Court Opinion

ID: 9527073
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 03:27:10.851972+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:25:31.262824
License: Public Domain

Justice Soutee,
concurring in the judgment.
I write separately because I do not share the Court’s view that Baldasar v. Illinois, 446 U. S. 222 (1980), has a holding that can be “overrule[d],” ante, at 748, and because I wish to be clear about the narrow ground on which I think this case is properly decided. Baldasar is an unusual case, not because no single opinion enlisted a majority, but because no common ground united any five Justices. As I read the various opinions, eight Members of the Baldasar Court divided, four to four, over whether an uncounseled misdemeanor conviction that is valid because no prison sentence was imposed, see Scott v. Illinois, 440 U. S. 367 (1979), may be used for automatic enhancement of the prison sentence attached to a subsequent conviction. See Baldasar, 446 U. S., at 224 (Stewart, J., joined by Brennan and Stevens, JJ., concurring); id., at 224-229 (Marshall, J., joined by Brennan and Stevens, JJ., concurring); id., at 230-235 (Powell, J., joined by Burger, C. J., and White and Rehnquist, JJ., dissenting). *750Instead of breaking the tie, the ninth Justice, Justice Blackmun, declined to accept the premise on which the others proceeded (that the prior uncounseled conviction was valid under Scott), adhering to his earlier position that an uncounseled conviction of the sort involved in Baldasar was not valid for any purpose. See 446 U. S., at 229-230 (Black-mun, J., concurring) (discussing Scott, supra, at 389-390 (Blackmun, J., dissenting)). Significantly for present purposes, Justice Blackmun gave no indication of his view on whether an uncounseled conviction, if valid under Scott, could subsequently be used for automatic sentence enhancement. On the question addressed by the other eight Justices, then, the Baldasar Court was in equipoise, leaving a decision in the same posture as an affirmance by an equally divided Court, entitled to no precedential value, see United States v. Pink, 315 U. S. 203, 216 (1942). Cf. Waters v. Churchill, ante, p. 661; ante, at 685 (Souter, J., concurring); Book Named “John Cleland’s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure” v. Attorney General of Mass., 383 U. S. 413 (1966) (discussed in Marks v. United States, 430 U. S. 188, 193-194 (1977)).
Setting Baldasar aside as controlling precedent (but retaining the case’s even split as evidence), it seems safe to say that the question debated there is a difficult one. The Court in Scott, relying on Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U. S. 25 (1972), drew a bright line between imprisonment and lesser criminal penalties, on the theory, as I understand it, that the concern over reliability raised by the absence of counsel is tolerable when a defendant does not face the deprivation of his liberty. See Scott, supra, at 372-373; see also Argersinger, supra, at 34-37 (discussing studies showing that “the volume of misdemeanor cases ... may create an obsession for speedy dispositions, regardless of the fairness of the result”) (footnote omitted). There is an obvious and serious argument that the line drawn in Scott is crossed when, as Justice *751Stewart put it in Baldasar, a defendant is “sentenced to an increased term of imprisonment only because he had been convicted in a previous prosecution in which he had not had the assistance of appointed counsel in his defense.” 446 U. S., at 224 (concurring opinion) (emphasis in original); see also id., at 227 (Marshall, J., concurring) (petitioner’s prison sentence “was imposed as a direct consequence of [the previous] uncounseled conviction and is therefore forbidden under Scott and Argersinger”).
Fortunately, the difficult constitutional question that argument raises need not be answered in deciding this case, cf. Ashwander v. TVA, 297 U. S. 288, 346-347 (1936) (Brandeis, J., concurring), for unlike the sentence-enhancement scheme involved in Baldasar, the United States Sentencing Commission’s Guidelines (Guidelines) do not provide for automatic enhancement based on prior uncounseled convictions. Prior convictions, as the Court explains, serve under the Guidelines to place the defendant in one of six “criminal history” categories; the greater the number of prior convictions, the higher the category. See ante, at 740, and n. 2. But the Guidelines seek to punish those who exhibit a pattern of “criminal conduct,” not a pattern of prior convictions as such, see United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual (USSG) ch. 4, pt. A (Nov. 1993) (intro, comment.), and accordingly do not bind a district court to the category into which simple addition places the defendant. Thus, while the Guidelines require that “uncounseled misdemeanor sentences where imprisonment was not imposed” are “to be counted in the criminal history score,” USSG App. C, amdt. 353 (Nov. 1993), they also expressly empower the district court to depart from the range of sentences prescribed for a criminal-history category that inaccurately captures the defendant’s actual history of criminal conduct. See id., §4A1.3. In particular, the Guidelines authorize downward departure “where the court concludes that a defendant’s criminal his*752tory category significantly over-represents the seriousness of a defendant’s criminal history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit further crimes.” Ibid*
Under the Guidelines, then, the role prior convictions play in sentencing is presumptive, not conclusive, and a defendant has the chance to convince the sentencing court of the unreliability of any prior valid but uncounseled convictions in reflecting the seriousness of his past criminal conduct or predicting the likelihood of recidivism. A defendant may show, for example, that his prior conviction resulted from railroading an unsophisticated indigent, from a frugal preference for a low fine with no counsel fee, or from a desire to put the matter behind him instead of investing the time to fight the charges.
Because the Guidelines allow a defendant to rebut the negative implication to which a prior uncounseled conviction gives rise, they do not ignore the risk of unreliability associated with such a conviction. Moreover, as the Court observes, permitting a court to consider (in contrast to giving conclusive weight to) a prior uncounseled conviction is “consistent with the traditional understanding of the sentencing process,” under which a “judge ‘may appropriately conduct an inquiry broad in scope, largely unlimited either as to the *753kind of information he may consider, or the source from which it may come,’” at least as long as the defendant is given a reasonable opportunity to disprove the accuracy of information on which the judge may rely, and to contest the relevancy of that information to sentencing. Ante, at 747 (quoting United States v. Tucker, 404 U. S. 443, 446 (1972)). Where concern for reliability is accommodated, as it is under the Guidelines, nothing in the Sixth Amendment or our cases requires a sentencing court to ignore the fact of a valid uncounseled conviction, even if that conviction is a less confident indicator of guilt than a counseled one would be. Cf. United States Sentencing Commission, Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts, 55 Fed. Reg. 5741 (1990) (explaining that valid, uncounseled convictions should be counted in determining a defendant’s criminal history category because the alternative would “deprive the [sentencing] court of significant information relevant to the purposes of sentencing”).
I therefore agree with the Court that it is “constitutionally permissible” for a federal court to “consider a prior uncounseled misdemeanor conviction” in sentencing a defendant under the Guidelines. Ante, at 748. That is enough to answer the constitutional question this case presents, whether “[t]he District Court should ... have considered [petitioner’s] previous uncounseled misdemeanor in computing [his] criminal history score” under the Guidelines. Pet. for Cert, i; see also Brief for United States I (stating question presented as “[w]hether it violated the Constitution for the sentencing court to consider petitioner’s prior uncounseled misdemeanor conviction in determining his criminal history score under the Sentencing Guidelines”). And because petitioner did not below, and does not here, contend that counting his 1983 uncounseled conviction for driving under the influence placed him in a criminal-history category that “significantly over-represents the seriousness of [his] criminal history or the likelihood that [he] will commit further crimes,” USSG *754§4A1.3, the Court properly rejects petitioner’s challenge to his sentence.
I am shy, however, of endorsing language in the Court’s opinion that may be taken as addressing the constitutional validity of a sentencing scheme that automatically requires enhancement for prior uncounseled convictions, a scheme not now before us. Because I prefer not to risk offending the principle that “[t]he Court will not ‘anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of the necessity of deciding it,’ ” Ashwander, 297 U. S., at 346 (citation omitted), I concur only in the judgment.

 “Congress gave the Sentencing Commission authority to ‘maintai[n] sufficient flexibility to permit individualized sentences when warranted by mitigating or aggravating factors not taken into account in the establishment of general sentencing practices.’ 28 U. S. C. § 991(b)(1)(B). The Commission used this authority in adopting §4A1.3, which it said was designed to ‘recognize!] that the criminal history score is unlikely to take into account all the variations in the seriousness of criminal history that may occur.’ USSG §4A1.3 (commentary).” United States v. Beckham, 968 F. 2d 47, 54 (CADC 1992); see also United States v. Shoupe, 988 F. 2d 440, 445 (CA3 1993) (“[I]n Guidelines § 4A1.3, the Commission specifically provided district courts with flexibility to adjust the criminal history category calculated through ... rigid formulae”). Cf. Miller & Freed, Honoring Judicial Discretion Under the Sentencing Reform Act, 3 Fed. Sent. R. 235, 238 (1991) (discussing “Congress’ desire to leave substantial sentencing discretion in the hands of the sentencing judge”).