Court Opinion

ID: 4448690
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-10-22 12:04:52.161556+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:09.341157
License: Public Domain

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SJC-12693

                   COMMONWEALTH   vs.   RAUL MATTA.

            Hampden.    May 9, 2019. - October 21, 2019.

   Present:    Gants, C.J., Lenk, Gaziano, Lowy, Budd, Cypher,
                           & Kafker, JJ.

Controlled Substances. Parks and Parkways. Constitutional Law,
     Search and seizure, Reasonable suspicion, Investigatory
     stop. Search and Seizure, Threshold police inquiry,
     Reasonable suspicion. Threshold Police Inquiry. Practice,
     Criminal, Motion to suppress, New trial, Assistance of
     counsel.

     Indictments found and returned in the Superior Court
Department on December 17, 2015.

     A pretrial motion to suppress evidence was heard by Daniel
A. Ford, J.; the cases were tried before him; and a motion for a
new trial was considered by him.

     The Supreme Judicial Court on its own initiative
transferred the case from the Appeals Court.

     Andrew P. Power for the defendant.
     Travis H. Lynch, Assistant District Attorney, for the
Commonwealth.
     Timothy St. Lawrence, for Michael Sanchez, amicus curiae,
submitted a brief.
                                                                    2

     Jason D. Frank, Vanessa M. Brown, & Chauncey B. Wood, for
Massachusetts Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, amicus
curiae, submitted a brief.

     BUDD, J.   The defendant, Raul Matta, fled when a police

officer attempted to question him as a result of a tip received

regarding a firearm in a motor vehicle.   After pursuing and

arresting the defendant, police recovered a plastic bag

containing heroin that the defendant had thrown onto a

pedestrian walkway; several more small bags of heroin were found

at the defendant's feet.   The defendant was charged with

possession of heroin with intent to distribute (second offense)

in violation of G. L. c. 94C, § 32 (b); and with committing the

crime within one hundred feet of a public park in violation of

G. L. c. 94C, § 32J (§ 32J), the "park zone statute."1    A judge

in the Superior Court denied the defendant's motion to suppress

the evidence, and the defendant was subsequently found guilty of

each of the above offenses.   His motion for a new trial premised

on ineffective assistance of counsel was denied by the same

judge who had decided the motion to suppress and presided over

the trial.

     We transferred the defendant's consolidated appeal to this

court on our own motion, and we now affirm the defendant's

     1 The defendant also was charged with resisting arrest, but
that charge was dismissed on the defendant's motion for a
required finding of not guilty.
                                                                    3

conviction of possession of heroin with intent to distribute,

reverse the denial of the defendant's motion for a new trial on

the § 32J charge, and vacate the conviction of a violation of

§ 32J.   In so doing, however, we conclude that intent to commit

the underlying drug crime is sufficient to violate § 32J,

without additional proof of scienter of park boundaries;

further, we conclude that whether a particular location is a

"park" pursuant to the statute is a matter for the fact finder

to determine.

    Background.   For the purposes of the motion to suppress, we

present the facts found by the motion judge supplemented by

uncontroverted facts from the record.   Commonwealth v. Jones-

Pannell, 472 Mass. 429, 431 (2015).   On November 5, 2015, in the

late afternoon, Holyoke police received two telephone calls from

an unknown source indicating that the caller had observed

someone place a firearm under the front seat of a black motor

vehicle with two male and two female occupants.   The motor

vehicle was parked in an area of Holyoke known for violent

crime, drug sales, and shootings.

    Upon arrival, approximately three to four minutes after

officers were dispatched to the scene, one of the officers

observed a parked dark green Honda with two people inside.    The

officer, who was driving a marked cruiser, parked directly

behind the vehicle without activating the lights or siren.    As
                                                                       4

the officer got out of the cruiser, he observed the individual

seated in the passenger seat, later identified as the defendant,

get out of the vehicle and reach with both hands to the right

side of his body and adjust his waistband.     The defendant

thereafter began walking toward bushes that were away from the

sidewalk.   The officer then called out in substance, "Hey, come

here for a second."    At that point, the defendant made eye

contact with the officer and immediately began to run.       As the

defendant ran, he held onto his waistband.      The officer yelled

out for the defendant to stop, and then gave chase.

    As the defendant ran behind a nearby apartment building, he

threw a plastic bag over a chain link fence approximately eight

feet high onto a pedestrian walkway.     The defendant was

apprehended by multiple officers as he attempted to scale the

fence, and the group fell to the ground.      When the defendant was

arrested, there were small wax baggies on the ground at his

feet.   The plastic bag retrieved from the other side of the

fence also contained smaller wax baggies.     One hundred twenty-

nine baggies were recovered in total.     A sample of the contents

of the baggies was found to be heroin.

    Discussion.   1.    Motion to suppress.    The defendant argues

that the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to stop him,

and thus his motion to suppress the narcotics seized as a result

should have been allowed.    See Commonwealth v. Franklin, 456
                                                                        5
Mass. 818, 820 (2010) (evidence obtained as result of unlawful

seizure is inadmissible).

    "When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, this

court accepts 'the judge's subsidiary findings of fact absent

clear error and leave[s] to the judge the responsibility of

determining the weight and credibility to be given oral

testimony presented at the motion hearing.'     Commonwealth v.

Contos, 435 Mass. 19, 32 (2001), quoting Commonwealth v. Eckert,

431 Mass. 591, 592-593 (2000).     'We conduct an independent

review of the judge's application of constitutional principles

to the facts found.'     Commonwealth v. Hoose, 467 Mass. 395, 400

(2014)."    Commonwealth v. Pinto, 476 Mass. 361, 363 (2017).

    Article 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights

provides that "[e]very subject has a right to be secure from all

unreasonable searches, and seizures, of his person, his houses,

his papers, and all his possessions."     An investigatory stop or

"seizure" by police is justified under art. 14 if police have

reasonable suspicion at the time of the stop to conduct it.       See

Commonwealth v. Phillips, 452 Mass. 617, 626 (2008), and cases

cited.     Thus, we must determine (1) at what point the stop

occurred; and (2) whether the officer had reasonable suspicion

for the stop at that time.     Franklin, 456 Mass. at 820.

    a.     Seizure.   Here, the defendant argues that the seizure

occurred when the police officer called out, "[H]ey, come here
                                                                       6

for a second," as the defendant began walking away from the

officer.     The Commonwealth argues that the seizure occurred

moments later, after the defendant began to flee, when the

officer ordered the defendant to stop running away.      As

explained infra, we agree with the Commonwealth.

     i.    Standard.    "[N]ot every encounter between a law

enforcement official and a member of the public constitutes [a

seizure]."    Franklin, 456 Mass. at 820, quoting Commonwealth v.

Lopez, 451 Mass. 608, 611 (2008).      We have long held that

"[p]olice have seized a person in the constitutional sense 'only

if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a

reasonable person would have believed that he [or she] was not

free to leave.'"       Commonwealth v. Barros, 435 Mass. 171, 173-174

(2001), quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554

(1980) (opinion of Stewart, J.).      See Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S.
491, 502 (1983).       See also Commonwealth v. Borges, 395 Mass.
788, 791 (1985).2      However, because civilians rarely feel "free

     2 In California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 628-629 (1991),
the United States Supreme Court distanced itself from the
Mendenhall-Royer line of cases, holding that seizure requires
more than a show of authority leading to a reasonable belief
that one is not free to leave -- there must also be submission
to that show of authority. See United States v. Dubose, 579
F.3d 117, 121 (1st Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1016
(2010) ("when an officer makes a show of authority instead [of
using physical force], the person is not seized until the person
submits to the show of authority by complying with the officer's
instruction"). In interpreting art. 14 of the Massachusetts
Declaration of Rights, we have rejected the Hodari D. approach.
                                                                    7

to leave" a police encounter, a true application of the test

would result in nearly every police inquiry being deemed a

seizure in the constitutional sense.3   See 4 W.R. LaFave, Search

and Seizure § 9.4(a), at 580 (5th ed. 2012) ("[I]f the ultimate

See Commonwealth v. Stoute, 422 Mass. 782, 786-787 (1996). See
also Commonwealth v. Franklin, 456 Mass. 818, 821-822 (2010)
("seizure for art. 14 purposes may be effectuated by police
conduct that falls short of the physical detention of the
suspect").

     We note, however, that Federal law has not abandoned the
"free to leave" test entirely. See Brendlin v. California, 551
U.S. 249, 254-255 (2007), and cases cited. That is, in cases
involving seizure via submission to a show of authority, the
show of authority must still be evaluated through the
Mendenhall-Royer standard. See, e.g., United States v. Stover,
808 F.3d 991, 995-996 (4th Cir. 2015), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct.
241 (2016) ("If an interaction is not consensual, i.e., if a
reasonable person would not have felt free to terminate it, then
the Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable seizures. In
such cases, however, the seizure inquiry does not end. . . .
[A] court must also ascertain whether and when the subject of
the seizure actually acquiesced to that authority"). See also
United States v. Tanguay, 918 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2019), and
cases cited.

     3 "[O]ur law guards a person's freedom to speak or not to
speak to a police officer. A person also may choose to walk
away, avoiding altogether any contact with police."
Commonwealth v. Warren, 475 Mass. 530, 538 (2016). However,
although legally a person may be free to end a "voluntary"
police encounter, in reality when an officer makes inquiry of an
individual, he or she may not feel free to leave. That is, the
law on what constitutes an "objectively" coercive situation does
not line up with empirical evidence on the matter. See Kessler,
Free to Leave? An Empirical Look at the Fourth Amendment's
Seizure Standard, 99 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 51, 73 (2009);
Smith, Dolgoff, & Speer, Testing Judicial Assumption of the
"Consensual" Encounter: An Experimental Study, 14 Fla. Coastal
L. Rev. 285, 304-305 (2013) (among participants in "consensual"
police encounter, majority did not feel free to leave or did not
know of right to leave).
                                                                   8

issue is perceived as being whether the suspect 'would feel free

to walk away,' then virtually all police-citizen encounters must

in fact be deemed to involve a Fourth Amendment seizure.     The

Mendenhall-Royer standard should not be given such a literal

reading as to produce such a result" [footnotes omitted]).4

     A review of our case law reveals that rather than focusing

primarily on whether a reasonable person would have believed

that he or she was free to leave, we look at the totality of the

circumstances to determine whether a member of law enforcement

has "engaged in some show of authority" that a reasonable person

would consider coercive; that is, behavior "which could be

expected to command compliance, beyond simply identifying [him-

or herself] as police" (quotation and citation omitted).

Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 403 Mass. 640, 644 (1988).

     4 That the "free to leave" test is somewhat of a misnomer
has not escaped the notice of courts. See, e.g., United States
v. Cardoza, 129 F.3d 6, 16 (1st Cir. 1997) ("We recognize, of
course, the import of [the defendant]'s observation that few
people . . . would ever feel free to walk away from any police
question"); United States v. Tavolacci, 895 F.2d 1423, 1425
(D.C. Cir. 1990), citing Butterfoss, Bright Line Seizures: The
Need for Clarity in Determining When Fourth Amendment Activity
Begins, 79 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 437, 439 (1988)
(acknowledging criticism that "free to leave" test is
"artificial" and "based on a false assumption that ordinary
citizens believe they are normally free to cut police inquiries
short"); People v. Spicer, 157 Cal. App. 3d 213, 218 (1984)
(characterizing one's freedom to disregard police questioning
and walk away as "legal fiction").
                                                                   9

     Thus, rather than attempting to determine whether a

reasonable person would believe he or she was free to leave, in

our view, the more pertinent question is whether an officer has,

through words or conduct, objectively communicated that the

officer would use his or her police power to coerce that person

to stay.   See Barros, 435 Mass. at 175-176 (question is whether

officer was "communicating what a reasonable person would

understand as a command that would be enforced by the police

power").   See also Commonwealth v. Sykes, 449 Mass. 308, 311

(2007), quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 n.16 (1968)

(seizure occurs "[o]nly when the officer, by means of physical

force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the

liberty of a citizen").5   If applied literally, the Mendenhall-

     5 The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
has also acknowledged the internal contradiction in the
doctrine, and the court has adopted an inquiry that looks to
whether the police officer objectively communicated that he or
she is "exercising his or her official authority to restrain the
individual's liberty of movement" (citation omitted). See
Tanguay, 918 F.3d at 6, and cases cited; United States v.
Cardoza, 129 F.3d 6, 16 (1st Cir. 1997). Under this approach,
courts still look to the "totality of the circumstances" as
interpreted through the "reasonable person," but with special
attention paid to the officer's words and actions, and the
message conveyed therein. See United States v. Ford, 548 F.3d
1, 5 (1st Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 815 (2009). See
also United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980)
("Examples of circumstances that might indicate a seizure, even
where the person did not attempt to leave, would be the
threatening presence of several officers, the display of a
weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of
the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating
that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled").
                                                                    10

Royer standard would require a court to treat "seizure" as a

state of mind induced by the mere presence of law enforcement,

rather than a discrete and intentional act of law enforcement.

See Black's Law Dictionary 1631 (11th ed. 2019) (defining

"seize" as "[t]o forcibly take possession [of a person or

property]").   Cf. California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 625

(1991), quoting Thompson v. Whitman, 85 U.S. 457, 471 (1873) ("A

seizure is a single act, and not a continuous fact").     Cf. also

Nieves v. McSweeney, 241 F.3d 46, 55 (2001) (pretrial release

conditions do not constitute seizure because seizure is

"generally a discrete event, quintessentially an arrest, . . .

or at least a physical detention").    In other words, while the

attending circumstances of a police encounter are relevant, a

"seizure" must arise from the actions of the police officer.

    The question whether one believes he or she is free to walk

away from a police encounter, as compared to whether one

believes he or she would be coerced to stay, is not a

distinction without a difference.     Police officers are free to

make noncoercive inquiries of anyone they wish.    See

Commonwealth v. Murdough, 428 Mass. 760, 763 (1999).     And, as

discussed in note 3, supra, although not legally obligated, few

As the First Circuit has stated, "Discerning such an objective
communication of authority is easiest when the officer expressly
asserts it through a command." See Tanguay, supra, and cases
cited.
                                                                     11

civilians feel as if they could discontinue an encounter with a

law enforcement officer, let alone ignore an inquiry from one.6

Indeed, the police depend on a degree of civilian compliance to

maintain public safety and carry out criminal investigations.

See Strange v. Commonwealth, 269 S.W.3d 847, 851 (Ky. 2008).     In

short, because, in most situations, a reasonable person would

not believe that he or she was free to leave during a police

encounter, using that standard does not produce the information

necessary to determine whether a seizure has occurred.     Rather,

the inquiry must be whether, in the circumstances, a reasonable

person would believe that an officer would compel him or her to

stay.

     Although this is a different question from what we

heretofore have asked, the analysis takes the same circumstances

into consideration.   Whether an encounter between a law

enforcement official and a member of the public constitutes a

noncoercive inquiry or a constitutional seizure depends upon the

facts of the particular case.   See Sykes, 449 Mass. at 311,

citing Commonwealth v. Thinh Van Cao, 419 Mass. 383, 387, cert.

denied, 515 U.S. 1146 (1995) ("The nature of an encounter

between a citizen and a law enforcement official is necessarily

     6 We note that those in doubt as to whether they are free to
discontinue an encounter with the police may ask the officer at
any point during the encounter if they are free to leave.
                                                                      12

fact specific and requires careful examination of the attending

circumstances").     The difference is one of emphasis -- that is,

even though most people would reasonably feel that they were not

"free to leave" in any police encounter, the coercion must be

objectively communicated through the officer's words and actions

for there to be a seizure.    See Barros, 435 Mass. at 175-176.

    ii.   Application.     Here, the police officer parked his

cruiser behind the vehicle in which the defendant was a

passenger.   The two men got out of their vehicles in unison, and

the defendant began walking away from the officer.     As the

defendant did so, the officer said, in substance, "Hey, come

here for a second."     The officer and the defendant "locked eyes

for a moment," and then the defendant began running away.       The

officer instructed the defendant to stop, and then gave chase

when the defendant failed to comply.

    We begin with the initial attempt the officer made to

engage the defendant.     Although we have acknowledged the

difference between questions and orders, see, e.g., Lopez, 451
Mass. at 610 ("A question is an inquiry; an order is a command.

A question requests an answer, while an order demands

obedience"), we never have held that a direct command from a

police officer to submit to his or her authority automatically

effects a seizure.    Instead, we look to whether an officer has

"communicat[ed] what a reasonable person would understand as a
                                                                    13

command that would be enforced by the police power."    Barros,
435 Mass. at 176.

    Thus, we have concluded that no seizure has taken place

when an officer got out of his marked cruiser and said to

defendant, "Hold on a second, I want to talk to you."

Commonwealth v. Martin, 467 Mass. 291, 301, 303 (2014).     See

Lopez, 451 Mass. at 610 (officer motioning at defendant to come

to him and asking, "Can I speak with you?" was not seizure).        In

contrast, we have concluded that where a defendant chooses to

ignore verbal attempts by police to speak with him, and officers

persist by issuing a subsequent order, that subsequent order

constitutes a seizure.   See Jones-Pannell, 472 Mass. at 431

(after defendant failed to respond to police requests, officer

called out, "Wait a minute"); Barros, 435 Mass. at 172 (after

being ignored, officer got out of vehicle, walked up to

defendant with two other officers and said, "Hey you.     I wanna

talk to you.   Come here" [emphasis added]).

    Here, the officer's words, "Hey, come here for a second,"

were not what "a reasonable person would understand as a command

that would be enforced by the police power."   Barros, 435 Mass.

at 176.   The record here shows that, at this point, the officer

had made only one request, compare id., and had not activated

any lights or sirens, compare Commonwealth v. Smigliano, 427
Mass. 490, 492-492 (1998), or otherwise intimidated the
                                                                    14

defendant, compare Sykes, 449 Mass. at 311, 313.      Further,

although the officer began walking toward the defendant, the

officer did not "impede or restrict the defendant's freedom of

movement."    Barros, supra at 174.   For that reason, we conclude

that the defendant was not seized at the point at which the

officer first called out to him.

       The defendant was seized, however, once the officer ordered

him to stop, and then chased him.     See Commonwealth v. Thibeau,

384 Mass. 762, 764 (1981) ("a stop starts when pursuit begins").

See also Commonwealth v. Powell, 459 Mass. 572, 577-578 (2011),

cert. denied, 565 U.S. 1262 (2012) (defendant seized when

officer ordered him to drop his weapon); Barros, 435 Mass. at

176.

       b.   Reasonable suspicion.   We turn next to whether the

officer had reasonable suspicion to believe that the defendant

"was committing, had committed, or was about to commit a crime"

at the time of the seizure.     Martin, 467 Mass. at 303.

Reasonable suspicion "must be grounded in 'specific, articulable

facts and reasonable inferences [drawn] therefrom' rather than

on a 'hunch.'"    Commonwealth v. DePeiza, 449 Mass. 367, 371

(2007), quoting Commonwealth v. Scott, 440 Mass. 642, 646

(2004).     "The facts and inferences underlying the officer's

suspicion must be viewed as a whole when assessing the

reasonableness of his acts."     Sykes, 449 Mass. at 314, quoting
                                                                      15

Thibeau, 384 Mass. at 764.    That is, "a combination of factors

that are each innocent of themselves may, when taken together,

amount to the requisite reasonable belief that a person has, is,

or will commit a particular crime" (quotation and citation

omitted).   Commonwealth v. Meneus, 476 Mass. 231, 236 (2017).

     Based upon the judge's findings, at the time of the stop,

the officer was aware of the anonymous tip regarding a concealed

firearm in a motor vehicle in an area "known for violent crime,

drug sales, and shootings."   The officer, who had gotten out of

his cruiser, observed the defendant get out of the automobile in

which he was seated, adjust the right front area of his

waistband with both hands, and walk toward some bushes "not on

the sidewalk[,] where one would expect a person to walk."      When

the officer called out to the defendant, the two looked at one

another, and then the defendant began to run.   Although the

question is a close one, we conclude that here the circumstances

existing at the time of the stop provided reasonable suspicion

for that stop.

     We begin by noting that carrying a concealed firearm, by

itself, is not a crime.   DePeiza, 449 Mass. at 373.   Thus, the

caller's tip "suggesting a concealed firearm, with nothing more,

[did] not provide reasonable suspicion for a stop."7   Id., citing

     7 There were also issues with the reliability of the
anonymous tip itself. See generally Commonwealth v. Mubdi, 456
                                                                     16

Commonwealth v. Alvarado, 423 Mass. 266, 269 (1996);

Commonwealth v. Couture, 407 Mass. 178, 183, cert. denied, 498
U.S. 951 (1990).    Compare Commonwealth v. Haskell, 438 Mass.
790, 793-794 (2003) (reasonable suspicion existed where

defendant was observed loading handgun shortly before 2 A.M. in

high crime area).

    Similarly, the defendant's adjustment of his waistband

alone did not create reasonable suspicion for a seizure.     It is

not uncommon for anyone to adjust his or her clothing upon

getting out of a motor vehicle.   See generally United States v.

Gray, 213 F.3d 998, 1001 (8th Cir. 2000) ("Too many people fit

this description for it to justify a reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity").   However, the judge credited the officer's

Mass. 385, 395-396 (2010), quoting Commonwealth v. Lopes, 455
Mass. 147, 155-156 (2009); Commonwealth v. Depina, 456 Mass.
238, 243 (2010). The caller reported that the firearm was in a
black vehicle with four occupants, including two females and two
males, with one of the females in the driver's seat. The
caller's description of the vehicle varied, including a Honda, a
Toyota, and a vehicle with lights that flip up and down. When
an officer arrived a few minutes following the caller's tip, he
found a dark green Honda with two occupants, one of whom
appeared to be a female in the driver's seat; the gender of the
individual in the passenger seat could not be immediately
ascertained. Both individuals were in fact male; however, the
driver had a ponytail. We note that although there were
discrepancies between the details provided by the anonymous
caller and the observations made by the officer upon arriving to
the area, police "must be allowed to take into account of the
possibility that some descriptive facts supplied . . . may be in
error" (citation omitted). Commonwealth v. Emuakpor, 57 Mass.
App. Ct. 192, 198 (2003).
                                                                  17

testimony that based upon the officer's experience, people who

carry unlicensed firearms often carry them inside a waistband,

and that the officer became concerned that the defendant was

carrying an unlicensed firearm when the defendant adjusted the

right side of his waistband using both hands.8

     In addition, the officer's concern was heightened when the

defendant "began walking towards bushes, not on the sidewalk

where one would expect a person to walk," and, when the officer

called out to the defendant, the defendant began to run away,

holding his waistband as he ran.   "[N]ervous or furtive

movements do not supply reasonable suspicion when considered in

isolation," DePeiza, 449 Mass. at 372; nor does seeking to avoid

contact with police, Commonwealth v. Warren, 475 Mass. 530, 538-

     8 We note that ordinarily, when an officer relies on his or
her training and experience to draw an inference or conclusion
about an observation made, the officer must explain the specific
training and experience that he or she relied on and how that
correlates to the observations made. See United States v.
Walker, 324 F.3d 1032, 1037 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S.
898 (2003); United States v. Johnson, 171 F.3d 601, 604 (8th
Cir. 1999). Here, the officer did not testify specifically
that, in his training and experience, the adjustment of one's
waistband in the way described indicates that the person may be
carrying an unlicensed firearm. Compare Commonwealth v.
DePeiza, 449 Mass. 367, 368, 373-374 (2007) ("As part of their
training . . . officers had learned that [defendant's]
distinctive 'straight arm' gait was one sign of a person
carrying a firearm by pressing it against his body with the
stiff arm"). However, as the officer testified that in his
experience people carry unlicensed firearms in their waistband,
the fact that the defendant clutched his waistband as he ran
could be considered as part of the reasonable suspicion
calculus.
                                                                   18

539 (2016).    However, those details could be combined with the

other circumstances present in this case in the reasonable

suspicion calculus.    See, e.g., Sykes, 449 Mass. at 314, and

cases cited.

    The officer also properly could consider the fact that the

encounter took place in a high crime neighborhood.    We have held

repeatedly that "[j]ust being in a high crime area is not enough

to justify a stop."    Commonwealth v. Grandison, 433 Mass. 135,

139 (2001).    However, the fact that a particular area is known

for "violent crime, drug sales, and shootings," as was the case

here, may be taken into account as a factor in the reasonable

suspicion analysis.    See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 454 Mass. 159,

163 (2009).

    Finally, although the defendant's flight from the officer

is not enough on its own for an "individualized suspicion that

the defendant was involved in [a] crime," see Warren, 475 Mass.

at 538, it is a factor that may be considered in the reasonable

suspicion calculus in appropriate circumstances.     See Sykes, 449
Mass. at 314.   Considered in isolation, none of the above

factors would have been enough to create reasonable suspicion

that the defendant had committed, was committing, or was about

to commit a crime.    However, taken together, the circumstances

presented added up to reasonable suspicion for an investigatory

stop.   See DePeiza, 449 Mass. at 371-372.
                                                                    19

     2.     General Laws c. 94C, § 32J.9   As a result of throwing a

bag of heroin over a fence onto what is known as Ely Pedestrian

Walkway (walkway), the defendant was convicted of committing a

drug offense within one hundred feet of a park (park zone)

pursuant to § 32J.     The defendant makes three claims with

respect to this conviction.     First, he argues that § 32J

includes a scienter element as it pertains to the park zone

provision and that the Commonwealth failed to prove the

defendant knowingly violated the provision.      Second, the

defendant argues that the walkway onto which he threw the heroin

was not a park within the meaning of the statute.      Third, the

defendant contends in a motion for a new trial that even if the

walkway was a park under § 32J, it was incorrectly identified in

the indictment as Ely Court Park, which is a separate tract of

land not adjacent to the walkway, and that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to raise the issue of variance of proof

at trial.

     After review, we conclude that with respect to the "public

park or playground" provision of § 32J, the intent to commit the

     9 General Laws c. 94C, § 32J (§ 32J), commonly is known as
the "school zone statute" because, as originally enacted in
1989, it punished certain drug offenses that occurred within a
designated number of feet of a school zone. See St. 1989,
c. 227, § 2. As discussed infra, the statute was amended in
1993 to include public parks and playgrounds. See St. 1993,
c. 335.
                                                                  20

underlying drug crime is sufficient, without additional proof of

knowledge of park or playground boundaries required.   We further

conclude that whether an area of land is a public park under

§ 32J is a question of fact properly left to the fact finder.

Finally, we conclude that the defendant's trial counsel was

ineffective with respect to failing to raise the variance

between the park named in the indictment and the evidence

presented at trial.

     a.   Mens rea.   Section 32J provides in relevant part:

     "Any person who violates the provisions of [§§ 32, 32A,
     32B, 32C, 32D, 32E, 32F, or 32I][10] while in on, or within
     300 feet of the real property comprising a public or
     private accredited preschool, accredited headstart
     facility, elementary, vocational or secondary school if the
     violation occurs between 5:00 A.M. and midnight, whether or
     not in session, or within [one hundred feet] of a public
     park or playground shall be punished by a term of
     imprisonment . . . . Lack of knowledge of school
     boundaries shall not be a defense to any person who
     violates the provisions of this section." (Emphases
     added.)

G. L. c. 94C, § 32J, as appearing in St. 2018, c. 69, § 57.11

The original version of § 32J, enacted in 1989, referred to drug

offenses committed on the property of or within a specified

     10These sections of G. L. c. 94C, otherwise known as the
Controlled Substances Act, govern the unauthorized manufacture,
distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances, see
§§ 32, 32A, 32B, 32C, 32D, and 32E, as well as sale to minors,
see § 32F, and the sale of drug paraphernalia, see § 32I.

     11Since the time of the defendant's alleged offense in
2015, § 32J was rewritten, see St. 2018, c. 69, § 57, but the
provisions at issue here remain substantially unchanged.
                                                                  21

distance of schools (school zones).12   See St. 1989, c. 227, § 2.

Not long after its passage, we confirmed that § 32J "comprises,

in part, an aspect of strict liability," Commonwealth v.

Peterson, 476 Mass. 163, 165-166 (2017), and that as such it did

not violate the due process clause, see Commonwealth v. Alvarez,

413 Mass. 224, 228-229 (1992).13   See also Commonwealth v.

Roucoulet, 413 Mass. 647, 650-651 (1992).

     12Originally included were "public or private elementary,
vocational, or secondary" schools. St. 1989, c. 227, § 2. In
1998, § 32J was amended to include preschools and accredited
headstart programs. St. 1998, c. 194, § 146.

     13In concluding that § 32J did not violate the due process
clause, we pointed out that

     "§ 32J is not totally void of any mens rea requirement.
     Before a conviction can be obtained thereunder the
     Commonwealth must prove the defendant guilty of a predicate
     drug-dealing offense requiring mens rea -- in this case the
     possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Section
     . . . 32J thus imposes liability only on someone who knows
     he is dealing in drugs and requires the dealer to proceed
     at his peril with respect to the proximity of a school."

Commonwealth v. Alvarez, 413 Mass. 224, 229-230 (1992).

     Further, we noted that § 32J is similar to "other criminal
statutes which punish an underlying violation committed with
mens rea and consider the offense aggravated by a fact of which
the defendant may not have express knowledge." Id. at 230. See
G. L. c. 269, § 12E (discharge of firearm within 500 feet of
dwelling; no requirement of knowledge of distance); G. L.
c. 94C, § 32E (increasing mandatory minimum terms based on
weight of controlled substances with no requirement of knowledge
of weight of substance). But see Commonwealth v. Brown, 479
Mass. 600, 607-608 (2018) (Commonwealth must prove that
defendant knew that unlawful firearm was loaded with ammunition
for conviction under G. L. c. 269, § 10 [n], because unlawful
possession of ammunition is lesser included offense).
                                                                     22

    In 1993, when the Legislature amended § 32J to bar, in

addition, drug offenses within park zones, the amendment did not

alter the last sentence of the statute.    See St. 1993, c. 335.

The defendant contends that because § 32J explicitly bars

"[l]ack of knowledge of school boundaries," but not lack of park

boundaries, as a defense, we are to infer that a defendant

therefore can assert the latter as a defense.    This position

conflicts with the purpose of, and prior decisions interpreting,

§ 32J.

    We begin by noting that the express inclusion of one thing

does not imply the exclusion of another.     See Commonwealth v.

Garvey, 477 Mass. 59, 65 (2017).    Thus, it is not necessarily

the case that because § 32J specifically excludes lack of

knowledge of school zones but not park zones as a defense to the

statute, that the latter is an available affirmative defense.

    Our holding that § 32J lacks a knowledge requirement with

regard to school boundaries did not rest solely on the last

sentence of § 32J.     Commonwealth v. Lawrence, 69 Mass. App. Ct.
596, 600 (2007).     See Alvarez, 413 Mass. at 229 ("Even in the

absence of specific language such as the language that appears

in § 32J, we have construed criminal statutes which authorize

the imposition of serious sentences to permit conviction without

proof of mens rea . . .").    In Roucoulet, we noted with respect

to the school zone provision of § 32J:
                                                                    23

    "By its express terms, a violation is made out if a
    defendant is shown to have committed one of the enumerated
    acts that constitute crimes under G. L. c. 94C 'while in or
    on, or within' 1,000 feet of a school. The quoted words
    are clearly meant to fix the location where the predicate
    crime must take place. General Laws c. 94C, §§ 32A and
    32E, which in relevant part make criminal the possession
    with intent to distribute cocaine, do not require for
    conviction that a defendant have an intent to distribute
    within any specific area. Considered term by term, § 32J
    contemplates a violation in three instances -- when one of
    the identified drug crimes is committed (a) in a school;
    (b) on school property; or (c) within 1,000 feet of school
    property. 'After the elements of [the predicate] offense
    have been established, one need only take out the tape
    measure to see if [the school zone provision of § 32J] has
    been violated.'"

Roucoulet, 413 Mass. at 650-651, quoting State v. Ivory, 124
N.J. 582, 593 (1991).   The same reasoning pertains to the park

zone provision of the statute, which applies when a drug

violation occurs "within [one hundred] feet of a public park or

playground."   G. L. c. 94C, § 32J.   That is, by the provision's

plain language § 32J is violated any time one of the enumerated

drug offenses occurs in that specified location.    No scienter

requirement is stated or implied.     See Commonwealth v. LeBlanc,

475 Mass. 820, 821 (2016) ("Clear and unambiguous language is

conclusive as to legislative intent").

    This result is in keeping with the legislative intent of

the statute.   "It is well settled, through legislative history

and two decades of decisional law examining that history, that

the purpose of G. L. c. 94C, [§] 32J, is to protect children

from the harmful impact of drug dealing."     Commonwealth v.
                                                                   24

Peterson, 476 Mass. 163, 168 (2017).    Just as in the case of a

school zone, the distribution of drugs within a park zone

creates a potentially dangerous situation for children

regardless of a drug dealer's knowledge or intent to do so in

that location.14    See Roucoulet, 413 Mass. at 651, quoting Ivory,
124 N.J. at 594-595 ("Clearly, the Legislature intended to

create drug-free zones of safety where children could be, learn

and play free of the potential infection of drugs.    One

contaminating these safety zones is liable, regardless of

whether he or she intended to infect those here or others

elsewhere").

     Finally, we note that the argument proffered by the

defendant already has been considered and rejected by the

Appeals Court.     In Lawrence, 69 Mass. App. Ct. at 600, the court

held that the strict liability aspect of § 32J applies to

preschools, concluding that "the Legislature properly forwent

any element of scienter with respect to whether a defendant had

     14The defendant points out that, in its original form,
§ 32J disproportionately affected urban communities resulting in
racial disparities, and goes on to argue that construing § 32J
to permit conviction without proof of mens rea is in
contravention of the Legislature's intent to reduce those
disparities. We disagree. In 2012, the Legislature amended
§ 32J to decrease the radius of the school zone from 1,000 feet
to 300 feet specifically to address those disparities. See
Commonwealth v. Bradley, 466 Mass. 551, 552 (2013). It made no
other amendments to the statute in this regard; in particular,
the Legislature left the mens rea requirement unchanged.
                                                                      25

an intent to commit the predicate offense within any specific

area."   Although the Legislature has amended § 32J more than

once since that time, it has not made any changes with regard to

mens rea.   See St. 2010, c. 256, § 72; St. 2012, c. 192, §§ 30,

31; St. 2018, c. 69, § 57.     When interpreting the meaning of a

statute, we presume that "as part of familiarizing themselves

with the subject matter of the legislation, legislators became

familiar with that pertinent precedent."      See McCarty's Case,

445 Mass. 361, 380 (2005).     As the Legislature declined to amend

intent requirements within the section, we assume that it has

adopted this construction of the statute.      See Commonwealth v.

Colturi, 448 Mass. 809, 812 (2007), citing Nichols v. Vaughan,

217 Mass. 548, 551 (1914).

    b.   Meaning of "park" within § 32J.       The defendant also

contends that the area where the heroin landed when he threw it,

the walkway, is not a park as the term is used in § 32J.

    Because § 32J does not define "park," we give the term its

"usual and accepted meaning[]," as long as it is "consistent

with the statutory purpose."       Commonwealth v. Zone Book, Inc.,

372 Mass. 366, 369 (1977).     "We derive the words' usual and

accepted meanings from sources presumably known to the statute's

enactors, such as their use in other legal contexts and

dictionary definitions."     Id.   The term "park" is defined as "a

tract of land maintained by a city or town as a place of beauty
                                                                  26

or of public recreation."   Webster's Third New International

Dictionary 1642 (1993).   See Commonwealth v. Campbell, 415 Mass.
697, 700 (1993), citing Zone Book, Inc., supra.   This definition

is consistent with our use of the term in other legal contexts.

See Salem v. Attorney Gen., 344 Mass. 626, 630 (1962) ("as used

in modern and present times in America the term 'park' usually

signifies an open or [e]nclosed tract of land set apart for the

recreation and enjoyment of the public; or, in the general

acceptance of the term, a public park is said to be a tract of

land, great or small, dedicated and maintained for the purposes

of pleasure, exercise, amusement, or ornament; a place to which

the public at large may resort to for recreation, air, and

light" [quotation and citation omitted]).   See also G. L. c. 45,

§ 1 ("In this chapter 'park' shall include a city or town common

dedicated to the use of the public, or appropriated to such use

without interruption for a period of twenty years").

    Nothing in any of these definitions excludes pedestrian

walkways, categorically or otherwise.   Nor does the purpose of

the statute, i.e., to "protect children from the harmful impact

of drug dealing," Peterson, 476 Mass. at 168, suggest the

exclusion of pedestrian walkways.   See Commonwealth v.

Mogelinski, 466 Mass. 627, 633 (2013), citing Wright v.

Collector & Treas. of Arlington, 422 Mass. 455, 457-458 (1996)

(statutory interpretation must be reasonable and supported by
                                                                   27

purpose and history of statute).   Indeed, to the contrary, the

legislative purpose would be served by a broad definition of

"park."15

     We conclude that, as a walkway may be considered a "park"

under § 32J depending upon the circumstances, it is for the jury

to decide whether a tract of land is publicly owned or

maintained and dedicated for enjoyment and recreational use by

the public.   We emphasize that, under this definition, the

Commonwealth must prove not only that the tract was used by the

public for recreation, but also that it was dedicated or set

apart for such use.   See Salem, 344 Mass. at 630.    See also

G. L. c. 45, § 1.   Otherwise, every walkway -- including

sidewalks, which are primarily intended for transportation

rather than recreation, see, e.g., 350 Code Mass. Regs. § 5.01

(2001) (defining "sidewalk" as "[t]hat portion of a roadway or

parkway . . . set aside for pedestrian travel") -- could

potentially become a "public park" under § 32J.      A less specific

definition runs the risk of violating due process.     See

     15The defendant's argument that including pedestrian
walkways as parks under § 32J would contravene the intent of the
Legislature is misplaced. As we noted in Commonwealth v.
Peterson, 476 Mass. 163, 168-169 (2017), the Legislature
recognized "the statute's uneven impact on people who live in
urban areas," and subsequently amended § 32J to reduce the
school zone radius and to limit the time period in which a
violation may occur. See St. 2012, c. 192, §§ 30, 31. However,
the Legislature has not made any changes to the term "park" so
as to exclude public walkways.
                                                                  28

Commonwealth v. Sefranka, 382 Mass. 108, 110-111 (1980), and

cases cited.

     However, we do not require proving the elements of

dedication for public use as we do in property law.     See, e.g.,

Longley v. Worcester, 304 Mass. 580, 588-589 (1939), and cases

cited ("The owner's acts and declarations should be deliberate,

unequivocal and decisive, manifesting a clear intention

permanently to abandon his property to the specific public

use").    Such proof is unnecessary given that the purpose of

§ 32J is to keep drugs away from certain public spaces, not to

determine title.    Rather, the Commonwealth may prove that a

tract is dedicated for public recreational use and enjoyment

through circumstantial evidence, such as photographs of the

tract, testimony from those who are involved with maintenance of

the property, or authoritative maps referring to the tract as a

"park."    Cf. Commonwealth v. Williams, 422 Mass. 111, 121 (1996)

(conviction may be based on circumstantial evidence).

Conversely, the defense may argue that the tract is used by the

public for recreational purposes by happenstance rather than the

intent of the owner.16

     16We note that the jury instructions on the definition of
"park" were in accordance with our reading of § 32J. The judge
instructed the jury, "Now, I will tell you that the law . . .
says the term park usually signifies an open or enclosed tract
of land set apart for the recreation and enjoyment of the
public. Or in the general acceptance of the term, a public park
                                                                  29

    c.   Motion for a new trial.   Finally, the defendant filed a

motion for a new trial pursuant to Mass. R. Crim. P. 30 (b), as

appearing in 435 Mass. 1501 (2001), claiming, as relevant here,

that his trial counsel failed to challenge adequately the park

zone charge.   More specifically, the defendant argued that

because Ely Court, the park named in the indictment, is

different from the walkway, the area where the defendant tossed

the drugs, he was convicted of a crime for which he was not

indicted, and his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to

raise the issue at any point prior to, or during, the trial.     We

agree.

    At the evidentiary hearing on the motion for a new trial,

it was established that Ely Court Park and the walkway are

distinct, nonadjacent tracts of land separated by a distance of

more than one hundred feet.   The walkway comprises the last

third of Ely Street and is perpendicular to Bowers Street.     Ely

Court Park, on the other hand, sits at the corner of Center

Street and Lyman Street and contains a basketball court.

    Trial counsel was aware that the distance between where the

tossed drugs were found and Ely Court Park was greater than one

hundred feet, and personally observed that the two areas were

is said to be a tract of land, great or small, dedicated and
maintained for the purposes of pleasure, exercise, amusement, or
ornament. A place to which the public at large may resort to
for recreation, air, and light."
                                                                    30

not contiguous but were instead more than one hundred feet

apart.     He failed to raise the issue, however, assuming that the

walkway was nevertheless part of Ely Court Park.    Trial counsel

further reasoned that, in any case, had he raised the matter by

way of a motion to dismiss, the Commonwealth likely would have

moved, and received permission, to amend the indictment to name

the walkway rather than Ely Court.    Trial counsel believed that

naming the location of the offense in the indictment was mere

"surplusage," and unnecessary to describe the crime.    As

detailed infra, we conclude that trial counsel's strategic

choices with regard to defending against the § 32J charge were

manifestly unreasonable.

    First, we disagree with the motion judge that trial counsel

"reasonably concluded" that the walkway was part of Ely Court

Park even though the two parcels are not adjacent to one

another.    Further investigation into the boundaries of Ely Court

Park would have shown that the walkway was indeed separate;

according to testimony at the hearing, this information was

readily available online.

    With a correct understanding of the boundaries of the two

parcels, trial counsel would have had at least two possible

options to pursue.    First, he could have moved to dismiss the

indictment prior to trial.    Even if the Commonwealth had re-
                                                                  31

indicted the defendant to name the correct location,17 counsel

could have mounted a viable defense to the § 32J charge by

arguing that the walkway did not meet the definition of a park

within the meaning of the statute.   See part 2.b, supra.

Although the Commonwealth presented evidence that the walkway

was owned and maintained by the Holyoke parks and recreation

department, and the photographs of the walkway introduced at

trial depict a paved walkway surrounded by trees and grass,

there was no direct evidence on the intended use of the walkway

-- that is, no testimony or documentation showing that the park

was dedicated to public recreational use, or even that members

     17Alternatively, an amendment to the indictment in this
case would have been improper. An indictment may be amended "if
the amendment is one of form, not substance"; "if the amendment
will not result in prejudice"; and pursuant to art. 12 of the
Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, as long as such amendment
does not "materially change[] the work of the grand jury"
(quotation and citations omitted). Commonwealth v. Miranda, 441
Mass. 783, 787 (2004). See Mass. R. Crim. P. 4 (d), 378 Mass.
849 (1979). A motion to amend would have been appropriate if
the indictment incorrectly referred to the proper parcel by, for
example, using its former name, or misspelling the name. See
G. L. c. 277, § 35 (defendant "shall not by acquitted by reason
of . . . an immaterial mistake in the description of the
property or the ownership thereof"). See also Commonwealth v.
Downey, 12 Mass. App. Ct. 754, 761-762 (1981) (amendment to
middle initial of third party's name was immaterial and thus not
in error). Here, because the grand jury handed up an indictment
for a § 32J violation specifically with respect to Ely Court,
amending the indictment to indicate a different tract of land
would have been an amendment of substance rather than one of
form. See Commonwealth v. Snow, 269 Mass. 598, 608-610 (1930)
(although name of victim was not essential element of extortion
charge, where such person is specifically named in indictment by
grand jury, amending name is impermissible).
                                                                   32

of the public actually used the walkway for such purposes.

Trial counsel could have drawn attention by way of cross-

examination and argument to the aforementioned weaknesses in the

Commonwealth's evidence.

    Another option would have been for trial counsel to have

moved for a required finding of not guilty at the close of the

Commonwealth's case based on the variance between the

allegations in the indictment and the proof at trial.   As

discussed supra, although the indictment names Ely Court as the

location of the crime, all of the evidence presented pertained

to the walkway. It is true that "[a] defendant is not to be

acquitted on the grounds of variance between the allegations and

proof if the essential elements of the crime are correctly

stated, unless he is thereby prejudiced in his defence."     G. L.

c. 277, § 35.   See, e.g., Commonwealth v. O'Connell, 432 Mass.
657, 660-661 (2000) (no prejudice to defendant where victim is

not mentioned by name in indictment, but is mentioned by name at

trial).   However, here, a material element of the crime is that

the underlying drug offense took place within one hundred feet

of real property used as a public park or playground.   Although

there is no real question regarding whether Ely Court Park was a

park within the meaning of § 32J, as discussed supra, the same

cannot be said for the walkway.   Thus, the fact that the

location was not correctly identified in the indictment was a
                                                                     33

material inaccuracy.     See Commonwealth v. Barbosa, 421 Mass.
547, 552-554 (1995) (Commonwealth presented evidence of two drug

transactions, but ambiguity in indictment as to which

transaction formed factual basis of charge required reversal of

convictions).     See also Commonwealth v. Ohanian, 373 Mass. 839,

843 (1977) (conviction of larceny for obtaining money by means

of checks drawn against insufficient funds reversed where

indictment incorrectly named bank and defendants had no reason

to know about sufficiency of funds at named bank).     This is

especially true where, as here, the indictment naming the wrong

location was attached to the verdict slip and was sent into the

jury room during deliberations.     Thus, the jury were asked

whether the defendant was guilty of possessing drugs within one

hundred feet of Ely Court, but they heard evidence only about

the walkway.

    There would have been no downside to challenging the

variance between the indictment and the evidence.     We conclude

that trial counsel's failure to do so was manifestly

unreasonable and deprived the defendant of one or more viable

defenses.    See Commonwealth v. Acevedo, 446 Mass. 435, 442

(2006), citing Commonwealth v. Adams, 374 Mass. 722, 728 (1978);

Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89, 96 (1974).

    The usual remedy for ineffective assistance of counsel is a

new trial.     Here, however, counsel was ineffective in failing to
                                                                    34

challenge the sufficiency of the evidence regarding an essential

element under § 32J -- the proximity of the underlying offense

to a particular public park.    There was no evidence that the

defendant's possession of heroin with intent to distribute

occurred within one hundred feet of Ely Court, the location

named in the indictment as the public park for the purposes of

§ 32J.    Where an amendment of the indictment at trial to

identify the correct park would have been improper, see note 17,

supra, and where the Commonwealth presented no evidence at trial

showing that the defendant committed the underlying drug offense

within one hundred feet of Ely Court, the evidence was

insufficient as a matter of law, and the conviction must be

dismissed with prejudice.    See Commonwealth v. Merry, 453 Mass.
653, 660 (2009), citing Corson v. Commonwealth, 428 Mass. 193,

201 (1998) ("Where the evidence at the first trial was legally

insufficient to sustain a verdict, a new trial would violate the

prohibition against double jeopardy and is therefore

impermissible").

    Conclusion.    For the reasons stated supra, we affirm the

judgment of conviction of possession with intent to distribute

heroin.    However, the denial of the defendant's motion for a new

trial on the § 32J charge is reversed, the judgment of

conviction on the indictment charging the defendant with the
                                                                 35

§ 32J violation is vacated, the jury verdict is set aside, and

judgment shall enter for the defendant.

                                   So ordered.