Court Opinion

ID: 2796811
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-27 22:02:45.373372+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:20.421652
License: Public Domain

2015 IL App (1st) 132631

                                                                      FIRST DIVISION
                                                                      APRIL 27, 2015

No. 1-13-2631

MARILYN KAYMAN,                                             )       Appeal from the
                                                            )       Circuit Court of
                      Plaintiff-Appellant,                  )       Cook County.
                                                            )
            v.                                              )       No. 10 L 14429
                                                            )
JANICE MATTHEWS RASHEED,                                    )       Honorable
                                                            )       Lynn M. Egan,
                      Defendant-Appellee.                   )       Judge Presiding.

       JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Presiding Justice Delort and Justice Connors concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1      Following a jury verdict in the circuit court of Cook County awarding her zero damages

for future pain or medical treatment, plaintiff-appellant Marilyn Kayman appeals from various

evidentiary rulings and contends that the jury's verdict was against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

¶2                                      BACKGROUND

¶3     This case arises from a motor vehicle collision on January 30, 2009, in which Kayman's

vehicle was was struck from behind by a vehicle driven by defendant-appellee Janice Matthews

Rasheed. Kayman went to an emergency room at Hinsdale Hospital shortly after the accident

but was discharged on the same day. Due to persistent neck pain and other symptoms, Kayman

visited her family physician, Dr. John Conroy, on February 4, 2009. She was subsequently

referred by Dr. Conroy to Hinsdale Orthopedics, where she was treated between 2009 and 2012.

At the recommendation of Hinsdale Orthopedics, Kayman underwent physical therapy and was

also prescribed medical devices to use at home to help alleviate her pain.
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¶4     Kayman sued Rasheed, claiming that the accident had caused her neck and back pain,

headaches, and other symptoms. Rasheed admitted negligence in striking Kayman's vehicle, but

disputed the extent to which the 2009 collision caused Kayman's alleged injuries. In Kayman's

pretrial deposition, she denied any problem with neck or back pain prior to the January 2009

collision. 1 However, medical records revealed that Kayman had complained of neck and back

pain in January 2005 and May 2006 and underwent an MRI in 2006 as a result of these

complaints. In March 2012, Rasheed's counsel deposed Dr. Conroy. Although he had not been

Kayman's physician at the time of these prior complaints, Dr. Conroy was shown medical

records corresponding to Kayman's 2005-06 neck and back pain complaints and testified

regarding these records.

¶5     On October 16, 2012, the trial court agreed to continue the previously scheduled trial date

in order to allow Kayman more time to complete her discovery obligations, including her

disclosure of trial witnesses pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213(f). Ill. S. Ct. R. 213(f)

(eff. July 1, 2002). The court subsequently explained that it granted the continuance out of a

"desire to proceed to a trial on the merits rather than precluding plaintiff from presenting certain

claims because of discovery violations."

¶6      Trial was continued to February 11, 2013. On that date, the court heard argument on

various motions in limine.      Among these motions, Rasheed moved to bar Kayman from

presenting a "day-in-the-life" video which purported to show Kayman demonstrating her

prescribed daily exercise routine and equipment she used to treat her injuries.            Rasheed

       1
        The actual deposition was not made part of the appellate record, but Kayman does not
dispute that her deposition testimony denied prior neck or back pain.

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complained that the video was untimely and cumulative. Kayman acknowledged the video had

not been disclosed until about two weeks earlier, but argued it was created recently so as to

accurately reflect Kayman's exercise routine as of the time of trial.

¶7     The trial court barred the video as untimely, noting the trial had been continued in

October 2012 "solely because of plaintiff's failure to comply with discovery requests." The trial

court remarked that "day-in-the life films need to be disclosed like any other piece of evidence

and the issue comes down to whether the disclosure is timely."              Although the court

acknowledged the desire to demonstrate Kayman's current routine, it nonetheless found

disclosure was untimely, especially as the trial date had been continued due to Kayman's lack of

compliance with discovery. Thus the court granted Rasheed's motion to bar the video.

¶8     In another motion, Rasheed argued that Kayman should be barred from seeking damages

for lost wages related to time spent attending physical therapy sessions. Rasheed argued that

Kayman had admitted she was a salaried employee, that her employer did not penalize her for

going to physical therapy sessions, and thus she "didn't suffer any kind of wage loss." Kayman's

counsel acknowledged "she was on a salary, she didn't lose her money" but that "she took off

time from work during the workday to go get physical therapy." In response to the trial court's

questions, Kayman's counsel confirmed that she did not have to use vacation time or sick time

but argued she suffered "not a loss of income" but a "loss of time." The court granted the motion

to preclude the claim, finding there was no compensable loss in income or benefits.

¶9     During the same argument, Kayman raised the issue of whether, with respect to

Kayman's emergency room records, "the Court will allow [counsel] in closing argument to read

from those records if a witness has not specifically been testifying about those records." The

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court responded that if Rasheed stipulated that these were business records, "they would be

admitted and you can comment in closing argument on all admitted evidence and the reasonable

inferences therefrom." However, the court further stated that "[m]erely because something is

admitted as an exhibit doesn’t mean it goes back to the jury room." Rasheed's counsel stipulated

on the record that the emergency room records were business records, but stated "we're

obviously objecting as to those records being read into evidence."

¶ 10    In another motion in limine, Rasheed sought to preclude admission of a photograph

showing significant damage to the front of Rasheed's car from the impact with Kayman's vehicle.

Kayman argued the photo should be admitted to show that "it was a very serious accident" and to

demonstrate the severity of Kayman's injuries.        Further, as Rasheed had testified in her

deposition that her vehicle was only traveling at a speed of five miles per hour at the time of

impact, Kayman argued the photograph was also admissible as impeachment evidence.

¶ 11    The court held that the photograph of the vehicle damage would not be admissible for the

purpose of demonstrating the severity of Kayman's injuries, as it was "beyond the kin [sic] of the

average juror to correlate it to a particular type of physical injury." However, the court held the

photograph would be admissible "to impeach defendant's testimony that the accident occurred

when the vehicles were traveling 5 miles per hour," finding that the average juror would

understand that the damage shown was "far in excess of what one typically sees with a vehicle

traveling 5 miles per hour."     The court emphasized the photograph was for impeachment

purposes only on the issue of speed but not to be argued as evidence of the nature of Kayman's

injuries.

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¶ 12   The trial court also heard argument regarding the admissibility of the portions of Dr.

Conroy's deposition referencing Kayman's 2005-06 pre-accident complaints of back and neck

pain. Kayman argued that since Rasheed failed to offer any expert witness testimony suggesting

any relationship between the prior complaints and Kayman's current symptoms, the evidence of

prior injury was inadmissible.      Rasheed countered that, in light of Kayman's deposition

testimony denying prior neck or back problems, the excerpts from Dr. Conroy's deposition were

admissible for impeachment purposes.

¶ 13   The court recognized that Rasheed had not laid a foundation for the 2005-06 complaints

to be admitted as substantive evidence, but agreed that "because [Kayman] denied under oath

ever having those complaints, it is proper for impeachment purposes." The court specified that

Dr. Conroy's deposition could be admissible "for impeachment use only, and it's impeachment

on [Kayman's] credibility." The court explained that Kayman had to "pick her poison" in

deciding whether she would acknowledge the prior complaints in her trial testimony: Kayman

could avoid introduction of Dr. Conroy's deposition if she acknowledged the 2005-06 complaints

on direct examination, but the court cautioned that her acknowledgement of prior complaints

would also "open herself up to be asked about it" on cross-examination.

¶ 14   The case proceeded to trial on February 14, 2013. Kayman first called Rasheed to testify

as an adverse witness. Rasheed acknowledged that her vehicle rear-ended Kayman's but testified

that she did not recall the speed of her vehicle at the time. In response to counsel's question as to

whether she "agree[d] that [her] car was not traveling 5 miles an hour at the time of the impact,"

Rasheed answered that she did not remember. Kayman's counsel also asked Rasheed to quantify

the impact of the collision:

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                      "Q. Now, ma'am, you would agree that the impact between

                your car and Ms. Kayman's car was significant?

                      A. Yes.

                      Q. You would agree that the impact to your car – from

                your car to her car was heavy?

                      A. When you say – Can you give me a scale? Like ***

                      Q. Sure. On a scale of one to ten, one being a light tap and

                ten being a very strong impact, you would agree that it's much

                closer to ten?

                      A. I would have to say I know it's nowhere near one or two

                or three, but I can't really remember how much stronger it was

                than that."

After this testimony, Kayman's counsel attempted to introduce the photograph of the damage to

Rasheed's car, but was stopped by the court.

¶ 15   Kayman's next witness was Dr. Marie Kirincic, a physician employed by Hinsdale

Orthopedics specializing in rehabilitation and pain management. Dr. Kirincic stated she had first

treated Kayman in November 2010 for neck pain, numbness, and tingling, and she opined that it

was more likely true than not that the source of Kayman's pain was the vehicle collision.

¶ 16   Dr. Kirincic acknowledged that Kayman went to the emergency room on the day of the

accident and followed up on a later date with Dr. Conroy. However, she offered no testimony

regarding the findings of those visits. Dr. Kirincic also explained that Kayman had previously

been treated by another physician at Hinsdale Orthopedics, Dr. Mark A. Lorenz, in February
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2009. With the aid of Dr. Lorenz's notes, Dr. Kirincic explained that an exam at that time

revealed "moderate degenerative changes" at the base of Kayman's neck. Dr. Kirincic testified

that the degenerative condition "probably" made her more susceptible to injury at the time of the

vehicle accident and that the degenerative condition was "probably" aggravated by the accident.

¶ 17   Dr. Kirincic further testified that since November 2010 she had treated Kayman for pain

in her neck and upper back, muscle spasms, and numbness and tingling in her extremities. She

testified that "every few months" in 2011 she had given Kayman "trigger point injections" to

relieve muscle tightness in her shoulders and neck. Dr. Kirincic also instructed Kayman to use a

“TENS unit," an electronic device using electrodes to relieve muscle spasms. She also testified

that Kayman underwent physical therapy and acupuncture and had since continued to attend

physical therapy and perform related home exercises. Dr. Kirincic testified that throughout 2012

she continued to treat Kayman for chronic pain in her neck and back of the head, muscle spasms,

and headaches. Dr. Kirincic opined that these symptoms more likely than not were caused by the

January 2009 vehicle collision.

¶ 18   When asked about Kayman's most recent visit in February 2013, which was just before

trial, Dr. Kirincic stated there had been a "little progress with her pain, but it’s still there." When

asked for her opinion regarding whether Kayman will "ever completely get rid of the muscle

spasm," Dr. Kirincic testified: "Probably not. She might still have this chronic myofascial pain

with better days and worse days, and she will learn to cope with it and — and know what to do

with certain bad flare-ups." Thus, Dr. Kirincic agreed this was a "permanent" condition.

¶ 19   Regarding future treatment, Dr. Kirincic opined that Kayman would probably need "at

least quarterly or half-a-year visits for medication refills and maybe physical therapy on

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occasions." She also testified that Kayman "might need occasionally some trigger point

injections," although acknowledged the frequency was "hard to predict." Likewise, Dr. Kirincic

testified that Kayman might need additional courses of physical therapy in case of an occasional

"flare-up," and that Kayman would remain on muscle and nerve medications.

¶ 20   Kayman's counsel asked Dr. Kirincic if she expected that the cost of Kayman's treatments

(including physical therapy, injections, and doctor's visits) to remain the same in the future. Dr.

Kirincic responded: "We don't know what will happen next year, but right now [they] probably

won't change." Asked for her opinion as to whether Kayman's pain would continue, Dr. Kirincic

responded: "It's already fluctuating between minimal and severe, so she has wide ranges, but

yes." Notably, Dr. Kirincic was not asked to provide, and did not offer, any specific figures or

estimates for the expected costs of Kayman's treatment.

¶ 21   On cross-examination, Dr. Kirincic admitted that Kayman did not come to see her until

November 2010, over a year and a half after the January 2009 vehicle collision. Dr. Kirincic

also acknowledged that she had never reviewed the records from Kayman's emergency room

visit on the date of the accident, nor had she reviewed the records from Dr. Conroy, Kayman's

primary physician. Dr. Kirincic also admitted that she did not have any medical records for

Kayman that predated January 2009.

¶ 22   When asked about records from Kayman's February 2009 visit to Dr. Lorenz, Dr.

Kirincic agreed that an X-ray had indicated spondylosis, or degenerative changes in the spine.

She acknowledged that this condition was part of the natural aging process and that such

degenerative changes could not have been related to the accident because they take several years

to develop. She also acknowledged that records from Kayman's April 2009 visit with Dr. Lorenz

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reflected that Kayman had no complaints of neck pain and that Dr. Lorenz had recorded that

Kayman's whiplash had "resolved." Dr. Kirincic agreed that such injuries typically "resolve

within four to six weeks," and that some patients can recover from such injuries, even with

underlying degenerative spinal changes. She likewise acknowledged that September 2009 notes

from Dr. Lorenz found Kayman's mobility was much improved and that her numbness or

tingling had subsided. Dr. Kirincic also agreed that Kayman had a diagnosis of carpal tunnel

syndrome which was unrelated to the accident and which could also be a cause of numbness and

tingling in her fingers.

¶ 23    Dr. Kirincic admitted the possibility that pre-existing degenerative changes in Kayman's

spine could be causing some of Kayman's pain, regardless of the vehicle accident. She agreed

that there were many possible causes of muscle pain or spasms, including lack of sleep or stress,

and that Kayman had in fact reported stress. Dr. Kirincic also acknowledged that Kayman had

not reported her 2006 MRI when she first saw her for treatment. Dr. Kirincic also confirmed that

she had not instructed Kayman to restrict her physical activities, and she testified that Kayman

was working and was a member of a health club.

¶ 24    On redirect examination, in reference to Dr. Lorenz's April 2009 note that Kayman had

"resolved" her whiplash, Dr. Kirincic acknowledged that such symptoms could return. Dr.

Kirincic reiterated her opinion that, although it was possible that a degenerative condition caused

Kayman’s symptoms, she believed it was more likely than not that her pain was caused by the

2009 accident.

¶ 25    On re-cross-examination, Rasheed's counsel asked Dr. Kirincic if it was likely "that any

injury she suffered in his accident was merely a temporary aggravation of her underlying

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degenerated condition and was then resolved" in April 2009. Dr. Kirincic answered: "It's hard to

say, but it's possible that most of her symptoms resolved at that time, and then she had another

flare-up later." No other medical witness was called by either party.

¶ 26   Kayman testified on February 14, 2013. She recalled that on the day of the accident,

after exchanging contact information with Rasheed and speaking with a police officer, she

initially declined medical treatment and went home. However, later that day she experienced

neck pain, headache and nausea. She went to the emergency room at Hinsdale Hospital, where

X-rays were taken, she spoke with a doctor, and was discharged.

¶ 27   Kayman testified that her pain worsened and she saw her family physician, Dr. Conroy,

on February 4, 2009. Dr. Conroy referred her to Dr. Lorenz, who in turn prescribed pain

medication and physical therapy. She began going to physical therapy two to three times a week

and testified that her physical therapists had instructed her to do daily exercises with a foam tube,

pilates ring, and other devices, which she continued to use regularly.

¶ 28   Kayman testified that her physical therapy and medication helped to alleviate, but did not

eliminate, her neck pain and headaches. She acknowledged that she had improved somewhat as

of April 2009, following her first course of physical therapy sessions, but that her symptoms

worsened, leading her to return to Dr. Lorenz in September 2009. After a second round of

physical therapy, Kayman testified she was referred to Dr. Kirincic for more specialized pain

management because it was "the next best course of treatment" other than surgery. Kayman

testified that on a number of visits, Dr. Kirincic administered trigger point injections that

temporarily relieved her neck pain, but the relief lasted for only about two weeks after each visit.

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¶ 29   Kayman testified that each night she used a TENS unit, prescribed by Dr. Kirincic, which

she described as a device with electrodes that stimulated her neck muscles and helped her sleep.

She also testified that each day she uses a home traction machine and continues to follow a

routine of daily home exercises. Apart from her doctor's visits, Kayman testified she had

attended about 40 physical therapy sessions lasting about one hour each. Kayman testified that

she did not miss full work days to attend physical therapy, but would either go to sessions before

work or that during the work day she would leave for physical therapy and return to work after

each session.

¶ 30   Also on Kayman's direct exam, she acknowledged that in 2005 and 2006 she had

episodes of pain in her back which had prompted her to visit her family physician. She recalled

that in 2005 she experienced back pain "between my shoulder blades" for three to six days after

carrying a laptop computer on her shoulder. In 2006, she again had back pain in the same area

for approximately two weeks; she recalled this injury occurred after "straining with the

gardening, carrying flats of flowers." Kayman testified that she took over-the-counter drugs and

her symptoms resolved. She testified that she did not receive any medical attention for back pain

between May 2006 and the vehicle accident in January 2009.

¶ 31   Regarding her current symptoms, Kayman testified that she suffers from daily headaches,

as well as "pain emanating from my cervical areas of my spine." She testified that pain interferes

with her ability to travel, made driving more difficult, and prevented her from participating in

recreational activities such as tennis.   She testified that she continues to take daily pain

medications and uses the TENS unit and traction machine each day. Notably, the appellate

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record does not contain a transcript of the cross-examination of Kayman, and the parties' briefs

do not describe the contents of such testimony.

¶ 32   On February 19, 2013, outside the presence of the jury, the court heard argument from

counsel regarding the proposed content of their upcoming closing arguments. In particular,

Kayman's counsel sought to display a number of enlarged, poster-sized copies of pages from

medical records of Kayman's emergency room visit, as well as records of certain visits to Dr.

Lorenz and Dr. Kirincic. Kayman argued that, to the extent such records had been admitted into

evidence as business records, she had the right to use them during closing argument. Rasheed

objected, and the court proceeded to review each record at issue.

¶ 33   With respect to the emergency room records, the court noted that the jury had not heard

any details about Kayman's treatment at the emergency room. The court expressed concern that

the records included discharge instructions, as well as diagnoses and specific medications. As no

witness had offered testimony on these topics, the court sustained the objection. Kayman's

counsel insisted that he could "use documents that were admitted in evidence in closing

argument." The court replied that it was "inappropriate" to use "selected pieces of records,

which *** have been admitted into evidence but no one's ever spoken about them." The court

explained it would bar the records during closing argument because "the opportunity and risk of

confusing the jury is great," noting that counsel "had an opportunity to elicit testimony from

medically-trained persons about these documents" but had failed to do so. As no witness had

discussed the documents, the court reasoned, "to now simply read them or read selected portions

of them *** does create the risk that a jury is going to misunderstand what is contained therein."

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¶ 34   Rasheed similarly objected to Kayman's request to display medical records from

Kayman’s visit to Dr. Conroy on February 4, 2009. The court sustained the objection, noting

that, although Dr. Conroy had been deposed, the parties had "made a strategic decision not to

utilize any portion of that evidence deposition so no juror has heard about this care and treatment

of plaintiff with any specificity." The court found that use of these records in closing was

"fraught with problems" as they included "many things that have never been talked about and

could confuse the jury," such as specific medications prescribed to Kayman.

¶ 35   Similarly, the court barred Kayman from displaying notes from a February 2009 visit to

Dr. Lorenz that contained "specific findings that have never been mentioned by any witness."

Although Kayman argued that Dr. Kirincic had already testified regarding Dr. Lorenz’s findings,

the court found that the actual record was "fraught with all sorts of information that the jury has

never heard anything about." The court similarly held that Dr. Lorenz's records of visits in

September 2009 and September 2010 would not be displayed because they contained findings

and opinions that had not been discussed during trial testimony. Although the court recognized

that Dr. Kirincic had testified that she reviewed certain of the records in forming her opinions,

the court determined this did not necessarily mean that they could be published to the jury during

closing argument.

¶ 36   With respect to the contents of Rasheed's closing argument, Kayman objected to

Rasheed’s proposed use of a slide presentation that included bullet-point references to particular

findings in the medical records, including a reference to the April 2009 record from Dr. Lorenz

reporting that Kayman's whiplash had "resolved."          The court permitted such references,

reasoning that such findings had been introduced as substantive evidence through Dr. Kirincic's

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testimony and that Kayman had not objected. Kayman's counsel complained that allowing

Rasheed to reference such records was unfair since the court had disallowed her from displaying

medical records in her closing argument.          The court responded that although Rasheed's

presentation was "simply highlighting four bullet point entries" of documents that had been

specifically discussed in Dr. Kirincic's testimony, Kayman had sought to display entire pages of

medical records, including "medical diagnoses that were never put before this jury," which

created "lots of opportunities to confuse the jury."

¶ 37   After overruling Kayman's objection to Rasheed's references to medical records, the

parties gave closing arguments. Rasheed's counsel argued that the medical records showed that

plaintiff had made a "full recovery" by April of 2009 and asked that the jury, at most, award the

amount of medical expenses only through that date. Rasheed’s counsel also noted that Kayman

had not disclosed her 2006 MRI for back pain to either Dr. Lorenz or Dr. Kirincic when they

treated her. A transcript of Kayman's closing argument was not included in the appellate record.

¶ 38   The jury returned a verdict in favor of Kayman in the total amount of $13,244. The

verdict form reflected that the jury awarded $900 for past pain and suffering and $12,344 for

medical expenses incurred.      The jury did not award damages for past or future disability,

expected future pain and suffering, or future medical expenses. The court entered judgment on

the verdict on February 19, 2013.

¶ 39   Kayman filed a motion for new trial which asserted several errors, including the claim

that the trial court abused its discretion in precluding her use of medical records in her closing

argument. Kayman argued that the preclusion of these documents was prejudicial because they

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supported her theory of causation, and she argued that the court had unfairly allowed Rasheed's

closing argument to refer to medical records while not allowing Kayman to do the same.

¶ 40    Separately, Kayman asserted error in the trial court's ruling that evidence of her prior

injury, as described in Dr. Conroy's deposition, would be admissible for impeachment purposes.

Kayman argued that pursuant to Voykin v. Estate of DeBoer, 192 Ill. 2d 49 (2000), the evidence

should have been barred because Rasheed had not provided an "expert witness to testify that the

prior pain, injury or treatment had any relevance to the case." Kayman additionally asserted

error in the court's decision barring her wage-loss claim, as she "suffered a loss of her time" due

to her visits to physical therapy appointments.

¶ 41    Kayman's motion for new trial also asserted that the court erred in precluding admission

of the photograph of damage to Rasheed's vehicle, which Kayman argued could be admitted

either "to corroborate that the Plaintiff was injured" or as impeachment of Rasheed's trial

testimony that she did not remember the speed at the time of impact. Kayman's motion also

asserted error with respect to the court's decision to bar her from introducing a day-in-the-life

video, arguing that its "disclosure immediately before trial is no[t] prejudicial."

¶ 42    With respect to the jury verdict, Kayman argued that the failure to award damages for

future pain, future medical expenses, and future disability was against the manifest weight of the

evidence in light of Dr. Kirincic's testimony. Kayman argued that the cumulative effect of these

errors was to deny plaintiff a fair trial, entitling her to a new trial.

¶ 43    The court denied Kayman's motion for a new trial on July 22, 2013. With respect to the

use of medical records in closing argument, the court noted that the question of admissibility is

distinct from whether evidence "can or should be published to the jury." The court emphasized

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that Dr. Kirincic never commented on either the emergency room records or records from Dr.

Conroy. Although the court acknowledged that Dr. Kirincic had commented on Dr. Lorenz's

records at trial, the court noted that Kayman's counsel did not isolate particular findings but

sought to "present the records in their entirety." The court reasoned that it had discretion not to

allow medical records that are too complex for the jury to understand and found the records at

issue "clearly contained information that the jury could not understand on its own," such as

"post-treatment instructions and medical terminology never discussed before the jury." Although

the court acknowledged it had permitted Rasheed's counsel to reference certain portions of Dr.

Lorenz's records, the court explained that "defendant's exhibit, unlike plaintiff's, highlighted

those sections into four bullet points without referring to any extraneous information," whereas

Kayman sought to display entire pages to the jury.

¶ 44   Regarding the evidence of prior injury contained in Dr. Conroy's deposition, the court

recognized that Voykin generally requires a defendant to elicit expert evidence demonstrating

why the prior injury is relevant. However, the trial court explained that in this case "Dr.

Conroy's testimony was admitted because Dr. Kirincic opined that plaintiff's accident aggravated

a preexisting degenerative condition in her neck." The trial court found the situation was similar

to Felber v. London, 346 Ill. App. 3d 188 (2004), which held that a treating physician's testimony

about the effects of an accident on a preexisting condition obviated the need for additional expert

testimony to admit evidence of the prior condition.

¶ 45   Regarding Kayman's attempt to present a wage-loss claim for time spent at physical

therapy sessions, the court emphasized that "plaintiff admitted during trial that she did not lose

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any wages or benefits as a result of her injuries" and the "wage-loss claim was properly

disallowed because she failed to demonstrate any compensable loss."

¶ 46   With respect to the photograph of damage to Rasheed's vehicle, the court reasoned that

the average juror "without expert assistance lacks the knowledge necessary to correlate the

damage depicted in the photograph with the specific neck and back injuries alleged by plaintiff."

The court acknowledged its pretrial ruling that the photograph could impeach Rasheed's

testimony regarding the speed at impact, but found that "plaintiff's counsel failed to elicit any

testimony regarding the nature of the impact" from Rasheed.

¶ 47   The court also rejected Kayman's contention that it erred in barring her day-in-the life

video. The court reasoned that it was inappropriate to admit the video "disclosed only two weeks

before the trial date that was expressly extended due to plaintiff's earlier discovery failures." The

court noted that day-in-the-life videos "do not constitute substantive evidence" but stated "this

does not mean such videos can be disclosed at any time before trial."

¶ 48   Finally, the trial court rejected Kayman's argument that the jury's failure to award

damages for future medical treatment was against the weight of the evidence. The court stated

that "the jury had no obligation to accept Dr. Kirincic's testimony" and that the jurors "may have

discounted Dr. Kirincic's testimony for a number of reasons." The court reasoned it would not

"usurp the jury's role as fact finder by second guessing their damage award."

¶ 49   Kayman filed a timely notice of appeal on August 14, 2013, within 30 days of the denial

of her posttrial motion. Thus, we have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 303(a). Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(a) (eff. May 30, 2008).

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¶ 50                                     ANALYSIS

¶ 51   Kayman's appeal reiterates many of the alleged errors discussed in her motion for new

trial, namely: (1) that the trial court should not have barred Kayman from presenting certain

medical records to the jury during closing arguments; (2) that the trial court erred in ruling that

evidence of Kayman's prior injury would be admissible as impeachment evidence; (3) that the

court erred in barring Kayman's use of the photograph of vehicle damage; (4) that the trial court

erred in barring Kayman's presentation of a day-in-the-life video; and (5) that the court erred in

barring a wage-loss claim based on Kayman's physical therapy appointments. Kayman also

reiterates her contention that the jury verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence and

urges that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors denied her a fair trial.

¶ 52   We first discuss the trial court's rulings precluding Kayman from displaying certain

medical records to the jury during closing arguments.           The deferential abuse of discretion

standard of review applies: "The scope of closing argument is within the sound discretion of the

trial court and the reviewing court will reverse only if the argument is prejudicial." (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Drakeford v. University of Chicago Hospitals, 2013 IL App (1st)
111366, ¶ 50.

¶ 53    Kayman relies largely on the fact that the parties had stipulated that the records at issue

were business records, yet "[t]he court later prevented [her] from using those very same records

during closing argument." Kayman argues on appeal that although the trial court made "the

distinction between admitting the records and publishing them to the jury, the court fails to

justify why the records could not be commented on during closing, other than the possibility of

confusing the jury."

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¶ 54   Kayman's argument is unavailing, as the trial court has discretion to preclude admission

or publication of evidence to prevent jury confusion. "Even relevant evidence may be excluded if

its probative value is substantially outweighed by such factors as prejudice, confusion, or

potential to mislead the jury." Gill v. Foster, 157 Ill. 2d 304, 313 (1993); see also Werner v.

Nebal, 377 Ill. App. 3d 447, 454 (2007) ("[E]ven if evidence is arguably relevant, the trial court

may still exclude the evidence if it would confuse *** the jury." (Internal quotation marks

omitted.)). This is certainly the case with medical records containing terminology unfamiliar to

a lay jury. See Troyan v. Reyes, 367 Ill. App. 3d 729, 736 (2006) ("Like all business records,

medical records may be excluded if they are not relevant or are too complex for the jury to

understand on its own.").

¶ 55   Kayman does not dispute that the records at issue contained medical terminology that had

not been previously explained in the testimony of Dr. Kirincic, the lone witness with any medical

expertise. Kayman chose not to seek introduction of these records through Dr. Kirincic or any

other witness with medical knowledge.      Had Kayman done so, Dr. Kirincic could have been

asked to explain to the jury the medical terminology contained in the records, and Rasheed

would have had an opportunity to conduct cross-examination regarding the contents of the

records. Instead, Kayman inexplicably attempted to present the contents of these records to the

jury for the first time during closing argument. Given the court's valid concern about jury

confusion, we do not find that the trial court acted unreasonably in declining Kayman's requests

to display these records during closing argument, even if the records were otherwise admissible.

¶ 56   We next address Kayman's contention that the trial court erred in holding that evidence of

her prior complaints of back pain in 2005 and 2006 would be admissible as impeachment

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evidence. Kayman relies on our supreme court's holding in Voykin v. Estate of DeBoer, 192 Ill.
2d 49 (2000), which generally requires a defendant to produce expert testimony to support

admission of evidence of a plaintiff's prior injury. In that decision, our supreme court recognized

that "[i]n most cases, the connection between the parts of the body and past and current injuries

is a subject that is beyond the ken of the average layperson." Id. at 59. As a result, "if a

defendant wishes to introduce evidence that the plaintiff has suffered a prior injury *** the

defendant must introduce expert evidence demonstrating why the prior injury is relevant to

causation, damages, or some other issue of consequence. This rule applies unless the trial court,

in its discretion, determines that the natures of the prior and current injuries are such that a lay

person can readily appraise the relationship, if any, between those injuries without expert

assistance." Id.

¶ 57    The Voykin court recognized that "a prior injury may be relevant as impeachment," but

that "[t]his does not mean, however, that every undisclosed prior injury to the same part of the

body is grounds for impeachment." Id. at 58. Rather, "[j]ust as with the substantive admission

of evidence, trial courts should not permit inquiry into this area unless the prior injury is relevant

to a fact in consequence, i.e., whether the prior injury negates causation or negates or reduces the

defendant's damages." Id.

¶ 58    In denying Kayman's motion for a new trial, the trial court acknowledged Voykin's

holding but stated that "Dr. Conroy's testimony was admitted because Dr. Kirincic opined that

plaintiff’s accident aggravated a preexisting degenerative condition in her neck." The trial court

thus found this case similar to Felber v. London, 346 Ill. App. 3d 188 (2004). In Felber, which

also involved a motor vehicle accident, the Second District of this court concluded that there was

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no abuse of discretion in the admission of evidence of the plaintiff's prior injuries where "the

jurors could readily appraise the relationship between the injuries of which Felber complained

*** and her preexisting injuries without additional expert assistance."                Id. at 193.

Specifically, as the Felber jury had heard testimony from plaintiff's treating physician "about the

possible effects of the collision on Felber's preexisting condition," the court concluded that this

was "precisely the type of testimony that obviates the need for additional expert testimony" that

would otherwise be required under Voykin. Id.

¶ 59   Although we agree with the trial court that Rasheed did not need to produce supporting

expert testimony to admit the evidence of Kayman's prior injury, we do so for a different reason

than that stated in the trial court's denial of Kayman's posttrial motion. Specifically, although the

trial court relied on Felber, it appears that Felber is factually distinguishable. In this case, the

evidence of prior injury subject to the disputed motion in limine was the discussion of the 2005-

06 complaints contained in Dr. Conroy's testimony. Although Dr. Kirincic testified that Kayman

showed signs of an ongoing degenerative spinal condition, Dr. Kirincic did not offer specific

testimony regarding any relationship between Kayman's 2005-06 complaints of back pain and

the injuries allegedly caused by the January 2009 collision with Rasheed's vehicle. Thus, it is

not apparent that there was "precisely the type of testimony that obviates the need for additional

expert testimony" that was present in Felber. See Felber, 346 Ill. App. 3d at 193. That is, Dr.

Kirincic's testimony alone would not be sufficient to take this case out of the general rule

expressed in Voykin that expert testimony is required to support admission of a prior injury. See

Voykin, 192 Ill. 2d at 58-59.

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¶ 60   However, we agree with trial court's earlier reasoning—expressed in its original pretrial

ruling—that the evidence of the 2005-06 complaints contained in Dr. Conroy's deposition would

nevertheless be admissible for impeachment, had Kayman failed to acknowledge such prior

complaints in her trial testimony. Kayman contends that, pursuant to Voykin, "the court should

not have deemed the testimony of Dr. Conroy to be admissible for impeachment" as Rasheed did

not offer expert testimony discussing any causal link between Kayman's 2005-06 back pain and

her current symptoms. However, it is well established that, apart from relevance on substantive

issues, evidence of a prior inconsistent statement may be admissible for impeachment. See

People v. Moses, 11 Ill. 2d 84, 87 (1957) ("Evidence of prior inconsistent statements by a

witness is admissible to impeach his credibility. [Citation.] Such evidence is not admitted as

proof of the truth of the facts stated out of court, but to cast doubt on the testimony of the witness

by showing his inconsistency ***.").

¶ 61   In this case, had Kayman chosen to testify at trial that she had no history of back

complaints, the 2005-06 complaints referenced in Dr. Conroy's deposition would constitute prior

inconsistent statements. Such evidence would impeach Kayman's credibility, creating a basis for

admission independent of the substantive issue of causation. Kayman complains that the trial

court's ruling gave her "no choice at all as far as how to proceed on this issue, i.e., [Kayman] was

forced to introduce the evidence" of the 2005-06 complaints during her direct examination or

risk impeachment with Dr. Conroy's deposition. However, the trial court was entirely correct in

instructing Kayman that she had to "pick her poison" —she could either acknowledge the prior

complaints at trial, or deny any history of back problems and face impeachment with her prior

inconsistent statements.

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¶ 62   We next address Kayman's contention that the trial court should have permitted the

admission of the photograph of damage to Rasheed's vehicle, either as substantive evidence on

Kayman's injuries or as impeachment evidence. "The admission of evidence is largely within the

discretion of the trial court, and its rulings will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion."

Werner v. Nebal, 377 Ill. App. 3d 447, 454 (2007).

¶ 63   We do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in holding that the photograph was

not admissible for the purpose of establishing the extent of plaintiff's injuries. "[T]his court has

previously upheld circuit court rulings dismissing photographic evidence of a plaintiff's vehicle

damaged in a collision where the circuit courts found the photographs to be irrelevant absent

expert testimony and thus inadmissible as evidence of the extent of a plaintiff's injuries suffered

in the collision. [Citations.]" Williams v. City of Evanston, 378 Ill. App. 3d 590, 599 (2007).

In this case, the trial court could reasonably conclude, as stated in its posttrial order, that an

"average juror, without expert assistance, lacks the knowledge necessary to correlate the

damages depicted in the photograph" with Kayman's alleged injuries.

¶ 64   With respect to Kayman's attempt to use the photograph for impeachment on the issue of

the speed of Rasheed's vehicle, we agree with the trial court's conclusion that Kayman's counsel

"failed to elicit any testimony regarding the nature of the impact." The trial court had held that

the photograph would be admissible to impeach Rasheed on the issue of speed, based upon

Rasheed's deposition testimony that her car was only traveling at a speed of five miles per hour.

However, at trial, Rasheed made no statement which opened the door to impeachment on this

topic. Rather, Rasheed stated that she could not recall her speed:

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                         "Q. Now, you do recall how fast your car was traveling at

                   the time of the impact?

                         A. No, I don't.

                         Q. You would agree that your car was not traveling 5 miles

                   an hour at the time of the impact?

                         A. I just don't remember. It's been four years."

¶ 65   Moreover, although testimony by Rasheed that the impact was minor could have opened

the door to use of the photograph for impeachment, Rasheed at trial acknowledged the collision

was not a minor impact. Rather, asked to describe the impact on a scale of 1 to 10, "one being a

light tap and ten being a very strong impact," Rasheed testified that the impact was "nowhere

near one or two or three, but I can't really remember how much stronger it was than that."

Kayman argues that Rasheed "should not be able to avoid impeachment by simply stating that

she does not remember." However, as Rasheed offered no testimony at trial minimizing the

speed or force of impact, there was simply no basis to use the photograph of vehicle damage as

impeachment on that issue. Thus, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in

barring its admission.

¶ 66   We next address Kayman's contention that the trial court erred when it denied her request

to use a day-in-the-life video purporting to show the daily exercises prescribed as part of her

physical therapy program. The video was disclosed to Rasheed's counsel approximately two

weeks prior to the trial date. We again note our deferential standard of review: "The admission

of a videotape or similar exhibit as demonstrative evidence is within the sound discretion of the

circuit court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. [Citation.] An abuse of
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discretion occurs when the ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or when no reasonable

person would take the same view." Spyrka v. County of Cook, 366 Ill. App. 3d 156, 166-67

(2006); see also Donnellan v. First Student, Inc., 383 Ill. App. 3d 1040, 1051 (2008) ("We

review a trial court's admission of a day-in-the-life video for an abuse of discretion, which occurs

only when no reasonable person would agree with the decision of the trial court.").

¶ 67   Kayman argues that as demonstrative evidence, day-in-the-life videos are not subject to

preclusion due to untimely disclosure; she relies on Donnellan's holding that disclosure of a

video the day before trial proceedings was not prejudicial. Donnellan, 383 Ill. App. 3d at 1052-

53 (noting that as day-in-the-life videos are demonstrative and intended "to illustrate evidence

regarding a party's life at the time of trial," disclosure just before trial "was not prejudicial"). In

this case, the trial court acknowledged Donnellan but found it distinguishable because Kayman's

trial date was "previously delayed because [Kayman] failed to comply with standard discovery

requests." The trial court found it "inappropriate to admit plaintiff's day-in-the-life video when it

was disclosed only two weeks before the trial date that was expressly extended due to plaintiff's

earlier discovery failures."

¶ 68   Although Kayman correctly notes that, as demonstrated by Donellan, late disclosure does

not automatically bar admission of a day-in-the-life video, that decision does not suggest that

untimeliness may never be a valid reason for preclusion of such a video. Rather, we are mindful

that matters involving trial scheduling and management are left to the trial court's sound

discretion, which is afforded significant deference. See In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 356 (2004)

(" 'Abuse of discretion' is the most deferential standard of review - next to no review at all - and

is therefore traditionally reserved for decisions made by a trial judge in overseeing his or her

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courtroom or in maintaining the progress of a trial."). Although day-in-the-life videos may not

be substantive evidence, Kayman does not cite any authority suggesting that the trial court has

less discretion, or that we should apply any less deference in reviewing the trial court's decisions

regarding the use of demonstrative evidence.

¶ 69   As Kayman does not dispute that the trial date was initially delayed due to her conduct,

we cannot say that no reasonable person would agree with the trial court's decision in this

instance to deny the use of the video. Rather, the trial court could reasonably conclude that

allowing the video to be disclosed just before trial would, in effect, improperly reward Kayman

for delaying the original trial date. Thus, we cannot say that preclusion of the video was an

abuse of discretion. Moreover, although Kayman argues that "barring the video prejudiced [her]

case for damages in that it diminished her ability to demonstrate" her physical therapy exercises,

the transcript reflects that she testified in detail regarding her various home exercises and that the

jury viewed the devices prescribed by her physical therapists.

¶ 70   We next turn to Kayman's contention that the trial court erred in granting Rasheed's

motion in limine precluding Kayman from claiming lost wages arising out of her physical

therapy sessions.    Notably, Kayman admits she suffered no lost compensation from her

employer, whether in the form of hourly wages, salary, benefits, or otherwise. Indeed, her

counsel acknowledged in argument on the motion in limine that "there's no question she was on a

salary, she didn't lose her money," but that she "took off time from work during the workday" to

obtain physical therapy. At trial, Kayman testified that she did not miss entire work days, but

would leave work, attend a physical therapy appointment for approximately one hour, and return

to her workplace the same day; otherwise, she would simply go to physical therapy before work.

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¶ 71   Likewise, Kayman's appellate briefing makes no claim of monetary loss, but argues only

that she "suffered a loss of her time as a result of her visit to physical therapy appointments."

Kayman cites no authorities suggesting that a wage loss claim may be supported merely by a

plaintiff's time spent obtaining medical treatment, absent any calculable loss of monetary

compensation or employment benefits.         Although Kayman notes the Illinois Pattern Jury

Instruction that a plaintiff may recover for the "value of (time) (earnings) (profits) (salaries)

(benefits) lost" (Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 30.07 (2011)), there is no claim in

this case that Kayman was paid by the hour or otherwise lost earnings as a result of the time

spent in physical therapy.   It is well-settled that "[t]here can be no recovery of speculative or

unproved damages." Thornhill v. Midwest Physician Center of Orland Park, 337 Ill. App. 3d
1034, 1051 (2003) (finding no abuse of discretion in trial court's refusal to allow plaintiff to

present testimony of future lost wages where plaintiff admitted that she remained employed full-

time). As Kayman did not identify any cognizable economic damages arising from her physical

therapy sessions, the court did not abuse its discretion in precluding her wage loss claim.

¶ 72   Apart from the trial court's rulings, Kayman separately argues that the failure of the jury

to award damages for future pain and suffering, future medical expenses, and future disability

was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Kayman relies on the testimony of Dr. Kirincic

that Kayman would likely continue to experience symptoms and receive periodic medical

treatment. Kayman argues on appeal that Dr. Kirincic established that Kayman “is expected to

have pain and suffering, disability, and medical treatment into the future" and that the cost of

such treatment "would be similar to what the cost for medical care is now."

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¶ 73   "A verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the opposite conclusion is

clearly evident or where the findings of the jury are unreasonable, arbitrary and not based upon

any of the evidence." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445,

454 (1992). "[I]t is the province of the jury to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass upon the

credibility of the witnesses, and to decide what weight should be given to the witnesses'

testimony." Id. at 452.

¶ 74   Contrary to Kayman's position, the jury was not obligated to award damages for future

pain or medical treatment after Dr. Kirincic offered her opinion that Kayman would have future

pain and medical care. Rather, even without any conflicting testimony disputing Dr. Kirincic's

opinion, the jury was entitled to find that Dr. Kirincic's testimony was not credible. "[A] jury's

province as fact finder is not impermissibly invaded even by expert testimony expressed in

absolute terms, since jurors remain free to disbelieve and disregard such testimony." Lange v.

Freund, 367 Ill. App. 3d 641, 651 (2006) (citing Zavala v. Powermatic, Inc., 167 Ill. 2d 542, 545

(1995)). Notably, the most explicit testimony regarding future medical costs elicited from Dr.

Kirincic was the equivocal statement that "[w]e don’t know what will happen next year, but right

now [they] probably won't change." Especially as Kayman failed to present any witness offering

any specific estimate of the dollar amount of any future medical costs, the jury could reasonably

have concluded that Kayman had not offered sufficient proof of such damages. Alternatively,

the jury could have also concluded that an award of future damages was unsupported in light of

Dr. Kirincic's admissions on cross-examination regarding other possible causes of Kayman's

symptoms. In any event, it is not our role to second-guess such credibility determinations, and

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the jury's decision not to award future damages does not render the verdict against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

¶ 75    Kayman claims that she was denied a fair trial as a result of the cumulative effect of the

trial court's alleged errors. "Where the cumulative effect of errors made by a trial court so

deprives a party of a fair trial that the verdict may have been affected, a new trial is necessary."

Mueller v. Phar-Mor, Inc., 336 Ill. App. 3d 659, 670 (2000). However, as discussed above, we

do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in its rulings or that the jury's verdict was

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, we do not find that Kayman is entitled

to a new trial.

¶ 76    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 77    Affirmed.

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