Court Opinion

ID: 4694684
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-11 14:07:38.88229+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:30.959407
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JUNE 4, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                   TO BE PUBLISHED

           Commonwealth of Kentucky
                  Court of Appeals

                    NO. 2020-CA-0282-MR

MICHAEL SCHELL                                    APPELLANT

          APPEAL FROM ANDERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.        HONORABLE CHARLES R. HICKMAN, JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 19-CI-00007

TROY L. YOUNG AND CITY OF
LAWRENCEBURG, KENTUCKY                            APPELLEES

AND                 NO. 2020-CA-0300-MR

ROBERT T. HUME                                    APPELLANT

          APPEAL FROM ANDERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.        HONORABLE CHARLES R. HICKMAN, JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 19-CI-00008

TROY L. YOUNG AND CITY OF
LAWRENCEBURG, KENTUCKY                            APPELLEES
                                  OPINION
                            AFFIRMING IN PART,
                     REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING

                                        ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ACREE, DIXON, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

THOMPSON, K., JUDGE: The day after being sworn in as Mayor of

Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, Troy Young terminated without cause the employment

of Lawrenceburg Chief of Police Michael Schell and Lawrenceburg City

Clerk/City Administrator Robert T. Hume. Schell and Hume brought separate

suits contesting their terminations in the Anderson Circuit Court, but each case was

dismissed for failure to state viable claims upon which relief may be granted.

Schell and Hume each appealed.1

               We reverse in part because Young, as Mayor, did not have the

discretion to terminate these two city officers’ employment without cause;

Lawrenceburg Ordinances gave its Chief of Police and City Clerk two-year terms,

thereby removing the holders of those offices from the Mayor’s otherwise broad

discretionary ability to terminate city employees, and declaratory relief is available

1
  Because the appeals have common facts and issues of law we have elected to resolve both in
this combined Opinion. We have considered the parties’ extensive arguments and citations to
authority but will discuss only the arguments and cited authorities we deem most pertinent, the
remainder being without merit, irrelevant, or redundant.

                                               -2-
for such violations. However, we affirm in part because some of the other claims

brought by Schell and Hume are not viable.

               Factual and Procedural History

               Schell was appointed Chief of the Lawrenceburg Police Department

in March 2018. Young was elected Mayor of Lawrenceburg in early November

2018. Later that month, Mayor-Elect Young sent Schell a one-sentence letter

stating in its entirety: “Your services will no longer be needed as of January 1,

2019.” In early December 2018, Hume was appointed to another term as

Lawrenceburg’s City Clerk/City Administrator.

               In late December 2018, Schell’s counsel sent Young a letter opining

that terminating Schell in January 2019 without cause would be improper for

several reasons, one of which was a belief that Schell was entitled to serve a full

two-year term under Lawrenceburg Ordinance § 34.01,2 which provides in relevant

part that “[t]he Chief of Police shall be appointed by the Mayor at the first regular

meeting after the new members of the City Council take office, for a term of two

years and until his successor is appointed.” Ordinance § 30.23(A) similarly

2
  The Lawrenceburg City Ordinances (Ordinance(s)) are liberally quoted in the record and may
be found at https://lawrenceburgky.org/city-ordinances/ (last visited Feb. 25, 2021), which takes
a viewer to Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, American Legal Publishing Corporation,
https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/lawrenceburgky/latest/overview (last visited Feb. 25,
2021). Of course, “[a] court may properly take judicial notice of public records and government
documents, including public records and government documents available from reliable sources
on the internet.” Polley v. Allen, 132 S.W.3d 223, 226 (Ky.App. 2004) (footnote omitted).

                                               -3-
provides that “[t]he [City] Clerk shall be appointed by the Mayor at the first

regular meeting after the new members of the City Council take office, for a term

of two years and until his successor is appointed.”

                Undeterred, on January 2, 2019, one day after taking office, Mayor

Young terminated Schell and Hume. The termination letters for each are

essentially identical, except for the differences noted in brackets:

                       Section 30.21(A)[3] of the Lawrenceburg Code
                authorizes me, as mayor, to appoint all non-elected city
                officers, including Chief of Police [City Clerk and City
                Administrator], subject to approval by the City Council.
                On January 14, 2019, I will offer my choice of candidate
                for Chief of Police [City Clerk/City Administrator] to the
                City Council.

                       Section 30.21(B) of the Lawrenceburg Code
                authorizes me to remove the Chief of Police [City
                Clerk/City Administrator] at will, but requires that I give
                a reason for removal. Because I believe that morale at
                the Lawrenceburg Police Department [city hall] would be
                adversely affected by the continued presence of a Chief
                of Police [any non-elected officer] who is not being

3
    Ordinance § 30.21 provides:

                (A) All non-elected city officers shall be appointed by the Mayor
                    and all such appointments shall be with approval of Council.

                (B) The officers may be removed by the Mayor at will unless
                    otherwise provided by statute or ordinance. Upon removal of
                    a non-elected officer at will, the Mayor shall give the officer a
                    written statement setting forth the reason or reasons for the
                    removal. However, this requirement shall not be construed as
                    limiting in any way the at-will dismissal power of the
                    executive authority.

(Emphasis added.)

                                                 -4-
              retained, your removal from the position of Chief of
              Police [City Clerk/City Administrator] is effective
              immediately.

              A week later, Schell filed a ten-count complaint against Young,

individually and in his official capacity, and Lawrenceburg. On the same date and

via the same counsel, Hume filed a seven-count complaint against the same

defendants.

              Schell and Hume each alleged that their terminations violated their

ordinance-based right to a two-year term of office (for Schell, Ordinance § 34.01

and for Hume, Ordinance § 30.23(A)) and Ordinance § 30.35(A), which provides

in relevant part that the “policies and procedures on file in the City Clerk’s Office

is [sic] adopted by reference and shall be the system of human resources

administration for the city.” Specifically, Lawrenceburg’s Personnel Policies and

Procedures (PPP) provides in relevant part in its foreword that “all references to

employee shall include non-elected officers,” and PPP Part III(A)(4) provides that

“[u]nless serving a probationary period, an employee may be dismissed from the

city service for just-cause only.” In short, each asserted they could only have been

properly dismissed, at least during their two-year terms, for cause.

              Additionally, Schell alleged three police officer-centered claims that

his termination violated: (1) Ordinance § 34.03, which provides in relevant part

that “[n]o member of the police department shall be removed from the department

                                          -5-
or reduced in rank upon any reason except inefficiency, misconduct,

insubordination or violation of law, or violation of the rules adopted for the

department”; (2) Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 95.450(2), which provides in

relevant part that “no member of the police . . . department in cities listed on the

registry pursuant to subsection (9) of this section . . . shall be . . . dismissed . . . for

any reason except inefficiency, misconduct, insubordination or violation of law or

of the rules adopted by the legislative body”; and (3) KRS 15.520, which is

colloquially known as the police officer bill of rights and provides process for

discipline and dismissal for misconduct.

              Schell and Hume further alleged wrongful termination, tortious

interference with the ability to earn money, outrage/intentional infliction of

emotional distress (IIED), and that each plaintiff’s dismissal was an arbitrary

exercise of power in violation of Section 2 of the Kentucky Constitution, which

provides that “[a]bsolute and arbitrary power over the lives, liberty and property of

freemen exists nowhere in a republic, not even in the largest majority.”

              Schell and Hume each sought punitive damages, declaratory relief,

reinstatement, back pay, damages, and attorney fees. They attached their

respective January 2, 2019 dismissal letters and Lawrenceburg’s PPP to their

complaints. Schell also attached the Lawrenceburg Police Department’s grievance

procedures.

                                            -6-
             In lieu of an answer, Lawrenceburg and Young jointly filed motions

to dismiss both complaints. They argued: the claims against Young in his official

capacity were redundant of claims against Lawrenceburg, Young was entitled to

qualified official immunity, and none of the statutes and ordinances relied upon by

Schell and Hume altered the at-will nature of their employment. They further

argued the wrongful termination, tortious interference with the ability to earn

money, IIED, and Section 2 of the Kentucky Constitution claims failed as a matter

of law; punitive damages were unavailable; and neither plaintiff was entitled to

attorney fees.

             Schell and Hume each filed a lengthy response. Attached to Schell’s

response were two pre-termination letters not attached to his complaint or the

motion to dismiss. First, Schell attached the November 2018 one-sentence letter

from Young informing Schell that his services “will no longer be needed as of

January 1, 2019.” Second, Schell attached the responsive December 29, 2018,

letter from his counsel to Young opining as to why counsel believed it would be

improper for Young to dismiss Schell. The circuit court did not explicitly exclude

the letters from its consideration of the motion to dismiss Schell’s complaint.

             In February 2020, over ten months after briefing concluded, the circuit

court issued an opinion and order in each case granting each motion to dismiss

each complaint in its entirety. The circuit court found there to be “no support for

                                         -7-
the conclusion that Schell [or Hume] had a contract or a guarantee of a two-year

term of employment, as he was subject to at will removal in the discretion of the

Mayor[]” and concluded that “Kentucky provides for no private right of action to

enforce an ordinance” so “the alleged violations of City ordinances are hereby

dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”

             The circuit court also dismissed Schell’s police officer-related claims,

concluding that KRS 95.450 did not apply to Lawrenceburg and KRS 15.520 did

not apply because no complaints were filed against Schell.

             The circuit court dismissed Schell’s and Hume’s claims regarding

violation of Section 2 of the Kentucky Constitution because “there is no private

right of action for violation of the Kentucky Constitution.”

             The circuit court found the wrongful termination claims failed

because neither Schell nor Hume had shown that “his removal was contrary to any

statute, ordinance or constitutional provision[,]” and the tortious interference with

the ability to earn money claims failed because “this cause of action does not exist

in Kentucky[.]”

             The circuit court also ruled that “[m]ere termination from

employment” was insufficient to constitute actionable IIED and punitive damages

may not be imposed upon a municipality.

                                         -8-
             The circuit court ruled that the official capacity claims against Young

in both cases were redundant as they were “essentially a claim against the City, the

entity he represents” and Young was entitled to qualified official immunity for the

individual capacity claims against him because there was “no indication” that his

firing of either plaintiff “was not done in good faith.”

             Schell then filed appeal 2020-CA-0282-MR; Hume filed appeal 2020-

CA-0300-MR.

             On appeal, Hume and Schell do not contest the dismissal of: their

official capacity claims against Young, their tortious interference with the ability to

earn money claims, and their requests for attorney fees. Consequently, they have

waived any possible errors in the dismissal of those claims.

             Likewise, Schell does not actively contest the dismissal of his IIED

claims, stating only that he “presented viable claims for . . . intentional infliction of

emotional distress[.]” Such a terse, conclusory assertion wholly unaccompanied

by meaningfully developed argument or citation to authority is insufficient to merit

appellate relief. See Koester v. Koester, 569 S.W.3d 412, 414 (Ky.App. 2019);

Jones v. Livesay, 551 S.W.3d 47, 52 (Ky.App. 2018). Thus, Schell has waived any

claim of error involved in dismissing that claim, though Hume has not.

             Standard of Review

             As our Supreme Court explained:

                                           -9-
                     A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
             upon which relief may be granted admits as true the
             material facts of the complaint. So a court should not
             grant such a motion unless it appears the pleading party
             would not be entitled to relief under any set of facts
             which could be proved . . . . Accordingly, the pleadings
             should be liberally construed in the light most favorable
             to the plaintiff, all allegations being taken as true. This
             exacting standard of review eliminates any need by the
             trial court to make findings of fact; rather, the question is
             purely a matter of law. Stated another way, the court
             must ask if the facts alleged in the complaint can be
             proved, would the plaintiff be entitled to relief? Since a
             motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which
             relief may be granted is a pure question of law, a
             reviewing court owes no deference to a trial court’s
             determination; instead, an appellate court reviews the
             issue de novo.

Fox v. Grayson, 317 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Ky. 2010) (internal quotation marks, citations,

and footnotes omitted).

             Because Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR) 12.02 mandates that

a motion to dismiss is converted to a motion for summary judgment if matters

outside the pleadings are presented to, and not excluded by, the circuit court, we

must first determine the impact of the correspondence between Schell’s counsel

and Young written after Young was elected mayor but before he took office.

             Conversion from a motion to dismiss to a motion for summary

judgment occurs even if the extraneous matters are submitted by the non-moving

party. See, e.g., Baker v. Campbell County Bd. of Educ., 180 S.W.3d 479, 480 n.1

(Ky.App. 2005). However, there are exceptions to the conversion rule. For

                                         -10-
example, no conversion occurs if the circuit court considers matters of public

record. See, e.g., Netherwood v. Fifth Third Bank, Inc., 514 S.W.3d 558, 563-64

(Ky.App. 2017). Federal courts construing their counterpart to CR 12.02 have held

that a court may consider, among other things, “matters incorporated by reference

or integral to the claim” without converting a motion to dismiss to a motion for

summary judgment. 5B CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR MILLER, FEDERAL

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1357 (3d ed. 2020). “To be integral to a complaint,

the plaintiff must have (1) actual notice of the extraneous information and (2)

relied upon the documents in framing the complaint.” DeLuca v. AccessIT Group,

Inc., 695 F. Supp. 2d 54, 60 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (internal quotation marks, brackets,

and citations omitted).

             Here, Schell had actual notice of the letters since one was addressed to

him and the other was written by his counsel and he attached the letters to his

response to the motion to dismiss. There is no dispute as to the letters’

authenticity. Moreover, Schell relied upon the letter from his counsel to Young in

his attempt to show that Young was not acting in good faith when he fired Schell,

thereby boosting Schell’s IIED claim and hampering Young’s immunity defenses.

Accordingly, though they are not cited in Schell’s complaint, Schell relied upon

the letters in drafting it. Finally, neither Young nor Lawrenceburg objected to the

letters or asserted they trigger mandatory conversion under CR 12.02.

                                        -11-
               We conclude under these unique facts that the motion to dismiss

Schell’s complaint was not converted to a motion for summary judgment. Also,

though the standards for granting summary judgment and for dismissing a

complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted under CR

12.02 are not interchangeable, application of either standard leads to the same

result here.

               Issues on Appeal

               I.    Violation of the Ordinances

               At its core, these appeals involve construing whether the Ordinances

were violated when Young summarily terminated Schell, as Chief of Police, and

Hume, as City Clerk, without cause. However, prior to discerning the application

of the Ordinances, we must determine whether the circuit court correctly

concluded there cannot be a private right of action to enforce an ordinance in

Kentucky. After all, if violation of an ordinance is not actionable then it is

irrelevant whether Schell’s and/or Hume’s termination violated any ordinances.

                     A. Declaratory Relief is Available for Violations of the
                        Ordinances

               The circuit court’s ordinances-are-not-actionable conclusion was

based upon its interpretation of our Supreme Court’s holding in St. Luke Hospital,

Inc. v. Straub, 354 S.W.3d 529 (Ky. 2011), regarding the interpretation to be given

to KRS 446.070. KRS 446.070 provides that “[a] person injured by the violation

                                         -12-
of any statute may recover from the offender such damages as he sustained by

reason of the violation, although a penalty or forfeiture is imposed for such

violation.” Our Supreme Court construed KRS 446.070 according to its plain

language in holding that “KRS 446.070 does not create a private right of action for

violations of the state constitution because our constitution is not a statute.”

Straub, 354 S.W.3d at 536.

             The Supreme Court noted that KRS 446.070 also did not authorize a

cause of action for violations of municipal ordinances because, again, ordinances

are not statutes. Straub, 354 S.W.3d at 534-35. In doing so, it relied upon

Alderman v. Bradley, 957 S.W.2d 264, 266 (Ky.App. 1997) and Baker v. White,

251 Ky. 691, 65 S.W.2d 1022, 1024 (1933). Straub, 354 S.W.3d at 535 n.15. In

Alderman, 957 S.W.2d at 266-67, the Court concluded that KRS 446.070 could not

authorize a claim for alleged violations of federal gun control laws because its

reach did not extend to federal regulations. In Baker, 65 S.W.2d at 1023-25, the

Court concluded that suit could not be brought under a statutory predecessor of

KRS 446.070 to recover damages caused by a firecracker sold in violation of an

ordinance because an ordinance was not a statute.

             These cases cannot be construed to set forth a blanket, irrevocable ban

on all actions based upon alleged violations of municipal ordinances where they

were only concerned with the interpretation to be given to KRS 446.070 and its

                                          -13-
predecessor. Additionally, the General Assembly has expressly provided that

actions for a declaration of rights may be filed based upon alleged violations of

ordinances. KRS 418.040 provides that if an actual controversy exists then “the

plaintiff may ask for a declaration of rights, either alone or with other relief; and

the court may make a binding declaration of rights, whether or not consequential

relief is or could be asked.” And KRS 418.045 provides in relevant part that

“[a]ny person . . . whose rights are affected by . . . municipal ordinance . . . may

apply for and secure a declaration of his right or duties[.]” (Emphasis added.)

             Both Schell and Hume asked for declaratory relief in their complaints

and could appropriately seek such relief. Thus, the circuit court erred to the extent

that it dismissed Schell’s and Hume’s declaratory judgment claims based upon an

erroneous conclusion that no private right of action may ever lie for alleged

violations of ordinances. The ultimate merits of both complaints are not before us,

so we express no opinion as to what proper relief Schell and Hume may receive if

they ultimately prevail on remand.

                    B. Construing the Ordinances

             Before we analyze the ordinances at issue, we acknowledge that under

longstanding Kentucky law, “[t]he primary purpose of judicial construction or

interpretation of statutes or ordinances is to determine the intent and purposes

thereof and if this may be determined from the language of the statute or

                                          -14-
ordinance, no other rule of construction or interpretation is necessary.” City of

Mayfield v. Reed, 278 Ky. 5, 127 S.W.2d 847, 849 (1939). Thus, courts generally

construe an ordinance in accordance with the usual, plain meaning of its terms.

Kroger Grocery & Baking Co. v. City of Cynthiana, 240 Ky. 701, 42 S.W.2d 904,

906 (1931).

              “The same canons of construction are applicable whether an

ordinance or a statute is involved.” 82 C.J.S. Statutes § 364 (2021). Under

accepted principles of statutory interpretation, a court presumes the enacting body

meant for all parts of an enactment to have meaning and to be able to “harmonize

with related statutes [or ordinances].” Shawnee Telecom Resources, Inc. v. Brown,

354 S.W.3d 542, 551 (Ky. 2011).

                    C. Effect of the Two-Year Term Appointments

              Both Schell and Hume rely upon ordinances they believe guaranteed

them an absolute two-year term. For Schell, Ordinance § 34.01 provides in

relevant part that “[t]he Chief of Police shall be appointed by the Mayor at the first

regular meeting after the new members of the City Council take office, for a term

of two years and until his successor is appointed.” As for Hume, Ordinance §

30.23(A) similarly provides that “[t]he [City] Clerk shall be appointed by the

Mayor at the first regular meeting after the new members of the City Council take

office, for a term of two years and until his successor is appointed.”

                                         -15-
             This case requires us to fill in gaps in those ordinances by determining

what happens in situations when persons, like Schell and Hume, are not appointed

at the first regular meeting after new members of the City Council take office. We

must presume the allegations in the complaint are true when assessing a motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim. Thus, we reject Young’s and Lawrenceburg’s

arguments that Hume’s complaint must be dismissed because he has not

sufficiently shown that he was reappointed to the City Clerk position in December

2018. Even though the record does not contain documents memorializing Hume’s

appointment, we must accept as true for purposes of resolving the motion to

dismiss the allegations in Hume’s complaint, including that he “was reappointed

for a sixth consecutive term as City Clerk on December 1, 2018.” Young and

Lawrenceburg may, if they choose, explore Hume’s appointment in discovery on

remand and challenge whether his appointment occurred at such time.

             While the Ordinances are not models of legislative draftsmanship, we

conclude that only one interpretation of the Ordinances makes them consistent and

gives meaning to each word. To wit: the clock for each two-year term begins

ticking on the date of the first regular council meeting where new councilmembers

take office and ceases ticking two years later, at the next such council meeting.

Consequently, someone appointed to fill a vacancy sometime after the first regular

council meeting following city council elections is entitled to serve only the

                                        -16-
unexpired portion of the already begun two-year term—i.e., until his/her successor

is appointed at the next first city council meeting at which new members take

office.

             After all, if we accept the position of Schell and Hume that nominees

would be entitled to full two-year terms from the date of their appointments, we

would render ineffective language in the Ordinances specifying that each office’s

two-year term begins at the first regularly scheduled post-city council election

meeting. And if we accept Young’s and Lawrenceburg’s position that the Mayor

had the ability to discharge the Chief of Police or City Clerk without cause at any

time, we would have to render ineffective language expressly entitling the holders

of each of those offices to a two-year term, beginning at the first regular council

meeting at which new councilmembers take office.

             In practical terms, a determination regarding the correct construction

of the Ordinances means that Schell and Hume have pled allegations sufficient to

survive a motion to dismiss, albeit to a limited extent. Both Schell and Hume were

discharged in early January 2019, roughly twelve days before the first regular city

council meeting in January 2019—i.e., the date when the two-year terms for the

Chief of Police and City Clerk expired. While Young was not required to

reappoint them at that time, he was not authorized to terminate them prior to that

time.

                                         -17-
                    D. Declaratory Relief is Available Where the Chief of Police
                       and City Clerk were Terminated Without Cause

             Schell and Hume believe their terminations also violated the PPP,

which generally provides that Lawrenceburg employees should only be terminated

with just cause and, in Part III(E)(4)(d), also provides that “[a]ny disciplinary

action which could potentially result in dismissal shall require that a pre-

disciplinary hearing be offered to the employee prior to the determination of the

dismissal.” Young and Lawrenceburg argue the PPP affords Schell and Hume no

relief.

             In Kentucky, the general rule is that “[i]n those cases in which the

office is held at the pleasure of the appointing power, and where the power of

removal is exercisable at its mere discretion, it is well settled that the officer may

be removed without notice or hearing” but “[t]he rule is different where the officer

is one provided for by the Constitution, or who had a fixed term of office.”

Parsons v. Breed, 126 Ky. 759, 104 S.W. 766, 768 (1907) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). In other words, having a fixed term of office protects

an officeholder from being removed without cause at any time. See 2 JOHN

MARTINEZ, LOCAL GOVERNMENT LAW § 10:59 Removal (2020). Toward that end,

well over a century ago Kentucky’s then-highest court explained that “[t]he general

rule is that a person appointed or elected to an office, the term of which is

prescribed, cannot be removed therefrom, by even the appointing power, except

                                          -18-
upon trial of charges preferred, and of which he has notice.” Riffe v. Finsby, 103

Ky. 631, 45 S.W. 1046, 1046 (1898). See also Todd v. Dunlap, 99 Ky. 449, 36

S.W. 541, 541-545 (1896).

             It is uncontested that the Chief of Police, the City Clerk and the City

Administrator are nonelected city officers. KRS 83A.080(2)(a), (c) and (d).

Generally, Lawrenceburg “officers may be removed by the Mayor at will unless

otherwise provided by statute or ordinance” under Ordinance § 30.21(B). Accord

KRS 83A.080(3) (stating that city “officers may be removed by the executive

authority at will unless otherwise provided by statute or ordinance.”).

             As previously discussed, Lawrenceburg has enacted ordinances which

provide for a two-year term of office for the Chief of Police and the City Clerk. If

Lawrenceburg wanted all of its employees to serve wholly at the will of the Mayor,

why would it logically have given some of them—but, crucially, not all of them—

fixed terms of office? Indeed, the only obvious logical reason to give some

employees terms of office while denying that privilege to others is to insulate some

employees (the ones holding jobs with fixed terms of office) from being

discharged at the discretionary whim of a mayor. Therefore, notwithstanding

Young’s and Lawrenceburg’s arguments to the contrary, there plainly is authority

“otherwise provided by statute or ordinance” prohibiting the Mayor from treating

                                        -19-
the Chief of Police and the City Clerk as at-will employees and summarily

dismissing them without cause during their two-year terms of office.

             The PPP contains a disclaimer stating that it is not intended to create a

contractual right of employment for Lawrenceburg employees, so at-will

employees remain terminable at any time without cause. See, e.g., Noel v. Elk

Brand Mfg. Co., 53 S.W.3d 95, 99 (Ky.App. 2000) (exploring a similar disclaimer

in an employee handbook that was interpreted to mean an employee was employed

“at will”). While we agree with Young and Lawrenceburg that the PPP, standing

alone, does not convert an at-will Lawrenceburg employee into one possessing a

contractual employment relationship with Lawrenceburg, it also cannot serve to

divest employees who are not at-will from the protections of a fixed term in office.

             Because Schell and Hume (in his capacity as City Clerk) fell outside

the at-will employment relationship, they were protected by the provisions of the

PPP. And the PPP requires covered employees to be terminated only with just

cause and entitles covered employees to pre-termination hearings.

             The cases cited by Young and Lawrenceburg to support their contrary

conclusion are all distinguishable as no legislation changed either Schell’s or

Hume’s terms of office. See Johnson v. Laffoon, 257 Ky. 156, 77 S.W.2d 345,

348-49 (1934); Young v. City of Ashland, 125 S.W. 737, 738–39 (Ky. 1910); Board

of Councilmen v. Brawner, 100 Ky. 166, 38 S.W. 497, 497 (1897).

                                        -20-
             Because there were no allegations of misconduct against either of

them, Schell and Hume (as City Clerk) facially had the right to complete the

unexpired balance of their two-year terms. Thus, Schell and Hume have pled facts

sufficient to survive the motions to dismiss and to maintain declaratory judgment

actions alleging they were improperly deprived of their respective offices of Chief

of Police and City Clerk from their January 2, 2019 dismissal to the January 14,

2019 regular council meeting. However, they had no entitlement to serve past that

day as Mayor Young had the discretion to choose whom to appoint to new two-

year terms as Chief of Police and City Clerk. We reach no binding conclusions

about whether Schell and/or Hume should prevail on their declaratory judgment

actions as the parties have not engaged in discovery and their legal arguments have

been narrowly focused only on application of relevant ordinances and statutes.

                   E. The City Administrator as an At-Will Employee was
                      Properly Terminable

             In contrast, Ordinance § 30.22, which creates the office of City

Administrative Officer and defines its duties, contains no language entitling that

officeholder to any term of office. Therefore, Young had the ability to remove

Hume from the City Administrator position at any time, regardless of the PPP.

             Consequentially, we affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of all of

Hume’s claims regarding his termination as City Administrator. All future

                                        -21-
references herein regarding viable claims referencing Hume will only pertain to

Hume’s termination as City Clerk.

             II.   Schell’s Entitlement to Protections for Police Officers

             Schell argues that as Chief of Police, he was entitled to protections

which extend to all police officers pursuant to Ordinance § 34.03, KRS 95.450 and

KRS 15.520.

                   A. Declaratory Relief is Available for the Chief of Police
                      Pursuant to Ordinance § 34.03 but Unavailable under KRS
                      95.450 which Does Not Apply to Lawrenceburg

             Ordinance § 34.03(A) provides in relevant part that “[n]o member of

the police department shall be removed from the department or reduced in rank

upon any reason except inefficiency, misconduct, insubordination or violation of

law, or violation of the rules adopted for the department.” Section (B) of that same

Ordinance provides provisions for addressing conduct of a member of the police

department “justifying removal or punishment” with “charges [to be] heard by the

City Council” and punishment fixed by it which can include “reducing the rank, if

the accused be Chief[.]” Section (B) concludes: “No member of the police

department shall be reprimanded, removed, suspended, or dismissed from the

department until written charges have been made, or preferred against him, and a

trial had as herein provided.”

                                        -22-
              Schell contends his termination was improper because Young did not

cite any enumerated reason for Schell’s termination, nor did Young afford Schell a

pre-dismissal trial/hearing. He also claims protection pursuant to KRS 95.450(2).

              The circuit court concluded that Ordinances §§ 34.03 and 30.21 are in

conflict and, therefore, Ordinance § 30.21 controls as more specific, and Ordinance

§ 34.03 does not apply to the Chief of Police. We disagree.

              There is no conflict between the ordinances, which may be easily

harmonized. Ordinance § 30.21 generally provides that the Mayor has the

authority to dismiss Lawrenceburg employees without cause unless there is

authority to the contrary. Ordinance § 34.03 provides explicit authority to the

contrary by setting forth a specific set of procedures governing the process for

disciplining/terminating police officers including the Chief of Police.

              Young did not comply with the plain terms of Ordinance § 34.03

because he fired Schell without cause and without affording him any sort of

hearing. Young and Lawrenceburg contend Ordinance § 34.03 is invalid. It is

unusual for a municipality to argue its own ordinance is invalid. Nevertheless,

“[t]here is a well established body of law that duly adopted legislation is entitled to

a presumption of validity and we have no difficulty in extending that general

principle to municipalities.” Dannheiser v. City of Henderson, 4 S.W.3d 542, 547

(Ky. 1999).

                                         -23-
             The statutory basis for Lawrenceburg’s enactment of Ordinance §

34.03 is KRS 95.450. KRS 95.450(2) contains language similar to Ordinance §

34.03, providing in relevant part:

             no member of the police or fire department in cities listed
             on the registry pursuant to subsection (9) of this section
             or an urban-county government shall be reprimanded,
             dismissed, suspended or reduced in grade or pay for any
             reason except inefficiency, misconduct, insubordination
             or violation of law or of the rules adopted by the
             legislative body, and only after charges are preferred and
             a hearing conducted as provided in this section.

KRS 95.450 essentially “acts as an assurance that police officers will not be

disciplined without ‘just cause.’” Martin v. City of Glasgow, 882 F. Supp. 2d 903,

908 (W.D. Ky. 2012).

             KRS 95.450(1) expressly applies only to urban-county governments

and the cities “included in the Department for Local Government registry,” and it

is undisputed that Lawrenceburg is neither an urban-county government nor among

the cities included in that registry.

             The gist of Lawrenceburg’s argument is that the General Assembly

enacted a “comprehensive scheme” for police officer discipline in KRS 95.450

(but chose not to include Lawrenceburg among the cities impacted by that

scheme), so it silently preempted Lawrenceburg from enacting its own similar

                                        -24-
scheme. Lawrenceburg’s argument is based upon an extremely expansive

interpretation of KRS 82.082,[4] which provides:

              (1) A city may exercise any power and perform any
              function within its boundaries, including the power of
              eminent domain in accordance with the provisions of the
              Eminent Domain Act of Kentucky, that is in furtherance
              of a public purpose of the city and not in conflict with a
              constitutional provision or statute.

              (2) A power or function is in conflict with a statute if it
              is expressly prohibited by a statute or there is a
              comprehensive scheme of legislation on the same general
              subject embodied in the Kentucky Revised Statutes.

              Precedent holds that “[i]n order to rise to the level of a comprehensive

system or scheme, the General Assembly must establish a definite system that

explicitly directs the actions of a city.” Dannheiser, 4 S.W.3d at 548. Essentially,

Lawrenceburg is arguing that by limiting KRS 95.450’s reach to certain

municipalities, the General Assembly intended to prohibit any other city from

enacting “for cause” ordinances setting forth similar local requirements for

disciplining police officers. We disagree.

              Lawrenceburg contends KRS 95.450 is a comprehensive scheme for

police officer discipline but it is undisputed that statute does not apply to all

municipalities within this Commonwealth—including Lawrenceburg. It is illogical

4
 Our quotation is from the current version of the statute. The pre-2019 version contained some
additional superfluous language in subsection two. The 2019 amendments merely removed the
superfluous language and so did not impact the outcome here.

                                             -25-
that a scheme which intentionally omits large swaths of the Commonwealth is

somehow nonetheless a comprehensive scheme.

             The parties have not cited, nor have we independently located, any

statutory definition of “comprehensive scheme,” but KRS 446.080(4) provides that

unless the words or phrases in a statute have “acquired a peculiar and appropriate

meaning in the law” we should construe statutory language “according to the

common and approved usage of language[.]” “Comprehensive” is defined as

“covering completely or broadly.” Comprehensive, MERRIAM-WEBSTER

DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comprehensive (last

visited Feb. 25, 2021). KRS 95.450 fails to satisfy that definition as it does not

cover Lawrenceburg and many other cities within the Commonwealth, so it

certainly does not cover Kentucky’s cities “completely or broadly.”

             The General Assembly did not enact a definite system that tied

Lawrenceburg’s hands from enacting a local system for disciplining police officers

modeled on KRS 95.450. So, because there is not a statewide comprehensive

scheme for police officer discipline contained in KRS 95.450, the “very broad

power of a city to govern its affairs[,]” City of Covington v. Tranter, 673 S.W.2d

744, 747 (Ky.App. 1984), gave Lawrenceburg the discretion to choose to enact its

own system for police officer discipline and termination. And, once enacted, those

                                         -26-
police officer discipline ordinances became binding, and Schell was able to

institute a facially valid declaratory judgment action alleging violations thereof.

             Lawrenceburg alternately contends that the General Assembly enacted

legislation which gave cities not covered by KRS 95.450 the option of creating a

civil service commission to govern disciplining of police officers. Specifically,

KRS 95.442 provides in relevant part that “[a]ny city with a population equal to or

greater than eight thousand (8,000) based upon the most recent federal decennial

census, may elect to operate under KRS 90.310 to 90.410, and, by ordinance,

create a civil service commission.” (Emphasis added.) KRS 90.310(1) similarly

provides in relevant part that “any city of the home rule class may elect to operate

under KRS 90.310 to 90.410, and, by ordinance, create a civil service commission

which shall hold examinations as to the qualifications of applicants for municipal

employment within the several departments of the city that are designated by

ordinance.” (Emphasis added.)

             The General Assembly stated in KRS 446.010(26) that, in Kentucky’s

statutes, ‘“[m]ay’ is permissive[.]” And “[t]he legislature certainly knows the

scope of its power to provide mandatory, as distinguished from permissive,

legislation.” Dannheiser, 4 S.W.3d at 549. Therefore, Lawrenceburg was

permitted to—but not required to—adopt a civil service commission. The General

Assembly’s giving a municipality the discretionary option of taking an action is

                                         -27-
not evidence of the General Assembly’s having enacted “a definite system that

explicitly directs the actions of a city.” Id. at 548. One cannot be “directed” to

take a purely discretionary act.

             Under Kentucky’s broad home rule powers for municipalities,

Lawrenceburg “may exercise any power and perform any function within its

boundaries . . . that is in furtherance of a public purpose of the city and not in

conflict with a constitutional provision or statute.” KRS 82.082(1). Lawrenceburg

has not shown that Ordinance § 34.03 is contrary to any specific constitutional

provisions or statutes. Instead, it appears that the General Assembly has mandated

some cities abide by the police protection provisions of KRS 95.450 and has

authorized other cities to form a civil service commission aimed at achieving those

same fundamental ends. There is no indication the General Assembly intended

that a city which declines to adopt a civil service commission could not voluntarily

enact similar protections for its police officers as part of a public policy goal of

bettering its police department by protecting its officers from improper discipline.

That goal could, for example, encourage people to apply for police officer

positions and promote morale and stability within the police department.

             In conclusion, Schell presented a facially viable declaratory judgment

claim alleging Lawrenceburg and Young violated Ordinance § 34.03 by

                                          -28-
terminating him without good cause.5 However, because Lawrenceburg is not one

of the cities subject to KRS 95.450(1), Schell has no protection pursuant to KRS

95.450(2).

                       B. The Protections under KRS 15.520 were Inapplicable where
                          it was Undisputed the Chief of Police’s Termination was Not
                          Based on a Citizen’s Complaint or Misconduct

               We agree with the circuit court’s dismissal of Schell’s claims based

upon alleged violations of KRS 15.520. That statute, “often referred to as the

‘police officer’s Bill of Rights,’ details specific procedural rights for police officers

who are accused of misconduct and are facing the disciplinary processes

administratively conducted by the police agency that employs them.” Pearce v.

University of Louisville, by and through its Board of Trustees, 448 S.W.3d 746,

747 (Ky. 2014).6 Although the version of KRS 15.520 then in effect was construed

to have an expansive reach in Pearce, the General Assembly subsequently enacted

5
  We recognize that Ordinance § 34.03 also requires a hearing on charges of misconduct. But
since there were no allegations of misconduct here, the efficacy of a hearing is facially nil. As
we held in McCloud v. Whitt, 639 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Ky.App. 1982), “[i]t would be absurd to
require a hearing where, as here, there has been a removal under authority to remove at will
rather than a removal for some cause, since there would be nothing to inquire into.” Therefore,
on remand the focus should be on the portion of Ordinance § 34.03 requiring cause for
terminating Schell, not the portion of the Ordinance generally affording the right to a hearing to
police officers accused of misconduct.
6
  KRS 15.520, by its own terms, applies only to cities which “participate[] in the Kentucky Law
Enforcement Foundation Program fund administered pursuant to KRS 15.430[.]” KRS
15.520(2). It appears undisputed that Lawrenceburg participates in that program, so we will
simply assume for the sake of argument that it does.

                                               -29-
significant changes to the statute to make its scope plain, namely that it applies:

(1) to complaints from citizens alleging misconduct by a police officer, KRS

15.520(3); and (2) “[w]hen an officer is accused of an act or omission that would

constitute a violation of law enforcement procedures by any individual within the

law enforcement agency employing the officer[.]” KRS 15.520(4)(a). Neither

situation exists here. See Pearce v. Whitenack, 440 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Ky.App.

2014) (emphasis added) (explaining “KRS 15.520 sets forth specific procedural

due process steps that a city must comply with in connection to investigating and

resolving a complaint of misconduct against a city police officer.”).

             KRS 15.520(10) provides in relevant part:

             [N]othing in this section shall be interpreted or construed
             to: . . .

                    (e) Apply any disciplinary action required by this
                    section to actions taken by an employing agency
                    that is not related to misconduct by a law
                    enforcement officer, such as personnel decisions
                    made by the employing agency due to a lack of
                    resources or personnel decisions related to a
                    chief’s management of a police department[.]

Young’s decision, as Mayor, to terminate the Chief of Police without cause is

neither a citizen’s complaint nor an allegation of misconduct. See KRS

15.520(1)(a), (b), and (g) (defining “citizen,” “complaint,” and “misconduct”).

Instead, his decision was a purely discretionary personnel decision. Though the

decision may well have violated other ordinances and/or statutes, it did not

                                         -30-
implicate KRS 15.520. See McCloud, 639 S.W.2d at 377 (explaining discretionary

removal not for misconduct does not implicate KRS 15.520). See also Shelton v.

Brown, 71 F. Supp. 2d 708, 711–12 (W.D. Ky. 1998).

             III.   Remaining Issues

             Schell and Hume also argue they should have been allowed to proceed

with their claims for declaratory relief based on the Kentucky Constitution and the

wrongful terminations they incurred. Hume additionally argues he asserted a valid

IIED claim relating to the manner of his termination. We must also address

whether punitive damages are available and whether claims against Young in his

individual capacity are barred by the doctrine of qualified official immunity.

                    A. Declaratory Relief is Available for a Violation of Section 2
                       of the Kentucky Constitution

             Similar to its conclusion regarding the availability of private causes of

action for violations of ordinances, the circuit court cited St. Luke Hospital, Inc. v.

Straub, 354 S.W.3d 529 (Ky. 2011), as its basis for concluding that no private right

of action exists for allegations of violations of Section 2 of the Kentucky

Constitution. As previously discussed, KRS 446.070 is not relied upon by Schell

and Hume as a basis for damages. Additionally, Straub does not foreclose the

possibility of declaratory relief for alleged violations of our state Constitution.

             Other precedent unequivocally holds that declaratory relief is

available in cases involving alleged violations of our state Constitution. In

                                          -31-
Pritchett v. Marshall, 375 S.W.2d 253, 257 (Ky. 1963), a declaratory judgment

action regarding an administrative agency, the Court held that “a claim that

constitutional rights are being violated is always justiciable, even though the

statute establishing the administrative procedure does not provide for judicial

review.” Indeed, not even sovereign immunity is a bar to a declaratory judgment

action. See University of Kentucky v. Davis, 551 S.W.3d 443, 448 (Ky.App. 2017)

(holding that “[w]here it is alleged that the state or its agency has acted arbitrarily

in violation of Section 2 of the Kentucky Constitution, immunity is not available as

a defense to a declaratory judgment action.”).

             Straub did not address Pritchett, nor has Pritchett otherwise been

overruled. As such, Pritchett remains controlling in the declaratory judgment

context. Therefore, the circuit court erred by relying upon Straub for the incorrect

conclusion that no private claims of any type could ever properly be brought

alleging violations of our Kentucky Constitution. We now turn to determining

whether Schell and/or Hume pled viable Section 2 claims.

             Government entities are “enjoined against arbitrariness by § 2 of the

[Kentucky] Constitution, a concept we consider broad enough to embrace both due

process and equal protection of the laws, both fundamental fairness and

impartiality.” Pritchett, 375 S.W.2d at 258. See also Kentucky Milk Marketing

and Antimonopoly Comm’n v. Kroger Co., 691 S.W.2d 893, 899 (Ky. 1985)

                                          -32-
(broadly discussing arbitrary actions as including “[w]hatever is contrary to

democratic ideals, customs and maxims[,] . . . unjust and unequal or exceeds the

reasonable and legitimate interests of the people . . .[or] rests upon reasons so

unsubstantial or the consequences are so unjust as to work a hardship[.]”).

Because it is undisputed that Young fired Schell and Hume without cause before

the end of their respective terms, Schell and Hume have presented viable claims

alleging their terminations were arbitrary, unreasonable, and unfair. Consequently,

the circuit court erred by dismissing their Section 2 declaratory judgment claims.

                    B. Wrongful Termination Claims by the Chief of Police and
                       City Clerk Should Not have been Dismissed

             With respect to Schell’s and Hume’s wrongful termination claims, an

at-will employee may be discharged for any reason so long that reason does not fit

within a fundamental, well-established public policy, such as discharging an

employee for being a member of a protected class. Follett v. Gateway Regional

Health System, Inc., 229 S.W.3d 925, 927 (Ky.App. 2007). As discussed above,

Hume, as City Administrator, was the only at-will employee. There was no public

policy reason why he could not be validly terminated.

             Therefore, we proceed to considering whether the wrongful

termination claims of Schell, as Police Chief, and Hume, as City Clerk, could

survive the motions for dismissal.

             The elements of wrongful termination are:

                                         -33-
              1) The discharge must be contrary to a fundamental and
              well-defined public policy as evidenced by existing law.

              2) That policy must be evidenced by a constitutional or
              statutory provision.

              3) The decision of whether the public policy asserted
              meets these criteria is a question of law for the court to
              decide, not a question of fact.

Foster v. Jennie Stuart Medical Center, Inc., 435 S.W.3d 629, 635 (Ky.App.

2013). The Ordinances, though binding on Lawrenceburg, are neither statutes nor

constitutional provisions. Thus, violation of local ordinances which gave Schell

and Hume the right to continued employment for a specified term is insufficient to

support a claim for wrongful termination.7

              However, as previously discussed, Schell and Hume have raised

viable claims that their dismissals were arbitrary in violation of Section 2 of the

Kentucky Constitution. Moreover, KRS 83A.080(3) largely tracks the language of

the Ordinances by providing that nonelected city officers “may be removed by the

executive authority at will unless otherwise provided by statute or ordinance.” See

also KRS 83A.130(9) (emphasis added) (stating “[t]he mayor shall be the

appointing authority with power to appoint and remove all city employees,

7
 To the extent that it deemed an ordinance insufficient to constitute the public policy of
Kentucky for wrongful termination claim purposes, we agree with the federal court’s
unpublished decision in Roberson v. Brightpoint Services, LLC, Civil Action No. 3:07-CV-501-
S, 2008 WL 793636, *4 (W.D. Ky. 2008).

                                            -34-
including police officers, except as tenure and terms of employment are protected

by statute, ordinance or contract and except for employees of the council.”). And,

as previously discussed, Schell and Hume have sufficiently pled that their

summary removal by Young without cause was in violation of Lawrenceburg

ordinances giving each two-year terms of office.

             There is a public policy in Kentucky against arbitrary governmental

actions. Accepting all the allegations in their complaints as true and construing

matters in a light favorable to them, Schell and Hume have each pled viable claims

that their summary dismissals were arbitrary, in violation of Section 2 of the

Kentucky Constitution and the aforementioned Kentucky statutes which permit

cities to limit a mayor’s ability to fire city employees at-will. While such claims

may not succeed on the merits, at this stage it was error for the circuit court to

dismiss the wrongful termination claims relating to the Chief of Police and the City

Clerk.

                    C. Hume’s IIED Claim was Properly Dismissed

             To present a viable IIED claim, a plaintiff must show “(1) the

wrongdoer’s conduct was intentional or reckless, (2) the wrongdoer’s conduct was

outrageous and intolerable, (3) there is a causal connection between the conduct

and the emotional distress, and (4) the emotional distress suffered is severe.”

                                         -35-
Benningfield v. Pettit Environmental, Inc., 183 S.W.3d 567, 572 (Ky.App. 2005).

Hume’s complaint fails to satisfy those requirements.

             Hume doubtlessly was upset when he was terminated by Young.

And, accepting the allegations in the record as true, Young acted brusquely and

without empathy when he allegedly forced Hume to empty his office of personal

effects in front of others and proclaimed Young’s intent to claim that office space

as his own once Hume departed. Nonetheless, not all upsetting, even callous,

conduct is actionable. Standing alone, routine termination, though distressing, is

insufficiently egregious to support a viable IIED claim. Id.

             The public policy of Kentucky prevents various forms of employment

discrimination based on membership in a protected class. KRS 344.040(1).

However, even being fired for discriminatory reasons may be deemed

insufficiently extreme and outrageous to maintain an IIED claim. See

Benningfield, 183 S.W.3d at 572 (citing Godfredson v. Hess & Clark, Inc., 173

F.3d 365, 376 (6th Cir. 1999) (applying Ohio law)). If termination based upon

statutorily prohibited discrimination is insufficient to support a viable IIED claim,

so is termination in apparent violation of a municipal ordinance, unaccompanied

by discriminatory animus. Hume has only shown that he suffered “mere

embarrassment” typical of termination rather than the severe emotional distress

                                         -36-
which constitutes “substantially more than mere sorrow[.]” Id. (citation omitted).

We affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of Hume’s IIED claim.

                   D. Punitive Damages are Not Available Against Lawrenceburg
                      under the Claims Against Local Governments Act (CALGA)

             Having determined that the circuit court erred by dismissing some of

Schell’s and Hume’s claims, we proceed to considering whether punitive damages

are available. While punitive damages are generally available if an employee is

terminated in violation of public policy, Berrier v. Bizer, 57 S.W.3d 271, 283 (Ky.

2001), KRS 65.2002, part of CALGA, provides that “[t]he amount of damages

recoverable against a local government for death, personal injury or property

damages arising out of a single accident or occurrence, or sequence of accidents or

occurrences, shall not exceed the total damages suffered by plaintiff[.]” We have

interpreted that statute to generally prohibit recovering punitive damages from a

municipality. Louisville Metro Housing Authority v. Burns, 198 S.W.3d 147, 150-

51 (Ky.App. 2005).

             Schell and Hume argue that prohibition applies only to their

intentional tort claims, not their other claims. However, CALGA applies to

“[e]very action in tort against any local government in this Commonwealth for

death, personal injury or property damages proximately caused by . . . [a]ny act or

omission of any employee, while acting within the scope of his employment or

duties[.]” KRS 65.2001(1)(b). CALGA defines “[a]ction in tort” as “any claim for

                                        -37-
money damages based upon negligence, medical malpractice, intentional tort,

nuisance, products liability and strict liability, and also includes any wrongful

death or survival-type action.” KRS 65.200(1). According to Schell and Hume,

their claims based upon alleged violations of Section 2 of the Kentucky

Constitution do not fall within that definition. The circuit court did not address

that argument, instead holding only that “pursuant to KRS 65.2002 there is a

prohibition against assessing punitive damages against a municipality.”

             As previously discussed, our Supreme Court held in Straub, 354

S.W.3d at 531-32, that there generally is no private right of action for monetary

damages for violations of the Kentucky Constitution. Thus, though Schell and

Hume may maintain declaratory judgment actions based upon Section 2, we must

disagree with their argument that they may receive punitive damages if they

prevail on those declaratory judgment claims. Declaratory judgments seek to fix a

party’s rights, not to exact punishment.

             Further, to the extent that Schell or Hume seek punitive damages for

any violations of state statutes (or, arguendo, the Ordinances), “[i]n determining

whether punitive damages are authorized by a particular statute, Kentucky courts

have applied a strict, literal interpretation of the relevant statutory language.”

Jackson v. Tullar, 285 S.W.3d 290, 298 (Ky.App. 2007). While the General

Assembly has expressly provided recovery of punitive damages for some statutory

                                           -38-
violations, see, e.g., KRS 344.660(1), Schell and Hume have not pointed to where

the relevant statutes (or ordinances) expressly permit an award of punitive

damages. Therefore, the circuit court properly dismissed the claims for punitive

damages.

                      E. Qualified Official Immunity Applies to Prohibit Claims
                         Against Young in his Individual Capacity

             Schell and Hume challenge the circuit court’s conclusion that their

claims against Young in his individual capacity are barred by the doctrine of

qualified official immunity. Our Supreme Court recently outlined the general

principles of the qualified official immunity doctrine as follows:

             When a public officer or employee is sued in his or her
             individual capacity, that officer or employee may enjoy
             qualified official immunity which affords protection from
             damages liability for good faith judgment calls made in a
             legally uncertain environment. Consequently, the type of
             act performed will determine if the qualified official
             immunity defense applies. The defense applies to the
             negligent performance of (1) discretionary acts or
             functions, i.e., those involving the exercise of discretion
             and judgment, or personal deliberation, decision, and
             judgment; (2) in good faith; and (3) within the scope of
             the employee’s authority. It does not apply to the
             negligent performance of a ministerial act, i.e., one that
             requires only obedience to the orders of others, or when
             the officer’s duty is absolute, certain, and imperative,
             involving merely execution of a specific act arising from
             fixed and designated facts.

Ritchie v. Turner, 559 S.W.3d 822, 831 (Ky. 2018) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted).

                                         -39-
             Often courts expend significant time and energy trying to determine if

a challenged act is ministerial or discretionary, an issue that “has long plagued

litigants and the courts.” Marson v. Thomason, 438 S.W.3d 292, 296 (Ky. 2014).

Here, that question is not difficult because the decision to terminate an employee

without cause is inherently discretionary. Jefferson County Fiscal Court v. Peerce,

132 S.W.3d 824, 833 (Ky. 2004). Instead, the pertinent question here is whether

Young acted in good faith. “The burden is on the plaintiff to show that the public

official or employee was not acting in good faith.” Autry v. Western Kentucky

University, 219 S.W.3d 713, 717 (Ky. 2007).

             As with many aspects of immunity, courts have struggled to express

what constitutes “good faith.” Often courts have tried to define good faith by

flipping the equation and discussing what constitutes its opposite, bad faith.

Indeed, our Supreme Court once remarked that good faith “is somewhat of a

misnomer, as the proof is really of ‘bad faith.’ In fact, in most cases, ‘good faith’

is just a presumption that exists absent evidence of ‘bad faith.’” Rowan County v.

Sloas, 201 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Ky. 2006). In Yanero v. Davis, 65 S.W.3d 510, 523

(Ky. 2001), the landmark Kentucky immunity opinion, the Court similarly tried to

explain good faith by discussing bad faith:

             [I]n the context of qualified official immunity, “bad
             faith” can be predicated on a violation of a constitutional,
             statutory, or other clearly established right which a
             person in the public employee’s position presumptively

                                         -40-
             would have known was afforded to a person in the
             plaintiff’s position, i.e., objective unreasonableness; or if
             the officer or employee willfully or maliciously intended
             to harm the plaintiff or acted with a corrupt motive.

             A right was not clearly established, thereby destroying the possibility

of an act being taken in good faith, if the act in question occurred in a “legally

uncertain environment.” Sloas, 201 S.W.3d at 482 (citation omitted). Because

“public officials generally are not hermetic, ivory-tower scribes versed in the

vagaries of constitutional law[,]” an official who lacked “fair notice that her []

conduct was unlawful” has not violated a clearly established right. Id. (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted).

             We, like the circuit court, have examined the relevant ordinances,

Kentucky statutes and Kentucky appellate precedent and have come to different

conclusions about whether many of the claims asserted by Schell and Hume are

facially viable. When two courts interpret the proper contours of the same

legislative enactments differently, the situation “exemplifies the ‘legally uncertain

environment’ in which qualified official immunity is appropriate.” Peerce, 132

S.W.3d at 834.

             Also, there is no objective indication that Young acted with malice.

As explained in Martin v. O’Daniel, 507 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Ky. 2016) (citation omitted):

“[a]cting with malice and acting in good faith are mutually exclusive. Malice is a

material fact that a plaintiff must prove to sustain a malicious prosecution claim.

                                          -41-
But, it is also a fact that defeats the defendant’s assertion of qualified official

immunity.”

             We have determined that the complaints brought by Schell and Hume

set forth viable claims. However, we conclude that because Young was acting in a

legally uncertain environment, he at most made “bad guesses in gray areas.”

Sloas, 201 S.W.3d at 475 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Additionally, the record lacks any indications of malice by Young. Consequently,

we affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of the claims against Young in his individual

capacity based upon application of qualified official immunity.

             Conclusion

             For the foregoing reasons, the Anderson Circuit Court’s order is

affirmed in part as to its dismissal of: (1) all claims regarding Hume as City

Administrator, (2) Schell’s claims pursuant to KRS 95.450 and KRS 15.520; (3)

Hume’s claim as to IIED; (4) Schell’s and Hume’s claims regarding the

availability of punitive damages; and (5) their claims against Young in his

individual capacity. The circuit court’s order is reversed in part as to its dismissal

of: (1) Schell’s and Hume’s declaratory judgment actions based on the violations

of the Ordinances prohibiting their dismissal without cause prior to the expiration

of their two year terms of office as the Chief of Police (including Schell’s

declaratory action claim pursuant to Ordinance § 34.03) and as the City Clerk; (2)

                                          -42-
their declaratory judgment actions based on violations of Section 2 of the

Kentucky Constitution; and (3) their wrongful termination claims as arbitrary

pursuant to violations of Section 2. On remand, if Schell and Hume prevail on

their remaining claims, the circuit court must determine what relief, if any, is

appropriate.

               ALL CONCUR.

 BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:                    BRIEFS FOR APPELLEES:

 Scott A. Crosbie                          Donald M. Wakefield
 Nicholas A. Oleson                        Lexington, Kentucky
 Lexington, Kentucky

                                         -43-