Court Opinion

ID: 4696050
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-16 16:05:08.355333+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:52.510745
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 20-1289
                              Filed June 16, 2021

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF SOMMER D. JACOBSON AND JEFFREY N.
JACOBSON

Upon the Petition of
SOMMER D. JACOBSON, n/k/a SOMMER WASSER,
      Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning
JEFFREY N. JACOBSON,
     Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Marlita A. Greve,

Judge.

       Sommer Wasser appeals the grant of sole legal custody to Jeffrey Jacobson

and reduction to her visitation. AFFIRMED.

       Michael J. McCarthy of McCarthy, Lammers and Hines, L.L.P., Bettendorf,

for appellant.

       Catherine Z. Cartee and Chase Cartee of Cartee Law Firm P.C., Davenport,

for appellee.

       Considered by May, P.J., and Greer and Schumacher, JJ.
                                          2

GREER, Judge.

         Weary of the nature of Sommer Wasser’s (formerly known as Sommer

Jacobson) mothering style, Jeffrey Jacobson requested sole legal custody of their

child, N.J. (born in 2009). We find ourselves hashing over the similar behaviors

that resulted in a loss of physical care for Sommer in 2017. Now she appeals the

district court determination of sole legal custody to Jeffrey and the reduction of her

visitation rights. She also requests appellate attorney fees for having to resist a

motion to dismiss her reply brief.

I. Factual and Procedural Background.

         The legal jousting began in May 2015 when the district court awarded these

then-divorcing parties joint legal custody of their child with physical care to Sommer

and visitation to Jeffrey. By April 2016, Jeffrey applied to modify the custody

arrangement and made several contempt applications against Sommer. In the

meantime, Sommer announced she was moving with her husband, Steve

Wasser,1 their newborn child, and N.J. to Virginia because of her new husband’s

job change. After a modification trial in June 2017, the district court granted Jeffrey

physical care with liberal visitation to Sommer. In May 2018, a panel of our court

affirmed the modification ruling. In re Marriage of Jacobson, No. 17-1040, 2018

WL 1633512, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 4, 2018).

1   Sommer married Steve in 2016, about six months before their child was born.
                                           3

       For the next year and a half until the next trial, N.J. lived in Iowa with Jeffrey

and Jen Berger.2 Sommer lived in Virginia. During questioning at trial, Jeffrey

characterized Sommer’s actions during that time as:

              Q. Do you think—is it your opinion that Sommer does not
       possess the ability to have a healthy relationship with [N.J.]? A.
       That’s correct.
              Q. What do you base your opinion on, Jeff[rey]? A. On the
       number of messages and letters here, like some of those items that
       we included here in our exhibits, that send all sorts of insidious
       messages to [N.J.] that undermine our relationship and make it hard
       for him to live here, as well as the possessiveness. It’s almost like
       needing [N.J.] to be with her and needing [N.J.] to—you know, for
       her emotional well-being, rather than raising a child to eventually be
       a productive adult.

Indeed, Sommer sent daily notes and gifts to the child—some through Jeffrey and

some through the school until the principal requested she stop sending packages

to the school.     Jeffrey found the constant barrage of gifts and messages

“subvertive” and “undermining.” Jeffrey thought the messages suggested “you will

survive living with your father.” Many of the notes referenced topics such as: “you

are stronger than you know”; “your [sic] my whole world”; “[activities for] days your

[sic] missing home, feeling sad, frustrated, angry or even lost”; “if you can just get

by, get by,” and “you are brave.” On one gift, the note instructed, “Pick me up! It

smells like summertime. Remember you’ll be home soon.” Another note on a toy

said: “Rainy day. Put me together when things are seeming tough. Just you. No

sharing. Mom loves you.” She also sent a bottle of soap to N.J. with a note saying

“Just turn on the warm shower. Feel the warmth surround you with this soap. It’s

like I'm holding you from far away.” Jeffrey feared that if he did not give N.J. the

2 Jen and Jeffrey married in September 2017. Jen has a younger child from a
previous relationship that lives with them.
                                           4

messages and gifts, Sommer would tell the child and use it to diminish the child’s

trust in Jeffrey. The district court characterized it as Sommer trying “to monopolize

N.J.’s attention to the detriment of his father.”

        Jeffrey argued that similar to the actions in 2017, Sommer continued to

subtly undermine Jeffrey’s custodial rights. Sommer contended she simply acted

as a loving parent. During Jeffrey’s time with N.J., Sommer arranged a playdate

for the child and texted Jeffrey the details without asking Jeffrey in advance.

Sommer sent him texts about school delays and demanded to know where N.J.

would be. Because of adjustment concerns,3 Jeffrey scheduled appointments for

the child with a counselor. The counselors’ (there have been two) notes were

exhibits at trial.

        Typically for visitation, N.J. travels every three to four weeks to Virginia for

a three-day weekend. Jeffrey asserted that the long distance travel was negatively

impacting N.J. because Sommer was inflexible with the travel start and return

times. Specifically, he was upset with travel arrangements that landed the child

home after 10:45 p.m. to end the weekend with school the next day. He counted

3After the 2017 modification decision, the counselor made notes of statements
made by N.J.:
      “The judge made a big mistake trading my whole family for just my
      dad,” “The judge made a huge mistake. She had a surgery so she
      must have been on drugs,” “I want to send my mom my money,” “I
      can only trust family—not friends,” “Dad’s a liar! He is selfish,” (to
      Jen) “You believe all of dad’s lies. Everyone believes him, but not
      me! My mom tells me the truth,” “I’ll be moving back to Virginia in
      four months,” “You’re trying to keep me from my mom[,]” . . .“I’m on
      my mom’s team,” “Steve (stepdad) is my real dad, you’re just my
      playmate dad,” “you drained mine and my mom’s bank accounts.”
                                          5

seven days of school missed due to various problems with flights on these

weekends.

       Text messaging wars are a part of the communication of these parents. In

early 2019, Jeffrey sent a message to Sommer stating he had made plans with the

child for an October weekend. Sommer wanted to visit Iowa to spend time with

N.J. the same weekend.4 As the weekend neared, Jeffrey learned that Sommer

told N.J. she was coming for the weekend anyway. Jeffrey testified N.J. showed

signs of anxiety with heartburn and chest pain as he was nervous about the

weekend. Jeffrey arrived at school on Thursday afternoon to pick up N.J. Without

notice to Jeffrey, Sommer was now in Iowa and had removed the child from the

afterschool program.     Sommer, her young child, and N.J. sat in the school

playground. Because Jeffrey did not want N.J. in the middle of a dispute, he sent

Sommer a text offering her an overnight visit if she would return the child to school

on Friday. He confirmed to Sommer that he would then pick up N.J. on Friday for

his family’s weekend plan. As Jeffrey arrived on Friday afternoon, he saw Sommer

at the school. When school released, Sommer first approached N.J., whispered

to him, and, as Jeffrey observed, the child become “really sad.” By the time he got

to Jeffrey, N.J. was crying uncontrollably. They waited in the school as he calmed,

but as they left to go to the vehicle, Sommer sat in the vehicle behind them. She

approached N.J., and Jeffrey explained what he saw and heard:

       Sommer cupped [N.J.’s] face in her two hands like this
       (demonstrating), putting her hands on his cheeks, and she put her
       nose to his nose and she began to whisper and tell him things. And
       towards the end of that, about five or more minutes, I motioned to

4 Jeffrey testified their family intended to go to the Friday night school carnival and
then head to an out-of-state amusement park for the weekend.
                                          6

       say, hey, it’s time for us to go. And she said—and she told him, I
       know you can do this. You are stronger than you think.

When Jeffrey and N.J. returned home, the child was angry and went to the

basement, found an arrow, and indicated he was going to stab himself. Jeffrey

and Jen took N.J. to the emergency room to be evaluated; the child was treated

and released, and they continued with the weekend plan.

       At trial, Jeffrey addressed other concerns he has faced with Sommer. One

related to how Sommer handles telephone calls with the child. Sommer requests

that N.J. receive her telephone calls in the privacy of the child’s bedroom. If a call

comes when Jeffrey and the child are not at home, Sommer accuses Jeffrey of

depriving her the ability to have a quality conversation with N.J. Jeffrey testified

about a particular call he overheard. In May 2020, Sommer requested N.J. fly to

Virginia for a three-day weekend. Jeffrey told Sommer he was uncomfortable with

N.J. flying during the pandemic. In a call with his mother, N.J. also expressed his

discomfort about flying on an airplane because of the COVID-19 virus. During the

call, Jeffrey testified he heard Sommer yelling at N.J. that it was Jeffrey’s idea to

keep him from flying, not the child’s idea. Jeffrey observed N.J. lying in a fetal

position during the call. At that point, Jeffrey took the phone outside, waited for

Sommer to stop yelling, and said “[I]s that right, you stupid bitch?”

       Shortly before the August trial, Jeffrey applied for an emergency order to

retrieve N.J. from summer visitation with his mother.5 After dropping the child off

for visitation on June 6; he later learned from Sommer’s husband that the police

5 On July 14, 2020, Jeffrey filed to immediately return N.J. to Iowa and asked for
future visitation to be supervised.
                                         7

were called on June 7 because the husband and Sommer had an altercation. The

Virginia police report detailed that Sommer, in an intoxicated state, tried to push

her husband down the stairs.       The report noted the two were arguing over

Sommer’s refusal to give up alcohol. Two guns in the home were surrendered to

the police. Yet Sommer omitted these details and only told Jeffrey on last minute

notice that she and N.J. would spend time with her relatives in Connecticut.6 In

reality, an order required she leave the Virginia home.

       Later in the summer, Sommer moved back to Virginia and lived with N.J.7

in a women’s shelter. While Sommer never told Jeffrey about the situation, he

learned from N.J. that “he was living at a [bed and breakfast]—where people go

after having hard times and there were counselors there.” Jeffrey tried to get

information and offered to pick up the child, but she said no and that N.J. was

having the “best time.” Sommer sent a text to Jeffrey that said do not communicate

with Steve, her husband, especially about N.J. After obtaining an emergency order

to retrieve N.J., Jeffrey overheard Sommer tell N.J. that Steve was abusive and

she could no longer live in the Virginia house. An exhibit at trial referenced

Sommer contacting authorities in mid-June to report she was scared to return

home due to threats made by her husband. In early August, Steve had procured

a protective order against Sommer, requiring the parties to exchange custody of

6 A June 21 email from Sommer to Jeffrey informed him that Steve and Sommer
were separating and she and N.J. would be summering in Connecticut at her
parent’s home.
7 A report from the shelter’s director of therapeutic services noted N.J. lived there

from July 3 until July 17.
                                         8

their child at the police station and for both the “mother and father [to] begin a

substance abuse program immediately as well as individual counseling.”

      At trial, Sommer testified that she was then living in the home with Steve

and they attended counseling together. She offered counseling reports confirming

no additional mental-health or substance-abuse treatment was required for her.

Sommer addressed the daily notes she sends to N.J. as her method of helping him

through “things” the two of them talk about, such as getting kicked off the school

newspaper. In Sommer’s view, the notes are not about Jen or Jeffrey and raise

N.J.’s spirits. Sommer characterized her relationship with N.J. as very close.

Evidence presented bolstered that position. For example, the child’s pediatrician

noted N.J. said “that life isn’t worth living if he can’t see his own mother.” There

was an audio tape played at trial where N.J. sang:

      You are the sweetest thing in the world. You are the greatest thing
      in my life. Your [sic] are the sweetest thing in my life. Do not want
      to lose you. Do not want to lose you. Do not do not want to lose you
      now even though you’re in Virginia now. I’ve already lost you. I won’t
      be back for days and I want to be back soon but I can’t.

Yet, the counseling notes quote N.J. as wanting to split time with both parents.

      After the incident at the emergency room, in November 2019, Sommer

applied for a modification of custody asserting that N.J. suffered due to the

separation from her. Jeffrey responded with a counterclaim for sole custody of

N.J. and for a reduction in Sommer’s visitation rights.      Before trial, Sommer

dismissed her application for modification. With the counterclaim issues before

the court, on September 7, 2020, the district court ordered sole legal custody and

physical care in Jeffrey and reduced the visitation schedule for Sommer. Sommer

timely appealed.
                                          9

II. Standard of Review.

       “Actions for the modification of a dissolution decree are tried in equity.” In

re Marriage of Roberts, 954 N.W.2d 757, 760 (Iowa Ct. App 2020). So we review

the district court’s decision de novo. In re Marriage of Harris, 877 N.W.2d 434,

440 (Iowa 2016). Thus, “[w]e review the record with fresh eyes but still give weight

to the district court’s credibility findings.” In re Marriage of Heiar, 954 N.W.2d 464,

471 (Iowa Ct. App. 2020). Although trial occurred by electronic format given the

COVID-19 public health emergency, the district court still had the best seat to make

credibility findings. See In re Marriage of McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa

2013) (“We give weight to the findings of the district court, particularly concerning

the credibility of witnesses; however, those findings are not binding upon us.”); see

also In re Marriage of Jensen, No. 17-1849, 2018 WL 4361056, at *3 (Iowa Ct.

App. Sept. 12, 2018) (noting the district court has the chance “to observe the

demeanor” of the witnesses and “hear [their] testimony”). We will disturb the

district court’s ruling “only when there has been a failure to do equity.” In re

Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 263 (Iowa 2005).

III. Analysis.

       A. Motion to Strike Reply Brief.

       We first address a procedural issue raised by Jeffrey. As a part of this

appeal, Jeffrey moved to strike Sommer’s reply brief. In the briefing, the parties

quibble over post-trial events that are outside the record made in this case. Jeffrey

posits that because Sommer “argues at length that Jeffrey brought up post-trial

happenings in his brief” the reply brief should be struck. In a “you did it too”

argument, Sommer argues “[h]aving been hoisted by his own petard, [Jeffrey] now
                                        10

feels the remedy is to strike not his brief, but Sommer’s.” Sommer requests

attorney fees for having to resist a motion she feels is unwarranted.

       Our rules are clear. If the information is not part of our record on appeal,

we are unable to consider it. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.801 (“Only the original

documents and exhibits filed in the district court case from which the appeal is

taken, the transcript of proceedings, if any, and a certified copy of the related

docket and court calendar entries prepared by the clerk of the district court

constitute the record on appeal.”). Each party crossed that line, and these rule

infractions are not a trivial matter. A party’s disregard of the rules may lead to

summary disposition of the appeal or waiver of an issue. See Inghram v. Dairyland

Mut. Ins. Co., 215 N.W.2d 239, 239-40 (Iowa 1974). But here, we disregard

matters raised outside of the record and admonish counsel to follow our rules

moving forward. See In re Marriage of Keith, 513 N.W.2d 769, 771 (Iowa Ct. App.

1994) (“We are limited to the record before us and any matters outside the record

on appeal are disregarded.”).

       Because we will not consider any information not part of the record on

appeal referenced by either party, we refuse to strike the reply brief or award

attorney fees related to this issue.

       B. Change in Custody and Visitation.

       Jeffrey faces several hurdles.    First, he must establish a material and

substantial change in circumstances since the 2017 ruling by a preponderance of

the evidence. And if successful there, Jeffrey must support the more restrictive

custody arrangement crafted by the district court. This step requires clear and

convincing evidence that joint custody is unreasonable and not in the child’s best
                                           11

interests to the extent that the legal custodial relationship between the child and

parent should be severed. See Iowa Code § 598.41(2)(b) (2020). As to the

reduction in Sommer’s visitation, Jeffrey “must establish by a preponderance of

the evidence that there has been a material change in circumstances since the

decree and that the requested change in visitation is in the best interests of the

child[ ].” See In re Marriage of Salmon, 519 N.W.2d 94, 95-96 (Iowa Ct. App.

1994).

                1. Substantial Change in Circumstances.

         In 2017, the district court modified the decree considering Sommer’s short-

notice move to Virginia. But even more significant, our court noted Sommer had

persistently and maliciously interfered with Jeffrey’s visitation and relationship with

N.J. See Jacobson, 2018 WL 1633512, at *2. In 2017, the “central issue [was]

the mother’s attempt to marginalize the father in the child’s life.” Id. One could

argue that with the 2017 custody change, Sommer’s opportunity for interference

would subside. To that end, Jeffrey’s burden is to show a material and substantial

change in circumstances, and that burden is a heavy one: “undergirding the

fundamental policy that ‘once custody of [a child] has been fixed it should be

disturbed only for the most cogent reasons.’” In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867

N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015) (quoting In re Marriage of Frederici, 338 N.W.2d 156,

158 (Iowa 1983)). In this modification case, our overriding consideration is the

best interests of the child. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(o).

         In the 2020 modification ruling, the district court found a substantial change

in circumstances based on Sommer’s “stepped up” efforts to damage the

relationship between N.J. and Jeffrey. On top of that behavior, the district court
                                            12

addressed Sommer’s altercation with her current husband and her failure to

communicate the situation to Jeffrey, including her several day stay with N.J. in a

women’s shelter. While in our previous case we found Sommer’s interference and

the level of conflict between the parents sufficient to warrant a modification, the

changes crafted there have not solved the concerns. See Jacobson, 2018 WL

1633512, at *2. And, she appears to have learned little from the previous rulings

describing her offending behavior.8 Recognizing the best interests of the child are

our primary concern, we cannot tolerate Sommer’s continuing pattern of behavior.

See In re Marriage of Rosenfeld, 524 N.W.2d 212, 215 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (“We

recognize there are situations where one parent will seek to put the other parent

in an unfavorable light. Some cases are slight and to be expected in our less than

perfect society. Some cases are serious and should not be tolerated.”). Changing

physical care from Sommer to Jeffrey failed to curb the mother’s behaviors that

directly related to the stress on N.J. It only made her more subtle in her approach.

See Harris, 877 N.W.2d at 442 (finding district court’s “implicit confidence” in the

parents’ ability to communicate under the court ordered joint physical care plan

was misplaced). We have modified custody when “shared custody provisions . . .

8   Even in the original dissolution of marriage proceedings, the district court offered:
        The court FINDS that both parents are caring and loving but their
        ability to make reasonable compromise regarding visitation is not
        particularly strong. Occasionally, SOMMER has used denial of
        visitation to punish JEFFREY and JEFFREY is demanding that
        SOMMER provide him with all the visitation he wants, regardless of
        the changing needs of their son. These issues are character flaws
        in both parents and will, if not curbed, result in much pain and
        suffering for [N.J.] throughout his life. The Court admonishes both
        parents to first consider the well-being of this child before their own
        comfort and needs.
                                        13

incorporated into the decree have not evolved as envisioned by either of the parties

or the court” or when the parents simply “cannot cooperate or communicate in

dealing with their children.” In re Marriage of Walton, 577 N.W.2d 869, 870 (Iowa

Ct. App.1998).

       Jeffrey established a material and substantial change in circumstances

warranting a modification of the previous ruling.

              2. Sole Legal Custody Determination.

       Much of the behavior that brings us to this point relates back to the first

modification case when our court wrote Sommer “exhibited an intense distrust of

Jeffrey manifested in an overzealous and overbearing supervision of Jeffrey’s

visitation with the child.” Jacobson, 2018 WL 1633512 at *3. Now from Virginia,

Sommer exhibits many of those same attributes even though Jeffrey has physical

care. Her messaging is subtle, but the intent is clear. The district court held here

that “Sommer continually attempts to turn N.J. against his father. She tells him

repeatedly that he will ‘survive’ living with his father. She makes derogatory

comments about Jeff and his wife, Jen, to N.J. on a very frequent basis.” Sommer

argues that sending loving daily messages and gifts shows no evil intent and that

contacting medical and dental providers directly fulfills her role as a joint legal

custodian.   True, the visitation schedule the district court criticized in this

modification was a product of the last trip to court, as Sommer urges. Yet, the

district court had the benefit of observing the parties and hearing the testimony in

real time. See In re Marriage of Ford, 563 N.W.2d 629, 631 (Iowa 1997) (“In

assessing a custody order, we give considerable weight to the judgment of the
                                           14

district court, which has had the benefit of hearing and observing the parties first-

hand.”)

         Even so, a change to sole custody is an extreme move. The factors to

consider in determining whether joint or sole legal custody should be granted are:

                  (a) Whether each parent would be a suitable custodian for the
         child.
                 (b) Whether the psychological and emotional needs and
         development of the child will suffer due to a lack of active contact
         with and attention from both parents.
                 (c) Whether the parents can communicate with each other
         regarding the child's needs.
                 (d) Whether both parents have actively cared for the child
         before and since the separation.
                 (e) Whether each parent can support the other’s relationship
         with the child.
                 (f) Whether the custody arrangement is in accord with the
         child’s wishes or whether the child has strong opposition, taking into
         consideration the child’s age and maturity.
                 (g) Whether one or both parents agree or are opposed to joint
         custody.
                 (h) The geographic proximity of the parents.

Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(a)-(h).          Three key factors relate to this case: the

psychological and emotional needs of N.J., the parent’s ability to communicate

about the child’s needs, and their ability to support the other’s relationship with the

child.

         The child’s therapy records provide a bird’s-eye view into the damaging

effects of Sommer’s inability to support Jeffrey’s relationship with N.J. and the

negative impact on the child. Most compelling, the child reported being unable to

tell Sommer he liked being with his father. See In re Marriage of Gensley, 777

N.W.2d 705, 716 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009) (holding sole legal custody was warranted

because father discouraged the children to think well of their mother to the point

they would not acknowledge the mother in public when with the father). N.J.
                                         15

expressed worry about Sommer’s reactions.           In February 2018, the child’s

therapist noted:

       Therapist has communicated with mom that if she has concerns to
       please call the proper authorities such as police or DHS. Taking
       session time to address mom’s concerns is not helping [N.J.]
       progress and rather shows how enmeshment appears a concern
       between this mother and [N.J.]. For example, [N.J.] has shared mom
       will buy him a dog if he lives in Virginia. [N.J.] has told therapist he
       doesn’t think his mom would be okay if he stays living in Iowa.
              ....
              . . . It is therapist’s professional opinion that [N.J.] may be
       sharing exaggerated examples of dad’s perceived deficits to
       reassure his mom of his loyalty to her.

As a further concern, the counselors noted the tension N.J. felt while the parents

waited for the 2017 modification appeal to resolve. Yet, in Jeffrey’s care, the child

reported being happy and wanting to stay with him at least half time. N.J.’s stress

heightened with fears about how his mother felt and if she could handle being away

from him.

       Although Sommer no longer had physical care, there remained an effort on

her part to control the narrative that she was the preferred parent. The October

2019 weekend dispute rang of a competition where she wanted to assert her

dominant role over Jeffrey and place the child directly in the middle to choose. The

content of the notes and letters developed an undertone of unhappiness and

sadness with life. Sommer’s lack of insight into how her messaging and behaviors

negatively impact this child weigh against her position on appeal. See In re

Marriage of Liebich, 547 N.W.2d 844, 849 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996) (awarding sole

legal custody to father after finding mother’s behavior to be emotionally damaging

to the child); see also In re Marriage of Weidner, 338 N.W.2d 351, 357 (Iowa 1983)

(concluding the parents’ mutual mistrust and dislike of one another “wreaked havoc
                                         16

in the lives of the parents and, more importantly, the day-to-day lives of their

children”). Jeffrey testified:

              Q. You can give the dates as much as you can, but have these
       kind of comments you’re going to tell the Court about been
       happening consistently for three years, every year, all the time?
       A. Yeah, that’s correct, similar statements to the items that you see
       in the exhibits there, like you’re stronger than you know; and if you
       can just get by, get by; you’ll be at your real home soon.
              Q. Does she also call you a liar and other things, tell him he’s
       brave? A. Yeah, she tells [N.J.]that he’s brave for being able to live
       at my home.

       While these parents have communicated about the child, the cumulative

effect of the messaging has created a toxic situation for the child warranting a

change. See In re Marriage of Ertmann, 376 N.W.2d 918, 920 (Iowa Ct. App.1985)

(concluding the parties’ inability to communicate and cooperate must rise above

the “usual acrimony that accompanies a divorce” “[t]o be significant enough to

justify a denial of joint custody”). As our supreme court noted in Harris, “[i]f the

modification ordered here does not achieve more mature parental communication

and cooperation by both parents in furtherance of the best interests of the children,

the remedy of sole legal custody remains an option in any future modification

proceedings.”     877 N.W.2d at 444.       Here, we find “clear and convincing

evidence . . . that joint custody is unreasonable and not in the best interest of the

child to the extent that the legal custodial relationship between the child and a

parent should be severed.” See Iowa Code § 598.41(2)(b). We affirm the district

court’s award of sole legal custody to Jeffrey.

              3. Visitation Changes.

       After hearing the testimony, the district court determined the best interests

of the child required Sommer’s visitation be reduced. Generally, it is in the child’s
                                         17

best interests to have maximum continuous physical and emotional contact with

both parents. See In re Marriage of Jerome, 378 N.W.2d 302, 305 (Iowa Ct. App.

1985). Requiring all visitation to occur in the Quad Cities, except for the summer

visitation or by agreement of the parents, the modified schedule9 gave Sommer

the following scheduled visitations: one weekend per month in the Quad City area

from Friday after school until Sunday at 8:00 p.m.; six weeks in the summer, not

to include the week after or before the school term; every Thanksgiving break;

alternating the Christmas holiday with Sommer receiving Christmas day in even

years; and every spring break. The modification order also provided that if Jeffrey

agrees, he will arrange for roundtrip flights for N.J. to visit Sommer. The flights

must allow N.J. to be returned to the Quad Cities no later than 8:00 p.m., and

outgoing flights will be planned to ensure N.J. does not have to leave Jeffrey’s

residence before 6:00 a.m. Additionally, Jeffrey would be responsible to pay for

these flights. The modification also limited Sommer’s phone contact with N.J. to

three times per week. See Salmon, 519 N.W.2d at 95–96 (noting courts require

“much less extensive change in circumstances” to modify visitation than is required

to modify custody). In determining the appropriate amount of visitation, the district

court found it troubling that ten year old N.J. was required to fly alone from Iowa to

Virginia for three-day weekends many times each year. There was some support

in the counseling notes that N.J. was weary with the schedule and did not like flying

alone so often. From the viewpoint of the child and from our vantage point, the

9 The district court ordered that none of the visitation would occur unless Sommer
confirmed undergoing a mental-health and substance-abuse evaluation and
treatment within ninety days after the order,.
                                            18

new schedule offers a more stable and less stressful experience with each parent.

See Gensley, 777 N.W.2d at 716 (finding an award of sole legal custody ensures

one parent makes the decisions, fostering a more stable atmosphere for the

children in some circumstances).

       Similar to Walton, we hope the change in visitation fosters a better

relationship for N.J. with both parents. See 577 N.W.2d at 871 (modifying physical

care to the mother and restricting the father’s visitation schedule by making it less

flexible to address cooperation concerns). In the end, these parents might take a

lesson from Walton:

       The parties’ complaints that the other interferes with their relationship
       with the children will be remedied, somewhat, by making Jason’s
       visitation schedule less flexible. However, government cannot
       micro-manage peoples’ lives. Kari and Jason have allowed their
       bitterness toward each other to interfere with the well-being of their
       children. The court cannot order an awakening by the parties that
       fully supporting [the children’s] relationship with the other parent is
       what their children need. This is something Kari and Jason must do
       on their own.

Id. We affirm the visitation provisions of the district court ruling.

       C. Attorney Fees.

       Sommer requests attorney fees on appeal. We deny that request. In

deciding whether to award appellate attorney fees “we consider the needs of the

party making the request, the ability of the other party to pay, and whether the party

making the request was obligated to defend the trial court’s decision on appeal.”

In re Marriage of Ask, 551 N.W.2d 643, 646 (Iowa 1996). Sommer did not prevail

so she is not entitled to appellate fees.
                                          19

IV. Conclusion.

         For all the reasons outlined above, we affirm the district court’s ruling in

total.

         AFFIRMED.