Court Opinion

ID: 5116398
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-06 16:04:58.963611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:21:56.777217
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 20-1375
                               Filed October 6, 2021

R.M.,
        Petitioner-Appellee,

vs.

D.S.,
     Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

        Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Buchanan County, Linnea M.N.

Nicol, District Associate Judge.

        D.S. appeals the imposition of a protective order under Iowa Code

chapter 236A (2020). AFFIRMED.

        Nina Forcier of Forcier Law Office, PLLC, Waterloo, for appellant.

        Sonci Kingery of Iowa Coalition Against Sexual Assault, Des Moines, for

appellee.

        Heard by Tabor, P.J., and Greer, and Badding, JJ.
                                         2

TABOR, Presiding Judge,

       Teenager D.S. appeals the imposition of a protective order for relief from

sexual abuse under Iowa Code chapter 236A (2020). H.M., the teenage protected

person, did not testify at the hearing. So D.S. argues the evidence provided by

H.M.’s mother, R.M., and a nurse practitioner was hearsay and improper vouching.

D.S. also argues the juvenile court admitted a Snapchat message without proper

foundation. And he argues petitioner R.M. did not present enough evidence to

justify the protective order.

       We find the court properly admitted the nurse practitioner’s testimony and

the Snapchat exhibit. And with that proof, R.M. satisfied the preponderance-of-

the-evidence standard for obtaining a protective order. So we affirm.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

       On August 4, 2020, R.M. filed a chapter 236A petition for relief from sexual

abuse against D.S. on behalf of her minor daughter H.M. According to the petition,

D.S. “forced” H.M. “to have sexual intercourse” at his home around 12:30 a.m. the

day before. The petition alleged H.M. “asked him to stop, tried to push him off and

was not able to.” R.M. took her daughter to the emergency room later that morning,

where medical staff referred them to a child protective services (CPC) clinic.

There, a nurse practitioner examined and treated H.M.

       Under chapter 236A, the court must hold a hearing “[n]ot less than five and

not more than fifteen days after” the petition is filed.1 Iowa Code § 236A.6(1). The

1The court also may enter a temporary order before the hearing “upon good cause
shown in an ex parte proceeding.” Iowa Code § 236A.6(2). Here, the court
entered a temporary protective order on August 4, the day the petition was filed.
                                         3

juvenile court set a hearing for August 10.2 The court then continued the hearing

until August 17 at D.S.’s request. Self-represented R.M. moved to continue the

hearing beyond that date, stating counsel was not available to her and she needed

more time to “gather medical documentation and witness statements.” But citing

the statutory time constraint, the court denied R.M.’s motion.

      At the hearing, R.M. appeared on her own. She explained H.M. would not

be testifying, based on medical advice concerning her physical and mental health.

R.M. planned to testify and offer several unsworn statements from others. The

court explained it could not accept those hearsay statements and reminded R.M.

that she had the burden of proof. R.M. confessed, “I’ll be honest. I don’t know

what I’m allowed to present and not present based on what you just kind of

mentioned with having any kind of statements. I can’t use them if they can’t be

spoken to or cross-referenced. I’m not sure what I’m allowed to present.”

      The court responded, “Well, I’m going to let you present—because you’re a

pro se person, I’m going to let you present whatever you want to present.” But the

court gave this warning:

      [T]he rules of evidence do apply. I don’t know if you have witnesses,
      but because you don’t know the difference between direct evidence
      and hearsay, I’m going to let you say whatever you want to say. But
      what I can tell you is that if everything you have to say is hearsay,
      that’s not going to get us to a preponderance of the evidence.

The court clarified it would rule later whether R.M.’s evidence was admissible.

2 Because of D.S.’s age, the district court waived the case to juvenile court. See
Iowa Code § 236A.3(4) (“If the person against whom relief from sexual abuse is
being sought is seventeen years of age or younger, the district court shall waive
its jurisdiction over the action to the juvenile court.”).
                                          4

       R.M. then testified to events outside her personal knowledge that were

conveyed to her by others, including her husband and H.M. She also testified

about the existence of a medical report following the sexual abuse but did not want

to offer it into evidence because of an ongoing criminal investigation. D.S. objected

at several points that R.M.’s evidence was hearsay. The court “noted” these

objections but did not give an immediate ruling. At the close of R.M.’s testimony,

the court explained that it could not consider R.M’s hearsay testimony.3 The court

then recessed to give R.M. time to subpoena a witness.               R.M. was able to

subpoena the nurse practitioner who examined H.M.

       Appearing by telephone, nurse practitioner Elizabeth Heying recounted

what H.M. told her about the assault and her medical condition afterward. D.S.

objected on hearsay grounds, but the court allowed it under Iowa Rule of Evidence

5.803(4), the exception for statements made for the purpose of medical diagnosis

and treatment.4 During Heying’s testimony, the mother asked whether bruises on

H.M. were consistent with H.M.’s report that she was forced into the sex acts. D.S.

objected that Heying’s affirmative response was impermissible vouching for H.M.’s

truthfulness. The court sustained that objection. When Heying testified H.M.

identified her assailant as D.S., counsel for D.S. did not object.

3 While the court was not explicit in sustaining D.S.’s hearsay objections, it
discussed the out-of-court statements that R.M. wished to offer: “So because they
are hearsay and there’s no one here to testify, I don’t have any—I don’t have a lot
of options here.”
4 Counsel for D.S. argued H.M’s statements about the events leading up to the

assault were “not relevant to medical treatment.” The court then allowed the nurse
to testify: “I need to know where this happened and I need to know who did this so
that I can determine treatment and make sure she’s safe.”
                                         5

       After Heying testified, R.M had one final piece of evidence. She offered a

printout of a photograph she took with her phone of an incoming message to H.M.’s

phone on the social media application Snapchat. The message came from an

account labeled with D.S.’s first name and read, “So why u telling people I forced

u too?” The time on H.M.’s phone read “7:31.” R.M. testified: “[H.M.] was in the

hospital when this message came through. I had taken her phone so that she

couldn’t talk to anyone.”

       D.S. objected that R.M. had not laid an appropriate foundation for the

photograph establishing who sent the message or the date it was sent. After

additional testimony and a second photographic exhibit from R.M., the court

admitted the electronic evidence.

       D.S. presented no evidence. Based on Heying’s account, the court found

R.M. met her burden and issued a protective order: “[T]he petitioner provided

evidence, through the testimony of Elisabeth Heying, nurse practitioner that a

sexual assault occurred between H.M., who is a fourteen-year-old child, and the

respondent, who is a sixteen-year-old child, against the will of H.M. This conduct

constitutes sexual abuse under Iowa Code section 709.4(1)(a).” D.S. appeals.

II. Scope and Standards of Review5

       D.S. and R.M. debate the applicable standard of review. Our supreme court

has not interpreted chapter 236A. So we have analogized it to the provisions for

5 “Scope of review” and “standard of review” are often used interchangeably. But
the two terms carry distinct meanings. “Scope of review” means the range of
district court actions (or “what”) an appellate court is permitted to examine. See
B. John Burns, Theory of Appellate Practice, 4A Ia. Prac., Criminal Procedure
§ 32:1 (2021 ed.). By contrast, “standard of review” refers to our level of deference
(or “how”) we conduct that examination. Id.
                                            6

relief from domestic abuse under chapter 236. See, e g., R.W. v. L.W., No. 20-

0872, 2021 WL 2137684, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 26, 2021); A.N. v. J.G., No. 19-

0634, 2020 WL 2061881, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2020). In interpreting

chapter 236, the supreme court has held appellate review depends on the mode

of trial. See Bacon v. Bacon, 567 N.W.2d 414, 417 (Iowa 1997) (citing Knight v.

Knight, 525 N.W.2d 841, 843 (Iowa 1994)). In deciding chapter 236A cases, we

have found that when the court ruled on evidentiary objections as they were made,

it heard the case at law rather than in equity. See, e.g., A.N., 2020 WL 2061881,

at *2; compare R.W., 2021 WL 2137684, at *3 (finding court tried case in equity

and reviewing de novo, noting “[t]he question of which standard of review to apply

requires we visit the trial transcript”).

       In considering R.M.’s petition, the court reserved some objections to decide

later but ruled on others as counsel lodged them. Despite this hybrid approach,

we conclude the court tried the case at law, so we review for correction of errors

at law. Under this standard, the court’s findings are binding upon us if they are

supported by substantial evidence. See Bacon, 567 N.W.2d at 417. Evidence is

substantial if “a reasonable person would find it sufficient to reach a given

conclusion.” Mitchell v. Cedar Rapids Cmty. Sch. Dist., 832 N.W.2d 689, 703

(Iowa 2013).

       In addition, we review most evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion.

State v. Fontenot, 958 N.W.2d 549, 555 (Iowa 2021). But we review hearsay

rulings for errors at law. Id.
                                             7

III. Analysis

       We will address the evidentiary issues first, then proceed to the question

whether substantial evidence supports granting the protective order.

   A. Evidentiary Rulings

       1. R.M.’s testimony

       D.S. reprises evidentiary objections on appeal that he won at trial. To start,

he contends R.M.’s testimony about what happened to her daughter constituted

inadmissible hearsay. Hearsay is “a statement that . . . [t]he declarant does not

make while testifying at the current trial or hearing . . . offer[ed] into evidence to

prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Iowa R. Evid. 5.801(a). At the end of

R.M.’s testimony, the court told her it could not consider her hearsay statements.

In its written order, the court reiterated that ruling: “the court . . . advised [R.M.] that

all the information she provided up to that point was hearsay that would have to be

excluded under the Rules of Evidence.”

       In his appellant’s brief, D.S. acknowledges the court found the statements

were hearsay. But he argues

       these rulings were not made on the record by the Court at the time
       of the hearing, the objections were only noted, and the Court did not
       specifically state in its final ruling that it disregarded the testimony of
       R.M. so it is unclear whether the Court actually dismissed it as
       inadmissible hearsay or whether the Court took it into consideration
       in making its ruling.

It is true the court only “noted” D.S.’s hearsay objections as he made them. But it

is a routine practice in bench trials to reserve ruling on objections until later. See

In re Det. of Tripp, 915 N.W.2d 867, 879 (Iowa 2018) (Mansfield, J., concurring in
                                          8

part and dissenting in part). The court disregarded R.M’s hearsay testimony when

granting the protective order. We find no error.

       2. Nurse practitioner’s testimony

       Next, D.S. contends the court improperly allowed Heying to relay H.M’s

statements over his objections to hearsay and impermissible vouching.

       a. Hearsay

       Heying is a nurse practitioner with training in sexual assault exams. She

works at the CPC and met H.M. there.           Heying first spoke with H.M., then

conducted a physical exam and “gather[ed] forensic evidence.” Afterward, H.M.

met with a “forensic interviewer” who did not testify.

       Heying explained what kind of information she gathered from H.M. 6 She

asked about H.M.’s “medical history” and “obtain[ed] her vital signs.” Heying also

asked about “school, family, home life information” and “about why she’s being

seen today.”    Heying outlined her physical findings for the court.      She then

recounted what H.M. told her about the assault and the circumstances leading up

to it. D.S. objected on hearsay grounds, asserting: “It’s not for medical treatment.

This is for law enforcement purposes.” The court overruled the objection finding

the evidence fell within the exception for statements made for the purpose of

medical diagnosis or treatment. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(4).

       Under that exception, a statement is admissible if it is “made for—and is

reasonably pertinent to—medical diagnosis or treatment; and . . . [d]escribes

6 Heying testified the information she elicited was “important for the medical
because it’s a holistic exam,” which she did not define. Neither party asked what
was meant by a “holistic exam.” But based on context, it is reasonable to believe
she was seeking information on H.M.’s physical and mental health and safety.
                                          9

medical history, past or present symptoms or sensations, or the inception or

general cause of symptoms or sensations.”           Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(4)(A)–(B).

Typically such statements are reliable because a patient has motive to be truthful

when offering information to medical professionals. See State v. Smith, 876

N.W.2d 180, 185 (Iowa 2016).

      To apply this exception, two factors must be true. First, “the declarant’s

motive in making the statement must be consistent with the purposes of promoting

treatment.” State v. Hildreth, 582 N.W.2d 167, 170 (Iowa 1998) (quoting State v.

Tracy, 482 N.W.2d 675, 681 (Iowa 1992)). Second, the content of the statements

must be “such as is reasonably relied upon in treatment or diagnosis.”             Id.

According to D.S., the tension lies in whether H.M made her statements for medical

diagnosis and treatment or for law enforcement investigatory purposes.

      Heying testified her purpose in asking H.M. for details about the assault was

“for me medically to know what I need to look at.” She also explained that she

needed to know “where this happened” and “who did this” to gauge H.M’s safety.

Beyond her physical exam, H.M. told Heying what happened the previous night:

she snuck out of her house around 11:45 p.m. to “meet a guy.” He drove her to

his house. Heying narrated H.M.’s statements:

      We were laying down. . . . I was high at the time, but I still remember
      it. He then started touching and stuff, and I didn’t, like, show it back.
      And then we started having sex. It hurt so bad. I wanted to take a
      break or something and he wouldn’t. He kept going. Kept moving
      me around. I tried pushing him away a little. He held my hands back
      a little so I couldn’t move them. Put me on my stomach, laid there
      for a little bit, tried to put it in my butt. I told him to stop. Tried it
      again. He kind of pushed my head. I finally took a break because
      he let me. I was laying down, and he took my pants off again after I
      put them on.
                                          10

Heying asked H.M. to clarify “sex,” and she said, “His penis in my vagina.” In

addition to pain, H.M. had vaginal bleeding later that morning.

      H.M. also identified D.S. by name, and Heying conveyed that name in court.

After the alleged assault, H.M. told D.S. she thought she was going to get caught,

His reply? “[I]f you get caught, don’t bring my name up or say that I raped you.”

      Heying described H.M.’s physical injuries including bruising “at the three

o’clock and nine o’clock position on the hymen, as well as redness noted on the

six o’clock position on the hymen.” She also noted bruising on H.M.’s left breast

and lacerations on her left forearm.

      We first address H.M.’s motivation for making these statements and

whether it was consistent with promoting her treatment. Of note, R.M. first brought

H.M. to the emergency room before being referred to the CPC.7 This sequence

shows the purpose was to obtain medical help for H.M.—if R.M. and H.M. had

wanted to spur a criminal investigation, they would have gone to a police station.

While in Heying’s care, H.M. answered questions about the circumstances of the

assault so that the nurse practitioner could assess her safety, as well as her

physical and emotional well-being. Thus H.M.’s motivation was consistent with

furthering her diagnosis and treatment.

      Our supreme court has affirmed that a doctor may testify to the

circumstances surrounding the sexual assault of a patient, gathered as part of an

7D.S. contends H.M. did not need urgent medical care when H.M. went from the
emergency room to the CPC. But the hearsay exception does not require that the
declarant need urgent care. We rely on the declarant’s motive to be truthful
because not being truthful would result in misdiagnosis. See Smith, 876 N.W.2d
at 185. That motive remained when R.M. took H.M. to the CPC.
                                         11

exam aimed at diagnosis and treatment. State v. Mann, 512 N.W.2d 528, 535–36

(Iowa 1994) (citing State v. Pilcher, 158 N.W.2d 631 (Iowa 1968), allowing

physician who treated rape victim to repeat details of assault). By contrast, D.S.’s

reliance on State v. Long is misplaced. 628 N.W.2d 440, 447 (Iowa 2001). In

Long, the court found a domestic-abuse victim’s statements about the defendant’s

mental-health status were inadmissible because they were not “primarily motivated

to obtain effective diagnoses and treatment” for the defendant, her husband. Id.

Rather, the court found “she seemed intent on seeing him kept in some type of

confinement facility—a mental hospital or jail.” Id.

       Next we consider whether H.M’s statements were of the type reasonably

relied on for diagnosis and treatment. They were. H.M. described physical pain

from the assault, which D.S. continued over her protests. She described unwanted

contact between his penis and her vagina and anus. She described D.S. using

force. She also reported vaginal bleeding. These statements described potential

sources of injury to H.M.’s body. And Heying’s view of H.M.’s physical injuries

broadly matched the girl’s description of the assault.8

       We recognize Heying’s exam had investigatory purposes as well. For one

thing, Heying collected vaginal, anal, and buccal samples for an Iowa Division of

Criminal Investigation kit. But the purpose of the nurse practitioner’s interview and

physical examination was not primarily to launch a law enforcement matter. Cf.

State v. Bentley, 739 N.W.2d 296, 302 (Iowa 2007) (finding in a confrontation

8D.S. faults Heying for not testifying about what treatment she recommended to
H.M. after her exam. But that information is not required to show the nurse
practioner could reasonably rely on H.M.’s statements for diagnosis or treatment.
                                         12

clause case, “significant purpose” of CPC team approach was to “advance the

treatment” of child victim).   Heying intended to determine what injuries, both

physical and psychological, H.M. suffered and address whether she was safe in

her environment. Both are legitimate medical purposes. See State v. Walker, 935

N.W.2d 874, 880 (Iowa 2019) (“In the case of sexual abuse, the victim may suffer

from and seek treatment for ‘emotional and psychological injuries’ in addition to

physical injuries caused by the abuse.” (Citation omitted)). Another important

factor is that H.M. met with a forensic interviewer after she saw Heying, reinforcing

that there were two different purposes for those meetings.

       Having found H.M.’s description of the assault to the nurse practitioner fit

the hearsay exception under rule 5.803(4), we turn to the focus of D.S.’s argument

on appeal—that Heying should not have been allowed to testify that H.M. named

D.S. as her abuser. He now contends: “Normally, the identity of the perpetrator of

physical injuries is not understood to be necessary information for effective medical

treatment.” See Smith, 876 N.W.2d at 186. As to the testimony identifying D.S.

as the assailant, the court recounted:

       The nurse testified that she needed to know who the child had sexual
       contact with so that she could protect her if it was a household
       member and so that she could gather information in case there was
       a potential for sexually-transmitted diseases or pregnancy. The
       Court found there was a medical reason for the nurse to inquire
       regarding who had the sexual contact with the child.

D.S. points out Heying did not mention sexually-transmitted diseases or pregnancy

as reasons for needing to know who committed the assault. And he claims the

court allowed the testimony over his objection. Trouble is, he does not pinpoint

where in the record where he objected to Heying’s testimony that H.M. named D.S.
                                          13

as her abuser. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(1) (requiring appellant’s brief to

include “a statement addressing how the issue was preserved for appellate review,

with references to the places in the record where the issue was raised and

decided”). While D.S. lodged a general objection to Heying’s testimony about the

assault, he did not make a more a specific objection when the subject of his identity

came up. We recognize a party need not object repeatedly to the same class of

evidence. State v. Dessinger, 958 N.W.2d 590, 598 (Iowa 2021). But a general

objection to the entirety of a witness’s testimony does not preserve error on a more

particular ground. See, e.g., Ruby v. Easton, 207 N.W.2d 10, 20 (Iowa 1973)

(finding, where general hearsay objection was erroneously overruled, a more

specific hearsay objection was not preserved); see also Farrar v. Glynn-Brunswick

Mem’l Hosp. Auth., 146 S.E.2d 111, 113 (Ga. Ct. App. 1965). So the issue is not

preserved for our review. See State v. Farni, 325 N.W.2d 107, 109 (Iowa 1982)

(“Objections to evidence must be sufficiently specific to inform the trial court of the

basis for objecting.”).

       Even if D.S. had preserved the issue, we would find the hearsay exception

applied. True, no categorical rule allows admission of the perpetrator’s identity

through a medical provider’s testimony in all child-abuse cases. Walker, 935

N.W.2d at 879. But identifying the perpetrator can be a fair subject for determining

the physical and mental-health status and wellbeing of a minor patient.9 See id. at

9 In State v. Tracy, our supreme court held that information that the abuser is a
member of a child-victim’s household is “reasonably pertinent” to a course of
treatment which includes removing the child from that home. 482 N.W.2d 675,
681–82 (Iowa 1992) (citing United States v. Renville, 779 F.2d 430 (8th Cir. 1985)).
D.S. argues that rationale does not apply when the case involves two teenagers.
                                         14

879 (“In cases of child sexual abuse, ascertaining the identity of the abuser is

important for medical purposes because the child’s age prevents her from

implementing self-care and because parents are often ill-equipped to elicit the

abuser’s identity.”).   D.S. is correct that Heying did not mention sexually-

transmitted diseases or pregnancy in her testimony. But the nurse practitioner did

testify she needed to know who committed the assault to determine treatment and

ensure H.M.’s safety. Given Heying’s holistic approach, we find H.M.’s statements

disclosing the identity of the abuser were admissible.

       b. Vouching

       D.S. contends the court allowed Heying to give inadmissible testimony

vouching for H.M.’s veracity. Expert witnesses are prohibited from “commenting

on the credibility of a victim in a criminal sex abuse proceeding.” State v. Dudley,

856 N.W.2d 668, 676 (Iowa 2014). So, allowing the expert to testify that the

victim’s “physical manifestations or symptoms are consistent with sexual abuse

trauma . . . allows the expert witness to indirectly vouch that the victim was telling

the truth.” Id. at 677. It constitutes an abuse of discretion when a court allows

such testimony. Id.

       After the nurse practitioner discussed H.M.’s account and described her

physical exam results, R.M. asked whether Heying “found physical evidence of

force.” Heying responded, “I can say that with the history that [H.M.] provided it is

consistent.” D.S. objected to vouching, and the court sustained the objection.

When D.S. asked for the testimony to be stricken from the record, the court said it

But learning the identity of the perpetrator may be pertinent for treatment reasons
beyond the concern for repeated abuse in the household.
                                         15

would not consider it. On appeal, D.S. acknowledges that ruling but complains

“the testimony was still admitted and heard.” Nothing in the ruling references the

vouching testimony. The court did not abuse its discretion.

       3.     Misstatement of the law

       D.S. next complains the court gave an erroneous legal “instruction” to the

parties. During R.M.’s ultimately excluded testimony, the court lamented that local

law enforcement did not “handle these things more rapidly” so a criminal no-

contact order might be available. The court then stated, “Because the fact is if a

sex act occurred between a sixteen-year-old and a fourteen-year-old, that’s a

crime whether it was consensual or not.”10

       Later, Heying testified the bruising she saw was consistent with a forceful

sex act. D.S. objected—though the basis of the objection was not stated and the

court never ruled. Instead, the court interjected, “Force is not a requirement in this

setting.” The court then had this conversation:

             R.M.: Okay. I mean, the purpose of this is to show that he is
       a danger to her, and that is why I’m asking for the protective order.
             THE COURT: All you have to show under the law is that by a
       preponderance of the evidence a sexual crime was committed.
             R.M.: Okay.
             THE COURT: And so you don’t have to show force.
             R.M.: Okay
             THE COURT: His age.
             R.M.: Right.
             THE COURT: Her age
             R.M.: Is a crime.
             THE COURT: A sex act is a crime.

10 The court did misstate the law. See Iowa Code § 709.4(1)(b)(3)(d) (2020)
(describing one means of committing third-degree sexual abuse as a sex act
committed against a person who is fourteen or fifteen years of age and the other
person is four or more years older). Instead, R.M. was required to prove that D.S.
committed the sex act “by force or against the will” of H.M. Id. § 709.4(1)(a).
                                        16

      On appeal, D.S. acknowledges the court did not rule on his objection. But

D.S. contends he relied upon the erroneous “instruction” in his arguments. The

record does not support that contention. Granted, the court’s misstatement of the

sexual abuse elements was unfortunate. But it was not a legal instruction and had

no discernable impact on D.S.’s ability to defend against R.M’s allegations. And

the court correctly applied the law when issuing the protective order.

      4.     Snapchat photograph

      Next, D.S. argues the juvenile court abused its discretion in admitting R.M.’s

photograph of the Snapchat message as it appeared on H.M.’s phone. D.S.

maintains R.M. did not lay a proper foundation to authenticate that the message

was sent by him. We reverse the court’s decision only for “a clear abuse of

discretion.” State v. Musser, 721 N.W.2d 734, 750 (Iowa 2006) (quoting Sechler

v. State, 340 N.W.2d 759, 764 (Iowa 1983)).

      Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.901(a) says, “To satisfy the requirement of

authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the proponent must produce

evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims

it is.” That evidence may include testimony about what the item is. Id. To admit

social media evidence, particularly where the exhibit is a printout or screenshot,

“two levels of authentication may be necessary: (1) authentication of the

communication or underlying content that existed originally in digital form and

(2) authentication of the physical download or printout of that content.” Laurie

Kratky Doré, Authentication of electronically stored evidence: E-mails and social

media evidence, 7 Iowa Prac., Evid. § 5.901:11; see also R. Collin Mangrum,

Requirement of Authentication or Identification; General Provision; Illustrations
                                        17

and Examples; Enumerated, 3 Neb. Prac., § 27-901 (2021 ed.) (“The foundation

for snap chat messages sent over social media applications, much like text

messaging, ‘has two components: (1) whether the text messages were accurately

transcribed and (2) who actually sent the text messages.’” (citation omitted)).

      R.M. testified she photographed the screen on H.M.’s phone, which R.M.

possessed while H.M. was being examined. R.M. identified the application as

Snapchat. That application shows H.M. received a message from an account

using D.S.’s first name; that message asked the recipient why they were “telling

people” that the sender used force. R.M. also offered a photograph showing her

own cell phone screen containing the date and time of the photograph, matching

her testimony. Her testimony supports the court’s finding that the photograph is

what R.M. claims it to be. See State v. Simpson, No. 18-0666, 2020 WL 4812647,

at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2020) (noting that authenticating circumstances can

include the context of the message). Any weakness of the exhibit in establishing

D.S. was the sender went to its weight and not to its admissibility.11 Id. The court

did not abuse its discretion in admitting that photo, as well as the photo of R.M.’s

phone depicting the date and time the photograph was taken.12

11 D.S. contends R.M. is wrong to rely on Simpson because it involved a message
on Facebook, a different social media platform. It also involved a screenshot of a
public message posted on Facebook rather than a private message sent over
Snapchat. Simpson, 2020 WL 4812647, at *2. We appreciate that social media
platforms differ. But we find the same principles of authentication apply here.
12 We also note that the juvenile court’s rationale for issuing the protective order

did not rely on the Snapchat message.
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     B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Finally, D.S. argues R.M. did not offer enough evidence to prove he

committed sexual abuse against H.M. To merit relief under chapter 236A, the

petitioning person “must prove the allegation of sexual abuse by a preponderance

of the evidence.” Iowa Code § 236A.6(1). A preponderance of the evidence

means “superiority in weight, influence, or force.” Walthart v. Bd. of Dirs. of

Edgewood-Colesburg Cmty. Sch. Dist., 684 N.W.2d 740, 744 (Iowa 2005) (quoting

Ball v. Marquis, 92 N.W. 691, 692 (Iowa 1902)). In other words, the allegation

must be “more likely true than not true.” Holliday v. Rain & Hail L.L.C., 690 N.W.2d

59, 64 (Iowa 2004). This is not a criminal proceeding where guilt must be proven

beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, the preponderance standard is “the lowest

degree of proof upon which issues of fact are determined.” State v. Beasley, 50

N.W. 570, 570 (Iowa 1891).

        In relevant part, chapter 236A defines “sexual abuse” as the “commission

of a crime defined in chapter 709.” Iowa Code § 236A.2(5). The court found D.S.’s

conduct constituted sexual abuse in the third degree. “A person commits sexual

abuse in the third degree when the person performs a sex act[13] . . . [and] [t]he act

is done by force or against the will of another person.” Id. § 709.4(1)(a).

        Counsel for D.S. conceded at oral argument that if we rejected the

evidentiary challenges, the record contained substantial evidence to support

issuance of the protective order. We agree H.M.’s report of what happened and

13The code defines “sex act” as “any sexual contact between two or more person
by any of the following: 1. Penetration of the penis into the vagina or anus. 2.
Contact between . . . the genitalia of one person and the genitalia or anus of
another person.” Id. § 702.17.
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how she sustained her injuries would convince a reasonable person that, more

likely than not, D.S. committed sexual abuse against her. So R.M. established the

need for a protective order. We affirm.

      AFFIRMED.