Court Opinion

ID: 4699062
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-28 15:02:39.622012+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:00.480653
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 20-1932
                       ___________________________

                              Scott T. Richardson

                                    Plaintiff - Appellant

                                       v.

                           BNSF Railway Company

                                   Defendant - Appellee
                                ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                     for the District of Nebraska - Lincoln
                                 ____________

                          Submitted: March 17, 2021
                              Filed: June 28, 2021
                               ____________

Before COLLOTON, GRUENDER, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                        ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

      Scott T. Richardson sued BNSF Railway Co., alleging constructive discharge
and intentional infliction of emotional distress under Nebraska law. BNSF moved
to dismiss both claims under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6).
The district court1 granted BNSF’s motion. Richardson appeals, and we affirm.

                                          I.

      Richardson’s complaint alleged the following facts. In 2015, after eighteen
years of employment with BNSF, Richardson received a new supervisor. Shortly
thereafter, BNSF “pulled [Richardson] out of service,” alleging that he had left a
company vehicle at a hotel bar. According to the supervisor, Richardson had been
drinking while driving. After a six-week investigation produced no evidence that
Richardson had been drinking while driving, BNSF returned Richardson to service.
BNSF then required Richardson to complete from memory expense reports related
to events that had occurred before his removal. Upon identifying alleged errors in
Richardson’s expense reports, BNSF terminated Richardson’s employment.

      On January 31, 2018, an arbitration board reversed the termination, ordering
BNSF “to return [Richardson] to work with his seniority intact within 30 days.”
However, BNSF “made no attempts to return [Richardson] to work within 30 days.”
When Richardson contacted the supervisor in February to discuss reinstatement, the
supervisor “responded with expletive laced messages” and “threatened physical
violence” as well as “further disciplinary action” against Richardson. It was not until
April 2019, more than one year after the board’s decision, that BNSF mailed
Richardson a letter instructing him to contact a different BNSF manager on or before
May 8, 2019 “to begin the reinstatement process.”

       Although Richardson’s complaint did not detail what happened next, the
record indicates, and Richardson does not deny, that he declined BNSF’s invitation
to return to work. Richardson’s complaint did allege, however, that he “reasonably
believed [BNSF] never intended to return [him] to employment, that [BNSF and its

      1
        The Honorable John M. Gerrard, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of Nebraska.

                                         -2-
employees] would continue to harass and threaten [him], that [BNSF] would
discipline [him] without cause,” and that BNSF “would ultimately terminate [him]
without cause.” According to Richardson, BNSF “deliberately rendered [his]
working conditions intolerable” in order to “force [him] to quit.” In addition,
Richardson alleged that, by subjecting him to discipline and termination without
cause and by “berating [him] with expletive laced language and threats of physical
violence,” BNSF and its employees engaged in “intentional or reckless” conduct that
was “so outrageous in character and so extreme in degree as to go beyond all possible
bounds of decency and is to be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a
civilized community,” causing him to suffer “emotional distress so severe that no
reasonable person should be expected to endure it.”

       Richardson sued BNSF in Nebraska state court, alleging constructive
discharge and intentional infliction of emotional distress. BNSF removed the case
to federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction and then moved to dismiss. The
district court granted the motion, concluding that the Railway Labor Act (“RLA”),
45 U.S.C. § 151 et seq., divested it of subject-matter jurisdiction over both of
Richardson’s claims and that, furthermore, Richardson had failed to state a claim of
intentional infliction of emotional distress under Nebraska law. Richardson appeals.

                                          II.

       “We review the grant of a motion to dismiss de novo.” Tholen v. Assist Am.,
Inc., 970 F.3d 979, 982 (8th Cir. 2020). On appeal, as before the district court, BNSF
argues that dismissal was proper under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction and, in the alternative, that dismissal was proper under Rule 12(b)(6) for
failure to state a claim.

       We begin with the question whether dismissal was proper under Rule
12(b)(1). See Demien Constr. Co. v. O’Fallon Fire Prot. Dist., 812 F.3d 654, 656-
57 (8th Cir. 2016) (explaining that the appellate court “must” confirm subject-matter
jurisdiction before proceeding to review a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6)). A district

                                         -3-
court properly dismisses a complaint under Rule 12(b)(1) if the plaintiff fails to
establish subject-matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. See
OnePoint Sols., LLC v. Borchert, 486 F.3d 342, 347 (8th Cir. 2007).

       BNSF argues that the district court properly dismissed Richardson’s
complaint under Rule 12(b)(1) because the RLA divested the district court of
subject-matter jurisdiction over both of Richardson’s claims. The RLA assigns
arbitration boards “exclusive jurisdiction” over claims arising out of the application
or interpretation of a collective-bargaining agreement between a carrier and its
employees.2 Consol. Rail Corp. v. Ry. Labor Execs.’ Ass’n, 491 U.S. 299, 303-04
(1989). A claim arises out of the application or interpretation of a collective-
bargaining agreement if it cannot be resolved without interpreting the collective-
bargaining agreement. Gore v. Trans World Airlines, 210 F.3d 944, 949 (8th Cir.
2000). This is necessarily the case if the claim relies on rights that exist only by
virtue of the collective-bargaining agreement. Id.

       We agree with BNSF and the district court that the RLA divested the district
court of subject-matter jurisdiction over Richardson’s constructive-discharge claim.
“The clear and oft-cited rule in Nebraska is that unless constitutionally, statutorily,
or contractually prohibited, an employer, without incurring liability, may terminate
an at-will employee at any time with or without reason,” with a limited exception
for cases in which the termination violates a “very clear mandate of public policy.”
Malone v. Am. Bus. Info., 634 N.W.2d 788, 790, 793 (Neb. 2001). Richardson has
not identified a constitutional or statutory basis for his alleged right under Nebraska
law not to be discharged, constructively or otherwise; nor has he identified a “very
clear mandate of public policy” that the alleged constructive discharge violated. See
id. at 793. The only remaining source of his alleged right is thus contractual. But
Richardson has identified no contract, other than the collective-bargaining
agreement between BNSF and its employees, that could have given him a right not

      2
      Richardson does not dispute that BNSF is a “carrier” within the meaning of
the RLA.

                                         -4-
to be constructively discharged. Indeed, Richardson’s counsel conceded at oral
argument that BNSF “could have terminated him for any reason under Nebraska law
absent the collective-bargaining agreement.” Richardson’s constructive-discharge
claim thus relied on a right that exists, if at all, only by virtue of a collective-
bargaining agreement between a carrier and its employees. Therefore, the district
court properly dismissed Richardson’s constructive-discharge claim for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction.

        We reach the opposite conclusion regarding Richardson’s claim of intentional
infliction of emotional distress. “[A]s long as [a] claim can be resolved without
interpreting the agreement itself,” the RLA does not deprive courts of subject-matter
jurisdiction over it. Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246, 262-63 (1994).
Here, it is possible to resolve Richardson’s claim of intentional infliction of
emotional distress without interpreting the collective-bargaining agreement because
Richardson’s complaint fails to state a claim of intentional infliction of emotional
distress under Nebraska law no matter what the collective-bargaining agreement
says. Therefore, the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction over Richardson’s
claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, which means that dismissal
under Rule 12(b)(1) was inappropriate. But the same considerations that lead us to
this conclusion also lead us to the conclusion that dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) was
appropriate.

       Under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted if the plaintiff fails to plead factual content that, if true, would allow the
court “to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “[M]ere
conclusory statements,” id., and factual allegations lacking “enough specificity to
raise a right to relief above the speculative level,” Minn. Majority v. Mansky, 708
F.3d 1051, 1055 (8th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted), are insufficient
to support a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable.

                                          -5-
       A plaintiff bringing a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress
under Nebraska law must clear “a high hurdle.” Heitzman v. Thompson, 705 N.W.2d
426, 431 (Neb. 2005). Specifically, he must show that the defendant engaged in
“intentional or reckless” conduct that was “so outrageous in character and so extreme
in degree as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency and is to be regarded as
atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community,” causing the plaintiff to
suffer “emotional distress so severe that no reasonable person should be expected to
endure it.” Id. at 430-31. Clearing this hurdle requires showing more than that the
defendant “threat[ened]” or “insult[ed]” the plaintiff, id. at 431, or that the defendant
breached an employment contract, see Foreman v. AS Mid-Am., Inc., 586 N.W.2d
290, 296-97, 305-06 (Neb. 1998).

       Here, Richardson alleged that BNSF or its employees disciplined and fired
him without cause and “berat[ed him] with expletive laced language and threats of
physical violence.” He then recited the Nebraska Supreme Court’s standard for
intentional infliction of emotional distress and asserted that BNSF’s and its
employees’ conduct met this standard. It is unnecessary to interpret the collective-
bargaining agreement to conclude that these allegations do not support a reasonable
inference of liability.

       Richardson’s allegations of discipline and termination without cause are
insufficient to generate a reasonable inference of liability because discipline and
termination without cause are not so outrageous that they give rise to a cause of
action for intentional infliction of emotional distress under Nebraska law. If they
were, then every employer who fired an employee without cause would face liability
if the employee suffered severe emotional distress as a result. But Nebraska law
generally permits an employer to fire an employee “at any time, with or without
reason,” without incurring liability. Malone, 634 N.W.2d at 790. True,
Richardson’s complaint implies that, unlike an at-will employee, he was protected
by the collective-bargaining agreement against discipline and termination without
cause. Under Nebraska law, however, the mere fact that otherwise legal conduct
constitutes a breach of an employment contract does not render it outrageous for

                                          -6-
purposes of intentional infliction of emotional distress. See Foreman, 586 N.W.2d
at 296-97, 305-06. Therefore, even assuming the discipline and termination violated
the collective-bargaining agreement (without interpreting the agreement to verify
this assumption), we can conclude that Richardson’s allegations regarding the
discipline and termination do not generate a reasonable inference of liability.

       The addition of allegations of “expletive laced language and threats of
physical violence” does not alter this conclusion. These allegations are too general
to warrant anything more than speculation that the conduct of BNSF or its employees
went beyond mere “threats” and “insults,” which the Nebraska Supreme Court has
held are not outrageous for purposes of intentional infliction of emotional distress.
See Heitzman, 705 N.W.2d at 431. And factual allegations lacking “enough
specificity to raise a right to relief above the speculative level” are insufficient to
support a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable. Minn. Majority, 708 F.3d
at 1055 (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, again without interpreting
the collective-bargaining agreement, we can conclude that supplementing the
allegations regarding the discipline and termination with the allegations of threats
and tirades is insufficient to generate a reasonable inference of liability.

       Finally, we have no difficulty concluding, without looking to the collective-
bargaining agreement, that the addition of Richardson’s “[t]hreadbare recital[] of the
elements” of intentional infliction of emotional distress and “conclusory
statement[]” that the conduct of BNSF or its employees satisfied these elements is
also insufficient to generate a reasonable inference of liability. See Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678.

       In sum, it is possible to resolve Richardson’s claim of intentional infliction of
emotional distress without interpreting the collective-bargaining agreement because
Richardson’s complaint fails to state a claim of intentional infliction of emotional
distress under Nebraska law no matter what the collective-bargaining agreement
says. Therefore, dismissal of Richardson’s claim of intentional infliction of

                                          -7-
emotional distress was appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6) even though not under
Rule 12(b)(1).

                                           III.

       The concurrence offers two criticisms of our analysis. First, it argues that, by
treating the RLA’s mandatory-arbitration provision as jurisdictional, we
unnecessarily decide an open question in this circuit. Post, at 13-15. Second, it
disagrees with our approach to resolving Richardson’s claim of intentional infliction
of emotional distress. Post, at 15-17. We address each criticism in turn.

                                           A.

        According to the concurrence, whether the RLA’s mandatory-arbitration
provision is jurisdictional is an open question that we need not decide here. We
disagree. It is settled law in this circuit that the RLA divests courts of subject-matter
jurisdiction over claims arising out of the interpretation or application of a collective-
bargaining agreement between a carrier and its employees. See, e.g., Jenisio v.
Ozark Airlines, Inc. Ret. Plan for Agent & Clerical Emps., 187 F.3d 970, 973-74
(8th Cir. 1999). The concurrence suggests that Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S.
500, 515-16 (2006), may have cast doubt on prior circuit precedent on this point.
Post, at 14. Even if that is correct, but see Oakey v. U.S. Airways Pilots Disability
Income Plan, 723 F.3d 227, 235-38 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (concluding that Arbaugh did
not abrogate its precedents holding that the RLA’s mandatory-arbitration provision
is jurisdictional), we resolved this doubt in Hastings v. Wilson, 516 F.3d 1055, 1058-
60 (8th Cir. 2008) (reaffirming that a district court “lack[s] subject matter
jurisdiction” over claims arising out of the interpretation or application of a
collective-bargaining agreement).

       The concurrence fails to persuade us otherwise. It begins by analyzing the
state of circuit law on whether RLA preemption is ordinary or complete, suggesting
that perhaps Beneficial National Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1 (2003), might permit

                                           -8-
us to hold that RLA preemption is ordinary notwithstanding prior circuit precedent
to the contrary. Post, at 13-14. We have our doubts. See, e.g., Griffoien v. Cedar
Rapids & Iowa City Ry. Co., 785 F.3d 1182, 1188-89, 1192 (8th Cir. 2015) (treating
circuit precedent that RLA preemption is complete as good law after discussing
Beneficial). But set these doubts aside. The whole discussion is interesting but
irrelevant. To say that RLA preemption is “ordinary” is just to say that a state-court
defendant cannot invoke federal-question jurisdiction as a basis for removal simply
by asserting that the plaintiff’s claim arises out of the interpretation or application of
the collective-bargaining agreement. See, e.g., Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482
U.S. 386, 391-94 (1987). This does not imply that the RLA’s mandatory-arbitration
provision is nonjurisdictional. See Trs. of Twin City Bricklayers Fringe Benefits
Funds v. Superior Waterproofing, Inc., 450 F.3d 324, 329 n.3 (8th Cir. 2006)
(explaining that the proposition that a mandatory-arbitration provision precludes a
claim from being litigated in federal court “is distinct from the doctrine of complete
preemption used to remove state claims to federal court”). Consider, as an analogy,
the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 151 et seq. The NLRA’s
arbitration requirement is jurisdictional, Gerhardson v. Gopher News Co., 698 F.3d
1052, 1057-59 (8th Cir. 2012), even though NLRA preemption (“Garmon
preemption”) is ordinary, Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 398. The Second, Third, and
Eleventh Circuits all treat the RLA the same way, holding that the RLA’s
mandatory-arbitration provision is jurisdictional even though RLA preemption is
ordinary. See Sullivan v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 424 F.3d 267, 276-77 (2d Cir. 2005);
Ry. Labor Execs. Ass’n v. Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R.R., 858 F.2d 936, 943 (3d Cir.
1988); Geddes v. Am. Airlines, 321 F.3d 1349, 1353-55 (11th Cir. 2003).

       The only other point that the concurrence makes under the heading of whether
the RLA’s mandatory-arbitration provision is jurisdictional is that a circuit split
exists on the question. Post, at 14. The concurrence puts the cart before the horse.
How other circuits have decided the question is relevant only to what this panel
should do assuming this circuit has not decided the question. But this circuit has
decided the question. See Hastings, 516 F.3d at 1058-60.

                                           -9-
                                           B.

       The concurrence’s second criticism concerns our approach to resolving
Richardson’s claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress insofar as it was
based on allegations of discipline and termination without cause. According to the
concurrence, we are adopting a blanket rule “that requires a district court to resolve
the merits of a state-law claim that relies on interpretation of a collective bargaining
agreement in order to determine whether the claim is preempted.” Post, at 16. The
concurrence argues that this rule has peculiar implications when a case proceeds to
a jury trial and, at the close of evidence, neither side is entitled to a directed verdict
no matter what the collective-bargaining agreement says. Post, at 16.

       We do not understand our holding to be as sweeping as the concurrence
suggests. True, we rely on the Supreme Court’s statement that the RLA does not
deprive courts of subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim “as long as the . . . claim
can be resolved without interpreting the agreement,” Norris, 512 U.S. at 262-63, and
a stubbornly literal interpretation of this statement may have peculiar implications if
the judge must submit the case to the jury. But narrower interpretations of the
statement are available. For example, one could interpret the statement to mean that
as long as it is apparent from the face of the pleadings that the case can be resolved
without interpreting the agreement, the court retains subject-matter jurisdiction. Or,
one could interpret the statement to mean that as long as the court (that is, the judge)
can resolve the case without interpreting the agreement, the court retains subject-
matter jurisdiction. We need not decide among these and other possible
interpretations today. Each of them is a fair reading of Norris that avoids
implications such as those that worry the concurrence. And because it is apparent
from the face of the complaint that Richardson’s claim of intentional infliction of
emotional distress can be resolved without interpreting the collective-bargaining
agreement, each of them supports our analysis.

      Indeed, we are hard-pressed to conjure any plausible interpretation of the
statement in Norris that would permit us to conclude that Richardson’s claim is

                                          -10-
preempted even though it can be resolved under Rule 12(b)(6) without interpreting
the collective-bargaining agreement. It is not even clear that the concurrence
disagrees. The concurrence appears to concede that, under Norris, a claim is
preempted only if determining whether the “right asserted” has been violated
“requires interpretation of the collective bargaining agreement.” Post, at 17. The
concurrence merely insists that the “right asserted” here is “a right to be free from
tortious conduct that included discipline and discharge without cause.” Post, at 17.
This suggests that the real disagreement is over whether the conduct alleged was
indeed “tortious”—that is, whether Richardson has stated a claim for relief—and not
whether, assuming the conduct alleged was not tortious, the claim is capable of
resolution without interpreting the collective-bargaining agreement and thus is not
preempted. Similarly, the concurrence faults us for failing to recognize that
“[q]uestions of contract interpretation . . . would underlie any finding of tort
liability” in this case. Post, at 17 (internal quotation marks omitted). This implies
that there is a reading of the contract that would support liability, which again
suggests that the real disagreement is over whether Richardson has stated a claim for
relief. In sum, the concurrence fails to rebut our conclusion that, under Norris,
Richardson’s claim is not preempted if it can be resolved under Rule 12(b)(6)
without interpreting the collective-bargaining agreement. The concurrence’s
criticisms seem instead to be directed at our conclusion that Richardson’s claim can
be resolved under Rule 12(b)(6) without interpreting the collective-bargaining
agreement.

       Thus, we can cheerfully concede that, if Richardson had alleged “tortious
conduct that included discipline and discharge without cause,” such that he could
prove liability but only by prevailing on a “[q]uestion[] of contract interpretation,”
then his claim would be preempted. See post, at 17. But the fact is, Richardson did
not allege conduct that was tortious, and thus he could not prove liability no matter
what the contract means. Therefore, even if interpreting the collective-bargaining
agreement might be necessary to determine the truth of the allegations, it is not
necessary to resolve the claim. See Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007)

                                        -11-
(explaining that “a complaint is subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim” if
the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief even assuming the allegations are true).

        Finally, the concurrence suggests that our analysis conflicts with Carter v.
Ford Motor Co., 121 F.3d 1146 (8th Cir. 1997), and Johnson v. Anheuser Busch,
Inc., 876 F.2d 620 (8th Cir. 1989), each of which concluded that the RLA preempted
a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress under Missouri law. Post, at
15-17. We disagree. In neither case did we state or even imply that the plaintiff’s
claim was capable of resolution under Rule 12(b)(6). On the contrary, even if we
assume no difference between Missouri law and Nebraska law, there are indications
that the allegations in each case constituted a more plausible claim of intentional
infliction of emotional distress than Richardson’s. See Carter, 121 F.3d at 1148
(indicating that the plaintiff’s claims survived until summary judgment); Johnson,
876 F.2d at 622 (noting the plaintiff’s allegation that, on fabricated charges, the
defendant not only fired him but called the police to arrest him on the spot).
Furthermore, our reasoning in each case suggested that if it had been possible to
dismiss the claim under Rule 12(b)(6) without interpreting the collective-bargaining
agreement, then the RLA would not have preempted the claim. See Carter, 121 F.3d
at 1149 (concluding that the claim was preempted because “a determination on the
merits . . . would require the court to determine whether [the plaintiff’s] discharge
was warranted under the terms of the collective bargaining agreement”); Johnson,
876 F.2d at 623 (examining “each state-law count to determine whether
interpretation of the collective bargaining agreement is necessary to resolve the
count”). Therefore, given that Richardson’s claim is subject to dismissal under Rule
12(b)(6) no matter what the collective-bargaining agreement says, Carter and
Johnson are consistent with holding that the RLA does not preempt Richardson’s
claim.

                                         IV.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

                                        -12-
COLLOTON, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment.

       I would affirm the district court’s dismissal of Richardson’s complaint, but I
differ with the majority’s analysis of preemption under the Railway Labor Act, so
do not join the opinion. It is also unnecessary to resolve whether the RLA divests a
district court of subject matter jurisdiction over a state-law claim that depends on
interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement, or whether it simply defeats the
state-law claim as a matter of ordinary preemption. The district court correctly
dismissed Richardson’s complaint, so I concur in the judgment.

        Whether the RLA divests a district court of subject matter jurisdiction over
state-law claims is an open question in this circuit under current law. For a time,
this court maintained that the doctrine of “complete preemption” applied under the
RLA, meaning that “the pre-emptive force of [the] statute is [so] ‘extraordinary,’
[that] it ‘converts an ordinary state common law complaint into one stating a federal
claim for purposes of the well-pleaded complaint rule.’” Deford v. Soo Line R.R.
Co., 867 F.2d 1080, 1084 (8th Cir. 1989) (quoting Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482
U.S. 386, 393 (1987)). Deford cited “overwhelming case law” in support of that
view, id. at 1085, but has been criticized for relying on “the inaccurate observation
that the Supreme Court in Andrews v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., 406 U.S. 320
(1972), allowed reliance on the RLA for removal jurisdiction.” Sullivan v. Am.
Airlines, Inc., 424 F.3d 267, 277 n.9 (2d Cir. 2005).

       Our later decision in Gore v. Trans World Airlines, 210 F.3d 944 (8th Cir.
2000), cited Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246, 256-59 (1994), for the
proposition that “complete preemption applies to disputes involving duties and rights
created or defined by the collective bargaining agreement.” Gore, 210 F.3d at 949.
But since the intervening decision in Beneficial National Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S.
1 (2003), every circuit to address the issue has concluded that complete preemption
does not apply under the RLA. See Hughes v. United Air Lines, Inc., 634 F.3d 391,
393-95 (7th Cir. 2011); Moore-Thomas v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 553 F.3d 1241,
1244-46 (9th Cir. 2009); Sullivan, 424 F.3d at 274-78; Roddy v. Grand Trunk W.

                                        -13-
R.R. Inc., 395 F.3d 318, 326 (6th Cir. 2005); see also Geddes v. Am. Airlines, Inc.,
321 F.3d 1349, 1355-57 (11th Cir. 2003) (reaching same conclusion before
Anderson); Ry. Labor Execs. Ass’n v. Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R.R. Co., 858 F.2d
936, 942 (3d Cir. 1988) (same). As the Seventh Circuit explained in Hughes, a state-
law claim “is preempted if it cannot be resolved without construing a collective
bargaining agreement, but this is normal preemption—that is, a defense to be
asserted in the original forum rather than a rule that the claim itself must rest on
federal law.” 634 F.3d at 393-94. This court has not revisited the complete
preemption issue since Anderson, and the district court in this case had removal
jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(a)(1), 1441(a).

       Setting aside the doctrine of complete preemption, there is a conflict in the
circuits on whether the RLA’s assignment of “jurisdiction” to an adjustment board
to resolve disputes arising from interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement
deprives a federal district court of subject matter jurisdiction over such a dispute.
After Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500 (2006), expressed concern that courts
too often mischaracterize non-jurisdictional requirements as jurisdictional, one
circuit held that arbitration before an adjustment board under the RLA is mandatory
but not jurisdictional, Emswiler v. CSX Transp., Inc., 691 F.3d 782, 788-90 (6th Cir.
2012), and another held that the arbitration requirement is jurisdictional. Oakey v.
U.S. Airways Pilots Disability Income Plan, 723 F.3d 227, 235-38 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
Two others have noted the issue but declined to resolve it unnecessarily. Beckington
v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 926 F.3d 595, 606 n.7 (9th Cir. 2019); Carlson v. CSX Transp.,
Inc., 758 F.3d 819, 831 (7th Cir. 2014). In this case, the question has not been
briefed by the parties, and nothing turns on whether the preemption under the RLA
“divested the district court of subject-matter jurisdiction” over Richardson’s state-
law claims. Ante, at 4. Insofar as Richardson’s claims are preempted by the RLA,
the district court properly dismissed them, and that is sufficient to resolve the appeal.

                                          -14-
See Morrison v. Nat’l Austl. Bank Ltd., 561 U.S. 247, 254 (2010); M.E.S., Inc. v.
Snell, 712 F.3d 666, 671 (2d Cir. 2013).3

       My difference with the majority’s preemption analysis concerns Richardson’s
claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress based on discipline and
discharge. The RLA preempts a state-law claim where resolution of the claim
depends on interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement. Norris, 512 U.S. at
261. Richardson alleges that BNSF’s “repeated discipline and termination of
Plaintiff without cause” contributed to the commission of a tort under Nebraska law.
The governing collective bargaining agreement contemplates that an employee may
be discharged only “for cause.” R. Doc. 1-4, at 69; see R. Doc. 8, at 6. Thus, to
establish that the company disciplined and discharged him without cause,
Richardson “will be required to argue the meaning of standards or duties created and
defined by the governing collective bargaining agreement.” Gore, 210 F.3d at 951.
The state-law claim is therefore preempted by the RLA.

       This court has resolved essentially the same issue twice before. In Johnson v.
Anheuser Busch, Inc., 876 F.2d 620 (8th Cir. 1989), we held that an employee’s
state-law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was preempted by the
Labor Management Relations Act, because a determination of the merits “would
require us to decide whether his discharge was warranted under the terms of the
collective bargaining agreement.” Id. at 624. Carter v. Ford Motor Co., 121 F.3d
1146 (8th Cir. 1997), reached the same conclusion. Id. at 1149; accord Foy v. Giant
Food, Inc., 298 F.3d 284, 288 (4th Cir. 2002); Garley v. Sandia Corp., 236 F.3d

      3
        The majority maintains that Hastings v. Wilson, 516 F.3d 1055 (8th Cir.
2008), already “decided” that Arbaugh did not supersede circuit precedent. Ante, at
8. But Hastings did not even mention Arbaugh, and simply cited pre-Arbaugh
circuit precedent, so it did not resolve the issue. See Emswiler, 691 F.3d at 790 n.1;
United States v. Lucido, 612 F.3d 871, 876 (6th Cir. 2010). The district court in
Hastings dismissed the action because the RLA precluded (misstated as
“preempted”) a claim under ERISA. See Norris, 512 U.S. at 259 n.6. This court
recharacterized the district court’s ruling as jurisdictional without addressing the
import of Arbaugh. Hastings, 516 F.3d at 1058 n.2.

                                        -15-
1200, 1214 (10th Cir. 2001); Saridakis v. United Airlines, 166 F.3d 1272, 1278-79
(9th Cir. 1999) (applying the RLA). The preemption standard under the RLA is
“virtually identical” to that under the LMRA, Norris, 512 U.S. at 260, and there is
no material distinction between this case and Carter or Johnson.

       The majority instead adopts a novel approach that requires a district court to
resolve the merits of a state-law claim that relies on interpretation of a collective
bargaining agreement in order to determine whether the claim is preempted. On that
view, the court must assume that the employer violated the CBA and resolve the
merits of the state-law claim. If the state-law claim would fail despite an assumed
violation of the CBA, then the claim is not preempted.

        If the employee makes out a submissible case for the state-law tort, however,
then the majority’s approach is more complicated. If the employer violated the CBA,
but the employee would prevail based entirely on conduct of the employer other than
the employer’s violation of the CBA, then the state-law claim is not preempted. But
if the employee would prevail only because the employer violated the CBA, then the
tort claim is preempted. So juries evidently must be instructed to assume that an
employer violated the CBA, but to render a verdict based solely on the employer’s
other conduct. Yet if the employer prevails with a jury, then the employer would
not actually secure a judgment on the merits. Where an employee presents a
submissible case based in part on the employer’s assumed violation of the CBA, but
does not prevail without regard to the violation, the tort claim is preempted because
its resolution depends on an interpretation of the CBA. The district court (on the
majority’s view) lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the claim, so the jury’s verdict
presumably would have no effect beyond determining that the claim is preempted.
In response, ante, at 10, the majority suggests that it might retreat from the
implications of its logic—and perhaps make an arbitrary distinction between cases
resolved on the pleadings and cases resolved on the evidence, or between bench trials
and jury trials—but ultimately leaves the district courts with substantial uncertainty
about how to proceed under this new methodology.

                                         -16-
       In my view, Norris and our circuit precedent call for a more straightforward
and workable preemption inquiry. Where, as here, “the right asserted”—a right to
be free from tortious conduct that included discipline and discharge without cause—
requires interpretation of the collective bargaining agreement, the claim is
preempted. Norris, 512 U.S. at 260 (quoting Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471
U.S. 202, 218 (1985)). “Questions of contract interpretation”—i.e., whether
Richardson was discharged for cause—would “underlie any finding of tort liability.”
Lueck, 471 U.S. at 218. Carter and Johnson did not resolve the merits of state-law
tort claims in order to determine whether those claims were preempted. Better to
follow those precedents and hold that the RLA preempts Richardson’s tort claim
asserting liability based on discipline and termination without cause.

      Richardson raises two other claims. His constructive-discharge claim is
preempted. Ante, at 4-5. His claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress
based on a different factual predicate—“expletive laced language and threats of
physical violence”—is not preempted, because it is independent of the collective
bargaining agreement, see Garley, 236 F.3d at 1214, but it fails to state a claim under
Nebraska law. See ante, at 7; Heitzman v. Thompson, 705 N.W.2d 426, 431 (Neb.
2005). For these reasons, I concur in the judgment affirming the district court’s
dismissal of the complaint.
                          _________________________

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