Court Opinion

ID: 1085748
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-17 22:04:03.381844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:13.841847
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                            Appellate Court

                           Steinmetz v. Wolgamot, 2013 IL App (1st) 121375

Appellate Court               WILLIAM STEINMETZ, M.D., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JOHN P.
Caption                       WOLGAMOT and ACTON & SNYDER LLP, Defendants-Appellees
                              (Michael Vallone, Brian Wasson, William S. Cover, Joe Starns, Bruce
                              Lindahl, and David Dillon, Defendants).

District & No.                First District, First Division
                              Docket No. 1-12-1375

Filed                         August 12, 2013

Held                          Summary judgment was properly entered for defendants on the ground
(Note: This syllabus          that plaintiff’s complaint for fraud, conspiracy, breach of fiduciary duty,
constitutes no part of        legal malpractice and accountant malpractice based on defendants’ advice
the opinion of the court      that plaintiff physician get involved in a money management program to
but has been prepared         protect his assets and avoid taxes was barred by the two-year statute of
by the Reporter of            limitations, since plaintiff filed his action more than two years after he
Decisions for the             started receiving notice of tax liabilities arising from his participation in
convenience of the            the program, and the trial court did not err in rejecting plaintiff’s
reader.)
                              contention that defendants were equitably estopped from raising a
                              limitations defense.

Decision Under                Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 05-L-14368; the
Review                        Hon. Ronald F. Bartkowicz, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                      Affirmed.
Counsel on                 Donald L. Johnson and Julie A. Boynton, both of Donald L. Johnson,
Appeal                     P.C., of Chicago, for appellant.

                           Konicek & Dillon, P.C., of Geneva (Thomas W. Dillon, of counsel), for
                           appellees.

Panel                      JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court, with
                           opinion.
                           Presiding Justice Hoffman and Justice Delort concurred in the judgment
                           and opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1           Plaintiff, William Steinmetz, M.D., filed a four-count complaint alleging fraud and
        conspiracy against defendants Michael Vallone, Brian Wasson, William S. Cover, and Joe
        Starns in count I, breach of fiduciary duty against defendant Bruce Lindahl in count II, legal
        malpractice against defendants John P. Wolgamot and Acton & Snyder LLP, in count III and
        accountant’s malpractice against defendant David Dillon in count IV. Plaintiff’s allegations
        related to defendants’ advice prompting him to enroll and stay enrolled in a program called
        AEGIS that was to have provided him with asset protection and tax savings. Plaintiff’s
        enrollment in AEGIS allegedly did not provide him with asset protection and tax savings, but
        instead caused him to incur significant tax penalties and interest obligations to the Internal
        Revenue Service (IRS) and the Illinois Department of Revenue. Plaintiff sought
        approximately $3 million in damages against defendants. Defendants Acton & Snyder LLP,
        and Mr. Wolgamot filed a motion for summary judgment, contending plaintiff’s complaint
        against them for legal malpractice was barred by the applicable two-year statute of
        limitations. 735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(b) (West 2004). The trial court granted the motion for
        summary judgment and denied plaintiff’s motions to reconsider and for leave to file a second
        amended complaint. Plaintiff then moved to voluntarily dismiss the remaining counts against
        all defendants, which the trial court granted. Plaintiff appeals the order denying his motion
        to reconsider the grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants Acton & Snyder LLP,
        and Mr. Wolgamot on his legal malpractice action and denying him leave to file a second
        amended complaint. We affirm.
¶2           The following facts are taken from plaintiff’s pleadings as well as from his affidavit and
        deposition testimony. In the fall of 1997, plaintiff owned a successful medical practice.
        Plaintiff met with his stockbroker, Bruce Lindahl, and asked if there was a legal way to
        reduce the amount he paid in taxes. Mr. Lindahl referred plaintiff to an attorney, John
        Wolgamot, of the law firm of Acton & Snyder LLP. Plaintiff knew Mr. Wolgamot to be a
        well-established attorney who had formerly been the attorney for the city of Danville.
¶3           In October 1997, plaintiff met with Mr. Wolgamot at his office. Mr. Wolgamot told

                                                 -2-
     plaintiff about the AEGIS program, which could be used to protect and shelter his assets and
     minimize his tax liabilities. The AEGIS program involved business trusts referred to as
     common law business organizations (CBOs), charitable foundations, and an offshore trust
     system. Mr. Wolgamot told plaintiff he had researched the law regarding AEGIS for eight
     months before recommending it to his clients. Mr. Wolgamot assured plaintiff that AEGIS
     was legal and that it worked well for the people who had been placed in the program.
¶4       Mr. Wolgamot asked plaintiff to meet with Brian Wasson and Joe Starns, who were
     partners in a business called Midwest Alternative Planning. Plaintiff met with Mr. Wasson
     in October 1997. Mr. Wasson told plaintiff that the AEGIS trust documents were well written
     and could not possibly be legally challenged, but if they were, AEGIS would come to his aid.
¶5       In the last quarter of 1997, plaintiff spoke about AEGIS with Jay Foster, who had been
     plaintiff’s accountant in Danville “for a number of years.” Mr. Foster stated that his
     accounting partners would not approve of the AEGIS program and that plaintiff was setting
     himself up for an audit if he entered the program. Nonetheless, based on Mr. Wolgamot’s
     and Mr. Wasson’s representations regarding the legality of AEGIS, plaintiff agreed to enroll
     in the AEGIS program in the last quarter of 1997. David Dillon was plaintiff’s AEGIS-
     approved accountant for the duration of his involvement with AEGIS.
¶6       Pursuant to the AEGIS program, plaintiff was set up in five CBOs and a charitable
     foundation. The setup fee was $10,000 apiece, for a total of $60,000 paid to AEGIS. Plaintiff
     also obtained a credit card from the Swiss American Bank in Antigua. Plaintiff was required
     to put 150% of his $30,000 credit limit into a savings account in that bank. Plaintiff put
     $45,000 into the savings account. Plaintiff used the credit card to purchase whatever he
     wanted and he was instructed by Mr. Wasson and Mr. Starns to take out cash advances for
     personal expenditures. When plaintiff received the monthly credit card bill, he wired money
     to a trust in Belize, which transferred the money to a second trust in Belize, which in turn
     paid the credit card bill.
¶7       In October 1999, plaintiff received a letter from the IRS informing him it intended to
     audit his tax returns for 1997 and 1998, the first two years that he participated in the AEGIS
     program. Plaintiff spoke with Mr. Wasson about the October letter from the IRS; Mr.
     Wasson told plaintiff not to “meet with these people under any circumstances.” Based on Mr.
     Wasson’s advice, plaintiff did not meet with the IRS but instead signed his name to a letter
     dated October 22, 1999, that was sent to the Champaign office of the IRS. The letter signed
     by plaintiff stated:
         “Although I am taking no action at this time, I want to make it crystal clear that if you
         do not follow the rules and laws of the Internal Revenue Code or the Internal Revenue
         Regulations in dealing with me, I will follow the instructions of the government and will
         not only file a complaint against you with the District Director and the Taxpayer
         Advocate, but I will immediately file a complaint against you in Washington, D.C. with
         the Treasury Inspector General.”
¶8       Plaintiff testified in his deposition that sometime later in 1999 (he did not specify the
     exact date), he received a notice of deficiency from the IRS relating to his participation in
     the AEGIS program for the tax years 1997 and 1998 that had been the subject of the earlier

                                              -3-
       audit notice. The 1999 notice of deficiency is not contained in the record on appeal. Plaintiff
       testified that in the notice of deficiency, the IRS stated that the AEGIS trusts were “abusive
       trusts” and indicated that the tax returns plaintiff filed in connection with the AEGIS
       program were incorrect or invalid. Plaintiff recognized that the IRS was stating he owed it
       “large sums of money” and was “disapproving” of the AEGIS trusts.
¶9          Upon receiving the notice of deficiency, plaintiff contacted Mr. Wolgamot. Mr.
       Wolgamot told plaintiff he was “not going to deal with [the] Internal Revenue Service” and
       that plaintiff should contact Michael Vallone, the “top man” at AEGIS. Mr. Vallone had been
       sending out newsletters assuring AEGIS members that AEGIS was legal, but also indicating
       that AEGIS members were having “problems” with the IRS, and that in one instance, the
       AEGIS office had been “raided by Internal Revenue Service agents with their guns drawn
       and they carted off a lot of their documents.” Plaintiff received in total about two dozen of
       Mr. Vallone’s newsletters. The newsletters identified Scott Gross as an attorney who could
       help AEGIS members with their IRS problems. Plaintiff contacted Mr. Gross regarding the
       notice of deficiency he had received from the IRS, but plaintiff testified “nothing came of”
       said contact. Plaintiff also spoke with Mr. Vallone about the notice of deficiency, and Mr.
       Vallone responded only that AEGIS was “working on these issues.” Plaintiff did not specify
       the exact dates he spoke with Mr. Gross and Mr. Vallone, although the chronology recited
       by plaintiff indicates he spoke with them sometime between 1999 and 2002.
¶ 10        Mr. Wolgamot also recommended to plaintiff that he contact Mr. Wasson and Mr. Starns
       regarding the notice of deficiency. Mr. Wasson and Mr. Starns in turn referred plaintiff to a
       “legal researcher” named Dan Meador. Mr. Meador told plaintiff that the IRS was wrong
       with respect to the alleged deficiency, and that he would prepare documents that would help
       plaintiff deal with the IRS. Mr. Meador prepared a series of documents that were delivered
       by Mr. Starns to plaintiff. Plaintiff signed the documents prepared by Mr. Meador and sent
       them to the IRS. Plaintiff did not specify the exact dates he spoke with Mr. Wasson, Mr.
       Starns and Mr. Meador and signed the documents, although the chronology again indicates
       a time period of 1999-2002. Plaintiff stated he never considered paying the deficiency to the
       IRS because he “was being reassured by everybody that this was legal.”
¶ 11        Plaintiff testified that in response to Mr. Meador’s documents, the IRS sent him a letter
       stating that Mr. Meador’s arguments were “frivolous.”
¶ 12        In the year 2000, plaintiff contacted David Parker, another person who had been
       recommended in Mr. Vallone’s newsletters as someone who could help AEGIS members
       with their IRS problems. Plaintiff was not sure if Mr. Parker was an attorney. Mr. Parker’s
       letterhead stated: “Parker & Associates, PLLC,” underneath which it stated: “A legal services
       firm whose members include business trusts.” Plaintiff was aware that the IRS had put out
       a statement stating that Mr. Parker’s organization was a “scam” which was trying to get
       money from AEGIS members. Nonetheless, plaintiff paid Mr. Parker a $1,000 retainer. On
       May 30, 2000, Mr. Parker sent plaintiff a letter stating he had reviewed plaintiff’s file and
       recommending that plaintiff retain Laura Ungaro, an attorney who specializes in IRS audits
       and business trusts.
¶ 13        Plaintiff did not contact Ms. Ungaro. However, Ms. Ungaro somehow received plaintiff’s

                                                -4-
       name and address, as she sent him a letter dated May 4, 2001, in which she informed him that
       persons who had participated in AEGIS were receiving a series of collection letters and
       finally a notice of lien or levy. Ms. Ungaro advised that this lien attaches at the time the
       alleged tax liability was assessed, and that “[l]etters to [the] IRS denying its authority to do
       this are ineffective and only increases the problem. These issues have been tried and tried
       again in the courts, to no avail. Regardless of what is thought of the law, the courts have
       interpreted it in favor of [the] IRS each and every time.” Ms. Ungaro further advised plaintiff
       that “[w]e also are noticing criminal attention to those cases wherein the individual has
       utilized his offshore trusts to avoid taxes on sales of businesses, or to secrete monies earned
       and take them back as gifts or by use of the debit card. Where this position is being
       maintained, we understand that charges of money laundering and/or tax evasion are probable.
       We are concerned about the turn these cases are taking. IRS is calcifying, becoming more
       and more intransigent each day. And it has no reason to relent because so MUCH money is
       involved. And it is collectible.”
¶ 14        Plaintiff never contacted Ms. Ungaro after receiving the letter from her.
¶ 15        The IRS sent plaintiff a notice dated May 7, 2001, stating he had not paid the full amount
       of taxes owed, and demanding he pay the current balance of $247,984.45 within 10 days to
       avoid additional penalties and interest. The IRS further stated it would levy on certain assets
       if plaintiff refused to pay. Plaintiff testified he knew that the May 7, 2001, notice related to
       his involvement in the AEGIS program. Plaintiff did not pay the $247,984.45.
¶ 16        In January 2002, plaintiff called William S. Cover, an associate of Mr. Vallone. Plaintiff
       told Mr. Cover he did not have the money to pay the taxes owed. Mr. Cover told plaintiff to
       file a form 6011. Plaintiff testified he understood a form 6011 to be “something that you
       would file in place of a tax return.” Plaintiff subsequently spoke with Mr. Dillon, his AEGIS-
       approved accountant, who also told him a form 6011 would suffice in place of a tax return.
       Plaintiff also paid Mr. Wolgamot $500 to change the AEGIS trust structure to a nongrantor
       trust. Mr. Starns previously had told plaintiff that by changing the trust structure to a
       nongrantor trust, he would “get off the IRS’s radar screen.”
¶ 17        The Illinois Department of Revenue sent plaintiff a notice of deficiency dated August 23,
       2002, stating he owed $30,813 in taxes for the taxable years ending on December 31, 1997,
       and December 31, 1998. Plaintiff did not pay the $30,813.
¶ 18        On September 13, 2002, plaintiff’s secretary authored a letter for plaintiff, which he
       authorized sending. The letter was directed to Mr. Starns of Midwest Alternative Planning,
       the entity that Mr. Starns and Mr. Wasson operated in the promotion of AEGIS. In the letter
       to Mr. Starns, plaintiff demanded that a change of address be completed with respect to a
       particular checking account and expressed frustration that it had not been completed at the
       time of the letter. The letter stated:
            “You have 24 hours to correct this problem, or we write a personal letter to [the] IRS
            giving them your names, your business address, your home address, and how you and
            your sister office AEGIS are swindling the IRS out of [t]ax dollars with the scam you are
            running.”
¶ 19        Plaintiff testified his secretary was familiar with his problems with the IRS resulting from

                                                 -5-
       his participation in AEGIS because he had “boxes laying around that [were] filled with state
       notices and IRS notices.”
¶ 20       On October 21, 2002, Mr. Foster, plaintiff’s long-time accountant from Danville who had
       warned him against participating in AEGIS, was served with a subpoena from the Illinois
       Department of Revenue, Bureau of Criminal Investigation, commanding him to produce and
       make available to Special Agent Dan Petty “[f]or the period 1997 through 2001 copies of all
       work files and documents relating to tax preparation of any tax returns relating to” plaintiff.
       That same day, Mr. Foster sent plaintiff a letter informing him of the subpoena and attached
       a copy of the subpoena to the letter. Plaintiff testified that at the time he received the letter
       from Mr. Foster informing him of the subpoena, plaintiff believed he was potentially the
       subject of a criminal investigation by the Illinois Department of Revenue that was related to
       his participation in AEGIS.
¶ 21       On November 21, 2002, two agents from the criminal investigation division of the IRS
       served plaintiff with a subpoena compelling him to provide the following documents for a
       federal grand jury on December 3, 2002: all correspondence and communications to or from
       any AEGIS principal, client, associate or promoter; invoices, cancelled checks, wire
       transfers, receipts or any other documents evidencing payments made to AEGIS in
       connection with services rendered for the purchase or maintenance of an AEGIS trust; travel
       documents related to AEGIS; and AEGIS seminar documents. Plaintiff referred the agents
       to Mr. Wolgamot and forwarded the subpoena to him. Mr. Wolgamot still did not tell
       plaintiff that the AEGIS program was illegal or that he should end his participation in
       AEGIS.
¶ 22       On December 2, 2002, plaintiff also met with another attorney, Juliet Boyd, regarding
       the grand jury subpoena. Ms. Boyd contacted the United States Attorney’s office on
       plaintiff’s behalf, and was informed that plaintiff was not the target of the criminal
       investigation of AEGIS. Ms. Boyd referred plaintiff to another law firm, Muldoon &
       Muldoon, LLC, for purposes of determining how to respond to the grand jury subpoena.
       Plaintiff paid Mr. Muldoon, an attorney with the firm, a $10,000 retainer. Mr. Muldoon then
       contacted the United States Attorney’s office and was able to secure more time for plaintiff
       to respond to the subpoena. Plaintiff never sent the grand jury the requested documents.
¶ 23       In 2003, the Illinois Department of Revenue threatened to refer plaintiff to the Illinois
       Department of Professional Regulation for proceedings to suspend his medical license if he
       did not pay the money he owed in back taxes. On October 10, 2003, plaintiff retained the law
       firm of Meyer Capel to handle any inquiries or proceedings which may be brought against
       him by the Illinois Department of Revenue or the Illinois Department of Professional
       Regulation. Plaintiff also retained Meyer Capel to advise him about the merits of the tax
       strategies employed as a result of the AEGIS program, and to determine whether he may
       have claims against third parties related to his participation in AEGIS. Evan Coobs, an
       attorney at Meyer Capel, began working on the issues being raised by the IRS and the Illinois
       Department of Revenue related to claims of tax liability. On December 31, 2003, plaintiff
       received a letter from Mr. Coobs advising him that he likely had claims against unspecified
       third parties related to his participation in the AEGIS program.

                                                 -6-
¶ 24       Meyer Capel referred plaintiff to Phil Pomerance, an attorney with the law firm of
       Arnstein & Lehr LLP, who had expertise in white collar criminal defense. Arnstein & Lehr
       LLP eventually obtained for plaintiff immunity from federal prosecution. In early 2004, Mr.
       Pomerance informed plaintiff he had claims against Mr. Wolgamot, Mr. Vallone, Mr. Starns,
       Mr. Dillon, Mr. Wasson, Mr. Cover and Mr. Lindahl, although the exact nature of the claims
       was not yet determined. Nonetheless, plaintiff continued to place all his earnings into the
       AEGIS program through the end of 2004.
¶ 25       In 2005, plaintiff pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of under reporting his income
       for the tax year 2000. Subsequent to his guilty plea, plaintiff filed his four-count complaint
       against defendants on December 22, 2005, in connection with defendants’ advice to
       participate in the AEGIS program. Count I alleged fraud and conspiracy against Mr. Vallone,
       Mr. Cover, Mr. Wasson and Mr. Starns. Count II alleged breach of fiduciary duty against Mr.
       Lindahl. Count III alleged legal malpractice against Mr. Wolgamot and Acton & Snyder LLP.
       Count IV alleged accountant’s malpractice against Mr. Dillon.
¶ 26       On August 21, 2008, Mr. Wolgamot pleaded guilty to one count of aiding and abetting
       plaintiff in the filing of a false federal income tax return. During the sentencing phase, Mr.
       Wolgamot admitted he had questions by late 1999 as to whether the AEGIS trusts were legal,
       and he learned in 2001 of a Seventh Circuit opinion holding that the AEGIS trusts were
       abusive. Mr. Wolgamot admitted that when his clients started getting IRS audit letters,
       deficiency notices and other threatening communications showing that they would have
       serious tax problems related to their participation in AEGIS, he “failed” them by “not taking
       the lawyerly step of advising them to get a second opinion on the legitimacy of the AEGIS
       trust system.”
¶ 27       On December 7, 2011, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants
       Acton & Snyder LLP, and Mr. Wolgamot on plaintiff’s legal malpractice action, finding that
       plaintiff failed to file his complaint against them within the applicable two-year statute of
       limitations. 735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(b) (West 2004). Plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider as
       well as a motion for leave to file a second amended complaint alleging additional facts in
       support of the legal malpractice action. On April 4, 2012, the trial court denied the motion
       to reconsider and the motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. On April 18,
       2012, the trial court granted plaintiff’s motion to voluntarily dismiss the remaining counts
       against all defendants without prejudice. Plaintiff filed this timely notice of appeal from the
       order denying his motion to reconsider the grant of summary judgment in favor of Acton &
       Snyder LLP, and Mr. Wolgamot (hereinafter collectively referred to as defendants) on his
       legal malpractice action and denying his motion for leave to file a second amended
       complaint.
¶ 28       First, we address the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants on
       statute of limitations grounds. Summary judgment is appropriate where the pleadings,
       depositions, and admissions on file, together with any affidavits, when viewed in the light
       most favorable to the nonmovant, reveal that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that
       the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v.
       Martinez, 384 Ill. App. 3d 494, 497-98 (2008). Review is de novo. Id. at 498.

                                                -7-
¶ 29       The applicable statute of limitations is found in section 13-214.3(b) of the Illinois Code
       of Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(b) (West 2004). That section states that “[a]n action
       for damages based on tort, contract, or otherwise *** against an attorney arising out of an act
       or omission in the performance of professional services” must be commenced within two
       years “from the time the person bringing the action knew or reasonably should have known
       of the injury for which damages are sought.” 735 ILCS 5/13-214.3(b) (West 2004). “The
       injury in a legal malpractice action is not a personal injury [citation], and it is not the
       attorney’s negligent act itself [citation]. Rather, it is a pecuniary injury to an intangible
       property interest caused by the lawyer’s negligent act or omission. [Citations.] ‘For purposes
       of a legal malpractice action, a client is not considered to be injured unless and until he has
       suffered a loss for which he may seek monetary damages.’ [Citation.]” Warnock v. Karm
       Winand & Patterson, 376 Ill. App. 3d 364, 368 (2007).
¶ 30       The statute of limitations for legal malpractice actions set forth in section 13-214.3(b)
       incorporates the “discovery rule” (Blue Water Partners, Inc. v. Mason, 2012 IL App (1st)
       102165, ¶ 48), “the effect of which is to postpone the start of the period of limitations until
       the injured party knows or reasonably should know of the injury and knows or reasonably
       should know that the injury was wrongfully caused” (Khan v. Deutsche Bank AG, 2012 IL
       112219, ¶ 20), “ ‘[t]he phrase “wrongfully caused” does not mean knowledge of a specific
       defendant’s negligent conduct or knowledge of the existence of a cause of action.’ (Emphasis
       [omitted].) [Citations.] Rather, the term refers to when an injured party ‘becomes possessed
       of sufficient information concerning his injury and its cause to put a reasonable person on
       inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct is involved.’ [Citations.]” Castello v. Kalis,
       352 Ill. App. 3d 736, 744-45 (2004). In other words, “when a party knows or reasonably
       should know both that an injury has occurred and that it was wrongfully caused, the statute
       begins to run and the party is under an obligation to inquire further to determine whether an
       actionable wrong was committed. In that way, an injured person is not held to a standard of
       knowing the inherently unknowable [citation], yet once it reasonably appears that an injury
       was wrongfully caused, the party may not slumber on his rights.” Nolan v. Johns-Manville
       Asbestos, 85 Ill. 2d 161, 171 (1981); see also Khan, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 21. “The question of
       when a party knew or should have known both of an injury and its [probable] wrongful cause
       is one of fact, unless the facts are undisputed and only one conclusion may be drawn from
       them.” Nolan, 85 Ill. 2d at 171.
¶ 31       Our supreme court recently has held that in a malpractice action against an investment
       bank and accounting firm arising out of investment strategies causing the plaintiffs to owe
       back taxes, penalties, and interest, “[r]eceipt of the notice of deficiency puts the taxpayer on
       notice that he has suffered an injury and that the injury was wrongfully caused” so as to begin
       the running of the limitations period. Khan, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 45. This is because “[t]he
       notice of deficiency ‘describe[s] the basis for, and identif[ies] the amounts (if any) of, the tax
       due, interest, additional amounts, additions to the tax, and assessable penalties included in
       such notice.’ ” Khan, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 45 (quoting 26 U.S.C. § 7522(a) (2006)).
¶ 32       Although the present case involves a legal malpractice action as opposed to a malpractice
       action against an investment bank and accounting firm, the injuries (back taxes, penalties,
       and interest) are the same. See Khan, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 34 (“[T]he proper focus should be

                                                  -8-
       on the nature of the harm allegedly caused, not on the status of the parties.”). Therefore,
       pursuant to Khan, we hold that the two-year limitations period set forth in section 13-
       214.3(b) began to run when plaintiff received the notice of deficiency which he admits
       notified him that he owed the IRS “large sums of money” in back taxes for the years 1997
       and 1998, the first two years he participated in the AEGIS program. The notice of deficiency
       alerted plaintiff he had suffered an injury by his participation in the AEGIS program and that
       the injury was wrongfully caused, thereby putting him on inquiry to determine whether he
       had an actionable claim. Castello, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 744-45. The record is unclear as to the
       specific date when plaintiff received the notice of deficiency, although we know from his
       deposition testimony that he received said notice sometime in the year 1999. Even if we were
       to assume that plaintiff received the notice on the last day, December 31, 1999, he would
       have had to file his complaint for legal malpractice by December 31, 2001, to comply with
       the two-year limitations period of section 13-214.3(b). Plaintiff filed his legal malpractice
       action on December 22, 2005, well after the two-year limitations period had expired.
       Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for defendants, finding
       the legal malpractice action time-barred as a matter of law because it was filed more than two
       years after receiving the notice of deficiency.
¶ 33        Plaintiff argues, though, that under the unique facts of this case, the trial court erred by
       focusing only on the mere receipt of the notice of deficiency in determining when the statute
       of limitations was triggered. Specifically, plaintiff argues that under Khan, the statute of
       limitations analysis involves a two-prong test requiring the fact finder to determine not only
       when plaintiff suffered his injury (i.e., when he received the notice of deficiency), but also
       to determine when, after receipt of the notice of deficiency, plaintiff realized or reasonably
       should have realized that he had an actionable claim against defendants. Plaintiff argues the
       statute of limitations does not begin to run until he reasonably should have realized he had
       an actionable claim against defendants.
¶ 34        Plaintiff argues that after receiving the notice of deficiency, his discovery of the
       actionable legal malpractice claim against defendants was delayed by the acts/omissions of
       Mr. Wolgamot and of persons referred directly or indirectly by Mr. Wolgamot (i.e., Mr.
       Starns, Mr. Wasson, Mr. Meador, and Mr. Vallone), who constantly reassured plaintiff that
       his participation in the AEGIS program was legal and could be defended. Plaintiff also
       argues that discovery of the actionable legal malpractice claim against defendants was further
       delayed by Mr. Wolgamot’s admitted intentional concealment of his doubts about the legality
       of the AEGIS trusts. Plaintiff contends that as result of the actions and omissions of Mr.
       Wolgamot and the persons to whom plaintiff had been referred, plaintiff did not discover he
       had an actionable claim for legal malpractice against defendants until December 31, 2003,
       when Mr. Coobs wrote him that he likely had claims against unspecified third parties.
       Elsewhere in his appellant’s brief, plaintiff contends he did not discover he had an actionable
       claim for legal malpractice against defendants until Mr. Pomerance informed him so in
       January 2004. Plaintiff argues he filed his complaint for legal malpractice on December 22,
       2005, within two years of either of the dates on which he allegedly learned of his actionable
       claim against defendants (December 31, 2003, or January 2004), and thus the trial court erred
       in finding his legal malpractice action time-barred as a matter of law and granting summary

                                                 -9-
       judgment for defendants.
¶ 35        Initially, we disagree with plaintiff’s reading of Khan as holding that the limitations
       period does not begin to run until plaintiff realizes he had an actionable claim. The supreme
       court specifically held that, under the discovery rule, the start of the limitations period is
       postponed until the injured party knows or reasonably should know he was injured and that
       the injury was wrongfully caused. Khan, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 20. The supreme court in Khan
       further stated:
            “[T]his court has noted that the term ‘wrongfully caused’ as used in the discovery rule
            does not connote knowledge of negligent conduct or knowledge of the existence of a
            cause of action. That term must be viewed as a general or generic term and not as a term
            of art. [Citation.] In addition, this court has ‘never suggested that plaintiffs must know
            the full extent of their injuries before the statute of limitations is triggered.’ ” Kahn, 2012
            IL 112219, ¶ 22 (quoting Golla v. General Motors Corp., 167 Ill. 2d 353, 364 (1995)).
¶ 36        The supreme court further held that receipt of a notice of deficiency puts the taxpayer on
       notice he has suffered an injury and that it was wrongfully caused, triggering the
       commencement of the limitations period under the discovery rule; the supreme court noted
       that “[t]o permit plaintiffs to wait until the full extent of their injuries are known would read
       the discovery rule out of this case.” Kahn, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 45.
¶ 37        Thus, under Khan, the two-year statute of limitations at issue here commenced when
       plaintiff knew or reasonably should have known he was injured and that the injury was
       wrongfully caused, which in this case was when he received the notice of deficiency in 1999.
       Kahn, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 45. As discussed, the limitations period expired because plaintiff
       filed his complaint in December 2005, more than two years after he received the notice of
       deficiency.
¶ 38        Even if, for the sake of argument only, we considered the statute of limitations as
       beginning to run only when plaintiff reasonably should have known he had an actionable
       claim against defendants, the facts indicate he reasonably should have known of his
       actionable claim for legal malpractice against defendants no later than October 10, 2003,
       when he retained the law firm of Meyer Capel to represent him. Specifically, by October 10,
       2003, plaintiff had: (1) enrolled in AEGIS at Mr. Wolgamot’s prompting so as to provide
       him with asset protection and tax savings, despite Mr. Foster’s warning that his participation
       in AEGIS could lead to an audit; (2) received a notice of deficiency for the first two tax years
       he had been an AEGIS member; (3) been informed by the IRS that the defense to the notice
       offered by Mr. Meador was frivolous; (4) been informed by Ms. Ungaro that plaintiff’s
       participation in the AEGIS program, including its use of offshore trusts and debit cards,
       could lead him to being charged with money laundering and/or tax evasion; (5) received
       newsletters from Mr. Vallone relating to “problems” AEGIS members were having with the
       IRS, including an instance when the AEGIS office was raided by armed IRS agents who
       carted off documents; (6) received a notice from the IRS stating he owed $247,984.45 in
       back taxes for the years covering his participation in the AEGIS program; (7) received a
       notice from the Illinois Department of Revenue that he owed $30,813 in back taxes for the
       first two tax years he had been an AEGIS member; (8) authorized his secretary to send a

                                                  -10-
       letter to Mr. Starns in which she referenced AEGIS as constituting a “scam”; (9) been
       notified that Mr. Foster had been served with a subpoena from the Illinois Department of
       Revenue, Bureau of Criminal Investigations, to produce tax documents relating to plaintiff
       for years he had been an AEGIS member (1997 to 2001); (10) been served with a subpoena
       compelling him to provide AEGIS-related documents for a federal grand jury on December
       3, 2002; and (11) been threatened by the Illinois Department of Revenue that it would refer
       plaintiff to the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation for proceedings to suspend his
       medical license if he did not pay the money he owed in back taxes for the years he had been
       an AEGIS member.
¶ 39        In sum, all these notifications and subpoenas from 1999 to 2003 informed plaintiff that,
       far from reducing his tax liability as promised by defendants, his participation in the AEGIS
       program was increasing his tax liabilities and subjecting him to potential criminal
       prosecution and loss of his medical license. By the time plaintiff retained Meyer Capel on
       October 10, 2003, to handle any proceedings brought against him by the Illinois Department
       of Professional Regulation in connection with his failure to pay taxes under AEGIS, he
       reasonably should have known that he was injured by his participation in the AEGIS
       program, that his injury was wrongfully caused, and that he had an actionable claim against
       defendants. Plaintiff still did not file suit for legal malpractice until more than two years later,
       December 22, 2005. Thus, even under plaintiff’s reading of Khan as holding that the two-
       year limitations period does not begin to run until plaintiff realizes he has an actionable
       claim, plaintiff’s legal malpractice action against defendants still was not timely filed.
       Accordingly, the trial court correctly found plaintiff’s legal malpractice action was time-
       barred as a matter of law.
¶ 40        Next, plaintiff argues defendants should be estopped from raising a limitations defense,
       given that Mr. Wolgamot assured plaintiff the AEGIS program was legal and performed legal
       work to allow plaintiff to continue in AEGIS even after receipt of the notice of deficiency,
       referred plaintiff to persons who assured him of the legality of the AEGIS program, and
       withheld the fact that the Seventh Circuit had found the AEGIS program was not a legitimate
       tax shelter. “The party claiming estoppel has the burden of proving it by clear and
       unequivocal evidence.” Geddes v. Mill Creek Country Club, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 302, 314 (2001).
       “To establish equitable estoppel, the party claiming estoppel must demonstrate that: (1) the
       other person misrepresented or concealed material facts; (2) the other person knew at the
       time he or she made the representations that they were untrue; (3) the party claiming estoppel
       did not know that the representations were untrue when they were made and when they were
       acted upon; (4) the other person intended or reasonably expected that the party claiming
       estoppel would act upon the representations; (5) the party claiming estoppel reasonably
       relied upon the representations in good faith to his or her detriment; and (6) the party
       claiming estoppel would be prejudiced by his or her reliance on the representations if the
       other person is permitted to deny the truth thereof.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 313-14. “Under
       Illinois law, equitable estoppel does not give a plaintiff the entire limitations period measured
       from the date the defendant discontinues the conduct that lulled the plaintiff into inaction.”
       Butler v. Mayer, Brown & Platt, 301 Ill. App. 3d 919, 925 (1998). Rather, plaintiff is allowed
       a “reasonable period to bring suit.” Id. at 926.

                                                  -11-
¶ 41        In the present case, the trial court rejected plaintiff’s equitable estoppel argument, finding
       he did not reasonably rely on Mr. Wolgamot’s representations regarding AEGIS’ legality
       following receipt of the notice of deficiency in 1999. We agree with the trial court.
       “Generally, the question of whether a plaintiff’s reliance was reasonable is a question of fact;
       however, where only one conclusion can be drawn from the undisputed facts, the question
       becomes one for the court to determine.” Siegel Development, LLC v. Peak Construction
       LLC, 2013 IL App (1st) 111973, ¶ 114. As discussed earlier in this opinion, only one
       conclusion can be drawn from the undisputed facts: that plaintiff’s receipt of the notice of
       deficiency in 1999 informed him of his injury and that it was wrongfully caused, triggering
       the running of the two-year limitations period. Khan, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 45. Any reliance by
       plaintiff on Mr. Wolgamot’s assurances of AEGIS’s legality was unreasonable as a matter
       of law subsequent to his receipt of the notice of deficiency. As also noted earlier in this
       opinion, even looking at events subsequent to plaintiff’s receipt of the notice of deficiency
       in 1999, plaintiff reasonably should have known he could not rely on any assurances of
       AEGIS’ legality by October 10, 2003, at the latest, when he retained the law firm of Meyer
       Capel to handle any proceedings brought against him by the Illinois Department of
       Professional Regulation in connection with his failure to pay taxes under AEGIS. Under the
       doctrine of equitable estoppel, the limitations period was tolled no later than October 10,
       2003, at which point plaintiff was allowed a “reasonable period” thereafter (not to exceed the
       two-year limitations period) within which to bring suit. See Butler, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 926.
       Plaintiff filed his suit more than two years later, on December 22, 2005. Accordingly, the
       trial court did not err in finding plaintiff’s claim was time-barred as a matter of law and
       granting summary judgment in favor of defendants.
¶ 42        Next, plaintiff argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for leave to file a second
       amended complaint. The second amended complaint would have added two paragraphs to
       count III (the legal malpractice count) pleading that plaintiff’s discovery of his claim against
       defendants was delayed until “early 2004” by Mr. Wolgamot’s misrepresentations and
       concealment of material facts following plaintiff’s receipt of the notice of deficiency.
¶ 43        “In determining whether to allow an amendment to the pleadings, the trial court considers
       the following factors: (1) whether the proposed amendment would cure a defect in the
       pleadings; (2) whether the proposed amendment would prejudice or surprise the other party;
       (3) whether the proposed amendment is timely; and (4) whether there were previous
       opportunities to amend the pleading.” Kay v. Prolix Packaging, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st)
       112455, ¶ 42. The standard of review is abuse of discretion. Kay, 2013 IL App (1st) 112455,
       ¶ 41.
¶ 44        Plaintiff’s second amended complaint for legal malpractice would not have cured the
       defect in the original pleadings, i.e., its untimely nature. Specifically, as discussed earlier in
       this opinion, even considering any misrepresentations or concealment of material facts by
       Mr. Wolgamot following plaintiff’s receipt of the notice of deficiency in 1999, plaintiff’s
       complaint still was not timely filed. The trial court committed no abuse of discretion in
       denying plaintiff leave to file his second amended complaint.
¶ 45        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court.

                                                 -12-
¶ 46   Affirmed.

                   -13-