Court Opinion

ID: 9907256
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-06 00:06:13.411351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:58:07.676788
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Green, 2023-Ohio-4360.]

                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               MARION COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                                            CASE NO. 9-22-13

       PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,

      v.

ZIAIR GREEN,                                              OPINION

       DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

                 Appeal from Marion County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. 21-CR-070

                                      Judgment Affirmed

                           Date of Decision: December 4, 2023

APPEARANCES:

        Timothy B. Hackett and Victoria A. Ferr for Appellant

        Raymond A. Grogan, Jr. for Appellee
Case No. 9-22-13

MILLER, P.J.

         {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Ziair E. Green (“Green”), appeals the February

28, 2022 judgment entry of sentence of the Marion County Court of Common Pleas.

For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

         {¶2} On January 18, 2021, law enforcement officers responded to numerous

reports of gunfire shot at 126 South Seffner Avenue (“126 S. Seffner Ave.”),

Marion, Ohio. When officers arrived at the scene, they found Ricco McGhee

(“McGhee”) lying on the sidewalk with a gunshot wound to his chest. McGhee was

transported to the hospital where he was subsequently pronounced dead. An

autopsy confirmed that his death was the result of a single gunshot wound to the

chest.

         {¶3} McGhee had been married to Green’s mother, Kimberly Floyd

(“Floyd”), for many years and was the only father figure in the household.

However, McGhee and Floyd were separated by October 2020. Nonetheless,

McGhee and Floyd continued to communicate off-and-on despite their separation

and McGhee’s recent engagement to Lashawn Mosley (“Mosley”).

         {¶4} On January 18, 2021, McGhee spent the day in Columbus with Mosley.

Eventually the pair returned to Marion where they visited friends to watch a sporting

game, drink alcohol, and relax. Throughout the day and into the night, McGhee and

Floyd were in communication via text message. Later that night, McGhee drove his

vehicle, with Mosley as a passenger, to Floyd’s house at 126 S. Seffner Ave. When

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they arrived at the house at approximately 10:35 p.m., McGhee exited the driver’s-

side door and entered the unlocked house while Mosley waited in the vehicle. Inside

the house, McGhee and Floyd engaged in a confrontation.

       {¶5} During the confrontation between McGhee and Floyd, Green exited

through the side door of the house with a firearm. Several minutes later, McGhee

emerged from the house and walked down the front porch steps onto the sidewalk.

There, he spotted Green, who was in possession of the firearm.

       {¶6} Green subsequently fired two “warning shots” at McGhee and then

pointed the gun at McGhee and fired additional shots. McGhee was struck in the

chest by a bullet and fell to the ground. Green ran from the scene and went into

hiding for several days. Mosley and Floyd rushed to McGhee and attempted to

render aid.

       {¶7} On January 19, 2021, a complaint was filed in the Marion County Court

of Common Pleas, Family Division (“juvenile court”) charging 17-year-old Green

with one count of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A) and one count of

aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A). That same day, the State filed

a motion to bind the case over to the Marion County Court of Common Pleas,

General Division, pursuant to Juv. R. 30. Green appeared for an initial appearance

on January 28, 2021, wherein he denied the allegations in the complaint.

       {¶8} A probable cause hearing was held in the juvenile court on February 11,

2021. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge found probable cause to believe

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that Green committed the offenses alleged in the complaint. Accordingly, the

juvenile court relinquished its jurisdiction over the matter and transferred the case

to the General Division of the Marion County Court of Common Pleas for

prosecution.

       {¶9} On February 24, 2021, the Marion County Grand Jury indicted Green

on three counts: Count One of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A), an

unclassified felony; Count Two of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B), an

unclassified felony; and Count Three of felonious assault in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(1), a second-degree felony. Each of the counts also included a three-

year firearm specification pursuant to R.C. 2941.145 and R.C. 2929.14(D). Green

appeared for arraignment on March 1, 2021 and entered pleas of not guilty to the

counts and specifications in the indictment. On March 17, 2021, Green retained

new counsel who entered notices of appearance. On March 23, 2021, Green filed a

notice of his intent to use self-defense or defense of others as a defense at trial.

       {¶10} On April 19, 2021, Green filed a motion for funds to retain an expert

witness. The motion did not specify a dollar amount of the request. In a judgment

entry filed on April 20, 2021, the trial court deemed the motion filed outside the

time set by Crim.R. 12. Nonetheless, the trial court granted the defense $1,500 for

the purpose of retaining an expert and directed that further funds be authorized in

advance.

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       {¶11} On April 20, 2021, Green filed a motion for leave to file several

pretrial motions instanter. Specifically, Green requested to file a motion to require

the State to disclose the victim’s criminal history and a motion to allow counsel to

review children’s services records. On April 22, 2021, the trial court denied the

motions. In its attendant judgment entry, the trial court found the motions were

untimely filed pursuant to Crim.R. 12. However, in the interest of justice, the trial

court reviewed the merits of the motions and denied them on that basis.

       {¶12} On May 20, 2021, Green filed an additional motion for allowance of

monies to retain an expert witness. In his motion, Green requested an “initial

approval” of $9,000 for the proposed expert to examine Green. (Doc. No. 52). On

May 27, 2021, the trial court denied the motion. In its judgment entry, the trial court

found the motion was untimely and filed outside the timelines of Crim.R. 12 without

leave. Nevertheless, the trial court reviewed the merits of the motion and found that

Green failed to show how the expert would provide value and that alternative would

will provide Green with a defense in this case.

       {¶13} On July 12, 2021, Green made a motion for the trial court to approve

a general evaluation of Green by District V Forensic Diagnostic Center for the

purposes of a referral to a specialist if necessary. The trial court granted Green’s

motion on July 14, 2021.    On September 23, 2021, Green filed a motion for leave

to file a motion for allowance of monies to retain an expert witness for additional

evaluation of the defendant. On October 22, 2021, the trial court denied Green’s

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request to file the motion out of time and denied Green’s request for additional

defense experts at state expense.

       {¶14} On January 21, 2022, the State filed a motion to exclude the testimony

of four defense witnesses (Deante Smith, Deandre Gale, Timothy Nelson, and

Dejaun Smith) listed in the defendant’s reciprocal discovery.          Green filed a

memorandum in opposition to the State’s motion on January 26, 2022. The

following day, the trial court filed a judgment entry stating that it would give Green

the opportunity to proffer the testimony of the four witnesses outside the presence

of the jury for the trial court to determine whether their testimony would be

admissible.

       {¶15} A jury trial commenced on February 1, 2022. On February 10, 2022,

the jury returned verdicts finding Green not guilty of Count One, but guilty of

Counts Two and Three, and their attendant specifications.

       {¶16} At the sentencing hearing held on February 25, 2022, the trial court

found that Counts Two and Three merged for the purpose of sentencing. The State

elected to proceed to sentencing the more serious offense of murder charged in

Count Two and the trial court sentenced Green to a term of 15 years to life in prison

to be served consecutively to a term of 3 years for the attendant firearm specification

for an aggregate term of 18 years to life in prison.

       {¶17} On March 25, 2022, Green filed his notice of appeal. He raises eight

assignments of error for our review.

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                            First Assignment of Error

       The trial court violated Ziair Green’s constitutional right to
       present a complete defense. Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth
       Amendments, U.S. Constitution; Article I, Sections 1, 10, and 16,
       Ohio Constitution; Crim.R. 16(B); Evid.R. 404(B), 405, 608,
       616(A), 702.

       {¶18} In his first assignment of error, Green argues that the trial court

violated his constitutional right to present a complete defense. Specifically, Green

claims the trial court prohibited him from presenting evidence that would have

undermined the credibility of the State’s witnesses and shown he acted in self-

defense. He also asserts that the trial court denied him the opportunity to present a

complete defense by denying his request for expert funds.

       {¶19} The Supreme Court of Ohio has explained:

       “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful
       opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476
       U.S. 683, 690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), quoting
       California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485, 104 S.Ct. 2528, 81
       L.Ed.2d 413 (1984). However, “[a] defendant’s right to present
       relevant evidence is not unlimited, but rather is subject to reasonable
       restriction.” United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308, 118 S.Ct.
       1261, 140 L.Ed.2d 413 (1998). And states have a legitimate interest
       in ensuring that triers of fact are presented with reliable evidence and
       have “broad latitude under the Constitution to establish rules
       excluding evidence from criminal trials” to further that goal. Scheffer
       at 308, 309, 118 S.Ct. 1261, 140 L.Ed.2d 413. Such “rules do not
       abridge an accused’s right to present a defense so long as they are not
       ‘arbitrary’ or ‘disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to
       serve’” and if they do not “infringe[] upon a weighty interest of the
       accused.” Id. at 308, 118 S.Ct. 1261, 140 L.Ed.2d 413, quoting Rock
       v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 56, 58, 107 S.Ct. 2704, 97 L.Ed.2d 37
       (1987).

State v. Wesson, 137 Ohio St.3d 309, 2013-Ohio-4575, ¶ 59.

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Case No. 9-22-13

       {¶20} Generally, the admission or exclusion of evidence lies within the trial

court’s discretion, and a reviewing court should not reverse absent an abuse of that

discretion and material prejudice. State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-

2815, ¶ 62, citing State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 64 (2001). An abuse of discretion

implies that the trial court acted unreasonably arbitrarily, or unconscionably. State

v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157 (1980).

Children’s Services Records

       {¶21} Green alleges he was denied the right to present a complete defense

due to the trial court’s denial of his motion to allow his counsel to review any

children’s services records relating to McGhee or Floyd. Specifically, Green argues

the trial court erred by denying his request to review children’s services records

without at least conducting an in-camera review of the records.

       {¶22} On April 20, 2021, Green filed a motion for leave to file pretrial

motions instanter. Attached to that motion was a motion to allow counsel to review

records maintained by Marion County Children’s Services relating to McGhee or

Floyd. In a judgment entry filed on April 22, 2021, the trial court denied Green’s

motion for leave to file pretrial motions instanter. The trial court specified that

counsel was explicitly instructed not to file motions outside of Crim.R. 12(D)

without leave of the court and noted that Green provided no reasonable explanation

for the lateness of the motions. Nonetheless, the trial court addressed the merits of

Green’s motion to review children’s services records and found that the records are

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not relevant to the instant case. The trial court specifically stated that it “will not

authorize a fishing expedition to defame or dehumanize the deceased [victim].”

(Doc. No. 30).

       {¶23} A trial court has discretion to decide whether certain information is or

is not discoverable. See State v. Orwick, 153 Ohio App.3d 65, 2003-Ohio-2682, ¶

13, citing Radovanic v. Cossler, 140 Ohio App.3d 208, 213 (8th Dist.2000). As

such, we will not disturb the trial court’s decision on that issue absent an abuse of

that discretion. Id.

       {¶24} Crim.R. 16(B)(5) provides that a criminal defendant is entitled to

discovery of evidence which is “favorable to the defendant and material to either

guilt or punishment.” However, when the potential discovery involves children’s

services records, “this requirement comes into conflict with the confidentiality that

attaches to such records.” State v. Branch, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-12-44, 2013-Ohio-

3192, ¶ 85, citing Johnson v. Johnson, 134 Ohio App.3d 579, 583 (3d Dist.1999).

       {¶25} The Supreme Court of the United States has held that “a defendant’s

due process right to a fair trial entitles him to an in camera inspection by the trial

court of confidential child services records to assess whether they contain evidence

that is material to the defendant’s guilt.” Branch at ¶ 85, citing Pennsylvania v.

Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 60, 107 S.Ct. 989 (1987). This court has refined the rule in

Ritchie as:

       [A] court may conduct an in camera inspection of child-abuse records
       or reports and also has the inherent power to order disclosure of such

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       records or reports where (1) the records or reports are relevant to the
       pending action, (2) good cause for such a request has been established
       by the person seeking disclosure, and (3) where admission of the
       records or reports outweighs the confidentiality considerations set
       forth in R.C. 5153.17 and R.C. 2151.421(H)(1).

(Emphasis sic.) Johnson at 585. See Branch at ¶ 85.

       {¶26} “‘However, the Richie court also held that a defendant may not require

the trial court to search through confidential records “without first establishing a

basis for his claim that it contains material evidence.”’” State v. Stock, 5th Dist.

Stark No. 2017 CA 00199, 2018-Ohio-4805, ¶ 43, quoting State v. Brown, 5th Dist.

Delaware No. 2005CAA01002, 2005-Ohio-5639, ¶ 68, quoting Ritchie at 58, fn.15.

“‘“[A] defendant is entitled to the trial court’s in camera inspection of children

services agency records where the defendant shows that there is a reasonable

probability, grounded on some demonstrable fact, that the records contain material

relevant to the defense.”’” Id., quoting Brown at ¶ 70, quoting State v. Allan, 6th

Dist. Lucas No. L-94-272, 1996 WL 38784, *2 (Feb. 2, 1996).

       {¶27} Here, we find that, in his motion to review children’s services records,

Green failed to show there was a reasonable probability, grounded on some

demonstrable fact, that the records he sought contained material evidence relevant

to his defense. First, we note that the record on appeal is not clear that the children’s

services records Green requests even exist. At the pretrial held on April 15, 2021,

defense counsel stated that he sent a subpoena to Children’s Services for “some

records that apparently do not exist.” (Apr. 15, 2021 Tr. at 6). The defense indicated

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its intention to refile the subpoena “requesting different records.” (Id.). Yet, the

record does not indicate that defense counsel actually refiled the subpoena

requesting the “different records.” In its judgment entry denying Green’s motion to

review children’s services records, the trial court, likewise, questioned the existence

of the records. (Doc. No. 30). It is at least plausible that Green would have been

aware of the existence of records relating to his mother and stepfather with himself

as the child-victim. Furthermore, Green’s trial counsel is in the best position to

know if such records exist, through his client, yet he was unable to establish the

existence of the records he sought, much less that the records, if they exist, contain

material evidence relevant to his defense. Because Green was unable to meet this

burden, we find that the trial court was not required to conduct an in camera

inspection of the records prior to overruling Green’s motion to review children’s

services records. See Brown at ¶ 72.

Exclusion of Prior Bad Acts Testimony

       {¶28} Green alleges that the trial court erred by excluding witness testimony

regarding specific instances of McGhee’s alleged abuse of Green and Floyd.

       {¶29} Again, the admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of

the trial court. State v. Duncan, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-19-75, 2020-Ohio-3916, ¶ 11.

We review a trial court’s determination on the admission of evidence under an abuse

of discretion standard. State v. Sullivan, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-17-09, 2017-Ohio-

8937, ¶ 20.

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       {¶30} Evid.R. 404 and 405 relate to the introduction of character evidence.

Evid.R. 404(A) provides that “[e]vidence of a person’s character or a trait of

character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith

on a particular occasion.” However, Evid.R. 404(A)(2) provides several exceptions

to this general rule as it relates to the character of the victim. In pertinent part,

Evid.R. 404(A)(2) provides that:

       Evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the victim of the crime
       offered by the accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or
       evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the victim offered by
       the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the victim
       was the first aggressor is admissible[.]

       Evid.R. 405, which governs the methods of proving character, states:

       (A) In all cases in which evidence of character or a trait of character
       of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to
       reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-
       examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instances of
       conduct.

       (B) In cases in which character or a trait of character of a person is an
       essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, proof may also be
       made of specific instances of his conduct.

       {¶31} In State v. Barnes, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that “Evid.R.

405(B) precludes a defendant from introducing specific instances of the victim’s

conduct to prove that the victim was the initial aggressor.” State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio

St.3d 21, 24, 2002-Ohio-68.        The Court also noted that “[a] defendant may

successfully assert self-defense without resort to proving any aspect of the victim’s

character.” (Emphasis sic.) Id.

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       {¶32} However, we have “interpreted Evid.R. 405 as permitting a defendant

to ‘testify about specific instances of the victim’s prior conduct known to the

defendant in order to establish the defendant’s state of mind.’” State v. Smith, 3d

Dist. Logan No. 8-12-05, 2013-Ohio-746, ¶ 18, quoting State v. Moore, 3d Dist.

Allen Nos. 1-06-89 and 1-06-96, 2007-Ohio-3600, ¶ 59. “The crucial element of a

self-defense claim is the defendant’s state of mind, not the character of the victim.”

Moore at ¶ 59.

       {¶33} Here, Green contends that the trial court erred by prohibiting

testimony regarding specific acts of violence perpetuated by McGhee toward Green

and Floyd. Defense counsel sought to present four possible defense witnesses:

Deante Smith, Deandre Gale, Timothy Nelson, and Dejaun Smith. According to

defense counsel, the individuals had witnessed instances of McGhee acting in a

violent manner toward Green in the months leading up to McGhee’s death. (Feb.

1-10, 2022 Tr. at 424-425). The trial court agreed that the proper procedure would

be for the defense to proffer the testimony of the four witnesses at the beginning of

the defense’s case-in-chief, so the trial court could make a decision on the

admissibility of the potential witnesses’ testimony at that time.

       {¶34} However, Green chose not to proffer the testimony of the four

witnesses and instead conceded that the specific acts evidence to which they were

going to testify were not admissible. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 987). Accordingly, the

trial court never ruled on the admissibility of the witnesses’ potential testimony,

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and, thus, there is no decision on the admissibility of the potential witnesses’

testimony for us to review.

       {¶35} Green also alleges the trial court erred by prohibiting testimony from

detectives regarding prior shootings at the home, and testimony from Floyd and

Dasani Hooks, Green’s sister, about the domestic violence Green and Floyd endured

at the hands of McGhee. However, despite the trial court’s repeated offer for the

defense to proffer the testimony, defense counsel made the strategic decision to not

offer this additional testimony.    Accordingly, we are not able to review the

admissibility of the potential testimony because it is not included in the record.

       {¶36} “‘An alleged victim’s purported violent nature is not an essential

element of self-defense and therefore, witnesses other than the defendant have no

admissible basis for testifying to specific instances of violent conduct.’”   State v.

Gott, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-1070, 2013-Ohio-4624, ¶ 36, quoting State v.

Willamson, 4th Dist. Ross No. 95CA2155, 1996 WL 530008, *4 (Sept. 12, 1996).

Furthermore, we note that a trial court’s Evid.R. 405(B) ruling is subject to harmless

error analysis. Smith, 2013-Ohio-746, at ¶ 20. “The improper exclusion of evidence

is harmless where the remaining evidence provides overwhelming proof of a

defendant’s guilt.” Id. Accordingly, even if the trial court erred by informing the

parties that specific acts evidence were not admissible in a self-defense case, that

error is harmless because the State offered overwhelming evidence of Green’s guilt.

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      {¶37} Moreover, a plethora of testimony regarding McGhee’s demeanor,

character, and reputation for violence was presented to the jury by a number of

witnesses. Specifically, Floyd and Green gave an account of the violent acts

McGhee allegedly engaged in on January 18, 2021, prior to his death, including

slamming Floyd against the wall and attempting to choke her and threatening Green.

Floyd testified that McGhee had a reputation for violence and that this reputation

for violence caused her to fear for herself and for Green. Green testified that

McGhee “has always been violent” and that he was “afraid” of McGhee on January

18, 2021. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1251-1252). Hooks testified that she had been

around McGhee for a significant portion of her life and that she has experienced

behaviors from him that leads her to characterize living in a home with McGhee as

“[u]nhealthy.” (Id. at 1224-1225). Hooks also testified to McGhee’s reputation in

the community as a drug dealer who was angry, toxic, and a threat. (Id. at 1227-

1229). Moreover, several witnesses mentioned prior shootings that occurred at the

residence. Additionally, law enforcement officers acknowledged their familiarity

with McGhee through prior law enforcement contact. Mosley also testified that

McGhee served nearly seven years in prison. (Id. at 781). Thus, the jury heard

significant testimony regarding McGhee’s previous conduct and reputation. The

fact that there was violence in and about the home at the time that McGhee was

there was known to the jury.     Perhaps most notably, the jury heard Green’s

testimony that he was afraid of McGhee on the day of the shooting and “feared for

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[his] life” during the final encounter. (Id. at 1261). Accordingly, based on the

record in front of us, we do not find that the potential exclusion of some testimony

regarding specific acts of violence would have affected the outcome of the trial and

was “essentially meaningless.” Smith at ¶ 21.

Expert Witness Funding

       {¶38} Green argues that he was denied the right to present a complete

defense due to the trial court’s denial of Green’s motions for expert funding. “The

authority to fund defense experts rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.”

State v. Babcock, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2011CA00286, 2012-Ohio-3627, ¶ 28. An

abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).

       {¶39} “As a matter of due process, indigent defendants are entitled to receive

the ‘raw materials’ and the ‘“basic tools of an adequate defense,”’” which may

include the provision of expert assistance. State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 149

(1998), quoting Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 77, 105 S.Ct. 1087 (1985), quoting

Britt v. North Carolina, 404 U.S. 226, 227, 92 S.Ct. 431 (1971). “‘Due process, as

guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution and Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution, does not require the

government to provide expert assistance to an indigent criminal defendant in the

absence of a particularized showing of need.’” State v. McCallum, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 19AP-796, 2021-Ohio-2938, ¶ 28, quoting Mason at 150. “‘Nor does

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it require the government to provide expert assistance to an indigent criminal

defendant upon mere demand of the defendant.’” Id., quoting Mason at 150.

       {¶40} The statutory authority allowing the state to provide funds for an

indigent defendant’s expert is R.C. 2929.024, which provides, in pertinent part:

       [I]f the court determines that investigation services, experts, or other
       services are reasonably necessary for the proper representation of a
       defendant charged with aggravated murder at trial or at the sentencing
       hearing, the court shall authorize the defendant’s counsel to obtain the
       necessary services for the defendant, and shall order that payment of
       the fees and expenses for the necessary services be made in the same
       manner that payment for appointed counsel is made pursuant to
       Chapter 120 of the Revised Code. If the Court determines that the
       necessary services had to be obtained prior to court authorization for
       payment of the fees and expenses for the necessary services, the court
       may, after the services have been obtained, authorize the defendant’s
       counsel to obtain the necessary services and order that payment of the
       fees and expenses for the necessary services be made as provided in
       this section.

“In noncapital cases, however, there is no authority mandating the payment of an

indigent defendant’s expert fees.” State v. Hurley, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-11-01,

2012-Ohio-310, ¶ 15. “Ohio courts have nonetheless applied the factors used by

the Ohio Supreme Court in resolving requests for state-funded experts pursuant to

R.C. 2929.024 in non-capital cases.” Id. “The relevant factors in resolving the

appointment of a state-funded expert are: (1) the value of the expert assistance to

the defendant’s proper representation at trial; and (2) the availability of alternative

devices that fulfill the same functions as the expert assistance sought.” Id.

       {¶41} Furthermore, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “[d]ue process,

as guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

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Constitution and Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution, requires that an

indigent criminal defendant be provided funds to obtain expert assistance at state

expense only where the trial court finds, in the exercise of a sound discretion, that

the defendant has made a particularized showing (1) of a reasonable probability that

the requested expert would aid in his defense, and (2) that denial of the requested

expert assistance would result in an unfair trial.” State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144,

150 (1998).

       {¶42} When a defendant requests expert funds, the burden is on the

defendant to demonstrate the reasonableness of the request. Hurley at ¶ 15. “A

defendant must provide a trial court with facts to establish a particularized need for

expert assistance and must demonstrate more than a mere possibility of assistance

to receive an expert witness at the state’s expense.” Babcock, 2012-Ohio-3627, at ¶

30. “‘At a minimum, the indigent defendant must present the trial judge with

sufficient facts with which the court can base a decision.’” Hurley at ¶ 15, quoting

State v. Weeks, 64 Ohio App.3d 595, 598 (12th Dist.1989).              “Undeveloped

assertions that the proposed assistance would be useful to the defense are patently

inadequate.” Id.

       {¶43} Here, Green argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying

several of his attempts to secure expert funds. After reviewing the record and the

relevant law, we find Green’s arguments to be without merit.

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         {¶44} On April 19, 2021, Green filed a motion for allowance of monies to

retain an expert witness. In the motion, Green stated that he contacted a forensic

psychologist, Dr. Bob Stinson, out of Columbus, Ohio, “who would testify

regarding the potential Battered Person Syndrome and effects of abuse at trial * * *

and the affects abuse may have had on the Defendant at the time the incident giving

rise to this matter occurred.” (Doc. No. 26). Green did not request or specify the

amount of funds he was requesting.

         {¶45} The following day, the trial court noted that the motion was filed

outside the time limits set by Crim.R.12(D) without leave of court.1 (Doc. No. 28).

The trial court specifically stated that it explicitly instructed the parties not to file

motions outside the time limit set by the rule without leave of Court. (Id.).

Nonetheless, the trial court “reluctantly” granted Green up to $1,500 for the purpose

of retaining an expert. (Id.). The trial court noted that “[a]ny further amounts must

be authorized in advance or they will not be approved.” (Emphasis sic.) (Id.). The

trial court further noted Green’s motion “gives no guidance as to an amount needed,

but merely ask[ed] [the] Court to write a blank check.” (Id.). The trial court noted

that it would “not be so reckless with taxpayer funds.” (Id.). The trial court further

stated that “[t]he granting of these funds is not an indication that any testimony

1
  On April 20, 2021, after the trial court filed its judgment entry noting the tardiness of Green’s motion for
allowance of monies, in response thereof, Green filed a motion for leave to file pretrial motions instanter.
(Doc. No. 29).

                                                    -19-
Case No. 9-22-13

generated from these funds is relevant or admissible or even that Counsel has made

a showing that an expert is even necessary in this case.” (Id.).

       {¶46} On May 5, 2021, Green filed a motion for a continuance of the jury

trial on the grounds that the expert witnesses contacted by the defense were likely

to need more time to evaluate Green prior to trial. At a pretrial held on May 7, 2021,

the trial court and the parties discussed the defense’s progress in procuring an expert

witness. The defense stated that it consulted a new potential expert witness, Dr.

Davis, who informed counsel he needed between $2,500 to $3,000 to “get started.”

(May 7, 2021 Tr. at 3-5) The trial court requested the defense provide the trial court

with information regarding the potential expert’s estimated fees for (1) interviewing

Green and rendering an opinion, (2) rendering the opinion in writing, and (3)

testifying at trial. (Id. at 5-7). The trial court indicated its preference to approve the

fees in incremental amounts so that if the defense determines that they do not want

or need some of the services, the court is “not already on the hook” for the expense.

(Id. at 7).   The court remarked that requesting and approving expert fees in

increments has been the court’s practice for 20 years. (Id. at 8-9). The court

requested the defense file a motion informing the court whether the $1,500 it

previously allotted in funds would be sufficient for the potential expert witness to

examine Green and render an opinion. (Id. at 8).

       {¶47} At the pretrial, the parties also discussed Green’s pending motion for

a continuance for the purpose of pursing an expert witness.              The trial court

                                          -20-
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acknowledged that Green “has an absolute right to a full defense” and that an expert

consultation is “appropriate” in this case. (Id. at 13). On that basis, the trial court

granted Green’s motion for a continuance. (Id. at 19).

       {¶48} On May 20, 2021, Green filed a motion styled “Amended Motion for

Allowance of Monies to Retain Expert Witness and Motion to Continue Pretrial and

Trial.” (Doc. No. 52). In the motion, Green stated that he had been in contact with

yet another prospective expert, Dr. Jolie S. Brams, a forensic psychologist who

could testify regarding potential battered person syndrome, the effects of abuse, and

the effects abuse may have had on Green at the time of the relevant conduct. Green

stated that the potential expert required an “an initial approval of $9,000.00.” (Doc.

No. 52).

       {¶49} On May 27, 2021, the trial court filed a judgment entry denying

Green’s motion on the grounds that: (1) although styled as an “amended” motion,

Green’s filing was a new motion seeking new funds for a new expert and is,

therefore, untimely and filed without leave pursuant to Crim.R. 12(D); (2) Green

failed to show the expert would provide value; (3) alternative means will provide

Green with a defense; (4) the proposed expert is not willing to prepare for trial in a

timely manner; and (5) the expert has not justified the amount requested nor

articulated if $9,000 would address the costs of trial preparation and testimony.

(Doc. No. 55). The trial court noted that the $9,000 requested in Green’s motion “is

the highest request for an appointed expert in a non-capital case [it] has ever seen.”

                                         -21-
Case No. 9-22-13

(Id.). The court further stated that the request did not provide an explanation as to

whether the amount will cover the cost of the diagnostics or “if it is a down payment

on a much larger request that will come later.” (Id.). The court further found that

Green failed to show that the proposed expert would provide value or that there were

no alternative devices available to fulfill the same function. (Id.).

       {¶50} On June 29, 2021, Green’s trial counsel filed another motion to

continue the jury trial due to trial counsel’s continued search for an expert witness.

At the pretrial held on July 5, 2021, the trial court and the parties discussed Green’s

continued search for an expert witness and his pending motion to continue. While

addressing the matter, the trial court stated:

       I want to make it clear. The Court, if an expert is needed in this case,
       certainly wants the defense to get one. But it seems to me that the
       defense is shopping for a particular type of expert and having trouble
       finding one and that the ones that they have found kind of want a carte
       blanche with regard to how much money they’re going to be able to
       make off of this case and also want to dictate to the Court a schedule.
       And this Court controls its own schedule. * * * I’m inclined to give
       [the defense] some time, but it’s not endless time.

(July 5, 2021 Tr. at 4-5).

       {¶51} Green’s trial counsel then stated that the pending request for a

continuance would likely be the last continuance it requested. (Id. at 5). The

defense explained that it was in contact with District V Forensic Diagnostic Center.

The trial court indicated its approval of trial counsel’s plan to start with a more

general practitioner through District V Forensic Diagnostic Center and to request

additional evaluation and evaluations if indicated. (Id. at 6-9). Defense counsel

                                          -22-
Case No. 9-22-13

stated that it wanted to make sure Green has the best possible defense and that

counsel is “very appreciative of the Court offering funds on our request to make that

happen.” (Id. at 9). The trial court then granted Green’s pending motion for a

continuance and granted leave for Green to file a motion for Green to be evaluated

by District V Forensic Diagnostic Center. (Id. at 10-12).

       {¶52} On July 12, 2021, Green filed a motion seeking the trial court to

approve a general psychological evaluation of Green by District V Forensic

Diagnostic Center “for the purposes of a referral to a specialist if necessary.” (Doc.

No. 64). On July 14, 2021, the trial court approved the motion. (Doc. No. 65).

       {¶53} At a pretrial held on September 13, 2021, the parties were in receipt

of the general psychological evaluation dated September 8, 2021 that was prepared

by Dr. Alison Houle following her evaluation of Green. (Sept. 13, 2021 Tr. at 4).

The trial court stated that the evaluation made several diagnostic claims including

mild cannabis use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). (Id.).

However, the court noted it did not see any mention of battered-person syndrome as

a diagnosis and that there was nothing in the report to lead the trial court to believe

that further evaluation along those lines was necessary. (Id. at 5). Defense counsel

indicated that, based on the report, it “believes the door is open” for further

evaluation. (Id. at 7-8). The trial court then requested that Green file a written

motion indicating the basis for additional evaluation. (Id. at 8, 10-11).

                                         -23-
Case No. 9-22-13

       {¶54} On September 23, 2021, Green filed a motion to continue the jury trial

on the basis of potential additional expert evaluation. (Doc. No. 69). That same

day, Green also filed a motion for leave to file pretrial motions instanter. Attached

to that motion was a proposed motion for allowance of monies to retain an expert

witness for additional evaluation of Green. In the motion, Green requested the trial

court approve funds for having Green further evaluated “by an expert who can

extrapolate deeper issues surrounding [his] diagnosis” by Dr. Houle. (Doc. No. 70).

       {¶55} At the pretrial held on October 21, 2021, the parties addressed Green’s

pending motions. The trial court granted Green’s motion for a continuance. (Oct.

21, 2021 Tr. at 6-7). Then, the trial court addressed Green’s pending motion for

funds for additional expert evaluation. (Id. at 8-9). The trial court stated that the

psychological evaluation does not recommend another specialist or psychologist

examine Green for further diagnosis. (Id. at 9). The court indicated its opinion that

the defense has not established grounds for the trial court to grant an additional

expert evaluation and witness but that it would take the matter under advisement.

(Id. 10-11). Defense counsel stated that it was in contact with District V Forensic

Diagnostic Center regarding the possibility of a witness correlating the diagnosis

between PTSD and battered person’s syndrome. (Id. at 11-12). The trial court

indicated that if counsel filed supplemental briefing on the matter based on the

conversation with an expert, then the trial court would consider that. (Id. at 14-15).

The following day, the trial court filed its judgment entry denying Green’s request

                                        -24-
Case No. 9-22-13

for additional experts on the grounds that defendant had not met his burden to show

an additional expert is appropriate and had not shown significant value in requesting

a second defense expert to seek a diagnosis. (Doc. No. 105).

       {¶56} At a January 28, 2021 pretrial and motion hearing, the defense

indicated Dr. Houle was anticipated to proffer testimony during the trial. (Jan. 28,

2022 Tr. at 60). The defense informed the trial court of Dr. Houle’s hourly rate to

appear in court, which the trial court agreed to pay. (Id. at 61).

       {¶57} After reviewing the record, we reject Green’s argument that the trial

court erred by denying his request for expert funding. Green contends that the trial

court’s denial of his requests for expert funds was “unreasonable” and “arbitrary.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 21). However, the record indicates the trial court was willing

to allocate funds for expert evaluation of Green within reasonable parameters; and,

in fact, the trial court did grant several of Green’s motions for expert evaluations

and continuances for the purpose of allowing Green’s trial counsel to consult

potential expert witnesses.

       {¶58} Additionally, the trial court expressed a continued willingness to

consider Green’s requests for expert evaluations and funding provided that Green’s

defense counsel provided the court with information indicating that the evaluations

were reasonable and were reasonably calculated to assist in Green’s defense.

However, Green never provided the trial court with information indicating the scope

of its request and articulable reasons for the requests. Nor did trial counsel address

                                         -25-
Case No. 9-22-13

the availability or lack thereof of alternative devices that fulfill the same functions

as the expert assistance sought.

         {¶59} Green was evaluated by an expert who diagnosed him and provided

treatment recommendations.         Ultimately, the evaluation did not produce the

diagnosis of battered person syndrome that Green’s trial counsel continued to seek.

Yet, Green never demonstrated a particularized need for such an expert. “Asserting

the mere possibility that an expert would be of assistance did not satisfy appellant’s

initial burden to establish the reasonableness of his request.” See State v. Alltop,

12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2013-06-018, 2014-Ohio-1695, ¶ 15. Our review of the

record indicates the trial court was more than willing to provide funds for experts,

provided the defense could provide a breakdown of the anticipated expenses and

could demonstrate that the expert was reasonably necessary to advance the defense’s

case. However, Green was unable or unwilling to satisfy his initial burden to

establish the reasonableness of his request. Accordingly, we do not find that the

trial court abused its discretion by denying Green’s motions for allocation of expert

funds.

Exclusion of Dr. Houle’s Report and Testimony

         {¶60} Green argues that the trial court erred by excluding Dr. Houle’s report

and witness testimony at trial.

         {¶61} With respect to Dr. Houle’s report, we note that neither party moved

to admit the report. In fact, the defense specifically remarked it had “no plans” to

                                         -26-
Case No. 9-22-13

admit Dr. Houle’s evaluation. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1199). Accordingly, the trial

court did not make a decision regarding the admissibility of Dr. Houle’s report for

us to review. Furthermore, the document is not part of the record on appeal, and, as

such, we cannot review it.

        {¶62} Regarding Dr. Houle’s testimony, Green argues the trial court erred

by not admitting Dr. Houle’s expert testimony. At trial, the defense proffered the

testimony of Dr. Houle. In her proferred testimony, she stated that she performed a

complete psychological evaluation of Green.        (Id. at 1176).    Following her

evaluations, she diagnosed Green with PTSD and cannabis use disorder. (Id. at

1179)

        {¶63} Dr. Houle spoke generally about the impact of adverse childhood

experiences on an individual and the possible impact those experiences can have for

children’s risk of mental health symptoms, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and

substance abuse. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1179-1180). She testified that when she

evaluated Green, she determined that he had experienced some adverse childhood

experiences. (Id. at 1180-1181).

        {¶64} Dr. Houle stated that she reviewed the discovery and is aware of what

happened on January 18, 2021; however, she did not specifically evaluate Green’s

mental state on that day. (Id. at 1181). She testified that, generally, children

exposed to repeated trauma have a higher likelihood of perceiving something as

being dangerous when it is not or, conversely, failing to recognize an actual threat.

                                        -27-
Case No. 9-22-13

(Id. at 1181-1182). Dr. Houle testified that, in her professional experience, Green’s

childhood experiences shaped his view of the world and how he responds to other

people. (Id. at 1183-1184). Dr. Houle also spoke, in general terms, about brain

development and the result of trauma on brain development. (Id. at 1185).

       {¶65} On cross-examination, Dr. Houle stated that she did not complete an

evaluation for NGRI in this case; and, accordingly, never evaluated Green’s mental

state at the time of this offense. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1190). She stated that during

her conversations with Green, she gathered that Green has unfavorable opinions of

McGhee. (Id. at 1191). She stated that Green resented McGhee, was jealous of

him, and believed that McGhee was loved more by his mother than was Green. (Id.).

       {¶66} Dr. Houle stated that she is familiar with the term “battered woman

syndrome,” and that it is not a subtype or subset of PTSD. (Id. at 1193-1194). She

clarified that she did not specifically evaluate Green for battered child syndrome.

(Id. at 1194). She also stated that her report could not be of assistance to the trier of

fact with respect to determining Green’s guilt or innocence. (Id. at 1195). In her

proffered redirect examination, Dr. Houle stated that Green’s childhood experiences

could have contributed to how he reacted on January 18, 2021. (Id. at 1196).

       {¶67} At the conclusion of Dr. Houle’s proffered testimony, the trial court

determined that her testimony was not admissible, and Dr. Houle did not testify to

the jury.

                                          -28-
Case No. 9-22-13

       {¶68} After reviewing the record, we do not find the trial court abused its

discretion by excluding Dr. Houle’s testimony. Dr. Houle did not evaluate Green

for battered child syndrome and testified that she was not qualified to make that

diagnosis. Furthermore, Dr. Houle never evaluated Green’s mental state on the day

of the incident and her proffered testimony was too general to be of relevance to

assist the jury in determining Green’s guilt or innocence.

Impeachment with Prior Inconsistent Statements

       {¶69} Green contends that the trial court erred by not allowing him to

impeach Mosley with prior inconsistent statements. Specifically, Green alleges the

trial court should have allowed him to impeach Mosley with her statement from the

preliminary hearing where she testified that McGhee walked down the stairs and

turned directly toward Green. Green also alleges the trial court erred by not

allowing him to impeach Mosley with a recorded cell-phone video depicting Mosley

telling Floyd that she erased cell phone evidence and lied to the police on the scene

because she had hidden drugs in Floyd’s couch the night of McGhee’s death.

       {¶70} Evid.R. 613, which governs impeachment by self-contradiction,

provides as follows:

       (A) In examining a witness concerning a prior statement made by the
       witness, whether written or not, the statement need not be shown nor
       its contents disclosed to the witness at that time, but on request the
       same shall be shown or disclosed to opposing counsel.

       (B) Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness
       is admissible if both of the following apply:

                                        -29-
Case No. 9-22-13

       (1) If the statement is offered solely for the purpose of impeaching the
       witness, the witness is afforded a prior opportunity to explain or deny
       the statement and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to
       interrogate the witness on the statement or the interests of justice
       otherwise require;

       (2) The subject matter of the statement is one of the following:

       (a) A fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
       other than the credibility of a witness;

       (b) A fact that may be shown by extrinsic evidence under Evid.R.
       608(A), 609, 616(A), or 616(B);

       (c) A fact that may be shown by extrinsic evidence under the common
       law of impeachment if not in conflict with the Rules of Evidence.

       (C) During examination of a witness, conduct of the witness
       inconsistent with the witness’s testimony may be shown to impeach.
       If offered for the sole purpose of impeaching the witness’s testimony,
       extrinsic evidence of the prior inconsistent conduct is admissible
       under the same circumstances as provided for prior inconsistent
       statements by Evid.R. 613(B)(2).

       {¶71} After reviewing the record, we do not find that the trial court erred by

not admitting the extrinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statements to impeach

Mosley.

       {¶72} The video of Floyd and her friends confronting Mosley regarding

allegedly hiding drugs in Floyd’s couch was proffered by the defense as Defense

Exhibit I and is included in the record. After reviewing the video in concert with

our review of the record, we find that the trial court did not err by failing to admit

the video as a means of impeaching Mosley. Although the video may have been

offered “solely for the purpose” of impeaching Mosley, pursuant to Evid.R.

                                        -30-
Case No. 9-22-13

613(B)(1), it was of no other “consequence to the determination of the action.”

Whether Mosley hid drugs in Floyd’s couch while the women were talking to the

police following the shooting on January 18, 2021 is immaterial to the ultimate issue

of Green’s potential criminal liability for McGhee’s death.                         See Gutoskey v.

Gallagher, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81377, 2002-Ohio-6846, ¶ 18. Moreover,

Mosley admitted that although she “was drinking that night” and could not recall

the specifics, she did tell Floyd that she put something in her house that night “to

get her out of my face.” (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 794-795). “If a witness admits

making a conflicting statement, there is no need for extrinsic evidence.” State v.

Spaulding, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-16-028, 2017-Ohio-7993, ¶ 16.

        {¶73} Moreover, our review of the video indicates that its prejudicial value

outweighs its probative value.2 The video presents an intimidating situation in

which Mosley is confronted by multiple people, including Floyd, who are screaming

at Mosley and trying to get her to admit that she hid a phone from law enforcement.

The video is also replete with racial epithets and offensive language.

        {¶74} With respect to the transcript of the preliminary hearing, our review of

the record indicates that, on cross-examination, defense counsel read the relevant

2
  In addition to the trial court’s concern that the prejudicial value of Defense’s Exhibit I outweighs its
probative value, the trial court expressed concern that Green’s trial counsel received the video mere days
before the commencement of trial, despite the recording happening approximately six months prior.
Although the record indicates defense counsel turned over the recording to the State soon after the video
came into the defense’s possession, the State and trial court expressed concern regarding the delayed
disclosure of the potential evidence.

                                                  -31-
Case No. 9-22-13

portion of the transcript of the preliminary hearing in open court. Accordingly, the

jury heard Mosley’s alleged inconsistent statement.

Conclusion

       {¶75} For the foregoing reasons, we do not find that Green was denied his

constitutional right to present a complete defense. Green’s first assignment of error

is overruled.

                           Second Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred and violated Ziair’s right to a fair trial when
       it instructed the jury that Ohio’s stand-your-ground statute did
       not govern Ziair’s trial, which took place after the statute’s
       effective date. R.C. 2901.09(C).

                            Third Assignment of Error

       Even under the former statute, the trial court erred when it
       instructed the jury that Ziair had an “on-going” duty to retreat.
       R.C. 2901.05; R.C. 2901.09.

       {¶76} For ease of discussion, we will address Green’s second and third

assignments of error together. In his second assignment of error, Green argues the

trial court erred by not giving the jury a self-defense instruction consistent with the

changes to R.C. 2901.09 enacted in 2020 Am.S.B. 175(“S.B. 175”), the “stand your

ground” law.

       {¶77} “Trial courts have a responsibility to give all jury instructions that are

relevant and necessary for the jury to properly weigh the evidence and perform its

duty as the factfinder.” State v. Shine-Johnson, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-194,

2018-Ohio-3347, ¶ 25. “Requested jury instructions should ordinarily be given if

                                         -32-
Case No. 9-22-13

they are correct statements of law, if they are applicable to the facts in the case, and

if reasonable minds might reach the conclusion sought by the requested instruction.”

State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, ¶ 240. “The relevant

principle for jury instructions is not one of abstract correctness, but is whether an

instruction—even if a correct statement of law—is potentially misleading.” State

v. White, 142 Ohio St.3d 277, 2015-Ohio-492, ¶ 52.

       {¶78} As a general matter, whether to give a particular jury instruction is

within the trial court’s discretion, which an appellate court will not disturb absent

an abuse of discretion. State v. Orians, 179 Ohio App.3d 701, 2008-Ohio-6185, ¶

10 (3d Dist.). However, a defendant who fails to object to the trial court’s decision

regarding jury instructions forfeits all but plain error on appeal. See State v. Kean,

10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-427, 2019-Ohio-1171, ¶ 65. We note that Green’s

trial counsel did not object to the trial court’s determination that the amended

version of R.C. 2901.09 did not apply to the instant case because the offense

occurred prior to the effective date of the amended statute. However, Green’s

counsel did object to the trial court’s express instruction that stand your ground was

not applicable in the case and would have preferred that the trial court not include

any reference to stand your ground in the jury instructions. Green’s counsel also

objected to the trial court instructing the jury that Green had a duty to retreat.

       {¶79} In contrast, “[w]hether the jury instructions correctly state the law is a

question that is reviewed de novo.” State v. Dean, 146 Ohio St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-

                                         -33-
Case No. 9-22-13

4347, ¶ 135. “An incorrect or inadequate instruction that misleads the jury or

otherwise prejudices the defendant constitutes reversible error.” State v. Hughkeith,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111647, 2023-Ohio-1217, ¶ 75, citing Simbo Properties,

Inc. v. M8 Realty, L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107161, 2019-Ohio-4361, ¶ 18.

         {¶80} Here, the offenses occurred on January 18, 2021 and the jury trial

commenced on February 1, 2022. R.C. 2901.09 was amended on April 6, 2021.

Thus, the statute was amended after the offense but prior to the commencement of

trial.

         {¶81} Prior to the April 6, 2021 amendments, R.C. 2901.09 stated:

         a person who lawfully is in that person’s residence has no duty to
         retreat before using force in self-defense, defense of another, or
         defense of that person’s residence, and a person who lawfully is an
         occupant of that person’s vehicle or who lawfully is an occupant in a
         vehicle owned by an immediate family member of the person has no
         duty to retreat before using force in self-defense or defense of another.

         {¶82} The current version of R.C. 2901.09, as amended by S.B. 175,

provides, in pertinent part:

         (B) For purposes of any section of the Revised Code that sets forth a
         criminal offense, a person has no duty to retreat before using force in
         self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person’s residence
         if that person is in a place in which the person lawfully has a right to
         be.

         (C) A trier of fact shall not consider the possibility of retreat as a
         factor in determining whether or not a person who used force in self-
         defense, defense of another, or defense of that person’s residence
         reasonably believed that the force was necessary to prevent injury,
         loss, or risk to life or safety.

(Emphasis added.)

                                           -34-
Case No. 9-22-13

       {¶83} Here, the parties disagree whether the version of R.C. 2901.09

effective at the time of the offense or the one effective at the time of trial applied to

the instant case. Green argues the trial court should have given jury instructions

consistent with the amended version of R.C. 2901.09, the version of the statute that

was in effect at the time of trial. Conversely, the State contends that the version of

the statute effective at the time of the offense applied in the instant case; and, thus,

the trial court did not err by instructing the jury in accordance therewith.

       {¶84} We have not yet addressed whether Ohio’s stand-your-ground law

applies in situations, like the present one, where the conduct occurred prior to the

statute’s effective date of April 6, 2021 but the trial occurred after the effective date.

However, other appellate districts have considered the question and come to

different conclusions. At least four appellate districts –the First, Second, Eighth,

and Ninth- have held that Ohio’s stand your ground law does not apply in situations

where the conduct occurred prior to April 6, 2021. State v. Parker, 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-210440, 2022-Ohio-3831, ¶ 7-17; State v. Degahson, 2d Dist. Clark

No. 2021-CA-35, 2022-Ohio-2972, ¶ 14-23, appeal allowed, 168 Ohio St.3d 1457,

2022-Ohio-4617; State v. Barker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29227, 2022-Ohio-

3756, ¶ 34-43, appeal not allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1431, 2023-Ohio-381; State v.

Jones, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29214, 2022-Ohio-3162, ¶ 38-39, appeal not

allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1444, 2023-Ohio-554; State v. Hurt, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 110732, 2022-Ohio-2039, ¶ 54-61, appeal allowed, 168 Ohio St.2d 1457, 2022-

                                          -35-
Case No. 9-22-13

Ohio-4201, appeal dismissed as improvidently accepted, 2023-Ohio-3013; State v.

Miree, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110749, 2022-Ohio-3664, ¶ 69-72, appeal allowed,

169 Ohio St.3d 1430, 2023-Ohio-381; State v. Duncan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

110784, 2022-Ohio-3665, ¶ 25-28, appeal allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1430, 2023-

Ohio-381, stay lifted, 171 Ohio St.3d 1464, 2023-Ohio-3697; State v. Hughkeith,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111647, 2023-Ohio-1217, ¶ 79, appeal not allowed, 170

Ohio St. 3d 1518, 2023-Ohio-2771; State v. Terry, 9th Dist. Summit No. 30137,

2023-Ohio-2234, ¶ 15-30, appeal accepted, 171 Ohio St.3d 1475, 2023-Ohio-3789.

Conversely, several appellate districts, including the Fifth and Eleventh District

Courts of Appeals, have found that the stand-your-ground law applies in situations

where the trial occurs after the effective date of the statute, regardless of when the

underlying conduct occurred. See State v. Robinette, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2021 CA

00124, 2023-Ohio-5, ¶ 51-52; State v. Wagner, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2021-Ohio-L-

101, 2022-Ohio-4051, ¶ 27-28, motion to certify allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1466,

2023-Ohio-773, and appeal allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1467, 2023-Ohio-773. The

question of whether R.C. 2901.09, as amended to eliminate the duty to retreat for

self-defense, applies to trial held after the effective date of the act, regardless of the

date of the offense, is currently pending in the Supreme Court of Ohio. State v.

Duncan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110784, 2022-Ohio-3665, ¶ 25-30, appeal

allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1430, 2023-Ohio-381, stay lifted, 170 Ohio St.3d 1518,

2023-Ohio-2771.

                                          -36-
Case No. 9-22-13

       {¶85} “A statute may not be applied retroactively unless the General

Assembly expressly makes it retroactive.” State v. Brooks, 170 Ohio St.3d 1, 2022-

Ohio-2478, ¶ 10, citing Hyle v. Porter, 117 Ohio St.3d 165, 2008-Ohio-542, ¶ 9.

“A statute is presumed to be prospective in its operation unless expressly made

retrospective.” R.C. 1.48; Brooks at ¶ 9. “To overcome the presumption that the

statute applies prospectively, it must ‘clearly proclaim its retroactive application.’”

Barker at ¶ 38, quoting Hyle at ¶10. However, even “when the legislature has made

a statute expressly retroactive, the determination whether that statute is

unconstitutionally retroactive in violation of the Ohio Constitution depends on

whether it is ‘remedial’ or ‘substantive’—if the law is ‘remedial,’ then its retroactive

application is constitutional; if the law is substantive, then its retroactive application

is unconstitutional.” Brooks at ¶ 10, citing Van Fossen v. Babcock & Wilcox Co.,

36 Ohio St.3d 100, 106-108 (1988), superseded by statute on other grounds as

stated in Hannah v. Dayton Power & Light Co., 82 Ohio St.3d 482, 484 (1998).

“[L]aws affecting rights * * * are substantive in nature.” Id.

       {¶86} After reviewing the relevant appellate decisions that have addressed

the issue, we are persuaded by the reasoning of the First, Second, Eighth, and Ninth

appellate districts who have found that the amendments to R.C. 2901.09(B) are

substantive in nature, and, accordingly, do not apply retroactively. See, e.g., Parker

at ¶ 17; Dagahson at ¶ 19; Terry at ¶ 30. In addition to the sound reasoning adopted

by these appellate districts, we note that the preamble to S.B. 175 specifically states

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the purpose of the act is to “expand the locations at which a person has no duty to

retreat before using force under both civil and criminal law.” (Emphasis added.)

We find this language to be an acknowledgement of the General Assembly’s intent

to create a substantive right through the amendment to R.C. 2901.09.

       {¶87} Thus, we find that the trial court did not err by determining that Ohio’s

stand-your-ground law was not applicable to the instant case.

       {¶88} Green’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶89} In his third assignment of error, Green argues that, even under the

former statute, the trial court erred by instructing the jury that Green had an on-

going duty to retreat.    Green contends that the testimony established that he

attempted unsuccessfully to flee from from McGhee twice, and, accordingly, had

no duty to retreat as long as he reasonably believed he was in imminent danger of

bodily harm and deadly force was his only escape. Green also argues that because

his mother, who he was allegedly protecting, was still inside the house, he did not

have a duty to retreat.

       {¶90} However, the State presented evidence at trial which indicates that

Green stood outside of the residence at 126 S. Seffner Ave., with a firearm, and

waited for McGhee to exit the house and then engaged him. Moreover, the State’s

evidence demonstrated that Green shot McGhee on a public sidewalk, which is

outside the privilege of defending one’s home.

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Case No. 9-22-13

       {¶91} We likewise find Green’s argument that he had no duty to retreat

because his mother had no duty to retreat to be unavailing. Floyd testified that she

succeeded in removing McGhee from her home. Although she was still in the house

at the time of the shooting, she was in the process of trying to locate her shoes so

that she could follow McGhee outside when he was shot by Green.

       {¶92} Accordingly, we do not find that the trial court erred by instructing the

jury that McGhee had an ongoing duty to retreat.

                            Fourth Assignment of Error

       Ziair was deprived of his right to the effective assistance of
       counsel. Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, U.S. Constitution;
       Article I, Sections 10 and 16, Ohio Constitution.

       {¶93} In his fourth assignment of error, Green argues that he was denied the

effective assistance of counsel. Specifically, Green contends that his trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to propose a “stand-your-ground” jury instruction despite

the trial court’s decision that such a jury instruction did not apply in the instant case.

He also argues his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to ask Green about

specific instances of the victim’s prior violent conduct.

       {¶94} “In criminal proceedings, a defendant has the right to effective

assistance of counsel under both the United States and Ohio Constitutions.” State

v. Evick, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2019-05-010, 2020-Ohio-3072, ¶ 45.                   A

defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must establish: (1)

counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under the circumstances; and

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(2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. State v. Kole, 92 Ohio St.3d

303, 306 (2001), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052

(1984). In order to show counsel’s conduct was deficient or unreasonable, the

defendant must overcome the presumption that counsel provided competent

representation and must show that counsel’s actions were not trial strategies

prompted by reasonable professional judgment. Strickland at 689. Counsel is

entitled to a strong presumption that all decisions fall within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance. State v. Sallie, 81 Ohio St.3d 673, 675 (1998).

Tactical or strategic decisions, even if unsuccessful, do not generally constitute

ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Frazier, 61 Ohio St.3d 247, 255 (1991).

Rather, the errors complained of must amount to a substantial violation of counsel’s

essential duties to his client. See State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 141-142

(1989).

       {¶95} Prejudice results when “‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.’” Bradley at 142, quoting Strickland at 694. “‘A reasonable probability

is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Id., quoting

Strickland at 694.

       {¶96} Turning to Green’s argument, we focus entirely on the prejudice prong

of the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel test. See State v. Crawford, 3d Dist. Henry

No. 7-20-05, 2021-Ohio-547, ¶ 18 (“If the appellant does not establish one of [the

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prongs of the test], the appellate court does not need to consider the facts of the case

under the other prong of the test.”).      Green contends he received ineffective

assistance of counsel due to his trial counsel’s alleged failure to propose a stand-

your-ground jury instruction despite the trial court’s decision that the jury

instruction did not apply in the instant case and for failing to ask Green about

specific instances of McGhee’s prior violent conduct. However, in his appellant’s

brief, Green concedes that those actions by his trial counsel would likely have been

“futile.” (Appellant’s Brief at 31-32). See Crawford at ¶ 20, quoting State v.

Witherspoon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94475, 2011-Ohio-704, ¶ 33 (“‘[T]he failure

to do a futile act cannot be the basis for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel

and is not prejudicial.’”). We agree with counsel’s assessment that such acts by trial

counsel would have been futile. Furthermore, Green fails to argue specifically how

his trial counsel’s alleged shortcomings prejudiced him. Accordingly, we do not

find that Green established that his trial counsel was ineffective.

       {¶97} Green’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                             Fifth Assignment of Error

       Alternatively, the jury’s verdict that Ziair did not act in defense
       of self or another was against the manifest weight of the evidence
       presented. Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, U.S. Constitution;
       Article I, Section 10 and 16, Ohio Constitution.

       {¶98} In his fifth assignment of error, Green argues that his convictions are

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, Green contends that the

greater weight of credible evidence established that he acted in self-defense.

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Standard for Manifest-Weight Review

       {¶99} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of

the evidence, a reviewing court must examine the entire record, “‘weigh[] the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider[] the credibility of witnesses and

determine[] whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier of fact] clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction

must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,

387 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). A

reviewing court must, however, allow the trier of fact appropriate discretion on

matters relating to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses.

State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231 (1967). When applying the manifest-

weight standard, “[o]nly in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily

against the conviction,’ should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s

judgment.” State v. Haller, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-34, 2012-Ohio-5233, ¶ 9,

quoting State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, ¶ 119.

Green’s Convictions

       {¶100} Green was convicted of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B),

which provides that:

       No person shall cause the death of another as a proximate result of the
       offender’s committing or attempting to commit an offense of violence
       that is a felony of the first or second degree and that is not a violation
       of [R.C. 2903.03 or 2903.04].

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Case No. 9-22-13

       {¶101} Here, Green was convicted of shooting and killing McGhee as the

proximate result of committing or attempting to commit the offense of felonious

assault pursuant to R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) upon McGhee.

       {¶102} R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), which codifies the offense of felonious assault,

provides, in pertinent part that “[n]o person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause serious

physical harm to another * * *.” “A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose,

when the person is aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain

result or will probably be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(B).

       {¶103} Green attempted to assert a self-defense claim as to all allegations.

       R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), states as follows:

       A person is allowed to act in self-defense, defense of another, or
       defense of that person’s residence. If, at the trial of a person who is
       accused of an offense that involved the person’s use of force against
       another, there is evidence presented that tends to support that the
       accused person used the force in self-defense, defense of another, or
       defense of that person’s residence, the prosecution must prove beyond
       a reasonable doubt that the accused person did not use the force in
       self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person’s residence,
       as the case may be.

       {¶104} “Under R.C. 2901.05(A) and (B)(1), a defendant claiming self-

defense has the burden of production—that is, the burden of producing evidence

that ‘tends to support’ his use of force in defending himself.” State v. Estelle, 3d

Dist. Allen No. 1-20-50, 2021-Ohio-2636, ¶ 18. “Under the current version of R.C.

2901.05, if evidence is presented ‘that tends to support’ that the defendant used the

force in self-defense, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

                                        -43-
Case No. 9-22-13

accused did not act in self-defense.” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Flory, 3d Dist. Van

Wert No. 15-20-02, 2020-Ohio-5136, ¶ 43. Accordingly, “the burden of proof for

* * * self-defense has shifted to the state,” but “the burden of production for * * *

self-defense[ ] remains with the defendant.” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Messenger,

10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-879, 2021-Ohio-2044, ¶ 44.

       {¶105} “The elements of self-defense differ depending on whether the

defendant used deadly or non-deadly force to defend himself.” State v. Eddy, 3d

Dist. Allen No. 1-22-17, 2022-Ohio-3965, ¶ 14. “The use of a gun constitutes the

use of deadly force.” State v. Dale, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 2012 CA 20, 2013-

Ohio-2229, ¶ 15.

       {¶106} The elements of a self-defense claim are:

       (1) that the defendant was not at fault in creating the situation giving
       rise to the affray; (2) that the defendant has a bona fide belief that he
       [or she] was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and
       that his [or her] only means of escape from such danger was in the use
       of such force; and (3) that the defendant did not violate any duty to
       retreat or avoid the danger.

State v. Messenger, 171 Ohio St.3d 227, 2022-Ohio-4562, ¶ 14, quoting State v.
Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24 (2002).

       {¶107} “[T]he State must ‘disprove at least one of the elements of self-

defense beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Passmore, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-

22-39, 2023-Ohio-3209, ¶ 29, quoting State v. Carney, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

19AP-402, 2020-Ohio-2691, ¶ 31. “The elements of self-defense are cumulative,

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Case No. 9-22-13

and a defendant’s claim of self-defense fails if any one of the elements is not

present.” State v. Ridley, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210458, 2022-Ohio-2561, ¶ 15.

Analysis: Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶108} In support of his argument that his murder conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence, Green argues the State’s eyewitness, Mosley, “was

biased” and “offered inconsistent and unreliable testimony.” (Appellant’s Brief at

32-33). On the other hand, Green argues that “he testified consistently and without

contradiction [that] he had a bona fide belief that he and his mother were in

imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm.” (Id. at 33). However, upon

review of the record, we do not conclude that the jury’s witness-credibility

determinations were unreasonable in light of the evidence presented at trial.

       {¶109} At trial, Mosley, McGhee’s fiancée at the time of his death, testified

that on January 18, 2021, she spent the day with McGhee in Columbus. (Feb. 1-10,

2022 Tr. at 748-749). After they returned to Marion, they visited a friend’s house

to watch a sporting game and relax. (Id. at 749-750). Later in the night, McGhee

drove himself and Mosley to Floyd’s house. (Id. at 751-752). When they arrived

at the house, McGhee entered through the unlocked front door while Mosley

remained in the vehicle. (Id. at 753-754). McGhee left the keys in the ignition and

the driver-side vehicle door open. (Id. at 758, 789); (State’s Ex. 36).

       {¶110} Shortly thereafter, Mosley observed Green exit the house through the

side door. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 755). According to Mosley, Green walked up to

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the driver’s-side door and told Mosley, “You all got four minutes to pull off, or I’m

going to shoot * * * that bitch up.” (Id. at 759). Mosley testified that when Green

referenced “shooting it up” that he held up a gun for Mosley to see. (Id. at 760).

Then, Green returned inside the house. (Id. at 761).

       {¶111} Mosley testified that Green’s actions prompted her to get out of the

vehicle and walk to the front of the house to retrieve McGhee. (Id. at 760). When

Mosley approached the front door, the front door was open but the screen door was

closed, and Green was pacing back and forth at the bottom of the stairs holding the

gun. (Id. at 761). Mosley claims that when she reached for the screen door to enter

the house, Green said, “You ain’t coming in here, because all this is because of you.”

(Id. at 763). Mosley stated this interaction prompted her to walk back down the

front steps, return to the car, and try to locate her phone. (Id.). As Mosley searched

for her phone that had fallen between the vehicle’s seats due to her shaking hands,

Green again approached the vehicle, pointed the gun at her and told her that he

should shoot her because this was all because of her. (Id. at 766-767). Then, Green

moved to the driver’s-side door, pointed the gun at her again, and said, “I should

shoot you. I should kill your ass, because all of this is because of you.” (Id. at 767).

Then, Mosley recalled that Green went toward the side of the house near Center

Street. (Id. at 768).

       {¶112} Shortly thereafter, Mosley looked up from praying and saw McGhee

and Floyd coming out the front door of the house. (Id.). At the time Mosley looked

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Case No. 9-22-13

up, Floyd was on the porch and McGhee was midway down the front steps. (Id. at

768-769). Mosley stated that McGhee looked like he was going to walk toward her,

but then he took a step toward the sidewalk and pivoted toward Center Street where

Green was standing. (Id. at 769). Then, Mosley heard McGhee say, “But you a

child.” (Id.). Mosley looked and saw Green standing with a gun pointed at

McGhee. (Id.). Mosley did not hear Green reply. (Id.). Then she heard two shots.

(Id.). Upon hearing the shots, Mosley opened the car door and lay down in the

snow. (Id.). After she hit the ground, Mosley heard McGhee say, “Well, you think

I’m scared of you because you got a gun?” (Id. at 770). Then, Mosley testified that

she heard five to six more shots. (Id.). When Mosley looked back up, she saw

McGhee pivot back toward Mosley, grab his chest, and fall to the ground. (Id.).

She observed Green running toward Center Street. (Id. at 773). Shortly thereafter,

Mosley saw Floyd run out of the house and toward McGhee. (Id. at 770-771). Then,

Mosley located a phone in the vehicle and called the police. (Id. at 771-772).

       {¶113} Mosley admitted that, initially, she told the police that she did not see

who shot McGhee. (Id. at 774-775). However, shortly after Mosley left the house

that evening, she called the police and told them that she saw who shot McGhee and

was willing to give the police a statement regarding what she had seen. (Id. at 776-

777). Mosley testified that the reason she initially did not tell the officers who shot

McGhee was that Green was on the run and Mosley was concerned for the safety of

her children. (Id. at 775-776). Mosley further stated that she had been with McGhee

                                         -47-
Case No. 9-22-13

the entire day and did not see him with a weapon at any time throughout the day.

(Id. at 778).

       {¶114} On cross-examination, Mosley, who was incarcerated at the time of

the trial, testified she has also been convicted of several crimes in the past including

several counts of theft and a count of obstructing official business. (Feb. 1-10, 2022

Tr. at 747-748, 797-801). Mosley also specified to McGhee’s path of travel after

leaving the house. (Id. at 813). Mosley stated that if McGhee had turned left at the

bottom of the front steps, it would have been a direct path to his vehicle. (Id. at 813-

814). She stated that when McGhee walked down the stairs, he pivoted left toward

the car, then, when McGhee noticed Green, he turned toward Green. (Id. at 814).

However, he never took steps from that point. (Id. at 814-815).

       {¶115} Floyd, Green’s mother, was called as a court’s witness at the request

of the State. (Id. at 835). Floyd testified that on January 18, 2021, she and McGhee

had been exchanging messages throughout the day, and that there was some

discussion of Floyd sending McGhee a sexual video accompanying a text that said,

“I have something special for you. Good night.” (Id. at 836-837). Floyd testified

that McGhee arrived at her home at approximately 10:35 p.m. and that he was lying

shot on the sidewalk by 10:40 p.m. (Id. at 837).

       {¶116} Floyd stated that when McGhee arrived at the home, he came up to

her room, where she was lying in bed, and pulled the covers off her. (Feb. 1-10,

2022 Tr. at 841). Floyd stated that she and McGhee argued, and at some point,

                                         -48-
Case No. 9-22-13

McGhee left to go outside. (Id. at 854). Floyd stated that she wanted to follow

McGhee out of the house, but she was unable to locate her shoes. (Id.). She was on

the porch attempting to locate her shoes when she heard approximately three to four

gunshots. (Id. at 855). She looked up and saw McGhee fall to the ground and Green

run away from the scene. (Id.). Floyd testified that she ran out of the house to

McGhee’s side. (Id.).

       {¶117} Floyd stated she initially told officers she did not know what

happened, when in fact, it was her son, Green, who shot McGhee. (Id. at 837-838).

However, a little more than an hour after the shooting, she admitted to one of the

officers at the scene that Green was the one who shot McGhee. (Id. at 857).

       {¶118} Floyd stated that she and McGhee were married in 2009 but had

ended their relationship by October 2020 and McGhee was no longer living at her

home at 126 S. Seffner Ave. on January 18, 2021. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 862).

Floyd confirmed that, although they were not currently together, she and McGhee

maintained communication and continued having an intimate relationship. (Id. at

863-864).

       {¶119} On cross-examination, Floyd provided more detail regarding the

altercation she had with McGhee on January 18, 2021. She stated Floyd pulled the

covers off her and she got up and flipped on the lights. (Id. at 869, 871). Then, she

and Floyd began to argue. (Id. at 872). At some point, McGhee choked Floyd up

against the refrigerator in her room. (Id. at 872, 874, 878); (Defendant’s Ex. A).

                                        -49-
Case No. 9-22-13

Floyd stated she was fearful when McGhee grabbed her by the throat and slammed

her against the wall. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 879).

       {¶120} Floyd recalled that Green came upstairs and told McGhee, “[H]e

better not put his hands on his momma no more.” (Id.). Floyd stated that she told

Green, “I’ll take care of it.” (Id.). She stated she was in fear for Green and wanted

to get Green out of the confrontation between her and McGhee. (Id.). According

to Floyd, Green then went downstairs. (Id.).

       {¶121} Floyd and Green continued their argument in Floyd’s bedroom, and

Floyd instructed McGhee to “get out” of the house. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 880).

McGhee went down the stairs with Floyd following him. (Id.). According to Floyd,

McGhee saw Green in the bathroom off the kitchen and went toward Green. (Id.).

She stated that McGhee asked Green, “What you gonna do, bitch?” (Id. at 884-

885). However, Floyd jumped in between McGhee and Green. (Id. at 885). Floyd

stated that she was in fear for her son because McGhee has a reputation for violence.

(Id. at 885-886). Floyd recalled that after she jumped between McGhee and Green,

Green exited the house through the side door off the kitchen. (Id. at 886-887).

       {¶122} Floyd stated that she continued to argue with McGhee and told him

to “[l]eave” and “[g]et out.” (Id. at 887). She stated that McGhee did not yell back

at her. (Id.). However, McGhee pinned Floyd against the staircase by her throat.

(Id. at 887-888). In response, Floyd grabbed McGhee’s shirt and kicked him in the

midsection to get him off her. (Id. at 891). Floyd stated that the choking lasted for

                                        -50-
Case No. 9-22-13

approximately two to three seconds. (Id.). Then, Floyd stated she shoved McGhee

out the front door. (Id. at 892).

       {¶123} Floyd recalled that when McGhee reached the bottom of the front

porch steps, he immediately turned right. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 893). Floyd stated

she did not hear any of the words McGhee said to Green. (Id. at 894). Floyd testified

she has never known McGhee to carry a gun. (Id. at 898).

       {¶124} Floyd admitted she initially told law enforcement officers that

McGhee did not hit her at all on January 18, 2021. (Id. at 896, 901). However, she

later stated that she and McGhee entered into a physical altercation that night. (Id.

at 897). She stated the reason she initially denied being hit by McGhee was that in

the immediate aftermath of the altercation she was “frantic” and “not thinking

straight.” (Id. at 896). Defendant’s Exhibits K and L, photographs which depict

Floyd on the evening of January 18, 2021 were introduced at trial. (Id. at 895-896);

(Defendant’s Exs. K, L). The photographs depict Floyd with a small mark on her

lip. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 896); (Defendant’s Exs. K, L).

       {¶125} Green also took the stand in his own defense. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr.

at 1246). He testified that on January 18, 2021, he was at his home at 126 S. Seffner

Ave. when McGhee entered the house without knocking. (Id. at 1248). According

to Green, McGhee was acting “[a]ggressive” and yelled at Green asking him where

his mother was. (Id. at 1248-1249). McGhee then went upstairs and Green

remained in the living room despite knowing that his mother was upstairs in her

                                        -51-
Case No. 9-22-13

bedroom. (Id. at 1249). Green stated that he did not try to stop McGhee from

coming to Floyd’s room because he knew they were just going to argue because

they “do it all the time.” (Id.).

         {¶126} According to Green, he eventually went to the bottom of the stairs to

monitor if things escalated further than arguing because McGhee “beat [his] mother

before.” (Id. at 1249-1250). While he waited at the bottom of the stairs, he heard

his mother screaming and loud banging against the walls which prompted him to go

upstairs to his mother’s room. (Id. at 1250). Green testified that when he entered

the room, he witnessed McGhee choking his mom. (Id. at 1250-1251). Green stated

he told McGhee to keep his hands off Floyd and asked McGhee to leave three times.

(Id.).

         {¶127} Green stated that his actions in defense of his mom prompted

McGhee to turn his attention to him. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1251) Green testified

that he ran downstairs and locked himself in the bathroom off the kitchen. (Id.).

According to Green, he ran because McGhee “has always been violent” and he was

afraid of McGhee.       (Id. at 1251-1252).     McGhee allegedly followed Green

downstairs and started kicking and banging on the bathroom door in an apparent

effort to enter the bathroom. (Id. at 1252). Green stated that when the banging

stopped, he opened the door to see where McGhee was located. (Id.).

         {¶128} When he did not see McGhee near the bathroom door, he exited the

bathroom into the kitchen, where he saw McGhee and Floyd arguing. (Id. at 1252-

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Case No. 9-22-13

1253). Then, McGhee approached Green, grabbed him by his shirt, and threw him

against the wall and onto the floor. (Id. at 1253). Green stated that, at this point,

Floyd intervened and got in between Green and McGhee. (Id. at 1254). According

to Green, Floyd grabbed an air freshener and sprayed McGhee in the face with it,

causing McGhee to fall. (Id.).

       {¶129} Green testified that when McGhee fell to the ground, “[t]he gun came

out of his possession.” (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1254). Green stated he picked up

the gun and ran outside. (Id. at 1255). When he got outside, Green stated that he

approached the front of McGhee’s vehicle and asked Mosley for help, which she

did not render. (Id. at 1255-1256). He denied threatening Mosley or showing her

the gun. (Id. at 1257). Then, he stated that he stood by the north side of the front

steps, towards Center Street. (Id. at 1256). Green explained that he did not run

because he “couldn’t leave [Floyd] in danger.” (Id. at 1257). Green expounded that

he did not know what was happening to Floyd inside the house. (Id.).

       {¶130} According to Green, McGhee exited the house, came down the stairs,

and “started coming after [Green].” (Id. at 1257-1258). Green stated that when

McGhee came down the stairs, based on McGhee’s body language, Green believed

that McGhee was still “angry and mad.” (Id. at 1258). Green stated that after

McGhee turned right, McGhee “started charging at [him].” (Id.). Green then fired

two “warning shots” in the air to warn McGhee that if he continued to threaten him,

Green had a right to defend himself. (Id. at 1258-1259). McGhee then said, “You

                                        -53-
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think I’m scared because you have a gun?” (Id. at 1259). Green testified that he

did not feel that he could run at this point, because he did not want to leave his

mother, who was still in the house, in danger. (Id.).

       {¶131} Green testified that after Green fired the warning shots, McGhee kept

coming after him. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1259). So, he pointed the gun at McGhee,

pulled the trigger, and fired two shots toward McGhee. (Id.). However, Green

denied that he intended for the shots to hit McGhee. (Id. at 1259-1260). He further

denied that he intended to kill McGhee. (Id. at 1260).

       {¶132} After firing the second round of shots, Green observed McGhee fall

to the ground. (Id.). Green stated that he then dropped the gun, left it at the scene,

and ran toward Center Street. (Id.). He spent the next several days on the run before

turning himself in. (Id.).

       {¶133} On cross-examination, Green clarified he was in fear of his safety

and the safety of his mother. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 1262-1263). Green stated he

knew he shot McGhee, yet he still ran away. (Id. at 1264). He denied he knew that

he wounded McGhee gravely; rather, he thought maybe he “just nicked him.” (Id.).

Further, he admitted that although he claimed to fear for his mother’s safety, he did

not return to the house to check on her well-being after he shot McGhee. (Id.).

Rather, he ran away. (Id.).

       {¶134} Green explained that when he approached Mosley for help, he did

not yell “help” at any time. (Id. at 1265). Nor did Green attempt to elicit help from

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any of the neighbors or the fire station that he ran past during his flight from the

scene. (Id. at 1265-1267).

       {¶135} Furthermore, Green stated that when McGhee left the house and

came down the stairs, he knew McGhee was unarmed. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at

1270). Green admitted that before McGhee did anything rather than walk down the

steps, Green had decided to shoot off some warning shots. (Id.). However, he

denied that the purpose of the warning shots was to intimidate McGhee. (Id.).

       {¶136} Green argues the jury’s verdict is against the weight of the evidence

because Green was allegedly a more credible witness than Mosley. However, “[a]

verdict is not against the manifest weight of the evidence because the finder of fact

chose to believe the State’s [evidence] rather than the defendant’s version of the

events.” State v. Martinez, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 12CA0054, 2013-Ohio-3189, ¶ 16.

“‘Although we review credibility when considering the manifest weight of the

evidence, the credibility of witnesses is primarily a determination for the trier of

fact.’” State v. Cox, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-21-15, 2022-Ohio-571, ¶ 20, quoting

State v. Banks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96535, 2011-Ohio-5671, ¶ 13, citing

DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d, at paragraph one of the syllabus. “‘The trier of fact is best

able “to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures[,] and voice

inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proferred

testimony.”’” State v. Brentley, 3d Dist. Allen Nos. 1-22-61 and 1-22-60, 2023-

Ohio-2530 ¶ 33, quoting Banks at ¶ 13, quoting State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382,

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2007-Ohio-2202, ¶ 24, citing Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d

77, 80-81 (1984).

       {¶137} Additionally, the evidence presented could have led a reasonable jury

to conclude that Green’s decision to shoot McGhee was not reasonable and was not

based on an honest belief in the need for self-defense. Specifically, the testimony

presented at trial could have led the jury to conclude that Green left the house,

threatened to kill Mosley and McGhee, and then chose to reengage McGhee as

McGhee attempted to leave 126 S. Seffner Ave.

       {¶138} Furthermore, Green’s testimony was, at many points, inconsistent

with the testimony of Floyd, Mosley, and other witnesses. For instance, Green

contends McGhee brought the gun to the house and dropped it in the kitchen.

However, Mosley, who spent the day with McGhee, stated that that he did not have

a weapon of any kind on his person. Furthermore, Floyd stated that she had never

known McGhee to carry a firearm. Moreover, Green’s testimony that he left the

gun at the scene, on the sidewalk, is not consistent with the testimony of the other

witnesses or the physical evidence left at the scene. Despite Green’s insistence that

he left the gun on the sidewalk, it was never recovered, in spite of multiple law

enforcement officers combing the property for physical evidence, including bullets

and bullet casings.

       {¶139} Green also denied shooting the gun more than four times. However,

this testimony is inconsistent with the testimony of multiple neighbors and witnesses

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who testified to hearing approximately six to eight gunshots.        Furthermore,

surveillance video from a neighbor’s home was introduced as State’s Exhibit 87 and

was played for the jury. (Feb. 1-10, 2022 Tr. at 445-448). In the video, eight

popping sounds were heard. (Id. at 448); (State’s Ex. 87).

       {¶140} Accordingly, after reviewing the evidence, we find that a reasonable

jury could have found that Green did not act in self-defense.

       {¶141} Green’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                           Sixth Assignment of Error

       Ziair’s statutory and due process rights were violated when he
       was criminally indicted and convicted on a charge and
       specifications that were never filed in or transferred from the
       Marion County Juvenile Court. R.C. 2152.12; Fifth and
       Fourteenth Amendments, U.S. Constitution; Article I, Section 16,
       Ohio Constitution.

       {¶142} In his sixth assignment of error, Green argues that his statutory and

due process rights were violated when he was indicted and convicted on a murder

charge and specifications in Marion County Common Pleas Court that were not filed

in or transferred from the Marion County Juvenile Court.

       {¶143} On January 19, 2021, Green, then 17 years old, was charged in a two-

count complaint in the family division of the Marion County Court of Common

Pleas (“the juvenile court”). Green was charged with Count One of murder in

violation of R.C. 2903.02(A) (“purposeful murder”) and Count Two of aggravated

murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), both unclassified felonies if committed by

an adult.

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         {¶144} The State sought transfer of Green’s case from the juvenile court to

the general division of the common pleas court. On February 11, 2021, a probable

cause hearing was held and the juvenile court judge found that the State had

established probable cause to believe that Green had committed the acts related to

both counts. The trial court found that bindover was mandatory pursuant to R.C.

2152.12. Accordingly, the matter was transferred to the Marion County Common

Pleas Court, General Division (“the adult court”).

         {¶145} On February 24, 2021, the Marion County Grand Jury indicted Green

on three counts: Count One of murder in violation of RC. 2903.02(A), an

unclassified felony; Count Two of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B) (“felony

murder”), an unclassified felony; and Count Three of felonious assault in violation

of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), a second-degree felony. Additionally, each of the counts

contained a three-year firearm specification pursuant to R.C. 2941.145 and R.C.

2929.14(D). Relative hereto, Counts Two and Three, and the accompanying firearm

specifications, were not among the charges in the complaint filed in the juvenile

court.

         {¶146} Green argues that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction

over Counts Two and Three because they were not charged in the complaint filed

in juvenile court, and accordingly, the juvenile court did not issue findings of

probable cause for those offenses. Green argues that because the juvenile court

never found probable cause for the offenses of felony murder and felonious assault,

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the juvenile court never transferred, and the adult court never acquired, subject-

matter jurisdiction over those offenses. Notably, those charges and their attendant

specifications were the only charges that resulted in convictions.

       {¶147} In support of his argument, Green relies primarily on the Supreme

Court of Ohio’s decision in State v. Smith, 167 Ohio St.3d 423, 2022-Ohio-274. In

that decision, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that “[a] finding of probable cause is

a jurisdictional prerequisite under R.C. 2152.12 to transferring a child to adult court

for prosecution for an act charged.” (Emphasis added.) Smith at ¶ 44. In Smith,

the State brought criminal charges against a juvenile in adult court for acts that the

juvenile court determined were unsupported by probable cause in addition to acts

that the juvenile court found were supported by probable cause. Id. at ¶ 11-12. The

Supreme Court of Ohio held that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to

convict Smith, a juvenile offender, “for any acts charged for which no probable

cause has been found by a juvenile court.” Id. at ¶ 42. Accordingly, the Supreme

Court held that the adult court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the counts and

specifications that the trial court determined were not supported by probable cause.

Specifically, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that “because the juvenile court found

that the acts related to those counts and specifications were not supported by

probable cause and thus the juvenile court could not have made an amenability

determination with regard to those acts.” Id. at ¶ 43. Therefore, the Supreme Court

of Ohio concluded there was a “jurisdictional defect in the bindover process.” Id.

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       {¶148} However, Smith is distinguishable from the instant case. Here, the

juvenile court made a finding of probable cause as to all the counts charged in and

bound over from the juvenile court (purposeful murder and aggravated murder). By

contrast, in Smith, the juvenile court specifically found no probable cause for several

counts that were subsequently charged in adult court. See State v. Strickland, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 22AP-329, 2023-Ohio-1252, ¶ 27.

       {¶149} Significantly, subsequent to the decision in Smith and the time for

filing of briefs in the instant case, the Supreme Court of Ohio decided State v. Burns,

170 Ohio St.3d 57, 2022-Ohio-4606, in which the issue was “whether the state must

prove in juvenile court that there is probable cause to believe that a juvenile

committed every act charged before the juvenile may be indicted for those acts in

adult court.” Burns at ¶ 1. The Supreme Court held that “an adult court is not

necessarily limited to considering only the specific acts bound over from the

juvenile court.” Id. at ¶ 12. The Court explained as follows:

       We acknowledge that, generally, a grand jury is empowered to return
       an indictment on any charges supported by the facts submitted to it.
       See State v. Adams, 69 Ohio St.2d 120, 431 N.E.2d 326 (1982),
       paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by statute on other grounds
       as stated in State v. D.W, 133 Ohio St.3d 434, 2012-Ohio-4544, 978
       N.E.2d 894. But a grand jury may not consider additional charges
       arising from a different course of conduct or events that have not been
       properly bound over by the juvenile court. State v. Weaver, 6th Dist.
       Lucas No. L-18-1078, 2019-Ohio-2477, 2019 WL 2564126, ¶ 14
       (citing cases from several Ohio appellate districts). This means that a
       case transferred from a juvenile court may result in new indicted
       charges in the adult court when the new charges are rooted in the acts
       that were the subject of the juvenile complaint but were not

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Case No. 9-22-13

       specifically named in the individual acts transferred. Id.; Smith, 167
       Ohio St.3d 423, 2022-Ohio-274, 194 N.E.3d 297, at ¶ 35.

Id. at ¶ 13.

       {¶150} The Supreme Court then affirmed the defendant’s convictions on

Counts 45 and 46, which were not charged in the juvenile-court complaint, but were

charged in the grand jury indictment. Id. The Court reasoned that although those

specific charges were not filed in the juvenile complaint, they were “based on

conduct that occurred on or about February 7, 2018—conduct that was in the

juvenile complaint against Burns.” Id.

       {¶151} Likewise, in the instant case, Counts Two and Three of the

indictment, and their accompanying firearm specifications, are based on conduct

that occurred on January 18, 2021, conduct that was in the juvenile complaint

against Green.     Accordingly, we find that the adult court had subject-matter

jurisdiction with respect to those counts.

       {¶152} Green’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

                          Seventh Assignment of Error

       Ziair was deprived of his constitutional rights because Ohio’s
       mandatory transfer statutes violate due process guarantees. Fifth
       and Fourteenth Amendments, U.S. Constitution; Article I,
       Sections 10 and 16, Ohio Constitution.

       {¶153} In his seventh assignment of error, Green argues that Ohio’s

mandatory transfer statutes violate juvenile offenders’ due process rights because

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the mandatory-transfer statutes do not permit an individualized assessment of the

juvenile.

       {¶154} In support of his argument, Green relies on the Supreme Court of

Ohio’s decision in State v. Aalim, 150 Ohio St.3d 463, 2016-Ohio-8278 (“Aalim I”),

which held that “the mandatory transfer of juveniles to a general division of a

common pleas court violates juveniles’ right to due process” because it does not

require “individual consideration at amenability hearings before being transferred

from the protections of juvenile court to adult court upon a finding of probable cause

for certain offenses.” Aalim I at ¶ 24, 31. However, the Supreme Court of Ohio

granted reconsideration, and in State v. Aalim, 150 Ohio St.3d 489, 2017-Ohio-2956

(“Aalim II”), vacated its decision in Aalim I and held that the mandatory bindover

of certain juveniles to adult court pursuant to R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and

2151.12(A)(1)(b) does not violate the juvenile offender’s due process or equal

protection rights. Aalim II at ¶ 4, 38.

       {¶155} Specifically, the Aalim II Court determined that Aalim’s mandatory

bindover “satisfied the requirements of ‘fundamental fairness’” required by the

Ohio and federal due process clauses because Aalim had a hearing before a juvenile-

court judge to determine his age at the time of the offenses and that probable cause

existed to believe that Aalim committed the conduct alleged in the juvenile

complaint before the case was transferred from juvenile court to adult court. Aalim

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II at ¶ 27. The Supreme Court noted that Aalim was represented by counsel at this

hearing and had a parent present. Id.

       {¶156} Here, like in Aalim II, Green was represented by counsel at a hearing

in front of the juvenile court where that court determined that the State met its

burden of demonstrating there was probable cause that Green committed the acts

alleged in the juvenile-court complaint. It was only following this hearing that the

matter was transferred from the juvenile court to the adult court. Accordingly, we

find that Green has failed to show that his mandatory bindover violated his right to

due process or that Ohio’s mandatory-bindover statutes facially violate the right to

due process. See Aalim II at ¶ 27.

       {¶157} Green’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

                            Eighth Assignment of Error

       The cumulative effect of the errors in this case deprived Ziair of
       his right to a fair trial. Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, U.S.
       Constitution; Article I, Sections 10 and 16, Ohio Constitution.

       {¶158} In his eighth assignment of error, Green summarily argues that he

was deprived of a fair trial due to the cumulative effect of the alleged errors outlined

in his other seven assignments of error. We disagree.

       {¶159} Under the cumulative-error doctrine, “a conviction will be reversed

when the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of a fair trial

even though each of the numerous instances of trial court error does not individually

constitute cause for reversal.” State v. Spencer, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-13-50, 2015-

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Ohio-52, ¶ 83. “To find cumulative error, a court must first find multiple errors

committed at trial and determine that there is a reasonable probability that the

outcome below would have been different but for the combination of the harmless

errors.” In re J.M., 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-11-06, 2012-Ohio-1467, ¶ 36. Here,

we have not found that the trial court committed any errors that were not harmless,

let alone, multiple errors. Therefore, the cumulative-error doctrine does not apply.

See State v. Jamison, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27664, 2016-Ohio-5122, ¶ 40, abrogated

on other grounds, State v. Haynes, 171 Ohio St.3d 508, 2022-Ohio-4473 (“If there

[are] not multiple errors, * * * the cumulative error doctrine does not apply.”); State

v. Carpenter, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-18-16, 2019-Ohio-58, ¶ 104, citing State v.

Bertuzzi, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-13-12, 2014-Ohio-5093, ¶ 110.

       {¶160} Green’s eighth assignment of error is overruled.

Conclusion

       {¶161} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the Marion County Court

of Common Pleas.

                                                                 Judgment Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI and WALDICK, J.J., concur.

/eks

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