Court Opinion

ID: 2766466
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-03 01:00:45.337364+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:27.556296
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-20654   Document: 00512887785      Page: 1   Date Filed: 01/02/2015

                 REVISED January 2, 2015
        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                  No. 13-20654                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Fifth Circuit

                                                                         FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                         December 19, 2014
                                                                    Lyle W. Cayce
                                           Plaintiff - Appellee          Clerk
v.

ERNESTO FUENTES, also known as Ernesto B. Fuentes, also known as
Ernesto Bonilla Ventura,

                                           Defendant - Appellant

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas

Before KING, JOLLY, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
      Defendant-Appellant Ernesto Fuentes appeals the twenty-four month
sentence imposed following his guilty plea conviction for being found
unlawfully present in the United States after deportation, in violation of 8
U.S.C. § 1326(a). He argues that the district court’s decision to upwardly
depart pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n.7, was procedural error and
substantively unreasonable.       For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the
judgment of the district court.
     Case: 13-20654       Document: 00512887785         Page: 2    Date Filed: 01/02/2015

                                       No. 13-20654
                                  I.   BACKGROUND
       On August 9, 2013, Defendant-Appellant Ernesto Fuentes pleaded guilty
in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas to being
found unlawfully present in the United States after deportation, in violation of
8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). The district court ordered that a presentence report (“PSR”)
be prepared. The PSR began with a base offense level of eight, pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(a), the section of the United States Sentencing Guidelines
applicable to violations of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). The PSR next subtracted two
offense levels, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), because Fuentes had accepted
responsibility for his criminal conduct. Consequently, the PSR determined
that Fuentes had a total offense level of six.
       Next, the PSR turned to its calculation of Fuentes’s criminal history
score. As a result of his five prior misdemeanor convictions, Fuentes was
assigned a criminal history score of nine, which placed him in Criminal History
Category IV. 1 The PSR also noted under the heading of “Other Criminal
Conduct,” that in 2005 Fuentes had been charged with another count of
indecent exposure; however, this charge was dismissed. Based on a total
offense level of six and a criminal history category of IV, Fuentes’s Guidelines
range of imprisonment was determined to be six to twelve months. U.S.S.G.,
ch. 5, pt. A, Sentencing Table.
       The PSR also noted, under the heading “Factors That May Warrant
Departure,” that the district court could consider an upward departure from
the advisory Guidelines range made pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n.7.
The PSR explained that pursuant to § 2L1.2, cmt. n.7, the district court could
consider an upward departure from the Guidelines range if the applicable

       1 Fuentes’s criminal convictions were as follows: (1) public lewdness (2006); (2)
indecent exposure (2006); (3) indecent exposure (2008); (4) indecent exposure (2013); and (5)
indecent exposure (2013).
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offense level substantially understates the seriousness of a prior conviction.
The PSR then noted that:
      [a]s reflected in PART B. of the PSR, the defendant was allowed to
      plead to public lewdness in 2005, but he was originally charged
      with indecency with a child and he was allowed to plead to
      indecent exposure in 2008, but he was originally charged with
      criminal attempt-indecency with a child by exposure. As a result
      of being allowed to plead guilty to reduced charges, the defendant
      avoided a +16 point enhancement to his Base Offense Level.

Finally, the PSR explained that it had not identified any additional factors
under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) that would warrant a sentence outside the advisory
guidelines range.
      Fuentes objected to the PSR. His principal objection was that an upward
departure pursuant to § 2L1.2, cmt. n.7, was not warranted.            Fuentes
explained that the departure applies only when a defendant has a prior
“conviction” for an offense that would normally receive additional levels. He
further noted that this court in United States v. Gutierrez-Hernandez, 581 F.3d
251 (5th Cir. 2009), disapproved of departures based on hypothetical potential
convictions. Finally, he argued that his criminal history category captured all
of his convictions. In an addendum to the PSR, the probation officer continued
to maintain that the district court could impose an upward departure,
pursuant to § 2L1.2, cmt. n.7, because the offense level substantially
understates the seriousness of Fuentes’s prior convictions.
      On November 1, 2013, the district court held a sentencing hearing.
Fuentes renewed his objection to the PSR’s suggestion that an upward
departure, pursuant to § 2L1.2, cmt. n.7, was warranted. Fuentes explained
that § 2L1.2, cmt. n.7, was intended to apply to convictions and was designed
to “address situations where, for example, through our creative lawyering we
convince the Court that a conviction is technically under the categorical

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approach not, for example, a crime of violence.” Fuentes further explained that
he was not convicted of the crime of indecency with a child and that this court
had indicated in Gutierrez-Hernandez that hypothetical felonies are not to be
considered.   Moreover, Fuentes argued that “[t]he court has no basis to
determine that he . . . in fact committed that offense,” and that he received
“criminal history points for all of his convictions.” Finally, Fuentes contended
that the “guideline range . . . adequately represents . . . the seriousness of this
offense as well as [the] prior convictions.” The government responded that it
believed that “the Court [has a] legitimate basis to impose an upward
departure if the Court so chooses.” However, the government indicated that it
was not going to ask the district court for an upward departure.
      The district court adopted the PSR’s factual findings and the application
of the guidelines to the facts as its own. Accordingly, the district court found
“a total offense level of six [and a] criminal history category of four, which gives
a guideline range of six to [twelve] months.” The district court noted that
Fuentes had been convicted of four counts of indecent exposure and one count
of public lewdness since 2005. The district court made clear that while the
defendant was allowed to plead to public lewdness in 2005, he was originally
charged with indecency with a child. The district court also noted that in 2008,
Fuentes was allowed to plead to indecent exposure; however, he was originally
charged with criminal attempt, indecency with a child by exposure.             The
district court also highlighted that his last conviction for indecent exposure
occurred in 2013 and involved Fuentes pushing a security guard in an attempt
to escape. The district court concluded that “[a]s a result of being allowed to
plead guilty to reduced charges, the defendant has avoided a 16-point
enhancement to his base offense level and he avoided a more serious
indictment for the instant federal offense.”

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        The district court determined that an upward departure was appropriate
because “[i]t takes into account his conduct in the instant case, his prior
criminal conduct, the likelihood of recidivism, and appropriately sanctions his
activities.” After deciding that an upward departure was appropriate, the
district court found that Fuentes had a new “total offense level of 21 and a
criminal history category of four, which establishes a guideline range of 57 to
71.”    However, because the statutory maximum sentence was twenty-four
months, the district court sentenced Fuentes to twenty-four months of
incarceration.
        Furthermore, the district court noted that “[e]ven if the departure is
later found to have been in error, the Court would have imposed the same
sentence pursuant [to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)], due to the characteristics and
background of the defendant.”       The district court further noted that it
“considered the guidelines and [found] that a sentence outside of those
guidelines is consistent with and takes into account the purposes of [18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)].” Fuentes objected because “the sentence is greater than necessary
and . . . the charge is not . . . the proper basis for a departure upward.” The
district court overruled Fuentes’s objection. Fuentes filed a timely appeal.
                        II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
        “We review the reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion,
whether it is inside or outside the guidelines range.”        United States v.
Hernandez, 633 F.3d 370, 375 (5th Cir. 2011) (citing Gall v. United States, 552
U.S. 38, 51 (2007)). First, we consider “whether the district court committed a
significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate or incorrectly
calculating the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, or
failing to consider the Section 3553 sentencing factors.”     United States v.
Simmons, 568 F.3d 564, 566 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).
Furthermore, we are to determine if the district court relied on “clearly
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erroneous facts.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. In order to determine if there was a
significant procedural error, “we review the district court’s interpretation or
application of the sentencing guidelines de novo, and its factual findings for
clear error.” United States v. Scott, 654 F.3d 552, 555 (5th Cir. 2011) (internal
citation and quotation marks omitted).
      “[I]f the district court’s decision is procedurally sound, we consider the
substantive reasonableness of the sentence, considering the factors in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Gutierrez-Hernandez, 581 F.3d 251, 254
(5th Cir. 2009) (citing United States v. Armstrong, 550 F.3d 382, 404 (5th Cir.
2008)). We review “upward departures for reasonableness, which necessitates
that we review ‘the district court’s decision to depart upwardly and the extent
of that departure for abuse of discretion.’” United States v. Zuniga-Peralta,
442 F.3d 345, 347 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Saldana, 427 F.3d
298, 308 (5th Cir. 2005)). “In exercising this bifurcated review process, we
continue to review the district court’s application of the Guidelines de novo and
its factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Delgado-Martinez, 564
F.3d 750, 751 (5th Cir. 2009). 2
                                  III.   ANALYSIS
      Fuentes argues that the district court imposed a procedurally and
substantively unreasonable sentence. After a review of the record, we conclude
that the district court’s sentence was both procedurally and substantively
reasonable. Since we hold that the district court properly applied a departure
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n. 7, we do not consider Fuentes’s arguments
regarding the district court’s alternative basis for the sentence it imposed.

      2  The parties dispute whether plain error review should apply. However, we do not
reach this question because we conclude, under the standard of review discussed above, that
the district court committed no procedural error and Fuentes’s sentence was substantively
reasonable.
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                                 No. 13-20654
      U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n. 7 provides that “[t]here may be cases in which
the applicable offense level substantially overstates or understates the
seriousness of a prior conviction.” Id. In such cases, “a departure may be
warranted.” Id. Pursuant to § 2L1.2 cmt. n. 7, the district court upwardly
departed from Fuentes’s Guidelines range of six to twelve months and found
that “a total offense level of 21 and a criminal history category of [4], which
establishes a guideline range of 57 to 71 months would be appropriate.”
However, because the statutory maximum penalty under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) is
two years, the district court sentenced Fuentes to twenty-four months.
Fuentes argues that this sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the
district court clearly erred by assuming that he was guilty of the felony “crime
of violence” of indecency with a child by exposure. As explained below, the
district court did not err when it considered Fuentes’s criminal history in
deciding to upwardly depart.
      Fuentes was convicted of four misdemeanor counts of indecent exposure
and one misdemeanor count of public lewdness.         Accordingly, he was not
eligible for the 16-level crime of violence enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). Nevertheless, it is clear that the district court took into
account the fact that he was originally charged with indecency with a child by
exposure when it decided to depart pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n. 7. It
is also clear that the district court considered the fact that two of Fuentes’s
misdemeanor convictions involved children, despite Fuentes not having been
convicted of indecency with a child by exposure.          The district court’s
consideration of these facts raises an issue that Fuentes indirectly touches
upon: whether the district court could properly consider conduct described in
the PSR that did not result in a conviction.
      It is “well-established that prior criminal conduct not resulting in a
conviction may be considered by the sentencing judge.” United States v. Lopez-
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Velasquez, 526 F.3d 804, 807 (5th Cir. 2008). Although “it is error for a district
court to consider a defendant’s ‘bare arrest record’ at sentencing,” United
States v. Johnson, 648 F.3d 273, 278 (5th Cir. 2011), that is not what happened
here. “The term ‘bare arrest record,’ in the context of a PSR describes the
reference to the mere fact of an arrest—i.e. the date, charge, jurisdiction and
disposition—without corresponding information about the underlying facts or
circumstances regarding the defendant’s conduct that led to the arrest.”
United States v. Harris, 702 F.3d 226, 229 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing United States
v. Williams, 620 F.3d 483, 493 n.9 (5th Cir. 2010)). In Harris, we concluded
that the district court had not improperly relied on “the mere fact of prior
arrests,” because the “PSR included the factual underpinnings for the prior
unadjudicated arrests—not merely the fact that he had been arrested, but not
convicted.” Id. at 230 n.1. As in Harris, Fuentes’s PSR includes “the factual
underpinnings” of his criminal history, including an extensive factual
recitation derived from the offense reports regarding each criminal conviction.
Yet, in order for a district court to rely on the factual recitation contained in
the PSR, it “must determine whether that factual recitation has an adequate
evidentiary basis with sufficient indicia of reliability.” Id. at 231.
      “Generally, a PSR ‘bears sufficient indicia of reliability to be considered
as evidence by the sentencing judge in making factual determinations.’” Id. at
230 (quoting United States v. Nava, 624 F.3d 226, 231 (5th Cir. 2010)). The
district court could therefore “adopt the facts contained in a [PSR] without
further inquiry if those facts have an adequate evidentiary basis with sufficient
indicia of reliability and the defendant does not present rebuttal evidence or
otherwise demonstrate that the information in the PSR is unreliable.” Id.
Here, the statements in the PSR about the conduct underlying Fuentes’s
misdemeanor convictions were based on “a Houston Police Department . . .
offense report,” and an “Aldine, Texas, Independent School District Police
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Department . . . offense report.” These police reports (which are extremely
detailed) were based, in part, on interviews with the juvenile victims and the
victims’ identification of Fuentes as the suspect. We have previously held that
“the district court may properly find sufficient reliability on a presentence
investigation report which is based on the results of a police investigation.”
United States v. Vela, 927 F.2d 197, 201 (5th Cir. 1991); see also United States
v. Turcios-Riveria, --- F. App’x ---, 2014 WL 5437995, at *1 (5th Cir. Oct. 28,
2014) (unpublished) (reasoning that because the PSR “contained specific
information from the offense report” it “bore a sufficient indicia of reliability.”).
Since Fuentes has offered “no testimony or other evidence . . . to rebut the
information in the PSR, the district court was free to adopt the PSR’s findings
without further inquiry or explanation.” United States v. Rodriguez, 602 F.3d
346, 363 (5th Cir. 2010). Accordingly, because we conclude that the factual
recitations of the conduct underlying Fuentes’s convictions “had an adequate
evidentiary basis with sufficient indicia of reliability, the district court did not
commit procedural error by considering them at sentencing.” Harris, 702 F.3d
at 231.
      Fuentes also argues that because the crime of indecency with a child by
exposure requires that a defendant actually know that a minor is present, Tex.
Penal Code § 21.11(a)(2)(A), and there was no evidence that he had such actual
knowledge, the district court erred in holding that he had effectively committed
that crime. However, the district court did not make such a factual finding.
The district court mentions Fuentes’s conduct involving children at two points
during the sentencing hearing. First, it discusses that while Fuentes’s 2005
and 2008 convictions were ultimately for misdemeanors, he had originally been
charged with indecency with a child. Second, the district court explained that
it was “concerned about the nature and extent of Mr. Fuentes’[s] prior
convictions for public lewdness in 2006 and indecent exposure in 2008, both
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[of] which involved children.”       These portions of the sentencing hearing
regarding Fuentes’s criminal history illustrate only the district court’s concern
about the seriousness of Fuentes’s previous convictions and that several
involved children. The district court did not make a factual finding during the
sentencing hearing about whether Fuentes had effectively committed the
felony offense as a matter of law.
      Accordingly, we conclude that it was procedurally reasonable for the
district court to upwardly depart pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n. 7. The
district court did not rely on “clearly erroneous facts,” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51,
when it determined that Fuentes’s “applicable offense level substantially
. . . understates the seriousness” of his previous convictions such that a
departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, cmt. n. 7, was warranted. Although
Fuentes’s previous convictions do not qualify as a crime of violence, it was
procedurally reasonable to consider the conduct underlying his convictions as
a basis for an upward departure. See United States v. Coronado, 514 F. App’x
422, 423 (5th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (affirming departure based in part on §
2L1.2, cmt. n. 7, because his offense level understated the seriousness of the
conduct underlying his criminal history); cf. United States v. Herrera-Garduno,
519 F.3d 526, 531 (2008) (explaining that a district court can impose an upward
departure regardless of whether a prior offense technically qualified as a crime
of violence).
      We also hold that Fuentes’s sentence was substantively reasonable. In
determining whether the sentence was substantively reasonable, we “take into
account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance
from the Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51.    Although “the extent of the
deviation” from the Guidelines range is to be considered, we “must give due
deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole,
justify the extent of the variance.”      Id.   Similar to his challenge to the
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procedural reasonableness of his sentence, Fuentes argues that his sentence is
substantively unreasonable because the district court gave significant weight
to an improper factor, namely, to the erroneous assumption that he had
committed the offense of indecency with a child by exposure. However, as
explained above, the district court did not find that Fuentes had committed the
felony offense of indecency with a child by exposure. In fact, the district court
considered Fuentes’s five criminal convictions and his apparent inability to
refrain from criminal conduct and determined that an upward departure was
appropriate. Accordingly, the district court did not give “significant weight to
an irrelevant or improper factor,” and the sentence does not represent “a clear
error of judgment in balancing the sentencing factors.” See United States v.
Smith, 440 F.3d 704, 708 (5th Cir. 2006). Furthermore, the district court made
explicit, as was required, that it had considered the Guidelines and had
determined that a non-Guidelines sentence was consistent with the purposes
of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). See Gall, 552 U.S. at 49–51.
                            IV.    CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment and sentence
imposed by the district court.

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