Court Opinion

ID: 1002666
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 18:14:14.329146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:27:41.782901
License: Public Domain

Case No. 96-4369 vacated and remanded by
Supreme Court order filed 10/2/00.

Case No. 96-4459 vacated and remanded by
Supreme Court order filed 10/2/00.
UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                   No. 96-4227

WILLIAM GIBSON, SR.,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                     No. 96-4368
DARNELL JAMES COOK, a/k/a
Gingerbread,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                     No. 96-4369
BERNARD GIBSON, SR., a/k/a Bernard
Willis,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                   No. 96-4459

MARSTON EDWARD BLUE,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                   No. 96-4460

GERALD LEE CASHWELL, a/k/a Cash,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                   No. 96-4631

LEVANDER JOHNSON,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt.
Peter J. Messitte, District Judge.
(CR-94-454-PJM)

Argued: May 6, 1999

Decided: July 27, 1999

Before MURNAGHAN, WILLIAMS, and MICHAEL,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Gary Allen Ticknor, Baltimore, Maryland; Jonathan Seth
Zucker, Washington, D.C.; Elmer Robert Keach, III, Rensselaer, New

                   2
York, for Appellants. Jan Paul Miller, Assistant United States Attor-
ney, Sandra Wilkinson, Assistant United States Attorney, Greenbelt,
Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Michelle Roberts, ROCHON &
ROBERTS, Washington, D.C., for Appellant Cashwell; Michael D.
Montemarano, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant Bernard Gibson;
Robert Hale, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Baltimore, Mary-
land, for Appellant Blue. Lynne A. Battaglia, United States Attorney,
Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Bernard Gibson, Sr. ("Gibson"), William Gibson, Sr. ("William
Gibson"), Marston Blue, Levander Johnson, Darnell Cook, and Ger-
ald Cashwell were convicted in the District of Maryland for conspir-
acy to possess with intent to distribute heroin and cocaine. Three of
these defendants were also convicted of related crimes. All six appeal
their convictions on a number of grounds, and we affirm.

I.

According to the government's theory of the case, Gibson was the
leader of a substantial and long-standing drug conspiracy; Blue and
William Gibson were his primary assistants and helped store, test, and
distribute the drugs; and Cook, Cashwell, and Johnson were primarily
involved in street-level distribution.

The defendants were tried jointly, and the government used three
kinds of evidence to prove their roles in the conspiracy. First, the gov-
ernment introduced transcripts of 163 of the defendants' telephone
calls intercepted by authorized wiretap. In the calls the defendants
discussed the condition of the drugs ("real dark brown"), preparation

                     3
of the drugs ("if you take, ah, the thing and do it where it's supposed
to be done, like you put, you gonna blend your sodas in with a
blender"), testing of the drugs ("Yeah, I looked at it, but I kept getting
different readings"), and the timing of drug shipments ("I know one
is coming, supposed to come on tomorrow or Saturday"). The defen-
dants also discussed and planned actual transactions ("I'm going to
get you charlie and . . . I have a lot of helen . . . so we gonna get, I'm
gonna go, go take care of that for you right now"). The defendants
used coded language to avoid referring to drugs by name. See, e.g.,
JA 1790, 1798, SJA 28 (using "helen" and "charlie" as code words for
heroin and cocaine), JA 556 (describing the use of"200 cattle" as
code for 200 kilos of cocaine).

Second, the government offered the testimony of several cooperat-
ing witnesses, Michael Lancaster, Victor Jaramillo, Lisa Gonzalez,
and William Dupont. These witnesses described their own roles in the
conspiracy and their dealings with the defendants. They also elabo-
rated on the government's 163 surveillance tapes by identifying
voices, explaining coded language, and placing the taped conversa-
tions in the context of actual transactions.

Third, the government introduced, through the testimony of agents,
physical evidence seized from the defendants' homes. There, agents
found guns, ziploc baggies, scales, large quantities of cash, fake IDs,
razor blades, and assorted drug paraphernalia. In Blue and Cook's
homes agents also found quantities of heroin. Crack cocaine was
found in Johnson's home.

Each defendant was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent
to distribute heroin and cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846
(1994). Three defendants were convicted of additional crimes. Wil-
liam Gibson and Blue were each convicted of being a felon in posses-
sion of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (1994). Blue
was also convicted of using and carrying a firearm in connection with
a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 924(c) (1994) and
possession of heroin with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841 (1994). Finally, Johnson was convicted of possession of a fire-
arm with an obliterated serial number in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(k) (1994) and possession of cocaine base with intent to distrib-

                     4
ute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841 (1994). The defendants received
sentences ranging from 188 months to life imprisonment.

The defendants raise several arguments on appeal. All six defen-
dants contend that the district court erred by (1) excluding twenty
wiretap surveillance tapes offered into evidence by the defendants, (2)
refusing to instruct the jury on the law of multiple conspiracies, (3)
failing to require the government to produce certain FBI 302 reports,
(4) denying the defendants the opportunity to recross-examine gov-
ernment witnesses, and (5) allowing one witness, Lancaster, to testify
about acts that occurred prior to the starting date of the conspiracy as
alleged in the indictment. The defendants also (6) assert that the
indictment was defective because it contained two charges (conspir-
acy and forfeiture) in one count and (7) raise a"Singleton claim"
under 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) and United States v. Singleton, 144 F.3d
1343 (10th Cir. 1998), superseded en banc, 165 F.3d 1297 (10th Cir.
1999), cert. denied, 1999 WL 185874 (U.S. June 21, 1999) (No. 98-
8758). In addition, Cook and Cashwell contend that the evidence was
insufficient to support their convictions; Cook maintains that he was
improperly denied his right to substitute counsel; and Blue, Cook, and
Gibson argue that the prosecution engaged in misconduct in closing
argument.

The defendants also raise several sentencing issues. Cook, Cash-
well, and Johnson argue that the district court attributed improper
drug quantities to them in calculating their sentences. Johnson also
contends that he did not deserve a two-point enhancement for posses-
sion of a firearm. Cashwell contends that he was entitled to a manda-
tory downward departure from the sentencing guidelines. Finally,
Gibson and Blue believe the district court improperly imposed a statu-
tory minimum sentence and certain enhancements based on their sta-
tus as repeat offenders.

We now address these issues.

II.

After the government introduced its 163 surveillance tapes into evi-
dence, the defendants asked the district court to admit the tapes of
twenty additional intercepted conversations which, they contended,

                    5
would refute the government's theory of the case. The defendants
argue that the court violated their Sixth Amendment right to present
a defense by excluding the twenty tapes.

The defendants' explanation of how the additional tapes would
refute the government's theory is interesting. On the tapes proffered
by the defendants, callers used a different code language than that
used by callers on the tapes introduced by the government. Where
callers on the government's tapes used "helen" and "charlie" as code
words for heroin and cocaine, the callers on the defendants' tapes
referred to chickens, jackets, pizza, TVs, tires, little cakes, and a
plethora of other mundane products sold legally every day. The
defendants contend that their tapes would have cast doubt on the gov-
ernment's theory that there was a drug conspiracy because the tapes
suggest either (1) that the defendants actually were trafficking in
chickens, jackets, pizza, etc. or (2) that there was no understandable
code in the first place.

The district court concluded that the defendants' tapes were irrele-
vant because they did not contradict the government's theory of the
case or otherwise meet the government's evidence. We agree. The
most straightforward interpretation of the twenty additional tapes is
that the relevant conspiracy had at least one additional supplier of
drugs who used a different code. As the inculpatory tapes and other
evidence introduced by the government make clear, the defendants
conspired with each other to distribute drugs, regardless of whether
there was an additional supplier who did not use the"helen-charlie"
code. Moreover, even if the additional tapes did not concern drugs,
but dealt instead with chickens, jackets, pizza, etc., that does not
negate what was established by the admitted tapes (and the testimony
explaining them).

A defendant, of course, does have a "fundamental constitutional
right to a fair opportunity to present a defense," Crane v. Kentucky,
476 U.S. 683, 687 (1986), see also Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14,
19 (1967) (noting that a defendant's "right to present his own wit-
nesses to establish a defense . . . is a fundamental element of due pro-
cess of law"), but that right was not abridged by the district court's
exclusion of the additional tapes. That ruling was within the court's
discretion.

                    6
III.

The defendants next argue that the district court erred in refusing
to give a jury instruction on multiple conspiracies. The defendants
were charged with a single conspiracy whose purpose was to distrib-
ute illegal drugs. Single conspiracies exist when the conspiring group
"ha[s] the same objective, . . . the same goal, the same nature, the
same geographic spread, the same results, and the same product."
United States v. Crockett, 813 F.2d 1310, 1317 (4th Cir. 1987). The
defendants argued at trial that the government did not prove a single
conspiracy, but instead showed only "the existence of several distinct
and unrelated conspiracies," or multiple conspiracies, to distribute
drugs. Specifically, they argued that Gibson, the alleged ringleader,
dealt with the other defendants on a one-to-one basis and that the oth-
ers did not have "any knowledge of or relationship to" each other. As
a result, the defendants asked for an instruction that they could not be
convicted of the single conspiracy alleged in the indictment if the
government's proof consisted only of distinct and unrelated conspira-
cies. As indicated, the district court refused the instruction.

We have held that "a multiple conspiracy instruction is not required
unless the proof at trial demonstrates that appellants were involved
only in separate conspiracies unrelated to the overall conspiracy
charged in the indictment." United States v. Kennedy, 32 F.3d 876,
884 (4th Cir. 1994). The evidence here does not suggest separate con-
spiracies unrelated to the overall conspiracy charged in the indict-
ment. In various of the taped conversations that were admitted, the
defendants acknowledged, at least implicitly, their role in a larger
organization. On one tape Gibson refers Cook to a supplier (or other
intermediary) named "Fab." "Fab" is Blue's alias. Another tape has
Blue and Cook on the telephone together talking with Gibson. In yet
another tape, Johnson and Gibson ask each other for names of others
from whom they might buy drugs. Cashwell makes a similar inquiry
of Gibson in a later conversation. This evidence suggests that there
was "one overall agreement" or "general business venture," United
States v. Leavis, 853 F.2d 215, 218 (4th Cir. 1988), or that the defen-
dants were "aware of [their] part in a larger organization," United
States v. Vanwort, 887 F.2d 375, 383 (2d Cir. 1989) (citation omit-
ted). In either case, the government established a single, integrated

                    7
conspiracy. As a result, a multiple conspiracy instruction was not
required.

IV.

The defendants next argue that the district court erred in denying
them access to certain FBI 302 reports, which were agents' notes of
their interviews with confidential informants. The defendants argue
that this denial was error on two grounds. First, they claim that Brady
v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), required the government to turn
over the 302s during discovery. Second, in the alternative, they argue
that the reports were discoverable under the Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C.
§ 3500 (1994).

Under Brady a prosecutor's failure to disclose "evidence favorable
to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence
is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good
faith or bad faith of the prosecution." Brady , 373 U.S. at 67. The
defendants' only possible example of material discoverable under
Brady concerns William Dupont, who pled guilty and testified at trial.
The 302 report of Dupont's interview, which the government did pro-
vide during sentencing, revealed that Dupont was a heroin user. The
defendants argue that the government should have handed over the
302 containing this impeaching material during discovery and that the
district court committed reversible error in failing to compel its dis-
closure.

We disagree. To start with, defense counsel actually did learn dur-
ing discovery that Dupont was a heroin user, and counsel admitted as
much during sentencing. The defendants therefore cannot complain
that they did not know Dupont used heroin. They do complain, how-
ever, that "[prosecutors] did not tell [them] he was a daily user in pro-
digious amounts." Brady is intended to provide counsel a fair
opportunity to prepare a defense, including preparation for cross-
examination of government witnesses. Here, the information the gov-
ernment provided to defense counsel, that William Dupont was a her-
oin user for a lengthy period, was sufficient to put counsel on notice
for purposes of cross-examining Dupont about drug use. The govern-
ment's disclosure satisfied Brady.

                     8
Even if the government withholds evidence favorable to the
defense, reversal is appropriate "only if there is a reasonable probabil-
ity that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of
the proceeding would have been different." United States v. Bagley,
473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985). See also Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419,
434 (1995). Though the government did not provide the Dupont 302
during discovery, defense counsel did learn about Dupont's heroin
use during the discovery process. Moreover, the government raised
the issue of Dupont's heroin use during his direct examination and
made clear that he was a regular, long-time heroin user. As a result,
by the end of Dupont's direct examination, defense counsel had all of
the information to cross-examine Dupont about his drug use. A "rea-
sonable probability of a different result is . . . shown when the govern-
ment's evidentiary suppression undermines confidence in the
outcome of the trial." Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434 (citation omitted).
Because all of the information was available by the time Dupont was
cross-examined, there is not a reasonable probability that the outcome
of the trial would have been different if the government had turned
over the Dupont 302 report during discovery.

We also conclude that the Jencks Act did not require the govern-
ment to turn over 302 reports written by FBI agents about witness
interviews. Under the Jencks Act, after a witness called by the gov-
ernment has testified on direct examination, the government must pro-
duce "any statement . . . of the witness in the possession of the United
States which relates to the subject matter as to which the witness has
testified." 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b). A "statement," for our purposes, is "a
substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement made by said wit-
ness and recorded contemporaneously with the making of such oral
statement." 18 U.S.C. § 3500(e)(2). The definition also includes a
written statement "signed or otherwise adopted or approved by [the
witness]." 18 U.S.C. § 3500(e)(1). Here, we have reports prepared by
FBI agents consisting of witness interview notes that are not substan-
tially verbatim accounts of the interviews. Moreover, there is no evi-
dence that the witnesses signed, adopted, or approved the statements.
The 302s therefore are not the witnesses' "statements" within the
meaning of the Jencks Act. See, e.g., United States v. Roseboro, 87
F.3d 642, 646 (4th Cir. 1996); United States v. Foley, 871 F.2d 235,
239 (1st Cir. 1989); United States v. Blas, 947 F.2d 1320, 1326-27

                    9
(7th Cir. 1991). The district court did not err in refusing to require the
government to produce the 302 reports.

V.

The defendants next claim that their Sixth Amendment rights were
violated when the district court categorically denied all recross-
examination. To expedite trial, the court established a ground rule that
witness examination would consist of direct examination, cross-
examination (limited to subjects raised on direct), and redirect exami-
nation (limited to subjects raised on cross). If a defendant wanted to
explore topics not raised on direct examination or topics it believed
were newly raised on redirect, the defendant was required to recall
that witness. The defendants claim that this blanket denial of recross-
examination was a violation of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
Amendment.

The Confrontation Clause guarantees a criminal defendant an ade-
quate opportunity for cross-examination. See Davis v. Alaska, 415
U.S. 308, 315-16 (1974). This right, however, does not extend as a
matter of course to recross-examination. Instead, the Sixth Amend-
ment requires recross-examination only when new material is dis-
cussed on redirect examination. See United States v. Ross, 33 F.3d
1507 (11th Cir. 1994) ("[a]s opposed to cross-examination, defendant
has no constitutional right to recross-examination .. . [but] a defen-
dant nonetheless does have a limited right to recross-examination
where a new matter is brought out on redirect examination."); United
States v. Baker, 10 F.3d 1374, 1404 (9th Cir. 1993) ("[a]llowing
recross is within the sound discretion of the trial court except where
new matter is elicited on redirect examination, in which case denial
of recross as to that new matter violates the confrontation clause").

We do not find any instance when the defendants were denied
recross-examination because of new material raised on redirect. As a
result, there was no constitutional error. Moreover, violations of the
Confrontation Clause are subject to harmless error analysis. See Coy
v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1021 (1988). Because the defense was per-
mitted to recall witnesses if it wanted to explore new points brought
out on redirect, any error in denying recross-examination was harm-
less.

                     10
VI.

Cook and Cashwell challenge the sufficiency of the evidence
against them on the § 846 conspiracy charge. The following standard
governs our sufficiency analysis: "[t]he verdict of a jury must be sus-
tained if there is substantial evidence, taking the view most favorable
to the Government, to support it." Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S.
60, 80 (1942).

The evidence is sufficient to sustain Cook's guilty verdict on the
conspiracy charge. The government introduced telephone conversa-
tions between Cook and Gibson that permitted the jury to conclude
that they were discussing the quality, testing, and arrival time of a
shipment of heroin. Although neither man made a direct reference to
preparing or selling heroin, the conversations, coupled with testimony
explaining them, are sufficient to establish that Cook and Gibson
were participating in a conspiracy to possess or distribute heroin.
While speaking with Gibson, Cook describes a shipment as "real dark
brown" -- heroin is a brown powder substance-- and noted that he
"ke[pt] getting different readings" on a sample. In another conversa-
tion, Cook characterized some "shit" that he returned to Gibson as
"pitiful" and "[not] worth keepin' for nobody." Finally, one conversa-
tion concludes with Gibson referring Cook to Blue, another member
of the alleged conspiracy, to discuss the quality of a drug shipment.
Other evidence also supported a finding that Cook knowingly partici-
pated in the conspiracy. A search of Cook's apartment produced
$9,000 in cash and five bags of heroin. It also turned up a driver's
license in defendant Blue's name but with Cook's picture and money
orders in Blue's name. Finally, in a post-arrest conversation with an
agent, Cook gave a broad but revealing account of the vagaries of the
criminal lifestyle. All of this evidence taken together is sufficient to
convict Cook of conspiracy to possess and distribute heroin.

The analysis is similar for Cashwell. The government introduced
at least ten recorded telephone conversations between Cashwell and
Gibson that, when explained and considered in context, showed that
they were involved together in the drug trade. In one conversation,
Cashwell relays reaction to a drug sample to Gibson:"that shit ain't
nothin on sixth street. They gave it fives and sixes." In another con-
versation Cashwell asks Gibson when a shipment will come in and

                    11
whether Gibson is "on a good phone." Finally, in still another conver-
sation, Cashwell appears to ask Gibson if he can recommend an alter-
nate source for drugs. These taped conversations were sufficient to
implicate Cashwell in the charged drug conspiracy.

VII.

Cook raises two other issues regarding the conduct of the trial. He
says first that the district court erred in denying his motion for substi-
tution of counsel after eleven weeks of trial. The denial of this motion
is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Mullen, 32
F.3d 891, 895 (4th Cir. 1994).

We consider three factors in evaluating a district court's denial of
a motion to substitute: (1) whether the motion was timely, (2) whether
the court made adequate inquiry into the defendant's complaint, and
(3) whether attorney-client conflict was so great that it resulted in a
total lack of communication, thereby preventing an adequate defense.
Id. at 895. First, Cook's motion for substitution came eleven weeks
into trial. It would have been disruptive to allow new counsel to take
over Cook's defense at that late stage. Second, the court questioned
Cook specifically about why he wanted to substitute counsel. After
Cook mentioned some dissatisfaction with the way counsel had con-
ducted the examination of witnesses, the district court asked if Cook
had "anything more . . . to say about your dissatisfaction" with coun-
sel, to which Cook replied that he did not. We believe this inquiry
was adequate. Third, Cook gave no indication that his dissatisfaction
with counsel had led to a breakdown in communication that was
impeding the presentation of an adequate defense. Indeed, the district
court found that counsel was providing Cook an adequate defense.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Cook's
motion to substitute counsel.

Cook also claims that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct in
closing argument. At trial Agent Lisi testified about a 15- to 20-
minute conversation he had with Cook after his arrest. During the
exchange Cook discussed how crime had gotten worse in the District
of Columbia, how the criminal life was "not like it used to be in the
old days," and how "whenever I wake up . . . there's a chance [I]
might not return home that day . . . and that's pretty much the way

                     12
it is with me and my lifestyle." In closing the prosecutor characterized
Cook's discussion with Agent Lisi as a "confession." This character-
ization, Cook contends, was improper and requires that his conviction
be vacated.

For us to set aside a conviction for prosecutorial misconduct in
closing argument, a defendant must show (1) that the prosecutor's
remarks were improper and (2) that they prejudicially affected the
defendant's substantial rights so as to deprive him of a fair trial.
United States v. Wilson, 135 F.3d 291, 297 (4th Cir. 1998). We have
found it improper for a prosecutor to characterize as a confession
statements similar to those made by Cook. See United States v.
Morsley, 64 F.3d 907, 912-13 (4th Cir. 1995) (finding it improper for
prosecutor to say the defendant had confessed when he "had merely
related aspects of his conduct to government agents."). Because Cook
talked about the pressures of the drug dealing lifestyle in general
terms without directly implicating himself in the conspiracy charged,
we think it was improper for the prosecution to characterize his state-
ments as a confession.

To set Cook's conviction aside, however, we also must find preju-
dice. We have said that:

          Several factors are relevant to the determination of preju-
          dice, including:

          (1) the degree to which the prosecutor's remarks
          have a tendency to mislead the jury and to preju-
          dice the accused; (2) whether the remarks were
          isolated or extensive; (3) absent the remarks, the
          strength of competent proof introduced to establish
          the guilt of the accused; and (4) whether the com-
          ments were deliberately placed before the jury to
          divert attention to extraneous matters.

          We also consider (5) whether the prosecutor's remarks were
          invited by improper conduct of defense counsel and (6)
          whether curative instructions were given to the jury. These
          factors are examined in the context of the entire trial, and no
          one factor is dispositive.

                    13
Wilson, 135 F.3d at 299 (citations omitted).

Of the factors that apply readily to this case, all weigh against
Cook. Specifically, we do not believe that the "confession" remark
misled the jury or diverted its attention from the evidence in the case.
When Agent Lisi testified, he gave a full account of his conversation
with Cook. And, although the prosecutor labeled what Cook said as
a confession, the prosecutor went on to detail the statements that
Cook made to the agent. The jury was therefore able on its own to
decide whether Cook's statements to Agent Lisi actually implicated
Cook in the conspiracy charged in the indictment. Finally, as we have
already indicated, see part VI, supra , the competent evidence against
Cook was strong. He was not prejudiced by the "confession" remark,
and we decline to vacate his conviction because of it.

VIII.

Johnson contends that the district court erroneously determined the
weight of the cocaine base attributable to him for sentencing pur-
poses. The authorities seized two blocks of a substance believed to be
cocaine base from Johnson's house. A forensic chemist conducted a
presumptive test on each block that identified each as containing
cocaine base. The chemist mixed the blocks together before conduct-
ing the final test which confirmed that the substance was cocaine base
with a total weight of 184.7 grams. Based on the chemist's testimony,
the court assessed the total weight at 184.7 grams for sentencing pur-
poses. Johnson contests the court's weight finding because he
believes that it included weight attributable to an excessive amount of
water.

The Sentencing Guidelines provide that "the weight of a controlled
substance . . . refers to the entire weight of any mixture or substance
containing a detectable amount of the controlled substance." United
States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual , § 2D1.1(c), Drug
Quantity Table n.(A) (Nov. 1998). The Supreme Court has given a
broad interpretation of what may be included in a"mixture" for
Guidelines purposes. See Chapman v. United States, 500 U.S. 453
(1991) (holding that the weight of the blotter paper on which LSD is
imbedded is to be included in calculating weight for sentencing pur-
poses). Here, the chemist testified that 51 percent of the weight of the

                    14
sample he tested (from the combined lot) was attributable to cocaine
base. He testified that the remaining 49 percent contained water and
traces of sodium bicarbonate and acetaminophen. The district court
found that the water in the cocaine base was usable, based on the
chemist's testimony that the water in the mixture could be inhaled by
vaporizing it. The district court did not err in using the entire weight
of the mixture in calculating Johnson's sentence.

IX.

We have considered the other issues raised by the defendants, see
supra, part I, and we find them to be without merit.

The convictions and sentences are affirmed.

AFFIRMED

                     15