Court Opinion

ID: 4601069
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:26:50.568976+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:52:25.119229
License: Public Domain

Weaver Popcorn Company, Inc. v. Commissioner.Weaver Popcorn Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 2178-69.United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 1971-281; 1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52; 30 T.C.M. 1204; T.C.M. (RIA) 71281; November 2, 1971, Filed.  1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*52  Petitioner corporation during the taxable period had taken interest deductions under section 163(a) for interest paid on debentures it had issued upon its incorporation and a later reorganization. Respondent has denied the deductions on the ground that the debentures represented equity rather than debt instruments. Held, petitioner is entitled to the interest deductions. The debentures in question had a fixed maturity date; there was a certainty of payment of principal and interest, and an absence of voting rights and rights to share in profits of the business.  Lester M. Ponder, 1313 Merchants Bank Bldg; Indianapolis, Ind., for the petitioner. James J. McGrath, for the respondent.  IRWIN1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*53  Memorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion IRWIN, Judge: Respondent has determined deficiencies in petitioner's income taxes as follows: TaxableYearDeficiency1964$10,224.9319658,953.0719667,819.17 The question presented is whether purported debentures of petitioner, outstanding during the taxable period under scrutiny, are, indeed, in the nature of indebtedness. Petitioner has treated the debentures as debt and has taken interest deductions under section 163(a) 1 for interest paid during the taxable period. Respondent, on the other hand, has disallowed the deductions, contending that the debentures are in the nature of an equity interest and, therefore, the amounts paid during the taxable period are dividends not entitling petitioner to any tax deduction. Findings of Fact Many of the facts have been stipulated by the parties. These facts, along with the exhibits attached thereto, 1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*54  are incorporated herein by this reference. Weaver Popcorn Company, Inc., the petitioner, is a corporation duly authorized under the laws of the State of Indiana. Its principal business situs is Van Buren, Ind. Petitioner is engaged in the business of growing and processing popcorn. The business was a risky one and there was a constant concern about cash flow and available capital. Its accounting system is the accrual method and its books are kept on the basis of a calendar year ending December 31. Petitioner filed its tax returns for the taxable period with the district director of internal revenue in Indianapolis, Ind.Petitioner, a closely held family corporation, was the successor to a partnership composed of I. E. Weaver; his sons, P. L. ("Paul") Weaver and W. I. ("Welcome") Weaver; and his son-in-law, D. Meredith Repp. I. E. Weaver is the husband of Della Weaver and his daughter, Mabelle, is married to D. Meredith Repp. Prior to 1955, the partners had discussions regarding the future of the business. I. E. Weaver, about 70 years old at the time, wanted more security for his later years and wanted to take a less active role in management. I. E. and Paul had extensive property1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*55  interests which were at the risk of the business' success. All the partners were concerned about the continuity of the business should one of the partners die or wish to leave the business. The partners sought legal and accounting advice about incorporation, a logical solution to their concern, and the financial structure which would be born from such an incorporation. 1205 After weighing the advice of their counselors, the partners decided to organize petitioner. The incorporation took place on June 1, 1955, with a financial structure consisting of ten-year debentures and one class of common stock. The debentures and stock were issued in exchange for the partners' capital interest in the partnership. The following is a schedule of the partnership's balance sheet at the time of incorporation and the financial structure which resulted from the incorporation: 6-1-55PartnershipDebitCreditCorporationCURRENT ASSETS:Cash$ 19,064$ 19,064Accounts65,34465,344receivableInventories241,988241,988Prepaid property3,7923,792tax$330,188$330,188CURRENTLIABILITIES:Notes$160,000$160,000payable-banksLoanspayable-partners:I. E. Weaver11,00011,000D. M. Repp2,0002,000Accrued expenses10,80510,805$183,805$183,805NET WORKING$146,383$146,383CAPITALFIXED ASSETS:Land$ 1,362$ 1,362Buildings,206,967206,967equipment, etc.$208,329$208,329Less depreciation80,63480,634$127,695$127,695ASSETS LESSCURRENT*13LIABILITIES$274,078$274,0786-1-55PartnershipDebitCreditCorporationDEBENTURES:I. E. Weaver$ 74,644.69$ 74,644.69P. L. Weaver23,544.6923,544.69W. I. Weaver23,544.6923,544.69D. M. Repp23,544.6923,544.69$145,278.76$145,278.76COMMON STOCK:I. E. Weaver1,000.001,000.00P. L. Weaver42,600.0042,600.00W. I. Weaver42,600.0042,600.00D. M. Repp42,600.0042,600.00$128,800.00$128,800.00$274,078.76$274,078.76PARTNERS'CAPITAL:I. E. Weaver$ 75,644.69$ 75,644.69P. L. Weaver66,144.6966,144.69W. I. Weaver66,144.6966,144.69D. M. Repp66,144.6966,144.69$274,078.76$274,078.761971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*56  The debentures issued by petitioner at the time of incorporation were in the following form: WEAVER POPCORN COMPANY, INC. FIVE PER CENT TEN YEAR DEBENTURE WEAVER POPCORN COMPANY, INC. (hereinafter called the "Corporation") For Value Received, hereby promises to pay to * * * [name of payee], or order, ten years from the 1st day of June, 1955, unless this Debenture shall have been sooner redeemed, * * * [amount] 1206 in legal currency of the United States of America, and to pay interest thereon from date debenture was executed, at the rate of five per cent per annum, such interest to be payable annually in legal currency on the 1st day of June, in each year. Both the principal and interest of this debenture shall be payable at the office of the corporation. The rights of the holder hereof to the principal sum on any part hereof, and the interest due thereon, is, and shall remain subject and subordinate to the claims of all banks or banking institutions which are creditors in any way of the corporation and upon dissolution or liquidation of the corporation no payment shall be due or payable upon this debenture until all claims of any bank or banking institution against1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*57  said corporation shall have been paid in full. The right is reserved hereby to the corporation at any time upon giving 30 days notice in writing of its intention to do so, to redeem any or all of said five per cent debentures at such time outstanding by the payment of the par value thereof plus accrued interest to the date of such redemption. This Debenture is transfer able only on the books of the corporation in person or by duly authorized attorney upon surrender of this debenture properly endorsed. These debentures afforded the holders thereof no voting rights in petitioner and gave no right to share in corporate profits. The farming aspects of petitioner's business were conducted by Weco Farms, a partnership operated and owned equally by the four original partners in petitioner. In 1959, as part and parcel of revised corporate planning, petitioner was reorganized in order to facilitate an acquisition of Weco Farms and bring the farming end of the business under petitioner's roof. As in 1955, the partners sought limited liability and continuity with respect to the Weco business. By action of the board of directors on December 30, 1959, petitioner caused its articles of incorporation1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*58  to be amended to provide for two classes of common stock (class A and class B) and a class of preferred stock in lieu of the extant single class of common stock. On January 4, 1960, petitioner acquired Weco's assets and liabilities by issuing to Weco's partners ten-year debentures, preferred stock, and class A common stock. The Weco acquisition was accomplished by the following balance sheet entries by petitioner: TRANSACTIONS AT 1-4-60--ACQUISITION OFWECO FARMS PARTNERSHIP AND RECAPITALIZATIONDebitCreditCash$ 133.00Inventories23,215.00Accounts payable$ 2,916.00Farms307,452.00Reserve for depreciation48,532.00Mortgage on farms57,250.00Partnership capital--I. E. Weaver55,525.40P. L. Weaver55,525.40W. I. Weaver55,525.40D. M. Repp55,525.40To reflect acquisition of Wecopartnership$330,800.00$330,799.60Partnership capital--I. E. Weaver$ 55,525.40P. L. Weaver55,525.40W. I. Weaver55,525.40D. M. Repp55,525.40Debentures payable:I. E. Weaver$ 54,725.40P. L. Weaver26,325.40W. I. Weaver26,325.40D. M. Repp26,325.40Preferred stock:P. L. Weaver29,200.00W. I. Weaver29,200.00D. M. Repp29,200.00Class A stock:I. E. Weaver800.00To reflect issuance of stock andsecurities for farms under Sec.351$222,101.60$222,101.60DebitCreditLoans from Weco partnership--$131,500.00Debentures payable:I. E. Weaver$ 32,875.00P. L. Weaver32,875.00W. I. Weaver32,875.00D. M. Repp32,875.00Original common stock:I. E. Weaver1,000.00P. L. Weaver42,600.00W. I. Weaver42,600.00D. M. Repp42,600.00Preferred stock:I. E. Weaver$ 1,600.00P. L. Weaver28,400.00W. I. Weaver28,400.00D. M. Repp28,400.00Class A stock:P. L. Weaver10,000.00W. I. Weaver10,000.00D. M. Repp10,000.00Class B stock:P. L. Weaver4,000.00W. I. Weaver4,000.00D. M. Repp4,000.00To reflect recapitalization1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*59  The balance sheet of petitioner following the Weco acquisition was as follows: BALANCE SHEET REFLECTINGWECO FARMS ACQUISITION 1960AfterAcqui-sition andRecapitali-12-31-59DebitCreditzationCURRENT ASSETS:Cash$ 48,844.00$ 133.00$ 48,977Accounts receivable123,308.00123,308Inventories538,400.0023,215.00561,615$710,552.00$ 23,348.00$733,900CURRENT LIABILITIES:Notes payable, bank$340,000.00$340,00Accounts payable3,985.00$ 2,916.006,901Accrued expenses14,045.0014,045Income tax18,382.0018,382Loans, shareholders:I. E. Weaver35,880.0035,880D. M. Repp2,500.002,500Weco Farms partnership131,500.00$131,500.00$546,292.00$131,500.00$ 2,916.00$417,708NET WORKING CAPITAL$164,260.00$154,848.00$ 2,916.00$316,192FIXED ASSETS:Land$ 3,012.00$ 3,012Buildings, equipment, etc.321,051.00321,051$324,063.00$324,063Less depreciation(192,870.00)(192,870)$131,193.00$131,193Farm land$ 6,800.00$142,012.00$148,812Depreciable assets165,440.00165,440Less depreciation reserve$ 48,532.00(48,532)$307,452.0048,532.00$265,720OTHER ASSETS:Investment in subsidiary$ 79,055.00$ 79,055FARM MORTGAGE$ 57,250.00[57,250)ASSETS LESS CURRENTLIABILITIES AND MORTGAGE$381,308.00$462,300.00$108,698.00$734.910WECO PARTNERSHIP:Loans to Weaver Popcorn$131,500.00$131,500.00Other assets282,267.98282,267.98Accounts payable(2,916.38)$ 2,916.38Mortgage(57,250.00)57,250.00$353,601.60$ 60,166.38$413,767.98Partners' Capital:I. E. Weaver$ 88,400.40$ 55,525.4032,875.00P. L. Weaver88,400.4055,525.4032,875.00W. I. Weaver88,400.4055,525.4032,875.00D. M. Repp88,400.4055,525.4032,875.00$353,601.60$353,601.60DEBENTURES:I. E. Weaver$ 47,644.69$ 32,875.0054,725.40$135,245P. L. Weaver34,544.6932,875.0026,325.4093,745W. I. Weaver28,544.6932,875.0026,325.4087,745D. M. Repp23,544.6932,875.0026,325.4082,745Mrs. D. M. Repp11,000.0011,000$145,278.76$265,201.60$410,480PREFERRED STOCK (NON-VOTING$100 PAR):I. E. Weaver$ 1,600.00$ 1,60028,400.00P. L. Weaver29,200.0057,60028,400.00W. I. Weaver29,200.0057,60028,400.00D. M. Repp29,200.0057,600$174,400.00$174,400CLASS A STOCK (VOTING -$10 @PAR):I. E. Weaver$ 800.00$ 800P. L. Weaver10,000.0010,000W. I. Weaver10,000.0010,000D. M. Repp10,000.0010,000$ 30,800.00$ 30,800COMMON STOCK (NON-VOTING -NO PAR):I. E. Weaver$ 1,000.00$ 1,000.00P. L. Weaver42,600.0042,600.00$ 4,000.00$ 4,000W. I. Weaver42,600.0042,600.004,000.004,000D. M. Repp42,600.0042,600.004,000.004,000$128,800.00$128,800.00$ 12,000.00$ 12,000RETAINED EARNINGS$107,229.52$107,230$381,308.28$734,9101971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*60  1209  Note: Changes in debentures from June 1, 1955 to December 31, 1959 were due to gifts by I. E. Weaver to: P. L. Weaver $11,000 W. I. Weaver 5,000 Mrs. D. M. Repp 11,000 $27,000 The 1960 issue of debentures was identical in form and terms to the 1955 issue except for the maturity date. Interest on these debentures was payable on January 4 of each year. Petitioner requested a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service on November 13, 1964, as to a tax-free separation of the farm division of the company from the corporate shell. Paul, who managed the farm division, and Welcome, in charge of sales and management of the popcorn phase of the business had disagreed on the future development of the business. A tax-free "spin-off" under section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code was the solution agreed upon, and then suggested in a ruling request to the Internal Revenue Service. On June 11, 1965, a favorable ruling for the spin-off was issued by the Service. Accordingly, in March 1965, Paul relinquished his stock ownership in petitioner for stock in the new farm division, and all of his debentures, both the 1955 and 1960 issues, were redeemed in the1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*61  amount of $90,745.09. As a result of redeeming Paul's debentures, the petitioner was in need of cash. Plans were then made to renew the June 1, 1955, debentures when the maturity date therefor arose. Except for $51,744.69 of the debentures described hereinbelow, petitioner's debentures issued June 1, 1955, which were outstanding and mature on June 1, 1965, were returned to petitioner and the words, "Paid by renewal debenture due June 1, 1975" were written thereon. New debentures were thereupon issued, dated June 1, 1965, payable June 1, 1975. The exceptions to renewal were as follows: (1) On or about January 22, 1963, Paul L. Weaver, Welcome I. Weaver, and Mabelle Repp each delivered to petitioner debentures in the amount of $5,000 issued June 1, 1955, aggregating $15,000. In lieu thereof, petitioner thereupon issued debenture #30-A to The Methodist Memorial Home for the Aged, Warren, Ind., in the face amount of $12,000, with due date of 1210 January 22, 1973, and the debentures #31-A, #32-A and #33-A, each in the face amount of $1,000, with maturity date of January 22, 1973, to Paul L. Weaver, Welcome I. Weaver and Mabelle Repp. (2) On or about May 31, 1965, I. E. Weaver1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*62  delivered to petitioner debentures issued June 1, 1955, aggregating $17,100. In lieu thereof, petitioner thereupon issued to I. E. Weaver debenture #39-A in the face amount of $2,100 and debentures #40-A, #41-A and #42-A, each in the face amount of $5,000, aggregating $17,100, all with maturity date of January 1, 1969. (3) On or about December 1, 1959, I. E. Weaver delivered to petitioner debentures issued June 1, 1955, aggregating $15,000. In lieu thereof, petitioner thereupon issued debentures #37, #38 and #39, each in the face amount of $5,000, with maturity date of December 1, 1969, to Paul L. Weaver, Mabelle Repp and Welcome I. Weaver, respectively. (4) On or about January 2, 1961, I. E. Weaver delivered to petitioner debenture #15 issued June 1, 1955, in the face amount of $4,644.69. In lieu thereof petitioner issued debenture #41 to Mabelle Repp in the face amount of $3,700, with maturity date of January 2, 1971, and debenture #42 to I. E. Weaver in the face amount of $944.69, with maturity date of January 2, 1971. During the year 1964 and until August 1965, petitioner had a line of credit with American Fletcher National Bank & Trust Company of Indianapolis, Ind., in the1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*63  amount of $740,000 and with The First National Bank in Huntington of $60,000. In order to obtain this line of credit, it was necessary for the principal shareholders of petitioner to guarantee such indebtedness. There was also a continuing guaranty with The First National Bank in Huntington dated September 1, 1961, executed by petitioner's principal shareholders. Each such continuing guaranty was in effect from such date to August 1965. From August 1965 to and including December 31, 1966, petitioner had a line of credit with American Fletcher National Bank & Trust Company and the The First National Bank in Huntington in the aggregate amount of $880,000. Such continuing guaranty was in effect to and including December 31, 1966. It was necessary for petitioner's principal shareholders to guarantee such indebtedness in order for petitioner to obtain this line of credit. In connection with the line of credit extended in 1965, the banks also required Welcome I. Weaver and Mabelle W. Repp, two of petitioner's principal shareholders, to execute a negative pledge agreement. The subordination to the banks on the other hand was not "complete," and did not prevent petitioner from paying interest1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*64  on the obligations. The interest was, in fact, paid by petitioner during the taxable period, but the payments were generally made at the end of the taxable year, rather than on the scheduled payment dates. Petitioner's notes payable during 1964, 1965, and 1966 were as follows: AmericanFirstFletcherNationalNational BankBankI. E.W. I.P.l.DateAccount 301IndianapolisHuntingtonWeaverWeaverWeaver1-1-64Balance$ 500,000$ 120,000$ 31,200$ 15,4001964Less:(600,000)(120,000)(4,200)(10,400)(7,686.44)Repayments1964Plus:300,000120,00010,0007,686.44Borrowings12-31-64Balance200,000120,00027,00015,0001965Less:(200,000)(120,000)(2,000)Repayments1965Plus:250,000120,0003,0008,000Borrowings12-31-65Balance250,000120,00030,00021,0001966Less:(250,000)(120,000)(55,000)(2,000)Repayments1966Plus:300,000120,00025,00012,000Borrowings12-31-66Balance300,000120,00031,000B and LAccountD.M.WeaverR.L. & W.Popcorn301DateAccount 301ReppFarmsFeedsCo.Total1-1-64Balance$20,810.90$ 687,410.901964Less:(5,497.34)(60,000)(807,783.78)Repayments1964Plus:7,686.4460,000505,372.88Borrowings12-31-64Balance23,000.00385,000.001965Less:(2,000.00)(324,000.00)Repayments1965Plus:6,626.00387,626.00Borrowings12-31-65Balance27,626.00448,626.001966Less:(1,626.00)(428,626.00)Repayments1966Plus:7,000.0025,00050,000539,000.00Borrowings12-31-66Balance33,000.0025,00050,000559,000.001971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*65 DateAccount 301BanksStockholdersOthers1-1-64Balance$ 620,000$ 67,410.901964Less: Repayments(720,000)(27,783.78)(60,000)1964Plus: Borrowings420,00025,372.8860,00012-31-64Balance320,00065,000.001965Less: Repayments320,000(4,000.00)1965Plus: Borrowings370,00017,626.0012-31-65Balance370,00078,626.001966Less: Repayments(370,000)(58,626.00)1966Plus: Borrowings420,00044,000.0075,00012-31-66Balance420,00064,000.0075,000DateAccount 301-ADella Weaver1-1-64Balance$20,00012-31-64Balance20,00012-31-65Balance20,00012-31-66Balance20,000PoppingDateAccount 302Products12-31-64Balance$37,6251966Less: Repayments11,5001966Plus: Borrowings12-31-66Balance26,125Interest on debentures was paid as follows: 6-1-55DebenturesDateand 6-1-651-4-60InterestHolderDebenturesDebenturesTotalPaid1964I. E. Weaver$2,047.23$ 4,380.00$ 6,427.2512-8P. L. Weaver1,577.232,960.024,537.2512-8W. I. Weaver1,027.232,460.023,487.2512-8Pat S. Weaver250.00250.0011-13D. M. Repp1,177.232,960.024,137.2512-8Mabelle Repp585.00585.0012-8Adah WeaverM. E. Weaver250.00250.0011-13Barbara Weaver250.00250.0011-13$3,663.92$13,260.08$19,924.00Methodist Home600.0012-81965I. E. Weaver$ 902.23$ 4,380.02$1,000.008-62,000.0011-302,282.25$5,282.2512-20P. L. Weaver284.79534.41819.203-24W. I. Weaver1,199.732,460.02$2,000.0011-231,659.753,659.7512-20Pat S. Weaver250.00250.0010-18D. M. Repp1,477.232,960.024,437.2512-20Mabelle Repp957.50957.5012-20Adah Weaver300.00300.0012-20M. E. Weaver250.00250.0010-18Barbara Weaver250.00250.0012-20$5,371.48$10,834.47$16,205.95Methodist Home600.0012-201966I. E. Weaver$ 902.23$ 4,380.02$ 5,282.2512-7W. I. Weaver1,199.732,460.022 $2,737.376-301,451.193,659.7511-16Pat S. Weaver250.00250.00D. M. Repp1,477.232,960.022 $3,126.137-203,291.124,437.2512-7Mabelle Repp957.50957.5012-7Adah Weaver300.00300.0012-7M. E. Weaver250.00250.0012-5Barbara Weaver250.00250.0012-7$5,086.69$10,300.06$15,386.751971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*66  1212 Although a risky business, petitioner had always shown a profit and continued to do so during the taxable period. Petitioner has declared no dividends since it was organized. Further, the parties have agreed that petitioner was not "thinly incorporated." Respondent has disallowed petitioner's interest deductions for the taxable period, asserting that the debentures were in the nature of an equity interest. Respondent, on the other hand, has not disallowed petitioner's claimed deductions for each of the taxable years 1964 and 1965 for interest paid in the amount of $600 on its debentures in the face amount of $12,000 held by The Methodist Memorial Home for the Aged of Warren, Ind. Such debentures were received by the home from Paul L. Weaver, Welcome I. Weaver and Mabelle Repp in the face amount of $4,000 from each. Ultimate Findings of Fact  We find the debentures in question here to be in the nature of indebtedness and that petitioner is entitled to its interest deductions for the taxable period. This holding is based on the presence of four1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*67  crucial factors: (1) a fixed maturity date; (2) a certainty of payment of principal; (3) a certainty of payment of interest; and (4) an absence of either voting rights or a right to share in petitioner's profits attendant to the holding of the debentures. Additionally, but peripheral to our holding, we also find the following: (1) the intent to construct a debt interest; (2) the absence of a tax avoidance motive; and (3) a business purpose for the corporate financial structure formed by the partners. Opinion The sole issue to be resolved is the deductibility of interest paid by petitioner during the taxable period to holders of its debentures, except for those debentures held by The Methodist Memorial Home for the Aged. The debentures in question were issued by petitioner at two points in time: (1) upon the incorporation of petitioner on June 1, 1955; and (2) on January 4, 1960, in conjunction with a reorganization of petitioner and petitioner's acquisition of Weco Farms. The classic debt is "an unqualified obligation to pay a sum certain at a reasonably close fixed maturity date along1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*68  with a fixed percentage in interest payable regardless of the debtor's income or lack thereof." Gilbert v. Commissioner, 1213 248 F.2d 399, 402-403 (C.A. 2, 1957). Although many factors can be scrutinized in order to draw the line between indebtedness and equity, there is no one characteristic which is decisive in making the determination of whether obligations are, in reality, risk investments in the corporation or debts.  John Kelley Co. v. Commissioner, 326 U.S. 521">326 U.S. 521 (1946). As a preliminary matter, the following should be noted: on their face, the debentures did contain an unconditional promise to repay the principal at a fixed maturity date with interest set at five percent per annum. Of course, since this matter of form is just one of several factors we must review, it is not determinative of the issue involved.  Charles E. Curry, 43 T.C. 667">43 T.C. 667 (1965). Further, we are convinced on the evidence that the partners did intend to create debt obligations upon the issuance of the debentures. Again, however, this alone does not control our decision. Debtors are entitled to choose the debt route so long as they satisfy requirements which we1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*69  consider important and which will be discussed in more detail, infra.  Still further, we are convinced from the record that the debentures here bore a reasonable interest rate. This is a factor in petitioner's favor. Finally, we are satisfied that the partners' business reasons for incorporating and then reorganizing and acquiring Weco Farms with the use of stock and debentures were sound and bona fide.  Respondent has set forth eight contentions supporting his denial of petitioner's interest deductions. We will consider his assertions seriatim since they focus on the factors which we must consider to determine whether petitioner's debentures were in the nature of debt or equity. Respondent first questions what he feels to be inordinate tax planning at the time of incorporation of petitioner. We are not disturbed that petitioner's advisers paid much attention to the tax aspects of corporate solution. The advisers would be remiss not to discuss tax advantages and disadvantages at great length with the partners. We are satisfied on the record that all phases of incorporation were considered by the advisers and the partners and that the corporate scheme devised was bona fide, accomplished1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*70  the goals which the partners were seeking, and was devoid of any intent to reap an overwhelming tax advantage. The debt and stock issued by petitioner in 1955 upon incorporation and in 1960 upon reorganization was not held proportionally by the family members. Respondent, however, next contends that because one family unit is involved, the disproportionate holding has no significance. The debentures and stock were issued in 1955 and 1960 in accordance with the special needs of each of the partners. For example, I. E. Weaver's holdings consisted mostly of debt because of his advancing age and his desire for retirement security. That there is a familial similarity in the ownership of the debentures and stock is not a factor in respondent's favor here. To hold that where one family unit is concerned, and solely for that reason, disproportionate debt and equity holdings are of no consequence, would be to prevent closely held companies from adequately achieving their goals and planning for the future of their companies. This argument would be more telling if other factors were present strongly indicating an equity interest. Third, respondent contends that the debentures lacked a fixed1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*71  maturity date because of their subordination to large bank loans. Specifically, the debentures do provide for subordination of principal and interest to the banks upon dissolution or liquidation of the corporation. Absent that circumstance, however, petitioner was perfectly free to make interest and principal payments. No absolute or complete prohibition from making repayment of the debentures or from paying interest arose from the petitioner's incurrence of bank debt. The subordination here is an "inchoate" subordination rather than a "complete" subordination, the latter being of the sort which would totally circumscribe principal and interest payments. 3 In fact, petitioner has made interest payments yearly on the debentures. The extension of the June 1, 1965, maturity date on the 1955 debenture issue was necessitated by valid business reasons and does not render the maturity date of the 1955 issue uncertain. Fourth, respondent argues that the debenture holders did not have the right to share in liquidation with the unrelated creditors. We lend no credence to this 1214 point since, on1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*72  the record, we are satisfied that there was no absence of this right among the debenture holders. Next, respondent contends that the debenture should not be accorded debt treatment because of their lack of "normal" creditor safeguards, i.e., a lack of certain security devices. That the debentures here do not spell out certain of these so-called safeguards, e.g., the right to enforce payment of interest or principal, is somewhat insignificant here. Respondent's notion would be more compelling had petitioner not been a closely held, family corporation. Given such a closely held, family corporation, however, as a general rule it is unlikely that the need for such devices would ever arise. Indeed, the record is clear that, during the corporate life of petitioner, there has never been the need for such a right. Respondent's sixth assertion focuses on petitioner's failure to pay dividends while making its interest payments on the debentures at the end of each tax year rather than on the precise monthly due date therefor. The absence of dividends is directly attributable to petitioner's cash flow problems and this represents a valid reason for such absence. Although paid at the end of1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*73  each year, the interest was, indeed, paid. Respondeent then questions the 1965 extension of the maturity date of the 1955 issue of debentures. Respondent implies that this extension tends to make uncertain the fixed maturity date we must find in order to determine whether indebtedness rather than stock exists. The extension was accomplished with renewal debentures, not in question here, which are in substance, identical to the 1955 and 1960 issues. Again, we are satisfied that the extension was necessitated by business difficulties and did not impart a cast of equity over the debentures. Finally, respondent contends that at the time of the spin-off of the farm division to Paul in 1964, there was a similar treatment of Paul's debentures and stock and that this indicates that the debentures were not true debt. However, we find the record clear that Paul's stock and debt were treated disparately at that time and that the spin-off mechanics in no way impugn the indebtedness nature of the debentures. The debentures were redeemed and cancelled. The stock was not, however, redeemed and cancelled. Following the spin-off, as before that transaction. Paul retained stock in corporate solution. 1971 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 52">*74  Petitioner's debentures in this case evidenced an indebtedness interest. The debentures possessed a fixed maturity date; there was a certainty of payment of interest and principal; and the debenture holders did not possess voting rights or a right to share in petitioner's profits. Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended, unless otherwise indicated.↩2. Balance on notes.↩3. Cf.  "Subordination Agreements," 70 Yale L.J. 376, 377-378↩ (1961).