Court Opinion

ID: 9494421
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 15:37:36.848906+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:56:24.454612
License: Public Domain

BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Chief Judge,
dissenting.
The majority concludes that the warrant in this case authorized a no-knock entry, and that even if we entertained Johnson’s argument that the warrant did not give the police authority to enter without knocking, the result of this case would not change. I disagree with both conclusions. Because I would reverse the district court’s denial of Johnson’s motion to suppress, I respectfully dissent.
First, it is not at all clear to me that the warrant was in fact a no-knock warrant. Most obviously, the warrant itself was not designated a no-knock warrant. There is no evidence in the record from which we might conclude that no-knock warrants in Fayette county need not be designated as such. Other circuits, when presented with the issue of whether a warrant authorized a no-knock entry despite no specific notation on the warrant itself, have required the United States to present some evidence upon which the district court could base a finding of no-knock status. See, e.g., United States v. Mattison, 153 F.3d 406, 410 (7th Cir.1998) (presenting testimony regarding common procedure of not including specific notation on search warrant indicating no-knock status). The majority finds the language in the warrant incorporating the affidavit dispositive. That language, however, is standard on the general warrant form in Kentucky, and no case law suggests that it applies to any situation other than curing warrants that lack sufficient particularity. Absent some evidence in the record, I would not so readily conclude that the warrant authorized a no-knock entry.
Regardless of the status of the warrant, we must still determine whether there existed exigent circumstances. If, as I believe, the warrant did not in fact authorize a no-knock entry, we would examine the circumstances at the time of the execution *502of the warrant to determine whether it was reasonable for the officers to dispense with the knock and announce requirement. See Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385, 396 n. 7, 117 S.Ct. 1416, 137 L.Ed.2d 615 (1997) (magistrate’s decision not to authorize a no-knock entry does not preclude officers from concluding, at the time of the execution of the warrant, that it would be reasonable to enter without knocking and announcing). If, as the majority believes, the warrant did authorize a no-knock entry, we would determine whether the affidavit alleged exigency sufficient to dispense with the knock-and-announce requirement. Either way, I see no circumstances at the time of either the application for the warrant or its execution, upon which to base a determination of exigency without rendering the knock and announce rule a nullity.
The common law knock-and-announce rule is an element of the reasonableness inquiry under the Fourth Amendment. See Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. 927, 929, 115 S.Ct. 1914, 131 L.Ed.2d 976 (1995). We must closely scrutinize officers making a forced entry without first adequately announcing their presence and purpose, see United States v. Nabors, 901 F.2d 1351, 1355 (6th Cir.1990), and the United States bears the “heavy burden” of demonstrating exigency. United States v. Radka, 904 F.2d 357, 361 (6th Cir.1990).
Absent exigent circumstances, it is unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment for the police to enter a residence without knocking and announcing their authority and presence. See Richards, 520 U.S. at 394, 117 S.Ct. 1416 (holding that a no-knock entry may be justifiable when police officers have a “reasonable suspicion that knocking and announcing their presence, under the particular circumstances, would be dangerous or futile, or that it would inhibit the effective investigation of the crime by, for example, allowing the destruction of evidence”); United States v. Dice, 200 F.3d 978, 982 (6th Cir.2000) (citing Wilson v. Arkansas, 514 U.S. at 934, 115 S.Ct. 1914) (absent exigent circumstances, “it is unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment for an officer to enter a dwelling without first knocking and announcing his presence and authority”); Dickerson v. McClellan, 101 F.3d 1151, 1158 (6th Cir.1996).
Exigent circumstances exist when “(1) the persons within already knows of the officers’ authority and purpose; (2) the officers have a justified belief that someone within is in imminent peril of bodily harm; or (3) the officers have a justified belief that those within are aware of their presence and are engaged in escape or destruction of evidence.” United States v. Bates, 84 F.3d 790, 795 (6th Cir.1996); see also Dice, 200 F.3d at 983. However, “[t]he mere possibility or suspicion that a party is likely to dispose of evidence when faced with the execution of a search warrant is not sufficient to create an exigency. Nor is the generalized and often recognized fear that destruction of evidence is an inherent possibility during the execution of a warrant adequate grounds to find exigent circumstances.... ” Bates, 84 F.3d at 796 (internal citations omitted).
The facts of this case present no indication that Johnson or anyone else in the dwelling was armed, likely to use a weapon or become violent, or of any threat to officer safety. See Nabors, 901 F.2d at 1354. Instead, the affidavit requested a no-knock warrant on the grounds that the informant stated that the drug deals were usually done in the bathroom. This statement, from which we are asked to infer exigency based on destruction of evidence, is constitutionally inadequate for several reasons. First, the affidavit never refers to any specific amount of drugs, or other *503information indicating that an easily disposable quantity was involved. In Bates, for example, we determined that the fear that evidence would be destroyed was unreasonable because fifteen kilograms of powder cocaine could not be quickly disposed of by flushing it down the toilet or dumping it down the sink. See Bates, 84 F.3d at 796-97. That the police found nine grams of cocaine on Johnson is irrelevant. The Fourth Amendment analysis focuses on whether the police reasonably believed, when they applied for the warrant (or at the moment when they decided to forgo knocking and announcing when executing the warrant), that the destruction of evidence was imminent. Absent reliable information that it would even be feasible to destroy the alleged drugs, it is unreasonable to attach any constitutional significance to the informant’s implied allegation that evidence might be destroyed.
Moreover, there is no evidence that at the time the officers executed the search warrant, any circumstances had changed from the time of the application for the warrant that would give the officers a reasonable suspicion that a no-knock entry was warranted. See Richards, 520 U.S. at 395, 117 S.Ct. 1416 (finding decision to enter without knocking and announcing reasonable because defendant saw the officers at the door and slammed the door shut). Finally, at no time has the United States argued that Johnson or any other occupant of the residence was aware of the presence of the police prior to the execution of the warrant, nor did the district court make any findings on this matter. See Bates, 84 F.3d at 795 (exigency exists when “the officers have a justified belief that those within are aware of their presence and are engaged in escape or destruction of evidence”).
A generic allegation that drug deals are usually done in the bathroom, suggesting only the possibility of destruction of an unspecified quantity of evidence, could be incorporated into nearly every application for a search warrant in drug cases, and the knock and announce requirement would be nothing more than a quaint anachronism. We have previously noted that despite the need to combat drug trafficking, “[t]argets of drug investigations ... are entitled to the same constitutional protections as targets of any other criminal investigation.” Radka, 904 F.2d at 361. Because I consider the knock and announce rule an essential aspect of the Fourth Amendment’s protections, to which even suspected drug dealers are entitled, I dissent.