Court Opinion

ID: 7806644
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-06 17:01:40.196213+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:30:15.926343
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                       OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

*********************
CHAD SHELLER, as personal            *
representative of the Estate of      *
DANIEL ELIAS SHELLER,                *
                                     *       No. 18-696V
                    Petitioner,      *       Special Master Christian J. Moran
                                     *
v.                                   *       Filed: August 15, 2022
                                     *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH                  *      Attorneys’ fees and costs;
AND HUMAN SERVICES,                  *      reasonable basis
                                     *
                    Respondent.      *
*********************
Anne C. Toale, Maglio Christopher & Toale, Sarasota, FL, for petitioner;
Christine M. Becer, United States Dep’t of Justice, Washington, DC, for
respondent.

  PUBLISHED DECISION DENYING ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS 1

       After Mr. Sheller dismissed his case voluntarily, he sought an award of
attorneys’ fees and costs as the Vaccine Act allows. The Secretary has objected
because Mr. Sheller has not established that he is eligible for such an award due to
a lack of reasonable basis.

      1
        The E-Government Act, 44 § 3501 note (2012) (Federal Management and
Promotion of Electronic Government Services), requires that the Court post this
decision on its website (https://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/aggregator/sources/7).
Once posted, anyone can access this decision via the internet. Pursuant to Vaccine
Rule 18(b), the parties have 14 days to file a motion proposing redaction of
medical information or other information described in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4).
Any redactions ordered by the special master will be reflected in the document
posted on the website.
       As explained below, Mr. Sheller has not met the burden of establishing
reasonable basis for the claim set forth in the petition. The petition alleged the
hepatitis B, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (“Dtap”), inactivated polio
(“IPV”), and haemophilus influenza type B (“Hib”), and Prevnar 13 vaccines his
son, Daniel, received on April 15, 2016, June 14, 2016, and June 21, 2016, caused
his son’s death.

       However, Mr. Sheller has not submitted a sufficient quantum of probative
evidence to show that the general proposition that childhood vaccines can cause an
unexpected death is reasonably supported. Moreover, Mr. Sheller did not supply
sufficient evidence to support the reasonable basis of the claim the vaccines caused
Daniel’s unfortunate death. Accordingly, Mr. Sheller’s motion is DENIED.

I.    Background

      A.     Medical History

      Daniel’s life was tragically short. He was born on April 14, 2016, and died
on June 23, 2016. Exhibit 2 at 2, 4.

      Before Daniel died, his pediatrician evaluated him on April 19, 2016, April
26, 2016, and June 14, 2016. Exhibit 1 at 3-8. The pediatrician did not identify
any concerns that were implicated in Daniel’s death.

      During the June 14, 2016 well-baby appointment, Daniel received the
Pentacel vaccine. Exhibit 1 at 2-4. A week later, Daniel received the Prevnar 13
vaccine. Id. at 2 (June 21, 2016).

       On June 23, 2016, Daniel was placed face-up on a couch with a blanket
around 11:00 A.M. Exhibit 3 at 3. The caregiver called emergency medical
services at 1:43 P.M. and when they arrived Daniel did not have a pulse and was
not respiring. Exhibit 2 at 25; exhibit 3 at 8. Daniel was transported to a hospital.
There, doctors attempted to revive him but were not successful. Exhibit 2 at 2-4.
The initial diagnosis was “[s]udden death uncertain causation.” Id. at 4.

      Dr. Montez performed an autopsy on June 29, 2016. Dr. Montez did not
determine a cause of death. Exhibit 3 at 12, 16. The brain weight was normal (780
grams). Id. at 19. Daniel’s lungs showed dependent congestion. Id. at 20.

                                             2
      B.     Procedural History

             1.     Merits

       Within four days of Daniel’s death, Mr. Sheller had retained John Caldwell,
an attorney at Maglio, Christopher & Toale, P.C. See exhibit 8 (timesheets). 2
Among Mr. Caldwell’s first tasks was a “Telephone conference with coroner’s
office re: delay of autopsy pending lab instructions.”

       Over the next month, Mr. Caldwell continued to correspond with the
coroner’s office and other labs regarding possible testing. Meanwhile, paralegals
collected Daniel’s medical records. In November 2016, Mr. Caldwell reviewed the
autopsy record.

      In December 2016, Mr. Caldwell conferred with an immunologist. He more
intensely engaged with an expert in March and April 2017. Time entries from this
time mentioned Dr. Akbari.

      About one year later, Mr. Caldwell reviewed a preliminary assessment from
Dr. Akbari (April 3, 2018). Paralegals also pursued medical records.

       Mr. Caldwell drafted a petition, which was filed on May 17, 2018. This date
is approximately 23 months after Daniel died. The petition alleged that the
Pentacel and Prevnar 13 vaccines caused Daniel’s death. Pet. ¶¶ 2, 9.3

       Mr. Sheller’s motion for fees emphasizes that before Mr. Caldwell filed a
petition, a special master had found childhood vaccines caused an infant’s death.
Boatmon v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 13-611V, 2017 WL 3432329
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 10, 2017). In doing so, the special master credited an
opinion offered by Douglas Miller, a pathologist. To Mr. Sheller, the special
master’s ruling supports a finding of reasonable basis. Oral Arg. Tr. at 39-40.
However, the Secretary maintains Boatmon affects good faith only. Id. at 43.

       Less than one week after Mr. Caldwell submitted the petition, Mr. Caldwell
filed exhibits 1-6 on behalf of Mr. Sheller. This set of exhibits includes Dr.

      2
        Information about the activities of Mr. Sheller’s attorneys can be found in
the timesheets, which are not again cited in this Decision.
      3
        The petition also mentions that Daniel received the hepatitis B vaccine
when he was born. However, the arguments regarding the reasonable basis for the
claims set forth in the petition do not involve the hepatitis B vaccine given at birth.

                                              3
Akbari’s preliminary assessment, dated April 4, 2018. Dr. Akbari’s letter is an
important piece of evidence in weighing whether Mr. Sheller has met his burden
regarding reasonable basis.

       Dr. Akbari stated he had reviewed the medical records and summarized
them in one paragraph. Dr. Akbari wrote: “While it is premature to make any
conclusions at this stage, I certainly believe it is reasonable to request additional
tests on the clinical samples obtained from the patient.” Exhibit 5 at 1. Dr. Akbari
offered reasons for requesting additional tests. Dr. Akbari repeated his
recommendation for additional testing: “While I cannot draw any definitive
conclusions at this stage, based on the findings of the autopsy, the absence of any
pre-death clinical issues, and my previous research as to potential causes of death
following Prevnar 13, I believe it is medically reasonable to request additional tests
on the autopsy clinical samples currently in bio-storage.” Id. at 2. After describing
where those additional tests could be conducted, Dr. Akbari closed his letter to Mr.
Caldwell by stating: “In summary, I firmly believe at this juncture that, based on
the substantial pulmonary edema in this two-month-old with no apparent cause
other than the vaccines, it is reasonable to conduct further inquiry including
laboratory work I have recommended here and previously.” Id.

       Arguably, the next important event occurred outside of the four corners of
the Sheller case. On July 3, 2018, a judge from the Court of Federal Claims
granted a motion for review in Boatmon. The judge ruled that the special master
improperly applied the standard of proof as required in vaccine cases when he
departed from the decisions of other special masters in deciding to credit the theory
advanced by Dr. Miller, considering that Dr. Miller’s theory had not been accepted
by other SIDS experts. Boatmon v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 138 Fed. Cl.
566, 571-72 (2018). The Court found issue with the special master’s lack of
acknowledgement of other vaccine cases reaching opposite conclusions. Id. As
such, the court held that “the Special Master in this case ha[d] applied a standard
so low as to constitute clear error.” Id. at 572.

      The outcome in Boatmon at the Court of Federal Claims did not halt Mr.
Sheller’s case. The Secretary evaluated the evidence and recommended against
compensation. Resp’t’s Rep., filed Dec. 7, 2018. The Secretary specifically
argued that Dr. Akbari’s letter did not support causation. Id. at 5.

      The parties planned to test some of Daniel’s tissues. Order, issued Dec. 20,
2018. Mr. Caldwell researched causes of sudden infant death syndrome for more
than seven hours. Fee exhibit 8 at 10 (entries for February 2-8, 2019). A paralegal

                                             4
attempted to get material from the local sheriff’s office. Mr. Sheller was granted
authority to obtain autopsy slides. Order, issued Mar. 28, 2019.

       In May 2009, the managing partner of the law firm reviewed the case. He
assigned the case to Anne Toale, who has acted as counsel of record for the
remainder of this case. Ms. Toale and staff continued their attempts to get
additional material from the autopsy. In the oral argument regarding petitioner’s
pending motion for attorneys’ fees and costs, Ms. Toale maintained that in infant
death cases it is “impossible” to obtain autopsy material without a subpoena. Oral
Arg. Tr. at 35. She noted that attorneys in such cases often seek to obtain
additional cuts of slides to identify additional tissues for experts to examine. Id. at
42-43.

       Ms. Toale began working with Dr. Miller in July 2019. Dr. Miller
anticipated reviewing autopsy slides in August 2019. Pet’r’s Status Rep., filed July
26, 2019. In early September, Dr. Miller reviewed autopsy slides for 2.5 hours.
Fee exhibit 9 at 40. Dr. Miller communicated with Ms. Toale the next day for 15
minutes and Dr. Miller’s email was later filed as exhibit 20.

       On November 7, 2019, the Federal Circuit affirmed the judgment in
Boatmon. While the Federal Circuit agreed with the outcome (a denial of
compensation), the Federal Circuit did not entirely agree with the reasoning of the
judge. The Federal Circuit held that the judge was incorrect in requiring that the
special master distinguish his ruling from decisions of other special masters.
Boatmon v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 941 F.3d 1351, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
Further, the Federal Circuit held that the judge was incorrect in implying that
special masters must apply Daubert standards in assessing expert testimony and
that all Daubert factors must be satisfied. Id. at 1359. On the other hand, the
Federal Circuit ruled that the special master “deviated from the correct ‘reputable,’
‘sound and reliable’ standard and articulated a lower ‘reasonable’ standard.” Id. at
1359.

      In the months after Boatmon was issued, Ms. Toale communicated with Mr.
Sheller, Dr. Miller, and toxicology labs multiple times. It appears that these efforts
were not fruitful as Mr. Sheller determined he could not establish his case. Pet’r’s
Mot. to Dismiss, filed Jan. 10, 2020.

      Based upon Mr. Sheller’s motion, the case was dismissed. Decision, 2020
WL 618547 (Jan. 13, 2020). At the time of the dismissal, the record included seven
exhibits.

                                              5
             2.     Fees Litigation

       Mr. Sheller requested an award of attorney’s fees and costs. Pet’r’s Mot.,
filed March 19, 2020. Ms. Toale maintained that Dr. Akbari’s letter established
reasonable basis. Exhibit 11 ¶ 22. With that motion, Mr. Sheller submitted five
affidavits to substantiate the amount requested. Exhibits 8-12.

       The Secretary’s initial response was his generic response. The Secretary
stated he “is satisfied the statutory requirements for an award of attorneys’ fees and
costs are met.” Resp’t’s Resp., filed Apr. 2, 2020, at 2. The Secretary also did not
interpose any specific objections regarding the amount requested.

      The undersigned had questions about the positions of both parties.
Accordingly, the parties were directed to file additional briefs. Order, issued July
28, 2020.

       Mr. Sheller developed his arguments regarding reasonable basis. Pet’r’s
Supp., filed Aug. 24, 2020. With this submission, Mr. Sheller also submitted six
new exhibits, including the package insert for the vaccines Daniel received,
Pentacel and Prevnar 13. Mr. Sheller emphasized Dr. Akbari’s report. But, Mr.
Sheller also explained “Dr. Miller’s assessment led to the claim’s dismissal.”
Pet’r’s Supp. at 16.

         The Secretary addressed Dr. Akbari. He argued: “Dr. Akbari’s statement
is . . . merely speculation that petitioner may have a claim, and by itself does not
establish reasonable basis.” Resp’t’s Resp., filed Sept. 23, 2020, at 3.

      A lengthy delay ensued for which the undersigned is responsible and for
which the undersigned apologizes. Upon review, the undersigned had additional
questions. Order, issued Aug. 23, 2021.

       Mr. Sheller again advanced arguments regarding reasonable basis. Pet’r’s
Memo., filed Nov. 22, 2022. With this submission, Mr. Sheller filed more than 25
additional articles. Exhibits 20-58. Of this group, Mr. Sheller relies most heavily
upon a September 9, 2021 email from Dr. Miller to Ms. Toale. Dr. Miller stated he
had reviewed the autopsy including the slides. He stated: “this is a classical case
of SIDS.” Exhibit 20. He also indicated “there are no sections of medulla to prove
any structural abnormality, and there are no good sections of each hippocampus to
evaluate for dentate gyrus dysplasia. I could write a report based on statistics from
Dr. Kinney’s work . . . But this gets us no further than Boatmon and we are all
waiting [for] the appellate court to issue a decision.” Id. He concluded: “Let me
know if you want me to do more.” Id.
                                               6
        The Secretary responded. Relying upon Goodgame v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., 157 Fed. Cl. 62 (2021), the Secretary “move[d] to strike medical
articles that petitioner filed after the entitlement stage ended.” Resp’t’s Resp, filed
Dec. 22, 2021, at 1. The Secretary further argued that “petitioner has failed to
present more than a scintilla of evidence in this case to satisfy Althen prong one.”
Id. at 5.

      Mr. Sheller’s reply primarily maintained that the Secretary’s motion to strike
medical articles filed after entitlement should be denied. Pet’r’s Reply, filed Jan.
8, 2022.

       An oral argument was held on June 7, 2022. See order, issued Apr. 26,
2022. One day before the oral argument, Mr. Sheller submitted a notice of
additional authority identifying cases discussing reasonable basis. With the
completion of oral argument, the case is ready for adjudication.

II.   Analysis

       This case presents challenging questions. The first concerns the Secretary’s
motion to strike medical articles filed after the decision denying entitlement was
issued. The Secretary’s position is well grounded for most, and possibly all, of
exhibits 13-58. The second is whether cases, such as Boatmon, contribute to the
reasonable basis analysis. The third and final question is whether the record, as
properly defined, supports the claim set forth in Mr. Sheller’s petition. The answer
to this final question is no, for the reasons set forth in section C.

      A.     Motion to Strike

       The Federal Circuit has not decided whether during the fee litigation,
petitioners may add exhibits that arguably support the claim for which the petition
has been filed. Goodgame is the only (non-binding) precedent from the Court of
Federal Claims.

        In Goodgame, the special master denied petitioner compensation for failure
to prove that the effects of the alleged vaccine injury lasted for more than six
months as required by the Vaccine Act. Goodgame v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 157 Fed. Cl. 62, 66 (2021). Even after filing a petition and an amended
petition, the petitioner failed to submit medical evidence that substantiated the
claim that the residual effects of the vaccine injury lasted more than six months.
Id. at 70.

                                              7
       The petitioner sought attorneys’ fees and costs. In support of her motion, the
petitioner submitted two medical articles that were not included when entitlement
was being considered. Id. at 72 (stating “the docket entries in this case show that a
full 14 months AFTER the Special Master issued his decision denying
compensation, . . . counsel for Petitioner submitted two medical journal articles in
the attorneys’ fee proceedings in an attempt to bolster his assertion that there was a
reasonable basis for Petitioner’s claim.”). The special master subsequently denied
petitioner’s motions for attorneys’ fees and costs because the evidence in the
record did not satisfy the reasonable basis standard. Id. at 64.

       Petitioner filed a motion for review of the decision not awarding attorneys’
fees and costs. Id. at 66. The Court rejected the petitioner’s attempt to bolster her
claim with articles filed after entitlement was resolved: “[t]he Court [was] at a
complete loss as to how Petitioner’s counsel believe[d] [that evidence] submitted
AFTER judgment on the merits was entered could possibly help form a reasonable
basis for Petitioner’s claim.” Id. at 73. The Judge emphasized that “the time for
introducing these articles was BEFORE the Special Master issued his ruling on
the merits, when they could aid his client’s attempt to be compensated for her
alleged injury, not AFTER his client had lost on the merits and they could only aid
his attempt to collect fees.” Id. Ultimately, the Court affirmed the special master’s
decision denying attorneys’ fees and costs. Id. at 74.

        Goodgame’s emphasis on petitioners’ obligation to present evidence
supporting the claim for which the petition was filed while entitlement is pending
is consistent with the structure of the Vaccine Act. “Congress expected petitioners
to file front-loaded petitions with ‘supporting documentation, demonstrating’ five
elements.” Carter v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 15-1030V, 2017 WL
490427, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 10, 2017) (quoting 42 U.S.C. 11(c)(1)),
mot. for rev. denied, 132 Fed. Cl. 372 (2017). In this way, “Special masters
consistently make fee determinations on the basis of the extensive documentation
required by § 300aa-11(c) and included with the petition.” Sebelius v. Cloer, 569
U.S. 369, 381-82 (2013). While petitioners may rely upon materials not filed
contemporaneously with the petition, petitioners and their attorneys are taking a
“risk of not being compensated for attorneys’ fees and costs if they file without the
necessary supporting documentation and are later unable to produce such
documentation.” Everett v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 91-1115, 1992
WL 35863, at *2 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 7, 1992).

      Drawing a line at the point of a decision resolving entitlement seems to be a
natural and sensible demarcation. Attorneys representing petitioners should submit
any evidence that could help their clients receive compensation when the client’s
                                              8
case remains pending. A purpose of the Vaccine Program is to compensate people
injured by vaccines. Bruesewitz v. Wyeth LLC, 562 U.S. 223, 228 (2011). A
secondary purpose is “to ensure that vaccine-injured claimants will have readily
available a competent bar to prosecute their claims under the Act.” Saunders v.
Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 35 F.3d 1031, 1035 (Fed. Cir. 1994). But, the
payment of fees is “secondary” to the primary purpose, which is to compensate
deserving individuals.

        Requiring evidence relevant to the topics set forth in § 11(c)(1) to be filed
during the entitlement phase also is in accord with the Supreme Court’s
admonition that a request for attorneys’ fees should not result in a second major
litigation. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983). Although the Federal
Circuit has not yet defined the limits of this constraint in the context of a case from
the Vaccine Program, the Federal Circuit has followed this directive in a variety of
other circumstances. Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 745 F.3d 513,
517 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (whether a patentee’s inequitable conduct allowed an award
of attorneys’ fees); Bywaters v. United States, 670 F.3d 1221, 1228-32 (Fed. Cir.
2012) (whether the Court of Federal Claims reasonably determined an amount of
attorneys’ fees and costs); Patrick v. Shinseki, 668 F.3d 1325, 1329-30 (Fed. Cir.
2011) (whether the position of the United States was substantially justified);
Vaughn v. Principi, 336 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (whether a person
pursuing veterans’ benefits was a prevailing party under the Equal Access to
Justice Act).

        Here, Mr. Sheller has attempted to expand the record to substantiate his
claim for attorney’s fees and costs. Before the entitlement decision Mr. Sheller had
submitted seven exhibits, consisting of five medical records plus Dr. Akbari’s
letter and curriculum vitae. As Mr. Sheller acknowledged, he was not prohibited
from filing any evidence during the entitlement phase. Oral Arg. Tr. at 18. After
the entitlement decision, Mr. Sheller submitted more than 40 additional exhibits.
Exhibits 13-58. 4

       If the evidence regarding the reasonable basis for the claims set forth in the
petition were limited to the evidence submitted during the entitlement phase, the
Secretary’s motion to strike should be granted in its entirety. Such a result would
be consistent with Goodgame, and a case decided more recently by a special
master, Contreras v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 19-491V, 2022 WL

      4
       The cited additional exhibits do not include the five exhibits regarding the
amount of fees.

                                              9
2302208, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 31, 2022). Furthermore, this result
would be consistent with Simmons v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 875 F.3d
632, 635 (Fed. Cir. 2017), in which the Federal Circuit indicated that special
masters should decide questions of reasonable basis based upon objective
evidence. However, this result could be perceived as unduly harsh to Ms. Toale,
who argues that, because Boatman was on appeal, it was prudent to wait to submit
all evidence on reasonable basis and good faith to preserve Vaccine Program
resources. Oral Arg. Tr. at 16. Ms. Toale also argued that although she could have
filed the additional evidence during the entitlement phase, it would not have made
sense because one cannot prevail on entitlement without having an expert examine
the medical literature and package inserts. Id. at 18. But see Carter, 2017 WL
490427 at *1 (finding that a petition alleging vaccines caused an infant’s death
lacked a reasonable basis). To allow Mr. Sheller and Ms. Toale to present their
strongest argument that reasonable basis supported the claim set forth in the
petition, the motion to strike will be denied for all exhibits that appear relevant.

       A focus on relevance complies with Vaccine Rule 8, which states: “In
receiving evidence, the special master will not be bound by common law or
statutory rules of evidence but must consider all relevant and reliable evidence
governed by principles of fundamental fairness to both parties.” Vaccine Rule
8(b)(1). Although the Vaccine Rules do not define “relevant evidence,” the
Federal Rules of Evidence indicate that “relevant evidence” has “any tendency to
make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Fed. R.
Evid. 401; accord Cox v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 30 Fed. Cl. 136, 143
(1993).

       Mr. Sheller’s briefs help to show whether an article is relevant. If Mr.
Sheller discussed an article in a brief, then the article is relevant and remains in the
record. On the other hand, simply dumping dozens of articles into the case file
without explaining the article’s significance does not make an article relevant. In
other words, for articles that Mr. Sheller’s briefs do not discuss, Mr. Sheller has
waived any argument regarding the article’s relevance. See Vaccine Rule 8(f).
Because those undiscussed articles have not been shown to be relevant, they are
struck from the record after having been reviewed. For a complete list of articles
that are struck and a short explanation regarding the lack of relevance, see the
appendix. The remaining articles have been considered.

                                              10
      B.     Whether Decisions Constitute Evidence Relevant to Determining
      Whether a Reasonable Basis Supports the Claim Set Forth in the
      Petition

       The Federal Circuit has determined that reasonable basis depends upon
objective evidence. Simmons, 875 F.3d at 635. In addition to Daniels’s medical
records, the letter from Dr. Akbari, the email from Dr. Miller, the package inserts,
and various medical articles, Mr. Sheller argues that the special master’s decision
in Boatmon supports reasonable basis.

       However, when asked at oral argument whether a case constitutes evidence
relevant to deciding reasonable basis, attorneys for both parties struggled. Oral
Arg. Tr. at 39, 44. “Evidence” is defined as “1. Something (including testimony,
documents and tangible objects) that tends to prove or disprove the existence of an
alleged fact” and as “3. The collective mass of things esp. testimony and exhibits,
presented before a tribunal in a given dispute.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed.
2019).

       A ruling finding entitlement or a decision denying entitlement typically
analyzes “evidence” in that case. “Evidence” typically includes medical records,
testimony, reports from experts and articles published in peer-reviewed journals.
Thus, a case, such as Boatmon, can guide parties in future cases to experts and
articles that could form evidence in a future case.5

       However, the definition of evidence is so broad that an opinion from a
judicial officer seems to fall within its ambit. Accordingly, in determining whether
Mr. Sheller met his burden regarding reasonable basis, the undersigned has
considered all iterations of Boatmon. The undersigned has also considered other
cases that found insufficient evidence regarding the theory that typical childhood
vaccines can cause death in an infant. E.g., Jewell v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., No. 11-138V, 2016 WL 5404165, at *13 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 29,
2016); Copenhaver v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 13-1002V, 2016 WL
3456436, at *18 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 31, 2016), mot. for rev. denied, 129
Fed. Cl. 176 (2016); Lord v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 12-255V, 2016
WL 806818, at *14 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 9, 2016); Cozart v. Sec’y of Health

      5
        Ms. Toale appears to have started down this path but did not complete it to
her destination.

                                            11
& Hum. Servs., No. 00-590V, 2015 WL 6746616, at *13 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct.
15, 2015), mot. for rev. denied, 126 Fed. Cl. 488 (2016).

       C.     Whether Reasonable Basis Supports the Claim Set Forth in the
       Petition

       Having resolved two preliminary issues, the undersigned now turns to the
crux of the pending motion—whether “there was a reasonable basis for the claim
for which the petition was brought.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1). Here, the claim
in Mr. Sheller’s petition is that Daniel’s death “was causally related to an adverse
reaction” to the Pentacel and/or Prevnar vaccines. Pet., filed May 17, 2018, ¶ 9.

               1.     Standards for Adjudication

       Petitioners who have not been awarded compensation (like Mr. Sheller here)
are eligible for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs when “the petition was
brought in good faith and there was a reasonable basis for the claim.” 42
U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1). As the Federal Circuit has stated, “good faith” and
“reasonable basis” are two separate elements that must be met for a petitioner to be
eligible for attorneys’ fees and costs. Simmons, 875 F.3d at 635. Here, the
Secretary has not raised a challenge to Mr. Sheller’s good faith. Thus, the disputed
issue is reasonable basis.

       In Cottingham v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, the Federal Circuit
stated that the evidentiary burden for meeting the reasonable basis standard “is
lower than the preponderant evidence standard.” 971 F.3d 1337, 1346 (Fed. Cir.
2020). 6 Something “more than a mere scintilla” might establish the reasonable
basis standard. Id. at 1346. Petitioners meet their evidentiary burden with
“objective evidence.” Id. at 1344. In categorizing medical records as objective
evidence, the Federal Circuit stated, “[m]edical records can support causation even
where the records provide only circumstantial evidence of causation.” Id. at 1346.
Finally, the Federal Circuit in Cottingham specified that “we make no
determination on the weight of the objective evidence in the record or whether that
evidence establishes reasonable basis, for these are factual findings for the Special
Master and not this court.” Id. at 1347.

       6
           The Federal Circuit’s precedential opinion is referred to as Cottingham
VII.

                                              12
       In its most recent opinion regarding the reasonable basis standard, the
Federal Circuit stated that medical records, affidavits, and sworn testimony all
constitute objective evidence that could support reasonable basis. James-Cornelius
v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 984 F.3d 1374, 1379-81. The Federal Circuit
further clarified that “absence of an express medical opinion on causation is not
necessarily dispositive of whether a claim has reasonable basis, especially when
the case is in its early stages and counsel may not have had the opportunity to
retain qualified experts.” Id. at 1379 (citing Cottingham VII, 971 F.3d at 1346).
These two most recent decisions guide the analysis regarding what types of
evidence constitute objective evidence of reasonable basis, as originally articulated
in Simmons, though the ultimate weighing of such evidence is left up to the special
master.

       One judge of the Court of Federal Claims has explained that in the context
of vaccine injury, “causation is defined by the Althen prongs” and “[b]y extension,
the Althen prongs may provide at least some definitional context to causation in a
reasonable basis analysis.” Cottingham v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 159
Fed. Cl. 328, 334-35 (2022), appeal docketed, No. 22-1737 (Fed. Cir. Apr. 28,
2022). 7 Merely pointing to some evidence of a causal relationship between a
vaccine and an injury is not necessarily sufficient to establish reasonable basis
because evaluating the weight of objective evidence and whether it constitutes
reasonable basis is a decision for the special master. Id. at 335 (citing Cottingham
VII, 971 F.3d at 1346).

              2.     Evaluation of Evidence

      Consistent with the approach taken in Cottingham XI, the method for
assessing the evidence will follow the structure from Althen. However, the burden
of proof is not the same.

                     a)    Althen Prong One

        The parties have focused much of their arguments on the question of
whether reasonable basis supports the claim that childhood vaccines can cause an
unexpected death in an infant. Mr. Sheller advances four points: Dr. Akbari’s
letter, Dr. Miller’s email, various medical articles including the package insert, and
the special master’s decision in Boatmon. The Secretary responds that taken
collectively or individually, these are not enough. They are analyzed in turn.

      7
          This Cottingham opinion is referred to as Cottingham XI.

                                              13
                          (1)    Dr. Akbari’s April 4, 2018 Letter

       Although Mr. Sheller initially put forward Dr. Akbari’s letter as support for
a finding of reasonable basis for the claim set forth in the petition (see exhibit 11
¶ 22), Mr. Sheller later acknowledged in oral argument that Dr. Akbari’s opinion
was not a causation opinion. Oral Arg. Tr. at 28-29. This description of Dr.
Akbari’s letter is correct—he did not offer an opinion that any vaccine caused
Daniel’s death.

        Dr. Akbari recommended further testing. He summarized his assessment as
“it is reasonable to conduct further inquiry including laboratory work.” Exhibit 5.
An interest in obtaining more information differs from an opinion supporting
causation.

       Dr. Akbari has not presented any theory by which vaccines can cause an
infant’s death. At most, Dr. Akbari provides two potential reasons regarding the
question of general causation: a decision by Dutch authorities to stop distribution
of Prevnar and results of clinical trials. 8

       First, assessing the value of any activities by Dutch authorities is not
possible because Mr. Sheller did not file any materials about it. Mr. Sheller
repeated what Dr. Akbari said, but there is no direct record from Dutch officials.
See, e.g., Pet’r’s Supp., filed Aug. 24, 2008, at 8. While special masters must
evaluate the entire record, special masters do not have to evaluate material that is
not in the record.

      Second, although not directly cited by Dr. Akbari, the source of information
about clinical trials appears to be the package inserts. As part of the litigation over
whether Mr. Sheller was eligible to receive attorneys’ fees, Mr. Sheller filed the
package inserts for Prevnar as exhibit 15. See Pet’r’s Supp. at 9 n.8. In this
context, Mr. Sheller states: “The most commonly reported serious adverse events
were in the ‘Infections and infestations’ system organ class including bronchiolitis
(0.9%, 1.1%), gastroenteritis, (0.9%, 0.9%), and pneumonia (0.9%, 0.5%) for
Prevnar 13 and Prevnar respectively." Id.: accord Pet’r’s Reply, filed Sept. 30,
2020, at 5; Pet’r’s Memo., filed Nov. 22, 2021, at 7-8. This quotation comes from
page 6 of exhibit 15.

      8
        Evidence related to specific causation (Daniel’s death) is discussed in
section C(2)(b), below.

                                             14
       Two points temper the usefulness of these statistics. Preliminarily, saying
that approximately one percent of infants and toddlers experienced bronchiolitis
within one month after receiving Prevnar tells little, if anything, about whether
Prevnar caused the bronchiolitis. See Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 956
F.2d 1144 (Fed. Cir. 1992). The package insert did not include bronchiolitis
among “adverse drug reactions.” See exhibit 15 at 9.

       More importantly, the package insert directly addresses the specific outcome
in Daniel’s case, an infant’s death. “There were 3 (0.063%) deaths among Prevnar
13 recipients, and 1 (0.036%) death in Prevnar recipients, all as a result of sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS). These SIDS rates are consistent with published age
specific background rates of SIDS from the year 2000.” Id. at 7.

      Neither Dr. Akbari in his letter nor Mr. Sheller in his legal briefing has
explained how clinical trials that did not detect an increased incidence of deaths
following vaccination support the claim that the vaccination can cause a death.

       Thus, to return to the start of this section about Dr. Akbari’s letter, Dr.
Akbari did not opine that vaccinations can cause an infant’s death. It is not a
causation opinion. As such, it is weaker than the evidence found insufficient to
establish reasonable basis in Perreira v. Secretary of Health & Human Services.

       The presence of “more than a mere scintilla” of evidence does not mandate a
finding of reasonable basis. This lesson is demonstrated by the Federal Circuit's
earlier precedential opinion on reasonable basis, Perreira. In that case, the
Perreiras alleged that a 1982 administration of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus
(“DPT”) vaccine harmed their daughter, Carly. Initially, the Perreiras maintained
that Carly started having seizures four days after the second dose of DPT, based
upon the testimony of Carly's mother. The former Chief Special Master declined
to credit Ms. Perreira’s testimony and found, instead, that the seizures started 20
days after the second dose of DPT. Perreira v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No.
90-847V, 1991 WL 117740, at *1, 1 n.2 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. June 13, 1991).

        Given this fact finding regarding the sequence of events, the Perreiras
attempted to establish a significant aggravation claim. They based this alternative
claim on the contention that two weeks after the third dose of DPT, Carly had more
seizures. The former Chief Special Master rejected the Perreiras’ claim because
there was no support for their expert’s opinion that DPT causes harm that would
first appear two weeks later. Id.

                                             15
       After the entitlement proceedings concluded, the Perreiras sought an award
for their attorneys’ fees and costs. The former Chief Special Master found that the
Perreiras had a reasonable basis for filing their petition. Perreira v. Sec'y of Health
& Hum. Servs., No. 90-487V, 1992 WL 164436, at *2 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. June
12, 1993).

       The decision does not provide a reason for finding reasonable basis.
However, the former Chief Special Master explicitly found that a reasonable basis
no longer existed after the expert submitted a report, noting that the expert's theory
“amounted to his own unsupported speculation[,]” and that the Perreiras’ attorney
should have recognized that the expert's theory “was legally insufficient to
establish causation.” Id. at *1-2. The former Chief Special Master also stated that
the Perreiras’ attorney recognized that this case “was a ‘bad case.’” Id.

       The Perreiras filed a motion for review of the denial of a portion of the
attorneys’ fees and costs. In finding the former Chief Special Master's
determination not arbitrary, the Court of Federal Claims rejected the petitioners’
arguments, including an argument that “counsel had an absolute right to rely on the
expert’s opinion in pursuing the case.” Perreira v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
27 Fed. Cl. 29, 33 (1992).

       These decisions form the background for the Federal Circuit’s discussion of
“reasonable basis” in its Perreira opinion. Affirming the original decision, the
Federal Circuit held that the Chief Special Master could determine that a petitioner
lacked reasonable basis, despite an expert report, because “the expert opinion was
grounded in neither medical literature nor studies.” Perreira v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., 33 F.3d 1375, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1994). The Federal Circuit explained
that “[t]he special master did not require counsel to verify the validity of the
expert's opinion, but only required the opinion to be more than unsupported
speculation.” Id.

       “Perreira demonstrates that special masters enjoy discretion to find that a
claim lacked a reasonable basis when the evidence on which the petitioners relies
(there, an expert’s report) is rooted in unsupported speculation.” Ellis v. Sec’y of
Health & Hum. Servs., No. 13-336V, 2019 WL 3315326, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. June 24, 2019). The Federal Circuit interpreted the “reasonable basis”
standard, by declaring: “Congress must not have intended that every claimant,
whether being compensated or not under the Vaccine Act, collect attorneys’ fees
and costs by merely having an expert state an unsupported opinion.” Perreira, 33
F.3d at 1377.

                                             16
       When the holding of Perreira is applied to this case, Mr. Sheller’s evidence
falls short of crossing the reasonable basis threshold. In Perreira, the petitioners
did not satisfy the reasonable basis standard with an expert’s unsupported opinion
that the DPT vaccine aggravated their daughter’s seizures. Here, Mr. Sheller lacks
an opinion from an expert that the vaccines harmed Daniel.

                          (2)    Dr. Miller’s Email

       Dr. Miller’s email is mostly about Daniel’s autopsy with some discussion of
other information about Daniel. Exhibit 20. Dr. Miller does not explicitly state
that vaccines can cause an infant’s death. He also does not explicitly propose a
theory by which vaccines can cause an infant’s death.

       At best, Dr. Miller states: “I could write a report.” Is an offer to write a
report the same as a report for purposes of determining whether reasonable basis
supports the claim set forth in the petition? The answer to that question is “No.”
An offer to write a report differs from a report.

       In Chuisano, the petitioner represented to the court that she intended to
retain an expert to write a report. Chuisano v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No.
07-452V, 2013 WL 6234660, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 25, 2013), mot. for
rev. denied, 116 Fed. Cl. 276 (2014). However, after four motions for extensions
of time to file such report, petitioner explained that her attorneys had reviewed a
draft opinion from the expert and stated that they needed additional time. Id. at *5.
However, the special master dismissed the case. Id. at *6. After the petitioner
sought an award of attorneys’ fees and costs, the Secretary objected. Id. The
petitioner primarily argued that he relied upon the representations of the expert. Id.
However, the special master explained that reasonable basis was not supported by
“[t]he attorneys’ beliefs and hopes about what evidence might be produced in the
future” because beliefs and hope are not evidence. Id. at *19. After a motion for
review was filed, the Court found that the special master’s conclusion was “not
‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or not in accordance with law.’”
Chuisano v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 276, 280 (2014) (internal citations
omitted).

       While the final opinion in Chuisano came from the Court of Federal Claims
and, therefore, is not binding precedent, the Federal Circuit’s opinion in Simmons
reinforces the need for evidence. There, the Federal Circuit emphasized that
reasonable basis is an objective test, one that is met with evidence. 875 F.3d at
635-36. Although Dr. Miller’s letter is evidence, the letter is not an opinion that a

                                             17
vaccine harmed Daniel and does not constitute more than a mere scintilla of
evidence supporting vaccine-causation.

       Indeed, Mr. Sheller stated that Dr. Miller’s work “led to the timely dismissal
of Petitioner’s claim.” Pet’r’s Supp. at 16. Work by an expert retained by
petitioners that leads to the dismissal of the claim would seem to constitute
evidence that is contrary to the claims set forth in the petition. If the expert’s work
supported the claims set forth in the petition, then, it would seem, that the claim
would not be dismissed. Accordingly, Dr. Miller’s letter merits negligible, if any,
weight in evaluating whether a reasonable basis supported the petition’s claim that
vaccines caused Daniel’s death.

                          (3)    Medical Articles

        As discussed in the context of the Secretary’s motion to strike, Mr. Sheller
discussed approximately 11 articles. See Pet’r’s Supp. Fees Mot., filed Aug. 24,
2020, at 9; Pet’r’s Resp. to Order, filed Nov. 22, 2021, at 6-8. The undersigned has
reviewed those articles (exhibits 13-23). How those articles contribute to
establishing reasonable basis for the claim that vaccines can cause a child’s death
is not readily apparent. Some of these exhibits are in formats that rarely, if ever,
are presented as evidence in the Vaccine Program. Even apart from the unusual
style, the material tends to undermine a contention that vaccines can cause an
infant’s death.

       Within the group of articles in the record, the most reliable study is a study
involving roughly 10,000 infants or toddlers that was performed to assess the
safety of the DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine. Exhibit 14 (John Hansen et al., Safety of
DTaP-IPV/Hib Vaccine Administered Routinely to Infants and Toddlers, 34
Vaccine 4172 (2016)). Vaccinated two-month-old infants were monitored after
given the first dose of the vaccine through six months after receiving a fourth dose
at age 24 months. Id. Incidence rate ratios were calculated and revealed 166
comparisons with elevated incidence ratio rates. Id. However, the analyses
performed “did not suggest any relationship with DTaP-IPV/Hib.” Id. The overall
results of the study did not find any safety concerns with administering this vaccine
and noted that the vaccine “was not associated with unexpected safety risks.” Id.

      Another exhibit about vaccines and death in infants is exhibit 22 (Jane Woo
Post-Approval Adverse Event Review: Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and
Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Inactivated Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate
(Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate) Vaccine (Pentacel) (2010)). Exhibit 22 is a
PowerPoint presentation, which may or may not have been subject to peer-review.

                                             18
One of the slides in Dr. Woo’s presentation on SIDS death reports states that
“these reports do not raise any concerns about a causal relationship with Pentacel.”
Id. at 12. Additionally, her presentation notes “[t]he evidence favors rejection of a
causal relationship between exposure to multiple vaccines and SIDS.” Id. at 13.
During a post-approval pediatric safety review of Pentacel, no new safety concerns
were identified. Id. at 17.

       Somewhat farther afield but still within the range of vaccines potentially
associated with deaths is exhibit 19 (Sanofi Pasteur, Database Surveillance Safety
Study of Pentacel Vaccine, NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine (Aug. 19,
2015), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00804284). Mr. Sheller produced
pages from a government website about clinical trials. The website shows that
Sanofi sponsored a study with the purpose of examining the safety of the Pentacel
vaccine and identifying any potential adverse related events as a result of the
vaccine. Exhibit 19 (Sanofi study) at 1-2. The study ran from September 2008 to
January 2015. Id. at 2. Exhibit 19 does not report any results. See id. However,
the website lists one article as indexed to this clinical study. 9 The Hansen
researchers, as discussed above, did not detect any increased incidence of death
after vaccination. Exhibit 14.

       According to Mr. Sheller, these articles support a contention that vaccines
can cause an infant’s death because researchers investigated the question. The fact
that none of the studies linked vaccines as contributing to an increased incidence of
death appears not to matter. But evidence that can most charitably be described as
neutral (as opposed to downright negative) does not assist Mr. Sheller in meeting
an affirmative obligation to demonstrate a reasonable basis for the petition’s claim
that vaccines can cause an infant’s death.

       Another series of articles discuss febrile seizures, not deaths in children after
vaccination. Of this group, the most useful is a 2020 article that found a
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine could be associated with an increased incidence
of febrile seizures. Exhibit 23 (Meghan A. Baker et al., The Risk of Febrile
Seizures Following Influenza and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines,
38 Vaccine 2166 (2020)). A problem is that an article published in 2020 has
questionable, if any, relevance to determining whether any evidence supported Mr.

      9
        The article is identified as “Hansen J, Timbol J, Lewis N, Pool V, Decker
MD, Greenberg DP, Klein NP. Safety of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine administered
routinely to infants and toddlers. Vaccine. 2016 Jul 29;34(35):4172-4179.
doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.062. Epub 2016 Jun 30.”

                                              19
Sheller’s petition considering that Mr. Sheller filed his case in 2018 and it was
dismissed on January 13, 2020.

       The Baker article is somewhat similar to a news account on a similar topic
published in 2012. Exhibit 16 (Emma Hitt, Prevnar 13 Should Be Watched for
Febrile Seizure Risk, FDA Panel Says, Medscape Medical News (Jan. 31, 2012),
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/757814_print). To complete this series, a
case report proposes that a child with febrile seizures whose death is induced by a
seizure can appear consistent in manner with cases of sudden unexpected death in
epilepsy. Exhibit 17 (Brian Dlouhy et al., Unexpected Death of a Child with
Complex Febrile Seizures – Pathophysiology Similar to Sudden Unexpected Death
in Epilepsy?, 8 Frontiers Neurology (2017)).

       For these articles, an unacceptably wide gap between the medical records
about Daniel and febrile seizures prevents their usefulness in supporting reasonable
basis. Mr. Sheller has not identified any evidence that suggests Daniel suffered
any seizure. Oral Arg. Tr. at 57. Ms. Toale’s suggestion that he might have
suffered a seizure is speculation from an attorney.

                          (4)    Other Cases

       Beyond the traditional types of evidence (statements from experts and
articles subject to peer review), Mr. Sheller also maintains that the special master’s
decision in Boatmon supported the claim set forth in the petition. If opinions from
judicial officers contribute to evaluating whether objective evidence supports a
claim set forth in a petition, then Boatmon supports Mr. Sheller’s position. In
Boatmon, the special master found that petitioners were entitled to compensation
in a SIDS case. Boatmon v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 13-611V, 2017
WL 3432329, at *1, *43 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 10, 2017). In doing so, the
special master credited opinions offered by Dr. Miller over Dr. McCusker, where
Dr. Miller testified that the decedent died of SIDS and that vaccines substantially
contributed to the death. Id. at *37, *39. As such, the special master ultimately
concluded that the petitioners presented a vaccination causation theory that was
reasonable and reliable. Id. at *38. If the special master’s findings of fact had
been upheld, then the petitioners would have been entitled to attorneys’ fees and
costs.

      Boatmon’s value, however, is complicated in two respects. To start,
Boatmon’s finding that vaccines can cause an infant’s death is not consistent with
findings of other special masters. This inconsistency seems to suggest that the
outcome of Boatmon cannot be imported wholesale into other cases. Instead, those

                                             20
other cases, including Mr. Sheller’s case, would primarily (maybe exclusively)
depend upon the evidence presented.

      In addition to the special master’s ruling in Boatmon being anomalous,
another complication is that the special master’s finding was overturned
eventually. Of course, Mr. Sheller did not know when he filed his petition on May
17, 2018, the outcome of any appellate review. This chronology means that the
Court of Federal Claims’s reversal of the special master’s decision on July 3, 2018,
as well as the Federal Circuit’s affirmance of the judgment denying compensation
on November 7, 2019, cannot be held against Mr. Sheller in determining whether
reasonable basis supported the petition when it was filed.

                           (5)   Assessment

       When considered as a whole, the record does not support a finding that Mr.
Sheller has submitted sufficient evidence that vaccines can cause an infant’s death.
It bears repeating that the level of proof is not preponderance of the evidence.

      At best, the presence of the special master’s ruling in Boatmon made the
claim that vaccines can cause an infant’s death feasible. “Feasible,” in this
context, means that a petitioner might acquire evidence to support the claim.
However, “feasibility” is not consistent with a jurisprudence in which the
reasonable basis standard is met with evidence. Cottingham v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., No. 15-1291V, 2021 WL 6881248, at *21 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept.
27, 2021) (noting that the Federal Circuit opinions in Cottingham VII and James-
Cornelius did not set forth a “feasibility” standard), mot. for rev. denied, 159 Fed.
Cl. 328 (2022). 10

       Apart from Boatmon, the evidence regarding the claim that childhood
vaccines can cause an infant’s death is lacking. Neither Dr. Akbari nor Dr. Miller
presented developed opinions regarding causation. The medical articles,
PowerPoint presentations, and news accounts either did not find an increased
incidence of deaths after vaccinations or addressed a condition (seizures) that is not
relevant. While Mr. Sheller might have a scintilla of evidence regarding prong
one, a scintilla does not confer reasonable basis automatically. Cottingham VII,
971 F.3d at 1346 (“more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance of
proof could provide sufficient grounds for a special master to find reasonable

      10
           The September 27, 2021 Cottingham decision is referred to as Cottingham
X.

                                             21
basis”); Cottingham XI, 159 Fed. Cl. at 333. Here for the reasons explained above,
Mr. Shiller’s prong one evidence does not pass the reasonable basis threshold.

                    b)    Althen Prong Two

        As previously noted, Althen’s structure for establishing causation-in-fact at a
preponderance of the evidence standard can be used as a structure for evaluating
reasonable basis at a lower evidentiary standard. Accordingly, if Mr. Sheller had
met the reasonable basis standard for prong one, then the next step would be to
assess whether he met the reasonable basis standard regarding prong two. See
Cottingham VII, 971 F.3d at 1345-46 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–11(c)(1) for the
list of elements a petitioner must present, including as part of paragraph (C), a
showing of causation); Cottingham XI, 159 Fed. Cl. at 334-35 (recognizing Althen
as defining a test for causation-in-fact claims).

      Mr. Sheller’s case illustrates why appellate guidance about the role Althen
prong two plays (or does not play) in determining reasonable basis would be
helpful. Through the work of Mr. Caldwell and Ms. Toale, Mr. Sheller has
presented a least some evidence that could conceivably be stretched to support a
finding that there is a reasonable basis on the prong one question—whether
childhood vaccines can cause an infant’s death. For the reasons explained above,
the undersigned finds that this case’s evidence, taken as a whole, does not pass the
reasonable basis standard. But, once the analysis moves beyond the general
question (can a vaccine cause an injury) to the specific question (did a vaccine
cause this vaccinee’s injury), what is the inquiry for reasonable basis?

      While the parties have focused much of their attention on the first Althen
prong, the second Althen prong carries significance as well. In the context of
adding depth to the Althen prongs, the Federal Circuit explained:

             The second prong of the Althen III test is not without
             meaning. There may well be a circumstance where it is
             found that a vaccine can cause the injury at issue and
             where the injury was temporally proximate to the
             vaccination, but it is illogical to conclude that the injury
             was actually caused by the vaccine. A claimant could
             satisfy the first and third prongs without satisfying the
             second prong when medical records and medical
             opinions do not suggest that the vaccine caused the
             injury.

                                              22
Capizzano v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 440 F.3d 1317, 1327 (Fed. Cir.
2006). 11

       Here, the tenor of the parties’ briefing seems to suggest that if Mr. Sheller
had a reasonable basis for asserting that childhood vaccines can cause an infant’s
death, then he must automatically also have a reasonable basis for asserting that
Daniel’s death was caused by a vaccination. However, as the passage from
Capizzano illustrates, a persuasive (or reasonable) case regarding Althen prong one
does not necessarily establish a persuasive (or reasonable) case regarding Althen
prong two. Capizzano further identifies the evidence that is relevant in assessing
Althen prong two: “medical records and medical opinions.” These two types of
evidence match what the Vaccine Act says is essential in awarding compensation:
“The special master or court may not make such a finding based on the claims of a
petitioner alone, unsubstantiated by medical records or medical opinions.” 42
U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1) (emphasis added).

        Cottingham VIII explained that in that case, because the vaccinee’s medical
records did not suggest that a vaccination caused an injury, the argument that a
reasonable basis supported the claim in the petition that a vaccination harmed the
vaccinee necessarily implicated a medical opinion from a retained expert.
Cottingham v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 15-1291V, 2021 WL 347020,
at *18-19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 7, 2021). However, the day after Cottingham
VIII was issued, the Federal Circuit released its most recent precedential opinion
regarding reasonable basis, James-Cornelius. There, the Federal Circuit declared
an “absence of an express medical opinion on causation is not necessarily
dispositive of whether a claim has a reasonable basis, especially when the case is in
its early stages and counsel may not have had the opportunity to retain qualified
experts.” James-Cornelius, 984 F.3d at 1379. Because of this statement from the
Federal Circuit, the Court of Federal Claims vacated the decision and remanded for
additional analysis regarding reasonable basis. Cottingham v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., 154 Fed. Cl. 790 (2021). 12

      11
          Capizzano’s discussion of Althen prong two was in the context of a
petitioner attempting to establish, by preponderance of evidence, that she was
entitled to compensation. The preponderance of evidence standard, as mentioned
above, is not the evidentiary standard for reasonable basis.
      12
           This Cottingham opinion is referred to as Cottingham IX.

                                             23
       On remand, the (undersigned) special master attempted to comply with the
mandate from the Court of Federal Claims as well as the Federal Circuit’s direction
in James-Cornelius and again found that there was not a reasonable basis for the
claims set forth in the petition. Cottingham X, 2021 WL 6881248. Upon a motion
for review, the Court of Federal Claims ruled that the finding of reasonable basis
“was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” Cottingham XI, 159 Fed. Cl. at 337. Thus, the Court of
Federal Claims entered a judgment that the petitioner in Cottingham was not
awarded attorneys’ fees and costs. Ms. Cottingham has now appealed that
judgment to the Federal Circuit and briefing has commenced.

      It may be the case that the Federal Circuit’s forthcoming opinion in
Cottingham will provide more guidance to the participants in the Vaccine Program
about whether Althen prong two is a factor in the reasonable basis analysis.
Assuming that Althen prong two contributes to the reasonable basis analysis, an
unresolved question, at least to the undersigned, is: can a petitioner satisfy the
reasonable basis standard without a medical record explicitly suggesting that a
vaccine could have caused an injury and without a medical opinion supporting
causation?

        This question is far from an academic point as the evidence about Daniel
illustrates. With respect to medical records, except for some attempts to resuscitate
him on the day of his death, Daniel did not receive any treatment for an injury that
caused his death. The people providing medical services during Daniel’s agonal
process did not associate his recent vaccinations with his death. See exhibit 2.

       In the autopsy performed on June 29, 2016, Daniel’s body was “well-
developed” and “well-nourished” upon external examination. Exhibit 3 at 17.
However, the coroner did report “a 3/4 [inch] faint pink contusion over the right
side of the forehead” as well as “a 1/4 [inch] faint pink contusion over the mid
forehead.” Id. at 18. The coroner concluded that Daniel’s anatomic diagnosis was
“[u]ndetermined” with “[n]o anatomical, histological, or toxicological cause.” Id.
at 21.

       Thus, in explicit and direct terms, no medical record indicates that a vaccine
might have caused Daniel’s death. On the other hand, the medical records do
present a chronology in which the vaccination preceded Daniel’s demise. It might
be the case that for purposes of establishing the reasonable basis of a claim in a
petition that a vaccination caused a person’s injury, a simple sequence of events in
which a person is vaccinated and then develops an injury suffices. See Cottingham
VII, 971 F.3d at 1346.
                                            24
       But this standard would be different from how causation is viewed in the
entitlement stage. When determining whether petitioners have attempted to
present preponderant evidence that a vaccination harmed them, a sequence of
events is not the same as a statement of causation. Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., 617 F.3d 1328, 1347-48 (2010); Grant v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 956 F.2d 1144 (Fed. Cir. 1992).

       Accordingly, Mr. Sheller has failed to present “medical records” that are
sufficiently probative to establish the reasonable basis for the petition’s specific
claim that the vaccinations caused Daniel’s death. A remaining option is that a
“medical opinion” supports the assertion that the vaccinations caused Daniel’s
death.

      Here, too, the evidence is lacking. As discussed above, Dr. Akbari’s April 4,
2018 letter is not an opinion regarding causation. Oral Arg. Tr. at 28-29; see also
exhibit 5.

       Dr. Miller’s September 9, 2021 email also does not state that a vaccine
caused Daniel’s death. Exhibit 20. An assessment of Dr. Miller’s email in the
context of Althen prong two further illustrates why an offer to write a report differs
from a report opining on causation. While Dr. Miller might have been able to
present a theory how childhood vaccines might cause an infant’s death, Dr.
Miller’s email does not persuasively identify a basis for opining that Daniel’s death
was, more likely than not, due to a vaccination. See exhibit 20. This evidentiary
gap weighs against finding a reasonable basis because a petitioner “must point to
evidence of a causal relationship between the administration of the vaccine and her
injuries in order to establish that a reasonable basis for the claim existed when the
petition was filed.” Cottingham VII, 971 F.3d at 1346 (emphasis added).
Consequently, for the two types of evidence that Capizzano recognized as a
relevant to Althen prong two (medical records and medical opinions), the evidence
does not rise to a level that passes the threshold for reasonable basis.

       Furthermore, whether the absence of a medical opinion affects the
evaluation of whether a reasonable basis supports the claim that the vaccinations
caused Daniel’s death is unclear in at least two respects. First, the Federal Circuit
stated: “absence of an express medical opinion on causation is not necessarily
dispositive of whether a claim has a reasonable basis.” James-Cornelius, 984 F.3d
at 1379. The term “necessarily” implies that in some cases, the lack of an express
medical opinion might be dispositive. Cottingham X, 2021 WL 6881248 at *28.
While the Federal Circuit has not yet had an opportunity to clarify when an
absence of an express medical opinion is dispositive and when it is not dispositive,
                                              25
it seems that Mr. Sheller’s petition might present one instance in which the lack of
an express medical opinion is particularly glaring. This is because until Boatmon,
special masters had consistently found that the evidence did not preponderate in
favor of finding that childhood vaccines can cause an infant’s death. Thus, Mr.
Sheller via his attorneys who are experienced in Vaccine Program cases was on
notice that the claim set forth in his petition was one that was not typically
approved. For Mr. Sheller to receive compensation for Daniel’s death, it was
likely that he would be required to produce some statement from an expert that
linked the vaccinations to his son’s death.

        Second, the Federal Circuit further qualified its statement regarding an
absence of medical opinion with the following clause: “especially when the case is
in its early stages and counsel may not have had the opportunity to retain qualified
experts.” James-Cornelius, 984 F.3d at 1379. Here, as discussed in the procedural
history, Mr. Sheller’s two attorneys did have the opportunity to retain experts.
Initially, Mr. Caldwell reached out to Dr. Akbari no later than March 2017, which
was slightly more than one year before Mr. Caldwell submitted the petition on
May 17, 2018. Then, after the petition had been pending for more than one year,
Ms. Toale began conferring with Dr. Miller in July 2019. The actions of Mr.
Caldwell and Ms. Toale are discussed only to demonstrate that by the time of its
dismissal, Mr. Sheller’s case had progressed beyond its “early stage.” The actions
(or inactions) of Mr. Caldwell and Ms. Toale are not otherwise relevant to the
assessment of whether a reasonable basis supports the claim that the vaccinations
caused Daniel’s death. Simmons, 875 F.3d at 636.

      In sum, even at a level of proof that is less demanding than the
preponderance of the evidence standard, Mr. Sheller has failed to meet his burden
to support the petition’s specific claim that the vaccinations caused Daniel’s death.
In other words, the evidence regarding Althen prong two was not sufficient.

                   c)     Althen Prong Three

       The final Althen element for establishing causation-in-fact is a preponderant
showing that “a showing of a proximate temporal relationship between vaccination
and injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278. Again, to avoid any chance of
misinterpretation, the Althen test is for causation and, therefore, provides only a
structure for considering the evidence. The burden of proof for establishing
reasonable basis is not as demanding.

      Here, the analysis is not straightforward. At oral argument, the Secretary
contended that the evidence for Althen prong three was limited to evidence

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showing “that the vaccines did occur before [Daniel] died.” Oral Arg. Tr. at 70.
The Secretary stated that he does not have any evidence about the timing of “when
pulmonary edema might start before or after a vaccine”. Id.

      However, contrary to the Secretary’s argument, some evidence provides
information about a potentially proximate temporal relationship. For example, the
Hansen investigators looked for various health problems within three days of a
vaccination. Exhibit 14 at 4173. While the Secretary is correct that no expert
explicitly endorsed that time in a statement filed in this case, whether an expert’s
endorsement is essential is uncertain for the reasons just discussed. See James-
Cornelius, 984 F.3d at 1379.

      Furthermore, the events about Daniel are well-documented. Daniel received
the Prevnar vaccine on June 21, 2016. Exhibit 1 at 2. He died on June 23, 2016.
Exhibit 2 at 4. This two-day interval fits within the time that could be construed as
a proximate temporal window.

       Mr. Sheller’s success in establishing a reasonable basis for one of the three
causation-in-fact prongs does not mean that he has established a reasonable basis
for the other two prongs. A temporal sequence in which a vaccine precedes the
injury “is necessary, but not sufficient” to establish reasonable basis. Chuisano,
116 Fed. Cl. at 287. For the reasons explained above, Mr. Sheller’s evidence
regarding whether the vaccines can cause an infant’s death and his evidence
regarding whether the vaccines did, in fact, cause Daniel’s death did not surpass
the reasonable basis standard. Mr. Sheller, therefore, is not eligible for an award of
attorneys’ fees and costs.

III.   Conclusion

       When petitioners in the Vaccine Program do not receive compensation, they
are eligible for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs when a reasonable basis
supports the claim set forth in the petition. Mr. Sheller’s petition claimed that
childhood vaccines can cause an infant’s death and that the childhood vaccines did
cause Daniel’s death. However, the objective evidence to support these assertions
was lacking.

      Accordingly, Mr. Sheller’s motion for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs
is DENIED. The Clerk’s Office is instructed to enter judgment in accord with this
decision unless a motion for review is filed. Information about filing a motion for
review, including deadlines, is available at the website for the Court of Federal
Claims.

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IT IS SO ORDERED.
                    s/Christian J. Moran
                    Christian J. Moran
                    Special Master

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