Court Opinion

ID: 4551138
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-24 20:00:27.232945+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:19.303170
License: Public Domain

FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                                JUL 24 2020
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                             U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ASSOCIATION FOR ACCESSIBLE                       No. 20-15014
MEDICINES,
                                                 D.C. No.
              Plaintiff-Appellant,               2:19-cv-02281-TLN-DB

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
XAVIER BECERRA, in his Official
Capacity as Attorney General of the State
of California,

              Defendant-Appellee.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of California
                     Troy L. Nunley, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted July 16, 2020
                             San Francisco, California

Before: IKUTA and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and TAGLE,** District Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Hilda G. Tagle, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
      In this interlocutory appeal, Association for Accessible Medicine (AAM)

challenges the denial of its motion for a preliminary injunction against the

enforcement of California Assembly Bill 824 (AB 824).

      Although the district court analyzed the complaint in terms of ripeness,

“[t]he doctrines of standing and ripeness ‘originate’ from the same Article III

limitation” and “boil down to the same question.” Susan B. Anthony List v.

Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149, 157 n.5 (2014) (citation omitted); see also Coons v. Lew,

762 F.3d 891, 897 (9th Cir. 2014). We therefore analyze the Article III

requirements in terms of standing here.

       To establish standing, “[t]he plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in

fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3)

that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v.

Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). The injury in fact must be “concrete,

particularized, and actual or imminent.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S.

398, 409 (2013) (citation omitted). Plaintiffs suffer an injury in fact if they incur

economic harm in complying with a statute. See Mont. Shooting Sports Ass’n v.

Holder, 727 F.3d 975, 979–81 (9th Cir. 2013); Nat’l Audubon Soc’y, Inc. v. Davis,

307 F.3d 835, 855–56 (9th Cir. 2002). When plaintiffs allege a future injury, the

injury must be “certainly impending,” or there must be “a ‘substantial risk’ that the

                                            2
harm will occur,” to satisfy the requirements of standing. Clapper, 568 U.S. at

410, 414 n.5 (citation omitted). Where the future injury alleged is the enforcement

of an allegedly unconstitutional statute, “a plaintiff satisfies the injury-in-fact

requirement where he alleges ‘an intention to engage in a course of conduct

arguably affected with a constitutional interest, but proscribed by a statute, and

there exists a credible threat of prosecution thereunder.’” Susan B. Anthony List,

573 U.S. at 159 (quoting Babbitt v. Farm Workers, 442 U.S. 289, 298 (1979)).

       “The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing

standing.” Id. at 158 (citation omitted). “[E]ach element must be supported in the

same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e.,

with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the

litigation.” Id. (quoting Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)).

“Therefore, at the preliminary injunction stage, a plaintiff must make a ‘clear

showing’ of his injury in fact.” Lopez v. Candaele, 630 F.3d 775, 785 (9th Cir.

2010) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008)).

       AAM has not shown that there is a “substantial risk” that AB 824 will cause

any of its members to suffer injury that is concrete, particularized, and imminent.

Clapper, 568 U.S. at 414 n.5.

                                             3
      First, to the extent that AB 824 chills or prohibits “pay for delay” settlement

agreements,1 none of the declarations that AAM members have submitted in

support of AAM’s motion for preliminary injunction allege “an intention to engage

in a course of conduct arguably affected with a constitutional interest,” Susan B.

Anthony List, 573 U.S. at 159 (citation omitted), i.e., an intention to engage in such

a settlement. At most, AAM’s members state that they are engaged in patent-

infringement lawsuits involving pharmaceutical products and that they historically

have settled such lawsuits, but they do not allege that they intend to enter into

settlement agreements of the sort prohibited by AB 824. Thus, AAM has not

established standing based on a threat of imminent or “certainly impending”

prosecution. Clapper, 568 U.S. at 410.

      Second, AAM members have not established that they have incurred

economic injury due to complying with AB 824, i.e., by foregoing pay for delay

settlements or litigating patent-infringement suits to judgment. Rather, the

      1
         Specifically, AB 824 provides that “an agreement resolving or settling, on
a final or interim basis, a patent infringement claim, in connection with the sale of
a pharmaceutical product, shall be presumed to have anticompetitive effects and
shall be a violation of this section” if (1) “[a] nonreference drug filer receives
anything of value from another company asserting patent infringement” and
(2) “[t]he nonreference drug filer agrees to limit or forego research, development,
manufacturing, marketing, or sales of the nonreference drug filer’s product for any
period of time.” 2019 Cal. Legis. Serv. Ch. 531 (West) (codified at Cal. Health &
Safety Code § 134002(a)(1)).
                                           4
members state that they “likely would expect to be forced to litigate every pending

patent-infringement lawsuit to judgment,” or that they “likely will stay [their] hand

on many products and simply stay off the market until the relevant patents all

expire.” These declarations allege only “possible future injury” and do not

establish a substantial risk of harm. Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409 (citation omitted).

      Because AAM has not demonstrated that its members have an Article III

injury in fact, we conclude that AAM lacks associational standing to bring claims

on its members’ behalf. See Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S.

333, 342 (1977). We vacate the district court’s order and remand with instructions

to dismiss without prejudice.

      VACATED AND REMANDED with instructions.2

      2
          Costs are awarded to appellee.
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