Court Opinion

ID: 4587720
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-19 15:03:18.971085+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:50:13.256411
License: Public Domain

2020 IL 125203

                                       IN THE
                               SUPREME COURT
                                           OF
                         THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                   (Docket No. 125203)

               THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
                      SHAWN MARLON BROWN, Appellee.

                            Opinion filed November 19, 2020.

        JUSTICE MICHAEL J. BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with
     opinion.

        Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Kilbride, Garman, Karmeier, Theis,
     and Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                        OPINION

¶1       Following a jury trial, defendant, Shawn Marlon Brown, was convicted of
     armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (West 2016)) and aggravated robbery (id.
     § 18-1(b)(1)). The Peoria County circuit court sentenced defendant to 21 years’
     imprisonment on the armed robbery count. Defendant appealed, arguing, inter alia,
     that the trial court erred in failing to affirmatively exercise its discretion in
     determining that defendant was fit to stand trial. The Appellate Court, Third
     District, with one justice dissenting, agreed with defendant, reversing his
     conviction and remanding for a new trial. 2019 IL App (3d) 170119-U. For the
     following reasons, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court.

¶2                                   BACKGROUND

¶3        Defendant was charged by indictment with one count of armed robbery and one
     count of aggravated robbery for the robbery of a Family Dollar Store in Peoria,
     Illinois, in April 2016. On August 29, 2016, the parties appeared before Judge
     Stephen Kouri for a pretrial conference. At that conference, defense counsel
     informed Judge Kouri that the defense was ready for trial but informed the court
     that

        “in speaking with my client just last night, he told me that—of a mental problem
        that he has had in the past has resurfaced. He’s under medication for this, but
        he had in the past heard voices. He tells me that he is again starting to hear the
        voices and said that he was having some difficulty in communicating with me.

            This is the first that I’ve heard of it since I’ve been representing him,
        although he did mention to me previously that he had this condition and that it
        may have factored into the events in question in this case.

            So having been told by my client that he is again having these problems,
        I’m bringing it to the Court’s attention, because I think it may be necessary to
        do an evaluation to determine whether or not he’s fit to stand trial.”

¶4      When Judge Kouri asked defense counsel if he was asking for a fitness
     evaluation or thinking about it, defense counsel responded that he was asking for
     one. Defense counsel explained:

        “I’m asking for it based on the statements by my client. I can tell you it seemed
        to me that he was understanding most of what I was telling him, but any
        difficulties were more a matter of education than mental illness. However, he
        tells me that he has these issues, and I—I can’t determine that he’s fit just by

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        myself talking to him. I don’t have that ability. So I think that we have to have
        an evaluation in order to determine whether or not he’s fit to stand trial.”

¶5       When asked his opinion, the assistant state’s attorney responded that, because
     the issue had been raised, he would rather have an evaluation. Judge Kouri then
     vacated the trial date, ordered an evaluation, and continued the case for 30 days. At
     the conclusion of the hearing, the assistant state’s attorney asked if the “evaluation
     would just be for fitness.” Defense counsel responded, “That’s all that I’m asking
     for is for fitness.”

¶6      An order was entered, with a box checked next to a preprinted line stating,
     “Hearing held on People’s/Defendant’s Motion for:” with the word “fitness”
     handwritten on a blank space following the preprinted line. The order also stated,
     “Dr. Finkenbein [sic] appointed to conduct mental fitness evaluation” and
     continued the case for “review” in 30 days.

¶7       A fitness report was prepared by Jean Clore, Ph.D., and reviewed by Ryan
     Finkenbine, M.D. Dr. Clore indicated that defendant was evaluated pursuant to
     court order for an opinion on defendant’s fitness to stand trial. Dr. Clore’s opinion
     was that defendant met the DSM-5 criteria for three psychiatric diagnoses:
     schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type; posttraumatic stress disorder; and mild
     intellectual disability. Nonetheless, in Dr. Clore’s opinion, defendant had the ability
     to understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings against him and to assist
     in his defense. Dr. Clore stated that defendant “required some information for some
     of the concepts (for example, the number of jurors), but once educated, understood
     the material and was able to retain the information some time later.” Due to
     defendant’s mild intellectual disability, Dr. Clore indicated that “it may be
     reasonable for his attorney to periodically provide reminders and education during
     the adjudication of the alleged crime.”

¶8       At the next court date following Dr. Clore’s evaluation, the parties appeared
     before Judge Jodi Hoos. When the case was called, defense counsel informed the
     court that the parties were there “on a review of fitness.” Defense counsel told the
     court that Dr. Clore’s report found “no reason to believe that [defendant] is unfit to
     stand trial in any way.” Defense counsel further informed the court that he was
     “looking to have this put back on the calendar for jury trial.” The assistant state’s
     attorney indicated that that was his understanding as well. Judge Hoos then stated:

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           “All right. The Court will acknowledge receipt of the report with the findings
           contained therein and acknowledge the stipulation if called to testify the doctor
           would testify consistent to that report.”

       A written order was entered that day that included the handwritten notation, “fitness
       report received, parties stipulate to contents of report.” The order also set the matter
       for jury trial and stated, “by agreement—Defendant is fit to stand trial.”

¶9        As noted, defendant was found guilty of both charges following a jury trial and
       was sentenced to the statutory minimum of 21 years in prison on the armed robbery
       count.

¶ 10        Defendant argued on appeal that the trial court failed to affirmatively exercise
       its judicial discretion to determine defendant’s fitness for trial. Defendant claimed
       that the trial court made no inquiries, conducted no review of the expert’s report,
       and made no factual findings. Rather, the trial court accepted the parties’ stipulation
       to the content of Dr. Clore’s report and issued an order finding defendant fit to stand
       trial by agreement of the parties. Because the trial court failed to exercise any
       judicial discretion in finding defendant fit, defendant’s fitness hearing was
       constitutionally deficient. Defendant conceded that he had forfeited the issue by
       failing to object in the trial court but asked the appellate court to review the issue
       under the plain error doctrine.

¶ 11       The appellate court noted that a defendant’s right to be fit for trial is
       fundamental. Id. ¶ 12. The appellate court therefore agreed that issues concerning
       a defendant’s fitness to stand trial are subject to review under the second prong of
       the plain error doctrine. Id.

¶ 12       The appellate court then noted that, when a bona fide doubt concerning a
       defendant’s fitness exists, the trial court has a duty to hold a fitness hearing and the
       record must show an affirmative exercise of judicial discretion with regard to the
       determination of fitness. Id. ¶ 14. The appellate court stated that a trial court cannot
       base its determination of fitness solely upon a stipulation to the existence of
       psychiatric conclusions or findings. Id. A defendant’s due process rights are not
       violated, however, when a trial court’s finding of fitness is also based upon its own
       observations of the defendant and a review of a psychological report. Id. When the
       parties stipulate concerning what an expert would testify to, rather than to the

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       expert’s conclusions, the trial court may consider that stipulated testimony in
       exercising its discretion. Id.

¶ 13       The appellate court noted that the trial court’s written order in this case stated
       that it found defendant fit “ ‘by agreement.’ ” Id. ¶ 15. Although the trial court
       acknowledged that it had received the fitness evaluation report and that the parties
       had stipulated that Dr. Clore would testify consistently with that report, the trial
       court did not indicate that it had reviewed the contents of the report or that it was
       basing its finding of fitness on the stipulated testimony of the doctor. Id. In addition,
       the judge could not rely on her past observations of defendant in determining fitness
       because she had not presided over prior proceedings involving defendant. Id. The
       appellate court therefore found that the trial court in this case had failed to
       independently exercise its discretion in finding defendant fit to stand trial. Id.

¶ 14       Having found that the trial court did not exercise its judicial discretion in finding
       defendant fit to stand trial, the appellate court held that the appropriate remedy was
       to remand the case for a new trial. Id. ¶ 17. The appellate court rejected the State’s
       argument that the proper remedy was to remand for a new fitness hearing. Remand
       for a new trial was warranted because it had been more than two years since
       defendant’s original trial and sentencing and because defendant’s condition was not
       alleged to have been caused by a single, readily assessed factor. Id. ¶ 19.

¶ 15        Justice Wright dissented, disagreeing with the majority’s finding that the trial
       court failed to exercise its judicial discretion. Id. ¶ 25 (Wright, J., dissenting). The
       dissent pointed out that the trial court acknowledged receipt of the psychologist’s
       report and the findings contained therein. Id. ¶ 27. The dissent would find that the
       trial court’s use of the term “acknowledge” signified the trial court’s exercise of
       discretion. Id. Further, the parties merely stipulated that the expert would testify
       consistently with her report, not to the expert’s conclusions. Id. A trial court may
       consider such stipulated testimony when exercising discretion concerning fitness
       hearings. Id.

¶ 16       The State sought leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315
       (eff. July 1, 2018). The State’s petition argued that the appellate court had erred in
       finding that the trial court failed to exercise its judicial discretion in finding
       defendant fit to stand trial. In the alternative, the State argued that, even if the trial
       court did err in failing to exercise its judicial discretion when finding defendant fit

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       to stand trial, the proper remedy was a remand for a retrospective fitness hearing,
       not a remand for a new trial.

¶ 17      This court granted the State’s petition for leave to appeal.

¶ 18                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 19       A defendant is presumed to be fit to stand trial. 725 ILCS 5/104-10 (West 2016).
       A defendant is unfit if, because of his mental or physical condition, he is unable to
       understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings against him or to assist in his
       defense. Id. Fitness speaks only to a defendant’s ability to function within the
       context of a trial and does not refer to competence in other areas. People v.
       Eddmonds, 143 Ill. 2d 501, 519-20 (1991). A defendant may be fit to stand trial
       even though the defendant’s mind is otherwise unsound. Id. at 519. Whether a
       bona fide doubt exists is generally a matter within the discretion of the trial court.
       People v. Sandham, 174 Ill. 2d 379, 382 (1996).

¶ 20       A defendant’s claims concerning fitness for trial implicate section 104-11 of the
       Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/104-11 (West 2016)). That
       section provides, in pertinent part:

          “(a) The issue of the defendant’s fitness for trial, to plead, or to be sentenced
          may be raised by the defense, the State or the Court at any appropriate time
          before a plea is entered or before, during, or after trial. When a bona fide doubt
          of the defendant’s fitness is raised, the court shall order a determination of the
          issue before proceeding further.

              (b) Upon request of the defendant that a qualified expert be appointed to
          examine him or her to determine prior to trial if a bona fide doubt as to his or
          her fitness to stand trial may be raised, the court, in its discretion, may order an
          appropriate examination. However, no order entered pursuant to this subsection
          shall prevent further proceedings in the case. An expert so appointed shall
          examine the defendant and make a report as provided in Section 104-15.” Id.
          § 104-11(a), (b).

¶ 21       The primary distinction between section 104-11(a) and section 104-11(b) is that
       section 104-11(a) ensures that a defendant’s rights are not violated when the trial

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       court has already found a bona fide doubt concerning defendant’s fitness to have
       been raised, while section 104-11(b) aids the trial court in determining whether
       there is a bona fide doubt of fitness. People v. Hanson, 212 Ill. 2d 212, 218 (2004).
       Thus, if a trial court is not convinced that a bona fide doubt has been raised, the
       trial court has the discretion under section 104-11(b) to grant the defendant’s
       request for appointment of an expert to aid in that determination. Id. at 217.

¶ 22        In its brief to this court, the State sets forth two reasons why the appellate court
       erred in holding that the trial court failed to exercise its judicial discretion when it
       found defendant fit to stand trial. The State first argues that the trial court never
       found there was a bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness, so the trial court had no
       duty to hold a fitness hearing. In the alternative, the State argues that, assuming the
       trial court found a bona fide doubt concerning defendant’s fitness, the record
       establishes that Judge Hoos did exercise judicial discretion in determining that
       defendant was fit to stand trial.

¶ 23       In support of its first argument, the State claims that the parties’ arguments in
       the appellate court, and the appellate court’s decision, proceeded from the incorrect
       assumption that Judge Kouri had found a bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness
       when he ordered a fitness evaluation. Although neither defendant nor the trial court
       cited a specific statute concerning the fitness evaluation, the State suggests that
       section 104-11(b) applies to the scenario in this case. Pursuant to section 104-11(b),
       Judge Kouri exercised his discretion to grant defendant’s request for appointment
       of an expert to aid in a fitness determination. The State argues that the mere fact
       that Judge Kouri ordered a fitness evaluation does not establish that the court found
       a bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness. Absent such a finding, and in light of Dr.
       Clore’s subsequent determination that defendant was fit to stand trial, no fitness
       hearing was required. Consequently, Judge Hoos committed no error, plain or
       otherwise, in accepting the parties’ stipulation to Dr. Clore’s report and then setting
       the matter for trial.

¶ 24       Defendant responds that the State has waived this argument because it failed to
       raise this issue in the appellate court or in its petition for leave to appeal. Even if
       not waived, defendant contends that defense counsel was, in fact, seeking a hearing
       concerning defendant’s fitness to stand trial in requesting a fitness evaluation.
       Defendant maintains that defense counsel’s request for a fitness evaluation was

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       tantamount to a request for a fitness hearing and did raise a bona fide doubt
       concerning defendant’s fitness.

¶ 25       Although defendant frames his argument in terms of waiver, defendant’s
       argument is properly considered in terms of forfeiture. This court in People v.
       Sophanavong, 2020 IL 124337, ¶ 20, observed that the terms forfeiture and waiver
       have been used at times interchangeably, and often incorrectly, in criminal cases.
       Sophanavong explained the difference between forfeiture and waiver in a criminal
       case. Waiver is an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or
       privilege, while forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right. Id.
       A claim of forfeiture raises a question of law, which this court reviews de novo. Id.
       ¶ 21.

¶ 26       Defendant relies on the decision in People v. Carter, 208 Ill. 2d 309 (2003), in
       support of his argument. In Carter, the appellate court held that the trial court had
       committed reversible error in failing to sua sponte issue an involuntary
       manslaughter instruction to the jury. Id. at 312. On appeal to this court, the State
       argued that the facts of the case did not warrant an involuntary manslaughter
       instruction. Id. at 318. Arguing in terms of waiver, the defendant responded that the
       State had waived that argument. Id. The defendant noted that his argument in the
       appellate court was that the evidence supported an involuntary manslaughter
       instruction. Id. The State did not respond to that argument in the appellate court. Id.
       The State’s petition for leave to appeal also did not challenge the appellate court’s
       finding that the evidence warranted an involuntary manslaughter instruction. Id.
       The State first raised the issue in its brief to this court, after this court granted the
       State’s petition for leave to appeal. Id. This court held that the issue was waived, as
       the State repeatedly failed to raise or address the argument. Id. at 318-19.

¶ 27       Defendant argues that Carter controls in this case. Defendant points out that he
       challenged his fitness hearing in the appellate court, raising the argument that Judge
       Hoos did not exercise her judicial discretion in finding him fit for trial. The State,
       however, never raised any issue in the appellate court regarding defendant’s
       entitlement to a fitness hearing. Nor did the State raise an issue in the appellate
       court concerning whether there was a bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness. In
       addition, the State’s petition for leave to appeal did not challenge the appellate
       court’s finding that defendant was entitled to a fitness hearing. As in Carter, the

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       State had multiple opportunities to address this argument but failed to do so. The
       State thus tacitly acknowledged that a bona fide doubt existed. The State, therefore,
       has forfeited any argument to the contrary.

¶ 28       The State responds that defendant’s reliance on Carter is misplaced. The
       defendant in Carter had argued in the appellate court that the trial evidence
       warranted an involuntary manslaughter instruction. Nonetheless, the State failed to
       respond to that argument and did not raise the argument in its petition for leave to
       appeal. In this case, in contrast, defendant never argued in the appellate court that
       he had established a bona fide doubt of his fitness. Defendant’s arguments in the
       appellate court instead proceeded from the assumption that Judge Kouri had found
       a bona fide doubt of fitness in ordering defendant’s fitness evaluation. The State’s
       appellate brief responded to the claim as defendant presented it. The State cannot
       now be faulted for failing to respond to a bona fide doubt argument that defendant
       never raised.

¶ 29       We agree with the State that its failure to raise the issue in the appellate court
       in this case is distinguishable from the State’s failure to do so in Carter. Here, the
       issue of whether the trial court found a bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness was
       never raised in the appellate court. It is well settled that, when the appellate court
       reverses the judgment of the trial court and the appellee in the appellate court then
       brings the case to this court on appeal, that party may raise any issues properly
       presented by the record to sustain the judgment of the trial court, even if those issues
       were not raised in the appellate court. People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 164 (2009).

¶ 30       With regard to the State’s failure to raise the issue in its petition for leave to
       appeal, defendant is correct that this court has denied consideration of a claim
       where the party failed to include the claim in its petition for leave to appeal. See,
       e.g., People v. Whitfield, 228 Ill. 2d 502 (2007); People v. Robinson, 223 Ill. 2d 165
       (2006); Carter, 208 Ill. 2d 309. This court in In re Rolandis G., 232 Ill. 2d 13, 37
       (2008), however, cautioned that those decisions should not be interpreted as holding
       that the failure to include an issue in a petition for leave to appeal stands as an
       absolute bar to review by this court.

¶ 31      The failure to raise an issue in a petition for leave to appeal is not a jurisdictional
       bar to this court’s ability to review an issue but instead is a principle of
       administrative convenience. Id. Consequently, this court has the discretion to

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       review or to decline to review a matter not properly preserved. Id. This court has
       recognized that review of an issue not specifically mentioned in a petition for leave
       to appeal will be appropriate when that issue is “inextricably intertwined” with
       other matters properly before the court. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People
       v. McKown, 236 Ill. 2d 278, 310 (2010).

¶ 32        In this case, the issue properly before this court is whether the trial court
       erroneously failed to exercise its judicial discretion in finding defendant fit to stand
       trial. We find that the issue of whether the trial court found a bona fide doubt as to
       defendant’s fitness to stand trial is inextricably intertwined with the issue of
       whether the trial court committed plain error in finding defendant fit to stand trial.
       Consequently, we will address the State’s claim that the trial court did not find a
       bona fide doubt concerning defendant’s fitness to stand trial, so that the trial court
       did not err in setting the case for trial without conducting a fitness hearing.

¶ 33        In this case, defense counsel orally moved for an evaluation to determine
       whether defendant was fit for trial. Defense counsel stated that it seemed that any
       difficulties were more a matter of education than mental illness, but defendant had
       told defense counsel the previous night that he was starting to hear voices and was
       having some difficulty in communicating with counsel. Defense counsel thought
       he should have an evaluation in order to determine whether or not defendant was
       fit to stand trial. The assistant state’s attorney agreed, so the trial court ordered an
       evaluation. The trial court’s written order stated, “Dr. Finkenbein [sic] appointed
       to conduct mental fitness evaluation.”

¶ 34       Defendant interprets his counsel’s request for a fitness evaluation as raising a
       bona fide doubt concerning defendant’s fitness. We agree with the State that our
       decision in Hanson, 212 Ill. 2d 212, is directly on point on this issue. Hanson held
       that the “mere act of granting a defendant’s motion for a fitness examination cannot,
       by itself, be construed as a definitive showing that the trial court found a bona fide
       doubt of the defendant’s fitness.” Id. at 222.

¶ 35       Similar to this case, the defense counsel in Hanson filed a pretrial motion
       requesting that the defendant be examined by an expert to determine his fitness to
       stand trial as well as his mental condition at the time of the alleged offense. Id. at
       215. The State did not object to the defense counsel’s motion, so the trial court
       granted the motion and changed the previously scheduled trial date to a date for the

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       fitness hearing. Id. After the exam was completed, the defense counsel informed
       the trial court that the defendant had been found fit and withdrew the motion. Id.
       The expert’s report was not admitted into evidence. Id. The defendant later was
       convicted and sentenced. Id.

¶ 36       On appeal, a majority of the appellate court found plain error, holding that the
       grant of a fitness examination implicitly demonstrated the trial court’s bona fide
       doubt concerning the defendant’s fitness for trial, necessitating a fitness hearing.
Id. at 215-16. Therefore, the majority held that, because bona fide doubt was
       present, the trial court was obliged to hold a fitness hearing, even after the defense
       counsel withdrew his motion. Id.

¶ 37      This court reversed the appellate court, rejecting the appellate court’s
       conclusion that granting a defendant’s motion for fitness examination implicitly
       demonstrates the belief that a bona fide doubt of fitness existed. Id. at 225. The
       court explained:

               “Sections 104-11(a) and (b) may be applied in tandem or separately,
          depending on if and when the trial court determines a bona fide doubt of fitness
          is raised. If the trial court is not convinced bona fide doubt is raised, it has the
          discretion under section 104-11(b) to grant the defendant’s request for
          appointment of an expert to aid in that determination. [Citation]. Even for a
          motion filed under section 104-11(a), the trial court could specify its need for a
          fitness examination by an expert to aid in its determination of whether a
          bona fide doubt is raised without a fitness hearing becoming mandatory. In
          either instance, after completion of the fitness examination, if the trial court
          determines there is bona fide doubt, then a fitness hearing would be mandatory
          under section 104-11(a). [Citations.] Conversely, if after the examination the
          trial court finds no bona fide doubt, no further hearings on the issue of fitness
          would be necessary.” Id. at 217.

¶ 38       In reversing the appellate court, Hanson held that the defendant never requested
       a fitness hearing at any point in the proceeding and instead only requested the
       scheduling of a psychological examination by an expert appointed “ ‘to determine
       the Defendant’s fitness to stand trial, as well as her [sic] mental condition at the
       time of the alleged offense.’ ” Id. at 221. Hanson rejected the defendant’s claim

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       that the defendant’s attempt to continue the proceedings necessarily implied that he
       was also seeking a fitness hearing. Id. Hanson explained:

          “The plain language of the motion clearly states that it sought to have defendant
          examined by an expert. It does not mention a fitness hearing. By its very
          language, the motion fails to imply that defendant was seeking a fitness hearing
          in addition to a fitness evaluation. We will not read such an implication into an
          otherwise clear motion.” Id.

¶ 39        The State argues that in this case, as in Hanson, defense counsel never requested
       a fitness hearing, nor did the court order one. The trial court simply ordered an
       evaluation and set a date to review the results of the evaluation. When the parties
       returned to court following the evaluation, defense counsel informed the court that
       Dr. Clore’s report found “no reason to believe that [my] client is unfit to stand trial
       in any way. And so we are looking to have this put back on the calendar for jury
       trial.” The trial court then acknowledged receipt of the report with the findings
       contained therein and acknowledged the stipulation that, if called to testify, the
       doctor would testify consistently with that report. The State asserts that nothing in
       any of the proceedings could be construed as evidence that the trial court found a
       bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness. Consequently, no fitness hearing was
       necessary, so that the court did not commit error, let alone plain error, in proceeding
       to trial.

¶ 40        We agree. Defense counsel never indicated that he had a bona fide doubt
       concerning defendant’s fitness at the hearing before Judge Kouri. In fact, defense
       counsel told Judge Kouri that it seemed defendant understood most of what counsel
       was telling him, but in light of defendant telling counsel of his mental health issues,
       counsel thought he should have an evaluation to determine whether defendant was
       fit to stand trial. When the assistant state’s attorney asked if the evaluation would
       just be for fitness, defense counsel replied, “[t]hat’s all that I’m asking for is for
       fitness.” Defense counsel never mentioned or requested a fitness hearing in addition
       to the fitness evaluation.

¶ 41      Likewise, Judge Kouri’s order granting defendant’s motion for a fitness
       evaluation made no reference to a bona fide doubt concerning defendant’s fitness,
       nor did the order reference a fitness hearing. The order simply stated that Dr.
       Finkenbine was appointed to conduct a mental fitness evaluation and continued the

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       case for “review” in 30 days. As the State argues, there is no basis to conclude that
       counsel requested, or that Judge Kouri ordered, a fitness hearing.

¶ 42       Further, when the parties returned to court following Dr. Clore’s evaluation,
       defense counsel informed Judge Hoos that the parties were there on a “review of
       fitness.” Defense counsel also noted that he had tendered a copy of Dr. Clore’s
       report to the court and observed that Dr. Clore had found “no reason to believe that
       my client is unfit to stand trial in any way.” Defense counsel then stated that he was
       “looking to have this put back on the calendar for jury trial.” Judge Hoos
       acknowledged receipt of the report and acknowledged the parties’ stipulation that
       Dr. Clore would testify consistently with that report.

¶ 43        It is clear from the record, then, that neither the parties nor the trial court had a
       bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness, either at the time that Judge Kouri appointed
       Dr. Finkenbine to examine defendant or 30 days later when defense counsel
       tendered Dr. Clore’s report to Judge Hoos. Defense counsel never stated at any
       point in the proceeding that he had a bona fide doubt of defendant’s fitness to stand
       trial, the trial court never made such a finding, and no party ever requested a fitness
       hearing. Absent a bona fide doubt concerning his fitness to stand trial, defendant
       was not entitled to a fitness hearing before Judge Hoos. Accordingly, the trial court
       did not commit any error, let alone plain error, in setting the case for trial without
       conducting a fitness hearing. The appellate court thus erred in reversing defendant’s
       conviction and remanding for a new trial on the basis that the trial court failed to
       exercise its judicial discretion in finding defendant fit for trial.

¶ 44                                       CONCLUSION

¶ 45      For all of the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court
       and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 46       Appellate court judgment reversed.

¶ 47       Circuit court judgment affirmed.

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