned by that entity has not

been sold, and the Nouraldins have not yet deprived him of the proceeds. (Plaintiff’s

response to motion for summary judgment p. 5; affidavit attached to plaintiff’s

response to motion for summary judgment ¶ 9.) We simply do not have sufficient
information in the record to make a determination as to whether this cause of action

has accrued and, if so, when it accrued. Therefore, the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment on that claim without sufficient evidence to make such a

determination.

              The second assignment of error is sustained.

              Judgment reversed and case remanded to the trial court for further

proceedings. Tabbaa did not challenge the trial court’s finding that his claims for

promissory estoppel, conversion, fraud, unjust enrichment, and declaratory

judgment were barred by the applicable statutes of limitations relative to those

claims. Therefore, the trial court’s order granting summary judgment on those

claims remains unchanged.

      It is ordered that appellant recover from appellees costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry

this judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

ANITA LASTER MAYS, P.J., and
LISA B. FORBES, J., CONCUR