Court Opinion

ID: 2748716
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-06 19:03:15.918758+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:25:47.840249
License: Public Domain

Filed 11/6/14 P. v. Hicks CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                    (San Joaquin)
                                                            ----

THE PEOPLE,                                                                                  C069818

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Super. Ct. No. SF112963B)

         v.

DJUANE HICKS,

                   Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Djuane Hicks pleaded no contest to voluntary manslaughter (Pen.
Code, § 192)1 and transportation of cocaine base (Health & Saf. Code, § 11352) with an
enhancement for a principal being armed (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1)). The trial court imposed
a stipulated term of eight years four months in state prison, and awarded 654 days of
presentence credit (569 actual and 85 conduct).

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code in effect at the time of the
charged offenses.

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       On appeal, defendant contends his conduct credits for presentence custody in
juvenile hall were erroneously limited to 15 percent pursuant to section 2933.1. He also
contends that various fines and fees should be stricken.
       We modify the fines and fees and affirm the judgment as modified.

                                       DISCUSSION
                           I. Conduct Credits – Section 2933.1
                               A. Procedural Background2
       The trial court found defendant spent 569 days in presentence custody. According
to the probation report, defendant was held in juvenile hall for 259 days. At sentencing,
defense counsel asked the trial court not to apply the section 2933.1 limitation on custody
credits to the time spent in juvenile hall. The trial court declined the request, and
imposed the 15 percent limitation in section 2933.1 on the entirety of defendant’s
presentence custody.
                                        B. Analysis
       Defendant contends he is entitled to additional presentence credit at a rate
specified under section 4019 because section 2933.1, which limits presentence conduct
credits for violent felony convictions to 15 percent, does not apply to time spent in
juvenile hall. We disagree.
       Defendant’s argument requires an analysis of three statutes: section 2900.5,
subdivision (a), section 2933.1, and section 4019.
       Defendant relies primarily on section 2900.5, subdivision (a), which states in
pertinent part: “In all felony…convictions, either by plea or by verdict, when the
defendant has been in custody, including, but not limited to, any time spent in a jail,

2 We dispense with the facts of defendant’s crimes as they are unnecessary to resolve
this appeal.

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camp, work furlough facility, halfway house, rehabilitation facility, hospital, prison,
juvenile detention facility, or similar residential institution, all days of custody of the
defendant, including days…credited to the period of confinement pursuant to Section
4019, shall be credited upon his or her term of imprisonment….” (Italics added.)
       Presentence conduct credits are governed by section 4019. At all relevant times,
subdivision (a)(1) of section 4019 stated: “(a) The provisions of this section shall apply
in all of the following cases: [¶] (1) When a prisoner is confined in or committed to a
county jail, industrial farm, or road camp, or any city jail, industrial farm, or road camp,
including all days of custody from the date of arrest to the date on which the serving of
the sentence commences, under a judgment of imprisonment, or a fine and imprisonment
until the fine is paid in a criminal action or proceeding.” (Italics added.)
       Section 2933.1 limits the conduct credits of persons convicted of violent felonies
as defined in section 667.5, subdivision (c). (§ 2933.1, subd. (a).) Subdivision (c) of
section 2933.1 states: “Notwithstanding Section 4019 or any other provision of law, the
maximum credit that may be earned against a period of confinement in, or commitment
to, a county jail, industrial farm, or road camp, or a city jail, industrial farm, or road
camp, following arrest and prior to placement in the custody of the Director of
Corrections, shall not exceed 15 percent of the actual period of confinement for any
person specified in subdivision (a).” (Italics added.)
       Defendant argues “that under the proper rules of statutory construction, Penal
Code sections 2900.5 and 4019 trump the limitations of Penal Code section 2933.1 as to
time spent in a juvenile facility, and that thus appellant was entitled to 128 days of good-
time/work-time for the period he spent in juvenile detention.”3

3 Defendant asserts he was entitled to conduct credits under the former subdivisions (f)
and (h) of section 4019, which provided that for time spent in custody for crimes
committed prior to October 11, 1011, a defendant was entitled to six days of credit for

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       Defendant’s argument centers on what he sees as the plain meaning of section
2933.1. There is no mention of juvenile facilities in the custodial facilities listed in
section 2933.1. Thus, according to defendant, the section 2933.1 limitation applies to
custody in the listed facilities -- county jail, industrial farm, road camp, or a city jail -- but
not to presentence custody in a juvenile facility.
       By focusing us on the plain meaning of section 2933.1 and the inclusion of
juvenile detention facilities in section 2900.5, subdivision (a), defendant would
apparently have us gloss over the plain meaning of section 4019, the source of
presentence conduct credits. As can be seen by the italicized language ante, section 4019
does not reference juvenile facilities. Like 2933.1, the express language of section 4019
applies only to presentence custody in “a county jail, industrial farm, or road camp, or a
city jail, industrial farm, or road camp.” While section 2900.5, subdivision (a), provides
that defendants shall be given credit for “all days of custody” in a “juvenile detention
facility,” “including days…credited to the period of time of confinement pursuant to
section 4019,” section 4019 does not credit time to custody in juvenile detention
facilities. Thus, under the plain meaning of section 4019, a person confined in a juvenile
facility before sentencing would not be entitled to any conduct credits. (§ 4019,
subd. (a)(1); In re Ricky H. (1981) 30 Cal. 3d 176, 186 [“the statutory language of Penal
Code section 4019 is clear. It…does not by its terms apply to juveniles detained in
juvenile hall. [Fn. omitted.]”].) However, a minor who is tried as an adult and sentenced
to state prison for his offense is similarly situated to an adult sentenced to state prison
and, thus, equal protection principles entitle such minors to conduct credits for
presentence time spent detained in a juvenile facility. (People v. Garcia (1987) 195
Cal. App. 3d 191, 197; People v. Twine (1982) 135 Cal. App. 3d 59, 62-63.) As the Twine

every four days of actual custody. Thus, according to defendant, he should have been
awarded 128 days conduct credit for the 259 days he was in custody in juvenile hall.

                                                4
court observed, “if [defendant] could not earn conduct credits for his period of
presentence detention in juvenile hall, he would wind up serving more total time in
custody than a defendant sentenced to state prison who was not detained pretrial.”
(Twine, supra, 135 Cal.App.3d at p. 63.) Thus, in order to satisfy equal protection
principles, we conclude defendant is entitled to the same conduct credits as adults who
are similarly situated. But he is entitled to no more. Here, defendant was convicted of a
violent felony offense. Adults who are convicted of violent felony offenses are entitled
to conduct credit at a rate of 15 percent pursuant to section 2933.1, and so too is
defendant.

                                II. Fees and Assessments
                               A. Procedural Background
       The trial court imposed a $1,600 restitution fine, suspended a parole revocation
fine of the same amount, and ordered “defendant to pay any other fines and fees
connected with this.” The clerk’s minutes and abstract of judgment show the restitution
and stayed parole revocation fines, as well as a $160 surcharge on the restitution fine, an
$80 court security fee (§ 1465.8), and a $60 conviction assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373).
                                        B. Analysis
       Defendant argues that the restitution fine administrative surcharge, court security
fee, and conviction assessment were not orally imposed by the trial court and should be
stricken from the minutes and abstract. The Attorney General agrees as to the restitution
fine administrative surcharge but not as to the court security fee and conviction
assessment. We agree with the Attorney General.
       When there is a discrepancy between the oral pronouncement of judgment and the
minute order or the abstract of judgment, the oral pronouncement controls. (People v.
Zackery (2007) 147 Cal. App. 4th 380, 385 (Zackery).) A court clerk cannot supplement
the judgment the court actually pronounced by adding a provision to the minute order

                                              5
and/or the abstract of judgment. (Id. at pp. 387-388.) And when the clerk has done so,
the Court of Appeal shall strike those fines or fees that were not imposed at sentencing
but nonetheless appear in the abstract of judgment or minute order. (Id. at p. 388.)
       In Zackery, the trial clerk included in the minutes of a sentencing hearing a $200
restitution fine and an additional suspended parole revocation fine of $200, although the
trial court had not orally imposed either fine. (Zackery, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at
p. 388.) Neither fine was mandatory; the restitution fine need not be imposed if the trial
court found “compelling and extraordinary reasons for not doing so, and states those
reasons on the record” (§ 1202.4, subd. (c)), and the parole revocation fine is contingent
on the restitution fine. (§ 1202.45.) Since the trial court had discretion not to impose the
fines, this court reasoned in Zackery that the restitution fine should “be pronounced orally
in the presence of the defendant” to give the defendant an opportunity to object.
(Zackery, supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at pp. 388-389.)
       Under section 1202.4, subdivision (l): “At its discretion, the board of supervisors
of any county may impose a fee to cover the actual administrative cost of collecting the
restitution fine, not to exceed 10 percent of the amount ordered to be paid, to be added to
the restitution fine and included in the order of the court, the proceeds of which shall be
deposited in the general fund of the county.” The Attorney General concedes this fee is
not mandatory. Since nothing in the statute requires the trial court to impose the
administrative surcharge, it was not mandatory and therefore subject to Zackery. In
addition, because the trial court had discretion to not impose the administrative surcharge,
the prosecutor’s failure to object forfeited any claim of error for failing to expressly
impose it. (People v. Tillman (2000) 22 Cal. 4th 300, 303; People v. Turner (2002) 96
Cal. App. 4th 1409, 1413, fn. 2.) The restitution fine administrative surcharge must be
stricken.
       On the other hand, a failure to impose mandatory assessments is a jurisdictional
error that can be raised for the first time on appeal and corrected. (People v. Stewart

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(2004) 117 Cal. App. 4th 907, 911-912.) Zackery is inapplicable to mandatory fines, fees,
or assessments, which can be imposed at any time following the conviction. (People v.
Voit (2011) 200 Cal. App. 4th 1353, 1372-1373.)
       The Government Code section 70373 conviction assessment and the section
1465.8 court security fee are both mandatory.4 Defendant insists he had the right to be
present when these financial obligations were imposed and since the trial court did not
impose them in his presence, they must be stricken. Defendant is wrong, and had the
assessment and fee not been set forth in the abstract, we could correct the error without
remanding for further proceedings in the presence of defendant. (People v. Smith (2001)
24 Cal. 4th 849, 854 [Court of Appeal may impose mandatory probation restitution fine
not imposed by the trial court]; People v. Turner, supra, 96 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1413-
1414, 1416-1417 [trial court’s failure to impose mandatory drug laboratory fee and
associated penalty assessments was an unauthorized sentence and appellate court is
empowered to order defendant to pay].) Since the Government Code section 70373
conviction assessment and the section 1465.8 court security fee are in the abstract, we
need not make any further orders concerning these financial obligations.

4 Government Code section 70373, subdivision (a)(1), states in pertinent part: “an
assessment shall be imposed on every conviction for a criminal offense[.]” (Italics
added.)

  Section 1465.8 states in pertinent part: “an assessment of forty dollars ($40) shall be
imposed on every conviction for a criminal offense[.]” (Italics added.)

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                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is modified to strike the $160 surcharge on the restitution fine
(§ 1202.4, subd. (l)). As modified, the judgment is affirmed. The trial court is directed to
prepare a new abstract of judgment and forward it to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation.

                                                       MURRAY                , J.

We concur:

      BUTZ                  , Acting P. J.

      DUARTE                , J.

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