Court Opinion

ID: 9350116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-23 17:07:49.534728+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:48:57.192625
License: Public Domain

J-A19010-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    JOHN BUKOWSKI                              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    WILLIAM HEIM, M.D., AND                    :
    HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY                    :
    ASSOCIATES OF NORTHEASTERN PA,             :
    P.C.; SCRANTON QUINCY HOSPITAL             :
    COMPANY, LLC D/B/A MOSES                   :
    TAYLOR HOSPITAL; SCRANTON                  :
    QUINCY HOME CARE SERVICES, LLC             :   No. 1344 MDA 2021
    D/B/A COMMONWEALTH HEALTH OF               :
    MOSES TAYLOR                               :

              Appeal from the Judgment Entered October 19, 2021
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County Civil Division at
                              No(s): 2015-03662

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., KING, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                           FILED: DECEMBER 23, 2022

        John Bukowski (“Plaintiff”) appeals from the judgment entered in this

medical malpractice action upon a jury verdict in favor of William Heim, M.D.,

Hematology and Oncology Associates of Northeastern Pa, P.C., Scranton

Quincy Hospital Company, LLC d/b/a Moses Taylor Hospital, and Scranton

Quincy Home Care Services, LLC d/b/a Commonwealth Health of Moses Taylor

(collectively “Defendants”). We affirm.

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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      We provide the following background information, taken from the trial

testimony viewed in the light most favorable to Defendants as the verdict

winners. Plaintiff was born with hemophilia and was primarily treated for his

condition at Hershey Medical Center (“Hershey”). Specifically, Plaintiff’s blood

at baseline contained only ten percent of the expected level of Factor VIII, one

of the factors necessary for his blood to clot properly, while normal levels are

between fifty and 100 percent. Plaintiff utilized a Factor VIII blood product to

remedy the deficiency and had in the past administered infusions of the

product at home.

      Plaintiff also suffered from hemorrhoids and was referred by Hershey to

Dr. Joseph R. Bannon, who performed hemorrhoidectomy procedures at Moses

Taylor Hospital (“Moses Taylor”).      Hershey, contemplating an in-patient

procedure, indicated that the hospital would have to stock up on Factor VIII

product to administer to Plaintiff in the event of an active bleed. Dr. Bannon,

in turn, referred Plaintiff to Dr. William Heim, a hematologist/oncologist with

Hematology & Oncology Associates of Northeastern Pennsylvania, P.C., to

formulate a plan for managing Plaintiff’s care.

      Ultimately, Dr. Heim developed the following plan. Dr. Bannon would

perform the procedure at Moses Taylor on an out-patient basis, as was usual

for that type of surgery. A five-to-seven-day supply of Advate, a brand of

Factor VIII product, was shipped directly to Plaintiff’s home, and he was given

instructions on how to manage his twice-daily infusions. Plaintiff was to bring

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a dose of Advate with him to Moses Taylor for infusion one hour before the

surgery. Afterwards, Moses Taylor would leave the IV port in for Plaintiff to

administer a post-operative Factor VIII infusion at 2:00 a.m. at home.

Thereafter, Plaintiff would have his blood tested daily to monitor his Factor

VIII levels and follow up with Dr. Heim to manage the dosages.

      Plaintiff underwent the surgery at Moses Taylor on June 6, 2013, and

was discharged with pain medication, stool softener, and instructions to

proceed with his Advate infusions. His blood tested at fifty-nine percent on

next day, with no bleeding.    On June 8, 2013, Plaintiff had his first post-

surgery bowel movements, causing him to begin bleeding at the surgical site.

Plaintiff went to the emergency room at Moses Taylor, where Dr. Manoj Das,

a first-year resident, erroneously informed Plaintiff that the hospital had no

Factor VIII products available. In actuality, what Moses Taylor lacked was the

Advate brand of Factor VIII, but had available in its pharmacy over 6,000 units

of Helixate, a comparable Factor VIII product, and Humate-P, another product

used to treat a Factor VIII deficiency. Plaintiff had an infusion of Advate at

Moses Taylor from his home supply, bringing his Factor VIII level up to 135

percent. However, rather than remain there to investigate the cause of the

bleeding, Plaintiff chose to check himself out against medical advice so he

could seek treatment at Hershey.

      Plaintiff collapsed shortly after returning home and was taken back to

Moses Taylor by ambulance. As Plaintiff steadfastly expressed his desire to

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be treated at Hershey, arrangements were made to fly Plaintiff there via

helicopter after he was stabilized through, inter alia, the administration of

4,000 units of Helixate from the Moses Taylor pharmacy. When his blood was

first tested upon arrival at Hershey, Plaintiff’s Factor VIII level was at 282

percent, yet his bleeding continued.             More Factor VIII product was

administered to bring his level to 524 percent, but his bleeding did not stop.

After Plaintiff had additional sutures placed at the surgical site and the affected

area was packed, the bleeding ceased.            Plaintiff developed pneumonia at

Hershey and was hospitalized for two weeks. He thereafter complained of

experiencing weakness and incontinence.

       Plaintiff sued Dr. Heim, Moses Taylor, and their related entities for

malpractice.1     Specifically, Plaintiff claimed that “due to various ‘lack of

communication’ issues, impermissible and improper record keeping and

medical chart practices, and other deviations from accepted standards of

care,” Moses Taylor did not, or believed that they did not, have sufficient

Factor VIII product to prevent and treat his bleeding, and Dr. Heim failed to

ensure that the hospital would have an adequate supply.           See Trial Court

Opinion, 10/13/21, at 3.        Plaintiff sought both compensatory and punitive

damages.

____________________________________________

1 Plaintiff also sued Dr. Bannon, his surgeon, but the claims against him were
dismissed before trial and are not at issue in this appeal.

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      Discovery produced evidence that Moses Taylor’s recordkeeping was

imperfect.    For example, the records from Plaintiff’s emergency visit with

Dr. Das repeatedly referenced an attending physician who was on vacation,

notes concerning Moses Taylor’s final administration of Factor VIII product to

Plaintiff indicated that the infusion was given after his helicopter had left for

Hershey, and some documents were not signed until months after they were

created.     Plaintiff also proffered expert reports from a bevy of different

experts, including a pharmacist, a colorectal surgeon, and an emergency

department doctor, who expressed opinions regarding various actors’

deviations from the standard of care in relation to Moses Taylor’s

recordkeeping and the availability of Factor VIII product for Plaintiff at Moses

Taylor.    Defendants filed motions in limine to exclude all or part of these

opinions, largely based upon the witnesses’ lack of expertise in the specific

areas upon which they opined. The trial court granted several motions in part,

limiting the scope of testimony several witnesses could offer at trial.

      At the conclusion of an eight-day trial, the jury returned a verdict in

favor of Defendants, finding no negligence. Following the denial of his motion

for post-trial relief, judgment was entered on the verdict and Plaintiff filed a

timely notice of appeal to this Court. Thereafter, both Plaintiff and the trial

court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Plaintiff presents the following questions for our determination, which

we have re-ordered for ease of disposition:

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      1.     Whether the trial court erred in not granting Plaintiff’s
      motion for post-trial relief where the verdict was against the
      weight of the evidence as: (i) Dr. Das whom [sic] saw [Plaintiff]
      when [he] presented testified there was no Factor VIII available
      for [Plaintiff]; and (ii) Plaintiff’s experts testified that Defendants’
      actions/inactions were not only negligent, but egregious and a
      severe breach from the standard [of care]?

      2.     Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in
      limiting the testimony/opinions of Plaintiffs’ experts at trial based
      on the qualifications and experience of Plaintiff’s experts, and the
      trial court’s application/interpretation of the MCARE Act[, 40 P.S.
      §§ 1303.101-1303.910,] and Thompson v. Nason Hosp., 591
      A.2d 703 (Pa. 1991)?

Plaintiff’s brief at 4 (cleaned up).

      We begin with Plaintiff’s claim that he is entitled to a new trial because

the verdict was against the weight of the evidence.           The following legal

standards apply to our review of this claim:

      In evaluating a claim that a verdict is against the weight of the
      evidence, Pennsylvania courts employ a shocks-the-conscience
      test. The trial court should grant a new trial only in truly
      extraordinary circumstances, i.e., when the jury’s verdict is so
      contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice and the
      award of a new trial is imperative so that right may be given
      another opportunity to prevail.

             The trial court’s authority to override a jury verdict on
      weight-of-the-evidence grounds is so narrowly circumscribed
      because questions of weight and credibility are for the factfinder.
      A trial judge cannot grant a new trial because of a mere conflict
      in testimony or because the trial judge on the same facts would
      have arrived at a different conclusion. The court nonetheless has
      some discretion to grant a new trial where it concludes the verdict
      is against the weight of the evidence. However, determining
      whether the verdict was objectively shocking is within the sole
      discretion of the trial court, and rightly so, as it has had a first-
      hand view of the evidence.

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            In contrast, our review is necessarily second-hand. As a
      result, a party who failed to convince the trial judge that the
      verdict was against the weight of the evidence may obtain relief
      on appeal only if it shows that the trial court acted capriciously or
      palpably abused its discretion.

Kimble v. Laser Spine Inst., LLC, 264 A.3d 782, 800 (Pa.Super. 2021)

(cleaned up).

      The trial court rejected Plaintiff’s weight-of-the-evidence arguments,

explaining as follows:

      Plaintiff points to the testimony of Dr. Manoj Das. Dr. Das was a
      resident in the Moses Taylor emergency department when Plaintiff
      presented with bleeding the day after his surgery. There seems
      [to be] little dispute that Dr. Das testified both in his deposition
      and at trial that he was told that the Moses Taylor Pharmacy did
      not have Factor [VIII], and that he related that to Plaintiff and his
      wife. Plaintiff’s analysis, however, stops there. Had the jury’s
      consideration of evidence stopped at that point, Plaintiff’s
      argument would be meritorious. However, there was evidence
      submitted by the Defendants contradicting Das’[s] belief. Indeed,
      nurse Anne Marie Paris testified that she administered Factor
      [VIII] to Plaintiff in Moses Taylor Hospital prior to his transfer to
      Hershey Medical Center. Other witnesses testified contrary to Dr.
      Das’[s] belief. Nurse Arthur Price testified that he never heard
      anyone relate to him that there was no Factor [VIII] at the
      hospital.

              Next, Plaintiff argues that the trial testimony of Dr. [Evadine
      G.] Marcolini “confirms that the actions/inactions of defendant
      Moses Taylor Hospital, and their (sic) agents were not only
      negligent but severely/egregiously below the standard of care.”
      Plaintiff goes on to identify various parts of Dr. Marcolini’s
      testimony where she opined that the actions in Moses Taylor’s
      emergency department deviated from the standard of care. She
      criticized the medical records system in place, she criticized and
      expressed concerns regarding the resident physicians and how
      they interacted with attending physicians at the time. Much was
      made of the fact that although the chart reflected an attending
      physician identified as Dr. Deck, Dr. Deck testified that he never

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     saw Plaintiff and that he was not involved in the decision to
     transfer Plaintiff to Hershey Medical Center.

            Plaintiff next argues that the trial testimony of his expert,
     Dr. Henry Rinder, highlighted communication issues and issues
     with the policies and procedures of Hematology & Oncology
     Associates, as well as Dr. Heim, characterizing their
     actions/inactions      as     not  only      negligent   but    also
     severely/egregiously below the standard of care. In Dr. Rinder’s
     opinion, there were “either miscommunications or failures to
     communicate that severely affected [Plaintiff’s] medical
     condition.” Like the testimony of Dr. Marcolini, the testimony of
     Dr. Rinder was also based on the premise that, according to
     Plaintiff, “both [sic] Dr. Heim, Hematology & Oncology Associates,
     and Moses Taylor Hospital had a duty to provide competent
     medical care to [Plaintiff] which included having an adequate
     amount of Factor [VIII] to treat him should any complications, or
     bleeding, arise.”

            Plaintiff also argues that the testimony he presented from
     Julio Viola, M.S., Pharm.D., further confirms that the
     actions/inactions of the Defendants and their agents were not only
     negligent but severely/egregiously below the standard of care.
     Plaintiff presented the testimony of Mr. Viola, an accomplished
     pharmacist with a bachelor’s degree in pharmacy, a master’s
     degree in clinical pharmacy, and a doctorate in pharmacy. For the
     last six years, he has been a self-described successful
     management executive, managing and developing centralized
     pharmacy services. . . .

            The premise of Plaintiff’s argument that the verdict was
     against the weight of the evidence is that there was insufficient
     Factor [VIII] available at Moses Taylor when Plaintiff returned to
     the emergency room following his discharge from surgery.
     Plaintiff fails, indeed, refuses, to acknowledge the evidence in the
     record contradicting his premise. Indeed, Plaintiff’s own expert,
     Mr. Viola, testified that the hospital did in fact have Factor [VIII]
     on hand.

           Dr. Marcolini initially testified that Plaintiff had not received
     Factor [VIII] at Moses Taylor. However, Dr. Marcolini also testified
     that Mr. Viola, the pharmacist, was in a better position to
     determine whether Plaintiff had in fact received Factor [VIII] while
     at Moses Taylor. Dr. Marcolini was present and observed Mr.

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      Viola’s testimony. Dr. Marcolini acknowledged that her opinion
      about whether or not Plaintiff received Factor [VIII] at Moses
      Taylor was “completely opposite” to that of Mr. Viola. In fact, Dr.
      Marcolini could not say whether she was correct or Mr. Viola was
      correct on the issue of whether Plaintiff received Factor [VIII] at
      Moses Taylor.

             To be sure, the testimony presented by Plaintiff pointed out
      some inconsistencies in charting and recordkeeping which
      certainly, it could be argued, left something to be desired. At the
      end of the day, however, this case turned on the issue of whether
      Moses Taylor maintained a sufficient supply of Factor [VIII] and
      whether [Plaintiff] was administered Factor [VIII] prior to his
      transfer to Hershey Medical Center. Even Plaintiff’s expert, Dr.
      Henry Rinder, testified that Plaintiff received Factor [VIII] at
      Moses Taylor and that it was a different brand of Factor [VIII] from
      Plaintiff’s preferred brand. Thus, the lion’s share of evidence
      presented by the Plaintiff and by the Defendants established that
      Plaintiff received Factor [VIII] from Moses Taylor while he was at
      Moses Taylor. In short, the jury did exactly what a jury should
      do. It considered all the evidence.

Trial Court Opinion, 10/13/21, at 24-28 (cleaned up, emphasis in original).

      In arguing for reversal, Plaintiff points to the evidence that was

favorable to his position and suggests that it was entitled to the greater

weight. See Plaintiff’s brief at 24-32. He does not explain how the trial court

abused its discretion in reaching its conclusion that the jury’s verdict was not

conscience-shocking. As such, he has failed to establish his entitlement to

relief from this Court on his weight claim. See Kimble, supra at 800 (“[A]

party who failed to convince the trial judge that the verdict was against the

weight of the evidence may obtain relief on appeal only if it shows that the

trial court acted capriciously or palpably abused its discretion.”).

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       With his remaining issues, Plaintiff challenges rulings of the trial court

regarding the admissibility of expert testimony from several witnesses. We

initially observe that “whether a witness has been properly qualified to give

expert witness testimony is vested in the discretion of the trial court.” Frey

v. Potorski, 145 A.3d 1171, 1176 (Pa.Super. 2016) (cleaned up). “An abuse

of discretion may not be found merely because an appellate court might have

reached a different conclusion, but requires a manifest unreasonableness, or

partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support so as to be clearly

erroneous.” E. Steel Constructors, Inc. v. Int’l Fid. Ins. Co., 282 A.3d

827, 844 (Pa.Super. 2022) (cleaned up). Further, “to constitute reversible

error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be erroneous, but also harmful or

prejudicial to the complaining party.” Id. (cleaned up).

       Plaintiff first assails the trial court’s refusal to allow Dr. Marcolini to offer

an opinion as to Defendants’ corporate negligence.2 We are unable to discern

____________________________________________

2 “Corporate negligence is a doctrine under which the hospital is liable if it fails
to uphold the proper standard of care owed the patient, which is to ensure the
patient’s safety and well-being while at the hospital.” Thompson v. Nason
Hosp., 591 A.2d 703, 707 (Pa. 1991). “This theory of liability creates a
nondelegable duty which the hospital owes directly to a patient.” Id. In order
to prove a hospital’s corporate negligence, a plaintiff must establish that: (1)
the hospital deviated from the standard of care; (2) the hospital had actual or
constructive notice of the conditions which caused the harm; and (3) the
hospital’s deviation was a substantial factor in bringing about the plaintiff’s
harm. See Seels v. Tenet Health Sys. Hahnemann, LLC, 167 A.3d 190,
205 (Pa.Super. 2017). “Unless a hospital’s negligence is obvious, an expert
witness is required to establish two of the three prongs: that the hospital
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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from Plaintiff’s brief what type of corporate negligence he sought to allege,3

or what opinions concerning corporate negligence that Dr. Marcolini, an

accomplished emergency department doctor, sought to testify about but was

precluded from offering.        Plaintiff merely lists a portion of Dr. Marcolini’s

curriculum vitae and complains that, “[d]espite all of the above, and as

outlined more fully in the trial transcript, Dr. Marcolini was precluded from

giving an opinion on corporate negligence, recklessness, and other topics.”

Plaintiff’s brief at 17.

       Next, Plaintiff asserts that the trial court should have allowed Dr. Rinder,

his hematologist expert, to opine that Moses Taylor recklessly deviated from

the standard of care applicable to a hospital pharmacy. He maintains that

Dr. Rinder was merely going to corroborate the opinion of Plaintiff’s pharmacy

expert, Dr. Viola, but “from a hematology perspective.” Id. at 20.

____________________________________________

deviated from the standard of care and that the deviation was a substantial
factor in bringing about the harm.” Id.

3There are four general areas comprising a hospital’s overall obligation to its
patients:

       (1) a duty to use reasonable care in the maintenance of safe and
       adequate facilities and equipment; (2) a duty to select and retain
       only competent physicians; (3) a duty to oversee all persons who
       practice medicine within its walls as to patient care; and (4) a duty
       to formulate, adopt and enforce adequate rules and policies to
       ensure quality care for the patients.

Thompson v. Nason Hosp., 591 A.2d 703, 707 (Pa. 1991) (cleaned up).

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      Finally, Plaintiff argues that the trial court committed reversible error

based upon the trial court limiting the testimony of Dr. David Stewart, the

surgeon who operated on Plaintiff at Hershey. Specifically, Plaintiff contends

that Dr. Stewart, who was offered by Plaintiff both as a fact witness and as an

expert in colorectal surgery, was erroneously precluded from testifying as to

Plaintiff’s hearsay statement that a hematologist at Hershey told him that

Moses Taylor mismanaged his Factor VIII levels. Also, Plaintiff asserts that

Dr. Stewart should have been permitted to offer an opinion as to the

permanency of Plaintiff’s condition and future medical expenses, as well as to

Plaintiff’s economic damages. Id. at 21.

      Following a review of the trial court’s opinion, the parties’ briefs, and

the pertinent portions of the certified record, we are unconvinced that the trial

court abused its discretion in making its evidentiary rulings. See Trial Court

Opinion, 10/13/21, at 12-14 (explaining that Dr. Marcolini’s experience in the

emergency department did not qualify her as an expert on the corporate

standard of care for hospitals and that she failed to establish a basis for her

contention that the Moses Taylor emergency physicians acted recklessly in

this case); id. at 14-18 (indicating that Dr. Rinder’s experience as a

hematologist did not qualify him to opine about the standard of care for

pharmacists, and that Dr. Rinder in his report did not “ever express what the

applicable standard of care is,” but “merely opine[d] that the actions of the

Defendants deviated from whatever it is” (emphasis omitted)); id. at 19-22

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(explaining the exclusion of inadmissible hearsay and Dr. Stewart’s lack of

qualifications as a colorectal surgeon to opine about the standard of care for

hematologists or the extent of Plaintiff’s economic damages).

      Moreover, as Dr. Heim aptly observes, even if the trial court did

improperly exclude one or all of the experts’ proffered opinions, “it likely would

not have made any difference in the jury’s verdict[.]” Dr. Heim’s brief at 13.

It is plain that Plaintiff’s whole case rested upon the foundation that Moses

Taylor either did not have, or believed that it lacked, a supply of Factor VIII

to administer to Plaintiff when he presented to the emergency department two

days after the surgery, and that this failure to adequately prepare for the

possibility that Plaintiff might need it following his hemorrhoidectomy was a

deviation from the standard of care.

      However, the documentary evidence and the testimony of the fact and

expert witnesses, offered both by Defendants and by Plaintiff, undercut

Plaintiff’s foundational premise. First, the plan all along had been for Plaintiff

to maintain the necessary pre- and post-surgery supply of Factor VIII product

at his home because he was having out-patient surgery.           See N.T. Trial,

6/23/21, at 74-75 (Dr. Bannon).         With an outpatient pharmacy having

supplied the week-long supply of the product, Moses Taylor did not require

more than its usual emergency supply in order to be adequately prepared for

Plaintiff’s procedure.   Id. at 107-09 (Dr. Bannon).       See also N.T. Trial,

6/28/21, at 46-47 (Moses Taylor’s pharmacist indicating that Dr. Heim’s pre-

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operation order indicated that Plaintiff would use his own supply of Factor VIII

product so the hospital “would not have to go get anything”).

         Second, Moses Taylor had a more-then-adequate supply of Factor VIII

product to administer to Plaintiff when he presented to the emergency

department two days later after experiencing a common complication of the

surgery for all patients, namely, bleeding from the surgical site. See N.T.

Trial,    6/23/21,   at   119   (Dr.   Bannon);   N.T.   Trial,   6/25/21,   at   173

(Dr. Stephen Ferzoco, Defendants’ general surgeon expert). Even Plaintiff’s

experts Mr. Viola and Dr. Rinder acknowledged that Moses Taylor had over

6,000 units of Helixate in the pharmacy on June 8, 2013, and administered

4,000 units of it to Plaintiff before he left for Hershey. See N.T. Trial, 6/23/21,

at 92 (Mr. Viola); N.T. Trial, 6/28/21, at 76-77 (Dr. Rinder). While Plaintiff

attempted to argue that Moses Taylor’s records concerning the presence and

administration of the Factor VIII product may have been invalid, the fact that

Plaintiff’s Factor VIII level increased from 135 percent in his last test at

Moses Taylor to 282 percent in the first test at Hershey confirms that he

received an infusion at Moses Taylor.

         Finally, the fact that Plaintiff continued to bleed from the surgical site

for days despite his Factor VIII level being continually maintained at more

than 100 percent eliminated a Factor VIII deficiency as the cause of his

bleeding. See N.T. Trial, 6/25/21, at 171-74 (Dr. Ferzoco opining that “Factor

VIII had no role in the bleed or the subsequent surgery at Hershey”); N.T.

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Trial, 6/23/21, at 118-19 (Dr. Bannon indicating that, with Plaintiff’s Factor

VIII at 135 percent, “rather than an air ambulance, he needed a surgeon . . .

because hemorrhoidal bleeding can occur or anal rectal bleeding can occur

after hemorrhoidal surgery regardless if they are hemophiliac or not”).

        Since the evidence accepted by the jury overwhelmingly suggested that

any faults in Moses Taylor’s recordkeeping or resident supervision or internal

communications did not cause Plaintiff to go without Factor VIII product, the

excluded evidence from Drs. Marcolini and Rinder about those faults was not

likely to have changed the verdict. Since the jury found no negligence on the

part of Defendants and likely would have reached the same conclusion had

they heard the additional opinions of Drs. Marcolini and Rinder, Dr. Stewart’s

opinions about Plaintiff’s damages would never have been considered by the

jury.   Since the verdict was likely to be the same even if the trial court

erroneously excluded the testimony of these witnesses, any arguable error did

not rise to the level of reversible error. See E. Steel Constructors, supra

at 844 (“[T]o constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only

be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the complaining party.”

(cleaned up)).

        Therefore, because Plaintiff failed to establish that the trial court

committed an error of law or abuse of discretion warranting relief from this

Court, we affirm the judgment entered on the jury’s defense verdict.

        Judgment affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/23/2022

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