Court Opinion

ID: 9352242
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-05 18:00:48.542952+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:59:34.649749
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 21-3386
                                       ___________

                                     JOHN KOWAL,
                                              Appellant

                                             v.

                  FERNDALE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT;
         FERNDALE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF EDUCATION
                 ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                       (W.D. Pa. Civil Action No. 3:18-cv-00181)
                        District Judge: Honorable Kim R. Gibson
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  December 27, 2022
               Before: AMBRO, KRAUSE, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: January 5, 2023)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION *
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

       Pro se appellant John Kowal appeals the District Court’s grant of summary

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
judgment in favor of defendants Ferndale Area School District and the Ferndale Area

School District Board of Education. 1 Kowal brought claims of retaliation in violation of

the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., and the

Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (“PHRA”). For the reasons that follow, we will

affirm the District Court’s judgment.

                                             I.

       Kowal worked as the Business Manager for the Ferndale Area School District

from 1987 until he retired in September 2017. 2 In his position, Kowal was responsible

for the financial aspects of running the School District, including managing payroll,

retirement, and insurance benefits. As an employee, Kowal received benefits through an

Act 93 agreement. This benefits package allowed qualifying employees approaching

retirement to either cash out their unused accumulated sick time or apply that time toward

receiving certain healthcare benefits in retirement. Employees were eligible to choose

the latter option only if they retired before the age of eligibility to receive Medicare — 65

years old.

       Kowal was 66 years old when he retired and had been enrolled in Medicare for

over a year. He accumulated 353.5 unused sick days before he retired. Kowal continued

to receive healthcare coverage from Ferndale after his retirement, although the parties

1
  Kowal was represented by counsel in the District Court, but began representing himself
pro se before briefing on appeal began.
2
  Because we write primarily for the parties, we will recite only the facts necessary for
our discussion. These facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.
                                              2
dispute how and why his coverage was able to temporarily continue.

       Kowal and Ferndale executives met several times immediately after his retirement.

By November 2017, Kowal had been informed that he was not eligible to apply unused

sick time toward retirement healthcare coverage under the Act 93 agreement due to his

eligibility for Medicare and that he could receive the cash value of his unused sick time.

However, after a School Board meeting, the superintendent was given authority to

negotiate an alternative healthcare package with Kowal, in recognition for his years of

service.

       The School Board met in December 2017 and approved a waiver of the Act 93

agreement for Kowal. The superintendent offered Kowal and his spouse a health

reimbursement arrangement (“HRA proposal”) based on his amount of unused sick days,

requested a written response by December 20, 2017, and informed Kowal that he would

subsequently be removed from his then-current healthcare plan provided by Ferndale.

Kowal negotiated with the superintendent about several terms in the HRA proposal by

email. Then, on December 18, Kowal informed the superintendent that he had filed a

charge of age discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(“EEOC”), requested an extension of time to respond to the HRA proposal, and indicated

that he sought to address the School Board at an upcoming meeting.

       Kowal’s healthcare coverage was extended into 2018 while Ferndale sought legal

advice, and the deadline to respond to the HRA proposal was also temporarily extended.

The superintendent informed Kowal that the School Board declined to meet with him

because: (1) Kowal had placed himself on Ferndale’s insurance after retirement without

                                             3
speaking with the appropriate authorities; (2) he had initiated legal proceedings against

Ferndale and had an upcoming EEOC interview; and (3) he informed Ferndale that it may

need to secure an attorney. The superintendent subsequently restated that Kowal was not

eligible for healthcare coverage after retirement under the Act 93 agreement and gave

him until February 15, 2018, to accept the HRA proposal. She also informed Kowal that

if he rejected the proposal or did not respond, his Ferndale-provided health insurance

would be terminated and the balance of his unused sick time would be reconciled and

paid out to him. Kowal did not respond to the HRA proposal or request an extension of

time to consider the proposal.

       On February 27, 2018, Kowal was notified that his healthcare coverage would end

on February 28. On March 5, 2018, the superintendent informed Kowal that he would be

issued a check for $22,213.71 for his unused accumulated sick time, after subtracting the

cost of the post-retirement healthcare coverage he had been provided and withholding

appropriate payroll deductions.

       On March 22, 2018, Kowal told the superintendent that the EEOC investigation

was complete and that he wanted to accept the HRA proposal. The School Board

discussed Kowal’s request and ultimately decided to complete the process of cashing out

Kowal’s remaining sick days rather than reinstating the HRA proposal; the

superintendent mailed him a check for $22,213.71 on April 19, 2018. Kowal again

requested to meet with the School Board, but the School Board notified Kowal that it

would not continue exploring options to provide post-retirement healthcare coverage.

Kowal then filed a second charge of discrimination with the EEOC in June 2018. Kowal

                                             4
did not attend any public School Board meetings between January and April 2018.

       In September 2018, Kowal filed a lawsuit in the District Court alleging retaliation

under the ADEA and the PHRA, as well as breach of contract. On defendants’ motion,

the District Court dismissed the PHRA and breach-of-contract claims without prejudice.

Kowal filed an amended complaint alleging retaliation under the ADEA and a violation

of the Wage Payment Collection Law; the District Court dismissed the latter claim with

prejudice. Kowal then filed a second amended complaint alleging retaliation under the

ADEA and the PHRA. 3 Defendants moved for summary judgment, which the District

Court granted. Kowal timely appealed.

                                              II.

       We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise

plenary review over the District Court’s grant of summary judgment for defendants. See

Blunt v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 767 F.3d 247, 265 (3d Cir. 2014). Summary judgment

is proper “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine

dispute of material fact exists if the evidence is sufficient for a reasonable factfinder to

return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

248 (1986).

                                              III.

3
  Although Kowal referred to his ADEA claim as a discrimination claim in his counseled
complaints, he alleged only that he suffered retaliation after he engaged in protected
activity — filing a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC — and included no
allegations of discriminatory treatment based on his age.
                                               5
       Summary judgment was appropriately granted for defendants. Under the familiar

burden-shifting framework announced in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S.

792 (1973), which applies in cases like this without direct evidence of retaliation, a

plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case by showing “(1) . . . protected employee

activity; (2) adverse action by the employer either after or contemporaneous with the

employee’s protected activity; and (3) a causal connection between the employee’s

protected activity and the employer’s adverse action.” Daniels v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 776

F.3d 181, 193 (3d Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). To satisfy the second prong, “the

plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action

materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable

worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” See id. at 195 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Kowal has argued that defendants took adverse actions against him when they: (1)

declined his requests to meet with the School Board; (2) did not continue negotiations

regarding the HRA proposal; and (3) decided not to reinstate the HRA proposal and

instead sent him a check for less than what he believed he was owed. 4 However, based

on the facts of this case, these are not circumstances that are objectively “likely to

dissuade employees from complaining or assisting in complaints about discrimination,”

4
  We note that Kowal includes numerous new arguments and theories of liability in his
briefs that were never raised in his counseled filings in the District Court. He cannot
pursue these arguments and claims for the first time on appeal. See Jenkins v.
Superintendent of Laurel Highlands, 705 F.3d 80, 88 n.12 (3d Cir. 2013). We also do not
“reach arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.” See Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs.
of Panther Valley Sch. Dist., 877 F.3d 136, 146 (3d Cir. 2017).
                                              6
which is the goal of anti-retaliation protections. See Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v.

White, 548 U.S. 53, 70 (2006).

       First, the School Board held public meetings between January and April 2018 that

Kowal chose not to attend; he does not point to any evidence in the record showing that

he would have been unable to speak to the School Board at a public meeting during the

time of this dispute. Next, the record shows that Ferndale was negotiating the HRA

proposal with Kowal before he filed his EEOC charge, and Kowal did not propose any

further changes to the proposal after that point. Ferndale extended the HRA proposal into

2018, but Kowal did not request additional time to consider the proposal further, and

ultimately sought its reinstatement without any changes. It is not clear what further

negotiations should have taken place under these circumstances.

       Finally, the record shows that Kowal was not eligible to use his accrued sick leave

to receive post-retirement health insurance from Ferndale per the Act 93 agreement

because he retired after he was able to enroll in Medicare. Although the School Board

approved a waiver to offer Kowal the HRA proposal, Kowal did not accept that offer

before it expired. Kowal believes that he should be paid the value of the HRA proposal

over the course of several years, which he has calculated at a significantly higher sum

than the check he received. However, Kowal was informed that he would be paid the

cash value of his unused sick time, with deductions to cover the cost of his post-

retirement healthcare and payroll withholdings, if he did not accept the HRA proposal by

the stated deadline. He did not request an extension of time or suggest any changes to the

proposal at that point.

                                             7
      Because none of the actions Kowal has identified would have dissuaded a

reasonable person from seeking to pursue a discrimination complaint, he cannot state a

prima facie case of retaliation. See Daniels, 776 F.3d at 195. Summary judgment was

thus properly granted on his ADEA retaliation claim, as well as his parallel PHRA claim.

      For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

                                           8