Court Opinion

ID: 2805987
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-05 19:09:25.523185+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:44.741942
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                        Assigned on Briefs December 16, 2014

      STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DEAUNDRA DONNELL SMITH

             Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                     No. 2008-B-2006     Monte Watkins, Judge

                            No. M2013-02247-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 5, 2015

A Davidson County jury convicted the Defendant, Deaundra Donnell Smith, of first degree
felony murder and especially aggravated robbery. On appeal, the Defendant contends that:
(1) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions; (2) the trial court erred when it
denied his motion for mistrial based upon the State’s alleged failure to disclose exculpatory
evidence; and (3) the trial court erred when it failed to admit into evidence a text message
sent from one of his co-defendants to the other co-defendant. After a thorough review of the
record and applicable authorities, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which T HOMAS T.
W OODALL, P.J., and J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, J., joined.

Jason Chaffin, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Deaundra Donnell Smith.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Michelle L. Consiglio-Young,
Assistant Attorney General; Victor S. Johnson, III, District Attorney General; Deborah
Housel, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION
                                          I. Facts

       This case arises from the robbery and shooting of the victim, Corey Sanders, which
occurred in September 2007. For these crimes, a Davidson County grand jury indicted the
Defendant for felony murder and especially aggravated robbery. At the Defendant’s trial on
these charges, the following evidence was presented: Jessica Haines testified that in
September 2007 she was living with the victim, to whom she was engaged, at a house on
Highland Drive in Nashville, Tennessee. Through the victim, she knew a man named
Devonta Cunningham, and she referred to him as “Papa.” Mr. Cunningham had been to their
home on a few occasions, and he was at their home accompanied by “a couple of gentlemen”
on the Friday before the shooting in this case. Mr. Cunningham came to their home to look
at dogs that Ms. Haines was selling.

        Ms. Haines testified that Mr. Cunningham brought dogs with him when he came. She
remembered having to restrain one of her dogs from attacking Mr. Cunningham’s dogs. At
that time, Ms. Haines was in the backyard, where she stayed for the duration of Mr.
Cunningham’s forty-five-minute visit. Ms. Haines recounted that, while she was in the
backyard, the victim’s cousin, Casey, stopped by. Casey gave the victim fifteen one hundred
dollar bills for the victim’s motorcycle and then an additional $500 for the victim’s riding
gear that matched the motorcycle. Mr. Cunningham was present when Casey gave the cash
to the victim.

       Ms. Haines described the events that occurred on September 29 and 30, 2007. She
said that a man called the victim’s cell phone late on the night of September 29 and asked to
speak with the victim. She told the man that the victim was asleep. A few seconds later, Mr.
Cunningham called the victim’s cell phone and identified himself, and she recognized his
voice. Ms. Haines said that she “fussed with [Mr. Cunningham] a little bit,” but she
ultimately woke up the victim and gave him the phone. She overheard Mr. Cunningham tell
the victim that he needed “three of them.” Ms. Haines understood Mr. Cunningham to be
asking to purchase marijuana. After speaking with Mr. Cunningham, the victim got up from
bed and dressed. He went into the kitchen, and Ms. Haines followed him. The victim asked
Ms. Haines if she wanted to come outside with him and swing on the porch swing. Ms.
Haines said yes and that she would be there in a minute. The victim went outside.

        Ms. Haines described what happened next by saying, “[I]t was like fireworks.” At
first she heard three shots, and then two more. Her instinct was to get up and run to the
window to see what was happening. She did not see the victim, but she saw a man running
just outside the fence in their yard. The man got into a car beside which two other
individuals were standing. The car then sped away. She recognized the car as the
Thunderbird in which Mr. Cunningham had come to her home on the previous Friday. Ms.
Haines said that the man who was running by her fence had “dreadlocks” and got into the
back seat of the car. The man who was driving and had been standing by the car was the
“tallest one.” Ms. Haines testified that all three individuals were African-American.

       Ms. Haines testified that, when the car sped away, she went outside and found the
victim lying face down in the grass. He had blood coming from the back of his shirt. She
could not flip the victim over on her own, and a neighbor came to assist her. The neighbor

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rolled the victim over and began administering CPR. Ms. Haines noticed that the victim’s
pockets had been turned inside out and that there was no money in them. Ms. Haines called
the victim’s mother, who was nearby, and both women remained with the victim until an
ambulance arrived.

       Ms. Haines testified that police arrived and asked her which way the shooters went.
Ms. Haines showed them the direction taken by the Thunderbird. Other officers then
interviewed her while the victim was taken by ambulance to the hospital. Ms. Haines said
she was in “shock” during the interview, and she wanted to be at the hospital with the victim.
She did not get to go to the hospital until after she learned that the victim had died.

       Ms. Haines said that she did not find any money in the house after the victim died, and
she knew that he did not have a bank account. Ms. Haines testified that she also could not
find the victim’s cell phone, which the two had purchased two months before his death. Ms.
Haines said she provided the police the box that came with the phone.

       Ms. Haines testified that she identified Mr. Cunningham in a photographic lineup
shown to her by detectives. It was not until later that she learned his name was Devonta
Cunningham. Ms. Haines said that she initially told the police that she believed that Mr.
Cunningham had called about the puppies on September 30, 2007, but later during the same
interview she told the police that he had called about marijuana.

        During cross-examination, Ms. Haines confirmed that there were two phone calls to
the victim’s cell phone on the night of the shooting. The first phone call was from a voice
that she did not recognize, and the second was from Mr. Cunningham, whom she recognized
by voice and who identified himself. Ms. Haines said that the victim did not have Mr.
Cunningham’s phone number saved in his cell phone because Mr. Cunningham had
previously called from “numerous” numbers.

       Ms. Haines said that she had worked during the evening of September 29, 2007, at the
police department from 3:00 p.m. until 11:00 p.m. She went and got her son and then arrived
home around 11:40 p.m. She estimated that the first phone call came in after midnight. The
two phone calls were received close together, and the victim went outside shortly after the
phone calls. Ms. Haines estimated that the shooting occurred at around 1:00 a.m. on
September 30, as she was preparing to go to sleep. Ms. Haines heard the shooting and ran
to the window where she saw an African-American man with a “short haircut” exiting the
yard and going toward the car. She saw the driver outside of the car, standing beside the
driver’s side door. He was “tall and slim.”

                                              3
       Ms. Haines agreed that, in September 2007, she did not know the names “Deaundra
Smith,” “Ashton Gaines,” “Mychal Hendricks,” “Lance Featherston,” “William Gentry
Davis,” or “Devonta Cunningham.” She only knew “Papa” by his nickname, which was how
he described himself.

      Lisa White, the victim’s mother, testified that she stayed with her grandmother on the
weekends to “take care of her.” Ms. White’s grandmother lived “three doors up from” her
home at 2912 Highland Drive, which was where the shooting in this case occurred. Ms.
White said that the victim, Ms. Haines, and Ms. Haines’s son lived with her in her home at
2912 Highland Drive, but she was not present on the evening that the shooting occurred, as
she was staying with her grandmother, three houses away.

        Ms. White testified that, the evening of the shooting, she heard a “loud sound.” She
said that she went back to sleep but was awakened a short time later by her grandmother, who
was telling her that something bad had happened to the victim. Ms. White got out of bed,
dressed, and went down the street where she saw the victim on the ground near her house.
A neighbor was performing CPR on the victim, and there were multiple people standing
nearby. Ms. White said that she discovered that the victim had been shot, and he was taken
by ambulance to a nearby hospital. Ms. White met the victim at the hospital and was there
with him when he died.

        Yolanda Coleman testified that she was living at 2911 Highland Drive on the date of
this shooting and was fifteen or sixteen years old at the time. She was friends with the
victim’s younger sister, Talisha. Ms. Coleman said that, at the time of the shooting, she was
across the street, outside, sitting at the end of her driveway talking on her telephone to her
friend, “Terrance.” Before the shooting, Ms. Coleman saw between two and three 1 African-
American men get out of a car in front of the victim’s home. They approached the victim’s
fenced-in yard. She heard between three and six gunshots and saw the victim fall back after
he had been shot. The men then ran back to their car, got in, and drove away “fast.” Ms.
Coleman could not recall the make, model, or color of the car, saying that it was dark.

        Ms. Coleman testified that, after the shooting, she went back inside her home and told
her parents what she had seen. She said that police came to her school to ask her if she could
identify anyone from the pictures, and she identified “Ashley Gaines” as someone that she
had seen “around school,” but she could not identify anyone in the pictures as being involved
in the shooting. She told police officers that one of the men involved in the shooting had

       1
        Ms. Coleman originally testified that four to six men exited the vehicle. After listening to her
previous statement to police, she changed her testimony to between two to three men that exited the vehicle.

                                                     4
“dreads” and a “dark shirt,” and this man went to the driver’s side of the vehicle after the
shooting.

         During cross-examination, Ms. Coleman testified that she saw two to three men get
out of the car, go over to the victim’s fence, and begin talking with him. She did not notice
at that time if anyone remained inside the car. She explained that because the streetlight near
her at the time was not illuminated, she did not see anyone specifically. Ms. Coleman said
she recognized the Defendant’s face, but she did not know him and could not say that he was
present at the shooting. Ms. Coleman said that, when the men approached the fence, they
were there longer than a few minutes, but she was unsure how long they stood there speaking
with the victim before the shooting. Ms. Coleman said she did not hear fighting before the
shooting.

        Dammeion Beamon testified that, at the time of this shooting, he lived across the
street and two houses down from where the shooting occurred on Highland Drive. Mr.
Beamon testified that he was standing at the door of his house preparing to leave when he
saw a “dark blue, two-door Cougar . . . or Thunderbird” pull up to 2912 Highland Drive. He
saw an African-American male dressed in dark clothing exit the vehicle. At that time, there
was a white male on the porch of the home who was talking on his phone, and Mr. Beamon
could see the light from his telephone illuminated. He noticed that the man on the porch
walked to the gate to meet the man from the car, and the two started talking. Mr. Beamon
then turned around and began speaking with someone.

       Mr. Beamon testified that, shortly thereafter, he heard two gunshots. He stepped back
from his glass door and saw two African-American men running to the car. One of the men
had on a white T-shirt, was “short and kind of stocky,” and he ran to the driver’s side of the
vehicle. The other man was “tall” and wearing dark clothing, and he ran to the passenger’s
side of the vehicle.2 They both “jumped” into the car, and the car sped away. Mr. Beamon
said that he then heard two to three more shots after the car had pulled off, and he saw the
victim lying on the ground.

       Mr. Beamon testified that, after the shooting, a woman with a child came out of the
house. She was crying and asking for help. Mr. Beamon said that he ran, jumped the fence,
which was “locked” or “shut,” and started giving the victim CPR. Mr. Beamon said the
victim was not responding and was having trouble breathing. Mr. Beamon noted that the
victim had been shot in the lung but was not bleeding externally.

        2
          Mr. Beamon originally testified that the man in the white T-shirt ran to the passenger side and
 that the man in dark clothing ran to the driver’s side. After listening to his statement to police, however, he
recalled that it was the opposite.

                                                       5
       During cross-examination, Mr. Beamon testified that, in the statement he gave to
police hours after the shooting, he told the police that the victim had been on the porch
talking on his telephone for between thirty and forty minutes. He agreed that he did not hear
the victim and the men argue before the shooting. He said that the men who arrived in the
car did not go inside the fence, and the fence was still closed when he went to render aid to
the victim.

        Jack Stanley, a detective with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department, testified
that he was dispatched to the shooting in this case. Detective Stanley testified that, when he
arrived at the scene two to three minutes after the call, he saw the victim, who appeared to
be shot, lying in the front yard. The detective noted that the victim’s eyes were fixed and he
did not appear to be breathing, so the detective assumed he was deceased. He began asking
witnesses for descriptions, and they told him that they had heard between four to five
gunshots and that the shooters left in a blue or black Thunderbird. Detective Stanley testified
that he broadcast over the police radio a description of the vehicle. The detective remained
at the scene while it was processed by other personnel.

       Ashton Gaines, known as “A.G.” to his friends, was twenty-four at the time of trial.
He testified that he had been incarcerated since October 9, 2007, for charges of felony
murder and especially aggravated robbery stemming from this shooting. He said that he
knew the Defendant because the two went to high school together. Mr. Gaines testified that
the night of September 29, 2007, he and a few friends had been invited to “a house party” in
Mount Juliet. Those men were: Lance Featherston; William Gentry Davis, who was known
as “Flame”; Mychal Hendricks; Devonta Cunningham, who was known as “Papa;” the
Defendant, who was know as “Dray;” a man referred to as “Hootie;” and a man referred to
as “Hammer.” Shortly after the group of men arrived at the party, the Mt. Juliet Police
arrived and told them that they had to “bring the party inside.” The people attending the
party went inside the garage. Ten to fifteen minutes later, the person hosting the party
informed them that the party was over. The group of men, who were traveling in two
separate vehicles, went outside and “chilled around the car.” Mr. Gaines recalled that he was
driving one of the vehicles, a dark green Thunderbird. Riding with him were “Hammer,”
Devonta Cunningham, and William Davis. The Defendant was driving the other vehicle, a
gray Chevy Caprice, and the other men rode with him. The men eventually left the location
of the party and went to a McDonald’s restaurant in Mt. Juliet.

       Mr. Gaines testified that they stayed at the McDonald’s for approximately one hour,
and some of the men purchased and ate food. Mr. Gaines identified a video from the
McDonald’s that showed the men in their clothing that evening. Mr. Davis was wearing a
green hat and a yellow shirt. Mr. Hendricks was wearing a white T-shirt. Mr. Featherston

                                              6
was wearing a green jacket. The Defendant was wearing a “darker T-shirt.” Mr.
Cunningham was wearing a camouflage jacket, and Mr. Gaines was wearing a white hat and
a white jacket.

        Mr. Gaines said that the men spoke with several people by telephone. They then
decided to return to Nashville. Both cars traveled to a location where they dropped off
“Hammer” and “Hootie.” They then went to the home of Mr. Featherston, who was Mr.
Gaines’s cousin. There they talked and watched television. Mr. Gaines estimated that they
stayed at Mr. Featherston’s house for approximately one hour before deciding to go to the
“after hours club.” Mr. Featherston changed clothes, and Mr. Gaines mentioned purchasing
marijuana to Mr. Featherston and Mr. Hendricks. The three men went outside where Mr.
Cunningham and the Defendant were waiting. They asked them if they knew anyone who
sold marijuana. Mr. Cunningham said that he “might.”

        Mr. Gaines said that the men left Mr. Featherston’s house and went toward the
interstate. Mr. Davis rode with Mr. Gaines, and the other men, Mr. Hendricks, Mr.
Cunningham, and Mr. Featherston, rode with the Defendant in his vehicle. Mr. Cunningham
called Mr. Gaines and told him that he was going to attempt to call the victim about the
marijuana. Mr. Gaines continued to follow the Defendant, but he was familiar with where
they were going because he had dropped Mr. Cunningham off at the victim’s residence one
time before. Mr. Gaines said that the Defendant stopped a few streets from the victim’s
house. Mr. Cunningham and the Defendant exited the vehicle, as did Mr. Gaines. Mr.
Cunningham asked to use Mr. Gaines’s phone, and he handed the phone to the Defendant
and gave the Defendant the victim’s phone number to call. Mr. Gaines heard the Defendant
ask to speak to the victim, and then he noted that the phone call ended and the Defendant
hung up the telephone.

        Mr. Gaines testified that the Defendant gave the telephone back to Mr. Cunningham,
and Mr. Cunningham dialed the telephone again. He spoke into the telephone, identified
himself as Mr. Cunningham, and asked to speak to the victim. Mr. Cunningham asked the
person on the telephone, who Mr. Gaines assumed was the victim, about buying marijuana.
The phone call ended, Mr. Cunningham gave Mr. Gaines his telephone, and Mr. Gaines
returned to his car. The Defendant walked to Mr. Gaines’s car, where he collected money
from Mr. Gaines and Mr. Davis for the purchase of the marijuana. Mr. Gaines said that the
Defendant walked toward Mr. Cunningham, and the two continued to have a conversation.
Mr. Gaines overheard Mr. Cunningham tell the Defendant that the Defendant could rob the
victim.

      Mr. Gaines said he asked Mr. Davis if he had heard Mr. Cunningham tell the
Defendant that they could rob the victim. Mr. Davis responded negatively, and Mr. Gaines

                                            7
told him what he had heard. Mr. Gaines then got a plastic bag from his car and placed it over
his license tag so that his car would not be identifiable in the event there was a robbery. He
also went over to the Defendant’s vehicle and asked Mr. Featherston whether he heard Mr.
Cunningham tell the Defendant that he could rob the victim.

       Mr. Gaines testified that the Defendant then entered his car, the Thunderbird, and told
Mr. Gaines that the Defendant was going to ride with him. The Defendant got into the
passenger’s seat, and Mr. Davis sat in the back of the vehicle. The Defendant informed Mr.
Gaines that Mr. Cunningham was going to drive the Defendant’s car and meet them in
Shelby Woods “after.” Mr. Gaines said that he drove, following Mr. Cunningham, who was
driving the Defendant’s car. Mr. Cunningham went straight, and Mr. Gaines turned onto the
victim’s street.

        Mr. Gaines testified that, before he reached the victim’s house, he called the victim
to confirm that the victim was outside, and the victim responded that he was. Mr. Gaines
then pulled up to the victim’s house, parked in front, and shut off his car. Mr. Gaines noted
that there was a girl, whom he recognized from school, sitting in the driveway opposite the
victim’s house, and she was talking on her telephone. The Defendant exited Mr. Gaines’s
car, went to the fence that divided the yard from the street, and began speaking with the
victim. Mr. Gaines testified that he saw the victim give the Defendant a “bag of weed.” The
Defendant then approached the open window of the passenger side of the car with the
marijuana for Mr. Gaines’s inspection. Mr. Gaines declined to do so, indicating that it was
fine and that he did not need to look at it.

        Mr. Gaines said that, at this point, the Defendant went back to the fence and reached
into his pocket and pulled out some money. The Defendant then reached in his pocket again
and pulled out a .357 revolver. The victim put his hands up, and the Defendant told the
victim to give him the money that was in the victim’s pockets. The victim reached into his
pockets and gave the Defendant the contents of his pockets.

       Mr. Gaines testified that Mr. Davis then exited the vehicle and stood by the front
passenger’s side door watching. Mr. Gaines testified that there was another .357 revolver
gun in the backseat and not operable at the time. He said Mr. Davis did not have this gun in
his possession when he exited the vehicle at the victim’s house. Mr. Gaines said that he
heard the victim say, “I ain’t got nothing else,” and the Defendant put what the victim had
given to him, which appeared to be more marijuana, into his own pockets. The Defendant
then shot the victim three times in the chest area. Mr. Gaines said that there was no arguing
or fighting before the gunshots.

                                              8
        Mr. Gaines said that he started his car and pulled away at a high rate of speed. The
Defendant told him to “calm down” and to “turn [his] lights on.” Mr. Gaines said that he
heard two more gunshots, and he saw the Defendant with his hand out the window. The
Defendant then directed him to Shelby Woods where Mr. Cunningham would be waiting for
them. The Defendant told Mr. Gaines to stop at an abandoned house near the park and
indicated that he should leave his vehicle there. Mr. Gaines got out of his car and paced back
and forth. The Defendant walked into the park and was gone for a short period of time. Mr.
Gaines realized the bag was still over his tags, so he removed the bag. After the Defendant
returned, he said that the men should begin walking toward Shelby Woods. As they were
walking, Mr. Cunningham called him and said that he was parked at Tom Joy Elementary
School. Mr. Gaines relayed this information to the Defendant, who then told Mr. Gaines to
go retrieve his car and pick them up.

       Mr. Gaines testified that he went back to his car, picked up the Defendant and Mr.
Davis, and took them to Tom Joy Elementary. Once there, he saw the Defendant’s vehicle
parked, and he parked close to it. The Defendant exited the vehicle and told everyone
present that he had robbed the victim and that he had to shoot him. The Defendant then gave
Mr. Gaines some of the money and some of the marijuana. He also gave Mr. Featherston
some of the marijuana.

      Mr. Gaines said that he then offered to take Mr. Featherston home. The Defendant
told Mr. Gaines that he would take Mr. Featherston home. He told Mr. Gaines to go directly
home and park his car. Mr. Cunningham told Mr. Gaines that he would ride with him and
that Mr. Gaines should drop him off first.

         Mr. Gaines testified that he dropped off Mr. Cunningham and then went home. The
Defendant called him to check on him, asking if he was “all right.” Mr. Gaines said he told
the Defendant that he was “all right” and that he was “just chilling and sitting at home” to
try to take his mind off the events. The Defendant asked Mr. Gaines if he would still like to
go out that evening, and Mr. Gaines indicated that he would. Mr. Gaines said that he
changed clothes, and the Defendant picked him up. In the car with the Defendant were Mr.
Featherston, Mr. Davis, and Mr. Cunningham. The men proceeded to a club in Nashville
called “Faded, [A]fter [H]ours.” They stayed at the club until closing time, which was
“[a]round sunrise. Around five . . . or six” in the morning.

       Mr. Gaines said that he and Mr. Davis had met up with some women at the nightclub
who were in college in Kentucky. After the Defendant dropped Mr. Gaines off at his home,
he drove to Mr. Davis’s home and met the women from Kentucky. Mr. Gaines said he and
Mr. Davis followed the women to Kentucky to spend the night with them. During that time,
Mr. Featherston texted Mr. Gaines and informed him that he had seen a news story about the

                                              9
shooting. Mr. Gaines said he and Mr. Davis stayed in Kentucky for a few more hours and
then returned to Mr. Davis’s house in Nashville. Mr. Featherston met them there and
smoked some of the marijuana that they had taken from the victim.

       Mr. Gaines testified that he did not see the Defendant until a couple of days later. The
Defendant told him that he had spoken with the people involved in the incident and that, if
police asked questions about the incident, they were to say what happened that day and
evening but omit only the part about going to the victim’s house. Mr. Gaines said that he
agreed to this plan.

        Mr. Gaines testified that he first spoke with Detective Hafley about this shooting on
October 9, 2007, when the detective came to interview him. He told the detective the story
that he and the Defendant had discussed and did not, at that point, tell the detective the truth
about the events surrounding the shooting. He then spoke with the detective again on
October 10, maintaining the same story. Mr. Cunningham called him later that evening and
started asking him questions. He asked him the location of the gun that was used to shoot
the victim. Mr. Gaines responded that he did not know what Mr. Cunningham was talking
about.

      Mr. Gaines testified that, while he was on the telephone with Mr. Cunningham, the
Defendant called on the other line. Mr. Gaines put Mr. Cunningham on hold and answered
the Defendant’s call. Mr. Gaines told the Defendant that Mr. Cunningham was acting
“funny” and “[a]sking funny questions.” Mr. Gaines said that he discontinued his telephone
conversations with both men.

       Mr. Gaines again spoke with Detective Hafley and another officer the following day,
October 11. He said that, when he got to the point in the story at which he was supposed to
omit going to the victim’s house, he became emotional. He then told them the truth about
the shooting. Mr. Gaines said that he took Detective Hafley to the area in the park where
he had seen the Defendant walk after the shooting.

       During cross-examination, Mr. Gaines agreed that the detective told him that police
were going to subpoena Mr. Gaines’s phone records. Mr. Gaines agreed that the detective
had to “drag” some parts of the story “out of [him.]” Mr. Gaines agreed that he was a
“regular” marijuana smoker and had his own suppliers. He said, however, that he asked Mr.
Cunningham if he knew anyone who would sell them marijuana because it was so late in the
evening and none of the dealers he knew would have been selling at that hour. Mr. Gaines
agreed that he had brought the second, inoperable, gun that was in the back seat with Mr.
Davis at the time of the robbery. He agreed that he had the gun to “scare people.”

                                              10
        Mr. Gaines testified that he knew that, by speaking with police, he was implicating
himself. He said, however, he did not know that he could be charged with murder or that he
would be taken to jail. He said that, after he was arrested, he spoke with an attorney who
informed him that, based on his statements to police, he could be charged with first degree
felony murder and especially aggravated robbery. He was advised of the penalties of those
offenses, and it was then that he realized the seriousness of the situation. Mr. Gaines agreed
that he was hopeful for favorable treatment and maybe some type of leniency in exchange
for his testimony.

       The Defendant’s counsel questioned Mr. Gaines about the time line of events,
showing that some of his testimony about the timing of the events could not be correct. Mr.
Gaines said that he could not explain why the cell phone records may show that the men were
talking to each other on their cell phones when he says that they were at Mr. Featherston’s
house together. Mr. Gaines said that he “h[u]ng around” members of the Piru and Blood
gangs but that he was not a member of either gang.

       During redirect examination, Mr. Gaines described the Defendant as calm after the
shooting. Mr. Gaines said he was not certain about the specific times of these events, as he
was not looking at his watch, but he assumed the McDonald’s video accurately reflected the
time that they were at the restaurant. Mr. Gaines said that he told the detective the truth
because he had never been involved in “anything like that before,” so it was “weighing heavy
on [his] conscious [sic].” Mr. Gaines said that he and the Defendant had been friends for a
long period of time, beginning when they were both in high school. The two spent a lot of
time together. Mr. Gaines identified the Defendant as being the person who asked the victim
to empty his pockets and then shot him.

       During further cross-examination, Mr. Gaines testified that Mr. Featherston’s father
was Mr. Gaines’s mother’s uncle. The two were, therefore, second cousins. He said that
they were the same age, with their birthdays being only months apart. Mr. Gaines said that
Mr. Featherston was his good friend, whom he had known his whole life, and the two lived
in close proximity to each other. He said he had known Mr. Hendricks since the two were
in elementary school. Mr. Gaines said he had recently met Mr. Davis through Mr.
Featherston. Mr. Gaines said that he had known Mr. Cunningham since the two were in high
school, about three or four years before the shooting. Mr. Gaines agreed that he was not
arrested until ten days after the shooting. He denied that, during that time, he and his friends
made a decision about who to blame for the shooting.

        Katie Weiss Ladeforged, an attorney with the Public Defender’s Office in Nashville,
testified that she represented Mr. Gaines in charges stemming from this shooting. She stated
that the State had not promised Mr. Gaines anything for his testimony but that he was hoping

                                              11
for some “consideration” in exchange for his truthful testimony. During cross-examination,
Ms. Ladeforged said that Mr. Gaines had remained “completely consistent” in his testimony
from the beginning and had “never varied from what he said.”

        Warren Fleak, a detective with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department at the
time of trial, testified that he had been assigned as the crime scene investigator in this case.
He said that, once at the scene of the shooting, he spoke with Detective Hafley, who advised
him that the victim had been transported to the hospital. He entered the front yard, which had
been secured with crime scene tape, and discovered two bloody shirts, one inside of the
other, that had “visible projectile strikes” on the shirt itself. Detective Fleak said that, as he
was separating the two shirts back at the station, a projectile fell from between them. He
explained that the projectile likely hit “tissue” that slowed it down enough that it lodged
between the two shirts. The detective packaged the projectile to send to the Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) for further testing.

        The detective further testified that he photographed the scene and created a diagram
of the scene, all of which were shown to the jury. Detective Fleak said that he also processed
a Ford Thunderbird, and he obtained evidence, including a black hat from that vehicle. He
also obtained fingerprint evidence from one of the windows of the Ford Thunderbird.

        During cross-examination, Detective Fleak testified that the gate of 2912 Highland
Drive was open when he arrived. He said that no one requested that he conduct fingerprint
testing of the gate. On redirect examination, Detective Fleak testified that a chain link fence
would not be conducive to fingerprint testing. The detective identified the report from the
firearm expert that tested the projectile. It showed that the projectile was from a “thirty-eight
special, a three-fifty-seven magnum, or a nine millimeter Luger.” During recross-
examination, the detective testified that there were three total projectiles gathered, all of
which were likely mutilated from the impact or penetration. He said it was not possible to
tell whether they were fired from a thirty-eight special, a three-fifty-seven, or a nine
millimeter. Detective Fleak testified that his investigation did not directly implicate the
Defendant in the shooting.

        Richard Tennent, the criminal defense attorney for Mr. Hendricks, testified that Mr.
Hendricks had spoken with the attorney for the State and had agreed to testify. Mr. Tennent
was present at those meetings, and the State made no promises to Mr. Hendricks in exchange
for his testimony. The State’s attorney had asked Mr. Hendricks to testify truthfully and had
told Mr. Hendricks that he may get some type of consideration for his truthful testimony.
During cross-examination, Mr. Tennent said that it was not totally uncommon for a defendant
to testify against a co-defendant, but it was unusual. He said that of the thousands of people
he had represented, the State had never offered a written agreement in exchange for

                                               12
testimony. He believed that the reason for this was, in part, that such an agreement would
be a relevant subject for cross-examination. Mr. Tennent testified that, as a result of this
incident, Mr. Hendricks was also charged with felony first degree murder and especially
aggravated robbery.

       Mychal Hendricks, who was twenty-four at the time of trial, testified that he had met
the Defendant through a mutual friend about a year before this shooting. He testified that he
faced the same charges as the Defendant and that he was testifying in hopes of helping his
own legal situation. Mr. Hendricks said that he and Mr. Gaines had become friends in third
grade, and he met many of the men involved the night of this shooting through Mr. Gaines
and Mr. Cunningham.

       Mr. Hendricks confirmed much of Mr. Gaines’s testimony about the events of that
evening, including that they went to a party, the party was discontinued by the hosts, and then
the group went to McDonald’s. Mr. Hendricks added that he saw the Defendant with a
revolver in the waistline of his pants before they went to the party. From McDonald’s, the
group traveled to Mr. Featherston’s house, after dropping off two of the men. Present at Mr.
Featherston’s house were: Mr. Gaines; Mr. Cunningham; Mr. Davis; Mr. Featherston; the
Defendant; and Mr. Hendricks. Mr. Hendricks said that he, Mr. Featherston, Mr. Davis, and
Mr. Gaines were playing with the Play Station as Mr. Featherston got ready to go to “the
club.” The Defendant and Mr. Cunningham were outside, waiting on the front porch. As
the men were leaving Mr. Featherston’s house, he heard Mr. Cunningham say to the
Defendant, “If you rob him you have to kill him.”

        Mr. Hendricks said he did not pay much attention to what was being said, and he got
into the Defendant’s car with Mr. Cunningham and Mr. Featherston. The Defendant was in
Mr. Gaines’s car with Mr. Gaines and Mr. Davis. Mr. Hendricks said that, as they were
driving, Mr. Cunningham received a call from the men in the other car, and they asked him
where the victim lived. Mr. Cunningham indicated that they should follow him. Mr.
Hendricks said that Mr. Cunningham drove by the victim’s house, with Mr. Gaines’s car
following him. The two cars then traveled to a street away from the victim’s house, and
stopped there. When they stopped, the Defendant, Mr. Cunningham, and Mr. Gaines exited
the vehicles. Mr. Gaines stood on one side of the vehicle, and Mr. Cunningham and the
Defendant were talking on the other side. Mr. Hendricks testified that he saw Mr. Gaines
bend down behind his vehicle, and he later learned that Mr. Gaines was covering his license
plate.

       Mr. Hendricks testified that, at this point, he had a feeling that “something bad” was
going to happen. When Mr. Cunningham returned to the vehicle, Mr. Hendricks asked him
to take him home. Mr. Hendricks said that Mr. Cunningham drove the Defendant’s car in

                                              13
one direction, and the Defendant, in Mr. Gaines’s car, drove the other direction toward the
victim’s house. A few minutes later, the men heard between four and five gunshots. Mr.
Hendricks said that Mr. Cunningham received a call telling them to meet up at Shelby
Woods, and the two cars met at Shelby Woods. Mr. Hendricks said that Mr. Cunningham
then told Mr. Hendricks, Mr. Gaines, and the Defendant to go to the “cut” behind Tom Joy
Elementary School. There, the Defendant stated that, “He had offed him,” meaning that he
had killed the victim. The Defendant pulled out what he had taken from the victim, and,
while the Defendant and Mr. Cunningham kept most of the money, they gave all of the men
“twenty or forty dollars.” Mr. Hendricks testified that Mr. Cunningham dropped them off
at home.

       Mr. Hendricks testified that he did not speak with Mr. Cunningham until days later
when Mr. Cunningham called to see if he was all right. Mr. Hendricks said that he was not
“in the mood to talk to [any] of them.”

        Mr. Hendricks testified that the police interviewed him on January 31, 2008. He said
that he told the police that the Defendant had shot and killed the victim. He did not,
however, tell them the extent of Mr. Cunningham’s involvement in the crime or that he knew
before the shooting that the victim was going to be robbed and killed. He did tell the police
in that interview that he had received money after the robbery. He said that, in a later
interview, he told the police about Mr. Cunningham’s involvement. He explained that, at
first, he was trying to protect Mr. Cunningham because the two had grown up together, and
he thought they were friends. He, therefore, told the police at first that, after the robbery, Mr.
Cunningham asked the Defendant why he had killed the victim. He said that he was also not
completely honest with the police because he was scared the Defendant would retaliate
against his family if he was honest with the police. Mr. Hendricks said that, in later
interviews with police, he told them that he knew the robbery and killing were going to take
place before the incident happened.

        During cross-examination, Mr. Hendricks testified that, even though he was scared
of the Defendant, he told the police in his first interview that the Defendant had shot and
killed the victim. Mr. Hendricks agreed that he described the Defendant to the police as a
“menace to society.” Mr. Hendricks said that, after the crime, the police attempted to contact
him, and he made several appointments that he did not keep with them before his January
2008 interview.

        Mr. Hendricks agreed he had told the police that Mr. Davis initiated the crimes that
occurred because Mr. Davis said that he needed money. Mr. Hendricks said that he stopped
trying to protect Mr. Cunningham when he realized that Mr. Cunningham was not his friend

                                               14
and was “not anybody’s friend.” This was confirmed for him when Mr. Hendricks was
placed in jail on these charges, and Mr. Cunningham began sending him threats.

       Mr. Hendricks testified that, when he heard the gunshots, Mr. Cunningham was
driving him home. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Cunningham received a phone call telling him to
meet in Shelby Woods. They went to Shelby Woods, met the men in the other car, and then
Mr. Cunningham took him home. He said he had no intention of going to “the club” with
them at any point during that evening. Mr. Hendricks agreed that Mr. Cunningham was a
“bully” and a “[p]retty powerful gang member” in the Skyline Piru gang.

        During redirect examination, Mr. Hendricks testified that the Defendant had told him
that he was going to “put his father’s face on someone,” meaning that he was going to shoot
someone. Mr. Hendricks described the Defendant’s behavior after the shooting as “really
regular.” Mr. Hendricks said that Mr. Cunningham threatened him after he was incarcerated
on these charges. He threatened him both before and after Mr. Hendricks spoke with the
State about Mr. Cunningham’s role in the murder.

        Brian Brown, a sergeant with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department, testified
that, at the time of this offense, he was a detective, and he was assigned to assist Detective
Hafley, the lead detective in this investigation. Detective Brown described his role in the
investigation, saying that, on October 10, 2007, based upon information gained during Mr.
Gaines’s interview, he went to the park where the men had traveled after the shooting. He
and other officers went to the park looking for weapons, and, during the search, they found
a cell phone in the woods. He collected the phone and returned it to the department for
further analysis.

        Mike Frizzell, a special agent with the TBI, testified as an expert in the use of
communications records. Agent Frizzell testified that the records indicated that the
Defendant’s phone called the victim’s phone at 12:55 a.m. on September 30, 2007, and the
call lasted fifty-three seconds. Mr. Davis’s phone was accessing a cell tower in Mt. Juliet
earlier in the night, then a cell tower in Nashville, and finally a cell tower near “Club Faded.”
The agent said that all the men’s phones were “[g]enerally” accessing the same cell phone
towers during that evening. After 1:00 a.m. on September 30, all the phones analyzed,
including the Defendant’s phone, were accessing a cell phone tower located near Tom Joy
Elementary School.

       Paul Harris, a detective with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department, testified
that he retrieved a surveillance video from the corporate headquarters for a company that
owns multiple McDonald’s restaurants. The video was of the surveillance footage taken at
the Mt. Juliet location on the evening of September 29, 2007. Detective Harris said that he

                                               15
assisted Detective Hafley in numerous other ways, but, in one specific instance, he was able
to definitively determine that the cell phone found by police officers at the park belonged to
the victim.

        Curtis Hafley, the lead detective in this case, testified that he responded to the
shooting location on September 30, 2007. He said that he attempted to talk to any witnesses
present. He spoke with Mr. Beamon, who described the car to him. A few hours later, he
spoke with Ms. Haines, who described the car similarly. Ms. Haines also provided the
detective with a description of the suspects and told him that a man she knew as “Papa” had
called the victim shortly before the shooting. Detective Hafley said that he spoke with other
detectives about the man called “Papa,” and they were familiar with someone who went by
that moniker named Devonta Cunningham. Detective Hafley created a photographic lineup
that included Mr. Cunningham’s photograph, and, from it, Ms. Haines identified Mr.
Cunningham as the man she knew as “Papa.”

       Detective Hafley testified that Ms. Haines said that Mr. Cunningham had been to the
house on a prior occasion with a man named “Mychal” or “Michael,” who drove a Ford
Thunderbird. From her description of this man, Detective Hafley identified a “Michael
Smith” who drove a vehicle matching that description. He spoke with him, searched his car,
and later determined that he was not involved in the victim’s murder.

       Detective Hafley testified that he spoke with Mr. Cunningham later in the day on
September 30, 2007. Mr. Cunningham told the detective where he had been, including the
house party in Mt. Juliet, the McDonald’s in Mt. Juliet, and “Club Faded,” and he also
offered whom he had been with on the evening of September 29 into the morning hours of
September 30. Mr. Cunningham provided Detective Hafley with the cell phone numbers of
his associates that night. Detective Hafley used these number to obtain the cell phone
records for each of those cell phone numbers.

       Detective Hafley testified that the McDonald’s surveillance video footage confirmed
Mr. Cunningham’s account of the men eating at McDonald’s that evening. The video also
showed the clothing they were wearing and the way that their hair was styled. Detective
Hafley said that it stood out to him that one of the suspects, Mr. Davis, had shoulder length
braids and was wearing a bright yellow T-shirt. He later spoke with Mr. Davis, who was
approximately five-foot ten or eleven inches tall and had an athletic build with broad
shoulders and a narrow waist. From the video, the detective also noted that the Defendant
looked “very heavy” and was wearing a black T-shirt and dark colored short pants. The
Defendant’s cell phone was visible during part of the surveillance video.

                                             16
       Detective Hafley spoke with multiple people during the course of his investigation,
including Mr. Featherston; Felix Ridley, Jr., who was known as “Hootie;” Mr. Gaines; and
Mr. Davis. The detective noted that, during their initial interviews, all six men involved in
the shooting gave consistent statements. On October 5, 2007, he spoke with the Defendant,
who came to the police station to speak with him. The Defendant agreed to speak with him
and waived his Miranda rights. The Defendant told the detective that he had spoken with
the victim on the night of his death but stated that he and his friends had not gone to the
victim’s house.

        Detective Hafley testified that Ms. Haines gave him information about the victim’s
cell phone, which was not found at the scene of the shooting. He said that he began getting
phone records from the suspects in this case shortly after the murder. While the information
did not include the cell phone towers involved, they did provide him a list of calls made and
the time and duration of those calls. He learned that the cell phones belonging to both Mr.
Gaines and the Defendant had placed and/or received calls to the victim’s phone. Detective
Hafley said that, when he received the phone records showing the cell phone towers used by
the Defendant’s phone, the records indicated that the Defendant was not where he had said
at the time he had said during the evening of the shooting.

       On October 9, 2007, Detective Hafley conducted a follow-up interview with Mr.
Gaines. During Mr. Gaines’s initial interview, he had denied going to the victim’s house the
evening of the shooting. During the October 9 interview, Mr. Gaines became “emotional.”
Mr. Gaines then told him the same version of events that he offered during his trial
testimony.

       Detective Hafley testified that, almost six months later, on March 25, 2008, he
interviewed the Defendant. The Defendant cried during the interview, but it “seemed very
fake” to the detective. Detective Hafley said that he attempted to follow-up on leads the
Defendant provided, including a man who the Defendant knew as “Regardless.” He said that
he was unable to confirm such a man existed. Detective Hafley testified that the Defendant’s
phone records did not match the story that he had given to the detective.

       During that interview, a recording of which was entered into the record, the Defendant
described for the officers how he had been beaten at a party after he had been accused of
“snitching.” Officers informed the Defendant that his co-defendants had said that he had
been the one threatening them for “snitching.” The officers also told him that all his co-
defendants had been to speak with the police and that the “only one they had given up” was
the Defendant. The Defendant said that the other men were ganging up against him in an
attempt to save each other because the Defendant was no longer friends with those men.

                                             17
       After extensive discussions, the Defendant told the detectives the following version
of events that evening: He said that Mr. Cunningham borrowed his phone to set up a
purchase of marijuana from Mr. Sanders while the two were parked on the side of the road.
After arranging the purchase, Mr. Cunningham got into Mr. Gaines’s vehicle, in which
“Flame” was also located, while the Defendant waited for him to return. The Defendant said
that Mr. Cunningham had a gun. The Defendant said that Mr. Cunningham called him and
told him to meet behind Tom Joy Elementary School. There, Mr. Cunningham gave some
of the men money and some of the men marijuana. The Defendant did not take money or
marijuana, but Mr. Cunningham purchased gas for the Defendant’s car. He said that the men
then went to Mr. Gaines’s house, where they stayed for some period of time before most of
the men got into his car, and he drove them to the club.

       During cross-examination, Detective Hafley testified that he arrived at the scene of
the shooting less than an hour after the shooting had occurred. He said that he interviewed
Mr. Beamon at the scene, and Mr. Beamon gave a description of one of the men involved as
being 6'2" or 6'3" and weighing 280 pounds and wearing a dark shirt and dark shorts. He
also described the second man as wearing a white shirt and long pants. Detective Hafley
confirmed that Mr. Beamon was unable to identify anyone from a photographic lineup.

       Detective Hafley agreed that the majority of the evidence against the Defendant was
provided by his co-defendants. He agreed that the eye witnesses varied in their description
of the men involved The detective agreed that Mr. Gaines best fit Ms. Haines’s description
of a light-skinned African-American male who was tall and slim, but in light of all the
evidence, he did not believe that it was Mr. Gaines who was out of the car on the night of the
shooting. The detective agreed that each of the men he interviewed lied about the events of
that evening. He said that, when they were arrested several months after the shooting, Mr.
Hendricks was found at a bus station and Mr. Featherston was found hiding in a closet. The
detective agreed that, in the Defendant’s statement, he said that Mr. Cunningham used the
Defendant’s cell phone while the men were in Mt. Juliet.

        Detective Hafley acknowledged that the phone records contradicted Mr. Gaines’s
testimony that no one in his car with him made any phone calls. Mr. Gaines’s phone records
indicated that he placed a call to, and received a call from, the Defendant’s phone shortly
after the shooting. There was also a call placed from Mr. Gaines’s phone to Mr. Davis’s
phone thirty minutes after the shooting. Mr. Gaines and Mr. Davis had both testified,
however, that they were together at that time. The detective explained that the park was two
minutes from where the shooting occurred. He said that these calls were thirty minutes after
the shooting, and the men could have been in different locations by that time.

                                             18
        Amy McMaster-Hawes, the Chief Medical Examiner for Davidson County, testified
that she conducted the autopsy of the victim’s body. She learned that the victim was a
twenty-one year old male who had suffered multiple gunshot wounds. His body showed
evidence of medical staff’s attempt to save his life, including a breathing tube, catheters, and
IVs. Dr. McMaster-Hawes testified that she noted three gunshot wounds to the victim’s
torso, two entrance wounds on the left side of his chest and another entrance wound to his
left abdomen area. There was one exit wound to the left side of his back. The victim’s body
also had a gunshot wound to his right hand. None of the wounds showed “stippling,”
meaning that either the gun was more than a couple of feet away from the victim when
discharged or there was something between the barrel of the gun and his skin, like a shirt.
Dr. McMaster-Hawes said that any one of the three gunshot wounds would have been fatal.
Together the wounds injured the victim’s left lung, heart, diaphragm, liver, stomach,
pancreas, spleen, and ribs. She recovered two bullets from inside his body.

       Dr. McMaster-Hawes testified that she conducted a complete toxicology exam. The
report indicated that the victim had the presence of the chemical derived from the use of
marijuana in his blood. She concluded that the victim died of the gunshot wounds and that
the manner of death was a homicide.

        The Defendant presented evidence on his own behalf. The Defendant attempted to
call Michael Miller, who refused to testify. The trial court declared him an unavailable
witness and held him in contempt of court. Mr. Miller’s previous testimony was then read
into the record. During that previous hearing, Mr. Miller testified that he was in jail facing
unrelated charges. He said that he knew Mr. Gaines because the two had been housed in a
detention center together. Mr. Miller said that Mr. Gaines told him that he had been arrested
for murder and that “[the State] really didn’t want him that they wanted somebody else.” He
told Mr. Miller that “it wasn’t really snitching if he just lied and said anything he had to say
to get out of jail.” Mr. Miller testified that Mr. Gaines said he was going to say what he
needed to say in order to obtain a probation sentence.

       Mr. Miller testified that he also knew Mr. Cunningham. The two had met while
incarcerated around May 2012. Mr. Miller said that, during his discussions with Mr. Gaines,
Mr. Miller learned that Mr. Gaines was one of Mr. Cunningham’s co-defendants.

       During cross-examination at the previous hearing, Mr. Miller testified that he was
facing charges of especially aggravated kidnapping. He also had been convicted on several
previous occasions. Mr. Miller agreed that Mr. Gaines likely did not want to be considered
a snitch.

                                              19
         Ronteraus Roberson testified that he was from New Orleans and came to Nashville
to visit the mother of his child. He was in Nashville for nine days, during which time he was
arrested for facilitation of first degree murder and attempted second degree murder. He said
that he was currently serving twenty-five years at thirty-five percent. Mr. Roberson said he
met Mr. Featherston, whom he knew by the nickname “Yellow,” in 2009, while the two were
detained at Blackwood jail. Mr. Roberson was moved from Blackwood to the Criminal
Justice Center, where he met Mr. Gaines in 2012. The two were “pod mates” and became
friendly. Mr. Roberson said that, at points during his confinement, he was also in the same
pod with Mr. Cunningham, Mr. Hendricks, and Mr. Davis. He had also met the Defendant
in prison at one point. Mr. Roberson said that the Defendant and Mr. Featherston told him
that they were in jail for murder. Mr. Roberson said that he did not anticipate gaining
anything for his testimony.

        Mr. Roberson testified that Mr. Gaines discussed the charges that he was facing. Mr.
Gaines told him that he was “going to lie on them” so that he could get a reduction in the
amount of time that he would have to serve. Mr. Gaines said that he hoped that, in exchange
for his testimony, he would be given probation. Mr. Roberson understood this to mean that
he was going to lie about the involvement of a man named “Dray,” whom Mr. Roberson did
not know, and Mr. Cunningham, with whom Mr. Roberson had previously been housed.

        During cross-examination, Mr. Roberson agreed he had also previously been
convicted for two felony drug convictions and for evading arrest. Mr. Roberson agreed that
he was a member of the gang commonly referred to as the “Bloods” and that he had multiple
tattoos reflecting his gang affiliation.

       Mr. Roberson said that the Defendant was his “acquaintance.” Mr. Roberson said that
he was unaware whether the Defendant was a member of the “Blood” gang. Mr. Roberson
agreed that he would do what he could to assist other members of the “Blood” gang. He said
that Mr. Gaines was not a member of the “Blood” gang. Mr. Roberson agreed that Mr.
Gaines would be classified as a “snitch,” which was a bad thing. He disagreed, however, that
snitches would be beaten up and threatened while incarcerated.

       Mr. Roberson testified that he was “very good friends” with Mr. Cunningham. He
disagreed, however, that they were in the same gang, saying that Mr. Cunningham was a
member of the “Piru” gang. He disagreed that “Piru” and “Blood” were different names for
the same gang. He explained that the two gangs were the “underdogs” and would team up
together to go after the “Crips,” but he maintained that they were two separate, individual
gangs.

                                             20
       Mr. Roberson agreed that an “OG” was a gang member who had earned a higher rank.
An “OG” would give a lower ranked gang member instructions and direct them into
committing a crime in order to advance in a gang. Mr. Roberson agreed that, at a prior
hearing, he said that Mr. Gaines had told him that he was going to blame Mr. Cunningham
and not the Defendant.

       Shirley Smith, the Defendant’s mother, testified that she learned that one of the
Defendant’s co-defendants had testified that the way the Defendant could shoot someone was
to imagine them with his father’s face. She said she learned that they said the Defendant had
explained that his father used to beat his mother. Ms. Smith said, however, that the
Defendant did not know his father and that no man had ever lived in their home. She said
that she had never been beaten by anyone and that the Defendant would have no reason to
say something like this.

       The Defendant testified that he did not shoot the victim. He said that Mr.
Cunningham told him that he had shot the victim a couple of days after the shooting. He
recalled that the two were in Mr. Cunningham’s backyard when Mr. Cunningham admitted
to him that he had robbed and shot the victim. At the time, the Defendant already knew that
the victim had been shot but did not know the identity of the shooter. The Defendant
described the events surrounding Mr. Cunningham’s confession, saying that Mr.
Cunningham invited him over to discuss something important. When the Defendant arrived,
Mr. Cunningham was in the backyard washing his dogs. Mr. Cunningham told him that the
police had come to talk to him. The Defendant said he asked Mr. Cunningham, “About
what?” Mr. Cunningham told him that it was about the victim. Mr. Cunningham confessed
that he had robbed and killed the victim. Mr. Cunningham told the Defendant that he had
told the detective that he and the Defendant were together that evening.

       The Defendant said he asked Mr. Cunningham why he had said the two were together,
and Mr. Cunningham reminded the Defendant that he had used the Defendant’s phone. Mr.
Cunningham told the Defendant to tell the detective that the Defendant did not have anything
to do with the shooting. The Defendant said that Mr. Cunningham told him to tell the
detective that the Defendant had set up the drug buy for some other men who wanted to
purchase some marijuana. The Defendant said he told Mr. Cunningham, “You, bullshitting,
man” and “You tripping.” Mr. Cunningham told the Defendant that he had nothing to worry
about and to stick to that story. The Defendant said this conversation occurred before the
Defendant had spoken with Detective Hafley.

      The Defendant testified that, when he spoke with the detective, he told him the story
that Mr. Cunningham had instructed him to tell. After the interview, he thought that

                                             21
Detective Hafley believed him. He said that when he left the interview he called Mr.
Cunningham and told him about the interview.

        A couple of days later, the Defendant saw Mr. Cunningham and some of his
“associates” at a club. As he was leaving the club, Mr. Cunningham and some of the men
he was with, one of whom was known as “Lon-ball”, approached him and said that they had
heard he was “snitching.” He said he could not get a sentence out before he was assaulted.
He said that his jaw was broken on both sides. He went to the emergency room and was
referred to an oral surgeon, who wired his mouth shut. His mouth was wired shut for three
months. The Defendant said that, after this, he stayed away from Mr. Cunningham, who was
his only friend in the group. He said he knew Mr. Gaines from school but that the two were
not friends. The Defendant said that Mr. Cunningham, Mr. Gaines, and Mr. Hendricks were
all “Skyline Piru” gang members. Mr. Featherston, he said, was a “Treetop Piru” gang
member, a gang that was “one in the same” as the “Skyline Piru” gang. The Defendant said
he was a member of the “Bounty Hunter Blood” gang, which was different from the “Piru”
gang. He said that the two were “rival” gangs. He said that, even though they were in rival
gangs, he and the Defendant were friendly because they lived in close proximity to each other
and both raised pit bull dogs.

        The Defendant testified about what he said actually happened that evening. He
confirmed going to the party in Mt. Juliet and then to the McDonald’s. He said that he lent
his phone to Mr. Cunningham, whose phone battery had died. He said that, in his car with
him that evening, were Mr. Featherston, Mr. Hendricks, “Hammer,” and “Hootie.” He said
that he drove “Hootie” and “Hammer” home. Mr. Gaines met them where they dropped off
“Hootie” and “Hammer.” The men were attempting to “kill time” before the club opened at
2:00 a.m.

        The Defendant said he followed Mr. Gaines. The men stopped at some point, and the
Defendant overheard conversations about marijuana. Because he did not smoke marijuana,
he did not pay attention to these conversations. The Defendant said that, after Mr.
Cunningham had found someone from whom to purchase marijuana, he asked the Defendant
if the Defendant would follow him to buy it. The Defendant declined, saying that he would
just meet the men at the spot behind Tom Joy Elementary School. The Defendant said that
he arrived at the spot first and that Mr. Cunningham, Mr. Gaines, and Mr. Davis arrived
shortly thereafter. The men began separating the marijuana, and Mr. Cunningham was
counting money. The Defendant said Mr. Cunningham asked the Defendant if they were still
going to the club. The Defendant said yes and asked who was driving. Mr. Cunningham told
him to drive, and the Defendant said that he responded that he was tired of driving. The
Defendant said that, if he drove, the men needed to put gas into his car.

                                             22
      The Defendant said that the men dropped Mr. Hendricks off at home. He then
followed Mr. Gaines to Mr. Gaines’s house, where the men talked for a brief period of time.
While there, Mr. Gaines’s mother’s boyfriend stopped by. The Defendant said that all five
men, Mr. Gaines, Mr. Featherston, Mr. Cunningham, Mr. Davis, and himself, then got into
the Defendant’s car and went downtown to the club. The Defendant said that, this whole
evening, no one mentioned the robbery or shooting, and he did not know that it had occurred.

      The Defendant said that he thinks that the men chose him to blame because they
thought that he was going to implicate them, which he was not. He said that Mr.
Cunningham was “OG on Skyline,” so he “called [the] shots.”

       The Defendant said that he did not know the victim well and that he did not have the
victim’s telephone number. He said that the two had gone to school together and so he knew
“of the victim,” but they were not friends.

       During cross-examination, the Defendant testified that he had told the police that Mr.
Cunningham always carried a gun. He said he too was familiar with guns, but he did not
carry them as frequently as Mr. Cunningham. The Defendant agreed that he told the
detective about the license plate on Mr. Gaines’s car being covered. He explained that the
detective must have told him that fact, and he maintained that he did not know that a robbery
was going to occur before it occurred. The Defendant testified that, before the shooting, the
men did not go to Mr. Featherston’s house but that they went to a location off Dickerson Pike
and got out of their cars and talked before Mr. Cunningham went with Mr. Gaines to
purchase marijuana. The Defendant testified that he went from the location off of Dickerson
Pike to Tom Joy Elementary School, and, when he arrived at the school, Mr. Gaines called
him to ask him if he had arrived at the school yet. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Gaines and Mr.
Cunningham arrived. Mr. Cunningham divided up the marijuana, but the Defendant did not
take any because he did not smoke marijuana. Mr. Cunningham then asked if anyone needed
money for the club, and the Defendant responded that he was “straight,” meaning he did not
need any money.

        In rebuttal, the State called Xica Featherson, Lance Featherston’s brother, who
testified that around the time of this shooting he lived in a house with his mother, father, two
brothers, and his daughter. Xica Featherston said that, the evening of September 29, 2007,
he saw his brother at their home with Mr. Cunningham, the Defendant, Mr. Davis, and Mr.
Hendricks. The men were playing a game and hanging out. Xica Featherston estimated that
the men were at the home for approximately thirty minutes. During cross-examination, Xica
Featherston said that he loved his brother and wanted to protect him. He said that Mr. Gaines
was his cousin and that they were “close.” Xica Featherston said that, at the time, he and Mr.

                                              23
Cunningham had a relationship that was “more than just friend” but that they were not
“boyfriend[s].”

       Kevin Carroll, an officer with the Davidson County Sheriff’s Office, testified and
offered a list of everyone who was in Mr. Gaines’s jail pod in May of 2012. This was
entered as an exhibit and showed that Mr. Roberson was not listed as being in Mr. Gaines’s
pod at the time. During cross-examination, Officer Carroll testified that he was not asked
by the State to pull records for months around and near May 2012, including April, March,
June, or July.

        Detective Mark Anderson, with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department,
testified as an expert in gang activity that there was no difference between the Blood gang
and the Piru gang. He said that a gang member could achieve the rank of “OG,” which stood
for “Original Gangster.” Detective Anderson testified that an “OG” had the authority to
direct the actions of lower ranking members. Lower ranking members gain rank based upon
the amount of violence they commit on behalf of the gang: shootings, robberies, and assaults.
Detective Anderson stated that, “The ultimate thing would be to commit a homicide.”
Detective Anderson said that if a gang member did not follow an “OGs” instructions they
could be beaten or excommunicated from the gang.

        During cross-examination, Detective Anderson testified that “Piru” could stand for
“Crip” written backward with the letter “c” turned to the side. He agreed that he had heard
this theory before, but he said he had also heard that it was based upon the name of a street
in California. He agreed that “Piru” Street in California was originally a street that belonged
to the Crip gang. He maintained that, now, the Blood and the Piru were members of the same
gang.

       Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of first degree felony
murder and especially aggravated robbery, and the trial court sentenced him to concurrent
sentences of life and twenty years. It is from these judgments that the Defendant now
appeals.

                                         II. Analysis

        On appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his
convictions; (2) the trial court erred when it denied his motion for mistrial based upon the
State’s alleged failure to disclose exculpatory evidence; and (3) the trial court erred when it
failed to admit into evidence a text message sent from one of his co-defendants to the other
co-defendant.

                                              24
                                A. Sufficiency of Evidence

        The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain either his
conviction for first degree felony murder or especially aggravated robbery. He notes that
there was no physical evidence tying him to the crime and that the witnesses’ descriptions
of the robbers were inconsistent. The State counters that the evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the State, was more than sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. We agree
with the State.

              When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court’s
standard of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to
the State, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e), State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid, 91
S.W.3d 247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This rule applies to findings of guilt based upon direct
evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and circumstantial
evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). In the
absence of direct evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by
circumstantial evidence. Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). The jury
decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and “[t]he inferences to be drawn
from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt and
inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d
646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (citations omitted). “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the
evidence] is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial
evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson,
279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)).

        In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from the
evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999); Liakas v. State, 286 S.W.2d
856, 859 (Tenn. 1956). “Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight
and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by
the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); Liakas, 286 S.W.2d at
859. “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State
v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978); State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 479 (Tenn.
1973). The Tennessee Supreme Court stated the rationale for this rule:

                                              25
              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
       the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 523
(Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the strongest legitimate view
of the evidence contained in the record, as well as all reasonable inferences which may be
drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S .W.3d at 775 (citing State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d
274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of guilt against a defendant removes the
presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant
bears the burden of showing that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty
verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000).

         In this case, the Defendant was convicted of first degree felony murder and especially
aggravated robbery. A conviction for first degree murder, as charged in the indictment,
requires “[a] killing of another committed in the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate any
. . . robbery.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(2). The only mental state required to commit felony
murder is the intent to commit the specific felony. T.C.A. § 39-13-202(b). Especially
aggravated robbery is robbery “[a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon” where the victim
suffers “serious bodily injury.” T.C.A. § 39-13-403(a). Robbery is the intentional or
knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in
fear. T.C.A. § 39-13-401(a). A theft of property occurs when someone, with the intent to
deprive the owner of property, knowingly obtains or exercises control over the property
without the owner’s effective consent. T.C.A. § 39-14-103. “Serious bodily injury,” which
is defined to include “high risk of death,” also inherently includes the death of the victim.

        A defendant may also be convicted of a crime as a principal actor pursuant to the
statute codifying criminal responsibility. Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-402
provides in part:

             A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the
       conduct of another, if:

              ...

                                              26
               (2) Acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the
       offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the person
       solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense
       ....

Recently, in State v. Dickson, 413 S.W.3d 735, 744 (Tenn. 2013), our Supreme Court
explained:

               Criminal responsibility is not a separate crime, but “a theory by which
       the State may prove the defendant’s guilt of the alleged offense . . . based upon
       the conduct of another person.” State v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn.
       1999). Criminal responsibility represents a legislative codification of the
       common law theories of aiding and abetting and accessories before the fact.
       Id. at 171 (citing State v. Carson, 950 S.W.2d 951, 955 (Tenn. 1997)). “No
       particular act need be shown, and the defendant need not have taken a physical
       part in the crime in order to be held criminally responsible.” State v. Caldwell,
       80 S.W.3d 31, 38 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002).

Accordingly, “defendants convicted under a theory of criminal responsibility are considered
to be principal offenders, just as if they had committed the crime themselves.” State v.
Sherman, 266 S.W.3d 395, 408 (Tenn. 2008) (citing State v. Carson, 950 S.W.2d 951, 954
(Tenn. 1997)).

        In the case under submission, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State, it showed that the Defendant and Mr. Cunningham discussed purchasing marijuana
from the victim. Mr. Hendricks heard Mr. Cunningham tell the Defendant that he could rob
the victim but that he would have to kill him. Mr. Gaines, who was going to drive, covered
his license tag with a bag so as to be less identifiable at the scene. When they arrived at the
victim’s house, the Defendant threatened the victim with a gun. The victim gave the
Defendant his money and the marijuana. The Defendant also took the victim’s cell phone.
The Defendant then shot the victim three times, got back into Mr. Gaines’s car, and
continued to fire as the men went to a park. At the park, the Defendant walked to an area
where he disposed of the victim’s phone, and the police found the cell phone in the park. He
then met Mr. Cunningham and the other men behind Tom Joy Elementary School and
divided up the money and marijuana that he had obtained. This evidence is sufficient to
support the Defendant’s conviction for especially aggravated robbery and for felony murder
based upon that robbery.

      The Defendant takes issue with the witnesses’s inconsistent description of the robbers.
As previously stated, “[q]uestions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and

                                              27
value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the
trier of fact.” Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. Further, even if the Defendant was not the shooter,
there was sufficient evidence to convict the Defendant based upon him being criminally
responsible for the actions of another. By all accounts, even if the Defendant was not the
actual shooter, he was with the men before and after the robbery. The jury did not accept his
testimony that he was unaware that the robbery was going to occur before it happened and
that he did not accept any of the proceeds of the robbery. The evidence is sufficient to
support his convictions based upon a theory of criminal responsibility. The Defendant is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

                                  B. Motion for Mistrial

       The Defendant next contends that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for
a mistrial based upon the State’s failure to disclose exculpatory evidence. The Defendant
asserts that the State failed to disclose the cell phone records of a phone with which Mr.
Featherston had contact shortly after the shooting. During a hearing outside the presence of
the jury, it came to light that the number associated with the cell phone that Mr. Featherston
contacted belonged to a “Taja High,” who police believed to be Mr. Featherston’s girlfriend.
There were multiple calls between Ms. High’s cell phone and Mr. Featherston’s cell phone
around the time of the murder. The State counters that the Defendant has not demonstrated
that he suffered a due process violation. It further contends that the Defendant ultimately
received the records at trial and has failed to show that he was prejudiced by the delayed
disclosure of the evidence.
       In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), the United States Supreme Court held
that “suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request
violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” To prove a Brady violation,
a defendant must demonstrate that: (1) he requested the information (unless the evidence is
obviously exculpatory, in which case the state is bound to release the information whether
requested or not); (2) that the State suppressed the information; (3) that the information was
favorable to the defendant; and (4) that the information was material. Johnson v. State, 38
S.W.3d 52, 56 (Tenn. 2001). Favorable evidence has been defined as:

              [E]vidence which provides some significant aid to the defendant’s case,
       whether it furnishes corroboration of the defendant’s story, calls into question
       a material, although not indispensable, element of the prosecution’s version of
       the events, or challenges the credibility of a key prosecution witness.

Johnson v. State, 38 S.W.3d 52, 56-57 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting Commonwealth v. Ellison, 376
Mass. 1, 379 N.E.2d 560, 571 (1978)). Evidence is material when “‘there is a reasonable

                                              28
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.’” Id. at 58 (citations omitted). The burden of proving a Brady
violation rests with the defendant, and the violation must be proven by a preponderance of
the evidence. Id.

       In this case, the Defendant requested all the State’s records in his motion for
discovery. The State offered the Defendant open file discovery. The phone records at issue
were not, however, contained in that file because Detective Hafley did not include those
records in the information he gave to the State. Detective Hafley’s possession of those
records is imputed to the State for purposes of determining a Brady violation. State v.
Jackson, 444 S.W.3d 554, 594 (Tenn. 2014) (holding “Brady applies not only to evidence
in the prosecution’s possession, but also to “‘any favorable evidence known to the others
acting on the government’s behalf in the case, including the police.’”) (citations omitted).

        We must next determine if the State “suppressed” this evidence. The Defendant
clearly had access to Mr. Featherston’s phone records, which showed the calls to Ms. High’s
number around the time of the crime. He could have, in his own investigation, pursued the
identity of the owner of that cell phone. The evidence about which the Defendant complains
are the records of the cell phone belonging to Mr. Featherston’s girlfriend, which were
ultimately disclosed during the trial. This Court must analyze the State’s delayed disclosure
of evidence differently than the State’s non-disclosure of evidence. “Generally, if there is
only a delayed disclosure of information, in contrast to a complete failure to disclose
exculpatory information, Brady normally does not apply, unless the delay itself causes
prejudice.” State v. Caughron, 855 S.W.2d 526, 548 (Tenn. 1993) (Daughtrey, J.,
dissenting); State v. Joan Elizabeth Hall, No. 01C01-9710-CC-00503, 1999 WL 34782, at
*9 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Jan. 28, 1999) (citations omitted). Where there is a
delayed disclosure of evidence, this court must determine whether the delay kept defense
counsel from effectively using this evidence in presenting and preparing the defendant’s
case. Caughron, 855 S.W.2d at 548 (citing United States v. Ingraldi, 793 F.2d 408, 411-12
(1st Cir. 1986)). “Delayed disclosure results in prejudice to the defendant and may deny the
defendant due process when it is ‘too late for the defendant to make use of any benefits of
the evidence.’” State v. Sidney M. Ewing, No. 01C01-9612-CR-00531, 1998 WL 321932,
at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, June 19, 1998), opinion vacated and reentered by
State v. Sidney M. Ewing, No. 01C01-9612-CR-00531, 1998 WL 485614, at *1 (Tenn. Crim.
App., at Nashville, Aug. 18, 1998) (quoting Nassar v. Sissel, 792 F.2d 119, 121 (8th Cir.
1986)). An incomplete response to a Brady request might cause the defense to “abandon
lines of independent investigation, defenses, or trial strategies that it otherwise would have
pursued.” United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985) (citation omitted). If the
defense fails to request a continuance after receipt of the evidence, fails to call or recall a
witness to testify regarding the evidence, or fails to extensively cross-examine a witness

                                              29
regarding the evidence, the Brady violation may be cured. Ewing, 1998 WL 321932, at *9.
The Defendant in this case moved for a mistrial but not a continuance. We cannot state with
certainty that the delayed disclosure of the co-defendant’s girlfriend’s phone records “itself
caused prejudice.” For sake of argument, however, we will consider the other relevant
factors.

       We will now decide whether Mr. Featherston’s girlfriend’s cell phone records were
“favorable” to the Defendant. The Defendant asserts that the phone records show that Mr.
Featherston’s cell phone placed calls and/or received calls from his girlfriend, Ms. High,
around the time of the murder. Detective Hafley attempted to speak with Ms. High, and he
could not locate her. When he arrested Mr. Featherston at his girlfriend’s house, all the
people there were extremely uncooperative and provided him no information. The Defendant
has offered no further information about how the cell phone records, which he ultimately had
during the trial, would have aided his defense.

      The Defendant has similarly not proven that the evidence the State suppressed was
“material.”

              The [United States] Supreme Court in Kyles discussed materiality at
       length and reiterated four key points. [Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434-37
       (U.S. 1995)]. First, “a showing of materiality does not require demonstration
       by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have
       resulted ultimately in the defendant’s acquittal.” Id. at 434, 115 S. Ct. 1555;
       see also Johnson, 38 S.W.3d at 58. Second, determining materiality is not the
       equivalent of determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Kyles, 514
U.S. at 434-35, 115 S. Ct. 1555. Third, where a defendant establishes
       materiality, along with the other three elements necessary to show a Brady
       violation, the defendant also has inherently established that the violation was
       not harmless; thus, a separate harmless error analysis is unnecessary and
       inappropriate. Id. at 435, 115 S. Ct. 1555; see also Johnson, 38 S.W.3d at 63;
       State v. Biggs, 218 S.W.3d 643, 660 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006). Fourth, the
       materiality of suppressed evidence should be “considered collectively, not item
       by item.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 436, 115 S. Ct. 1555. In this way, the
       prosecutor’s responsibility is “to gauge the likely net effect of all such
       evidence and make disclosure when the point of ‘reasonable probability’ is
       reached.” Id. at 437, 115 S. Ct. 1555.

              [The] touchstone of materiality is a “reasonable probability” of
              a different result, and the adjective is important. The question
              is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have

                                             30
               received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its
               absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in
               a verdict worthy of confidence. A “reasonable probability” of
               a different result is accordingly shown when the government’s
               evidentiary suppression “undermines confidence in the outcome
               of the trial.”

       Id. at 434, 115 S. Ct. 1555 (quoting Bagley, 473 U.S. at 678, 105 S. Ct. 3375);
       see also Johnson, 38 S.W.3d at 58. Failing to disclose Brady materials may
       impair the adversary process in various ways, including causing the defense to
       “abandon lines of independent investigation, defenses, or trial strategies that it
       otherwise would have pursued.” Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S. Ct. 3375. A
       defendant seeking to establish materiality should call to the attention of the
       reviewing court any and all ways in which suppression of evidence impaired the
       adversary process and undermined confidence in the outcome of the
       proceeding.

Jackson, 444 S.W.3d 595.

       The State prosecuted the Defendant pursuant to two theories: first, that he was the
shooter; second, that he was criminally responsible for the shooting. Mr. Featherston was also
indicted for these crimes. The Defendant had Mr. Featherston’s cell phone records, which
showed that he placed calls around the time of the shooting. The fact the Defendant did not
have the cell phone records from Mr. Featherston’s girlfriend, which confirmed that Mr.
Featherston had contact with her around the time of the shooting, does not undermine our
confidence in the outcome of this trial. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                      C. Text Message

       The Defendant next asserts that the trial court erred when it failed to admit into
evidence a text message sent from Mr. Featherston to Mr. Cunningham. The Defendant
asserts that he attempted to cross-examine Detective Hafley about an email that Detective
Hafley sent to another police officer that contained a picture of a text message that Mr.
Featherston sent to Mr. Cunningham. The text message read “got a dope boy nine on me.”
The Defendant’s counsel argued that the “dope boy” in the message was the victim, who was
a drug dealer, and that the “nine on me” referred to the nine millimeter that had been taken
from the victim during the robbery. The Defendant’s counsel stated that this text message was
an “admission of culpability” by Mr. Featherston to committing this shooting. The State
contends that the trial court properly excluded this evidence as inadmissible hearsay.

                                               31
       “Admission of evidence is entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court, and a trial
court’s ruling on evidence will be disturbed only upon a clear showing of abuse of discretion.”
State v. Robinson, 146 S.W.3d 469, 490 (Tenn. 2004). The Tennessee Rules of Evidence
provide that all “relevant evidence is admissible,” unless excluded by other evidentiary rules
or applicable authority. Tenn. R. Evid. 402. Of course, “[e]vidence which is not relevant is
not admissible.” Id. Relevant evidence is defined as evidence “having any tendency to make
the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Even
relevant evidence, however, “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury,
or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403.

         Hearsay “is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the
trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid.
801(c). Hearsay is not admissible in evidence except as provided by exceptions in the
Tennessee Rules of Evidence or other applicable law. See Tenn. R. Evid. 802. “[W]hen, in
a particular case, the rule against hearsay operates to deprive a defendant of his or her right
to present relevant and reliable evidence that is critical to establish a defense, the rule against
hearsay must yield to the defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense.” State v.
Brown, 29 S.W.3d 427, 436 (Tenn. 2000). That evidence should have “considerable
assurances of reliability.”

         In the case under submission, the Defendant sought to introduce a text message from
one of his co-defendants, Mr. Featherston, to another co-defendant, Mr. Cunningham. The
text message read “got a dope boy nine on me.” While we find that this evidence is relevant,
it is also hearsay, and the Defendant does not cite to any hearsay exception that would apply.
While, under some circumstances, a statement by a codefendant may fall into any number of
hearsay exceptions, the Defendant has not made the requisite showing that any of those
exceptions apply in this case. Further, we cannot conclude that this evidence is “reliable” or
that it is “critical” to the defense so as to require the hearsay rule to yield to the Defendant’s
constitutional right to present a defense. First, it is not at all clear what the text message
means. Second, the Defendant’s theory of defense was that it was Mr. Cunningham rather
than Mr. Featherston who shot the victim. Finally, the jury by its verdict believed that the
Defendant was part of a conspiracy with both Mr. Featherston and Mr. Cunningham. More
evidence showing that the two men colluded before or after this shooting would not have
aided his defense. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it denied the Defendant’s request to ask Detective Hafley about this text message. He
is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                                32
                                     III. Conclusion

       In accordance with the aforementioned reasoning and authorities, we affirm the trial
court’s judgments.

                                                   ________________________________
                                                    ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE

                                            33