Court Opinion

ID: 9839103
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-11 18:01:07.601297+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:10:58.228619
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-11923   Document: 36-1    Date Filed: 09/11/2023   Page: 1 of 13

                                                 [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                                 In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                        For the Eleventh Circuit

                         ____________________

                               No. 22-11923
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                         ____________________

        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                    Plaintiﬀ-Appellee,
        versus
        LUIS SANCHEZ,
        JAQUELINE YUPANQUI PALACIOS,
        EXCENTRIC IMPORT & EXPORT CORPORATION,

                                                Petitioners-Appellants,

        CARLOS QUISPE CANCARI,
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        2                       Opinion of the Court                 22-11923

                                                                  Defendant.

                             ____________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                     D.C. Docket No. 1:21-cr-20134-CMA-1
                            ____________________

        Before WILSON, LUCK, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
        PER CURIAM:
                This case is about third parties who claim an interest in prop-
        erty subject to criminal forfeiture. Luis Sanchez, Excentric Import
        and Export Corporation, and Jaqueline Yupanqui Palacios appeal
        the preliminary and ﬁnal orders of forfeiture in Carlos Quispe Can-
        cari’s criminal case, as well as the district court’s orders dismissing
        their third-party petition and refusing to grant relief from that dis-
        missal.
               Their appeal falls short. We dismiss the petitioners’ chal-
        lenge to the preliminary forfeiture order for lack of jurisdiction and
        aﬃrm the district court’s other orders.
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        22-11923                 Opinion of the Court                             3

                                            I. 1
               Cancari was arrested at the Miami airport when he arrived
        on a cargo plane from Bolivia on February 4, 2021. Law enforce-
        ment seized narcotics and $9,000 in cash during his arrest. Cancari
        told the officers that the money belonged to Mr. Sanchez. Cancari
        was later charged with drug offenses, and his indictment included
        forfeiture allegations pursuant to 21 U.S.C. section 853. Cancari
        pleaded guilty, admitting that the “$9,000 in United States cur-
        rency” that the government had seized was “subject to forfeiture.”
               The district court entered a preliminary order of forfeiture.
        The order stated that it was “final” as to Cancari and that, “upon
        adjudication of all third-party interests,” the district court would
        enter a final order of forfeiture “in which all interests w[ould] be
        addressed.”
               The government posted notice of the pending final order of
        forfeiture on an official website from September 25 through Octo-
        ber 24. The government also sent notice to Mr. Sanchez’s counsel,
        delivered on October 29, outlining Mr. Sanchez’s right to partici-
        pate in the forfeiture proceedings.
               On November 23, Mr. Sanchez, Excentric, and Ms. Palacios
        jointly petitioned the district court under 21 U.S.C. section 853(n)
        for release of the $9,000. They attached to the petition signed affi-
        davits from Mr. Sanchez and Ms. Palacios. The district court

        1
         We accept the factual allegations in the petition as true. Fed. R. Crim. P.
        32.2(c)(1)(A).
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                22-11923

        denied their petition without prejudice for not including a memo-
        randum as required by the local rules, and, in light of the govern-
        ment’s non-opposition, granted the petitioners an extension of
        time to revise their petition. On December 17, the petitioners filed
        a revised petition (which included a memorandum), alongside the
        signed affidavit from Mr. Sanchez and a new signed affidavit from
        Ms. Palacios. However, the revised petition, like the original peti-
        tion, was only signed by the petitioners’ counsel—not the petition-
        ers.
               The revised petition alleged that Mr. Sanchez was a part
        owner of Excentric, a Florida company that sold electronics to
        Latin American clients including Ms. Palacios, a Bolivian resident
        operating a Bolivian electronics company. The petition explained
        that Ms. Palacios owed Excentric “for merchandise previously pur-
        chased,” so she’d “sent payment of the $9,000.00 U.S. dollars to Ex-
        centric with [d]efendant Quispe Cancari who was traveling from
        Bolivia to Miami.” The money came from “earnings and working
        capital from [Ms. Palacios’s] electronics business,” and had “no re-
        lationship” to Cancari’s drug offenses. None of the petitioners had
        any idea Cancari was transporting narcotics.
               The district court granted the government’s motion to dis-
        miss the petition because Mr. Sanchez and Excentric lacked Article
        III standing and the three petitioners lacked statutory standing.
        The district court also dismissed the petition because the petition-
        ers hadn’t signed the petition, as required by section 853(n)(3), and
        the attached signed affidavits that they had attached to the petition
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        22-11923                   Opinion of the Court                                5

        didn’t cure that mistake. The district court refused to grant the
        petitioners’ request for leave to amend their petition because the
        statute authorizing third-party petitions in criminal forfeiture pro-
        ceedings only allowed petitions to be filed during a thirty-day win-
        dow, which had long passed by.
                The district court issued a final order of forfeiture, declaring
        that “all right, title, and interest in the [c]urrency is hereby finally
        forfeited.” The petitioners then filed a motion under Federal Rule
        of Civil Procedure 60, seeking relief from the dismissal of their pe-
        tition and from the final forfeiture order. The district court denied
        the motion, and the petitioners timely appealed.
                                               II.
               The petitioners appeal the preliminary order of forfeiture,
        the dismissal of their petition, the final order of forfeiture, and the
        denial of their rule 60 motion. Their appeal focuses on two issues:
        (1) whether the district court erred in issuing the preliminary order
        of forfeiture; and (2) whether the district court erred in dismissing
                                          2
        their section 853(n) petition. We discuss each in turn.

        2
          The petitioners raise a third issue—the constitutionality of section 853—but
        we don’t address it because it wasn’t properly raised in the district court. The
        petitioners’ only mention of this constitutional issue in the district court was
        in their reply brief supporting their rule 60 motion. The district court declined
        to address the belatedly raised issue, and so do we. See United States v. Lewis,
        115 F.3d 1531, 1539 (11th Cir. 1997) (“This [c]ourt will generally not address
        an issue not decided by the district court” and “therefore do not reach the
        merits of the defendant’s constitutional challenge.” (cleaned up)).
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        6                      Opinion of the Court                22-11923

                         The Preliminary Order of Forfeiture
               The petitioners argue that the district court erred in issuing
        the preliminary forfeiture order because the government never es-
        tablished a nexus between the seized cash and Cancari’s crime. The
        government responds that the petitioners lack Article III standing
        to challenge the preliminary order of forfeiture. “We review de
        novo questions about our subject matter jurisdiction, including
        standing.” United States v. Davenport, 668 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir.
        2012) (cleaned up).
                We begin by summarizing the relevant legal framework.
        Under section 853 and “Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2,
        criminal forfeiture is split into two phases: the ﬁrst phase concerns
        the defendant’s ownership of the property to be forfeited, and the
        second phase concerns any third party’s ownership of that prop-
        erty.” United States v. Amodeo, 916 F.3d 967, 972 (11th Cir. 2019).
        When “a criminal defendant pleads guilty and agrees to the forfei-
        ture, the district court must promptly enter a preliminary forfeiture
        order.” Id. (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 32.2(b)(1)–(2)). At that point,
        “the preliminary forfeiture order becomes ﬁnal as to the defendant”
        but “remains preliminary as to third parties until the [section
        853(n)] ancillary proceeding is concluded.” Id. (quoting Fed. R.
        Crim. P. 32.2(b)(4)(A)).
               “The ancillary proceeding exists to determine whether a
        third party has an interest in the property that the defendant has
        already forfeited—not to relitigate the preliminary order’s ﬁnding
        of forfeitability.” Id. “Nowhere do the provisions [of section 853(n)
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        22-11923                Opinion of the Court                          7

        or rule 32.2] grant petitioners a private cause of action or right to
        appeal a court’s ruling outside of an ancillary forfeiture proceed-
        ing.” United States v. Cone, 627 F.3d 1356, 1358 (11th Cir. 2010). In
        fact, “[s]ection 853 aﬃrmatively bars interference by non-party pe-
        titioners outside of the ancillary proceeding.” Id. (citing 21 U.S.C.
        § 853(k)). Because “[a]n ancillary proceeding constitutes the sole
        means by which a third-party claimant can establish entitlement to
        return of forfeited property,” third-party claimants “lack[] standing
        to challenge the validity of [a preliminary order of forfeiture’s] de-
        termination of forfeitability,” and so we must dismiss third-party
        challenges to preliminary orders of forfeiture for lack of jurisdic-
        tion. See Davenport, 668 F.3d at 1320–21; see also, e.g., Cone, 627 F.3d
        at 1359 (dismissing appeal because third-party petitioner lacked
        standing to challenge district court’s preliminary order of forfei-
        ture).
               That’s what we must do here. Because the petitioners’ sole
        means to establish their entitlement to the $9,000 is the ancillary
        proceeding, they lack standing to challenge the preliminary forfei-
        ture order. We dismiss their appeal of the preliminary order of
        forfeiture for lack of jurisdiction.
                     The District Court’s Dismissal of the Petition
               Rule 32.2 allows district courts to grant motions to dismiss
        section 853(n) petitions “for lack of standing, for failure to state a
        claim, or for any other lawful reason.” Fed. R. Crim. P.
        32.2(c)(1)(A). When a rule 32.2 “motion to dismiss is ﬁled before
        discovery or a hearing, it should be treated like a motion to dismiss
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        8                       Opinion of the Court                 22-11923

        a civil complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b).”
        United States v. Marion, 562 F.3d 1330, 1342 (11th Cir. 2009) (quota-
        tion omitted).
               The petitioners contend that the district court erred in dis-
        missing their petition by wrongly: (1) ﬁnding that Mr. Sanchez and
        Excentric lacked Article III standing to ﬁle the petition; (2) ﬁnding
        that the petitioners lacked statutory standing under section 853(n);
        and (3) denying them leave to ﬁle an amended petition, which
        would’ve added their signatures. We address these arguments one
        by one, reviewing the district court’s Article III and statutory stand-
        ing rulings de novo, see Davenport, 668 F.3d at 1319, and denial of
        leave to amend for abuse of discretion, United States v. $125,938.62,
        370 F.3d 1325, 1329 (11th Cir. 2004).
                                1. Article III Standing
               The petitioners argue that the district court erred in ﬁnding
        that Mr. Sanchez and Excentric lacked Article III standing to peti-
        tion for the $9,000. Claimants in federal court must have Article III
        standing, a requirement deriving from the constitutional mandate
        that federal courts’ jurisdiction is limited to adjudicating “[c]ases”
        and “[c]ontroversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. The ﬁrst element of
        Article III standing is a “particularized injury,” which in forfeiture
        proceedings hinges on “whether the litigant has an interest in the
        property subject to the forfeiture.” See Amodeo, 916 F.3d at 971
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        22-11923                Opinion of the Court                          9

        (“[A]bsent an interest in that property, there is no case or contro-
        versy.”).
                The interest must be either “an ownership or possessory in-
        terest in the property seized.” United States v. Five Hundred Thousand
        Dollars, 730 F.2d 1437, 1439 (11th Cir. 1984); see also United States v.
        Timley, 507 F.3d 1125, 1129 (8th Cir. 2007). Because the interest
        must be in the speciﬁc property seized, a criminal defendant’s general
        creditors don’t have standing to claim an interest in any particular
        asset subject to forfeiture. See United States v. Watkins, 320 F.3d
        1279, 1283 (11th Cir. 2003) (explaining that because general credi-
        tors only “enjoy a legal interest in the entire estate of the debtor,”
        they aren’t entitled to repayment from the value of “any one spe-
        ciﬁc asset” belonging to the debtor); see also United States v. White,
        675 F.3d 1073, 1080 (8th Cir. 2012) (“[A] general creditor does not
        have standing to claim an interest in a particular forfeited asset.”).
               The petition doesn’t allege that Mr. Sanchez or Excentric
        had either an ownership interest or a possessory interest in the
        seized cash. Rather, the petition (and incorporated memorandum)
        alleged that Ms. Palacios was the “[o]wner/[b]ailor” of the cash—
        which Cancari “possessed” as Ms. Palacios’s “bailee”—while Mr.
        Sanchez and Excentric were merely Ms. Palacios’s general “credi-
        tors.” So, although the petition does allege that Ms. Palacios owes
        Mr. Sanchez and Excentric money because they’re her “creditors,”
        the petition doesn’t allege that Mr. Sanchez and Excentric have a
        legal interest in Ms. Palacios repaying them from the speciﬁc cash
        she had placed in Cancari’s possession. See Watkins, 320 F.3d at 1283
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        10                       Opinion of the Court                    22-11923

        (“[G]eneral creditors cannot point to any one speciﬁc asset and
        claim that they are entitled to payment out of the value of that
        speciﬁc asset.”).
               Because the petition doesn’t allege that Mr. Sanchez and Ex-
        centric had an ownership or possessory interest in the seized cur-
        rency—and instead only alleges that they’re Ms. Palacios’s general
        creditors—they haven’t alleged facts suﬃcient to show Article III
        standing. And because Mr. Sanchez and Excentric lacked Article III
        standing, we needn’t examine whether they had statutory standing
        and should’ve been granted leave to add their signatures to the pe-
        tition. We address these arguments only as to Ms. Palacios, who
        the district court found (and the government doesn’t dispute) has
        Article III standing.
                                 2. Statutory Standing
                Ms. Palacios argues that the district court erred in ﬁnding
        that she lacked statutory standing. Statutory standing diﬀers from
        Article III standing in that it doesn’t ask whether there’s a redressa-
        ble injury, but whether a party “has a cause of action under the
        statute.” See Lexmark Int’l v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S.
        118, 128 & 128 n.4 (2014). The statute here, 21 U.S.C. section
        853(n), provides that “[a]ny person, other than the defendant, as-
        serting a legal interest in property which has been ordered forfeited . . .
        [may] petition the court for a hearing to adjudicate the validity of
        his alleged interest.” 21 U.S.C. § 853(n)(2) (emphasis added).
              Ms. Palacios has alleged a “legal interest” in the $9,000 that’s
        “been ordered forfeited,” id., which is all that is needed to establish
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        22-11923                Opinion of the Court                         11

        statutory standing at the pleading stage, see Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 140
        (showing that statutory standing at the motion-to-dismiss stage is
        established through allegations—not evidence). The petition and
        incorporated memorandum alleged that Ms. Palacios had a legal
        interest in the money as the “[o]wner/[b]ailor”, and the allegations
        showed that there were two jurisdictions under which her legal in-
        terest was created or otherwise protected: Bolivia and Florida. The
        petition identiﬁed Ms. Palacios as a Bolivian resident, operating a
        Bolivian company, and alleged that she gave $9,000 of “earnings
        and working capital” from her company to Cancari, “who was
        traveling from Bolivia to Miami.” Cancari was supposed to deliver
        the cash to Mr. Sanchez (a Florida resident) and Excentric (a Florida
        corporation), but the government seized the funds when Cancari
        landed in Florida.
                The district court faulted Ms. Palacios for not speciﬁcally cit-
        ing which jurisdictions—and which laws from those jurisdictions—
        created her property rights. But, whatever law applied, Ms. Pala-
        cios did not have to allege in the petition the legal basis for her in-
        terest in the money. See Glynn Env’t Coal., Inc. v. Sea Island Acquisi-
        tion, LLC, 26 F.4th 1235, 1240 (11th Cir. 2022) (“Only factual allega-
        tions, and not legal conclusions, are relevant” at the motion-to-dis-
        miss stage.); PBT Real Est., LLC v. Town of Palm Beach, 988 F.3d 1274,
        1286 (11th Cir. 2021) (explaining that, because motions to dismiss
        concern “factual allegations,” courts must deny a motion to dismiss
        that argues the claimant pleaded an “imperfect statement of the
        legal theory supporting the claim” (citation omitted)). It was
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        12                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11923

        enough, at the pleading stage, that she alleged she had an interest
        in the money as an owner or bailor.
                  3. Failure to Sign Petition and Leave to Amend
               Although Ms. Palacios had standing to sue under section
        853(n), she didn’t comply with an unambiguous pleading require-
        ment laid out by the statute: the requirement that she sign the pe-
        tition. 18 U.S.C. § 853(n)(3) (requiring petitions “be signed by the
        petitioner under penalty of perjury”). Ms. Palacios admits that she
        didn’t comply with the plain text of this pleading requirement be-
        cause she never signed the petition—only her lawyer did.
               Even so, she argues, the district court erred in denying her
        motion to amend the petition to add her signature. The district
        court refused to do so because the statutory window for ﬁling
        third-party petitions had closed.
               Section 853(n) provides that a third party “asserting a legal
        interest in property which has been ordered forfeited” must ﬁle
        their petition within “thirty days of the ﬁnal publication of notice
        or his receipt of notice . . . , whichever is earlier.” 18 U.S.C.
        § 853(n)(2). We’ve described this window as establishing a “manda-
        tory 30–day period for ﬁling third-party petitions.” Davenport, 668
        F.3d at 1323 (emphasis added).
               By the time Ms. Palacios sought leave to add her signature
        to the petition the mandatory thirty-day deadline had long since
        passed. Given the language of the statute and our case law, we can-
        not say that the district court abused its discretion when it enforced
        this congressionally prescribed, “mandatory” thirty-day window
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        22-11923               Opinion of the Court                       13

        and denied leave to amend. See id.; see also United States v. Snipes,
        611 F.3d 855, 864 (11th Cir. 2010) (stressing that the Supreme Court
        has “strictly construed” clear statutory ﬁling periods as “absolute”
        deadlines).
                                        III.
              The petitioners’ appeal of the preliminary order of forfeiture
        is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction. The other orders on appeal
        are AFFIRMED.