Court Opinion

ID: 9398683
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-31 20:07:48.53417+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:35.512909
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                       COURT OF APPEAL

                                          FIRST CIRCUIT

                                          2022 CA 1225

GU
     r                     PLANT -N -POWER SERVICES, INC.

                                             VERSUS

         JRE FIELD SERVICES, LLC, TEX DAVID SIMONEAUX, JR., AND
                                     JRE INDUSTRIAL, LLC

                                                  JUDGWNr RENDERED:       MAY 3 17023

                     Appealed from the Twenty -Third Judicial District Court
                               Parish of Ascension • State of Louisiana
                                  Docket Number 131445 • Division B

                         The Honorable Cody M. Martin, Presiding Judge

            Phillip W. Preis                                COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS
            Caroline P. Graham                              DEFENDANTS— JRE Field Services,
            Baton Rouge, Louisiana                          LLC; JRE Industrial, LLC; and Tex
                                                            David Simoneaux, Jr.

            Barbara Lane Irwin                              COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE
            Timothy E. Pujol                                PLAINTIFF— Plant- N- Power Services,
            Gonzales, Louisiana                             Inc.

                       BEFORE: WELCH, PENZATO, AND LANIER, JJ.
WELCH, J.

       Defendants appeal the trial court' s judgment that granted Plaintiff' s cross

motion for partial summary judgment. For the following reasons, we maintain the

appeal. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The plaintiff, Plant -N -Power Services, Inc. (" Plant -N -Power"),                 provides

industrial boiler maintenance and repair services in Texas, Louisiana, and other

states along the Gulf Coast. Plant -N -Power' s former president is Tex David

Simoneaux, Jr., who was also an owner of Plant -N -Power' s predecessor, Plant -N -

Power, L.L.P.

The 2015 Areement

       In December 2015, Mr. Simoneaux and the other owners of Plant -N -Power,

L.L.P. sold their equity in Plant -N -Power, L.L.P. to Plant -N -Power.' As part of the

sale, Mr. Simoneaux entered into an employment and non -competition agreement

with Plant -N -Power, effective December 31, 2015 (" 2015 Agreement"). The 2015

Agreement contained other restrictive covenants including non -disclosure,                      non-

solicitation, and non -disparagement provisions. Mr. Simoneaux remained employed

by Plant -N -Power, and eventually served as its president, until he resigned his

employment on April 5, 2019.

       Following his resignation, Plant -N -Power discovered that Mr. Simoneaux was

working with one of its competitors,               JRE Field Services, LLC (" JRE Field

Services"), in violation of the 2015 Agreement. Plant -N -Power also averred that Mr.

Simoneaux formed a staffing company, Ascension Staffing, LLC, to disguise his

involvement with JRE Field Services. Plant -N -Power filed suit to enforce the 2015

Agreement in federal district court in Illinois.z Later, JRE Field Services filed suit

 Industrial Service Solutions, Inc. (" ISS") is the parent corporation of Plant -N -Power and a third -
party beneficiary to the Settlement Agreement.

2 Plant -N -Power alleged that Mr. Simoneaux breached the 2015 Agreement' s non -competition
covenant by secretly serving as an investor and manager of Plant -N -Power' s direct competitor,
                                                  2
against Plant -N -Power in the Twenty -Third Judicial District Court (" 23rd JDC")                    for

the Parish of Ascension, State of Louisiana.3

The 2020 SettlementAgreement

       Thereafter,          Plant -N -Power,     Mr.       Simoneaux,     JRE     Field   Services,   and

Ascension Staffing entered into a Settlement Agreement, effective March 19, 2020,

to settle the Illinois federal litigation and Louisiana state court litigation. The

Settlement Agreement defined the " Simoneaux Parties" as Mr. Simoneaux, JRE

Field Services,       Ascension Staffing,         and "     any other person in which JRE Field

Services, [ Mi.] Simoneaux,            or Ascension [ Staffing] has a direct or indirect interest."

The Settlement Agreement set forth that the parties' 2015 Agreement was "                       binding

and enforceable."        The Settlement Agreement further provided:

                  Mr.]      Simoneaux         violated     the    restrictive    covenants

                  contained       in    the   Restrictive     Covenant      Agreements,
                  including       the     non -compete,          non -disclosure,     non-

                  solicitation,    and non -disparagement provisions therein,
                  through his involvement with JRE Field Services and
                  Ascension Staffing both before and after his resignation
                  from    employment with [ Plant -N -Power]                on    April   5,
                  2019[.]

       The Simoneaux Parties agreed to pay $ 1. 25 million to Plant -N -Power for

release of its claims brought in the federal and Louisiana state court litigation.' In

response to and for the purpose of funding the Settlement Agreement,                                  Mr.

Simoneaux formed JRE Industrial Services, LLC (" JRE Industrial") with John

Evans and Rebecca Evans Mouk.S

JRE Field Services, while he was still employed by Plant -N -Power. See Plant -N -Power Services,
Inc. v. Simoneaux, No. 1: 19CV03268 ( N.D. Ill. May 4, 2019).

3 See JRE Field Services, LLC v. Plant -N -Power Services, Inc., et al., Docket No. 126887, Div.
 E," 23rd JDC, Parish of Ascension, State of Louisiana.

4 Defendants aver that this amount has been paid in full to Plant -N -Power.

s Mr. Simoneaux alleged that Luis Alvarado, Paola Alvarado, and Kerry Ponthier owned 40% of
JRE Field Services and refused to relinquish their ownership in the company despite repeated
requests during the Settlement Agreement negotiations. Their refusal necessitated the formation
of JRE Industrial to fund the Settlement Agreement. We note that Mr. Simoneaux owns 49%                of

JRE Industrial.

                                                       3
      The Simoneaux Parties further agreed to certain non -disclosure,                 non-

competition, and non -solicitation covenants in the Settlement Agreement. Section

5( b) of the Settlement Agreement contained the non -competition covenant:

              For a period that runs for two ( 2) years from the Effective
              Date of the Agreement, the Simoneaux Parties shall not
              directly or indirectly, on their own behalf or the behalf of
              any third party...   solicit, request, seek, obtain, or perform

              for the benefit of the Simoneaux Parties or any third party,
              boiler   field   services   work    for    any [ Plant -N -Power]
              Customer [ as defined in the Agreement]... .

      Exhibit D to the Settlement Agreement listed twenty-six customers that the

Simoneaux Parties were prohibited from providing boiler field services work for

within the defined geographic area of the twenty-three parishes listed in Exhibit E.

Section 8( d) provided that the two-year period following the effective date of the

Settlement Agreement "     shall restart and run for the full period upon each breach by

any of the Simoneaux Parties of the covenants"           contained in Section 5( b). Section

5( e) provided for liquidated damages of at least $ 50,000. 00 for each breach of the

covenants contained in Section 5( b). Section 14 provided for costs and attorney' s

fees to a prevailing party in an action establishing a breach of the Settlement

Agreement.

Current Litigation

      Approximately one year later, Plant -N -Power filed a petition for preliminary

and permanent injunctive relief, liquidated damages, actual damages, declaratory

judgment, and attorney' s fees and costs against Defendants— Mr.           Simoneaux, JRE

Field Services, and JRE Industrial --     on May 12, 2021. Plant -N -Power alleged that

after the   Settlement Agreement' s March          19,   2020 effective date, Defendants

engaged in conduct in breach thereof. Plant -N -Power contended that Defendants

performed prohibited boiler field services work for at least ten of the twenty- six

Plant -N -Power customers that Mr. Simoneaux, JRE Field Services, and Ascension

Staffing were prohibited from providing boiler field services work for within the

                                              4
defined geographic area of the twenty-three parishes listed in the Settlement

Agreement.'

        Defendants answered Plant -N -Power' s petition and raised several affirmative

defenses. Pertinent to the instant appeal, Defendants argued that JRE Industrial was

not a party to the Settlement Agreement and could not be liable for any breach of the

Settlement Agreement by the parties thereto, nor could JRE Industrial be liable for

liquidated damages, loss profits, or attorney' s fees. Defendants argued that the non-

competition covenant contained in the Settlement Agreement did not comply with

La. R.S. 23: 921 and was null and void. Specifically, Defendants argued that the non-

competition covenant extended two years beyond the date of termination of Mr.

Simoneaux' s employment, in violation of La. R.S. 23: 921( 0). Defendants contended

that the last date that a non -competition agreement could be enforced against Mr.

Simoneaux was April 5, 2021— i.e., two years after he resigned from Plant -N -Power

on April 5, 2019.

       Mr. Simoneaux and JRE Industrial also filed a reconventional demand against

Plant -N -Power. JRE Industrial alleged that Plant -N -Power violated Louisiana

antitrust law, La. R.S. 51: 122, et seq.,      and Louisiana' s Unfair Trade Practices Act,

La. R.S. 51: 1401, et seq. (" LUTPA',).7 To the extent the trial court found it was a

party to the Settlement Agreement, JRE Industrial sought attorney' s fees as provided

for in the Settlement Agreement. Against Plant -N -Power, Mr. Simoneaux alleged

breach of contract, bad faith breach of contract, and sought attorney' s fees under the

Settlement Agreement. Mr. Simoneaux also requested to inspect Plant -N -Power' s

corporate documents as one of its shareholders.

6 JRE Field Services admitted to performing boiler field services work for at least one of Plant -N -
Power' s customers in violation of the Settlement Agreement' s non -competition covenant.

 JRE Industrial further alleged that Plant -N -Power is liable for the willful and intentional acts of
its employee, Kodi J. Wiggins, through the doctrine of respondeat superior. However, the
reconventional demand is not at issue in this appeal.

                                                  5
        Defendants later filed a motion for partial summary judgment seeking the

dismissal of Plant -N -Power' s claims, with prejudice, and a judgment declaring: JRE

Industrial is not a party to the Settlement Agreement; that if any Defendant is found

to have violated the Settlement Agreement, Plant -N -Power is prohibited from

seeking liquidated damages against that Defendant pursuant to La. R.S. 23: 921( H),

which allows for recovery of "damages for the loss sustained and the profit of which

he has been deprived" for violations of non -competition agreements; and, that the

Settlement Agreement' s non -competition covenant may not extend beyond the two-

year period set forth in La. R.S. 23: 921( 0). In support of its motion for partial

summary judgment,          Defendants attached the affidavit of Mr. Simoneaux; the

affidavit of Ms. Mouk; the Settlement Agreement; and the 2015 Agreement.'

        Plant -N -Power opposed Defendants' motion for partial summary judgment. 9

Plant -N -Power also filed a cross motion for partial summary judgment° and sought

a judgment, finding: that La. R. S. 23: 921, in its entirety, is not applicable to the

Settlement Agreement; that JRE Industrial is included in the definition of the

 Simoneaux Parties"        and is therefore a party to and bound by the Settlement

Agreement; that Plant -N -Power is entitled to seek liquidated damages under the

terms of the Settlement Agreement; granting Plant -N -Power' s cross motion for

partial summary judgment and denying Defendants' motion for partial summary

judgment; assessing all costs against Defendants; and for all other legal and equitable

relief to which Plant -N -Power may be entitled. In support of its motion, Plant -N -

Power    attached    its   petition;   Defendants'   answer,   affirmative    defenses,    and

e The Settlement Agreement and 2015 Agreement were attached to and authenticated by Mr.
Simoneaux' s affidavit.

s Defendants filed a reply to Plant -N -Power' s opposition to their motion for partial summary
judgment.

io Defendants opposed Plant -N -Power' s cross motion for partial summary judgment. Plant -N -
Power filed a reply to Defendants' opposition.
                                                 1
reconventional demands; and a motion to compel filed by Plant -N -Power on January
24, 2022.

       Following a hearing on the two motions, the trial court took the matters under

advisement. Thereafter, the trial court signed a judgment on June 6, 2022, which

denied Defendants'       motion for partial summary judgment and granted Plant -N -

Power' s cross-motion for partial summary judgment, holding: JRE Industrial was a

party to the Settlement Agreement; La. R.S. 23: 921 does not apply to the Settlement

Agreement; and La. R.S. 23: 921( H)           does not apply to damages for any alleged

breaches of the Settlement Agreement. The trial court issued written reasons for its

judgment.

       Defendants filed a motion to amend the June 6, 2022 judgment to certify that

judgment as final under La. C.C.P. art. 1915( B)( 1). In a judgment signed on August

15, 2022, the trial court granted Defendants' motion to amend the judgment. The

trial court amended its June 6, 2022 judgment and designated that judgment as final

under La. C. C. P. art. 1915( B)( 1),   giving reasons for its designation. Defendants now

appeal"   the portion of the trial court' s June 6, 2022 judgment that granted Plant -N -

Power' s cross- motion for partial summary judgment. 12

                             APPELLATE JURISDICTION

       Under La. C. C. P.     art.   1915( A)(3),    the granting of a motion for summary

judgment is a final, appealable judgment, except for a summary judgment rendered

pursuant to La. C. C.P. art. 966( E), i. e., "   dispositive of a particular issue, theory of

recovery, cause of action, or defense, in favor of one or more parties, even though

the granting of the summary judgment does not dispose of the entire case as to that

party or parties."   The June 6, 2022 grant of summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -

Power is a partial summary judgment under La. C.C.P. art. 966(E) and falls squarely

1 Defendants timely filed a motion for devolutive appeal on August 29, 2022. The trial court
signed an order of appeal on August 31, 2022, notice of which was transmitted by the clerk of
court to the parties on September 6, 2022.

12 Defendants do not appeal the trial court' s denial of their motion for partial summary judgment.
                                                 7
within the parameters of La. C. C. P. art. 1915( B). As required under La. C. C.P. art.

1915( B)( 1),
                the trial court designated its June 6, 2022 partial summary judgment as

final and gave reasons for its designation.

       Although the trial court designated the partial summary judgment as a final

one under La. C.C. P. art. 1915( B), that designation is not determinative of this

Court' s jurisdiction. Van ex rel. White v. Davis, 2000- 0206 ( La. App. I" Cir.

2116/ 01), 808 So. 2d 478, 480. Thus, this Court' s jurisdiction to decide this appeal

hinges on whether the certification was appropriate. Because the trial court gave

explicit reasons in certifying the appeal, we are to review the certification applying

the abuse of discretion standard. R.J. Messinger, Inc. v. Rosenblum, 2004- 1664

La. 312105), 894 So. 2d 1113, 1122.

       Historically, our courts have had a policy against multiple appeals and

piecemeal litigation. Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1915 attempts to

strike a balance between the undesirability of piecemeal appeals and the need for

making review available at a time that best serves the needs of the parties. Thus, in

considering whether a judgment is properly designated as final pursuant to La.

C. C.P. art. 1915( B), a court must consider judicial administrative interests as well as

the equities involved. R.J. Messinger Inc., 894 So. 2d at 1122. Factors to be

considered by a trial court, although not exclusive, when determining whether a

partial judgment should be certified as appealable include: 1)         the relationship

between the adjudicated and unadjudicated claims; 2) the possibility that the need

for review might or might not be mooted by future developments in the trial court;

3) the possibility that the reviewing court might be obliged to consider the same issue

a second time; and 4) miscellaneous factors such as delay, economic and solvency

considerations, shortening the time of trial, frivolity of competing claims, expense

and the like. Nevertheless, the overriding inquiry for the trial court is whether there

is no just reason for the delay. R.J. Messinger, Inc.,   894 So. 2d at 1122- 23.

                                            8
        Applying these precepts, we find no abuse of the trial court' s discretion in

certifying the partial summary judgment as a final judgment pursuant to La. C. C.P.

art.   1915( B).   Through its cross motion for partial summary judgment, Plant -N -

Power sought a determination of whether the Settlement Agreement is governed by
La. R. S.      23: 921   and whether JRE Industrial was a party to the Settlement

Agreement. Once these issues are decided, the merits of Plant -N -Power' s claims will

be resolved, with only the issue of damages and attorney' s fees remaining. Future

developments in the trial court in deciding damages, attorney' s fees, or in deciding
the merits of Defendants' reconventional demands would not moot this Court' s

decision on whether La. R.S. 23: 921 applies to the Settlement Agreement and

whether JRE Industrial was a party thereto, nor would this Court be obliged to

consider those same issues a second time. A decision on these issues would prevent

delays, shorten the time of trial, and considerably lower costs in the trial court.

Applying these precepts, we find no abuse of the trial court' s discretion in certifying

the partial summary judgment as a final judgment under La. C. C.P. art. 1915( B).       We

maintain the appeal.

                                SUMMARY JUDGMENT

        A motion for summary judgment is a procedural device used to avoid a full-

scale trial and secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action,

when there is no genuine issue of material fact. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)(2); Cypress

Heights Academy v. CHA Investors, LLC, 2021- 0820 ( La. App. I"            Cir. 6/ 7/ 22),

343 So. 3d 736, 741, writs denied, 2022- 01284, 2022- 01247 (La. 11/ 8/ 22), 349 So. 3d

574,    576.    A motion for summary judgment is properly granted if,           after   an

opportunity for adequate discovery,       the motion,   memorandum,    and supporting

documents show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)(3);      Cypress

Heights Academy, 343 So. 3d at 741. A genuine issue of material fact is one as to

which reasonable persons could disagree; if reasonable persons could reach only one

                                            9
conclusion,
               there is no need for trial on that issue and summary judgment is

appropriate. Hebert v. Louisiana State University System Board of Supervisors

through Louisiana State University, 2022- 0942 ( La. App. V Cir. 2/ 24/23),

So. 3d (           2023 WL 2196479 at * 2).

        The burden of proof on a motion for summary judgment rests with the mover.

La. C.C. P. art. 966( D)( 1).   If the mover will not bear the burden of proof at trial on

the issue that is before the court on the motion for summary judgment, the mover' s

burden on the motion does not require him to negate all essential elements of the

adverse party' s claim, action, or defense. Rather, the mover must point out to the

court the absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse

party' s claim, action, or defense. The burden is on the adverse party to produce

factual support sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact

or that the mover is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art.

966( D)( 1).

        The legal issue before this Court is whether the Settlement Agreement is

governed by La. R.S. 23: 921, whether the non -competition covenant contained in

the parties'   Settlement Agreement is valid and enforceable, and whether JRE

Industrial is a party to the Settlement Agreement. A party may seek a declaration on

a legal issue through the summary judgment procedure.             See Cypress Heights

Academy, 343 So. 3d at 742. In determining whether summary judgment is

appropriate, appellate courts review evidence de novo under the same criteria that

govern the trial court' s determination of whether summary judgment is appropriate.

MN Resources LLC v. Louisiana Hardwood Products LLC, 2016- 0758 ( La.

App. 1' Cir. 7/ 26/ 17), 225 So. 3d 1104, 1109, writ denied, 2017- 1748 ( La. 12/ 5117),

231 So. 3d 624.

               LOUISIANA NON -COMPETITION AGREEMENTS

        Parties are free to contract for any object that is lawful,        possible,   and

determined or determinable. La. C. C. art. 1971. In a fee enterprise system, parties

                                              10
are free to contract, except for those instances where the government places

restrictions for reasons of public policy. The state may legitimately restrict the

parties' right to contract if the proposed bargain is found to contravene some matter

of public policy. See Blake D. Morant, " Contracts Limiting Liability: A Paradox

with Tacit Solutions," 69 TuL. L. REV. 715, 718 ( 1995).

          Louisiana has long had a strong public policy disfavoring non -competition

agreements. Thus, the longstanding public policy of Louisiana has been to prohibit

or severely restrict such agreements. SWAT 24 Shreveport Bossier, Inc. v. Bond,

2000- 1695 ( La. 6/ 29/ 01), 808 So. 2d 294, 298. The Legislature has expressed this

public policy in La. R.S. 23: 921( A)( 1):

                Every contract or agreement, or provision thereof, by
                which anyone is restrained from exercising a lawful
                profession, trade, or business of any kind, except as

                provided in this Section, shall be null and void. However,
                every contract or agreement, or provision thereof, which
                meets the exceptions as provided in this Section, shall be
                enforceable. [    Emphasis added.]

          Under La. R.S. 23: 921( A)( 1),       every contract or agreement,           or   provision

thereof, containing a non -competition agreement, covenant, or clause is null and

void, unless such agreements meet certain exceptions as set forth in La. R.S. 23: 92 1.

Because non -competition agreements are in derogation of the common right, they

must be strictly construed against the party seeking their enforcement. Vartech

Systems, Inc. v. Hayden, 2005- 2499 ( La. App. I"               Cir. 12120/ 06), 951 So.2d 247,

254. 13

          The statutory exceptions to La. R.S. 23: 921( A)( 1) include the sale of the

goodwill of a business ( La. R.S. 23: 921( B)); the employer- employee relationship

 La. R.S. 23: 921( C) & (        G)); the corporation -shareholder relationship ( La. R.S.

43 A non -competition agreement is a contract between the parties and should be construed
according to the general rules of interpretation of contracts provided in La. C. C. arts. 2045- 57. The
interpretation of a contract is the determination of the common intent of the parties with courts
giving the contractual words their generally prevailing meaning. La. C. C. arts. 2045, 2047; SWAT
24 Shreveport Bossier, Inc., 808 So. 2d at 307. When the words of a contract are clear and explicit
and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made in search of the intent
of the parties. La. C. C. art. 2046.

                                                  11
23: 921( B), ( E), & ( 1));   the partnership -partner relationship ( La. R.S. 23: 921( E) &

 K));   the franchise -franchisee relationship ( La.     R.S. 23: 921( F));   and the limited

liability company -individual member relationship ( La. R.S. 23: 921( L)).          Louisiana

Revised Statutes 23: 921 defines the limited circumstances under which a non-

competition clause may be valid in the context of each of these relationships.

Vartech Systems, Inc., 951 So. 2d at 254- 55.

        The statutory exception at issue in the case before us is whether the employer-

employee relationship, as provided for in La. R.S. 23: 921( 0), in pertinent part, is

applicable to the non -competition covenant contained in the parties' Settlement

Agreement:

               Any person, including a corporation and the individual
               shareholders of such corporation, who is employed as an
               agent,     servant,   or    employee   may    agree   with     his
               employer to refrain from carrying on or engaging in a
               business similar to that of the employer and/ or from
               soliciting customers of the employer within a specified
               parish or parishes, municipality or municipalities, or parts
               thereof, so long as the employer carries on a like business
               therein,   not   to   exceed   a period   of two years       from
               termination of employment. [ Emphasis added.]

        Also at issue in the case before us is a limitation on the applicability of La.

R.S. 23: 921( A) that was enumerated by the Louisiana Supreme Court in Louisiana

Smoked Products, Inc. v. Savoie' s Sausage & Food Products, Inc., 961716 (La.

7/ l/ 97), 696 So. 2d 1373, 1381, wherein the Supreme Court held that La. R.S. 23: 921

does not apply to non -competition agreements made " between            two corporations on

equal footing."

        Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc. involved non -competition agreements

between two corporations that produced and distributed sausage. In 1988 and again

in 1991, Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc. (" L. S. P.") contracted to market smoked

alligator and venison sausages that were manufactured by Savoie' s Sausage and

Food Products, Inc. (" Savoie' s").       Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc., 696 So. 2d at

1375. In exchange, L. S. P. agreed to process and purchase those products only

                                                12
through or from Savoie' s. Id. The contracts between the corporations contained a

non -competition clause, which provided that the corporations would not compete

against each other for three years after the agreements terminated. Id. In 1993, after

the parties mutually terminated the contract, Savoie' s continued to use L.S. P.' s

recipes for the smoked alligator and venison sausages, manufacturing and selling it
under its own label. Id. L.S. P.      subsequently sued Savoie' s to enforce the non-

compete provisions       of the   agreement,   alleging that Savoie' s solicited L.S. P.' s

customers and undercut L. S. P.' s prices. Id.

       On appeal, the Supreme Court considered " whether the legislature intended

to prohibit noncompetition clauses executed by two businesses with its enactment of

the 1989 amendment to La. R. S. 23: 921,"            which implemented the broad " every

contract or agreement"      language now found in La. R. S. 23: 921( A). Stated another

way,   the     Supreme Court was       asked to decide " whether the prohibition of

noncompetition agreements applies to contracts executed by two corporations on

equal footing."    Id. at 1379.

       The Supreme Court found that the non -competition clause was a valid bargain

between two corporations on equal footing and thus upheld the agreement, affirming

the award of damages in favor of L. S. P. and against Savoie' s. Id. at 1380- 81. The

Supreme Court reasoned that prohibiting two independent corporations from

executing a non -competition clause would unduly infringe on the parties' freedom

to contract. Id. at 1381. Furthermore, the Supreme Court reasoned that a non-

competition clause will be deemed valid and enforceable when the corporations are

on an equal footing, i.e., ( 1) the non -competition clause was fair to each party in all

respects: (   a) no disparity in the corporations' bargaining power, (b) both parties were

equally bound to the non -competition agreement, ( c) neither party had control over

the other, and ( d) the non -competition was limited in duration; ( 2) both parties

benefited from the contract; ( 3) the contract was prepared, reviewed, and approved

by the objecting party' s attorney;       and (     4)   each party consented to the non -

                                               13
competition clause and was equally bound to the terms therein. Id. at 1380. The

Supreme Court ruled that " La. R.S. 23: 921 is not intended to protect independent

corporations on an equal footing from a bad bargain." Id. at 13 S 1. 14

                                           DISCUSSION

        In its cross motion for summary judgment,                      Plant -N -Power argued that

Louisiana' s non -competition statute, La. R.S. 23: 921, in its entirety, is not applicable

to the Settlement Agreement. Plant -N -Power argued the Settlement Agreement was

a compromise under La. C. C. art. 3071, et seq. which settled the parties' federal

litigation and Louisiana state court litigation and was not an agreement incidental to

employment.       Plant -N -Power further argued that because La. R.S.                   23: 921   is

inapplicable to the Settlement Agreement, the " restarted" two- year time period for

the non -competition covenant provided for in Section 8( d) of the Settlement

Agreement is valid.

14 In 1989, the Legislature amended La. R. S. 2 3: 92 1 to eliminate the requirement that an employer
expend substantial sums in training or advertising in order to enter into a valid noncompetition
agreement with an employee. See 1989 La. Acts No. 639, § Section 1 ( eff. Aug. 1, 1989). The
Legislature changed the statute to include more objective measures of an agreement' s validity.
SWAT 24 Shreveport Bossier, Inc., 808 So. 2d at 304. The new statute used language similar to
that found in the current version of La. R. S. 23: 921( A) and ( C):

        A. Every contract or agreement, or provision thereof, by which anyone is restrained
        from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business or any kind, except as
        provided in this Section shall be null and void.

        C. A person who is employed as an agent, servant, or employee may agree with his
        employer to refrain from carrying on or engaging in a business similar to that of the
        employer and/ or from soliciting customers of the employer within a specified parish
        or parishes, municipality or municipalities, or parts thereof, so long as the employer
        carries on a like business therein, not to exceed a period of two years.

Id. La. R.S. 23: 921 was amended several times between 1989 and the present; however, none of
these later amendments have any particular relevance to the instant issue. Id. at 304 n. 8.

The facts in Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc. primarily dealt with a pre -1989 agreement.
Consequently, all of the discussion in Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc. concerning corporations
under amendments to La. R.S. 23: 921 enacted in 1989 and thereafter would technically be dicta.
However, the Supreme Court analyzed the legislative history of the 1989 amendments to La. R.S.
23: 921 in great detail. It is presumptuous to conclude that the Supreme Court would choose to
ignore its own carefully considered research and analysis if faced with a post -1989 non-
competition contract between two or more corporations. Times -Picayune Publishing Corp. v.
New Orleans Publishing Group, Inc., 2000- 0748 ( La. App. 4" Cir. 3/ 20/ 02), 814 So. 2d 34, 38,
writ denied, 2002- 1064 ( La. 6/ 21102), 819 So. 2d 335.

                                                   14
AssiLnment of Error No. 1

        In their first assignment of error, Defendants argue the trial court erred as a

matter of law when it determined that La. R.S. 23: 921— and specifically, the two-

year restriction provided for in La. R.S. 23: 921( C) -- was not applicable to the

Settlement Agreement at issue.         Defendants aver that the trial court erred by

reasoning that the non -competition covenant in the Settlement Agreement must be

interpreted in accordance with Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc."

        The trial court, in its reasons for granting Plant -N -Power' s cross motion for

summary judgment, stated that the trial court was tasked with determining "                if a

Settlement Agreement resulting from the resolution of a previously alleged breach

of    an
            underlying    agreement[,]     which     was     entered    into     through    an

employer/ employee relationship[,] should be interpreted under the auspices of [La.]

R. S. 23: 921 or under the [ Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc.] progeny of cases."

The trial court found that this matter was " analogous to [ Louisiana Smoked

Products, Inc.]" in that " all of the parties to the Settlement Agreement had

substantially equal bargaining power." The trial court further noted that at the time

the parties entered into the Settlement Agreement, none had an employer- employee

relationship; all parties were bound equally; the terms were " agreed          to in detail and

in writing between the parties;" all parties were " represented by legal counsel;"         and

all parties " reaped benefits from entering into the Settlement Agreement."

       The non -competition agreement analyzed by the Supreme Court in Louisiana

Smoked Products, Inc. was part of a contract between two corporations. In the case

before us, however, the non -competition covenant is part of a contract between a

corporation on one side and two companies and an individual on the other side.

Based on the Supreme Court' s discussion, Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc. would

  The issue, as set forth in Plant -N -Power' s cross motion for summary judgment, is the
applicability of La. R.S. 23: 921 to the non -competition covenant contained in the Settlement
Agreement. We note that the validity and enforceability of the non -competition covenant is a
separate issue.

                                              15
not invalidate the applicability of La. R.S. 23: 921 as to any individual who was a

party to the contract. See, e.g., Security Alarm Financing Enterprises, Inc. v.

Green, No. CIV. A. 05- 0911 ( W.D. La. July 21, 2008) ( 2008 WL 2812959 at * 7)

 unpublished);«      S. E. Auto Dealers Rental Association, Inc. v. EZ Rent To Own,

Inc.,   2007- 0599 ( La. App. 4"      Cir. 2127108), 980 So. 2d 89, 98, writ denied, 2008-

0684 ( La. 4118108),     978 So. 2d 355; 1 Communication & Technology Industries,

Inc. v. Global Hunter Securities, Inc., 2012- 861 (              La. App.    511 Cir. 5116113), 116

So. 3d 917, 921.' $   Accordingly, we must tailor our analysis of the applicability of La.

16 SAFE, a corporation that sells, installs, and monitors residential security systems entered into a
contract with CCI, a corporation that provides security services. The contract included several
restrictive covenants, including non -solicitation and non -competition provisions. Jayne Green
signed the contract on behalf of CCI, and a vice-president from SAFE signed the contract. Id. at
  1. SAFE later filed suit against Mrs. Green, alleging that she, as an officer and shareholder of
 CCI, violated the contract' s non -solicitation provision. Mrs. Green filed a motion for summary
judgment arguing that the non -solicitation provision was unenforceable under La. R.S. 23: 921.
The federal district court granted Mrs. Green' s motion; however, the Fifth Circuit reversed,
applying the analysis of Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc., finding that La. R.S. 23: 921 does not
apply to the contract if SAFE and CCI were companies on equal footing. Id, at * 2.
After the Fifth Circuit' s decision, SAFE amended its complaint, and the case was consolidated
with two related cases. The first was an action by SAFE against Central Security ( the company
started by Mrs. Green' s son), Chad Burford ( the son of Mrs. Green and principal of Central
Security), and Robert Green ( a former principal of CCI, husband of Mrs. Green, and step -father to
Mr. Burford). The second case was an action originally brought in bankruptcy court by Mark
Sutton, Trustee, on behalf of Central Cellular against Mrs. Green, Central Security, and Mr.
Burford. The consolidated defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims. Id.
In analyzing the enforcement of the non -competition provision as to Mrs. Green, Mr. Burford, and
Mr. Green, the Security Alarm court declared that when a non -compete agreement is part of a
contract between a company on one side and a company and individuals on the other, Louisiana
Smoked Products, Inc. does not invalidate La. R.S. 23: 921 as it applies to the individuals. Id. at
 7. However, the court noted that neither Mrs. Green, Mr. Green, nor Mr. Burford were parties to
the contract in their individual capacities; furthermore, none of the pending causes of action sought
damages against the individuals under a contract theory of recovery. The court dismissed
consolidated plaintiffs' contract claims against the individuals, to the extent any contract claims
were asserted. Id.

17 S. E. Auto Dealers Rental Association, Inc. (" SEADRA"),           an association of rent -to -own
automobile dealers, filed a petition for damages and injunctive relief against EZ Rent To Own,
Inc. (" EZ Rent"),   a rent -to -own automobile dealer, after EZ Rent ceased making payments to
SEADRA under the parties' commercial license agreement. The Fourth Circuit held that La. R.S.
23: 921' s prohibition against non -competition agreements did not apply to invalidate the non-
competition provision in the commercial license agreement between SEADRA and EZ Rent
because the agreement and non -competition provision were fair to each party; the parties did not
have an employer- employee relationship; there was no disparity in bargaining power between the
parties; both parties derived monetary benefits from the agreement; the provision was reasonably
limited in duration to a two- year period and geographically limited; and it was not necessary for
the parties to perform identical tasks in order to enforce the provision. Id. at 96- 97.

18 The Fifth Circuit held that a non -solicitation provision of a Master Services Agreement that
entitled an I.T. services provider (Communication and Technology Industries, Inc., " Commtech")
to payment if its client ( Global Hunter Securities, LLC) hired Commtech' s employee was valid
and enforceable against Global. Global hired Commtech' s former employee as an I.T. technician.
R.S. 23: 921 to the Settlement Agreement as it applies to Mr. Simoneaux,                        an

individual, versus JRE Field Services and Ascension Staffing, two companies.
Mr. Simoneaux

       In reviewing Plant -N -Power' s claims against Mr. Simoneaux, we need look

no further than the plain language of the statute to decide whether La. R.S. 23: 921

is applicable to Mr. Simoneaux' s non -competition covenant with Plant -N -Power.

Section 5( b) of the Settlement Agreement contains the non -competition covenant

that restrains Mr. Simoneaux from performing boiler field services work for the

twenty- six Plant -N -Power customers specifically listed in Exhibit D to the

Settlement Agreement,        within the defined geographic area of the twenty-three

parishes listed in Exhibit E. There is no dispute that Section 5( b) is a non -competition

covenant contained in the parties'         Settlement Agreement. Thus, under the plain

language of La. R.S. 23: 921( A)( 1),        the Settlement Agreement is a "         contract   or

agreement, or provision thereof, by which anyone is restrained from exercising a

lawful profession, trade, or business of any kind."             We therefore find that La. R.S.

23: 921 is applicable to the Settlement Agreement as to Mr. Simoneaux.

       Pursuant to La. R.S. 23: 921( A)( 1),            the non -competition covenant contained

in Section 5( b) of the Settlement Agreement is null and void, unless it falls under

one of the exceptions to the general prohibition on non -competition agreements. In

the instant case, the question then becomes whether the non -competition covenant

falls under the employer-employee exception and complies with the provisions of

La. R.S. 23: 921( 0): 1) a two-year maximum duration; 2) a specific list of areas in

which the former employee is restrained from competing with the employer' s

business; and 3) competition between the former employee and employer.

The Fifth Circuit held that the employee was not prevented from exercising his trade, profession,
or business, and, thus, La. R.S. 23: 921 was inapplicable. Citing Louisiana Smoked Products,
Inc., the Fifth Circuit reasoned: " Commtech and Global are two businesses that chose to enter into
an agreement, and La. R.S. 23: 921 is not intended to protect independent corporations on an equal
footing from a possibly bad bargain" Id. at 921.
                                                   17
        There is no dispute that at the time Mr. Simoneaux and Plant -N -Power signed

the Settlement Agreement on March 19, 2020, Mr. Simoneaux was not employed by

Plant -N -Power. Mr. Simoneaux resigned from Plant -N -Power on April 5, 2019.

There was no employer- employee relationship between Mr. Simoneaux and Plant -

N -Power at the time the parties entered into the Settlement Agreement. Louisiana

Revised Statutes 23: 921( C) applies to " any person ... who is employed as an agent,

servant, or employee" who agrees "          with his employer to refrain from carrying on

or engaging in a business similar to that of the employer...." (              Emphasis added).

Based on the plain language of La. R.S.                  23: 921( 0), the employer- employee

exception applies to current employers and employees, not former employers and

employees. 19 Thus, the non -competition covenant contained in the Settlement

Agreement is not valid and enforceable as one of the exceptions to La. R. S.

23: 921( A)( 1)'   s prohibition on non -competition agreements.

        As provided for in the severability clause found Section 18 of the Settlement

Agreement, the parties may excise the offending language without doing undue

damage to the remainder of the Settlement Agreement. See SWAT 24 Shreveport

Bossier, Inc.,     808 So.2d at 308- 09 ( a severability clause makes it possible to excise

offending language from a non -competition clause in an agreement without doing

undue damage to the remainder of the agreement).

        For these reasons, we find that the trial court erred, in part, in granting partial

summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power and finding that La. R.S. 23: 921 does

not apply to the Settlement Agreement as to Mr. Simoneaux.

19 See Setpoint Integrated Solutions, Inc. v. Kiteley, 2021- 322 ( La. App. 3rd Cir. 1126122),
    So. 3d , (     2022 WL 225093), writ denied, 2022- 00632 ( La. 6122/ 22), 339 So. 3d 639, where
the Third Circuit found that a non -competition agreement included in the parties' Separation
Agreement was not enforceable because the employment terminated before the agreement was
executed: "   The Separation Agreement, and by extension the non -competition agreement, was
entered into to resolve issues related to a severance payment, waiver of rights, and an extension of
the earlier non -competition agreement that had expired." Id. at _,   2022 WL 225093 at * 8. The
Separation Agreement included a general release of any claims or causes of action the employee
had or may have had against his former employer— in exchange for separation pay— and thus, had
elements of a compromise.

                                                  18
JRE Field Serviees and Ascension Staffing

       To determine whether JRE Field Services and Ascension Staffing' s non-

competition covenant with Plant -N -Power falls under the limitation on the

applicability of La. R.S. 23: 921( A) set forth by the Louisiana Supreme Court in

Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc., we must determine whether JRE Field Services,

Ascension Staffing, and Plant -N -Power are companies that are " on equal footing"

based on the factors listed in Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc., 696 So.2d at 1380.

       Fairness

       The record shows that the Settlement Agreement is fair to all parties. First,

there is no evidence to show disparity in the parties' bargaining power. The record

shows that JRE Field      Services,   Ascension Staffing,   and   Plant -N -Power   are

sophisticated juridical persons whose officers have considerable experience in boiler

field services work. The record shows that JRE Field Services was owned by W.

Simoneaux, Ms. Mouk, in addition to at least three others.20 Ascension Staffing is

member -managed by Mr. Simoneaux. In her affidavit, Ms. Mouk attested that she

and her family have been involved in the fabrication of parts for boiler repairs in

Louisiana since 2008, and have been in business in Ascension Parish for over sixty

years. In his affidavit, Mr. Simoneaux attested that he has over twenty-five years'

experience in boiler field services work. Mr. Simoneaux became an expert in boiler

repair in 2015, and was a key employee of Plant -N -Power, served as its president,

and had obtained considerable ability,     expertise,   and marketing   skills. In his

reconventional demand, Mr. Simoneaux allged that after its sale in 2015, Plant -N -

Power retained him as an employee " because of his expertise in boiler repairs and

his relationships with the customers." Mr. Simoneaux further claimed that PlantN -

Power " was solely reliant" upon his expertise.

20 See FN 5, supra.
                                          19
       Second, the parties were equally bound to the Settlement Agreement and non-

competition covenant. Third, none of the parties had control over the others— Plant-

N-Power was a wholly separate company with no shared ownership or operational

control over JRE Field Services or Ascension Staffing. Further, none of the parties

had an employer-employee relationship at the time the Settlement Agreement was

executed. Finally, the prohibition of directly competing with the others' business

activity was reasonably limited in duration to two years after the effective date of

the Settlement Agreement, barring breach of the Settlement Agreement. As to the

two- year "   tolling" provision found in Section 8( d), that provision was solely

dependent upon and within the control of JRE Field Services and Ascension

Staffing, and cannot affect the fairness of the Settlement Agreement since the parties

have the freedom to contract and mutually agreed to include the two-year " tolling"

provision found in Section 8( d).

      Benert

      The record shows that the Settlement Agreement, by its very terms, benefitted

JRE Field Services, Ascension Staffing, and Plant -N -Power. JRE Field Services and

Ascension Staffing received a release of the claims brought against them by Plant -

N -Power in Illinois federal district court for admitted breaches of the 2015

Agreement. JRE Field Services and Ascension Staffing obtained the monetary

benefit of avoiding further litigation costs, attorney' s fees, and the risk of a greater

judgment being rendered after a trial on the merits.         In return, Plant -N -Power

received the agreed-upon settlement price and promise by JRE Field Services and

Ascension Staffing to refrain from boiler field services work with certain Plant -N -

Power customers in certain geographic areas.

      Contract Preparation, Review, and Approval

      The record shows that the contract was prepared, reviewed, and approved by

the attorneys for JRE Field Services, Ascension Staffing, and Plant -N -Power. All

parties were represented by counsel when the Settlement Agreement was drafted and
                                           r.
remain represented by those same law firms in the instant matter. Further, Section

S( b) of the Settlement Agreement provides:

             The drafting and negotiation of this Agreement has been
             undertaken by all Parties hereto and their respective
             counsel. For all purposes, this Agreement shall be deemed
             to have been drafted jointly by all of the Parties hereto with
             no presumption in favor of one party over another in the
             event of any ambiguity.

      Consent

      The record shows that JRE Field Services, Ascension Staffing, and Plant -N -

Power consented to the non -competition covenant and were equally bound to the

terms therein. Section S( a) of the Settlement Agreement provides:

             This Agreement is entered into and executed voluntarily
            by each of the Parties hereto and without any duress or
            undue influence on the part of, or on behalf of, any Party.

      Conclusion

      Based on the foregoing, we find that the trial court did not err in granting

partial summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power, finding that La. R.S. 23: 921

does not apply to the Settlement Agreement as to JRE Field Services and Ascension

Staffing pursuant to Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc.

Assignment of Error No. 2

      In its cross motion for summary judgment, Plant -N -Power argued that it is not

prohibited by La.   R.S. 23: 921( H)   from seeking liquidated damages under the

Settlement Agreement. The trial court agreed, granting partial summary judgment in

favor of Plant -N -Power and against Defendants finding that La. R.S. 23: 921( H) is

not applicable to damages for any alleged breaches of the Settlement Agreement.

      In their second assignment of error, Defendants argue the trial court erred as

a matter of law when it determined that the liquidated damages provision in the

Settlement Agreement was enforceable, citing La. R.S. 23: 921( H).

Mr. Simoneaux

      Louisiana Revised Statutes 23: 921( H) provides, in pertinent part:

                                          21
                   Any agreement covered by Subsection B, C, E, F, G, J, K,
                   or L of this Section shall be considered an obligation not
                   to do, and failure to perform may entitle the obligee to
                   recover damages for the loss sustained and the profit of
                   which he has been deprived.

        As stated in our discussion of Defendants' first assignment of error, as to Mr.

Simoneaux, the non -competition covenant contained in the parties'                 Settlement

Agreement is not valid and enforceable as one of the exceptions to La. R.S.

23: 921( A)( 1)'    s   prohibition   on non -competition   agreements;   therefore, the non-

competition covenant is not an agreement covered by Subsections B, C, E, F, G, J,

K, or L of La. R.S. 23: 921, Because La. R. S. 23: 921( H)            is applicable only in

agreements covered by Subsections B, C, E, F, G, J, K, or L, it follows that La. R.S.

23: 921( H) is not applicable to damages for any alleged breaches by Mr. Simoneaux

of the non -competition covenant contained in the parties' Settlement Agreement.

        Further, because the non -competition covenant contained in Section 5( b) of

the parties'       Settlement Agreement is not valid and enforceable as one of the

exceptions to La. R.S. 23 :921( A)( 1)'       s prohibition on non -competition agreements,

Section 5( b) is null and void. It follows that Plant -N -Power cannot seek liquidated

damages from Mr. Simoneaux for an alleged violation of a null and void non-

competition covenant contained in the parties' Settlement Agreement.

JRE Field Services and Ascension Staf n

       As stated in our discussion of Defendants' first assignment of error, as to JRE

Field Services and Ascension Staffing, the non -competition covenant contained in

Section 5( b) of the parties' Settlement Agreement is not governed by La. R.S. 23: 921

because it is a non -competition agreement made " between two corporations on equal

footing" under the Supreme Court' s analysis in Louisiana Smoked Products, Inc.

Therefore, La. R.S. 23: 921( H) is not applicable to damages for any alleged breaches

by JRE Field Services and Ascension Staffing of the non -competition covenant

contained in Section 5( b) of the parties' Settlement Agreement.

        Section 5( e) of the parties' Settlement Agreement provides, in pertinent part:

                                                 22
              T] he Simoneaux Parties agree to pay the [ Plant -N -Power]
              Parties... liquidated damages in an amount not less than
              Fifty    Thousand       and    01100    Dollars ($ 50,000)    per

              violation of the covenants contained in Section 5, which
              amount shall not limit the [ Plant -N -Power] Parties ... from
              recovering any additional damages to which it is entitled.
              The Simoneaux Parties stipulate and agree that the above
              liquidated damages are a reasonable estimate of actual
              damages and that such liquidated damages are not in any
             way      punitive   or   an   unlawful   penalty. [ Emphasis    in
             original.]

      Based on Section 5( e),     Plant -N -Power may seek liquidated damages against

JRE Field Services and Ascension Staffing for any alleged breaches of the non-

competition covenant.

Conclusion

      For these reasons, we find that the trial court did not err in granting partial

summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power and against Defendants finding that

La. R. S. 23: 92 1 ( H) is not applicable to damages for any alleged breaches of the non-

competition covenant contained in the parties' Settlement Agreement.

Assignment of Error No. 3

      In their third and final assignment of error, Defendants argue the trial court

erred as a matter of law in holding that JRE Industrial was a party to the Settlement

Agreement. Plant -N -Power argued in its cross motion for partial summary judgment

that JRE Industrial is a party to the Settlement Agreement.                 The Settlement

Agreement applied to the " Simoneaux Parties," defined as "          any other person in

which JRE Field Services, [ Mr.]      Simoneaux, or Ascension [ Staffing] has a direct or

indirect interest." Mr. Simoneaux owned 49%           of JRE Industrial, meaning he has a

direct interest in JRE Industrial. Plant -N -Power argued that JRE Industrial is

included in the definition of "Simoneaux Parties,"         and is therefore a party to and

bound by the terms of the Settlement Agreement. The trial court agreed, granting

partial summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power and against Defendants finding

that JRE Industrial was a party to the Settlement Agreement. The trial court reasoned

that when Mr. Simoneaux signed the Settlement Agreement, he signed it on behalf

                                              23
of himself "and on behalf of any other person in which he has a direct or indirect

interest." The trial court held that "        JRE Industrial is a party to the Settlement

Agreement because [ Mr.] Simoneaux has a direct interest in JRE Industrial,"             and

noted that if Mr. Simoneaux " did not intend to bind JRE Industrial[,] he should have

omitted the language regarding other persons in which [Mr.] Simoneaux has a direct

or indirect interest."

       As discussed by this Court in Harris v. Union National Fire Ins. Co.,           2019-

0443 ( La. App.    1St Cir. 1/ 15/ 20), 311 So. 3d 1130, 1136- 37, writ denied, 2020- 00396

La. 6/ 3/ 20), 296 So. 3d 1067:

              A compromise is a contract whereby the parties, through
              concessions made by one or more of them, settle a dispute
              or an uncertainty concerning an obligation or other legal
              relationship. La. Civ. Code art. 3071.            An enforceable
              compromise agreement has two essential elements: ( 1)
              mutual intention of preventing or putting an end to the
              litigation and ( 2) reciprocal concessions of the parties to
              adjust their differences. Trahan v. Coca Cola Bottling
              Co. United, Inc., 2004- 0100 ( La. 312105),                894 So. 2d
              1096, 1104. A valid and enforceable settlement may also
              be a compromise if it is reduced to writing. Louisiana
              courts have held that "      settlement"   must be equated with
              compromise in connection with the rules governing
              compromise. See La. Civ. Code art. 3071, 2007 Revision
              Comment ( c).

                      A compromise shall be made in writing or recited in
              open    court,   in    which    case   the    recitation    shall   be
              susceptible of being transcribed from the record of the
              proceedings. La. Civ. Code art. 3072....           The purpose of
              the writing requirement is to serve as proof of the
              agreement     and     the   acquiescence     therein.   Sullivan    v.
              Sullivan, 95- 2122 ( La. 4/ 8/ 96), 671 So. 2d 315, 317; Sims,
              68 So. 3d at 574. ...        Further, the requirement that the

              agreement be reduced to writing necessarily implies that
              the agreement be evidenced by documentation signed b
              both parties. Brasseaux v. Allstate Ins. Co., 97- 0526
               La. App. 1 Cir. 418/ 98), 710 So.2d 826, 829. [           Emphasis
              added.]

      There is no dispute that the parties' Settlement Agreement is a compromise

governed by La. G.C. art. 3071 to settle the parties' federal litigation in Illinois and

in Louisiana state court regarding Mr. Simoneaux' s violations of the non -compete,

non -disclosure,   non -solicitation,     and non -disparagement provisions of the 2015

                                                24
Agreement. As such, the settlement was reduced to writing, which is evidenced by

the Settlement Agreement signed by the parties in March 2020. La. C. C. art. 3072.

The parties to the Settlement Agreement are:

       Plant -N -Power ("    together with any other direct or indirect subsidiary,

       affiliate[,]   and   parent   company,       collectively referred to as the " PNP

       Parties");"    and

       JRE Field Services, Ascension Staffing, and Mr. Simoneaux

          Mr. Simoneaux, JRE Field Services,           Ascension Staffing, and "      any other

       person in which JRE Field Services, [ Mr.] Simoneaux[,]                     or Ascension

          Staffing] has a direct or indirect interest, [ are] collectively referred to as [ the]

          Simoneaux Parties")".

   The Settlement Agreement was signed by Plant -N -Power through its Chairman

and CEO, Jim W. Rogers. Mr. Simoneaux signed the Settlement Agreement "                       on

behalf of himself and on behalf of any other person in which he has a direct or

indirect interest."   The Settlement Agreement was signed by JRE Field Services by

its manager, Rebecca Evans Mouk.             The Settlement Agreement was signed by

Ascension Staffing by its manager, Mr. Simoneaux. There is no dispute that JRE

Industrial was not listed as a party to the Settlement Agreement, nor did a registered

agent, officer, manager, or member of JRE Industrial sign the Settlement Agreement

on behalf of JRE Industrial. As provided for in Section 8( b), there is no evidence

that counsel for JRE Industrial participated in the preparation, negotiation, drafting,

review,    and approval of the Settlement Agreement. Furthermore, there is no

evidence that JRE Industrial, through a registered agent,               officer,   manager,   or

member consented to the Settlement Agreement.

       Section 1 of the Settlement Agreement, titled " Settlement Paymement,"            states,

 The Simoneaux Parties, in solido, agree to pay [ Plant -N -Power] the total of [$1.          25

million] ("   Settlement Payment")." Section 1( a) states, " the Simoneaux Parties will

execute a promissory note ... that provides the Simoneaux Parties are liable in solido

                                               25
to [ Plant -N -Power] in the principal amount of [$1. 25 million]." ( Emphasis added).

The record shows that the promissory note was signed on March 19,                2020. The

promissory note identifies its makers as Mr. Simoneaux, IRE Field Services, and

Ascension Staffing and was executed by Mr. Simoneaux, JRE Field Services, and

Ascension Staffing.

         Section 1( f) of the Settlement Agreement sets forth that on the effective date

of the    agreement, "   the Simoneaux Parties shall deliver to [ Plant -N -Power' s]

counsel ...   a consent judgment." ( Emphasis added). The record shows that Mr.

Simoneaux, IRE Field Services,           and Ascension Staffing prepared a consent

judgment in accordance with Section 1( f).          The judgment was signed by Mr.

Simoneaux, IRE Field Services, and Ascension Staffing on March 19, 2020.

         Our de nova review of the record further shows that in response to and for the

purpose of funding the $      1. 25 million settlement to Plant -N -Power provided for in

Section 1 of the Settlement Agreement, Mr. Simoneaux formed JRE Industrial with

John Evans and Rebecca Evans Mouk. Mr. Simoneaux registered IRE Industrial as

a Louisiana limited liability company on February 26, 2020, approximately one

month prior to the execution of the Settlement Agreement on March 23, 2020. There

is no dispute that Mr. Simoneaux owned 49% of IRE Industrial and had a direct

interest in IRE Industrial.

         A compromise made by one of multiple persons with an interest in the same

matter is not binding for the others. See La. C. C. art. 3075; Meadows v. Adams,

2018- 1544 ( La. App.    Vt Cir. 1119120), 316 So. 3d 5, 13. Furthermore, it is well settled

that only a party to a contract can be bound by its provisions. O' Hara v. Globus

Medical, Inc.,   2014- 1436 ( La. App.   1St Cir. 8112/ 15), 181 So. 3d 69, 79, writ denied,

2015- 1944 ( La. 11130115),    182 So. 3d 939. A limited liability company is a juridical

person to which the law attributes personality; however, the personality of a juridical

person is distinct from that of its members. La. C. C. art. 24; La. R. S. 12: 1301; Ogea

v. Merritt, 2013- 1085 ( La. 12/ 10113), 130 So. 3d 888, 894- 95.

                                             W,
      Plant -N -Power' s argument that any entity in which Mr. Simoneaux has a

direct or indirect interest automatically becomes a party to the Settlement Agreement

would lead to absurd consequences. There is no record evidence showing that JRE

Industrial is a party to the Settlement Agreement by virtue of Mr. Simoneaux' s direct

interest in JRE Industrial, nor by JRE Industrial' s alleged classification as one of the

 Simoneaux Parties" under the Settlement Agreement. If JRE Industrial was one of

the " Simoneaux Parties,"   it follows that JRE Industrial should have executed the

promissory note and the consent judgment, as was required by the "           Simoneaux

Parties" under the Settlement Agreement. However, the evidence shows that JRE

Industrial did not execute the promissory note, nor the consent judgment.

      For all these reasons, we find that the trial court erred in granting partial

summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power and against Defendants finding that

JRE Industrial was a party to the Settlement Agreement.

                                      DECREE

      We reverse the portion of the trial court' s June 6, 2022 amended judgment

that granted partial summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power Services, Inc. and

against Defendants finding that La. R.S. 23: 921 does not apply to the Settlement

Agreement as to Tex David Simoneaux, Jr.

      We affirm the portion of the trial court' s June 6, 2022 amended judgment that

granted partial summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power Services, Inc. and

against Defendants finding that La. R.S. 23: 921 does not apply to the Settlement

Agreement as to JRE Field Services, LLC and Ascension Staffing, LLC.

      We affirm the portion of the trial court' s June 6, 2022 amended judgment that

granted partial summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power Services, Inc. and

against Defendants finding that La. R.S. 23: 921( H) is not applicable to damages for

any alleged breaches by Defendants of the non -competition covenant contained in

the parties' Settlement Agreement.

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      We reverse the portion of the trial court' s June 6, 2022 amended judgment

that granted partial summary judgment in favor of Plant -N -Power Services, Inc. and

against Defendants, finding that JRE Industrial Services, LLC was a party to the

Settlement Agreement.

      We assess appellate court costs equally among the parties. We remand this

matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

APPEAL MAINTAINED; JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED
IN PART; REMANDED.

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