Court Opinion

ID: 3153130
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-09 16:07:55.803791+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:01:29.665432
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Opperman v. Klosterman Equip., L.L.C., 2015-Ohio-4621.]

                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                              MERCER COUNTY

JOHN O. OPPERMAN, ET AL.,

        PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES,                                      CASE NO. 10-14-09

        v.

KLOSTERMAN EQUIPMENT LLC, ET AL.,
                                                                   OPINION
        DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS.

                 Appeal from Mercer County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 11-CIV-098

      Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and Cause Remanded

                          Date of Decision: November 9, 2015

APPEARANCES:

        Kelly J. Rauch for Appellants

        Eric J. Wilson for Appellees
Case No. 10-14-09

ROGERS, P.J.

       {¶1} Defendants-Appellants, Klosterman Equipment, LLC (“Klosterman”)

and Steve Klosterman (“Steve”) (collectively “the Defendants”), appeal the

judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County finding in favor of

Plaintiffs-Appellees, John Opperman and Genny Mae, Inc. (“the Corporation”)

(collectively “the Plaintiffs”). On appeal, the Defendants argue that the trial court

erred by (1) determining that the Defendants were guilty of theft; (2) awarding

Plaintiffs treble damages; (3) awarding Plaintiffs attorney fees and administrative

costs; (4) piercing the corporate veil to find Steve individually liable for the

actions of Klosterman; (5) determining that the value of the property that was not

returned was $6,177.62; (6) granting Opperman’s motion to add a party; and (7)

determining that the Defendants failed to present any evidence of their

counterclaims. Finally, the Defendants argue that the court’s finding that they

were guilty of theft was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the

reasons that follow, we affirm, in part, reverse, in part, the judgment of the trial

court, and remand with instructions to dismiss the complaint for lack of standing.

       {¶2} On June 17, 2011, Opperman filed a complaint in the Court of

Common Pleas of Mercer County against the Defendants alleging three separate

claims. The first two claims were filed against Klosterman and sought money

damages and rescission based on a breach of contract.           In his third claim,

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Case No. 10-14-09

Opperman alleged that Steve, as the managing member of Klosterman, was the

alter ego of Klosterman, and therefore should be held liable for the actions of his

company. The contract was attached to the complaint as an exhibit and labeled

Klosterman as the purchaser.      Opperman signed his name next to the seller

designation, and Steve signed his name next to the buyer designation.

       {¶3} The Defendants filed their answer on July 18, 2011. In the answer,

they admitted that a contract existed, but denied any wrongdoing.

       {¶4} Opperman filed a motion for partial summary judgment on August 22,

2011. In his motion, Opperman argued that he was entitled to the return of all the

equipment listed in the contract because Klosterman breached the contract.

Opperman attached his own affidavit where he stated that after Klosterman had

not paid the remaining balance on the contract, he demanded the return of his

property, through his attorney, shortly after June 1, 2011.

       {¶5} The Defendants filed a motion for an extension of time in which to file

their response to Opperman’s motion for partial summary judgment on September

16, 2011. The same was granted on September 19, 2011.

       {¶6} On September 26, 2011, Klosterman Development, Inc. filed a notice

of the filing of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding and requested a stay of this

case. In the bankruptcy case, it listed Opperman as a potential creditor. The court

stayed the case on September 27, 2011.

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Case No. 10-14-09

       {¶7} Opperman filed a motion to lift the bankruptcy stay on November 14,

2011, arguing that Klosterman Development was not a party to the lawsuit.

Further, he argued that none of the property at issue in this case was listed as an

asset of Klosterman Development. The trial court granted said motion the same

day.

       {¶8} In addition to granting Opperman’s motion to lift the bankruptcy stay,

the court also granted Opperman’s motion for partial summary judgment based on

the fact that his motion went unopposed. The court ordered that the Defendants

return all of the property listed in the contract, except for the equipment that was

sold by Opperman prior to the contract’s execution. On November 16, 2011, a

nunc pro tunc entry was filed to state that the Defendants were not required to

return a piece of equipment that was sold and where part of the proceeds were

remitted to Opperman per the contract. The court ordered the Defendants to

present the property for pick up on November 21, 2011.

       {¶9} Opperman filed a motion for contempt on March 27, 2012. In his

motion, Opperman argued that the Defendants failed to comply with the

November 16, 2011 order to return Opperman’s property. Specifically, he argued

that Steve had placed metal ingots on the land in an attempt “to thwart the

authority of the law and the court[.]” (Docket No. 36, p. 2). Moreover, Opperman

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Case No. 10-14-09

alleged that the Defendants had failed to return all the property listed in the

contract.

       {¶10} On May 16, 2012, Opperman filed a motion to file a supplemental

complaint, which was attached to the motion. His supplemental complaint alleged

six claims against the Defendants. Opperman’s first claim alleged that he was

entitled to the reasonable rental value of all the equipment from the date of the

contract until November 21, 2011 and the reasonable rental value of the equipment

that the Defendants failed to return until the property was returned. Opperman’s

second claim alleged conversion and that he was entitled to damages. His third

claim alleged that he had to endure unnecessary recovery expenses in the amount

of $4,156.95.    In his fourth claim, Opperman argued that the Defendants

committed theft of his property in violation of R.C. 2913.01(K)(1), 2913.02(A)(1)-

(2), and 2913.02(B), and therefore he was entitled to treble damages, based upon

the value of the property, costs, and attorney fees pursuant to R.C. 2307.60 and

2307.61(A)(1)(b)(ii). Opperman’s fifth claim alleged that he was forced to expend

resources to locate, transport, and fix one of the pieces of equipment, and therefore

was entitled to those costs. Finally, in Opperman’s sixth claim, he argued that the

Defendants had engaged in frivolous conduct.

       {¶11} The trial court granted Opperman’s motion to file a supplemental

complaint on May 16, 2012.

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Case No. 10-14-09

      {¶12} The Defendants filed their answer to the supplemental complaint and

a counterclaim on May 30, 2012. In addition to denying any wrongdoing, the

Defendants alleged several affirmative defenses, including that Klosterman had a

possessory mechanics lien on some of the equipment due to repairs it had made

that had not been paid by Opperman. The Defendants’ counterclaim stated causes

of action for defamation, unjust enrichment, and breach of contract.

      {¶13} Opperman filed his reply to the Defendants’ counterclaim on June

13, 2012.

      {¶14} Upon an oral motion, Opperman was granted leave to file an

amended complaint, as stated in the court’s entry filed on June 5, 2013.

Opperman filed his amended complaint on June 20, 2013. His amended complaint

added causes of action for money damages, rescission, and contempt of court.

      {¶15} The Defendants filed their answer to the amended complaint on July

1, 2013.    In addition to generally denying the allegations in the amended

complaint, the Defendants also asserted several affirmative defenses.      Their

answer also included the same counterclaims they had alleged previously.

      {¶16} Opperman filed his answer to the Defendants’ counterclaim on July

22, 2013.

      {¶17} On October 10, 2013, just eight days before the scheduled trial date,

Opperman filed a motion to add the Corporation as a party plaintiff, under Civ.R.

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Case No. 10-14-09

17(A), Civ.R. 19(A), and Civ.R. 20(A). In the motion, Opperman stated that the

Corporation was the owner of all the property involved in the case. As a result,

the trial date was continued to February 2014.

       {¶18} On October 18, 2013, Opperman filed a motion to dismiss the

Defendants’ counterclaim for defamation per se.        The Defendants filed their

response on November 1, 2013.         That same day, the Defendants filed their

response to Opperman’s motion to add the Corporation as a party plaintiff.

       {¶19} The trial court granted Opperman’s motion to add a party on

December 13, 2013. It also granted Opperman’s motion to dismiss count one of

the Defendants’ counterclaim.

       {¶20} The Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint on February 5,

2014. In the second amended complaint, the Plaintiffs alleged the same previous

nine causes of action that were listed in the first amended complaint.

       {¶21} On February 25, 2014, the Defendants filed their answer to the

second amended complaint and counterclaim. The Plaintiffs filed their answer on

March 3, 2014.

       {¶22} The matter proceeded to a bench trial on June 5, 2014, where the

following testimony was heard.

       {¶23} Johnny Opperman (“Johnny”) was the first witness to testify on

behalf of the Plaintiffs. Johnny testified that he was the son of Opperman and

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Case No. 10-14-09

used to work for Steve from 2008 to March 2011. He stated that he would “run

[Steve’s] equipment, put in seawall, leveled ground, topsoil. Basically whatever

needed to be done with equipment, we did.” Trial Tr. p. 15. Johnny claimed that

he was fired by Steve after an altercation where Johnny told Steve he was not

allowed to rent out the equipment purchased by Steve from Opperman after the

contract had already been executed. Johnny testified that after the period to pay

on the contract had passed, Steve refused to return the equipment and locked it in

his shed.

       {¶24} Johnny stated that before any deal was considered he took Steve over

to Opperman’s to inspect the equipment that was to be part of the deal. Johnny

testified that all the equipment was working prior to the contract being executed.

He testified that all the equipment was owned by his father, but then explained that

the Corporation actually owned the equipment.

       {¶25} Johnny was shown a copy of the contract entered into between the

parties. The contract was later admitted into evidence. He was asked whether one

of the items in the contract was sold prior to the execution of the contract. Johnny

explained that a 1984 Ford one-ton dump truck, listed as item #9, had been sold

sometime in April, which was before the contract was executed. Next, Johnny

was asked to identify a document obtained from the title department. Johnny

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Case No. 10-14-09

testified that the document was the title for the dump truck and that it went

inactive on April 30, 2010.

       {¶26} Johnny stated that he performed maintenance on all the equipment

that was part of the contract. He testified that the Defendants did not spend the

money they claimed in their counterclaim on fixing the equipment.         Johnny

explained, to the contrary, that all of the equipment seemed to run fine from the

execution date up until he was fired.

       {¶27} Johnny also testified that he was aware of the contents of a tool

trailer that was included in the contract. He stated that when the trailer was

returned he went through the inventory and noticed several tools missing. Johnny

testified that he calculated the replacement cost for the missing tools using

comparable tools that were neither cheap nor expensive. In addition to the missing

tools, Johnny also testified that Steve’s other employees had rendered a chop saw

unfixable by failing to properly mix the oil and gas. Receipts for the cost of

examining the chop saw and for the purchase of a new chop saw were identified

by Johnny and admitted into evidence.

       {¶28} Johnny testified that skid loader forks were also included in the

contract, although not expressly stated, because he personally delivered them to

the Defendants. After the Defendants were ordered to return all the property, they

refused to return the forks claiming that they were never Plaintiffs’ property.

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Case No. 10-14-09

However, Johnny explained that after they showed Steve a serial number proving

they were Plaintiffs’, Steve returned the forks.

       {¶29} Johnny admitted that a low boy trailer, while in working condition,

required new brakes to be put on prior to the execution date of the contract. He

testified that Steve had repaired the trailer by putting a hydraulic pump on it as

well as a cylinder, brake chamber, and possibly a few light bulbs. Johnny stated

that all the parts totaled approximately $600.

       {¶30} On cross-examination, Johnny admitted that neither he nor

Opperman took an inventory of all the tools that were included in the trailer prior

to the sale date.

       {¶31} On redirect-examination, Johnny stated that he could truthfully and

accurately state what tools were in the trailer when it was sold to the Defendants

because he worked out of that trailer for three years.

       {¶32} John Brunk was the next witness to testify. Brunk testified that he

was hired by Opperman to appraise the equipment involved in the contract. He

identified his appraisals, which were later admitted into evidence.

       {¶33} Rick Kremer was the next witness to testify on behalf of the

Plaintiffs. Kremer testified that he purchased the low boy trailer from Steve.

Kremer testified that he purchased the trailer for $9,500 based upon a receipt

issued from K-1 Holdings LLC, which is one of Steve’s companies. Kremer also

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Case No. 10-14-09

testified that another receipt was given to him for $1,800 from Klosterman

Equipment, LLC. Kremer explained that Steve issued both receipts and that the

$1,800 reflected a credit towards the purchase price of $9,500.

       {¶34} On cross-examination, Kremer testified that the trailer was in poor

condition when he received it from Steve. He explained that after talking with

Steve, Steve took care of the repair bill.

       {¶35} On redirect-examination, Kremer admitted that he titled the trailer on

November 23, 2011. He added that he was unaware that Steve was ordered to

return the trailer to Opperman on November 21, 2011.

       {¶36} Bill Lennartz was the next witness to testify. Lennartz testified that

he was the owner of Jackson’s Garage. He stated that he was hired by Opperman

to assist in repossessing the equipment that was ordered to be returned to

Opperman. Lennartz testified that when they arrived to repossess the equipment,

the lane was covered with sand that had metal ingots in it. He explained that he

was hesitant to drive over the sand in fear that the ingots would cause a flat tire.

Lennartz testified that he and his men moved the sand using some of the

equipment they were repossessing and were able to successfully remove the

equipment from the property.

       {¶37} On cross-examination, Lennartz admitted that none of his equipment

was damaged during the repossession of Opperman’s equipment.

                                         -11-
Case No. 10-14-09

       {¶38} Charles Day was the next witness to testify on behalf of the

Plaintiffs. Day testified that he was employed by Jackson’s Garage and was

assigned to inventory the tools provided in the trailer after repossessing it. Day’s

inventory was admitted into evidence.

       {¶39} Lester Slauter was the next witness to testify. Slauter testified that he

did not believe Steve had expended as much money into fixing the equipment as

what he claimed.

       {¶40} On cross-examination, Slauter admitted that he was only aware of the

repairs Steve made during his employment with Klosterman. He could not testify

as to the repairs made after the sale date, but prior to his hiring.

       {¶41} Wesley Kohnen was the next witness to testify. Kohnen testified that

he was formerly employed by Klosterman. During this period, he stated that he

did not notice any significant repairs done to any of the equipment at issue in the

case. He also testified that the equipment was operable when Klosterman first

took possession.

       {¶42} John Opperman was the next witness to testify on behalf of the

Plaintiffs. Opperman testified that he worked in excavating and trucking for Pepsi

Cola. Opperman stated that he first met Steve when Steve came to his house in

April 2010. Steve was interested in buying some equipment Opperman had and

came to inspect the equipment.           After inspecting the equipment together,

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Case No. 10-14-09

Opperman informed Steve that he would sell the equipment for $110,000.

Opperman stated that Steve made a counteroffer of $90,000 and then left.

Opperman testified that he did not accept this offer and no contract was formed

that day.

       {¶43} Opperman testified that when Steve returned on May 18, 2010, Steve

came with a written contract. Opperman stated that the contract called for a

purchase price of $90,000 for certain equipment.      According to the contract,

Opperman was to receive full payment by June 1, 2011. Further, if a piece of

equipment was sold, 80% of the proceeds would be given to Opperman to go

towards the purchase price.

       {¶44} Opperman stated that after the deadline passed he asked, through

Johnny, that the Defendants return the property.     Opperman testified that he

withdrew his consent for the Defendants to possess the equipment sometime on or

after June 1, 2011.

       {¶45} Steve Klosterman, as on cross-examination, was the next witness

called to testify. Steve testified that he was the sole member and decision maker

for Klosterman. He stated that he drafted the contract by himself. Steve added

that the whole idea of this agreement was the result of Johnny constantly hounding

Steve to buy Opperman’s equipment. He explained that he eventually gave in and

went to Opperman’s to view the equipment. He described the equipment as

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Case No. 10-14-09

mostly being in poor condition, including the low boy trailer. Steve claimed that

he initially offered $75,000 in contrast to Opperman’s claims, although he

eventually agreed to purchase the equipment for $90,000.

       {¶46} Steve testified that he had to perform a lot of repairs to the

equipment. He stated that he had to buy new batteries and that the low boy trailer

was in very bad shape. Steve explained that while Jackson’s performed some of

the work, which was accompanied by receipts, he performed most of the repairs

himself. He testified that he estimated the parts and labor to be $10,700.

       {¶47} Steve admitted that if Opperman had sold the dump truck, included

in the contract as item #9, before the contract was signed, then Steve’s second

cause of action in the counterclaim would have no merit.

       {¶48} Steve testified that he signed his name on the contract on behalf of

Klosterman, which was the purchaser under the contract. Steve also stated that he

did not remember being told that Opperman withdrew his consent for Steve to

possess the equipment on or after June 1, 2011. He clarified that he remembered

Opperman’s counsel calling him and telling him that Opperman had withdrawn

consent.

       {¶49} Steve stated that he did not return any of the property until the court

order mandated he do so. He admitted that he did not return the skid loader forks

because he did not believe Opperman owned them. Further, they were not a

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Case No. 10-14-09

separate line item on the contract. He also admitted that he did not take an

inventory of the tool trailer when he took possession of it.

       {¶50} Steve testified that his employees grade the road to his business

every day with sand, which has metal ingots in it, so trucks can get in and out. He

stated that the ingots come in the sand that he purchases for the road.

       {¶51} Keith Faber was the next witness to testify. Faber testified that he

was an attorney working for the firm Faber and Associates. Faber stated that the

attorney fees in this case were reasonable. At the conclusion of Faber’s testimony,

the Plaintiffs rested.

       {¶52} Dan Meyer was the first witness to testify on behalf of the

Defendants. Meyer testified that he worked for Lefeld’s. He stated that one day a

person dropped off two chop saws for repair and gave the name of John Opperman

Trucking to bill. However, the phone number that was given to him belonged to

Klosterman. Meyer testified that he called Opperman to pick up the saws when

the repairs were made to one of them. Meyer stated that Opperman came in and

stated that he sold all of his equipment to the Defendants. Meyer added that he

then credited Opperman’s account for the repairs.

       {¶53} Jim Frantz was the next witness to testify. Frantz testified that he

had worked in highway construction for his whole career. He stated that he

worked for Klosterman on and off from 2007 to 2012. Frantz added that the low

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Case No. 10-14-09

boy trailer was in poor condition when Klosterman took possession of it. He

testified that the deck was in bad shape, the pony motor and brakes did not work,

the tires were in bad condition, and some of the lights did not work. He also stated

that he was aware of the sand on Klosterman’s property and that he has never

gotten a flat tire as a result of the ingots in the sand.

       {¶54} Shane LeCompte was the next witness to testify on behalf of the

Defendants. LeCompte testified that he worked for Klosterman. LeCompte stated

that he put sand on the road near Klosterman’s every day. He also stated that he

was unaware of any incidents involving the sand that resulted in a flat tire. After

LeCompte testified, the Defendants rested.

       {¶55} The trial court issued its decision in an entry filed on August 11,

2014. The court found that Plaintiffs had entered into a valid and enforceable

contract with both Defendants. It found that the Defendants had breached the

contract by failing to pay the balance as of June 1, 2011. Therefore, the court

found that the Plaintiffs were entitled to $66,000 in damages, reflecting the

outstanding balance owed on the contract. However, because some property had

been recovered, the Plaintiffs were only entitled to the value of the property not

returned.   The trial court found the value of the property not returned to be

$6,177.62. Further, because the Defendants failed to return all the property on

November 21, 2011, the Defendants were found to be in contempt of court. The

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Case No. 10-14-09

trial court also found that the Defendants committed theft of the property “having

knowingly exerted control over it beyond the scope of any express or implied

authority of plaintiffs.” (Docket No. 175, p. 5). Thus, the Plaintiffs were entitled

to treble damages or $18,532.86 plus attorney fees and administrative costs. The

court also awarded Plaintiffs $6,076.47 for the costs of hiring someone to

repossess the equipment and repair the low boy trailer as a result of Defendants

being held in civil contempt of court. The court found that the Defendants were

not guilty of criminal contempt since the metal ingots were placed on the road in

the Defendants’ regular course of business and that the ingots posed no threat to

the Plaintiffs’ tires. The Plaintiffs’ claim for the reasonable rental value of the

equipment was dismissed. The court awarded Plaintiffs $10,000 in attorney fees.

The final amount awarded to the Plaintiffs was $34,609.33 plus interest. Finally,

the trial court found that the Defendants had failed to present any evidence as to

their counterclaims and the same were dismissed.

       {¶56} The Defendants filed this timely appeal, presenting the following

assignments of error for our review.

                            Assignment of Error No. I

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW
       WHEN IT DETERMINED THAT APPELLANTS WERE
       GUILTY OF THEFT.

                                       -17-
Case No. 10-14-09

                     Assignment of Error No. II

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW
      WHEN IT AWARDED APPELLEES TREBLE DAMAGES.

                    Assignment of Error No. III

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT AWARDED
      APPELLEES ATTORNEY FEES AND ADMINISTRATIVE
      COSTS.

                    Assignment of Error No. IV

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PIERCING THE
      CORPORATE VEIL AND FINDING STEVEN R.
      KLOSTERMAN INDIVIDUALLY LIABLE FOR THE
      ACTIONS OF KLOSTERMAN EQUIPMENT, LLC.

                     Assignment of Error No. V

      THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDING THAT APPELLANTS
      WERE GUILTY OF THEFT WAS AGAINST THE
      MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

                    Assignment of Error No. VI

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DETERMINED
      THAT THE VALUE OF THE PROPERTY THAT WAS NOT
      RETURNED TO APPELLEES WAS $6,177.62.

                    Assignment of Error No. VII

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT                GRANTED
      APPELLEE’S MOTION TO ADD A PARTY.

                    Assignment of Error No. VIII

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DETERMINED
      THAT APPELLANTS FAILED TO PRESENT ANY

                                -18-
Case No. 10-14-09

         EVIDENCE  OF    THEIR  COUNTERCLAIMS                             AND
         SUMMARILY DISMISSED SAME.

         {¶57} Due to the nature of the Defendants’ assignments of error, we elect to

address some of them together and out of order.

                             Assignment of Error No. VII

         {¶58} In their seventh assignment of error, the Defendants argue that the

trial court erred by adding the Corporation as a party plaintiff to the lawsuit. We

agree.

         {¶59} A trial court’s decision to add new parties to a lawsuit is subject to a

review for abuse of discretion. Darby v. A-Best Products Co., 102 Ohio St. 3d 410,

2004-Ohio-3720, ¶ 12. A trial court will be found to have abused its discretion

when its decision is contrary to law, unreasonable, not supported by the evidence,

or grossly unsound. State v. Boles, 187 Ohio App. 3d 345, 2010-Ohio-278, ¶ 16-18

(2d Dist.). When applying the abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court may

not simply substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Blakemore v.

Blakemore, 5 Ohio St. 3d 217, 219 (1983).

         {¶60} On appeal, the parties framed this issue relative to Civ.R. 15(C),

which governs the relation back of amendments to pleadings.              Civ.R. 15(C)

provides,

         Whenever the claim or defense asserted in the amended pleading
         arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or
         attempted to be set forth in the original pleading, the amendment

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Case No. 10-14-09

      relates back to the date of the original pleading. An amendment
      changing the party against whom a claim is asserted relates back if
      the foregoing provision is satisfied and, within the period provided
      by law for commencing the action against him, the party to be
      brought in by amendment (1) has received such notice of the
      institution of the action that he will not be prejudiced in maintaining
      his defense on the merits, and (2) knew or should have known that,
      but for a mistake concerning the identity of the proper party, the
      action would have been brought against him.

      {¶61} Civ.R. 15(C), however, does not contemplate relation back when a

party seeks to add a plaintiff to the suit. In response, the Supreme Court of Ohio

has noted:

      The Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure, including Civ.R. 15(C), were
      patterned after the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The 1966
      Advisory Committee Notes to federal Rule 15(c) state: ‘The relation
      back of amendments changing plaintiffs is not expressly treated in *
      * * Rule 15(c) since the problem is generally easier. * * * [T]he
      chief consideration of policy is that of the statute of limitations, and
      the attitude taken in * * * Rule 15(c) toward change of defendants
      extends by analogy to amendments changing plaintiffs.’

      The primary purpose of Civ.R. 15(C) is to preserve actions which,
      through mistaken identity or misnomer, have been field against the
      wrong person. * * *

      Federal courts have allowed relation back when the new plaintiff is
      the real party in interest or an original plaintiff brings a new cause of
      action in a different capacity, but generally not when a new plaintiff
      brings a new cause of action. * * *

(Footnotes omitted.) Littleton v. Good Samaritan Hosp. & Health Center, 39 Ohio

St.3d 86, 101 (1988).

                                        -20-
Case No. 10-14-09

      {¶62} Although we acknowledge that the parties have framed their

arguments concerning the relation back of the amendment to add the Corporation

under Civ.R. 15(C), “other courts that have faced similar situations have resolved

the matter under Civ.R. 17(A), which governs real parties in interest.” Shefkiu v.

Worthington Industries, Inc., 6th Dist. Fulton No. F-13-014, 2014-Ohio-2970, ¶

24.

      {¶63} Civ.R. 17(A) provides:

      Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in
      interest. * * * No action shall be dismissed on the ground that it is
      not prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest until a
      reasonable time has been allowed after objection for ratification of
      commencement of the action by, or joinder or substitution of, the
      real party in interest.

      {¶64} Regardless of what theory the argument is framed, the Supreme

Court of Ohio has held that neither is available where the party initiating the case

lacks standing. Fed. Home Loan Mtge. Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St. 3d 13,

2012-Ohio-5017, ¶38; see also Shefkiu at ¶ 26, 28.

      Standing is required to invoke the jurisdiction of the common pleas
      court. Pursuant to Civ.R. 82, the Rules of Civil Procedure do not
      extend the jurisdiction of the courts of this state, and a common
      pleas court cannot substitute a real party in interest for another party
      if no party with standing has invoked its jurisdiction in the first
      instance.

Schwartzwald at ¶ 38.

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Case No. 10-14-09

        {¶65} Thus, before we can address whether the trial court erred by adding

the Corporation as a party plaintiff, we must first address whether Opperman had

standing to bring this lawsuit.1

        {¶66} “Ohio law has consistently recognized that because the corporation is

a separate entity from its directors and officers, causes of action belonging to the

corporation may not be litigated by the officers for their own benefit.” Maloof v.

Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84006, 2004-

Ohio-6285, ¶ 17, citing Maloof v. Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, L.L.P., et al., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82406, 2003-Ohio-4351.

        {¶67} “A corporation is also a separate legal entity from its shareholders,

even when there is but one shareholder.” (Emphasis added.) Id., citing LeRoux’s

Billyle Supper Club v. Ma, 77 Ohio App. 3d 417, 420 (6th Dist.1991), citing First

Natl. Bank of Chicago v. F.C. Trebein Co., 59 Ohio St. 316 (1898).

        {¶68} A shareholder, including a shareholder of a closely held corporation,

does not have standing to sue where there is “no showing that he has been injured

in any capacity other than in common with all other shareholders as a consequence

of the wrongful actions of a third party directed towards the corporation.” Adair v.

Wozniak, 23 Ohio St. 3d 174, 178 (1986).

1
 Although the Defendants have never raised the issue of standing, “[t]he issue of standing is jurisdictional
and may be raised sua sponte.” In re Forfeiture of John Deere Tractor, 4th Dist. Athens No. 05CA26,
2006-Ohio-388, ¶ 10, citing Buckeye Fords v. Cuyahoga City Bd. Of Revision, 78 Ohio St. 3d 459 (1997).

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Case No. 10-14-09

        {¶69} In the case sub judice, a contract existed between the Corporation

and the Defendants.2 It is clear from the record that Opperman was not the owner

of any of the property at issue. Opperman admitted this in his motion to add the

Corporation as a party plaintiff. See (Docket No. 112). Therefore, any cause of

action for breach of contract or rescission belonged to the Corporation and not

Opperman. There was no special relationship or duty that would have allowed

Opperman to bring this lawsuit on behalf of the Corporation. Moreover, although

a contract existed, the contract was not of the type that gives a shareholder

standing to sue. See Adair at 179 (“A personal guaranty for a loan to a corporation

can be a basis for a personal cause of action by a stockholder.”).

        {¶70} Because his alleged injury was not separate and distinct from the

alleged injury to the Corporation, Opperman lacked standing to initiate litigation.

Accordingly, we find that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed the

Corporation to be added as a party plaintiff in the case.

        {¶71} Therefore, we sustain the Defendants’ seventh assignment of error.

                    Assignments of Error Nos. I, II, III, IV, V, and VI

        {¶72} Given our resolution of the Defendants’ seventh assignment of error,

the Defendants’ first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth assignments of error are

rendered moot, and need not be considered. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

2
 Although Opperman signed his name on the contract, it is clear from the record that he was signing on
behalf of the Corporation.

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Case No. 10-14-09

                                Assignment of Error No. VIII

        {¶73} In their eighth assignment of error, the Defendants argue that the trial

court erred when it dismissed their counterclaims. Specifically, the Defendants

argue that their first counterclaim for defamation per se should not have been

dismissed pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6). The Defendants also argue that the trial

court’s finding that they did not prove their unjust enrichment claim is against the

manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.3

                                         Civ.R. 12(B)(6)

        {¶74} “We review de novo a trial court’s disposition of a Civ.R. 12(B)(6)

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”

RMW Ventures, L.L.C. v. Stover Family Invests., L.L.C., 161 Ohio App. 3d 819,

2005-Ohio-3226, ¶ 8 (3d Dist.), citing Hunt v. Marksman Prods., 101 Ohio

App.3d 760, 762 (9th Dist.1995). “Dismissal is appropriately granted if all the

factual allegations of the complaint are presumed true, all reasonable inferences

are made in favor of the nonmoving party, and it appears beyond doubt that the

nonmoving party cannot prove any set of facts entitling him to the requested

relief.” Id., citing State ex rel. Hanson v. Guernsey Cty. Bd. Of Commrs., 65 Ohio

St.3d 545, 548 (1992).

3
  The Defendants originally alleged another counterclaim, but conceded that claim at trial and do not
challenge the court’s decision to dismiss said claim.

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Case No. 10-14-09

       {¶75} In their answer and counterclaim, the Defendants alleged that the

Plaintiffs defamed them by filing a claim alleging theft. However, “Under Ohio

law, a defamation action cannot be maintained regarding defamatory statements

made in a judicial pleading if such statements are reasonably related to the

proceedings.” Kirshner v. Shinaberry, 64 Ohio App. 3d 536, 538 (6th Dist.1989),

citing Surace v. Wuliger, 25 Ohio St. 3d 229 (1986), syllabus. Such privilege is

necessary to protect litigants and potential litigants from the possibility of a flood

of defamation suits. See id. at 538-539.

       However, because of the potential for abuse of the privilege,
       American courts have added one condition: that the statements be
       ‘pertinent to the occasion of privilege.’ In determining what is
       pertinent, the court should avoid relevancy terms because of the
       potential confusion with legal relevancy. Instead, the court should
       consider whether the matter has “ ‘reference and relation to the
       subject-matter of the action.’ ”

(Citations omitted.) Id. at 539.

       {¶76} In their brief, the Defendants fail to cite any authority as to why the

trial court erred by dismissing their defamation claim. Further, Ohio law allows

alleged victims of theft to bring civil suits against the wrongdoer. R.C. 2307.60.

Since the Defendants argued that the defamatory remarks were made when the

Plaintiffs filed their claim for theft, such remarks were directly related to the

subject-matter of the action.      Therefore, the trial court did not err when it

dismissed the Defendants’ first counterclaim for defamation.

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Case No. 10-14-09

                         Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶77} Judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence going to

all the essential elements of the case will not be reversed by a reviewing court as

being against the manifest weight of the evidence. C. E. Morris Co. v. Foley

Const. Co., 54 Ohio St. 2d 279, 280 (1978). “[W]hen reviewing a judgment under

a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard, a court has an obligation to presume

that the findings of the trier of fact are correct.” State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St. 3d
382, 2007-Ohio-2202, ¶ 24. Mere disagreement over the credibility of witnesses

or evidence is not sufficient reason to reverse a judgment. Seasons Coal Co., Inc.

v. City of Cleveland, 10 Ohio St. 3d 77, 81 (1984).

       {¶78} The Defendants argue that they presented evidence of unjust

enrichment, contrary to the court’s finding, and that therefore the trial court’s

finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence. This argument is flawed. It

is true that the Defendants elicited testimony and produced exhibits stating that

repairs were made to certain pieces of equipment. Specifically, Steve testified that

he spent over $10,000 to fix the equipment, and a written estimate created by

Steve was admitted into evidence. Additionally, other people testified that some

minor work was required on the equipment. However, there was also testimony

elicited from the Plaintiffs that showed that the Defendants’ claims were

exaggerated. Specifically, Johnny testified that all the work done to the equipment

                                       -26-
Case No. 10-14-09

was possibly only about $600. Further, there was conflicting testimony as to the

condition of the equipment the day possession transferred.

         {¶79} Therefore, the Defendants’ argument is essentially that his witnesses

and evidence were more credible than the Plaintiffs’.         This argument is not

sufficient to reverse a judgment on manifest weight grounds.           See generally

Seasons Coal. Moreover, the trial court’s judgment is supported by the testimony

and evidence presented at trial. Thus, the trial court did not err by finding that the

Defendants had failed to prove their claim for unjust enrichment.

         {¶80} Accordingly, we overrule the Defendants’ eighth assignment of

error.

                                     Conclusion

         {¶81} Having found error prejudicial to the Defendants, in some of the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm, in part, reverse, in part, the judgment

of the trial court, and remand the matter with instructions to dismiss the complaint

for lack of standing.

                                                        Judgment Affirmed in Part,
                                                             Reversed in Part and
                                                                Cause Remanded

WILLAMOWSKI, J., concurs.
SHAW, J., dissents.

/jlr

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